cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonverbal Intellectual Assessment of Hispanic and Speech-Impaired Adolescents:

A comprehensive new nonverbal cognitive battery (Leiter-R) was given to examine the nonverbal cognitive performance of adolescents, ages 11 to 21 from majority and nonmajority (Hispanic) ethnic backgrounds. A total of 258 Euro-American (non-Hispanic) and 62 Hispanic adolescents composed the ethnic-contrast samples (81% Euro-American vs 19% Hispanic). Also, the study used the Leiter-R to contrast the cognitive performance of speech-impaired adolescents with typical children, ages 11 to 15. There were 203 without and 21 with speech impairments. The speech-impaired contrast sample was comprised of Euro-American (75%) and African-American (25%). This sampling provided direct comparisons equated for ethnicity. Small effect size differences (.11) were found on 3 of the 10 nonverbal subtests of the Visualization and Reasoning battery of the Leiter-R between Euro-American and Hispanic adolescents and the speech-impaired contrasts (effect size difference of .17). The Leiter-R exhibited potential for ethnic fairness in assessment. Further, promise for unbiased assessment of speech-impaired adolescents was provided. Fairness of assessment was especially evident for speech-impaired adolescents on the "visual" subtests of Picture Context, Matching, and Form Completion.
The generation of plate tectonics from mantle convection

Abstract In the last decade, significant progress has been made toward understanding how plate tectonics is generated from mantle dynamics. A primary goal of plate-generation studies has been the development of models that allow the top cold thermal boundary layer of mantle convection, i.e. the lithosphere, to develop broad and strong plate-like segments separated by narrow, weak and rapidly deforming boundaries; ideally, such models also permit significant strike-slip (toroidal) motion, passive ridges (i.e. pulled rather than pried apart), and self-consistent initiation of subduction. A major outcome of work so far is that nearly all aspects of plate generation require lithospheric rheologies and shear-localizing feedback mechanisms that are considerably more exotic than rheologies typically used in simple fluid-dynamical models of mantle flow. The search for plate-generating behavior has taken us through investigations of the effects of shear weakening (‘stick-slip’) and viscoplastic rheologies, of melting at ridges and low-viscosity asthenospheres, and of grain-size dependent rheologies and damage mechanics. Many such mechanisms, either by themselves or in combination, have led to self-consistent fluid-mechanical models of mantle flow that are remarkably plate-like, which is in itself a major accomplishment. However, many other important problems remain unsolved, such as subduction intiation and asymmetry, temporal evolution of plate geometry, rapid changes in plate motion, and the Archaean initiation of the plate-tectonic mode of convection. This paper presents a brief review of progress made in the plate-generation problem over the last decade, and discusses unresolved issues and future directions of research in this important area.
Television News: Geographic and Source Biases, 1982 - 2004

This is a study of news bias in U.S. network television evening news that examines the locus of news stories, who can “make news” or who constitutes a “news source.” It extends the scope of previously published analyses of geographic and sources biases in network television news. The study is based on extensive content analysis of three two-year periods of networks news: 1982 – 1984, 1992 – 1994, and 2002 – 2004. Geographic and source news biases not only existed during the period examined, they largely continued to exhibit the patterns discovered by previous studies, despite advances in newsgathering technologies employed by television news organizations.
Phone based voice activity detection using online Bayesian adaptation with conjugate normal distributions

In this paper, we developed a highly efficient frame-level online adaptive voice activity detection (VAD) algorithm for the telephone-based CU Communicator spoken dialog system. The adaptive algorithm uses prior speaker and channel statistics as well as acoustic features of current sample frames to update model parameters. The algorithm achieved .05xRT in contrast to .7xRT of a compared VAD algorithm using 5-state HMMs. We detail the adaptive algorithm and address some real-time implementation issues. Experiments on live collected data show that there is a 23% error reduction compared with G.729B VAD.
Human Biliary Glycoproteins Function as Receptors for Interspecies Transfer of Mouse Hepatitis Virus

