cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of several neutral donors on the extraction of 65Zn by dinonyl naphthalene sulphonic acid and by sodium dinonyl naphthalene sulphonate

Abstract Liquid ion-exchange studies have been carried out on the systems 65Zn/HD/S and 65Zn/NaD/S (HD = dinonyl naphthalene sulphonic acid, NaD = sodium dinonyl naphthalene sulphonate and S is a neutral donor: tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), or 2-ethyl-n-hexyl alcohol (EHA). Decreased extraction of 65Zn by mixtures of HD and the organo phosphorus esters has been observed and is ascribed to the formation of the hydrogen-bonded complexes: HD·TOPO and HD·TBP. TOPO forms a stronger complex with HD than does TBP, and exerts a greater depressing effect on the extraction of 65Zn. Enhanced extraction of 65Zn from aqueous 0·25 M NaClO4 by mixtures of NaD and TOPO in benzene has been found and the over-all mechanism may be: Zn 2+ + 2 χ (NaD) χ + n TOPO = ZnD 2 · nTOPO + 2Na+. When NaD and TOPO are both about 0·001 F, n = 1·65, χ = 8. The average value of the equilibrium constant was found to be 6·1 × 104. Under these conditions, TBP or EHA exerts no effect on the extraction of 65Zn by NaD.
Interactive Influence of Self-Reported Ability and Avoidant Task Demand on Anticipatory Cardiovascular Responsivity

Abstract This study was conducted to further examine the role that perceptions of ability may play in determining the impact of task demand on cardiovascular responses associated with active coping. Subjects who described themselves as having low or high ability in math were given the opportunity to avoid a noise by doing well on a set of math problems described as easy (Low Demand), difficult (High Demand), or extremely difficult (Very High Demand). Measures taken immediately prior to the performance period indicated that systolic blood pressure reactivity (a) was greater in the High Demand condition than in the Low and Very High Demand conditions for those with low reported ability, but (b) tended to increase with the level of task demand for those with high reported ability. Moreover, whereas systolic responsiveness tended to be greater for Low Ability subjects than for High Ability subjects when task demand was low and was greater for Low Ability subjects than for High Ability subjects when task demand was high, it tended to be greater for High Ability subjects than for Low Ability subjects when task demand was very high. These findings conceptually replicate and extend effects observed previously and provide additional support for a conceptual analysis which suggests that active coping is a joint function of perceived ability and task demand.
Attitudes toward Online Shopping: A Follow-up Study

From 2001 to 2005, students showed an increase in the range of purchases made online, and their attitudes toward online shopping became more positive.
Dissociation of Molecular Ions by Electric and Magnetic Fields

A general discussion of the dissociation of diatomic molecules and molecular ions by electric fields is presented. These calculations pertain primarily to the ground electronic states of the molecular systems. The ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ ion is treated in considerable detail; the required fields for the dissociation range from ${10}^{5}$ v/cm for the uppermost vibrational state to 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ v/cm for the ground state. The many-electron homonuclear ions are treated in successive charge states. The H${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$, H${\mathrm{T}}^{+}$, HD, Li${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, and Li${\mathrm{H}}^{++}$ heteronuclear ions are considered. The dissociation of homonuclear ions and heteronuclear ions exhibit distinctly different features. The H${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ and H${\mathrm{T}}^{+}$ ions are more susceptible to discussion than is ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$. The extent to which the dissociation by an electrostatic field and by the Lorentz force, $e\mathrm{v}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{B}$, are equivalent is considered. The rates of induced dipole transitions to lower vibrational states can be made negligibly small compared with the dissociation rates. The application of this work to particle accelerators and to the injection problem for fusion devices is discussed.
Photo-Induced Convulsion After Using the Translid Binocular Interactor

A 12-year-old boy with small-angle secondary exotropia and minimal amblyopia experienced photo-induced epilepsy after using the Translid Binocular Interactor, a device designed to treat several of the motor and sensory abnormalities of strabismus. This device stimulates the eyes alternately with a bright flash at 10 cps. Whether or not the device is effective, it is potentially dangerous to susceptible individuals.
DOPA and cysteine incorporation into premelanosomes: effects of cycloheximide and gene substitution.

