cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric child abuse victim with posttraumatic inferior vena cava thrombosis

Posttraumatic inferior vena cava thrombosis (IVCT) is very rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. While thromboembolism as a result of trauma is common in adult patients, it is very rare in young children and seldom involves the inferior vena cava. We report the youngest patient to date with IVCT and the only child reported whose findings are the result of child physical abuse. The diagnosis can be challenging both clinically and radiographically. Additionally, the risks of morbidity and even mortality associated with an IVCT if untreated are significant.
Accurate proportional hazards estimation in iii-conditioned cases

Under certain conditions, such as the presence of near colinearity in the data matrix, the computation of the Newton direction in proportional hazards estimation is subject to numerical difficulties that may contaminate the final estimates. This paper demonstrates an algorithm that yields incrased accurancy when computing the Newton direction in such cases and presents the results of a Monte Carlo trial comparing the algorithm with standard computations.
EXACT CALCULATION OF BREMSSTRAHLUNG FROM POLARIZED ELECTRONS

The production of bremsstrahlung by the interaction of polarized electrons with the Coulomb field of a nucleus is considered. An exact calculation of the angular distribution of the outgoing photons, and the azimuthal asymmetry in this distribution is presented. Numerical calculations were done for an incident electron energy ${W}_{1}=1.25m$, a photon energy $k=0.75$ (${W}_{1}\ensuremath{-}m$), and a nuclear charge $Ze=79e$.
Relaxation time of an adsorbing 4He film

The readsorption of ^4He atoms on a constantan heater surface was studied after flash desorption by the heat pulse technique. The replenishment of the desorbed film after the heat pulse was found to be essentially linear with the time between the pulses, reaching saturation at some critical value, t_(rc), which strongly depended on the pressure in the vapor, P_g. With the help of kinetic theory for the flux of atoms striking a surface, the measured value of t_(rc) could be calibrated to give P_g. We have verified this formula directly and used it to measure pressures down to 10^(−9) Torr.
The economics (or lack thereof) of aerosol geoengineering

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are changing the Earth's cli- mate and impose substantial risks for current and future generations. What are scientifically sound, economically viable, and ethically defendable strategies to manage these climate risks? Ratified international agreements call for a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Recent proposals, however, call for a different approach: to geoengineer climate by injecting aerosol precursors into the stratosphere. Published economic studies typically neglect the risks of aerosol geoengineering due to (i) the potential for a failure to sustain the aerosol forcing and (ii) the negative impacts associated with the aerosol forcing. Here we use a simple integrated assessment model of climate change to analyze potential economic impacts of aerosol geo- engineering strategies over a wide range of uncertain parameters such as climate sensitivity, the economic damages due to climate change, and the economic damages due to aerosol geoengineering forcing. The simplicity of the model provides the
Why Me? Male Infertility and Responsibility in the Middle East:

Men in the contemporary Middle East suffer from high rates of male infertility, and are generally willing to acknowledge their reproductive impairments. “Taking responsibility” for infertility mean...
Detection and recognition: Experiments and choice models

Abstract An experiment is described in which each of 3 observers participated in 12 different detection and recognition tasks; relevant choice models based on Luce's work are examined. The stimulus parameter from a two-alternative forced-choice task is shown to be related to the stimulus parameter from the corresponding yes-no detection task by a distance representation. An assumption is made to relate stimulus parameters from recognition tasks to stimulus parameters from detection tasks; again a distance representation is used and the predicted relation is supported by the data. Several extensions of the choice models to composite tasks that require both recognition and detection are examined. Multistage choice models in which recognition occurs first and is followed by detection are judged most adequate. Data from tasks with uncertainty in one of two aspects of the stimulus are compared with data from composite tasks to evaluate the assumption that covert responses actually occur in the former tasks and influence the overt responses. With one exception, response proportions summed over the irrelevant response from the composite tasks are similar to response proportions from the tasks with uncertainty. The exception, recognition when no signal is presented on one-half the trials, yields response proportions similar to those found in the simple recognition task. In general, the covert response assumption appears to be supported whenever both stages of choice are required.
Thermal calorimeters for high resolution X-ray spectroscopy

Abstract Thermal detection of individual X-ray photons by small (0.5×0.5 mm) calorimeters has been used to achieve an energy resolution as good as 7.5 eV FWHM for 6 keV X-rays. Such detectors should have interesting applications in X-ray astronomy as well as laboratory spectroscopy, and they promise a high tolerance for embedded sources. Ideally, it should be possible to improve the resolution greatly by making smaller detectors or operating them at lower temperatures than the 50–100 mK currently used. However, there appear to be fairly fundamental limitations when semiconductor thermistors are used as the thermometer. When trying to achieve energy resolution of 0.1% or better, fluctuations in the thermalization efficiency of the detector must also be considered, and this places additional restrictions on suitable detector materials.
What Can the Study of Lead Teach Us about Other Toxicants

