cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of anneal temperature on the electrical characteristics of nickel-based ohmic contacts to beta -SiC

A study is presented of the effects of anneal temperature on the electrical characteristics of nickel-based ohmic contacts to beta -SiC. Patterned metal structures on SiC films were annealed at temperatures ranging from 400 to 1200 degrees C, and electrically probed. The lowest contact resistance was 1.41*10/sup -4/ Omega cm/sup 2/ at 1000 degrees C.
Feasibility of noncontacting electromagnetic despinning of a satellite by inducing eddy currents in its skin. I. Analytical considerations

The servicing of disabled satellites requires that the units be despun before any repair can be done. This paper embarks on the feasibility study of an electromagnetically coupled despinning system based on inducing eddy currents in the satellite skin by an external dc magnetic field. The eddy current power input would act in such a way as to reduce the rotational energy of the satellite. The system does not contact the disabled satellite, and therefore, eliminates the hazards associated with physically attaching equipment, or astronauts with equipment, to the satellite. Two methods are investigated for inducing the eddy currents: (1) a large-diameter current loop positioned around the satellite such that the axis of the satellite rotation is in the plane of the loop, and (2) a magnet, either bar or U-shaped, positioned close to or surrounding the satellite. Closed-form solution for-the interacting magnetic flux, in terms of which the eddy current power input may be derived, is given for the two cases. Design parameters are evaluated for the two despinning systems in terms of input power and weight requirements. >
Systemic lupus erythematosus. Description of 37 cases in children and a discussion of endocrine therapy in 32 of the cases.

An analysis of 37 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus in children is reported in order to demonstrate the course of this disease and its pathology. In this series 92% of the children were girls. Necropsies of 14 cases of the present series revealed characteristic renal findings in all, even when clinical evidence of renal disease had been absent. Generalized arteriolitis as well as evidence of cardiac involvement was usually present. Renal failure was the most frequent cause of death. Of the 37 children, 10 were alive at the time of this report; 8 of these surviving patients have been followed for more than 2 years. Steroid therapy was associated with partial or complete disappearance of urinary abnormalities in six children. Endocrine therapy was used in 32 of the children with symptomatic improvement in most cases. Until more specific drugs are available, an intensive and prolonged course of therapy with adrenal corticosteroids offers the best, though limited, chance of slowing or halting this disease process.
The analytic design of a dynamic look-ahead and program segmenting system for multiprogrammed computers

Since the computer operation when viewed as the execution of subroutines or instructions or logical subcommands is a discrete sequential process, its action or behavior can be predicted to a degree of certainty when sufficient knowledge is available about the structure of its information flow. Conventionally, the “look-ahead” function implies fetching the next set of instructions and their associated data and preparing ahead of time for their execution. We shall, however, broaden the concept to the anticipation of the next “event” of a specified type whether it is a functional subroutine, instruction or an input-output function. In some sense, one can consider “looking-ahead” as the anticipatory simulation of important events in the execution sequence. By anticipating the most probable events, their requirements can be preplanned and furnished, if possible, without stalling the program, e.g., by alerting I/O units, by providing memory space for the next set of subroutines to be executed, etc. This is particularly important in a multi-programmed, multi-processor environment
Becoming a gendered body: Practices of preschools

Many feminist scholars argue that the seeming naturalness of gender differences, particularly bodily difference, underlies gender inequality. Yet few researchers ask how these bodily differences are constructed. Through semistructured observation in five preschool classrooms, I examine one way that everyday movements, comportment, and use of physical space become gendered. I find that the hidden school curriculum that controls children's bodily practices in order to shape them cognitively serves another purpose as well. This hidden curriculum also turns children who are similar in bodily comportment, movement, and practice into girls and boys-children whose bodily practices differ I identify five sets of practices that create these differences: dressing up, permitting relaxed behaviors or requiring formal behaviors, controlling voices, verbal and physical instructions regarding children's bodies by teachers, and physical interactions among children. This hidden curriculum that (partially) creates bodily differences between the genders also makes these physical differences appear and feel natural.
Post-operative analgesia by epidural versus intramuscular nicomorphine after thoracotomy. Part I.

