cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legionnaires' disease mimicking swine influenza (H1N1) pneumonia during the "herald wave" of the pandemic.

Background New York area hospitals were hit hard by the swine influenza (H1N1) pandemic in spring and summer 2009. During a pandemic, the initial cases may be difficult to recognize, but subsequent clinical diagnoses were relatively straightforward, given the high volume of cases and their typical clinical presentation. Swine influenza pneumonia presents as an influenza-like illness (ILI) with dry cough, fever >102°F and myalgias. A variety of other viral pneumonias, eg, cytomegalovirus, human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV 3), and adenovirus, as well as bacterial community-acquired pneumonias (CAPs) that may present with some of the clinical and laboratory features of H1N1 pneumonia. Most adults admitted to hospitals with ILIs during the pandemic had, in fact, definite or probable H1N1 pneumonia. The Infectious Disease Division at Winthrop-University Hospital developed a diagnostic weighted point score to identify probable H1N1 cases in hospitalized adults with rapid negative influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs). Methods We present a case of an elderly male who presented with an ILI and negative RIDTs during the H1N1 pandemic. He was admitted with a diagnosis of possible H1N1, and placed on influenza precautions and oseltamivir. Although the patient had features consistent with H1N1 pneumonia, Legionnaires' disease was included in the differential diagnosis because of his elevated serum ferritin levels. A Legionella urinary antigen test was positive for Legionella pneumophila (serogroups 01-06). Results The peak seasonal incidence of sporadic Legionnaires' disease occurs in the summer and fall. Even in the midst of a pandemic, clinicians should be on the alert for other infectious diseases that may mimic H1N1 pneumonia. In our experience, the best way to differentiate H1N1 from ILIs or other bacterial CAPs is through the Winthrop-University Hospital Infectious Disease Division's diagnostic weighted point score system for H1N1 pneumonia or its rapid simplified version, ie, the diagnostic swine influenza triad. Legionnaires' disease is the atypical CAP pathogen most likely to mimic H1N1 pneumonia. Conclusions Based on this and other nine cases at our institution during the “herald wave” of pandemic, we conclude that Legionnaires' disease may mimic swine influenza (H1N1) pneumonia.
Educating Administrators to Interact with Citizens: A Research Note

This article examines the place of citizen participation courses in American Masters of Public Administration programs. A survey of course syllabi shows that very few programs provide courses that focus on citizen participation. While the evidence on course content is more ambiguous, course goals tend to focus on imparting cognitive knowledge rather than developing skills or engendering psychological transformation—outcomes that may be key to having administrators who are comfortable working with citizens. An argument is made for a more visible place for citizen-participation courses to show that the ability to involve citizens is part of administrative competence.
Sleep disordered breathing, fatigue, and sleepiness in HIV-infected and -uninfected men.

Study Objectives We investigated the association of HIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with sleep disordered breathing (SDB), fatigue, and sleepiness. Methods HIV-uninfected men (HIV−; n = 60), HIV-infected men using HAART (HIV+/HAART+; n = 58), and HIV-infected men not using HAART (HIV+/HAART−; n = 41) recruited from two sites of the Multicenter AIDS cohort study (MACS) underwent a nocturnal sleep study, anthropometric assessment, and questionnaires for fatigue and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The prevalence of SDB in HIV- men was compared to that in men matched from the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS). Results The prevalence of SDB was unexpectedly high in all groups: 86.7% for HIV−, 70.7% for HIV+/HAART+, and 73.2% for HIV+/HAART−, despite lower body-mass indices (BMI) in HIV+ groups. The higher prevalence in the HIV− men was significant in univariate analyses but not after adjustment for BMI and other variables. SDB was significantly more common in HIV− men in this study than those in SHHS, and was common in participants with BMIs <25 kg/m2. HIV+ men reported fatigue more frequently than HIV− men (25.5% vs. 6.7%; p = 0.003), but self-reported sleepiness did not differ among the three groups. Sleepiness, but not fatigue, was significantly associated with SDB. Conclusions SDB was highly prevalent in HIV− and HIV+ men, despite a normal or slightly elevated BMI. The high rate of SDB in men who have sex with men deserves further investigation. Sleepiness, but not fatigue, was related to the presence of SDB. Clinicians caring for HIV-infected patients should distinguish between fatigue and sleepiness when considering those at risk for SDB, especially in non-obese men.
Effect of Low-Dose Irradiation on the Surface Properties of Poly((trifluoroethoxy)(telomer fluoro alkoxy)phosphazene)

Abstract The effect of low-dose ultraviolet and 3, irradiation on the surface and bulk properties of poly[(trifluoroethoxy)(telomer fluoro alkoxy)phosphazene], was found to initially result in an increased side chain mobility followed by a decreased mobility. The initial increase is attributed to partial cleavage of selected side chains followed by a decreased mobility as a result of interside chain crosslinking. These above effects and the solid state characterization of the polymers were documented by dynamic mechanical analysis, difference dielectric spectroscopy, electron microscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, attenuated total internal reflection spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, tensile stress strain, and mass spectroscopy.
Categories of Novelty and States of Uncertainty

The concept of novelty has acquired a large number of diverse referents over the past quarter-century as a result of new methods that permit measurement of a variety of biological and behavioral re...
Purification of the human THP-1 monocyte-macrophage triglyceride-rich lipoprotein receptor.

