cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The moisture effect on the fatigue crack growth of glass particle and fiber reinforced epoxies with strong and weak bonding conditions: Part 2. A microscopic study on toughening mechanism

The toughening mechanisms in three types of glass-filled epoxy composites subject to fatigue loading were studied by several different microscopy techniques. The observed toughening mechanisms were then related to the macroscopic fatigue crack propagation behavior. The role of matrix-reinforcement adhesion was systematically investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission optical microscopy (OM) studies revealed that toughening mechanisms such as microcracking, crack pinning, shear yielding, fiber bridging, and fiber dedonding and pull-out were dependent on the surface treatment of the reinforcements as well as the shape of reinforcements. The nature of the toughening mechanisms observed agreed with the fatigue crack propagation behavior predicted by crack tip shielding concepts. Interestingly, matrix shear yielding turned out to be the prevalent toughening mechanism in those mechanisms subjected to moisture exposure. In dry as-molded composites, a careful investigation involving SEM, OM, fluorescent microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that the particular micromechanisms observed were indeed microcracks, and not micro-shear bands as had been suggested by other researchers.
Risks Factors and Treatment Use Related to Infertility and Impaired Fecundity Among Reproductive-Aged Women.

Abstract Introduction: Population-level data on infertility and impaired fecundity are sparse. We explored the use of self-reported information provided by reproductive-aged women participating in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Materials and Methods: Three out of 12 questions on reproductive history, family planning, and infertility that seven states included in the 2013 BRFSS were used for this study. In addition to descriptive statistics, we used multinomial logistic regression to identify factors associated with ever experiencing infertility only, difficulty staying pregnant only, and neither infertility nor difficulty staying pregnant. We also explored the association between healthcare coverage and type of treatment received among women ever experiencing infertility only or difficulty staying pregnant only. Results: Compared with women reporting having never experienced either infertility or difficulty staying pregnant, women who r...
3D large eddy simulation (LES) calculations and experiments of natural convection in a laterally-heated cylindrical enclosure for crystal growth

Abstract The ammonothermal crystal growth technique is one of the most effective methods used for growing Gallium Nitride (GaN) crystals in terms of the final product quality and manufacturing efficiency. Popular applications of GaN crystals include light emitting diodes (LEDs) and high-frequency electronic devices. A laterally-heated cylindrical enclosure with a top to bottom temperature gradient is considered in this study to investigate the fluid mechanics and heat transfer in an ammonothermal crystal growth reactor. Three-dimensional (3D) large eddy simulations (LES) results of natural convection in a laterally heated cylindrical reactor, using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, ANSYS FLUENT, are presented in this paper for a Rayleigh number ( R a ) of 8.8 × 10 6 . The R a is defined based on a length scale that is equal to the ratio of volume to the lateral area of the cylinder ( R / 2 ). In addition, an experiment of a geometrically- and dynamically-similar geometry is developed, and particle image velocimetry (PIV)-based flow visualizations are carried out for the purpose of validating the numerical model. Comparisons between experiments and numerical simulations showed that flow patterns were qualitatively similar, and Fourier transforms of velocity magnitudes at selected points in the domain matched reasonably well. An added interesting observation in the simulation was the existence of temperature inversion, which has potential implications on the choice of mineralizer (acidic/basic).
In Search of Theatre: Ritual, Confrontation and the Suspense of Form:

Schooling comprehends three forms of theatre. Theatre as ritual is associated with the formal school culture. Theatre as confrontation is associated with the counter-school culture. These first two forms emerge in the daily interactions of school life, the former providing the ground for the latter. The third form, theatre as a deliberate aesthetic enterprise, most often collapses into the ritual of the school play that legitimizes the formal school culture. Creative dramatics programs celebrate feeling and fantasy but avoid the school situation, severing action from the situation from which it is derived. Finally, the possibility of developing theatre in education that will support the transformation of the school culture is explored. It is theatre that contains the richness of ritual but merges confrontation with critique.
Long-term Nonhuman Primate Renal Allograft Survival Without Ongoing Immunosuppression in Recipients of Delayed Donor Bone Marrow Transplantation

