cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experience with teaching digital design online

Advances in technology have created unique opportunities for teaching digital design courses. Students in such courses no longer need to be present in the laboratory in order to obtain practical hands on experience and master the course material as students can complete laboratory assignments at home using relatively inexpensive commercial off-the-shelf development platforms and free software design tools. This paper describes an experience with porting and teaching a hardware-based digital design course to a 100% online course. Assessment data indicate that students who took the course online performed at least as well students in the traditional face-to-face course. We conclude that a fully-online hardware digital design course creates new and effective opportunities for students around the globe to obtain access to a hands-on engineering education.
Cardiotoxicity in Pediatric Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Case Report

Carbon monoxide poisoning and its sequelae have been well described in the literature. It is a relatively common environmental toxin seen in both accidental and intentional poisonings. The organs most affected are those most dependent upon oxygen for their function. Most notable of these are the brain and the heart. The cardiac manifestations described in the literature range from severe cardiac failure with cardiogenic shock to ischemic changes detected by electrocardiogram and/or by enzyme and troponin measurement. The following is a case describing clinically severe carbon monoxide toxicity in a 14-year-old female adolescent who exhibited neurological symptoms as well as cardiac ischemia in the setting of a low initial carboxyhemoglobin level. The pathophysiology of carbon monoxide poisoning of the heart is also discussed.
The 6.5-day wave in the tropical stratosphere and mesosphere

[1] The 6.5-day wave is a westward propagating zonal wave number 1 (s = 1) planetary wave that is prominent near equinox. The spatial-temporal structure of the 6.5-day wave seen in the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) data in the stratosphere is found to be consistent with that obtained from Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite/High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) measurements of horizontal winds and temperatures in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT). Two wave events are commonly observed before and after equinox at low latitudes in both UKMO and HRDI data. This paper focuses on a pair of such events in late 1994. The amplitude growth and phase decrease with altitude of the zonal wind 6.5-day wave appear to be continuous between the two data sets for the period analyzed. Both wave events appear to grow from the stratosphere to the upper atmosphere at a rate consistent with the suggested vertical phase velocity. Such consistency between the two data sets establishes that the wave previously observed in the MLT is propagating from the stratosphere. Further analyses of the UKMO data shows the presence of the 10-day s = 1 and 4-day s = 2 waves that appear to be either nonlinearly coupled with the 6.5-day wave or related through a common sourcing mechanism.
Identification of the 14 kDa bile acid transport protein of rat ileal cytosol as gastrotropin.

Abstract The 14 kDa bile acid binding protein of rat ileal cytosol (I-BABP), previously shown to be the major intracellular transporter of bile acids in enterocytes, was purified by affinity chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Enzymatic digestion of I-BABP which had been electroblotted to nitrocellulose led to the recovery and sequence analysis of four peptides representing 47 residues of sequence (∼35% of the full sequence). All the peptide sequences displayed high levels of identity (>60%) and homology (>80%) to the sequences of porcine and canine gastrotropin. This high level of homology together with other features of I-BABP identify it as rat gastrotropin, establishing gastrotropin as the major intracellular bile acid carrier of rat enterocytes.
Silvered three-dimensional polymeric photonic crystals having a large mid-infrared stop band

Interest in three-dimensional (3D) metal photonic crystals (MPCs) has grown considerably given their potential applications in optics and photonics. Yet, experimental studies of such materials remain few because of the difficulties associated with fabricating 3D micron- and sub-micron-scale metallic structures. We report a route to MPCs based on metallization of 3D polymeric photonic crystals fabricated by multi-photon direct laser writing. Polymeric photonic crystals (PCs) having simple-cubic symmetry with periodicities varying from 1.6 to 3.2 microns were created using a cross-linkable acrylate pre-polymer. The resulting dielectric PCs were metallized by electroless deposition of silver. Analysis of the metallized structures in cross-section by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy shows that silver deposited conformally onto the entire micro-porous lattice. The dielectric and metallized PCs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the (001) direction. The polymer photonic crystals exhibit a stop band resulting in circa 60% reflectance centered at 3.2 to 6.4 microns, depending upon the lattice period, with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 500 nm. Interestingly, FTIR spectra of the metallized PCs show widened stop bands of nearly 6 microns FWHM, while the center wavelengths were red shifted and ranged from 6 to 7 microns. The appreciable broadening of the stop band due to the presence of the deposited silver is a result consistent with previously reported theoretical and experimental data for all-metallic 3D PCs. Thus, the approach described here appears suitable for fabricating 3D MPCs of many symmetries and basis sets and provides a path for integrating such structures with other micron-scale optical elements.
Fabrication of a Simple Materials System for Study of Hg in a Stainless Steel

