cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Cosmic-Ray Simulations: Heliographic Latitude and Current-Sheet Tilt

We present the results from a study of the variations of the cosmic-ray intensity with time, heliographic latitude, and longitude, and for varying interplanetary conditions, using our three-dimensional, time-dependent computer code for cosmic-ray transport in the heliosphere. Our code also produces a solar-wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) configuration which is compared with observations. Because of the fully three-dimensional nature of the model calculations, we are able to model time variations which would be expected to be observed along Ulysses’s trajectory as it moves to high latitudes. In particular we can model the approximately 13-and 26-day solar-rotation induced variations in cosmic rays, solar wind and IMF, as a function of increasing heliographic latitude, as one moves poleward of the interplanetary current sheet. Our preliminary model results seem to be in general form quite similar to published data, but depend on the physical parameters used such as cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients, boundary conditions, and the nature of the solar wind and IMF and current sheet.
Heterogeneity resolution based on ontology in Web services composition

Heterogeneity issues in Web services composition are discussed and classified into heterogeneity between semantic equivalent Web services and heterogeneity between sequent Web services in a process flow, we induce these heterogeneity issues into six types of conflicts, namely semantic conflict, data type conflict, Structure conflict, parameter number conflict, data unit conflict and data precision conflict. Then, an ontology based conflict resolution is designed, including the definition of domain ontology knowledge for business specification, the definition of domain and industry terms ontology knowledge for describing the profile information of Web services and the definition of meta-ontology knowledge for transformation. Furthermore, the implementation issues are presented
Rights for All: A Response to Blau

Most of the world’s nations have revised their constitutions to protect the human rights of their citizens. Yet there has been no national discussion in this country to write human rights into our own constitution. Building on Blau’s (2015) call to action, this work explores ways in which sociologists can align the principles of our profession to the advancement of human society and the protection of human rights.
The Alien, the Citizen, and the Triumphant Capitalist

This paper examines notions of the “alien” and the “citizen” or the outsider and insider based on the Chinese Filipino experience as portrayed in Charlson Ong’s novel Banyaga: The Song of War (2006). Although the Chinese have lived in the Philippine archipelago since the twelfth century, they have always been considered banyaga (alien or foreigner) by Filipino “natives.” I argue that the marginalization of the Chinese has led them to specialization in trade and commerce, which in turn has steered them, paradoxically, towards exceptionalism. As such, I correlate Ong’s banyaga with Georg Simmel’s concept of the stranger and argue that “strangeness” positions the Chinese to become the “triumphant capitalist” and “flexible citizen” as personified by the Chinese tycoon in Banyaga. Historically, the Chinese in the Philippines have been situated in the margins of society. The socio-political alienation of the Chinese in Philippine society is not only due to their race and their legal designation as aliens during various colonial and postcolonial regimes, but also from their historic role as trader, middleman, mercantilist, and capitalist. The sojourning practices and transnational connections of the Chinese have also contributed to the native’s perception of the Chinese as alien and foreign. As such, this paper also investigates how transnationalism complicates issue of citizenship, nation-making, and national formation, and how these very same transnational linkages of the Chinese have poised them to become the flexible citizens of the twenty-first century. As a counterpoint to Banyaga, Ong’s earlier novel, The Embarrassment of Riches (2000), is also briefly examined in this paper. Embarrassment is a literary intervention that allows us to explore the multiple strands of national identity and the complex, even predatory, transnational processes that impact the nation-state due to increasing migration and global expansion of capitalism.
Replication of Mengovirus II. General Properties of the Viral-Induced Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase

Plagemann, Peter G. W. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio), and H. Earle Swim. Replication of mengovirus. II. General properties of the viral-induced ribonucleic acid polymerase. J. Bacteriol. 91:2327–2332. 1966.—Mengovirus induces the appearance of a ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activity in Novikoff hepatoma cells which is readily distinguished from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent RNA polymerase since it is not inhibited by actinomycin D or deoxyribonuclease, but is inhibited by ammonium sulfate, and is stable at −17 C. The incorporation of uridine into RNA by infected cells in the presence of actinomycin D does not reflect the viral polymerase activity as measured in cell-free preparations. The viral-induced RNA polymerase is produced in a biphasic fashion. Puromycin inhibits the production of viral polymerase, and in its presence the enzyme appears to be unstable between 4 and 6 hr. Puromycin also prevents the secondary rise in polymerase which begins at the end of replicative cycle. Under these conditions, however, the polymerase appears to be stable. The overall data indicated that some unspecified process is responsible for the apparent instability of viral-induced RNA polymerase between 4 and 6 hr and that it becomes inoperative toward the end of the replicative cycle.
Comparison of power and exponential field programming in field-flow fractionation.

