cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of pansharpened images

Pansharpening is a pixel-level fusion technique used to increase the spatial resolution of the multispectral image using spatial information from the high-resolution panchromatic image, while preserving the spectral information in the multispectral image. Various pansharpening algorithms are available in the literature, and some have been incorporated in commercial remote sensing software packages such as ERDAS Imagine® and ENVI®. The demand for high spatial and spectral resolutions imagery in applications like change analysis, environmental monitoring, cartography, and geology is increasing rapidly. Pansharpening is used extensively to generate images with high spatial and spectral resolution. The suitability of these images for various applications depends on the spectral and spatial quality of the pansharpened images. Hence, the evaluation of the spectral and spatial quality of the pansharpened images using objective quality metrics is a necessity. In this work, quantitative metrics for evaluating the quality of pansharpened images are presented. A performance comparison, using the intensity-hue-saturation (IHS)-based sharpening, Brovey sharpening, principal component analysis (PCA)-based sharpening, and a wavelet-based sharpening method, is made to better quantify their accuracies.
Prevalence and patterns of tendon calcification in patients with chondrocalcinosis of the knee: Radiologic study of 156 patients

The presence or absence of tendon calcification was studied at six anatomic sites: Achilles, gastrocnemius, quadriceps, triceps (elbow), triceps long head (shoulder), and rotator cuff. The morphology of the calcifications was categorized in 156 patients with chondrocalcinosis in the knee. Achilles tendon, gastrocnemius, and quadriceps tendon calcifications were most common, ranging from 21%-25% of our patient population was thin linear bands. Triceps calcification at the elbow, rotator cuff calcifications, and long head of triceps tendon calcification were less common.
Patterns of Postnatal Growth in a Laboratory Colony of Peromyscus leucopus

Phenotypic variation in postnatal growth was examined in 52 litters of Peromyscus leucopus . Male and female growth trajectories were similar during the preweaning period, but diverged during the postweaning period, and partial compensatory growth was exhibited with smaller weanlings growing more rapidly during the postweaning period. Litter size was not related to growth form, but the sex ratio of a litter affected the growth trajectory, with increasing proportion of males in a litter associated with decreased male growth during the preweaning period and lower male mass at weaning. Maternal mass also was correlated with offspring growth; larger females had offspring that grew rapidly during the postweaning period and attained a higher breeding mass. In addition, loss of mass by mothers during the late preweaning period was correlated with heavier neonate and weaning mass, and faster offspring growth during the early preweaning period. Maternal mass also was associated with litter frequency; heavier females were more likely to become pregnant at postpartum estrus.
Underpricing of homecoming A-share IPOs by Chinese firms already listed abroad

Many Chinese firms have pursued overseas listings in Hong Kong or US without being first listed in China’s domestic market, mainly due to the regulatory constraints imposed by the Chinese government. Some of them eventually returned to mainland China through an A-share offering to Chinese investors. This unique feature of cross-listed Chinese stocks offers an experiment field to test some of the conventional theories of initial public offerings (IPOs) underpricing. Homebound IPOs are expected to be less underpriced than domestic only IPOs that are not cross-listed because being already listed in a developed market can mitigate the information asymmetry and issue uncertainty associated with their A-share IPOs. Nevertheless, we find that homecoming A-share IPOs are still substantially underpriced, with an average market adjusted first-day return of 96.53 %. Furthermore, their first-day returns are not significantly different from those of domestic only IPOs once firm- and offer-characteristics are controlled. This is in sharp contrast to the lukewarm aftermarket performance experienced in their overseas debuts. The mean market adjusted first-day return is merely 5.35 % in their US ADR offerings and 11.63 % in their Hong Kong H-share IPOs. Overall, our results suggest the importance of local market structures and norms as influential factors of IPO underpricing.
Correlation of the interface reaction constant with elementary surface processes

Abstract The experimentally determined surface rate constant is evaluated in terms of the elementary rate processes that make up the BCF Theory. If the BCF model is at all applicable, then this constant is proportional to the growth rate, regardless of the complexities of kink incorporation and of coverage effects.
Fabrication of optically monolithic, low-index guided mode resonance filters

This paper presents a narrow spectral filter based on a monolithic material system. Guided-mode resonance is achieved by embedding a periodic array of air holes within a similar-index material. Microvoids created in the lowindex substrate during deposition of the waveguide give a relatively high index contrast for guided-mode resonance. One and two-dimensional gratings are used to examine polarization dependence of the device. Theoretical and experimental results are provided, demonstrating a roughly six nanometer resonance at the full width half-maximum for both geometries.
PROMPTED VS TRIAL-AND-ERROR CONCEPT DISCRIMINATION LEARNING IN MONKEYS.

