cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deciphering the Role of Multiple Betaine-Carnitine-Choline Transporters in the Halophile Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophile that is the predominant cause of bacterial seafood-related gastroenteritis worldwide. To survive in the marine environment, V. parahaemolyticus must have adaptive strategies to cope with salinity changes. Six putative compatible solute (CS) transport systems were previously predicted from the genome sequence of V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633. In this study, we determined the role of the four putative betaine-carnitine-choline transporter (BCCT) homologues VP1456, VP1723, VP1905, and VPA0356 in the NaCl stress response. Expression analysis of the four BCCTs subjected to NaCl upshock showed that VP1456, VP1905, and VPA0356, but not VP1723, were induced. We constructed in-frame single-deletion mutant strains for all four BCCTs, all of which behaved similarly to the wild-type strain, demonstrating a redundancy of the systems. Growth analysis of a quadruple mutant and four BCCT triple mutants demonstrated the requirement for at least one BCCT for efficient CS uptake. We complemented Escherichia coli MHK13, a CS synthesis- and transporter-negative strain, with each BCCT and examined CS uptake by growth analysis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analyses. These data demonstrated that VP1456 had the most diverse substrate transport ability, taking up glycine betaine (GB), proline, choline, and ectoine. VP1456 was the sole ectoine transporter. In addition, the data demonstrated that VP1723 can transport GB, proline, and choline, whereas VP1905 and VPA0356 transported only GB. Overall, the data showed that the BCCTs are functional and that there is redundancy among them.
The electrical resistance of the group IV transition metal monocarbides and mononitrides in the temperature range 20–1000°C

Abstract The temperature dependence of the electrical resistance and the resistance stability of the group IV transition metal carbides and nitrides has been studied in order to examine their potential for elevated temperature resistance strain gauge application. The electrical resistance of these materials was studied in the temperature range 20–1000°C under vacuum via the four-probe method. The specimens for the measurements were prepared as thin films by several evaporation and sputtering techniques. The electrical properties of these transition metal compounds were found to be strongly composition dependent. An effort was made to explain the difference in the electrical conduction, metallic conductor or semiconductor, reported in this group of materials. The resistivity of the samples increased and their temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) values decreased from positive to negative as the vacancy concentration increased. The presence of both a low TCR and a high resistance stability seemed to be mutually exclusive in this group of materials. However, the carbides had a lower TCR and a higher resistance stability than their corresponding nitrides. A high-temperature resistance saturation effect was observed in some of the materials and resulted in a low TCR. For a thin film transition metal compound with resistivity in the range of 900–1000 μΩ cm, a very low temperature-dependent resistance may be expected which makes it a good candidate for elevated temperature resistance strain gauge applications.
Fetal Hypercapnia in High-Altitude Acclimatized Sheep: Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Oxygenation:

The authors tested the hypothesis that in the high-altitude acclimatized fetus, hypercapnia has a significantly less effect on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral oxygenation than that in normoxic sea level controls. In the high-altitude acclimatized fetus (3801 m; maintained from day 30 of gestation to near term; n = 6), by use of a laser Doppler flowmeter with a fluorescent O2 probe, the authors measured relative CBF (laser Doppler CBF [LD-CBF]), cortical tissue PO2 (tPO2), and sagittal sinus oxyhemoglobin saturation (HbO2) in response to 20-minute hypercapnia. They also calculated cerebral O2 delivery and cerebral fractional O2 extraction. The authors compared these results to those obtained in near-sea-level control animals (low-altitude group). In response to hypercapnia (arterial PCO2 = 63 ± 2 torr vs 42 ± 1 torr baseline), high-altitude fetuses showed similar increases in LD-CBF, cortical tPO2, and sagittal sinus (HbO2) as compared with those responses seen in the fetus at low altitude. Nonetheless, these fetuses showed a significantly smaller decrease in cerebral fractional O2 extraction compared to low-altitude fetuses. In response to hypercapnia in high-altitude, acclimatized, long-term hypoxic fetal sheep, the response of CBF and cerebral oxygenation did not differ significantly from that of low-altitude controls.
ROLE OF METHIONINE 184 OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE IN THE POLYMERASE FUNCTION AND FIDELITY OF DNA SYNTHESIS

