cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid chromatographic separation of fatty acid methyl esters and phosphatidic acid dimethyl esters with silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel columns

Abstract Standard fatty acid methyl esters were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with a silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel column with benzene as eluent and a differential refractometer as the detector. The separation, based on the number of double bonds, was greatly improved when the benzene was dried over calcium chloride for two days. Phosphatidic acid dimethyl esters derived from egg phosphatidylcholines were also resolved into three major fractions on the basis of the degree of unsaturation on a silver(I)-loaded resin column with diethyl ether as eluent and detected with a flame ionization monitor.
Model distribution of Silver Chub ( Macrhybopsis storeriana ) in western Lake Erie

Abstract Silver Chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana) was once a common forage fish in Lake Erie but has declined greatly since the 1950s. Identification of optimal and marginal habitats would help conserve and manage this species. We developed neural networks to use broad-scale habitat variables to predict abundance classes of Silver Chub in western Lake Erie, where its largest remaining population exists. Model performance was good, particularly for predicting locations of habitat with the potential to support the highest and lowest abundances of this species. Highest abundances are expected in waters >5 m deep; water depth and distance to coastal habitats were important model features. These models provide initial tools to help conserve this species, but their resolution can be improved with additional data and consideration of other ecological factors.
Development of the rat oocyte in vitro inhibition and induction of maturation in the presence or absence of the cumulus oophorus

Abstract The effect in vitro of oocyte maturation inhibitors and the ability of preparations of luteinizing hormone to relieve the arrest induced by these substances was studied in preparations of cumulus-free (naked) rat oocytes, and compared to previously obtained results from oocytes enclosed by their cumulus cells. The development of both the cumulus-oocyte complex and naked oocyte is arrested in vitro by cyclic AMP derivatives or cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. While gonadotropins can overcome the effect of these substances in the cumulus oocyte complex, they have no effect on naked oocytes. Cholera enterotoxin, an irreversible activator of adenylate cyclase, maintains developmental arrest in cultured cumulus oocyte complexes but not in naked oocytes. Preparations of luteinizing hormone can partially overcome the effect of cholera enterotoxin in the complexes. Furthermore, the acceleration of oocyte maturation in vitro observed in the presence of gonadotropins, which is seen in cumulus oocyte complexes, can be mimicked by stripping the oocyte of its associated cumulus cells. The results of these and other studies suggest that: (1) the cytoplasmic levels of cyclic AMP in the isolated oocyte are high enough to maintain meiotic arrest if a phosphodiesterase inhibitor is present; (2) the oocyte contains an active phosphodiesterase; (3) the oolemma may lack the adenylate cyclase system and; (4) gonadotropins seem to affect the oocyte indirectly, via the cumulus cells, possibly by interrupting communication between the two cell types.
Acoustic excitation of a square plate by turbulent flow noise

Abstract An experiment was conducted to measure the characteristics of flow noise in a bounded system with forced circulation. The flow noise facility is described herewith. Vortex shedding in the conducting rectangular ducting was experimentally controlled by the insertion of cylinders of various diameter and pitch perpendicular to the flow. The sound pressure level exciting an instrumented square plate parallel with the flow direction was measured, as well as the plate response.
Procedures and standards for inter-computer communications

In recent years there has been considerable discussion on computer communication networks, information service systems and the computer utility. Sophisticated displays maintained by small processors connected to remote multi-access computers are also being developed. Such applications involving interaction and exchange of information between computers are increasing in number and pointing to the widening need for reliable computer-to-computer communications. In order to allow communication between many arbitrary computers, a uniform agreed-upon manner for exchanging information is needed. This requires the establishment of a standard message format (i.e., character code structure and message syntax) and common communications protocol procedures (i.e., the agreed-upon manner of exchanging messages).
Threat‐sensitive Predator Avoidance by Larval Pacific Treefrogs (Amphibia, Hylidae)

According to the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis, the intensity of a prey animal’s antipredator response should reflect its vulnerability to a specific predator. In laboratory experiments, we observed the intensity of antipredator responses of Pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla) tadpoles to stimuli from caged larval northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile) predators. We varied the sizes of the tadpoles relative to the salamanders in an attempt to create differences in vulnerability of tadpoles to the salamander predators. After documenting the response of the tadpoles to the caged predator, we tested the tadpole’s vulnerability to the predator by releasing the tadpole with the predator. We observed that as the relative size of the tadpoles to the caged salamanders increased, the antipredator response of the tadpoles decreased. These changes in behaviour closely mirrored changes in actual vulnerability to the predator. Our results provide experimental support for the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis.
Hydrocarbon components of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly sex pheromone : A series of (Z, Z)-9, 19 dienes.