A variant Mouse Hepatitis virus (MHV), designated MHV-H2, was isolated by serial passage in mixed cultures of permissive DBT cells and nonpermissive Syrian Hamster Kidney (BHK) cells. MHV-H2 replicated efficiently in hamster, mouse, primate kidney (Vero, Cos 1, Cos 7), and human adenocarcinoma (HRT) cell lines but failed to replicate in porcine testicular (ST), feline kidney (CRFK), and canine kidney (MDCK) cells. To understand the molecular basis for Coronavirus cross-species transfer into human cell lines, the replication of MHV-H2 was studied in hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells which expressed high levels of the human homologue of the normal murine receptor, biliary glycoprotein (Bgp). MHV-H2 replicated efficiently in human HepG2 cells, at low levels in breast carcinoma (MCF7) cells, and poorly, if at all, in human colon adenocarcinoma (LS 174T) cell lines which expressed high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These data suggested that MHV-H2 may utilize the human Bgp homologue as a receptor for entry into HepG2 cells. To further study MHV-H2 receptor utilization in human cell lines, blockade experiments were performed with a panel of different monoclonal or polyclonal antiserum directed against the human CEA genes. Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with a polyclonal antiserum directed against all CEA family members, or with a monoclonal antibody, Kat4c (cd66abde), directed against Bgpl, CGM6, CGMla, NC A and CEA, significantly reduced virus replication and the capacity of MHV-H2 to infect HepG2 cells. Using another panel of monoclonals with more restricted cross reactivities among the human CEA’s, Col-4 and Col-14, but not B6.2, B1.13, Col-1, Col-6 and Col-12 blocked MHV-H2 infection in HepG2 cells. These antibodies did not block sindbis virus (SB) replication in HepG2 cells, or block SB, MHV-A59 or MHV-H2 replication in DBT cells. Monoclonal antibodies Col-4, Col-14, and Kat4c (cd66abde) all reacted strongly with human Bgp and CEA, but displayed variable binding patterns with other CEA genes. Following expression of human Bgp in normally nonpermissive porcine testicular (ST) and feline kidney (CRFK) cells, the cells became susceptible to MHV-H2 infection. These data suggested that phylogenetic homologues of virus receptors represent natural conduits for virus xenotropism and cross-species transfer.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Lamivudine in Adult Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients Enrolled in Two Phase III Clinical Trials

Lamivudine population pharmacokinetics were investigated by using nonlinear mixed-effect modelling (NONMEM) analysis of data from 394 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated with lamivudine (150 to 300 mg every 12 h) in two large, phase III clinical efficacy-safety trials, NUCA3001 and NUCA3002. Analyses of 1,477 serum lamivudine concentration determinations showed that population estimates for lamivudine oral clearance (CL/F; 25.1 liters/h) and volume of distribution (V/F; 128 liters) were similar to values previously reported for HIV-infected patients in phase I pharmacokinetic studies. Lamivudine CL/F was significantly influenced by the covariates creatinine clearance and weight and not affected by age, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification, CD4(+) cell count, HIV type 1 (HIV-1) RNA PCR, or gender and race when CL/F was corrected for differences in patient weight. The population estimate for lamivudine V/F was not significantly influenced by the covariates gender, race, age, weight, renal function, HIV-1 RNA PCR, or CDC classification and CD4(+) cell count when creatinine clearance was included with CL/F in the model. Lamivudine disposition was significantly influenced by renal function. However, as only three patients had an estimated creatinine clearance of <60 ml/min, dosage adjustments for patients with impaired renal function should not be determined based on the population parameters derived in this analysis.
Weight Loss Strategies for Adolescents: A 14-Year-Old Struggling to Lose Weight

With prevalence approaching 20% in the United States, adolescent obesity has become a common problem for patients, parents, and clinicians. Obese adolescents may experience physical and psychosocial complications, as illustrated by the case of Ms K, a 14-year-old girl with a body mass index of 40. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of pediatric obesity treatment is modest in younger children and declines in older children and adolescents, and few interventions involving adolescents have produced significant long-term weight loss. Nevertheless, novel strategies to alter energy balance have shown preliminary evidence of benefit in clinical trials, including a diet focused on food quality rather than fat restriction and a lifestyle approach to encourage enjoyable physical activity throughout the day rather than intermittent exercise. Parents can have an important influence on weight-related behaviors in adolescents despite typically complicated emotional dynamics at this age, especially through the use of noncoercive methods. A key parenting practice applicable to children of all ages is to create a protective environment in the home, substituting nutritious foods for unhealthful ones and facilitating physical activities instead of sedentary pursuits. Other behaviors that may promote successful long-term weight management include good sleep hygiene, stress reduction, and mindfulness. Ultimately, the obesity epidemic can be attributed to changes in the social environment that hinder healthful lifestyle habits, and prevention will require a comprehensive public health strategy.
Killing While Caring: The Nurses of Hadamar

This research was conducted to examine the participation of nurses in the euthanasia program as it existed in the time of National Socialism in Germany and to describe the participation of nurses at one of the six killing centers, Hadamar, located near Frankfurt, Germany. Over 10,000 mentally and physically handicapped patients were killed by nurses as a part of the euthanasia programs, with over 100,000 being killed in all. Factors influencing the nurses' willingness to kill are described and include the socialization of the German people toward euthanasia as well as ideological commitment, economic factors, and putative duress.
Understanding the Critical Role of Social Work in Safety Net Medical Settings: Framework for Research and Practice in the Emergency Department

Social workers in Emergency Departments (ED) provide counseling, community resource linkage, and discharge planning. The ED is a critical intervention point for patients with multiple unmet medical, psychological, and social needs, and little or no other contact with service providers. In part because of its role as a medical safety net for underserved populations, use of the ED has steadily increased over time. There is limited research examining the utility of social services in the ED. This article provides a brief history of hospital social work and a literature review of ED social work research with the goal of advancing current research and practice agendas.
JWL++: A Simple Reactive Flow Code Package for Detonation

