cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An New Ranking Method of Fuzzy Complementary Judgement Matrix

The paper gives a new ranking method of fuzzy complementary judgement matrix, compare it with the raking method in, and has found the relation between them. It points out that it is more reasonable than that one.
Automatic Summary Evaluation without Human Models.

We present a fully automatic approach for summarization evaluation that does not require the creation of human model summaries. Our work capitalizes on the fact that a summary contains the most representative information from the input and so it is reasonable to expect that the distribution of terms in the input and a good summary are similar to each other. To compare the term distributions, we use KL and Jensen-Shannon divergence, cosine similarity, as well as unigram and multinomial models of text. Our results on a large scale evaluation from the Text Analysis Conference show that input-summary comparisons can be very effective. They can be used to rank participating systems very similarly to manual model-based evaluations (pyramid evaluation) as well as to manual human judgments of summary quality without reference to a model. Our best feature, Jensen-Shannon divergence, leads to a correlation as high as 0.9 with manual evaluations.
Clinical manifestations of congenital neurofibromatosis.

An attempt has been made to enumerate or describe briefly the various clinical manifestations which may be associated with congenital neurofibromatosis. In some instances the direct relationship can be proved, but in the majority of cases this has to be assumed. The frequency with which these various questionable manifestations are associated with unmistakable signs of neurofibromatosis, however, and the tissue characteristics which are found so commonly in all cases of soft-tissue hypertrophy, represent strong presumptive evidence that all may arise from a common etiology,—a primary developmental defect of the nervous system.
Ten Open Questions for Techno-Optimists

This column discusses some of the open questions regarding productivity growth and economic gains from innovative IT.
Investing in Early Childhood Development: Essential Interventions, Family Contexts, and Broader Policies

AbstractAccess to quality early childhood development (ECD), care, and pre-primary education is essential for child development and is now recognized as a priority under the Sustainable Development Goals. Investments in ECD by major donors have been rising rapidly in recent years. This makes the task of understanding better what works to promote ECD, and what may not work as well, a priority. The objective of this special issue of the Journal of Human Development and Capabilities is to contribute to the evidence base in three areas—the roles of program interventions, family contexts, and broader policies in ensuring optimal child development. The issue consists of five research articles, most of which provide evaluations of specific interventions, as well as three shorter notes considering broader policy issues. The main conclusions of the various contributions are summarized in this article together with a brief introduction to simple conceptual frameworks that countries, donors, and other stakeholders m...
The influence of pulse plating frequency and duty cycle on the microstructure and stress state of electroplated copper films

In this work we studied the impact of pulse electroplating parameters on the cross-sectional and surface microstructures of blanket copper films using electron backscattering diffraction and x-ray diffraction. The films evaluated were highly (111) textured in the direction perpendicular to the film surface. The degree of preferential orientation was found to decrease with longer pulse on-times, due to strain energy driven growth of other grain orientations. Residual biaxial stresses were also measured in the films and higher pulse frequencies during deposition led to smaller biaxial stresses in the films. Film stress was also found to correlate with the amount of twinning in the copper film cross-sections. This has been attributed to the twins' thermal stability and mechanical properties.
Nutrition in Weight Management and Obesity

Simply put, obesity is a result of energy imbalance. Energy expenditure and energy intake are the two main factors in the energy balance equation. However, considerable disagreement occurs over the importance of energy expenditure in terms of obesity. The role that reduction in physical activity levels plays in stemming the rising obesity epidemic and the effectiveness of exercise in treating obesity are heavily debated topics. However, there is little argument that diet is a central issue in both the increasing prevalence of obesity and in the management of this disease. Although nutrition plays a straightforward role in its development and treatment, changing the diet of an individual is not so straightforward.
Unraveling the molecular mystery of retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis.

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) phagocytosis is essential for clearance of shed photoreceptor outer segments (POS) to prevent retinal degeneration. Despite the importance, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RPE phagocytosis is relatively limited. Phagocytosis ligands, receptors, and signaling cascades are traditionally identified on case-by-case basis with challenges. It is even more daunting to identify a new signaling pathway in the absence of any molecular probe. We developed a phagocytosis-based functional cloning strategy with open reading frame (ORF) phage display and identified tubby-like protein 1 (Tulp1) as a new phagocytosis ligand in an unbiased manner. We used Tulp1 as a molecular probe and characterized the well-known MerTK as the receptor of Tulp1. Tulp1 as a genuine MerTK ligand was independently validated by co-immunoprecipitation, MerTK autophosphorylation and MerTK-dependent intracellular signaling. Moreover, Tulp1 was characterized as a bridging molecule with a C-terminal phagocytosis prey-binding domain. These results suggest that Tulp1 is a genuine RPE phagocytosis ligand and that ORF phage display is a valid technology for unbiased identification of phagocytosis ligands, which will further lead to their receptors and signaling cascades. Thus, this new strategy will facilitate the unbiased mapping of molecular mechanisms of RPE and other phagocytes.
The Army Net Zero Waste Program and Its Implications for Energy