The history of knowledge about lead toxicity may serve as a useful template to judge and predict progress in understanding other toxicants. A paradigm shift has occurred in which toxicity has been recognized at levels long held to be harmless. This shift has been accelerated by the use of newer tools for measuring outcome. Lead effects have been identified in children at blood lead levels as low as 15 micrograms/dL. They include impaired psychometric intelligence, language function, attention, and classroom behavior. Lead exposure during pregnancy results in increased risk for minor malformations and lowered infant IQ scores until at least 2 years of age. Understanding of this toxicant has been blurred by seven unrecognized Type II errors frequently encountered in the lead literature. These errors are discussed. A meta-analysis of thirteen informative lead studies in children is presented. The joint probability of the findings occurring by chance under the null hypothesis is less than 3 x 10(-12).
Thermodynamically constrained correction to ab initio equations of state

We show how equations of state generated by density functional theory methods can be augmented to match experimental data without distorting the correct behavior in the high- and low-density limits. The technique is thermodynamically consistent and relies on knowledge of the density and bulk modulus at a reference state and an estimation of the critical density of the liquid phase. We apply the method to four materials representing different classes of solids: carbon, molybdenum, lithium, and lithium fluoride. It is demonstrated that the corrected equations of state for both the liquid and solid phases show a significantly reduced dependence of the exchange-correlation functional used.
Corrosion Investigations In 2-ethanolamine Based Post- Combustion CO2 Capture Pilot Plants☆

Abstract Corrosion is an essential operational factor to characterize for future demonstration and commercial carbon capture plants. In this paper, three approaches have been used to investigate corrosion in CO 2 capture pilot plants: corrosion coupons, on-line monitoring and pilot plant inspection. These tests were realized in two pilot plants: Esbjerg, Dong Energy and Maasvlakte, TNO. Consistent results were obtained. In general, carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel behave well in most of the zones. Several more critical zones have been identified: stripper sump, high temperature lean solvent pipe, reboiler and reclaimer. Some corrosion mechanisms such as flow induced degradation, corrosion due to CO 2 or the corrosive effect of the solvent degradation have been evidenced.
Annealing of low‐temperature growth in Ag/Si(111) as measured by RHEED spot profile analysis

Ultrathin silver films were grown on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy and studied using reflective high-energy electron diffraction. Intensity oscillations were observed showing evidence of layer-by-layer growth at 150-170 K. Upon annealing to room temperature, steps of twice the height of a single step appear in the film observed by spot profile analysis of the specular reflection. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the specular reflection is monitored as the perpendicular component of the scattering vector, S z , is changed. The periodicity of the FWHM as a function of S z doubles after annealing, indicating a doubling of the step height on the surface. The data are fitted using a one-dimensional diffraction model from which a distribution of steps and step heights is obtained. A comparison with other recent annealing measurements in the Ag/Si(111) system is made and discussed in the context of the 'electronic growth' model.
Infusion chemotherapy in hepatoma and metastatic liver tumors.

Abstract Two patients with hepatoma and one with metastatic adenocarcinoma showed an objective and subjective response to infusion chemotherapy of the hepatic artery with methotrexate. Three patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the liver did not respond to hepatic artery infusion with 5-fluorouracil. Two patients with methotrexate infusion also had a more prolonged infusion period. Subsequent systemic chemotherapy did not benefit those patients who had shown response to methotrexate infusion, but one patient whose 5-fluorouracil infusion was cut short by technical difficulties did show a 20 per cent decrease in hepatomegaly after systemic chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil. In patients with primary or metastatic liver cancer, significant palliation may occur after prolonged methotrexate infusion .
Nonmedical prescription drug use among college students: a comparison between athletes and nonathletes.

