cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro guanylylation of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus polypeptide VP1

Abstract Incubation of purified infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in the presence of [α 32 P]GTP resulted in the formation of VP1-GMP. The GMP is linked to VP1 by a phosphodiester bond and its formation does not require the presence of divalent cations. In contrast to reovirus guanylyl transferase, the formation of IPNV VP1-GMP is not reversible and the guanylylation reaction is not inhibited by inorganic pyrophosphate. Furthermore, the IPNV VP1-GMP cannot transfer the GMP to an acceptor molecule (such as GTP) indicating that VP1 is not a capping enzyme. Time-coarse experiments revealed that after the initial guanylylation of VP1 to form VP1-pG, a second GMP is added to form VP1 -pGpG, the formation of which is template-dependent. Since VP1 is present in the virion both as a free polypeptide and in a genome-linked form as VPg, and it is also the virion-associated RNA polymerase, the results suggest that VP1 may function as a primer during in vitro RNA synthesis.
Copurification of Vimentin, Energy Metabolism Enzymes, and a MER5 Homolog with Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase IDENTIFICATION OF TISSUE-SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS

Chromatography on immobilized antibodies specific to nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase was utilized for affinity purification of this enzyme from detergent extracts of frog heart post-mitochondrial fractions. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of eluates from these supports shows that five polypeptides co-purify with nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase. Tryptic digests of each band were analyzed by mass spectrometric microsequencing. Data base searches by peptide mass matching and sequence homology led to the identification of these proteins as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (40 kDa), creatine kinase (45 kDa), vimentin (55 kDa), pyruvate kinase (60 kDa), and a putative member of the antioxidant protein family (28 kDa). Distinct protein compositions were found in eluates of lung and liver extracts processed in a like manner. The 28-kDa band and vimentin were associated with NDP kinase from all tissues, but co-purification of pyruvate kinase was seen only in liver, while creatine kinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were absent from eluates from lung and liver. The results suggest that while NDP kinase is associated with vimentin intermediate filaments and an antioxidant protein in most tissues, it interacts with energy metabolism enzymes in a tissue-specific manner.
Some regional anatomical relationships of TRH to 5-HT in rat limbic forebrain.

It is now a recognized principle that various neuropeptides are neuronally co-localized with biogenic amine or aminoacid neurotransmitters. In the rat CNS it has previously been shown that TRH is co-localized with 5-HT (and also with substance P) in cell bodies of the posterior raphe that project to the spinal cord. Although TRH cell bodies are known to be widely distributed throughout the forebrain there is no other known co-localization with 5-HT. In this study we further specify the anatomical relationship of TRH with 5-HT by use of surgical and neurotoxic lesioning with reference to limbic forebrain regions wherein TRH is greatly increased following seizures. In groups of rats, the fimbria-fornix was lesioned alone, or combined with a lesion of the dorsal perforant path or the ventral perforant path. There was a sham lesioned control group. Additional groups were lesioned with 5, 7 dihydroxytryptamine, 100 μg i.v.t., 45 min. after i.p. desipramine, 25 mg/kg. All rats were sacrificed three weeks after lesions. Indoleamines were determined by HPLC in left anterior cortex, left pyriform/olfactory cortex, left dorsal hippocampus and left ventral hippocampus. TRH was determined by specific RIA in the corresponding right brain regions. The modal n was 7 rats. The surgical lesions reduced 5-HT to below the detection limit in dorsal hippocampus in all three groups, and to 31–52% of control in all the ventral hippocampus groups. 5-HIAA was reduced to 19–37% of control in dorsal and to 30–51% of control in ventral hippocampus. TRH was reduced to 44–61% of control in dorsal hippocampus and to 48–53% of control in ventral hippocampus. As was repeatedly observed in our previous reports all TRH levels in ventral hippocampus were higher than in dorsal hippocampus. The 5, 7 dihydroxytryptamine treatment nearly eliminated the indoleamines from all the forebrain regions examined while TRH levels were unchanged. These results can be explained by our previous data showing that immunoreactive TRH is intrinsic and localized to the vicinity of both CA and dentate granule cells of the hippocampus, but about half of hippocampal TRH enters via fibers of the fimbria-fornix. The perforant path appears to contribute no TRH to hippocampus, but, results with the combined lesion groups showed some reduction of 5-HIAA in ventral hippocampus as is expected from the known perforant path contribution of 5-HT. Since the neurotoxic lesion had no effect on TRH, the 5-HT pathway through the fimbria-fornix is probably anatomically separate from a parallel TRH pathway there. This study shows that co-localization of TRH with 5-HT is very unlikely in four specific limbic forebrain regions.
Clothed particle operators in simple models of quantum field theory

