cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Peripheral Temperature Measurements With Core Temperature

The authors' objective of this study was to identify a peripheral method of measuring body temperature that approximates core body temperature. A cross-sectional design was used to compare peripheral measures of body temperature with core temperature. Peripheral temperatures were measured in the ear using two infrared thermometers, in the mouth using a mercury in glass thermometer, electronic thermometer, and chemical indicator thermometer, in the axilla using a mercury in glass thermometer, electronic thermometer, and chemical indicator thermometer, and in the rectum using a mercury in glass thermometer and electronic thermometer. A statistically significant difference was found between peripheral temperature measures and core temperature, except for the axillary chemical indicator temperature and both aural temperatures. Pearson correlation coefficients of > or = 0.79 were found for the association of pulmonary artery temperatures with oral mercury, oral electronic, axillary electronic, rectal mercury, and rectal electronic temperatures. Correlation coefficients were less than 0.20 between pulmonary artery and aural temperatures measured by both devices. Based on results from this study, there is no perfect instrument for approximating core temperature, although the electronic thermometer used orally has a low mean difference (0.18 degree C), low standard deviation of the difference (0.24 degree C), and a correlation coefficient of 0.79.
Differential histopathology of primary atherosclerotic and restenotic lesions in coronary arteries and saphenous vein bypass grafts: Analysis of tissue obtained from 73 patients by directional atherectomy

Vascular tissue obtained using a directional percutaneous atherectomy device was examined microscopically. Tissue was obtained from coronary arteries without prior instrumentation (primary lesions, n = 31), aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts with primary lesions (n = 8), coronary arteries with lesions developing after prior balloon angioplasty or mechanical atherectomy (reste-notic lesions, n = 30) and vein bypass grafts with restenotic lesions (n = 4). Primary lesions were characterized by dense intimai fibrosis with necrotic debris (83% of intimai tissue) and foam cells typical of atherosclerosis. These lesions frequently contained cholesterol crystals (45% of coronary arteries, 50% of vein grafts) and calcium deposits (65% of coronary arteries, 38% of vein grafts). Restenotic lesions were characterized by an increased proportion of loose fibroproliferative tissue (45% of coronary artery intima, 35% of vein graft intima). Immunohistochemical stains confirmed this proliferative tissue to be primarily smooth muscle cells. Thrombus was rarely observed. Comparison of resected tissues indicated that dense fibrosis and necrosis are significantly more common in primary than in restenotic lesions (83% versus 56% of intimai tissue, p = 0.0005), whereas smooth muscle cell hyperplasia is more common in restenotic than in primary lesions (44% versus 17% of intimai tissue, p Partial-thickness resection of medial tissue or full-thickness resection of media with associated adventitial tissue occurred in 22 (56%) of 39 primary atheromatous lesions and 16 (47%) of 34 restenotic lesions; subintimal tissue obtained from primary lesions appeared identical to that obtained from restenotic lesions. These data indicate that the histopathologic characteristics of the neointimal layer of restenotic lesions differ from those of the intimai layer of primary atherosclerotic lesions. The ability to examine vascular tissue from living patients with restenotic lesions may provide new insight into the pathophysiology of restenosis and could have important implications pertaining to adjuvant therapies, such as platelet or mitogenic inhibitors.
Reactivity of analogs with pancreatic tryptophan-activating enzyme

Abstract The tryptophan analogs 7-azatryptophan, tryptazan, 6-fluorotryptophan, and 5-fluorotryptophan were activated by the tryptophan-activating enzyme of pancreas in the hydroxamate test as well as for amino acid-dependent ATP-pyrophosphate exchange. Another group of analogs, including 5- and 6-methyltryptophan, is inhibitory for tryptophan activation but did not show any activation effects. A comparison of the analogs with regard to their activation by enzyme and their growth effects shows that only the enzyme-activated analogs appear to be first incorporated into protein (3) and then block growth, presumably by erroneous protein synthesis. Other analogs, such as methyltryptophan, are not enzymically activated but compete with tryptophan for enzyme activation. These appear to inhibit growth immediately and are not incorporated into protein. The parallel between analog incorporation and its activation by the amino acid-activating enzyme seems to confirm the assumption that these amino acid-activating enzymes are part of the protein-synthesizing apparatus.
The State of Sleep among College Students at a Large Public University.