Electron microscopic autoradiography was used to investigate the relationship between melanin formation and thiol incorporation in premelanosomes of genetically defined chick embryos. 3 H-dopa was used as the indicator of melanogenic capacity, 35 S-cysteine as a representative thiol compound, and 3 H-leucine for control purposes since the latter is not specifically incorporated into melanoprotein. 3 H-dopa was selectively incorporated into wild type (e + / e + ) melanocytes and was localized in melanogenic organelles as determined by comparison with 3 H-leucine incorporation, 35 S-cysteine also showed specificity for premelanosomes when compared to 3 H-leucine, but its incorporation was not as great as that of 3 H-dopa. Cycloheximide reduced the mean number of 35 S-cysteine grains per μ 2 of premelanosome although specificity was maintained for premelanosomes, probably due to non-peptide bond formation between cysteine molecules and melanin intermediates. Genetic substitution showed that both 3 H-dopa and 35 S-cysteine were incorporated in conjunction with premelanosome production. When premelanosome synthesis was high ( E/E tissue), both dopa and cysteine incorporation were high. When premelanosome synthesis was low (e y /e y tissue), both dopa and cysteine incorporation were low. Of the cysteine molecules incorporated into premelanosomes, some reacted with melanin intermediates as "free" cysteines, while some became incorporated into the premelanosomal proteins. These autoradiographic results support several previous reports which suggest that thiol-bearing premelanosomal polypeptides provide attachment sites for melanin intermediates through thioether bonds. These thiol polypeptides may be the mechanism by which melanin is securely linked to premelanosomes.
Autonomy and Dependency in the Lives of Dakota Women: A Study in Historical Change

This paper examines certain theoretical issues bearing upon the relationship between race, class and household as these impact the role and status of women. In doing so, it presents a case study of historical contradictions that have influenced the experiences of Dakota women during the past century.
Dimensional stability of superinvar

The unloaded dimensional stability and thermal expansivity of a single furnace melt of superinvar have been measured at room temperature using interferometric techniques. Thermal expansivity has been determined with an uncertainty of several parts in 108 per degree centigrade while dimensional stability has been determined with an uncertainty of order one part in i09 per day. Samples subjected to plastic deformation in their processing history displayed a stability improvement from 20. 5 x 1O/day to 5. 5 x 109/day and a reduction in thermal expansivity from 0. 56 x 1O/C to 0. 23 x 106/C associated with the increased mechanical work in the material. 1. MATERIAL SELECTION AND PROCESSING Modern scientific instruments place increasingly stringent demands on the dimensional stability of materials used for the construction of precision structures. The dimensional change of a material due to a change in temperature is characterized by its coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Dimensional changes may also occur over time in a fixed environment. In considering the selection of a material for demanding applications both the CTE and temporal stability must be considered. Indeed with reasonable control of the ambient temperature pressure humidity and magnetic field temporal instability may be the factor limiting performance. Superinvar the material studied here is one alloy in a class of materials of practical interest for the construction of precision systems. The invars are relatively inexpensive materials (by comparison other low-CTE materials) and may be fabricated using conventional metalworking techniques. Superinvar is of particular interest because it exhibits a lower CTE than the other invars and because of an early report by Jacobs Bradford and Berthold indicating that it possessed a particularly high degree of temporal stability. 1 This paper reports a series of CTE and temporal stability measurements performed on superinvar samples taken from the same melt but subjected to different degrees of processing. One of the experimental aims of this study was to learn about the conditions leading to the single high stability result reported by Jacobs. Accordingly the chemistry of the material was specified as a high purity superinvar with 31 Ni and 5 Co. This alloy lies at the minimum CTE point of the Fe-Ni-Co system2 and is the nominal alloy used by Jacobs. Table I shows the composition which was specified the analysis performed at the mill at the time of melt and an independent analysis of the material after receipt at Livermore. For reference purposes the composition of the sample measured by Jacobs is also listed. 3 The material used in the samples was cast in an air induction furnace as part of a large order. Although the same steel mill produced both this material and Jacobs'' samples the furnaces used for the two melts were different: Jacobs'' sample came from a melt in
Exercise training reduces peripheral arterial stiffness and myocardial oxygen demand in young prehypertensive subjects

Development of large artery stiffness has its origins in early adulthood.1 Arterial stiffness is a major contributing factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction and heart failure, and is related to cardiovascular mortality.2 A hallmark of central arterial stiffness is the alterations in the common carotid intima-media layer, where the elastin is infiltrated with collagen and fibrin, decreasing the elastic properties of the vessel, which contributes to systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and impaired coronary perfusion and is primarily influenced by aging and mean arterial pressure.3,4 Elevated blood pressure (BP) causes vascular damage, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of arterial stiffness, and should be specifically targeted to prevent arterial stiffening. Moreover, it has been suggested that arterial functions are impaired even at the prehypertension level and the functional relationship between BP and arterial stiffness is likely bidirectional.5–7 Approximately one-third of the US population aged ≥20 years (approximately 54 million Americans) exhibits prehypertension.8 This demographic is 11 times more likely to develop essential hypertension than normotensive persons.8–10 Prehypertension is defined as an untreated systolic BP (SBP) of 120–139mm Hg or diastolic BP (DBP) of 80–89mm Hg in persons that have not been told on 2 separate occasions by a health-care professional that he/she has hypertension.11 Prehypertension is not a disease category per se, and individuals with prehypertension are not candidates for drug therapy.11 According to the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7), people with prehypertension should practice lifestyle modification to prevent the progressive rise in BP and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.11 The foundation of the JNC7 recommendation is participation in regular physical activity for the treatment of prehypertension.11 The efficacy of endurance training to reduce BP and arterial stiffness has been well established, and resistance training is recommended as a complement to an endurance training regimen.12 However, the effects of resistance training on BP reduction are less described,12 and the effectiveness of either resistance or endurance exercise training to reduce the peripheral and central BP and arterial stiffness associated with young prehypertensive persons has been grossly underinvestigated. Therefore, in this randomized and time-controlled study, we tested the hypothesis that resistance and endurance exercise training would separately reduce peripheral arterial stiffness and improve indexes of central artery hemodynamics in young prehypertensive persons.
Measuring Undocumented Migration

