cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multi-threaded PIPELINED Web server architecture for SMP/SoC machines

Design of high performance Web servers has become a recent research thrust to meet the increasing demand of network-based services. In this paper, we propose a new Web server architecture, called multi-threaded PIPELINED Web server, suitable for Symmetric Multi-Processor (SMP) or System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures. The proposed PIPELINED model consists of multiple thread pools, where each thread pool consists of five basic threads and two helper threads. The main advantages of the proposed model are global information sharing by the threads, minimal synchronization overhead due to less number of threads, and non-blocking I/O operations, possible with the helper threads.We have conducted an in-depth performance analysis of the proposed server model along with four prior Web server models (Multi-Process (MP), Multi-Thread (MT), Single-Process Event-Driven (SPED) and Asynchronous Multi-Process Event-Driven (AMPED)) via simulation using six Web server workloads. The experiments are conducted to investigate the impact of various factors such as the memory size, disk speed and numbers of clients. The simulation results indicate that the proposed PIPELINED Web server architecture shows the best performance across all system and workload parameters compared to the MP, MT, SPED and AMPED models. Although the MT and AMPED models show competitive performance with less number of processors, the advantage of the PIPELINED model becomes obvious as the number of processors or clients in an SMP/SoC machine increases. The MP model shows the worst performance in most of the cases. The results indicate that the proposed server architecture can be used in future large-scale SMP/SoC machines to boost system performance.
Biodegradability and microbial activities during composting of poultry litter.

Abstract Poultry litter is composted to reduce odor and pathogens and to improve its quality as a soil amendment. Organic material, e.g., sawdust, is added to increase the C:N ratio to achieve optimum degradation of organic C and retention of N through microbial biomass formation. However, the relative biodegradabilities of the organic material in poultry litter and the amendment are usually not known. Furthermore, it is assumed that as microorganisms metabolize organic compounds and produce CO2, they increase in biomass and, therefore, retain N. In this study, bench-scale compost reactors were used to determine the relative contributions of poultry litter and of the amendment (sawdust) to the biodegradability of a compost mix. Approximately 29% of the volatiles lost from the poultry litter mix came from the sawdust. Fiber analyses revealed that only a small portion of cellulose was degraded. Although microbial subpopulations able to degrade selected macromolecules were present at varying levels, the overall level of microorganisms did not change markedly. Populations capable of degrading bacterial cell walls were present throughout the composting period, and microbiological assays indicated that inorganic nutrients were available to support limited microbial growth. These results suggest that N compounds and inorganic nutrients are recycled, rather than fixed during composting.
Intelligent power management: Promoting power-consciousness in teams of mobile robots

Effective robotic autonomy requires an accurate estimation of the remaining power that the robot is carrying. There are a number of methods to estimate the remaining capacity of the robot's batteries. The accuracy of these approaches varies depending upon the chemical composition of the batteries as well as the means by which the monitoring is conducted. In this paper, an overview of various battery capacity estimation methodologies will be presented as well as a discussion of a specific implementation utilized on robotic platforms developed at the Center for Distributed Robotics at the University of Minnesota. This approach involves the novel use of fuel-gauging electronics for mobile robotic platforms. Experiments were conducted to show the accuracy of this method for both charge and discharge of the polymer Lithium-ion batteries in use.
Role of hyaluronan synthase 2 to promote CD44-dependent oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma progression.

Background. CD44 is a transmembrane receptor found on many different benign and malignant cells. Hyaluronan (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix, is the primary ligand for CD44 receptors. In cancer cells, HA interaction with CD44 promotes multiple signaling pathways that influence tumor cell progression behaviors in a variety of solid tumors. Increasing evidence indicates that HA and CD44 signaling play an important role in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma progression. HA is primarily synthesized by hyaluronan synthases, and the current study investigated the role of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS 2) in oral cavity carcinoma progression behaviors. Methods. Analysis of HAS 2 mRNA and protein expression, HA production, and HAS 2-mediated tumor cell proliferation and migration behaviors with and without HAS 2 suppression were carried out on 2 established oral cavity cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis of HAS 2 and CD44 expression in oral cavity carcinoma tumor specimens was performed. Results. HAS 2 was expressed in the 2 oral cancer cell lines, HSC-3 and SCC-4. Suppression of HAS 2 expression resulted in CD44-dependent decreased tumor cell migration, decreased tumor cell growth, and increased cisplatin sensitivity, suggesting the importance of tumor cell HA production to promote in vitro tumor progression behaviors in oral cancer cells. Increased HAS 2 expression in oral cavity carcinoma clinical specimens was associated with poor clinicopathologic characteristics and worse disease-free survival. Conclusions. HAS 2 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of oral cavity cancer. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 511-520, 2013
Time-rock model for Siluro-Devonian continental shelf, western United States