Abstract Objective: Data about college student sleep were collected and used to develop an education campaign to improve sleep. Participants: On-campus residents at a large state university were surveyed on 4 occasions, October 2005 to April 2007. Sample size was 675 to 1,823 students. Fall 2005 mean age = 18.5 years, SD = 1.03 (range 18–30) years. Initial survey included 935 males and 1,859 females (2005–2006). Matched pairs data (2006–2007) included 91 males and 107 females. Twenty-six males and 22 females participated in interviews. Methods: A survey administered online included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, along with an 8-question in-person interview. Results: Poor sleep interacted with academics and mental health, and an education campaign positively affected student sleep. Conclusions: Teaching students how to effectively manage sleep can improve their well-being. Sleep may also be a gateway topic for health care professionals to address sensitive health issues such as depression.
Careers as repositories of knowledge: a new perspective on boundaryless careers

This paper argues for a reconceptualization of careers as repositories of knowledge. Careers are visualized as accumulation of information and knowledge rather than simply progressions of work experiences. This definition is considered in light of theories which characterize organizations as knowledge creators. The paper then applies this perspective to the emerging phenomenon of boundaryless careers and concludes that a knowledge perspective provides significant insight into the implications of such careers for individuals and organizations.
The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital induction on the structure of the rat liver endoplasmic reticulum☆

Abstract Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and lactoperoxidase-catalyzed protein radio-iodination were used to compare the structure of the liver endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes) from control, phenobarbital-, and 3-methylcholantrene-pretreated rats. Prior to iodination, ribosomes and contaminating adsorbed cytoplasmic proteins were removed from the microsomal membrane by washing with 0.3 M sucrose containing 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate, pH 7.5. Iodination of membranes was carried out in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene to prevent the peroxidation of membrane lipids. The polyacrylamide gel protein and iodination profiles for control microsomes indicated that while many of the minor protein constituents of the membrane incorporated 125I, the major peak of 125I label corresponded to the migration position of major protein constituents having molecular weights of approx. 50 000. Treatment of 125I-labeled control microsomes with trypsin removed 125I from the membrane proteins confirming that lactoperoxidase was iodinating exterior proteins on the membrane. If membranes which were iodinated in the absence of butylated hydroxytoluene were similarly digested with trypsin, most membrane proteins were much more susceptible to trypsin digestion. This suggested that lipid peroxidation, occuring during iodination in the absence of the antioxidant, caused an extensive breakdown in the structure of the membrane. A comparison of the polyacrylamide gel patterns of the microsomes from control, phenobarbital-, and 3-methylcholantrene-pretreated rats demonstrated marked changes in both the protein and iodination patterns in the 50 000 molecular weight region of the gels. 3-Methylcholanthrene appeared to induce a protein of slightly higher molecular weight than 50 000 while phenobarbital induced a protein(s) of slightly lower molecular weight. Induction with both compounds increased the amount of 125I incorporated in the 50 000 molecular weight region of polyacrylamide gels indicating that the induced proteins have an exterior location on the microsomal membrane. The asssociation of the induced proteins with cytochrome P450, the terminal oxidase of the microsomal mixed-function oxidases, is discussed. A model is proposed for the mechanism of insertion of the induced proteins into the microsomal membrane.
Phase stiffness and glassiness in quantum Hall bilayers

High quality quantum Hall bilayers at total filling factor 1 exhibit a strong zero bias tunneling resonance that is akin to the Josephson effect. Experimentally this resonance has a measurable width even at very low temperatures, indicating the existence of some low energy excitations with no analog in the single layer quantum Hall system. We exploit a simple model of the quantum Hall bilayer in which the relative phase of the electron wavefunctions in the two wells is the only degree of freedom to perform Langevin dynamics simulations of this system. Disorder is explicitly included in the model, which we find induces strings of overturned phase and vortices in the low state. This "string glass" state supports low-energy localized excitations which are typical of glasses, and qualitatively explains many of the existing experimental observations.
Collisional cooling investigation of THz rotational transitions of water

An investigation of the pressure broadening by helium and hydrogen of six rotational transitions of water has been completed. The six transitions studied included two para water transitions (0${}_{00}\text{--}{1}_{11}$ and 1${}_{11}\text{--}{2}_{02}$) and four ortho water transitions (1${}_{01}\text{--}{1}_{10}$, 2${}_{21}\text{--}{3}_{12}$, 3${}_{03}\text{--}{3}_{12}$ and 3${}_{12}\text{--}{3}_{21}$) in the frequency region 0.55--1.17 THz. This survey was accomplished using the collisional cooling technique which allowed the broadening of each transition to be studied below the water condensation temperature. For each of the transitions studied, the temperature dependence of the pressure broadening by helium showed little dependence on temperature, while the broadening by hydrogen showed a sharp decrease at the lowest temperatures. This behavior was modeled, for each transition broadened by helium and hydrogen, with a power law, or a power law modified with a Boltzmann-like step function, and the results of these fits will be presented. In addition, an extensive investigation of the systematic error in the temperature of the water vapor in the collisional cooling experiment will be discussed. Finally, the impact of these new broadening measurements on models of star formation in the interstellar medium will be outlined.
AN EFFICIENT PARSING MODEL FOR UNIFICATION CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR WITH OBJECT-ORIENTED KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION AND SELECTION SETS