The idea of using clothed operators in the quantum theory of fields, i.e. operators which create and annihilate one particle eigenstates of the total Hamiltonian, is examined. In cut-off theories, these clothed operators are related to the unrenormalized Schrodinger picture operators by a similarity transformation. In terms of these clothed operators the virtual cloud of particles surrounding a physical particle appearing in present discussions of field theory no longer appears, corresponding to the elimination, in the terminology of Van Hove, of persistent effects. Mass and wave function renormalization are automatically accomplished by unitary clothing transformations, and the usual renormalization program is extended to the renormalization of the states appearing in the theory. The form of the Hamiltonian expressed in terms of clothed operators is discussed and these ideas are applied to the static scalar model, the Lee model, and the Ruijgrok-Van Hove model.
General relativistic energy conditions: The Hubble expansion in the epoch of galaxy formation

The energy conditions of Einstein gravity (classical general relativity) are designed to extract as much information as possible from classical general relativity without enforcing a particular equation of state for the stress energy. This systematic avoidance of the need to specify a particular equation of state is particularly useful in a cosmological setting {emdash} since the equation of state for the cosmological fluid in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker-type universe is extremely uncertain. I shall show that the energy conditions provide simple and robust bounds on the behavior of both the density and look-back time as a function of redshift. I shall show that current observations {ital suggest} that the so-called {ital strong energy condition} (SEC) is violated at some time between the epoch of galaxy formation and the present. This implies that no possible combination of {ital {open_quotes}normal{close_quotes}} matter is capable of fitting the observational data. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Optical and mechanical properties of optically transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) composites

Highly transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites have been made by carefully matching the refractive index of the glass fiber reinforcement with the PMMA matrix. Composites containing 10.4 vol% glass fibers and 0.68 mm in thickness had an overall optical transmission of 92%. The transparency of the composites is temperature dependent because of the different temperature coefficients of refractive index for the glass fiber and PMMA. The tensile strength of the composites at room temperature was twice that of pure PMMA and decreased with increasing temperature, as predicted by the rule of mixtures.
Effects of three dietary phytochemicals from tea, rosemary and turmeric on inflammation-induced nitrite production

Abstract In chronic inflammation, cytokines induce the production of nitric oxide (NO.) that is converted to DNA damaging and carcinogenic peroxynitrite and nitrite. The compounds epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), carnosol, and curcumin are non-vitamin phytochemicals contained in commonly consumed dietary plants. They are known to be anti-inflammatory and cancer preventive. Therefore, we studied their effect on the generation of peroxynitrite radicals and nitrite. They inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) induced nitrite production by mouse peritoneal cells by more than 50% at 2.5–10 μM. Cell viability assays verified that the inhibition was not due to general cellular toxicity.
Variation of the Electron-Spin Polarization in EuSe Tunnel Junctions from Zero to Near 100% in a Magnetic Field

A thin film of EuSe was used as a funnel barrier between the normal metal Ag and superconducting Al. Tunneling characteristics at 0.45 K showed the following: (1) the absence of exchange splitting of the EuSe conduction band in zero magnetic field, where EuSe is antiferromagnetic; (2) field-dependent spin polarization of the tunneling electrons as high as 97% at H≥1.2 T; (3) enhanced Zeeman spliffing of the Al quasiparficle states because of the exchange interaction at the Al-EuSe; (4) a decrease in tunnel resistance by as much as 75% in magnetic field ≥1.7 T
Are Carotid Stent Fractures Clinically Significant

Purpose Late stent fatigue is a known complication after carotid artery stenting (CAS) for cervical carotid occlusive disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of carotid stent fractures.
Intermittent neuroleptic therapy and tardive dyskinesia: A literature review

Many authorities advocate neuroleptic-free periods for patients on chronic neuroleptics as a means of reducing the incidence or severity of tardive dyskinesia. This practice continues, despite the absence of any controlled clinical studies showing that intermittent therapy reduces the incidence or progression of tardive dyskinesia. After reviewing the pertinent clinical and animal literature, the authors conclude that there are few data to support the use of intermittent therapy as a means of reducing tardive dyskinesia and, in fact, evidence suggests it may increase the risk of persistent tardive dyskinesia.
Information Value Theory

The information theory developed by Shannon was designed to place a quantitative measure on the amount of information involved in any communication. The early developers stressed that the information measure was dependent only on the probabilistic structure of the communication process. For example, if losing all your assets in the stock market and having whale steak for supper have the same probability, then the information associated with the occurrence of either event is the same. Attempts to apply Shannon's information theory to problems beyond communications have, in the large, come to grief. The failure of these attempts could have been predicted because no theory that involves just the probabilities of outcomes without considering their consequences could possibly be adequate in describing the importance of uncertainty to a decision maker. It is necessary to be concerned not only with the probabilistic nature of the uncertainties that surround us, but also with the economic impact that these uncertainties will have on us. In this paper the theory of the value of information that arises from considering jointly the probabilistic and economic factors that affect decisions is discussed and illustrated. It is found that numerical values can be assigned to the elimination or reduction of any uncertainty. Furthermore, it is seen that the joint elimination of the uncertainty about a number of even independent factors in a problem can have a value that differs from the sum of the values of eliminating the uncertainty in each factor separately.
Modeling Catalytic Trickle-Bed and Upflow Packed-Bed Reactors for Wet Air Oxidation of Phenol with Phase Change