This article reviews standard sources of demographic data-censuses, intercensal surveys, registration systems, and specialized surveys and describes their inability to provide accurate data on immigrants, particularly those without documents. We discern a need for data that can identify undocumented migrants and their characteristics, measure trends over time, support longitudinal research, compare the characteristics of migrants before and after they enter, provide sufficient sample sizes for detailed analyses, study transitions between different legal statuses and movements back and forth, and monitor the effects of policy changes on a timely basis. We suggest that the ethnosurvey design satisfies these criteria. We describe the theory, structure, and organization of the ethnosurvey and then describe its application in the Mexican Migration Project. We then highlight its application in other locations around the world and outline an agenda for future comparative research.
How Much Is a Special Library Worth? Valuing and Communicating Information in an Organizational Context

Column Editor's Note. Though special libraries share concerns with their more general academic, public, and school counterparts, they also have unique characteristics which merit separate considera...
A new structure-directing agent for the synthesis of pure-phase ZSM-11

Abstract A new synthetic procedure for the preparation of pure-phase ZSM-11 (MEL) is reported. Pure-phase ZSM-11 is synthesized at 135 °C using 2,2-diethoxyethyltrimethylammonium as a structure-directing agent (SDA). The effects of the incorporation of boron in the reaction chemistry are also reported. A very high SDA–ZSM-11 specificity is observed since the inclusion of ZSM-5 (MFI) into the synthesis mixture at levels as high as 24 wt.% of the total silica content still leads to the crystallization of ZSM-11.
Inter-Organizational Coordination in Extreme Events: The World Trade Center Attacks, September 11, 2001

This paper addresses the problem of inter-organizational coordination in response to extreme events. Extreme events require coordinated action among multiple actors across many jurisdictions under conditions of urgent stress, heavy demand and tight time constraints. The problem is socio-technical in that the capacity for inter-organizational coordination depends upon the technical structure and performance of the information systems that support decision making among the participating organizations. Interactions among human managers, computers and organizations under suddenly altered conditions of operation are complex and not well understood. Yet, coordinating response operations to extreme events is an extraordinarily complex task for public and nonprofit managers. This paper will analyze the interactions among public, private and nonprofit organizations that evolved in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks, examining the relationships among organizations in terms of timely access to information and types of supporting infrastructure. The performance of the inter-organizational system is examined in the context of the events of 11 September 2001 from the theoretical perspective of complex adaptive systems. A model of auto-adaptation is proposed for implementation to improve inter- organizational performance in extreme events. This model is based on the concept of individual, organizational and collective learning in environments exposed to recurring risk, guided by a shared goal. Such a model requires public investment in the development of an information infrastructure that can support the intense demand for communication, information search, exchange and feedback that characterizes an auto-adaptive system.
Physical Arrangements at the Bedside in Support of Automated Systems for Patient Care

A specialized facility, using automatic techniques, has been developed to facilitate the relatively complex and very time-consuming procedures involved in comprehensive physiological monitoring and routine treatment of critically ill patients. This unit, which is provided with a medium-size digital computer system, is operated by an interdisciplinary team of physicians, nurses, technicians, engineers and computer scientists.
Economics, Inflation, and the Role of the State: Political Implications of the McCracken Report

A recent report commissioned by the OECD, Towards Full Employment and Price Stability, represents an attempt by mainstream economists to account for world capitalism's economic difficulties during the 1970's, and to prescribe solutions. Although the report identifies the key sources of inflation and recession as political and social, it carefully analyzes only economic processes. Yet it makes a political argument: that democratic states must discipline their citizens more effectively in order to conform to the requirements of capitalism. This conclusion rests on unexamined normative assumptions, and fails to consider questions of political feasibility. The report is deficient both as explanatory theory (due to its political and sociological naivete) and as policy science (due to its pervasive ideological bias). Its weaknesses indicate the need for better political and sociological analysis to complement economic theories of inflation and recession.
Role of hydrogen bonding interactions to N(3)H of the flavin mononucleotide cofactor in the modulation of the redox potentials of the Clostridium beijerinckii flavodoxin.

