cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrus Vocalizations in Two Primate Species (Cercocebus Torquatus Atys and Macaca Nemestrina): Evidence for an Effect of Intrasexual Competition

Vocalizations of sexually receptive females in two primate species, the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus atys) and the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina), were compared with respect to the acoustical features of calls as well as the reproductive and social factors that were associated with calling behavior. Sixty-two bouts of calling were recorded from 18 different pigtail macaque females (mean number of bouts per individual-3.48, SD = 2.17, range 1-7) over a six month period; 19.4% occurred during copulation with males, 25.8% were recorded within 30 seconds after copulation has ceased, while the majority, 54.8%, were not associated with mating. The mangabey group yielded 52 bouts from 18 different females (mean number of bouts per individual = 2.89, SD = 2.47, range 1-10) over a comparable period of time; all 52 mangabey bouts were recorded from females during copulation with males. Calls in both species were highly stereotyped and were not acoustically similar to other vocalizations in the species' repertoire; the acoustical structure of the calls of both species, with most energy distributed at relatively low frequencies, suggests adaptations for propagation over distance. Dominance rank of the caller was associated with significant variation in calling by estrus females of both species. There was a strong relationship between rank and bout length in the pigtail females, with higher-ranking females having shorter bouts; the rate of delivery for higher-ranking females was also significantly more variable than it was for lower-ranking females. For the mangabeys, lower-ranking females had significantly higher rates of delivery than did higher-ranking ones. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that these features of calling relate to a caller's motivational state and that higher levels of sexual motivation are required by lower-ranking females before they show proceptive behavior or mating. The possibility that female-female competition may have a significant effect on important features of calling should be considered in studies that attempt to evaluate the functional significance of these vocalizations.
Trajectory of contralateral entorhinal axons which reinnervate the fascia dentata of the rat following ipsilateral entorhinal lesions.

Summary Unilateral destruction of the entorhinal area in the rat results in the proliferation of a pathway from the surviving contralateral entorhinal area to the fascia dentata denervated by the lesions (the crossed temporodentate pathway). The present study analyzes the point of entry of these reinnervating fibers into the fascia dentata, and their trajectory within the reinnervated zones utilizing orthograde transport of tritiated proline or horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections of tritiated proline or HRP into the surviving entorhinal area in animals with long standing unilateral entorhinal lesions labeled axons could be visualized entering the contralateral fascia dentata via two routes. Labeled fibers could be traced from the dorsal hippocampal commissure (the dorsal psalterium) into the rostral tip of the fascia dentata (the fasciola cinerea) and from the terminal field of the crossed temporo-ammonic tract in regio superior into adjacent portions of the stratum moleculare of the fascia dentata. Within the stratum moleculare, most of the labeled axons had predominantly a caudal and lateral orientation. Exceptions to this predominant trajectory were found in the case of some of the axons which entered the ventral blade of the rostral fascia dentata, and coursed laterally from their point of entry. Comparisons of this trajectory of the crossed temporodentate projections with that of the normal ipsilateral pathway indicated that while the predominant trajectory of the fibers was roughly comparable, the polarity of the projections was in part opposite. Specifically, the normal ipsilateral pathway travels in a caudorostral direction, while the majority of fibers of the crossed temporodentate pathway apparently project rostracaudally. The significance of this difference in the pattern of innervation is discussed with respect to the normal functioning of the temporodentate circuitry.
Solution studies of some pentaarylantimony(V) compounds

Abstract A 1 H and 13 C NMR investigation of some pentaarylantimony(V) compounds indicates that they are fluxional in solution at temperatures as low as –130°C. The 13 C NMR data for tri- and pentaaryl Group Va compounds are discussed in terms of group trends.
Novel treatments of schizophrenia: targeting the neurotensin system

Evidence implicating neural circuits that utilize the neuropeptide transmitter neurotensin (NT) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and in the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs has previously been reviewed. The majority of evidence, taken together, supports the development of NT receptor agonists as novel antipsychotic drugs. This review comprehensively describes the NT receptor subtypes, discusses the development of NT receptor agonists and the behavioral effects of currently available NT receptor agonists. The compilation of data suggests that NT receptor agonists may represent a novel class of antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia.
A Rheological Model for Elastohydrodynamic Contacts Based on Primary Laboratory Data

A shear rheological model based on primary laboratory data is proposed for concentrated contact lubrication. The model is a Maxwell model modified with a limiting shear stress. Three material properties are required: Low shear stress viscosity, limiting elastic shear modulus, and the limiting shear stress the material can withstand. All three are functions of temperature and pressure. In applying the model to EHD contacts the predicted response possesses the characteristics expected from several experiments reported in the literature and, in one specific case where direct comparison could be made, good numerical agreement is shown.
Kainate Receptor Subunit-Positive Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons Express c-Fos during the Steroid-Induced Luteinizing Hormone Surge in the Female Rat1

