cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Covalent lipid modifications of proteins.

Summary Attachment of lipophilic groups is a widespread modification that occurs on nearly 1,000 proteins of diverse structure and function. At least five different types of lipids can be covalently attached to proteins: fatty acids, isoprenoids, sterols, phospholipids, and glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchors. Proteins can contain more than one type of lipid, e.g. myristate + palmitate, palmitate + cholesterol, or farnesyl + palmitate. An important principle derived from studies of lipid-modified proteins is that not all fat is the same. Each type of lipid moiety is attached by a different lipid transferase and each modification confers distinct properties to the modified protein. The most common outcome of lipid modification is an increased affinity for membranes. However, attachment of myristoyl or prenyl groups can also promote intramolecular and intermolecular protein–protein interactions. Another key concept is reversibility. The covalent linkage between a protein and either thioester-linked palmitate or a GPI anchor can be broken by the actions of thioesterases and phospholipases, respectively. By contrast, neither myristate nor the isoprenoids farnesyl or geranylgeranyl are physically removed from a modified protein. Instead, Mother Nature has devised a clever means for some proteins to sequester these lipophilic groups within a hydrophobic cleft, effectively shielding them from the aqueous milieu. Here, I provide an overview of the structural and functional consequences for proteins containing each type of lipid modification (depicted in Figure 1).
Behavioral training of supervisors in an industrial setting for the blind.

Training in principles of behavior assessment and modification was provided for first-line supervisors in an industrial situation employing the occupationally handicapped. Positive and negative statements by employees were carefully defined and targeted for change. Evaluation of training effectiveness was accomplished through the use of a multiple baseline design. Results suggested that training supervisors in the use of behavioral principles represented a significantly effective procedure in the modification of employees' statements reflecting dissatisfaction, primarily with management and supervisory personnel. The failure of this training to affect significantly positive statements suggested that the effective use of praise by supervisors for positive employee statements is problematic within the circumstances of this study. This suggests the need for more powerful training procedures for increasing praise verbalizations.
Use of intact rat brain cells as a model to study regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Intact rat brain cells were dissociated and used to study the regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors upon exposure to muscarinic receptor agonists. Incubation of cells with carbamylcholine resulted in a time-dependent decrease in subsequent (/sup 3/H)N-methylscopolamine specific binding, an effect which reached a steady state after 3 hr at 37/sup 0/C. This effect of carbamylcholine was dependent on the concentration of the agonist in the incubation medium and was due to a reduction in the maximal binding capacity of the receptor with no decrease in the affinity of the remaining receptors. This preparation might be useful in future studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system. 20 references, 3 tables.
Changing academic culture to improve undergraduate STEM education

Improving undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education requires faculty with the skills, resources, and time to create active learning environments that foster student engagement. Current faculty hiring, promotion, and tenure practices at many universities do not measure, reward, nor encourage faculty pursuit of these skills. A cultural change is needed to foster improvement.
Negative and positive urgency may both be risk factors for compulsive buying.

Abstract Background and aims Descriptions of compulsive buying often emphasize the roles of negative moods and trait impulsivity in the development of problematic buying habits. Trait impulsivity is sometimes treated as a unidimensional trait in compulsive buying research, but recent factor analyses suggest that impulsivity consists of multiple components that are probably best treated as independent predictors of problem behavior. In order to draw greater attention to the role of positive moods in compulsive buying, in this study we tested whether negative urgency (the tendency to act rashly while in negative moods) and positive urgency (the tendency to act rashly while in positive moods) account for similar amounts of variance in compulsive buying. Methods North American adults (N = 514) completed an online survey containing the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (Ridgway, Kukar-Kinney & Monroe, 2008), established measures of positive and negative urgency (Cyders et al., 2007), ad hoc measures of buying-s...
Cooperative effects of rigor and cycling cross-bridges on calcium binding to troponin C.

The effects of rigor and cycling cross-bridges on distributions of calcium (Ca) bound within sarcomeres of rabbit psoas muscle fibers were compared using electron probe x-ray microanalysis. Calcium in the overlap region of rigor fibers, after correction for that bound to thick filaments, was significantly higher than in the I-band at all pCa levels tested between 6.9 and 4.8, but the difference was greatest at pCa 6.9. With addition of MgATP, differences were significant at high levels of activation (pCa 5.6 and 4.9); near and below the threshold for activation, Ca was the same in I-band and overlap regions. Comparison of Ca and mass profiles at the A-I junction showed elevation of Ca extending 55–110 nm (up to three regulatory units) into the I-band. Extraction of TnC-reduced I-band and overlap Ca in rigor fibers at pCa 5.6 to the same levels found in unextracted fibers at pCa 8.9, suggesting that variations reported here reflect changes in Ca bound to troponin C (TnC). Taken together, these observations provide evidence for near-neighbor cooperative effects of both rigor and cycling cross-bridges on Ca2+ binding to TnC.
Cellular organization of normal mouse liver: a histological, quantitative immunocytochemical, and fine structural analysis.