The role of the hydrogen bonding interaction with the N(3)H of the flavin cofactor in the modulation of the redox properties of flavoproteins has not been extensively investigated. In the flavodoxin from Clostridium beijerinckii, the γ-carboxylate group of glutamate-59 serves as a dual hydrogen bond acceptor with the N(3)H of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor and the amide hydrogen of the adjacent polypeptide backbone in all three oxidation states. This “bridging” interaction serves to anchor the FMN in the binding site, which, based on the E59Q mutant, indirectly affects the stability of the neutral flavin semiquinone by facilitating a strong and critical interaction at the FMN N(5)H [Bradley, L. H., and Swenson, R. P. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 12377−12386]. In this study, the specific role of the N(3)H interaction itself was investigated through the systematic replacement of Glu59 by aspartate, asparagine, and alanine in an effort to weaken, disrupt, and/or eliminate this interaction, respectively. Jus...
Recognition of pathogenic microbes by the Drosophila phagocytic pattern recognition receptor Eater.

Non-opsonic phagocytosis is a primordial form of pathogen recognition that is mediated by the direct interaction of phagocytic receptors with microbial surfaces. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the EGF-like repeat containing scavenger receptor Eater is expressed by phagocytes and is required to survive infections with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, the mechanisms by which this receptor recognizes different types of bacteria are poorly understood. To address this problem, we generated a soluble, Fc-tagged receptor variant of Eater comprising the N-terminal 199 amino acids including four EGF-like repeats. We first established that Eater-Fc displayed specific binding to broad yet distinct classes of heat- or ethanol-inactivated microbes and behaved similarly to the membrane-bound, full-length Eater receptor. We then used Eater-Fc as a tool to probe Eater binding to the surface of live bacteria. Eater-Fc bound equally well to naive or inactivated Staphylococcus aureus or Enterococcus faecalis, suggesting that in vivo, Eater directly targets live Gram-positive bacteria, enabling their phagocytic clearance and destruction. By contrast, Eater-Fc was unable to interact with live, naive Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). For these bacteria, Eater-Fc binding required membrane-disrupting treatments. Furthermore, we found that cecropin A, a cationic, membrane-disrupting antimicrobial peptide, could promote Eater-Fc binding to live E. coli, even at sublethal concentrations. These results suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism by which antimicrobial peptides cooperate with phagocytic receptors to extend the range of microbes that can be targeted by a single, germline-encoded receptor.
Electronic structure and magnetization in Ce(FexAl1-x)2 and Ce(FexMn1-x)2

Abstract We have studied the intermetallic compound CeFe 2 in Laves phase using a discrete variational method. The iron and cerium moments are antiparallel. The magnetization falls off rapidly when Al is substituted at the Fe site but only a small reduction in moments is noticed for Mn substitution. The calculated results are in agreement with recent experiments. The partial density of states is plotted to understand the nature of hybridization responsible for this anomalous magnetic behavior.
The effects of buffer salt concentration on the HPLC retention of nucleic acid components

In the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic studies of nucleotides, nucleosides and bases, phosphate and acetate are commonly used as buffer materials. The concentration of these buffer salts in the mobile phase exerts noticeable influence both upon the retardation and upon the separation of the nucleic acid components. This can be of certain usage in the fine adjustment of the elution order of individual components. The possible reasons for the observed data are discussed.
In the Shadow of the Anthill: Religious Faith, Individual Freedom, and the Common Good in the Thought of V. S. Solov'ev

Principles" as contributing to the overarching, European discourse over such matters?all having bearing on the relationship of the individual to the community. In accepting the idea that early law amounted to obeying community norms simply in order to avoid destruction, which other communal animals would also face if they lacked instincts, Solov'ev did not, however, imply that human beings could remain at this juncture. Human community does not constitute a solely instinctual organic evolution, but rather "aspires to become afree association of individuals" requiring ever more the free application of people's energy in the societal organism, and producing legal norms as a result (2:145-46; emphasis in original). The key example given: the English constitution (Magna Carta) of the thirteenth century, which was not, according to him, an organic product, but rather synthetic and conciliatory, binding Norman and Anglo-Saxon together and thus creating another entity (2:147). While indirectly agreeing with the social contract theorists?Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau?that societal relationships developed gradually into formal agreements, covenants, or contracts, Solov'ev at the same time rejected the utilitarianism implicit in the hypothetical premise of such arguments concerning a State of Nature?whether the dismal Hobbesian version or the brighter Lockean and Rousseauan renditions?in which individuals purportedly come together for the purpose of contracting out of it to form a "civic or political society or state." According to Solov'ev, the problem with this characterization is that it assumes a "common benefit" in which the state only acts as referee or mediator of diverse interests. In fact, such a notion of the common good cannot really be common at all: If the benefit were truly common, i. e., if all were really in solidarity regarding their interests, then there would be no need of a special organization of interests. [...] But if the benefit of all is not in conformity, if the common benefit contradicts itself, then the state can really have only the benefit of the majority as the objective. In fact, this principle is usually understood in this way. (2:147-48) This creates another problem in the establishment of legal norms, at the basis of which lies the concept of impartiality, which Solov'ev regarded as but another word for justice. The concern of the state here can only be in drawing a "common boundary of all interests," and although social contract theory reflects the differences of community and individual principles (in France and England), Solov'ev saw these two principles becoming manifest "in the political struggle between absolutism and liberalism, traditional aristocracy and revolutionary democracy," tendencies whose unsoundness could "not be removed by superficial, artificial bargains struck among them in the form of various constitutions."2'2
Factors Affecting Tissue Distribution of Heavy Metals Age Effects and the Metal Concentration Patterns in Common Terns, Sterna hirundo

