cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Where Do Teachers Go for Behavior Management Strategies

Challenging student behavior can have negative consequences for both educators and students. Although effective behavior management strategies can improve student behavior, they are not consistently implemented with fidelity. The purpose of this exploratory mixed-methods study is to investigate which resources educators and other school personnel use to find information on effective behavior management strategies and their perceptions of those resources. We surveyed 238 educators in four West Virginia counties regarding the degree to which they used, trusted, could access, could implement, and could understand information regarding behavior management strategies on six types of resources (i.e., search engines, internet media, professional organization websites, journals, colleagues, and professional development). Ten participants shared additional insights regarding why educators prefer specific resources and what they searched for in behavioral resources in follow-up interviews. Results indicated that educators primarily used colleagues because they provide information perceived to be accessible, understandable, trustworthy, and usable.
- CaMKIV: CaM-dependent PK IV (vertebrates)

The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV is a multifunctional kinase that has been shown to have a number of in vitro substrates. Its in vivo actions, however, are not as well understood. Transcripts from the CaMKIV gene can undergo alternative splicing to produce either a catalytically active calmodulin-dependent kinase or a testis-specific calmodulin binding protein, calspermin. CaMKIV is a monomer. Two isoforms can be discerned by SDS-PAGE. The higher molecular weight isoform is found only in the cerebellum. The discrepancy between the predicted molecular weight of the kinase and its migration on SDS-PAGE may be accounted for by anomalous migration because of the extremely acidic nature of the protein. The CaM-binding domain has been localized to residues 317–334, 17 residues C-terminal to the catalytic domain. The C-terminal end of the molecule contains an abundance of acidic residues that may target CaMKIV to the nucleus. The C-terminal end also contains a number of PEST sequences, suggesting that a possible cleavage site may be located.
Chemical modification of proteins involved in the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to ions.

A number of general considerations are applicable to the action of chemical agents on membrane functions (7, 11): a) It is self evident but important that chemical agents act from the outside toward the inside of the cell. The membrane, and particularly its outer surface, is the first site of action. With slowly penetrating agents the sequence of interactions from outside in, and of their related effects, can be followed as a function of time. b) Which membrane ligands will react with any given agent depends not only on their chemical reactivities but also on their location in the membrane and the ability of the agent to diffuse to their vicinity. c) This paper is based on work performed under contract with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission at the University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project and has been assigned Report No. UR-3490-1.
AGAR-GEL PRECIPITIN TECHNIQUE IN ANTHRAX ANTIBODY DETERMINATIONS.

A modification of the agar-gel precipitation inhibition technique of Thorne and Belton for detecting anthrax antibodies reduces inconsistency of visually determined end points on the same sera observed by different technicians. Determination of the minimal reacting concentrations of the anthrax antigen and antibody reagents, modifications of the visualization apparatus, methods for combining reagents, and length of incubation periods contribute to the ease of the end-point determinations and the uniformity of results. When compared with the previous technique, the modified procedure is less time-consuming while retaining satisfactory reproducibility, simplicity, specificity, and sensitivity. Images
Effects of turbidity and biotic factors on the rotifer community in an Ohio reservoir

In reservoirs physical horizontal gradients may affect zooplankton distributions as well as the biotic interactions that potentially regulate zooplankton abundance and species composition. We examined patterns of rotifer abundance and population dynamics along a turbidity gradient over a 4-year period in an Ohio reservoir. To analyze the effect of turbidity on rotifer populations we compared rotifer abundance patterns, species composition, birth and death rates at two sites with high turbidity (river site) and low turbidity (dam site) conditions. Because of the potentially important biotic interaction between rotifers and cladocerans, we also compared cladoceran abundance patterns and species composition. Our results suggest no effect of turbidity on rotifers in Acton Lake. Rotifer and cladoceran abundance patterns were similar at low and high turbidity sites. Similarity indices revealed few differences in rotifer and cladoceran species composition between sites. Rotifer birth and death rates were also similar at low and high turbidity sites. In contrast to these homogeneous spatial patterns, among year comparisons indicate high temporal variability in all parameters measured. Mean rotifer densities were similar from 1993 to 1995, but in 1996 density increased 4-fold. Rotifer species assemblages were dominated by Brachionus spp. from 1993 to 1995, while Keratella cochlearis and Polyarthra spp. were numerically dominant in 1996. Mean cladoceran density also increased in 1996 compared to previous years. Cladoceran species composition was dominated by Diaphanosoma birgei from 1993 to 1995, while Daphnia parvula and Bosmina longirostris dominated the 1996 cladoceran community. Comparison of rotifer population parameters in years of contrasting D. parvula abundance suggests that exploitative competition may be an important mechanism regulating rotifer communities in Acton Lake. Interannual variation in Daphnia abundance may in turn be controlled by variation in fish biomass.
Latent fingerprint rarity analysis in Madrid bombing case