8 test-sophisticated rhesus monkeys were tested on concept discrimination problems under conventional trial-and-error (TE) procedures and two forms of prompting, i.e., conditions in which an established cue was temporarily available for solution of the problem. Positive Prompting (PP) included a cue attached to the correct stimulus of the discrimination pair; Negative Prompting (NP), a cue attached to the incorrect stimulus. The data revealed significantly better intraproblem learning following NP than following equivalent amounts of either PP or TE.
Application of the Method of Lattice Statics to Interstitial Cu Atoms in Cu

We have calculated the lattice distortion produced by a body-centered interstitial Cu atom in a Cu host lattice. The calculations have been carried out consistently on the basis of discrete lattice theory, using the technique of lattice statics which is based on the Fourier transformation of the direct-space equilibrium equations. The force constants for the perfect lattice have been taken from measured phonon-dispersion curves, and we have used Huntington's Born-Mayer potential to describe the interaction between the interstitial atom and the atoms of the host lattice. The comparison of our results with those obtained by earlier workers, using semidiscrete matching techniques in which a continuum displacement solution is matched to the displacements of a few close neighbors of the defect, indicates that this latter technique is very unreliable. Similarly, the activation volumes estimated by semidiscrete techniques are also unreliable. We have also used the technique of lattice statics to calculate the strain-field interaction between two body-centered interstitial Cu atoms as a function of their separation. As in the case of the displacement fields, we have made these calculations for two different models which differ in the input elastic constants. For what we believe to be the most realistic of our models, we find a repulsive energy of 0.40 eV for two nearest-neighbor interstitials and a repulsive interaction of 0.0975 eV between two second-neighbor interstitials. For the same model, the calculated formation volume per interstitial is 1.12 atomic volumes.
Highly sensitive electrochemical detection of trace liquid peroxide explosives at a Prussian-blue ‘artificial-peroxidase’ modified electrode

A highly sensitive electrochemical assay of the peroxide-based explosives triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) at a Prussian-blue (PB) modified electrode is reported. The method involves photochemical degradation of the peroxide explosives and a low potential (0.0 V) electrocatalytic amperometric sensing of the generated hydrogen peroxide at the PB transducer and offers nanomolar detection limits following a short (15 s) irradiation times. The electrochemical sensing protocol should facilitate rapid field screening of peroxide explosives.
Critical role of trkB receptors in reactive axonal sprouting and hyperexcitability after axonal injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes many long-term neurological complications. Some of these conditions, such as posttraumatic epilepsy, are characterized by increased excitability that typically a...
Electronographic cameras for space astronomy.

Magnetically-focused electronographic cameras have been under development at the Naval Research Laboratory for use in far-ultraviolet imagery and spectrography, primarily in astronomical and optical-geophysical observations from sounding rockets and space vehicles. Most of this work has been with cameras incorporating internal optics of the Schmidt or wide-field all-reflecting types. More recently, we have begun development of electronographic spectrographs incorporating an internal concave grating, operating at normal or grazing incidence. We also are developing electronographic image tubes of the conventional end-window-photo-cathode type, for far-ultraviolet imagery at the focus of a large space telescope, with image formats up to 120 mm in diameter.
Consistency and modification of judgment

Abstract In an investigation of minority influence, it was predicted that a consistent preference for paintings based on nationality by a confederate would cause previously neutral subjects to increase their preference in the direction of this minority viewpoint. Further, it was predicted that ethnic origin of the confederate could be seen as a biasing factor which could diminish influence. Four naive subjects were paired with one experimental confederate who was presented as being of either Italian, German, or unknown ethnic origin. On every trial, subjects were asked to indicate their preference between two paintings, one labeled “Italian” and the other labeled “German.” Labels were actually assigned at random. The confederate consistently chose the Italian or the German paintings on every one of the 19 trials. Results indicate that Control subjects rather than being neutral, exhibited a preference for the Italian paintings. Further, the presence of a confederate who took a consistent standard, whether it was Italian or German, had the effect of making subjects significantly more pro-German (or less pro-Italian) than the control group. The findings are explained on the basis that the German position was actalternative minority position, whereas the Italian position was actually an extreme of the majority position. While the former situation leads to minority influence as predicted, the latter situation appears to have polarized subjects. An alternative in terms of a norm of fairness is suggested, also.
HVEM ultrastructural analysis of mouse fungiform taste buds, cell types, and associated synapses

We have used high voltage electron microscopy and computer-generated three-dimensional reconstructions from serial sections to elucidate the structure of taste bud cells and their associated synapses in fungiform taste buds of the mouse. Five fungiform taste buds (two of which were serially sectioned) were examined with the high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM). We identified the synaptic connections from taste cells onto sensory nerve fibers and classified the presynaptic taste cells based on previously established ultrastructural criteria. From those data we have distinguished dark, intermediate, and light cells in murine fungiform taste buds. Synapses in murine fungiform taste buds are fewer in number, but contain many more vesicles than synapses in either foliate or circumvallate taste buds. Synapses in mouse circumvallate and foliate taste buds typically contain a few to several synaptic vesicles per section, whereas fungiform synapses may have in excess of 100 vesicles per profile. The significance of these differences in the numbers of synapses and synaptic structure between fungiform and circumvallate/foliate synapses is not known. Based on the small number of synapses observed in fungiform taste buds, we speculate that fungiform taste buds have only a few cells transducing sensory stimuli at any given time. Alternatively, communication of sensory information from the taste receptor cells to the afferent nerve fibers may be mediated by some other mechanism(s) in addition to classical chemical synapses. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Photoluminescence in Ge25Se75−xBix sputtered films

