cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic epistemology, history of science and genetic psychology

Genetic epistemology analyzes the growth of knowledge both in the individual person (genetic psychology) and in the socio-historical realm (the history of science). But what the relationship is between the history of science and genetic psychology remains unclear. The biogenetic law that “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” is inadequate as a characterization of the relation. A critical examination of Piaget's Introduction a l'Epistemologie Genentique indicates these are several examples of what I call stage laws common to both areas. Furthermore, there is at least one example of a paradoxical inverse relation between the two — geometry. Both similarities and differences between the two domains require an explanation, a developmental explanation. Although such an explanation seems to be psychological in nature, it is not merely empirical but also normative (since psychology is both factual and normative according to Piaget). Hence genetic epistemology need not be reduced to psychology (narrowly conceived), but rather should be seen as being both empirical and normative and thus similar to certain types of contemporary philosophy of science.
Oligodendrocyte staining by multiple sclerosis serum is nonspecific

The immunofluorescent staining properties of 65 serum samples from 54 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 63 samples from 55 patients with other neurological diseases (OND), and sera from 14 healthy normal individuals were examined on frozen sections of bovine and human brain. When tested on bovine brain sections, positive oligoden drocyte staining was present in 63% of MS sera, 43% of OND sera, and 29% of normal sera. The percentages were lower with human brain tissue. Astrocyte and myelin staining was common. F(ab')2 fragments purified from selected positive and negative MS and control sera gave no staining, though IgG fractions from the same sera prior to pepsin digestion gave positive staining. When tested against antihuman IgM and IgA conjugates, the same positive sera and their IgG-depleted globulin fractions gave minimal or no staining. These results indicate that oligodendrocyte staining is not specific for MS, is not due to specific antibody, and is probably the result of nonspecific binding to Fc receptors.
Design of antialiasing patterns for time-sequential sampling of spatiotemporal signals

The aliasing that results from time-sequential sampling of spatiotemporal signals is strongly dependent on the order in which the spatial points are sampled. To design sampling patterns that reduce aliasing, the sequence of sampling points is mapped into several shorter subsequences via the chinese remainder theorem. A pairwise exchange algorithm then finds the best ordering of each subsequence. The patterns obtained with this procedure perform substantially better than those known previously, and perform as well as the optimal patterns that can be expressed in closed form when the signal is termporally undersampled by less than a factor of 2.
Optical properties of one-dimensional metal–dielectric photonic band-gap structures with low index dielectrics

Abstract We report on the design, fabrication and characterization of one dimensional metal–dielectric photonic band-gap structures (MDPBG) using low index dielectric materials. We describe design techniques that compensate for the shortcomings of the low dielectric material. The structures show high, flat, broad passband transmission within the visible spectrum and excellent out of band rejection in the infrared. We demonstrate one such MDPBG with five periods of Al 2 O 3 /Ag/Al 2 O 3 that shows 53 ± 3% transmission over 150 nm within the visible spectrum and an angular variation smaller than 5% within a field-of view of at least 60°. These MDPBGs are thermally insensitive and show good environmental stability.
Superresolved tomography by convex projections and detector motion.

If the spatial resolution of an image-acquisition system is limited by the size of its component detector elements, then scanning may be required for the signal to be fully sampled. In such cases interpolation methods are normally applied to reproduce a uniformly sampled signal from the set of observations. Alternatively, however, this step can be treated as a restoration problem, in which case the extra measurements made accessible by detector motion may contain sufficient information to superresolve the signal, i.e., to recover information beyond the limit normally associated with finite detector size. We describe the application of this concept to the problem of constructing the projection matrix from a set of noise-corrupted tomographic measurements made by a moving detector array. In particular we focus on the case encountered in many tomographic applications in which the spatial response functions are approximately stationary with object depth. The method of projections onto convex sets is used in conjunction with an underrelaxation scheme to recover the projection matrix, from which the image is reconstructed by the standard filtered backprojection algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that this approach applied to data acquired by a wobbling positron emission tomography system can substantially enhance the quality of the reconstructed image, even in the presence of high levels of quantum noise. The projection-matrix recovery step can be performed in a matter of seconds; thus the benefits of signal recovery are gained without a significant sacrifice in computation time.
Sex differences in incidence and mortality of bladder and kidney cancers: national estimates from 49 countries.

