cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Cloud Technologies and Telco NFV Transformation – A Perspective

Cloud technologies are rapidly evolving, driven primarily by IT applications, and technology advancements in hardware and software stacks. At the same time telco networks are changing at a fast pace. The fulcrum of these changes is a new set of communication-centric use cases, advances in open source and standards, and technology drivers for better transport and compute power. These two evolutions - Cloud Technologies, and Telco Network - need to influence each other, and that is the theme of this paper. In particular, cloud technologies should meet the unique needs of the telco networks, and telco networks should leverage the advances in cloud technologies in shaping its overall direction of enhancements.
An in situ experimental method for toxicological studies on natural plankton communities

During 1976 and 1977, the authors developed and tested a new in situ method for toxicological studies on natural plankton communities using small-volume (8- and 25-litre) enclosures. The effects of enclosure for 4 to 21 days on the plankton in northern Green Bay, Lake Michigan, were studied in connection with cadmium addition experiments. In situ incubations in opaque enclosures or in translucent ones at depths of >8 m caused large changes in the zooplankton community structure, as measured by two similarity indexes, the coefficient of community (CC) and the percentage similarity (PS), whereas incubations in translucent enclosures at 3 to 8 m caused relatively small changes. The effect of cadmium additions (0 to 5 ..mu..g cadmium per litre) on total zooplankton abundance in translucent enclosures at 3 to 5 m was significantly greater than in those at 6 to 8 m. This interaction between cadmium and light (depth) was probably due to a reduction of phytoplankton photosynthesis, as indicated by changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. Zooplankton abundance was not significantly affected by <1.6 ..mu..g cadmium per litre, whereas DO and PS were significantly reduced by greater than or equal to 0.2 ..mu..g cadmium per litre. Values of PS formore » zooplankton communities in large-volume (1.5 x 10/sup 5/ litre) enclosures in a small Canadian lake in northwestern Ontario 3 weeks after the addition of cadmium were within the 95 percent confidence limits predicted from the results of 3-week experiments in Lake Michigan.« less
Electoral Uncertainty and the Macroeconomy: the Evidence from Canada

The partisan advantage and incumbency advantage versions ofthe rational partisan business cycle model are tested. Bothmodels assume agents form weighted averages of partisaninflation rates during an election period, and differ only inhow the weights are formed which alters the form of businesscycles. The partisan advantage assumes fixed weightsdesignated for both major parties in each election, whereasthe incumbency advantage model assumes fixed weights forwhichever is the incumbent and opposition party in eachelection. The symmetric representation assumes each electionis a toss-up. Strongest support is found for a temporarysymmetric effect on the level of output, but none of themodels are supported for temporary electoral changes in growthor unemployment rates.
SHEAR STRENGTH OF A SOIL AFTER FREEZING AND THAWING

The shearing strength and deformation characteristics of a silty clay that has been subjected to freezing and thawing has been investigated. The soil was compacted in a rigid steel cylinder at the optimum moisture content to its standard Proctor maximum dry density. The soil then was frozen under open or closed drainage conditions at freezing rates of 3.0 in. or 0.5 in. per day and at a surcharge load corresponding to 6.0 in. or 24.0 in. of soil. After coring, the frozen soil was allowed to thaw in a triaxial cell under drained or undrained conditions at a confining pressure of 21 psi, 33 pse, 7.11 psi, or 1.78 psi. the thawed soil specimens then were tested to failure under undrained conditions.
The ncast Primitive for Peer-to-Peer Networks

Many emerging applications of peer-to-peer networking will benefit from new, more appropriate communication primitives at the transport level. This paper presents the design and preliminary implementation of two variants of a novel primitive termed ncast. Unlike conventional multiway communications, the ncast primitives are not based on identity; their semantics specify the number of message deliveries in a given collaborative peer group. Both variants provide a means for fulfilling message delivery quotas in a peer-to-peer network, but they differ in the strength of the semantics they provide. A description of this operation and its semantics is followed by examples and implementation outlines. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of issues relating to the utility of such primitives in collaborative peer group networks.
Perspectives on Scholarly Online Books: The Columbia University Online Books Evaluation Project

Summary The Online Books Evaluation Project at Columbia University studied the potential for scholarly online books from 1995 to 1999. Issues included scholars' interest in using online books, the role they might play in scholarly life, features that scholars and librarians sought in online books, the costs of producing and owning print and online books, and potential marketplace arrangements. Scholars see potential for online books to make their research, learning, and teaching more efficient and effective. Librarians see potential to serve their scholars better. Librarians may face lower costs if they can serve their scholars with online books instead of print books. Publishers may be able to offer scholars greater opportunities to use their books while enhancing their own profitability. KEYWORDS.
The Effect of Vapor Impermeable Gloves on Evaporation and Sweat Suppression in the Hand1