Abstract A study of the changes of the photoluminescence intensity as a result of the incorporation of Bi in Ge 25 Se 75−x Bi x sputtered films (0 ≤ x ≤ 13) is presented. For all compositions, the PL spectra show a strong Stokes shift. For x = 0, two unresolved components are observed at ∼ 1 eV and ≤ 0.8 eV. With increasing x, the 1 eV component gradually disappears. Based on Raman data, ESR, and PL results on x = 0 glasses, the 1 eV component is attributed to Se-related defects and the 0.8 eV component to Ge-related defects.
Forgiving and Forgetting: Public Support for Bill Clinton during the Lewinsky Scandal

n January 1999, President Bill Clinton was, paradoxically, the most publicly shamed president of modern time and one of the most popular. He had admitted having an improper sexual relationship with a young White House intern. He had been impeached by the House of Representatives for allegedly lying about that relationship to a grand jury and for trying to obstruct the investigation of that affair. The media were full of the story, comedians quipped about some of the racier details of the affair, and the Internet hummed with Clinton jokes. Most importantly, the Senate was conducting a trial to determine if he should be removed
Lithium, anticonvulsants and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background: Lithium has been found to be effective in reducing suicide rates during long term treatment of patients with bipolar disorders. Data on the efficacy of anticonvulsant mood stabilizers in reducing suicide risk are sparse. Method: Charts of 140 bipolar patients treated continuously for a minimum of 6 months during a 23-year period of private practice by the senior author were extracted from nearly 4000 patient records. Data extracted from the charts were incidence of completed suicide, number of suicide attempts, and number of hospitalizations for suicidal ideation or behavior per 100 patient-years of either ‘on’ or ‘off’ lithium or anticonvulsant mood stabilizer monotherapy. Results: Only one completed suicide (during a period off of lithium) occurred in the patients studied. Incidence of non-lethal suicidal behavior was not different during treatment with lithium, compared with anticonvulsants. Being on a mood stabilizer significantly protected against suicidal behavior. The relative protective effect was more modest than in reports from other treatment settings. Limitations: This was a retrospective chart review study of naturalistically treated patients. Conclusions: Treatment of patients with bipolar disorder with either lithium or anticonvulsant mood stabilizers was associated with reduced risk of suicidal behavior. This study did not find evidence for a difference in the protective effect of the two types of mood stabilizing medications against non-lethal suicidal behavior in the naturalistic setting of private practice.
Fitness and Fatness in Relation to Health: Implications for a Paradigm Shift

Health care professionals most often approach health promotion for large persons in the context that health improvement can be attained only through weight loss. Unequivocal acceptance of the notion that thinness equals health and fitness has been the only health intervention strategy available for many large men and women. The apparent ineffectiveness of traditional diet and exercise programming to reduce body weight has caused many health care providers, obesity researchers, and lay persons to challenge the further use of diet and exercise for the sole purpose of reducing body weight in the large person. A brief survey of the most popular dieting techniques used over the past 40 years shows that most techniques cycle in and out of popularity, and that many of these techniques are hazardous to health. Data from the scientific community indicate that diet and exercise programs for weight loss are ineffective in producing reduced weight maintenance after a period of 3 to 5 years. On the other hand, there are data indicating that overweight men and women can become healthy without losing significant amounts of weight. Furthermore, epidemiological studies indicate that fitness, not fatness, is related to disease and mortality. Any intervention strategy for the obese should be one that promotes the development of a healthy lifestyle. The outcome parameters used to evaluate the success of such an intervention should be specific to disease risk and symptomatologies and not limited to medically ambiguous variables like body weight or body composition.
A Fluorescence Imaging Optofluidics Device for Cytologic Morphology Assessment

An optofluidics screening system as a point-of-care tool for early disease detection in low-resource settings. The current prototype uses a high-speed fluorescence microscope and microfluidics to image fluorescently stained oral cells in suspension.
Resonant ac dipolar excitation for ion motion control in the Orbitrap mass analyzer.