This paper describes an object-oriented lexical representation language based on Unification Categorial Grammar (UCG) that encodes linguistic and semantic information uniformly as classes and objects and an efficient bottom-up parsing method for UCG using selection sets technique. The lexical representation language, implemented in the logic and object-oriented programming language LIFE, introduces several new information sharing mechanisms to enable natural, declarative, modular and economial construction of large and complex computational lexicons. The selection sets are deduced from a transformation between UCG and Context-Free Grammar (CFG) and used to reduce search space for the table-driven algorithm. The experimental tests on a spoken English corpus show that the hierarchical lexicon achieves a dramatic reduction on redundant information and that selection sets significantly improve parsing UCG with a polynomial time complexity.
Behavior of berea sandstone under confining pressure part II: Elastic-plastic response

Abstract The experimental results presented in part I provided sufficient information about the behavior of Berea sandstone under a large range of confining pressure. In that article, initial yield and failure surfaces were determined, and a yield and a failure criteria were proposed. Further, a hypoelastic model was given for the initial elastic response of this material, that is, for the response within initial yield surface. This article (part II) contains an elastic-plastic model to deal with the irreversible deformation region. A general yet relatively simple elastic-plastic constitutive model is proposed here, and it is formulated in accord with the experimental observations. In the proposed model, the yield function is obtained by introducing a single scalar growth function for the initial yield function. At this stage of the development of the model, an associated flow rule is used. The validity of the model is examined by comparing its predictions with the experimental results for the different triaxial compression tests on Berea sandstone.
Noninvasive Electromagnetic Fields on Keratinocyte Growth and Migration

Background Although evidence has shown that very small electrical currents produce a beneficial therapeutic result for wounds, noninvasive electromagnetic field (EMF) therapy has consisted mostly of anecdotal clinical reports, with very few well-controlled laboratory mechanistic studies. In this study, we evaluate the effects and potential mechanisms of a noninvasive EMF device on skin wound repair. Materials and Methods The effects of noninvasive EMF on keratinocytes and fibroblasts were assessed via proliferation and incisional wound model migration assays. cDNA microarray and RT-PCR were utilized to assess genetic expression changes in keratinocytes after noninvasive EMF treatment. Results In vitro analyses with human skin keratinocyte cultures demonstrated that noninvasive EMFs have a strong effect on accelerating keratinocyte migration and a relatively weaker effect on promoting keratinocyte proliferation. The positive effects of noninvasive EMFs on cell migration and proliferation seem keratinocyte-specific without such effects seen on dermal fibroblasts. cDNA microarray and RT-PCR performed revealed increased expression of CRK7 and HOXC8 genes in treated keratinocytes. Conclusions This study suggests that a noninvasive EMF accelerates wound re-epithelialization through a mechanism of promoting keratinocyte migration and proliferation, possibly due to upregulation of CRK7 and HOXC8 genes.
Strong homotopy theory of cyclic sets

Abstract We show that the homotopy theory of cyclic sets is equivalent to the equivariant homotopy theory of spaces with an action of S 1 in which weak equivalences are maps inducing weak homotopy equivalences of fixed point sets of finite subgroups of S 1 .
The Role of the Uterus and Cervix in Systemic Oxytocin-PGE2Facilitated Lordosis Behavior

Abstract The effect of ovariectomy, hysterectomy, and cerviectomy on systemic oxytocin-PGE 2 induced facilitation of lordosis behavior was examined in estrogen and progesterone treated rats. Females were injected with 0.25 μg estradiol benzoate for 3 days, followed by 500 μg progesterone on day 4, 4 hr prior to behavioral testing. Ten minutes before behavioral testing with a male, females were injected systemically with either oxytocin (2.1, 4.2, or 8.4 μg); PGE 2 (0.05, 0.10, or 0.20 μg); concomitant administration of both oxytocin and PGE 2 ; or physiological saline. Oxytocin (2.1 μg) or PGE 2 (0.05 μg) significantly increased lordosis behavior in ovariectomized females; however, neither had any facilitatory effect in hysterectomized animals. Facilitated lordosis behavior was only reinstated in hysterectomized females that received concomitant administration of 2.1 μg oxytocin plus 0.05 μg PGE 2 . This latter dose also resulted in a further potentiation of lordosis behavior in ovariectomized animals, compared to 2.1 μg oxytocin or 0.05 μg PGE 2 alone. Concomitant administration of oxytocin and PGE 2 at all doses had no facilitatory effect on lordosis behavior in cerviectomized animals. These results suggest that the uterus and the cervix may be important components of a peripheral mechanism by which systemic oxytocin and/or PGE 2 induce facilitated lordosis behavior in female rats.
Anatomic site evaluation of edentulous maxillae for dental implant placement.

