cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY, AND THE IMAGINATION IN ENLIGHTENMENT STUDIES

“The Enlightenment,” Anthony Pagden writes in the conclusion to The Enlightenment: And Why It Still Matters, “quite simply created the modern world.”1 It would have been more prudent to say that the Enlightenment created “the conditions of possibility” of modernity; or, more prudent still, that it was critical to forming certain values and institutions that we (or some of us) consider modern. Precisely because the latter way of putting it is so anemic, it is one of the rare few statements that would be acceptable across the spectrum of opinions in debates over the last half-century about the Enlightenment and modernity. Acceptable, though, only because it provides a terrain for waging a thicket of wars, at once ideological and disciplinary, between a historians’ Enlightenment and a philosophers’ Enlightenment and within each of these camps.
A CMOS Molecular Clock Probing 231.061-GHz Rotational Line of OCS with Sub-PPB Long-Term Stability and 66-MW DC Power

Recent progress of on-chip spectroscopic systems enables a new set of highly-stable frequency references (i.e. clocks) with low cost, power and volume. It is based on the rotational spectrum of gaseous molecules in sub-THz regime, a physical mechanism alternative to that in traditional atomic clocks. This scheme also enables fast start-up operation and robustness against mechanical vibration and external electromagnetic fields. This paper demonstrates the first chip-scale molecular clock in 65nm CMOS which probes the 231.061GHz spectral line of Carbonyl Sulfide (16O12C32S). The clock consumes only 66mW DC power and has a measured Allan deviation of 3.8×10−10 with an averaging time of τ=103s.
APPLICATION OF AN INTERFEROMETRIC METHOD TO MEASURE SURFACE DEFORMATIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING

In the photolithographic process, presently employed for the production of integrated circuits, sets of correlated masks are printed on silicon wafers. Since the electrical properties of the final integrated circuits depend to a great extend on the precision at which such patterns are superimposed, simple and fast overlay measurements and flatness measurements as well are very important(1). A simple optical interference method for flatness measurements will be described which can be used under manufacturing conditions. This method permits testing of surface height variations by nearly grazing light incidence by absence of a physical reference plane. It can be applied to polished surfaces and rough surfaces as well.
Participatory design with teens: A social robot design challenge

Design requirements can be gathered through a variety of ways; however, engaging teen audiences in design process can be challenging. We present a novel method for engaging teens in design through a social robot design challenge. Groups of teens participated in the challenge to prototype a social robot that would live in their high school and help address stress, a persistent and pervasive problem for this age group. In this paper, we present our methods and share preliminary findings.
Re-revision total hip arthroplasty: Epidemiology and factors associated with outcomes.

Abstract Introduction The epidemiology of re-revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) is not yet well-understood. We aim to investigate the epidemiology and risk-factors that are associated with re-revision THA. Methods 288 revision THA were analyzed between 1/2012 and 12/2013. Patients who underwent two or greater revision THA were included. Hips with first-revision due to periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) were excluded. Failure was defined as reoperation. Results 51 re-revision patients were available. Mean age was 59.6 (±14.2 years), 32 (67%) females, average BMI of 28.8 (±5.4), and median ASA 2 (23; 55%). The most common re-revision indications were acetabular component loosening (15; 29%), PJI (13; 25%) and instability (9; 18%). The most common indications for first revision in the re-revision population were acetabular component loosening (11; 27%), polyethylene wear (8; 19%) and instability (8; 19%). There was an increased risk of re-revision failure if the re-revision involved exchanging only the head and polyethylene liner (RR = 1.792; p = 0.017), instability was the first-revision indication (RR = 3.000; p Discussion Acetabular component loosening, instability, and PJI were the most common indications for re-revision. Revision due to instability is a recurrent problem that leads to re-revision failure. There was a higher infection rate in the re-revision population compared to published revision PJI. A better understanding of the indications and patient factors that are associated with re-revision failures can help align surgeon and patient expectations in this challenging population.
Predictive Values of MRI and PET Derived Quantitative Parameters for Patterns of Failure in Both p16+ and p16- High Risk Head and Neck Cancer.

