cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Development of Donor Bone Marrow-Derived Thymocytes after Allogeneic in Utero Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in the Murine Model

Introduction In Utero Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (IUHCT) is a promising therapeutic strategy for congenital hematopoietic disorders. While mixed allogeneic hematopoietic chimerism with associated donor specific tolerance is routinely achieved by a predominant mechanism of central deletion, the critical events of donor and host thymocyte development have not been determined. In this study, we utilized the murine model of allogeneic IUHCT to analyze donor and host thymocyte development during postnatal ontogeny. Methods Bone marrow (BM) cells (10x106) from Foxp3GFP C57/BL6 (B6, H2kb) mice were injected intravenously into Foxp3GFP Balb/c (H2kd) fetuses at embryonic day 14 (E14). At indicated postnatal ages the thymocytes were delineated by multi-color flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis and proliferation were determined by Annexin V staining and in vivo BrdU incorporation, respectively. Results Our findings demonstrate that the thymic processing of donor BM-derived thymocytes differs significantly from host thymocyte processing and from thymocyte development in normal control mice. While the phenotypic development of host thymocytes remained comparable with that of normal control Balb/c mice, the four major subsets of donor thymocytes showed altered distribution, with significantly higher proportions of immature TCRβ-CD4+CD8- and TCRβ-CD4-CD8+ single positive (SP) cells, a slightly higher proportion of CD4-CD8- (DN) cells, and a dramatically lower proportion of CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) cells, compared to their host-derived counterparts and B6 controls. The extent of the alteration is directly related to both BM chimerism levels and age. Higher levels of chimerism and/or older age are associated with more profound alterations in donor thymocyte distribution. Moreover, DP cells of donor origin show higher apoptosis and lower proliferation than those of the host. Donor DN cells and TCR gamma/delta cells which do not require positive selection based on MHC recognition are increased compared to the host. Donor T-regulatory cells were present at a higher frequency in the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs of chimeric animals compared to T-regulatory cells in host and normal strain controls. Conclusion Our data suggests that in an allogeneic IUHCT system the immune reconstitution of the donor bone marrow-derived thymocytes differs from that of the host cells and that of normal mice. The data supports a mechanism of impaired MHC based positive selection of donor cells by the predominantly host thymic stroma resulting in lack of progression of a higher proportion of donor cells from the DN to DP stage of thymocyte development. In contrast, generation of donor T-regulatory cells was not impaired and appeared to be increased in chimeric animals. The alloreactivity, regulatory suppression, and MHC restriction of the donor derived T cells, and the potential importance of these observations for clinical IUHCT remain to be determined. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Bioinformatic Analysis of Gene Expression for Melanoma Treatment

Bioinformatic analysis of genome-wide gene expression allows us to characterize cells, including melanomas. Gene expression profiles have been generated in various stages of melanomas and analyzed by researchers in unique ways. Lauss et al. compared their melanoma subtypes with those of The Cancer Genome Atlas Network and found consistency between the two studies.
Community-based collaboration for early childhood teacher education: Partner experiences and perspectives as co–teacher educators

ABSTRACTThe relevance and effectiveness of traditional, course- and clinical-experience-based models of teacher preparation have been called into question, and institutions of teacher education must respond to the changing landscape of educational policy, which increasingly emphasizes that candidates must be prepared for challenges faced in complex, increasingly diverse classroom and community contexts through extended field experiences (Rust, 2010). In this article, we present a case for the development of mutually beneficial community partnerships as the foundation of all early childhood teacher education. First, key policies and research findings are presented that point to partnership as a key theme that must be addressed by preparation programs; next, a framework for the development of mutually beneficial partnerships between preparation programs and schools/community agencies is introduced; interview and focus group data are presented from the development and implementation of a field-based undergra...
Relationship between spousal support and marital satisfaction among married bank female workers in consolidated banks in Warri Metropolis

This study examined the relationship between the components of spousal support (emotional, task and esteem) and marital satisfaction among married female bank workers in Warri metropolis. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the size of 209 married female bank workers. The instrument used to collect the data is a questionnaire titled "Spousal support and marital satisfaction scale". The component of spousal support has the construct validity of 87.70 and content scale ranging from 0.60-0.99. The reliability of the instrument is 0.97. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis are the statistical tools used to analyse the data. The analysis shows that components of spousal support (esteem, emotional task) have positive and significant relationship with marital satisfaction. However, the strongest relationship between esteem support and marital satisfaction is 0.834, followed by task support of 0.805 and lastly emotional support is 0.596. It was recommended that counsellors should propagate strategies for effective support since spouses are primarily responsible for the well being of their partner.
Angel Investing: A Literature Review

