cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissimilar Joining of ZEK100 and AA6022 for Automotive Application

Mg-Al joining is problematic due to dissimilar high-temperature flow characteristics that often result in defects and brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC) at the interface. Process development on lap joining of 1.27 mm 6022 (top sheet) and 1.5 mm ZEK100 (bottom sheet) intended for an automotive door application is presented. Process development was conducted in linear welding using power control (modulating torque and spindle speed) with multiple tool designs and welding parameters. Process variables were correlated to micro- and macro-structure and mechanical properties. A 2D computational model was created to understand the failure mechanism and contribution of mechanical interlocking towards joint strength. Joint efficiency of 48% (compared to base 6022 Al) at a welding speed of 0.625 m/min has been demonstrated thus far. For a thin (<2 mm) automotive sheet with a softer material as a bottom sheet, adequate control of process variables is critical to maintain weld stability and avoid excessive IMC layer at the interface. A combination of mechanical anchoring and metallurgical reaction is likely responsible for bonding.
PLGA Nanoparticle-Based Formulations to Cross the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery: From R&D to cGMP

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural obstacle for drug delivery into the human brain, hindering treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as acute ischemic stroke, brain tumors, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a biocompatible polymer that is used in Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmaceutical products and medical devices. PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to improve drug penetration across the BBB both in vitro and in vivo. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and poloxamer (Pluronic) are widely used as excipients to further improve the stability and effectiveness of PLGA formulations. Peptides and other linkers can be attached on the surface of PLGA to provide targeting delivery. With the newly published guidance from the FDA and the progress of current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) technologies, manufacturing PLGA NP-based drug products can be achieved with higher efficiency, larger quantity, and better quality. The translation from bench to bed is feasible with proper research, concurrent development, quality control, and regulatory assurance.
Racial and ethnic disparities in bronchiolitis management in freestanding children's hospitals.

OBJECTIVE Variation in bronchiolitis management by race and ethnicity within emergency departments (EDs) has been described in single-center and prospective studies, but large-scale assessments across EDs and inpatient settings are lacking. Our objective is to describe the association between race and ethnicity and bronchiolitis management across 37 U.S. freestanding children's hospitals from 2015 to 2018. METHODS Using the Pediatric Health Information System, we analyzed ED and inpatient visits from November 2015 to November 2018 of children with bronchiolitis 3 to 24 months old. Rates of use for specific diagnostic tests and therapeutic measures were compared across the following race/ethnicity categories: 1) non-Hispanic White (NHW), 2) non-Hispanic Black (NHB), 3) Hispanic, and 4) other. The subanalyses of ED patients only and children < 1 year old were performed. Mixed-effect logistic regression was performed to compare the adjusted odds of receiving specific test/treatment using NHW children as the reference group. RESULTS A total of 134,487 patients met inclusion criteria (59% male, 28% NHB, 26% Hispanic). Adjusted analysis showed that NHB children had higher odds of receiving medication associated with asthma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22 to 1.32) and lower odds of receiving diagnostic tests (blood cultures, complete blood counts, viral testing, chest x-rays; OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.81) and antibiotics (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.64) than NHW children. Hispanic children had lower odds of receiving diagnostic testing (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90 to 0.98), asthma-associated medication (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.96), and antibiotics (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.82) compared to NHW children. CONCLUSION NHB children more often receive corticosteroid and bronchodilator therapies; NHW children more often receive antibiotics and chest radiography. Given that current guidelines generally recommend supportive care with limited diagnostic testing and medical intervention, these findings among NHB and NHW children represent differing patterns of overtreatment. The underlying causes of these patterns require further investigation.
A conserved female-specific larval requirement for MtnB function facilitates sex separation in multiple species of disease vector mosquitoes.

BACKGROUND Clusters of sex-specific loci are predicted to shape the boundaries of the M/m sex-determination locus of the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti, but the identities of these genes are not known. Identification and characterization of these loci could promote a better understanding of mosquito sex chromosome evolution and lead to the elucidation of new strategies for male mosquito sex separation, a requirement for several emerging mosquito population control strategies that are dependent on the mass rearing and release of male mosquitoes. This investigation revealed that the methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase (MtnB) gene, which resides adjacent to the M/m locus and encodes an evolutionarily conserved component of the methionine salvage pathway, is required for survival of female larvae. RESULTS Larval consumption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) strains engineered to express interfering RNA corresponding to MtnB resulted in target gene silencing and significant female death, yet had no impact on A. aegypti male survival or fitness. Integration of the yeast larvicides into mass culturing protocols permitted scaled production of fit adult male mosquitoes. Moreover, silencing MtnB orthologs in Aedes albopictus, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex quinquefasciatus revealed a conserved female-specific larval requirement for MtnB among different species of mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS The results of this investigation, which may have important implications for the study of mosquito sex chromosome evolution, indicate that silencing MtnB can facilitate sex separation in multiple species of disease vector insects.
A transformational analysis of the EBL utility problem