During the preovulatory and estradiol-progesterone-induced GnRH-LH surge, a subpopulation of GnRH neurons transiently expresses the transcription factor c-fos, which is a useful marker of cell activation. To further characterize this subpopulation of GnRH neurons, multiple immunohistochemical procedures were applied to visualize GnRH, c-Fos, KA2, GluR5, GluR6, and GluR7 receptor subunits during different phases of the estrogen-progesterone-induced LH surge. The results show that the LH surge begins at 1400 h and peaks at 1600 h before returning to baseline late in the evening. At 1400 h, about 50% of the GnRH neurons contained c-Fos, and this percentage remained high at 65% at 1600 and 2000 h. During the surge, 50% of the c-Fos-positive GnRH neurons contained KA2 receptor subunit protein at 1400 h, 65% of the c-Fos-positive GnRH neurons expressed the KA2 subunit at 1600 h, and 50% of the c-Fos-positive GnRH neurons expressed the KA2 subunit at 2000 h. As KA2 subunits require other kainate-preferring subun...
Monomorphic versus polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract The results of this study suggest that polymorphic VT occurring after coronary artery bypass grafting warrants a therapeutic approach targeted at treatment of myocardial ischemia.
State of practice in requirements engineering: contemporary data

Little contemporary data exists that documents software requirements elicitation, requirements specification, document development, and specification validation practices. An exploratory survey of more than 3,000 software professionals was conducted and nearly 250 responses were obtained. Survey data obtained includes characteristics of projects, practices, organizations, and practitioners related to requirements engineering. Selected results are presented along with interpretations of this data.
Characterization of different transitions in quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) infrared photodetectors

Systematic characterization of various types of intersubband transitions in the quantum dots in a well (DWELL) infrared photodetectors has been presented. By changing the thickness of the quantum well, the excited state energy can be tuned with respect to the barrier, without altering the quantum dot ground state. Bound to continuum transitions offer very high extraction probability for photoexcited electrons but poor absorption coefficient, while the bound to bound transitions have higher absorption but poorer extraction probability. Bound to quasibound transition is optimum for intermediate values of electric fields with superior signal to noise ratio. The bound to quasibound device has the detectivity of 4×10 11 cm.Hz 1/2 W -1 (+3V, f /2 optics) at 77 K and 7.4×10 8 cm.Hz 1/2 W -1 at 200 K, which is highest reported detectivity at 200 K for detector with long wave cutoff wavelength. High performance focal plane arrays have been fabricated with noise equivalent temperature difference of 44 mK at 80 K for 6.1μm peak wavelength.
Effects of a Vertical Split-Keyboard on Posture, Comfort and Performance

Twelve, female, touch typists were tested with a traditional keyboard (TK) and a vertical split-keyboard (VK). The use of articulating forearm supports and the VK was also tested. Wrist posture was measured simultaneously for both hands during typing trials. Typing performance was assessed by measuring speed and accuracy. Self-assessed fatigue, discomfort, and preferences were assessed by questionnaires. Results showed that the VK significantly improved the proportion of typing movements performed in a neutral zone of wrist motion (71% for flexion/extension; 78% for radial/ulnar movements) compared with the TK (44% and 25% respectively). Typing performance was slightly slower for the VK and accuracy was only marginally affected.
Ambulance or taxi? High acuity prehospital transports in the Ashanti region of Ghana

Introduction African emergency medical services (EMS) systems are inadequate, thereby necessitating its selective use. This study aims to investigate differences in mode of arrival to the Emergency Centre (EC) at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana by acuity, injury and referral status. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the EC at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Kumasi, Ghana, in 2011. A survey was administered to all patients triaged to the EC. Patients were excluded if they were under 18years of age, unable to communicate in English, Twi, or Fante, had altered mental status, or were deceased. Data were inputted into an excel spread sheet and uploaded to SPSS. Descriptive statistics were computed. Inferential statistics were performed testing for differences and associations between modes of arrival and acuity level, referral and injury status. Results Of the 1004 patients enrolled, 411 (41%) had an injury-related complaint, and 458 (45.6%) were inter-facility transfers ("referrals"). 148 (14.8%) arrived by ambulance, and 778 (77.6%) non-ambulance (38% private cars, 38% taxis). 67 (6.7%) were triaged as Red, 276 (27.5%) as Orange, and 637 (63.4%) as Yellow (highest to lowest acuity). Ambulance arrival was positively associated with a higher triage score (OR: 1.53). Patients referred from other facilities were almost twice as likely (OR 1.92) to arrive at the KATH EC via ambulance than those not referred. Patients with injuries and higher acuities patients were more likely to be transported to KATH by ambulance (OR 1.86 and 1.87 respectively). All results are highly statistically significant. Conclusion Although a minority of patients were transported by ambulance, they represented the most acute patients arriving at the KATH EC. Given the limited availability of EMS resources and ambulances in Ashanti, selective ambulance use appears warranted and should inform prehospital care planning.
Transition of window breakdown from vacuum multipactor discharge to rf plasma

