cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-2 (MAYSI-2) with a Southern, African American Adolescent Male Population

The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-2 (MAYSI-2) is a widely accepted instrument for screening adolescents in detention facilities for mental health problems. However, African Americans often experience mental illness differently from other racial groups. The purpose of this study is to examine the usefulness of the MAYSI-2 with Southern African American adolescents. Results indicate that the MAYSI-2 factor structure as originally conceived does not accurately represent mental illness as experienced by this group. Instead, findings suggest that African American adolescents do indeed experience mental illness in a way different from youth for whom the MAYSI-2 was designed. Furthermore, the MAYS-2's ability to detect psychotic illness in this group is called into question by these findings.
Dental micro wear patterns of the sauropod dinosaurs camarasaurus and diplodocus: Evidence for resource partitioning in the late Jurassic of North America

Resource partitioning can be demonstrated for the two most common sympatric sauropod dinosaurs, Camarasaurus and Diplodocus, from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. The patterns of occurrence of pits, coarse scratches, and fine scratches on the surfaces of teeth of these taxa show that, in general, Camarasaurus ate coarser foodstuffs than did Diplodocus. In contrast with the majority of Camarasaurus teeth belonging to adults, which show evidence of ingestion of coarser foodstuffs, the teeth of juveniles show a pattern of wear similar to that observed on Diplodocus. This suggests that there was dietary overlap between the young of Camarasaurus and adults of Diplodocus, and that dietary divergence occurred when individuals of Camarasaurus achieved adult size.
Aerodynamics of a finite aspect ratio jet flap at low flight speeds

A theoretical treatment of inviscid incompressible flow over a thin wing equipped with a part-span jet flap is given; the treatment is capable of describing low-speed flight regimes where nonlinear problems may be significant. The induced flow fields of the jet and the wing are characterized separately, and a fully coupled solution is reached through iteration. A lifting surface theory is employed for the wing aerodynamics, and the vorticity associated with the jet is also taken into account. Calculations are presented for the case of a rectangular wing. Comparisons with existing linear or nonlinear theories and experimental data suggest that the treatment is capable of accurate analyses in situations involving small angles of attack, jet deflection angles and jet momentum coefficients. In addition, the theory may be a better means of evaluating subsidiary aerodynamic variables, such as downwash aft of the wing, than existing treatments.
Oxytocin is required for nursing but is not essential for parturition or reproductive behavior

Abstract Oxytocin, a neurohypophyseal hormone, has been traditionally considered essential for mammalian reproduction. In addition to uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during nursing, oxytocin has been implicated in anterior pituitary function, paracrine effects in the testis and ovary and the neural control of maternal and sexual behaviors. To determine the essential role(s) of oxytocin in mammalian reproductive function, mice deficient in oxytocin have been generated using embryonic stem cell technology. A deletion of exon 1 encoding the oxytocin peptide was generated in embryonic stem cells at a high frequency and was successfully transmitted in the germ line. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from homozygote offspring and in situ hybridization with an exonic probe 3' of the deletion failed to detect any oxytocin or neurophysin sequences, respectively, confirming that the mutation was a null mutation. Mice lacking oxytocin are both viable and fertile. Males do not have any reproductive behavioral or functional defects in the absence of oxytocin. Similarly, females lacking oxytocin have no obvious deficits in fertility or reproduction, including gestation and parturition. However, although oxytocin-deficient females demonstrate normal maternal behavior, all offspring die shortly after birth because of the dam's inability to nurse. Postpartum injections of oxytocin to the oxytocin deficient mothers restore milk ejection and rescue the offspring. Thus, despite the multiple reproductive activities that have been attributed to oxytocin, oxytocin plays an essential role only in milk ejection in the mouse.
Preliminary kinetics and metabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and its reduced metabolites in an aquatic oligochaete.