Efficiency is a major concern for all problem solving systems. One way of achieving efficiency is the application of learning techniques to speed up problem solving. Accordingly, there has been considerable amount of research on applying explanation-based learning (EBL)(Mitchell, Keller, & Kedar-Cabelli 1986) techniques to problem solving. However, EBL is known to suffer from the utility problem, where the cost of using the learned knowledge overwhelms its benefit. We show that how the cost increase of a learned rule in an EBL system can be analyzed by characterizing the learning process as a sequence of transformations from a problem solving episode to a learned rule. The analysis of how the cost changes through the transformations can be a useful tool for revealing the sources of cost increase in the learning system. We focus on the Soar problem solving system which uses a variant of EBL called chunking(Rosenbloom et al. 1991). The chunking process has been decomposed into a sequence of transformations from the problem solving to a chunk (learned rule). By analyzing these transformations, we have identified a set of sources which can make the output chunk expensive. The set of sources and the proposed solutions are :
Correlations among the responses of suspensions of Dictyostelium discoideum to pulses of 3',5-cyclic AMP. Transient turbidity decrease, the cyclic AMP signal, and variation in adenine mononucleotide levels.

Abstract Aggregation-competent myxamoebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostellium discoideum are known to exhibit two responses to extracellular pulses of 3′5′-cyclic AMP: an immediate chemotactic movement; and a delayed generation of intracellular cyclic AMP which is subsequently released into the medium. The mechanism of the latter, the so-called signalling response, may depend on alterations in intracellular metabolite levels and is the subject of this communication. Myxamoebae of the wild-type strain NC-4 of D. discoideum were suspended in an aerated, stirred 17 mM potassium phosphate buffer. pH 6.0, at a concentration of approx. 6 · 10 −7 cells/ml (8%, v/v) at 25°C and were pulsed with 1. 10 −8 —1 · 10 −7 M cyclic AMP at 10–20-min intervals for periods of 3–5 h over incubation of 4–9 h. Suspensions were monitored continuously for transient turbidity decreases following the cyclic AMP pulses as an indication of the magnitude and duration of the cellular response to cyclic AMP. When the pattern of turbidity decrease indicated that a signalling response had developed, samples were withdrawn at 10–15-s intervals from the suspension, inactivated with perchloric acid, and analyzed for cyclic AMP, ATP, ADP, AMP, pyruvate, and glucose 6-phosphate. In separate experiments, steady-state oxygen tension was monitored along with turbidity to detect possible changes in respiratory rate. The following consistent patterns were observed after the added cyclic AMP pulse: a transient increase in the ADP level which reaches maximum between 0.7 and 1.7 min; transient decreases in ATP and pyruvate which concide with and approximately equal the magnitude of the increase in ADP; a later increase in glucose 6-phosphate which reaches maximum approx. 2 min after the ADP
Testbed for Adaptive Numerical Simulations in Heterogeneous Environments

Simulation can reduce the development time of complex applications in science and engineering. We designed HeRMeS, a tool offering dynamic load balancing support which allows to perform numerical simulations on a heterogeneous collection of distributed memory machines. This can serve as a testbed for testing new dynamic data redistribution methods in heterogeneous environments as well as a platform for testing adaptive numerical solvers with built-in heterogeneous dynamic load balancing support.
On Possible Coexistence of Superconductivity and Charge Density Wave in Hole Doped C$_{60}$

We study metallic behavior and superconductivity in C$_{60}$ materials in terms of a tight binding model characterized by an intramolecular, nonretarded attraction. It was shown previously that, at intermediate coupling, the model possesees a state in which s-wave superconductivity coexists with a charge density wave, the latter stabilized by intersite repulsion. The CDW causes $T_c$ to decrease near half filling. We examine the conditions under which such a state may exist in C$_{60}$. The key issue is the role of metallic screening which is treated in a parameter-free fashion. We show that screening is strong enough to stabilize a conventional (i.e., without a CDW) state in electron-doped C$_{60}$ and A$_3$C$_{60}$. But in hole-doped C$_{60}$, for which $T_c$ peaks away from half filling, a CDW-superconductor can not be ruled out. We discuss some normal state anomalies for such a state.
Lack of association of plasma factor XI with incident stroke and coronary heart disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

Abstract Background and aims An elevated plasma concentration of intrinsic coagulation factor XI is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism, but its role in the etiology of atherothrombotic outcomes is uncertain. We examined the association of factor XI with incident stroke and coronary heart disease in the prospective Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Methods We measured factor XI on plasma samples collected in 1993–1995 from middle-aged adults ( n = 11,439), who were followed through 2012 for incident cardiovascular events. Results Over a median of 18 years of follow-up (max = 20 years), 722 participants had incident stroke events (631 ischemic and 91 hemorrhagic) and 1776 had incident coronary events. Although there were weak positive associations between factor XI and total, ischemic, cardioembolic, and nonlacunar stroke, when adjusted for demographics, further adjustment for other stroke risk factors eliminated the associations. Similarly, there was no independent association of factor XI with incident coronary heart disease events. Conclusion A higher basal factor XI concentration in the general population was not a risk marker for stroke or coronary heart disease.
PHOTODYNAMIC INACTIVATION OF R3230AC MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN VITRO WITH HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE: EFFECTS OF DOSE, TIME, and SERUM ON UPTAKE and PHOTOTOXICITY

