cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Development Planning as a Relay: Dayton's Experience

This article examines the impact land effectiveness of a shift from traditional public sector-led and old-style business-led approaches to local development to a more integrative and innovative planning process of broad-based community involvement. Through a careful analysis of Dayton's economic transformation, this article explores the importance of combining public sector, university, business and grass root community interests to arrive at a region-wide planning process in which all these disparate elements share responsibility and identify their goals for local development.
Amifostine-induced fever: Case report and review of the literature

Amifostine, also known as WR-2721 (S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)-ethylphosphorothioic acid), is an organic thiophosphate cytoprotective agent used to reduce the frequency of severe xerostomia in patients with cancer undergoing postoperative radiation of the head and neck. A 56-year-old Caucasian man who received concomitant chemotherapy and radiation for head and neck cancer developed fever concurrent with the administration of amifostine. To our knowledge, this is the first case report that demonstrates the occurrence of fever with low-dose amifostine therapy without the manifestation of accompanying rash or hypotension. Patients receiving amifostine who develop only fever should be evaluated for an adverse drug reaction, as well as for sepsis and fevers of neutropenia, and it may be necessary to discontinue the drug. Recognition of amifostine as the cause of this adverse event may prevent the cost and inconvenience of a hospital admission.
Inequalities in self‐reported physical health in the United States, 1993‐1999

This study investigated inequalities in physically healthy days in the United States during 1993–1999, by socioeconomic and demographic group. The generalized entropy GE(2) and other indices were computed using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, 1993–1999. The results indicate that GE(2) for the US population increased by 17% during 1993–1999. Low-to-middle income groups had the highest increases in inequalities during this time (51–66%), whereas the least educated, Asian/Pacific Islanders, American Indians/Alaska Natives, the oldest, the youngest, and the richest had the lowest (–14–10%). In 1999, inequalities ranged from 0.0153 (income ⩾ $50 000) to 0.112 (income < $10 000). Inequalities have increased during 1993–1999 and vary substantially across groups. The American Indians/Alaska Natives experienced the highest inequalities whereas Asians/Pacific-Islanders exhibited the lowest inequalities. More attention should be given to within-group inequalities. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functionalized ionic liquids with highly polar polyhydroxylated appendages and their rapid synthesis via thiol-ene click chemistry

The thiol-ene ‘click’ reaction of 1-thioglycerol with ionic liquids incorporating cations bearing appended vinyl- and/or allyl groups is a versatile, single-step means for their conversion into derivatives bearing up to eight hydroxyl groups per cation.
Multiple-rotor-cycle QPASS pulse sequences: separation of quadrupolar spinning sidebands with an application to 139La NMR

Abstract The quadrupolar phase-adjusted spinning sidebands (QPASS) pulse sequence has been recently demonstrated as a useful method for obtaining quadrupolar parameters with magic-angle spinning NMR. The sequence separates spinning sidebands by order in a two-dimensional experiment. A sheared projection of the 2D spectrum effectively yields the infinite spinning rate second-order quadrupolar powder pattern, which can be analyzed to determine quadrupolar coupling constants and asymmetry parameters. The RF power and spinning speed requirements of the original QPASS sequence make it an experimentally demanding technique. A new version of the sequence is demonstrated here and is shown to alleviate many problems associated with the original sequence. New solutions to the determining equations, based on the use of multiple rotor cycles in the QPASS sequence, lead to longer delays between the nine π pulses, provide less chance of pulse overlap, and allow for use of weaker RF field strengths that excite only the central quadrupolar transition. A three-rotor-cycle version of the new experiment is demonstrated on the 139 La nucleus.
Melnikov analysis and inverse spectral analysis of rogue waves in deep water

Abstract Rogue waves in deep water are investigated in the framework of the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) and the modified Dysthe (MD) equations. We observe that a chaotic regime increases the likelihood of rogue wave formation and that enhanced focusing occurs due to chaotic evolution of the phases. A Melnikov analysis indicates persistence of a homoclinic solution in the MD system which is O ( ϵ ) -close to an optimally phase modulated solution of the NLS. The correlation of the Melnikov analysis and the numerical experiments indicates that one approach to predicting rogue waves in realistic oceanic states is to determine the proximity of a sea state to homoclinic data of the NLS. Using the inverse spectral theory of the NLS equation, we show that the development of extreme waves in random oceanic sea states characterized by JONSWAP power spectra is well predicted by the proximity to homoclinic data of the NLS.
Fast state verification