The primary sex pheromone of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), was found to include a series of straight-chain hydrocarbon dienes, all with the double bonds in the 9 and 19 positions and all with the (Z, Z) configuration. The major components, of 29, 31, 33, 35, and 37 carbon atoms, were synthesized. In the field and the greenhouse, the synthetic dienes were far above control levels in activity but, at least during the first hours of bioassay, were somewhat less active than the female-derived materials on a weight basis. In the field, a mixture of all five synthetic dienes, in the proportions found in the females, was more attractive than any single one, on a mole basis. In addition, (Z, Z)-9,19 dienes of 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 39 carbons have been detected in females in minor amounts. The first five were bioassayed, and each was found to be similar in activity to the 35-carbon component when compared on a weight basis. The synthetic dienes, while active by themselves, were strongly synergized by two, more polar, Florisil fractions derived from females. Experimental design considerations are discussed.
Parental alcohol use: effects on African American and White adults

This study investigated the effects of parental alcohol use on African American (n = 347) and White adult offspring (n = 3,429). Using cross-sectional data, the results indicated similarities as well as differences between African Americans and Whites in the consequences of parental alcohol use for adult offspring. For both groups, parents' drinking was positively associated with offsprings' drinking. And for both groups, parents' alcohol problems were associated with offsprings' alcohol misuse. Differences between the two racial groups emerged with respect to paternal behavior. When fathers had alcohol problems, African American offspring consumed less alcohol, overall, but were more likely to misuse alcohol. This pattern was not observed among Whites. For African Americans and Whites, income was positively related to alcohol use, age was negatively related to alcohol use, and men consumed more alcohol than women. Employment, however, was positively associated with alcohol misuse among African Americans and negatively associated with alcohol misuse among Whites.
New directions in MS therapeutics: vehicles of hope

Basic immunological research has greatly expanded our understanding of the suspected immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and, more importantly, spawned a new generation of clinical trials evaluating dozens of immune-based therapies. Adhesion molecules are the furthest into development, although patient acceptance and neutralizing antibodies both support the development of small, orally available molecules. Progressive MS probably has a significant neurodegenerative component, so progress with neuroprotective strategies will require appropriate animal models, as well as more advanced clinical imaging techniques, such as brain atrophy and diffusion tensor. Dozens of therapies are in various stages of clinical development and results from these clinical studies will provide important tests of immune and inflammatory mechanisms of MS disease.
Impulsively Loaded Strain-Rate-Sensitive Plates

The response of an impulsively loaded, isotropically rate-sensitive annular plate is calculated via “exact” and approximate viewpoints. For a typical example, numerical results differed by about 3 percent. The essence of the approximate approach, which represents a natural extension of a previous one-dimensional analysis [1], is that the initial stress profile remains substantially constant during the dominant portion of plastic flow.
Identifying and Controlling Emerging Foodborne Pathogens: Research Needs

Systems for managing the risks associated with foodborne pathogens are based on detailed knowledge of the microorganisms and the foods with which they are associated—known hazards. An emerging pathogen, however, is an unknown hazard; therefore, to control it, key data must be acquired to convert the pathogen from an unknown to a known hazard. The types of information required are similar despite the identity of the new agent. The key to rapid control is rapid mobilization of research capabilities targeted at addressing critical knowledge gaps. In addition, longer-term research is needed to improve our ability to respond quickly to new microbial threats and help us become more proactive at anticipating and preventing emergence. The type of contingency planning used by the military in anticipating new threats serves as a useful framework for planning for new emergence.
Pyrazolopyrimidine nucleosides. Part VII. The synthesis of certain pyrazolo [3,4‐d] pyrimidine nucleosides related to the nucleoside antibiotics toyocamycin and sangivamycin

The condensation of 4-acetamido-3-cyanopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (5) with crystalline 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl chloride (6) has furnished a good yield of nucleoside material (7) which on treatment with sodium methoxide in methanol provided a high yield of nucleoside which was subsequently established as methyl 4-amino-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine-3-formimidate monohydrate (11). The formimidate function of 11 was found to be highly reactive and 11 was readily converted into the corresponding carhoxamidine (8), carboxamidoxime (14) and carboxamidrazone (15) when treated with the appropriate nucleophiles. Treatment of the imidate (11) with sodium hydrogen sulfide gave a high yield of the thiocarboxamide (12) which was then readily converted into 4-amino-3-cyano-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (16). Aqueous base transformed 11 into 4-amino-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide (10) while more vigorous basic hydrolysis provided the corresponding carboxylic acid (9) in nearly quantitative yield. Decarboxylation of 9 proceeded smoothly in hot sulfolane to provide the known 4-amino-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (13) in 68% yield which unequivocally established the site of ribosylation and anomeric configuration for all nucleosides reported in this investigation.
Atomic Dynamics in Metallic Liquids and Glasses

How atoms move in metallic glasses and liquids is an important question in discussing atomic transport, glass formation, structural relaxation and other properties of metallic glasses. While the concept of free-volume has long been used in describing atomic transport, computer simulations and isotope measurements have shown that atomic transport occurs by a much more collective process than assumed in the free-volume theory. We introduce a new approach to describe the atomic dynamics in metallic glasses, in terms of local energy landscapes related to fluctuations in the topology of atomic connectivity. This approach may form the basis for a new paradigm for discussing the structure-properties relationship in metallic glasses.
Policy-Relevant Nonconvexities in the Production of Multiple Forest Benefits?

