cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific heat and electrocaloric properties of KTa O 3 at low temperatures

Specific-heat data (at zero field and 15.6 kV/cm), dielectric data, and electrocaloric data measured on a KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ crystal between 2 and 25 K are reported. The zero-field specific heat is about 30 times larger than the Debye prediction (${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}=580$ K) at these temperatures but shows no anomaly characteristic of a sharp phase transition as suggested by the neutron data. A very broad transition is possible around 10 K for which $\ensuremath{\Delta}C=0.11$ cal ${\mathrm{mol}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. From the specific-heat difference ${C}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{C}_{E}$, a soft-mode frequency of 22.9 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is determined near 10 K. The electrocaloric effect consists of reversible and irreversible components. The reversible effect is in good thermodynamic agreement with the specific-heat and dielectric data and with published data on the Gibbs free-energy coefficients. Both the irreversible effect and the dielectric data indicate that KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ does not retain a center of symmetry at low temperatures.
The role of iteration in the design processes of middle school students

This project studied the manner in which 7th and 8th grade students approach design problems, focusing on testing and iteration behaviors. Students were asked to solve design problems and create generalized processes for solving them. Observations of the students were analyzed using degree of design success with length and speed of iterations. The time spent exploring the problem before starting testing and iteration was the most significant factor to the success of the student's design. Future work exploring this property of design is needed to understand the causes of it.
Disparities in combination drug therapy use in older adults with coronary heart disease: a cross-sectional time-series in a nationally representative US sample

Despite evidence of effective combination drug therapy for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD), older adults with this condition remain undertreated. To describe time trends (1992–2003) in the adoption of combination cardiac drug therapies (β-blockers [β-adrenoceptor antagonists], ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists [angiotensin receptor blockers; ARBs], and lipid-lowering agents) among older adults in the US with CHD and to identify factors associated with not using combination therapy. The study took the form of a cross-sectional time-series. The study population consisted of a nationally representative sample of adults aged ≥65 years with CHD (unweighted n = 6331; weighted n = 20.1 million) included in the 1992–2003 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. The outcome measure was low-intensity cardiac pharmacotherapy (no drug or single drug therapy with β-blockers, ACE inhibitors/ARBs or lipid-lowering agents) compared with combination therapy (≥2 cardiac drugs) for secondary CHD prevention. The use of combination drug therapy in older adults with CHD increased 9-fold during the study period (from 6% in 1992 to 54% in 2003). Adjusted analyses demonstrate that suboptimal drug therapy was independently associated with advanced age (relative risk [RR] 1.18; 95% CI 1.14, 1.23) for patients aged ≥85 years versus patients aged 65–74 years, and with being non-Hispanic Black (RR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01, 1.10) or Hispanic (RR 1.13; 95% CI 1.06, 1.21) versus being non-Hispanic White. Combination drug therapy use for secondary CHD prevention increased in older US adults over the last decade, but improvements were not uniform. The oldest-old, non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experienced slower adoption of optimal medical therapy to improve their long-term prognosis for CHD.
Directional output distance functions: endogenous directions based on exogenous normalization constraints

In response to a question raised by Knox Lovell, we develop a method for estimating directional output distance functions with endogenously determined direction vectors based on exogenous normalization constraints. This is reminiscent of the Russell measure proposed by Fare and Lovell (J Econ Theory 19:150–162, 1978). Moreover it is related to the slacks-based directional distance function introduced by Fare and Grosskopf (Eur J Oper Res 200:320–322, 2010a, Eur J Oper Res 206:702, 2010b). Here we show how to use the slacks-based function to estimate the optimal directions.
Age-related differences in sensitivity to the antinociceptive effects of kappa opioids in adult male rats

Abstract Rationale. Significant differences in the potency and effectiveness of opioid analgesics have been reported in subject populations differing in age. Although the relationship between aging and sensitivity to the antinociceptive effects of mu opioids has been examined extensively, relatively few studies have examined this relationship in kappa opioids. Objectives. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the antinociceptive effects of selected kappa and mixed-action opioids in young (3 months) and aged (21 months) male rats. Methods. In a warm-water, tail-withdrawal procedure, rats were restrained and the latencies to remove their tails from 50°C (low temperature) and 55°C (high temperature) water were measured. Selected kappa (U69,593, U50,488) and mixed-action (butorphanol, nalbuphine) opioids were tested alone, and in combination with the high-efficacy, kappa-opioid spiradoline. Results. All test drugs were more effective (i.e., produced a greater maximal effect) in aged rats than in young rats at both water temperatures. In drug combination tests, U69,593 and U50,488 enhanced the effects of spiradoline under conditions in which they failed to produce high levels of antinociception when administered alone. In contrast, butorphanol and nalbuphine antagonized the effects of spiradoline under conditions in which they failed to produce high levels of antinociception when administered alone. Conclusions. These data may be taken as evidence that: (1) aged male rats are more sensitive than young male rats to the antinociceptive effects of kappa opioids, (2) U69,593 and U50,488 display agonist activity in the warm-water, tail-withdrawal procedure under some conditions in which they fail to produce antinociceptive effects, and (3) butorphanol and nalbuphine possess only limited agonist activity at the kappa receptor.
The Blending of Boss's Concept of Ambiguous Loss and Olshansky's Concept of Chronic Sorrow: A Case Study of a Family With a Child Who Has Significant Disabilities