Unique input/output(UIO) sequences are used for state verification and functional test in finite state machines. A UIO sequence for a state s distinguishes it from other states in the FSM. Current algorithms to compute UIO sequences are limited in their applicability to FSMs with binary input symbols such as those found in con trol applications. Execution times of traditional approaches are exponential in the n umber of FSM inputs. We dev elop a new heuristic algorithm to generate UIO sequences for FSMs with binary inputs. Execution time is reduced significantly b y reducing the size of the search space. When a UIO sequence cannot be generated, our algorithm generates a small n umber of functional faults for state verification.
The Upper Chamber Takes the High Road: Social Regulatory Policy and the U.S. Senate, 1953-2000

This article has two objectives: To further develop a policy type analysis of the consequences of divided government, and to bring the U.S. Senate more fully into the study of divided government. Based upon an analysis of 645 Key Votes taken in the U.S. Senate from 1953 to 2000, the article concludes that at least for the Senate, divided government has only a tenuous statistical relationship to policy type. This finding contradicts an earlier finding that divided government had a robust connection to Social Regulatory Key Votes in the U.S. House of Representatives, and challenges the dominant Senate theory that the chambers have converged. The research suggests that the Senate's norm of collegiality, when combined with the institutional mechanism of the filibuster, prevents Social Regulatory debates from becoming a political tool of divided government in the upper chamber.
Trends in Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems by Adolescents

Abstract Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have been gaining in popularity. The few prevalence studies in adults have found that most ENDS users are current or former smokers. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of ENDS usage in adolescents, and examine the correlates of use. Self-administered written surveys assessing tobacco use behaviors were conducted in multiple waves as part of a larger intervention study in two large suburban high schools. The prevalence of past-30 day ENDS use increased from 0.9% in February 2010 to 2.3% in June 2011 (p = 0.009). Current cigarette smokers had increased odds of past-30 day ENDS use in all study waves. When adjusted for school, grade, sex, race and smoking status, students in October 2010 (Adjusted OR 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–4.02) and June 2011 (Adjusted OR 2.51; 95% CI: 1.17–4.71) had increased odds past-30 day ENDS use compared to February 2010. The prevalence of ENDS use doubled in this sample of high school students, and current cigarette smoking is the strongest predictor of current use. Continued monitoring of ENDS is needed to determine whether it increases the likelihood of cigarette smoking initiation and maintenance in youth.
Macroscopic Synthesis of Self-Assembled Dissipative Structures †

This paper describes the preparation and manipulation of several coexisting, dynamically self-assembled aggregates of millimeter-sized, magnetized disks floating at a liquid−air interface and spinning under the influence of a rotating external magnetic field. Local minima in the in-plane energy profile of these disks are created by positioning ferromagnetic needles above the plane of the interface; these needles concentrate the magnetic field locally in that plane. Spinning disks assemble in the local minima, and the positions and geometries of their aggregates can be manipulated spatially by changing the positions of the needles. Fragmentation and fusion of aggregates in response to changes in the magnetic fields are described.
Evaluation of the H-Function Integral and of Probability Distributions of Functions of Independent Random Variables

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThe H-function is a generalization of most special functions and of many classical statistical distributions and has unique properties that make it a powerful tool for statistical analysis. This paper provides a background of history, references, definition, and properties for the H-function and presents a new simplification of the numerical evaluation of the H-function inversion integral. Examples using this formulation are given, and new H-function identities (for generalized gamma, power, trigonometric, and logarithmic functions) are derived. A new practical technique for determining the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of a linear combination of products, quotients, and rational powers of independent random variables is demonstrated.
Extended TIP(P) Analogues as Precursors for Labeled δ-Opioid Receptor Ligands

Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH (TIPP) and the shorter Tyr-Tic-Phe-OH (TIP) peptides are potent and highly selective antagonists at the δ-opioid receptor and, therefore, are ideal candidates for the attachment of labels to assist in the study of δ-opioid receptors. Peptides extended at the C-terminus with residues which can be used as handles for further modification and/or labeling (i.e. Asx, Glx, and Lys) were synthesized. The TIPP-d/l-Asx/Glx derivatives exhibited similar δ-receptor affinity to TIPP (Ki = 5−10 nM vs Ki = 6 nM), and neither the location of the carboxylic acid moiety nor the stereochemistry of the C-terminal residue significantly affected the δ-receptor affinity of these derivatives. Extension of TIPP with an additional residue did not increase μ-receptor affinity, even though the position of the acidic group, which imparts δ-receptor selectivity to TIPP, was shifted relative to the carboxylic acid moiety of TIPP. The δ-receptor affinities of the TIP-d/l-Asx/Glx derivatives were found to be influence...
Protein-protein Interaction Networks of E. coli and S. cerevisiae are similar

