cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invited - Cross-layer approximations for neuromorphic computing: from devices to circuits and systems

Neuromorphic algorithms are being increasingly deployed across the entire computing spectrum from data centers to mobile and wearable devices to solve problems involving recognition, analytics, search and inference. For example, large-scale artificial neural networks (popularly called deep learning) now represent the state-of-the art in a wide and ever-increasing range of video/image/audio/text recognition problems. However, the growth in data sets and network complexities have led to deep learning becoming one of the most challenging workloads across the computing spectrum. We posit that approximate computing can play a key role in the quest for energy-efficient neuromorphic systems. We show how the principles of approximate computing can be applied to the design of neuromorphic systems at various layers of the computing stack. At the algorithm level, we present techniques to significantly scale down the computational requirements of a neural network with minimal impact on its accuracy. At the circuit level, we show how approximate logic and memory can be used to implement neurons and synapses in an energy-efficient manner, while still meeting accuracy requirements. A fundamental limitation to the efficiency of neuromorphic computing in traditional implementations (software and custom hardware alike) is the mismatch between neuromorphic algorithms and the underlying computing models such as von Neumann architecture and Boolean logic. To overcome this limitation, we describe how emerging spintronic devices can offer highly efficient, approximate realization of the building blocks of neuromorphic computing systems.
Triamterene and Renal Stones

AbstractThe frequency of hospitalization for renal stones was similar for recipients of triamterene, hydrochlorothiazide (alone), thyroid and diazepam among members of a large prepaid health maintenance organization. In 4 triamterene recipients in whom analysis of the stone was done no triamterene was found.
Featured Article: Female mice with loss-of-function ITCH display an altered reproductive phenotype:

Major progress in deciphering the role of the E3 ligase, ITCH, in animal physiology has come from the generation and identification of Itch loss-of-function mutant mice (itchy). Mutant mice display an autoimmune-like phenotype characterized by chronic dermatitis, which has been attributed to increased levels of ITCH target proteins (e.g. transcription factors JUNB and CJUN) in T cells. Autoimmune disorders also exist in humans with Itch frameshift mutations resulting in loss of functional ITCH protein. Recent phenotypic analysis of male itchy mice revealed reduced sperm production, although cross breeding experiments showed no difference in litter size when male itchy mice were bred to wild type females. However, a reduction in litter sizes did occur when itchy females were bred to wild type males. Based on these results, characterization of female reproductive function in itchy mice was performed. Developmental analysis of fetuses at gestational day 18.5, cytological evaluation of estrous cyclicity, histopathological analysis of ovaries, and protein analysis were used to investigate the itchy reproductive phenotype. Gross skeletal and soft tissue analysis of gestational day 18.5 itchy fetuses indicated no gross developmental deformities. Itchy females had reduced implantation sites, decreased corpora lutea, and increased estrous cycle length due to increased number of days in estrus compared to controls. Alterations in the expression of prototypical ITCH targets in the ovaries were not indicated, suggesting that an alteration in an as yet defined ovary-specific ITCH substrate or interaction with the altered immune system likely accounts for the disruption of female reproduction. This report indicates the importance of the E3 ligase, ITCH, in female reproduction.
Tongue base exposure during TORS without the use of a mouth prop

This study describes a novel exposure technique for base of tongue trans-oral robotic surgery (BOT TORS) and early experience with it. The technique discussed involves placement of a suture through the mobile tongue with distraction and suspension of the tongue to the operating table. TORS is then performed per previously described techniques. In our series, 13 patients with either benign or malignant mass lesions involving the tongue base were treated with TORS at a tertiary academic medical center. We reviewed the rates of adequate exposure, console time, adequacy of resection (in malignant cases), complication rates, and costs associated with this technique. In our series, adequate exposure was achieved in 92.3 % of patients. Mean console time was 36 min. Negative surgical margins were achieved in all cancer resections. Five minor complications (tongue lacerations) were observed. Per-case cost attributable to this technique is $3.81. We conclude that BOT TORS is feasible without the use of a mouth prop. Operative times are consistent with those reported by centers that routinely use mouth props for BOT TORS. This technique does not appear to compromise margin adequacy during oncologic resections. Its use may result in a significant cost savings when compared to the FK and other similar retractors.
Chromatography of the coenzyme Q family of compounds on silicone-impregnated paper.

