cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gasdynamic lightguide with high optical quality

A region capable of guiding light can be created by the refractive-index gradients in a radial flow nozzle. An earlier such lightguide had been found to have poor optical quality. A new lightguide has been built and tested. Reasonably good agreement was found between the calculated and observed shapes of the lightguiding regions. With the proper lightguide operating conditions and the input laser beam focused down to the TEM00 mode size and properly injected into the lightguide, the divergence angle of the output beam was found to approach that of the input beam.
Biososteric Replacement in the Design and Synthesis of Ligands for Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

A series of ethers containing pyrrolidine and/or pyridine bioisosteres was synthesized and evaluated as nicotinic ligands. The dimethylaminoethoxypridines 6 and 7 inhibited the specific bind of (-)-[3H]Nicotine with Ki values of 300 nM and 450 nM, respectively. Compounds 8 and 9 were found to have Ki values of 3390 nM and 360 nM. These results suggest that dialkylamino and appropriately substituted benzene rings (NO2, 8; OH, 9) are bioisosteric replacements for pyrrolidine and pyridine, respectively.
ULTRASOUND DOES NOT DETECT EARLY BLOOD LOSS IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS DONATING BLOOD

Abstract Background Ultrasound has been suggested as a useful non-invasive tool for the detection of early blood loss. Two possible sonographic markers for hypovolemia are the diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the thickness of the left ventricle (LV). Study Objectives The goal of the study was to evaluate the utility of ultrasound to detect signs of early hemorrhagic shock in healthy volunteers, compared with changes in vital signs. Methods In the current study, healthy volunteers from blood donation drives were used as models for early hemorrhage. Changes in vital signs, IVC diameter, and LV wall thickness were recorded after approximately 500 cc of blood loss. Results Thirty-eight subjects were enrolled and completed the study. After blood donation, there was a 7-mm Hg (8%) decrease in mean arterial pressure without a significant change in heart rate. There was a decrease in maximum IVC diameter (IVCmax) (12% decrease [95% confidence interval (CI) −6 to −19] in short axis and 20% decrease [95% CI −12 to −27] in long axis), but no change was seen in the respiratory caval index ((IVCmax − IVCmin)/IVCmax) × 100). There was no change in LV wall thickness. Conclusion In this study, serial changes in vital signs, IVC diameter, and LV wall thickness were clinically insignificant after approximately 500 cc of blood loss in healthy volunteers.
Beyond Depression: Correlates of Suicidal Behavior in Abused Children

The current study aimed to examine the role that a history of abuse plays in the association with suicide attempts in children and adolescents who have experienced trauma. Children and adolescents were recruited from a local community mental health center specializing in the treatment of child trauma. Abuse history, history of suicide attempts, various demographics, and psychosocial measures were gathered from children and adolescents as well as their mothers. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed the overall model, as well as individual predictors of age, child depression, physical and sexual abuse to be significant in the association with a history of suicide attempts. The current study revealed significant risk factors for suicide attempts in children and adolescents who have been maltreated, including age, depressive symptoms, history of sexual abuse, and history of physical abuse. Future research should further delineate the magnitude of these risk factors in order to inform and strengthen the process of risk assessment and subsequent treatment of these individuals for mental health clinicians.
Comparative Accuracy of Small Lactometers for Determining the Total Solids of Individual Cows’ Milk,

Summary Milks were obtained monthly from approximately 350 cows of live dairy breeds. Averaged total solids measured with the small Watson lactometer did not differ significantly (except three Brown Swiss milks, 6% fat) from those measured gravimetrically. Correlations between the small Watson lactometer and gravimetric measurements exceeded 0.9 when fat levels were ignored, were lower when the data were grouped by fat percentages, and mostly were statistically significant. Standard errors of estimate ranged from 0.14 to 0.39, indicating errors in total solids equivalent to 0.12% fat by the Babcock method. Field use of the small Watson lactometer can be recommended, provided temperature and reading techniques are controlled. Average total solids measured by the small Quevenne lactometer differed significantly from the gravimetric measurements in milk from several breed and fat level groups. Correlations and standard errors were of the same magnitude as those obtained with the small Watson lactometer. A significant interaction between methods (gravimetric vs. Quevenne lactometer) and fat levels was obtained when measurements for all breeds were combined, indicating an incapacity of the small Quevenne lactometer and/or the estimation equation to measure accurately total solids at various fat levels. This bias was positive at low fat and negative at high fat levels, indicating that the small Quevenne lactometer is not as accurate as the Watson lactometer.
Mechanisms, Risks, and New Treatment Options for Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients and is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and longer hospital stays. Because patients with this disorder a
Reliability modeling of transistor gates at the nanoscale

The efficacy of any product and process, including safety and functionality during the system lifecycle is defined by its reliability. Already essential for macro- and microsystems, reliability is even more critical in the nano realm due to expected higher functionality and complexity of products. Although reliability estimates are indispensable to validate visionary research and development of scalable, produceable and useable nanodevices, very little work has been reported on critical reliability issues. It is well known from macro systems that neglecting reliability in the early conception and design stages results in high costs later on in the product lifecycle. Such neglect could render supposedly revolutionary ideas totally unusable. Reliability theory and related physics of failure concepts for traditional macro systems/products have not transferred readily to the nano scale. Our work is an attempt to examine the feasibility of porting what works in the macro realm to the nano realm and specifically the reliability of high-k dielectric material. A degradation model is proposed and a methodology of statistical reliability analysis presented. In addition, several sources of dielectric substrate degradation data are also suggested.
Cytochromes c biogenesis in a photosynthetic bacterium requires a periplasmic thioredoxin-like protein.

