cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical, demographic, and psychological characteristics of new, asymptomatic participants in a transvaginal ultrasound screening program for ovarian cancer.

Abstract Background . Attitudinal, mood, and personality variables have been identified as predictors of uptake of routine screening for a variety of cancers, including those of the breast, cervix, and colon. Little information exists, however, regarding characteristics of participants in ovarian cancer (OC) screening. Method . Asymptomatic women ( n = 312; mean age = 57.45 years; range = 26–80) were assessed immediately before undergoing an initial transvaginal sonography (TVS) screening test for ovarian cancer (OCS group). Their responses were compared to identical information obtained from an age- and education-matched group of women with no history of screening for OC (HC group). All respondents completed measures of OC-related attitudes, knowledge, beliefs and risk perceptions, dispositional characteristics (informational coping style and dispositional optimism), and psychological distress. Results . Analyses revealed the OCS group was characterized not only by more OC-specific distress and a more extensive family history of OC but also by less optimism and less knowledge of OC risk factors. Group membership was unrelated to beliefs about the efficacy of TVS screening. Conclusion . Results have implications for development of programs to increase appropriate participation in OC screening programs.
Incidence and inheritance of deficiency for uridine monophosphate synthase in Holstein bulls.

Abstract A partial deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase has been discovered among Holstein dairy cattle wherein affected animals have half the normal activity of this enzyme and are heterozygous for a condition presumed to be lethal in the homozygous recessive state. A random sample of 287 dairy bulls, active in artificial insemination organizations, were assayed for their activity of uridine monophosphate synthase. Four bulls displayed reduced enzyme activity (heterozygotes) corresponding to a 1.4% incidence and were closely related to a common ancestor, Bull-X. Testing a total of 75 male descendants of Bull-X has uncovered 22 heterozygotes. Heterozygotes include 5 sons, 15 grandsons, 1 a double grandson, and 2 great grandsons of Bull-X. Reproductive failure from this enzyme deficiency has been minimal because matings between close relatives have been infrequent. If the incidence of heterozygotes active in artificial insemination increases, avoidance of matings between close relatives will become an inadequate safety measure to maintain reproductive fitness. Random mating of male heterozygotes to a female population with 2% incidence of heterozygotes may imply an additional .5% embryonic loss relative to matings involving bulls that are noramal for uridine monophosphate synthase.
Biopedturbation by mammals in deserts: a review

Abstract Disturbance-caused patchiness is important for development and maintenance of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in ecosystems. Mammals are important agents of biopedturbation (soil disturbance by organisms) which is a major source of patchiness in arid ecosystems. The contribution of soil disturbance by mammals to heterogeneity is a function of the size and longevity of the soil disturbance. Foraging pits produced by a variety of mammals are relatively short-lived features that trap plant litter and seeds that are rapidly buried. These form nutrient-rich germination sites. High water infiltration rates, a low bulk density rooting environment, and frequently increased soil nutrient content (especially mounds of central-place foragers and larder-hoarders) characterize warren complexes. Productivity tends to be higher on these mounds and the vegetation tends to differ in composition and richness from the surrounding areas. Soil ejected from fossorial mammal burrow systems is generally of low bulk density, erodes readily, and varies greatly with respect to concentration of nutrients and organic matter depending upon the species and landscape in which the species lives. The variability in soil properties of fossorial burrow system ejecta mounds precludes generalizations about the effects of these disturbances on vegetation. Long-lived features such as Mima-like mounds and heuweltjies are nutrient-rich features that support high productivity and a distinct floral assemblage. There is a significant relationship between longevity of mammal soil disturbance and size of the disturbance: longevity in years=9.33 Area 0.735 . The data suggest that pedturbation by mammals can be an important force in pedogenesis, in structuring landscapes, and in maintaining heterogeneity in ecosystems. Data on mammalian pedturbation is based on scattered autecological studies. There is a need for long-term studies that focus on biopedturbation (soil disturbance by invertebrates and vertebrates) as a process at scales from the patch to the landscape.
Transfer of seabed mining technology: A stumbling block to U.S. ratification of the law of the sea convention?

Abstract The Law of the Sea Convention's provisionson the transfer of seabed technology are designed to translate into specific terms the general notions (adopted in the U. N.’s Declaration of Principles of 1970) that the resources of the seabed are the “common heritage”; of humankind and that the developing nations are to gain special benefits from the exploitation of these resources. Some developed nations—in particular, the United States—have argued that these provisions are unfair, because they deprive the multinational enterprises of the developed world of the competitive advantage they have gained from their substantial investment in research and development and their innovative capabilities. The transfer of technology is not a new concept. It is a mechanism that has been used systematically by many developing countries to ensure that foreign investments will produce a lasting infrastructure for continued national development. Multinational enterprises have learned to accommodate national needs in t...
A signal-to-noise calibration procedure for NMR imaging systems

