cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ada and software engineering education: one professor's experiences

How do you select a programming language for your project? Few developers have the luxury of coding the same design in multiple languages to compare language merits. For over twenty years my undergraduate students have implemented the same large (10-15K lines), multi-tasking, real-time embedded system. In one 15 week semester, student teams specify, design, and implement software to control a substantial model railroad layout.Students implement everything from device drivers for custom I/O hardware to high-level decision making algorithms. Student teams have implemented the project in both Ada and C. This paper describes the course, the laboratory, the project, and an analysis of the results achieved with each of the implementation languages.
Distention-mediated egg maturation in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Abstract Abdominal distention accelerates the release of a factor from the head of blood-fed Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The critical period during which the head is required for oogenesis following blood ingestion is approx 6 h with a 5 μl meal, but small blood meals of 1 μl require the head to be present for significantly longer. Increasing the abdominal distention by supplementing the 1 μl meal with saline results in a critical period similar to that with 5 μl of blood. The information from the distended abdomen appears to travel via the ventral nerve cord. Transection of the ventral nerve cord prevents oogenesis from occurring after small blood meals, but not with larger blood volumes. Topical application of 100 pg of juvenile hormone III can substitute for the distention message.
The application of charge-coupled device processors in automatic-control systems

The application of charge-coupled device (CCD) processors to automatic-control systems is suggested. CCD processors are a new form of semiconductor component with the unique ability to process sampled signals on an analog basis. Specific implementations of controllers are suggested for linear time-invariant, time-varying, and nonlinear systems. Typical processing time should be only a few microseconds. This form of technology may become competitive with microprocessors and minicomputers in addition to supplementing them.
Threshold calculation of the S -wave dispersive pion-nucleus optical potential

The S-wave dispersive part of the two-body contribution to the pion-nucleus optical potential is calculated at threshold in the scattering length model. Effects of finite range vertices, repulsive short-range correlations and Fermi averaging are included. While the contribution from NN intermediate states is found to be small and negative for reasonable short-range behavior, in agreement with an earlier calculation by Chai and Riska, the contribution from N..delta.. intermediate states turns out to be somewhat larger in magnitude and of opposite sign. The resulting threshold parameter ReB/sub 0/ is small and repulsive.
Evaluation of a suspension system for intravenous self-administration studies of water-insoluble compounds in the rhesus monkey

Abstract A suspension system for water-insoluble drugs was evaluated using the mouse tail-flick test for analgesia and schedule-controlled responding in rhesus monkeys. One group of monkeys was trained to respond for food reinforcement under a chain fixed-interval 9 min fixed-ratio 10 schedule of reinforcement (chain FIFR). Another group of monkeys was trained to respond for intravenous cocaine injections (100 μg/kg/inj) under an FR-10 schedule. Water-insoluble compounds were suspended in emulphor:ethanol:saline. The bioavailability of these drug suspensions was demonstrated to be equivalent to water-soluble compounds by comparing the activity of the water-soluble and water-insoluble salts of (+)-propoxyphene in the mouse tail-flick test. The behavioral effects of these drug suspension were also determined in the group of monkeys which was trained to respond for food under the chain FI-FR schedule. Dose-related decreases in responding were produced by (+)-propoxyphene HCl (water-soluble), (+)-propyxyphene napsylate (water-insoluble), and a cannabinoid, (±)-9-nor-9β-OH-hexahydrocannabinol (β-HHC) (water insoluble). Doses of (+)-propoxyphene HCl (in saline) and (+)-propoxyphene napsylate (in the emulphor suspension system) were equi-effective in disrupting food-reinforced responding. In addition, these two salts of propoxyphene were equi-effective as reinforcers of self-administration behavior in rhesus monkeys. β-HHC was more potent than (+)-propoxyphene in producing decreases in food-reinforced responding but failed to maintain self-administration behavior in the monkey.
Growth of β-AgI single crystals in gels

Abstract The paper describes the growth of hexagonal β-AgI single crystals (pure and Cu-doped) in gels, their morphology and growth features revealed by KCN etching.
A Day for the Hunter, A Day for the Prey: Popular Music and Power in Haiti

Day for the Hunter,. Day for the Prey: Popular Music and Power in Haiti. Gage Averill. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. xxix. 276 pp., notes, glossary, bibliography, discography, interviews, photographs, index.
Mechanics of leukocyte deformation and adhesion to endothelium in shear flow

The mechanics of leukocyte [white blood cell (WBC)] deformation and adhesion to endothelial cells (EC) in shear flow has been investigated. Experimental data on transient WBC–EC adhesion were obtained from in vivo measurements. Microscopic images of WBC–EC contact during incipient WBC rolling revealed that for a given wall shear stress, the contact area increases with time as new bonds are formed at the leading edge, and then decreases with time as the trailing edge of the WBC membrane peels away from the EC. A two-dimensional model (2D) was developed consisting of an elastic ring adhered to a surface under fluid stresses. This ring represents an actin-rich WBC cortical layer and contains an incompressible fluid as the cell interior. All molecular bonds are modeled as elastic springs distributed in the WBC–EC contact region. Variations of the proportionality between wall shear stress (τ w ) in the vicinity of the WBC and the resulting drag force (F s ), i.e., Fs/τw, reveal its decrease with WBC deformation and increasing vessel channel height (2D). The computations also find that the peeling zone between adherent WBC and EC may account for less than 5% of the total contact interface. Computational studies describe the WBC–EC adhesion and the extent of WBC deformation during the adhesive process. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8717-d, 8719Tt, 8717Aa
Sound-induced seizures during ethanol withdrawal in mice.