Rarity of latent fingerprints is important to law enforcement agencies in forensics analysis. While tremendous efforts have been made in 10-print individuality studies, latent fingerprint rarity continues to be a difficult problem and has never been solved because of the small finger area and poor impression quality. The proposed method is able to predict the core points of latent prints using Gaussian processes and align the latent prints by overlapping the core points. A novel generative model is also proposed to take into account the dependency on nearby minutiae and the confidence of minutiae in the probability of random correspondence calculation. The new methods are illustrated by experiments on the well-known Madrid bombing case. The results show that the probability that at least one fingerprint in the FBI IAFIS databases (over 470 million fingerprints) matches the bomb site latent is 0.93 which is large enough to lead to misidentification.
The role of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of cation-selective channels in the management of the overactive bladder

center dot The transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily has been shown to be involved in nociception and mechanosensory transduction in various organ systems, and studies of the LUT have indicated that several TRP channels, including TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM8, and TRPA1, are expressed in the bladder, and may act as sensors of stretch and/or chemical irritation. center dot However, the roles of these individual channels for normal LUT function and in LUTS/DO/OAB, have not been established. center dot TRPV1 is the channel best investigated. It is widely distributed in LUT structures, but despite extensive information on morphology and function in animal models, the role of this channel in normal human bladder function is still controversial. Conversely, its role in the pathophysiology and treatment of particularly neurogenic DO is well established. center dot TRPV1 is co-expressed with TRPA1, and TRPA1 is known to be present on capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurones. Activation of this channel can induce DO in animal models. center dot TRPV4 is a Ca2+-permeable stretch-activated cation channel, involved in stretch-induced ATP release, and TRPV4-deficient mice exhibit abnormal frequencies of voiding and non-voiding contractions in cystometric experiments. center dot TRPM8 is a cool receptor expressed in the urothelium and suburothelial sensory fibres. It has been implicated in the bladder-cooling reflex and in idiopathic DO. center dot The occurrence of other members of the TRP superfamily in the LUT has been reported, but information on their effects on LUT functions is scarce. There seem to be several links between activation of different members of the TRP superfamily and LUTS/DO/OAB, and further exploration of the involvement of these channels in LUT function, normally and in dysfunction, may be rewarding.
Processing of Mullite–Aluminum Composites

Interconnected-phase mullite-aluminum metal-ceramic composites were processed using the indirect fused-deposition process. In this process, controlled-porosity ceramic preforms were fabricated via the lost-mold process. The molds were designed with computer aided design (CAD) software and fabricated using a fused-deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Porous ceramic preforms were infiltrated with aluminum metal, via pressureless reactive metal infiltration, to form the mullite-aluminum composites. Both the macrostructures and the microstructures of the composites were controlled via CAD and FDM. During metal infiltration, the mullite phase transformed to α-alumina, and an alumina-aluminum composite formed. This paper describes the mullite-to-alumina phase transformation during reactive metal infiltration of the porous preforms, as a function of processing variables.
The Karari Industry: Early Pleistocene archaeological evidence from the terrain east of Lake Turkana, Kenya

Information concerning the technology, land-use patterns and activities of early hominids is being recovered from the Upper Member of the Koobi Fora Formation. The term Karari Industry is proposed for a distinctive local series of artefact assemblages that date to the period between 1.2 and 1.6 Myr BP.
Public Speech and the Power of the People in Democratic Athens

I will defend three premises. (1) If we take democracy to mean what ancient Greeks took it to mean—“political power wielded actively and collectively by the demos” (i.e., all residents of the state who are culturally defined as potential citizens, regardless of their class or status)—then Athens was a democracy. (2) Even granted that Athens excluded from regular political participation persons Greeks did not regard as potential citizens (slaves, women, most foreigners, children), the historical example of the Athenian experience with democracy should be taken seriously by democratic theorists interested in expanding “the bounds of the possible” (as well as “of the thinkable”). (3) The Athenian demos exercised its collective power in order to prevent elite political domination, and thus the “power of the people” was not a cover for elite rule.These premises do not mean that the people's power was in some ontological sense “pure,” or “undistorted”—indeed it was arguably through the tightly coiled and convoluted “distortions” of social and political power that the Athenian democratic order counterbalanced elite social power. Nor can Athens, with its acceptance of slavery, exclusion of women and foreigners from political participation, and jingoistic “blood and soil” doctrine, be considered a readymade model for a just, modern political society. It can be argued (incorrectly I believe: Ober 1989a, 20-35), that democracy in Athens was fundamentally dependent upon slavery, or empire, or the exclusion of women and foreigners.
Iron: a controlling nutrient in proliferative processes

Abstract Iron plays a critical role in many biological redox processes, and Nature has developed sophisticated systems to chelete and transport the metal. This review discusses how these systems in mammals and microorganisms may function to control proliferative processes in mammalian cells.
Where the Grass Grows Again: Knowledge Exchange in the Sustainable Agriculture Movement.