Abstract Objectives In the United States, among patients diagnosed with bladder cancer (BC), women have increased disease-specific mortality compared with men. The main objective of this study was to determine whether this pattern is also present in other countries. For comparison, similar analyses were performed for kidney cancer (KC). Methods and materials Data for this study were obtained from the GLOBOCAN 2008 database. A total of 49 countries with available information on BC and KC incidence and mortality were included in the analysis, representing all major geographic regions except Africa. For each country, we computed the sex-specific ratio of the total number of deaths from a given cancer to the total number of diagnoses in the year 2008 (the mortality-to-incidence ratio [MIR]). The relative MIR was computed for each country as a ratio of MIR in women to MIR in men. A relative MIR of more than 1 would indicate that the number of cancer-specific deaths relative to the number of cancer-specific diagnoses is greater in women than in men. Results For BC, the relative MIRs were significantly more than 1 in 26 countries (53%), significantly less than 1 in 2 countries (4%), and not significantly different from 1 in 21 countries (43%). The median relative MIR was 1.21 (interquartile range: 1.04–1.41). For KC, the relative MIRs were significantly more than 1 in 4 countries (8%), significantly less than 1 in 3 countries (6%), and not significantly different from 1 in 42 countries (86%). The median relative MIR was 1.00 (interquartile range: 0.94–1.06). Conclusion Among BC patients, increased disease-specific mortality in women compared with men appears to be a common (although not a universal) phenomenon. This pattern may potentially be explained by differences between the sexes in the biology of disease, time to diagnosis, treatment decisions, and other factors. In contrast, among KC patients, no significant differences in disease-specific mortality were seen between the 2 sexes in the overwhelming majority of the countries.
The effect of proof loading on the fatigue behaviour of stud link chain

Abstract Although stud link chain is routinely proof loaded during its manufacture, the effect of residual stresses imposed by this operation on the fatigue strength of the chain has not been quantitatively investigated. This paper discusses the results of constant amplitude fatigue tests on stud link chain segments which have received proof loading at various levels. The chain was heat treated before fatigue testing to relieve manufacturing residual stresses and then proof loaded at various levels from zero to 86% of its break strength. Tests were performed at two mean load levels and three load amplitudes. Failure site trends are reported and correlated with results of a finite element stress analysis. Residual stress estimates are used with standard fatigue damage parameters to estimate the fatigue life of the chain and predictions are compared to the experimental data. Low cycle fatigue parameters were derived from a previous test programme for open link chain. Proof loading was shown to increase substantially the fatigue life of the stud link chain. Residual stresses can explain the increase in fatigue life. Neuber's rule demonstrated the ability to model the data trends.
pH-Dependent Dimerization of the Carboxyl Terminal Domain of Cx43

Previous studies have demonstrated that the carboxyl terminus of the gap junction protein Cx43 (Cx43CT) can act as an independent, regulatory domain that modulates intercellular communication in response to appropriate chemical stimuli. Here, we have used NMR, chemical cross-linking, and analytical ultracentrifugation to further characterize the biochemical and biophysical properties of the Connexin43 carboxyl terminal domain (S255-I382). NMR-diffusion experiments at pH 5.8 suggested that the Connexin43 carboxyl terminus (CX43CT) may have a molecular weight greater than that of a monomer. Sedimentation equilibrium and cross-linking data demonstrated a predominantly dimeric state for the Cx43CT at pH 5.8 and 6.5, with limited dimer formation at a more neutral pH. NMR-filtered nuclear Overhauser effect studies confirmed these observations and identified specific areas of parallel orientation within Cx43CT, likely corresponding to dimerization domains. These regions included a portion of the SH3 binding domain, as well as two fragments previously found to organize in α-helical structures. Together, these data show that acidification causes Cx43CT dimer formation in vitro. Whether dimer formation is an important structural component of the regulation of Connexin43 channels remains to be determined. Dimerization may alter the affinity of Cx43CT regions for specific molecular partners, thus modifying the regulation of gap junction channels.
High-energy broadband regenerative amplifier for chirped-pulse amplification

Summary form only given. A typical meter size linear Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier has submillimeter mode size and output energy of 1-10 mJ limited by saturation fluence of Ti:sapphire (0.9j/cm/sup 2/) and intracavity losses. Subsequent amplification to joule scale energy requires a saturated gain of 100-1000 which is hard to reach with a single multipass amplifier so multiple stages of multipass amplifiers are used resulting in beam quality degradation and overall complexity of the laser system. A ring resonator with an intracavity lens was used in a high-energy/large-mode regenerative amplifier as such a cavity has a larger mode size compared with a linear one with the same footprint. However, for broadband 20-30 femtosecond lasers, only reflective optics can be used to avoid chromatic aberrations.
Thermal conductivity of interfacial layers in nanofluids.

Thermal conductivity of interfacial layers is an essential parameter for determining how the ordered liquid layering around the particle-liquid interface contributes to the unusual high thermal conductivity of nanofluids. However, so far there is no experimental data regarding this parameter. Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of an inhomogeneous Au-Ar system in which the solid-liquid interactions are assumed to be much stronger than the liquid-liquid interactions, we show explicitly that the thermal conductivity of a 1-nm-thick interfacial layer is 1.6 \ensuremath{\sim} 2.5 times higher than that of the base fluid. The simulation results are incorporated into a three-level clustering model to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids. The results show that the contribution of the interfacial layer to thermal conductivity enhancements should be considered if there are particle clusters in nanofluids.
MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF DAIRY PRODUCTS AND MARGARINES