Primary cultures of the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma were used for pharmacokinetic studies of hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), a preparation containing several porphyrin species and useful as a photoactivatable anti-tumor agent. Uptake of HPD in vitro was shown to be time-, dose- and temperature-dependent with an apparent plateau reached at 2 - 4 h. An increase in the amount of serum in the medium progressively reduced the amount of HPD taken up by the cells; at a level of 10% serum, uptake of HPD was reduced by >95%. The time-course of efflux of HPD from these cells demonstrated a complex pattern, with an initial rapid component followed by a more gradual rate of efflux up to 4 h. Assessment of photoradiation-induced cytotoxicity was performed by a method developed to quantitatively measure trypan blue exclusion. Relative cytotoxicity was determined by use of heat-killed cells as a standard. At two different concentrations of HPD, cytotoxicity was dependent on light exposure time. The presence of serum, which reduced uptake of HPD was correctable to reduced cytotoxicity. Based on the amount of light exposure to produce 50% cell kill, an order of potency was obtained for HPD > hematoporphyrin > hydroxyethylvinyldeuteroporphyrin in vitro. This order of potency correlated with the relative proportion of hydrophobic components as estimated by HPLC analysis. The results indicate that HPD is an effective cytotoxic agent in vitro in a well-differentiated mammary adenocarcinoma model.
Nuclear morphometric analysis of metastasis in Wilms' tumor after multimodal therapy: Comparison with primary tumor

Objectives. The outlook for children with Wilms' tumor has improved with the use of multimodal therapy, and survival rates now exceed 85%. Yet, 15% of children with tumors with favorable histologic findings continue to recur unpredictably. We previously reported that nuclear morphometry (the distribution of nuclear roundness factor [NRF], lowest values for ellipticity, and age) when combined in a multivariate analysis accurately predicted response to therapy for patients with histologically favorable Wilms' tumors.
Comparisons of immunisation accessibility between non-US born and US-born children in New York City

Abstract Background : New York City (NYC) has the second highest immigrant population in the USA; with many migrants from countries outside the USA being inadequately immunised. To assess the immunisation status of this population, the NYC Department of Health's Family Health Services Division designed and implemented a study in order to examine how accessible the immunisation service was to immigrant families who wished to have their children immunised. Methodology : A one time cross-sectional design was used in this study and data was collected, by means of a survey, in the NYC Department of Health's Immunisation Clinics. These were the major walk-in and free of charge immunisation facilities for children in NYC. Descriptive and Chi square statistics were used to analyse the data from this survey. Results : Of 270 children surveyed, 211 (78%) were born outside the US; of these, 116 (55%) reported that apart from the NYC Department of Health's Immunisation Clinics they had no other access to immunisation services. There was a significant difference in the accessibility to immunisation services between non-US-born and US-born children. The factors that influenced the accessibility by non-US-born children compared with US-born children included health insurance, family income, primary language and years of residence in the US. How they came to hear about immunisation services and general knowledge regarding immunisation were not significantly different between these two groups and these were not significant factors which affected accessibility to immunisation services among children. Conclusion : Major steps have been taken in NYC to help increase access to immunisation services by using free public health immunisation programs. Such programs should be expanded to target non-US-born children and their parents. Such educational and outreach programs need to be culturally sensitive.
Predictions of Adsorption Enthalpy on Graphitic Surfaces Using Statistical Thermodynamics

A method is proposed to estimate the enthalpy associated with the desorption of liquid molecules away from a solid surface as a function of temperature using a generic statistical thermodynamic formulation with known intermolecular potentials. This paper specifically focuses on coupling the well-known Redlich-Kwong fluid model with the interactive pair potential models between fluid molecules and a graphite surface. An example is applied where an approximate Lennard-Jones 6–12 intermolecular model dictates fluid-fluid molecule interaction, while the Steele potential is applied for the graphite-fluid interaction. Predictions suggest that the adsorption enthalpy of methanol on graphite is approximately 0.1 J/m2. A new metric is also established that suggests the qualitative magnitude of adsorption enthalpy for a variety of fluids, with alcohols and acetone appearing to be the most favorable.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Design, Development, Test, and Evaluation of Atmosphere Revitalization and Environmental Monitoring Systems for Long Duration Missions

