cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational attainment and psychological distress among working-age adults in the United States

Abstract This study builds on a growing body of literature analyzing the education-health gradient across detailed educational categories, which documents that US working-age adults who attended college but did not earn a bachelor's degree report equal or worse health than adults with a high school diploma. This is known as the “anomaly” in the education-health gradient. The purpose of this study is to test whether this pattern extends to measures of serious psychological distress (SPD) and individual symptoms by using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS, 1997–2018) and a series of logistic regression models. We find that the anomaly in the education-health gradient is present for a summary measure of SPD as well as for five of the six symptoms that make up this measure. The exception was reporting feeling sad most or all the time during the last month, where adults with “some college” were found to have lower odds than those with a high school diploma. Further stratified analysis by sex revealed that this result for feeling sad was driven by women. In terms of associate degrees, our models show that adults with a vocational/technical associate degree have statically similar odds of SPD and reporting four out of six symptoms (exceptions were feeling hopeless and sadness), while those with an academic associate degree have significantly lower odds in all outcomes. The robustness of the models used is supported by an extensive sensitivity analysis. Overall, we find evidence of the anomaly in the education-health gradient in SPD and individual symptoms of psychological distress at the sub-baccalaureate level, adding to previous studies that document the anomaly in markers of physiological dysregulation, health conditions, vision problems, functional limitations, and pain.
Intelligent software control for nuclear power plants

The authors propose a strategy for the introduction of intelligent control in nuclear power plants which recognizes the industry culture. Key features of the proposed strategy are: (i) incremental implementation by means of autonomous modules; (ii) software architectures that cannot propagate faults to other system components; (iii) self-diagnostic features within each module that include automatic fail-safe shutdown and reversion to conventional hardware systems; (iv) controlled degradation of the automated control system, leading to graceful shutdown in the event of major disturbances outside of the system competence to reject; and (v) integration of human operator interfaces with each subsystem and preservation of human competence in the loop. The design of an intelligent controller for a feedwater heater provides an illustrative example for the proposed concept. >
25-OH-Vitamin D deficiency and cellular alloimmunity as measured by panel of reactive T cell testing in dialysis patients

Primed antidonor alloreactive T cells are detrimental to transplant outcome, but factors that impact the strength of this immune response prior to transplantation are unknown. We tested peripheral blood mononuclear cells from dialysis patients, against panels of allogeneic, primary B-cell lines in a newly standardized IFNγ ELISPOT panel of reactive T cell (PRT) assay. Results were correlated with known alloantibody-sensitizing events and other clinical parameters. As 25-OH-vitamin D deficiency is associated with enhanced cellular immunity, is common in dialysis patients and is correctable, we assessed the relationship between serum 25-OH-vitamin D and the PRT. Using independent test and validation cohorts we found that low serum levels of 25-OH-vitamin D (<26 ng/mL) correlated with high-PRT values (in the upper 50th percentile, OR 0.02, p = 0.01) independent of age, sex, race, previous transplant, transfusion, pregnancy, time on dialysis, panel of reactive antibody, iPTH, and treatment with 1,25-OH-vitamin D. The data provide a potential mechanism for the possible relationship between vitamin D deficiency and poor posttransplant outcome, and support studies to test the impact of 25-OH-vitamin D repletion on alloimmunity and allograft injury in kidney transplant candidates.
Microlocal study of S-matrix singularity structure

Support is adduced for two related conjectures of simplicity of the analytic structure of the S-matrix and related function; namely, Sato's conjecture that the S-matrix is a solution of a maximally over-determined system of pseudo-differential equations, and our conjecture that the singularity spectrum of any bubble diagram function has the conormal structure with respect to a canonical decomposition of the solutions of the relevant Landau equations. This latter conjecture eliminates the open sets of allowed singularities that existing procedures permit.
The transactional structure of the firm

Abstract This is a comparative survey of the diverse strands of literature that view the firm as a group organized by transactional structure. The focus is on the nature of incentives to induce effective cooperation through the coordination of specialized and disparate tasks. The five literatures compared are the transaction-cost, X-efficiency, principal-agency, sociological, and mechanism-design traditions.
Remote Control: Revised Article 9 and the Negotiability of Information

This article considers the effect that rules on the continuity of security interests and proceeds under Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code will have on the negotiability (i.e., free alienability) of information assets, such as data and biotechnologies. The continuity of interest rules provide that a security interest will presumptively continue in collateral, even after disposition by the debtor. The proceeds rules provide that a security interest will automatically attach to, among other things, rights arising out of collateral, and to whatever is received upon the disposition of the collateral. Information assets, such as data and biotechnology assets, are often highly mobile, mutable and replicable. Thus, security interests in these assets will arise readily and will endure, even as these assets may travel through the chain of commerce, into the hands of good faith purchasers remote from the debtor and secured party that created the interest in the first place. This article calls the power to assert a security interest in assets at such a remove remote control. The article then considers arguments against remote secured party control under these circumstances. Among other things, remote secured party control presents challenges to historic understandings of the treatment of bona fide purchasers, and to doctrinal and theoretical approaches to property. This article concludes by suggesting that courts can mitigate the problem of remote control by relaxing the definition of property in this context. If data and biotechnology assets are property at all - a contested claim - it is not clear that they should be treated as such for the benefit of remote, prior secured parties in disputes with later bona fide purchasers.
Determinants of arrhythmic death due to coronary spasm: effect of preexisting coronary artery stenosis on the incidence of reperfusion arrhythmia.