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging system signal-to-noise calibration technique based on an NMR projection of distilled water in a cylindrical bottle is proposed. This measurement can characterize any arrangement of rf coils in any magnetic field as signal to noise per ml times root Hz. Inductive losses in a typical patient must be included in the calibration, and such losses can be simulated in a particular system by an externally attached resistor(s) appropriate to that system. Alternatively, an rf inductive damping phantom consisting of a conducting loop of wire containing an appropriate resistor is suggested that can be inserted into any NMR imaging coil to simulate subject Q damping. The same resistor can be used, independent of the details of the coil construction. Furthermore, if the loop inductance is tuned out at each frequency with a series capacitor, then the same loop resistance will serve for all frequencies as a good approximation to human subject damping. This "projection method" signal-to-noise ratio is related to the conventional signal-to-noise ratio measured from a Lorentzian-shaped spectral line as psi P = psi L [2/T2]1/2, where psi stands for signal-to-noise ratio, subscripts P and L stand, respectively, for the projection and "Lorentzian" methods, and T2 is the transverse relaxation time of the spectral line used in the Lorentzian method.
The expectancy model in the analysis of occupational preference and occupational choice

Abstract The differences between the factors related to occupational preference and occupational choice were explored for upper-division college students from business and psychology classes. The results strongly supported a valance-instrumentality-expectancy model in the context of occupational choice. Occupational preference was primarily a function of occupational valence, the multiplicative relation between the outcome valences and the instrumentalities of the occupations for these outcomes. Occupational choice was primarily a function of the force to choose an occupation, the multiplicative relaitonship between occupational valence and the expectancy of attaining an occupation and the expected costs of attaining an occupation.
Monitoring, modeling, and management impacts of bivalve filter feeders in the oligohaline and tidal fresh regions of the Chesapeake Bay system

Populations of bivalve filter feeders are distributed throughout the oligohaline waters of the Chesapeake Bay system and, to a lesser extent, in tidal fresh waters as well. Previous studies indicate these bivalves significantly diminish phytoplankton concentrations in one major tributary, the Potomac River, and observed chlorophyll concentrations suggest bivalve influence on phytoplankton in other oligohaline reaches. We incorporated a model of these bivalves into an existing eutrophication model of the system. The model indicated that bivalves may reduce phytoplankton concentrations in oligohaline and tidal fresh waters throughout the system but the most significant effects were noted in the Potomac and Patuxent tributaries. Bivalve impacts were related to hydraulic residence time. The greatest phytoplankton reductions occurred in the regions with the longest residence time. Model carbon and nutrient budgets indicated bivalves removed 14% to 40% of the carbon load, 11% to 23% of the nitrogen load, and 37% to 84% of the phosphorus load to the regions where their impact on computed chlorophyll was greatest.
On the quotient of two integral functions

Remark. Rubel suggested the more general conjecture that any function algebraic over H, if entire, belongs to H. The proof of Theorem 1 has something to do with the distribution of the zeros of an exponential polynomial and the convex hull of the 0~~‘s. Thus, the methods used in [4] by their nature will fail to deal with the situation that some or all of the q’s are replaced by polynomials. In this paper, we shall treat a special case of the above-mentioned situation, As an application of the study, we shall present a result concerning the zero-one set problem (see [5]) for the class of all integral functions of finite order. Let us denote by G the class of all integral functions of the form:
Analysis of the Nucleonic Component Based on Neutron Latitude Variations

A "specific yield" function ${S}_{A}(E,x)$ is defined which gives the production rate of disintegration neutrons at atmospheric depth $x$ arising from a unit flux of vertically incident cosmic-ray primaries of atomic weight $A$ and energy-per-nucleon $E$. The functions are obtained by comparing the latitude variations for the primary particle fluxes with the latitude variations for neutron production at various depths in the atmosphere. For atmospheric depths between at least 200 and 600 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, it is found that the specific yields increase rapidly with energy up to about 4-Bev/nucleon and then become insensitive to energy up to at least 12.7-Bev/nucleon. It is also shown that this insensitivity probably extends up to considerably larger energies. The theoretical implications of these results are qualitatively discussed.
Prediction of total cerebral tissue volumes in normal appearing brain from sub-sampled segmentation volumes

The need for anatomical coverage and multi-spectral information must be balanced against examination and processing time to ensure high-quality, feasible imaging protocols for clinical research of cerebral development in normal-appearing brains. The focus of this study was to create and assess models to estimate total cerebral volumes of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from anatomically defined sub-samples of full clinical examinations. Pediatric patients (18F, 11M; aged 1.7 to 18.7, median 5.2 years) underwent a clinical imaging protocol consisting of 3 mm contiguous T1-, T2-, PD-, and FLAIR-weighted images after obtaining informed consent. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sets were registered, RF-corrected, and then analyzed with a hybrid neural network segmentation and classification algorithm to identify normal brain parenchyma. The correlation between the image subsets and the total cerebral volumes of gray matter, white matter and CSF were examined through linear regression analyses. Five sub-sampled sets were defined and assessed in each patient to produce estimation models which were all significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with the total cerebral volumes of gray matter, white matter, and CSF. Volumes were estimated from as little as a single representative slice requiring minimal processing time, 27 min, but with an average estimation error of approximately 6%. Larger sub-samples of approximately three-quarters of the full cerebral volume required much more processing time, 2 h and 4 min, but produced estimates with an average error less than 2%. This study demonstrated that investigators can choose the amount of cerebrum sampled to optimize the acquisition and processing time against the degree of accuracy needed in the total cerebral volume estimates.
Cerebrovascular pulsatility in patients with sleep-disordered breathing