In this study, to simulate the steady-state behavior of packed-bed reactors for catalytic wet oxidation of phenol, one-dimensional (1D) axial dispersion model for the liquid phase is coupled with a cell stack model for the gas phase, providing considerable phase change under the selected operating conditions. The reactor scale governing equations, reaction kinetics involved, and solution strategy are discussed. The computational approach accounts for the observed catalyst activities, combined with local transport and catalyst wetting effects. The approach selected is shown to be suitable and efficient in dealing with the problem in question. Comparisons of simulated model predictions and lab scale experimental data are presented. Reasonably simulating the concentration profiles in the reactor at steady-state operation, the model allows designers to determine the effects of catalyst activity and operating and feed conditions on reactor performance. The model also clearly demonstrates the importance of including the phase change effect in the reactor scale flow distribution.
Infrared sensor-based on-line weld penetration control

This paper describes progress made during the last year in identifying weld perturbations using indirect methods based on an infrared sensor. Using changes in the temperature gradient, it is now possible to identify the geometry of the weld pool and weld penetration changes due to welding current variations or plate thickness changes. The procedures for computing each of the penetration indicators were streamlined to reduce the computation time. Bead width was one of the methods used in an on-line control routine. A software was developed for on-line weld penetration control using the beam width as the error signal and the welding current as the control parameter.
Outcomes and early revascularization for patients ≥65 years of age with cardiogenic shock

Hospital survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock has improved during recent years. It is unclear whether this mortality benefit also applies to elderly patients with cardiogenic shock. Elderly residents (age ≥65 years) of the Worcester, Massachusetts metropolitan area (1990 census population = 437,000) hospitalized with confirmed AMI and cardiogenic shock in all metropolitan Worcester, Massachusetts hospitals between 1986 and 1997 constituted the sample of interest. We examined the use of coronary reperfusion strategies, adjunctive therapy, and hospital mortality in a cohort of 166 cardiogenic patients treated early in the reperfusion era (1986 to 1991) compared with 144 patients with AMI treated approximately 1 decade later (1993 to 1997). There was a significant increase in the use of an early revascularization strategy over time (2% vs 16%, p <0.001). Marked increases in use of antiplatelet therapy, β blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were also observed over the decade-long experience. In-hospital case fatality declined significantly over time, from 80% (1986 to 1991) to 69% (1993 to 1997) in elderly patients who developed cardiogenic shock (p = 0.03). After adjusting for differences in potentially confounding prognostic characteristics between patients hospitalized in the 2 study periods, an even more pronounced reduction in hospital mortality (42%) was observed for the most recently hospitalized cohort. The most powerful predictor of in-hospital survival was use of an early revascularization approach to treatment. Thus, hospital mortality has declined for patients ≥65 years of age with AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock, and this decline has occurred in the setting of broader use of early revascularization and adjunctive medical therapy for this high-risk population.
Lineage-restricted chromosome translocation in a benign fibrous tumor of the breast

Abstract We describe a clonal chromosome rearrangement, t(4; 14)(q24-25; q24.3), in a benign fibrous tumor of the breast. This is the first reported cytogenetic analysis of a fibrous tumor of the breast and the first evidence for clonality in these lesions. A combined immunohistochemical/cytogenetic study demonstrated that cells with the clonal translocation were mesenchymal. Epithelial cells, in contrast, had normal chromosomes.
Another Cautionary Note about R 2: Its Use in Weighted Least-Squares Regression Analysis

Abstract A recent article in this journal presented a variety of expressions for the coefficient of determination (R 2) and demonstrated that these expressions were generally not equivalent. The article discussed potential pitfalls in interpreting the R 2 statistic in ordinary least-squares regression analysis. The current article extends this discussion to the case in which regression models are fit by weighted least squares and points out an additional pitfall that awaits the unwary data analyst. We show that unthinking reliance on the R 2 statistic can lead to an overly optimistic interpretation of the proportion of variance accounted for in the regression. We propose a modification of the estimator and demonstrate its utility by example.
2-Aminoethylphosphonic Acid Metabolism During Embryonic Development of the Planorbid Snail Helisoma

In freshly laid egg masses of Helisoma sp., more than 95 percent of the phosphorus is found in alkylphosphonic acids, as determined by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These compounds are metabolized during embryonic development, as shown by differential acid hydrolysis and experiments with phosphorus-33-labeled phosphoric acid. Further, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates phosphonic acid involvement in related snail families, including the schistosomal vector Biomphalaria glabrata.
Effect of a New Hypoglycemic Agent, A-4166 [(-)-N-(trans-4-Isopropylcyclohexanecarbonyl)-D-phenylalanine], on Postprandial Blood Glucose Excursion : Comparison with Voglibose and Glibenclamide