Coronary spasm can occur in the presence or absence of coronary artery disease. We therefore determined the effect of preexisting coronary stenosis on the incidence of ventricular fibrillation during reperfusion after circumflex artery (CFX) occlusion. Twenty dogs underwent a 30-minute open-chest CFX occlusion. During reperfusion, CFX blood flow was restricted by a partial occluder. In dogs that survived reperfusion, peak CFX flow was 91 +/- 44% of baseline (mean +/- SD) compared with 163 +/- 68% in dogs that died of ventricular fibrillation (p less than 0.02). In another 17 dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery was gradually occluded by an ameroid constrictor. After 17-39 days, the CFX was acutely occluded for 30 minutes and then reperfused. Collateral flow to the CFX, measured by microspheres, was 27.6 +/- 28.3 ml/min . 100 g-1 in dogs that died of reperfusion ventricular fibrillation, compared with 64.4 +/- 27.2 ml/min . 100 g-1 in surviving dogs (p less than 0.02). Thus, the risk of reperfusion ventricular fibrillation is greater in dogs with normal coronary arteries than in dogs with a flow-limiting partial stenosis of the artery undergoing transient occlusion, or chronic stenosis of a second coronary artery inducing collateralization to the artery subsequently undergoing transient occlusion. These results suggest that the risk of ventricular fibrillation during release of coronary spasm may be greater in patients without than in those with coronary artery disease.
Observational constraints on the contribution of isoprene oxidation to ozone production on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, California

[1] Observations of isoprene and its oxidation products methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) are used to quantify the impact of isoprene oxidation on ozone production along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Regular daytime up-slope wind flow patterns transport anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) and NOx emissions from the Central Valley toward the Sierra Nevada. A north– south band of oak forests stretching along the foothills and located approximately halfway between Sacramento and our measurement site (Blodgett Forest Research Station; elevation 1315 m) injects isoprene into this mixture. Subsequently, high ozone levels are encountered in these air masses. At Blodgett, daytime mixing ratios of isoprene’s oxidation products and ozone were highly correlated. The observed daytime MVK/MACR ratio was used to estimate a mean [OH] of 9 (±4) � 10 6 molec. cm � 3 between the measurement site and the Sierra foothills. The slope of the correlation between ozone and MVK was analyzed and compared to theoretical yield ratios for the photooxidation of isoprene to estimate the fraction of total ozone production due to isoprene oxidation. On average, over 40% of the observed midday ozone formation in this region was attributable to isoprene oxidation. On ozone episode days (maximum [O3] > 90 ppb), the mean isoprene contribution was over 70%. The calculated isoprene contribution to ozone production was variable from day to day but tended to increase exponentially with both isoprene input and air temperature. NOx conditions in the up-slope air masses were very important in determining the ozone formation potential of isoprene, and the general dominance of isoprene as an ozone precursor suggests that summertime ozone abatement strategies for the region must focus on anthropogenic NOx rather than VOC reductions. INDEX TERMS: 0315 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions; 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305); 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry
Habitat structure and reproductive success in the beaugregory damselfish

Abstract Male beaugregory damselfish ( Stegastes leucostictus Muller & Troschel) were provided with artificial breeding sites to minimize environmental variability that might influence reproductive success. Of the two types of artificial sites, males defending “open sites” had twice the reproductive success of those males defending “closed sites”. When given a choice, males preferred to defend the open sites. Males defending open sites received more eggs and also had a larger proportion survive to hatching age than those defending closed sites. Egg survival appeared dependent on clutch size; males that received large initial clutches also attracted other females to lay eggs within their sites. Small clutches disappeared before reaching hatching age. The large variability in males defending the same types of sites suggests that females were selecting mates based on male quality. However, no correlation existed between male size and reproductive success.
The binding interface between an E2 (UBC9) and a ubiquitin homologue (UBL1)

Human UBC9 is a member of the E2 (ubiquitin conjugation enzyme) family of proteins. Instead of conjugating to ubiquitin, it conjugates with a ubiquitin homologue UBL1 (also known as SUMO-1, GMP1, SMTP3, PIC1, and sentrin). UBC9 has been shown to be involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and p53-dependent processes. The binding interfaces of the UBC9 and UBL1 complex have been determined by chemical shift perturbation using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The binding site of UBL1 resides on the ubiquitin domain, and the binding site of UBC9 is located on a structurally conserved region of E2. Because the UBC9-UBL1 system shares many similarities with the ubiquitin system in structures and in conjugation with each other and with target proteins, the observed binding interfaces may be conserved in E2-ubiquitin interactions in general.
Role of excited states in multiphoton dynamics.