Background We have previously reported successful induction of renal allograft tolerance in nonhuman primates (NHP) after an initial posttransplant period of conventional immunosuppression (delayed tolerance) using a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen consisting of anti-CD154 and anti-CD8 mAbs plus equine antithymocyte globulin (Atgam) and donor bone marrow transplantation (DBMT). Because these reagents are not currently clinically available, the protocol was revised to be applicable to human recipients of deceased donor allografts. Method Four cynomolgus monkeys received major histocompatibility complex-mismatched kidney allografts with conventional immunosuppression for 4 months. The recipients were then treated with a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen consisting of thymoglobulin, belatacept, and DBMT. The results were compared with recipients treated with conditioning regimen consisting of Atgam and anti-CD154 mAb, with and without anti-CD8 mAb. Results In 4 consecutive NHP recipients treated with the modified conditioning regimen, homeostatic recovery of CD8 TEM was delayed until after day 20 and multilineage chimerism was successfully induced. Three of the 4 recipients achieved long-term allograft survival (>728, >540, >449 days) without ongoing maintenance immunosuppression. Posttransplant MLR showed loss of antidonor CD8 T cell and CD4 IFNγ responses with expansion of CD4FOXP3 regulatory T cells. However, the late development of donor-specific antibody in NHP recipients confirms the need for additional anti-B-cell depletion with agents, such as rituximab, as has been shown in our clinical trials. Conclusions This study provides proof of principle that induction of mixed chimerism and long-term renal allograft survival without immunosuppression after delayed DBMT is possible with clinically available reagents.
Loosely Coupled Systems for Corporate Entrepreneurship : Imagining and Managing the Innovation Project/Host Organization Interface:

This paper explores the concept of loosely coupled systems as an image representing the interface between innovation projects (emerging organizations) and their host corporations (existing organiza...
Exploration of S -Matrix Theory

The possibility of constructing an $S$-matrix theory from postulates concerning unitarity, analyticity, connectedness, the $i\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ prescription and the spin-statistics connection is explored. The existence and residues of the physical region poles are shown to follow from the connected unitarity equations. The validity of certain fundamental theorems known from field theory. Hermitian analyticity, extended unitarity, the existence of antiparticles, the substitution law for crossed processes and the $\mathrm{TCP}$ theorem is reduced, in simple cases, to the question of whether the $S$-matrix singularity structure permits specific distortions of certain paths. These distortions are shown to be possible in a "model" singularity structure consisting of the normal thresholds, and depend only upon simple properties of these singularities. It is explained that it is logically impossible to deduce the complete singularity structure without the results we are trying to prove. A suggested resolution of this difficulty is to set up a scheme of successive iterations in singularity structure to be justified by selfconsistency. Then our work is the first step in such a scheme.
Bayesian selective response‐adaptive design using the historical control

High quality historical control data, if incorporated, may reduce sample size, trial cost, and duration. A too optimistic use of the data, however, may result in bias under prior-data conflict. Motivated by well-publicized two-arm comparative trials in stroke, we propose a Bayesian design that both adaptively incorporates historical control data and selectively adapt the treatment allocation ratios within an ongoing trial responsively to the relative treatment effects. The proposed design differs from existing designs that borrow from historical controls. As opposed to reducing the number of subjects assigned to the control arm blindly, this design does so adaptively to the relative treatment effects only if evaluation of cumulated current trial data combined with the historical control suggests the superiority of the intervention arm. We used the effective historical sample size approach to quantify borrowed information on the control arm and modified the treatment allocation rules of the doubly adaptive biased coin design to incorporate the quantity. The modified allocation rules were then implemented under the Bayesian framework with commensurate priors addressing prior-data conflict. Trials were also more frequently concluded earlier in line with the underlying truth, reducing trial cost, and duration and yielded parameter estimates with smaller standard errors.
Current-Mode Continuous-Time Filters

A low-voltage high-frequency CMOS fully-balanced filtering technique is presented. The low internal voltage characteristic of current-mode circuits allows the operation at power supply voltages as low as 3-V with high dynamic range. The integrator time-constant is determined by a MOSFET small-signal transconductance and an additional non-critical MOSFET gate capacitance. For ladder filters derived from doubly-terminated LC prototypes, HSPICE simulations predict a -3-dB bandwidth of 125 MHz for a three-pole lowpass filter. Power dissipation is 6 mW/pole with a 3-V power supply.
Breaching the Outer Barriers — Cuticle and Cell Wall Penetration

Fungi use many different methods for accessing nutrients within plant hosts. Strictly speaking, each host species may have triggered the evolution of a distinctive penetration strategy for individual fungal taxa. To make sense of the early stages in these fungal-plant interactions, we need to organize our thinking about techniques of fungal penetration and to consider in particular the importance of specific functional elements which facilitate the breaching of surface layers of whole plants, individual plant organs, and cells. This chapter will concentrate on what is known and unknown about how fungi penetrate these outer barriers.
Skeletal Genetics: From Gene Identification to Murine Models of Disease

Changes in the human skeleton can result from DNA variants that are transmitted from parent to child via the normal meiotic processes. Genetic diseases can be inherited in rare disorders through Mendelian (single-gene) fashion via defined modes of inheritance, or through DNA changes that are much more common in the human population, and can consist of variants in multiple genes. Variants contributing to Mendelian traits usually produce large effects on gene function, with a single variant often being solely responsible for the observed bone phenotype. In contrast, in common diseases containing a heritable component, each genetic variant typically has a small effect, with the sum of these effects producing the observed phenotype. Once a gene or variant is found that links to a Mendelian disorder or to a structural or functional bone phenotype, these variants can be studied in vivo through the use of transgenic mouse models. The techniques and theory underlying isolating genetic changes that relate to diseases of bone, as well as the use of animal models for understanding bone function and targeted therapeutics, will be discussed in this chapter.
A heat Kernel associated to Ramanujan's tau function

