cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Community Structure of Ichthyoplankton in Laguna Madre Seagrass Meadows: Potential Impact of Seagrass Species Change

Seasonal ichthyoplankton surveys were made in the lower Laguna Madre, Texas, to compare the relative utilization of various nursery habitats (shoal grass,Halodule wrightii; manatee grass,Syringodium filiforme; and unvegetated sand bottom) for both estuarine and offshore-spawned larvae. The species composition and abundance of fish larvae were determined for each habitat type at six locations in the bay. Pushnet ichthyoplankton sampling resulted in 296 total collections, yielding 107,463 fishes representing 55 species in 24 families. A broad spectrum of both the biotic and physical habitat parameters were examined to link the dispersion and distribution of both pre-settlement and postsettlement larvae to the utilization of shallow seagrass habitats. Sample sites were grouped by cluster analysis (Ward’s minimum variance method) according to the similarity of their fish assemblages and subsequently examined with a multiple discriminant function analysis to identify important environmental variables. Abiotic environmental factors were most influential in defining groups for samples dominated by early larvae, whereas measures of seagrass complexity defined groups dominated by older larvae and juveniles. Juvenile-stage individuals showed clear habitat preference, with the more shallowHalodule wrightii being the habitat of choice, whereas early larvae of most species were widely distributed over all habitats. As a result of the recent shift of dominance fromHalodule wrightii toSyringodium filiforme, overall reductions in the quality of nursery habitat for fishes in the lower Laguna Madre are projected.
Evolution of patterns of gene expression in Hawaiian picture-wingedDrosophila

The tissue and stage specificity of expression of five enzymes was examined by electrophoretic analysis of relative enzyme levels in extracts of 13 larval and adult tissues in 27 species of Hawaiian picture-wingedDrosophila. The developmentally regulated patterns of enzyme expression thus characterized were compared to a modal standard phenotype. About 30% of the pattern features analyzed differed significantly from the standard in one or more species. Many of these regulatory differences are essentially qualitative, with tissue specific differences in enzyme activity in excess of 100 fold for some species pairs. The adaptive significance of these pattern differences is unknown, but the results provide strong direct evidence for rapid evolution of new patterns of gene regulation in this group of organisms.
THE COURSE OF VIRUS-INDUCED RABBIT PAPILLOMAS AS DETERMINED BY VIRUS, CELLS, AND HOST

An experimental analysis of the factors responsible for the observed differences in the course of virus-induced papillomas of the rabbit has shown that some are referable to the virus, others to the cells, and yet others to host influences. The interplay of these factors affords enlightening illustration of the nature of the cell-virus relationship in virus-induced tumors. Retrogression of the rabbit papillomas appears to be consequent on a generalized resistance of host origin, elicited by and directed against the proliferating, virus-infected cells.
The scattering constant for multiply-charged particles in photographic emulsion

Numerical values have been calculated for the scattering constant for multiply charged particles in photographic emulsion. The constant has been calculated both with and without cut-off being applied for correction for single scattering, and the results are presented in graphical form.
A rationale for the application of trasylol as a protease inhibitor in radioimmunoassay

Abstract Measurements of polypeptide hormone levels in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay are often impaired by proteolytic degradation of the ligand which decreases the amount of ligand, alters its affinity of binding to antibody or increases nonspecific binding of labelled ligand. To circumvent these difficulties, protease inhibitors have been employed during sample collection, radioimmunoassay incubation periods and radiolabel storage. Trasylol θ in combination with EDTA possesses many characteristics which make it a suitable proteolytic inhibitor for application to radioimmunoassay and, consequently, has attained widespread use in radioimmunoassays. These characteristics are discussed.
(Mn, Sb)-doped PZT and Nb-doped PZT uncooled IR detectors

Mn and Sb-doped Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (PMSZT) and Nb-doped PZT (PNZT) thin film IR detectors have been integrated with Si substrates. A conducting YBCO layer in the IR detector was used as an atomic template for the epitaxial growth of the PMSZT and PNZT thin films, as well as a good IR-reflector. The epitaxial PMSZT and PNZT thin films were self-polarized and exhibited pyroelectric current even without any additional poling. The PMSZT and PNZT detectors were examined as to their pyroelectric current in response to the detector temperature. Doping with Mn and Sb into PZT and doping with Nb into PZT have been shown not only to decrease the Curie temperature Tc, but also increases pyroelectric current significantly in comparison with that of PZT thin films. The PMSZT detectors show high figures of merit, Fv of 1768 cm2/C and Fd of 0.048 (cm3/J)1/2 at 25 degrees C and Fd of 0.135 (cm3/J)1/2 at approximately 90 degrees C. The measured normalized detectivity D*, ranging from 2.5 X 108 to 6.0 X 108 cmHz1/2/W in the 2.5-19.5 micrometers wavelength band, indicated that PMSZT detectors are suitable for broad band IR detector applications. A PMSZT IR detector array with a micro-bridge for thermal isolation has also been fabricated.
Driving forces for composite interface fatigue cracks