Net Zero Waste is one of three Net Zero Goals (the other two being energy and water) that the U.S. Army has implemented for various test installations that it operates. The Net Zero Waste program focuses on diversion of the wastes, which means that it seeks to reduce wastes first, then focuses on finding useful repurposing and recycling of materials currently managed as wastes. The ultimate goal of the Net Zero Waste program is to achieve a complete elimination of wastes managed by landfilling, although it is more likely that the end result will have a small amount that will have to be managed in this manner. This contrasts with current practice, which largely promotes landfilling wastes. Equations were derived and presented that allow for the calculation of net energy savings (or possible losses in some cases) by applying the Net Zero hierarchy to wastes currently managed by landfilling. Reviewing the range of wastes commonly found in municipal wastes indicates that most can be repurposed, reused, recycled or composted in some form or another. Another management option would focus on promoting waste to energy, and these are discussed in the document. A waste to energy focus maybe a very effective approach for forward operating bases, which are temporary bases used by the Army (and other services) for expeditionary operations.
Études du dichroïsme circulaire et des spectres infrarouges des polypeptides et protéines en solution aqueuse

Des polypeptides de synthese en diverses conformations ont ete etudies par Ia spectroscopie infrarouge dans la zone spectrale de la bande amide I, aussi bien que par le dichroisme circulaire dans la region de l’ultraviolet (entre 185 et 240 mμ), en solution aqueuse. Les resultats de ces etudes indiquent qu’il devrait etre possible d’effectuer des etudes similaires sur les proteines globulaires en solution.
Evoked Potential Correlates of Semantic Information Processing in Normals and Aphasics

Of Eric Lenneberg’s understanding of language there is one aspect that we consider particularly relevant and which we will emphasize in this chapter. This contribution comes from Lenneberg’s belief that neurolinguists must search for a fundamental process that occupies a central position in all higher level cognitive functions. As Lenneberg (1970) states, “No psychobiological model of language can be considered to be adequate unless it comes to grips with the notion of language knowledge and its relationship to knowledge in general” (p. 636). Throughout his writings Lenneberg searched for a single process or a set of central processes which were fundamental to all higher-level operations including perception, language, thought, and knowledge. It was from this background that Lenneberg so forcefully argued that “sensory recognition processes were homologous to language processes” (Lenneberg, 1970). Although Lenneberg never described precisely what these basic processes were, he nevertheless felt it was important to emphasize that language and logic share the basic property of classification and discrimination (Lenneberg, 1967, 1970). As discussed more completely by Lenneberg (1970), the notions of discrimination and classification were formalized into laws of thought and knowledge by George Boole in 1854. The famous “Boolean algebra” is based on a binary classification scheme which, in essence, creates a formalism of the concepts of “sameness” and “difference.”
Quantitative study of RNA transmission through ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract Nucleic acid-based therapies have the potential to treat a wide range of diseases through their ability to silence and/or regulate gene expression. Strategies for the large-scale purification of RNA are still being developed, creating a need for more fundamental understanding of the behavior of RNA in different separation systems. The objective of this work was to evaluate RNA transmission through a series of composite regenerated cellulose and polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight cutoffs. Data were obtained using Torula yeast RNA, with the size distribution evaluated by both dynamic light scattering and agarose gel electrophoresis. Results with dilute RNA solutions were strongly influenced by RNA adsorption to the composite regenerated cellulose membrane; this effect was not seen with the polyethersulfone membranes. Data for the polyethersulfone membranes were analyzed using the concentration polarization model, which describes the affects of bulk mass transfer on RNA transmission, in combination with available hydrodynamic models for membrane transport. The results provide important insights into the factors controlling RNA transmission and the potential for using ultrafiltration for the purification of nucleic acid therapeutics.
The Effect of Digital Platforms on News Audience Behavior

Journalism researchers and professionals are increasingly focused on the mobile platform, which many believe has become the most popular method of digital news consumption. However, few studies that examine digital news use draw from observed audience behavior. Furthermore, little is known about whether or not different digital platforms affect how audiences actually attend to news. This article addresses these gaps. Using online audience data, we find that over the past year, the mobile news audience has indeed surpassed the desktop news audience in size, and that a subset of this audience devotes an enormous amount of time to news apps, especially compared with time spent on desktop devices. In light of our findings, we argue the mobile news audience should be seen not as one homogenous mass, but as two distinct groups—mobile news browsers and mobile app users. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for news production.
Skin cancer associated with commonly prescribed drugs: tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (TNF-αIs), angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) and statins -weighing the evidence

