cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of the temporal and spatial variability of Arctic and Antarctic atmospheric circulation based upon ERA-40

Abstract A survey of the spatial and temporal behavior of the atmospheric general circulation as it relates to both polar regions is presented. The review is based on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40-year reanalysis (ERA-40), updated using ECMWF operational analyses. The analysis spans 1960–2005 in the Northern Hemisphere, but is restricted to 1979–2005 in the Southern Hemisphere because of difficulties experienced by ERA-40 prior to the modern satellite era. The seasonal cycle of atmospheric circulation is illustrated by focusing on winter and summer. The huge circulation contrasts between the land-dominated Northern Hemisphere and the ocean-dominated Southern Hemisphere stand out. The intensification of the North Atlantic Oscillation/Northern Annular Mode and the Southern Annular Mode in DJF is highlighted and likely due to warming of the tropical Indian Ocean. The Arctic frontal zone during northern summer and the semi-annual oscillation throughout the year in the Southern Hemisphere are prominent features of the high latitude circulation in the respective hemispheres. Rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) is used to describe the primary modes of temporal variability affecting both polar regions, especially the links with the tropical forcing. The North Atlantic Oscillation is a key modulator of the atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic sector, especially in winter, and is the dominant control on the moisture transport into the Arctic Basin. The Pacific-South American teleconnection patterns are primary factors in the high southern latitude circulation variability throughout the year, especially in the Pacific sector of Antarctica where the majority of moisture transport into the continent occurs.
Deposition-temperature dependence of structural anisotropy in amorphous Tb-Fe films

The anisotropic local structure in a series of amorphous ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{26}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{74}$ films deposited at different deposition temperatures and having different magnetic anisotropy energies have been investigated using polarization-dependent extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure measurements. Samples deposited at temperatures \ensuremath{\ge}300 K exhibit anisotropic pair correlations where like atomic pairs are favored in plane and unlike pairs are favored out of plane. Both the anisotropic pair correlations and the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy increase with increasing deposition temperature. In contrast, a sample deposited at 77 K was found to have isotropic pair correlations, low perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, and a large (\ensuremath{\approxeq}1%) in-plane compression.
Numerical solution of the Fokker-Planck equation via chebyschev polynomial approximations with reference to first passage time probability density functions

Abstract Chebyschev approximations are employed to solve the one-dimensional, time-dependent Fokker-Planck (forward Kolmogrov) equation in the presence of two barriers a finite “distance” apart. Solutions are presented for the fundamental intervals (−1, +1) and (0, +1). In order to speed up the calculations, sparse matrix routines are utilized. The first passage time probability density function is also evaluated. Illustrative numerical results are presented for the Wiener process with drift, and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process for a variety of combinations of boundary conditions.
Household Consumption Behavior: Understanding, Measurement, and Applications in Policy-Oriented Research

Phrases commonly used by economists often tell more about our intellectual habits than is realized. One such phrase is "received theory," which carries the connotation that theory has been received from on high, perhaps inscribed on a new tablet, and the empirical analyst merely takes the theory as provided and proceeds with his analysis. Such a practice is to be avoided in many cases but especially so in the area of household consumption behavior. The analyst should approach the choice of the theoretical constructs at least as carefully as he would the selection of statistical methodology, with due consideration for its effectiveness in the role contemplated. Measures of what consumers do and of why they do those things are needed. The why's must be in terms of observable phenomena in order to be useful to the analyst, as theory that cannot be put into measurable forms is not useful.
Geomorphology: How Tibet might keep its edge.

The stability of the margins of the Himalayan–Tibetan mountain belt constitutes a puzzle. Repeated damming of major Tibetan rivers by glaciers, so controlling river erosion, is a possible explanation. Much attention has focused on how and when the Tibetan plateau formed, but far less research has been done on the controls on river incision into the plateau itself. Oliver Korup and David Montgomery address this issue, which also relates to the question of why the Tibetan plateau is still there at all. Despite hosting one of the deepest gorges on Earth, the plateau edge is extremely well defined, and according to widely accepted stream-power theory, should be heavily dissected by one of Asia's most powerful rivers, the Yarlung Tsangp (or Yarlung Zangbo). Korup and Montgomery propose that the southeastern edge of the plateau was preserved in part by the presence of glaciers that were large enough during the Holocene to stall aggressive river downcutting along the plateau margin.
Where to Go [From the Editor's Desk]

IEEE Microwave Magazine's Web site has recently been updated, and, if you haven't looked at it lately, I encourage you to do so. One of our goals with the revamped Web page is to make the operation of the magazine as transparent as possible. IEEE Microwave Magazine is a service for you, the members, and the Web site is intended to give an introduction to the magazine for those not familiar with it, as well as to provide guidance to those who wish to submit articles. Let me take you on a tour of the Web site's features in the order in which they appear on the Web site.
An analysis of the isothermal isobaric chemical vapor infiltration of TiB2