SUMMARY mitochondria were incubated in air in the presence and absence Methods are described for the resolution of coenzyme Q of substrates, the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the cyclo- homologues and other lipides by means of reversed phase paper hexane extracts of such particles were shown to change in a chromatography on silicone-impregnat,ed filter paper. manner which denoted a substrate-dependent reduction of coenzyme Q (9). Such extracts have now been chromatographed Acknowledgments-The authors are indebted to Dr. David on paper, and the results have been consistent with the previous E. Green for his encouragement in the course of these studies. interpretation of the spectra of these extracts. The data given Oscar Mayer and Company kindly supplied the large quantity in Fig. 2 indicate that the extract of particles incubated in the of tissue used in the investigation. REFERENCES
Practitioners’ Agile-Methodology Use and Job Perceptions

To examine software professionals’ job perceptions related to different levels of agile-methodology use, researchers conducted a survey. The respondents generally reported high professional efficacy, high job satisfaction, moderate work overload, and low cynicism. The respondents with high agile-methodology use reported higher professional efficacy, higher job satisfaction, lower work ambiguity, lower work exhaustion, and lower individual autonomy than those with low agile-methodology use. No difference existed between the two groups regarding role conflict, work overload, and cynicism.
Basal cell carcinoma: Epidemiology; pathophysiology; clinical and histological subtypes; and disease associations.

As the most common human cancer worldwide and continuing to increase in incidence, basal cell carcinoma is associated with significant morbidity and cost. Continued advances in research have refined both our insight and approach to this seemingly ubiquitous disease. This 2-part continuing medical education article will provide a comprehensive and contemporary review of basal cell carcinoma. The first article in this series describes our current understanding of this disease regarding epidemiology, cost, clinical and histopathologic presentations, carcinogenesis, natural history, and disease associations.
CLONING AND SEQUENCING OF A cDNA FOR αA CRYSTALLIN mRNA OF THE MOUSE LENS: PRESENCE OF AN EXTENSIVE 3’ UNTRANSLATED REGION

Publisher Summary The ocular lens of vertebrates synthesize and accumulate large amounts of structural protein called crystallins. There are four immunologically distinct classes of crystallin—called α-, β-, γ-, and δ-crystallins. The 14S messenger RNA (mRNA) for the αA chain of α-crystallin of all lenses examined is nearly three times larger than required to code for the polypeptide, which contains 173 amino acids. This chapter presents an experiment in order to understand this anomaly. In the experiment, cDNA clone for the mouse αA crystallin mRNA was constructed in pBR322 and sequenced. Translation of the coding region showed that mouse αA crystallin was very similar to that of other organisms. Computer analysis showed that the 3´ sequence did not carry information for any of the crystallins and had multiple termination codons in the three possible reading frames, indicating that they were not translated. Knowledge of the sequence of the mouse αα-crystallin mRNA is the first step toward explaining the conservation of the unexpectedly large size of this mRNA relative to the size of the encoded polypeptide.
Intracellular localization and immunogenic capacities of phenotypic products of mouse histocompatibility genes.

The products of the genes that control tissue compatibility within vertebrate species, the transplantation antigens, are expressed pheno-typically on cellular membranes. In fact, for an antigen to be classified as a transplantation antigen, it must be expressed on the exterior surface of cells. Interest in studying the biochemical properties of these antigens has been generated by the possibility that purified preparations of these antigens might be useful as therapeutic tools to encourage graft acceptance and the probability that in developing a technology for studying these antigens methods might become available to investigate the specific antigens associated with tumors. In addition to these two laudable objectives is the fact that transplantation antigens are now understood to be a special case of cell membrane antigens, whose use as membrane markers has permitted the quantum jump in appreciation of membrane structure currently described as “membrane fluidity” (Singer and Nicolson, 1972; Hendler, 1974a).
Stereoregular Polysiloxanes via Ring-Opening Polymerization, a Review

Although polysiloxanes are not ordinarily considered stereoregular, a few references describe ring-opening polymerizations of cyciosiloxanes that can produce polymers enriched in stereoregularity. Most are made from the cis-isomers of unsymmetrically substituted strained cyclosiloxanes by methods where ring–chain and chain–chain equilibria are suppressed. The monomers insert randomly at the reactive chain ends with equal probabilities of forming new meso (m) or raceme (r) siloxane links while preserving the stereoconfiguration of the original monomer. The resulting polysiloxanes are enriched in isotactic configurations but are limited in their run lengths by the new randomly configured siloxane links formed between the original monomer units. One citation, however, describes a ring–chain equilibrium where the isotactic conformation was the preferred conformation. Another illustrates the profound influence of stereoregularity on the mechanical properties of a silicone elastomer.
Preparations of Block Copolymers by Chemical Reactions on Lamellas of Partially Crystalline Flexible Polymers

Block copolymers contain alternating sequences of two or more chain repeat units, and are generally of the AB or ABA type in which a long sequence of one repeat unit is covalently coupled at one or both ends to long sequences of another type of unit.1,2 These copolymers can have physical properties which differ markedly from a random or a regularly alternating copolymer containing the same two monomers. For example AB and ABA type block copolymer molecules have been prepared that contain elastomeric and thermoplastic sequences, e.g. polystyrene-polybutadiene, polyisoprene-poly(methyl methacrylate) and polybutadiene-poly-L-lysine.2
Pan-granularism and specificity

This article explores two important topics, granularity and specificity, and why they are important concepts for indexers. Fred Leise also offers a new term for the indexing vocabulary, ‘pan-granul...
Association of Race and Poverty With Mortality Among Nursing Home Residents on Maintenance Dialysis.