A line heat source thermal conductivity probe was used to measure the thermal conductivity of 28 dairy products and margarines at 0, 20, and 40†C. Water and fat contents and mass density of each sample were also measured and correlated to thermal conductivity. There was a strong positive correlation between thermal conductivity and water content, and an inverse correlation between thermal conductivity and fat content. Temperature did not appear to be a significant factor over the limited temperature range studied. Although there was some correlation between mass density and non-fat solids fraction, no correlation was observed between mass density and thermal conductivity.
Analysis of sugar phosphates and related compounds using capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection

Sugar phosphates and related compounds can be rapidly separated using capillary zone electrophoresis and quantitated via indirect UV detection using potassium sorbate at 256 nm. Three buffers were examined at various pH values. The optimum separation conditions resulted with 6 mM potassium sorbate at pH 5.8. Pairs of regioisomers such as glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate or ribose-1-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate were readily separated. A mixture of seven sugar phosphates and orthophosphate also was separated. The detection limits for samples of glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate were 0.14 mM and 0.26 mM, respectively.
Forming Partnerships in Environmental Policy: The Business of Emissions Trading in Clean Air Management

This article analyzes whether the move from direct government regulatory control of air pollution to the adoption of the Los Angeles RECLAIM (Regional Clean Air Incentives Market) emissions trading...
Ultrastructural evidence of secretion by exocytosis and of "synaptic vesicle" formation in posterior pituitary glands.

EARLY electron microscopic studies of the posterior pituitary glands of rats and toads1,2 revealed that the neurosecretory terminals contained, in addition to the electron-dense neurosecretory granules (correctly assumed to contain posterior pituitary hormones), certain structures of the same size, but electron-lucent, which were interpreted as being empty neurosecretory granules. It was concluded that on stimulation, granules release their contents in the form of a molecular dispersion which allows the hormones to traverse cytoplasm and the nerve membrane to reach the extracellular environment and, ultimately, the capillary lumen. Although various other schemes have since been proposed, they all share this concept of an essentially “intracellular” event initiating hormone release by dissociating it from sites of storage or binding (see, for example, refs. 3 and 4). And it has been emphasized repeatedly that discharge of whole granules has never been observed in electron micrographs. Nevertheless several facts are difficult to reconcile with an “intracellular” hypothesis but would favour a granule extrusion mechanism5–7. No wholly satisfactory explanation has been offered for the presence, in the neurosecretory terminals, of a great number of synaptic vesicles—the electron-lucent structures roughly one-quarter the size of the neurosecretory granules. Because these increase in number after stimulation, and for other reasons, it has been suspected that they may serve some function in mediating release of the hormones, perhaps by releasing a substance such as acetylcholine2,8. There is, however, very little experimental evidence for this.
Calorimetric study of oxygen adsorption on activated carbon

Microcalorimetry was employed to study the surface chemistry of activated carbon. The chemistry of active sites was found to be a function of the pretreatment procedure. Following treatment at high temperature (9508C) in nitrogen, the carbon adsorbed a great deal of oxygen at 258C with a remarkably high heat of adsorption (approx. 125 kcal/gmol O2), whereas after treatment at high temperature in hydrogen the same carbon adsorbed virtually no oxygen at 258C. It was found, however, that the hydrogen treated carbon did adsorb oxygen at an elevated temperature (1508C). Changes in the character of oxygen interaction with the carbon surface can be related to the nature of unsaturated sites on the carbon surface. Specifically, after treatment in nitrogen the surface contains a high concentration of highly unsaturated (‘dangling’) carbon atoms which interact rapidly and strongly with oxygen. All these sites are removed by the hydrogen treatment leaving only partially unsaturated sites, which only interact with oxygen at elevated temperature. # 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
Cardes : carousel design

Abstract Carousels have been used in industries for many years. In addition to being one of the most efficient storage alternatives for order picking, they are also very economical. The purpose of this study is to help engineers in obtaining a storage carousel design that satisfies the storage requirements, space constraints and throughput requirements at the minimum cost. A three phase approach is used in the proposed design procedure. Phase I eliminates the alternatives not meeting the storage requirements and space limitations. In phase II, simulation is utilized to obtain the throughput of each feasible design realized in phase I. Hence, the alternatives which do not satisfy the throughput requirements can be eliminated at this step. Finally, the total cost of all the qualified alternatives from phase II are computed in phase III and the alternative with the minimum cost is recommended to the designers. A case study is also analysed to verify the proposed design procedure.
Molecular Characterization and Functional Activity of an IL-15 Antagonist MutIL-15/Fc Human Fusion Protein