Multiphoton ionization of hydrogen, at laser frequencies, is studied numerically using the stretched hydrogen atom Hamiltonian. In particular, the role of excited bound states in short-pulse, above-threshold ionization (ATI) is emphasized. These states are shown to play a dynamical role both in the production of the higher ATI peaks as well as in the appearance of peak substructure. A simple criterion is used to assess the importance of this process, as a function of field strength and frequency. Arguments are presented for the interpretation of ionization characteristics for short pulses which suggest important differences from that for longer pulses. The extension of these ideas to other frequency regimes is also discussed.
Complications of the Lateral Transpsoas Approach for Lumbar Interbody Arthrodesis: A Case Series and Literature Review

Background The lateral transpsoas approach to the lumbar spine was developed to eliminate the need for an anterior-approach surgeon and retraction of the great vessels and has the potential for shorter operative times. However, the reported complications associated with this approach vary.
Membrane enzyme systems. Molecular size determinations by radiation inactivation.

Abstract Classical radiation target theory is applied to radiation inactivation data on lyophilized membranes to obtain values for the molecular weights of membrane-bound enzymes. A molecular weight of 250 000 is estimated for the ( Na + + K + -activated ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) of human erythrocyte ghosts, guinea pig kidney cortex microsomes or plasma membrane preparations, and crayfish nerve cord. Other results suggest that the Mg2+-dependent ATPase and the ( Na + + K + )-ATPase have the same molecular weight. Studies with a K+-stimulated microsomal alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric acid monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) indicate a molecular weight of 140 000 for this enzyme which is thought to be responsible for the dephosphorylation step in the hydrolysis of ATP via the ATPase system. The volume fraction of the red cell membrane devoted to active cation transport is estimated at 0.002–0.04%. Microsomal and plasma membrane preparations apparently contain the same Na + + K + )-ATPase judge by their similar responses to ouabain inhibition, cation stimulation, and radiation inactivation. Radiation inactivation estimates of the molecular weight of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) and of mitochondrial ATPase are also presented. Studies with intact red cells and ghosts, irradiated while frozen, suggest that it might be possible to estimate the molecular weight of enzymes in intact cells.
The Development of an Instrument to Grade the Difficulty of Vocal Solo Repertoire

The purpose of this study was to design a valid and reliable instrument—the Ralston Repertoire Difficulty Index (RRDI)—to measure the difficulty of solo vocal repertoire. Another aspect of this study was to determine the RRDI's ability to be used by voice teachers of all experience levels and to discriminate songs' difficulty into levels. Seven criteria—range, tessitura, rhythm, phrases, melodic line, harmonic foundations, and pronunciation—were incorporated in the instrument. The RRDI was tested by 34 postsecondary voice teachers. Results of the study showed that each criterion was significantly related to one overall rating established by Boytim (1982). The results also indicated high validity and reliability, and analyses revealed that the RRDI discriminated across difficulty levels and was used similarly by teachers of all experience levels.
Local and distant histopathological effects of unilateral amyloid-β 25–35 injections into the amygdala of young F344 rats

Abstract To determine if amyloid-β (Aβ) induces tau-immunoreactivity (IR) and reactive astrocytosis in vivo, we injected Aβ 25–35 (5.0 nmol) into the right amygdala of rats. At 8 days postinjection, the peptide induced tau-2 IR in neuronal cell bodies and processes ipsilaterally in the amygdala, cingulate cortex, and hippocampus. At 32 days postinjection, the intensity of tau-2 IR was greater than at 8 days in the amygdala and hippocampus, but not in the cingulate cortex. Induction of Alz-50 IR also was progressive but the morphology and distribution was different from tau-2 IR. Beaded fibers with occasional neuronal perikarya were visualized with Alz-50, and the IR was primarily observed in the ipsilateral amygdala. In addition, amygdaloid injections of Aβ 25–35 induced reactive astrocytosis, particularly in the ipsilateral hippocampus at 32 days postoperatively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that in vivo injections of Aβ 25–35 induce progressive transsynaptic cytoskeletal and astrogliotic reactions, that gradually spread from the area of injection to brain regions that have prominent efferent connections with that area. These findings also suggest a direct association between plaque and tangle formation in Alzheimer's disease.
Formation of composite iso-cytochromes c by recombination between non-allelic genes of yeast.

