cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The future of long-term monitoring following catheter and surgical intervention for atrial fibrillation

Monitoring following catheter or surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is an essential tool used to assess outcomes for research purposes and help guide clinical decision making. The most commonly used methods to monitor for postintervention AF include a variety of ambulatory external electrocardiogram monitors, cardiac implantable electronic devices, and more recently, direct to consumer digital health technologies. The traditional metric of ablation success, recurrence > 30 s at 1 year, is below the detection capabilities of almost all monitoring techniques yet still undervalues the efficacy of AF interventions. Measures of AF burden reduction and duration give a more complete assessment of the impact of AF surgeries and ablation. As it is increasingly being recognized that AF burden and duration is related to stroke risk, long-term, inexpensive, noninvasive monitoring methods are needed. Smart phones and watches with AF-detecting capabilities, which are increasingly being used by the majority of U.S. adults, have emerged as viable options to achieve this goal, shifting the paradigm of AF monitoring to a more patient-centered approach.
Contextual Argument Component Classification for Class Discussions

Argument mining systems often consider contextual information, i.e. information outside of an argumentative discourse unit, when trained to accomplish tasks such as argument component identification, classification, and relation extraction. However, prior work has not carefully analyzed the utility of different contextual properties in context-aware models. In this work, we show how two different types of contextual information, local discourse context and speaker context, can be incorporated into a computational model for classifying argument components in multi-party classroom discussions. We find that both context types can improve performance, although the improvements are dependent on context size and position.
Al’brekht’s Method in Infinite Dimensions

In 1961 E. G. Albrekht presented a method for the optimal stabilization of smooth, nonlinear, finite dimensional, continuous time control systems. This method has been extended to similar systems in discrete time and to some stochastic systems in continuous and discrete time. In this paper we extend Albrekht’s method to the optimal stabilization of some smooth, nonlinear, infinite dimensional, continuous time control systems whose nonlinearities are described by Fredholm integral operators.
A boundary value “reservoir problem” and boundary conditions for multi-moment multifluid simulations of sheaths

Multifluid simulations of plasma sheaths are increasingly used to model a wide variety of problems in plasma physics ranging from global magnetospheric flows around celestial bodies to plasma–wall interactions in thrusters and fusion devices. For multifluid problems, accurate boundary conditions to model an absorbing wall that resolves a classical sheath remain an open research area. This work justifies the use of vacuum boundary conditions for absorbing walls to show comparable accuracy between a multifluid sheath and lower moments of a continuum-kinetic sheath.
Heterogeneous Fixed-wing Aerial Vehicles for Resilient Coverage of an Area

This paper presents a distributed approach to provide persistent coverage of an arbitrarily shaped area using heterogeneous coverage of fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and to recover from simultaneous failures of multiple UAVs. The proposed approach discusses level-homogeneous deployment and maintenance of a homogeneous fleet of fixed-wing UAVs given the boundary information and the minimum loitering radius. The UAVs are deployed at different altitude levels to provide heterogeneous coverage and sensing. We use an efficient square packing method to deploy the UAVs, given the minimum loiter radius and the area boundary. The UAVs loiter over the circles inscribed over these packing squares in a synchronized motion to fulfill the full coverage objective. An top-down hierarchy of the square packing, where each outer square (super-square) is partitioned into four equal-sized inner squares (sub-square), is exploited to introduce resilience in the deployed UAV-network. For a failed sub-square UAV, a replacement neighbor is chosen considering the effective coverage and deployed to the corresponding super-square at a higher altitude to recover full coverage, trading-off with the quality of coverage of the sub-area. This is a distributed approach as all the decision making is done within close range of the loss region, and it can be scaled and adapted to various large scale area and UAV configurations. Simulation results have been presented to illustrate and verify the applicability of the approach.
Disease transmission through expiratory aerosols on an urban bus

Airborne respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 pose significant challenges to public transportation. Several recent outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 indicate the high risk of transmission among passengers on public buses if special precautions are not taken. This study presents a combined experimental and numerical analysis to identify transmission mechanisms on an urban bus and assess strategies to reduce risk. The effects of the ventilation and air-conditioning systems, opening windows and doors, and wearing masks are analyzed. Specific attention is paid to the transport of submicron- and micron-sized particles relevant to typical respiratory droplets. High-resolution instrumentation was used to measure size distribution and aerosol response time on a campus bus of the University of Michigan under these different conditions. Computational fluid dynamics was employed to measure the airflow within the bus and evaluate risk. A risk metric was adopted based on the number of particles exposed to susceptible passengers. The flow that carries these aerosols is predominantly controlled by the ventilation system, which acts to uniformly distribute the aerosol concentration throughout the bus while simultaneously diluting it with fresh air. The opening of doors and windows was found to reduce the concentration by approximately one half, albeit its benefit does not uniformly impact all passengers on the bus due to the recirculation of airflow caused by entrainment through windows. Finally, it was found that well fitted surgical masks, when worn by both infected and susceptible passengers, can nearly eliminate the transmission of the disease.
Ensemble perception during multiple-object tracking