The cellular organization of normal mouse liver was studied using light and electron microscopy and quantitative immunocytochemical techniques. The general histological organization of the mouse liver is similar to livers of other mammalian species, with a lobular organization based on the distributions of portal areas and central venules. The parenchymal hepatocytes were detected with immunocytochemical techniques to recognize albumin or biotin containing cells. The macrophage Kupffer cells were identified with F4-80 immunocytochemistry, Ito stellate cells were identified with GFAP immunocytochemistry, and endothelial cells were labeled with the CD-34 antibody. Kupffer cells were labeled with intravascularly administered fluorescently labeled latex microspheres of both large (0.5 μm) and small (0.03 μm) diameters, while endothelial cells were labeled only with small diameter microspheres. Neither hepatocytes nor Ito stellate cells were labeled by intravascularly administered latex microspheres. The principal fine structural features of hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells of mouse liver are similar to those reported for rat. Counts of immunocytochemically labeled cells with stained nuclei indicated that hepatocytes constituted approximately 52% of all labeled cells, Kupffer cells about 18%, Ito cells about 8%, and endothelial cells about 22% of all labeled cells. Approximately, 35% of the hepatocytes contained two nuclei; none of the Kupffer or Ito cells were double nucleated. The presence of canaliculi and a bile duct system appear similar to that reported for other species. The cellular organization of the mouse liver is quite similar to that of other mammalian species, confirming that the mouse presents a useful animal model for studies of liver structure and function.
A Case Study of Community Privacy

Information privacy is desired not only by individuals but also by a community of individuals to safeguard sensitive information for which they are collectively responsible. This paper reports on two aspects of privacy-aware communities that emerged from focus group interviews of three organizations: privacy awareness and situated disclosures. With respect to privacy awareness the study found that individuals within a community sought to limit the disclosure of information sensitive to their members, to their customers, or to the organization itself. The sensitivity resulted from a variety of factors ranging from legal mandates to concern for the dignity of co-workers. The complexity of the communities and the interactions between community factors and privacy were seen. With respect to situated disclosures it was found that compelling organizational interests motivated the disclosure of sensitive information outside of the usual community. However, these disclosures also involved securing internal agreement prior to disclosure, the weighing of the organizational interests against privacy concerns, and the recognition of varying levels of privacy. The relation of these findings to a community privacy model is also presented.
Review of code and solution verification procedures for computational simulation

Computational simulation can be defined as any computer application which involves the numerical solution to a system of partial differential equations. In this paper, a broad overview is given of verification procedures for computational simulation. The two aspects of verification examined are code verification and solution verification. Code verification is a set of procedures developed to find coding mistakes that affect the numerical discretization. The method of manufactured solutions combined with order of accuracy verification is recommended for code verification, and this procedure is described in detail. Solution verification is used to estimate the numerical errors that occur in every computational simulation. Both round-off and iterative convergence errors are discussed, and a posteriori methods for estimating the discretization error are examined. Emphasis is placed on discretization error estimation methods based on Richardson extrapolation as they are equally applicable to any numerical method. Additional topics covered include calculating the observed order of accuracy, error bands, and practical aspects of mesh refinement.
On the genesis of cellular communication

Abstract The formation of junctional communication between sponge cells ( Haliclona, Microciona ) was examined with an intracellular electrical technique. When dissociated sponge cells aggregate, they establish communication within minutes of their first mechanical contact: the ion permeabilities of the junctional cell surfaces increase and a perijunctional diffusion barrier forms. Ca ++ , Mg ++ , and an organic factor, the same elements known to be required for cell adhesion ( Galtsoff, 1925 ; Humphreys, 1963 ; Moscona, 1963 ), play a role in the processes of establishment of communication, presumably in those concerned with the formation of the perijunctional barrier. In absence of either Ca ++ (and Mg ++ ) or the organic factor, communication fails to be established; and upon withdrawal of the former, established communication is broken. A hypothesis is proposed to account for the permeability increase at the junctional cell surfaces during junctional formation. The main points of the hypothesis are that Ca ++ and Mg ++ are detached from the junctional surfaces by a pump-dependent mechanism operating over all or a large part of the cell surfaces; and that the gradients favor such detachment selectivity at the junctional surfaces once these become insulated from the exterior by the perijunctional barrier.
Protective role of health values in adolescents' future intentions to use condoms.