JWL++ is a simple Reactive Flow model that includes time-dependent reaction in prompt detonation. It consists of a Murnahan unreacted equation of state, a JWL reacted EOS, a mixer for the two EOS's and a single-time-constant exponential rate. The mixing can be done by four ways, using either pressure or pressure plus artificial viscosity in the rate, and also using either an analytic function or a pressure equilibrator. The model reproduces the Size Effect and detonation front curvature. Detonation failure can also be induced. JWL++ propagates also through an arbitrary geometry in 3-D without the need for pre-run program burn calculations. It is slower than a JWL/program “Burn” but faster than “Ignition & Growth”. JWL++: Ein einfaches Programmpaket fur reaktive Stromungen bei Detonationen JWL++ ist ein einfaches Modell fur reaktive Stromungen, das eine zeitabhangige Reaktion bei spontanen Detonationen einschliest. Es besteht aus einer Murnahan-Zustandsgleichung fur den nicht reagierten Zustand, einer JWL-Zustandsgleichung fur den durchreagierten Zustand, einer Mischungsregel fur die beiden Zu-standsgleichungen und einer exponentiellen Umsatzrate mit einzelner Zeitkonstante. Die Mischung kann auf vier Wegen erfolgen, indem entweder der Druck oder der Druck mit kunstlicher Viskositat in der Umsatzrate benutzt wird, und entweder eine analytische Funktion oder eine Druckangleichung verwendet wird. Das Modell reproduziert den ‘Size Effect’ und die Krummung der Detonationsfront. Auch das Versagen einer Detonation kann beschrieben werden. JWL++ bewegt sich auch durch eine beliebige Geometrie in 3-D, ohne das Vorberechnungen mit dem Programm “Burn” notwendig sind. Es ist langsamer als ein JWL/Programm “Burn” aber schneller als “Ignition & Growth”. JWL++: un programme simple pour ecoulements reactifs lors de detonations JWL++ est un modele pour ecoulements reactifs qui inclut une reaction dependant du temps dans les detonations spontanees. Il est compose d'une equation d'etat de Murnahan pour l'etat de non reaction, d'une equation d'etat JWL pour l'etat de reaction complete, d'une regle de melange pour les deux equations d'etat et d'un taux de conversion exponentiel a constante de temps unique. Le melange peut etre fait de quatre manieres, en utilisant soit la pression soit la pression plus une viscosite artificielle dans le taux de conversion et soit une fonction analytique soit un equilibrage de la pression. Le modele reproduit le “Size Effect” et la courbure du front de detonation. On peut egalement decrire une defaillance de detonation. JWL++ s'applique egalement a n'importe quelle geometrie en 3D, sans que des calculs preliminaires avec le programme “Burn” ne soient necessaires. Il est plus lent qu'un JWL/programme “Burn” mais plus rapide qu'un “Ignition & Growth”.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

The Devil behind the Mirror: Globalization and Politics in the Dominican Republic. Steven Gregory. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. 285 pp.
Density of immunogenic antigens does not explain presence or absence of the T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment in metastatic melanoma

Meeting abstracts Immune checkpoints blockade inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1, are now proven effective cancer treatments. In melanoma, the patients who experience clinical benefits usually have T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment. Understanding the molecular mechanism explaining
Automatic identification of artifacts in electrodermal activity data

Recently, wearable devices have allowed for long term, ambulatory measurement of electrodermal activity (EDA). Despite the fact that ambulatory recording can be noisy, and recording artifacts can easily be mistaken for a physiological response during analysis, to date there is no automatic method for detecting artifacts. This paper describes the development of a machine learning algorithm for automatically detecting EDA artifacts, and provides an empirical evaluation of classification performance. We have encoded our results into a freely available web-based tool for artifact and peak detection.
Functions, One-to-One, and Onto

Functions can map elements from the domain to the codomain in many ways. A function may “hit” every element in the codomain, or it may “miss” some. It may assign more than one x to a y or it may assign exactly one x to each y. We will understand our function better if we know which of these things it does. Precise formulations of these ideas will be given in a moment. It’s a mouthful, though, and really requires practice.
A CASE REPORT OF BILE DUCT CARCINOMA WITH ANOMALOUS UNION OF THE PACREATICO-BILIARY DUCTAL SYSTEM AND CONGENITAL BILE DUCT DILATATION

