cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing disparities in barriers to attending pediatric diabetes camp.

Objectives While the benefits of diabetes camp programs are well established, minority youth are underrepresented in camp attendance. No research to date has explored barriers to camp attendance or potential disparities in those barriers. Further, little is known about sources families prioritize in seeking diabetes information and support. Methods This was a prospective survey of families of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using convenience sampling during normally-scheduled clinic visits. Thirty-nine children and their caregivers completed the survey. Results were analyzed for prevalence and mean number of reported barriers, benefits, and diabetes information networks. Results Age range was 5-15 years and mean duration of diabetes was 2.9 years (0.4-9y). The most prevalent barriers were location, cost, and concern about sending children to overnight camp. Caregivers had high level of knowledge of camp benefits. Participants reported engaging with the diabetes community through interactions with their diabetes team, Facebook groups, and the JDRF. Conclusion Increasing awareness, transportation assistance, and scholarship funding all may increase accessibility of diabetes camps. Diabetes clinic and online or social media groups are both acceptable means of disseminating information about diabetes camp. Further research is indicated to verify if these results are applicable to the larger diabetes community.
COVID-19: Contextualizing Misinformation Flows in a US Latinx Border Community (Media and Communication During COVID-19)

This study shows how research on misinformation correction on social media must be contextualized by an understanding of race, class, and local culture. Using an inductive analysis of focus group d...
Structure-activity relationship studies of 3-substituted pyrazoles as novel allosteric inhibitors of MALT1 protease.

Abstract We report the discovery of a novel series of 1,5-bisphenylpyrazoles as potent MALT1 inhibitors. Structure–activity relationship exploration of a hit compound led to a potent MALT1 inhibitor. Compound 33 showed strong activity against MALT1 (IC50: 0.49 μM), potent cellular activity (NF-κB inhibition and inhibition of IL2 production), and high selectivity against caspase-3, -8, and -9. The results of a kinetics study suggest that compound 33 is a non-competitive inhibitor of MALT1 protein.
“Far More than Just a Prescription”: Focus Groups With U.S. Family Planning Providers and Staff About Integrating PrEP for HIV Prevention Into Their Work

Abstract Background Cisgender women in the United States use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention at lower rates relative to other groups. Advocacy groups and patients identify family planning clinics as the preferred sites to lead PrEP implementation for women in the United States. However, limited qualitative exploration exists of U.S. family planning practitioners’ attitudes toward integrating PrEP into their work. Methods We conducted qualitative focus groups with a convenience sample of family planning clinicians, counselors, and clinic managers to explore barriers and facilitators to PrEP provision in U.S. family planning clinics. Results We conducted six focus groups (total participants = 37) with respondents who worked in family planning clinics in San Francisco, California; Kansas City, Missouri; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Key themes emerged highlighting how PrEP at times runs contrary to other family planning agendas, including efficient clinic visits, condom promotion, and long-acting reversible contraception counseling. Throughout these discussions, participants expressed discomfort with HIV vulnerabilities rooted in social and structural determinants of health. Conclusions Findings suggest that those seeking to implement PrEP for U.S. cisgender women may benefit from exploring 1) how to integrate patient/provider conversations about the structural determinants of health and their relationship to HIV and other sexual and reproductive health outcomes and 2) how to foster person-centered prevention conversations in the context of busy family planning visits.
Using Standardized Patients to Augment Communication Skills and Self-Efficacy in Caring for Transgender Youth.

Abstract Objective To examine the impact of standardized patient encounters (SPEs) on gender-affirming communication skills and self-efficacy of pediatrics learners. Methods Fourth-year medical students, pediatrics interns, psychiatry interns, and nurse practitioner trainees on 1-month adolescent medicine blocks completed a curriculum with e-learning activities that was expanded to include SPEs. Following e-learning, learners completed 2 SPEs featuring transgender adolescent cases. Faculty observers and standardized patients completed checklists focused on history-taking, counseling, and interpersonal communication, and provided learner feedback after each case. The curriculum was evaluated by comparing skills checklists scores from case 1 to case 2 via Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Self-efficacy was assessed precurriculum (Assessment 1), post-e-learning (Assessment 2), and post-SPE (Assessment 3) using a previously developed instrument. Changes in self-efficacy scores were assessed via linear regression models with generalized estimating equations. Results Forty-three eligible learners participated in the study. The majority were pediatrics interns, and 5 learners had worked in a transgender clinic prior to the curriculum participation. Learners increased median total checklist scores between cases from 22 to 28 (P Conclusions The combination of SPEs with e-learning is effective at improving self-efficacy and gender-affirming communication skills for a multidisciplinary pediatrics learners. The comprehensive curriculum allowed learners inexperienced with transgender youth to apply knowledge and practice skills.
A Barrel of Oil or a Bottle of Wine: How Do Global Growth Dynamics Affect Commodity Prices?*