Only recently novel high-throughput binary interaction data in E. coli became available that allowed us to compare experimentally obtained protein-protein interaction networks of prokaryotes and eukaryotes (i.e. E. coli and S. cerevisiae). Utilizing binary-Y2H, co-complex and binary literature curated interaction sets in both organisms we found that characteristics of interaction sets that were determined with the same experimental methods were strikingly similar. While essentiality is frequently considered a question of a protein's increasing number of interactions, we found that binary-Y2H interactions failed to show such a trend in both organisms. Furthermore, essential genes are enriched in protein complexes in both organisms. In turn, binary-Y2H interactions hold more bottleneck interactions than co-complex interactions while both binary-Y2H and co-complex interactions are strongly enriched among co-regulated proteins and transcription factors. We discuss if such similarities are a consequence of the underlying methodology or rather reflect truly different biological patterns.
Intergroup Dialogue: Critical Conversations About Difference, Social Identities, and Social Justice: Guest Editors' Introduction

To engage in dialogue is one of the simplest ways we can begin as [people], teachers, scholars and critical thinkers to cross boundaries, the barriers that may or may not be erected by race, gender...
One Mosquito at a Time

Author Brian Drake, now a masters student, presents a follow-up reflection on how the power of language can alter lives for the better.
CNS-induced deficits of heavy particle irradiation in space: the aging connection.

Abstract Our research over the last several years has suggested that young (3 mo) rats exposed to whole-body 56 Fe irradiation show neuronal signal transduction alterations and accompanying motor behavioral changes that are similar to those seen in aged (22–24 mo) rats. Since it has been postulated that 1–2% of the composition of cosmic rays contain 56 Fe particles of heavy particle irradiation, there may be significant CNS effects on astronauts on long-term space flights which could produce behavioral changes that could be expressed during the mission or at some time after the return. These, when combined with other effects such as weightlessness and exposure to proton irradiations may even supercede mutagenic effects. It is suggested that by determining mechanistic relationships that might exist between aging and irradiation it may be possible to determine the common factor (s) involved in both perturbations and develop procedures to offset their deleterious effects. For example, one method that has been effective is nutritional modification.
Human disease: Calcium signaling in polycystic kidney disease

Polycystic kidney disease results from loss of function of either of two novel proteins, polycystin-1 or polycystin-2. Recent studies show that intracellular calcium signaling is important in kidney development, and define defects in this signaling pathway as the basis of cyst formation in polycystic kidney disease.
Performance of regular PML, CFS-PML, and second-order PML for waveguide problems

The performance of regular, complex frequency shifted (CFS), and second-order perfectly matched layers (PMLs) is studied for the numerical simulation of waveguide problems. The limitations of each PML is clearly demonstrated. It is shown that the second-order PML is overall the best choice for a general problem, since the regular PML is incapable of absorbing evanescent waves and the CFS-PML is ineffective for the absorption of low-frequency propagating waves. Both two- and three-dimensional problems are considered to confirm the analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2121–2126, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21872
Concurrent partnerships among adolescents in a Latino community: the Mission District of San Francisco, California.

Objectives: Latino adolescents in the United States are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections, yet knowledge of their sexual networks, particularly concurrent sex partners, is limited. Goal: The goal of this study was to describe the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of sexual concurrency among adolescents in an urban neighborhood. Study Design: The authors conducted cross-sectional analyses of 368 sexually active youth recruited from public venues within a predominantly Latino neighborhood in San Francisco, California. Results: During the prior 6 months, 20% of sexually experienced youth had concurrent partnerships, but this was more likely among males (27%) as females (12%) (odds ratio = 2.6; 95% confidence interval = 1.5-4.5). Sexually transmitted infection prevalence was too low to examine its association with concurrency. Factors that increased the likelihood of concurrency among males included: immigrant generation and being below grade level; and among females: older age and use of illegal substances. Conclusions: Ample opportunities to transmit sexually transmitted infections through concurrency were present, yet very few adolescents were infected, perhaps owing to adequate condom use within a neighborhood with low sexually transmitted infection prevalence.
A rare example of weakened expression of the Kell (K1) antigen.