Fc fusion proteins are a new emerging class of molecules for immune-targeted delivery of therapeutic proteins. Biophysical and bioanalytical characterization is critical for clinical development and delivery of therapeutic proteins. Here we report molecular and functional characterization of a recombinant human fusion protein Mutant IL-15/Fc. MutIL-15/Fc has a molecular weight of ∼95 kDa as determined by multiangle laser light scattering with online size exclusion chromatography and migrated at a faster rate (lower retention time) in gel filtration column. The kinetics of binding of MutIL-15/Fc to Fcγ receptor is best fitted in a bivalent modal with K(D1) 5 μM and K(D2) 9 μM determined by surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore). N-Glycoprofiling analysis revealed extensive glycosylation of MutIL-15/Fc. The Fc and IL-15 components in the MutIL-15/Fc are detected using the dual mode ELISA. The HT-2 cell proliferation inhibition assay is qualified as a quantitative in vitro marker functional assay. Molecular state changes associated with forced stress analyzed by SEC-MALS resulted in changes in bioactivity and Fc:Fcγ receptor interaction affinity. These data provide a systematic approach to molecular and functional characterization of the MutIL-15/Fc to establish product consistency and stability monitoring during storage and under drug delivery conditions.
Experimental Analysis of Question Wording in an Instrument Measuring Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Inclusive Education

An experimental study (n = 288 general and special education teachers) examining the effects of altering the referent (“students with mild disabilities,” “students with severe disabilities,” or “st...
Gender Double Standards in Parenting Attitudes

This paper investigates the double standard in attitudes toward courtship and family formation behaviors of sons and daughters. We argue there are strong theoretical reasons to expect that the magnitude of this double standard varies across substantive domains, as well as amongst parents and non-parents. We also argue key methodological limitations of previous studies likely produce an under-estimate of the gender double standard. We provide empirical estimates of the gender double standard that overcome these limitations, including a random assignment experiment explicitly designed to control the effects of social desirability. These estimates demonstrate variability in the double standard across domains and reveal key factors contributing to the magnitude of the double standards in parenting attitudes held by individuals.
Coal Chemistry for Mechanical Engineers: From Macromolecular Thermodynamics to Reservoir Simulation

In pilot trials and commercial scale field demonstrations of CO2 storage in coal seams, quite often unexpected problems with coal swelling around injector and reducing injection efficiency (e.g., Allison unit in the San Juan Basin, RECOPOL in Poland, Hokkaido project in Japan, etc.) can stall or even terminate the site development. To avoid the costly mistakes with the prospective site evaluation, the state of the art in reservoir modeling needs to be improved by taking into account coal properties at the macromolecular level. The current models are based on the rock mechanics, which ignores decades of experimental and theoretical studies of interaction between coal and injected fluids. A pseudopolymer approach is introduced to the modelers as a viable alternative, especially, at medium to high fluid pressures. Further, it is discussed how the thermodynamics of CO2 dissolution in the macromolecular network of the coal matrix can be incorporated into geomechanical models.
Multiple hemangio-endotheliomas of the liver

Summary A case record of multiple hemangio-endotheliomas of the liver is presented, including complete necropsy findings. The pathology present was in all respects similar to that previously reported by others. Hemangiomas of the skin and certain characteristics of the blood picture were stressed as possible aids in establishing the diagnosis.
Intestinal electrical stimulation improves delayed gastric emptying and vomiting induced by duodenal distension in dogs

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-pulse intestinal electrical stimulation (IES) on duodenal distention-induced delayed gastric emptying and vomiting in dogs and its possible mechanisms. The study was performed in 12 dogs with jejunal electrodes and a duodenal cannula in three separate experiments to investigate the effects of IES on duodenal distension (DD)-induced delayed gastric emptying and discomfort signs, vagal efferent activity, and jejunal tone. We found that: (i) IES significantly accelerated gastric emptying of liquid delayed by distension (18.05 ± 4.06%vs. 7.18 ± 1.99%, P = 0.036 at 60 min). (ii) IES significantly reduced vomiting and discomfort/pain induced by distension. The average signs score was 15.33 ± 1.37 during distension which decreased to 6.50 ± 0.91 (P = 0.0002) with IES. (iii) IES did not change vagal afferent activity, which was assessed by the spectral analysis of the heart rate variability. (iv) IES decreased jejunal tone. In conclusion, IES with parameters commonly used in gastric electrical stimulation for nausea and vomiting associated with gastroparesis improves DD-induced delayed gastric emptying and prevents DD-induced vomiting and discomfort signs. Further studies are warranted to investigate the therapeutic potential of IES for gastrointestinal symptoms associated with disturbances in motility and sensory function in small intestine.
Human Milk Supplementation: Delivery of Energy, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Copper, and Zinc

• Human milk when fed to preterm infants is frequently supplemented with human milk fortifiers that provide an additional source of protein, energy, and minerals. Human milk that was provided by the mother of a preterm infant, and that was supplemented with commercially available human milk fortifiers, was assessed under simulated syringepump and bolus feeding circumstances for the delivery of energy, calcium, phosphorus, copper, magnesium, and zinc to an infant. In general, the nutrients were not completely delivered with syringe-pump feedings, with the greatest losses occurring in the concentrations of calcium and phosphorus. The losses were more pronounced with the use of a powdered fortifier than with the use of a liquid fortifier. Little or no change in the concentrations of the various nutrients were observed with simulated bolus feeding. We suggest that human milk fortified with supplements be fed with care to assure complete delivery of the nutrients and that infants receiving such feedings be monitored to assure adequate nutritional status. (AJDC1988;142:445-447)
Odilon Redon and Nineteenth-Century French Literature

