cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIATOM MINERALIZATION OF SILICIC ACID. VII. INFLUENCE OF MICROTUBULE DRUGS ON SYMMETRY AND PATTERN FORMATION IN VALVES OF NAVICULA SAPROPHILA DURING MORPHOGENESIS1

Microtubule involvement in diatom valve symmetry and pattern formation was investigated using cells synchronized subsequent to mitosis and cytokinesis but prior to cell wall formation. Two analog drug pairs, each consisting of an active and an inactive microtubule drug, were used to distinguish inhibitory effects related or unrelated to microtubule disruption. The active anti-microtubule drug of each analog pair produced significantly higher percentages of aberrant valves than did the respective inactive analogs. High frequencies of aberrant valves also were caused by N-isophenlpropylcarbamate, which disorganizes rather than disrupts microtubules. Valves could be placed into different classes based upon characteristic aberrations. Formation of these classes was not random but was instead a function of both the drug and the drug concentration. The central nodule and the raphe were the principal valve components affected by anti-microtubule drugs. Stria alterations appeared as a secondary result of alterations in the central nodule/raphe. Valve aberrations occurred at very low drug concentrations in the range 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−9M.
Influence Factors on Finishing Temperature of Plate Rolling

Based on the character of plate rolling, the temperature model was developed by considering the influence of radiation, convection, water descaling, and roll conductivity and deformation energy. The factors affect the finishing temperature of the plate were analyzed, including the holding time during control rolling, rolling speed, slab temperature and pass number. Holding time, rolling speed and slab temperature have significant influence on finishing temperature, and pass number has great influence on finishing temperature of thick plate, but has little on finishing temperature of media plate.
Distribution of (Na+ + K+)ATPase and sodium channels in skeletal muscle and electroplax.

The distributions of (Na+ + K+)ATPase and sodium channels in skeletal muscle fibres and electrocytes were determined by immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic techniques using antibodies against rat and eel (Na+ + K+)ATPase and the eel electric organ sodium channel. The extrajunctional sarcolemma of skeletal muscle was uniformly stained by polyclonal antibodies against (Na+ + K+)ATPase and the sodium channel. The T-tubule system of skeletal muscle was also labelled heavily for both (Na+ + K+)ATPase and the sodium channel. The terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was stained for (Na+ + K+)ATPase but not sodium channels. At the motor endplate, (Na+ + K+)ATPase-like immunoreactivity was present along the plasmalemma of motor nerve terminals but not along the postsynaptic junctional sarcolemma. Paradoxically, a monoclonal antibody that binds to the α form of the catalytic subunit of (Na+ + K+)ATPase from rat hepatocytes and renal tubule cells did not label the enzyme in rat skeletal muscle. In electrocytes, (Na+ + K+)ATPase-like irnmunoreactivity was concentrated primarily along the plasmalemma and calveolae of the non-innervated face. In contrast, sodium channel-like immunoreactivity was concentrated along the plasmalemma of the innervated face except in the clefts of the postsynaptic membrane. Thus, we conclude that at endplates both the (Na+ + K+)ATPase of rat skeletal muscle and sodium channels of eel electrocytes are not concentrated in the juxtaneuronal postsynaptic membrane. We also interpret the failure of the monoclonal anti-α (Na+ + K+)ATPase antibodies to bind to the enzyme in muscle to indicate that the catalytic subunit of skeletal muscle (Na+ + K+)ATPase displays different epitopes than does the a subunit of kidney and liver.
Stoichiometric and catalytic oxidation by a dinuclear copper(I) dioxygen complex and a dinuclear cpper(II) complex of a macrocyclic ligand derived from the 2:2 condensation of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxaldehyde and 1,4,7-triazaheptane

Abstract The ligand 3,6,9,17,20,23,28,29-octaazatricyclo[23.3.1.1 11,15 ]tridecanedeca-1(28),2,9,11,13,15(30),16,23,25(29),26-ene (PD) 2 (DIEN) 2 , 1 , was used together with Cu(CH 3 CN) 4 PF 6 to prepare a dinuclear copper(I) complex ( 2 ) which, when oxygenated at 25.0°C produced a copper(II)-dioxygen adduct ( 3 ) as an initial species, which decomposed to a copper(II) complex ( 4 ). The complex cation of 4 was formed by the reaction of 1 with CuCl 2 . It is shown that both 3 and 4 , in the presence of excess dioxygen, catalytically convert hydroquinone, t -butylhydroquinone, 2,6-di- t -butylphenol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and 3,5-di- t -butylcatechol to their respective oxidation products benzoquinone, t -butylbenzoquinone, 3,3′5,5′-tetra- t -butyldiphenoquinone, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethoxydiphenoquinone and 3,5-di- t -butyl-1,2-benzoquinone. Under the same conditions 3 converts 2,4-di- t -butylphenol to 3,3′,5,5′-tetra- t -butyl-2-2′-dihydroxybiphenyl,4- t -butylcatechol to the γ-lactone of 3-hydroxy-4- t -butylmuconic acid ester, and 3,4-dimethylaniline to 3,3′4,4′-tetramethylazobenzene whereas 4 is inactive for these substrates. The complex 4 is found to oxidize 4-methylcatechol; however, for this substrate 3 is inactive. The oxidation of 3,5-di- t -butylcatechol is first order in 3 and zero order in substrate, having a pseudo first order rate constant of 1.3 × 10 −3 s −1 . Under pseudo first order conditions the reaction between 3,5-di- t -butylcatechol and 4 is first order in 4 . The rates of stoichiometric reactions are determined to be greater for reactions with 3 than for those with 4 by factors which range between 5 and 100.
The inspection paradox in renewal-reward processes