Abstract This paper challenges common assumptions about convexity in forest rotation models which optimize timber plus nontimber benefits. If a local optimum occurs earlier than the globally optimal age, policy based on marginal incentives may achieve suboptimal results. Policy-relevant nonconvexities are more likely if (i) nontimber benefits dominate for young stands while the optimal age depends primarily on timber benefits, or (ii) nontimber benefits dominate for mature stands and also determine the optimal age. Nonconvexities may create either temporary or persistent difficulties. Policymakers may improve efficiency by exploiting the relationship between the timber-only optimum and the global optimum.
Identification of the lowest 3/sup -/ collective level in /sup 116/Cd

$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from the $^{116}\mathrm{Cd}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reaction have been measured with a Ge(Li) detector from ${E}_{p}=5 \mathrm{to} 20$ MeV, and excitation functions of the decays of the 1917-, 1923-, and 1930-keV triplet to the 513-keV 2+ level have been extracted. Only the decay of the 1923-keV level has an excitation function consistent with a component predicted by a coupled-channel calculation for the excitation of a ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collective level. The sum of the cross sections for the remaining two $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays is 90% of that for the decay of the 1923-keV level at ${E}_{p}=5$ MeV, decreasing to about 20% at 20 MeV.
The transverse permeability of disordered fiber arrays: a statistical correlation in terms of the mean nearest interfiber spacing

In the porous media literature, unidirectional fibrous systems are broadly categorized as ordered or disordered. The former class, easily tractable for analysis purposes but limited in its relation to reality, involves square, hexagonal and various staggered arrays. The latter class involves everything else. While the dimensionless hydraulic permeability of ordered fibrous media is known to be a deterministic function of their porosity ϕ, the parameters affecting the permeability of disordered fiber arrays are not very well understood. The objective of this study is to computationally investigate flow across many unidirectional arrays of randomly placed fibers and derive a correlation between K and some measure of their microstructure. In the process, we explain the wide scatter in permeability values observed computationally as well as experimentally. This task is achieved using a parallel implementation of the Boundary Element Method (BEM). Over 600 simulations are carried out in two-dimensional geometries consisting of 576 fiber cross-sections placed within a square unit cell by a Monte Carlo procedure. The porosity varies from 0.45 to 0.90. The computed permeabilities are compared with earlier theoretical results and experimental data. Analysis of the computational results reveals that the permeability of disordered arrays with ϕ < 0.7 is reduced as the non-uniformity of the fiber distribution increases. This reduction can be substantial at low porosities. The key finding of this study is a direct correlation between K and the mean nearest inter-fiber spacing \(\bar{\delta}_{1}\), the latter depending on the microstructure of the fibrous medium.
Topical fluoroquinolones: Antimicrobial activity and in vitro corneal epithelial toxicity

To assess the potential of fluoroquinolones as topical antimicrobial agents, we evaluated in vitro the antimicrobial activity of five fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, and temafloxacin), as well as gentamicin, tobramycin, and cefazolin against 96 isolates of common bacterial corneal pathogens. Ciprofloxacin and temafloxacin were the most active quinolones [minimal inhibitory concentration inhibiting 90% of stains (MIC90) of 1 microgram/ml], followed by ofloxacin (MIC90 2 micrograms/ml), and norfloxacin and pefloxacin (MIC90s 4 micrograms/ml). In contrast, gentamicin and tobramycin MIC90s were 32 and 64 micrograms/ml, respectively; cefazolin MIC90 was greater than 2048 micrograms/ml. The corneal epithelial cytotoxicity of the fluoroquinolones also was evaluated utilizing an in vitro assay of 3H-thymidine uptake of rabbit corneal epithelial cell cultures. The least to greatest toxicity of the fluoroquinolones were as follows: ciprofloxacin and temafloxacin less than norfloxacin less than ofloxacin less than pefloxacin. Our study suggests that the fluoroquinolones, especially ciprofloxacin and temafloxacin, possess excellent in vitro activity against common bacterial corneal pathogens and are less toxic to the corneal epithelium than the aminoglycosides.
Accommodative response to blur

By use of a blur-pseudostimulus technique and high-speed infrared optometric measurements, the singularity of blur as a stimulus to human accommodation was studied. Blur is not the sole stimulus; it is a necessary cue, but not a sufficient one. The accommodative system makes use of one or more available odd-error (error sign) cues, which are believed to supplement blur with requisite focusing information.
Laser induced time-dependent thermal lensing studies of vibrational relaxation: translational cooling in CH3F

