cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification and Immunological Identification of Metallothioneins 1 and 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana

Gene families encoding two types of metallothioneins (MTs), MT1 and MT2, have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, and their respective mRNAs have been shown to be regulated by copper in a tissue-specific manner (J. Zhou and P.B. Goldsbrough [1994] Plant Cell 6: 875–884; J. Zhou and P.B. Goldsbrough [1995] Mol Gen Genet 248: 318–328; A.S. Murphy and L. Taiz [1995] Plant Physiol 109:1–10). However, to date the protein products have not been identified. To purify MT proteins from Arabidopsis, we isolated low-molecular-mass, copper-binding, thiol-rich proteins using selective precipitation followed by size-exclusion, copper-affinity, and thiol-affinity chromatographies. Polyclonal antibodies raised against Arabidopsis MT-glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins cross-reacted with the 4.5- and 8-kD bands in immunoblots of low-molecular-mass, copper-binding proteins purified from seedling, mature leaf, and mature root tissues. The identity of the proteins was subsequently confirmed by amino acid sequencing. MT1 expression was constitutive in roots and inducible by copper in mature leaves; the reverse pattern was observed for MT2. MT2 expression was also concentrated in the growing tip of the root. The accumulation of the MT1- and MT2-encoded proteins thus parallels the regulation of their respective mRNAs with regard to tissue specificity and induction by copper. In addition, a new type of MT, designated MT3, was derived from the database, detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and tentatively identified at the protein level by amino acid sequencing of a 7-kD cysteine-rich polypeptide.
Radio-Triggered Wake-Up for Wireless Sensor Networks

Power management is an important technique to prolong the lifespan of sensor networks. Many power management protocols employ wake-up/sleep schedules, which are often complicated and inefficient. We present power management schemes that eliminate such wake-up periods unless the node indeed needs to wake up. This type of wake-up capability is enabled by a new radio-triggered hardware component inspired by the observation that the wake-up radio signal contains enough energy to trigger a wake-up process. We evaluate the potential power saving in terms of the lifespan of a sensor network application, using experimental data and SPICE circuit simulations. Comparing the result with always-on and rotation-based power management schemes, we find the radio-triggered scheme saves 98% of the energy used in the always-on scheme, and saves over 70% of the energy used in the rotation-based scheme. Consequently, the lifespan increases from 3.3 days (always-on) or 49.5 days (rotation-based) to 178 days (radio-triggered). Furthermore, a store-energy technique can extend operating distance from 10 feet to 22 feet, or even longer if longer latency is acceptable. Wake-up efficiency is evaluated in NS-2 simulations, which show that radio-triggered wake-up has fewer failures, shorter latency, and consistently larger sensing laxity than rotation based wake-up. We also present amplification and radio-triggered IDs which can further enhance performance.
Understanding kinematic data from the Moine thrust zone in terms of a kinematics-based mathematical model of deforming thrust wedges

Abstract A salient–recess pair along the Moine thrust zone exhibits significant lateral, kinematic variations. Specifically, the more steeply dipping portion of the thrust surface, associated with the recess, shows evidence for greater strain magnitudes and more out-of-the-plane motion than the adjoining salient. Additionally, a subset of the grain-shape data has grain-shape approximations with their long axes oriented perpendicular to the regional transport direction. To more fully understand these kinematic features, we developed a kinematics-based mathematical model of thrust wedge deformation. Our numerical model predicts an increase in strain magnitude as well as non-plane-strain flattening in the region of a thrust ramp, consistent with the strain patterns observed within the recess along the Moine thrust zone. Furthermore, in the absence of a lateral-confining boundary condition, much of the model thrust wedge experiences transport-perpendicular, maximum extension except for the region closest to the thrust where simple-shear deformation is dominant. Using our numerical model, we predict the amount of lateral-confining strain needed to induce plane-strain deformation ( ɛ ps ) as well as the amount of lateral-confining strain necessary to make the long axis of the strain ellipsoid parallel with the transport direction ( ɛ parallel ). We have found that the incremental ɛ parallel can be as much as 42% of the incremental strain magnitude. Thus, we consider transport-perpendicular lineations like those seen along the Moine thrust zone to be the result of lateral-confining boundary conditions that are weak enough to allow transport-perpendicular maximum extension.
Ketoconazole’s Inhibition of Fungal Antigen-Induced Thymidine Uptake by Lymphocytes from Patients with Psoriasis

Ketoconazole, an oral antifungal imidazole, has been effective in some refractory cases of psoriasis, particularly those with scalp involvement, perhaps because of suppression of Pityrosporum ovale. To assess an ancillary immunologically mediated role for ketoconazole, its effects were evaluated on psoriatic patients’ lymphocyte function. Ketoconazole in vitro markedly inhibited Pityrosporum antigen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis as indicated by impairment of cellular tritiated thymidine uptake. Ketoconazole likewise inhibited lymphocyte uptake of other pyrimidine nucleosides by both normal and psoriatic lymphocytes. Neither imidazole or an investigational triazole antifungal (Bay n7133) inhibited the uptake. Thus, ketoconazole potentially could affect psoriasis in seborrheic areas of skin by a direct antifungal action or indirectly by suppressing fungal antigen-induced lymphocyte-mediated immune responses affecting the skin.
Heterocyclic Amines V. Electrophilic Substitution in Some Carbamate Derivatives of 3-Aminothiophene

t-Butyl N-(3-thienyl)carbamate has been brominated, and neopentyl N-(3-thienyl) carbamate has been chlorinated, brominated, iodinated, acetylated, nitrated, and coupled with a diazonium salt. In all cases the incoming substituent was shown by NMR spectrum to be in the 2-position.
Do the common risk factors always capture strong variation in stock returns

