cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A profile of human immunodeficiency virus—Infected adolescents receiving health care services at selected sites in the United States

Objective: To determine the demographic/clinical profile of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adolescents in care at selected sites. Methods: We mailed surveys requesting prevalence data from physicians in government-funded HIV research and care programs on HIV-infected youth (10–21 years) receiving care. Results: A total of 49% responses yielded information on 978 subjects. Vertical, blood, and sexual were predominant transmission modes. Three-quarters were of an ethnic/racial minority; 50% were female. The earliest median CD 4 count was 0.467 × 10 9 /liter (467/μl). Percent asymptomatic varied by transmission: vertical (16%), blood products (40%), male—male sexual (67%) and female—male sexual (M: 73%) (F: 74%). Clinically indicated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis was differentially prescribed: vertical (96%), blood (89%), and sexual (male—male-47%) (female—male: M: 36% and F: 56%). Of these youth 78% are not represented in national AIDS case data. Conclusions: Examination of numerator data from selected sites indicates three transmission-driven adolescent HIV epidemics with different characteristics. Minority youth are disproportionately represented; many vertically infected infants are surviving to adolescence; sexual activity is a significant transmission avenue. HIVinfected youth appear to enter care with considerable immunosuppression. Clinical profiles and treatment patterns appear to differ by transmission mode. Further study is needed on adolescent HIV disease progression and determinants of access to care and treatment.
LOCUS OF CONTROL AND LEADERSHIP IN CHILDREN

The study focused on the relationships between locus of control, positive persuasion, prosocial leadership and popularity of children in Grades 3, 4, and 5. Locus of Control was assessed by a general measure and a measure specific to the social domain. The Children's Self-efficacy for Peer Interaction Scale was used to assess positive persuasion and sociometric techniques were used with peers and teachers to assess prosocial leadership and popularity. Internality was positively associated with positive persuasion in Grades 4 and 5. Social locus of control correlated significantly with leadership and popularity measures in Grades 4 and 5. Positive persuasion was not associated with the leadership/popularity measures. The results generally confirmed the important role of social locus of control in the achievement of social status.
The Effects of the Vocabulary Overview Guide on Vocabulary Comprehension and Retention

This study investigated the effectiveness of the Vocabulary Overview Guide in improving vocabulary comprehension and retention of terms from connected discourse. The guide incorporates a graphic organizer to relate text information, personal clues to associate terms with background knowledge, and a selfmonitoring checklist to assess understanding. This strategy was compared to a traditional method of listing and studying definitions. Subjects, developmental college readers, were administered pretests, posttests, and delayed posttests. An Analysis of Variance indicated that the Vocabulary Overview Guide group was significantly superior to the traditional group in improving vocabulary comprehension and retention and in increasing metacognitive awareness on post and delayed posttests. It is commonly assumed that knowing the meanings of words used in a particular text increases a reader's comprehension of the passage. Though the results of research investigating the relationship between vocabulary acquisition and increased passage comprehension have on occasion been equivocal (Jenkins & Pany, 1981), other recent experiments underscore the importance of that relationship (Beck, Perfetti, & McKeown, 1982; Draper & Moeller, 1971; Kameenui, Carnine, & Freschi, 1982; McKeown, Beck, Omanson, & Perfetti, 1983; Swaby, 1977). The results of this work provide a strong rationale for using direct, systematic vocabulary instruction as a means of improving comprehension. Other researchers, who have focused on instructional strategies that have concurrently promoted vocabulary enhancement and comprehension growth, confirm
Emerin Deletions Occurring on Both Xq28 Inversion Backgrounds

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EMD) is an X-linked disorder characterized by contractures, progressive weakness and cardiomyopathy. EMD is caused by mutations in the 2 kb emerin gene that is located within human Xq28. Emerin is immediately distal to the 26 kb filamin gene, and flanking the filamin-emerin region are two large inverted repeats. This entire region previously has been found to be inverted in approximately 20% of X chromosomes, presumably mediated by the inverted repeats. Only one complete emerin deletion has been reported previously. It was found to be due to a complex rearrangement involving the inverted repeats which partially duplicated filamin. We report here two additional EMD patients who have large deletions of 20 and 34 kb, respectively. Unlike the previously reported deletion, these deletions appear to be simple deletions, with each breakpoint junction showing only 2 bp of overlap, suggesting an end-joining mechanism. However, the two deletions were found on each of the two inverted backgrounds. The 20 kb deletion includes the entire emerin gene and extends well into most of the distal inverted repeat. In contrast, the 34 kb deletion occurs on the inverted X chromosome and extends centromeric, well beyond the proximal inverted repeat. In addition, at least three nearby putative genes detected by previous sequence analysis are deleted among these patients but without obvious deviation from a typical EMD phenotype. Similarly to the previously reported deletion, filamin remains intact in these two deletions. All three deletions involve distinct breakpoints within the 4.7 kb filamin-emerin intergenic region, suggesting that loss of filamin is a lethal event. Thus, the close proximity of filamin to emerin may place constraints upon potential emerin deletions and probably accounts for the rarity of complete emerin deletions in EMD patients.
Milestone Markets: Software Cost Estimation through Market Trading