When the diagnosis of a physical disability or cognitive impairment is given, the parents begin to realize that their lives will never be the same from that day forward. Whether the parent knows it or not, they have entered a period of chronic sorrow. This article examines the life trajectory for a mother of a child with several disabilities and how the concepts of chronic sorrow and ambiguous loss help explain her experience.
Dispersion engineering of surface plasmons

In this work, it is shown how the shapes of surface plasmon dispersion curves can be engineered by manipulating the distribution of the electromagnetic fields in multilayer structures, which themselves are controlled by the free electron density in metal-like materials, such as doped semiconductors in the THz spectral range. By having a nonuniform free electron density profile, reduced relative to that in typical bulk metals, the electromagnetic fields of surface plasmons are distributed in different metallic materials that have different complex dielectric permittivities. As the in-plane component of surface plasmon’s wave-vector increases, they become more confined to a particular layer of the multilayer structure and have energies that are predictable by considering the permittivity of the layer in which the fields are most concentrated. Unusual and arbitrary shapes of surface plasmon dispersion curves can be designed, including stair steps and dovetails shapes.
Chronic intraventricular administration of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium as a progressive model of Parkinson's disease

Abstract Animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) that more closely exhibit the chronic neuropathology seen in the human condition are needed in order to reveal processes involved with progressive neurodegeneration and for testing potential interventions for retarding dopamine (DA) neuronal loss. Here we describe the recently developed chronic rat model of PD in which 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) is infused chronically into the lateral cerebral ventricle. We review features of this model that include loss of nigral DA neurons, swollen and abnormal mitochondria, striatal inclusion-like bodies and microgliosis. Advantages as well as limitations of the model are addressed.
Integrating Optimal Experimental Design into the Design of a Multi-Axis Load Transducer

The determination of loads applied to a structure is often necessary in the design process. In some situations it is not feasible to insert a load cell in the system to measure these applied loads. In these cases, it would be expedient to utilize the structure itself as a load transducer. This can be accomplished by measuring strains at a number of locations on the structure. The precision with which the applied loads can be estimated from measured structural responses depends on the number of strain gages utilized and their placement on the structure. This paper presents a computational methodology which utilizes optimal experimental design techniques to select the number, locations and angular orientations of the strain gages which will provide the most precise load estimates based on the generalized load vector. Selection is made from a candidate set created using a finite element analysis. The application of this method is illustrated with an example.
Viscous/inviscid interaction procedures for compressible aerodynamic flow simulations

Steady transonic flows over a wing are calculated based on a hierarchical formulation where the potential flows are corrected due to the entropy and vorticity effects of shock waves and/or laminar boundary layers. Preliminary results are in agreement with standard Euler and Navier–Stokes calculations. The merits of the present approach are briefly discussed.
Effects of barrier layers on the electrical properties of (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 films on nickel foils

Abstract The properties of (Pb 0.92 La 0.08 )(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 (PLZT) films deposited by chemical solution deposition onto base-metal nickel foils to develop volumetrically efficient, high charge density and high energy density capacitors were investigated. By utilizing barrier layers including Ru(RuO 2 ) and LaNiO 3 layers, high dielectric constants ( K ∼ 1100 for PLZT/Ru(RuO 2 )/Ni and ∼900 for PLZT/LaNiO 3 /Ni) were obtained, which is comparable to dielectric constant ( K ∼ 1250) of PLZT films deposited on platinized silicon substrates under same process condition. Excellent ultimate dielectric breakdown strength of more than 1 MV/cm and low leakage current density ranging from 1 × 10 −9 to 4.5 × 10 −9 A/cm 2 under 10 V dc stress were achieved for 0.9 μm PLZT films on foil substrates. Conductive barrier layers interposed between the ferroelectric films and the foil substrates were found to be very effective in improving dielectric properties without degrading ultimate dielectric breakdown strength and leakage current. Employing barrier layers, therefore, is one of the attractive solutions for achieving improved high-permittivity ferroelectric layers on base-metal foil substrates for inexpensive and high performance capacitor fabrication.
Improving the writing and knowledge of emergent writers: the effects of self-regulated strategy development