Multiple-object tracking studies consistently reveal attentive tracking limits of approximately three to five items. How do factors such as visual grouping and ensemble perception impact these capacity limits? Which heuristics lead to the perception of multiple objects as a group? This work investigates the role of grouping on multiple-object tracking ability, and more specifically, in identifying the heuristics that lead to the formation and perception of ensembles within dynamic contexts. First, we show that group tracking limits are approximately four groups of objects and are independent of the number of items that compose the groups. Further, we show that group tracking performance declines as inter-object spacing increases. We also demonstrate the role of group rigidity in tracking performance in that disruptions to common fate negatively impact ensemble tracking ability. The findings from this work contribute to our overall understanding of the perception of dynamic groups of objects. They characterize the properties that determine the formation and perception of dynamic object ensembles. In addition, they inform development and design decisions considering cognitive limitations involving tracking groups of objects.
What is European integration really about? A political guide for economists

Europe’s monetary union is part of a broader process of integration that started in the aftermath of World War II. In this “political guide for economists” we look at the creation of the euro within the bigger picture of European integration. How and why were European institutions established? What are the goals and determinants of European Integration? What is European integration really about? We address these questions from a political-economy perspective, building on ideas and results from the economic literature on the formation of states and political unions. Specifically, we look at the motivations, assumptions, and limitations of the European strategy, initiated by Jean Monnet and his collaborators, of partially integrating policy functions in a few areas, with the expectation that more integration will follow in other areas, in a sort of chain reaction towards an “ever-closer union.” The euro with its current problems is a child of that strategy and its limits.
The Rise and Fall of Academic Law Library Collection Standards

This article provides a history of the American Bar Association (ABA) Accreditation Standards for law library collection development from a simple standard, “adequate for the use of the students,” to a more detailed list of requirements, and back again to simpler mandates. ABA standards are currently under review, and the author argues it is time to end the collection requirements in the ABA standards.
Partisanship, Christianity, and Women in the Legislature: Determinants of Parental Leave Policy in U.S. States†

Objective Although the United States 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act is considered meager by international standards, significant variation in family leave policies exists across U.S. states. This article develops a political theory—driven by mobilized interest groups—to explain variation in the duration and pay level of state parental leave policies. Methods Employing four different measures of family leave policy, we use ordinary least squares and logit models to test the effects of partisanship, women in the legislature, and evangelical populations on parental leave outcomes. Results We find that states with a pattern of Democratic Party controlled legislatures and high percentages of legislative seats occupied by women see more generous parental leave protections, while states with large populations of evangelical Christians see less generous policies. Conclusion Family leave policies are the product of a battle between competing visions of the family and the state, shaped by partisanship, gender, and religion.
The Predictability of International Real Estate Markets, Exchange Rate Risks and Diversification Consequences

International real estate related securities are investigated to see whether they offer any incremental diversification benefits over foreign stocks using mean-variance analysis together with a multifactor latent variable model. Diversification benefits are found to be primarily driven by unanticipated returns which are partially driven by changes in exchange rate risk. Although exchange rate risk accounts for a larger portion of the return fluctuation in real estate related securities relative to common stocks, international real estate securities provide some incremental diversification benefits over common stocks even if currency risks are hedged.
Integrated multiproduct batch production and truck shipment scheduling under different shipping policies

The classical economic lot-scheduling problem (ELSP) involves the batch sizing and scheduling of multiple products in a single facility under deterministic conditions over an infinite planning horizon. It is assumed that the products are delivered to customers at continuous rates. In today's supply chains, however, often employing complex delivery networks, the finished goods are usually transported in discrete lots to succeeding stages along the distribution process, in order to take advantage of economies of scale in transportation. In this paper, we formulate mathematical models that attempt to integrate the production lot scheduling problem with outbound shipment decisions. The optimization objective is to minimize the total relevant costs of a manufacturer, which distributes a set of products to multiple retailers. In making the production/distribution decisions, the common cycle approach is employed to solve the ELSP, for simplicity. Two different shipping scenarios, i.e. periodic full truckload (TL) peddling shipments and less than truckload (LTL) direct shipping, are integrated with and linked to the multiproduct batching decisions. We consider these two shipment policies for both coordinated and uncoordinated scenarios. The resulting mixed-integer, non-linear programming models (MINLPs) are solved by the BONMIN solver. Finally, a set of numerical examples illustrate and evaluate the relative efficacies of these policies.
The Composition of Fiscal Consolidation Matters; Policy Simulations for Hungary