One hundred and sixty-three patients subjected to three different types of thoracic operation were allocated randomly either to balanced intravenous anaesthesia including i.v. opiates with post-operative intramuscular opiates (intramuscular group) or to balanced intravenous anaesthesia without i.v. opiates but with high thoracic epidural regional block during the operation as well as epidural nicomorphine post-operatively (epidural group). Post-operative nicomorphine was given only at the request of the patient and as frequently as needed to obtain satisfactory pain relief. Patients in the epidural group received nicomorphine exclusively by epidural injection. In this paper (Part I), general parameters between the epidural group and the im. group are compared. The epidural group showed acceptable cardiovascular stability during the operation. With the catheter tip at the T3-T4 level, there was apparently a preferential spread downwards of the local anaesthetics. Post-operatively both groups (i.m. and epidural) provided effective and rapid onset of analgesia. There were no major differences in post-operative pain assessment, either by the patient or by the team.
The method of solution of Ruckli's frost‐penetration equation

The purpose of this article is to present the author's method of solving a nonlinear differential equation given by R. Ruckli expressing the rate of frost penetration in soil. There is no standard method of solution of such a differential equation as set up by Ruckli, yet the method of solution of the non-linear differential equation, not given by Ruckli, is considered to be of great interest to the engineering profession in treating frost-penetration problems in highway and airport engineering. The author's method of solution of Ruckli's equation for the frost-penetration rate consists of the application and use of power series and the determination of the coefficients involved, thus showing how to arrive at the integral which Ruckli presents as the end result of his nonlinear differential equation. The author's thought behind the showing of the method of solution of the equation is not merely to demonstrate the application of so powerful a mathematical tool as the power series for solving engineering problems. According to his belief, it also helps one better to understand the phenomena, nature, and physical processes conveyed by this equation, it enables one better to analyze the problem involved, and establishes in the reader a certain confidence when applying the end result (integral) of Ruckli's equation. In addition, the presentation of this article naturally calls attention to the important work done by Ruckli.
On the stability of H− in plasmas

The ground-state energy of the negative hydrogen ion in a variety of plasma model environments has been calculated using a new pair function code which takes screening into account. The models that have been studied range from simple Debye screening to more realistic electron-ion potentials derived from density-functional theory. 0 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thyroxine Analogs II*: Synthesis or 3,5-Diiodo-4-(2′, 3′-dimethylphenoxy) -DL-phenylalanine and Its 4′-Hydroxy Congener

The synthesis of, thyroxine analogs, 3,5-diiodo - 4 - (2′,3′ - dimethylphenoxy) - dl-phenylalanine and 3,5-diiodo-2′,3′-dimethyl-dl-thyronine is described. These compounds were prepared in order to study the effect on biological response of alkyl substituents in sterically oriented analogs of thyroxine. Both compounds displayed thyromimetic activity.
Headed for the Heartland: Decision Making Process of Community College Bound International Students

Despite record growth in international student enrollment at U.S. community colleges, little is known regarding how the international students learn about—and ultimately decide to attend—community colleges. This research study identifies the decision making factors and explores the sources of information utilized by international students who attend community colleges. Using a qualitative case study design, 13 international students from four different Illinois community colleges were interviewed. These colleges are charter members of the Study Illinois consortium, an international student recruiting initiative involving the U.S. Department of Commerce and Illinois higher education institutions. A multitheoretical framework encompassing world culture theory, push-pull theory, and cognitive decision making theory served as a lens for analysis of the interview data. The findings revealed that community college international students experience a distinctive decision-making process when selecting their desti...
Equilibrium shapes of red blood cells in osmotic swelling.

Abstract The principle of minimum energy of deformation is used to obtain equilibrium shapes of red blood cells in osmotic swelling. Both bending and shear energies are taken into account to obtain agreement with experimentally observed shapes. It is assumed that the normal biconcave shape of the red cell is stress-free and that the membrane is a two-dimensional incompressible material. A numerical procedure is used to obtain combinations of the parameters for which the shapes have specified surface area and volume. An optimization procedure is then used to find the shape for which the deformation energy is a minimum.
Effect of kinetic energy on the doping efficiency of cesium cations into superfluid helium droplets.

We present an experimental investigation of the effect of kinetic energy on the ion doping efficiency of superfluid helium droplets using cesium cations from a thermionic emission source. The kinetic energy of Cs+ is controlled by the bias voltage of a collection grid collinearly arranged with the droplet beam. Efficient doping from ions with kinetic energies from 20 eV up to 480 V has been observed in different sized helium droplets. The relative ion doping efficiency is determined by both the kinetic energy of the ions and the average size of the droplet beam. At a fixed source temperature, the number of doped droplets increases with increasing grid voltage, while the relative ion doping efficiency decreases. This result implies that not all ions are captured upon encountering with a sufficiently large droplet, a deviation from the near unity doping efficiency for closed shell neutral molecules. We propose that this drop in ion doping efficiency with kinetic energy is related to the limited deceleration rate inside a helium droplet. When the source temperature changes from 14 K to 17 K, the relative ion doping efficiency decreases rapidly, perhaps due to the lack of viable sized droplets. The size distribution of the Cs+-doped droplet beam can be measured by deflection and by energy filtering. The observed doped droplet size is about 5 × 106 helium atoms when the source temperature is between 14 K and 17 K.
Black lipid films in aqueous media: A new type of interfacial phenomenon