Abstract Purpose: To examine the protective role of health values in adolescents' intentions to use condoms. Methods: Two hundred thirty-six sexually active adolescents who were attending a municipal sexually transmitted diseases clinic were interviewed, using standardized and constructed instruments, regarding their previous condom use, health values, condom attitudes, social norms regarding condoms, self-efficacy regarding condoms, and intentions to use condoms in the future. Correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the direct and indirect effects of health values on intentions to use condoms. Results: Health values were significantly correlated with intentions to use condoms with main and casual sexual partners, and accounted for a significant amount of variance in intentions to use condoms with casual sexual partners, after controlling for demographic variables, past condom use, and constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior. Health values were also found to moderate the relationship between condom attitudes and intentions to use condoms with casual partners. Conclusions: Efforts to include health values as a protective factor in health behavior theory and risk-reduction interventions are warranted.
Genome Sequence of Cronobacter sakazakii E899, a Strain Associated with Human Illness

Cronobacter has caused numerous illnesses in neonates, infants, and children. Here we report the draft genome of Cronobacter sakazakii E899. Whole-genome sequence analysis of Cronobacter strains provides a tool for understanding the genomic regions specific to each individual species.
Diffusion studies in silica gels

Silica gel structure has interested scientists for nearly a hundred years. Most of the interest has centered around the control, applications, and characterization of the enormous surface-to-volume ratios that gels possess. A typical ratio is 500 m2/gm for dry silica gel. Since surface effects are responsible for silica gel's desirable properties, numerous determinations of surface areas, pore sizes, and pore densities have been made. On the other hand, quantitative data on hydrogel structure are not plentful in the literature. Two reasons for this de-emphasis on hydrogels are (1) the hydrogel is not as useful, and (2) there are no standard techniques that can be applied to the problem. Gas adsorption, X-ray, and density methods that can be applied to the problem of dry gel structure are not suitable for hydrogel study. With regard to (1), interest in silica hydrogel has recently experienced a slight upsurge because of its potential as an ideal medium for low temperature crystal growth. Some striking examples of crystal growth in gels have been reported, and lately optically perfect 1 era. hexagons of lead iodide less than 20 microns thick have been grown in silica gels in our lab. Exactly how the gel promotes sparse nucleation and regular, impurity-free growth is not clearly understood. I t will be seen that a reduction in diffusion rates, which might account for better growth of crystals, is not in evidence. Obviously, knowledge of silica hydrogel structure would aid in analysis of the gel effect, but (2) is now a stumbling block. Consequently, it is proposed that the method for study be a diffusion one, which, incidentally, involves a minimum of equipment. I t should be understood here that emphasis is more on a tentative approach than on the presentation of absolutely reliable results. In a previous paper (1), a method was proposed whereby diffusion coefficients of electrolytes can be obtained. The possible results of such an investigation have now been extended to include an order of magnitude estimate of the pore size in a gel. Diffusion coefficients are measured by analysis of constantly stirred electrolyte placed on the surface of a gel. If the pore sizes are so large that the solid portion of the gel does not interfere with the normal diffusion process (the blocking effect is negligible), there is a simple relationship between the aqueous diffusion coefficient and the gel coefficient, on the assumption that only volume effects are present:
Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of Cemented Transition-Metal Carbides at Low Temperatures

The thermal conductivity, K, and electrical resistivity, ρ, of cemented transition-metal carbides—a class of composites of high toughness—were measured for the first time at cryogenic temperatures. The dependence of these quantities on composition, grain size, and binder content was explored. The major qualitative findings are the following: (1) K for WC/Co grades has a gentle maximum ranging from 80 to 160 W/(m · K) around 150 K; (2) WC/Co has higher values of K and lower values of ρ than TiCx/NiMo, because of vacancy scattering of electrons and phonons in the latter; (3) grades with larger grains have higher values of K; (4) grades with higher percentages of binder phase have lower values of K; (5) the lattice and electronic components of K are comparable for TiCx/NiMo; (6) multicarbide grades have lower values of K than WC/Co; (7) a Callaway analysis of the lattice component of K identifies scattering of phonons by grain boundaries, point defects, electrons, and other phonons as significant for these materials, with defect scattering dominating in the liquid-nitrogen range.
Arginine catabolism in Aphanocapsa 6308.

The catabolic products of arginine metabolism were observed in Aphanocapsa 6308, a unicellular cyanobacterium, by thin layer chromatography of growth media, by limiting growth conditions, and by enzymatic analysis. Of the organic, nitrogenous compounds examined, only arginine supported growth in CO2-free media. The excretion of ornithine at a concentration level greater than citrulline suggested the existence in Aphanocapsa 6308 of the arginine dihydrolase pathway which produced ornithine, CO2, NH4, + adenosine 5′-triphosphate. Its existence was confirmed by enzymatic analysis. Although cells could not grow on urea as a sole carbon source a very active urease and subsequently an arginase were also demonstrated, indicating that Aphanocapsa can metabolize arginine via the arginase pathway. The level of enzymes for both pathways indicates a lack of genetic control. It is suggested that the arginase pathway provides only nitrogen for the cells whereas the arginine dihydrolase pathway provides not only nitrogen, but also CO2 and adenosine 5′-triphosphate.
TH‐C‐BRB‐01: Toward a thorough Evaluation of IMPT Plan Sensitivity to Uncertainties: Revisit the Worst‐Case Analysis with An Exhaustively Sampling Approach