We encountered a 46-year-old male patient with bile duct carcinoma with anomalous union of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system and congenital bile duct dilatation. The pattern of union was of the bile duct type suggested by Kimura et al. Sites where carcinoma of bile tract occurs commonly were studied by dividing 134 cases of carcinoma of bile tract associated with the anomalous union, which have been reported in Japan, including our cases, into the (A) cystic dilatation type, (B) fusiform dilatation type and (C) non-dilatation type according to the form of bile duct dilatation and the pattern of union. The carcinogenic site of type A was the bile duct in 73.7% of cases, and the incidence of carcinoma of the gallbladder was low, 26.3%. On the other hand, 87.8% and 97.3% of the cases of fusiform dilatation and non-dilatation, respectively, were associated with carcinoma of the gallbladder.
A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF BERING AND CHUKCHI SEA

A part of the continental shelf area of the Bering and Chukchi Sea are now being opened up for oil exploration. For engineering and ecological risk analyses, extensive field data collection efforts are being carried out by various United States agencies and petroleum corporations to understand the hydrodynamic behavior of this vast offshore area. In addition, modeling studies are being made for which a three-dimensional model of the area, outlined in Fig. 1, has been developed. This model is dynamically coupled to a two-dimensional stochastic weather model. This weather model contains a Markov synoptic component and a storm track component. The parameters of this model are derived from a 20-year data base. This paper presents a description of the three-dimensional model and the results of a series of simulations using the model to compute tidal propagation and circulations induced by tides and wind. The results of a simulation of a moving storm through the eastern Bering Sea are also presented.
Human breast milk contains procathepsin D : detection by specific antibodies

The presence of the zymogen of cathepsin D in human milk was detected using antibodies specific for the proenzyme and by the proteolytic activity at low pH. The antibodies were raised against a synthetic propeptide of human cathepsin D and were tested using immunoprecipitations and western blots of samples from different breast cancer cell lines as well as cytosol fractions of human breast cancer tissues. In all experiments these antibodies recognized specifically procathepsin D. Procathepsin D from human milk was partially activated at low pH. The activity was monitored using hemoglobin 14C proteolytic assay, and it was abolished by pepstatin A--a specific inhibitor of aspartic proteinases. Western blots did not reveal presence of cathepsin B or cathepsin H. These data indicate specific secretion of cathepsin D in human breast milk.
Theorizing Diversity in the European Union

Classical European integration theories provide us with limited knowledge about the interaction of diverse minority groups with and within the European Union (EU), as they tend to be teleologically wedded to the furthering of unity by way of integration. In contrast, as pointed out in our introduction, research programs exploring multilevel politics, identity, and citizenship can provide insight into understanding diversity in the EU. In this conclusion, we discuss the findings of our contribu- tors in light of these research agendas and point to some areas worthy of further analysis.
Mood and meaning in music video: The dynamics of audiovisual synergy

Attempts to locate music video's affective power primarily in either its aural or visual images have lead critical theorists to overlook the synergistic relationship between both types of imagery in the media form. By analyzing the original and alternate versions of three popular video clips this paper provides a sense of the manner in which the music and visuals in music video interact to influence the dispositions of television viewers. The analysis reveals that rather than merely illustrating or amplifying musical themes, visual images can highlight particular feelings and emotions within the spacious universe of affective possibilities surrounding a song.
Biostimulation and microbial community profiling reveal insights on RDX transformation in groundwater.

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is a high explosive released to the environment as a result of weapons manufacturing and testing worldwide. At Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Technical Area (TA) 16 260 Outfall discharged high-explosives-bearing water from a high-explosives-machining facility to Canon de Valle during 1951 through 1996. These discharges served as a primary source of high-explosives and inorganic-element contamination in the area. Data indicate that springs, surface water, alluvial groundwater, and perched-intermediate groundwater contain explosive compounds, including RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine); HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine); and TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene). RDX has been detected in the regional aquifer in several wells, and a corrective measures evaluation is planned to identify remedial alternatives to protect the regional aquifer. Perched-intermediate groundwater at Technical Area 16 is present at depths from 650 ft to 1200 ft bgs. In this study, we examined the microbial diversity in a monitoring well completed in perched-intermediate groundwater contaminated by RDX, and examined the response of the microbial population to biostimulation under varying geochemical conditions. Results show that the groundwater microbiome was dominated by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. A total of 1,605 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in 96 bacterial genera were identified. Rhodococcus was the most abundant genus (30.6%) and a total of 46 OTUs were annotated as Rhodococcus. One OTU comprising 25.2% of total sequences was closely related to a RDX -degrading strain R. erythropolis HS4. A less abundant OTU from the Pseudomonas family closely related to RDX-degrading strain P. putida II-B was also present. Biostimulation significantly enriched Proteobacteria but decreased/eliminated the population of Actinobacteria. Consistent with RDX degradation, the OTU closely related to the RDX-degrading P. putida strain II-B was specifically enriched in the RDX-degrading samples. Analysis of the accumulation of RDX-degradation products reveals that during active RDX degradation, there is a transient increase in the concentration of the degradation products MNX, DNX, TNX, and NDAB. The accumulation of these degradation products suggests that RDX is degraded via sequential reduction of the nitro functional groups followed by abiotic ring-cleavage. The results suggest that strict anaerobic conditions are needed to stimulate RDX degradation under the TA-16 site-specific conditions.
A national analysis of wedge resection versus stereotactic body radiation therapy for stage IA non–small cell lung cancer

