cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk of disordered eating at the intersection of gender and racial/ethnic identity among U.S. high school students.

Abstract Background Gender and racial/ethnic disparities in disordered eating among youth exist, although whether having multiple marginalized identities disproportionately increases risk is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the risk of disordered eating associated with intersecting gender and racial/ethnic identities of U.S. adolescents. Methods We analyzed data from 11,514 U.S. high school students identifying as White, Black/African American, or Hispanic/Latino who participated in the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Age-adjusted relative risks (RR) of purging, fasting, diet pill use, and any disordered eating were estimated using log-binomial models. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was estimated to evaluate the degree to which the combined effect of marginalized gender and racial/ethnic identity was larger than the sum of their individual effects. Results Disordered eating was prevalent (girls: 20.4% Black/African American, 29.2% Hispanic/Latina, 21.4% White; boys: 13.4% Black/African American, 12.4% Hispanic/Latino; 8.1% Whites). Girls of all racial/ethnic identities and racial/ethnic minority boys had elevated risks of purging, fasting, and any disordered eating compared to White boys (RR range = 1.57–7.43); Hispanic/Latina and White girls also had elevated risk of diet pill use (RR range = 1.98–3.20). Among Hispanic/Latina girls, positive interaction between gender and race/ethnicity produced excess risk of any disordered eating and purging (RERI: any = 0.42 (95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.02, 0.87); purging = 1.74 (95% CI = 0.06, 3.42). Conclusions Findings illustrate the advantages of adopting an intersectional approach to disordered eating research. Future research should investigate the mechanisms of these disparities.
Modeling Breast Cancer via an Intraductal Injection of Cre-expressing Adenovirus into the Mouse Mammary Gland

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, possibly due to complex interactions between different cells of origins and oncogenic events. Mouse models are instrumental in gaining insights into these complex processes. Although many mouse models have been developed to study contributions of various oncogenic events and cells of origin to breast tumorigenesis, these models are often not cell-type or organ specific or cannot induce the initiation of mammary tumorigenesis in a temporally controlled manner. Here we describe a protocol to generate a new type of breast cancer mouse models based on the intraductal injection of Cre-expressing adenovirus (Ad-Cre) into mouse mammary glands (MGs). Due to the direct injection of Ad-Cre into mammary ducts, this approach is MG specific, without any unwanted cancer induction in other organs. The intraductal injection procedure can be performed in mice at different stages of their MG development (thus, it permits temporal control of cancer induction, starting from ~3-4 weeks of age). The cell-type specificity can be achieved by using different cell-type-specific promoters to drive Cre expression in the adenoviral vector. We show that luminal and basal mammary epithelial cells (MECs) can be tightly targeted for Cre/loxP-based genetic manipulation via an intraductal injection of Ad-Cre under the control of the Keratin 8 or Keratin 5 promoter, respectively. By incorporating a conditional Cre reporter (e.g., Cre/loxP-inducible Rosa26-YFP reporter), we show that MECs targeted by Ad-Cre, and tumor cells derived from them, can be traced by following the reporter-positive cells after intraductal injection.
Working memory-driven attention towards a distractor does not interfere with target feature perception

The contents of working memory (WM) can influence where we attend-but can it also interfere with what we see? Active maintenance of visual items in WM biases attention towards WM-matching objects, and also enhances early perceptual processing of WM-matching items (e.g., more accurate perceptual discrimination). Here, we asked whether a WM-matching distractor interferes with perceptual processing of a target's features. In a dual-task paradigm, participants maintained a shape in WM across an intervening visual search task, during which they had to reproduce the colour of a designated target item using a continuous-report technique. Importantly, the WM shape could match the target item, a distractor item, or no item in the search array. When the WM shape matched a distractor, we found no evidence of systematic perceptual interference (i.e., swapping or mixing with the distractor colour), but observed only general disruptions in target processing (i.e., decreased target accuracy). These results suggest that when visual attention is inadvertently drawn to a WM-matching distractor, any resultant automatic perceptual processing may be too transient or weak to significantly interfere with perceptual processing of the target's features.
Translingual Writers as Mentors in a High School “English” Classroom

This chapter describes an author study that took place in a secondary English Language Arts classroom in New York City. The author study was organized around translingual writers, or those who integrate different language practices in their work, and asked students to read not only for the content of the writing, but for the linguistic and rhetorical choices the authors made. After reading these translingual mentor texts, students were tasked with writing college essays that expressed their new understandings about language. Like their translingual mentors, students were invited to write their essays in ways that integrated their different language practices. Throughout this translingual author study, students brought to their readings their sophisticated understandings of language, resulting in rich conversations, connections, and debates. This chapter draws on excerpts of students’ classroom talk as well as from two students’ college essays and metalinguistic talk about their own writing to illustrate how the use of translingual mentors can bring to the surface the linguistic expertise, creativity and criticality (Li W, J Pragmat 43(5):1222–1235, 2011) that language minoritized students already have, but are often obscured in the English classroom.
Prescribing Guidelines for Commonly Used Medications

