cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 200 GHz Switchable Beam-Steering Phased Array Using Lens-Coupled Annular-Slot Antennas

We report the design and simulation of a THz switchable beam-steering phased array using lens-coupled annular-slot antennas (ASA). For a prototype demonstration, the antenna employed was designed on a high resistivity Si substrate with a radius of 106 um, and a gap width of 6 um (with return loss of 31.8 dB, and 10 dB bandwidth of 13%) for operation at 200 GHz. To achieve a reasonably low side lobe level, a 1×5 array with an element spacing of 0.56λ is utilized. The array is then attached to an extended hemi-spherical Si lens with a radius of 5 mm for high antenna efficiency in the THz region and the succeeding antenna elements are fed by a Nolen matrix and a high performance optically controlled switch network. By switching the input ports of the Nolen matrix, equal magnitude and unique progressive phase difference can be generated for feeding the antennas and steering the antenna beam. The simulation results show that five different beam angles (i.e., -33°, -15°, 0°, 15°, 33°) with the gain of around 15 dB can be achieved. The lens-coupled phased array has great potentials for advanced THz imaging and communication applications.
In Vivo and in Vitro Comparisons of Age-Related Fine Structural Changes in Cell Components

Although the study of aging cells and tissues dates back many decades, the majority of data gathered are biochemical, pharmacological, and physiological. Histological studies, particularly by electron microscopy, in comparison, have only begun to accumulate. In vivo and in vitro studies of aging cells have proceeded in parallel over the years with an ever increasingly important issue developing concerning the applicability of data gathered in vitro toin vivo situations. Very little information exists to support or not support this concept, partially because few have attempted to compare the two disciplines, but also because experimental gerontology is in its early stages of development as a research field, and scientists are still gathering base-line data.
Sustainable Scientific Research

Sustainability has a variety of different connotations but are often related to global resources – sometimes constrained by a country and the context. My focus here is the sustainability of doing high-level science in a developing country. This facet of sustainability is less well discussed because it depends largely on a nation’s long-term vision and goals for its citizens, the external image it wishes to project for itself, and the resources it can muster in support of its aspirations. But it also depends on the collective will of scientists as an international community. In the final analysis, this will be my main point.
Annular pancreas: Accompanied by an aberrant pancreatic nodule in the duodenum

Abstract 1. 1. A case of annular pancreas was found in a fifty year old male. 2. 2. An aberrant pancreatic nodule was present in the duodenum. 3. 3. Islet tissue was present in the annular lobe, in the greatly elongated uncinate process, and duodenal nodule. 4. 4. Other congenital anomalies were a free ascending and descending colon and hemangiomas of the liver. 5. 5. Pathological conditions noted were an atrophied gallbladder with a single stone, an enlarged spleen and adhesions between the liver and transverse colon. 6. 6. The most logical explanation for these cases seems to be a persistence of the left as well as the right ventral pancreatic buds.
HEXIM1 induction is mechanistically involved in mediating anti-AML activity of BET protein bromodomain antagonist

HEXIM1 induction is mechanistically involved in mediating anti-AML activity of BET protein bromodomain antagonist
Planning views to model planetary pits under transient illumination

This paper addresses the problem of planning views for modeling large, local, substantially 3D terrain features at long range from surface rovers. These include building-size and stadium size pits with vertical walls. Pits have been identified in recent high-resolution images of the Moon and Mars. Planetary pits are interesting scientific targets created by collapse, often exposing layers of bare rock in their walls, hinting at past volcanism and other subsurface processes with their morphology. Some offer glimpses into caves. This paper presents a pipeline for view trajectory planning that enables detailed modeling of planetary pits from surface rovers. Techniques for converting prior terrain knowledge into a planning problem are developed, methods for planning rover images are discussed, and a comparison of different image-based reconstruction methods for pit modeling is presented. Results from preliminary field experiments for the end-to-end view trajectory planning pipeline are presented.
Floorplan-aware low-complexity digital filter synthesis for low-power & high-speed

In this paper, we propose a floorplan-aware complexity reduction methodology for digital filters. The proposed scheme integrates high-level synthesis and floorplan to obtain improvement in both computational complexity and interconnect delay. Physical information of floorplan is incorporated into architecture synthesis. By considering interconnects while synthesizing reduced-complexity filters, the layout-centric architecture achieves better performance in the evolving scaled technologies. In our experiments, we achieved 15% improvement in critical-path delay over conventional design methodology.
Tissue-specific undermethylation of DNA sequences at the 5' end of the human apolipoprotein B gene.