Even though scholars have amassed a large body of research on angel investors, few systematic and comprehensive reviews are available. The purpose of this monograph is to review this literature and then to offer suggestions for future investigation. To that end, we compiled a set of journal articles on angel investing. We start with Wetzelâs (1983) seminal article describing the characteristics of angel investors and end with the work published more recently. In total, we have 152 articles that we review. For parsimony, we chose to focus our review only refereed journal articles, thereby excluding conference proceedings, books and book chapters, industry reports, and dissertations. This implies that there is additional work that has been done on the topic of angel investing that is not covered by our monograph. For this, we offer our apologies. However, we did include studies using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) because these capture early stage financing globally. GEM defines angel investment a little differently than we do in the monograph, in that in GEM they include early stage family and friends money as angel investment. This is likely due to the international nature of the GEM data collection and the lack of a robust angel investment community internationally. In the final chapter, we have included a table that breaks out the GEM studies, to better represent the data.
Resilience and Disasters

Resilience is a prominent topic in disaster research, attracting the attention of scholars in many disciplines. Resilience is also the goal of policymakers and experts in public and private sectors. Yet, while proponents advance resilience as an explanation for how systems fare in disaster, others advance arguments that resilience is a diversion from more useful research and efficacious policies. Some also argue that the focus on resilience forms a justification for government retreat from risk management in favor of seemingly more beneficial personal or market-oriented solutions. This chapter introduces the origins of present thinking about resilience and briefly traces its evolution through different fields of study. Next, it covers some of the prominent recent approaches to defining and measuring elements of resilience and recent debates on the topic. The authors conclude by arguing that resilience, though sometimes controversial, has provided a theoretical foundation for truly integrated interdisciplinary approaches to disaster.
Regulation of human tumor antigen expression by biological response modifiers (BRMs).

The ongoing development of monoclonal antibody technology may eventually lead to the selective targeting of human carcinoma lesions of MoAbs conjugated with a variety of cytotoxic agents (i.e. radionuclides, drugs, etc.). The antigen phenotype of the carcinoma cell will play an important role in the efficacy of the MoAbs. Clearly, the human tumor antigens that are expressed on all carcinoma cells and with a high antigen density should provide the optimal target for the MoAbs. More often, however, the human tumor antigens whose expression is highly selective for human tumor cells will also exhibit a certain degree of heterogeneity. Therefore, the ability of a cytokine, such as interferon or 8-Cl-cAMP, to augment the level of expression of human tumor antigens such as TAG-72 and CEA, may play an important role in an adjuvant setting for immunoscintigraphy and/or immunotherapy. Further research will focus on experimental model system as well as clinical trials to determine whether human recombinant interferon administered with an anti-carcinoma MoAb will be an effective combination to enhance tumor detection and/or therapy. It is conceivable that in subsequent years effective approaches of treating malignancies may include a new combination of biological/immunological therapy based on the biology of the tumor cell population.
Symbolic Management with Multiple Stakeholder Groups

The symbolic management literature explores loose coupling between substantive and symbolic aspects of organizational activities. The prior literature, however, focuses on the benefits of symbolic ...
From Pews to Politics: Religious Sermons and Political Participation in Africa

Does religion influence political participation? This book takes up this pressing debate using Christianity in sub-Saharan Africa as its empirical base to demonstrate that religious teachings communicated in sermons can influence both the degree and the form of citizens' political participation. McClendon and Riedl document some of the current diversity of sermon content in contemporary Christian houses of worship and then use a combination of laboratory experiments, observational survey data, focus groups, and case comparisons in Zambia, Uganda, and Kenya to interrogate the impact of sermon exposure on political participation and the longevity of that impact. Pews to Politics in Africa leverages the pluralism of sermons in sub-Saharan Africa to gain insight into the content of cultural influences and their consequences for how ordinary citizens participate in politics.
Homolog Pairing at the Push of a Button

Homologous chromosomes pair in somatic cells in Drosophila, but how this occurs is poorly understood. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Viets et al. (2019) show that proteins and chromatin structure mediate pairing and argue against a DNA sequence-based mechanism.
User preference aware multimedia pricing model using game theory and prospect theory for wireless communications