Abstract Many analysts of sustainable agriculture have given considerable attention to issues of knowledge production, but in general they have not engaged social movement theory. This neglect is addressed by examining the emergence of intensive rotational grazing as a local expression of the sustainable agriculture movement. Conceptual frameworks drawn from recent contributions to social movement theory are used to describe the cognitive praxis of graziers along technological, cosmological, and organizational dimensions. Contrary to current interpretations, which emphasize the idiosyncratic character of local knowledge in agriculture, this analysis shows that through horizontal forms of organizing and information exchange, graziers overcome the limits of their personal experience and usefully share local knowledge in networks that they have forged expressly for that purpose.
A simple approach for estimating errors bars to accompany moment-method and finite-element-method results

A simple method based on Richardson's extrapolation technique to approximately predict the error associated with numerical solutions is described. The accuracy of the proposed error-prediction method when applied to two-dimensional moment-method and finite-element solutions is demonstrated. >
Structural development of the Mid-Tertiary Doi Suthep Metamorphic Complex and Western Chiang Mai Basin, Northern Thailand

Abstract The northern Western Ranges of Thailand contain mylonitic gneisses of the Doi Suthep Metamorphic Complex (DSMC). Near Chiang Mai, mylonitic foliations outline a southeast-trending dome, and stretching lineations trend N80°W. Low-grade metasedimentary rocks and Tertiary fanglomerates flank the dome on the east, and widespread chloritic breccia marks the intervening Doi Suthep detachment fault. We interpret that the metamorphic complex developed between Triassic and early Miocene, with detachment faulting, mylonitization, and uplift during Oligocene to Miocene. Within the DSMC, dikes of mutually cross-cutting, hence coeval, granitic pegmatite and aplite cut mylonitic orthogneiss. Although the contacts of the dikes-are sharp, the dikes contain a mylonitic fabric that parallels the fabric in the surrounding mylonitic orthogneiss; thus, we infer that intrusion occurred during mylonitization. East of Doi Suthep, Tertiary fanglomerates of the Mae Rim Formation overlie the Doi Suthep detachment fault. Variable strikes, with dips of 10°–50°, and several outcrop-scale fold hinges suggest that the Mae Rim Formation is deformed into a set of non-cylindrical folds. Numerous, variably-striking, high-angle normal faults suggest either multiple deformations or deformation in a three-dimensional strain field. The discovery of an intraformational angular unconformity confirms that the Mae Rim Formation accumulated during folding.
X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy of Fe3+-bearing Mg-silicate post-perovskite at 128–138 GPa

The effect of ferric iron on the properties of Mg-silicate post-perovskite (PPv) were studied up to 138 GPa using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Our diffraction measurements revealed that the incorporation of Fe 3+ has virtually no effect on the volume of PPv, in contrast to Fe 2+ , which increases the volume. Therefore, incorporation of Fe 3+ increases the density of PPv much more effectively than Fe 2+ . Mossbauer spectroscopy suggests that Fe 3+ enters PPv through charge-coupled substitution and is high spin in the bipolar prismatic site and low spin in the octahedral site (i.e., mixed spin state). Our results may have important implications for the gravitational stability of lower-mantle heterogeneities.
Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoids of a group of preschool children

The vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoid intakes and the plasma concentrations of a group of apparently healthy preschool children living in Lincoln, Neb, were determined. Twenty-two 2- to 5-year-old children from 3 daycare centers served as subjects. Trained dietary interviewers obtained two 24-hour dietary recalls from parents and daycare providers. No significant differences by gender were observed for vitamin C and carotenoid intakes and plasma concentrations of vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoids. Mean intakes of the children were 48.1 mg/d for dietary vitamin C, 69.6 mg/d for dietary plus supplemental vitamin C, 55.2 μg/d for selenium, 147.2 μg/d for α-carotene, 678.0 μg/d for β-carotene, 28.3 μg/d for β-cryptoxanthin, 430.2 μg/d for lycopene, and 448.2 μg/d for lutein/zeaxanthin. Thirty-two percent of the subjects had plasma vitamin C concentrations indicative of inadequacy. All subjects had plasma selenium concentrations indicative of adequate selenium status. The findings of this study indicate that a national population-based study on the vitamin C requirements of young children is warranted.
Judging the Judiciary: Understanding Public Confidence in Latin American Courts

Although there is a substantial literature examining public confidence in the judiciary in developed nations, scholars have paid scant attention to analyzing judicial confidence in developing countries. Building on extant work regarding developed nations and introducing original hypotheses in the context of developing nations, this research explains influences on public confidence in Latin American judiciaries by developing a theory that focuses on the potential influences of institutional quality, experiences, and individual attitudes. The hypotheses are empirically tested with the rich individual-level data compiled by the Latin American Public Opinion Project 2006 survey. The results indicate that a variety of factors influence public confidence in Latin American courts; the role of context explains points of consistency and divergence with research on developed nations.
Studying Agency in Literacy Teacher Education: A Layered Approach to Positive Discourse Analysis.

