cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CEOs and Top Leaders: Solutions to Solve Ethical Dilemmas and Decision Making

This paper reviews solutions to help CEO’s and Top Leader’s manage their ethical dilemmas and decision making. Business ethical issues and moral hazard are discussed. Unethical behavior in regards to type and associated costs are reviewed. Approaches to dealing with unethical behavior at work are discussed and the concept of executive or business coaching is introduced: how top executives benefit from this method and what executive coaches offer are discussed. Benedictine University’s Values-Driven Leadership model is reviewed. Surveys on executive coaching are analyzed, and ways to embed a healthy culture for sound ethics within a company is provided. Specific scenarios of ethical dilemmas are shared, and revised responsibilities in overseeing ethics for Boards of Directors are reviewed. This paper begins discussion on CEOs and the ethical quality of their decisions. It intends to open dialogue on this infrequently discussed topic and encourage a paradigm shift in our approaches.
Tornado detection with support vector machines

The National Weather Service (NWS) Mesocyclone Detection Algorithms (MDA) use empirical rules to process velocity data from the Weather Surveillance Radar 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D). In this study Support Vector Machines (SVM) are applied to mesocyclone detection. Comparison with other classification methods like neural networks and radial basis function networks show that SVM are more effective in mesocyclone/tornado detection.
Loss of the Y Chromosome: An Age-Related or Clonal Phenomenon in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia/Myelodysplastic Syndrome?

Abstract Context.—The clinical association between loss of the Y chromosome and acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (AML/MDS) has been debated because both phenomena are related to aging. A prior publication suggests that loss of the Y chromosome in more than 75% of cells may indicate a clonal phenomenon that could be a marker for hematologic disease. Objective.—To evaluate the relationship between loss of the Y chromosome and AML/MDS. Design.—A retrospective review of cytogenetic reports of 2896 male patients ascertained from 1996 to 2007 was performed. Results were stratified based on the percentage of cells missing the Y chromosome and were correlated with patients' ages and bone marrow biopsy reports through logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age. Results.—Loss of the Y chromosome was found in 142 patients. Of these, 16 patients demonstrated myeloid disease, with 2 cases of AML and 14 cases of MDS. An increased incidence (P < .05) of AML/MDS was seen only in the group...
Divergent pollination systems in the cleistogamous species, Collomia grandiflora (Polemoniaceae)

A structural study of pollination in the dimorphic flowers ofCollomia grandiflora, a cleistogamous species, reveals significant differences in stigma behavior during pollination, stylar structure, the timing of generative cell division, and pollen tube growth rate patterns. The cleistogamous flower shows a loss of protandry and the stigma is receptive only after reflexing and closing of its lobes. In contrast, the chasmogamous stigma is receptive when reflexed and closes when pollen has been deposited on the lobes. Pollen tube penetration of the dry stigma papillae and entry into the style is similar in the two morphs. The chasmogamous style is solid and the cleistogamous style partly hollow. The matrix of secretion produced by the transmitting tract cells is mainly carbohydrate with a trace of lipids. It is fibrillar in nature and appears to be partly comprised of wall material from the transmitting tract cells. In the chasmogamous pollen, the generative cell enters the tube before division, which occurs between 30 and 60 min after pollination. This division correlates with an increased growth rate for the pollen tube. In the cleistogamous pollen, contact with the stigma triggers generative cell division inside the hydrated pollen grain before germination. The two resulting sperm cells exit the grain 15–30 min after pollination when the pollen tube is in the stigma lobes. The cleistogamous pollen tube shows only one phase of growth which occurs at a rate similar to that of the slow, first phase of the chasmogamous pollen.
Techniques for optimizing model execution II: a systematic approach to linguistic fuzzy modeling based on input-output data

A new systematic algorithm to build adaptive linguistic fuzzy models directly from input-output data is presented in this paper. Based on clustering and projection in the input and output spaces, significant inputs are selected, the number of clusters is determined, rules are generated automatically, and a linguistic fuzzy model is constructed. Then, using a simplified fuzzy reasoning mechanism, the Back-Propagation (BP) and Least Mean Squared (LMS) algorithms are implemented to tune the parameters of the membership functions. Compared to other algorithms, the new algorithm is both computationally and conceptually simple. The new algorithm is called the Linguistic Fuzzy Inference (LFI) model.
Tibial intercondylar fractures in children: a review of the classification and the treatment of mal-union.