Abstract Objectives The association of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors with survival rates of nursing home (NH) residents with treated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is unclear. We examined whether race/ethnicity, ZIP code–level, and individual-level indicators of poverty relate to mortality of NH residents on dialysis. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants/Setting Using the United States Renal Data System database, we identified 56,194 nursing home residents initiated on maintenance dialysis from January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2013, followed until May 31, 2014. Measurements We evaluated baseline characteristics of the NH cohort on dialysis, including race and ethnicity. We assessed the Medicare-Medicaid dual eligibility status as an indicator of individual-level poverty and ZIP code–level median household income (MHI) data. We conducted Cox regression analyses with all-cause mortality as the outcome variable, adjusted for clinical and sociodemographic factors including end-of-life preferences. Results Adjusted Cox analysis showed a significantly lower risk of death among black vs nonblack NH residents [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89, 0.94]. Dual-eligibility status was significantly associated with lower risk of death compared to those with Medicare alone (AHR 0.80, 95% CI 0.78, 0.82). Compared to those in higher MHI quintile levels, NH ESRD patients in the lowest quintile were significantly associated with higher risk of death (AHR 1.09, 95% CI 1.06, 1.13). Conclusions/Implications Black and Hispanic NH residents on dialysis had an apparent survival advantage. This “survival paradox” occurs despite well-documented racial/ethnic disparities in ESRD and NH care and warrants further exploration that could generate new insights into means of improving survival of all NH residents on dialysis. Area-level indicator of poverty was independently associated with mortality, whereas dual-eligibility status for Medicare and Medicaid was associated with lower risk of death, which could be partly explained by improved access to care.
The extent and the cost of protection in developed - developing country trade

This paper focuses on the measures of protection applied to trade between developed and developing countries. This choice reflects concern with the adverse repercussions of recently imposed protectionist measures in the two groups of countries as well as the increasing importance of mutual trade for their national economies. The first section reviews the tariff and nontariff measures applied by the developed countries and provides empirical evidence on the cost of protection in these countries. It then examines the use of protective measures in the developing countries and indicates the resulting cost to their national economies. In conclusion, the paper briefly indicates the policy implications of the findings.
Tumor Contrast Enhancement and Whole-Body Elimination of the Manganese-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent Mn-PyC3A.

ObjectivesThe goals of this study were to compare the efficacy of the new manganese-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent Mn-PyC3A to the commercial gadolinium-based agents Gd-DOTA and to Gd-EOB-DTPA to detect tumors in murine models of breast cancer and metastatic liver disease, res
Retrospective Review of Immediate Restoration of Lordosis in Single-Level Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Comparison of Static and Expandable Interbody Cages.

Background Sagittal alignment is an important consideration in spine surgery. The literature is conflicted regarding the effect of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) on sagittal parameters and the role of expandable cage technology. Objective To compare lordosis generated by static and expandable cages and to determine what factors affect postoperative sagittal parameters. Methods Preoperative regional lordosis (RL), segmental lordosis (SL), and posterior disc height (PDH) were compared to postoperative values in single-level MI-TLIF performed using expandable or static cages. Patients were stratified based on preoperative SL: low lordosis ( 25 degrees). Regression analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with postoperative SL and PDH. Results Of the 171 patients included, 111 were in the static and 60 in the expandable cohorts. Patients with low preoperative lordosis experienced an increase in SL and maintained RL regardless of cage type. Those with moderate to high preoperative lordosis experienced a decrease in SL and RL with the static cage, but maintained SL and RL with the expandable cage. Although both cohorts showed an increase in PDH, the increase in the expandable cohort was greater. Preoperative SL was predictive of postoperative SL; preoperative SL, preoperative PDH, and cage type were predictive of postoperative PDH. Conclusion Expandable cages showed favorable results in restoring disc height and maintaining lordosis in the immediate postoperative period. Preoperative SL was the most significant predictor of postoperative SL. Thus, preoperative radiographic parameters and goals of surgery should be important considerations in surgical planning.
Teaching Basic Photography Skills to a Severely Handicapped Young Adult Using Simulated Materials.

