cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specialized membrane junctions between neurons in the vertebrate cerebellar cortex.

"Gap" junctions, the morphological correlate for low-resistance junctions, are demonstrated between some mossy fiber terminals and granule cell dendrites in some lower vertebrate cerebella (gymnotid and frog). Most of the gap junctions (GJs) seen in the gymnotid-fish cerebellum exhibit an asymmetrical configuration, the electron-opaque cytoplasmic material underlying the junction being more extensive in the dendritic than in the axonal side. In the frog cerebellum, the GJs have a symmetrical distribution of such electron-opaque material. In both species the GJs are encountered at the same synaptic interface as the conventional synaptic zone (CSZ), constituting "mixed synapses" in a morphological sense. The axonal surface covered by CSZs is larger than that covered by GJs. In mammalian cerebellum, GJs are observed only in the molecular layer, between perikarya, dendrites, or perikarya and dendrites of the inhibitory interneurons. These GJs are intermixed with attachment plates and intermediary junctions interpreted as simply adhesive. In the mammalian cerebellum, a new type of junction which resembles the septate junctions (SJs) of invertebrate epithelia is observed between axonal branches forming the tip of the brush of basket fibers around the initial segment of the Purkinje cell axon. It is suggested that such junctions may be modified forms of septate junctions. The physiological implications of the possible existence of high-resistance cross-bridges between basket cell terminals, which may compartmentalize the extracellular space and thus regulate extracellular current flow, must be considered.
Measuring market response to regulation of the cable TV industry

During the 1988–1990 period, the cable television industry was subject to a number of regulatory events. These centered on possible reregulation of rates for basic service and reduction of entry barriers for potential competitors. Using the event study methodology on a portfolio of cable firms, we find evidence that news of no reregulation caused significant positive abnormal returns. News of reregulation caused insignificant negative abnormal returns. These findings provide some support for the traditional consumer protection theory of regulation. News related to entry barriers generally had no significant effect on returns, which suggests that elements of natural monopoly may exist in the industry.
The effects of ovariectomy and strech on the regulatory profile and activity of the uterus

Abstract Following ovariectomy of five New Zealand white rabbits at day 25 of pregnancy, the intrauterine pressure (IUP) and uterine progesterone (P) and prostaglandin (PG) levels were measured sequentially at days 25, 26 and 27. At day 25, when the uterine P and PGE and PGF were high, massive intrauterine treatment with 500 μg PGF2α provoked only a sustained contracture on which only low level oscillation in IUP was superimposed. At day 26, when the P levels had decreased significantly (P Stretching the uterus of six post partum and six 26 days pregnant rabbits (after removing the uterine contents) significantly increased the uterine PGF levels (P is activated by exogenous PG or stretch, regardless of whether the uterine PG levels increase, remain unchanged or even moderately decrease, provided that the uterine P levels are reduced to a critical value.
Tumor hypoxia and anemia: Impact on the efficacy of radiation therapy

The adverse effects of tumor hypoxia and anemia on the efficacy of radiation therapy have been increasingly recognized. In vitro data indicate that radiation therapy under hypoxic conditions is approximately one third as effective as that under normoxic conditions. There is accumulating clinical evidence of significantly reduced local-regional tumor control and overall survival in anemic patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck, respiratory tract, pelvic, or genitourinary cancers. In our own study using intraarterial high-dose cisplatin and radiation therapy, we observed that pretreatment hemoglobin level was significantly predictive of complete response (CR) at primary and nodal sites, local-regional failure-free survival, and overall survival by multivariate analyses. With the general lack of success in overcoming the effects of tumor hypoxia through such measures as hyperbaric oxygen and radiosensitizing agents, the focus of clinical research has shifted to directly correcting anemia. A planned randomized trial by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group will assess the effects of correction of anemia with epoetin alfa on local-regional tumor control and survival in anemic head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy.
Involving Fathers in Teaching Youth About Farm Tractor Seatbelt Safety—A Randomized Control Study

PURPOSE: Farm youth continue to experience high rates of injury and deaths as a result of agricultural activities. Farm machinery, especially tractors, is the most common cause of casualties to youth. A Roll-Over Protection Structure (ROPS) along with a fastened seatbelt can prevent almost all injuries and fatalities from tractor overturns. Despite this knowledge, the use of seatbelts by farmers on ROPS tractors remains low. This study treats farm safety as a family issue and builds on the central role of parents as teachers and role models of farm safety for youth. METHODS: This research study used a longitudinal, repeated-measures, randomized-control design in which youth 10-19 years of age were randomly assigned to either of two intervention groups (parent-led group and staff-led group) or the control group. RESULTS: Fathers in the parent-led group were less likely to operate ROPS tractors without a seatbelt compared with other groups. They were more likely to have communicated with youth about the importance of wearing seatbelts on ROPS tractors. Consequently, youth in the parent-led group were less likely to operate a ROPS tractor without a seatbelt than the control group at post-test. CONCLUSIONS: This randomized control trial supports the effectiveness of a home-based, father-led farm safety intervention as a promising strategy for reducing youth as well as father-unsafe behaviors (related to tractor seatbelts) on the farm. This intervention appealed to fathers' strong motivation to practice tractor safety for the sake of their youth. Involving fathers helped change both father as well as youth unsafe tractor-seatbelt behaviors. Language: en
Popular Medical Beliefs and Attitude Toward Mental Illness in Peru