Providing user satisfaction is a major concern for on-demand multimedia service providers and Internet carriers in Wireless Communications. Traditionally, user satisfaction was measured objectively in terms of throughput and latency. Nowadays the user satisfaction is measured using subjective metrices such as Quality of Experience (QoE). Recently, Smart Media Pricing (SMP) was conceptualized to price the QoE rather than the binary data traffic in multimedia services. In this research, we have leveraged the SMP concept to chalk up a QoE-sensitive multimedia pricing framework to allot price, based on the user preference and multimedia quality achieved by the customer. We begin by defining the utility equations for the provider-carrier and the customer. Then we translate the profit maximizing interplay between the parties into a two-stage Stackelberg game. We model the user personal preference using Prelec weighting function which follows the postulates Prospect Theory (PT). An algorithm has been developed to implement the proposed pricing scheme and determine the Nash Equilibrium. Finally, the proposed smart pricing scheme was tested against the traditional pricing method and simulation results indicate a significant boost in the utility achieved by the mobile customers.
Integrative multi-omics analyses identify cell-type disease genes and regulatory networks across schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Strong phenotype-genotype associations have been reported across brain diseases. However, understanding underlying gene regulatory mechanisms remains challenging, especially at the cellular level. To address this, we integrated the multi-omics data at the cellular resolution of the human brain: cell-type chromatin interactions, epigenomics and single cell transcriptomics, and predicted cell-type gene regulatory networks linking transcription factors, distal regulatory elements and target genes (e.g., excitatory and inhibitory neurons, microglia, oligodendrocyte). Using these cell-type networks and disease risk variants, we further identified the cell-type disease genes and regulatory networks for schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. The celltype regulatory elements (e.g., enhancers) in the networks were also found to be potential pleiotropic regulatory loci for a variety of diseases. Further enrichment analyses including gene ontology and KEGG pathways revealed potential novel cross-disease and disease-specific molecular functions, advancing knowledge on the interplays among genetic, transcriptional and epigenetic risks at the cellular resolution between neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Finally, we summarized our computational analyses as a general-purpose pipeline for predicting gene regulatory networks via multi-omics data.
Associations Between Chronic Health Conditions and COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors Among a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adults: An Analysis of the COVID Impact Survey

Purpose: In the United States, over 2 million cases of COVID-19 cases have been identified and more than 100,000 lives have been lost. While COVID-19 related disparities among those with chronic conditions have been observed, research regarding the uptake of COVID-related preventive behaviors is scarce. Methods: We utilized data from a sample of 2190 U.S. adults from the COVID-19 Impact Survey to examine associations between the presence of underlying chronic health conditions and COVID-19-related preventive behaviors (e.g., use of face masks, hand washing, social distancing, etc.). We used multivariable logistic regression models to model associations between COVID-19 preventive behaviors across demographic and health characteristics. Results: Adults with cardiometabolic disease were more likely to report staying home because they felt unwell, compared with individuals without cardiometabolic disease. Individuals with underlying respiratory conditions were more likely to work from home, compared with individuals without a respiratory condition. Adults with immune conditions were twice more likely to report wearing a face mask when compared with individuals without immune conditions. Conclusion: This study provides U.S. national prevalence estimates and differences in adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviors among those with and without the presence of underlying chronic health conditions. The prevalence of key preventive measures was high in the overall sample. Yet, engagement in COVID-19-related preventive behaviors varied significantly across chronic disease conditions. Messages around continued maintenance of the behaviors should be reinforced. Study implications suggest a need for more targeted messaging and resources available for individuals with certain underlying chronic conditions.
Cryotherapy of the Trigeminal Nerve

Cryotherapy is the use of cold temperatures and has been used for thousands of years to reduce pain. More recently, cryotherapy has been modernized as an interventional technique to provide long-term pain relief for various pain conditions, such as craniofacial pain secondary to trigeminal neuralgia. This chapter will review the history, description of the procedure as well as provide a review of literature on the efficacy of cryotherapy on trigeminal neuralgia.
Technoeconomic analysis of metal–organic frameworks for bulk hydrogen transportation