Abstract We examined the toxicokinetics and metabolism of 2,4,6-trinitirotoluene (TNT) and four of its major reduced metabolites (2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT), and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4DANT)) in the freshwater, aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex exposed to spiked, reconstituted water. In uptake experiments with each compound, steady state concentrations were reached within 1 h, and all absorbed compounds were completely eliminated in 0–3 h. The appearance of 2ADNT and 4ADNT (from metabolism of absorbed TNT) was five times slower, reaching 95% of steady state in 14.2–16.1 h. Approximately, 82% of absorbed TNT was metabolized to ADNTs; metabolism to 4ADNT was favored over 2ADNT by a factor of 3. No further metabolism of ADNTs to DANTs was detected. After a loss of 29–50% of metabolically-generated ADNTs during the first hour of the TNT depuration experiment, Tubifex ADNT concentrations remained constant throughout the 53 h depuration period. This suggests differences between the toxicokinetics of absorbed ADNTs and the toxicokinetics of metabolically-generated ADNTs. Experiments using radiolabeled ( 14 C ) TNT revealed that only 15–47% of 14 C -TNT equivalents were identified as TNT, 2ADNT, or 4ADNT, indicating significant metabolism and/or binding to biomolecules. Of unidentified 14 C -TNT equivalents, 28–38% remained unextractable. Both unextractable and extractable unidentified substances increased throughout the 54 h 14 C -TNT uptake experiment. The unidentified portions of the radiolabel were not eliminated during a 53-h depuration experiment. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for HPLC-detectable compounds were found to be linearly related to log KOW (r2 = 0.9963). BCFs for 2ADNT, 4ADNT, and 2,4DANT were 10.22, 12.41, and 2.75, respectively. The BCF for TNT was 12.25, based on a molar sum of total TNT and its metabolites (∑TNT + 2ADNT + 4ADNT), and 2.53 based on TNT only. Compound hydrophobicity predicted the toxicokinetics and bioconcentration of compounds absorbed from water, however, the large discrepancy between the toxicokinetics of absorbed versus metabolically-generated ADNTs and the bioconcentration and toxicokinetics of the unidentified substances warrant further investigation.
Nicotine administration enhances conditioned inhibition in rats

The effect of nicotine on conditioned inhibition was examined using a serial feature negative discrimination task. Nicotine (0.35 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered before each of the 16 training sessions. On some trials in each session, a tone was presented and followed by food reward. On other trials, the tone was preceded by a visual stimulus and not reinforced. Nicotine-treated rats exhibited greater discrimination between the two trial types as evidenced by less frequent responding during non-reinforced trials, and learned the discrimination in fewer sessions than vehicle-treated rats. In contrast, there were no group differences in responding during the reinforced trials.
Replacement of Process Scale Chromatography by Counterflow Membrane Cascades

Invention and innovation, always important, become ever more so in these fast changing and competitive times. They are in addition primarily dependent upon the dynamic behavior of the human mind. Our underlying purpose here is to examine these creative processes and to provide means to make them more effective. This is a timely effort because our understanding of perception and its interpretation by the human brain is very rapidly advancing. Even experimental insights into mental activity can be determined with rapidly increasing effectiveness. The framework of our discussion is that of evolution dynamics, and the scientific bases are rapidly developing neural sciences. However the bulk of our discussion deals with a specific example: the replacement of process scale chromatography by membrane-mediated steady counterflow in downstream processing. We do this because inventive activities must depend upon intimate knowledge of the systems available.
What is World History

In the United States, survey courses in world history have been staples of school programs for almost a century. But no consensus has emerged on the exact goals toward which these courses should be directed. Nor is there agreement on what topics to include or in what order topics should be studied. This article introduces some of the reasons for this lack of consensus.
A new colorimetric method for the quantitative determination of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Abstract A quantitative method for the determination of epinephrine and norepinephrine is described which takes advantage of their rearrangement in strong acids to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. The aldehyde is determined in a spectrophotometer as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. Because of the relative insensitivity of this method, its application is limited to adrenal tissue and in vitro metabolism studies of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Ġ/G and a cosmological acceleration of gravitationally compact bodies

The mass of bodies with appreciable gravitational self-energy vary in time at a rate proportional to any time variation of the gravitational coupling parameter {ital G}. As a result of these mass variations, gravitationally compact bodies will experience anomalous accelerations proportional to their motion relative to the cosmological rest frame in which {ital G}={ital G}({ital t}). These effects alter the relationship between the rate of change of orbital period for compact bodies and the rate of change, if any, of {ital G}. The binary pulsar system PSR 1913+16 is consequently found to be a somewhat less sensitive probe of a possible nonzero {ital {dot G}}/{ital G} than has been suggested.
Nature of the serum heat-labile accessory factor involved in the metabolic inhibition of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Using the metabolic-inhibition (MI) test as an assay, sera from rabbits immunized with Mycoplasma pneumoniae were separated on the basis of a requirement for a heat-labile (56 C) accessory factor (HLAF). As in previous studies, this requirement was found in sera collected early in the immune response, but disappeared as the immunization procedure progressed. Results obtained following exposure of HLAF-requiring sera to zymosan, hydrazine, and ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) suggested that complement components C3, C8, and possible other components which follow C3 in the complement cascade, were required to demonstrate MI activity. Results obtained when HLAF-non-requiring sera were treated in the same manner, suggested the presence of two antibody populations. One population required component C3, and possibly C5, C6, and C9, while the other population required none of the complement components.
Analytical ultracentrifugation studies of translin: analysis of protein-DNA interactions using a single-stranded fluorogenic oligonucleotide.