Methionine 184 of HIV-1 RT is a constituent of the catalytically crucial and highly conserved YXDD motif in the reverse transcriptase class of enzymes. We investigated the role of this residue by substituting it with Ala and Val by site-directed mutagenesis followed by extensive characterization of the two mutant enzymes. The kinetic parameters governing DNA synthesis directed by RNA and DNA templates indicated that both M184A and M184V mutants are catalytically as efficient as the wild type enzyme. Photoaffinity labeling of both the mutant and the wild type enzyme exhibited an identical affinity for RNA-DNA and DNA-DNA template primers. We further demonstrate that M-->V substitution at 184 position significantly increases the fidelity of DNA synthesis while M-->A substitution results in a highly error-prone enzyme without having compromised its efficiency of DNA synthesis. The M184V mutant exhibited a 25-45-fold increase in mismatch selectivity (ratio of k(cat)/K(m) of correct versus incorrect nucleotides) as compared to the WT enzyme. This pattern of error-prone synthesis is also confirmed by examining the abilities of the enzyme-(template-primer) covalent complexes to incorporate correct versus incorrect nucleotide onto the immobilized template-primer. The nature of error-prone synthesis by the M184A mutant shows an increase in both the mismatch synthesis and extension of the mismatched primer termini. Using a three-dimensional molecular model of the ternary complex of HIV-1 RT, template-primer, and dNTP, we observe that the strategic location of M184 may allow it to interact with the sugar moiety of either the primer nucleotide or the dNTP substrate.
Capital Structure Among Latin American Companies

This paper reports the results of an empirical study of the determinants of capital structure of large Latin American companies. Variations with regard to the country, industry, and size of a company are examined for a sample of two hundred and thirty large companies located in twentytwo Latin American countries. This study is the first to examine the capital structures of this large set of Latin American companies. The results of this study indicate that while size does not seem to be significant, both country and industry are significant determinants of capital structure in Latin America not only in bivariate tests but also in multivariate statistical tests. Multinational and diversified companies, therefore, cannot assume uniformity of capital structure across countries and industries in Latin America and, they must take these differences into account in developing and setting capital structure, financing, evaluation, and management policies for their subsidiaries.
Detection of alcohol use in the second trimester among low-income pregnant women in the prenatal care settings in Jefferson County, Alabama

Background Prenatal alcohol use, a leading preventable cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities, remains a prevalent public health concern in the United States. This study aims to detect the proportion and correlates of prenatal alcohol use in the prenatal care settings in Alabama. Prenatal care settings were chosen because of their potential as stable locations to screen for and to reduce prenatal alcohol use within a community.
The problems of anticholinergic adverse effects in older patients.

The old saying ‘red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, hot as a hare, mad as a hatter’ is often quoted when describing the autonomic effects of drugs that block the muscarinic cholinergic system. These effects may be subtle or dramatic, yet can be overlooked or discounted as a natural consequence of old age. Elderly patients can be particularly sensitive to the anticholinergic action of drugs because of physiological and pathophysiological changes that often accompany the aging process. The use of multiple drugs, a common finding in older patients, may result in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interactions that heighten anticholinergic effects. While the classic anticholinergic problems of decreased secretions, slowed gastrointestinal motility, blurred vision, increased heart rate, heat intolerance, sedation and possibly mild confusion, may be uncomfortable for a younger patient in relatively good health, these effects can be disastrous for older patients. Even the most common peripheral anticholinergic complaint of dry mouth can reduce the ability to communicate, predispose to malnutrition, promote mucosal damage, denture misfit or dental caries, and increase the risk of serious respiratory infection secondary to loss of antimicrobial activity of saliva. Mydriasis and the inability to accommodate will impair near vision and may precipitate narrow angle glaucoma in predisposed patients, but less obviously could lead to an increased risk of accidents, including falls. Somatic complaints of constipation and urinary hesitancy, could, in the presence of anticholinergic challenge, result in faecal impaction or urinary retention. Cardiac effects may be poorly tolerated. Increases in heart rate may precipitate or worsen angina. Finally, thermoregulatory impairment induced by anticholinergics, which block the ability to sweat, may lead to life threatening hyperthermia. Central anticholinergic effects range from sedation, mild confusion and inability to concentration to frank delirium. Even mild effects can reduce function and increase dependency. At any level of care, the loss of independence increases the caregiver burden, costs, and most importantly, can negatively affect quality of life. Many age-related and disease-related conditions may predispose elderly patients to anticholinergic drug toxicity. Careful attention to anticholinergic effects when prescribing drugs, patient education, regular review of the entire drug regimen, and familiarity with the signs and symptoms of anticholinergic toxicity will help to reduce the risk of drug-induced problems.
Exploring Amino Acid Side Chain Decomposition Using Enzymatic Digestion and HPLC-MS: Combined Lysine Transformations in Chlorinated Waters

Characterizing the transformations of polypeptides is important across a broad range of scientific disciplines. As polypeptides are an important constituent of dissolved organic matter within seawater and freshwater, it is important to understand their (bio)geochemical fate. Oxidants, formed in blood as part of the immunological response or applied to waters for disinfection, react with polypeptides to form transformation products that may exert toxicity. An analytical method was developed to characterize and quantify modifications to the side chains of amino acid residues within polypeptides. Enzymatic digestion of polypeptides using Pronase E, a protease cocktail, proved preferable to common strong acid digestion techniques, because the circumneutral pH conditions employed during enzymatic digestion prevent artifacts arising from extreme pH conditions. Lysine nitrile, one of the predicted transformation products of lysine residues within polypeptides, was destroyed during strong acid digestion but not e...
FLAMINGOS: a multiobject near-IR spectrometer