Abstract A model has been developed for the isothermal isobaric chemical vapor infiltration processing of ceramic matrix composites and subsequently applied to the deposition of TiB2 on the walls of a narrow pore. The model was next utilized to explore the effect of the Knudsen diffusivity on uniformity of the materials deposition during the infiltration of narrow pores found in the ceramic preform. It was found that the collisions of the gas molecules with the pore walls (the Knudsen diffusivity) may dominate the mass transport during the chemical vapor infiltration process at higher temperatures and at lower pressures.
A source and sink method for numerical and exact solutions of Stefan problems

A source and sink method (SSM) has been reviewed in this paper. This method has been shown to be useful in the solution of phase change with singular or multiple interfaces and imposed with stationary and moving constant or time-variant conditions. Hybrid methods are also presented that combine the SSM with a complex temperature method or the finite difference method. The SSM has been shown to be useful in solving phase change due to a moving heat front. In this application, exact solutions can be obtained without reliance on the similarity transformation. Examples are provided to show some complicated problems that can be solved with the SSM. Finally, the SSM and the BEM are shown to be two methods in one, which provides the basis for combining these two for a more effective solution method in the future.
Durability of Fresnel lenses: A review specific to the concentrating photovoltaic application

Abstract The durability of Fresnel lenses used in the concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) application is reviewed from the literature. The examination here primarily concerns monolithic lenses constructed of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), with supplemental examination of silicone-on-glass (SOG) composite lenses. For PMMA, the review includes the topics of: optical durability (loss of transmittance with age); discoloration (the wavelength-specific loss of transmittance); microcrazing and hazing; fracture and mechanical fatigue; physical aging, creep, shape change, buckling, and warping; and solid erosion. Soiling, or the accumulation of particulate matter, is examined in the following contexts: its magnitude of reduction in transmittance; variation with time, module tilt, and wavelength; the processes of adhesion and accumulation; particle size, distribution, composition, and morphology; and its prevention. Photodegradation and thermal decomposition, mechanisms enabling aging, are examined relative to the CPV-specific environment. Aspects specific to SOG lenses include: solarization of the glass superstrate; corrosion of glass; delamination of the silicone/glass interface; change in focus due to thermal misfit between the laminate layers; and the chemical stability of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Recommendations for future research are provided, based on the most important and the least explored topics.
A New Twist on the PYRIN Mediterranean Coast

Familial Mediterranean fever is caused by mutations of the PYRIN protein. Chae et al. (2011) provide evidence for a ASC protein-dependent pathway of caspase-1 activation in which gain-of-function PYRIN mutations lead to IL-1β cytokine overproduction and inflammatory disease.
Global solvability of the laplacians on pseudo-Riemannian symmetric spaces

Let G be a noncompact semisimple Lie group with finite center and H an open subgroup of the fixed point group of an involution of G. GH becomes a pseudo-Riemannian manifold. We prove that the Laplacian P on GH is globally solvable in the sense that PC∞(GH) = C∞(GH). This generalizes the global solvability of the Casimir operators on non-compact semisimple Lie groups with finite center due to J. Rauch and D. Wigner.
Rotational Spectra of CH3CCH–NH3, NCCCH–NH3, and NCCCH–OH2

Abstract Microwave spectra of NCCCH–NH 3 , CH 3 CCH–NH 3 , and NCCCH–OH 2 have been recorded using a pulsed-nozzle Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. The complexes NCCCH–NH 3 and CH 3 CCH–NH 3 are found to have symmetric-top structures with the acetylenic proton hydrogen bonded to the nitrogen of the NH 3 . The data for CH 3 CCH–NH 3 are further consistent with free or nearly free internal rotation of the methyl top against the ammonia top. For NCCCH–OH 2 , the acetylenic proton is hydrogen bonded to the oxygen of the water. The complex has a dynamical C 2 v structure, as evidenced by the presence of two nuclear-spin modifications of the complex. The hydrogen bond lengths and hydrogen-bond stretching force constants are 2.212 A and 10.8 N/m, 2.322 A and 6.0 N/m, and 2.125 A and 9.6 N/m for NCCCH–NH 3 , CH 3 CCH–NH 3 , and NCCCH–OH 2 , respectively. For the cyanoacetylene complexes, these bond lengths and force constants lie between the values for the related hydrogen cyanide and acetylene complexes of NH 3 and H 2 O. The NH 3 bending and weak-bond stretching force constants for CH 3 CCH–NH 3 are less than those found in NCCCH–NH 3 , NCH–NH 3 , and HCCH–NH 3 , suggesting that the hydrogen bonding interaction is particularly weak in CH 3 CCH–NH 3 . The weakness of this hydrogen bond is partially a consequence of the orientation of the monomer electric dipole moments in the complex. In CH 3 CCH–NH 3 the antialigned monomer dipole moments lead to a repulsive dipole–dipole interaction energy, while in NCH–NH 3 and NCCCH–NH 3 the aligned dipoles give an attraction interaction.
MicroRNAs in Ewing Sarcoma.