In a survey of attitudes of mental hospital personnel in Lima, Peru by Stein and Oetting, professional psychiatric personnel tended to have "humanistic" attitudes, similar to those of their North American and British counterparts. The hospital attendants or aides seemed to derive their attitude structure more directly from their cultural milieu, expressing "custodial" attitudes that tended to be congruent with Peruvian value systems. The research was carried out with professional and sub-professional personnel in four contexts: two public psychiatric hospitals, the psychiatric division of a general hospital, and a private psychiatric hospital. An adapted version of Gilbert and Levinson's "Custodial Mental Illness Ideology Scale" was presented to a sample of 240 subjects (126 attendants, 30 nurses, 26 psychiatric physicians, 23 administrative workers, and 35 social workers) by social workers of the Peruvian National Department of Mental Hygiene during September-October, 1962. In addition to items incorpora...
Implementation and evaluation of carousel dispensing technology in a university medical center pharmacy.

Purpose The implementation of carousel dispensing technology (CDT) at a university medical center pharmacy and the associated changes in drug distribution are described. Methods An evaluation of CDT was conducted in three phases: before implementation, during implementation, and after implementation. The preimplementation phase consisted of data collection and facility planning leading up to the physical installation. The implementation phase included the physical installation, carousel medication assignment, and user training. The postimplementation phase included data collection and analysis. The data collected were used to compare preimplementation and postimplementation time studies, labor requirements, inventory turns, and accuracy rates. Results The estimated labor savings comparing the preimplementation and postimplementation time studies for automated dispensing cabinet (ADC) refills, first-dose requests, supplemental cart fill, and medication procurement totaled 2.6 full-time equivalents (FTEs). After departmental reorganization, a net reduction of 2.0 technician FTEs was achieved. The average turnaround time for stat medication requests using CDT was 7.19 minutes, and the percentage of doses filled in less than 20 minutes was 95.1%. After implementing CDT, the average accuracy rate for all dispense requests increased from 99.02% to 99.48%. The inventory carrying cost was reduced by $25,059. Conclusion CDT improved the overall efficiency and accuracy of medication dispensing in a university medical center pharmacy. Workflow efficiencies achieved in ADC refill, first-dose dispensing, supplemental cart fill, and the medication procurement process allowed the department to reduce the amount of technician labor required to support the medication distribution process, as well as reallocate technician labor to other areas in need.
Graduate study and research in propaganda

(1952). Graduate study and research in propaganda. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 38-42.
Co-doping a metal (Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ce, and Zr) on Mn/TiO2 catalyst and its effect on the selective reduction of NO with NH3 at low-temperatures

Abstract A series of Mn–M′/TiO2 (M′ = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ce, and Zr) catalysts were prepared using incipient wetness technique and investigated for the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in the presence of excess oxygen. A combination of various physico-chemical techniques was used to investigate the influence of co-doped metals on the characteristics of Mn/TiO2 catalyst. The catalytic performance of these materials was compared with respect to the M′/Mn atomic ratio in order to examine the correlation between physicochemical characteristics and reactivity of optimized materials. XRD results suggest that metal oxide species exist in a highly dispersed state at a certain level called two-dimensional monolayer coverage. Our XPS results illustrated that the MnO2 phase is extremely dominant over the Mn2O3 phase (Mn4+/Mn3+ = 22.31, 96%) in the Mn–Ni(0.4)/TiO2 anatase catalyst, whereas Mn2O3 phase is in competition with MnO2 in other catalysts (Mn4+/Mn3+ = 1.34–12.67). H2-TPR data results are in good accordance with XPS results that the absence of the high-temperature (736 K) peak indicates that the dominant phase is MnO2 in Mn–Ni(0.4)/TiO2 catalyst. This increase in reducibility of manganese and dominant MnO2 phase seems to be the reason for the superior activity and time on stream patterns of our best catalyst. BET and pore volume measurements revealed high surface area and pore volume of the Mn–Ni/TiO2 catalyst. The in situ NH3-FTIR results suggest that the manganese (Mn/TiO2) and manganese–nickel (Mn–Ni/TiO2) surface sites have only Lewis acidity, with no apparent Bronsted acidity. The catalytic performance of various Mn–M′/TiO2 (M′/Mn = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) catalysts was studied for the low-temperature SCR reaction at a range of temperatures (160–240 °C) under industrial conditions using GHSV = 50,000 h−1. The intrinsic activity of Mn–Ni/TiO2 catalyst with M′/Mn = 0.4 atomic ratio measured under differential reaction conditions, was found to be highly active, selective and broadening the temperature window for this reaction.
Anatomy of the lateral canthal tendon.