Purpose The aim of our study is to determine the association between the pulsatility index (PI), a surrogate of cerebral small vessel disease and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB).
Computation and Optimization of Lunar Orbit Insertion from a Fixed Free Return

In support of future human missions to the Moon, the present research combines free return trajectories with lunar orbit insertion (LOI) sequences to provide both crew safety and selenographic versatility. Because future missions necessitate global lunar access, the required spacecraft plane change at the Moon may be large enough that a multi-maneuver sequence offers velocity impulse cost savings. Approximating the Earth-Moon system with the circular restricted three-body model, this paper develops a targeting and optimization procedure to transfer a spacecraft from a lunar free return trajectory to a closed lunar orbit through a multi-maneuver LOI sequence. Thus, a safe Earth-return for crew is guaranteed while not compromising the ability to achieve any lunar orbit.
Evidence for a novel adenylyl cyclase in human epididymal sperm.

Since cAMP is considered to play a major role in the acquisition of maturation and fertilizing capacity of mammalian sperm, we investigated the expression of cAMP-synthesizing adenylyl cyclase (AC) in sperm retrieved directly from the human epididymis. Particulate fractions were prepared from purified epididymal sperm samples and AC was monitored by the direct conversion of ATP into cAMP. We report that in great contrast to human ejaculated sperm and other mammalian sperm cells, the human epididymal sperm do not express a Mn(2+)-sensitive AC. However, a functional AC was readily detectable in these sperm cells in the presence of saturating concentrations of Ca2+ (50mM) and bicarbonate (HCO3-, 50mM), a combination that causes maximal activation in human ejaculated sperm. Using these conditions, human epididymal sperm AC showed similar capacity to generate cAMP compared to human ejaculated sperm AC. When assays were performed in the presence of Mg2+ and a saturating concentration of GMP-P(NH)P (50 microM), ...
Staging systems for neuroblastoma: a look at the old and the new

Anatomic staging systems for neurobalstoma are important in determining tumor distribution, intensity of therapy required and patient prognosis. Classic staging has utilized two approaches: one defines the initial anatomic distribution of disease at diagnosis; the second includes considerations for degree of resectability of the primary tumor. Many currently used systems are generally incompatible and unable to distinguish patients in the intermediate prognastic groups. A new International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) is proposed which combines components of initial distribution of disease as well as surgical resectability. Uniform evaluation of response to therapy is also part of the INSS. Biologic staging neuroblastoma may become important in the future and the INSS proposal allows enough flexibility to incorporate this into a more standardized classification system.
Effects of Cardiotrophin on Adipocytes

Cardiotrophin (CT-1) is a naturally occurring protein member of the interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine family and signals through the gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) heterodimer. The formation of gp130/LIFR complex triggers the auto/trans-phosphorylation of associated Janus kinases, leading to the activation of Janus kinase/STAT and MAPK (ERK1 and -2) signaling pathways. Since adipocytes express both gp130 and LIFR proteins and are responsive to other IL-6 family cytokines, we examined the effects of CT-1 on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our studies have shown that CT-1 administration results in a dose- and time-dependent activation and nuclear translocation of STAT1, -3, -5A, and -5B as well as ERK1 and -2. We also confirmed the ability of CT-1 to induce signaling in fat cells in vivo. Our studies revealed that neither CT-1 nor ciliary neurotrophic factor treatment affected adipocyte differentiation. However, acute CT-1 treatment caused an increase in SOCS-3 mRNA in adipocytes and a transient decrease in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mRNA that was regulated by the binding of STAT1 to the PPARγ2 promoter. The effects of CT-1 on SOCS-3 and PPARγ mRNA were independent of MAPK activation. Chronic administration of CT-1 to 3T3-L1 adipocytes resulted in a decrease of both fatty acid synthase and insulin receptor substrate-1 protein expression yet did not effect the expression of a variety of other adipocyte proteins. Moreover, chronic CT-1 treatment resulted in the development of insulin resistance as judged by a decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. In summary, CT-1 is a potent regulator of signaling in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo, and our current efforts are focused on determining the role of this cardioprotective cytokine on adipocyte physiology.
Maximum likelihood confirmatory factor-analytic investigation of factors within Guilford's structure of intellect model.

