cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of censoring data below an arbitrary quantification limit on structural model misspecification.

It is not uncommon in pharmacokinetic (PK) studies that some concentrations are censored by the bioanalytical laboratory and reported qualitatively as below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). Censoring concentrations below the quantification limit (BQL) has been shown to adversely affect bias and precision of parameter estimates; however, its impact on structural model decision has not been studied. The current simulation study investigated the impact of the percentage of data censored as BQL on the PK structural model decision; evaluated the effect of different coefficient of variation (CV) values to define the LLOQ; and tested the maximum conditional likelihood estimation method in NONMEM VI (YLO). Using a one-compartment intravenous model, data were simulated with 10–50% BQL censoring, while maintaining a 20% CV at LLOQ. In another set of experiments, the LLOQ was chosen to attain CVs of 10, 20, 50 and 100%. Parameters were estimated with both one- and two-compartment models using NONMEM. A type I error was defined as a significantly lower objective function value for the two-compartment model compared to the one-compartment model using the standard likelihood ratio test at α = 0.05 and α = 0.01. The type I error rate substantially increased to as high as 96% as the median of percent censored data increased at both the 5% and 1% alpha levels. Restricting the CV to 10% caused a higher type I error rate compared to the 20% CV, while the error rate was reduced to the nominal value as the CV increased to 100%. The YLO option prevented the type I error rate from being elevated. This simulation study has shown that the practice of assigning a LLOQ during analytical methods development, although well intentioned, can lead to incorrect decisions regarding the structure of the pharmacokinetic model. The standard operating procedures in analytical laboratories should be adjusted to provide a quantitative value for all samples assayed in the drug development setting where sophisticated modeling may occur. However, the current level of precision may need to be maintained when laboratory results are to be used for direct patient care in a clinical setting. Finally, the YLO option should be considered when more than 10% of data are censored as BQL.
Optimal algorithms for a pursuit-evasion problem in grids

This paper discusses a problem of searching for and capturing a fugitive by a team of searchers in an $N \times N \,\text{grid}\,G_N $ representing a system of Navenues and Nstreets which a searcher can “see” a fugitive if and only if both are on the same avenue or the same street. A $0.5N^2 + O(N)$ time algorithm is presented for searching $G_N $ by a team of two searchers in order to decide whether there exists a fugitive in $G_N $. The algorithm is shown to be (1) optimal with respect to the number of searchers required for the case in which the fugitive can move at least as fast as the searchers, and (2) asymptotically optimal with respect to the worst case time complexity. An $O(N^2 )$ time algorithm is also presented for capturing a fugitive in $G_N $ by a team of four searchers. The algorithm is shown to be asymptotically optimal with respect to the worst case time complexity.
Meson-baryon interactions with baryons belonging to the nonlinear representations of chiral u(3) x u(3)

We derive a general chiral $U(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}U(3)$ phenomenological Lagrangian for the meson-baryon system. The meson-baryon derivative coupling is discussed in detail, and $K\ensuremath{-}N$ scattering is studied. Some renormalized meson-baryon coupling constants are computed and compared with experiments. A suitable canonical transformation is introduced, and conditions under which it yields the Yukawa coupling are discussed.
Reenvisioning gerontological mental health nursing education: a commentary

Reenvisioning gerontological mental health nursing begins with reinterpreting the meaning of aging and radically transforming the curriculum of the subspecialty. The commentary suggests 11 specific recommendations that expand on Morris and Mentes’s article as a way of reenvisioning and rerooting gerontological mental health nursing. Among the recommendations are renaming the subspecialty “gerontological mental health nursing” as a means to more appropriately reflect the multidisciplinary focus and mental health perspective, placing an equal emphasis on positive aspects of healthy aging, developing a standardized model curriculum, increasing the number of programs offering specialization in gerontological mental health nursing, and reinvigorating continuing education about gerontological mental health care for currently practicing nurses.
General language translation schemata

In the past Backus Normal Form (BNF) has been defined only informally; however, a formal recognition definition has been evolved.
Auditory averaged evoked potentials and aging: Factors of stimulus, task and topography

The averaged evoked potential to brief tones was compared for 10 young and 10 elderly female subjects. The amplitudes of the sensory components (P1, N1 and P2) were not affected by an infrequent change in pitch of the tones or instructing subjects to count or ignore them; but overall the elderly had a larger P1 and smaller P2 amplitude and a difference in the scalp distribution of P2. Repetition of the tones produced a decrement in these sensory components and a differential one for young and old subjects A slow potential complex consisting of components N2, P3 and SW appeared to changes in tone pitch and became more pronounced when attention was directed to the tones. Overall smaller SPs for oder subjects were interpreted as evidence for a change with age in the cortical representation of the orienting response. Topographical analysis of SPs indicated diminished activity in frontal (Fz) electrodes for elderly persons, suggestive of an enhanced aging process in the frontal cortices.
Will database systems fail bioinformatics, too?

