cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirically supported psychological interventions for social phobia in adults: a qualitative review of randomized controlled trials.

BackgroundSocial phobia is a chronic disorder that results in substantial impairment. We conducted a qualitative review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological interventions for social phobia.MethodArticles were identified through searches of electronic databases and manual searches of reference lists. They were classified by psychological interventions evaluated. Data regarding treatment, participants and results were then extracted and tabulated. We identified which psychological interventions are empirically supported, using the scheme proposed by Chambless & Hollon (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998, 66, 7–18).ResultsThirty studies evaluating the efficacy of social skills training (SST), exposure therapy and/or cognitive treatments were identified. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), involving cognitive restructuring and exposure to feared and avoided social situations or behavioral experiments, was found to be an efficacious and specific treatment for social phobia. Exposure therapy was found to be an efficacious treatment since most of the evidence of its efficacy was from comparisons with no treatment. There were mixed findings regarding the relative efficacy of CBT and in vivo exposure. Some studies reported that the interventions were equivalent, while others found that patients treated with CBT had a better outcome. There was little evidence to support the use of SST.ConclusionsCBT is the psychological intervention of choice for social phobia. The findings of this review are compared to those of other major reviews and limitations are discussed.
River basin organization performance indicators: application to the Delaware River basin commission

This paper reports the development of performance indicators of a river basin management organization’s ability to undertake integrated water resources management, and applies them to a US basin organization: a river basin commission. Integrated water resources management (IWRM) and integrated river basin management (IRBM) are defined, in the context of international and US advances in IWRM and IRBM. A suite of good governance factors was assembled from the reviews of consultants’ practical experiences in river basin management, peer-reviewed literature, government reports and policy statements, and reports of river basin management practice. A list of impediments to the implementation of IRBM was also assembled. These sources were used as the data set to develop 115 indicators of best practice in IRBM; these indicators were grouped into ten categories: coordinated decision-making, responsive decision-making, goals and goal shift, financial sustainability, organizational design, role of law, training and capacity building, information and research, accountability and monitoring, private and public sector roles. This paper reports the results of a facilitated workshop with the Delaware River Basin Commission’s staff and stakeholders to apply the indicators to their setting. The outcome of the workshop was a self-assessment tool for performance evaluation, involving triaging the basin organization situation, checking performance against 20 performance benchmarks and using 63 performance indicators for basin commission settings. The paper concludes with a discussion of the issues surrounding the application of the performance indicators to other US basins and commissions.
Zif268 protein-DNA complex refined at 1.6 A: a model system for understanding zinc finger-DNA interactions.

Abstract Background Zinc fingers of the Cys 2 His 2 class recognize a wide variety of different DNA sequences and are one of the most abundant DNA-binding motifs found in eukaryotes. The previously determined 2.1 a structure of a complex containing the three zinc fingers from Zif268 has served as a basis for many modeling and design studies, and Zif268 has proved to be a very useful model system for studying how TFIIIA-like zinc fingers recognize DNA. Results We have refined the structure of the Zif268 protein–DNA complex at 1.6 a resolution. Our structure confirms all the basic features of the previous model and allows us to focus on some critical details at the protein–DNA interface. In particular, our refined structure helps explain the roles of several acidic residues located in the recognition helices and shows that the zinc fingers make a number of water-mediated contacts with bases and phosphates. Modeling studies suggest that the distinctive DNA conformation observed in the Zif268–DNA complex is correlated with finger–finger interactions and the length of the linkers between adjacent fingers. Circular dichroism studies indicate that at least some of the features of this distinctive DNA conformation are induced upon complex formation. Conclusions Our 1.6 a structure should provide an excellent framework for analyzing the effects of Zif268 mutations, for modeling related zinc finger–DNA complexes, and for designing and selecting Zif268 variants that will recognize other DNA sites.
Generalized Hybrid Orbital (GHO) Method for Combining Ab Initio Hartree-Fock Wave Functions with Molecular Mechanics

The generalized hybrid orbital (GHO) method provides a way to combine quantum mechanical (QM) and molecular mechanical (MM) calculations on a single molecular system or supramolecular assembly by providing an electrostatically stable connection between the QM portion and the MM portion. The GHO method has previously been developed for semiempirical molecular orbital calculations, on the basis of neglect of diatomic differential overlap (GHO−NDDO); in the present work, it is extended to the ab initio Hartree−Fock (HF) level (GHO−AIHF). First, the theoretical foundation for the GHO−AIHF extension is discussed, and four different approaches are proposed to overcome the nonorthogonality between active molecular orbitals (MOs) and auxiliary MOs. In the first scheme, the auxiliary hybrid basis functions are projected out of the active QM basis. The second scheme neglects the diatomic differential overlap between the auxiliary basis and the active QM basis. In the third scheme, hybrid orbitals are constructed fr...
A model of nitrogen uptake by Eriophorum vaginatum roots in the field: Ecological implications