MicroRNAs have emerged recently as important regulators of gene expression in the cell. Frequently dysregulated in cancer, microRNAs have shed new light on molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis, and have generated substantial interest as biomarkers, and novel therapeutic agents and targets. Recently, a number of studies have examined microRNA biology in Ewing Sarcoma. Findings indicate that alterations in microRNA expression in Ewing Sarcoma are widespread, involve both EWS/Ets oncogenic fusion-dependent and independent mechanisms, and contribute to malignant phenotypes. MicroRNAs with prognostic potential have been identified, and several preclinical studies suggest that microRNA manipulation could be therapeutically useful in this aggressive disease. These and future studies of microRNA biology stand to expand our understanding of Ewing Sarcoma pathogenesis, and may identify new biomarkers and treatment options.
Effects of Different Hazard Ratios on Asymptotic Relative Efficiency of Estimates from Cox's Model

Abstract Jeong and Oakes (2003) investigated the asymptotic relative efficiencies (ARE) of the partial likelihood estimator and the semiparametric cumulative hazard estimator from the proportional hazards model under the assumption of gamma hazard ratio. The results showed that the loss of efficiency of the estimators relative to an exponential parametric model can be substantial, especially for the estimates of survival probability, when the regression parameter is not close to 0. A natural question arises whether the efficiency loss holds for different distributional assumptions for the hazard ratio in the proportional hazards model. In this article, we derive some general formulas for the variances of the parametric and semiparametric estimators from the Cox's model, which can be applied to other types of hazard ratio models than gamma. The ARE of the semiparametric estimators under the positive stable and inverse Gaussian hazard ratio models are compared to ones under the gamma hazard ratio model. Spe...
Economic impact of delayed graft function and suboptimal kidneys

Summary Renal transplantation remains the cost-effective treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease. However, the gap between supply and demand for cadaveric kidneys only continues to widen. To expand the donor pool, many transplant centers now accept organs from donors that only a few years ago would have been rejected. The use of kidneys from ECDs and those with a high likelihood of DGF can have a significant impact on graft survival and cost. The average cost of initial hospitalization for patients undergoing cadaveric renal transplant in which there is DGF is approximately $25,000 higher per patient than when there is no DGF. Moreover, the use of an ECD kidney increases the average cost by $12,000 per patient. When the clinical manifestations of DGF and ECD kidneys, such as increased rate of acute rejection and worse graft survival, are taken into account the economic impact is expanded. In the past decade, pharmaceutical companies have focused their resources far more on new immunosuppressive agents rather than treatments to improve early graft function or reduce alloantigen independent injury and inflammation. As the negative economic and clinical impacts of DGF and ECD kidney become clearer, there may be more incentive for scientific and clinical research in this area to improve long-term and short-term graft survival.
Ion configuration in spinels

Abstract The polarization of the anions in spinels can stabilize particular ion configurations like Cu 1+ Cr 3+ Ti 4+ S 4 2− .
Impacts of impervious surface on watershed hydrology: A review

Increased impervious surface area is a consequence of urbanization, with correspondent and significant effects on the hydrologic cycle. It is intuitive that an increased proportion of impervious surface brings with it shorter lag times between onset of precipitation and subsequently higher runoff peaks and total volume of runoff in receiving waters. Yet, documentation on quantitative relationships between the extent and type of impervious area and these hydrologic factors remains dispersed across several disciplines. We present a literature review on this subject to better understand and synthesize distinctions among different types of impermeable surface and their relative impacts, and describe the manner in which these surfaces are assessed for their putative impacts on landscape hydrology.
Urine Desmosine as a Marker of Lung Injury Following Total Knee Arthroplasty. A Pilot Study

Lung injury following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) may occur secondary to embolization of bone debris, fat, and cement. Clinically relevant respiratory failure is rare and is therefore difficult to study. To facilitate future investigations on this subject, we evaluated the utility of the elastin breakdown product desmosine as a potential marker of lung injury during TKA surgery. The goals of this study were to answer (1) if desmosine levels would increase in response to the perioperative insults in patients undergoing TKA and (2) if this increase would differ among unilateral and bilateral TKA procedures. Twenty consecutive patients (ten unilateral and ten bilateral TKAs) were enrolled. Urine samples were collected before surgery and at 1 and 3 days postoperatively and analyzed for levels of desmosine using a validated radioimmunoassay. Baseline desmosine/creatinine ratios were higher in the unilateral as compared to the bilateral TKA group (p = 0.003). Tourniquet times, intraoperative estimated blood loss, and transfusion requirements among bilateral TKA patients were significantly higher than those of unilateral TKA recipients. Desmosine levels increased in both groups, but the rise was significant only in the bilateral group. We detected a significant increase in urine desmosine levels associated with bilateral but not unilateral TKA surgery. In the context of previous studies, our findings suggest that desmosine may be a marker of postoperative lung injury. Further research is warranted for validation and correlation of desmosine levels to clinical markers and various degrees of lung injury.
Gene Cohen, the Founding Editor of the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (1944–2009)