We are constructing a fully cryogenic near-IR multi-object spectrometer for use from 9000 angstrom to 2.4 micrometers . When completed in the summer of 1999, FLAMINGOS will be the first fully cryogenic near-IR multi-object spectrometer and will thus allow efficient background limited operation through the entire H and K windows. Due to its very fast, wide field optical design FLAMINGOS is also an excellent survey imager being more than an order of magnitude more efficient than current and planned near-IR cameras. When used for multi- slit spectroscopy FLAMINGOS will be a factor of 50 to 100 more efficient than current near-IR spectrometers. FLAMINGOS can accept nay input beam slower than f/6. This makes it extremely versatile allowing use on a large number of telescopes. FLAMINGOS will have a large collimated space with a grism wheel and a filter wheel, providing multiple object near-IR survey spectroscopy at resolutions of 600 up to 2000. It will have a small separate cryogenic dewar with a cycling time less than 6 hours, which will hold 11 cryogenic multi-slit plates that are fabricated outside the dewar. This will allow multi-slit spectroscopy 50-100 objects simultaneously.
Strict liability in a principal-agent model

Previous analytical work examining strict liability has generally ignored the existence of moral hazard problems within the firm. In this work, the firm has been implicitly modeled as a single individual (for example, Shave11 [1980, 19821, Landes and Posner [ 19811, Polinsky [1980], Polinsky and Rogerson [1983], and Mantel1 [1984]).’ However, it is often the case that an owner of a firm (principal) hires an employee (agent) to perform activities which could result in the harm of a third party. For example, in the recent industrial accident case of the 1984 Bhopal, India gas leak, Union Carbide Corporation had established the subsidiary Union Carbide India Ltd., which in turn hired Indian employees to operate a chemical plant. In general, if the preferences of the agent differ from those of the owner and if the agent’s effort is unobservable, then a moral hazard problem may exist within the firm. This study examines the socially optimal level of care and the care taken under strict liability in the presence of moral hazard through the application of principal-agent economic models.* Since this paper examines environments in which a principal hires an agent to engage in a productive activity, the influence that strict liability has on firm behavior can be analyzed in settings where firm ownership is separated from management (for example, as in the Union Carbide Bhopal, India accident). While previous research has considered the direct influence of liability rules on the care taken by an owner-manager, this paper examines the influence that strict liability
A simple method for the isolation of platelet-free lymphocyte suspensions from rat whole blood

Abstract A simple technique for obtaining platelet-free lymphocyte suspensions from rat whole blood for use in complement-dependent microcytotoxicity assays is presented. Rat lymphocytes were purified by filtering buffy coat preparations containing thrombin over nylon fiber columns prior to Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation. The addition of thrombin to buffy coat preparations significantly (P
Fatty acid synthase is required for mammary gland development and milk production during lactation

The mammary gland is one of the few adult tissues that strongly induce de novo fatty acid synthesis upon physiological stimulation, suggesting that fatty acid is important for milk production during lactation. The committed enzyme to perform this function is fatty acid synthase (FASN). To determine whether de novo fatty acid synthesis is obligatory or dietary fat is sufficient for mammary gland development and function during lactation, Fasn was specifically knocked out in mouse mammary epithelial cells. We found that deletion of Fasn hindered the development and induced the premature involution of the lactating mammary gland and significantly decreased medium- and long-chain fatty acids and total fatty acid contents in the milk. Consequently, pups nursing from Fasn knockout mothers experienced growth retardation and preweanling death, which was rescued by cross-fostering pups to a lactating wild-type mother. These results demonstrate that FASN is essential for the development, functional competence, and maintenance of the lactating mammary gland.
Third-generation autonomous target acquisition using passive 3D reconstruction and model matching

Third Generation Automatic Target Acquisition (ATA) technology must meet three important design criteria to be viable for 21st Century Missile Applications: (1) it must be robust to sensor and signature variations, (2) it must solve the geometric distortion problems resulting from different reconnaissance and missile sensor perspectives, and (3) it must be extremely fast, extremely intuitive, and extremely flexible to mission plane. This paper describes an approach under development at Raytheon Systems Company, which meets these requirements for a large class of targets. The approach uses passive reconstruction of key scene features in real-time to produce a 3D scene description. This description can then be manipulated to correspond to the mission planning perspective and matched in that domain. The acquisition algorithm seamlessly transitions to track once a lock on has been established. We will describe our approach from mission planning to 3D terminal aimpoint placement and demonstrate algorithm performance in both closed-loop synthetic and open- loop captive flight test environments. We will also discuss extensions of this algorithmic approach to other sensor types (primarily LADAR) and additional target sets.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coronary Bypass Surgery Weighed in the Balance