Software cost estimation remains a difficult challenge despite decades of attention by both researchers and practitioners. Predictions are often inaccurate and characterized by very wide confidence intervals. Direct approaches base "expert" estimates on detailed requirements, along with the experience and intuition of the estimator. The Delphi method seeks a consensus estimate among a group of expert estimators. Still other approaches use historical project data to fit estimation models, such as COCOMO. While hybrid techniques like COBRA combine aspects of several methods. This paper proposes a very different approach, the use of information markets to continually aggregate the individual estimates of diverse software project stakeholders. Information markets have been applied successfully in several areas with the market consensus often outperforming individual experts. The paper describes a market mechanism for software cost estimation, explores the characteristics that make such an approach possible, and presents initial experiments based on a simple estimation task.
The Chinese hamster Alu-equivalent sequence: a conserved highly repetitious, interspersed deoxyribonucleic acid sequence in mammals has a structure suggestive of a transposable element.

A consensus sequence hasbeendetermined foramajor interspersed deoxyribonucleic acid repeat inthegenomeofChinese hamster ovary cells (CHOcells). Thissequence isextensively homologous to(i) thehumanAlusequence (P.L. Deininger etal., J.Mol.Biol., inpress), (ii) themouseBlinterspersed repetitious sequence (Krayev etal., Nucleic AcidsRes.8:1201-1215, 1980), (iii) aninterspersed repetitious sequence fromAfrican greenmonkeydeoxyribonucleic acid (Dhruva etal., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. U.S.A. 77:4514-4518, 1980) and(iv) the CHO andmouse4.5Sribonucleic acid(this report; F.HaradaandN.Kato, Nucleic AcidsRes.8:1273-1285, 1980). Because theCHO consensus sequence showssignificant homology tothehumanAlusequence itistermed theCHO Alu-equivalent sequence. Aconserved structure surrounding CHOAlu-equivalent family members canberecognized. Itissimilar tothatsurrounding thehuman AluandthemouseBisequences, andisrepresented asfollows: direct repeat CHO-Alu-A-rich sequence-direct repeat. Acomposite interspersed repetitious sequence hasbeenidentified. Itsstructure isrepresented asfollows: direct repeat-residue 47to107ofCHO-Alu-non-Alu repetitious sequence-A-rich sequence-direct repeat. Because theAluflanking sequences resemble those that flank knowntransposable elements, wethinkitlikely thattheAlusequence dispersed throughout themammalian genomebytransposition.
FDTD analysis of high frequency electronic interconnection effects

A full-wave analysis of coupled high-frequency interconnect discontinuities is presented using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The electromagnetic effects of two via holes on microstrip lines in close proximity to one another are examined and equivalent circuits are presented. The effects of two adjacent lines with bond wires, used, for example, to connect a die to the leadframe of an integrated circuit (IC) package are also analyzed. Frequency domain results are presented by using the discrete Fourier transform of the time-domain results. Guidelines regarding the effective use of the FDTD code including the use a priori calculated electric field distribution in the excitation plane, and the use of a weighted /spl epsiv//sub r,eff/ to minimize reflections at the absorbing boundaries are described. The obtained FDTD results and the developed equivalent circuit models show the importance of radiation effects at frequencies beyond 20-30 GHz, the possibilities of reducing the inductive effect of bond wires by using two parallel bond wires instead of one, and the importance of including mutual inductance elements in the equivalent circuit model to account for the crosstalk between parallel vias across a ground plane. >
Frequency, management and follow-up of patients with acute coronary occlusions after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Abstract Angiograms from 1,500 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) at the Cleveland Clinic were reviewed to determine the frequency of acute coronary occlusion after successful PTCA. Thirtytwo patients (2%) had acute coronary occlusions. Of these, 27 (84%) presented within 6 hours. Compared with control group, only the presence of eccentric lesions (72% vs 24%) and intimal tears (78% vs 34%) was more predominant in the group with acute occlusion. Redilation was attempted in 31 patients and was successful in 27 (87%). Nine of these patients eventually required coronary bypass surgery and 18 were discharged and followed for 11 to 34 months (mean 18). Thus, redilation is a safe and effective approach to manage patients in whom coronary occlusion develops after PTCA.
Interspecific and Spatial Comparisons of Perfluorinated Compounds in Bighead and Silver Carp in the Illinois River, Illinois, USA