Gene D. Cohen, M.D., Ph.D., the founding Editorin-Chief of the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (AJGP) passed away on November 7, 2009, at the young age of 65 years. Gene was a trail blazer, a visionary leader, and a pioneer in the field of geriatric psychiatry for more than 30 years. As a researcher, educator, clinician, administrator, and advocate older people, he worked for better understanding of the biopsychosocial processes of aging and helped to shift the emphasis in gerontological research from the problems of people as they age to the potential they can realize. Gene was one of the founders of geriatric psychiatry in the United States and shared his in-depth knowledge of the phenomena occurring in the brain aswe age and their effects on cognitive and psychosocial development. In 1978, Gene and a small group of other leaders in the field met to form the first national group on geriatric psychiatry, creating the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, now 2,000 members strong. In 1992, plans were made to start a new journal for this organization. There was unanimity among the leaders that the best person to head this important venture would be Gene. His personal stature and inspiring leadership led to the AJGP being listed in MEDLINE in 1996, and its growth has never stopped ever since. When Gene stepped down from the editorship in 2001, the journal had become an internationally known publication in geriatric psychiatry. Gene’s interest in research on aging went farther back into his early life. As a high school student, he
The Parent Trap: The Challenges of Socializing for Autonomy and Independence

In the United States, parents overwhelming rank “thinking for yourself” as a top priority for their children. Some see this desired quality as reflective of parents’ felt need to instill autonomy, independence, and self-fulfillment in their children to adequately prepare them for an individualistic age. Evidence from an interview study of 101 parents of school-aged children in the United States suggests that the meanings parents affix to the “thinking for yourself” priority are complex and varied, and do not follow a direct line to autonomous selffulfillment. For a majority of parents in this study, “thinking for yourself” means the child internalizes a moral code that comes from the parent, and enables the child to resist negative influences. Parents seem to embrace the language of autonomy and independence, but their concern appears to be more traditional and disciplinary: to instill a certain kind of character and virtue in their children.
A Modular Strategy for Generating Starting Conformations and Data Structures of Polynucleotide Helices for Potential Energy Calculations

We describe a simple and rapid algorithm for generating data structures and starting coordinates of polynucleotides for potential energy calculations. The algorithm is tailored to investigations in cartesian coordinate, rather than dihedral angle, space. First, instead of a tree structure for molecular design, we set up a helix from a simple list of bonds for the basic DNA subunits (sugar, phosphate, and bases). Second, instead of using successive transformations to obtain a set of coordinates in one reference frame, we apply a simple “matching” routine to patch DNA subunits. Third, we avoid ring closure and geometry optimization by allowing deviations from equilibrium values only for PO3′ bond lengths and O5′PO3′ bond angles at the residue connection sites. A double-stranded helix is constructed from duplex building blocks (2 hydrogen-bonded nucleotides) which are in turn built from the basic structural units. Every building block is constructed from two sets of geometric variables: {α, β, γ, χ, P, τmax}, one for each strand. The building blocks are then assembled into a helix by using the 6 rigid body transformations {Δx, Δy, Δz, ΘROLL, ΘTILT, ΘTWIST}. For cartesian space programs, generating starting coordinates by this procedure is particularly useful as an alternative to using actual crystal structure coordinates. After describing the algorithm in detail, we illustrate how it was used to generate model A, B, and Z DNA helices. We conclude by suggesting how the algorithm can be used to pursue a build-up technique and to set up a wide range of starting conformations in the goal of locating novel helical structures.
Chris Mack Takes Over as JM 3 Editor-in-Chief in 2012

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: Chris Mack Takes Over as JM3 Editor-in-Chief in 2012” for JM3 Vol. 10 Issue 02
Fragrance material review on cycloheptadeca-9-en-1-one

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cycloheptadeca-9-en-1-one when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. Cycloheptadeca-9-en-1-one is a member of the fragrance structural group macrocyclic ketones and derivatives. The fragrance ingredient described herein is one of 11 structurally diverse C15, C16 and C17 compounds that include three saturated and eight unsaturated ketones. For the latter, the double bond is not adjacent (in conjugation with) to the ketone group. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to cycloheptadeca-9-en-1-one and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data were evaluated, then summarized, and includes: physical properties; acute toxicity; skin irritation; skin sensitization; and phototoxicity data. A safety assessment of the entire macrocyclic ketones and derivatives will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al., 2011 for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all macrocyclic ketones and derivatives in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Hanifin, J.H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2011. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of macrocylic ketones and derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients.
The Role of a PhD Field Exam in Preparing Graduate Students for Academic Careers