We prove a conjecture of Zagier, that the inverse Mellin transform of the symmetric square L-function attached to Ramanujan's tau function has an asymptotic expansion in terms of the zeros of the Riemann function.
Angular Discretization Errors in Transport Theory: An Information-Based Approach

Elements of the information-based complexity theory are computed for several types of information and associated algorithms for angular approximations in the setting of a on-dimensional model problem. For point-evaluation information, the local and global radii of information are computed, a (trivial) optimal algorithm is determined, and the local and global error of a discrete ordinates algorithm are shown to be infinite. For average cone-integral information, the local and global radii of information are computed, the local and global error tends to zero as the underlying partition is indefinitely refined. A central algorithm for such information and an optimal partition (of given cardinality) are described. It is further shown that the analytic first-collision source method has zero error (for the purely absorbing model problem). Implications of the restricted problem domains suitable for the various types of information are discussed.
259 Human Brain Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs): Chromosome Localization, Subregional Assignment, and Sequence Analysis

Using PCR with automated product analysis, 259 human brain cDNA sequences have been assigned to individual human chromosomes, 99 with subregional localizations. Primers were designed from single-pass cDNA sequences (expressed sequence tags or ESTs) and tested for specific amplification from human genomic DNA. Primers were then used in PCR reactions with DNA from somatic cell hybrid mapping panels as templates, often with multiplexing. Amplification products were identified using automated fluorescence detection and chromosomal assignments were made by discordancy analysis.
When Sisterhood Alone Just Isn’t Enough

This chapter presents a case study where a patient refuses to believe that a Saudi Arabian senior resident is a physician. The chapter also includes a discussion on sexism in health care.
Risks and Side Effects of Medical Therapy

The risks of treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are of concern for both patients and providers. Overall, IBD treatments are safe, but there are a range of important potential side effects that need to be discussed with patients. This chapter will review the risks associated with aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, biologics, and the newer small molecules. In addition to discussing these possible adverse events, guidance is offered on the best methods for communicating these risks to patients.
Analysis and Design of Tamper-Mitigating Microfluidic Routing Fabrics

Microfluidic routing fabrics are reconfigurable primitives that permit the dynamic redirection of fluids on a flow-based microfluidic biochip. Such primitives are bringing the benefits of rapid prototyping and on-the-fly reconfigurability from integrated circuits to the microfluidic domain. An unfortunate side effect of this increased flexibility is susceptibility to tampering. A malicious adversary can alter either the electronic control signals or the pneumatic control lines used to drive the routing fabric. In this paper, we provide a high-level security assessment of microfluidic systems utilizing routing fabrics, and analyze their security under actuation tampering attacks. We show that under reasonable assumptions, the permissible states of a routing fabric form a probability distribution. We provide methods for efficiently determining this distribution through a binary tree representation. We then show how to synthesize routings fabrics that exhibit well-defined behaviors. We call a routing fabric designed in such a way tamper-mitigating , as it makes the effects of tampering probabilistically less severe. We then show how the proposed methodology can be used to protect a forensic DNA barcoding application from attack.
Variable-length codes for channels with memory and feedback: Error-exponent lower bounds

The reliability function of memoryless channels with noiseless feedback and variable-length coding has been found to be a linear function of the average rate in the classic work of Burnashev. In this work we consider unifilar channels with noiseless feedback and study specific transmission schemes, the performance of which provides lower bounds for the channel reliability function. In unifilar channels the channel state evolves in a deterministic fashion based on the previous state, input, and output, and is known to the transmitter but is unknown to the receiver. We consider a two-stage transmission scheme. In the first stage, both transmitter and receiver summarize their common information in an M-dimensional vector with elements in the state space of the unifilar channel and an M-dimensional probability mass function, with M being the number of messages. The second stage, which is entered when one of the messages is sufficiently reliable, is resolving a binary hypothesis testing problem. The analysis assumes the presence of some common randomness shared by the transmitter and receiver, and is based on the study of the log-likelihood ratio of the transmitted message posterior belief, and in particular on the study of its multistep drift. Simulation results confirm that the bounds are tight compared to the upper bounds derived in a companion paper.
A 1.5-dB Insertion Loss, 34-dBm P 1dB Power Modulator with 46% Fractional Bandwidth in 45-nm CMOS SOI