consistent with the requirement of a randomized prospective study. In a 3 year follow-up period, 17 percent of those patients managed medically “crossed over” and were treated surgically. Presumably, the survival data on these crossover patients were altered as their therapy changed, but their fate was not stated. The total number of medical and surgical deaths and of patients lost to follow-up during each interval was not mentioned. Also, these reports failed to discuss the rehabilitative effects of surgical intervention, that is, effect on quality of life, ability to return to work, late symptoms and effort performance. The results in this select population of patients with chronic stable angina pectoris led critics to suggest that modern medical treatment affords a substantially longer survival time in comparison with the natural course of coronary atherosclerosis documented from the 1960’s.10-14 However, the patient populations are not
A factor analysis of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire.

Abstract A factor analysis of 1309 Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaires (FTQ) was performed with liscomp software, which utilizes tetrachoric correlations to account for the dichotomous responses of the FTQ. Three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0 were obtained, accounting for 56.6% of the variance. Factor 1 was loaded by questions “How soon on waking do you smoke your first cigarette?,” “Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places it is forbidden?,” “How many cigarettes a day do you smoke?,” and “Do you smoke if you are so ill that you are in bed most of the day?” Factor 2 was loaded by questions “Which cigarette would you hate to give up?” and “Do you smoke more during the morning than during the rest of the day?” Factor 3 was loaded exclusively by question “What brand do you smoke?” The question “Do you inhale always, sometimes, or never?” loaded exclusively on a fourth factor, however its eigenvalue did not reach significance. Support is provided for the modification of the eight-item FTQ to the six-item Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Based on the wording of the questions that loaded on each factor, we propose that Factor 2 assesses the degree of urgency to initiate smoking after overnight abstinence and that Factor 1 reflects the persistence of smoking during waking hours.
Hereditarily strongly cwH and other separation axioms

Abstract We explore the relation between two general kinds of separation properties. The first kind, which includes the classical separation properties of regularity and normality, has to do with expanding two disjoint closed sets, or dense subsets of each, to disjoint open sets. The second kind has to do with expanding discrete collections of points, or full-cardinality subcollections thereof, to disjoint or discrete collections of open sets. The properties of being collectionwise Hausdorff (cwH), of being strongly cwH, and of being wD ( ℵ 1 ) , fall into the second category. We study the effect on other separation properties if these properties are assumed to hold hereditarily. In the case of scattered spaces, we show that (a) the hereditarily cwH ones are α-normal and (b) a regular one is hereditarily strongly cwH iff it is hereditarily cwH and hereditarily β-normal. Examples are given in ZFC of (1) hereditarily strongly cwH spaces which fail to be regular, including one that also fails to be α-normal; (2) hereditarily strongly cwH regular spaces which fail to be normal and even, in one case, to be β-normal; (3) hereditarily cwH spaces which fail to be α-normal. We characterize those regular spaces X such that X × ( ω + 1 ) is hereditarily strongly cwH and, as a corollary, obtain a consistent example of a locally compact, first countable, hereditarily strongly cwH, non-normal space. The ZFC-independence of several statements involving the hereditarily wD ( ℵ 1 ) property is established. In particular, several purely topological statements involving this property are shown to be equivalent to b = ω 1 .
Increased age, male gender, and cirrhosis, but not steatosis or a positive viral serology, negatively impact the life expectancy of patients who undergo liver biopsy.

Most survival studies of chronic liver disease avoid including more than one condition, often present in patients with liver disease; survival analysis of patients with liver disease in general was undertaken. Over a 9-year period, the survival experience of 365 patients who underwent liver biopsy, with a median follow-up of 3 years, was assessed. Log rank tests and Cox regression were used to evaluate risk factors. The Flemington-Harrington Gρ family of tests compared the number of deaths expected in the U.S. population in general, adjusted for age, sex, and year of biopsy, to the observed number of deaths in the patients with cirrhosis and to the observed number of deaths in patients without cirrhosis. Twenty-two (6%) patients died. Cirrhosis (HR = 2.9; 95% c.i.: 1.2–6.7), male sex (HR = 2.7; 95% c.i.: 1.1–6.6), and an additional 20 years of age at biopsy (HR = 2.9; 95% c.i:. 1.4–6.2) each negatively impacted survival. Patients with cirrhosis experienced 4.58 times the number of expected deaths (p < 0.00001). Patients without cirrhosis experienced 1.66 times the number of expected deaths (p = 0.15). Steatosis and a positive viral serology did not increase the risk of death. Male gender, increased age, and cirrhosis increased the risk of death; increased steatosis and positive viral serologic studies did not.
Thermodynamic consistency and reference scale conversion in multisolvent electrolyte solutions