Abstract The methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases HpaII and HhaI and the methylation-insensitive enzyme MspI were used to examine the methylation status of the 5' end of the human apolipoprotein B gene in cells in which the gene is transcriptionally active, such as HepG2 and CaCo-2 cells, and in HeLa cells, which do not express the gene. Several CCGG and GCGC sequences present in the region from -899 to +121 relative to the transcriptional start of the gene were undermethylated in HepG2 and CaCo-2 cells but methylated in HeLa cells. Because the region between -899 and +121 had previously been shown to exhibit tissue-specific promoter activity and to contain many DNaseI- and micrococcal nuclease-hypersensitive sites (Levy-Wilson, B., Fortier, C., Blackhart, B.D., and McCarthy, B.J. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 71-80), the current results suggest a correlation between undermethylation and nuclease sensitivity at the 5' end of the apolipoprotein B gene and expression of the gene.
Correlating the giant-monopole resonance to the nuclear-matter incompressibility

Differences in the density dependence of the symmetry energy predicted by nonrelativistic and relativistic models are suggested, at least in part, as the culprit for the discrepancy in the values of the compression modulus of symmetric nuclear matter extracted from the energy of the giant monopole resonance in ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}.$ ``Best-fit'' relativistic models, with stiffer symmetry energies than Skyrme interactions, consistently predict higher compression moduli than nonrelativistic approaches. Relativistic models with compression moduli in the physically acceptable range of $K=200--300\mathrm{MeV}\mathrm{}$ are used to compute the distribution of isoscalar monopole strength in ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}.$ When the symmetry energy is artificially softened in one of these models, in an attempt to simulate the symmetry energy of Skyrme interactions, a lower value for the compression modulus is indeed obtained. It is concluded that the proposed measurement of the neutron skin in ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb},$ aimed at constraining the density dependence of the symmetry energy and recently correlated to the structure of neutron stars, will also become instrumental in the determination of the compression modulus of nuclear matter.
Discovering Mira Ceti: Celestial Change and Cosmic Continuity

In the short narrative that follows I introduce two new heroes. Although we begin with Fabricius’s first sighting in 1596, the new pivot point in the drama is the collaboration between Hevelius and Boulliau that began around 1660. As it happens, Learned Europe paid little attention to Mira in the generation after the first scattered sightings of 1596, indeed, nearly 70 years passed before the New Star was given a working identity. Like Columbus discovering America, Fabricius and Holwarda saw different things—for convenience, I call them Fabricius’s Star and Holwarda’s Star. Hevelius’s Historiola (Danzig, 1662) and Boulliau’s Ad astronomos (Paris, 1667) presented a different vision. It made Mira famous. As I shall argue, if Hevelius gave Mira a history, Boulliau gave Mira a future.5 In the end, the New Star not only challenged the ancient cosmos, it became an enduring icon for the New Science, a returning reminder of celestial continuity and cosmic order.
Morbidity from anterior ilium bone harvest: A comparative study of lateral versus medial surgical approach

The morbidity of bone harvest was compared between anterior lateral and medial surgical approaches in a randomized prospective study. Forty consecutive patients, each requiring a minimum 40 cc of loose corticocancellous bone for maxillofacial reconstruction, were randomly placed into two equal groups. Morbidity vectors assessed included bone volume, blood loss, length of surgery, length of hospital stay, incidence of seroma, incidence of anterior thigh paresthesia, postoperative pain, and gait disturbance. The results demonstrated no significant difference in morbidity between these two approaches; therefore selection of either approach is the surgeon's personal preference. A thorough understanding of the osseous anatomy of the anterior ilium and its muscular attachments, a good surgical technique, an efficient surgical team, and a continuous flow of required surgical instruments are essential to reduce the morbidity of bone harvest.
Specific ion interactions with aromatic rings in aqueous solutions: Comparison of molecular dynamics simulations with a thermodynamic solute partitioning model and Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Specific ion interactions of KF, and the Na+ salts of SO42−, F−, Cl−, NO3−, I−, and ClO4− with benzene in aqueous solutions were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations and compared with experimental Raman multivariate curve resolution (Raman-MCR) and thermodynamic results. Good agreement is found with the hydration-shell partition coefficients of salts obtained from the thermodynamic analysis and of halogen anions obtained from the Raman-MCR spectra of benzene and pyridine. Larger discrepancies between the simulation and thermodynamic cation partitioning results point to the influence of counter-ion interaction on cation partitioning.
Self-reported help-seeking behaviors and treatment choices of adolescents regarding acne

Abstract: Acne vulgaris is a common condition affecting adolescents that they often choose to treat on their own rather than seek out and follow medical advice. Using data from an anonymous survey administered to 1,214 students in public middle and high schools in New Jersey, we compared the self-reported acne frequency, severity, and beliefs of students based on their help-seeking behaviors, treatment choices, and treatment adherence. Chi-square analyses were performed for data comparison. A large proportion of students in this sample (57%) treated their own acne, and a much smaller proportion (17%) have sought medical care. Students who saw a health professional reported acne of higher frequency and severity than those who did not (p = 0.01). Severity also appeared to affect treatment adherence, with students who adhered to recommended treatments reporting more frequent (p < 0.001) and more severe (p = 0.02) acne than those who chose to self-treat. Beliefs and knowledge varied most significantly according to treatment adherence. In conclusion, most adolescent students treat their own acne. Self-assessment of acne severity plays a significant role in the tendency to seek out and adhere to medical treatment. Beliefs and knowledge may also affect adherence, suggesting a role for physicians to influence adherence rates through patient education. Because the majority of students are getting information from nonphysician sources, there may be a need to evaluate the resources they are using to make sure they are receiving appropriate, helpful information.
Anisotropy in central part of inner core