Abstract Previously we reported that human blood-borne and THP-1 monocyte-macrophages have an apolipoprotein E- and lipoprotein lipase-independent, high affinity, specific binding site for the uptake and degradation of hypertriglyceridemic VLDL and plasma chylomicrons distinct from the LDL receptor gene family and the acetyl LDL receptor (Gianturco et al., J. Lipid Res. 35:1674-1687, 1994). Ligand blot analyses identified two cell-surface, structurally related membrane binding proteins as receptor candidates of M r ∼200 kDa and M r ∼235 kDa which are converted into a single ligand binding species of intermediate mobility upon reduction. We now report a ∼1200-fold purification of the reduced candidate receptor protein from cultured THP-1 monocytes.
What Can Plasticity of Amorphous Silicon Tell Us about Plasticity of Metallic Glasses

In a recent set of computer simulations, we have analyzed the atomic-level kinematics and kinetics of the plastic relaxations that constitute shear transformations (STs) responsible for plasticity in amorphous silicon (a-Si). Here, we summarize the rich mechanistic details of the triggering of these transformations from “fertile” sites having a slight excess of liquidlike atomic environments and develop analytical models for the evolution of liquidlike material with plastic strain, leading to a unique flow state. Furthermore, a kinetic model of flow is developed, which accounts for the stress-strain curves with broad yield phenomena as well as for the temperature dependence of the plastic resistance found in the simulations. While the details of these findings apply specifically to network glasses of a-Si, we find far-reaching parallels to the flow mechanisms in metallic and polymeric glasses.
PROTOONCOGENES AND GROWTH FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH NORMAL AND ABNORMAL LIVER GROWTH

Hepatocyte replication during liver regeneration depends on extrinsic (circulating) and intrinsic (intrahepatic) factors. Two important growth factors produced in the regenerating liver are discussed, TGFα, an autocrine, stimulatory growth factor, and TGFβ, a paracrine inhibitory factor. The balance between the activities of these factors is likely to play an important role in regulating hepatocyte proliferation. The experession of some protooncogenes occurs sequentially during the first few hours after partial hepatectomy and is a marker for the entry of hepatocytes into the cell cycle (proliferative competence). As hepatocytes become competent to proliferate, they respond to TGFα and other growth factors and enter a proliferative phase. It is possible that TGFβ1 serves as a stop signal for liver regeneration but the mechanisms by which TGFβ inhibits hepatocyte DNA synthesis are still unknown.
Radical Posterior Capsulectomy Improves Sagittal Knee Motion in Crouch Gait

Background Knee flexion contracture leading to crouch gait is commonly seen in children with myelomeningocele. Progressive increase in knee flexion contracture increases energy cost, which interferes with efficient, functional ambulation. To prevent this, surgical release has been recommended when a knee flexion contracture exceeds 15° to 20°.
Comparative activity of the new fluoroquinolone Bay y3118 against 177 penicillin susceptible and resistant pneumococci.

The activity of a new fluoroquinolone, Bay y3118, was evaluated in comparison to three quinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, lomefloxacin) and four broad-spectrum oral cephalosporins (cefpodoxime, cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefixime) against 49 penicillin-susceptible pneumococci, 77 pneumococci with intermediate resistance and 51 penicillin-resistant pneumococci. Quinolone activity was not affected by the penicillin susceptibility status of the organisms. Bay y3118 was very active against all strains, with an MIC90 of 0.015 µg/ml. Other quinolones were less active, with MIC90s of 4 µg/ml (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) and 8 µg/ml (lomefloxacin). Cephalosporin MICs rose parallel to those of penicillin. Cefuroxime and cefpodoxime were the most active cephalosporins, with MIC90s for strains showing susceptibility, intermediate resistance and resistance of 0.125–0.25, 2–4 and 4 µg/ml, respectively. Cefaclor and cefixime were less active, with corresponding MIC90s of 1–2, 8–16 and > 16 µg/ml, respectively.
DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique involving enzymatic amplification of nucleic acid sequences via repeated cycles of denaturation, oligonucleotide annealing, and DNA polymerase extension. PCR has revolutionized the practice of DNA technology as it allows virtually any nucleic acid sequence to be readily generated in vitro in relatively great abundance, so that subsequent analyses are not confounded by the presence of other DNA fragments or a lack of material with which to work. PCR also enables the sequence of individual DNA fragments to be altered. The method has advantages over conventional procedures for DNA cloning and analysis in many circumstances because it is faster, simpler, and more flexible. The total range and number of applications that have evolved in the short time since the first report of PCR are enormous. This review describes some of the history of PCR, the principle of the method, practical considerations for performing PCR, and a variety of applications.
Synthesis and Diels—Alder Reactions of Pyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles. A Synthesis of 4-Acetamidocarbazoles and an Approach to the Antiostatins.

