cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Hysteria to Hormones and Back Again: Centuries of Outrageous Remarks About Female Biology

In this persuasion brief I suggest how rhetorical-historical insights into the scientific and medical discourses of female hormones are relevant to current organizational and institutional diversity initiatives, especially those that aim to increase the number of women in leadership positions. Many of the examples I cite in the essay make specific reference to hormones, and as I argue, hormones often serve an enthymematic function in these expert arguments, both past and present. More specifically, I argue, discourses about hormones allow people who do not possess any scientific expertise to make authoritative-sounding claims that resonate with popular beliefs about women’s bodies and brains. Uncovering these historical tendencies in scientific and medical discourse offers new perspectives on the obstacles that women face in today’s workplaces. In this persuasion brief I aim to discuss these perspectives in ways that make the findings of rhetorical-historical research relevant to the many different stakeholders, leaders, and policymakers who are currently working to help women rise to leadership positions in many different fields.
Cold Rush: The Astonishing True Story of the New Quest for the Polar North, by Martin Breum. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 2018. 242 pp. $34.95 (soft cover). ISBN: 978-0-7735-5363-7.

The knowledge and even the experience of many readers of Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research will be centered on the natural history of Greenland, and especially on various aspects of the Greenl...
Spinal Tumors: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

As a noninvasive method of investigation, i.e., without intrathecal enhancement, computed tomography (CT) has proved disappointing in spinal tumors. Exceptions are advanced extradural malignancies and calcified, lipomatous or unusually vascular intradural masses (SARTOR 1980). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), on the other hand, despite its only recent addition to the radiologic armamentarium, has already demonstrated great diagnostic potential in such lesions (MODIC et al. 1983; MODIC et al. 1984; NORMAN et al. 1984; SARTOR et al. 1985). The following report is an account of our own experience with this new method at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology.
Problem Set 5.2 – Cardiac Work

Publisher Summary This chapter presents various problem sets related to cardiac work, which include the amount of blood volume and plasma volume when a person has a mass of 50 kg and 7.5% of her body weight is blood, and the density of her blood is 1.053 g m−1, and her hematocrit is 40%; and the electrical axis of the heart when at the top of the R wave, lead I reads 0.55 mV and lead III reads 0.70 mV.
El cristianismo y la guerra de los humanismos en los Estados Unidos

In this work I seek to point out an ethical question about the conflict between two humanisms of different kind, in the United States but also in other parts of the world. One of those humanisms is wining the fight. The core question is about the liberty. I will focus on the metaethical aspect of the problem, analyzing the imposition of general ethical norms from the wining humanism, such as permissiveness of abortion or euthanasia, regardless of the conscientious objections from those who think different. One way to solve this problem is the ignorance veil, that is to say, to discuss the metaethical questions without adopting any previous position.
Book Review: Understanding Families over Time: Research and Policy

This book comprises a series of essays reviewing family relationships in the UK. The focus is on how parents, grandparents, and children connect. The essays address the ways in which external factors, such as economics and politics, affect these relationships. The essays specifically feature the ways in which women and men are particularly affected by being parents or grandparents. The editors and key authors suggest that family ties do not suggest a generational divide. Rather, they suggest that people do as much as possible to help each other through challenges. The essays are geared towards larger social understandings and towards the formulation of social policy. Lastly, they are useful for cross-cultural comparison.
The Year in Perioperative Echocardiography: Selected Highlights from 2017.

Abstract This article is the second of an annual series reviewing the research highlights of the year pertaining to the subspecialty of perioperative echocardiography for the Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. The authors thank the editor-in-chief, Dr. Kaplan, and the editorial board for the opportunity to start this series. In most cases, these will be research articles that are targeted at the perioperative echocardiography diagnosis and treatment of patients after cardiothoracic surgery; however, in some cases, these articles will target the use of perioperative echocardiography in general.
The Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry of Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides

α-Emitting radionuclides have radiobiological properties that make them particularly attractive for the therapy of a number of difficult-to-treat diseases—such as cancers that are blood-borne or disseminated throughout the body—as well as residual cancer remaining after surgery. While there are many α-emitting radionuclides in nature, only ten have been identified as potentially useful for medical applications. And unfortunately, most of the members of this useful subset are difficult to obtain or are very expensive to produce. Despite these limitations, however, the enticing prospect of using these radionuclides to address medically unmet needs has prompted efforts to attach them to disease-targeting vectors and test their therapeutic efficacy in animal models of disease. Both metallic and non-metallic α-emitting radionuclides have been explored for targeted therapy, and as such, a variety of approaches to incorporating these radionuclides into targeting vectors have been developed, including direct covalent modification and the use of bifunctional chelators. While a fair number of bifunctional chelators have been developed, only a handful—e.g. CHX-A″-DTPA, DOTA, and HOPO—can be used for both α-emitters and radionuclides with imaging properties. In contrast, one of the α-emitting radionuclides that is not readily chelated, 211At, can be attached to disease-targeting agents through efficient electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions using trialkylstannyl intermediates or direct labeling on aromatic boron cage moieties. Radiopharmaceuticals containing α-emitting radionuclides are undergoing preclinical investigations for treatment of a number of cancers as well as the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial and viral infections. Furthermore, an α-emitting radiopharmaceutical—223RaCl2 (Xofigo™; Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Whippany NJ, USA)—is an FDA-approved product, and several other radiopharmaceuticals containing α-emitting radionuclides have progressed to clinical trials.
Editorial: Bullying and Suicide Risk: Restructuring Prevention, Identification, and Treatment to Address a Global Mental Health Crisis.

