cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Molybdenum-99 Production Capability in the Materials Test Station

The United States of America currently relies on foreign suppliers to meet all of it needs for molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) used in medical diagnostic procedures. The current US demand is at least 5000 six-day curies per week. Neutronics calculations have been performed to assess whether the proposed Materials Test Station (MTS) could potentially generate Mo-99. Two target material options have been explored for Mo-99 production in the MTS: low enriched uranium (LEU) and Tc-99. For LEU, scoping calculations indicate that MTS can supply nearly half of the current US demand with only minor neutronic impact on the MTS primary mission. For the Tc-99 option, the MTS could produce about one-tenth of the US demand.
Efficient embedded architectures for fast-charge model predictive controller for battery cell management in electric vehicles

With the ever-growing concerns about carbon emissions and air pollution throughout the world, electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the most viable options for clean transportation. EVs are typically powered by a battery pack such as lithium-ion, which is created from a large number of individual cells. In order to enhance the durability and prolong the useful life of the battery pack, it is imperative to monitor and control the battery packs at the cell level. Model predictive controller (MPC) is considered as a feasible technique for cell-level monitoring and controlling of the battery packs. For instance, the fast-charge MPC algorithm keeps the Li-ion battery cell within its optimal operating parameters while reducing the charging time. In this case, the fast-charge MPC algorithm should be executed on an embedded platform mounted on an individual cell; however, the existing algorithm for this technique is designed for general-purpose computing. In this research work, we introduce novel, unique, and efficient embedded hardware and software architectures for the fast-charge MPC algorithm, considering the constraints and requirements associated with the embedded devices. We create two unique hardware versions: register-based and memory-based. Experiments are performed to evaluate and illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of our proposed embedded architectures. Our embedded architectures are generic, parameterized, and scalable. Our hardware designs achieved 100 times speedup compared to its software counterparts.
Assays for protein retrotranslocation in ERAD

Elimination of misfolded proteins by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) ensures that proteins proceeding through the secretory pathway are correctly folded and processed, which is critical to minimize ER stress. All ERAD pathways include a protein translocation process termed retrotranslocation, in which ubiquitinated misfolded substrates are extracted from the ER and degraded by the cytosolic 26S proteasome. Despite being integral to ERAD, the retrotranslocation process has been largely obscure. Recently, an explosion of discoveries has provided key mechanistic insights into this novel route of protein transport. These advances were facilitated by the development of in vitro and in vivo assays that utilize components from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The assays permit detailed study of the distinct steps in ERAD-linked retrotranslocation, including ubiquitination of selected ERAD substrates, substrate removal from the ER, maintenance of cytosolic substrate solubility in the cytosol, and substrate degradation. Here we provide detailed protocols for these assays that pertain to work on retrotranslocation of integral membrane proteins (ERAD-M substrates), with the expectation that these approaches can be adapted for many related biochemical processes.
New Frontiers: An Update on Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Breast Imaging in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to compare traditional versus machine learning–based computer-aided detection (CAD) platforms in breast imaging with a focus on mammography, to underscore ...
Plant selection initiates alternative successional trajectories in the soil microbial community after disturbance

Because interactions between plants and microbial organisms can influence species diversity and rates of nutrient cycling, how plants shape microbial communities is fundamental to understanding the structure of ecosystems. Despite this, the spatial and temporal scales over which plants influence microbial communities is poorly understood, particularly whether past abiotic or biotic legacies strongly constrain microbial community development. We examined biogeochemical cycling and microbial community structure in a coastal landscape where historical patterns of vegetation transition after a large fire in 1995 are well known, allowing us to account for past abiotic and biotic conditions. We found that alternative states in microbial community structure and ecosystem processes emerged under different plant species, regardless of past conditions. Greenhouse studies further demonstrated that these differences arise from direct plant selection of microbes, with selection stronger in roots compared with soils, especially for bacteria. Correlation of microbial community structure with seedling growth rates was also stronger for fungi compared to bacteria. Despite these effects, minimal overlap between seedling and field microbial communities indicates that the effects of initial plant selection are not stable; rather, plant selection initiated alternative successional trajectories after the fire. Using data from a guild where we have abundant natural history information, ectomycorrhizal fungi, we show that greenhouse communities are dominated by ruderal taxa that are also common in the field after the fire and that these ruderal fungi strongly alter spatial patterns in plant–soil feedback, enabling invasion and transformation of soils previously occupied by heterospecific plants, thus potentially acting as keystone mutualists.
Spectral Signatures of X-ray Scatter Using Energy-Resolving Photon-Counting Detectors