Abstract Rhodobacter capsulatus is a Gram-negative photosynthetic bacterium that requires c-type cytochromes for photosynthetic electron transport. Our studies demonstrate that the gene helX is required for the biogenesis of c-type cytochromes in R. capsulatus. A helX chromosomal deletion mutant cannot grow photosynthetically, due to a deficiency of all c-type cytochromes. The predicted amino acid sequence of the helX gene product (176 residues) is related to that of thioredoxin and shares active-site homology with protein disulfide isomerase. Cytochrome c2-alkaline phosphatase gene fusions are used to show that HelX is not required for the transcription, translation, or secretion of apocytochrome c2. HelX-alkaline phosphatase and HelX-beta-galactosidase gene fusions are used to demonstrate that HelX is a periplasmic protein, which is consistent with the presence of a typical signal sequence in HelX. Based on these results, we propose HelX functions as a periplasmic disulfide oxidoreductase that is essential for cytochromes c biogenesis. This role is in accordance with the observation that both heme and the cysteines of apocytochromes c (Cys-Xaa-Yaa-Cys-His) must be in the reduced state for covalent linkage between the two moieties to occur.
350 COCAINE USE IN PREGNANCY

With the increasing use of cocaine in the United States, there has been growing interest in its effects on the fetus and neonate of the pregnant abuser. Two groups of cocaine-using women (Group I, N=10, cocaine use only; Group II, N=10, cocaine plus methadone maintenance for narcotic addiction) enrolled in a comprehensive perinatal addiction program were studied and compared to a group of women with a history of narcotic use only, maintained during pregnancy on methadone (Group III, N=15) and a group of drug-free women (Group IV, N=15). All 4 groups were similar for maternal age, socioeconomic status and cigarette use, and the 3 drug-using groups were similar for alcohol and marijuana use. Gravidity was similar for all 4 groups, but women in each of Groups I and II had a significantly higher rate of spontaneous abortions, abruptio placentae and premature delivery than women in either Group III or Group IV. In the series of pregnancies under study, 4 pregnancies in Groups I and II had onset of labor with abruptio placentae immediately following IV self-injection of cocaine. Mean neonatal gestational age, birth weight, length and head circumference were not affected by cocaine use. Utilizing the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, cocaine-exposed infants showed more irritability and state lability than either methadone-exposed or drug-free infants and significant depression of interactive behaviors, especially visual orientation.
Intellectual property implications of multimedia products: A case study

Abstract This paper explores the intellectual property issues that arise in connection with the production and distribution of a multimedia product. The analysis focuses on a recent effort by a major US art museum to prepare a CD‐ROM edition of its collection and catalogue. The issues discussed include: the copyright interests and moral rights of artists and others whose works were to be included in the product; the respective rights of the museum and the various expert contractors whom it proposed to employ in the production process; and the ability of the museum to use copyright, patent and licensing law to protect the finished product against unauthorized exploitation. These issues are examined comparatively, from both US and European legal perspectives. The museum's case is broadly applicable, as the legal questions that it confronted are likely to arise in a variety of multimedia contexts. The general conclusion is that the producer of a multimedia product faces significant legal uncertainty because ...
GROWTH OF VITAMIN B12‐LIMITED CULTURES: THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA, MONOCHRYSIS LUTHERI, AND ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA1,2

SUMMARY The growth rates of 3 species of phytoplankton were found to be dependent on the vitamin B12 concentrations in the media. In batch cultures, the vitamin B12 half-saturation constants and standard errors were 0.39 ± 0.042 μμg/ml for Thalassiosira pseudonana (clone 3H), 1.69 ± 0.24 μμg/ml for Isochrysis galbana, and 2.77 ± 1.65 μμg/ml for Monochrysis lutheri. A chemostat was used to grow T. pseudonana with vitamin B12 as the controlling factor. In the chemostat the yield and standard deviation, 102 ± 21 × 104 cells/μμg vitamin B12, was the same as in the batch culture, 126 ± 13 ± 104 cells/μμg. The chemostat half-saturation constant, 0.26 ± 0.068 μμg/ml vitamin B12, and maximum growth rate were in agreement with those obtained in batch cultures. Vitamin concentrations for maximum growth, rates were greater than those calculated necessary from yield data to give observed population densities similar to those in natural waters. In the sea the effect of vitamin B12 concentration on growth rates may be complicated by low concentrations of other nutrients or the presence of inhibitors.
Survey on the Privatization of Social Security in Latin America: Pension Funds à la Chile?

