cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data reduction pipelines for the Keck Observatory Archive

The Keck Observatory Archive (KOA) currently serves ~ 42 TB of data spanning over 20 years from all ten past and current facility instruments at Keck. Although most of the available data are in the raw form, for four instruments (HIRES, NIRC2, OSIRIS, LWS), quick-look, browse products generated by automated pipelines are also offered to facilitate assessment of the scientific content and quality of the data. KOA underwrote the update of the MAKEE package to support reduction of the CCD upgrade to HIRES, developed scripts for reduction of NIRC2 data and automated the existing OSIRIS and LWS data reduction packages. We describe in some detail the recently completed automated pipeline for NIRSPEC, which will be used to create browse products in KOA and made available for quicklook of the data by the observers at the telescope. We review the currently available data reduction tools for Keck data, and present our plans and anticipated priorities for the development of automated pipelines and release of reduced data products for the rest of the current and future instruments. We also anticipate that Keck's newest instrument, NIRES, which will be delivered with a fully automated pipeline, will be the first to have both raw and level-1 data ingested at commissioning.
An Absolute Value Loss Function

This chapter is concerned with a linear Gaussian system for which the estimated miss statistic ât defined by (3.4.14), is one dimensional. The loss (7.4.1) for the system combines three types of losses. It is assumed that the system process xt, represents an error or deviation from some desired value. This is the case, for example, in space flight problems for which xt is obtained by linearizing around a nominal trajectory. A discussion of this procedure and some examples are given by Tung and Striebel [19]. For a model of this type the purpose of control is to keep the error xt as small as possible. In the loss function (7.4.1) this error is assumed to be of consequence only at the final time T, and loss from this error is measured by the cost function c(aT). Though only qualitative assumptions will be made concerning the function c(aT), its typical form is quadratic, $$ c\left( {a_T } \right) = a_T^2 $$ (7.1.1) .
Mainstreaming inorganic metal-oxide resists for high-resolution lithography

Abstract This chapter discusses metal-oxide resists by focusing on two materials—hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) and hafnium peroxide sulfate (HafSOx). Small HSQ and HafSOx nanocluster building blocks enable single-digit-nm patterning via electron beam and extreme UV exposures. Nanocluster components, metals and organic ligands, affect resist shelf stability, exposure sensitivity, and resolution. Lithographic resolution and sensitivity are readily modulated by controlling cluster condensation in deposition and exposure steps and by affecting differential dissolution in bake and development steps. The materials' high-etch resistance and resolution capabilities open broad opportunities to fabricate unique nanodevices and advance semiconductor manufacturing.
A multi-scale optimization framework for electricity market participation

Abstract Power grids coordinate a diverse set of energy systems (generators, loads, storage devices) to ensure that supply and demands are matched at multiple timescales (from hours to milliseconds). Such coordination is achieved through hierarchical market transactions. This work presents an optimization framework to evaluate revenue opportunities provided by these multi-scale market hierarchies and to determine optimal participation strategies for individual participants. The proposed framework models day-ahead and real-time transactions of energy, ancillary services, and virtual bidding products provided by independent system operators (ISOs). We apply the framework to a combined heat and power system and a utility-scale battery to determine revenue potential from different market layers and products. Analysis using real price signals for 2015 from the California ISO reveals that 60–90% of the total revenue potential (obtained by participating in all markets) is provided by real-time markets alone (which operate at fast timescales). Our studies also indicate that providing ancillary services (in addition to day-ahead and real-time energy products) increases revenue potential by 40–100%, depending on the physical flexibility of the technology. The proposed framework can be used to identify which market layers and products offer the greatest economic potential for different energy technologies. Our results also highlight that existing techno-economic studies that focus exclusively on day-ahead energy markets (operating at slower timescales) can dramatically undervalue dynamic flexibility.
The Threshold of Manifest Destiny: gender and national expansion in Florida, by Laurel Clark Shire

The gendered dynamics of American expansion receive careful and illuminating study in Laurel Clark Shire's The Threshold of Manifest Destiny. Shire responds to a number of historiographical fields ...
A Comparative Study of HDD and SSD RAIDs’ Impact on Server Energy Consumption

In the US alone, data centers consumed around $20 billion (200 TWh) yearly electricity in 2016, and this amount doubles itself every five years. Data storage alone is estimated to be responsible for about 25% to 35% of data-center power consumption. Servers in data centers generally include multiple HDDs or SSDs, commonly arranged in a RAID level for better performance, reliability, and availability. In this study, we evaluate HDD and SSD based Linux (md) software RAIDs' impact on the energy consumption of popular servers. We used the Filebench workload generator to emulate three common server workloads: web, file, and mail, and measured the energy consumption of the system using the HOBO power meter. We observed some similarities and some differences in energy consumption characteristics of HDD and SSD RAIDs, and provided our insights for better energy-efficiency. We hope that our observations will shed light on new energy-efficient RAID designs tailored for HDD and SSD RAIDs' specific energy consumption characteristics.
"¡Guiamos!": A University-Based Program for Pre-Service Bilingual and ESL Teachers.