An efficient and potentially general method for the synthesis of stable 3-alkyl-2-acylpyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles from skatole is developed.
High-acidity determination in salt-containing acids by optical sensors. The scope of a dual-transducer approach and the Hammett acidity function.

A dual-transducer approach based on sol−gel optical sensors was recently reported to measure acid and salt concentrations, Cacid and Csalt, in concentrated aqueous LiCl−HCl, CaCl2−HCl, and AlCl3−HC...
Thermodynamics of transfer of indocarbocyanines from gel to fluid phases of phospholipid bilayers

Application of the regular solution model to thermal transition data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry has allowed the determination of partition coefficients, Kp, and the thermodynamics of transfer of a series of indocarbocyanine solutes between the gel and fluid phases of phospholipid bilayers. The indocarbocyanines with alkyl chain lengths of 12 to 22 carbons were partitioned between dipalmitoyl- and distearoylphosphatidylcholine phases at the transition temperatures of the gel-liquid-crystal phase transition. The results indicate that as the alkyl chain length of the solute nears that of the acyl chains of the bilayer lipid, the free energy of transfer from gel to fluid is least negative, and the enthalpy of transfer is most positive. There is almost complete entropy-enthalpy compensation in the transfer process. Comparison of the partition coefficients with published values determined by a fluorescence method show good agreement when the differences in temperature of the measurements are accounted for.
High Speed 1.31µm InGaAsP Lasers With Semi-Insulating Current-Blocking Layers: Experiment And Modeling

A high-speed and high-power InGaAsP semi-insulating buried crescent (SIBC) laser operating at 1.3-μm wavelength is described. The laser is fabricated with two epitaxial growth steps. A 3-dB direct modulation bandwidth of 11 GHz and a maximum cw output power of 42 mW have been achieved. A model based on rate equations is used to analyze these laser diodes. The effects of packaging and device parasitics on high-speed modulation are incorporated through a simple circuit configuration. The calculated frequency response is in good agreement with the measured response. The model is then used to predict the maximum obtainable modulation bandwidth. Finally, the measured relative intensity noise performance of the SIBC laser is presented.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ILThermo: A Free-Access Web Database for Thermodynamic Properties of Ionic Liquids†

The development, scope, and functionality of the Web-based ionic liquids database, ILThermo, are described. The database is available free to the public and aims to provide users worldwide with up to date information from publications of experimental thermophysical properties for ionic liquids, including numerical property values, measurement methods, sample purities, purification methods, and uncertainties. The database can be searched in terms of the ions constituting the ionic liquids, the ionic liquids themselves, and their properties and through literature citation information
Use of the Internet and Other Media for Health Information Among Clinic Outpatients With Serious Mental Illness

Objective: This study examined how people with serious mental illness access and use media to receive health information. Methods: One hundred people with serious mental illness were interviewed regarding their media use, with a focus on how they get their health information. Results: Among these participants, 91% had a television (M±SD=5.7±4.6 hours per day), and 74% indicated it was a primary health information source. One third of the sample had used the Internet. Of these participants, about half (53%) had gone online for health information. Younger participants and those with more education were significantly more likely to use the Internet. Among Internet nonusers, there was still interest in finding health information online; however, expense, lack of computer skills or knowledge, and difficulties with typing and reading prevented doing so. Conclusions: Although this sample used television more often than the Internet as a resource, there appears to be interest among persons with serious mental illness in using the Internet as a source of health information and support. (Psychiatric Services 60:1265–1268, 2009)
Cellular Responses to Whitlockite

Whitlockite crystals have been observed in both degenerating and normal articular cartilages. To determine their potential for inducing cartilage degeneration, we studied their ability to induce mitogenesis and synthesis and secretion of metalloproteases in vitro. Whitlockite crystals were found to stimulate cell proliferation and to stimulate synthesis and secretion of stromelysin and collagenase. However, they were less stimulatory than crystals that contained calcium (Ca) and phosphate without magnesium substitution for Ca. Whitlockite crystals elicit biologic cellular responses that suggest potential pathogenicity in arthritis, but are less potent than Ca phosphate crystals without magnesium.
On the Response of a Missile with Exhaust Trail of Tapered Conductivity to a Plane Wave Electromagnetic Field