An ethanol withdrawal syndrome, consisting of tremors and convulsions, was induced in C57BL/6J mice by feeding them a liquid diet containing 27% of ethanol-derived calories at an environmental temperature of +12 to 13° C for 6 days. Control groups were pair-fed with liquid diets containing isocaloric amounts of sucrose or Laboratory Chow. Seven and 24 h after the beginning of withdrawal, all mice were exposed to bell ringing for 90 sec. This sound induced convulsions in nearly one-half of ethanol-consuming mice at 7 h and in a few mice at 25 h. Only one mouse of the control groups had a convulsion. These findings support the concept that the ethanol withdrawal syndrome is a partially latent state of hyperexcitability of the brain following depression by ethanol.
Multidimensional mount effectiveness for vibration isolation

A method is presented for predicting the performance of multiple mount passive isolation systems. Performance is expressed in terms of a mount effectiveness matrix which relates the structure vibration in an isolated system to the structure vibration in an unisolated, or hard mounted system. Frequency response functions of the engine, isolator, and structure are used to construct the effectiveness matrix at each frequency of interest. Effectiveness matrix expresions are derived for a mounting system connected at multiple points by massless isolators. Isolator design guidelines are developed for the single and multiple isolator mounting systems
Direct Linearization Method Kinematic Variation Analysis

Velocity and acceleration analysis is an important tool for predicting the motion of mechanisms. The results, however, may be inaccurate when applied to manufactured products due to the process variations that occur in production. Small changes in mechanism dimensions can accumulate and propagate, causing a significant variation in the performance of the mechanism. A new application of statistical analysis is presented for predicting the effects of variation on mechanism kinematic performance. The new method is an extension of the direct linearization method developed for static assemblies. This method provides a solution that is a closed form. It may be applied to two-dimensional mechanisms to predict variation in velocity and acceleration due to dimensional variations. It is also shown how form, orientation, and position variations may be included in the analysis to analyze variations that occur within the joints. Only two assemblies are analyzed to characterize the distribution: The first determines the mean, and the second estimates the variance. The system is computationally efficient and well suited for design iteration.
Locus of control and the autonomic responses associated with a visual orienting task

Heart rate and electrodermal responding were recorded while 48 subjects viewed eight discrete presentations of a visual orienting stimulus. Subjects were split into Internals and Externals according to scores on the Locus of Control scale (Rotter, 1966). A beat-by-beat analysis of the heart-rate data collapsed over all eight stimulus trials indicated that Externals exhibited a significant decrease in heart rate in response to the stimulus, whereas Internals exhibited no significant change in heart rate. A further analysis of the heart-rate results during the first stimulus trial indicated that Internals displayed a heart-rate response consisting of an initial increase in heart rate followed by a significant decrease in heart rate 4 heart beats after the initiation of the stimulus. In contrast, Externals displayed a large and significant decrease in heart rate during the 1st heart beat after the initiation of the first stimulus. The electrodermal data indicated that Externals were more likely to exhibit electrodermal activity and Internals were less likely to display electrodermal activity during the first stimulus trial. It is suggested that the differential autonomic responsivity noted for Internals and Externals during the task may indicate that Externals attend more to environmental stimuli than Internals.
The Expected Utility Hypothesis and Demand-Supply Restrictions

The implications of expected utility theory are examined in order to determine restrictions relevant to reduced form econometric models. In general, Hicksian certainty restrictions do not hold under risk aversion. However, under output price uncertainty, the qualitative nature of the Hicksian restrictions are generally preserved for a commonly used class of polynomial utility functions. These and additional restrictions are considered in the context of a linear model amenable to econometric analysis.
The effects of water vapor on the separation of methane and carbon dioxide by gas permeation through polymeric membranes

Abstract The effects of water vapor on the separation of CO 2 and CH 4 using cellulose acetate, polyethersulfone, polysulfone and sulfolene modified poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes were determined. Response surfaces of flux on a dry basis and separation factor clearly show the effects of feed gas water vapor content and temperature on the permeation characteristics of the film. Strong trends of a plasticizing effect due to the concentration of water in the membranes were apparent. In general, in the commercial films, the flux went through a maximum with increasing feed water content while the separation factor decreased. These variables changed little in the sulfolene modified film. At 90°C, water permeation accounted for up to 35 percent of the total permeate.
Observation of a Standing Kink Cross Wave Parametrically Excited