(-)-N-(trans-4-Isopropylcyclohexanecarbonyl)-D-phenylalanine (A-4166) is a new nonsulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that lowers blood glucose by stimulating insulin release. In the present study, we examined the effects of A-4166, voglibose (an α-glucosidase inhibitor), and glibenclamide (a sulfonylurea) on the postprandial glycemic increase in rats with or without diabetes millitus. Oral administration of A-4166 (25-100 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased blood glucose with a rapid onset and short duration in normal rats. On the other hand, glibenclamide (1-4 mg/kg) showed a slower onset of its hypoglycemic action, and voglibose (0.2 mg/kg) had no effect. In the case of postprandial glucose excursion, the carbohydrate-induced increase in blood glucose was reduced by oral administration of either A-4166 or voglibose without causing sustained hypoglycemia in both normal and neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. However, the efficacy of voglibose varied with the type of carbohydrate load. Glibenclamide produced a prolonged decrease in blood glucose without any appreciable effect on the initial glucose excursion. After sucrose loading, plasma insulin levels during the initial 1 h were significantly higher in A-4166-treated rats than in control rats, while voglibose completely inhibited the insulin response to sucrose. In glibenclamide-treated rats, an augmented insulin response was not seen. In conclusion, unlike other hypoglycemic agents, A-4166 suppresses postprandial glucose excursions by stimulating the early phase of insulin secretion.
Amino acid differences between the alpha-chains from two hemoglobins of the yellow-cheeked vole (Family Cricetidae).

The yellow-cheeked vole (Microtus xanthognathus) shows two electrophoretic hemoglobin components. Electrophoresis of the polypeptide chains from the separated hemoglobin components shows identical β-chains but two α-chains of different mobility, αf and αs. The composition of soluble tryptic peptides was determined for each α-chain. Amino acid differences were found in peptides αT1 and αT9; the compositions of the remainder of the homologous peptides were identical. Differences in αT1, found at α4 (αs-Gly-αf-Val) and α5 (αs-Thr-αf-Asp), were confirmed after a run to residue 20 of the fast component in an automatic sequencer. The differences in charge between αT1 peptides can account for the electrophoretic pattern of two hemoglobins. This is the first time that it has been possible to identity the residues which can account for the charge difference between the two hemoglobins observed in a Microtus species.
The effect of various energy-conversion states of chloroplasts on proton and electron transport.

Abstract The stoichiometry of H+ and electron transport in spinach chloroplasts was very sensitive to the presence or absence of the phosphate-acceptor system and energy-transfer inhibitors. With methyl viologen as the electron acceptor, the H + e − ratio (based on initial rates) in the absence of the complete coupling system was about 2H+ per electron. With all of the cofactors for phosphorylation present (or with arsenate replacing phosphate) the ratio drops to about 1 to 1.3 H+ per electron. The steady-state ratio in both cases was about 0.5 to 0.7 H+ per electron. Synthalin and DIO-9, energy-transfer inhibitors, caused an increase in the H + e − ratio from about 1 up to about 3, while inhibiting phosphorylation and the coupled electron flow. Synthalin and DIO-9 also stimulate the H + e − ratio in the absence of ADP and phosphate. In this case, the H+ uptake rate was stimulated almost to the same rate as found with the complete acceptor system present and with these inhibitors added. Poly- l -lysine stimulated both the initial and the steady-state proton pump rates and inhibited ATP formation. If the complete phosphate-acceptor system was present, electron flow was little affected; in the absence of ADP, electron flow was increased to the coupled rate. In both cases, the H + e − ratio was increased to about 4–6 H+ per electron, the same values obtained at pH 6 without added inhibitors. Quantum yield experiments supported the H + e − ratio data, showing that in the presence of polylysine at pH 7.8, 3–4 protons were transported per quantum absorbed by Photosystem I. The data are discussed in terms of two possible mechanisms: (A) than an H+ ion carrier capable of transporting a variable number of protons is linked to the electron-transport chain but on a side path from direct energy flow to ATP synthesis. In this scheme, energy-transfer inhibition or the absence of the complete coupling system would lead to greater H+ ion transport activity due to the alternative use of the highenergy state by the ion-transport mechanism; (B) the proton-transport carrier could be linked to one of two electron transport chains. In this scheme, inhibition of phosphorylation by withholding ADP or by energy-transfer inhibitors would lead to higher H+ per electron ratios due to a greater proportion of the total electron flow going through the H+-linked arm of the redox chain. This hypothesis is discussed in view of recent work implicating the involvement of ion gradients in the energy-conversion mechanism of chloroplasts.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction between Serum Albumin and Auranofin (and Its Isopropyl Analogue) in Vitro.