Abstract We present evidence that two non-allelic genes, located on two non-homologous chromosomes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , recombine and in this process generate new composite genes containing portions of both genes. The two genes CYC1 and CYC7 encode, respectively, iso-1-cytochrome c and iso-2-cytochrome c ; CYC1 is located on the right arm of chromosome X and CYC7 is located on the left arm of chromosome V. The coding regions of CYC1 and CYC7 and the corresponding iso-1-cytochrome c and iso-2-cytochrome c are approximately 80% homologous. Composite genes were uncovered among revertants of certain but not all cyc1 mutants lacking iso-1-cytochrome c ; composite genes were observed in most revertants from the low-reverting strains cyc1-11, cyc1-136 and cyc1-158 , and in low proportions of the revertants from the typically reverting strains cyc1-94 and cyc1-156 . Protein analysis of 14 composite iso-cytochromes c and DNA sequencing of five composite genes indicated that recombinational events produced replacements of central portions of the cyc1 gene with a corresponding segment from the wild-type CYC 7 + gene. The replacements varied in length from 13% to 61% of the translated portion of the CYC1 locus. The formation of composite genes occurred spontaneously at very low frequencies and at low but enhanced frequencies after treatments with mutagens including ultraviolet light, ethylmethane sulfonate, methylmethane sulfonate and nitrous acid. Genetic tests indicated that composite genes are formed mitotically by a conversion-like event in which the wild-type CYC 1 + allele remains intact. Recombination between non-allelic genes can lead to identical sequences at different loci and to diverse composite genes. These results support the indirect evidence from other eukaryotic systems that non-allelic genes with extensive but not complete homology recombine during evolution.
Simplified Manufacturing Through a Metamorphic Process for Compliant Ortho-Planar Mechanisms

Most simplified manufacturing processes generally result in two-dimensional features. However, most products are three-dimensional. Devices that could be manufactured through simplified manufacturing processes, but function in a three-dimensional space, would be highly desirable — especially if they require little assembly. Compliant ortho-planar metamorphic mechanisms (COPMMS) can be fabricated through simplified manufacturing processes, and then metamorphically transformed into a new configuration where they are no longer bound by the limitations of ortho-planar behavior. The main contributions of this paper are the suggestion of COPMM definitions, an investigation into the morphing process, and the description of a COPMM design process. This work also contributes a case study in designing COPMMs to meet particular design objectives.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The use of laparoscopic ultrasound in difficult cholecystectomy cases significantly decreases morbidity.

Background Laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) is a method of intraoperative bile duct imaging that can be used prior to any potentially hazardous dissection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether LUS could permit safe laparoscopic completion of difficult cholecystectomy (LC) cases and to assess whether its use had any impact on clinical outcome. Methods We identified prospectively 44 patients with severe cholecystitis in whom LUS was considered critical for intraoperative identification of the bile ducts. LC patients were compared, on an intention to treat basis, with 41 contemporaneous patients with severe cholecystitis who had planned open cholecystectomy (OC). Results LUS identified the extrahepatic bile ducts in all cases. Of the cases, 40 (91%) were completed laparoscopically. OC patients had a higher rate of acute cholecystitis and preoperative percutaneous cholecystostomy tubes and a higher mean ASA classification. Intraoperatively, LC patients had significantly less estimated blood loss and fewer drains were placed. Postoperatively, LC patients had significantly fewer total complications, Clavien-Dindo grade 3 complications, biliary complications, biliary reinterventions, intra-abdominal abscesses, and bleeding complications. LC patients had significantly fewer ICU admissions and shorter LOS. Conclusion By allowing identification of the extrahepatic bile ducts during difficult cholecystectomy, LUS results in a high rate of successful laparoscopic completions. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with better clinical outcomes than OC for patients with severe cholecystitis.
Resistance of molecular nanostructures

Abstract This paper describes a theoretical model that can be used to calculate the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of molecular monolayers as measured between two contacts. Numerical results are presented for α, α′ -xylyl dithiol showing that the I–V characteristics are sensitive to two parameters: the equilibrium Fermi energy, Ef, and the voltage division factor, η, which determines the shift in the molecular energy levels in response to the applied bias. Experimental data are presented showing good agreement with the theory. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Purification and properties of aminoendopeptidase from rat epidermis.