A layer of water in a cylindrical tank is known to be capable of sustaining standing solitary waves within a certain parametric domain when the tank is excited under vertical oscillation. A new mode of forced waves is discovered to exist in a different parametric domain for rectangular tanks with the wave sloshing across the short side of the tank and with its profile modulated by one or more hyperbolic-tangent, or kink-wave-like envelopes. A theoretical explanation for the kink wave properties is provided. Experiments were performed to confirm their existence.
A variable observation time method for testing delay faults

Test methodologies for delay faults usually observe output patterns at a single observation time, and the same observation time is used for all faults in the circuit under test. In this paper we show that use of a single observation time is not advantageous for testing delay faults, and we are able to show that the detection threshold can be dramatically improved by using a testing methodology that allows variable, fault-dependent and output-dependent observation times. A “waveform-type” simulation method is used for calculating detection thresholds for definitely detectable faults. Statistical distributions of delay fault detection thresholds are presented for ten benchmark circuits.
Electronegative Plasma Structure

It is well understood that simply changing the feed gas from an electropositive to electronegative gas can result in a substantially different discharge structure. We find that the electron pressure (or energy density) can visibly vary for discharges with significant electron attachment, whereas it is much more uniform for electropositive glows. Such structure in the electron energy density is difficult to measure by using other experimental diagnostics; however, it is relatively easy to see by visual inspection.
The Role of Impurities in Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxially Grown Gallium Nitride

Gallium nitride (GaN) films grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on a variety of substrates have been investigated to study what role silicon and oxygen impurities play in determining the residual donor levels found in these films. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis has been performed on these films and impurity levels have been normalized to ion implanted calibration standards. While oxygen appears to be a predominate impurity in all of the films, in many of them the sum of silicon and oxygen levels is insufficient to account for the donor concentration determined by Hall measurements. This suggests that either another impurity or a native defect is at least partly responsible for the autodoping of GaN. Additionally, the variation of impurity and carrier concentration with surface orientation and/or nucleation density suggests either a crystallographic or defect-related incorporation mechanism.
SIMULTANEOUS DISAPPEARANCES OF BOTH IMAGES DURING BINOCULAR RIVALRY OF CONTOURS AND EFFECT OF EYE-BLINK RATE

Simultaneous disappearances of both rivalry images were reported by 28 women who reported on the rivalry of 3.2° diagonal rivalry contours for 10 min. of continuous viewing. The data support the no...
Cytokine Activation of Nuclear Factor κB in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Requires Signaling Endosomes Containing Nox1 and ClC-3

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mediators of intracellular signals for a myriad of normal and pathologic cellular events, including differentiation, hypertrophy, proliferation, and apoptosis. NADPH oxidases are important sources of ROS that are present in diverse tissues throughout the body and activate many redox-sensitive signal transduction and gene expression pathways. To avoid toxicity and provide specificity of signaling, ROS production and metabolism necessitate tight regulation that likely includes subcellular compartmentalization. However, the constituent elements of NADPH oxidase-dependent cell signaling are not known. To address this issue, we examined cytokine generation of ROS and subsequent activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta stimulation of SMCs resulted in diphenylene iodonium-sensitive ROS production within intracellular vesicles. Nox1 and p22(phox), integral membrane subunits of NADPH oxidase, coimmunoprecipitated with early endosomal markers in SMCs. ClC-3, an anion transporter that is primarily found in intracellular vesicles, also colocalized with Nox1 in early endosomes and was necessary for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta generation of ROS. Cytokine activation of nuclear factor kappaB in SMCs required both Nox1 and ClC-3. We conclude that in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta, NADPH oxidase generates ROS within early endosomes and that Nox1 cannot produce sufficient ROS for cell signaling in the absence of ClC-3. These data best support a model whereby ClC-3 is required for charge neutralization of the electron flow generated by Nox1 across the membrane of signaling endosomes.
Ambroise Paré and 16th century neurosurgery

The luminousness of Ambroise Pare, the surgeon-statesman, has withstood the ravages of time as the mark of a man, a hero, a surgeon-par-excellence, and above all, a benevolent philosopher. A self-made individual, his tryst with the art of surgery emanated from the literally non-stop battlefields of 16th century feudal Europe. Although a maverick in the medical world of his times; he rose from the humblest origins to the highest echelons solely as a result of his own genius and diligence. Among his mammoth contributions to the renaissance of surgery, Pare did perform many procedures which we see as neurosurgical, especially in the realms of neurotrauma and paediatric neurosurgery; the present vignette is an attempt to elucidate the same.
Behavioral and Psychosocial Program Needs of Young Adult Cancer Survivors