The anisotropy in the central part of the inner core has been difficult to study because of the paucity of PKP data at antipodal distances, especially for those paths running nearly north-south (polar paths). In this paper, we systematically search through the International Seismological Center (ISC) picks of PKIKP travel times for polar paths at near-antipodal distances reported recently by Su and Dziewonski [1995]. Corresponding seismograms were obtained from the Worldwide Standardized Seismographs Network (WWSSN) film chip library at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. By using seismograms, we can impose quality control on the data, measure differential times (AB-DF in this case) by cross correlation and use long-period waveforms if available. Nonpolar paths at near-antipodal distances are assembled as well, to address biases from lateral variation in the lowermost mantle on AB-DF times. Our results show large AB-DF residuals of 2 to 8 s for the polar paths at near-antipodal distances. Moreover, the absolute DF travel times for the polar paths exhibit fast anomalies of the same magnitude relative to nonpolar paths, while AB times show no obvious difference between polar and nonpolar paths. These observations are consistent with an axisymmetric anisotropy of ∼3% around the spin axis throughout the bulk of the inner core, with the possibility of even stronger anisotropy near Earth's center. This degree of anisotropy is still greater than what the most recent models based on normal modes would indicate.
Do risk management activities impact earnings volatility

Abstract This study investigates whether changes in the quality of risk management are associated with changes in earnings volatility. Our findings are consistent with firms achieving lower earnings volatility by implementing higher quality risk management systems. These results are robust across profit and loss firms, although the economic impact of risk management quality is more pronounced for loss firms. Our results provide evidence as to how companies accomplish market performance through a quality risk management framework, and offer a reason why companies should allocate resources toward risk oversight. In addition, our results also suggest that recent public policy initiatives to improve risk management practices have tangible rather than superficial benefits to external stakeholders.
Economic Aspects of Lung Volume Reduction Surgery

Objective To investigate the economics of lung volume reduction surgery. Design Medical center and physician charges obtained from billing records. Setting Academic health center. Patients Twenty-three consecutive patients undergoing lung volume reduction surgery at a single institution who were discharged from the hospital prior to November 1, 1995. Outcome measures Length of hospital stay, mortality, medical center charges and professional fees, and sponsor reimbursement. Results Median hospital stay was 8.0 days and there were no deaths. The median charge was $26,669 (range, $20,032 to $75,561) of which 73% was for medical center services and 27% was for physician services. Fees for medical center rooms and operating suite time accounted for 71% of medical center charges. Charges by surgeons and anesthesiologists accounted for 77% of professional fees. Total charges were directly related to length of stay (r 2 = 0.95). Median reimbursement for medical center services was $22,264 (114%; range, $13,333 to $123,362) and for physician services was $2,783 (34%; range, $2,597 to $11,265), resulting in a median total reimbursement that represented 94% of total charges. The median reimbursement-to-cost ratio was 1.22, compared with 1.05 for all medical services in fiscal year 1995. Conclusions These data must now be assessed relative to outcomes such as quality of life, patient function, and long-term survival to determine cost-effectiveness of lung volume reduction surgery.
Anatomy of a code. How do you feel at the start of a code blue

Prepare for a code by recognizing breathing and circulation signs before trouble occurs. Know when to call a code, and how to move past your adrenaline rush to act effectively.
A relational theory of self-deception

Abstract The authors argue that the fragmentary model of consciousness implied in the term ‘self-deception’ has provided the chief metaphor for explaining the apparent discrepancies that can arise between the evaluation of a motivated observer and the evaluation of a less interested external observer. Though self-deception models have explained these discrepancies in terms of both a dualistic opaque consciousness and in terms of cognitive and affective processes, all of these accounts seem to rest on the same essential fragmentation of the psyche. The authors argue that a relational model of consciousness, one that claims the indissolubility of cognition and affect, object and perception, and of past, present, and future can account for the apparent discrepancies involved in the paradigmatic cases of self-deception in a more parsimonious and phenomenologically faithful way than more objectivist and fragmented accounts of self-deception.
The Bézier tangential surface system: a robust dual representation of tangent space

This paper develops a robust dual representation for the tangent space of a rational surface. This dual representation of tangent space is a very useful tool for visibility analysis. Visibility constructs that are directly derivable from the dual representation of this paper include silhouettes, bitangent developables and kernels.It is known that the tangent space of a surface can be represented by a surface in dual space, which we call a tangential surface. Unfortunately, a tangential surface is usually infinite. Therefore, for robust computation, the points at infinity must be clipped from a tangential surface. This clipping requires two complementary refinements, the first to allow clipping and the second to do the clipping. First, three cooperating tangential surfaces are used to model the entire tangent space robustly, each defined within a box. Second, the points at infinity on each tangential surface are clipped away while preserving everything that lies within the box. This clipping only involves subdivision along isoparametric curves, a considerably simpler process than exact trimming to the box. The isoparametric values for this clipping are computed as local extrema from an analysis using Sederberg's piecewise algebraic curves.A construction of the tangential surface of a parametric surface is outlined, and it is shown how the tangential surface of a Bezier surface can be expressed as a rational Bezier surface.
Effect of surgical isolation of the hypothalamus on its neurotransmitter content.