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of implementing the Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) model of instruction (Graham & Harris, 2005; Harris & Graham, 1996) on the writing skills and knowledge of six first grade students. A multiple-baseline design across participants with multiple probes (Kazdin, 2010) was used to test the effectiveness of the SRSD intervention, which included story writing and self-regulation strategy instruction. All students wrote stories in response to picture prompts during the baseline, instruction, post-instruction, and maintenance phases and stories were assessed for essential story components, length, and overall quality. Participants also participated in brief interviews during the baseline and post-instruction phases. Results indicated that SRSD can be beneficial for first grade writers. Participants wrote stories that contained more essential components, were longer, and of better quality after SRSD instruction. Participants also showed improvement in writing knowledge from pre- to post-instruction.
Designing warning signs and labels: a theoretical/scientific framework

Abstract Numerous guidelines for the design of warning signs and warning labels have been developed throughout the world. Their primary focus has been on perceptual issues and rudimentary aspects of comprehension. Much less attention has been given to how people vary in the way they make decisions, as a function of task familiarity and user knowledge. This is unfortunate, because such variation impacts the types of errors people make and, therefore, determines the ultimate effectiveness of particular warning designs. This paper presents a scientific/theoretical framework for choosing between different safety interventions and types of warnings that builds upon earlier developed cognitive guidelines for the design of warnings. The approach maps methods of alerting, reminding, instructing, or persuading to errors and/or violations occurring at the skill-based, rule-based, knowledge-based, and judgment-based levels, respectively. Practical examples are given illustrating the application of this approach.
THz generation from highly-lossy second-order nonlinear medium at polariton resonance in transverse-pumping geometry

We show that transverse-pumping geometry can be exploited for THz generation when a second-order nonlinear medium is highly lossy at its polariton resonance. High conversion efficiencies can be achieved via such a novel configuration.
Safety of stress echocardiography supervised by registered nurses: results of a 2-year audit of 15,404 patients.

Background Stress echocardiography has traditionally been performed under the supervision of physicians. In the last decade, at some institutions, specially trained registered nurses have taken on the task of directly supervising and conducting these stress tests with appropriate physician involvement and assistance. Methods The safety of 15,404 stress echocardiograms that were performed under the direct supervision of registered nurses during a recent 2-year period was evaluated. Results The stress modality was treadmill exercise in 8592 (56%), dobutamine in 6755 (44%), and transesophageal atrial pacing in 57 (0.04%) patients. The mean age was 65 ± 13 years, and 54% were male. A total of 55 patients (0.36%) had complications related to stress echocardiography, including 26 patients (0.18%) who were subsequently transferred to hospital. Complications included atrial fibrillation (n = 28, 0.18%), other supraventricular tachycardias (n = 9, 0.06%), sustained ventricular tachycardia (n = 4, 0.03%), and ventricular fibrillation (n = 2, 0.01%). Eight patients (0.05%) were hospitalized for markedly positive tests or prolonged chest pain and 4 patients (0.03%) for symptomatic hypotension. No patient had cardiac rupture or died. Complications were more common with dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) (47/6755; 0.7%) compared with exercise echocardiography (8/8592; 0.09%) or transesophageal atrial pacing stress echocardiography (0/57) ( P Conclusions Stress echocardiography, when supervised directly by specially trained registered nurses, can be performed safely; complications are uncommon (1/280 stress tests) and these complication rates are comparable with previously reported studies evaluating the safety of stress echocardiography supervised by physicians.
Familial anomaly simulating papilledema: A case report

The case of a child with a familial anomalous hyperemia of the optic disk simulating early papilledema is presented. Idiopathic diabetes insipidus and headaches were also present. When one is confronted by a patient whose ocular findings suggest papilledema, frequent observation of his fundi over an extended period as well as examinations of other members of the family may help determine whether this is true papilledema, or a familial anomaly such as hyperemia of the disk.
Time dependent crack growth in ceramic matrix composites with creeping fibers

Crack growth in ceramic matrix composites with creeping fibers has been investigated using a time dependent bridging law to describe the effect of fibers bridging a matrix crack. The fibers were assumed to creep linearly and the matrix was assumed to be elastic. Time dependent crack growth was predicted assuming that matrix crack growth occurs when the stress intensity factor at the matrix crack tip reaches a constant critical value. Crack growth rates are presented as a function of crack length and time. Domains of stable and unstable crack growth are outlined. The solutions illustrate that stable crack growth consists of a relatively brief period of deceleration followed by acceleration to large crack lengths, with crack velocity approaching constancy only at loads very near the matrix cracking stress and for very long cracks. Finally, the time needed to grow a long matrix crack is compared with a rough estimate for the time needed to rupture fibers. A transition is expected from life dominated by matrix crack growth at low stress to life dominated by fiber creep rupture after crack growth at higher stresses.
From debt crisis to tequila crisis: inflation stationarity through Mexico's turbulent decades

The volatility of Mexican inflation throughout the 1980s' debt crisis and the 1994 tequila crisis provides an interesting backdrop to test for structural breaks and inflation stationarity in a developing country context. By allowing for multiple breaks, four inflationary regimes are identified during the period 1980 to 2004. Initial unit root tests reject stationarity; however, by incorporating structural break analysis, inflation is found to be I(0). The structural break analysis and the stationarity analysis point to monetary and fiscal determinants of inflation.
Oviposition decreased in response to enriched water: A field study of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

