cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commentary on: Rivaroxaban for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Abdominoplasty: A Multicenter Experience

We appreciate the opportunity to review this article by Dr Hunstad and his colleagues.1 The authors report on observed rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and reoperative hematoma in a case series of 132 abdominoplasty patients who received chemoprophylaxis with rivaroxaban 10 mg daily beginning 12 hours after surgery and continuing for ≥7 days. The oral direct inhibitors of factor Xa (FXa) are the newest class of anticoagulant drugs and have ever-expanding indications. Factor X can be activated (to FXa) via either the intrinsic or extrinsic clotting pathways. FXa promotes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, resulting in clot formation. Enoxaparin accelerates the activity of antithrombin, which accelerates the rate of inactivation of FXa. Inactivation of FXa subsequently decreases thrombin generation. Fondaparinux, the effect of which is largely mediated through FXa inhibition (with some inhibition of Factor IXa), is also an effective anticoagulant. Clinical utility of fondaparinux identified FXa as an appealing target for anticoagulants because it represents a unifying pathway of the extrinsic and intrinsic clotting pathways.2 Rivaroxaban is an oral direct inhibitor of FXa. Rivaroxaban is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, treatment of acute VTE, long-term prevention of recurrent VTE after an initial 6 months of therapy, and prevention of VTE after total knee or hip arthroplasty. Approval was based on large phase III trials showing noninferior or superior efficacy and similar or reduced rates of major, intracranial, and fatal bleeding compared with conventional anticoagulants (ie, enoxaparin and/or warfarin).3-7 For patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, rivaroxaban 10 mg daily reduced the primary outcome of VTE and death compared with enoxaparin 40 mg daily (9.6% vs 18.9%, P < .001) without increased bleeding.6 Similar findings were observed after …
Rates of BRCA1/2 mutation testing among young survivors of breast cancer

Guidelines in the United States recommend consideration of testing for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes for women diagnosed with breast cancer under age 45. Identification of mutations among survivors has implications for secondary prevention and familial risk reduction. Although only 10 % of breast cancers are diagnosed under age 45, there are approximately 2.8 million breast cancer survivors in the United States, such that the young survivor population likely numbers in the hundreds of thousands. However, little is known about genetic testing rates in this population. We assessed trends in BRCA1/2 testing among breast cancer survivors who were under age 45 at diagnosis and were treated from 2005 to 2012. Using insurance claims from a national database (MarketScan), we identified incident breast cancer cases among (1) women aged ≤40 and (2) women aged 41–45. We measured BRCA1/2 testing using Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards models. Among 26,985 patients analyzed, BRCA1/2 testing rates increased with each year of diagnosis from 2005 to 2012 (P < 0.001). However, among women treated in earlier years, testing rates did not approach those of patients treated later, even after extended follow-up (median time from surgery to testing among patients treated in 2005, not reached; median time to testing among patients treated in 2012, 0.2 months for women aged ≤40 and 1.0 month for women aged 41–45). Women aged 41–45 had lower rates than women aged ≤40 throughout the analysis period (P < 0.001 for each year). BRCA1/2 testing rates among young women with incident breast cancer increased substantially in the last decade. However, most survivors treated in earlier years have never been tested. Our results demonstrate a need to better incorporate genetic counseling into survivorship and primary care for this population.
Semi-Intensive Pre-European Cultivation and the Origins of Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Amazonia

Anthropogenic dark earths are widespread in the uplands (terra firme) of Amazonia, in patches covering a hectare or less up to several hundred hectares. The blacker form (terra preta) seems to have developed from preEuropean village middens consisting of ash and charcoal from kitchen fires, cultural debris, feces, human and animal bones, and house/garden waste (Woods and McCann 1999). The lighter, dark brown form (terra mulata), which is much more extensive, is believed by some soil scientists (Sombroek 1966:175; Glaser et al. 2001a), archaeologists (Herrera et al. 1992; Petersen et al. 2001), botanists (Prance and Schubart 1978), and geographers (Denevan 1998; Woods and McCann 1999) to be the product of intensive cultivation practices (Fig. 10.1). Others, however, such as Smith (1980) and Eden et al. (1984), rejected an agricultural origin because of the depth of dark earth soils. Smith argued for midden origins, and he saw soil color and depth as being functions of length of village-site duration. In 1980 he was apparently unaware of the extent of terra mulata that contains little or no midden material.
Analgesics for osteoarthritis.