Bullying is a global phenomenon with significant mental health consequences. Although bullying prevention programs have garnered attention over the last several years, the results of these programs have been mixed, at best. As Koyanagi et al.1 highlight in this issue of the Journal, the consequences of bullying can be dire, particularly when they occur during a critical developmental period. Using the Global School-based Student Health Survey, this article reports on a sample of more than 130,000 youths aged 12 to 15 years sampled in a structured manner across 48 countries with a range of geographic representation and some socioeconomic diversity. The results of this study find that across 47 of 48 countries, children and adolescents have an average 3-fold greater risk of suicide attempt when faced with bullying. In addition, there was a dose-dependent impact of the number of days bullied to odds of suicide attempt. In recent years, rates of suicide have been steadily increasing around the globe, with suicide being the second leading cause of death among 15- to-29-year-olds in 2016.2 Koyanagi et al.'s timely article not only illustrates that suicide is a growing global health problem but also emphasizes the need to re-evaluate our existing strategies using a multisystemic approach to screening, prevention, and treating bullied youths.
A Comprehensive Study of Ultrasound Transducer Characteristics in Microscopic Ultrasound Neuromodulation

In order to improve the spatial resolution of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS), we have recently proposed microscopic ultrasound stimulation (μUS). In μUS, either an electronically phased array of ultrasound transducers or several millimeter-sized focused transducers are placed on the brain surface or sub-millimeter-sized transducers are implanted inside the brain tissue to steer and deliver a focused ultrasound pressure directly to the neural target. A key element in both tFUS and μUS is the ultrasound transducer that converts electrical power to acoustic pressure. The literature lacks a comprehensive study (in a quantitative manner) of the transducer characteristics, such as dimension, focusing, acoustic matching, backing material, and sonication frequency ( fp ), in the μUS. This paper studies the impact of these design parameters on the acoustic beam profile of millimeter-sized transducers with the emphasis on the stimulation spatial resolution and energy efficiency, which is defined as the μUS figure-of-merit (FoM). For this purpose, disc-shaped focused and unfocused piezoelectric (PZT-5A) transducers with different dimension (diameter, thickness), backing material (PCB, air) and acoustic matching in the frequency range of 2.2–9.56 MHz were fabricated. Our experimental studies with both water and sheep brain phantom medium demonstrate that acoustically matched focused transducers with high quality factor are desirable for μUS, as they provide fine spatial resolution and high acoustic intensities with low input electrical power levels (i.e., high FoM).
Elementary examples of solutions to Bochner’s problem for matrix differential operators

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate an elementary method for constructing new solutions to Bochner’s problem for matrix differential operators from known solutions. We then describe a large family of solutions to Bochner’s problem, obtained from classical solutions, which include several examples known from the literature. By virtue of the method of construction, we show how one may explicitly identify a generating function for the associated sequence of monic w -orthogonal matrix polynomials { p ( x , n ) } , as well as the associated algebra D ( w ) of all matrix differential operators for which the { p ( x , n ) } are eigenfunctions.
Peptide Nanotube Encapsulated Enzyme Biosensor for Vapor Phase Detection of Malathion, an Organophosphorus Compound.

This study explores the use of a butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)-based, reversible reaction biosensor using screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) having a smaller working surface area than the single-use electrodes previously studied. Previous research demonstrated the prospective application of a single-use biosensor fabricated with an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme encapsulated in peptide nanotubes (PNTs) and enhanced with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to detect organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) in aqueous and gas phases. In the current study, potential improvements to the biosensor are investigated. BChE-based biosensors were fabricated using PNTs, HRP, and Nafion in combination to increase the reactive surface area, enhance sensitivity, and maintain enzyme stability. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used along with the new modified sensor to measure malathion concentration in the gas phase. The results show that a BChE-based biosensor could reliably measure gas phase malathion concentrations between 6–25 ppbv by CV with the extent of inhibition linearly proportional to the malathion concentration (R2 = 0.941). This research demonstrated that fabricated BChE-based biosensors could be stored without cold storage requirement for up to six weeks with minimal performance degradation. Moreover, the sensor electrodes were each reused several times, and were still useable at the conclusion of the research. This research demonstrates the potential of fabricating a reusable, inexpensive biosensor that is capable of OPC detection with high sensitivity and a low detection limit without a long-term cold storage requirement.
Aryan Feminity: Identity in the Third Reich