Environmental cues are known to influence oviposition behaviour in mosquitoes, with important consequences for larval survival and insect population dynamics. Enriched microhabitats have been shown to be preferred oviposition sites. 2. In a field experiment designed to determine whether ovipositing mosquitoes are sensitive to different levels of nutrient enrichment, new pitcher-plant ( Sarracenia purpurea ) leaves were opened and enriched with 0, 2, or 20 dead ants, and the number of pitcher-plant mosquito ( Wyeomyia smithii ) larvae resulting from subsequent oviposition were measured. 3. Oviposition rates were higher in leaves with low levels of enrichment (0 and 2 ants per leaf), although larval development was enhanced at the highest enrichment level. 4. Results suggest that, although these mosquito larvae are nutrient limited, ovipositing females preferentially avoid highly enriched leaves. This counterintuitive result may be due to low oxygen concentrations or a masked cue in enriched leaves, and contrasts with other oviposition studies.
The Evershed motion in sunspots

The Evershed motion is postulated as a steady, laminar flow of material along a limiting field line which separates the umbral magnetic field from the penumbral. Assuming that the Evershed flow starts from the spot-base with a velocity which is adequate to carry the convective flux at that level, the velocity at the surface comes out to be of the order of 1 km/sec, in good agreement with the observed Evershed velocity.
A simulation study of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the unionid mussels

Abstract The southeastern United States has one of the richest and most diverse communities of freshwater mussels in the world. However, the population size and species diversity has steadily declined since early in this century, resulting in many species being on the brink of extinction. In this paper, a modelling framework using a spatially explicit and age structured computer model is used to conduct spatial-temporal dynamics analysis of the mussel population. The important parameters studied are the effects of fecundity rate, availability of fish hosts and suitability of the habitat for the mussel communities.
Ammonia and urea distribution and urease activity in the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits (Oryctolagus and Sylvilagus)

Abstract 1. 1. The concentrations of ammonia and urea and the distribution of urease activity in the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits (Oryctolagus and Sylvilagus) are presented along with a discussion of their physiological significance. 2. 2. Urea concentrations in rabbit small intestines rise above those found in plasma. This relationship is also examined in a number of rodents (Microtus, Peromyscus, Mus and Rattus). Large quantities of urea must enter the cecum from the small intestine. 3. 3. Urease in the cecal mucosa probably accounts for the entry of some blood borne urea-N into the cecum as ammonia-N. The accumulation of ammonia and urea in the rinsed cecum is examined in relation to water resorption.
The resolution of a Hartmanis conjecture

Building on the recent breakthrough by M. Ogihara (1995), we resolve a conjecture made by J. Hartmanis (1978) regarding the (non) existence of sparse sets complete for P under logspace many-one reductions. We show that if there exists a sparse hard set for P under logspace many-one reductions, then P=LOGSPACE. We further prove that if P has a sparse hard set under many-one reductions computable in NC/sup 1/, then P collapses to NC/sup 1/.
Expressive and Receptive Language Functioning in Preschool Children With Prenatal Cocaine Exposure

Objective To estimate the relationship between severity of prenatal cocaine exposure and expressive and receptive language skills in full-term, African American children at age 3 years.
Taurodontism in the down syndrome

Taurodontism, the dental trait characterized by teeth with elongated pulp chambers and apical displacement of the bifurcation or trifurcation of roots, is described and its occurrence is reviewed. Thirty-four patients with the Down syndrome were studied to determine the frequency of taurodontism. Results indicate that taurodontism occurs with a greater than expected frequency in these persons. This increased frequency may be due to a generalized amplified instability of development.
A murine xenograft model for human CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Successful growth inhibition with an anti-CD30 antibody (HeFi-1).

To develop a model for the biology and treatment of CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), we transplanted leukemic tumor cells from a 22-month-old girl with multiple relapsed ALCL. Tumor cells were inoculated intraperitoneally into a 4-week-old SCID/bg mouse and produced a disseminated tumor within 8 weeks; this tumor was serially transplanted by subcutaneous injections to other mice. Morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular genetics which demonstrated the NPM-ALK fusion protein, resulting from the t(2;5)(p23;q35), confirmed the identity of the xenograft with the original tumor. The tumor produced transcripts for interleukin-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ which could explain the patient's B-symptoms. Treatment of mice with monoclonal antibody (HeFi-1) which activates CD30 antigen administered on day 1 after tumor transplantation prevented tumor growth. Treatment with HeFi-1 after tumors had reached a 0.2 cm 3 volume caused tumor growth arrest and prevention of tumor dissemination. We conclude that transplantation of CD30+ ALCL to SCID/bg mice may provide a valuable model for the study of the biology and design of treatment modalities for CD30+ ALCL.
Severe drought drives novel community trajectories in desert stream pools