Previous reports (1, 2) in this series of papers have clearly established the following general relationships: Immersion of palmar or plantar skin in water results in the uptake of water by the skin, and in a characteristic wrinkling and whitening of the skin. Associated with these phenomena is a consistent suppression of sweating. It has also been demonstrated that suppression of sweating occurs in dilute saline solutions and does not occur in strong saline solutions. It appears from these results that sweat suppression following immersion of the hands or feet in suitable solutions is related to the degree of water movement into the stratum corneum. The relationship between water uptake and osmotic gradients has been studied by Buettner (3,4), and Folk has investigated the problem from the point of view of possible water repenetration during the wearing of vapor impermeable boots (5). The present report, it is felt, contributes significant evidence of importance to the problems concerned in the design and development of vapor impermeable clothing, and adds further evidence to our concept of the relation between skin hydration and sweat suppression.
The ratio of urea nitrogen to total nonprotein nitrogen in the blood in normal pregnancy

Abstract Our results may be briefly summarized. In the normal pregnant woman there was observed in the majority of cases a slight decrease in the concentration of nonprotein nitrogen of the blood which is accompanied by a relatively large decrease in the urea nitrogen fraction. Values for urea nitrogen of over 10 mg. per 100 c.c. of blood were noted in less than 4 per cent of our cases, while results as low as 5 mg. of urea nitrogen per 100 c.c. of blood were obtained. Needless to say such abnormal values as the one just cited were checked by repeated analyses, so that we felt reasonably sure that they were not due to analytic errors. The average figures presented in Table I show a slight but gradual decrease in the ratio of urea nitrogen to nonprotein nitrogen during the course of pregnancy, while the results on postpartum blood given in Table II indicate an equally definite and gradual rise in this ratio. This fall in the urea nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen ratio during the advance of pregnancy with the subsequent rise during the postpartum period is also shown graphically in Figs. 1 and 2. The following figures in the different types of cases studied also offer further evidence for our conclusion that in pregnancy the ratio of urea nitrogen to total nonprotein nitrogen in the blood is lower than in nonpregnant individuals. Average ratio of urea nitrogen to nonprotein nitrogen in the blood: In 162 normal pregnant women 33.1 In 55 women eleven hours to five months after delivery 42.6 In 4 normal nonpregnant women 45.6 In 10 normal men 48.5
A compact dual-/multi-band wireless LAN antenna

The dual-band and broadband characteristics of a certain class of microstrip-fed slot antennas are expanded to a special class of notch antennas, and a single-element dual-band antenna for WLAN applications is developed. The antenna uses a simple feed and matching mechanism and has similar radiation patterns at both bands. The same antenna topology can be used to design single-element wideband antennas by appropriately choosing the location of the feed. A prototype consisting of two such radiators is developed and shown to have a very wide bandwidth (1.85:1) while occupying a small area.
Panoramic Views of Cells in Tissue Culture Using an Orbiting Chamber

A new method has been developed for observing single, or small groups, of cells at an angle that can be varied from 0 to 360°. A better understanding can thus be achieved of cell/cell and cell/substrate interactions during locomotion, adhesion and, especially, emperipolesis and phagocytosis.
Efficacy of fludarabine, a new adenine nucleoside analogue, in patients with prolymphocytic leukemia and the prolymphocytoid variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Purpose To describe the results of fludarabine therapy in patients with prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) and the prolymphocytoid variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL-Pro). Patients and methods Seventeen patients with a diagnosis of PLL or CLL-Pro received fludarabine 30 mg/m2 over 30 minutes daily for 5 days every 4 weeks alone (12 patients), or with prednisone (five patients). Previously defined criteria for response were used. Differences in response rates according to various characteristics were evaluated by chi-square test. Results Three patients (18%) achieved complete remission, and three (18%) had a partial remission, for an overall response rate of 35%. Responses were durable and occurred in all involved organ sites. Lower response rates were observed in patients with anemia, thrombocytopenia, advanced Rai stages, and primary resistance to prior therapy. Toxicities were minimal except for febrile episodes associated with therapy. Conclusion Fludarabine has shown encouraging results in these patients and deserves further investigation in combination with other active agents, and in the setting of front-line therapy.
Feedback stabilizes propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks

Precisely timed action potentials related to stimuli and behavior have been observed in the cerebral cortex. However, information carried by the precise spike timing has to propagate through many cortical areas, and noise could disrupt millisecond precision during the transmission. Previous studies have demonstrated that only strong stimuli that evoke a large number of spikes with small dispersion of spike times can propagate through multilayer networks without degrading the temporal precision. Here we show that feedback projections can increase the number of spikes in spike volleys without degrading their temporal precision. Feedback also increased the range of spike volleys that can propagate through multilayer networks. Our work suggests that feedback projections could be responsible for the reliable propagation of information encoded in spike times through cortex, and thus could serve as an attentional mechanism to regulate the flow of information in the cortex. Feedback projections may also participate in generating spike synchronization that is engaged in cognitive behaviors by the same mechanisms described here for spike propagation.
A Test of the Gaussian-ness of a Data Set Using Clustering

The properties of the ``magnifying glass'' method of clustering are discussed. These properties, which include unbiased and consistent estimation of the mean for Gaussian distributions and biased and inconsistent estimation of the mean for non-Gaussian distributions, lead to the development of a technique for testing data to determine whether or not it is Gaussian. An example of a non-Gaussian distribution is given to show the sensitivity of the proposed Gaussian test.
Correlation of RFLP typing and MLC reactivity in dogs.