What are the comparative effectiveness, benefits, and adverse effects of oral and topical analgesics for osteoarthritis?
Immunohistochemical characterization of chondroid syringomas

This study was initiated because the histogenesis of chondroid syringomas (CSs), especially the role of the myoepithelial cells, is still controversial. Twelve cases of CS were analyzed by immunohistochemical methods with a broad panel of routinely used antibodies. The epithelial elements were classified as tubuloglandular components, stromal cells, and solid nests. The authors' results indicated the following: (1) The inner cell layers of tubuloglandular components have distinct epithelial features with cytokeratin (CK), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) positivity. (2) The outer cell layers had negative results for muscle-specific actin (MSA), desmin, CEA, EMA, and CK (if antibody AE1/3 was used) and had positive results for vimentin, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and in three cases for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). (3) The stromal cells and, to a lesser extent, the solid nests expressed immunophenotypes similar to those of the outer cell layers. These data suggest that the stromal components may derive from the outer cells of the tubuloglandular elements but derive from the outer cells of the tubuloglandular elements but do not confirm their exclusive myoepithelial origin.
Quantum Efficiency and Capture Cross Section of First and Second Excitonic Transitions of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Measured through Photoconductivity

Comparing photoconductivity measurements, using p-n diodes formed along individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), with modeling results, allows determination of the quantum efficiency, optical capture cross section, and oscillator strength of the first (E11) and second (E22) excitonic transitions of SWNTs. This is in the infrared region of the spectrum, where little experimental work on SWNT optical absorption has been reported to date. We estimate quantum efficiency (η) ~1-5% and provide a correlation of η, capture cross section, and oscillator strength for E11 and E22 with nanotube diameter. This study uses the spectral weight of the exciton resonances as the determining parameter in optical measurements.
Grüneisen Parameter for Born-von Kármán Lattices

The Gr\"uneisen parameter is derived in closed form in terms of the elements of the secular determinant. The method is applied to face- and body-centered structures with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor central forces. Results are presented for seven elements, and comparisons are made with some commonly used approximate methods.
Effect of different soils on nitrogen nutrient absorption and accumulated amount of Longqing1 in Heilongjiang Province

In this paper,nitrogen nutrient characteristics and the effect on uptake and accumulate of nitrogen nutrient in different soil types in Heilongjiang Province during growth and development of Longqing1 were studied with the univariate analysis method.The results showed that the trend of total nitrogen,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in different types of soil was the same;the order was albicmeadow soilblack soilalkali saline soil;the nitrogen content order of Longqing1 was albicmeadow soilalkali saline soil black soil in different soil;the nitrogen accumulated content was albicmeadow soilblack soilalkali saline soil;the impact factors of different soils were different on nitrogen content and accumulated amount through regression and path analysis,and the interaction was also different among the factors.
Qualitative Suitability Test of N95 Particulate Matter Protection Mask of 3M~(TM) 1860 Type for Medical Use

[Objective]To test the suitability of N95 particulate matter protection mask of 3MTM1860 type for medical use,and promote the awareness of wearing and adjusting method of it among medical staff.[Methods]The suitability of N95 particulate matter protection mask of 3MTM1860 type for medical staff were tested with qualitative method by 3MTMFT-30 qualitative suitability test equipment.[Results]Of 637 medical workers,apart from 13(2.04%) were insensitive to bitter,the others participated in the test were classified into 556(87.28%) of level 1,49(7.69%) of level 2 and 19(2.98%) of level 3,according to the sensitivity;611(95.92%) passed qualitative suitability test,but 26(4.08%) did not.[Conclusion]Qualitative suitability test not only lets the medical workers understand the correct wearing method of mask,but also facilitate their choice of appropriate mask based on individual factors such as facial form.
Centralized Control Design of Sulfur Hexafluoride Treatment System

The working principle of the new type sulfur hexafluoride gas treatment system was described and the electrical and control scheme of the centralized-control design of the treatment system was given.Correspondingly,every treatment flow and the key points need be controlled in the treatment process were explained.
Pregnancy Rate and Pregnancy Outcome Associated with Laboratory Evaluation of Spermatozoa, Oocytes, and Pre-Embryos

There are very few non-invasive methods currendy available for determining the quality of gametes and pre-implantation embryos. Because sperm collection is easier than oocyte collection, and because the numbers of available sperm are so far in excess of available oocytes, the opportunity to examine large populations of sperm is possible within an in vitro fertilization setting. It follows that invasive testing may be performed on sperm without fear of compromising a given patient’s chances for establishing pregnancy. Unfortunately, embryologists must rely primarily on gross morphology and developmental rate in order to make comparable assessments of the oocyte and developing conceptus; both an unreliable and uninformative means, yet the only means possible when the desire is to reduce potential danger to the oocyte and pre-embryo. Despite these limitations, various associations may be noted between the factors of gross analysis and the ability to contribute to ongoing pregnancy. While these factors may differ between sperm and oocytes, the additive effect of each factor may build a base upon which to estimate the potential for success.
Curcurbita pepo subspecies delineates striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum) preference.

The striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum (F.)) is a destructive pest of cucurbit crops, and management could be improved by host plant resistance, especially in organic farming systems. However, despite the variation in striped cucumber beetle preference observed within the economically important species, Cucurbita pepo L., plant breeders and entomologists lacked a simple framework to classify and exploit these differences. This study used recent phylogenetic evidence and bioassays to organize striped cucumber beetle preference within C. pepo. Our results indicate preference contrasts between the two agriculturally relevant subspecies: C. pepo subsp. texana and C. pepo subsp. pepo. Plants of C. pepo subsp. pepo were more strongly preferred than C. pepo subsp. texana plants. This structure of beetle preference in C. pepo will allow plant breeders and entomologists to better focus research efforts on host plant non-preference to control striped cucumber beetles. Herbivorous beetles show strong preferences among cucurbit varieties, suggesting avenues for breeding resistant squashes and pumpkins. The striped cucumber beetle is a major pest of cucurbits such as squashes, pumpkins and melons, but this impact could be reduced by manipulating differences in the palatability of the crop for the beetles. Michael Mazourek and colleagues at Cornell University, USA, found that the beetles strongly preferred zucchini and pumpkin varieties to squashes. Using a 'no-choice bioassay,' in which beetles were presented only with their least and most preferred varieties, the team showed that the beetles fed almost exclusively on the preferred variety. The research suggests potential both for breeding resistant cucurbits, and for 'push-pull' management, in which pests are simultaneously repelled from crops by interplanting highly resistant varieties, and attracted away by nearby plantings of highly susceptible ones.
The Eisenhower Doctrine

The Suez Crisis fundamentally altered the political alignments of the Middle East. Throughout the Arab world the influence of the primary Western state, Great Britain, had ebbed to the point of non-existence, while the nationalist forces were emboldened and poised to assume control. As significant as the altered relationships may have been, they did not impact the objectives of the Eisenhower administration. The United States was still committed to mobilizing the Middle East for the task of containment by reducing Egyptian influence. However, the achievement of this goal required a more activist policy than previously pursued.
Insulin Secretion, Physiology

Normal insulin secretion is critical for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and is predicated on the ability of the beta cell to respond to physiological stimuli in a timely and quantitatively appropriate manner.
Anesthesia for Ambulatory Major Total Joint Arthroplasty: The Future is Now!

The rapidly growing demands for total joint arthroplasty and changes in healthcare have resulted in these surgical procedures being performed in an outpatient/short-stay setting. For these procedures to be performed safely on an outpatient basis, it is necessary to implement multidisciplinary, multimodal protocols that improve functional outcomes, enhance recovery, and reduce the need for hospitalization. These protocols include appropriate patient selection, preoperative optimization of comorbid conditions, and patient education. In addition, use of minimally invasive surgical techniques along with fast-track anesthesia techniques as well as aggressive nonopioid multimodal analgesia and aggressive postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis is necessary. Postoperatively, the focus is on early mobilization and accelerated physical therapy. Collectively, these fast-track methods result in an effective clinical pathway that improves outcomes and the patient experience. The purpose of this review article is to examine the perioperative considerations required for performing total hip and knee arthroplasties on an outpatient basis.
Late Neurologic Complications of Neurofibromatosis I

A hospital-based series of 158 patients with neurofibromatosis I, including 138 adults aged >18 years and 20 children, were evaluated for neurological complications in adulthood at the Services de Neurologie and Neuroradiologie, Hopital Henri Mondor, Paris, France.
The design of microscope type spectral reflectometry for the depth measurement of high-aspect-ratio through silicon via

Through Silicon Via (TSV) interconnect technology have been used to serve a wide range of Three Dimensional Integrated Circuit (3D-IC) production for higher integration and higher frequency purposes. Therefore, the inspection of depth and Critical Dimension (CD) of TSV becomes a key issue for yield rate evaluation. In this research, we demonstrate an optical system design of microscope type spectral reflectometry which is based on finite microscope system. The advantage of finite microscope system is less optical components, which leads to less UV and NIR attenuation for the purpose of thin film (~50 nm) and thick film (~50 μm) measurement. The illumination light incident on the sample are designed as parallel as possible for increasing the reflective light rays from bottom of TSV. The spot size of measurement area is 30 μm in diameter. Meanwhile, the corresponding algorithm including thin film interference model fitting and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) for high aspect ratio TSV analysis are presented. The thickness of oxide film and the depth of TSV can be calculated simultaneously. Our non-destructive solution can measure TSV opening diameter as small as 5 μm and aspect ratio greater than 15:1. The measurement precision is in the range of 0.03 μm. We also evaluate the total measurement uncertainty which is around 0.22 μm. Metrology results from actual TSV wafers are presented. The SEM results were made as comparison.
Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD: Harnessing the Healing Power of Relationships. Candice M. Monson and Steffany J. Fredman