Numerous adsorption-based technologies are emerging as candidates for hydrogen transportation, and yet little is known about their practical viability. As such, new approaches are needed to conduct early validation of emerging hydrogen transportation concepts despite a lack of clear criteria for viable future hydrogen supply chains. In this work, we conduct technoeconomic modeling to quantify cost, performance, and relations between system components for early-stage adsorbent-based hydrogen supply chains. We compare results with the cost and performance of high pressure compressed gas and liquid hydrogen trucks in the same applications. Using available experimental adsorption data, we simulate the gravimetric performance of tube trailer trucks packed with metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) operated at 100 bar and 77 or 200 K. We also extrapolated available experimental data to study a third scenario where tube trailer trucks are operated at ambient temperature and 250 bar. Models developed for these conditions represent feasible operation scenarios where pressurization or cooling costs can be reduced relative to compressed or liquid hydrogen truck systems. Results suggest that the levelized cost of long-distance transmission, including a gas terminal and MOF-based truck fleet, ranges from $7.3 to $29.0 per kg H2. The levelized cost of transmission using compressed hydrogen gas trucks at 350 and 500 bar and liquid hydrogen trucks is substantially lower, at $1.8, $1.7 and $3.1 per kg H2, respectively. In a short-distance urban distribution application, the MOF-based truck fleet, gas terminal, and refueling stations have a levelized cost between $11.8 and $40.0 per kg H2, which is also more expensive than distribution in the case of the 350 bar, 500 bar and liquid hydrogen trucks, which have levelized costs of $4.7, $4.1 and $3.9 per kg H2, respectively. Key opportunities identified for lowering costs are: increasing the hydrogen capacity of the tube system by developing new MOFs with higher volumetric deliverable capacities, flexible allowable daily deliveries per refueling station, increasing the cycling stability of the MOF, and driverless trucks.
Steppe Cores, Sedentary Peripheries, and the Statecraft of Empire

This final chapter highlights the outcomes and broader importance of this reassessment of formative Inner Asian politics. The political traditions of Inner Asia and China represented very different approaches to organizing a state. These differences in political organization, combined with intensive interaction and competition, produced synthesized versions of statecraft which I argue were essential to the development of later imperial states such as the Mongolian empire. In conclusion, I bring forward in time my arguments for pastoral lifeways, mobility, and spatial politics in order to assess contemporary Mongolia’s integration within the globalizing world.
Shaping strategic information systems security initiatives in organizations

Strategic information systems security initiatives have seldom been successful. The increasing complexity of the business environment in which organizational security must be operationalized presents challenges. There has also been a problem with understanding the patterns of interactions among stakeholders that lead to instituting such an initiative. The overall aim of this research is to enhance understanding of the issues and concerns in shaping strategic information systems security initiative. To be successful, a proper undertaking of the content, context and process of the formulation and institutionalization of a security initiative is essential. It is also important to align the interconnections between these three key components. In conducting the argument, this dissertation analyzes information systems security initiatives in two large government organizations—Information Technology Agency and Department of Transportation. The research methodology adopts an interpretive approach of inquiry. Findings from the case studies show that the strategic security initiative should be harmonious with the cultural continuity of an organization rather than significantly changing the existing opportunity and constraint structures. The development of security cultural resources like security policy may be used as a tool for propagating a secure view of the social world. For secure organizational transformation, one must consider the organizational security structure, knowledgeability of agents in perceiving secure organizational posture, and global security catalysts (such as establishing trust relations and security related institutional reflexivity). The inquiry indicates that strategic security change would be successful in an organization if developed and implemented in a brief yet quantum leap adopting an emergent security strategy in congruence with organizational security values.
Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptors and Innate Immunity

Innate immunity represents the sole mechanism of host defense against microbial infections in invertebrates. In mammals and other vertebrates, innate immunity provides the first line of host defense against these infections. Studies over the past few years have shown that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial molecules in the recognition of various pathogen-associatedmolecular patterns (PAMPs), and therefore represent a class of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Like the TLRs, interleukin-1 receptor superfamily (IL-1Rs) also plays key roles in host responses to infection and inflammation. This chapter describes the current state of knowledge of these two superfamilies of receptors and their ligands, as well as the molecules that mediate the membrane-proximal events of their signaling. The intracellular region of Toll contains two domains (Fig. 1). The first, membraneproximal domain has about 150 residues and bears sequence homology to the intracellular domain of the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R). This domain is known as the TIR domain and is discussed in more detail. Many molecules have been identified in the signaling pathways of the IL-1Rs and TLRs. The chapter focuses on the membrane-proximal events of these pathways. The signal transduction through the TLRs and the IL-1Rs ultimately leads to the activation of the transcription factor NF-kB, the mitogenactivated protein (MAP) kinases (ERK, p38, and JNK) and transcription factors of the AP-1 family. Structural biology is the most important experimental technique for addressing issues regarding the molecular basis of innate immunity.
Beta 2-microglobulin enhances insulin-like growth factor I receptor levels and synthesis in bone cell cultures.