Abstract The Department of Geography at Arizona State University implemented a field exam as part of its PhD program requirements. This field exam requires students to develop an independent field-based research project based on a general question in the student's specialty area. A survey of current and former PhD students and faculty members document how the field exam assists students in developing skills necessary for continuing graduate research and for preparing them for the rigors of academic employment. The outcomes of the exam include both long-term, process-related benefits and more immediate tangible rewards. For some students, the preliminary fieldwork and results redirect student interests and form the basis for their eventual dissertation. The field exam is adaptable to a diversity of geography research methods, subject areas, and graduate degree programs, while remaining grounded in the discipline's vibrant, widely respected fieldwork tradition. *The authors thank ASU faculty members, PhD st...
Immunological specificity of glycine-extracted deoxyribonucleoproteins☆

Abstract Deoxyribonucleoproteins extracted by 0.1 M glycine solution have been found to be antigenic when injected into rabbits. Immunological studies with the agar gel-diffusion technique and ultraviolet spectrophotometry have shown that the antibodies so produced are specific for sea urchin, avian, and boar sperm DNP, and for DNP's extracted from nuclei or avian erythrocytes, calf thymocytes, and human leucocytes. Moreover, the specificity of rabbit antibodies is such as to distinguish between DNP's from normal and leukemic human leucocytes. It was also found that the optimum ionic concentration for the immunological reaction is around 0.007 M NaCl. The importance of the physicochemical differences of DNP's implied by these results is discussed.
Abstract 3031: Screening for plasma micro RNAs as biomarkers for breast cancer detection

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that play critical roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including carcinogenesis of breast cancer. The research regarding miRNA discovery and characterization is emerging and there is consensus in the literature that miRNAs are excellent candidate biomarkers for human cancer. Cancer specific miRNAs have been detected in tumors as well as in serum, plasma, and other body fluids. However, no extensive profiling of circulating miRNAs in breast cancer patients has been done to date, although several studies investigated a limited number of miRNA panels. Methods: We investigated the miRNA profile in plasma samples collected before surgery from 10 pathologically confirmed breast cancer patients, one month after surgery from 2 breast cancer patients, and from 10 healthy women controls that were frequency matched to cases on age and race. RNA was extracted from plasma using the mirVana Paris RNA isolation kit (Ambion) and miRNA profiling was done using the TaqMan® Human MicroRNA Array Set v.2.0 (Applied Biosystems), enabling the detection of 667 human mature miRNAs. Plasma miRNA levels were calculated using the well established comparative Ct method (ΔΔCt) relative to the selected controls, and both Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and t tests were used to compare plasma miRNA levels between control subjects and cancer patients. Correlation between miRNAs was assessed separately in cancer and control subjects. Results: Ten miRNAs (1.5% of total) were detected in plasma of all subjects and 12 miRNAs (1.8% of total) were detected in at least 80% of cases and controls, respectively. Of these, 17 miRNAs presented a significant differential expression in plasma between cases and controls (p<0.05). Only one of these (has-miR-191) was previously described as being differentially expressed in breast cancer tissue compared to normal breast tissue. Based on their ability to discriminate between cancer and controls, their fold change, p values, correlation coefficients and post-surgical levels, we selected 6 candidate miRNAs that will be validated in a larger sample set of 50 cases and 50 controls. The p values of these six candidates ranged between <0.0001 and 0.005 and the fold change between cases and controls ranged from 33.85 to 111.80. Conclusion: We identified several circulating miRNAs that are differentially expressed between breast cancer patients and normal controls, and therefore could serve as biomarkers for breast cancer detection if confirmed by future studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3031.
Corrosion behavior of CrN, Cr2N and π phase surfaces on nitrided Ni–50Cr for proton exchange membrane fuel cell bipolar plates

Abstract The relationships between nitridation, microstructure and corrosion were studied for a thermally nitrided model Ni–50Cr (wt.%) alloy to gain insight into the protection of metallic bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Surface layers containing CrN, Cr2N or ternary Cr–Ni–N π phase nitride were formed, dependent on the nitridation conditions. Studies in aerated pH 3 sulfuric acid at 80 °C indicated that the best corrosion resistance was exhibited by CrN + Cr2N surface layers, which were more corrosion resistant than Ni–50Cr metal, Cr metal, and nitrided Cr. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicated oxygen enrichment of the polarized surfaces in the form of Cr-oxide and Cr-oxynitride species. Such oxygen enrichment does not appear to result in detrimental increases in interfacial contact resistance/electrical properties of the surface.
Camelid pastoralism and the emergence of Tiwanaku civilization in the South‐Central Andes

Abstract The Andean tablelands and valleys around and south of Lake Titicaca form a coherent cultural area with a history of development that is distinctive in the American context. Early camelid pastoralism and root crop agriculture, probably native to this high region, become the basis of an altitudinally or vertically oriented system of production from complementary environmental zones. From an early pattern of transhumance by hunters and gatherers, through pastoral nomadism and caravan networks, to a stylistically and economically integrated regional civilization, cultural development in the South‐Central Andes has an integrity of tradition that is dependent on camelids and their products.
The Stokes law radius of the C60 radical anion in n-hexane by time-of-flight mobility measurements