Purpose: Intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) has a great potential to further advance proton therapy. However, it is widely accepted that IMPT is very sensitive to uncertainties. The worst‐case analysis (WA) originally proposed by Lomax has been adopted in our institute to evaluate IMPT plan sensitivity to range and setup uncertainties. Here, we propose an evaluation method by exhaustively sampling uncertainties and apply it to validate WA. Methods: A series of perturbations to modify proton beam ranges and to shift the iso‐center in x‐, y‐ and z‐directions were sampled for 500 times to generate the probability distribution of plan qualities. The magnitude of a perturbation was assigned randomly following a normal distribution with specified standard deviations in each perturbation dimension. Perturbed dose was calculated for each sampling and compared to the WA dose. Dose‐volume‐histograms (DVH) were obtained for all perturbed doses. The distribution of DVHs and dose‐volume indices were examined. Prostate and head/neck cases were selected for demonstration. Results: In both cases, the DVHs of 500 perturbed doses spread over bands with various widths, and the DVH curves of WA lie within these bands and near the “worst” edges. for CTV, 97.6% in the prostate case and 97% in the head/neck case of the perturbed doses show a D95 value higher than the value given by WA. For normal tissues, at least 96.4% of the perturbed doses show lower dose‐volume indices (e.g. V70 of rectum and bladder) than the ones by WA. Conclusions: After exhaustively sampling the possible uncertainties, we verified that the worst‐case analysis may reasonably evaluate the IMPT plan sensitivity to setup and range uncertainties without considerably over‐ or under‐estimating it. The exhaustively sampling approach proposed here could offer a great outset toward comprehensively evaluating the IMPT plan sensitivity to a broader spectrum of planning and delivery uncertainties.
Genome-sequencing anniversary. A living constitution.

![Figure][1] CREDIT: K. SUTLIFF/ SCIENCE AND WIKIMEDIA COMMONS A decade is not nearly enough time to measure the impact of a scientific revolution. We should not presume to judge how human lives will change as a result of the publication of the human genome sequence in Science in February 2001. It is clear, though, that simply weighing past predictions against present realities misses the mark. It is too soon to tell whether cures for genetic disease were oversold or fears of producing a genetic underclass were much overblown. What matters is that we found a powerful new way to represent human identity, and the moral implications of that re-representation are just beginning to unfold. Like the Constitution of the United States, the human genome turned out to be a sparse document, containing fewer genes than expected. This means that, as with the Constitution, the genome's meanings will evolve over time, as scientists, lawmakers, and publics make sense of the fixed elements of the sequence in relation to the variables and unknowns in the surrounding environment. Some outlines of new thinking are already emerging, as importantly in law and ethics as in biomedicine. Unsettled questions about who can patent genes, how to regulate unconsented uses of genetic information, when to allow familial searching of data banks, who owns immortal cell lines, and what constitutes impermissible mixing of human and nonhuman genetic material all point to deeper uncertainty about the moral status of the human genome. These questions are contentious, but in disrupting our taken-for-granted assumptions, they force us to rethink the nature and consequences of being human. In retrospect, this point leaps out as most significant: 2001 marked the issuance of a founding document, a biological living constitution that remakes how we, as individuals and species, interpret our obligations to each other and to other entities on Earth. [1]: pending:yes
Thermogravitational Field-Flow Fractionation: An Elution Thermogravitational Column

Abstract The major operating characteristics of thermal field-flow fractionation (thermal FFF) and of thermogravitational columns are compared, and it is shown that the two approaches can be advantageously combined in a method we call thermogravitational FFF. The theory of this technique is developed, with primary attention given to a change in the velocity profile under different flow conditions and its effect on component retention, column efficiency, resolution, and selectivity. Experimental results are shown to be in good overall accord with theory. It is shown that the potential of thermogravitational FFF lies in the fractionation of low molecular weight polymers or of other species having weak thermal diffusion.
Geothermal and Geopressure Patterns of Bayou Carlin-Lake Sand Area, South Louisiana: Implications