We examined perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFC) in bighead (BHCP; Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver (SVCP; H. molitrix) carp from the Illinois River, Illinois, USA. Summed PFC concentrations in whole fish did not differ by species or river reach. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) concentrations were much greater in whole fish (16.4 ng/g) than in fillets (3.4 ng/g). PFOS concentrations represented 35%-51% of total measured PFC concentrations in whole fish, and in fillets were weakly associated with carcass mass (R2=0.17, p=0.01) and % carcass lipid (R2=0.16, p=0.01). No such relationship was observed in whole fish. The relationship between concentrations of individual PFC congeners in whole fish and carcass mass or % lipid content varied by species. Our study demonstrated that filter-feeders such as BHCP and SVCP can accumulate measureable concentrations of PFC and these results are important for understanding the fate of these compounds in large river systems.
Inverse solution of radiative heat transfer in two-dimensional irregularly shaped enclosures

An inverse solution technique is used to predict the necessary temperature and heat flux distributions of the heater section of a two-dimensional enclosure so the heater satisfies the specified heat flux and temperature distributions of design surfaces, while satisfying one thermal boundary condition for the other walls. Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer in systems where high temperatures are present; therefore, it is considered as the only mode of heat transfer in this study. The two-dimensional enclosures considered in this study are made up of straight segments, positioned so that they form irregularly shaped enclosures approximating situations for many of the real cases in industrial applications. The enclosure walls are gray, emitting diffusely and reflecting either diffusely or specularly. The medium inside the enclosure may be transparent, absorbing-emitting or absorbing-emitting and isotropically scattering. For the participating medium cases, the gray medium is considered as isothermal, homogeneous and isotropically scattering. The Monte Carlo method is used for formulation of radiative heat transfer. The method is preferred for its accuracy and ease of handling complex geometries and various surface and medium properties. The main contribution of this study is to solve inverse design problems for complex geometries that contain blockage and shading effects, as could be the case in many real industrial applications. The resulting system of equations, which includes Fredholm equations of the first kind, is known to be highly ill-conditioned in nature. The solution for this ill-conditioned system is handled by the conjugate gradient method, an iterative solution method, which obtains smooth and very accurate solutions in a few steps for linear systems.
Hormonal Influences on Invertebrate Aggressive Behavior

Aggressive behavior has been described in nearly all of the invertebrate groups. In many cases the presence or absence of aggression, or the intensity of aggressive expression, is known to vary with time or with changing environmental conditions; such variation is suggestive of hormonal influences, but direct hormonal control of aggression has been demonstrated in only a few cases. The purposes of this chapter are to review critically the literature concerning hormonal influences on aggression in some of the invertebrates and to suggest areas for possible future studies.
Partial Ionic Character beyond the Pauling Paradigm: Metal Nanoparticles

A canonical perspective on the chemical bond is the Pauling paradigm: a bond in a molecule containing only identical atoms has no ionic character. However, we show that homonuclear silver clusters have very uneven charge distributions (for example, the C2v structure of Ag4 has a larger dipole moment than formaldehyde or acetone), and we show how to predict the charge distribution from coordination numbers and Hirshfeld charges. The new charge model is validated against Kohn–Sham calculations of dipole moments with four approximations for the exchange–correlation functional. We report Kohn–Sham studies of the binding energies of CO on silver monomer and silver clusters containing 2–18 atoms. We also find that an accurate charge model is essential for understanding the site dependence of binding. In particular we find that atoms with more positive charges tend to have higher binding energies, which can be used for guidance in catalyst modeling and design. Thus, the nonuniform charge distribution of silver c...
Word Length and Complexity Variables in Spelling Difficulty

THE COMPILERS of spelling lists at the present time seem to have two major variables in mind when they make up their lists. They are concerned with the frequency of occurrence of a word, because frequent words are those which children are most likely to use. For much the same reason these authors are interested in the meaningfulness of words. Children do not learn to spell, nor are they likely to use those words which they do not understand. Some of the; emphasis on frequency and meaningfulness operates, no doubt, at the expense of other vari ables which could serve as the basis of estimating the difficulty of the word. It is reasonable to assume that the longer a word is, the greater the probability of error in spelling it. In addition to this, the hard words (the spelling demons) always involve some complexity, some two or more letters which are easily confused. It is the purpose of this paper to de termine the relationships between spelling difficulty and frequency of oc currence, the average grade placement of words on spelling lists, mean ingfulness, word length, and two measures of word complexity. The in vestigation of these relationships should enable us to make more s o und predictions of spelling difficulty than is possible by use of the two con ventional variables. For the present paper, spelling difficulty will be defined as the per cent of error per occurrence and will be determined from words select ed from data published by Brittain and Fitzgerald (1). These data are a list of words used by second grade children in writing compositions. The frequency of occurrence and the frequency of spelling error are available for each word. A random sample of 75 words was selected from the Brittain and Fitzgerald list. The spelling difficulty, or per cent of spelling error per occurrence for each word, was calculated from these data. Frequency of occurrence of the sample of words selected was taken from two sources; Rinsland (3) and Brittain and Fitzgerald (1). Theav erage grade placement of the words on spelling lists was found in Gates (2). Word length is measured by the number of letters in the words. Word complexity was measured in two ways. First, the com plexity of the word as a sound pattern is the sum of the judged s i m i lar ity in sound between adjacent letters. This is termed the Sound Dis criminability Index. Second, the complexity of the word as a shape pat tern is the sum of the judged similarities in shape between the letters. This is named the Shape Discriminability Index.
Hemingway And Existentialism