Abstract The conversion of activity coefficients and osmotic coefficients between the McMillan-Mayer (MM) framework (comprising most electrolyte theories) and the the Lewis-Randall (LR) framework (including most experimental data) is carefully investigated. Two methodologies are presented: (1) the conversion based on the Kirkwood-Buff solution theory, and (2) thermodynamic principles (e.g., the Poynting correction). We pay special attention to conversion in multisolvent electrolyte solutions, since its theoretical status is not clearly known, and the industrial importance is great. We clarify the relation between the single-solvent case and the multisolvent case. Formulas valid in the former may not be valid in the latter. We develop molecular interpretations whenever possible. The Gibbs-Duhem relation, basis of thermo-dynamic consistency, is analyzed in both the Lewis-Randall and the McMillan-Mayer frameworks. A new hybrid formula is derived that allows the proper intrusion of MM quantities into the LR picture. Furthermore, we propose the use of the affinity principle (halophilia and halophobia) regarding the solvents to construct useful equations for solvent activity calculations.
Risk‐taking propensity in supplier choice: Differences by sex and decision frame in a simulated organizational buying context

Past research concerning decision framing has found that buyer's choices tend to be risk averse for decisions framed as a gain and risk seeking for choices framed as a loss. Attribution theory suggests that women may be less likely to take risk than men when faced with similar decision-making problems. The present study sought to determine whether there would be differences between men and women with respect to their supplier choices based on how the purchasing decision was framed. Two experiments were conducted: one using a price-based purchasing scenario and the other using a price-based and a quality-based purchasing scenario. For the price-based scenario women tended to make more risky supplier choices than men when the purchasing decision was framed as a loss, and less risky supplier choices than men when the purchasing decision was framed as a gain. No differences between the sexes were found for the quality-based scenario. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of power on susceptibility to emotional contagion

Abstract This study explored two questions: Do people tend to display and experience other people's emotions? If so, what impact does power have on people's susceptibility to emotional contagion? We speculated that the powerless should pay more attention to their superiors (than their superiors pay to them) and should thus be especially likely to “catch” their superion' emotions as well. College students, given the role of “teacher” (powerful person) or “learner” (powerless person), observed videotapes of another (fictitious) subject relating an emotional experience. They were asked what emotions they felt as they watched their partner describe the happiest and saddest event in his life. In addition, they were videotaped as they watched the tape. As predicted, clear evidence of emotional contagion was obtained in this controlled laboratory setting. However, a direct (rather than inverse) relation between power and emotional contagion was found. Powerful subjects were more likely to display their subordina...
Anatomical and behavioral mapping of rhythmic slow wave activity in rat hippocampus.

Abstract During learning, rhythmic slow wave activity (RSA) can be recorded from the rat hippocampus. Various theories have been offered as to its functional significance. This confusion may partly reflect unspecified placement of recording electrodes within the hippocampus. The effects of location of recording electrodes within the hippocampus on the properties of RSA, were examined. Recordings were taken before and after learning a temporal discrimination task. The results suggest that there is more than one set of RSA produced by the rat hippocampus. These sets can be identified on the basis of anatomical location and by behavioral and environmental parameters. Type one is associated with movement of the rat which produces a RSA which is widespread within the hippocampus. The properties (e.g. frequency and amplitude) of the RSA correlate with the magnitude of the movement performed by the rat. Type two is associated with environmental stimuli which can produce a RSA whose properties (e.g. appearance and duration) vary according to anatomical location of the recording electrode within the hippocampus.
Electrochemistry of cycloaddition products of olefins with nickel dithiolenes: A reinvestigation of the reduction of the 1:1 adduct between Ni(S2C2(CF3)2)2 and norbornadiene

The reduction of Ni(S2C2(CF3)2)2(C7H8) (3) proceeds by an overall two-electron irreversible process through an ECE mechanism. The reduction potential of 3 is about 700 mV negative of that in an earlier report, which is shown to result from contamination of the sample by the monoanion of the olefin-free complex [Ni(S2C2(CF3)2)2]-.
Cellular organization of the embryonic lobster heart

The cellular organization of the embryonic heart of the lobster Homarus americanus was examined in 6-week and 6-month-old animals. The heart wall consists of an outer adventitial layer of fibroblast cells and an inner layer of transversely striated myocardial cells. Present in close association with the myocardium are cardiac neurons, hemocytes and so-called storage cells.
Multi-hit ballistic impact on S-2 glass/SC15 thick-section composites: finite element analyses:

The effect of support spans on single-hit ballistic limit and the effect of pre-existing ballistic damage on multi-hit ballistic limit for two S-2 glass/SC15 composite laminate thicknesses (i.e. 13...
Ozone‐induced oxidative stress: Mechanisms of action and reaction