Abstract Field programming in field-flow fractionation has the purpose of expanding the molecular weight or particle diameter range subject to a single analytical run. The two most used field programs are those in which the field strength decays with time according to an exponential function and a power function, respectively. The performance of these two programming functions ae compared by obtaining limiting equations showing how retention time tr, standard deviation in retention σt, and fractionating power Fd vary with particle diameter d. It is shown that uniform fractionating power (Fd independent of d) can be obtained with power programming but that in exponential programming Fd is always non-uniform, varying as d−1/2. In exponential programming a linear relationship arises between tr and log d. This particular relationship is impossible to realize in power programming but an alternative linear relationship can be obtained by plotting trversusd1/3. These results are made more concrete by plotting and comparing field strength, relative field strength, Fd and tr for specific programming cases.
The Ontology of Public Space : Grounding Governance in Social Reality

The “new governance” envisions a network of so-called actors—sometimes organizations, sometimes individuals—which collaborate with each other to accomplish policy goals. But the ontology of this model has been largely unexplored. When examined, its objectivist assumptions obscure network dynamics and render mysterious whatever collaboration manages to occur. These assumptions, it is argued, are not logically or empirically necessary. An alternative ontology, grounded in phenomenology, opens democratic vistas that comport as well or better with empirical reality and provide much stronger support for democratic governance.
Does a surgical antireflux procedure decrease the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus? A meta-analysis.

Does a surgical antireflux procedure decrease the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus? A meta-analysis
On the Thermal Shock Wave Induced by a Moving Heat Source

Analytical solutions for the temperature field around a moving heat source in a solid with finite speed of heat propagation are obtained via the method of Green's functions. When the speed of the moving heat source is equal to or faster than that of the thermal wave propagated in the solid, the thermal shock wave is shown to exist in the thermal field. The shock wave angle is obtained as sin{sup {minus}1} (1/M) for M {ge} 1. Orientation of crack initiation in the vicinity of the heat source is also estimated by considering the temperature gradient T,{sub {theta}} along the circumference of a continuum circle centered at the heat source. Such an orientation is established as a function of the thermal Mach number in the subsonic, transonic, and supersonic regimes, respectively.
Integral division points on curves

Let -analogue of this theorem, thereby establishing the 1-dimensional case of a general conjecture we pose on integral division points on semi-abelian varieties.
Evidence for spatially variable beam ion diffusion in TFTR

We present evidence that the fast-ion diffusion coefficient changes across the TFTR plasma column. Two MHD quiescent discharges are analysed: a high power D - T plasma heated with 21 MW of deuterium and tritium beams, and an ohmic plasma into which a 10 MW, 20 ms deuterium beam pulse was injected. The localized charge-exchange measurements in the ohmic plasma, and the neutron flux measurements in the D - T plasma are compared with predictions from the transport simulation code TRANSP. We have modified the code to allow modelling with arbitrary fast-ion diffusion profiles . Significant improvement in the agreement between measurement and simulation is obtained with a profile that has low values in the inner half of the plasma column and then rises rapidly towards the plasma periphery. This suggests a common underlying mechanism of enhanced beam ion transport in the two discharges, such as stochastic ripple diffusion.
Prospects for X-ray amplification with charge-displacement self-channeling

The authors develop an analytic theory of charge-displacement self-channeling, a mechanism that can dynamically trap a short intense pulse of light. Attention is focused on the case of most interest for X-ray amplification: the strongly saturated channel, for which all free electrons are expelled from the channel core and the channel walls are overdense. Some curious results are: (1) the intensity at the channel walls is independent of the total laser power, (2) the radius of the channel increases very slowly with laser power, asymptotically as the fourth root, and (3) the power in the channel wall is a constant. It is also found that the channel is an effective waveguide for all secondary radiation. Scaling studies show that there is a substantial advantage in using the highest-frequency driving laser available. The channel is ideal for generating coherent short-wavelength radiation, perhaps well into the X-ray range. >
Guest editorial on coastal adaptation

Coastal adaptation has become an increasingly important area of study as the significance of climate change rises and coastal hazards continue to damage coastal space and communities. Coastal adaptation solely for climate change is not possible given the financial, infrastructural, and political constraints. A more realistic approach is to use existing methods and strategies of coastal adaptation that inform and meet new challenges of climate-change-induced vulnerabilities. The IPCC has, since 1990, incorporated adaptation methods and strategies on coastal erosion and inundation in its assessments and has identified three generic adaptation options: retreat, accommodate, or protect. This special issue divides these options into engineering, vegetation, and policy solutions based on their respective disciplinary and science background. It draws from five papers presented at a symposium entitled “Coastal Adaptation,” held at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). This issue is timely since increased attention is now being paid to managing the risks of extreme events by combining traditional disaster management strategies with climate change adaptation. Indicative of this is the forthcoming IPCC Special Report on managing climate extremes. The objective of the special issue is to discuss the roles of these three major solutions and offer a preliminary assessment of tradeoffs and synergies. They are applied to a study of the economics of adaptation, with insurance policy operating as a major underlying factor in assessing and managing risk , and New York City serving as a case study for coastal adaptation planning with sea-level rise considerations. Coastal adaptation to hazards has been relatively well developed building on coastal engineering and management practices (Nicholls et al. 2007a, b). A historical
Task-dependent effects of interhemispheric inhibition on motor control.