The Bayou Carlin-Lake Sand area is part of a well-known "hot belt" and geopressured region of south Louisiana. The area is characterized by a rim syncline (with Cote Blanche salt dome) on the northwest, a gulfward-dipping growth fault on the south, and productive structures of Lake Sand, East Lake Sand, and Bayou Carlin fields. Lake Sand field produces mostly gas from the anticline on the downthrown side of a growth fault. In East Lake Sand field gas accumulations are on the upthrown side of the eastward extension of the growth fault. Bayou Carlin field consists essentially of stratigraphic traps north and northeast of the two fields. The mapping of the geopressured zone shows that its roof shallows over the structural highs and the downthrown side of the growth fault, an that the geopressure roof has thermal halos over the structural highs. The geothermal mapping of structural horizons in the hydropressured and geopressured zones indicates that the isothermal contours approximate the subsurface structures. The geoisotherms (depth contours) of the 250°F (121°C) datum and isotherms (temperature contours) at four depth levels (10,000; 12,000; 14,000; and 16,000 ft or 3,048; 3,658; 4,267; 4,877 m) suggest that the structural highs are associated with thermal highs, and that the rim synclinal zone of the Cote Blanche salt dome is hot because of a greater heat flow from the salt diapir. These features also are reflected by the computerized residuals of the isotherms from the first-order polynomial surfaces at those depth levels. The geothermal highs on the productive structures, particularly those associated with growth faults, easily are explainable in terms of the mechanism of primary migration of hot fluids from the deeper levels up the fault planes into the permeable sand bodies in the vicinity of the faults. The geothermal mapping technique, possibly with appropriate computer applications, has great potential as an effective adjunct to the conventional tools used for petroleum exploration. The geothermal approach is recommended for selecting areas of possible petroleum prospects prior to detailed appraisal, for delineating untested rollover anticlines against growth faults, and for locating deeper hydrocarbon accumulations of commercial significance.
UCF Library Express: Assessing a Faculty Delivery Service

As it becomes increasingly difficult to demonstrate the worth of the library to the academic community, gate counts and usage statistics are no longer enough. Showing the impact the library has on the community requires planning new services with outcome measurement from the start. This article outlines a plan for assessing the impact of a faculty book delivery service at the University of Central Florida's John C. Hitt Library. It includes a review of outcome measurement and other relevant literature, the service goals and outcomes, and a data plan for demonstrating and communicating the outcomes. This article is the third in a series of three articles that together make up an entire project planning and management document that is based on Rhea Rubin's (2006) Outcome Measurement model. The plan in its entirety provides an example of how to apply the Outcome Measurement model in an academic library setting.
Variations of the oxygen isotope fractionation between NaCO−3 and water due to the presence of NaCl at 100–300°C

Abstract The oxygen isotope fractionation between NaCO − 3 and water in the presence of NaCl concentrations up to 4 M at temperatures between 100° and 300°C has been investigated using a new, high-temperature titration technique. Dissolved carbonate is equilibrated at temperature with the experimental solution, and then the carbonate is quantitatively precipitated as BaCO 3 by the injection of BaCl 2 solution at temperature. The isotopic composition of the BaCO 3 reflects the composition of the free water, and hence reflects changes in the oxygen isotope composition of the free water due to the presence of NaCl. Under the experimental conditions used in this study, NaCO − 3 is the dominant dissolved carbonate species, and the oxygen isotope fractionation between NaCO − 3 and water between 100° and 300°C is given by: 1000 ln α = 2.7 (10 6 T −2 )−5.7 where T is temperature in K. Values of Δ 18 O NaCl(solution-water) are generally small and negative (between −1 and 0‰). The small values of Δ 18 O NaCl(solution-water) obtained in this study are consistent with data from the studies of Kendall et al. (1983), Zhang et al. (1989), and Horita et al. (1993a), rather than the studies of Truesdell (1974) and Kazahaya (1986), which indicate values of Δ 18 O NaCl(solution-water) up to +3‰ for 4 M NaCl solutions at temperatures as high as 250°C. The results have implications for the use of oxygen isotope geothermometers in the presence of brines, and hence to the quantification of temperatures and water compositions in a variety of research areas, such as studies of ore deposits and sedimentary diagenesis, and to the quantification of water/rock ratios in geothermal and metamorphic fluid flow systems.
Management of Massive Hemispheric Cerebral Infarct: Is There a Ray of Hope?

Catastrophic infarcts of the cerebral hemisphere often involve occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. In approximately 50% of these patients, consciousness declines because of brain swelling. Management includes prevention of further systemic complications, and recent studies have suggested that decompressive hemicraniectomy or moderate hypothermia may improve outcome. Mortality may be decreased, but morbidity should be carefully evaluated in clinical trials before these interventions are accepted as standard.
Incidence of monozygotic twinning with blastocyst transfer compared to cleavage-stage transfer.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the incidence of monozygotic twinning (MZT) in pregnancies conceived after blastocyst transfer compared to cleavage-stage transfer. Design Retrospective study. Setting University IVF program. Patient(s) All IVF patients with viable pregnancies conceived during a 4-year period. Intervention(s) Blastocyst transfer or day 3 ET. Main outcome measure(s) Incidence of MZT assessed by transvaginal ultrasound. Result(s) There were 11 incidences of MZT in 197 viable pregnancies (5.6%) with blastocyst transfer compared to 7 of 357 viable pregnancies (2%) with day 3 ET. In 10 of 18 pregnancies, MZT was observed in the setting of a higher order multiple gestation (6 of 11 for blastocyst transfer and 4 of 7 for day 3 ET). In the day 3 ET group, assisted hatching or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) did not increase MZT (4 of 213, 1.9%) compared to cycles without zona breaching (3 of 144, 2.1%). Similarly, in the blastocyst-transfer group, ICSI did not increase the incidence of MZT (4 of 74, 5.5% for ICSI and 7 of 123, 5.7% for non-ICSI IVF). Conclusion(s) Compared to day 3 ET, blastocyst transfer appears to significantly increase the incidence of gestations with MZT. This information should be taken into account when counseling patients about the pros and cons of extended culture.
Metabolism in Human Endomyocardial Biopsies Cardiac Work

