cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unity in Diversity in the Celebration of Cattle‐Curing Rites in a North Indian Village: A Study in the Resolution of Conflict

and the ceremony was held. We suggest that this happened principally because of the existence of a few cultural themes of great antiquity held in common by all villagers. In addition, parts of Akhta have been eliminated, modified, or reinterpreted to reconcile them with Arya Samaj teachings. These modifications probably took place over a period of years, beginning with the introduction of Arya Samaj into the village. Hence the resolution of the dispute here reported is part of a long process of culture change. IN AN earlier comparison of two mother-goddess ceremonies, one urban and the other rural, we noted that "despite the diversity of Hinduism, it possesses an underlying unity" and that "a small number of basic principles provides philosophical justification for the variety of practices, often making seeming incompatibles compatible" (Freed and Freed 1962: 246). This underlying unity appears to be characteristic of Hinduism, of the culture area of North India, and probably of India as a whole. Others have commented on this (Brown 1961:428, 429; Zimmer 1951:601); and Opler, in discussing the political and economic aspects of village India, mentions "unity in diversity" as a phrase used often by Indians to describe their own culture (Opler 1960: 187). We suggest that there are constant themes within Indian culture; that they evolved early in Indian history and were incorporated into and perpetuated by the sacred literature of Hinduism; and that these themes provide the integration and unity underlying the diverse and sometimes conflicting elements that exist in Indian culture. In this paper we describe the resolution of a conflict of beliefs on the holding of a cattle-curing ceremony, known as Akhta, during an epidemic of cattle disease that occurred in Shanti Nagar (a pseudonym), a village in northern India. For Akhta to be celebrated, the village council would have to vote in favor of it because the ceremony requires that the village be closed to the outside world and that all villagers participate. The conflict arose from the religious ideology of two groups: members of the Jat caste who follow Arya Samaj, a reform sect of Hinduism, and are known as Samajis; and members of the Brahmin caste who follow Sanatan Dharma, orthodox Hinduism, and are called Sanatanis. The leader of a powerful Jat faction, a strict follower of Arya Samaj, was opposed to holding Akhta. The difference of opinion was a
Preparation of N‐alkenyl‐ and N‐m‐styryl‐phosphoramidates and their application as flame retardants for wood

Interaction of organophosphorus halides with allylamine and diallylamine yields N-alkenyl-phosphoramidates: with m-aminostyrene, N-m-styryl derivatives are obtained. These compounds may be polymerised with varying degrees of facility by heat, free-radical or ammonium persulphate initiation to yield resins or gums. The preparation and properties of phosphoramidate monomers obtained by condensation of these unsaturated amines with mono- and bifunctional phosphoro-, phosphono- and phosphonothio-chloridates is described. The attempted condensation of phosphoramidates with αβ-unsaturated acid chlorides to obtain N-unsaturated acyl phosphoramidates gave syrups which resinified on heating to yield brittle solids high in phosphorus and nitrogen. Some of the compounds described have been used to impregnate wood blocks, and polymerised in situ, either by heat, chemical or irradiation initiation, and they imparted flame-retardant properties to the wood which were resistant to cold-water leaching.
Surface acoustic wave-superlattice interaction in separate-medium structure

Abstract The acoustoelectric effect in GaAs and A l As superlattices is investigated using a separate medium convolver structure. The acoustoelectric interaction in the superlattice is of fundamental interest and may provide the basis for nondestructive characterization of the superlattices and novel devices. The magnitude and polarity of the acoustoelectric voltages exhibit strong temperature and surface acoustic wave (SAW) frequency dependencies. The TAV spectrum exhibits structures at the above GaAs bandgap photon energies. The SAW frequency dependence of the acousto-electric voltages is attributed to generation of elastic waves in the superlattice. Structures in the TAV spectrum are attributed to electronic transitions among valence and conduction band sublevels in the quantum wells. The agreement between these experimentally determined energies and their calculated values is better than one percent.
Punishment and resistance to extinction using a within-subjects design

Subjects were given intermittent punishment (IP) in one alley and continuous food reinforcement (CRF) in a discriminately different alley using a within-subject design such that punished-to-reinforced trial transitions occurred to the IP alley (GroupP-P) or to the CRF alley (Group SP-C). Group SP-1 was given IP in both alleys, but punished-to-reinforced trials occurred in only one of the alleys. All three groups showed increased resistance to extinction relative to a CRF control group (i.e., an intermittent punishment effect). However, the absence of any within-subject differences in resistance to extinction failed to support the hypothesis that phenomena produced by partial reinforcement are also produced by the IP procedure. The applicability of partial reinforcement theories to intermittent punishment and the boundary conditions of these theories was considered.
The biosynthesis of proteoglycans and interstitial collagens by bovine pericardial fibroblasts