Purpose: FDG-PET adds to clinical factors, such tumor stage and p16 status, in predicting local (LF), regional (RF), and distant failure (DF) in poor prognosis locally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC) treated with chemoradiation. We hypothesized that MRI-based quantitative imaging (QI) metrics could add to clinical predictors of treatment failure more significantly than FDG-PET metrics. Materials and methods: Fifty four patients with poor prognosis HNCs who were enrolled in an IRB approved prospective adaptive chemoradiotherapy trial were analyzed. MRI-derived gross tumor volume (GTV), blood volume (BV), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) pre-treatment and mid-treatment (fraction 10), as well as pre-treatment FDG PET metrics, were analyzed in primary and individual nodal tumors. Cox proportional hazards models for prediction of LRF and DF free survival were used to test the additional value of QI metrics over dominant clinical predictors. Results: The mean ADC pre-RT and its change rate mid-treatment were significantly higher and lower in p16- than p16+ primary tumors, respectively. A Cox model identified that high mean ADC pre-RT had a high hazard for LF and RF in p16- but not p16+ tumors (p = 0.015). Most interesting, persisting subvolumes of low BV (TVbv) in primary and nodal tumors mid-treatment had high-risk for DF (p 0.3, and only TVbv of primary tumors had a p-value of 0.06. Conclusion: MRI-defined biomarkers, especially persisting subvolumes of low BV, add predictive value to clinical variables and compare favorably with FDG-PET imaging markers. MRI could be well-integrated into the radiation therapy workflow for treatment planning, response assessment, and adaptive therapy.
The effect of habitats and fitness on species coexistence in systems with cyclic dominance

Abstract Cyclic dominance between species may yield spiral waves that are known to provide a mechanism enabling persistent species coexistence. This observation holds true even in presence of spatial heterogeneity in the form of quenched disorder. In this work we study the effects on spatio-temporal patterns and species coexistence of structured spatial heterogeneity in the form of habitats that locally provide one of the species with an advantage. Performing extensive numerical simulations of systems with three and six species we show that these structured habitats destabilize spiral waves. Analyzing extinction events, we find that species extinction probabilities display a succession of maxima as function of time, that indicate a periodically enhanced probability for species extinction. Analysis of the mean extinction time reveals that as a function of the parameter governing the advantage of one of the species a transition between stable coexistence and unstable coexistence takes place. We also investigate how efficiency as a predator or a prey affects species coexistence.
Evaluation of sampling plans for measurement of gluten in oat groats

Abstract The presence of gluten-containing grains in oat groats is not uncommon. Many countries with regulations on “gluten-free” labeling of foods, such as the US, EU and Canada, have a 20 mg/kg (ppm) limit and allow “gluten-free” claims on oat products, provided that the limit is not exceeded. The non-uniform spatial distribution of gluten-containing grains in a bulk lot poses a challenge when selecting a representative sample of oat groats from a lot to determine if the lot is within regulatory compliance limits. A probability-based method for evaluating sampling plan designs was developed. A balanced nested experimental design was used to estimate gluten concentration in 16 laboratory samples from each of 10 mini-lots of oat groats spiked with varying amounts of wheat kernels used as the gluten source. The total variance of the gluten test procedure was partitioned into the variances between laboratory samples (Vs), test portions (Vtp) and aliquots tested (Va). From regression analysis, each variance was found to be a function of gluten concentration (G): Vs = ( 100 / Ns ) 35.0880 G , Vtp = ( 1 / Ntp ) 20.0078 G and Va = ( ( 1 / Na ) 0.0264 ) G 1.5167 , where Ns is laboratory sample size in g, Ntp is test portion size in g, and Na is number of aliquots analyzed for gluten. The observed gluten distribution among samples of oat groats tended to follow gamma and negative binomial distributions compared to normal and lognormal distributions, especially at low gluten concentrations. An R program was developed using the relation of variance with gluten concentration and negative binomial distribution to compute and plot an operating characteristic (OC) curve for various gluten sampling plan designs. The OC curve was used to predict the acceptance (or rejection) probability of a bulk lot at given gluten concentration by a specific sampling plan design. The effect of change in laboratory sample size, test portion size, number of laboratory samples and manufacturer's accept/reject limit (generally lower than the regulatory limit) on the OC curve was determined.
Filtering and error analysis via the UDU super T covariance factorization

Kalman filter algorithms based on the UDU super T covariance factorization are discussed, with special attention given to algorithm implementation efficiency. A U-D-factored covariance error-analysis algorithm is formulated, and its efficiency and numerical stability are demonstrated in a representative orbit determination problem. The numerical results are compared with those obtained using covariance error-analysis formulas, and the comparison highlights the numerical superiority of the present algorithm. A byproduct of the U-D analysis is a highly efficient algorithm mechanization of the arbitrary gain covariance update formula.
When do informed traders acquire and trade on informational advantage? Evidence from Federal Reserve stress tests

Using Federal Reserve bank stress test announcements, we examine when option traders acquire informational advantage and when they exploit it. We find consistent evidence of informed options trading around announcements. However, when test results are announced in successive weeks we find high abnormal option volume, considerably positive abnormal returns and significant return predictability in the first week, but not the following week. This suggests that informed option traders are able to anticipate upcoming news events and skillfully process public information but it also suggests that trading on acquired information is conditioned on the level of information asymmetry in the market.
Islamic Philosophy in Africa

Although the focus in this chapter is not on the practice of the Islamic discipline of philosophy known as falsafa, it situates African Muslim societies and some of the scholarship generated in this region as part of the Islamic philosophical world. It demonstrates that Africa has produced thinkers in the Islamic sciences, theology, law, and the traditions of Prophet Muḥammad. Therefore, Islamic philosophy was a significant feature of cultural life in Islamic Africa. The scholars discussed in the chapter include Muḥammad b. Tūmart, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Khaldūn (widely known as Ibn Khaldūn), Nana Asma’u, Shaykh Saad Bouh, Shaykh Aḥmadu Bamba, and others. These African Muslim thinkers developed a religious and political philosophy that challenged Muslims to seek knowledge as a way to develop greater consciousness.
Trends in survival and treatment of SEGA: National Cancer Database Analysis.