Abstract Forced flexion with internal rotation of the knee in a child can result in an avulsion fracture of the tibial intercondylar area by the anterior cruciate ligament. Accurate radiological assessment of the size of the fragment is difficult. Conservative treatment with plaster immobilization in 30–50 ° of flexion is recommended for Type I fractures. Operative reduction is suggested for all Type III and some Type II fractures. Correction of mal-union can be achieved by excision of a wedge of tibial bone and reattachment of the origin of the anterior cruciate ligament.
SPECIFIC INFORMATION EFFECT IN PROBABILITY ESTIMATION

-All the necessary prior probabilities for making a Bayesian estimation of the posterior probability were provided to subjects along with a cover story. The prior probabilities, but not the cover story, were non-systematically varied to provide 12 situations. Bayesian solutions of these probability problems indicated p values ranging from .4 to .9; but subjects estimated a f i value around .7 across all conditions. For all conditions except one, the mode estimate was identical to one of the prior probabilities. High degree of similarity found among the dominating prior probability, the median and modal estimates of posterior probability wirhin a condition seems to indicate the existence of specific information effect in probability estimation.
Cost allocation: what purpose does it serve?

Regardless of the approach taken to allocating common costs, is cost allocation really necessary? Argues that such an exercise may not make any difference to the final outcome ‐ the company’s final profit or loss figure. Takes as an example the University of Clemson, USA’s system of costing and reporting, and describes the university’s Finance Committee’s challenge to that system.
Telemetric Monitoring of the Reflex Blink Rate

A technique for using telemetry to transmit the muscle action potentials of the eyeblink to a biological recorder is described in detail. Samples of oscillograph recordings are included to illustra...
Demographic correlates of moral differences in the contemporary United States

Abstract Bourdieu argued that cultural tastes have tangible social and economic consequences. Some work suggests that moral differences might have similar effects, but it is not yet clear how morality is distributed across the social landscape, and hence where moral variation is likely to occur. This research note examines the relationships between several well-established morality measures and an extensive set of demographic variables using Bayesian model averaging (BMA), a statistical technique that better captures uncertainty in parameter estimates. Results show that gender, age cohort, and religious affiliation predict the widest range of moral constructs, followed by education and marital status. Comparison with earlier work suggests that gender, age, and religious affiliation are important predictors of morality generally.
Particle classification scheme of saxena and ganzha and high-temperature bed voidage data at minimum fluidization

Etude des donnees hydrodynamiques a haute temperature relatives aux lits fluidises de particules de differents tailles, publiees recemment, dans la perspective du schema de classification des poudres de Saxena et Ganzha, en vue d'etablir son applicabilite aux systemes a haute temperature
The temperature response of cultured almond cells derived from tree sources with and without non-infectious bud failure. I. Specific growth rate

Abstract The specific growth rate of ‘Nonpareil’ almond cell cultures growing in exponential phase was measured at temperatures in the range of 20–30°C. Specific growth rates differed with the non-infectious bud failure (BF) potential of the source plant, the cell line, the age of cell lines, and the temperature. The optimum temperature for growth was found to be in the range of 28–32°C. Specific growth rate decreased more sharply at temperatures above the optimum for the cell lines derived from BF sources.
Prenatal exposure to cocaine. I: Effects on gestation, development, and activity in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract Spermpositive Sprague-Dawley rats received one of four treatments for 20 days beginning within 24 hours of conception. One group received subcutaneous injections of 15 mg/kg cocaine twice daily (Cocaine-D); a second group received 15 mg/kg cocaine twice daily for two consecutive days at 5-day intervals (Cocaine-I); a third group received normal saline twice daily (Saline); and a fourth group received 1.5 mg/kg amfonelic acid (AFA), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, once daily. Cocaine-D, Cocaine-I, and AFA dams were fed ad lib. An attempt was made to pair-feed the Saline dams with the Cocaine-D dams; however, the Saline dams did not eat as much as the Cocaine-D dams which resulted in dams in all groups essentially eating ad lib. The Cocaine-D pups showed a slightly delayed righting behavior and neophobia at 30 days of age, as evidenced by hypoactivity during the first 15 min of a 6-h activity test. The Cocaine-I pups were hypoactive during the 3-h dark phase of the 6-h activity test when tested at 30 days of age. These effects did not occur in the offspring exposed to AFA, a potent dopamine uptake inhibitor and CNS stimulant which indicate that one or more other sites for cocaine action may combine for its effects on the developing fetus.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Silicon‐Functional Polyisobutylenes and Their Applications: Polyisobutylene Brushes on Silicate Substrates via Living Cationic Polymerization

Abstract A series of novel chlorosilyl functional initiators have been prepared and applied for the first time in the living cationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB). Well‐defined polyisobutylenes (PIBs) carrying mono‐, di‐, and tri‐chlorosilyl head‐group, and a tert‐chloro end‐group were synthesized using newly designed silyl‐functional initiators in conjunction with TiCl4 in Hex:MeCl (60:40, v:v) at −80°C. End‐group analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy verified the product structure and the survival of the Si‒Cl head‐groups during the polymerization. The chlorosilyl functional initiators and chlorosilyl functional PIBs have been employed for the synthesis of PIB brushes on planar silicate substrates by the “grafting from” and “grafting to” techniques. The products were characterized by x‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), atomic force microscopic (AFM), and ellipsometry. The “grafting from” approach yielded surface‐bound polymer brushes with more uniform surface and higher grafting density compared to the “...
The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality

Abstract This paper describes the development and validation of a general causality orientations scale. Causality orientations are conceptualized as relatively enduring aspects of people that characterize the source of initiation and regulation, and thus the degree of self-determination, of their behavior. Three orientations—autonomy, control, and impersonal—are measured by the three subscales of the instrument. Individuals are given a score on each orientation, thus allowing the use of the theoretically appropriate subscale (or, in some cases, a combination of subscales) to predict affects, cognitions, and behaviors. The scale was shown to have internal consistency and temporal stability. The orientations were shown to fit appropriately into a nomological network of constructs and to relate to various behaviors that were hypothesized to be theoretically relevant.
Nitrous oxide by itself is insufficient to relieve pain due to castration in piglets

Surgical castration is performed on most male piglets in the United States. However, castration is painful and analgesics have been considered to relieve pain. Inhalant gases with analgesic properties allow for a fast induction, have short-term and reversible effects, and are a needle-free option. Nitrous oxide (N(2)O; "laughing gas") has been widely used in human surgery and dental offices as an analgesic, sedative, and anxiolytic drug, yet N(2)O has not been thoroughly investigated for use in farm animals. We hypothesized that the analgesic effect of N(2)O could reduce the pain experienced by piglets during or immediately after castration. Twenty-four male piglets, from 12 litters, were castrated at 3 d of age. One piglet received N(2)O and a littermate received air as a control. After 150 s of exposure to the gas, castration was performed while the piglet remained exposed to the gas. Agitation scores and total vocalization length were recorded during castration. Behavioral observations were continued for 3 d postcastration by using a 5-min scan-sampling method for 4 h the first morning and for 2-h periods in the morning and afternoon of each day thereafter. Body weight gain was measured on the day before castration, at 3 d postcastration, and at weaning. Data were analyzed using a mixed model in SAS (Cary, NC). Nitrous oxide successfully induced anesthesia in all N(2)O piglets, as validated by a skin pinch test and the loss of the palpebral reflex. Total vocalization length was shorter in piglets receiving N(2)O during the induction phase (P = 0.003) but was not different during castration itself because piglets receiving N(2)O awoke and vocalized as much as control piglets (P = 0.87). Agitation scores during the whole procedure were reduced in piglets receiving N(2)O in both frequency (P = 0.005) and intensity (P = 0.026). For 2 h after castration, piglets receiving N(2)O displayed less huddling behavior than did control piglets (P = 0.01). Over the 3 d, piglets receiving N(2)O performed more tail wagging (P = 0.02) and tended to show fewer sleep spasms (P = 0.06) than did control piglets. Piglets given N(2)O tended to have a reduced growth rate compared with control piglets at 3 d postcastration and at weaning (P = 0.05 and P = 0.06, respectively). Nitrous oxide was effective in inducing anesthesia in neonatal piglets during handling. Nonetheless, its analgesic effects appeared insufficient in preventing castration-induced pain.
Addition reaction and characterization of chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)iridium(I) on silicon(1 1 1) surfaces

Abstract Studies were performed to determine the chemical addition of a metal complex molecule, chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)iridium(I), on hydrogen passivated Si(1 1 1) surfaces to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The iridium complex was synthesized prior to chemical addition, for which modified reaction conditions were chosen. Following addition, the silicon surfaces were characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The XPS results revealed that the surfaces consisted of the expected elemental percentages and that the iridium has a slightly higher success rate at attaching to oxide-free surfaces. XPS data also strongly indicate that the iridium complex remained intact upon chemisorption and did not decompose during the addition reaction. CV data show a difference between iridium treated surfaces and control samples. Hydrogen passivated wafers with iridium complex were much more conductive than those which were terminated with just an oxide or with an oxide and iridium complex. Furthermore, no free iridium reagent was detected as an additional feature in the current profile, indicating there was no physisorbed layer.
The development of littermate preferences in juvenile Belding's ground squirrels

Abstract Abstract. Kin favouritism has been documented widely in free-living ground squirrels (genus Spermophilus ), but the development of kin favouritism has not been explained. To investigate the development of littermate preferences in captive Belding's ground squirrels, S. beldingi , groups composed of four dams and 16 juveniles (young-of-the-year) were observed in outdoor enclosures for a period of 5-11 days, beginning when juveniles first emerged aboveground from natal burrows (buried nestboxes). Social play was the most frequently observed social interaction. Littermates played together about twice as often as non-littermates on a per pair basis and juveniles were also more likely to share a burrow at night with their littermates than non-littermates. Independently of relatedness, the sex of a pair also affected play-bout frequencies (m-m>m-f>f-f), as did body-weight differences between juveniles. It was concluded that juveniles displayed social preferences for littermates shortly after they emerged from natal burrows, which suggests that interactions between littermates prior to or just after emergence affected the development of social preferences. Dams indirectly affected the development of social preferences: when dams were not placed in enclosures littermate preferences were not observed. The results of this study support the hypothesis that kin favouritism develops from early social interactions involving dams and littermates. However, it remains to be determined whether the preferences manifested by recently emerged juveniles are maintained throughout the summer and whether such preferences provide the foundation for kin favouritism in adults.
Use of polarization in pion-nucleon bremsstrahlung.