(1986). Odilon Redon and Nineteenth-Century French Literature. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 309-335.
Gough Island: Evaluation of a fractional crystallization model

Gough Island is composed of an alkaline olivine basalt-trachyte series. A fractional crystallization model for the development of these rocks has been evaluated by correlating the geochemical trends of major and trace elements. Beginning with an alkali olivine basalt parent the major element abundances were used to determine the varying proportions of crystallizing minerals required to generate the various residual liquids. A least-squares computer model was used for this calculation. The modal proportions of cumulative minerals and trace element distribution coefficients were used to predict the trace element abundances in each rock type.
Extension of domains with finite gauge

paper we study the question : if u , is finite, can we enlarge D to a domain G so that u G is still finite? First, we prove that we can always add a finite n u m b e r of balls centered on ~D to get such a G. But as we add more and more such balls, their radii may have to shrink to zero so that it is not always possible to cover the entire bounda ry of D. In fact, we shall give a simple example of a regular domain D with u o < 0% such that if par t of D is added, the resulting domain G m a y have u G = oo. However , if D satisfies a uniform cone condit ion, in part icular , if D is Lipschitzian, then there exists a domain G 3/3 such that u~ < oo. A discussion of these results f rom the point of view of eigenvalues follows the theorems.
Amphipathic control of the 3(10)-/alpha-helix equilibrium in synthetic peptides.

A series of short, amphipathic peptides incorporating 80% C(alpha),C(alpha)-disubstituted glycines has been prepared to investigate amphipathicity as a helix-stabilizing effect. The peptides were designed to adopt 3(10)- or alpha-helices based on amphipathic design of the primary sequence. Characterization by circular dichroism spectroscopy in various media (1 : 1 acetonitrile/water; 9 : 1 acetonitrile/water; 9 : 1 acetonitrile/TFE; 25 mM SDS micelles in water) indicates that the peptides selectively adopt their designed conformation in micellar environments. We speculate that steric effects from ith and ith + 3 residues interactions may destabilize the 3(10)-helix in peptides containing amino acids with large side-chains, as with 1-aminocyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (Ac(6)c). This problem may be overcome by alternating large and small amino acids in the ith and ith + 3 residues, which are staggered in the 3(10)-helix.
The accuracy of signal intensity measurements in magnetic resonance imaging as evaluated within the knee.

Abstract Quantitative signal intensity measurements are being utilized in both clinical and research magnetic resonance imaging protocols. This paper addresses three questions in quantitative MRI measurements as evaluated within the knee: 1) the accuracy of quantitative measurements; 2) improvement of accuracy by phantom normalization; and 3) the amount of signal change that is clinically significant. Seven normal subjects were imaged on three different days within a 1-wk period. Test-tube phantoms of manganous chloride (MnCl 2 ) were imaged posterior to the knee and were used to normalize each image. The variation in signal intensity within the same subject averaged 20% for both the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PLC). The phantom variation was approximately 18%. Signal intensity normalization by background subtraction, background division, phantom division, or a combination of subtraction and division did not significantly improve either the phantom variation or the ligament variation. Given that an individual ligament intensity will be measured with standard errors of ±20% of its value, we calculated the minimum increase in signal intensity to be considered abnormal relative to a normal ligament. A relative signal increase of 46% can be considered pathologic with 95% confidence. These findings emphasize that quantitative measurements must be carefully assessed when being applied in clinical settings.
Continuity of language abilities : An exploratory study of late- and early-talking toddlers

Three exploratory studies were carried out to determine if there was continuity in the development of language in young children at the upper and lower extremes of the normal continuum, and if it was possible to use variables from an early assessment to predict their language status at a later date. Studies 1 and 2 examined continuity over 6‐month periods (from approximately 20 to 26 months and 13 to 20 months of age, respectively); Study 3 examined continuity from 8 to 30 months of age. Results provided solid evidence for continuity at the group level but no evidence of an ability to predict outcome for individual children using the vocabulary production, vocabulary comprehension, and gesture production variables included in this study.
Lymphocyte responses to varicella zoster virus in the elderly.

Elderly subjects (age 75–95 years) immune to varicella zoster virus (VZV) were identified by the presence of serum IgG antibody. The frequency of lymphocytes in their blood which proliferated in varicella zoster virus antigen-stimulated cultures was 1:78,000±6600. This is less than the 1:14,000±2000 frequency of VZV-responsive lymphocytes in blood from younger adult (20–43 years) donors. Elderly donors' blood mononuclear cells were less efficient than those of younger adults at lysing VZV-infected fibroblasts but not K562 target cells. The lysis of VZV target cells by elderly donors' MNC increased to control levels in the presence of 10 U/ml of interleukin-2 (IL-2). These results suggest that mononuclear cells capable of killing VZV-infected target cells persist with aging but that reduced numbers of antigenresponsive and lymphokine-releasing T cells may limit their function.
Bismuth subgallate--its role in tonsillectomy.