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), currently under construction at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is expected to employ a Hg target encased in a stainless steel. Little is known about the metallurgical behavior of this materials engineering system, which will occur in a service environment involving elevated temperatures and intense radiation. Under normal equilibrium conditions, however, Hg is known to be insoluble in and non-reactive with solid Fe and Cr but to form one or more intermetallics with Ni. Hg has been implanted into alloy 304L. For implantations at 400 and 500 C to a fluence of 3 x 10{sup 16} cm{sup {minus}2} sub-micron sized precipitates of Hg are formed, as judged, for example, from their solidification behavior on cooling during TEM observation. The formation of such a system of microtargets and possible studies employing them as in situ TEM specimens are discussed, which can provide useful empirical information in conjunction with SNS target development.
The ontogeny of feline temporal lobe epilepsy: kindling a spontaneous seizure disorder in kittens.

Abstract We describe the ontogeny of feline temporal lobe epilepsy after amygdala kindling in 24 cats, aged 2.5 months to over 1 year. In so doing, we report the first experimental model of spontaneous epilepsy in immature animals. Preadolescent kittens (n = 12 ⩽ 6.5months) are far more likely to develop epilepsy, indexed by spontaneous seizures, than are adult cats (n = 12 > 1year). Moreover, youth accelerated the development of epilepsy. The younger the kitten at the beginning of kindling, the more probable and rapid the onset of spontaneous seizures. Failed postictal depression was the most reliable precursor of spontaneous seizures in immature cats. However, spontaneous epilepsy continued after postictal refractory periods stabilized and was still present when kittens matured to adulthood. Collectively, the results suggest that failed inhibition contributes to the onset of spontaneous epilepsy in immature animals but that other morphologic, physiological and/or chemical changes might sustain epilepsy afterwards.
Investigation of the convergence of an expansion of the screening‐charge density for impurity ions in semiconductors

In theories of the potential of an impurity ion in semiconductors, the common starting point is an expansion of the Fermi–Dirac integral ℱ1/2 appearing in the screening-charge density. In the present paper, a formal test of the convergence of the series for ℱ1/2 is carried out. The results show that, in the physically important limits of complete degeneracy and complete nondegeneracy, respectively, the series for ℱ1/2 do converge. This establishes the validity of nonlinear Poisson equations for the impurity-ion potential, which can be solved approximately by making use of a variational principle.
Tuning nanopore formation of oligocholate macrocycles by carboxylic acid dimerization in lipid membranes.

Oligocholate macrocycles self-assemble into transmembrane nanopores by the associative interactions of water molecules inside the amphiphilic macrocycles. Macrocycles functionalized with a terephthalic acid “side chain” displayed significantly higher transport activity for glucose across lipid bilayers than the corresponding methyl ester derivative. Changing the 1,4-substitution of the dicarboxylic acid to 1,3-substitution lowered the activity. Combining the hydrophobic interactions and the hydrogen-bond-based carboxylic acid dimerization was an effective strategy to tune the structure and activity of self-assembled nanopores in lipid membranes.
Lipid Accumulation and Hemorrhage in Livers of Laying Chickens.A Study on Fatty Liver-Hemorrhagic Syndrome (FLHS)

Abstract S. C. White Leghorn female chickens were subjected to a restricted-refeeding program in an attempt to induce fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) and to ascertain the relationship between hemorrhage occurrence and liver lipid content. Restricted feeding resulted in significantly (P≤.01) lower liver, body and abdominal fat weights. The reduced liver weight reflected significantly (P≤.01) lower water, lipid and non-lipid dry component weights. None of the hens on the restricted feeding schedules had any liver hemorrhages characteristic of FLHS; however, the control, ad libitum-fed hens, had a 25 percent incidence rate. The restricted-refeeding program employed did not increase the incidence of FLHS. High lipid content in the liver did not necessarily indicate FLHS, yet in some manner, lipid predisposed the liver to hemorrhage because the hemorrhage of FLHS was observed only in birds with high liver lipid values.
Combined Spontaneous Aortoduodenal Fistula and Aneurysmal Rupture: Report of a Survivor

Fistule aortoduodenale spontanee apres rupture d'un anevrysme de l'aorte abdominale. Succes de l'intervention chirurgicale
Donor ion-implantation doping into SiC

In this paper, dopant electrical activation and dopant thermal stability results of As and Sb-implanted 6H-SiC epitaxial layers and N ion implantations into bulk semi-insulating (SI) 4H-SiC are presented. In addition, empirical formulas for the first four statistical moments (range, straggle, skewness, and kurtosis) of the implant depth distributions of N and P ion implants are developed in the energy range of 50 keV to 4 MeV. The nitrogen ion-implantations in SI 4H-SiC yield an acceptable (27%) room-temperature electrical activation (ratio of measured sheet carrier concentration at room-temperature to the implant dose) for N concentrations of 2×1019 cm−3. The As and Sb implants out-diffuse during annealing and yield low (<20%) room-temperature electrical activation for implant concentrations of 1019 cm−3. The N and P implant depth distributions in SiC can be simulated using the Pearson IV distribution function and the range statistics provided by the empirical formulas.
Some Characteristics of the Albedo of Snow

Abstract Spring snowcovers exhibit a substantial contribution of a specular component to their reflection of solar radiation. This anisotropy can be measured with radiometers with small aperture, here with a TIROS radiometer. Indicatrices thus determined are dependent on solar angle. They are of importance for interpreting albedo values and for reducing air- or spaceborne reflectance data taken under distinct nadir angles.
Treatment approach and HbA1c control among US adults with type 2 diabetes: NHANES 1999-2004.