Abstract Interhemispheric communication consists of a complex balance of facilitation and inhibition that is modulated in a task-dependent manner. However, it remains unclear how individual differences in interhemispheric interactions relate to motor performance. To assess interhemispheric inhibition, we utilized the ipsilateral silent period technique (iSP; evoked by suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation), which elicits inhibition of volitional motor activity. Participants performed three force production tasks: (1) unimanual (right hand) constant force, (2) bimanual constant force, (bimanual simultaneous) and (3) bimanual with right hand constant force and left hand sine wave tracking (bimanual independent). We found that individuals with greater IHI capacity demonstrated reduced mirror EMG activity in the left hand during unimanual right hand contraction. However, these same individuals demonstrated the poorest performance during the bimanual independent force production task. We suggest that a high capacity for IHI from one motor cortex to another can effectively prevent “motor overflow” during unimanual tasks, but it can also limit interhemispheric cooperation during independently controlled bimanual tasks.
Racial Threat Theory: Assessing the Evidence, Requesting Redesign

Racial threat theory was developed as a way to explain how population composition influences discriminatory social control practices and has become one of the most acknowledged frameworks for explaining racial disparity in criminal justice outcomes. This paper provides a thorough review of racial threat theory and empirical assessments of the theory and demonstrates that while scholars often cite inconsistent support for the theory, empirical discrepancies may be due to insufficient attention to the conceptual complexity of racial threat. I organize and present the following review around 4 forms of state-sanctioned control mechanisms: police expenditures, arrests, sentencing, and capital punishment. Arguing that the pervasiveness of racialization in state controls warrants continued inquiry, I provide suggestions for future scholarship that will help us develop enhanced understanding of how racial threat may be operating.
An analysis of vacancy patterns in the rental housing market

Abstract Empirical evidence and a theoretical model are presented showing that the amount of housing offered for rent by a landlord affects the vacancy rate of that housing. Vacancy rates, frequencies, and durations will not be uniform across a housing market, but rather will vary systematically with such characteristics as tenant mobility, size of housing unit, and number of units in the structure. These variations are shown to be consistent with the empirical evidence provided by the Bureau of the Census in its publication “Housing Vacancies.”
Patterns of macroinvertebrate colonization on fresh and senescent alder leaves in two Michigan streams

SUMMARY. 1 Communities of invertebrates colonizing senescent autumn and fresh summer alder leaves (Alnus rugosa) were compared. Leaf packs for each treatment were placed in two hardwater streams in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in late summer and early autumn. One stream has a cobble-bottom and the other a sand-bottom and both receive fresh leaf inputs by beaver fellings. 2 Fresh leaf packs remained intact after 26 days immersion, but thereafter were processed faster than were the autumn leaf packs in both streams. 3 In the cobble-bottom stream taxon richness (S), numbers of individuals and biomass were higher on fresh than on autumn leaves. 4 Fresh leaves in the sand-bottom stream supported a more diverse (H'), richer (S) and more equitably distributed (J') insect fauna than did the autumn leaves. 5 We discuss the simultaneous lack of fresh leaf loss and the presence of more complex insect communities on those leaves during the first 26 days of the study. Invertebrates in both mid-latitude heterotrophic streams and in tropical lowland wet forest streams may rely on fresh leaf inputs, which have received little attention.
Hemodynamic Studies during Angina Pectoris

Sixteen patients developed angina pectoris during cardiac catheterization. During an anginal attack, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure did not uniformly rise. When it did occur, it seemed to be more closely related to acute left ventricular hypertension. During a stress-induced anginal attack, the rise, if any, in systolic ejection rate of the left ventricle, was markedly decreased below that achieved in normal subjects or in subjects with coronary artery disease without angina. The impaired augmentation in systolic ejection rate was associated with subnormal increases in cardiac output as well as in stroke volume during the anginal state. Average heart rate and systolic ejection period were no different from the nonanginal patients. Myocardial excess lactate was found in the vast majority of cases during an anginal episode, and actual myocardial lactate production was seen in one half of the patients during angina. The abnormalities in left ventricular function may be related to abnormalities in oxygen supply to the myocardium.
Defining Optimal Research Study Design for Cardiovascular Imaging Using Computed Tomography Angiography as a Model

