cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The roles of punctuation marks while learning about written numbers

Twenty-three kindergarten and first grade children were asked to articulate the meaning and the need for punctuation marks in a list of numerals showing prices for a list of items. Despite not having been schooled yet formally on the use and roles of numerical punctuation, many children gave similar explanations regarding the purpose of punctuation marks in numerals, including: to separate, to mark the type of number (e.g., price), to denote value, to make it a different number, and to read the number differently. Each of these explanations is a partial description of the conventional use of these marks within written numbers. These findings provide evidence that children are, in fact, creating and recreating ideas about different aspects of written numbers such as the role of punctuation marks before necessarily being able to fully articulate how written numbers work and before being formally taught, though they have obviously been exposed from an early age to these particular aspects of written numbers.
Low temperature magnetic properties of the (Ti, V)2O3 system☆

Abstract The properties of an earlier model for the electronic structure of V doped Ti2O3 are briefly summarized. The model is generalized to include the effects of application of an external magnetic field in order to make definitive predictions. Experimental confirmation would provide strong grounds for preferring this model over previous suggestions.
On completely free elements in finite fields

Let q > 1 be a prime power, m > 1 an integer, GF(q^m) and GF(q) the Galois fields of order q^m and q, respectively. We show that the different module structures of (GF(q^m), +) arising from the intermediate fields of the field extension GF(q^m) over GF(q) can be studied simultaneously with the help of some basic properties of cyclotomic polynomials. The results can be generalized to finite cyclic Galois extensions over arbitrary fields. In 1986, D. Blessenohl and K. Johnsen proved that there exist elements in GF(q^m) which generate normal bases in GF(q^m) over any intermediate field GF(q^d) of GF(q^m) over GF(q). Such elements are called completely free in GF(q^m) over GF(q). Using our ideas, we give a detailed and constructive proof of the most difficult part of that theorem, i.e., the existence of completely free elements in GF(q^m) over GF(q) provided that m is a prime power. The general existence problem of completely free elements is easily reduced to this special case. Furthermore, we develop a recursive formula for the number of completely free elements in GF(q^m) over GF(q) in the case where m is a prime power.
The effect of high molecular weight kininogen on surface-adsorbed fibrinogen.

Abstract High molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) plays an important role in altering the association of plasma fibrinogen with surfaces. Plasma initially deposits fibrinogen onto most materials, but on hydrophilic surfaces within 10 min adsorbed plasma fibrinogen cannot be detected on the surface by antifibrinogen antisera. However, using HMWK-deficient plasma, fibrinogen remains immunologically identifiable. The inter-relationship of adsorbed plasma fibrinogen with kininogen on hydrophilic surfaces is studied further using glass slides stained for protein with Coomassie Blue, and oxidized silicon crystal slices in an automated ellipsometer. On glass slides when plasma that is deficient in both low molecular weight kininogen (LMWK) and HMWK, is reconstituted with HMWK (0.40 Units/ml), fibrinogen is no longer detected on the surface. This finding is specific for HMWK, since, when the same plasma is reconstituted with LMWK (220 μg/ml), the amount of fibrinogen detected on the surface is unchanged. The alteration of surface-adsorbed fibrinogen by HMWK is not due to plasmin-induced fibrinolysis, since it occurs in plasminogen-free plasma. In the ellipsometer, surface adsorption of normal plasma is associated with a significantly less (p
Numerical Prediction and Modification of Cyclone–Scale Precipitation

Abstract A fine-mesh, limited-area, finite-difference model has been developed both to predict precipitation over a limited geographic region and to be utilized in experiments for precipitation modification. The model is primitive with 15 vertical levels, shows many features in common with current models of its type, but lacks resolution of the boundary layer. Lateral boundary conditions are specified when needed from a data set which also provides initial conditions and comparisons for the forecasts. Utilizing one integration as a control, a number of experiments were performed under model modifications and compared to the control. In all cases, modification did not substantially alter the flow field over a 24 h period, but precipitation forecasts were altered. Regions of marginal precipitation showed almost no precipitation in an experiment where lack of freezing nuclei was incorporated, whereas the experiment based on cloud seeding showed significant increase in total precipitation. The addition of car...
A method for indirect pulse recording, and its use in the diagnosis of aortic stenosis

Abstract A method for obtaining an indirect peripheral pulse curve is described. This method depends on the use of a recently described segmental pneumoplethysmograph. Preliminary results in comparing the plethysmographic curve to the brachial artery pulse curve in patients with and without aortic stenosis are reported. Apparently, in some situations the plethysmogram may be more dependable than the brachial artery curve.
Sex, race, and age distributions of mean aortic wall thickness in a multiethnic population-based sample.