THE DATABASE SYSTEMS RESEARCH COMMUNITY has always been eager to try to extend database technology to address application areas not well served by current commercial products: Computer-Aided Design, expert systems, workflow, financial analysis, imagery. Such efforts have almost always led to innovative developments in the past: object-oriented databases, deductive databases, active databases, sequence data models, array algebras. Yet DBMS penetration into the motivating areas has been modest at best.
Classics for Cool Kids: Popular and Unpopular Versions of Antiquity for Children

Since Nathaniel Hawthorne's pioneering A Wonder Book for Boys and Girls (1851) and Tanglewood Tales (1853), retelling Greek and Roman myths for children has been a widespread and influential means of popularizing classical material. While Hawthorne unabashedly appropriated the myths as entertainment for young readers, works by his contemporary counterparts (such as the "Myth-O-Mania" series, Greece! Rome! Monsters! , and the Percy Jackson series) display a more anxious and conflicted approach to the same material, caught between the aims of educating their readers about antiquity and appealing to their readers' presumed hostility to school and learning.
Action Potential-Independent and Pharmacologically Unique Vesicular Serotonin Release from Dendrites

Serotonin released within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) induces feedback inhibition of serotonin neuron activity and consequently regulates mood-controlling serotonin release throughout the forebrain. Serotonin packaged in vesicles is released in response to action potentials by the serotonin neuron soma and terminals, but the potential for release by dendrites is unknown. Here, three-photon microscopy imaging of endogenous serotonin in living rat brain slice, immunofluorescence, and immunogold electron microscopy detection of VMAT2 (vesicular monoamine transporter 2) establish the presence of vesicular serotonin within DR dendrites. Furthermore, activation of glutamate receptors is shown to induce vesicular serotonin release from dendrites. However, unlike release from the soma and terminals, dendritic serotonin release is independent of action potentials, relies on L-type Ca(2+) channels, is induced preferentially by NMDA, and displays distinct sensitivity to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant fluoxetine. The unique control of dendritic serotonin release has important implications for DR physiology and the antidepressant action of SSRIs, dihydropyridines, and NMDA receptor antagonists.
Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marijuana in Man

(1969). Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marijuana in Man. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 427-451.
Assessing Diversity Initiatives: The ARL Leadership and Career Development Program

ABSTRACT This article represents the results of a study of the participants in the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) Leadership and Career Development Program (LCDP). The study was designed initially to determine the effectiveness of the initiative; however, secondary goals reveal data on program participants’ perceptions of the success of the program in multiple areas of leadership as defined by program elements. In addition to demographic queries, participants were asked about positions held before and after program completion and the perceived impact of the program on their career paths. Participants were also queried on major program components including the mentoring relationship, research and publishing, and other leadership activities. Findings on the key elements of the ARL LCDP—the mentoring relationship, research and publication, and other leadership activities—are not unlike findings from other available research on library leadership institutes. It is clear from the evidence presented th...
Porcine skin ED50 damage thresholds for 2,000 nm laser irradiation.

Background and Objectives To gain refinement in safe-exposure limits, indicated by the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits, the minimum visible lesion thresholds for three spot sizes (5–15 mm) and four exposure durations (0.25–2.5 seconds) were determined for the skin at 2,000 nm continuous wave laser irradiation. Study Design/Materials and Methods A series of experiments were conducted in vivo on female Yucatan mini-pigs to determine the ED50 damage thresholds for 2,000 nm continuous wave laser irradiation. The study employed Gaussian laser beam exposures with spot diameters (1/e2) of 4.83, 9.65, and 14.65 mm and exposure durations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 seconds as a function of laser power. The effect of each irradiation was evaluated within 1 minute after irradiation and the final determination was made at 48 hours post-exposure. Probit analysis was conducted to estimate the dose for 50% probability of laser-induced damage (ED50), defined as persistent redness at the site of irradiation for the mini-pig skin after 48 hours. Results The MPE spot size and exposure duration trends for 2,000 nm laser exposure is consistent for exposure diameters less than 3.5 mm. However, for larger exposure diameters of 4.83, 9.65, and 14.65 mm and exposure duration longer than 0.25 second, the current MPEs are bigger than one tenth of our damage thresholds. For Gaussian laser profile, which is common for many laser output irradiance distributions, lower energy is required to generate a lesion on skin for smaller spot sizes and shorter exposure duration. On the other hand, for spot sizes greater than 4.83 mm and exposure duration over 0.25 second, the average radiant exposure at threshold is inversely proportional to spot size. The irradiance-time and temperature-time power law at the threshold were investigated as well and showed that the irradiance-time power law was a close approximation to estimate laser irradiance at ED50 damage threshold. Conclusions The thresholds study shows that consideration for lowering the MPE standards should be explored as the laser beam diameter becomes larger than 3.5 mm. Based on the limited experimental data, the duration and size dependences of the ED50 damage thresholds could be described by an empirical equation: Irradiance at the threshold = (5.669−1.81×spot diameter)×exposure duration−0.794. Lasers Surg. Med. 37:373–381, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structures and Dynamics of the E. Coli FtsZ-Ring and its Associated Proteins during Cell Division Revealed by Superresolution Imaging