Abstract The biosynthesis of interstitial collagens (types I and III) and proteoglycans was studied in fibroblasts isolated from the parietal layer of bovine pericardium. Confluent cultures were labeled with Na235SO4 for proteoglycans or 14C-proline for collagens. The proteoglycans synthesized by pericardial fibroblasts were purified by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and further fractionated into three components by gelfiltration. Two minor high molecular weight proteoglycans were shown by SDS-PAGE to be resistant to chondroitinase ABC and AC, and partially degraded by nitrous acid. The major, low molecular weight proteoglycan had a core protein of 45 kDa and is considered to be a dermatan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan since it was resistant to nitrous acid, but digested partially by chondroitinase AC and completely by ABC. The pericardial fibroblasts synthesized predominantly type I collagen and low amounts (about 10%) of type III collagen which was detected by delayed reduction on SDS-PAGE. The data show that pericardial fibroblasts synthesize the same macromolecules that can be extracted from the intact tissue and suggest that the proteoglycan may play a structural as well as physiological role.
Chondroid Syringoma: A Rare Tumor of the Chest Wall

Chondroid syringoma, an uncommon, slow-growing, benign, sweat-gland tumor located on the upper right chest wall of a 66-year-old woman is presented. This skin adenexal tumor is typically located on the head and neck region. The unusual location of chondroid syringoma made an accurate preoperative diagnosis difficult, and diagnosis was achieved only by excisional biopsy and histopathologic examination. Total surgical excision remains the best therapeutic option to avoid tumor recurrence and close follow-up is recommended because of a rare possibility of malignant transformation and visceral metastases.
The Domestic Policies of Peter III and His Overthrow

H iISTORIANS of Russia have been kind to neither the reign nor the personality of Peter III. The descriptions of Peter as a man are usually based on the portrait sketched by his wife, Catherine II, who had good reason to make him appear as ridiculous and unappealing as possible. The reign, which lasted only from Christmas Day 176I to June 28, 1762, iS usually dismissed in a few sentences, with notice taken only of the end of compulsory service for the nobility and of Peter's fawning admiration of Frederick II and all things Prussian, a mania that robbed Russia of the fruits of her spectacular victories in the Seven Years' War. If we add the dissatisfaction of the Guards regiments with their new Prussianstyle uniforms and the threat of their transfer from the capital to fight for the emperor's interests in his native Holstein, we have exhausted the common explanation for his dethronement and violent death at the hands of Catherine's favorites.' The historian of peasant attitudes N. N. Firsov has pointed out, however, that
Carbonate Cements: Their Regional Distribution and Interpretation in Mississippian Limestones of Southwestern New Mexico

Calcite cements in Mississippian skeletal packstones and grainstones of southwestern New Mexico are dominated by echinoderm-syntaxial, inclusion-free calcites that can be divided into four major compositional zones (from oldest to youngest: zone 1, 2, 3, 5) based mainly on varying Fe11 and MnII contents. These compositional zones are interpreted as‘time stratigraphic’ units as indicated by petrographic evidence for age gaps between zones, and by consistency of their ages on a regional scale. As such, these cement zones can be correlated over most or all of the approximately 30,000 km2 of study area, based on similarity of age, number and sequence of major zones. The inclusion-free calcite cements comprise approximately 95% of the total cements, of which the pre-Pennsylvanian zones (zones 1, 2, 3) make up about 60%, and the post-Mississippian zone 5 makes up about 40% of the total cements. These cements are interpreted as meteoric phreatic on the basis of MnII and FeII content, crystal clarity, cement morphology, substrate selectivity, low Mg content, and absence of marine and vadose characteristics. In the southern part of the study area zone 2 contains significant amounts of meteoric-marine mixing-zone phreatic cements. These mixing-zone cements are identified by their similarity in morphology, luminescence and substrate selectivity to the inclusion-free meteoric phreatic cements, but contain microdolomite inclusions indicative of former high-Mg calcites. Their restriction to the south is interpreted to have resulted from relatively long residence time of the mixing zone in the south during zone 2 precipitation. Strictly marine subtidal and beachrock cements make up less than 1% of the total cements, and meteoric vadose cements are virtually absent. Regional distribution of the pre-Pennsylvanian cement zones suggests a model of cementation during a world-wide late Mississippian eustatic regression identified by Vail & Mitchum (1976). Specifically, pre-zone 1 and zone 1 meteoric phreatic cements formed during regression within a shallow oxygenated (?) groundwater system; zone 2 formed during the later part of the regression and during stillstand in a deep-seated, more extensive flow system; zone 3 formed during subsequent transgression in a shallow groundwater system. The post-Chester, pre-Pennsylvanian unconformity resulted mainly in microkarsting and weathering. The main difference, other. than scale, between this model and those derived from diagenetic studies of Quaternary limestones is that it implies that major cementation occurred during sea-level changes in cpeiric settings, rather than only during stillstands.
Reduced Expression of Alpha MHC in Failing, Pre-LVAD Human Myocardium Contributes to Depressed Rates of ATP Utilization