Energy-resolving photon-counting detectors (PCDs) separate photons from a polychromatic X-ray source into a number of separate energy bins. This spectral information from PCDs would allow advancements in X-ray imaging, such as improving image contrast, quantitative imaging, and material identification and characterization. However, aspects like detector spectral distortions and scattered photons from the object can impede these advantages if left unaccounted for. Scattered X-ray photons act as noise in an image and reduce image contrast, thereby significantly hindering PCD utility. In this paper, we explore and outline several important characteristics of spectral X-ray scatter with examples of soft-material imaging (such as cancer imaging in mammography or explosives detection in airport security). Our results showed critical spectral signatures of scattered photons that depend on a few adjustable experimental factors. Additionally, energy bins over a large portion of the spectrum exhibit lower scatter-to-primary ratio in comparison to what would be expected when using a conventional energy-integrating detector. These important findings allow flexible choice of scatter-correction methods and energy-bin utilization when using PCDs. Our findings also propel the development of efficient spectral X-ray scatter correction methods for a wide range of PCD-based applications.
Abstract P181: Atherogenic Lipoproteins and Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Study

Introduction: Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), small-dense LDL-C (sdLDL-C), LDL-triglyceride (LDL-TG), triglycerides (TG), remnant-lipoprotein cholesterol (RLP-C), trigl...
Explicit points on the Legendre curve

Abstract We study the elliptic curve E given by y 2 = x ( x + 1 ) ( x + t ) over the rational function field k ( t ) and its extensions K d = k ( μ d , t 1 / d ) . When k is finite of characteristic p and d = p f + 1 , we write down explicit points on E and show by elementary arguments that they generate a subgroup V d of rank d − 2 and of finite index in E ( K d ) . Using more sophisticated methods, we then show that the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture holds for E over K d , and we relate the index of V d in E ( K d ) to the order of the Tate–Shafarevich group Ш ( E / K d ) . When k has characteristic 0, we show that E has rank 0 over K d for all d .
A proposed quasi-static test for improving the crash performance of trailer rear underride guards

Current U.S. and Canadian regulations for rear underride guards on large truck trailers do not promote designs with adequate protection in offset crashes. The objective of the current study was to ...
A tutorial on deep learning-based data analytics in manufacturing through a welding case study

Abstract Over the past decade, machine learning and deep learning have been increasingly reshaping manufacturing towards smart manufacturing. This paper aims to provide a tutorial for researchers to understand the basic principles of deep learning and its applications to manufacturing, using welding as an example. In this tutorial, we first present an overview of welding processes and the advantages of deep learning in solving welding problems, such as process monitoring and product quality prediction. Then, deep learning characteristics are summarized and two representative deep learning techniques, conventional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that are suitable for image processing and sequential modeling, are discussed. A case study on welding quality prediction that predicts the back-side bead width from top-side images through a CNN is demonstrated, with detailed procedures and core codes from building a CNN to testing the network performance. Prospects for deep learning in a manufacturing context are examined from the authors’ perspective.
Reply: Takotsubo Syndrome Associated With COVID 19: And the InterTAK Diagnosis Score?

We would like to thank Dr. Reper and colleagues for their comments on our recent case report describing a patient with Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) triggered by coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) ([1][1]), as well as for suggesting the use of the InterTAK Diagnostic Score for patients with TTS in this
Method of information entropy for convergence assessment of molecular dynamics simulations

The lack of a reliable method to evaluate the convergence of molecular dynamics simulations has contributed to discrepancies in different areas of molecular dynamics. In the present work, the method of information entropy is introduced to molecular dynamics for stationarity assessment. The Shannon information entropy formalism is used to monitor the convergence of the atom motion to a steady state in a continuous spatial domain and is also used to assess the stationarity of calculated multidimensional fields such as the temperature field in a discrete spatial domain. It is demonstrated in this work that monitoring the information entropy of the atom position matrix provides a clear indicator of reaching steady state in radiation damage simulations, non-equilibrium molecular dynamics thermal conductivity computations, and simulations of Poiseuille and Couette flow in nanochannels. A main advantage of the present technique is that it is non-local and relies on fundamental quantities available in all molecular dynamics simulations. Unlike monitoring average temperature, the technique is applicable to simulations that conserve total energy such as reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics thermal conductivity computations and to simulations where energy dissipates through a boundary as in radiation damage simulations. The method is applied to simulations of iron using the Tersoff/ZBL splined potential, silicon using the Stillinger–Weber potential, and to Lennard–Jones fluid. Its applicability to both solids and fluids shows that the technique has potential for generalization to other areas in molecular dynamics.
The interplay of parenting style and family rules about video games on subsequent fighting behavior