An aminoendopeptidase isolated from 2-day-old rat epidermis was purified to apparent homogeneity by the procedures of ammonium sulfate fractionation, DE-52 column chromatography, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, and CM-52 and DEAE-Sepharose 6B column chromatography. Enzymatic activity was exhibited only in the presence of sulfhydryl compounds and further enhanced by addition of 5 mM EDTA. It was inhibited by p -chloromercuribenzoate, other sulfhydryl blocking reagents, and o -phenanthroline. The monomer form of the enzyme is M r = 52,000 ± 2,300 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, but a native form was considered to be M r = 400,000 ± 26,000 having an isoelectric point of pH 5.25. Among synthetic substrates the enzyme hydrolyzed amino acid 2-naphthylamide derivatives and L-leucine amine (L- LeuNH 2 ) most effectively. N-α-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA) was the only endopeptidase substrate for the enzyme and a competitive inhibitor for its aminopeptidase activity. Protein substrates have not yet been found. The pH optimum is 7.5 and in a range of pH 6.5–7.5 it is stable at 37°C for 30 min but loses about 50% of its activity at 50°C.
Reduced Heterogeneity of Electron Transfer into Polycrystalline TiO2 Films: Site Specific Kinetics Revealed by Single-Particle Spectroscopy

The presenting surface of TiO2 is one of the key factors that influence the photoinduced charge injection process from covalently bound chromophores. However, the dependence of electron transfer (ET) on TiO2 surface properties (structure, defects, and facets) remains poorly understood due to the difficulties of deconvoluting the signal from a multitude of surface binding sites in highly heterogeneous ET systems. In an effort to correlate TiO2 surface features with ET, we compare the photoinduced ET dynamics from single quantum dots (QDs) to polycrystalline TiO2 thin films (pc-TiO2) grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with that of porous TiO2 nanoparticle films (np-TiO2) by utilizing single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy. Unlike the broad distribution of ET rates (deduced from fluorescence lifetimes) on np-TiO2, QDs on pc-TiO2 exhibit two narrowly distributed ET rates that we attribute to reduced site heterogeneity. Variable temperature pc-TiO2 annealing studies suggest that the double-peaked distri...
HPV knowledge and vaccine acceptability among Hispanic fathers.

The purpose of this study was to examine human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge and vaccine acceptability in a convenience sample of immigrant Hispanic men, many of whom are parents of adolescents. Data on 189 male callers were collected from the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Information Service Spanish-language call center. Most participants were willing to vaccinate their adolescent son (87.5 %) or daughter (78.8 %) against HPV. However, among this sample, awareness of HPV was low and knowledge of key risk factors varied. These findings can help guide the development of culturally informed educational efforts aimed at increasing informed decision-making about HPV vaccination among Hispanic fathers.
Pancreatic secretion in man after administration of different stimulants: a comparative study

Parallel determinations of values for volume of duodenal contents and for bicarbonate, amylase, trypsin and lipase in the duodenal contents have been made in man after stimulation with Vitamin A administered intramuscularly, cooked starch, casein and olive oil administered intraduodenally, prostigmine methylsulfate and mecholyl chloride administered subcutaneously, secretin administered intravenously and secretin and mecholyl chloride injected in combination. Vitamin A and starch did not produce a measurable stimulation of the fractions of duodenal contents. Mecholyl chloride appeared to stimulate the various fractions of duodenal contents more uniformly than, and as potently as did casein, fat and prostigmine methylsulfate and for this reason appeared to be preferable to foods and prostigmine methylsulfate as a stimulant.
In vitro effect of chlorhexidine and amikacin on oral gram-negative bacilli from bone marrow transplant recipients

Prophylactic use of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinses has been shown to benefit the oral health status of bone marrow transplant recipients and other immunosuppressed persons and to reduce systemic complications of oral origin. However, a problem that often emerges with these patients is oropharyngeal and lower respiratory tract colonization by opportunistic aerobic or facultative gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Trends in four studies indicated that CHX rinses may predispose these persons to oral colonization by GNB such as the enterobacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae. Since GNB are generally susceptible to broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotics such as amikacin, the in vitro sensitivities of K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli ATCC reference strains and K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae oral clinical isolates to combinations of CHX and amikacin were determined by means of a disk diffusion sensitivity assay on Mueller-Hinton agar. The amikacin minimum inhibitory concentrations for all GNB tested were much lower (less than or equal to 4.69 to less than or equal to 9.37 micrograms/ml) than those for CHX (less than or equal to 18.75 to less than or equal to 300 micrograms/ml), and combinations of CHX and amikacin gave larger growth inhibition zones than CHX alone. No antibacterial antagonism between CHX and amikacin was found, and their solubilities were compatible. Therefore use of topical amikacin in conjunction with CHX rinses may reduce oral colonization by GNB in severely immunocompromised patient populations.
Optical on-the-fly conversion of a modified signed digit into two's complement binary number representation.