Joreskog's confirmatory factor-analytic methodology was used to statistically test alternative hypotheses regarding the factor structure among tests of cognition, convergent production, and divergent production that underlies correlational data from the Aptitude Research Project. The conclusion is that neither the high-dimensional SI model nor the general factor model provided a plausible level of overall fit to the data. Suggestions for future research and results of exploratory factor analyses are presented
Mini-Mental State Examination. Norms, normals, and numbers.

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), first introduced by Folstein and colleagues in 1975,1has become a standard tool for cognitive assessment in the clinical setting. The MMSE facilitates the detection of mental status changes, particularly in the elderly, and thereby enhances patient care. Bedside mental status testing without a standardized approach is subject to considerable interpretive bias, dependent on the skill and experience of the examiner, and often completely neglected. The MMSE provides a structured approach to mental status testing that screens for intellectual impairment and allows comparison of performance across time and among patients or studies.2The publication in this issue ofJAMAof new data from Crum et al3regarding the influence of age and education on the interpretation of the MMSE is welcome and further improves the utility of this instrument. See also p 2386. MMSE Elements The MMSE comprises 30 questions with 10
In Vitro Evaluation of Macroporous Hydrogels to Facilitate Stem Cell Infiltration, Growth, and Mineralization

Hydrogels have gained acceptance as biomaterials in a wide range of applications, including pharmaceutical formulations, drug delivery, and tissue sealants. However, exploiting the potential of hydrogels as scaffolds for cell transplantation, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine still remains a challenge due to, in part, scaffold design limitations. Here, we describe a highly interconnected, macroporous poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogel scaffold, with pores ranging from 100 to 600 μm. The scaffold exhibits rapid cell uptake and cell seeding without the need of any external force or device with high incorporation efficiency. When human mesenchymal stem cells are seeded within the porous scaffolds, the scaffolds were found to promote long-term stem cell viability, and on exposure to osteogenic medium, elicit an mineralization response as evaluated by an increased alkaline phosphatase activity (per cell) and calcium and phosphate content within the constructs. The atomic composition of the m...
‘Borderless’ Southeast Asia historiography: New scholarship on the interactions and exchanges between Southeast Asia and its South Asian and Chinese neighbours in the pre-1500 era

Review of:Nola Cooke, Li Tana and James A. Anderson (eds), The Tongking Gulf through history. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, x + 223 pp. [Encounters with Asia Series.] ISBN 9780812243369. Price: USD 59.95 (hardback).Derek Heng, Sino-Malay trade and diplomacy from the tenth through the fourteenth century. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009, xiii + 286 pp. [Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series 121.] ISBN 9780896802711. Price: USD 28.00 (paperback).Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja (eds), Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009, xxv + 337 pp. [Nalanda-Sriwijaya Series.] ISBN 9789812509365, price: USD 39.90 (hardback); 9789812309372, USD 59.90 (paperback).Pierre-Yves Manguin, A. Mani and Geoff Wade (eds), Early interactions between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on cross-cultural exchange. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011, xxxi + 514 pp. [Nalanda-Sriwijaya Series.] ISBN 9789814345101, price USD 49.90 (paperback); 9789814311168, USD 59.90 (hardback). [India Hardcover Edition co-published with Manohar Publishers and Distributors, India.]Geoff Wade and Sun Laichen (eds), Southeast Asia in the fifteenth century: The China factor. Singapore: NUS Press; Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010, xii + 508 pp. ISBN 9789971694487. Price: USD 32.00.
The ‘Ballas’ Form of Diamond

THE rare ‘ballas’ form of natural diamond is referred to occasionally in the literature. Ballas diamonds have been described by various authors as follows : (1) “Dense, globular aggregates of small, radially disposed diamond crystals”1 ; (2) “… a very hard, tough, globular mass of diamond crystals radiating from a common center”2; (3) “… a rare form of natural diamond with radial symmetry composed of apparently spherically grown layers …”3; (4) “Radial stalk-like formation of diamond crystals, or irregular growths of multiple crystals”4.
USE OF THE CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES RELATED TO THE ORAL CAVITY

Our knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of infections relative to the oral cavity is rapidly expanding, similar to our overall understanding of how infectious diseases impact our daily lives. The complexity of the flora within the oral cavity is quite unique and often makes diagnosis difficult; however, it is becoming more apparent that accurate diagnostic testing is important from the standpoint of focusing appropriate therapy on pathogens within this crucial body site, and avoiding overuse of antimicrobial agents in settings of infection where they have no demonstrated benefit. New diagnostic methods are being developed to detect pathogens and rapidly delineate resistance patterns. Many will be based on new genetic assays, but they must be cost effective, sensitive, and specific. Another growing challenge is to provide adequate lab support to outpatient offices and clinics, without compromising the specimen culture or turnaround times. So many patients are being seen away from hospital laboratories that we need ways to diagnose sinusitis, pharyngitis, abscess, and other infections of the oral cavity without killing the anaerobes and other significant facultative bacteria, and without ruining the direct stains by overgrowth or inflammatory cell degradation during specimen transport. These results need to be available quickly enough to give useful information for office diagnosis in order to effect therapy. To optimize both diagnosis and treatment, a key to the future will be better communication between the clinical practitioner and laboratory, with an increasing emphasis on training expertise in medical microbiology and infectious diseases.
Does the spatial arrangement of disturbance within forested watersheds affect loadings of nitrogen to stream waters? A test using Landsat and synoptic stream water data