ABSTRACTObjective: To examine the distribution of diabetic medications among adults with type 2 diabetes, and the association between glucose control and treatment approach in the US population.Methods: Interview and prescription medication data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used to determine the treatment approach for US adults with type 2 diabetes. Mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the proportion of adults meeting recommended guidelines for glucose control were estimated for each treatment approach. The most important study limitation was that participants were not asked what type of diabetes they had. Among adults with diabetes, a classification algorithm was used to identify those with type 2 diabetes.Results: During 1999–2004, approximately 60% of adults with type 2 diabetes used oral agents only to manage their diabetes. The distribution of oral treatment therapies changed over time (p < 0.01); the most prevalent treatment shifted from sulfo...
The role of carrier size in the pharmacodynamics of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides

Effective therapeutic utilization of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides represents a major challenge to drug delivery science. Although many strategies and technologies have been applied to oligonucleotide delivery, a key issue remains the role of molecular or carrier size. In this brief review, we address some of the size-related parameters that regulate the biodistribution of oligonucleotides. We also reprise several recent studies that have examined the inter-relationship of size and shape in influencing delivery.
Supermajority Voting Rules

The size of a supermajority required to change an existing contract varies widely in different settings. This paper analyzes the optimal supermajority requirement, determined by multilateral bargaining behind the veil of ignorance. The optimum is determined by a tradeoff between reducing hold-up power of small groups and reducing expropriation of minorities. We solve for the optimal supermajority requirement as a function of the distribution of voter types, the number of voters and the degree of importance of the decision. The findings are consistent with observed heterogeneity of supermajority requirements in different settings and jurisdictions.
Neutralization-resistant variants of a neurotropic coronavirus are generated by deletions within the amino-terminal half of the spike glycoprotein.

Abstract Neuroattenuated variants of mouse hepatitis virus type 4 (MHV-4) selected for resistance to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (R.G. Dalziel, P.W. Lampert, P. J. Talbot, and M. J. Buchmeier, J. Virol. 59:463-471, 1986) were found to harbor large deletions in both mRNA 3 and its protein product, the 180-kilodalton viron spike (S) glycoprotein. By using antipeptide antibodies directed against selected portions of the chain, deletions were mapped to the middle of the amino-terminal S1 fragment, one of the two posttranslational cleavage products of S, and involved omission of 15 kilodaltons of protein. Deletion mutants could be selected only after multiple passage of virus through cultured cell lines; minimally passaged MHV-4 stocks contained putative point mutants selectable by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies but no deletions. Enhanced growth of deletion mutants relative to wild-type virus was observed in four cell lines used for virus propagation and was attributed to delayed and diminished cytopathic effects that allowed cultures to support virus production for prolonged periods. This hypothesis was reinforced by the finding that no selective advantage for the deletion mutants was observed in two cell lines resistant to virus-induced cytopathic effects. These results indicate that the passaging of MHV-4 in culture generates heterogeneity in S structure and eventually selects for rare neutralization-resistant deletion mutants with decreased virulence properties.
Differential localization of myosin-II isozymes in human cultured cells and blood cells.

We used purified polyclonal antibodies to human cytoplasmic myosin-IIA and myosin-IIB directly labeled with fluorescent dyes to localize these myosin-II isozymes in HeLa cells, melanoma cells and blood cells. Both antibodies react strongly with myosin-II isozymes in HeLa cells, melanoma cells and blood eosinophils, but only anti-myosin-IIA antibodies stain platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes in smears of human blood. Both antibodies stain small spots along the stress fibers of interphase HeLa cells and melanoma cells, but double staining revealed that the detailed distributions of myosin-IIA and myosin-IIB differ. A low concentration of diffuse myosin-IIB is present in the cortex, both in lamellar regions around the periphery of the cell and over the free surface. Myosin-IIB is also concentrated in spots along perinuclear stress fibers. Myosin-IIA is absent from the cortex but is concentrated in spots along stress fibers located near the basal surface of cultured cells. This population of peripheral stress fibers is highly enriched in myosin-IIA relative to myosin-IIB, but both are found together in centrally located stress fibers. In prophase and metaphase both isozymes are concentrated in the cortex in small spots less than 04.micron in size, similar to those in stress fibers. As the chromosomes begin the separate at anaphase, most of the myosin-II spots become concentrated in the outer 0.7 micron of the equatorial cortex in 100% of cells. This concentration of myosin-II isozymes in the cleavage furrow is maintained until the daughter cells separate. The superimposition of these small spots concentrated in the cleavage furrow produces the intense, uniform staining observed in conventional micrographs of whole cells.
Quantitative determination of chelators and their degradation products in mixed hazardous wastes from Tank 241-SY-101 using derivatization GC/MS