Abstract The time-of-flight (TOF) technique for mobility measurements in the condensed phase has been applied to solutions of C 60 in n -hexane. The C 60 radical anion has a mobility of 5.6 × 10 −4 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , and a Stokes radius of 5.0 A, which agrees remarkably well with the van der Waals radius of the C 60 molecule (5.0 A) obtained by electron and X-ray diffraction. The success of the Stokes law, presumably aided by the quasi-spherical nature of C 60 suggests TOF experiments using C 60 for the determination of the “Stokes” viscosities of other liquids.
Lizard Energetics and Diet

In the families Agamidae, Gerrhosauridae, Iguanidae, and Scincidae, species that weigh more than 300 g are almost all herbivores, whereas those weighing less than 50—100 g are carnivores. Juveniles of large herbivorous species tend to be carnivorous until they reach body weights of 50—300 g. Diet is compared to metabolic expenditure in these lizards. Although smaller animals have higher weight—specific metabolic rates, the greater total metabolicrate of larger animals requires a greater caloric intake. Juvenile animals and species of small body size are primarily insectivorous. It is postulated that larger animals of these families are unable to get caloric demands on a diet of insects, have no practical alternative animal prey, and rely instead on vegetation. The families Anguidae, Chamaeleontidae, Helodermatidae, Teiidae, and Varanidae do not include herbivorous species, although each family has species that weigh more than 300 g. Morphological, ecological, and physiological specializations in these families account for the absence of herbivorous species. For an unspecialized lizard, evolution of large body size both requires and permits an herbivorous diet.
Interfacing the DAC with an Interferometer without a Beam Condenser

Since 1959, when the diamond anvil cell (DAC) was developed by researchers at the National Bureau of Standards, it has been possible to conveniently study materials at high pressures in the mid-infrared (MIR) region by infrared spectroscopy. The technique has subsequently been extended to the far-infrared (FIR) region, and at present, applications of the DAC extend from the edge of the ultraviolet region to the far-infrared. Because of its compact size, the DAC can readily fit into the sample compartment of a variety of infrared spectrophotometers (dispersive and interferometric), and a number of unique investigations have been possible. Further, with the advent of the laser, Raman scattering experiments at high pressures also became possible with the DAC. Recently, an advanced generation of the DAC called the ultra-high-pressure DAC has been used in visible and Raman studies into the megabar region.
Roles of social support systems in overseas relocation: Implications for intercultural training

Abstract This report reviews the research literature on social support systems, the roles such systems can play in overseas relocation, and the implications for intercultural training. Three key roles are identified: (1) one of the primary sources of stress produced by relocation overseas is the disruption of a person's social support systems; (2) one of the primary strategies for coping with the stress of overseas assignment is the use of available social support systems; and (3) social support systems are frequently hindered in providing adequate support overseas because they, too, are often under stress. Further, three potential roles of social support systems in intercultural training are suggested: (1) such systems can serve as an important content area in training; (2) social support systems themselves can provide a context for training; (3) these systems can be a source of continuing intercultural training. A social skills training approach stressing “culture general” process skills is presented as a way of usefully providing training in the development and use of social support systems overseas. A specific training module with this focus is described.
Intake of saccharin, salt, and ethanol solutions is increased by infusion of a mu opioid agonist into the nucleus accumbens.

Rationale: Endogenous opioids have been implicated in the hedonic evaluation of food and palatability. Opioids may also be involved in alcohol intake, as there is a positive correlation between alcohol drinking and preference for sweets and fats. Our previous studies have shown that mu opioid stimulation of the nucleus accumbens preferentially augments intake of palatable food containing sucrose and fat. Objective: The first goal of the present study was to further explore the nature of the involvement of mu opioids within the nucleus accumbens in ingestive behavior by investigating the importance of orosensory reward in opioid-mediated feeding, using non-caloric tasty substances (saccharin and salt). Second, we investigated whether mu opioid receptors within the nucleus accumbens also regulate alcohol consumption. Methods: The mu agonist, D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Glyol5-enkephalin (DAMGO; 0, 0.025 and 0.25 µg/0.5 µl per side), was microinfused into the nucleus accumbens, and intake of 0.6% saline, 0.15% sodium saccharin, water, and 6% ethanol was measured. Results: Microinfusion of DAMGO into the nucleus accumbens increased the drinking of salt and saccharin solutions in non-deprived rats. However, water intake was not increased by this treatment in water-deprived rats. Mu opioid stimulation of the nucleus accumbens also augmented ethanol intake in rats not deprived of fluid, while leaving water intake unchanged when water was concurrently available. Conclusion: These results provide evidence to suggest that the mu opioid system within the ventral striatum regulates ingestive behavior via a mechanism related to the hedonic assessment of taste. In addition, the nucleus accumbens may be a key brain area where ethanol interacts with endogenous opioid systems, and thus may be a common neural substrate for both food palatability and alcohol drinking.
Cerebral amyloidosis in prion diseases