Translin is a recently identified nucleic acid binding protein that appears to be involved in the recognition of conserved sequences found at many chromosomal breakpoints. Previous reports indicate that, based on gel filtration analysis and electron microscopy of protein−DNA complexes, translin forms an octameric structure that binds the DNA. In this study, we further examine the possibility of self-association of translin and its interactions with DNA by analytical ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation velocity analysis of translin indicates that the predominant species sediments with a sedimentation coefficient of 8.5 S and has a frictional ratio, f/fο, of 1.35; these data are consistent with the presence of an octamer with an ellipsoidal configuration; a small amount of a component with significantly higher mass is also present. Equilibrium sedimentation studies of translin at three different protein concentrations also indicate that the predominant species present is an octamer with a minor fraction of a...
Polymerized soluble venom—Human serum albumin

Extensive previous studies have demonstrated that attempts to produce polymers of Hymenoptera venoms for human immunotherapy resulted in insoluble precipitates that could be injected with safety but with very limited immunogenicity in allergic patients. We now report soluble polymers prepared by conjugating bee venom with human serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. The bee venom-albumin polymer (BVAP) preparation was fractionated on Sephacryl S-300 to have a molecular weight range higher than catalase. 125I-labeled bee venom phospholipase A was almost completely incorporated into BVAP. Rabbit antibody responses to bee venom and bee venom phospholipase A were induced by BVAP. Human antisera against bee venom were absorbed by BVAP. No new antigenic determinants on BVAP were present as evidenced by absorption of antisera against BVAP by bee venom and albumin. BVAP has potential immunotherapeutic value in patients with anaphylactic sensitivity to bee venom.
Depressive symptoms and antidepressant use in a random community sample of ethnically diverse, urban elder persons

Abstract Background There are limited data on depressive symptoms and antidepressant use in ethnically diverse, urban elderly. Methods Analysis of depressive symptom and antidepressant use data from an epidemiological survey of dementia in an ethnically diverse, urban, elderly community. Results 21.5% ( N = 566) reported clinically significant depressive symptoms. Severity was inversely associated with socioeconomic status. 7.5% ( N = 194) reported antidepressant medication use. Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for severity and other covariates showed that men and African Americans had nearly half the odds of using antidepressants. Antidepressant use was more frequent among Hispanics, those with more severe depression and more medical illness. Limitations Combined sample; CES-D not validated in Hispanics and inner-city African Americans; depressive symptoms assessed at one time-point; lack of complete income data; geographically restricted. Conclusions In this elder sample, taking into account depressive symptom severity and other confounds, antidepressant use is nearly half as likely among men and African Americans.
Directed information and the NRL Network Pump

The NRL Network Pump®, or Pump, is a standard for mitigating covert channels that arise in a multi-level secure (MLS) system when a high user (HU) sends acknowledgements to a low user (LU). The issue here is that HU can encode information in the “timings” of the acknowledgements. The Pump aims at mitigating the covert timing channel by introducing buffering between HU and LU, as well as adding noise to the acknowledgment timings. Here, for the first time, we model the workings of the Pump in certain situations, as a communication system with feedback and use then this novel perspective to derive a upper bound on the rate of the covert channel between HU and LU in the Pump, in specific situations. This upper bound is presented in terms of a directed information flow over the dynamics of the system.
Combined bromocriptine and growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient children with macroprolactinoma in situ.

Experience with PRL-secreting macroadenomas in the pediatric and adolescent population is limited. Although use of synthetic GH after treatment of central nervous system tumors in children without active disease is accepted practice, reports of GH use in patients with central nervous system tumors in situ are rare. Furthermore, the effect of GH on tumor growth is not known. We report GH treatment (10 and 11.5 months), concomitant with bromocriptine (BC; dopamine agonist) therapy in two children, a 15.5-yr-old male and a 15.5-yr-old female, with PRL-secreting macroadenomas in situ. Surgical resection was deemed undesirable because of the risk of major morbidity due to the large size of the tumors and the close proximity to major vessels. Both patients were GH deficient and had heights below the fifth percentile coupled with arrested pubertal progress. During BC therapy, a decrease in tumor size and a reduction in serum PRL levels occurred in both patients, which continued after the addition of GH treatment...
Behavior of relativistic wave functions near the origin for a QCD potential

We determine the behavior of the solution of the relativistic wave equation ((-del/sup 2/+m/sub 1/ /sup 2/)/sup 1/2/+(- del/sup 2/+m/sub 2/ /sup 2/)/sup 1/2/ +V(r)-M)psi(r) = 0 for r..-->..0 for the QCD-inspired running Coulomb potential V(r)approx.-..cap alpha../sub 0//r ln(r/sub 0//r), r 0 a known constant. The severity of the (power-law) divergence of r/sup -l/R/sub l/ at r = 0 noted previously for a Coulomb potential is therefore reduced (but not eliminated) for the running potential.
Coherent population trapping in a crystalline solid at room temperature