Patients, physicians, and payers are facing a significant increase in cardiovascular (CV) imaging use, resulting in skyrocketing societal costs, without clear improvement in patient outcomes. The need for studies evaluating the effects of CV imaging that assess appropriate end points is critical to address continued concerns over the lack of well-designed clinical studies. Thus, the investigators propose a framework, using computed tomographic angiography as a model, that should be considered in the optimal design of future imaging research and would potentially provide payers with data to make appropriate reimbursement decisions. The inclusion of risk stratification, randomization, multiple-site participation, and multigeography site enrollment are key elements in the construction of such studies. Meaningful end points with regard to operating characteristics, downstream testing, CV event rates, outcomes, and costs are essential to appropriately evaluate any new imaging technology. Only once better level evidence is formed to support CV imaging can the central issues of quality and appropriateness of CV imaging truly be evaluated. If the CV community does not embrace this type of scientific evaluation of CV imaging modalities and fails to adequately identify the value in these techniques, it may ultimately lose the ability to use them to provide optimal care to its patients.
Transitive Inference in Pigeons: Simplified Procedures and a Test of Value Transfer Theory

Minimal procedures for the demonstration of transitive inference (TI) in animals have involved the training of four simultaneous discriminations: for example, A+B−, B+C−, C+D−, and D+E−, followed by the demonstration of a preference for B over D on test trials. In Experiment 1, we found that TI in pigeons can be found with successive training involving A+B−, B+C−, A+C−, C+D−, D+E−, C+E−, and A+E−. In Experiment 2, we found that demonstration of TI did not require inclusion of experience with the nonadjacent stimulus pairs (A+C−, C+E−, A+E−). Experiment 3 provided a test of value transfer theory (VTT; Fersen, Wynne, Delius, & Staddon, 1991). When pigeons were trained with stimulus pairs that did not permit the transitive ordering of stimuli, but did permit the differential transfer of value (e.g., A+B−, C−E+, C+D−, & A+E−), preference for B over D was still found. Analyses of the relation between direct experiences with reinforced and nonreinforced responding and stimulus preferences on test trials failed to support a reinforcement-history account of TI.
Origins and Formation of Histone Methylation across the Human Cell Cycle

The connections between various nuclear processes and specific histone posttranslational modifications are dependent to a large extent on the acquisition of those modifications after histone synthesis. The reestablishment of histone posttranslational modifications after S phase is especially critical for H3K9 and H3K27 trimethylation, both of which are linked with epigenetic memory and must be stably transmitted from one cellular generation to the next. This report uses a proteomic strategy to interrogate how and when the cell coordinates the formation of histone posttranslational modifications during division. Paramount among the findings is that H3K9 and H3K27 trimethylation begins during S phase but is completed only during the subsequent G(1) phase via two distinct pathways from the unmodified and preexisting dimethylated states. In short, we have systematically characterized the temporal origins and methylation pathways for histone posttranslational modifications during the cell cycle.
Operative Condition–Dependent Response of Cardiac ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels Toward Sulfonylureas

Abstract —A defining property of ATP-sensitive K + (K ATP ) channels is inhibition by sulfonylurea drugs, yet the response of cardiac K ATP channels toward sulfonylureas during myocardial ischemia is not consistent. Altered channel sensitivity toward sulfonylureas has, in part, been ascribed to antagonism by cytosolic nucleotide diphosphates, although the mechanism of interaction remains unclear. Herein, in inside-out patches excised from cardiomyocytes, we observed a dual response of K ATP channels toward the sulfonylurea drug, glyburide, in the presence of cytosolic UDP. Specifically, glyburide failed to inhibit spontaneous K ATP channel activity in the presence of UDP but inhibited UDP-induced channel activity after rundown of spontaneous channel openings. Such behavior of K ATP channels cannot be explained by differences in the level of channel activity or by UDP-induced displacement of glyburide. Rather, the dual response toward the sulfonylurea could be attributed to a property of K ATP channels to switch between operative conditions (spontaneous versus UDP-induced) each associated with a distinct responsiveness toward ligands. Conversion of post-rundown K ATP channels to the spontaneously operative channel condition, by Mg-ATP, restored the ability of UDP to antagonize the inhibitory action of glyburide lost after rundown, suggesting that the response of the channel to glyburide is phosphorylation dependent. The existence of distinct operative conditions of cardiac K ATP channels could be the basis for the inconsistent response of the channel toward sulfonylurea drugs and should be considered when sulfonylureas are used to implicate the opening of K ATP channels in the myocardium.
Growth and development of tooth germ homotransplants in female guinea pig castrates.