An optical carry-free technique is introduced for conversion of a modified signed digit (MSD) into two’s complement binary number. Using a combination of optical polarizing beam splitters and retardation waveplates, the proposed device performs this conversion on the fly. The availability of this converter will lead to a large speed increase for various proposed optical parallel MSD arithmetic processors.
A world ocean model for greenhouse sensitivity studies: resolution intercomparison and the role of diagnostic forcing

We have developed an improved version of a world ocean model with the intention of coupling to an atmospheric model. This article documents the simulation capability of this 1° global ocean model, shows improvements over our earlier 5° version, and compares it to features simulated with a 0.5° model. These experiments use a model spin-up methodology whereby the ocean model can subsequently be coupled to an atmospheric model and used for order 100-year coupled model integrations. With present-day computers, 1° is a reasonable compromise in resolution that allows for century-long coupled experiments. The 1° ocean model is derived from a 0.5°-resolution model developed by A. Semtner (Naval Postgraduate School) and R. Chervin (National Center for Atmospheric Research) for studies of the global eddy-resolving world ocean circulation. The 0.5° bottom topography and continental outlines have been altered to be compatible with the 1° resolution, and the Arctic Ocean has been added. We describe the ocean simulation characteristics of the 1° version and compare the result of weakly constraining (three-year time scale) the three-dimensional temperature and salinity fields to the observations below the thermocline (710 m) with the model forced only at the top of the ocean by observed annual mean wind stress, temperature, and salinity. The 1° simulations indicate that major ocean circulation patterns are greatly improved compared to the 5° version and are qualitatively reproduced in comparison to the 0.5° version. Using the annual mean top forcing alone in a 100-year simulation with the 1° version preserves the general features of the major observed temperature and salinity structure with most climate drift occurring mainly beneath the thermocline in the first 50–75 years. Because the thermohaline circulation in the 1° version is relatively weak with annual mean forcing, we demonstrate the importance of the seasonal cycle by performing two sensitivity experiments. Results show a dramatic intensification of the meridional overturning circulation (order of magnitude) with perpetual winter surface temperature forcing in the North Atlantic and strong intensification (factor of three) with perpetual early winter temperatures in that region. These effects are felt throughout the Atlantic (particularly an intensified and northward-shifted Gulf Stream outflow). In the Pacific, the temperature gradient strengthens in the thermocline, thus helping counter the systematic error of a thermocline that is too diffuse.
Gender Differences in Children With ADHD, ODD, and Co-Occurring ADHD/ODD Identified in a School Population

Objective To examine gender differences among children with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) from an ethnically diverse school sample. Method From 2,984 children, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-C) (46 boys, 11 girls), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (59 boys, 35 girls), and co-occurring ADHD-C/ODD (76 boys, 27 girls), diagnosed by teacher-rated DSM-IV symptoms, were compared with each other and with 254 controls on teacher ratings of symptoms, social functioning, and Achenbach Teacher's Report Form scales. Results Children with ADHD-C/ODD received the poorest ratings on all variables. In “pure” groups, children with ODD were rated as learning more, working harder, and being less inattentive than children with ADHD-C; only the ODD group showed more internalizing problems than controls. For ADHD-C and ODD groups, ratings of aggression and some individual symptoms were higher in boys than girls. Girls with ODD were rated as more appropriate and less inattentive, but unhappier and more socially impaired than boys with ODD. Overall, girls received higher peer dislike scores than boys. Conclusions Comorbidity and gender issues affect the correlates of DBDs, with learning problems higher in ADHD-C, internalizing problems associated only with ODD, and greatest impairment for ADHD-C/ODD groups. Despite having similar or less behavioral dysfunction, girls with DBDs may have more social problems than boys with DBDs.
Increased circulating IL-2Rα (CD25) predicts poor outcome in both indolent and aggressive forms of mastocytosis: a comprehensive cytokine-phenotype study.

Increased circulating IL-2Rα (CD25) predicts poor outcome in both indolent and aggressive forms of mastocytosis: a comprehensive cytokine–phenotype study
Domain Wall Motion in Double Nickel–Iron Films

Middelhoek and Wild1 have recently measured mobilities for domain wall motion in double nickel–iron alloy which are significantly greater than those reported earlier by Patton and Humphrey2 for similar films. Both groups have published mobility data for single layer films which are in good agreement3,4. In an attempt to clarify the situation concerning double films, mobility measurements have been made for two of Middelhoek and Wild's double films, each with two 400 A nickel–iron layers (80 per cent nickel) separated by 100 A of silica, using the technique reported previously2,4. For these films, a wall mobility value of 1.2 (±0.3) × 104 cm/sec-Oe was obtained. Middelhoek and Wild's mobility of 4.1 × 104 cm/sec-Oe for double films (440 A nickel–iron layers separated by 100 A of silica) is significantly larger than the present determination. These differences are too large to be explained by the 40 A difference in nickel–iron layer thickness or the scatter in the data. The differences in mobility determination for similar films from the same laboratory, as measured by different laboratories, can only be due to differences in the experimental technique.
Analysis of a high-resolution computed radiography imaging plate versus conventional screen-film radiography for neonatal intensive care unit applications