Observation of coherent population trapping (CPT) at ground-state Zeeman sublevels of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ion in ruby at room temperature is reported. A mechanism of CPT, not owing to optical pumping, is revealed in a situation when the optical pulse duration is shorter than the population decay time from the excited optical state.
Localization in interacting, disordered, Bose systems

We use quantum Monte Carlo techniques to study a one-dimensional, disordered, interacting, Bose Hamiltonian. The effect of disorder on the Mott-insulator portion of the phase diagram is determined. We observe the destruction of superfluidity by disorder at incommensurate densities, for the first time demonstrating the emergence of a ``Bose-glass'' phase. In addition to these strong-coupling phases, we observe an unanticipated re-entrance into an Anderson-type localized regime for weak couplings.
Financing Policy, Basis Risk, and Corporate Hedging: Evidence from Oil and Gas Producers

This paper studies the hedging policies of oil and gas producers between 1992 and 1994. My evidence shows that the extent of hedging is related to financing costs: In particular, companies with greater financial leverage manage price risks more extensively. My evidence also shows that the likelihood of hedging is related to economies of scale in hedging costs and to the basis risk associated with hedging instruments. Larger companies and companies whose production is located primarily in regions where prices have a high correlation with the prices on which exchangetraded derivatives are based are more likely to manage risks. DESPITE THE PREVALENCE OF CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT and the effort that has been devoted to developing theoretical rationales for hedging, there are no widely accepted explanations for risk management as a corporate policy. Important questions remain regarding the determinants of the extent to which a company hedges, the impact of risk management on a firm's value, and the interaction between a firm's hedging policy and its other policy decisions. To address some of these questions, I examine the risk management activities of 100 oil and gas producers for 1992 to 1994. In particular, I investigate whether the fraction of production an oil and gas producer hedges against price fluctuations is related to its financing policy, tax status, compensation policy, ownership structure, and operating characteristics. I document a wide variation in hedging policies among oil and gas producers. My tests find that this variation is associated with several differences in the firms' characteristics. The fraction of production hedged is positively related to the differences in financial leverage, measured as the ratio of total debt to total assets, and it is greater for oil and gas producers
Ba-hexaferrite films grown on single crystal 6-H SiC with Low FMR Linewidth

In this paper, the growth of barium hexaferrite thin films on single crystal 6H silicon carbide was demonstrated. The preparation was done using pulsed laser deposition with a KrF excimer laser operating at 248 nm wavelength with 200 mJ energy per shot. The structure of the thin films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, AFM and SEM. The coercivities and the FMR linewidth of the films were determined using VSM.
The Needs of an Educator

A medical educator has needs that are specific to educators and needs that are common to all medical faculty members. An educator needs time to perform educational duties; space to carry out educational activities; and money to buy time, space, and other resources. Just as important as time, space, and money are to the success of an educator is having an infrastructure that supports the educator and the educational mission. Such an infrastructure includes a system that provides educational leadership opportunities, institutional support for medical education, opportunities and funding for medical education research, students, feedback from students and peers, faculty development and mentoring, national societal support for education, and an institutional agenda that values education to the degree that it values patient care and investigative research.
Transparent boundary condition for beam propagation

A new boundary condition algorithm is presented that passes outgoing radiation freely with a minimum reflection coefficient (typically 10−5) while inhibiting the flux of incoming radiation. In contrast to the commonly used absorber method, this algorithm contains no adjustable parameters and is thus problem independent. It adapts naturally to a standard Crank–Nicholson difference scheme and is shown to be accurate and robust for both two-and three-dimensional problems.
Perioperative antibiotics and practice: little things that make a big difference.

Postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs) number approximately 500,000 per year [1] and are the most common nosocomial infection in surgical patients [2]. Contemporary anesthetic practice has a great influence on the prevention of SSIs and other aspects of infectious risk. The purpose of this article is to review concepts involved in prophylaxis against SSI and to discuss aspects of perioperative care in which the anesthetic team may alter the risk of infection and thus influence patient outcomes. Perioperative prophylactic antibiotics Benefits of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis need to be balanced against risks. Before the understanding of surgical asepsis and the study and acceptance of the principles of antibiotic prophylaxis, postoperative infections were nearly universal. The benefits of decreased infection rate, length of hospital stay, mortality, and costs have been shown in various populations [2]. The risk of a SSI, however, is dependent on many factors including the surgical procedure, underlying health of the patient, and setting of the procedure (elective or emergent, clean or contaminated, and others). Certain procedures are associated with low risk for a SSI, and the risks of antimicrobial prophylaxis may outweigh the benefits. Risks include allergic reactions, toxic side effects of antimicrobials, adverse interactions with other drugs, and development of resistant organisms. The cost of therapy must also be appreciated; costs include not only the antibiotic itself but also pharmacy charges for preparation, transportation, and administration of multiple doses. In major surgical centers the perioperative use of antibiotics may represent nearly half of the hospital’s expenditure for antibiotics [3]. Although the benefits of prophylactic antibiotics in certain settings have been
The Impact of the October 2013 Government Shutdownand Debt Ceiling on U.S. Treasury Default Risk