The Advanced Exploration Systems Program's Atmosphere Resource Recovery and Environmental Monitoring (ARREM) project is working to mature optimum atmosphere revitalization and environmental monitoring system architectures. It is the project's objective to enable exploration beyond Lower Earth Orbit (LEO) and improve affordability by focusing on three primary goals: 1) achieving high reliability, 2) reducing dependence on a ground-based logistics resupply model, and 3) maximizing commonality between atmosphere revitalization subsystem components and those needed to support other exploration elements. The ARREM project's strengths include using existing developmental hardware and testing facilities, when possible, and and a well-coordinated effort among the NASA field centers that contributed to past ARS and EMS technology development projects.
Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: the “virtuous circle” revisited

We examine the causal relation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance. Consistent with past studies, we find that the two variables appear to be related when we use traditional statistical techniques. However, using a time series fixed effects approach, we find that the relation between CSR and financial performance is much weaker than previously thought. We also find little evidence of causality between financial performance and narrower measures of social performance that focus on stakeholder management. Our results suggest that strong stock market performance leads to greater firm investment in aspects of CSR devoted to employee relations, but that CSR activities do not affect financial performance. We conclude that CSR is driven more by unobservable firm characteristics than by financial performance.
Refining BRCA1 and BRCA2 penetrance estimates in the clinic

Genetic testing for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 can provide important information to women and help guide clinical management decisions regarding interventions such as oophorectomy to reduce cancer risk. However, variability exists in risks of breast and ovarian cancer in individual BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, with potential contributing factors including genotype-phenotype correlations, modifier genes, environmental and reproductive exposures, and the impact of interventions. Ultimately, the clinical goal is to provide individualized assessment of breast and ovarian cancer risk to BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers accounting for these variables to aid decision-making. This article discusses factors affecting the penetrance of cancer risks in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
Chromosome Togetherness at the Onset of ESC Differentiation

Pairing of homologous alleles is a phenomenon generally associated with imprinted and mono-allelically expressed loci. In this issue, Hogan et al. (2015) examine the earliest steps between pluripotency and lineage commitment in ESCs and find a critical role for transient pairing of Oct4 alleles in exiting the pluripotent state.
Green׳s function method for piezoelectric energy harvesting beams

Abstract The development of validated mathematical models for piezoelectric harvesters is important as it provides predictive capabilities of their performance and insight to their coupled electromechanical behavior. Advanced solutions to these models allows for more realistic parameters to be considered. In this paper, we present a Fourier Transform–Green׳s Function (FTGF) solution approach to the distributed parameter coupled electromechanical equations for a piezoelectric beam excited by an arbitrary external transverse force. This method, as opposed to modal analysis, allows for frequency-dependent material properties and damping coefficients to be considered. The special case of a harmonic base excitation is considered and closed-form expressions for the frequency response functions of the voltage generated by piezoelectric layer, relative tip displacement and local bending strain are obtained. Finally, the FTGF solution to these frequency response functions is compared with the modal analysis solution along with experimental data for validation.
A Monte Carlo Simulation on the Effects of Chain End Modification on Freely Standing Thin Films of Amorphous Polyethylene Melts

The effects of chain end modification on freely standing amorphous polyethylene thin films with a thickness 2Rg to 4Rg (radius of gyration) are studied by a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation on a high coordination lattice. The rotational isomeric state (RIS) model is incorporated into the simulation as short-range interactions, and a Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential is used to calculate the long-range interactions. The modification of the chain ends is introduced by changing the well-depth (e) of the LJ potential as compared to the middle beads. Chain ends with eend ≤ emiddle show segregation near the free surface, but chain ends with eend ≫ emiddle prefer to remain in the bulklike region. Both entropy and enthalpy are major factors in the determination of the distribution of the chain ends. The effects of the free surface can extend farther than Rg into the interior of the thin film. However, for the case of relatively attractive chain end (eend slightly larger than emiddle), a fairly large length of isotropic reg...
Repertoires of collaborative practice

This symposium presents results from a coordinated suite of studies on collaborative practices, and the theoretical framework we have developed to account for what is learned from collaborative episodes. We use the phrase 'Repertoires of Collaborative Practice' to describe the individual, interpersonal, contextual and community practices that can influence collaboration. We hypothesize that repertoires of collaborative practice are developmental in nature, and that collaborators may become adept at selecting which elements from their repertoires should be implemented in specific situations. The theoretical description is accompanied by four papers applying this framework to examine the collaborative practices in different collaborative settings - online gamers, adolescent musicians, middleschool technology projects, and a comparative study of Quakers and product designers.
Detection of Domestic Human Trafficking Indicators and Movement Trends Using Content Available on Open Internet Sources

