cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IL-1 dependent model of inflammation mediated by neutrophils

Abstract lnterleukin-1 (IL-1) mediates a number of immunologic and physiologic responses associated with inflammation. A new model to monitor the primary effects of IL-1 and potential inhibitors on inflammation has been developed, which involves unilateral injection of 300 U of highly purified recombinant human IL-1 in mouse ears. Ear thickness of IL-1 injected ears increased 7-10-fold 24 hr posttreatment, concomitant with a corresponding increase in myeloperoxidase activity, suggesting that neutrophil influx contributes to this response. Administration of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs did not influence the IL-1 effect in vivo. Inhibition of phospholipase A 2 activity ameliorated the IL-1 stimulated inflammation; treatment with 10 mg kg dexamethaxone eliminated approximately 80% of increased myeloperoxidase activity compared to control values. This model provides a well-defined in vivo assay with which to quantify the systemic effects of compounds capable of altering the activity of IL-1, and the data suggest that this mechanism may explain the unique efficacy of steroids as antiinflammatories.
The application of DeviceNet in process control

Abstract DeviceNet was created out of the need to create a de facto standard for industrial devices used in automation applications. DeviceNet provides communication between controllers, industrial sensors, and actuators. The network's primary focus is to connect sensors like photoeyes, proximity, and limit switches. Examples of actuators are motor starters, pneumatic valves, and andmotor drives. The DeviceNet specification is based on CAN with an application and physical layer developed by Allen-Bradley. DeviceNet is now owned and managed by the Open DeviceNet Vendors Association. ODVA is dedicated to enhancing and promoting the DeviceNet specification. There are currently over 110 members of ODVA developing over 150 products. Although DeviceNet was designed for use in discrete applications, it has been applied in process applications. These applications have taken advantage of DeviceNet's ability to communicate digital and variable data to and from devices. This presentation will provide an overview of the DeviceNet specification. Also discussed will be system hardware and software components and system configuration. An example of system operation in a process application will be highlighted defining the types of products and specific applications solved.
Static and dynamic magnetoelasticity

Magnetoelasticity encompasses a wide range of phenomena including, but not limited to, volume and Joule magnetostriction, the Villari effect, direct and inverse Wiedemann effects, the (Delta) E effect, and a magnetoelastic contribution to the apparent magnetic anisotropy. These effects are conveniently codified in a magnetoelastic energy density which, together with the magnetic (including exchange) and elastic energy densities, provides a consistent thermodynamic description of magnetoelasticity. In this review I shall briefly examine each of these effects and the corresponding terms of the energy density. This energy density is described by a collection of material constants which, in principle, are derivable from theory. The physical coordinates which are maintained constant in any experiment dictate the relevant combination of these material constants which is ultimately observed. Static and dynamic measurements are generally carried out with different constraints and, not surprisingly, these experiments measure different combinations of material parameters. For example, the highly magnetostrictive smart material Terfenol-D (Dy 0.73 Tb 0.27 Fe 1.95 ) has a static magnetic anisotropy which is markedly different from the anisotropy exhibited in a dynamic measurement.
Determining a sequence of stable multicast Steiner trees in mobile ad hoc networks

We show that given the complete knowledge of future topology changes, it is possible to determine the sequence of stable multicast Steiner trees (called the stable mobile multicast Steiner tree) in a multicast session such that the number of tree transitions is minimal. The algorithm to determine the stable mobile multicast Steiner tree and the minimum number of tree transitions is called OptTreeTrans. It is based on the following greedy approach: whenever a multicast Steiner tree is required, choose the Steiner tree that will exist for the longest time. The above strategy is repeated over the duration of the multicast session. We prove that OptTreeTrans gives the optimal number of tree transitions and simultaneously yields the stable mobile multicast Steiner tree. We study the performance of OptTreeTrans in terms of the number of tree transitions and the number of links constituting the Steiner tree for different conditions of node mobility and network density.
The association of diabetes mellitus and high-grade prostate cancer in a multiethnic biopsy series

To analyze the association of diabetes mellitus (DM) with risk of prostate cancer and cancer grade among men undergoing prostate biopsy and to analyze how obesity and race modify these associations. Retrospective analysis of 998 men from the Durham VA undergoing first prostate biopsy between 2001 and 2009 with complete data available. History of DM was determined by chart review. Patients’ characteristics at biopsy were analyzed with chi-square and ranksum. Multivariable analyses of DM and risk of cancer and cancer grade were done using logistic regression adjusting for PSA, body mass index, race, age, year, and digital rectal exam. At biopsy, 284 (28%) men had DM. DM was associated with African American (AAM; p = 0.010) and higher BMI (p < 0.001). DM was not associated with prostate cancer risk on either bivariate (p = 0.600) or multivariate analysis (p = 0.485). Similar results were found after stratification by race and obesity. In multivariable analysis, DM was associated with greater risk of high-grade disease (RR = 2.13, p = 0.024). The association was stronger among obese men (RR = 3.84, p = 0.020) and null in non-obese subjects (RR = 1.39, p = 0.460). After further stratification by race, DM was associated with high-grade disease only in obese Caucasian men (CM; RR = 5.81, p = 0.025) but not in obese AAM. DM was not associated with risk of low-grade disease in all men together or after stratification by obesity or race. History of DM was associated with greater risk of high-grade disease. The association was strongest among obese CM suggesting the effect of DM on high-grade prostate cancer is modified by race and obesity.
Abstract 673: Obesity, weight gain, physical activity and polymorphism in mTOR pathway and risk of renal cell carcinoma