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Skin cancers, including both malignant melanoma (MM) and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), are the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the US. The incidence of both MM and NMSC continues to rise.Areas covered: Current evidence for an association between four of the most commonly prescribed classes of drugs in the U.S. and risk for MM and NMSC is reported. Medline was searched (January 2000 to May 2017) for each drug in the classes and for ‘basal cell carcinoma’, ‘squamous cell carcinoma’, ‘non-melanoma skin cancer’, ‘skin cancer’ and ‘melanoma’. Skin cancer risk information was reported for: tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (TNF-αIs), angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)-reductase inhibitors (statins).Expert opinion: Since skin cancer risk is associated with all four classes of these commonly prescribed drugs that represent nearly 20% of the Top 100 drugs in the U.S., these important ...
Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. By Oleg V. Khlevniuk. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015. Pp. 408. $35.00.)

Having spent much of his career researching the Stalin era, the author of this study supplies here what could very well become the standard work on the general secretary. A book designed for mass a...
Interest Group Activity in the Context of Common Core Implementation

This article analyzes the messages and strategies of a sample of education interest groups, and assesses their interpretations of the political context to understand how the Common Core State Stand...
The potential detrimental effects of calcium channel blockers’ overdose and current available management

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are prescribed in a wide variety of cardiovascular conditions. Overdose of this commonly used drug can result in negative physiologic consequences including severe hypotension and even death due to metabolic and hemodynamic compromise. We report the fatal case of an amlodipine overdose, which caused intractable acidosis and cardiovascular failure in a 51-year-old male.
Lymphedema Within the Healthcare System

Lymphedema impacts psychological, psychosocial, and physiological aspects in the person experiencing this chronic condition. Lymphedema symptoms and the burden of their management further exact an economic toll on individuals, families, society, and the healthcare system. A review of the published literature addressing lymphedema costs, outcomes, and impacts is summarized, with recommendations on approaches to enhance patient outcomes in the millions affected and temper economic sequelae.
Identification of somatic mutations and neoantigens to predict development of autoimmune adverse events to immune therapy in melanoma.

19Background: Immunotherapy has quickly altered the treatment paradigm for advanced melanoma. Prior studies using whole exome sequencing (WES) in immunotherapy have shown limited correlation with c...
Pseudoenhancement effects on iodine quantification from dual-energy spectral CT systems: A multi-vendor phantom study regarding renal lesion characterization.

Abstract Purpose To measure the effect of pseudoenhancement on spectral CT iodine quantification as a function of lesion size, lesion iodine level, background iodine level, helical versus axial scanning, and spectral CT scanner type in a phantom model. Materials and methods A custom-built water-filled cylindrical phantom contained either six small vials (8 mm diameter) or six large vials (27 mm diameter) of aqueous iopamidol solutions (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 mg iodine/mL). The background iodine concentration was 0, 5, or 10 mg iodine/mL. Helical and axial scans were taken on three different dual-energy spectral CT scanners (two image-based and one projection-based) with the scan parameters consistent between the systems. ROIs were used to measure the average iodine concentration of the vials in the 36 individual scans. Linear fits of the true versus measured iodine values were used for pvalue statistical analysis. Having a y-intercept or slope p-value less than 0.05 implied statistically significant iodine quantification errors. Results Iodine quantification pseudoenhancement effects are inversely proportional to lesion size and lesion enhancement and are directly proportional to background attenuation level. No significant differences between helical and axial scans were observed. 100% and 88% of the slope and y-intercept p-values were below 0.05 for the two image-based systems, while 13% of the slope and y-intercept p-values were below 0.05 for the projection-based system. Conclusions Pseudoenhancement can artificially increase spectral CT iodine quantification levels most notably for small low-enhancing lesions (
Pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis: recent advances and their clinical implications

Introduction: Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) are evolving. New knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of EoE has been the foundation for updated diagnostic recommendations and new therapeutic trials. Areas covered: We performed structured literature searches in Medline and PubMed, Cochrane meta-analyses, and abstracts of international congresses to review therapeutic approaches for EoE in July 2018. Additional articles were obtained by perusing the references of articles identified in the original PubMed search. Articles were excluded if they did not focus on the mechanism of disease, diagnosis, or treatment of humans with EoE. Expert commentary: Recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms underlying the pathology of EoE have resulted in significant change in the diagnostic algorithm for EoE, and are identifying promising potential targets for personalized medicine. There is a clinical need for improved targeted therapy for EoE, and better understanding the underlying pathophysiology of EoE will help to determine therapeutic targets. In this review, we highlight key mechanisms in the pathophysiology of EoE and how they are being utilized to change therapy in EoE.
Absences within and surrounding light-to-sound translations