ABSTRACTThe researchers explored the benefits, challenges and preferred methods of communication of those who took part in the iGuiamos! online and face-to-face mentoring program. Participants included 21 novice pre-service teachers who served as mentees and 32 experienced educators of English language learners who served as mentors. To explore the answers to the research questions, participants completed a survey which contained Likert-scale items and open-ended questions. The researchers found that iGuiamos! mentors and mentees rated a large number of benefits highly ranging from the improvement of relationships to increases in knowledge and skills; and in their commitment to teaching. Furthermore, with the exception of not having enough time, participants perceived challenges within the mentoring program as occurring relatively infrequently. In regards to mentor-mentee communication preferences, participants favored email and least favored video-conferencing.
Leaders and Followers: Examining State Court–Ordered Education Finance Reform

Much of the state court literature assumes that decisions reached by state courts of last resort are independent of other state courts of last resort. Each state court has its own ideology as well as a particular set of institutional constraints and confronts different governors, publics, and state legislatures in rendering decisions. Scholarly research and its assumption of the independence of state-level judicial decision making and policy impact stands in marked contrast to much of literature on the state-level adoption of policy. This diffusion literature has shown that states learn from and emulate similarly situated states that have previously adopted the policy under consideration. These national or state legislatures look to other nations and states for leadership in particular policy domains. In this manuscript, we apply the concept of diffusion to state courts. We do so through the examination of three waves of court-ordered state education finance reform. Using a dyadic dataset covering the period from 1974 until 2002, we find that state courts do emulate other state courts but that emulation is different from legislative emulation and different for each wave of reform. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A quality improvement project to reduce door-to-electrocardiogram time: A multicenter study.

Abstract Objective To improve compliance with a target door-to-electrocardiogram (EKG) time of 10 minutes or less in patients presenting with symptoms concerning for acute coronary syndrome. Methods A pre-post study was performed between January 2014 and May 2016 at five emergency departments (EDs) in Saudi Arabia. Patients who presented to ED with symptoms concerning for acute coronary syndrome were included in the study. The primary outcome of interest was whether EKG was completed within 10 minutes after the patient arrival to ED. Quality improvement interventions consisted of human resources adjustments, education, technological improvements, and improved interdepartmental collaboration. Multivariate analysis was used to model the percentage of EKGs that were completed within the targeted time. Results During the study period, 11,518 patients received EKGs. Prior to the intervention, compliance with a door-to-EKG time of 10 minutes or less was found to be 62.6%. Post intervention, compliance improved to 87.7%. On multivariate analysis, male patients were significantly more likely to receive EKG within 10 minutes than female patients (odds ratio = 1.231, 95% confidence interval = 1.113–1.361; p Conclusion A quality improvement project can successfully increase the percentage of patients receiving EKG within 10 minutes of presentation to ED. Further research is required to demonstrate the clinical significance of improved door-to-EKG times.
Uveal Malignant Melanoma – Management Options: Proton Beam Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy (RT) is the standard of care for the vast majority of malignant melanomas of the uveal tract. Eye conservation and, in many cases, maintenance of useful vision are possible.
Urinary incontinence among adolescent female athletes

Summary Background A collection of studies have demonstrated that approximately one-third of female nulliparous athletes experience urinary incontinence during their athletic activities. Contributing factors of incontinence that have thus far been the focus of study include type of sport, duration and intensity of athletic activity, use of hormonal contraception, and weight. There has, as yet, been a notable underemphasis on several other factors which influence incontinence, including bowel pattern, urinary habits, and menstrual status. The purpose of this pilot study was to describe the urinary habits and frequency of incontinence among adolescent female athletes. A secondary purpose was to identify factors associated with incontinence. Methods To investigate these factors, a questionnaire was completed by 44 female high school athletes. Descriptive statistics were used, including means and percentages to answer the first purpose of our study. Chi-square tests and effect sizes were employed to determine the magnitude and statistical significance of the differences. The second research purpose was tested using correlations and logistic regression. Approval was obtained for this study from the Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects. Results There is an even higher rate of athletic incontinence (34.15%) among high school female athletes surveyed in this study than in previous studies of college age athletes. The more seasons athletes are engaged in vigorous exercise, the higher the rate of incontinence in athletics as well as during laughter and activities of daily living (ADLs). A habit of voiding more than six times per day was associated with incontinence. Conclusions Athletic incontinence is common among adolescent female athletes. Athletes who compete four seasons of the year have higher rates of all types of incontinence (athletic, laughter, and during ADLs) than athletes who compete during fewer seasons of the year. Avid participation in vigorous exercise may be a risk factor not only for athletic incontinence but also incontinence during laughter and ADLs. Several areas of findings warrant further research, including the impact of hot weather on incontinence and increased incontinence with particular body positions or athletic maneuvers.
Fiscal Equity and America's Community Colleges.

