cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of regulatory network hubs that control lipid metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Microalgae-based biofuels are promising sources of alternative energy, but improvements throughout the production process are required to establish them as economically feasible. One of the most influential improvements would be a significant increase in lipid yields, which could be achieved by altering the regulation of lipid biosynthesis and accumulation. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii accumulates oil (triacylglycerols, TAG) in response to nitrogen (N) deprivation. Although a few important regulatory genes have been identified that are involved in controlling this process, a global understanding of the larger regulatory network has not been developed. In order to uncover this network in this species, a combined omics (transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic) analysis was applied to cells grown in a time course experiment after a shift from N-replete to N-depleted conditions. Changes in transcript and protein levels of 414 predicted transcription factors (TFs) and transcriptional regulators (TRs) were monitored relative to other genes. The TF and TR genes were thus classified by two separate measures: up-regulated versus down-regulated and early response versus late response relative to two phases of polar lipid synthesis (before and after TAG biosynthesis initiation). Lipidomic and primary metabolite profiling generated compound accumulation levels that were integrated with the transcript dataset and TF profiling to produce a transcriptional regulatory network. Evaluation of this proposed regulatory network led to the identification of several regulatory hubs that control many aspects of cellular metabolism, from N assimilation and metabolism, to central metabolism, photosynthesis and lipid metabolism.
On the Asymmetrical Difficulty of Acquiring Person Reference in French: Production Versus Comprehension

Young French children freely produce subject pronouns by the age of 2. However, by age 2 and a half they fail to interpret 3rd person pronouns in an experimental setting designed to select a referent among three participants (speaker, hearer, and other). No such problems are found with 1st and 2nd person pronouns. We formalize our analysis of these empirical results in terms of direction-sensitive optimizations, showing that uni-directionality of optimization, when combined with non-adult-like constraint rankings, explains the general acquisition pattern of 3rd person pronouns. Building on a specific analysis of assigning 3rd person reference by computing over alternatives (Heim 1991), we show that adult interpretation does not require bidirectional OT although it is fully compatible with it. What matters for comprehension in the domain investigated here is constraint ranking.
Selective Immunosuppressive Activity of Steroids in Mice Inoculated with the Moloney Sarcoma Virus

SummaryA steroid, 6-chloro-17-hydroxy-pregna-l,4,6-triene-3,20-dione (CHP), that exhibits selective activity in several models of cellular immunity including an apparent inhibitory action on the elicitation of delayed hypersensitivity, was examined in a new, simple experimental model for assessing aspects of host cell-mediated immunological competence. This model is based upon the capacity of the adult mouse to prevent the progressive growth of tumors induced by the Moloney sarcoma virus. Two steroids reported to have immunosuppressive activity in other assay systems, namely, cortisol and progesterone, were also studied. Control mice and those injected with CHP maintained their capacity to reject the tumor. In contrast, significant numbers of mice receiving a single large injection of cortisol or progesterone succumbed to progressive tumor growth under the experimental conditions used. The data indicate that CHP, while influencing selected parameters of cellular immunity, e.g., the elicitation of delayed ...
Insulin-like growth factor axis gene polymorphisms modify risk of pancreatic cancer.

Abstract Objective : Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-axis genes plays a critical role in cancer development and progression via their impact on the RAS/MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. We hypothesized that IGF-axis genetic variants modify individual susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. Methods : We retrospectively genotyped 41 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of 10 IGF-axis genes ( IGF1 , IGF2 , IGF1R , IGF2R , IGFBP1 , IGFBP3 , IGFBP5 , IRS1 , IRS2 , and IRS4 ) in 706 pancreatic cancer patients and 706 cancer-free controls using Sequenom and TaqMan technology. The association between genotype and pancreatic cancer risk was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. A P value ≤.007 at a false discovery rate of 10% was set as the significance level. Results : We observed that the IGF1 *10212C>A and Ex4+2776G>A and IGF1R IVS2−70184A>G and IVS2+46329T>C variant genotypes were significantly associated with decreased pancreatic cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] range, 0.60–0.75) and that IGFBP1 Ex4+111A>G (I253M) was significantly associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk (OR=1.46) after adjusted for other risk factors and multiple comparisons ( P ≤.007). IGF2R and IGFBP3 variant haplotypes were associated with increased and decreased pancreatic cancer risk, respectively ( P IGF1R IVS2+46329T>C and IGF2R Ex45+11C>T (L2222L) genotypes with diabetes ( P interaction =.05) and interaction of IGF2R and IRS1 genotypes with alcohol consumption ( P interaction =.03 and .019, respectively) on increased pancreatic cancer risk. Conclusion : These findings support our hypothesis that polymorphic variants of IGF-axis genes act alone or jointly with other risk factors to affect susceptibility to pancreatic cancer.
Pathology of the failing heart