Considerable attention has been focused on chelators such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), which form water-soluble complexes with most heavy metals. Most radionuclides are included in this class of constituents. As a result, chelator complexes have become very important environmentally because of their tendency to enhance the mobility of heavy metals through the soil and potentially contaminate groundwater. In addition, there is a correlation between chelator concentration and crust formation/gas release. The chelators are a class of compounds whose low volatility and high polarity preclude analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) without prior derivatization. Waste samples from a double-shell storage tank at Hanford were derivatized with BF3/methanol and analyzed using GC/MS. Results indicate the presence of EDTA, HEDTA, nitrilotriacetic (NTA), and citric acid. Nitrosoiminodiacetic acid was identified and determined to be an artifact of the derivatization procedure; it is assumed to arise from nitrosation of iminodiacetic acid in the waste sample.
Non-Local Recombination in “Tunnel Junctions” of Multijunction Amorphous Si Alloy Solar Cells

This paper analyzes the charge transport in “tunnel junctions” of amorphous Si Material based multijunction solar cells and proposes some guidelines for making good “tunnel junctions” based on the analysis. The Mechanism of the current flow in these “tunnel” junctions is recombination. However, the recombination mechanism is not the usual localized recombination but is non-localized recombination. The energy analysis shows that the usual localized recombination will cause a large energy loss and result in much lower energy conversion efficiency and Voc than the experimentally measured values. In non-local recombination, opposite charge carriers located at different locations can recombine by tunneling into a defect state. Based on this Mechanism, a good “tunnel junction” should be thin, with a large defect state density in the middle region of the “tunnel junction”. Broad tail states material and a thin layer small band gap material in tunnel junctions may improve the non-local recombination by providing more intermediate states for charge to tunnel through.
On distributed power control for radio networks

Due to co-channel interference, the carrier to interference ratios (C/I) of some mobiles in a wireless network may drop below a desired quality threshold /spl gamma/, either upon admission of a new mobile or if channel conditions vary. By using dynamic, local measurement of the power gains between base stations and mobiles, we develop a new distributed algorithm for power control which operates by adjusting the transmitted powers from the base stations so as to maintain the C/I of every link above the desired threshold. >
A Bandpass Filter With Inherent Gain Adaptation for Hearing Applications

In this paper, we propose a novel bandpass filter design that incorporates automatic gain control (AGC). The gain control in the filter reduces the performance requirements of a wide-band AGC, and allows for low-power multichannel compression. The filter achieves up to 15 dB of compression on a 55-dB input dynamic range and is tunable over the audio frequency range, with microwatt power consumption and <5% harmonic distortion.
Trends in Cause of Death After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background—The impact of changing demographics on causes of long-term death after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains incompletely defined. Methods and Results—We evaluated trends in cause-specific long-term mortality after index PCI performed at a single center from 1991 to 2008. Deaths were ascertained by scheduled prospective surveillance. Cause was determined via telephone interviews, medical records, autopsy reports, and death certificates. Competing-risks analysis of cause-specific mortality was performed using 3 time periods of PCI (1991–1996, 1997–2002, and 2003–2008). Final follow-up was December 31, 2012. A total of 19 077 patients survived index PCI hospitalization, of whom 6988 subsequently died (37%, 4.48 per 100 person-years). Cause was determined in 6857 (98.1%). Across 3 time periods, there was a 33% decline in cardiac deaths at 5 years after PCI (incidence: 9.8%, 7.4%, and 6.6%) but a 57% increase in noncardiac deaths (7.1%, 8.5%, and 11.2%). Only 36.8% of deaths in the recen...
Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: a multivariate approach

The present study addressed autonomic nervous system (ANS) patterning during experimentally manipulated emotion. Film clips previously shown to induce amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear and sadness, in addition to a neutral control film, were presented to 34 college-aged subjects while skin conductance, blood pressure and the electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded, as was self-reported affect. Both mean of and mean successive difference of heart period were derived from the ECG. Pattern classification analyses revealed emotion-specific autonomic patterning for all emotion conditions except disgust; all emotion conditions exhibited significant patterning using self-report. Discriminant function analysis was used to describe the location of discrete emotions within dimensional affective space using both self-report and ANS variables. Findings suggest that the dimensions of valence and activation portray the structure of self-reported emotion, but that valence is more accurately described as approach-withdrawal when applied to autonomic responses during discrete emotions. The findings provide further support for the existence of emotion-specific ANS activity, and are consistent with a hybrid discrete-dimensional model of affective space.
Expectation grammars: leveraging high-level expectations for activity recognition