The first detailed kinetic analysis and mechanistic interpretation of the reactions between serum albumin and the second-generation gold drug Auranofin [Et(3)PAuSATg = (triethylphosphine)(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-beta-D-glucopyranosato-S-) gold(I)] and its triisopropylphosphine analogue, iPr(3)PAuSATg, in vitro are reported. The reactions were investigated using Penefsky spun columns and NMR saturation transfer methods. Under the Penefsky chromatography conditions with 0.4-0.6 mM albumin and a wide range of Et(3)PAuSATg concentrations, the reaction is biphasic. The fast phase is apparently first order in albumin with a rate constant [k(1) = 3.4 +/- 0.3 x 10(-)(2) s(-)(1)] that decreases slightly in magnitude and becomes intermediate in order at low gold concentrations, [Et(3)PAuSATg] < [AlbSH]; it accounts for approximately 95% of the Au(I) that binds. A minor, slower step [k(2) = 2.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(-)(3) s(-)(1)), which accounts for only 5% of the reaction, is also first order with respect to albumin, and zero order with respect to auranofin. For iPr(3)PAuSATg, only the first step was observed, k(1) = (1.4 +/- 0.1) x 10(-)(2) s(-)(1), and is first order in albumin and independent of the iPr(3)PAuSATg concentration. (31)P-NMR saturation transfer experiments utilizing iPr(3)PAuSATg, under equilibrium conditions, yielded second-order rate constants for both the forward (1.2 x 10(2) M(-)(1) s(-)(1)) and the reverse (3.9 x 10(1) M(-)(1) s(-)(1)) directions. A multistep mechanism involving a conformationally altered albumin species was developed. Albumin domain IA opens with concomitant Cys-34 rearrangement, allowing facile gold binding and exchange, and then closes. In conjunction with the steady-state approximation, this mechanism accounts for the different reaction orders observed under the two set of conditions. The rate-determining conformational change of albumin governs the reaction as monitored by the Penefsky columns. Rapid second order exchange of R(3)PAuSATg at the exposed Cys-34 residue is observed under the NMR conditions. The mechanism predicts that under physiological conditions where [Et(3)PAuSATg] is 10-25 mM, the reaction will be second order and rapid with a rate constant of 8 +/- 2 x 10(2) M(-)(1) s(-)(1). The Penefsky spun columns revealed a previously unreported and novel binding mechanism, association of auranofin in the pocket of albumin-disulfide species, which was confirmed by Hummel-Dreyer gel chromatographic techniques under equilibrium conditions. This albumin-auranofin complex (AlbSSR-Et(3)PAuSATg) is weakly bound and readily dissociates during conventional gel exclusion chromatography.
Structural Stereo Matching Of Laplacian-Of-Gaussian Contour Segments For 3D Perception

The stereo correspondence problem is solved using Laplacian-of-Gaussian zero-crossing contours as a source of primitives for structural stereopsis, as opposed to traditional point-based algorithms. Up to 74 percent matching of candidate zero crossing points are being achieved on 240 x 246 images at small scales and large ranges of disparity, without coarse-to-fine tracking and without precise knowledge of the epipolar geometry. This approach should prove particularly useful in recovering the epipolar geometry automatically for stereo pairs for which it is unavailable a priori. Such situations occur in the extraction of terrain models from stereo aerial photographs.
The Phosphatase SHP2 Regulates the Spacing Effect for Long-Term Memory Induction

A property of long-term memory (LTM) induction is the requirement for repeated training sessions spaced over time. This augmentation of memory formation with spaced resting intervals is called the spacing effect. We now show that in Drosophila, the duration of resting intervals required for inducing LTM is regulated by activity levels of the protein tyrosine phosphatase corkscrew (CSW). Overexpression of wild-type CSW in mushroom body neurons shortens the inter-trial interval required for LTM induction, whereas overexpression of constitutively active CSW proteins prolongs these resting intervals. These gain-of-function csw mutations are associated with a clinical condition of mental retardation. Biochemical analysis reveals that LTM-inducing training regimens generate repetitive waves of CSW-dependent MAPK activation, the length of which appears to define the duration of the resting interval. Constitutively active CSW proteins prolong the resting interval by altering the MAPK inactivation cycle. We thus provide insight into the molecular basis of the spacing effect.
Fine Pointing Control for the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (Oao)

High pointing accuracy requirements are imposed on the control system of the OAO. One tenth arcsec angular accuracy can be achieved in orbiting spacecraft using star references, long focal length optical systems, and relatively small torquing devices. Noise problems are introduced when a single error sensor is required to track stars with greatly different magnitudes. As star magnitude decreases, the compensating increase in the gain by the automatic gain control decreases the signal-to-noise ratio and degrades the pointing accuracy. A linear range of at least one arcmin will eliminate or reduce many restrictions on initial acquisition of a particular star. These restrictions are introduced by high initial satellite rates and/or unbalanced inertial wheel torques. Relatively small voltage rates out of the sensor may be detected by a suitably designed nonlinear lead circuit with low frequency corners.
INDIVIDUALIZED BLEEDING RISK ESTIMATES PRIOR TO PCI IMPACT PHYSICIANS' USE OF BIVALIRUDIN IN HIGH RISK PATIENTS

Bivalirudin reduces post-PCI bleeding. However, there exists a risk-treatment paradox in which patients at lower risk for bleeding are preferentially treated and those at higher risk are not. Whether routine estimation of an individual's bleeding risk impacts physician use of bivalirudin is
Coupling bone degradation to formation

To maintain skeletal integrity and prevent fractures, degradation and rebuilding of bone must occur in synchrony. Transforming growth factor-β1 is now found to coordinate this restructuring process: the molecule is released during bone degradation and stimulates bone rebuilding (pages 757–765).
Himmelskörper in Farbe

Aufnahmen von Venus, Erde, Mond, Mars, Jupiter und Saturn, mit Ausnahme der des Saturn von Raumfahrzeugen aus gewonnen, und knappe Beschreibung der am starksten ins Auge fallenden Einzelheiten.
Validity and reliability of Bekesy audiometry with preschool age children.