Over the past several years there has been increased attention to the systemic impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is important because research suggests PTSD is associated with l...
Minimally Invasive Techniques for Adult Lumbar Scoliosis

The application of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease and deformity has gained popularity. Minimally invasive lumbar fusion techniques have the potential to reduce blood loss, decrease postoperative back pain, and decrease the length of hospital stay compared to open fusion surgery techniques. Minimally invasive surgery for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) is the most commonly used minimally invasive technique for patients who have spondylolisthesis. Compared to open fusion techniques, MIS-TLIF is technically more challenging due to the limited exposure of the surgical field; this requires the surgeon to have a detailed anatomical knowledge of the lumbar spine.
A popularity-aware cost-effective replication scheme for high data durability in cloud storage

Cloud storage system usually experiences data loss, hindering data durability. Three-way random replication is commonly used to prevent data loss in cloud storage systems. However, it cannot effectively handle correlated machine failures. Although Copyset Replication and Tiered Replication can reduce data loss in correlated and independent failures and enhance data durability, they fail to leverage different data popularities to substantially reduce the storage cost and bandwidth cost caused by replication. To address these issues, we present a popularity-aware multi-failure resilient and cost-effective replication (PM-CR) scheme for high data durability in cloud storage. PMCR splits the cloud storage system into primary tier and backup tier, and classifies data into hot data, warm data and cold data based on data popularities. To handle both correlated and independent failures, PMCR stores the three replicas of the same data into one Copyset formed by two servers in the primary tier and one server in the backup tier. For the third replicas of warm data and cold data in the backup tier, PMCR uses the Similar Compression method for read-intensive data and uses the Delta Compression method for write-intensive data to reduce storage cost and bandwidth cost. As a result, these costs are reduced and data durability and availability are enhanced without compromising data request delay greatly. Extensive experiment results based on trace parameters show that PMCR achieves high data durability, low probability of data loss, and low storage cost and bandwidth cost compared to previous replication schemes.
Black Stereotypical Features

Negative biases associating Black men with criminality are most pronounced for a subgroup of men with Afrocentric features (e.g., a wide nose, full lips). Face-type bias occurs for men with these f...
Child Skills and Teacher Qualifications: Associations with Elementary Classroom Teachers’ Reading Instruction for Struggling Readers

This study explored the extent to which kindergarten and first grade teachers provided individualized reading instruction to struggling readers during a unique one-on-one reading instruction task. Three outcomes of teachers’ instructional strategies were captured: code-focused strategies, meaning-focused strategies, and level of challenge. Child skills in decoding and vocabulary/oral language as well as teacher qualifications of education, experience, and knowledge of reading were examined in relation to the three instructional strategies. Multilevel analyses showed relationships between child skills and reading instructional strategies, with teachers generally using code-focused and meaning-focused strategies, as well as an appropriate level of challenge, with children who struggled less with early reading. Although teacher education was not associated with any of the reading instructional strategies, teacher experience and knowledge of reading was associated with meaning-based instruction and the level of challenge provided to struggling readers.
Identification and Targeting of Kinase Alterations in Histiocytic Neoplasms

Histiocytic disorders represent clonal disorders of cells believed to be derived from the monocyte, macrophage, and/or dendritic cell lineage presenting with a range of manifestations. Although their nature as clonal versus inflammatory nonclonal conditions have long been debated, recent studies identified numerous somatic mutations that activate mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in clinically and histologically diverse forms of histiocytosis. Clinical trials and case series have revealed that targeting aberrant kinase signaling using BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors may be effective. These findings suggest that a personalized approach in which patient-specific alterations are identified and targeted may be a critically important therapeutic approach.
Abstract P216: Heart Failure Readmission Rates: Experience of St John9s Physician Group Practice Demonstration

Objective: The appropriateness of using readmission rates alone as markers of the quality of Heart Failure (HF) care has been questioned. The HF program of St. John9s Health System9s Physician Group Practice (PGP) Demonstration provided an opportunity to assess a number of outcomes that help to put readmission rates in context. The HF program included disease and case management and a disease registry in the PCP office. Methods: Several data sets were analyzed including the EHR, an inpatient database, the disease registry, and the Social Security Death Master File. Traditional Medicare patients admitted to St. John9s Hospital from 2000 to 2010 with a diagnosis of HF, were included resulting in data for 5 years before (Period 1) and 5 years after (Period 2) the 2005 inception of PGP. Results: Total admissions were 3559 in Period 1 and 3514 in Period 2. The prevalence of 3 co-morbid conditions in admitted patients increased during Period 2 [diabetes 35.3% (1256/3559) to 42.7% (1499/3514), p Conclusions: The HF program implemented by this PGP project was associated with decreased HF admissions and with increased clinical complexity of admitted patients. Despite this increasing complexity, the 30 day all cause readmission rate dropped in the first year of the program and remained stable thereafter. Finally, 30 day mortality rates were not adversely affected until the last year of the program. The increased mortality in 2010 may be due to a change in case mix but remains unexplained.
The Effects of Feedback Modality on Performance