To explore the inspection paradox in the context of a renewal-reward process, we obtain asymptotic expressions for the mean and distribution function of the reward associated with the spread (total life) of the process. These results also yield a simplified demonstration of the elementary renewal-reward theorem.
Informed consent in a clinical trial of a novel treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To evaluate the informed consent process for a clinical trial of intravenous doxycycline for rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire about the consent process at baseline and 16 weeks following enrollment in a clinical trial. Results Respondents (n = 30) affirmed voluntary participation in the parent trial. Participants acknowledged hope and altruism as reasons for entering the trial more than expectation of personal benefit or outside influences. Many respondents did not understand randomization (14/30), placebos (15/30), or risks of study medications; 11/30 respondents believed that the study drug was completely safe. Conclusion Respondents generally understood the experimental nature of the trial and confirmed their participation was voluntary. However, gaps existed in participants understanding of trial design, raising the question of whether they were adequately informed about the research study prior to enrollment. Further education of potential participants in clinical trials may be required to achieve valid informed consent.
Direct reactions on 10Be

Abstract A 10 Be target has been prepared from neutron-irradiated beryllium by the AREMIS isotope separator. Angular distributions from the (d, p), (d, t), (p, ṕ) and (d, d) reactions on 10 Be were obtained with this target. Protons leading to the ground state and first excited state of 11 Be at 12.0 MeV incident deuteron energy indicate spin and parity assignments of 1 2 + and 1 2 − , respectively. At an incident deuteron energy of 15.0 MeV, tritons could be detected up to an excitation of 5.5 MeV in 9 Be. No evidence was seen for an l = 1 transition to known states at less than 3.0 MeV excitation in 9 Be other than that to the ground state. Spectroscopic factors for observed states in the (d, p) and (d, t) reactions were obtained in DWBA analyses with reasonable parameters. Elastic and inelastic scattering of protons on 10 Be were observed at several incident energies from 12.0 MeV to 16.0 MeV. The elastic scattering was compared with optical-model calculations, and a B ( E 2) value for the 3.37 MeV (2 + → 0 + ) transition was obtained by comparison of measured inelastic angular distributions with DWBA predictions. Spectroscopic information concerning transitions within the 1p shell is in good agreement with the values obtained in the shell-model calculations of Cohen and Kurath.
AzimMod: Method to honor channel directionality when building 3-D petrophysical models

Object-based (or Boolean) methods are used to create channels, bars, splays, or other features to model the distribution of facies in a reservoir. Geologic objects and their facies subsequently are used as templates to control the distribution of petrophysical and lithologic properties. Channels do not flow in a single direction or azimuth, but may meander or have different azimuths, so properties within them should not be aligned in a single direction or azimuth. Hence, standard geostatistical modeling methods, which assume a single azimuth, are not appropriate. This paper describes a process to assign petrophysical properties with continuity aligned parallel to the orientation of channels or bodies, regardless of their varying azimuths. The general process (1) transforms the coordinate system to one in which a channel is straight and can be modeled with geostatistical methods using a constant azimuth, (2) relates the geostatistical calculations to objects and facies, and (3) returns the petrophysical properties to the original, variable-azimuth coordinate system.
Mechanisms of antidepressant action: is onset early or late?

Earlier studies of the ‘onset’ of antidepressant action might not have distinguished between the time when clinical improvement first appears from when a substantial response occurs. The application of more refined statistical approaches, together with better assessments of improvement in the behavioral components of the illness, allows onset to be established in absolute terms. Recent studies, using such methodology, consistently reveal that onset of improvement occurs in two weeks or less in ultimate treatment responders.
The Normal Modes of Nonlinear n-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

A system of n masses, equal or not, interconnected by nonlinear “symmetric” springs, and having n degrees of freedom is examined. The concept of normal modes is rigorously defined and the problem of finding them is reduced to a geometrical maximum-minimum problem in an n-space of known metric. The solution of the geometrical problem reduces the coupled equations of motion to n uncoupled equations whose natural frequencies can always be found by a single quadrature. An infinite class of systems, of which the linear system is a member, has been isolated for which the frequency amplitude can be found in closed form.
Belief attribution in science: Folk psychology under theoretical stress