Behavioral interventions for cancer survivors have historically targeted older adults or young adult survivors of childhood cancer. In this study, 18- to 39-year-olds diagnosed with cancer during young adulthood were interviewed to identify the types of behavioral and psychosocial programs needed. These young adult cancer survivors were also asked to identify potential barriers to program utilization. Participants expressed interest in programs targeting physical activity, relaxation, emotional support, provision of cancer-related and other information, and nutrition/weight loss. Emergent themes included the importance of choice, flexibility, convenience, and similarity to other program participants. Barriers to participation included practical barriers (e.g., limited time), lack of awareness of programs, health issues (e.g., fatigue), and psychosocial barriers (e.g., low motivation). Results highlight a range of unmet psychosocial and behavioral needs among young adult cancer survivors. This information can be used to develop interventions for this population.
Primer on Medical Genomics Part IX: Scientific and Clinical Applications of DNA Microarrays—Multiple Myeloma as a Disease Model

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a poorly understood and uniformly fatal malignancy of antibody-secreting plasma cells. Although several key molecular events in disease initiation or progression have been confirmed (eg, 14q32 translocations) or implicated (eg, chromosome 13 deletion), a unifying mechanism of myelomagenesis has eluded investigators. Furthermore, although MM is generally indistinguishable morphologically, it exhibits a tremendous degree of variability clinically with some patients surviving only months and others many years, suggesting that MM is composed of distinct clinical entities. Given that abnormal gene expression lies at the heart of most, if not all, cancers, high-throughput global gene expression profiling has become a powerful tool for investigating the molecular biology and clinical behavior of cancer. DNA microarray technology has facilitated the simultaneous quantification of thousands of cellular messenger RNAs (ie, gene expression). This review discusses progress made in the development of molecular-based diagnostics and prognostics for MM through the dissection of the transcriptome of plasma cells from healthy individuals and patients with MM and other plasma cell dyscrasias.
Conserved residues F316 and G476 in the concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hCNT1) affect guanosine sensitivity and membrane expression, respectively.

The functional significance of two highly conserved amino acid residues, F316 [putative transmembrane domain (TM)7] and G476 (putative TM11), in the concentrative nucleoside transporter hCNT1 (SLC2...
Constant-g/sub m/ rail-to-rail CMOS op-amp input stage with overlapped transition regions

Conventional techniques to achieve a constant-g/sub m/ rail-to-rail complementary N-P differential input stage require complex additional circuitry. In addition, the frequency response and common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) are degraded. An economical but efficient design technique to overcome these problems is proposed. The proposed technique strategically overlaps the transition regions of the tail currents for the n- and p-pairs to achieve constant overall transconductance. Experimental results demonstrate that g/sub m/ variation can be restricted to within /spl plusmn/4% with improved CMRR and frequency response.
Shoulder, elbow and wrist stiffness in passive movement and their independent control in voluntary movement post stroke

Functional movements involve coordination of multiple joints. Neurological disorders such as stroke affect multiple joints simultaneously with stereotypical patterns of arm deformity involving shoulder, elbow, wrist and fingers. Some of the symptoms are manifested in passive movement while others in voluntary movement. However, there is a lack of systematic methods to evaluate multi-joint and multi-DOF (degrees of freedom) neuro-mechanical changes during both passive and active movements, especially for complex systems with three or more joints/DOFs involved. The purposes of this study was to develop a systematic method to characterize dynamics and control of the shoulder, elbow and wrist of the human arm individually and simultaneously, including the interactions across the three joints, during both passive and active movements. A new method was developed to decompose the complex system into manageable single-joint level for more reliable characterizations. The method was applied to clinical studies on multi-joint changes associated with hypertonic arm with impaired motor control post stroke during both passive and active movements. In general, the decomposition method can be used for even more complex systems, making intractable system dynamics of three or more joints and DOFs manageable.
NSTX plasma operation with a Liquid Lithium Divertor

Abstract NSTX 2010 experiments were conducted using a molybdenum Liquid Lithium Divertor (LLD) surface installed on the outer part of the lower divertor. This tested the effectiveness of maintaining the deuterium retention properties of a static liquid lithium surface when refreshed by lithium evaporation as an approximation to a flowing liquid lithium surface. The LLD molybdenum front face has a 45% porosity to provide sufficient wetting to spread 37 g of lithium, and to retain it in the presence of magnetic forces. Lithium Evaporators were used to deposit lithium on the LLD surface. At the beginning of discharges, the LLD lithium surface ranged from solid to liquefied depending on the amount of applied and plasma heating. Noteworthy improvements in plasma performance were obtained similar to those obtained previously with lithiated graphite, e.g., ELM-free, quiescent edge, H-modes. During these experiments with the plasma outer strike point on the LLD, the rate of deuterium retention in the LLD, as indicated by the fueling needed to achieve and maintain stable plasma conditions, was the about the same as that for solid lithium coatings on the graphite prior to the installation of the LLD, i.e., about two times that of no-lithium conditions. The role of lithium impurities in this result is discussed. Following the 2010 experimental campaign, inspection of the LLD found mechanical damage to the plate supports, and other hardware resulting from forces following plasma current disruptions. The LLD was removed, upgraded, and reinstalled. A row of molybdenum tiles was installed inboard of the LLD for 2011 experiments with both inner and outer strike points on lithiated molybdenum to allow investigation of lithium plasma facing issues encountered in the first testing of the LLD.
INTERPERSONAL REJECTION SENSITIVITY: TOWARD EXPLORATION OF A CONSTRUCT

This paper addresses the construct of interpersonal rejection sensitivity (IRS) as a phenomenon experienced by individuals in varying intensities. Selected theoretical frameworks are highlighted, as are developmental perspectives and research findings on the topic. Explication of this construct and better understanding by nurses of the pain felt by clients who experience rebuff could lead to more effective and sensitive interventions in a diversity of sittings. It is hoped that thoughtful exploration of this construct will lead to testable applications for practice.
Effects of the Progestasert on the menstrual pattern ovarian steroids and endometrium.