rion diseases in animals and humans are included among the cerebral amyloidoses. They are Unique P neurodegenerative disorders because, while 85 to 90% of the human forms occur sporadically throughout the world and only 10 to 15% are dominantly inherited as is the case withAlzheimer’s disease, all forms ofprion disease are also transmissible, unlike other neurodegenerative diseases. Prion diseases are caused by abnormalities of the prion protein (PrP)’. The unique properties of the wild-type PrP molecule and the abnormal conformations and plasma membrane topographies of mutated (mu) PrP molecules account for disease and for amyloidosis. Full-length wild-type PrP can exist in two stable conformations. There is a normal, protease-sensitive conformer, designated PrF, which is expressed constitutively throughout life at particularly high levels by nerve cells2. It is glycolipid (GPI) anchored and almost exclusively localized to caveolae-like domains of the plasma membrane3. It appears to function as a Cu” binding protein4. The C-terminal half of the PrF is highly ordered consisting of two a-helices bound together by a disulfide bridge, two N-linked oligosaccharides and the GPI anchor; whereas, the N-terminal half of the molecule is relatively unstructured and contains the Cu” binding domain5. These features account for the 40% a-helix and 3% P-sheet conformation of the PrPC molecule6.’. The full-length PrP molecule can also exist in an abnormal, protease-resistant conformer that accumulates in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and scrapie (Sc), designated FYP”. It consists of about 45% p-sheet and about 30% a-helix. It is predicted that the p-sheet results from intramolecular andor intermolecular interactions among residues 80 to 140 in the unstructured N-terminal domain*, 9, lo. The propensity of the PrP molecule to form p-structures and to associate with glycosaminoglycans”. l2 accounts for amyloidogenesis in prion diseases. Transmissibility in prion diseases is accounted for by the tendency of the PrF molecule to adopt the same P-sheet conformation as PrPsc when the former comes into contact with PrPsc comprising an infecting prion.
The ionospheric signatures of rapid subauroral ion drifts

Subauroral ion drifts (SAID) are latitudinally narrow regions of rapid westward ion drift located in the evening sector and centered on the equatorward edge of the diffuse aurora. Observations of SAID, as identified by the ion drift meters on the Atmosphere Explorer C and Dynamics Explorer B spacecraft, are utilized to determine their effect on the F region ion composition, their relationship to the midlatitude trough, and their temporal evolution. At altitudes near the F peak, a deep ionization trough is formed in regions of large ion drift where the O(+) concentration is considerably depleted and the NO(+) concentration is enhanced, while at higher altitudes the trough signature is considerably mitigated or even absent. SAID have been observed to last longer than 30 min but less than 3 hours, and their latitudinal width often becomes narrower as time progresses. The plasma flows westward equatorward of the SAID and becomes more westward as invariant latitude increases. Poleward of the SAID, the flow is, on average, westward throughout the auroral zone in the evening, while near midnight it becomes eastward.
Enhancing Cellulase Foam Fractionation with Addition of Surfactant

Foam fractionation cannot be used to recover cellulase from an aerated water solution effectively because cellulase by itself can produce only a small amount of foam. The addition of a surfactant can, however, increase the foamate volume and enhance the concentration of cellulase. We studied three detergents individually added to a 200 mg/L cellulase solution to promote foaming. These detergents were anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants, respectively. Although contributing to foam production, it was observed that nonionic surfactant (Pluronic F-68) barely concentrated cellulase, leaving the enrichment ratio unchanged, near 1. With anionic surfactant, sodium dedecyl sulfate, and cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), the enrichment ratio became much larger, but cellulase denaturation occurred, reducing the activity of the enzyme. When CTAB was used to help foam cellulase, β-cyclodextrin was subsequently added to the foamate to help restore the enzyme activity.
Electrical properties of PECVD oxide films deposited at room temperature

The authors discuss the electrical properties of silicon oxide films deposited at room temperature by PECVD, using disilane as the silicon source. In experiments, the interface trap density of the films with post-metallisation anneal showed a minimum value of 6.33 × 1011 cm-2eV-1, which is 36.6% lower than that of the as- deposited films. The authors also show that the films annealed in hydrogen-containing ambient reduced the early breakdown failures, resulting in an overall improvement of film integrity.
Adrenal steroids in meningococcemia.

Summary The history of the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is reviewed and the indications for therapy with adrenal steroids evaluated. Patients with meningococcemia should receive adrenal steroids if they develop unusually severe hemorrhages or signs of shock. A regimen of therapy is outlined.
A topographic latent source model for fMRI data

We describe and evaluate a new statistical generative model of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The model, topographic latent source analysis (TLSA), assumes that fMRI images are generated by a covariate-dependent superposition of latent sources. These sources are defined in terms of basis functions over space. The number of parameters in the model does not depend on the number of voxels, enabling a parsimonious description of activity patterns that avoids many of the pitfalls of traditional voxel-based approaches. We develop a multi-subject extension where latent sources at the subject-level are perturbations of a group-level template. We evaluate TLSA according to prediction, reconstruction and reproducibility. We show that it compares favorably to a Naive Bayes model while using fewer parameters. We also describe a hypothesis testing framework that can be used to identify significant latent sources.
Use of block copolymer surfactants in the inverse‐suspension polymerization of acrylamide