This paper evaluates policy alternatives to achieve permanent fiscal consolidation in Hungary, based on a general equilibrium calibration. The main finding is that the composition of the consolidation, as determined by the mix of revenue and expenditure measures, has important implications for growth, employment, investment, and other key macroeconomic variables. A reduction in current expenditures yields the smallest GDP contraction in the short term and can increase output in the long term by stimulating labor participation and private investment. On the other end of the spectrum, a consolidation of government investment and corporate taxes are the most costly, as disincentives for private investment result in protracted declines in GDP that compound over time to GDP losses that are multiple times the initial size of the consolidation.
Informed Consent: Enforcing Pharmaceutical Companies' Obligations Abroad

The past several years have seen an evolution in the obligations of pharmaceutical companies conducting clinical trials abroad. Key players, such as international human rights organizations, multinational pharmaceutical companies, the United States government and courts, and the media, have played a significant role in defining these obligations. This article examines how such obligations have developed through the lens of past, present, and future recommendations for informed consent protections. In doing so, this article suggests that, no matter how robust obligations appear, they will continue to fall short of providing meaningful protection until they are accompanied by a substantive enforcement mechanism that holds multinational pharmaceutical companies accountable for their conduct. Issues of national sovereignty, particularly in the United States, will continue to prevent meaningful enforcement by an international tribunal or through one universally adopted code of ethics. This article argues that, rather than continuing to pursue an untenable international approach, the Alien Torts Statute (ATS) offers a viable enforcement mechanism, at least for US-based pharmaceutical companies. Recent federal appellate court precedent interpreting the ATS provides the mechanism for granting victims redress and enforcing accountability of sponsors (usually pharmaceutical companies and research and academic institutions) for informed consent misconduct. Substantive human rights protections are vital in order to ensure that every person can realize the "right to health." This article concludes that by building on the federal appellate court's ATS analysis, which grants foreign trial participants the right to pursue claims of human rights violations in US courts, a mechanism can be created for enforcing not only substantive informed consent, but also human rights protections.
Charities and Lobbying: Institutional Rights in the Wake of Citizens United

Abstract The Supreme Court's landmark decision in Citizens United v. FEC provided corporations with the highest level of First Amendment speech protection, at least in the context of election-related speech. On its face, this strong level of protection would seem to throw into doubt the speech-related restrictions federal tax law imposes on charities, including the limits on lobbying. There are, however, at least two reasons to believe this conclusion is incorrect. First, the effect of the Citizens United holding on the lobbying limits for charities is unclear because of the Supreme Court's identification of a government subsidy—in the form of tax benefits—in the charity context. Second, the Court's related decision to conclude that a charity's First Amendment rights are sufficiently vindicated by the ability to speak through the alternate channel of a non-charitable affiliate further complicates the analysis. At the same time, however, these complications provide grounds for considering whether a more nu...
Do Low Contribution Limits Insulate Incumbents from Competition

WHETHER CAMPAIGN FINANCE reform improves the competitiveness of elections is a vigorously debated issue. Some observers claim that limits on the size of contributions are inherently biased in favor of incumbents. These scholars reason that campaign contribution limits prevent challengers from mounting effective campaigns (Smith 1995). Others argue that restricting contributions may be the only way for challengers to even the playing field. These scholars reason that incumbents have a large advantage in fundraising and that limits curtail this advantage (Eom and Gross 2006). Given the recent Supreme Court decision that disallowed Vermont’s contribution limits on the grounds that they were too low, it is important to investigate the effect of low limits on the competitiveness of elections.1 This article fills this gap in the literature. Scholars have analyzed the effects of contribution limits on competitiveness in elections, with most of the recent findings showing that limits lead to closer margins of victory and help challengers at the expense of incumbents (Eom and Gross 2006; Milyo, Primo and Groseclose 2006; Stratmann and Aparicio-Castillo 2006). These studies examine contribution limit amounts in a linear fashion and do not measure non-linearities that may conceal variations in the marginal effect of contribution limits, depending on whether limits are high or low. Further, these studies do not focus on low limits, which I define here as an individual contribution limit of $500 or lower per election cycle. The large variation in state-level campaign finance regulations facilitates study of the effects of these regulations on the competitiveness of state elections. In addition to variability across states, there is also variation over time, since some states have changed their laws, particularly since the late1970s. This study treats each of the states with singlemember districts as a campaign finance reform laboratory.2 It examines the effects of these laws between 1980 and 2006, using the following as measures of the competitiveness of elections: the difference in the vote share between an incumbent and a challenger, whether the incumbent receives more than 55 percent of the popular vote, whether the incumbent receives 85 percent or more of the popular vote, whether the incumbent wins, and the number of candidates. I consider primarily individual contribution limits, since individual contributions comprise the majority of contributions to candidates. However, I also examine the effect of political action committee (PAC) contribution limits on the competitiveness of elections. One difficulty in studying the effect of campaign finance laws on election outcomes is that there are potentially confounding factors. For example, the same conditions that determine whether a contribu-
On the Evolutionary Origin of Prospect Theory Preferences