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to clarify and describe the anatomy of the lateral canthal tendon. Knowledge of this anatomy is essential in selection of appropriate surgical procedures to restore orbital anatomy. Study Design. Gross dissections were performed of the lateral orbital soft tissues from 21 preserved Caucasian cadaveric orbits. A block of the bony attachment of each lateral canthus was taken for histologic examination. After anatomical exposure, the following measurements of the lateral canthus were made: (1) the distance from the midpoint of insertion of the lateral canthus at the lateral orbit to the zygomaticofrontal suture; (2) the horizontal width of the lateral canthus, as measured from the lateral commissure to the lateral orbit; (3) the vertical difference in height between the medial canthal and lateral canthal insertions. Results. The mean midpoint of the lateral canthus insertion was 10.24 mm inferior to the zygomaticofrontal suture (range, 5-15 mm). The mean horizontal length of the lateral canthus from the lateral commissure to the lateral orbit was 7.52 mm (range, 2-12 mm). The mean vertical difference in height between the insertions of the medial canthus and the lateral canthus was 1.35 mm (range, -2-4 mm), the lateral canthus being at a more superior point. Histologic examination of hematoxylin-eosin–stained slides showed that the fibers of the lateral canthus inserted into the periosteum but not beyond it. Conclusions. The lateral canthal tendon attaches the upper and lower tarsal plates to Whitnall’s tubercle inside the orbital rim deep to the septum. A precise knowledge of the periorbital anatomy will assist the surgeon in the selection of appropriate surgical techniques that will provide for restoration of this delicate anatomical configuration. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:24-8)
Organosulfur Monolayers at Gold Surfaces: Reexamination of the Case for Sulfide Adsorption and Implications to the Formation of Monolayers from Thiols and Disulfides

This paper presents the results from a reexamination of the adsorption of organosulfides on gold films. Our original goal was to explore the adsorption of different organosulfur precursors (e.g., sulfides) as a basis for addressing details related to gold−sulfur interactions in thiol-derived monolayers. The results of our previous work (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11616) were, however, complicated by the purity of most organosulfides as well as by the competitive adsorption of thiol and disulfide impurities. By using preparative gas chromatographic purification, we were able to reduce significantly the levels of both types of impurities from the organosulfide precursors, as confirmed by mass spectrometric analyses. Spectroscopic (infrared and X-ray photoelectron) and electrochemical characterizations of adlayers formed on gold from these highly purified organosulfides have led us to reach new conclusions regarding our earlier work. First, the amount of adsorbed sulfide corresponds to only a small fractio...
Mechanism of coniine-blockade of postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord of the cat.

Abstract Experiments which utilized the technique of intracellular recording and stimulation were undertaken in order to elucidate the mechanism by which coniine (2 propyl-piperidine) reduces postsynaptic inhibition of spinal motoneurons of the cat, an effect known as strychnine-like. The studies revealed that coniine reduced the membrane potential, decreased membrane resistance, and diminished the after-hyperpolarization which follows an antidromic spike. The decrease in membrane potential was often preceded by hyperpolarization. Monosynaptic EPSPs were slightly decreased in amplitude following coniine administration. These changes appeared to be due to a lowered membrane potential. Polysynaptic EPSPs were frequently heightened and prolonged. These effects seemed to be related to increased interneuronal activity. Coniine markedly reduced IPSPs. Analysis of the half-decay time of the IPSP revealed that reduction of these potentials occured prior to changes in membrane conductance. The data obtained in the present study can be explanned by attributing to coniine the ability to increase the permeability of the motoneuron membrane to K + ions. Thus although coniine and strychnine both block postsynaptic inhibition, they do so by considerably different mechanism. It is pointed out that other “strychnine-like” drugs, especially those related structurally to coniine, are also likely to act by a mechanism different from that attributed to strychnine.
Eli Lilly Lecture: Estrogen Metabolism and Action1

ISHOULD LIKE to consider two related and converging themes of research that have occupied the attention of our laboratory for a number of years. They were both stimulated by the clinical observations of the palliative effects of steroid hormones including estrogens upon certain tumors of the breast and prostate gland. These observations placed in question the previously held view that tumors are wholly autonomous and not subject to control by normal physiological mechanisms. These hormonal effects gave a great impetus to studies of the biochemistry of the steroid hormones, and especially of the estrogens. Perhaps it would be appropriate to indicate the state of the art in those days. It is now difficult to conceive of a time when isotopically labeled steroids could not be purchased at the corner drug store, when paper, thin-layer, gas-liquid and other chromatographic and partition techniques for separation were not yet available and when the most reliable procedure for the detection and estimation of estr...
Molecular analysis of estrogen induction of preproenkephalin gene expression and its modulation by thyroid hormones.