The full polarization structure of the reaction ..pi..+N..--> pi..+N+..gamma.. is established. In the case of a coplanar geometry the number of reaction amplitudes reduces by a factor of 2; hence this geometry is strongly recommended. In that case the polarization structure is formally identical to that of pion photoproduction. The best formalism for this case is one in which the nucleons are described in the transversity frame and the photon in the helicity frame. The experimental program needed to determine the reaction amplitudes is analyzed, and sets of experiments which determine the amplitudes are given. Although the correspondence between the reaction amplitudes of this process and those for off-shell pion-nucleon elastic scattering cannot be made model independently, it can be made for any particular model which describes the way the off-shell process is embedded in the bremsstrahlung reaction.
Gender typing of game choices and qualities of boys' play behavior.

Relationships between gender choices and both movement patterns and social behavior were studied in first- and second-grade boys. Three-child, structured play groups were each composed of a boy whose mother saw him as high masculine in play preference on the Games Inventory, one seen as average, and one low masculine. Behaviors rated from videotapes included gender presentation variables, (e.g., leg separation), indicators of dominance and personal comfort (e.g.,range of movements), and indicators of social skill and peer response (e.g., interaction initiations). The low masculine boys were found to be the most feminine in their gender presentation, least dominant and aggressive, and the least socially successful of the boys. The greatest difference was between the low and the high masculine boys. The average masculine boys' scores were generally intermediate,but more similar to the low masculine boys on some variables and more similar to the high masculine boys on others. These conclusions apply to a group interaction play task, but not to an initial noninteractive play task. A secondary study in which girls played with low and average masculine boys is also reported. Here it was found that low masculine boys were generally intermediate between average boys and girls on gender presentation and dominance variables, but lowest of the groups on social interaction variables.
Feature enhancement for multilayer perceptron and semicontinuous hidden Markov model-based classifiers using neural networks

Neural and stochastic models for signal classification generate output probabilities to indicate whether or not their inputs are members of the modeled class. This paper presents a feature enhancing neural network with weights based on the modeled class which can improve the classification performance of single output classifiers, by increasing output probabilities for members of the modeled class or decreasing output probabilities for non-members. The neural network is demonstrated as a front-end for multi-layer perceptron and semi-continuous hidden Markov model based classifiers for speech recognition applications. It is unique in that the weights and width of the input layer adapt based on extracted characteristics from the input speech signal. The connectionist architecture is motivated by the highly successful time-delay neural network and the desire to find efficient training procedures for class-dependent, short- time transformations. The weights are determined using a principal component analysis process and can be found by applying iterative or conventional algorithms. The neural network reduces false acceptances by more than one-third for a defined mono-syllable keyword spotting application using a semi-continuous hidden Markov model based system. An evaluation of the neural network as a front-end for multi-layer perceptron based classifiers which distinguish a word from confusable words is also presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
College students' knowledge and health beliefs about AIDS: implications for education and prevention.

Abstract A questionnaire designed to measure the application of the dimensions of the Health Belief Model (HBM) to Aids prevention and to practicing safer sex was administered to 139 undergraduates aged 22 years and under. Students generally had good knowledge about the facts of Aids, which was consistent with other studies. We found an important difference between students' beliefs about practicing safer sex to prevent Aids depending on whether their level of knowledge was high or low. The HBM posits that all of its dimensions must be present in order for belief to be followed by action. However, students with low knowledge indicated that the perceived barriers to practicing safer sex were higher than did students with high knowledge about AIDS. These results suggest that special efforts need to be made to teach students with low knowledge more about AIDS and that the barriers to safer sex can and should be overcome. There were no differences between students known to be sexually active compared with tho...
Novel Quantum Dot Gate FETs and Nonvolatile Memories Using Lattice-Matched II–VI Gate Insulators