Abstract Beta 2-Microglobulin (beta 2m), a component of the major histocompatibility complex in chordates, has growth factor-like activity for cultured rat cells. We presently describe interactions between beta 2m and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) in osteoblast-enriched cultures. beta 2m increased DNA synthesis and was synergistic with IGF I. Affinity labeling revealed that beta 2m enhanced IGF I receptor number, and Northern analysis and radioimmunoassay showed that beta 2m increased steady state IGF I transcripts and medium IGF I polypeptide levels. These results indicate that the growth-promoting activity of beta 2m is mediated at least in part by regulating local IGF I binding and synthesis by skeletal cells.
Dynamic Simulation of Nuclear Hydrogen Production

Abstract Hydrogen is an important commodity in the chemical industry, but its production is not CO 2 -neutral. Currently, 95% of hydrogen is produced from hydrocarbon feedstocks and it releases 12kg of CO 2 per 1kg of H2 produced. Using nuclear energy to power water-splitting processes is a cleaner alternative to produce H2 without emitting CO 2 . The operation of such a system is difficult and potentially dangerous, and safety needs to be demonstrated using dynamic simulation. However, current approaches to demonstrate safety cannot deal with the complexity added by chemical reactions. A dynamic process simulator such as JACOBIAN® allows the simulation and study of such a system. This paper describes the implementation of a dynamic model of a nuclear hydrogen production plant in JACOBIAN®, its validation and simulation.
An approach to the multiple-minima problem in protein folding by relaxing dimensionality: Tests on enkephalin☆

Abstract An algorithm for locating the region in conformational space containing the global energy minimum of a polypeptide is described. Distances are used as the primary variables in the minimization of an objective function that incorporates both energetic and distancegeometric terms. The latter are obtained from geometry and energy functions, rather than nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, although the algorithm can incorporate distances from nuclear magnetic resonance data if desired. The polypeptide is generated originally in a space of high dimensionality. This has two important consequences. First, all interatomic distances are initially at their energetically most favorable values; i.e. the polypeptide is initially at a global minimum-energy conformation, albeit a high-dimensional one. Second, the relaxation of dimensionality constraints in the early stages of the minimization removes many potential energy barriers that exist in three dimensions, thereby allowing a means of escaping from three-dimensional local minima. These features are used in an algorithm that produces short trajectories of three-dimensional minimum-energy conformations. A conformation in the trajectory is generated by allowing the previous conformation in the trajectory to evolve in a high-dimensional space before returning to three dimensions. The resulting three-dimensional structure is taken to be the next conformation in the trajectory, and the process is iterated. This sequence of conformations results in a limited but efficient sampling of conformational space. Results for test calculations on Met-enkephalin, a pentapeptide with the amino acid sequence H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH, are presented. A tight cluster of conformations (in three-dimensional space) is found with ECEPP energies (Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides) lower than any previously reported. This cluster of conformations defines a region in conformational space in which the global-minimum-energy conformation of enkephalin appears to lie.
Helping Agents in VMT

In this chapter we describe ongoing work towards enabling dynamic support for collaborative learning in the Virtual Math Teams (VMT) environment using state-of-the-art language technologies such as text classification and dialogue agents. The key research goal of our long-term partnership is to experimentally learn broadly applicable principles for supporting effective collaborative problem solving by using these technologies to elicit behavior such as reflection, help seeking, and help provision, which are productive for student learning in diverse groups. Our work so far has yielded an integrated system that makes technology for dynamic collaborative learning support—which has proved effective in earlier lab and classroom studies—available for experimental use within the “wild” VMT environment.
The Play’s the Thing: Practicing Play as Community Foundation and Design Technique

Earth balls, parachutes, word plays, provocative magic ... This session is a discussion of the USC Game Design Community, an attempt to encourage inter-disciplinary game design and research through community play experiments. The USC Game Design Community is a crossdepartmental student group responsible for initiating a series of social play experiments designed to bring students and researchers from various schools of the University together. The play experiments of the previous year culminated in a game innovation research grant offered to an inter-disciplinary student team and a test of our overall assumption that playing together can provide disparate groups with common vocabulary, social relationships and collaboratively generated design concepts.
The power of “small business” as pending narrative: an ideograph in UK politics 2004–2013

This paper explores utilisation of the term small business in contemporary politics in the United Kingdom. First, the policy and practice implications of the term small business are examined, through the lens of political rhetoric. Use of the term over the period from 2004 to 2013 is examined, drawing upon the DataArt Guardian NewsTraces platform as both a method of initially visualising an overall pattern of the term’s use during the 10-year period, and a medium for facilitating data collection for analysis. The research question is: how is the term “small business” used in political rhetoric in the UK, in the identification of policy problems and solutions, and the creation of pending narrative? It is determined that the term small business is an ideograph with different and often competing meanings for various interest groups, and suffers from serious imprecision despite policy efforts which strive for legitimacy. Even with spikes in use reflecting election cycles and periods of economic stress, the te...
The Pseudoflow Algorithm and the Pseudoflow-Based Simplex for the Maximum Flow Problem