Abstract The generally accepted model of the plasma membrane is that proposed by Danielli and Davson in which a bimolecular lipid film is pictured as the basic structural component separating two aqueous phases. Direct experimental studies of the postulated structure as ultrathin films have been reported recently. Since the thickness of these films is small in comparison with the wavelength of light, they appear to be black when viewed by reflected light owing to the phase reversal. Hence, these films in aqueous solutions are called “black lipid films” to distinguish them from the black soap films in air. Hitherto the black lipid films had been made only from either a complex lipid mixture or lecithins. The brush technique described by Mueller and co-workers had been used by subsequent investigators. However, this technique was found to be unsatisfactory, especially when the formation characteristics were to be studied and the compositions of lipid solution from which stable black films could be generated were to be established. This paper is concerned with experimental techniques for studying these ultra-thin lipid structures. The apparatus devised permits a rapid generation of fresh lipid-water interfaces under constant conditions; this should be generally useful for the investigation of this new type of interfacial adsorption phenomenon. In addition, the formation of black lipid films by compounds such as di- and triesters of polyhydric alcohols is reported. The thicker films first formed thinned gradually giving the usual sequence of interference colors. The thickness of these black films in different electrolyte solutions of varying concentration is found to be 50 ± 5 A. The 50 A thickness is deduced from quantitative measurements or reflected light intensities together with film refractive indices determined from measurements of Brewster's angle.
Respiration in broiler litter slurry surface applied to soil

Abstract Respiration in broiler litter slurry that was surface applied to soil was examined for the purpose of determining the feasibility of enriching closed crop canopies with carbon dioxide. An estimated flux density of 1.11 g CO 2 m −2 h −1 was calculated to be required from a ground source to obtain a maximum average increase in photosynthate of 23% for C 3 plants. Litter, as received from the farm, was stored at 24°C for 72 days in a closed container (approximating conditions for deep stack storage). The stored litter was made into a slurry and stored at 24°C in a closed container for 23 days (approximating conditions in a manure storage pond). When stored slurry, inoculated 10% by volume with fresh litter slurry aged for seven days, was applied to soil at the rate of 0.13 ml cm −2 (12,890 l ha −1 ) an average flux density of 5.32 g CO 2 m −2 h −1 was measured.
Long Term Outcomes of Population Suppression of Leafy Spurge by Insects in the Mountain Foothills of Northern Utah

Abstract In North America host-specific flea beetles (Aphthona spp.; Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Europe have been introduced to suppress invasive populations of the exotic forb, leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. (Euphorbiaceae). Long term outcomes of such introduction were examined in 2013 for a spurge infested site (managed as elk winter range) in the mountain foothills of northern Utah where three species of flea beetles had been released two decades earlier, in the 1990s. The abundance of leafy spurge at the site had declined by 2013 to only 4% of its abundance in 1995. The three species of flea beetles (dominated by A. lacertosa Rosenhauer) persisted in low numbers at the site in 2013 [peaking at 7-8 adults (all species combined) per 100 stems and inflicting aboveground feeding damage to all spurge stems by late summer]; flea beetle abundance had declined by 89-97% from high numbers as sampled in 2001. Another biocontrol insect, the stem borer Oberea erythrocephala Schrank (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae...
A Comparison of Disinfectants to Prevent Spread of Potyviruses in Greenhouse Tomato Production

Abstract Potyviruses, transmitted by a diverse array of common aphid species, infect a broad range of vegetable crops, and can be problematic in greenhouse tomato production. Once introduced, these...
Characteristics of Lateral Capacitor Based on High-K Materials

In order to take advantage of continued interconnect scaling dimensions in very large scale integrated circuit technology, lateral capacitors with BST dielectric have been proposed. The lateral capacitors have been implemented by platinum/titanium metallization patterned by standard photolithographic techniques and ion-milling. The high-K dielectric BST has been deposited by spin-on MOD and radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The capacitance of lateral capacitor was found to increase with increase in thickness of BST and annealing temperature. The negative temperature dependence capacitance above room temperature shows that BST is in para-electric phase.
Disability evaluation. 2.