The study examines the impact of the partial U.S. government shutdown of October 2013 on the yields of Treasury bills. The authors find that there was a significant impact on the yields of four-week Treasury bills as compared with high-quality commercial paper. They do not find a similar impact on the yields of Treasury bills of three-month maturity. The analysis is based on the results of t-tests, regressions, and nonparametric tests, and the results are robust across the methodologies. The study has important implications for academics, market participants, and lawmakers.
Two new methods for simulating photolithography development in 3D

Two methods are presented for simulating the development of photolithographic profiles during the resist dissolution phase. These algorithms are the volume-of-fluid algorithm, and the steady level-set algorithm. These methods are compared with the ray-trace, cell and level- set techniques employed in SAMPLE-3D. The volume-of-fluid algorithm employs an Euclidean Grid with volume fractions. At each time step, the surface is reconstructed by computing an approximation of the tangent plane of the surface in each cell that contains a value between 0 and 1. The geometry constructed in this manner is used to determine flow velocity vectors and the flux across each edge. The material is then advanced by a split advection scheme. The steady level set algorithm is an extension of the iterative level set algorithm. The steady level set algorithm combines fast level set concepts and a technique for finding zero residual solutions to the eikonal function. The etch time for each cell is calculated in a time ordered manner. Use of heap sorting data structures allows the algorithm to execute extremely quickly. A similar technique was submitted by J. Sethian. Comparisons of the methods have been performed and the results are shown.
A comparison of the responsible drinking dimensions among underage and legal drinkers: examining differences in beliefs, motives, self-efficacy, barriers and intentions

To date, scholarly discourse over the Amethyst Initiative has primarily debated the relative effectiveness of the 21 year-old Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA). Unfortunately, this discourse has failed to account for the Amethyst Initiative’s central tenet/mission: facilitating responsible drinking among college students. This investigation seeks to help fill this gap by quantitatively determining whether a random sample of underage (n = 158) and legal (n = 298) drinkers differed with regard to their alcohol-related behaviors, responsible drinking behaviors, and responsible drinking beliefs. Compared to legal drinkers, underage drinkers reported: (a) significantly less confidence to perform responsible drinking behaviors during their next drinking episode [t(446) = -2.97, p < .003; d = -0.297], (b) significantly more perceived barriers to responsible drinking [t(388) = 3.44, p < .001; d = .368], and (c) significantly lower behavioral intentions to perform responsible drinking behaviors the next time they consumed alcohol [t(437) = -3.45, p < .001; d = -0.350]. Each of these differences remained statistically significant, even after controlling for sex and race, in three separate multiple linear regression models. While college students both above and below the 21 year-old MLDA have similar beliefs regarding what constitutes responsible drinking, students below the current MLDA have less intention to drink responsibly regardless of their behavioral beliefs and/or motives. College/university administrators should consider the negative repercussions that are possible if underage students who are less confident in their ability to drink responsibly are given the legal right to drink on campus.
Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus

This article reviews the literature regarding the structure and function of two types of exotoxins expressed by Staphylococcus aureus, pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs) and hemolysins. The molecular basis of PTSAg toxicity is presented in the context of two diseases known to be caused by these exotoxins: toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning. The family of staphylococcal PTSAgs presently includes toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and most of the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, and SEH). As the name implies, the PTSAgs are multifunctional proteins that invariably exhibit lethal activity, pyrogenicity, superantigenicity, and the capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivity to endotoxin. Other properties exhibited by one or more staphylococcal PTSAgs include emetic activity (SEs) and penetration across mucosal barriers (TSST-1). A detailed review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of the staphylococcal hemolysins is also presented.
Cultural variations in sentiments

The largest in-depth cross-cultural study of the 20th Century, directed by psychologist Charles Osgood at the University of Illinois, demonstrated that the affective meanings of concepts vary along three dimensions within all 30 cultures considered in the project, and for individuals responding in more than 21 languages. I analyze data on 17 cultures from this project in order to get some insights on how cultures differ in their sentiments and how sentiments about some concepts vary across cultures. An affective map of the cultures derived with multi-dimensional scaling revealed that affective similarities and differences among cultures cannot be explained in terms of geography, nationality, or major religions. Underlying dimensions of the affective map perhaps relate to secularization and to a history of slavery/colonization. Meanwhile, sentiments about most concepts are remarkably similar across cultures, compared to the divergences of sentiments about different concepts. Thus, ubiquitous breakdowns in inter-cultural understandings must emerge from relatively small variations in feelings, or from issues where there are major differences in sentiments across cultures.
Social groups, social media, and civic participation of high school youth: concepts and methods for design implications