Purpose This study evaluated 17 edentulous cadavers for bone quantity and quality of the alveolar process of the maxilla for the purpose of dental implant placement. Materials and Methods The maxillary arch was divided into four anatomically defined regions for measurements of bone quantity. Bone quality was assessed histologically and described by trabecular bone patterns and tissue composition. Results Average bone height with a minimum thickness of 4 mm was as follows: region 1, 12.1 ± 4.9 mm; region 2, 14.1 ± 7.2 mm; region 3, 6.1 ± 2.8 mm; and region 4, 8.5 ± 2.2 mm. Histological evaluation showed increased trabeculation and thicker cortex in the maxillary anterior area, regions 1 and 2. Region 3, the floor of the maxillary sinus area, had the least amount of bone; however, the quality of bone was superior to that of region 4, the maxillary tuberosity area. Trabecular distance or marrow spaces ranged from 40 μm to 2 mm with larger spaces associated with the posterior maxilla. Conclusions Maxillary tuberosity is the least desirable site for the placement of implants in the maxilla. The area corresponding to the first and second molars had the least bone thickness. All measures of bone preservation need to be considered, especially in this area.
SU‐GG‐I‐94: Medical Radionuclide Impurities in Wastewater

Purpose: NCRP report No. 160 states medical exposure constituted nearly half of the total radiation exposure of the US population from all sources in 2006. This increase in exposure is due partly to the rise in nuclear medicine procedures. With this observed growth in medical radionuclide usage there is an increase in the radionuclides being released into wastewater after the procedures. Often medical radionuclides are not exactly 100% radionuclide pure due to the process in which the nuclide is produced, but must meet certain standards of purity. The longer lived radionuclide impurities associated with these medical radionuclides are of particular interest. The longer lived impurities will have a higher chance of reaching the environment. Materials and Methods: A HPGe detector was used to acquire a spectrum of previously used Tc‐99m medical syringes as well as a spectrum from a sample of digested sewer sludge. These spectrums were analyzed to identify if and what impurities were present. Results: Identified in the Tc‐99m syringe spectrum were small amounts of impurities presumably associated with the manufacturing process. Impurities of potentially medical origin were also observed in the digested sewer sludge. Conclusion: Although research is ongoing it is conceivable that long lived impurities from nuclear medicine procedures could make it into municipal wastewater and possibly the environment.
Abstract IA9: Cross talk of the androgen receptor and DNA damage pathways: Molecular and translational prostate cancer relevance

Prostate cancers (PCa) are exquisitely dependent on the action of the androgen receptor (AR) for cell survival and proliferation, and there is a significant need to develop new means for targeting recurrent AR activity in both locally advanced and castration-resistant PCa([1][1], [2][2]). PARP1 (Poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1) is an enzyme that modifies a subset of nuclear proteins by poly (ADP-ribose)-ylation, and is known to play a critical role in base excision repair([3][3]). This function of PARP1 has been cultivated as a therapeutic target for tumors that harbor alterations of specific DNA repair pathways([4][4], [5][5]). Multiple enzymatic inhibitors of PARP1 function are in clinical trial; while little dose limiting toxicity has been observed, suppressing PARP1-mediated DNA damage repair in BRCA1/2 deficient tumors leads to synthetic lethality and heightened clinical response to chemotherapy. Recently, it has been revealed that PARP1 has a second major cellular function on chromatin as a transcriptional coregulator, capable of modulating chromatin structure and selected transcription factor activity([6–8][6]). New observations in our laboratory point toward PARP1 inhibitors as a means to simultaneously dampen AR activity and sensitize PCa cells to genotoxic insult. This premise is based on three major arms of investigation. First, abrogation of PARP1 activity results in sensitization of both androgen deprivation-therapy (ADT) naive and castration-resistant PCa cells to ionizing radiation, thus indicating that PARP1 activity plays a significant role in the cellular response to radiotherapy. Second, PARP1 activity was found to be increased as a function of tumor progression in model systems of human disease, suggesting that gain of PARP1 activity may promote resistance to combined ADT and radiotherapy. Third, robust molecular analyses indicate that PARP1 is recruited to sites of AR activity on chromatin, and therein serves as a requisite cofactor for AR activity. The dependence of AR on PARP1 activity is conserved in cells that failed hormone therapy, thus indicating that the requirement for PARP1 is maintained or enhanced during the process of tumor progression. Together, these data strongly support a model wherein the dual functions of PARP1 in controlling AR activity and the response to radiotherapy can be leveraged to improve treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer. Citation Format: Matthew J. Schiewer, Adam P. Dicker, Jonathan R. Brody, John M. Pascal, Karen E. Knudsen, Jonathan F. Goodwin, J. Chad Brenner, Michael A. Augello, Fengzhi Liu, Jamie L. Planck, Randy S. Schrecengost, Felix Y. Feng, Arul M. Chinnaiyan. Cross talk of the androgen receptor and DNA damage pathways: Molecular and translational prostate cancer relevance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA9. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-3 [4]: #ref-4 [5]: #ref-5 [6]: #ref-6
PERSPECTIVE: How Honda Innovates*

This article describes how Honda leverages its engine and other key subsystem technologies into new products uniquely designed for new target users and their new special uses. In this profile of the development of the Honda Element sports utility vehicle, we see how firm can identify new target applications, dive deeply into user research, and translate its acquired insights into specific designs and features. The feasibility and profitability of the effort is maximized by leveraging robust, fully operational platforms within new product lines.
The integrated perspective on power market development: the issues are as important as ever, but who's responsible?