This paper explores empirically the causes of extreme fluctuations in commodity prices from January 1990 to June 2010 and seeks to identify the relative contribution of advanced and emerging market economies to the changes in commodity prices. Our assumption is that analyzing two very distinct goods—crude oil and fine wine—helps to identify common determinants of commodity prices. We find that the growth rate of global aggregate demand is the key macroeconomic determinant of the fluctuations in both crude oil and fine wine prices over the sample period. While advanced economies account for more than half of global consumption, emerging market and developing economies make up the bulk of the incremental change in demand, thereby having a greater weight in commodity price formation. The coefficient of emerging market industrial output growth is about three times as high as that of advanced economies in oil price regressions and almost five times as powerful in fine wine price regressions. The results also show that the shift in the composition of aggregate commodity demand is a recent phenomenon. (JEL Classifications: Q11, Q39, Q41, Q43)
Treatment of Malignant Bile Duct Obstruction: What the Interventional Radiologist Needs to Know

Management of malignant bile duct obstruction is both a clinically important and technically challenging aspect of caring for patients with advanced malignancy. Bile duct obstruction can be caused by extrinsic compression, intrinsic tumor/stone/debris, or by biliary ischemia, inflammation, and sclerosis. Common indications for biliary intervention include lowering the serum bilirubin level for chemotherapy, ameliorating pruritus, treating cholangitis or bile leak, and providing access for bile duct biopsy or other adjuvant therapies. In some institutions, biliary drainage may also be considered prior to hepatic or pancreatic resection. Prior to undertaking biliary intervention, it is essential to have high-quality cross-sectional imaging to determine the level of obstruction, the presence of filling defects or atrophy, and status of the portal vein. High bile duct obstruction, which we consider to be obstruction above, at, or just below the confluence (Bismuth classifications IV, III, II, and some I), is optimally managed percutaneously rather than endoscopically because interventional radiologists can target specific ducts for drainage and can typically avoid introducing enteric contents into isolated undrained bile ducts. Options for biliary drainage include external or internal/external catheters and stents. In the setting of high obstruction, placement of a catheter or stent above the ampulla, preserving the function of the sphincter of Oddi, may lower the risk of future cholangitis by preventing enteric contamination of the biliary tree. Placement of a primary suprapapillary stent without a catheter, when possible, is the procedure most likely to keep the biliary tree sterile.
Risk Factor Management of Atrial Fibrillation Using mHealth: The Atrial Fibrillation – Helping Address Care with Remote Technology (AF-HEART) Pilot Study

Abstract Background Personalized treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) risk factors using mHealth and telehealth may improve patient outcomes. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of the A trial F ibrillation He lping A ddress Care with R emote T echnology (AF-HEART) intervention on the following patient outcomes: (i) heart rhythm tracking, (ii) weight, alcohol, blood pressure (BP) and sleep apnea reduction, (iii) AF symptom reduction, (iv) and quality of life (QOL) improvement. Methods A total of 20 patients with AF undergoing antiarrhythmic therapy, cardioversion, and/or catheter ablation were enrolled and followed for 6 months. The AF-HEART intervention included: remote heart rhythm, weight, and BP tracking, televisits with a dietician focusing on AF risk factors; and referrals for sleep apnea and hypertension treatment. Results Patients transmitted a median of 181 rhythm recordings during the 6-month follow-up period. Patients lost an average of 3.5 kilograms at 6 months (p = 0.005). Patients had improved SF-12 scores (p = 0.01), AFSS score (p = 0.01), EQLS (p = 0.006), and AFEQT Global Score (p = 0.03). There was significant correlation between weight loss and decrease in symptom severity (r = -0.45, p = 0.05), and % weight loss and decrease in symptom severity (r = -0.49, p = 0.03). Conclusions This study described the feasibility of the AF-HEART intervention for: i) consistent remote tracking of heart rhythm, weight, and BP, ii) achievement of weight loss, iii) reduction of symptoms, and iv) improvement in QOL. Expansion to a larger randomized study is planned.
Mina O’Reilly at Logan’s TSA (Teaching Note)

Teaching note for the Mina O'Reilly at Logan's TSA Case: Mina O'Reilly, an officer at Logan Airport's Transportation Security Administration (TSA) in Boston, must discipline an employee responsible for a security breach that resulted in a 45-minute terminal closure during peak hours, a potential threat to traveler safety, and travel delays across the U.S. O'Reilly considers the impact of her decision on a shifting labor force: the growing divide between those employees deeply committed to the mission and those joining to simply find a job. The senior TSA staff and airlines are calling for accountability, but the person responsible for the breach is a passionate and valued employee who has been with TSA since its formation. As her shift approaches, O'Reilly must decide whether or not she can clock in as usual.
Mining Geothermal Energy From Hot Dry Rock