There have been many attempts at identifying substances and describing methods that would assist the surgeon and be of benefit to the patient undergoing a tonsillectomy. The use of bismuth subgallate as a haemostatic adjunct during tonsillectomy has only been described previously in retrospective studies. A controlled prospective randomized trial of 100 paediatric patients, in which 50 patients had a tonsillectomy performed using bismuth subgallate as a haemostatic agent and in which the remainder did not have any associated haemostatic substance, is presented here. Data on 72 patients was analysed, 39 patients belonging to the bismuth subgallate group and the remaining 33 to the control group. The time for haemostasis was three to 18 (mean 7.8) minutes in the bismuth group. It was four to 16 (mean 9.9) minutes in the non-bismuth group. These figures are statistically significant. The range of ties used in the bismuth group was none to three (mean 1.5) ties and one to seven (mean 3.4) ties in the non-bismuth group. These figures are also statistically significant. The remainder of the recorded parameters did not differ significantly. It was found that bismuth subgallate/adrenaline paste decreases operating time by significantly reducing the haemostasis time and the number of ties required but does not decrease post-operative morbidity
Mathematical modeling of fatigue fracture of plates with cracks under block loading

A mathematical model for studying the fatigue fracture of thin-walled structural elements (plates) with cracks under block loading is formulated. The influence of the form and structure of loading blocks on the residual lifetime of a plate is investigated.
Differential Regulation of KiSS-1 mRNA Expression by Sex Steroids in the Brain of the Male Mouse

tizable androgen, suggesting that both estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) play a role in T-mediated regulation of KiSS-1. Studies of the effects of T on KiSS-1 expression in mice with either a deletion of the ER or a hypomorphicalleletotheARrevealedthattheeffectsofTaremediated by both ER and AR pathways, which was confirmed by the presence of either ER or AR coexpression in most KiSS-1 neurons in the Arc. These observations suggest that KiSS-1 neurons in the Arc, whose transcriptional activity is inhibited byT,aretargetsforthenegativefeedbackregulationofGnRH secretion, whereas KiSS-1 neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, whose activity is stimulated by T, may mediate other T-dependent processes. (Endocrinology 146: 2976–2984, 2005)
Glacial-eustatic sea-level curve for early Late Pennsylvanian sequence in north-central Texas and biostratigraphic correlation with curve for midcontinent North America

At least 30 transgressive-regressive cycles of deposition are recognized from the upper Desmoinesian East Mountain Shale to the mid-Virgilian Wayland Shale in north-central Texas. Maximum regressive deposits are typically paleosol mudstones and fluvial sand- stones; maximum transgressive deposits are typically widespread, ammonoid-bearing, conodont-rich, dark phosphatic shales in more major cycles, and persistent fossiliferous shales or limestones overlying terrestrial deposits in more minor cycles. Delta complexes dominate the regressive sequences of many cycles. Using biostratigraphic criteria of first, last, sole, or acme occurrence of ammonoid, conodont, and fusulinid taxa, we correlate 17 cycles in the Texas sequence directly with 17 glacial-eustatic cycles of similar magnitude in the northern midcontinent. This correlation suggests that glacial eustacy was the basic control over the cyclic sequence in Texas, that tectonic masking of the eustatic signal by nearby orogenic movement in Texas was negligible, and that delta shifting, though conspicuous, was only a secondary control over the cyclicity there. Minor cycles recognized between the correlated cycles also match well enough between Texas and the midcontinent to further discount potential tectonic or deltaic masking of glacial-eustatic cyclicity. This strengthens the likelihood of correlating glacial-eustatic events across larger parts of North America, and perhaps with other parts of the world.
Cost of Protection: A Second Look at the Romer Variety Effect

The welfare loss calculated by Romer (J Dev Econ 43:5-38, 1994) under the assumption that certain import varieties disappear a result of increased protection are an order of magnitude larger than those obtained by any other investigator. In this paper, we will argue that the key source of Romer’s result is the total absence of domestic varieties of the differentiated product. Once we allow the differentiated product to be produces at home, the results change dramatically. This allows for the realistic possibility that domestic production substitutes for imports once tariffs are imposed.
Modulation of phorbol ester-induced HL-60 differentiation by prostaglandin E2.