Metal distribution in an organism at any one time is a resultant of many extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Improved analytic methodology has made it feasible to obtain highly sensitive determinations for many metals in a single sample. Thus, it is now feasible to examine patterns of metal distribution. We report on a study of the effect of age on metal patterns in the common tern,Sterna hirundo, a fisheating seabird. We contrast the levels of nine metals in the liver of adult and young terns and compared these with levels in tern eggs. Unlike many previous studies, adults did not have significantly higher levels of metals, although for most metals, levels in eggs were significantly lower than liver levels of young and adults. The intermetal correlations showed more significant positive correlations for adults and eggs than for chicks, the latter showing instead a correlational chaos, probably reflecting the immaturity of their physiologic defense mechanisms and the absence of dynamic equilibrium.
Neural Representation of Concurrent Harmonic Sounds in Monkey Primary Auditory Cortex: Implications for Models of Auditory Scene Analysis

The ability to attend to a particular sound in a noisy environment is an essential aspect of hearing. To accomplish this feat, the auditory system must segregate sounds that overlap in frequency and time. Many natural sounds, such as human voices, consist of harmonics of a common fundamental frequency (F0). Such harmonic complex tones (HCTs) evoke a pitch corresponding to their F0. A difference in pitch between simultaneous HCTs provides a powerful cue for their segregation. The neural mechanisms underlying concurrent sound segregation based on pitch differences are poorly understood. Here, we examined neural responses in monkey primary auditory cortex (A1) to two concurrent HCTs that differed in F0 such that they are heard as two separate “auditory objects” with distinct pitches. We found that A1 can resolve, via a rate-place code, the lower harmonics of both HCTs, a prerequisite for deriving their pitches and for their perceptual segregation. Onset asynchrony between the HCTs enhanced the neural representation of their harmonics, paralleling their improved perceptual segregation in humans. Pitches of the concurrent HCTs could also be temporally represented by neuronal phase-locking at their respective F0s. Furthermore, a model of A1 responses using harmonic templates could qualitatively reproduce psychophysical data on concurrent sound segregation in humans. Finally, we identified a possible intracortical homolog of the “object-related negativity” recorded noninvasively in humans, which correlates with the perceptual segregation of concurrent sounds. Findings indicate that A1 contains sufficient spectral and temporal information for segregating concurrent sounds based on differences in pitch.
Hypercoagulability, hyperlipidemia, and serum antiproteases.

Excerpt To the editor: Alpha1antitrypsin and antithrombin III belong to a family of plasma proteins known as the serum antiproteases (or serum protease inhibitors). The antiproteases have distinctl...
The effect of amino acids on ammonium utilization and regeneration by heterotrophic bacteria in the subarctic Pacific

Heterotrophic bacteria can assimilate both dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and ammonium, but they also can excrete ammonium during DON catabolism. The relationships among DON and ammonium uptake and ammonium excretion are not clear. In the subarctic Pacific, our experiments show that the supply of dissolved free amino acids partially controls whether heterotrophic bacteria assimilate or excrete ammonium. Bacteria in these waters apparently preferred to assimilate amino acids rather than ammonium because addition of amino acids significantly inhibited uptake of ammonium. In <0.8 μm size fractions dominated by heterotrophic bacteria, ammonium uptake occurred only when amino acid concentrations were too low to support bacterial growth. When the amino acid supply was adequate, ammonium was regenerated by bacterial assemblages that had been separated from grazers. The C:N ratio of the amino acid pool, which was the predominate nitrogen source for bacteria during initial phases of our experiments, was 2.6. Based on mass balance consideration, ammonium excretion would be expected if bacterial carbon growth efficiency is assumed to be about 50% and the C:N of bacterial biomass is 4. These results suggest that high rates of amino acid turnover should be positively correlated with high rates of ammonium excretion by heterotrophic bacteria. Thus, amino acid cycling increases availability of ammonium to phytoplankton and may affect plankton community structure and rates of new production.
Theory and applications of multivariate self-normalized processes