Abstract Remotely sensed maps of forest disturbance provide a powerful tool for predicting spatial and temporal variability in the loading of nitrogen to receiving waters, key data needed for effective watershed management of nutrient pollution. We hypothesize that the spatial arrangement of disturbances within small-forested watersheds can affect N loadings. To test this, we developed schemes for spatially weighting maps of yearly disturbance produced through change analysis of the Landsat Tasseled Cap Disturbance Index (DI), and evaluated the ability of each scheme to predict N concentrations, and subsequently estimated N loads, from forty low-order streams within the Savage River drainage of western Maryland, USA during the 2006–2010 water years, a period encompassing extensive defoliations by gypsy moths ( Lymantria dispar). We generated a base scheme of unweighted, watershed averaged change in DI (ΔDI), and five other schemes that weighted ΔDI by either a pixel's flow accumulation value, the distance to the watershed outlet, or proximity to the stream. Over the five years, the flow accumulation scheme tended to perform better than other weighting schemes, and even explained slightly more variability than the base scheme during years of moderate N loads ( R 2 = 0.15 vs. 0.03 in 2007 and R 2 = 0.30 vs. 0.18 in 2010). However, this best spatial weighting scheme explained comparable or less variability during the two post-defoliation years with larger N loads ( R 2 = 0.43 vs. 0.44 in 2008 and R 2 = 0.31 vs. 0.48 in 2009). Thus, for the purposes of utilizing remote sensing information within watershed management of nutrient pollution, these results suggest that coarse-scale, high temporal frequency data such as MODIS could be well suited for characterizing forest disturbance and predicting the resultant episodic N loads.
FOXO3 promotes quiescence in adult muscle stem cells during the process of self-renewal.

Skeletal muscle stem cells, or “satellite cells” (SCs), are required for the regeneration of damaged muscle tissue. Although SCs self-renew during regeneration, the mechanisms that govern SC re-entry into quiescence remain elusive. We show that FOXO3, a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors, is expressed in quiescent SCs (QSCs). Conditional deletion of Foxo3 in QSCs impairs self-renewal and increases the propensity of SCs to adopt a differentiated fate. Transcriptional analysis of SCs lacking FOXO3 revealed a downregulation of Notch signaling, a key regulator of SC quiescence. Conversely, overexpression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) rescued the self-renewal deficit of FOXO3-deficient SCs. We show that FOXO3 regulates NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 receptor expression and that decreasing expression of NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 receptors phenocopies the effect of FOXO3 deficiency in SCs. We demonstrate that FOXO3, perhaps by activating Notch signaling, promotes the quiescent state during SC self-renewal in adult muscle regeneration.
Middlemen of the Law: An Ethnographic Inquiry into the English Legal Profession

The accomplishments of empirical research are often presented in a context that fails to show the process by which the results came about. This article examines the problems, hitches, and struggles encountered in a research project carried out on the English bar. And emphasis is given to the difficulty of tackling hitherto unexplored occupations that have had a long history of resisting research.
OH radical-initiated gas-phase reaction products of phenanthrene

The OH radical-initiated gas-phase reaction of phenanthrene in the presence of NOx was investigated in a 6400-1 indoor all-Teflon chamber. Reaction products were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Identified reaction products were fluorenone, 2,2′-diformylbiphenyl, 1,4- and 9,10-anthraquinone, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one, three phenanthrol isomers, diphenic acid anhydride, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 9-nitrophenanthrene, and 2- and 4-nitro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one. Five other oxygenated products could only tentatively be characterized by their molecular formula. The identified compounds are compared with phenanthrene degradation products observed with other oxidants under simulated environmental conditions. The occurrence of identified compounds in ambient atmospheric samples is discussed.
Stream ecosystem responses to forest leaf emergence in spring