Within the material-immaterial dichotomy structuring the creation of media artworks and its inherent informational aesthetic, one may observe fractures or continuities. Considering media artworks through the notion of translation of materialities, the aim of this paper is to analyse some of the multiple roles that absence play within and surround this sort of aesthetic experimentation. The discussion is unfolded through the articulation of Vilem Flusser’s media theory – namely considering the zero-dimensionality of electronic and digital media and the concept of Mediumsprunge. These concepts are exemplified through historical and contemporary media devices and artworks technically based on light-to-sound translations. The discussed examples were partially selected from references and methodological tools used in a cross-disciplinary practice-based PhD research on photosensitivity in relation to media history and media art history conducted between 2014 and 2018. The methodology combines a historical and analytical approach, through new materialism, media archaeology, cultural techniques and second-order cybernetics. The significance of the discussion is exposing both the artistic freedom (or emancipation) and the arbitrariness (and responsibility) implied in bridging the gaps involved in media artworks.
In situ Observation of the Electrochemical Lithiation of a Single SnO2 Nanowire Electrode.

A nanoscale device consisting of a single SnO2 nanowire as an anode, an ionic liquid-based electrolyte, and a LiCoO2 cathode inside a high-resolution transmission electron microscope allows the in situ observation of the lithiation of the SnO2 nanowire during electrochemical charging.
Admission neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio predicts delayed cerebral ischemia following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has a multifactorial pathophysiology, with immune dysregulation being an important component. The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an established prognostic marker in patients with cancer, cardiac disease, and sepsis. Objective To determine whether there is a relationship between NLR and DCI in patients with aSAH. Methods We evaluated 1067 patients with aSAH between 2006 and 2015 enrolled in a single-center, prospective, observational cohort study. Admission white blood cell differentials (NLR) were analyzed using a cut-off point of ≥5.9. DCI from cerebral vasospasm was defined as the occurrence of focal neurological impairment, or a decrease in at least two points on the Glasgow Coma Scale, which was not apparent immediately after aneurysm occlusion, and could not be attributed to other causes. Cerebral infarct was defined as a new infarct on CT that was not visible on the admission or immediate postoperative scan, when the cause was thought to be vasospasm by the research team. Logistic regression models were generated. Results We found that 768 (72%) patients had an admission NLR ≥5.9. In a multivariable model, elevated NLR was associated with poor admission Hunt-Hess grade (OR=1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6, p=0.005), Caucasian ethnicity (OR=2.6, 95% CI 1.9 to 3.7, p Conclusions This study provides further evidence of the association between inflammation and DCI. Admission NLR is a readily available and convenient biomarker that may be a clinically useful tool for prognostication when evaluating aSAH.
Balancing Using Vertical Center-of-Mass Motion: A 2-D Analysis From Model to Robot

Balancing strategies for humanoid robots often include the center-of-pressure control (“ankle” strategies), change of body's angular momentum (e.g., “hip” strategies), and taking a step. In this letter, we propose using vertical center-of-mass motion as an additional input for balance control. First, we specify analytic, theoretical capture regions under unilateral contact and height constraints only. Second, we add a vertical acceleration constraint and come to a simple control law for implementation. Third, we implement the control law in our momentum-based whole-body control framework. We test push recovery while standing on the NASA's Valkyrie humanoid robot and compare with a constant height controller, and we show that recovery can be improved using vertical motion. Furthermore, we discuss the differences that can be observed after the application of a simple model on a robot.
Transformational Journey of Educators in Technology: A Study of Tenured Business Faculty.

ABSTRACTRecent statistics show faculty in higher education question the value and legitimacy of online education as a viable educational format and are, therefore, less accepting of online degrees....
Exploration of pillar local CDU improvement options for AI applications (Conference Presentation)

Emerging memory devices, such as MRAM, RRAM, and PCM, plays an important role in in-memory computation technology which can lead to significant acceleration for machine learning and AI applications.[1-3] The basic structure of these memory cell is simply a pillar made of a wide range of materials, however, the local CD uniformity (LCDU) of the pillars is especially crucial for these memory devices. The stringent LCDU requirement derives from either the intrinsic small resistance difference between the two memory states or the requirement for creating a large number of memory states within a small range of resistance. Apparently, the stochastic variation in physical dimension will correspond to the variation in resistance from cell to cell, which will affect the correct readout of the memory states and fail the device. Because the “local” CDU in this context refers to the variation within the memory array, i.e. typically within several um, it is almost impossible to correct by utilizing existing advanced tools or process control techniques. In this work, we will demonstrate four promising options to address the stochastic effect in LCDU of pillars: a) adopting new resists, b) PTD and NTD shrink, c) DSA, d) cross-SADP. Fig. 1 shows the general approach to achieve better LCDU by printing larger CD at litho and shrink by post-litho processing.[4] Here we carefully characterize two shrinking techniques and its efficacy on LCDU improvement. Fig. 2 shows two alternative approaches, i.e. DSA and cross-SADP.[5] We will carefully explore these four approaches for LCDU improvement with thorough characterization and analysis. Subsequent pattern transfer and the retention of the LCDU improvement and cost/quality trade-off will also be discussed. Defectivity learning will also be discussed.
CPR in the Covid-19 Era - An Ethical Framework.