The image quality of a special high-resolution computed radiography (CR) imaging plate is compared with that of conventional screen-film radiography via measurements of physical factors related to the signal and noise of each detector system. Physical parameters reflecting image contrast, spatial resolution and signal-to-noise characteristics are measured as a function of radiation dose for each detector configuration. Standard signal detector configurations for the acquisition of plain film and CR images are compared with those from a modified film cassette containing both a CR plate and conventional screen-film for a dual-image recording technique. The modified dual detector film cassette configuration allows for a single-exposure, simultaneous acquisition of images for the direct clinical comparison of conventional screen- film and CR radiographs. The small physical size of the newborn chest and the types of lung processes that must be evaluated in the critical care neonate present a particular challenge to the spatial resolution limitations of CR. The clinical utility of the special high-resolution CR plate is assessed for such neonatal intensive care unit applications.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coccidia from the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, in northeastern Colorado and in northern New Mexico.

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Eimeria ambystomae Saxe, 1955, Eimeria microcapi sp. n., and Eimeria urodela sp. n. are described from the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, collected in Colorado and New Mexico. The oocysts of E. ambystomae are ellipsoid, 29.8 × 17.3 (24–38 × 15–25) μm, and the sporocysts lanceolate, 22.6 × 5.4 (16–27 × 5–7) μm. Oocyst and sporocyst residua are present, but not a polar granule and a micropyle. The oocysts and sporocysts of E. microcapi are ellipsoid, measuring respectively 38.1 × 25.3 (35-41 × 23-26) μm and 18.1 × 7.4 (16-19 × 6–8) μm. Oocyst and sporocyst residua, a micropyle (mean 3 μm), and a distinct micropyle cap (2 μm high) are present, but not a polar granule. The oocysts of E. urodela are spheroid, 22.2 (14-26) μm, and the sporocysts lanceolate, 16.3 × 5.8 (12-19 × 4-7) μm. Oocyst and sporocyst residua are present, but a polar granule and a micropyle are absent.
The Changing Face of Terrorism: From Regicide to Homicide

Terrorism has changed so that the primary target is the noncombatant instead of leaders of the military or government. Until there is international cooperation and agreement on the problem of terrorism, there are only a few things that can be done to protect the civilian from being a victim of a terrorist attack.
Organizational characteristics and HRM policies on rights: Exploring the patterns of connections

The protection of employee rights in the workplace is one of the fundamental ethical questions facing organizations today. Organizations differ in the extent to which they protect the rights of both employees and themselves as employers, yet little research has examined the types of organizations that have rights protection policies. Instead of the classic normative approach to ethical issues, this study took a contextual approach to the management of rights in the workplace through human resource policies. Associations were found between the organizational characteristics of size, industry, unionization, business condition, and the existence of employee and employer rights policies. Additional analyses revealed underlying dimensions in right policies and the relationship of organizational characteristics to these aspects of rights management were examined. The results are discussed in terms of understanding human resource rights management within an organizational context.
Walking pattern of Trichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae) on various surfaces

The leaf surfaces on which mass-reared Trichogramma spp. are released for augmentative biological control may be an important factor eVecting the success of these releases. We observed and recorded the walking pattern of Trichogramma nubilale females on leaves of Zea mays, Canna £ generalis (Canna lilly), Silphium perfoliatum (cup plant), Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf), Schizachyruim scoparium (little bluestem), a smooth and a fuzzy polyester material, and waxed paper. For each surface type, a total of 10 mated, 1–2 days old, naive and fed females were observed and their walking path was traced. Females walked fastest on waxed paper and leaves of S. scoparium and slowest on leaves of A. theophrasti and the fuzzy material. Turning rates were high on Canna £ generalis and waxed paper. In general, walking speed was negatively aVected by the presence and density of trichomes and possibly the lack of leaf veins. The eVect of surface structures, such as trichomes is likely to scale to the body size of the searching parasitoid. Parasitoids can walk over short trichomes, but short directionally pointed trichomes (as on S. scoparium) can guide the search paths in certain directions. The eVects of long trichomes may depend on trichome density relative to the parasitoid body length. When trichome density is on the same order of magnitude as 1/L 2 (Z. mays),
The Problem of Vocabulary Levels in Teaching French

Author's Summary— Teachers of French insist upon too rigorous a standard in the quality of French. They reject as “bad French” good colloquial terms used by cultivated people. Professor Fries has shown that no odium attaches to the word “colloquial.” The French scholars, Dauzat and Damourette and Pichon, have proved that there is small difference between literary French and good colloquial French. Students must understand various levels of vocabulary if they are to read intelligently. Care should be taken in textbooks to indicate the levels of vocabulary by signs. Suitable translation requires an adequate knowledge of both English and French. The life of American slang is much shorter than that of French slang.)
Simulations of Coulombic Fission of Charged Inviscid Drops