Some eliminativists have predicted that a developed neuroscience will eradicate the principles and theoretical kinds (belief, desire, etc.) implicit in our ordinary practices of mental state attribution. Prevailing defenses of common-sense psychology infer its basic integrity from its familiarity and instrumental success in everyday social commerce. Such common-sense defenses charge that eliminativist arguments are self-defeating in their folk psychological appeal to the belief that eliminativism is true. I argue that eliminativism is untouched by this simple charge of inconsistency, and introduce a different dialectical strategy for arguing against the eliminativist. In keeping with the naturalistic trend in the sociology and philosophy of science, I show that neuroscientists routinely rely on folk psychological procedures of intentional state attribution in applying epistemically reliable standards of scientific evaluation. These scientific contexts place ordinary procedures of attribution under greater stress, producing evidence of folk psychological success that is less equivocal than the evidence in mundane settings. Therefore, the dependence of science on folk psychology, when combined with an independently plausible explanatory constraint on reduction and an independently motivated notion of theoretical stress, allows us to reconstitute the charge of (neurophilic) eliminativist inconsistency in a more sophisticated form.
Intransitivity of preferences in honey bees: support for 'comparative' evaluation of foraging options

Abstract Abstract. A proximate-level hypothesis was tested about decision making in honey bees, Apis mellifera. Fifteen bees were given binary choices between artificial flowers that varied in depth and in volume of sucrose-water delivered. Three bees violated weak stochastic transitivity, under an assumption about the order in which the flowers ranked along a utility scale; they preferred flower A to flower B, B to C, C to D, but D to A. These bees also violated strong stochastic transitivity, which focuses on the strength rather than the direction of preference. An intransitive pattern of choice supports the hypothesis of 'comparative' evaluation of flowers, where options are compared along their different dimensions, each dimension separately. Intransitivities cannot be explained by an 'absolute' model, where each option is evaluated independently and assigned a fixed value (utility). Twelve of the bees made choices that were consistent with both absolute and comparative models of decision making. In light of the above results it is suggested that the assumption that animals employ an absolute method of decision making be reconsidered, and perhaps supplemented with a comparative account. Possible evolutionary advantages of comparative evaluations are discussed.
Formation of Si(111)-(1×1)Cl

Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we have studied the structural modifications induced by Cl upon reaction with Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7). At low coverages, reacted and unreacted sites are distinguishable in both current-voltage curves and topographs. At saturation coverage, annealing produces extensive mass transport in which most of the adatom layer is stripped away and accumulated in pyramidal Si structures, permitting the complete underlying Si rest-atom layer to be imaged. Much of this layer initially exists as nearly-adatom-free Cl-stabilized 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 domains, but further annealing converts it slowly to the more favorable bulklike 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 structure. Structures intermediate between the 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 and 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 are observed.
Associations of Dyslexia with Epilepsy, Handedness, and Gender

Based on the observations of developmental cortical abnormalities in the brains of some dyslexic' and epileptic2 patients, we tested for an association between epilepsy and a history of dyslexia in 200 adult epileptic patients and 130 age-matched controls. We also evaluated the interrelationships of handedness cores,^.^ gender, and dyslexia in epileptics given the literature on dyslexia, male gender, and lefthandedness.5 A history of dyslexia was significantly increased in patients with epilepsy compared with controls (9 vs. 2.3 percent; odds ratio = 4.19; 95 percent confidence interval = 1.21 to 15). Further, dyslexic epileptic males had significantly younger age of seizure onset than nondyslexic males, consistent with other epileptic syndromes associated with cortical anomalies."'" Left-handed epileptic females were also at greater risk for dyslexia-among epileptic dyslexic patients, 15 percent of males versus 45 percent of females wrote with the left hand, possibly the first demonstration of elevated left-handedness in females compared to males. The possible explanations for an association between dyslexia and epilepsy are (1) the cortical lesions seen in dyslexic brains may be epileptogenic and/or the structural abnormalities associated with epilepsy may also include neural networks involved in reading, (2) subclinical electrical discharges of the cortex may cause reading impairment, (3) epilepsy and dyslexia may be genetically linked, (4) reading impairment may result from anticonvulsant toxicity. Adult patients referred to an epilepsy center may be at increased risk for dyslexia compared to controls, especially left-handed women and males with seizure onset by age 12. These findings supplement previous studies of reading achievement in epileptics and suggest that maintaining a high index of suspicion for dyslexia in these subgroups of epileptic patients may facilitate earlier recognition and intervention.
Proteins of crustacean exoskeleton: III. Glycoproteins in the Bermuda land crab Gecarcinus lateralis