Abstract Estrogen receptors (ER) and thyroid hormone receptors (TR) are ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factors. Estrogen-induced preproenkephalin (PPE) gene expression in the hypothalamus is directly related to estrogen-induced lordosis behavior in the rat. In the present study, we showed that the PPE mRNA level in the ventromedial hypothalamus of female rats was significantly decreased by ovariectomy. This decrease was reversed by estrogen replacement in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Using transient transfection and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), functional estrogen response elements (ERE) were identified between −437 and −145 base pairs (bp) of the rat PPE gene promoter region. Two ERE-like elements are present between −405 and −364 of the rat PPE gene promoter, which bind ERα as demonstrated by EMSA. Estrogen produced a dose-dependent increase in CAT activity in cotransfection assays with ERα expression vector and a 437PPE-CAT reporter construct containing 437 bp of the rat PPE gene promoter and the CAT reporter gene. This estrogen-induced PPE promoter activity was inhibited by liganded-TR in transient cotransfection assays. Analysis of DNA–protein interactions by EMSA revealed that both ERα and TR (α1 and β1) could bind to the EREs in the rat PPE gene promoter. Furthermore, estrogen induction of PPE mRNA in the ventromedial hypothalamus of the ovariectomized female rat was significantly attenuated by concomitant administration of triiodothyronine. These results suggest that estrogen regulation of the hypothalamic PPE gene expression is mediated through an estrogen-receptor complex directly interacting with the functional EREs in its promoter region; and that this estrogen effect can be modified by thyroid hormones.
Smoothing observational data : A philosophy and implementation for the health sciences

Standard statistical methods (such as regression analysis) presume the data are generated by an identifiable random process, and attempt to model that process in a parsimonious fashion. In contrast, observational data in the health sciences are generated by complex, nonidentified, and largely nonrandom mechanisms, and are analyzed to form inferences on latent structures. Despite this gap between the methods and reality, most observational data analysis comprises application of standard methods, followed by narrative discussion of the problems of entailed by doing so. Alternative approaches employ latent-structure models that include components for nonidentified mechanisms. Standard methods can still be useful, however, provided their modeling philosophy is modified to encourage preservation of structure, rather than achieving parsimonious description. With this modification they can be viewed as smoothing or filtering methods for separating noise from signal before the task of latent-structure modeling begins. I here give a detailed justification of this view, and a hierarchical-modeling implementation that can be carried out with popular software. Concepts are illustrated in the smoothing of a contingency table from an analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukemia.
Enzyme measurements on single cells.

A simple and sensitive procedure has been developed for enzymatic assays in single cells and applied to the measurement of β-glucuronidase in single parenchymal cells of liver. Cells deposited in microdroplets under oil were ruptured by freezing and thawing and allowed to react with a fluorogenic substrate. The fluorescence is developed by diffusing an organic base into the droplets and measured in a fluorescence microscope equipped with a photomultiplier.
Comparison of pharmacokinetics and tissue disposition of an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide targeting human Ha-ras mRNA in mouse and monkey

Abstract The plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue disposition of ISIS 2503 were studied in mice following single and multiple bolus intravenous (iv) injections of 1–50 mg/kg, and in monkeys following single and multiple 2‐h iv infusions of 1–10 mg/kg and bolus iv injections of 1 mg/kg of ISIS 2503. ISIS 2503 and its metabolites were measured in plasma, urine, and tissues using solid‐phase extraction followed by capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE). In both species, the plasma clearance of ISIS 2503 was characterized by rapid distribution to tissues, and to a lesser extent, metabolism. The plasma clearance in mice was at least two‐fold more rapid than in monkeys at equivalent doses. The plasma disposition ( t 1/2 ) increased with dose. The highest concentrations of oligonucleotide were consistently observed in the kidney and liver in both species. At equivalent doses, tissue concentrations in monkeys were much higher than tissue concentrations in mice. Urinary excretion of total oligonucleotide was a minor elimination pathway in both species at doses
Precision Considerations in the Determination of Manganese in Mouse Brains by Furnace Atomic Absorption with Zeeman Background Correction

Abstract A method is presented for the determination of manganese in mouse brains by furnace atomic absorption with Zeeman background correction. Precision for the method of standard additions is compared with that of aqueous calibration curves. NBS bovine liver SRM is analyzed to verify the accuracy of the method.
Optimal delivery of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for moving target

In this paper we discuss the problem of optimal efficiency delivery of VMAT arc therapy for moving targets that takes into account limitations of gantry speed and acceleration. First we propose a solution for static target and then we expand our solution for the moving target. The problem is modeled into a grid. The maximum speed at each grid point (t, g), where t is time and g is gantry angle, is calculated using the target velocity, leaf speeds, and other constraints. The optimal delivery efficiency, i.e. shortest delivery time of VMAT arc therapy for moving targets is calculated using dynamic programming.
Design Optimization of a Bionic Fish with Multi-Joint Fin Rays

