cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient measurement of continuous space shortest distance around barriers

There are many different metrics used to estimate proximity between locations. These metrics are good in some situations and not so good in others, depending on permissible movement behavior. A complicating issue for general metrics to accurately reflect proximity is the presence of obstacles and barriers prohibiting certain directions of movement. This paper develops a continuous space-based technique for deriving a guaranteed shortest path between two locations that avoids barriers. The problem is formalized mathematically. A solution approach is presented that relies on geographic information system GIS functionality to exploit spatial knowledge, making it accessible for use in various kinds of spatial analyses. Results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the solution approach and demonstrate potential for general integration across a range of spatial analysis contexts. The contribution of the paper lies in the formal specification of the problem and an efficient GIS-based solution technique.
THE RELATION OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

At the meeting of the American Physiological Society, April 11, 1933, we made a report on this subject which may be summarized as follows:(1) Spontaneous glycosuria had not been observed in a hypophyseetomizedpancreatectomized dog but glycosuria could be produced at will by injection of anterior lobe extracts. (2) Glycosuria had been produced in normal dogs by injection of suitable anterior pituitary extracts. (3) These same extracts did not produce glycosuria in a thyroidectomized dog. At this time we wish to report the details and extension of these experiments. The experimental evidence for an interrelationship between the anterior hypophysis and carbohydrate metabolism will be briefly considered under three divisions, (1) hypophysectomy, (2) hypophysectomy and pancreatectomy, and (3) injection of anterior lobe extracts. The most striking changes in carbohydrate metabolism after hypophysectomy are (1) sensitivity to insulin (Houssay and Magenda, 1924; Geiling. et al., 1927) and (2) hypoglycemic convuls...
Microglia phagocytose alloreactive CTL-damaged 9L gliosarcoma cells

Intracranial adoptive transfers of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (aCTL) for brain tumor treatment were safe and showed promise in preclinical and early clinical trials. To better understand the endogenous immune responses that may ensue following cellular therapy with aCTL, we examined the ability of microglia to phagocytose aCTL-damaged and undamaged rat 9L gliosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, 5.5+/-0.9% of microglial cells isolated from adult tumor-bearing rat brains phagocytosed aCTL-damaged 9L cells, whereas microglia did not bind to or ingest undamaged 9L cells. Addition of supernates from either 9L cell cultures or from aCTL+9L co-incubate cell cultures to microglia did not significantly alter their ability to bind to or phagocytose damaged glioma cells even though the latter contained T helper 1 and 2 cytokines. At 3 days following intracranial 9L cell infusion, 17.5+/-0.1% of the microglia phagocytosed CFSE-labeled aCTL-damaged 9L tumor cells within the adult rat brain, confirming the in vitro data. The results suggest that microglia within the tumor microenvironment of the adult rat glioma model selectively remove damaged, but not undamaged, glioma cells.
Labeling of Health Risk in Industrial Settings

In January 1974 a Louisville, Kentucky chemical company announced that a link had been found between angiosarcoma and exposure to vinyl chloride. A program of medical screening identified "at risk" workers, some of whom were reassigned to an alternative work setting, a wood pallet plant. Twenty-four "high risk" pallet plant workers (PP) were matched with an equal number of workers with some abnormal test results (TP) and normal results (TN). Illness behavior in the form of medical visits for reasons of illness and injury was documented from the dispensary medical records. Frequency of dispensary use was compared across groups for each PP worker's first year in the pallet plant and for one year prior to furlough or reassignment.Findings in relation to illness and injury for the three groups and the two time periods were not significant. Although the results were unexpected and negative, they demonstrate that high-risk workers can be perceived in a derogatory way. Such workers are faced with stigmatization ...
Effects of brackish water on growth, feed conversion and energy absorption efficiency by juvenile euryhaline and freshwater stenohaline fishes

Among six species of juvenile fishes (<6 months old), stenohaline species (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and goldfish Carassius auratus) had their highest specific growth rate (G) and most efficient food conversion ratio (EC) and energy absorption efficiency (IE) in fresh water. Three of the euryhaline species (rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, striped bass Morone saxatilis and Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) had higher G and had more efficient EC and IE in 3 and 9‰ salinities than in lower salinities (fresh water and 1‰). For brown trout Salmo trutta (age 3–4 months), 9‰ was above the optimum level for G and E C. However, IE for brown trout was not significantly different at 3 and 9‰ salinities. Over the salinity range tested, channel catfish had the largest change in G, EC and IE, while changes for euryhaline species were relatively small. Although all species tested survived and grew in all treatments, salinities as low as 1‰ adversely affected the stenohaline species, and 9‰ adversely affected brown trout.
Exemptions to the Children’s Sleepwear Flammability Standards: A Description of Policy Considerations and an Evaluation of the Effects on Burn Injuries to Children