This paper discusses the integrated perspective on power market development. Integrated resource planning is the careful consideration of a full range of supply- and demand-side options for meeting society's demands for electric energy services. The IRP process involved multiple stakeholder groups and complex regulatory review processes, giving consideration to tradeoffs among social objectives, including risk, pollution, land use impacts, and costs. "Risk" referred to concerns of reliability, security of supply, and public health
Uniformly bounded sufficient sets and quasitransitive social choice

X is infinite and social preference is quasitransitive. Subset Y of X is sufficient for {x,y} if x and y can be socially ordered with individual preference information over Y alone. If there is an integer β such that every pair of alternatives has a sufficient set with at most β members then for arbitrarily large finite subsets of X there is a rich subdomain of profiles within which a reduction in the amount of veto power must be accompanied by an equal increase in the fraction of pairs that are restricted, in that strict social preference prevails in only one direction.
Minimizing energy utilization for growing strawberries during long-duration space habitation

Abstract Strawberry is a candidate crop for space that is rich in protective antioxidants and could also have psychological benefits as a component of crew diets during long-duration space habitation. Energy for electric lighting is a major input to a controlled-environment crop-production system for space habitation. Day-neutral strawberry cultivars were evaluated at several different photoperiods to determine minimum lighting requirements without limiting yield or negatively impacting fruit quality. The cultivars ‘Tribute’, ‘Seascape’, and ‘Fern’ were grown at 14, 17, or 20 h of light per day, and fruit yield was evaluated over a 31-week production period. This amounted to a difference of 2418 kWh m−2 in energy usage between the longest and shortest photoperiods. All cultivars produced similar total fresh weight of fruit regardless of photoperiod. Volunteer tasters rated organoleptic characteristics including sweetness, tartness, texture, and overall appeal as measures of fruit quality. Generally, organoleptic attributes were not affected by photoperiod, but these attributes were somewhat dependent upon cultivar and harvest time. Cultivars under different photoperiods varied in their production of fruit over time. ‘Seascape’ was the most consistent producer, typically with the largest, most palatable fruit. ‘Seascape’ plants subsequently were grown at 10-, 12-, or 14-h photoperiods over a treatment period of 33 weeks. Photoperiod again had no significant effect on total fruit weight, although there were periodic flushes of productivity. Fruit under all photoperiods had acceptable approval ratings. A large-fruited, day-neutral strawberry cultivar such as ‘Seascape’ remains productive under shortened photoperiods, allowing reductions in energy and crew labor while maintaining flexibility for mixed-cropping scenarios in space.
Annulate lamellae and chromatoid bodies in the testes of a cyprinid fish (Pimephales notatus).

Observations on annulate lamellae and chromatoid bodies in spermatogonia of the cyprinid fish Pimephales notatus have revealed several commonly occurring features heretofore unreported: These include (a) the presence of annulate lamellae in close association with chromatoid bodies; (b) the existence of a chromatoid “band” or “shell” between the nuclear envelope and some chromatoid bodies with connections among them; (c) the presence of annulate pore complexes in the absence of well developed membrane envelopes as well as in association with such envelopes; (d) the presence of material just outside the nucleus and contiguous with nuclear pores which is of a similar density and texture to that of the chromatoid bands and chromatoid bodies; (e) filamentous material between the cytoplasmic sides of nuclear pores and the chromatoid “band”, bridging a distance of approximately 1000 A and similar threads extending a like distance between chromatoid bodies (and bands) and annulate lamellae associated with them; and (f) mitochondria closely arranged about some chromatoid bodies.
Continuous phase modulation as an alternative to QPSK for 100 Gb/s optical links

Constant envelope formats including CPM may reduce the impact of nonlinear impairments arising from intensity variations and the associated nonlinear phase noise. We quantify the advantages of CPM versus QPSK and identify possible deployment opportunities.
Far-infrared second-harmonic generation in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures: Perturbative and nonperturbative response.

We report measurements of far-infrared (FIR) harmonic generation from GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As heter- ostructures. The samples studied were a modulation-doped ${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.7}$As/GaAs heterojunction and a sample with ten modulation-doped half-parabolic quantum wells. The samples were driven with intense far-infrared radiation from a molecular gas laser at 29.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and the University of California--Santa Barbara free-electron laser at 51.3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The FIR radiation was polarized parallel to the growth direction. Second harmonics of the FIR were detected from both the semi-insulating GaAs substrate and from the confined electrons. For the heterojunction sample, the second-harmonic power generated by the electrons depended quadratically on fundamental power at low power, as expected from time-dependent perturbation theory. However, this dependence became subquadratic at higher powers, indicating a nonperturbative response. At high FIR powers, electrons were also ionized from the heterojunction and half-parabolic wells. For the heterojunction at f=29.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in the perturbative regime, the surface second-order susceptibility was computed to be ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{S}}^{(2)}$=1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.75\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ ${\mathrm{esu}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. This value agrees, within experimental error, with a simple model of the heterojunction as a triangular quantum well. The second-order polarizability of a conduction electron in the heterojunction is nine orders of magnitude larger than that of a valence electron in pure GaAs.
Understanding rainfall spatial variability in southeast USA at different timescales