. Random typing of donor units revealed a donor whose red blood cells gave very weak reactions with all anti-Kell (anti-K1) antisera. All other Kell-system antigens (including Kx) and antigens of other red-cell systems tested were normal. This weak K1 antigen was present in four generations of the donor's family. The red-cell morphology is normal in all family members with the weakened K1 antigen. A consistent hypothesis is that the weak antigen is inherited through a variant allele at the Kell locus and represents a quantitative, not a qualitative, change.
The fanconi syndrome in Basenji dogs: a new model for renal transport defects

The renal defects resulting in a Fanconi syndrome were seen in eight Basenji dogs by measuring renal clearance and in vitro amino acid and sugar uptake and performing histopathologic evaluations. Renal tubular handling of glucose, phosphate, sodium, potassium, uric acid, and amino acids was abnormal, and in vitro uptake of labeled lysine, glycine, and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by renal cortical slices was impaired. Histopathology was normal except for enlarged nuclei in some renal tubule cells. These Basenji dogs, which may be genetically affected, represent a likely model for idiopathic Fanconi syndrome in humans.
From man to men to missing links

Has racial thinking always existed? Have human populations always organized and delineated difference through racial categories? This paper argues that race and racism are the products of nineteenth century European thought wherein radically new conceptions of time permitted new ways of articulating and classifying difference. It was possible for race to become the organizing principle around which to delineate human variation at that moment when the singularity of human time was shattered into multiple temporalities. It is when man's origin comes to be pluralized (the origins of men) that the modern category of race is born and the modern prejudice of racism finds expression.
Overview of the Loss Cone Imager Fixed Sensor Head Instrument

The Loss Cone Imager (LCI) instrument is part of the US Air Force Demonstration and Science Experiments (DSX) satellite and is comprised of three components: the Fixed Sensor Head (FSH), the High Sensitivity Telescope (HST), and the Central Electronics Unit (CEU). The emphasis of this paper is on the FSH, which is comprised of three Si solid state detectors (SSD) each comprised of six pixels capable of measuring incident particle energies (~ 30 keV - 500 keV) and their respective pitch angles. The FSH is mounted onto the exterior of the DSX Payload Module and covers a 180° by 10° view of the sky. Each pixel has a 10° by 10° field of view. Due to a small geometric factor, the FSH is able to operate in the high particle flux areas of the Earth's magnetosphere. The Readout Electronics for Nuclear Application 3 (RENA3) chip, developed by NOVA R&D, contains 36 analog channels used for detection of nuclear events. Each of the 18 Si pixels is connected to a corresponding RENA3 channel for event detection and analog energy readout. The output of the chip is digitized and the digital value of each event, along with its corresponding RENA channel, is recorded by the Data Processing Unit housed in the CEU.
Alternative splicing for the α1 subunit of soluble guanylate cyclase

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the receptor for nitric oxide, is a heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits. We investigated the mRNA species for the alpha(1) subunit in human brain, heart, artery and immortalized B-lymphocytes. Three mRNA species were identified in these tissues. The major mRNA species contained the full expression sequence of the alpha(1) subunit. Two other types of mRNA were detected in which 5' sequences were deleted by splicing (506-590 and 412-590). Each of these deletions included the predicted translation start site, indicating that translation of these two alternatively spliced RNA species does not result in the production of full-length alpha(1) subunits. The relative amounts of the two mRNA species with deletions of the translation start site differed significantly between cell lines of immortalized B-lymphocytes from different individuals. sGC enzymic activity was significantly decreased in cellular extracts from cell lines with high proportions of mRNA species containing the deletion 506-590 when compared with extracts from cell lines that contained mostly mRNA without this deletion.
Effect of influenza vaccination on hospitalizations in persons aged 50 years and older.

Abstract Objective To estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in preventing hospitalizations in persons over 50 years of age. Design We performed a retrospective, population based study, using a “difference-in-differences” approach to determine the association between hospitalization and prior vaccination. We examined this association when influenza was not circulating and compared it to the association found when influenza was circulating. VE was estimated from the difference in the association between hospitalization and prior vaccination, inside vs. outside influenza seasons. Setting Kaiser Permanente in Northern California. Patients Health plan members aged 50 years and older during the September 1997 to August 2008 study period, when there were about 68,000 pneumonia hospitalizations in 10 million person-years. Results Vaccination was associated with lower risk of hospitalization for pneumonia and influenza, even before flu season, presumably due to unmeasured confounders. When influenza arrived the hospitalization-vaccination association strengthened, yielding an adjusted VE estimate of 12.4% (95% CI: 1.6–22.0) in persons aged 50–64, and 8.5% (95% CI: 3.3–13.5) in those aged 65 years and older. There was no significant effect on hospitalizations for ischemic heart disease (IHD), congestive heart failure (CHF), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), or trauma. Conclusions Influenza vaccination has a modest but significant effect on prevention of hospitalization for pneumonia and influenza in persons 50 years of age and older.
Comparison of urologist reimbursement for managing patients with low-risk prostate cancer by active surveillance versus total prostatectomy