In 1996, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) amended the children’s sleepwear flammability standards to exempt sleepwear sized for infants aged 9 months or younger and tight-fitting sleepwear for older children. These amendments were adopted after CPSC concluded that they would provide consumers a wider selection of children’s sleepwear without diminishing the protection provided by the standards. They were also issued in response to an apparent preference for untreated cotton garments by many parents and difficulties in enforcing the pre-amendment standards. Nevertheless, the amendments were controversial. Some interested parties opposed them because they believed the exemptions would substantially reduce the level of safety for children. The amendments were also subjected to congressional scrutiny; in 1999, after they had gone into effect, Congress required that the Commission consider revoking them. To address these concerns, in cooperation with the American Burn Association and Shriners Hospitals for Children, the CPSC initiated a national study of child clothing-related burn injuries treated in burn center hospitals. From 2003 through 2005, the CPSC collected information on 475 such injuries. This study evaluates the burn center data to help determine the safety effects of the amendments to the sleepwear standards. The results provide no evidence of increased risk of burn injury associated with the exemptions from the sleepwear standards.
Plaster or Plasticity: Are Adult Work Experiences Associated with Personality Change in Women?

The present study tested whether work experiences were associated with personality change across two periods of adulthood (age 21 to 27 and 27 to 43) in a longitudinal sample of women (N = 81). Two competing theoretical perspectives were tested: the plaster theory, which claims that personality does not change after age 30, and the plasticity theory, which claims that personality can change at any time in adulthood. Evidence was found for both correlational consistency of personality in adulthood and for the socialization effect of work on personality change. Work experiences were not associated with personality change in young adulthood but were associated with changes between young adulthood and midlife. In the period from age 27 to age 43 women who worked more became more agentic, and women who were more successful in their work became both more agentic and more normadhering. This pattern of associations between personality change and work experience provided support for the plasticity model of personality change.
Major and trace element geochemistry of the Kirkpatrick Basalt, Mesa Range, Antarctica

Abstract Major and trace element geochemistry demonstrate that the Kirkpatrick Basalt (Ferrar Group) of Antarctica, a continental flood basalt sequence, includes two distinct compositional populations, referred to as low-Ti and high-Ti flows. All basalts are relatively evolved ( SiO 2 = 52.7–56.7%, Mg# = 68-24), particularly the high-Ti flows which exhibit marked Fe-enrichment. Data show that the basalts carry a marked crustal signature and also have some geochemical characteristics more commonly associated with calc-alkaline rocks.
Assessing the Evidence of a Link Between Mental Illness and Violence

The relationship of mental illness and violence is an issue of longstanding clinical and policy importance, and recent research on this association has sparked renewed debate. The author formulates six statements on the association that seem warranted by recent investigations and reviews the research evidence. In general, contrary to findings of earlier research, an association does appear to exist between mental illness and the likelibood of being involved in violent incidents. A dual diagnosis of mental illness and substance abuse probably significantly increases the risk for violence, and the association between mental illness and violence is probably significant even when demographic characteristics are taken into account. Given the considerable limitations of current research, priorities for future research include attention to the strength oftbe association for individual subjects, inclusion of adequate comparison groups of non-mentally-ill persons and a broad range of variables, and intensive studi...
Health insurance coverage among the elderly

Abstract The research reported in this paper examines the decision to have private health insurance by elderly Medicare enrollees. Models allowing both stimultaneity and a joint error structure between health insurance and use of medical care are considered. We find that common unobserved variables underlying the joint errors are important determinants in the decision to purchase private health insurance. Simultaneity is present only between the decision to have private health insurance and the probability of visiting a doctor. Health status and functional limitations are important determinants of the decision to have private health insurance in addition to Medicare coverage. Other personal characteristics (age, sex, race and education), as well as household income, Medicaid enrollment, and the employment of a family member are also found to be related to the decision to have private health insurance.
Vohwinkel's Keratoma Hereditarium Mutilans

A 35-year-old black man and his two daughters have massive keratoderma of the palms and soles and ainhum-like constrictions of the fifth toes in two of the three patients. Although there are various types of familial hyperkeratosis, our patients have dermatologic manifestations most consistent with Vohwinkel's keratoma hereditarium mutilans.
The Calculus of Coalitions Cities, Suburbs, and the Metropolitan Agenda

Reductions in federal urban assistance and devolution have made cities increasingly reliant on their state governments at a time when cities have lost political strength in state legislatures. This article identifies three types of coalitions that historically supported cities: party-imposed coalitions, interest-based coalitions, and governor-brokered coalitions. It shows how institutional, demographic, and economic changes have made these legislative coalitions less reliable. The article then considers prospects for constructing new city-suburban legislative coalitions. It argues that institutional constraints have limited the scope of preferences expressed by city and suburban legislators. The article concludes that prospects for city-suburban coalitions will depend on new issue definitions, institutional rules, and organizations that help city and suburban legislators redefine their policy preferences.
Coexisting stripe- and patch-shaped domains in giant unilamellar vesicles