This study seeks to understand the spatial variability of monthly and daily rainfall in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, USA. Monthly spatial statistics are needed to improve downscaling from climate models producing seasonal rainfall forecasts, and spatial correlation of daily rainfall is needed to inform spatial weather generators used in climate risk analysis. We first determined the historical record length that is stationary followed by an analysis of the monthly spatial characteristics of rainfall variables. Rainfall data from 523 weather stations (National Climate Data Center) were obtained for the period 1915–2004 and divided into 15-year subsets for comparisons. Differences in rainfall were found between the most recent 15-year period and all others occurring during the 90-year period of record. Thus only data from 1990 to 2004 (208 weather stations) were used to avoid the detected changes in climate in the region. Correlation, covariance and variance matrices of daily and monthly rainfall amounts were calculated at monthly steps. The same statistics were also computed for frequency of rainfall events and monthly number of rainy days. Results show different spatial patterns at different temporal scales; two spatial patterns were well established. A widely spread correlation in a northeast—southwest direction was found around weather stations during the frontal rainy season, and a concentric short distance-decay in correlations existed around weather stations during the summer convective season. Spatial correlations among daily rainfall amounts are needed for spatial weather generators in a storm-by-storm basis while monthly spatial statistics are needed to ensure the validity of downscaled data from numerical seasonal rainfall forecasts. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Low mode volume slotted photonic crystal single nanobeam cavity in silicon

We demonstrate a low mode volume slotted photonic crystal single nanobeam cavity in silicon. Ultra-small effective mode volumes, ∼0.025(λ/n)3, an order of magnitude smaller than traditional nanobeam cavities, are achieved while maintaining Q-factors near 104.
Idempotents in differentiable semigroups

Abstract A differentiable semigroup is a topological semigroup (S, ∗) in which S is a differentiable manifold based on a Banach space and the associative multiplication function ∗ is continuous differentiable. If e is an idempotent element of such a semigroup we show that the component C of e in the set of idempotent elements of S is a differentiable submanifold. Moreover, there is a neighborhood U of C so that each x in U commutes with exactly one nearby member of C.
Uncovering network tarpits with degreaser

Network tarpits, whereby a single host or appliance can masquerade as many fake hosts on a network and slow network scanners, are a form of defensive cyber-deception. In this work, we develop degreaser, an efficient fingerprinting tool to remotely detect tarpits. In addition to validating our tool in a controlled environment, we use degreaser to perform an Internet-wide scan. We discover tarpits of non-trivial size in the wild (prefixes as large as/16), and characterize their distribution and behavior. We then show how tarpits pollute existing network measurement surveys that are tarpit-naive, e.g. Internet census data, and how degreaser can improve the accuracy of such surveys. Lastly, our findings suggest several ways in which to advance the realism of current network tarpits, thereby raising the bar on tarpits as an operational security mechanism.
Understanding Our Judgments of Justice

A brief overview of the articles in this special issue of Cross-Cultural Research on understanding the processes of judging justice is presented. Important features and contributions of the separate papers are summarized. In several cases, a critique and/or suggestions for further research are offered.
Paleolimnology of Lake Texcoco, Mexico. Evidence from DIATOMS1

A 46-m core from the lacsutrine sediments beneath Mexico City was analyzed to establish a stratigraphic sequence of diatom assemblages for use in interpreting the climatic and limnologic history of ancient Lake Texcoco. Diatoms were found in nearly every 20-cm sample interval, and several major zones were established. Planktonic and benthonic-epiphytic assemblages alternate throughout the core, both of fresh- and brackish-water types. The alternations reflect the fact that the coring site is marginal to the main basin of the la’ke, and limnologic conditions change as water levels rise and fall. A freshwater planktonic assemblage dominated by Stephanodiscus niagarne in decpcr parts of the core indicates that a large, cool, and possibly deep lake existed about 100,000 years ago, either because of pluvial or because of tectonic factors. This is replaced (depth 35 to 30 m) by a freshwater benthonic-epiphytic assemblage characterized by Denticula elegans and other marsh diatoms. The marshes were probably maintained by springs from the shore when the lake was reduced to saline pools in the center of the basin. As water levels rose again (core depths 30 to 5 m), brackish water flooded the marshes, and brackish benthonic diatoms (such as Anomoeoneis cost&a, Campylodiscus clypeus, and Nitzschia frustulum) replaced the earlier floras. These were periodically replaced by brackish planktonic diatoms (as Cyclotebla striatn and CycZoteZZu quillensis) when the lake was deeper, but the earlier frcshwatcr planktonic flora never recurred. The same brackish planktonic and benthonic diatoms that prevailed for several tens of thousands of years are found today confined to the brackish pools of Lake Texcoco that are remnants of the former larger lake. The long interval of fluchlating brackish floras probably rcprcsents Wisconsin time. The last 10,000 years of the lake’s history is marked by a return of the marsh flora, sllggcsting a climate drier than that of Wisconsin time. A marked climatic change, however, is not necessary to explain this last change in the cliatom flora, and it seams likely that the pluvial climate inferrecl for the southwcstcrn United States had less effect at the latitude of Mexico City ( 19” 30’) than farther north.
A model and equivalent circuit for a superconducting flux flow transistor