: The human recombinant HLA-DRB1 gene probe was used for histocompatibility typing of two families of beagles for the DLA-D equivalent by using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). This method was able to determine the segregation of these genes from the parental animals to the individual Fl offspring. Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity as well as serological typing for class I histocompatibility antigens were also performed for comparison. It was found that there was a high correlation between these three methods. We therefore conclude that RFLP typing is an effective procedure for predicting MLC reactivity in dogs and propose that it is a suitable genotyping method for assignment of class II antigen compatibility for donor-recipient pairs in conjunction with organ transplant studies.
Nutritional upregulation of p85α expression is an early molecular manifestation of insulin resistance

Aims/hypothesis We sought to define early molecular alterations associated with nutritionally induced insulin resistance in humans.
Personal History Data as a Predictor of Success

Summary Personal history data, validated in a previous study, were used to predict the success or failure of men engaged in promotional activities. The subjects (N = 116), were classed in three groups by their superiors. The first group was considered successful, the second group was made up of average men and the third group consisted of failures. Two triserial correlations were computed between scores based on the personal history items and the three groups. These correlations (0.32 and 0.23) were significant at the 1% and 5% levels of confidence.
Ammonium salicylate: a synchrotron study.

The structure of the title salt, NH4+·C7H5O3−, is stabilized by substantial hydrogen bonding between ammonium cations and salicylate anions that links the components into a two-dimensional array.
Riparian soil response to surface nitrogen input : the indicator potential of free-living soil nematode populations

Abstract Nitrogen saturation of riparian ecosystems may lead to leaching and loss of surface water quality. In the search for early warning signs of N-saturation, we conducted an N-addition experiment to evaluate the indicator potential of free-living nematodes. During 6 months, we measured changes in feeding and life strategy groups, following single high and repeated low inorganic N-additions to a near-stream zone (‘zone 1’) and an upslope area (‘zone 2’) within a riparian forest in the southeast Coastal Plain of Georgia. In both zones, N-addition significantly increased the number of bacterivores but not fungivores. Only bacterivores with r-selected life strategies increased. In this group, Rhabditinae multiplied after N-addition in both zones, but Neodiplogasteridae and Myolaimidae responded to N only in zone 1, and Cephalobidae only in zone 2. Microbivore correlations with microbial data, collected concomitantly (Ettema et al., 1999. Riparian soil response to surface nitrogen input: temporal changes in denitrification, labile and microbial C and N pools, and bacterial and fungal respiration. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 31, 1609–1624), were considerably stronger in N-amended treatments than in controls, suggesting that N-addition synchronized microbial-microbivorous dynamics. At the end of the experiment, bacterivore abundance returned to control levels, probably partly due to predation, as predator populations had considerably increased several months after the first N-addition. The increase in predator abundance was greater in the single high than repeated low N-addition treatments, as was the case for bacterivore populations. These results suggest that nematodes can be indicators of N-saturation. However, for practical application, it appears that these indicators could only be meaningful when monitored together with other system characteristics, such denitrification rates and litter N.
Macroscale and Microscale Phenomena Encountered in Multiphase Energy Storage and Transport System

Complex macroscale and microscale heat and mass transfer phenomena encountered in several thermal energy storage and transport systems are discussed. Thermal storage and transport systems involving ice slurries and nanoemulsions of phase change materials can be used for either cooling or heating applications or both, which can contribute to the reduced usage of electricity during peak hours. But heat and mass transfer and stability issues are encountered in the production, transport and storage of the heat storage media. Both the heat transfer enhancement effect and detrimental effects such as Ostwald ripening and supercooling will be discussed. Another interesting microscale phenomenon recently encountered in energy transport devices such as heat pipes is the enhancement of heat transport with the use of self-rewetting fluids. Critical heat fluxes in boiling can be enhanced by up to 300% and this helps prevent liquid dryout at high heat fluxes in different types of heat pipes. Both the nature of the enhancement effect and possible mechanisms will be discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Documenting software systems with views III: towards a task-oriented classification of program visualization techniques

Documentation has long played a key role in aiding program understanding. Graphical forms of documentation rely on software visualization techniques to make complicated information easier to understand. However, it is an open question exactly which types of graphical documentation are most suitable for which types of program understanding tasks (and in which specific usage contexts). This paper describes preliminary work towards a task-oriented classification of program visualization techniques. The classification is currently descriptive in nature, and divides the visualization techniques into three classes (static, interactive, and editable) based on the level of end-user interaction with the generated graphical documentation. The primary advantage of a task-oriented classification is that it will ultimately map common activities related to program understanding to specific types of software visualization. A summary of how the descriptive classification was used to structure the selection of software visualization tools to support program understanding in an industrial context is provided.
Grammar-based, posture- and context-cognitive detection for falls with different activity levels