This chapter argues that women married to the primary architects of the Final Solution exhibited archetypes of mob mentality within their respective marital frameworks. Marriage elevated their status, and occasionally, the wives were able to create an agency of power for themselves. A study of the top, privileged Nazi wives shows women’s roles within Adolf Hitler’s innermost circle. From one of the first fervent devotees of Nazism, Carin Goring, to the “ultimate” Aryan wife, Magda Goebbels, the wives of top Nazis demonstrate a fierce party affiliation, an unwavering belief in Hitler, and a quest for power in their own right. This chapter argues that women intentionally detached their own familial association and responsibility for the Holocaust, because the “mob” made them do it.
Fully Automated Whole-Head Segmentation with Improved Smoothness and Continuity, with Theory Reviewed

Individualized current-flow models are needed for precise targeting of brain structures using transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation (TES/TMS). The same is true for current-source reconstruction in electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG). The first step in generating such models is to obtain an accurate segmentation of individual head anatomy, including not only brain but also cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), skull and soft tissues, with a field of view (FOV) that covers the whole head. Currently available automated segmentation tools only provide results for brain tissues, have a limited FOV, and do not guarantee continuity and smoothness of tissues, which is crucially important for accurate current-flow estimates. Here we present a tool that addresses these needs. It is based on a rigorous Bayesian inference framework that combines image intensity model, anatomical prior (atlas) and morphological constraints using Markov random fields (MRF). The method is evaluated on 20 simulated and 8 real head volumes acquired with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1 mm3 resolution. We find improved surface smoothness and continuity as compared to the segmentation algorithms currently implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). With this tool, accurate and morphologically correct modeling of the whole-head anatomy for individual subjects may now be feasible on a routine basis. Code and data are fully integrated into SPM software tool and are made publicly available. In addition, a review on the MRI segmentation using atlas and the MRF over the last 20 years is also provided, with the general mathematical framework clearly derived.
Medications for constipation in 2020.

Purpose of review Chronic constipation is a common problem that substantially impacts the quality of life of patients and families, healthcare professionals, and resources. The purpose of this review is to discuss the medications that are available for management of chronic constipation, including medications that have been approved by the FDA for adults, other been studied in pediatrics now, and might become available within the upcoming years. Recent findings Recent developments in the evaluation of childhood constipation are providing a better understanding into defecation disorders in children and not only new therapies are becoming available, including medications, but also other therapies, such as biofeedback for treatment of functional defecation disorders, electrical stimulation, and surgeries. The aim of this article is to provide an update on the medications that are available for management of chronic constipation, especially with the development and study of newer medications, such as Linaclotide and Lubiprostone with promising results in both adult and pediatric patients. Summary This review will help us identify and have a better understanding regarding what medications are available for use and the indications, so that we can better manage patients with chronic constipation. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Opioid-Sparing Effect of Liposomal Bupivacaine and Intravenous Acetaminophen in Colorectal Surgery.

Abstract Background This study evaluated the opioid-sparing effect of liposomal bupivacaine and intravenous acetaminophen in colorectal surgery. Materials and methods This study was a retrospective, 2 × 2 factorial cohort conducted at an academic medical center from May 2016 to February 2018. Patients undergoing open or minimally invasive colorectal resection were included. Exclusion criteria were age Results Among 486 included patients, 193 received both liposomal bupivacaine and intravenous acetaminophen, 93 received liposomal bupivacaine only, 104 received intravenous acetaminophen only, and 96 did not receive either. On average, patients received 21 (SD = 31) morphine equivalents over 24 h. Intraoperative liposomal bupivacaine was associated with a reduction of morphine equivalents (adjusted change −11, 95% CI −17 to −6), but intravenous acetaminophen was not (2, 95% CI −3 to 7). Intraoperative liposomal bupivacaine was associated with a reduction of length of stay (adjusted change = −1.2 d, 95% CI −2.1 to −0.3), but intravenous acetaminophen was not (adjusted change = 1.5 d, 95% CI 0.7 to 2.2). Conclusions Liposomal bupivacaine was associated with a significant reduction of opioid use within 24 h after colorectal surgery, but intravenous acetaminophen was not.
An XMM-Newton Observation of NGC 1399 Reveals Two Phases of Hot Gas and Supersolar Abundances in the Central Regions