Giving employees information about their performance is a common method for employers seeking to improve or change performance. Today, internet- and computer-delivered feedback is often provided th...
Chemical Proteomics Identifies Druggable Vulnerabilities in a Genetically Defined Cancer

The transcription factor NRF2 is a master regulator of the cellular antioxidant response, and it is often genetically activated in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) by, for instance, mutations in the negative regulator KEAP1. While direct pharmacological inhibition of NRF2 has proven challenging, its aberrant activation rewires biochemical networks in cancer cells that may create special vulnerabilities. Here, we use chemical proteomics to map druggable proteins that are selectively expressed in KEAP1-mutant NSCLC cells. Principal among these is NR0B1, an atypical orphan nuclear receptor that we show engages in a multimeric protein complex to regulate the transcriptional output of KEAP1-mutant NSCLC cells. We further identify small molecules that covalently target a conserved cysteine within the NR0B1 protein interaction domain, and we demonstrate that these compounds disrupt NR0B1 complexes and impair the anchorage-independent growth of KEAP1-mutant cancer cells. Our findings designate NR0B1 as a druggable transcriptional regulator that supports NRF2-dependent lung cancers.
Power Users Behavior Analysis and Application Based on Large Data

In this paper, a persona and users’ segmentation model are established by analyzing the power users’ data. In order to further complete the historical database, the paper adopts the method of questionnaire to collect information. Then according to the characteristics of power users, the index system is established, and the index is selected. Different construction methods are adopted for different models. Here, the K-means algorithm is used to cluster the second level indicators in the users’ behavior attribute, and the users’ label is extracted according to the clustering results. Finally, power users’ persona is implemented. It can be proved that the model is effective in dealing with massive data, and provides reliable data support for decision making.
Integration of a Linear Elliptic Equation

Consider the following PDE, the so-called Poisson’s equation,in the unit square: (7.1) , subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions (7.2)
Perspectives on the Porcine Xenograft Valve

This article presents a comparison of the long-term follow-up between the Starr-Edwards valvular prosthesis and the Hancock porcine bioprosthesis. The 9-year valve-related statistics for patients receiving the bioprosthesis clearly favor the porcine valve, as the complications of anticoagulation, thromboemboli, and catastrophic valve failure outweigh the risk of elective tissue valve replacement.
The conférencier in the purple robe: Chen Jitong and Qing cultural diplomacy in late nineteenth-century Paris

The establishment of Chinese legations abroad in the late Qing coincided with the emergence of a number of learned societies and transnational knowledge communities in the late nineteenth century. ...
A Multi-Actuator Approach to High Bandwidth In Vitro Cardiac Kinematic Simulation

This work presents a design framework and prototype for achieving high frequency mechanical motion that simulates the kinematics of human heart deformation. The proposed method begins with patient-specific, four-dimensional computed tomography imaging and proceeds to an actuator topology and control scheme that can be adapted to multiple uses. We present the overall simulation workflow and results from a prototype using four voice coil motors. The current prototype approximates left ventricular wall motion with a closed loop displacement bandwidth in excess of 30 Hz. This work is particularly relevant to medical device durability testing given its emphasis on high frequency motion.
Indexing moving object trajectories with hilbert curves

Efficiently querying large trajectory datasets is a challenge of growing importance. Abstracting trajectory segments with minimum bounding boxes and indexing them in R-Trees results in a high false positive rate due to high dead space. Space filling curves (SFCs), which have excellent locality preserving and dimensionality reduction properties, have been shown to be effective for indexing points in space. However, they can yield a high false positive count and slow query times if used to index trajectory segments. Our work shows how to use SFCs to index trajectory polylines. In our experiments, the proposed method runs 2--15 times faster than other state-of-the-art approaches.
Adipocyte OGT governs diet-induced hyperphagia and obesity