Abstract The concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, serotonin, tryptophan hydroxylase, histamine, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and choline acetyltransferase were determined in selected hypothalamic nuclei and in the median eminence after deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus. Norepinephrine and dopamine-β-hydroxylase fell markedly while dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase did not. Serotonin also decreased in all regions studied; histamine decreased in none. Choline acetyltransferase, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase declined in some areas, but not in others.
The origin of reversible and irreversible photostructural changes in chalcogenide glasses

Abstract A model is proposed that describes both reversible and irreversible photo-structural changes in vitreous and amorphous chalcogenides as resulting from recombination-induced bond rearrangements that accumulate during exposure time to produce a more disordered structure. The final light-saturated state depends on temperature, pressure, and light intensity and is characterized by diminished medium-range order. Reversible effects such as reversible photodarkening occur when the initial state is the annealed state. Irreversible structural changes such as photopolymerization and photodensification begin from initial states that are defined by material preparation conditions and are substantially different from the annealed state. Compositional trends observed in reversible photodarkening are discussed.
Enzymatic sulfation of bile salts. Partial purification and characterization of an enzyme from rat liver that catalyzes the sulfation of bile salts

Abstract An enzyme system which catalyzes the transfer of sulfate group from 3′phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate to bile salts has been identified and characterized from rat liver. The enzyme is present in the cytosol fraction of liver cells. The apparent K m value for 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate was 8 · 10 −6 M and that for taurolithocholate was 5 · 10 −5 M. Sulfation occurred with conjugated as well as unconjugated bile salts, however the rate of sulfation was higher with conjugated than unconjugated. The enzyme was present in rat liver and kidney, but not detectable in brain, lung, heart, spleen or intestinal mucosa. The activity is completely inhibited by p- chloromercuribenzoate indicating the enzyme requires a sulfhydryl group for activity. A molecular weight of 130 000 was estimated by gel-filtration technique and the enzyme shows an isoelectric point of 5.3.
High-Strength Concrete Columns Reinforced with Prefabricated Cage System

A new steel reinforcement system is introduced to be used in concrete columns. This new reinforcement, named Prefabricated Cage System (PCS), is an alternative to the rebar cage used in traditional reinforced concrete for faster, easier, and more reliable construction. PCS reinforcement is prefabricated off-site and then placed inside the formwork eliminating the time-consuming and costly labor associated with cutting, bending, and tying steel bars in traditional rebar construction. The axial strength, confinement, and displacement capacity of 15 small-scale column specimens reinforced with PCS and conventional rebar are experimentally investigated. The behavior of PCS specimens is evaluated and compared with that of similar rebar reinforced concrete columns. The effect of several parameters, such as steel tube thickness, opening dimensions, number and spacing of longitudinal and transverse steel, on the strength and displacement capacity is also investigated. Test results have shown that the axial load c...
Regeneration of Arabidopsis callus in vitro

This paper reports on an easy and reproducible method of regenerating Arabidopsis plants from callus culture. A combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in a Murashige and Skoog's (MS) based medium gives a high percentage of shoot formation in several genotypes.
Prefrontal cortex reactivity underlies trait vulnerability to chronic social defeat stress

Psychological stress contributes to the onset and exacerbation of nearly all neuropsychiatric disorders. Individual differences in stress-regulatory circuits can therefore dramatically affect vulnerability to these illnesses. Here we identify neural circuit mechanisms underlying individual differences in vulnerability to stress using a murine model of chronic social defeat stress. In chronically stressed mice, we find that the degree of prefrontal cortex (PFC) control of amygdala activity predicts stress susceptibility in individual mice. Critically, we also find that individual differences in PFC activation (that is, reactivity) during exposure to an aggressor mouse predict the emergence stress-induced behavioural deficits in stress-naive mice. Finally, we show that naturally occurring differences in PFC reactivity directly correspond to the intrinsic firing rate of PFC neurons. This demonstrates that naturally occurring differences in PFC function underlie individual differences in vulnerability to stress, raising the hypothesis that PFC modulation may prevent stress-induced psychiatric disorders.
An extended first approximation model for the amygdaloid kindling phenomenon