Abstract The relevant Fracture mechanics parameter for representing the crack extension driving force of interface fatigue cracks has been studied both analytically and experimentally. Using the oscillatory stress singularities for open-tip interface cracks, an equivalent stress intensity range, defined in terms of the y-integral and evaluated on the basis of the applied loads, is proposed and shown to correlate fatigue crack growth data of interface cracks in fiber-reinforced composites. Two complimentary procedures for determining the local ΔK of interface fatigue cracks using experimental crack opening displacements data are presented. Differences between the local and global ΔK are thought to be due to residual stresses which originated during fabrication.
Ethnicity's Shadows: Race, Religion, and Nationality as Alternative Identities among Recent United States Arrivals

In recent decades, ethnicity has received increasing academic attention—and popular acceptance—as a core aspect of identity and one that is particularly relevant to immigrants. But is this notion of ethnicity salient to the immigrants themselves? This article provides a set of quantitative snapshots of the way new arrivals to the United States identify themselves and their children. The data—a set of annual surveys of recent refugee arrivals—suggest that in response to specific questions about “ethnicity,” newcomers often provide what from American perspectives are not “ethnic” responses. In particular, race and religion are frequently offered as ethnic identity. Furthermore, nationality can also override ethnicity. Parents, for example, sometimes categorize recent United States-born children as ethnically “American” even though the rest of the family retains its previous non-United States identity. Such identity choices reveal much about the starting point of migrant adjustment. They are also invaluable ...
A constant reactor-outlet-temperature control system for nuclear power plants

Most nuclear power plant designs involve the transmission of heat from the core of a nuclear reactor to the boiler of a steam plant by a gas or liquid coolant. A primary function of the power plant control system is to control the temperature of this coolant to provide the desired heat transfer rates and temperature levels in the boiler and reactor. The control system must also prevent transient excusions in the coolant temperature from exceeding the material and structural limitations of the power plant. Major obstacles to the control of transient excursions in coolant temperature are (1) the tendency of these temperature variations to be recirculated in the closed coolant loop, (2) the long transport lags associated with the coolant circulation, and (3) the large inherent time lags of thermometers measuring the coolant temperature.
Saturated hydrocarbon prepolymers by ozonolysis

Abstract The preparation and isocyanate cure of hydroxyl-containing, saturated hydrocarbon prepolymers is described, with emphasis on ethylene-propylene copolymers. The preparation consists of ozonolysis and subsequent reduction, with alkylaluminium hydride materials, of precursors derived from commercially available polymers. The methods for obtaining the precursors are: (a) no prior treatment; (b) bromination followed by dehydrobromination, so as to create sites of main-chain unsaturation; or (c) thermal degradation of the parent polymer to a viscous, unsaturated oligomer. Liquid ethylene-propylene (copolymer) prepolymers, approximately difunctional in hydroxyl, were prepared and cured with di-isocyanates; analogous prepolymers of polyisobutylene and amorphous polypropylene were also prepared.
Teen driving as public drama: statistics, risk, and the social construction of youth as a public problem

In popular and policy framings in the USA, traffic accidents and fatalities involving teens are typically treated as having their own facticity. Much like other social phenomenon, teen driving accidents are regarded as though they are part of an objective reality external to a set of ideational or discursive processes and social organization of knowledge. Treated as such, teen driving accidents and fatalities are uncritically classified, counted, and compared with rates of accidents and fatalities among other groups of drivers with the purpose to direct public policy decisions and give authority to specific legislative agendas. Examining the rhetorical practices through which an event or an object appears as a factual given, ‘as if’ belonging to an objective and unproblematic reality, this paper examines how teen driving and the teen driver are social created through a public problems discourse, fueling panic among parents, policy officials and legislators, educators, and risk and safety experts. Signific...
Measurement of the microwave background temperature at a redshift of 1.776

HOT Big Bang cosmology predicts that the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation will increase linearly with increasing redshift to early in the history of the Universe. The local background temperature (2.7 K) is known very accurately from direct measurements1–3, but other techniques must be used to estimate it at non-zero redshifts. One way is to determine the excitation of atomic transitions in absorbing clouds along the lines-of-sight to distant quasars4. When the transitions are in equilibrium with the microwave background radiation, the radiation will populate the fine-structure levels of the ground states of certain atoms, and the relative populations of the levels can be used to calculate its temperature. Here we report the detection of absorption from the first fine-structure level of neutral carbon atoms in a cloud at a redshift of 1.776, towards the quasar Q1331 + 170. The population ratio yields a temperature of 7.4 ± 0.8 K, assuming that no other significant sources of excitation are present. This agrees with the theoretical prediction of 7.58 K.
Direct optimization of nonlinear parameters

