cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of criminal justice pedagogy on student attitudes

To determine the effects of an introductory criminal justice course on the attitudes of students toward the police, questionnaires were given in the first week of the semester to 425 students enrolled in Introduction to Criminal Justice courses and to 301 students enrolled in Introduction to Sociology courses. The survey was then readministered in the final week of the semester. The data reveal that while significant initial differences existed in orientation among the various student groupings, there was no significant change in attitudes between the pretest and posttest measurements.
Cherry fruit development: The use of a microassay for studying indoleacetic acid oxidase

An improved procedure is described for extraction and assay of indoleacetic acid oxidase from seeds of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). The extraction procedure was optimized for pH, buffer, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVP) and tissue: buffer ratio. Greatest extraction efficiency was obtained at pH 4.0, 0.2 M acetate buffer, tissue: PVP ratio of 1:2.5 and tissue: buffer ratio of 50 ml per g of seed. The enzyme was assayed at 30°C using indoleacetic acid-1-14C as substrate and radioassaying the 14CO2 evolved. Mn2+ and 2,4-dichlorophenol enhanced enzyme activity but were not obligatory. A minimum substrate concentration of 60 μM was needed for quantitative evaluation. This assay was sensitive and reproducible, enzyme activity being demonstrated in as little as 0.8 mg of seed tissue with a coefficient of variation of 1 to 9%.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VACCINE VIRUS : IV. STATISTICAL STUDIES OF ELEMENTARY BODIES IN RELATION TO INFECTION AND AGGLUTINATION

Methods have been described by which the number of elementary bodies present in a suspension can be estimated. It has been shown that by means of replicate counts, in which the Petroff-Hausser chamber was used, a high degree of accuracy can be attained. By means of the Gates densitometer, the number of elementary bodies in a suspension can be determined with a coefficient of variation of about 3.0 per cent. A method has been described by which the accuracy of estimation of the infectious titer of a suspension can be increased without greatly enlarging the number of animals employed. This consists of selecting as the end-point that dilution of virus which on intradermal inoculation in a rabbit would lead theoretically to an equal number of positive and negative results. The statistical advantages of this method have been confirmed by the experiences of other laboratories. By the application of the methods described, there was shown to be a direct correlation between the number of elementary bodies and the number of infectious units of virus present in a given suspension. At the mean of the distribution this ratio is as the logarithms 9.62 to 8.0. To extrapolate this curve, in order to determine the number of elementary bodies present in a single infectious unit, while tempting, is probably not justifiable. It must likewise be remembered that the data given apply to a particular strain of vaccine virus, and that the number of infectious units has been determined by intradermal inoculation of rabbits. It appears also that this method may be of value in studies of the virulence of different strains of vaccine virus, since by its application one may determine not only the infectious liter of a suspension, but its content of elementary bodies. In the agglutination reaction it was found that optimum titers of serum were obtained when the test antigen contained from 2.0 x 10(9) to 1.05 x 10(10) elementary bodies per cc. Approximately 1.95 x 10(8) particles per cc. of suspension were required for the production of visible agglutination.
Analysis of the L116K Variant of CooA, the Heme-containing CO Sensor, Suggests the Presence of an Unusual Heme Ligand Resulting in Novel Activity

Abstract CooA is the CO-sensing transcriptional activator from Rhodospirillum rubrum, in which CO binding to its heme prosthetic group triggers a conformational change of CooA that allows the protein to bind its cognate target DNA sequence. By a powerful in vivo screening method following the simultaneous randomization of the codons for two C-helix residues, 113 and 116, near the distal heme pocket of CooA, we have isolated a series of novel CooA variants. In vivo, these show very high CO-independent activities (comparable with that of wild-type CooA in the presence of CO) and diminished CO-dependent activities. Sequence analysis showed that this group of variants commonly contains lysine at position 116 with a variety of residues at position 113. DNA-binding analysis of a representative purified variant, L116K CooA, revealed that this protein is competent to bind target DNA withK d values of 56 nm for Fe(III), 36 nm for Fe(II), and 121 nm for Fe(II)-CO CooA forms. Electron paramagnetic resonance and electronic absorption spectroscopies, combined with additional mutagenic studies, showed that L116K CooA has a new ligand replacing Pro2 in both Fe(III) and Fe(II) states. The most plausible replacement ligand is the substituted lysine at position 116, so that the ligands of Fe(III) L116K CooA are Cys75 and Lys116 and those in the Fe(II) form are His77 and Lys116. A possible explanation for CO-independent activity in L116K CooA is that ligation of Lys116 results in a repositioning of the C-helices at the CooA dimer interface. This result is consistent with that repositioning being an important aspect of the activation of wild-type CooA by CO.
Tritium Content of Antarctic Snow

THE abundance of tritium in Nature is of much geophysical interest1–3. In view of the present paucity of data on Antarctic tritium, we are reporting here determinations made on three Antarctic snow samples collected by one of us (H. A. C. N.) during 1960–61.
"Afterwork": a clinical-phenomenological report.