In high-power microwave systems, the transition of window breakdown from single surface vacuum multipactor discharge to rf plasma with increasing gas pressure is investigated using particle-in-cell simulations. An intermediate pressure regime where multipactor discharge and rf plasma coexist was found. The pressure range where the multipactor can be maintained is summarized in the plot of the secondary electron emission yield as a function of the gas pressure. As the gas pressure increases, electron-neutral collisions prevail against secondary electron emissions and the electron energy probability function changes from the bi-Maxwellian at low pressures to Druyvesteyn at high pressures as a result of the change in electron heating and cooling processes. The discharge formation time in argon, neon, and xenon is shown for different gas pressures. Different scaling laws in the discharge formation time are presented at low and high pressures, respectively.
A Stable α-Helical Domain at the N Terminus of the RIα Subunits of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Is a Novel Dimerization/Docking Motif

Abstract The RIα subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is maintained as an asymmetric dimer by a dimerization motif at the N terminus. Based on resistance to proteolysis and expression as a discrete domain in Escherichia coli, this motif is defined as residues 12–61. This motif is chemically, kinetically, and thermally stable. The two endogenous interchain disulfide bonds between Cys16 and Cys37 in RIα are extremely resistant to reduction even in 8 murea, indicating that they are well shielded from the reducing environment of the cell. The disulfide bonds were present in recombinant RIα as well as when the dimerization domain alone was expressed in E. coli, emphasizing the unusual stability of this motif and the disulfide bonds. Although 100 mmdithiothreitol was sufficient to reduce the disulfide bonds, it did not abolish dimerization. In addition, a stable dimer also still formed when Cys37 was replaced with His, confirming unambiguously the original antiparallel alignment of the disulfide bonds. Thus, bothin vitro and in vivo, disulfide bonds are not required for dimerization. Circular dichroism of the dimerization domain indicated a high content of a thermostable α-helix. Based on the CD data, trypsin resistance of the fragment, location of the disulfide bonds, and amphipathic helix predictions, potential models are discussed. A new alignment of the dimerization domains of RI, RII, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase elucidates fundamental similarities as well as significant differences among these three domains.
CD8+ Cell-Derived Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Inhibitory Factor

CD8 + cells in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals develop the ability to control HIV replication not only by destruction of the infected cells but also by controlling the virus in a noncytotoxic fashion that leaves the infected cell functionally intact. The CD8 + noncytotoxic response is mediated by a novel soluble factor known as CD8 + cell antiviral factor (CAF). CAF suppresses HIV replication in the infected cell at the level of viral transcription by interrupting the ability of Tat or host cellular factors to interact with the HIV long terminal repeats. Unlike some strain-specific anti-HIV cytokines, CAF is active against many different virus isolates, including HIV strains that are nonsyncytium- and syncytium-inducing. Of importance, the ability of CD8 + cells to produce CAF and suppress HIV replication plays a critical role in preventing disease progression following HIV infection.
Substorm ion injections: Geosynchronous observations and test particle orbits in three-dimensional dynamic MHD fields

We investigate particle acceleration and the flux increases associated with substorm particle injections using geosynchronous observations and test proton orbits in the dynamic fields of a three-dimensional MHD simulation of neutral line formation and dipolarization in the magnetotail. The energetic particle flux changes obtained from the test particle orbits agree well with observations that demonstrate rapid ion flux increases at energies above {approximately}20keV but little change at lower energies. The {open_quotes}injection region{close_quotes} inferred from the test particles not only has a sharp earthward boundary (the usual injection boundary) but also a sharp but ragged tailward boundary. The earthward portion of enhanced ion flux can be traced to the enhanced cross-tail electric field associated with the collapse and dipolarization of the inner tail, whereas the tailward edge is closely associated with the near-Earth x-type neutral line. Because of the rapid earthward motion of accelerated ions away from the neutral line, this boundary is displaced earthward to where the energetic ions become more adiabatic in the stronger dipolar field. Lower-energy ions are not affected by cross-tail acceleration in the strong E{sub y} fields because their earthward {bold E}{times}{bold B} drift dominates the cross-tail drift, except very close to the neutral line.{copyright} 1997more » American Geophysical Union« less
Efficacy of steroid injection on idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of transtympanic steroid injection on patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss compared with patients who receive oral steroids alone.Study ...
Evaporitic-source model for igneous-related Fe oxide-(REE-Cu-Au-U) mineralization