Background: The role of obesity, physical activity and weight gain in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been well understood. Given the crucial role of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway (or mTOR pathway) plays in metabolism, cell growth and tumorigenesis, it is important to evaluate the joint effect of genetic variants in this pathway and energy balance risk factors for RCC. Methods: In this case-control study, 577 Caucasian cases and 593 Caucasian healthy controls were included in the analyses. Cases and controls were frequency-matched by age (±5 years), gender and county of residence. Epidemiological data were collected via in-person interview. Genotyping data of 157 SNPs was extracted from previous GWAS which has been done using Illumina HumanHap660K/610K BeadChips in the laboratory. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and their 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Obesity at age 20, age 40 and 3 years prior to the diagnosis or recruitment were each significantly associated with increased RCC risk. Moderate (10.1-25 lbs) and massive weight gains (>25 lbs) from age 20 to 40 increased RCC risk by 46% (95%CI: 1.16-2.34) and 62% (95%CI: 1.10-2.39), respectively. Low physical activity was associated with 4.08-fold (95%CI: 2.92-5.70) of increased RCC risk. Three SNPs had significant association and their cumulative effect had increased the risk up to 85% (OR: 1.85, 95%CI: 1.28-2.68). When considering multiple risk factors, subjects who were overweight or obese, experienced weight gain during adulthood (>10 lbs), had history of hypertension and unfavorable genotypes in mTOR pathway had 12.84-fold increased risk (95%CI: 5.08-32.46) of RCC. Conclusion: Our results provided strong evidence that energy balance risk factors and genetic variants in mTOR pathway could jointly influence the susceptibility to RCC. Our findings have implications on RCC prevention if confirmed in future independent studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 673. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-673
Liminal Image Size for Conventional Film Readers

A total of 5000 photographic exposures of small targets of various contrasts have been made for the purpose of determining the smallest images which can reliably be detected in a standard film reader. In the majority of cases the liminal image size lay between 10−4 and 10−3 in. The study indicates that uncorrected predictions made on the basis of ordinary visual contrast discrimination data may be in error by an order of magnitude.
Strain Rate Effects on Hydrogen Embrittlement Characteristics of Notched 4340 Steel

The effect of strain rate on hydrogen embrittlement of low alloy 4340 steel was studied using double-notched tensile samples electrochemically charged in-situ with hydrogen in 1N H2SO4 + 5 mg/l As2O3 solution. The mechanical response of samples with prior austenitic grain sizes of 10 and 40 μm and martensitic hardness of 43-52 HRC were examined after hydrogen charging times of 0-20 min. Increasing the strain rate for hydrogen charged samples resulted in decreased failure strains and increased evidence of brittle fracture. Brittle fracture surfaces for the harder samples showed primarily intergranular fracture while softer samples exhibited predominantly quasi-cleavage.
Successful aging: the role of physical activity

Although no amount of physical activity can stop the aging process, a moderate amount of regular exercise can minimize the physiological effects of an otherwise sedentary lifestyle and increase active life expectancy by limiting the development and progression of chronic disease and disabling conditions. Ideally, exercise prescription for older adults should include aerobic, muscle strengthening, and flexibility exercises. In addition, individuals at risk for falling or mobility impairment should also perform specific exercises to improve balance. The intensity and duration of physical activity should be low at the outset for those who are highly deconditioned, are functionally limited, or have chronic conditions affecting their ability to perform physical tasks. Furthermore, the progression of activities should be individualized and tailored to tolerance and preference. Incorporating principles of behavioral change into the design and application of exercise and physical activity programs will increase t...
Dynamic proton polarization with an inhomogeneously-broadened ESR line

Abstract Measurements of the solid effect in erbium-doped yttrium ethyl sulphate yield results in rough agreement with a theory due to khutsishvili and modified by us for the case of a completely inhomogeneously broadened ESR line with unresolved satellites.
Peripheral Glia Have a Pivotal Role in the Initial Response to Axon Degeneration of Peripheral Sensory Neurons in Zebrafish