The carbonate shelf, shelf edge, and outer shelf basin were the sites of deposition of a facies complex that shifted in response to transgressive-regressive (T-R) cycles. In the Silurian-Lochkovian, three T-R cycles are identified, and seven are identified from mid–Lower Devonian (Pragian) to high Upper Devonian (middle Famennian). The last of these produced a thick, upward-deepening sequence truncated above by a Famennian-lower Kinderhookian hiatus, due to foreland effects of the Antler orogeny. The middle and upper members of the Pilot Shale compose an eighth cycle, which spans the Devonian-Mississippian boundary on the carbonate shelf. Most of the short-lived T-R cycles resulted from rapid deepening and progradation of the carbonate-shelf edge. Exceptions occurred during the late Early Devonian, when the carbonate-shelf edge was a ramp, and during the Taghanic and Frasnian onlaps, when transgressions are known to have been strong. The dolomite front tended to coincide approximately with the carbonate-shelf edge, but it was situated cratonward during extensive onlaps and basinward during the pre–Middle Devonian regression.
Synthetic studies on quinine: quinuclidine construction via a ketone enolate regio- and diastereoselective Pd-mediated allylic alkylation

7-Hydroxy-quinine was synthesized by an asymmetric aldol reaction that establishes the C8 and C9 stereochemistry, followed by construction of the 3-vinyl-quinuclidine azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane by C3-C4 ring closure using an intramolecular palladium-mediated allylic alkylation with excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity. This is the first report of a ketone-enolate-stereocontrolled allylic alkylation mediated by palladium. The title compound and a dehydro-quinine analogue were evaluated for antimalarial activity.
A T-Coil-Enhanced 8.5 Gb/s High-Swing SST Transmitter in 65 nm Bulk CMOS With $≪ -$ 16 dB Return Loss Over 10 GHz Bandwidth

A source-series-terminated (SST) transmitter in a 65 nm bulk CMOS technology is presented. The circuit exhibits an eye height greater than 1.0 V for data rates of up to 8.5 Gb/s. A thin-oxide pre-driver stage running at 1.0 V drives 22 parallel connected thick-oxide SST output stages operated at 1.5 V that feature a 5-bit 2-tap FIR filter whose adaptation is independent of the impedance tuning. To achieve a return loss of <-16 dB up to 10 GHz a 40 mum times 40 mum T-coil complements the transmitter output. This half-bit-rate clock SST transmitter has a duty-cycle restoration capability of 5x, and the common-mode voltage noise is below 10 mV rms for high-, mid- and low-level terminations. The chip consumes 96 mW at 8.5 Gb/s and occupies 180 mum times 360 mum. In addition to the transmitter design, guidelines for the T-coil design are presented.
Indexing genomic databases

Current biological sequence comparison tools utilize full database searches to find approximate matches between a database and a query. A new approach to sequence comparisons can be performed by indexing the database using a novel indexing scheme. An indexed scheme can immediately eliminate highly mismatched sequences thereby improving performance and accuracy. iBlast is proposed as an indexed version of BLAST. In its initial implementation, iBlast uses a sequence-based index to catalog genomic databases in an NCR Teradata RDBMS. Several types of indexes and querying methods are explored to determine the most efficient solution utilizing the parallel nature of the Teradata system. Significant speedups were obtained and are explained in further detail in this paper. Future indexing methods based on prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome structures are also proposed.
A simple low-cost synthesis of brookite TiO 2 nanoparticles

A new low-cost synthesis of brookite TiO2nanoparticles using isopropanol as both the solvent and ligand is described here. Other ligands can be bound to the titania surface during or postsynthesis to tailor the particles’ functionality. The often extremely rapid hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide has been successfully controlled so that nanoparticle growth is achieved. The resulting 4-nm particles are nonagglomerated, stable in solution, and have a low polydispersity. The synthesis is scalable and enables the simple fabrication of large amounts of titania nanoparticles that do not scatter visible light and are highly suited for incorporation into optical composites.
Somite chondrogenesis. A structural analysis.

