cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiolytic modification and reactivity of amino acid residues serving as structural probes for protein footprinting.

Hydroxyl radical-mediated protein footprinting is a convenient and sensitive technique for mapping solvent-accessible surfaces of proteins and examining the structure and dynamics of biological assemblies. In this study, the reactivities and tendencies to form easily detectible products for all 20 (common) amino acid side chains along with cystine are directly compared using various standards. Although we have previously reported on the oxidation of many of these residues, this study includes a detailed examination of the less reactive residues and better defines their usefulness in hydroxyl radical-mediated footprinting experiments. All 20 amino amides along with cystine and a few tripeptides were irradiated by γ-rays, the products were analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry, and rate constants of modification were measured. The reactivities of amino acid side chains were compared based on their loss of mass spectral signal normalized to the rate of loss for Phe or Pro that were radiolyzed simultaneo...
A review of flame extinction

A review is presented, primarily of work pursued by the author and his co-workers over the past five years in the area of extinction of laminar flames. Most of the emphasis is placed on diffusion flames, but some consideration is given to premixed flames. The objective has been to develop simplified descriptions of extinction involving a few chemical-kinetic parameters that can be measured readily in the laboratory. The results may be applied to extinction of fires if the turbulent flames therein are composed of collections of laminar flamelets.
XII. Reciprocals to Ampere's law

Summary An application of the well-known principle of reciprocity between corresponding electric and magnetic entities leads to an explicit statement of the reciprocal to a common form of Ampere's law. The same principle leads to the law of equivalent electric shells. These laws are believed to reduce certain aspects of magneto-electric fields to a more elementary level than has been common. Applications are made to several simple theorems. The laws are briefly discussed as to formal and physical significance.
Photoluminescence and optical absorption in glassy AsxSe1−x

Abstract The photoluminescence and optical absorption spectra in glassy As x Se 1− x with 0.08 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.40 are essentially independent of x . The PL spectra peak at approximately half the optical gap and the exponential slopes of the optical absorption edges are all approximately 75 meV. For x > 0.4, the PL peaks shift to higher energies, the widths of the PL spectra increase, and there is a strong component to the optical absorption well below the optical gap. Comparisons with ESR experiments in the As x S 1− x system suggest the possibility of two PL peaks. The second PL peak and the optical absorption below the optical band gap for x > 0.4 are attributed to the presence of As–As bonds.
Endogeneity in Brand Choice Models

Applications of random utility models to scanner data have been widely presented in marketing for the last 20 years. One particular problem with these applications is that they have ignored possible correlations between the independent variables in the deterministic component of utility (price, promotion, etc.) and the stochastic component or error term. In fact, marketing-mix variables, such as price, not only affect brand purchasing probabilities but are themselves endogenously set by marketing managers. This work tests whether these endogeneity problems are important enough to warrant consideration when estimating random utility models with scanner panel data. Our results show that not accounting for endogeneity may result in a substantial bias in the parameter estimates.
Tree Island Response to Fire and Flooding in the Short-Hydroperiod Marl Prairie Grasslands of the Florida Everglades, USA

Within the marl prairie grasslands of the Florida Everglades, USA, the combined effects of fire and flooding usually lead to very significant changes in tree island structure and composition. Depending on fire severity and post-fire hydroperiod, these effects vary spatially and temporally throughout the landscape, creating a patchy post-fire mosaic of tree islands with different successional states. Through the use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and three predictor variables (marsh water table elevation at the time of fire, post-fire hydroperiod, and tree island size), along with logistic regression analysis, we examined the probability of tree island burning and recovering following the Mustang Corner Fire (May to June 2008) in Everglades National Park. Our data show that hydrologic conditions during and after fire, which are under varying degrees of management control, can lead to tree island contraction or loss. More specifically, the elevation of the marsh water table at the time of the fire appears to be the most important parameter determining the severity of fire in marl prairie tree islands. Furthermore, in the post-fire recovery phase, both tree island size and hydroperiod during the first year after the fire played important roles in determining the probability of tree island recovery, contraction, or loss.
Evaluation of the Munich Method for modeling rocket engine performance

A new procedure, dubbed the Munich Method, has been proposed recently for the modeling of rocket engine performance. The author of the Munich Method claims it to be an extension and improvement of the thermodynamic procedures used to model rocket engines in the NASA-Lewis chemical equilibrium program. An examination of the Munich Method shows that it contains several flaws. If these defects are corrected then the Munich Method will produce results identical to those generated by the NASA-Lewis Code.
Mammalian target of rapamycin: immunosuppressive drugs uncover a novel pathway of cytokine receptor signaling

Recent findings have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanism by which the potent immunosuppressive drug rapamycin inhibits cytokine-dependent lymphocyte proliferation. The protein targeted by the immunophilin-rapamycin complex is a member of a newly defined family of phosphoinositide-3-kinase-related kinases. The rapamycin target protein functions as a protein kinase in a signal transduction pathway that regulates the synthesis of proteins required for cell-cycle progression in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells.
Grouping and Assimilation in Perception, Memory, and Conditioning:

A group-assimilation theory hypothesizes that a Gestalt-like group is associated with assimilation among the parts of the group. Assimilation is an increase in the perceived or sensed similarity of...
Impact of Water-Assisted Electrochemical Reactions on the OFF-State Degradation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

The origin of structural and electrical degradation in AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) under OFF-state stress was systematically studied. Hydroxyl groups (OH-) from the environment and/or adsorbed water on the III-N surface, were found to play an important role in the formation of surface pits during OFF-state electrical stress. The mechanism of this water-related structural degradation is explained by an electrochemical cell formed at the gate edge where gate metal, the III-N surface, and the passivation layer meet. The relationship between structural and electrical degradation in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs under OFF-state stress is discussed. Specifically, the permanent decrease in the drain current is directly linked with the formation of the surface pits, while the permanent increase in the gate current is found to be uncorrelated with the structural degradation.
ALTERATIONS IN APOLIPOPROTEIN E EXPRESSION DURING AGING AND NEURODEGENERATION

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 34 kDa protein that plays an important role in cholesterol transport, uptake and redistribution. Within the nervous system, apoE might be involved in maintaining synaptic integrity after injury and during aging. ApoE might help maintain the integrity of the synaptodendritic complex by several different mechanisms. Among them, recent studies have suggested that apoE: (1) stabilizes the neuronal cytoskeleton; (2) plays an important role in transporting esterified cholesterol to neurons undergoing reinnervation where it is taken up by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein pathway and used as a precursor for the synthesis of new synaptic terminals; (3) regulates interactions between neurons and the extracellular matrix (e.g. laminin); and (4) regulates levels of intracellular calcium. The main objective of the manuscript is to review the current progress in understanding the functions of apoE in the nervous system and how malfunctioning of this molecule might result in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Wireless downloading delay under proportional fair scheduling with coupled service and requests: An approximated analysis

We propose a method for approximating the downloading delay for the downlink of a cellular system reminiscent of LTE (based on OFDMA), where users are randomly distributed in a cell, and the channel gain is formed by a distance dependent component (path loss), constant in time and frequency, and a time-frequency selective small-scale fading component, i.i.d. across the OFDMA resource allocation blocks. The proposed method yields an approximation of the user downloading delay cdf, through the solution of a system of fixed-point equations. It provides accurate results when the traffic demand is large.1
Ultrastructural studies of a polygonal myofilament network in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells

Cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) were examined by electron microscopy and found to contain polygonal networks of 75 A degrees thin myofilament bundles. The cells also had large bundles of longitudinally aligned thin myofilaments with periodically spaced dense bodies. Abundant plasmalemmal vesicles were present at the cell periphery, and the cells were connected by desmosomes. Intercellular spaces contained sparse amounts of elastic fibers, a material generally present in SMC cultures. Analyses of amino acids by automated column-chromatography showed that isodesmosine and desmosine, two amino acid residues unique for elastin, were present. Accordingly, it was concluded that polygonal networks, previously detected solely in cultured nonmuscle cells, were present in SMC. Other findings suggest 1) a change in myofilament arrangement takes place during cell migration, and 2) rat aortic SMC grown in tissue culture flasks is an important experimental tool in the study of cell motility since such myofilament rearrangements were observed to occur up to fourteen days in first passage.
Goodness of fit of trend curves and significance of trend differences.

Experimental studies of the successive changes (frequently represented by curves describing laws of learning and other similar functional relationships) in a criterion variable accompanying experimental variations in a given “treatment,” and experimental comparisons of such changes for different populations or for different treatments, constitute a large and important class of psychological experiments. In most such experiments, no attempt has been made to analyze or to make allowance for errors of sampling or of observation. In many others, the techniques of error analysis that have been employed have been inefficient, inexact, or inappropriate. This paper suggests tests, using the methods of analysis of variance, of certain hypotheses concerning trends and trend differences in sample means obtained in experiments of this general type. For means of successive independent samples, tests are provided of the hypotheses: (H 1) that there is no trend, or that the trend is a horizontal straight line, (H 3) that there is a linear trend, (H 5) that the trend is as described by a line not derived from the observed means, and (H 7) that the trend is as described by a line fitted to the observed means. Tests are also provided of similar hypotheses (H 2,H 4,H 6, andH 8, respectively) for means of successive measurements of the same sample. Finally, tests are provided of the null hypotheses that there is no difference in trend in two series of means: (H 9) when each mean in each series is based on an independent sample, (H 10) when each pair of corresponding means is based on an independent sample, (H 11) when each series of means is based on an independent sample, and (H 12) when both series are based on a single sample.
Stock Investments May Earn Less Than Bonds in the 21st Century