Video-based recognition and prediction of a temporally extended activity can benefit from a detailed description of high-level expectations about the activity. Stochastic grammars allow for an efficient representation of such expectations and are well-suited for the specification of temporally well-ordered activities. In this paper, we extend stochastic grammars by adding event parameters, state checks, and sensitivity to an internal scene model. We present an implemented system that uses human-specified grammars to recognize a person performing the Towers of Hanoi task from a video sequence by analyzing object interaction events. Experimental results from several videos show robust recognition of the full task and its constituent sub-tasks even though no appearance models of the objects in the video are provided. These experiments include videos of the task performed with different shaped objects and with distracting and extraneous interactions.
Minimum-time control of magnetic head flux

This paper presents an optimal shape for a wave traversing a transmission line, incident to a magnetic head's write element, that gives minimum-time control of a magnetic head's yoke flux. The control waveform allows for the effects of the magnetic head's eddy currents as well as of the wave that reflects from the time-varying impedance of the magnetic head write element. It is shown that bringing all magnetic head states to equilibrium for minimum nonlinear transition shift requires excessive time. The preferred solution is to quickly achieve a value of desired yoke flux in minimum time and then to use a subsequent control that maintains the desired flux level in the presence of continuing response from yoke eddy currents. The analysis of a transmission line terminated in a simple RLC magnetic head model gives insight to the choice of transmission line impedance.
Laminin-5 is a component of preserved amniotic membrane.

Purpose. To determine if laminin-5 is retained in the matrix of cryopreserved human amniotic membrane tissue prepared for ocular surgeries. Methods. Amniotic membrane was solubilized in urea/SDS buffer. Constituent proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE and laminin-5 content was determined by Western blot analysis using a panel of antibodies directed against the a3, s3 or ?2 chains of the molecule. Human corneal epithelial cells were seeded on amniotic membrane and cultured in the presence or absence of EGF. The cell-membrane construct was examined for laminin-5 content using Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy. Results. In preserved amniotic membrane the laminin-5 a3 chain is present in both the unprocessed (190-kDa) and processed (160-kDa) forms. The s3 chain is found in the 145-kDa form. The ?2 chain appears to be predominantly in the processed (105-kDa) form. Very little of the unprocessed form of the ?2 chain (155-kDa) could be detected using immunoblot analysis. A similar distributio...
Phase I study of liposomal daunorubicin in patients with acute leukemia

The dose of anthracyclines used during induction has been identified as a significant prognostic factor in acute leukemias. Liposomal encapsulation of anthracyclines has been proposed as a way of decreasing toxicity and probably increasing efficacy of these agents, therefore allowing the exploration of high-dose anthracycline therapy in acute leukemias. We conducted a phase I study of liposomal daunorubicin (Daunoxome® DNX) in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemias. Patients received three daily doses of DNX at 75, 100, 150 or 200 mg/m2 on each cycle, to a total dose of 225, 300, 450, and 600 mg/m2, respectively. At least three patients were included at each dose level before escalating to the next level, and patients could receive more than one course at the next dose level. Twenty-four patients were included and 23 are evaluable. Fifteen patients received one course, seven received two courses, and one received three courses of DNX. Seventeen patients had previously received anthracyclines. The dose-limiting toxicity was mucositis which occurred (grade 3–4) in 3 of 5 patients treated at 200 mg/m2, 2 of 9 treated at 150 mg/m2 and 1 of 6 at 100 mg/m2. Other non-hematologic toxicity was mild and infrequent. There was no change in post-LVEF among 9 patients with available data and no significant cardiac events were documented. Two patients had a complete response: one patient with chronic myeloid leukemia in refractory blast phase went back to chronic phase, and one patient with second relapse acute promyelocytic leukemia achieved a third complete remission. We conclude that the maximally tolerated dose of DNX in this schedule is 150 mg/m2 and has significant anti-leukemia activity.
Time-resolved measurements of stimulated-Brillouin-scattering phase jumps