The current distribution along and scattering cross section of a missile with plume (ionized trail) is found, using numerical techniques when the conductivity of the plume tapers with increasing distance from the exhaust nozzles. In the theory no restrictions are imposed on the length of either the missile or plume, and the variation of conductivity along the entire scattering obstacle may be arbitrary. A model of cylindrical geometry is assumed. Curves for the current distribution along the missile and its ionized trial are presented for several missile and plume lengths at selected frequencies. A table is provided for the scattering cross sections.
Modulation of the axon-reflex response to local heat by reactive oxygen species in subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Local cutaneous heating causes vasodilation as an initial first peak, a nadir, and increase to plateau. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate the heat plateau in healthy controls. The initial peak...
An asymmetrical pulse shaping technique to combat delay spread

Residual error floors caused by delay spread are reduced with a new pulse-shaping (or filtering) technique described in the present paper. Delay spread, which causes frequency-selective fading, is a major cause of error floors in high-speed digital mobile radio systems. The authors propose a new class of nonlinear-phase intersymbol interference (ISI) free filters that lead to asymmetrical pulse shapes and are more robust against frequency-selective multipath fading. The nonlinear-phase filters do not require redundant signalling bandwidth in comparison to raised-cosine filters which are more robust against delay spread. A piece-wise linear-phase filter with cosine roll-off is designed to demonstrate the robustness of nonlinear-phase filters against delay spread. Coherent quarternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) modems and the two-ray Rayleigh fading model are assumed in the analyses. For the filter roll-off factor alpha =1, the delay tolerance increases from tau =0.5 T (where tau is the relative delay of two paths and T is the symbol duration) for the raised-cosine filter to 0.65 T for the nonlinear-phase filter if bit error rate floors (BERF)=3% is used as a benchmark and the equal-power two-ray Rayleigh fading model is assumed. >
Carbohydrate metabolism and physiology of the parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis studied in chemostats

The parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis was cultured in chemostats with glucose or maltose as carbon and energy source. The maximum growth rate was about six divisions per day independent of the substrate, and the apparent Km for glucose was 0.375 mM. While growing on maltose, the growth rate depended linearly on the maltose concentration, indicating that in contrast to glucose metabolism a diffusion step is rate-limiting to maltose metabolism. Cultures were examined over a wide range of growth rates under four conditions: utilizing glucose or maltose as carbon and energy source, with the carbon source rate-limiting or present in excess. Cell density, cellular protein and carbohydrate content as well as residual substrate concentration in the culture fluid were measured at each steady state. The protein content was constant at 100 pg protein per cell except when T. vaginalis was cultured under glucose limitation; in the latter case, slow-growing cells had less protein than cells grown at high rates. When growing under glucose limitation T. vaginalis metabolism changed to become more energy efficient at growth rates exceeding about half the maximum rate. The maintenance energy at the low growth rates accounted for approximately half of the total carbon consumption, which is high in comparison to other micro-organisms. At low growth rates the yield on maltose exceeded that on glucose, when expressed in terms of carbon equivalents. The yields on maltose and glucose were equal, but much lower, when the carbon source was not rate-limiting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A selection of Mantel's contributions to laboratory research.

Nathan Mantel served as a statistician in the National Cancer Institute of the NIH for more than 25 years. During this period he was a consultant to many laboratory investigators, epidemiologists, clinicians and incidentally statisticians. These consultant activities in the design and analysis of data led to many of the research problems that he was engaged in as an independent investigator. Among these were many contributions to quantitative methods in laboratory research. This report discusses six such issues.
Development in infants with autism spectrum disorders: a prospective study

Background Autism is rarely diagnosed before three years of age despite evidence suggesting prenatal abnormalities in neurobiological processes. Little is known about when or how development becomes disrupted in the first two years of life in autism. Such information is needed to facilitate early detection and early intervention. Methods This prospective study of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) examined development using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) in 87 infants tested at target ages 6, 14, and 24 months. Participants came from infants at high risk (siblings of children with autism) and low risk (no family history of autism) groups. Based on language test scores, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, and clinical judgment at 24 months of age, participants were categorized as: unaffected, ASD, or language delayed (LD). Longitudinal linear regression and ANOVA models were applied to MSEL raw scores, and estimates were compared between the three diagnostic groups. Results No statistically significant group differences were detected at 6 months. By 14 months of age, the ASD group performed significantly worse than the unaffected group on all scales except Visual Reception. By 24 months of age, the ASD group performed significantly worse than the unaffected group in all domains, and worse than the language delayed group in Gross Motor, Fine Motor, and Receptive Language. The developmental trajectory of the ASD group was slower than the other groups', and showed a significant decrease in development between the first and second birthdays. Conclusions Variations from typical and language delayed development are detectable in many children with ASD using a measure of general development by 24 months of age. Unusual slowing in performance occurred between 14 and 24 months of age in ASD.
Inflammation in obesity-related diseases