Due to ongoing concerns about adolescent interpersonal aggression and debates surrounding violent media, this study assesses the potential impacts of parental mediation and parenting style on mature video game play and fighting behaviors using a longitudinal, random-digit-dial survey of adolescents (N = 2722). By simultaneously considering fighting, M-rated video game play, parental restrictions on media use, parenting style, and important covariates, we aim to provide further nuance to existing work on risk and protective factors for interpersonal aggression. Our results show that parental restriction has a significant, linear relationship with later fighting, whereby higher restrictions on a child's M-rated video game play predict decreases in reported fighting behavior. Authoritative parenting, high in both warmth and supervisory attention, also relates to decreased levels of fighting compared to other styles. Parenting style also moderated the effects of restriction, such that restriction was not equally predictive of fighting behavior across all parenting styles. However, the association between restriction and fighting was similar for highly demanding parenting styles, suggesting that authoritative parenting is not inherently superior to authoritarian. The effects of restriction were significant despite controlling for multiple covariates. Parental restriction of media use may be an effective strategy for parents concerned about violent games. Given some limitations in our dataset, we call for continued study in this area.
How social engineers use persuasion principles during vishing attacks

This study aims to examine how social engineers use persuasion principles during vishing attacks.,In total, 86 examples of real-world vishing attacks were found in articles and videos. Each example was coded to determine which persuasion principles were present in that attack and how they were implemented, i.e. what specific elements of the attack contributed to the presence of each persuasion principle.,Authority (A), social proof (S) and distraction (D) were the most widely used persuasion principles in vishing attacks, followed by liking, similarity and deception (L). These four persuasion principles occurred in a majority of vishing attacks, while commitment, reciprocation and consistency (C) did not. Further, certain sets of persuasion principles (i.e. authority, distraction, liking, similarity, and deception and social proof; , authority, commitment, reciprocation, and consistency, distraction, liking, similarity and deception, and social proof; and authority, distraction and social proof) were used more than others. It was noteworthy that despite their similarities, those sets of persuasion principles were implemented in different ways, and certain specific ways of implementing certain persuasion principles (e.g. vishers claiming to have authority over the victim) were quite rare.,To the best of authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to investigate how social engineers use persuasion principles during vishing attacks. As such, it provides important insight into how social engineers implement vishing attacks and lays a critical foundation for future research investigating the psychological aspects of vishing attacks. The present results have important implications for vishing countermeasures and education.
Reflective Parametric Frequency-Selective Limiters With Sub-dB Loss and μWatts Power Thresholds

This article describes the design methodology to achieve reflective diode-based parametric frequency-selective limiters (pFSLs) with low-power thresholds ( $P_{\mathrm{ th}}$ ) and sub-dB insertion-loss values (ILs.s) for driving power levels ( $P_{\mathrm{ in}}$ ) lower than $P_{\mathrm{ th}}$ . In addition, we present the measured performance of a reflective pFSL designed through the discussed methodology and assembled on an FR-4 printed circuit board (PCB). Due to its optimally engineered dynamics, the built pFSL can operate around ~2.1 GHz while exhibiting record-low $P_{\mathrm{ th}}$ (−3.4 dBm) and ILs.s (0.94 dB) values. Furthermore, while the pFSL can selectively attenuate undesired signals with power ranging from −3.4 to 13 dBm, it provides a strong suppression level ( $IS>12.0$ dB) even when driven by much higher $P_{\mathrm{ in}}$ values approaching 28 dBm. Such measured performance metrics demonstrate how the unique nonlinear dynamics of parametric-based FSLs can be leveraged through components and systems compatible with conventional chip-scale manufacturing processes in order to increase the resilience to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and even of wireless radios designed for low-power consumption and, consequently, characterized by a narrow dynamic range.
Negative voting and party polarization: A classic tragedy

Abstract Elections around the globe attest to the persistence of polarization in democratic politics. Popular support for antagonistic elite strategies defies standard predictions of ideological convergence. This paper develops a new solution to the theoretical puzzle: The centrifugal drive in representative democracy is a byproduct of voters’ disposition to evaluate policy platforms on the basis of issue positions that they dislike—to wit, negative voting. While reasonable individually, this behavior backfires collectively as elections dominated by negativity produce more polarized legislatures. Quite tragically, party polarization ultimately reflects an uncoordinated struggle of the electorate to avoid the worst rather than to pursue the best. Support for these claims comes from a theoretical model and a large comparative analysis of vote choice and party platforms. The evidence also favors the negativity model over earlier spatial models of elections. In light of negativity, normative concerns about polarization and democratic representation stand to be reconsidered.
Adolescents' perceived barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive health services in California: a cross-sectional survey.