Geothermal energy is commonly considered to be available only in areas characterized by hot springs and geysers. However, the rock of the earth is hot at accessible depths everywhere, and this energy source is present beneath the surface in almost any location. The energy-extraction concept of the Hot Dry Rock (HDR) Geothermal Program, as initially developed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory, is to mine this heat by creating a man-made reservoir in low-permeability, hot basement rock. This concept has been successfully proven at Fenton Hill in northern New Mexico by drilling two holes to a depth of approximately 3 km (10,000 ft) and a bottom temperature of 200°C (392°F), then connecting the boreholes with a large diameter, vertical hydraulic fracture. Water is circulated down one borehole, heated by the hot rock, and rises up the second borehole to the surface where the heat is extracted and the cooled water is reinjected. A second-generation system, recently drilled to 4.5 km (15,800 ft) and temperatures of 320°C (608°F), entails creating multiple, parallel fractures between a pair of inclined boreholes. This system should produce 5 to 10 MW(e) for 20 years without adverse environmental impact.
Intelligent vision-based fuzzy control system

For better performance, the implementation of a controller for a nonlinear plant may use adaptive concepts. Adaptive controllers with self adjustment capabilities possess many advantages over conventional methods. Many adaptive fuzzy controllers have been considered, which are generally referred to as self-organizing controllers. One advantage of fuzzy controllers is their simple computation requirements and it is important for this simplicity to be retained in comparison with more algorithmic-based controllers. In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller is implemented in a 2-DOF varying-damper system for vibration reduction. In the metal forming problem, an optical camera is utilized as the sensor, a servo motor with a forming mechanism as the actuator, microprocessor as the CPU, as well as the data acquisition and conversion boards as communication unit. The integration of hardware elements is managed by a fuzzy logic algorithm that was written in C++. The data and disturbance measured by the sensor is processed by the CPU, allowing the controller to utilize primary and secondary errors between the desired output and the actual response to conduct decision making. Results from simulation and testing are presented.
[1] Approaches to receptor cloning

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the approaches to receptor cloning. It has often been observed that when multiple approaches have developed, they are all likely to have limitations. Successful and efficient receptor cloning requires the development of a reasonable overall strategy and the selection of the most appropriate methodologies for the problem. Before a cloning strategy is developed, assessment of the reasons, which the clone is being isolated and of the receptor class, is critical. Representing the two extremes of difficulty is cloning a multi-subunit receptor of unknown structure, such as seminal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor cloning, and cloning a fragment of a receptor cyclic DNA (cDNA) across mammalian species for use in nuclease protection assays or in situ hybridization, such as a monkey dopamine receptor probe with the sequence already characterized in several other mammalian species. In the case of a multiple subunit receptor, expression cloning may be impossible and the arduous task of receptor purification and microsequencing or antibody generation the requisite initial steps.
Staggered twisted-bundle interconnect for crosstalk and delay reduction

To achieve small delay and low crosstalk for multiple signal nets with capacitive and inductive coupling, we propose in this paper a novel interconnect structure, staggered twisted-bundle wires, where groups of twisted wires are staggered. This new structure is different from the previously proposed twisted bundle wires with one group of twisted wires and another group of normal wires. Using accurate circuit models and efficient algorithms to find the worst case noise and delay for comprehensive combinations of signal patterns and a range or arrival times, we assume signal and shielding ratio over 1:1 for area reduction and compare the aforementioned two structures to coplanar shielding for signal nets. The staggered twisted-bundle has the smallest worst case delay, up to 20% and 5% smaller than the coplanar shielding and twisted bundle, respectively. The staggered twisted bundle also has the smallest worst case noise, up to 6% and 12% less than coplanar shielding and twisted bundle. Furthermore, the staggered twisted bundle has the smallest delay/noise variation between signal nets. We conclude that without increasing routing area, the staggered twisted bundle is better than the twisted bundle and coplanar shielding in terms of performance and noise.
The Kinetics of the α-Chymotrypsin-catalyzed Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Acetate in Organic Solvent-Water Mixtures