A model of nutrient uptake was used to determine the factors that control the uptake of ammonium, glycine, and nitrate for an important arctic sedge, Eriophorum vaginatum, because the factors that regulate the nitrogen (N) uptake of plants in natural ecosystems are not well understood and a growing number of studies suggest that organic forms of N, including glycine, are an important source of N for E. vaginatum and other plants. E. vaginatum was selected as an exemplary system to explore nitrogen (N) uptake of a native species in situ, because it appears to be strongly N limited in the field, its N nutrition has been extensively studied, and its root growth habits make it well suited to modeling nutrient uptake. The model accounts for N supply from microbial mineralization and other sources, flux of N through the soil to the root surface, and uptake by the plant root. Based on these simulations, (1) Ammonium, glycine, and nitrate could all potentially make significant contributions to the N nutrition of E. vaginatum. The relative contributions of glycine is difficult to assess, because its behavior in the soil has not been characterized. However, glycine and ammonium contributed in roughly equal proportions formore » most model parameterizations. (2) The importance of factors that regulated modeled ammonium and glycine uptake can be ranked as follows: supply rate > [soil factors (buffer capacity and diffusion coefficient) = root density] > root uptake kinetics. Supply rate was the only factor that regulated nitrate uptake. These results suggest that N uptake kinetics of roots and soil-solution concentrations may not be reliable predictors of whole-plant N uptake in tundra or other natural ecosystems. 48 refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.« less
The Effects of Prospective Naturalistic Contact on the Stigma of Mental Illness.

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether naturalistic, interpersonal contact with persons with a severe mental illness (SMI) could reduce stigma. Participants from the agency Compeer (which pairs volunteers with people with SMI) were compared to volunteers from a control agency and to nonvolunteer participants from the community on stigma measures over a 6-month period. The quality of the relationship between the Compeer volunteer and consumer and its association with changes in stigmatizing attitudes was also assessed. The results provide preliminary evidence that naturalistic contact can reduce negative affective responses to individuals with SMI. Furthermore, changes in affective response were related to the quality of the contact between the Compeer volunteer and consumer. Implications for future research are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical, in vitro, and in situ evaluation of heat-treated soybean proteins

Abstract The effect on protein degradability of roasting soybeans and soybean meal and holding them at elevated temperatures for 0, .5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3h was assessed using in vitro, in situ, and chemical techniques. Ruminal in vitro degradation rates decreased with initial roasting for both soybeans and soybean meal from .165 to .065h –1 and .155 to .092h –1 , respectively. Roasting and holding for 3h resulted in the lowest degradation rates, .037 and .029h –1 for soybeans and soybean meal, respectively. In situ degradation rates decreased from .174 to .090h –1 and from .069 to .012h –1 , respectively, for soybeans and soybean meal roasted and held 3h. There were no increases in ADIN with heat processing of soybeans. However, ADIN increased from 2.3 to 4.1% when soybean meal was roasted and held 3h. In contrast, nutritionally available lysine decreased dramatically during holding with a loss after 3h of 22% for soybeans and 17% far soybean meal. Roasting and holding significantly increased estimated postruminally available lysine (g/kg DM) of soybeans from 6.5 to 10.5 (0h) and 11.2 (mean, .5 to 3h) and of soybean meal from 7.6 to 10.5 (0h) and 14.2 (mean, .5 to 3h). Holding soybeans and soybean meal at an elevated temperature resulted in a more thorough and extensive heat treatment than typically is obtained in commercial processing.
Point Defect Incorporation During Diamond Chemical Vapor Deposition

The incorporation of vacancies, H atoms, and sp{sup 2} bond defects into single-crystal homoepitaxial (100)(2x1)- and(111)-oriented CVD diamond was simulated by atomic-scale kinetic Monte Carlo. Simulations were performed for substrate temperatures from 600 C to 1200 C with 0.4% CH{sub 4} in the feed gas, and for 0.4% to 7% CH{sub 4} feeds with a substrate temperature of 800 C. The concentrations of incorporated H atoms increase with increasing substrate temperature and feed gas composition, and sp{sup 2} bond trapping increases with increasing feed gas composition. Vacancy concentrations are low under all conditions. The ratio of growth rate to H atom concentration is highest around 800-900 C, and the growth rate to sp{sup 2} ratio is maximum around 1% CH{sub 4}, suggesting that these conditions are ideal for economical diamond growth under the simulated conditions.
Temporal coupled-mode theory for the Fano resonance in optical resonators

We present a theory of the Fano resonance for optical resonators, based on a temporal coupled-mode formalism. This theory is applicable to the general scheme of a single optical resonance coupled with multiple input and output ports. We show that the coupling constants in such a theory are strongly constrained by energy-conservation and time-reversal symmetry considerations. In particular, for a two-port symmetric structure, Fano-resonant line shape can be derived by using only these symmetry considerations. We validate the analysis by comparing the theoretical predictions with three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations of guided resonance in photonic crystal slabs. Such a theory may prove to be useful for response-function synthesis in filter and sensor applications.
Tracheostomy and Dysphagia: True, True, and Unrelated?