Abstract Time-resolved measurements of the thermal lens effect have been made for CH 3 F, CH 3 CI and C 2 H 4 . This technique is compared to others used in the study of vibrational relaxation phenomena and is found to be applicable to the study of a wide variety of gaseous systems at relatively low pressures. Translational cooling has been observed in CH 3 F and an approximate lower limit of 200 msec -1 has been established for the rate of this cooling process, which corresponds to equilibration of the ν 3 and ν 6 states, in a mixture of 0.2 torr CH 3 F and 10 torr Ar.
High energy solar neutrinos and p -wave contributions to 3 He ( p , ν e + ) 4 He

High energy solar neutrinos can come from the hep reaction, ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}(p,\ensuremath{\nu}{e}^{+}{)}^{4}\mathrm{He},$ with a large end point energy of 18.8 MeV. Understanding the hep reaction may be important for interpreting solar neutrino spectra. We calculate the contribution of the axial-charge transition ${}^{3}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{{P}_{0}}}^{1}{S}_{0}$ to the hep thermonuclear S factor using a one-body reaction model involving a nucleon moving in optical potentials. Our result is comparable to or larger than previous calculations of the s-wave Gamow-Teller contribution. This indicates that the hep reaction may have p-wave strength leading to an enhancement of the S factor.
The porosity of systems consisting of layers of different particles

Abstract Experimental measurements are reported on the spatial dependence of the local void fraction for systems where particles of different size form horizontal layers in packed beds. This problem is of practical importance in estimating the flow resistance of blast furnace burdens. It was found that marked local minima in porosity occur in the interfacial region when a layer of smaller particles is placed upon a bed of larger spheres. In contrast, the local minima in porosity are much less marked when larger particles are placed on a bed of smaller spheres. From a technological viewpoint, the most important finding of the work is that the penetration of smaller particles into the interstices of the larger spheres occurs readily when the particle size ratio exceeds about two. Under these conditions the interfacial regions will contribute appreciably to the overall flow resistance.
Solution structure of a DNA duplex containing mispair-aligned N4C-ethyl-N4C interstrand cross-linked cytosines.

The solution structure of an interstrand cross-linked self-complementary oligodeoxynucleotide containing directly opposed alkylated N(4)C-ethyl-N(4)C cytosine bases was determined by molecular dynamics calculations guided by NMR-derived restraints. The undecamer d(CGAAACTTTCG)(2), where C represents directly opposed alkylated N(4)C-ethyl-N(4)C cytosine bases, serves as model for the cytotoxic cross-links formed by bifunctional alkylating agents used in cancer therapy. The structure of the duplex shows the cross-link protruding into the major groove. An increase in the diameter of the DNA at the pseudoplatform formed by the cross-linked residues creates an A-DNA characteristic hole in the central portion of the DNA. This results in a centrally underwound base step and a number of subsequent overwinding steps leading to an overall axis bend toward the major groove. The structure shows narrowing of both minor and major grooves in the proximity of the cross-link. The perturbation leads to preferential intrastrand base stacking, disruption of adjacent canonical (A.T) base pairing, and buckling of base pairs, the extent of which diminishes with progression away from the lesion site. Overall, the distortion induced by the cross-link spreads over three base pairs on the 5'- and 3'-sides of the cross-link.
Cheyletiella Dermatitis: A Mite Infestation of Rabbit, Cat, Dog, and Man

† Two patients with recurrent, intensely pruritic, grouped red papules on the chest, abdomen, and thighs were examined and found to have Cheyletiella der matitis. Cheyletiella , a nonburrowing cies of mite, was isolated from fur brushings of the household pets, including one dog and two cats. Treatment of the affected pets resulted in complete resolution of symptoms and signs in both animals and patients. This appears to be the third instance of human Cheyletiella dermatitis recorded in North America. ( Arch Dermatol 116:435-437, 1980)
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Peptidase (IImes) from Mesquite (Prosopis velutina) Pollen