Falls are dangerous for the aged population as they result in serious detrimental consequences. Therefore, many fall detection methods have been proposed. Most of these methods characterize falls by large accelerations and fast body orientation changes. However, certain activities like sitting down quickly, vigorous gaits, and jumping, also show these characteristics, and thus are hard to distinguish from real falls. Moreover, many falls in the elderly are slow falls which show lower activity levels. Existing work fails to detect slow falls effectively because they only identify falls with high activity levels.In this paper, we present a grammar-based fall detection framework which not only better distinguishes fall-like activities from real falls, but also emphasizes the detection of slow falls. We utilize posture information extracted from on-body sensors and context information collected from sensors deployed in the house to reduce false positives. A fall in our framework is detected as a sequence of sensor events. We provide a context-free grammar to define these sequences so that the framework can be easily extended to detect more kinds of falls. Our case study shows that our method can distinguish various fall-like activities from real falls and can also effectively detect both fast falls and slow falls. The integration evaluation shows that our method achieves both high sensitivity and high specificity.
MANAGING LATE COMPLICATIONS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE

Treatment of parkinsonism becomes more difficult as the disease progresses, and results from increasing neuronal degeneration, side effects from antiparkinsonian medications, or most often, a combination of each. Neurodegenerative parkinson symptoms may result from substantia nigra destruction, or from other areas in the nervous system. These include the cortex (cognitive and psychiatric disorders), brainstem (bulbar abnormalities), intermediolateral cell column (autonomic disturbances), among others. Medication side effects produce motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, delirium, hallucinations, psychosis, orthostatic hypotension, sleep disorders, and a host of other well-recognized complications. This article is divided into sections concerning motor fluctuations, gait difficulty bulbar disturbances, autonomic disturbances, sleep disorders, cognitive disorders, and psychiatric disorders, and is an attempt to provide the reader with strategies for treating common complications in the advanced Parkinson's disease patient.
A Galloping Horse Model

A two-dimensional numerical model of a horse is presented that predicts the locomotory behaviors of galloping horses, including how stride frequency, stride length, and metabolic rate change from a slow canter to a fast gallop. In galloping, each limb strikes the ground sequentially, one after the other, with distinct time lags separating hind and forelimb footfalls. In the model, each stance limb is represented as an ideal linear spring, and both feed-forward and feedback control strategies determine when each limb should strike the ground. In a feed-forward strategy, the first hindlimb and the first forelimb to strike the ground are phase-locked such that the time separating their adjacent footfalls is held constant by the controller. In distinction, in a feedback strategy, the footfalls of the second hindlimb and the second forelimb begin when the first hindlimb and the first forelimb are perpendicular to the model’s trunk, respectively. While any limb is in contact with the ground, the controller also...
Nonlinear flow in porous media

The flow of an incompressible liquid at nonzero Reynolds number Re in a two-dimensional model porous medium is studied via numerical simulation. The geometry is a random array of cylinders of square cross section and spectral element methods are used. We find a transition from linear Darcy flow at vanishing Re, to a cubic transitional regime at low Re, and then a quadratic Forchheimer when Re=O(1). In addition, some general remarks on scaling behavior and the form of the flow equation at finite Re are presented. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Opposite of Human Enhancement: Nanotechnology and the Blind Chicken Problem

Nanotechnologies that have been linked to the possibility of enhancing cognitive capabilities of human beings might also be deployed to reduce or eliminate such capabilities in non-human vertebrate animals. A surprisingly large literature on the ethics of such disenhancement has been developed in response to the suggestion that it would be an ethically defensible response to animal suffering both in medical experimentation and in industrial livestock production. However, review of this literature illustrates the difficulty of formulating a coherent ethical debate. Well structured arguments for disenhancement can be made on the basis of mainstream views on the basis of ethical obligations to animals, but these arguments have not been persuasive against the moral intuition that disenhancements are unethical. At the same time, attempts to ground these intuitions in a coherent philosophical doctrine have been plagued by logical fallacies and question begging assertions. As such, the debate over animal disenhancement forecasts an enduring conundrum with respect to the core question of transforming the nature of sentient beings, and this conundrum is logically independent of claims that relate either to the distinctive of human beings or to issues deriving from the emphasis on enhancement.
Discrimination and Job Quality: the youth labour market in the 1980s