High school social groups (e.g., "jocks" and "nerds") and social media (e.g., instant messaging and social network sites) are prominent in the lives of high school students. Social groups affect what high school students find acceptable doing. However, little is known about how social groups affect students' shaping of civic and political selves, or whether social media bridge social relationships across distant high school social groups and engender positive spill-over effects for civic participation. This socio-technical mixed methods study is positioned at the intersection of high school social groups, uses of social media, and students' participation in extracurricular activities, with particular interest in civic participation. Design implications will be drawn from analysis of three data sets: a student questionnaire with sociometric questions, interviews, and observations of students' daily activities. Conceptual and methodological contributions to the HCI literature are discussed.
An Arabidopsis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Gene Family Encodes Essential Positive Regulators of Cytokinesis

The signal transduction pathways that control cytokinesis in plants are largely uncharacterized. Here, we provide genetic evidence that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) play a role in the control of plant cell division. Using a reverse-genetic approach, we isolated plants carrying knockout alleles of the Arabidopsis MAPKKK genes ANP1, ANP2, and ANP3. The resulting single-mutant plants displayed no obvious abnormal phenotypes; two of the three double-mutant combinations displayed defects in cell division and growth; and the triple-mutant combination was not transmitted through either male or female gametes. The molecular and structural phenotypes displayed by the double mutants support a model in which the ANP family of MAPKKKs positively regulates cell division and growth and may negatively regulate stress responses.
Recognizing Scientists and Technologists

![Figure][1] CREDIT: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS On 17 November 2010, President Obama presented the National Medals of Science and the National Medals of Technology and Innovation. These medals are the highest honor that the nation can bestow in science and technology, yet they are rarely mentioned by
HIV-1 gp120Bal down-Regulates Phosphorylated NMDA Receptor Subunit 1 in Cortical Neurons via Activation of Glutamate and Chemokine Receptors

HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 (gp120) is a major virulence protein implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Although gp120 has been suggested to cause synaptic and neuronal injuries by disrupting NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that gp120Bal down-regulates the phosphorylation of the NMDAR subunit1 NR1 (at Ser896 and Ser897), which is essential for NMDAR function. This effect of gp120Bal is blocked by specific antagonists of both NMDA and AMPA receptors, indicating a critical role of synaptic activation. Furthermore, AMD3100 and maraviroc, antagonists of CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokine receptors, respectively, inhibit the effect of gp120Bal on NR1, suggesting that CXCR4 and CCR5 activation are involved. These findings may provide mechanistic insights into the synaptopathogenesis caused by HIV-1 infection.
Stop Making Court a First Stop for Many Low Income Parents

In the wake of the unrest over police misconduct in cities across the country, calls for reform have focused on the criminal justice system — making police, prosecutors, and criminal courts more accountable and just. While much work needs to be done in that arena, too little attention has focused on the ways in which low income families are hurt in civil courts. Many more men, women and children from low income communities of color pass through the doors of our family courts every day than those who interact with the criminal justice system. Some come to court as a last resort for financial or other relief; others are compelled to be there. But the experience is almost always one in which poor families, particularly fathers, are undermined by a system that is supposed to be about strengthening families and protecting children.
Dysregulation of cytochrome P450c17α as the cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) appears to be due to a previously unrecognized type of steroidogenic abnormality, one in which hyperandrogenism arises from a regulatory abnormality (dysregulation) rather than from enzyme deficiency. It appears that PCOS typically arises from masculinized regulation of the androgen-forming enzyme (cytochrome P450c17 α ) within ovarian thecal cells. This may arise by either excessive stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH) or by escape from desensitization to LH. We review evidence which is compatible with the concept that the latter situation may result from an intrinsic intraovarian flaw in the paracrine feedback mechanism by which thecal androgen biosynthesis is inhibited and that coexistent adrenal 17-ketosteroid hyper-responsiveness to corticotropin (ACTH) may be due to a similar type of dysregulation of adrenocortical P450c17 α .
SKA: static kernel analysis using LLVM IR

We propose to fundamentally change the way in which application developers write and optimize their codes by introducing a new stage to the development process that provides feedback both on the transformations performed by the compiler and expected execution for a given architecture through the simulated execution of compiler-optimized assembly output. Additionally, we propose to provide HPC system designers and architects with a tool that will give them a new predictive capability for evaluating and selecting architectures for future procurements. The Static Kernel Analyzer (SKA) provides both of these functionalities by simulating LLVM IR (low-level virtual machine intermediate representation) on a virtual architecture specification and generating architecture specific code-metrics and pipeline information. In this work, we add register allocation support to SKA in order to improve its fidelity. Our results show that the addition of register management can realize a 5-10 % improvement in SKA's fidelity across four different architectures on a compute intensive workload.
Genetic characteristics of coxsackievirus A16 associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Nanjing, China.