Active surveillance (AS) is an alternative to total prostatectomy (TP) in managing low-risk prostate cancer (PC). Our aim is to compare urologist reimbursement for managing low-risk PC by AS or TP. The urologist's reimbursement for TP includes the fee for the procedure and follow-up visits. For AS, our protocol involves digital rectal examination (DRE) and PSA testing every 3 months for first 2 years and every 6 months thereafter. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsies are performed yearly. Some urologists recommend spacing the biopsies by 1–3 years. Medicare reimbursement values were used. The urologist reimbursements for a follow-up visit, prostate biopsy, open TP and robotic TP are $72, $595, $1905 and $2939, respectively. We also corrected for a 15% chance of having TP after being on AS. The cumulative reimbursements from open TP and following the patient up to 10 years are approximately $2121 (1 year), $2265 (2 years), $2697 (5 years) and $3057 (10 years). For robotic TP, the urologist reimbursements are $3155 (1 year), $3259 (2 years), $3731 (5 years) and $4091 (10 years). For AS, the urologist reimbursements are $883 (1 year), $1766 (2 years), $4269 (5 years) and $7964 (10 years). The urologist reimbursement from AS and TP become nearly equal between 3 and 4 years follow-up, subsequently AS attains higher reimbursement.
Permanent circulatory support systems at the Pennsylvania State University

Two systems which provide long-term circulatory support are described: the left ventricular assist system and the total artificial heart. These systems are based on the design of a pusher plate actuated blood pump, driven by a small brushless DC electric motor and rollerscrew driver. An implantable motor controller maintains suitable physiologic flow rates for both systems and controls left-right balance in the total artificial heart. Other parts of the system include an intrathoracic compliance chamber, transcutaneous energy and data transmission system, and internal and external batteries. >
Sofosbuvir and simeprevir combination therapy in the setting of liver transplantation and hemodialysis

We report safety, tolerability, and 12-week sustained virologic response with half-standard dose sofosbuvir and standard-dose simeprevir combination therapy in a hepatitis C virus genotype 1a-infected liver transplant recipient on hemodialysis - uncharted territory for sofosbuvir-based therapy. The patient was a non-responder to prior treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. Sofosbuvir efficacy was maintained despite pill-splitting and administration of half-standard dose, 200 mg per day. No drug-drug interactions were noted with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Laboratory tests remained stable or improved during therapy. Our observation, if reproduced in a larger study, may lead to significant improvement in clinical outcomes and cost savings in this patient population.
Black Residential Segregation in the Era of Urban Sprawl

This paper investigates the relationship between alternative metropolitan land use patterns, including those characterized as “sprawl,” and Black residential segregation. Previous studies have explored this question using limited attributes and empirical measures of both land use and segregation. This econometric study advances the understanding of that relationship in several ways. First, the paper defines land use as a countervailing, multi-dimensional, phenomenon. Metropolitan areas do not generally exhibit high-sprawl (or low-sprawl) characteristics across multiple measures; rather, they typically exhibit some combination, or “configuration,” of low-sprawl and high-sprawl attributes. Second, the paper examines the relationship between such configurations and several of the segregation dimensions suggested by Massey and Denton (1988). Third, the paper analyzes results using the 2010 decennial Census. This study explores the contribution and transmission of countervailing spatial land use patterns to changes in Black segregation levels, and the implications of such changes for land use policies and regulations. These complex effects bring new precision and insights to the analysis of racial inequality in an age of rapid demographic change.
Dark Matter Velocity Spectroscopy.

Dark matter decays or annihilations that produce linelike spectra may be smoking-gun signals. However, even such distinctive signatures can be mimicked by astrophysical or instrumental causes. We show that velocity spectroscopy—the measurement of energy shifts induced by relative motion of source and observer—can separate these three causes with minimal theoretical uncertainties. The principal obstacle has been energy resolution, but upcoming experiments will have the precision needed. As an example, we show that the imminent Astro-H mission can use Milky Way observations to separate possible causes of the 3.5-keV line. We discuss other applications.
Computing the integer partition function

In this paper we discuss efficient algorithms for com- puting the values of the partition function and implement these algorithms in order to conduct a numerical study of some conjec- tures related to the partition function. We present the distribution of p(N) for N ≤ 10 9 for primes up to 103 and small powers of 2 and 3.
MICRON: A framework for connection establishment in optical networks

Traffic grooming in optical networks has gained significance due to the prevailing sub-wavelength requirement of end users. Optical networks get upgraded to the latest technology slowly with time, with only a subset of nodes being upgraded to the latest technology. The optical networks are thus comprised of nodes employing heterogeneous switching architectures. In this paper, we develop a framework, called Methodology for Information Collection and Routing in Optical Networks (MICRON), for connection establishment in WDM grooming networks with heterogeneous switching architectures. We illustrate with examples some of the information that could be collected from a link. The link information may be combined in a variety of ways to obtain different properties of a path. We complete the MICRON framework by providing a generic channel assignment procedure that may be adapted to implement different channel assignment schemes. The framework can be easily implemented with simple traffic engineering extensions to the already existing routing protocols in the wide-area networks.
Donkey pluralities: plural information states versus non-atomic individuals