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which discrimination early in one's career can have lasting effects on job quality even after the discrimination itself disappears. The results show that for young workers in the 1980s, discrimination is a short run phenomenon, and furthermore, the effects disappear relatively quickly. This research makes two contributions to the existing empirical literature on labour market discrimination. First, we broaden the measure of discrimination beyond wages by utilizing the Duncan Index of job quality to measure differences in labour market outcomes. Second, most empirical work has been concentrated on the effects of discrimination at a point in time using cross-sectional data. We develop a dynamic model to measure changes in job quality over time as workers gain experience over their first three years in the permanent labour market. From the results found in our empirical work, we are able to analyze the long run impact of initial discrimination. In oth...
The interactions of Fe(III) with Si(OH)4

The Fe(III)Si(OH)4 system was studied in aqueous solution. The reaction, Fe+3+Si(OH)4 ⇆ FeOSi(OH)3+2+H+Ke = 0·250 (25°C), ΔG° = +0·80 kcal/mole, ΔH° = +3·73 kcal/mole, S° = + 9·83 cal/mole-deg., was found to characterize the interaction for pH 0·5–3·0, FeT ≦ 5 × 10−4 M, and SiT ≦ 5 × 10−2 M. At pH > 3·0, polymeric species were formed. The FeOSi(OH)3+2 complex was found to be an inner-sphere, high spin, moderately labile complex. Anomolously high magnetic moments for the Fe(III)Si(OH)4 system at low pH was assumed to be a measure of ion association, with further study recommended.
Enhanced photocatalysis by hybrid hierarchical assembly of plasmonic nanocrystals with high surface areas

Abstract This paper reports the synthesis of hierarchical assemblies of Au nanocrystals (and AgI nanocrystals) in the Fe 3 O 4 –SiO 2 –Au–Ag–AgI composite particles through the use of AuI 4 − ions as the critical precursor in a wet chemical approach. Both the reduction of AuI 4 − ions by ascorbic acid and the galvanic replacement reaction between AuI 4 − ions and Ag domains occur simultaneously during the synthetic process to ensure the formation of hierarchical assembly of small Au nanocrystals with high surface areas. In combination with the strong absorption of visible light corresponding to the surface plasmon resonances (SPRs), these composite particles exhibit enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible illumination in comparison to the Au or Ag nanoparticles without the hierarchical morphologies. This study indicates that carefully engineering the morphology and assembly configuration of plasmonic nanocrystals to expose high surface areas can improve their photocatalytic activities toward the utilization of visible light.
Hybrid Silicon Evanescent Laser in a Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguide

We demonstrate electrically pumped silicon evanescent lasers operating cw at 40degC. Light is confined by SOI waveguides, and the evanescent tail is amplified by AlGalnAs quantum wells. This process is applicable to silicon-evanescent-photonic-integrated circuits.
Synthesis and characterization of trinuclear palladium carboxylate complexes

Abstract The structures of three trinuclear palladium(II) carboxylates, Pd3(O2CR)6, with R = C2H5 (1), C(CH3)3 (2) and 2,4,6-C6H2(CH3)3 (3), have been determined in order to determine whether the Pd3 triangle in such compounds deviates from equilateral to isosceles because of packing forces or for other reasons. The results lead us to conclude that these molecules are inherently of three-fold symmetry but become easily deformed by intermolecular contacts. In 1 the PdPd distances (A) are 3.135(1), 3.191(1) and 3.191(1); in 2 they are 3.131(1), 3.132(1) and 3.132(1); in 3 they are 3.137(3), 3.140(3) and 3.116(3). The crystallographic properties of the three compounds are as follows. (1) Space group C2/c, a = 17.280(2), b = 8.802(1), c = 16.452(3) Ǎ, β = 92.75(1)°, Z = 4. (2) Space group Pnma, a = 23.066(3), b = 17.578(2), c = 10.465(1) A, Z = 4. (3) Space group P21/n, a = 19.951(11), b = 12.738(5), c = 27.618(7) A, β = 102.26(6)°, Z = 4.
Repeater scaling and its impact on CAD

We study scaling in the context of typical block-level wiring distributions, and identify its impact on the design process. In particular, we study the implications of exponentially increasing repeater and clocked repeater counts on the algorithms and methodologies used for physical synthesis and full-chip assembly, showing that mere capacity scaling of current algorithms and methodologies is insufficient to handle the new challenges. Finally, we suggest a few approaches to tackle these challenges by constructing a case for abstract fabrics.
Towards biosensors based on conducting polymer nanowires.

We report the electrochemical deposition of poly(pyrrolepropylic acid) nanowires, their covalent modification with antibodies and their conversion into potential functional sensor devices. The nanowires and the devices were characterised by optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy and electrical measurements. Fluorescence images, current–voltage (I–V) profiles and real-time sensing measurements demonstrated a rapid and highly sensitive and selective detection of human serum albumin (HSA), a substance that has been used to diagnose incipient renal disease. The detection is based on the selective binding of HSA onto anti-HSA that is covalently attached to the nanowires. The binding changes the electrical properties of the nanowires thus enabling the real-time detection. Whilst the utility of the research was demonstrated for protein binding/detection, the technology could easily be designed for the detection of other analytes by the modification of polymer nanowires with other analyte-specific molecules/biomolecules. Therefore, the technology has the potential to positively impact broad analytical applications in the biomedical, environmental and other sectors.
The comparative toxicity of stings of the ictalurid catfish genera Ictalurus and Schilbeodes.

