cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ER-associated retrograde SNAREs and the Dsl1 complex mediate an alternative, Sey1p-independent homotypic ER fusion pathway

SNAREs and the Dsl1 complex mediate an alternative, Sey1p-independent homotypic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) fusion pathway in yeast. When both pathways and the reticulons are simultaneously disrupte...
An axial geometry cesium sputter negative ion source with continuous tungsten surface ionizer

Abstract A high brightness axial geometry negative ion source has been designed, developed, and used as an “on-line” source for routine operation of the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility tandem accelerator. The present source utilizes a continuous surface, solid tungsten ionizer to effect ionization of cesium vapor which, in turn, is used to sputter a negatively biased probe containing the material of interest. Operational experience with the source indicates that the source is reliable, long lived, stably operating and a prolific producer of a wide spectrum of negative ions. To date the source has been used to produce more than eighteen negative ion species including Ag − , Au − , B − , CaH 3 − , Cl − , CrH 2 − , Cu − , Lu − , MgH 3 − , Mo − , Ni − , O − , S − , Si − , Sn − , TiH 3 − , Tm − , and Yb − . Details of the mechanical design features and computational techniques utilized in arriving at the final electrode configuration are presented in the text. Data pertinent to source operation, the dependence of negative ion yields on certain source operational parameters, and examples of intensities typical of particular negative ion species are also given.
Differential reinforcing and satiating effects of intragastric fat and carbohydrate infusions in rats.

Food intake and preferences are modulated by the postingestive satiating and reinforcing actions of nutrients. This experiment compared the feeding effects of isocaloric intragastric (i.g.) carbohydrate (maltodextrin) and fat (corn oil) infusions in food-restricted rats fed low-fat (12% fat kcal) or high-fat (48% fat kcal) diets. In Experiment 1, the rats were given one flavored saccharin solution (CS+C) paired with i.g. carbohydrate infusions, a second flavor (CS+F) paired with i.g. fat infusions, and a third flavor (CS-) paired with i.g. water infusions during 30-min one-bottle training sessions. In subsequent two-bottle tests, the rats preferred both CS+s to the CS- (68-83%) and the CS+C to the CS+F (68-70%). In Experiment 2, the feeding inhibitory effects of the nutrient infusions on an ongoing meal (satiation test) or a subsequent meal (satiety test) were compared. The intake of a palatable Polycose+saccharin solution was suppressed by a concurrent carbohydrate infusion but not by a fat infusion. Also, i.g. carbohydrate preloads suppressed the intake of a subsequent (30-180 min) mixed carbohydrate+fat test meal more than did i.g. fat preloads. The satiety effects of the fat preloads were more pronounced in rats fed the low-fat diet than in rats fed the high-fat maintenance diet. Diet composition did not reliably influence the preference conditioning and satiation effects of the nutrient infusions. These results confirm prior reports that fat is less satiating than carbohydrate, and further demonstrate that i.g. carbohydrate infusions condition a stronger flavor preference than fat infusions.
Focusing on the Specific Problems of Agriculture: A Fresh Look at an Old Policy Approach

In a paper which I presented to this association last summer at Ames, Iowa, I argued that the commodity programs had outlived their usefulness-were in fact creating serious social and economic problems-and should be eliminated at the earliest opportunity (Cochrane). I will not repeat those arguments in this paper. But I also opened up the argument in that paper that policy-oriented economists should focus on the specific problems of agriculture by defining, describing, and analyzing those specific problems and then developing program solutions to them where they appear to merit collective, governmental action. I want to develop this line of argument more fully in this paper. In my last summer's paper, I set forth a list of ten specific problem areas in agriculture on which I believe present day policy-oriented economists should focus their attention. That list is as follows: (a) the current farm credit crisis; (b) the economic survival of some 400,000 moderate-sized family farms; (c) the impact of the overvalued dollar on farm exports; (d) barriers to trade ranging from the restrictive policies of most state trading nations to quantitative controls to old-fashioned tariffs; (e) the price and income instability problem-the propensity for farm prices and incomes to swing up and down, widely and sharply, in an unpredictable fashion; (f) widespread soil erosion; (g) the depletion of underground water sources and the pollution of those sources with toxic wastes; (h) the importation and management of foreign workers to undertake stoop labor; (i) f deral taxing policies that contribute to unneeded output expansion and resource concentration in farming; and (j) hunger and malnutrition both at home and abroad.
Excimer Laser Crystallized Amorphous Silicon Films: Effects of Shot Density and Substrate Temperature

