cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tardive dyskinesias and drugs

Although considerable controversy remains as to the etiology and pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia, epidemiologic evidence is compelling in supporting the role of neuroleptics as a major factor in the development of this syndrome. Current evidence suggests that tardive dyskinesia is a heterogeneous condition in terms of nature of onset, phenomenology, course, and response to specific treatments or pharmacologic probes. The point prevalence of tardive dyskinesia varies widely depending on the nature of the patient population and the criterion utilized to identify a “case.” The incidence of tardive dyskine-sia among relatively young patients of varying diagnoses exposed to neuroleptics appears to be approximately 3–4% per year of cumulative neuroleptic exposure, at least for the first 6 years of such treatment. Age, vulnerability to acute extrapyramidal side effects, and a diagnosis of affective illness appear to be associated with increased risk of tardive dyskinesia development. There is clearly a need to take this aspect into consideration for new drug developments.
Onset of C. elegans Gastrulation Is Blocked by Inhibition of Embryonic Transcription with an RNA Polymerase Antisense RNA

Cleavage and gastrulation initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos are characterized by an invariant temporal and spatial pattern of cell divisions and cell movements. Although bulk embryonic transcription does not begin until gastrulation onset, some transcription can be detected as early as the 4-cell stage. To determine whether any early transcripts are required for normal cleavage-stage patterning, we blocked transcription in embryos by injecting hermaphrodite parental gonads with RNA antisense to the ama-1 gene, which encodes the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. This treatment prevented the expression of a reporter gene driven by an early embryonic promoter but did not detectably perturb the maternally controlled segregation of the germ line P granules or the pattern of cell division through the first four cleavages. In the fifth cell cycle, however, the two endodermal precursor (E) cells divided early and abnormally and failed to initiate gastrulation. The embryos arrested between the sixth and seventh cell cycles with less than 100 cells. These results indicate that embryonically transcribed gene products are required for gastrulation initiation. They also demonstrate the efficacy of a method for blocking embryonic transcription that may be useful in other organisms.
Performance-based path determination for interprocessor communication in distributed computing systems

The different types of messages used by a parallel application program executing in a distributed computing system can each have unique characteristics so that no single communication network can produce the lowest latency for all messages. For instance, short control messages may be sent with the lowest overhead on one type of network, such as Ethernet, while bulk data transfers may be better suited to a different type of network, such as Fibre Channel or HIPPI. This work investigates how to exploit multiple heterogeneous communication networks that interconnect the same set of processing nodes using a set of techniques we call performance-based path determination (PBPD). The performance-based path selection (PBPS) technique selects the best (lowest latency) network among several for each individual message to reduce the communication overhead of parallel programs. The performance-based path aggregation (PBPA) technique, on the other hand, aggregates multiple networks into a single virtual network to increase the available bandwidth. We test the PBPD techniques on a cluster of SGI multiprocessors interconnected with Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and HiPPI networks using a custom communication library built on top of the TCP/IP protocol layers. We find that PBPS can reduce communication overhead in applications compared to using either network alone, while aggregating networks into a single virtual network can reduce communication latency for bandwidth-limited applications. The performance of the PBPD techniques depends on the mix of message sizes in the application program and the relative overheads of the networks, as demonstrated in our analytical models.
Coping with Uncertainty: Analyzing Risk Propensities of SEC Budgetary Decisions, 1949–97

Students of public organizations acknowledge that administrative agencies make decisions in an uncertain policy environment. Existing research on public bureaucracy either makes simplifying a priori assumptions about such behavior or completely ignores this fundamental issue. This study proposes a statistical test of agency risk-bearing behavior to shed light on bureaucratic decision making under conditions of uncertainty. An analysis of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) agency budget requests for the 1949–97 period yields risk coefficients that are compatible with analytically derived results. The empirical findings indicate that the SEC exhibits relatively greater concern about organizational maintenance when the type of uncertainty that it experiences is external to the decision-making purview of the organization than when it is internal to the agency. However, mixed statistical evidence is obtained that the SEC places comparatively greater value on organizational maintenance, as reflected in its budgetary decisions, during an era of greater political instability induced by divided party government than under unified government.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meetings of the 1999 Public Choice Society, March 12–14, 1999, Hotel Monteleone, New Orleans, Louisiana. The author wishes to thank Janice Boucher Breuer, Charles Cameron, Brandice Canes–Wrone, Dan Carpenter, Jeffrey Cohen, Stephen Dilworth, Jim Douglas, David Epstein, Brad Gomez, Chris Kam, David Lewis, Ken Meier, Tom Romer, Andy Whitford, B. Dan Wood, LeeAnne Krause, and seminar participants at Columbia University and the University of South Carolina, and the anonymous APSR reviewers for their helpful suggestions and comments at various stages of this project. I thank Tim Groseclose and Dan Ponder for providing some of the ADA voting score data used in this paper. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Sherry Ann Krause. Any errors that remain are my own.
A Fast Reactor Transient Analysis Methodology for Personal Computers