The hypothesis that equity returns may be lower than returns on bonds in the coming century is supported by evidence showing the relatively poor past performance of international stock markets, the relatively low current yields on U.S. equities, and the relatively limited prospects for future profit growth in the U.S.
Reduction of calcium release site models via moment fitting of phase-type distributions

Models of calcium (Ca2 +) release sites derived from continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) models of intracellular Ca2 + channels exhibit collective gating reminiscent of the experimentally observed phenomenon of Ca2 + puffs and sparks. In order to overcome the state-space explosion that occurs in compositionally defined Ca2 + release site models, we have implemented an automated procedure for model reduction that replaces aggregated states of the full release site model with much simpler CTMCs that have similar within-group phase-type sojourn times and inter-group transitions. Error analysis based on comparison of full and reduced models validates the method when applied to release site models composed of 20 three-state channels that are both activated and inactivated by Ca2 +. Although inspired by existing techniques for fitting moments of phase-type distributions, the automated reduction method for compositional Ca2 + release site models is unique in several respects and novel in this biophysical context.
Some extensions of the Hewitt-Savage zero-one law

Let ℳ denote the class of infinite product probability measures μ=μ1×μ2×⋯ defined on an infinite product of replications of a given measurable space (X, A), and let ℋ denote the subset of ℳ for which μ(A) =0 or 1 for each permutation invariant event A. Previous works by Hewitt and Savage, Horn and Schach, Blum and Pathak, and Sendler (referenced in the paper) discuss very restrictive sufficient conditions under which a given member μ, of ℳ belongs to ℋ. In the present paper, the class ℋ is shown to possess several closure properties. E.g., if μ∈ℋ and μ0≪μn for some n ≧1, then μ0×μ1×μ2×...∈ℋ. While the current results do not permit a complete characterization of ℋ they demonstrate conclusively that ℋ is a much larger subset of ℳ than previous results indicated. The interesting special case X={0,1} is discussed in detail.
Multiple promoters are responsible for transcription of the glpEGR operon of Escherichia coli K-12

The transcriptional organization of the glpEGR genes of Escherichia coli was studied. Besides a promoter located upstream of the glpE start codon, three internal glpGR promoters were identified that express glpG and/or glpR (glp repressor). One promoter was located just upstream of the glpG start codon and two others (separated by several hundred base pairs) were located within glpG upstream of the glpR start codon. The transcriptional start points of these promoters were identified by primer extension analysis. The strengths of the individual promoters were compared by analysis of their expression when fused to a pormoter-probe vector. Analysis of the transcriptional expression of the glpEGR sequence with different combinations of the glpEGR promoters revealed no internal transcriptional terminators within the entire operon. Thus, the glpEGR genes are co-transcribed and form a single complex operon. The presence of multiple promoters may provide for differential expression of glpE, glpG and glpR. Potential regulation of the operon promoters by GlpR, catabolite repression, anaerobiosis or by FIS was studied. The glpE promoter was apparently controlled by the cAMP-CRP complex, but none of the promoters was responsive to specific repression by GlpR, to anaerobiosis or to FIS. Specific repression exerted by GlpR was characterized in vivo using glpD-lacZ and glpK-lacZ fusions. The degree of repression was correlated with the level of GlpR expression, and was inefficient when the glpD-encoded glycerol-P dehydrogenase was absent, presumably due to accumulation of the inducer, glycerol-P. This is in contrast to the previous conclusion that gpsA-encoded glycerol-P synthase tightly controls the cellular level of glycerol-P by end product inhibition.
Tectonics, fracturing of rock, and erosion

[1] We argue that by fracturing rock, not by raising it relative to base level, tectonics plays its most important role in causing rapid incision of valleys and rapid erosion of hillslopes. Tectonic deformation riddles the upper crust with fractures, which not only provide avenues for water flow and thus promote weathering and further disintegration of rock but also fragment bedrock into debris that is readily extracted and transported by surface processes. Bends in active faults require straining of adjacent rock masses. Aftershocks that occur subsequent to slip on primary faults reflect penetrative brittle deformation of the upper crust. At least some aftershocks must nucleate or lengthen cracks, which contribute to the comminution of these rock masses. Scaling rules suggest that dimensions of ruptures for very small (M < −2) earthquakes can be meters or less. The Gutenberg-Richter recurrence relationship implies that such earthquakes are common, as high-magnification seismographs in low-noise environments confirm. Moreover, large differences among fault plane solutions for aftershocks show that the small faults on which they occur are not parallel to one another; some faults must intersect. Thus the upper crust in tectonically active regions should be fragmented into blocks down to the scale of boulders or smaller. Dismembered rock arrives at the Earth's surface already prepared to be transported away. As a corollary, both deeply exhumed lower crust and posttectonic igneous rock, never deformed under brittle conditions and not deformed recently, should be less susceptible to detachment and subsequent transport than fractured rock.
Circadian rhythms in the respiration of eight species of cardinal fishes (Pisces: Apogonidae): comparative analysis and adaptive significance