This work reports a high-power modulator implemented in 45-nm CMOS SOI for signal processing after the power amplifier. Two stacked switch variations, a 12 stack and 8 stack, were designed in 45-nm SOI CMOS and tested for trade-offs in insertion loss and power handling. These switches use a novel tapering technique to significantly improve switch linearity. The modulators have P 1dB values between 34 dBm and 39 dBm while demonstrating a modulation bandwidth of nearly 500 MHz with a 1 GHz carrier. The IIP3 is between 46 dBm and 61 dBm.
Cuando el pobre crea en el pobre: Decolonial Epistemology in the Ecclesial Base Communities of El Salvador

This chapter offers an analysis of the comunidades eclesiales de base (CEBs) of El Salvador as sites of decolonial epistemology and praxis. In the CEBs of El Salvador, the poor have been engaged in the evolving and ongoing process of “believing in the poor”—in themselves and their communities—for the past 50 years. The author argues that this has been a process of decolonial recovery of human dignity and capacity for critical thought, as well as a discovery of the Christian vocation to engage in decolonial praxis for the transformation of an unjust world. This process has been facilitated by a pastoral method and praxis of prophetic memory, in which the CEBs are the primary producers of knowledge and subjects of history.
Well Quasi-orderings and Roots of Polynomials in a Hahn Field

Let G be a divisible ordered Abelian group, and let K be a field. The Hahn field K((G)) is a field of formal power series, with terms corresponding to elements in a well ordered subset of G and the coefficients coming from K. Ideas going back to Newton show that if K is either algebraically closed of characteristic 0, or real closed, then the same is true for K((G)). Results of Mourgues and Ressayre [11] led us to look for bounds on the lengths of roots of a polynomial, in terms of the lengths of the coefficients [5, 6]. In the present paper, we give an introduction to Hahn fields, we indicate how well quasi-orderings arise when we try to bound the lengths of sums and products, and we re-work, in a more general way, a technical theorem from [6] that gives information on the root-taking process.
A study of pyramid structure for code correction

We demonstrate the implementations of pyramid encoders in both multi-layer GRU and Transformer for seq2seq tasks. We apply the models to the code correction task on Juliet Test Suite for C/C++ and Java of Software Assurance Reference Dataset(SARD), successfully repaired 90.1\% of faulted code in the test dataset, and show that a pyramid structure can greatly improve memory efficiency and therefore computation efficiency. We successfully carried out error type classification task on ITC benchmark examples (with only 685 code instances) using transfer learning with models pre-trained on Juliet Test Suite, pointing out a novel way of processing small datasets.
Sympatry and Patterns of Genetic Differentiation in Sympatry

Populations are sympatric when they overlap completely in where they occur and parapatric when they co-occur in part, but not all, of their geographic ranges. In contrast, allopatric populations are completely geographically separated. The geographic distribution of populations has important consequences for the genetic divergence of populations and speciation. In allopatry, physical and environmental barriers to migration between populations allow genetic differences to independently evolve throughout the genome due to natural selection, sexual selection, and genetic drift. These differences can inadvertently cause reproductive isolation, resulting in the formation of new species. When populations diverge in sympatry or parapatry, they must overcome the exchange of genes due to migration and hybridization (interbreeding) if speciation is to proceed. In contrast to allopatry, the physical position of genes relative to each other in the genome could have important consequences for natural selection to act to allow sympatric and parapatric populations to differentially adapt to variation in local conditions and evolve ecologically based reproductive isolation. Current theoretical and empirical studies are discussed describing how processes such as divergence and genomic hitchhiking that depend upon the architecture of diverged genes in the genome may increase the effectiveness of natural selection to facilitate speciation-with-gene-flow.
Noise filtering in atomistic stress calculations for crystalline materials

Abstract Spatially-varying stress fields can be obtained from atomistic simulations as weighted averages over a phase function that depends on the positions and momenta of the atoms and the interatomic forces between them. However atomistic stress fields exhibit significant nonphysical noise on atomic length scales even under uniform loading conditions. This makes it difficult to obtain accurate stress estimates near atomic-scale defects such as nanocrack tips and dislocation cores. To address this issue, we develop an algorithm to filter noise in the atomistic stress for crystalline materials based on a rigorous stress-invariance condition, which leads to a new class of lattice-dependent weighting functions. Stress fields computed using these weighting functions are identically noise-free under uniform conditions, and have greatly reduced noise in general. The method is demonstrated for three example problems: (1) uniform loading of nickel aluminide, (2) a mode I crack in silicon, and (3) screw and edge dislocation cores in aluminum. The noise filtering algorithm is implemented in MDStressLab++, an open source C++ library for computing atomistic stress fields available online at http://mdstresslab.org .
Interference in nonlinear Compton scattering using a Schrödinger-equation approach