Abstract Multivariate self-normalized processes, for which self-normalization consists of multiplying by the inverse of a positive definite matrix (instead of dividing by a positive random variable as in the scalar case), are ubiquitous in statistical applications. In this paper we make use of a technique called “pseudo-maximization” to derive exponential and moment inequalities, and bounds for boundary crossing probabilities, for these processes. In addition, Strassen-type laws of the iterated logarithm are developed for multivariate martingales, self-normalized by their quadratic or predictable variations.
Cathedral Building as an Entry‐Deterring Device

Summary This paper suggests that, while medieval cathedrals served many purposes and, indeed, were some of the greatest technical achievements of their time, they served a rational economic purpose as well. Protestant entry into the market for Christian religion finally materialized in the early sixteenth century. The Roman Catholic Church did not make a ‘mistake’ in failing to forestall entry. We argue that the Church made a conscious rational effort to do so by supplying excess capacity and particular forms of capital in medieval cathedrals. While the attempt to forestall entry was ultimately unsuccessful, the extent of cathedral building helps explain why some areas of Europe remained Catholic and alternative forms of Christianity took hold in other locales.
Speech identification in Spanish- and English-learning 2-year-olds.

English- and Spanish-learning 2-year-olds were tested for speech skills in a real speech context. Each child was tested in his/her native language on one native and one nonnative contrast. The nonn...
Optimizing the performance of a relational algebra data base interface

An approach for implementing a "smart" interface to support a relational view of data is proposed. The basic idea is to employ automatic programming techniques so that the interface analyzes and efficiently refines the high level query specification supplied by the user. An interface called SQUIRAL (Smart Query Interface for a Relational Algebra), which was designed using this approach, is described in detail. Several optimization techniques that derive from this approach are discussed.
Spatial patterns in a nutrient-plankton model

Abstract An exact solution is given for a partial differential equation description of plankton populations interacting with nutrients in a moving water mass. Eddy diffusion and exchange with an underlying layer are included. Results are examined over one spatial dimension using different constant velocities and diffusivity values. The influence of advection relative to diffusion varies, and several system parameters alter both the amplitude and frequency of plankton pulses.
A mask double patterning technique using litho simulation by wavelet transform

Optical Lithography is a key to semiconductor device scaling. As technology continues to scale, the fundamental limits of lithography are pushed to an extreme. Today 193nm light is used to print features in 45nm technology node. As the minimum feature size on the mask is less than half the wavelength of light used for the lithography process, diffraction at the mask edges dominates the errors in mask printing. Mask transfer fidelity issues are countered using a number of Resolution Enhancement Techniques (RET) which include Optical Proximity Correction (OPC), Phase Shift Masking (PSM), Sub Resolution Assist Features (SRAF) and Dual Patterning Lithography (DPL). DPL reduces wafer throughput but has become a necessity in current and upcoming technology nodes. It involves splitting patterns in a mask into two masks that are exposed separately. DPL CAD problem is a pattern coloring problem to minimize mask edge placement error (EPE). EPE results from interaction of near field waves and any geometric solution that does not consider interaction of fields, suffers from inaccuracies. Previous publications were mostly focused on a rule based geometric solution. In this paper we investigate a method to implement DPL using fast lithography simulation taking into account not only the bad, but also the beneficial effects of having polygons in the mask close to one another in the final partitioned layout. We present results on metal layer 2 of the ISCAS-85 benchmarks. Results show that even though our model based solution is slower, unlike many previous approaches, the final output meets the objectives of reducing EPE.
Evidence for a spatiotemporal cluster of ovarian cancer cases

Abstract Personal and lifestyle factors, rather than environmental factors, have been associated with the occurrence of ovarian cancer. An apparent spatiotemporal cluster of ovarian cancer cases was evaluated by comparing the observed and expected number of cases (1978–1988), examining morphologic data, reviewing medical records, and conducting an environmental survey of the study area. A statistically significant excess of ovarian cancer cases was noted (8 cases observed, 3.4 cases expected; P
ASSESSING HOW DIGITAL DESIGN TOOLS AFFECT LEARNING OF ENGINEERING DESIGN CONCEPTS

Engineering education has been evolving over the last few decades to include more engineering design courses in the curriculum or offer a new degree altogether that allows one to design a unique degree suited to his or her own interests and goals. These new engineering curricula produce engineers with strong backgrounds in fundamental engineering and design knowledge, which make them strong candidates for solving complex and multidisciplinary engineering problems. Many universities have embraced the need for multidisciplinary engineers and have developed interdisciplinary engineering design courses for many experience levels. Such courses build a foundation in engineering design through a unique series of lectures, real-world examples and projects, which utilize validated design tools and methodologies. This paper assesses the value of using design tools, web-based and downloadable, in undergraduate interdisciplinary design engineering courses. Six design tools are tested for their ability to increase the student’s knowledge of six design concepts. Also, the tools are evaluated for ease of use and if the different digital formats affect their educational impact. It was found that most students valued all the design tools and that the tools reinforced all but one design concept well. Quotes from the open-ended portion of the survey demonstrate the acceptance of the design tools and a general understanding of the importance of engineering design. The design tools, design concepts course goals, survey questions and survey results are discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Measurement of mucosal blood flow in the canine intestine with laser doppler velocimetry