CPR in the Covid-19 Era — An Ethical Framework Unlike ventilator allocation, provision of CPR to patients cannot be practically adjudicated by a hospital-level triage team. How does the surge of pa...
Effects of fuel characteristics on horizontal spread rate and ground surface temperatures of smouldering duff

The slow-moving flameless burning of wildland fuels (i.e. smouldering) can be difficult to detect and challenging to extinguish. Although previous research involving the smouldering of organic fuels (e.g. cotton, cellulose, peat) has investigated the influence of various fuel characteristics (e.g. moisture content, inorganic content, bulk density) on spread rate and surface temperatures, the smouldering behaviour of other common fuels is not well understood. This study expands on previous research to better understand how fuel characteristics influence the smouldering behaviour of duff from coniferous forests. Specifically, horizontal spread rates (0.5–19.5 cm h−1) and ground surface temperatures (258–392°C) were measured on 52 duff samples collected from underneath mature ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa) from sites in the Pacific Northwest, USA, and evaluated in terms of their moisture content (6–113%), inorganic content (3–42%), bulk density (34–130 kg m−3) and fuel depth (3.8–16.3 cm). The data suggested that horizontal spread rates decrease when inorganic content, inorganic loading and/or moisture loading of the duff increases. Surface temperatures decrease when inorganic bulk density and/or fuel loading increases. Conversely, surface temperatures decrease when moisture content increases for shallow duff. Higher fuel loading increases the likelihood of smouldering below the surface.
Monostable Single Dissipative Kerr Soliton Generation in a Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Microresonator

By establishing a generalizable framework based on the interplay of a fast, negative Kerr nonlinearity and a slow, thermo-optic redshift, we theoretically and numerically demonstrate deterministic, monostable single soliton generation in a proposed PPLN microresonator.
ReSiPE: ReRAM-based Single-Spiking Processing-In-Memory Engine

Processing-in-memory (PIM) designs that leverage emerging nanotechnologies like resistive random access memory (ReRAM) have demonstrated enormous potential in accelerating deep learning applications due to high energy efficiency and integration density. The common approach of existing ReRAM-based PIM designs is to encode data into either voltage levels with the assist of power-thirsty analog/digital conversion circuits or spike series by sacrificing computing latency. In this paper, we introduce ReSiPE, a ReRAM-based Single-spiking PIM Engine, which uses the arrival time of a single spike to represent the data. We analyze how to encode data into a set of single spikes and develop the circuit to realize the matrix-based computation. The proposed design can minimize the spike numbers, shorten the computation period, and thus improve energy efficiency dramatically. Our simulation results show that ReSiPE achieves 67.1% power reduction and 1.97× power efficiency improvement compared to rate-coding based ReRAM PIM designs under the comparable area, throughput, and accuracy.
A Mapping Review of Teamwork Training and Assessment in Pharmacy Education

Objective. To explore how teamwork is taught (ie, skills and format), measured, and assessed within pharmacy education.Methods. A mapping review was conducted to provide a selection of articles to specifically capture how teamwork is taught, measured, and assessed within pharmacy education.Results. Of the 114 references retrieved, 18 studies from 17 schools or colleges of pharmacy met the inclusion criteria for review and data abstraction. Ten of the studies (56%) described how teamwork training was integrated into courses while the other eight studies described workshops, clinical rotations, modules, interprofessional simulations, long-term projects, and retreats on teamwork. Learning activities involving patient cases were the most common teaching method described (n=12, 67%). For the teamwork principles taught, all articles included leadership training or evaluating leadership skills in their program. To assess teamwork, 17 (94%) of the programs used students' self-reported measures of skills and behaviors, attitudes, and/or knowledge. Fourteen studies (78%) demonstrated improvements in students' attitude-related outcomes, 13 (72%) studies demonstrated improvements in skills-related outcomes, and six studies (33%) described improvements in knowledge related outcomes.Conclusion. Teamwork is regarded as an integral component of being an effective health care professional. While teamwork is common in pharmacy curricula, few studies describe strategies for teaching effective teamwork strategies to pharmacy students. The articles reviewed revealed a wide range of approaches to teaching, measuring, and assessing teamwork skills within pharmacy education. This review highlights an opportunity to further explore and identify the teamwork skills that are requisite for success in pharmacy practice, which could then be supported by standardized teamwork training programs and assessments.
Tuning self-renewal in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage by hormone and nutrient regulation of asymmetric cell division