A first approximation model, which accounts for the strongest phenomena defining kindling is suggested. It is based on an excitatory-inhibitory coupling of neural aggregates, to which a self-stimulation element for the excitatory aggregate was added. The functional linking hypothesis views the representation of kindling as a process of gradual transition through structural changes from a stable system to a system showing stability for small perturbations and an oscillatory orbit for larger perturbations, to a purely oscillatory system. The anatomical linking hypothesis views the excitatory aggregate as representing the hypothalamus, the inhibitory aggregate as representing the hippocampal-septal-preoptic complex, and the selfstimulating element of the excitatory aggregate as representing the amygdaloid-pyriform complex. The model was realized on a digital computer with graphic capabilities and showed good qualitative agreement with the experimental data related to kindling. In addition, the use of the model for generating new experiments is discussed.
Postmodernism's desire for simulated death: Andy Warhol's car crashes , J. G. Ballard's crash, and Don Delillo's white noise

(2002). Postmodernism's desire for simulated death: Andy Warhol's car crashes , J. G. Ballard's crash, and Don Delillo's white noise. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 21-50.
Towards usable Web privacy and security

Internet users now rely on a whole arsenal of tools to protect their security and privacy. Experts recommend that computer users install personal firewalls, anti-virus software, spyware blockers, spam filters, cookie managers, and a variety of other tools to keep themselves safe. Users are told to pick hard-to-guess passwords, use a different password at every Web site, and not to write any of their passwords down. They are told to read privacy policies before providing personal information to Web sites, look for lock icons before typing in a credit card number, refrain from opening email attachments from people they don't know, and even to think twice about opening email attachments from people they do know. With so many do's and don'ts, it is not surprising that much of this advice is ignored. In this talk I will highlight usability problems that make it difficult for people to protect their privacy and security on the Web, and I will discuss a number of approaches to addressing these problems.
Hematopoietic differentiation and production of mature myeloid cells from human pluripotent stem cells.

In this paper, we describe a protocol for hematopoietic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and generation of mature myeloid cells from hPSCs through expansion and differentiation of hPSC-derived lin−CD34+CD43+CD45+ multipotent progenitors. The protocol comprises three major steps: (i) induction of hematopoietic differentiation by coculture of hPSCs with OP9 bone marrow stromal cells; (ii) short-term expansion of multipotent myeloid progenitors with a high dose of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; and (iii) directed differentiation of myeloid progenitors into neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, macrophages and osteoclasts. The generation of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors from hPSCs requires 9 d of culture and an additional 2 d to expand myeloid progenitors. Differentiation of myeloid progenitors into mature myeloid cells requires an additional 5–19 d of culture with cytokines, depending on the cell type.
Convergence of transverse shear stresses in the finite element analysis of plates

If bending moments converge at a sufficiently fast rate, it is proved that transverse shear stress resultants calculated from the moment equilibrium equation also converge. The result holds independent of the plate theory or type of element employed.
The State of the HIV Epidemic in Latin America and the Caribbean: Policy Recommendations

The objective of this paper is to obtain estimates of the effect of HIV prevalence on economic performance in selected economies of Latin America using a panel regression to identify plausible interventions to fight the epidemic in the region and ameliorate the negative effect of this epidemic on human capital accumulation. Due to the suspicion that either all variables of interest are endogenous, or the explanatory variables are mainly lagged variables, this analysis requires the construction of an econometric device to model multivariate time series. Even though, the epidemic remains at relative low levels compared with other countries and seemingly has not caused harm to the economy, there are worrisome signs showing the potential risk of not taking the proper course of action to make sure that the HIV epidemic would not get out of control as has occurred in others part of the world.
Reliability of patient history in determining the possibility of pregnancy.

In an effort to assess the reliability of patient history in excluding pregnancy, we studied the correlation between specific historical factors and the presence of a positive qualitative serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin assay. Two hundred eight patients were studied, and information was collected prospectively on a variety of historical criteria. Three historical variables were statistically less likely to be associated with pregnancy: last menstrual period that was on time, the patient thinking she was not pregnant, and the patient stating there was no chance she could be pregnant ( P
High pressure hydrogen effect on creep-rupture properties of superalloys

The automotive Stirling engine, being developed by the United States Department of Energy and NASA, uses highpressure hydrogen as the working fluid. The longterm effects of hydrogen at high temperature on the properties of alloys are relatively unknown. The most critical component in the engine is the heater head, which consists of the cylinders, tubings, and regenerator housing. Candidate alloys for these parts must meet the property requirements and be of low cost for automotive application. Wrought alloys for tubing and cast alloys for cylinders and regenerator housings were tested in air and 15 MPa hydrogen at 650° to 925 °C. This paper evaluates the results for wrought alloy 19-9DL and cast alloy CRM-6D. Six specimens were evaluated in creeprupture simultaneously at 15 MPa H2 under constant initial stress conditions, and creep extensions were monitored with transducers placed internally. Air and H2 data were analyzed using the Orowan-Sherby-Dorn relationship. In both 19-9DL and CRM-6D, H2 did not significantly affect the stress level of 3500- hour rupture life, and the design limits of 28 MPa at 870 °C for 19-9DL tube alloy and 119 MPa at 775 °C for CRM-6D cast housing alloys were met. However, H2 had a deleterious effect on ductility in both alloys, and alloy development is under way.
Natal social environment influences habitat selection later in life