Objective: Given the substantial increase in nonmedical prescription drug use in recent years and a lack of research on the topic, the author analyzed data on nonmedical prescription drug use among college students. Participants and Methods: Using data from the 2001 College Alcohol Study (N = 10,904), the author examined variation in nonmedical prescription drug use on the basis of athletic involvement. Previous research shows that college athletes are at greater risk for certain types of substance use. Results: Findings indicate that athletes are less likely to report nonmedical prescription drug use than are nonathletes. Conclusions: This shows that involvement in athletics, especially for women, is a protective factor for substance use among college students.
Deuterium/Hydrogen Exchange Factors Measured by Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as Indicators of the Structure and Topology of Membrane Proteins

Deuterium/hydrogen exchange factors (chi) were measured for the backbone amide sites of the membrane-bound forms of the 50-residue fd coat protein and the 23-residue magainin2 peptide in lipid micelles by solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. By combining kinetic and thermodynamic effects, deuterium/hydrogen exchange factors overcome the principal limitations encountered in the measurements of kinetic protection factors and thermodynamic fractionation factors for membrane proteins. The magnitudes of the exchange factors can be correlated with the structure and topology of membrane-associated polypeptides. In fd coat protein, residues in the transmembrane helix have exchange factors that are substantially smaller than those in the amphipathic surface helix or the loop connecting the two helices. For the amphipathic helical peptide, magainin2, the exchange factors of residues exposed to the solvent are appreciably larger than those that face the hydrocarbon portion of membrane bilayers. These examples demonstrate that deuterium/hydrogen exchange factors can be measured by solution NMR spectroscopy and used to identify residues in transmembrane helices as well as to determine the polarity of amphipathic helices in membrane proteins.
On λ-designs

Abstract A λ-design is a system of subsets S 1 , S 2 ,…, S n from an n -set S , n > 3, where | S i ∩ S j | = λ for i ≠ j , | S j | = k j > λ > 0, and not all k j , are equal. Ryser [9] and Woodall [101 have shown that each element of S occurs either r 1 , or r 2 times ( r 1 ≠ r 2 ) among the sets S 1 ,…, S n and r 1 + r 2 = n + 1. Here we: (i) mention most of what is currently known about λ-designs; (ii) provide simpler proofs of some known results; (iii) present several new general theorems; and (iv) apply our theorems and techniques to the calculation of all λ-designs for λ ⩽ 5. In fact, this calculation has been done for all λ ≷/ 9 and is available from the author.
Further evidence for learning in diptera: a reply to Holliday and Hirsch

Holliday and Hirsch (1986) question several aspects of my review of dipteran learning (McGuire, 1984). I will discuss several of the issues that they raised: (1) Can learning be demonstrated only with individual performance scores? (2) Are individual scores essential for all forms of genetic analyses? (3) Did I originally (McGuire and Hirsch, 1977) select for the ability to be classically conditioned withPhormia regina or can my results be explained by sensitization or central excitatory state (CES)? and (4) Did I overinterpret other studies of learning in dipterans? Holliday and Hirsch's criticism of many studies is shown to be due to an overly restrictive definition of learning. Their criticism ofPhormia learning studies is shown to be due to misinterpretation of data available on CES and learning and misunderstanding of the relation between CES and learning. I find their criticisms to be without merit.
An automated parallel simulation execution and analysis approach

State-of-the-art simulation computing requirements are continually approaching and then exceeding the performance capabilities of existing computers. This trend remains true even with huge yearly gains in processing power and general computing capabilities; simulation scope and fidelity often increases as well. Accordingly, simulation studies often expend days or weeks executing a single test case. Compounding the problem, stochastic models often require execution of each test case with multiple random number seeds to provide valid results. Many techniques have been developed to improve the performance of simulations without sacrificing model fidelity: optimistic simulation, distributed simulation, parallel multi-processing, and the use of supercomputers such as Beowulf clusters. An approach and prototype toolset has been developed that augments existing optimization techniques to improve multiple-execution timelines. This approach, similar in concept to the SETI @ home experiment, makes maximum use of unused licenses and computers, which can be geographically distributed. Using a publish/subscribe architecture, simulation executions are dispatched to distributed machines for execution. Simulation results are then processed, collated, and transferred to a single site for analysis.
Nongenomic estrogen action in human lung myofibroblasts.

Recent studies have suggested that the antiproliferative effects of E2 may be mediated through a nongenomic action. Herein, we asked whether nongenomic estrogen action regulates phosphorylation of Raf1 and ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in lung myofibroblasts. We demonstrated that lung myofibroblasts, incubated in the presence of E2, showed a rapid phosphorylation on serine-259 of Raf1 and tyrosine-204 of ERK1/2 MAP kinase at 15 min, by approximately 3- and 5-fold, respectively. This phosphorylation was followed by dephosphorylation between 30 and 60 min. Western blot analysis showed that E2 regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of four main cytoplasmic proteins in lung myofibroblasts, of 42, 44, 70 and 100 kDa. Furthermore, our results indicated that E2 inhibits cell proliferation (BrdU index) in lung myofibroblasts by approximately 30% (P < 0.01). These data provide evidence that nongenomic action of E2, regulates both serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins in lung myofibroblasts, including Raf1 and ERK1/2 MAP kinase, which may regulate proliferation in lung myofibroblasts.
A versatile multimode microscope to probe and manipulate nanoparticles and biomolecules.