The relationship between tracheostomy and dysphagia remains controversial. Many centers require swallow evaluations for all patients after tracheostomy because of the assumed increased rate of dysp...
A comparative study of conservative and optimistic trace-driven simulations

We consider the evaluation of the memory hierarchy of multiprocessor systems via parallel trace driven simulation. We study two parallel simulation schemes: a conservative one using an algorithm proposed by Y-B Lin et al. (1992) whose main characteristic is to insert the shared references from every trace in all other traces, and an optimistic one using a Time Warp like algorithm (D. Jefferson, 1985). We compare, qualitatively and quantitatively, the major causes of overhead and the overall performance of the two methods. In addition, we discuss the tradeoffs in terms of implementation and debugging effort and of application to more general architectural simulation. The optimistic scheme is more complex but, in general, has slightly better performance, is more general, and does not require preprocessing. >
The Temperature and Type of Intracellular Ice Formation in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos as a Function of the Developmental Stage

Our studies the past 5 yr have concentrated on intracellular ice formation (IIF) in mature mouse oocytes at the metaphase stage of meiosis II. Here we report an analogous investigation of the temperature of intracellular ice nucleation in preimplantation embryo stages from one-cell to early morula suspended in 1 M ethylene glycol/PBS and cooled at 20°C/min to −70°C. Physical modeling indicates that oocytes and preimplantation embryos undergo very little osmotic shrinkage at that cooling rate. As a consequence, their interior becomes increasingly supercooled until the supercooling is abruptly terminated by IIF. Four categories of IIF were observed. The first two were 1) those undergoing IIF at temperatures well below the temperature of external ice formation (EIF; −7.2°C) vs. 2) those undergoing IIF within 1°C of the EIF temperature. The other two categories were those multicellular stages in which 3) all the blastomeres underwent IIF simultaneously vs. 4) those in which blastomeres underwent IIF sequentially. Embryos in categories 1 and 3 constituted the majority (80–90%), and for them, the mean IIF temperatures of one-cell, two-cell, four- to six-cell, and early eight-cell ranged from −37°C to −43°C, temperatures that indicate that IIF is a consequence of homogeneous nucleation. However, the IIF nucleation temperature of early morulae in categories 1 and 3 was markedly higher; namely, −23.1 ± 1.5°C. This marked rise in nucleation temperature coincides with the appearance of aquaporin 3 and gap junctions in early morulae (compacted eight-cell), and is presumably causally related.
Multilayer coextrusion of rubber compounds

This research work presents the first continuous multilayer coextrusion system for high viscosity elastomeric materials. Three unvulcanized rubber materials were chosen to validate the system: two butyl rubbers and a polyisoprene. The elastomers were characterized under oscillatory shear and the results used to perform computational flow simulations to investigate the effect of geometry on the flow path and flow rate. Successful extrudates of 8 and 32 layers were extruded at two different throughput rates for rheologically matched and rheologically mismatched material pairs. The results show good layering performance for both systems with little existence of viscous encapsulation and acceptable pressure drops. Computational and experimental results both show a nonuniform layer thickness distribution due to the geometric design of the layer multiplier extrusion dies, which were designed to minimize pressure drop in the system. This nonuniformity decreases with increasing number of layers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1520–1527, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Identifying BGP routing table transfers

BGP routing updates collected by monitoring projects such as RouteViews and RIPE have been a vital source to our understanding of the global routing system. The updates logged by these monitoring projects are generated either by individual route changes, or are part of BGP table transfer. In particular, a session reset between a monitoring station and its BGP peers can result in the peer sending its entire BGP routing table to the monitoring station. In this paper, we present a Minimum Collection Time (MCT) algorithm that accurately identify the start and duration of routing table transfers. Using three months of data from 14 different peers, MCT can identify routing table transfers triggered by BGP session resets with 100% accuracy, and can pinpoint the exact starting time of table transfers in 90% of the cases.
Climate Response Uncertainty and the Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions

Some recent research suggests that uncertainty about the response of the climate system to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations can have a disproportionately large influence on benefits estimates for climate change policies, potentially even dominating the effect of the discount rate. In this paper we conduct a series of numerical simulation experiments to investigate the quantitative significance of climate response uncertainty for economic assessments of climate change. First we characterize climate uncertainty by constructing two probability density functions—a Bayesian model-averaged and a Bayesian updated version—based on a combination of uncertainty ranges for climate sensitivity reported in the scientific literature. Next we estimate the willingness to pay of a representative agent for a range of emissions reduction policies using two simplified economic models. Our results illustrate the potential for large risk premiums in benefits estimates as suggested by the recent theoretical work on climate response uncertainty, and they show that the size and even the sign of the risk premium may depend crucially on how the posterior distribution describing the overall climate sensitivity uncertainty is constructed and on the specific shape of the damage function.
Comparison of bleeding complications with omega-3 fatty acids + aspirin + clopidogrel--versus--aspirin + clopidogrel in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Fish oil is used to lower triglycerides and for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Many of these patients will also be taking aspirin and clopidogrel. Any of these medications alone can increase the risk of bleeding; however, the risk of bleeding in patients taking all 3 of these medications has not been studied. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records for bleeding complications in 182 patients, most with coronary artery disease (mean age 61 ± 11 years, 82% men) and being treated with high-dose fish oil (mean dose 3 ± 1.25 g), aspirin (mean dose 161 ± 115 mg), and clopidogrel (mean dose 75 mg), and in 182 age- and gender-matched controls treated with aspirin and clopidogrel alone. During a mean follow-up period of 33 months, 1 major bleeding episode occurred in the treatment group and no major bleeding episodes occurred in the control group (p = 1.0). During follow-up, 4 minor bleeding episodes (2.2%) occurred in the treatment group and 7 (3.9%) in the control group. More patients had minor bleeding complications in the control group than in the treatment group; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.5). In conclusion, high-dose fish oil is safe in combination with aspirin and clopidogrel and does not increase the risk of bleeding compared with that seen with aspirin and clopidogrel alone.
High prevalence of sensitization to cat allergen among Japanese children with asthma, living without cats

Background Cat allergy is common among children with asthma. Many cat-allergic patients in Japan and elsewhere do not keep cats, but nonetheless become sensitized through environmental exposure to cat allergen. Objective To assess the frequency of cat allergy and cat-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses in young Japanese patients with asthma in relation to self-reported cat exposure and Fel d 1 levels in dust samples. Methods Cat dander-specific IgE antibody was measured in sera from asthma patients using the CAP system. IgE and IgG antibody to Fel d 1 was measured by antigen binding radioimmunoassay and by chimeric enzyme immunoassay. Fel d 1 levels in dust samples from a subset of patients' homes were measured by monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay. Results Cat-specific IgE (CAP class≥2) was found in sera from 70% of 44 patients who kept cats and 34% of 394 patients who had never kept cats. The prevalence of sensitization increased progressively to age 6 years (40%: positive), and then increased gradually to age 16 years (approximately 60%: positive) in patients who had never kept cats. There was an excellent correlation between cat CAP values and IgE levels to Fel d 1. The absolute amount of IgE antibody to Fel d 1 ranged from 0.01 to 15.6% of total IgE. Most patients who did not keep cats were exposed to Fel d 1 levels ranging from 0.07–8 μg/g dust. Conclusions Sensitization to cat allergen is common among young asthmatic patients in Japan, even among patients who do not keep cats. Use of CAP and the chimeric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate diagnosis of cat allergy and quantification of specific IgE antibody levels.
Flash-LADAR Inertial Navigator Aiding

GPS aided inertial systems provide relatively high accuracy position and attitude information; however, they are limited to environments where GPS signals are available. In GPS-denied areas alternative positioning methods must be sought. Flash LADAR (Laser Radar) technology consists of a relatively wide angle modulated laser emitter coupled with a focal plane array detector to create an "image" where each pixel does not only have an associated intensity value, but also a range to the object that is observed. Coupling flash LADAR information with position and attitude information allows for 3-D scene recreation. With the recent development of low-cost (<$10 k) Flash LADAR sensors, the use of such technology to aid a low-cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) has become practical and of great interest. Current low-cost Flash LADAR sensors are capable of greater than 100 x 100 pixel resolution with a 5 mm depth resolution at a 30 Hz frame rate. From this high accuracy/resolution sensor data, various geometrical features in the environment can be extracted such as the planes created by walls, lines created where planes intersect, and points from the intersection of lines can be measured with high precision. In this paper we will describe the concept of a Flash- LADAR aided inertial navigator and present the results of the operation of such a system in a simulated indoor environment.
Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on acute μ-opioid analgesia in the rat