This paper examines the role of stock market factors in stock returns using the generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic model. We use a time series regression approach where monthly returns on stocks are regressed on the returns to a market portfolio of stocks and mimicking portfolios for size and book-to-market equity. Implications of conditional heteroskedasticity are then documented. We show that accounting for heteroskedasticity increases the evidence that risk-adjusted returns are strongly related to common risk factors.
Occupational Therapy in Maltese Hospitals

Malta (population over 290,000) has three main hospitals: a general hospital (800 beds), a geriatric complex (1,000 beds), and a psychiatric hospital (750 beds). Gozo (population over 23,000) has a general hospital (200 beds) and a psychiatric hospital (80 beds).
Characterizing subjective responses to alcohol among adolescent problem drinkers

Theoretical models of alcoholism emphasize the acute reinforcing properties of alcohol as chief determinants of drinking, and animal research suggests adolescents are uniquely sensitive to these effects. Human studies of these phenomena, however, are virtually nonexistent. We used ecological momentary assessment methods to capture adolescents' subjective responses to alcohol in real time in their natural environments. Adolescent participants were 22 problem drinkers, ages 15 to 19 years (M = 18.3, SD = 0.09; 55% female; 55% alcohol dependent). Participants consumed alcohol on 38% of days during a 1-week monitoring period, with an average of 5 drinks per occasion. Momentary data revealed that adolescents experience decreased stimulation and increased sedation and "high" across the ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve. Notably, greater craving predicted higher volumes of subsequent alcohol consumption during the episode, whereas greater "high" attenuated use. To test for developmental differences in these effects, we pooled these data with data from a similarly ascertained sample of 36 adult heavy drinkers, ages 24 to 64 years (M = 38.1, SD = 11.8; 50% female; 61% alcohol dependent). Adolescents were more sensitive to the stimulant effects of alcohol than adults. This study provides novel data on how adolescent problem drinkers experience alcohol in their natural contexts and illustrates how these effects, which appear to differ from adult problem drinkers, confer liability for future drinking.
Combined electric and magnetic dipoles for mesoband radiation

This paper explores a new possible type of high-power mesoband radiator. This consists of a pair of dipoles, one electric and one magnetic, with aligned vectors, but π/2 (90°) out of phase. This gives a circular polarization in the far field.
Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of the mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus—III. Immunochemical studies on the nature of testicular LDH-X

Abstract 1. 1. LDH-5 (A4) from the gerbil liver was purified and antibody prepared against this isozyme in the rabbit. 2. 2. The reaction of anti-LDH-A with several purified testicular isozymes was used to determine the monomer composition of these isozymes. 3. 3. The results indicate that the major isozymes of the testes possessing LDH-X activity are hybrids of C with A and/or B monomers. 4. 4. Based on these observations, tentative subunit components are given to the various isozymes commonly occurring in the mature testes and epididymis.
Proteolytic Cleavage of the Red Blood Cell Glycocalyx in a Genetic Form of Hypertension.

Recent evidence suggests that the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has an elevated level of proteases, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), involved in cell membrane receptor cleavage. We hypothesize that SHR red blood cells (RBCs) may be subject to an enhanced glycocalyx cleavage compared to the RBCs of the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. By direct observation of RBC rouleaux, we found no significant difference in RBC aggregation for unseparated SHR and WKY RBCs. However, lighter SHR RBCs have a greater tendency to aggregate than WKY RBCs when separated by centrifugation. When SHR plasma was mixed with WKY RBCs, SHR plasma proteases cleaved the glycocalyx of WKY RBCs, a process that can be blocked by MMP inhibition. When treated with MMPs, WKY RBCs showed strong aggregation in dextran but not in fibrinogen, indicating that RBC membrane glycoproteins from the inner core of the glycocalyx were cleaved and that dextran was able to bind to the lipid portion of the RBC membrane. In contrast, treatment with amylases produced fibrinogen-induced aggregation with fibrinogen binding to the protein core. As a mechanism to remove old RBCs from the circulation, RBC adhesion to macrophages is reduced by MMP cleavage of the RBC glycocalyx.
The Erotics of Amplification in the Pamphilus de Amore

The Pamphilus de Amore, a twelfth-century comedy that recounts the seduction and rape of the virgin Galathea by the youth Pamphilus, has generated a critical controversy about whether Galathea is sincere in her protests of the rape. The Pamphilus exacerbates the difficulty of distinguishing between love from afar and sexual coercion, I argue, by exploiting the concealment inherent to the rhetorical techniques of circumvention and periphrasis. I show that Galathea does indeed try to separate violation from sex, an effort flagged most clearly when she tries to break from the text’s stylistic investment in circumlocution. If this implies that Galathea wants to call attention to the difference between sex and rape, it is also the case that her request is refused, by Pamphilus, by the Old Woman who acts as his pander, and by the text itself. In the end it is sexualized violence, rather than sex itself, that is the unnarratable center of the Pamphilus.
The attending pharmacist: roles and responsibilities.