We propose that many igneous-related Fe oxide-rich (REE-Cu-Au-U-bearing) deposits form by hydrothermal processes involving evaporitic ligand sources, either coeval salars or older evaporites. These deposits are abundant in both Phanerozoic and Proterozoic extensional continental and continent-margin settings. They commonly form in global arid zones, but they also occur where magmatism is superimposed upon older evaporites. Magmatic compositions exert only second-order control, mainly on alteration mineralogy and on element abundances. Hot S-poor brines generated by interaction with evaporitic materials are consistent with geologic settings and help rationalize the distinctive element enrichments (siderophile, lithophile) and hydrothermal alteration (sodic, locally alkaline) found in these systems. This model contrasts with immiscible oxide melt and magmatic-hydrothermal origins commonly proposed for these deposits, although all three mechanisms can occur. 31 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Fast exciton annihilation by capture of electrons or holes by defects via Auger scattering in monolayer metal dichalcogenides

The strong Coulomb interactions and the small exciton radii in two-dimensional metal dichalcogenides can result in very fast capture of electrons and holes of excitons by mid-gap defects from Auger processes. In the Auger processes considered here, an exciton is annihilated at a defect site with the capture of the electron (or the hole) by the defect and the hole (or the electron) is scattered to a high energy. In the case of excitons, the probability of finding an electron and a hole near each other is enhanced many folds compared to the case of free uncorrelated electrons and holes. Consequently, the rate of carrier capture by defects from Auger scattering for excitons in metal dichalcogenides can be 100--1000 times larger than for uncorrelated electrons and holes for carrier densities in the ${10}^{11}--{10}^{12}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ range. We calculate the capture times of electrons and holes by defects and show that the capture times can be in the subpicosecond to a few picoseconds range. The capture rates exhibit linear as well as quadratic dependence on the exciton density. These fast time scales agree well with the recent experimental observations and point to the importance of controlling defects in metal dichalcogenides for optoelectronic applications.
2-Carboazetidine derivatives †

A reaction sequence is reported for converting methyl 7-bromocrotonate to 1-alkyl-2-carbo-methoxyazetidines thus confirming our earlier structural assignments of these compounds obtained by a more direct route. Methods are described for obtaining azetidinyl alcohols, acids, amides, amines and ketones. 1-t-Butyl-2-carbomethoxyazetidine was observed to undergo ring opening to an acyclic γ-aminohydrazide derivative when treated with hydrazine hydrate. On the other hand, the corresponding N-benzylazetidine under similar conditions rearranged to 1-benzyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the milk of experimentally infected lactating cats

Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii have been found in the milk of sheep, goats, cows and mice and infection by ingestion of raw goat milk has been documented in humans. Lactational transmission from infected cats to their kittens is suspected but the organism has not been detected in the milk. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the presence of T. gondii in the milk of experimentally infected cats. Pregnant specific pathogen free cats were inoculated orally with T. gondii at various times prior to parturition. Feces were examined for oocyst shedding after sugar solution centrifugation. Milk was collected for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bioassay in mice. T. gondii was detected in the milk of five of six cats by either bioassay or PCR.
Antinociception produced by microinjection of morphine in the rat periaqueductal gray is enhanced in the foot, but not the tail, by intrathecal injection of α1-adrenoceptor antagonists

Antinociception produced by microinjection of morphine in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray is mediated in part by α2-adrenoceptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn. However, several recent reports demonstrate that microinjection of morphine in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray inhibits nociceptive responses to noxious heating of the tail by activating descending neuronal systems that are different from those that inhibit the nociceptive responses to noxious heating of the feet. More specifically, α2-adrenoceptors appear to mediate the antinociception produced by morphine using the tail-flick test, but not that using the foot-withdrawal or hot-plate tests. The present study extended these findings and determined the role of α1-adrenoceptors in mediating the antinociceptive effects of morphine microinjected into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray using both the foot-withdrawal and the tail-flick responses to noxious radiant heating in lightly anesthetized rats. Intrathecal injection of selective antagonists was used to determine whether the antinociceptive effects of morphine were modulated by α1-adrenoceptors. Injection of the selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonists prazosin or WB4101 potentiated the increase in the foot-withdrawal response latency produced by microinjection of morphine in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. In contrast, either prazosin or WB4101 partially reversed the increase in the tail-flick response latency produced by morphine. These results indicate that microinjection of morphine in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray modulates nociceptive responses to noxious heating of the feet by activating descending neuronal systems that are different from those that inhibit the nociceptive responses to noxious heating of the tail. More specifically, α1-adrenoceptors mediate a pro-nociceptive action of morphine using the foot-withdrawal response, but in contrast, α1-adrenoceptors appear to mediate part of the antinociceptive effect of morphine determined using the tail-flick test.
Talk delivered at the university of utah colloquium sponsored by the departments of philosophy and political science in memory of Susan Okin (29 October 2004)

I met Susan in the fall of my sophomore year. When she first walked into the classroom seeing her long hair and dress, my friend leaned over and whispered, ‘So we have the big hippie philosopher pr...
Acadesine Reduces Indium-Labeled Platelet Deposition After Photothrombosis of the Common Carotid Artery in Rats