ABSTRACT The activities of the Krebs cycle (KC), glycolytic pathway (GP), and the hexose monophosphate shunt were studied in endomyocardial biopsies obtained from 25 patients and were related to left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI). Unexpectedly, KC activity was greater in patients with a reduced LVSWI than in those with a normal or elevated LVSWI. When the cardiac work: KC ratio, defined as LVSWI divided by KC activity, was plotted against LVSWI, the correlation coefficient was 0.86. Cardiac work did not correlate with other metabolic pathways measured. Patients with a reduced LVSWI generated less cardiac work per unit of KC activity than those who had a normal or elevated LVSWI. These data indicate that a reduction in LVSWI below 40 gr ammeters/square meter (gm-m/m 2 ) may be associated with either inefficient energy production, inefficient energy utilization, or both.
Sequence divergence of the murB and rrfB genes from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.

The murB gene of Salmonella typhimurium was cloned and found to be 75% and 82% identical to the DNA and protein sequences, respectively, of the same gene in Escherichia coli. These identities are among the lowest recorded between the two bacteria. Nevertheless, wild-type S. typhimurium murB complemented the known temperature-sensitive E. coli mutant, and wild-type E. coli murB complemented three temperature-sensitive mutants of S. typhimurium. The 5S rRNA gene, rrfB, and the region between murB and rrfB were also cloned and sequenced. The rrfB gene of S. typhimurium differs from rrfB of E. coli in only 2 of 120 nt, but the region between murB and rrfB has diverged greatly and includes a sequence that elosely resembles a repetitive extragenic palindrome of the type normally associated with E. coli. Previous comparisons of gene divergence have suggested that the chromosomal mutation rate is lower in the vicinity of the origin of replication. However, the S. typhimurium murB gene, located 6 map minutes from the origin of replication, is highly substituted at synonymous sites and the sequence between murB and rrfB is significantly modified as well. Thus, murB is an exception to the general observation that genes near the origin of replication show less divergence than do genes elsewhere in the bacterial chromosome.
Routing strategies for underwater gliders

Abstract Gliders are autonomous underwater vehicles that achieve long operating range by moving at speeds comparable to those of, or slower than, typical ocean currents. This paper addresses routing gliders to rapidly reach a specified waypoint or to maximize the ability to map a measured field, both in the presence of significant currents. For rapid transit in a frozen velocity field, direct minimization of travel time provides a trajectory “ray” equation. A simpler routing algorithm that requires less information is also discussed. Two approaches are developed to maximize the mapping ability, as measured by objective mapping error, of arrays of vehicles. In order to produce data sets that are readily interpretable, both approaches focus sampling near predetermined “ideal tracks” by measuring mapping skill only on those tracks, which are laid out with overall mapping skill in mind. One approach directly selects each vehicle's headings to maximize instantaneous mapping skill integrated over the entire array. Because mapping skill decreases when measurements are clustered, this method automatically coordinates glider arrays to maintain spacing. A simpler method that relies on manual control for array coordination employs a first-order control loop to balance staying close to the ideal track and maintaining vehicle speed to maximize mapping skill. While the various techniques discussed help in dealing with the slow speed of gliders, nothing can keep performance from being degraded when current speeds are comparable to vehicle speed. This suggests that glider utility could be greatly enhanced by the ability to operate high speeds for short periods when currents are strong.
Failure of Postnatal Ductus Arteriosus Closure in Prostaglandin Transporter–Deficient Mice

Background— Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a major role both in maintaining patency of the fetal ductus arteriosus and in closure of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The rate-limiting step in PGE2 signal termination is PGE2 uptake by the transporter PGT. Methods and Results— To determine the role of PGT in ductus arteriosus closure, we used a gene-targeting strategy to produce mice in which PGT exon 1 was flanked by loxP sites. Successful targeting was obtained because neither mice hypomorphic at the PGT allele (PGT Neo/Neo) nor global PGT knockout mice (PGT−/−) exhibited PGT protein expression; moreover, embryonic fibroblasts isolated from targeted mice failed to exhibit carrier-mediated PGE2 uptake. Although born in a normal mendelian ratio, no PGT−/− mice survived past postnatal day 1, and no PGT Neo/Neo mice survived past postnatal day 2. Necropsy revealed patent ductus arteriosus with normal intimal thickening but dilated cardiac chambers. Both PGT Neo/Neo and PGT−/− mice could be rescued through th...
Users' criteria for relevance evaluation: a cross-situational comparison