Community colleges play an increasingly important role in the higher education landscape. Yet, what is unclear is whether existing models for funding community colleges are up to the task of preser...
Moral Explanation and the Special Sciences

Discussion of moral explanation has reached animpasse, with proponents of contemporaryethical naturalism upholding the explanatoryintegrity of moral facts and properties, andopponents – including both anti-realists andnon-naturalistic realists – insisting thatsuch robustly explanatory pretensions as moraltheory has be explained away. I propose thatthe key to solving the problem lies in thequestion whether instances of moral propertiesare causally efficacious. It is argued that,given the truth of contemporary ethicalnaturalism, moral properties are causallyefficacious if the properties of the specialsciences are. Certain objections are rebuttedinvolving the nature of causation, on the onehand, and putative special features of themoral realm, on the other.
18F-3'-Deoxy-3'-Fluorothymidine Positron Emission Tomography Imaging for the Prediction of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Models.

Abstract Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) remains a barrier to the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In mice, studies have demonstrated that donor conventional T cells traffic into host secondary lymphoid tissues early after transplant, and that this process is critical for the development of disease. As a result, the measurement of cellular proliferation within lymphoid sites early after transplant might be a useful approach for predicting aGVHD in humans. 18F-3′-deoxy-3′-fluorothymidine (FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has recently emerged as a functional imaging modality in oncology patients. FLT, a thymidine analog, is incorporated into replicating DNA and is thus an indirect marker of cellular proliferation. Here we report that FLT PET imaging can differentiate mice receiving alloreactive T cells and destined to develop lethal aGVHD from control mice. Mice receiving allogeneic T cells demonstrated a stronger FLT signal within the peripheral lymph nodes compared with control mice at all time points after transplant. In addition, allogeneic T cell recipients transiently demonstrated stronger FLT uptake within the spleen. Importantly, these differences were apparent before the development of clinical disease. In contrast, the FLT signal within the host bowel, an important aGVHD target organ, was more variable after transplant and was not consistently different between aGVHD mice and control mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that the imaging of patient lymphoid sites using existing FLT PET technology might be useful for predicting aGVHD in the clinical setting.
Self-care styles in military veterans.

Understanding of self-care behaviors in veterans has been hampered by lack of a framework by which to describe styles or patterns of individual self-care. The primary purpose of this study was to identify consciously performed health practices in 69 U.S. military veterans and to categorize these behaviors into styles. Four categories of self-care were described based on the nature and extent of health concerns addressed by individual health regimens and on the types of resources utilized. Membership in the various categories was not related to age, sex, race, or health status of veteran subjects, but was significantly related to scores on Kearney and Fleischer's Exercise of Self-Care Agency Instrument.
Suggestions for Improving the Diffusion of GroupSystems in Organizations

As project teams and work groups are being challenged to “do more with less”, organizations are turning to a new type of technology called Group Support Systems (GSS). This research was concerned with determining the major factors that affect the diffusion of GSS (specifically GroupSystems) in organizations. The variables that had the most significant effects were the size of the work groups, the hourly rate charged to use the technology, the amount of money initially spent on the technology, and the role of the facilitator.
Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture

Satellites provide stable platforms necessary for the long-term monitoring of climate change. For example, this has been demonstrated with the long-term observation of the vegetation patterns in the Sahelian region of Africa using the visible and near-infrared data from the AVHRR sensor on board the NOAA series of polar orbiting satellites (Tucker et al., 1991). Short wavelength (λ ~ 1 cm) microwave sensors in space on the Nimbus-7 satellite have also been used to monitor vegetation conditions in sparsely vegetated areas susceptible to desertification (Choudhury, 1989). Another example is the atmospheric temperature observations made with a microwave sounding unit, also on the NOAA series of polar orbiters (Spencer and Christy, 1990). We propose that a long wavelength (λ ≈ 20 cm) microwave radiometer could provide a similar data set for surface soil moisture observations. While case studies with existing microwave sensors in space have shown sensitivity to soil moisture conditions (Owe et al., 1992), there is no satellite sensor in space or planned that will adequately monitor surface moisture conditions. In this paper, we will present the case for such a sensor and present a brief description of a possible satellite implementation.
Concentration Dependence of DPHpPC Fluorescence Lifetime: Photophysics and Utility for Monitoring Membrane Fusion