Leisure skills programming for individuals with severe handicapping conditions has recently emerged as a prominent curricular domain. The present investigation examined acquisition, maintenance, and generalization aspects of teaching basic photography skills to a 20-year-old severely mentally retarded male with Down's syndrome. Training occurred in a public school setting and at the learner's place of residence. Training procedures combined simulation, a least-to-most intrusive prompting hierarchy, basic reinforcement strategies, and a method of assisting the learner make the connection between simulated and real materials. Within a multiple-probe design across four phases, the learner acquired and maintained the skills of loading film in a camera, using a flash attachment, deciding what to photograph, and taking a photograph. Additionally, generalization effects from simulated to real materials showed increasing covariation as the program progressed. Implications of this study focus on the viability of p...
Postoperative respiratory failure: An update on the validity of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Indicator 11 in an era of clinical documentation improvement programs.

Abstract Background Administrative data can be used to identify cases of postoperative respiratory failure (PRF). We aimed to determine if recent changes to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Indicator 11 (PSI 11) and adoption of clinical documentation improvement programs have improved the validity of PSI 11. We also analyzed reasons why PSI 11 was falsely triggered. Study design Cross-sectional study of all eligible discharges using health record data from five academic medical centers between October 1, 2012 and September 30, 2015. Results Of 437 flagged records, 434 (99.3%) were accurately coded and 414 (94.7%) represented true clinical PRF. None of the false positive records involved respiratory failure present on admission. Most (78.3%) false positive records required airway protection but did not have respiratory failure. Conclusion The validity of PSI 11 has improved with recent changes to the code criterion and adoption of clinical documentation improvement programs.
THE ROLE OF LYSOSOMES IN PROTEIN TURNOVER

Abstract: A substance has been purified to apparent homogeneity from rat liver which, as previously reported (1), specifically stabilizes the major liver isozyme of phosphofructokinase (PFK-L2) against thermal inactivation and whose level in vivo changes in parallel with and in precedence to that of the enzyme. Molecular weight determinations gave values around 3,500. Evidence for the peptide nature of the factor includes its correspondence with ninhydrin-positive material on gel filtration and paper electrophoresis and its susceptibility to pronase. Amino acid analysis of the peptide yielded only glutamate, glycine, and half-cystine, in equimolar amounts. However, neither GSH nor GSSG have PFK-L2 stabilizing activity. No free sulfhydryl groups were present. Chemical analysis for tryptophan was also negative. The ultraviolet spectrum confirmed the absence of aromatic amino acids. The factor is unstable to storage in the cold but is stabilized by glucose or dithiothreitol. It was slowly denatured by heat or reduced pH even in the presence of glucose. The factor was induced in fasted animals specifically by glucose, of the nutrients tested, and in diabetic animals by insulin. Induction by both glucose and insulin was blocked by cycloheximide and actinomycin. The time course of the glucose induction was the more rapid of the two with a marked overshoot to 3 times normal levels at 12 hours. Increased levels of the factor preceded the increased levels of PFK-L2 brought about by glucose or insulin administration. Native PFK-L2 was inactivated by lysosomal extracts, and this inactivation was strongly inhibited by the peptide factor. These results are in accord with the proposal that the peptide plays a role in regulating PFK-L2 turnover in vivo. In addition, the peptide is an activator of PFK and an inhibitor of fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (2).
Effect of Internet-Distributed HIV Self-tests on HIV Diagnosis and Behavioral Outcomes in Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Undiagnosed HIV infection results in delayed access to treatment and increased transmission. Self-tests for HIV may increase awareness of infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). Objective To evaluate the effect of providing HIV self-tests on frequency of testing, diagnoses of HIV infection, and sexual risk behaviors. Design, Setting, and Participants This 12-month longitudinal, 2-group randomized clinical trial recruited MSM through online banner advertisements from March through August 2015. Those recruited were at least 18 years of age, reported engaging in anal sex with men in the past year, never tested positive for HIV, and were US residents with mailing addresses. Participants completed quarterly online surveys. Telephone call notes and laboratory test results were included in the analysis, which was completed from August 2017 through December 2018. Interventions All participants had access to online web-based HIV testing resources and telephone counseling on request. Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to the control group or a self-testing (ST) group, which received 4 HIV self-tests after completing the baseline survey with the option to replenish self-tests after completing quarterly surveys. At study completion, all participants were offered 2 self-tests and 1 dried blood spot collection kit. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were HIV testing frequency (tested ≥3 times during the trial) and number of newly identified HIV infections among participants in both groups and social network members who used the study HIV self-tests. Secondary outcomes included sex behaviors (eg, anal sex, serosorting). Results Of 2665 participants, the mean (SD) age was 30 (9.6) years, 1540 (57.8%) were white, and 443 (16.6%) had never tested for HIV before enrollment. Retention rates at each time point were more than 54%, and 1991 (74.7%) participants initiated 1 or more follow-up surveys. More ST participants reported testing 3 or more times during the trial than control participants (777 of 1014 [76.6%] vs 215 of 977 [22.0%];P Conclusions and Relevance Distribution of HIV self-tests provides a worthwhile mechanism to increase awareness of HIV infection and prevent transmission among MSM. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT02067039
Development of an UPSA Short Form for Use in Longitudinal Studies in the Early Alzheimer's Disease Spectrum.