Abstract The anatomic character of the failing heart varies with the underlying condition. The changes observed reflect the changes compensatory to the fundamental disease process. When failure of a chamber occurs, the following phenomena tend to occur: (1) enlargement of the chamber incident to incomplete emptying; (2) hypertrophy of the myocardium secondary to stretching of the fiber; (3) mural thrombosis incident to stasis. Emphasis is made of the fact that the distinction between the changes of compensation and those of decompensation is not universally readily apparent.
Tar Heel History Perspectives

The Public Historian, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 143–47 (Spring 2005). ISSN: 0272-3433, electronic ISSN 1533-8576. © 2005 by The Regents of the University of California and the National Council on Public History. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website: www.ucpress.edu/journals/rights.htm.
Low Frequency Piezoelectric Synthetic Jets

Active cooling is often required for circuit boards with high heat generation densities. Synthetic jets driven with piezoelectric actuators offer interesting capabilities for localized active cooling of electronics due to their compact size, low cost and substantial cooling effectiveness. The design of synthetic jets for specific applications requires practical design tools that capture the strong fluid structure interaction without long run times. There is particular interest in synthetic jets that have a low operating frequency to reduce noise levels. This paper describes how common finite element (FE) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes can be used to calculate parameters for a synthetic jet fluid structure interaction (FSI) model that only requires a limited number of degrees of freedom and is solved using a direct approach for low frequency synthetic jets. Tests are performed based on impinging on a heated surface to measure heat transfer enhancement. The test results are compared to the FSI model results for validation and agreement is found to be good in the frequency range of interest from 200 to 500 Hz.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A Topological Perspective On The Structure Of Images

Motivated by the correspondence problem in computer vision, we take a theoretical look at the topological invariants of images (i.e., in-variants under arbitrary distortion). For monochrome images, these are the intensity contour portraits, and they have a simple structure: isolated points, nested circles (closed curves topologically equivalent to circles) and (topological) figure-eights. The isolated points are maxima and minima, while the figure-eights are contours through saddle points. The circles are contours through points with nonzero gradient. The nesting of the contours is represented as a binary tree structure. As the picture is varied, whether by adding noise, blurring, or some other smooth change, the tree structure of the picture usually stays constant, but sometimes undergoes abrupt changes. These "bifurcations" are classified into only 2 basic types: saddle-node, and saddle connection. The results are based on genericity assumptions i.e., they are true for almost all pictures, thus excluding pathological cases. This leads to the conclusion that based on topological constraints alone, correspondence within a smooth object can be determined at best only at a sparse set of points. If we allow color images, the situation changes, and if there is enough color variation, correspondence can be determined for all points on a "generic" smooth object.
Neuropsychological sequelae of heatstroke

Two patients were evaluated three and six years, respectively, following episodes of heatstroke. Both patients demonstrated neuropsychological deficits in novel learning, intellectual functioning, and sustained attention. Left-sided sensory and motor functioning were also deficient. Severe retrograde amnesia for all factual information prior to the heatstroke was observed in one of the patients. Personality testing revealed aspects of dissociative disorders for both individuals. The results are discussed in relation to current cognitive theories of memory. In addition, neurological and psychological etiologies of dissociative disorders are hypothesized
Results of irradiation of tumors in the region of the pineal body.

(1976). Results of Irradiation of Tumors in the Region of the Pineal Body. Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 17-22.
Forced Intercourse, Mental Health, and Human Capital

Previous studies have found evidence that experiencing a traumatic event during childhood or adolescence can interfere with the acquisition of human capital. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we estimate the effects of being the victim of forced intercourse on the mental health, academic performance, and educational attainment of young women paying careful attention to the role of unobservables at the individual, family, and community levels. Our results suggest that forced intercourse is strongly related to depression. Moreover, there is evidence that the psychological damage caused by forced intercourse leads to reduced academic performance and educational attainment.
PAC1, a pH-Regulatory Gene from Fusarium verticillioides

Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins that contaminate maize and cause leukoencephalomalacia in equine, pulmonary edema in swine, and promote cancer in mice. Fumonisin biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioides is repressed by nitrogen and alkaline pH. We cloned a PACC-like gene (PAC1) from F. verticillioides. PACC genes encode the major transcriptional regulators of several pH-responsive pathways in other filamentous fungi. In Northern blot analyses, a PAC1 probe hybridized to a 2.2-kb transcript present in F. verticillioides grown at alkaline pH. A mutant of F. verticillioides with a disrupted PAC1 gene had severely impaired growth at alkaline pH. The mutant produced more fumonisin than the wild type when grown on maize kernels and in a synthetic medium buffered at an acidic pH, 4.5. The mutant, but not the wild type, also produced fumonisin B1 when mycelia were resuspended in medium buffered at an alkaline pH, 8.4. Transcription of FUM1, a gene involved in fumonisin biosynthesis, was correlated with fumonisin production. We conclude that PAC1 is required for growth at alkaline pH and that Pac1 may have a role as a repressor of fumonisin biosynthesis under alkaline conditions.
Material studies related to TFTR limiters and wall armor