We present an initial analysis of a new XMM-Newton observation of NGC 1399, the central elliptical galaxy of the Fornax group. Spectral fitting of the spatially resolved spectral data of the European Photon Imaging Camera MOS and pn CCDs reveals that a two-temperature (2T) model of the hot gas is favored over single-phase and cooling flow models within the central ~20 kpc. The preference for the 2T model applies whether or not the data are deprojected. The cooler component has a temperature (~0.9 keV) similar to the kinetic temperature of the stars, while the hotter component has a temperature (~1.5 keV) characteristic of the virial temperature of a ~1013 M☉ halo. The two-phase model (and other multitemperature models) removes the "Fe bias" within r 20 kpc and gives ZFe/Z☉ ≈ 1.5-2. At larger radii, the iron abundance decreases until ZFe/Z☉ ~ 0.5 for r ~ 50 kpc. The Si abundance is supersolar (1.2-1.7 solar) within the central regions, while ZSi/ZFe ≈ 0.8 over the entire region studied. These Fe and Si abundances imply that ≈80% of the Fe mass within r ~ 50 kpc originates from Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). This SNe Ia fraction is similar to that inferred for the Sun and therefore suggests a stellar initial mass function similar to the Milky Way.
Development and validation of optimal phenomapping methods to estimate long-term atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease process with variable trajectories of CVD risk. We aimed to evaluate four phenomapping strategies and their ability to stratify CVD risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes and to identify subgroups who may benefit from specific therapies. Participants with type 2 diabetes and free of baseline CVD in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial were included in this study (N = 6466). Clustering using Gaussian mixture models, latent class analysis, finite mixture models (FMMs) and principal component analysis was compared. Clustering variables included demographics, medical and social history, laboratory values and diabetes complications. The interaction between the phenogroup and intensive glycaemic, combination lipid and intensive BP therapy for the risk of the primary outcome (composite of fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal myocardial infarction or unstable angina) was evaluated using adjusted Cox models. The phenomapping strategies were independently assessed in an external validation cohort (Look Action for Health in Diabetes [Look AHEAD] trial: n = 4211; and Bypass Angioplasty Revascularisation Investigation 2 Diabetes [BARI 2D] trial: n = 1495). Over 9.1 years of follow-up, 789 (12.2%) participants had a primary outcome event. FMM phenomapping with three phenogroups was the best-performing clustering strategy in both the derivation and validation cohorts as determined by Bayesian information criterion, Dunn index and improvement in model discrimination. Phenogroup 1 (n = 663, 10.3%) had the highest burden of comorbidities and diabetes complications, phenogroup 2 (n = 2388, 36.9%) had an intermediate comorbidity burden and lowest diabetes complications, and phenogroup 3 (n = 3415, 52.8%) had the fewest comorbidities and intermediate burden of diabetes complications. Significant interactions were observed between phenogroups and treatment interventions including intensive glycaemic control (p-interaction = 0.042) and combination lipid therapy (p-interaction < 0.001) in the ACCORD, intensive lifestyle intervention (p-interaction = 0.002) in the Look AHEAD and early coronary revascularisation (p-interaction = 0.003) in the BARI 2D trial cohorts for the risk of the primary composite outcome. Favourable reduction in the risk of the primary composite outcome with these interventions was noted in low-risk participants of phenogroup 3 but not in other phenogroups. Compared with phenogroup 3, phenogroup 1 participants were more likely to have severe/symptomatic hypoglycaemic events and medication non-adherence on follow-up in the ACCORD and Look AHEAD trial cohorts. Clustering using FMMs was the optimal phenomapping strategy to identify replicable subgroups of patients with type 2 diabetes with distinct clinical characteristics, CVD risk and response to therapies.
Female Self-Confidence in Sport

(1989). Female Self-Confidence in Sport. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 49-54.
Monte Carlo Methods

Monte Carlo methods comprise a large and still growing collection of methods of repetitive simulation designed to obtain approximate solutions of various problems by playing games of chance. Often these methods are motivated by randomness inherent in the problem being studied (as, e.g., when simulating the random walks of “particles” undergoing diffusive transport), but this is not an essential feature of Monte Carlo methods. As long ago as the eighteenth century, the distinguished French naturalist Compte de Buffon [1] described an experiment that is by now well known: a thin needle of length l is dropped repeatedly on a plane surface that has been ruled with parallel lines at a fixed distance d apart. Then, as Laplace suggested many years later [2], an empirical estimate of the probability P of an intersection obtained by dropping a needle at random a large number, N, of times and observing the number, n, of intersections provides a practical means for estimating π
Specific Act Propensity Evidence in Self-Defense Cases: A Two-Way Street or a Dead End?

In 2005, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts in Commonwealth v. Adjutant announced a new rule of evidence that allows a defendant raising self -defense to introduce evidence of specific acts of violent conduct that the victim is reasonably alleged to have initiated, when the identity of the first aggressor is in dispute. Left undecided, however, was whether a defendant's choice to take advantage of this new option would open the door to similar evidence of his or her own violent character. This Note argues that Massachusetts should adopt such a two-way street approach, similar to the treatment of character evidence under the Federal Rules of Evidence. Such a rule would allow for a more complete and balanced presentation of evidence to the jury and prevent the prosecution from being placed at an unfair disadvantage, while still maintaining important safeguards for the defendant.
Parthenogenetic development of the ovum as observed by vital staining.