We report a new type of gel-liquid phase segregation in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of mixed lipids. Coexisting patch- and stripe-shaped gel domains in GUV bilayers composed of DOPC/DPPC or DLPC/DPPC are observed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The lipids in stripe domains are shown to be tilted according to the DiIC18 fluorescence intensity dependence on the excitation polarization. The patch domains are found to be mainly composed of DPPC-d62 according to the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) images of DOPC/DPPC-d62 bilayers. When cooling GUVs from above the miscibility temperature, the patch domains start to appear between the chain melting and the pretransition temperature of DPPC. In GUVs containing a high molar percentage of DPPC, the stripe domains form below the pretransition temperature. Our observations suggest that the patch and stripe domains are in the Pbeta' and Lbeta' gel phases, respectively. According to the thermoelastic properties of GUVs described by Needham and Evans [(1988) Biochemistry 27, 8261-8269], the Pbeta' and Lbeta' phases are formed at relatively low and high membrane tensions, respectively. GUVs with high DPPC percentage have high membrane surface tension and thus mainly exhibit Lbeta' domains, while GUVs with low DPPC percentage have low membrane surface tension and form Pbeta' domains accordingly. Adding negatively charged lipid to the lipid mixtures or applying an osmotic pressure to GUVs using sucrose solutions releases the surface tension and leads to the disappearance of the Lbeta' gel phase. The relationship between the observed domains in free-standing GUV bilayers and those in supported bilayers is discussed.
Driving stimuli increases accessibility of aggression-related concepts in " angry" drivers

Abstract Stimuli present in aversive situations (even initially neutral stimuli) can become associated with aggressive feelings and thoughts become capable of acting as cues for aggressive thoughts. The present research examined whether driving stimuli can serve as triggers for aggression-related concepts for individuals predisposed to becoming angry while driving (i.e., high in self-reported trait driving anger). Using the General Aggression Model ( Anderson & Bushman, 2002 ) as a guide, two studies demonstrated that participants high in trait driving anger responded more quickly to aggressive words when paired with driving than neutral stimuli. There were no differences in primes for nonaggressive words and nonwords. Study 2 also found that, for participants high in driving anger, increased accessibility of aggressive words following driving primes predicted self-reported anger in a provoking driving scenario.
Spine loading as a function of lift frequency, exposure duration, and work experience.

Background. Physiological and psychophysical studies of the effects of lifting frequency have focused on whole-body measurements of fatigue or subjective acceptance of the task and have not considered how spine loads may change as a function of lift frequency or lift time exposure. Our understanding of biomechanical spine loading has been extrapolated from short lifting bouts to the entire work day and may have led us to incorrect assumptions. The objective of this project was to document how spine loading changes as a function of experience, lift frequency, and lift duration while repetitively lifting over the course of an 8-h workday. Methods. Twelve novice and twelve experienced manual materials handlers performed repetitive, asymmetric lifts at different load and lift frequency levels throughout an 8-h exposure period. Compression, anterior–posterior shear, and lateral shear were evaluated over the lifting period using an EMG-assisted biomechanical model. Results Spinal loads increased after the first 2 h of lifting exposure regardless of the lift frequency. Loading was also greater for the inexperienced subjects compared to experienced lifters. The greatest spine loads occurred at those lift frequencies and weights to which the workers were unaccustomed. Interpretation. Increases in spine loading were tracked back to the changes in muscle recruitment patterns that typically involved increased muscle coactivation. The results emphasize the importance of previous motor programming in defining spine loads during repetitive lifting. These results indicate a very different influence of frequency and lift time exposure compared to physiologic and psychophysical assessments. This study has shown that it is not sufficient to extrapolate from short lift periods to extended exposure periods if the biomechanical loading implications of the task are of interest. 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT): Current Perspectives and Future Directions

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) has gained considerable popularity as a treatment technique for upper extremity rehabilitation among patients with mild-to-moderate stroke. While substantial evidence has emerged to support its applicability, issues remain unanswered regarding the best and most practical approach. Following the establishment of what can be called the “signature” CIMT approach characterized by intense clinic/laboratory-based practice, several distributed forms of training, collectively known as modified constraint therapy (mCIMT), have emerged. There is a need to examine the strengths and limitations of such approaches, and based upon such information, develop the components of a study that would compare the signature approach to the best elements of mCIMT, referred to here as “alternative” CIMT. Based upon a PEDro review of literature, limitations in mCIMT studies for meeting criteria were identified and discussed. A suggestion for a “first effort” at a comparative study that would both address such limitations while taking practical considerations into account is provided.
Membrane structural alterations in murine stratum corneum: Relationship to the localization of polar lipids and phospholipases