Asymmetric and self-renewing divisions build and pattern tissues. In the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage, asymmetric cell divisions, guided by polarly localized cortical proteins, generate most cells on the leaf surface. Systemic and environmental signals modify tissue development, but the mechanisms by which plants incorporate such cues to regulate asymmetric divisions are elusive. In a screen for modulators of cell polarity, we identified CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1, a negative regulator of ethylene signaling. We subsequently revealed antagonistic impacts of ethylene and glucose signaling on the self-renewing capacity of stomatal lineage stem cells. Quantitative analysis of cell polarity and fate dynamics showed that developmental information may be encoded in both the spatial and temporal asymmetries of polarity proteins. These results provide a framework for a mechanistic understanding of how nutritional status and environmental factors tune stem-cell behavior in the stomatal lineage, ultimately enabling flexibility in leaf size and cell-type composition.
ON THE USE AND ABUSE OF STANDARDS FOR LAW: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND OFFSHORE FINANCIAL CENTERS *

Current trends in international legal scholarship have shifted from a paradigm of state actors working within recognized sources of international law to one that includes networks of domestic regulators that develop and implement best practices or standards on a global basis. The new paradigm can be seen in operation in the efforts by onshore jurisdictions (most of which are financial centers themselves) to restrict the activities of offshore financial centers. Onshore jurisdictions enlisted these regulatory networks, as well as key international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the International Monetary Fund, to advance new standards for income taxation, prudential regulation, and money laundering in offshore centers. By 2005, offshore centers’ compliance with financial, regulatory, and money laundering standards was largely complete, while there was less success with income tax standards. The current financial crisis, however, has spurred renewed efforts, particularly with respect to the latter. An analysis of this experience suggests that the new paradigm should view regulatory networks in the context of a complex system of states and international organizations that possess the qualities of such regulatory networks. A system of global governance that includes both regulatory networks and these international organizations advances fairness and objectivity and, in * © 2010 Richard K. Gordon. ** Associate Professor of Law, Case Western Reserve University School of Law; Adjunct Professor of International Studies, Brown University. B.A. Yale (1978). J.D. Harvard Law School (1984). From 1994 through 2003, the author served as a senior staff member at the International Monetary Fund (“IMF”) and worked on each of the substantive issues discussed in this Article. While the author has taken great pains not to use any confidential information in writing the Article, he does on occasion refer to nonconfidential discussions among IMF Executive Directors, management, and staff, as well as government officials dealing with the IMF. Occasionally, this includes direct quotes that the author has not attributed to a specific source so as to avoid any possible adverse repercussions. Much information concerning the nature and activities of organizations discussed in this Article is derived from the personal experiences of the author. Nothing in this Article should be taken as representing the official views of the IMF or anyone involved in formulating the policies discussed. Thanks to Rebecca Cage, Jonathan Adler, Craig Boise, Peter Gerhart, Jacqui Lipton, David Kennedy, and Andy Morris.
Protective halos, experts’ justification for failure and the ""job readiness"" of returning citizens

In this paper, I examine how and when experts draw upon the meanings present in their proximate environments to uphold their beliefs about the value of practices they associate with their expertise...
Brief of Professor George P. Smith, II, as Amicus Curiae in Support of the American Hospital Association, et. al., Bowen v. American Hospital Ass'n, 476 U.S. 610 (1986).

This Brief argues that Section 506 of the Federal Rehabilitation Act of l973, as amended, seeks to foster vocational rehabilitative programs and encourage integration of handicapped individuals into a variety of federally funded programs, but not in the deliverance of health services. In the case at bar, the United States Department of Health and Human Services implemented the Rehabilitation Act through the promulgation of regulations and interpretative guidelines which have the effect of intruding into this particular case of parental decision making where it was determined that a newborn son (Infant Doe) suffering as such from Down's Syndrome and a treatable birth defect of esophageal atresia and a constricted main artery, was not to be treated, but instead, allowed to die. The argument advanced in this Brief by the Amicus Curiae is that Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act neither allows nor mandates treatment by hospitals of new born infants with severe medical handicaps; for, to do otherwise, would be violative of the right of parental privacy to determine what is in the best interests of their child.
Determining the content and structure for an agricultural electronics course

Research was conducted concerning the current state of education in agricultural electronics at the 27 institutions in North America that offer an ASAE recognized agricultural technology and management (agricultural mechanization) degree program. Ten of the 23 institutions responding to this research offered an agricultural electronics course, with an additional seven institutions offering agricultural electronics as part of another course in their program. Industry input in the development of agricultural electronics courses was found to be low. Course descriptions and outlines for agricultural electronics courses were obtained from eight institutions. Forty-two different topics were addressed among the eight courses, with minimal agreement among the eight courses. Only twelve (28.6%) of the topics were included in one-half or more of the courses.
Three dimensional finite element analysis for the study of voltage drop behavior in zinc air batteries under load conditions