Cell division is essential for all organisms. In prokaryotes, the FtsZ protein, a tubulin-like GTPase, plays a central role. FtsZ is highly conserved across bacterial species and has been identified as a novel drug target for antimicrobial therapy. In vivo FtsZ assembles into a supramolecular ring-like structure (Z-ring) at the leading edge of the invaginating membrane. The Z-ring serves as an essential scaffold to recruit all other division proteins and generates contractile force for cytokinesis. Despite the essential role of the Z-ring in bacterial cell division, it is not known what the structure of the Z-ring is or how the contractile force is generated.We employ the newly developed single-molecule-based superresolution imaging technique to characterize the in vivo structure of the cell division apparatus in E. coli. We discovered that the Z-ring of E. coli adopts a compressed helical conformation in addition to the expected ring-conformation. The Z-ring is likely composed of a loose bundle of FtsZ protofilaments that randomly overlap with each other in both longitudinal and radial directions of the cell. We also observed the structural dynamics of the Z-ring during cell division and found that the Z-ring goes through a condensation phase before it finally collapses toward the end of septum closure. Furthermore, we extend the work into other cell division proteins that play important roles in maintaining the structural integrity of the cell division ring. We imaged two Z-ring binding proteins, ZapA and ZapB, and characterized their influence on the structure of the Z-ring. Our results provide significant insight into the spatial organization of the bacterial cell division apparatus and open the door for further investigations of structure-function relationships and cell cycle-dependent regulation of the Z-ring.
Quantitative study of the enhancement of bulk nonlinearities in metamaterials

Artificially structured metamaterials offer a means to enhance the weak optical nonlinearities of natural materials. The enhancement results from the inhomogeneous nature of the metamaterial unit cell, over which the local field distribution can likewise be strongly inhomogeneous, with highly localized and concentrated field regions. We investigate the nonlinear enhancement effect in metamaterials through a numerical study of four nonlinear metamaterial designs comprising arrays of metallic structures embedded in nonlinear dielectrics and operating around 10 THz. Through full-wave simulations and by employing an extended version of the transfer-matrix-based nonlinear parameter retrieval method, we confirm and quantify the enhanced nonlinearities, showing bulk quadratic nonlinear properties that are up to two orders of magnitude larger, and cubic nonlinear properties that are up to four orders of magnitude larger than the bulk nonlinear dielectric alone. Furthermore, the proposed nonlinear metamaterials support a variety of configurable nonlinear properties and regimes, including electric, magnetic, broadband, and low loss, depending on the particular geometry chosen. Finally, we use the retrieved parameters in a coupled-mode theory to predict the optimal crystal lengths and conversion efficiencies of these structures, displaying the possibility of efficient and subwavelength nonlinear devices based on metamaterials.
Cavity QED with Ultracold Atoms

We have realized an apparatus for in-situ, strong-coupling optical cavity QED studies with ultracold atoms and Bose-Einstein Condensates. We will present the first results from this novel system.
Stimulus discrimination through intracranial reinforcement.

5 satiated rats and a guinea pig with chronically implanted electrodes were operantly conditioned to respond on a lever to receive intracranial self-stimulation (I.C.S.) under a multiple schedule of reinforcement. Response rates, under the control of visual or auditory discriminative stimuli, were appropriately high or low according to the requirements of the schedule. Alternating changes of the discriminative stimuli resulted in immediate shifting of response rates by Ss. Electrode placements were in the mammillary body area and the posterior hypothalamus. The findings indicate that I.C.S. reinforcement can be used to study discrimination acquisition in lower organisms.
Multiple levels of regulation of protein synthesis at fertilization in sea urchin eggs

Fertilization of sea urchin eggs results in a large stimulation of protein synthesis. This increase in protein synthesis is mediated by the mobilization of stored maternal mRNA (mRNPs) into polysomes, but the details of the molecular mechanisms which regulate this process are not well understood. Using a sea urchin egg cell-free translation system, evidence has been obtained which indicates that the capacity to initiate protein synthesis on new mRNAs is limited. Addition of exogenous mRNAs failed to stimulate overall protein synthesis, whereas supplementing the system with a nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate, an S-100 supernatant fraction, or purified eIF-2 stimulated nearly twofold. In addition, the levels of 43 S preinitiation complexes containing a 40 S ribosomal subunit and methionyl-tRNA were increased at pH 7.4 compared to pH 6.9, or when reticulocyte S-100 was added. However, other experiments showed clearly that mRNA availability may also regulate translation in the sea urchin egg. Sea urchin lysates only stimulated poorly the nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate system, and the mRNPs in the sea urchin lysate did not bind to reticulocyte 43 S preinitiation complexes. Since purified sea urchin egg mRNA was active in both assays, the bulk of sea urchin mRNA must be masked in the egg, and remain masked in the in vitro assays. Thus, protein synthesis appears to be regulated at both the level of mRNA availability and the activity of components of the translational machinery.
Standard electrode potential, Tafel equation, and the solvation thermodynamics