Is the title of “attending” so foreign in the realm of pharmacy, so associated with traditional medical training, that we cannot conceptualize its meaning as including the duties of a highly skilled and specialized pharmacist? Pharmacy as a profession is an evolving landscape, a springboard of new ideas. With pharmacists advancing to more specialized roles as members of multidisciplinary health care teams and guiding students and residents, is it not time for the term to take on similar meaning and definition in this related and complimentary field? We are all familiar with the attending physician – a physician who practices medicine in a specialty learned during residency. An attending physician oversees medical students, residents, and fellows. He or she may be affiliated with a university and carry an academic title, such as professor. Even when decisions are provided by residents, interns, and medical students, the attending physician has the final responsibility for patient care. In this same manner, the title of attending pharmacist may not seem too implausible to describe the pharmacists’ roles in patient care and student education. The pharmacist uses the knowledge gained through years of schooling to positively affect patient care. He or she forms relationships of trust with physicians and can pave the way to the recognition of less senior pharmacists or those in training (ie, pharmacy residents and students) as drug experts. Physicians will then be more likely to accept their recommendations and see them as being important in optimizing patient care. The attending pharmacist is accountable both for the quality of patient care and for training and educating upcoming pharmacists.
Roll-over-Beethoven: Johnnie Ray in context

The American Johnnie Ray (1927–1990) is best known for his emotional rendition of Churchill Kohlman's song ‘Cry’, a tune that Ray recorded with Mitch Miller in 1951. This song, along with Ray's own composition, ‘The Little White Cloud That Cried’, earned Ray nicknames such as ‘The Nabob of Sob’ and ‘The Cry Guy’. Although wildly popular in the mid-1950s, Johnnie Ray was soon overshadowed by his contemporaries and has been virtually ignored by scholars.This essay situates Ray's music and his hearing impairment in the material and mediated conditions of his life. In addition to interpreting Ray's signature performances, the essay deals with Ray's childhood musicality, his appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, the influence of televangelism on Ray, cinematic contexts for his life and art, and the hearing aid technology of the 1940s and 1950s.
Development and control of licking in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)

Guinea pigs were taught to lick an electronic lickometer by successive approximations brought about by a gradually receding lickerandum-liquid feeder mounted in their home cage. All Ss learned to lick and obtain their total liquid intake by tongue licking. An optimum deprivation schedule was determined, and the response was brought under schedule control comparable to that of the rat.
Response of archaeal communities in the rhizosphere of maize and soybean to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

BACKGROUND Archaea are important to the carbon and nitrogen cycles, but it remains uncertain how rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO(2)]) will influence the structure and function of soil archaeal communities. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We measured abundances of archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA and amoA genes, phylogenies of archaeal 16S rRNA and amoA genes, concentrations of KCl-extractable soil ammonium and nitrite, and potential ammonia oxidation rates in rhizosphere soil samples from maize and soybean exposed to ambient (∼385 ppm) and elevated (550 ppm) [CO(2)] in a replicated and field-based study. There was no influence of elevated [CO(2)] on copy numbers of archaeal or bacterial 16S rRNA or amoA genes, archaeal community composition, KCl-extractable soil ammonium or nitrite, or potential ammonia oxidation rates for samples from maize, a model C(4) plant. Phylogenetic evidence indicated decreased relative abundance of crenarchaeal sequences in the rhizosphere of soybean, a model leguminous-C(3) plant, at elevated [CO(2)], whereas quantitative PCR data indicated no changes in the absolute abundance of archaea. There were no changes in potential ammonia oxidation rates at elevated [CO(2)] for soybean. Ammonia oxidation rates were lower in the rhizosphere of maize than soybean, likely because of lower soil pH and/or abundance of archaea. KCl-extractable ammonium and nitrite concentrations were lower at elevated than ambient [CO(2)] for soybean. CONCLUSION Plant-driven shifts in soil biogeochemical processes in response to elevated [CO(2)] affected archaeal community composition, but not copy numbers of archaeal genes, in the rhizosphere of soybean. The lack of a treatment effect for maize is consistent with the fact that the photosynthesis and productivity of maize are not stimulated by elevated [CO(2)] in the absence of drought.
Multilevel sampling and aggregation for discriminative training