A dipolar ac signal applied to the split outer electrode of an Orbitrap mass spectrometer at the axial resonance frequency causes excitation of ion axial motion and either eventual ion ejection fro...
Drosophila Homologues of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) and the Formin Diaphanous Collaborate by a Conserved Mechanism to Stimulate Actin Filament Assembly

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a large multidomain protein that regulates the cytoskeleton. Recently, it was shown that vertebrate APC through its Basic domain directly collaborates with the formin mDia1 to stimulate actin filament assembly in the presence of nucleation barriers. However, it has been unclear whether these activities extend to homologues of APC and Dia in other organisms. Drosophila APC and Dia are each required to promote actin furrow formation in the syncytial embryo, suggesting a potential collaboration in actin assembly, but low sequence homology between the Basic domains of Drosophila and vertebrate APC has left their functional and mechanistic parallels uncertain. To address this question, we purified Drosophila APC1 and Dia and determined their individual and combined effects on actin assembly using both bulk fluorescence assays and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Our data show that APC1, similar to its vertebrate homologue, bound to actin monomers and nucleated and bundled filaments. Further, Drosophila Dia nucleated actin assembly and protected growing filament barbed ends from capping protein. Drosophila APC1 and Dia directly interacted and collaborated to promote actin assembly in the combined presence of profilin and capping protein. Thus, despite limited sequence homology, Drosophila and vertebrate APCs exhibit highly related activities and mechanisms and directly collaborate with formins. These results suggest that APC-Dia interactions in actin assembly are conserved and may underlie important in vivo functions in a broad range of animal phyla.
Chromatographic Analysis of Multiple Tracer Inert Gases in the Presence of Anesthetic Gases

A gas chromatographic method for simultaneous analysis of multiple tracer inert gases in blood and expired gas samples is described. The method enables determination of the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios in the lungs during anesthesia with nitrous oxide and halothane. In addition, simultaneous analysis of anesthetic gas concentration in blood permits calculation of the amount of uptake or elimination of anesthetic gases from the Fick principle.
Selection of Dredging Projects for Maximizing Waterway System Performance

Budget allocation to annual maintenance dredging projects conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers is addressed. Of the many projects requested, only a subset may be selected for funding because of budgetary constraints. The benefits of conducting maintenance dredging at one dredging project depend on other projects in the system that also are being dredged to take advantage of transportation efficiency gains derived from deeper navigable waterways. The proposed integer programming models and heuristic solution algorithms selected dredging projects for funding, while taking into account interdependent benefits. The models considered the waterway network topology, which was derived from flow data of historic waterborne cargo. The solution algorithms ensured efficient computational performance and quality of solutions. The models and algorithms were tested on example port systems from the Great Lakes region, as well as from mainline coastal ports and inland waterways. The models were shown to increase...
Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon

Colorectal tumor DNA was examined for somatic instability at (CA)n repeats on human chromosomes 5q, 15q, 17p, and 18q. Differences between tumor and normal DNA were detected in 25 of the 90 (28 percent) tumors examined. This instability appeared as either a substantial change in repeat length (often heterogeneous in nature) or a minor change (typically two base pairs). Microsatellite instability was significantly correlated with the tumor's location in the proximal colon (P = 0.003), with increased patient survival (P = 0.02), and, inversely, with loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 5q, 17p, and 18q. These data suggest that some colorectal cancers may arise through a mechanism that does not necessarily involve loss of heterozygosity.
Technical management of a pregnant patient undergoing radiation therapy to the head and neck.

Abstract The fetal dose in a pregnant patient undergoing radiation therapy to the head and neck region was investigated. Implicit in this study was the design and evaluation of a shield used to minimize the fetal dose. To evaluate the fetal dose, a phantom was irradiated with the fields designed for this patient’s therapy. The peripheral dose was measured for each field individually, both without and with a custom shield designed to be placed about the patient’s abdominal and pelvic regions. The total dose at the location of the fetus over the course of this patient’s radiation therapy was then estimated from peripheral dose rate measurements made at several points within the simulated uterus. With no shielding, the total dose within the uterus of the patient would have ranged from 13.3 cGy at the cervix to 28 cGy at the fundus. With the shield applied, the uterine dose was significantly less: 3.3 cGy at the cervix to 8.6 cGy at the fundus. In fact, at every measurement point, the peripheral dose with the shield in place was 30% to 50% of the dose without the shield. Some data suggest that the rate of significant abnormalities induced by irradiation in utero increases with increasing dose within the range of total peripheral doses incurred during most radiation treatment courses. It is therefore prudent to make reasonable attempts at minimizing the dose to the lower abdominal and pelvic regions of any pregnant patient. The shield designed in this work accomplished this goal for this patient and is flexible enough to be used in the treatment of almost all tumor volumes.
On the Anomalous Absorption Spectra of Amino- and Hydroxy-Substituted Anthracenes

Abstract It has been known for some time that the longest wavelength absorption band of anthracene arises from the transversely polarized 1La ← 1A absorptive transition (1). The angular momentum forbidden 1Lb ← 1A transition, which is invariably at least ten-fold weaker than the former transition in the acenes has been predicted, on theoretical grounds, to be submerged in the 1La ← 1A absorption envelope (2). That the 1Lb ← 1A transition of anthracene does not lie much higher in energy than the 1La ← 1A transition was demonstrated by Baba and Suzuki (3) who proved that although the long-wavelength absorption band of 1-anthrol originated from the 1La ← 1A absorption, as anticipated, the long-wavelength absorption bands of 2-anthrol and its conjugate anion originated from the admixture of charge-transfer from the β-hydroxy group into the longitudinally polarized 1A ← 1Lb transition of anthracene.
Motion of the termination shock in response to an 11 Year variation in the solar wind