Non-linear parameters in orbitals are optimized by a search for a minimum on the total energy versus parameter surface. In a nonorthogonal CI these parameters are independent. The partial derivatives of the energy are then evaluated analytically and used in a simultaneous variation of all parameters in the direction of steepest descent. Some results for atomic wave functions with real s and p STOS are presented.
Thin films of uniform hematite nanoparticles: control of surface hydrophobicity and self-assembly

In this study we show that uniform hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticle thin films with controlled layer thickness can be formed by Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) monolayer deposition on surface areas of several square centimeters. The technique involves synthesis of uniform hematite nanoparticles by forced hydrolysis and surface modifications for increased hydrophobicity to bring the particles to the air–water interface. Methods of thermal treatment, stepped solvent exchange, and oleate surfactant coating were studied for their effectiveness in increasing hydrophobicity by removing surface adsorbed water and –OH groups and were subsequently validated by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. Surface pressure–area (π–A) and surface pressure–time (π–t) isotherms indicate that the stability of the particle monolayer at the air–water interface depends on the method of surface modification. Thermal evaporation treatment was found to produce thin films of hematite nanoparticles with the greatest uniformity and surface coverage as characterized by UV-visible spectroscopic, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and atomic force microscopic (AFM) analyses.
The association of Toxoplasma gondii infection with neurocognitive deficits in a population-based analysis.

Purpose To examine the relationship between infection with Toxoplasma gondii (toxo) and cognition.
Robust nanoporous membranes templated by a doubly reactive block copolymer.

We demonstrated a novel approach to produce robust bicontinuous nanoporous polymer membranes by ring-opening metathesis polymerization of a new norbornene-functional diblock copolymer and dicyclopentadiene followed by selective removal of a chemically etchable polylactide block. Polymerization-induced phase separation from the initial homogeneous tetrahydrofuran solution of all components led to a disordered but cocontinuous structure in the resulting cross-linked plastics. After polylactide removal, the nanoporous (ca. 20 nm pores) membranes exhibited excellent thermal stability and mechanical toughness, high specific surface areas, narrow pore size distributions, and good permeability.
“More Life”: Ethel Rosenberg's Ghost And Angels in America

“[M]ore life means that everything is possible.” —Harold Bloom, The Book of J One knew ghosts did not exist, yet one saw them anyway, without knowing precisely how. —Terry Castle, “Phantasmagoria” ...
Metabolic complications associated with antiretroviral therapy

Mortality rates in the HIV-infected patient population have decreased with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of AIDS. Due to the chronic nature of HAART, long-term metabolic complications are associated with therapy, such as hyperlipidemia, fat redistribution and diabetes mellitus. Currently, all of these symptoms are classified as the lipodystrophy (LD) syndrome(s). However, hyperlipidemia and fat redistribution occur independently, indicating there may be multiple syndromes associated with HAART. Although fat gain/loss and dyslipidemia occur in protease inhibitor (PI) naive patients treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), combination therapies (PI and NRTI) accelerate the syndrome. Recent clinical trials, cell culture and animal studies indicate that these effects are not drug class specific and select PIs, NRTIs and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) can be associated with metabolic complications. Moreover, the effects can vary between various members of the same class of antiretroviral agents (i.e. not all PIs cause the same adverse reactions) and may be influenced by duration of infection, genetics and environmental factors. Although HAART increases the risk of metabolic complications, this does not outweigh the benefits of survival. In this review, we summarize the latest clinical and scientific information on these metabolic complications, examine current hypotheses explaining the syndromes and comment on the existing methods available to manage these metabolic side effects.
Image processing for SEMs: is this the way to go for CD metrology?

Image processing (IP) techniques are growing increasingly powerful. IP has been used extensively in the military field and is finding increased use in semiconductor manufacturing, specifically CD SEM metrology. The IP techniques discussed in this paper address methods that tend to sharpen and smooth the image coming from the scanning electron microscope. One such technique involves deconvolving the effect of a non-ideal electron beam spot. As an example, a vendor supplied IP technique is used to define a methodology to judge the merits of such techniques for critical dimension metrology. Many images were analyzed with and without processing to assess the effects on resolution, accuracy and precision.
Existence for large times of finite amplitude elastic waves arising from small disturbances.

Abstract This paper deals with strict solutions ui(t, x1, x2, x3) of a system of quasi-linear equations [Formula: see text] with u′ = ([unk]xiuk), and i, k, r, s ranging over 1, 2, 3. For given initial conditions ui = efi(x1, x2, x3), [unk]tui = eg(x1, x2, x3) for t = 0 the life-span T(e) is the supremum of all t > 0 to which the ui can be extended as strict solutions for all x. It is shown that lim infe→0 e log T(e) > 0 for Cikrs, fi, gi [unk] C0∞, and Cikrs = Crsik, Cikrs(0) = 0.
Composite activities on B cells of products released by T cells activated by concanavalin A.