Hemingway has been greatly influenced by Existentialism.His works are full of absurdness advocated by Existentialism,and tragical figure who dares to fight against fate and has become the hero of his novel.
Infiltrating Recurrent Renal Angiomyolipoma with Fatal Outcome

AbstractRenal angiomyolipomas are considered to be benign mesenchymal tumors despite histological findings often remarkable for cellular pleomorphism and mitoses. We report a renal angiomyolipoma in a 49-year-old white woman. Surgical treatment was followed by massive recurrence with perforation of the colon and invasion of the diaphragm. The patient died despite surgical debulking and radiation therapy. A review of the literature revealed 1 case of massive recurrence following partial resection of the tumor and 2 in which the tumor showed marked local invasion. We believe that patients with renal angiomyolipoma should be monitored carefully for aggressive tissue infiltration and recurrent tumor.
Mediated transport of long-chain fatty acids by rat renal basolateral membranes.

Transport of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) was studied in isolated rat renal cortical membrane vesicles to determine the mechanism of entry of these metabolic substrates into renal cells. Total uptake of palmitate into basolateral (BLMV) and brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) was determined with the use of a rapid filtration technique. In the presence of an inwardly directed H+ gradient (pHo = 6.0, pHi = 7.4) palmitate (0.26 microM) uptake went through a maximum (“overshoot”) in BLMV but not in BBMV. The amount of palmitate nonspecifically bound to vesicles was subtracted from total uptake to determine intravesicular content. Peak values for intravesicular palmitate content were 26 +/- 9 pmol/mg protein, 2.5-fold higher than 60-min values of 10 +/- 2 pmol/mg (P less than 0.05, n = 6). The overshoot could not be accounted for by changes in voltage. An inwardly directed Na+ gradient was without effect on palmitate uptake in BLMV and BBMV. pH gradient-stimulated palmitate transport (15 s) in BLMV was subj...
1 Methyl 4 Phenylpyridinium

Abstract 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (ion) (MPP+) is the ultimate neurotoxic agent formed by metabolism of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) involving monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). MPP+ induces parkinsonism. The MPP+ production is thought to occur in astrocytes; MPP+ is then taken up by its first target, the dopamine transporter on dopamine nerve terminals. The next target of MPP+ is the mitochondria, where it inhibits oxidative phosphorylation. The final target is the vesicular monoamine transporter, mediating uptake into monoamine storage vesicles. MPTP is currently used to produce parkinsonian symptoms in animal models of Parkinson's disease (mice and monkeys).
Effective word count estimation for long duration daily naturalistic audio recordings

The ability to count words in extended audio sequences allows researchers to explore characteristics of speakers (i.e., leading, following, task responsibility, personal engagement), as well as the dynamics of two-way or multi-subject conversation scenarios. As such, counting the number of words spoken by a person, offers a rich information source for several applications such as health monitoring (e.g., Autism, Parkinsons, Alzheimers and etc), second language learning, or language development studies. However, developing robust word count systems that can achieve high performance with low computational cost is very challenging due to the uncertain and dynamic behavior experienced in audio recordings. In this study, we address the problem for large-scale naturalistic audio recordings based on a 100-day audio collection entitled (i.e., Prof-Life-Log). This corpus contains continuously recorded audio from one person using a mobile LENA audio recording device (LENA,2015). The device captures audio for an entire workday which can last up to 16 hours. Our proposed framework to address word count consists of five main components, (i) Speech Activity Detection(SAD) to remove non-speech parts of the signal, (ii) Speech Enhancement to suppress the effects of background noise, (iii) Primary vs. Secondary Speaker Detection to remove secondary speaker segments, (iv) Syllable Rate Estimation to estimate the syllable rate for the primary speaker, and (v) Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation (LMMSE) to find the linear mapping between syllable rate and word rate in spontaneous speech. In spite of the simplicity of the framework, it shows to be very effective in real scenarios with good performance on various datasets. As an indication of performance, the error of the framework for an entire 16h day audio file can be as low as 1% in terms of cumulative Word Count Error.
Flawed by Design: The Virtues and Limitations of Postmodern Theory