This study applies network analysis to domestic human trafficking activity in online environments to identify trafficking circuits. Numerous websites host online classifieds, discussion forums, review sites, and social media related to sex trafficking. Trafficked persons are systematically moved to various locations throughout the U.S. based on demand, and traffickers use online classified sites to advertise their victims. The goals of this study were to identify indicators of sex trafficking in online advertisements posted on open Internet sources and to derive movement patterns. Online classified ads for adult services in Hawai'i were collected over a six-week time frame and assessed for indicators of human trafficking. Data captured in the analysis was used to detect movement trends of potential trafficked persons and mapped to visualize domestic circuits. A key element in observing movement was the advertised phone number, as it is linked to the individual through online advertisements and customer reviews.
Growth of interfacial cracks in a TBC/superalloy system due to oxide volume induced internal pressure and thermal loading

Abstract Residual stresses develop in thermal barrier coating during cool down from processing temperature due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the different layers e.g., substrate, bond coat, thermally grown oxide, and TBC. These residual stresses can initiate microcracks at the bond coat/TGO/TBC interfaces and can lead to debonding at the bond coat/TGO/TBC interfaces. Crack like flaws at the interface can be responsible for initiating debonding and accelerating the oxidation process. Effect of oxidation growth between bond coat and ceramic layer (TBC) can be modeled as volume increase. In this part of the investigation, we represent this change in volume as an induced pressure across the crack faces. The energy release rate G, for both Mode I and Mode II cases were evaluated using the virtual crack extension method. The specimen was cooled down from processing temperature of 1025–25°C. The variation of the properties as a function of temperature were used for analysis. A four layer model which includes the TGO layer was analyzed using the finite element method, two cases were considered. Case one is a specimen with a crack at middle of the oxide layer (TGO) while case 2 is a specimen with an interface crack between bond coat and TGO layers. Also, for both cases, a sensitivity study for the effect of variation of materials properties (±25%) was undertaken using the finite element method.
Regulatory region of the vitellogenin receptor gene sufficient for high-level, germ line cell-specific ovarian expression in transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) is responsible for the receptor-mediated endocytosis of vitellogenin (Vg) in the egg formation of an oviparous animal, including insects. Little is known about regulation of VgR gene expression. We analyzed the upstream region of the VgR gene from Aedes aegypti (AaVgR) to identify regulatory elements responsible for its expression in germ cell-specific ovarian expression. Experiments with genetic transformation using the transgene containing the 1.5-Kb upstream portion of the AaVgR gene fused with DsRed and the piggyBac vector showed that this regulatory region is sufficient for correct female and ovary-specific expression of the transgene. This 1.5-Kb upstream region contained binding sites for the ecdysone regulatory hierarchy early gene products E74 and BR-C, as well as transcription factors determining correct tissue- and stage-specific expression of GATA and HNF3/fkh. In situ hybridization demonstrated that in the ovaries of transgenic females DsRed mRNA was present in ovarian germ cells and nurse cells of mature ovarian follicles, together with VgR mRNA. In contrast, DsRed mRNA was absent in the oocyte that had a high level of endogenous VgR mRNA. Although the 1.5-Kb upstream region was sufficient to drive a high-level germ line cell-specific expression of the reporter, additional signals were required for translocation of exogenous mRNA from nurse cells into the oocyte.
Paleogene metamorphism of an accretionary flysch terrane, eastern Gulf of Alaska

Reconnaissance field studies have identified a regional metamorphic complex, at least 200 km long and 25 to 50 km wide, in the eastern Chugach Mountains, southern Alaska. The metamorphic complex was developed within the Cretaceous Valdez Group, a flysch sequence that was accreted to the continental margin during the Late Cretaceous or early Tertiary. The metamorphic complex shows the progressive development from subgreenschist and green-schist facies slate, phyllite, and semischist that is regionally characteristic of the Valdez Group, to biotite-plagioclase-quartz schist (± muscovite, cordierite, andalusite, staurolite, garnet, and sillimanite) in an intermediate zone, and amphibolite facies muscovite-biotite-plagioclase-quartz schist and gneiss (± sillimanite and garnet) in a higher-grade central zone. K-feldspar is characteristically absent in the amphibolite facies schists, but it is present in migmatitic rocks that are common to the central zone. The mineral assemblages and petrographic relations indicate that metamorphism took place under low-pressure intermediate-facies series conditions; partial melting took place at the highest grade of metamorphism. Melting produced granodioritic magmas in migma-titic rocks of the central zone that were emplaced as discrete plutons in both the intermediate zone and peripheral rocks of the complex. The timing of metamorphism as indicated by field relations and K-Ar data is about 50 to 65 m.y. ago and overlaps or is coeval with the emplacement, throughout the Gulf of Alaska region, of early Tertiary plutons that are thought to be anatectic in origin. The distribution of these plutons suggests that a high-temperature low-pressure metamorphic belt, about 1,800 km long, developed along the leading edge of the continental margin in late Paleocene to early Eocene time.
Only Mine or All Ours: Do Stronger Entitlements Affect Altruistic Choices in the Household

Summary We introduce a novel allocation game to investigate the role of entitlements in household decision-making. Subjects can allocate their earnings on joint consumption good, or on gender-specific private consumption good. Subjects’ consumption choices are observed under two treatments: earning with effort, and earning without effort. Women’s choices for the joint consumption good in the household remain largely independent of the treatment. In contrast, men exhibit a stronger preference for private consumption good in the effort treatment. Additionally, using a survey we find that the observed choices in the experiment are consistent with existing social norms in our subject population.
Opioid actions on single nucleus raphe magnus neurons from rat and guinea‐pig in vitro.