A comparative study was made of the entrained (12:12 LD) and endogenous (DD) respiratory rhythms of 8 species of cardinal fishes. Volumetric respirometers, designed specifically for long-term measurements of oxygen uptake by small fishes under controlled conditions, were used during standard 5 day experiments. Despite some individual variation, certain species-specific and genus-specific patterns of respiration emerged. Each species showed a persistant (advancing) rhythm of oxygen consumption during 3 days of DD. Light appeared to be the “Zeitgeber”, with the light-dark transition phasing the nocturnal peaks and the dark-light transition possibly phasing the diurnal ones. Genus-specific and species-specific trends in field behavior, habitat selection, and distribution were studied. There were correlations between the field behavior and the entrained respiratory rhythms of these nocturnally active fishes. Entrained and endogenous rhythms of each species showed characteristic similarities and were interpreted as integral components of a level of organization evolved for nocturnal life in the shallow marine environment.
Partisan change in the Mountain West

During the 1980s partisanship in the Mountain West shifted dramatically toward the Republican Party. This change was the result of issue-based conversion rather than group mobilization. Specifically, we trace this surge to Reagan's transformation of the issues connected with the Republican Party. Previous discussions of issue-based conversion have assumed that this force influences all voters equally. One of the issues behind the Mountain West's changed partisanship follows this pattern: Individualism (or limiting government influence on the individual) was behind both the Mountain West surge (and decline) in Republicanism and the nationwide growth in that party. But the second issue did not follow this pattern: Abortion influenced the Mountain West selectively. We conclude that partisan change can be the result of uniform influence of issue change, but that it can also be the result of issue changes that influence different groups of voters differentially.
Casein kinase-1 isoforms differentially associate with neurofibrillary and granulovacuolar degeneration lesions

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by the appearance of neurofibrillary and granulovacuolar lesions in the brains of affected individuals. The former is composed of hyperphosphorylated aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein tau. The latter is poorly characterized but reacts strongly with anti-phosphoepitope antibodies indicating that it too accumulates phosphoproteins. Both lesions react strongly with antibodies directed against members of the casein kinase-1 family of phosphotransferases, a group of closely related protein kinases that frequently function in tandem with the ubiquitin modification system. To determine whether individual members of the casein kinase-1 family differentially associate with AD lesions, hippocampal sections isolated from late stage cases of AD were subjected to double-label fluorescence immunohistochemistry using a panel of selective anti-casein kinase 1 antibodies and small-molecule fluorochromes thioflavin S and thiazin red. The resultant colocalization patterns revealed that the alpha CK1 isoform strongly correlated with thioflavin S and thiazin red fluorescence, indicating that it preferentially associated with neurofibrillary lesions. In contrast, the delta isoform staining pattern was dominated by colocalization with granulovacuolar degeneration bodies. These findings suggest that granulovacuolar and neurofibrillary lesions occupy separate populations of neurons, and implicate CK1 isoforms in the generation of lesion-associated phosphoepitopes. They also suggest a nexus between the phosphorylation and ubiquitination modifications found in both lesions.
Output, employment, and wages in the short run

I. Introduction, 537. — II. Building blocks, 539. — III. The working of the model, 545. — IV. Displacement of short-run equilibrium, 554. — V. Effective demand and the distribution of income, 557. — VI. Next steps, 559.
Effect of preferred orientation on the damping capacity of magnesium alloys

The torsional vibration damping of Mg-4.5 Ce alloys has been correlated with the texture orientation resulting from the method of fabrication. Forged and forged-plus-swaged alloys at vibratory stress levels of 1500 psi exhibit specific damping capacities, respectively, of 6 and 11 times that of an extruded alloy of similar composition. Pole figures show that the basal planes are oriented preferentially in the extruded alloys with a 20 deg tilt to the axis of the extrusion, while the basal planes are generally parallel to the rod axis for forged or forged-plus-swaged alloys. The correlations indicate that the major source of damping in these hexagonal magnesium alloys is stress-induced anelastic shear on the basal planes (probably by dislocation motion).
Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism after Surgical Treatment of Ankle Fractures: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are major complications that can occur after ankle injuries. We present the case of a patient with an ankle fracture who developed deep vein thrombosis and massive pulmonary embolism after surgical treatment of the ankle fracture. A review of the published data on this topic is presented. The treating physician should assess patients with ankle fracture for their risk of developing a venous thromboembolic event on an individual basis and provide thromboprophylaxis for those with an increased risk of developing such complications.
Tangible viewpoints: a physical approach to multimedia stories