This study investigated the validity and reliability of Bekesy audiometry with preschool-age children. Sixty preschool children, ages 3, 4, and 5, were chosen such that 20 children were in each of ...
Increased cell senescence is associated with decreased cell proliferation in vivo in the degenerating human annulus.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: During disc degeneration, there is a well-recognized loss of cells. This puts the remaining cell population at high risk for any further decrease in cell function or cell numbers. Cell senescence has recently been shown to be present in the aging/degenerating human disc. Senescent cell are viable, metabolically active, persist, and accumulate over time, but cannot divide. Little is known about the relationship between renewal of the disc cell population via cell proliferation and disc cell senescence. PURPOSE: To determine the percentage of senescent cells and proliferating cells in the human annulus in vivo. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Human annulus specimens were obtained from surgical subjects and control donors in a study approved by the authors’ Human Subjects Institutional Review Board. PATIENT SAMPLE: One Thompson Grade I disc, 4 Grade II discs, 9 Grade III discs, and 12 Grade IV discs were studied. OUTCOME MEASURES: The percentages of senescent cells and the percentage of proliferating cells. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect senescent cells using an antisenescenceassociated beta-galactosidase antibody, and an antiproliferation antibody (Ki67). An average of 410 cells/specimens was counted to determine the percent senescence, and an average of 229 cells was counted to determine the percent proliferation. RESULTS: Cell proliferation was low in both surgical and control normal donor annulus tissue (4.09%þ1.77 (26), meanþSD (n)). There was no significant difference in the percentage of proliferating cells for more degenerate discs versus healthier discs (4.7%þ1.6 (21) for Grades III and IV vs. 5.3%þ1.9 (5) for Grades I and II). More degenerated Grades III and IV discs contained significantly greater percentages of senescent annulus cells than did the healthier Grades I and II discs (44.4%þ20.0 (21) vs. 18.8%þ11.0 (5), respectively; p5.011). A significant negative correlation was present between the percentage of senescent cells versus the percentage of proliferating cells, r5� 0.013, p5.013. No correlation was present between age and the percentage of senescent cells or age and the percentage of proliferating cells. CONCLUSIONS: Because senescent cells cannot divide, senescence may reduce the disc’s ability to generate new cells to replace cells lost to necrosis or apoptosis. Senescent cells also accumulate in the disc over time, such that their metabolic patterns may contribute to the pathologic changes seen in degenerating discs. Novel data presented here show a significant negative correlation between the percentage of senescent cells and the percentage of proliferating cells during disc degeneration. Molecular work is underway in our lab to help us determine whether senescent cells in the disc secrete factors that can result in decreased proliferation in neighboring cells. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Response of stream ecosystem function and structure to sediment metal: Context-dependency and variation among endpoints

Physicochemical and ecological attributes of ecosystems (i.e., environmental context) can modify the exposure and effects of metals, which presents a challenge for ecosystem management. Furthermore, the functional and structural attributes of an ecosystem may not respond equally to metals or be uniformly responsive to environmental context. We explored how physicochemical and ecological context modified sediment metal dose-response for a suite of functional and structural measures. Two sediments with high (HB) and low (LB) acid volatile sulfide and organic carbon content (i.e., physicochemical context) were amended with copper and nickel to establish a gradient of treatments from non-toxic to potentially toxic. Sediments were deployed in each of two streams (i.e., ecological context), incubated for four weeks, and measured for sediment microbe, biofilm, and macroinvertebrate dose-response to metal. The dose-response of microbial function was affected by physicochemical context, with cotton decomposition negatively related to sediment metal only on LB sediments. The abundance of invertebrates from the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) responded negatively to sediment metal only on LB sediments; however, this dose-response was only observed in one stream, likely because of greater abundance of sensitive EPT taxa (i.e., Baetidae and Ephemerellidae). Biofilm structure was negatively affected by sediment metal in only one stream and there was no difference in dose-response between the two sediment types. Biofilm function was affected by sediment type and stream; production by biofilms exposed to HB sediment was negatively related to sediment metal in only one stream. In all, the majority of our endpoints exhibited responses that were modified by environmental context; however, each component of the ecosystem exhibited unique context dependency. For management of sediment metals, an understanding of context dependency is useful for informed decision-making, but the application of simple contextual filters are unlikely to protect all elements of an ecosystem.
The Influence of Binding Solvents on Drug Release from Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Tablets