This paper presents the successful use of ZnS/ZnMgS and other II–VI layers (lattice-matched or pseudomorphic) as high-k gate dielectrics in the fabrication of quantum dot (QD) gate Si field-effect transistors (FETs) and nonvolatile memory structures. Quantum dot gate FETs and nonvolatile memories have been fabricated in two basic configurations: (1) monodispersed cladded Ge nanocrystals (e.g., GeO x -cladded-Ge quantum dots) site-specifically self-assembled over the lattice-matched ZnMgS gate insulator in the channel region, and (2) ZnTe-ZnMgTe quantum dots formed by self-organization, using metalorganic chemical vapor-phase deposition (MOCVD), on ZnS-ZnMgS gate insulator layers grown epitaxially on Si substrates. Self-assembled GeO x -cladded Ge QD gate FETs, exhibiting three-state behavior, are also described. Preliminary results on InGaAs-on-InP FETs, using ZnMgSeTe/ZnSe gate insulator layers, are presented.
Spectral methods for the solution of nonlinear boundary value problems, a case study

Spectral methods enjoy a variety of well known virtues for the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations. The coefficient spectrum falls off exponentially (as for the use of any basis set which is the solution of a singular Sturm-Liouville problem). Nonlinear terms can be effectively accomodated by a true spectral calculation in one dimensional problems, or two dimensional problems with modest resolution, and pseudospectrally by use of the FFT algorithm for larger two dimensional or three dimensional problems. Boundary conditions are frequently easily imposed by natural means of the tau method as an obvious (linear) algebraic constraint equation on the coefficients. Since spectral methods are global in character, and infinite in order, no special techniques are required to calculate derivatives at boundaries (unlike finite difference algorithms). Finally, a variety of diagnostic integral tests of the accuracy of the solution are usually easily implemented. For the model problem considered in this talk, a nonlinear boundary value problem, conventional shooting methods may encounter several difficulties including the occurrence of spontaneous singularities, and intrinsic instability of the desired solution. Numerical solution of this problem using the Gear package, an adaptive step Romberg integration routine of the author, and a spectral program were implemented. (Details will be discussed in a forthcoming article by Ruehr and Ierley, 1985.) For accuracy and efficiency spectral methods proved obviously superior (unless quite high accuracy is required of high derivative terms near the origin). Greater programming time is, for this problem, the only significant drawback.
A field evaluation of the predictive value of a hand-held drum pressure detection device.

According to Environmental Protection Agency estimates, 20% of hazardous waste drums currently managed in the 6500 known, uncontrolled Superfund removal or remediation sites contain some degree of elevated internal pressurization. This estimate increases to 90% during the summer months, and, overall, up to 5% of the drums stored in active treatment, storage, and disposal facilities may be pressurized. The ability to identify pressurized drums in real-time would enhance worker health and safety, reduce the potential for environmental contamination, and minimize property damage. A prototype hand-held drum pressure detection device was field tested at an active Resource Conservation and Recovery Act mixed waste operation using acoustic resonance spectroscopy technology to identify pressurized drums. The waste operation used a drum venting system that measured the actual drum pressure of retrieved drums. Drum venting system data were analyzed to quantify the ability of the drum pressure detection device to co...
The Politics of Evaluation With Privatized Programs Who Is the Audience

Using as a case study the evaluation of a drunk drivers treatment program, the author describes the political roles and actions she took to plan the evaluation and disseminate the results. This case is representative of situations to which evaluators will be exposed as privatization of service delivery increases and authority for and ownership of such programs becomes more decentral ized and diffuse. The evaluator must take an active role in identifying the needs, perspectives, and potential authority and influence of each audience and must be prepared to encourage audiences to address new issues where gaps in accountability have emerged.
Automatic partial loop summarization in dynamic test generation

Whitebox fuzzing extends dynamic test generation based on symbolic execution and constraint solving from unit testing to whole-application security testing. Unfortunately, input-dependent loops may cause an explosion in the number of constraints to be solved and in the number of execution paths to be explored. In practice, whitebox fuzzers arbitrarily bound the number of constraints and paths due to input-dependent loops, at the risk of missing code and bugs.In this work, we investigate the use of simple loop-guard pattern-matching rules to automatically guess an input constraint defining the number of iterations of input-dependent loops during dynamic symbolic execution. We discover the loop structure of the program on the fly, detect induction variables, which are variables modified by a constant value during loop iterations, and infer simple partial loop invariants relating the value of such variables. Whenever a guess is confirmed later during the current dynamic symbolic execution, we then inject new constraints representing pre and post loop conditions, effectively summarizing sets of executions of that loop. These pre and post conditions are derived from partial loop invariants synthesized dynamically using pattern-matching rules on the loop guards and induction variables, without requiring any static analysis, theorem proving, or input-format specification. This technique has been implemented in the whitebox fuzzer SAGE, scales to large programs with many nested loops, and we present results of experiments with a Windows 7 image parser.
The immediate early gene products of human cytomegalovirus increase vascular smooth muscle cell migration, proliferation, and expression of PDGF beta-receptor.