Chitin and protein are major components of crustacean exoskeletons. In insect cuticles, glycosylation is one of the predominant post-translational modifications of the proteins. Investigations of glycosylation of crustacean exoskeletal proteins are much more limited. We have used lectins to follow changes in glycosylation of proteins in the exoskeletal layers of the Bermuda land crab Gecarcinus lateralis at selected stages of the intermolt cycle. Proteins extracted from the individual layers during anecdysis and late proecdysis as well as from the layers of exuviae were electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamidegels, blotted to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, and reacted with biotinylated lectins. Seven lectins were tested: concanavalin A (Con A), soybean agglutinin (SBA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin(UEA I), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA120), and peanut agglutinin (PNA). Con A, which binds primarily to mannose residues, produced the strongest signals. Duringanecdysis, most of the binding occurred with protein bands larger than 31 kDa, while in lateproecdysis and in layers from exuviae, small as well as large proteins were bound. N-glycosidase F digestion of electrotransferred proteins and subsequent treatment with Con A indicated both N-linked and O-linked glycosylation. SBA, which binds to both α-and β-linked N-acetylgalactosamine, was the second most reactive lectin, and the number of exoskeletal proteins to which it bound also increased in late proecdysis. Little or no binding of DBA, RCA120, or PNA, which react with α-linked N-acetylgalactosamine, indicated that the N-acetylgalactosamine was β-linked. The specificity of binding of Con A or SBA was demonstrated by inhibition with methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, respectively. Binding of UEAI revealed the presence of fucose residues on a few proteins. As the exoskeleton was degraded during proecdysis, protein bands that were not detected by lectin binding during anecdysis were modified in such a way that they became accessible to lectins. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Listenability as a Tool for Advancing Health Literacy

Health literacy research and practice has focused mainly on the readability of written documents. Yet oral communication plays at least as important a role in the interpersonal ecology in which people make real decisions about their health. Moreover, the single-minded quest for short sentences and simple vocabulary inherent in the readability paradigm can subvert the effort to engage in patient- or consumer-centered communication. Listenability is the quality of discourse that eases the cognitive burden that aural processing imposes. Listenability is a function of oral-based language plus “considerate” rhetorical structures. The Listenability Style Guide presented in this article offers evidence-based recommendations for producing listenable discourse. A study testing the applicability of the Listenability Style Guide to postsurgical discharge instructions was conducted. College students either heard or read discharge instructions composed in either high or moderate listenability. Comprehension was higher...
Using optimization to program projects in the era of communicative rationality

Abstract This paper presents an innovative approach to transportation programming in which optimization is a catalyst for public participation. Public participation is central to the paradigm shift that has occurred in transportation planning toward “communicative” methods. A case study is presented in which 133 public participants deliberated over a programming decision involving a local transportation tax. The paper explains how the problem was formulated for deliberation and describes the participatory benefits of providing an optimization tool. Participant feedback suggests the tool helped motivate, structure, and inform the deliberation.
Recipes and mechanisms of cellular reprogramming: a case study on budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Background Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and converting one cell type to another (transdifferentiation) by manipulating the expression of a small number of genes highlight the progress of cellular reprogramming, which holds great promise for regenerative medicine. A key challenge is to find the recipes of perturbing genes to achieve successful reprogramming such that the reprogrammed cells function in the same way as the natural cells.
The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Conditions of Trust among Leaders at the Kentucky Department for Public Health

There has been limited leadership research on emotional intelligence and trust in governmental public health settings. The purpose of this study was to identify and seek to understand the relationship between trust and elements of emotional intelligence, including stress management, at the Kentucky Department for Public Health (KDPH). The KDPH serves as Kentucky’s state governmental health department. KDPH is led by a Commissioner and composed of seven primary divisions and 25 branches within those divisions. The study was a non-randomized cross-sectional study utilizing electronic surveys that evaluated conditions of trust among staff members and emotional intelligence among supervisors. Pearson correlation coefficients and corresponding p-values are presented to provide the association between emotional intelligence scales and the conditions of trust. Significant positive correlations were observed between supervisors’ stress management and the staff members’ trust or perception of supervisors’ loyalty (r = 0.6,p = 0.01), integrity (r = 0.5, p = 0.03), receptivity (r = 0.6, p = 0.02), promise fulfillment (r = 0.6, p = 0.02), and availability (r = 0.5, p = 0.07). This research lays the foundation for emotional intelligence and trust research and leadership training in other governmental public health settings, such as local, other state, national, or international organizations. This original research provides metrics to assess the public health workforce with attention to organizational management and leadership constructs. The survey tools could be used in other governmental public health settings in order to develop tailored training opportunities related to emotional intelligence and trust organizations.
High-resolution hydrogen magnetic resonance spectra of some cyclohexane compounds—Qualitative aspects

Abstract The high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the dimethylcyolohexanes have been measured and discussed in relation to their conformations.
Transformations and structures in the uranium-rhenium system III. Formation and structure of δ (U2Re)☆

Abstract The δ (U 2 Re) phase forms via a sluggish peritectoid reaction. A single phase alloy of stoichiometric composition was obtained by a six-month treatment. The interplanar spacings and intensities are tabulated. The formation modes of U 2 Re are discussed. Evidence is presented for a δ' transition phase that is intermediate between the ordered γb 0 tetragonal phase and the stable δ phase.
A model of visually-guided smooth pursuit eye movements based on behavioral observations.