Background Adolescents may forego needed sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services due to a variety of concerns and barriers. The purpose of this study is to compare adolescents' perceptions of these barriers by participant characteristics including race/ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, housing situation, and sexual experience. Methods Adolescents in a California-wide sexual health education program completed an anonymous survey at baseline (N = 10,015) about perceived barriers to using SRH services. Logistic regression analyses that accounted for the clustered data structure assessed differences by gender, age, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, living situation, and sexual experience. Results The majority of participants were Hispanic/Latino (76.4%) with an average age of 14.9 years, and 28.8% had sexual experience. Half of the youth reported concerns about test results (52.7%), cost of services (52.0%), and confidentiality of services (49.8%). When controlling for other characteristics, youth identifying as transgender/non-binary/multiple genders had the highest odds of perceiving cost (odds ratio (OR) 1.89) and confidentiality (OR 1.51) as barriers. Increasing age was associated with decreasing odds of all barriers. Sexual orientation was a consistent predictor, with LGBQ+ youth having higher odds of perceiving test results (OR 1.21), cost (OR 1.36), and confidentiality (OR 1.24) as barriers. Asian or Pacific Islander/Native Hawaiian youth had higher odds of perceiving test results (OR 1.68) and cost (OR 1.37) as barriers. In contrast, Black youth had lower odds of reporting cost (OR 0.65) and confidentiality (OR 0.77) as barriers. Younger respondents and youth who identified as female, transgender/non-binary/multiple genders, LGBQ+, and Asian or Pacific Islander/Native Hawaiian had higher odds of reporting five or more barriers compared to reference groups. Conclusions The majority of adolescents face barriers to accessing appropriate SRH services, with females, gender-minority youth, younger adolescents, LGBQ+ youth, and Asian and Pacific Islander/Native Hawaiian youth more likely than others to report barriers. Access to SRH services can be improved through strengthening linkages between clinics and SRH education programs, providing youth-friendly clinical services, and ensuring youth have sufficient information, skills, and support to access care. Trial registration Approved by California Health and Human Services Agency's Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects [12-08-0658, 11/30/2017].
Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy Accompanying Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury is Associated with Worse Long-Term Functional and Cognitive Outcomes.

Approximately one-third of patients with isolated traumatic brain injury (iTBI) present with acute traumatic coagulopathy (ATC). ATC is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Its effects on long-term functional and cognitive outcomes are not as well characterized. Data from the Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment Trial (COBRIT) were analyzed retrospectively. Exclusion criteria were renal failure or malignancy, and any extracranial injury severity score >3. ATC was defined as INR > 1.3, PTT > 38 s, or platelets 6), and the DRS (i.e., score < 2) at 180 days, for which ATC was found to be an independent predictor with binary logistic regression. ATC patients also performed significantly worse on several components of the CVLT-II at 180 days. ATC accompanying iTBI is associated with worse functional and cognitive outcomes at 180 days.
The role of interleukin-7 (IL-7) in the generation and regulation of immune responses

Publisher Summary Although initially identified as a cytokine that promotes pre-B cell growth, it is now clear that IL-7 mediates effects on a wide range of cell types. Data generated during the past several years have demonstrated the exciting immunomodulatory potentials of IL-7 in T cell mediated immune responses. However, the potential use of IL-7 to promote B and T cell lymphopoiesis in clinical settings has yet to be meaningfully evaluated. Similarly, the role for IL-7 in augmenting immune responses in clinical settings to antigens expressed on tumor cells, to parasitic infections, and to viral antigens also awaits investigation. It is hoped that the results of studies in these areas will soon be undertaken to determine whether the promise shown by this cytokine in pre-clinical studies will be borne out. Certainly, the addition of a cytokine with the substantial beneficial immunomodulatory activities attributed to IL-7 in both in vitro and in vivo studies in murine systems, and in vitro studies using human lymphoid cells, would be a welcome addition in the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer and HIV.
How Do Norms Travel? Theorizing International Women's Rights in Transnational Perspective

If women's rights norms have become internationally acknowledged, is it reasonable to assume that the status of women worldwide has improved because of international norms? It is argued here that the assumption of a global-to-local flow of norms inherent in most of the global norm diffusion literature is simplistic. To provide a more adequate theoretical framework, the paper juxtaposes the debate on the impact of international regimes and the power of global norms with an interdisciplinary mix of transnational approaches that identify multidirectional processes of appropriation and contestation of global norms. Departing from the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) as the most authoritative and steady piece of the international women's rights discourse, the transnational perspective developed here proposes three main constellations of traveling global norms: global discourse translation, impact translation, and distorted translation.
Improvement of glioblastoma control by combining the VEGF blocker, VEGF trap with fractionated radiotherapy: impact of scheduling