Background Reference values and age-related changes of the wall thickness of the abdominal aorta have not been described in the general population. We characterized age-, race-, and gender-specific distributions, and yearly rates of change of mean aortic wall thickness (MAWT), and associations between MAWT and cardiovascular risk factors in a multi-ethnic population-based probability sample. Methods Magnetic resonance imaging measurements of MAWT were performed on 2466 free-living white, black, and Hispanic adult subjects. MAWT race/ethnicity- and gender-specific percentile values across age were estimated using regression analyses. Results MAWT was greater in men than in women and increased linearly with age in all the groups and across all the percentiles. Hispanic women had the thinnest and black men the thickest aortas. Black men had the highest and white women the lowest age-related MAWT increase. Age, gender, ethnicity, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, and fasting glucose levels were independent predictors of MAWT. Conclusions Age, gender, and racial/ethnic differences in MAWT distributions exist in the general population. Such differences should be considered in future investigations assessing aortic atherosclerosis and the effects of anti-atherosclerotic therapies.
Image enhancement technology to get fine defect image for FIB

As current feature size on mask is under the wave length of inspection source, it is difficult to distinguish a defect where it is on or from, even though high NA optic lens is used. The disadvantage of this hi-res defect detection method require review step which spend much of inspection time. So this lack of resolution of optical inspection tool requires new review tools such as SEM (Second electron Beam Microscope) or FIB(Focused Ion Beam). As the image of ion beam generally shows speckle noise, we adapted anisotropic nonlinear diffusion technology to remove noise without loss of pattern, by different diffusion along pattern edge. And a fine defect image by image processing to repair was extracted to replace the pattern copy function of FIB.
Lithium contents and isotopic compositions of ferromanganese deposits from the global ocean

To test the feasibility of using lithium isotopes in marine ferromanganese deposits as an indicator of paleoceanographic conditions and seawater composition, we analyzed samples from a variety of tectonic environments in the global ocean. Hydrogenetic, hydrothermal, mixed hydrogenetic–hydrothermal, and hydrogenetic–diagenetic samples were subjected to a two-step leaching and dissolution procedure to extract first the loosely bound Li and then the more tightly bound Li in the Mn oxide and Fe oxyhydroxide. Total leachable Li contents vary from <1 ppm in hydrogenetic crusts to 1422 ppm (up to 1188 ppm measured here) in hydrothermal deposits. Hydrated Li ions in seawater and hydrothermal fluids are preferentially sorbed on the negatively charged surface of MnO2 by coulombic force. Hence, the abundant Li in hydrothermal deposits is mainly associated with the dominant phase, MnO2. The surface of amorphous FeOOH holds a slightly positive charge and attracts little Li, as demonstrated by data for hydrothermal Fe oxyhydroxide. Loosely sorbed Li in both hydrogenetic crusts and hydrothermal deposits exhibit Li isotopic compositions that resemble that of modern seawater. We infer that the hydrothermally derived Li scavenged onto the surface of MnO2 freely exchanged with ambient seawater, thereby losing its original isotopic signature. Li in the tightly bound sites is always isotopically lighter than that in the loosely bound fraction, suggesting that the isotopic fractionation occurred during formation of chemical bonds in the oxide and oxyhydroxide structures. Sr isotopes also show evidence of re-equilibration with seawater after deposition. Because of their mobility, Li and Sr in the ferromanganese crusts do not faithfully record secular variations in the isotopic compositions of seawater. However, Li content can be a useful proxy for the hydrothermal history of ocean basins. Based on the Li concentrations of the globally distributed hydrogenetic and hydrothermal samples, we estimate a scavenging flux of Li that is insignificant compared to the hydrothermal flux and river input to the ocean.
Heterogeneity in the effect of albumin and other resuscitation fluids on intracellular oxygen free radical production.