Equilibrium in the electronic subsystem across the solution-metal interface is considered to connect the standard electrode potential to the statistics of localized electronic states in solution. We argue that a correct derivation of the Nernst equation for the electrode potential requires a careful separation of the relevant time scales. An equation for the standard metal potential is derived linking it to the thermodynamics of solvation. The Anderson-Newns model for electronic delocalization between the solution and the electrode is combined with a bilinear model of solute-solvent coupling introducing nonlinear solvation into the theory of heterogeneous electron transfer. We therefore are capable of addressing the question of how nonlinear solvation affects electrochemical observables. The transfer coefficient of electrode kinetics is shown to be equal to the derivative of the free energy, or generalized force, required to shift the unoccupied electronic level in the bulk. The transfer coefficient thus directly quantifies the extent of nonlinear solvation of the redox couple. The current model allows the transfer coefficient to deviate from the value of 0.5 of the linear solvation models at zero electrode overpotential. The electrode current curves become asymmetric in respect to the change in the sign of the electrode overpotential.
Interleukin-6 neutralization alleviates acute exacerbation-like disease in a model of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation

Increased systemic and pulmonary levels of interleukin (IL)-6 have been associated with the severity of acute exacerbations and accelerated decline of lung function in COPD patients. The demonstration that IL-6 plays a pivotal role in AE-related pulmonary symptoms and therefore represents a therapeutic target for the treatment of COPD, remains elusive. We used a murine model where C57BL/6 female mice are exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) twice daily through a nose-only system, while being punctually challenged intranasally with poly I:C, a synthetic ligand for Toll Like Receptor-3 (TLR3). This protocol recapitulates several aspects of pulmonary inflammation as seen in acute exacerbations of COPD, including prominent airway neutrophilia as well as increased levels of type I interferon, GM-CSF, IL-6, KC, MIP-1 alpha, RANTES, and TNF-alpha in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. Using this model, IL-6 deficient mice showed a susceptibility to CS-induced pulmonary inflammation that, overall, was comparable to that found with wild-type (WT) control mice. In contrast, using the same model with WT mice treated intraperitoneally with IL-6 neutralizing antibodies (rat IgG1, clone MP5-20F3, 25 mg/kg thrice weekly) diminished blood counts of lymphocytes (p=0.0070) and monocytes (p=0.0091), while this treatment also depleted BAL levels of IL-6 (p=0.0002) and reduced BAL levels of KC (p=0.0220). Total BAL cellularity was found to be largely decreased (p<0.0001) as well as BAL numbers of neutrophils (p=0.0031), lymphocytes (p<0.0001) and macrophages (p<0.0001), while inflammatory infiltrates seemed reduced in lung tissue sections from treated mice. Our results show that the neutralization of IL-6 largely abrogates pulmonary inflammation in CS-exposed mice, and therefore indicate that IL-6 may be a valid therapeutic target for the treatment of COPD, in particular in episodes of acute exacerbation.
A proposed communications infrastructure for the smart grid

This paper explores and fortifies the need for a robust communications infrastructure for the upcoming smart grid and computes the bandwidth requirement for a hypothetical grid infrastructure. It presents the architecture of the current distribution system and shows that even for a medium-sized grid, the latency requirements of messages on the smart grid will require optical fibers as the transmission medium.
Structure of the 2 D Terms of the Arc Spectrum of Lithium

Interferometric wave-length measurements of high precision carried out by employing an atomic beam light source have been used for the study of several features of the arc spectrum of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$. Due to the great sharpness of the spectral lines produced by this source it was possible to determine the splitting of several $^{2}D$ terms. The hyperfine structure of the line 6708A was found in approximate agreement with earlier investigations. Precise wave-length measurements have been carried out relative to krypton standards. Discrepancies between the wave-lengths of this investigation and those of earlier investigators must be ascribed to lack of resolution or inadequate comparison methods employed in earlier investigations. This consideration is substantiated by our measurements carried out with a vacuum lithium arc, the results of which are consistent with the atomic beam values. Isotopic shift (${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$) of the resonance line 6708A was measured.
Dispersed donor salivary gland cells are widely distributed in the recipient gland when infused up the ductal tree

The salivary glands often are severely and permanently damaged by therapeutic irradiation for cancer of the head and neck. The markedly reduced quantity and quality of saliva results in greatly increased susceptibility to dental caries and infection of the oral mucosa and alveolar bone. Recently, subcapsular injection of cultured mouse salivary gland cells has achieved a significant degree of regeneration in a previously irradiated mouse salivary gland; however, the recovery was limited to one lobule. We describe here a method for delivering donor rat salivary gland cells via the main duct that distributes several thousand cells throughout the recipient rat's salivary gland. The donated cells exhibited the cytodifferentiation of the structures in which they lodged, i.e., acini, granular convoluted tubules, and the several types of ducts. This method may facilitate the simultaneous functional recovery of almost all of the lobules of irradiated rat salivary glands.
Identification of Trauma Exposure and PTSD in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: An Exploratory Study

Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), though prevalent among adolescent psychiatric inpatients, are underidentified in standard clinical practice. In a retrospective chart review of 140 adolescents admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit, we examined associations between probable PTSD identified through the Child PTSD Symptom Scale and adolescents' service use and clinical characteristics. Results suggest a large discrepancy between rates of probable PTSD identified through standardized assessment and during the emergency room psychiatric evaluation (28.6% vs. 2.2%). Adolescents with probable PTSD had greater clinical severity and service utilization, an increased likelihood of being diagnosed with bipolar disorder (27.5% vs. 9.2%) and being prescribed antipsychotic medications (47.5% vs. 27.6%), and were prescribed more psychotropic medications. Upon discharge, those with probable PTSD were more than those without to be assigned a diagnosis of PTSD (45% vs. 7.1%), a comorbid diagnosis of major depressive disorder (30% vs. 14.3%), to be prescribed an antidepressant medication (52.5% vs. 33.7%), and to be prescribed more medications. The underidentification of trauma exposure and PTSD has important implications for the care of adolescents given that accurate diagnosis is a prerequisite for providing effective care. Improved methods for identifying trauma-related problems in standard clinical practice are needed.
Intermittent thiamine deficiency in the rhesus monkey. II. Evidence for memory loss

Thiamine-deprived rhesus monkeys exhibited a pattern of impairments in spatial-reversal learning and in recognition of highly familiar items reminiscent of certain memory deficits shown by Wernicke-Korsakoff patients. Postmortem examination in these experimental animals showed neuronal degeneration in the basal ganglia, the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus, and discrete nuclei of the brainstem and cerebellum. No abnormalities were found in the mammillary bodies and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, structures that have been incriminated in the genesis of the memory impairment of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome of man.
Abstract A07: Characterizing the specific oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles of H3K27me3 epigenetic modulators in T cell leukemia

T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an immature hematopoietic malignancy driven mainly by oncogenic activation of NOTCH1 signaling. In a recently published work, we identified and characterized a tumor suppressor role for the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), that was underlined through the identification of loss-of-function mutations and deletions of members of the PRC2 complex in 25% of the patients with T cell leukemia. Further inhibition of PRC2 action in T cell leukemia comes through competition with master oncogenes, such as Notch1, for chromatin binding. Extending our work on the H3K27me3 mark, we now show that the activity of the corresponding H3K27me3 demethylases is also very important for the initiation, progression and maintenance of the disease. More specifically, transcriptional data analysis and exome sequencing of primary T-ALL samples demonstrates a significant correlation between levels and mutational status of these demethylases and major oncogenic pathways in leukemia. Functionally, genomic ablation of these epigenetic modulators as well as targeting with a specific-recently produced and characterized-inhibitor-GSKJ4, leads to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of T-ALL lines in vitro and in vivo, accompanied by major epigenetic and transcriptional changes at specific anti-apoptotic, oncogenic and metabolic genes. Furthermore, genetic ablation of these epigenetic modulators leads to slower initiation of the disease in a classic mouse model of leukemia with highly improved survival rates. In light of recent developments of novel epigenetic inhibitors against these molecules, these findings pave the way to specific pharmacological targeting of T cell leukemia. Citation Format: Panagiotis Ntziachristos, Aris Tsirigos, Thomas Trimarchi, Evangelia Loizou, Xu Luyao, Pieter Van Vlierberghe, Bryan King, Grant Welstead, Charles Mullighan, Rudolf Jaenisch, Adolfo Ferrando, Iannis Aifantis. Characterizing the specific oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles of H3K27me3 epigenetic modulators in T cell leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A07.
Lack of evidence for a role of serotonin in interleukin-1-induced hypophagia.

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) administration depresses food intake in rodents. IL-1 is known to increase the metabolism of serotonin, which is known to affect feeding behavior. Thus, serotonin is an obvious candidate for a mediator of the hypophagic response to IL-1. Therefore, we tested the ability of serotonergic agonists and antagonists to alter the hypophagic responses to IL-1 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Hypophagia was assessed in ad lib-fed mice by recording the intake of sweetened milk in a 30-min period. Acute intraperitoneal administration of mouse IL-1β reliably decreased milk intake. This hypophagic response was not affected by any of the serotonin antagonists tested, including 5-HT 1A (WAY100135 and propranolol), 5-HT 1B (GR127935), 5-HT 2 (ritanserin, ketanserin, SB206553, and RS102221), mixed 5-HT 1/2 (methysergide and metergoline), and 5-HT 3 (tropisetron) receptor antagonists. The 5-HT 1A agonists (8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone) and a 5-HT 1B agonist (CGS12066B) known to decrease the activity of serotonergic neurons, also had no effect. Mice pretreated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine to deplete brain serotonin ate less, but, nevertheless, displayed similar hypophagic responses to mIL-1β or LPS. The results suggest that serotonin is not involved in the decrease in short-term milk intake induced by mIL-1β or LPS in mice that have been fed ad lib.
Early Cretaceous Stratigraphy, Paleontology, and Sedimentary Tectonics in Paris Overthrust Foredeep (Western Wyoming and Southeastern Idaho) Compared with Quaternary Features of Indo-Gangetic Plain: ABSTRACT