We present boundary-integral simulations of the evolution of critically charged droplets. For such droplets, small perturbations are unstable and eventually lead to the formation of a lemon-shaped drop with very sharp tips. For perfectly conducting drops, the tip forms a self-similar cone shape with a subtended angle identical to that of a Taylor cone, and quantities such as pressure and velocity diverge in time with power-law scaling. In contrast, when charge transport is described by a finite conductivity, we find that small progeny drops are formed at the tips, whose size decreases as the conductivity is increased. These small progeny drops are of nearly critical charge, and are precursors to the emission of a sustained flow of liquid from the tips as observed in experiments of isolated charged drops.
Athlete identity and athlete satisfaction: The nonconformity of exclusivity

The goal of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between athletic identity, a relatively stable individual difference, and athlete satisfaction. A second goal was to evaluate the structure of athletic identity to examine potential differences between facets. Analyzing data from 175 NCAA student athletes, results indicated that use of overall athletic identity hid meaningful relationships between this self-identity concept and level of athlete satisfaction. When examined at the facet level, results indicated that athletic social identity and negative affectivity were positively related to athlete satisfaction while the exclusivity facet of athletic identity was negatively related to athlete satisfaction.
Executive functioning and general cognitive ability in pregnant women and matched controls

The current study compared the performances of pregnant women with education- and age-matched controls on a variety of measures that assessed perceptual speed, short-term and working memory capacity, subjective memory complaints, sleep quality, level of fatigue, executive functioning, episodic and prospective memory, and crystallized and fluid intelligence. A primary purpose was to test the hypothesis of Henry and Rendell (2007) that pregnancy-related declines in cognitive functioning would be especially evident in tasks that place a high demand on executive processes. We also investigated a parallel hypothesis: that the pregnant women would experience a broad-based reduction in cognitive capability. Very limited support was found for the executive functioning hypothesis. Pregnant women scored lower only on the measure of verbal fluency (Controlled Oral Word Association Test, COWAT) but not on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task or on any working memory measures. Furthermore, group differences in COWAT performance disappeared after controlling for verbal IQ (Shipley vocabulary). In addition, there was no support for the general decline hypothesis. We conclude that pregnancy-associated differences in performance observed in the current study were relatively mild and rarely reached either clinical or practical significance.
Problems with Maximum Likelihood Estimation and the 3 Parameter Gamma Distribution

The three parameters involved are scale a , shape  , and location s . Maximum likelihood estimators are (\hat{a}, \hat{\rho}, \hat{s}) . Using recent work on the second order variances, skewness, and kurtosis we establish the facts, that if the location parameter s is to be estimated, then the asymptotic variances only exist if  >2, asymptotic skewness only exists if  >3, and 2nd order variances and third order fourth central moments only exist if  >4. The result of these limitations is that in general very large sample sizes may be needed to avoid inference problems. We also include new continued fractions for the asymptotic covariances of the maximum likelihood estimators considered.
A Cell Transmission Model with Lane Changing and Vehicle Tracking for Port of Entry Simulations

This paper presents a cell transmission model with a lane-changing and vehicle-tracking (CTM-LV) framework for simulation of international land ports of entry (POEs). The development of the modeling framework is motivated by the need to simulate lane-specific queuing yet permit lane changing of vehicles between queues—a behavior that was not accounted for or tested by the earlier cell transmission models and that cannot be easily replicated in microscopic traffic simulation models. The CTM-LV's network representation, traffic flow logic, and lane-changing rules are discussed. A simulation experiment is then presented to illustrate the importance of modeling the lane changing between queues that will affect the estimation of average queue length. The concept of CTM-LV has been applied to simulate the northbound traffic at the Bridge of the Americas POE, for passenger cars entering El Paso, Texas, from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Finally, a method is proposed to track selected vehicles within the CTM-LV framewor...
Adjoint sensitivity analysis for nonlinear dynamic thermoelastic systems

An adjoint approach is presented to formulate explicit sensitivities for a general functional associated with a nonlinear, dynamic, thermoelastic system. Uncoupled thermoelastic response and small-deformation behavior are assumed. The formulation uses the Lagrange multiplier method to define an adjoint system, the convolution operator to incorporate transient effects, and domain parameterization to describe shape variations. Variations of the functional are expressed in explicit form with respect to perturbations of the design fields: structural shape, material properties, applied loads, prescribed boundary conditions, and initial conditions. The functional is defined in terms of the design fields and the implicit response fields: displacement, temperature, strain, temperature gradient, stress, heat flux vector, reaction force, and reaction surface flux. In an example problem, the finite element method is used to evaluate the real and adjoint responses and the shape sensitivities for a tank design problem. The tank is modeled as a nonlinear, quasistatic, uncoupled, thermoelastic system.