We introduce an algorithm that solves the maximum flow problem without generating flows explicitly. The algorithm solves directly a problem we call the maximum s-excess problem. That problem is equivalent to the minimum cut problem, and is a direct extension of the maximum closure problem. The concepts used also lead to a new parametric analysis algorithm generating all breakpoints in the amount of time of a single run. The insights derived from the analysis of the new algorithm lead to a new simplex algorithm for the maximum flow problem - a pseudoflow-based simplex. We show that this simplex algorithm can perform a parametric analysis in the same amount of time as a single run. This is the first known simplex algorithm for maximum flow that generates all possible breakpoints of parameter values in the same complexity as required to solve a single maximum flow instance and the fastest one. The complexities of our pseudoflow algorithm, the new simplex algorithm, and the parametric analysis for both algorithms are O(mnlog n) on a graph with n nodes and m arcs.
Cuando las negras se desnudan: la experiencia inasible del cuerpo caribeño y afrodiaspórico en la creación plástica de María Magdalena Campos-Pons y la narrativa de Mayra Santos Febres

Estudiando nuevas expresiones de la experiencia afrodiasporica en las Americas, este articulo examina la obra de dos importantes creadoras negras del Caribe: la artista plastica cubana residente en los Estados Unidos, Maria Magdalena CamposPons (1959), y la escritora puertorriquena Mayra Santos Febres (1966). Se analizan particularmente las maneras en que sus obras recrean procesos de identificacion de genero, raza y nacion en el Caribe y su diaspora. Cuerpo, performance, erotismo y ritualidad configuran los ejes principales articulando estas investigaciones.
Immunity to Experimental Cholera I. Protective Effect of Humoral IgG Antitoxin Demonstrated by Passive Immunization

The protective role of serum IgG antitoxin was studied in dogs transfused either with whole plasma or purified serum IgG from hyperimmunized dogs. Washings of jejunal Thiry-Vella loops after plasma transfusion yielded IgG antitoxin. Furthermore, dogs transfused with antitoxic plasma were protected against intrajejunal challenge with cholera toxin and this protection could not be diminished by extensive washing of the jejunum prior to toxin challenge. Finally, intact dogs transfused with antitoxic serum IgG were highly protected against orogastric challenge with viable Vibrio cholerae. These results indicate that serum IgG can play a protective role at the surface of the gut mucosa or within its lumen. They also suggest that serum-derived antibody may exert its effect while intimately associated with the mucosa, a position in which it may be protected from rapid destruction by proteolytic enzymes.
Effect of Storage, Oxygen and Concentration on the Levels of Key Volatiles in Processed Orange Juice

Not from concentrate (NFC) and from concentrate (FC) commercially available orange juices were kept in storage for 8 weeks at 5C. One group of FC and NFC orange juice was stored with minimal headspace, whereas the other group was stored in the presence of oxygen. Weekly analysis of volatile concentrations in samples with selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry showed that most volatiles decreased over the period of the study. There were no significant differences in volatile concentrations between samples that were stored with minimal oxygen exposure and samples that were opened and exposed to oxygen each week. NFC samples had a significantly higher volatile concentration than FC samples from the same manufacturer, but the differences between brands were more pronounced than the difference between NFC and FC. Acetone levels increased in all samples and especially those that were exposed to oxygen. Practical Applications The two sets of storage conditions replicated conditions that the products face while being sold in the market or while used at home by consumers. This study gives orange juice producers a better insight with regard to the aroma and volatile characteristics of their products after their products reach the store shelves. This investigates how the levels of key aromatic volatiles were affected by the presence of oxygen during consumer use and home storage. The data from this study could be used by orange juice manufacturers for quality control or product development purposes.
Spurious emission limits for mobile transmitters: an approach and results

This paper describes a Monte-Carlo method for evaluating discrete spurious emission limits. Building upon extensive data for receiver characteristics from an original CEPT (Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications) report, the technique was developed in order to determine the magnitude of the potential spurious emission problem by calculating the probability of interference. Parameters of existing receiving systems in different frequency bands are combined with realistic propagation models, log normal shadowing, of both the wanted and interfering signals, and likely future transmitter densities. Many Monte-Carlo trials are used to determine coverage losses due to interference from spurious emissions at different limit levels. The evaluation shows that conducted spurious emissions at the current ITU limit of (-16 dBm) will result in negligible probabilities of interference attributable to discrete spurious emissions even in dense urban environments.
Sex ratio and host size in a parasitoid wasp