In this paper, a zinc air NaCI battery is designed and modeled using three dimensional finite element (3DFE) for the study of its voltage under load conditions. The electrochemistry is modeled and coupled to electromagnetic model to forecast the cell voltage drop under 3 different loading scenarios. As each loading condition was tested, the electric field gradient is depicted as well as the current density vectors inside the electrolyte and each electrode. Comprehensive models exhibit electric potentials close to observed experimental test and further help to demonstrate magnetic losses at the electrolyte-electrode interface.
Cobb–Douglas Production Function

The Cobb–Douglass functional form is presented with examples. Keywords: production function; economies of scale; linear regression
Foundations of Component-Based Systems

Introduction: component software - a snapshot and future directions Clemens Szyperski Part I. Frameworks and Architectures: 1. Key concepts in architecture definition languages David C. Luckham, James Vera and Sigurd Meldal 2. Acme: a basis for architectural integration David Garlan, Robert Monroe and David Wile 3. An extensible language for composition Markus Lumpe, Franz Achermann and Oscar Nierstrasz 4. A framework for a formal and automated approach to component-based reuse Betty H. C. Cheng and Yonghao Chen Part II. Object-Based Specification and Verification: 5. Behavioral subtyping Gary T. Leavens and Krishna Kishore Dhara 6. Modular specification and verification techniques for object-oriented software components Peter Mueller and Arnd Poetzsch-Heffter 7. Respectful type converters for objects Jeannette M. Wing and John Ockerbloom Part III. Formal Models and Semantics: 8. A formal model of componentware Klaus Bergner, Manfred Broy, Andreas Rausch, Marc Sihling and Alexander Vilbig 9. General semantic spaces for specifications and templates David S. Gibson, Bruce W. Weide, Steven H. Edwards and Scott Pike 10. An implementation-oriented semantics for module composition Joseph Goguen and Will Tracz Part IV. Reactive and Distributed Systems: 11. Composition of reactive system components K. Lano, J. Bicarregui, T. Maibaum and J. Fiadeiro 12. The IOA language and toolset: support for mathematics-based distributed programming Stephen J. Garland and Nancy A. Lynch.
Gender Equity, Organizational Transformation and Challenger

The concept of the “unlevel playing field” is critiqued for its tendency to take the prevailing masculinist managerial paradigm for granted. Rather than assume that both men and women should assimilate to corporate masculinity, feminist alternatives are suggested. The pervasiveness of the masculine ethic and the “myth of meritocracy” in organizations are reviewed, with the space shuttle Challenger disaster serving as a focal point to demonstrate the dysfunctionality of masculine management and the rationale for feminist-based organizational transformation to promote not only gender equity, but more effective and ethical organizational behavior.
On theoretical modeling of aquatic and aerial animal locomotion

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the theoretical modeling of aquatic and aerial animal locomotion, several objectives that are focused on exploring how, why, and under what premises such high efficiency and low-energy cost can be achieved in these diverse modes of locomotion as a result of a long history of convergent evolution. The chapter takes an integral viewpoint from the foundation built by the pioneering leaders in the field, such as Herbert Wagner, Theodore von Karman, William R. Sears, and Sir James Lighthill, followed by other researchers through developing various theoretical and experimental methods used in studies on the subject. In subdividing the various classes of hydrodynamic theories and the underlying physical conceptions, it is seen that the generalized slender-body theory is readily capable of expounding the complex interaction between the swimming body and the vortex sheets shed from the appended fins, caudal fins, or lunate tails. Some important nonlinear effects are considered, and separate resort is made for mechanophysiological studies on energetics and hydromechanics of fish propulsion involving the biochemical and mechanical conversions of energy.
Fortran codes for computing the acoustic field surrounding a vibrating plate by the Rayleigh integral method

This paper describes the author's RIM3 Fortran code. RIM3 delivers a computational solution to the acoustic field produced by a vibrating plate placed on an infinite baffle. The mathematical model is based on the Rayleigh integral. The method is implemented in three-dimensions in a manner that is similar to the boundary element method and is applied to test cases and results are given. The software is available as open source and can be downloaded from www.east-lancashire-research.org.uk (report AR-08-16).
Chemical doping enhances electronic transport in networks of hexabenzocoronenes assembled in non-aqueous electrolyte

The charge-transporting ability of supramolecular polymer networks assembled from hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs) in non-aqueous electrolyte is reported here for the first time. Enhanced electronic conductivity is observed when the HBC subunits are chemically oxidized to radical cations, which is rationalized using density functional theory.
Generalized circular autoregressive models for modeling isotropic and anisotropic textures

A new class of random field models, called generalized circular autoregressive (GCAR) models, is introduced. The GCAR models have non-causal neighbors which have the same autoregressive parameter values if they are on the same circle or ellipse, and have circular or elliptical correlation structure. The parameter estimation is also considered, and a multi-step estimation algorithm is presented. The efficacy of GCAR models in modeling real textures is demonstrated by synthesizing images resembling real textures.
Development of a new Adolescent Patient-Provider Interaction Scale (APPIS) for youth at risk for STDs/HIV.