Abstract When treated with phorbol tumor promoters, HL-60 cells undergo terminal differentiation evidenced by a transition from a non-phagocytic suspension culture to an attached fibroblast-like culture with high phagocytic activity. Internalization of fluorescent particles by cells exhibiting the phagocytic positive phenotype (phag+) provides a sensitive indication of promoter-induced differentiation, and the resulting fluorescent cells can be quantitatively analyzed by flow cytometry. The current study was initiated to further test the predicitive power of a flow cytometry based HL-60 differentiation assay in the detection of agents associated with tumor promotion. Specifically, experiments were designed to assess the sensitivity of the test system to co-promoters which enhance promoter activity in vivo. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was chosen as a model co-promoter since it has been shown to potentiate phorbol ester (i.e. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate; TPA) induced biological effects in vivo. Results detailed in the current report indicate that PGE2 enhances TPA-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner. As with in vivo co-promotion experiments, PGE2 exhibited a maximum potentiating effect when administered prior to TPA. These data indicate that HL-60 cells are not only sensitive to phorbol promoters, but also to the co-promoter PGE2. These experiments support the hypothesis that a flow cytometry based HL-60 assay may prove useful for studying chemical agents or intrinsic cellular factors that are involved in the tumor promotion phase of carcinogenesis.
ACE‐2 multiple angle micro‐pulse lidar observations from Las Galletas, Tenerife, Canary Islands

Multiple-angle micro-pulse lidar (MPL) observations were made at Las Galletas on Tenerife, Canary Islands during the Aerosol Characterization Experiment-2 (ACE-2) conducted June–July, 1997. A principal objective of the MPL observations was to characterize the temporal/spatial distributions of aerosols in the region, particularly to identify and profile elevated Saharan dust layers which occur intermittently during the June–July time period. Vertical and slant angle measurements taken 16 and 17 July characterize such an occurrence, providing aerosol backscatter, extinction, and optical depth profiles of the dust layer between 1 and 5 km above mean sea level (MSL). Additionally, horizontal measurements taken in Las Galletas throughout the 6-week period provide a time profile of the varying aerosol extinction at the surface. This profile exhibits the alternating periods of clean maritime air and pollution outbreaks that typified the region. Horizontal measurements also provide some evidence suggesting the possible influx of Saharan dust from the free troposphere to the surface. This paper presents estimates of aerosol optical properties retrieved from the multi-angle MPL measurements in addition to an outline of the methodologies employed to obtain these results. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00059.x
The Consequences of Rising Youth Obesity for U.S. Military Academy Admissions

This study estimates the percentage of the U.S. age-eligible population that exceeds weight-for-height admission standards of U.S. Military Academies, the undergraduate institutions that train officers for the U.S. Armed Forces. We analyze data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and document that the fraction of age-eligible civilians exceeding the weight and fat standards for admission has more than doubled for men and nearly quadrupled for women between 1959 and 2010. Among women, exceeding these standards is roughly 13 percentage points more likely among African-Americans than whites, representing a challenge to the military, which strives for a racially-diverse officer corps. Simulations indicate that further increases in weight and fat of just 1% would result in a 16.5% increase for men, and 10.9% increase for women, in ineligibility for admission to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Overall, these results indicate that the current prevalence of and future trends in obesity threaten to reduce the quality of the officer corps, and thereby decrease U.S. military readiness.
Managing Information Systems Textbooks: Assessing their Orientation toward Potential General Managers

This paper is an assessment of the topical coverage of current Managing Information Systems (MIS) textbooks. The MIS course is normally require d of all undergraduate and graduate business majors, and therefore is their primary education in the use of IS/IT in the modern technologyoriented organization. However, the MIS textbooks r esearched do not attempt IS/IT management fluency. They do not even fully answer the question s normally asked by management and users during the justification and implementation of mode rn technology-oriented enterprise applications. The primary author has been teaching IS/IT courses for IS professionals and for users and managers for almost fifty tears. What has changed sinc e that time? Not as much as should have happened in the education of line and staff personnel who work in organizations with critically important IS/IT enterprise applications. Early course s for users and managers were remarkably similar to our current MIS courses. This paper, therefo re, suggests a significant change in content of MIS texts from primarily encompassing technology sections covering personal productivity applications, systems development methods, and infras tructure to presenting much more detail on user and management topics including modern enterprise level applications (e.g. transaction processing systems), privacy and security, feasibil ity studies, and the justification of IS/IT sys
Investigation of alternative window materials for GaAs solar cells

The optimum window material for surface passivation of GaAs solar cells is investigated using theoretical analysis of optical losses due to window bandgap energy and thickness. A simplified expression is developed to calculate the effective surface recombination velocity in terms of lattice mismatch between the window layer and GaAs, which suggests using a window material with and indirect bandgap energy greater than 2.0 eV, a thickness of less than 0.05 mu m, and a lattice mismatch of less than 0.05%. Experimental GaAs solar cells were fabricated and quantum efficiency measurements were made using no window (bare GaAs), Al/sub 0.7/Ga/sub 0.3/As, Na/sub 2/S, and ZnSe/Na/sub 2/S windows. The Al/sub 0.7/Ga/sub 0.3/As and Na/sub 2/S windows are shown to passivate the GaAs surface and reduce the surface recombination velocity to less than 10/sup 5/ cm/s, while the ZnSe encapsulating layer was used to permanently maintain the temporary surface passivation effects from Na/sub 2/S. >
A school intervention to increase prosocial behavior and improve academic performance of at-risk students