This paper aims to design a novel bionic fish propelled by oscillating paired pectoral fins. Flapping motion deformation of the nature sample, the cow-nosed ray, is realized with simple mechanical structure through optimization. Locomotion analysis of the nature sample under linear cruise swimming conditions is carried out. Simplified mathematical models of the pectoral fin are obtained to be the design foundation of the bionic fin rays and the bionic fish. The number of fin rays is decided according to the passing kinematic wave shape and number. Distance and structure parameters are optimized, and determined by the minimum area error method. A novel two-stage slide–rocker mechanism is designed to fulfill the driving requirements with only one servo motor. System design of a new bionic fish robot is presented, including the mechanical design and the control method. Main bionic characteristics extracted from the cow-nosed ray are fulfilled by the prototype and verified by experiments.
INDICATIONS FOR REPAIR OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS.

Abstract The indications for operation in patients with ventricular septal defect are presented. The bases for these indications lie in the natural history of the disease in its various forms and in the risks and results of operation.
Trial by Development: Senian “Concurrence” in the New Asian Developmentalism*

Building on the development theory of Amartya Sen, this study takes the Asian Crisis as a window on the politics of globalization. It follows from Sen's axiom of “development as freedom” that just and sustainable development is best achieved where economic and political priorities are pursued simultaneously. This is the foundation for the “concurrence” model that I adopt in the light of three test cases: the Philippines, Indonesia, and Korea. Sen's model provides what amounts to an Asian Third Way, circumventing the East/West schism that the Crash exposed and exacerbated: made-in-Singapore “Asian values” vs. made-in-America globalization. The new Asian developmentalism is torn between the distinctly Asian antipodes of Senism and Sino-capitalism, which is to say development with or without freedom. The outcome of this trial-by-development will define the meaning of globalization for decades to come.
The α2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine increases the apparent potency of the volatile anesthetic isoflurane in rats in vivo and in hippocampal slice in vitro

Abstract Alpha 2 -adrenoceptor agonists such as clonidine are sedatives and enhance the effectiveness of several different kinds of anesthetics. This study was performed to quantitate the effect of dexmedetomidine, a novel α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, on the action of the volatile anesthetic agent isoflurane in rats in vivo. A separate set of experiments in rat hippocampal slices was designed to determine whether isoflurane and dexmedetomidine exerted similar effects on synaptic transmission in vitro and to examine the interaction between the two agents. In vivo, dexmedetomidine (100 μg/kg i.p.) reduced isoflurane minimum alveolar anesthetic requirement (MAC), determined by loss of response to tail pinch, by approximately 90%. In hippocampal CA1 neurons, on the other hand, there was a relatively small potentiation of the effects of isoflurane at the maximally effective dexmedetomidine concentration (1 nM). The hippocampal CA1 area, at least in the slice preparation, may thus not be representative of the CNS site(s) at which α 2 adrenoceptor agonists lessen anesthetic requirement in vivo.
Parasitism by Cuscuta pentagona sequentially induces JA and SA defence pathways in tomato

While plant responses to herbivores and pathogens are well characterized, responses to attack by other plants remain largely unexplored. We measured phytohormones and C(18) fatty acids in tomato attacked by the parasitic plant Cuscuta pentagona, and used transgenic and mutant plants to explore the roles of the defence-related phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Parasite attachment to 10-day-old tomato plants elicited few biochemical changes, but a second attachment 10 d later elicited a 60-fold increase in JA, a 30-fold increase in SA and a hypersensitive-like response (HLR). Host age also influenced the response: neither Cuscuta seedlings nor established vines elicited a HLR in 10-day-old hosts, but both did in 20-day-old hosts. Parasites grew larger on hosts deficient in SA (NahG) or insensitive to JA [jasmonic acid-insensitive1 (jai1)], suggesting that both phytohormones mediate effective defences. Moreover, amounts of JA peaked 12 h before SA, indicating that defences may be coordinated via sequential induction of these hormones. Parasitism also induced increases in free linolenic and linoleic acids and abscisic acid. These findings provide the first documentation of plant hormonal signalling induced by a parasitic plant and show that tomato responses to C. pentagona display characteristics similar to both herbivore- and pathogen-induced responses.
The locus coeruleus: a cytoarchitectonic, Golgi and immunohistochemical study in the albino rat.