Critically oriented forms of discourse analysis have focused largely on oppression and injustice. Signaling a new turn in the field, scholars have called for an analytic focus on moments of liberation and agency, referring to this orientation as “positive discourse analysis” (PDA). In this research, we turn our attention to a case study of agency and leadership in teacher education. We analyze the discursive contours of a workshop designed and presented at an Educating for Change Curriculum Fair by a preservice teacher, whom we refer to as Leslie, about culturally relevant teaching. Arguing that PDA is not a new approach but a shift in analytic focus, we draw on the tools of narrative analysis, critical discourse analysis, and multimodal analysis. This turn toward the “positive” provided us with insight into the discourses processes associated with agency: how Leslie accepts and extends invitations for agency, uses problems to extend learning, uses narratives and counter-narratives and creates multiple st...
Polarimetric signatures of a layer of random nonspherical discrete scatterers overlying a homogeneous half-space based on first- and second-order vector radiative transfer theory (geophysical radar remote sensing)

Complete polarimetric signatures of a layer of random, nonspherical discrete scatterers overlying a homogeneous half space are studied with the first- and second-order solutions of the vector radiative transfer theory. The vector radiative transfer equation contains a general nondiagonal extinction matrix and a phase matrix that are averaged over particle orientations. The nondiagonal extinction matrix accounts for the difference in propagation constants and the difference in attenuation rates between the two characteristic polarisations. The Mueller matrix based on the first-order and second-order multiple scattering solutions of the vector radiative transfer equation is calculated. The copolarized and depolarized returns are also calculated. >
Computational Statistics and Optimization Theory at UCLA

Computational statistics is both growing in importance and evolving in nature. Graduate courses in computational statistics need to incorporate recent advances in high-dimensional optimization and integration. These advances are being driven by applications in data mining, bioinformatics, and imaging. Modern algorithms for optimization and integration can only be fully understand and extended by statisticians with considerable mathematical sophistication. Thus, graduate courses in computational statistics should stress those principles of mathematical and numerical analysis most pertinent to algorithm design and evaluation.
Sulfur, Chlorine, and Argon Abundances in Planetary Nebulae. IIB. Abundances in a Southern Sample

We have undertaken a large spectroscopic survey of over 80 planetary nebulae with the goal of providing a homogeneous spectroscopic database between 3600 and 9600 A, as well as a set of consistently determined abundances, especially for oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, and argon. In the current paper we calculate and report the S/O, Cl/O, and Ar/O abundance ratios for 45 southern planetary nebulae (predominantly type II), using our own recently observed line strengths published in a companion paper. One of the salient features of our work is the use of the near-IR lines of [S III] λλ9069, 9532 coupled with the [S III] temperature, to determine the S+2 ionic abundance. We find the following average abundances for these objects: S/O = 0.011 ± 0.0064, Cl/O = 0.00031 ± 0.00012, and Ar/O = 0.0051 ± 0.0020.
Accurate calculation of Fourier transform of two-center Slater orbital products†

A method is presented which leads to accurate Fourier transform values of any 1s−1s Slater-type orbital overlap distribution. The numerical merits are discussed and illustrated by some examples.
Advances in micro-calcification clusters detection in mammography

A new mixed feature multistage false positive (FP) reduction method for micro-calcification clusters (MCCs) detection has been developed for improving the FP reduction performance. Eleven features were extracted from both spatial and morphology domains in order to describe MCCs from different perspectives. These features are grouped into three categories: gray-level description, shape description and clusters description. Two feature sets that focus on describing MCCs on every single calcification and on clustered calcifications, respectively, were combined with a back-propagation (BP) neural network with Kalman filter to obtain the best performance of FP reduction. First, nine of the eleven gray-level description and shape description features were employed with BP neural network to eliminate all the obvious FP calcifications in the image. Second, the remaining MCCs were classified into several clusters by a widely used criterion in clinical practice and then two cluster description features were added to the first feature set to eliminate the FP clusters from the remaining MCCs. The performance results of this approach were obtained using an image database of 67 real-patients mammogram images in H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center imaging program. The proposed method successfully reduced the FP to 3.15/image, while the detection sensitivity or true positive rate improved to 97%.
Spalling related to Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CoTE) of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement in Texas

Concrete volume changes due to temperature and moisture variations (environmental loading) are severely restrained in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) by longitudinal reinforcement and base friction, resulting in numerous transverse cracks, which are held tight by primarily longitudinal steel. Tight transverse cracks provide good load transfer at transverse cracks, ensuring good performance of CRCP. In general, an adequate amount of longitudinal steel and base friction used in CRCP will restrain concrete volume changes to an adequate level, keeping transverse cracks tight and providing good CRCP performance. In Texas, the performance of CRCP is excellent; however, severe spalling problems have been observed in CRCP sections where a certain type of coarse aggregate was used, resulting in costly repairs and traffic delays. This study investigated the causes of severe spalling problems in CRCP in Texas. Fourteen CRCP sections with severe spalling and 10 sections with no spalling distress were identified. A minimum of two cores were taken from each section and concrete material properties, including Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CoTE) and modulus of elasticity, were evaluated. Test results indicate a strong correlation between spalling and concrete CoTE. Concrete with a CoTE larger than 9.9 × 10-6/°C (5.5 × 10-6/F) is quite prone to severe spalling. On the other hand, CRCP sections with a concrete CoTE smaller than 9.9 × 10-6/°C showed almost no spalling problems.
Magnetospheric and ionospheric signals in magnetic observatory monthly means: Electrical conductivity of the deep mantle