The α-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate has been studied at pH 7 and 25° in isopropyl alcoholwater and dioxane-water mixtures. It was found that the initial reaction in which the enzyme is acylated follows second order kinetics rather than Michaelis-Menten kinetics as previously reported. The second order rate constant for this reaction is markedly decreased by addition of either isopropyl alcohol or dioxane in a manner which can be formally attributed to either competitive or noncompetitive inhibition. The rate of the steady state reaction increases with substrate concentration in a manner which can be formally described in terms of substrate activation. After correction for this effect, the rate at substrate saturation is increased by organic solvents (by a factor of 3.5 in 20% (v/v) dioxane); the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant is also greatly increased (by a factor of 150 in 20% (v/v) dioxane). The primary amine tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, which was used as buffer, is shown to have a strong inhibitory effect on the pre-steady state reaction, and to be very much more effective than water as an acyl acceptor. Although several of these effects can be expressed in reasonably quantitative terms, it is not possible to offer convincing explanations for them. Organic solvents such as dioxane may produce more or less extensive changes in the enzyme, perhaps conformational in character, which drastically alter its kinetic properties; they may also exert an influence by disrupting the water structure in the vicinity of the active site.
Assessment of the public's knowledge of venous thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major public health problem impacting 600,000 people and causing 100,000 deaths annually. Nurses are in a unique position in all health care settings to educate patients and the public to prevent and provide early detection for this devastating complication. A dearth of information exists regarding the knowledge level of those affected. This manuscript presents a study that investigates and quantifies the general public's knowledge level of VTE through a 13-question survey of 325 participants. The results indicate that >70% of the general, nonmedical participants involved in the survey were not familiar with VTE. The findings suggest the need for nurses to consistently and systematically educate patients and the public about VTE to decrease morbidity and mortality.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns as Aids in Classification and Characterization of Gram-negative Anaerobic Bacilli

Patterns of susceptibility of gram-negative anaerobic bacilli to antibiotics have been found to be distinctive and of significant help in classification and identification. Five major groups of gram-negative anaerobic bacilli have been defined on the basis of morphological and biochemical criteria. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns conform to these groupings and provide additional taxonomic criteria. The Bacteroides fragilis group is resistant to penicillin G, whereas the other groups are generally sensitive. B. fragilis strains are relatively sensitive to erythromycin, whereas the Sphaerophorus necrophorus group is resistant. B. melaninogenicus strains, B. oralis, and Fusobacterium are all more sensitive to kanamycin and neomycin than the other two groups. Kanamycin is more active against Fusobacterium strains than neomycin, but less active against all other groups. Colistin or polymyxin B is useful for distinguishing between the resistant B. fragilis and the sensitive S. necrophorus. Antibiotic susceptibility determinations may be more readily performed in clinical laboratories than certain biochemical tests recommended for differentiation of the gram-negative anaerobic bacilli and may serve as helpful adjuncts to morphological and biochemical observations in classifying and characterizing these organisms. The use of standardized procedures for antibiotic susceptibility tests is essential if comparable results are to be obtained in different laboratories.
The Theory of Decreasing Cost Production

This chapter presents a discussion on the theory of decreasing cost production. Production of some goods and services exhibits significant decreasing cost or increasing returns to scale, meaning that unit or average cost for an individual firm continues to decline up to a substantial proportion of total market demand. Public sector economics has traditionally concerned itself only with the most extreme example of decreasing cost in which a single firm's average cost declines all the way to total market demand. This is called a “natural monopoly,” because a single firm can supply the entire industry output most cheaply. Decreasing cost industries are not at all rare. They typically occur in the production of services rather than products—that is, services that require relatively large setup costs after which large numbers of users can be served at relatively low marginal cost. The combination of high startup costs and low marginal cost causes unit cost to decline even as the number of users becomes large. Services with these attributes include many forms of transportation, especially highways and bridges.
Extracellular matrix molecules regulate endothelial cell migration stimulated by lysophosphatidic acid

Summary. Background: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are lipids that bind G-protein coupled receptors and differentially promote transmigration of endothelial cells. Objective: To determine if endothelial cell transmigration stimulated by LPA, not S1P, is dependent on the extracellular matrix. Methods: Bovine pulmonary artery (BPAE) endothelial cell transmigration and locomotion were measured using a modified-Boyden chamber and video microscopy, respectively. Results were related to strength of adhesion and characteristics of cell adhesive contacts. Results and Conclusions: BPAEs responded to LPA by transmigration through gelatin- or collagen-coated filters, but not through fibronectin-, vitronectin-, or fibrinogen-coated filters. Fewer cells adhered to collagen or gelatin than to fibronectin in a static cell adhesion assay or after application of a g-force to detach cells. Video microscopy revealed that S1P stimulates large lamellipodia on two-dimensional fibronectin substrate. LPA stimulated lamellipodia on fibronectin, but the trailing edge remained attached, resulting in sting ray-shaped cells in video microscopy. LPA-treated cells on gelatin released the trailing edge. To understand how the extracellular matrix may regulate endothelial cell shape during movement, we surveyed changes in focal adhesion proteins. More Hic-5, a paxillin homolog, was detected in the detergent insoluble fraction of BPAEs attached to gelatin than fibronectin. No such difference was found in paxillin. In BPAEs, Hic-5 was localized to smaller punctate structures on fibronectin and longer, thinner focal adhesions on gelatin. These results indicated that localization of Hic-5 and strength of adhesion correlate with endothelial cell transmigration stimulated by LPA, but not with transmigration stimulated by S1P.
A comparison of high performance fortran and message passing parallelization of a geophysical fluid model