We report a model that reproduces many of the behavioral properties of smooth pursuit eye movements. The model is a negative-feedback system that uses three parallel visual motion pathways to drive pursuit. The three visual pathways process image motion, defined as target motion with respect to the moving eye, and provide signals related to image velocity, image acceleration, and a transient that occurs at the onset of target motion. The three visual motion signals are summed and integrated to produce the eye velocity output of the model. The model reproduces the average eye velocity evoked by steps of target velocity in monkeys and humans and accounts for the variation among individual responses and subjects. When its motor pathways are expanded to include positive feedback of eye velocity and a “switch”, the model reproduces the exponential decay in eye velocity observed when a moving target stops. Manipulation of this expanded model can mimic the effects of stimulation and lesions in the arcuate pursuit area, the middle temporal visual area (MT), and the medial superior temporal visual area (MST).
Implementation of a novel element-by-element finite element method on the hypercube

Abstract This paper discusses an implementation of a novel element-by-element finite element method recently proposed by Layton and Rabier [5] on the Hypercube. The algorithm uses element matrices, thereby avoiding the assembly of the global stiffness matrix. In addition, the elemental stiffness matrix calculations decouple from ech other, making the algorithm completely parallel. Experimental results are presented and found to support the rapid convergence results of [5]. The method makes good use of all the processors. On meshes with over 500 elements, sample runs show that the percentage of communication time to total processing time is at most 10%, even on 16 processors.
Are Two Hands (From Different People) Better Than One? Mode Effects and Differential Transfer Between Manual Coordination Modes:

Objective:We report an experiment in which we investigated differential transfer between unimanual (one-handed), bimanual (two-handed), and intermanual (different peoples’ hands) coordination modes...
XAS study of the liquid/UPD Cu/Pt interfacial region

Abstract The Cu atomic-scale environment in a layer of Cu deposited electrochemically on a polycrystalline Pt electrode has been studied in situ using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Measurements were made on the layer with the X-ray electric field polarized both parallel and perpendicular to the surface. Spectra are interpreted using a model involving O, Cu and Pt near neighbors.
Wet Lay-Up Fluid: Can It Be Both Corrosion Preventive and Environmentally Friendly?

Pipelines must be properly laid up to prevent corrosion damage during mothballing, or following a hydrostatic test prior to commissioning. Among all the lay-up procedures, wet lay-up using chemically treated water is generally considered the most cost-effective approach. This is particularly true for major subsea pipelines. To implement the procedure, a number of oilfield chemicals, including bactericide, are added to the water. However, at the end of the lay-up period, it has become increasingly difficult to discharge bactericide-treated water because of environmental concerns. A standard procedure for wet lay-up, which can be easily implemented in the field and is also environmentally acceptable, remains to be established. For this reason, a study was conducted to examine the efficacy and stability of different types of bactericides for wet lay-up application. Methods of neutralizing the bactericide residuals remaining in the water at the end of lay-up were investigated using the Microtox assay system. The study was intended to demonstrate that a properly neutralized wet lay-up fluid could be safely discharged into the environment. This paper reviews the current practices of hydrostatic testing and lay-up for cross-country and subsea pipelines. The paper also presents the study results and recommendations on treatment of wet lay-up fluids.
Flash Photolysis Studies of the Ruthenium(II) Porphyrins Ru(P)(NO)(ONO). Multiple Pathways Involving Reactions of Intermediates with Nitric Oxide1

Described are the spectra and kinetics of transients formed by laser flash photolysis of the ruthenium nitrosyl nitrito complexes Ru(P)(NO)(ONO), P = TPP (meso-tetraphenylporphyrin), OEP (octaethylporphyrin), TmTP (tetra(m-tolyl)porphyrin), and FTTP (tetra(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrin) in benzene solutions. Two transient decay processes are seen on the time frame (<1 ms) of the flash photolysis experiment, and a residual difference spectrum, which decays to baseline on a longer time frame, is noted as well. The accumulated evidence points to the formation of two primary photoproducts, Ru(P)(ONO) (A) formed by NO photolabilization and Ru(P)(NO) (B) formed by NO2 photolabilization. Both decay by NO dependent pathways, the reaction of A with NO to re-form Ru(P)(NO)(ONO) being substantially faster (2.4−5.5 × 108 M-1 s-1 in ambient temperature benzene) than the reaction of B with NO (2.4−10 × 107 M-1 s-1). The product of the latter reaction is apparently the dinitrosyl complex Ru(P)(NO)2, which undergoes ...
How Cilia or Eukaryotic Flagella Beat