SUMMARY 1. Ecological communities can be relatively stable for long periods of time, and then, often as a result of disturbance, transition rapidly to a novel state. When communities fail to recover to pre-disturbance configurations, they are said to have experienced a regime shift or to be in an alternative stable state. 2. In this 8-year study, we quantified the effects of complete water loss and subsequent altered disturbance regime on aquatic insect communities inhabiting a formerly perennial desert stream. We monitored two study pools seasonally for 4 years before and 4 years after the transition from perennial to intermittent flow to evaluate pre-drying community dynamics and post-drying recovery trajectories. 3. Mean species richness was not affected by the transition to intermittent flow, though seasonal patterns of richness did change. Sample densities were much higher in postdrying samples. 4. The stream pool communities underwent a catastrophic regime shift after transition to intermittent flow, moving to an alternative stable state with novel seasonal trajectories, and did not recover to pre-drying configurations after 4 years. Six invertebrate species were extirpated by the initial drying event, while other species were as much as 40 times more abundant in post-drying samples. In general, large-bodied top predators were extirpated from the system and replaced with high abundances of smaller-bodied mesopredators. 5. Our results suggest that the loss of perennial flow caused by intensified droughts and water withdrawals could lead to significant changes in community structure and species composition at local and regional scales.
Teaching Compiler Development

Although a course in Compiler Development is common in both undergraduate and graduate computer science curriculum there has been little agreement on how to achieve a balance between theory and practice within a single semester course. This article proposes a new approach to teaching compiler development, to enable students to gain both the experience of writing a modular compiler and a theoretical background in compiler design, within the scope of a one semester course.The approach advocated is based upon the integration of the course project and the course lectures, enabling students to develop a modular compiler for a general purpose high level algorithmic language. The course project uses a simple parser generator and syntax-directed translation techniques to minimize the programming effort without oversimplifying the design of the compiler.The course was taught at Southern Methodist University to a senior undergraduate class, who developed and debugged useable compilers without the common symptom of major programming projects: programming to meet a deadline rather than a design.
Visual Integration of Quantitative Proteomic Data, Pathways, and Protein Interactions

We introduce several novel visualization and interaction paradigms for visual analysis of published protein-protein interaction networks, canonical signaling pathway models, and quantitative proteomic data. We evaluate them anecdotally with domain scientists to demonstrate their ability to accelerate the proteomic analysis process. Our results suggest that structuring protein interaction networks around canonical signaling pathway models, exploring pathways globally and locally at the same time, and driving the analysis primarily by the experimental data, all accelerate the understanding of protein pathways. Concrete proteomic discoveries within T-cells, mast cells, and the insulin signaling pathway validate the findings. The aim of the paper is to introduce novel protein network visualization paradigms and anecdotally assess the opportunity of incorporating them into established proteomic applications. We also make available a prototype implementation of our methods, to be used and evaluated by the proteomic community.
Analysis of the expression pattern of Mysidium columbiae wingless provides evidence for conserved mesodermal and retinal patterning processes among insects and crustaceans.

The Wnt family includes a number of genes, such as wingless (wg), which encode secreted glycoproteins that function in numerous developmental patterning processes. In order to gain a better understanding of crustacean pattern formation, a wg orthologue was cloned from the malacostracan crustacean Mysidium columbiae (mysid), and the expression pattern of this gene was compared with that of Drosophila wg. Although Drosophila wg is expressed in many developing tissues, such as the ventral neuroectoderm, M. columbiae wg (mcowg) expression is detected within only a subset of these tissues. mcowg is expressed in the dorsal part of each developing segment and within the developing eye, but not within the ventral neuroectoderm. Dorsal wg expression in Drosophila is required for heart and muscle development, and conservation of this dorsal wg expression pattern suggests that mcowg may function to pattern these tissues in mysids. Consistent with this, expression of Even-skipped (Eve) protein in heart precursor and muscle cells, which is dependent on Wg signaling in Drosophila, is also conserved in mysids. Within the developing mysid eye, mcowg is expressed in a pattern that is similar to the expression pattern of Drosophila wg in the fly eye disc. In Drosophila, Wg inhibits neural differentiation at the anterior margin of the eye disc and patterns the dorsal/ventral axis of the eye. These data indicate that mcowg may function similarly during mysid eye development. Analysis of mcowg expression provides molecular evidence suggesting that the processes of heart, muscle, and eye patterning are likely to be conserved among insects and crustaceans.
Respiration from coarse woody debris as affected by moisture and saprotroph functional diversity in Western Oregon.