In individuals with only mild or very mild cognitive attenuations (i.e., so-called pre-clinical AD), performance-based measures of function may be superior to informant-based measures because of increased sensitivity, greater reliability, and fewer ceiling effects. We sought to determine if a performance-based measure of everyday function would demonstrate adequate psychometric properties and validity in the context of serial assessment over a one-year period in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and early stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Participants were assessed with the performance-based measure at baseline, six weeks, and one year. A specialized center for the assessment and treatment of AD. Three groups of subjects participated: a healthy subjects (HS) older cognitively intact group (N=43), an MCI group (N=20), and an AD group (N=26). A three subtest short form of the UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA) (called the UPSA-3) was the measure of interest. It consisted of the Communication, Planning, and Finance subtests. RESULTS: Mixed model repeated measures were used to assess performance over time. Large group effects were present (HS>MCI>AD). Additionally, the AD and MCI groups demonstrated declines over one year, while the HS group remained stable (group x time interaction p=.11). The MCI/AD group demonstrated adequate test-retest reliability and did not demonstrate ceiling or floor effects. Our data indicate that the UPSA-3 is suitable for clinical trials in that it has adequate ecological coverage and reasonable psychometric properties, and perhaps most importantly, demonstrates validity in serial assessments.
Revisiting purpose and conceptualisation in the design of assessments of mathematics teachers’ knowledge

In this paper, we focus on the design of assessments of mathematics teachers’ knowledge by emphasising the importance of identifying the purpose for the assessment, defining the specific construct ...
The Associations among Distress Tolerance, Unhelpful Coping Behaviors, and Symptoms of Depression: A Network Analysis

Difficulty tolerating emotional distress has been identified as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology. However, despite evidence that low distress tolerance is associated with increased symptoms of depression, little is known as to how and why this relationship exists. Previous work suggests that difficulty tolerating distress may lead to coping behaviors that reduce distress quickly, but ultimately prove to be problematic (e.g., avoidance, rumination). The use of unhelpful coping behaviors may be an important factor in explaining how one’s ability to tolerate distress may contribute to and maintain symptoms of depression. We have thus designed a study aimed to explore and identify important interactions among aspects of distress tolerance, unhelpful coping behaviors, and symptoms of depression. This study used network analysis to explore the relationships among distress tolerance, unhelpful coping behaviors, and symptoms of depression in a sample of college students (N = 1042). Results of this analysis show a strong association among aspects of distress tolerance, unhelpful coping behaviors, and symptoms of depression. This finding corroborates previous findings showing an association between distress tolerance and symptoms of depression and presents a need for future work in this area.
Revisión de procedimientos metodológicos para la reconstrucción glaciar y el cálculo de la altitud de la línea de equilibrio

La altitud de la linea de equilibrio de los glaciares nos indica en que punto el glaciar esta en equilibrio con el clima, en ese punto la cantidad de masa ganada es equivalente a la que se pierde. Es muy comun la utilizacion de la altitud de la linea de equilibrio glaciar como indicador climatico, por ello se hace necesario disponer del estado actual de los glaciares, o de su estado durante la epoca de cuando se quiere reconstruir el clima. Para obtener estos datos es necesario disponer de la superficie, e idealmente, del volumen de los glaciares. Para obtener estas delimitaciones se propone una metodologia de trabajo que empieza por realizacion de esquemas geomorfologicos con el objetivo de poder deducir los limites alcanzados por el hielo en otras epocas y posteriormente proceder a su reconstruccion y al calculo de las lineas de equilibrio glaciar. Este estudio presenta el estado del arte de las metodologias y los procedimientos utilizados en las ultimas decadas para realizar reconstrucciones glaciares y calcular la altitud de las lineas de equilibrio glaciar.
Beyond index and auto de fe: new directions in the study of the Holy Office of the Inquisition

The Spanish Inquisition has drawn both popular and scholarly attention since before its abolition in the early nineteenth century. While it has remained, for some, a medieval relic or stock element...
Strategies for Generalists, Specialists, and Ditch Dwellers