Abstract Candidate materials for use as limiters and wall armor in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) device have been evaluated under heat flux conditions similar to those expected in TFTR. The materials were first screened for thermal shock resistance using an electron beam gun to irradiate small test samples of each material. The best materials from the thermal shock tests were then subjected to thermal fatigue tests of up to 5000 cycles. Most of the materials subjected to the fatigue tests were also prepared in a size comparable to TFTR limiter and wall armor designs and exposed to neutral beam bombardment to establish the validity of the small tests. The results indicate that moulded graphites and carbon based composites should be given serious consideration for limiter and wall armor applications.
Radiative heat-transfer calculations for infinite shells with circular-arc sections, including effects of an external source field

Abstract Diffuse radiation from infinite shells with circular-arc cross-sections is analyzed for cases involving external source fields of either diffuse or parallel radiation. The governing integral equations are derived under conditions corresponding to a modified grey-body analysis, and the inversions given in closed form. Specific applications provide local heat transfer corresponding to constant shell temperature, local temperature corresponding to constant heat transfer, and predictions of equilibrium temperatures when the shell is a thermal shield. Comparisons are made with similar calculations for hemispherical shields.
Steepest descent algorithm implementation for multichannel blind signal recovery

In the literature, there exists a number of blind signal recovery algorithms that are implemented as stochastic gradient descent (SGD)-based adaptive schemes. SGD typically has low complexity at the expense of slower convergence. On the other hand, packet-based data transmission in many practical digital communication systems makes it attractive to develop steepest descent (SD) implementation in order to speed-up convergence. This work aims at developing SD implementation of several well-known blind signal recovery algorithms for multi-channel equalisation and source separation. The authors SD formulation is more amenable to additional parametric and signal subspace constraint for faster convergence and superior performance.
Goal setting as a shared decision making strategy among clinicians and their older patients

Abstract Objective Older adults are less likely than other age groups to participate in clinical decision-making. To enhance participation, we sought to understand how older adults consider and discuss their life and health goals during the clinical encounter. Methods We conducted six focus groups: four with community-dwelling older persons (n = 42), one with geriatricians and internists (n = 6), and one with rehabilitation nurses (n = 5). Participants were asked to discuss: patients’ life and health goals; communication about goals, and perception of agreement about health goals. Group interactions were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis. Results All participants were willing to discuss goals, but varied in the degree to which they did so. Reasons for non-discussion included that goal setting was not a priority given limited time, visits focused on symptoms, mutual perception of disinterest, and the presumption that all patients’ goals were the same. Conclusion Interventions to enhance goal setting need to address key barriers to promoting goals discussions. Participants recognized the benefits of goal setting, however, training and instruments are needed to integrate goal setting into medicine. Practice implications Setting goals initially and reviewing them periodically may be a comprehensive, time-efficient way of integrating patients’ goals into their care plans.
HEAT Repeat 1 Motif Is Required for B56γ-containing Protein Phosphatase 2A (B56γ-PP2A) Holoenzyme Assembly and Tumor-suppressive Function

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) enzyme consists of a heterodimeric core (AC core) comprising a scaffolding subunit (A), a catalytic subunit (C), and a variable regulatory subunit (B). Earlier studies suggest that upon DNA damage, a specific B subunit, B56γ, bridges the PP2A AC core to p53, leading to dephosphorylation of p53 at Thr-55, induction of the p53 transcriptional target p21, and the inhibition of cell proliferation and transformation. In addition to dephosphorylation of p53, B56γ-PP2A also inhibits cell proliferation and transformation by an unknown mechanism. B56γ contains 18 α-helices that are organized into eight HEAT (Huntington-elongation-A subunit-TOR) repeat motifs. Although previous crystal structure study has revealed the residues of B56γ that directly contact the A and C subunits, the contribution of HEAT repeats to holoenzyme assembly and to B56γ-PP2A tumor-suppressive function remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that HEAT repeat 1 is required for the interaction of B56γ with the PP2A AC core and, more importantly, for B56γ-PP2A tumor-suppressive function. Within this region, we identified a tumor-associated mutation, C39R, which disrupts the interaction of B56γ with the AC core and thus was unable to mediate dephosphorylation of p53 by PP2A. Furthermore, due to its lack of AC interaction, C39R was also unable to promote the p53-independent tumor-suppressive function of B56γ-PP2A. This study provides structural insight into the PP2A holoenzyme assembly and emphasizes the importance of HEAT repeat 1 in B56γ-PP2A tumor-suppressive function.
Arachidonic acid-derived bioactive lipids: their role and the role for their inhibitors in dermatology.