The interference between Compton scattering and nonlinear Compton scattering from a two-color field in the x-ray regime is theoretically examined for bound electrons. The underlying phase shifts are analyzed using a perturbative approach in the incoming classical field. The perturbative approach is bench marked with a nonperturbative approach in the classical field. The interference for different combinations of linear polarization of the two fields is examined when the Compton and the nonlinear Compton scattered waves have the same wave vector and polarization. Only two cases exhibit interference. When there is interference, the calculations reveal an intrinsic phase difference between the Compton scattered wave function and the nonlinear Compton scattered wave function of either 0 or $\ensuremath{\pi}$ depending on the scattering angle.
Plasmon-enhanced graphene photodetector with CMOS-compatible titanium nitride

Graphene has emerged as an ultrafast optoelectronic material for on-chip photodetector applications. The 2D nature of graphene enables its facile integration with complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) microelectronics and silicon photonics, yet graphene absorbs only ∼2.3% of light. Plasmonic metals can enhance the responsivity of graphene photodetectors, but may result in CMOS-incompatible devices, depending on the choice of metal. Here we propose a plasmon-enhanced photothermoelectric graphene detector using CMOS-compatible titanium nitride on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The device performance is quantified by its responsivity, operation speed, and noise equivalent power. Its bandwidth exceeds 100 GHz, and it exhibits a nearly flat photoresponse across the telecom C-band. The photodetector responsivity is as high as 1.4 A/W (1.1 A/W external) at an ultra-compact length of 3.5 µm, which is the most compact footprint reported for a graphene-based waveguide photodetector. Furthermore, it operates at zero-bias, consumes zero energy, and has an ultra-low intrinsic noise equivalent power (NEP<20pW/Hz).
Near-Earth Object Characterization Using Ground-Based Radar Systems

Anne K. Virkki, Co-authors: Patrick A. Taylor, Michael W. Busch, Ellen S. Howell, Edgard G. Rivera-Valentin, Yanga Fernandez, Lance A.M. Benner, Marina Brozovic, Tracy M. Becker, Sean E. Marshall, Dylan C. Hickson, Joseph Masiero, Alessondra Springmann, Flora Paganelli, Flaviane C.F. Venditti, Luisa F. Zambrano Marin, Andy Lopez Oquendo, Maria Womack, Melissa J. Brucker, Bruce A. Campbell, Michael C. Nolan
Building Autocorrelation-Aware Representations for Fine-Scale Spatiotemporal Prediction

Many scientific prediction problems have spatiotemporal data- and modeling-related challenges in handling complex variations in space and time using only sparse and unevenly distributed observations. This paper presents a novel deep learning architecture, Deep learning predictions for LocATion-dependent Time-sEries data (DeepLATTE), that explicitly incorporates theories of spatial statistics into neural networks to addresses these challenges. In addition to a feature selection module and a spatiotemporal learning module, DeepLATTE contains an autocorrelation-guided semi-supervised learning strategy to enforce both local autocorrelation patterns and global autocorrelation trends of the predictions in the learned spatiotemporal embedding space to be consistent with the observed data, overcoming the limitation of sparse and unevenly distributed observations. During the training process, both supervised and semi-supervised losses guide the updates of the entire network to: 1) prevent overfitting, 2) refine feature selection, 3) learn useful spatiotemporal representations, and 4) improve overall prediction. We conduct a demonstration of DeepLATTE using publicly available data for an important public health topic, air quality prediction, in a well-studied, complex physical environment - Los Angeles. The experiment demonstrates that the proposed approach provides accurate fine-spatial-scale air quality predictions and reveals the critical environmental factors affecting the results.
Reach versus effectiveness: The design and protocol of randomized clinical trial testing a smartphone application versus in-person mindfulness-based smoking cessation intervention among young cancer survivors

Abstract Approximately 45% of young cancer survivors (18–40 years) are cigarette smokers. Continued smoking after cancer diagnosis leads to lower survival rates. A major logistical problem with smoking cessation efforts in this group is their geographic dispersion which makes them hard to reach. In addition, depression is a major predictor of smoking relapse and its rates are roughly twice as high in cancer survivors as the general population. Smartphone applications (apps) show promise in terms of efficacy, dissemination, and improving access to treatment. Mindfulness training (defined as maintaining attention on one's immediate experience and cultivating an attitude of acceptance toward this experience) is effective in improving smoking cessation outcomes by reducing psychological stress and controlling craving. Given that smartphone apps can address the issues of mobility and remote access, and mindfulness can address the high depression rate among cancer survivors, validating the feasibility and efficacy of a mindfulness-based smoking cessation intervention app in young cancer survivors is a high priority. Thus, the aims of the current study are: (1) test the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of the mindfulness-based smoking cessation app versus in-person mindfulness or usual care in a 3-arm pilot randomized clinical trial among young cancer survivors (n = 60; 18–40 years); and 2) conduct semi-structured exit interviews with participants in the two mindfulness groups to fine-tune the two active interventions based on feedback from participants. Findings will have implications for the development and dissemination of innovative and highly scalable tobacco cessation interventions designed for young cancer survivors.
Variability associated with mandibular ramus area thickness and depth in subjects with different growth patterns, gender, and growth status.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the ramus bone parameters (ramus thickness and ramus depth) for miniscrew placement. An additional aim was to compare and contrast the ramus bone parameters in growing and nongrowing male and female subjects with hyperdivergent, normodivergent, hypodivergent facial types. Methods Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 690 subjects were evaluated. They were classified in terms of growth status, gender, and facial type. Ramus thickness was measured as the distance from the outer (buccal) to the inner (lingual) aspects of the mandibular ramus. Ramus depth was measured as the distance from the anterior border of the ramus to the inferior alveolar nerve canal. The measurements for ramus thickness and ramus depth were performed at 3 different levels bilaterally: (1) occlusal plane (OP), (2) 5 mm above the occlusal plane (5OP), and (3) 10 mm above the occlusal plane (10OP). Results Males showed a significantly higher ramus thickness than females (P Conclusions Because of adequate ramus depth and ramus thickness, 5OP was considered the optimal insertion site for the placement of miniscrews. Patients with a hyperdivergent facial type showed significantly reduced ramus depth than hypodivergent and normodivergent facial types. Ramus thickness in males was significantly higher than in females in all facial types.
Thermal Drawdown-Induced Flow Channeling in Fractured Geothermal Reservoirs