During the formation of the mammalian epidermal permeability barrier, lipids are sequestered in the stratum corneum intercellular spaces, transforming from a relatively polar lipid mixture to predominantly nonpolar species. Certain lipid catabolic enzymes, which co-localize with these lipids, may regulate this process. In order to localize the sites within the outer epidermis where polar lipid are cotabolized, and their relationship to the alterations in membrane structure that occur in these layers, were compared the biochemical localization of polar lipids, the ultrastructure, and freeze-fracture morphology, as well as the localization of phospholipases within the outer epidermis. Both histochemical staining of frozen sections and biochemical studies of protease- and tape-stripped whole stratum conreum demonstrated small amounts of polar lipids in the stratum compactum, while in contrast, the stratum disjunctum was devoid of both phospholipids and glycosphingolipids. Phospholipase activity was present within lamellar bodies, among secreted lamellar body disks at the granular-cornified layer interface,and within the intercellular spaces of the stratum compactum. Both the depletion of polar lipids from the stratum compactum and deletion of these substances from the stratum dusjunctum correlated with sequential changes in membrane structure observed by transmission electron microscopy and freeze-fracture. Thus, a phospholipase- mediated attack on phosphoplipase (with a parallel assault by other lipid catabolic enzymes on other polar species), may induce both the initial fusion and elongation of lamellar body disks and the subsequent formation of the hydrophobic membrane bilayers found in the mid-to-outer stratum corneum. These studies also may require modification of traditional views of the stratum corneum as a metabolically inert issue, revealing its intercellular lipid domains to be partially in an active state of flux.
INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFICATION OF EQUITIES AND FIXED‐INCOME SECURITIES

Portfolio selection models have been applied principally to common stocks traded in the United States and in foreign stock markets. This study examines the efficient set of portfolios selected from a choice set that includes returns derived from domestic and international corporate bond and government bond indices as well as domestic and international stock indices. To assess the benefits of international multi-asset diversification, the authors examine the following issues: (1) the extent to which international and domestic fixed-income securities are included in efficient portfolios; (2) the effect on efficient set composition of using the Sharpe portfolio selection model as compared to the Markowitz portfolio selection model; (3) the sensitivity of efficient set characteristics produced from a single-index based portfolio selection model to alternative world market indices; and (4) the correspondence between expected and realized portfolio risk and return for the different portfolio selection models.
The evaluation of delamination - An edge replication study

Although it is a destructive method, edge replication is an economical technique. No expensive equipment is required in preparing the edge replica. It is a simple technique, easy to learn and easy to apply on the specimen for damage evaluation. Moreover, edge replication can present not only local matrix cracks but also global views of matrix cracking and delamination in a damaged composite plate. Among the techniques used in this study, edge replication is the only one which can present internal damage for composite plates without any limitation in stacking sequence.
An enriched research experience for minority undergraduates--a step toward increasing the number of minority nurse researchers.

Abstract This article describes a partnership between a research-intensive university and a historical minority-serving institution to create a year-long Research Enrichment and Apprenticeship Program for 9 undergraduate minority nursing students. The apprenticeship program provides undergraduate students an opportunity to directly experience nursing research and has the long-term goal of increasing the number of racial and ethnic minority researchers in nursing. Nurs Outlook 2003;51:20-24.
Improving Access to Pediatric Care: Views of Caregivers Who Receive Child Welfare Services

The purpose of this study was to explore caregivers' perceptions of factors within the child welfare system which facilitate access to pediatric health services and how the child welfare system can better serve caregivers' needs when accessing health services. We interviewed a sample of 237 caregivers. Content analysis of the open-ended questions was used to identify themes and patterns in caregiver responses. Caregivers reported that child welfare caseworkers helped by providing referrals to specialty services and assistance with insurance. Changes in placements and limited access to health care history made health care access more difficult for foster caregivers. Thus, caregivers see themselves as integral in achieving better health care services for children in child welfare.
Microtubule nucleation: γ-tubulin and beyond

Centrosomes and their fungal equivalents, spindle pole bodies (SPBs), are the main microtubule (MT)-organizing centers in eukaryotic cells. Several proteins have been implicated in microtubule formation by centrosomes and SPBs, including microtubule-minus-end-binding proteins and proteins that bind along the length or stabilize the plus ends of microtubules. Recent work has improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of MT formation. In particular, it has shown that γ-tubulin and its associated proteins play key roles in microtubule nucleation and spindle assembly in evolutionarily distant species ranging from fungi to mammals. Other work indicates that γ-tubulin-mediated microtubule nucleation, although necessary, is not sufficient for mitotic spindle assembly but requires additional proteins that regulate microtubule nucleation independently of centrosomes.
Interannual, seasonal, and diel variability in the carbon isotope composition of respiration in a C3/C4 agricultural ecosystem