Abstract Laser Doppler velocimetry is a technique for continuous estimation of changing blood flow in the surface of a tissue and does not require invasion of the circulation. This technique is based upon the Doppler principle that a shift in the frequency of an electromagnetic wave emitted or reflected from a moving object is proportional to the velocity of the object. The capacity of Laser Doppler velocimetry to estimate changes in intestinal mucosal blood flow was tested in a canine free flow preparation. In anesthetized dogs in which a segment of ileum was isolated, simultaneous measurements of instantaneous changes in total blood flow (measured with the electromagnetic blood flow meter) and instantaneous changes in presumed mucosal blood flow (using laser Doppler velocimetry) were obtained. Determinations were made during conditions of rest, prostacyclin induced vasodilation and norepinephrine induced vasoconstriction. Changes in laser Doppler velocimeter readings were qualitatively similar to and temporally related to changes in total blood flow to the gut segment during administration of the vasoactive drugs. The magnitude and direction of changes with the two measurements were significantly correlated. Stabilizing the laser probe on the mucosal surface to ensure reproducible readings proved technically difficult. Pharmacologically induced changes in laser Doppler velocimeter estimated changes in flow were more readily correlated with changes in electromagnetic flow meter readings than were control values obtained with the two methods.
Release of Carbon Disulfide Is a Contributing Mechanism in the Axonopathy Produced byN,N-Diethyldithiocarbamate☆☆☆

The neurotoxicity of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC) is established, although the mechanisms responsible for its neurotoxicity are not. Previous experiments have demonstrated that DEDC has the ability to produce CS2-mediated protein cross-linking in vitro and that DEDC releases CS2 in vivo. The release of CS2 with subsequent cross-linking of proteins presents a potential mechanism through which DEDC may exert its neurotoxicity. In the present study DEDC (3 mmol/kg po) was given to rats every other day for 8 and 16 weeks. At the end of each treatment period, erythrocyte spectrin, hemoglobin, and spinal cord neurofilament preparations were isolated and examined for cross-linking using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, reverse phase HPLC, and Western blot techniques, respectively. Additional rats were perfused and sections of the lumbar and cervical spinal cord and the muscular branch of the posterior tibial nerve were removed and examined by light and electron microscopy. Relative to controls, significant levels of cross-linking were observed in all the proteins examined at both 8 and 16 weeks of treatment. Morphological changes were not detected at 8 weeks, but at 16 weeks degenerated and swollen axons filled with disorganized masses of neurofilaments were present in the distal regions of the long tracts of the lumbar and cervical spinal cord and also in the muscular branch of the posterior tibial nerve. The ability of DEDC to covalently cross-link proteins in vivo and to produce axonal structural changes identical to those produced by CS2 is consistent with release of CS2 from DEDC being a contributing mechanism in DEDC-induced neurotoxicity.
REPERFUSION INDUCED FREE RADICAL FORMATION FOLLOWING GLOBAL ISCHEMIA

Although O2 derived free radical mechanisms have been implicated to cause cerebral damage associated with ischemia, free radicals have not been measured in this situation. In this study the production of free radicals was evaluated in rats exposed to global. Ischemia and reperfusion. Male Sprague Dawley rats pretreated with the spin trap phenyl-t-butyl nitrone (1.5 ml, 0.1 M; IP) were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (65 mg/kg). After tracheostomy, ventilation was controlled to maintain PaCO2 35-40 mmHg and supplemental o2 was administered to achieve a PO2 of 100-200 mmHg. Jugular vein and tail artery catheters were placed and the great vessels were exposed through a median sternotomy. After paralysis (succinylcholine, 4 mg/kg; iv) and anticoagulation (heparin 150 U/kg; iv) one group of animals was designated as sham operated controls and another made ischemic by cross clamping the ascending aorta and inferior vena cava. At the end of 8 min clamps were released and systemic acidosis was treated with sodium bicarbonate (3 mEq/kg). Immediately after ischemia or 15 min after reperfusion the animals were killed and brains removed for lipid extraction and detection of free radicals by electron spin resonance. Our spectra are consistent with large accumulation of free radicals in animals exposed to ischemia and not in sham operated controls (500% increase) or non-reperfused animals. We conclude that free radicals are generated by the brain in response to 8 min of global ischemia and reperfusion. Supported by 20020 & HL 32134.
International Cross-Cultural Collaborative Teaching and Training Theories (ICCCTTT)

Abstract In cross-cultural training programs, some teaching and learning theories are similar from one culture to another, and in other cases they are different: there is no one way to teach and learn things, there is no universal applicability of teaching and learning theories, and there are similarities and differences among teaching and learning theories around the world. This paper presents four collaborative teaching-learning theories in cross-cultural training programs. These are: (a) Cognivistic, (b) Pragmatistic, (c) Behavior-istic, and (d) Humanistic. Applications of these theories are held to be related to the changes in teaching-learning conditional effectiveness and trainees' achievement. Research evidence on each of the collaborative teaching and training theories is reviewed.
Geochemistry: Sulphur from heaven and hell