Decomposing coarse woody debris (CWD) is a conspicuous and important component of forest ecosystems. Seasonal temperature and precipitation patterns influence heterotroph activity, which determines the rate of CWD decomposition. We tested the hypothesis that moisture content and heterotroph community composition influence carbon flux in freshly-cut Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) logs. To evaluate the effects of physical penetration of bark and wood and transmission of basidiomycete compared with ascomycete fungi by insects, 360 experimental logs were assigned to five replicate sites, each with 12 heterotroph×moisture treatment combinations in 1995. Half of the logs in each heterotroph treatment received normal rainfall and half were placed individually under elevated clear plastic tents to reduce water inputs. Respiration was measured every 1–3 months. In 1996 and 1997 a different log representing each treatment combination was harvested from each replicate and analyzed for the presence of inoculated and colonizing fungi. Logs inoculated with decay fungi had higher respiration than uninoculated logs but this effect only approached significance (P=0.08) during the first season. Respiration was significantly higher in sheltered than in exposed logs. Our results indicate that respiration and wood decomposition rates may be depressed by high moisture content in the wet forests of the coastal Pacific Northwest.
Microcomputer-Based Computer-Assisted Instruction within Differing Subject Areas: A Statistical Deduction

This meta-analysis compared the academic achievement of students in grades six through twelve who received either traditional instruction or traditional instruction supplemented with computer-assisted instruction (CAI) across eight curricular areas. From the forty-two conclusions, an overall mean effect size of 0.209 was calculated, indicating that, on average, students receiving traditional instruction supplemented with CAI attained higher academic achievement than did 58.2 percent of those receiving only traditional instruction. The comparative effectiveness of CAI may be seen in the following descending order mean effect sizes: science, 0.639; reading, 0.262; music, 0.230; special education, 0.214; social studies, 0.205; math, 0.179; vocational education, −0.080; and English, −0.420.
Imaging Disorders of the Male Pelvis

The two areas of the male reproductive tract most often imaged are the scrotum and the prostate. Disorders in these organs are generally seen in two distinct age groups: scrotal disorders, both inflammatory and neoplastic, affect younger men (aged 15–40 years), while prostatic disorders affect men older than 50 years of age. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the two most commonly used modalities to image these disorders.
Reliable decentralized integral-action controller design for multi-channel systems

A reliable decentralized stabilizing controller design with integral action is considered for linear time-invariant multi-input multi-output systems with stable plants. The proposed design methods achieve closed-loop stability with integral action in each output channel and guarantee stability with integral action in the active channels when all controllers are operational and when any of the controllers is set equal to zero.
Stable magnetic order and charge induced rotation of magnetization in nano-clusters

Efficient control of magnetic anisotropy and the orientation of magnetization are of central importance for the application of nanoparticles in spintronics. Conventionally, magnetization is controlled directly by an external magnetic field or by an electric field via spin-orbit coupling. Here, we demonstrate a different approach to control magnetization in small clusters. We first show that the low magnetic anisotropy of a Co5 cluster can be substantially enhanced by attaching benzene molecules due to the mixing between p states of C and the d states of Co sites. We then show that the direction of magnetization vector of Co5 sandwiched between two benzene molecules rotates by 90° when an electron is added or removed from the system. An experimental set up to realize such effect is also suggested.
Computed radiography in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units: A comparison of 2.5 K × 2 H soft copy images vs digital hard-copy film

Objective. The goal of the study was to determine whether soft-copy images on high-resolution monitors (2.5 K × 2 K) are suitable for primary interpretation of images from pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. The hypotheses were that hard and soft images yield similar diagnostic information, and that both residents and faculty radiologists can use monitors effectively. Previous reports have produced conflicting results; the need for larger sample sizes has been emphasized.Materials and methods. One thousand one hundred and four images produced by computed radiography using the Kodak Ectascan Imagelink system were prospectively analyzed by two pediatric radiologists, one reading hard copy and the other soft copy of the same images. Bias was controlled by equal distribution of modalities between observers and by daily alternation of modality. Hard- and soft-copy observations of presence or absence of nine specific tubes and nine specific diagnostic findings were compared. Interobserver differences between pediatric radiologists and radiology residents were studied on additional images. The kappa statistic was used to evaluate the level of agreement for all observations.Results. There was excellent agreement between hard and soft copy interpretation for each tube and diagnostic finding (kappa values 0.93–1.0) and excellent interobserver agreement between two pediatric radiologists (kappa values 0.84–1.0). The level of agreement between radiology residents and pediatric radiologist was excellent for the most objective findings. All results were statistically significant (p < 0.001).Conclusion. High resolution soft-copy images are suitable for primary interpretation in patients in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units.
Suppression of keratoepithelin and myocilin by small interfering RNA (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis).