In the absence of feedback, stimulated-Brillouin-scattering (SBS) generators typically rely on random acoustic noise to initiate and sustain the stimulated-scattering process. Phase jumps in the Stokes signal are the well-known macroscopic consequence of the noiselike origin of the Stokes seed. Phase jumps are abrupt reversals of the Stokes phase that occur simultaneously with dramatic variations in the Stokes intensity. We report what we believe to be the first time-resolved measurements of phase jumps in the Stokes beam produced by an SBS generator. Our experimental results1 are in excellent agreement with the results of simple theoretical models.3 These experiments also led to the identification of slow phase drifts and distinct frequency shifts in the Stokes beam. Phase jumps, phase drifts, and frequency shifts are properties common to oscillators that develop, without feedback, from noise.
Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin density and immunoglobulin secretion in vitro in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin (SIg) and immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion were studied in 14 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 12 healthy subjects. The determination of SIgM-bearing (SIgM+) cells by immunofluorescent staining and the quantification of SIgM by radioimmunoassay (RIA) permitted the calculation of the SIgM density. In 12 normal subjects the percentage of SIgM+ cells averaged 8% (range 4%-12%) and the SIgM density 10.2 ng antigenic equivalent/10(6) SIgM+ cells (SD 4.3). In 12 patients with CLL the respective figures were 68% (range 35%-90%) and 0.68 ng (SD 0.57). Ig secretion from pokeweed mitogen-stimulated CLL cells was markedly diminished as compared with normal lymphocytes. In coculture experiments CLL cells had no suppressive effect on Ig secretion of normal lymphocytes and normal lymphocytes did not enhance Ig secretion leukemic lymphocytes. These results indicate that the impaired secretory activity of CLL cells results from an intrinsic anomaly of these cells.
Statistical and methodological advances for a science of group processes and intergroup relations

This special issue of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations consists of eight articles that review recent statistical and methodological advances relevant to a science of social groups. Each article is purposely written to be accessible, and with an emphasis on practical details to facilitate application and integration into varied research programs.
Comparison of the Kinematic Mechanisms of Leonardo and Reuleaux

In Parts I and II, we compared the design methodologies of 15th and 19th century machine engineers through the work of Leonardo da Vinci and Franz Reuleaux. General comparisons of machines and mechanisms used in machine construction were made in Tables I.2, I.3, I.4 and Tables II.2, II.3. In particular we have started with the premise of the Leonardo scholar Ladislao Reti who compared Leonardo’s ‘elementi macchinali’ in the Codex Madrid and Reuleaux’s ‘constructive elements’ shown in Table I.3. In Part III we present a more detailed comparison of Leonardo’s mechanisms in his manuscripts with the physical kinematic models of Franz Reuleaux. In this section we emphasize not just the machine elements of construction, but the elementary mechanisms that these elements are used to construct.
Cardiac operation for congenital heart disease in children of Jehovah’s Witnesses

We reviewed the perioperative courses of 110 children of members of the Jehovah's Witness faith who underwent 112 operations for complete repair of congenital heart disease with cardiopulmonary bypass. Operations were performed over a 20 year period, ending June, 1983. The children ranged in age from 6 months to 12 years and weighed 5.2 to 42.3 kg. Thirty-nine (34.8%) of the patients weighed less than 15 kg, 36 (32.1%) were polycythemic preoperatively, and 26 (23%) had previous thoracic operations. All operations were performed during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with a glucose crystalloid prime. No patient received any blood or blood products during hospitalization. Perioperative mortality was 5.4%. Only one of the deaths could be attributed to blood loss. Complications occurred in 10 patients, and none of these could be attributed to failure to transfuse. The results demonstrate that cardiac operations can be safely performed in children denied transfusion and suggest that hemodilution techniques might be used more extensively in children undergoing cardiac operations.
Abstract 4331: Discovery of potent 2-Indole-acylsulfonamide Mcl-1 inhibitors using structure guided fragment-based methods

Mcl-1 (Myeloid cell leukemia 1), a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is overexpressed and amplified in various cancers and is one of the major acquired resistance mechanisms for many anticancer therapies. Targeting Mcl-1 with small molecules is very challenging because Mcl-1 exerts its effects through protein-protein interactions. Here we describe our continuing efforts in the discovery of potent and selective Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design. We previously described the discovery of small-molecule Mcl-1 inhibitors containing a 2-indole-carboxylic core that primarily bind to the P2 pocket. In order to enhance potency, we extend our molecules to occupy the entire BH3 binding interface. A number of P4 site hits were identified using a fragment-based screening while the P2 pocket of Mcl-1 was saturated with our previously reported lead. P4 site ligands were then linked to our initial lead guided by the ternary Mcl-1 structure containing both P2 and P4 units using an acylsulfonamide as a synthetic handle that retained the critical charged-charged interaction with R263. X-ray co-crystal structures of new inhibitors occupying both P2 and P4 sites bound Mcl-1 provided detailed information on how these small-molecules bind to the target and guided subsequent potency optimization. From the efforts, we discovered a novel series of 2-indole-acylsulfonamide containing Mcl-1 inhibitors that exhibit low nanomolar binding affinities to the target and greater than 500-fold selectivity over Bcl-xL. These compounds represent useful starting points for the discovery of clinically useful Mcl-1 inhibitors for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. Citation Format: Subrata Shaw, James Chris Tarr, Nicholas Pelz, Zhiguo Bian, Johannes Belmar, Bin Zhao, Craig Goodwin, Allison Arnold, John Sensintaffar, Olivia Rossanese, Taekyu Lee, Edward Olejniczak, Stephen Fesik. Discovery of potent 2-Indole-acylsulfonamide Mcl-1 inhibitors using structure guided fragment-based methods. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4331.
The Key Ideas of MDW VIII: A Summary*