The ventricles of human myocardium normally express low levels of α myosin heavy chain (MHC) on a predominately β MHC background. However, in heart failure the distribution changes to ∼100% β MHC with virtually undetectable levels of α MHC. While it has been known for some time that α MHC exhibits greater rates of ATP utilization and maximal shortening velocity (Vmax), we have recently shown that the low level of α MHC normally present in the ventricles of larger mammals increases the rate of rise of force compared to myocardium expressing 100% β MHC. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the loss of α MHC in human heart failure impairs contraction kinetics and contributes to mechanical dysfunction by measuring the rate of ATP utilization and isometric force in normal donor hearts and in failing myocardium excised from patients prior to the implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Permeabilized multicellular preparations from normal myocardium yielded maximal rates of ATP turnover approximately 3-fold greater than in pre-LVAD failing myocardium, while maximal isometric force between the two groups was similar. This equates to a nearly 3-fold greater tension cost in normal human myocardium, and it is possible that the lower tension cost observed in failing myocardium would enhance the efficiency of contraction under conditions of impaired energetics. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE indicated a reduction in α MHC content in pre-LVAD, failing myocardium compared to normal myocardium. These results suggest that a loss of α MHC in human heart failure would be at least partly responsible for the decrease in contractile function and would contribute to lower rates of pressure development (dP/dt) in vivo, ultimately impairing both systole and diastole. This work supported by NIH RO1-HL61635 (RLM).
Slip due to Rarefaction, Surface Roughness, and Intermolecular Interactions for Gases and Liquids

In the present study, slip phenomena are investigated in two different sets of experiments conducted in gases and one Newtonian liquid. Overall, differences in near-surface slip behavior are illustrated for these two different fluid mediums, where the slip is induced surface roughness and rarefaction in the gases, and by surface roughness and intermolecular interactions in the liquid. Within both sets of experiments, flows are induced within micro-fluidic passages by rotation within C-shaped fluid chambers formed between a rotating disk and a stationary surface. When gases are employed, accommodation coefficients are determined in a unique manner from experimental results and analysis based on the Navier-Stokes equations. In all cases, roughness size is large compared to molecular mean free path. When channel height is defined at the tops of the roughness elements, slip is believed to be a result of rarefaction as well as fluid shear. With this arrangement, tangential accommodation coefficients decrease and slip velocity magnitudes increase, at a particular value of Knudsen number, as the level of surface roughness increases. With Newtonian water as the working fluid, hydrophobic roughness is used to induce near-wall slip in the fluid chamber. The magnitudes of slip length and slip velocities increase as the average size of the surface roughness becomes larger. The resulting slip length data show a high degree of organization when normalized using the fluid chamber height, such that experimental data obtained using different chamber heights and different disk roughness magnitudes collapse along a single line, illustrating strong linear dependence of the slip length on the normalized radial-line-averaged shear stress.© 2011 ASME
Social scientists and the new tuberculosis

In much of the world, tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading killer of young adults, in spite of the fact that effective chemotherapy has existed for 50 years. The epidemiology of TB, with its persistence in poor countries and resurgence among the poor of many industrialized nations, causes consternation among those charged with protecting the public's health. Two factors, ostensibly biological in nature, are commonly cited to explain this setback: the advent of HIV and the emergence of TB strains resistant to multiple drugs (MDR TB). But the strikingly patterned occurrence of MDR TB-in the United States afflicting those in homeless shelters and in the inner city, for example-speaks to some of the large-scale social forces at work in the new epidemic, which began before the advent of HIV. These forces (which include poverty, economic inequality, political violence, and racism) are examined through the experience of a young Haitian man with MDR TB, a disease never before described in Haiti. Insights from this case, and from other research on TB and HIV disease, are considered in the light of past anthropological writings on TB. It is argued that, often, social scientists mar contributions to an understanding of TB by making "immodest claims of causality" regarding its distribution and course. Alternative strategies for future sociomedical research on MDR TB are proposed.
Phonon and polariton dynamics and the existence of long-lived acoustic phonons

Coherent states of optical phonons and polaritons are created through coherent Raman excitation (CRE) and their dephasing is determined through pico- and femtosecond time resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (TRCARS). The temperature dependence of the dephasing is used to identify the acoustic phonons generated from the decay of coherent optical states. The general decay channel involves the decay of the optical phonons and polaritons into two acoustic phonons each with one half the optical phonon energy and with compensating wave vectors. In some cases the decay channel is more complicated. In order to conserve momentum one of the phonons is near the positive X-point and the other near the negative X-point of the Brillouin zone. The TA phonon is on the lowest dispersion branch and, therefore, cannot further decay into lower energy phonons and still obey energy and momentum conservation. Thus to third order in the decay kinetics the TA phonons should have infinite lifetime. Our observations lead to a TA phonon lifetime of 66.5 +/- 5 ns.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Detection of the 5‐HT1A receptor and 5‐HT1A receptor mRNA in the rat bowel and pancreas: Comparison with 5‐HT1Preceptors