In estimating physical impairment, accurate measurement of range of motion is essential, but other factors also must be considered. In the method of calculation described, the percentage of impairment due to limited motion is determined first, and if they are important, estimations of impairment due to pain, weakness, instability, sensory loss, or shortened extremities are added.
Sleep continuity measured by survival curve analysis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To develop and demonstrate the utility of measures of sleep continuity based on survival analysis techniques. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: University sleep laboratory. PATIENTS: Anonymous nocturnal polysomnograms from 10 normal subjects, 10 subjects with mild sleep disordered breathing (SDB) (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI], 15-30/hr), and 10 subjects with moderate/severe SDB (AHI > 30/hr). INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Hypnograms were analyzed to measure the lengths of episodes of contiguous sleep and processed using several common survival analysis techniques. Using separate survival curves for each group to describe the durations of continuous epochs of sleep (sleep run lengths), statistically significant differences were found between all groups (p < .001) as well as between the normal and mild SDB groups (p < .001), suggesting differences in the stability of sleep. Using survival regression techniques applied separately to each subject, statistically significant differences were found among all three groups (p < .001) and, more importantly, between the normal and mild SDB groups (p < .005). Similarly, estimation of sleep continuity based on the pooled sleep run data for each group also showed statistically significant differences (normal vs mild, p < .001; Normal vs moderate/severe, p < .001). In addition, the latter technique showed that changes in the "stability" of sleep could be demonstrated as runs progressed. CONCLUSION: Survival curve analysis of the lengths of runs of contiguous sleep provides a potentially useful method of quantifying sleep continuity. The results suggest that sleep becomes more stable as sleep progresses in normal subjects and those with mild SDB and less stable in subjects with moderate/severe SDB.
Opportunities for Increased Physical Activity in the Workplace: the Walking Meeting (WaM) Pilot Study, Miami, 2015

Introduction Despite the positive impact walking has on human health, few opportunities exist for workers with largely sedentary jobs to increase physical activity while at work. The objective of this pilot study was to examine the implementation, feasibility, and acceptability of using a Walking Meeting (WaM) protocol to increase the level of work-related physical activity among a group of sedentary white-collar workers.
Preoperative Fasting and Medication in Children

Summary The goal of safe, nonstressful, and anxiety-free induction of anesthesia for pediatric patients can be facilitated by minimizing the risks of aspiration pneumonitis and the conscientious use of an armamentarium of preoperative medications. The healthy child (ASA I or II) presenting for elective surgery, particularly in the day-surgery context, need not undertake a prolonged fast or be heavily premedicated before induction of anesthesia. Following a longer fasting period from solids, consumption of clear liquids up to 2 hours beforehand appears reasonable in view of the studies available. The variety of newer premedication agents and techniques should make it easier for the anesthesiologist to find an appropriate approach for the pediatric patient's specific needs. The potential for respiratory depression and apnea, particularly in infants and young children and in those with associated predisposing problems (e.g., large tongue, previous history of apnea, etc.) must remain a primary consideration in drug administration. Once again, the choice of premedications must be focused on the old axiom: who, what, where, when, why, and how.
Hydrogen-related complexes in Li-diffused ZnO single crystals

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band gap semiconductor and a potential candidate for next generation white solid state lighting applications. In this work, hydrogen-related complexes in lithium diffused ZnO single crystals were studied. In addition to the well-known Li-OH complex, several other hydrogen defects were observed. When a mixture of Li2O and ZnO is used as the dopant source, zinc vacancies are suppressed and the bulk Li concentration is very high (>1019 cm−3). In that case, the predominant hydrogen complex has a vibrational frequency of 3677 cm−1, attributed to surface O-H species. When Li2CO3 is used, a structured blue luminescence band and O-H mode at 3327 cm−1 are observed at 10 K. These observations, along with positron annihilation measurements, suggest a zinc vacancy–hydrogen complex, with an acceptor level ∼0.3 eV above the valence-band maximum. This relatively shallow acceptor could be beneficial for p-type ZnO.
Urinary phthalate and phthalate alternative metabolites and isoprostane among couples undergoing fertility treatment.

Background Epidemiological data suggest associations between phthalate exposures to a variety of adverse reproductive outcomes including reduced sperm quality and reproductive success. While mechanisms of these associations are not fully elucidated, oxidative stress has been implicated as a potential mediator. We examined associations of urinary metabolites of phthalates and phthalate alternative plasticizers with oxidative stress among couples seeking fertility treatment.
Oxidative stress, serotonergic changes and decreased ultrasonic vocalizations in a mouse model of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is an inherited monogenic disorder in which mutations to the 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) reductase (Dhcr7) gene lead to deficits in cholesterol synthesis. As a result, many patients suffer from gross physiological and neurological deficits. The purpose of this study was to identify a potential abnormal behavioral phenotype in a compound mutant mouse model for Smith-Lemli-Opitz disease (Dhcr7 Δ3-5/T93M ) to further validate the model and to provide potential targets for future therapeutic interventions. We also sought to identify some of the underlying changes in brain function that may be responsible for behavioral differences among groups. The Dhcr7 compound mutant mice were smaller than their single mutant littermates. Both single and compound heterozygous mice made fewer ultrasonic vocalizations when separated from the dam, which may suggest a communication deficit in these animals. Striking increases of the highly oxidizable 7-DHC were observed in the compound mutant mice. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is the precursor to cholesterol and builds up because of decreased function of the mutated Dhcr7 enzyme. Additionally, several differences were noted in the serotonergic system including increased expression of the serotonin transporter and increased uptake of serotonin by isolated synaptosomes. We propose that changes to the oxidative environment during development can have a significant impact on the development of serotonergic function and that this contributes to behavioral differences observed in the mutant mice.
Computer Algebra and Complex Analysis