Axon degeneration is a feature of many peripheral neuropathies. Understanding the organismal response to this degeneration may aid in identifying new therapeutic targets for treatment. Using a transgenic zebrafish line expressing a bacterial nitroreductase (Ntr)/mCherry fusion protein in the peripheral sensory neurons of the V, VII, IX, and X cranial nerves, we were able to induce and visualize the pathology of axon degeneration in vivo. Exposure of 4 days post fertilization Ntr larvae to the prodrug metronidazole (Met), which Ntr metabolizes into cytotoxic metabolites, resulted in dose-dependent cell death and axon degeneration. This was limited to the Ntr-expressing sensory neurons, as neighboring glia and motor axons were unaffected. Cell death was rapid, becoming apparent 3–4 hours after Met treatment, and was followed by phagocytosis of soma and axon debris by cells within the nerves and ganglia beginning at 4–5 hours of exposure. Although neutrophils appear to be activated in response to the degenerating neurons, they did not accumulate at the sites of degeneration. In contrast, macrophages were found to be attracted to the sites of the degenerating axons, where they phagocytosed debris. We demonstrated that peripheral glia are critical for both the phagocytosis and inflammatory response to degenerating neurons: mutants that lack all peripheral glia (foxD3−/−; Ntr) exhibit a much reduced reaction to axonal degeneration, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the clearance of debris, and impaired macrophage recruitment. Overall, these results show that this zebrafish model of peripheral sensory axon degeneration exhibits many aspects common to peripheral neuropathies and that peripheral glia play an important role in the initial response to this process.
Pester Power is a Destructive Concept

The debate on the ethics of advertising and marketing to kids regularly throws up new information and industry opinions. Logistix Kids Worldwide discusses the two key issues involved in this circular political arena — Sweden's proposals to ban TV advertising to kids when they come into presidency, and the myths surrounding ‘pester power’. The Swedes' reasoning and foundation for their proposals were recently quashed during a conference held by the Advertising Association in London, and Logistix's own recent research study, carried out in conjunction with Hauck Research International, has demonstrated that pester power is not all it seems. This paper discusses how the two subjects have been turned on their heads, and provides a true insight into the background knowledge and information necessary to move forward towards a sensible conclusion. The authors also explore the many other considerations essential when building a rounded picture of this emotive subject, such as the dramatic infiltration of technology; and then asks what will happen to today's younger generation if they are cut off from technological advancements in an effort to ‘protect’ them.
Single parents: Interaction of parenting and sexual issues

This study was designed to investigate how children affect the sexual lives of their single parents. More specifically, this study investigated how being a single mother or father affects parenting roles, partner relationships, sexual guilt, and sexual satisfaction. Data were collected from a sample of 155 parents who were members of a single-parenting organization. The findings revealed a significant difference between single mothers and single fathers regarding attitudes toward their relationship with their children. Although fathers more often reported being content in their parent-child relationships, they also were less frequently involved in the custodial care of the children. One of the major problems reported by single parents, especially mothers, was the relationship interference they perceived emanating from former spouses, children, and children of current partners. In addition, single parents also experienced guilt over their involvement with a relationship partner when it took time away from their children. Although the majority of single parents were satisfied with their sexual lives, there was a significant association between parent-child relationship and perceived sexual satisfaction for women. An increased awareness of the parenting roles and sexual lives of single parents can better enable family professionals to meet the needs of single parents as they act and react to changes in families and society.
Cosmology with Clusters of Galaxies

Cluster observations provide unique and useful constraints on cosmological parameters. The contents of clusters and the rate of their formation are very sensitive to the mean matter density (ΩM and the normalization and shape of the spectrum of initial density perturbations near the size scale of ~8h-1Mpc. Future and on-going cluster studies constrain ΩΛ (acceleration) and the equation of state of the "dark energy," particularly in conjunction with either constraints from the cosmic microwave background or Type Ia supernovae of white dwarfs.
Comment on “Origins of energetic ions in the cusp” by K. J. Trattner et al.

[1] The paper by Trattner et al. [2001, hereinafter referred to as TETAL] reanalyzes the data of Chen et al. [1998, hereinafter referred to as CFS] and attempts to prove two statements: first, that the energetic ions observed in the cusp by CFS were actually accelerated at the bow shock and then transported to the cusp, and second, that the detected ions are not accelerated locally. Quoting TETAL's abstract, “An alternative explanation for the energetic particle events is that they are accelerated at the quasi-parallel bowshock, then transported downstream and enter the cusp along newly reconnected field lines or some other solar wind entry mechanism… No local acceleration is required to explain the observed CEP events up to 150 keV/e.” We object that neither assertion of TETAL is defensible on theoretical or experimental grounds. Indeed we find the conclusions of the paper are flawed by both statistical and logical errors. In section 1 we outline the logical flaws, in section 2 we outline the misuse of the scientific method, in section 3 we outline the improper use of statistics, and in section 4 we outline the mishandling of spacecraft data. Finally, in section 5 we apply the scientific method of hypothesis testing to the two theories, arguing that given complete ignorance of the data, the hypotheses of CFS are preferable to TETAL.
Development and evaluation of a mathematical model for surface-water flow within the Shark River Slough of the Florida Everglades