Abstract Purpose Although an adult model of patient-provider mutual exchange of information has been proposed, there is no guiding model for adolescents or measurement methodology. Our purpose was to develop a new scale of patient-provider interaction for adolescents accessing reproductive health care and at risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and assess the reliability and validity of the scale. Methods The Adolescent Patient-Provider Interaction Scale (APPIS) was developed from the Roter and Hall theory of doctor-patient relationships, previously validated adolescent satisfaction and communication scales, and focus group and individual elicitation interviews. To assess construct validity, the new nine-item APPIS was compared with the satisfaction scale used by the Young Adult Health Care Survey (YAHCS), and Kahn's Provider Communication Scale. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine convergence across scales, and factor analysis of the APPIS was performed. Results The study recruited 192 African American girls aged 17.9 ± 1.7 years (range 15–21 years) from three sites: a county STD clinic (n = 51), urban adolescent clinic (n = 99), and a family planning clinic (n = 42). Most participants (85%) rated their overall health care highly (≥ 7 on a 10-point scale); 49% felt that both the provider and patient were "in charge" of the visit, and 88% "strongly agreed" or "agreed" that there was an equal "exchange of information" during the visit. The APPIS showed good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha=.75), and moderate convergence with the six-item YAHCS scale (r = .57, p p Conclusions A new theory-based scale of adolescent patient-provider interaction compares favorably with previous scales of health care satisfaction and communication. The new APPIS may be useful for evaluating approaches to improve health care outcomes for adolescents at-risk for STDs and HIV.
Cytonuclear coevolution: the genomics of cooperation

Without mitochondria we would be in big trouble, and there would be a global biological energy crisis if it were not for chloroplasts. Fortunately, genomic evolution over the past two billion years has ensured that the functions of these key organelles are with us to stay. Whole-genome analyses have not only proven that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descended from formerly free-living bacteria, but have also shown that it is difficult to define eukaryotes without reference to the fusion and coevolution of host and endosymbiont genomes. Here, we review how the macro- and microevolutionary insights that follow from the genomics of cytonuclear interactions are uniting molecular evolution, structural proteomics, population genetics and problems in aging and disease. Our goals are to clarify the coevolutionary events that have governed nuclear and organelle evolution, and to encourage further critical analyses of these interactions as problems in the study of co-adapted gene complexes.
The Straining Procedure as an Aid in the Anatomic Localization of Cardiovascular Murmurs and Sounds

Most heart murmurs diminish in intensity during straining. Those derived from the right heart and pulmonary circulation regain intensity immediately after straining. Those from the left heart and systemic circulation recover only after an appreciable delay. The murmurs of patent ductus arteriosus and of mitral stenosis each showed a modified, but characteristic response. These murmur changes were correlated with recorded dynamic cardiovascular changes produced by straining.
Qualitative Perfusion Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Lacks Sensitivity in Detecting Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

Background: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major complication after heart transplantation, requiring frequent surveillance angiography. Though cardiac angiography is the gold standard, it is insensitive in detecting transplant vasculopathy and invasive. Perfusion MRI provides a noninvasive alternative and possibly a useful modality for studying CAV. We sought to compare the accuracy of qualitative perfusion MRI to coronary angiography in detecting CAV. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in 68 heart transplant recipients who had simultaneous surveillance cardiac MRI and coronary angiogram and who underwent transplantation between 2000 and 2007. We compared results of qualitative MRI to those of the cardiac angiogram. Sensitivity and specificity of MR were calculated. Results: Sixty-eight patients underwent both cardiac MRI and coronary angiogram. 73.5% were male; mean age was 45.37 ± 14 years. Mean duration of heart transplantation was 7.9 ± 5.2 years. The mean ejection fraction was 55% in the patients without CAV and 57.4% in those with CAV. There were 48 normal and 24 abnormal MRI studies. The overall sensitivity was 41% and specificity was 74%. Conclusions: Qualitative assessment of perfusion cardiac MR has low sensitivity and moderate specificity for detecting CAV. The sensitivity of MRI was slightly improved with severity of disease. Cardiol Res. 2011;2(6):282-287 doi: https://doi.org/10.4021/cr105w