Supernatants from murine spleen cells cultured for 48 h in the presence of 1.0 μg of concanavalin A (Con A) induced polyclonal antibody synthesis in cultures of spleen cells from both normal and athymic mice in the absence of exogeneous antigen. Moreover, the Con A-induced supernatant rescued B cells which had been rendered unresponsive by a tolerogen [haptenated poly(DGlu,DLys)]. The capacity of the supernatant to induce cell proliferation was studied under both high and low-density culture conditions. In contrast to antibody secretion, proliferation was only detectable in low-density cultures. The Con A-induced supernatant also contained suppressive components, since the primary anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) response was markedly suppressed when the antigen added to cultures consisted of SRBC which had previously been used for absorbing the supernatants. Absorbed supernatants displayed enhanced helper activity indicating that only the suppressor component was removable by antigen. The suppressive component was eluted from erythrocytes with ammonium thiocyanate and was itself strongly suppressive when added to cultures with fresh erythrocytes. Furthermore, the suppressive component proved to be highly antigen-specific, as the SRBC-absorbed factor did not affect the response to horse RBC. The results indicate that supernatants from Con A-activated spleen cells contain both helper and suppressor factors, the latter having easily demonstrable antigen specificity. They further suggest that a nonantigen-derived signal is sufficient to trigger both proliferation and antibody synthesis by B cells.
Automatically reasoning about metamodeling

Metamodeling is foundational to many modeling frameworks, and so it is important to formalize and reason about it. Ideally, correctness proofs and test-case generation on the metamodeling framework should be automatic. However, it has yet to be shown that extensive automated reasoning on metamodeling frameworks can be achieved. In this paper, we present one approach to this problem: metamodeling frameworks are specified modularly using algebraic data types and constraint logic programming (CLP). Proofs and test-case generation are encoded as open world query operations and automatically solved.
Ultramicroscopic filaments in the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri (pallas) and their possible role in ampullar contractions

The autonomous contractility of ampullae which serve as accessory hearts in the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri is described. Fine structural details are presented for the single layer of endothelial cells comprising an ampulla. Ultramicroscopic filaments of 40 A to 90 A diameter, oriented circularly around the ampulla in basal zones of these cells, are implicated in the generation of the peristalses of the ampullae.
Constitutive modeling of the aging viscoelastic properties of portland cement paste

Analytical approaches for modeling aging viscoelastic behavior of concrete in- clude the time-shift approach (analogous to time-temperature superposition), the solidifi- cation theory, and the dissolution-precipitation approach. The aging viscoelastic properties of concrete are generally attributed solely to the cement paste phase since the aggregates are typically linear elastic. In this study, the aging viscoelastic behavior of four different cement pastes has been measured and modeled according to both the time-shift approach and the solidification theory. The inability of each individual model to fully characterize the aging viscoelastic response of the materials provides insight into the mechanisms for aging of the viscoelastic properties of cement paste and concrete. A model that considers aging due to solidification in combination with inherent aging of the cement paste gel (modeled using the time-shift approach) more accurately predicted the aging viscoelastic behavior of portland cement paste than either the solidification or time-shift approaches independently. The results provide evidence that solidification and other intrinsic gel aging mechanisms are concurrently active in the aging process of cementitious materials.
Novel focusing, nonperturbative method for imaging of scattering media using frequency-modulated signal

A novel algorithm for imaging of small abnormalities hidden in the highly scattering media is developed. Frequency modulated signal is used as the data for the inverse problem solution. Two major novelties of this method are: (i) 'focusing' idea, by which one images 'suspected' areas only, and (ii) rather weak dependence of the method from the initial guess, which might be rather far from the background media. Numerical experiments with synthetic data are presented.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection of Blood Leukocytes: Detection of Antigen, Nucleic Acid, and Infectious Virus

To investigate further the interaction of cytomegalovirus (CMV) with blood leukocytes, we studied the kinetics of leukocyte infection during sublethal murine CMV (MCMV) infection. Three-week old Balb/c mice were infected ip with 105 plaque-forming-units of MCMV, and mononuclear and granulocyte-enriched leukocyte fractions were studied 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 20 days post-infection using in situ nucleic acid hybridization, detection of antigen by monoclonal antibodies, and culture for infectious virus. By day 3, immediate-early MCMV antigens were detected in the leukocytes of all infected animals (mean of 200 antigen-positive cells/106 leukocytes). By day 5, antigens, nucleic acid, and infectious virus were detected in the leukocytes of all animals and were present until day 14. By each method, peak infection was observed on day 5. At peak infection, more cells contained antigens (mean of 248 antigen-positive cells/106 leukocytes) than contained nucleic acid (mean of 64 nucleic acid positive cells/106 leukocytes) (p<0.001). On day 5, 73% of the antigen-positive cells were lymphocytes and 23% were monocytes, with MCMV antigens in 0.2 to 0.9% of the lymphocytes harvested from MCMV-infected animals. Infection of leukocytes in these studies corresponded to our previous observations regarding the timing of MCMV-induced alterations in lymphocyte subset numbers and mitogen responsiveness. These studies provide additional support for the concept that CMV-induced immunosuppression is attributable to direct infection of blood leukocytes.
The Effects of the Timing of Weight Gain on Pregnancy Outcome