Prospect theory scholars have identified important human decision-making biases, but they have been conspicuously silent on the question of the origin of these biases. Here we create a model that shows preferences consistent with prospect theory may have an origin in evolutionary psychology. Specifically, we derive a model from risk-sensitive optimal foraging theory to generate an explanation for the origin and function of context-dependent risk aversion and risk-seeking behavior. Although this model suggests that human cognitive architecture evolved to solve particular adaptive problems related to finding sufficient food resources to survive, we argue that this same architecture persists and is utilized in other survival-related decisions that are critical to understanding political outcomes. In particular, we identify important departures from standard results when we incorporate prospect theory into theories of spatial voting and legislator behavior, international bargaining and conflict, and economic ...
Labor Market Disputes: A Comment on Albert Rees' "Fairness in Wage Distribution"

Albert Rees criticizes neo classical labor economics for paying too little attention to fairness and utility function interdependence. As a result, he claims, this theory cannot fully come to grips with wage determination as it actually exists in the real world. The present author takes issue with Rees, and attempts to defend traditional labor economics against his criticisms.
Breaking Bad? Too-Big-To-Fail Banks Not Guilty As Not Charged

Large financial institutions receive great competitive advantages because the market still perceives them as likely to be saved in a future financial crisis. Therefore, not only do the largest banks enjoy the benefits of being large and diversified, but they also receive implicit and explicit government subsidies. The most significant subsidy, an implicit one, stems from market perception that the government will not allow the largest banks to fail — i.e., that they are “too-big-to-fail” — enabling them to borrow at lower interest rates. Following up on this controversial issue, on November 14, 2013, the Government Accounting Office issued the first of two reports that focus on the benefits large banks receive because of their size. One less obvious yet highly-related issue, which was not mentioned in the 2013 report, but should be included in the 2014 report that plans to examine the economic advantages the largest banks receive because of implied government support, is the exemption from criminal statutes. Specifically, in this comment, I argue that this exemption contributes to the subsidies economic value while also creating incentives for unethical and even criminal activity. Focusing on this too-big-to-jail Department of Justice policy, which allows for “deferred prosecution” and advancing settlements instead of criminal charges for large financial institutions that violate criminal laws, this comment examines the negative effects of enabling the largest financial institutions to dodge criminal liability. First, the too-big-to-jail policy effectively vitiates the law as written by Congress. Second, the policy's favorable treatment of the biggest financial institutions conflicts with the basic constitutional principle of equality under the law. More specifically, confirming that it employs such a purposeful policy of flexible law enforcement when dealing with the largest financial institutions effectively means that the government is intentionally discriminating in favor of the largest financial institutions. Third, the policy makes the Department of Justice less interested in prosecuting the individuals who were employed by such large financial institutions and who were responsible for the institutions' legal transgressions, even in the cases where those individuals had direct personal involvement. Finally, the large fines imposed on too-big-to-fail financial institutions in lieu of prosecution for illegal actions increase already-existing negative behavioral incentives — and even create new incentives for bad conduct — among large financial institutions’ executives and decision-makers.
On-Demand Service Platforms

An on-demand service platform connects waiting-time-sensitive customers with independent service providers (agents). This paper examines how two defining features of an on-demand service platform—d...
Job destruction and the experiences of displaced workers