We investigate the flow-channeling phenomenon caused by thermal drawdown in fractured geothermal reservoirs. A discrete fracture network-based, fully coupled thermal–hydrological–mechanical simulator is used to study the interactions between fluid flow, temperature change, and the associated rock deformation. The responses of a number of randomly generated 2D fracture networks that represent a variety of reservoir characteristics are simulated with various injection-production well distances. We find that flow channeling, namely flow concentration in cooled zones, is the inevitable fate of all the scenarios evaluated. We also identify a secondary geomechanical mechanism caused by the anisotropy in thermal stress that counteracts the primary mechanism of flow channeling. This new mechanism tends, to some extent, to result in a more diffuse flow distribution, although it is generally not strong enough to completely reverse flow channeling. We find that fracture intensity substantially affects the overall hydraulic impedance of the reservoir but increasing fracture intensity generally does not improve heat production performance. Increasing the injection-production well separation appears to be an effective means to prolong the production life of a reservoir.
Role of multiple calcium and calcium-dependent conductances in regulation of hippocampal dentate granule cell excitability.

We have constructed a detailed model of a hippocampal dentate granule (DG) cell that includes nine different channel types. Channel densities and distributions were chosen to reproduce reported physiological responses observed in normal solution and when blockers were applied. The model was used to explore the contribution of each channel type to spiking behavior with particular emphasis on the mechanisms underlying postspike events. T-type calcium current in more distal dendrites contributed prominently to the appearance of the depolarizing after-potential, and its effect was controlled by activation of BK-type calcium-dependent potassium channels. Co-activation and interaction of N-, and/or L-type calcium and AHP currents present in somatic and proximal dendritic regions contributed to the adaptive properties of the model DG cell in response to long-lasting current injection. The model was used to predict changes in channel densities that could lead to epileptogenic burst discharges and to predict the effect of altered buffering capacity on firing behavior. We conclude that the clustered spatial distributions of calcium related channels, the presence of slow delayed rectifier potassium currents in dendrites, and calcium buffering properties, together, might explain the resistance of DG cells to the development of epileptogenic burst discharges.
A Scholarly Teaching Adventure

In this adventure essay, an educator takes two trips. First, she heads to the Amazon rainforest and is awestruck by her students’ motivation and learning. Then, with you in tow, she embarks on a scholarly journey to discover what happened and why.
GIVENNESS, AVOIDF AND OTHER CONSTRAINTS ON THE PLACEMENT OF ACCENT*

This paper strives to characterize the relation between accent placement and discourse in terms of independent constraints operating at the interface between syntax and interpretation. The Givenness Constraint requires un-F-marked constituents to be given. Key here is our definition of givenness, which synthesizes insights from the literature on the semantics of focus with older views on information structure. AvoidF requires speakers to economize on F-marking. A third constraint requires a subset of F-markers to dominate accents. The characteristic prominence patterns of "novelty focus" and "contrastive focus" both arise from a combination of the Givenness Constraint and AvoidF. Patterns of prominence in questions as well as in answers to questions are explained in terms of the constraints, thanks in part to the way in which the Givenness relation is defined. Head/argument asymmetries noted in the literature on Focus Projection are placed in the phonology-syntax interface, independent of discourse conditions. Deaccenting follows when AvoidF is ranked higher than constraint(s) governing head/argument asymmetries.
Immigrant Parents: How to Help Your Child Succeed in School

(2008). For Parents Particularly: Immigrant Parents: How to Help Your Children Succeed in School. Childhood Education: Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 315-318.
Faster Is Better