In this review we explore several models which might explain ozone (03)-induced injury to plant foliage. Ozone enters the cell through the wall and plasma membrane where active oxygen species are generated. If the concentration of O 3 is very high, unregulated cell death will occur. Alternatively, the active oxygen species, or succeeding reaction products, may serve as elicitors of regulated plant responses. These regulated responses include the induction of ethylene which could serve as a primary signal for - or a facilitator of - subsequent responses. The role of regulated suppression of photosynthetic genes and induction of chitinases and β-1,3-glucanase in programmed cell death is explored. Induction of antioxidants, enzymes of lignification and glutathione-S-transferase are discussed in the context of O 3 -induced cell repair or cell protection. A second model is postulated to explain induction of accelerated foliar senescence by low levels of O 3 . The notion that O 3 -induced elicitation of responses in the nucleus might lead to increased oxidative stress in the chloroplast is considered as a mechanism for accelerating the rate of degradation of ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). The mechanisms by which O3 induces loss of Rubisco, and the relationship to accelerated foliar senescence are discussed.
The obligation to know: From FAQ to Feminism 101

In addition to documenting and sharing information, geek culture has a complementary norm obliging others to educate themselves on rudimentary topics. This obligation to know is expressed by way of jargon-laden exhortations such as “check the FAQ” (frequently asked questions) and “RTFM” (read the fucking manual). Additionally, the geek lexicon includes designations of the stature of the knower and the extent of what he or she knows (e.g. alpha geek and newbie). Online feminists, especially geek feminists, are similarly beset by naive or disruptive questions and demonstrate and further their geekiness through the deployment of the obligation to know. However, in this community, the obligation reflects the increased likelihood of disruptive, or “derailing,” questions and a more complex and gendered relationship with stature, as seen in the notions of impostor syndrome, the Unicorn Law, and mansplaining.
The socialization of affect in Japanese mother-child conversation

Abstract In this study the socialization of affect through language (cf. Ochs and Schieffelin, 1989) is analyzed in three Japanese mother-child pairs, with special emphasis on kowai, ‘be scary/be afraid (of)’. Results indicate that the mothers and their two-year-olds already share an extensive affect lexicon, consisting primarily of adjectives and verbs that encode specific emotional states or more general evaluations with affective connotations. A model of the socialization of affect through language is proposed, in which children experience the socializing potential of language in three ways: modeling of the affect lexicon by caregivers, direct instruction in the use of certain words, and participation in negotiations in which caregivers question, accept, reject, and substitute alternatives for children's use of affect words. The linguistic and cultural resources proposed as mediators of the socialization process include the content and grammar of the affect lexicon, the frequency with which an affect word is associated with particular stimuli and/or experiencers, and the conversational sequences that serve as a site for the negotiation of affect.
Combinatorial therapy discovery using mixed integer linear programming

Motivation: Combinatorial therapies play increasingly important roles in combating complex diseases. Owing to the huge cost associated with experimental methods in identifying optimal drug combinations, computational approaches can provide a guide to limit the search space and reduce cost. However, few computational approaches have been developed for this purpose, and thus there is a great need of new algorithms for drug combination prediction. Results: Here we proposed to formulate the optimal combinatorial therapy problem into two complementary mathematical algorithms, Balanced Target Set Cover (BTSC) and Minimum Off-Target Set Cover (MOTSC). Given a disease gene set, BTSC seeks a balanced solution that maximizes the coverage on the disease genes and minimizes the off-target hits at the same time. MOTSC seeks a full coverage on the disease gene set while minimizing the off-target set. Through simulation, both BTSC and MOTSC demonstrated a much faster running time over exhaustive search with the same accuracy. When applied to real disease gene sets, our algorithms not only identified known drug combinations, but also predicted novel drug combinations that are worth further testing. In addition, we developed a web-based tool to allow users to iteratively search for optimal drug combinations given a user-defined gene set. Availability: Our tool is freely available for noncommercial use at http://www.drug.liuzlab.org/. Contact: ude.mcb@uil.gnodnahz Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Genetic characterization of the region of the Drosophila genome known to include the histone structural gene sequences.

This report describes a genetic study of salivary map region 39DE of the Drosophila genome, which is known to include the histone gene sequences (Pardue 1975; Lifton et al . 1977). Small deficiences extending proximally into 39DE were constructed by the segmental aneuploid method of Lindsley et al . (1972). The translocational deficiencies obtained in this manner were γ-irradiated to remove the Y translocational arms. One of these newly reconstituted deficiencies was then used to screen 10,000 γ-irradiated second chromosomes for lethal mutations. The 32 lethals recovered from the screen were tested against several deficiencies and markers, crossed inter se and categorized according to their genetic properties. From these data, a preliminary complementation map was constructed of salivary region 39A-39F. The salivary map positions of certain of the complementation groups suggest that the mutants in these groups may affect histone gene functions.
Relative efficacy of psychological and pharmacological treatments for social anxiety disorder.