We tested the hypothesis that the rat bowel and pancreas contain 5-HT1A receptors. 3H-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (3H-8-OH-DPAT) was used as a radioligand. Binding of 3H-8-OH-DPAT to membranes derived from the myenteric plexus and the pancreas was investigated by rapid filtration. Alternatively, radioautography was employed to locate 3H-8-OH-DPAT binding sites in frozen sections of unfixed bowel or pancreas. An excess of 5-HT (10 μM) was used to define nonspecific binding. Saturable, high affinity binding of 3H-8-OH-DPAT to enteric (Kd= 2.8 ± 1.1 nM; Bmax =83.8 ± 4.3 fmol/mgproteim) and pancreatic (Kd = 6.6 ± 1.3 nM; Bmax = 44 ± 2.2 fmol/mg protein) membranes was found. The binding of 3H-8-OH-DPAT to enteric and pancreatic membranes was inhibited by 8-OH-DPAT, NAN-190, and spiperone. In contrast, the binding of 3H-8-OH-DPAT to enteric and pancreatic membranes was not inhibited by 5-carboxyamidotryptamine, or by avariety of compounds known to bind to other subtypes of 5-HT receptor. Digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotides were found to detect mRNA encoding the 5-HT1A receptor in a subset of neurons in myenteric and submucosal ganglia. In contrast, 5-HT1A mRNA was not found in the pancreas. Radioautography revealed that the highest density of 3H-8-OH-DPAT binding sites was found in the stomach. These sites were especially numerous in the lamina propria adjacent to gastric glands, and in myenteric ganglia. Pancreatic 5-HT1Areceptors were located on nerves, lymphoid tissue (especially the capsule of nodes), and on cells scattered in the pancreatic parenchyma. The concentration of 3H-8-OH-DPAT binding sites in the rat bowel and pancreas was less than that of 3H-5-HT binding sites; however, the distribution of 3H-8-OH-DPAT binding sites was similar to that of sites that bind 3H-5-HT. It is concluded that the rat gut and its extension in the pancreas contains 5-HT1A receptors. Many, if not all, of the nerve cells and processes that express 5-HT1A receptors express 5-HT1p receptors as well. The function of these receptors in the physiology of the entero-pancreatic innervation remains to be determined. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vibration analysis of axially moving magnetic tape with comparisons to static and dynamic experimental results

The demand for greater storage capacity is prompting the development of data storage tape with greater volumetric and areal density. As the data tracks on these tapes become narrower, minimization of the lateral tape motion (LTM) becomes more important to prevent loss of data due to read/write errors. In order to identify and minimize sources of LTM, a vibration model is developed which simplifies the tape drive to a fixed-fixed Euler-Bernoulli beam model with axial velocity. The effects of varying axial velocity, tension, free span length, and tape thickness were investigated. The calculated natural frequencies are compared to those obtained by both static and dynamic experiments. Effects of varying the length, tape thickness, and tension were studied in the static experiment while the effects of changing speed and tension were studied in the dynamic experiment.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of digoxin: impact of endogenous and exogenous digoxin-like immunoreactive substances.

Digoxin is a cardioactive drug with a narrow therapeutic range. Therapeutic drug monitoring is essential in clinical practice for efficacy as well as to avoid digoxin toxicity. Immunoassays are commonly used in clinical laboratories for determination of serum or plasma digoxin concentrations. Unfortunately, digoxin immunoassays are affected by both endogenous and exogenous compounds. Endogenous compounds are termed ‘digoxin-like immunoreactive substances’ (DLIS), which are found in elevated concentrations in volume-expanded patients. Exogenous compounds that interfere with digoxin assays are various drugs such as spironolactone, potassium canrenoate as well as Digibind® (Fab fragment of antidigoxin antibody), which is used in treating life-threatening digoxin overdose. Moreover, various Chinese medicines such as Chan Su, Lu-Shen Wan and oleander-containing herbal preparations also interfere with serum digoxin measurements by immunoassays. Monitoring unbound (free) digoxin concentration may under certain circumstances eliminate such interferences. Clinicians should be aware of limitations of therapeutic drug monitoring of digoxin using immunoassays.
A prospective study of the feasibility and acceptability of a Web-based, electronic patient-reported outcome system in assessing patient recovery after major gynecologic cancer surgery

Purpose The purposes of this study are to evaluate the feasibility of capturing patient-reported outcomes (PROs) electronically and to identify the most common distressing symptoms in women recovering from major gynecologic cancer surgery.
Effects of aging on biologically active pituitary lh in rats