Lipid mixing due to membrane fusion has been measured by monitoring the concentration-dependent properties of membrane-associated probes, usually a fluorescent probe (Struck et al., 1981; Hoekstra et al., 1984). Aside from displaying concentration-dependent fluorescence, probes to be used for fusion assays should 1) not interchange rapidly between membranes, 2) resemble as closely as possible a phospholipid molecule, 3) not interfere with the natural packing and local structure of the bilayer, 4) have fluorescence properties that are insensitive to the presence of added fusogenic agents, and 5) have a high extinction coefficient and quantum yield over broad excitation and emission limits. While the combination of head-group-labeled N-(4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol (NBD)- and rhodamine (Rh)-labeled phosphatidylethanolaraines (PE) (Struck, et al., 1983) meets many of these requirements, we (Parente and Lentz, 1986a; 1986b) and others (Morris et al., 1985) have shown that the fluorescence of these probes is quenched by addition of fusogenic agents such as Ca2+ (Figure 1) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). In addition, octadecyl Rhodamine B chloride (R18)> while having certain advantages for the study of biological membrane fusion, has the disadvantages of not resembling a phospholipid and of slowly interchanging between membranes (Hoekstra et al., 1984).
A note on the upper perturbation property and removable sets for fully nonlinear degenerate elliptic PDE

The purpose of this short note is to attract attention to the concept of the upper perturbation property of $$L^n$$ -viscosity subsolutions introduced in Crandall et al. (in: On the equivalence of various weak notions of solutions of elliptic PDEs with measurable ingredients, progress in elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations (Capri, 1994), Longman, Harlow, 1996). We show that a recent result of Braga and Moreira (NoDEA Nonlinear Differ Equ Appl 25(2):12, 2018) about removable sets for viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear degenerate elliptic PDE is an easy consequence of the upper perturbation property. We also prove a parabolic result about removable sets.
Voluntary movement initiation is not coupled to optimal sensorimotor oscillatory phases

Abstract Successful initiation of a voluntary movement requires transmission of descending motor commands from the primary motor cortex (M1) to the spinal cord and effector muscles. M1 activity alternates between brief excitatory and inhibitory brain states in the form of oscillatory phases that correlate with single neuron spiking rates and population-level neuronal activity. The influence of these brief brain states on fundamental motor behaviors, like movement initiation, is not known. Here, we asked if voluntary movement initiation occurs during specific oscillatory phases of sensorimotor rhythms using a combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), electroencephalography (EEG), and behavioral testing. To address this, we empirically determined the time point at which M1 released the motor command required to produce a simple finger movement during a self-paced movement initiation task. We then probabilistically modeled the oscillatory phase at this time point in the mu (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) ranges, and at each frequency between 8 and 50 Hz, determining each subject’s preferred movement initiation phase for each frequency. After pooling the identified phases across subjects, we identified no significant clustering of preferred movement initiation phases within mu or beta frequencies, or at any other frequency between 8 and 50 Hz. These results demonstrate that movements were not preferentially initiated during optimal oscillatory phases at any frequency. Thus, we conclude that initiation of self-paced voluntary movements is not strongly coupled to optimal sensorimotor oscillatory phases in the healthy human brain. It remains to be determined if more complex aspects of motor behavior like action selection occur during optimal oscillatory phases. Key points summary Motor cortical activity alternates between periods of excitation and inhibition, but the influence of these brain states on fundamental motor behaviors like movement initiation is unknown. We examined whether self-paced voluntary movements are preferentially initiated during optimal sensorimotor oscillatory phases. Our results showed no evidence that voluntary movements were predominantly initiated during optimal phases across a range of frequencies. We conclude that initiation of voluntary, self-paced movements is not strongly coupled to optimal sensorimotor oscillatory phases in the healthy human brain.
Silicon Photonic Enabled Residue Number System Adder and Multiplier

Here we show a nanophotonic RNS arithmetic implementation by spatially shifting the input waveguides relative to a crossbar routers' outputs, where the moduli are represented by the number of waveguides. This highly parallelizable in-the-network kernel processes information at 10's of ps suitable for real-time computing.
An Evaluation of Fitspiration Viewing and Exercise Behavior in College Students

Social media is widely used by college students, and is used for retrieving health information. “Fitspiration” (fitness and inspiration) pages are common on many popular social networking sites. Fitspiration pages have been previously associated with short term motivation for exercise and decreased body satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to explore ways in which viewing fitspiration pages may influence exercise behaviors for college students. Additionally, this study sought to explore if particular types of fitspiration pages can encourage increased exercise. This study utilized a cross-sectional survey approach and was distributed to college students at a large Midwestern university. About half of the students viewed fitspiration pages, and students who viewed fitness pages reported exercising more than those who did not. Students who viewed fitspiration pages also reported exercising for muscle-gain, enjoyment, fitness, reduced stress, and feeling better. CrossFit pages and professional fitness organization pages were associated with increased exercise. Students did not report feeling motivated by fitspiration. Additional research is needed to explore the relationships between fitspiration page viewing and fitness goals, and identify additional reasoning for viewing these pages.
Plant community diversity will decline more than increase under climatic warming