AbstractThe objective of this project was to evaluate the influence of binding solvents on drug release from hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) tablets. The model drug used for this study was Indomethacin. HPMC 4000 and lactose were used to prepare the tablets. The experiment was designed based on a 3×5 factorial design. The drug/polymer ratio was examined at three levels, 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2. At each of these levels the solvent effects were examined at five levels. Within these five levels, four different combinations of water and ethanol (100% water, 60% water 40% ethanol, 40% water 60% ethanol, and 20% water 80% ethanol) were compared with the fifth level which is a matrix tablet prepared by direct compression without any solvents. The dissolution rates of the tablets were monitored using a rotating paddle dissolution apparatus. The cumulative percent of drug dissolved from the three matrix tablets are not significantly different (p>0.05). The cumulative percent of drug dissolved at 2 hr from the variou...
Synergy between stimulator cells in the induction of the anti-Mlsa response.

SUMMARY We have identified two types of clones responsive to Mls determinants. One type responded vigorously to purified B cells from mice bearing Mlsa-stimulatory determinants. The other type, including clone Lyl-N5, responded vigorously to unfractionated spleen cells, but failed to respond to B cells alone or to spleenadherent cells (SAC) alone from the Mlsa-bearing mice. Synergy between two stimulator cell types, B cells and SAC, was required to induce the Mls response of clone Lyl-N5. The failure of clone Lyl-N5 to respond to Mlsa-bearing B cells was reversed by the addition of SAC taken from mice bearing the Mlsb allele or the non-stimulatory Mlsb allele. B cells were required to provide the Mlsa determinant. The Mls response of clone Ly1-N5 is restricted by class II determinants shared by the H-2b, H-2d and H-2k haplotypes, but not the H-2q haplotype. The optimal response of the clone was obtained by using B cells bearing both Mlsa and the permissive H-2 alloantigen. However, complementation was also observed between B cells bearing Mlsa and the non-permissive Iaq and SAC bearing the non-stimulatory Mlsb, but a permissive la epitope, resulting in activation of the clone. Clone Ly1-N5 responds to Mlsa-bearing B cells only in the presence of SAC. The SAC provide an undefined signal required for the proliferation of certain clones such as clone Ly1-N5, which is not provided by normal B cells. In this report, we show that the AKTB-lb B-cell tumour line stimulates the proliferation of clone Ly1-N5, in the absence of SAC, suggesting that the tumour line has acquired the capacity to provide this signal.
Being stingy with multipliers

It is shown that from an implementation point of view it is often the case that the chip area occupied by a VLSI signal processor is dominated and, therefore, largely determined by the area which must be devoted to multipliers. Therefore, signal processors which have high multiplier utilization (i.e. attain a higher throughput for a given number of multipliers) are of interest because it is possible for them to also attain good VLSI area utilization. Several signal processing architectures which have optimal multiplier utilization, are presented. These architectures are compared to several more conventional alternatives. It is also shown how the architectures achieve better multiplier utilization and, hence VLSI area utilization without suffering a degradation in utilization of other sources (e.g. adders and interconnect). >
Effects of the perivascular space on convection-enhanced delivery of liposomes in primate putamen

Convection-enhanced delivery has recently entered the clinic and represents a promising new therapeutic option in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and treatment of brain tumors. Understanding of the principles governing delivery and flow of macromolecules within the CNS is still poorly understood and requires more investigation of the microanatomy and fluid dynamics of the brain. Our previously established, reflux-free convection-enhanced delivery (CED) technique and real-time imaging MR method for monitoring CED delivery of liposomes in primate CNS allowed us to closely monitor infusions of putamen. Our findings indicate that CED in putamen is associated with perivascular transport of liposomes, throughout CNS arteries. The results may explain side effects seen in current clinical trials using CED. In addition, they clearly show the necessity for a monitoring technique for future direct delivery of therapeutic agents to the human central nervous system. Based on these findings, we believe that the physiological concept that the perivascular space serves as a conduit for distribution of endogenous molecules within the CNS also applies to interstitially infused agents.
Korenizatsiia: Restructuring Soviet nationality policy in the 1920s

Abstract In April 1923 the Russian Communist Party formalized the policy of korenizatsiia (indigenization or nativization) in order to defuse the hostility it provoked among the large non‐Russian Soviet population during the Civil War. By promoting non‐Russians into leading positions in the party, the government, and the trade unions and by subsidizing the development of distinct national cultures in the USSR, the party sought to legitimate a predominantly Russian and urban‐based revolution in an overwhelmingly agricultural, multiethnic state. Shortly after introducing korenizatsiia, the party initiated a full‐scale industrialization programme. In the long run, the leaders of the Communist Party expected that industrialization would successfully integrate the diverse peoples of the Soviet Union into the socialist order. In practice, however, the social changes jumpstarted by rapid economic development strengthened ethnic assertiveness, even among party members. By the late 1920s the emergence of national ...
Potassium modulation of methionine uptake in astrocytes in vitro