Publisher Summary It is often unclear when beginning to parallelize a fluid model or to port the model to an alternate parallel computer, what the tradeoffs are for the various parallelization methods. The goal of this work is to assess the virtues and weaknesses of two parallelization methods within the framework of a nonhydrostatic, three-dimensional, time-dependent Navier–Stokes solver for geophysical flows. The irregular communication patterns of the semi-Lagrangian model can, in principle, substantially degrade the performance and efficiency of the parallel codes. Loop expressions using such arrays are converted to use array syntax or, alternatively, the loop is preceded by a compiler directive that indicates that the loop should be executed in parallel. The physical scenario modeled in this study is a strongly stratified flow past a three-dimensional analytic mountain. This interesting fluid regime is frequently referred to as a low Froude number flow. The distinguishing features of such flows include the separation and reversal of the lower upwind stream and the formation of intense vertically-oriented vortices on the lee side of the hill.
Problems, plans, and programs

An important learning skill is the ability to make abstractions, i.e., to construct classification schemes which highlight similarities and differences. In this paper we shall outline the content of a undergraduate course which attempts to teach this skill in the context of teaching introductory LISP programming and problem solving. The key to this enterprise has been the development of:1. a taxonomy of problems, i.e., a classification scheme which groups problems into classes based on specific criteria, and2. a set of plans, i.e., abstractions, each of which captures the essential features of a class of problems, and corresponding solution programs.We begin by developing a scheme for classifying the problems usually offered as exercises in introductory LISP courses. We then examine the LISP programs which solve problems in the various classes and abstract higher level structures called 'plans.' Here we view a plan as a program template plus comments describing the goals and reasons for the various expressions in the template. Next, we build on the set of plans to include new problems. Finally, we speculate briefly on the utility of our taxonomy with respect to programming in languages such as FORTRAN, APL, or PASCAL.
Potential Vulnerability of Encrypted Messages: Decomposability of Discrete Logarithm Problems

This paper provides a framework that reduces the computational complexity of the discrete logarithm problem. The paper describes how to decompose the initial DLP onto several DLPs of smaller dimensions. Decomposability of the DLP is an indicator of potential vulnerability of encrypted messages transmitted via open channels of the Internet or within corporate networks. Several numerical examples illustrate the frame- work and show its computational efficiency.
Membrane Receptors for Corticosterone: A Mechanism for Rapid Behavioral Responses in an Amphibian

Abstract This paper reviews evidence that, in some cases, steroid hormones rapidly modulate behaviors by binding to specific cell-surface receptors on neurons. The evidence comes from research with an amphibian model, Taricha granulosa. In Taricha, stress and corticosterone inhibit reproductive behaviors with a rapidity that is inconsistent with traditional models for steroid action (models in which intracellular steroid receptors function as transcription factors). A series of radioligand binding assay studies identified a corticosteroid receptor in neuronal membranes that appears to mediate the rapid behavioral responses in Taricha. Studies with various steroids showed a strong correlation between their potencies to inhibit the behavior and their potencies to inhibit corticosterone binding. Neurophysiological studies of caudal brainstem neurons found that corticosterone administration rapidly modulates neuronal activity and selectively suppresses sensory processing. Another series of studies provided evidence that this corticosterone receptor interacts with G proteins in neuronal membranes. The studies suggest that there are G protein-coupled receptors for corticosteroids that provide all alternative mechanism by which this hormone regulates brain functions and behaviors.
Patterns of Cluster Reduction in the Acquisition of #sC Onsets: Are Bilinguals Different from Monolinguals?.

This article is a comparative look at the cluster reduction patterns of English #sC onsets in three groups of children. Data from 40 monolingual, 40 Spanish–English bilingual and 40 Haitian Creole–English bilingual children were examined. While there were several similarities in the patterns exhibited by the three groups, there was a sharp contrast regarding /sl-/ clusters between monolingual children and the two groups of bilinguals. Among the predictions offered for reduction patterns in recent literature, ‘factorial typology’ of ) appeared to be the most successful.
Twelve hundred abscesses operatively drained: an antibiotic conundrum?

Background The incidence of soft tissue infections from antimicrobial-resistant pathogens is increasing. This study evaluated the epidemiology of operatively drained soft tissue abscesses. Methods This retrospective study evaluated 1,200 consecutive patients from 2002 to 2008 who underwent incision and drainage (ID P Conclusion Gram-positive aerobes plus anaerobes represented approximately 80% of the pathogens in our series, with the anaerobic rates being underestimated. Empiric antibiotics should cover MRSA and anaerobes in patients with superficial abscesses drained operatively.
Changes in pyridine nucleotide levels alter oxygen consumption and extra-mitochondrial phosphates in isolated mitochondria: A 31P-NMR and NAD(P)H fluorescence study