Laser crystallization of a-Si thin films has been shown to produce materials with enhanced electrical properties and devices that are faster and capable of carrying higher currents. The quality of these polycrystalline films depends on a number of parameters such as laser energy density, shot density, substrate temperature, and the quality of the starting material. We find that the average grain size and transport properties of laser crystallized amorphous silicon films increase substantially with laser energy density, increase only slightly with laser shot density, and are unaffected by substrate temperatures of up to 400°C. The best films are those processed in vacuum but films of fair quality can also be obtained in air and nitrogen atmospheres.
Who Defines Delinquency: A Comparison of Self-Reported and Officially-Reported Indices of Delinquency for Three Racial Groups

Because of the limitations inherent in “official” delinquency statistics, many criminologists have turned to self-report delinquency measures. In doing this, however, they have failed to examine the relationship (both empirical and theoretical) between these two measures of delinquency. This article reports such an examination involving three racial groups: Negroes, Caucasians, and Orientals. The study finds: (1) that the traditional relationship between race and delinquency does not hold when self-report delinquency measures are used, and (2) that officially-reported and self-reported delinquency are related only among Caucasians. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for criminological theory and argues that criminologists should recognize at least three distinct concepts of delinquency: delinquent acts, official delinquency, and self-perceived delinquency.
Hyperammonemia in urea cycle disorders: Role of the nephrologist

Hyperammonemia associated with inherited disorders of amino acid and organic acid metabolism is usually manifested by irritability, somnolence, vomiting, seizures, and coma. Although the majority of these patients present in the newborn period, they may also present in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood with failure to thrive, persistent vomiting, developmental delay, or behavioral changes. Persistent hyperammonemia, if not treated rapidly, may cause irreversible neuronal damage. After the diagnosis of hyperammonemia is established in an acutely ill patient, certain diagnostic tests should be performed to differentiate between urea cycle defects and other causes of hyperammonemic encephalopathy. In a patient with a presumed inherited metabolic disorder, the aim of therapy should be to normalize blood ammonia levels. Recent experience has provided treatment guidelines that include minimizing endogenous ammonia production and protein catabolism, restricting nitrogen intake, administering substrates of the urea cycle, administering compounds that facilitate the removal of ammonia through alternative pathways, and, in severe cases, dialysis therapy. Initiation of dialysis in the encephalopathic patient with hyperammonemia is indicated if the ammonia blood level is greater than three to four times the upper limit of normal. Hemodialysis is the most effective treatment for rapidly reducing blood ammonia levels. Continuous hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis are also effective modalities for reducing blood ammonia levels. An improved understanding of the metabolism of ammonia and neurological consequences of hyperammonemia will assist the nephrologist in providing optimal care for this high-risk patient population.
Constraining the Age-Activity Relation for Cool Stars: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 5 Low-Mass Star Spectroscopic Sample

We present a spectroscopic analysis of over 38,000 low-mass stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 5 (DR5). Analysis of this unprecedentedly large sample confirms the previously detected decrease in the fraction of magnetically active stars (as traced by Hα emission) as a function of the vertical distance from the Galactic plane. The magnitude and slope of this effect vary as a function of spectral type. Using simple 1D dynamical models, we demonstrate that the drop in activity fraction can be explained by thin-disk dynamical heating and a rapid decrease in magnetic activity. The timescale for this rapid activity decrease changes according to the spectral type. By comparing our data to the simulations, we calibrate the age-activity relation at each M dwarf spectral type. We also present evidence for a possible decrease in the metallicity as a function of height above the Galactic plane. In addition to our activity analysis, we provide line measurements, molecular band indices, colors, radial velocities, 3D space motions, and mean properties as a function of spectral type for the SDSS DR5 low-mass star sample.
An Investigation of Experiential Avoidance, Emotion Dysregulation, and Distress Tolerance in Young Adult Outpatients with Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms

In this study we investigated 3 domains of emotional functioning--emotion dysregulation, distress tolerance, and experiential avoidance--in young adult outpatients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms. Participants were 40 young adult outpatients at a university counseling center who reported current suicidal ideation and met diagnostic criteria for BPD or experienced subthreshold BPD symptoms (i.e., met diagnostic criteria for 3 or 4 symptoms). Participants completed 3 self-report measures of emotional functioning-experiential avoidance (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2; Bond et al., 2011; Hayes et al., 2004), emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), and distress tolerance (Distress Tolerance Scale; Simons & Gaher, 2005)-and a behavioral measure of distress tolerance (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task-Computerized; Lejuez, Kahler, & Brown, 2003), in addition to self-report measures of depression and BPD symptom severity. Partial correlations demonstrated that both emotion dysregulation and experiential avoidance were significantly associated with BPD symptom severity after accounting for depression. However, neither the self-report nor behavioral measure of distress tolerance were related to BPD symptom severity. A regression analysis with emotion dysregulation and experiential avoidance as independent variables revealed that only experiential avoidance was significantly associated with BPD symptom severity after controlling for depression symptoms. The current findings suggest that experiential avoidance may be a central process in BPD symptom severity. Future research directions are discussed.
Theoretical Design of a Variable Activation Energy Time-Temperature Integrator for Prediction of Food or Drug Shelf Life