Abstract Clinical studies with the new progesterone-releasing intrauterine device (Progestasert) were done in 192 women with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months, accumulating a total of 1,823 women months. 108 were nulliparous and 84 were parous. Our study shows 0.5 pregnancies per 100 women years during the first 12 months of its use, which is considerably lower than previously reported. The overall expulsion rate was 7.4 per 100 women years, with 4.8 and 10.7 corresponding to nulliparous and parous women, respectively. It was of significance to note that most expulsions (77%) occurred within one month after insertion. Intermenstrual spotting or bleeding constituted the major side effect of the system; yet, the amount was small and mostly limited to the first two months of its use. It was observed that the amount of menstrual flow and dysmenorrhea were significantly reduced in 20–30% of patients, including those women who had a history of heavy menstrual flow and dysmenorrhea prior to the insertion of the Progestasert. The overall continuation rate was 76.0 ± 3.2 with 79.2 ± 4.1 for the nulliparous women, and 71.7 ± 5.0 for the parous; thus the Progestasert is evidently suitable for both nulliparous and parous women. Serum steroid assays showed a normal ovulatory function. The effect of the Progestasert on the endometrium was observed in biopsies performed at 12 months, which generally displayed glandular atrophy and decidual reaction, regardless of the phase of the cycle. The new concept of combining IUDs with locally delivered steroidal compounds offers advantages, but the long range results rely on continuous clinical observations comprising a large population of many years of use.
Microwave Oven Signal Interference Mitigation For Wi-Fi Communication Systems

The MicroWave Oven (MWO) is a popular appliance that acts as an unintentional interferer for 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi communication signals. An interference mitigation technique is developed that incorporates cognitive radio paradigms allowing Wi-Fi devices to reliably transmit information while a residential MWO is operating. This technique is applied in the experimental case where Barker spread Wi-Fi signals carry data in the presence of MWO emissions. Bit error rate is evaluated to provide a performance metric for the mitigation technique.
Thermohaline Structure, Fronts, and Sea-Air Energy Exchange of the Trade Wind Region East of Hawaii

Abstract The thermohaline structure, fronts, and sea-air energy exchange of the trade wind region east of Hawaii are investigated. The wind stress, heat, salt and buoyancy flux fields at the sea surface are evaluated on a 1° latitude-longitude grid and are related to the main thermohaline features of the upper ocean sampled meridionally at 36-km intervals. It is shown that there exists a close relation between the configuration of the above-mentioned fields and the meridional temperature and salinity structure. Two oceanic fronts occur at the borders of the trade wind region. The southern, or doldrum, front occurs in the zone of strongest net evaporation gradients, between latitudes 11 and 12N, and is characterized by salinity gradients of 1%o per 36 km and strong baroclinity in the upper 50 m. The northern, or subtropical, front is encountered between latitudes 31 and 33N in the region of confluence of the California current with the trade wind drift. During summer and fall, the subtropical front is esse...
Age-Related Effects of Pacing on Acquisition and Performance of Response Sequences: An Operant Analysis

Single-subject methods were used to study response speed in three younger men (M = 22 years) and three older men (M = 71 years). Monetary reinforcement depended on predetermined sequences of 10 responses. Training sessions consisted of alternating components; in one the sequence changed each session, but in the other the sequence never changed. During self-paced sessions stable patterns of acquisition (increasing rates of sequence completion, decreasing error rates) and of performance (uniform rates) emerged in the two components. During paced sessions responses had to occur within an interval ranging from .5 to 3 sec across conditions. Pacing had little effect on the younger men but disrupted the behavior of the older men, with increases in both omission and commission errors. Acquisition of new sequences was disrupted far more than performance of the established sequence. In both cases, however, the older men adjusted to pacing over the course of most sessions.
Genetic Control of Cell-Mediated Immunity in Chickens

Abstract The present review briefly outlines the effector cells and molecules influencing cell-mediated immunity. Emphasis is placed on the genes determining these molecules in mammals and in the chicken, including genes for cytokines and cytokine receptors. The review concludes with a tabular presentation containing examples of specific genetic influences on cell-mediated immunity in chickens and mammals.
Experimental investigation of the absolute enthalpies of formation of 2,3-, 2,4-, and 3,4-pyridynes.