Taking complex analysis to mean complex numerical analysis, I perceive my mission here to be that of disseminating the algebraic approach taken by computer algebraists to many mathematical problems, which arise from and are important to complex analysis. In turn, complex numerical analysis can be, and have been, providing essential theoretical and computational results for computer algebra. The cross fertilization should and must continue in order that computational mathematics progress with the joint aid of both tools, rather than branching into orthogonal pursuits with disparate approaches. First, we discuss the different issues and principal concerns of computer algebra. Then, the algebraic approach to a long standing problem in calculus or complex analysis, indefinite integration in closed form, will be motivated and derived through examples. Algorithmic solution to the basic, thought provoking, problem of rational function integration as well as theoretical foundation underlying the algorithm for elementary function integration will be discussed. Further issues and approaches will be illustrated through another central (implicitly essential) problem of computer algebra, that is simplification of symbolic and algebraic expressions. We conclude by showing a set of computer executed problems in integration to reveal some of the new capabilities added to the arsenal of a mathematician through the efforts of computer algebra.
Coupled-cluster and configuration-interaction calculations for heavy nuclei.

We compare coupled-cluster (CC) and configuration-interaction (CI) results for $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ obtained in the $pf$-shell basis, focusing on practical CC approximations that can be applied to systems with dozens or hundreds of correlated fermions. The weight of the reference state and the strength of correlation effects are controlled by the gap between the ${f}_{7/2}$ orbit and the ${f}_{5/2}$, ${p}_{3/2}$, ${p}_{1/2}$ orbits. Independent of the gap, the CC method with 1p-1h and 2p-2h clusters and a noniterative treatment of 3p-3h clusters is as accurate as the more demanding CI approach truncated at the 4p-4h level.
Phase Ib/II Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Combination Therapy with Multikinase VEGF Inhibitor Pazopanib and MEK Inhibitor Trametinib In Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Purpose: Pazopanib, a multireceptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting primarily VEGFRs1-3, is approved for advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and renal cell cancer. Downstream of VEGFR, trametinib is an FDA-approved MEK inhibitor used for melanoma. We hypothesized that vertical pathway inhibition using trametinib would synergize with pazopanib in advanced STS.Experimental Design: In an open-label, multicenter, investigator-initiated National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)-sponsored trial, patients with metastatic or advanced STS received pazopanib 800 mg and 2 mg of trametinib continuously for 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was 4-month progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints were overall survival, response rate, and disease control rate.Results: Twenty-five patients were enrolled. The median age was 49 years (range, 22-77 years) and 52% were male. Median PFS was 2.27 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.9-3.9], and the 4-month PFS rate was 21.1% (95% CI, 9.7-45.9), which was not an improvement over the hypothesized null 4-month PFS rate of 28.3% (P = 0.79). Median overall survival was 9.0 months (95% CI, 5.7-17.7). A partial response occurred in 2 (8%) of the evaluable patients (95% CI, 1.0-26.0), one with PIK3CA E542K-mutant embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and another with spindle cell sarcoma. The disease control rate was 14/25 (56%; 95% CI, 34.9-75.6). The most common adverse events were diarrhea (84%), nausea (64%), fatigue (56%), and hypertension (52%).Conclusions: The combination of pazopanib and trametinib was tolerable without indication of added activity of the combination in STS. Further study may be warranted in RAS/RAF aberrant sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4027-34. ©2017 AACR.
Delay and Doppler processing for multi-target detection with IEEE 802.11 OFDM signaling

This paper investigates the processing of delay and Doppler information with IEEE 802.11p OFDM signaling for multi-target detection. We study the feasibility of extending IEEE 802.11p short-range communication (DSRC) in vehicles to automotive radio detection and ranging (radar) functionality. By exploiting the unique structure of 802.11p OFDM packets over multiple subcarriers and multiple time-slots, we apply the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) for concurrent multi-target detection and range/velocity estimation. Numerical results show sub-0.2m accuracy in range estimation and sub-0.02m/s accuracy in velocity estimation with high probability.
What can regular and timely student feedback tell us about the teaching and learning processes

Most studies on the evaluation of teaching focus on the input (teacher traits) or the output (student-generated products) of the teaching and learning processes. This article is based on a case stu...
Diagnosis and Management of Narcolepsy.