This paper explores a number of the dimensions of the process of “afterwork”: the psychological work that former patients engage in after treatment has terminated. Ten former patients, who had worked with 10 different therapists, were interviewed utilizing a semi-structured interview protocol, and their experiences form the basis for the findings and observations that are described. It was found that subjects remembered little by way of lessons or insights; rather, what remained with them were changes of perspective, the internalization of the “process” of the treatment, and the experience of their therapists' human qualities. In addition, it was found that most subjects had had some form of contact with their therapists post-termination. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Trading volume, management solicitation, and shareholder voting

Abstract In an investigation of possible relationships between shareholder voting turnout, trading volume after the record data, and the intervals between the record and meeting dates, we find that higher trading volume and more trading days between the record date and the receipt of proxy materials both reduce voting turnout. A longer interval between the receipt of proxy materials and the meeting increases turnout, as does greater solicitation expense. Our tests show that management mails proxies further in advance of the meeting when its proposals require a majority of shares outstanding, as opposed to votes cast, for approval.
Angular momentum reduction for physical amplitudes in the three-body problem

We give here an approach to the angular momentum reduction that is tailed to be appropriate for the multichannel structure of the three-body problem. Wherever possible we work directly with the physical scattering amplitudes. We obtain concrete partial-wave expansions of elastic, rearrangement, and breakup amplitudes. For these amplitudes we obtain a coupled two-variable integral equation. The effects of parity, time reversal, and rotational invariance are fully discussed. Finally, we provide expressions for the multichannel partial-wave cross sections, asymptotic coordinate-space wave functions, off-shell unitarity, and the partial-wave version of the optical theorem as well as phase-shift parametrizations of the amplitudes.
Relationship between single- and multi-locus measures of gene diversity in a subdivided population.

Summary A mathematical relationship between the coefficient of gene diversity as derived from average single locus statistics and Smouse and Spielman's multi-locus measure is established under the assumption of linkage equilibrium in a substructured population. A formula for estimating the average time of split of subpopulations from such gene diversity is also derived for the multi-locus criterion. Unlike the estimate derived for single-locus criterion, this estimate does not explicitely depend on the number of subpopulations. The method is illustrated with data on allozyme studies from the South American Indian populations.
Disappearance of a highly unusual clone, 46,XY,del(7)(p12),t(9;22)(q34;q11) in chronic myeloid leukemia after treatment with recombinant interferon and cytosine arabinoside.

Abstract A patient with the typical features of the stable phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) displayed two karyotypically related subclones. In addition to the t(9;22), cells from one clone contained a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 7, del(7)(p12), [46,XY,del(7)(p12),t(9;22)(q34;q11)]; the other contained only the standard translocation [46,XY,t(9;22)(q34;q11)]. Cells with a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 7 at band p12 as the only additional abnormality have not been observed previously in CML. Conventional chemotherapy with hydroxyurea and then with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α) did not reduce the population of either subclone. However, after treatment with a combination of rIFN-α and low-dose cytosine arabinoside (LoDac) continuously infused subcutaneously (s.c.), cells from the clone with the deleted chromosome 7 disappeared and normal metaphases were demonstrable.
Lateral profiling of interface traps and oxide charge in MOSFET devices: charge pumping versus DCIV

An improved oxide-charge and interface-trap lateral profiling charge pumping technique (iLPCP) is described. Erase-induced oxide charge and interface traps are investigated in flash EPROM devices. It is shown that the improved technique allows the extraction of profiles in cases where the previous method does not yield satisfactory results. A comparative study of iLPCP and of an existing direct current (DCIV) technique for lateral profiling of interface traps is conducted: both erase- and program-induced interface traps are investigated in flash EPROM devices. The results indicate that 1) iLPCP probes a much bigger portion of the gate region; 2) iLPCP probes a wider energy range; 3) DCIV is more sensitive deep in the channel and thus complements iLPCP.
The accumulation of eosinophils as an allergic response to allergen applied to the denuded skin surface.

Abstract Reports that an accumulation of eosinophils occurs approximately 24 hours after the application, in pollens-sensitive patients, of pollen extract to the superficially denuded skin were confirmed. The response was seen in patients having clinical sensitivity to grass and ragweed pollen and was absent in many patients exhibiting skin reactivity only. The intensity of the eosinophil response appeared to be correlated with the degree of clinical sensitivity. The responsiveness was transferred with difficulty to normal skin by repeated injections of serum from a clinically pollen-sensitive donor. A striking fall in eosinophil responsiveness was observed among six patients receiving therapeutic injections of pollen extract. Attempts to confirm reports that the application of histamine to denuded skin sites calls forth an eosinophil response were unsuccessful.
The role of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthma management.