A wide range of topical and systemic medications are used in the management of oral medicine conditions. The vast majority of these therapies are not FDA approved for the specific conditions discussed in this book and are therefore considered “off-label” indications. This chapter provides very specific prescribing guidelines and considerations to ensure that the included medications are used in an appropriate and effective manner for the management of oral diseases.
Forced Nutrition of a Pediatric Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects an estimated 1 in 54 children aged 8 years in the United States (Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Baio et al., 2020). For many of these children, there are concomitant eating and/or behavioral challenges that can make managing their nutritional health challenging. This commentary responds to a particularly challenging case in which a pediatric patient with ASD presented to the local hospital’s emergency department with severe weight loss and malnutrition.
Rethinking the Relationship between Inclusive Institutions and Political Violence

In this paper we empirically reexamine the debate over the conflict reducing properties of inclusive political institutions. We examine the purported violence reducing effects of proportional repre...
Drug-Induced Pancreatic Injury (DIPI): Redefining Drug-Induced Pancreatitis in Adult and Pediatric Populations

Drug-induced pancreatitis is the second most common cause of acute pancreatitis (AP) in children and ranks as the third in adults. The aims of this targeted review are to provide a basis for conceptualizing drug-induced pancreatic injury (DIPI), to highlight specific drugs that are common or emerging risk factors, and to suggest a framework for future studies of DIPI. We challenge the traditional notion of diagnosing a drug exposure as the etiology of pancreatitis only after other etiologies could not be identified. Instead, we propose rethinking the disease process as a continuum of pancreatic injury due to drug exposure that can be concomitant with other risk factors. We favor a shift to use of the term drug-induced pancreatic injury (DIPI). There is a need to better characterize DIPI and to probe the mechanisms underlying the various types of DIPI, for the safer use of the DIPI inducing drugs by thwarting the adverse event of pancreatitis.
Effects of 5% Albumin Plus Saline Versus Saline Alone on Outcomes From Large-Volume Resuscitation in Critically Ill Patients.

OBJECTIVES To compare 5% albumin with 0.9% saline for large-volume resuscitation (> 60 mL/Kg within 24 hr), on mortality and development of acute kidney injury. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Patients admitted to ICUs in 13 hospitals across Western Pennsylvania. We analyzed two independent cohorts, the High-Density Intensive Care databases: High-Density Intensive Care-08 (July 2000 to October 2008, H08) and High-Density Intensive Care-15 (October 2008 to December 2014, H15). PATIENTS Total of 18,629 critically ill patients requiring large-volume resuscitation. INTERVENTIONS Five percent of albumin in addition to saline versus 0.9% saline. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After excluding patients with acute kidney injury prior to large-volume resuscitation, 673 of 2,428 patients (27.7%) and 1,814 of 16,201 patients (11.2%) received 5% albumin in H08 and H15, respectively. Use of 5% albumin was associated with decreased 30-day mortality by multivariate regression in H08 (odds ratio 0.65; 95% CI 0.49-0.85; p = 0.002) and in H15 (0.52; 95% CI 0.44-0.62; p < 0.0001) but was associated with increased acute kidney injury in H08 (odds ratio 1.98; 95% CI 1.56-2.51; p < 0.001) and in H15 (odds ratio 1.75; 95% CI 1.58-1.95; p < 0.001). However, 5% albumin was not associated with persistent acute kidney injury and resulted in decreased major adverse kidney event at 30, 90, and 365 days. Propensity matched analysis confirmed similar associations with mortality and acute kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS During large-volume resuscitation, 5% albumin was associated with reduced mortality and major adverse kidney event at 30, 90, and 365 days. However, a higher rate of acute kidney injury of any stage was observed that did not translate into persistent renal dysfunction.
New side chain design for pH-responsive block copolymers for drug delivery.

Abstract New molecular motifs that can act as pH-regulating triggers for amphiphilic, pH-sensitive block copolymers are investigated. Inspired by the mechanism of action of pH-indicators, such as methyl orange, and natural amino acids, we designed these copolymers where either 4-Amino-4′-dimethylaminoazobenzene, AZB (pKa 3.4, an amine derivative of methyl orange), isoleucine, Ile (pKa 2.37 for carboxylic acid), or a statistical mixture of both were appended as side chains to the hydrophobic block to act as pH-triggers. These new side chain motifs were identified with an aim to enhance the self-assembling properties of the block copolymers in terms of particle size and stability, drug encapsulation, and release. As the parent polymer, poly (ethylene) glycol-block- poly (carbonate) (PEG-b-PC) of number average molecular weight 12.1 kDa was used. We observed that PEG-b-PC block copolymers, when engineered with AZB or Ile-type of pH-regulators appended as side chains to PC blocks, formed self-assembled, spherical nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 114 to 137 nm depending on copolymer composition. Critical aggregation concentrations (CAC) of the block copolymers were found to be governed by the type and content of side chains. We explored the use of these newly designed block copolymer assemblies as drug carriers using gemcitabine (GEM) as a model cytotoxic drug generally used for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We showed that AZB and Ile decorated copolymeric nanocarriers were able to encapsulate GEM at 13.8–28.8 % loading content and release the drug in a pH-dependent pattern. Drug-loaded nanocarriers showed cellular entry into PDAC cells in vitro and were found to exert cytotoxicity against these cells. Neither the block copolymers bearing AZB or Ile-type pH-responsive triggers, nor their self-assembled nanoparticles showed any cytotoxicity at usable concentrations, thereby reflecting the potentials of these molecular motifs for designing stimuli-responsive drug delivery nanosystems.
When Competition Isn't Enough: Rural Health in Southwest Virginia (A)