AbstractSuccessful application of a time/temperature integrator (TTI) requires that it has on activation energy similar deterioration reaction of the food or drug it is to monitor. Based on the 3M Monitor Mark, a new tag was designed, the principal of which is a simultaneous diffusion and chemical reaction process. The combined process could be modelled by a response function f(x) = x2 = Kct*. The overall activation energy could be increased (compared to the simple diffusion process) if the activation energy and half life for the chemical reaction are chosen appropriately. An equation was development to estimate the amount of diffusing substance needed. Theoretically, it is feasible to design a new tag that will have essentially the same activation energy as food or drug quality loss.
Political Succession in China

There are at least four approaches useful in predicting what will happen in China after Mao. The “environmental approach” stresses that the Chinese setting—physical, cultural, economic, and international—will govern the courses taken by political actors. The “personality approach” is the opposite, stressing that people, not their surroundings, will determine succession politics. The “societal approach” postulates that it is society (defined as the social environment, including influences from Chinese culture, history, and the structure and operation of Chinese social-political-familial-economic institutions) that is the operationally significant variable. Finally, the “politics approach” assumes that politics itself is the central concern of Chinese life, necessitating a search for general “rules” of politics in China to project the future. These approaches and their implications are each examined in detail, with the conclusion that none is adequate of itself to explain post-Mao politics in China. By combining them, however, it is possible to periodize developments after Mao. Four stages are envisaged. An initial stage would last about three months, during which a collective leadership would form. A second, transitional phase, possibly lasting several years, would be marked by the advent of major policy questions not solvable by Maoist precedent. A third phase would see the emergence of a new leadership, probably operating on a factionalist model. Finally, a fourth stage would be defined after China has returned to normal, “gotten over” Mao's death, and when events are no longer viewable in terms of “succession politics.”
Effect of Experimental Hyperthyroidism on Protein Turnover in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle

Since experimental hyperthyroidism reduces skeletal muscle mass while simultaneously increasing cardiac muscle mass, the effect of hyperthyroidism on muscle protein degradation was compared in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Pulse-labeling studies using (3H) leucine and (14C) carboxyl labeled aspartate and glutamate were carried out. Hyperthyroidism caused a 25%-29% increase in protein breakdown in both sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar fractions of skeletal muscle. Increased muscle protein degradation may be a major factor in the development of skeletal muscle wasting and weakness in hyperthyroidism. In contrast, protein breakdown appeared to be reduced 22% in the sarcoplasmic fraction of hyperthyroid heart muscle and was unchanged in the myofibrillar fraction. Possible reasons for the contrasting effects of hyperthyroidism on skeletal and cardiac muscle include increased sensitivity of the hyperthyroid heart to catecholamines, increased cardiac work caused by the hemodynamic effects of hyperthyroidism, and a different direct effect of thyroid hormone at the nuclear level in cardiac as opposed to skeletal muscle.
Poly(ethylene oxide) adsorption onto chemically etched silicates by Brewster angle reflectivity

Abstract A new approach to near-Brewster optical reflectivity measurements is described, implementing internal reflection optics and scanning angle capabilities. The method is then employed to characterize chemically etched layers on soda-lime glass, and study poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) adsorption from aqueous solution on the silica surface of soda-lime glass. Adsorption isotherms for several narrow molecular weight PEO samples demonstrate that the plateau of the isotherm extends to dilute concentrations, at least as low as 0.01 ppm. Adsorption kinetic measurements revealed transport-limited behavior and facilitated a determination of the free solution diffusion coefficient of PEO. Diffusivity results were in excellent agreement with the literature.
The outlook on science in Canada and England

The scientific structure of any country is influenced by many factors, including geography, population density, and resources, as well as political and social conditions. The organization of scientific research which has evolved in Canada and England is discussed.
Automatic Controls for the Carbon Fiber Tape-Based Deicing Technology