Regions and localities may lose many species to extinction under rapid climate change and may gain other species that colonize from nearby warmer environments. Here, it is argued that warming-induced species losses will generally exceed gains and there will be more net declines than net increases in plant community richness. Declines in richness are especially likely in water-limited climates where intensifying aridity will increasingly exceed plant tolerances, but also in colder temperature-limited climates where steep climatic gradients are lacking, and therefore, large pools of appropriate species are not immediately adjacent. The selectivity of warming-induced losses may lead to declines in functional and phylogenetic diversity as well as in species richness, especially in water-limited climates. Our current understanding of climate-caused diversity trends may be overly influenced by numerous studies coming from north-temperate alpine mountaintops, where conditions are unusually favourable for increases-possibly temporary-in local species richness. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
Effect of gender, stature, and body mass on immobilized supine human response during en route care transport:

The effects of gender, stature, and body mass on the biodynamic response of supine humans during transport are presented in this work. Twelve female and 14 male subjects were strapped to a litter a...
Advection and in situ processes as drivers of change for the abundance of large zooplankton taxa in the Chukchi Sea

Abstract The Chukchi Sea has recently experienced increased water temperatures, increased advection of water from the Bering Sea, declines in sea-ice concentration, and shorter periods of ice coverage. These physical changes are expected to impact trophic food-webs and ecosystem attributes. In this study, a series of research surveys were conducted in the summers of 2011–2015 to characterize the physical environment and its relation to the abundance of large zooplankton. Large zooplankton are key prey for many higher trophic level organisms including seabirds, marine mammals, and fishes. Yearly advection from the Bering Sea influenced the adult large zooplankton abundance, but this influence was less apparent in the earlier development stages. Known development times of stages of zooplankton, along with their location within the study area, suggested that a fraction of the zooplankton standing stock was the result of local production. Decreased advection and later ice retreat resulted in higher abundances of the lipid-rich copepod Calanus glacialis. Warmer conditions with increased advection from the Bering Sea resulted in higher abundances of euphausiids. Warming, sea-ice melting, and increases in transport of Bering Sea water and plankton into the Chukchi Sea are ongoing, and changes in food-web structure are likely to result.
Walking after Spinal Cord Injury: Current Clinical Approaches and Future Directions

Walking is a major priority after spinal cord injury (SCI). This review aims to inform clinicians of key considerations, available research to assist with prognosis, and current and future rehabilitation strategies to promote walking. There are many benefits to walking, although not all aspects may be advantageous. Several models have been developed to assist with prognostication. Gait training and locomotor training (overground or body weight supported treadmill training) are common rehabilitation approaches to promote walking in this population. Walking after SCI is also a significant focus of ongoing research with current studies investigating the impact of exoskeletons and neuromodulation through transcranial direct current stimulation, spinal stimulation, and intermittent hypoxia. Walking is a major priority for many people after SCI. Clinicians should be aware of the numerous options for prescribing ambulation training as well as the risks and benefits.
Correct Estimation Methods for RMSEA Under Missing Data

The full information maximum likelihood (FIML) and the two-stage (TS) procedure are two popular likelihood-based approaches to estimating structural equation model (SEM) parameters with missing dat...
Mortality in Patients With Right Bundle‐Branch Block in the Absence of Cardiovascular Disease

Background Right bundle‐branch block (RBBB) occurs in 0.2% to 1.3% of people and is considered a benign finding. However, some studies have suggested increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and ...
Do US stock prices deviate from their fundamental values? Some new evidence

Abstract We propose a new methodology to test Fama’s [J. Finance 46 (1991) 1575] contention that the present value model (PVM) should be augmented by time-varying expected inflation to more adequately account for actual stock price behavior. Unlike other methods, our testing approach can distinguish between the excess-price movement hypothesis of Shiller [Am. Econ. Rev. 71 (1981) 421] and the dividend-smoothing hypothesis of Marsh and Merton [Am. Econ. Rev. 76 (1986) 483]. We decompose the levels (as opposed to the variances) of stock prices into their fundamental and non-fundamental elements in the context of a multivariate PVM co-integrating framework and utilize the Gonzalo and Granger [J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 13 (1995) 27] procedure to formally test for the statistical significance of the non-fundamental component. Our results from monthly data for the post-WWII period do not support the inflation-augmented PVM since the non-fundamental component continues to achieve significance. This finding persists under alternative model specifications and data frequencies. The apparent failure of the traditional, rational-expectation, PVM model to adequately account for observed market behavior provides another piece of evidence supportive of Shiller’s [Am. Econ. Rev. 71 (1981) 591] belief in some form of market “irrationality”.
Hydration and Nutrition in Athletes