Introduction: Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is a main pathogen in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) worldwide. This study intended to clarify the genetic characteristics of CVA16 associated with HFMD in a defined area in Nanjing, China. Methodology: A total of 175 CVA16 strains isolated from throat swabs between 2011 and 2013 were obtained through sentinel hospitals in Nanjing. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the VP1 sequence of local CVA16 strains, and their genetic relationship with 138 CVA16 strains isolated in China and other countries of the world was compared. Results: Phylogenetic analysis based on complete VP1 sequences revealed that subgenotype B1a and B1b were predominantly circulating in Nanjing and B1b strains were spread more widely. The evolution of CVA16 strains is very conservative, with a mean distance of less than 9%. Moreover, six reported conservative regions in VP1 protein were examined, and three of them exhibited high conservation in all CVA16 genotypes except the G-10 prototype and may serve for further vaccine research. Conclusions: The CVA16 strains circulating in Nanjing, China, in 2011 to 2013 belonged to different genotypes and evolved in a conservative way. To provide further evidence for epidemiological linkage and evolutionary recombination events in CVA16, persistent surveillance of HFMD-associated pathogens is required.
The role of NF-κB in the pathogenesis of glioma

Activation of NF-κB affects multiple aspects of cancer biology including cell survival and resistance to treatment. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the brain in adults and is resistant to treatment. Recent studies have reported that NF-κB activation in GBM is widespread and have elucidated the underlying regulatory mechanisms. EGFR gene amplification and mutation are among the key genetic alterations in GBM, and aberrant EGFR signaling is a key activator of NF-κB in GBM. In this review we discuss the evidence for activation of NF-κB in GBM and the key signaling pathways involved. Substantial evidence suggests a role for NF-κB in the pathogenesis of GBM and its resistance to treatment, indicating that NF-κB pathways may be useful targets for treatment.
Effect of vocal fold medialization on dysphagia in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility

ObjectiveThe effect of vocal fold medialization (VFM) on vocal improvement in persons with unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI) is well established. The effect of VFM on the symptom of dysphagia is uncertain. The purpose of this study is to evaluate dysphagia symptoms in patients with UVFI pre- and post-VFM.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic tertiary care medical center.Subjects and MethodsThe charts of 44 persons with UVFI who underwent VFM between June 1, 2013, and December 31, 2014, were abstracted from a prospectively maintained database at the University of California, Davis, Voice and Swallowing Center. Patient demographics, indications, and type of surgical procedure were recorded. Self-reported swallowing impairment was assessed with the validated 10-item Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) before and after surgery. A paired samples t test was used to compare pre- and postmedialization EAT-10 scores.ResultsForty-four patients met criteria and underwent either vocal fold injec...
Gender differences in expectations and outcomes for total shoulder arthroplasty: a prospective cohort study.

Background Gender has an impact on the expectations and the outcomes of orthopedic procedures. The data examining the effect of gender on total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) are limited but suggest that women may have worse outcomes. We performed a prospective comparison between men and women with regard to expectations and midterm functional outcomes for TSA. Methods The study prospectively enrolled 63 patients receiving a TSA with a minimum of 3 years of follow-up. The cohort included 36 men and 27 women with a mean age of 60.8 years for men (range, 37-79 years) and 66.4 years ( P = .01) for women (range, 52-77 years.) Each patient was given a preoperative survey in which patients were asked to select 3 expectations they most hoped to gain from surgery. Functional outcomes were measured with American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey scores. Results There were differences in expectations between the genders. Men chose exercise or participation in sports (24/36) whereas women chose to maintain daily routine and chores (18/27) ( P Conclusion TSA results in excellent improvement of functional outcomes for both men and women without a significant difference at midterm follow-up. Men, on average, are younger and value participation in sports. Women hope to improve their ability to do their daily routine and chores. Both value sleeping through the night.
Identification of Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor Ligands Using FLIPR® Assays

1. Orphan GPCRs G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) make up the largest and most diverse family of transmembrane proteins and respond to a wide variety of stimuli including biogenic amines, peptides, bioactive lipids, hormones, and light (1,2). Agonist binding to these receptors activates intracellular signalling events mediated by G proteins, such as modulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels or Ca2+ mobilization. To date, there are approx 250 characterized nonsensory GPCRs and a further 140 genes predicted to be GPCRs for which the endogenous or natural ligand is unknown—the “orphan” GPCRs (oGPCRs) (3–5). Historically, GPCRs, especially those in the aminergic receptor subfamily, have proved amenable to the design of synthetic agonists and antagonists of their activity. Of the top-selling prescription drugs in 2002, more than 33% act through GPCRs and provide greater than $25 billion in worldwide pharmaceutical sales. Therefore, considerable effort has been made to identify cognate ligands for oGPCRs and functionally characterize these receptors in order to elucidate their physiological and therapeutic relevance.
Cover crop and tillage intensities alter ground-dwelling arthropod communities during the transition to organic production