4391 Background: VEGF Trap, an anti-VEGF angiogenesis inhibitor, was previously found to enhance the efficacy of single dose and fractionated radiotherapy in a human glioblastoma xenograft model. The objective of the present study was to determine if glioblastoma control could be optimized by examining three different scheduling protocols for VEGF Trap plus radiation therapy. Methods: U-87 cells were injected subcutaneously into the right hind limb of athymic NCR NUM mice. VEGF Trap was administered at two doses [high (10 mg/kg) or low (2.5 mg/kg)] every third day for up to three weeks. Radiation (RT) was administered as three daily fractions of 5 Gy each on days 0, 1 and 2. Scheduling of VEGF Trap was either (I) one week prior to, (II) concurrent with or (III) on day 3 following radiation treatment. Analysis of data was performed by using mixed-effects linear regression to model tumor volume as a function of time and treatment. Imaging of VEGF Trap-treated tumors was performed by 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET analysis. Immunostaining for microvessel density (MVD) was performed using PECAM-1 antibodies. Results: Tumor volume in the untreated groups increased at an average rate of 27–31% per day. RT alone or VEGF Trap alone significantly reduced average tumor volume growth rate to 11-17% per day in all three experiments (p Conclusions: Low dose VEGF Trap plus fractionated radiotherapy is superior than either treatment modality alone in U87 glioblastoma control. These data further indicate there may be an advantage to scheduling VEGF Trap prior to radiation and warrant additional investigation in other tumor models and the clinic. (This work was supported by grants from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Sanofi-Aventis.)
Widows and Widowers of Alzheimer's Victims:

The grieving process for widows and widowers of Alzheimer's victims is a uniquely complicated and painful one. Based on an analysis of literature about grieving and loss, and using clinical illustrations from our work with these survivors, this paper points to key issues and implications for the design of support groups.
Endothelin-1 is Elevated in Alzheimer's Disease Brain Microvessels and is Neuroprotective

The vasoactive protein endothelin-1 (ET-1) is produced by vascular endothelial cells and participates in the regulation of vascular inflammation. We have previously documented that the cerebral microvasculature is a source of inflammatory proteins and a likely contributor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we (a) compare expression of ET-1 in brain microvessels isolated from AD and control brains; (b) determine thrombin regulation of ET-1 synthesis and release in brain endothelial cells; and (c) assess the effects of ET-1 on neuronal viability in vitro. Western blot analysis indicates a significantly higher level of ET-1 in AD vessels compared to vessels from age-matched controls. ET-1 expression and secretion are both induced by the inflammatory and neurotoxic protein thrombin. Pretreatment of neuronal cultures with ET-1 significantly increases neuronal survival when cells are challenged with oxidative stress (H2O2) or thrombin. The protective effect of ET-1 is blocked by incubation with an inhibitor of the c-Jun kinase (JNK) cascade. These data demonstrate that in the brain microvasculature dysfunctional or stressed endothelial cells express ET-1 and that this protein promotes the survival of brain neurons exposed to injury.
Peroxidase Content in Cell Subpopulations of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced Mammary Tumors in Rats

Peroxidase has been investigated as a potential marker protein for the prediction of response to hormonal therapy in tumors of steroid-sensitive tissues, but the cellular origin of the enzyme has been questioned. To localize the observed peroxidase activity, in this study cell subpopulations were isolated from mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and from mammary tissue of virgin and lactating female rats. Cells from each of the four cell bands, regularly obtained by isopyknic velocity sedimentation after mechanical and enzymatic dispersion of these tissues, were assayed biochemically and histochemically for peroxidase activity. In addition, cells from each subpopulation were examined at both the light and electron microscopic levels. Elevated enzyme levels were observed in each of the cell subpopulations of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced tumors when these were compared with tissue in either of the physiological states assayed. In each tissue type, the levels of peroxidase increased from the lighter cell bands to the heavier cell bands. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed the highest proportion of epithelial cells in the lighter bands and an increase in granulocytes and fibroblasts in the heavier bands, suggesting a nonepithelial contribution. Histochemical examination of intact tissue revealed most peroxidase activity in the stromal compartment with limited activity in parenchymal cells.
Strong directivity of ocean‐generated seismic noise

[1] We measure direction and amplitude of ocean-generated continuous seismic noise in the western United States. Slowness direction of the noise is determined using array beamforming, and particle motion direction from individual three-component stations. We find two surprising results. First, the noise is highly monodirectional at all sites, regardless of coastal distance. A single narrow generation area dominates for most of the time period, interrupted by a second well defined direction during ocean swell events. Second, we find that a storm off the Labrador coast with not unusual wave heights generates coherent noise across the entire continent. We show the causal relationship between swells arriving at different North American coastal areas and the triggered microseisms in time-lapse movies (Animations 1 and 2) of ocean swells and concurrent microseisms. Our results have a number of implications for different fields of research. A useful by-product of our finding that microseisms are a strongly directional noise source is the possibility of using automated processing of the continuous noise as a near real-time check on station polarity and calibration problems, which would be a simply implemented indicator for the state of health of a seismic network. Consistent monodirectional noise may have an influence on seismic azimuthal measurements such as shear wave splitting. Most importantly, our findings should be taken into account in proposed studies which will use seismic noise as a proxy for ocean wave height in investigations of interdecadal climate change.
Group dynamics are associated with weight loss in the behavioral treatment of obesity.