The absolute enthalpies of formation of 3,4-, 2,3-, and/or 2,4-didehydropyridines (3,4-, 2,3- and 2,4-pyridynes) have been determined by using energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation of deprotonated 2- and 3-chloropyridines. Bracketing experiments find the gas-phase acidities of 2- and 3-chloropyridines to be 383 ± 2 and 378 ± 2 kcal/mol, respectively. Whereas deprotonation of 3-chloropyridine leads to formation of a single ion isomer, deprotonation of the 2-chloro isomer results in a nearly 60:40 mixture of regioisomers. The enthalpy of formation of 3,4-pyridyne is measured to be 121 ± 3 kcal/mol by using the chloride dissociation energy for deprotonated 3-chloropyridine. The structure of the product formed upon dissociation of the ion from 2-chloropyridine cannot be unequivocally assigned because of the isomeric mixture of reactant ions and the fact that the potential neutral products (2,3-pyridyne and 2,4-pyridyne) are predicted by high level spin-flip coupled-cluster calculations to be nearly t...
Basaliom. Case report and isolation of mesenchymal stroma cells in various growth conditions in vitro

The case of a 54-year-old man with multiple basaliomas of the face but without any other symptoms of the Goltz-Gorlin syndrome is described. Obviously, there ist a family history of a tendency to develop basaliomas. One of the patient's three brothers, his mother, her sister and two of his six children were also affected. After removal of the tumor, electron microscopy revealed intranuclear crystal-like structures in some of the epithelial cells of the tumor tissue. The particular geometry of these structures suggests that these are papilloma viruses. The tumor stroma contained fibroblasts, fibrocytes and predominantly myofibroblasts. Tumor explants were cultured in vitro in Dulbecco-Vogt medium using 5 different supplements: 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 10% fresh human serum with and without PDGF and CL (PDGF-CL, PDGF, CL, NULL). These cultures result in different rates of collagen gel contraction and binding of varying amounts of the "q" fraction of the first complement (C1q): PDGF CL-cells greater than PDGF cells greater than FCS cells greater than NULL cells. The culture of tumor tissue cells in different media thus seems to enhance the dominance of different cell subtypes.
The Movement of Plasma Membrane Cholesterol Through the Cell

The cholesterol of the plasma membrane plays a central role as substrate for steroidogenesis in the steroid hormone synthesizing cell. Not only is the cholesterol of this membrane used directly for steroid synthesis but cholesteryl ester cholesterol passes through this membrane prior to utilization as well. Recent work in this laboratory has determined that cAMP-stimulated cells internalize membrane faster than unstimulated cells. Plasma membrane cholesterol enters the cell by means of a vesicular transport pathway with many functional features of the acidic vesicle-lysosome. Anatomically, however, plasma membrane cholesterol is contained in a vesicle population distinct from the acidic vesicle lysosome.
Scaffolding causal reasoning

Students' misconceptions of scientific phenomena result from their tendency to use intuitive reasoning strategies, instead of causal reasoning (Nisbett & Ross, 1980). Students' limited models of causality and process of inquiry account for the difficulties in their construction of conceptual knowledge (Perkins & Grotzer, 2000). In contrast to scientific causal models, the models that students possess are too simple and linear to deal with the complex nature of causality that is commonly seen in science concepts. To understand a science concept conceptually, students have to be able to make "epistemic moves" that go beyond a surface understanding of the concepts to appreciate the nature of "complex causality" (p. 4) in domains such as air pressure (Basca & Grotzer, 2001), ecosystem (Bell-Basca, Grotzer, Donis, Shaw, 2000; Green, 1997), motion (White & Frederiksen, 1995), social studies (Barton & Marks, 2000) and others.
Prudential Regulation for Banks

Banking firms around the world operate under extensive government supervision and regulation. In part, these regulatory structures seek to reduce the likelihood that individual banks will fail, and these are the regulatory components which I define as ‘prudential’ in this chapter. Prudential regulations include minimum capital requirements, liquidity or loan portfolio diversification standards, limitations on a bank’s investment portfolio or lines of business, and other restrictions intended to limit the type of risks which a banking firm may undertake. This chapter’s main purpose is to evaluate the role of prudential government regulation of modern banking firms in developed financial markets. This evaluation cannot be undertaken without first establishing the appropriate purpose of government bank regulation. Indeed, an argument for prudential regulation implicitly asserts that the supervision and control exerted by private market forces is somehow inappropriate. Carefully specifying and addressing this contention constitutes a large part of my analysis here.
CHAPTER 4 – High Performance Carbon Fibers