Background and Purpose The adenosine-regulating agent acadesine has been shown to reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. The present study examined the effect of acadesine on the accumulation of indium-labeled platelet emboli and infarct size after photothrombosis of the common carotid artery. Methods Rats were anesthetized with halothane and preloaded with 111In-tropolone–labeled platelets (50 to 80 μCi) 30 minutes before nonocclusive common carotid artery thrombosis induced by a rose bengal–mediated photochemical insult. Intravenous infusion of acadesine (0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg per minute) or vehicle was begun 30 minutes before right common carotid artery thrombosis and continued for an additional 15 minutes. Rats were then killed and brains processed for the autoradiographic quantitation of labeled platelet aggregates. In a separate group of rats, infarct areas and volumes were determined in treated (acadesine 1 mg/kg per minute) (n=9) and nontreated ...
Evaluating the effects of eating disorder memoirs on readers' eating attitudes and behaviors.

Objective: More than 50 individuals have published eating disorder (ED) memoirs. The current study was the first to test whether memoirs affect readers’ eating attitudes and behaviors, and whether they normalize and/or glamorize EDs. Method: Fifty female undergraduates read an ED or control memoir. Before and afterward, participants completed the 26item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) Drive for Thinness subscale, a measure of perceived ED symptom prevalence, and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) measuring associations between anorexia and glamour/danger. Results: Participants in the ED condition did not demonstrate significant changes in the EAT-26, the EDI Drive for Thinness subscale, perceived symptom prevalence, or IAT associations compared with controls. Before reading, the EAT-26 and EDI Drive for Thinness subscale correlated positively with perceived symptom prevalence and strength of the IAT association between anorexia and glamour.
Isolation and Nucleotide Sequence of Human Liver Glycogen Debranching Enzyme mRNA: Identification of Multiple Tissue-Specific Isoforms

Abstract Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD-III) is caused by a deficiency of glycogen debranching enzyme (AGL) activity. Patients are found to have deficient AGL activity in both muscle and liver, and also enzyme deficiency in the liver, but not in muscle. To determine the molecular basis of enzymatic variability in GSD-III and to elucidate the mechanism for control of tissue-specific expression of AGL, we previously cloned and sequenced the human muscle AGL cDNA. Here we report the isolation and nucleotide sequence of liver AGL cDNA and the tissue distribution of the isoform mRNAs. The predominant form of human liver AGL cDNA (isoform 1) contained 400 bp of 5′ untranslated region, 4596 bp of coding region, and 2371 bp of 3′ untranslated region. The liver AGL mRNA sequence was identical to the previously published muscle sequence (isoform 5) for most of the length, except for the 5′ end, in which the liver sequence diverged completely from the muscle sequence. The divergence began with the transcription start point and extended 82 nucleotides downstream from the translation initiation codon. Six isoforms of AGL mRNA were identified and sequenced from liver and muscle. These isoforms differed only at the 5′ end. Tissue distribution studies showed that liver, kidney and lymphoblastoid cells expressed predominantly isoform 1; whereas muscle and heart expressed not only isoform 1, but also muscle-specific isoform mRNAs (isoforms 2, 3 and 4). Defining tissue-specific AGL isoform mRNAs is an important step toward understanding the molecular basis of enzymatic variability in GSD-III.
A New Species of Andrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) from Mexico

Abstract A new species of andrenid bee (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), Andrena (Callandrena) jazleya Pohl and Larkin, n. sp., is described from southwestern Mexico. The species is closely related to A. brooksi Larkin and A. reflexa Cresson, but can be easily distinguished from these and all other known species of Callandrena by the distinctive, black coloration.
Calcium transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum of vascular smooth muscle: II. Effects of calmodulin and calmodulin inhibitors.