Snow and ice on roads are hazardous. Many methods are applied for road surface deicing. Most of these methods, however, suffer from one or more of the following shortcomings: low energy efficiency, large labor requirements, high cost, or potential to damage roads. This paper presents the design of automatic controllers and the analysis of their efficiency as applied in a carbon fiber tape (CFT)-based resistive heating deicing technology. Two automatic controllers based on surface temperature—an on-off controller and a fuzzy logic-based controller—are implemented in an experimental deicing facility with CFT-based deicing technology. The fuzzy logic-based controller retrieves the weather forecast information and considers many different scenarios. A LabVIEW interface is used for remote monitoring of the deicing process. The experimental results show that both types of automatic controllers are very effective in preventing the ice from forming on the sidewalk surface, and both are significantly more efficient than manual control in terms of operating cost, with the fuzzy logic-based controller being the most efficient. The fuzzy logic-based controller represents the major technical contribution of this paper, and with certain adaptation, it is also applicable for other resistive heating-based deicing technologies.
Antibiotic Treatment of Resistant Infections in Small Animals

There are few veterinary clinical studies to support a recommended use and dose for treating resistant bacterial infections in small animals. Resistance against many common antibiotics is possible and a susceptibility test is advised. Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa presents a special problem. Staphylococcus isolated from small animals is most likely to be Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. The most important resistance mechanism for Staphylococcus is methicillin resistance. The only antimicrobials to which some gram-negative bacilli are sensitive may be extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems (penems), selected penicillin derivatives, amikacin, or tobramycin. A susceptibility test is needed to identify the appropriate drug for these infections.
Calcium-sensing receptor: a sensor and mediator of ischemic preconditioning in the heart

As a G protein-coupled receptor, the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) responds to changes not only in extracellular Ca2+, but also to many other ligands. CaSR has been found to be express...
Positive Psychology as a Framework for Leadership Development in Recreation and Sport

This chapter connects concepts and research from positive psychology and leadership studies to support using a strengths-based approach to optimize the leadership development of students involved in recreation and athletics.
KNOWLEDGE AND EARNINGS

This paper examines the effects of knowledge about a wide variety of subjects on the wages and salaries of U.S. workers. Knowing a lot about topics such as medicine and dentistry, engineering and technology, and production and processing has a positive effect on individual earnings, whereas high knowledge in the areas of food production and personnel and human resources is not rewarded in the labor market. Spillover effects, where the share of metropolitan area employment in high-knowledge occupations enhances earnings, were uncovered primarily in subjects related to producer services and information technology.
A time course analysis of interlingual homograph processing: Evidence from eye movements

We recorded eye movements during natural reading to explore the influence of sentence context on bilingual word recognition. English monolinguals and Spanish–English bilinguals read sentences in English that biased either the English or the Spanish meaning of interlingual homographs. Shortly after encountering the homograph, the groups showed equivalent implausibility effects when its English meaning was incongruent with the preceding sentence context. No evidence for immediate homograph interference emerged during this period in the bilingual group. Only in later processing measures did group and congruency interact. Bilinguals may have initially accessed and selected the language appropriate meaning of the homograph to integrate into the sentence. Later, bilinguals accessed their first language lexicon and integrated the Spanish meaning into the sentence when semantically appropriate. Rather than always experiencing cross-language competition, proficient bilinguals may dynamically adapt to contextual cues and selectively access information associated with the contextually cued language under certain conditions.
The neoliberal political–economic collapse of Argentina and the spatial fortification of institutions in Buenos Aires, 1998–2010

This paper demonstrates how social and political conflict is inscribed in urban space by focusing on the neoliberal political–economic collapse of Argentina, which was a conflict-ridden process with ordinary people protesting against institutions responsible for the neoliberalization of the economy. These protests affected the architecture of banking and government institutions, especially in Buenos Aires, which is the political and financial center of Argentina. Facing popular unrest and continuous political mobilizations, these institutions decided to physically fortify themselves and in the process displayed their vulnerability and illegitimacy. The fact that spatial fortification became a permanent feature of state institutions but only a temporary feature of international banks, raises questions about the way that neoliberalism operates and the way that blame for neoliberal failures is allocated. It also provides hints about the unsatisfactory political–economic outcome that emerged after the collaps...
Relevance Regained: Total Quality Management and the Role of Management Accounting

Abstract I want to reflect on how my thinking about issues raised in Relevance Lost (Johnson & Kaplan, 1987) has changed since Bob Kaplan and I wrote the book. The academic and business communities in countries around the world have received the book with far more enthusiasm than we ever could have anticipated. The primary theme of Relevance Lost is management accounting's contribution to declining competitiveness in American business after the 1950s. The book opens with the observation that "today's management accounting information, driven by the procedures and cycle of the organization's financial reporting system, is too late, too aggregated, and too distorted to be relevant for managers' planning and control decisions". The book attempts to show management accounting's deficiencies impaired long-term performance of American businesses in the post-war global economy. A key part of book's massage is that management accounting had not always served as poorly as it did in the last 40 years. Several historical chapters in Relevance Lost show that managerial accounting information had not impeded competitiveness for a century or more before World War II. Why the change after the 1950s? In this paper I want to reflect on the reasons for the change. I suggest that relevance was due to an inappropriate emphasis on the use of accounting information to manage. The paper then examines the need to focus on the management of processes and the contribution of total quality management. I conclude with some comments on the changes required in management education.
Instability growth in magnetically imploded high-conductivity cylindrical liners with material strength