Abstract 1. 1. Extracts prepared from the stings and caudal fins of six species of Ictalurid catfishes were injected into Gambusia affinis . 2. 2. Extracts from the stings of Schilbeodes exilis and Ictalurus melas were more toxic than those from Ictalurus natalis or Schilbeodes nocturnus . Sting extracts from Ictalurus punctatus and Schilbeodes leptacanthus produced little or no effect in the injected fish. 3. 3. Venom cells may be present in the caudal fins of some catfish species. 4. 4. Attempts to explain the toxicity of the sting of a particular species of catfish in terms of the gross anatomy of its venom apparatus appear tenuous. 5. 5. Interspecific differences in the toxicity of the sting have probably developed in response to environmental selection.
Dynamics of Proton Transfer in Bacteriorhodopsin

Proton transfer in bacteriorhodopsin from the cytoplasm to the extracellular side is initiated from protonated asp96 in the cytoplasmic region toward the deprotonated Schiff base. This occurs in the transition from the photocycle late M state to the N state. To investigate this proton-transfer process, a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) model is constructed from the bacteriorhodopsin E204Q mutant crystal structure. Three residues, asp96, asp85, and thr89, as well as most of the retinal chromophore and the Schiff base link of lys216 are treated quantum mechanically and connected to the remaining classical protein through linker atom hydrogens. Structural transformation in the M state results in the formation of a water channel between the Schiff base and asp96. Since a part of this channel is lined with hydrophobic residues, there has been a question on the mechanism of proton transfer in a hydrophobic channel. Ab initio dynamics using the CHARMM/GAMESS methodology is used to simulate the tran...
Torus-Margo Pits Help Conifers Compete with Angiosperms

The unicellular conifer tracheid should have greater flow resistance per length (resistivity) than the multicellular angiosperm vessel, because its high-resistance end-walls are closer together. However, tracheids and vessels had comparable resistivities for the same diameter, despite tracheids being over 10 times shorter. End-wall pits of tracheids averaged 59 times lower flow resistance on an area basis than vessel pits, owing to the unique torus-margo structure of the conifer pit membrane. The evolution of this membrane was as hydraulically important as that of vessels. Without their specialized pits, conifers would have 38 times the flow resistance, making conifer-dominated ecosystems improbable in an angiosperm world.
The Effect of Experimental Error on the Determination of the Optimum Metal-Cutting Conditions

Abstract : Conclusions: The effect of experimental error on the determination of the minimum-cost cutting speed was investigated using the concept of statistical inference. The theoretical cutting speed for minimum cost (V(min)) is not uniquely defined, but lies within a probable range of speeds because of the uncertainty in the parameter-estimates of the tool-life equation. The confidence interval for V(min) depends on the magnitude of the cost-time parameter t sub e; as t sub e increases, the V(min) confidence interval decreases. The confidence interval for V(min) is affected by the experimental range of feed in tool-life testing; the smallest confidence interval is at the average experimental feed. A decision rule based on the minimax principle is used to illustrate the selection of a specific speed from within the V(min) confidence interval. (Author)
Cultural and economic boundaries of Korean ethnicity: A comparative analysis

Abstract This article explains Korean immigrants' ethnicity in the United States, focusing on their cultural homogeneity and economic concentration. Korean immigrants are a culturally homogeneous group in terms of a common language, a set of common customs and values, and a commonality in historical experiences. This cultural homogeneity and lack of subgroup differences provide a cultural basis of Korean ethnicity. Moreover, the vast majority of Korean immigrant families are affiliated with Korean immigrant churches, which facilitates Koreans' fellowship and retention of the Korean cultural tradition. In addition, Korean immigrants concentrate in a limited range of small businesses,' and this occupational segregation provides an economic basis of Korean ethnicity.
A robust heuristic for the Generalized Assignment Problem.

The Generalized Assignment Problem, in the class of NP-hard problems, occurs in a wide range of applications — vehicle packing, computers, and logistics, to name only a few. Previous research has been concentrated on optimization methodologies for the GAP. Because the Generalized Assignment Problem is NP-hard, optimization methods tend to require larger computation times for large-scale problems. This paper presents a new heuristic,Variable-Depth-Search Heuristic (VDSH). We show that on the sets of large test problems, the quality of the solution found by VDSH exceeds that of the leading heuristic by an average of over twenty percent, while maintaining acceptable solution times. On difficult problem instances, VDSH provides solutions having costs 140% less than those found by the leading heuristic. A duality gap analysis of VDSH demonstrates the robustness of our heuristics.
"Measuring search efficiency in complex visual search tasks: Global and local clutter": Correction to Beck et al. (2010)