Isolated rat-liver mitochondria were used to study the relation between mitochondrial NADH levels, oxygen consumption (QO2), and extra-mitochondrial phosphates. Alterations in NADH and QO2 were accomplished by incubating mitochondria with different substrates or varying amounts of exogenous ATPase while monitoring QO2 and NAD(P)H fluorescence. Two sets of conditions were studied: (1) in the presence of excess ADP and inorganic phosphate, an increase in NAD(P)H fluorescence was associated with a linear increase in QO2; (2) when QO2 was driven by the steady-state hydrolysis of ATP by exogenous ATPase, increases in QO2 were associated with proportional decreases in NAD(P)H fluorescence. For all substrates tested this relation was linear; however, the slope was substrate dependent. Different substrates were able to maintain different NAD(P)H levels at the same QO2. To investigate this further, effects of changing substrates at constant QO2 on NAD(P)H and extra-mitochondrial phosphates were determined. Addition of glutamate + malate to mitochondria respiring on citrate caused a 50% increase in NAD(P)H fluorescence, a 41% decrease in ADP, and a 30% decrease in inorganic phosphate. Similar changes for the substrate jump, pyruvate + malate to glutamate + malate were found. Finally, it was determined that a linear relation holds between increases in NAD(P)H fluorescence and increases in QO2 when substrates were varied at constant, physiologic levels of extra-mitochondrial ADP. These results indicate that QO2 depends on NAD(P)H levels as well as on extra-mitochondrial phosphates over a wide range of respiratory rates.
On the covering of pairs by quadruples. II

Abstract Let S be a finite set of order n. Let C(n, 4, 2) be the minimum number of quadruples such that each pair of elements of S is contained in at least one of them. In this paper C(n, 4, 2) is determined for all n divisible by 3. The case in which n is not divisible by 3 will be treated in a second paper.
The mechanical triggering of bioluminescence in marine dinoflagellates: chemical basis.

In both photosynthetic (Pyrodinium bahamense, Gonyaulax polyedra, Pyrocystis Iunula, P. noctiluca, P. fusiformis) and nonphotosynthetic (Noctiluca miliaris) bioluminescent dinoflagellates chemical stimulation can by-pass mechanical stimulation. The effective ions are Ca++, K+, NH4+ and H+. Other chemicals found effective are those implicated in Ca++ transport or binding. There are interspecies differences in degrees of mechanical and chemical stimulability. Photoinhibition of mechanical stimulability is the result of two effects, the first a reduction in total bioluminescence potential and the second a decrease in mechanical stimulability resulting experimentally in a decreased rate of light emission. This latter effect can be reversed with Ca++ ions. Chemicals which bind Ca++ or displace Ca++ can mimic the effects of photoinhibition. The chemical inhibition of mechanical stimulability is also reversed by Ca++ ions. A scheme is proposed which is consistent for all species examined.
Positive correlation between levels of retained zeaxanthin + antheraxanthin and degree of photoinhibition in shade leaves of Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merrill

Attached intact leaves of Schefflera arboricola grown at three different photon flux densities (PFDs) were subjected to 24-h exposures to a high PFD and subsequent recovery at a low PFD. While sun leaves showed virtually no sustained effects on photosystem II (PSII), shade-grown leaves exhibited pronounced photoinhibition of PSII that required several days at low PFD to recover. Upon transfer to high PFD, levels of nonphotochemical quenching in PSII as well as levels of zeaxanthin were initially low in shade leaves but continued to increase gradually during the 24-h exposure. The xanthophyll cycle pool size rose gradually during and also subsequent to the photoinhibitory treatment in shade leaves. Upon return to low PFD, a marked and extremely long-lasting retention of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin was observed in shade but not sun leaves. During recovery, changes in the conversion state of the xanthophyll cycle therefore closely mirrored the slow increases in PSII efficiency. This novel report of a close association between zeaxanthin retention and lasting PSII depressions in these shade leaves clearly suggests a role for zeaxanthin in photoinhibition of shade leaves. In addition, there was a decrease in β-carotene levels, some decrease in chlorophyll, but no change in lutein and neoxanthin (all per leaf area) in the shade leaves during and subsequent to the photoinhibitory treatment. These data may be consistent with a degradation of a portion of core complexes but not of peripheral light-harvesting complexes. A possible conversion of β-carotene to form additional zeaxanthin is discussed.
Ubiquitin and AP180 regulate the abundance of GLR-1 glutamate receptors at postsynaptic elements in C. elegans

Regulated delivery and removal of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors (GluRs) from postsynaptic elements has been proposed as a mechanism for regulating synaptic strength. Here we test the role of ubiquitin in regulating synapses that contain a C. elegans GluR, GLR-1. GLR-1 receptors were ubiquitinated in vivo. Mutations that decreased ubiquitination of GLR-1 increased the abundance of GLR-1 at synapses and altered locomotion behavior in a manner that is consistent with increased synaptic strength. By contrast, overexpression of ubiquitin decreased the abundance of GLR-1 at synapses and decreased the density of GLR-1-containing synapses, and these effects were prevented by mutations in the unc-11 gene, which encodes a clathrin adaptin protein (AP180). These results suggest that ubiquitination of GLR-1 receptors regulates synaptic strength and the formation or stability of GLR-1-containing synapses.
Why does a variety of measures of thirst yield different results? An explanation developed by studying the effect of an aversive factor on liquid intake in rats