Abstract Restoration and management of wetlands rely on a quantitatively based understanding of surface-water flow over emergent vegetation. In the work reported here, we develop a two-dimensional diffusion model for surface-water movement, and we test this model against hydrologic data collected from the Shark River Slough of the Florida Everglades. The equations that govern the model are derived under the assumption that a power-law relationship quantifies the dependence of flow velocity on water depth. We simplify the model formulation by assuming uniform rates of evaporation, a constant ground-surface slope, and spatially homogeneous vegetative cover. Using flow parameters estimated from calibration, the model accurately predicts the spatial and temporal changes in surface-water levels measured over a 27 km long transect of Shark River Slough. The results of this research suggest that good predictions of wetland-flow dynamics at large scales can be obtained with relatively simple numerical models and without extensive characterization of the variability in wetland properties.
Increasing efficiency in the simulation of a dynamic system of objects in 3-D space

Abstract This article examines sectoring as a methodology of improving the efficiency of discrete event simulation of autonomous object movement in 3-D space. Efficiency is defined as the ability to reduce the amount of pairwise comparisons needed to completely execute the intended system. Sectoring involves partitioning the simulation trajectory space and allows for a reduction of the number of queries required between objects in order to determine upcoming events. However, the crossing of sector boundaries becomes an additional event to track and compute. A simulation of moving objects in 3-D space was constructed using MODSIM™. This simulation was verified and used to gather significant output data. The results indicated that, within the specific experimental range, sectoring provides up to 52% improvement in simulation efficiency when compared to no sectoring.
An exactly soluble shell model with R(5) symmetry exhibiting two-dimensional vibrations and rotations☆

Abstract It is shown that a representation of the algebra R(5), previously utilized to construct an exactly soluble shell model with pairing and monopole interactions, can be reinterpreted so as to yield (with a different Hamiltonian!) a model exhibiting the spectrum of a two-dimensional rotator-vibrator as well as a Coriolis anti-pairing transition at high angular momentum.
Effects of Bot Fly Parasitism on Movements of Peromyscus leucopus

Factors that affect movement of small mammals include vegetation structure, resource distribution, interspecific interactions and parasitism. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of bot fly (Cuterebra fontinella) parasitism on movement distance [estimated by mean squared distance (MSD)] of white-footed deermice (Peromyscus leucopus), using a repeated measures approach. Although there was no significant effect of infestation on MSD, there was a nonsignificant trend towards increased movement during infestation for females. In addition, there was no difference in MSD between individuals with single infestations and those harboring several larvae. These results are unexpected given the large size of the parasite relative to the host. Studies of fine-scale temporal movements within a single night could shed further light on the effects of infestation on movement.
Impact and compensation of correlated process variation on ring oscillator based puf

A Physical Unclonable Function in silicon is a die-unique challenge-response function that exploits circuit variations. A PUF has the potential to become an important security solution due to its ability to generate volatile secret keys. Before a PUF can be integrated into a system, its critical quality factors, including uniqueness, reliability and resiliency to different types of attacks, must be ensured. The uniqueness of a PUF is determined by the random inter-die process variations. However, manufacturing process variations have another component, called correlated intra-die variations. This component becomes significant in deep-submicron device technology below 90nm. In this paper, we show that the quality of a ring oscillator (RO) based PUF is affected by correlated intra-die process variation. We present experiments on 90nm FPGA devices and analyze the experimental data to quantify the effect and also propose a method to improve the quality of an RO-PUF by minimizing the effect of correlated intra-die variations.
Uncertainty, anxiety, and adaptation

Abstract Gudykunst and Hammer generated a communication-based theory to explain intercultural adaptation. Two assumptions of the theory are empirically testable: Assumption 3—the reduction of cognitive uncertainty and affective anxiety exert independent influences on adaptation; and Assumption 4—the reduction of uncertainty and anxiety are necessary and sufficient conditions for adaptation. The purpose of the present paper is to present a preliminary test of these two assumptions by examining a portion of Gudykunst and Hammer's theory. Three alternative models involving the effect of social contact, cultural similarity, and cultural knowledge on uncertainty, anxiety, and adaptation were tested. The data support Gudykunst and Hammer's assumptions; that is, the effect of social contact, cultural similarity, and cultural knowledge on adaptation is mediated through the reduction of uncertainty and anxiety, and uncertainty and anxiety reduction are independent. The implications of these findings for intercultural training are outlined.
Cell- and Ligand-specific Regulation of Promoters Containing Activator Protein-1 and Sp1 Sites by Estrogen Receptors α and β