Information about the magnetic field direction and intensity in sediment samples is important for understanding past climate change and the behavior of Earth9s geomagnetic field. In his Perspective, Verosub discusses the recent development of the long-core magnetometer, an instrument that permits great improvements in the speed with which paleomagnetic data can be acquired.
The Numerical Simulation of Viscous Flows with Change of Phase and Chemical Reaction

A computational procedure, based on the finite element method, is developed to study the fluid dynamics of a chemically reacting system. Specifically, the problem involves the phase change (gelation) of an incompressible liquid due to an exothermic chemical reaction. Typical thermosetting materials are considered under conditions of both buoyancy-driven and forced flow. The focus of the present article is on the development of a robust numerical algorithm to handle the complexities of this class of flow problems.
Uridine and uracil transport in Escherichia coli and transport-deficient mutants.

Abstract Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 which are defective in components of transport systems for uracil and uridine were isolated and utilized to characterized the transport mechanism of uracil and uridine. Mutant U − , isolated from a culture of the parent strain, is resistant to 5-fluorouracil and is deficient in the uracil transport system. Mutant UR − , isolated from a culture of the parent strain, is resistant to a low concentration of showdomycin and lacks the capacity to transport intact uridine. Mutant U − UR − isolated from a culture of mutant U − , is resistant to a low concentration of showdomycin and is defective in both uracil and intact uridine transport processes. Mutant UR − R − was isolated from a culture of mutant UR − , and is resistant to high concentration of showdomycin. This mutant is defective for transport of intact uridine and in addition lacks the transport system for the ribose moiety of uridine. Characteristics of uracil and uridine transport in parent and mutant cells demonstrate the existence of specific transport processes for uracil, intact uridine and the uracil and ribose moieties of uridine. Mutants U − and UR − , which are defective for uracil transport, lack uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity and retain a small but significant capacity to transport uracil. The data support the conclusion that uracil is transported by two mechanisms, the major one of which requires uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity, while the other process involves the transport of uracil as such. The characteristics of uridine transport in parent and mutant strains show that, in addition to transport as the intact nucleoside, uridine is rapidly cleaved to the uracil and ribose moieties. The latter is transported into the cell by a process which, in contrast to transport of intact uridine, does not require an energy source. The uracil moiety is released into the medium and is transported by the uracil transport system. Whole cells of the parent and mutant strains differ in their ability to cleave uridine even though cell-free extracts of all the strains have similar uridine phosphorylase activity. The data implicate a uridine cleavage enzyme in a group transport of the ribose moiety of uridine, a process which is nonfunctional in mutants which lack the capacity to transport the ribose moiety of uridine. A common transport component for this process and the transport of intact uridine is indicated by similarities in the inhibitory effects of heterologous nucleosides on these process.
Transport cross sections and collision integrals for N(4So)-O+ (4So) and N+ (3P)-O(3P) interactions

The transport cross sections and collision integrals are reported for the N(+)-O and N-O(+) interactions. The cross sections are determined using accurate potential energy curves and a semiclassical description of the scattering. The computed collision integrals differ substantially from the estimated values currently recommended for flow-field studies.
Speech-activated user interfaces and climbing Mt. Exascale

The Communications Web site, cacm.acm.org, features 13 bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of Communications, we'll publish excerpts from selected posts, plus readers' comments. Tessa Lau discusses why she doesn't use the touch screen on her in-car GPS unit anymore and Daniel Reed considers the future of exascale computing.
Lipidomic analysis reveals that phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine are newly generated phospholipids in an early-divergent protozoan, Giardia lamblia

The pathogenic protozoan Giardia lamblia is known to not synthesize membrane lipids de novo. Therefore, it is possible that lipids in the small intestine, where trophozoites colonize, play key roles in regulating the growth and differentiation of this important pathogen. The focus of the current study is to conduct a complete lipidomic analysis and to test the hypothesis that Giardia has some ability to generate new phospholipids (PLs). Using mass spectrometry, now we show that phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) are major PLs followed by phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) in non-encysting and encysting trophozoites, as well in cysts. The fatty acids attached to these PLs consist mostly of palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate, and linoleate. Results also indicate that PGs and PEs, unlike PCs, are not present in bovine bile and serum, the major sources of lipids of the culture medium, and that they could therefore be produced by fatty acid and headgroup remodeling reactions, circumventing the synthesis of entirely new PLs via de novo pathways. Genomic and transcriptional analyses show the presence of giardial phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase (gpgps) and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (gpsd) genes, which are expressed throughout the life cycle. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses further indicated that both genes are of prokaryotic origin and that they have undergone duplication in the course of evolution. Our studies suggest that the abundance of PG in Giardia is unique among eukaryotes and that its synthesis thus could serve as a potential target for developing new therapies against this waterborne parasite.
Pion breather states in QCD