Summary We describe a flexible, multifaceted optical setup that allows quantitative measurement and manipulation of biomolecules and nanoparticles in biomimetic and cellular systems. We have implemented integrated biophotonics techniques (i.e. differential interference contrast, wide-field fluorescence, prism- and objective-based total internal reflection excitation, single particle tracking, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and dynamic holographic optical trapping) on a single platform. The adaptability of this versatile, custom-designed system allows us to simultaneously monitor cell morphology, while measuring lateral diffusion of biomolecules or controlling their cellular location or interaction partners.
A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and Its Admissibility in the Family Court

Abstract Over the past three decades, parental alienation syndrome (PAS) has been proposed to explain behaviors by a child who refuses to spend time with a parent and actually denigrates that parent within the context of a child custody dispute. Although some mental health professionals and child custody evaluators, attorneys, and judges have been quick to accept and admit PAS as evidence in these disputes, there has been no consistent empirical or clinical evidence that PAS exists or that the alienator's behavior is the actual cause of the alienated child's behavior towards the target parent. This article attempts to help those working with custody issues understand how the PAS construct fails to meet scientific standards and should not be admissible in courts.
Reprint of “Virtual cut-through: A new computer communication switching technique”

Abstract In this paper a new switching technique called virtual cut-through is proposed and its performance is analyzed. This switching system is very similar to message switching, with the difference that when a message arrives in an intermediate node and its selected outgoing channel is free (just after the reception of the header), then, in contrast to message switching, the message is sent out to the adjacent node towards its destination before it is received completely at the node; only if the message is blocked due to a busy output channel is a message buffered in an intermediate node. Therefore, the delay due to unnecessary buffering in front of an idle channel is avoided. We analyze and compare the performance of this new switching technique with that of message switching with respect to three measures: network delay, traffic gain and buffer storage requirement. Our analysis shows that cut-through switching is superior (and at worst identical) to message switching with respect to the above three performance measures. Download : Download full-size image
Affective disorders: The catecholamine hypothesis revisited

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the catecholamine hypothesis for affective disorders. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders states that depression is associated with a functional deficit of one, or more neurotransmitter catecholamines at critical synapses in the central nervous system, and conversely mania is associated with a functional excess of these amines. The weight of the available clinical evidence suggests that the monoamine oxidase inhibitors are not very effective antidepressants in patients with more severe, primary, or endogenous depressions, that is, the group that has been the major focus of studies concerned with catecholamine dysfunction. Amphetamine, a stimulant in normals, is generally conceded not to be an effective antidepressant agent, although the occurrence of transient improvement in some depressed patients may have predictive value for subsequent response to tricyclics. Cocaine, a powerful stimulant in normals, is a potent inhibitor of catecholamine reuptake at the synapse, an effect similar to that of the tricyclic antidepressants.
Workers' evaluations of the "ends" and the "means": An examination of four models of distributive and procedural justice.

Abstract Although research has now demonstrated that both distributive and procedural justice are important, little work has been done to examine how they may interrelate in the prediction of employee reactions such as organizational commitment and pay satisfaction. Using a sample of primarily male engineers in a public utility company, we compared four different models of the justice–employee reaction relationship. The two-factor model, which specifies that distributive justice predicts personal-level evaluations (e.g., pay satisfaction) whereas procedural justice affects organizational-level evaluations (e.g., organizational commitment), received the most support. Limitations of and directions for future research are discussed.
Intraperitoneal kanamycin in advanced peritonitis A preliminary report

Abstract Bacterial peritonitis was produced in sixty mongrel dogs. Animals treated with multiple doses of intraperitoneal kanamycin had a mortality of 13 per cent as contrasted with a mortality of 45 and 80 per cent in the group treated with intramuscular kanamycin and the control group, respectively. Kanamycin levels in the serum and peritoneal fluid were higher after intraperitoneal administration than after intramuscular therapy. Patients with perforated appendicitis have been treated randomly with a single or with multiple injections of intraperitoneal kanamycin. Intraperitoneal kanamycin therapy is strongly advocated for any patient with peritonitis.
Modeling prostate cancer in mice: something old, something new, something premalignant, something metastatic