Estrogen plays a critical role in development and maintenance of female reproductive and mammary tissues, but is also involved in maintenance of cardiovascular, skeletal, and neural function. Although it is widely accepted that the estrogen-occupied receptor mediates its effects by interacting with estrogen response elements (EREs) residing in target genes, a number of estrogen-responsive genes contain no identifiable ERE. To understand how estrogen-responsive genes lacking EREs but containing activator protein 1 (AP-1) and Sp1 sites respond to hormone treatment, we have identified four discrete regions of the human progesterone receptor gene that contain AP-1 or Sp1 sites and examined their abilities to modulate transcription in the presence of 17β-estradiol, ICI 182,780, tamoxifen, raloxifene, genistein, or daidzein. Transient cotransfection assays demonstrated that ERα was a more potent activator of transcription than ERβ in bone, uterine, and mammary cells. The Sp1-containing promoters were substantially more potent transcriptional enhancers than the AP-1-containing promoters, but a 1.5-kb region of the human progesterone receptor gene containing both AP-1 and Sp1 sites was the most hormone-responsive promoter tested. The ability of ligands to modulate transcription of AP-1- or Sp1-containing promoters was dependent on cell context, but the expression of AP-1 or Sp1 proteins was not necessarily related to transcriptional response. Taken together, these studies have helped to delineate the roles of ERα and ERβ in modulating transcription of genes containing AP-1 and Sp1 sites and define the effects of widely used, pharmacologic agents in target cells with distinct cellular environments.
Evolutionary trace analysis of the α‐D‐phosphohexomutase superfamily

The α-D-phosphohexomutase superfamily is composed of four related enzymes that catalyze a reversible, intramolecular phosphoryl transfer on their sugar substrates. The enzymes in this superfamily play important and diverse roles in carbohydrate metabolism in organisms from bacteria to humans. Recent structural and mechanistic studies of one member of this superfamily, phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase (PMM/PGM) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have provided new insights into enzyme mechanism and substrate recognition. Here we use sequence–sequence and sequence–structure comparisons via evolutionary trace analysis to examine 71 members of the α-D-phosphohexomutase superfamily. These analyses show that key residues in the active site, including many of those involved in substrate contacts in the P. aeruginosa PMM/PGM complexes, are conserved throughout the enzyme family. Several important regions show class-specific differences in sequence that appear to be correlated with differences in substrate specificity exhibited by subgroups of the family. In addition, we describe the translocation of a 20-residue segment containing the catalytic phosphoserine of phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase, which uniquely identifies members of this subgroup.
Perfusion Assessment with the SPY System after Arterial Venous Reversal for Upper Extremity Ischemia.

Terminal ischemia of the upper extremity is challenging for the reconstructive surgeon and, if untreated, results in ulcer formation and eventual amputation. The diffuse nature of this disease often precludes focal endovascular interventions such as angioplasty, stenting, or thrombectomy and extravascular interventions such as resection and reconstruction. Lack of a distal arterial target precludes effective bypass grafting. In this situation, a salvage procedure, venous arterialization or arterial-venous reversal (AVR), has been used.1 With AVR, the healthy venous system is used to convey oxygenated blood past the diseased arterial system and retrograde into the poorly perfused capillary bed. Once in the arterial system, flow can then move antegrade back into the venous system. Although the efficacy of AVR has been described,2–5 the anecdotal nature of such reports, the small number of patients involved, and poor understanding of the physiology of this unconventional approach have limited its widespread adoption. Insuring adequate reperfusion of the affected region is a matter of primary importance when managing patients with terminal ischemia and a potentially unsalvageable limb. With AVR for such cases, the timing and pattern of reperfusion is not well understood. The SPY Near-Infrared Perfusion Assessment System (distributed by LifeCell Corp., Branchburg, N.J.; manufactured by Novadaq Technologies Inc., Richmond, BC, Canada), which utilizes indocyanine green (ICG), is an imaging technology that allows real-time visual assessment of superficial blood flow. The ICG fluorescent molecule binds tightly to serum lipoproteins in the intravascular space, making its fluorescence an excellent marker for blood flow. Additional SPY software (SPY-Q Analysis Toolkit, distributed by LifeCell Corp.; manufactured by Novadaq Technologies Inc.) allows for quantitative analysis of blood flow based on ICG fluorescence intensity. Surveillance of tissue perfusion using ICG fluorescence has been validated over a number of years in numerous clinical situations, including breast reconstruction, abdominal wall reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, and gastrointestinal procedures.6,7 The current report describes a series of 6 patients with terminal ischemia of an upper extremity for which ICG surface angiography was used to define the timing, pattern, and completeness of reperfusion after AVR was performed.
A Simple Derivation of the MVA and LBANC Algorithms from the Convolution Algorithm