Light and electron microscopy are used in this study to compare chondrogenesis in cultured somites with vertebral chondrogenesis These studies have also characterized some of the effects of inducer tissues (notochord and spinal cord), and different nutrient media, on chondrogenesis in cultured somites Somites from stage 17 (54–60 h) chick embryos were cultured, with or without inducer tissues, and were fed nutrient medium containing either horse serum (HS) and embryo extract (EE), or fetal calf serum (FCS) and F12X Amino acid analyses were also utilized to determine the collagen content of vertebral body cartilage in which the fibrils are homogeneously thin (ca. 150 A) and unbanded. These analyses provide strong evidence that the thin unbanded fibrils in embryonic cartilage matrix are collagen. These thin unbanded collagen fibrils, and prominent 200–800 A protein polysaccharide granules, constitute the structured matrix components of both developing vertebral cartilage and the cartilage formed in cultured somites Similar matrix components accumulate around the inducer tissues notochord and spinal cord. These matrix components are structurally distinct from those in embryonic fibrous tissue The synthesis of matrix by the inducer tissues is associated with the inductive interaction of these tissues with somitic mesenchyme. Due to the deleterious effects of tissue isolation and culture procedures many cells die in somitic mesenchyme during the first 24 h in culture. In spite of this cell death, chondrogenic areas are recognized after 12 h in induced cultures, and through the first 2 days in all cultures there are larger accumulations of structured matrix than are present in equivalently aged somitic mesenchyme in vivo. Surviving chondrogenic areas develop into nodules of hyaline cartilage in all induced cultures, and in most non-induced cultures fed medium containing FCS and F12X There is more cell death, less matrix accumulation, and less cartilage formed in cultures fed medium containing HS and EE. The inducer tissues, as well as nutrient medium containing FCS and F12X, facilitate cell survival, the synthesis and accumulation of cartilage matrix, and the formation of cartilage nodules in cultured somites.
Role of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Virulence Factors in Colonization at the Bovine Terminal Rectal Mucosa

ABSTRACT The human pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes hemorrhagic colitis and life-threatening sequelae and transiently colonizes healthy cattle at the terminal rectal mucosa. This study analyzed virulence factors important for the clinical manifestations of human E. coli O157:H7 infection for their contribution to the persistence of E. coli in cattle. The colonizing ability of E. coli O157:H7 was compared with those of nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 and isogenic deletion mutants missing Shiga toxin (Stx), the adhesin intimin, its receptor Tir, hemolysin, or the ∼92-kb pO157. Fully ruminant steers received a single rectal application of one E. coli strain so that effects of mucosal attachment and survival at the terminal rectum could be measured without the impact of bacterial passage through the entire gastrointestinal tract. Colonization was monitored by sensitive recto-anal junction mucosal swab culture. Nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 did not colonize as well as E. coli O157:H7 at the bovine terminal rectal mucosa. The E. coli O157:H7 best able to persist had intimin, Tir, and the pO157. Strains missing even one of these factors were recovered in lower numbers and were cleared faster than the wild type. In contrast, E. coli O157:H7 strains that were missing Stx or hemolysin colonized like the wild type. For these three strains, the number of bacteria increased between days 1 and 4 postapplication and then decreased slowly. In contrast, the numbers of noncolonizing strains (K-12, Δtir, and Δeae) decreased from the day of application. These patterns consistently predicted long-term colonization or clearance of the bacteria from the bovine terminal rectal mucosa.
Comparative effects of hexachloro- and hexabromobenzene on hepatic monooxygenase activity of male and female rats.

Male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated once with either crude or purified hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or crude or purified hexabromobenzene (HBB) at 150 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. Examination of hepatic microsomes 4 d later revealed an increase in cytochrome P‐450 levels in both HCB‐ and HBB‐pretreated animals. HBB produced a slight but statistically significant hypsochromic shift. Both HCB and HBB produced an increase in benzphetamine N‐dealkylation: HCB produced a greater effect than HBB, and male rat microsomes produced more HCHO than female rat microsomes from the N‐demethylation of benzphetamine. HCB and HBB both enhanced ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin O‐dealkylation. Liver‐to‐body weight ratios were not significantly affected by pretreatment with either halogenated compound. There appeared to be no difference between the crude and purified halogenated compounds. Electrophoresis of microsomes from male rats pretreated with purified HBB indicated the presence of a band at 53,000 daltons, whic...
Cell-Fibronectin Interactions Propel Vertebrate Trunk Elongation via Tissue Mechanics

Summary During embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, cells produce and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM maintains tissue integrity and can serve as a substrate for cell migration. Integrin α5 (Itgα5) and αV (ItgαV) are the α subunits of the integrins most responsible for both cell adhesion to the ECM protein fibronectin (FN) and FN matrix fibrillogenesis [1, 2]. We perform a systems-level analysis of cell motion in the zebrafish tail bud during trunk elongation in the presence and absence of normal cell-FN interactions. Itgα5 and ItgαV have well-described roles in cell migration in vitro. However, we find that concomitant loss of itgα5 and itgαV leads to a trunk elongation defect without substantive alteration of cell migration. Tissue-specific transgenic rescue experiments suggest that the FN matrix on the surface of the paraxial mesoderm is required for body elongation via its role in defining tissue mechanics and intertissue adhesion.
DAMAGE DETECTION IN CONCRETE BY FOURIER AND WAVELET ANALYSES