IT HAS been observed (7) that during growth, differentiation and development of tooth germ transplants, associated cells of such explants undergo progressive specialization and functional activity so that following mineralization, calcined components of the teeth are ultimately formed. Continuation of these studies (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13) has led to transplanting the anlagen of teeth under various environmental conditions with the objective of altering their subsequent growth and development. This communication is concerned with the effect of ovariectomy on the growth and development of tooth germ homotransplants in guinea pigs. Gardner (15) reported that large amounts of estrogens resulted in stunting the body growth of mice. Beebe (3) and more recent investigators (4, 16, 20) have reported inconsistent findings with body weight and increase in size of various organs in studies with female castrates.
Thermal Waves Emanating From a Fast-Moving Heat Source With a Finite Dimension

The heat source is assumed to occupy a finite region to model real situations in local heating. Analytical solutions are obtained respectively for a heat source moving in the subsonic, transonic, and supersonic regimes. The Green's functions obtained previously from a point source are used to generate temperature distributions for all cases. The temperature jump across the shock surface is found to be weaker than the case with a point heat source, while the swinging phenomenon for the temperature variations with the thermal Mach number still exists
Communication Strategies Used by an Expert Nurse

Individualization of care, or tailoring of care, involves taking into account the client's individuality, and allowing that individuality to determine interpersonal approaches and health-illness management actions (Cox, 1982). Cox's definition of tailoring was empirically supported in a study of three naturally occurring clinical encounters (Brown, 1992). The present analysis was conducted using the research methods of discourse analysis to further understand how the expert nurse in Brown's study used speech actions to enact tailoring. The nurse provided clients with explicit opportunities to introduce their issues, elicited descriptions of their daily lives, expressed personal regard for them, yet also assessed their clinical states. This discourse profile is unlike others reported in the literature and may be considered exemplary.
Insulin degradation: radioimmunoassay for glutathione-insulin transhy drogenase and its application

A double-antibody radioimmunoassay for the insulin-degrading enzyme, glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (GIT), has been developed with the use of rabbit antiserum against human liver GIT and [125I]-GIT. The method can determine as little as 32 fmol of GIT, thus allowing measurements in needle tissue biopsy samples and in plasma, which have not been possible with previous enzymatic procedures. Relative competition in the radioimmunossay by unlabelled GITs purified from other sources are in agreement with homologies in GITs previously found using the enzymatic assay. No competition was observed with pork insulin, bovine ribonuclease, human albumin or human γ-globulin, indicating that the radioimmunoassay is highly specific for GIT. Similar competition curves were observed for native GIT; active, reduced GIT; or for the inactive, S-(ethylsuccinimido) derivative of GIT. The radioimmunoassay thus measures total (active + inactive) GIT and permits determinations in the presence of materials which react with the active site and render the enzymatic methods unusable. Radioimmunoassay of plasma and extracts of liver, muscle and adipose tissues from diabetic and non-diabetic subjects showed parallel competition curves with standard purified human GIT indicating that GITs of non-diabetic and diabetic persons are immunologically very similar or identical. Concentrations of GIT in plasma determined by radioimmunoassay were significantly higher in diabetic than those in non-diabetic subjects (1620±80 versus 1070±30 fmol/l, p<0.001). Tissue GIT levels found by the radioimmunoassay as well as by the enzyme assay, both in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects, were highest in the liver, intermediate in the adipose tissue und lowest in the muscle.
The motility of a human parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is regulated by a novel lysine methyltransferase.

Protozoa in the phylum Apicomplexa are a large group of obligate intracellular parasites. Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites, such as Plasmodium falciparum, cause diseases by reiterating their lytic cycle, comprising host cell invasion, parasite replication, and parasite egress. The successful completion of the lytic cycle requires that the parasite senses changes in its environment and switches between the non-motile (for intracellular replication) and motile (for invasion and egress) states appropriately. Although the signaling pathway that regulates the motile state switch is critical to the pathogenesis of the diseases caused by these parasites, it is not well understood. Here we report a previously unknown mechanism of regulating the motility activation in Toxoplasma, mediated by a protein lysine methyltransferase, AKMT (for Apical complex lysine (K) methyltransferase). AKMT depletion greatly inhibits activation of motility, compromises parasite invasion and egress, and thus severely impairs the lytic cycle. Interestingly, AKMT redistributes from the apical complex to the parasite body rapidly in the presence of egress-stimulating signals that increase [Ca2+] in the parasite cytoplasm, suggesting that AKMT regulation of parasite motility might be accomplished by the precise temporal control of its localization in response to environmental changes.
Job Search Methods: Consequences for Gender-Based Earnings Inequality