Mixed research findings have led to a debate regarding the effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists on opiate analgesia. NMDA antagonists have been found in various studies to enhance, to inhibit, or to have no effect on opiate analgesia. The present research used a single protocol to explore the effects of six NMDA receptor antagonists on acute morphine (3.0 mg/kg s.c.) and fentanyl (0.05 mg/kg s.c.) analgesia in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. NMDA receptor antagonists were selected based on their abilities to block various sites on the NMDA receptor complex, including the noncompetitive antagonists MK-801 (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg i.p.), dextromethorphan (10.0 and 30.0 mg/kg i.p.), and memantine (3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg i.p.), a glycine site antagonist, (+)-HA-966 (10.0 and 30.0 mg/kg i.p.), a competitive antagonist, LY235959 (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg i.p.), and a polyamine site antagonist, ifenprodil (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg i.p.). Analgesia was assessed using the tail-flick test. A single dose of each opiate was used. The low doses of the antagonists, which are known to produce significant neural and behavioral actions at NMDA receptors, had no effect on morphine or fentanyl analgesia. At the higher doses, morphine analgesia was significantly enhanced by LY235959 (3.0 mg/kg), and fentanyl analgesia was significantly enhanced by LY235959 (3.0 mg/kg), dextromethorphan (30.0 mg/kg), and (+)-HA-966 (30.0 mg/kg). Enhancement of analgesia occurred without any apparent adverse side effects. None of the NMDA antagonists affected tail-flick responses on their own, except the higher dose of LY235959 (3.0 mg/kg), which produced a mild analgesic effect. Because no consistent effects were observed, the data suggest that NMDA receptors are not involved in acute mu-opioid analgesia. The mechanisms underlying the enhancement of opiate analgesia by selected NMDA antagonists, such as LY235959, dextromethorphan, and (+)-HA-966, remain to be determined.
Dimitrios Trichopoulos: in memoriam (1938-2014).

![Figure][1] The cancer research community suffered an enormous loss with the death of Dr. Dimitrios Trichopoulos on December 1, 2014, at the age of 75. Dimitrios was the Vincent L. Gregory Professor of Cancer Prevention and Professor of Cancer Epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public
Correlation between Extreme Drug Resistance Assay and Response to Primary Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Patients with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Objective. The extreme drug resistance (EDR) assay has been correlated with failure of response to chemotherapy in greater than 99% of patients. The goal of this study is to correlate the results of the EDR assay to response to first-line paclitaxel/cisplatin among patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods. Seventy-five of 100 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer for whom EDR assay was performed were treated with weekly induction cisplatin (1 mg/kg body wt) × 4, followed by monthly paclitaxel (135 mg/m 2 ) and cisplatin (75 mg/m 2 ) × 6 and were evaluable for correlation of response to chemotherapy and EDR assay. Specimens for EDR assay were obtained at primary surgery and the EDR assay was performed by Oncotech, Inc. Response to chemotherapy was correlated to EDR assay results regarding paclitaxel and cisplatin. Results. Among 75 evaluable patients, the prevalence of EDR to paclitaxel was 20.0% ( n = 15) and to cisplatin it was 2.7% ( n = 2). Only 1 patient (1.3%) exhibited EDR to both paclitaxel and cisplatin. Surgical assessment of response was performed in 42 patients; 33 patients were clinically evaluable. The overall response rate was 85.3%. The overall response rate for patients whose tumors demonstrated no EDR to either paclitaxel or cisplatin did not differ significantly from that for patients whose tumors demonstrated EDR to at least one of these two drugs (86.4% versus 81.3%, respectively, P = 0.692). Similarly, the complete surgical response rate for both groups did not differ significantly (25.4% versus 12.5%, respectively, P = 0.34). A single patient whose tumor exhibited EDR to both paclitaxel and cisplatin had tumor progression. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the EDR assay were 79.6, 27.0, 86.0, and 19.0%, respectively. Conclusions. EDR to paclitaxel does not preclude response to the combination of paclitaxel and cisplatin as primary therapy for patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. The role of the EDR assay in the primary management of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer remains to be determined.
Corrections to the theory and the optimal line in the swimming diagram of Taylor (1952).

The analysis of undulatory swimming gaits requires knowledge of the fluid forces acting on the animal body during swimming. In his classical 1952 paper, Taylor analysed this problem using a ‘resistive-force’ theory. The theory was used to characterize the undulatory gaits that result in the smallest energy dissipation to the fluid for a given swim velocity. The optimal gaits thus found were compared with data recorded from movies of a snake and a leech swimming. This report identifies and corrects a mathematical error in Taylor’s paper, showing that his theory applies even better to animals of circular cross section.
High-Resolution Observations of Interstellar C2 toward ζ Ophiuchi

We present high-resolution (λ/Δλ ≈ 540,000) absorption-line observations of two weak C2 lines in the 2-0 band of the Phillips system in the direction of ζ Ophiuchi. These high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ≈ 230-380) data were obtained at the McDonald Observatory 2.7 m telescope using the coude echelle spectrograph in double-pass mode. The C2 line profiles are resolved into two components, having a spacing of ≈ 1.14 km s-1, as has been seen for other molecular species such as CN, CO, and CH. Unlike these molecules, however, the strengths of the two narrow C2 components are very similar. We briefly discuss the implications these results have for understanding the chemical behavior of diatomic molecules in diffuse interstellar clouds.
Damage by the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya (Delia) brassicae (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), to Brussels Sprouts

The distribution of Hylemya (Delia) brassicae within fields and the effects of its feeding were studied in commercial brussels sprout ( Brassica oleracea L., Capitata group) fields of coastal California. In the eighth week, significantly lower infestations were observed in the inner, untreated portions of a field compared to portions treated before planting or in untreated border plots. No differences were observed among six pretransplant treatments (including no treatment) on three sampling dates; by the sixth week after transplantation, the proportion of plants infested reached a mean of 0.492. No yield differences were observed among groups of plants with different numbers of H. brassicae feeding tunnels on their roots when the infestation occurred after the fourth week following transplantation. Management strategies based on these observations are discussed.
Matrix isolation spectroscopy and nuclear spin conversion of NH3 and ND3 in solid parahydrogen.