Fluviatile clastics of the nonmarine, Early Cretaceous Gannett and Wayan groups were deposited on wet alluvial megafans and on intervening interfan piedmont slopes which declined eastward into more poorly drained lowlands from a western highland source area uplifted episodically by movements of the Paris overthrust. The deposits accumulated in the tectonic foredeep depressed by that thrust. The Gannett alluvial fan deposits (earliest Cretaceous) graded eastward into nonmarine lowland alluvial plain deposits of the Cloverly Group. Subsequent Wayan alluvial fan clastics (Early Cretaceous) graded into Bear River, Aspen, and lower Frontier mixed nonmarine, brackish, and marine facies. Lacustrine episodes of deposition intercalated Peterson and Draney limestones with Gannett f uvial clastics. Westward marine transgressions (Skull Creek, Mowry) intercalated mixed lacustrine and brackish facies (Smiths and Cokedale formations) into Wayan fluviatile clastics. Newly discovered fossil vertebrate and invertebrate materials (all fragmentary but identifiable) include: Gannett Group--large reptiles including turtles; Thomas Fork Formation--freshwater gastropods and unionid pelecypods, gastroliths(?), two types of turtles, large reptilian fragments (dinosaur?), and abundant dinosaur eggshell fragments; Wayan Formation--perennially aquatic snails, turtles, unidentifiable large reptiles, two types of crocodilians, an iguanodontid dinosaur (Tenontosaurus), an ankylosaurian dinosaur, a large ornithopod dinosaur, gastroliths(?), abundant and ubiquitous dinosaur eggshell frag ents (numerous types and sizes), and miscellaneous unidentifiable small vertebrate bone fragments. The dinosaurs are the first reported from Idaho and from these stratigraphic units. Faunal, sedimentologic, and stratigraphic data indicate perennially wet, upland (proximal fan) lithotopes and biotopes on a deposurface of much lower gradient than characterizes semiarid or arid fans. A census of analogous modern reptile reproductive behaviors supports the conclusion that the Wayan, and probably also the Gannett, alluvial fan environments were used as upland breeding grounds by dinosaurs and perhaps other reptiles. Comparison of these Early Cretaceous data with observations on the tectonic setting, sedimentology, and biology of the Quaternary indo-gangetic plain suggests many close analogies between the two sedimentary tectonic settings. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1335------------
Studying Resist Stochastics with the Multivariate Poisson Propagation Model

Progress in the ultimate performance of extreme ultraviolet resist has arguably decelerated in recent years suggesting an approach to stochastic limits both in photon counts and material parameters. Here we report on the performance of a variety of leading extreme ultraviolet resist both with and without chemical amplification. The measured performance is compared to stochastic modeling results using the Multivariate Poisson Propagation Model. The results show that the best materials are indeed nearing modeled performance limits.
Non-heavy-metal ZnS quantum dots with bright blue photoluminescence by a one-step aqueous synthesis

We have examined the aqueous synthesis of non-heavy-metal ZnS quantum dots (QDs) using 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as the capping molecule at various pH and MPA:Zn:S ratios. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the aqueous ZnS QDs were 3–5 nm in size with a zinc blende structure. We showed that, at pH 12 with a MPA:Zn:S = 8:4:1 ratio, the ZnS QDs with optimal blue emission could be obtained in a one-step, room-temperature aqueous process that exhibited a quantum yield of 31%, higher than that of the commercial CdSe/ZnS core–shell QDs. The present ZnS QDs could pass through a 50 kD filter. This indicated that they were smaller than 5 nm in size, consistent with those estimated from the UV–vis absorption edge and the TEM image. At a lower pH (e.g. pH = 8), the room-temperature synthesized ZnS QDs exhibited no photoluminescence. Although further hydrothermal annealing at 100 °C could improve the photoluminescence of the ZnS QDs, the resultant emission was not as bright as that obtained at pH 12 at room temperature. The blue emission of aqueous ZnS QDs was likely the result of trap-state emissions involving the defect states of the QDs. The present ZnS QDs were bright, small and contained non-heavy-metal elements, thus offering the potential for in vivo bioimaging.
Defect in the induction of nitric oxide synthase by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an LPS-resistant mutant of a murine macrophage-like cell line, J774.1.