The effects of aging in the male rat on serum testosterone and LH and on the amounts of immunoreac-tive and biologically active pituitary LH were studied. Animals were killed at three, six, 12 and 24 months of age and serum and pituitary extracts prepared. Serum testosterone was significantly reduced by six months of age and remained at this low level throughout the study. The serum testosterone circadian rhythm was severely blunted in old animals. Serum LH was not effected by aging. Pituitary immunoreactive LH content was significantly decreased by 24 months of age, whereas the biological to immunological (B/I) ratio was not altered. However, the absolute amount of biologically active pituitary LH declined steadily with age from six months. These age-related effects were not caused by a gross redistribution of pituitary LH charge isohormones. These results suggest that the hypostimulated testis in the aging male rat may be related to a reduced amount of biologically active LH available for secretion.
Exposing image splicing with inconsistent local noise variances

Image splicing is a simple and common image tampering operation, where a selected region from an image is pasted into another image with the aim to change its content. In this paper, based on the fact that images from different origins tend to have different amount of noise introduced by the sensors or post-processing steps, we describe an effective method to expose image splicing by detecting inconsistencies in local noise variances. Our method estimates local noise variances based on an observation that kurtosis values of natural images in band-pass filtered domains tend to concentrate around a constant value, and is accelerated by the use of integral image. We demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of our method based on several sets of forged images generated with image splicing.
Role of pulse repetition frequency and exposure duration on the superthreshold behavior of ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage in adult mice and rats

Superthreshold behavior for ultrasound-induced lung haemorrhage was investigated in 150 mice and 150 rats at 2.8 MHz to assess the role of pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and exposure duration (ED). Each species was divided into 15 exposure groups (10 per group) for a 3/spl times/5 randomized factorial design (3 EDs of 5, 10 and 20 s; and 5 PRFs of 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 Hz). The in situ peak rarefactional pressure (12.3 MPa) and pulse duration (1.42 /spl mu/s) were the same for all ultrasonically exposed animals. Also, for both species, 15 sham-exposed animals were randomized into both studies, none of which had lesions. Factorial analysis of variance was used to evaluate effects of PRF and ED on the proportion of lesions, lesion depth and lesion surface area. The proportion of lesions in both species was related statistically to PRF and ED, with the exception that PRF in rats was not quite significant. The PRF, but not ED, significantly affected lesion depth in both species. Both PRF and ED significantly affected lesion surface area in mice, while neither affected area in rats. The PRF/spl times/ED interaction (number of pulses) for these measures was not significant for either species. Species significantly affected lesion production and size; there were fewer lesions in mice, and the lesion size was greater in rats. The characteristics of the lesions produced in both species were similar to those described in studies by our research group and others, suggesting a common pathogenesis for the initiation and propagation of the lesions at the gross and microscopic levels.
USE OF BRIDGES BY BATS (MAMMALIA: CHIROPTERA) IN THE RIO GRANDE VALLEY, NEW MEXICO

Abstract During a 2-year study, we documented eight species of bats using bridges in the lower Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico. Of 17 bridges surveyed, 15 (88%) contained day-roosting bats and ≥8 bridges (47%) contained maternity colonies with one or more species, including the Arizona myotis (Myotis occultus), Yuma myotis (Myotis yumanensis), and Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). The pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), California myotis (Myotis californicus), and fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes) roosted infrequently in bridges. Use of bridges by day-roosting bats differed seasonally, with most individuals occupying bridges April–October. During November–March, relatively few individuals of only three species (L. noctivagans, M. yumanensis, and T. brasiliensis) occupied bridges. Individuals roosted at many sites in bridges, but 99.9% roosted in narrow cracks and crevices. A total of 36,629 day-roosting bats wa...
Modifying Mendel: approaches for identification of susceptibility alleles for human cardiovascular malformations.

Congenital cardiovascular malformations (CVMs) are the most common birth defect, affecting approximately 8 per 1000 live births. Roughly 25% of CVMs occur in the context of multiple congenital anomalies or as part of a genetic syndrome, while the other 75% of individuals present as an isolated, nonsyndromic CVM.1 Genomic disorders comprise the majority of syndomic CVMs, exemplified by aneuploidies such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) or monosomy X (Turner syndrome) and copy number variations (CNVs) such as deletion 22q11.2 (Velocardiofacial syndrome) and deletion 7q11.23 (Williams syndrome). There are also a few phenotypically well-characterized syndromes with CVMs that occur due to pathogenic variants in a single gene. These include the group of Noonan, Costello, and Cardiofaciocutaneous syndromes resulting from mutations in genes coding for proteins of the Ras pathway, and Holt-Oram syndrome which is caused by mutations in the gene TBX5 .2–4 Article see p 301 These single-gene syndromes are good examples of how human genetic studies have been very successful at identifying genes causing typical, highly penetrant Mendelian diseases. A few individuals with isolated, nonsyndromic CVMs possess this mode of inheritance, and such families have proven useful at identifying CVM causing genes such as NOTCH1 and ZIC3. 5,6 However, these types of families are few and far between. The vast majority of families have a strong genetic component for their CVM, measured by high recurrence rates and high heritability,7 but a complex pattern of inheritance that may include reduced penetrance, polygenic inheritance (genetic burden with susceptibility thresholds), and combinations of gene and environment interactions and modifiers. Even aneuploidies known to cause CVMs, such as trisomy 21 (T21), have far from universal occurrence of CVMs. For example, although CVMs in general, and atrioventricular septal defects in particular, are known to be associated with T21, …
British War-Time Control of Copper, Lead, and Zinc