We present matrix isolation infrared absorption spectra of NH3 and ND3 trapped in solid parahydrogen (pH2) at temperatures around 1.8 K. We used the relatively slow nuclear spin conversion (NSC) of NH3 and ND3 in freshly deposited pH2 samples as a tool to assign the sparse vibration–inversion–rotation (VIR) spectra of NH3 in the regions of the ν2, ν4, 2ν4, ν1, and ν3 bands and ND3 in the regions of the ν2, ν4, ν1, and ν3 fundamentals. Partial assignments are also presented for various combination bands of NH3. Detailed analysis of the ν2 bands of NH3 and ND3 indicates that both isotopomers are nearly free rotors; that the vibrational energy is blue-shifted by 1–2%; and that the rotational constants and inversion tunneling splitting are 91–94% and 67–75%, respectively, of the gas-phase values. The line shapes of the VIR absorptions are narrow (0.2–0.4 cm–1) for upper states that cannot rotationally relax and broad (>1 cm–1) for upper states that can rotationally relax. We report and assign a number of NH3-...
Experimental characterization and atomistic modeling of interfacial void formation and detachment in short pulse laser processing of metal surfaces covered by solid transparent overlayers

The short pulse laser interaction with metal surfaces covered by solid transparent overlayers is investigated in experiments and atomistic simulations, with a particular aim of revealing the mechanisms responsible for structural modification of the metal–overlayer interfacial regions. Experimental characterization of Al–silica targets modified by single-pulse laser irradiation with the pulse duration of 10 ps reveals the transitions from the generation of extended interfacial voids with internal nanoscale surface roughness to the partial detachment of the overlayer from the metal substrate, and to the cracking/chipping or complete removal of the overlayer as the laser fluence increases. The mechanisms responsible for the appearance, growth, and percolation of the interfacial voids leading to the detachment of the overlayer from the metal substrate are investigated in a large-scale atomistic simulation. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the processes of nucleation and growth of the interfacial voids are driven by the dynamic relaxation of laser-induced stresses proceeding simultaneously with rapid phase transformations and temperature variation in the interfacial region. The growth and coalescence of the interfacial voids results in the formation of liquid bridges connecting the overlayer and the metal substrate, whereas solidification of the transient liquid structures produced by the breakup of the liquid bridges may be responsible for the formation of the nanoscale roughness of the interfacial voids observed in experiments. Computational analysis of the effect of preexisting interfacial voids reveals a complex dynamic picture of the initial expansion and subsequent compaction of the surface region of the metal substrate and suggests a possible scenario for the formation of voids below the metal–overlayer interface.
A Monograph of the Genus Uropyxis

The genus Uropyxis was erected by Schroeter (7) in 1875, based on Uropyxis amorphae (Curt.) Schroet., a rust previously treated as a species of Puccinia but differing from other species of that genus in having two pores in each cell of the teliospore. In 1897 the known species of Uropyxis were transferred to Puccinia by Dietel (5). Later the genus Uropyxis was reinstated by Magnus (6). The presence of two pores in each cell of the teliospore serves to distinguish Uropyxis from Puccinia. In addition to this character, Uropyxis is now known to possess subcuticular spermagonia and uredinoid aecia. These spermagonial and aecial characters separate it from Cumminsiella. Uropyxis differs from Phragmopyxis in aecial characteristics, in the number of cells in the teliospore and in the number of pores in each teliospore cell. Of the thirteen known species of Uropyxis, ten occur on members of the Leguminosae in North America, South America and Africa; one parasitizes a member of the Cucurbitaceae in Formosa and two occur on Bignoniaceae in South America. The latter two rusts, Uropyxis rickiana Magn. and Uropyxis reticulata Cumm., differ from other species of the genus in showing no distinct lamination in the teliospore wall. The aecial and spermagonial stages of U. rickiana and U. reticulata are unknown. In the present study these two species are included in Uropyxis with some uncertainty. In separating species or groups of species in the key, the most useful characters have been found to be the thickness, sculpturing and lamination of the teliospore wall and the length and width of the teliospore pedicel. There is considerable variation throughout the genus with respect to width of the teliospore pedicel, because of the fact that in
Information Flow Constructing and Operation Enhancing in Automobile 4S Shops