Evidence suggests that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Because smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration are crucial events of both processes, and because PDGF beta-receptor modulates SMC migration, we determined whether HCMV infection affects SMC proliferation, migration, and PDGF beta-receptor expression. We employed a SMC model in which HCMV infection leads to expression of only the immediate early (IE) HCMV gene products-HCMV infection of rat SMCs. We found that HCMV infection significantly (i) increased SMC proliferation (from 0.9 x 10(6) +/- 0.024 x 10(6) to 1.4 x 10(6) +/- 0.051 x 10(6) cells/well, p < 0.001); (ii) augmented SMC migration toward PDGF (from 64 +/- 37 to 116 +/- 51 cells/high power field; p < 0.01); and (iii) enhanced PDGF beta-receptor expression in a time-dependent fashion. We conclude that HCMV infection of rat SMCs increases SMC proliferation, migration, and PDGF beta-receptor expression. These findings identify further mechanisms by which CMV may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis.
Do Goals Mediate the Effects of Incentives on Performance

In 1968, Locke set forth the proposition that goals mediate the effects of incentives (e.g., feedback, participation, and money) on performance. Research is reviewed here to determine the extent to which Locke’s contention is supported. We attempt to identify (1) individual and situational factors that may mediate the incentive-goal-performance relationship, and (2) integrate the literature. We also offer a model and suggestions for future research.
Systems analysis of matrix metalloproteinase mRNA expression in skeletal tissues.

1. Abstract2. Introduction3. Materials and Methods3.1. Example 13.2. Example 24. Results4. 1. Example 14.1.1. Modeling of MMP transcript levels4.1.2. Sensitivity analysis4. 2. Example 24.2.1. Modeling of a heterogeneous group of transcripts4.2.2. Variations among genes4.2.3. Estimation of active cis-acting elements5. Discussion6. Future Work7. Appendix8. Acknowledgements9. References
A multidisciplinary project for undergraduate summer research in computer systems

The need and benefit for a multidisciplinary undergraduate research project are obvious. In computer systems, students are required to gain knowledge in computer software and hardware which spans across several disciplines including Electrical Engineering (EE), Computer Science (CS), and Information Technology (IT). It has been a challenge for undergraduate students to conduct a complete research project over a short period of time in summer. This paper reports an exemplar multidisciplinary undergraduate summer research project that has been successfully implemented and may be adopted elsewhere.
The Effect of Lag-structure Identification when Testing for Fit

The concept of 'fit' is a central thrust for middle-range theories in many man agement disciplines. In this context, 'fit' refers to the match between two or more factors. Several recent studies involving the concept of fit have examined how variables, both internal and external to the firm, combine to affect organ izational performance. When doing this type of research, a key decision must be made regarding the selection of research designs appropriate for testing the fit between variables. This study tests the fit concept and examines whether the identification of proper lag-structures associated with the fit relationship improves the effectiveness of the research design. Findings suggest that when testing models involving fit, the identification of proper lag-structures is an important research-design issue.
A non-contact biopotential sensing system with motion artifact suppression

This paper describes a wearable sensing system to monitor biopotentials via noncontact capacitive sensors that are suitable for long-term and ambulatory monitoring applications. To overcome motion-induced measurement artifacts typically encountered in such systems, a motion artifact suppression technique is introduced. Specifically, a sensor that consists of a pair of physically-interleaved capacitive channels is designed to have different amounts of parasitic input capacitance, creating channel-specific outputs that depend on the input coupling capacitance itself. Differences in output channel results can then be placed through a digital reconstruction filter to re-create the original biopotential with attenuated motion artifacts. To validate the system concept, a wireless ECG sensing system is designed. Simulation results indicate that motion-induced signal distortion is reduced by over 14X after reconstruction.
Cardiac arrest and delirium: Presentations of the refeeding syndrome in severely malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa

Aim: To describe the clinical presentation of the refeeding syndrome and highlight the dangers of performing nutritional rehabilitation 100 rapidly in a severely malnourished patient. Design: Retrospective case review of adolescents admitted with anorexia nervosa who developed the refeeding syndrome. Results: Between July 1993 and July 1994, 3 of 48 adolescent females developed the refeeding syndrome. While the cardiac complications occurred in the first week of refeeding, the delirium characteristic of this syndrome occurred later and was more variably related to hypophosphatemia. Observations: Refeeding malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa can be associated with hypophosphatemia, cardiac arrhythmia and delirium. Refeeding patients with anorexia nervosa who are
Role of particulate metals in heterogenous secondary sulfate formation