The change from a peace to a war-time economy, 211. — Scope of the present study, 212. — Pre-war preparations for control, 212. — The time schedule of war control, 214. — Methods of control: maximum prices, 216; priorities, 218; supply controls, 219; licenses, 222. — Organization and administration of control, 222. — Problems of control, 224. — Personnel, 225. — Priorities, 226. — Business practices, 228. — The London Metal Exchange, 230. — Small firms, 231. — Scrap metal, 232. — Administration of the control, 235. — Conclusions, 237.
Gene expression profiling for the investigation of soft tissue sarcoma pathogenesis and the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers

Soft tissue sarcomas are malignant neoplasms derived from mesenchymal tissues. Their pathogenesis is poorly understood and there are few effective treatment options for advanced disease. In the past decade, gene expression profiling has been applied to sarcomas to facilitate understanding of sarcoma pathogenesis and to identify diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers. In this paper, we review this body of work and discuss how gene expression profiling has led to advancements in the understanding of sarcoma pathobiology, the identification of clinically useful biomarkers, and the refinement of sarcoma classification schemes. Lastly, we conclude with a discussion of strategies to further optimize the translation of gene expression data into a greater understanding of sarcoma pathogenesis and improved clinical outcomes for sarcoma patients.
Influence of mission requirements and technology on NASA SCAN antenna asset architecture: Antenna-Sharing

Currently, NASA's Space Communications and Navigation program (SCaN) is responsible for three networks: the Space Network (SN), the Near-Earth Network (NEN), and the Deep Space Network (DSN). Though this asset architecture is consistent with current mission requirements it is difficult to predict future trends.1 2 Certain trends in mission requirements and technology development could dramatically influence SCAN's asset architecture. Several of these trends are identified, and qualitative assessments of their effects on architecture are discussed. A quantitative analysis of one architecture change is presented: cross-network asset sharing. Significant opportunities exist for sharing of NEN antennas, particularly in X-band. Results show that existing 11.3-m antennas could meet the requirements of 62 cruise operation segments (Op Segs) at separation distances out to the inner planets. With X-band enhancements, the 18-m antennas could meet requirements of 107 Op Segs. S-band opportunities exist, but the numbers are not significant due to the transition away from S-band by future missions. A few opportunities also exist in the K-bands as more missions transition toward higher frequencies. Issues with frequency compatibility, physical design, scheduling and cost could limit or preclude effective sharing.
Revisiting the fundamental properties of the Cepheid Polaris using detailed stellar evolution models

Polaris the Cepheid has been observed for centuries, presenting surprises and changing our view of Cepheids and stellar astrophysics, in general. Specifically, understanding Polaris helps anchor the Cepheid Leavitt law, but the distance must be measured precisely. The recent debate regarding the distance to Polaris has raised questions about its role in calibrating the Leavitt law and even its evolutionary status. In this work, I present new stellar evolution models of Cepheids to compare with previously measured CNO abundances, period change and angular diameter. Based on the comparison, I show that Polaris cannot be evolving along the first crossing of the Cepheid instability strip and cannot have evolved from a rapidly-rotating main sequence star. As such, Polaris must also be at least 118 pc away and pulsates in the first overtone, disagreeing with the recent results of Turner et al. (2013, ApJ, 762, L8).
Cable-in-conduit conductor concept for the GEM detector magnet

A conceptual design for a conductor based on cable-in-conduit (CIC) technology is presented for application to the proposed GEM detector magnet for the Superconducting Super Collider. The conductor design is driven by the enormous scale of the magnet, which will be composed of two coil halves each approximately 19 m in diameter and 14 m long. Each coil half will be assembled from 12 winding modules, each comprising of a single layer winding. The nominal operating current of 50 kA generates a central field of 0.8 T and a peak field at the winding of 1.6 T. Although the field requirements are low and operation is DC, the CIC concept is preferred because of its large intrinsic stability. The GEM detector requires the highest level of stable, quench-free operation to minimize risk and maximize reliability. The conductor consists of a 450 strand multistage cable made from NbTi/copper composite wires enclosed in a stainless steel tube which is surrounded by a large rectangular block of low resistivity aluminum. The aluminum sheath offers quench protection for the 2.5-GJ coil system, while the fast transient stability is provided by copper in the strand and the supercritical helium inside the conduit. Details of the conductor design, operating performance, and manufacturing process are described. >
Visuo-haptic neuronal convergence demonstrated with an inversely effective pattern of bold activation