Abstract This article takes a cognitive approach toward understanding the behaviors of end-users by focusing on the values or criteria they employ in making relevance judgments, or decisions about whether to obtain and use information. It compares and contrasts the results of two empirical studies in which criteria were elicited directly from individuals who were seeking information to resolve their own information problems. In one study, respondents were faculty and students in an academic environment examining print documents from traditional text-based information retrieval systems. In the other study, respondents were occupational users of weather-related information in a multimedia environment in which sources included interpersonal communication, mass media, weather instruments, and computerized weather systems. The results of the studies, taken together, provide evidence that a finite range of criteria exists and that these criteria are applied consistently across types of information users, problem situations, and source environments.
Detection of C3 in the Circumstellar Shell of IRC+10216

Vibration-rotation lines of C(3) have been identified in the circumstellar spectrum of the obscured carbon star IRC+10216. This molecule is of interest in both the chemistry of flames, where it may be involved in the formation of soot, and in astrophysics, where it is a potential building block for carbonaceous grains. This high-resolution infrared detection of the pure carbon chain molecule C(3) allows the estimation of the equilibrium C-C bond length, 1.297 angstroms. Possible astrophysical formation and destruction mechanisms for C(3) are reviewed, including the relationship between C(3) and carbon clusters.
Harmonic generation process of Gor'kov and Éliashberg☆

The practicability is discussed of observing one of the electromagnetic phenomena in gapless superconductors predicted by Gor'kov and Eliashberg. The use of realistic boundary conditions shows that the effect should be more difficult to observe than they had indicated.
Nonfunctional SCN1A Is Common in Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy

Summary: Purpose: Mutations in SCN1A, encoding the human NaV1.1 neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel, cause the syndrome of severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI). Most SMEI-associated mutations are predicted to truncate the SCN1A protein, likely causing a loss of sodium channel function. However, many missense or in-frame deletion SCN1A mutations have also been reported in this disorder, but their functional impact is largely unknown. Here we report the functional characterization of eight SCN1A mutations (G177E, I227S, R393H, Y426N, H939Q, C959R, delF1289, and T1909I) previously identified in SMEI probands. Methods: SCN1A mutants were constructed in a recombinant human SCN1A and then heterologously expressed in human tsA201 cells along with the human β1 and β2 sodium channel accessory subunits. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording was used to define biophysical properties of each mutant and for comparison with the wild-type (WT) channel. Results: Six of the mutants were nonfunctional, but Y426N and T1909I generated measurable sodium channel activity. Cells expressing Y426N and T1909I had significantly lower current densities compared with WT-SCN1A. In addition, other biophysical abnormalities were observed for the two functional mutants including decreased channel availability (Y426N) and increased persistent sodium current (T1909I). Conclusions: We conclude that SMEI is caused either by complete loss of SCN1A function, or by dysfunctional sodium channels exhibiting mixed biophysical properties. This wide spectrum of functional defects observed among SCN1A mutations suggests that SMEI may result from more than a single molecular or cellular mechanism, or require other factors for pathogenesis.
Nuclear magnetic resonance of oriented molecules in lyotropic liquid crystalline media: p-cresol

Proton-proton distance ratios and order parameters for partially oriented p-cresol in a lyotropic mesophase derived from potassium laurate are obtained. The order parameters are the largest yet found for an ordered solute in a nematic-like lyotropic system. The dipolar couplings and structural data were independent of the rotational potential from 0–200 cal mol−1.
A thallium-205 NMR study of thallium acetate ion association in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and dimethylsulfoxide

The association of thallium acetate ion in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and dimethyl-sulfoxide has been investigated by thallium-205 NMR spectroscopy. Analysis of the association constants as a function of temperature indicates that in trifluoroethanol the association enthalpy and entropy are, respectively, 1.6 kcal-mol−1 and 19.3 cal-mol−1-K−1 and in dimethylsulfoxide they are-0.99 kcal-mol−1 and 18.0 cal-mol−1-K−1. Examination of the temperature dependence of the chemical shift of the ion-pair reveals that in dimethylsulfoxide the ion-pair exists as a contact species, while in trifluoroethanol the solvent-separated ion-pair is more likely.
Ex vivo rehabilitation of non–heart-beating donor lungs in preclinical porcine model: Delayed perfusion results in superior lung function