We propose to use data sampling in the extended Baum-Welch (EBW) algorithm for maximum mutual information (MMI) based estimation of speech acoustic models, and to randomize the configurations of the sampled training sets and aggregate the numerator and denominator sufficient statistics for improving model robustness. We further combine data sampling based ensemble acoustic modeling with the data sampling based EBW, forming a two-level data sampling mechanism for acoustic model training. We conducted experiments on a telehealth conversational speech recognition task, where the two-level data sampling mechanism gave a statistically significant, absolute word accuracy gain of 3.56% over the conventional MMI baseline, corresponding to a 19.44% relative word error rate reduction.
Soft X-ray results from the Wisconsin experiment on OSO-8

Design features and capabilities of a soft X-ray instrument aboard OSO 8 are discussed, and results are presented for observations of AM Her, Her X-1, and Eta Car. The observations of AM Her indicate that: (1) the spectrum is composite, with a very steep or very-low-temperature component plus a rather flat or very-high-temperature component; (2) the relative phase of soft X-ray minimum and optical V-band primary minimum has remained stable over the interval between 1975 'high-state' observations and 1976 'low-state' observations; and (3) the times of soft X-ray minima and hard X-ray maxima coincide, to within the accuracy of the observations. For Her X-1, soft X-ray turn-on is found to lag behind hard X-ray turn-on by no more than 3 hr. It is suggested that little or no absorption of the soft X-ray component occurs during the on state by cool gas within the Her X-1 system. A strong source with a spectrum peaked between 0.4 and 1.5 keV has been detected which is consistent with a point source at the position of Eta Car.
Camptothecin and Taxol: Historic Achievements in Natural Products Research⊥

The research team of Dr. Monroe E. Wall and Dr. Mansukh C. Wani of Research Triangle Institute discovered two first-in-class life-saving chemotherapeutic agents. Camptothecin, first isolated and identified from Camptotheca acuminata, was found to kill cancer cells uniquely via topoisomerase I poisoning. Presently, two first-generation analogues of camptothecin are used to treat ovarian, colorectal, and small-cell lung cancers, and several second-generation analogues are in clinical trials. Taxol, first isolated and identified by Wall and Wani from Taxus brevifolia, was found to inhibit cancer cell growth via the stabilization of microtubules. In 1992, taxol was approved for refractory ovarian cancer and today is used against breast and non-small cell lung cancers and in Kaposi's sarcoma. While there have been numerous reviews of these molecules individually, this review offers an integrated account of the research team of "Wall and Wani" and the significance of their discoveries to chemistry, biology, and clinical medicine.
Materials Analysis, An Overview

The problem of analyzing a material is considered in its generalities. The principal characteristic of a material, some of the analytical techniques used by the semiconductor industry, and the major factors affecting an analysis are briefly reviewed. Examples of the parameters that can be measured to characterize a metallic film, a semiconductor crystal, and a dielectric thin layer are reported.
Fault-Tolerant Computing: An Introduction

FAULT-TOLERANT computing has been defined as "the ability to execute specified algorithms correctly regardless of hardware failures, total system flows, or program fallacies" [1]. This definition of fault-tolerant computing leads directly to three major subdivisions [2]:
Convergent margin on southeastern Laurentia during the Mesoproterozoic: tectonic implications

A continental-margin magmatic arc is inferred to have existed on the southeastern (present coordinates) margin of Laurentia from Labrador to Texas from ∼1500–1230 Ma, with part of the arc subsequently being incorporated into the 1190–990 Ma collisional Grenville Orogen. Outside the Grenville Province, where the arc is known as the Granite–Rhyolite Belt, it is undeformed, whereas within the Grenville Province it is deformed and metamorphosed. The arc comprises two igneous suites, an inboard, principally quartz monzonitic to granodioritic suite, and an outboard tonalitic to granodioritic suite. The quartz monzonite–granodiorite suite was largely derived from continental crust, whereas the tonalitic–granodiorite suite is calc-alkaline and has a juvenile isotopic signature. Available evidence from the Grenville Province suggests that the arc oscillated between extensional and compressional settings several times during the Mesoproterozoic. Back-arc deposits of several ages, that formed during relatively brief periods of extension, include (1) mafic dyke swarms subparallel to the arc; (2) continental sediments, bimodal volcanics and plateau basalts; (3) marine sediments and volcanics formed on stretched continental crust; and (4) ocean crust in a marginal basin. Closure of the back-arc basins occurred during the accretionary Pinwarian (∼1495–1445 Ma) and Elzevirian (∼1250–1190 Ma) orogenies, as well as during three pulses of crustal shortening associated with the 1190–990 Ma collisional Grenvillian Orogeny. During the Elzevirian Orogeny, closure of the Central Metasedimentary Belt marginal basin in the southeastern Grenville Province was marked by subduction-related magmatism as well as by imbrication of back-arc deposits. The presence of a continental-margin magmatic arc on southeastern Laurentia during the Mesoproterozoic implies that other coeval magmatism inboard from the arc took place in a back-arc setting. Such magmatism was widespread and chemically diverse and included large volume “anorogenic” anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite (AMCG) complexes as well as small volume alkaline, quartz-saturated and -undersaturated “within-plate” granitoids. Recognition of the ∼300 million year duration of the Mesoproterozoic convergent margin of southeastern Laurentia suggests that there may be useful parallels with the evolution of the Andes, which has been a convergent margin since the early Paleozoic.
A developmental model for distance learning using the Internet