This chapter examines the different categories of strategic firm groups that come about during the convergence to the Rule of Three and describes the most optimal strategies for each group. Number 1 generalists have the option to be fast followers or focus on growing the entire market. The #2 generalist has the choice to co-exist or challenge the leader; the best strategy depends on the market share of both. Number 3 businesses are often the most innovative and they should try to dominate a market segment to insulate themselves from being pushed out into “the ditch” by #1 and #2. For niche players, common strategies include becoming supernichers or selling to generalists. Optimal growth is achieved by creating new specialists without oversaturating the markets. For companies in the ditch, downsizing and merging through consolidators are the most viable strategies. There is concrete empirical evidence that being stuck in the ditch is so common that it can be characterized as a law-like empirical generalization.
Rethinking Intelligent Behavior as Competitive Games for Handling Adversarial Challenges to Machine Learning

Adversarial machine learning necessitates revisiting conventional machine learning paradigms and how they embody intelligent behavior. Effective repudiation of adversarial challenges adds a new dimension to intelligent behavior above and beyond that exemplified by widely used machine learning techniques such as supervised learning. For a learner to be resistant to adversarial attack, it must have two capabilities: a primary capability that it performs normally; and a second capability of resistance to attacks from adversaries. A possible means to achieve the second capability is to develop an understanding of different attack related attributes such as who generates attacks and why, how and when attacks are generated, and, what previously unseen attacks might look like. We trace the idea that this involves an additional dimension of intelligent behavior to the basic structure by which the problem may be solved. We posit that modeling this scenario as competitive, multi-player games comprising strategic interactions between different players with contradictory and competing objectives provides a systematic and structured means towards understanding and analyzing the problem. Exploring further in this direction, we discuss relevant features of different multi-player gaming environments that are being investigated as research platforms for addressing open problems and challenges towards developing artificial intelligence algorithms that are capable of super human intelligence.
Separability of H 2 O molecular potential surfaces in hyperspherical coordinates via adiabatic approximation

An adiabatic scheme for separation of the three-dimensional (3D) nuclear dynamics on the ground electronic Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surface of an ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ molecule in hyperspherical coordinates is presented. It is found that the three vibrational modes are weakly coupled and the 3D vibrational wave function can be approximated as a product of three separable functions: one represented by the hyperradius and two by the two hyperangles individually. This framework is then used for investigation of the formation and the role of a saddlelike barrier arising in the two hyperspherical angles that is to moderate the OH $+$ H dissociation process. In order to test the validity of the framework, vibrational states with energies up to 19 500 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are constructed under the assumptions of adiabaticity and separability and compared to full three-dimensional high-precision numerical calculations yielding remarkable correspondence. As a result we present a simple construction scheme for separated molecular vibration states as the first step towards theoretical investigation of laser-driven molecular dynamics of triatomic molecules.
Congenital myopathy, cardiomyopathy and vitamin E and/or selenium levels in cattle:

Congenital myopathy involving the myocardium, skeletal muscle and tongue was diagnosed in 58 of 1208 aborted bovine fetuses submitted for necropsy between February 1983 and June 1994. Microscopic characteristics of muscle lesions were consistent with segmental nutritional myopathy. Liver vitamin E and selenium (Se) concentrations in 40 of the 58 fetuses with myopathies were assayed, and 38 (95%) had either a deficiency of vitamin E (n=27), Se (n=2) or both micronutrients (n=9). Over this time period, 570 bovine fetal livers, including those from the 40 of the 58 cases with congenital myopathy, were assayed for vitamin E and Se concentrations. Vitamin E values varied from non-detectable to 57 aeg/g of dry weight (DW), and Se values from 0.05-10.96 aeg/g (DW), indicating placental transfer of both elements and fetal ability to sequester both nutrients in the liver. For 190 cases, deficiencies of liver vitamin E (n=119), Se (n=29), or both (n=42) were the only abnormal findings.
The influence of variable emissivity on lava flow propagation modeling

Modeling lava flow propagation is important to determine potential hazards to local populations. Thermo-rheological models such as PyFLOWGO track downflow cooling and rheological responses for open-channel, cooling-limited flows. The dominant radiative cooling component is governed partly by the lava emissivity, which is a material property that governs the radiative efficiency. Emissivity is commonly treated as a constant in cooling models, but is shown here to vary with temperature. To establish the effect of temperature on emissivity, high spatiotemporal, multispectral thermal infrared data were acquired of a small flow emplaced from a tumulus. An inverse correlation between temperature and emissivity was found, which was then integrated into the PyFLOWGO model. Incorporating a temperature-dependent emissivity term results in a ∼5% increase in flow length and < 75% lower total cumulative heat flux for the small flow. To evaluate the scalability of this relationship, we applied the modified PyFLOWGO model to simulations of the 2018 Lower East Rift Zone fissure 8 flow, emplaced between May 27 and June 3. Our model improves the emplacement match because of the ~ 30% lower heat flux resulting in a ∼7% longer flow compared to modeling using a constant emissivity (0.95). This 5–7% increase in length prior to ocean entry, realized by an accurate temperature-dependent emissivity term, is critical for developing the most accurate model of future flow hazard assessments, particularly if population centers lie in the flow’s path.
Regional-scale simulation of flowslide triggering in stratified deposits