Type 1 narcolepsy is caused by deficient hypocretin signaling in the central nervous system (CNS), and is distinct from other primary CNS hypersomnias, which seem to lay along a spectrum from type 2 narcolepsy to idiopathic hypersomnia. There appears to be a strong autoimmune diathesis to the development of type 1 narcolepsy, as evidenced by the near universal presence of HLA-DQB1*06:02 in patients. Growing knowledge of the immunogenetic basis of the disease is supported by genetic studies and seasonal variation of type 1 narcolepsy incidence following winter upper respiratory infections (e.g., strep throat and influenza). Despite improved diagnostic accuracy of adding cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement to the traditional workup, recognition of the disorder remains limited by its moderate prevalence and atypical manifestations in different ethnic groups. Treatments are currently symptom-based, and have been extended to other hypersomnias with mixed results.
Science of Biosimilars

Biosimilar therapeutic proteins in oncology offer the potential to decrease costs while providing safety and efficacy profiles consistent with their respective reference or originator products. Biosimilars have a number of important differences from generic small-molecule drugs, including manufacturing processes that are unique from their reference products. These differences may affect biosimilars through posttranslational modifications that can occur in specific cellular production lines, and these modifications have potential effects on protein structure, function, clinical pharmacology, and immunogenicity. Regulatory agencies expect these differences to be identified, analyzed, and minimized through iterative processes and extensive preclinical efforts. Generic naming of biosimilars reflects the nonproprietary reference product name along with a meaningless four-letter suffix to ensure that each product can be uniquely identified for prescribing and pharmacovigilance purposes. Labeling information for biosimilars reflects a greater detail of comparisons to reference products than conventional generic drugs, which ensures that prescribers can understand the source of information and have a complete understanding of the therapeutic profile of each biosimilar agent. Postmarketing surveillance programs will be required to evolve and ensure optimal pharmacovigilance reporting, because the potential for unexpected adverse events with biosimilars is higher than with conventional generic agents as a result of different manufacturing processes and different clinical trial designs and durations. The existing filgrastim biosimilars are likely to be joined soon by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, including rituximab, trastuzumab, and bevacizumab, on the basis of patent expiration dates and clinical trial results.
Recovery After Disasters: How Adaptation to Climate Change Will Occur

Adaptation to climate change in general, and sea level rise in particular, will be a complex process involving difficult decisions for communities. Scores of coastal cities will need to make some adjustments to rising sea level. In most cases, communities will confront disruptive new sea levels through large coastal storms and storm surges rather than as a result of slowly rising waters. Thus, adaptation to sea level rise will occur, to a great extent, through the process of long-term post-disaster recovery following these episodic disasters. If severe coastal storms are the carrier of sea level rise, then post-disaster recovery is the means of adaptation. This paper briefly summarizes what we know about the process of post-disaster recovery, with particular attention to the process of community relocation after disasters. We know that recovery is a fast-paced process with many actors, and that smart recovery requires intention, resources, and organizations designed to operate effectively in post-disaster compressed time environments. Successful recovery requires citizen involvement, and relocation in particular requires citizens to be empowered to be partners in the decisions. Still, relocation is inherently challenging, because it is expensive, residents have strong attachments to place, and relocations often disrupt social and economic networks and impede livelihoods.
Aerobic Capacity and Postprandial Flow Mediated Dilation

The consumption of a high-fat meal induces transient vascular dysfunction. Aerobic exercise enhances vascular function in healthy individuals. Our purpose was to determine if different levels of aerobic capacity impact vascular function, as measured by flow mediated dilation, following a high-fat meal. Flow mediated dilation of the brachial artery was determined before, two- and four-hours postprandial a high-fat meal in young males classified as highly trained (n = 10; VO2max = 74.6 ± 5.2 ml·kg·min(-1)) or moderately active (n = 10; VO2max = 47.3 ± 7.1 ml·kg·min(-1)). Flow mediated dilation was reduced at two- (p < 0.001) and four-hours (p < 0.001) compared to baseline for both groups but was not different between groups at any time point (p = 0.108). Triglycerides and insulin increased at two- (p < 0.001) and four-hours (p < 0.05) in both groups. LDL-C was reduced at four-hours (p = 0.05) in highly trained subjects, and two- and four-hours (p ≤ 0.01) in moderately active subjects. HDL-C decreased at two- (p = 0.024) and four-hours (p = 0.014) in both groups. Glucose increased at two-hours postprandial for both groups (p = 0.003). Our results indicate that a high-fat meal results in reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in highly trained and moderately active individuals with no difference between groups. Thus, high aerobic capacity does not protect against transient reductions in vascular function after the ingestion of a single high-fat meal compared to individuals who are moderately active.
Long-Term Treatment of Resistant Acromegaly with a Somatostatin Analog (SMS 201–995, Sandostatin ® )

The therapeutic options for acromegaly unsuitable for or unresponsive to surgery or dopaminergic agonists are limited. The short half-life (t1/2) of natural somatostatin has precluded its use, but a new, long-acting, octapeptide analog (SMS 201–995, Sandostatin®) has shown promise [2, 4, 5]. We have reported beneficial clinical and chemical responses in 6 patients with resistant acromegaly given Sandostatin for 5–12 months [1]. This study has since been extended to include 14 patients who have received Sandostatin up to a period of 30 months.
A 2D Coupled Electromagnetic, Thermal and Fluid Flow Model: Application to Layered Microwave Heat Exchangers