Palatable foods (fat and sweet) induce hyperphagia, and facilitate the development of obesity. Whether and how overnutrition increases appetite through the adipose-to-brain axis is unclear. O-linked beta-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) couples nutrient cues to O-GlcNAcylation of intracellular proteins at serine/threonine residues. Chronic dysregulation of O-GlcNAc signaling contributes to metabolic diseases. Here we show that adipocyte OGT is essential for high fat diet-induced hyperphagia, but is dispensable for baseline food intake. Adipocyte OGT stimulates hyperphagia by transcriptional activation of de novo lipid desaturation and accumulation of N-arachidonyl ethanolamine (AEA), an endogenous appetite-inducing cannabinoid (CB). Pharmacological manipulation of peripheral CB1 signaling regulates hyperphagia in an adipocyte OGT-dependent manner. These findings define adipocyte OGT as a fat sensor that regulates peripheral lipid signals, and uncover an unexpected adipose-to-brain axis to induce hyperphagia and obesity. Endocannabinoid signaling regulates food intake and is a potential therapeutic target for obesity. Here the authors show that adipocyte O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is required for high fat diet-induced hyperphagia via transcriptional activation of de novo lipid desaturation and accumulation of an endogenous appetite-inducing cannabinoid.
Pacification in the Favelas: The Role of the Police in Preparing for the Olympics in Rio de Janiero

In the early afternoon sunlight of March, 2008, our car entered the outskirts of Rio de Janiero’s Villa Cruziero favela. The author recalls feeling a sense of having entered a new world; this was not just due to the change of physical surroundings. In fact, at least where we were at the outset, there was not a marked difference visually from other hillside urban slums I had seen in other parts of the world. The difference here was that there was a knowing feeling of passing a boundary beyond the traditional world of police protection. This was because the boy on the bicycle signaling to others that it was ok for our car to pass was in plain sight to us as we entered. Leading our entry into the favela was Nancko van Buuren, an inspiring Dutch immigrant that had spent most of his life working to better the quality of life for the residents of Rio’s favelas through his social health NGO IBISS; this included building non-profit community centers with many types of available resources and programs. He had also had remarkable success mentoring over 1400 child soldiers away from the very violent drug gangs; this was the group to whom we were on our way to meet at a local school. When walking the streets with Nancko and his group, it was clear from the community’s\s reception to him that he was well known and cherished. At no point did I feel unsafe.
Homelessness and Health Disparities: A Health Equity Lens

In this chapter, we describe a variety of health disparities experienced by homeless people, outline the pathways that link housing and health, and point to promising solutions for enhancing health equity. Whether living in shelters, on the street, or couch-surfing, homeless people exhibit high rates of disease and disability, reduced access to treatment, and poorer prognoses relative to their housed counterparts. Many of the health conditions common among people experiencing homelessness, such as tuberculosis, are comparatively rare within the general population. Mental health conditions and substance use disorders are also strongly associated with homelessness and poor physical health. Disparities widen as homeless individuals struggle to satisfy basic needs, such as accessing adequate food. People experiencing homelessness are also subject to high degrees of victimization and physical and sexual violence, both precipitating and during periods of homelessness. Taken together, the cyclical and successive magnification of risk factors that contribute to health disparities for people experiencing homelessness is termed cumulative disadvantage. Permanent supportive housing and especially Housing First models, medical-legal partnerships, and mobile health outreach programs are among the promising policy and programming interventions to reduce health disparities for homeless populations. In sum, given that housing and health are so closely linked, achieving health equity for homeless populations is closely tied to strategies to improve housing stability and address the most upstream social determinants of health.
Detection of Potential Transit Signals in 16 Quarters of Kepler Mission Data

We present the results of a search for potential transit signals in 4 yr of photometry data acquired by the Kepler mission. The targets of the search include 111,800 stars which were observed for the entire interval and 85,522 stars which were observed for a subset of the interval. We found that 9743 targets contained at least one signal consistent with the signature of a transiting or eclipsing object where the criteria for detection are periodicity of the detected transits, adequate signal-to-noise ratio, and acceptance by a number of tests which reject false positive detections. When targets that had produced a signal were searched repeatedly, an additional 6542 signals were detected on 3223 target stars, for a total of 16,285 potential detections. Comparison of the set of detected signals with a set of known and vetted transit events in the Kepler field of view shows that the recovery rate for these signals is 96.9%. The ensemble properties of the detected signals are reviewed.
Direct lysosome-based autophagy of lipid droplets in hepatocytes