This paper surveys the social security system in several Latin American countries. Specifically, the cases of Bolivia and Brazil are documented in order to determine if the Chilean model is a viable one in the Latin America and Caribbean region. An institutional approach suggests that while there has been a marked interest in tailoring pension funds a la Chile, policy makers of the region must be aware of the similarities and differences in the politico‐social‐economic environment. The macroeconomic transformation undertaken in Chile was a unique one obeying to specific conditions of time and process. It is indicated, however, that even in the case of developed nations, some features of the Chilean model may be very appealing as well.
Cellular effects of LRRK2 mutations.

Mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are a relatively common cause of inherited PD (Parkinson9s disease), but the mechanism(s) by which mutations lead to disease are poorly understood. In the present paper, I discuss what is known about LRRK2 in cellular models, focusing specifically on assays that have been used to tease apart the effects of LRRK2 mutations on cellular phenotypes. LRRK2 expression has been suggested to cause loss of neuronal viability, although because it also has a strong effect on the length of neurites on these cells, whether this is true toxicity or not is unclear. Also, LRRK2 mutants can promote the redistribution of LRRK2 from diffuse cytosolic staining to more discrete structures, at least at high expression levels achieved in transfection experiments. The relevance of these phenotypes for PD is not yet clear, and a great deal of work is needed to understand them in more depth.
Achieving patient acceptance to immediate denture service

This first of two papers discusses proce­ dures which the dentist may follow in providing a successful transition from natural dentition to artificial dentition by means of patient education and partial dentures to be succeeded by immediate complete dentures. The procedures are designed to develop the patient into a contented, well-adjusted denture patient for the remaining years of his life. This paper chiefly discusses patient manage­ ment. Further technics will be presented in an article which will appear in the next issue.
Reciprocal inhibitory connections produce desynchronizing phase lags during intrathalamic oscillations

Abstract In GABAA β3 knockout mice (β3−/−), inhibitory synapses between thalamic reticular (RE) neurons are selectively impaired. Consequently, oscillations in thalamic slices from β3−/− mice last longer and are more synchronized than those from wild-type mice (Huntsman et al., Science 283 (1999) 541). We used computational models to study mechanisms by which intra-RE inhibition abbreviates and desynchronizes intrathalamic oscillations. Intra-RE inhibition could produce the former effect by shunting recurrent excitation. Intra-RE inhibition could produce the latter effect by changing the duration, but not the timing, of RE cells’ bursts. These results suggest mechanisms by which intra-RE inhibition prevents hypersynchrony characteristic of absence epilepsy.
Vagus nerve stimulation in depression.

Ever since the introduction of chemical and electrical convulsive treatment for psychiatric disorders in the 1930s and 1940s, biological techniques have been used extensively in the amelioration of a variety of psychiatric disorders. Techniques of recent vintage have included transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Since VNS attenuates seizures in animal models, the treatment was initially developed and approved by the FDA for treatment of drug-resistant partial-onset epilepsy. Additional data, including the known neuroanatomy of the vagus nerve, effects of VNS on monoamines and mood improvement in patients with epilepsy who were treated with VNS, provided a rationale for further investigation in patients with primary mood disorders. VNS has been administered acutely for 10 weeks to 60 patients with treatment-resistant depression. Longer-term follow-up data has been analysed for the first 30 patients. Response rates have been at least 30% in the acute s...
An integral strong law of large numbers for processes with independent increments

For a stochastically continuous stochastic process with independent increments overD[0,T], letN(t,e) be the number of smaple function jumps that occur in the interval [0,t] of sizes less than −e or greater than e, where e>0. LetM(t,e)=EN(t,e), and assumeM(t,0+)=∞ for 0<t≦T. If lime ↓0(M(t,e)/M(T,e)) exists and is positive for eacht∈(0,T], then lime ↓0(N(t,e)/M(T,e)) for allt∈(0,T] with probability one.
Focused videotape feedback psychotherapy: An integrated treatment for emotionally and behaviorally disturbed children

Abstract This controlled study describes the development and therapeutic effectiveness of Focused Videotape Feedback Psychotherapy. FVFP integrates parent-training, family therapy, and psychodynamically-oriented therapy as a treatment for children with emotional and behavioral disorders. Of the 105 children and their families, ages 4-10 years, referred for the study, only 40 met the strict diagnostic, research, and randomisation criteria for inclusion in one of the three research groups: FVFP, Psychodynamically-oriented, or Control. Evaluation was at pretreatment, 8 weeks, 16 weeks, and 20th week follow-up. Both treatment procedures were effective. FVFP produced more positive behavioral and affective changes at follow-up and was more time and cost effective.
Horizontal-baffled anaerobic reactor for treating diluted swine wastewater