The locus coeruleus of the adult albino rat is a clearly delimited nucleus in Nissl-stained preparations. It is surrounded by an extensive, relatively neuron-free neuropil which is not stained in reduced silver and Luxol fast blue preparations. Most if not all locus coeruleus neurons contain the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and are thus presumably adrenergic. Two general classes of medium-sized neuron were found in the locus coeruleus in Nissl- and DBH-stained material: multipolar and somewhat smaller fusiform cells. The nucleus was divided into dorsal and ventral parts cytoarchitectonically; the two are distinguished in that (a) fusiform rather than multipolar cells predominate in the dorsal division, (b) cells in the dorsal division are more densely packed, and (c) a majority of the cells in the dorsal division are aligned obliquely in a dorsolateral to ventromedial orientation when viewed in the frontal plane, and longitudinally (anteroposteriorly) when viewed in the horizontal and sagittal planes. The locus coeruleus contains an estimated 1643 +/- 21 neurons (+/- S.E.M.; N=12) as determined in Nissl-stained paraffin sections, and 1439 +/- 29 neurons (+/- S.E.M.; N=6) as determined in DBH-stained frozen sections. The latter estimate is less reliable because of some uncertainty about section thickness. The ventral division of the locus coeruleus has an estimated 210 +/- 11 neurons (+/- S.E.M.; N=6). In Golgi-Cox material counterstained with cresyl violet most locus coeruleus neurons could also be classified as multipolar or fusiform, the latter being somewhat smaller. Typically, both types of neuron have relatively long thin dendrites which branch once or twice and extend well beyond the limits of the nucleus into surrounding neuropil and nuclear areas, particularly the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and pontine central gray. Spines, consisting of a thin stalk of variable length with a small bulb at the end or just a thin stalk, were scattered infrequently but regularly along all dendrites and a majority of the somata of both classes. Very thin locally ramifying axon-like plexuses were impregnated in several locus coeruleus neurons, as were larger (about 3 mum diameter) projecting axons. Only about 0.07% of the locus coeruleus neurons were impregnated in the Golgi-Cox material although a wide range of impregnation times and ages was used.
Hall current effects in the Lewis magnetohydrodynamic generator

Data obtained in the Lewis MHD generator are compared with theoretical values calculated using the Dzung (1966) theory. The generator is operated with cesium seeded argon as the working fluid. The gas temperature varies from 1800 to 2100 K, the gas pressure from 19 to 22 N/sq cm, the Mach number from .3 to .5, and the magnetic field strength from .2 to 1.6 tesla. The analysis indicates that there is incomplete seed vaporization and that Hall current shorting paths (through the working fluid to ground at both the entrance and exit of the channel) are limiting generator performance.
NONLINEAR FILTERING BY APPROXIMATION OF THE A POSTERIORI DENSITY

The problem of estimating from noisy measurement data the state of a dynamical system described by non-linear difference equations is considered. The measurement data have a non-linear relation with the state and are assumed to be available at discrete instants of time. A Bayesian approach to the problem is suggested in which the density function for the state conditioned upon the available measurement data is computed recursively. The evolution of the a posteriori density function cannot be described in a closed form for most systems; the class of linear systems with additive, white gaussian noise provides the major exception. Thus, the problem of non-linear filtering can be viewed as essentially a problem of approximating this density function. For linear systems with additive, white gaussian noise, the a posteriori density is gaussian. The results for linear systems are frequently applied to non-linear systems by introducing linear perturbation theory. Then, the linear equations and gaussian a posterio...
Paradox and Pedagogy in the Charismatic Organizational Behavior Classroom

This article discusses the paradox of charismatic pedagogy, its potential advantages (student motivation and satisfaction) and disadvantages (student dependency, conformity, and complacency) in the OB classroom. Using contextual and dramaturgical perspectives, it looks at and tries to explain the emergence of repressive charismatic expertise and offers suggestions for moving in the paradox that arises. Suggestions for movement include a teacher self-assessment process, new methods and activities in the classroom (demystifying experiential exercises, journal writing, and inviting feedback) and a group mirroring exercise.
Factors affecting the circatidal rhythm in vertical swimming of ovigerous blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, involved in the spawning migration

Abstract Ovigerous blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus , are observed to undergo nocturnal ebb-tide transport (ETT) during their seaward spawning migration. A previous study found that females undergoing the spawning migration have a circatidal rhythm in vertical swimming, which serves as the biological basis for ETT. The present study asked three questions about this endogenous rhythm. First, does the rhythm occur in females with mature embryos regardless of whether they are undergoing ETT? Second, when exposed to a light/dark cycle in the laboratory, do ovigerous females only swim vertically at the time of ebb tide during the dark phase? Third, do attachments to the backs of ovigerous crabs affect the circatidal rhythm? The circatidal rhythm occurred in all crabs with mid-stage embryos that were prevented from undergoing ETT. The rhythm was unaffected by the light/dark cycle, which implies that migration can occur at lower light levels at depth during the day. Finally, attachments did not affect the rhythm, which suggests that tags and transmitters will not affect the spawning migration.
Prophets and Profits—A Macromarketing Perspective on "Economic Justice for all: Catholic Social Teaching and the U.S. Economy"

The economics pastoral letter, commonly known as the Bishops' Economic Letter, issued by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops of the United States, is reviewed and analyzed. The analysis tak...
Convection-enhanced delivery of AAV2-PrPshRNA in prion-infected mice.