The convolution algorithm, the mean value analysis (MVA) algorithm, and the LBANC algorithm are major algorithms for the solution of closed product-form queueing networks. For fixed-rate service centers, the efficiency of each algorithm is greatly improved by a recursive solution. We show that the recursive relations in all three algorithms are closely related so that each one can be easily derived from any of the others.
Measurement of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as collected in evacuated electropolished canisters

A set of three complementary analytical methods were developed specifically for exhaled breath as collected in evacuated stainless steel canisters using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection. The first is a screening method to quantify the carbon dioxide component (generally at 4-5% concentration), the second method measures the very volatile high-level endogenous compounds [e.g. acetone and isoprene at 500-1000 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), methanol, ethanol, dimethylsulfide at 2-10 ppbv], and the third method is designed to measure trace-level environmental contaminants and other endogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (sub-ppbv) in breath. The canister-based sample format allows all three methods to be applied to each individual sample for complete constituent characterization. Application of these methods is shown to be useful in the following ways: analysis of CO2 levels indicates the approximate quantity of alveolar breath collected (as opposed to whole breath) in a sample; levels of major endogenous compounds are shown to be influenced by physical activities and subsequent recovery periods; and environmental exposures to xenobiotic VOCs can be characterized by assessment of post-exposure breath elimination curves. The instrumentation and methodology are described and example chromatograms and quantitative data plots demonstrating the utility of the methods are presented.
Intrahippocampal transplants of septal cholinergic neurons: choline acetyltransferase activity, muscarinic receptor binding, and spatial memory function

Recent studies have demonstrated that intrahippocampal cholinergic septal grafts can ameliorate deficits in spatial memory function and hippocampal cholinergic neurochemical activity in animals with disruptions of the septohippocampal pathway. Further studies have revealed that hippocampal cholinergic activity, as measured by high affinity choline uptake, correlates significantly with performance on tests of spatial memory function. The present study was designed to examine the effect of cholinergic septal grafts on reversing deficits in hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity and on normalizing muscarinic receptor binding in animals with lesions of the septohippocampal system, and to examine the correlations between these cholinergic parameters and performance of spatial memory tasks. The results of this study indicated that in animals with lesions plus septal grafts, hippocampal ChAT activity was restored significantly and muscarinic receptor binding was normalized to a level not different from the control animals. Regression analyses indicated that ChAT activity was significantly correlated with performance on spatial reference memory, spatial navigation and spatial working memory, while muscarinic receptor binding correlated significantly with spatial reference memory performance.
Relevance of inflation-adjusted earnings measures in the security-valuation process

Abstract This study is an extension of several recent studies that have found inflation-adjusted disclosures to have no announcement impact in the stock market. A traditional share-price model is employed in a cross-sectional framework to test whether the information required by SFAS No. 33 is impounded in the valuation process prior to disclosure or whether the inflation data offer no significant contribution to the valuation process. The results suggest that neither current-cost earnings nor constant- dollar earnings provide incremental information in the share-price specification, although the inflation data are related to other variables appearing in the model. Thus, the inflation data may provide information important in ascertaining the variables explicitly appearing in the valuation model. This rather weak relationship, however, in combination with previous findings of no announcement effect, suggests that the contribution of inflation reporting to shareholders in valuing securities is, at best, marginal.
Developing a Policy for Sexual Assault Examinations on Incapacitated Patients and Patients Unable to Consent

Sexual assault examinations consist of a medical evaluation and forensic evidence collection. Usually the patient signs a consent form allowing the examination to occur. Occasionally circumstances exist that render a patient unable to give consent for this examination. Such circumstances include young age, mental health disease, cognitive delay, or drug/alcohol ingestion. This article provides suggestions for developing a policy allowing a sexual assault examination to be conducted without patient consent. A sample of such a policy is provided.
Regulatory T cells in CNS injury: the simple, the complex, and the confused

Regulatory CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T cells (Tregs) have been the focus of significant attention for their role in controlling immune responses. Although knowledge of Treg biology has burgeoned, wide gaps remain in our understanding of Treg function under both normal and pathological conditions. Pioneering studies demonstrated roles for Tregs in cancer and autoimmune diseases, including experimental autoimmune encephalitis, and this knowledge is often applied to other pathologies including neurodegenerative conditions. However, differences between immunity in neurodegeneration and in malignancy or autoimmunity are often neglected. Thus, Treg manipulations in central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative conditions often yield unexpected outcomes. In this piece, we explore how the immunology of neurodegeneration differs from that of cancer and autoimmunity and how these differences create confusion about the role of Tregs in neurodegenerative conditions.
Combined HRTEM, X-ray microchemical and EELS fine structure analysis of planar defects in YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract High temperature superconductors in the systems YBa2Cu3O7−δ (123) and decomposed YBa2Cu4O7−δ (124) often contain planar faults with (001) as the nominal fault plane. Such planar defects have been analyzed using a unique combination of high resolution TEM (HRTEM) imaging and high resolution analytical electron microscopy (HRAEM). HRTEM confirmed that these planar faults are stacking faults with double or multiple insertion of crystal planes parallel to the c-plane of the crystal, most probably CuO planes. X-ray microanalysis clearly showed enrichment of copper associated with these defects. EELS fine structure of CuL23 edge from the fault regions resembled that of pure CuO. The combined results indicate that the planar defects are in fact insertions of extra CuO planes in an otherwise regular 123 crystal unit cell.
Human endometrial stromal cells improve embryo quality by enhancing the expression of insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in cocultured human preimplantation embryos.