Abstract The main objective of this study was to develop a low capital cost, simply operated and effective anaerobic reactor for treating, in the tropics, highly-diluted swine wastewater containing particulate solids. A horizontal-baffled reactor with a liquid volume of 20 liters was tested at 30°C. Supernatant of settled swine wastewater with a TVS concentration under 2 g liter −1 was used as feedstock. The reactor was an effective design for increasing the SRT (15–300 days) at the low HRT (0·25–5 days) being used. Maximum TCOD removal and maximum methane production rates of 81% and 0·8 liter liter −1 day −1 at a TCOD loading rate of 2·5 and 8·5 g liter −1 day −1 , respectively were observed. Operational performance was comparable with the anaerobic filter in treating the supernatant of settled swine wastewater. This reactor configuration was also simple in construction and operation compared with other existing anaerobic reactors.
Cleavage of VX Simulants by Micellar Iodoso- and Iodoxybenzoate

O,S-Diethyl phenylphosphonothioate (5) and S-phenyl (9) and S-ethyl diphenylthiophosphinate (10) were efficiently cleaved by 3-fold excess o-iodosobenzoate (IBA) in aqueous micellar cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solutions at pH 9.5. The maximum observed rate constants (monitored by HPLC aliquot procedures) were 1.09 × 10-3 s-1 for 5 and 6.0 × 10-3 s-1 for 10 with 0.06 M IBA at 25 °C. 9 cleaved too rapidly to follow by the aliquot method. With equimolar quantities of 5 and IBA, cleavage was slower and incomplete because of the reduction of the IBA to iodobenzoate by the EtSH liberated in the cleavage step. Mixtures of IBA and o-iodoxybenzoate (IBX) efficiently cleaved 5, even though IBX was not reactive toward 5, because the IBX competitively oxidized the EtSH, mitigating its reaction with IBA, while simultaneously affording additional IBA as the IBX was reduced. Studies of IBA and IBX redox reactions with EtSH are also included.
Massive scalp ulceration due to giant cell arteritis and osteomyelitis: successful tissue repair and wound healing using human fibroblast-derived dermal substitute1

MASSIVE SCALP ULCERATION DUE TO GIANT CELL ARTERITIS AND OSTEOMYELITIS: SUCCESSFUL TISSUE REPAIR AND WOUND HEALING USING HUMAN FIBROBLAST-DERIVED DERMAL SUBSTITUTE Diego E. Marra, MD, Angiogenesis Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States, Sarvenaz Zand, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, William W. Li, MD, Institute for Advanced Studies, The Angiogenesis Foundation, Cambridge, MA, United States, Vincent W. Li, MD, MBA, Institute for Advanced Studies, The Angiogenesis Foundation, Cambridge, MA, United States
Fringe benefits: The hidden costs of unionization and collective bargaining in corrections

Public Sector Unionization is a phenomenon characterized by rapid growth. Many studies have found, however, that the pay differential between unionized and non-unionized public sector employees is relatively small. This study posits the theory that one possible explanation is that unionized public sector employees are making gains in an area where the cost of concessions is somewhat hidden. Specifically, that unionized public sector employees enjoy a substantial lead in number of fringe benefits. The public sector area chosen for study is that of corrections. A questionnaire was constructed and mailed to all 50 state correctional systems assessing whether or not employees received 35 fringe benefits. The fringe benefits are divided into five categories and reported in tabular form. In addition, the fringe benefits are examined as a composite index and a comparison is then made between unionized and non-unionized employees. The results clearly show that unionized correctional employees have a considerable advantage in the number of fringe benefits enjoyed.
Boys Will be Boys: A Content Analysis of Gender and Race in Children's Advertisements on the Turner Cartoon Network

Abstract This research examines race and gender portrayals in advertising on the Turner Cartoon Network. It is important to study the content of these advertisements as cable television is highly viewed by children, highly rated for advertisers, and not subject to the same FCC content and separation regulations as network television commercials. The findings suggest that the primary target is active, white boys. If girls are portrayed at all, they are passive and remain indoors. These results are important to both scholars and practitioners as the peopling of commercials has the potential to influence children's developing sense of self and beliefs about others.
Binuclear Palladium Macrocycles Synthesized via the Weak-Link Approach