Cilia or eukaryotic flagella are slender minute organelles responsible for moving the immersing fluid relative to a cell and sensing the environment. When motile these 200-nm-diameter “hairs” are driven by thousands of tiny motors along their length to facilitate traveling waves of bending. These motors overcome the energy dissipation of moving the surrounding fluid. Their core structure is nine doublet microtubules arranged around a central-pair. In planar beating, motors walk toward where the cilium is attached to the cell body. In so doing, they bend the elastic cilium; then motors on the other side bend it in the opposite direction. Existing models lack consistency with the data; hence there is no consensus on how cilia beat. However, this self-organized mechanical oscillator can be explained by the collective properties of the ATP-fed motors and the compliant viscoelastic elements of the longitudinal and bending springs of the longitudinally differentiated cilium in interaction with the dissipative environment. For the uniform diameter Ciona sperm cilium whatever the [ATP] or external viscosity each wave formed and propagated has close to the same energy. The motors switch side dominance at zero ciliary curvature when the bend reaches maximum mechanical potential energy and bend instability. The flexure rigidity and spring constants have been determined along the length. Ciliary beating frequency, wavelength, amplitude and wave energy are explained. Our model fits the data well. It will be interesting to see what modifications cilia with different beat patterns and tapering have made in terms of mechanism. Also interesting will be how temporal control of the described physical and chemical parameters of beating enables their diverse behavior as in phototaxis, chemotaxis and avoidance of obstacles.
Triple vessel coronary angioplasty: acute outcome and long-term results.

Abstract Triple vessel coronary angioplasty, defined as angioplasty of one or more lesions in each of the three major coronary arteries (left anterior descending, left circumflex, right coronary artery) was performed in 50 (11%) of 469 patients who had angioplasty of multiple vessels. There were 32 men and 18 women with a mean age of 56 years. All 50 patients had severe three vessel coronary disease and represent approximately 5% of patients with three vessel disease who had revascularization in this institution; 8 (16%) had previous coronary bypass surgery, and 23 (46%) had previous myocardial infarction. Unstable angina was present in 33 patients (66%) and 96% had Canadian Heart Association class III or IV angina; mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 57 ± 11%. Angioplasty was performed in 176 vessels (3.5 vessels per patient, range 3 to 6) and in 250 lesions (5 lesions per patient, range 3 to 9); angiographic success was achieved in 240 lesions (96%) and 166 vessels (94%). Success in all vessels attempted was achieved in 40 (80%) of the 50 patients. Clinical success (angiographic success associated with clinical improvement) was obtained in all 50 patients in whom triple vessel angioplasty was performed; none of them required urgent bypass surgery and 5 patients (10%) had a non-Q wave myocardial infarction. In four other patients triple vessel angioplasty was planned but not performed because of failure to dilate the primary vessel; urgent bypass surgery was required in one of these, who developed a Q wave infarction. Thus, overall clinical success in 54 patients was 93%; the incidence rate of myocardial infarction was 11%, and that of urgent surgery 1.8%. All 50 patients who had successful triple vessel angioplasty were followed up > 6 months (range 6 to 63, mean 18.4). Clinical recurrence developed in 17 patients (34%), of whom 15 had successful repeat angioplasty and 2 (4%) underwent elective bypass surgery. Two patients (4%) had late myocardial infarction, two (4%) died suddenly and one underwent cardiac transplantation during follow-up. Actuarial event-free survival (no myocardial infarction, death or bypass surgery) was 90% at 2 years. With inclusion of the 15 patients who had repeat angioplasty, 90% of patients are in improved condition (74% are asymptomatic and 16% are in functional class I) without requiring bypass surgery during follow-up. These immediate and long-term results indicate that triple vessel angioplasty is a safe and effective therapy in selected patients with three vessel coronary disease.
Large Deviations for the Emprirical Measures of Reflecting Brownian Motion and Related Constrained Processes in $R_+$

We consider the large deviations properties of the empirical measure for one dimensional constrained processes, such as reflecting Brownian motion, the M/M/1 queue, and discrete time analogues. Because these processes do not satisfy the strong stability assumptions that are usually assumed when studying the empirical measure, there is significant probability (from the perspective of large deviations) that the empirical measure charges the point at infinity. We prove the large deviation principle and identify the rate function for the empirical measure for these processes. No assumption of any kind is made with regard to the stability of the underlying process.
Phenomenological description and temperature dependence of serrated flow in Ni–10Pd during high temperature instrumented microindentation

Abstract Instrumented microindentation tests were carried out on a Ni–10Pd solid solution from 30 °C to 450 °C with a loading rate of 125 mN/s. When this sample was tested below 350 °C, the loading segment of the load–depth curves exhibited a smooth transition. In contrast, for tests conducted above 350 °C, the loading segment was initially smooth and then became serrated after reaching a critical load. Increase in testing temperature resulted in an earlier occurrence of serrated flow with a lower load threshold. With the intersections and transitions between the flat “A” segments and steep “B” segments individually defined, the depth and load increment associated with each segment were quantified and analyzed to phenomenologically describe the serrated flow behavior. By accounting for the dislocation reconfigurations and solute–dislocation interactions, a modified cavity expansion model was developed and used to elucidate the underlying physics.
Effects of strain reversal on elastic and viscoelastic properties of early age cement paste beams