We present a multimedia storytelling system that couples a tangible interface with a multiple viewpoint approach to interactive narratives. Over the centuries, stories have moved from the physical environment (around campfires and on the stage), to the printed page, then to movie, television and computer screens. Today, using wireless and tag sensing technologies, storytellers are able to bring digital stories back into our physical environment. The Tangible Viewpoints system explores how physical objects and augmented surfaces can be used as tangible embodiments of different character perspectives in an interactive tale. These graspable surrogates provide a direct mode of navigation to the story world, a means of bridging the gap between cyberspace and our physical environment as we engage with digital stories. The system supports stories told in a range of media, including audio, video, still image and text.In this paper, we first provide a context for Tangible Viewpoints based on research in the areas of tangible interfaces and interactive narratives. We then offer an overview of the Tangible Viewpoints functionality, and explain the design and implementation of the system. The current system has been used in two storytelling projects. We discuss each one, and look at how user feedback has affected or will affect further development. We conclude by suggesting several future applications for the Tangible Viewpoints interface.
Remote-sensing science and technology for studying glacier processes in high Asia

A large number of multispectral and stereo-image data are expected to become available as part of the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space project. We investigate digital elevation model extraction, anisotropic reflectance correction and selected glacier analysis tasks that must be developed to achieve full utility of these new data. Results indicate that glaciers in the Karakoram and Nanga Parbat Himalaya, northern Pakistan, exhibit unique spectral, spatial and geomorphometric patterns that can be exploited by various models and algorithms to produce accurate information regarding glacier extent, supraglacial features and glacier geomorphology The integration of spectral, spatial and geomorphometric features, coupled with approaches for advanced pattern recognition, can help geoscientists study glacier mass balance, glacier erosion, sediment-transfer efficiency and landscape evolution.
An attentional mechanism in the analysis of spatial frequency

Sinusoidal gratings of various spatial frequencies were used as masking stimuli in a detection task and a vernier acuity task. The test stimuli were 1 cycle/deg square-wave gratings. The spatial frequency of the most effective mask was 1 cycle/deg for the detection task but 3 cycles/deg for the vernier acuity task. The different masking functions for the two tasks show that the visual system analyzes the square-wave stimulus into its various spatial-frequency components. Since the test stimulus was the same for both tasks, the different masking functions may be the result of an attentional mechanism that weighs the importance of the output from various spatial-frequency analyzers. Whether the information from a particular spatial-frequency analyzer is attended or not depends upon the task the visual system must perform.
One-phonon octupole vibrational states in 211At, 212Rn, 213Fr and 214Ra with N = 126

Excited high spin states in 211At, 212Rn, 213Fr and 214Ra with N = 126 are reorganized and interpreted in terms of the stretched weak coupling of an octupole 3− phonon. Nearly identical sequences of levels with ΔI = 3 and the parity change are found, for the first time, up to 25− for 20 states of 214Ra, up to 35− for 36 states of 212Rn and up to 53/2+ for 16 states of 213Fr. The stretched weak coupling of an octupole phonon is extended up to the highest excitation energy of 11355 keV for 212Rn which has the largest experimental B(E3) value of 44.1(88) W.u. for the 11− → 82+ transition. The stretched weak coupling of an octupole 3− phonon needs to be considered when single particle configurations are assigned to high spin states. Average octupole excitation energies of 657(51) keV for 211At, 1101(28) keV for 212Rn, 667(25) keV for 213Fr, and 709(25) keV for 214Ra are obtained. The calculated level enegies are in a good agreement with the experimental level energies within the error limit of 4.3%.
Anticorrelation effect in femtosecond-pulse pumped type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion

We report an experimental demonstration of an anticorrelation effect in femtosecond-pulse pumped type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Our experimental data, which is different from that of Atat\"ure et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1323 (2000)], confirmed the shallow symmetric ``dip'' that is predicted theoretically by Keller and Rubin [Phys. Rev. A 56, 1534 (1997)] and Grice and Walmsley [Phys. Rev. A 56, 1627 (1997)]. We show in this paper that the asymmetric dip observed in the literature is an artifact, which is caused by the asymmetric optical elements introduced into the beam path after the down-conversion process. The ``partial distinguishability'' theory suggested by Atat\"ure et al. is therefore incorrect.
Application of the Bayesian dynamic survival model in medicine

The Bayesian dynamic survival model (BDSM), a time-varying coefficient survival model from the Bayesian prospective, was proposed in early 1990s but has not been widely used or discussed. In this paper, we describe the model structure of the BDSM and introduce two estimation approaches for BDSMs: the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach and the linear Bayesian (LB) method. The MCMC approach estimates model parameters through sampling and is computationally intensive. With the newly developed geoadditive survival models and software BayesX, the BDSM is available for general applications. The LB approach is easier in terms of computations but it requires the prespecification of some unknown smoothing parameters. In a simulation study, we use the LB approach to show the effects of smoothing parameters on the performance of the BDSM and propose an ad hoc method for identifying appropriate values for those parameters. We also demonstrate the performance of the MCMC approach compared with the LB approach and a penalized partial likelihood method available in software R packages. A gastric cancer trial is utilized to illustrate the application of the BDSM.
ESTIMATION OF THE SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT WITH THE PRESENCE OF NONCONDENSABLE GASES