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate an intervention for at-risk elementary school students who did not respond sufficiently to a universal school-wide social skills program. The manualized social skills counseling intervention was implemented for two years, and sought to create and maintain appropriate student relating and problem solving, and to improve academic performance. The effectiveness of the intervention was determined using measures of behavior, grades, standardized tests, and need for special services collected pre- and post-intervention for individual students, the intervention group and a comparison group. Results suggest substantial positive intervention outcomes across multiple variables for individual students and between groups. Implications of this field based study are considered in terms of applied school practice.
Is Talk Really Cheap? Prompting Conversation between Critical Theory and Rational Choice.

Critical theory and rational choice theory share both overlapping concerns and parallel theoretical weaknesses. Specifically, both critical theorists and rational choice theorists are preoccupied with determining what rational can mean in the realm of social and political interaction. I show in a provisional way how game theory extends and deepens the critical theorists' basic intuition that unembellished strategic rationality cannot adequately sustain social and political interaction. And I suggest how critical theory identifies a mechanism underlying the force of the “cheap talk” that game theorists introduce in hopes of circumscribing the indeterminacy generated by their models. My goal is to stimulate productive conversation between what are typically considered discordant research traditions.
Cycles and paths in graphs with large minimal degree

Let G be a simple graph of order n and minimal degree > cn (0 n0 and G contains a cycle Ct for some t > 2k, then G contains a cycle Ct - 2s for some positive s < k; (2) Let G be 2-connected and nonbipartite. For each e(0 < e < 1), there exists n0 = n0(c,e) such that if n e≥n0 then G contains a cycle Ct for all t with $\left \lceil { 2\over c}\right \rceil -2\leq t\leq 2(1-\varepsilon) cn$. This answers positively a question of Erdos, Faudree, Gyarfas and Schelp. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 3952, 2004
Feeding Experience Modifies the Assessment of Ambush Sites by the Timber Rattlesnake, a Sit‐and‐Wait Predator

To effectively ambush prey, sit-and-wait predators must locate sites where profitable prey are likely to return. One means by which predators evaluate potential ambush sites is by recognizing high-use areas through chemical cues deposited inadvertently by their prey. However, it is unknown whether ambush predators can use chemical cues associated with past prey items in the assessment of potential ambush sites. I examined selection of ambush sites by timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) exposed to trails made from chemical extracts of the integument of various prey species. I evaluated the role of feeding experience in ambush site selection by comparing the behavior of timber rattlesnakes before and after feeding experience with different sized prey items. Timber rattlesnakes are more likely to select ambush sites adjacent to chemical trails from prey with which they have had feeding experience, but only those fed relatively large prey showed an increase in responsiveness. Increased responsiveness after feeding experience was exhibited in experiments using integumentary extracts of mammals (the natural prey of timber rattlesnakes), but not in those using extracts of fish. These results indicate that ambush predators may learn to recognize chemicals on the integument of profitable food items, and use that experience when subsequently selecting ambush sites. Additionally, these findings provide evidence that size-dependent predation by snakes may be, in some species, a result of active prey selection.
Investigation of Freeze and Thaw Cycles of a Gas-Charged Heat Pipe

The traditional constant conductance heat pipes (CCHPs) currently used on most spacecraft run the risk of bursting the pipe when the working fluid is frozen and later thawed. One method to avoid pipe bursting is to use a gas-charged heat pipe (GCHP) that can sustain repeated freeze/thaw cycles. The construction of the GCHP is similar to that of the traditional CCHP except that a small amount of non-condensable gas (NCG) is introduced and a small length is added to the CCHP condenser to serve as the NCG reservoir. During the normal operation, the NCG is mostly confined to the reservoir, and the GCHP functions as a passive variable conductance heat pipe (VCHP). When the liquid begins to freeze in the condenser section, the NCG will expand to fill the central core of the heat pipe, and ice will be formed only in the grooves located on the inner surface of the heat pipe in a controlled fashion. The ice will not bridge the diameter of the heat pipe, thus avoiding the risk of pipe bursting during freeze/thaw cycles. A GCHP using ammonia as the working fluid was fabricated and then tested inside a thermal vacuum chamber. The GCHP demonstrated a heat transport capability of more than 200W at 298K as designed. Twenty-seven freeze/thaw cycles were conducted under various conditions where the evaporator temperature ranged from 163K to 253K and the condenser/reservoir temperatures ranged from 123K to 173K. In all tests, the GCHP restarted without any problem with heat loads between 10W and 100W. No performance degradation was noticed after 27 freeze/thaw cycles. The ability of the GCHP to sustain repeated freeze/thaw cycles was thus successfully demonstrated.