A simplified model for a liquid-metal-cooled reactor (LMR) transient analysis, in which point kinetics as well as lumped descriptions of the heat transfer equations in all components are applied, is converted from a differential into an integral formulation. All 30 differential balance equations are implicitly solved in terms of convolution integrals. The prompt jump approximation is applied as the strong negative feedback effectively keeps the net reactivity well below prompt critical. After implicit finite differencing of the convolution integrals, the kinetics equation assumes a new form, i.e., the quadratic dynamics equation. In this integral formulation, the initial value problem of typical LMR transients can be solved with large item steps (initially 1 s, later up to 256 s). This then makes transient problems amenable to a treatment on personal computer. The resulting mathematical model forms the basis for the GW-BASIC program LMR transient calculation (LTC) program. The LTC program has also been converted to QuickBASIC. The running time for a 10-h transient overpower transient is then [approximately]40 to 10 s, depending on the hardware version (286, 386, or 486 with math coprocessors).
OLA after Single Point of Entry: Has Anything Changed?

This "white paper," written for the Roosevelt Institute, looks at the Dodd-Frank Orderly Liquidation Authority, as currently conceived of by regulators. The existence of OLA is crucial to the idea that the Dodd-Frank Act has actually ended "too big to fail." Since financial institutions remain very big, it is up to OLA to provide a means for them to fail. The real question is whether OLA will work and, as OLA was originally presented, there were good reasons for doubt.The FDIC has figured out a clever way to avoid the problems with OLA. Under the new "single point of entry" approach, only the holding company would be placed in OLA, and the FDIC would then continue to prop up the operating subsidiaries, wherever located. The new question is: Will single point of entry work?This short essay explores this question and what remains to be done to create a workable bankruptcy system for global banks. In short, I argue that while single point of entry is a great improvement, it still has its potential faults, and the excitement over it obscures many lingering questions. And nothing has been done to improve the ability of chapter 11 to handle a large financial institution, despite the fact that OLA is only supposed to "backstop" the normal bankruptcy process.
Magnifying-lens abstraction for Markov decision processes

We present a novel abstraction technique which allows the analysis of reachability and safety properties of Markov decision processes with very large state spaces. The technique, called magnifying-lens abstraction, (MLA) copes with the state-explosion problem by partitioning the state-space into regions, and by computing upper and lower bounds for reachability and safety properties on the regions, rather than on the states. To compute these bounds, MLA iterates over the regions, considering the concrete states of each region in turn, as if one were sliding across the abstraction a magnifying lens which allowed viewing the concrete states. The algorithm adaptively refines the regions, using smaller regions where more detail is needed, until the difference between upper and lower bounds is smaller than a specified accuracy. We provide experimental results on three case studies illustrating that MLA can provide accurate answers, with savings in memory requirements.
Wide-baseline stereo vision for Mars rovers

In order to perform localization and navigation over significant distances (up to a few kilometers), it is important to be able to accurately map the terrain to be traversed. Local methods, such as conventional stereo, do not scale well to large distances and prevent long-range planning. In this paper, we discuss wide-baseline stereo techniques for rovers. In wide-baseline stereo, the image pair is captured with the same camera, but at different positions of the rover. While the larger baseline allows improved accuracy for more distant terrain, stereo matching is more difficult for two reasons. First, odometry errors result in uncertain knowledge of the relative positions of the cameras when the images are captured. Second, the change in perspective makes stereo matching difficult, since image landmarks no longer has the same appearance in both images. We address these problems and show test results on real images.
Atom-probe field ion microscope analysis of surfaces of materials

Our recent applications of the atom-probe field ion microscope to the study of physics and chemistry of materials at the atomic level are summarized. The materials applicability of field ion microscopy has recently been extended to silicon, silicide, graphite, high Tc superconductors, and other materials. Atom-probe field ion microscopy has been used for atomic layer by atomic layer chemical analysis of surfaces in alloy and impurity segregations, for analyzing the compositional changes across metal-semiconductor interfaces, and for studying formation of cluster ions in laser stimulated field desorption. The energetics of atoms in solids and on surfaces can be studied by a direct kinetic energy analysis of field desorbed ions using a high resolution pulsed-laser time-of-flight atom-probe and by other field ion microscope measurements. The site specific binding energy of surface atoms can be measured at low temperature, where the atomic structure of the surface is still perfectly defined, to an accuracy of about 0.1 to 0.3 eV.
Performance Metrics for Evaluating Petro-chemical Control Room Displays