Objective To assess whether group dynamics are associated with weight loss, session attendance, and self-monitoring adherence after 6 months of lifestyle intervention for obesity. Methods Women with obesity (N = 125; mean ± SD BMI = 37.84 ± 3.94 kg/m2; age = 51.99 ± 10.81 years) participated in a 24-week group-based lifestyle weight loss intervention and achieved a weight loss of 9.13 ± 7.15 kg after 6 months. Participants reported their perceptions of group conflict, avoidance, engagement, social support, and attraction at the end of treatment. Multiple regression with forward selection assessed which group dynamic variables were associated with weight loss, attendance, and adherence. Results Greater perceived group conflict was associated with smaller weight losses (β = 1.833, P = 0.044) and lower attendance (β = −2.313, P = 0.002) and adherence rates (β = −2.261, P = 0.030). Higher group attraction was associated with higher attendance rates (β = 0.051, P = 0.039). The association between perceived conflict and weight change was mediated by attendance and adherence (P = 0.019). Conclusions Findings demonstrate that group dynamics associate with weight loss outcomes, attendance, and adherence. Addressing conflicts and fostering acceptance among group members may promote success in group-based lifestyle interventions for obesity.
Platelet Function in Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis

Thrombosis, frequently the final event in coronary or cerebral arterial occlusion, is a result of the interplay of abnormalities of the arterial intima, hemodynamic stresses, plasma coagulant proteins and platelets. Platelets initiate a series of intricate reactions by adhering to the injured arterial lining, aggregating to form a platelet plug (1) and releasing vasoactive metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes that might in turn alter both the function and structure of the vessel. Heightened platelet function thus might not only participate in the formation of thrombi but may also play a role in the development of progression of some forms of atherosclerosis. Two blood components which may be implicated in atherosclerosis are plasma lipoproteins and platelets. Epidemiologic evidence points to hyperbetalipoproteinemia as an important risk factor in coronary and cerebral arterial occlusion (2). Over the past five years, our laboratory has been gathering clinical and experimental evidence that the plasma lipoprotein composition may influence platelet reactivity by altering either the lipid composition directly or being associated with critical changes in the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio. Membrane protein function may change in an altered lipid environment. Investigations also suggest that lipid soluble drugs such as clofibrate and halofenate can reverse the increased platelet sensitivity probably through altering membrane lipid structure by inducing a phase separation.
Analyzing mode confusion via model checking

Mode confusion is a serious problem in aviation safety. Today's complex avionics systems make it difficult for pilots to maintain awareness of the actual states, or modes, of the flight deck automation. NASA explores how formal methods, especially theorem proving, can be used to discover mode confusion. The present paper investigates whether state-exploration techniques, e.g., model checking, are better able to achieve this task than theorem proving and also to compare the verification tools MurΦ, SMV, and Spin for the specific application. While all tools can handle the task well, their strengths are complementary.
Tubular profiles do not form transendothelial channels through the blood-brain barrier

The contribution of tubular profiles within the mammalian cerebral endothelium to the formation of transcellular channels was analysed following exposure of the endothelium to native horseradish peroxidase (HRP) dissolved in saline or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) administered intravenously in mice. Within 5–15 min, but not at 30 min to 2h postinjection, peroxidase-positive extravasations were evident within the parenchyma of the forebrain and brainstem of mice exposed and not exposed to DMSO. The extravasations may be associated with the rupture of interendothelial tight junctions at the level of arterioles as a consequence of the perfusion-fixation process. Ultrastructural inspection of endothelia within and away from areas of peroxidase extravasation revealed the following intraendothelial, peroxidase-positive organelles: presumptive endocytic vesicles, endosomes (a prelysosomal compartment), multivesicular and dense bodies, and tubular profiles. Statistical analysis of the concentration of HRP-labelled presumptive endocytic vesicles, which may coalesce to form tubules, within endothelia from mice injected intravenously with HRP-DMSO compared to mice receiving HRP-saline revealed no significant difference. HRP-positive tubular profiles were blunt-ended, variable in length and width, and appeared free in the cytoplasm or in continuity with dense bodies. Labelled tubules free in the cytoplasm were positioned parallel to the luminal and abluminal plasma membranes and were less frequently oblique or perpendicular to these membranes. Tubular profiles analysed in serial thin sections or with a goniometer tilt stage did not establish membrane continuities with the luminal and abluminal plasma membranes. Peroxidase-positive tubular profiles were similar morphologically to those exhibiting acid hydrolase activity but did not share morphological and enzyme cytochemical similarities with the endoplasmic reticulum that stained for glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity. G6Pase-positive profiles of endoplasmic reticulum were not observed to contribute to a transendothelial canalicular network. Our results suggest that: (i) peroxidase-labelled tubules, acid hydrolase-positive tubules, and G6Pase-positive endoplasmic reticulum do not form transcellular channels through the cerebral endothelium; (ii) tubular profiles labelled with blood-borne HRP in the cerebral endothelium are associated with the eridosome apparatus and/or the lysosomal system of organelles; and (iii) DMSO does not appear to alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to blood-borne protein.
Effect of Extruder Screw Speed, Temperature, and Enzyme Levels on Sugar Recovery from Different Biomasses