Abstract 1. 1. This paper is based upon observations on vitally stained cats. Stains of various types and concentrations were transfused intravenously into twelve eats. The ovaries were removed under anesthesia and studied in over 2,000 serial sections. 2. 2. In this material a number of deviations from the norm were found. The most important observation concerns forms of cleavage of the unfertilized ovum: fragmentation, segmentation, pseudoparthenogenesis and parthenogenesis. Vital staining gives a clue to the origin of these processes: 3. 3. Physiologic degeneration of the Graafian follicle begins in the nucleus of the ovum and proceeds centrifugally to the periphery. Pathologic degeneration of the follicle begins in the outer layers and proceeds centripetally toward the ovum. If this process is arrested halfway, it leads to typical histologic formations. In the frequent cases of normal regression, follicular cysts are formed. In the rare instances of abnormal regression, it may lead to parthenogenetic development of the ovum. 4. 4. Photomicrographs and drawings of the cleavage of unfertilized ova in various phases are shown. Their significance is discussed in regard to the origin of certain ovarian tumors (dermoid cysts, teratomas, embryomas).
Media/Queered: Visibility and Its Discontents by Kevin G. Barnhurst

The field of new media studies interrogates the processes and implications of a burgeoning technological landscape amid questions of identity, agency, and visibility. No longer do we live in a worl...
Suborbital Vehicles to Study Transition Adaptation to Spaceflight – Why Biologists Should Care About the New Suborbital Flight Opportunities

The advent of the new generation of suborbital space vehicles is opening up a new and exciting realm of space science that should be of great interest to biologists. These vehicles make it possible to explore biological responses and adaptations that occur in the first few minutes of entering spaceflight and also in the immediate minutes associated with return from space. Historically these transition stages in spaceflight have simply not been available for research, especially within human-rated vehicles. Given that complex biological responses are seldom linear over time, and that essentially all current experiments on the ISS are conducted after stabilization on orbit, biologists are missing the chance to understand the pathways that lead from terrestrial existence to successful spaceflight adaptation and back. Studies conducted on suborbital spacecraft can therefore be an innovative approach to filling a substantial gap in knowledge regarding the temporal dynamics of biological responses to successful spaceflight physiological adaptation.
Deconstructing Merge and Move to Make Room for Adjunction

This paper explores the syntactic and semantic properties of movement and adjunction and proposes a new analysis of these two phenomena according to which they are closely related to each other. The basic pieces of grammatical machinery that carry out movement also carry out adjunction. Building on independently appealing ideas concerning neo-Davidsonian semantic composition and “move as re-merge,” the proposed framework naturally accounts for (i) adjuncts' puzzling status “either inside or outside” a maximal projection, (ii) adjuncts' ability to escape reconstruction, and (iii) the prohibition on extraction from adjuncts.
The ethics of neonatal research: A trialists' perspective

We are neonatal physicians who strive to practice evidence-based medicine. We conduct and promote randomized trials in preterm and critically ill infants to improve their care and outcomes. Controlled clinical trials are ethical and essential because randomization is the best strategy to minimize bias when evaluating therapies of uncertain benefit. Perinatal and neonatal randomized trials have identified better care practices, uncovered useless or harmful therapies, and revealed new knowledge gaps. We are convinced that neonatal randomized trials can be done safely and in partnership with the infants' families.
Promoting Ecological Health: An Exploratory Study of an Environmentally Based Program for Formerly Incarcerated Young Adults

Abstract This article presents preliminary findings from an exploratory, qualitative research study that examined the impact of Great Plains Restoration Council's (GPRC) environmentally based pilot program Restoration Not Incarceration (RNI), which targets the restoration of Houston (TX) prairies, bayous, wetlands, and Gulf Coast shore, in conjunction with rehabilitation and recidivism reduction of young adults with a history of involvement in the criminal justice system. The program is based on an interdisciplinary framework that combines ecopsychology and social work to promote ecological health through a structured curriculum, psychosocial group work, and ecological restoration work in nature. Preliminary findings show that RNI helped young adults reintegrate into society by achieving new insight and is associated with improved life outcomes. The study also revealed important challenges faced by participants. Implications for ecopsychology and social work practice are discussed, as well as areas for fu...
Transformational, transactional and laissez‐faire leadership among physician executives

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the empirical validity of transformational, transactional and laissez‐faire leadership and their sub‐scales among physician managers.Design/methodology/approach – A nation‐wide, anonymous mail survey was carried out in the United States, requesting community health center executive directors to provide ratings of their medical director's leadership behaviors (34 items) and effectiveness (nine items), using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5X‐Short, on a five‐point Likert scale. The survey response rate was 40.9 percent, for a total 269 responses. Exploratory factor analysis was done, using principal factor extraction, followed by promax rotation).Findings – The data yielded a three‐factor structure, generally aligned with Bass and Avolio's constructs of transformational, transactional and laissez‐faire leadership. Data do not support the factorial independence of their subscales (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized conside...
Neurological and functional recovery after thoracic spinal cord injury.