Although the mesquite plant (Prosopis velutina) is not as widely distributed as some other allergenic species, its pollen can induce serious pollinosis in areas where it is localized. We previously isolated and characterized a peptidase from mesquite pollen with trypsin-like specificity (peptidase Imes) (Matheson, N., Schmidt, J., and Travis, J. (1995) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 12, 441-448). Now we have characterized a second enzyme with specificity for hydrophobic residues (mesquite pollen peptidase IImes). This enzyme has a molecular mass near 92 kDa and activity that was not affected by reducing or chelating agents but was inhibited by specific synthetic serine proteinase inhibitors and the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin. However, it was not inhibited by human plasma proteinase inhibitors, nor did it inactivate any of those tested. The enzyme possessed amidolytic activity against p-nitroanilide substrates most effectively after alanine residues and also displayed aminopeptidase activity against non-p-nitroanilide peptides with a preference for phenylalanine. This specificity for hydrophobic amino acid residues was corroborated by inhibition studies with chloromethyl ketone and organophosphonate inhibitors. More interesting from a physiological point of view is that the bioactive peptides, angiotensins I and II and vasoactive intestinal peptide, were also hydrolyzed rapidly, indicating an ability of peptidase IImes to act also as an oligopeptidase. Because these bioactive peptides play a role in the inflammatory responses in allergic asthma, our data suggest that the purified mesquite pollen peptidase IImes may be involved in the degradation of neuro- and vasoactive peptides during pollen-initiated allergic reactions.
A circular dichroism microspectrophotometer

A microscope capable of measuring the CD of intact single eukaryotic cells, DNA microcrystals, and other microscopic structures has been constructed and tested. It can measure the CD spectra in the 200- and 800-nm wavelength range and consists of a modification to a standard Cary 60 CD machine in combination with a Zeiss uv microspectrometer. Preliminary CD spectra of red blood cells and lymphocytes are presented.
A bayesian alternative to the analysis of matched categorical responces

This study investigates the Bayesian appeoach to the analysis of parired responess when the responses are categorical. Using resampling and analytical procedures, inferences for homogeneity and agreement are develped. The posterior analysis is based on the Dirichlet distribution from which repeated samples can be geneated with a random number generator. Resampling and analytical techniques are employed to make Bayesian inferences, and when it is not appropriate to use analytical procedures, resampling techniques are easily implemented. Bayesian methodoloogy is illustrated with several examples and the results show that they are exacr-small sample procedures that can easily solve inference problems for matched designs.
Accuracy and adaptation of reaching and pointing in pitched visual environments.

Visually perceived eye level (VPEL) and the ability of subjects to reach with an unseen limb to targets placed at VPEL were measured in a statically pitched visual surround (pitchroom). VPEL was shifted upward and downward by upward and downward room pitch, respectively. Accuracy in reaching to VPEL represented a compromise between VPEL and actual eye level. This indicates that VPEL shifts reflect in part a change in perceived location of objects. When subjects were provided with terminal visual feedback about their reaching, accuracy improved rapidly. Subsequent reaching, with the room vertical, revealed a negative aftereffect (i.e., reaching errors that were opposite those made initially in the pitched room). In a second study, pointing accuracy was assessed for targets located both at VPEL and at other positions. Errors were similar for targets whether located at VPEL or elsewhere. Additionally, pointing responses were restricted to a narrower range than that of the actual target locations. The small size of reaching and pointing errors in both studies suggests that factors other than a change in perceived location are also involved in VPEL shifts.
Substrate Temperature Effects In Proton Implanted GaAs Infrared (10.6 microns) Waveguides

Ion implantation of semiconductor materials is a very attractive technique for forming the guided wave components needed in integrated optical circuits. However, to produce optical components with sufficiently deep implanted regions for low loss operation at a wavelength of 10.6 microns, this technique normally requires very high accelerating energies, in excess of 1 MeV. Here we report on a series of experiments exploring an alternative solution to this requirement, namely, the migration of optically active carrier compensating centers produced by implantation at both elevated and cryogenic temperatures. While this mechanism has been observed in the formation of p-n junctions in GaAs, no attempt has previously been made to utilize this enhanced penetration for optical waveguidin:E. Silicon-doped n-type GaAs wafers have been implanted with 300 keV protons at fluence levels up to 5x1015 ion/cm2. During implantation, the wafers have been maintained at temperatures ranging from -170°C to +350°C. The thickness of the compensated region has been determined from infrared specular reflectance curves and from capacitance voltage (C-V) measurements. Theoretical reflectance curves are constructed based on the thickness data and are compared to the experimental curves.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structure compilation: trading structure for features

Structured models often achieve excellent performance but can be slow at test time. We investigate structure compilation, where we replace structure with features, which are often computationally simpler but unfortunately statistically more complex. We analyze this tradeoff theoretically and empirically on three natural language processing tasks. We also introduce a simple method to transfer predictive power from structure to features via unlabeled data, while incurring a minimal statistical penalty.
Syndrome simulating pseudotumor cerebri caused by partial transverse venous sinus obstruction in metastatic prostate cancer

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of partial transverse venous sinus obstruction causing a syndrome resembling pseudotumor cerebri. METHOD: Case report. A 61-year-old man developed decreased vision, bilateral papilledema, and a highly increased cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed a small, extra-axial mass near the torcula, which was dismissed as an incidental meningioma because cerebral angiography showed sinus patency. RESULTS: The patient’s vision worsened. Biopsy of the enlarging mass disclosed metastatic prostate cancer. After radiation therapy, the mass shrank, magnetic resonance angiography disclosed reopening of the transverse sinuses, and papilledema resolved, but visual fields remained severely compromised. CONCLUSION: Partial blockage of the dural venous sinus by a small mass near the torcula can cause a sufficient increase in intracranial pressure to produce vision-threatening papilledema.
Thermal degradation of 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexonic acid and 3-deoxy-D-ribo-hexono-1,4-lactone