Nitric oxide (·NO)-generating activity was examined in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-resistant mutant of a murine macrophage-like cell line, J774.1, treated with LPS or LPS and interferon-γ(IFN-γ). This mutant, an LPS1916 cell line, showed no NO2- accumulation in the culture medium, and no expression of NOS activity in the cell extract, ·NO synthase (NOS(II)) protein or NOS(II) mRNA on treatment with up to 104 ng/ml LPS, although the parental cell line, JA-4, showed significant·NO production. The addition of 10 U/ml IFN-γ, together with more than 1 ng/ml LPS to JA-4 cells, increased·NO production remarkably, while IFN-γ did not reverse the defect of·NO production in LPS1916 cells when they were treated with less than 10 ng/ml LPS; however, it induced·NO production by the mutant cells with more than 100 ng/ml LPS. Analysis of NOS activity, NOS(II) protein and NOS(II) mRNA revealed that LPS1916 cells are not devoid of the NOS(II) gene, but are rather defective in transcription of the gene in response to LPS, and this defect is partly reversed by IFN-γ with higher LPS doses at more than 100 ng/ml. In addition, the delay of NOS(II) mRNA induction in LPS1916 cells, compared to that in JA-4 cells, treated with LPS+IFN-γ seems to suggest some additional inducer(s) of NOS(II) transcription, followed by LPS signaling.
Patient interview project in a women's health elective course: student perceptions

Abstract Objectives To evaluate student opinions of pharmacists' knowledge of women's health conditions before and after a patient interview, to determine whether patient interviews improve the student's confidence in patient counseling and to determine whether this type of activity is valuable and should be used in other classes. Methods Pharmacy students in a women's health elective interviewed a female patient about a disease state relating to the course content. Students completed a survey before and after the interview. The survey contained items relating to knowledge of the disease state, confidence in communication skills, perception of pharmacists as knowledgeable resources, and the usefulness of the interview. Results Eighty second-year pharmacy students were enrolled in a women's health elective course and completed the survey over three years. Overall, student self-assessment of knowledge of the patient's disease states improved from before to after the interview as did their confidence with patient counseling. Students expressed that interviewing patients is a valuable learning method that should be used in other classes in the pharmacy curriculum. Conclusions Student self-assessment of knowledge and student opinion of pharmacist knowledge of women's health conditions significantly increased after the patient interview. Student confidence significantly improved after completion of this activity. The activity may heighten student awareness regarding pharmacists as a resource in women's health and improve student confidence in interviewing patients.
Evaluation of a modified high-performance liquid chromatography assay for acebutolol and its major metabolite.

Abstract Extensive modification of an existing high-performance liquid chromatography assay for acebutolol and its major metabolite has markedly improved chromatographic stability eliminating the previous need for frequent adjustment of the eluent composition to accommodate continuous loss of column retention. The eluents now used and avoidance of the requirement for elevated column temperature may be significant factors in the ability to maintain column life over 8 months of continuous use with little decrease in retention As a result of the improved chromatographic stability full advantage can now be taken of automatic injection devices for the unattended processing of large numbers of samples. A significant modification of the work-up of blood samples has improved precision of the assay in whole blood. Nevertheless, it is recommended that plasma samples rather than whole blood be analyzed, since the plasma assay is faster and still more precise.
Lack of oral health care for adults in Harlem: a hidden crisis

Objectives. Profound and growing disparities exist in oral health among certain US populations. We sought here to determine the prevalence of oral health complaints among Harlem adults by measures of social class, as well as their access to oral health care. Methods. A population-based survey of adults in Central Harlem was conducted from 1992 to 1994. Two questions on oral health were included: whether participants had experienced problems with their teeth or gums during the past 12 months and, if so, whether they had seen a dentist. Results. Of 50 health conditions queried about, problems with teeth or gums were the chief complaint among participants (30%). Those more likely to report oral health problems than other participants had annual household incomes of less than $9000 (36%), were unemployed (34%), and lacked health insurance (34%).The privately insured were almost twice as likely to have seen a dentist for oral health problems (87%) than were the uninsured (48%). Conclusions. There is an urgent need to provide oral health services for adults in Harlem. Integrating oral health into comprehensive primary care is one promising mechanism. (Am J Public Health. 2002; 92:49‐52)
Capsaicin desensitization and recovery on the human tongue

The desensitization resulting from application of 10 or 100 ppm capsaicin was investigated, using daily testing of a capsaicin series (1-1000 ppm, in log steps). The series showed a significant decrement in perceived burn following desensitization with either concentration. Perceived burn of 100 and 1000 ppm did not recover from 100 ppm desensitization in six days, and perceived burn of 1-1000 ppm did not recover from 100 ppm desensitization in six days. When single capsaicin concentrations, rather than the series, were tested at one, two, four, or six days after desensitization, 10 ppm recovered from 10 ppm desensitization in one or two days, and 100 ppm recovered from 100 ppm desensitization between two and four days. This suggests that daily testing with the capsaicin series delayed recovery from desensitization. Nontasters of 6-n-propylthiouracil rated capsaicin burn lower than did tasters. The application method of rolling capsaicin onto the tongue with a swab was found to transiently inhibit burn. Implications for ingesting capsaicin products are discussed.
Short-term cholesterol lowering decreases size and severity of perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after dipyridamole in patients with coronary artery disease. A potential noninvasive marker of healing coronary endothelium.