First differences of magnetic observatory monthly means for 1963-1982 were analyzed using techniques of spherical harmonics analysis and power spectral analysis. The external source signal is shown to be primarily zonal in geomagnetic coordinates. Prominent peaks are present in the power spectrum at frequencies of 1.0 cycle/yr and 2.0 cycles/yr. The annual signal is largest on the degree 2 external zonal spherical harmonic, while the semiannual signal is largest on the degree 1 and degree 3 external zonal spherical harmonics. The presence of the semiannual signal on odd-degree spherical harmonics and of the annual signal on even-degree spherical harmonics was predicted from symmetry considerations and the annual cycle of solar inclination. These signals are all modulated by the sunspot frequency and its harmonics. The degree 1 term is believed to be due mainly to magnetopause and ring currents while the degree 2 and degree 3 terms are believed to be due mainly to ionospheric currents. The degree 1 external zonal harmonic has a continuous spectrum in addition to the semiannual spectral peak. A corresponding degree 1 internal term is due to electromagnetic induction. The degree 1 continuous spectrum is useful for study of the electrical conductivity of the deep mantle. A global geomagnetic response function consistent with a mantle conductivity of about 10 S/m at the core-mantle boundary has been derived.
On the effect of the prior of Bayes estimators of the willingness to pay for electric-vehicle driving range

Abstract We use Bayes’ estimator of a consumer-surplus probit model to study the relevance of the prior in a discrete choice model. We take random subsamples of varying sizes of stated preference data regarding ultra-low emission vehicle purchases in California and focus on the willingness-to-pay for improvements in driving range. Prior information is obtained from a meta-analysis of consumer valuation of driving range. We find the posterior distribution of the willingness-to-pay using a tight and a weakly informative prior, and also analyze the nonparametric estimates of the posterior compare these with the likelihood function of the problem. It is found that the weight of the prior is relevant for very small samples, but for standard sample sizes the prior vanishes. Thus, the Bayes estimator of a static discrete choice model is in general equivalent to the maximum likelihood estimator, although for some intermediate sample sizes the prior provides more realistic values.
Changing Patterns of Psychiatric Inpatient Care in the United States, 1988-1994

Using data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey and the Inventory of Mental Health Organizations, this article examines national trends in psychiatric inpatient care from 1988 to 1994 in general hospitals and mental hospitals. We find that discharges with a primary diagnosis of mental illness in general hospitals increased from 1.4 to 1.9 million during this period. The total increase of 1.2 million days of care in general hospitals was small relative to the reduction of 12.5 million inpatient days in mental hospitals. General hospital discharges increased most in private nonprofit hospitals and declined substantially in public hospitals. Length of stay has fallen most substantially in private nonprofit hospitals. Public programs have increasingly replaced private insurance as the major source of payment. These observations suggest that psychiatric inpatient care in general hospitals can be characterized as a process in which patients who would have been clients of public mental hospitals in a prior period replace privately insured patients who, under managed care, are largely treated in community settings. Private nonprofit general hospitals increasingly treat publicly financed patients with more severe illnesses.
Structure and function of the external gill filaments of embryonic skates (Raja erinacea)

We have investigated structure and function of the external gill filaments, which occur transiently in the embryonic little skate, Raja erinacea. Approximately 25-30 days after spawning (body mass 0.03-0.05 g) external gill filaments appear as an outgrowth from the caudal side of the gill arches. These filaments are thread-like, each containing one afferent and one efferent blood vessel, and by day 70-75 (body mass 0.4-0.5 g) they reach their maximum size at a length of about 1 cm and a blood vessel diameter of 70-80 microns. Subsequent resorption of the filaments is characterized by a decrease in both length and diameter of the blood vessel. By day 90-95 (body mass 0.9-1.0 g) the external gill filaments are completely resorbed and replaced by internal gills. Blood velocity, measured in these external filaments, increased with development from 0.1 mm.sec-1 to about 0.7 min.sec-1, and decreased again during resorption. Blood flow, calculated therefrom with blood vessel diameter, showed a similar maximum curve. A model analysis supports the hypothesis that in a full grown filament respiratory gas exchange is mainly perfusion-limited and can contribute significantly to the total oxygen uptake of the embryo. Analysis of the results indicates, however, that the gill filaments are not adequate as a gas exchange organ for later developmental stages.
Tertiary phosphine complexes of cyclopentadienylmolybdenum carbonyl halides. Stereoselective syntheses and isomer separations