Hepatocytes metabolize energy-rich cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) in the lysosome-directed process of autophagy. An organelle-selective form of this process (macrolipophagy) results in the engulfment of LDs within double-membrane delimited structures (autophagosomes) before lysosomal fusion. Whether this is an exclusive autophagic mechanism used by hepatocytes to catabolize LDs is unclear. It is also unknown whether lysosomes alone might be sufficient to mediate LD turnover in the absence of an autophagosomal intermediate. We performed live-cell microscopy of hepatocytes to monitor the dynamic interactions between lysosomes and LDs in real-time. We additionally used a fluorescent variant of the LD-specific protein (PLIN2) that exhibits altered fluorescence in response to LD interactions with the lysosome. We find that mammalian lysosomes and LDs undergo interactions during which proteins and lipids can be transferred from LDs directly into lysosomes. Electron microscopy (EM) of primary hepatocytes or hepatocyte-derived cell lines supports the existence of these interactions. It reveals a dramatic process whereby the lipid contents of the LD can be “extruded” directly into the lysosomal lumen under nutrient-limited conditions. Significantly, these interactions are not affected by perturbations to crucial components of the canonical macroautophagy machinery and can occur in the absence of double-membrane lipoautophagosomes. These findings implicate the existence of an autophagic mechanism used by mammalian cells for the direct transfer of LD components into the lysosome for breakdown. This process further emphasizes the critical role of lysosomes in hepatic LD catabolism and provides insights into the mechanisms underlying lipid homeostasis in the liver.
Do Inhibitory Metabolites Impact DDI Risk Assessment? Analysis of in vitro and in vivo Data from NDA Reviews Between 2013 and 2018.

Evaluating the potential of new drugs and their metabolites to cause drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is critical for understanding drug safety and efficacy. Although multiple analyses of proprietary metabolite testing data have been published, no systematic analyses of metabolite data collected according to current testing criteria have been conducted. To address this knowledge gap, 120 new molecular entities approved between 2013 and 2018 were reviewed. Comprehensive data on metabolite-to-parent area under the curve ratios (AUCM /AUCP ), inhibitory potency of parent and metabolites, and clinical DDIs were collected. Sixty-four percent of the metabolites quantified in vivo had AUCM /AUCP ≥ 0.25 and 75% of these metabolites were tested for cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition in vitro, resulting in 15 metabolites with potential DDI risk identification. Although 50% of the metabolites with AUCM /AUCP < 0.25 were also tested in vitro, none of them showed meaningful CYP inhibition potential. The metabolite percentage of plasma total radioactivity cutoff of ≥ 10% did not appear to add value to metabolite testing strategies. No relationship between metabolite versus parent drug polarity and inhibition potency was observed. Comparison of metabolite and parent maximum concentration (Cmax ) divided by inhibition constant (Ki ) values suggested that metabolites can contribute to in vivo DDIs and, hence, quantitative prediction of clinical DDI magnitude may require both parent and metabolite data. This systematic analysis of metabolite data for newly approved drugs supports an AUCM /AUCP cutoff of ≥ 0.25 to warrant metabolite in vitro CYP screening to adequately characterize metabolite inhibitory DDI potential and support quantitative DDI predictions.
Investing Outside the Box: Evidence from Alternative Vehicles in Private Equity

This paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of alternative investment vehicles in private equity, using unexplored custodial data about 112 limited partners over four decades. We differentiate between alternative vehicles that are GP-directed versus those where the LP has some discretion. Of the roughly 5500 distinct investments made by the LPs in our sample, 32% of investments (17% of capital commitments) were in such alternative vehicles; the allocation increased by more than 10 percentage points over the last decade. Alternative vehicles were far more likely to be offered by larger and North America-based buyout funds. The average performance of these alternative vehicles lagged that of the GPs’ corresponding main funds. The best LP performance was among endowments, private pensions, and insurers. Finally, LPs with better past performance invested in alternative vehicles with better performance, even after conditioning on the GPs’ past records. This result suggests that bargaining between GPs and LPs leads to gradation in investment performance based on the parties’ outside options.
Ego State Work and Connecting with the Inner Child

As the treatment of complex trauma deepens, it is inevitable that by peeling back the layers of self-discovery, you will encounter the inner child. A multi-consciousness approach to clinical treatment enables the trauma survivor to hear from the various parts of their own consciousness through a compassionate lens, which can ultimately pave the way for negotiation, clarity, and inner harmony. Thoughtful application of ego-state-informed language can facilitate compassionate, nonjudgmental witnessing of the parts that are coming to voice so that they can be heard and even unburdened of their fears. Chapter 9 begins by exploring the relationship between trauma and the multiplicity of the mind, illustrated through a clinical vignette. Subsequently, an overview of the theoretical underpinning and application of the Internal Family Systems Model is provided.
3D-Integrated DWDM Silicon Photonics Receiver

We present a 3D-integrated DWDM silicon photonics receiver having 24 independent channels. 16-Gb/s optical data transmission is successfully demonstrated with energy efficiency of 1 pJ/bit which enables aggregate bandwidth of 384 Gb/s.
Regulatory Incrementalism and Moral Choices: A Comment on Adlerian Welfarism