Characterization of the early age properties of concrete is an ongoing area of research particularly important in understanding longer-term behavior of pre-stressed and conventional concrete members subjected to varying load histories, including strain reversals, such as may occur during placement of a concrete deck atop pre-stressed girders. Models currently in widespread use specifically exclude cases where strain reversals are present. Research presented in this paper was undertaken to refine the understanding of the viscoelastic behavior of cement paste at an early age when subject to strain reversals. A series of small-scale beams were tested in 3-point loading with the center point displaced at irregular time intervals. At some time intervals, beams were displaced negatively, inducing a strain reversal. Results indicate significant load loss in the first few days followed by steady relaxation throughout the length of testing. Results further indicate that load relaxation after reversal is significantly slower than that with same-direction increases in load. Finally, measurements of Young’s modulus of elasticity throughout the testing program indicate that sustained loading leads to an apparent increase in beam stiffness compared to unloaded beams of the same age. The explanation and significance of these phenomena are explored.
Microstructural development of BaTiO3 powders synthesized by aqueous methods

The hydrothermal growth of perovskite BaTiO3 powders has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The growth is carried out under high alkaline conditions (pH — 14) achieved with Ba(OH)2. Anatase (TiO2) is used as a titanium source. The perovskite BaTiO3 nucleates heterogeneously on anatase TiO2 particles with an epitaxial relationship of (001)TiO2 ‖ (001)BaTiO3 and [010]TiO2 ‖ [010]BaTiO3. This epitaxial relationship preserves the parallel alignment of the oxygen octahedra between the structures. A mosaic misorientation between (001)TiO2 and (001)BaTiO3 along 〈110〉 is seen in this relationship due to the lattice mismatch between TiO2 and BaTiO3. After complete conversion of the anatase to BaTiO3, the BaTiO3 particles develop into {111} octahedrons with ∼10 nm {001} and {110} microfacets on the {111} faces. This evolution suggests that {111} becomes the stable crystallographic facet for BaTiO3 under highly alkaline conditions.
Decomposing heterogeneous inter-entity relationship updates

New problems of updating views involving inter-entity relationships or joins are identified, beyond those reported previously in the literature. A general purpose method and a set of algorithms are presented for correctly decomposing multilingual update requests on a network of distributed heterogeneous databases. The method and algorithm also apply to both homogeneous nondistributed and distributed database environments. The method, called prototype views and update rules, applies to individual relationships in an entity relationship (ER) view of the network database and gives a floorplan for update decomposition. The network database view represents a unified conceptual view of all the individual databases in the heterogeneous network (i.e. of the objects shared across the network). The update request is decomposed into a sequence of intermediate control language steps to subsequently guide the particular updates to each of the underlying databases in the network. Individual database updates are performed by each particular database management system (DBMS). >
Creating a Ripple Effect: Incorporating Multimedia-Assisted Project-Based Learning in Teacher Education

This article explores the effects of multimedia-assisted, project-based learning in teacher education. We conducted pre- and post-surveys to investigate how the experience of developing multimedia projects influenced preservice teachers' knowledge and self-efficacy in (a) technology, (b) subject matter, and (c) teaching. Forty-two preservice teachers enrolled in an educational technology course participated in this study. They learned to design and develop 8 multimedia projects related to their subject content areas over the period of one semester. The results showed that the approach contributed to their increased knowledge base and professional growth with respect to multimedia technology skills. Additionally, outcomes significantly supported their reflection on the teaching/learning process and helped them establish a more concrete, insightful teaching philosophy.
The effect of N‐methylation on helical peptides

In N-methyl amino acids, the hydrogen of the N-H group is replaced with a bulky methyl group. While this change is expected to destabilize helical structures, the amount of destabilization is not known. Here the N-methyl group is placed into several positions of the helical peptides, acetyl-WGG(EAAAR)4A-amide and acetyl-WGG(RAAAA)4R-amide, and the melting of the peptides followed using CD. When analyzed using a simple two-state model, the destabilization associated with the H to CH3 substitution at 0 degree C is between 0.3 to 1.7 kcal/mole and is position dependent. The melting data may also be analyzed using a modified form of the Lifson-Roig statistics that should more correctly model the helix-coil transition in this small peptide. This analysis fails, however, apparently because the destabilization energy is greater than the energy that can be attributed to a single residue in this model.
Molecular ties between the cell cycle and differentiation in embryonic stem cells