It has previously been shown that the surface heat transfer resistance from condensing steam to plant tissue containing noncondensable gases is not negligible. This paper presents the analysis of the heat transfer situation and gives a method for estimating the surface heat transfer coefficient. The method was applied to a hypothetical situation and the calculated surface heat transfer coefficient agreed well with previously experimentally determined values. The surface heat transfer coefficient in the presence of noncondensable gases for the situation analyzed varied from approximately 150 to 300 Btu/hr-ftZ−°F.
DURATION OF WEAK LIGHT REINFORCEMENT

Studies of weak-light onset reinforcement in rats have used lights of fixed durations ranging from M to 5 sec., or have left the light on as long as the lever was held down. The present experiment tested the effect of the light's duration upon conditioned lever pressing. The apparatus was a Skinner box made from a rat living cage and containing a 1-in.-wide lever. A 25-w frosted lamp bulb was mounted outside the cage, 5 in. above the bar. A resistor reduced the lamp voltage to 95 v. S was first left in the darkened box for a 10-min. habituation period. Then, 10 light-onset reinforcements were given and were followed immediately by a 20-min. extinction period in darkness.' For one group of 16 Ss (female yearold abino rats), the light stayed on for y3 sec., regardless of the duration of the press. Other groups of 16 received lights lasting 1, 3, and 9 sec. Effect of the conditioning was measured by the number of presses during extinction. For the Y3-, I-, 3-, and 9-sec. groups, the mean frequencies were 11.4, 14.2, 15.8, and 13.1 presses, respectively. Simple analysis of variance did not reveal a duration effect approaching significance. In fact, the withingroups mean square exceeded that between groups, although not by a significant a m o ~ n t . ~ These results suggest that reinforcement results from the change from darkness to light, rather than from the light itself. Thus they lend some support to the stimulus-change interpretation of weak-light reinforcement. Other evidence, however, such as the usual failure to obtain reinforcement by light offset (e.g., Robinson, 1959) seems inconsistent with the hypothesis that all stimulus changes are reinforcing to rats.
Use of bDNA Testing in the Immunologically Nonresponding Patient Who Has a Low or Undetectable Viral Load by RT-PCR Testing

AbstractBackground: Studies have shown that reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology underquantifies viral loads in patients with non-B clades of HIV-1. Testing with bDNA technology gave higher viral loads in these subtypes. A study was conducted to determine whether virologically responding patients on HAART who were not immunologically responding would have higher viral loads using bDNA technology and whether these differences were due to non-B clades. Method: Forty-eight patients receiving HAART for more than 6 months who were having inappropriate immunologic responses in spite of undetectable or very low viral loads determined by RT-PCR ( 3000 by RT-PCR had clade and genotypic studies performed. Results: Fifteen patients had viral loads by bDNA that were equivalent to >3000 copies by RT-PCR. Four of these were found to have non-...
Wind energy landscapes: Society and technology in the california desert

There may be no more conspicuous example of a conflict between society and technology thana wind energy landscape. The fastest growing renewable energy resource in the world, wind energy has evoked a cool public response. Through the use of interviews, the published literature, governing legislation, and personal experience, this article examines this conflict near Palm Springs, California. Its purpose is to summarize and explain the opposition that developed there from the earliest days, what has been done to mitigate it, and how the local experience is reflected in similar developments elsewhere. This particular conflict between society and technology has the potential, with proper guidance, controls, and sensitivity, to diminish with time.
Analysis of gaits for a rotating tripedal robot

A goal of robotics has been to develop mechanisms that have the efficiency and speed of wheeled robots with the terrain flexibility of legged robots. In previous work, we have proposed a unique three-legged mechanism, the rotopod, designed to integrate these two useful approaches to locomotion. In this paper, we present an analysis of the variety of gaits that can be exhibited by the rotopod. We present examples of many of these gaits and discuss their potential use. A trajectory generation algorithm is presented that can be used to generate point to point trajectories using one of three different styles of gait.
A framework for conceptualizing reporting bias and its antecedents in interviews assessing human sexuality

The present paper reviews conceptual models of self‐presentation bias in interview situations that focus on assessments of human sexuality. An heuristic framework is developed that synthesizes thes...
Benign Pigmented Apocrine Vulvar Hamartomas

: Pigmented vulvar lesions were observed In a child during a sexual abuse evaluation. Gross examination of the lesions appeared most consistent with bowenoid papulosis; however, biopsy confirmed the le-sions to be pigmented apocrine hamartomas. To our knowledge, these rare and benign tumors have never been described as pigmented, but should be added to the differential diagnosis of pigmented vulvar lesions.
Intensely Colored Mixed-Valence Iron(II) Iron(III) Formate Analogue of Prussian Blue Exhibits Néel N-Type Ferrimagnetism