The petro-chemical industry relies on control room operators to manage safety-critical processes through complex displays. The goal of the current paper is to evaluate displays used by petrochemical industry control room operators by measuring performance through speed and accuracy to distinguish between two displays. The two displays represented a “state-of-the-art” display and a poor display. Speed and accuracy were measured in regard to actions involved in alarm management of a simulated crude refining unit at three workload levels – easy, medium, and hard. Operators were significantly slower and less accurate on the poor interface than the good interface. Speed progressively got slower from easy to medium to hard workload levels. Speed and accuracy as indicators of performance were able to differentiate between two significantly different displays. These two metrics represent the initial stages of developing a set of tools the petro-chemical industry can use to evaluate operator interface designs.
Minimization of energy consumption for a two-pass membrane desalination: Effect of energy recovery, membrane rejection and retentate recycling

The energy optimization of two-pass membrane desalination, at the limit imposed by the thermodynamic restriction, was investigated and compared with a single-pass membrane desalting operation at the equivalent targeted overall salt rejection and permeate product recovery. The analysis considered the effect of pump and energy recovery efficiencies, membrane rejection, and retentate recycling from the second to the first-pass. The optimization results suggest that when the desired overall salt rejection can be achieved via a single-pass, then this process configuration will result in a lower specific energy consumption (SEC) relative to the two-pass membrane desalting process. However, if the desired overall rejection (or specific ion rejection, e.g., boron) cannot be achieved with the highest available rejection membrane in a single-pass, then a two-pass configuration is a feasible solution. In the latter case, the lowest energy consumption will be attained when a membrane of the highest available salt rejection is used in the first-pass. In cases in which desalting is accomplished at recoveries below the critical water recovery (i.e., the optimal recovery for a single stage), an operational sub-domain may exist in which the SEC for a two-pass process can be lower than for a single-pass counterpart, but only if the single-pass process is not operated at its globally optimal state. Retentate recycling from the second-pass to the first-pass feed can reduce the SEC for the two-pass process. However, optimization solution of the two-pass process is always a single-pass process as the optimal desalination process.
Theory of intracavity-pumped photorefractive phase-conjugate mirror

We present a new type of phase-conjugate mirror that is based on an externally driven Fabry-Perot interferometer with intracavity-pumped photorefractive material, which is probed by the signal beam. It is shown theoretically that such a configuration leads to multivalued solutions and possibly to bistability. This configuration also permits optical control of the resonator output and electrical control of the phase-conjugate reflectivity.
Work in progress-blown away on the very first day-measuring outcomes for statics & mechanics of materials

In an effort to measure desired outcomes of our "statics and mechanics of materials" course, a trial is being conducted where students are given a relatively complex problem on the first day of class and then given the same problem on the final exam. The problem in this research involves the structure of a cantilever boat dock. To determine the change in understanding during the course, both problems are graded using a rubric to gage the levels of understanding relative to five tasks: 1) identify the likely failure location, 2) identify the different load types, 3) combine the effects of multiple loadings, 4) calculate the stresses within the structure, 5) calculate the safety factor. Results will also be compared to the previous semester (Fall 2003) where the same problem was given on the final exam but not discussed earlier in the course. A further objective of this work is to stimulate curiosity by challenging students to solve a combined statics and mechanics problem.
Functional expression of IgA receptor FcαRI on human platelets

FcαRI (CD89) is a human IgA FcR expressed on cells of myeloid lineage such as neutrophils, monocytes, tissue macrophages, eosinophils, and subpopulations of dendritic cells. FcαRI mediates cell activation through Src family kinases and downstream tyrosine-based phosphorylation pathways. However, the role of IgA and the expression and role of its cognate receptor FcαRI (CD89) in platelet activation are undefined. In the current study, we demonstrate that human platelets express FcαRI mRNAs and proteins. Furthermore, we show that the platelet FcαRI is associated with the FcR γ-chain, and cross-linking of FcαRI leads to Syk phosphorylation. Clustering of FcαRI induces pre-mRNA splicing and protein production of tissue factor and IL-1β, suggesting novel roles for human platelet FcαRI and serum IgA in thrombosis and inflammation.
Duration of Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Relation to the Risk of Incident Myocardial Infarction in Postmenopausal Women