Abstract Objective Lobectomy is considered optimal therapy for early-stage non–small cell lung cancer, but sublobar wedge resection and stereotactic body radiation therapy are alternative treatments. This study compared outcomes between wedge resection and stereotactic body radiotherapy. Methods Overall survival of patients with cT1N0 and tumors ≤2 cm who underwent stereotactic body radiotherapy or wedge resection in the National Cancer Data Base from 2008 to 2011 was assessed via a Kaplan-Meier and propensity score–matched analysis. A center-level sensitivity analysis that used observed/expected mortality ratios was conducted to identify an association between center use of stereotactic body radiotherapy and mortality. Results Of the 6295 patients included, 1778 (28.2%) underwent stereotactic body radiotherapy, and 4517 (71.8%) underwent wedge resection. Stereotactic body radiotherapy was associated with significantly reduced 5-year survival compared with wedge resection in both unmatched analysis (30.9% vs 55.2%, P P P 1 for 3-year mortality ( P = .034). Conclusions In this national analysis, wedge resection was associated with better survival for stage IA non–small cell lung cancer than stereotactic body radiotherapy.
The ‘KGB State’ and Russian Political and Foreign Policy Culture

ABSTRACTThis article reviews a variety of historical analyses of the KGB and its follow-on organizations to determine whether and how its organizational culture may be reflected in current Russian politics and foreign policy. Using the suggestion by some analysts that a ‘soft coup’ using KGB methods of kompromat may have occurred in the late Yeltsin era, it analyzes how remnants of the KGB organization may be influencing the directions of President Vladimir Putin’s actions. It concludes with an argument about what this might mean for Russia after Putin and about why Russia’s unique intelligence culture may make a comparative theory of ‘intelligence states’ difficult to create.
Stable synthesis of few-layered boron nitride nanotubes by anodic arc discharge.

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) were successfully synthesized by a dc arc discharge using a boron-rich anode as synthesis feedstock in a nitrogen gas environment at near atmospheric pressure. The synthesis was achieved independent of the cathode material suggesting that under such conditions the arc operates in so-called anodic mode with the anode material being consumed by evaporation due to the arc heating. To sustain the arc current by thermionic electron emission, the cathode has to be at sufficiently high temperature, which for a typical arc current density of ~100 A/cm2, is above the boron melting point (2350 K). With both electrodes made from the same boron-rich alloy, we found that the arc operation unstable due to frequent sticking between two molten electrodes and formation of molten droplets. Stable and reliable arc operation and arc synthesis were achieved with the boron-rich anode and the cathode made from a refractory metal which has a melting temperature above the melting point of boron. Ex-situ characterization of synthesized BNNTs with electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy revealed that independent of the cathode material, the tubes are primarily single and double walled. The results also show evidence of root-growth of BNNTs produced in the arc discharge.
A video forensic technique for detecting frame integrity using human visual system-inspired measure

Digital videos have been widely used for security purposes; hence, a significant research effort has been devoted to develop video forensic technology. Forensic video analysis aims to solve two main problems: (1) finding evidence present in a video, and (2) authenticating the original video source. In this paper, we propose an automatic jump-cut detection system to evaluate video altering and tampering using a novel, low-cost and accurate video forensic technique using Human Visual System-inspired measure, which can detect alterations that the human eye may not be able to perceive. Our method is intended to qualify the integrity of digital video content. The experimental results demonstrate that our measurement is able to perform a reliable identification and authorization for digital video forensic applications.
Understanding Database Performance Inefficiencies in Real-world Web Applications

Many modern database-backed web applications are built upon Object Relational Mapping (ORM) frameworks. While such frame- works ease application development by abstracting persistent data as objects, such convenience comes with a performance cost. In this paper, we studied 27 real-world open-source applications built on top of the popular Ruby on Rails ORM framework, with the goal to understand the database-related performance inefficiencies in these applications. We discovered a number of inefficiencies rang- ing from physical design issues to how queries are expressed in the application code. We applied static program analysis to identify and measure how prevalent these issues are, then suggested techniques to alleviate these issues and measured the potential performance gain as a result. These techniques significantly reduce database query time (up to 91%) and the webpage response time (up to 98%). Our study provides guidance to the design of future database engines and ORM frameworks to support database application that are performant yet without sacrificing programmability.
Connected Histories and the Dream of Decolonial History

ABSTRACTThis essay argues that historians in post-colonial nation-states and spaces cannot offer connected histories across spaces shaped by war and the partitions of the nineteenth and twentieth c...
The Effective Tax Ratio and the Undertaxation of Intangible Investments