We conducted a cropping systems experiment in central Pennsylvania, USA, to determine the effects of initial cover crop species and soil management on the abundance and composition of the ground-dwelling arthropod community. We hypothesized that we would detect legacy effects of the cover crops planted in year 1 of a 3-yr crop sequence on the arthropod community in the subsequent 2 yrs, and that these effects would be influenced by the intensity of tillage. We compared four systems in a factorial combination of perennial sod and legumes or annual cereal grain and legume as initial cover crops and moldboard or chisel plow tillage implemented in soybeans followed by maize in the subsequent 2 yrs. The entire experiment was initiated twice in adjacent locations, starting in 2003 (Start 1) and 2004 (Start 2). We quantified soil arthropod activity-density and community composition and identified all arthropods to order or family, and the ground and tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to species. In Start 1, but not Start 2, arthropod activity-density increased with each year following implementation of organic management. We observed few legacy effects of cover crop or tillage intensity on arthropod activity-density. The composition of the soil arthropod community was primarily defined by the initial cover crop in the first year, and by the interaction between cover crop and tillage intensity in the second and third year. A legacy effect associated with a yr-1 cover crop of cereal rye was observed for Scarabaeidae beetles and Formicidae (ants) in yr 2 and Carabidae beetles in yr 3 of Start 1, but not Start 2. Weed indicators contributed significantly to the variation in the soil arthropod community that was explained by the environment in yr 2 in Start 1, and in yr 3 in both Starts. Our observations support the concept that both immediate and legacy effects of management shape arthropod communities during the organic transition period, suggesting that transitioning systems could be managed in ways that conserve or enhance natural enemy populations.
Cracking in a Flame-Sprayed Epoxy

The objective of this work was to understand the cracking of aluminum flame spray on an epoxy thermoset. In the experiments presented here, epoxy cylinders were uniformly coated with flame spray. The cylinders were put into a state of tensile stress by taking them to elevated temperatures and similarly put into a state of compression by taking them down to cold temperatures. Surface cracks on the outside of the cylinders were photographed and compared. The cylinders were cross-sectioned at room temperature to study how the aluminum surface cracks propagate into the epoxy. It was shown that thicker aluminum generates observable surface cracks at a lower temperature than a thinner coating does. The surface cracks cannot be seen at room temperature. However, some of the coating cracks propagate into the substrate and can be seen at room temperature when the cylinder is cross-sectioned. The substrate cracks tend to be deeper with a larger coating thickness. Similarly, cracks are deeper when the substrate with a given thickness is taken to higher temperature. Supplementary examples that contain the addition of a hard inclusion (copper strip) between the aluminum and epoxy substrate at elevated temperatures were discussed, as well as delamination of the aluminum film at cold temperature.
Performance characteristics of retrograde single-balloon endoscopy: A single center experience.

Performance characteristics of retrograde single-balloon endoscopy: A single center experience
Fuzzy Sets Applied to Civil Engineering Systems

The inclusion of verbal uncertainty into a civil engineering decision system can be accomplished by the use of fuzzy set theory. The fuzzy set is defined, and then the specific operations of complement, union, intersect, relation and composition are constructed. With this mathematical background the organization of a fuzzy decision logic is demonstrated. Additionally, methodologies for determining fuzzy supports and the use of entropies to obtain combined random and fuzzy probabilities are examined.
The effects of dietary selenium on cadmium binding in rat kidney and liver.

In acute studies, approximately 70–90% of cytosolic cadmium in liver and kidney has been shown to be bound to metallothionein, a low-molecular weight protein. In this study, we report on the influence of dietary selenium on the distribution of cadmium in rat kidney and liver. Contrary to the findings of most acute studies, our results indicate that only a relatively small proportion of cadmium (approximately 14% in the kidney and 44% in the liver) is bound to metallothionein when cadmium is administered for 7 weeks in the diet and via osmotic minipumps to selenium-deficient rats. Feeding rats the same diet supplemented with 1.0 ppm selenium results in no detectable cadmium-metallothionein peak in the kidney, and only about 10% of the cytosolic cadmium elutes as cadmium bound to metallothionein in the liver. In animals fed the selenium-supplemented diet, the bulk of the cadmium is recovered in the low-molecular weight fraction. Dietary selenium did not significantly affect the distribution of zinc and copper in the kidney or liver.