Habitat selection is an important decision in the life histories of many animals and has implications for many issues in ecology, evolution and conservation biology. Natal experiences may shape adult habitat selection behaviours, but the effects of natal social environment on these decisions are largely unknown. Here we provide an experimental test of the effects of natal social experience on adult habitat selection in the cactus bug, Chelinidea vittiger (Hemiptera: Coreidae). We found that females reared in groups were more likely to forage socially as adults than females that were reared alone; however, males consistently avoided joining conspecifics regardless of natal social experience. Our work reveals that cues gathered early in life can have effects that extend across life stages to influence adult habitat selection and social behaviours. Furthermore, the discovery of these patterns in a subsocial invertebrate demonstrates that adult responsiveness to natal social conditions is not restricted to highly social species, and may be common across taxa.
Catalyzed relaxation of a metastable DNA fuel

Practically all of life's molecular processes, from chemical synthesis to replication, involve enzymes that carry out their functions through the catalytic transformation of metastable fuels into waste products. Catalytic control of reaction rates will prove to be as useful and ubiquitous in nucleic-acid-based engineering as it is in biology. Here we report a metastable DNA "fuel" and a corresponding DNA "catalyst" that improve upon the original hybridization-based catalyst system (Turberfield et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 118102-1- 118102-4) by more than 2 orders of magnitude. This is achieved by identifying and purifying a fuel with a kinetically trapped metastable configuration consisting of a "kissing loop" stabilized by flanking helical domains; the catalyst strand acts by opening a helical domain and allowing the complex to relax to its ground state by a multistep pathway. The improved fuel/catalyst system shows a roughly 5000-fold acceleration of the uncatalyzed reaction, with each catalyst molecule capable of turning over in excess of 40 substrates. With kcat /KM 10 7 /M/min, comparable to many protein enzymes and ribozymes, this fuel system becomes a viable component enabling future DNA-based synthetic molecular machines and logic circuits. As an example, we designed and characterized a signal amplifier based on the fuel-catalyst system. The amplifier uses a single strand of DNA as input and releases a second strand with unrelated sequence as output. A single input strand can catalytically trigger the release of more than 10 output strands.
Do Eye Hospitals Have a Role in Our Future

Eye hospitals, originally founded to care for the poor, have developed into academic centers and tertiary "hospitals of last resort." Inexorable economic pressures, especially price competition, are likely to close many of them, particularly those which are marginal in quality or management. Survival of the remainder may further depend on their ability to adapt to a rapidly changing environment and to fulfill, better than anyone else, the special mission of basic and clinical research and training. Society must be convinced that some of these complex, highly differentiated, relatively expensive eye hospitals are significant national resources, serve the public welfare, and are worth preserving.
Thermodynamic studies of zeolites: clinoptilolite

Calorimetric studies are described of a carefully characterized specimen of clinoptilolite (Malheur County, Oregon, U.S.A.) of composition: S r 0.036 M g 0.124 C a 0.761 M n 0.002 B a 0.062 K 0.543 N a 0.954 A l 3.450 F e 0.017 S i 14.533 O 36.000 ⋅ 10.922 H 2 O . Values are reported of the standard molar enthalpies of formation ΔfHom at 298.15 K and of the standard molar enthalpy increments {Hom(T) − Hom(298.15 K)} for both clinoptilolite and dehydrated clinoptilolite, as well as the low-temperature molar heat capacity Cop,m and, by derivation, the standard molar entropy increment {Som(T) − Som(0)} for clinoptilolite alone. The conventional thermodynamic properties have been calculated for both compounds.
The Status of "Cold Fusion",

Abstract The questions raised by reports of nuclear reactions at low energies, so called `cold fusion', are not yet answered to the satisfaction of many scientists. Further experimental investigations of these and related questions seems desirable, at least for scientific if not practical reasons. Properly conducted, such investigations would be indistinguishable from normal research. They would yield information germane to accepted areas of scientific inquiry and technological utility.
Almost periodic Schrödinger operators: III. The absolutely continuous spectrum in one dimension

We studyH=−d2/dx2+V(x) withV(x) limit periodic, e.g.V(x)=Σancos(x/2n) with Σ∣an∣<∞. We prove that for a genericV (and for generican in the explicit example), σ(H) is a Cantor (≡ nowhere dense, perfect) set. For a dense set, the spectrum is both Cantor and purely absolutely continuous and therefore purely recurrent absolutely continuous.
INDUCTION OF SUPERNUMERARY MOLTING BY STARVATION IN MANDUCA SEXTA LARVAE