Mark Seidman at the Federal Trade Commission is evaluating a proposed merger between two health care entities and competing market leaders in southwest Virginia. The rural region is characterized by poverty, unemployment, and poor population health indicators relative to the rest of the state. The merger would form a virtual monopoly, normally prohibited by federal consumer protection laws, but the two companies assert that it would allow them to remain profitable and to continue to offer health care services in the region.In the B case, Marissa Levine, the Virginia Commissioner of Health, considers reports for and against the merger as she decides whether to issue a waiver to allow it. The optional C case describes the consequences of these decisions. The case set includes excerpts from public filings, which provide rich insight into the reasoning behind each entity's opinion.This case set explores the differences in and conflicts among the interests of for-profit health care systems, of rural, low-income residents, and of federal, state, and local governments. It allows students to engage in an in-depth discussion of the sometimes emotional issue of rural healthcare. It is suitable for students in a classes spanning health care management, nonprofit management, public policy, governance, ethics, and the social sector. Excerpt UVA-S-0314 Sept. 6, 2019 When Competition Isn't Enough: Rural Health in Southwest Virginia (A) We are proud…we don't want handouts…but we want to be able to take care of ourselves. —Gilda Mountcastle, 54, Lee County Should a Monopoly Be Acceptable in Health Care? . . .
Can scale-dependent landcover relationships explain canid community composition independent of intraguild occupancy?

Niche theory is frequently used as a framework to integrate environmental variables and species interactions to describe species geographic distribution. Yet, the scale at which species respond to the environment and other species is rarely considered in species distribution modeling. Here we examined the effect of spatial scale on species distribution modeling for a multi-species canid community across a complex landscape. We examined the relationships between the occurrence of three canid species and landcover variables at different spatial scales and tested the effect of intraguild co-occurrence of dominant species (coyote and red fox) on the distribution of the smallest and subordinate species (swift fox), a species of conservation concern in North America’s grasslands. We predicted the geographical distribution of the canid species and their responses to variation in the landscape by identifying how species associate with habitat and at what scales. We modeled occupancy of each species with a Bayesian approach and incorporating Bayesian Latent Indicator Scale Selection to identify ‘scales of effect’ independently by species and land cover type. We demonstrated that each species responded uniquely to the landcover features examined at different scales and expressed distinct habitat relationships. We obtained low detection rates for all canid species (0.10–0.14). Mean occupancy probabilities for both fox species were low ( 0.60).We found no evidence of intraguild co-occurrence affecting the subordinate species. We demonstrate substantial variation in the spatial scales of the species-habitat relationships. The distribution of swift fox appears more limited by resource availability that is reflected by larger landscape attributes than the presence or absence of other guild members per se.
The DL-Trading Game

The DL-Trading Game is a new, open-source, instructional trading game developed to teach and assess finance at the introductory undergraduate through MBA levels. Teaching portfolio management and employing market models such as CAPM, students cannot have a practical understanding of the concepts unless they try to put together a portfolio with a target beta. The game enhances student learning by engaging student interest in a learning-by-doing environment. It is linked to an excel spreadsheet that provides automatically generated, and objective, feedback to students. The Trading Game also allows one to more easily collect objective data on whether students are achieving a course’s learning goals: a valuable tool for AACSB accreditation.
Sexual Orientation, Roots of

No one is certain why a majority of individuals are heterosexual and a minority are homosexual, or why some of us accept the sex in which we are born and others do not. Most clues, however, point to genetic and endocrine forces interacting with postnatal social experiences. These biological factors set a bias with which the individual meets society to effect sexual orientation and sexual identity. Not everyone, however, sees biology as playing so strong a role. Keywords: child development; developmental psychology; homosexuality; heterosexuality; sexual orientation
The conformation of pyridine dinucleotides in solution.