The Internet opens a new generation of distance education (fourth generation), introducing sophisticated delivery tools and creating a paradigm shift with profound implications on the design of distance education courses. In order to accommodate this medium, novel curriculum design and learning models may be appropriate. In this paper, there are several instructional design models presented and a hybrid model is developed. This model integrates both constructivist and objectivist approaches to instructional design. When creating or redesigning courses for Internet distribution, content and media developers, faculty and researchers benefit from the identification of a developmental model taking into account both learning and design principles. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Implementing optimizations at decode time

The number of pipeline stages separating dynamic instruction scheduling from instruction execution has increased considerably in recent out-of-order microprocessor implementations, forcing the scheduler to allocate functional units and other execution resources several cycles before they are actually used. Unfortunately, several proposed microarchitectural optimizations become less desirable or even impossible in such an environment, since they require instantaneous or near-instantaneous changes in execution behavior and resource usage in response to dynamic events that occur during instruction execution. Since they are detected several cycles after scheduling decisions have already been made, such dynamic responses are infeasible. To overcome this limitation, we propose to implement optimizations by performing what we call speculative decode. Speculative decode alters the mapping between user-visible instructions and the implemented core instructions based on observed runtime characteristics and generates speculative instruction sequences. In these sequences, optimizations are pre-scheduled in a manner compatible with realistic pipelines with multicycle scheduling latency. We present case studies on memory reference combining and silent store squashing, and demonstrate that speculative decode performs comparably or even better than impractical in-core implementations that require zero-cycle scheduling latency.
Effect of acetylstrophanthidin on twitches, microscopic tension fluctuations and cooling contractures in rabbit ventricle.

1. We have measured the effect of the aglycone acetylstrophanthidin (ACS) on twitches, cooling contractures and microscopic tension fluctuations in rabbit ventricular muscle. 2. Both developed twitches and cooling contractures are strengthened by applications of ACS in the range 1-4 microM. This positive inotropy averages 150-160% of control (zero ACS) in both twitches and cooling contractures. Cooling contracture magnitude is assumed to reflect the availability of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ for contraction (Bridge, 1986). We infer that ACS increases the availability of SR Ca2+ by enlarging SR Ca2+ stores and this may contribute to the positive inotropy. 3. However, twitches appear to increase at lower concentrations of ACS than those required to increase cooling contractures. This observation suggests that the initial ACS inotropy may be achieved without an increase in SR Ca2+. Furthermore, low doses of ACS produce positive inotropy in the presence of 10.0 mM-caffeine where cooling contractures are abolished. This also suggests that positive inotropy occurs in the absence of SR Ca2+ accumulation. 4. Rest decay of both cooling contractures and twitches is significantly slowed in 4 and 8 microM-ACS. We infer that ACS slows the rate of decline of SR Ca2+ available for contraction by slowing the rate at which Ca2+ is lost from the cell during rest. This suggests that ACS produces a net slowing of Ca2+ efflux during activity which in the absence of altered Ca2+ influx will result in net Ca2+ gain and presumably enlarged SR Ca2+ stores. 5. Increasing the concentration of ACS (6-10 microM) results in a decline in developed twitch tension, total tension and an increase in rest tension. Measurement of microscopic tension fluctuations indicates that as developed twitches decline, the root mean square (r.m.s.) of the tension fluctuations increases in a reciprocal manner. This supports the suggestion of others that the decline in developed twitch tension and the appearance of tension fluctuations are causally related. 6. Although ACS (6-10 microM) causes a decline in twitch tension, rapid cooling contractures remain elevated. We suggest that in the presence of Ca2+ oscillations the magnitude of cooling contractures reflects the sum of cytosolic Ca2+ and Ca2+ that is available for release. If microscopic tension fluctuations do represent Ca2+ moving between the SR and cytosol the sum of SR and cytosolic Ca2+ and hence cooling contracture might not decline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Phase Transition in Gold Nuclei at 10.6A GeV

The charge (Z) distribution of multifragment decays of 197Au projectile at 10.6A GeV in nuclear emulsion is fitted with a power-law. The moments of nuclear charged fragment distribution provide strong evidence that nuclear matter possesses critical point observables. The observed values of the critical exponents γ, β and τ are very close to those for a liquid–gas system.
Designs of optical cloak with nonlinear transformations

Two novel designs for optical cloaking based on nonlinear transformations for TM and TE polarizations are presented. This critical development builds upon our previous work on nonmagnetic cloak designs and high-order transformations.
THE GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN

In just three years, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has vaulted from obscurity to become one of the most widely studied and exploited proteins in biochemistry and cell biology. Its amazing ability to generate a highly visible, efficiently emitting internal fluorophore is both intrinsically fascinating and tremendously valuable. High-resolution crystal structures of GFP offer unprecedented opportunities to understand and manipulate the relation between protein structure and spectroscopic function. GFP has become well established as a marker of gene expression and protein targeting in intact cells and organisms. Mutagenesis and engineering of GFP into chimeric proteins are opening new vistas in physiological indicators, biosensors, and photochemical memories.
Differential effects of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder symptoms on cognitive and fear processing in female offenders

Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (APD) have long been considered important risk factors for criminal behavior and incarceration. However, little is known about the psychobiological underpinnings that give rise to the disinhibited behavior of female offenders. Using an instructed fear-conditioning paradigm and a sample of incarcerated female offenders, we manipulated attentional focus and cognitive load to characterize and differentiate between the dysfunctional cognitive and affective processes associated with these syndromes. We used fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and event-related potentials as measures of affective and cognitive processing, respectively. After controlling for APD symptoms, psychopathic women displayed greater FPS while attending directly to threat-relevant stimuli and displayed less FPS while performing a demanding task that directed attention to threat-irrelevant information. Conversely, controlling for psychopathy, women with high APD symptoms displayed less overall FPS, especially when instructed to focus on threat-relevant stimuli. However, as the demands on cognitive resources increased, they displayed greater FPS. For both psychopathy and APD, analysis of the event-related potentials qualified these findings and further specified the abnormal cognitive processes associated with these two syndromes. Overall, simultaneous analysis of psychopathy and APD revealed distinct patterns of cognitive processing and fear reactivity.
Paradigmatic Faults in International‐Relations Theory

American scholars routinely characterize the study of international relations as divided between various Kuhnian “paradigms” or Lakatosian “research programmes.” Although most international relations scholars have abandoned Kuhn's account of scientific continuity and change, many utilize Lakatosian criteria to assess the “progressive” or “degenerative” character of various theories and approaches in the field. We argue that neither specific areas of inquiry (such as the “democratic peace”) nor broader approaches to world politics (such as realism, liberalism, and constructivism) deserve the label of “paradigms” or “research programmes.” As an alternative, we propose mapping the field through Weberian techniques of ideal-typification.
The effects of reinforcement magnitude on skill acquisition for children with autism

We examined the effects of reinforcement magnitude on skill acquisition during discrete-trial training. After conducting a magnitude preference assessment, we compared acquisition during conditions with large and small magnitudes of edible reinforcement to a praise-only condition. Although all participants showed a preference for the large-magnitude reinforcer, preference did not predict the magnitude that produced the fastest skill acquisition.
A Bryophyte Species List for Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, with Comments on Several New and Noteworthy Records

Abstract. We present a substantially revised and updated bryophyte flora for the 2.4 million ha Denali National Park and Preserve (DNPP) based on wide-ranging field investigations conducted over the period 2001–2011. We visited 39 inventory sites and 45 vegetation monitoring study areas within DNPP, increasing the number of bryophyte taxa previously known by 147. 499 taxa are reported in this updated flora (380 moss taxa in 134 genera and 119 liverwort taxa in 43 genera). We provide geographic and ecological summaries through annotations and distribution maps for 24 of the most noteworthy finds, as well as comments on patterns of bryophyte community composition and dominance in this large and previously poorly-studied region.
Efflux of chloride ions during the action potential of Nitella.

THIS communication is prompted by a report of Spyropoulos, Tasaki and Haywood1 that they were unable to confirm the findings of Gaffey and Mullins2 that in Chara there is an efflux of chloride ions during an action potential. It would appear, however, that the experimental conditions of Spyropoulos et al. were not such as to make a demonstration possible. This is shown by the following calculations. A Nitella cell, 0.06 cm in diameter by 4 cm in length, has a volume of 0.011 cm3 and very nearly 0.66 cm2 of surface area. The volume of the cell is nearly all sap and if its [Cl] is taken as 100 µmole/cm3 then a cell contains 1.1 µmole Cl−. With a membrane capacity of 1 µF/cm2 and an action potential of 100 mV, 1 × 10−12 mole of Cl− must be lost to produce the potential change, per cm2 or 0.66 pmole for the Nitella cell. The cells used by Spyropoulos et al.. had 1,000 c.p.m. chlorine-36 and 1 µmole Cl−, so that each c.p.m. represented 10−9 mole Cl− and the expected loss for an action potential is about 1/1,000th of a c.p.m. Forty stimuli were delivered—this would increase the efflux but the efflux was collected in 20 fractions so that the total efflux to be expected for the experiment would be 2/1,000ths of a c.p.m. in each fraction. In the experiments with Chara2 the quantities of Cl− lost were 500–5,000 times greater than that calculated above and were equivalent to K+ loss, while the action potential was 200 mV, or considerably greater than that in Nitella. The K+ loss demonstrated by Spyropoulos et al. ought to equal Cl− loss, but in the absence of information on the specific activity of their potassium-42 in the cell no calculation is possible. The specific activities of potassium-42 and chlorine-36 as supplied by the Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, are as 2.000 : 1, and for equal loading times the intracellular potassium would be preferentially labelled. What does seem clear is that the extent to which cells were labelled with chlorine-36 was inadequate to detect an extra efflux of activity (over the resting Cl− efflux and over background).
Impact of Placement of Small Cells on Downlink Performance for Cellular Wireless Networks