The reaction of colorless iron(II) formate or the mixed-valence cluster Fe3O(MeCOO)6(H2O)3 with formic acid in dimethylformamide exposed to air at 110 °C affords black crystals of the mixed-valence (Me2NH2)[FeIIFeIII(HCOO)6] three-dimensional (3D) structure in which the cations occupy half of the channels. The structure consists of alternating layers of FeIIO6 [Fe(1)−O(1), 2.119(1) A] and FeIIIO6 [Fe(2)−O(2), 2.0049(9) A] octahedra bridged by anti−anti-bonded formates to afford an open-framework 3D structure. The structure is very similar to those of (Me2NH2)[FeII(HCOO)3] and [FeIII(HCOO)3]·HCOOH, both of which are colorless. The black crystals appear dark-purple (λmax ≈ 520 nm) when powdered. The room-temperature Mossbauer spectrum confirms the 1:1 ratio of Fe(II) (δ = 1.03 mm/s, ΔEQ = 1.16 mm/s) and Fe(III) (δ = 0.62 mm/s, ΔE Q = 0.49 mm/s). Magnetic ordering that includes negative magnetization at low fields occurs at low temperature. The only molecular-based magnetic materials in which this phenomenon...
The ontogeny of cranial sexual dimorphism in two old world monkeys: Macaca fascicularis (Cercopithecinae) and Nasalis larvatus (Colobinae)

Allometric and heterochronic approaches to sexual dimorphism have contributed much to our understanding of the evolutionary morphology of the primate skull and dentition. To date, however, extensive studies of sexual dimorphism have been carried out only on the great apes and a few cercopithecine monkeys. To fill this gap, representative dimensions of the skull were collected among ontogenetic series of two dimorphic Old World monkeys:Macaca fascicularis (Cercopithecinae) andNasalis larvatus (Colobinae). The ontogeny of cranial sexual dimorphism was evaluated with least-squares bivariate regression, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results indicate that within each species the sexes typically exhibit nonsignificant differences in ANCOVAs of ontogenetic trajectories, except for bivariate comparisons with bicanine breadth. AmongMacaca fascicularis, ANOVAs between males and females of common dental ages show that adult, and frequently subadult, males are significantly larger than females, i.e., sexual dimorphism develops via time and rate hypermorphosis (males primarily grow for a longer time period as well as faster). AmongNasalis larvatus, however, comparisons between males and females of common dental ages indicate that only adult males are significantly larger than females, i.e., sexual dimorphism develops primarily via time hypermorphosis (males grow for a longer time period). Within both species, females appear to exhibit an early growth spurt at dental age 2; that is, many cranial measures for females tend to be larger than those for males. Measures of the circumorbital region (e.g., browridge height), body weight, and bicanine breadth exhibit typically the highest sexual dimorphism ratios. The fact that postcanine toothrow length and neurocranial volume (less so inNasalis) demonstrate very low dimorphism ratios generally supports assertions that postnatal systemic growth (and associated selective pressures thereon) exerts a greater influence on facial, but not neural, dental, or orbital, development (Cochard, 1985, 1987; Shea, 1985a,b, 1986; Shea and Gomez, 1988; Sheaet al., 1990). Additional consideration of ontogenetic differences between species generally supports previous functional interpretations of subfamilial differences in cranial form related to agonistic displays in cercopithecine monkeys (Ravosa, 1990).
Coupled external reflectance FT-IR/miniaturized surface film apparatus for biophysical studies

An FT-IR spectrophotometer has been interfaced to a miniaturized surface film apparatus for external reflection studies of insoluble monolayers in situ at the air/water interface. Signal-to-noise ratios of 200:1 were routinely achieved for the CH2 stretching vibrations of phospholipids. We have monitored, using the acyl chain symmetric CH2 stretching frequency near 2850 cm−1 as a structural probe, lipid conformational order changes that occur during the surface pressure-induced two-dimensional phase transition in monolayers of 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine. In addition, the small volume of the miniaturized film apparatus (30 mL) permitted replacement of H2O with D2O in the subphase. This capability, in turn, permits the acquisition of spectral data in the amide I region of proteins. We report the first external reflection FT-IR spectrum of an insoluble protein monolayer. The protein studied is pulmonary surfactant SP-C.
Distant metatases of carcinoma of tonsillar region: A study of 475 patients

The records of 471 patients with carcinoma of the tonsillar region seen at the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, have been reviewed to determine the incidence and location of distant metastases. All patients were male and with histologically proved diagnosis. Seventy-two patients (15%) of 471 and 33(29%) of 115 patients who underwent autopsy were found to have distant metastases. Squamous cell carcinoma was by far the most common cell type (88 %); however lymphoepithelioma showed the highest incidence of distant metastases. Lung, liver, and bone were the most common anatomical sites of involvement, and thorough work-up of these organs is highly recommended before initiating definitive treatment and during follow-up care.
The Mechanism of Phosphodiester Hydrolysis: Near In-line Attack Conformations in the Hammerhead Ribozyme