The dependence of chemical shifts in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of pyridine nucleotides on concentration, pH, and temperature has been examined. The data indicate that all of the dinucleotides exist predominantly in a folded conformation, with the planes of the two rings stacked in parallel. The free energy of formation of the intramolecular complexes has been estimated to be of the order of -0.5 to -1.0 Kcal per mole. The present data do not allow a distinction between a single complex with a unique geometrical configuration and a multiplicity of complexes undergoing rapid exchange. However, the relative instability of the complexes, together with a detailed examination of the 64 alternative structures with the aid of molecular models, leads us to prefer the latter possibility.
To Hedge or Not Against an Uncertain Climate Future

The economically based study reported in this Policy Forum uses a modified DICE-99 modeling structure to explore the relative efficacy of implementing near-term mitigation policies as a hedge against model, calibration, and implementation uncertainties about temperature targets and climate sensitivity. Implementing modest mitigation over the near term minimizes the expected cost of selecting equally likely temperature targets in 2035 across a recently calibrated probability distribution for climate sensitivity that extends up to 9ÂoC. Hedging effectively "buys insurance" against future adjustment costs and is extremely robust across most possible futures, especially when compared with a wait-and-see strategy that would eschew mitigation over the first third of this century.
Chapter 5 Economic organization, information, and development

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on the economic organization, information, and development. The chapter sets out the basic tenets of the theory and contrasts these with some alternative hypotheses. The chapter also discusses the theory of rural organization that attempts to describe the organization of economic activity within the rural sector. The chapter discusses the urban sector within less developed countries (LDCs). The chapter also describes the market equilibrium. The chapter describes recent research devoted to analyzing the consequences of alternative policies within this structure. The analysis in few areas is static, but the development process itself is dynamic. Thus, the chapter is concerned with growth, technical change, and entrepreneurship. The chapter presents some concluding remarks, including some observations concerning the role of the government in the development process from this broader perspective. The rapid improvements in agricultural technology during the past two decades mean that significant improvements in standards of living can occur without industrialization and urbanization. The LDCs thus face a choice about the appropriate path of development. A major source of the difference between developed and LDCs lies in the efficiency with which the available supplies of capital are used. The analysis of the appropriate role of the government is far more complex than traditional analyses.
Evidence for the electromagnetic decay instability driven by two plasmon decay

Summary form only given, as follows. The paper examines the electromagnetic decay instability (EDI) and its role in laser-produced plasmas. The electromagnetic decay instability provides another channel through which parametric instabilities involving Langmuir waves can saturate. In the case where EDI is pumped by the Langmuir waves associated with the two plasmon decay, EDI is shown to present an explanation for /spl omega//sub 0//2 emission from laser-produced plasmas which is consistent with experimental observations.
Autotaxin through lysophosphatidic acid stimulates polarization, motility, and transendothelial migration of naïve T cells

Blood-borne lymphocytes home to lymph nodes by interacting with and crossing high endothelial venules (HEVs). The transendothelial migration (TEM) step is poorly understood. Autotaxin (ATX) is an ectoenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid and a close relative of sphingosine 1-phosphate. HEVs produce and secrete ATX into the blood. A prior study implicated ATX in the overall homing process, but the step in which it functions and its mechanism of action have not been defined. In this article, we show that HA130, an inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of ATX, slows T cell migration across lymph node HEVs in vivo. Ex vivo, ATX plus LPC or LPA itself induces the polarization of mouse naive T cells and stimulates their motility on an ICAM-1 substratum. Under physiologic shear conditions in a flow chamber, LPA or ATX/LPC strongly enhances TEM of integrin-arrested T cells across an endothelial monolayer. HA130 blunts the TEM-promoting activity of ATX, paralleling its in vivo effects. T cells possess Mn(+2)-activatable receptors for ATX, which are localized at the leading edge of polarized cells. ATX must bind to these receptors to elicit a maximal TEM response, providing a mechanism to focus the action of LPA onto arrested lymphocytes in flowing blood. Our results indicate that LPA produced via ATX facilitates T cell entry into lymph nodes by stimulating TEM, substantiating an additional step in the homing cascade. This entry role for LPA complements the efflux function of sphingosine 1-phosphate.
Augmentation in antioxidant defense mechanisms in rat alveolar macrophages following induction of phospholipidosis with chlorphentermine

Abstract When rats were treated with chlorphentermine 5 days a week for 4 weeks a phospholipidosis developed in their alveolar macrophages (AMs). On a per cell basis, the level of phospholipid was 19 times higher in Ams from treated rats than in AMs from control rats. The level of malonyl dialdehyde, an index of lipid peroxidation, was elevated 632% in these lipidotic cells. Because lipid peroxidation can be initiated via reactive oxidant species, the level of reduced glutathione and the activities of a number of enzymes involved in protecting against toxic oxidizing species were measured in the AMs. When compared on a per cell basis, the glutathione content was increased 450%, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were increased 266, 43, and 374%, respectively, when compared to controls. Superoxide dismutase activity was elevated 91% while catalase activity was not changed significantly. Therefore, while the level of endogenous lipid peroxidation appeared to be markedly increased in the lipidotic AMs, a concomitant increase occurred in a number of antioxidant mechanisms within the cells. The changes were reversible with all parameters returning to the control level by 14 days after cessation of drug treatment.
Comparison of third metatarsal and third cuneiform defects among various populations