Magnetically imploded cylindrical metal shells (z-pinch liners) are attractive drivers for experiments exploring hydrodynamics and properties of materials at extreme conditions. As in all z-pinches, the outer surface of a liner is unstable to magneto Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) modes during acceleration, and large-scale distortion arising from RT modes could make such liners unuseable. On the other hand, material strength in the liner should, from first principles, reduce the growth rate of RT modes, and material strength can render some combinations of wavelength and amplitude analytically stable. A series of experiments has been conducted in which high-conductivity, soft, cylindrical aluminum liners were accelerated with 6-MA, 7-/spl mu/s rise-time driving currents. Small perturbations were machined into the outer surface of the liner and perturbation growth monitored. Two-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic (2-D-MHD) calculations of the growth of the initial perturbations were in good agreement with experimentally observed perturbation growth through the entire course of the implosions. In general, for high-conductivity and soft materials, theory and simulation adequately predicted the behavior of magneto-RT modes in liners where elastic-plastic behavior applies. This is the first direct verification of the growth of magneto-RT in solids with strength known to the authors.
Cloud to host legacy airport layout plans and orthoimages

Airports GIS is a web portal which hosts a few application modules. It allows authorized Airports GIS users to submit changes to airport data. One module in this portal is electronic Airport Layout Plan (eALP). This application when deployed will help create digital Airport Layout Plans. The layout view capability in this module is provided by ESRI's ArcGIS server. We are using GIS data available for a few airports which were included in our pilot program study for electronic ALP development. We expect this application will go to production sometimes next year. It will take several years before most or all airports in USA have their digital Airport Layout Plans. During this transition period we would store legacy Airport Layout Plans in Cloud. These Layout Plans are basically in pdf form. Plan to catalogue these Layout Plans and provide access to users is currently being discussed.As part of Airports GIS survey module requirement we get airport imagery for every submitted airport to Airports GIS. We plan to archive these orthoimages in Cloud and then give the ability to users to take advantage of ESRI's ArcGIS to analyze and manage these imageries. These orthoimages are large in size. In future we will receive many orthoimages because the number of airports who submit this data is growing and the size of each orthoimage is also growing. Hence it needs special care to organize and access these imageries. Once completed this will have siginificant impact on airport planning and budgeting.
Starvation-induced lysosomal degradation of aldolase B requires glutamine 111 in a signal sequence for chaperone-mediated transport.

Aldolase B is an abundant cytosolic protein found in all eukaryotic cells. Like many glycolytic enzymes, this protein was sequestered into lysosomes for degradation during nutrient starvation. We report here that the degradation of recombinant aldolase B was enhanced two-fold when rat and human hepatoma cells were starved for amino acid and serum. In addition, starvation-induced degradation of aldolase B was inhibited by chloroquine, an inhibitor of lysosomal proteinases and by 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy. Aldolase B has three lysosomal targeting motifs (Q12KKEL, Q58FREL, and IKLDQ111) that have been proposed to interact with hsc73 thereby initiating its transport into lysosomes. In this study, we have mutated the essential glutamine residues in each of these hsc73-binding motifs in order to evaluate their roles in the lysosomal degradation of aldolase B during starvation. We have found that when glutamines 12 or 58 are mutated to asparagines enhanced degradation of aldolase B proceeded normally. However, when glutamine 111 was mutated to an asparagine or a threonine, starvation-induced degradation was completely suppressed. These mutations did not appear to alter the tertiary structure of aldolase B since enzymatic activity was not affected. Our results suggest that starvation-induced lysosomal degradation of aldolase B requires both autophagy and glutamine 111. We discuss the possible roles for autophagy and hsc73-mediated transport in the lysosomal sequestration of aldolase B. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrophysiological properties of mutant Nav1.7 sodium channels in a painful inherited neuropathy

Although the physiological basis of erythermalgia, an autosomal dominant painful neuropathy characterized by redness of the skin and intermittent burning sensation of extremities, is not known, two mutations of Nav1.7, a sodium channel that produces a tetrodotoxin-sensitive, fast-inactivating current that is preferentially expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and sympathetic ganglia neurons, have recently been identified in patients with primary erythermalgia. Nav1.7 is preferentially expressed in small-diameter DRG neurons, most of which are nociceptors, and is characterized by slow recovery from inactivation and by slow closed-state inactivation that results in relatively large responses to small, subthreshold depolarizations. Here we show that these mutations in Nav1.7 produce a hyperpolarizing shift in activation and slow deactivation. We also show that these mutations cause an increase in amplitude of the current produced by Nav1.7 in response to slow, small depolarizations. These observations provide the first demonstration of altered sodium channel function associated with an inherited painful neuropathy and suggest that these physiological changes, which confer hyperexcitability on peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons, contribute to symptom production in hereditary erythermalgia.
Myoglobin overexpression inhibits reperfusion in the ischemic mouse hindlimb through impaired angiogenesis but not arteriogenesis.