Nothing is perfect in an imperfect world — especially science. The postmodern critique of Enlightenment science has driven home that point forcefully. However, despite the harshness of its critique, postmodernism has fallen well short of creating a viable alternative to modern science. In this paper, I argue that the only recourse for postmodernists is to adopt a new orientation to the fundamental pursuit of modernist science: truth.
Catalytic scaffolds for phosphoryl group transfer

A single genome encodes a large number of phosphoryl hydrolases for the purposes of phosphate recycling, primary and secondary metabolism, signal transduction and regulation, and protection from xenobiotics. Phosphate monoester hydrolysis faces a high kinetic barrier, yet there are multiple solutions to the problem both in terms of catalytic mechanisms and three-dimensional structure of the hydrolases. Recent structural and mechanistic findings highlight the trigonal-bipyramidal nature of the transition state for enzyme promoted phosphate monoester hydrolysis and the evolution and role of inserted loops/domains in governing substrate specificity and promiscuity. Important questions remain as to how electrostatics modulate water networks and critical proton-transfer events. How substrate targeting and catalysis is achieved by the independently evolved catalytic platforms is compared and contrasted in this article.
Database and Narrative in Samuel Beckett's KRAPP'S LAST TAPE

One literary work that offers surprising insights into the effects of technology on the human experience, Samuel Beckett's Krapp's Last Tape, has gone largely unnoticed. In Krapp's relationship to ...
Cultural Adaptation of Evidence-Based Treatments: An Example From Aphasia

Few evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for impairments of speech, language, cognition, or swallowing have been designed or evaluated scientifically for effectiveness with culturally and linguisticall...
Behavior of circulating tumor cells detected by EGF tagged SERS nanoparticles in head and neck cancer patients.

e21161 Background: Quantification of circulating tumor cells(CTCs) is becoming central to the management of metastatic breast, colorectal and prostate cancers and the potential to improve managemen...
Dispute Systems Design, Neoliberalism, and the Problem of Scale

This essay critically explores the idea that techniques based on individual dispute resolution paradigms can provide a compelling vision for the resolution of larger-scale conflict. To that end, it examines the methods of dispute systems design (DSD) and some of the background social and political conditions that influenced DSD’s emergence. In the 1970s, ADR was created to resolve individual disputes by means other than the predominant application of state law. Today, dispute systems designers are applying ADR’s methods to collective, rather than individual, conflict in contexts marked by market models of state power. Drawing on an analytic of scale, this essay illustrates how DSD’s methods may replicate neoliberal conceptions of social organization by eliding differences between collective and individual interests and ends. It sketches ideas for a scale-sensitive approach to systems design that considers how questions of power and distribution are reconfigured by a shift from ADR to DSD.
Linux Clusters Institute Workshops: Building the HPC and Research Computing Systems Professionals Workforce

We discuss training workshops run by the Linux Clusters Institute (LCI), which provides education and advanced technical training for IT professionals who deploy and support High Performance Computing (HPC) Linux clusters, which have become the most ubiquitous tools for HPC worldwide. The LCI offers workshops that cover the basics of Linux HPC cluster system administration, including hardware (computing, storage, and networking); system-level software (e.g., provisioning systems, resource ma nagers, and job schedulers); system security; and user support. These workshops also aim to seed an HPC systems professional community of practice, by bringing together groups of research computing professionals to obtain essential training in cluster administration, while interacting with the experienced HPC systems professionals who serve as instructors and mentors.
A data-driven approach for addressing the lack of flow waveform data in studies of cerebral arterial flow in older adults.

OBJECTIVE Blood flow waveforms-essential data for hemodynamic modeling-are often in practice unavailable to researchers. The objectives of this work were to assess the variability among the waveforms for a clinically relevant older population, and develop data-based methods for addressing the missing waveform data for hemodynamic studies. APPROACH We analyzed 272 flow waveforms from the internal carotid arteries of older patients (73 ± 13 yr) with moderate cardiovascular disease, and used these data to develop methods to guide new approaches for hemodynamic studies. MAIN RESULTS Profound variations in waveform parameters were found within the aged population that were not seen in published data for young subjects. Common features in the aged population relative to the young included a larger systole-to-diastole flow rate ratio, increased flow during late systole, and absence of a dicrotic notch. Eight waveforms were identified that collectively represent the range of waveforms in the older population. A relationship between waveform shape and flow rate was obtained that, in conjunction with equations relating flow rate to diameter, can be used to provide individualized waveforms for patient-specific geometries. The dependence of flow rate on diameter was statistically different between male and female patients. SIGNIFICANCE It was shown that a single archetypal waveform cannot well-represent the diverse waveforms found within an aged population, although this approach is frequently used in studies of flow in the cerebral vasculature. Motivated by these results, we provided a set of eight waveforms that can be used to assess the hemodynamic uncertainty associated with the lack of patient-specific waveform data. We also provided a methodology for generating individualized waveforms when patient gender, age, and cardiovascular disease state are known. These data-driven approaches can be used to devise more relevant in vitro or in silico intra-cranial hemodynamic studies for older patients.
Overview of the Cytoskeleton from an Evolutionary Perspective