Objective: To describe neurological and functional outcomes after traumatic paraplegia.Design: Retrospective analysis of longitudinal database.Setting: Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems.Participants: Six hundred sixty-one subjects enrolled in the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems database, injured between 2000 and 2011, with initial neurological level of injury from T2–12. Two hundred sixty-five subjects had second neurological exams and 400 subjects had Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores ≥6 months after injury.Outcome Measures: American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade, sensory level (SL), lower extremity motor scores (LEMS), and FIM.Results: At baseline, 73% of subjects were AIS A, and among them, 15.5% converted to motor incomplete. The mean SL increase for subjects with an AIS A grade was 0.33 ± 0.21; 86% remained within two levels of baseline. Subjects with low thoracic paraplegia (T10–12) demonstrated greater LEMS gain than high paraplegia (T2–9), and also had higher 1-...
Chlorpromazine-induced lupus anticoagulant and associated immunologic abnormalities

Chronic administration of chlorpromazine is associated with the development of a lupus-like circulating anticoagulant and a variety of immunological abnormalities. The prevalence of these findings was studied in 123 psychiatric patients. The anticoagulant was present in 11 of 30 patients receiving chlorpromazine (CPZ), in none of 17 patients who had been off phenothiazine therapy for over a year and in none of 53 controls. It was also seen in 5 of 13 patients who had been switched from CPZ to another phenothiazine even after several years being off CPZ. The anticoagulant was characterized by prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time, thromboplastin dilution test, and Russell's viper venom time. Washed frozen platelets partially corrected the abnormality induced by the anticoagulant. In all but one case the anticoagulant was associated with positive antinuclear antibody test and/or increased serum IgM. Six of 16 patients also had decreased complement levels, and two had a positive direct Coombs' test. None of these patients manifested bleeding, hemolysis, splenomegaly, or other clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Astrophysical limits on Lorentz violation for all charged species

Abstract If Lorentz violation exists, it will affect the thresholds for pair creation processes. Lorentz-violating operators that change the maximum velocities of charged particles may increase or decrease the extinction rate of γ-rays moving through space. If the emissions from high-energy astrophysical sources do not show any signs of anomalous absorption, this allows us to place bounds on the Lorentz-violating c coefficients for multiple species of charged particles. The bounds for a species of mass mX based on observing photons at an energy Eγ can be O ( m X 2 / E γ 2 ) , which corresponds to limits at the 10 - 15 ( m X 2 / m e 2 ) level for the most energetic photons.
The Preparation of Neutral Red Iodide Suitable for Vital Staining

(1927). The Preparation of Neutral Red Iodide Suitable for Vital Staining. Stain Technology: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 17-18.
Endoscopic repair of supraorbital ethmoid cerebrospinal fluid leaks.

Objective: To examine the clinical and anatomical characteristics of patients with supraorbital ethmoid (SOE) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and encephaloceles and identify specifi
ELF/VLF wave generation using simultaneous CW and modulated HF heating of the ionosphere

[1] Experimental observations of ELF/VLF waves generated using the dual-beam heating capability of the High frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) HF transmitter in Gakona, Alaska, are compared with the predictions of an ionospheric HF heating model that accounts for the simultaneous propagation and absorption of multiple HF beams. The model output is used to assess three properties of the ELF/VLF waves observed on the ground: the ELF/VLF signal magnitude, the ELF/VLF harmonic ratio, and the ELF/VLF power law exponent. Ground-based experimental observations indicate that simultaneous heating of the ionosphere by a CW HF wave and a modulated HF wave generates significantly lower ELF/VLF magnitudes than during periods without CW heating, consistent with model predictions. Further modeling predictions demonstrate the sensitive dependence of ELF/VLF magnitude on the frequency and power of the CW signal. The ratio of ELF/VLF harmonic magnitudes is also shown to be a sensitive indicator of ionospheric modification, although it is somewhat less sensitive than the ELF/VLF magnitude. Last, the peak power level of the modulated HF beam was varied in order to assess the power dependence of ELF/VLF wave generation under both single- and dual-beam heating conditions. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that accurate evaluation of the ELF/VLF power law index requires high signal-to-noise ratio; it is thus a less sensitive indicator of ionospheric modification than either ELF/VLF magnitude or the ELF/VLF harmonic ratio.
A New Asymptotic Analysis of the nth Order Reaction-Diffusion Problem: Analytical and Numerical Studies