Adaptive vascular remodeling in response to arterial occlusion takes the form of capillary growth (angiogenesis) and outward remodeling of pre-existing collateral arteries (arteriogenesis). However, the relative contributions of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis toward the overall reperfusion response are both highly debated and poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that myoglobin overexpressing transgenic mice (MbTg + ) exhibit impaired angiogenesis in the setting of normal arteriogenesis in response to femoral artery ligation, and thereby serve as a model for disconnecting these two vascular growth processes. After femoral artery ligation, MbTg + mice were characterized by delayed distal limb reperfusion (by laser Doppler perfusion imaging), decreased foot use, and impaired distal limb muscle angiogenesis in both glycolytic and oxidative muscle fiber regions at day 7. Substantial arteriogenesis occurred in the primary collaterals supplying the ischemic limb in both wild-type and MbTg + mice; however, there were no significant differences between groups, indicating that myoglobin overexpression does not affect arteriogenesis. Together, these results uniquely demonstrate that functional collateral arteriogenesis alone is not necessarily sufficient for adequate reperfusion after arterial occlusion. Angiogenesis is a key component of an effective reperfusion response, and clinical strategies that target both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis could yield the most efficacious treatments for peripheral arterial disease.
"Sister Souls": Bernard Berenson and Michael Field (Katherine Bradley and Edith Cooper)

In the 1890s the poet Michael Field-the lesbian aunt-and-niece couple, Katharine Bradley (1846 -1914) and Edith Cooper (1862-1913)-were close friends with the art connoisseur Bernard Berenson (1865-1959). Under the influence of Walter Pater, the three avidly discussed the connections uniting the artwork, viewer, and artist. Critics have long known that Cooper fell passionately in love with Berenson, but no one has examined this relationship closely. This essay uses the Michael Field poems, letters, and diaries to explore the impact of falling in love with a man on the Bradly-Cooper relationship and their poetry. Cooper felt that she and Berenson were faun-like creatures who instinctively understood each other on a deeper level than the physical. Berenson sought Cooper9s ethereal independence while he was courting a married woman; Cooper turned to him when she wanted a more separate life from her aunt. Berenson never forgot Cooper9s intense emotional response to visual art, a response that represented his aesthetic ideal. Cooper experienced a burst of creativity, reliving her intoxicating love in verse and prose. Bradley, as the older woman, struggled to reconcile herself to this attractive, destructive male intrusion into Michael Field9s poetic and personal "oneness." The three drew on the emotions that they stirred in each other as a source of inspiration, but each discovered that emotion can outrun aesthetics.
High‐Temperature Mechanical Properties of a Uniaxially Reinforced Zircon‐Silicon Carbide Composite

This paper reports that mechanical properties of a monolithic zircon ceramic and zircon-matrix composites uniaxially reinforced with either uncoated or BN-coated silicon carbide monofilaments were measured in flexure between 25{degrees} and 1477{degrees}C. Monolithic zircon ceramics were weak and exhibited a brittle failure up to abut 1300{degrees}C. An increasing amount of the plastic deformation was observed before failure above about 1300{degrees}C. In contrast, composites reinforced with either uncoated or BN-coated Sic filaments were stronger and tougher than the monolithic zircon at all test temperatures between 25{degrees} and 1477{degrees}. The ultimate strength and work-of-fracture of composite samples decreased with increasing temperature. A transgranular matrix fracture was shown by the monolithic and composite samples tested up to about 1200{degrees}C, whereas an increasing amount of the intergranular matrix fracture was displayed above 1200{degrees}C.
Induced Magnetic Anisotropy

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Magnetic Annealing (Substitutional Solid Solutions) Magnetic Annealing (Interstitial Solid Solutions) Stress Annealing Plastic Deformation (Alloys) Plastic Deformation (Pure Metals) Magnetic Irradiation Summary of Anisotropies ]]>
Russian Nation-Building from Yeltsin to Medvedev: Ethnic, Civic, or Purposefully Ambiguous? (APSA Program Title: The Emergence of States and the Creation of Nations: Citizenship Policymaking in the Former Soviet Republics)