This article replies to a symposium article in the special Administrative Law issue of the Florida State Law Review. Professor Adler's paper makes the ambitious claim that administrative regulation should be oriented around the imperative of welfarist themes, namely, the need to improve overall well-being through our specific and general regulatory choices. While agreeing with much of Professor Adler's assessment, this comment suggests that a key obstacle to a comprehensive welfarist approach to regulatory choice is the fundamentally incrementalist quality of regulatory decisionmaking. Modern administrative regulation is the product of mostly sequential, specific (and even "small") choices, choices made by the myriad of national, state, and local agencies charged by the legislature to make policy within their domain and expertise. This regulatory incrementalism disables, though perhaps does not ultimately doom, efforts to pursue a truly welfarist approach to regulation.
A Study of Home Care Workers in New York City

New York has pioneered the development of publicly- financed home care, establishing a 60,000 member home care workforce that is by far the largest in the nation. This paper describes the Medicaid-funded home care program in New York City and presents findings from a recent survey of the workforce. Data are presented on working conditions in the industry suggesting that structural reform is urgently needed in the employment system for home care workers in New York City. The findings have national implications for the future planning of home care services.
Expressing Irregular Computations in Modern Fortran Dialects

Modern dialects of Fortran enjoy wide use and good support on high-performance computers as performance-oriented programming languages. By providing the ability to express nested data parallelism in Fortran, we enable irregular computations to be incorporated into existing applications with minimal rewriting and without sacrificing performance within the regular portions of the application. Since performance of nested data-parallel computation is unpredictable and often poor using current compilers, we investigate source-to-source transformation techniques that yield Fortran 90 programs with improved performance and performance stability.
Optimization: Without Revenue/Costs

In the previous Chapter we looked at optimizing the system without considering costs and revenues. Now we will construct an optimizing model incorporating these factors. Again we have two models. The first one uses fuzzy probabilities and the second model employs fuzzy arrival/sevice rates.
Distortion effects in α + α system

$\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle specific distortion effects in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ system are examined by the addition of square-integrable distortion functions into the usual resonating-group formulation. The results indicate that such effects are not too important and can be neglected in calculations on other light nuclear systems.NUCLEAR REACTIONS ($^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\alpha})$), $E=0\ensuremath{-}20$ MeV; calculated phase shifts. Resonating-group method with specific distortion effects.
Tracer kinetic modeling in nuclear cardiology

The introduction of tracer kinetic modeling techniques in conjunction with nuclear imaging has allowed the assessment of physiologic processes in the myocardium in a noninvasive and quantitative manner. Alongside the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals for both positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography is the clarification of their pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and modeling strategies for assessment of physiologic rates from imaging data. Image analysis and tracer kinetic modeling techniques used in nuclear cardiology must address unique considerations related to the heart. The most commonly used tracers and modeling techniques are presently discussed, with particular attention given to methods that allow absolute quantitation of physiologic processes. The applications of these techniques are obvious in research protocols and may find more use in future clinical studies.
General theory of eigenstrains

The definition of the eigenstrains is given first. Then the associated general solutions for elastic fields for given eigenstrains are expressed by Fourier integrals and Green’s functions. Some details of calculations for Green’s functions are described for static and dynamic cases.
3 Grass, Water, Salt, Copper, and Others: Pastoralists’ Territorial Strategies in Central Sudan

This chapter discusses the territorial tactics and settlement strategies devised by pastoral-nomadic societies in two areas of the Central Sudan. The Eghazer basin (Niger) case study is entirely archaeological and considers processes that took place between 3000 and 800 B.C.E. The Houlouf region case study is ethnoarchaeological and looks at the site-location strategies, patterns of settlements, and structures of Shuwa-Arab villages and camps in the Sahelian margins of Northern Cameroon. I explore how these two pastoral-nomadic societies colonized new territories and carved out new and original cultural landscapes, and then compare the two cases. With the ethnic mix of the Eghazer basin being unknown, bounded territories controlled by larger “tribal” units are a possibility. In the Houlouf region, Shuwa-Arab pastoralists were initially constrained to a tributary relationship, a situation that changed radically during the past two decades with Shuwa-Arab access to regional chieftainship. [territories, pastoralists, Central Sudan, Eghazer basin, Houlouf region]
Thermal escape of carbon from the early Martian atmosphere

[1] Observations suggest that Mars was wet and warm during the late Noachian, which probably requires a dense CO2 atmosphere. But would a dense CO2 early Martian atmosphere have been stable under the strong EUV flux from the young Sun? Here we show that thermal escape of carbon was so efficient during the early Noachian, 4.1 billion years ago (Ga), that a CO2-dominated Martian atmosphere could not have been maintained, and Mars should have begun its life cold. By the mid to late Noachian, however, the solar EUV flux would have become weak enough to allow a dense CO2 atmosphere to accumulate. Hence, a sustainable warm and wet period only appeared several hundred million years (Myrs) after Mars formed.