Organisms in the three domains of life depend on protein polymers to form a cytoskeleton that helps to establish their shapes, maintain their mechanical integrity, divide, and, in many cases, move. Eukaryotes have the most complex cytoskeletons, comprising three cytoskeletal polymers-actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules-acted on by three families of motor proteins (myosin, kinesin, and dynein). Prokaryotes have polymers of proteins homologous to actin and tubulin but no motors, and a few bacteria have a protein related to intermediate filament proteins.
Abusive Head Trauma/Shaken Baby Syndrome

In 1971, Guthkelch reported on 23 children, of whom 22 were less than 18 months old, presenting with various combinations of subdural hemorrhage, fractures, parenchymal brain injury, and retinal hemorrhages [1] (Fig. 17.1). He was the first to recognize the important role of repeated acceleration–deceleration forces – shaking – as a form of abusive injury. In 1972 and 1974, Caffey expanded on this topic and coined the term whiplash-shaken infant syndrome [2]. Both the authors recognized the frequent absence of external signs of trauma and the role of torn bridging vessels in the brain as the cause of the intracranial hemorrhage. With the advent of computerized tomography, the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury became easier to ascertain, but the basic definition of whiplash-shaken infant syndrome did not change.
Social Justice at the Border and in the Bordered United States: Implications for Policy and Practice

The book editors summarize the chapters and suggest changes in immigration policy. They call for an investment zone to resuscitate the US-Mexico border region’s economy. They also call for the coordinated use of community-based organizations to challenge the status quo of economic marginalization in the border region by empowering citizens through grassroots advocacy and social action. The authors also acknowledge the power of the law and of litigation in changing the lives of people who have been treated unjustly by public and private institutions. While raising consciousness, demonstrating, advocating, testifying at public forums, voting, and community organizing all have a role in social change, they can be supplemented by what can be done in court.
Design and Surface Modification of PET Substrates Using UV/Ozone Treatment for Roll-to-Roll Processed Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Module Packaging

For many flexible electronic and photonic devices, roll-to-roll processing technology has been a novel driving force for their development. This processing technology can also be applied to solar photovoltaic (PV) module packaging. However, to fit its processing needs, there are several challenges. This paper presents surface modification of PET carrier film using UV/Ozone treatment to improve adhesion with the adhesive material. Whereas previous studies also utilized treatment methods to increase the wettability characteristics, in this paper we present the results of a relatively weaker irradiation technique, UV/Ozone treatment at room temperature condition. We found that this treatment method increases the wettability or surface energy by up to 1.4-fold and demonstrates a 28.3% increase in average adhesion strength.
The Shi’a Spring: Shi’a Resistance and the Arab Spring Movement in the GCC States

This paper asks the question: Are the GCC Shi‘a engaged in their own “Shi‘a Spring movement”, and, if so, what does this mean for the future of Shi‘a communities in the Arabian Gulf? While the “Arab Spring” is a movement that is shared among an entire ethno-linguistic group, Shi‘a protesters belong to a group that have be both politically and religiously marginalized in the modern GCC states. Shi‘a protesters face discrimination not only from GCC political authorities, but from GCC citizens, some of whom are fellow Arabs. In addition, this paper examines both the overt and more subtle forms of discrimination imposed on the GCC Shi‘a community during the first phases of the Arab Spring movement (2011-2013).
Surviving cerebral malaria.

A 48-year-old man from Minnesota declined malaria prophylaxis before hunting in South Africa. Ten days after his return, he developed body aches, confusion progressing to flaccid unresponsiveness, acute liver and renal failure, shock, and thrombocytopenia. On blood smear, Plasmodium falciparum burden was 24% and fell rapidly after aggressive management. MRI showed innumerable microhemorrhages and edema from capillary parasite sequestration (figure).1,2
Modeling the Effect of Toxicants on the Parameters of Dynamic Energy Budget Models

Toxicants negatively affect the rates of growth and reproduction of organisms. Dynamic energy budget models offer a convenient mathematical framework to describe growth and reproduction by individuals. Since these models take into account the lipid content of an animal, the accumulation of toxicants is easily incorporated. This paper deals with the subsequent effects of toxicants on growth and reproduction. We argue that the concept of non-competitive inhibition is applicable for toxicants that increase maintenance demands and reduce assimilation. In this way, energy investment in growth and reproduction are indirectly reduced.
The potentialities of the smear technique for the differentiation of noninvasive and invasive cervical carcinoma.