Abstract This paper evaluates a class of endogenous job destruction models based on how well they explain the observed experiences of displaced workers. We show that pure reallocation models in which relationship-specific productivity drifts downward over time are difficult to reconcile with the evidence on postdisplacement wages and displacement rates. Pure reallocation models with upward drift can explain the evidence, but implausibly large and persistent negative-productivity shocks are required to generate displacements. Combining upward drift with outside benefits or moral hazard as additional motives for displacement makes it possible to explain the evidence with much smaller shocks. Propagation of aggregate shocks, welfare implications of displacement, upgrade of relationships in lieu of displacement, and learning effects are also discussed.
Voluntary Accounting Disclosures by U.S.‐Listed Asian Companies

The current study examines the voluntary disclosures (provided in the U.S.) by U.S.‐listed Asian companies. Our findings indicate that significantly fewer (greater) voluntary disclosures are provided by U.S.‐listed Asian companies from countries which have a strict (less strict) mandatory disclosure regime in their home country. This finding is contrary to the model developed in Einhorn 2005. In addition, this study documents that over 80 percent of U.S.‐listed Asian companies are voluntarily using “international” standards for their financial statements and thus contributing towards international accounting convergence. However, their choice to use “international” standards is not affected by their proportion of foreign sales or size. An important contribution of this study is the development of a measure for strictness of mandatory disclosure regimes of Asian countries by using expert rankings.
Understanding the Securitization of Subprime Mortgage Credit

In this paper we provide an overview of the subprime mortgage securitization process and the seven key informational frictions which arise. We discuss how market participants work to minimize these frictions and speculate on how this process broke down. We continue with a complete picture of the subprime borrower and the subprime loan, discussing both predatory borrowing and predatory lending. We present the key structural features of a typical subprime securitization, document how the rating agencies assign credit ratings to mortgagebacked securities, and outline how the agencies monitor the performance of mortgage pools over time. Throughout the paper, we draw upon the example of a mortgage pool securitized by New Century during 2006.
Taking Slippage Seriously: Noncompliance and Creative Compliance in Environmental Law

Legal scholars have focused their attention on regulatory standards. Less attention has been given to the inevitable "slippage" between the standards and the ensuing implementation. This essay presents an alternate view that highlights the slippage. Part I discusses two forms of slippage. "Negative" slippage is a ubiquitous feature of environmental law: something that is legally mandated simply fails to happen. "Affirmative" slippage is more interesting: the required standards are renegotiated rather than ignored, resulting in a regulatory regime that may bear little resemblance to the "law on the books." Part II explores how the concept of slippage might inform discussions of legal doctrine, environmental policy, and environmental pedagogy. It turns out that the Supreme Court has had a certain degree of complicity in the creation of slippage. Slippage also has implications for policy debates over environmental standards. If standards are not automatically translated into compliance, our understanding of their costs and benefits may shift. Finally, in terms of teaching, we need to devote more attention to compliance-related issues.
Data-driven distributionally robust chance-constrained optimization with Wasserstein metric

We study distributionally robust chance-constrained programming (DRCCP) optimization problems with data-driven Wasserstein ambiguity sets. The proposed algorithmic and reformulation framework applies to all types of distributionally robust chance-constrained optimization problems subjected to individual as well as joint chance constraints, with random right-hand side and technology vector, and under two types of uncertainties, called uncertain probabilities and continuum of realizations. For the uncertain probabilities (UP) case, we provide new mixed-integer linear programming reformulations for DRCCP problems. For the continuum of realizations case with random right-hand side, we propose an exact mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) reformulation and a linear programming (LP) outer approximation. For the continuum of realizations (CR) case with random technology vector, we propose two MISOCP and LP outer approximations. We show that all proposed relaxations become exact reformulations when the decision variables are binary or bounded general integers. For DRCCP with individual chance constraint and random right-hand side under both the UP and CR cases, we also propose linear programming reformulations which need the ex-ante derivation of the worst-case value-at-risk via the solution of a finite series of linear programs determined via a bisection-type procedure. We evaluate the scalability and tightness of the proposed MISOCP and (MI)LP formulations on a distributionally robust chance-constrained knapsack problem.
The Determinants of Mutual Fund Starts

For a sample of 1163 mutual funds started over the period 1979‐1992, we find that fund initiations are positively related to the level of assets invested in and the capital gains embedded in other funds with the same objective, the fund family’s prior performance, the fraction of funds in the family in the low range of fees, and the decision by large families to open similar funds in the prior year. In addition, consistent with the presence of scale and scope economies in fund openings, we find that large families and families that have more experience in opening funds in the past are more likely to open new funds. The dramatic growth in mutual funds in recent years has been one of the most significant developments in the financial services industry. Mutual fund organizations wield significant market power in today’s financial markets both in terms of their ability to control large equity stakes in publicly traded corporations and their ability to affect market prices. 1 Despite rapid industry growth both in terms of the total assets under management and the number of fund offerings available to investors, little attention has been devoted to the decision-making process within funds and fund families. In particular, the factors that fund families consider in their decision to open a new fund have not been closely examined. Understanding the new fund opening decision assumes added importance in light of the fact that new funds in existence for less than 1 year (2 years) controlled as much as 6% (25%) of all fund assets in any given year during the 1980s and early 1990s. In this article, we investigate the rationale behind the emergence of new funds, both by new families as well as by existing families of funds. Understanding why new funds get started is useful for all the constituents: (i) academics would be interested since it highlights the industrial organization
The impact of large tax settlement favorability on firms’ subsequent tax avoidance