Commercially, continuous high performance carbon fibers currently are formed from two precursor fibers—polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and mesophase pitch. The PAN-based carbon fiber dominates the ultra-high strength, high temperature fiber market, while the mesophase pitch fibers can achieve stiffnesses and thermal conductivities unsurpassed by any other continuous fiber. Both fiber types are subjected to spinning, oxidative stabilization, and high temperature carbonization steps. Also, in both cases, although the ultimate properties are not developed until carbonization, the property limitations and the final structure are mainly because of the chemical nature of the precursor and the morphology of the as-spun fiber. There are many similarities in the processing techniques used for all continuous carbon fibers—the structure and properties of the final products are highly variable, depending on the chemical nature of the precursor. Since PAN-based fibers are turbostratic in nature, they are limited in developing ultra-high stiffnesses or thermal conductivities, but the absence of large graphitic crystallites is well-suited for developing extremely high strength. Mesophase pitch fibers, by contrast, are graphitizable and can develop extremely high stiffnesses and thermal conductivities. Unfortunately, the large crystallites necessary to develop these properties carry a cost in tensile strength. Further improvements in the properties of PAN-based carbon fibers are likely to emerge through improved stabilization, that is, by creating the ideally cross-linked fiber.
Rethinking Mobile Learning in Light of Current Theories and Studies

Abstract The proliferation of hand-held devices offers educators new opportunities to reach students. This paper reviews the current literature on video and online learning as an instructional medium in academia, often created by librarians. Topics examined include distance learning, learning theory, user preference, student motivation, and learning efficiency.
Psychedelics as Medicines: An Emerging New Paradigm

Scientific interest in serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin and LSD; 5-HT2A receptor agonists) has dramatically increased within the last decade. Clinical studies administering psychedelics with psychotherapy have shown preliminary evidence of robust efficacy in treating anxiety and depression, as well as addiction to tobacco and alcohol. Moreover, recent research has suggested that these compounds have potential efficacy against inflammatory diseases through novel mechanisms, with potential advantages over existing antiinflammatory agents. We propose that psychedelics exert therapeutic effects for psychiatric disorders by acutely destabilizing local brain network hubs and global network connectivity via amplification of neuronal avalanches, providing the occasion for brain network "resetting" after the acute effects have resolved. Antiinflammatory effects may hold promise for efficacy in treatment of inflammation-related nonpsychiatric as well as potentially for psychiatric disorders. Serotonergic psychedelics operate through unique mechanisms that show promising effects for a variety of intractable, debilitating, and lethal disorders, and should be rigorously researched.
The influence of a peripheral social robot on self-disclosure

Previously, our lab has hypothesized that a peripheral social robot may be able to help uphold the dignity of Parkinson's patients who are stigmatized by their caregivers. The presence of a robotic agent is liable to influence the patient-caregiver relationship. Patient self-disclosure is a key element of a healthy patient-caregiver relationship. This new study examined how the apparent attentiveness of a peripheral robot influences personal disclosure during a scripted interview. The study did not draw from a patient-caregiver population and was conducted as a Wizard of Oz study. The attentiveness of the robot did not make a difference in the interviewees' depth of disclosure. Self-report measures indicated a difference between the attentive robot condition and the other two conditions when participants were asked if they felt like the robot was listening to them.
Studies of the Loci of Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis and Alkaloid Translocation in Ipomoea violacea Plants

Summary 1. A correlation between the phenomena of progressive defoliation and the gradual decrease of indole alkaloid content in I. violacea seeds, when approach-grafted to I. nil , has permitted us to demonstrate that the leaves are the principal sites of alkaloid biosynthesis, followed by translocation throughout the plant with the major accumulation occurring in the seeds. 2. Roots are not involved in alkaloid biosynthesis, because an apical xenograft of IV on IN has essentially the same alkaloid content in the IV seeds as do seeds from ungrafted IV plants. 3. Stems are evidently not the site of alkaloid synthesis since the stems of the defoliated approach xenografted IV plant stayed normal in appearance, even when indoles were no longer discernible in the seeds. Moreover, in defoliated IV stems, indoles are barely detectable by Ehrlich's reagent as compared to the high content of controls. 4. The meristematic tissue of the growing points may not play a role in the biosynthesis of indoles since a tenfold decrease in the indole content of seeds took place while the shoot-tips were still normal. 5. Seeds are not the site of alkaloid biosynthesis since they remain normal in appearance throughout the experiment even when caused to be indolylless by graft-induced defoliation.
Estimation-based schemes for adaptive nonlinear state-feedback control