Abstract Pure cis and trans isomers of CpMo(CO) 2 (L)X (Cp = η 5 -C 5 H 5 , L = PPh 3 or PBu 3 , X = Br, or I) have been separated by chromatography and characterized by infrared and proton NMR spectroscopy. The reactions of trans -CpMo(CO) 2 (L)CH 3 with HgX 2 (X = Cl, Br, I, SCN) afford cis -CpMo(CO) 2 (L)X in high yield. Both linkage isomers are obtained in the reaction with Hg(SCN) 2 , L = PPh 3 . The mercuric halides react with CpMo(CO) 2 (L)COCH 3 to form the metalmetal bonded derivatives trans -CpMo(CO) 2 (L)HgX. Reactions of CpMo(CO) 2 (L)CH 3 or CpMo(CO) 2 (L)COCH 3 with bromine or iodine yield the halide complexes CpMo(CO) 2 (L)X (X = Br and I, respectively), the product mixtures containing high proportions of the trans isomers.
GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE AND GLUTAMINASE IN THE HUMAN PLACENTA: CLUES TO A GLUTAMINE-GLUTAMATE SHUTTLE? • 1830

Based on studies of glutamine flux in the ovine placenta, we hypothesize that the human placenta is capable of substantial glutamine synthesis via glutamine synthetase (GS) and has little capacity to deaminate glutamine via glutaminase (GA). GS and GA activities and GS transcript were examined on freshly obtained homogenates from term human placenta and compared to values obtained from other organs known to be primarily producers or consumers of glutamine. The activity of GS and transcript size (1.8 and 2.8 kB species) in human placenta is comparable to that observed in adult rat lung, an organ known to be an important glutamine producer involved in glutamine homeostasis. GS activity in the placenta is higher than that in adult rat small intestine which is a major glutamine consumer rather than a glutamine producer. Placental GA shows low activity (0.21 ± 0.29 μmoles • mg protein-1 indicating that the human placenta converts very little glutamine to glutamate. Low activity of GA suggests that the placenta has little need to convert glutamine to glutamate. The human placenta may, like the ovine placenta, derive sufficient glutamate from the fetus for incorporation into the citric acid cycle. These results: 1) suggest that the human placenta, like the rat lung, is a glutamine producing organ; and 2) are consistent with the presence of an ovine-like glutamine-glutamate shuttle between the human placenta and fetal liver. Supported by NIH Grant#RO1-HD29279. Table
Antiretroviral adherence and pharmacokinetics: review of their roles in sustained virologic suppression.

Abstract High levels of adherence to antiretrovirals are important to prevent the development of genotypic resistance and achieve virologic suppression. Although the decreased complexity of regimen...
Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation

For over two decades, valuable insights have been accumulated from epidemiologic studies and randomized trials about the risks for and prevention of AF-related stroke. AF substantially raises the risk of stroke, most likely through an atrio-embolic mechanism. Warfarin and other members of its class of oral anticoagulants targeted at an INR of 2.5 can abrogate the risk of stroke attributable to AF effectively and fairly safely. High-quality management of anticoagulation can be achieved in usual clinical care. These insights have important implications for the care of individual patients and more generally for public health. Future research is needed to specify the risk of stroke and hemorrhage among patients with AF better, particularly among older individuals, to optimize use of antithrombotic agents, and to define the role of recently developed antithrombotic drugs and invasive nondrug approaches.
Skills and innovation

Abstract This study examines the complementarity between employees' skills and firms' innovation activities. It is argued that without sufficient skills, firms benefit less from innovation, because they do not have the requisite complementary capabilities or absorptive capacity. Results from a panel of manufacturing firms provide support for the hypotheses that high technical skills are complementary with R&D collaboration and product or process innovation. Human capital can thus be seen as an enabling factor in profitable innovation. Policy implications suggest that investments in skills help expand the group of firms in the economy that have the potential to innovate successfully.
Kinetic properties of light-dependent ascorbic acid oxidation by melanin

The kinetic properties of ascorbic acid oxidation by light-activated melanin granules demonstrate the presence of a specific reactive site on the melanin granule saturable by ascorbic acid. Increased light intensity increased the Vmax and reduced the Km of this reaction, indicating increased affinity of the active site for ascorbic acid. The kinetics of this reaction are not markedly changed in a reduced-oxygen environment. Ascorbic acid oxidation is competitively inhibited by isoascorbic acid, an epimer of ascorbic acid, while other tested reducing agents are inactive. The Ki for isoascorbic acid is 1 mM, about the same as the Km of ascorbic acid.
Temporary Erb-Duchenne palsy without shoulder dystocia or traction to the fetal head