In this paper, we consider a cellular system whose downlink transmissions are managed by the use of a heterogeneous layout of macro and micro base station nodes. Our objective is to determine the impact of the addition of small cells on the throughput capacity of the downlink system in each individual cell. For this purpose, we first determine the locations in each cell at which a mobile would monitor the lowest SINR levels, which is important in evaluating the system's scope level of global coverage. The configuration of modulation/coding sets and related code rate levels are adjusted accordingly. Assuming base station nodes to coordinate their downlink transmissions by using coloring oriented schedules, we prove that mobiles record the lowest SINR levels when they are located at the outer vertices of each cell's region. We further prove that in fact, by using properly coordinated scheduling mechanisms, the inclusion of small cells leads to also enhanced throughput rate in each individual cell.
Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1/mOct1) Is Localized in the Apical Membrane of Caco-2 Cell Monolayers and Enterocytes

Organic cation transporters (OCTs) are members of the solute carrier 22 family of transporter proteins that are involved in absorption, distribution, and excretion of organic cations. OCT3 is localized in the apical (AP) membrane of enterocytes, but the literature is ambiguous about OCT1 (mOct1) localization, with some evidence suggesting a basolateral (BL) localization in human and mouse enterocytes. This is contrary to our preliminary findings showing AP localization of OCT1 in Caco-2 cell monolayers, an established model of human intestinal epithelium. Therefore, this study aims at determining the localization of OCT1 (mOct1) in Caco-2 cells, and human and mouse enterocytes. Functional studies using OCT1-specific substrate pentamidine showed transporter-mediated AP but not BL uptake in Caco-2 cells and human and mouse intestinal tissues. OCT1 inhibition decreased AP uptake of pentamidine by ∼50% in all three systems with no effect on BL uptake. A short hairpin RNA-mediated OCT1 knockdown in Caco-2 cells decreased AP uptake of pentamidine by ∼50% but did not alter BL uptake. Immunostaining and confocal microscopy in all three systems confirmed AP localization of OCT1 (mOct1). Our studies unequivocally show AP membrane localization of OCT1 (mOct1) in Caco-2 cells and human and mouse intestine. These results are highly significant as they will require reinterpretation of previous drug disposition and drug-drug interaction studies where conclusions were drawn assuming BL localization of OCT1 in enterocytes. Most importantly, these results will require revision of the regulatory guidance for industry in the United States and elsewhere because it has stated that OCT1 is basolaterally localized in enterocytes.
The Humanities Interface of Nursing and Medicine

In the 1970s, the field of medical humanities developed and included ethics, literature, history, integrative medicine, and other topics, most often described from a physician’s perspective. During this same period of revolutionary changes in health care, nursing curricula did not seek to emphasize content in humanities, perhaps because stereotypical views of nursing as the bcaring professionQ made such coursework seem redundant. In 2001, as a result of the Institute of Medicine’s call for all health professionals to be educated in interdisciplinary teams, there was a new focus on the importance of interdisciplinary education. Collaborative experiences in the humanities can foster professional relationships that lead to professional growth, promote collaboration, and enhance patient-centered care. The purpose of this article is to describe the relevance of humanities to the interdisciplinary education and practice of health care providers. This article extends the thinking about the value of interdisciplinary education beyond the traditional dimensions of evidence-based practice, quality improvement, and informatics to humanities. Ways to provide nurses and physicians with interdisciplinary humanistic experiences are illustrated through an overview of projects jointly developed by the School of Nursing and the College of Medicine at The Pennsylvania State University. (Index words: Humanities; Interdisciplinary; Physicians; Nursing)
Lower Court Defiance of (Compliance with) the U.S. Supreme Court

Why do lower courts defy (comply with) higher courts? To address this question, we assess two distinct and, to some extent, competing theoretical accounts. The first, suggested by prominent law professors, is a model based on the theory of teams, which assumes a shared conception of the judicial role. The other is a principal-agent model that assumes heterogeneous policy preferences among judges and examines the incentives and opportunities created by various institutional features of the modern judicial hierarchy. So that their will be no mystery about it, we find that the answer lies neither exclusively in team theory nor in the agency model but rather in the intersection between the two: lower court judges engage in dynamic hierarchical interpretation, that is, they are far more attentive to the sitting Supreme Court than to their own ideological preferences or even to the Supreme Court that enacted the precedent. This finding, as we sketch at the end of the paper, has important implications for the study of higher and lower courts.
Prevention and treatment of postoperative thrombophlebitis

Summary No satisfactory routine procedure has been devised for the prevention of postoperative thrombophlebitis. Certain measures have been discussed which will help to minimize the three essential factors of local vein injury, slowing of venous blood flow and alteration in the coagulability of the blood. Postoperative thrombophlebitis Inay be successfully treated in the acute stage by adequate elevation of the limb and the use of extensive hot wet packs locally. It is advisable to get the patient up as soon as the temperature has been normal for three days, swelling below the knee has subsided and local tenderness in the involved veins has disappeared. As soon as the patient is out of bed it is necessary to equip him with an adequate leg support and for this a heavy pure rubber bandage is recommended. The bandage can usually be discarded in from three to twelve months without the subsequent appearance of any signs or sy-nlptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. Once the clinical picture of acute postoperative femoral or iliac thrombophlebitis has appeared, the danger of fatal pulmonary embolism is small.
Haptic wind