4S shop is the mainly marketing mode adopted by automobile manufacturer.There will be a large amount of inform ation in management process,if such information can be collected,analyzed,sorted and passed systemically.And it will have great effects on promoting 4S shop operation lifting.This article is based on the effect of information flow to enhance 4S shop operation,and concludes the current information flow situation of 4S shop,discusses how to construct a perfect information system.
Implementation of rapid diagnostics with antimicrobial stewardship

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Antimicrobial stewardship (ASP) is an intervention-based program to improve patient outcomes to infection while limiting spread of resistance and unintended consequences. Many rapid diagnostic tools are now FDA cleared for clinical use, with three evaluated across multiple settings: Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, Verigene, and FilmArray.Areas covered: This review will focus on studies published that evaluated ASP intervention with rapid diagnostic implementation on outcomes of infection. A description of the key ASP personnel, rapid diagnostic notification methods, hours of notification, and scope of ASP intervention is summarized.Expert commentary: It is critical that ASPs continually re-evaluate and evolve with technological advances. Rapid diagnostic tools are powerful in their ability to identify organisms quickly. A trained clinician is needed to evaluate the results and interact with the providers to educate them on result interpre...
New Views of Parent–Offspring Relationships

Publisher Summary Mammalian reproduction is based on production of live-born offspring and on a postnatal period during which there are usually intense and specialized interactions between parents and offspring. The fundamental nature of parent–offspring relationships, the stimuli that regulate interactions, the mechanisms that mediate them, and the functions that are sub-served, are central topics of psychobiology. The parent–offspring aggregate is a system that can be viewed and characterized from several perspectives. This chapter discusses alternative views of parent–offspring relationships, data that support each view, and some implications for analyses offered by each perspective. Many of the issues that pervade studies of infancy and early postnatal maturation are pertinent to the study of parent–offspring relationships. The mammalian infant differs from its adult counterpart in anatomical form, physiological function, and behavioral repertoire. The infant is often seen as a primitive precursor to the adult, dominated by simple reflexes and lacking many of the subtleties of complex and regulated integration of activities.
Endosalpingiosis found at laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain

Objective To assess a correlation between endosalpingiosis and pelvic pain. Design A retrospective analysis of every patient undergoing laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain at Yale-New Haven Hospital by one surgeon from August 1992 through October 1993 was performed, focusing on those cases with endosalpingiosis. Results Of 51 laparoscopics performed for chronic pelvic pain, 37 demonstrated visual evidence of implants and pathology specimens were read as either endometriosis or endosalpingiosis in 23 cases. Of those 23 cases, 6 demonstrated endosalpingiosis, and 4 of those 6 demonstrated both endosalpingiosis and endometriosis. In all six cases endosalpingiosis was found in locations consistent with the patients' pelvic pain symptoms, and all six patients experienced relief from their pain symptoms after surgery. Conclusions Endosalpingiosis may be found in association with chronic pelvic pain. The pelvic distribution of endosalpingiosis in patients with chronic pain is consistent with that generally found in endometriosis.
A holistic approach to anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity and its implications for future mechanistic studies

The year 2016 marked the 15th anniversary since anesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity and its resulting cognitive dysfunction were first described. Since that time, multiple scientific studies have supported these original findings and investigated possible mechanisms behind anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. This paper reviews the existing mechanistic literature on anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in the context of a holistic approach that emphasizes the importance of both neuronal and non-neuronal cells during early postnatal development. Sections are divided into key stages in early neural development; apoptosis, neurogenesis, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, myelination and blood brain barrier/cerebrovasculature. In addition, the authors combine the established literature in the field of anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity with literature from other related scientific fields to speculate on the potential role of non-neuronal cells and to generate new future hypotheses for understanding anesthetic toxicity and its application to the practice of pediatric anesthesia.
Numerical Simulations of Two Trapped Mountain Lee Waves Downstream of Oahu

AbstractTwo trapped lee-wave events dominated by the transverse mode downstream of the island of Oahu in Hawaii—27 January 2010 and 24 January 2003—are simulated using the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Model with a horizontal grid size of 1 km in conjunction with the analyses of soundings, weather maps, and satellite images. The common factors for the occurrences of these transverse trapped mountain-wave events are 1) Froude number [Fr = U/(Nh)] > 1, where U is the upstream speed of the cross-barrier flow, N is stability, and h is the mountain height; 2) insufficient convective available potential energy for the air parcel to become positively buoyant after being lifted to the top of the stable trade wind inversion layer; and 3) increasing cross-barrier wind speed with respect to height through the stable inversion layer, satisfying Scorer’s criteria between the inversion layer and the layer aloft. Within the inversion layer, where the Scorer parameter has a maximum, the wave amplitudes are the great...
Bandpass signal design for passive time delay estimation