Background: There is little information about whether an increasing duration of estrogen replacement therapy is associated with a declining risk for myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Objective: To conduct a population-based, case-control study among enrollees of the Group Health Cooperative (GHC) of Puget Sound, Seattle, Wash. Subjects and Methods: Case subjects were all post-menopausal women who were enrolled in the GHC with an incident fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction from July 1986 through December 1993. Control subjects were a stratified random sample of postmenopausal women who were enrolled in the GHC without myocardial infarction and matched to case subjects by age and calendar year. We reviewed the medical records of the 850 case subjects and 1974 control subjects and conducted telephone interviews with consenting survivors. Use of estrogen or estrogen and progestin was assessed using GHC's computerized pharmacy database. Results: Among women who were currently using estrogen, a longer duration of use was inversely associated with a risk for myocardial infarction after adjustment for age, year of identification, diabetes mellitus, angina, and smoking. For categories of increasing duration of estrogen use (never, >0- P =.05). Among women who had used estrogen in the past, there was no evidence of decreasing risk with increasing duration of estrogen use. Conclusion: In this study, a long duration of hormone replacement therapy among women currently using estrogen was associated with a reduced risk for first myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1330-1336
Translational Science: Epistemology and the Investigative Process

The term “translational science” has recently become very popular with its usage appearing to be almost exclusively related to medicine, in particular, the “translation” of biological knowledge into medical practice. Taking the perspective that translational science is somehow different than science and that sound science is grounded in an epistemology developed over millennia, it seems imperative that the meaning of translational science be carefully examined, especially how the scientific epistemology manifests itself in translational science. This paper examines epistemological issues relating mainly to modeling in translational science, with a focus on optimal operator synthesis. It goes on to discuss the implications of epistemology on the nature of collaborations conducive to the translational investigative process. The philosophical concepts are illustrated by considering intervention in gene regulatory networks.
Comparison of a broad-based screen versus disorder-specific screen in detecting young children with an autism spectrum disorder:

The goals of our study were to (a) compare agreement between autism spectrum disorder diagnosis and outcome of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status in a sample of toddlers and (b) examine specific concerns noted for toddlers who screened negative on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers or Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status but were later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Participants were administered the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status during well-child visits. Families were invited for a clinical evaluation if autism spectrum disorder symptoms were noted on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers Follow-Up Interview or if autism spectrum disorder concerns were noted by the pediatrician. Fifty-two children completed the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status, and a clinical evaluation, and 30 of these children were diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers results showed higher agreement with autism spectrum disorder diagnosis than any individual Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status screen result, although the latter detected many children with other developmental concerns. Children who screened negative on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers or Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status but were diagnosed
Comparison of the Accuracy of Fetal Pulmonary Maturity Testing Using Transvaginally and Transabdominally Collected Amniotic Fluid

To evaluate the reliability of transvaginally collected amniotic fluid in the assessment of fetal pulmonary maturity.A retrospective chart review was conducted on mother-infant pairs in which delivery occurred before 3 7 weeks gestation and a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and phosphatidylglycerol had been determined within 1 week of the delivery.Of 299 pairs, 154 had amniotic fluid collected transvaginally and 145 transabdominally. A lecithin/ sphingomyelin ratio of ≥2.0 predicted the absence of hyaline membrane disease with 99% accuracy in the transabdominal group compared with 96% in the transvaginal group. The false-negative rate of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was 65% in the transabdominal group and 78% in the transvaginal group. The sensitivity of phosphatidylglycerol to predict the absence of hyaline membrane disease was approximately half that of a mature lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (≥2), i.e., 48% versus 80% in the transabdominal group, 26% versus 50% in the transvaginal group. Only 2% (3/153)...
Ferromagnetic resonance phase imaging in spin Hall multilayers

We experimentally image the magnetic precession phase of patterned spin Hall multilayer samples to study the rf driving field vector using time-resolved anomalous Nernst effect microscopy. Our ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements quantify the phase and amplitude for both the magnetic precession and the electric current, which allows us to establish the total driving field orientation and the strength of the spin Hall effect. In a channel of uniform width, we observe a large spatial variation of the FMR phase laterally across the channel. We interpret our findings in the context of electrical measurement using the spin transfer torque ferromagnetic resonance technique and show that observed phase variation introduces a systematic correction into the spin Hall efficiency if spatial phase and amplitude variations are not taken into account.
A Radiometric Method to Measure the Concentration Boundary Layer Thickness at an Air–Water Interface*

Abstract An interferometric technique to measure the thickness of the concentration boundary layer at an air–water interface is presented. The technique uses heat as a proxy tracer for gas transfer by sensing the infrared (IR) radiation emitted by the water at wavelengths near 3.8 μm. The temperature gradient at the water surface is determined from the IR radiance by using the wavelength variation of the absorption coefficient of water in the 3.3- to 4.1-μm wavelength region. The variations in the absorption coefficient allow the emitted IR radiation to carry information about the surface and subsurface water temperature. Interferometric measurements of the radiance variations as a function of optical wavelength can be related to the temperature gradient or the change in water temperature with respect to depth. Previous laboratory measurements indicate that interfacial temperature gradients can be studied in great detail using this approach. Very near the water surface, the temperature gradient is linear,...
Seeing data in Second Life