Reports an error in "Measuring search efficiency in complex visual search tasks: Global and local clutter" by Melissa R. Beck, Maura C. Lohrenz and J. Gregory Trafton (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2010[Sep], Vol 16[3], 238-250). The copyright for the article was incorrectly listed. The correct copyright information is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-19027-002.) Set size and crowding affect search efficiency by limiting attention for recognition and attention against competition; however, these factors can be difficult to quantify in complex search tasks. The current experiments use a quantitative measure of the amount and variability of visual information (i.e., clutter) in highly complex stimuli (i.e., digital aeronautical charts) to examine limits of attention in visual search. Undergraduates at a large southern university searched for a target among 4, 8, or 16 distractors in charts with high, medium, or low global clutter. The target was in a high or low local-clutter region of the chart. In Experiment 1, reaction time increased as global clutter increased, particularly when the target was in a high local-clutter region. However, there was no effect of distractor set size, supporting the notion that global clutter is a better measure of attention against competition in complex visual search tasks. As a control, Experiment 2 demonstrated that increasing the number of distractors leads to a typical set size effect when there is no additional clutter (i.e., no chart). In Experiment 3, the effects of global and local clutter were minimized when the target was highly salient. When the target was nonsalient, more fixations were observed in high global clutter charts, indicating that the number of elements competing with the target for attention was also high. The results suggest design techniques that could improve pilots' search performance in aeronautical charts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Biophysical characterization of an ensemble of intramolecular i-motifs formed by the human c-MYC NHE III1 P1 promoter mutant sequence.

i-Motif-forming sequences are present in or near the regulatory regions of >40% of all genes, including known oncogenes. We report here the results of a biophysical characterization and computational study of an ensemble of intramolecular i-motifs that model the polypyrimidine sequence in the human c-MYC P1 promoter. Circular dichroism results demonstrate that the mutant sequence (5′-CTT TCC TAC CCTCCC TAC CCT AA-3′) can adopt multiple “i-motif-like,” classical i-motif, and single-stranded structures as a function of pH. The classical i-motif structures are predominant in the pH range 4.2–5.2. The “i-motif-like” and single-stranded structures are the most significant species in solution at pH higher and lower, respectively, than that range. Differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrate an equilibrium mixture of at least three i-motif folded conformations with Tm values of 38.1, 46.6, and 49.5°C at pH 5.0. The proposed ensemble of three folded conformations includes the three lowest-energy conformations obtained by computational modeling and two folded conformers that were proposed in a previous NMR study. The NMR study did not report the most stable conformer found in this study.
Laser-Induced Photochemical Dry Etching Of III-V Compound Semiconductors

There is a great need for anisotropy and selectivity in dry etching processes used for III-V semiconductor device fabrication. We have developed a laser-induced photochemical dry etching process which can provide both anisotropy without ion-induced lattice damage and a level of material and dopant selectivity unattainable with current plasma etching processes. Low intensity light with photon energy greater than the band gap of the material drives the photochemical process through photogeneration of electrons and holes. The requirement of photons with energy greater than or equal to the band gap permits total selectivity between materials of different band gaps, such as GaAs and GaP. The voltage-dependent behavior of the photogenerated carrier permits selective etching of p-GaAs versus n-GaAs and selectivity among n-GaAs materials with different doping levels.
X-Ray Emitting Isotopes of Radioactive Sb and Sn

Three new x-ray emitting activities in Sb with half-lives of 2.8 hours, 5.1 hours and 39 hours have been found by the use of the curved crystal camera in conjunction with the x-ray decay curves. The assignments are ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{117}$, ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{118}$, and ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{119}$ respectively. All three decay by $K$-electron capture giving characteristic Sn x-rays. The 2.8-hour ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{117}$ also emits 0.46-Mev electrons while the 5.1-hour ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{118}$ gives 0.20-Mev electrons and 1.5-Mev gamma-rays.X-ray periods of 1.25 days and 9 days have been found in Sn. The reported decay scheme for ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{113}$ was verified but the 0.085-Mev gamma-ray was not found.
Every Commutative Ring Has a Minimal Ring Extension

Let R be a commutative unital ring and E a unital R-module. Then the canonical injective ring homomorphism from R into the idealization R(+) E is a minimal ring homomorphism if and only if E is a simple R-module. For E nonzero, R(+)E is not (R-algebra isomorphic to) an overring of R. If E 1 and E 2 are nonisomorphic simple R-modules, then R(+) E 1 and R(+) E 2 give minimal ring extensions of R which are not isomorphic as R-algebras. The ring of dual numbers over R is a minimal ring extension of R ⇔ R × R is a minimal ring extension of R ⇔ R is a field.
An Ultrastructural Study of the Formation of "Dark" and "Light" Cytoplasmic Inclusions by Murine Cytomegalovirus in Mouse Submandibular Gland

Electron micrographs of acinar cells of the submandibular glands of CFW mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus, Smith strain, were studied. The resulting viral intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were classified into two groups termed "light" (relatively electron-lucent) and "dark" (relatively electron-dense). It appeared that the "dark" type was the late stage of inclusion body maturation.
A topological existence proof for SO(n)-anti-self-dual connections

Abstract A sufficient condition for the existence of an irreducible anti-self-dual connection on a principal SO ( n )-bundle over a compact, smooth 4-manifold is given. The proof uses the fact that the existence problem reduces to a question in finite-dimensional obstruction theory. Calculation of an Euler class over an associated classifying space solves the problem.
Analysis of risk factors for myocardial infarction and cardiac mortality after major vascular surgery.