1. Intracellular recordings were made from neurons of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) from rat (n = 128) and guinea-pig (n = 115). Two types of cells were found in each, primary (103 in rat, 27 in guinea-pig) and secondary cells (25 in rat, 88 in guinea-pig). 2. Primary cells had input resistances of 186 +/- 9 M omega (n = 9) in rat and 255 +/- 50 M omega (n = 11) in guinea-pig. The action potential in each was about 1.5 ms in duration. Synaptic potentials were evoked by focal electrical stimulation and consisted of both gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and excitatory amino acid components. 3. Morphine, [Met5]enkephalin (ME) and [D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) depressed the amplitude of the GABA-mediated synaptic potential by a maximum of 50-65% and had little effect on the excitatory amino acid-mediated synaptic potential. There was no effect of these opioids on the resting membrane potential or input resistance of primary cells in rat or guinea-pig. 4. Secondary cells had short duration action potentials (less than 1 ms) and an input resistance of 354 +/- 47 M omega in rat (n = 6) and 290 +/- 40 M omega in guinea-pig (n = 15). The synaptic potential observed in the cells of this group was mediated by activation of only excitatory amino acid receptors. 5. ME hyperpolarized and/or abolished the spontaneous firing in sixteen out of twenty-four neurons in the secondary group from rat and eight out of eighty-four neurons from guinea-pig. ME induced an outward current at -60 mV that reversed polarity at potentials more negative than -92 +/- 3 mV in rat (n = 6) and -98 +/- 2 mV in guinea-pig (n = 18). The reversal potential of the opioid current was shifted to less negative potentials when the external potassium concentration was increased, as predicted by the Nernst equation. 6. The morphology of the two types of cells were distinguishable in that primary cells were oval (29 x 18 microns in rat; 36 x 19 microns in guinea-pig) with two to four thick tapering dendrites that branched within 50 microns of the cell body. Secondary cells were generally round or oval (about 24 x 13 microns in rat; 27 x 17 microns in guinea-pig) with two to five thin non-tapering dendrites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Test-retest reliability of low-level evoked distortion product otoacoustic emissions.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine test–retest reliability of low-level evoked distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) as a function of L1, L2 level; f2 frequency; and test ...
Cleansing Les Halles: Discourses of Health and Disease in Zola's Le Ventre de Paris

(2004). Cleansing Les Halles: Discourses of Health and Disease in Zola's Le Ventre de Paris. Romance Quarterly: Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 226-240.
The new German cinema: Problems of historiography

Thomas Elsaesser, New German Cinema. A History. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989. 430 pp., over 200 ills. $14.95 paper. Eric Rentschler (ed.), West German Filmmakers on Film: Visio...
The effect of refrigeration of bone marrow and peripheral blood on cytogenetic analysis

Bone marrow samples from patients with various hematologic disorders were stored at 4° C for up to 5 d before the establishment of a 24-h culture. We tested various factors, including storage time, colony stimulating factor, and methotrexate in an effort to improve metaphase and chromosome quality. Cytogenetic findings for various hematologic diseases were compared in a total of 201 cultures. Cold storage for up to 3 d did not seem to adversely affect the number of mitoses or the quality of chromosome banding when cells were cultured in a system that used both colony stimulating factor and methotrexate. In samples studies in parallel, clonal abnormalities were noted as frequently in cells stored in the cold as in those processed directly.
Rotenone produces opposite effects upon mouse striatal dopamine function as a result of environmental temperature

Rotenone is a commonly used pesticide that can function as an environmental neurotoxin. Rotenone is a known mitochondrial complex I inhibitor which can lead to oxidative stress and results in dopaminergic cell death. Another environmental factor known to exacerbate oxidative stress and result in striatal dopaminergic cell death is elevated environmental temperature. In this study we evaluated the effects of a single injection of various doses of rotenone (0.65, 1.3 and 2.6 mg/kg) on striatal dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations in CD-1 mice and compared this with a single injection of two doses of methamphetamine (MA — 10 or 20 mg/kg), a known striatal DA depleting agent, as administered to mice maintained at 21°C (Experiment 1). These results were then compared to striatal DA and DOPAC concentrations of mice treated with rotenone (1.3 or 2.6 mg/kg) or MA (10 or 20 mg/kg) administered to mice maintained at 28°C (Experiment 2). A single injection of rotenone to mice maintained at 21°C resulted in a significant increase in DA and decrease in DOPAC concentrations for all doses tested compared to controls, whereas a single injection of MA at the same temperature resulted in a significant decrease in DA and no change in DOPAC concentrations. At a temperature of 28°C, a single injection of rotenone resulted in a significant decrease in both DA and DOPAC concentrations similar to that seen with the MA-treated mice. Collectively, these results indicate that rotenone interacts with environmental temperature to produce opposite effects upon striatal DA concentrations — significantly increasing striatal DA when administered at 21°C and significantly decreasing striatal DA when administered at 28°C, while producing similar decreases in striatal DOPAC under both temperatures.
Identification and Characterization of the Thrombin Binding Sites on Fibrin