Biofuels from biomass have the potential to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. An efficient pretreatment method is required to accomplish the target of the Energy Act 2005. Extrusion could be a viable continuous pretreatment method to be explored. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the influence of screw speed and barrel temperature on sugar recovery from the selected warm season grasses and to select a suitable enzyme combination and dose for enzymatic hydrolysis. The ground, moisture-balanced biomasses were pretreated using a single screw extruder at various screw speeds (100, 150, and 200 rpm) and barrel temperatures (50, 75, 100, 150, and 200°C). Cellulase or multienzyme with β-glucosidase was varied from 1 : 1 to 1 : 4 during enzymatic hydrolysis to accomplish the second objective. Screw speed, barrel temperature, and their interaction had a significant influence on sugar recovery from the selected biomasses. A maximum of 28.2, 66.2, and 49.2% of combined sugar recoverywasachieved for switchgrass, big bluestem, prairie cord grass when pretreated at a screw speed of 200, 200, and 150 rpm and at a barrel temperature of 75, 150, and 100°C, respectively, using cellulase and β-glucosidase at a ratio of 1 : 4. Extrusion pretreatment of these biomasses used only 28–37% of the rated extruder power.
Dynamic optimization of CELSS crop photosynthetic rate by computer-assisted feedback control

A procedure for dynamic optimization of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) for crop production in Controlled Ecological Life-Support Systems (CELSS) was developed using leaf lettuce as a model crop. Canopy Pn was measured in real time and fed back for environmental control. Setpoints of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and CO2 concentration for each hour of the crop-growth cycle were decided by computer to reach a targeted Pn each day. Decision making was based on empirical mathematical models combined with rule sets developed from recent experimental data. Comparisons showed that dynamic control resulted in better yield per unit energy input to the growth system than did static control. With comparable productivity parameters and potential for significant energy savings, dynamic control strategies will contribute greatly to the sustainability of space-deployed CELSS.
Depletion of rat hepatic glutathione and inhibition of microsomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase activity following administration of a dec-2-ynol and dec-2-ynoic acid☆

The effects of administration of dec-2-ynol and dec-2-ynoic acid on the hepatic glutathione (GSH) content and hepatic microsomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase activity were examined in rat. Both compounds, when administered ip, caused a marked depletion of GSH levels and a corresponding inactivation of trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase activity in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. The dec-2-ynoic acid caused greater hepatotoxicity than dec-2-ynol based on serum alanine transaminase activity. Based on the observations that (a) the alcohol did not interact with GSH in the presence or absence of cytosol, (b) the spectral manifestation of the interaction between GSH and the alcohol occurred only when NAD+ was added to the reaction mixture containing the cytosol and reactants, and (c) a similar absorbance spectrum was obtained following the interaction between aldehyde and GSH, it was concluded that dec-2-ynol is converted to an electrophile, dec-2-ynal, which causes depletion of GSH. The decrease in GSH content following administration of the acid appears to be due to activation of the acid to the electrophile, dec-2-ynoyl CoA, which then interacts with GSH, resulting in its depletion, based on the in vitro observations that (a) the acid did not interact with GSH in the presence or absence of cytosol, and (b) the spectral manifestation of interaction between GSH and dec-2-ynoyl CoA occurred both nonenzymatically and enzymatically in the presence of rat liver glutathione S-transferase (Sigma). Bovine serum albumin stimulated the enzymatic reaction. Comparable to the effects on GSH were the effects of dec-2-ynol, dec-2-ynal, dec-2-ynoic acid, and dec-2-ynoyl CoA on the microsomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase activity in vitro. While the alcohol had no effect on the enzyme activity, its electrophilic product, the aldehyde, was a potent inhibitor. Similarly, the acid did not inhibit the enzyme activity unless the acid was present at high concentration; however, its electrophilic product, the CoA thioester, was a very potent inhibitor at very low concentration.
Domain Altering SNPs in the Human Proteome and Their Impact on Signaling Pathways