Background SEGA is a rare, slow-growing CNS neoplasm that has historically been treated by surgical resection. However, the advent of a mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 inhibitor, everolimus, has shown promising results in recent clinical trials. We sought to provide an analysis of epidemiological and survival risk factors in this rare tumor entity, while comparing trends in surgical management before and after introduction of everolimus in SEGAs. Methods Patients with SEGA were queried from the National Cancer Database between 2004 and 2015. Standard statistical analysis was conducted to assess variables associated with the odds of performing surgery and survival, while controlling for confounding variables. Results A total of 460 patients were diagnosed with SEGA. Multivariable analysis of survival demonstrated that increased age was associated with decreased survival (HR, 1.05; P Conclusion Our analysis of SEGAs demonstrated that age was the only variable affecting overall survival. Surgical resection was performed in older patients with larger tumors (> 20 mm) as a primary mode of treatment, without chemoradiotherapy. Expectedly, rates of surgical resection were found to have decreased since 2011, after FDA approval of everolimus for SEGA treatment.
Complement inhibitor for therapy of CHAPLE

A new study shows successful immunotherapy of a detrimental gastrointestinal disease using the complement inhibitor eculizumab.
Dynamic resistance variation mapping technique for defect isolation

Abstract In this work, we enhance tester-based laser induced techniques to detect defects that cannot be assessed by simple chip power-up and require test cycles to initialize the chip. A statistical resistance variation mapping method is proposed and described. Experimental results will be presented as proof-of-concept.
Machine learning-based prediction of health outcomes in pediatric organ transplantation recipients.

Objectives Prediction of post-transplant health outcomes and identification of key factors remain important issues for pediatric transplant teams and researchers. Outcomes research has generally relied on general linear modeling or similar techniques offering limited predictive validity. Thus far, data-driven modeling and machine learning (ML) approaches have had limited application and success in pediatric transplant outcomes research. The purpose of the current study was to examine ML models predicting post-transplant hospitalization in a sample of pediatric kidney, liver, and heart transplant recipients from a large solid organ transplant program. Materials and Methods Various logistic regression, naive Bayes, support vector machine, and deep learning (DL) methods were used to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year post-transplant hospitalization using patient and administrative data from a large pediatric organ transplant center. Results DL models generally outperformed traditional ML models across organtypes and prediction windows with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values ranging from 0.750 to 0.851. Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) were used to increase the interpretability of DL model results. Various medical, patient, and social variables were identified as salient predictors across organ types. Discussion Results demonstrate the utility of DL modeling for health outcome prediction with pediatric patients, and its use represents an important development in the prediction of post-transplant outcomes in pediatric transplantation compared to prior research. Conclusion Results point to DL models as potentially useful tools in decision-support systems assisting physicians and transplant teams in identifying patients at a greater risk for poor post-transplant outcomes.
Improvising Personalized Travel Recommendation System with Recency Effects

A travel recommendation system based on social media activity provides a customized place of interest to accommodate user-specific needs and preferences. In general, the user's inclination towards travel destinations is subject to change over time. In this project, we have analyzed users' twitter data, as well as their friends and followers in a timely fashion to understand recent travel interest. A machine learning classifier identifies tweets relevant to travel. The travel tweets are then used to obtain personalized travel recommendations. Unlike most of the personalized recommendation systems, our proposed model takes into account a user's most recent interest by incorporating time-sensitive recency weight into the model. Our proposed model has outperformed the existing personalized place of interest recommendation model, and the overall accuracy is 75.23%.
Estimation of diffuse Cherenkov optical emission from external beam radiation build-up in tissue.