ADIPOSE TISSUE---A PRIMARY IN VIVO SITE OF INFLAMMATION IN OBESITY Adipose tissue comprises not only adipocytes but also a stromovascular cell fraction. This stromovascular cell fraction consists of a diverse population of lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial and stromal cells, and preadipocytes, which along with adipocytes, serve as a rich source of cytokines and adipokines. Adipocytes themselves are related closely to fibroblasts and macrophages, and in fact, evidence supports their ability to transdifferentiate into macrophages in vivo. Adipose tissue should, therefore, in addition to its role as a storage depot for lipid, be considered an immune organ, and in this capacity, it is a primary in vivo site of inflammation in obesity. Expression of positive regulators of inflammation is increased in subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese humans and mice, whereas calorie restriction causes a reversion of the adipose tissue transcriptome toward that similar to lean subjects, with downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the magnitude of the ‘‘inflammatory shift’’ in the adipose tissue transcriptome correlates with the presence and magnitude of obesity-related comorbidities, including insulin resistance and steatohepatitis. Adding to its complexity of function, different anatomic depots of adipose tissue manifest distinct metabolic properties. Although excess subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) imparts risk, excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is even more strongly predictive of obesityrelated comorbidities and long-term mortality. Visceral lipectomy in rodents and in a single trial in human bariatric surgery patients seems to ameliorate insulin resistance, whereas subcutaneous
Can Group Self-Management Mean a Loss of Personal Control: Triangulating a Paradox:

This study focuses on the implications of introducing self-managed work groups in a context that has traditionally relied on individual self-management-an independent property and casualty insurance firm. A multimethod approach was employed in order to triangulate on a paradoxical situation in which establishment of self-managed work groups can threaten the personal control and autonomy of individual organization members.
The development and implementation of a flying height tester calibration standard

A wedge standard is developed for the correlation measurement and calibration of intensity interferometric flying height testers. This standard provides self-intensity measurement capability, eliminates material effect, covers any desired flying height range, and is stable and easy to perform calibration. It is implemented on a polychromatic interferometric flying height tester, and the calibration results are presented and discussed. >
Innate Immune Activation and Thyroid Autoimmunity

Context: Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the archetypal organ-specific autoimmune disorder and is characterized by the production of thyroid autoantibodies. However, the underlying mechanisms by which specific antibodies against thyroid proteins are produced are largely unknown. Evidence Acquisition: Published peer-reviewed basic and clinical literatures on immunology and autoimmune diseases were identified through searches of PubMed for articles published from January 1971 to May 2011. Articles resulting from these searches and relevant references cited in those articles were reviewed. All the relevant articles were written in English. Evidence Synthesis: Recent studies have indicated that innate immune responses induced by both exogenous and endogenous factors affect the phenotype and severity of autoimmune reactions. One of the recent topics is the effect of self-genomic DNA fragments on immune activation. Expression of major histocompatibility complex class II on the autoimmune target cells seems...
Solitary fibrous tumors are immunophenotypically distinct from mesothelioma(s).

Introduction: Solitary fibrous tumor is a soft tissue tissue tumor of unknown histogenesis. Based upon histologic similarities and CD-34 expression, it has been suggested that these neoplasms bear some relationship to mesothelioma, and may represent its extra-pleural equivalent. Methods: In order to further investigate this possible relationship, we examined a series of five dermal and five extra-cutaneous solitary fibrous tumors with antibodies directed against the mesothelial markers calretinin and HBME-1. Results: All the lesions failed to stain with the antibodies tested. This suggests that despite some similar histologic and immunophenotypic features, these lesions are not immunophenotypically identical. Mesotheliomas are CD-34(+), calretinin(+), HBME-1(+), while solitary fibrous tumors are CD-34(+), calretinin(−), HBME-1(−). Conclusions: The histogenesis of solitary fibrous tumor remains elusive. It is unlikely that tumor location or tumor de-differentiation accounts for the dichotomous staining properties, as these neoplasms show a similarly benign histologic appearance regardless of location.
Tensile fracture and fractographic analysis of 1045 spheroidized steel under hydrostatic pressure

Void formation in tensile test under hydrostatic pressure is characterized through quantitative metallography, and the fracture mechanism under pressure is analyzed by fractography. Transition of the fracture surface from the cup-and-cone under atmospheric pressure to a slant structure under high pressure is explained on the basis of the void development leading to fracture and the concomitant change in fracture mechanism. The concept of “shear blocks” is introduced to illustrate the features observed on the fracture surface of specimens tested under high pressure. It is postulated that shear blocks evolve to connect the central crack regions with the shear crack initiated on neck surface due to the severe necking deformation under applied pressure.
The Implication of Bourdieu's Theory of Practice for Leisure Studies

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the effectiveness of Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theory and encourage more holistic use of his concepts of habitus, capital, field, and symbolic violence in leisure research. We briefly review the manner in which leisure researchers have utilized Bourdieu's work. Second, we apply Bourdieu's notions of habitus, capital, field, and symbolic violence to understand inequitable participation in hunting activities in American society. We conclude by offering recent issues in recreational hunting and recommendations for practitioners based on interpretations of Bourdieu's concepts.
Value influence analysis for message passing applications