The paper argues that two distinct and independent notions of plurality are involved in natural language anaphora and quantification: plural reference (the usual non-atomic individuals) and plural discourse reference, i.e., reference to a quantificational dependency between sets of objects (e.g., atomic/non-atomic individuals) that is established and subsequently elaborated upon in discourse. Following van den Berg (PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam, 1996), plural discourse reference is modeled as plural information states (i.e., as sets of variable assignments) in a new dynamic system couched in classical type logic that extends Compositional DRT (Muskens, Linguistics and Philosophy, 19, 143-186, 1996). Given the underlying type logic, compositionality at sub-clausal level follows automatically and standard techniques from Montague semantics become available. The idea that plural info states are semantically necessary (in addition to non-atomic individuals) is motivated by relative-clause donkey sentences with multiple instances of singular donkey anaphora that have mixed (weak and strong) readings. At the same time, allowing for non-atomic individuals in addition to plural info states enables us to capture the intuitive parallels between singular and plural (donkey) anaphora, while deriving the incompatibility between singular (donkey) anaphora and collective predicates. The system also accounts for empirically unrelated phenomena, e.g., the uniqueness effects associated with singular (donkey) anaphora discussed in Kadmon (Linguistics and Philosophy, 13, 273-324, 1990) and Heim (Linguistics and Philosophy, 13, 131-177, 1990) among others.
Beyond the Linear Genome: Paired-End Sequencing as a Biophysical Tool

Paired-end sequencing has enabled a variety of new methods for high-throughput interrogation of both genome structure and chromatin architecture. Here, we discuss how the paired-end paradigm can be used to interpret sequencing data as biophysical measurements of in vivo chromatin structure that report on single molecules in single cells.
Fallibilism: The Self-Corrective Feature of Thought

We have already achieved a preliminary understanding of Peirce’s treatment of “meaning,” but since this topic has been a major preoccupation of twentieth century philosophy we will go into the matter in more detail. In what follows we offer a very brief outline of major schools of thought on the subject. What they all have in common is a tendency to equate “meaning” with “usage” in different senses of this latter term. It is interesting to see this problem from a Peircean viewpoint, and the suggested answer to the problem which we present below is obviously based upon Peirce’s analysis of such related concepts as “rule,” “idea,” “conceivable practical consequences,” etc. But rather than anticipating our conclusion here, let us rather lead up to it.
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Rome: Explaining International Criminal Court Negotiations

The first proposal for the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1994 envisioned a weak institution. Over the subsequent four years, states surprisingly strengthened the draft to create a robust ICC with novel enforcement authority. What happened and why? We argue that during negotiations governments adopted the positions of the international partners on whom they depend for a diverse set of goods that includes trade, security, and foreign policy success in international organizations. We label this set of partners a “dependence network.” In our approach, leaders watch closely how other governments behave within their dependence network and alter their own actions accordingly. We test this theory against a variety of other explanations on a new database that codes state negotiating positions relative to four key institutional features of the ICC. We find that trade networks substantially influence state negotiating positions on the ICC even taking into account an array of other factors.
FDTD analysis of patch antennas on high dielectric-constant substrates surrounded by a soft-and-hard surface

The surface-wave diffraction at the edge of a finite-size substrate with a high dielectric constant is the dominant mechanism affecting the radiation pattern of a patch antenna fabricated on this material. A soft-and-hard surface (SHS) can be used to block the surface waves from propagating outward along the dielectric substrate, thus reducing the unwanted diffraction. Patch antennas surrounded by the SHS are analyzed using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique that implements the SHS boundary conditions using a simple modified subcell model. A square stacked-patch antenna and a circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna on a thick LTCC multilayer substrate are investigated. It is shown that the radiation pattern of the square patch on a big-size substrate can be significantly improved using SHS while the backward radiation level of the CP antenna with SHS on a small-size substrate is considerably reduced.
Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation of the atrium: effectiveness for treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in congenital heart surgery