A two-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical model was used to study the motion of the termination shock in response to an 11 year variation in the solar wind ram pression. For a total variation in the ram pressue by a factor of 2, a termination shock at 89 AU was found to move inward and outward about +/- 8% of its distance with a typical velocity of 12 km/sec. This movement may be understood in terms of the various time scales associated with the response of the termination shock and heliopause to variations in the solar wind ram pressure.
Top-Down Budgeting, Fiscal Stress and Budgeting Theory:

Recent budgeting literature argues that many governments budget in a top-down manner, especially under fiscal stress, and that incremental budgeting theory is accurate only for bottom-up budgeting procedures when resources are plentiful. However, few studies systematically compare changes under different conditions to assess their claims. This study addresses this problem by testing a model that contains both managerial and incremental indicators of behavior. The model is estimated using pooled, cross-sectional, time-series analysis under four different environmental conditions: fiscal austerity/top-down budgeting, fiscal austerity/bottom-up budgeting, fiscal prosperity/top-down budgeting and fiscal prosperity/bottom-up budgeting. The results indicate that incremental decision making may still operate under austerity and top-down budgeting, but that more detailed decision making criteria are also important under these conditions. Furthermore, agencies seem less sensitive to fiscal conditions than upper-le...
Decelerated early growth in infants of overweight and obese mothers.

Objective To investigate the relationship between maternal prepregnancy body mass index and early infant growth and body composition. Study design Prospective cohort study performed at a university hospital/surrounding community. Ninety-seven nondiabetic mothers with singleton, term, healthy infants completed study visits at 2 weeks and 3 months of age. Before pregnancy, 59 mothers were normal weight, 18 were overweight, and 20 were obese. Infant anthropometrics and body composition via air-displacement plethysmography were measured. Infant feeding information and maternal prepregnancy weight were self-reported. Additional data were obtained via self-report and the medical record. Main outcome measures were change in weight, length, fat-free mass, and fat mass from 2 weeks to 3 months of age. Analysis was done via multivariate linear regression. Results At 2 weeks, anthropometrics and body composition did not differ across maternal body mass index groups. At 3 months, infants of overweight or obese mothers had gained less weight ( P = .02), grew less in length ( P = .01), and gained less fat mass ( P = .01). Adjustment for breastfeeding status and regression to the mean via conditional change variables did not alter the results. The results were not altered after adjusting for maternal glucose values from a 50-g glucose challenge and for maternal smoking in a subset including 80% of the women. Conclusions Maternal overweight/obesity is associated with early deceleration in linear growth and adipose tissue accrual; replication of these findings is needed.
Liquid-phase diffusional resistance in multicomponent droplet gasification

By using microphotography and sampling, the time-resolved droplet size and composition have been determined for freely-falling two-component droplets undergoing either vaporization or combustion in a hot environment. Results demonstrate that liquid-phase diffusional resistance is not as effective as previously suggested, and that this effectiveness further diminishes with increasing volatility differential of the mixture and decreasing gasification rate of the droplet. Thus the gasification mechanism of multicomponent fuel droplets is intermediate of those of batch distillation and diffusion-limited steady state. Theoretical calculations agree well with the experimental results.
Reassessing the critical metaphor: An optimistic revisionist view

Even while debates still plague, polarize, and personalize some of the discipline's most crucial issues, critical criminologists have managed to overcome, expand, and push beyond the borders that they and others established a decade ago. Nonetheless, doubt and suspicion remain concerning the future and the legitimacy of the perspective, partly because of its nebulous definition. Here we offer a revisionist interpretation and assessment of the critical perspective by arguing that a crisis, if there ever was one, no longer exists, and that it is past time to dispel the siege mentality. We argue that critical criminology is a metaphor still in its infancy, that it remains on the cutting edge of the discipline, and that its practitioners have learned from and contributed to so-called traditional criminology, leaving both areas stronger. By overcoming the fragmentation within diverse critical criminologies, the potential for unification enhances the endeavors of critical science and social action.
Development: Facial Makeup Enhancing Our Looks

A recent study in mice deciphers the complex genetic regulatory network underlying the morphogenesis of the face. The enhancer landscape underlying craniofacial development provides multiple entry points to understand what makes up the face, in natural variation or pathological conditions.
Methamphetamine-induced toxicity: an updated review on issues related to hyperthermia

Reports of methamphetamine-related emergency room visits suggest that elevated body temperature is a universal presenting symptom, with lethal overdoses generally associated with extreme hyperthermia. This review summarizes the available information on methamphetamine toxicity as it pertains to elevations in body temperature. First, a brief overview of thermoregulatory mechanisms is presented. Next, central and peripheral targets that have been considered for potential involvement in methamphetamine hyperthermia are discussed. Finally, future areas of investigation are proposed, as further studies are needed to provide greater insight into the mechanisms that mediate the alterations in body temperature elicited by methamphetamine.
Automated analytical systems for drug development studies. II--A system for dissolution testing.