More than 15 years ago, the first generation of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of prostate cancer was introduced. These transgenic models utilized prostate-specific promoters to express SV40 oncogenes specifically in prostate epithelium. Since the description of these initial models, there have been a plethora of GEM models of prostate cancer representing various perturbations of oncogenes or tumor suppressors, either alone or in combination. This review describes these GEM models, focusing on their relevance for human prostate cancer and highlighting their strengths and limitations, as well as opportunities for the future.
Race and Class in a Culture of Risk

concrete other-implicating Personal Risks Of Topic self-implicating public Kinds Of Talk private matter-of-fact suppressed out loud whispered FIGURE 1 Risk and Race Talk by Topic roughly based on Pollock (2004), shows a general pattern of talk and topic. As long as a topic remains distant and abstract and implicates only those not present, people address race matter-of-factly and out loud. As a topic moves closer to home, refers to local events, and has implications for speakers, race is limited to whisper. Similarly, the details of race talk depend on whom one is speaking as, to whom one is speaking, and who else might be listening and judging. Figure 2 is stimulated by Pollock's (2004) representation of race and rank in talk about race-relevant topics. Educators and students who share race and rank generally use race labels matterof-factly. Race talk up and down the hierarchy (e.g., between principal and teacher or between teacher and student) can be difficult, even if it occurs in private; so too is race talk between teachers of different race groups. Sharing neither race nor rank, participants use race labels to fuel accusations across the dividing categories. Students accuse teachers of racial injustice, principals demand reform from teachers, and superintendents assign blame to whole schools for racial differentials in achievement. When pressed, participants can almost always find ways not to talk about race. Life is never as simple as a 2 X 2 figure or table. Topics shift quickly, and group membership moves around easily among students. By Pollock's stories, people are constantly figuring out who's who in relation to whom, and race talk is moved in and out accordingly. If race talk is an effective strategy for reckoning relative position in a group of speakers, it is because they make it so. Race talk can go badly, even for those trying directly to make it otherwise (Lin, 2007). Depending on who remembers and reports what is said, how, to whom, and under what conditions, race talk can be a little or a big problem, an immediate or a long later problem.7 Teachers at Columbus find themselves stuttering, pausing, hedging, and complaining. It is difficult to speak truth in race terms. Race in a culture of risk is a resource in the calculation of who wins, who loses, who moves up, who moves on, and who moves to the back. Education is a risky game, and the race card, like the LD card, gets played accordingly. Recognizing the cultural play of race categories tied to school performance does not make racial problems easy to fix, but it shifts responsibility to the gatekeepers who make racial struggles institutionally consequential (Ladson-Billings, 2006; This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:37:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms McDermott et al: In a Culture of Risk 105 SAME or SIMILAR DIFFERENT
A narrowband/wideband packet radio system

By transmitting packet headers on a narrowband channel, followed by packet data on a wideband channel, one can gain several advantages over using either narrowband or wideband techniques exclusively. All network nodes can easily obtain channel traffic loading and destination information by examining only the narrowband headers. Wideband synchronization is facilitated by using the end of the header transmission as a time index for wideband signal acquisition. Long signature sequences minimize the probability that two or more wideband packets will be transmitted with their sequences aligned, while avoiding the requirement that each receiver search for several different sequences as in a transmitter-oriented protocol. A common signature sequence facilitates packet broadcasting. Finally, flow control can be implemented by monitoring the CSMA narrowband channel and insuring that the network offered rate remains below the saturation point. >
The Fascinating Psychological Microfoundations of Strategy and Competitive Advantage

This article puts forth an agenda for the psychological study of strategy and competitive advantage. It centers this agenda within the microfoundations program, a program originating within strategy that seeks to understand firm heterogeneity and competitive advantage by examining individuals and their interrelationships. The article first reviews key theories and frameworks in strategy by taking a functionalist view, that is, by starting with a focus on organizational criteria (operational performance, organizational performance, competitive advantage). It then discusses the importance of resources and how psychology may contribute to an understanding of these resources. Organizational psychology and organizational behavior research that links to higher-level outcomes or resources is reviewed next. The article concludes with questions that we believe will fascinate scholars of organizational psychology and organizational behavior as well as with implications for practice. We hope this article helps stimu...
Integration of structured and unstructured data in IBM content manager

Integration of structured and unstructured data goes much deeper than supporting large objects in a database. Through an architecture overview of the IBM Content Manager, this paper examines some of the requirements, challenges, and solutions in managing a large volume of content and in support of a wide range of content applications. The discussion touches upon system architecture, data model, and access control.
Signaling Role of Hemocytes in Drosophila JAK/STAT-Dependent Response to Septic Injury

To characterize the features of JAK/STAT signaling in Drosophila immune response, we have identified totA as a gene that is regulated by the JAK/STAT pathway in response to septic injury. We show that septic injury triggers the hemocyte-specific expression of upd3, a gene encoding a novel Upd-like cytokine that is necessary for the JAK/STAT-dependent activation of totA in the Drosophila counterpart of the mammalian liver, the fat body. In addition, we demonstrate that totA activation also requires the NF-KB-like Relish pathway, indicating that fat body cells integrate the activity of NF-KB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways upon immune response. This study reveals that, in addition to the pattern recognition receptor-mediated NF-KB-dependent immune response, Drosophila undergoes a complex systemic response that is mediated by the production of cytokines in blood cells, a process that is similar to the acute phase response in mammals.
Biodiversity in water and on land.