Studies were carried out on the effects of prolonged starvation on the development of fifth- (last-) instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. Following ecdysis, larvae were starved for varying lengths of time and subsequently fed normal diet. The percent of starved larvae molting to sixth instars increased, while the percent survival decreased with increasing length of the starvation period. When larvae were provided with agar as a source of water during the starvation period, the percent survival increased, but the percent undergoing supernumerary molting decreased. The optimal condition for maximum survival and supernumerary molting appeared to be 3 days of starvation with 0.5–1.0 g of agar provided on day 0. The endocrine basis for the supernumerary larval molt induced by starvation is briefly discussed. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG INDUKTION ZUSATZLICHER HAUTUNGEN DURCH HUNGERN BEI MANDUCA SEXTA LARVEN Es wurden Studien durchgefuhrt uber die Effekte langeren Hungerns auf die Entwicklung des funften (letzten) Larvenstadiums bei Manduca sexta. Nach der Hautung wurden die Larven wahrend unterschiedlicher Zeit ohne Nahrung gelassen und dann mit normalem Futter versehen. Der Prozentsatz Hautungen fur ein sechstes Larvenstadium nahm mit der Dauer des Hungerns zu, wahrend die Ueberlebensrate abnahm. Wenn Agar als Quelle fur Wasser gereicht wurde, wurden beide Effekte vermindert. Die optimalen Verhaltnisse fur maximales Uberleben und zusatzliches Hauten scheinen bei 3 Tagen Hunger mit 0.5–1.0 Gramm Agar am Tage 0 zu sein. Die endokrinologische Basis fur die zusatzliche Larvenhautung wird kurz diskutiert.
UV Radiation and human health effects

In this chapter we describe some of the potential effects of increased UVB radiation, due to stratospheric ozone depletion, on human health. These effects include immune suppression, and its role in skin cancer and infectious disease development. We describe also the association between UVB and cataract development. The concern about increased UVB radiation and its impact on human health stems from reports of continuous ozone depletion. For example, the high chlorine levels presently in the stratosphere predict that ozone depletion will last through most of the next century. Currently, conservative estimates indicate that global ozone in the Northern hemisphere, from 30-60° N latitude, has been decreasing at a rate of between 0.25% and 0.3% per year, using 1970 as the baseline. Thus, we are already in a deficit mode of about 4 to 5% within that latitude range. For higher latitudes the losses are greater, in the order of 10% or more. More recent regional intermittent measurements, e.g. from Siberia and Canada, have indicated even greater ozone losses, with some occasions showing depletions of as much as 40%. Generally speaking, for each 1% decrease in stratospheric ozone there is an estimated 1 to 2% increase in UVB radiation transmitted to the earth. How much of this UVB radiation is attenuated by clouds, rain and pollution (e.g. tropospheric ozone is increasing) is a question of considerable interest and debate as UVB attenuation by such factors can be significant. However, it is clear that not every day is cloudy, polluted, or rainy, all the time over every populated area. Thus, the exposure of people, plants, animals and marine organisms to increased UVB radiation is inevitable. Some changes in human health, of the types described, can therefore be expected to occur over the coming years.
Virtual Reference Desk 2004

Purpose – To report on the 6th Virtual Reference Desk (VRD) 2004 Conference held in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 2004.Design/methodology/approach – The VRD Conference is a two day meeting, organized annually by the Information Institute of Syracuse University, that focuses on the latest reference trends. The report is prepared by a library professional.Findings – The conference was divided into the following tracks: Management, General, Evaluation/Standards, Technology, Resources, Research/Policy and Vendor Demonstrations. Generally there were six simultaneous sessions. The report includes sessions primarily from the Management and Evaluation/Standards tracks.Originality/value – A brief conference report of interest to library and information management professionals.
iRelate: A Comprehensive Approach Empowering Young Marines to Succeed at Intimate Relationships

As a result of the high rate at which young Marines are getting married and divorced, a group of Navy chaplains created a new comprehensive three stage intervention program entitled, Intimate Relationships Awareness, Training, and Enrichment program (iRelate) to address the various relationship needs of the single, engaged, and married Marines. This article presents preliminary program evaluation data for Stage I and Stage II of the iRelate program, with additional data from Marines that are engaged to be married and Marines that were in the process of getting divorced. Results showed, prior to attending Stage I and Stage II of the program, Marines presented with high levels of marriage idealism and overconfidence. Twenty-nine percent stated, because they are Marines, they are capable of taking on adult responsibilities and 32.4 % believed that marriage would require some effort. Of the Marines that were in the process of getting divorced, 40 % indicated that they were too young to be married, 50 % stated if they could do it over again they would have taken more time to get to know their spouse prior to getting married. The post course data indicated that the Marines’ level of idealism and overconfidence decreased, as 63.2 % of the Marines developed a more realistic expectation of marriage, by realizing that marriage will require a lot of hard work. Additionally, Marines felt more prepared for their marriage [t (177) = 7.62, p < 0.001, r2 = 0.25] suggesting that the program offers a significant benefit to the Marines.
Development of the EXITE Detector: A New Imaging Detector for 20 - 300 keV Astronomy