The effectiveness of vibration-based methods in damage detection of a typical highway structure is investigated. Two types of full-scale concrete structures subjected to fatigue loads are studied: (1) Portland cement concrete pavements on grade; and (2) a simply supported prestressed concrete beams. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) are used in the analysis of the structures' dynamic response to impact, and results from both techniques are compared. Both FFT and CWT can identify which frequency components exist in a signal. However, only the wavelet transform can show when a particular frequency occurs. Results of this research are such that FFT can detect the progression of damage in the beam but not in the slab. In contrast, the CWT analysis yielded a clear difference between the initial and damaged states for both structures. These findings confirm the conclusions of previous studies conducted on small-scale specimens that wavelet analysis has a great potential in the damage detection of concrete. The study also demonstrates that the approach is applicable to full-scale components of sizes similar or close to actual in-service structures.
Tunneling leakage current in oxynitride: dependence on oxygen/nitrogen content

It is widely known that the addition of nitrogen in silicon oxide, or the addition of oxygen in silicon nitride, affects its reliability as a gate dielectric. The authors examine the gate leakage current as a function of the oxygen and nitrogen contents in ultrathin silicon oxynitride films on Si substrates. It is shown that, provided that electron tunneling is the dominant current conduction mechanism, the gate leakage current in the direct tunneling regime increases monotonically with the oxygen content for a given equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), such that pure silicon nitride passes the least amount of current while pure silicon oxide is the leakiest.
Conceptual interfaces in hypre

The hypre software library is being developed with the aim of providing scalable solvers for the solution of large, sparse linear systems on massively parallel computers. To this end, the notion of conceptual interfaces was introduced. These interfaces give applications users a more natural means for describing their linear systems, and provide access to methods such as geometric multigrid which require additional information beyond just the matrix. This paper discusses the design of the conceptual interfaces in hypre and illustrates their use with various examples. A brief overview of the solvers and preconditioners available through these interfaces is also given.
Migration to the ICD-10 coding system: A primer for spine surgeons (Part 1).

Background: On 1 October 2015, a new federally mandated system goes into effect requiring the replacement of the International Classification of Disease-version 9-Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) with ICD-10-CM. These codes are required to be used for reimbursement and to substantiate medical necessity. ICD-10 is composite with as many as 141,000 codes, an increase of 712% when compared to ICD-9. Methods: Execution of the ICD-10 system will require significant changes in the clinical administrative and hospital-based practices. Through the transition, diminished productivity and practice revenue can be anticipated, the impacts of which the spine surgeon can minimizeby appropriate education and planning. Results: The advantages of the new system include increased clarity and more accurate definitions reflecting patient condition, information relevant to ambulatory and managed care encounters, expanded injury codes, laterality, specificity, precise data for safety and compliance reporting, data mining for research, and finally, enabling pay-for-performance programs. The disadvantages include the cost per physician, training administrative staff, revenue loss during the learning curve, confusion, the need to upgrade hardware along with software, and overall expense to the healthcare system. Conclusions: With the deadline rapidly approaching, gaps in implementation result in delayed billing, delayed or diminished reimbursements, and absence of quality and outcomes data. It is thereby essential for spine surgeons to understand their role in transitioning to this new environment. Part I of this article discusses the background, coding changes, and costs as well as reviews the salient features of ICD-10 in spine surgery
Modeling state-related fMRI activity using change-point theory.

The general linear model (GLM) approach has arguably become the dominant way to analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. It tests whether activity in a brain region is systematically related to some known input function. However, the GLM becomes impractical when the precise timing and duration of psychological events cannot be specified a priori. In this work, we introduce a new analysis approach that allows the predicted signal to depend nonlinearly on the input. The approach uses ideas from statistical control theory and change-point theory to model slowly varying processes for which the onset times and durations of underlying psychological activity are uncertain. Our approach is exploratory in nature, while retaining the inferential capabilities of the more rigid modeling approach. It is a multi-subject extension of the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) method used in change-point analysis. We extend existing EWMA models for individual subjects (a single time series) so that they are applicable to fMRI data, and develop a group analysis using a hierarchical model, which we term HEWMA (Hierarchical EWMA). The HEWMA method can be used to analyze fMRI data voxel-wise throughout the brain, data from regions of interest, or temporal components extracted using ICA or similar methods. We validate the false-positive rate control of the method and provide power estimates using simulations based on real fMRI data. We further apply this method to an fMRI study (n=24) of state anxiety. A toolbox implementing all functions in Matlab is freely
Is Nonviremic Transmission of West Nile Virus by Culex Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Nonviremic?