This study surveys nation-building efforts in post-Soviet Russia, and shows how all five main nation-building projects reflecting the dominant ways of imagining the “true” Russian nation have been fraught with contradictions and therefore could not easily guide state policies. At the same time, a solution to Russian nation-building dilemma may be emerging. This solution does not resolve the contradictions associated with each of the nation-building agendas but instead legalizes ambiguous definition of nation’s boundaries in the 1999 law on compatriots. The fuzzy definition of compatriots in the law allows Russia to pursue a variety of objectives and to target at a variety of groups without solving contradictions of existing nation-building discourses.
The Effects of Sorghum Tannin and Protein Level on the Performance of Laying Hens Maintained in Two Temperature Environments

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of sorghum grain tannins on the performance of laying hens. A total of 144 White Leghorn hens were arrayed according to egg production during a 10-day preexperimental period into eight groups consisting of four nutritional treatments in each of two constant temperature environments (22 and 28 C). The nutritional treatments consisted of low (RS610) and high (Savanna) tannin sorghum grains compared isonitrogenously within a protein level at two protein levels (11.5 and 14.5%) in sorghum-soybean meal diets. These diets were fed for an experimental period of 6 weeks. Egg production and feed efficiency were reduced and weight loss was increased by 11.5% protein as compared with 14.5% protein. Tannin significantly reduced egg production and feed efficiency at both protein levels while egg specific gravity and shell thickness were adversely affected only at the lower level of protein. Egg weight and weight loss of hens were not affected by tannin. Except for weight loss, all parameters were slightly reduced by the higher temperature. At the end of the experiment, all hens were placed on a commercial laying ration for a 31-day period. Recovery from the treatment effects was evidenced by the similar egg production, body weight, egg weight, and shell characteristics among the previous treatments at the end of this period.
Shaping a Science of Social Work

Social workers provide more social services to populations across the life span than any other human service profession, including psychiatry, nursing, and psychology. The scientific methodologies and the scientific knowledge relevant to social services have expanded dramatically in the last 30 years. Using the two indicators of the total number of journals and the impact factors of those journals, it would appear that social work’s contribution to that expanding scientific knowledge base has been relatively limited. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between social work and science and to propose the outlines of a science of social work that intends to serve as a catalyst for shaping social work into a scientific discipline.
Why neurodegenerative diseases are progressive: uncontrolled inflammation drives disease progression

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of chronic, progressive disorders characterized by the gradual loss of neurons in discrete areas of the central nervous system (CNS). The mechanism(s) underlying their progressive nature remains unknown but a timely and well-controlled inflammatory reaction is essential for the integrity and proper function of the CNS. Substantial evidence has documented a common inflammatory mechanism in various neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesize that in the diseased CNS, interactions between damaged neurons and dysregulated, overactivated microglia create a vicious self-propagating cycle causing uncontrolled, prolonged inflammation that drives the chronic progression of neurodegenerative diseases. We further propose that dynamic modulation of this inflammatory reaction by interrupting the vicious cycle might become a disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
Commentary on "Homogeneous nucleation of NAD and NAT in liquid stratospheric aerosols: insufficient to explain denitrification" by Knopf et al.

Abstract. In a recent published paper Knopf et a1. (2002) have suggested that the homogeneous freezing behavior of stratospheric aerosols, under polar winter conditions, can be simulated experimentally in large bulk phase-sized droplet samples (0.12-0.27 cm in diameter). Their hypothesis is based on the fact that a nucleus, which freezes the supercooled phase, forms within the bulk volume of a given sample, and therefore, if large bulk volumes don't freeze in the laboratory, then small volumes in particles most certainly remain unfrozen in the stratosphere. The important question to ask here is whether their initial hypothesis, which they have used to analyze their data, is even correct to begin with. For example, does a nucleus, which turns over the phase, forms within the bulk volume or on the surface of the supercooled phase? Some recent studies provide both experimental (Tabazadeh et al., 2002a, b) and theoretical (Djikaev et al., 2002, 2003) support for the formation of the nucleus at the surface of a supercooled droplet. If the homogeneous nucleation process initiates at the droplet surface, then the approach taken by Knopf. et al. to study this crystallization process may not be directly applicable to the stratospheric situation.
Prokaryotic Ubiquitin-Like Protein Modification