The “weak-link approach” to metallomacrocycle synthesis has been employed to synthesize a series of Pd(II) macrocycles in high yield. Although this approach has been used to construct several Rh(I) complexes with a variety of ligands, the generality of this methodology with respect to transition metals has not been demonstrated. When added to [Pd(NCCH3)4][BF4]2, the phosphinoalkyl ether or thioether ligands produce “condensed intermediates”, [(μ-(1,4-(PPh2CH2CH2X)2−Y)2Pd2)][BF4]4 (4, X = O, Y = 2,3,5,6-((CH3)4C6); 5, X = O, Y = C6H4; 6, X = S, Y = C6H4), containing strong P−Pd bonds and weaker O−Pd or S−Pd bonds. The weak bonds of these intermediates can be quantitatively broken through simple ligand substitution reactions to generate the macrocyclic structures [(μ-(1,4-(PPh2CH2CH2X)2−Y)2(Z)4Pd2)][BF4]n (7, X = O, Y = 2,3,5,6-((CH3)4C6), Z = CH3CN, n = 4; 8, X = O, Y = C6H4, Z = CH3CN, n = 4; 9, X = O, Y = 2,3,5,6-((CH3)4C6), Z = CN, n = 0; 10, X = O, Y = C6H4, Z = CN, n = 0; 11, X = S, Y = C6H4, Z = CN, ...
The Sugen 5416/hypoxia mouse model of pulmonary hypertension revisited: long-term follow-up

The combination of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist, Sugen 5416 (SU5416), and chronic hypoxia is known to cause pronounced pulmonary hypertension (PH) with angioobliterative lesions in rats and leads to exaggerated PH in mice as well. We sought to determine whether weekly SU5416 injections during 3 weeks of hypoxia leads to long-term development of angioobliterative lesions and sustained or progressive PH in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were injected with SU5416 (SuHx) or vehicle (VehHx) weekly during 3 weeks of exposure to 10% oxygen. Echocardiographic and invasive measures of hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular morphometry were performed after the 3-week hypoxic exposure and after 10 weeks of recovery in normoxia. SuHx led to higher right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure and RV hypertrophy than VehHx after 3 weeks of hypoxia. Ten weeks after hypoxic exposure, RV systolic pressure decreased but remained elevated in SuHx mice compared with VehHx or normoxic control mice, but RV hypertrophy had resolved. After 3 weeks of hypoxia and 10 weeks of follow-up in normoxia, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was significantly decreased, indicating decreased systolic RV function. Very few angioobliterative lesions were found at the 10-week follow-up time point in SuHx mouse lungs. In conclusion, SU5416 combined with 3 weeks of hypoxia causes a more profound PH phenotype in mice than hypoxia alone. PH persists over 10 weeks of normoxic follow-up in SuHx mice, but significant angioobliterative lesions do not occur, and neither PH nor RV dysfunction worsens. The SuHx mouse model is a useful adjunct to other PH models, but the search will continue for a mouse model that better recapitulates the human phenotype.
Convergence by Parts

This paper investigates the empirical validity of different classes of 'development trap' models of economic growth. Quah (1993) finds that the cross country distribution of per capita income is moving toward a twin peaked distribution. This finding has supported and encouraged a large theoretical literature on development traps that produce twin peaks through physical and human capital accumulation. Contrary to these models, physical and human capital are found to be moving toward single peaked distributions. The productivity residual is moving toward a twin peaked distribution that mirrors that of per capita income. Quah's result appears to be driven by productivity differences rather than factor accumulation. The importance of productivity is consistent with cross sectional results by Klenow & Rodriguez-Clare (1997) and Hall & Jones (1999). Kremer, Onatski & Stock (2001) and Jones (1997) have questioned the robustness of the lower peak in output. This paper shows that the productivity residual has a more prominent and more robust lower peak than output. A further examination suggests that dynamic interaction between human capital accumulation and productivity may act in the long run to eliminate the low peak in productivity.
Phosphorylation of vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin heavy chains in vitro and in intact cells

Summary In this article we summarize our recent experiments studying the phosphorylation of vertebrate myosin heavy chains by protein kinase C and casein kinase II. Protein kinase C phosphorylates vertebrate nonmuscle myosin heavy chains both in vitro and in intact cells. A single serine residue near the end of the helical portion of the myosin rod is the only site phosphorylated in a variety of vertebrate nonmuscle myosin heavy chains. There does not appear to be a site for protein kinase C phosphorylation in vertebrate smooth muscle myosin heavy chains. Casein kinase II phosphorylates a single serine residue located near the carboxyl terminus of the 204×10 3 M r , smooth muscle myosin heavy chain in vitro as well as in cultured smooth muscle cells. It does not phosphorylate the 200×10 3 M r smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. However, the site is present in vertebrate nonmuscle myosin heavy chains. The 204×10 3 M r myosin heavy chain of embryonic chicken gizzard smooth muscle is exceptional in not containing a site for casein kinase II phosphorylation.
QSR1, an Essential Yeast Gene with a Genetic Relationship to a Subunit of the Mitochondrial Cytochromebc 1 Complex, Codes for a 60 S Ribosomal Subunit Protein