Abstract Inter- and intraspecific transfer of West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) occurred infrequently when donor Culex tarsalis Coquillett fed concurrently on house finches with recipient Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Cx. tarsalis. Five of six of these house finches had WNV in blood samples collected by jugular venipuncture 30–45 min postfeeding, with titers ranging from 2.3 to 4.2 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml. After 2-wk incubation at 26°C, three Cx. quinquefasciatus and one Cx. tarsalis of 230 blood-fed recipients were infected, of which one Cx. quinquefasciatus was capable of transmission. Our data indicated that infectious female mosquitoes feeding on small vertebrates create a nonpropagative viremia capable of infecting concurrently cofeeding females. The proportion of recipients infected is likely related to the amount of virus expectorated by donor females, the blood volume of the vertebrate host, and the susceptibility of the cofeeding mosquitoes.
Intracerebroventricular infusion of RU28318 blocks aldosterone-salt hypertension

The chronic intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of aldosterone in rats and dogs elevates the blood pressure within 10-14 days at doses far below those that produce hypertension systemically. The effect in rats is dose dependent and blocked by the concomitant icv infusion of the antimineralocorticoid, prorenone. The effect of the icv infusion of RU28318, another specific spironolactone mineralocorticoid antagonist, on the hypertension produced by chronic subcutaneous (sc) administration of aldosterone in sensitized rats was reported. Miniosmotic pumps were used to deliver 1 micrograms/h aldosterone sc and 1.1 micrograms/h RU8318 icv. Over a 24-day period the indirect systolic blood pressure of the control, RU28318 icv, and aldosterone sc plus RU28318 icv groups increased from 105 to 123 mmHg and were not significantly different from each other, whereas the aldosterone sc group increased to 156 mmHg. RU28318, icv or sc, did not alter the increase in urine volume produced by aldosterone sc, and there was no significant differences in weight between the groups. This study provides evidence of the importance of the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of hypertension produced by systemic mineralocorticoid excess.
Comparative Phylogenomics of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Species

The Ascomycete Onygenales order embraces a diverse group of mammalian pathogens, including the yeast-forming dimorphic fungal pathogens Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides spp. and Blastomyces dermatitidis, the dermatophytes Microsporum spp. and Trichopyton spp., the spherule-forming dimorphic fungal pathogens in the genus Coccidioides, and many nonpathogens. Although genomes for all of the aforementioned pathogenic species are available, only one nonpathogen had been sequenced. Here, we enhance comparative phylogenomics in Onygenales by adding genomes for Amauroascus mutatus, Amauroascus niger, Byssoonygena ceratinophila, and Chrysosporium queenslandicum--four nonpathogenic Onygenales species, all of which are more closely related to Coccidioides spp. than any other known Onygenales species. Phylogenomic detection of gene family expansion and contraction can provide clues to fungal function but is sensitive to taxon sampling. By adding additional nonpathogens, we show that LysM domain-containing proteins, previously thought to be expanding in some Onygenales, are contracting in the Coccidioides-Uncinocarpus clade, as are the self-nonself recognition Het loci. The denser genome sampling presented here highlights nearly 800 genes unique to Coccidiodes, which have significantly fewer known protein domains and show increased expression in the endosporulating spherule, the parasitic phase unique to Coccidioides spp. These genomes provide insight to gene family expansion/contraction and patterns of individual gene gain/loss in this diverse order--both major drivers of evolutionary change. Our results suggest that gene family expansion/contraction can lead to adaptive radiations that create taxonomic orders, while individual gene gain/loss likely plays a more significant role in branch-specific phenotypic changes that lead to adaptation for species or genera.
Ascription of Criminal States of Mind: Toward a Defense Theory for the Coercively Persuaded (Brainwashed) Defendant

Sets forth and discusses the concept of superimposed mens rea (criminal intent that is not the actor's own), which can afflict victims of thought reform and brainwashing. Establishes the plausibility of such a concept through a number of examples. Reviews existing legal doctrines to understand how analogous concepts can relieve the actor of liability in similar settings. Concludes that the presence of an implanted mens rea may form the basis for a tenable legal defense theory. Offers criteria for determining when such a transfer of mens rea has occurred and considers possible objections to a new defense.
Mineral Resource Estimation (M.E. Rossi and C.V. Deutsch)