Abstract We present a new formulation of the steady state, isothermal, nonlinear reaction-diffusion problem involving n th order reaction kinetics for slab geometry. This results in tractable expressions for the effectiveness factor as a function of the Thiele modulus, the Thiele modulus as a function of the centerline concentration, and the concentration profiles in the slab. The expressions are valid asymptotically in the limit of large orders n . We compare these results with the exact numerical solutions obtained by transforming the nonlinear differential equation into an integral form, using Green's function methods, and solving by successive approximations. The formulation for a membrane is also given, and the nature of the asymmetrical solution discussed. The analysis is facilitated through the introduction of pseudo-reaction orders. A comparison of the asymptotic Thiele modulus obtained herein with a previously given expression shows the present theory to be an improvement.
Islamic Banking by Judiciary: The ‘Backdoor’ for Islamism in Pakistan?

Abstract The most likely route for Islamisation in Pakistan is not Islamist political parties, or military officers, but its Supreme Court enforcing the Islamic provisions of the country's Constitution. In 1999, at the culmination of two decades of increasing Islamisation, the Pakistani Supreme Court ruled the country's entire banking system, officially Islamic since 1985, to be insufficiently so. It ordered its complete restructuring. Now direct equity participation by banks was the sole permissible financing mode. This happened mainly due to the constitutionally-mandated roles for sharia and the ulema in the legal system. Yet upon final appeal, the Court reversed its ruling and remanded the issue to a lower court for further study, thereby granting the banking system a reprieve. How permanent is this reprieve likely to be?
Automated analysis of clonal cancer cells by intravital imaging

Longitudinal analyses of single cell lineages over prolonged periods have been challenging particularly in processes characterized by high cell turn-over such as inflammation, proliferation, or cancer. RGB marking has emerged as an elegant approach for enabling such investigations. However, methods for automated image analysis continue to be lacking. Here, to address this, we created a number of different multicolored poly- and monoclonal cancer cell lines for in vitro and in vivo use. To classify these cells in large scale data sets, we subsequently developed and tested an automated algorithm based on hue selection. Our results showed that this method allows accurate analyses at a fraction of the computational time required by more complex color classification methods. Moreover, the methodology should be broadly applicable to both in vitro and in vivo analyses.
Sex Differences in Science Museum Exhibit Attraction.

This study examines the relative attraction of hands-on, interactive science museum exhibits for females and males. Studies have demonstrated that such exhibits can be effective learning experiences for children, with both academic and affective benefits. Other studies have shown that girls and boys do not always experience the same science-related educational opportunities and that, even when they do, they do not necessarily receive the same benefits from them. These early differences can lead to more serious educational and professional disparities later in life. As interactive museum exhibits represent a science experience that is-readily available to both girls and boys, the question arose as to whether they were being used similarly by the two groups as well as by adult women and men. It was found that both girls and boys used all types of exhibits, but that girls were more likely than boys to use puzzles and exhibits focusing on the human body; boys were more likely than girls to use computers and exhibits illustrating physical science principles. However, this was less true of children accompanied by adults (parents) than it was of unaccompanied children on school field trips who roamed the museum more freely.
Back Pain in the Elderly

Back pain in the elderly is a complex chief complaint, because numerous life-threatening or disabling conditions may present with signs and symptoms similar to those of more benign disease processes. An understanding of the limitations of physical examination and history distinguishing dangerous from benign causes is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and patient morbidity or mortality. This article describes the presentation and evaluation of dangerous causes of back pain, including vascular catastrophes, spinal cord compression syndromes, and infectious diseases. Less emergent musculoskeletal injuries are discussed briefly.
Ramsey interference in strongly driven Rydberg systems.

We have studied the evolution of regular and ``dark'' radial wave packets under the influence of two coherent, temporally separated 100 fs laser pulses. The atomic states are probed by ramped-field ionization. The final state populations exhibit Ramsey oscillations with periods ranging from 2.6--1000 fs as a function of the delay between the two pulses. This time-domain bound-state interferometry reveals several new aspects of the dynamic evolution of wave packets in the presence of strong laser fields. Lowest order perturbation theory is inadequate to describe wave packet formations, even at the lowest intensities studied.
Energy savings from direct-DC in U.S. residential buildings

Abstract An increasing number of energy-efficient appliances operate on direct current (DC) internally, offering the potential to use DC directly from renewable energy systems, thereby avoiding the energy losses inherent in converting power to alternating current (AC) and back. This paper investigates that potential for net-metered residences with on-site photovoltaics (PV) by modeling the net power draw of a ‘direct-DC house’ compared to that of a typical net-metered house with AC distribution, assuming identical DC-internal loads. The model comparisons were run for 14 cities in the United States, using hourly, simulated PV-system output and residential loads. The model tested the effects of climate and battery storage. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine how future changes in the efficiencies of power system components might affect potential energy savings. Based on this work, we estimate that net-metered PV residences could save 5% of their total electricity load for houses without storage and 14% for houses with storage. Direct-DC energy savings are sensitive to power system and appliance conversion efficiencies but are not significantly influenced by climate.
Spin-resolved Far-Ultraviolet Observations of the Magnetic White Dwarf in YY Draconis