We investigated the neural substrates involved in visuo-haptic neuronal convergence using an additive-factors design in combination with fMRI. Stimuli were explored under three sensory modality conditions: viewing the object through a mirror without touching (V), touching the object with eyes closed (H), or simultaneously viewing and touching the object (VH). This modality factor was crossed with a task difficulty factor, which had two levels. On the basis of an idea similar to the principle of inverse effectiveness, we predicted that increasing difficulty would increase the relative level of multisensory gain in brain regions where visual and haptic sensory inputs converged. An ROI analysis focused on the lateral occipital tactile-visual area found evidence of inverse effectiveness in the left lateral occipital tactile-visual area, but not in the right. A whole-brain analysis also found evidence for the same pattern in the anterior aspect of the intraparietal sulcus, the premotor cortex, and the posterior insula, all in the left hemisphere. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate visuo-haptic neuronal convergence based on an inversely effective pattern of brain activation.
Osteoporosis piece of multi-morbidity puzzle in geriatric care

Osteoporosis frequently coexists with other chronic diseases and syndromes of aging, and therefore multimorbidity interactions can potentially complicate its evaluation and treatment. This article reviews osteoporosis comorbidity interactions with select common diseases of aging including cardiovascular, neurologic, and geriatric syndromes, and select commonly used medications by older adults. Using depression as a case example, we describe the complex relationship between osteoporosis, mood, and antidepressant medications, and the implications of these interactions for patients and clinicians. Mt Sinai J Med 78:515–526, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
The Links Between Religiosity, Childhood Sexual Abuse, and Subsequent Marijuana Use: : An Empirical Inquiry of a Sample of Female College Students

A number of studies indicate that childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has a negative impact on later psychological well-being. It is well documented that experiences of CSA are associated with depression, self-destructiveness, and subsequent substance abuse or alcohol consumption. Compared with women who experienced no such sexual abuse in childhood, women who were victims of sexual abuse in childhood were more likely to be depressed and use drugs or consume alcohol in later life. Analyzing data of 1,569 females derived from the “Longitudinal Study of Violence Against Women,” this study examines whether the strain caused by sexual victimization leads to a higher level of subsequent marijuana use and whether religiosity moderates the negative effects of CSA. It was found that CSA was associated with an increased level of marijuana use in high school. However, more proximate sexual victimization (victimization in college) seemed to override the impact of CSA on subsequent marijuana use. Religiosity was found to mo...
Ambivalence and ambiguity in laterals and nasals

Ambivalent segments are speech sounds whose cross-linguistic patterning is especially variable, creating contradictions for theories of universal distinctive features. This paper examines lateral liquids, whose [continuant] specification has been the subject of controversy because of their ability to pattern both with continuants and with non-continuants, and because phonetically they are situated in the contested ground between two different articulatory definitions for the feature [continuant]. Evidence from a survey of sound patterns in 561 languages shows that lateral liquids, like nasals, pattern with continuants about as often as with non-continuants. Ambivalent phonological behaviour is argued to be natural and expected for phonetically ambiguous segments in a theory of emergent distinctive features where features are the result of sound patterns, rather than the other way around.
An efficient recovery scheme for locking-based distributed database systems

This paper presents a checkpointing recovery scheme which effectively copes with media failures in distributed database systems, under the two-phase locking policy. Our scheme utilizes both the current database area and the checkpoint area, so that the transactions whose effects are to be included in the checkpoint and the ones whose effects are to be excluded from the checkpoint can separately reflect their effects. Hence, the check pointing process under our scheme is executed concurrently with normal transactions, without aborting or delaying any of them. Unlike the existing schemes, each data item needs to be read at most once for checkpointing without the maintenance of the before-images of the data items. >
Sátira del dinero y el linaje en las crónicas familiares narradas en Gran señor y rajadiablos de Eduardo Barrios

In this essay, I analyze how Eduardo Barrios articulates a bidimensional type of satire in his novel Gran Senor y rajadiablos (Great Lord and Hellraiser), underscoring both the anachronism linked to the ideological perception that favored Peninsular lineages as hegemonic signs of aristocratic status, generally associated with the traditional sector of the hacienda, and the preference of the bourgeoisie for the rituals of buen tono as a formula to acquire the emerging forms of social aristocratic prestige based on economic solvency. Satirizing the ideological battle for the appropriation of the signs of aristocratic prestige stresses the persistence of a social differentiation construct, incompatible with the new democratic ideals promoted by the Chilean republican government of the time.
Visualizing fish movement, behavior, and acoustic backscatter

Acoustic surveys of aquatic organisms are notorious for large data sets. Density distribution results from these surveys are traditionally graphed as two-dimensional plots. Increasing information content through wider acoustic frequency ranges or multiple angular perspectives has increased the amount and complexity of acoustic data. As humans are visually oriented, our ability to assimilate and understand information is limited until it is displayed. Computer visualization has extended acoustic data presentation beyond two dimensions but an ongoing challenge is to coherently summarize complex data. Our goal is to develop visualizations that portray frequency- and behavior-dependent backscatter of individual fish within aggregations. Incorporating individual fish behavior illustrates group dynamics and provides insight on the resulting acoustic backscatter. Object-oriented applications are used to visualize fish bodies and swimbladders, predicted Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) backscatter amplitudes, and fish swimming trajectories in three spatial dimensions over time. Through the visualization of empirical and simulated data, our goal is to understand how fish anatomy and behavior influence acoustic backscatter and to incorporate this information in acoustic data analyses.
Rapid Restoration of Normal Endothelial Functions in Genetically Hyperlipidemic Mice by a Synthetic Mediator of Reverse Lipid Transport