ABSTRACT FROM: Mayo-Wilson E, Dias S, Mavranezouli I, et al . Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2014;1:368–76. Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common and debilitating disorder which is unlikely to remit without treatment.1 Several psychological and pharmacological treatments have demonstrated efficacy. Some evidence suggests that pharmacological treatments may demonstrate therapeutic effect more quickly, but a substantial portion of patients may relapse after discontinuation.2 Cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT), in contrast, is less likely to be associated with relapse and some studies have demonstrated maintenance of gains 5 years post-treatment.3 Nevertheless, some patients continue to experience residual symptoms after the end of treatment. This study employed a network meta-analysis to examine the relative efficacy of treatments for SAD that are used in routine clinical practice and which have been tested in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults. A wide range of databases were searched. Experts …
Glycosylation Affects Rat Kv1.1 Potassium Channel Gating by a Combined Surface Potential and Cooperative Subunit Interaction Mechanism

The effect of glycosylation on Kv1.1 potassium channel function was investigated in mammalian cells stably transfected with Kv1.1 or Kv1.1N207Q. Macroscopic current analysis showed that both channels were expressed but Kv1.1N207Q, which was not glycosylated, displayed functional differences compared with wild-type, including slowed activation kinetics, a positively shifted V1/2, a shallower slope for the conductance versus voltage relationship, slowed C-type inactivation kinetics, and a reduced extent of and recovery from C-type inactivation. Kv1.1N207Q activation properties were also less sensitive to divalent cations compared with those of Kv1.1. These effects were largely due to the lack of trans-Golgi added sugars, such as galactose and sialic acid, to the N207 carbohydrate tree. No apparent change in ionic current deactivation kinetics was detected in Kv1.1N207Q compared with wild-type. Our data, coupled with modelling, suggested that removal of the N207 carbohydrate tree had two major effects. The first effect slowed the concerted channel transition from the last closed state to the open state without changing the voltage dependence of its kinetics. This effect contributed to the G-V curve depolarization shift and together with the lower sensitivity to divalent cations suggested that the carbohydrate tree and its negatively charged sialic acids affected the negative surface charge density on the channel's extracellular face that was sensed by the activation gating machinery. The second effect reduced a cooperativity factor that slowed the transition from the open state to the closed state without changing its voltage dependence. This effect accounted for the shallower G-V slope, and contributed to the depolarized G-V shift, and together with the inactivation changes it suggested that the carbohydrate tree also affected channel conformations. Thus N-glycosylation, and particularly terminal sialylation, affected Kv1.1 gating properties both by altering the surface potential sensed by the channel's activation gating machinery and by modifying conformational changes regulating cooperative subunit interactions during activation and inactivation. Differences in glycosylation pattern among closely related channels may contribute to their functional differences and affect their physiological roles.
Upper limit for the rate coefficient for the reaction of OH with N2O5

An upper limit for the rate coefficient for the reaction of was measured to be 5.7×10−15 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 240 K. OH radicals were produced ia pulsed photolysis of a mixture of O3 and H2, ia the reaction of O(1D) with H2, in the presence of an excess of N2O5 with SF6 as the bath gas. The temporal profiles of OH, which followed pseudo-first order kinetics, were monitored by laser induced fluorescence. Concentrations of N2O5 were determined by UV/visible absorption. Using this limit for k1, the potential role of N2O5 loss and conversion to HNO3 due to reaction (1) in the stratosphere is deduced to be negligible relative to known pathways.
Testing association of metric traits and marker genes.

Summary A method of testing for association between particular marker genes and genes with polygenic effects on a metric trait is described. Limited tests on a blood group locus and certain metric traits of chickens failed to show any association. The problem and this approach to it are deemed not without interest.
Marble mylonites in the Bancroft shear zone, Ontario, Canada: microstructures and deformation mechanisms