Defects in the proximal third metatarsal and distal face of the third cuneiform are occasionally seen. Sometimes they have been interpreted as abscess, tumour, or arthritis. The present large series of 193 affected individuals markedly extends the number studied and shows the entity to be ubiquitous, although its frequency varies considerably among different populations. Thus, a modern-day group of Negroes and Caucasians had prevalance of 6.3 per cent and 7.3 per cent, respectively. Pre-Aleut and Aleut Eskimos had frequencies of 12.5 per cent and 13.7 per cent, respectively, while a group of predynastic Egyptians had a frequency of 4.1 per cent. A greatly expanded series of precontact Native Califorians showed an overall frequency of 17.5 per cent. When these were separated by location and horizon, however, there was considerable variability, with one large site having 39 per cent of individuals affected. It appears from the wide and rather uneven distribution, as well as the clear-cut presence or absence of the lesion, that it would serve as a useful post-cranial non-metric trait in population studies.
Analog Model of a Passive Myelinated Nerve Fiber

A model for a passive myelinated nerve fiber has been constructed utilizing an EAI 8800 analog computer. The model is designed to demonstrate the passive spread of a voltage applied to a fiber at a node of Ranvier.
Thermal Diffusion of Gas Mixtures in Chemical Equilibrium

Theoretical expressions are developed for thermal‐diffusion ratios or factors in reacting gas mixtures. In general, these parameters can be related to λr, the increase in thermal conductivity due to chemical reaction. Calculations on the N2O4⇄2NO2—argon system predict thermal‐diffusion factors as large as 2 and in satisfactory agreement with experiment. Reduced thermal‐diffusion factors are computed for separation of noble‐gas isotopes in the presence of the (HF)6⇄6HF equilibrium and are predicted to be as much as an order of magnitude greater than factors which have been observed without added hydrogen fluoride. Reduced separation factors for argon, krypton, and xenon are negative, which means that the heavy isotope migrates to the hotter regions of the gas mixture. (In mixtures of isotopes alone, separation factors are always positive.) Finally, separation of reactants in a mixture without inerts is considered. Separation factors as large as 1 are predicted for the dissociation of PCl5.
Radial Oxygen Loss in Wetland Plants: Potential Impacts on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments

AbstractRemediation of sediments contaminated with persistent organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been problematic due to the lack of oxygen in saturated sediments. Certain wetland plants have the potential to create aerobic conditions in the anoxic sediments through radial oxygen loss into the rhizosphere. The objective of the current study was to utilize several methods of measuring radial oxygen loss to identify wetland species with relatively high rates of oxygen loss into the rhizosphere. The results show clearly that there are significant differences between plant species in terms of radial oxygen loss. Rates in the current study ranged from 0 cm2 (Lobelia cardinalis) oxygenated to 56 cm2 (Sagittaria latifolia). In addition, the three methods of measuring radial oxygen loss showed consistency in the high radial oxygen loss species, but we found that the methylene blue agar method was more sensitive in detecting differences between species and also enabled visualization o...
Maternal 1-deamino-8-d-arginine-vasopressin–induced sequential decreases in plasma sodium concentration: Ovine fetal renal responses

Abstract Objective: Acute maternal plasma hypotonicity induces a reduced placental osmotic gradient that contributes to augmented maternal-to-fetal water flow. Subsequently, maternal plasma hyponatremia results in fetal plasma hyponatremia, increased fetal urinary flow, and ultimately increased amniotic fluid volume. We hypothesized that both the degree of reduction in the placental osmotic gradient and the degree of fetal plasma hyponatremia influence fetal urinary diuretic responses. To differentiate the roles of these factors, we determined fetal urinary responses to graded levels of plasma hyponatremia during a constant placental osmotic gradient. Furthermore, we sought to establish the minimum level of plasma hyponatremia necessary to facilitate an increase in fetal urine production. Study Design: Seven pregnant ewes (130 ± 2 days) were prepared with maternal and fetal vascular catheters and a fetal bladder catheter. After 6 days of recovery, fetal urinary flow and urine and plasma compositions were measured during a 2-hour control period. At 2 hours, tap water (2 L, 38°C) with a 20-g bolus of 1-deamino-8-d-arginine-vasopressin was administered to the ewe. Maternal plasma sodium concentration was decreased from control by 5 to 7, 10 to 12, and 15 to 17 mEq/L, and held at each level (levels 1, 2, and 3) for 60 minutes. Results: 1-Deamino-8-d-arginine-vasopressin administration induced sequential decreases in maternal and fetal plasma sodium concentrations (control 146.9 ± 0.5 mEq/L and 141.0 ± 0.5 mEq/L, respectively) at level 1 (140.1 ± 0.6 mEq/L and 136.7 ± 0.7 mEq/L, respectively), level 2 (132.5 ± 0.7 mEq/L and 130.6 ± 1.1 mEq/L, respectively), and level 3 (125.4 ± 1.2 mEq/L and 123.0 ± 1.5 mEq/L, respectively). The maternal-fetal placental osmolality and sodium gradients were constant at each hypotonicity level. Fetal urinary flow significantly increased in association with the degree of hyponatremia (from 0.17 ± 0.03 mL/kg/min to 0. 26 ± 0.04 mL/kg/min, 0.33 ± 0.05 mL/kg/min, and 0.38 ± 00.5 mL/kg/min at levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Conclusions: These results indicate the following: (1) Sequential decreases in maternal plasma tonicity result in parallel decreases in fetal plasma tonicity. (2) The fetal urinary diuretic response is highly correlated with the degree of fetal plasma hypotonicity, despite a constant placental osmotic gradient. A fetal therapeutic response (53% increase in fetal urine production) may be induced by a maternal plasma sodium concentration decrease of only 5 to 7 mEq/L. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:82-90.)
A retrospective on: "an evaluation of staged run-time optimizations in DyC"