Background: We hypothesized that by studying a suspension of a single cell type in various resuscitation fluids, we could compare their effects on parameters associated with cell death. Methods: Jurkat cells were suspended in resuscitation fluids. Using flow cytometry, light scatter, phosphatidylserine translocation, propidium iodide uptake, and intracellular H 2 O 2 production were measured. Results: Buffer (pH, 7.4) and albumin added to Ringer's lactate inhibited the adverse changes, including intracellular oxygen free radical production. Oxygen free radical production was variable within the cell population and inhibited by albumin but not other colloids or crystalloids. This correlated well with the ability of albumin to enhance metabolic activity. A flavoprotein inhibitor blocked H 2 O 2 production, suggesting that mitochondria are the source of the H 2 O 2 and the variability. Conclusion: Oxygen free radical inhibition by albumin could explain both its beneficial and its harmful effects.
Zonal and seasonal variations in zooplankton community structure off the central Oregon coast, 1998–2000

Abstract Previous studies of zooplankton communities off the central Oregon coast have been primarily descriptive or have focused on only a few taxa. To more formally explore patterns in zooplankton community structure, we used cluster analysis, Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination, and Indicator Species Analysis to examine seasonal, El Nino/La Nina, and onshore/offshore differences in community composition. Hydrographic and zooplankton data were collected off Newport, Oregon (44.7°N) at eight stations between 8 and 105 km from shore (60-2900 m water depth), on 15 cruises between Jan 1998 and Sept 2000 as part of the US GLOBEC Northeast Pacific Long-Term Observation Program. Zooplankton were collected with a 202 μm, 0.5 m diameter ring net lifted vertically at 30 m min −1 from 100 m, to the surface. The 1997/1998 El Nino played an important role in structuring the zooplankton community from the beginning of our sampling in January 1998 through November 1998. The “El Nino” group identified by cluster analysis and NMDS ordination was highly diverse and was characterized by taxa with offshore and subtropical neritic affinities. When the El Nino group was present, there was no onshelf-offshelf gradient in community composition as was seen during “normal” summers. The “El Nino” group was preceded and followed by a “Transitional” group with slightly lower diversity that existed through the spring of 1999. By summer 1999, conditions had returned to “normal.” Summer upwelling strongly affected the structure of zooplankton assemblages in the “normal” years of 1999 and 2000, leading to differences between nearshore and offshore zooplankton groups. The zooplankton assemblages sampled on the continental shelf during these summers were unique, composed of boreal neritic species (such as the copepods Calanus marshallae , Pseudocalanus mimus , and Acartia longiremis ) and larvae of several meroplanktonic taxa, whereas the off-shelf assemblages resembled the winter zooplankton assemblages which were comprised of subtropical neritic and Transition Zone species. The spatial extent of the continental shelf group present during the summer upwelling season varied between early and late summer; differences may be related to the integrated strength and duration of the north winds over the upwelling season.
Surgical Outcomes Based on Resident Involvement: What Is the Impact on Vascular Surgery Patients?

Background Central to the education of future surgeons is residency which involves training and learning on patients. We examined the quality of surgical outcomes of vascular patients when residents were involved in their surgical case. Study Design A retrospective review was conducted using the data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program from the 2010 year vascular surgery patient cases. Statistical analysis was used to compare the cases with and without residents involved. Results There were a total of 363,431 from which we analyzed 2829 vascular surgery patients. Of those cases, 88% had a resident involved. Postgraduate year (PGY) 1 or 2 residents were involved in 12% and senior residents (PGY ≥ 3) were involved in 88% of surgeries. Preoperative pneumonia, cerebral vascular accident, dialysis, and smoking were significantly higher preoperative risk factors in the cases without the resident. Most of the patients were an American Society of Anesthesiology class III. Twenty-six percent of the patients were diabetic. The most common postoperative occurrences included transfusion requirement, postoperative pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Surgical site infections were the most common postoperative complication (4.6%). Cases with the resident involved had significantly more postoperative blood transfusions and on average took 15 more minutes to finish surgeries. A PGY 7 resident was predictive of prolonged hospital stay. The 30-day survival in the cases that had residents was 3.8% significantly higher compared with the cases that did not have residents. Conclusions Resident involvement in surgeries does not significantly worsen surgical outcomes.
The substantive impact of computers on philosophy prolegomena to a computational and information-theoretic metaphysics