There is a variety of conventional ways to visualize data, however, in today's society you need more than a simple bar chart to convey the data message. Second Life (SL) offers so many benefits, from remote viewing of data to free software download. No longer does a person have to be in the same room or on a particular computer to view data visualizations. Many educators believe in order to teach visualization, students must have already taken a graphics course. We believe using SL dramatically changes this concept. We discuss how using SL allowed two students to conduct research in visualization without prior graphics experience. These research projects proved that SL could be used in the future to teach an undergraduate visualization course. By having the instructor or research students create predefined communication and navigation objects, the course participants could embed these predefined objects within their visualization and modify some variables to make it easily work with their 3D visualization model. We concluded that an "Introduction to Visualization" course using SL was possible based on the SL visualization research conducted over the past year and restores makes this a promising elective without having graphics as a prerequisite.
ATTRACTIVENESS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET FED TO HYBRID IMPORTED FIRE ANTS, SOLENOPSIS INVICTA × RICHTERI (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)

Abstract Attractiveness of freeze-dried and reconstituted entomophage diet to hybrid fire ants (Solenopsis invicta × richteri) was investigated in choice tests using freeze-killed, crushed cricket (Acheta domestica L.) as a standard. Worker ants were strongly attracted to both crickets and reconstituted diet. Foragers collected approx. 27 times more reconstituted diet than freeze-dried diet, and collected statistically equivalent amounts of artificial diet and crickets (36.0 ± 7.0 and 26.0 ± 0.3 mg/h, respectively). Even though workers were strongly attracted to the artificial diet, all measures of colony growth (mean mass of brood, workers, and queen) were at least 30% lower in colonies fed sugar water + artificial diet than in colonies fed sugar water + crickets or sugar water + artificial diet + crickets. While this diet may have some utility as a bait for monitoring fire ants in the field, it offers no advantage over a standard diet of crickets and sugar water for rearing fire ants in the laboratory.
Design and Development of the 2002 UC Davis FutureTruck

Yosemite is an advanced hybrid electric vehicle built on the Ford U152 Explorer platform. The University of California, Davis, FutureTruck team designed Yosemite to meet the following objectives: 1. Maximize vehicle energy efficiency 2. Minimize petroleum consumption 3. Reduce fuel cycle greenhouse gas emissions 4. Achieve California Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) target 5. Deliver class-leading performance The University of California, Davis FutureTruck team redesigned a 2002 Ford Explorer as a Hybrid Electric Vehicle to meet the following goals: reduce fuel cycle greenhouse gas emissions by 67%, double the fuel economy of a stock Explorer, meet California’s Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle standard, and qualify for substantial Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle credits in California. Yosemite meets these goals with an efficient flexible fuel hybrid powertrain, improved component systems, and an advanced control system. Yosemite incorporates two independent powertrains to provide four-wheel drive and achieve stock towing capacity. The primary powertrain combines a 1.9L flexible fuel engine with a 75 kW brushless DC motor driving the rear wheels. This powertrain configuration is simple, compact, reliable, and allows flexibility in control strategy. The secondary powertrain is a 60 kW AC induction motor and reduction transaxle gearbox. Together, the two powertrains allow Yosemite to achieve high efficiency under normal operating conditions while matching stock vehicle performance. A 16.5 kWh nickel metal hydride traction battery pack powers the electric motors, providing up to 50 miles of all-electric range. Yosemite’s superior fuel economy, low cost of operation, and performance, combined with advanced composites, telematics systems, and other consumer features make it a desirable and competitive vehicle in today’s market.
CT dose minimization using personalized protocol optimization and aggressive bowtie

In this study, we propose to use patient-specific x-ray fluence control to reduce the radiation dose to sensitive organs while still achieving the desired image quality (IQ) in the region of interest (ROI). The mA modulation profile is optimized view by view, based on the sensitive organs and the ROI, which are obtained from an ultra-low-dose volumetric CT scout scan [1]. We use a clinical chest CT scan to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed concept: the breast region is selected as the sensitive organ region while the cardiac region is selected as IQ ROI. Two groups of simulations are performed based on the clinical CT dataset: (1) a constant mA scan adjusted based on the patient attenuation (120 kVp, 300 mA), which serves as baseline; (2) an optimized scan with aggressive bowtie and ROI centering combined with patient-specific mA modulation. The results shows that the combination of the aggressive bowtie and the optimized mA modulation can result in 40% dose reduction in the breast region, while the IQ in the cardiac region is maintained. More generally, this paper demonstrates the general concept of using a 3D scout scan for optimal scan planning.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN FEMALE PREFERENCES FOR MALE TRAITS IN POECILIA RETICULATA.