We report on the development and testing of a detector to be used in the Energetic X-ray Imaging Telescope Experiment (EXITE). It consists of a 34 cm diameter NaI(Tl) cyrstal coupled directly to a single large image intensifier tube with associated silicon PIN diode readout. The measured spatial and energy resolutions at 122 keV are 6mm (FWHM) and 9% (FWHM), respectively. This energy resolution is ~50% better than that of any previously flown hard x-ray experiment. These resolutions decrease with the square root of the energy of the incident x-ray, indicating that they are determined by the number of photons emitted in the NaI(Tl) scintillator light flash.
The influence of selected water quality parameters on the decay rate and exoenzymatic activity of detritus of Nymphaea alba L. floating leaf blades in laboratory experiments

A chemostat study was conducted to investigate the influence of water quality parameters related to acidification processes on the decomposition of floating leaves of Nymphaea alba L. HCOinf3sup−and total Al concentration and pH influenced the decay rate. The activity of four cell-wall decaying exoenzymes was measured in the detritus. The activity of two types of pectic enzyme and xylanase was low under acid conditions. Cellulase activity was little affected. The exoenzyme activity seemed to be influenced by the pH of the water within the detritus. Inhibition of pectic enzymes under acid conditions may be an important factor causing the slow decay of macrophyte remains in acid waters.
Fast computation of Andrews’ smallest part statistic and conjectured congruences

Abstract Let spt ( n ) denote Andrews’ smallest part statistic. Andrews discovered congruences for spt ( n ) mod 5 , 7 and 13 which are reminiscent of Ramanujan’s classical partition congruences for moduli 5, 7, and 11. We create an algorithm exploiting a recursive pattern in Andrews’ smallest part statistic, spt ( n ) , to generate modular residues of spt values in quadratic time and linear working memory. We use this algorithm to acquire the first million values of spt ( n ) . On the basis of the data, we make conjectures about the existence of hundreds of thousands of new congruences including a simple modulus 11 congruence that was found and proved independently by Garvan.
Zinc fingers: gilt by association.

A major focus of molecular biology is the identification of mechanisms by which eukaryotic gene transcription is regulated in a precise temporal and spatial fashion. The identification of transcriptional factors with the ability to recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences has provided important clues to elucidating these mechanisms. X-ray crystallographic analysis of prokaryotic DNA binding proteins such as lambda repressor and cro revealed a common helix-turn-helix motif responsible for their interaction with DNA(Pabo and Sauer, Ann. Rev. Biothem. 53, 293-321, 1984). The notion that this structure is universally used for specific DNA interaction was challenged by Klug’s recognition of a new DNA binding motif in Xenopus laevis transcription factor TFIIIA: the zinc finger (Miller et al., EMBO J. 4, 1609-1614, 1985). Although originally recognized in an RNA polymerase Ill transcription factor, recent analysis has revealed potential metal binding fingers as a surprisingly common structure in a variety of nucleic acid binding proteins (for review see Berg, Science 232,485-487, 1986), including factors likely to influence polymerase II transcription. Finger Structure and Metal Binding Isolation and comparison of cDNAs encoding potential finger proteins indicate the existence of at least two classes of proteins with specific nucleic acid recognition capabilities. These classes are characterized according to the number and position of the cysteine and histidine residues available for zinc coordination (see table). The &HZ class is typified by TFIIIA and is comprised of proteins containing, as the basic structural unit, pairs of cysteines and histidines separated by a loop of twelve amino acids. Although most easily visualized as a finger of amino acids anchored by zinc and projecting from the surface of the protein (see figure, part A), an alternate view, inferred from structures of known metalloproteins, suggests the more complex model depicted in part B of the figure (Berg, PNAS 85, 99-102, 1988). In the C2H2 proteins identified, the finger motif is tandemly repeated a minimum of two times with a 7 to 8 amino acid linker separating the units (the H/C link). In contrast to the C2H2 group, the C, proteins have a variable number of conserved cysteines available for metal chelation. For the yeast transcriptional factors, such as GAL4, the putative finger region exists as a cluster of six invariant cysteines (C, family), whereas the steroid receptors contain two apparently unrelated fingers encoded by separate exons (Huckaby et al., PNAS 84, 8380-8384, 1987) with four (C,) and five (C,) conserved Minireview
Probing the Role of Hydration in the Unfolding Transitions of Carbonmonoxy Myoglobin and Apomyoglobin

We show that the equilibrium unfolding transition of horse carbonmonoxy myoglobin monitored by the stretching vibration of the CO ligand, a local environmental probe, is very sharp and, thus, quite different from those measured by global conformational reporters. In addition, the denatured protein exhibits an A0-like CO band. We hypothesize that this sharp transition reports penetration of water into the heme pocket of the protein. Parallel experiments on horse apomyoglobin, wherein an environment-sensitive fluorescent probe, nile red, was used, also reveals a similar putative hydration event. Given the importance of dehydration in protein folding and also the recent debate over the interpretation of probe-dependent unfolding transitions, these results have strong implications on the mechanism of protein folding.