Significance: Optical imaging of Cherenkov emission during radiation therapy could be used to verify dose delivery in real-time if a more comprehensive quantitative understanding of the factors affecting emission intensity could be developed. Aim: This study aims to explore the change in diffuse Cherenkov emission intensity with x-ray beam energy from irradiated tissue, both theoretically and experimentally. Approach: Derivation of the emitted Cherenkov signal was achieved using diffusion theory, and experimental studies with 6 to 18 MV energy x-rays were performed in tissue phantoms to confirm the model predictions as related to the radiation build-up factor with depth into tissue. Results: Irradiation at lower x-ray energies results in a greater surface dose and higher build-up slope, which results in a ∼46 % greater diffusely emitted Cherenkov signal per unit dose at 6 MV relative to 18 MV x-rays. However, this phenomenon competes with a decrease in signal from less Cherenkov photons being generated at lower energies, a ∼44 % reduction at 6 versus 18 MV. The result is an emitted Cherenkov signal that is nearly constant with beam energy. Conclusions: This study explains why the observed Cherenkov emission from tissue is not a strong function of beam energy, despite the known strong correlation between Cherenkov intensity and particle energy in the absence of build-up and scattering effects.
The World Health Organization (WHO) hearing impairment guidelines and a speech recognition in noise (SRN) disorder.

OBJECTIVE The WHO uses the better ear PTA(0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 kHz) to infer speech recognition in noise (SRN) ability. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of this measure to detect an SRN disorder. DESIGN The reference standard was the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). The index test was better ear PTA(0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 kHz). Diagnostic accuracy was determined with receiver operating characteristic curves and the area under the curve (AUC) for data sets with and without complete audibility of the HINT stimuli. STUDY SAMPLE Data from previously published studies (n = 381) were retrospectively divided into disordered and control groups. RESULTS For the All Data analysis, better ear PTA(0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 kHz) was a significant predictor of an SRN disorder, however, the AUC was just above chance (AUC = 0.59, p < 0.001). For the Partial Audibility analysis, better ear PTA(0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 kHz) was a significant predictor of the target disorder (AUC = 0.85, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The utilization of better ear PTA(0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 kHz) to infer SRN ability is questionable for individuals with complete audibility of the reference test speech and noise stimuli.
Multinationals as arbitrageurs: The effect of valuations on foreigndirect investment

Empirical evidence of imperfect integration across world capital markets suggests a role for cross-border arbitrage by multinationals. Consistent with multinational arbitrage as a determinant of foreign direct investment (FDI) patterns, we find that FDI flows increase sharply with source-country stock market valuations—particularly the component of valuations that is predicted to revert the next year, and particularly in the presence of capital account restrictions that limit other mechanisms of cross-country arbitrage. The results suggest the existence of a cheap financial capital channel in which FDI flows reflect, in part, the use of relatively low-cost capital available to overvalued parents in the source country. (JEL F15, F21, F23, G31, G34)
Prenatal and postnatal evaluation for syringomyelia in patients with spinal dysraphism.

Object Syringomyelia can be diagnosed in isolation but is more commonly found in the presence of craniocervical junction anomalies or spinal dysraphism. The origin of syringomyelia has been hypothesized to be either congenital or acquired. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of syringomyelia within the fetal and postnatal population with neural tube defects (NTDs). Methods A review was performed of the authors' fetal MRI database of pregnancies with imaging between March 2004 and November 2011 for evaluation of an intrauterine anomaly detected via prenatal ultrasonography. Those cases with an NTD were then selected and a chart review was performed of all prenatal and postnatal imaging as well as available clinical history. Results A total of 2362 fetal MRI examinations were performed, and 109 of these were patients with an NTD. Of the 2362 studies reviewed, 2 cases of fetal syringomyelia were identified. Both fetal syrinxes were identified in fetuses with CSF flow disturbances (1 case each of encephalocele and myelomeningocele). Both fetal MRI examinations were performed late in gestation, at 31 and 38 weeks, respectively. The patient with an encephalocele was excluded from the spinal NTD population; therefore a syrinx was identified in 0.08% (2/2362) of the entire population of fetuses who underwent MRI, or 0.9% (1/109) of fetuses with a spinal NTD. Sixty-three of the 109 patients with an NTD had postnatal clinical data available for review. Twenty-nine (46%) of 63 had a syrinx identified during the follow-up period. Of this group, 50 patients had an open NTD and 27 (54%) of 50 developed a syrinx. Among the patients with an open NTD who developed a syrinx, only 7% did not have or develop hydrocephalus, compared with 35% of the patients who did not develop a syrinx (p Conclusions These data suggest that syringomyelia is not a congenital embryonic condition. A syrinx was not identified in fetuses who underwent imaging for other intrauterine anomalies. In the population of patients with NTDs who are known to be at high risk for developing syringomyelia, the pathology was only identified in 2 third-trimester fetuses or postnatally, typically in the presence of hydrocephalus, shunt placement, Chiari malformation decompression, or tethered cord release. The study supports the authors' hypothesis that a syrinx is an acquired lesion, most likely due to the effects of abnormal CSF flow.
Female Reproductive System