Parasitoid wasps often lay male eggs in small hosts and female eggs in larger hosts. The selective advantage of this strategy can be explained by assuming wasp fitness increases with host size and that this fitness increase is greater in females than in males. I conducted experiments to test a model based on this explanation and found the results generally supported the model with one exception; unlike what the model assumed, these wasps were unable to adjust their offspring sex ratios in each generation to different host size distributions. This finding suggests an alternate view as to how selection might operate in the evolution of parasitoid sex ratios.
Anti-Ramsey Numbers of Subdivided Graphs

Given a positive integer n and a family F of graphs, the anti-Ramsey numberf(n, F) is the maximum number of colors in an edge-coloring of Kn such that no subgraph of Kn belonging to F has distinct colors on its edges. The Turan numberex(n, F) is the maximum number of edges of an n-vertex graph that does not contain a member of F as a subgraph. P. Erdo?s et al. (1975, in Colloq. Math. Soc. Janos Bolyai, Vol. 10, pp. 633?643, North-Holland, Amsterdam) showed for all graphs H that f(n, H)?ex(n, H)=o(n2), where H={H?e:e?E(H)}. We strengthen their result for the class of graphs in which each edge is incident to a vertex of degree two. We show that f(n, H)?ex(n, H)=O(n) when H belongs to this class. This follows from a new upper bound on f(n, H) that we prove for all graphs H and asymptotically determines f(n, H) for certain graphs H.
Docking of the Proteasomal ATPases' Carboxyl Termini in the 20S Proteasome's α Ring Opens the Gate for Substrate Entry

The 20S proteasome functions in protein degradation in eukaryotes together with the 19S ATPases or in archaea with the homologous PAN ATPase complex. These ATPases contain a conserved C-terminal hydrophobic-tyrosine-X motif (HbYX). We show that these residues are essential for PAN to associate with the 20S and open its gated channel for substrate entry. Upon ATP binding, these C-terminal residues bind to pockets between the 20S's alpha subunits. Seven-residue or longer peptides from PAN's C terminus containing the HbYX motif also bind to these sites and induce gate opening in the 20S. Gate opening could be induced by C-terminal peptides from the 19S ATPase subunits, Rpt2, and Rpt5, but not by ones from PA28/26, which lack the HbYX motif and cause gate opening by distinct mechanisms. C-terminal residues in the 19S ATPases were also shown to be critical for gating and stability of 26S proteasomes. Thus, the C termini of the proteasomal ATPases function like a "key in a lock" to induce gate opening and allow substrate entry.
Experimental observations of relaxation oscillator waveforms in GaAs from less than transit-time frequency to several times transit-time frequency

The purpose of this letter is to show that almost all microwave oscillations seen in GaAs, at all frequencies, can be completely accounted for by accumulation layer mode (LSA) operation of the device and therefore only dependent on the current peak-to-valley ratio and the circuit characteristics. The electric field and space charge configurations inside the device must be considered only when they may result in avalanche breakdown. This is true for oscillations even at or below the "transit" frequency.
REDD1 enhances protein phosphatase 2A–mediated dephosphorylation of Akt to repress mTORC1 signaling

The protein kinase mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) in complex 1 (mTORC1) promotes cell growth and proliferation in response to anabolic stimuli, including growth factors and nutrients. Growth factors activate mTORC1 by stimulating the kinase Akt, which phosphorylates and inhibits the tuberous sclerosis complex [TSC; which is composed of TSC1, TSC2, and TBC1D7 (Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16 domain family member 7)], thereby stimulating the mTORC1 activator Rheb (Ras homolog enriched in brain). We identified the mechanism through which REDD1 (regulated in DNA damage and development 1) represses the mTORC1 signaling pathway. We found that REDD1 promoted the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-dependent dephosphorylation of Akt on Thr(308) but not on Ser(473). Consistent with previous studies showing that phosphorylation of Akt on Thr(308), but not on Ser(473), is necessary for phosphorylation of TSC2, we observed a REDD1-dependent reduction in the phosphorylation of TSC2 and subsequently in the activation state of Rheb. REDD1 and PP2A coimmunoprecipitated with Akt from wild-type but not REDD1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, suggesting that REDD1 may act as a targeting protein for the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Furthermore, binding to both Akt and PP2A was essential for REDD1 to repress signaling to mTORC1. Overall, the results demonstrate that REDD1 acts not only as a repressor of mTORC1 but also as a constant modulator of the phosphorylation of Akt in response to growth factors and nutrients.
The DNA between Rz and cosR in bacteriophage lambda is nonessential.