Abstract The stable carbon isotope ratio, CO 13 2 / CO 12 2 , is a valuable tracer for studying the processes controlling the autotrophic (FRa) and heterotrophic (FRh) contributions to ecosystem respiration (FR) and the influence of photosynthesis on FR. There is increasing interest in quantifying the temporal variability of the carbon isotope composition of ecosystem respiration (δR) because it contains information about the sources contributing to respiration and is an important parameter used for partitioning net ecosystem CO2 exchange using stable isotope methods. In this study, eddy covariance, flux gradient, automated chambers, and stable carbon isotope techniques were used to quantify and improve our understanding of the temporal variability in FR and δR in a C3/C4 agricultural ecosystem. Six years (2004–2009) of isotope flux-gradient measurements indicated that δR had a very consistent annual pattern during both C3 (soybean) and C4 (corn) growing seasons due to significant contributions from FRa, which was strongly influenced by the isotope composition of the recent photosynthate. However, in the spring, δR exhibited a C3 signal regardless of the crop grown in the previous season. One hypothesis for this anomaly is that at these low soil temperatures microbial activity relied predominantly on C3 substrates. Automated chamber measurements of soil respiration ( F R s ) and its isotope composition ( δ R s ) were initiated in the early corn growing season of 2009 to help interpret the variability in δR. These measurements showed good agreement with EC measurements of FR (within 0.5 μmol m2 s−1) and isotope flux gradient measurements of δR (within 2‰) at nighttime for near-bare soil conditions (LAI δ R s . The relatively enriched signal above the canopy indicates that δR was strongly influenced by aboveground plant respiration (FR,ag), which accounted for about 40% of FR. The automated chamber data and analyses also revealed a strong diel pattern in δ R s . In the early growth period, δ R s showed a sharp morning enrichment of up to 4‰ followed by a gradual depletion throughout the afternoon and evening. Daytime enrichment in δ R s was most pronounced during dry conditions and was not observed when the upper soil was near saturation. We provide anecdotal evidence that the diel variability during early growth may have been influenced by turbulence (advection/non-diffusive transport), which reduced the kinetic fractionation effect. At peak growth, there is evidence that the sheltering effect of the corn plants diminished the influence of turbulence on the chamber measurement of δ R s . Further research is needed to evaluate and separate the contributions of biotic and abiotic (advection and non-steady state effects) influences on chamber δ R s observations.
Oxidation of Externally Added NADH by Isolated Corn Root Mitochondria.

8. RIETSEMA, J., S. SATINA, AND A. F. BLAKESLEE. 1953. The effect of indole-3-acetic acid on Datura embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 39: 924-33. 9. RIETSEMA, J., S. SATINA, AND A. F. BLAKESLEE. 1953. The effect of sucrose on the growth of Datura stramonium embryos in vitro. Am. J. Botany 40: 638-46. 10. RIJVEN, A. H. G. C. 1952. In vitro studies on the embryo of Capsella bursa-pastoris. Acta Botan. Neerl. 1: 157-200. 11. SACHER, J. A. 1956. Observations on pine embryos grown in vitro. Botan. Gaz. 117: 206-14. 12. SNEDECOR, G. W. 1956. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State College Press, Ames. 13. STOWE, B. B. AND T. YAMAKI. 1957. The history and physiological action of the gibberellins. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 8: 181-216. 14. TORREY, J. G. 1958. Endogenous bud and root formation by isolated roots of Convolvulus grown in vitro. Plant Physiol. 33: 258-63. 15. VAN OVERBEEK, J., M. E. CONKLIN, AND A. F. BLAKESLEE. 1942. Cultivation in vitro of small Datura embryos. Am. J. Botany 29: 474-77. 16. VEEN, H. 1961. The effect of gibbereilic acid on the embryo growth of Capsella bursa-pastoris. Proc. Koninkl. Ned. Akad. Wetenschap. (C)64: 79-85. 17. VEEN, H. 1962. Preliminary report on effects of kinetin on embryonic growth in vitro of Capsella embryos. Acta Botan. Neerl. 11: 228-29. 18. VEEN, H. 1963. The effect of various growthregulators on embryos of Capsella bursapastoris growing in vitro. Acta Botan. Neerl. 12: 129-71. 19. WHALEY, W. G. AND J. KEPHART. 1957. Effect of gibberellic acid on growth of maize roots. Science 125: 234.
Intellectual property--the dispute between research institutions and voluntary health agencies.