We examined the preferences of female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from 11 localities in Trinidad with respect to male color-pattern elements, body shape and size, and overall color and brightness contrast. Females are on average more attracted to males from their own population than from alien populations, and populations appear to vary in the criteria used in female choice. Multiple-regression analysis suggests that mate-preference criteria vary among localities in intensity, sign, and the number of traits used. Although preference estimators and color-pattern parameters are unique to each population, only orange, black, and color contrast showed a correlation between degree of male trait and degree of preference for that trait. There is a clear effect of water color and a possible effect of predation intensity. The results are discussed in light of various models of sexual selection and the early stages of speciation.
Effect of Acute Muscular Exercise on Serum Immunoreactive Insulin Concentration

The change in circulating levels of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was studied in a group of six normal, three obese, and eight obese diabetic subjects undergoing the acute exercise of stair climbing. Bloods were sampled immediately before and after the exercise period. Serum IRI concentration decreased in ten subjects and did not increase in the remainder of the subjects. The data suggest an exercise metabolite rather than increased insulin secretion accounts for the enhanced glucose assimilation produced by muscular activity.
Coupled deformation and metamorphism in the roof of a tabular midcrustal igneous complex

The 370-377 Ma Mooselookmeguntic igneous complex was emplaced at ~14 km depth into steeply dipping metaturbidites that were folded and metamorphosed ca. 400-405 Ma during the Acadian orog- eny. Gravity and drill-hole data, isograd geometry, thermal modeling, and struc- tural measurements all indicate that the eastern aureole of the complex represents an areally extensive roof above the gently east-dipping, tabular-shaped intrusion. This roof preserves a classic example of low- pressure, high-temperature metamorphism caused by the underlying intrusion. Ther- mal modeling indicates that the roof is no more than 1000 m thick over an area exceed- ing 100 km2 . Unlike other roofs described in the literature, the Mooselookmeguntic igneous complex roof preserves a thick (~600 m) emplacement-related strain gradi- ent with a deformational fabric that evolved through all stages of crenulation cleavage to become an intense, nondifferentiated folia- tion approximately parallel to the intrusive contact and perpendicular to the steeply dip- ping, regional Acadian-age foliation. Fabric evolution through all stages of crenulation cleavage requires the vertical growth of the tabular intrusion to have been largely accommodated by dissolution-precipitation creep, which is a linear viscous deformation mechanism that can occur at lower differ- ential stress than, for example, dislocation creep. As the crenulation cleavage evolves, a stage is reached where further deformation requires a change in deformation mecha- nism, which may lead to "hardening" of the rock. Development of crenulation cleavage requires a mica-rich foliation at an initially high angle to the emplacement-related fl at- tening plane, and this confi guration may be the primary reason why the strain aureole in the Mooselookmeguntic igneous complex roof is so well developed compared to other published examples of midcrustal roofs.
Constructing a Kongo Identity: Scholarship and Mythopoesis

The past thirty years have seen, particularly in the United States, a transformation in the public image of “Kongo,” an ill-defined entity (a tribe, a kingdom, a culture, a region?) on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa. The efforts of R. F. Thompson, professor of art history at Yale, and A. Fu-kiau, himself Kongolese, have done much to popularize a “Kongo” characterized more by its romantic appeal than by historical or ethnographic verisimilitude. Elsewhere in the Americas, the reputation of “Kongo” has suffered by comparison with “Yoruba,” another historically emergent Atlantic identity, based in West Africa. These identities, and the supposed contrast between them, are products of an increasingly complex trans-Atlantic discourse.
Attention Based Recurrent Neural Networks for Online Advertising

We investigate the use of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in the context of online advertising, where we use RNNs to map both query and ads to real valued vectors. In addition, we propose an attention network that assigns scores to different word locations according to their intent importance. The vector output is computed by a weighted sum of the vectors at each word. We perform end-to-end training of both the RNN and attention network under the guidance of user click logs. We show that the attention network improves the quality of learned vector representations evaluated by AUC on a manually labeled dataset. Moreover, we show that keywords extracted according to the attention scores are easy to interpret and significantly outperform the state-of-the-art query intent extraction methods.
To Improve the Quality of Scientific Communication is an Important Requisite for Newspapers' Development in the Internet Age