The study of the female reproductive system is an excellent example of the importance of molecular pathology to diagnosis and treatment. The classic example is infection of the uterine cervix by human papillomavirus (HPV). The recent FDA approval of vaccines against HPVs 6, 11, 16, and 18 mark the culmination of years of work where HPV detection has increased the accuracy of the Pap smear. These vaccines, which have little to no side effects, most likely are the harbingers of less toxic and effective therapies against cervical cancer that invariably contains HPV. Similarly, molecular testing for targets such as p16 is becoming more useful in the diagnosis and more accurate characterization of endometrial cancers and may also herald changes in the treatment of these cancers. Ovarian tumours represent another fertile area for molecular clinical-pathology correlation. This is because of the very well characterized ovarian cystadenomas of low malignant potential where histologic markers are usually a poor indicator of clinical behaviour. It is very likely that additional research will identify protein and/or RNA targets that differentiate the aggressive from benign acting tumours in this group and lead to more effective treatment. This chapter will combine the classic histopathology of the female reproductive system with clinical correlates and add to this important mixture newer insights provided by molecular diagnostics. Keywords: cervix; SIL; HPV; endometrium; carcinoma; ovary; placenta; trophoblasts
No Free Set of Steak Knives: One Long, Unfinished Struggle to Build Education College Faculty Governance

In this paper we work to describe the star-crossed six-year process of establishing a common college governance model, in a College which operated with few College or department level policy documents. The two authors were active and instrumental in developing a new interdepartmental governance model, and had a front row seat in the drama than unfolded. Without many other dedicated and responsible faculty, working to change minds toward voice, and away from passivity and avoidance, the project would not have succeeded. This paper discusses issues attendant to strengthening governance in a College of education where an old “normal school” culture of conservative custodialism, in a conservative state, worked against developing a more vigorous, if surely not radical mode of college governance. Yet with persistence, this effort was successful, if not perfect, and exists as the only such institution in a university of many colleges.
STUDIES ON THE ABSORPTION OF METHIONINE BY THE CESTODE, HYMENOLEPIS CITELLI.

Abstract 1. 1. Chemical determination of free l -methionine concentration in Hymenolepis citelli and in incubation media demonstrated accumulation of the amino acid by the tapeworm against a concentration difference. 2. 2. Short-term incubations in C14 labeled l -methionine showed that the absorption followed saturation kinetics. 3. 3. No significant differences were found between absorption of the l - and d - forms of methionine. 4. 4. Each of fifteen different amino acids acted as a competitive inhibitor of methionine absorption. 5. 5. An inhibition constant was calculated for each inhibitor. 6. 6. A mixture of amino acids produced a competitive inhibition of l -methionine absorption which could be predicted from the inhibitions produced by the individual amino acids. 7. 7. The data suggest that an amino group alpha to the carboxyl group and a non-polar side-chain are requirements for absoprtion in this system under the conditions tested. 8. 8. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the ecology of H. citelli.
Friendship Matters: Communication, Dialectics, and the Life Course

In this volume, Dr. Rawlins traces and investigates the varieties, tensions, and functions of friendship for males and females throughout the life course. Using both conceptual and illustrative chapters, the book portrays the degrees of involvement, choice, risk, ambivalence, and ambiguity within friendships, and explores the emotional texture of interactions among friends. A concluding section examines the prospects for friendship in the course of our post-modern blurring of public and private domains and discursive sites.
Designing Molecular Assemblies in the Solid-State: Induced-Stacking by a Rebek Cleft

Co-crystallization of 2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethyl-4,5-xanthenedicarboxylic acid (1), a Rebek cleft, with 1,2-trans-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene 2 yields a four-component molecular assembly, 2(1)·2(2), that is held together by four O-H…N hydrogen bonds. The cleft organizes the bipyridine such that two molecules of 2 lie in a stacked arrangement.
Is there a “Big Five” in Teamwork?:

The study of teamwork has been fragmented through the years, and the findings are generally unable to be used practically. This article argues that it is possible to boil down what researchers know about teamwork into five core components that the authors submit as the “Big Five” in teamwork. The core components of teamwork include team leadership, mutual performance monitoring, backup behavior, adaptability, and team orientation. Furthermore, the authors examine how these core components require supporting coordinating mechanisms (e.g., shared mental modes, closed-loop communication, and mutual trust) and vary in their importance during the life of the team and the team task. Finally, the authors submit a set of propositions for future research.
Activity Analysis and Detection of Repetitive Motion in Autistic Patients

There is no doubt today that autism is both neurodevelopment and behavioural - a multifactorial disease characterized by impaired social skills and lack of efficient communication. In order to support more efficient development and improve communication, many directions in science have been and still are on clinical trials. We compared repetitive motion patterns with patterns characteristic of normal everyday activities and isolated the key elements of each that allow distinguishing between the two motion patterns. The Principal Component Analysis technique was used to reduce the dimensionality of the motion data collected. A kNN classifier was also used to determine the two classes of motion apart with 100% sensitivity and specificity. We present here a uniquely designed alarm system that can help with autistic children's difficulties on a real-time basis. The uniqueness of the system is that it can be extended or applied to other situations of even non-autistic children that suffer some health disturbances or particular situations that need a specific assistance. Beside the system's design description and methodological details, further work on improving it to the higher level is proposed.
What Causes Obesity? And Why Has It Grown So Much?