Abstract Objective: To demonstrate the mechanism by which human endometrial stromal cells improve embryo quality in coculture. Design: Randomized study. Setting: Academic research center. Patient(s): Patients undergoing IVF-ET. Intervention(s): Donated human embryos were cultured randomly either alone (group A) or with human endometrial stromal cells (group B), and the embryonic expression of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their receptors was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction after culture. Main Outcome Measure(s): The embryo frequency distribution of groups A and B before and after culture and the embryonic transcripts of the IGF family genes of the two study groups after culture were compared. Result(s): The embryo frequency distribution of the day 3 embryonic stages in groups A and B was not different. However, after culture, a statistically significant difference in blastocyst formation was observed between groups A and B. A significant increase in the expression of IGF-1, IGF-2, the IGF-1 receptor, and the insulin-receptor also was noted. Among the embryos that reached the blastocyst stage, the expression of IGF-1 and the IGF-1 receptor also was significantly different in the two study groups. Conclusion(s): Human endometrial stromal cells enhanced the expression of IGFs and their receptors in cocultured human embryos, which may be essential for improving embryo quality.
Nucleation, Growth, and Robust Synthesis of SPP Zeolite: Effect of Ethanol, Sodium, and Potassium

Self-pillared pentasil (SPP) zeolite is a hierarchically-structured zeolite comprised of single-unit cell thick MFI nanosheets arranged in a “house of cards” structure. The nucleation and growth of SPP proceeds through three phases involving the evolution of precursor amorphous nanoparticles to MFI nanosheets and then rotational intergrowth of sheets to produce the SPP morphology. This paper expands upon an earlier report to extend understanding of nucleation and growth events throughout the entire preparation process, from hydrolysis of the silica source to high conversion to crystals. Common aspects with the extensively investigated clear-sol silicalite-1 system are identified. Evaporation of co-solvent ethanol was found to accelerate the crystallization significantly. Furthermore, robust synthesis of SPP with high density of well-developed single-unit cell domains has been achieved with addition of potassium and sodium to the synthesis sols.
Complex phase spaces and complex gauge groups in general relativity.

The procedures of Ashtekar and Goldberg to achieve a polynomial form of Dirac's canonical lapse and shift generators in general relativity involve a partial complexification of the canonical field variables, which in turn suggests consideration of a complex gauge group. This paper indicates possible approaches.
Students’ images of mathematics

Students’ judgments about “what counts” as mathematics in and out of school have important consequences for problem solving and transfer, yet our understanding of the source and nature of these judgments remains incomplete. Thirty-five sixth grade students participated in a study focused on what activities students judge as mathematical, and how they make their judgments. Students completed a photo sorting activity; took, viewed, and captioned their own photos of mathematics; viewed and commented on classmates’ photos; and participated in a small group discussion. Across multiple sources of data, findings showed that students attended to two major features of photos and activities when making judgments: surface cues present in the photos, such as numbers and money, and the possibility for mathematical action. Some students looked for the possibility of mathematics, while others asked if mathematics was necessary. Students also gave higher ratings to activities with which they had personal experience. The article concludes with possible implications for practice.
Alternative Solutions to the Classical Vertical Velocity Problem.

Abstract The kinematic method for determining vertical velocity ω in pressure coordinates is reviewed. Alternative objective procedures are derived for obtaining ω, and an analytical solution to the pressure-differentiated continuity equation is found. A variational formulation leads to a generalized objective adjustment for divergence estimates which yields improved, physically realistic estimates of ω. Case studies for intense mesoscale convection demonstrate the utility of an adjustment scheme based on the simplest hypothesis, namely, that the errors in divergence estimates are a linear function of pressure.
A distinctive single-stranded DNA-binding protein from the Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus

Single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSBs) have been identified in all three domains of life. Here, we report the identification of a novel crenarchaeal SSB protein that is distinctly different from its euryarchaeal counterparts. Rather than comprising four DNA-binding domains and a zinc-finger motif within a single polypeptide of 645 amino acids, as for Methanococcus jannaschii, the Sulfolobus solfataricus SSB protein (SsoSSB) has a single DNA-binding domain in a polypeptide of just 148 amino acids with a eubacterial-like acidic C-terminus. SsoSSB protein was purified to homogeneity and found to form tetramers in solution, suggesting a quaternary structure analogous to that of E. coli SSB protein,despite possessing DNA-binding domains more similar to those of eukaryotic Replication Protein A (RPA). We demonstrate distributive binding of SsoSSB to ssDNA at high temperature with an apparent site size of approximately five nucleotides (nt)per monomer. Additionally, the protein is functional both in vitro and in vivo, stimulating RecA protein-mediated DNA strand-exchange and rescuing the ssb-1 lethal mutation of E. coli respectively. We discuss possible evolutionary relationships amongst the various members of the SSB/RPA family.
The Synthesis of Some Lactones Related to the Cardiac Aglycones

Abstract Six lactones, β-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-δ, α, β butenolide, β-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyhenyl)-δ, α, β butenolide, β-hexahydrobenzyl -δ, α,β-butenolide, β-(p-methoxybenzyl)-δαβ butenolide,β (0-methoxybenzyl acetoxymethyl ketone, o-methoxybenzyl acetoxymethyl ketone, γ-(p-methoxyphenyl)propyl acetoxymethyl ketone, and 3,4-dimethoxy-a-acetoxyacetophenone were prepared as intermediates for the lactone syntheses. High-pressure reduction of benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, and o-methobenzoic acid in alkaline solution over W-4 Raney nickel was carried out. The ultraviolet spectra of the lactones and selected related compounds were determined.
Transposable Elements as Sources of Genomic Variation

This chapter provides a general description of the types of genetic variation caused by transposable elements in animals and plants, and examines this variation within an evolutionary framework. It focuses on the variation induced by transposable elements in their host organisms. The host variation associated with transposable elements can result from several interconnected aspects of transposable element activity. Estimates of the frequencies of new transposable element-induced mutations have been made under laboratory conditions and varied over an enormous range. The partial or complete sterility associated with several systems of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila provides an interesting aspect of variation associated with transposable element activity. Heterochromatin proteins can recognize and silence transposable elements, some of which target heterochromatin for insertion. Thus, the evolution of heterochromatin could have led to a self-perpetuating expansion of domains rich in transposable elements. Two mechanisms are considered most likely to be responsible for transposable element-induced karyotypic changes. The best known mechanism is ectopic recombination, in which homologous recombination occurs between multiple copies of a transposable element present in a genome. A second mechanism for inducing genomic rearrangements is alternative transposition of class II elements in bacteria, plants, and animals. Some features of both transposable elements and hosts suggest coadaptations to mitigate the reduction of fitness expected from unfettered transposition, and to provide a wide range of new variations on which natural selection can act.
A Markov reward model for reliable synchronous dataflow system design

The design of quality digital systems depends on models that accurately evaluate various options in the design space against a set of prioritized metrics. While individual models for evaluating area, performance, reliability, power, etc. are well established, models combining multiple metrics are less mature. This paper introduces a formal methodology for comprehensively analyzing performance, area and reliability in the design of synchronous dataflow systems using a novel Markov Reward Model. A Markov chain system reliability model is constructed for various design options in the presence of possible component failures, and high-level synthesis techniques are used to associate performance and area rewards with each state in the chain. The cumulative reward for a chain is then used to evaluate the corresponding design option with respect to the metrics of interest. Application of the model to a benchmark DSP circuit provides insights into reliable synchronous dataflow system design.
A prediction model of performance in level II fieldwork in physical disabilities.

Objectives A prediction model of performance in physical disabilities fieldwork was generated with grades received in the occupational therapy curriculum and in prerequisite courses. Method Grades included those from functional anatomy, neuroanatomy, physical disabilities lecture, physical disabilities clinic, and prerequisite anatomy and physiology courses. Sampling was done collectively over graduated occupational therapy classes from 1987 to 1992 at the University of Puget Sound. A multiple regression analysis was performed and prediction equations were generated for each subscale of the Fieldwork Evaluation for the Occupational Therapist. Equations for combinations of the subscale categories were also produced. Results Adjusted R2 values were found to be less than 10% in all equations. Conclusion This poor ability of grades to predict fieldwork performance suggests that future investigation be focused on variables other than grades. Such variables might include student motivation, rapport between the student and fieldwork supervisor, and hospital experience in physical disabilities.
Attraction and Retention of Females and Minorities in Christian Higher Education

Of all full-time faculty members in the United States, approximately 75% are White males, and the gap in the percentage of tenured men compared with the percentage of tenured women has not changed in 30 years (Trower & Chait, 2002). A number of studies have been conducted over the past 5 decades examining the factors influencing the recruitment and retention of faculty members; however, little research has been done to determine factors influencing recruitment and retention in Christian higher education, particularly as it pertains to females and minorities. Findings from this study of 102 Christian institutions of higher education indicate that the three areas most important in determining female and minority job satisfaction are (a) flexibility, (b) security, and (c) environment.