Abstract The differentiation of invasive and noninvasive carcinoma of the cervix uteri by means of cytological smears is described and the potentialities of this technique are discussed. The differentiation is based on an evaluation of the surroundings of the epithelial cells, a quantitative relationship of various cell types, and the locality and degree of degeneration of the abnormal cells, but not on any specific cellular criteria. The practical value of this differential analysis is limited. Nevertheless, a diagnostic accuracy of more than 85 per cent can be achieved with such a subjective technique.
Creative Outcome as Implausible Utility

Two perspectives are used to reframe Simonton’s recent three-factor definition of creative outcome. The first perspective is functional: that creative ideas are those that add significantly to know...
Peering into the past

Robert P Crease talks to researchers in China who use physics-based techniques to understand the country's history
VRASP : A Virtual Reality Environment for Learning Answer Set Programming

Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a dominant programming paradigm in Knowledge Representation. It is used to build intelligent agents – knowledge-intensive software systems capable of exhibiting intelligent behaviors. It is found that ASP can also be used to teach computer science in middle and high schools. However, the current ASP systems do not provide direct support for a programmer to produce an intelligent agent that a general user can directly interact with, which may greatly compromise the potential attraction of ASP to the secondary school students. In this paper, we propose a Virtual Reality (VR) programming environment called VRASP that allows a student to produce an avatar (agent) in a virtual world that is able to answer questions in spoken natural language from a general user. The VR application is accessible from anywhere so that the students’ friends can interact with the agent. As a result, it gives the students a feeling of achievement and thus encourages them to solve problems using ASP. VRASP was evaluated with 10 users. Results of these studies show that students are able to communicate with the environment intuitively with an accuracy of 78%.
Treatment of Facial Fractures at a Level 1 Trauma Center: Do Medicaid and Non-Medicaid Enrollees Receive the Same Care?

Abstract Background Timing of surgical treatment of facial fractures may vary with the patient age, injury type, and presence of polytrauma. Previous studies using national data sets have suggested that trauma patients with government insurance experience fewer operations, longer length of hospital stay (LOS), and worse outcomes compared with privately insured patients. The objective of this study is to compare treatment of facial fractures in patients with and without Medicaid insurance (excluding Medicare). Methods All adults with mandibular, orbital, and midface fractures at a Level 1 Trauma Center between 2009 and 2018 were included. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the differences in the frequency of surgery, time to surgery (TTS), LOS, and mortality based on insurance type. Results The sample included 1541 patients with facial fractures (mandible, midface, orbital), of whom 78.8% were male, and 13.1% (208) were enrolled in Medicaid. Mechanism of injury was predominantly assault for Medicaid enrollees and falls or motor vehicle accidents for non-Medicaid enrollees (P Conclusions Overall, the treatment of facial fractures was similar regardless of the insurance type, but Medicaid enrollees with orbital fractures experienced less frequent surgery for facial fractures. Further studies are needed to identify specific socioeconomic and geographic factors contributing to these disparities in care.
4 – Thermodynamic properties

This chapter examines the properties involving heat, heat flow, and temperature. It concerns high-temperature proprieties in the normal state above the transition temperature Tc, low-temperature proprieties in the superconducting state below this transition, as well as a clarification of the particular behavior that takes place at the discontinuity of Tc itself. Superconductors are discussed in zero field (Bapp=0), as well as in the presence of a magnetic field. The behavior of the specific heat above Tc, as well as below Tc, and at the transition point itself, is discussed in detail.
Teaching Wellness in a College Physical Education Course: Pre/Post Outcomes over the Semester

Background: Over the years, college student wellness has become an issue of concern. This study reports the results that physical education classes and effects they on college student overall wellness over the course of a semester. Aim: This study examines the pre/post outcomes of a physical education course on 12 dimensions of wellness from the start of the semester to the end of the semester. Methods: College students ( N = 1,497) taking a PED101 were assessed at the beginning (pre) and end (post) of the semester for wellbeing outcomes according to the Wellness Inventory. Quantitative outcomes from the Wellness Inventory were compared pre/post as well as demographic variables (e.g., gender and health status). Results: All 12 dimensions of wellness showed increases from the start of the semester to the end of the semester. The results found statistically significant changes between the pre and post assessments for all dimensions of wellness outcomes. There were also significant changes between the pre and post assessments when investigating differences based on sex and health status. Conclusion: PED101 courses can be useful interventions to help move college students towards wellness.
The effect of the Cold War on African-American civil rights: America and the world audience, 1945–1968