Abstract We extend research on both the job search and gender inequality by examining the effects of various types of job search methods on earnings. Specifically, data from a multistage, area-probability sample of adult residents in three large U.S. cities is used to test (1) whether the types of job search methods used (i.e., “formal” versus “informal“) account for any of the gender gap in earnings and (2) whether the earnings returns to different types of search methods vary by gender. The results indicate that, net of worker characteristics, job search methods account for little of the gender gap in earnings. Thus, the idea that formal search methods play a strong role in reducing this type of gender inequality is not well supported.
Structure and specificity of a class II MHC alloreactive gamma delta T cell receptor heterodimer

Two distinct CD3-associated T cell receptors (TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta) are expressed in a mutually exclusive fashion on separate subsets of T lymphocytes. While the specificity of the TCR alpha beta repertoire for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens is well established, the diversity of expressed gamma delta receptors and the ligands they recognize are less well understood. An alloreactive CD3+CD4-CD8- T cell line specific for murine class II MHC (Ia) antigens encoded in the I-E subregion of the H-2 gene complex was identified, and the primary structure of its gamma delta receptor heterodimer was characterized. In contrast to a TCR alpha beta-expressing alloreactive T cell line selected for similar specificity, the TCR gamma delta line displayed broad cross-reactivity for multiple distinct I-E-encoded allogeneic Ia molecules.
Unitary design of radar waveform diversity sets

In this work, multiple radar waveforms are simultaneously transmitted, emitted from different antennas. The goal is to process the returns in such a way that the overall ambiguity function is a sum of individual ambiguity functions, such that the sum better approximates the ideal thumbtack shape. A unitary design for the illustrative 4x4 example prescribes the scheduling of the waveforms over four transmit antennas over four PRIs. Further, it dictates how the matched filtering of the returns over four PRIs is combined in such a way so as to achieve both perfect separation (of the superimposed returns) AND perfect reconstruction. Perfect reconstruction implies that the sum of the time-autocorrelations associated with each of the four waveforms is a delta function. The net result of the processing of four PRIs over four virtual antennas yields 16 cross-correlations all of which ideally exhibit a sharp peak at the target delay. Conditions for both perfect separation and perfect reconstruction are developed, and a variety of waveform sets satisfying both are presented. Doppler compensation is achieved by a data-dependent weighting of the different PRI matched-filtered outputs prior to summing. Simulations are presented verifying the efficacy of the proposed unitary waveform matrix designs in conjunction with the proposed Doppler compensation technique.
Physiological adaptations of the invasive cordgrass Spartina anglica to reducing sediments: rhizome metabolic gas fluxes and enhanced O2 and H2S transport

Cordgrasses of the genus Spartina form dense monospecific stands worldwide, profoundly influencing the ecology of estuaries. One species, Spartina anglica, originated by allopolyploidy in the 1800s and has been particularly prolific as an invasive species worldwide. S. anglica tolerates low-lying estuarine mudflats that its progenitor species and other coastal halophytes cannot. However, very little is known of the physiology of S. anglica. In the present study, an automated flow-through respirometry system was used to quantify metabolic gas fluxes (O2, H2S, CO2, and NH3) of S. anglica rhizomes. Enhanced physiological mechanisms to transport O2 and H2S in both directions between the rhizosphere and the atmosphere were exhibited by S. anglica, but not by the native North American species S. alterniflora. These results suggest that tolerance of anoxia and H2S may assist S. anglica in colonizing extensively flooded environments. Enhanced sediment oxygenation by S. anglica may be potentially useful for phytoremediation of contaminated sediments, since microbial degradation of organic pollutants is often limited by O2 availability.
Winter-time convection in open-graded embankments

Abstract Winter-time natural convection in open-graded gravel embankments is studied using a numerical representation of the unsteady two-dimensional momentum and energy equations. The analysis examines the ability of these embankments to maintain the structural integrity of thaw-unstable permafrost that often underlies roadway or airport embankments in northern climates. As a result of low ambient temperatures acting on the embankment surface during winter months, an unstable density stratification develops in the embankment. Buoyancy-driven convection of the pore air occurs in reaction to the density gradient. The convection enhances the upward transport of heat out of the embankment during winter months, thus cooling the lower portions of the embankment and underlying foundation soil. During summer months the density stratification is stable and convection does not occur. Consequently, summer-time heat transfer is dominated by thermal conduction which transports heat less effectively. The results of the present study show that the winter-time convection can lower foundation soil temperatures beneath open-graded embankments by as much as 5°C on an annual average basis compared to stan0ard sand and gravel embankments. Time varying temperatures and pore air velocites are calculated for different embankmenkt permeabilities and the results are visualized in the form of isotherm and velocity vector plots for different times of the year.
Progress in CMOS active pixel image sensors