Streams in deciduous forests undergo marked transitions from light-replete to light-limited ecosystems every spring when leaves emerge on streamside trees. During the course of leaf emergence and enlargement, shade from leaves on streamside trees can reduce photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) falling on the streambed from >1000 to <30 Vmol.m-2*s-l. In this study, we examined the effects of leaf emergence at multiple levels in two headwater streams in eastern Tennessee. Primary production estimated from both photosynthesis-irradiance measurements of periphyton in the laboratory and whole- steam diurnal oxygen measurements decreased dramatically over the course of canopy closure. Monthly carbon fixation estimates for periphyton in White Oak Creek declined from 354 pg C/cm2 in April to 66 pg C/cm2 in June, while carbon fixation in Walker Branch declined from 495 to 168 pg C/cm2. Periphyton photosynthesis became increasingly efficient at low irradiances (ox increased more than threefold) as ambient streambed irradiances declined, but this increase in efficiency only partially compensated for the photon scarcity caused by riparian shade. Ecological photosynthetic efficiency (percentage of incident PAR energy fixed by photosynthesis) estimated from static models, whole-stream measurements, and ambient PAR was a negative exponential function of incident PAR, increasing from <0.3% to 2% during canopy closure. This increase was attributable to (1) inefficient use of the relatively high irradiances before leaf emergence, and (2) greater photoefficiency (increased ox) at low irradiances after leaf emergence. Nutrient concentrations (dissolved nitrate and phosphate) in both streams increased coincident with leaf emergence, implying a cascade of shade effects through primary producers to abiotic components of the eco- system. Shade effects also propagated to higher trophic levels: growth rates of grazing snails (Elimia clavaeformis) in both streams decreased substantially from April to June, consistent with modeled decreases in the productivity of their food resource (periphyton). Snail growth rates were almost zero in White Oak Creek and were negative in Walker Branch during summer when streambed PAR was lowest. The multilevel effects of leaf emergence reported in this study accentuate the importance of light variation in aquatic ecosystems and illustrate the close coupling between streams and their surrounding terres- trial ecosystems.
The Metaphysics of Microeconomics

L'A. etudie les elements qui entrent dans la composition d'une metaphysique de la microeconomie definie comme l'ensemble des entites quantifiables qui determinent la verite d'une theorie economique. Au-dela des aspects methodologiques et epistemologiques, une metaphysique de l'economie doit etablir une distinction entre les faits economiques et leur valeur morale, ainsi qu'entre les besoins et les desirs
Rotational and vibrational excitation in the scattering of atoms by diatomic molecules

The theory of rotational-vibrational excitation in collisions of atoms with diatomic molecules is developed through the use of a generalized phase shift. This is accomplished by first transforming the usual coupled equations to a new set based on a coupling scheme involving directly the vector changes in the angular momenta of the problem. The resulting set of coupled second-order equations is then transformed to a set (twice as large) of coupled first-order equations. The functions determined by these equations are inter-preted as complex amplitudes, and generalized phase shifts are defined in terms of the asymptotic form of the solutions. It is found that transitions among the vibrational states of the diatomic molecule arise because of offdiagonal elements of matrix elements of the interaction potential and also due to the overlap of vibrational wave functions associated with different rotational states of the molecule. It is probable that the latter is an important mechanism in the transitions among t...
High-biomass sorghum yield estimate with aerial imagery

To reach the goals laid out by the U.S. Government for displacing fossil fuels with biofuels, high-biomass sorghum is well-suited to achieving this goal because it requires less water per unit dry biomass and can produce very high biomass yields. In order to make biofuels economically competitive with fossil fuels it is essential to maximize production efficiency throughout the system. The goal of this study was to use remote sensing technologies to optimize the yield and harvest logistics of high-biomass sorghum with respect to production costs based on spatial variability within and among fields. Specific objectives were to compare yield to aerial multispectral imagery and develop predictive relationships. A 19.2-ha high- biomasssorghumfieldwasselectedasastudysiteandaerialmultispectralimageswereacquired with a four-camera imaging system on July 17, 2009. Sorghum plant samples were collected at predeterminedgeographiccoordinatestodeterminebiomassyield.Aerialimageswereprocessed to find relationships between image reflectance and yield of the biomass sorghum. Results showed that sorghum biomass yield in early August was closely related (R 2 = 0.76) to spectral reflectance. However, in the late season the correlations between the biomass yield and spectral reflectance were not as positive as in the early season. The eventual outcome of this work could lead to predicted-yield maps based on remotely sensed images, which could be used in developing field management practices to optimize yield and harvest logistics. C 2011 Society of
Child peer sexual abuse: preliminary data on outcomes and disclosure experiences.

Abstract Objective: This study compared experiences of children sexually abused by peers to those of children abused by adolescents/adults. Variables examined included perceived negativity of the abuse, self-reported outcomes, overall psychological functioning, and disclosure. Method: An archival data set containing retrospective reports of childhood sexual experiences was culled for instances of sexual abuse by child peers and adolescents/adults. An equivalent nonabused comparison group was identified. The Self-Report Outcome Checklist (SROC; Gilbert, 1994b), the MMPI-Hugo Short Form (Hugo, 1971) and a disclosure survey were also retrieved from these data. Results: Compared to abuse by peers, abuse perpetrated by adolescents/adults was more intrusive and intrafamilial. Both groups rated their experiences as equally negative, and reported equally pervasive outcomes. Those abused by adolescents/adults reported significantly higher scores on the Psychopathic Deviate, Psychasthenia, and Schizophrenia scales compared to nonabused controls; similar findings did not emerge for those abused by child peers. Less than a fourth in either abuse group reported disclosing their experience to a parent. Among those who did not disclose, participants abused by child peers anticipated less support from both parents and more anger from their mothers. Conclusions: The findings suggest that child peer sexual abuse may be associated with adverse outcomes.
Cycle testing of the MagScrew total artificial heart external battery pack.