The corporate income tax imposes widely divergent real or effective tax rates on different corporations. The effective tax rate a corporation pays can be measured by an effective tax ratio (ET ratio), which depends upon what proportion of the corporation's total pretax investments are reflected in its capitalized adjusted basis. The paper derives the effective tax ratio from the standard form of internal-rate-of-return reducing effective tax rate. The effective tax ratio can be estimated from SEC data. Google, Lorillard Tobacco and the makers of Doom III and Grand Theft Auto IV pay effective tax near 10% because most of their investments are expensed intangibles. Wal-mart and Dell Computer pay tax in the middle of the range. Macy's and Jetblue pay effective tax rate near the statutory tax rate. The rates are independent of, perhaps even inverse, to merit. The wide divergence in tax rates shown by the effective tax ratio means the corporate tax does high excess damage above its production of government revenue. The divergence implies we need to fix the problem of intangibles or abandon tax based on accounting-defined income.
Advantages of Mixed Enterprise to the Private Sector

In this chapter, the case for the use of mixed enterprise is examined from the point of view of the private sector. What may private enterprise expect to get out of participation in mixed enterprise? To what extent does the case for its use by private interests depend on the rate of return alone? What other advantages may accrue to private interests from taking a share in these enterprises? To answer these questions, it is first necessary to distinguish the main classes of private interest. For the purpose of this study, these classes may be said to fall into three broad categories. First there are small investors who buy small amounts of shares for investment purposes; second, there are larger investors including institutional investors who hold sizable portfolios; and third, there are entrepreneurial interests, who may hold substantial shares in an undertaking, but often may merely control and manage it with a minimum of ownership. Historically, the investing and entrepreneurial interests were a good deal more coincidental than at the present time. In the modern period, it is well to distinguish the investing interest as concerned with the ownership of shares and the entrepreneurial interest as concerned with control.
Temperatures produced by inertially collapsing bubbles near rigid surfaces

The dynamics of bubbles inertially collapsing in water near solid objects have been the subject of numerous studies in the context of cavitation erosion. While non-spherical bubble collapse, re-entrant jet dynamics and emitted shock waves have received significant interest, less is known about the temperatures thereby produced and their possible connection to damage. In this article, we use highly resolved numerical simulations of a single bubble inertially collapsing near a rigid surface to measure the temperatures produced in the fluid and estimate those in the solid, as well as to identify the responsible mechanisms. In particular, we find that elevated temperatures along the wall can be produced by one of two mechanisms, depending on the initial stand-off distance of the bubble from the wall and the driving pressure: for bubbles initially far from the wall, the shock generated by the bubble collapse is the source of the high temperature, while bubbles starting initially closer migrate towards the wall and eventually come into contact with it. A scaling is introduced to describe the maximum fluid temperature along the wall as a function of the initial stand-off distance and driving pressure. To predict the temperature of the solid, we develop a semianalytical heat transfer model, which supports recent experimental observations that elevated temperatures achieved during collapse could play a role in cavitation damage to soft heat-sensitive materials.
Punctal stenosis in 6 dogs following the long-term use of topical neomycin-polymyxin B-dexamethasone.

Six dogs were diagnosed with punctal stenosis following the long-term use of topical neomycin-polymyxin B-dexamethasone (NPD). All patients were initially presented for ophthalmic diseases requiring ongoing anti-inflammatory therapy. Five of the 6 dogs had previously or concurrently been treated with topical anti-inflammatory medications other than NPD. One patient exclusively received topical NPD prior to the diagnosis of punctal stenosis. The onset of punctal stenosis following therapy with NPD was variable among patients, ranging from 4 months to over 1 year. Diagnosis of punctal stenosis was made based upon the presence of epiphora and visualization of fibrotic tissue over the nasolacrimal puncta.
A multiscale approach to balance trade-offs among dam infrastructure, river restoration, and cost

Aging infrastructure and growing interests in river restoration have led to a substantial rise in dam removals in the United States. However, the decision to remove a dam involves many complex trade-offs. The benefits of dam removal for hazard reduction and ecological restoration are potentially offset by the loss of hydroelectricity production, water supply, and other important services. We use a multiobjective approach to examine a wide array of trade-offs and synergies involved with strategic dam removal at three spatial scales in New England. We find that increasing the scale of decision-making improves the efficiency of trade-offs among ecosystem services, river safety, and economic costs resulting from dam removal, but this may lead to heterogeneous and less equitable local-scale outcomes. Our model may help facilitate multilateral funding, policy, and stakeholder agreements by analyzing the trade-offs of coordinated dam decisions, including net benefit alternatives to dam removal, at scales that satisfy these agreements.
Thermal and Thermomechanical Modeling to Design a Gallium Oxide Power Electronics Package