Abstract Measuring fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a relatively new option for assessing allergic inflammation in the lungs. Clinical management of asthma is challenging, and measuring exhaled nitric oxide can provide another type of data to assist in meeting this challenge. FeNO is easy to perform, and the equipment is not forbiddingly expensive. FeNO provides a complement to traditional measures of asthma control and can help guide diagnostic and treatment choices. This article explains what it is, how the measurements are performed, what the norms are, and its use and limitations in the management of asthma.
Features of a Leader Peptide Coding Region that Regulate Translation Initiation for the Anti-TRAP Protein of B. subtilis

The rtpA gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes the Anti-TRAP protein, AT. AT can bind and inhibit the TRAP regulatory protein, preventing TRAP from promoting transcription termination in the trpEDCFBA operon leader region. AT synthesis is upregulated transcriptionally and translationally in response to the accumulation of uncharged tRNA Trp . Here we analyze AT's translational regulation by rtpLP , a 10 residue leader peptide coding region located immediately preceding the rtpA Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Our findings suggest that, whenever the charged tRNA Trp level is sufficient to allow the ribosome translating rtpLP to reach its stop codon, it blocks the adjacent rtpA Shine-Dalgarno sequence, inhibiting AT synthesis. However, when there is a charged tRNA Trp deficiency, the translating ribosome presumably stalls at one of three adjacent rtpLP Trp codons. This stalling exposes the rtpA Shine-Dalgarno sequence, permitting AT synthesis. RNA-RNA pairing may also influence AT synthesis. Production of AT would inactivate TRAP, thereby increasing trp operon expression.
Differential effects of GABAB autoreceptor activation on ethanol potentiation of local and lateral paracapsular GABAergic synapses in the rat basolateral amygdala

Many studies have demonstrated that GABAergic inhibition within the basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays an integral role in the regulation of anxiety, an important behavioral component in the etiology of alcoholism. Although ethanol has recently been shown to enhance BLA GABAergic inhibition via two distinct populations of inhibitory cells, local and lateral paracapsular (lpcs) interneurons, little is known about the mechanisms underlying ethanol potentiation of these two inhibitory pathways. Ethanol is known to enhance GABAergic inhibition in many brain regions via a complex array of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. In addition, ethanol's presynaptic effects are often subject to GABA(B) autoreceptor (GABA(B)-R) modulation. Therefore, in this study, we characterized GABA(B)-R function and modulation of ethanol actions at local and lpcs GABAergic synapses. At local synapses, we found significant paired-pulse depression (PPD, 250 ms inter-pulse interval) which was abated by SCH-50911 (GABA(B)-R antagonist). No significant PPD was detected at lpcs synapses, but SCH-50911 significantly potentiated lpcs-evoked IPSCs. Baclofen (GABA(B)-R agonist) had similar depressant effects on local- and lpcs-evoked IPSCs, however baclofen pretreatment only reduced ethanol potentiation at local synapses. Ethanol also significantly enhanced the frequency of spontaneous and miniature IPSCs, and these effects were also sensitive to GABA(B)-R modulators. Collectively, these data suggest that stimulus-independent inhibitory responses recorded from BLA principal neurons primarily reflect the activity of local GABAergic interneurons and provide additional evidence that ethanol potentiates local BLA inhibitory synapses primarily via a presynaptic enhancement of GABA release that is tightly regulated by GABA(B)-Rs. In contrast, ethanol potentiation of lpcs GABAergic synapses is not sensitive to GABA(B)-R activation and does not appear to involve increased presynaptic GABA release.
Integrating STEM Information Competencies into an Undergraduate Curriculum

ABSTRACT Students in science disciplines often arrive at college without experience using primary science literature and lacking in skills required to manipulate information. A cohesive, curriculum-integrated information literacy program is crucial in teaching science majors how to determine information needs and to locate, evaluate, synthesize, and use information. Described are the best practices, challenges, and assessment tools as applied in the implementation of a four-year science information literacy program at a large state university.
Melanocyte mitogens induce both melanocyte chemokinesis and chemotaxis.

It is believed that during repigmentation of vitiligo, inactive melanocytes in the outer root sheath of the hair follicle become activated, proliferate, and migrate into the depigmented skin. However, the mechanisms controlling melanocyte migration remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of well-described melanocyte growth factors on melanocyte migration. Using time-lapse photography, we demonstrated that melanocyte chemokinetic movement was induced by basic fibroblast growth factor, stem cell factor, and endothelin-1, with the greatest effect noted using 100 nM endothelin-1. Similar results were reported previously with leukotriene C 4 . When surrounded by these stimuli, melanocytes moved in a random, nonlinear fashion and showed no desensitization at the concentrations studied. In Boyden chamber checkerboard analysis, basic fibroblast growth factor, leukotriene C 4 and endothelin-1 were chemotactic. They produced directional migration and showed desensitization at higher concentrations. The greatest effect again was seen with 100 nM endothelin-1. Stem cell factor showed no effect in this assay system at the concentrations tested. The four melanocyte mitogens-leukotriene C 4 , endothelin-1, basic fibroblast growth factor, and stem cell factor-stimulate melanocyte migration, and this migration may be either chemokinetic (activated random movement) or chemotactic (requiring a gradient, directional, and showing desensitization), depending on the conditions used. We believe that these factors may be effective in stimulating vitiligo repigmentation by inducing proliferation and migration of hair-follicle outer-root-sheath melanocytes into the depigmented epidermis.
Discrete combat models: investigating the solutions to discrete forms of Lanchester's combat models