Abstract Background . Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is common in surgical patients with congenital heart disease. Ablation and maze operations have been shown to be effective in treating SVT, but these procedures can be complex and time-consuming because of variable anatomy and a thickened right atrium. To simplify and shorten these procedures, we used a long, flexible radiofrequency probe capable of producing long ablation lines quickly and effectively. We report the initial results with this procedure. Methods . Six patients aged 6 weeks to 40 years with refractory SVT were referred for reoperation for repair of complex congenital heart disease (transposition of the great vessels, Ebstein's anomaly, single ventricle, tetralogy of fallot). Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation was performed in the right atrium for refractory SVT as an adjunct to surgical reconstruction (redo Fontan, right atrial reduction plasty, right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction, tricuspid repair). Lesions were made with a radiofrequency probe using temperatures of 70°C for 60 seconds. Lesions were placed between the coronary sinus and the tricuspid valve, between the tricuspid valve and the inferior vena cava, between the atrial septal defect and the superior and inferior vena cava in patients with intraatrial reentry tachycardia/atrial flutter, and at the location of the accessory pathway in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The long, flexible probe has multiple independently controlled segments allowing ablation lesions that conform to the atrial morphology. Results . An average of five intraoperative radiofrequency ablation lesions per patient were made. Average time for ablation was 14 minutes. With up to 25 months' follow-up, 5 patients are in sinus rhythm, and 1 is in a paced atrial rhythm. The patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome showed no preexcitation after operation. No complications resulting from intraoperative radiofrequency ablation were encountered. Conclusions . Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation in the atrium is a safe, effective, and expeditious procedure for control of SVT in patients undergoing reoperation for congenital heart disease with refractory SVT.
Applications in Parallel MATLAB

The parallel MATLAB implementations used for this project are MatlabMPI and pMATLAB, both developed by Dr. Jeremy Kepner at MIT-LL. MatlabMPI is based on the message passing interface standard, in which processes coordinate their work and communicate by passing messages among themselves. The pMATLAB library supports parallel array programming in MATLAB. The user program defines arrays that are distributed among the available processes. Although communication between processes is actually done through message passing, the details are hidden from the user. The objective of this PET project was to develop parallel MATLAB code for selected algorithms that are of interest to the Department of Defense (DoD) signal/image processing (SIP) community and to run the code on the HPCMP systems. The algorithms selected for parallel MATLAB implementation were a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, metropolis-Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation, and content-based image compression (CBIC)
Influence of the MTHFR C677T Polymorphism on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hyperintensity Volume and Cognition in Geriatric Depression

Objective: The 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) has been linked to unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hyperintensities. The authors examined the relationship between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism (C677T) and a) geriatric depression, b) MRI hyperintense lesion volume, and c) neurocognitive test performance. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Duke University Medical Center. Participants: Depressed (N = 178) and comparison (N = 85) elderly subjects. Measurements: Subjects had blood drawn to assess MTHFR genotype, were imaged by MRI to determine their white matter hyperintense lesion (WML) and gray matter hyperintense lesion (GML) volume, and assessed using a comprehensive neurocognitive battery evaluating multiple domains of function. Linear regression models were fit to test the effect of genotype, a depression by genotype interaction, and an age by genotype interaction on both hyperintense lesion volume measures and neurocognitive task performance. Results: The MTHFR C677T genotype by age interaction term was significantly associated with MRI WML volume (p = 0.0175); however, this relationship was no longer statistically significant when WML volumes underwent a log transformation to produce a more normal distribution. The 677T allele was neither more frequent in depressed subjects nor associated with either gray matter hyperintensity volume or neurocognitive test performance. Conclusions: MTHFR genotype affects the relationship between age and WML volume where individuals who carry the 677T allele exhibit greater WML volume by age, although this relationship should be verified given the failure to replicate the finding using transformed WML volumes. Genotype was not related to GML volume, cognitive function, or presence of depression, although demographic differences could account for this negative finding.
Differentiating Instruction for High-Achieving/Gifted Children in Regular Classrooms: A Field Test of Three Gifted-Education Models:

The movement toward inclusive schools in this country has necessitated a search for instructional models that would best meet the needs of gifted and high-achieving children in increasingly heterogeneous classrooms. In the present study, a multiple baseline design was used to evaluate three popular models of gifted education implemented by general-education teachers in their classrooms. The study focused on process-oriented dependent variables such as the cognitive level of teacher queries and student responses during classroom interactions. While none of the models showed dramatic changes in cognitive complexity of teacher-student interaction, the Cognitive-Affective Interaction Model (Williams, 1986) demonstrated the best results for increasing the cognitive complexity of classroom interactions and on-task behavior of high-achieving students. A strong relationship was found between the cognitive level of teacher queries and student responses across all models.
Management of Tracheal Neoplasms

Primary tracheal tumors are rare neoplasms which often present with indolent and nonspecific symptoms. Despite a tendency for late presentation, more than half of patients with benign and malignant neoplasms will be candidates for curative resection upon diagnosis. This review describes the diagnostic and staging evaluation of tracheal neoplasms. Curative surgical procedures including laryngotracheal resection, tracheal resection, and carinal resection are discussed. Palliative therapies such as external beam radiation, endolumenal brachytherapy, bronchoscopic laser resection, and endoprosthetic stenting are reviewed.
Microcounseling skills training for informal helpers in Uganda.