We describe a class of pionic breather solutions (PBS) which appear in the chiral Lagrangian description of low-energy QCD. These configurations are long lived, with lifetimes greater than 10{sup 3} fm/c, and could arise as remnants of disoriented chiral condensate (DCC) formation at RHIC. We show that the chiral Lagrangian equations of motion for a uniformly isospin-polarized domain reduce to those of the sine-Gordon model. Consequently, our solutions are directly related to the breather solutions of sine-Gordon theory in 3+1 dimensions. We investigate the possibility of PBS formation from multiple domains of DCC, and show that the probability of formation is non-negligible. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Effect of Temperature on the Expansion on Setting of Gypsum Plaster

IT has been shown by Ridge1 that setting-temperature exerts a profound effect on the structure of set gypsum plaster. He postulated that this change in structure would be accompanied by changes in other properties such as the expansion on setting. Experimental evidence showing the expansion of plaster on setting at different temperatures has recently been obtained. The observations were made incidental to the preparation of plaster samples of different pore sizes that were to be used as standard porous bodies.
Laser-ablated epitaxial LaAlO3 buffer layers on biaxially textured Ni substrates for superconducting tapes

Abstract Reported here is a new epitaxial buffer layer configuration on biaxially textured Ni substrates for high temperature superconducting films. The hetero-epitaxial LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 /CeO 2 /Ni structure was grown using pulsed laser deposition and is the first demonstrated epitaxial deposition of LaAlO 3 on a metal substrate. This buffer configuration was designed specifically for, but is not limited to, the Tl-based superconducting materials for which LaAlO 3 has been shown to be the optimum substrate to date. The epitaxy and crystal quality of these layers were investigated using X-ray diffraction including θ /2 θ and pole figure analysis, which showed that the consistency of the SrTiO 3 orientation requires further optimization. Atomic force microscopy measurements revealed initial films that, although epitaxial, have a cracked morphology. The formation mechanism of these cracks and their subsequent elimination are discussed.
The beta adrenergic receptor and cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate: possible roles in the regulation of melanophore responses of the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus couchi.

Abstract The in vitro response of the melanophores of the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus couchi , to catecholamine stimulation differs from that of most amphibians previously studied. Skins first darkened by MSH become darker, rather than lighter, in response to added norepinephrine or epinephrine. In fact, catecholamines darken skins maintained in Ringer solution to almost the same extent as does MSH. This darkening results from dispersion of melanin granules within dermal melanophores. Agonistic ranking studies demonstrated that the relative effectiveness of sympathomimetic agents in causing darkening was: isoproterenol > norepinephrine > epinephrine > phenylephrine. In addition, beta adrenergic blockade inhibited melanophore responses to adrenergic stimulation, thus indicating that melanin granule dispersion is mediated through a beta adrenergic receptor. Alpha adrenergic blockade neither enhanced nor inhibited this darkening. These data revealed that the alpha adrenergic receptor does not similarly control this response. In fact, alpha adrenergic agonists in the presence of beta adrenergic antagonists failed to demonstrate a physiological role for the alpha receptor in the regulation of melanin granule aggregation, thus explaining why catecholamines fail to lighten MSH-darkened skins. The methylxanthines, caffeine and theophylline, also darkened Scaphiopus skins. Again, the addition of catecholamines caused increased darkening. The synergism between catecholamines and methylxanthines is similar to results obtained by others working on similar endocrine-mediated responses and suggests that skin darkening is possibly mediated by cyclic AMP. Although we were unable to darken skins with cyclic AMP by itself, in the presence of theophylline cyclic AMP caused marked darkening. Also, dibutyryl cyclic AMP caused maximal darkening of the skins which was as great as that induced by MSH. In summary, our data suggest that stimulation of the beta adrenergic receptor of Scaphiopus couchi melanophores results in an intracellular increase in cyclic AMP which then initiates melanin granule dispersion.
An improved method for on‐line calculation and compensation of the static deflection at a robot end‐effector

Traditionally, robotic deflection analysis for a low-weight robot has been performed based on an assumption that each link is treated as a cantilever beam, which leads to no angular deflection at a joint. In practice, a robotic intermediate joint is linearly and angularly deflected when a load is applied at the end-effector. It is found in this study that the additional link deflection resulting from the angular deflection of a robotic revolute joint substantially contributes to the end-effector's total deflection. This article presents an improved method via a combination of classical beam theory, energy methods and the concepts of differential relationships to more accurately calculate the static deflection at the end-effector. A systematic approach to deflection calculation through three different Jacobians are presented. The study also shows that the end-effector's deflection heavily depends on robotic arm configurations. The deflection is then compensated based on the selected optimum configuration. The theoretical deflection analysis is verified by experimental results. A planar two-link robot and a six-degree-of-freedom Elbow Manipulator are used for numerical illustration and calculation procedure.