People who develop, debug, and optimize applications are most effective when they understand how those applications function. Value influence tracking is an on-line code analysis approach that provides a data-centric perspective on how a value contributes to later computation. Early work on value influence tracking focused on single-process applications. Building upon this early work, we have designed support for performing value influence tracking analyses with applications that use common MPI point-to-point and collective communication operations. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of an approach for propagating value influence data between the processes of an MPI application that uses these types of operations. To demonstrate and evaluate our approach, we present case studies of using our value influence tracking implementation with the Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) and the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) ocean climate model running on the Keeneland Initial Delivery System (KIDS) Linux cluster. We also discuss how to extend our approach to support MPI one-sided operations and non-blocking collective communication operations.
Nil per os except medications order in the dysphagic patient

Objectives: To demonstrate why the ‘nil per os except medications’ order is contraindicated prior to dysphagia testing and to recommend ways to prevent aspiration of medications in the dysphagic population. Methods: A 71-year-old male deemed at-risk for aspiration due to coughing when drinking thin liquids was made nil per os except medications and referred for dysphagia testing. Swallowing was analyzed objectively with trans-nasal fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Results: Aspiration on the initial 5 cc puree bolus swallow trial elicited a cough reflex. A 325 mg, 1 cm diameter, enteric coated aspirin pill emerged from the trachea, progressed through the glottis and remained transiently in the laryngeal vestibule before lodging, along with pudding residue, in a mucosal fold of the left vallecula. Neither volitional coughing nor single 5 cc water bolus swallows dislodged the pill. Otolaryngology was called and removed the pill trans-orally under direct visualization with a Kelly clamp. The pill maintained both its enteric coating and integrity for a total of 7.5 h after being aspirated. Conclusions: The nil per os except medications order is contraindicated in the dysphagic population. When aspiration is suspected, nil per os including medications is recommended until dysphagia testing determines what form of medication can be swallowed safely.
Marshalling existing biodiversity data to evaluate biodiversity status and trends in planning exercises

A thorough understanding of biodiversity status and trends through time is necessary for decision-making at regional, national, and subnational levels. Information readily available in databases allows for development of scenarios of species distribution in relation to habitat changes. Existing species occurrence data are biased towards some taxonomic groups (especially vertebrates), and are more complete for Europe and North America than for the rest of the world. We outline a procedure for development of such biodiversity scenarios using available data on species distribution derived from primary biodiversity data and habitat conditions, and analytical software, which allows estimation of species’ distributions, and forecasting of likely effects of various agents of change on the distribution and status of the same species. Such approaches can translate into improved knowledge for countries regarding the 2010 Biodiversity Target of reducing significantly the rate of biodiversity loss—indeed, using methodologies such as those illustrated herein, many countries should be capable of analyzing trends of change for at least part of their biodiversity. Sources of errors that are present in primary biodiversity data and that can affect projections are discussed.
Generation of 127-W output power at 5.3 μm by frequency-doubling CO 2 laser in annealed ZnGeP 2 crystal

Results on the investigation of the SHG phase-matched at the pump wavelength of 10.6 μm in an annealed ZnGeP2 crystal is reported. The internal phase-match angle is measured as a function of the average input power and the average output power is also measured as a function of the average pump power. The conversion efficiency is also obtained.
Detection of infrasound from natural and civilization sources: measurement of complex signal/noise environments

Detection of low-level, infrasonic sound waves in the presence of noise can require a combination of processing techniques depending upon the details of signal as well as noise characteristics. Forms of noise include local, nonacoustic pressure changes in the atmospheric boundary layer, natural sound sources (not of interest for some specific application), civilization sound sources (masking other sounds), instrumentation noise, and "noise" introduced by processing. Examples of the various noise types are presented together with techniques for identification and elimination. At higher infrasonic frequencies (e.g. between 1 and 10 Hz) a variety of promising geophysical applications are possible, yet sources are more frequent. Particular attention is given to this frequency range. Recent measurements correlating infrasonic signals with sprites and other transient luminescent phenomena will be used as an example of the potential of infrasound for geophysical remote sensing.
The Contribution to Missiology by United Methodist Scholarship on Evangelism

United Methodist scholars have contributed significantly to the emerging critical study of evangelism. In doing so, they have also contributed to the study of mission. This is because the Methodist...
Clinical trial registration, reporting, publication and FDAAA compliance: a cross-sectional analysis and ranking of new drugs approved by the FDA in 2012.