Development of efficient microwave heat exchangers requires complicated experimentation with processes of different physical nature. We describe here a 2D numerical model which can help study electromagnetic and thermal processes in the presence of fluid flows and design microwave heat exchangers based on layered structures. The model with no fluid flow captures the S- and SS-profiles of the power response curve, and is validated against the related 1D mathematical model; critical transition temperatures given by both models appear to be in satisfactory agreement. We show that thermal runaway is triggered by maximum temperatures in the system. A hydrodynamically fully developed Poiseuille flow is then introduced and steady state temperature profiles are found to be dependent on SS-curve. The results suggest a possibility of harnessing microwave energy.
Child Effects on Lability in Parental Warmth and Hostility: Moderation by Parents' Internalizing Problems.

Research documents that lability in parent-child relationships–fluctuations up and down in parent-child relationships–is normative during adolescence and is associated with increased risk for negative outcomes for youth. Yet little is known about factors that predict lability in parenting. This study evaluated whether children’s behaviors predicted lability in parent-child relationships. Specifically this study tested whether youth maladjustment (delinquency, substance use, internalizing problems) in Grade 6 was associated with greater lability (e.g., more fluctuations) in parents’ warmth and hostility towards their children across Grades 6–8. The study also tested whether the associations between youth maladjustment and lability in parents’ warmth and hostility were moderated by parents’ internalizing problems. The sample included youth and their parents in two parent families who resided in rural communities and small towns (N = 618; 52% girls, 90% Caucasian). Findings suggest that parents’ internalizing problems moderated the associations between child maladjustment and parenting lability. Among parents with high levels of internalizing problems, higher levels of youth maladjustment were associated with greater lability in parents’ warmth. Among parents with low in internalizing problems, higher levels of youth maladjustment were associated with less lability in parents’ warmth. The discussion focuses on how and why parent internalizing problems may affect parental reactivity to youth problem behavior and intervention implications.
Elbow Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes: A 5-Season Epidemiological Study:

Background:Little research has focused on the rates and patterns of elbow injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes.Purpose:To describe the epidemiological patter...
Rape Myth Acceptance Among Prospective Criminal Justice Professionals

To examine the Rape Myth Acceptance (RMA) in undergraduate criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) sample, we surveyed 414 CCJ undergraduate students at a large northeastern public university. In th...
Role of water in degradation of nitroplasticizer

Abstract The role of water in degradation of nitroplasticizer (NP) was studied using a set of NP samples aged inside confined containers between room temperature and 70∘C with their water concentrations monitored during the aging course. For the first 42 days at the temperatures 55∘C and below, simple Fickian diffusion dominates the monotonic decreases of the water concentrations with time. After about 60–80 days depending on temperatures, diffusion alone can no longer explain the water decreases, despite no significant NP degradation detectable using the FTIR spectroscopy. Starting at about 80–160 days, also depending on temperatures, the measured water concentrations fluctuated around mean values that decrease with increasing temperature, and the onset of NP degradation was detected using FTIR and TGA. It was found that NP contains an irreducible amount of water on the order of a few hundred ppms, which decreases with increasing temperature. Pristine NP does not exist with a water concentration lower than this amount. The diffusivity, the irreducible amount of water in NP, and the mean water production rate due to NP degradation are calculated from the water concentrations of the first aging stage and the mean water concentrations during the onset of NP degradation. They all change with the temperature following Arrhenius laws with different prefactors and activation energies. This study shows that trace water formation is an intrinsic property of the NP while it ages with the mechanistic details to be resolved.
Manganese supplementation as a cause of parkinsonism and T1-hyperintensities on basal ganglia

A 70-year-old woman with symmetric parkinsonism and vertical gaze paresis had an elevated serum manganese level at 60.1 ng/mL (reference value, 4.7–18.3 ng/mL) because of daily over-the-counter supplement intake (over 500% of recommended dietary allowance). Brain MRI revealed T1 hyperintensities in the bilateral globus pallidi and subthalamic nuclei (figure). Serum level normalized with partial clinical improvement after stopping the supplement intake, but the imaging remained unchanged a year later. Liver and kidney failure, occupational exposure, ephedrine usage, parenteral nutrition, and manganese transporter defects may cause similar imaging findings attributable to hypermanganesemia,1,2 but these causes were ruled out.
What Comes after: Disruption and Care in Health Science Librarianship

As a university health science librarian at a public institution, I witnessed much of this past year from the sidelines, locked in my home, and communicating almost entirely through a computer scre...
A Nitsche method for wave propagation problems in time domain