Recent research results regarding the investigation of CMOS active pixel image sensors (APS) are reported. An investigation of various designs for the pixel, including photogate devices of various geometries and photodiode devices, has been performed. Optoelectronic performance including intrapixel photoresponse maps taken using a focused laser scanning apparatus are presented. Several imaging arrays have also been investigated. A 128 X 128 image sensor has been fabricated and characterized. Both p-well and n-well implementations have been explored. The demonstrated arrays use 2 micrometers CMOS design rules and have a 40 X 40 micrometers pixel pitch. Typical design fill-factor is 26%. Output sensitivity is 3.7 (mu) V/e- for the p-well devices and 6.5 (mu) V/e- for the n-well devices. Read noise is less than 40 e- rms for the baseline designs. Dynamic range has been measured to be over 71 dB using a 5 V supply voltage. The arrays are random access with TTL control signals. Results regarding on-chip suppression of fixed pattern noise also are presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Eye movements during reading: a theory of saccade initiation times

Abstract As people read continuous text, on occasional single eye fixations the text was replaced by one of six alternate stimulus patterns. Frequency distributions of the durations of these fixations were used to test predictions from four types of theories of saccadic eye movement control. Contrary to current cognitive theories, cognitive influences appeared to delay saccades rather than trigger them. Two saccade disruption times were identified, suggesting the existence of three distributions of saccades, labeled early, normal and late. The Competition–inhibition theory, an enhanced version of Findlay and Walker's (1999) theory, is proposed to account for eye movement control during reading.
Management of Acanthamoeba Keratitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A recalcitrant corneal ulcer resulted in an extensive corneal opacity requiring penetrating keratoplasty. Histopathologic studies and subsequent cultures established the diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis. A second transplant was performed due to a culture-proven recurrence of the keratitis in both the recipient and the graft, with progressive thinning. This has remained clear for six months on systemic ketoconazole and topical miconazole drops. This case demonstrates the difficulty in initial diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis and the apparent successful medical control of the infection despite transplantation into an infected recipient bed.
MRNA DISTRIBUTION WITHIN DENDRITES : RELATIONSHIP TO AFFERENT INNERVATION

The majority of neuronal mRNAs are confined to cell bodies, but a few mRNAs are present at high levels in dendrites. Here we report an initial analysis of the relationship between afferent innervation and the distribution of mRNA within dendritic fields. In situ hybridization techniques were used to compare the subcellular distribution of dendritic mRNAs in principal neurons of the hippocampal formation in vivo. The mRNA encoding the alpha subunit of calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CAMII kinase) was present at high levels throughout the layers that contain the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells and dentate granule cells. In contrast, the mRNA encoding the high molecular weight microtubule-associated protein MAP2 had a more limited distribution. In the dentate gyrus, labeling for MAP2 was present in a discrete band in the lamina containing proximal dendrites and decreased to low levels in laminae containing distal dendrites. This laminar pattern resembles the distinct terminations of the commissural/associational projection (high MAP2 labeling) and the entorhinal projection (lower MAP2 labeling) upon dendrites of granule cells. To determine if the differential distribution of dendritic mRNAs was regulated by either the presence or activity of afferents, we evaluated mRNA distribution in the dentate molecular layer following (1) removal of the entorhinal input by lesions of the entorhinal cortex or (2) prolonged delivery of potentiating stimulation to entorhinal afferents. Denervation led to modest decreases in the levels of mRNAs for both CAMII and MAP2 but did not lead to detectable alterations in mRNA distribution. Also, prolonged stimulation did not lead to detectable alterations in MAP2 or CAMII mRNA distribution although such stimulation clearly elevated the expression of mRNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
Novel algorithm for real-time adaptive signal detection and identification

This paper describes a novel digital signal processing algorithm for adaptively detecting and identifying signals buried in noise. The algorithm continually computes and updates the long-term statistics and spectral characteristics of the background noise. Using this noise model, a set of adaptive thresholds and matched digital filters are implemented to enhance and detect signals that are buried in the noise. The algorithm furthermore automatically suppresses coherent noise sources and adapts to time-varying signal conditions. Signal detection is performed in both the time-domain and the frequency-domain, thereby permitting the detection of both broad-band transients and narrow-band signals. The detection algorithm also provides for the computation of important signal features such as amplitude, timing, and phase information. Signal identification is achieved through a combination of frequency-domain template matching and spectral peak picking. The algorithm described herein is well suited for real-time implementation on digital signal processing hardware. This paper presents the theory of the adaptive algorithm, provides an algorithmic block diagram, and demonstrate its implementation and performance with real-world data. The computational efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated through benchmarks on specific DSP hardware. The applications for this algorithm, which range from vibration analysis to real-time image processing, are also discussed.
A closed loop precision DAC