Background Although many retrospective studies report that brachial plexus palsies occur after vaginal delivery in the absence of recorded shoulder dystocia, there are no known prospective reports by a treating clinician (PubMed, English language only, 1952-June 2004, search terms: shoulder dystocia, nonshoulder dystocia, obstetric brachial plexus injury, Erb's palsy, Erb-Duchenne palsy, spontaneous vaginal delivery). Case A multiparous patient presented with a birth plan requesting that the baby be allowed to deliver on its own, without traction on the head and without suctioning. Although induced at term for elevated blood pressure, the otherwise healthy patient experienced a normal labor with a 30-minute second stage. At delivery, which was videotaped by the father, the fetal head presented over an intact perineum in a right-occiput-anterior position. Without traction, the anterior shoulder delivered spontaneously with the next contraction and Valsalva, followed by the posterior shoulder. The trunk followed routinely. The average-weight for gestational age neonate exhibited an Erb-Duchenne palsy of the right (posterior) arm that resolved on the fourth day of life. Conclusion Temporary Erb-Duchenne palsy can occur in the posterior arm after normal labor and spontaneous delivery without shoulder dystocia or traction on the fetal head.
Multiresidue determination of sulfonylurea herbicides by capillary electrophoresis for hydrolysis studies in water and sediments.

Twelve sulfonylurea herbicides (bensulfuron-methyl, sulfometuron-methyl, ethametsulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, primisulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, and amidosulfuron) were separated by free zone capillary electrophoresis with migration times less than 20 min. The additional simultaneous determination of the 2,3-dihydro-3-oxobenzisosulfonazole (saccharin) degradation product was possible after application of a temperature and voltage gradient. Detector responses (absorbances) at 239 and 220 nm were linear between 0.1 and 10.0 μg/ml. After extraction with acetonitrile, recoveries for the same concentration range from two different sediments were higher than 90% with variation coefficients lower than 16%. Dissociation constants of the sulfonylurea herbicides were determined.
The hierarchical influence of personal values on mall shopping attitute and behavior

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to employ a value-attitude-behavior model in order to investigate the role personal values play in the patronage of regional shopping malls. A secondary objective was to examine whether one's ethnic group membership and ethnic identification serve as important factors that influence personal values as well as attitudes and patronage behavior in the context of regional shopping malls. The sample of regional mall shoppers consisted of white and Hispanic consumers residing in ten metropolitan cities of the southwest. Structural equation modeling indicated that both self-actualizing and social affiliation personal values were positively related to a favorable attitude toward regional shopping malls, and that the social affiliation value played a greater role in influencing attitude than did the self-actualizing value. Individual attitudes toward shopping malls, in turn, were a direct predictor of mall shopping behavior and mediated the relationship between personal values and attitudes. The findings indicate that, independent of ethnic group membership, both self-actualizing and social affiliation values can be used effectively to position regional malls in such a way as to reinforce these views and to provide a strong means for shoppers to satisfy these needs.
500V BiMOS technology and its applications

The 500V junction-isolated BiMOS high voltage IC process technology recently introduced by the General Electric Company(1,2) and now in manufacturing production provides the circuit designer with a myriad of low and high voltage devices. However, to exploit the full capability of this process and apply it efficienty, it is crucial to understand and model the devices it makes available. This paper describes specifically the high voltage NPN structure, its resulting equivalent model, and shows actual device data. HSPICE device models that accurately predict the behavior of low voltage components (which may be referenced at high voltages) as a function of temperature have been developed and will be presented. We will conclude by showing generic application examples that convey the flexibility and power of this process.
MONOPOLY POWER VS. PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS OF UNION MEMBERSHIP

We test two alternative hypotheses concerning the impact of union membership on the reemployment earnings of displaced workers and find support for the hypothesis that unions exert monopoly power in setting wages rather than providing any direct productivity enhancements. This effect holds in both the short run and over time.
Minimizing the impact of low interoperability between optical fingerprints sensors

In fingerprint recognition, interoperability is the ability of a system to work with a diverse set of fingerprint devices. Variations induced by fingerprint sensors include image resolution, scanning area, gray levels, etc. Such variations can impact (i) the quality of the extracted features, and (ii) cross-device matching performance. This is true even when dealing with fingerprint sensors of the same sensing technology (e.g. optical). Previous research did not provide a model to accommodate sensor distortions to increase cross-device matching performance. In this paper, we propose a method that increases interoperability in systems which deploy optical fingerprint sensors. We design and evaluate a set of characteristics suitable for measuring differences in fingerprint image acquisition. Further, we propose a classification scheme, which combines the defined features with match scores. The classification performance is evaluated on a set of fingerprints acquired using four different optical devices and scanned rolled ink prints, from approximately 500 subjects. Experimental results confirm the significant impact of low interoperability on match rates and show that the proposed approach is able to reduce cross-device match error rates by a significant margin.
Antibody-Directed Effector Cell Therapy of Tumors: Analysis and Optimization Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model