Abstract Heating of 2-deoxy- D - arabino -hexonic acid results in substantial lactonization on melting. Decomposition of the lactone involves dehydration, decarboxylation, and fission to provide mainly water, 5-(2-hydroxycthylidene)-2( 5H )-furanone, carbondioxide, carbon monoxide, acrylaldehyde, and acetic acid. 3-Deoxy- D - ribo -hexono-1,4-lactone, which could not readily undergo β-elimination, is thermally more stable and gives a mixture of fission and dehydration products.
Soft tissue implants and fillers.

The modern cosmetic and reconstructive surgeon encounters many situations requiring augmentation of soft tissue of the head and neck. Most commonly, cosmetic concerns of patients necessitate use of such techniques. With the aging of the baby boomers and an ever-increasing societal pressure encouraging youthful appearance, facial rejuvenation has increased in popularity. Soft tissue augmentation is a critical component of comprehensive facial rejuvenation in areas such as the midface, lips, or areas of static skin lines. Implants have also been important complementary components in other aspects of facial cosmetic surgery, including rhinoplasty, lip augmentation, mentoplasty, and midface enhancement. Implants are used in other areas of otolaryngology, including laryngoplasty, ossiculoplasty, facial reanimation, mucosal grafting, and tympanoplasty. The ideal implant would be biologically inert, resemble tissue in its texture and pliability, possess longevity, be easily inserted and altered to the desired shape, create minimal morbidity at the insertion site or elsewhere, be minimally visible following placement, and be inexpensive. Such an implant has not been produced to date. To market a product as a medical implant or device in the United States, a manufacturer need not meet these criteria but must receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by filing for premarket approval. This approval simply confirms the safety of the device and its efficacy for the proposed applications. Long-term data regarding the true clinical utility of the device are generally not yet available upon approval for use. This information is attained through the combined experience of practicing clinicians and ultimately allows critical evaluation of the utility and merits of each particular implant. The past 2 decades have witnessed significant advances in the implants and fillers available to surgeons, particularly bioengineered autologous and allogeneic materials. Many different synthetic materials—polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex),
Chronic effects of contaminated sediments on the urchin Lytechinus pictus

The urchin, Lytechinus pictus, one of the most abundant species on the mainland shelf off southern California, was exposed to three of the most contaminated sediment types in the region and a control (reference) sediment. Mortality, growth, gonad production and bioaccumulation were measured in the laboratory for 60 d in flow-through experiments. Significant mortality (49%) occurred in Santa Monica Bay sludge outfall sediment. Growth rates were significantly reduced in sediments from Los Angeles Harbor, Palos Verdes sewage outfall and Santa Monica Bay sludge outfall. Both male and female gonad production was significantly decreased in the Santa Monica Bay sludge and Palos Verdes outfall sediments. Gonads accumulated up to 12.6 ppm DDTs and 7.4 ppm polychlorinated biphenyls but decreased in concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd. The biological effects measured could have been caused by several types of contaminants and were significantly correlated with many of the contaminants measured in the sediments.
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF LINEAR HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS TO REAL NORMAL FORMS

A technique for constructing the transformations to real Hamiltonian normal forms of linear Hamiltonian systems via permutation matrices is presented. In particular, a method is shown for obtaining the symplectomorphism between the symplectic basis of the real Jordan form to the standard symplectic basis in which the real Hamiltonian normal form resides. All possible degeneracies are accounted for since the algebraic and geometric multiplicities of nonsemisimple eigenvalues are not restricted, including the "difficult" cases of zero and imaginary eigenvalues. Since the normal forms are not unique, several possible arrangements of the suggested transformations are given which result in the various normal forms derived previously as well as in a few new ones for degenerate cases which have not appeared before.
Direct observation of a doubly excited state of pleiadene

Abstract Evidence is presented that the second excited state of pleiadene (I) is of doubly excited nature. Such states are of interest in discussions of excited state and ground state reactivities and for further development of calculational methods.
Hormone prevention strategies for breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers

The development of effective prevention strategies for breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers (CA), based on hormonal responsiveness, is a paramount opportunity in the care of women at risk for these malignancies. Breast CA prevention, utilizing Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) is a well-established paradigm in the management of high risk women. Aromatase inhibitors (AI) and prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy are presently under investigation for that same purpose. Endometrial carcinoma (EC), specifically Type 1, is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Its positive association with excess estrogen exposure provides significant opportunity for hormonal chemoprevention. Population-based studies have established that oral contraceptives (OC) significantly decrease the incidence of this malignancy. This risk reduction lasts up to 20 years after discontinuation of OCs. The association between elevated BMI and risk of developing EC (due to increased peripheral estrogen exposure) has prompted investigation into the role of weight reduction in EC prevention. The prevention of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is of particular interest given its high mortality rate and the lack of a cost-effective screening program. OC usage significantly diminishes the incidence of EOC, in both the general population, as well as in patients with BRCA 1 or 2 mutations. Risk reduction is greatest with prolonged usage and persists for more than 30 years after OC use, but diminishes over time. Prospective, randomized trials, designed to control for all known variables, are mandatory to fully assess the potential for hormonal chemoprevention in breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers.
The combination of monoclonal antibodies and conventional chemotherapy for children with malignant lymphoma: Opportunities and challenges.

The improvement in treatment outcome for children with high grade B-cell lymphomas is largely the result of refinements in intensive contemporary risk-based therapy. (1–3) The prognosis for patients who relapse after being treated with such intensive primary therapy is generally poor and active salvage regimens are clearly needed. Specifically, these regimens could include new active cytotoxic agents, antibodies, and small molecule inhibitors - ideally in combinations with synergistic activity and non-overlapping toxicity.
Mathematical simulations of the performance of trickle bed and slurry reactors for methanol synthesis

Abstract Three- and two-phase reactor models were developed to simulate the performance of trickle bed and slurry reactors for methanol synthesis. The combination of orthogonal collocation and quasi-linearization was used to solve the trickle bed reactor model incorporating resistance to interparticle and intraparticle diffusion and resistance to mass transfer between gas and liquid phases. Model parameters were estimated independently from either published correlations or literature data. The model predicts significant resistance to intraparticle diffusion on the performance of trickle bed reactors. However, comparisons between pilot size trickle bed and slurry reactors illustrate the superior performance of trickle bed reactors over the slurry reactors for methanol synthesis even with diffusion limitations.
Lyapunov exponents for one-dimensional aperiodic photonic bandgap structures

Existing in the "gray area" between perfectly periodic and purely randomized photonic bandgap structures are the socalled aperoidic structures whose layers are chosen according to some deterministic rule. We consider here a onedimensional photonic bandgap structure, a quarter-wave stack, with the layer thickness of one of the bilayers subject to being either thin or thick according to five deterministic sequence rules and binary random selection. To produce these aperiodic structures we examine the following sequences: Fibonacci, Thue-Morse, Period doubling, Rudin-Shapiro, as well as the triadic Cantor sequence. We model these structures numerically with a long chain (approximately 5,000,000) of transfer matrices, and then use the reliable algorithm of Wolf to calculate the (upper) Lyapunov exponent for the long product of matrices. The Lyapunov exponent is the statistically well-behaved variable used to characterize the Anderson localization effect (exponential confinement) when the layers are randomized, so its calculation allows us to more precisely compare the purely randomized structure with its aperiodic counterparts. It is found that the aperiodic photonic systems show much fine structure in their Lyapunov exponents as a function of frequency, and, in a number of cases, the exponents are quite obviously fractal.
Market Failure and Bank Regulation

government regulation of banks. A limited role in three areas is identified. In a fiat monetary system regulation is required in the form of legal restrictions to control the supply of fiat money and provide a demand for it. In addition, because banks hold a large volume of non-traded assets, the asymmetry of information of banks and the public concerning the quality of these assets could provide a potential role for regulators in the collection and dissemination of information on bank asset quality. Finally, a role for regulation to maintain bank stability is identified given the vulnerability of the banking system to macro-economic shocks. This regulation might take the form of appropriately priced deposit insurance and a lender of last resort facility.
The role of sleep in forgetting in temporal lobe epilepsy: A pilot study

The purpose of this study was to examine how sleep impacts memory function in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Patients with TLE (n=7) and control subjects (n=9) underwent training and overnight testing on (1) a motor sequence task known to undergo sleep-dependent enhancement in healthy subjects, and (2) the selective reminding test, a verbal memory task on which patients with TLE have shown impaired performance 24 hours after training. Sleep data were collected by polysomnography. Results indicate that patients with TLE display greater forgetting on the selective reminding test compared with controls over 12 hours of daytime wakefulness, but not over a similar period including a night of sleep. Slow wave sleep is correlated with overnight performance change on the selective reminding test. Patients with TLE show no deficit in sleep-dependent motor sequence task improvement. The findings provide potential insight into the pattern and pathophysiology of forgetting in TLE.
A Pilot Project Using Evidence-Based Clinical Pathways And Payment Reform In China’s Rural Hospitals Shows Early Success

Reforming China’s public hospitals to curb widespread overtreatment and improve the quality and affordability of care has been the most challenging aspect of that nation’s ambitious health reform, which began in 2009. This article describes a pilot project under way in several of China’s provinces that combines payment reform with the implementation of evidence-based clinical pathways at a few hospitals serving rural areas. Results to date include reduced length-of-stay and prescription drug use and higher patient and provider satisfaction. These early results suggest that the pilot may be achieving its goals, which may have far-reaching and positive implications for China’s ongoing reform.
Erratum: (13)C NMR-Distance Matrix Descriptors: Optimal Abstract 3D Space Granularity for Predicting Estrogen Binding.