Background: In addition to corticosteroids, there are increasing numbers of anti-inflammatory agents that specifically target bioactive lipids generated from arachidonic acid. Knowledge of the diverse mechanisms of action of these different bioactive lipids holds promise in the therapy of a wide spectrum of cutaneous and systemic disorders. Objective: Therapeutic manipulations of these lipid molecules through inhibition, stimulation, or direct replacement have broad physiologic effects. These therapeutic strategies not only modulate inflammation, pain, and hemostatic parameters, they also play a role in cardiac, respiratory, renal, and gastrointestinal function and disease, as well as in angiogenesis and in factors that control cell growth and apoptosis important in carcinogenesis. Conclusion: Newer drug discovery methods, including combinatorial chemistry with molecular modeling, have made it possible to develop inhibitors and analogs with increasing specificity and bioactivity and decreasing toxicity. Although the application of these analogs and inhibitors for cutaneous disease is limited today, either as primary agents or adjuvant therapy, these drugs will have a place in our therapeutic regimes of the future. We present a review of the therapeutic agents now available from manipulation of these bioactive lipids, and their role and future in dermatology.
Proportional Control of Asymmetric Forebody Vortices

The ability of the unsteady bleed technique to control the asymmetry of the steady tip vortices separating from a forebody model is demonstrated. Mean velocity profiles measured behind the forebody model at α = 45 deg and Re = 6.3 x 10 3 clearly show the exponential spatial growth of the disturbance in the wake. This exponential growth is consistent with a spatial type of flow instability. The type of spatial instability governing the flow determines the behavior of the vortex system. The continuous variation of vortex position with control input found at α = 45 deg is consistent with a convective type of instability and allows proportional control of the forebody vortices with very low forcing amplitudes and input power levels. The forebody wake shows characteristics similar to a global type of instability for the bistable behavior found at α=55 deg. For the global type of flow instability, the vortex system is locked into one of two stable configurations, and proportional control does not seem feasible under these conditions
Two French Variations on Truth: Ricoeur's Attestation and Foucault's “Parrhesiastic” Attitude

Both Ricoeur and Foucault, apparently independently of each other, dedicated much effort to provide an account of truth that goes far beyond the truth of sentences, propositions, or judgments. While well aware of the speech act theory and pragmatics, they want to go beyond a formalism of rules of speech or arguments and integrate the attitude of the one who speaks in the very notion of truth. They see truth not merely as a property of statements, but as an existential process in such a way that the truth of statements is linked to the historically situated speaker. Truth as a property of statements is related to truth as an event. However, both reject any form of historicism or relativism.I examine Ricoeur's notion of attestation and Foucault's notion of parrhesia, showing how both notions represent a kind of “poetics of truth”, which combines the existential position of the speaker and the historical circumstances of utterance. I show the extent to which both poetics of truth are political and ethical an...
The influence of reactive-element coatings on the high-temperature oxidation of pure-Cr and high-Cr-content alloys

The influence of various reactive-element (RE) oxide coatings (Y2O3, CeO2, La2O3, CaO, HfO2, and Sc2O3) on the oxidation behavior of pure Cr, Fe−26Cr, Fe−16Cr and Ni−25Cr at 900°C in O2 at 5×10−3 torr has been investigated using the18O/SIMS technique. Polished samples were reactively sputtercoated with 4 nm of the RE oxide and oxidized sequentially first in16O2 and then in18O2. The effectiveness of each RE on the extent of oxidation-rate reduction varied with the element used. Y2O3 and CeO2 coatings were found to be the most beneficial, whereas Sc2O3 proved to be ineffective, for example, for the oxidation of Cr. SIMS sputter profiles showed that the maximum in the RE profile moved away from the substrate-oxide interface during the early stages of oxidation. After a certain time the RE maximum remained fixed in position with respect to this interface, its final relative position being dependent on the particular RE. The position of the RE maximum within the oxide layer also varied with the substrate composition. For all coatings18O was found to have diffused through the oxide to the substrate-oxide interface during oxidation, the amount of oxide at this interface increasing with increasing time. The SIMS data confirm that for coated substrates there has been a change in oxidegrowth mechanism to predominantly anion diffusion. The RE most probably concentrates at the oxide grain boundaries, generally as the binary oxide (RE) CrO3. Cr3+ diffusion is impeded, while oxygen diffusion remains unaffected.
Effects of Magnetic Field Configuration on Rf Sputtering for CdS/CdTe Solar Cells

We report studies of solar cells prepared by rf planar magnetron sputtering in which the films were deposited using magnetic field structures ranging from approximately balanced to strongly unbalanced in the “type II” configuration. For films grown with the unbalanced configurations, we find much stronger photoluminescence and much better cell performance than for the balanced configuration. The CdTe films show differences in electrical performance depending on magnetic field as well. These effects are interpreted as arising from the enhanced electron and ion bombardment of the film growth interface for the unbalanced magnetrons. Using two unbalanced magnetrons we have fabricated an all-rf-sputtered cell with NREL-verified efficiency of 11.66% at air mass 1.5 illumination.
Granulocyte colony stimulating activity from lymphocytes: separation from lymphokines by cytochalasin B.