Abstract: MagScrew total artificial heart (TAH) external battery pack (EBP) cycle bench testing was conducted on two Wilson Greatbatch (Clarence, NY, USA) lithium ion EBPs over a period of 22 months during continuous charge and discharge cycles under a simulated TAH system current requirement. A custom electronic load was developed to simulate the MagScrew current waveforms typically observed during nominal operation. These current load profiles were applied to the EBP under test during a voltage-defined discharge cycle. EBP endurance indicated a 240-min discharge cycle on a new battery diminishing linearly to 175 min after 800 cycles. A second linear trend started at this knee with 150 min of discharge time at 850 cycles until 10 min at 1600 cycles. Even at 1300 cycles, the EBP could still provide enough power for 60 min of nominal operation. In conclusion, the endurance performance of this EBP was satisfactory while exhibiting a predictable wear-out trend.
Long-term survival probability in men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated either conservatively or with definitive treatment (radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy).

Abstract Objectives To report the long-term survival probability in more than 3000 men with localized prostate cancer treated either conservatively or by definitive treatment (radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy). Methods We studied 3159 men with biopsy-confirmed, clinically localized prostate cancer diagnosed from 1980 to 1997. We restricted our analysis to men 75 years of age or younger. The extent of comorbid disease was measured using the Charlson score. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to compare long-term survival in patients who were treated conservatively versus survival in patients treated with either radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy. Results After adjusting for age, race, tumor grade, comorbid disease, income status, and year of diagnosis, the overall survival rate at 15 years was 35% for conservative management, 50% for radiotherapy, and 65% for radical prostatectomy. The corresponding prostate cancer-specific survival rates were 79%, 87%, and 92%. Patients undergoing radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy had lower overall mortality than patients undergoing conservative management (adjusted relative risk 0.67 for radiotherapy and 0.41 for prostatectomy; P Conclusions The results of this study have shown that compared with conservative management, both radiotherapy and radical prostatectomy increase survival for men with localized prostate cancer.
Modeling and measuring epistemic cognition: A qualitative re-investigation

Abstract Since Perry first proposed that students’ beliefs about knowledge and knowing were an important aspect of learning, there has been a proliferation of models of epistemic cognition, and empirical studies of how epistemic cognition relates to learning. Unfortunately, the dominant means of measuring epistemic cognition, self-report instruments, have numerous psychometric problems. These problems prompted us to return to interview methods used by Perry and other seminal researchers, to investigate the degree to which current epistemic cognition models aligned with novices’ and experts’ cognition. Using an exploratory, multiple case qualitative design, we interviewed middle school students and university professors from two domains, biology and history. We found numerous ways in which the current conceptualizations and measures of beliefs about knowledge and knowing may need to be altered. Our recommendations range from the revision of item wordings to a complete rethinking of the very idea of domain-specificity in epistemic cognition research.
Critical Torsional Oscillations of a Rotating Accerated shaft

We assume that the forces applied to the shaft have a variable part which is a moment of constant amplitude M(x) per unit length, distributed along the shaft, and varying with a frequency proportional to the angular velocity. From the solution corresponding to the harmonic steady state vibration, we deduce, by using Heaviside's expansion, the motion due to a sudden application of the moment M(x). This enables us to compute the effect of the moment when applied with a linearly increasing frequency. In this analysis the damping will be neglected. In case of a viscous damping the linear character of the equations is not affected and the same method might be used. We did not carry this calculation for two reasons: 1. The exact result will be in general complicated, and involve viscous friction coefficients which will not be very accurately known. Besides, the effect of friction might be roughly taken into account by considering the steady state solution. 2. In most cases the damping is not viscous but due to the hysteresis or internal friction of the material. This is proved by the experimental fact that the energy absorbed in the vibration of elastic bodies is proportional to the frequency and not to its square. This effect might be taken roughly into account by energetic considerations.
The Last Trillion-Dollar Commitment: The Destruction of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac

The government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac was necessary because of their massive losses on more than $1.6 trillion of subprime and Alt-A investments, almost all of which were added to their single-family book of business between 2005 and 2007. The most plausible explanation for the sudden adoption of this disastrous course-disastrous for them and for the U.S. financial markets—is their desire to retain the support of Congress after their accounting scandals in 2003 and 2004 and the challenges to their business model that ensued. Although the strategy worked-Congress did not adopt strong government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) reform legislation until the Republicans demanded it as the price for Senate passage of a housing bill in July 2008—it led inevitably to the government takeover and the enormous junk loan losses still to come. Now that the federal government has been required to take effective control of Fannie and Freddie and to decide their fate, it is important to understand the reasons for their financial collapse—what went wrong and why. That is the purpose of this article.
Remembering the dangers of rock and roll: Toward a historical narrative of the rock festival