I consider how large tax settlements compare to management expectations and then test how the favorability of a resolution (from the firm’s perspective) affects subsequent tax avoidance. Using unrecognized tax benefit information disclosed in firms’ tax footnotes, pursuant to FIN 48, I develop and validate a measure of large tax settlement favorability. I find that firms with relatively favorable settlements subsequently increase their tax avoidance but that firms with relatively unfavorable settlements do not change their behavior. The implication is that favorable settlements inform management of weak tax monitoring or opportunities to avoid additional taxes. In additional analysis, I find that increasingly unfavorable settlements are positively associated with the likelihood of a tax-related restatement announcement. Overall, these findings illustrate how tax settlement favorability has reporting consequences for both subsequent tax returns and the financial statements.
Financial Knowledge and Best Practice Behavior.

60 Introduction Individuals’ financial well-being is incumbent on their actions. Although influenced by external forces such as economic factors and policy structures adopted by government and private industry, decisions are ultimately made by individuals. Understanding the relationship between knowledge of personal financial issues and corresponding financial behavior is increasingly recognized as an area of critical financial importance. Recent economic troubles in the United States and abroad highlight the importance of understanding financial markets.
Mental representation changes the evaluation of green product benefits

Many campaigns to get people to purchase sustainable products highlight self-interest. However, experiments now show that emphasizing the environmental benefit of such goods may be more effective.
How Do Taxes Affect Human Capital? The Role of Intergenerational Mobility

Abstract This paper investigates how explicitly modeling the intergenerational transmission of human capital modifies the effects of tax policies obtained from standard life-cycle models. The main finding is that the intergenerational persistence of human capital is not an important determinant of the steady-state and transitional effects of several commonly studied tax policies. Conventional life-cycle models closely approximate the predictions generated by models with realistic intergenerational mobility properties. However, intergenerational persistence can substantially magnify the effects of policies that distort job training investment. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: H2, J24.
The Civil Rights Roots of Tinker's Disruption Tests

This past spring marked the fortieth anniversary of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the landmark student speech case in which the Supreme Court held that three students were protected by the First Amendment when they wore black armbands in their Des Moines, Iowa public schools to protest the Vietnam War. Looking at Supreme Court precedent alone, it would seem as though the Tinker tests were created out of whole cloth: the substantial or material disruption, reasonable anticipation of such disruption, and rights of others tests did not have much of a basis in earlier Supreme Court decisions. But, the district court in Tinker had employed the first two of these tests. For authority, it had looked to the Fifth Circuit’s decisions six weeks prior in two cases involving high school students’ speech about civil rights: Burnside v. Byars and Blackwell v. Issaquena County. Aside from Tinker’s citations to Burnside and Blackwell, those two cases - the roots of Tinker’s disruption tests - have largely been lost to history. Accordingly, this Article scrutinizes Burnside and Blackwell, considers lower courts’ applications of - and retreat from - the Burnside/Blackwell actual disruption test in the student speech context, and analyzes the presence of Burnside and Blackwell in the Tinker district court opinion and in various drafts of the Tinker Supreme Court opinion. Struggles for students’ speech rights and battles waged by the Civil Rights Movement rarely are seen as intertwined strands of history, but this Article demonstrates that the student free speech rights articulated in Tinker are built upon the struggles of the Civil Rights Movement.
Cardiac remodeling in patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma — results of HIT-Endo and KRANIOPHARYNGEOM 2000/2007