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joris.2010101302
Independent component analysis assisted unsupervised multispectral classification

The goal of unsupervised multispectral classification is to precisely identify objects in a scene by incorporating the complementary information available in spatially registered multispectral images. If the channels are less noisy and are as statistically independent as possible, the performance of the unsupervised classifier will be better. The discriminatory power of the classifier also increases if the individual channels have good contrast. However, enhancing the contrast of the channels individually does not necessarily produce good results. Hence there is a need to preprocess the channels such that they have a high contrast and are as statistically independent as possible. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a signal processing technique that expresses a set of random variables as linear combinations of statistically independent component variables. The estimation of ICA typically involves formulating a cost function which measures nongaussianity/ gaussianity which is subsequently maximized or minimized. The resulting images are maximally statistically independent and have high contrast. Unsupervised classification on these images captures more information than on the original images. In preliminary studies, we were able to classify detailed neuroanatomical structures such as the putamen and choroid plexus, from the independent component channels. These structures could not be delineated from the original images using the same classifier.
Experimental Evidence for the Temperature Waves Around a Rapidly Propagating Crack Tip

The thermal wave model is used to elucidate temperature wave behavior in heat conduction. The phenomenon under examination is the temperature rise induced by a rapidly propagating crack tip in 4340 steel. Coincidences between theory and experiment include parallel isotherm pattern in the near-tip region, diminution of the temperature gradient in the radial direction measured from the crack tip, and transition of isotherms to a hyperbolalike pattern at a higher crack speed of 980 m/s. 18 refs.
Interaction of Buffers with Lipid Membranes

Common buffers including Tris, MES, and MOPS are used to control the pH values of aqueous solutions. The pH, in turn, determines the charged (protonation) state of macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and DNA. We have investigated the effect of common buffers on the charged state on lipid aggregates. Immersed in water, common lipids often form multilamellar structures. The extremely uniform interlamellar spacings (measurable by X-ray scattering) depend critically on the chemical nature (composition) of the solvent, including the presence of buffers. Multilamellar structures shrink or expand (swell) depending on how interlamellar forces are modified. We present measurements on the modification of lipid interactions by buffers and discuss specific buffer effects that go beyond the non-specific effect of pH.
Judgment stability and pseudorecognition of random and patterned configurations

Thirty six simple patterns were judged as “random” or “patterned” by adult Ss. Category judgments were consistent whether Ss were told that 1/4, 1/2, or 3/4 of the patterns were random or if no proportion was specified. In a second experiment, Ss viewed a series of slides previously judged patterned followed by a recognition series with two additional patterned slides inserted in a series of otherwise random slides. Although slides were never labeled random or patterned, Ss made the most false recognitions for the two patterned slides. In another condition where random and patterned slides were reversed, most false recognitions were made for the two random slides. Both Gamer’s notion of hypothetical set size and an analysis of balanced elements fit the results, but the adequacy of both hypotheses can be questioned when applied to previous results with more complex patterns.
The effects of aluminum alloy microstructure on fatigue crack growth.

Abstract Measurements of the fatigue crack tip opening displacement and strain for the aluminum alloys 7075 and 7091 have been used together with a crack tip model to infer the relevant microstructural parameters affecting fatigue crack growth rate. The two alloys studied are metallurgically quite different: alloy 7075 is an ingot metallurgy material with large pancake grains, while alloy 7091 is prepared by powder metallurgy techniques, resulting in small tubular-shaped grains. However, careful microstructural measurements showed that the dispersoid mean free path for the two alloys was nearly the same and of the same magnitude as the relevant microstructural parameter derived using the model. It is concluded that dispersoids in aluminum alloys play a larger role in fatigue crack growth rate than is commonly recognized. The effects of environment are also considered in this paper.
Explaining the Black Homicide Rate

Despite the disproportionately high rate of homicide among African-Americans, social scientists have offered few theories to explain this phenomenon. However, the absence of explicit theory has not meant that researchers have failed to consider questions of the etiology of homicide among Blacks. Implicit theory derived from traditional, liberal race relations research has been an integral part of quantitative studies of Black homicide. This article reviews and critiques these explanations for racial difference in the rate of homicide and notes the extent to which they have been challenged by recent scholars.
Extraperoxisomal targets of peroxisome proliferators: mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytosolic effects. Implications for health and disease.