This essay argues that Michael Wadleigh's documentary Woodstock (1970) and Albert and David Maysles's Gimme Shelter (1970) help trace a historical narrative which potentially chronicles the hazardous “effects”; of rock music. This narrative helps explain how contemporary attacks on rock music might continue to resonate with the larger public. Like a conspirator, “the music”; in these films is largely invisible yet its pernicious effects are made clear. D. A. Pennebaker's Monterey Pop (1968) is offered as a palliative which subverts the assumptions of this narrative, making its music highly visible while not exploiting representations of the audience. In doing so, Monterey Pop exposes the conspiracy logic of the narrative.
Sexual standards and activity: Adolescents' perceptions

This paper reports on findings from in-depth interviews with a small sample of white and black teenage mothers from diverse socio-economic backgrounds about their sexual standards and their feelings about their sexual initiation and subsequent sexual activity. The comparisons across race and across class suggest that there are significant differences across classes among black teens in standards about and personal evaluation of their sexual activity while no class difference among white teens are evident.
Studies in the Chytridiales IV. A Further Study of Diplophlyctis Intestina (Schenk) Schroeter

In a previous study (I928) of Diplophlyctis intestina I have described in general the life history, pathogenicity, distribution, and occurrence of this organism in cells of American Characeae. More abundant and favorable material since that time has enabled me to follow more closely the consecutive stages in the penetration of the host cell and the development of the rhizoids, apophysis, and incipient sporangium. The additional data so far obtained are to a, certain degree at variance with Zopf's (I884) and my own previous observations. The thickness and opacity of the Charophyta cell wall often renders observations of the early germination and penetration stages quite difficult and uncertain in living material. However, these stages have now been followed under more favorable circumstances in which the obscuring factors have been less prominent. The phases which I shall discuss here relate chiefly to the successive stages of zoospore germination and the development of the apophysis and rhizoidal system.
Constraints on short-range spin-dependent interactions from scalar spin-spin coupling in deuterated molecular hydrogen.

A comparison between existing nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and calculations of the scalar spin-spin interaction (J coupling) in deuterated molecular hydrogen yields stringent constraints on anomalous spin-dependent potentials between nucleons at the atomic scale (∼ 1 A). The dimensionless coupling constant g(P)(p)g(P)(N)/4 π associated with the exchange of pseudoscalar (axionlike) bosons between nucleons is constrained to be less than 3.6 × 10(-7) for boson masses in the range of 5 keV, representing improvement by a factor of 100 over previous constraints. The dimensionless coupling constant g(A)(p)g(A)(N)/4 π associated with the exchange of an axial-vector boson between nucleons is constrained to be g(A)(p)g(A)(N)/4 π<1.3 × 10(-19) for bosons of mass ≲ 1000 eV, improving constraints at this distance scale by a factor of 100 for proton-proton couplings and more than 8 orders of magnitude for neutron-proton couplings.
Preoperative localization of a neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas with EUS-guided fine needle tattooing

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas are rare. Various imaging modalities are employed preoperatively to assist in the diagnosis and localization of these tumors. However, surgeons usually have to perform manual palpation of the pancreas and peripancreatic tissues in addition to intraoperative ultrasound to localize these tumors, especially when they are small and difficult to visualize. Aim: The purpose of this ongoing study is to demonstrate the role and safety of EUS-guided fine needle tattooing (FNT) of these tumors so they can be identified more easily at the time of surgery. Methods: Two patients with clinical and biochemical evidence of neuroendocrine tumors who failed localization with routine imaging modalities were referred for EUS. After localizing and staging each tumor, EUS-guided FNA was performed for tissue diagnosis followed by the injection of sterilized India ink within the lesions. The injection needle was initially purged with the India ink outside the lesion so as not to inject air, which may attenuate visualization of the tumor. No antibiotics were given before or after the procedure. Results:One patient with insulinoma (48 y/o, F) underwent EUS-FNT. At laparotomy the tattooed tumor was readily seen. Manual palpation and intraoperative ultrasound further proved it. No India ink was seen outside the tumor. The resected specimen confirmed that the tattooed area contained the insulinoma. The second patient (76 y/o. M) was diagnosed with a carcinoid tumor located in the peripancreatic region near the head of the pancreas. This patient also underwent EUS-FNT but refused surgery. Both patients did well post-procedure with no evidence of infectious complications. Conclusion: EUS-FNT is a promising new technique that may aid in the preoperative localization of neuroendocrine tumors and perhaps be cost effective. It might be of great importance in the era of laparoscopic enucleation of neuroendocrine tumors that has recently been described. A multi center study is warranted for further evaluation.