There is significant interest in the power electronics industry in transitioning from silicon to wide-bandgap devices. Gallium oxide devices have the potential to offer comparable or even superior performance than other wide-bandgap devices, but at a much lower cost. Recent breakthroughs include demonstration of a laboratory-scale gallium oxide transistors and diodes; however, a functional power electronics package for these devices is yet to be developed. In this paper, the research methodology in designing an electronics package for gallium oxide devices is outlined. Finite element-based thermal and thermomechanical modeling simulations were conducted to realize a package design that meets the combined target of minimal thermal resistance and improved reliability. Different package designs that include various material combinations and cooling configurations were explored, and their thermal and thermomechanical performance are reported. Furthermore, the short-circuit withstanding capabilities of gallium oxide devices were studied and compared with silicon carbide.
A minimal set of physiomarkers in continuous high frequency data streams predict adult sepsis onset earlier

Abstract Purpose Sepsis is a life-threatening condition with high mortality rates and expensive treatment costs. To improve short- and long-term outcomes, it is critical to detect at-risk sepsis patients at an early stage. Methods A data-set consisting of high-frequency physiological data from 1161 critically ill patients was analyzed. 377 patients had developed sepsis, and had data at least 3 h prior to the onset of sepsis. A random forest classifier was trained to discriminate between sepsis and non-sepsis patients in real-time using a total of 132 features extracted from a moving time-window. The model was trained on 80% of the patients and was tested on the remaining 20% of the patients, for two observational periods of lengths 3 and 6 h prior to onset. Results The model that used continuous physiological data alone resulted in sensitivity and F1 score of up to 80% and 67% one hour before sepsis onset. On average, these models were able to predict sepsis 294.19 ± 6.50 min (5 h) before the onset. Conclusions The use of machine learning algorithms on continuous streams of physiological data can allow for early identification of at-risk patients in real-time with high accuracy.
Controlled compliancy of 3D printed vascular patient specific phantoms

Purpose: 3D printed (3DP) patient specific vascular phantoms provide the ability to improve device testing and to aid in the course of treatment of vascular disease, while reducing the need for in-vivo experiments. In addition to accurate vascular geometric reproducibility, such phantoms could allow simulation of certain vascular mechanical properties. We investigated various 3DP designs to allow simulation of physiological transmural pressure on phantom vasculature. Materials and Methods: A transparent compliance chamber was created using an Eden260V printer (Stratasys) with VeroClear and acrylic to accommodate 3DP patient specific vascular phantoms. The patient vascular geometries were acquired from a CT angiogram (Aquilion ONE, Canon Medical) and segmented using Vitrea workstation (Vital Images). The segmented geometry was manipulated in Autodesk Meshmixer and 3D printed using Agilus. The phantom was integrated in the compliance chamber and connected to a pump which simulated physiologic pulsatile flow waveforms. Compliance of the vessels was varied by filling the chamber with various levels of liquid and air. This setup allowed controlled expansion of the 3DP arteries, as a function of the liquid level while a programmable pump simulated the blood flow through the vascular network. The pressure within the vessels was measured for various compliancy settings while physiological flow rates were simulated through the arteries. Results: A neurovascular phantom was placed in the chamber and amount of artery expansion diameter was controlled by changing the liquid level in the compliance chamber. Artery patency and contrast flow were demonstrated using x-ray angiography. The pressures in the left and the right internal carotid artery increased from 98mmHg to 104mmHg and from 96mmHg to 102mmHg, respectively, while maintaining the same flow rates. Conclusions: 3D printed patient specific neurovascular phantoms can be manipulated through using of a compliance chamber in order to establish physiologically relevant hemodynamic conditions.
From the Racetrack to the Road: Real-Time Trajectory Replanning for Autonomous Driving

In emergency situations, autonomous vehicles will be forced to operate at their friction limits in order to avoid collisions. In these scenarios, coordinating the planning of the vehicle's path and speed gives the vehicle the best chance of avoiding an obstacle. Fast reaction time is also important in an emergency, but approaches to the trajectory planning problem based on nonlinear optimization are computationally expensive. This paper presents a new scheme that simultaneously modifies the desired path and speed profile for a vehicle in response to the appearance of an obstacle, significant tracking error, or other environmental change. By formulating the trajectory optimization problem as a quadratically constrained quadratic program, solution times of less than 20 ms are possible even with a 10-s planning horizon. A simplified point mass model is used to describe the vehicle's motion, but the incorporation of longitudinal weight transfer and road topography means that the vehicle's acceleration limits are modeled more accurately than in comparable approaches. Experimental data from an autonomous vehicle in two scenarios demonstrate how the trajectory planner enables the vehicle to avoid an obstacle even when the obstacle appears suddenly and the vehicle is already operating near the friction limits.
Mathematics teachers’ ability to identify situations appropriate for proportional reasoning

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated teachers’ abilities correctly to identify situations that are appropriate for proportional reasoning and factors that might influence their ability using data...
“Excuse me. That’s the judge standing there”