Abstract QSR1 (quinol-cytochromec reductase subunit-requiring) is a highly conserved, essential gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that was identified through a synthetic lethal screen by its genetic relationship to QCR6, the gene for subunit 6 (Qcr6p) of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc 1complex. The function of the QSR1-encoded protein (Qsr1p) and its relationship to the QCR6-encoded protein are unknown. When yeast cell lysates are fractionated by density gradient centrifugation, Qsr1p separates from organelles and sediments with a uniformly sized population of particles that are similar to eukaryotic ribosomes upon velocity gradient centrifugation. When 40 S and 60 S ribosomal subunits are separated on velocity gradients, Qsr1p is found exclusively with the 60 S subunits, where it is a stoichiometric component. Extracts prepared from qsr1-1 cells are defective in in vitro translation assays relative to the wild type. In yeast cell lysates in which QCR6 rescues an otherwise lethal qsr1-1 mutation, Qcr6p is found only in mitochondria, both in respiratory-competent cells and in rho0 cells in which the bc 1 complex is no longer present. These results suggest that suppression of theqsr1-1 mutation by QCR6 occurs by atrans-relationship across the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Ecclesiastical Politics and the Ending of the Investiture Contest: The Papal Election of 1119 and the Negotiations of Mouzon

IN 1122, Calixtus II and Henry V reached a compromise agreement which ended the Investiture Contest. The agreement was contained in the Concordat of Worms and was ratified by the First Lateran Council in 1123. Scholars have always been interested in the origins and background of the concordat and have studied the connection between the affair of 1122 and earlier attempts at finding a solution to the contest between pope and emperor.' They have also been interested in the aftermath of the lengthy dispute, especially in its result in Germany and the Church.2 Up to now, histories of the first half of the twelfth century
Efficient coverage of parallel and hierarchical stateflow models for test case generation

This paper is concerned with test case generation from Simulink/Stateflow (SL/SF) models with a focus on coverage of SF model elements. Coverage of the SF component in a model is a difficult task because of two primary reasons: (i) the SF component itself may lie deep in the SL/SF model in which case, inputs have to pass through a complex chain of SL blocks to reach the SF block and (ii) nonlinear constraints in the model are difficult to solve using constraint solvers. Hierarchy and parallelism in the SF model add further complexity to the problem. The existing approaches flatten such SF elements, and generate test cases from the flattened finite state machines. Handling of issues (i) and (ii) has already been discussed in earlier research. In this paper, we present a method of covering SF components, which does not require to flatten any hierarchy or parallelism in the components. This not only makes the test case generation problem efficient but also addresses the problem of scalability. We have implemented this method and performed a number of medium-sized case studies. The results show improved performance over the results obtained by some commercial tools. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Ontology as Convention

I will argue that social ontology is constituted as hierarchical and interlocking conventions of multifarious kinds. Convention, in turn, is modeled in a manner derived from that of David K. Lewis. Convention is usually held to be inadequate for models of social ontologies, with one primary reason being that there seems to be no place for normativity. I argue that two related changes are required in the basic modeling framework in order to address this (and other) issue(s): (1) a shift to an intentional model—among other reasons, in order to account for normativity—and (2) moving away from the belief-desire, propositional attitude, framework for understanding the intentional realm toward an interactive, pragmatic model of intentionality. These shifts provide natural approaches to: (1) understanding the normativities of social realities; (2) the sense in which social ontology is often constituted in implicit relations among the participants rather than elaborated and iterated explicit beliefs and desires; (3) and language.
Neuronal injury due to HIV-1 envelope protein is blocked by anti-gp120 antibodies but not by anti-CD4 antibodies.

Picomolar concentrations of native or recombinant coat protein gp120, from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), injured rat retinal ganglion cell neurons in culture. This form of neurotoxicity could be completely abrogated by anti-gp120 but not by control preimmune serum, suggesting that the lethal effects of the purified preparations of the envelope protein were due to gp120 and not to a contaminant. Entry of HIV-1 is mediated by gp120 binding to a surface protein, designated “CD4,” which is located, for example, on T lymphocytes. However, in the present study, specific anti-CD4 antibodies, at concentrations known to block effects mediated by high-affinity binding to CD4 on the surface of rat T cells, did not prevent neuronal injury induced by gp120. These findings suggest that injury of central neurons engendered by gp120 may be responsible, at least in part, for the neurologic manifestations observed in as many as ± of the patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, such as dementia, myelopathy, and visual loss, even in the absence of superinfection. In contrast with previous studies, however, this report suggests that the deleterious effects of gp120 on neurons may not be mediated via binding to the CD4 molecule.
Interaction of Colony-Stimulating Factors and Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 Positron Emission Tomography

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate reports of altered diagnostic images with fluorodeoxyglucose F18 (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) after treatment with colony-stimulating factors (CSFs).DATA SOURCES:Literature was identified by a MEDLINE search (1966–December 2001). Key search terms included granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte—macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, fluorodeoxyglucose, and emission-computed tomography. English language literature was reviewed.DATA SYNTHESIS:Reports have suggested altered FDG PET images following CSF treatment. Studies that assessed the effect of CSF administration on FDG PET imaging of the bone and bone marrow were reviewed.CONCLUSIONS:Administration of CSFs may interfere with accurate FDG PET imaging. Separating FDG PET imaging from CSF therapy by ≥5 days may diminish this interference.
Real-Time 3-D Ultrasound Scan Conversion Using a Multicore Processor