An improved three-dimensional quantitative spectral data–activity relationship (3D-QSDAR) methodology was used to build and validate models relating the activity of 130 estrogen receptor binders to specific structural features. In 3D-QSDAR, each compound is represented by a unique fingerprint constructed from 13C chemical shift pairs and associated interatomic distances. Grids of different granularity can be used to partition the abstract fingerprint space into congruent “bins” for which the optimal size was previously unexplored. For this purpose, the endocrine disruptor knowledge base data were used to generate 50 3D-QSDAR models with bins ranging in size from 2 ppm × 2 ppm × 0.5 A to 20 ppm × 20 ppm × 2.5 A, each of which was validated using 100 training/test set partitions. Best average predictivity in terms of R2test was achieved at 10 ppm ×10 ppm × Z A (Z = 0.5, ..., 2.5 A). It was hypothesized that this optimum depends on the chemical shifts’ estimation error (±4.13 ppm) and the precision of the ca...
Context effects and selective response lengthening in a temporal serial reproduction task

Repeatedly performing a temporal reproduction task has been reported to increase reproduced durations. We report the novel finding that the second reproduction in a series is selectively enhanced relative to the first. This was true regardless of whether the responses were discrete (separate start and stop responses) or contiguous (stop response is the start of the next response). In a final experiment we test the hypothesis that the second reproduction is more influenced by the central tendency of previously experienced durations than is the first. These results are discussed in terms of two sources of performance uncertainty: temporal remoteness of the second and subsequent reproductions from the standard and trial-by-trial unpredictability of the standard in random but not blocked designs.
The influence of focus group feedback on the three organizational levels of an international retailer

Investigates the impact of three organizational levels – organizational, process and individual/job – on the current effectiveness of meeting goals regarding holiday sales and product display in an international retailer. Explores the need for change by means of a three‐part project using seven focus groups with 38 district managers and 84 department managers from each region of the continental USA except the West Coast. Identifies, from the results of the group feedback, changes that were felt to be needed in the three organizational levels. Concludes that a holistic approach is needed in order to enhance performance rather than approaching performance issues from a unilateral perspective.
The relationship between airflow and lung sound amplitude in normal subjects

Few investigators have examined the relationship between airflow and lung sound amplitude; the available data are contradictory. I measured airflow at the mouth and compared the peak flow (Vmax) to mean and peak lung sound amplitude (mean AMP and peak AMP) at four sites on the chest wall (right and left anterior apices and posterior bases) in four healthy young adults. At each site, the sounds produced by 20 breaths at Vmax ranging between 1.5 and 4 L/s (Vvar) were measured by an automated technique. Ten breaths during nearly constant Vmax breathing (Vcon) also were measured at each site. The lung sound amplitudes at the four sites in each subject were grouped and compared to Vmax by linear regression analysis. The same sounds were also submitted to an automated V-correction procedure to evaluate its adequacy in automatically adjusting for the effect of variations in Vmax on lung sound amplitude. The data showed that lung sound amplitude (mean or peak) was linearly related to V in all subjects (r for mean AMP vs Vmax:0.77, 0.85, 0.69, 0.89; r for peak AMP vs Vmax:0.80, 0.83, 0.79, 0.88), p less than 1 X 10(-7) in all cases. The average mean AMP vs Vmax regression line slope was 0.42, and the average peak AMP vs Vmax regression line slope was 0.45. V-correction decreased the coefficient of variation of the Vvar sounds by 61 percent and flattened the average regression line slopes to 0.128. For the Vcon series, V-correction diminished the coefficient of variation from 12.2 to 10.0 percent. The relationship between lung sound amplitude and airflow appears to be substantially linear and this relationship can be used to adjust effectively for variations in airflow.
What Lessons Can History Teach Us About the Charcot Foot

Regrettably, physicians today receive very little instruction in the history of medicine. Most health care providers have a very limited, contemporary knowledge of the condition that we know of as the Charcot foot. Yet, historical concepts of the pathogenesis and natural history of this condition provide us with important lessons that enhance our understanding, recognition, and management of this rare but debilitating neurogenic arthropathy. It is my belief that knowledge of the history of medicine provides us with a better understanding of present-day issues and clearer vision as we look to the future. This article describes some of the important lessons learned from the history of the Charcot foot.