Newspapers will not die out in the Internet age because of its importance. Newspaper is one of the most important print media and its audience remains so many,so the force and effect of newspapers should not be underestimated. In the condition of Internet and other kinds of media's rapid growth,newspapers as a traditional media must have a good quality for its survival and development,especially the quality of scientific communication. It is very important to improve the quality and provide better services; as a result,firstly we should improve the scientific literacy of newspaper reporters and editors. To improve the quality of scientific communication is groundwork for newspapers' development. This will not only make newspapers continue work helpfully,but also make them more competitive,more influential,having more market share and more audience.
Transferability of genome-wide associated loci for asthma in African Americans

AbstractObjective: Transferability of significantly associated loci or GWAS “hits” adds credibility to genotype-disease associations and provides evidence for generalizability across different ancestral populations. We sought evidence of association of known asthma-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in an African American population. Methods: Subjects comprised 661 participants (261 asthma cases and 400 controls) from the Howard University Family Study. Forty-eight SNPs previously reported to be associated with asthma by GWAS were selected for testing. We adopted a combined strategy by first adopting an “exact” approach where we looked-up only the reported index SNP. For those index SNPs missing form our dataset, we used a “local” approach that examined all the regional SNPs in LD with the index SNP. Results: Out of the 48 SNPs, our cohort had genotype data available for 27, which were examined for exact replication. Of these, two SNPs were found positively associated with asthma. These inc...
Closing the Loop in Deep Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders: Lessons from Motor Neural Prosthetics

Closing the Loop in Deep Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders: Lessons from Motor Neural Prosthetics
La Naturaleza Y Características Del Turismo Rural Sostenible (The Nature and Characteristics of Sustainable Rural Tourism)

Spanish Abstract: La Naturaleza y Caracteristicas del Turismo Rural Sostenible. Este articulo tiene como objetivo desarrollar una reflexion sobre el turismo rural sostenible, resaltando sus rasgos y caracteristicas fundamentales. En este sentido, se parte del analisis de conceptos tales como el turismo y el entorno rural, incorporando el mismo paradigma de la sostenibilidad, lo que implica la reorientacion y mejora de la planificacion y gestion del turismo en general, y el turismo rural en particular. Se entiende como prioritario el fomento de las actividades turisticas en el medio rural, que respeten el medio ambiente, los valores culturales y sociales de la comunidad, lo que lleva a disfrutar de un positivo intercambio de experiencias entre los residentes y visitantes. Las relaciones entre los turistas y la comunidad deben ser justas, para que los beneficios de la actividad se puedan repartir de forma equitativa entre todos los entes participantes de la actividad (empresas privadas y organismos publicos), para que los viajeros tengan una experiencia enriquecedora de su viaje.English Abstract: The Nature and Characteristics of Sustainable Rural Tourism. This article deals with a reflection on sustainable rural tourism, highlighting its fundamental features and characteristics. In this respect, it analyses such concepts as tourism and the rural environment, incorporating this same paradigm of sustainability; this involves the reorientation and improvement of planning and tourism management in general, and rural tourism in particular. A priority in rural settings is the promotion of tourism activities which respect the environment and the cultural and social values of the community, which then leads to a positive interchange of experiences between residents and visitors. The relationship between tourists and the community must be balanced, so that the benefits of the activity can be shared equally by all those participating in the activity (private companies and public organisms), to enable travelers to have an enriching travel experience.
Hyperammonaemia-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction results in cataplerosis and oxidative stress.