The role of calmodulin (CaM) in modulating calcium (Ca) uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of vascular smooth muscle was studied in saponin skinned strips of rat caudal artery. Exogenous CaM concentrations ranging 0.3–1.8 μM did not statistically change the steady state MgATP-dependent Ca content, the MgATP-independent Ca content, or the oxalate-stimulated Ca influx. Calmidazolium (CDZ), W-7, and trifluoperazine (TFP) were used to examine the potential effect of an endogenous CaM pool on inward Ca transport. The IC50 of these antagonists for inhibiton of Ca-CaM-stimulated phosphodiesterase activity and Ca-activated superprecipitiation of canine aortic actomyosin was measured and found to be be in the low micromolar range with a rank order of potency of inhibition of CDZ > TFP > W-7. In skinned tissues, micromolar concentrations of antagonists that inhibited CaM-mediated reactions in isolated enzyme systems did not reduce Ca content or oxalate-stimulated Ca influx. At higher concentration of 100–200 μM, the MgATP-dependent Ca content was significantly reduced by TFP and W-7 but not by CDZ. The order of potency for inhibition of Ca uptake was TFP > W-7 > CDZ. The MgATP-independent Ca content was significantly decreased only by 200 μM TFP. Although none of these inhibitors significantly altered Ca efflux at concentrations up to 100 μM, Ca release was significantly stimulated by all three at 200 μM. The TFP-stimulated Ca release was partially inhibited by ruthenium red. The results indicate that neither exogenous CaM nor an endogenous CaM pool directly modulates inward Ca transport by the SR of saponin skinned caudal artery. The inhibition of Ca uptake produced by hundred micromolar concentrations of CaM antagonists fails to correlate with the order of and with the potency of inhibition measured in isolated enzyme systems. This suggests that the inhibition of Ca uptake produced by high concentrations of these antagonists may be independent of a specific interaction with CaM. The activation of Ca release by high concentrations of CaM antagonists may involve a nonspecific increase in membrane permeability as well as modulation of a membrane Ca Chanel. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relation of omega-3 fatty acid and dietary fish intake with brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background: The relation between dietary fish intake and brachial artery measures, including brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), has not been well established across sex and racial-ethnic groups. Objective: We hypothesized that consumption of nonfried fish and plasma phospholipid measures of long-chain omega-3 (n–3) fatty acids would be positively associated with larger FMD in men and women across racial-ethnic groups. Design: We investigated cross-sectional associations of brachial artery measures with fish intake (ascertained with a food-frequency questionnaire) and plasma phospholipid omega-3 concentrations in 3045 adults, aged 45–84 y, who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease. Results: In overall multivariate-adjusted analyses, there were no significant associations between fish intake or any brachial artery measures. However, when stratified by sex, there was an association between the highest quartile of nonfried fish consumption and a 0.10-mm lower (1 SD) brachial artery diameter in men (P = 0.01) and a 0.27% smaller FMD in women (P = 0.02) compared with the lowest quartile of nonfried fish intake in each respective sex strata. When stratified by race-ethnicity and race-ethnicity by sex, additional heterogeneity was noted, but results were difficult to interpret because of small sample sizes. Plasma phospholipid omega-3 concentrations showed a similar directionality of association with brachial artery measures observed for nonfried fish consumption, although statistical significance was not achieved in fully adjusted models. Conclusion: This study indicates that the association between nonfried fish intake and baseline brachial artery size varies by sex, with suggestive evidence of sex differences in the association between nonfried fish intake and FMD.
Examining relationships between receiving mental health services in the Pennsylvania prison system and time served.

Objectives: This study examined a cohort of 7,046 men who were released from the Pennsylvania State prison system between 1999 and 2002 to Philadelphia County to assess the relationships between receipt of mental health services in prison and prison exit. Methods: Administrative data on prison stays for 7,046 men released from Pennsylvania prisons to Philadelphia locations were analyzed. Results: Of the 7,046 men, 8.7% received ongoing or intensive mental health services and 25.9% received mental health services while incarcerated. Multivariate analyses indicate that use of mental health services was positively associated with increased odds of serving the full prison sentence (as opposed to receiving parole), although the relationship between mental health services received and length of prison episode was inconclusive. Conclusions: Dynamics related to prison release warrant further attention in efforts to reduce the prevalence of mental illness in prisons and to facilitate community reentry for persons so diagnosed. (Psychiatric Services 59: 800–802, 2008)
Amplify-and-forward repeater enhanced random access in single-cell wireless communications

This paper investigates the deployment of amplify-and-forward (AaF) repeaters to enhance slot-ALOHA based random access in a single-cell environment. Based on the concept of ldquovulnerability circlerdquo introduced by Abramson [1], we derive the probability of correct reception of a random access packet originated from any position within the cell. The derived probability enables us to analyze the impact of an AaF repeater on random access throughput within any concerned region. It is shown that an AaF repeater can improve throughput within a limited region surrounding itself at the expense of cell throughput.
Rates of Convergence of Performance Gradient Estimates Using Function Approximation and Bias in Reinforcement Learning

We address two open theoretical questions in Policy Gradient Reinforcement Learning. The first concerns the efficacy of using function approximation to represent the state action value function, Q. Theory is presented showing that linear function approximation representations of Q can degrade the rate of convergence of performance gradient estimates by a factor of O(ML) relative to when no function approximation of Q is used, where M is the number of possible actions and L is the number of basis functions in the function approximation representation. The second concerns the use of a bias term in estimating the state action value function. Theory is presented showing that a non-zero bias term can improve the rate of convergence of performance gradient estimates by 0(1 (1/M)), where M is the number of possible actions. Experimental evidence is presented showing that these theoretical results lead to significant improvement in the convergence properties of Policy Gradient Reinforcement Learning algorithms.
RvE1 protects from local inflammation and osteoclast- mediated bone destruction in periodontitis