Abstract Microdialysis is a non-equilibrium dynamic sampling method in which the analytes diffuse across a semipermeable membrane due to a concentration gradient and are carried away by the constantly pumping perfusion medium for on-line analysis. A BAS, Inc. microinfusion pump/injector and an on-line LC system were interfaced with a dissolution apparatus to automate dissolution testing of tablets. A DL-5 microdialysis loop probe was suspended in the dissolution medium for sampling. The automated system was used reproducibly (RSD
The Office of the National Nurse: Leadership for a New Era of Prevention

The American health care system is in a crisis of soaring costs and epidemics of preventable diseases; poor health literacy contributes to these problems. In spite of the need for change, the system is resistant. Efforts to address the crisis must focus on new ways of educating the public to understand their health and how to prevent illness. Nurses calling for leadership, innovation, and inspiration are uniting behind the proposal for an Office of the National Nurse to serve as the vehicle for the delivery of accurate and accessible health information to all Americans to reduce the incidence of preventable diseases.
Long-term variations in primary production in a eutrophic sub-estuary: Contribution of short-term events

Abstract We determined the role of events in generating short-term variability in production, how they contribute to interannual variability, and their relationship to variability in the determinants of production, primarily biomass and photo-physiological parameters. We examined residuals from the seasonal and spatial mean daily rate in a 20-year time series of primary production in a eutrophic sub-estuary of Chesapeake Bay. The seasonal and spatial means of production and residuals were based on natural log-transformed measurements of daily primary production calculated from measurements of light saturation curves of photosynthesis for 20 years at 6 stations on the Rhode River, Maryland (USA). The variance of the residuals was greater than that explained by the seasonal and spatial statistical model, so that the event scale was the largest single source of variance. Residuals were classified as events if they exceeded ±ln(2), signifying a multiplier or divisor of 2 above or below the seasonal-spatial mean. Spatially, events were most frequent at the most upstream station affected by runoff from the local watershed, and temporally most frequent in spring at all stations. Principal component analysis (PCA) of monthly averaged residuals revealed 3 characteristic temporal modes of residual variance, the first of which was associated with variability in spring due to the occurrence of extremely large spring blooms or their complete absence. Interannual variation in annual production was correlated with the strength of expression of these modes. Production events were analyzed in relation to residuals in the determinants of productivity, i.e. phytoplankton chlorophyll biomass, B, the light-saturated photosynthetic maximum normalized to chlorophyll, P max B , the diffuse attenuation coefficient for light, and the depth integral of the dimensionless photosynthesis profile. Negatively correlated changes in B and P max B were the most common mode of variation among the determinants, and this mode dampened variations in production and were common in fall months. Positively correlated changes in B and P max B constituted the second most common mode of variation amongst determinants, and this mode was positively correlated with variations in production and were most common in spring months. The prevalence of the first mode in fall months modulated the impact of major named storms on primary production in this system.
Reduced-order controller design with low sensitivity to small feedback delays

Reduced-order controller design for a class of interconnected singularly perturbed system is considered. Using the singular perturbation and sensitivity theories, a controller is designed that reduces the trajectory sensitivity to small feedback delays. A numerical algorithm for the computation of the feedback gain is presented. Application of the results to the control of a continuous stirred tank reactor is demonstrated.
J-Q MODEL FOR PREDICTING FRACTURE IN THE DUCTILE-BRITTLE TRANSITION

— A model is proposed to predict cleavage failure of precracked bodies in the transition region for steels. It is based on the concept that the failure of a weak link triggers the failure of the entire body. The model is similar to that originally proposed by Heerens et al. which assumes that the weak link has a given level of stress labeled the cleavage stress needed to cause failure. This weak link is located at some characteristic but variable distance from the crack tip. The variation in distance from the crack tip to the weak link causes variation in the transition fracture toughness. The crack tip stress is given by the J-Q model of O'Dowd and Shih where Q characterizes the constraint level in the body. Given a set of input data, that is fracture toughness from a given specimen geometry at a known temperature, toughness values can be predicted from these inputs at a different temperature where the yield stress is known or for a different size or geometry where Q is known. The model is applied here for two steels; a DIN 20MnMoNi55 steel and a CrMoV steel. For the first steel fracture toughness values measured on compact specimens are used to predict cleavage fracture throughout the transition for the same geometry. For the second steel the transition trend is predicted for the same compact geometry. The results show that the model is good for predicting the sudden end of the transition that is often observed but does not predict the lower shelf or early transition very well. This is a region where a weak link mechanism may not be operating. SUMMARY A model is proposed to predict the cleavage fracture toughness in the transition for steels. It is based on a weak link failure concept and a crack tip stress distribution that is influenced by the constraint level. The model uses measured fracture toughness data to predict a distance from the crack tip to the weak link. This distance is a variable that is used to account for all of the variability in the fracture toughness. For a new temperature or geometry the toughness can be predicted by assuming that the cleavage stress is fixed and the material has the same range of weak link distances. The magnitude of the crack tip stresses can change due to a change in yield stress or constraint. The model was used to predict the toughness trend in the transition and the end of the transition. It was applied to two steels, a 20MnMoNi55 steel and a CrMoV steel. For the 20MnMoNi55 steel the transition trend and the end of the transition that were predicted by the model compared well with experimental results. For the CrMoV steel the interesting part was that the lower shelf region of the transition was not predicted well. The prediction from the model overestimated the measured fracture toughness values. This suggests, as was previously believed, that a weak link mechanism may not operate near the lower shelf part of the transition. The model could also be used to predict the toughness for a new geometry such as a component model geometry. That will be reported in a later work.
Superlattice intermediate band solar cell with resonant upper-conduction-band assisted photo-absorption and carrier extraction