Attainment of the differentiated state during the final stages of somatic cell differentiation is closely tied to cell cycle progression. Much less is known about the role of the cell cycle at very early stages of embryonic development. Here, we show that molecular pathways involving the cell cycle can be engineered to strongly affect embryonic stem cell differentiation at early stages in vitro. Strategies based on perturbing these pathways can shorten the rate and simplify the lineage path of ES differentiation. These results make it likely that pathways involving cell proliferation intersect at various points with pathways that regulate cell lineages in embryos and demonstrate that this knowledge can be used profitably to guide the path and effectiveness of cell differentiation of pluripotent cells.
An Intact Sialoadhesin (Sn/SIGLEC1/CD169) Is Not Required for Attachment/Internalization of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Surface expression of SIGLEC1, also known as sialoadhesin or CD169, is considered a primary determinant of the permissiveness of porcine alveolar macrophages for infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). In vitro, the attachment and internalization of PRRSV are dependent on the interaction between sialic acid on the virion surface and the sialic acid binding domain of the SIGLEC1 gene. To test the role of SIGLEC1 in PRRSV infection, a SIGLEC1 gene knockout pig was created by removing part of exon 1 and all of exons 2 and 3 of the SIGLEC1 gene. The resulting knockout ablated SIGLEC1 expression on the surface of alveolar macrophages but had no effect on the expression of CD163, a coreceptor for PRRSV. After infection, PRRSV viremia in SIGLEC1(-/-) pigs followed the same course as in SIGLEC1(-/+) and SIGLEC1(+/+) littermates. The absence of SIGLEC1 had no measurable effect on other aspects of PRRSV infection, including clinical disease course and histopathology. The results demonstrate that the expression of the SIGLEC1 gene is not required for infection of pigs with PRRSV and that the absence of SIGLEC1 does not contribute to the pathogenesis of acute disease.
Nonhanded chirality in octahedral metal complexes.

Chiral molecules can either be handed (i.e., “shoes”) or nonhanded (“potatoes”). The only chiral ligand partition for tetrahedral metal complexes (or for a tetrahedral carbon atom such as that found in amino acids and other chiral biological molecules) is the fully unsymmetrical degree 6 partition (14), which leads to handed metal complexes of the type MABCD with a lowest-degree chirality polynomial consisting of the product of all six possible linear factors of the type (si–sj) where 1 ≤ i,j ≤ 4. The lowest-degree chiral ligand partitions for octahedral metal complexes are the degree 6 partitions (313) and (23) leading to handed chiral metal complexes of the types fac-MA3BCD and cis-MA2B2C2. The form of the lowest-degree chirality polynomial for the (313) chiral ligand partition of the octahedron resembles that of the (14) chiral ligand partition of the tetrahedron, likewise with four different ligands. However, the form of the lowest-degree chirality polynomial for the (23) chiral ligand partition of the octahedron corresponds to the square of the chirality polynomial of the (13) chiral ligand partition of the polarized triangle, which likewise has three different ligands. Ligand partitions for octahedral metal complexes such as (2212), (214), and (16), which are less symmetrical than the lowest-degree chiral ligand partitions (313) and (23), lead to chiral octahedral metal complexes which are nonhanded. In such complexes, pairs of enantiomers can be interconverted by simple ligand interchanges without ever going through an achiral intermediate. Chirality 13:465–473, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Using Structural Equation Modeling to Understand Child and Parent Perceptions of Asthma Quality of Life

Objective Using structural equation modeling, test a conceptual model of associations between constructs predicting parent and child asthma quality of life. Methods Children with a confirmed asthma diagnosis and their parents completed measures of health status and independently reported on psychological functioning, family functioning, and quality of life. Results Measurement and structural models for predicting parent and child quality of life provided a good fit of data to the conceptual model. Parent and child independent reports of quality of life are dependent upon family functioning and child psychological functioning. Long-term asthma symptom control is the only health status variable that impacts quality of life. Conclusions With minor modifications, both parent and child data fit the conceptual model. Child psychological functioning and long-term asthma control jointly contribute to quality of life outcomes. Findings suggest that both acute and long-term asthma health status outcomes have different determinants.
Enhancement of extreme ultraviolet flux from high harmonic generation using quasi-phase matching

We present new results on the use of low-loss, deeply modulated waveguides to enhance the flux of high harmonic emission at short wavelengths. This is achieved by quasi-phase matched frequency conversion to increase the coherence length.
Women's stressors according to age groups: Part I

This descriptive research studies 579 women between 25 and 65 years of age. In a self‐administered questionnaire, women indicated their personal life goals/values and their satisfaction in achieving these goals. Through factor analysis, six major stressors encompassing 18 factors were identified: namely, love relationships, personal success, physical health, parent‐child relationships, personal time, and social relationships. Stressors varied with age groups, although one‐fourth of all women reported physical health was a major stressor. Women between 25 and 34 years old indicated that personal time and personal success were also major stressors. For women over 35, physical health was their primary stressor, followed by personal time.