In recent years, economists have attempted to explain the rising levels of obesity not only in the United States during the last three decades, but also in many developed countries. For the most part, these economists’ models have utilized neoclassical economic tools and relied on the conventional wisdom of health science practitioners. The results of this theorizing have been disappointing at best. The main purpose of this chapter is to develop an alternative socioeconomic model of obesity based more on behavioral economics concepts and on an alternative to the conventional health science wisdom. The development of this model is important because it involves an attempt at a novel synthesis of all the key factors contributing to the obesity problem. Instead of fully rational economic decision makers, this chapter assumes decision makers are partly or limitedly rational. Instead of weight gain and obesity being strictly determined by the amount of calories consumed minus the calories expended, weight gain is determined much more by what people eat. Also, the weight-obesity outcome is determined by how different people respond to the growing infrastructure of obesity (notably the suppliers of fast food and processed foods). In general, obesity in the present model is the result of individual decisions to choose poor diets and poor life behavior patterns (including exercise). Unlike in the rational obesity model, these are not decisions of rational economic men or women.
On the Electric Effect of Rotating a Magnetic Insulator in a Magnetic Field

In a previous paper by one of us it was shown that when an insulator of specific inductive capacity K rotates in a magnetic field there is an electro­motive force induced in it equal to that in a conductor multiplied by 1 — K-1. The object of the experiments described below was to measure the induced electromotive force in a magnetic insulator rotating in a magnetic field parallel to the axis of rotation. According to the theory based on the “principle of relativity” this induced electromotive force should be equal to that in a conductor multiplied by 1 — ( μ K)-1, where μ is the magnetic permeability of the insulator, whereas on the theory of H. A. Lorentz and Larmor the appropriate multiplier appears to be 1 — K-1, as for a non-magnetic insulator.
Economic Valuation of Ecosystems

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate one way in which an empirically meaningful, formal analytical link between ecosystems and economies might be developed. We broaden traditional approaches to environmental economics by encompassing bioenergetics, but without resorting to energy as the unit of value used by humans. The paper has two main phases. First, an ecosystem model is constructed that exploits standard economic notions of production functions, optimization, and comparative static equilibria. Humans are absent from this phase. In the second phase, humans are introduced under the familiar guise of utility maximizers. This leads to behavior which, via direct and induced changes in the sources and uses of energy, alters the detailed structure of the ecosystem. Empirically testable propositions about changes in this structure are provided, and some existing empirical support is cited. Finally, a proposed methodology is presented for valuing ecosystem components which have no direct use v...
Leaking iliac aneurysm presenting as pelvic mass.

Abstract A case report of a pelvic mass as a manifestation of a bleeding iliac artery aneurysm is presented, as well as a discussion of other pelvic lesions which might alter configuration of the bladder.
Arrest of spermatogenesis and defective breast development in mice lacking A-myb.

The Myb gene family currently consists of three members, named A-, B- and c-myb1,2. These genes encode nuclear proteins that bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner and function as regulators of transcription. In adult male mice, A-myb is expressed predominantly in male germ cells2,3. In female mice, A-myb is expressed in breast ductal epithelium, mainly during pregnancy-induced ductal branching and alveolar development. We report here that mice homozygous for a germline mutation in A-myb develop to term but show defects in growth after birth and male infertility due to a block in spermatogenesis. Morphological examination of the testes of A-myb−/− males revealed that the germ cells enter meiotic prophase and arrest at pachytene. In adult homozygous null A-myb female mice, the breast epithelial compartment showed underdevelopment of breast tissue following pregnancy and the female mice were unable to nurse their newborn pups. These results demonstrate that A-myb plays a critical role in spermatogenesis and mammary gland development.
Molecular Determinants of Electrical Rectification of Single Channel Conductance in Gap Junctions Formed by Connexins 26 and 32