A three-terminal high-frequency active device made of a single film of a high T/sub c/ superconductor that is based on the magnetic control of flux flow is presented. The device is composed of parallel weak links with a nearby magnetic control line. A model has been developed that is based on solving the equation of motion of Abrikosov vortices subject to Lorentz viscous and pinning forces, as well as magnetic surface barriers. The model has been used to predict device transit time (computed from flux velocity) and device I-V curves. The predictions are compared to measured parameters with resulting very good agreement. >
Digital Peers to Help Children's Text Comprehension and Perceptions.

Affable Reading Tutor (ART) is an online reading lesson designed for children who are starting to comprehend reading. A digital, human-like character (virtual peer) in ART serves as a peer model that demonstrates the use of the reading comprehension strategy called questioning to help improve the learners’ comprehension of expository texts. This study, with 141 boys and girls in the fourth and fifth grades in the United States, examined the effects of virtual-peer presence (presence, absence, and control) on learners’ text comprehension and also the effects of learner gender and virtual-peer attributes (human-like male, human-like female, robot still image) on learners’ perceptions of their peer and on their text comprehension. The results revealed that the virtual-peer presence group outperformed both the absence group and the control group in the immediate and delayed posttests text comprehension. There were mixed results in the impacts of learner gender and virtual-peer attributes on text comprehension. The learners’ perceptions of their agent were not differentiated by neither learner gender nor virtual-peer attributes. The findings are discussed with virtual-peer design implications.
The Pattern of Growth Hormone Delivery to Peripheral Tissues Determines Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Lipolytic Responses in Obese Subjects

Context: It is unclear whether the pattern of GH delivery to peripheral tissues has important effects. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of pulsatile vs. continuous administration of GH upon metabolic and IGF-I parameters in obese subjects. Setting: The study was conducted at the General Clinical Research Center at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Participants: Four men and five women with abdominal obesity (body mass index, 33 ± 3 kg/m2; body fat, 40 ± 3%) participated in the study. Intervention: GH (0.5 mg/m2 · d) was given iv for 3 d as: 1) continuous infusion (C); and 2) pulsatile boluses (P) (15% of the dose at 0700, 1300, and 1800 h and 55% at 2400 h). These trials were preceded by a basal period (B) when subjects received normal saline. Main Outcome Measures: Rate of lipolysis and hepatic glucose production were evaluated using stable isotope tracer techniques. The composite index of insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) was assessed using oral glucose tolerance test. Results: The increase in plasma IGF-I concentrations was greater (P < 0.05) with continuous GH infusion (211 ± 31, 423 ± 38, and 309 ± 34 μg/liter for B, C, and P, respectively). Muscle IGF-I mRNA was significantly increased (P < 0.05) only after the continuous GH infusion (1.2 ± 0.4, 4.4 ± 1.3, and 2.3 ± 0.6 arbitrary units, for B, C, and P, respectively). Only pulsatile GH augmented the rate of lipolysis (4.1 ± 0.3, 4.8 ± 0.7, and 7.1 ± 1.1 μmol/kg · min for B, C, and P, respectively). GH had no effect on hepatic glucose production, but both modes of GH administration were equally effective in impairing insulin sensitivity. Conclusion: These findings indicate that, in obese subjects, discrete components of GH secretory pattern may differentially affect IGF-I generation and lipolytic responses.
Reciprocal Relations Between Parenting and Adjustment in a Sample of Juvenile Offenders

The over-time reciprocal links between parenting and adolescent adjustment were examined in a sample of 1,354 serious adolescent offenders followed for 3 years (16 years of age at baseline, SD = 1.14). Parallel processing growth curve models provided independent estimates of the impact of parenting on adolescent functioning as well as the impact of adolescent functioning on parenting. Positive adolescent development was facilitated by high parental warmth and low parental hostility. Parental monitoring predicted less problematic behavior, but less positive functioning as well. Predictably, parents became warmer and less hostile in response to positive adolescent development, and less warm in response to problematic adolescent functioning. Parental monitoring declined when adolescents exhibited either positive or problematic functioning.
Use of potassium-titanyl phosphate laser with flexible bronchoscope through a laryngeal mask airway in patients with difficult airways

Laryngeal lesions with difficult visualization and access require an alternative approach. Patients with difficult anatomy, anterior glottis, subglottic and upper tracheal lesions can present challenges for the anesthesiologist and surgeon. We describe a technique of ventilating patients through a laryngeal mask airway and passing a flexible bronchoscope with a potassium-titanyl phosphate fiber laser through the laryngeal mask airway for laryngeal and tracheal surgery. There are several advantages to this method, including ease of visualization of airway lesions, wide access for therapeutic interventions, and minimal vocal cord trauma. This technique is an important tool in the management of difficult laryngotracheal lesions.
User-centered design: Science or window dressing?. Sponsored by SIG HCI