Prion disease is caused by a single pathogenic protein (PrPSc), an abnormal conformer of the normal cellular prion protein PrPC. Depletion of PrPC in prion knockout mice makes them resistant to prion disease. Thus, gene silencing of the Prnp gene is a promising effective therapeutic approach. Here, we examined adeno-associated virus vector type 2 encoding a short hairpin RNA targeting Prnp mRNA (AAV2-PrP-shRNA) to suppress PrPC expression both in vitro and in vivo. AAV2-PrP-shRNA treatment suppressed PrP levels and prevented dendritic degeneration in RML-infected brain aggregate cultures. Infusion of AAV2-PrP-shRNA-eGFP into the thalamus of CD-1 mice showed that eGFP was transported to the cerebral cortex via anterograde transport and the overall PrPC levels were reduced by ∼70% within 4 weeks. For therapeutic purposes, we treated RML-infected CD-1 mice with AAV2-PrP-shRNA beginning at 50 days post inoculation. Although AAV2-PrP-shRNA focally suppressed PrPSc formation in the thalamic infusion site by ∼75%, it did not suppress PrPSc formation efficiently in other regions of the brain. Survival of mice was not extended compared to the untreated controls. Global suppression of PrPC in the brain is required for successful therapy of prion diseases.
Use of CAP88 PC to infer differences in the chemical form of 129I emitted from a fuel reprocessing facility.

Abstract Emissions of 129 I from nuclear fuel separations conducted at the Hanford Site in Washington State have been occurring since the 1940's. Fuel separation on the Hanford Site stopped in 1988, but emissions of 129 I have continued as venting of the PUREX Plant occurred. In this study, atmospheric measurements of 129 I concentrations were coupled with an EPA approved plume dispersion model (CAP88-PC, Version 3.0) to evaluate the effectiveness of the dispersion model for estimating ambient concentrations at the Hanford Site. This evaluation led to the hypothesis that different chemical forms of iodine were being emitted over the years; this hypothesis was developed as an explanation for the model agreeing with measurements over some time periods, but not over all time periods. The model was then run with modified emissions to simulate the short atmospheric half-life of the suspected reactive chemical form of iodine being emitted. This modification resulted in good agreement between the modeled and measured concentrations over the entire 20 year study period (1986–2005), and provided evidence supporting the hypothesis of a reactive form of iodine being emitted.
Smart hybrid rotary damper

This paper develops a smart hybrid rotary damper using a re-centering smart shape memory alloy (SMA) material as well as conventional energy-dissipating metallic plates that are easy to be replaced. The ends of the SMA and steel plates are inserted in the hinge. When the damper rotates, all the plates bend, providing energy dissipating and recentering characteristics. Such smart hybrid rotary dampers can be installed in structures to mitigate structural responses and to re-center automatically. The damaged energy-dissipating plates can be easily replaced promptly after an external excitation, reducing repair time and costs. An OpenSEES model of a smart hybrid rotary was established and calibrated to reproduce the realistic behavior measured from a full-scale experimental test. Furthermore, the seismic performance of a 3-story moment resisting model building with smart hybrid rotary dampers designed for downtown Los Angeles was also evaluated in the OpenSEES structural analysis software. Such a smart moment resisting frame exhibits perfect residual roof displacement, 0.006”, extremely smaller than 18.04” for the conventional moment resisting frame subjected to a 2500 year return period ground motion for the downtown LA area (an amplified factor of 1.15 on Kobe earthquake). The smart hybrid rotary dampers are also applied into an eccentric braced steel frame, which combines a moment frame system and a bracing system. The results illustrate that adding smart hybrid rotaries in this braced system not only completely restores the building after an external excitation, but also significantly reduces peak interstory drifts.
Identification of controlled-complexity thermal therapy models derived from magnetic resonance thermometry images.

Medical imaging provides information valuable in diagnosis, planning, and control of therapies. In this paper, we develop a method that uses a specific type of imaging—the magnetic resonance thermometry—to identify accurate and computationally efficient site and patient-specific computer models for thermal therapies, such as focused ultrasound surgery, hyperthermia, and thermally triggered targeted drug delivery. The developed method uses a sequence of acquired MR thermometry images to identify a treatment model describing the deposition and dissipation of thermal energy in tissues. The proper orthogonal decomposition of thermal images is first used to identify a set of empirical eigenfunctions, which captures spatial correlations in the thermal response of tissues. Using the reduced subset of eigenfunction as a functional basis, low-dimensional thermal response and the ultrasound specific absorption rate models are then identified. Once identified, the treatment models can be used to plan, optimize, and control the treatment. The developed approach is validated experimentally using the results of MR thermal imaging of a tissue phantom during focused ultrasound sonication. The validation demonstrates that our approach produces accurate low-dimensional treatment models and provides a convenient tool for balancing the accuracy of model predictions and the computational complexity of the treatment models.
Identification of a Gene Induced by Glucocorticoids in Murine T-Cells: A Potential G Protein-Coupled Receptor