Purpose: Mutations of keratoepithelin (KE) and myocilin (MYOC) have been linked to certain types of inherited corneal stromal dystrophy and open-angle glaucoma, respectively. In this study, the feasibility of using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to suppress the expression of keratoepithelin and myocilin and their capabilities to reduce the related cytotoxic effects caused by mutant myocilins were investigated. Methods: cDNAs of human KE gene and myocilin gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and subcloned into pEGFP-N1 to construct respective plasmids, KEpEGFP and MYOCpEGFP, to produce fluorescence-generating fusion proteins. Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were generated from an RNA polymerase III promoter-driven vector (pH1-RNA). Transformed HEK293 and trabecular meshwork (TM) cells were cotransfected via liposomes with either KEpEGFP or MYOCpEGFP and respective shRNAgenerating plasmids to evaluate the suppression efficacy of shRNAs. Suppression of KE-EGFP by KE-specific shRNAs was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. Suppression of MYOC-EGFP by myocilin-specific shRNAs was quantified with UN-SCAN-IT software on digitized protein bands of Western blots. A BiP promoter-driven luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the stress response of TM cells induced by misfolded mutant myocilins. Results: Two KE-specific shRNAs that effectively suppressed the expression of KE-EGFP in HEK293 cells were identified. One shRNA (targeting the coding sequence starting at 1528bp of KE) reduced the expression of KE-EGFP approximately by 50%, whereas the other shRNA (targeting the 3′-UTR region of KE) suppressed greater than 80% of the expression. Cotransfection of MYOCpEGFP and various shRNA-generating plasmids targeting different regions of myocilin (containing amino acid residues R76, E352, K423, or N480 associated with inherited glaucoma) showed effective reduction of MYOC-EGFP, ranging from 78% to 90% on average. The activation of BiP gene (as a stress response induced by mutant myocilins) in transformed TM cells was significantly reduced when mutant myocilin proteins were suppressed by myocilin-specific shRNAs. Conclusions: KE- or myocilin-specific shRNAs could effectively suppress the expression of recombinant KE or myocilin proteins and the related cytotoxicity of mutant myocilins. RNA interference may have future therapeutic implications in suppressing these genes.
Measurement of τ Polarization in W→τν Decays with the ATLAS Detector in pp Collisions at s=7TeV

Abstract In this proceedings, the first measurement of τ polarization at a hadron collider is presented. The method for extracting the τ polarization is independent of the mode of τ production and can be applied to the characterization of new phenomena at the Large Hadron Collider. The method has been applied to W → τ ν decays and the measured value of P τ = − 1.06 ± 0.04 ( stat ) − 0.07 + 0.05 ( syst ) is in agreement with the Standard Model prediction.
Optical interconnects for high-speed data links

ABSTRACT We demonstrate the integration of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays with Si-dummy chips for potentialuse in short-distance parallel optical interconnects. An 8x8 flip-chip bonded InGaAs (980 nm) VCSEL array was successfullymodulated at data rates up to 0.8 Gbit/s/channel, corresponding to an aggregate data transmission capacity in excess of 50Gbit/s. A 2x4 GaAs (850 nm) VCSEL array was indirectly flip-chip bonded to a Si substrate via a transparent glass carrierand package-limited data rates of 0.4 Gbitls/channel were achieved. The large signal modulation bandwidth ofthese devicesexceeded 2 Gbit/s. The electrical driving characteristics of the devices were found to be compatible with 3.3 V CMOStechnology. Keywords: VCSEL array, Optical interconnect, Flip-chip bonding, Hybrid integration 1.INTRODUCTION There has been much interest in the development of interconnects for high speed data communications at the board and chiplevels. Conventionally, this has been achieved using electrical interconnects. However, electrical interconnects suffer from anumber of drawbacks, including pin crowding, complex and costly fabrication of the printed circuit boards, with the strictrequirement of impedance matching, and the bandwidth limitations of the back-plane [1]. The development of very largescale integrated circuit (VLSI) technology has allowed higher integration density and faster clock speeds to be achieved,enabling higher data communication rates. Electrical interconnects are unlikely to meet the ever increasing high-bandwidthhigh density requirements. Therefore, there is strong interest in using optical interconnects to overcome the bottleneckexperienced by conventional interconnects. Optical interconnection offers not only a high interconnect density and largebandwidth, but also EMI immunity, low power consumption and potential low cost, making it advantageous to implementthis technology in a wide range of systems. Free-space optical interconnects have been recognized as a suitable method toimprove interconnect performance [3]. The development of such interconnects relies on the development of inexpensive
Infrastructure and the experience of documents

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to understandings of how documents are experienced by looking to work in reception studies for methodological examples. Based on a review of research from literary studies, communication studies and museum studies, it identifies existing approaches and challenges. Specifically, it draws attention to problems cited in relation to small-scale user studies and suggests an alternative approach that focusses on how infrastructures influence experience. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents data collected from over a year of ethnographic work at a cultural archive and exhibition space and analyses the implications of infrastructural features such as institutional organization, database structures and the organization of physical space for making available certain modes of reception. Findings – This research suggests that infrastructure provides a useful perspective on how experiences of documents are influenced by larger systems. Research limitati...
Computable decision modules for patient safety in child health care.