Abstract The purpose of the retrospective study was to determine whether the timing of maternal weight gain affected the maternal or fetal outcomes of women seen by a private obstetrician and gynecologist. The medical records of 100 women were randomly selected and all pertinent maternal and infant information was gathered. Missing data disqualified three subjects, leaving a total of 97 subjects. Cluster analysis was used to group the subjects according to similar weight change patterns. Based on similar patterns of weight change, three clusters were identified. All three clusters were predominantly white and delivered around 39 weeks gestation. Cluster one contained the oldest women (M=29years) who gained the least weight (M=25 pounds) during pregnancy. Cluster two contained the youngest women (M=26 years) who gained the most weight (M=38 pounds) during pregnancy. Cluster three contained women with a mean age of 27 years and a mean weight gain of 37 pounds, which falls in between the means for clusters one and two. Cluster one and three had the highest prepregnancy.weights, with a mean prepregnancy weight of 157 pounds and 158 pounds, respectively, and a mean BMI of 27. Cluster two had a mean prepregnancy weight of 128.5 pounds with a mean BMI of 22. All three clusters gained at or above the current recommendations for total prenatal weight gain. The weight gain patterns were significantly (p All subjects in this study delivered a healthy infant without complications. Cluster three did have more C-section deliveries. This study does support the importance of early prenatal care, avoiding substance abuse, and gaining an appropriate amount of weight based on prepregnancy weight status.
Follow-up of elderly patients who refuse transport after accessing 9-1-1.

Objective To obtain medical follow-up and determine reasons why elderly patients access paramedics via 9-1-1 and then refuse transport. Methods. A telephone survey of patients aged 65 years and older who refused transport and signed out against medical advice (AMA) after accessing paramedics via 9-1-1 was performed to obtain information about the patients' experiences, reasons why they refused, medical follow-up, and patient outcomes. Results. One hundred of 121 (83%) patients who were contacted by telephone participated in the survey. Patients stated that financial concerns were a major determinant in refusing to be transported. Overall, 70% of the patients reported receiving follow-up medical care. Care was obtained at an emergency department (ED) via a second 9-1-1 call in 16% of cases, at an ED via private vehicle in 13%, at an urgent care clinic by a private vehicle in 35%, and with a family physician via private car in 38% of cases. Of the patients who obtained follow-up, there was a 32% hospital ad...
Why does my patient have leukocytosis

Leukocytosis is one of the most common laboratory abnormalities in medicine, and one of the most frequent reasons for hematologic consultation. Effective evaluation of leukocytosis requires an attentive history, careful physical examination, meticulous review of the complete blood count and peripheral blood smear, judicious application of laboratory and radiologic testing, and thoughtful analysis. Definitive diagnosis may require bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, imaging studies, and specialized molecular tests. The differential diagnosis of leukocytosis includes physiologic responses to a broad range of infectious and inflammatory processes, as well as numerous primary hematologic disorders such as leukemias, lymphomas, and myeloproliferative neoplasms.
The Assessment of Intraoperative Prosthetic Knee Range of Motion Using Two Methods

The commonly used standard goniometer has been shown to underestimate knee flexion. Computer-assisted navigation for total knee arthroplasty offers itself as an alternative method to quantify knee flexion. The goal of our study was to determine the reliability of each instrument in measuring intraoperative range of motion during total knee arthroplasty. We prospectively performed intraoperative measurements using both methods on 99 knees. We assessed the variability between the 2 devices and the confounding effect of body mass index. The mean difference between the goniometric and navigation measurements was significant for flexion, extension, and range of motion. Increasing body mass index accentuated this difference. The goniometric method underestimated flexion measurements as compared to navigation, especially in patients with high body mass index. Our study confirms that navigation is a reliable tool for performing in vivo assessment of range of motion.
Radiosurgery-induced Microvascular Alterations Precede Necrosis of the Brain Neuropil