Abstract Capturing the failure mechanisms responsible for static liquefaction is a challenging task for the zoning of landslide susceptibility. While geomechanical models accounting for solid-fluid coupling can identify locations prone to flowslides, their performance in regional settings is impacted by the lack of procedures to replicate accurately stratigraphic heterogeneities. To mitigate this inconvenience, this paper discusses the performance of a spatially-distributed model aimed at capturing distinct landslide triggering mechanisms in layered deposits. The model relies on the simultaneous computation of multiple factors of safety associated with the triggering of frictional slips and liquefaction-induced flowslides. In addition, the spatiotemporal variation of such indices is retrieved from a vectorized finite element platform solving pore pressure transients in stratified unsaturated soils. Such features enable the model to take into account the vertical heterogeneity of individual slope units, while dramatically reducing the computational cost of regional-scale analyses. For illustrative purposes, the model is used to analyze a series of documented shallow landslides that occurred in Campania (Italy) following heavy rainstorms. A comparison of model predictions with and without stratigraphic heterogeneity is provided, showing that the incorporation of site heterogeneity leads to a substantial improvement of the model's spatiotemporal performance, as well as of its ability to identify different modes of failure. Furthermore, the model is applied to four municipalities across the region of interest, each characterized by different representative stratigraphic settings. Despite some mismatches, often linked to the scarcity of site-specific information, the numerical results obtained on the basis of the available dataset shows that the proposed methodology is a robust and effective tool for landslide susceptibility mapping in stratified deposits.
Is your patient a candidate for Mohs micrographic surgery

This guide for family physicians describes the advantages of Mohs surgery and which patients make good candidates for the procedure.
Impact of a Prison Therapeutic Diversion Unit on Mental and Behavioral Health Outcomes.

Introduction Incarcerated individuals with mental health disorders are disproportionally sent to restrictive housing (i.e., solitary confinement), which is known to have deleterious impacts on mental health. In response, North Carolina's prison system developed Therapeutic Diversion Units, treatment-oriented units for incarcerated individuals with high mental health needs who cycle in and out of restrictive housing. This analysis compares the impact of restrictive housing and Therapeutic Diversion Units on infractions, mental health, and self-harm among incarcerated individuals. Methods Data were 2016–2019 incarceration records from North Carolina prisons. Outcomes were rates of infractions, inpatient mental health admissions, and self-harm in restrictive housing and Therapeutic Diversion Units. Inverse probability of treatment weights was used to adjust for confounding, and Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations was used to estimate adjusted rate ratios. Analyses were conducted between January and December 2020. Results The analytic sample was 3,480 people, of whom 463 enrolled in a Therapeutic Diversion Unit. Compared with Therapeutic Diversion Unit rates, the rate of infractions was 3 times as high in restrictive housing (adjusted rate ratio=2.99, 95% CI=2.31, 3.87), the inpatient mental health admissions rate was 3.5 times as high (adjusted rate ratio=3.57, 95% CI=1.97, 6.46), and the self-injury incident rate was 3.5 times as high (adjusted rate ratio=3.46, 95% CI=2.11, 5.69). Conclusions Therapeutic Diversion Unit use had strong impacts on infractions, mental health, and self-harm. Therapeutic Diversion Units provide a promising alternative to restrictive housing for individuals with mental health disorders.
Interpersonal Thought and Action in the Case of a Troubled Early Adolescent

Barney is a 15½-year-old boy who for many years has had a serious “attitude problem”; more recently, however, his attitude has improved. For the past 8 years he has attended a special day school for children and early adolescents with behavioral and/or social-emotional difficulties. The year Barney has just completed will be his last at the school; the joint educational-clinical team that monitors his progress has decided he is ready to try a return to public high school. Barney has improved considerably during the last 2 years in both his academic performance and his behavior. The change in Barney’s academic work is apparent in standardized achievement test scores and teacher reports. The change in his interpersonal thought and behavior—in the way he deals with his teachers and peers and with his own feelings under stress—is more uniquely documented. For the past 3 years Barney has participated in two research projects based on separate (though related) aspects of psychosocial development. These projects have tracked Barney’s progress in both interpersonal “thought” by which we mean social-cognitive capacity or understanding of hypothetical conflicts, and interpersonal “action,” meaning actual conduct or social behavior.
Energy conservation through building management