Peroxisome proliferators are a structurally diverse group of compounds that include the fibrate hypolipidemic drugs, the phthalate ester industrial plasticizers, the phenoxy acid herbicides, and the anti-wetting corrosion inhibitors perfluorinated straight-chain monocarboxylic fatty acids. Administration of these chemicals to rodents results in a number of effects, the most prominent being hepatomegaly and induction of peroxisomal enzyme activities. Several of these compounds have also been associated with the production of liver tumors in rodents and are classified as nongeno-toxic hepatocarcinogens. Experimental evidence suggests that humans are not susceptible to these effects following exposure to peroxisome-proliferating compounds. This has led to the proposal that an “actual threat to humans” from exposure to one of these compounds seems “rather unlikely”. Indeed, recent reports suggest that peroxisome proliferators may prove valuable as antitumor agents in humans. However, this assessment is prelim...
O-linked oligosaccharides are acquired by herpes simplex virus glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus.

Abstract The O-linked oligosaccharides on mature forms of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) glycoproteins were characterized, and were found to account largely for the lower electrophoretic mobilities of these forms relative to the mobilities of immature forms. Other posttranslational modifications of HSV1 glycoproteins (designated gB, gC, gD and gE) were related temporally to the discrete shifts in electrophoretic mobilities that signal acquisition of the O-linked oligosaccharides. Fatty acid acylation (principally of gE) could be detected just prior to the shifts, whereas conversion of high-mannosetype N-linked oligosaccharides to the complex type occurred coincident with the shifts. The addition of O-linked oligosaccharides did not occur in cells treated with the ionophore monensin or in a ricinresistant cell line defective in the processing of N-linked oligosaccharides. We conclude that extension of O-linked oligosaccharide chains on HSV1 glycoproteins, and probably also attachment of the first O-linked sugars, occurs as a late posttranslational modification in the Golgi apparatus.
Silencing of immunodominant epitopes by contiguous sequences in complex synthetic peptides.

Abstract We have previously shown that the T cell response to the synthetic peptide cI12–26:NP365–380 (covalently linked epitopes of λ repressor (cI) and influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) polypeptides) requires amino acid sequences located in the junctional region between the cI12–26 and NP365–380 epitopes in the H-2d and H-2k haplotypes. In this study, we show that the dominant epitope of cI12–26:NP365–380 in H-2b mice is also located within the junctional region of the peptide, indicating that the same amino acid sequence is immunodominant in three different H-2 haplotypes. Based on results using fixed APC, there was no qualitative difference in epitope recognition due to antigen processing. In addition, antigen presentation by APC expressing mutant I-A molecules constructed by hemiexon shuffling of regions of the molecule containing primarily β sheet or α helix showed that many different substitutions were permissive for at least one of the T hybridomas. More importantly, however, when the junctional sequences are covalently linked in composite synthetic peptides containing additional previously defined T cell epitopes, antigenicity of the immunodominant junctional region was silenced and a new epitope assumed immunodominance. Thus, immunodominance does not correlate with the primary amino acid sequence of the potential epitope. Instead, the immunodominant epitope is determined by complex interactions among the epitopes, which most likely depend on the structural conformation of the composite peptide.
Vagotomy does not alter cirannnual body weight cycles in the hibernator Citellus lateralis

To evaluate a hypothesized role of the vagus in the circannual metabolic cycle of hibernators, measures of annual weight gain, weight loss and cycle period were taken for the ground squirrel, Citellus lateralis, maintained in constant environmental conditions before and after subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. The surgery did not alter the peak weights attained, the lowest weights reached, or the period of the circannual cycle.
Nondiscriminative enhancement of taste responses by shock

When a palatable taste (conditioned stimulus, CS) is followed by a shock (unconditioned stimulus, UCS) that is delivered in a different environmental context, a transient facilitation in taste solution consumption is observed. The present results indicate that this effect is nondiscriminative and dependent upon the context in which the taste CS and shock UCS are delivered. The facilitation of taste solution consumption is interpreted to be the result of conditioned arousal, which is generated by the delivery of the shock UCS during taste-avoidance training.
Time Series Realizations Obtained According to an Experimental Design

Abstract This article presents a data analysis approach consisting of a synthesis of experimental design methods and spectral methods of time series analysis which is appropriate in exploratory situations where the recording process generates a long sequence of correlated observations.
Long-term maintenance of therapeutic cyclosporine levels leads to optimal graft survival without evidence of chronic nephrotoxicity.