Abstract Mylonitization of medium-grade marbles in the Bancroft shear zone, Ontario, Canada, is characterized by decreasing grain-size of both calcite and graphite, and a variety of textures. Calcite grain-sizes vary from several millimeters in the protolith, to 50–200 μm in mylonite, to μm in ultramylonite. Corresponding calcite grain shapes are equant in the protolith, elongate in protomylonite (first-developed dimensional preferred orientation), equant in coarse mylonite, elongate in fine mylonite (second-developed dimensional preferred orientation) and generally equant in ultramylonite, which suggests that external energy (applied stress) that tends to elongate grains competed with internal energy sources (e.g. distortional strain) that favor equant shapes. Graphite grain-size changes from several millimeters to centimeters in the protolith to submicroscopic in ultramylonite. In the mylonitic stages, graphite is present as dark bands, while in the ultramylonitic stage it is preserved as a fine coating on calcite grains. Based on textural evidence, twinning (exponential creep; regime I), dynamic recrystallization (power law creep; regime II) and possibly grain boundary sliding superplasticity (regime III) are considered the dominant deformation mechanisms with increasing intensity of mylonitization; their activity is largely controlled by calcite grain-size. Calcite grain-size reduction occurred predominantly by the process of rotation recrystallization during the early stages of mylonitization, as indicated by the occurrence of core and mantle or mortar structures, and by the grain-size of subgrains and recrystallized grains. Grain elongation in S - C structures indicates the activity of migration recrystallization; these structures are not the result of flattening of originally equant grains. Differential stress estimates in coarse mylonites and ultramylonites, based on recrystallized grain-size, are 2–5 and 14–38 MPa, respectively. Initial grain-size reduction of graphite occurred by progressive separation along basal planes, analogous to mica fish formation in quartzo-feldspathic mylonites. Calcite-graphite thermometry on mylonitic and ultramylonitic samples shows that the metamorphic conditions during mylonitization were 475 ± 50°C, which, combined with a differential stress value of 26 MPa, gives a strain rate of 1.2 x 10 −10 s −1 based on constitutive equations; corresponding displacement rates are mm yr −1 .
The Pathogen-Actin Connection: A Platform for Defense Signaling in Plants

The cytoskeleton, a dynamic network of cytoplasmic polymers, plays a central role in numerous fundamental processes, such as development, reproduction, and cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. As a platform for innate immune responses in mammalian cells, the actin cytoskeleton is a central component in the organization and activation of host defenses, including signaling and cellular repair. In plants, our understanding of the genetic and biochemical responses in both pathogen and host that are required for virulence and resistance has grown enormously. Additional advances in live-cell imaging of cytoskeletal dynamics have markedly altered our view of actin turnover in plants. In this review, we outline current knowledge of host resistance following pathogen perception, both in terms of the genetic interactions that mediate defense signaling, as well as the biochemical and cellular processes that are required for defense signaling.
Shot Localization Using A Broadband Normal-mode Pulse Model

The arrival times, at a vertical array, of reflections pro­ duced by an underwater shot are compared with the ocean impulse response times obtained using a broadband normal mode program. Impulse arrival times of this model depend on several parameters which are independently varied about an initial environmental state vector to obtain a finite dif­ ference estimate of the Jacobian of the arrival times with respect to the environment. The Jacobian is then inverted in a least squares sense to obtain the multivariate linear ex­ trapolation of the environment which produces model im­ pulse arrival times minimally differing from the actual shot data.
HAPLODIPLOIDY AS AN OUTCOME OF COEVOLUTION BETWEEN MALE-KILLING CYTOPLASMIC ELEMENTS AND THEIR HOSTS

Haplodiploidy (encompassing both arrhenotoky and paternal genome elimination) could have originated from coevolution between male-killing endosymbiotic bacteria and their hosts. In insects, haplodiploidy tends to arise in lineages that rely on maternally transmitted bacteria for nutrition and that have gregarious broods in which competition between siblings may occur. When siblings compete, there is strong selection on maternally transmitted elements to kill males. I consider a hypothetical bacterial phenotype that renders male zygotes effectively haploid by preventing chromosome decondensation in male-determining sperm nuclei. By causing high male mortality, such a phenotype can be advantageous to the bacterial lineage. By eliminating paternal genes, it can also be advantageous to the host female. A simple model shows that the host female will benefit under a wide range of values for the efficiency of resource re-allocation, the efficiency of transmission, and the viability of haploid males. This hypothesis helps to explain the ecological correlates of the origins of haplodiploidy, as well as such otherwise puzzling phenomena as obligate cannibalism by male Micromalthus beetles, reversion to diploidy by aposymbiotic male stictococcid scale insects, and the bizarre genomic constitution of scale insect bacteriomes.
CARBONATE CHEMISTRY FOR SEQUESTERING FOSSIL CARBON

▪ Abstract Fossil fuels play a crucial role in satisfying growing world energy demands, but their continued use could cause irreparable harm to the environment. Unless virtually all anthropogenic carbon dioxide is captured, either at the source or subsequently from the air, and disposed of safely and permanently, fossil fuels may have to be phased out over the next few decades. Sequestration of waste carbon dioxide will require methods that can safely store several trillion tons of carbon dioxide. Long-term storage of a gaseous substance is fraught with uncertainty and hazards, but carbonate chemistry offers permanent solutions to the disposal problem. Carbonates can be formed from carbon dioxide and metal oxides in reactions that are thermodynamically favored and exothermic, which result in materials that can be safely and permanently kept out of the active carbon stocks in the environment. Carbonate sequestration methods require the development of an extractive minerals industry that provides the base i...