Mineral Resource Estimation. Mario E. Rossi, Clayton V. Deutsch. 2014. Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London. Pp. 332. ISBN 978-1-4020-5716-8: Hardcover, $119. ISBN 978-1-4020-5717-5: eBook, $89. Mineral Resource Estimation is about estimating mineral resources at the scale of an ore deposit and is not to be confused with mineral resource assessment , which is undertaken at a significantly broader scale, even if similar data and geospatial/geostatistical methods are used. The book describes geological, statistical, and geostatistical tools and methodologies used in resource estimation and modeling, and presents case studies for illustration. The target audience is the expert, which includes professional mining geologists and engineers, as well as graduate-level and advanced undergraduate students. The authors, Mario E. Rossi and Clayton V. Deutsch, are both graduates of Stanford University. Rossi founded Geo-Systems International in 1994 and provides a wide range of advanced geostatistical and modeling services. Deutsch is director and professor in the School of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering at the University of Alberta. He is also the director and founder of the Centre for Computational Geostatistics (CCG), a research program at the University of Alberta that provides education and training in geostatistics and development and delivery of geostatistical tools. Together, the authors offer a broad range of expertise and experience. The stated aim of their book is to provide a balanced presentation of theoretical and practical aspects of geostatistical methods for resource estimation. Mineral Resource Estimation draws upon classical and modern literature, current best practices, and the rather extensive experience and on-going research efforts of the authors. The subject matter deals mainly with the manifold facets of block models, including issues related to drill hole, trench, and pit sample data collection and preparation, database construction, spatial variability, mining dilution and estimation of recoverable resources, model validations and reconciliations, model limitations and uncertainty, and characterization of risk. Rossi and Deutsch explain that block models describe three-dimensional volumes using relatively small parallelepipeds (solid …
The Discourses of Free Labor: Career Management, Employability, and the Unpaid Intern

Employing Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this essay analyzes the discourses surrounding college internships. As universities continue to promote internships as an educational experience and pathway to career success, this study highlights the way that such practices contribute to the rising problem of income inequality by inculcating in some of our youngest workers the expectation that free labor is necessary for employment success. Specifically, the discourses of unpaid internships construct a laboring subject that willingly accedes to the demand to remain “employable” through a strategy of career management.
Energy Coupling in Repetitively Pulsed Nanosecond Dielectric Barrier Discharges in Plane-to-Plane Geometry

One-dimensional simulations are performed in air to study the dynamics of energy coupling, gas heating and generation of active species by repetitively pulsed nanosecond dielectric barrier discharges (NS DBD) in plane-to-plane geometry. The plasma is modeled using a twotemperature detailed chemistry model, with ions and neutral species in thermal equilibrium at the gas temperature, and electrons in thermal nonequilibrium. The input energy is directly proportional to number density, and remains fairly constant on a per molecule basis from pulse to pulse. At 40 kHz pulsing rate, nearly 75% of the input energy is coupled the vibrational energy mode as compared to 40% of the energy used in vibrational excitation at 1 kHz pulsing rate. As a consequence, we hypothesize that the compression waves generated through fast gas heating in surface nanosecond discharges will be weaker at higher pulsing frequencies because of reduced energy coupling at higher E/N range (above 200 Td). Repetitive pulsing results in uniform production of atomic oxygen in the discharge volume via electron impact dissociation during voltage pulses, and through quenching of excited nitrogen molecules in the afterglow. A uniform “hat shaped” temperature profile develops in the discharge volume after multiple pulses, owing to chemical heat release from quenching of excited species. This may explain recent observations of volumetric ignition of fuel-air mixtures subjected to nanosecond volume discharges. * Graduate Research Assistant, sharath@gatech.edu † William R. T. Oakes Professor and Chair, vigor.yang@aerospace.gatech.edu 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition 07 10 January 2013, Grapevine (Dallas/Ft. Worth Region), Texas AIAA 2013-0569 Copyright © 2013 by Sharath Nagaraja and Vigor Yang. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission. D ow nl oa de d by G E O R G IA I N ST O F T E C H N O L O G Y o n Ju ne 1 0, 2 01 3 | h ttp :// ar c. ai aa .o rg | D O I: 1 0. 25 14 /6 .2 01 356 9
The Physiology of Anaphylactic “Shock” in the Dog

The investigation here presented was incidental to a study of the treatment of various experimental conditions of low blood pressure,1 one of which was that associated with anaphylaxis in the dog. As a knowledge of the mechanism of the various forms of low pressure was essential to treatment, extensive physiological studies were made, and as the results of the study of anaphylactic shock are striking and have a very definite bearing on the problems of anaphylaxis in general, they are, therefore, made the subject of this communication. Physiological and pharmacological studies of anaphylaxis are few in number and with the exception of the work of Arthus on the rabbit and Biedl and Kraus on the dog are limited to the guinea-pig. The general opinion2 has been that the underlying cause is a change in the cells of the central nervous system and this view has had some support from the observations of Besredka, who found that the clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis could be lessened by ether anesthesia, and of Banzhaf and Famulener, who found a hypnotic dose of chloral hydrate would prevent symptoms in sensitized animals. The observations of these writers are, however, somewhat contradictory, and Rosenau and Anderson state that altho ether anesthesia may mask the symptoms, it does not prevent death. Attempts to demonstrate specific anatomical lesions have been most unsatisfactory. Gay and Southard state that "we have to
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is the most common benign tumor of the larynx among adults as well as the children. It is caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) 6 and 11. Despite its benign pathology, it can cause significant morbidity as well as morbidity in the affected individuals. A frequent recurrence of the papilloma is certain despite aggressive ablative modalities. At present, there is no ideal treatment for the condition and the management remains challenging. The present chapter is a concise review on the RRP with a focus on the current therapeutic modalities.
HIZMET, RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE, AND SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION

The Gulen Hizmet movement is an international movement of volunteers organizing financial capital and human effort to serve the broader community. In the beginning, the movement was entirely populated by Turkish Muslims and, even today, most of its participants are motivated by religious faith. One of the values supported by the movement is that of education, especially in the sciences. But knowledge claims in science and in religion frequently come into conflict with one another. This paper describes the particular problem for the Hizmet movement in terms of doxastic-practice epistemology, outlining several ways in which potential conflicts can be dealt with. It closes with a suggestion for a particular method of resolution that respects the knowledge claims of both religion and science, but that requires some sacrifice.
Optical Design Considerations for Wide Area Imaging Systems

This paper will provide some optical design considerations needed to realize the necessary spatial and temporal sampling to afford proper information gathering. We will attempt to establish a contrast between typical imaging systems and a wide area system, concentrating on the relationship between system benefits and proper optical design rules. Article not available.
Loading as a design parameter for genetic circuits

A significant problem when building complex biomolecular circuits is due to context-dependence: the dynamics of a system are altered upon changes to its context, potentially degrading the system's performance. Here, we study retroactivity, a specific type of context-dependence, by analyzing the effects of loads on a transcription factor applied by the transcription factor's target sites. In particular, we study this loading effect on the model of an activator-repressor oscillator, a widely studied motif in synthetic and systems biology. Our analysis indicates that strong activation and weak repression are key for a stable limit cycle. Repression can be effectively weakened by adding load to the repressor, while activation can be effectively weakened by adding load to the activator. Therefore, loading the repressor can be employed as a design parameter to establish a stable limit cycle. In contrast, loading the activator is deleterious to the clock.
Electrical responses from detached retina inside the intact rabbit eye

The local ERG (LERG) from detached retina within the intact rabbit eye has been recorded. Retinal detachments were made in Dutch rabbit eyes by injecting Hanks' balanced salt solution into the subretinal space through a glass micropipette. Electrical responses were recorded with a double-barrelled microelectrode that was advanced through the vitreous until the tip penetrated the retina to enter the subretinal space while the other tip remained in the vitreous. Recordings from detached retina showed an initial fast positive, fast negative and late slow positive wave. The waveform and stimulus response characteristics of these waves (inverted) corresponded to the a-, b-wave and slow PIII respectively. None of the LERG waves was affected by intravenous sodium iodate and only the slow positive wave was extinguished by intravitreal barium chloride. This system for recording the LERG may be useful in investigating physiological changes in detached retina in vivo.
Big Data Behind Big Data

There is data related to the collection and management of big data that is as relevant as the primary datasets being collected, and can itself be very large. In this chapter, we will examine two aspects of High Performance Computing (HPC) data that fall under the category of big data. The first is the collection of HPC environmental data and its analysis. The second is the collection of information on how large datasets are produced by scientific research on HPC systems so that the datasets can be processed efficiently. A team within the computational facility at NERSC created an infrastructure solution to manage and analyze the data related to monitoring of HPC systems. This solution provides a single location for storing the data, which is backed by a scalable and parallel, time-series database. This database is flexible enough such that maintenance on the system does not disrupt the data collection activity.
Boder's Subtypes of Dyslexia

The subtyping of dyslexic children proposed by Boder (1971, 1973) have been validated by quantitative neurophysiological techniques at the Gunderson Medical Foundation, LaCrosse, WI.
Elemental as Mythic and Existential Parable

Shot in direct cinema style, the documentary Elemental follows the personal stories of three very different activists in their respective fights against ecological destruction. Rajendra Singh is an Indian who embarks on a pilgrimage along the Ganges River, raising the consciousness of villagers to respect the sacredness of the river. Eriel Deranger is a young mother of the Dene tribe who campaigns against the Alberta Tar Sands to protect her people from threats to their health. Australian inventor Jay Harman seeks to create innovative nature-based technologies intended to mitigate climate change. This essay interprets the film and its protagonists through the window of three intellectual visions: Joseph Campbell’s mythical hero’s journey, as described in The Hero with a Thousand Faces, the nature-based religious historicism of Mircea Eliade, and the themes of alienation, individualism, and the absurdity of life and death as developed by important philosophers of Existentialism.
A Pore-Level Approach to Petrophysical Interpretation of Well Logging Measurements