Objective To evaluate clinical trial registration, reporting and publication rates for new drugs by: (1) legal requirements and (2) the ethical standard that all human subjects research should be publicly accessible to contribute to generalisable knowledge. Design Cross-sectional analysis of all clinical trials submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for drugs approved in 2012, sponsored by large biopharmaceutical companies. Data sources Information from Drugs@FDA, ClinicalTrials.gov, MEDLINE-indexed journals and drug company communications. Main outcome measures Clinical trial registration and results reporting in ClinicalTrials.gov, publication in the medical literature, and compliance with the 2007 FDA Amendments Acts (FDAAA), analysed on the drug level. Results The FDA approved 15 drugs sponsored by 10 large companies in 2012. We identified 318 relevant trials involving 99 599 research participants. Per drug, a median of 57% (IQR 32–83%) of trials were registered, 20% (IQR 12–28%) reported results in ClinicalTrials.gov, 56% (IQR 41–83%) were published, and 65% (IQR 41–83%) were either published or reported results. Almost half of all reviewed drugs had at least one undisclosed phase II or III trial. Per drug, a median of 17% (IQR 8–20%) of trials supporting FDA approvals were subject to FDAAA mandated public disclosure; of these, a median of 67% (IQR 0–100%) were FDAAA-compliant. 68% of research participants (67 629 of 99 599) participated in FDAAA-subject trials, with 51% (33 405 of 67 629) enrolled in non-compliant trials. Transparency varied widely among companies. Conclusions Trial disclosures for new drugs remain below legal and ethics standards, with wide variation in practices among drugs and their sponsors. Best practices are emerging. 2 of our 10 reviewed companies disclosed all trials and complied with legal disclosure requirements for their 2012 approved drugs. Ranking new drugs on transparency criteria may improve compliance with legal and ethics standards and the quality of medical knowledge.
Failure of the Pipeline Embolization Device in Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms Associated with a Fetal Posterior Cerebral Artery

The pipeline embolization device has emerged as an important endovascular option. This is in part due to safety, efficacy, and possibly the ability to shorten the operative time considerably. With this new technology, some limitations are emerging as experience accumulates. We report three cases of posterior communicating (PCOM) artery aneurysms associated with fetal posterior cerebral artery where pipeline embolization was unsuccessful in obliterating the aneurysms. PCOM artery aneurysms associated with a fetal PCA should be managed either by microsurgical clipping or coiling when feasible.
Sol-to-Gel and Gel-to-Glass Transitions in the As2S3-Amine system

It is proposed that solutions of arsenic trisulfide and ethylenediamine consist of arsenic-sulfur rings (As4S6) which are interlinked through sulfur-sulfur bridges. The Raman spectra of the solutions exhibit an intense band at 438 cm-1 which is attributed to the stretching resonances of these bridges. The bridges are not present in a-As2S3 glass, and thus, the intensity of the band has been used to characterize the molecular connectivity of sols and gels. This band is most intense in the highest viscosity gels, whereas the relative intensity of the band is diminished in the dry gels. The intensity of the band further decreases during vacuum heat-treatment of fibers drawn directly from the gel. TEM analysis of the fibers verify the creation of a dense amorphous structure, while SIMS depth profiles of the films further verify their composition. Altogether, these observations confirm the structural model proposed for the solution, and suggest a relaxation/ recombination process for the molecular gel-to-network glass transition.
Development of Isobutylene Based Rubbers

Isobutylene based rubbers have unique property such as impermeability to air and various gases. Main product of isobutylene based rubbers is butyl rubber, which was commercialized about 60 years before and has been used mainly for tire innertubes. Halobutyl rubbers were invented and enabled co-cure with natural rubber. The halobutyl rubbers are used mainly in tire innerliner application. To further meet market/customer requirements to butyl rubbers in various applications, star-branched butyl rubbers were developed mainly to improve processability of butyl rubbers with bimodal molecular weight distribution including star shape molecules as high molecular weight portion. And brominated Isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene rubbers of which ozone and heat resistance were improved by the saturated backbone and cross-linking chemistry, respectively, were also commercialized. Both star-branched butyl and brominated Isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene rubbers maintain attributes of butyl rubbers.
Tactical Immunized Maneuvering System for Exploration Air Vehicles [invited]

Traditional flight management systems are designed to perform the necessary flight planning, navigation and guidance functions for flying from an origin to a destination. Special pre-constructed procedures and guidance modes are used for departing and arriving at airports, and performing special maneuvers such as holding patterns. However during an exploration mission, an aircraft must be capable of responding to feedback from the environment. As a result, it may be necessary to construct special procedures “on the fly”, which take into account the dynamics and performance limitations of the aircraft. This paper describes a tactical maneuvering system that uses an artificial immune system based approach for constructing maneuver sequences. This approach incorporates the problem solving abilities and memory retention characteristics of an immune system. The resulting system is capable of making time-critical decisions in complex situations to accomplish nearterm objectives within a dynamic environment. Simulation results demonstrate the potential of using immunized sequence selection in support of exploration missions using aerial vehicles.
An ounce of prevention beats a pound of reconstruction: commentary on an article by Patrick Sadoghi, MD, et al.: "Effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention training programs".