Previous selective dynamic compilation systems have demonstrated that dynamic compilation can achieve performance improvements at low cost on small kernels, but they have had difficulty scaling to larger programs. To overcome this limitation, we developed DyC, a selective dynamic compilation system that includes more sophisticated and flexible analyses and transformations. DyC is able to achieve good performance improvements on programs that are much larger and more complex than the kernels. We analyze the individual optimizations of DyC and assess their impact on performance collectively and individually.
The synthesis, crystal structure and metal complexes of a new macrocyclic dinucleating ligand, 3,6,9,17,20, 23-hexaaza-29,30-dihydroxy-13,27-dimethyl-tricyclo[23,3,1,111,15]triaconta-1(28),11,13,15(30),25,26-hexaene

Abstract A new dinucleating 24-membered hexaazadiphenol macrocyclic ligand, 3,6,9,17,20,23-hexaaza-29,30-dihydroxy-13,27-dimethyl-tricyclo[23,3,1,111,15] triaconta-1(28),11,13,15(30),25,26-hexaene, BDBPH, was synthesized by the NaBH4 reduction of the Schiff base obtained from the [2+2] condensation between diethylenetriamine and diformyl-p-cresol. The hexahydro-bromide salt of BDBPH, BDBPH·6HBr·4H2O, crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with a=14.441(5), b=11.482(4), c=12.090(6) A, α=90, β=96.92, γ=90°, V=1990.0(14) A3, and Z=2. The protonation constants of BDBPH and the stability constants of BDBPH complexes with Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Cd(II), and Fe(III) in 1:1 and 2:1 systems (metal:BDBPH) were determined by potentiometric measurement at 25.0°C and μ=0.100 M KCl. Potentiometric equilibrium studies indicate that a variety of deprotonated, protonated mononuclear and dinuclear, as well as hydroxo-bridged complexes, form in the p[H] range 2–12 in aqueous solution. The species distributions and the characteristics of these complexes are also described.
Discovering lexical information by tagging Arabic newspaper text

In this paper we describe a system for building an Arabic lexicon automatically by tagging Arabic newspaper text. In this system we are using several techniques for tagging the words in the text and figuring out their types and their features. The major techniques that we are using are: finding phrases, analyzing the affixes of the words, and analyzing their patterns. Proper nouns are particularly difficult to identify in the Arabic language; we describe techniques for isolating them.
A Clinically Oriented Comprehensive Pictorial Review of Canine Elbow Anatomy

The clinically oriented canine elbow anatomy in its complexity earned a high importance in surgery especially after multiple imaging modalities have been used in the benefit of diagnosis and treatment of canine elbow disorders. The bony, joint, and muscular structures, the arteries, the veins and the nerves supplying the elbow are described and illustrated in textbooks and atlases in the context of the comparative anatomy. Nevertheless, there is no publication focused on all of these structures described together from the skin to the bones in a systematic and topographic order, nor through cross and/or sagittal and coronal sections. The figures used in this article are original and drawn after dissection, cross, sagittal, and coronal sections of the elbow structures. The sections are correlated to the multiple imaging modalities shown in the next article.
Intestinal transplantation in children.

Intestinal transplantation has emerged in the last decade as a lifesaving procedure for patients with intestinal failure who are suffering from complications arising from the administration of total parenteral nutrition. Indications for transplantation include irreversible liver injury and loss of vascular access. At least 50 children in the United States may benefit from intestinal transplantation every year. In this article, indications, pre-and postoperative management, and outcomes of intestinal transplantation in children are discussed.
Electric field quenching of recombination fluorescence: a probe of two-photon ionization in the condensed phase☆

Abstract Electric field quenching of recombination flourescence following simultaneous two-photon ionization of TMPD in isooctaine is measured at pulse field strengths up to 4. 5 × 10 7 V/m. The different isoenergetic molecular states reached via one-photon and two-photon excitation yield similar values of the photophysical parameters which govern geminate charge pair formation and decay.
Ion chromatography of energetic materials at Sandia National Laboratories

This paper is a survey of ion chromatography (IC) methods used at Sandia National Laboratories to characterize energetic materials. Information is given for the analysis of a variety of materials including pyrotechnic, explosive, and propellant materials that contain perchlorate, smoke compositions, a primer mixture, and explosive materials such as pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN). An appendix contains details for those who may wish to apply the analyses in their laboratories.
Nanosecond relaxation dynamics of protein GB1 identified by the time-dependent red shift in the fluorescence of tryptophan and 5-fluorotryptophan.