Designing information systems with the user in mind, generally referred to as ‘user-centered design’ has become an established goal of much of the work in information science. According to this approach, activities such as user studies, usability evaluations, and user analyses (amongst others) must be performed if we are to either advance our field or design better systems. However, despite the rhetoric, user-centered design methods are not uniform in nature, and the variability in application of the user-centered approach is leading some researchers to question its value. Negroponte (1996) argues that good design will attract its own users, while Heninbokel et al (1996) found that adopting user-centered approaches actually led to more problems in many designs. This panel explores the extent to which there is real substance behind the rhetoric of user-centeredness in our research and practice, explores ways in which we can improve the quality and applicability of data and inputs from users, and engages in debate and discussion with the audience on the real values of user-centered design for the field.
208 Electrophoresis and capture of DNA into a nanopore

DNA capture into a nanopore is driven by the electric field which extends out of the pore and is not subject to Debye screening, because it is maintained by the externally applied voltage (M.Wanunu et al., 2010). This outside field is closely related to the pore access resistance (Kowalczyk et al., 2011). DNA motion in this highly nonuniform field is coupled to both electric and hydrodynamic currents. To understand this complex dynamics, we develop a set of scaling arguments. First we re-examine the classical problem of DNA electrophoresis in a uniform field and rederive the known results for DNA electrophoretic mobility which does not depend on DNA length. Second, we generalize these scaling arguments for the nonuniform field. We show that the distance between DNA end and the pore entrance can be viewed as a reaction coordinate describing the capture process, and this description remains marginally applicable up until DNA entrance into the pore. This description naturally couples to the nonequilibrium de...
Green fluorescent protein labeling of cytoskeletal structures--novel targeting approach based on leucine zippers.

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a valuable marker for intracellular protein localization. However, the fusion of GFP with structural proteins can alter their properties, resulting in a loss of fusion protein localization, decreased GFP fluorescence or both. We describe a novel targeting approach based on noncovalent heterodimerization of GFP and cytoplasmic structural proteins. The formation of structural protein/GFP complexes was mediated by modified leucine zipper protein spacers designed to form high-affinity heterodimers. The complexes localized accurately to specific sites within cells, providing selective fluorescence labeling of subcellular structures such as microfilaments or focal contacts.
Cobalanced Extensions of a Torsion-Free Module by a Torsion Module Over an Integral Domain

Cobalanced extensions of torsion-free modules by torsion modules over domains are investigated. As in the case of Abelian Groups, these sequences will split if and only if the torsion-free module is a pure submodule of a vector module. Unlike this case, even the torsion-free modules of finite rank need not be locally completely decomposable. For 1-dimensional Noetherian domains, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for that to be true.
Baseline geochemical characterization of potential receiving reservoirs for carbon dioxide in the Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming

Geologic sequestration of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) will be a necessary part of a carbon management strategy for reducing atmospheric CO 2 emissions so long as fossil fuels are a significant part of the energy mix. Proposed federal and state regulations for underground injection of CO 2 require that underground sources of drinking water be protected. Accordingly, proposed federal regulations require analysis of the suitability of different receiving formations for geologic sequestration. This study compiles all available water quality data for four potential CO 2 receiving formations in the Greater Green River Basin of southwestern Wyoming. The Greater Green River Basin encompasses two large geologic structures, the Moxa Arch and Rock Springs Uplift, which potentially are capable of storing commercial quantities of CO 2 in a number of formations, including the Nugget Sandstone, Tensleep/Weber Sandstone, Madison li mestone, and Bighorn Dolomite. The data suggest that except along the basin margins, the Tensleep/Weber, Madison, and Bighorn Formations are suitable targets under proposed federal and state geologic sequestration regulations. However, low total dissolved solids in Nugget Sandstone groundwater in parts of the Rock Springs Uplift suggest the potential for local, fracture-assisted recharge in this area. For this reason the Nugget Sandstone is less suitable than the deeper formations for CO 2 storage in the Rock Springs Uplift.
Examination of Factors Affecting Driver Injury Severity in Michigan’s Single-Vehicle–Deer Crashes

Michigan is plagued by more than 60,000 deer—vehicle crashes on an annual basis. Although the majority of these crashes result in property damage only, a substantial number lead to significant injuries and fatalities, illustrating the need for a better understanding of the many interrelated factors that affect crash severity. A database of all single-vehicle deer—vehicle crashes (DVC) reported to Michigan law enforcement agencies between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2005, was used to estimate a multinomial logit model of driver injury severity. Results revealed a number of driver, vehicle, and environmental factors that significantly influenced injury severity. Younger drivers were more likely to be injured as a result of a DVC, a possible indication of a lack of appropriate skills or knowledge on the part of these drivers when they encounter deer on the roadway. Female drivers were found to be at an increased risk of injury, as were drivers who had a passenger in the vehicle at the time of the crash...