Summary Habitats in the sea, in freshwater, and on land differ dramatically in species composition and diversity. Of the roughly 1.5 million known species of macroscopic organisms on earth, the modern ocean — despite its much larger area and volume — supports only about 15% of species, whereas terrestrial environments account for about 80% of species, and freshwater for the remaining 5% (Figure 1). Even when taking into account previously undetected biodiversity in all of the physical realms revealed through molecular techniques, these differences appear to be robust — certainly among multicellular organisms.
ICU vampires and anemia

We read with great interest the article by Fischer and colleagues in a recent issue of Critical Care [1]. The authors make compelling arguments about the different types of blood loss in inpatients and outpatients and describe potential solutions. We agree with the authors about this ‘vampirism’ , which is of major importance in patient care. We add that another issue leading to excessive blood loss in hospitals is computerized order entry, which at our center can cause daily complete blood cell counts, electrolytes, and other labs to be drawn by phlebotomists. We feel it is important to teach trainees (medical students, residents and attendings) that it may be perfectly acceptable to not have morning labs on morning rounds with the attending. Only labs that are clinically relevant or guide management should be ordered. Labs just for the sake of having labs for morning rounds should not occur without good clinical reason. However, in today’s cost-conscious health-care culture [2], we must make an active effort. Finally, we find that pediatric vial-sized blood draws may be another potential way to lessen this blood loss [3]. We appreciate the authors’ other solutions for this ‘vampiric anemia’ and we hope they will be adopted by others to improve patient care.
Response Shift Theory: Important Implications for Measuring Quality of Life in People With Disability

Measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in people with disability can be problematic. Ambiguous or paradoxical findings can occur because of differences among people or changes within people regarding internal standards, values, or conceptualization of HRQOL. These "response shifts" can affect standard psychometric indices, such as reliability and validity. Attending to appraisal processes and response shift theory can inform development of HRQOL measures for people with disability that do not confound function and health and that consider important causal indicators such as environment. By design, most HRQOL measures equate function with health, necessarily leading to a lower measured HRQOL in people with functional impairments regardless of their level of self-perceived health. In this article, we present theoretical and conceptual distinctions building on response shift theory and other current developments in HRQOL research. We then submit a set of suggested directions for future measurement development in populations with disabilities that consider these distinctions and extend their use in future measurement developments.
Evaluation of dust and trace metal estimates from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0

Abstract. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is a state-of-the-science air quality model that simulates the emission, transformation, transport, and fate of the many different air pollutant species that comprise particulate matter (PM), including dust (or soil). The CMAQ model version 5.0 (CMAQv5.0) has several enhancements over the previous version of the model for estimating the emission and transport of dust, including the ability to track the specific elemental constituents of dust and have the model-derived concentrations of those elements participate in chemistry. The latest version of the model also includes a parameterization to estimate emissions of dust due to wind action. The CMAQv5.0 modeling system was used to simulate the entire year 2006 for the continental United States, and the model estimates were evaluated against daily surface-based measurements from several air quality networks. The CMAQ modeling system overall did well replicating the observed soil concentrations in the western United States (mean bias generally around ±0.5 μg m−3); however, the model consistently overestimated the observed soil concentrations in the eastern United States (mean bias generally between 0.5–1.5 μg m−3), regardless of season. The performance of the individual trace metals was highly dependent on the network, species, and season, with relatively small biases for Fe, Al, Si, and Ti throughout the year at the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) sites, while Ca, K, and Mn were overestimated and Mg underestimated. For the urban Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) sites, Fe, Mg, and Mn, while overestimated, had comparatively better performance throughout the year than the other trace metals, which were consistently overestimated, including very large overestimations of Al (380%), Ti (370%) and Si (470%) in the fall. An underestimation of nighttime mixing in the urban areas appears to contribute to the overestimation of trace metals. Removing the anthropogenic fugitive dust (AFD) emissions and the effects of wind-blown dust (WBD) lowered the model soil concentrations. However, even with both AFD emissions and WBD effects removed, soil concentrations were still often overestimated, suggesting that there are other sources of errors in the modeling system that contribute to the overestimation of soil components. Efforts are underway to improve both the nighttime mixing in urban areas and the spatial and temporal distribution of dust-related emission sources in the emissions inventory.
Response of Mitochondrial Traffic to Axon Determination and Differential Branch Growth