Abstract Lymphocytes from murine spleens released granulocyte colony stimulating activity (CSA), macrophage migration inhibition factor and lymphotoxin from 24–96 hr after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Cytochalasin B at 5 μg/ml completely inhibited the release of migration inhibition factor and lymphotoxin but significantly increased the release of CSA.
An electrophysiological study of the superior colliculus and visual cortex

Abstract In cats anesthetized with Nembutal, simultaneous recording of evoked potentials from superior colliculus and visual cortex to single light flashes gave mean onset latencies of 36.5 msec in the former and 27 msec in the latter. Onset latency to electric stimulation of optic nerve was 8 msec in colliculus and over 1 msec in cortex. Since similar latency differences were obtained from colliculus and cortex.to both retinal (photic) and postretinal (electric) stimulation, latency differences were attributed to slower conduction in the retinocollicular pathway. The thresholds were higher in superior colliculus than visual cortex to light flashes of short duration or low intensity, or electric pulses applied to the optic nerves. Simultaneously recorded collicular and cortical evoked potentials differed from each other in shape, duration, and several other respects. With microelectrodes, three functionally differentiated layers of the superior colliculus were distinguished: a dorsal layer in which evoked potentials and single units responding to optic stimuli were obtained; an intermediate layer in which evoked potentials of unchanged amplitude, but no driven units, were recorded; and a ventral layer in which evoked potentials were greatly reduced, and where only “spontaneously” discharging units were found. The optically driven units were classified as those firing with short latency, with long latency, to light-on only, to light-on and light-off, and those inhibited by photic or optic nerve stimuli.
The work process analysis model (WPAM)

Abstract The work process analysis model-I (WPAM-I) along with its products developed in a previous paper (Davoudian, K., Wu, J.-S. & Apostolakis, G., Reliability Engineering and System Safety , 45 (1994) 85–105 are used as inputs to WPAM-II. The goal is to provide the link between organizational factors (or dimensions), work processes, and probabilistic safety assessment parameters in order to facilitate the quantification of the impact of organizational factors on plant safety. This is achieved by calculating new (organizationally dependent) probabilities for minimal cut sets so that each new probability contains in it, either explicitly or implicitly, the effect of the pertinent organizational factors. A sample case is presented demonstrating the application of WPAM to a specific minimal cut set. Finally, sensitivity analyses are performed in order to explore the effectiveness of organizational improvements as a risk management strategy.
Impressions of Russian Dairy Farming

Summary It is evident that since the end of the war and during the post-war reconstruction period Russian livestock specialists and farmers have made considerable progress in increasing the number of cattle kept for milk, the production per cow, and total output. At the same time, they have greatly improved the feeding and management conditions under which the cows are kept. There is every indication that this progress will continue. The Russians place great store in developing animals particularly adapted to specific environmental or regional conditions. They do not hesitate to mix breeds to attain this end. They attach little importance to frills, rather, they concentrate on utility items that will move them fastest to their goal of outdoing the United States in meat and milk production.
Network 21: Bringing the Campus up to Speed

Did you ever think: that a cellular telephone could save a life? . that you could “go” to the library on computer? . that you could send a document over the telephone? . that your 5th grader would be using e‐mail and communicating in real time with a Russian counterpart?
Effect of Environment on the Elastic Response of Layered Composite Plates

A generalized Duhamel-Neumann form of Hooke's law is used to develop laminated plate equations which include the effect of expansional strains. Such strains are induced in composite materials by temperature, absorption by a polymeric matrix material of a swelling agent such as water vapor, and by sudden expansion of absorbed gases in the matrix. Solutions to specific boundary value problems are presented for both symmetric and nonsymmetric laminates. Numerical results indicate that in addition to inducing residual stresses, expansional strains can substantially affect the gross response characteristics of a composite material.
Archeology, genealogy, and geography of experimental philosophy