Objectives Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a promising modality for the evaluation and treatment of marginal donor lungs. The optimal timing of EVLP initiation and the potential for rehabilitation of donor lungs with extended warm ischemic times is unknown. The present study compared the efficacy of different treatment strategies for uncontrolled non–heart-beating donor lungs. Methods Mature swine underwent hypoxic arrest, followed by 60 minutes of no-touch warm ischemia. The lungs were harvested and flushed with 4°C Perfadex. Three groups (n = 5/group) were stratified according to the preservation method: cold static preservation (CSP; 4 hours of 4°C storage), immediate EVLP (I-EVLP: 4 hours EVLP at 37°C), and delayed EVLP (D-EVLP; 4 hours of CSP followed by 4 hours of EVLP). The EVLP groups were perfused with Steen solution supplemented with heparin, methylprednisolone, cefazolin, and an adenosine 2A receptor agonist. The lungs then underwent allotransplantation and 4 hours of recipient reperfusion before allograft assessment for resultant ischemia–reperfusion injury. Results The donor blood oxygenation (partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio) before death was not different between the groups. The oxygenation after transplantation was significantly greater in the D-EVLP group than in the I-EVLP or CSP groups. The mean airway pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and expression of interleukin-8, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α were all significantly reduced in the D-EVLP group. Post-transplant oxygenation exceeded the acceptable clinical levels only in the D-EVLP group. Conclusions Uncontrolled non–heart-beating donor lungs with extended warm ischemia can be reconditioned for successful transplantation. The combination of CSP and EVLP in the D-EVLP group was necessary to obtain optimal post-transplant function. This finding, if confirmed clinically, will allow expanded use of nonheart-beating donor lungs.
The effects of sensible heat exchange on the dynamics of baroclinic waves

A diabatic two-level model with variable static stability is investigated with respect to the dynamic stability and thermal structure of harmonic perturbations. The exchange of sensible heat is assumed to be proportional to the difference in temperature between the air and the underlying surface. This type of diabatic heating reduces the instability of short and medium waves and shifts the maximum instability to a shorter wave length than the corresponding adiabatic model; however, the instability of long waves is increased. Solution of the initial value problem for various initial phase differences between the stream function wave, thermal wave and static stability waves show the importance of these parameters with respect to the growth characteristics which are complex. Limiting angles for a 4000–km wave length show an 85° lag of the thermal wave behind the stream wave and the latter lagging the vertical velocity and static stability waves by about 90° and 110° degrees respectively; but no significant differences are found between the adiabatic and diabatic cases. For an 8000–km wave length, the thermal wave lags the stream wave by about 30° and the stream wave, in turn, lags the static stability and vertical velocity waves by 140° with adiabatic flow, while with heat exchange the corresponding figures are 25° and 105°. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01472.x
Debugging in applicative languages

Applicative programming languages have several properties that appear to make debugging difficult. First, the absence of assignment statements complicates the notion of changing a program while debugging. Second, the absence of imperative input and output makes it harder to obtain information about what the program is doing. Third, the presence of lazy evaluation prevents the user from knowing much about the order in which events occur. Some solutions to these problems involve nonapplicative extensions to the language. Fortunately, the same features of applicative languages that cause problems for traditional debugging also support an idiomatic applicative style of programming, and effective debugging techniques can be implemented using that style. This paper shows how to implement tracing and interactive debugging tools in a purely applicative style. This approach is more flexible, extensive and portable than debugging tools that require modification to the language implementation.
A biomechanical analysis of treatment options for enchondromas of the hand

Purpose Enchondromas are the most common benign bone tumor affecting the hand. Standard treatment has consisted of curettage with bone grafting. It has become increasingly common for surgeons to use biologic cement in these cases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate different treatment options used to fill voids after curettage of hand enchondromas to determine if any provide more rigid fixation.
Development of glial cells in the cerebral wall of ferrets: direct tracing of their transformation from radial glia into astrocytes.

Coronal sections of the cerebral wall from developing ferrets (newborn to adult) were double-stained with antibodies to vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). At birth, the dominant glial population was radial glia and these cells labeled only for vimentin. A small population of immature astrocytes in the cortical plate was double labeled for GFAP and vimentin. In successive days, the number of vimentin-positive radial glia gradually decreased and they disappeared entirely at about 21 days. During this same period, the double-stained astrocytes increased in number and were distributed throughout the cortical plate and intermediate zone. After 6 weeks of age the astrocytes were mostly confined to the developing white matter. Around this time they gradually lost their vimentin staining, and in the adult no vimentin-positive elements were seen except at the ependymal surface. In newborn ferrets single radial glial cells were also visualized by applying the carbocyanine dye DiI onto the pial surface of fixed brains. While most radial glia extended from the ventricular zone to the pial surface, a substantial fraction of them had lost their contact to the ventricular zone. Their somata were displaced into the subventricular zone and lower portion of the intermdiate zone. The possibility that radial glia transform into astrocytes was directly tested by injecting fluorescent dyes under the pial surface of newborn ferrets at a time when virtually no GFAP-positive astrocytes are present. The tracer, which was taken up in the upper portion of the cortical plate, stained the radial glial cell somata in the ventricular zone in a similar way as the dye DiI did in the fixed brains. As the radial glial cells disappeared at successively longer survival times, the tracer was ultimately found within newly formed GFAP-positive astrocytes. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that radial glia cells are the immature form of astrocytes (Choi and Lapham: Brain Res.148:295–311, ′78; Schmechel and Rakic: Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 156:115–152, ′79), and also show that, at least in the ferret cortex, the transformation is accompanied by a change in the expression of intermediate filament protein.