Vavken and coauthors have performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of a timely topic. The issue of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention strategies continues to become increasingly important. One of the first questions that patients ask once they have been diagnosed with an ACL tear is, “Could I have prevented this?” The importance of prevention continues to be borne out in the ACL literature. Our recent systematic review in JBJS demonstrated that, at a minimum follow-up of five years after ACL reconstruction, the risk of sustaining an ACL tear in the contralateral knee is 11.8% compared with a 5.8% risk of a repeat ACL tear in the reconstructed knee1. Obviously, …
Airway transepithelial electric potential in vivo: species and regional differences

A technique for measurement of transmural bioelectric potential difference (PD) in vivo was adapted for use in mammalian airways. PD was measured between a Ringer-perfused exploring bridge positioned on the airway furface and a reference Ringer-agar bridge in the subcutaneous space. The in vivo PD of canine trachea from 50 dogs was 30.8 +/- 9.5 (SD) mV, lumen negative, indistinguishable from the peak in vitro transmural PD of the excised canine trachea. Liquid junction potentials between bridge perfusate and tracheal liquid were negligible. The response pattern to drugs applied to the mucosal surface in vivo was similar to that observed in vitro. The PD in canine bronchi 3-6 cm distal to the carina were substantially lower. Tracheal PDs of rabbit (-23 mV), guinea pig (-8 mV), and rat (-14 mV) were higher than bronchial PDs of the same species. PD across airway epithelia can be accurately and reliably measured in vivo and the lower bronchial PD suggests regional differences in electrolyte transport and/or permeability.
Toward absolute quantitation of bold functional MRI.

Blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) image contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used in the field of functional imaging to interpret changes in focal brain activity in response to stimuli. The BOLD image contrast relies on activation-induced changes in the magnetic properties of blood (Ogawa et al, 1990; 1993a; 1993b; Shulman et al., 1993; Kennan et al., 1994). The presence of paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin in the microvasculature creates a magnetic susceptibility difference between the vessels and the surrounding tissue, thus producing a microscopic magnetic field gradient. The microscopic field gradients affect the value of R2* (i.e., apparent transverse relaxation rate of tissue water) which can be mapped by a gradient-echo MRI sequence. The equilibrium between deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin can be shifted by altering the blood oxygenation, and since deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin are para- and diamagnetic, respectively, BOLD image contrast can be created, whereby hemoglobin acts as an endogenous MRI contrast agent. A BOLD functional MRI sequence measures the changes in R2* upon activation. The quantitative change in R2* is determined by parameters which influence the microscopic field gradient such as the geometry of vessels, static magnetic field strength, and the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin within the vessels (Ogawa et al., 1993a; 1993b; Kennan et al., 1994). The concentration of deoxyhemoglobin or the local blood oxygenation fraction (Y) in the microvasculature is determined by the regional values of cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and volume (CBV) (Ogawa et al., 1993a; 1993b; Kennan et al., 1994). While geometry and morphology of microvessels are important for the basal BOLD image contrast at a particular magnetic field strength, it is only the change in concentration of deoxyhemoglobin, due to a short-lived and/or transient physiological perturbation, that is important for being able to quantitate the BOLD signal change for functional MRI (see Appendix).
Modelling Pollutant Deposition to Vegetation: Scaling Down from the Canopy to the Biochemical Level

In the atmosphere, pollutants exist in either the gas, particle or liquid (rain and cloud water) phase. The most important gas-phase pollutants from a biological or ecological perspective are oxides of nitrogen (nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid vapor), oxides of sulfur (sulfur dioxide), ammonia, tropospheric ozone and mercury vapor. For liquid or particle phase pollutants, the suite of pollutants is varied and includes hydrogen ion, multiple heavy metals, and select anions. For many of these pollutants, plant canopies are a major sink within continental landscapes, and deposition is highly dependent on the (i) physical form or phase of the pollutant, (ii) meteorological conditions above and within the plant canopy, and (iii) physiological or biochemical properties of the leaf, both on the leaf surface and within the leaf interior. In large measure, the physical and chemical processes controlling deposition at the meteorological and whole-canopy levels are well characterized and have been mathematically modelled. In contrast, the processes operating on the leaf surface and within the leaf interior are not well understood and are largely specific for individual pollutants. The availability of process-level models to estimate deposition is discussed briefly at the canopy and leaf level; however, the majority of effort is devoted to modelling deposition at the leaf surface and leaf interior using the two-layer stagnant film model. This model places a premium on information of a physiological and biochemical nature, and highlights the need to distinguish clearly between the measurements of atmospheric chemistry and the physiologically effective exposure since the two may be very dissimilar. A case study of deposition in the Los Angeles Basin is used to demonstrate the modelling approach, to present the concept of exposure dynamics in the atmospher versus that in the leaf interior, and to document the principle that most forest canopies are exposed to multiple chemical inputs.