An accurate description of water- or oil-bearing reservoirs and the assessment of reserves strongly depend on a robust determination of their petrophysical parameters, e.g., porosity, permeability and fluid distribution, reflecting fluid type, content, and mobility. Downhole measurements provide means to formation evaluation; however, they do not directly provide the petrophysical properties of interest. To interpret well logging data, a range of empirical models are usually employed. These empirical relationships, however, lack scientific basis and usually represent generalizations of the observed trends. To provide a link between a detailed description of the physical processes occurring at the pore scale and the macroscopic properties of sedimentary rocks, a new pore-level approach to petrophysical interpretation of logging measurements is suggested in this work. A powerful means to create such a link is to develop quantitative relationships between the petrophysical properties and the geologic processes involved in forming the rocks. Here we describe the use of simple but physically representative models of the results of several rock-forming processes, e.g., sedimentation, cementation, and the formation of authigenic clay minerals. The key feature of these models is that they are geometrically determinate or precisely defined based on knowing the location of every grain comprising the model rock and hence the morphology of the pore space at the grain scale. We outline a method for computing macroscopic petrophysical properties using the proposed rock models. Unlike many approaches to pore-level modeling, our approach introduces no adjustable parameters and thus can be used to produce quantitative, a priori predictions of the rock macroscopic behavior. These a priori predictions, in turn, allow for successfully inverting and interpreting logging data to obtain petrophysical parameters of sedimentary rocks, such as absolute and relative permeabilities as well as capillary pressure curves. For example, NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) logs contain information about grain size, allowing for an accurate petrophysical interpretation by means of the pore- level approach presented in this work. The proposed methodology is also applied to real field data and the corresponding interpretation results are included in this paper.
Safe-Sex Knowledge, Self-Assessed HIV Risk, and Sexual Behaviour of Young Portuguese Women

Background: Young women make up most cases of HIV infection in Portugal (e.g., 26% in 2012), but their sexual behaviour, ability to recognize sexually transmitted disease (STD) risk in partners, and knowledge and practice of safe sex are underresearched. Methods: We studied these issues in a group of 177 women from Northern Portugal, together with their social, educational, and religious background. The women filled out several self-report questionnaires developed in the USA that have been adapted and validated for use in Portugal. They assess HIV knowledge, risk perception, and sexual risk behaviour. Results: We documented good knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention, although there are still some myths; 79.9% of the women knew that condoms prevent HIV transmission, but only 46% of them declared to use them regularly. Thus, knowledge does not imply adequate preventive behaviour. Women lacking higher education had poorer knowledge of HIV biology and of partner HIV risk. Despite being aware of HIV cases in their communities, most women deemed themselves at little risk, especially those lacking higher education, with many arguing that monogamy protects them, and, importantly, many preferring to ignore their partners’ current and past behaviour when assessing their exposure. Conclusion: These results point to important intervention targets for campaigns to curb STD infections among young women.
Field-Directed Self-Assembly of Mutually Polarizable Nanoparticles.

Directed assembly of dielectric and paramagnetic nanoparticles can be used to synthesize diverse functional materials that polarize in response to an externally applied electric or magnetic field. However, theories capable of predicting the self-assembled states are lacking. In the proposed work, we develop a complete thermodynamic description of such assemblies for spherical nanoparticles. We show how an important physical feature of these types of particles, mutual polarization, sculpts the free energy landscape and has a remarkably strong influence on the nature of the self-assembled states. Modeling the mutual polarization among nanoparticles requires solving a many-bodied problem for the particle dipole moments. Typically, this computationally expensive task is avoided by neglecting mutual polarization and assuming that each particle in a concentrated dispersion acquires the same dipole moment as a single, isolated particle. Although valid in the limit of small dielectric or permeability contrasts be...
Neuroimaging Studies of Psychopathy

In recent years, an increasing number of neuroimaging studies have sought to identify the brain anomalies associated with psychopathy. The results of such studies could have significant implications for the clinical and legal management of psychopaths, as well as for neurobiological models of human social behavior. In this chapter we provide a critical review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of psychopathy. In particular, we emphasize the considerable variability in results across studies and focus our discussion on three methodological issues that could contribute to the observed heterogeneity in study data: (1) the use of between-group analyses (i.e., psychopaths vs. non-psychopaths) as well as correlational analyses (i.e., normal variation in “psychopathic” traits), (2) discrepancies in the criteria used to classify subjects as psychopaths, and (3) consideration of psychopathic subtypes. The available evidence suggests that each of these issues could have a substantial effect on the reliability of imaging data. We propose several strategies for resolving these methodological issues in future studies, with the goal of fostering further progress in the identification of the neural correlates of psychopathy.