A new wearable haptic system is proposed for interactive immersive Virtual Reality (VR) installations. The core of the system is a common cooling CPU fan attached to a user hand, tracked in 3D, and operated from a host computer. The proposed system is suitable for entertainment applications where immersed VR users interact with fuzzy, cloud-like or jelly-like objects, producing soft and gentle tactile sensations upon contact with user hands.
Chinese Woman Association and the Disaster Relief from Beijing Women's Class

The devastating San Francisco earthquake in 1906 destroyed the Chinatown and made it lay in the ruins. The ensuing displacements of tens of thousands of homeless overseas Chinese compatriots suffered from that catastrophe drew great attention of the Beijing Women's Class and led to the movements for relieving distress of those refugees and displaced victims. During the movements the earliest women's organization in Beijing history was established.
Discovery of the Buergen ophiolitic mélange belt in Xinjiang and its tectonic significance

The Buergen ophiolitic melange belt found recently by the authors is exposed in the Ertix(Irtys)suture zone between the Siberian plate and Kazakhstan-Junggar plate in northern Xinjiang and extends in a NW direction.The rock is chiefly marked by mixing of blocks of various ophiolite components of varying size and nature in mylonized matrix.The matrix consists dominantly of mylonized volcanic rocks,tuff and strongly fragmented pyroclastic rocks.The ophiolite blocks are mainly carbonatized ultramafites(?),basalt,gabbro and cherts.Basalt has the OIB and IAB features.Tholeiite has a zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age of 352 Ma,suggesting that the formation of the ophiolites may have continued till the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous.This discovery is of great significance for understanding the late Paleozoic ophiolitic melange belt in the area north of the Junggar basin of China and its extension beyond China.
Emphysematous Cystitis Associated with Clostridium Perfringens Bacteremia

Anaerobes are recognized rarely as the cause of urinary tract infection. A case is reported in which there were clinical signs of sepsis, positive blood culture for Clostridium perfringens and radiographic demonstration of emphysematous cystitis without any other recognized source of infection.
Relative importance of habitat attributes to predation risk in a temperate reef fish

Complex habitats serve as a refuge by impeding predator movement and the detection and capture of prey. The attributes that make up these habitats often covary and are difficult to evaluate. The purpose of our study was to understand how attributes of habitat structure contribute to the survival of a temperate rocky reef fish, the bluebanded goby, Lythrypnus dalli. We first used natural substrata (rock) and then artificial standardized habitat units (SHUs) to explore attributes that likely reduce predation of L. dalli. Survival was positively related to the size of rock, but multiple attributes covaried, including rugosity, interstitial space between rocks, total surface area, rock height, and the number of rocks per plot. Using SHUs, we manipulated gap distance (to limit predator access) and potential refuge volume (interstitial space) orthogonally between artificial ‘rocks’ while controlling other habitat attributes. Degree of predator access (PA) was more influential on survival of individuals when combined with low interstitial space (IS) than high, but a combination of low IS and low PA was necessary for consistently high survival. We also conducted a behavioral laboratory experiment to ascertain whether the distribution of L. dalli among configurations of habitat differed in the presence and absence of an important predator, the kelp bass, Paralabrax clathratus. Individuals selected habitat configurations with low spacing between structures, consistent with survival patterns observed in the field. Our study indicates that habitat attributes vary in their importance to survival, but their combined effects may be greater than those of any single attribute.
Energy and nutrient intake of children with cancer

When a dietitian counsels a pediatric patient with cancer, a primary concern should be the need for the child to maintain an adequate caloric intake.
Pump and Loss Effects on Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing Quantum Statistics

Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) has been identified by Yuen and Shapiro1 as a possible way to generate two-photon coherent state (TCS) light. Their model, although quantum mechanically consistent, quantized only the probe waves; the pump waves and the medium were treated classically. Furthermore, other real effects that sometimes hamper DFWM experiments, such as loss and self focusing, were ignored. Because the key non-classical characteristic of TCS light, its quadrature noise squeezing, is destroyed by excessive loss and fluctuations, it is desirable to include these effects in analyzing a DFWM TCS-generation experiment. In this paper, we extend the model of Yuen and Shapiro to include the effects of pump quantum noise, and loss in the four-wave mixer. The two problems will be treated separately.
Remote Sensing of Cloud Physical Parameters

There has been growing interest in the use of a combination of near infrared, thermal infrared, and thermal microwave radiometry to retrieve cloud physical properties. The cloud properties to be retrieved are the cloud optical thickness, cloud top pressure, volume scattering coefficient, hydrometeor phase and size, cloud top temperature, ice water content and/or liquid water content and cloud geometrical thickness. The retrieval effort will make use of measurements from the Multispectral Cloud Radiometer (MCR), Cloud Lidar System (CLS), and Advanced Microwave Moisture Sounder (AMMS).