In this work we propose and theoretically evaluate a superlattice intermediate band solar cell design, wherein a superlattice comprising lattice matched layers of electronically mismatched alloys and thin barriers are inserted within the intrinsic region of a wide bandgap p-i-n diode. The shallow valence band offsets in the design favor the minority hole extraction, and the intermediate levels is build through superlattice minibands formed by coupling lower band gap wells (lower E-conduction branch of mismatched alloys like GaAsN) and higher bandgap Kane-like semiconductors. In the proposed design the upper conduction band E+ of the mismatched alloys is maintained in resonance with the barrier and bandgap of host material to promote an efficient extraction of electrons and preserve the 3D nature of the upper band, thus favoring a strong intermediate to band second photon absorption. In this design carriers can be promoted either directly to the conduction band or via the intermediate band, permitting the absorption of low energy photons whilst maintaining a high cell voltage. Also the characteristic lengths of the wells are substantially smaller than typical diffusion lengths of the electronically mismatched alloy which should overcome the minority carrier losses observed in bulk like devices fabricated with these alloys. To attain the necessary combination of high and low bandgaps and low dislocation density, we use materials that are lightly strained or lattice-matched to an GaAs (or Ge) substrate. GaAsN (Sb) quantum well layers are incorporated into direct bandgap low Al content (x<;30%)) AlGaAs host material, to attain high bandgaps of 1.7-1.9 eV, and low-energy bandgaps of 1.1-1.3 eV. A preliminary detailed balance evaluation of the proposed device that incorporates calculation of the absorption properties of the SL region and the host AlGaAs crystal suggest potential for exceeding 1sun and 1000 sun efficiencies of 39% and 55% respectively.
Effect Algebras Are Not Adequate Models for Quantum Mechanics

We show that an effect algebra E possess an order-determining set of states if and only if E is semiclassical; that is, E is essentially a classical effect algebra. We also show that if E possesses at least one state, then E admits hidden variables in the sense that E is homomorphic to an MV-algebra that reproduces the states of E. Both of these results indicate that we cannot distinguish between a quantum mechanical effect algebra and a classical one. Hereditary properties of sharpness and coexistence are discussed and the existence of {0,1} and dispersion-free states are considered. We then discuss a stronger structure called a sequential effect algebra (SEA) that we believe overcomes some of the inadequacies of an effect algebra. We show that a SEA is semiclassical if and only if it possesses an order-determining set of dispersion-free states.
Enhanced gas selectivity in thin film composite membranes of poly(3-(2-acetoxyethyl)thiophene)

Abstract The gas transport properties of surface-treated poly(3-(2-acetoxyethyl)thiophene) (P3AcET) membranes are reported. Base or acid catalyzed hydrolysis of the ester group of P3AcET yields poly(3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiophene) (P3HET), a highly permselective conducting polymer. Permeability coefficients were determined for as-cast P3AcET membranes (PCO2=1.42, PO2=0.24, PN2=0.05, PCH4=0.08 Barrers) and selectivity values were calculated (O2/N2=5.1, CO2/CH4=18.5). Formation of a thin selective P3HET surface layer resulted in an overall decrease in permeance (P/l) accompanied by a dramatic increase in selectivity for both the base-treated (O2/N2=12.9, CO2/CH4=20.0) and acid-treated (O2/N2=11.7, CO2/CH4=45.0) composites. Microscopic (AFM, SEM) and spectroscopic (ATR-FTIR) characterization of the thin film composites confirmed the surface specificity of the hydrolysis reaction.
Ternary content addressable memory cells designed using ambipolar carbon nanotube transistors

This paper explores the use of carbon nanotube transistors and their ambipolar properties to create ternary content addressable memory (CAM) cells. We show designs and simulation results for a traditional ternary cell created using two storage elements as well as an area efficient (up to 31% lower) truly 3-valued ternary cell.
Determination of φ and χ1 Angles in Proteins from 13C−13C Three-Bond J Couplings Measured by Three-Dimensional Heteronuclear NMR. How Planar Is the Peptide Bond?