Key points Hyperammonaemia occurs in hepatic, cardiac and pulmonary diseases with increased muscle concentration of ammonia. We found that ammonia results in reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration, electron transport chain complex I dysfunction, as well as lower NAD+/NADH ratio and ATP content. During hyperammonaemia, leak of electrons from complex III results in oxidative modification of proteins and lipids. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates are decreased during hyperammonaemia, and providing a cell-permeable ester of αKG reversed the lower TCA cycle intermediate concentrations and increased ATP content. Our observations have high clinical relevance given the potential for novel approaches to reverse skeletal muscle ammonia toxicity by targeting the TCA cycle intermediates and mitochondrial ROS. Abstract Ammonia is a cytotoxic metabolite that is removed primarily by hepatic ureagenesis in humans. Hyperammonaemia occurs in advanced hepatic, cardiac and pulmonary disease, and in urea cycle enzyme deficiencies. Increased skeletal muscle ammonia uptake and metabolism are the major mechanism of non-hepatic ammonia disposal. Non-hepatic ammonia disposal occurs in the mitochondria via glutamate synthesis from α-ketoglutarate resulting in cataplerosis. We show skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction during hyperammonaemia in a comprehensive array of human, rodent and cellular models. ATP synthesis, oxygen consumption, generation of reactive oxygen species with oxidative stress, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates were quantified. ATP content was lower in the skeletal muscle from cirrhotic patients, hyperammonaemic portacaval anastomosis rat, and C2C12 myotubes compared to appropriate controls. Hyperammonaemia in C2C12 myotubes resulted in impaired intact cell respiration, reduced complex I/NADH oxidase activity and electron leak occurring at complex III of the electron transport chain. Consistently, lower NAD+/NADH ratio was observed during hyperammonaemia with reduced TCA cycle intermediates compared to controls. Generation of reactive oxygen species resulted in increased content of skeletal muscle carbonylated proteins and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances during hyperammonaemia. A cell-permeable ester of α-ketoglutarate reversed the low TCA cycle intermediates and ATP content in myotubes during hyperammonaemia. However, the mitochondrial antioxidant MitoTEMPO did not reverse the lower ATP content during hyperammonaemia. We provide for the first time evidence that skeletal muscle hyperammonaemia results in mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Use of anaplerotic substrates to reverse ammonia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is a novel therapeutic approach.
Sugar transport in Neurospora crassa. III. An inositol requirement for the function of the glucose active transport system

Germination of conidia of an inositol-requiring strain of Neurospora crassa on fructose plus inositol leads to the appearance of a previously described glucose active transport system. Removal of inositol from the growth medium leads to a decline in the activity of the system. Transport activity is rapidly restored upon addition of inositol to the culture. The inositol taken up by the cells during the restoration period is recovered largely as chloroform-methanol extractable material. It appears likely, therefore, that a lipid derivative of inositol is a necessary cofactor for the function of the glucose active transport system in cells of Neurospora crassa.
Uncovering a third dissolved-phase 129 Xe resonance in the human lung: Quantifying spectroscopic features in healthy subjects and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Purpose The purpose of this work was to accurately characterize the spectral properties of hyperpolarized 129Xe in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) compared to healthy volunteers. Methods Subjects underwent hyperpolarized 129Xe breath-hold spectroscopy, during which 38 dissolved-phase free induction decays (FIDs) were acquired after reaching steady state (echo time/repetition time = 0.875/50 ms; bandwidth = 8.06 kHz; flip angle≈22 °). FIDs were averaged and then decomposed into multiple spectral components using time-domain curve fitting. The resulting amplitudes, frequencies, line widths, and starting phases of each component were compared among groups using a Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon U test. Results Three dissolved-phase resonances, consisting of red blood cells (RBCs) and two barrier compartments, were consistently identified in all subjects. In subjects with IPF relative to healthy volunteers, the RBC frequency was 0.70 parts per million (ppm) more negative (P = 0.05), the chemical shift of barrier 2 was 0.6 ppm more negative (P = 0.009), the line widths of both barrier peaks were ∼2 ppm narrower (P < 0.001), and the starting phase of barrier 1 was 20.3 ° higher (P = 0.01). Moreover, the ratio RBC:barriers was reduced by 52.9% in IPF (P < 0.001). Conclusions The accurate decomposition of 129Xe spectra not only has merit for developing a global metric of pulmonary function, but also provides necessary insights to optimize phase-sensitive methods for imaging 129Xe gas transfer. Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Advance directives and the patient self-determination act

Advance directives cover a wide variety of situations concerning the advance planning for medical care. Advance directives have existed for approximately 20 years; however, their forms and uses are presently expanding and evolving. This article presents advance directives, their various forms and uses, and reviews the current data on how well they achieve their desired goal. The Patient Self Determination Act, which was designed to promote the acknowledgment and completion of advance directives, is also discussed, as well as practical suggestions for the current and future uses for advance directives.
Maternal Socioeconomic Status Influences the Range of Expectations During Language Comprehension in Adulthood.

In infancy, maternal socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with real-time language processing skills, but whether or not (and if so, how) this relationship carries into adulthood is unknown. We explored the effects of maternal SES in college-aged adults on eye-tracked, spoken sentence comprehension tasks using the visual world paradigm. When sentences ended in highly plausible, expected target nouns (Exp. 1), higher SES was associated with a greater likelihood of considering alternative endings related to the action of the sentence. Moreover, for unexpected sentence endings (Exp. 2), individuals from higher SES backgrounds were sensitive to whether the ending was action-related (plausible) or unrelated (implausible), showing a benefit for plausible endings. Individuals from lower SES backgrounds did not show this advantage. This suggests maternal SES can influence the dynamics of sentence processing even in adulthood, with consequences for processing unexpected content. These findings highlight the importance of early lexical experience for adult language skills.