This paper summarizes and highlights the presentations and discussions that took place during Mudd Design Workshop VIII,‘Design Education: Innovation and Entrepreneurship,’ at Harvey Mudd College. This paper also describes both the key ideas thatemerged from the presentations and discussions of the participating engineering design educators, practitioners and researchers, andthe methodology used to capture and retain those ideas. Additionally, this paper proposes a framework of design competencies thatwere created and evolved by the workshop’s participants as a response to a question posed at one of the workshop sessions: ‘Whatare the minimum design competencies students should learn from our programs?’
Financing Low Carbon, Climate Resilient Infrastructure: The Role of Climate Finance and Green Financial Systems

This paper focuses on the need to financing low-carbon climate resilient (LCR) Infrastructure in order to achieve the Paris Agreement’s climate change goal of keeping global average temperature well below 2 degree Celsius and in order to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. For instance, approximately 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from infrastructure (such as electricity generation, transportation, industry, and buildings) and that the resulting climate change will have a disproportionate impact on the poorest and most vulnerable communities. To meet global infrastructure needs between 2015 and 2030, spending on infrastructure will need to increase from current levels of around $3 trillion a year to over $6 trillion in 2030. This increases to $8 trillion a year once investments in energy efficiency and primary energy are included. However, the net costs of building LCR are low and potentially net positive. Yet there are significant financing challenges because the costs and savings of building LCR infrastructure are realized by different actors at different times. As a result, there are significant financing challenges as the costs and savings are realized by different actors over time.Private sector finance could meet up to half of the infrastructure investment needs. The paper focuses on how climate finance can be used to increase the flow of private capital into LCR infrastructure. The paper discusses the looming infrastructure needs of both emerging markets and developing economies and the role that this new infrastructure can play in either increasing or reducing the degradation of our climate. Specifically, the report:• Outlines LCR infrastructure needs from 2015 to 2030 and the need to reallocate capital from carbon intensive infrastructure such as coal-fired power stations into low carbon energy options, energy efficiency and green technologies;• Analyzes the implications of the 2015 Paris climate change outcomes for climate finance;• Provides an overview of available climate finance, where this finance is coming from, and how it is being used;• Discusses how climate finance can be most effectively used to finance LCR infrastructure projects, with a focus on using public concessional finance as provided through the multilateral climate funds to de-risk and crowd-in private sector finance the role of multilateral climate funds; and • Explores efforts to increase private sector investment in LCR infrastructure projects by greening financial systems to ensuring that financial systems accurately account for climate risk and allocate capital consistent with broader climate change goal.
Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease: A Devastating Condition Preventable With Maternal Intravenous Immunoglobulin.

BACKGROUND:Gestational alloimmune liver disease, a form of profound liver failure in the newborn, is the main underlying cause of the entity formerly known as neonatal hemochromatosis. Antepartum maternal intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been shown to prevent gestational alloimmune liver diseas
FROZEN CONCENTRATED CULTURES OF LACTIC STARTER BACTERIA. A REVIEW1

Concentrated starter cultures are now used routinely in many food fermentations. Recent literature concerning preparation and performance of such cultures is reviewed. Batch procedures are preferred over continuous culture procedures for preparing concentrated cultures. Most attention has been focused on bacteria used to manufacture cultured milk products. Performances of concentrated cultures of lactic streptococci, leuconostocs, lactobacilli, and thermophilic streptococci in preparing cultured dairy products have compared favorably to those of traditionally prepared milk cultures. Storage in liquid nitrogen appears to be the best method for long term holding of concentrated cultures.
Course of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: 1. Retinitis progression

Purpose To describe the course of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Design Multicenter, prospective, observational study. Participants Two hundred seventy-one patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis. Methods Follow-up every 3 months with medical history, ophthalmologic examination, laboratory testing, and fundus photographs. Photographs were evaluated for relapse of the retinitis (progression) by graders at a centralized reading center. Main outcome measure Retinitis progression (movement of the border of a CMV lesion ≥750 μm over a ≥750-μm front or occurrence of a new lesion one-quarter disc area or more in size). Results The overall rate of retinitis progression was 0.10/person-year (PY); among those with CD4+ T-cell counts of P Conclusions Compared with the rate of retinitis progression (∼3.0/PY) reported in the pre-HAART era, the rate of retinitis progression was reduced among patients in the HAART era, even among those with low CD4+ T-cell counts, who might be expected to behave most like patients from the pre-HAART era. However, these events also occurred among patients with high CD4+ T-cell counts and presumed immune recovery. Continued ophthalmologic follow-up of patients with immune recovery is recommended to detect early retinitis progression. This article contains additional online-only material available at http://www.ophsource.com/periodicals/ophtha.
Culturally responsive literacy practices in an early childhood community.