BackgroundPatients undergoing vascular surgical procedures are at high risk for perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI). This study was undertaken to identify predictors of PMI and in-hospital death in major vascular surgical patients.MethodsFrom the Vascular Surgery Registry (6,948 operations fro
Lewis acidic behavior of B(C6Cl5)3

We report that B(C6Cl5)3 is a potent Lewis acid which, despite the bulk of the pentachlorophenyl group, forms complexes with small anions, including fluoride, or organic Lewis bases, such as p-dimethylaminopyridine.
Analysis interpretation modeling and simulation of unsteady wind and pressure data

Abstract This paper addresses the analysis, modeling and simulation of measured full-scale wind pressure and velocity data. The records exhibit both non-Gaussian and non-stationary features, and are ideal for the application of a number of contemporary methods for handling the types of problems associated with these characteristics. Modeling the probability density function (pdf) of non-Gaussian pressure is first addressed, followed by the simulation of pressure data through new static transformation techniques. The non-stationary portion of the pressure data is isolated and decomposed into a set of localized basis functions using wavelet transform techniques. Wavelet analysis is used for the identification of energy flux in time and for simulation of the non-stationary wind velocity records.
A Transfer-Function Formulation For Nonuniformly Distributed Parameter Systems

This paper studies a transfer-function formulation for general one-dimensional, nonuniformly distributed systems, subject to arbitrary boundary conditions and external disturbances. In the development, the governing equations of the nonuniform system are cast into a state-space form in the Laplace transform domain. The system response and distributed transfer functions are derived in term of the fundamental matrix of the state-space equation. Two approximate methods, the step-function approximation and truncated Taylor series, are proposed to evaluate the fundamental matrix. With the transfer-function formulation, various dynamics and control problems for the nonuniformly distributed system can be conveniently addressed. The transfer-function analysis also is applied to constrained/combined nonuniformly distibuted systems. The method developed is illustrated on two nonuniform beams.
0.5&#181;m-channel CMOS technology optimized for liquid-nitrogen-temperature operation

A high-performance 0.5µm-channel CMOS technology optimized for liquid-nitrogen-temperature operation is described. It features dual polysilicon work functions (n+-poly for n-channel and p+-poly for p-channel transistors), 12.5nm gate oxide, deep threshold-adjust ion implantation for the n-channel device, shallow arsenic and boron source/drain diffusions, and thin self-aligned titanium silicide. The power supply voltage is chosen to be 2.5V based on performance, hot-carrier effects, and power dissipation considerations. The dual-work-function polysilicon gates are doped by the source/drain ion implantations. The sheet resistance of self-aligned silicide improves from roughly 4ω/sq at 300K to about 1ω/sq at 77K. Excellent device characteristics and functional ring oscillator circuits were obtained at 77K with roughly a 2X improvement in both the speed and the power-delay product over the room-temperature technology operated at 300K.
“I Have Papers So I Can Go Anywhere!”: Everyday Talk About Citizenship in a Mixed-Status Mexican Family

This article draws from ethnographic data collected during a 23-month–language socialization study of mixed-status Mexican families living in the New Latino Diaspora. The analysis focuses on the ways in which siblings in one family talk about citizenship during a discursive event that I call the Planning for the Future Routine. The findings show that siblings communicate two key understandings during everyday conversations: first, the relevance of migratory status to their day-to-day lives and second, their family's shared conventions for talking about citizenship status in the home. As children and youth demonstrate the social norms for talking about citizenship, they also express their understanding of the ways that being a United States or Mexican citizen shapes their future opportunities. A nuanced understanding of intrafamily diversity and learning experiences can strengthen educators', researchers', and policy makers' ability to advocate for Latino communities' well-being and educational equity.
Perspective---Rigor and Relevance in Organization Studies: Idea Migration and Academic Journal Evolution

This perspective paper addresses the issues of rigor and relevance in organizational studies in the context of idea migration and journal evolution. We argue that creeping parochialism can happen to any journal, which reflects an evolving narrowness within boundaries of academic subcommunities. Evidence suggests that ideas do migrate across academic subcommunities, although the underlying process is not well understood and the idea flow is not symmetrical. Two kinds of knowledge relevance are discussed---the value for end users such as managers in organizations, and the value for one's own or other academic subcommunities. We argue that the most important mission of Organization Science (OS) is to be a “source” journal for academic subcommunities in organization studies by attracting and publishing new theories and ideas that increase the varieties of knowledge about organizations.