The fully open state of heterotypic gap junction channels formed by pairing cells expressing connexin 32 (Cx32) with those expressing connexin 26 (Cx26) rectifies in a way that cannot be predicted from the current–voltage (I–V) relation of either homotypic channel. Using a molecular genetic analysis, we demonstrate that charged amino acids positioned in the amino terminus (M1 and D2) and first extracellular loop (E42) are major determinants of the current–voltage relation of the fully open state of homotypic and heterotypic channels formed by Cx26 and Cx32. The observed I–V relations of wild-type and mutant channels were closely approximated by those obtained with the electrodiffusive model of Chen and Eisenberg (Chen, D., and R. Eisenberg. 1993. Biophys. J. 64:1405–1421), which solves the Poisson-Nernst-Plank equations in one dimension using charge distribution models inferred from the molecular analyses. The rectification of the Cx32/Cx26 heterotypic channel results from the asymmetry in the number and position of charged residues. The model required the incorporation of a partial charge located near the channel surface to approximate the linear I–V relation observed for the Cx32*Cx26E1 homotypic channel. The best candidate amino acid providing this partial charge is the conserved tryptophan residue (W3). Incorporation of the partial charge of residue W3 and the negative charge of the Cx32E41 residue into the charge profile used in the Poisson-Nernst-Plank model of homotypic Cx32 and heterotypic Cx26/Cx32 channels resulted in I–V relations that closely resembled the observed I–V relations of these channels. We further demonstrate that some channel substates rectify. We suggest that the conformational changes associated with transjunctional voltage (Vj)-dependent gating to these substates involves a narrowing of the cytoplasmic entry of the channel that increases the electrostatic effect of charges in the amino terminus. The rectification that is observed in the Cx32/Cx26 heterotypic channel is similar although less steep than that reported for some rectifying electrical synapses. We propose that a similar electrostatic mechanism, which results in rectification through the open and substates of heterotypic channels, is sufficient to explain the properties of steeply rectifying electrical synapses.
Measuring risks in humans: the promise and practice of epidemiology

Epidemiology has been considered the fundamental science of public health policy. The use of epidemiologic data in environmental health policy has been limited particularly in the environmental regulatory arena. Epidemiologic risk assessment (ERA) is different from risk assessment and the interplay between the two has led to some misconceptions over the promise and practice of epidemiologic data. The current risk assessment process was designed in a time when the need for regulation was great and the epidemiologic information was sparse. There was little time for the consideration of conducting specific studies to improve the information base for environmental health policy. Animal bioassays could be conducted under standardized protocols within defined time periods. The limitations and uncertainties of animal studies also became standardized and risk assessors became comfortable with their models of extrapolation. As the cost of regulations have grown, the economic realities of regulating with little or no data to support actual public health benefit have become a political and legal liability. Major among epidemiology's advantages is that the information is of direct relevance. The majority of epidemiology data are observation and whether the number of studies is broad enough, the data can be generalized to major segments of the population. The uncertainties in animal-based risk assessments are likely to be greater than the uncertainties associated with epidemiologic studies. Another advantage is the range of extrapolation is often smaller. Another advantage is that epidemiologic data include the genetic diversity and variability in other endogenous factors inherent in human populations. The homogeneity of animal studies has often been cited as an advantage but is unrepresentative of the heterogeneity of the human race. Epidemiology does have its limitations. A major limitation is the time needed to obtain a database sufficient for policy-making purposes and the resources needed to conduct the research to develop the database. This has often prompted the conduct of poorly designed studies, forced the use of data collected for other purposes or improper use of existing data. Four situations where epidemiology should be pursued are discussed. Once an environmental health decision has been made, epidemiologic studies should be considered for documenting the reduction of exposure and therefore disease in the population. This traditional use of epidemiology has rarely been applied in the environmental health arena. A final consideration on the use of epidemiologic data is the need to provide a sense of perspective to set priorities in the larger context of public health priorities. The role of environmental pollutants in causing disease may in some cases be minor in comparison to other risk factors and needs to be considered in setting environmental regulations.
Electron densities and temperatures in the Venus ionosphere Effects of solar EUV, solar wind pressure and magnetic field

The Venus ionosphere is influenced by variations in both solar EUV flux and solar wind conditions. On the dayside the location of the topside of the ionosphere, the ionopause, is controlled by solar wind dynamic pressure. Within the dayside ionosphere, however, electron density is affected mainly by solar EUV variations, and is relatively unaffected by solar wind variations and associated magnetic fields induced within the ionosphere. The existence of a substantial nightside ionosphere of Venus is thought to be due to the rapid nightward transport of dayside ionospheric plasma across the terminator. Typical solar wind conditions do not strongly affect this transport and consequently have little direct influence on nightside ionospheric conditions, except on occasions of extremely high solar wind dynamic pressure. However, both nightside electron density and temperature are affected by the presence of magnetic field, as in the case of ionospheric holes.
Taxometrics and Criminal Justice: Assessing the Latent Structure of Crime-Related Constructs

Abstract Purpose The taxometric method is introduced as a way of investigating the latent structure of key criminal justice constructs. Methods Besides describing the theory, rationale, and procedures behind taxometrics, the taxometric method is applied to Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin’s (1972) delinquency cohort data to illustrate how the procedure works. Results After defining latent structure, its relevance to criminal justice is explored and the four core principles of taxometric analysis are described: coherent cut kinetics, consistency testing, comparison curve analysis, and evidence-based procedures. Sample and indicator preconditions for taxometric analysis are discussed and empirically-verified procedures for taxometric analysis are outlined: mean above minus below a cut (MAMBAC: Meehl & Yonce, 1996), maximum covariance (MAXCOV: Meehl & Yonce, 1994), maximum eigenvalue (MAXEIG: Waller & Meehl, 1998), maximum slope (MAXSLOPE: Grove & Meehl, 1993), and latent mode factor analysis (L-Mode: Waller & Meehl, 1998). Conclusions The taxometric method provides an avenue by which the latent structure of important criminal justice constructs can be explored and criminal justice research can be advanced.
Mechanism of PLC-mediated Kir3 current inhibition.