Methionine participates in a large variety of metabolic pathways in brain, and its transport may play an important regulatory role. The properties of methionine uptake were examined in a preparation of neonatal rat brain astrocytes. Uptake is linear for 15 minutes, up to 2.5 μM. At steady state conditions, methionine is concentrated 30–50-fold. Measured methionine homoexchange accounts for a significant fraction of uptake at concentrations greater than 10 μM. We recently reported that methionine uptake is decreased by elevations in extracellular K+. Potassium induced efflux cannot account for this apparent effect; and thus for concentrations less than 2.5μM, and for short times of incubation, measured rates of methionine uptake represent unidirectional flux. At extracellular concentrations of K+ equal to 6.9 mM, the apparentV max of methionine transport is 182 pmol/min/mg protein, and theK m is 1.3 μM. Where K+ is shifted to 11.9 mM, theK m remains unchanged, and theV max is reduced by half.
Creating political websites: Balancing complexity & usability

By integrating what is known about how people navigate the overwhelming tide of political information with research on usability, the experiments reported in this article aim to provide information about how to create political websites that are usable, engaging, and educational. This article reports on a series of four different experiments (n=478) comparing a simpler and more easily navigable website to a more complex and interactive website. The types of websites tested include: adwatches, issue grids, candidate biographies, and campaign finance sites. The results suggest that simpler, more navigable websites are preferred to more interactive websites with web tools. Results also suggest that more political information is not always preferable, as in most cases, participants rated sites with more political information lower.
Radiative corrections to parity violation in atoms in an SU(3) × U(1) gauge theory

Abstract We compute one-loop corrections to parity violations in atoms for an SU(3) × U(1) gauge theory of Lee and Weinberg, characterized by suppression of parity violation at the tree level. We also make comparison with experiment and some other models of weak and electromagnetic interactions.
Current—voltage relations in the rod photoreceptor network of the turtle retina

1. Electrical coupling between rod photoreceptors was studied in the eyecup preparation of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, using intracellular micro-electrodes. 2. The spatial profiles of rod responses to a long narrow slit of light were determined. The peak response amplitudes were found to decline exponentially as the slit was moved from the most sensitive position in the receptive field of each rod. The mean length constant was 55·7 μm. 3. Rods were simultaneously impaled in pairs and electrical coupling was demonstrated between the rods in seventeen of these pairs. No coupling was observed between rods separated by more than 110 μm. The transfer resistance, defined as the ratio of potential in the second rod (coupled potential) to the current injected into the first rod, varied from 0·2 to 13·2 MΩ. 4. The waveform of the coupled potential was time varying, exhibiting a peak and subsequent relaxation phase. The time course of the relaxation phase was voltage-dependent. At the cessation of current, the coupled potential rebounded beyond the resting potential and then decayed to the dark potential. 5. Plots of input current versus coupled potential showed strong outward-going rectification, chord transfer resistances being as much as 3·5 times lower for depolarizing currents. 6. Simultaneous impalements were made of pairs of neighbouring red-sensitive cones, of horizontal cells and rods, and of red-sensitive cones and rods. No evidence of coupling between cones and rods were found, nor could feed-back from horizontal cells onto rods be demonstrated; however, coupling between red-sensitive cones was found. This coupling exhibited neither the marked time-varying nor voltage-dependent properties that characterize the rod-rod coupling. 7. Individual rods were impaled with independent current passing and voltage sensing micro-electrodes. Pulses of current produced time-varying potentials having relaxation and rebound phases. Current—voltage measurements showed a strong outward-going rectification. Input resistances at the resting potential ranged up to 96 MΩ. 8. Square grid and hexagonal lattice models of ohmic electrical coupling were applied to the results. Using the measured values for the length constants and input resistances of single rods, we calculate that the plasma membrane resistance of each rod is approximately 1000 MΩ at the resting potential and that the coupling resistances are 272 and 444 MΩ for the square grid and hexagonal models, respectively. 9. The time-varying and voltage-dependent properties observed at the input and in the coupling between rods appear to reflect characteristics of the rod's plasma membrane and not of the coupling pathways between the rods. Both the outward-going rectification and relaxation phase of the response appear to involve voltage-dependent conductance increases in the rod's plasma membrane.
Electron momentum states and bremsstrahlung radiation from the ultraintense field ionization of atoms

Relativistic continuum dynamics for electrons from the ionization of atoms in an ultraintense (1017 W/cm2 to 1020 W/cm2) laser focus are analyzed using a semi-classical wavelet model. The results quantify the energy and angle resolved photoionization yields due to the developing relativistic dynamics in ultraintense fields. Using the final state momentum, the bremsstrahlung radiation yield is calculated and shows a linear relationship between the radiation cutoff and the laser intensity. At 1020 W/cm2 photons with energies out to 10MeV should be observed. The results are quantitatively comparable to the observed angle resolved photoelectron spectra of current ultraintense laser-atom experiments. The results show the azimuthal angular distributions becoming more isotropic with increasing intensity.