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) constitute an important mode of genetic variations observed in the human genome. A small fraction of SNPs, about four thousand out of the ten million, has been associated with genetic disorders and complex diseases. The present study focuses on SNPs that fall on protein domains, 3D structures that facilitate connectivity of proteins in cell signaling and metabolic pathways. We scanned the human proteome using the PROSITE web tool and identified proteins with SNP containing domains. We showed that SNPs that fall on protein domains are highly statistically enriched among SNPs linked to hereditary disorders and complex diseases. Proteins whose domains are dramatically altered by the presence of an SNP are even more likely to be present among proteins linked to hereditary disorders. Proteins with domain-altering SNPs comprise highly connected nodes in cellular pathways such as the focal adhesion, the axon guidance pathway and the autoimmune disease pathways. Statistical enrichment of domain/motif signatures in interacting protein pairs indicates extensive loss of connectivity of cell signaling pathways due to domain-altering SNPs, potentially leading to hereditary disorders.
Copper Workers, International Business, and Domestic Politics in Cold War Chile, by Angela Vergara

Copper Workers, International Business, and Domestic Politics in Cold War Chile, by Angela Vergara, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008, xii+222 pp., $60.00 (cloth), ISBN 978...
Human immunodeficiency virus gag and pol‐specific CD8 T cells in perinatal HIV infection

Background: Binding of fluorochrome-conjugated MHC class I tetramers is a powerful means to detect antigen-specific CD8 T lymphocytes. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, cellular immune response is essential in curtailing HIV disease progression but gaps persist in our understanding of HIV-specific cells during the disease course. In this study, we evaluated tetramer binding HIV-specific CD8 T cells in HIV-infected children. Methods: Fluorescently labeled tetramers for HIV gag and pol were utilized to quantify antigen-specific cells by flow cytometry using a whole blood labeling method in a cohort of 19 HLA-A2+ HIV- infected children (age range 1 month to 17 years). Results: Fourteen children had detectable gag (median 0.4%) and pol (median 0.1%) binding CD8 T cells, three children had gag binding cells only, and two had neither. Numbers of gag and pol binding cells correlated with each other and each correlated independently with total CD8 T cells and total CD4 T cells. Conclusions: HIV gag and pol-specific CD8 T cells are maintained during the chronic phase of HIV infection in children and CD4 lymphocytes appear to be important for sustaining their levels. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:265–270, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gay Fathers in Mixed-Orientation Relationships: Experiences of Those Who Stay in Their Marriages and of Those Who Leave

Many gay men have become parents in the context of heterosexual relationships; ultimately, some separate from female partners while others stay with them. In this study, we compared the experiences of 110 formerly married gay fathers who were currently in relationships with men, 44 formerly married gay fathers who were currently single, and 14 gay fathers who remained married to women. In an Internet survey, we examined relationship satisfaction, parenting stress, sexual orientation disclosure, and gay identity among these men, all of whom had become fathers in the context of heterosexual relationships. Results showed that gay fathers who were currently married to women reported lower relationship satisfaction, affection, consensus, and lower overall dyadic adjustment in their current relationships. Formerly married gay fathers who were currently single or currently in relationships with male partners reported greater openness about their sexual identities than did still-married gay fathers. The men who w...
Strong tremor near Parkfield, CA, excited by the 2002 Denali Fault earthquake

[1] We show clear evidence of non-volcanic tremor triggered by 2002 Mw7.8 Denali Fault earthquake near Parkfield. Triggered tremor is identified as bursts of high-frequency (∼2–8 Hz), non-impulsive seismic energy whose envelope is coherent among many stations and has the same periodicity as the passing surface waves. The tremor originates from at least three hypocenters near the San Andreas fault with differing frictional regimes, two in the creeping section and the other where the San Andreas is transitional between creeping and locked. All the sources originate below the seismogenic zone, suggesting that transitional frictional properties are necessary conditions for tremor generation. Tremor is excited by the Love waves when the San Andreas is sheared in a right-lateral sense, encouraging slip, and is absent when the San Andreas is sheared in a left-lateral sense, consistent with a simple frictional response to the driving stress.
Mixed silicon–germanium clusters, SixGeyHz, in the gas phase by flash pyrolysis of silane and germane

Abstract Bare and partially hydrogenated Si x Ge y H z ( x = 1–3, y = 1–5, z = 0–4) clusters were observed upon flash pyrolysis of a 1:1 mixture of silane (SiH 4 ) and germane (GeH 4 ), diluted to 2% each in He at temperatures above ∼1200 K. Thermal decomposition occurred on a short (∼20 μs) time scale after which pyrolysis products were cooled and isolated in a supersonic molecular beam and detected by single photon vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). Cluster formation occurs primarily through insertion of SiH 2 and GeH 2 into silane, germane, polysilanes and polygermanes. Formation of larger Si x Ge y clusters where x + y > 4 may also result from combination of smaller clusters.
A simple method for studying intravenous drug reinforcement in a runway

Abstract A simple low-cost swivel-carriage device is described which permits animals to freely traverse a straight alley for intravenous drug reinforcement with virtually no “pulling” force exerted on its cannula implant.