Rats were given restricted amounts of water (0 cc, 10 cc, 20 cc, or unlimited quantity) for 22 h, then provided with six liquids varying in aversiveness from positive to negative (0.01% quinine, 0.0025% quinine, water, 3% glucose, 0.25% saccharin, or 3% glucose — 0.25% saccharin) for 1 h, followed by 1h of water. When non-aversive liquids were given the liquid intake level reflected less sharply the water restriction levels than when more aversive liquids were provided. The discrepancy among various measures of thirst observed in many experiments may be attributed to aversive factors.
The Cognitive Phenotype in Klinefelter Syndrome: A Review of the Literature Including Genetic and Hormonal Factors

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) or 47,XXY occurs in ∼1 in 650 males. Individuals with KS often present with physical characteristics including tall stature, hypogonadism, and fertility problems. In addition to medical findings, the presence of the extra X chromosome can lead to characteristic cognitive and language deficits of varying severity. While a small, but significant downward shift in mean overall IQ has been reported, the general cognitive abilities of patients with KS are not typically in the intellectual disability range. Most studies support that males with KS have an increased risk of language disorders and reading disabilities. Results of other studies investigating the relationship between verbal and nonverbal/spatial cognitive abilities have been mixed, with differing results based on the age and ascertainment method of the cohort studied. Executive function deficits have been identified in children and adults with KS, however, the research in this area is limited and further investigation of the neuropsychological profile is needed. In this article, we review the strengths and weaknesses of previous cognitive and neuropsychological studies in males with KS in childhood and adulthood, provide historical perspective of these studies, and review what is known about how hormonal and genetic factors influence cognitive features in 47,XXY/KS.
The effect of solution treatment and rolling mode on the mechanical properties of 2090 AlLi alloy

Abstract Two similar processing methods were used to determine the effect of aging on cold rolled samples for each of the three rolling modes, longitudinal, 45 degrees and transverse. The first method consisted of cold rolling the 2090-T3 AlLi plates to 84% reduction in thickness. The process continued with an aging treatment at 149°C. The second processing method was similar but included a precipitation hardening treatment prior to cold rolling. One set of the precipitation hardened samples received an aging treatment at 149°C and the other at 260°C. The results indicated that the supersaturation level was the controlling factor in hardening this alloy system. The correlation between mechanical properties, supersaturation level and the microstructure is discussed.
Development and innervation of soleplates in the freely grafted extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in the rat

The ultrastructural events in the establishment of the neuro- muscular junction of the freely grafted extensor digitorum longus (EDL) mus- cle of the rat were studied 1-120 days after grafting. The original axons and muscle fibers, including soleplates, degenerated during the first few days, but Schwann cells and basal laminae persisted. Myofibers regenerated within the original basal laminae. Indentations of the sarcolemma, termed "presumptive synaptic clefts" (PSC), were found on myotubes from 7-day grafts. Schwann cells and residual acetylcholinesterase were invariably associated with the PSC, suggesting that the PSC developed at the site of the original soleplate. Nerves entered the grafts 10 days postoperatively and contacted the PSC of the regenerating muscle fibers on the 18-20th day. The secondary synaptic clefts of these "reconstructed" soleplates extended far beyond the subaxonal region. A second type of soleplate appeared on the 18-20th day. These sole- plates were similar to those found in embryonic muscle and were considered to have been induced to form "de novo" by the presence of the nerves. When grafts were placed in permanently denervated limbs the "reconstructed' sole- plates appeared, but the "de novo" type did not. These results show that information directing the morphogenesis and innervation of the soleplate per- sists after the original muscle fibers and axons of a graft degenerate and regenerate.
A Nontrivial Locally Trivial Algebra

Let R be a commutative domain and Kits field of fractions. Auslander and Goldman [l] proved that if R is regular, the map 8: BY(R) -+ BY(K) of the Brauer groups which is induced by the inclusion R G K is injective. They also proved that for the nonregular domain R[X, Y]/(X2 + Y2) /3 is not injective. As suggested by Grothendieck in his second paper on the Brauer group [3] ,3 need not be injective even if R is normal: simply replace R[X, Y]/(X2 + Y2) by R[X, Y, 21/(X2 + Y2 + Z2) in the example of Auslander and Goldman [l]. We can therefore ask the following weaker question: Is the map /3’: BY(R) -+ I$, Br(R,), p running through Spec(R) injective ? In other words: if A is an Azumaya algebra over R such that A, is isomorphic to a matrix algebra M,(Rp) for every prime ideal p of R, is then A isomorphic to the endomorphism ring End,(P) of a faithfully projective R-module? It is not difficult to see that this is true for every normal ring with at most one singular maximal ideal. The purpose of this note is to construct a two dimensional normal affine algebra R (e.g., over the complex field) for which /I’ is not injective. The method used here was inspired by Bernice Auslander’s paper [5]. She has told me that she has discovered a mistake in her proof of Corollary 4.4; this explains the apparent contradiction between my example and her corollary.
Optimization of water management in shale gas production process