Periodontitis is a well-appreciated example of leukocyte-mediated bone loss and inflammation that has pathogenic features similar to those observed in other inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. Resolvins are a new family of bioactive products of omega-3 fatty acid transformation circuits initiated by aspirin treatment that counter proinflammatory signals. Because it is now increasingly apparent that local inflammation plays a critical role in many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and asthma, experiments were undertaken to evaluate the actions of the newly described EPA-derived Resolvin E1 (RvE1) in regulation of neutrophil tissue destruction and resolution of inflammation. The actions of an aspirin-triggered lipoxin (LX) analog and RvE1 in a human disease, localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP), were determined. Results indicate that neutrophils from LAP are refractory to anti-inflammatory molecules of the LX series, whereas LAP neutrophils respond to RvE1. In addition, RvE1 specifically binds to human neutrophils at a site that is functionally distinct from the LX receptor. Consistent with these potent actions, topical application of RvE1 in rabbit periodontitis conferred dramatic protection against inflammation induced tissue and bone loss associated with periodontitis.
Distribution of elongation factor-1α in larval tissues of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda

Elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) promotes the delivery of aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site of the ribosome during protein synthesis. The enzyme has a number of additional functions, including regulation of apoptosis and interaction with the cytoskeleton. We determined the distribution of EF-1α in larval tissues of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, with a monoclonal antibody generated to EF-1α from Sf21 cells, a cell line developed from ovarian tissue of S. frugiperda. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that EF-1α comprised 1.9–9.9 % of the total protein within the tissues that were examined, which included fat body, Malpighian tubules, midgut, muscle, salivary glands, trachea, and ventral nerve cord. To a certain extent, EF-1α concentrations reflected the expected metabolic activity level of each of the represented tissues. Closer examination by immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that EF-1α concentrations varied among different cell types within a given tissue, i.e. midgut columnar epithelial cells yielded strong signals, while goblet cells failed to react with the EF-1α -specific antibody.
Tracking the Circularity of Confession Jurisprudence after Massiah & Miranda: Can a Superficial Application of Property Law Make Sense Out of Nonsense?

After Miranda v. Arizona and Massiah v. United States, there were arguably three doctrinally separate methodologies for determining the admissibility of confessions in criminal proceedings. The interaction of three doctrines has generated a complex, contradictory, somewhat inexplicable, and chaotic jurisprudence. This article re-examines the post-Miranda interaction of the three doctrines, and argues that basic property law provides a conceptual framework for reconciling what appears to be an otherwise arbitrary and unpalatable collection of United States Supreme Court decisions.
Solidago altissima differs with respect to ploidy frequency and clinal variation across the prairie-forest biome border in Minnesota.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Although our awareness of ploidy diversity has expanded with the application of flow cytometry, we still know little about the extent to which cytotypes within mixed-ploidy populations are genetically differentiated across environmental gradients. METHODS To address this issue, we reared 14 populations of Solidago altissima spanning the prairie-forest ecotone in Minnesota in a common garden with a watering treatment. We assessed ploidy frequencies and measured survival, flowering phenology, and plant architectural traits for 4 years. KEY RESULTS All populations harbored multiple cytotypes; prairie populations were dominated by tetraploids, forest populations by hexaploids. Diploids and polyploids differed significantly for 84% of the traits. Beyond average differences, the slope of trait values covaried with latitude and longitude, but this relationship was stronger for diploids than the other two polyploid cytotypes as indicated by numerous ploidy × latitude and ploidy × longitude interactions. For example, the timing of flowering of the cytotypes overlapped in populations sampled from the northeastern hemiboreal forest but differed significantly between cytotypes sampled from populations in the southwestern prairie. The watering treatments had weak effects, and there were no ploidy differences for phenotypic plasticity. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that diploids have diverged genetically to a greater extent than polyploids along the environmental clines sampled in this study. Moreover, different environments favor phenotypic convergence over divergence among cytotypes for some traits. Differences in ploidy frequency and phenotypic divergence among cytotypes across gradients of temperature and precipitation are important considerations for restoration in an age of climate change.
Adapted Physical Education and Sport, ed 4

Winnick JP, ed. Champaign, IL 61825, Human Kinetics, 2005, hardcover (with companion DVD), 573 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-7360-5216-X, $65. Adapted Physical Education and Sport, ed 4 Winnick JP, ed. Champaign, IL 61825, Human Kinetics, 2005, hardcover (with companion DVD), 573 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-7360-5216-X, $65. The purpose of this text is to provide an updated version of the third edition, with an emphasis on new legislative definitions of special education terms, new advances in assistive technologies, and current research developments. This fourth edition is edited by Joseph P Winnick and has 19 contributing authors with have impressive credentials. A variety of specialties are represented in this group, including involvement in the Special Olympics, Paralympics, adapted aquatics, visual/hearing impairment programs, childhood fitness, and exercise therapy. None of the authors is a physical therapist. The book is divided into 4 parts. Part I introduces the reader to general concepts and principles of adapted physical education and sport (APES). There are several specific features worth highlighting in Part 1. For instance, chapter 4 introduces the reader to tests and measurements, including the Brockport Physical Fitness Test. The author of this chapter gives the basic information regarding not only reliability and validity but also how to acquire the tools (publisher, address, and Web site, if available). Chapter 5 has a great example of a full individualized exercise program (IEP) developed for a student. Each of the 8 components required for an IEP by …
Abstract 2357: Src Kinase Inhibition Blocks Thrombin-induced Brain Injuries without Cognitive Side Effects