Real-time 3-D ultrasound scan conversion (SC) in software has not been practical due to its high computation and I/O data handling requirements. In this paper, we describe software-based 3-D SC with high volume rates using a multicore processor, Cell. We have implemented both 3-D SC approaches: 1) the separable 3-D SC where two 2-D coordinate transformations in orthogonal planes are performed in sequence and 2) the direct 3-D SC where the coordinate transformation is directly handled in 3-D. One Cell processor can scan-convert a 192 times 192 times 192 16-bit volume at 87.8 volumes/s with the separable 3-D SC algorithm and 28 volumes/s with the direct 3-D SC algorithm.
Turkey Prolactin: Validation of a Radioimmunoassay and Measurement of Changes Associated with Broodiness

A sensitive and highly specific radioimmunoassay procedure has been developed for measuring levels of circulating turkey prolactin. Mean plasma prolactin levels in broody turkey hens were found to be 9 times those of laying hens and 23 to 50 times those of molting hens, male poults, and adult toms. The plasma prolactin concentration of laying hens was found to increase gradually beginning about 10 days prior to the onset of broodiness, and to increase sharply at about the time of persistent nesting. Interrruption of incubation behavior by nest-deprivation and constant light was associated with a precipitous decline in prolactin levels. A hen that continued to exhibit incubation behavior despite this treatment showed no decline in plasma prolactin levels. A hen that continued to exhibit incubation behavior despite this treatment showed no decline in plasma prolactin concentration. These results confirm and expand the findings of some other investigators that incubation behavior in the turkey is associated with dramatically elevated prolactin levels.
Characterization of the Oxygen‐17 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Water Mobility Response Surface

This study uses Factorial design techniques to investigate the Oxygen-17 (17O) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation rate response surface of a corn starch-water system as affected by three experimental conditions: concentration, time between sample preparation (hydration) and measurement and storage temperature. It was found that neither time (between 0.1 and 20 hours) nor the storage temperature (room temperature and low temperature) had a significant effect on the 17O NMR relaxation rate response. The only variable which affected the 17O NMR relaxation rate was the concentration of corn starch in water (10–70%, w/w). Mathematical modeling of the dependence of the 17O NMR response on concentration is discussed in detail.
Optimized itinerary generation for NAS Performance Analysis

Linear Programming-based optimization solutions provide ways to improve the itinerary generation process and, therefore, the quality of future schedules; The new model is also flexible to incorporate additional modeling requirements; Improving network connectivity and aircraft utilization requires fewer aircraft to complete the network and contributes to cost efficiency. However, the tradeoff of this strategy is between schedule depeaking and airline banking strategy; Preserving the schedule peaks satisfies passenger demand but reduces cost efficiencies and may overschedule leading to increased delays.
Interferometric measurements of the nonlinear refractive-index coefficient relative to CS 2 in laser-system-related materials

Using time-resolved interferometry, we have compared the nonlinear wavefront distortion induced by the simultaneous propagation of an intense light beam in pertinent sample materials relative to the known reference material. Utilizing several normalization techniques, these measurements have led to precise values for the nonlinear coefficient n 2 good to 10 percent.
Improving search in peer-to-peer networks

Peer-to-peer systems have emerged as a popular way to share huge volumes of data. The usability of these systems depends on effective techniques to find and retrieve data; however current techniques used in existing P2P systems are often very inefficient. We present three techniques for efficient search in P2P systems. We present the design of these techniques, and then evaluate them using a combination of analysis and experiments over Gnutella, the largest open P2P system in operation. We show that while our techniques maintain the same quality of results as currently used techniques, they use up to 5 times fewer resources. In addition, we designed our techniques to be simple, so that they can be easily incorporated into existing systems for immediate impact.
Effects of cervical orthoses on neck biomechanical responses during transitioning from supine to upright

Abstract Background Our objectives were to use a hybrid cadaveric/surrogate model to evaluate the effects of the cervicothoracic orthosis and collar on head and neck biomechanical responses during transitioning from supine to upright. Methods The model consisted of an adult-male surrogate dummy with its artificial neck replaced by a human neck specimen (n=10). The model was transitioned from supine to upright using a rotation apparatus. A high-speed digital camera tracked motions of the head, vertebrae, cervicothoracic orthosis, pelvis, and rotation apparatus. Head load cell data were used to compute occipital condyle loads. Average peak spinal loads and motions were statistically compared ( P Findings Loads at the occipital condyles consisted of anterior shear, compression, and extension moment. The most rigid device tested, cervicothoracic orthosis with anterior strut locked, significantly reduced axial compression neck force and increased anterior shear neck force and provided the greatest immobilization by significantly reducing spinal rotations as compared to other experimental conditions. Similar neck biomechanical responses were observed between the cervicothoracic orthosis, anterior strut unlocked, and collar. Interpretation The simple maneuver of supine-to-upright transitioning, commonly performed clinically, produced complex neck loads and motions including head protrusion which caused cervical spine snaking. Neck motions consisted of extension at the upper cervical spine and flexion at the subaxial cervical spinal levels. Of the devices tested, the cervicothoracic orthosis, with anterior strut locked, provided the greatest cervical spine immobilization thereby reducing the risk of potential secondary neck injuries.
Cornelius eady’sYou Don’t Miss Your Water: Its womanist/feminist perspective