OBJECTIVE: Radiosurgery is used as a therapeutic modality for a wide range of cerebral disorders. It is important to understand the underlying causes of deleterious side effects that may accompany gamma-irradiation of brain tissue. In this study, structural alterations in rat cerebral vessels subjected to gamma knife irradiation in vivo were examined, for elucidation of their potential role in necrosis formation. METHODS: A maximal center dose of 75 Gy was delivered to the rat parietal cortex with a 4-mm collimator, and changes occurring before necrosis formation were assessed 3.5 months after irradiation. Transmission electron microscopy, using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer, and scanning electron microscopy with vascular casting were performed. RESULTS: The capillary network in the irradiated area exhibited thickening and vacuolation of the basement membrane. The capillary density in the irradiated area was lower and the average capillary diameter was larger, compared with the nonirradiated side. These results indicate that substantial changes in the neuropil do not occur 2 weeks before the time of definite necrosis formation, whereas changes in the basement membrane are prominent. CONCLUSION: The necrotic response to intermediate doses of focused-beam irradiation appears after a considerable latency period and then progresses rapidly. This contrasts with previously reported responses to fractionated whole-brain irradiation, in which damage occurs slowly and gradually. Alterations in the microvascular basement membrane precede overt cellular changes in neuronal and vascular cells and provide an early index of cerebrovascular dysfunction in regions destined to undergo necrosis.
On the life history and developmental stages of the medusa Podocoryne borealis

It has been shown in a recent paper by Russell (1940) that in addition to Podocoryne cornea M. Sars, 1846, and the so-called P. areolata , two other Podocoryne medusae, viz. P. hartlaubi Neppi & Stiasny, 1913, and P. minima (Trinci), also occur in the plankton in British waters. The identity of both hydroid and medusa of the European P. cornea is well established arid the medusa has never been known to mature with more than 8 tentacles (Kramp, 1927; Russell, 1940). P. minima is a small medusa with only 4 tentacles and need not be considered further in this paper.
Diplomacy and the Military in France and Prussia, 1870

It is a textbook cliche that the diplomatic history of Europe between 1815 and 1914 was characterized by the increasing prominence of military men and military considerations in policy-making. It is almost as generally accepted that the Franco-Prussian War was a milestone in the development of this process, particularly in the new German Empire. What must not be overlooked in the search for future portents, however, is the consistently minor role soldiers on both sides actually played in the diplomacy of 1870. This essay offers some generalizations on the background and structure of the relationships between soldiers and statesmen during the Franco-Prussian War.
Microbial Consumption of Atmospheric Isoprene in a Temperate Forest Soil

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3 butadiene) is a low-molecular-weight hydrocarbon emitted in large quantities to the atmosphere by vegetation and plays a large role in regulating atmospheric chemistry. Until now, the atmosphere has been considered the only significant sink for isoprene. However, in this study we performed both in situ and in vitro experiments with soil from a temperate forest near Ithaca, N.Y., that indicate that the soil provides a sink for atmospheric isoprene and that the consumption of isoprene is carried out by microorganisms. Consumption occurred rapidly in field chambers (672.60 ± 30.12 to 2,718.36 ± 86.40 pmol gdw−1 day−1) (gdw is grams [dry weight] of soil; values are means ± standard deviations). Subsequent laboratory experiments confirmed that isoprene loss was due to biological processes: consumption was stopped by autoclaving the soil; consumption rates increased with repeated exposure to isoprene; and consumption showed a temperature response consistent with biological activity (with an optimum temperature of 30°C). Isoprene consumption was diminished under low oxygen conditions (120 ± 7.44 versus 528.36 ± 7.68 pmol gdw−1 day−1 under ambient O2 concentrations) and showed a strong relationship with soil moisture. Isoprene-degrading microorganisms were isolated from the site, and abundance was calculated as 5.8 × 105 ± 3.2 × 105 cells gdw−1. Our results indicate that soil may provide a significant biological sink for atmospheric isoprene.
Diffusion of Innovation Theory: A Bridge for the Research-Practice Gap in Counseling

This article presents a diffusion of innovation theory–based framework for addressing the gap between research and practice in the counseling profession. The author describes the nature of the research–practice gap and presents an overview of diffusion of innovation theory. On the basis of the application of several major postulates of diffusion of innovation theory to the research–practice gap, several theory-based research practices and questions are proposed.
Practical Design of Intelligent Living-Space Based on Blue-Tooth System

This paper mainly focused on exploring the intelligent living-space issues of daily life especially when mankind steps into 21st century leading by concept of 3C Since Japan and Korea have invest a lot of resource in researching and developing digitalizing living-space many years, those strategies really upgraded the competition potential of country s economy and created many related brand-new industries for 3C Taiwan now positively touches into this category of manufacturing industry by initiating from Far-eastern Constructing Co. Ltd., which proposed "digitalized community" and began the research category of the intelligent living-space. In this paper, an intelligent living-space based on Blue-tooth system was practically designed and implemented in a living room, which was supported by the Taiwan Education Ministry under "projects of improving teaching superiority Taiwan colleges", and the whole system was finally proved to be successful with its steady functions. The related techniques developed included software developing of Blue-tooth modules, hardware design of interface transition between blue-tooth and RS-232, decoding of message package, pairs matching, and communication mode switching in multi-modules. The study purposes of the system are : 1. To study the related techniques of Blue-tooth modules and its communication mechanism implemented in an intelligent living-space. 2. To research and develop a remote control system or monitoring system with the Blue-tooth communication system. 3. To develop the interface between Blue-tooth module and RS232 mounted on any microprocessor or PC.
Regression of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma with rapamycin in tuberous sclerosis complex.