Since the introduction of cylcosporine into clinical use, a major area of concern within the transplant community has been the fear of chronic nephrotoxicity. Although progressive renal damage does appear to occur in native kidneys of heart and liver transplant patients receiving cyclosporine, it has been our contention that its use is not a major cause of deterioration in renal allografts. We therefore undertook a study of 91 consecutive renal transplants performed over a three-year period with a minimum graft survival of 1 year and a follow-up of 7–9 years. Serial serum creatinine values, iothalamate clearances and cyclosporine levels were obtained at 3 months after transplantation and yearly thereafter. Biopsies were performed on all grafts that had failed as well as on the majority of patients with deteriorating renal function, and were interpreted by two nephropathologists. As measured by iothalamate clearances, 65 % of the patients in this series exhibited absolutely stable renal function despite the maintenance of cyclosporine levels of more than 200 ng/ml for 7–9 years. Since these stable patients did not reveal any decline in renal function, it therefore follows that they did not experience chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, none of the patients with declining renal function or with failed grafts showed any evidence of nephrotoxicity on biopsy. Chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity may be a cause of declining function or graft loss with renal transplant recipients, but if so, it is exceedingly rare.
Abundances of chlorine, bromine and iodine in meteorites

Cl, Br and I abundances in carbonaceous chondrites analyzed by neutron activation in estimating primordial halogen abundance ratios
Error analysis and thermal expansion measurement with electron-beam moiré

In this paper, the authors study erros incurred when using the experimental technique of electron-beam moire. There are two sources of error: error manifested as an apparent magnificant drift and error due to fringe tracing. The error due to fringe tracing is nearly negligible in comparison to the error due to magnification drift. By investigating the thermal expansion of commercially pure copper, the authors demonstrate the usefulness of the error estimate. The average result for the coefficient of thermal expansion is within 1.8 percent of handbook values for this materials, with a possible error due to apparent magnification drift of 9 percent.
Occult lymph node metastases posterior to the internal jugular vein

Supraomohyoid neck dissection is a reliable staging procedure in patients with oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and no clinical evidence of node metastases. We have recorded the yield and distribution of occult lymph node metastases in the fibro-fatty strip of tissue posterior to the internal jugular vein and beneath the sternomastoid in 35 neck dissections. Occult lymph node metastases were found in 12/35 (34%); 3 of these had metastases in the posterior strip, which were never in isolation. We think that it is worthwhile to sample the posterior strip. Firstly it removes tumour that would have been left behind in a small number of cases had a conventional supraomohyoid neck dissection been done, and secondly it enables postoperative radiotherapy to be targeted at the anterior triangle alone when the posterior strip is clear of tumour.
Mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin [LT(R192G)] enhances protective humoral and cellular immune responses to orally administered inactivated influenza vaccine.

Abstract Influenza vaccines capable of inducing both systemic and mucosal antibody responses are highly desirable. Optimal induction of mucosal IgA is accomplished by mucosal delivery of vaccine. Mucosal adjuvants may improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines delivered by this route. Here, we compare the adjuvant activities of a mutant of heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli [LT(R192G)] with those of the wildtype LT (wtLT) for oral vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine in BALB/c mice. Compared with administration of oral influenza vaccine alone, co-administration of vaccine with LT(R192G) provided enhanced protection from infection in the upper and lower respiratory tract equivalent to and at similar doses as that obtained with wtLT. Likewise, LT(R192G) augmented virus-specific IgG and IgA responses in serum, lung and nasal washes and the numbers of virus-specific antibody-forming cells in spleen, lung and Peyer’s patches in a manner comparable to wtLT. Virus-specific splenic CD4 + cells from mice administered oral vaccine with either adjuvant produced a mixed Th1- and Th2-type cytokine response pattern. Taken together, these results indicate that LT(R192G), like wtLT, is a potent adjuvant for oral vaccination of mice with influenza vaccine.
An axiomatic treatment of exception handling in an expression-oriented language

An axiomatic semantic definition is given of the replacement model of exception handling in an expression-oriented language. These semantics require only two new proof rules for the most general case. An example is given of a program fragment using this model of exception handling, and these rules are used to verify the consistency of the fragment and its specification.
Paradoxical augmentation of (-)Bay K 8644-induced calcium influx by nitrendipine.

Abstract (−)Bay K 8644 produced a concentration-dependent contraction of porcine coronary artery rings with the maximal contraction at 10 −6 M. Pretreatment of the rings with 10 −6 M nitrendipine inhibited (−)Bay K 8644-induced contraction, while pretreatment with 10 −8 M nitrendipine potentiated the contraction elicited by (−)Bay K 8644. (−)Bay K 8644 (10 −6 M) significantly stimulated Ca 2+ influx. Although 10 −8 M nitrendipine never stimulated Ca 2+ influx, Ca 2+ influx induced by (−)Bay K 8644 was significantly potentiated by pretreatment with 10 −8 M nitrendipine. Pretreatment with 10 −6 M nitrendipine significantly decreased Ca 2+ influx in tissues treated with (−)Bay K 8644. Our results suggest that the increased Ca 2+ influx might be involved in the mechanisms by which (−)Bay K 8644-induced contraction was potentiated by pretreatment with nitrendipine.
Expanding the concept of acculturation in Mexican American rehabilitation psychology research and practice.