Background: Years of political instability, civil unrest, and disease have left scores of Ugandans in need of mental health services. However, there are few formal mental health services available ...
A nursing education model. For second-degree students.

Abstract This article describes and discusses a successful model for an undergraduate nursing major for degreed students that may be begun with as little as one prerequisite course and can be completed in just over 13 months. In designing the program, the nursing major was not changed; all class and clinical hours remain the same as in the traditional model. Prerequisites are kept to a minimum to allow the student to begin the nursing courses promptly and to build on the increased motivation that arises with clinical application of theory. Program outcomes covering 12 years and about 1,100 graduates of this program are presented and discussed.
Small Plot Trials Documenting Effective Mating Disruption of Oriental Fruit Moth by Using High Densities of Wax-Drop Pheromone Dispensers

In 2004 field experiments, we compared the effectiveness of various deployment densities of 0.1-ml paraffin wax drops containing 5% pheromone versus Isomate M-Rosso "rope" dispensers for disruption of Grapholita molesta (Busck). Treatments were evaluated in 0.05-ha (12-tree) plots of 'Delicious' apples receiving regular maintenance according to growers' standards, but not sprayed with insecticides. The application densities of 0.1-ml wax drops were 3 per tree (820/ha), 10 per tree (2,700/ha), 30 per tree (8,200/ha), and 100 per tree (27,300/ha). Wax drops were compared with 3-ml dispensers of pheromone-containing paraffin wax or Isomate M-Rosso ropes at 1.8 per tree (500/ha) and untreated control plots. Treatments were applied before the start of each of three moth generations. Orientational disruption, as measured by inhibition of moth captures in pheromone-baited delta traps, was greatest in plots that received 100 drops per tree (99.2%) and 30 drops per tree (99.4%). More than 55% of tethered, virgin females were mated in control plots after one night of deployment. However, no mating was recorded at the two highest application densities of wax drops where orientational disruption of traps exceeded 99%. Mating ranged from 7 to 20% among the other treatments, including Isomate rope dispensers. G. molesta males were observed closely approaching pheromone dispensers in plots containing ropes and wax drops, documenting competitive attraction between synthetic pheromone sources and feral females. The majority of observed G. molesta males approached within 60 cm of wax drops or pheromone ropes and departed within 20 s by flying upwind. Thirty wax drops per tree yielded higher mating disruption of G. molesta than did Isomate M-Rosso dispensers deployed at the recommended rate of 500/ha (1.8 per tree). Measurement of release rates confirmed behavioral data indicating that paraffin wax dispensers would need to be applied once per G. molesta generation in Michigan. Paraffin wax drops are a promising technology for moth mating disruption. They are cheaper and easier to produce, require less total pheromone per annual application, and produce better mating disruption at appropriate deployment densities compared with Isomate M-Rosso dispensers under high G. molesta population densities. The cost-effectiveness of this approach will require an appropriate mechanized applicator for wax drops.
Approximation and Representation of Solutions in Locally Integrable Structures with Boundary

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the approximation and representation of solutions in locally integrable structures with boundary. The chapter shows that, when the structure is locally integrable, any classical solution is, locally, the uniform limit of a sequence of polynomials in basic solutions. The chapter defines the distribution solutions. Such a definition is not as natural, in manifolds with boundary, as it is when there is no boundary. The chapter establishes the approximation and representation results that are expected (each is a consequence of a single formula-and the formulas in question are the same whether the boundary is non-characteristic or totally characteristic). The chapter also shows that the distribution solutions are those distributions that are holomorphic in the interior and grow slowly at the boundary; they are equal to finite sums of (holomorphic) derivatives of continuous functions in the closure that are holomorphic in the interior; locally they are limits of holomorphic polynomials.
Vesicoureteral reflux in the adult. IV. Medical versus surgical management

AbstractA group of 27 adults with bilateral primary vesicoureteral reflux diagnosed during a 10-year interval was managed medically for a mean of 87 months. Their outcome was compared to that of 67 adults with bilateral primary reflux treated surgically during the same interval. In both groups the presence of renal insufficiency and hypertension correlated with the severity of renal scarring. Furthermore, the fate of renal function was similar irrespective of the method of management and appeared to be determined by the severity of renal scarring, level of renal function at initial evaluation and presence of proteinuria. The 2 groups appeared to fare equally well during the followup of up to 13 years.