The authors present a 21-year-old woman who has been receiving rapamycin for 5 months for bilateral subependymal giant cell astrocytomas. The patient was started at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg/day. Levels were maintained between 11 and 13 ng/mL. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain 2½ months after initiating rapamycin demonstrated a decrease in size of both astrocytomas (11 to 7.5 mm on the right and 8 to 5 mm on the left). Further studies are needed with prolonged observation to confirm these findings, determine the length of necessary treatment, and evaluate recurrence risk after discontinuation of rapamycin.
Dendritic cells are resistant to apoptosis through the Fas (CD95/APO-1) pathway.

Immunoregulation of lymphocytes and macrophages in the peripheral immune system is achieved in part by activation-induced cell death. Members of the TNF receptor family including Fas (CD95) are involved in the regulation of activation-induced cell death. To determine whether activation-induced cell death plays a role in regulation of dendritic cells (DCs), we examined interactions between Ag-presenting murine DCs and Ag-specific Th1 CD4+ T cells. Whereas mature bone marrow- or spleen-derived DCs expressed high levels of Fas, these DCs were relatively insensitive to Fas-mediated killing by the agonist mAb, Jo-2, as well as authentic Fas ligand expressed on the CD4+ T cell line, A.E7. The insensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis was not affected by priming with IFN-gamma and/or TNF-alpha or by blocking the DC survival signals TNF-related activation-induced cytokine and CD40L. However, apoptosis could be induced with C2-ceramide, suggesting that signals proximal to the generation of ceramide might mediate resistance to Fas. Analysis of protein expression of several anti-apoptotic mediators revealed that expression of the intracellular inhibitor of apoptosis Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein was significantly higher in Fas-resistant DCs than in Fas-sensitive macrophages, suggesting a possible role for Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein in DC resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that murine DCs differ significantly from other APC populations in susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis during cognate presentation of Ag. Because DCs are most notable for initiation of an immune response, resistance to apoptosis may contribute to this function.
A Psychotherapy Model for Treating Refugee Children Caught in the Midst of Catastrophic Situations

A psychotherapy model for treating child and adolescent refugees caught in the midst of catastrophic situations is proposed. Empirical studies of the peri-traumatic period, comprised between the moment of departure and up to the moment of arrival of the refugees to the sheltering country, are scarce and difficult to complete. A review of the literature reveals that negative, long term mental health outcomes in these populations are related to autonomic dysregulation and impaired narratives of the events, which result from exposure to overwhelming stress. The author combines case material from his own clinical experience treating Cuban children and adolescents inside refugee camps, with the available literature, in order to design the model. The role of the therapist is threefold and involves: (1) intervening to decrease hyperarousal and protect the refugee's neuroendocrine integrity, (2) helping the patient construct a cohesive narrative of the events during the peri-traumatic period and, (3) becoming an advocate for the refugee children and their families, helping to empower them so they can attain mastery and control over the forces that threaten to overwhelm their coping capacities. This model addresses a neglected area of refugee studies: treatment interventions during the peri-traumatic period. It attempts to bridge the empirical research gap that exists, due to the inherent difficulties of studying refugee populations "in the field." This model could potentially be extrapolated to treat other similar populations.
Instructional use of declarative languages for the study of machine transients

The uses of high-level and declarative programming environments for the teaching of machine transients is illustrated. The clarity and flexibility afforded by this new generation of mathematical software environments is demonstrated. Three environments are compared: Speakeasy, PC-Matlab, and SOLVER-Q. Results obtained using these environments are compared with simulations obtained using the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP). Numerical results of simulations are similar, with minor differences between constant and adaptive time step programs. Execution times differed, with environments that emphasize symbolic computation slower than those that are able to perform numeric simulations alone. The clarity of the expressions needed to produce a simulation in each environment is examined. >
Association of Race With Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in a Large Cohort of US Veterans

Background—In the general population, blacks experience higher mortality than their white peers, attributed in part to their lower socioeconomic status, reduced access to care, and possibly intrinsic biological factors. Patients with kidney disease are a notable exception, among whom blacks experience lower mortality. It is unclear if similar differences affecting outcomes exist in patients with no kidney disease but with equal or similar access to health care. Methods and Results—We compared all-cause mortality, incident coronary heart disease, and incident ischemic stroke using multivariable-adjusted Cox models in a nationwide cohort of 547 441 black and 2 525 525 white patients with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 receiving care from the US Veterans Health Administration. In parallel analyses, we compared outcomes in black versus white individuals in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2004. After multivariable adjustments in veteran...
Alienation of Affection Torts: Love ’Em or Leave ’Em?