Intellectual property—the dispute between research institutions and voluntary health agencies
Risk Factors of Sexual Harassment by Peers: A Longitudinal Investigation of African American and European American Adolescents

The present research explores risk factors for, and longitudinal associations of, sexual harassment by peers during adolescence. Eight-hundred and seventy-two African American and European American adolescents (65.4% African American, 51.1% females) were assessed during the summer after the eighth grade (mean age=14.2 years) and then again in the 11th grade (mean age=17.1 years). At the first assessment, adolescents were asked about their experiences with sexual harassment, their psychological reactions to sexual harassment, and also about their peer relationships, perceived pubertal timing, problem behavior, and mental health. At the second assessment, adolescents reported on their problem behavior and mental health. In general, youth who associated with peers who were involved in problem behavior were at risk for victimization. Among females, those who perceived themselves to be experiencing early pubertal development were also at risk. Additionally, for some adolescents, sexual harassment predicted later adjustment difficulties.
Virgil’s Aeneas as the Quintessential Social Entrepreneur: Juxtaposing Selections from Epic Poetry and Entrepreneurship Theory to Teach Social Entrepreneurship

In this paper we propose a pedagogical strategy of juxtaposing Virgil's Aeneid—a canonical epic poem in Western literary tradition—and foundational economic texts in entrepreneurship theory by Joseph schumpeter and Israel Kirzner. Our utilization of foundational texts of schumpeter and Kirzner convey the "entrepreneurship" piece in teaching social entrepreneurship. they present students with elements of sound entrepreneurship, such as the novel intuitions and entrepreneurial discovery, the distinct role of the entrepreneur, and the causal functionality of entrepreneurship. Our utilization of Virgil's Aeneid conveys the "social" piece in teaching social entrepreneurship. certain features distinguish social entrepreneurship from entrepreneurship's other forms, such as a community orientation and private sacrifice for public benefit. The figure of Aeneas in Virgil's Aeneid embodies these features and, we argue, is the quintessential social entrepreneur. Additionally, the structure of the poem puts into fictional and imaginative practice elements of Schumpeterian and Kirznerian entrepreneurship theory. the advantages of our pedagogical approach to teaching social entrepreneurship are that it provides sound entrepreneurship theory; illustrates the "social" in social entrepreneurship; and recognizes the interdisciplinary nature of social entrepreneurship studies.
NSB endorses Explorer

The National Science Board (NSB) recently voted to endorse a program of scientific ocean drilling that would replace the 14-yearold Glomar Challenger with the Glomar Explorer as the pillar of scientific drilling. This vote by the policymaking arm of the National Science Foundation (NSF) gives another boost to the proposed drilling plan. The plan also has the blessings of the Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD) and of the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Ocean Drilling. NSF now will approach the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to request that $9 million of NSF funds be transferred to the Advanced Ocean Drilling (AOD) program in fiscal 1983 for the next design stages for the Explorer (Eos, March 2, 1982, p. 179). With the support of NSB, COSOD, and the NAS committee, the request goes to OSTP and OMB with strong backing. If OSTP and OMB give the transfer the green light, Congress will review the request.
Order stars and linear stability theory

Abstract Order stars are a powerful modern tool for the development and analysis of numerical methods. They convey important information such as order and stability in a unified framework. A package for rendering order stars becomes part of the standard distribution in the next major release of Mathematica . An introduction to the theory is provided here, set in the context of numerical methods for Ordinary Differential Equations. The implementation is discussed and examples are given to illustrate why a computer algebra system is an ideal environment for the exploration of order stars.
Interactive computer graphic preprocessing for three-dimensional boundary-integral element analysis

Abstract An interactive computer graphic system has been developed for generating and editing three-dimensional meshes for boundary-integral element analysis. The various difficulties inherent in the generation of solid three-dimensional geometries for both finite and boundary-integral element analysis are examined to explain the advantages of the present approach. The surface generation algorithm used for geometric modelling is based on the assumption that the three-dimensional region can be subdivided in a series of contiguous subdomains, which in turn can be separately described by a set of planar cross sections. Discrete transfinite mapping and cubic spline bending algorithms are used, respectively, to create plane cross-sectional meshes, and to generate the three-dimensional geometry by interpolating between the cross sections. A digitizing tablet and a refresh vector scope provide the communication between analyst and machine. The preprocessor has been developed as part of an integrated structural analysis system and is linked to an analysis code specifically designed for virtual memory, minicomputer operations.
MODERN GEOGRAPHY: FOUNDATION OF CORPORATE STRATEGY

(1977). MODERN GEOGRAPHY: FOUNDATION OF CORPORATE STRATEGY. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 200-207.
Complex regional pain syndrome involving the face following snowball injury

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a condition of unknown etiology characterized by autonomic, sensory, and motor disturbance. CRPS usually follows an injury in the affected limb, which is often trivial in nature. CRPS involving the facial region is rare, and there have been no previous descriptions in children. We describe a 13-year-old girl with CRPS involving the face, which developed after being struck by a snowball. The clinical characteristics were similar to those of CRPS elsewhere in the body involving burning pain, hyperalgesia, and hyperesthesia. This was later accompanied by skin edema, fluctuating color, and temperature changes, as well as loss of eyebrow hair. Following detailed but inconclusive investigations, a clinical diagnosis of CRPS was made in line with Budapest diagnostic criteria. Over the next year, her condition gradually improved with ongoing comprehensive multidisciplinary input. We present this patient to alert clinicians to consider CRPS in the differential diagnosis of similar cases who present with chronic facial pain and skin changes.
Degeneracy breaking in a ghost-free dual model with spin and SU(3)☆

Abstract A systematic program for degeneracy breaking is proposed for a dual model in which SU(3) and spin are treated through traces of SU(12) matrices. The program is carried out in detail for the four-point function and then formulated in terms of simple diagrammatic rules for the n-point function.
Swallowing and communication rehabilitation.