Prokaryotes form ubiquitin (Ub)-like isopeptide bonds on the lysine residues of proteins by at least two distinct pathways that are reversible and regulated. In mycobacteria, the C-terminal Gln of Pup (prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein) is deamidated and isopeptide linked to proteins by a mechanism distinct from ubiquitylation in enzymology yet analogous to ubiquitylation in targeting proteins for destruction by proteasomes. Ub-fold proteins of archaea (SAMPs, small archaeal modifier proteins) and Thermus (TtuB, tRNA-two-thiouridine B) that differ from Ub in amino acid sequence, yet share a common β-grasp fold, also form isopeptide bonds by a mechanism that appears streamlined compared with ubiquitylation. SAMPs and TtuB are found to be members of a small group of Ub-fold proteins that function not only in protein modification but also in sulfur-transfer pathways associated with tRNA thiolation and molybdopterin biosynthesis. These multifunctional Ub-fold proteins are thought to be some of the most ancie...
Design in digital government research

Digital government research often centers on information technology artifacts designed for the purpose of improving access to or processes within government. Because of the centricity of the technology artifact, much of this research builds upon theories and prescriptions adapted from the information systems discipline. In information systems, the study of artifact design has benefitted from the adoption of the rigor and generalizeability enabled by design science research. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of design science principles guiding the construction of technological artifacts, which we use to examine recent digital government research articles that fall into the design science camp. We assess these articles using Hevner et al.'s (2004) guidelines for conducting and presenting design science research, identify common strengths, and recommend how digital government researchers may benefit from applying a grounded view of design to expand the generalizeability of their work. Finally, we conclude the paper with a discussion of ways to open up the narrow focus of design science to a broader understanding of the impact of external factors, such as the environment and organizational milieu, on the complex setting most digital government innovation inhabits.
Body surface estimation: a critical evaluation

Estimates of body surface area (BSA) are widely used in intensive care, cancer chemotherapy, anesthesia, hemodialysis and other critically important medical computations. Although formulas have been proposed, virtually all BSA estimates use a formula promulgated in 1916 based on a sample of twelve possibly atypical subjects. The inclusion of a computation into a computer program imparts the impression of accuracy which is not always justified. The authors have attempted to examine and compare some direct measurement methods and estimation formulas used for BSA particularly with respect to inter-method consistency and correlation with a variety of published data.
Craps with Crooked Dice

Most beginning students in probability learn how to calculate the probability of winning in the game of craps-see, for example, (1), p. 96. An interesting variation on the problem is to drop the assumption of "fair" or "unbiased" dice and consider a spectrum of probabilities. This paper will investigate the effects of certain perturbations on the "win" probability for the game. Let us review the rules briefly: if the first throw of the dice is a 7 or 11, the player wins; if it is a 2, 3, or 12, he loses. If it is any other number, that number becomes the player's "point." If his point is then repeated before a 7 first occurs, the player wins. If the 7 occurs first, he loses. From these rules, it is readily calculated that if pi = Pr(dice total = i), then
Antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas from German mineral waters

Eighty-seven different mineral waters available for purchase in the Federal Republic of Germany were tested for the presence of heterotrophic bacteria and, specifically, antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas species. Waters lacking carbon dioxide and Heilwasser (waters often prescribed for a variety of ailments) tended to show the highest numbers of bacteria. Eighty-one isolates of Pseudomonas were obtained from 39 samples of mineral water. Of the 9 species found, P. cepacia and P. maltophilia, most commonly associated with nosocomial infections, made up 13. 6% of the isolates. These 2 species also showed the highest resistance to the ten antibiotics used in the study. A comparison of antibiotic resistance patterns between mineral water and clinical isolates from the Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, shows a higher similarity than that between mineral water and Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston) isolates. With the exception of P. pseudoalcaligenes, all mineral water isolates showed basically 100% resistance to cefoxitin and were highly resistant to ampicillin. Only 1 of 81 isolates (1. 2%) was resistant to tobramycin, although 2 isolates of P. cepacia showed intermediate resistance to this drug. Though no P. aeruginosa were found in any of the samples, the presence of species associated with nosocomial infections and highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics suggests that careful thought be given to the routine ingestion of mineral water by compromised individuals and those with underlying disease.
PBRM1: A Critical Subunit of the SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complex

Rapid advances in genomics have altered the landscape of oncology by accelerating the identification of disease-related oncogenes and tumor suppressors. It has become increasingly evident that even within specific cancer types there is incredible genetic diversity and heterogeneity, which may help explain the variability of responses to therapy. Greater understanding of these genetic changes will help the development of personalized, targeted care for patients. Large-scale sequencing projects, surveying whole exomes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tumors, have recently identified several important tumor suppressor genes, including PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, and KDM5C. These genes are guiding new directions for oncology research and providing intriguing insights into ccRCC tumorigenesis. Specifically, the identification of these genes has heightened interest over discovering clinically useful kidney cancer biomarkers. Also, they have triggered intensive efforts in basic science laboratories to elucidate the biological function behind each enigmatic gene, with a view toward refining paradigms that more accurately reflect ccRCC formation and disease progression, and for developing better strategies for patient care.