Using cDNA cloning techniques we previously identified a set of genes induced by glucocorticoids and cAMP in murine T-lymphocytes. We report here the sequence of one of these cDNA clones (clone 4.2), renamed here as glucocorticoid-induced receptor (GIR), which encodes a potential new member of the family of receptors that couple to G-proteins. Several different forms of cDNA for this gene were isolated and shown to correspond to multiple mRNA species in lymphoid cells using an RNase protection assay. The cDNA clone corresponding to the most abundant form of GIR mRNA encodes a precursor protein of 423 amino acids, with a putative signal peptide of 17 amino acids. A hydropathy plot reveals the presence of seven hydrophobic regions, with significant similarities to other G-protein-coupled receptors. The ligand for GIR is currently unknown, but the predicted protein product of this cDNA is most closely related to the three tachykinin receptors, the neuromedin-K, substance-P, and substance-K receptors.
Item Bias in the Assessment of Children's Anxiety: Race and Sex Interaction on Items of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale

To evaluate the potential bias (racial and sexual) of items in the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, a scale used in the diagnosis and evaluation of emotional disturbance, a race-by-sex-by...
Response of a Rat Brain Tumour to Irradiation with Accelerated Neon Ions

(1975). Response of a Rat Brain Tumour to Irradiation with Accelerated Neon Ions. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 91-97.
Effects of zinc and nutritional status on clinical outcomes in head and neck cancer

The head and neck cancer patient often presents with both protein malnutrition and trace element deficiencies. Zinc has been found to be deficient in many head and neck cancer patients. In this study, pretreatment zinc status and nutritional status (measured by the Prognostic Nutritional Index [PNI]) were correlated with clinical outcomes in 47 patients. The patients were followed-up for a median of 52 mo from the time of enrollment. Our results showed that the tumor size and overall stage correlated significantly to zinc status whereas no such correlation was seen with PNI, alcohol intake, or smoking in our subjects. The results also showed that impaired zinc status was associated with an increased number of treatment morbidities, unplanned hospitalizations, and treatment delays (P < 0.05). Nutritional status was not associated with any studied outcome variable. The disease-free interval was highest for the group which had both zinc-sufficient and nutrition-sufficient status. Although our data do not prove conclusively, they do suggest that impaired zinc status at presentation may contribute to treatment morbidity, and that for an optimal mean disease-free interval, a sufficient zinc and nutritional status is required.
Effect of inelastic scattering on the resonance line shapes in He-graphite

Recent experiments on the scattering of low-energy neutral helium beams from the basal surface of graphite have produced detailed spectra with prominent resonant features characteristic of physisorption of the incident atoms. Elastic calculations of the expected angular spectra show only qualitative agreement, with large discrepancies in both the overall scattered intensity and the widths and, in some cases, the signatures of the resonances. By consistently including a Debye-Waller factor to account for inelastic processes in scattering from the strongly repulsive part of the atom-sruface potential, we obtain calculated spectra in very good agreement with observation, except near grazing incidence.
The complete criticism of political rhetoric

POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN AMERICA. By Robert E. Denton, Jr. and Gary C. Woodward. New York: Praeger, 1985; pp. 364. $42.95; paper $15.95. RHETORIC AND AMERICAN STATESMANSHIP. Edited by Glen E. Thurow and Jeffrey D. Wallin. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 1984; pp. 151. $14.95; paper 7.95. VERBAL STYLE AND THE PRESIDENCY: A COMPUTER‐BASED ANALYSIS. By Roderick P. Hart. Orlando: Academic Press, 1984; pp. 322. $35.00. THE FORCE OF FANTASY: RESTORING THE AMERICAN DREAM. By Ernest G. Bormann. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985; pp. 279. $24.95. PACKAGING THE PRESIDENCY: A HISTORY AND CRITICISM OF PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN ADVERTISING. By Kathleen Hall Jamieson. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984; pp. 505. $19.95. LYNDON JOHNSON'S DUAL WAR: VIETNAM AND THE PRESS. By Kathleen J. Turner. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985; pp. 358. $25.00. PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S WAR ON POVERTY: RHETORIC AND HISTORY. By David Zarefsky. University: The University of Alabama Press, 1986; pp. 275. ...
Enhancing air traffic displays via perceptual cues

We examined graphical representations of aircraft altitude in simulated air traffic control (ATC) displays. In two experiments, size and contrast cues correlated with altitude improved participants' ability to detect future aircraft collisions (conflicts). Experiment 1 demonstrated that, across several set sizes, contrast and size cues to altitude improved accuracy at identifying conflicts. Experiment 2 demonstrated that graphical cues for representing altitude both improved accuracy and reduced search time for finding conflicts in large set size displays. The addition of size and contrast cues to ATC displays may offer specific benefits in aircraft conflict detection.