The social movement for African-American civil rights is one of the most studied and celebrated social phenomena of the twentieth century. One factor in explaining the movement's successes, however, is usually given little if any explicit attention by civil rights scholars, and has not been explained adequately. This is the impact of the Cold War on domestic United States race politics, and the process through which the Cold War lessened resistance to civil rights movement demands. While past studies of the civil rights movement have properly emphasized such variables as democraphic shifts, changes in the economy, and social-movement organizational dynamics, the purpose of this article is (1) to stress the contributing importance of America's Cold War struggle with the Soviet Union in the development of black civil rights; and (2) to demonstrate with this important case how the politicalprocess model for the study of social movements can be clarified and made more precise through insights from neoinstitutional theory, now mostly identified with the cultural analysis of organizations. Combining the political-process model's emphasis on agency and opportunity with neoinstitutional theory's stress on legitimacy can help develop the language to explain the Cold War/civil rights connection.
Learning Deep Latent Subspaces for Image Denoising.

Heterogeneity exists in most camera images. This heterogeneity manifests itself across the image space as varied Moire ringing, motion-blur, color-bleaching or lens based projection distortions. Moreover, combinations of these image artifacts can be present in small or large pixel neighborhoods, within an acquired image. Current camera image processing pipelines, including deep trained versions, tend to rectify the issue applying a single filter that is homogeneously applied to the entire image. This is also particularly true when an encoder-decoder type deep architecture is trained for the task. In this paper, we present a structured deep learning model that solves the heterogeneous image artifact filtering problem. We call our deep trained model the Patch Subspace Variational Autoencoder (PS-VAE) for Camera ISP. PS-VAE does not necessarily assume uniform image distortion levels nor similar artifact types within the image. Rather, our model attempts to learn to cluster different patches extracted from images into artifact type and distortion levels, within multiple latent subspaces (e.g. Moire ringing artifacts are often a higher dimensional latent distortion than a Gaussian motion blur artifact). Each image's patches are encoded into soft-clusters in their appropriate latent sub-space, using a prior mixture model. The decoders of the PS-VAE are also trained in an unsupervised manner for each of the image patches in each soft-cluster. Our experimental results demonstrates the flexibility and performance that one can achieve through improved heterogeneous filtering. We compare our results to a conventional one-encoder-one-decoder architecture.
Kinematic analysis of sensorimotor behavior during variable ladder rung walking in short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica).

Summary This protocol presents a workflow for detecting differences in kinematics between experimental conditions. It is tailored for short-tailed opossums but can be applied to any species capable of completing the ladder rung task. There are four phases of this protocol: (1) data collection, (2) pose tracking, (3) analysis of single trials, and (4) cross-condition comparisons. This pipeline implements aspects of machine learning and signal processing, allowing for rapid data analysis that provides insight into how animals perform this task. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Englund et al. (2020) .
Contact Tracing in Healthcare Settings During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Bluetooth Low Energy and Artificial Intelligence-A Viewpoint

The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted great damage with effects that will likely linger for a long time. This crisis has highlighted the importance of contact tracing in healthcare settings because hospitalized patients are among the high risk for complications and death. Moreover, effective contact tracing schemes are not yet available in healthcare settings. A good contact tracing technology in healthcare settings should be equipped with six features: promptness, simplicity, high precision, integration, minimized privacy concerns, and social fairness. One potential solution that addresses all of these elements leverages an indoor real-time location system based on Bluetooth Low Energy and artificial intelligence.
What is known - and not known - about acoustic communication in an urban soundscape.

Urban environments have some of the most highly modified soundscapes on the planet, affecting the way many animals communicate using acoustic signals. Communication involves transmission of information via signals, such as bird song, between a signaler and a receiver. Much work has focused on the effects of urbanization on signalers and their signals, yet very little is known about how noise pollution affects receiver behaviors and sensory systems. Here we synthesize key findings to date regarding avian acoustic communication in the urban environment and delineate key gaps in knowledge for future work. We leverage our own work comparing current and historical songs from urban and rural habitats for a subspecies of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli). We use this system, along with findings from other systems, to answer three key questions in the field: (1) Is song variation consistent with temporal and spatial variation in anthropogenic noise? (2) How are birds adjusting their song to the urban environment? and (3) How does song 'urbanization' affect signal function? Our synthesis illustrates that the adjustments birds make to their songs in noisy environments can improve signal detection, but potentially at the cost of signal function. Many key gaps in knowledge need to be addressed to complete our understanding of how acoustic communication systems evolve in urban areas, specifically in regard to sexual selection and female preference, as well as how receivers perceive signals in an urban environment.