The need to maximize hydration and nutrition is valuable in athletes at all levels, from the weekend warrior to the elite professional athlete. Sports nutrition-associated issues, such as fatigue, loss of strength and stamina, and loss of speed, can negatively affect athletic performance. There is significant science dedicated to the optimal distribution of nutrients and fluids, based on exercise of various intensities and durations. This includes pre-exercise, during exercise, and post-exercise/recovery energy requirements. It is imperative the sports medicine physician, team physician, coach, and athlete understand the distribution of the energy substrates and proper fluid intake. Adequate food and fluid consumed by the athlete will maximize exercise performance and improve recovery time. Knowledge and education for the athlete regarding proper hydration and nutrition will also protect an athlete from serious detrimental effects, including dehydration, heat stroke, hyponatremia, and even death. This chapter reviews the principles for nutritional management for athletes.
Disparities affecting incarcerated burn-injured patients: Insight from the National Burn Repository.

Abstract Objective Incarcerated patients are a vulnerable population and little is known regarding the epidemiology of burn injury and subsequent outcomes. This study utilizes a national database to assess disparities in care affecting this understudied population. Methods The National Burn Repository was queried for adult patients discharged into custody. Patients discharged to jail were compared to those with other dispositions. Additional analysis of the incarcerated patients compared those injured while in custody to those injured prior to incarceration. Results Between 2002–2011, 809 patients were discharged to jail with 283 (35.0%) sustaining these injuries while in custody. Patients were predominantly male (86.2%) and White (52.3%), with median age 35.7 years (IQR 27.7–45.9). Incarcerated patients had significantly higher rates of drug abuse and psychiatric illness. They had significantly smaller burns (2.0% vs. 3.8%, p Conclusions Although incarcerated burn-injured patients sustain smaller injuries and receive fewer operations they remain hospitalized for similar durations as non-incarcerated patients. Enhanced understanding of burn etiologies and injury characteristics as well as improved insight into the impact of psychosocial factors such as substance abuse and prevalence of psychiatric disorders may help improve care.
Death concerns and psychological well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Purpose Utilizing a terror management theory perspective, the present research examined whether having a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with underlying cognitions and explicit worries about death, and their roles in psychological well-being. Method 147 mothers of children with ASD (n = 74) and typically developing children (n = 73) completed a fear of death scale, as well as measures of death-thought accessibility, positive and negative affect, depression, and anxiety. Results Following previous research, mothers of children with ASD reported worse psychological health. Additionally, they evidenced greater death-thought accessibility compared to mothers of typically developing children, but did not differ in explicit worries about mortality. Greater death-thought accessibility, in turn, mediated the influence of ASD diagnosis on negative affect, depression, and anxiety. Conclusion The current study offers an initial understanding of the association between mortality concerns and psychological health for mothers of children with ASD. Further, it underscores the importance of health care providers’ efforts to attend to, and educate parents about, their thoughts of mortality, even if the parent does not acknowledge such concerns. What this paper adds The present study examined the impact of both implicit and explicit worries about death in parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Specifically, we were able to demonstrate that increased death-thought accessibility among mothers of children with ASD was associated with worse psychological health. While it is possible for parents of children with ASD to report conscious worries about death, there were no observed differences on this measure. As far as we know, this work is the first to empirically examine the prevalence of mortality-related concerns in this population and the subsequent effects of death-thought accessibility on psychological health. This is an important avenue of research as parents of children with ASD may experience greater worries about leaving their children upon death with no one to care for them, or to leave their children in the care of individuals who may not understand their son or daughter's unique needs. Additionally, the current findings highlight the importance of addressing mortality-related concerns, even when they may not be explicitly recognized, among parents of children with ASD. Given the effectiveness of parent education programs for children with ASD, a primary avenue for intervention may be education. Training care providers in ways to better discuss thoughts of death may help to alleviate stress and foster greater psychological well-being.
Safety implications of infotainment system use in naturalistic driving

The use of a radio while driving has long been considered a "threshold" of distraction that is socially acceptable although it may be a factor in some crashes and near crashes. This "social acceptance" has prompted the use of radio tasks, specifically radio tuning, as "references" that should not be exceeded by other secondary and tertiary tasks that make their way into the vehicle. As new functions make their way into vehicle radios (or more advanced infotainment systems), however, it is possible that radio tasks may become distracting to a level that surpasses current driver expectations. This investigation examines the naturalistic usage of several advanced infotainment systems and examines whether usage is associated first with changes in near crash occurrence and second with changes in driving behavior. Little association was found with near crashes: 5 of 46 near crash events observed in the dataset exhibited infotainment system use. Drivers involved in infotainment system use during near crashes, however, did exhibit distinct glance behaviors, generally suggesting lower levels of awareness about their driving environment. Initial analyses of a larger dataset appear to confirm these findings.
Reflectivity of silver and silver-coated substrates from 25/spl deg/C to 800/spl deg/C [for solar collectors]