The hammerhead ribozyme is a small RNA molecule capable of self-cleavage at a specific site in the phosphodiester backbone. The mechanism of hydrolysis involves in-line nucleophilic attack by the 2‘-hydroxyl of residue 17 on the adjoining phosphorus of residue 1.1, resulting in the formation of a 2‘,3‘-cyclic phosphate ester on residue 17 (C17) and elimination of the 5‘-hydroxyl group of residue 1.1 (A1.1). Unconstrained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the recently solved crystallographic unmodified hammerhead ribozyme structure were performed in solution using two crystallographic Mg2+ ions. The simulations indicate that near in-line attack conformations (NACs), in which the distance of the 2‘-oxygen of C17 to the phosphorus of A1.1 is ≤3.25 A and the C17 2‘O−A1.1 P−A1.1 O5‘ angle of displacement is ≥150°, form approximately 18% of the simulation time. The motions leading to these catalytically competent conformations are discussed. Stems I and II of the hammerhead ribozyme structure, released fro...
A case series of neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumor metastasis to the orbit.

Purpose/Background : To report the clinical and radiographic features and treatment outcome of neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid) metastasis to the orbit. Materials and Methods : Retrospective chart review of four cases. Results : Mean patient age at the time of diagnosis of the primary neuroendocrine tumor and orbital metastasis was 58 and 66 years, respectively, with a mean duration of 8 years between diagnosis of primary tumor and orbital metastasis. Primary neuroendocrine tumor sites were gastrointestinal tract (n = 2), lung (n = 1), and testicle (n = 1). The most common presenting symptom was diplopia (three cases). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed orbital tumor in all cases. Octreotide scan was positive in one case. Treatment was tumor excision in three cases followed by external beam radiotherapy in two cases and one patient was followed without treatment. Tumor cells showed immunoreactivity to chromogranin, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase in all cases. Mean follow-up after orbital tumor diagnosis was 39 months. Three patients had known systemic extraorbital metastasis before orbital involvement (mean interval of 5.9 years) and one case had immediately after development of orbital metastasis. One patient had multiple recurrences of orbital metastasis and eventually underwent exenteration. Two patients died of disseminated metastasis between 2 and 3 years after diagnosis of orbital metastasis. Conclusion : All four patients with orbital metastasis from neuroendocine tumor had evidence of systemic extraorbital metastasis. Aggressive metastatic neuroendocine tumors of orbit can lead to local recurrence even after surgical excision and radiation. Imaging tests were helpful in allowing early diagnosis and for monitoring after treatment.
Cost modeling of low-temperature large-area polysilicon thin film transistor liquid crystal display manufacturing

The potential to integrate the scan and data driver circuitry and thereby reduce the cost of active-matrix liquid-crystal displays (AM-LCDs) has been one of the major reasons for pursuing a low-temperature poly-Si thin-film transistor (TFT) technology. Improvements in low-temperature large-area processing technologies have made poly-Si TFT technology compatible with conventional amorphous-Si substrates. We examine the cost of manufacturing poly-Si TFT LCDs for 10-in. SVGA resolution color displays. We present a detailed cost analysis of manufacturing a low-temperature poly-Si TFT LCD with integrated drivers including the operating costs of manufacturing. The cost per display for manufacturing plants running amorphous-Si and poly-Si TFT processes at their minimum efficient scale are compared. A cumulative Poisson yield model is presented which takes into account the additional area and process steps requirements for a poly-Si TFT process with integrated drivers. The overall poly-Si AM-LCD manufacturing cost is lower despite having a higher front-end TFT array manufacturing cost due to the additional complexity of fabricating CMOS drivers as well as the lower TFT yield. Our results indicate that low- temperature poly-Si AM-LCDs with integrated drivers will be cost competitive with a-Si AM-LCDs.
The Rise of Executive Federalism: Implications for the Picket Fence and IGM

The ascendance of federal grants to states and localities as a major tool of government action has fueled scholarly interest in building a better theory of intergovernmental management (IGM). It has also spawned an enduring metaphor, “picket-fence federalism,” which has done much to shape thinking about the context and nature of IGM. More recently, however, a competing conceptual lens called “executive federalism” (EF) has emerged. Proponents of this perspective contend that administrative discretion looms increasingly large in shaping who gets what from federal grants, that vastly greater dependence on program waivers has driven this development, and that political executives—both elected and appointed—play a growing role in the administration of grant programs. To the degree that the EF lens accurately captures developments, it challenges the conceptual and empirical underpinnings of both the picket-fence model and IGM. This article provides a preliminary test of the EF perspective by examining the case...