Hypothalamic obesity caused by childhood-onset craniopharyngioma results in long-term cardiovascular morbidity. Knowledge about clinical markers and risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity is scarce. A cross-sectional study on transthoracic echocardiographic parameters was performed to determine the associations with clinical and anthropometric parameters in 36 craniopharyngioma patients. BMI correlated with the thickness of interventricular septum in diastole (IVSd) (r = 0.604, p < 0.001) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWd) (r = 0.460, p = 0.011). In multivariate analyses on risk factors for cardiac remodeling, sex hormone replacement therapy, BMI, and male gender were positively correlated with increased left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd), R2 = 0.596, F = 10.323, p < 0.001. BMI and insulin resistance were selected as significant independent determinants of IVSd, produced R2 = 0.655, F = 29.441, p < 0.001. Due to a wide range of disease duration, 17 pediatric and 19 adult patients were analyzed separately. In the adult subgroup (age at study ≥ 18 years), BMI correlated with IVSd (r = 0.707, p = 0.003), LVPWd (r = 0.592, p = 0.020), and LVIDd (r = 0.571, p = 0.026). In the pediatric subgroup (age at study < 18 years), no correlation between transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) parameters and BMI was observed. Only LVIDd correlated with disease duration (r = 0.645, p < 0.001). All cardiac functions were within the normal range, indicating no association with functional impairments.Conclusion: Cardiac remodeling in patients with craniopharyngioma correlated with the degree of hypothalamic obesity, disease duration, sex hormone replacement therapy, male gender, and insulin resistance. As echocardiography has limited sensitivity in patients with obesity, further research on more sensitive techniques for cardiac diagnostics in craniopharyngioma patients is warranted. What is Known: •Long-term prognosis in survivors of craniopharyngioma is impaired by obesity and cardiovascular disease. •Associations between echocardiographic findings and clinical and anthropometric parameters after craniopharyngioma are not yet analyzed. What is New: •In patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma, cardiac remodeling was associated with hypothalamic obesity, duration of disease, male gender sex hormone replacement, and insulin resistance. •Due to reduced echocardiographic sensitivity caused by obesity-related technical limitations, more sensitive cardiac diagnostics should be considered.
A Dispute over Bona Fide Disputes in Involuntary Bankruptcy Proceedings

The world of federal bankruptcy law is divided into two realms: voluntary bankruptcy proceedings and involuntary bankruptcy proceedings. Section 303 of the Bankruptcy Code governs involuntary bankruptcy proceedings. Under § 303(b)(1), a set of creditors can force a debtor into involuntary bankruptcy provided that, among other things, each creditor possesses a claim against the debtor that is not "the subject of a bona fide dispute."1 Despite the importance of this seemingly simple re quirement, the Bankruptcy Code does not define the term "bona fide dispute." Parties commonly use involuntary bankruptcy to collect money judgments issued in prior proceedings by nonbankruptcy state courts. In the typical case, a set of plaintiffs brings suit against a defendant in state court and ultimately secures a money judgment. The judgment constitutes a claim against a debtor within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code. Assuming that the defendant does not dispute the money judgment, the victorious plaintiffs (now creditors) can use their claims against the defendant (now debtor) to file an involuntary bankruptcy peti tion in federal bankruptcy court. However, when the creditors' claims against the debtor include an unstayed state court judg ment,2 a dilemma arises when the debtor appeals the underlying state court judgment before the creditors file their involuntary bankruptcy petition. On the one hand, the court could find, as
A Comparative Analysis of the Doctrinal Consequences of Interpretive Disagreement for Implied Constitutional Rights

This Article addresses a fundamental and unexamined issue in the debate over implied constitutional rights: the effect that interpretive disagreement has on the development of implied rights more generally. Taking a comparative approach, the Article examines the implied right to abortion in the United States and the implied right to the freedom of political communication in Australia. The Article argues that despite the acceptance of both rights over time, the doubts concerning the initial recognition of the rights as well as the interrelated problems of judicial self-consciousness regarding the vulnerability of the implied right in the face of continuing controversy and the paucity of interpretive resources with which doctrinal developments could be supported, have adversely affected their development. Tracing the effects of disagreement on the development of two moderately secure implied rights across two jurisdictions, this Article ultimately concludes that the stunted development of implied rights in both jurisdictions indicates that implication is an especially weak form of rights protection in constitutional democracies.
Semi-Legibility and Visual Evidence: An Initial Exploration

This essay names and examines an often-used but little discussed category of legal evidence: semi-legible visual evidence. Semi-legible visual evidence can take many forms, including blurry photogr...
MORALITY, ECONOMICS AND THE MARKET IN THE THOUGHT OF BENEDICT XVI

While not uncritical of aspects of modern capitalism, John Paul II's 1991 social encyclical, Centesimus Annus, directed official Catholic teaching towards more explicit affirmation of the moral potential of free markets, exchange and enterprise. Analysis of the pre-pontifical writings of Pope John Paul's successor, Benedict XVI, suggests that an equally nuanced approach to economics and the market from the most authoritative Catholic teaching authority is likely to continue.
Miranda and Reasonableness