UNLABELLED: The acculturation process is increasingly being viewed as an important variable that provides a context for understanding Mexican American health disparities. Although rehabilitation psychologists have noted the importance of utilizing acculturation in research and practice, scholars continue to use out-dated conceptualizations and models of acculturation. OBJECTIVES: The authors provide a brief overview of current trends in acculturation theory and research. Limitations of current rehabilitation research and how acculturation theory can help explain Mexican American health outcomes are discussed. Finally, recommendations for rehabilitation research and practice are provided. CONCLUSIONS: The authors recommend that rehabilitation scholars develop and test theoretical models that incorporate multiple dimensions of acculturation in order to understand how it influences Mexican American health outcomes. Rehabilitation professionals should incorporate acculturation theory and culturally informed interventions into rehabilitation practice with Mexican Americans.
Disentangling the relationships between job burnout and perceived health in a military sample

The reciprocal and longitudinal effects of job burnout and perceived health were examined in a sample of Air Force personnel (N = 1,009) deployed to the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and supporting locations. We estimated a structural equation model that described the relationships between the job burnout and perceived health and their effects on each other over time. The data fit the model exceedingly well as demonstrated by the goodness of fit measures (normed fit index, non-normed fit index, comparative fit index = 0.97, 0.99, 0.99, respectively, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.01). As hypothesized, burnout and perceived health are negatively associated with each other (r = −0.33). Over a one-year follow-up period, perceived health predicted a decrease in job burnout (β = −0.20) and job burnout predicted a decrease in perceived health (β = −0.10). The predicted effect of perceived health on job burnout was shown to be significantly larger than the effect of burnout on health. This latter finding is interpreted to result from the conceptualization and measurement of job burnout as limited to a single life domain and also to the possibility that job burnout fluctuates with changing working conditions over time more than perceived health. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keratinocyte Adherens Junctions Initiate Nuclear Signaling byTranslocation of Plakoglobin from the Membrane to the Nucleus

Because changes in cell-cell adhesion have profound effects on cellular behavior, we hypothesized a link between the adhesion and signaling functions of plakoglobin and β-catenin. To investigate the existence of adherens-junction-mediated signaling, we used peroxovanadate to tyrosine phosphorylate plakoglobin and β-catenin and to dissociate adherens junctions. The distribution of plakoglobin and β-catenin was determined by immunofluorescence, western blot analysis, pulse-chase radiolabeling, and biochemical subcellular fractionation. Coimmunoprecipitation studies from nuclear fractions, gel-shift assays, and transient transfections with T cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) optimized promoter reporter constructs were used to investigate the ability of plakoglobin and β-catenin that had redistributed from the membrane to the nucleus to form functional transcriptional regulatory complexes with TCF/LEF family member transcription factors. Tyrosine phosphorylation of plakoglobin and β-catenin resulted in their rapid translocation from the cell membrane to the nucleus. Nuclear translocation was associated with increased plakoglobin and decreased β-catenin binding to nuclear TCF/LEF and downregulation of gene transcription from TCF/LEF reporter constructs. These results are consistent with a signaling pathway initiated by structural changes in the adherens junction in which adherens-junction-derived plakoglobin regulates nuclear transcription by antagonizing the binding of β-catenin to TCF/LEF proteins.
Diagnostic Modeling of the Indian Monsoon Onset. Part I: Model Description and Validation

Abstract A new type of diagnostic model is developed and applied to the study of the onset of the Indian summer monsoon. The purpose of the model is to aid in the analysis of interactions between the physical processes that affect the monsoon onset. The model is one-dimensional and consists of a single atmospheric column coupled to an ocean mixed layer. The atmospheric component of the model includes representations of all the physical processes typically included in general circulation models, except that the fields of vertical motion and horizontal advection are specified at each time step from observational data rather than predicted. With these time-dependent observational inputs, the model is then integrated numerically to produce consistent profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity, together with energy budget components and other diagnostic quantities. The atmospheric model is based on the thermodynamic energy equation and a conservation equation for water. Parameterizations of the effects o...
Primary sociopathy (psychopathy) is a type, secondary is not

Recent studies lend support to the two-pathway model of the evolution of sociopathy with evidence that: 1) psychopathy (primary sociopathy) is a discrete type and 2) in general, sociopaths have relatively high levels of reproductive success. Hare's Psychopathy Checklist may provide a start for the revision of terminology that will be necessary to distinguish between primary and secondary trajectories.
La antropología literaria: Apuntes teóricos sobre su poblada soledad y su historicidad