It would be uncontroversial to say that Leviathan and the Air-Pump by Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer opened a new era in the history of science and technology despite its slow, filtered assimilation into the historiography.1 By configuring the ‘experimental space’ of Restoration England, the authors created a new epistemological space for the history, philosophy, and sociology of science, which helped destabilize the intellectual/ institutional marriage between the history and the philosophy of science (Laudan, 1992), reform the sociology of knowledge in tune with the Strong Programme (Barnes, 1974; Barnes et al., 1996; Bloor, 1976), bridge the sharp division between the history of science and the history of technology, and provide impetus for a comparative anthropology of science (Latour, 1990, 1993). It also helped legitimize localism and microsociological inquiry, make instrumental biography fashionable, and challenge the accepted narrative of the Scientific Revolution. Owen Hannaway (1988) thus characterized the book as ‘a rich and rewarding fruit of the Kuhnian revolution’ that had liberated history of science from philosophy of science by showing ‘science as a communal experimental activity’. The book’s impact across disciplines was recognized by the Erasmus prize in 2005, two decades after its publication. As can be expected of a visionary work, some completely missed its significance, as when Marie Boas Hall (1986) characterized the Hobbes–Boyle exchange as an argument between a philosopher and a scientist – rather than hybrid philosopher–scientists – who could only misunderstand each other, as always. The book’s relationship to the history of
Scattering effects in x-ray imaging systems

The optical performance achieved in many x-ray imaging applications is severely degraded by surface scattering effects. Residual surface roughness over a broad range of spatial frequencies must be specified and controlled for many applications of interest. Specifying the traditional surface `figure' and `finish' is inadequate for assuring the desired performance of high resolution imaging systems at these very short wavelengths. `Mid' spatial frequency surface errors that span the gap between the traditional `figure' and `finish' errors are often the dominant error source for both grazing incidence applications and those utilizing enhanced reflectance multilayers at normal incidence. Wide-angle scatter from surface microroughness severely reduces the reflectance of these multilayers whereas the small-angle scatter from the mid spatial frequency surface irregularities will degrade the resolution or image quality. A linear systems formulation of surface scattering theory results in a surface transfer function which characterizes the image degradation effects of residual surface irregularities over the entire range of relevant spatial frequencies. Image quality predictions obtained with this linear systems model agree favorably with experimental data for several different x-ray imaging systems. Parametric performance predictions can thus be used to determine realistic optical fabrication tolerances for x-ray astronomy, microscopy, and synchrotron source applications.
A Z-R Relationship for Hurricanes

Abstract Drop-size measurements taken during hurricane research flight missions at altitudes at or below 3 km were used to derive a relationship between reflectivity factor and rainfall rate. The instrument used in this study is the Knollenberg Particle Measurement System (PMS) Optical Array Spectrometer Probe, model number OAP–2D–P. The overall Z–R relationship based on data from four flights into three storms at three altitudes is Z = 300R1.35. No important differences were noted when the data were stratified by region (eyewall versus outside of eyewall) or altitude. The importance of using a Z–R relation that is representative of stratiform and convective regimes to estimate precipitation is illustrated by the large extent of the stratiform rain in hurricanes as revealed by radar. Comparisons of the hurricane Z–R relation derived in this study with the classic Marshall-Palmer (1948) relation and the relation used by the National Weather Service for convective rain reveal differences at the high rainfal...
History as ideology: the portrayal of Stalinism and the Great Patriotic War in contemporary Russian high school textbooks

Using data from fieldwork conducted in late 2009, this paper examines the Russian educational sphere and initiatives by the political elite to control and manipulate textbook content, testing objectives, and the structuring of curricula in order to maximize exposure to, and absorption of, its preferred narratives. Using a more detailed critical analysis of textbook content, I show that methods of discursive manipulation are used to highlight positive aspects of the Stalinist period – especially victory in World War II – while downplaying its political repression. This manipulation allows the state to both legitimize its version of Stalinist history and to perpetuate the underlying legitimizing function that version serves. In this way, the discourse implicitly justifies Putin's centralized state as the type of system that has historically produced great achievements for Russia. This article adds to the literature on the manipulation of educational content for political purposes generally, and in the case ...
Gender comparisons of young children's social interaction in cooperative play activity

Pairs of 5 and 6 year old children working in same gender and mixed gender dyads on two activities were compared for five coded discourse styles. Subjects' interaction strategies during both activities were coded and data were analyzed to assess the role of gender, level of activity interest, and gender composition of the dyad on characteristics of the interaction. The findings support the central hypothesis of the study, that differences in the use of aggravated behavior in interaction style by boys and girls is strongly influenced by the nature of the activity being performed and by the gender of their interacting partner.
Transmission and spectral aspects of tight-binding Hamiltonians for the counting quantum Turing machine

One-dimensional (1D) systems with deterministic disorder, such as those with quasiperiodic or substitutional sequence potential distributions, have been extensively studied. It was recently shown that a generalization of quantum Turing machines (QTM`s), in which potentials are associated with elementary steps or transitions of the computation, generates potential distributions along computation paths of states in some basis B, which are computable and are thus periodic or have deterministic disorder. These generalized machines (GQTM`s) can be used to investigate the effect of potentials in causing reflections and reducing the completion probability of computations. This paper expands on this work by determining the spectral and transmission properties of an example GQTM, which enumerates the integers in succession as binary strings. A potential is associated with just one type of step. For many computation paths the potential distributions are initial segments of a distribution that is quasiperiodic and corresponds to a substitution sequence. Thus the methods developed in the study of 1D systems can be used to calculate the energy band spectra and Landauer resistance (LR). For energies below the barrier height, the LR fluctuates rapidly with momentum with minima close to or at band-gap edges. Also for several values of the parameters involvedmore » there is good transmission over some momentum regions. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Energy and environmental impacts of materials alternatives: An assessment of quantitative understanding