The B1 domain of Streptococcal protein G (GB1) is a small, thermostable protein containing a single tryptophan residue. We recorded time-resolved fluorescence of the wild-type GB1 and its 5-fluorotryptophan (5FTrp) variant at more than 30 emission wavelengths between 300 and 470 nm. The time-resolved emission spectra reveal no signs of heterogeneity, but show a time-dependent red shift characteristic of microscopic dielectric relaxation. This is true for both 5FTrp and unmodified Trp in GB1. The time-dependent red shifts in the fluorescence of 5FTrp and unmodified Trp are essentially identical, confirming that the shift is caused by the relaxation of the protein matrix rather than by the fluorophore itself. The total amplitude (but not the rate) of the time-dependent red shift depends on the fluorophore, specifically, on the magnitude of the vector difference between its excited state and ground state electric dipole moments; for 5FTrp this is estimated to be about 88% of that for the unmodified Trp. The ...
Modulation of triceps surae H-reflexes as a function of the reflex activation history during standing and stepping.

Abstract The facilitatory effectiveness of spindle afferent feedback is controlled by modulation of segmental reflex excitability such that the level of muscle activation is appropriate for the task. Phase-dependent modes of reflex modulation have been well-characterized. We hypothesized that segmental reflex excitability of the triceps surae was also modulated in a manner associated with the activation history of the spindle afferents and the segmental reflex pathway during isometric contractions, standing and stepping. In the first experiment, pairs of soleus (S) H-reflexes were evoked 80 ms apart with equal strength stimuli at rest and while subjects isometrically contracted their S against loads of 10%, 20%, and 50% of their maximum voluntary efforts. The percent depression of the second H-reflex relative to the first was used as a measure of the effect of reflex activation history. At rest, the second H-reflexes were depressed an average of 73% relative to the first. The degree of depression was progressively reduced as the plantarflexion torque increased. In the second experiment, paired H-reflexes were obtained from the S and medial (MG) and lateral gastrocnemii (LG) muscles while subjects were standing and during the stance phase of step initiation. The degree of depression of the second H-reflex during standing (>78%) was similar in magnitude to that produced at rest in Experiment 1. At the end of the stance phase of stepping, depression of the second H-reflex of all three muscles was reduced to less than 25%. We conclude that the segmental reflex excitability is modulated as a function of the reflex activation history during these tasks.
Bayesian inference for pareto populations

Abstract Bayesian techniques for samples from classical, generalized and multivariate Pareto distributions are described. We place emphasis on choosing proper prior distributions that do not lead to anomalous posterior densities.
A network surveillance protocol for distributed database systems

Abstract When the network is partitioned in a distributed database system, the mutual consistency of data items may become doubtful unless the transaction processing mechanism appropriately limits its operation. In order to support operations for a partitioned network, a mechanism to detect changes in the status of the network is necessary. The system must know when and how the partition is formed. A site may periodically send messages to check for network status changes or the status may be checked only when necessary. If a surveillance mechanism which operates only as needed is adequate to support partition operation, we can save on overhead. In this paper, we present a new status surveillance protocol that correctly supports partition operation. Its correctness for providing necessary changing points for partition operation is presented.
Interaction between a putative mechanosensory membrane channel and a collagen

The degenerin family of proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans is homologous to subunits of the mammalian amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channels. Mutations in nematode degenerins cause cell death, probably because of defects in channel function. Genetic evidence was obtained that the unc-105 gene product represents a degenerin homolog affecting C. elegans muscles and that this putative channel interacts with type IV collagen in the extracellular matrix underlying the muscle cell. This interaction may serve as a mechanism of stretch-activated muscle contraction, and this system could provide a molecular model for the activation of mechanosensitive ion channels.
Enzymatic Assay of β-Lactamase Using Circular Dichroism Spectropolarimetry

Abstract A method for measuring the rates of enzymatic hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics based on circular dichroism spectropolarimetry is described. Unhydrolyzed β-lactam antibiotics have high molar ellipticities, but the hydrolyzed compounds are circular dichroism (CD) inactive in the case of penams or have significantly different CD spectra in the case of cephems. By measuring CD at constant wavelength as a function of time for reaction mixtures containing β-lactamase and β-lactam antibiotics, rates of hydrolysis and steady-state enzyme kinetic constants can be derived. The method was applied to measurement of a wide range of enzymatic reaction constants for wild-type and four mutant RTEM-1 β-lactamases. Compared to the commonly employed assay based on ultraviolet spectroscopy, the new method offers several advantages. These include the ability to measure larger enzymatic Michaelis–Menten constants, less interference from high concentrations of β-lactamase, higher sensitivity, and potentially less interference from other uv-absorbing components of complex reaction mixtures.
Effect of Inosine on Ventricular Regional Perfusion and Infarct Size after Coronary Occlusion