A new pulse scheme, HN(CO)C, is described for simultaneous measurement of three-bond 3JC‘Cβ and 3JC‘Cγ couplings in proteins uniformly enriched with 13C and 15N. The experiment is demonstrated for human ubiquitin and apo-calmodulin, which have rotational correlation times of 4 and 8 ns, respectively. A Karplus relation, 3JC‘Cβ = 1.59 cos2(φ − 120°) − 0.67 cos(φ − 120°) + 0.27 Hz, is obtained by correlating the ubiquitin 3JC‘Cβ values with backbone φ angles from its crystal structure. Using these crystal structure φ angles, the root-mean-square difference (rmsd) between experimental 3JC‘Cβ values and those predicted from the Karplus relation is 0.24 Hz. When using φ angles derived from 3JHNHα, 3JHNCβ, 3JHNC‘, 3JHαC‘, and 3JC‘C‘, this rmsd decreases to 0.17 Hz. Peptide backbone φ angles can be derived from J couplings between either C‘i-1 or HNi and the three Cαi substituents, C‘i, Cβi, Hαi. For 45 residues in ubiquitin all six couplings have been measured, and the φ angles derived for these residues from c...
Palmitate incorporation into different brain regions in the awake rat.

Abstract A quantitative method is presented to examine palmitate flux into a stable metabolic compartment in individual brain regions of awake rats. Following the i.v. injection of [ 14 C]palmitate, brain radioactivity rose and then fell until, at 4 h, a stable concentration was reached that was maintained for up to 24 h. The flux of plasma palmitate into this 4 h compartment was calculated by dividing regional brain radioactivity at 4 h, as determined by quantitative autoradiography, by the integral of the plasma palmitate specific activity. Palmitate flux varied from 2.0 × 10 −5 μmol/g·s into the internal capsule to 9.3 × 10 −5 μmol/g·s into the arcuate nucleus, and generally was proportional to the regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose, as measured with 2-deoxy- d -[1- 14 C]glucose. The results demonstrate that it is possible to determine unidirectional palmitate flux into a stable metabolic compartment in individual brain regions of awake rats, that flux into gray matter regions generally exceeds flux into white matter, and that palmitate flux is proportional to published values for regional brain oxidative metabolism.
Do racial/ethnic differences exist in post-injury outcomes after TBI? A comprehensive review of the literature

Primary objectives: (1) To describe demographic and injury characteristics that are prominent among African Americans and Hispanics with TBI; (2) To determine if racial differences exist in regard ...
Intermittent chaos and low-frequency noise in the driven damped pendulum.

On considere l'intermittence intrinseque et induite par du bruit dans des simulations numeriques de pendules amortis sinusoidalement forces
Distinct pathways mediate axon degeneration during apoptosis and axon-specific pruning

Recent studies suggest that there is an overlap between neuronal apoptosis and axon-specific degeneration. Cusack and colleagues show that the caspase-dependent pathways mediating axon degeneration during apoptosis are distinct from those mediating localized axon pruning.
Fun and Games: Multi-Language Development: Game development can teach us much about the common practice of combining multiple languages in a single project.

Computer games (or "electronic games" if you encompass those games played on console-class hardware) comprise one of the fastest-growing application markets in the world. Within the development community that creates these entertaining marvels, multi-language development is becoming more commonplace as games become more and more complex. Today, asking a development team to construct a database-enabled Web site with the requirement that it be written entirely in C++ would earn scornful looks and rolled eyes, but not long ago the idea that multiple languages were needed to accomplish a given task was scoffed at.
Shock-cell structures and corresponding sound pressure levels emitted from closely spaced supersonic jet arrays

Abstract Shockwave structures and overall sound pressure levels from 8 × 8 arrays of axisymmetric supersonic jets were experimentally characterized for 14 different arrays. The results were also compared to behavior for single jets of similar dimensions. The jet diameters ranged from 3.2 to 6.4 mm and the jet spacing to diameter ratio ranged from 1.44 to 3. The arrays were tested at nominal net pressure ratios ranging from 2 to 24. It was found that above a certain net pressure ratio level, the array of jets coalesced into an interacting lattice of oblique shock interactions. These shock structures consisted of oscillatory shocks at lower pressure ratios and then developed into stable shock structures as the pressure ratio increased. The formation of the interacting shock lattices is strongly correlated with the measured sound pressure levels. Initially the arrays emitted low sound pressure levels, similar to that of a single jet within the array. As the shock structure transitioned from weak to strong the sound pressure levels transitioned to a level similar to that of a single nozzle with an exit area equivalent of the entire array. Shadow graph images of the flow in the arrays are used to correlate to the sound pressure levels measured.