The concept of the "reasonable man" has bedeviled scholars in a variety of fields, including tort law, criminal law and criminal procedure. Among the puzzles has been whether reasonableness embodies an objective test, a subjective one or some hybrid test. Several recent Supreme Court decisions have wrestled with these issues in the Miranda doctrine. This essay draws on the literature about the meaning of "reasonableness" and analyzes it in the Miranda context. It draws both positive lessons about how various justices conceptualize the "reasonable man" and normative ones about how they should do so in this and other contexts.
The Role of Social Media in the Capital Market: Evidence from Consumer Product Recalls

We examine how corporate social media affects the capital market consequences of firms’ disclosure in the context of consumer product recalls. Product recalls constitute a “product crisis” exposing the firm to reputational damage, loss of future sales, and legal liability. During such a crisis it is crucial for the firm to quickly and directly communicate its intended message to a wide network of stakeholders, which, in turn, renders corporate social media a potentially useful channel of disclosure. While we document that corporate social media, on average, attenuates the negative price reaction to recall announcements, the attenuation benefits of corporate social media vary with the level of control the firm has over its social media content. In particular, with the arrival of Facebook and Twitter, firms relinquished complete control over their social media content, and the attenuation benefits of corporate social media, while still significant, lessened. Detailed Twitter analysis confirms that the moderating effect of social media varies with the level of firm involvement and with the amount of control exerted by other users: the negative price reaction to a recall is attenuated by the frequency of tweets by the firm, while exacerbated by the frequency of tweets by other users.
A century of current account dynamics

Recent globalization trends have refocused attention on the historical evolution of international capital mobility over the long run. The issue is examined here using time-series analysis of current-account dynamics for fifteen countries since circa 1850. The inter-war period emerges as an era of low capital mobility and only recently can we observe a tentative return to the degree of capital mobility witnessed during the late nineteenth century. The analysis of saving and investment dynamics also helps make sense of the frequently observed high correlation of saving and investment rates in historical data.
A Test of the Political Control of Bureaucracies Under Asymmetric Information

How does the informational role of interest groups interact with institutions when politicians seek to control the bureaucracy? In 1992, Banks and Weingast argued that bureaucrats hold an informati...
Warnings from the Enron Message Board

As Enron collapsed in the Summer and Fall of 2001, most Wall Street analysts maintained either “buy” or “strong buy” recommendations for Enron common stock. The largest bankruptcy in U.S. history was often described as coming “without warning,” as $60 billion in market capitalization vanished. The authors searched postings on the Yahoo! Enron Message Board between 1997 and 2001 for warnings of a crash to come. They find a compelling four-year history of Enron as told by apparent insiders through anonymous posts. Excerpts of 127 posts from Enron9s Yahoo! message board, describing a disturbing corporate culture at Enron, include repeated warnings to investors to get out while they can.
US-Europe Differences in Technology-Driven Growth: Quantifying the Role of Education

Abstract European economic growth has been weak, compared to the US, since the 1980s. In previous work (Krueger and Kumar, 2003, NBER Working Paper No. 9410), we argued that the European focus on specialized, vocational education might have been effective during the 1960s and 1970s, but resulted in a growth gap relative to the US during the subsequent information age, when new technologies emerged more rapidly. In this paper, we extend our framework to assess the quantitative importance of education policy, when compared to labor market rigidity and product market regulation, other policy differences more commonly suggested to be responsible for US–Europe differences. A “decomposition” exercise using a calibrated version of our model assigns a major role to education policy in explaining US–Europe growth differences.
The Emergence of International Property Law

Title to deep seabed minerals, ownership of cultural objects, transferable allowances to emit greenhouse gases, security interests in spacecraft, and rights of indigenous peoples in ancestral lands are all components of a new field: international property law. Scholars have traditionally viewed property law solely as a national concern. Indeed, the conventional wisdom is that international property law does not exist. But if we ask how international law affects private property, we find a substantial body of international property law that governs the rights of individuals, businesses, and other non-state actors. Some components are well established, while others are still evolving. This article first examines the antecedents of international property law. It then develops the thesis that this law stems from four main sources: regulation of the global commons; coordination of transboundary property rights; adoption of global policies to prevent specific harms; and protection of human rights. It concludes by analyzing the challenges that arise from the emergence of international property law. Forty years ago, international environmental law emerged as a new field. Today we stand on the threshold of a similar era in international property law. This article argues that the time has come to recognize international property law as a discrete subject, and thereby promote its coherent evolution in future decades.