We propose an optimization model for the design and operation of the water management system in shale gas production process. The objective is to maximize the profit per unit freshwater consumption. This model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear fractional programming (MILFP) problem, which takes into account both the economic performance and water-use efficiency associated with the shale gas production. We also present tailored optimization algorithms for efficiently solving the MILFP problem, which results from the water management optimization model. We apply the proposed optimization model to a long-term spatially explicit case study. The optimal results show that the net profit for shale gas production per unit freshwater consumption after water treatment is $1,756 per thousand barrels of freshwater. The results also indicate that an efficient water management strategy should be a combination of different water management options, including centralized wastewater treatment, underground disposal, and onsite treatment.
Social class and race disparities in premature stroke mortality among men in North Carolina

Abstract The purpose of this work was to examine the association between social class and premature stroke mortality among blacks and whites. For black men and white men in North Carolina, aged 35–54 years, mortality data from vital statistics files and population data from Census Public Use Microdata Sample files were matched according to social class for the years 1984–1993. Four categories of social class were defined based upon a two-dimensional classification scheme of occupations. For each category of social class, race-specific age-adjusted stroke mortality rates were calculated, and race-specific prevalences of income, wealth, education, unemployment, and disability were estimated. Women were excluded because comparable information on social class was not available from the mortality and population data sources. For both black men and white men, the highest rates of premature stroke mortality were observed among the lowest social classes. The rate ratios (RR) between the lowest and highest social class were 2.8 for black men and 2.3 for white men. Within each social class, black men had substantially higher rates of premature stroke mortality than white men (black-to-white RR ranged from 4.0 to 4.9). Among both black men and white men, the highest social class consistently had the most favorable levels of income, wealth, education, and employment. The inverse association between social class and stroke mortality for both black men and white men supports the need for stroke prevention efforts that address the structural inequalities in economic and social conditions.
Mixed Medullary‐Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: A Case Report

With fewer than 40 cases described in the otolaryngology literature, mixed medullary papillary thyroid carcinoma represents a rare but phenotypically distinct tumor. While isolated medullary carcinoma may be admixed with normal follicular structures, true mixed carcinoma displays morphological and immunological characteristics of medullary and papillary carcinoma within a single lesion. We report the case of a 73-year old woman initially evaluated for a multinodular thyroid goiter. The patient denied a family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or other endocrine neoplasms. Fine needle aspiration of a nodule of the thyroid isthmus suggested a follicular neoplasm with abundant Hurthle cells and colloid present. Considering these findings, the patient underwent a left thyroid lobectomy with isthmusectomy. Histopathological analysis of the surgical specimen revealed a medullary thyroid carcinoma measuring 0.4 cm in size. Within this lesion, a distinct focus of papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular variant, measuring 0.1 cm was also identified. Mixed medullary-papillary thyroid carcinoma is a rare clinical entity but merits consideration in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules particularly in patients with a family history of thyroid malignancy. The foundation of treatment of this lesion is total thyroidectomy with central compartment node dissection in the clinically N0 neck and dissection of levels II-VII in the node-positive neck.
Millimeter-wave bistatic scattering from ground and vegetation targets

A 35-GHz bistatic radar system was used to measure the attenuation through trees and the bistatic scattering pattern of tree foilage. The data were found to be in good agreement with a first-order multiple scattering model. Measurements were also made to study the angular vibration of the bistatic scattering coefficient of a smooth sand surface, a rough sand surface, and a gravel surface. The measurements, which were made for HH, HV (horizontal transmit, verticle receive), and VV polarization configurations over a wide range of the azimuth angle and the scattering angle, provide a quantitative reference for the design and use of millimeter-wave bistatic radar systems. >
Evolution of Learning among Pavlov Strategies in a Competitive Environment with Noise

Pavlov denotes a family of stochastic learning strategies that achieves the mutually cooperative outcome in the iterated prisoner's dilemma against a wide variety of strategies, although it can be exploited to some extent by some. When restricted to an environment of only Pavlov-type strategies, slower learning mutants cannot invade an initial dominant population. More surprising, mutants who learn much faster than the current population tend to overreact and also cannot invade. In particular, the “immediate learning” version of Pavlov, sometimes called win-stay-lose-switch, often fares poorly in this environment. Only those strategies that learn marginally faster than the dominant variety will have greater fitness. Although faster learners will eventually dominate a given homogeneous Pavlov population, the process must proceed through a gradual increase in the rate of learning.