The failure of the cellular immune response to stop solid tumor growth has been the subject of much research. Although the mechanisms for tumor evasion of immune response are poorly understood, one viable explanation is that tumor-killing lymphocytes cannot reach the tumor cells in sufficient quantity to keep the tumor in check. Recently, the use of bifunctional antibodies (BFAs) has been proposed as a way to direct immune cells to the tumor: one arm of the antibody is specific for a known tumor-associated antigen and the other for a lymphocyte marker such as CD3. Injecting this BFA should presumably result in cross-linking of lymphocytes (either endogenous or adoptively transferred) with tumor cells, thereby enhancing therapy. Results from such an approach, however, are often disappointing — frequently there is no benefit gained by using the BFA. We have analyzed the retargeting of endogenous effector cells by BFA using a physiologically based whole-body pharmacokinetic model that accounts for interactions between all relevant species in the various organs and tumor. Our results suggest that the design of the BFA is critical and the binding constants of the antigen and lymphocyte binding epitopes need to be optimized for successful therapy.
A record of Holocene environmental and ecological changes from Wildwood Lake, Long Island, New York†

Analyses of pollen, charcoal and organic content in a lake sediment core from Wild- wood Lake, Long Island, New York, provide insights into the ecological and environmental history of this region. The early Holocene interval of the record (ca. 9800-8800cal. a BP) indicates the presence of Pinus rigida-Quercus ilicifolia woodlands with high fire activity. A layer of sandy sediment dating to 9200cal. a BP may reflect a brief period of reduced water depth, consistent with widespread evidence for cold, dry conditions at that time. Two other sandy layers, bracketed by 14 C dates, represent a sedimentary hiatus from ca. 8800 to 4500cal. a BP. This discontinuity may reflect the removal of some sediment during brief periods of reduced water depth at 5300 and 4600cal. a BP. In the upper portion of the record (<4500cal. a BP), subtle changes at ca. 3000cal. a BP indicate declining prevalence of Quercus-Fagus-Carya forests and increasing abundance of Pinus rigida, perhaps due to reduced summer precipitation. Elevated percentages of herbaceous taxa in the uppermost sediments represent European agricultural activities. However, unlike charcoal records from southern New England, fire activity does not increase dramatically with European settlement. These findings indicate that present- day Pinus rigida-Quercus ilicifolia woodlands on eastern Long Island are not a legacy of recent, anthropogenic disturbances. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time domain state variable analysis of induced reflection gratings in photorefractive materials

We apply the multilayer rigorous coupled wave theory to analyze reflection gratings in a photorefractive material of an arbitrary thickness. In particular, we study the effect of varying the overall material length over a few thousand grating wavelengths, and also study the effect of layer detuning on reflection grating formation. Furthermore, convergence of the numerical method is rigorously analyzed.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Temperature effects on amperometric detection at nickel oxide electrodes in flow-injection systems

Abstract A flow-through nickel oxide electrode is used for the detection of selected organic molecules in a flow-injection system. Sensitivity is enhanced more than ten-fold for some compounds at 105°C relative to 25°C. Diffusion-controlled currents are obtained for some species at the higher temperature. Linear response extends to 10 −7 M with detection limits in the nanogram range in some cases. The higher temperature increases the rate of saponification of ethyl acetate and also allows the determination of acetone. Typical relative standard deviations are 1–3%.
Intracardiac exposure for transventricular mitral valve ring annuloplasty repair during Dor ventriculoplasty.

Mitral valve pathology is common in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and often mandates intervention during surgical ventricular restoration (SVR). Although the ventricular side of the mitral valve is exposed during SVR, mitral interventions are most commonly performed through the left atrium or transeptally. Few cases of transventricular mitral valve intervention have been reported. We have previously reported cases of transventricular mitral valve replacement in the setting of contained left ventricular (LV) rupture after an acute myocardial infarction, and transventricular mitral valve repair in the setting of a large LV pseudoaneurysm repair. Here we report a case of transventricular mitral valve ring annuloplasty in the setting of an elective Dor ventriculoplasty with particular focus on the use of the off-pump coronary bypass stabilizer as an intracardiac exposure tool. A 63-year-old man presented to our clinic with an extensive medical history, which included a previous large myocardial infarction. He had developed a large, thrombus-filled, dyskinetic ventricular aneurysm and ejection fraction of 15% (Figure 1A). He was referred for surgical management. Coronary angiography revealed that there were no lesions requiring a coronary artery bypass graft. In addition, echocardiography revealed moderate, centrally directed mitral regurgitation (MR). SVR was planned. Moderate MR and the possibility of geometric distortion of the papillary muscle geometry after SVR prompted mitral valvuloplasty at the time of Dor ventriculoplasty. A median sternotomy was performed. The pericardium was opened. Adhesions were encountered and lysed. Systemic heparin was administered and cannulation was performed via the aorta and right atrium. A left atrial vent was placed through the right superior pulmonary vein. The aneurysm was densely adherent to the pericardium and diaphragm. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted and the aneurysm was dissected away from these structures (Figure 1B).