This paper analyzes the performance of passive time delay estimation with bandpass signals and generalizes the results of Weiss and Weinstein by considering a more general bandpass signal model with a parameter that allows for increasing the mean-squared bandwidth of the bandpass signal with respect to conventional flat bandpass signals. Analysis of the modified Ziv-Zakai lower bound shows (i) performance is typically improved at moderate to high signal to noise ratios due to the increased mean-squared bandwidth of the split bandpass signal but (ii) performance is typically worse at moderate to low signal to noise ratios due to increased ambiguities.
Vice, Practical Necessity, and Agential Self-Destruction

Virtue and vice involve modes of character-based necessity and impossibility in ways that do not diminish responsibility or voluntariness. To a large extent, aspiring to virtue involves striving to acquire cognitive and motivational dispositions by which certain ways of acting become practically necessary. Vices can practically disable an agent for acting well, on account of motivational and cognitive dispositions shaping necessities and impossibilities (even though the vicious agent does not strive to be disabled from right action). Jacobs maintains that the explication of character-based necessity shows how practical necessity and impossibility can become durable, significant features of character as a result of voluntary activity, even if the acquisition of those features was not intended. This is especially important because of the ways that virtues are related to each other and because of how vices are related to each other. The discussion in this chapter considers whether and why virtues are integrated and whether there is corresponding mutual reinforcement among vices.
Thermal conductivity measurements of proton-heated warm dense aluminum

Thermal conductivity is one of the most crucial physical properties of matter when it comes to understanding heat transport, hydrodynamic evolution, and energy balance in systems ranging from astrophysical objects to fusion plasmas. In the warm dense matter regime, experimental data are very scarce so that many theoretical models remain untested. Here we present the first thermal conductivity measurements of aluminum at 0.5-2.7 g/cc and 2-10 eV, using a recently developed platform of differential heating. A temperature gradient is induced in a Au/Al dual-layer target by proton heating, and subsequent heat flow from the hotter Au to the Al rear surface is detected by two simultaneous time-resolved diagnostics. A systematic data set allows for constraining both thermal conductivity and equation-of-state models. Simulations using Purgatorio model or Sesame S27314 for Al thermal conductivity and LEOS for Au/Al release equation-of-state show good agreement with data after 15 ps. Discrepancy still exists at early time 0-15 ps, likely due to non-equilibrium conditions.
The Speed of Progression to Tobacco and Alcohol Dependence: A Twin Study

We investigated the etiological role of genetic and environmental influences for two milestones of tobacco and alcohol use: age of initiation, and speed of progression to dependence (latency). Study participants included 1352 monozygotic and 1422 dizygotic twins (mean age at assessment = 24.31). Earlier ages of initiation significantly increased the likelihood of developing dependence, but were associated with longer dependence latencies for tobacco and alcohol. Latencies to dependence were heritable traits for tobacco (a2 = 0.63) and alcohol (a2 = 0.64). Genetic influences contributing to early age of initiation were associated with faster latencies to dependence but sometimes were counteracted by environmental factors, the extent to which depended on substance and, sometimes, sex. Our findings may have important implications for public policy and add to the literature by characterizing the genetic and environmental contributions to the speed of progression to tobacco and alcohol dependence.
Francisco Suárez y los no creyentes

The discovery of the «New World» led many theologians in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to discuss the possibility of salvation for non-believers. Among these was the Jesuit, Francisco Suarez (1548-1617). This article shows how Suarez distinguished between three orders of infidels (tres ordines infidelium): 1) those to whom the faith was proposed to believe in a sufficient manner but who refused to believe: 2) those who never heard anything about the faith; 3) those who heard something of the faith but in an insufficient manner. Although Suarez believes the infidels of the first order cannot be saved, he does believe those in the second and third orders can be saved if: a) they are not culpable for rejecting the faith; b) they are not guilty for sins against the natural law; c) they are seeking the truth; and d) they have a desire to belong to the Church at least in desire and longing. The article concludes by showing how the view of Suarez led to theological development in the Catholic Church leading to the teaching of Vatican II in Lumen gentium, 16.
Two Diverging Length Scales in the Structure of Jammed Packings.

At densities higher than the jamming transition for athermal, frictionless repulsive spheres we find two distinct length scales, both of which diverge as a power law as the transition is approached. The first, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{Z}$, is associated with the two-point correlation function for the number of contacts on two particles as a function of the particle separation. The second, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{f}$, is associated with contact-number fluctuations in subsystems of different sizes. On scales below ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{f}$, the fluctuations are highly suppressed, similar to the phenomenon of hyperuniformity usually associated with density fluctuations. The exponents for the divergence of ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{Z}$ and ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{f}$ are different and appear to be different in two and three dimensions.
Debating Healthcare Reform: How Political Parties' Issue-Specific Communication Influences Citizens' Perceptions of Organization-Public Relationships

A survey of U.S. citizens (N = 420) was conducted to examine the influence of strategic communication regarding healthcare reform on perceptions of organization-public relationships (OPRs) with pol...