This article analyzes contemporary United States author Cornelius Eady’s critique of patriarchy in his portrayal of a father-son relationship in his prosepoem You Don’t Miss Your Water. The article focuses on how Eady’s portrayal of the father-son relationship in turn implicates the father’s callous victimization of the entire family. This study seeks specifically to emphasize Eady’s insight into symbolic appropriations of self, with respect to the father and mother, and his insight into both the tragedy and the problematic consciousness produced by patriarchalism.
What's new in sports medicine.

It is once again an honor and a privilege to be asked to present this update for the subspecialty of sports medicine. Sports medicine continues to be an expanding subspecialty field that crosses many boundaries. As mentioned in previous updates, however, our central mission remains the same—the care of the athlete. This update is based on scientific and organizational activities in sports medicine that took place from September 2003 to August 2004. It includes a summary of the Annual and Specialty Day Meetings of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM), the Arthroscopy Association of North America (AANA), and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). These meetings featured more than 200 scientific presentations, including both clinical and basic-science studies, that focused primarily on sports medicine. The three most influential journals in our field will be reviewed again this year, specifically, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, and Arthroscopy. ### Anterior Cruciate Ligament The optimum graft choice for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction remains controversial. Several recent randomized, controlled studies showed equivalent results in association with both bone-patellar tendon-bone and quadrupled hamstring grafts, effectively endorsing a “double gold standard.” An additional randomized, prospective trial from Australia showed satisfactory functional outcomes in association with both types of grafts after three years of follow-up1. As in other studies, however, the authors noted increased kneeling pain in the bone-patellar tendon-bone group and slightly increased laxity and femoral tunnel widening in the hamstring group. Recent histological studies have shown that neither type of graft regenerates to a normal functional tendon. In two independent studies involving the use of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound examination following bone-patellar tendon-bone graft harvest, the patellar tendon had not normalized by six to ten years postoperatively2,3. Both groups of authors …
INCIDENT DETECTION ALGORITHM USING WAVELET ENERGY REPRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC PATTERNS

Automatic freeway incident detection is an important component of advanced transportation management systems ~ATMS! that provides information for emergency relief and traffic control and management purposes. Earlier algorithms for freeway incident problems have produced less reliable results, especially in recurrent congestion and compression wave traffic conditions. This article presents a new two-stage single-station freeway incident detection model based on advanced wavelet analysis and pattern recognition techniques. Wavelet analysis is used to denoise, cluster, and enhance the raw traffic data, which is then classified by a radial basis function neural network. An energy representation of the traffic pattern in the wavelet domain is found to best characterize incident and nonincident traffic conditions. False alarm during recurrent congestion and compression waves is eliminated by normalization of a sufficiently long time-series pattern. The model is tested under several traffic flow scenarios including compression wave conditions. It produced excellent detection and false alarms characteristics. The model is computationally efficient and can readily be implemented online in any ATMS without any need for recalibration.
Reasons, assessments and actions taken: sex and age differences in uses of Internet health information

The Internet is transforming the way in which consumers approach their health care needs. Sex and age are influential aspects of one's health as well as disease risk and are thus integral components of the emerging picture of health information seekers. Using data from Surveying the Digital Future, Year 4, a nationally representative, longitudinal telephone survey of Americans 12 years of age and older (n = 2010), we examine the reasons for, assessments of and actions taken as a result of health information found online among men and women and older and younger people. Although we tend to think of the Internet as a young person's technology, the percent of adults 60 years of age and older is similar to that of adolescents using the Internet as a health care information resource, thus suggesting an untapped opportunity with online interventions for older adults. Nonetheless, as age increases so too does the report of frustration with the experience. Men are more likely to report a positive seeking experience than women. Differences in Internet use fail to explain these observed sex and age differences in the seeking experience. Across the spectrum of age, sex and Internet skill, Internet health information seeking appears to enhance the patient-provider relationship.
A TSVD analysis of an enclosed array of multi-band patch antennas for microwave breast imaging

Quantitative microwave imaging based on inverse scattering shows promise for breast cancer risk assessment, detection, and treatment monitoring due to its low cost, non-ionizing nature, and fully three-dimensional imaging potential. The quality of the microwave image is limited by the quality of the scattering data recorded by the antenna array that surrounds the breast. At the UHF frequencies typically used in microwave inverse scattering algorithms, the target exists within the near field of the antennas, necessitating a departure from established far-field array analysis techniques. An analysis based on truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) provides a systematic approach to evaluating potential near-field imaging performance as a function of various array design considerations.