A bench top facility was used to evaluate the reflectivity of several candidate solar thermal power system coating-substrate combinations in vacuum at elevated temperatures. Silver was selected as the reflective coating of choice, while copper, nickel, electroless nickel on copper, and 304 stainless steel were selected as substrates. Pure silver, with no coating at all, was also evaluated. An optically flat silver-coated sapphire substrate was used as a standard. All metal substrates were either metallurgically polished or diamond turned to a mirror finish prior to silver deposition. Silicon dioxide was used as a protective coating in most cases. Reflectivity measurements were made at room temperature in the visible range with a spectrophotometer, and at elevated temperatures up to 800/spl deg/C with a helium-neon laser at 632 nm. Results from the high temperature reflectivity measurements are presented.
Depth of symmetric algebras of certain ideals

We compute the depth of the symmetric algebra of certain ideals in terms of the depth of the ring modulo the ideal generated by the entries of a minimal presentation matrix. The purpose of this paper is to give a formula for the depth of the symmetric algebra S(I) =EDj>0 Sj (I) for certain ideals. We also obtain an analogous result for the symmetric algebra S(I/I2) of the conormal module (as an R/I-module). Our method is a simple application of the recent results ([3], [5]) concerning the Cohen-Macaulay properties of the blow-up rings R[It] = .j>oPI and gri(R) = EDjO IP/I+l. In particular, these blow-up rings are Cohen-Macaulay for the ideals under our consideration. It is well known that the symmetric algebra need not be Cohen-Macaulay, but it turns out that these symmetric algebras have fairly large depth in any case. Let R be a noetherian local ring with infinite residue field k, and let I be an ideal. Recall that the analytic spread of I is ?(I) = dim R[It] OR k, or equivalently is the least number s of elements a1, ..., a, in I such that jk+1 = (a,, ..., as)Ik for some k > 0; the least integer k (over all such reductions) is the reduction number r of I. Note that r = O f = n _ v(I) (the minimal number of generators of I) I is generated by analytically independent elements. We say that I satisfies Gs if v(Ip) s > ht I (respectively, and ht I + J > s). Theorem 1. Let R be a local Cohen-Macaulay ring with infinite residue field, let I be an ideal with ht I > 2, analytic spread X, reduction number r, minimally generated by n = f + 1 elements, let 0 be a minimal presentation matrix of I, and assume that I satisfies Ge and ANJ-2, and that Sj(I) _ Ii and depthfR/IJ > dimR-C+r-j for1 <j <r. Then depth S(I) = depth R/II (0) + n, depth S(I/I2) = min{depth R/I1 (0) + n, dim R}. Received by the editors June 17, 1999 and, in revised form, September 1, 1999. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 13A30, 13H10. (?)2000 American Mathematical Society
‘On’ type interneurons in the optic lobe ofPeriplaneta americana

1. Receptive fields and response latencies of dark adapted ‘on’ type interneurons in the optic lobe ofPeriplaneta americana were measured by determining threshold intensities of light flashes from stationary points. Markings of electrode position showed that recording sites were mainly in the medulla neuropil and external chiasma though some marks were found in the lamina neuropil and lobula. 2. Receptive fields of these cells depended strongly on the criterion used in their description. Sufficiently intense stimuli were effective in almost any part of the visual field. Considering only the most effective regions (within 0.5 log of maximum) it was found that most fields were less than 90° in their largest dimension (93%), were elliptical in shape (77%), and were in the anterior portion of the visual field (82%). Other characteristics are described and compared. 3. In about half of the cells tested appropriately it was found that fields measured with violet stimuli were generally larger and dorsally shifted (by at least 30°) than those measured with green stimuli (Fig. 3). 4. The mean minimum latency for 508 nm stimuli was 66 ms (S.D.=21ms) and the mean maximum latency was 135 ms (S.D.=40.5 ms). Two cells (not included in mean) had minimum latencies of 500 ms and maximum latencies of 600 ms and 650 ms, respectively. The mean latency to 410 nm stimuli at threshold was significantly longer than for 508 nm (mean of 431 ms, S.D.=93.3 ms) and was as long as 1,300 ms for one of the two cells with long minimum latencies. There appeared to be no strict relation between latency values and stimulus location or the cell's sensitivity to the stimulus. Comparison of latency vs. intensity functions and receptor potential rise times indicates that at least some of the wavelength dependence arises in the behavior of the retinal elements. 5. A particular cell's sensitivity to a given stimulus point occasionally increases when a portion of the receptor complement is shielded from that point and green stimuli are employed. Such increases are very rarely seen when violet stimuli are employed. It is hypothesized that the green receptors of the retina participate in a lateral inhibitory network while the UV receptors do not.
Nietzsche's Hermeneutics: Good and Bad Interpreters of Texts