Abstract A series of field sampling and controlled laboratory experiments were undertaken to quantify the role of trace metals found in ambient fine particulate matter and metal-rich primary sources in the heterogenous catalytic conversion of SO2 gas into sulfate particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere. Analysis produced source profiles of three primary source materials, fluidized-bed catalytic cracking catalyst, coal-fired combustion fly ash, and paved road dust, featuring 33 elements including rare earth metals, which are not commonly reported in the literature. Subsequently three sets of experiments were conducted exposing 1) source materials, 2) ambient PM, and 3) ambient PM augmented with approximately an equal amount of source material to SO2 gas and measuring sulfate formation. Source material experiments revealed that the greatest extent of reaction was on the surface of coal fly ash with sulfate formation of 19 ± 5 mg sulfate g−1 material. Ambient fine particulate matter (PM) experiments showed sulfate formation ranging from negligible amounts to 180 ± 10 mg sulfate g−1 PM. It was much more difficult to quantify the sulfate formation on ambient filters augmented with the source materials. In these experiments, sulfate formation ranged from negligible amounts to 40 ± 8 mg sulfate g−1 of particles (ambient + augmented material). These three sets of experiments shows that heterogenous sulfate formation is often negligible but, under some conditions can contribute 10% or more to the total sulfate concentrations when exposed to high SO2 concentrations such as those found in plumes. Factor analysis of the source material experiments grouped metals into two categories, crustal components and anthropogenically emitted metals representative of catalyst material, with the former showing the strongest correlation with sulfate formation. Subsequent analysis of data collected from the ambient PM experiments showed a much weaker correlation of sulfate formation with the crustal components, including iron and titanium, remaining clustered with sulfate formation. Independent research has been previously reported in the literature establishing mechanisms for the iron and titanium catalyzed conversion of S(IV) to S(VI) suggesting there may be other metals within these crustal type metal components that behave similarly. Additional experiments spanning a wider range of variables including more sources, SO2 concentrations and exposure times, ambient PM locations, as well as more individual samples may be necessary to obtain more conclusive evidence into the role of various metals in catalyzing the conversion of S(IV) to S(VI).
Forebrain commissures and visual memory: a new approach.

Abstract The primary purpose of these exploratory experiments was to determine: (1) whether the forebrain commissures can provide full accessibility of the mnemonic store to either hemisphere when the task involves memory for ‘events’ (images) rather than, as in essentially all previous tests on split-brain animals, memory for ‘rules’ (discrimination habits); and (2) whether the anterior commissure (AC) alone is capable of such function. Macaques, with optic chiasm transected to allow limitation of direct visual input to one or the other hemisphere, were trained on tasks requiring recognition of previously viewed photographic slides. For one task, delayed-matching-to-sample (DMTS), the animal was presented with a ‘sample’ image, and then 0–15 s later was required to choose that image in preference to a second image concurrently displayed. On the other task, running recognition (RR), a series of images was presented, some of which were repetitions of images previously seen in that session, and the animal was required to signal its recognition of these repetitions. For either task the initial presentation could be made to one eye and hemisphere, and subsequent recognition required of the other. In such circumstance, if all forebrain commissures were divided, such interhemispheric recognition was no longer possible. For the DMTS task if either the AC or 5 mm of the splenium of the corpus callosum were available, interhemispheric recognition was basically equivalent to that using the same eye and hemisphere. However, interhemispheric accuracy with the RR task, while well above chance levels, was consistently inferior to that achieved intrahemispherically when complex scenes or objects were viewed. This is probably a consequence mostly of the differing visual fields of the two eyes, since interhemispheric accuracy was greatly improved by use of images having approximately identical right and left halves. No consistent hemispheric specialization nor difference in direction of interhemispheric communication was observed despite the use of different types of material and the different mnemonic tasks. It is concluded that the AC in macaques can achieve full and continuously operative neural unification of the mnemonic traces of past experience.
Noiseless non-reciprocity in a parametric active device

The use of microwaves to read and write information in superconducting qubits usually requires magnetic components that are difficult to integrate with chip-based circuits. A cascade of parametric amplifiers is now proposed instead, which could provide a more versatile and noise-free alternative.
Insulin Responsiveness of Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase Is Delayed but Preserved in Obesity

Abstract Because increases in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (ATLPL) may be important in the pathogenesis of obesity, the response of ATLPL to insulin during maintenance of euglycemia was examined in 22 obese and 8 normal weight subjects. Basal levels of ATLPL per g fat tissue for the obese and control groups were 18.7 ± 2.0 (±SEM) and 9.6 ± 2.7 neq/g · min, respectively. Insulin and glucose infusion rapidly produced antilipolysis in both groups, as evidenced by large falls in FFA by 20 min. When the responses of ATLPL in absolute change from basal were compared between the obese and control groups, no significant differences were found. However, because of the higher baseline ATLPL values in the obese subjects, the percent change in ATLPL from basal was significantly blunted at the 80 (P = 0.02), 180 (P < 0.05), and 360 (P = 0.005) min timepoints compared to those in the normal subjects. By 3 h into the infusion, the control group had a significant rise in ATLPL above the basal level (4.2 ± 1.3 neq/g ...
Surface Properties of RbI