Thrombin binds to fibrin at two classes of non-substrate sites, one of high affinity and the other of low affinity. We investigated the location of these thrombin binding sites by assessing the binding of thrombin to fibrin lacking or containing γ′ chains, which are fibrinogen γ chain variants that contain a highly anionic carboxyl-terminal sequence. We found the high affinity thrombin binding site to be located exclusively in D domains on γ′ chains (Ka, 4.9 × 106−1; n, 1.05 per γ′ chain), whereas the low affinity thrombin binding site was in the fibrin E domain (Ka, 0.29 × 106−1; n, 1.69 per molecule). The amino-terminal β15-42 fibrin sequence is an important constituent of low affinity binding, since thrombin binding at this site is greatly diminished in fibrin molecules lacking this sequence. The tyrosine-sulfated, thrombin exosite-binding hirudin peptide, S-Hir53-64 (hirugen), inhibited both low and high affinity thrombin binding to fibrin (IC50 1.4 and 3.0 μ, respectively). The presence of the high affinity γ′ chain site on fibrinogen molecules did not inhibit fibrinogen conversion to fibrin as assessed by thrombin time measurements, and thrombin exosite binding to fibrin at either site did not inhibit its catalytic activity toward a small thrombin substrate, S-2238. We infer from these findings that there are two low affinity non-substrate thrombin binding sites, one in each half of the dimeric fibrin E domain, and that they may represent a residual aspect of thrombin binding and cleavage of its substrate fibrinogen. The high affinity thrombin binding site on γ′ chains is a constitutive feature of fibrin as well as fibrinogen.
Application of the collision-complex model to the photophysical processes of singlet oxygen in liquids

Abstract In this paper we propose a collision-complex model for the quenching of singlet oxygen by solvents. Using this model, it is possible to explain the diffusion-controlled quenching rate constants observed for quenchers such as carotenes and the group additivity rules observed for quenchers such as ordinary organic molecules by Hurst, Schuster and Rodgers. We also present a theoretical treatment of the spectral shift of singlet oxygen in various solvents. It is applied to interpret the experimental data reported by Bromberg and Foote. It is shown that the agreement between experiment and theory is reasonable. The emission intensity and radiative rate constant of singlet oxygen in liquids are discussed from the viewpoint of the collision-complex model. Both of these properties are shown to be enhanced by solvents and the addition of other quenchers. We also report the experimental data of the quenching of singlet oxygen by 4-amino-TEMPO in methylene chloride solution. The data are analyzed by the collision-complex model. We show that, from the analysis of the experimental decay curves, both relative radiative and non-radiative rate constants can be determined.
Multi-physics analysis of a supercritical water reactor with improved MCNP modeling

Abstract Supercritical water reactors (SCWR) are proposed Generation IV light water reactors where supercritical water acts as the working fluid. Due to the large density gradients in the coolant, evaluation of reactor designs requires a detailed multi-physics analysis. In this work, MCNP is coupled to a single channel analysis tool to analyze a fuel assembly design whose neutronics performance has been experimentally validated. Accurate modeling of the reactor physics in a SCWR requires a detailed temperature treatment, including the effects of Doppler broadening (TMP cards in MCNP), thermal scattering (MT cards), and fully temperature-dependent cross-section sets for fuel and coolant (using the MAKXSF code). There is a $2 difference in keff between this highest-fidelity approach and a conventional treatment that addresses only Doppler broadening. An analysis is performed to determine the size of the temperature intervals for custom-developed cross-section sets, which indicated the necessity of 50 K bins in the fuel and 10 K bins in the coolant.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates protein kinase C but not adenylate cyclase in mouse epidermal keratinocytes

Intact human parathyroid hormone, hPTH [1-84], and the hPTH [1-34] fragment stimulated membrane-associated protein kinase C (PKC) activity in immortalized (but still differentiation-competent) murine BALB/MK-2 skin keratinocytes. Unexpectedly, the hormone and its fragment did not stimulate adenylate cyclase. The failure of PTH to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity was not due to the lack of a functioning receptor-cyclase coupling mechanism because the cells were stimulated to synthesize cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) by the beta-adrenergic drug isoproterenol. Thus, skin keratinocytes seem to have an unconventional PTH receptor that is coupled to a PKC-activating mechanism but not to adenylate cyclase. These observations suggest that normal and neoplastic skin keratinocytes respond to the PTH-related peptide that they make and secrete.
Naltrexone and dysphoria: A double-blind placebo controlled trial