The following article offers a reading of part of the Second Essay of Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals. Richard Weisberg elaborates on arguments he has made previously that Nietzsche here and elsewhere locates a possibility for just action within the hermeneutics of a just code of law. This essay will be published in 2005 as part of a volume on Nietzsche edited by Mariana Valverde.
Studies on the refractory period for the induction of recessive lethal mutation by x rays in Paramecium.

It has been shown previousiy that very few recessive lethal and slow growth mutations can be detected in paramecia irradiated during G2 and early prophase. This paper rules out various artifacts that might influence detection of mutations and shows that this is indeed a period during which very few mutations can be induced. Various hypotheses to account for the observations are discussed in relation to work with other organisms. It is concluded that some form of post-irradiation repair, possibly of more than one kind, is probably involved. Little if any final mutation appears to be formed at the time of irradiation; almost all passes through an intermediate, reparable stage. (auth)
Restoration of noisy images blurred by a random medium

An image restoration model is given to restore images blurred by a random medium. The overall distortion process caused by the random medium is represented by a stochastic point spread function. To estimate the original images degraded by this model, two restoration algorithms are formulated based on the Wiener filter and the constrained least-squares filter. Computer simulations are included to compare the performances of the proposed algorithms with the conventional ones. >
Financial Quality of Life for Patients With Cancer: An Exploratory Study.

Objective: For people who are experiencing financial hardship, a cancer diagnosis can be devastating. For others, cancer may exacerbate financial stress, thereby influencing their livelihood, their ability to maintain employment benefits including health insurance, manage financial obligations, and participate meaningfully in cancer treatment. This study examined how vulnerabilities in psychosocial situations affect financial quality of life within the larger context of health-care decision making through a survey conducted with a cross-sectional availability sample of 90 cancer patients. Results from the multiple regression analysis found that health insurance adequacy, fewer perceived barriers to care, and reduced financial stress are significant predictors of better financial quality of life in this sample. Oncology social workers and other disciplines involved in psychosocial treatment with patients with cancer must assess and address financial and logistic aspects of life in order to provide comprehe...
Congenital Varicella Cataract

A 16-month-old boy with 1:16 and 1:8 serum titers to varicella zoster fluorescent membrane antigen had had unilateral cataract and microphthalmos since birth. The mother had suffered varicella during the fourth month of pregnancy. Cataract aspiration in the child was uncomplicated.
Nappe emplacement direction in the Central Gneiss Belt, Grenville Province, Ontario, Canada: Evidence for oblique collision

Abstract The Proterozoic Grenville Province in Canada is widely regarded as a compressional orogen in which thrust transport occurred towards the northwest, perpendicular to the orogenic front. New structural data from an area near Parry Sound, Ontario, lead to a re-evaluation of this interpretation. Nappe structures in this area are consistent with northeast- rather than northwest-directed thrusting and imply that the southwestern part of the Province experienced an early, sinistral oblique collision which predated the emplacement of the 1.24 Ga Sudbury Dike swarm. Two nappe piles, which contain different rock types and have distinct stacking sequences, are separated by a lateral ramp or ductile tear fault that coincides with the interior of the Parry Sound Domain of Davidson et al. (1982). Early nappes and associated structures ( F 1 ) are overprinted by NW-SE-striking upright folds ( F 2 ) that formed between about 1.16 and 1.12 Ga. These later folds partially reorient rotated feldspar porphyroclast systems that formed during nappe emplacement, and have axes that are consistently parallel to a well-developed mineral lineation. The orientation of this lin lineation reflects the two-stage deformation history of the area rather than the thrusting direction during a single orogenic event.
Testing Alternative Conceptions of the Relationship between Direct Foreign Investment and External Debt in Poor Countries

This article examines the relationship between direct foreign investment and external public debt accumulation in Third World states. Four basic connections between foreign investment and debt are examined. The first sees debt as resulting from the repatriation of profits by foreign investors. The second sees debt as a product of the effects of foreign investment on growth in the host state. The third posits that foreign investment leads to debt due to its impact on the host's terms of trade. Finally, a large foreign presence is regarded as creating greater debt by producing the desire to counterbalance the role played by foreigners. The results suggest that repatriation does lead to greater debt and that this effect is associated with investments in the manufacturing sector.