In this chapter, we explore the ways in which individuals with dementia talk alone or with others about physical objects in the here-and-now. As important background, we first situate the examination of such interactions within what is called ‘working memory’ (Baddeley, Working memory, thought, and action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007; Current Biology, 20(4), R136–R140, 2010; Squire, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 82(3), 171–177, 2004; Eichenbaum, The cognitive neuroscience of memory (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). We then examine this phenomenon within primarily monologic stream-of-consciousness talk centered on the activity of polishing eyeglasses; within dyadic conversations centered on objects located in assisted living apartments; and within multiparty gallery tours that focus on works of art.
Pricing Carbon for Climate Justice

This paper focuses on one particular case that connects climate justice and climate economics. Its contribution is twofold. First, it aims at providing a sound normative foundation for carbon prici...
Effectiveness of early care and education center-based interventions for improving cardiovascular fitness in early childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the literature on early care and education center (ECEC)-based physical activity interventions to identify ecologic environmental factors that improve cardiovascular fitness (CVF) in preschool-aged children. Data sources included PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library Trials, CINHAL, Science Direct, PsychINFO and SPORTDiscus. Peer-reviewed publications of studies that met the following criteria were eligible for inclusion: (1) mean age of participants between two and a half and five and a half years old enrolled in a pre-primary school; (2) randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental interventions with a control group; (3) interventions occurring before, during, or immediately after school; (4) use of an objective measure or field-based estimate of CVF; (5) enrolled apparently healthy children. In June of 2018, titles (n = 1197) were reviewed for inclusion into the study and 74 abstracts/full texts were assessed for eligibility. Ten articles met all eligibility criteria and were included in the final review. A random effects meta-analysis suggested a moderate-to-large effect size for ECEC-based interventions to increase CVF (g = 0.75; 95%CI [0.40–1.11]). Interventions that included three or more ecologic environments (g = 0.79 [0.34–1.25]) were more effective than interventions occurring at the individual level (g = 0.67 [0.12–1.22]). Study quality was moderate, and (mean ± SD) 17.9 ± 4.3 (63.9%) of 28 checklist items were reported. Preliminary evidence suggests that ECEC-based interventions to increase CVF are highly effective at improving preschool children's exercise test scores. Although ECEC-based interventions show promise, the small number of studies included in this review limits confidence in these findings. Review registered at PROSPERO CRD42018099115.
Incorporating Patient Photographs in the Radiology Image Acquisition and Interpretation Process

Radiologic image interpretation is a complex task and unfortunately errors do occur. Some errors, however, might be preventable if the radiologist had additional information about the state of the patient when the images were acquired. A system was developed that automatically acquires a photograph of the patient simultaneously with portable radiographic images. Studies using this novel technology have demonstrated improved recognition of incorrectly labeled images, wrong side errors, improved ability to correctly detect and follow tubes and lines, and demonstrated that inclusion of the photo doers not significantly change viewing times.
Four-Week Pedometer-Metered Step Walking Decreases Waist and Hip Circumference in Healthy College Students: A Pilot Study

Background and Purpose: Positive effects of pedometer-metered steps and motivation on body composition have not been documented in healthy adults. This study determined the effects of: 1) 4- weeks of pedometer-metered walking and steps on body composition, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP), diet changes, waist-to-hip ratios (WHR), and 2) daily motivation on step count. Methods: For 4-weeks, participants (n=29, 24 ± 3.8yo) wore a pedometer and recorded daily steps. Subjects were randomized into two groups: 1) daily motivational quotes (MQ) (n=19) to determine changes in step counts and 2) a control group (no MQ). Measurements were performed baseline, at study end; and 3 randomized 3-day diet records were collected. Results: Waist and hip circumference decreased significantly (p=0.002 & p=0.03) in both groups and decreased fat free mass (FFM) approached significance (p=0.06). Decreased fruit intake was observed in the second (p=0.007) and third (p=0.023) diet records. Conclusion: Motivation did not increase steps or changes in FBG and BP. However, WHR decreased in both groups suggesting that 4-weeks of pedometer walking results in positive abdominal changes. Additional longer-term studies are needed to examine these physical changes as well as investigate the decreased fruit intake.
Persons III: The Multiple Faces of a Corporation’s Legal Personality

The debate over competing conceptions of juridical persons still shows life today in terms not much removed from those of a century ago. At the core of the “juridical personality” debate are two views of the critical nature of economic organizations. For one, economic organizations are property in the hands of their owners. This property might be given special qualities by the state or through contract, but it remains property all the same. The role of law was to focus on the interests of the owners or those with an ownership interest or stake in the entity. For the other, the economic organization (like a pallid reflection of the political state that gave it existence) constituted an autonomous institutional actor separable from those with an interest in it. The role of law should focus here on the entity—that is, on the collective interests constituting the entity rather than on the aggregate individual interests of stakeholders, however defined. Recent scholarship has suggested the connection between the two camps and the critical role that economic culture plays in the social acceptance of institutional personality.