A large number of ion channels maintain their activity through direct interactions with phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2). For such channels, hydrolysis of PIP2 causes current inhibition. It has become controversial whether the inhibitory effects on channel activity represent direct effects of PIP2 hydrolysis or of downstream PKC action. We studied Phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent inhibition of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir3) channels. By monitoring simultaneously channel activity and PIP2 hydrolysis, we determined that both direct PIP2 depletion and PKC actions contribute to Kir3 current inhibition. We show that the PKC-induced effects strongly depend on the PIP2 levels in the membrane. At the same time, we show that PKC destabilizes Kir3/PIP2 interactions and enhances the effects of PIP2 depletion on channel activity. These results demonstrate that PIP2 depletion and PKC-mediated effects reinforce each other and suggest that both of these interdependent mechanisms contribute to K...
The likelihood function and a test for serial correlation in a disequilibrium market model

Abstract The likelihood function for an econometric disequilibrium market model of Fair and Jaffee with autocorrelated disturbances is derived. A statistic is introduced for the test of serial correlation in such a model. The statistic can be regarded as generalization of the Durbin-Watson statistic.
Fast electron energy loss spectrum of an amorphous tungsten trioxide film

The forward scattering energy loss spectrum of 300 KeV electrons transmitted through thin films of WO3 has been measured in the energy range of 0.8–225 eV with an energy loss resolution of 0.1 eV. Energy losses due to excitation of color centers, inter band transitions and core elestrons in WO3 have been identified. Measurement of the elastic electron difraction pattern revealed the amorphous nature of the film with structural differences depending upon the preparative methods.
A general, highly stereoselective synthesis of amines

Abstract The stereochemical course of cycloalkanone imine reductions by a variety of boron hydride reagents is described; very high stereoselectivity with substituted alkali metal borohydrides is reported.
ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS GROUP: ASPERGILLUS NAVAHOENSIS, AND A REVISED SYNOPTIC KEY

A new species in the Aspergillus nidulans group is described and compared to related taxa. Aspergillus navahoensis, from arid lands belonging to the Navajo Tribe in northern Arizona, resembles A. recurvatus and A. fruticulosus in having crystal-encrusted hyphae and basally curved or coiled conidiophores, but differs in dimensions of the conidium-bearing structures and in characteristics of the cleistothecial stage. The revised and expanded synoptic key to 34 taxa (29 species) uses readily observable features as an aid to identification and comparison of taxa.
Understanding the Basics of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing adds important additional information to that provided by the standard exercise test. In particular, cardiopulmonary exercise testing provides precise determination of aerobic capacity, the causes of dyspnea with exertion, and prognosis in patients with systolic heart failure. This review provides basic, practical information about cardiopulmonary exercise testing for the clinician.
Tooth-Frequency Eddy-Current Loss

A method of recording, by means of an oscillograph, the eddy currents in various parts of the cross section of a squirrel-cage-rotor bar is presented in this paper. From such records the magnitude of the power loss caused by eddy currents, and its variation with load, may be determined. A series of tests of this nature has been made; the results, which the author believes to be correct in general, show that the change of eddy-current loss with load is negligible, thus simplifying the determination of the composite stray-load loss of a squirrel-cage induction motor.
Increased sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in adults with ADHD

The acute impairing effects of alcohol on inhibitory control have been well documented in healthy drinkers. By contrast, little is known about alcohol effects in individuals with disorders characterized by poor impulse control, such as those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Alcohol could produce greater inhibitory impairment in these individuals. The present study tested this hypothesis in adults with ADHD (n=10) and controls (n=12) using the cued go/no-go task. The task requires quick responses to go targets and suppression of responses to no-go targets following the presentation of cues. Prior research on healthy adults has shown that valid cues can protect against alcohol impairment (Marczinski & Fillmore, 2003). Performance was tested under 3 doses of alcohol: 0.65 g/kg, 0.45 g/kg, and 0.0 g/kg (placebo). Alcohol dose-dependently increased inhibitory failures in controls in the invalid, but not the valid, cue condition. By contrast, those with ADHD displayed significant alcohol impairment regardless of cue condition. Thus, unlike controls, valid cues offered little protection from the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in drinkers with ADHD, suggesting an increased sensitivity to alcohol impairment of inhibitory control.