We propose a new Nitsche-type approach for the weak enforcement of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions in the context of time-domain wave propagation problems in mixed form. A peculiar feature of the proposed method is that, due to the hyperbolic structure of the problem considered, two penalty parameters are introduced, corresponding to Dirichlet and Neumann conditions, respectively. A stability and convergence estimate is also provided, in the case of a discontinuous-in-time Galerkin space–time integrator. The spatial discretization used is based on a stabilized method with equal order interpolation for all solution components. In principle, however, the proposed methodology is not confined to stabilized methods. We conclude with an extensive set of tests to validate the robustness and accuracy of the proposed approach.
A Generalized Edit and Analysis System for Agricultural Data

The transfer of the census of agriculture from the U.S. Bureau of the Census to the National Agricultural Statistics service provided an opportunity for the Agency to improve both the census and its ongoing survey and estimation program through effective integration of the two. This paper addresses the re-engineering of the census processing system into a generalized edit and analysis system for use on the broad spectrum of agricultural data. The paper discusses issues such as edit philosophy, data capture, macro and micro graphical analysis.
Efficient Gabor filter design using Rician output statistics

Gabor filters have been applied successfully to a broad range of multidimensional signal processing and image processing tasks. The present paper considers the design of a single filter to segment a two-texture image. A new efficient algorithm for Gabor-filter design is presented. The algorithm draws upon previous results that showed that the output of a Gabor-filtered texture is well represented by a Rician distribution. The new algorithm uses the Rician model to estimate the output statistics of a pair of sample textures from their windowed autocorrelation functions. A measure of the total output power is used to select the center frequency of the filter and estimate the output statistics. The method is further generalized to include the statistics of post-filtered outputs. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithms. >
Extend UDF Technology for Integrated Analytics

Running analytics computation inside database engines through the use of UDFs (User Defined Functions) has been extensively investigated, but not yet become a scalable approach due to two major limitations. One limitation lies in that the existent UDFs are not relation-in, relation-out and schema-aware, unable to model complex applications, and cannot be composed with relational operators in a SQL query. Another limitation lies in the difficulty of programming UDFs for efficient interaction with query processing, since that requires hard-to-follow system knowledge beyond the analytics expertise. These limitations actually keep away most users from using UDFs for their analytics applications. To solve these problems, we extend the UDF technology in both semantic and system dimensions. We first expand our investigation on Relation Valued Functions (RVFs) with the goal of having RVF executions tightly integrated with query processing, but allowing RVF developers to be liberated from DBMS internal details. We separate an RVF into two parts: RVF shell that contains the system utilities, and user-function that contains application logic only. We provided focused system support based on the notion of invocation pattern , and developed the mechanism for generating an RVF-shell automatically based on the schemas of its argument and return relations, the well understood invocation pattern, and the common data conversion protocol. A complete RVF is made by plugging the "user function" in the RVF-shell. We have prototyped the proposed approach on the open-sourced database engine Postgres. Our experience reveals its advantages in making UDF tightly integrated with the query executor but relieving analytics users from dealing with system details --- a fundamental data engineering requirement to make UDF technology practically usable for converging data intensive analytics and data management.
Novel microstructures for low-distortion chip-to-chip interconnects

To shift the onset of skin resistance in off-chip interconnects novel microstructures are proposed as a method to maximize conductor surface area for a given pitch. We consider lines of Scm length operating at 1GHz with ~6dB attenuation. Assuming thin but wide lines (aspect ratio 10:1) for low distortion then conventional microstrip lines would require a 5Oim pitch theoretical study shows that a vertical coplanar line essentially a tall double-strip coplanar line could be packed twice as densely. Circuit theory and field theory which accounts for fringing are used to predict a reduction in high frequency resistance in laminated microstrip lines as well. Reduction in resistance was observed in a large-scale model of a transposed multiple-conductor microstrip line. Microfabrication of phase-velocity matched laminated lines demonstrated the difficulty of matching material constants emphasizing the relative strength of transposed laminated lines which do not require matching.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
UThPb analyses of soil from the Sea of Fertility

Analyses have been made of lead, uranium, and thorium in two soil samples from the Luna 16 mission. Lead was found to be distinctly radiogenic, but significantly less radiogenic than other lunar soils. The Th/U ratio was found to be 3.8, and the uranium concentration was the lowest so far found for lunar soils.
Electron mobility in silicon and germanium inversion layers: The role of remote phonon scattering

We calculate the electron mobility in Si and Ge inversion layers in single-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors. Scattering with bulk phonons, surface roughness and remote phonons is included in the mobility calculations. Various high-κ dielectric materials are considered for both Si and Ge substrates. Overall, Ge outperforms Si, but in general Ge is more affected by the use of high-κ dielectrics. HfO2 degrades the mobility substantially compared to SiO2 for Si substrates and may prohibitively degrade performance. HfO2 with Ge yields an improvement over Si with a mobility enhancement ≈3× at an electron sheet density of 1×1013 cm−3.