The effect of surfaces on light transmission for RbI in the 5.5-6.3-eV region is discussed in terms of band bending and light scattering due to excitons. The influence of surfaces on the absorption spectrum in the knee range can be attributed to a narrowing of the band gap near the crystal surface. A model based on band bending predicts the correct shape of the absorption spectrum in the knee region, and also predicts an observed shift in the fundamental-exciton peak. It does not, however, account for the variation in transmission with sample thickness at the exciton-tail energies. Scattered light was measured to investigate the latter. The presence of exciton-dependent scattering was detected at the low-energy side of the exciton peak. The scattering originated near the surface and was sufficient to account for the variation in transmission at the tail energies. The effective depth of the surface was found to depend on the sample thickness.
Metabolism of polyamines in mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture: formation of GABA and putreanine.

—Polyamine metabolism of mouse neuroblastoma cells grown in culture was studied with special reference to the synthesis of GABA from putrescine and putreanine from spermidine. This study shows that neuroblastoma cells in the presence of a complete culture medium containing calf serum readily metabolized [14C]putrescine to GABA; the rate of synthesis is similar to the rate of synthesis of spermidine from putrescine. In the absence of serum the conversion of putrescine to GABA is minimal. In the presence of serum GABA formation is completely inhibited by the diamine oxidase inhibitor aminoguanidine. GABA synthesis does not occur in the absence of cells. The GABA synthesized is not readily metabolized to succinate or homocarnosine. Mouse neuroblastoma cells metabolized [14C]ornithine to putrescine, GABA, and spermidine. Spermidine was metabolized to putrescine, putreanine and spermine.
R68-20 Effects of Scheduling on File Memory Applications

Slow access to files of information (directories, tables, executable code, etc.) held on secondary memory devices such as drums and disks is often the prime limitation on the response time and throughput of a computer system. Therefore, the algorithm used for scheduling data transfer requests involving these devices should be carefully considered in the design of large-scale systems. In this paper an attempt is made (by closed form analysis of mathematical models) to compare the effect of several different scheduling algorithms for drums and disks. The scheduling algorithms treated are primarily designed to improve the utilization (or throughput) of the device over that obtained by serving all requests in order of arrival (FCFS). The results are of interest but in the case of the disk analysis the comparisons are invalid because the author, unwittingly, has not derived the same parameter for each case.
Polyomavirus-induced interstitial nephritis in two renal transplant recipients: Case reports and review of the literature

We present two case reports of renal polyomavirus infection leading to renal allograft dysfunction, review the literature of this entity, and discuss the role of specific immunosupressives. Histologically, the virus caused an interstitial infiltrate composed of plasma cells and lymphocytes, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. Viral inclusions were seen within tubular cells on light microscopy. Electron microscopy showed viral particles of 40 to 50 nm in a characteristic paracrystalline array. Both patients had been on FK-506-based immunosuppression. In both patients, the virus appeared to clear histologically and renal function stabilized when the patients were converted to cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. Contrary to prior reports, our patients have not lost their grafts and continue to have stable, albeit reduced, graft function at 2.5 years and 4.5 years following the initial diagnosis of renal polyomavirus infection.
Multiphoton microscopy guides neurotrophin modification with poly(ethylene glycol) to enhance interstitial diffusion

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the limited distribution of this molecule after administration into the brain tissue considerably hampers its efficacy. Here, we show how multiphoton microscopy of fluorescently tagged BDNF in brain-tissue slices provides a useful and rapid screening method for examining the diffusion of large molecules in tissues, and for studying the effects of chemical modifications-for example, conjugating with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-on the diffusion constant. This single variable, obtained by monitoring short-term diffusion in real time, can be effectively used for rational drug design. In this study on fluorescently tagged BDNF and BDNF-PEG, we identify slow diffusion as a major contributing factor to the limited penetration of BDNF, and demonstrate how chemical modification can be used to overcome this barrier.
Journal Scan: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics

Here is my view of the top-10 most potentially influential papers from the Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics from 2007. Included are the papers that were thought to provide the most useful examinations of treatments and outcomes.
Chisel-Q: Designing quantum circuits with a scala embedded language

We introduce Chisel-Q, a high-level functional language for generating quantum circuits. Chisel-Q permits quantum computing algorithms to be constructed using the meta-language features of Scala and its embedded DSL Chisel. With Chisel-Q, designers of quantum computing algorithms gain access to high-level, modern language features and abstractions. We describe a synthesis flow that transforms Chisel-Q into an explicit quantum circuit in the Quantum Assembly Language (QASM) format. We also discuss several optimizations to reduce the generated hardware cost. The Chisel-Q tool includes resource and performance estimation which can be used to compare different implementations of the same functionality. We compare the output of the generic Chisel-Q synthesis flow with hand-tuned versions of well-known quantum circuits.