OBJECTIVE: To identify controlled evidence from the child health literature on patient conditions and clinical procedures that resulted in unacceptable adverse outcomes. METHODS: Systematic searches of MEDLINE (1966 to 2001), and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2001) were done. Studies that met the eligibility criteria, were verified for quality of methodology and lack of conflicting studies. A knowledge base of Child Health Safety Modules was then developed. The knowledge base could be used to transfer controlled evidence on potentially harmful interventions into clinical decision support systems conforming with Arden Syntax, a widely applied computer standard. RESULTS: The searches identified knowledge to create 41 Child Health Safety Modules for medications and procedures in child health care, from 29 randomized controlled trials and 12 non-randomized controlled studies. The modules are focused on 28 medication interventions and 13 other clinical procedures. Eighty five percent of the studies were published between 1997-2001. CONCLUSION: An increasing amount of controlled evidence on risks of adverse outcomes in child health is available to alert clinicians when potential planning errors are about to be overlooked.
Docetaxel and fluid retention: Use of single-dose dexamethasone

19635 Background: Docetaxel (T) is generally well tolerated but fluid retention has been reported following therapy. This can be prevented with dexamethasone (D) but dexamethasone has its own side ...
Cranberry Stomatal Conductivity

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ericaceae Ait.) stomatal conductivity (SC) was investigated in the field to examine plant response as a function of weather conditions. Measurements were made during fruit maturation on 14 days between 0540 and 1710 HR, as weather conditions permitted. SC ranged from 0.02 to 0.08 cm·s -1 and was much lower than for most other crops. Scatter plots of SC vs. leaf temperature by day indicated only a weak linear relationship. When the data were stratified by time of day and by clear and overcast skies, several significant Pearson correlation coefficients suggested a stomatal response. The findings, when combined with current knowledge of the physical structure of cranberry stomata, suggest that cranberries behave as xeromorphic plants. amine plant response as a function of weather conditions. For this purpose, a field experi- ment was carried out from July to Oct. 1990 at a cranberry research bog at the Rutgers Univ. Blueberry and Cranberry Research Center (RUBCRC), Chatsworth, N.J. 'Early Black' cranberry SC, leaf temperature, and photosyn- thetically active radiation were measured with a steady-state porometer (model LI-1600; LI- COR, Lincoln, Neb.). The bog is 110 × 17 m and is oriented from southeast to northwest. The bog is separated from other research bogs by a dike and ditch bank. The dike and ditch bank is ≈7 m across, and each ditch is ≈1 m across.
Source analysis for benzene and its methyl derivatives in shoe-making adhesive

Objective:In order to analyze the source of benzene and its methyl derivatives(toluene and dimethylbenzene) in the shoe-making workshop without using them as adhesive.Methods: 20 samples of adhesive and 40 samples of raw materials were extracted from 5 local existing manufacturers for shoe-making adhesive.GB 19340-2003 and GB 18583-2001 were used to detect and evaluate the samples.Results: 80%(16/20) of shoe-making adhesive and 80%(8/10) raw material of solvent gasoline were detected as containing benzene and its methyl derivatives.But benzene and its methyl derivatives were not found in 10 samples of dichloroethane,acetone,ethyl acetate.Conclusion: Raw material purchasing process should be well controlled,and inspection on adhesive production should be strengthened.
Design on Shells Water Jet Cutting Device Mechanical Structure

It's a very dangerous work of disposal,storage and transportation of scrap shells,because that's easy to cause accidents which will bring about casualties and property losses owing to any carelessness.While the using of water jet cutting device to dispose scrap shells is a safe,reliable and non-pollution method.A water jet cutting device was designed and high-tech of ultrahigh-pressure water jet "cold-cutting" was adopted to open the shell body and high pressure water jet was used to make explosives and shell body isolate.Scrap shell was destroyed and useful metal was recovered.Hydraulic three-jaw chuck was used to realize automatic positioning and clamping of shell.The rotating cutting method can improve the life of the whole hydraulic drive system.
Evaluation of Antiviral Therapy for 81 Adult Patients with HIV Infection and AIDS therapy

[Objective]To evaluate the antiviral therapy for 81 adult patients with HIV infection and AIDS.[Methods]From July 2004 to November 2006,81 adult patients with HIV-infection and AIDS received antiviral therapy,and were followed up until December 2010.The CD+4T lymphocyte levels were detected regularly during follow up,and the death cases and cases with ceased treatment were recorded.[Results]Of 81 cases,56 were followed up for 5 years.After 5 years' treatment,the CD+4 T lymphocyte count increased by 283 cells /μl after treatment.After 4~6 years,64% of the cases had viral load50 copies /ul.The 4-year survival rate reached 80.64%.[Conclusion]The antiviral therapy has a good suppression of viral replication and the immune function is enhanced significantly.AIDS patients who meet the treatment standard should receive standardized antiviral therapy as soon as possible.