A comprehensive experimental investigation of the inverse microsuspension polymerization of acrylamide using an oil-soluble initiator and a block copolymeric surfactant whose hydrophobic miety is poly(12-hydroxystearic acid) and whose hydrophilic moeity is polyethylene oxide was carried out. It was found that the initial polymerization rate was first order with respect to molar monomer concentration, first order with respect to molar initiator concentration and zeroth order with respect to molar emulsifier concentration. Based on these experimental findings, a mechanism was proposed which includes initiation, propagation transfer to monomer and termination. It also includes transfer to impurities which are believed to be found in the surfactant. The kinetic model developed from the proposed mechanism is found to be in good agreement with the experimental conversion and weight-average molecular weight data. Comparing with sorbitan esters of fatty acids, the copolymeric surfactant provides higher polymerization rate and very high and linear molecular weight comparable to those obtained by solution polymerization.
SYNTHESIS OF NEW ORGANODERIVATIVES OF LOWER LANTHANIDES

Abstract The synthesis of a new class of trimethylene bridged biscyclopentadienyl derivatives of lanthanum(III) and cerium(III) with chloride and pentyethynyl ligands is reported.
Redox properties of water on the oxidized and reduced surfaces of CeO2

Abstract We present X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) results probing the surface chemistry of water on the oxidized and reduced surfaces of a 500 A epitaxial CeO 2 (1 1 1) film grown on yttria-stabilized ZrO 2 (1 1 1). Oxidation with O 2 at 773 K under UHV conditions was sufficient to generate XPS spectra reflective of fully oxidized CeO 2 (1 1 1). Surface reduction was carried out by annealing in UHV between 773 and 973 K, and the level of reduction was quantified using changes in the Ce3d 3/2 4f 0 photoemission peak at 917 eV which results primarily from Ce 4+ sites. As expected, the level of surface reduction (generation of Ce 3+ sites) increased with increasing temperature. These Ce 3+ sites were primarily in the first layer based on the fact that exposure of the film to O 2 at RT resulted in nearly complete conversion of Ce 3+ to Ce 4+ . Annealing at 773 K led to a surface in which ≈40% of the surface Ce 4+ sites were reduced to Ce 3+ , whereas annealing at higher temperatures led to more substantial reduction of the first layer along with some subsurface reduction that was not reoxidized by RT exposure to O 2 . Comparisons with results in the literature for reduction of single crystal CeO 2 (1 1 1) surfaces suggest that the volume-to-surface ratio of ceria samples influences, in part, the reduction conditions that result in detectable levels of surface Ce 3+ sites. In other words, the annealing temperatures required to achieve a specific extent of surface reduction likely depends on the thickness of the sample. Water TPD studies on the oxidized CeO 2 (1 1 1) surface reveal strong coverage dependence that destabilizes high coverages of water relative to low coverages. The presence of surface reduction (on the order 30% oxygen vacancy sites) removes much of the coverage dependent behavior. TPD uptake measurements, H 2 TPD spectra and XPS spectra in the Ce3d core level and Ce4f valence band (VB) regions all indicate that little or no irreversible water decomposition or Ce 3+ oxidation was observed for water on this reduced surface. In contrast, exposure of water at 650 K resulted in additional surface reduction above that observed from annealing at 650 K in the absence of water. This is attributed to a redistribution of oxygen vacancies from the bulk to the surface as a result of high temperature water treatment. Because water oxidation of Ce 3+ surface sites has been observed for reduced ceria powders, but was not observed on the reduced CeO 2 (1 1 1) surfaces studied here, we propose that the reduced (1 1 1) surface is more resistant than non-(1 1 1) terminations to being oxidized by water.
Relationship between nutrient availability and content of nitrogen and phosphorus in tissues of the aquatic macrophyte, Eichornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms

Samples of Eichornia crassipes (MART.) SOLMS were collected from the New Braunfels to Gonzales reach of the Guadalupe River, Texas. Plants were also cultured in the laboratory in media containing varying amounts of nitrate and phosphate.
Weak ferromagnetism in a band model: Application to Sc3In.

We study the properties of a band model recently proposed to describe metallic ferromagnetism in the regime where the saturation magnetization at zero temperature is a small fraction of a Bohr magneton. The model contains, in addition to the usual Stoner exchange energy, a band-narrowing parameter that arises from an off-diagonal matrix element of the Coulomb interaction between electrons. Parameters in the model are chosen to describe the weak ferromagnet ${\mathrm{Sc}}_{3}$In and several observables are calculated and compared with experiment. The model overcomes the major difficulties of the Stoner model to describe weak ferromagnets, and it is argued, contrary to other recent work on this subject, that explicit inclusion of spin fluctuations is unnecessary for a description of this class of materials.