BACKGROUNDCholesterol lowering over 1- to 3-year trials is associated with modest regression or no progression of focal coronary artery stenoses compared with progression in controls, a decrease in cardiac events proportionately more than the modest improvement in percent stenosis, and in experimental animals improved endothelial-mediated coronary vasodilation.METHODS AND RESULTSAccordingly, we hypothesized that there would be improvement in size and severity of perfusion abnormalities by rest-dipyridamole positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in a randomized intensive cholesterol-lowering trial with each patient studied after a baseline control period, a 90-day intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment, and a final control period off cholesterol-lowering regimens. Completely automated, objective measures of size and severity of perfusion abnormalities on rest-dipyridamole PET images were made by computer algorithm in 12 patients with coronary artery disease. There were statistically significant decre...
Bromodeoxyuridine/DNA analysis of replication in CHO cells after exposure to UV light

Abstract The effects of ultraviolet light on cellular DNA replication were evaluated in an asynchronous Chinese hamster ovary cell population. BrdUrd incorporation was measured asa function of cell-cycle position, using an antibody against bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and dual parameter flow cytometric analysis. After exposure to UV light, there was an immediate reduction (∼ 50%) of BrdUrd incorporation in S phase cells, with most of the cells of the population being affected to a similar degree. At 5 h after UV, a population of cells with increased BrdUrd appeared as cells that were in G1 phase at the time of irradiation entered S phase with apparently increased rates of DNA synthesis. For 8 h after UV exposure, incorporation of BrdUrd by the original S phase cells remained constant, whereas a significant portion of original G1 cells possessed rates of BrdUrd incorporation surpassing even those of control cells. Maturation rates of DNA synthesized immediately before or after exposure by alkaline elution, were similar. Therefore, DNA synthesis measured in the short pulse by anti-BrdUrd fluorescence after exposure to UV light was representative of genomic replication. Anti-BrdUrd measurements after DNA damage provide quantitative and qualitative information of cellular rates of DNA synthesis especially in instances where perturbation of cell-cycle progression is a dominant feature of the damage. In this study, striking differences of subsequent DNA synthesis rates between cells in G1 or S phase at the time of exposure were revealed.
Cytokines in host defense against Aspergillus: recent advances

Many aspects of antimicrobial host responses are orchestrated by a complex network of cytokines and their receptors. This review focuses on recent progress in our understanding of the function of cytokines in innate immune responses to Aspergillus. TNF, a recognition cytokine, has been shown to be required for initiation of the innate response in the mouse model of invasive aspergillosis. Several recruitment cytokines play critical roles in mediating influx of specific leukocytes to the site of infection in invasive aspergillosis. Among these, the ELR+ subset of CXC chemokines and their receptor CXCR2 are critical to neutrophil recruitment, while CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 are critical to recruitment of monocyte-lineage leukocytes and NK cells, respectively. Of the activation cytokines, those associated with the Th-1 phenotype, including interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), are critical to protective responses to the...
BXSA for fast processing of scientific data

XML has become the de facto standard for semi-structured data across a variety of domains. XML is generally considered to be slow for scientific data and therefore only used for control information. This approach puts a burden on software developers as they have to be familiar with two type systems; one for control and the other for data. Also, this approach prevents scientific data from being "first class members" in XML, especially in a web services framework. A type system, such as binary XML targeted towards scientific data will be flexible enough to represent the control information and would efficiently encode such scientific data. In order to get wide acceptance for such a format, it should be beneficial to real-life scientific applications and also should be usable across many different applications and programming languages. In this paper we extend our previous work on Binary XML for Scientific Applications (BXSA) by (1) applying BXSA to the Gyrokinetic Toroidal Code fusion application, and showing that performance is better than HDF5 in our test cases; (2) demonstrating an interoperable Java implementation that is faster than Xerces and Sun's Fast Infoset on common document types; and (3) showing that BXSA is also applicable to business data in addition to scientific data by evaluating its performance on a variety of XML documents against libxml2 and expat. These results show that BXSA is applicable for many scenarios.
Cross relaxation in hydrated collagen

Abstract Proton relaxation in collagen which was hydrated at two different water contents and various ratios of D 2 O H 2 O was studied. The proton spin-lattice relaxation data for isotope substitution are presented and analyzed, and proton and deuteron relaxation rates at the same frequency (9.21 MHz) are compared. The physical significance of relaxation equations describing cross relaxation in a two-component system containing macromolecules and water is discussed. The experimental results demonstrate the importance of cross relaxation in every term of the relaxation equations, not just in the terms involving an exchange of magnetization of the two phases.
Resonant Structures in Heavy-Ion Reactions

An investigation of heavy-ion resonance structures using the /sup 24/Mg(/sup 16/O, /sup 12/C)/sup 28/Si reaction is presented. The data are analyzed in the context of Breit-Wigner resonances added to a direct-reaction background.
Optimization of double-helix point spread function for photon-limited 3D imaging systems

We present a double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF) optimized for particle superlocalization in three-dimensions. The DH-PSF has the lowest Cramer-Rao bound for axial estimation. The limitations to the rotation rate are investigated.