Treatment for head and neck cancer affects the structural competence of the upper aerodigestive tract, and therefore can affect both speech and swallowing. 3-5 Rehabilitation of both speech and swallowing is critical to the patient's quality of life. Unfortunately, counseling and rehabilitation regarding swallowing disorders often receive less emphasis than speech, and are sometimes overlooked until the patient develops severe complications, such as aspiration pneumonia or nutritional problems
Effects of a superconductor on spacetime and the potential effect on the gyroscope experiment

Abstract In the presence of applied magnetic and gravitomagnetic fields, both fields have the same penetration depths into a superconductor, i.e., the superconductor will shield both fields on a macroscopic scale. Thus gyroscopes surrounded by a superconductor will not experience a dragging of inertial frame of a gravitomagnetic spin-spin precession, but will distinguish between different explanations.
The ‘preferred mode’ of the axisymmetric jet

Detailed distributions of different time-average and phase-average flow properties for an axisymmetric free jet under controlled perturbation at the jet preferred mode are explored. The data are compared with the corresponding unexcited jet data. It is found that the effect of the perturbation is to increase jet spread and mean velocity decay, as well as to increase the peak values of the time-average fluctuation intensities and Reynolds stress in the axisymmetric mixing layer.
Performance Analysis of Wells With Downhole Water Loop Installation for Water Coning Control

Downhole water sink (DWS) technology controls bottomwater coning by draining water with a second completion placed under the oil-water contact. The technology has been studied theoretically with analytical, numerical and physical models, showing an increased rate of oil production and recovery. Also, improved wells' productivity with DWS has also been demonstrated in several field implementations. However, downhole drainage in DWS wells requires independent lifting of considerable volumes of water that necessitates using either two tubing strings (for water and for oil) or one tubing and the tubing/casing annulus -for water and oil, respectively. Also, extensive water drainage in the systems with weak bottomwater drive may cause a reservoir pressure drop and the need to return the produced water from the surface to the aquifer for pressure maintenance using designated injection wells. DWS well completion with the downhole water loop (DWL) offers the benefit of re-injecting the drainage water back to the same aquifer in the same well without lifting the water to the surface. This could be achieved by designing a DWS well with three completions: the top (oil) completion, the middle completion for water drainage and the bottom completion for water injection. Despite mechanical complexity of the triple well completion, there are two limitations of the DWL system - the drained-and-injected water must be free from oil and the pressure interference between the two water completions must be minimized. In this work, a well performance (nodal) analysis model has been developed for a DWL well completed in an oil reservoir underlain by water layer of known thickness. In the model, the positions (depths) of the three well completions and the rates of production and drainage/injection are design parameters, while all other properties are reservoir system properties. The model has been used to find the operational range of DWL for a given reservoir system and to compare DWL wells with conventional wells, single-completed at the top of the oil layer. The results show that for each DWL system, there is such a combination of the top production rate, bottom drainage-injection rate and drainage-injection distance (D/I spacing) that would result in water-free oil production. There is a minimum value of D/I spacing above which the detrimental effect of pressure interference between the two water completions is practically eliminated and the beneficial effect of water drainage on well performance is strong - a two-fold increase of water drainage rate would increase the critical oil rate by 80%. Also, because the minimum D/I spacing is relatively small, DWL wells may be installed in reservoirs with thin layers of bottomwater.
In vivo birefringence and thickness measurements of the human retinal nerve fiber layer using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

Glaucoma causes damage of the nerve fiber layer, which may cause loss of retinal birefringence. Therefore, PS-OCT is a poten- tially useful technique for the early detection of glaucoma. We built a fiber-based PS-OCT setup that produces real-time images of the hu- man retina in vivo, coregistered with retinal video images of the lo- cation of PS-OCT scans. Preliminary measurements of a healthy vol- unteer show that the double-pass phase retardation per unit of depth of the RNFL is not constant and varies with location, with values between 0.18 and 0.37 deg/mm. A trend in the preliminary measure- ments shows that the nerve fiber layer located inferior and superior to the optic nerve head is more birefringent than the thinner layer of nerve fiber tissue in the temporal and nasal regions. © 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1627774)
Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Carbon Fiber−Epoxy Composites†

Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are explored as nanoreinforcement for carbon fiber/epoxy composites. SWNTs functionalized with carboxylic acid groups (SWNT−COOH) are dispersed...
Plant breeders' rights and monopoly myths

Legislation may appear to provide a breeding ground for monopoly power and profit among commercial seedpropagators, but farmers are canny consumers.
Growth, condition, diet, and consumption rates of northern pike in three Arizona reservoirs

Abstract Northern pike (Esox lucius L.) introductions are controversial in the western United States due to suspected impacts they might have on established sport fisheries and potential illegal introductions. Three Arizona reservoirs, Parker Canyon Lake, Upper Lake Mary and Long Lake were sampled to examine the diet, consumption dynamics, and growth of northern pike. Northern pike diets varied by season and reservoir. In Parker Canyon Lake, diets were dominated by rainbow trout in winter and spring and bluegill and green sunfish in the fall. In Long Lake the northern pike ate crayfish in spring and early summer and switched to young of the year common carp in summer and fall. Black crappie, golden shiners, and crayfish were the major prey in Upper Lake Mary during spring, but they switched to stocked rainbow trout in the fall. Northern pike growth was in the high range of growth reported throughout the United States. Estimated northern pike specific consumption rate (scr) of rainbow trout (g/g/d × 10−6) ...
Effects of bryostatin 1, a novel anticancer agent, on intestinal transport and barrier function: Role of protein kinase C

Abstract Background: Bryostatin 1 is a novel chemotherapeutic agent that activates specific members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family in a complex pattern overlapping with, but distinct from, that of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. Phorbol esters profoundly alter epithelial phenotype, abolishing both barrier function and Cl secretion (the latter due to loss of a key transport site, the Na-K-Cl cotransporter). The effects of bryostatin 1 on these parameters are unknown. Methods: Cl secretion and barrier function of T84 human intestinal epithelia were assessed as cyclic adenosine monophosphate–stimulated short-circuit current and transepithelial resistance, respectively. Na-K-Cl cotransporter function and mRNA expression were assayed by 86 Rb uptake and Northern analysis. Results: Bryostatin 1 reduced Cl secretion, Na-K-Cl cotransport, and cotransporter mRNA expression. Unlike phorbol esters, these effects were largely transient. In contrast to phorbol esters, bryostatin 1 did not decrease barrier function. Conclusions: Bryostatin 1 transiently inhibits Na-K-Cl cotransport and Cl secretion, possibly through a PKC isoform also targeted by phorbol esters. Unlike phorbol esters, bryostatin 1 does not impair barrier function. The data imply that bryostatin 1 and phorbol esters differentially affect a PKC isoform involved in junctional regulation, and that epithelial transport and barrier function may be regulated by distinct PKC isoforms. (Surgery 1998;124:380-7.)
Gravitational Stresses Determined Using Immersion Techniques

Abstract : This paper deals with a generalization of an immersion analogy suggested by Biot. A simple general proof of the analogy is given. Applications are described to two-dimensional problems (using urethane rubber specimens immersed in thallium formate) and to three-dimensional problems (using epoxy models immersed in mercury). Two- and three-dimensional photoelasticity are used to determine stresses. The increase in response obtained by using the immersion technique permits the solution of a number of new problems where gravitational stresses play an important role, for example, in dams and in solid propellant rocket grains. (Author)
A Review of: “Mor Barak, M. E. (2005; 2nd ed., Fall 2009). Managing Diversity: Toward A Globally Inclusive Workplace”

Managing Diversity is a thorough and scholarly treatise exploring the challenges of effective management in the global workplace. Mor Barak's interdisciplinary background in social work and busines...
Locating arbitrarily time-dependent sound sources in three dimensional space in real time

This paper presents a method for locating arbitrarily time-dependent acoustic sources in a free field in real time by using only four microphones. This method is capable of handling a wide variety of acoustic signals, including broadband, narrowband, impulsive, and continuous sound over the entire audible frequency range, produced by multiple sources in three dimensional (3D) space. Locations of acoustic sources are indicated by the Cartesian coordinates. The underlying principle of this method is a hybrid approach that consists of modeling of acoustic radiation from a point source in a free field, triangulation, and de-noising to enhance the signal to noise ratio (SNR). Numerical simulations are conducted to study the impacts of SNR, microphone spacing, source distance and frequency on spatial resolution and accuracy of source localizations. Based on these results, a simple device that consists of four microphones mounted on three mutually orthogonal axes at an optimal distance, a four-channel signal conditioner, and a camera is fabricated. Experiments are conducted in different environments to assess its effectiveness in locating sources that produce arbitrarily time-dependent acoustic signals, regardless whether a sound source is stationary or moves in space, even toward behind measurement microphones. Practical limitations on this method are discussed.