Abstract Near the right end of phage λ DNA, between gene Rz and the cos site, are 2050 bp of apparently non-coding DNA. We have cloned a λ DNA fragment containing this DNA into a plasmid and constructed a deletion, ω1, extending from a site within the Rz gene to a site about 560 bp from cos. This deletion could be recombined into viable λ phage at a frequency equal to that observed for the undeleted sequence. Recombinant phage λ carrying the ω1 deletion were demonstrated to have the same burst size and kinetics of phage production as undeleted A. The ω1 deletion can be used to extend the capacity of λ cloning vectors and to provide a region for the insertion of heterologous DNA which should exhibit controllable high level expression from the λ late promoter, p'R.
Ultrastructural localization of TDP-43 in filamentous neuronal inclusions in various neurodegenerative diseases

Using post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy, TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) was localized to neuronal cytoplasmic (NCI) and intranuclear (NII) inclusions, as well as unmyelinated neurites, in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions (FTLD-U), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s (AD), Pick’s disease (PiD) and Lewy body disease (LBD). The TDP-43 immunoreactive structures were morphologically heterogeneous. The most common was characterized by bundles of 10–20 nm diameter straight filaments with electron dense granular material within NCI, NII and neurites. This type of pathology was found in FTLD-U, ALS and some cases of AD. Less often, inclusions in neuritic processes of FTLD-U and some cases of AD contained 10-17 nm diameter straight filaments without granular material. A final type of TDP-43 immunoreactivity was labeling of filaments and granular material associated with tau filaments in neurofibrillary tangles of AD and Pick bodies of PiD or α-synuclein filaments in Lewy bodies of LBD. The results suggest that TDP-43 is the primary component of the granulofilamentous inclusions in FTLD-U and ALS. Similar inclusions sometimes accompany filamentous aggregates composed of other abnormal proteins in AD, PiD and LBD.
Hospital Staff and Family Perspectives Regarding Quality of Pediatric Palliative Care

Background. Development of a pediatric palliative care program was preceded by a needs assessment that included a staff survey and family interviews regarding improving pediatric palliative care. Methods. Four hundred forty-six staff members and community physicians responded to a written survey regarding comfort and expertise in delivering end of life care. Sixty-eight family members of 44 deceased children were interviewed regarding treatment, transition to palliative care, and bereavement follow-up contact. Frequencies were generated for responses to the staff survey. Five interviewers reviewed the families9 narratives and identified frequently occurring themes. Results. Staff members reported feeling inexperienced in communicating with patients and families about end of life issues, transition to palliative care, and do not resuscitate status. Families reported distress caused by uncaring delivery of bad news and careless remarks made by staff members. Staff members reported feeling inexperienced in symptom and pain management and described occasions when pain could have been better managed. Families believed pain had been managed as well as possible despite observing their children suffer. Fifty-four percent of staff members reported that adequate support was not provided for those who treat dying children. Staff members and family members stated their desire for more support. Staff members who described their most difficult experiences caring for a dying child referenced personal pain and inadequate support most frequently. Conclusions. Albeit from different perspectives, staff members and family members shared common concerns and experiences regarding pediatric palliative care. These experiences emphasize the need for additional systematic study, improved education and support for staff members, and continued development of more effective and compassionate delivery of pediatric palliative care.
Evaluation of PELAN as a landmine confirmation sensor

PELAN (the initials of Pulsed Elemental Analysis with Neutrons) is a device that has been developed to identify a landmine through the elemental constituents of its explosive. PELAN uses neutrons as the probing particles. The incident neutrons interact with the nuclei of the various chemical elements in the mine, emitting characteristic gamma rays that act as the fingerprints of the various chemical elements. PELAN is capable of identifying with the same probability of detection all types of high explosives (TNT, RDX etc.) either in plastic or metal encased landmines. Results of its evaluation with blind tests in Croatia and the US using anti-personnel and anti-tank landmines will be presented.
Obstetrical Factors Associated with Nuchal Cord in a High-Risk Population

The obstetrical factors associated with nuchal cord at birth were retrospectively studied in 520 high-risk patients with gestational ages ranging from 24 to 42 weeks. The overall frequency of nuchal cord at birth was 16.7% (87 of 520). The frequencies of nuchal cord in preterm and term gestations were 14.7 and 22%, respectively. Factors associated with increased incidence of nuchal cord at birth were vertex presentation, vaginal birth, and term gestation. When the data were analyzed according to route of delivery and gestational age, it was found that the group of neonates born vaginally at term had the highest incidence of nuchal cord (17 of 51 or 33.3%, P <. 05) as compared to infants born at term by cesarean section (14 of 90 or 15.5%), preterm born vaginally (24 of 140 or 17.1%), and preterm born by cesarean section (32 of 239 or 13.3%). These data suggest that vaginal birth at term is the most significant factor associated with increased frequency of nuchal cord. Although a lower mean cord artery pH ...