Abstract The literature was reviewed to determine which materials may require the least energy for manufacture and use, which may have the least detrimental effect on the environment, and what effect recycling may have on both factors. There is substantial agreement as to the benefits of recycling on environmental quality and conservation, although, there are some important variations in the attempts to quantify the benefits. There is less agreement as to the relative energy consumption and effect on the environment of using materials. This is due chiefly to the substantial number of variables that enter into the evaluations as well as the difficulty in weighting their relative effects. The development of environmental profile analysis — in which subimpacts are weighted before being combined into aggregate impact measurements — appears to be a promising approach to making the analysis of energy and environmental factors more meaningful.
INCREASING RATES OF RECURRENT OTITIS MEDIA AMONG CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES. |[dagger]| 1047

Objectives. The number of visits for otitis media, the most common diagnosis among preschool-aged children, has increased during the past decade. This study was undertaken to determine whether there has been a concomitant increase in the rate of recurrent otitis media among children in the United States and to identify risk factors or demographic changes to explain the increase.
Bistable structures for energy absorption, II: Composite structures under tension

This paper discusses proof-of-concept experiments of composite bistable structures and is preceded by a companion paper about metallic bistable structures. A bistable structure is characterized by a stress/strain curve with stable branches separated by unstable branches. We were interested in a particular bistable structure: one that, once activated, has a second stronger state with the ability to sustain higher loads. This allows for a better distribution of damage, and in addition the structure keeps its integrity for a longer time. Positive results on metallic configurations under tensile loading have prompted us to try and identify an equivalent composite configuration, able to show directional control of damage through this material-driven mechanism. Chain-like configurations with different reinforcements (T-300 carbon fibers, Kevlar® 49, E-glass and Dyneema®), polyurethane foam core and Kevlar stitching were conceived, designed, fabricated and investigated. Dyneema prototypes turned out to exhibit the desired bistable behavior as well as higher energy absorption than their baselines.
Not All Postmenopausal Women on Chronic Steroid and Estrogen Treatment are Osteoporotic: Predictors of Bone Mineral Density

Chronic steroid use results in osteoporosis, and postmenopausal women are believed to be at a high risk for steroid-induced bone loss. The purpose of this study was to determine predictors of bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women on both chronic steroid and hormone replacement therapy. Seventy-six postmenopausal women (≥3 years postmenopausal, ≥2 years of steroid treatment of ≥5 mg/day of prednisone, and ≥1 year of hormone replacement therapy) were recruited into this study. Measurements of BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were obtained in all subjects. Risk factors for osteoporosis were obtained by questionnaire. Discriminant analysis was performed to determine predictors of BMD. Osteoporosis, defined by a T score of <−2.5, was present in the lumbar spine or femoral neck in 34 of the 76 subjects. Based on these criteria, women with osteoporosis were significantly older, were more years postmenopausal, and had a lower body mass index (BMI) than women who did not have osteoporosis. Predictors of osteoporosis for both the femoral neck and spine included a low BMI (P < 0.05), more years postmenopausal (P < 0.01), and more years on steroids (P < 0.01). Low BMI was the only significant predictor of osteoporosis in the lumbar spine (P < 0.05), whereas for the femoral neck both years on steroids (P < 0.05) and BMI (P < 0.05) were significant predictors of low BMD. In summary, not all postmenopausal women on chronic steroid and hormone replacement therapy are osteoporotic but a low BMI, more years on steroids, and more years postmenopausal were significant predictors of osteoporosis in these subjects.
Carbon sequestration monitoring with acoustic double-difference waveform inversion: A case study on SACROC walkaway VSP data

United States. Dept. of Energy (National Energy Technology Laboratory (U.S.) Contract DE-AC52-06NA25396); MIT Energy Initiative Seed Fund
Histamine stimulation of digestive enzyme secretion byin vitro rabbit pancreas

Histamine (10−3 M) was found to stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion fromin vitro isolated rabbit pancreas preparations. Histamine produced a peak and then a sustained stimulated secretory rate. Secretion of amylase, lipase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and total radio active protein were all found to be stimulated. Although fluid output was slightly increased by histamine, enzyme concentrations in secretion were elevated. This, along with the observed sustained release rate, rules out washout effects. Histamine produced a significant response at 10−5 M with ED50 being about 3×10−5 M and maximal responses produced by 10−3 M. Histamine stimulation can be blocked with mepyramine (10−4 or 10−5 M) or mepyramine in combination with cimetidine. The observed behavior of the pancreas suggests a similarity with pepsinogen secretion in the stomach.
Non melanoma skin cancer and subsequent cancer risk.