We observed the intermediate polar YY Draconis with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE), yielding an average far-UV spectrum, as well as spectra and spectrophotometric light curves resolved on the spin phase of the white dwarf in this system. We utilized the BINSYN software suite to calculate model spectra based on a simple system model in which the white dwarf has two identical, two-dimensional, equatorial photospheric hot spots separated by 180° in longitude, which correspond to the poles of a simple centered dipole magnetic field. By optimizing the BINSYN model spectra to match our FUSE data plus archival International Ultraviolet Explorer spectra, we determine a white dwarf effective temperature of 21,500 K with the magnetic pole spots having effective temperatures of 220,000 K and angular radii of 35. Normalization of the model spectra implies a distance to YY Dra of 159 pc. We also construct model light curves resolved on the spin period of the white dwarf via synthetic spectrophotometry of the BINSYN synthetic spectra. These are compared with the light curves constructed from our FUSE data, as well as the Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet light curves of Haswell et al. In general, we find good agreement between the observed and model spectra and light curves, with the exception of a discrepancy at the shortest wavelengths of the spin-phase minimum light spectrum. This implies the possible presence of vertically extended structure(s) on the white dwarf that are visible above the stellar limb even when the photospheric spots are not and contribute far-UV flux to the observed spectrum that is not reproduced in the BINSYN model. We suggest either the accretion columns above the magnetic poles of the white dwarf or a localized buildup of accreted material on the white dwarf surface at the accretion impact sites as possible sources for the "missing" far-UV flux. Another possibility invokes a model with a more complex magnetic field geometry, in which the spots are still visible during the spin-phase minimum light configuration, but it is neither conclusive nor well constrained by the available data.
Aggressive interactions in mixed-species flocks of migrating shorebirds

Abstract We studied aggressive interactions in mixed-species assemblages of shorebirds in three tidal habitats in New Jersey. Aggression was higher on the inner beach than on the mudflat or outer beach. For all species on the inner beach, and for black-bellied plovers, Pluvialis squatarola, on the mudflat, aggression increased as density increased; whereas for sanderlings, Calidris alba, on the outer beach, aggression decreased as numbers increased. Interspecific aggression occurred only on the inner beach. Although the total amount of aggression did not correlate with body size, several parameters of aggression did: interspecific aggression index, percentage of encounters that were interspecific, and percentage of interspecific encounters won. These factors are discussed in terms of competition.
Acquired aortocaval fistulas.

Abstract Collective experience at the Mayo Clinic with nine cases of acquired aortocaval fistula revealed a difference between the presenting features of patients with traumatic fistula and those of patients with spontaneous fistula. In addition, patients with spontaneous aortocaval fistula, rather than presenting with a single distinct clinical syndrome, present with at least three different clinical pictures: (1) the classic syndrome of high-output heart failure of recent onset with palpable aneurysm and continuous bruit, (2) hypotension and oliguria or anuria in the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which may not be tender and in which a characteristic bruit may be absent and (3) back pain or abdominal pain associated with a tender pulsatile mass, shock and retroperitoneal hemorrhage. (The fistula may not be suspected prior to surgery.)
Detection of Human Factor B Biosynthesis in Culture Supernatants and Cell Lysates by ELISA

AbstractWe report here on the development of a simple, sensitive, convenient, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human factor B, a protein of the alternative complement pathway, by the sandwich method using goat anti-human factor B antibody. The assay described herein is reproducible and highly specific for human factor B. The assay was used to determine biosynthesis (cell lysates or extracts) and secretion (supernatants) of human factor B using human monocyte cell line U937. Phorbol myristate acetate strongly enhanced (10- to 20-fold) biosynthesis of factor B by U937. The combination of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and phorbol myristate acetate enabled us to use a microculture system.
The Strategic Use of International Institutions in Dispute Settlement

How does the existence of an international institution change the strategic calculations of states engaged in an international dispute? This paper investigates the question by modeling an international institution as an alternative to bilateral bargaining for a dispute settlement. The equilibrium results show that only one of the two countries may find the option of appealing to an international institution attractive, and that the institution can influence the bargaining outcome even when it is not directly involved in settling the dispute. Moreover, the results show that countries condition their behavior on the type of the institution that they are dealing with: While a high capacity institution can induce cooperation, a low capacity institution does not. These findings have important implications for WTO reforms and provide an explanation for restrictive membership adopted by many significant international institutions.