Endothelial dysfunction is a major pathophysiological consequence of hypercholesterolemia and other conditions. We examined whether a synthetic mediator of lipid transport from peripheral tissues to the liver (ie, the "reverse" pathway) could restore normal endothelial function in vivo. Using assays of macrovascular and microvascular function, we found that genetically hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice exhibited key endothelial impairments. Treatment of the mice for 1 week with daily intravenous bolus injections of large "empty" phospholipid vesicles, which accelerate the reverse pathway in vivo, restored endothelium-dependent relaxation, leukocyte adherence, and endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 to normal or nearly normal levels. These changes occurred despite the long-standing hyperlipidemia of the animals and the persistence of high serum concentrations of cholesterol-rich atherogenic lipoproteins during the treatment. Our results indicate that dysfunctional macrovascular and microvascular endothelium in apolipoprotein E knockout mice can recover relatively quickly in vivo and that accelerated reverse lipid transport may be a useful therapy.
Students And Faculty Perceptions Of Communications Channels: A Comparison Of Survey Results

Individual communication between faculty and students outside of the classroom is one of the cornerstones of education. This survey examines the students and faculty perceptions of three communications media for several communication tasks that occur between students and faculty. A random sample of 449 students (undergraduate and graduate, full-time and part-time) which represents 10% of the population at a small Texas state university were invited to participate in a survey that elicited their perceptions on the effectiveness of face-to-face (office hours), e-mail and telephone communication. Similarly a random sample of 49 professors, which represents 32 % of the faculty population, was used to test several hypotheses. In this survey, the relevant results supported by some nonparametric statistical analyses are that at each media channel the "bootstrapped" confidence intervals estimates for the percentages in communications-time preferences of students and faculty were very similar, or without a significant difference. In addition, students and faculty expressed simultaneously (criteria of convergence) the same preference-level about e-mail for convenience and efficiency. Office hours were preferred for confidentiality, confrontation and emotional support. Equal preference about e-mail and office hours was expressed by both groups of study for the criteria : accuracy and overall effectiveness.
Unique features of long non-coding RNA biogenesis and function

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a diverse class of RNAs that engage in numerous biological processes across every branch of life. Although initially discovered as mRNA-like transcripts that do not encode proteins, recent studies have revealed features of lncRNAs that further distinguish them from mRNAs. In this Review, we describe special events in the lifetimes of lncRNAs - before, during and after transcription - and discuss how these events ultimately shape the unique characteristics and functional roles of lncRNAs.
Effect of Trigger Variation on Frontal Rail Crash Performance

The frontal rail is one of the most important components of a vehicle in determining crash performance, especially for a body on frame vehicle. Prior research [1] has shown that the frontal rail absorbs a significant amount of impact energy in a crash condition. In order to optimize crash performance, a component level sensitivity study was conducted to determine the effect different types of triggers would have on the performance of the frontal rail. The objective of this study is to determine the sensitivity of trigger size, trigger shape, and trigger orientation as well as to improve corresponding trigger modeling methodology by comparing crushed components to crushed CAE models. In this sensitivity study, the location of the triggers was held fixed, while the size, shape, and orientation were varied. The metric that will be used to compare the performance of these different trigger shapes is the overall stiffness of the frontal rail. This sensitivity study indicates that the trigger size has a more significant effect on the crush performance of a frontal rail than those of the trigger shape and trigger orientation. Of the trigger shapes studied, further analysis of Square #1 is recommended. A comparison of CAE simulations to component level tests show that by following a step-by-step process, one can achieve a good correlation.
Understanding the tradeoff between anonymity and accountability: conference tutorial

Exploring the real world consequences of online behavior in everyday life. From celebrities to the average person, we as a society must come to grips with a new age of digital freedom and decide where its boundaries end. From cyber-bullying and Facebook-stalking to civil disobedience and legitimately dangerous discourse we struggle to decide between online anonymity and the free speech it protects and society's responsibility and desire to provide justice to victims and protection for the innocent. It is incumbent upon Computer Science Educators at every level to recognize and explore these issues proactively and to develop a community-wide response.
Performance optimization and regulation for multitier servers

In this paper we present a novel approach to optimize and regulate performance in a multitier server. By using a queueing network model, we optimize the values of the mean service rates at each tier in the server by applying randomized algorithms based on statistical learning theory. After the optimization process is carried out, an IPA algorithm is implemented to regulate the throughput of the system to the calculated optimal reference value in a closed loop. The case study of a server with three tiers is simulated to validate our approach.