The alienation of affection tort, which allows a plaintiff to sue a third party for interfering with the plaintiff's marriage, has been disparaged by many as a relic of women's former status as their husband's property. Despite its archaic roots, the tort as it operates today is in many ways quite modern and addresses some of the problems, expectations, and obstacles of modern American marriage. Furthermore, it fits in with developments in tort law toward more actions for nontangible, nonfinancial damages. Given the tort's history, one might assume that it benefits men, but women also benefit from and use this tort, as demonstrated in a case study of North Carolina, a jurisdiction where the tort is frequently pursued. In its current form, the alienation tort can be reconciled with feminist theory and with women's interests, and should not be abolished without reconsideration.“Those whom God hath joined together let no man put asunder.”Book of Common Prayer 1789
On the elimination of non-resonance harmonics

Given a weakly coupled Hamiltonian system with short range, one dimensional interactions, andany initial conditions a canonical change of variables is constructed which yields a new Hamiltonian consisting of three parts—an integrable term, a resonant term whose effects are localized in those regions of the system which give small denominators in the Kolmogorov-Arnol'd-Moser iteration scheme and a non-resonant interaction term which is very small. (In particular, much, much smaller than our original interactions.) The conditions which allow such a transformation to be constructed are independent of the number of degrees of freedom in the system, as are the estimates on the size of the various terms. Thus, if the resonances are “sparsely” distributed through the system most of the sites in the transformed Hamiltonian behave essentially like an integrable system, at least for as long a time as the trajectory of the system lies within the region where the canonical transformation is defined. In subsequent work it is shown that this time is long, and once again independent of the number of degrees of freedom in the system.
VORTEX INDUCTION AND MASS ENTRAINMENT IN A SMALL-ASPECT-RATIO ELLIPTIC JET

A passive technique of increasing entrainment was found by using a small-aspect-ratio elliptic jet. The entrainment ratio of an elliptic jet was several times greater than that of a circular jet or a plane jet. The self-induction of the asymmetric coherent structure caused azimuthal distortions which were responsible for engulfing large amounts of surrounding fluid into the jet. In an elliptic jet, an interesting feature in the initial stability process is that the thickness of the shear layer varies around the nozzle. The data indicated that instability frequency was scaled with the thinnest initial momentum thickness which was associated with the maximum vorticity. Turbulence properties were also examined and were found to be significantly different in the major- and minor-axis planes.
Training Recurrent Neurocontrollers for Robustness With Derivative-Free Kalman Filter

We are interested in training neurocontrollers for robustness on discrete-time models of physical systems. Our neurocontrollers are implemented as recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A model of the system to be controlled is known to the extent of parameters and/or signal uncertainties. Parameter values are drawn from a known distribution. For each instance of the model with specified parameters, a recurrent neurocontroller is trained by evaluating sensitivities of the model outputs to perturbations of the neurocontroller weights and incrementally updating the weights. Our training process strives to minimize a quadratic cost function averaged over many different models. In the end, the process yields a robust recurrent neurocontroller, which is ready for deployment with fixed weights. We employ a derivative-free Kalman filter algorithm proposed by Norgaard and extended by Feldkamp (2001) and Feldkamp (2002) to neural network training. Our training algorithm combines effectiveness of a second-order training method with universal applicability to both differentiable and nondifferentiable systems. Our approach is that of model reference control, and it extends significantly the capabilities proposed by Prokhorov (2001). We illustrate it with two examples
Semiclassical eigenvalues of a three-dimensional Hamiltonian with one arbitrary trajectory

Abstract The semiclassical eigenvalues of a realistic three-dimensional model Hamiltonian are computed with a method proposed recently by Miller that makes use of a single arbitrary trajectory. The calculated results are compared with the earlier results obtained using the Sorbie—Handy method and are found to be in good agreement.
Need for critical assessment

Adventurous technological proposals are subject to inadequate critical assessment. It is the proponents who organize meetings and special issues. Optical logic, mesoscopic switching devices and quantum parallelism are used to illustrate this problem.
The social and demographic characteristics of southern politicians

The once solidly Democratic South no longer exists. In recent years the Republican Party has made substantial gains in the South, particularly in elections for national offices. This paper uses data collected from Congressional Directories to examine the differences in the social and demographic characteristics of Republican and Democratic senators and representatives elected from southern states between 1960 and 1980. Republican members of Congress are more likely to come from border states, those with some Republican tradition, and states receiving larger numbers of in‐migrants. Furthermore, elected Republicans are more likely to have been born and educated outside the South and tend to have higher social status than the southern Democrats elected to Congress.