Naltrexone hydrochloride reportedly produces frequent dysphoria. This has led to speculation regarding the role of endorphins in the etiology of depression. Thirty-six subjects completed an 8-week trial of naltrexone or placebo with frequent mood assessments. No significant differences on POMS scales were noted for either subject group. One subject was discontinued from the study because of a severe dysphoric reaction. Naltrexone does not appear to significantly alter mood over a 2-month time course in nonaddicted, healthy individuals. Subpopulations of patients under physiological or psychological stress may react to naltrexone with dysphoric symptoms.
AGU Ocean Research Position Statement Revised

During a series of meetings in June, following months of work by a panel of experts that included input from AGU membership, the AGU Council and Board Executive Committee adopted a revised ocean research position statement.
On the Varying Meaning of “Open and Affirming”

Some religious denominations offer programs where member congregations can signal their acceptance of all gender identities and sexual orientations. The United Church of Christ (UCC) created one of the earliest of such programs in the mid-1980s by which congregations can adopt an “Open and Affirming” identity. However, there has been little research examining this program and how it has evolved over time. Research suggests that organizational innovations like the Open and Affirming program often become institutionalized over time, leading to changes in how the program is expressed or conducted. We examine Open and Affirming (ONA) congregations in the UCC to see if the manner in which they express their ONA identity depends on when they adopted the identity. We find that early adopters of such programs are more likely than later adopters to focus on sexual orientation. While this could be seen as a troubling pattern, we argue that it could represent greater awareness of the Open and Affirming program's mea...
Who were the Soviet peoples?: A guide to materials on the non‐Russian Nationalities of the former USSR

Until very recently an immense USSR comprised fifteen republics. Now the three Baltic states are free of Moscow's direction, and an independent Ukraine has joined Belarus and the former Russian Soviet Federated Republic (RSFSR) as the hub in a commonwealth of former republics that have declared themselves independent or “sovereign,” but federated through agreements based on economics or defense considerations. Whether one concentrates on the story of Baltic freedom following the abortive 1991 coup, the subsequent dissolution of central governmental power, or the lasting enmities among some of the peoples in Central Asia and the Caucasus, the pivot around which this new interest or heightened curiosity turns is the recent great change within the late Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Higher order boundary value problems with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions

Abstract We study the following nonlinear boundary value problem with nonhomogeneous multi-point boundary condition u ( 2 n ) = g ( t ) f ( t , u ) , t ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , { u ( 2 i ) ( 0 ) − ∑ j = 1 m a j u ( 2 i ) ( t j ) = ( − 1 ) i λ 2 i , u ( 2 i ) ( 1 ) − ∑ j = 1 m b j u ( 2 i ) ( t j ) = ( − 1 ) i λ 2 i + 1 , i = 0 , … , n − 1 . Sufficient conditions are obtained for the problem to have at least one positive solution and to have no solution, respectively. Moreover, under certain conditions, we prove that there exists a bounded and continuous surface Γ separating R + 2 n ∖ { 0 , … , 0 } into two disjoint subsets Λ E and Λ N with Γ ⊆ Λ E such that the problem has at least two positive solutions for each ( λ 0 , … , λ 2 n − 1 ) ∈ Λ E ∖ Γ , one positive solution for each ( λ 0 , … , λ 2 n − 1 ) ∈ Γ , and no positive solution for any ( λ 0 , … , λ 2 n − 1 ) ∈ Λ N .
Correlation of interface chemistry to electrical properties of metal contacts on diamond

Abstract Three different metals (Au, Al and Ti) were deposited on polycrystalline diamond films. The effects of post-deposition annealing and pre-deposition Ar + sputtering were examined. Au and Al did not chemically interact with diamond and formed rectifying contacts on the as-grown surface. The non-reactive interface is an important factor in forming rectifying contacts on diamond. On the contrary, Ti formed a carbide at the interface upon annealing. The resulting contact showed ohmic characteristics. Au was non-reactive even on an Ar + -sputtered diamond surface, while Ti and Al formed carbides on this surface upon annealing at temperatures as low as 430°C. Ti and Al on the sputtered surface resulted in ohmic contacts. Based on these observations, a model of the metal-diamond interface band structure is presented. Combining experimental results with bulk thermodynamic data of carbides has allowed an understanding of the interface chemistry between diamond and various metals.
Distribution of particulate trace metal in Patos Lagoon estuary (Brazil)

Abstract An attempt to assess natural vs. unnatural contributions to particulate metal concentrations in the estuarine region of Pato Lagoon was made. Particulate samples were collected under seasonal extremes of river discharge and should therefore reflect a wide range of conditions which potentially influence particulate metal levels. High excess metal fluxes observed for copper and lead reflect either inputs related to a unique industrial activity occurring in the watershed of Patos Lagoon.