Early childhood educators continue to see an increase in their culturally diverse student population. As our country continues to grow as a multicultural nation, it is imperative that our early childhood classrooms embrace this rich diversity and provide experiences that affirm all students, families and communities. We (teacher educators) synthesized the current research into the following five frameworks that we believe embody the foundation of culturally responsive teaching (CRT) in an early childhood setting: (a) developing a culturally responsive classroom community, (b) family engagement, (c) critical literacy within a social justice framework, (d) multicultural literature, and (e) culturally responsive print rich environments. In this article we situate each framework within the larger context of research. Next we move beyond discussing CRT practices by offering ideas on how culturally responsive classrooms look and how to implement this pedagogy and in an early childhood setting with real classroom practices.
Learning A Complex Ritualized Social Role

Four basic experiments and 12 variations were conducted in an investigation of the learning of a complex social role. The results were as predicted from Gestalt theory. Learning was more efficient when one had a model to observe than when one had to learn by trial-and-error and reinforcement. Parts of the role that were relatively arbitrary and senseless were the most difficult to learn. Results indicate that learning in certain situations is facilitated by a model or an illustration that allows the subject a survey of the structure of the role. Results were discussed by means of experimental variations which posed problems for research. Implications were drawn for learning, for programmed instruction, and for social psychology.
Output restriction and the ratchet effect: Evidence from a real-effort work task

Abstract The “ratchet effect” is a phenomenon where workers strategically restrict their output because they anticipate high levels of productivity will be met with increased expectations in the future. Using a real-effort work task and a piece-rate incentive scheme, we investigate the presence of the ratchet effect using two different methods for evaluating worker productivity: (i) when productivity is evaluated individually, and (ii) when productivity is evaluated collectively among a group of workers. We find strong evidence that workers restrict output when productivity is evaluated individually. However, we find little evidence of output restriction when productivity is evaluated at the group-level, which we attribute to the coordination problem and the free-riding incentive that emerge within the group. Although, output restriction re-emerges if workers are able to communicate. We also examine an important dynamic implication of the ratchet effect, and our results indicate that output restriction reduces future productivity through reduced learning-by-doing.
Putting the brakes on CTLA-4 inhibition in lung cancer?

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have fundamentally changed the treatment landscape of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Indeed, within the last 3 years, single-agent programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors have become standard therapies in both the first- and second-line settings for patients with advanced disease (1-4). Despite these advancements, however, only a minority of patients experience durable responses to PD-1 pathway inhibition.
ROUTINE PROSPECTIVE USE OF FOREARM ANGIOGRAPHY IN TRANSRADIAL CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION: INCIDENCE OF RADIAL ARTERY ANATOMIC VARIANTS AND PREDICTORS OF PROCEDURAL SUCCESS

Transradial approach (TRA) is associated with decreased bleeding, vascular complications, mortality in acute coronary syndromes, but has a 5-8% failure rate due to anatomic challenges. Radial artery (RA) anatomic variants which hinder procedural success may be more favorably navigated with routine
Vulnerable African American Seniors: The Challenges of Aging in Place

American Community Survey data are used to develop typologies of the generational dynamics and living arrangements of the estimated 1.6 million African American older adult households who will like...
Can structural change explain the Meese-Rogoff puzzle?

This paper provides empirical evidence suggesting that fundamentals matter for stock price fluctuations once temporal instability underpinning stock price-relations is accounted for. Specifically, this study extends the out-of sample forecasting methodology of Meese and Rogoff (J Int Econ 14:3–24 (1983)) to the stock market after explicitly testing for parameter nonconstancy using recursive techniques. The predictive ability of a present value model based on Imperfect Knowledge Economics (IKE) is found to match that of the pure random walk benchmark at short forecasting horizons and to perform significantly better at medium to longer-run horizons based on conventional measures of predictability and direction of change statistics. In addition, the presence of a cointegrating relation is found only within regimes of statistical parameter constancy. Augmenting the MR methodology in a piecewise linear fashion yields empirical results in favor of a fundamentals-based account of stock price behavior overturning the recent results of Flood and Rose (2010).
Hazards of Transfusion: GvHD

Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease (TA-GvHD), an often fatal immunological complication of blood transfusion, was first reported in the 1960’s in individuals with haematological malignancies and infants with congenital immunodeficiencies. In infants, the clinical stigmata was called runting disease [1].