In 16 dogs inosine was infused at 0.5 mmol/min i.v. for 5 min beginning 15 min after coronary occlusion. Tracer microspheres were used to estimate flow in subepicardium and subendocardium of nonischem
Intermittent calf and foot compression increases lower extremity blood flow

Purpose Although foot compression increases foot skin perfusion and calf compression increases popliteal artery blood flow, these compression techniques have not been evaluated in combination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether calf and foot compression applied separately and simultaneously increase popliteal artery blood flow and/or foot skin perfusion, and to assess the relative merits of compression in patients with superficial femoral artery occlusion. Methods Twenty-two legs from 12 normal volunteers with ankle/brachial indices (ABIs) > 0.96, and 10 legs from 7 claudicator patients with angiographically documented superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusion and patent popliteal arteries with ABIs Results Precompression popliteal artery blood flow (mL/min) for volunteers was 38.86±3.94, and for patients was 86.30±14.55 ( P =0.001). Precompression foot skin perfusion (mL/min/ 100/g tissue) for volunteers was 1.67±0.29, and for patients was 4.00±0.92 ( P = 0.01). With the application of calf, foot, and simultaneous calf and foot compression, the popliteal artery blood flow increased in volunteers by 124%, 54%, and 173%, respectively, and in patients by 76%, 13%, and 50%. Foot skin perfusion increased in volunteers by 260%, 500%, and 328%, respectively, and in patients by 116%, 246%, and 188%. Relative increases in popliteal artery blood flow and foot skin perfusion were higher in volunteers compared with patients during compression; however, the absolute values for foot skin perfusion and popliteal artery blood flow were consistently higher in patients. Conclusions Measured in the sitting position, the resting popliteal artery blood flow and foot skin perfusion are greater in patients with SFA occlusion compared with normal volunteers. Following compression, popliteal artery blood flow and foot skin perfusion increased in both groups, but relatively more in volunteers. Increases in popliteal artery blood flow are significantly higher with calf compression than with foot compression for both groups. A patent SFA allows for additive increases in popliteal artery blood flow with simultaneous foot and calf compression in normal persons, whereas this is not observed in patients. However, the increases in foot skin perfusion in patients with an occluded SFA parallel the increases shown in normal volunteers, with separate and simultaneous foot and calf compression.
Reforming Premedical Education — Out with the Old, In with the New

Mount Sinai's Icahn School of Medicine is launching an early-assurance program that will recruit undergraduates from all majors and eliminate certain premed requirements, aiming for greater educational, cultural, and socioeconomic diversity in the health care workforce.
Estimating the Mark-to-Market Premium Required to Fill Vacant Business School Faculty Lines: The Case of Finance

As the supply of new PhDs in business has declined in the past decade in the face of increasing demand, the cost of filling vacant faculty lines with qualified professors of business has increased substantially. Because salaries of current faculty members normally fail to keep up with market salaries, when a faculty line is vacated the college must pay a premium by offering a higher, competitive salary. In this study, the authors estimated the salary premium associated with filling a vacated finance faculty line. Results from a national survey show that the premiums required for replacing finance faculty members at all ranks are substantial.
Discovery of a Novel, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Class of Thrombin Inhibitors Incorporating Aminopyridyl Moieties at the P1 Position

A novel class of thrombin inhibitors incorporating aminopyridyl moieties at the P1 position has been discovered. Four of these thrombin inhibitors (13b,c,e and 14d) showed nanomolar potency (Ki 0.8-12 nM), 300-1500-fold selectivity for thrombin compared with trypsin, and good oral bioavailability (F = 40-76%) in rats or dogs. The neutral P1 was expected to increase metabolic stability and oral absorption. Identification of this novel aminopyridyl group at P1 was a key step in our search for a clinical candidate.
Is the recent increase in earthquakes random

The increase in the global rate of earthquakes since 2010, especially during the first few months of 2014, leads many people to wonder whether there is a physical cause for this increase or if this is simply a random process.
Recruitment Dynamics of the 1971–1991 Year-Classes of Lake Trout in Michigan Waters of Lake Superior

Abstract In the 1950s, populations of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Superior collapsed because of excessive exploitation and predation by sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus. Restoration began in the 1950s with the stocking of juvenile, hatchery-reared lake trout and controls on fisheries and sea lampreys. Partial restoration was declared in 1996 because wild fish made up most of the populations in many areas, especially in Michigan waters, so stocking was dramatically curtailed in most areas. We evaluated the production of age-7 lake trout (recruits) by age-8 and older wild and stocked parental lake trout (spawners). Using Ricker stock–recruitment models, we also evaluated the effects of large-mesh (114-mm stretch measure) gill-net effort on wild lake trout recruitment in Michigan waters of Lake Superior during 1970–1998. In general, the density of wild lake trout spawners increased, whereas that of stocked lake trout spawners decreased in all management areas investigated. The density of recruits ...