Fingerprints of sulphur isotopes in rocks from the ridge beneath the Atlantic Ocean suggest that a substantial fraction of sulphur at Earth's surface is left over from the formation of the planet's core. See Letter p.208 The differentiation of early Earth's subsurface material into core and mantle layers should be reflected in the residual mantle composition, as most of the iron-loving elements, presumably including sulphur, would have been scavenged by the liquid core. However, previous analyses of Earth's mantle have identified stable sulphur isotope ratios resembling those seen in chondritic meteorites, perhaps the result of a 'late veneer' meteoritic origin for mantle material. But here Jabrane Labidi et al. provide evidence that the mantle displays heterogeneous sulphur isotope ratios directly correlated to strontium and neodymium isotope ratios. The authors conclude that these results can be reconciled by fractionation during core-mantle differentiation.
Calculating the cost of emergency care.

Americans will visit hospital emergency departments (EDs) more than 110 million times this year. Federal statistics document a steadily increasing rate of ED use, especially among persons older than 44 years. The cost of providing emergency care to this many people is substantialdboth in human and in economic terms. But is it excessive? In this issue of Annals, 3 Rand economists present an analysis of the marginal cost of an ED visit in relationship to ED volume. This is the same trio who recently described California’s ED market as ‘‘robust’’ and declared that ED crowding in California is not a problem. In this new study, the authors had 2 goals. The first is to determine if higher volumes of ED use are associated with ‘‘economies of scale.’’ The second was to calculate the marginal cost of an outpatient ED visit. Two different approaches were used to derive these estimates: a descriptive analysis of publicly available accounting data and a more complex, ‘‘statistical’’ approach that used cost models estimated from a 9-year panel of hospital data. Neither approach is described in much detail. Before conducting either analysis, the authors excluded ED visits that resulted in immediate hospitalization. The explanation, in their own words, is that, ‘‘For the most part, emergency patients who end up being admitted through the ED do not constitute a misuse of ED resources.’’ Readers can decide for themselves whether this statement reflects a degree of bias on the part of the authors. Once this subset of ED visits was excluded, a large and heterogeneous array of ‘‘outpatient’’ visits remained. At one end of the disease spectrum are ill and injured patients with complex and challenging problems. Patients like these frequently require careful evaluation, diagnostic tests, and lengthy periods of treatment before they can be safely discharged home. At the other end of the spectrum are the least urgent ED visitsdthe sort insurance executives want us to steer to primary care settings rather than treat in the ED. Because the authors had no way to subdivide their database by triage severity or visit complexity, they don’t know how many patients fell at either end of the spectrum, or somewhere in between. Averaging the cost of treatment across this highly diverse group of ED visits produced 2 estimates: a ‘‘low side,’’ accounting-based estimate of US$126 to US$192 per visit to a ‘‘nontrauma’’ or ‘‘trauma’’ ED, respectively, and a ‘‘high side,’’
A quantization property for static Ginzburg-Landau vortices

For any critical point of the complex Ginzburg-Landau functional in dimension 3, we prove that, for large coupling constants, ; if the energy of this critical point on a ball of a given radius r is relatively small compared to r log , then the ball of half-radius contains no vortex (the modulus of the solution is larger than ½). We then show how this property can be applied to describe limiting vortices as e 0. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Leukocyte differentiation antigens in canine cutaneous and oral plasmacytomas

Seventeen cutaneous and oral tumours with light microscopic features of plasmacytomas from 16 dogs were studied. Clinically, most neoplasms were benign, although three recurred after excision and three were locally invasive. Tumours most often arose on the pinnae, digits, gingiva, and inguinal regions near areas of chronic inflammation and exhibited variable degrees of plasmacytic differentiation microscopically. Diagnosis of plasmacytoma was confirmed in paraffin-embedded tissues with a panel of leukocyte differentiation antigen markers that included cross-reactive antibodies for Mb-1 (CD79a), CD3, and vimentin and canine-specific antibodies for CD45RA and CD18. Immunoreactivity for Mb-1 and CD45RA, including staining of multinucleate cells and cells with karyomegaly, confirmed a B-cell origin of neoplasms, while staining for CD3 and CD18 revealed an extensive network of infiltrative T-cells and dendritic cells in tumours suggestive of a directed immune response. These findings (i) demonstrate the value of using a panel of antibodies for leukocyte antigens to differentiate plasmacytomas from other cutaneous and oral round cell tumours, and (ii) suggest that immune recognition and responsiveness within tumours may play a role in the behaviour of plasmacytomas in dogs by affecting tumour cell growth and differentiation.