Introduction Several studies have shown an increased risk of cancer after non melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) but the individual risk factors underlying this risk have not been elucidated, especially in relation to sun exposure and skin sensitivity to sunlight.
Antagonism of the Actions of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α by Bile Acids

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates the expression of a number of genes critical for fatty acid beta-oxidation. Because a number of substrates and intermediates of this metabolic pathway serve as ligand activators of this receptor, homeostatic control of fatty acid metabolism is achieved. Evidence also exists for PPARalpha-dependent regulation of genes encoding critical enzymes of bile acid biosynthesis. To determine whether the primary products of bile acid biosynthesis, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, were capable of modulating PPARalpha function, a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches were utilized. Feeding a bile acid-enriched diet significantly reduced the degree of hepatomegaly and induction of target genes encoding enzymes of fatty acid beta-oxidation caused by treatment with the potent PPARalpha ligand Wyeth-14,643. Convergent data from mechanistic studies indicate that bile acids interfere with transactivation by PPARalpha at least in part by impairing the recruitment of transcriptional coactivators. The results of this study provide the first evidence in favor of the existence of compounds, normally found within the body, that are capable of antagonizing the physiological actions of PPARalpha. The impact of PPARalpha antagonism by endogenous bile acids is likely to be limited under normal conditions and to have only minimal effects on bile acid homeostasis. However, during certain pathophysiological states where intracellular bile acid concentrations are elevated, meaningful effects on PPARalpha-dependent target gene regulation are possible.
Cue measurement scale and functional hypothesis testing in cue probability learning

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate hypothesis testing of functional cue-criterion relationships when cue values varied from nominal to interval levels of measurement. The first experiment examined subject achievement performance (ra) with three function forms: (1) positive linear, (2) negative linear, and (3) inverted-U. The effect of the function form manipulation was a higher level of performance with linear functions than with nonlinear functions across all cue scale conditions. Experiment 2 employed ecologies with zero system predictability to determine the functional form of subjects' data-independent prediction strategies. Biases in application of various functional rules were apparent only at the interval level of cue measurement. Results are discussed in terms of Brehmer's (1974) hypothesis testing model.
The utility of recanalized umbilical vein graft to the hepato-pancreato-biliary surgeon.

Background. The authors recently published their experience of recanalizing umbilical veins in deceased liver donors, with recanalized umbilical veins as vascular conduits for meso-Rex bypass proce...
Superoxide from NADPH oxidase as second messenger for the expression of osteopontin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in renal epithelial cells exposed to calcium oxalate crystals.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that exposure of a renal epithelial cell line, NRK52E, to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals (COM) would up-regulate NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox, enhance superoxide production and increase monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and osteopontin mRNA levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Confluent cultures of NRK52E cells were exposed to COM (66.7 µg/cm2) with or with no pretreatment with diphenileneiodium chloride (DPI, 10 × 10−6m) an inhibitor for NADPH oxidase, under serum-free conditions. The conditioned medium was collected and total cellular RNA isolated from the cells, and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was estimated by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining using a fluorescence microscope. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were used to analyse p47phox in NRK52E cells. RESULTS In COM treated NRK52E cells there was enhanced expression of p47phox and production of superoxide. COM-induced production of MCP-1 and osteopontin was significantly reduced after treatment with DPI. CONCLUSIONS While the generation of a lot of ROS might play a major role in tissue injury or death, the regulated generation of low concentration of ROS, possibly by NADPH oxidase, may represent a second messenger system for generation of COM-induced MCP-1 and osteopontin production in the renal tubules.
Viral templates for gold nanoparticle synthesis

Viruses present a confined environment and unique protein surface topology (i.e. polarity, residue charge, and surface relief) for nanoparticle synthesis and are amenable to molecular biology manipulations. Consequently, we have examined the cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses of unmodified SubE (yeast), (HRE)-SubE engineered with interior HRE peptide epitopes (AHHAHHAAD), and wild-type as viral templates for the potentiated reduction and symmetry directed synthesis of gold nanoparticles. In the first approach, the viral capsid actively potentiated the reduction of AuCl4− by electron transfer from surface tyrosine residues resulting in a gold nanoparticle decorated viral surface. Viral reduction appeared to be selective for gold as a collection of metal precursor substrates of Ag+, Pt4+, Pd4+, and an insoluble AuI complex were not reduced to zero-valent nanoclusters by virus. Alternatively, the viral capsid provided a template for the symmetry directed synthesis of Au0 nanoparticles from a non-reducible gold precursor.
CHANGING PLACES: SLAVE MOVEMENT IN THE SOUTH

(1993). Changing Places: Slave Movement in the South. The Historian: Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 657-676.