The process of utilizing intelligence to explore and exploit various resources for the benefits of mankind has started from the very beginning of human civilization. The concept of intelligent building and building management has been developed through the efficient use of information technology that can control the various elements related to comfortable living. This also helps to reduce wastage of energy and optimum utilization of resources. It has been proven that consumption of energy could be reduced to even half for the same level of comfort through proper use of appropriate equipments and efficient controls.
All-Termination(T)

We introduce the All-Termination (T ) problem: given a termination solver T and a collection of functions F , find every subset of the formal parameters to F whose consideration is sufficient to show, using T , that F terminates. An important and motivating application is enhancing theorem proving systems by constructing the set of strongest induction schemes for F , modulo T . These schemes can be derived from the set of termination cores , the minimal sets returned by All-Termination (T ), without any reference to an explicit measure function. We study the All-Termination (T ) problem as applied to the size-change termination analysis ($\mathit{SCT}$), a PSpace -complete problem that underlies many termination solvers. Surprisingly, we show that All-Termination $(\mathit{SCT})$ is also PSpace -complete, even though it substantially generalizes $\mathit{SCT}$. We develop a practical algorithm for All-Termination $(\mathit{SCT})$, and show experimentally that on the ACL2 regression suite (whose size is over 100MB) our algorithm generates stronger induction schemes on 90% of multiargument functions.
Conceptualizing Intersecting Dynamics, Disjunctures and Disparities in the Experience of Food Allergy

AbstractThis article details the state of knowledge regarding the experience of food allergy through a systematic review of the small but relevant social science literature and an exploration of mainstream perspectives and understandings. An overview of the biomedical definition of food allergy and the scope of food allergy as an emerging health concern is provided, including an explanation of the social dimensions of food allergy-related health, and the ways that the elusiveness of food allergy diagnosis are central to our understanding of food allergy as a health issue. Epistemological challenges and the creation of alternative or competing nomenclatures are described. Emphasis is accorded to disparities related to gender, socio-economic status and race/ethnicity. Four dimensions of the experience of food allergy are discussed: (1) how food allergy interfaces with cultural and gendered dimensions of food; (2) perception gaps and epistemological conflicts; (3) the food allergy industry and its impacts on...
Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil

Publisher Summary Extra-heavy oil and natural bitumen represent crude oils which have been severely degraded by microbial action, as evidenced by their paucity of low-molecular-weight saturated hydrocarbons. The chemical and physical attributes of extra-heavy oil lead to an array of problems with respect to exploitation, transportation, storage, and refining. This is reflected in the increased cost of extraction and processing and physical limitations on production capacity. Due to the high viscosity of the crude, some form of improved recovery is usually required for production. Two fundamental upgrading processes are presently employed to prepare heavy oil and natural bitumen for transportation and refining to finished products. These processes are carbon rejection and hydrogen addition. Each process improves the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio but by following different paths. New technologies allow production rates comparable to those of conventional oil reservoirs. Major cost-reduction breakthroughs in upgrading, transportation, and refining are enhancing the movement of these hydrocarbons into mainstream world oil supply.
Auditory Dominance and Its Change in the Course of Development

Young children often have a preference for auditory input, with auditory input often overshadowing visual input. The current research investigated the developmental trajectory and factors underlying these effects with 137 infants, 132 four-year-olds, and 89 adults. Auditory preference reverses with age: Infants demonstrated an auditory preference, 4-year-olds switched between auditory and visual preference, and adults demonstrated a visual preference. Furthermore, younger participants were likely to process stimuli only in the preferred modality, thus exhibiting modality dominance, whereas adults processed stimuli in both modalities. Finally, younger participants ably processed stimuli presented to the nonpreferred modality when presented in isolation, indicating that auditory and visual stimuli may be competing for attention early in development. Underlying factors and broader implications of these findings are discussed.
Reevaluation of the role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and protein kinase in the stimulation of steroidogenesis by luteinizing hormone in bovine corpus luteum slices.

Incubation of bovine corpus luteum slices at 37 C with luteinizing hormone showed that 10.0 μg LH/ml caused a maximum rise in tissue cyclic AMP content within 15 min. Slices incubated with 1.0 or 0.1 μig LH/ml showed a much more gradual accumulation of this nucleotide. I n the absence of added LH, a marked decline n i the amount of cyclic AMP was observed during the first 60 min. The possible role of cyclic AMP in the action of LH was reexamined by studying the dose-response effect of LH on the stimulation of progesterone synthesis, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activation, and cyclic AMP accumulation. After a 2-h incubation, the results showed that the dose required to elicit a minimal significant stimulation of steroidogenesis was 0.01 μg/ml LH. At this and higher concentrations of LH, a concomitant stimulation of protein kinase activity and pro-gesterone synthesis was also consistently observed. However, significant accumulation ot cyclic AMP became consistently detectable only at 0.1 μg/ml LH. T...