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) activates thrombin, a potent mitogen. Thrombin triggers mitosis by modulating several intracellular mitogenic molecules including Src family kinases. These molecules regulate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cell cycle proteins such as cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks); and play critical roles in mitogenic signaling pathways and cell cycle progression. Since aberrant cell cycle reentry results in death of mature neurons, cell cycle inhibition appears to be a candidate strategy for the treatment of neurological diseases including ICH. However, this can also block cell cycle (proliferation) of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and thus impair brain neurogenesis leading to cognitive deficits. We hypothesized that inhibition of cell cycle by blocking mitogenic signaling molecules (i.e., Src family kinase members) blocks cell cycle reentry of mature neurons without injuring NPCs, which will avoid cognitive side effects during cell cycle inhibition treatment for ICH. Our data shows: (1) Thrombin 30U/ml results in apoptosis of mature neurons via neuronal cell cycle reentry in vitro ; (2) PP2 (Src family kinase inhibitor) 0.3 µM attenuates the thrombin-induced neuronal apoptosis via blocking neuronal cell cycle reentry, but does not affect the viability of NPCs at the same doses in vitro ; (3) Intracerebral ventricular thrombin injection (20U, i.c.v.) results in neuron loss in hippocampus and cognitive deficits 5 weeks after thrombin injection in vivo ; (4) PP2 (1mg/kg, i.p.), given immediately after thrombin injection (i.c.v.), blocks the thrombin-induced neuron loss in hippocampus and cognitive deficits, whereas PP2 on its own at the same doses does not affect normal cognition in vivo . These suggest that Src kinase inhibition prevents hippocampal neuron death via blocking neuronal cell cycle reentry after ICH, but does not affect survival of NPCs.
Predictors of exercise participation are different depending on ambulatory status among older people with multiple sclerosis

Background: Exercise at moderate intensity may confer neuroprotective benefits in multiple sclerosis (MS), however it has been reported that people with MS (PwMS) exercise less than national guideline recommendations. We aimed to determine predictors of moderate to vigorous exercise among a sample of older Canadians with MS who were divided into ambulatory (less disabled) and non-ambulatory (more disabled) groups.Methods: We analysed data collected as part of a national survey of health, lifestyle and aging with MS. Participants (n=743) were Canadians over 55 years of age with MS for 20 or more years. We identified ‘a priori’ variables (demographic, personal, socioeconomic, physical health, exercise history and health care support) that may predict exercise at moderate to vigorous intensity (>6.75 metabolic equivalent hours/week). Predictive variables were entered into stepwise logistic regression, adding and deleting correlated variables until best fit was achieved for each of the two groups (ambulatory and nonambulatory). Results: Seventy-seven percent (77%) of participants in the ambulatory group (n=351) and 35% of the non-ambulatory group (n=392) were classified as exercisers. In the ambulatory group, exercise predictors included degree of disability (OR 1.95, 95%CI 1.18-3.25), depressive symptoms (OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.29-0.89) and perseverance (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.04-3.10). In the non-ambulatory group, exercise predictors included degree of disability (OR 5.3, 95%CI 3.22-8.71) and perseverance (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.27-3.54). It was also notable that the factors, age, gender, years with MS, co-morbid conditions, social support, health care support and financial status were not predictive of exercise. Conclusions: This is the first examination of exercise and exercise predictors among older, more disabled PwMS. Disability and perseverance are major predictors of exercise participation (at moderate to vigorous levels) in both ambulatory and nonambulatory groups. Presence of depressive symptoms was only predictive in the ambulatory group. Our results suggest that more exercise options must be developed for people with greater disability. Perseverance and depression are both characteristics that are modifiable and are potential targets for exercise adherence interventions.
The Alexandria Plan: Creating Libraries for Human Tissue Research and Therapeutic Use

After the mapping of the theoretical human genome, and the discovery of the human stem cell, the task of collection begins, which requires the acquisition of large, representative and useful collections of human tissue. Such collection, storage and fair use immediately raise serious questions of justice: ownership, value and distribution. This chapter argues that the metaphor and praxis of “library” should be used rather than the marketplace nomenclature of “banking” for contemporary tissue collections. Thinking of such collections as the twenty-first century equivalent of the great libraries of antiquity will set in place rules that stress justice, access and a careful dignity for our collections. Unlike the term “bank” which set in place associations with markets, secrecy, competition and hierarchy, the “library” will allow us to understand why what we have in common must be held in common for us all. The chapter grounds practice of the creation of such libraries with the moral principle of “hospitality”, with its ties to the treatment of the stranger and the nature of reciprocal need, and stresses the public nature of many libraries with a similar call for free and public access to scientific data.