Mitochondria are concentrated in regions of the neuron where the demand for mitochondrial function is high, such as nodes of Ranvier, synapses, and active growth cones. Does mitochondrial transport respond to changes in neuronal energy consumption and architecture, or does it precede and perhaps predict them? We have used axon determination, elongation, and alternating branch growth in hippocampal neurons to analyze the cellular cues that control mitochondrial traffic. During the stage 2-3 transition, when one minor process becomes the axon and accelerates its growth, mitochondria do not uniformly cluster at the base of the prospective axon. There is increased entry of mitochondria into the nascent axon, but this does not require accumulation near the axon. After axonal elongation is under way, the mitochondrial density of the minor processes decreases. Axonal towing experiments showed that elongation alone does not result in transport of mitochondria into the axon; thus, cytoplasmic flow cannot explain the entry of mitochondria into growing axons. Analysis of mitochondrial transport during alternating growth of axonal branches showed that mitochondrial traffic responds to changes in growth through regulation of entry into, but not exit from, branches. Branch-towing experiments showed that this response is not caused by axonal elongation alone, nor does it require an active growth cone. We propose that mitochondrial traffic in axons responds to changes in axonal outgrowth, and that the mechanism by which sorting at branch points occurs is different from the mechanism responsible for concentrating mitochondria at the growth cone.
Face symmetry assessment abilities: Clinical implications for diagnosing asymmetry

Introduction:Anaccurateassessmentoffacesymmetryisnecessaryforthedevelopment ofadentofacial diagnosis in orthodontics, and an understanding of individual differences in perception of face symmetry between patients and providers is needed to facilitate successful treatment. Methods: Orthodontists, general dentists, and control participants completed a series of tasks to assess symmetry. Judgments were made on pairs of upright faces (similar to the longitudinal assessment of photographic patient records), inverted faces, and dot patterns. Participants completed questionnaires regarding clinical practice, education level, and self-confidence ratings for symmetry assessment abilities. Results: Orthodontists showed expertise compared with controls (P\0.001), whereas dentists showed no advantage over controls. Orthodontists performed better than dentists, however, in only the most difficult face symmetry judgments (P 5 0.006). For both orthodontists and dentists, accuracy increased significantly when assessing symmetry in upright vs inverted faces (t 5 3.7, P 5 0.001; t 5 2.7, P 5 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: Orthodontists showed expertise in assessing face symmetry compared with both laypersons and general dentists, and they were more accurate when judging upright than inverted faces. When using accurate longitudinal photographic records to assess changing face symmetry, orthodontists are likely to be incorrect in less than 15% of cases, suggesting that assistance from some additional technology is infrequently needed for diagnosis. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;144:663-71)
Grade Creep in the Federal Service?: Another Look

Why did the mean grade of federal white-collar workers rise 1.2 grades between 1977 and 1993? The author explores 4 possible explanations: (a) increasing complexity of federal work and increasing qualifications of federal workers; (b) declining discrimination against women and minorities; (c) responses to the underpayment of federal workers; and (4) grade creep, an inflation of grades without an accompanying rise in the difficulty and responsibility of the work. Based on analysis of a 1% sample of federal personnel records for 1976 and 1992, the author finds that rising qualifications and declining discrimination appear to be the main causes of the grade rise, though grade creep also seems to play a part. Rising grades do not seem to be a response to private-sector competition in high-pay metropolitan areas.
A variable number of tandem repeats locus within the human complement C2 gene is associated with a retroposon derived from a human endogenous retrovirus.