We present a new approach to adaptive nonlinear control based on a complete controller-identifier separation which has long been a goal in adaptive system design. Our controllers guarantee certain input/state stability properties with respect to the parameter error % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfKttLearuqr1ngBPrgarmWu51MyVXgatC % vAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaeHbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharyavP1wz % ZbItLDhis9wBH5garqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbb % L8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpe % pae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-xfr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaam % aaeaqbaaGcbiqaca0fcuaH4oqCgaacaaaa!3CEC! \[ \tilde \theta \] and its derivative % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfKttLearuqr1ngBPrgarmWu51MyVXgatC % vAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaeHbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharyavP1wz % ZbItLDhis9wBH5garqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbb % L8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpe % pae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-xfr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaam % aaeaqbaaGcbiqaca0fcuaH4oqCgaacgaGaaaaa!3CF4! \[ \dot \tilde \theta \] as inputs. The parameter identifiers, in turn, guarantee % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfKttLearuqr1ngBPrgarmWu51MyVXgatC % vAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaeHbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharyavP1wz % ZbItLDhis9wBH5garqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbb % L8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpe % pae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-xfr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaam % aaeaqbaaGcbiGacWefca0fcuaH4oqCgaacaiabgIGioprr1ngBPrwt % HrhAXaqehuuDJXwAKbstHrhAG8KBLbacgaGae8NeHWKaeyOhIukaaa!4AD4! \[ \tilde \theta \in \mathcal{L}\infty \] , and either % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfKttLearuqr1ngBPrgarmWu51MyVXgatC % vAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaeHbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharyavP1wz % ZbItLDhis9wBH5garqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbb % L8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpe % pae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-xfr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaam % aaeaqbaaGcbiGacWefca0fcuaH4oqCgaacgaGaaiabgIGioprr1ngB % PrwtHrhAXaqehuuDJXwAKbstHrhAG8KBLbacgaGae8NeHWKaeyOhIu % kaaa!4ADC! \[ \dot \tilde \theta \in \mathcal{L}\infty \] or % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfKttLearuqr1ngBPrgarmWu51MyVXgatC % vAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaeHbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharyavP1wz % ZbItLDhis9wBH5garqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbb % L8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpe % pae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-xfr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaam % aaeaqbaaGcbiGacWefca0fcuaH4oqCgaacgaGaaiabgIGioprr1ngB % PrwtHrhAXaqehuuDJXwAKbstHrhAG8KBLbacgaGae8NeHW0aaSbaaS % qaaiabikdaYaqabaaaaa!4A89! \[ \dot \tilde \theta \in \mathcal{L}_2 \] or both. This estimation-based approach encompases two families of schemes: swapping-based and observer-based. Swapping-based schemes allow the use of a wide variety of update laws — gradient and least-squares, normalized and unnormalized. Observer-based schemes use parameter identifiers of lower dynamic order. All these schemes achieve systematic improvement of transient performance.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Early After Heart Transplantation

AbstractBackground: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains a leading cause of mortality after heart transplantation (HT). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) may retard the devel...
Vibration Reduction in Flexible Space Structures Using Input Shaping on MACE: Mission Results

Abstract The performance of many spacecraft can be improved by using closed-loop control and command-shaping techniques. However, since little information exists about the operation of controlled structures in zerogravity, it is difficult for designers to anticipate and place confidence in the on-orbit performance of their ground based control designs. To address this issue, the Middeck Active Control Experiment (MACE) was conducted aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor in March of 1995. This paper presents the results of the command shaping experiments implemented during the mission and proposes guidelines for using command shaping to suppress unwanted vibration in flexible space structures.
Spatially Dependent Responses of a Large-River Fish Assemblage to Bank Stabilization and Side Channels

AbstractThe alteration of rivers by anthropogenic bank stabilization to prevent the erosion of economically valuable lands and structures has become commonplace. However, such alteration has ambiguous consequences for fish assemblages, especially in large rivers. Because most large, temperate rivers have impoundments, it can be difficult to separate the influences of bank stabilization structures from those of main-stem impoundments, especially because both stabilization structures and impoundments can cause side-channel loss. Few large rivers are free flowing and retain extensive side channels, but the Yellowstone River (our study area) is one such river. We hypothesized that in this river (1) bank stabilization has changed fish assemblage structure by altering habitats, (2) side-channel availability has influenced fish assemblage structure by providing habitat heterogeneity, and (3) the influences of bank stabilization and side channels on fish assemblages were spatially scale dependent. We developed a ...
Gate-violation behavior at highway-rail grade crossings and the consequences: Using geo-Spatial modeling integrated with path analysis.

Abstract Drivers undertaking risky behaviors at highway-rail grade crossings are often severely injured in collisions with trains. Among these behaviors, gate-violation (referring to driving around or through the gates that were activated and lowered by an approaching train) seems to be one of the most dangerous actions a driver might take at a gated crossing; it may compromise the intended safety improvement made by adding gates at crossings. This study develops a nuanced conceptual framework that uses path analysis to explore the contributing factors to gate-violation behaviors and the correlation between gate-violation behaviors and the crash consequence − the driver injury severity. Further, using geo-spatial modeling techniques, this study explores whether the correlates of gate-violation behaviors and their associations with injury severity are stationary across diverse geographic contexts of the United States. Geo-spatial modeling shows that the correlates of gate-violation and its associations with injury severity vary substantially across the United States. Spatial variations in correlates of gate-violation and injury severity are mapped by estimating geographically weighted regressions; the maps can serve as an instrument for screening safety improvements and help identify regions that need safety improvements. For example, the results show that two-quadrant gates are more likely to have gate-violation crashes than four-quadrant gates in Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota. These states may need to receive more attentions on the enforcement of inhibiting gate-violation at crossings with two-quadrant gates or have the priority over other states to upgrade these crossings to four-quadrant gates if financially feasible.