It is a striking fact that high accuracy industrial DACs lag behind ADCs, in terms of resolution, monotonicity, offset and other measures of 'dc' precision. Some of the reasons for the better dc performance of ADCs are that the dynamic or clocked nature of ADCs make it easier to apply techniques such as correlated double sampling. Also, the use of capacitors, which seems to be almost universal in modern, on chip, industrial ADCs, means that the DAC within the ADC has good matching stability over time and temperature. However, since capacitors droop over time, they are rarely used in 'set and forget' industrial DACs. Current source or resistor based DACs don't appear to achieve the same matching stability. This paper presents a simple closed loop DAC consisting of a relatively coarse DAC and a very high accuracy ADC within a simple PI loop.
Meeting the Needs of a Child with Mild Learning Problems

The diagnostic-prescriptive teacher program is an organizational model designed to provide help within the regular classroom for children with mild learning problems. The key to the program is the diagnostic-prescriptive teacher, a school-based specialist who combines diagnostic and consultative work in assisting the regular classroom teacher. The article outlines the rationale and distinctive characteristics of the program and describes in detail the procedures used. The program is compared with other models currently used to provide services to children with mild learning difficulties.
Taking Covered Wagons East: A New Innovation Theory for Energy and Other Established Technology Sectors

always-beckoning frontier was the crucible shaping American society. He retold an old story, arguing that it defined our cultural landscape: when American settlers faced frustration and felt opportunities were limited, they could climb into covered wagons, push on over the next mountain chain, and open a new frontier. Even after the frontier officially closed in 1890, the nation retained more physical and social mobility than other societies. While historians debate the importance of Turner’s thesis, they still respect it. The American bent for technological advance shows a similar pattern. Typically, we find new technologies and turn them into innovations that open up new unoccupied territories—we take “covered wagon” technologies into new technology frontiers. Information technology is an example. Before computing arrived, there was nothing comparable: there were no mainframes, desktops, or Internet before we embarked on this innovation wave. IT landed in a relatively open technological frontier. This has been an important capability for the U.S. growth economics has made it clear that technological and related innovation is the predominant factor driving of growth. The ability to land in new technological open fields has enabled the U.S. economy to dominate every major Kondratiev wave of worldwide innovation
Fcγ Receptor Signaling in Phagocytes

Fcγ receptors are among the best-studied phagocytic receptors. The key features of Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis include phagocytic cup formation by extensive actin cytoskeletal rearrangements, particle engulfment, and the release of proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines and reactive oxygen species. These events are elegantly regulated by the simultaneous engagement of activating and inhibitory Fcγ receptors and by intracellular signaling molecules. Extensive studies in the past several years have defined the molecular mechanisms of the phagocytic process. The purpose of this review is to revisit some of the well-established signaling pathways as well as to summarize the new findings in this field.
Molecular motors: a finicky myosin V chooses its own path.

Summary Cytoskeletal trafficking systems are becoming more complex at every turn. A new study reports that a yeast myosin V walks on only a select few actin filaments — those that are decorated with tropomyosin.
Method of controlling chaos in laser equations.

A method of controlling chaotic to laminar flows in the Lorenz equations using fixed points dictated by minimizing the Lyapunov functional was proposed by Singer, Wang, and Bau [Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1123 (1991)]. Using different fixed points, we find that the solutions in a chaotic regime can also be periodic. Since the laser equations are isomorphic to the Lorenz equations we use this method to control chaos when the laser is operated over the pump threshold. Furthermore, by solving the laser equations with an occasional proportional feedback mechanism, we recover the essential laser controlling features experimentally discovered by Roy, Murphy, Jr., Maier, Gills, and Hunt [Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1259 (1992)].
Forecasting first births.

This study is concerned with one aspect of the family cycle namely the transition from young married to young married with small children. The focus is on developing models to forecast entries into this latter stage for the purpose of marketing research. "Using ordinary least squares forecasting models were estimated for (1) total number of first births (2) number of white first births and (3) number of nonwhite first births." Models are estimated for both the United States and California using data from official sources. (EXCERPT)
Research efficiency: Turn the scientific method on ourselves

How can we know whether funding models for research work? By relentlessly testing them using randomized controlled trials, says Pierre Azoulay.
Could the Work System Method Embrace Systems Concepts More Fully

The work system method was developed iteratively with the overarching goal of helping business professionals understand IT-reliant systems in organizations. It uses general systems concepts selectively, and sometimes implicitly. For example, a work system has a boundary, but its inputs are treated implicitly rather than explicitly. This article asks whether the further development of the work system method might benefit from integrating general systems concepts more completely. After summarizing aspects of the work system method, it dissects some of the underlying ideas and questions how thoroughly even basic systems concepts are applied. It also asks whether and how additional systems concepts might be incorporated beneficially. The inquiry about how to use additional system ideas is of potential interest to people who study systems in general and information systems in particular because it deals with bridging the gap between highly abstract concepts and practical applications.