We have previously described multiallelic restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the C2 gene, suggesting the presence of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) locus. We report here the cloning and sequencing of the polymorphic fragments from the two most common alleles of the gene, a and b. The results confirm the presence of a VNTR locus consisting of a nucleotide sequence, 41 bp in average length, repeated tandemly 23 and 17 times in alleles a and b, respectively. The difference in the number of repeats between the two alleles is due to the deletion/insertion of two noncontiguous segments, 143 and 118 bp long, of allele a, and of a 40-bp segment of allele b. The VNTR region is associated with a SINE (short interspersed sequence)-type retroposon, SINE-R.C2, located within the third intron of the C2 gene. SINE-R.C2 is a member of a previously described large retroposon family of the human genome, apparently derived from the human endogenous retrovirus, (HERV) K10, which is homologous to the mouse mammary tumor virus.
Imposed power of breathing associated with use of an impedance threshold device.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the imposed power of breathing (imposed work of breathing per minute) associated with spontaneous breathing through an active impedance threshold device and a sham impedance threshold device. DESIGN: Prospective randomized blinded protocol. SETTING: University medical center. PATIENTS: Nineteen healthy, normotensive volunteers (10 males, 9 females, age range 20–56 y, mean SD weight 54.8 7.7 kg for females, 84 8 kg for males). METHODS: The volunteers completed 2 trials of breathing through a face mask fitted with an active impedance threshold device set to open at 7c m H2O pressure, or with a sham impedance threshold device, which was identical to the active device except that it did not contain an inspiratory threshold pressure valve diaphragm. Spontaneous breathing frequency (f), tidal volume (VT), exhaled minute ventilation, inspiratory pressure, and inspiratory time were measured with a respiratory monitor, and the data were directed to a laptop computer for real-time calculation of the imposed power of breathing. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation, with and without inspiratory impedance. For the sham and active impedance threshold device groups, respectively, the mean SD imposed power of breathing values were 0.92 0.63 J/min and 8.18 4.52 J/min (p < 0.001), the mean SD inspiratory times were 1.98 0.86 s and 2.97 1.1 s( p 0.001), and the mean SD inspiratory airway/mouth pressures were 1.1 0.6 cm H2O and 11.7 2.4 cm H2O (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Breathing through an active impedance threshold device requires significantly more power than breathing through a sham device. All subjects tolerated the respiratory work
ENLARGEMENT OF A THERMALLY DRIVEN PENNY-SHAPED CRACK: STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS

Quasistatic extension of a penny-shaped crack, which occurs prior to its spontaneous propagation, is studied by means of nonlinear fracture mechanics analogous to the methods used to describe plastic deformation in metals. Wnuk's model of final stretch is employed to describe the displacement and stress fields in the vicinity of the crack border. Three kinds of thermal loadings are considered: (a)prescribed heat flux across the surface of the crack, (b) prescribed temperature difference, and (c) given heat extraction rate resulting from the steady-state flow of a cooling fluid circulating in and out of the crack. The latter case is directly applicable to power-generating geothermal systems. All three problems, if treated by linear elastic fracture mechanics methods, lead to singular thermal stresses around the circumference of the crack. Although the first two problems are of a positive K-gradient nature, i.e., inherently unstable, the third one results in a negative K-gradient. Through the approach used ...
Cost-effectiveness of a collaborative care program for primary care patients with persistent depression.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the incremental cost-effectiveness of stepped collaborative care for patients with persistent depressive symptoms after usual primary care management. METHOD: Primary care patients initiating antidepressant treatment completed a standardized telephone assessment 6–8 weeks after the initial prescription. Those with persistent major depression or significant subthreshold depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to continued usual care or collaborative care. The collaborative care included systematic patient education, an initial visit with a consulting psychiatrist, 2–4 months of shared care by the psychiatrist and primary care physician, and monitoring of follow-up visits and adherence to medication regimen. Clinical outcomes were assessed through blinded telephone assessments at 1, 3, and 6 months. Health services utilization and costs were assessed through health plan claims and accounting data. RESULTS: Patients receiving collaborative care experienced a mean of 16.7 a...
In Japan, birds of a feather do flock together

The article presents the results of a study which examined the extent to which age, organizational and top management team tenure, and graduation from a prestigious university affects the rate of executive-level turnover in Japanese firms. The study indicated that differences in age, team tenure, and prestige in the university lead to higher turnover, particularly among younger executives. Executives under the age of 51 experienced a turnover rate of 100%. Firm size, performance, and industry membership did not affect these relationships.
Enzymatic Phosphorylation of Soybean Proteins by Protein Kinase

Soybean proteins were subjected to phosphorylation with cyclic adenosine monophosphate- dependent protein kinase (A-kinase). As a result, acidic subunits of the 11S fraction were found to be phosphorylated by A-kinase. To estimate the effect of the phosphorylation, 11S acidic subunits were isolated and subjected to A-kinase phosphorylation. The optimal enzyme amount and Mg2 + concentration for the phosphorylation of 11S acidic subunits were determined to be 1.5U/ml and 1.6 mm, respectively. The rate of phosphorylation was 2mol/mol acidic subunits (MW 38,000) under the above conditions. The protein structures of 11S acidic subunits, as determined from UV and CD spectra, were slightly affected by the enzymatic phosphorylation.