This article delves into the Chilean Literary Anthropology (ALCH) to describe it as a textual genre pop, mutant and original, emerged in Chile in the last 40 years. A purpose of this transdisciplinary cultural phenomenon that suggests a cross between social sciences and literature, our hypothesis is to assert the existence in this "border textuality" of a gifted emerging genre of metalanguage itself, which shows contours and expressive textual identity. Their study is the scientific approach to a living phenomenon, remarkable cultural dimensions, while a negligible social scale by his spirit and transgressive practices, mobilizing the language, cultural subjects and aesthetic contexts psychosocial constructs high originality and expressive values, representing disciplinary texuales mutations and interesting to the human sciences.
Ménage à Trois: The Role of Neurotransmitters in the Energy Metabolism of Astrocytes, Glutamatergic, and GABAergic Neurons:

This work is a computational study based on a new detailed metabolic network model comprising well-mixed compartments representing separate cytosol and mitochondria of astrocytes, glutamatergic and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, communicating through an extracellular space compartment and fed by arterial blood flow. Our steady-state analysis assumes statistical mass balance of both carbons and amino groups. The study is based on Bayesian flux balance analysis, which uses Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques and provides a quantitative description of steady states when the two exchangers aspartate-glutamate carrier (AGC1) and oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) in the malate-aspartate shuttle in astrocyte are not in equilibrium, as recent studies suggest. It also highlights the importance of anaplerotic reactions, pyruvate carboxylase in astrocyte and malic enzyme in neurons, for neurotransmitter synthesis and recycling. The model is unbiased with respect to the glucose partitioning between cell types, and shows that determining the partitioning cannot be done by stoichiometric constraints alone. Furthermore, the intercellular lactate trafficking is found to depend directly on glucose partitioning, suggesting that a steady state may support different scenarios. At inhibitory steady state, characterized by high rate of GABA release, there is elevated oxidative activity in astrocyte, not in response to specific energetic needs.
Seasonal changes in androgen levels in stream- and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon parr and their relationship to smolting

In stream-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, plasma androgens were significantly greater in mature male parr than immature males and females in October, but had declined by January and did not differ significantly from immature fish throughout the spring. Immature fish in March were significantly larger and had greater gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity than their previously mature counterparts. Bimodal growth distribution was seen in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon and a proportion of the male fish in the lower mode matured. Plasma testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) were significantly elevated from September to December in mature male (1+ year) parr. In January, plasma androgens had declined in mature males and did not differ significantly from immature fish. By May all the hatchery fish were large enough to smolt and a proportion of the previously mature males had increased gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity. Therefore elevated androgens in the previous autumn do not prevent smolting. Parr with higher plasma T and 11-KT in April and May, that are presumably beginning to mature, had lower gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity, indicating that future maturation and associated increases in androgens may inhibit smolting.
Malignant Transformation of Human Fibroblast Cell Strain MSU-1.1 by N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea: Evidence of Elimination of p53 by Homologous Recombination

To determine whether N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) can induce malignant transformation of human fibroblasts and whether O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) is involved, two populations of infinite life span cell strain MISU-1.1, differing only in level of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase, were treated with MNU and assayed for focus formation. MNU caused a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of foci in both groups, but the dose required was significantly lower in the cells lacking O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase, indicating that O6-MeG was causally involved. Of 35 independent focus-derived strains assayed for p53 transactivating abilily, one was heterozygous, and 15 had lost all activity, 1 of 7 from untreated cells and 14 of 27 from MNU-treated cells. These results indicate that loss of p53 is not required for focus formation but may permit cells to form foci. Of 35 strains assayed for tumorigenicity, 10 formed malignant tumors with a short latency, all 10 lacked wild-type p53. The p53 heterozygous strain also formed tumors after a long latency, and the cells from those tumors lacked p53 transactivating ability. None of the 19 strains with wild-type p53 formed tumors. These results indicate that although loss of p53 is not sufficient for malignant transformation of MSU-1.1 cells, it may be necessary. Analysis of the p53 cDNA from several focus-derived strains lacking p53 activity revealed that each contained the same mutation, an A to G transition at codon 215, resulting in a change from serine to glycine. Because p53 can be inactivated by mutations at any one of a large number of sites, finding the same mutation in each strain assayed strongly suggests that the target population included a subpopulation of cells with this codon 215 mutation in one allele. Further analysis showed that all 15 focus-derived cells strains that lacked p53 transactivating activity contained two alleles, each with the same codon 215 mutation, and that the mutant allele in the heterozygous strain also had that mutatation. Analysis of the p arm of chromosome 17 of the focus-derived cell strains containing the codon 215 mutation revealed seven patterns of loss of heterozygosity, evidence of mitotic homologous recombination. Similar analysis of a separate series of cell strains, derived from foci induced by cobalt-60, revealed four patterns of loss of heterozygosity, only two of which had been found with those induced by MNU. These data suggest that homologous mitotic recombination, induced by O6-MeG in a subpopulation of cells heterozygous for p53 mutation, rendered the cells homozygous for loss of p53 activity, that this allowed the cells to form foci, and that although loss of p53 is not sufficient for malignant transformation, it predisposes cells to acquire the additional changes needed for such transformation.