I survey in this article the practical uses of computers in philosophy: except for logic, computers have not yet noticeably improved the quality of philosophizing, research, or pedagogy. They have made work easier. My main interest, however, is in the “substantive” impact that computers may have on philosophical problems, especially in metaphysics. I argue that logic, the notion of decidability, and the theory of computation all predated and did not require modern digital computers. In the philosophy of mind, there has been a persistent conflation of computationalism and physicalism. The two theses can and should be separated. Finally, I suggest that we see glimpses of a new metaphysics based on information and information transformations that goes far beyond the well-trodden mind-brain debates.
Thermodynamics of aqueous uranyl sulfate to 559 K

A comprehensive treatment of the thermodynamic properties of aqueous UO2SO4 to 559 K is presented. This system has the unusual property of liquid-liquid phase separation above its critical temperature of 559 K. The equations for criticality and for phase equilibria in the molality system are developed. The factors leading to this phase separation are discussed as well as the approximations inherent in our equation because of incomplete information.
Fixed size confidence regions for parameters of threshold AR(1) models

For parameters of single and multiple threshold autoregressive models of order one, sequential procedures are proposed for constructing fixed size confidence ellipsoids. Sequential procedures are also proposed for constructing fixed proportional accuracy confidence ellipsoids and fixed width confidence intervals for linear combination of parameters. The confidence ellipsoids and intervals are shown to be asymptotically consistent and the associated stopping rules are shown to be asymptotically efficient as the size/width of the region becomes small.
Addendum: Non-Fermi-liquid behavior in d - and f -electron metals

In the approximately four years since the first review on this subject appeared, a large amount of additional work---both experimental and theoretical---has been accomplished in the field. In an effort to keep the original review experimentally current, the compilation of resistivity, susceptibility, and specific-heat data that was presented in the original ten-page Table II is herein updated with approximately 60 new systems and 70 new references, adding eight new pages to the compilation. It is worth noting that approximately 15% of these new entries in fact predate the original review's publication; certainly the literature searches employed for this update will also have missed work worthy of inclusion.
Self-aligned sources for dislocation nucleation: The key to low threading dislocation densities in compositionally graded thin films grown at low temperature.

We show that, contrary to previous modeling and experiments, threading dislocation annihilation plays the dominant role in obtaining low threading dislocation densities during low temperature growth of compositionally graded SiGe layers. This is demonstrated by measuring the number of dislocations nucleated, which together with the density of threading dislocations, provides a direct measure of the number of annihilation events. Thread annihilation happens on a much larger scale than expected because the dislocation reproduction mechanism results in the ``self-alignment'' of the sources, leading to an (almost) perfect network of zigzagging dislocations.
Early gene expression changes preceding thyroid hormone-induced involution of a thyrotrope tumor.

Treatment with thyroid hormone (TH) results in shrinkage of a thyrotropic tumor grown in a hypothyroid host. We used microarray and Northern analysis to assess the changes in gene expression that preceded tumor involution. Of the 1,176 genes on the microarray, 7 were up-regulated, whereas 40 were decreased by TH. Many of these were neuroendocrine in nature and related to growth or apoptosis. When we examined transcripts for cell cycle regulators only cyclin-dependent kinase 2, cyclin A and p57 were down-regulated, whereas p15 was induced by TH. Retinoblastoma protein, c-myc, and mdm2 were unchanged, but E2F1 was down-regulated. TH also decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, its receptor trkB, and the receptor for TRH. These, in addition to two other genes, neuronatin and PB cadherin, which were up- and down-regulated, respectively, showed a more rapid response to TH than the cell cycle regulators and may represent direct targets of TH. Finally, p19ARF was dramatically induced by TH, an...
Al-MCM-41 as methanol dehydration catalyst

Abstract Al-MCM-41, [SiO2]/[Al2O3] = 30, mesoporous catalysts were synthesized using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as a source of silica and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a structure-directing agent (SDA) in the presence of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) as a co-surfactant additive. The catalytic activities of the calcined samples were evaluated for the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) at 250–450 °C and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 14,000–80,000 mL g−1cat h−1. Al-MCM-41 samples synthesized in the presence of TPAOH showed higher activity than those synthesized in its absence. The improvement in catalytic activity correlates with the increase in acidity brought about by the enhanced condensation of aluminosilicate framework in the Al-MCM-41 structure. Al-MCM-41 catalysts were also combined with methanol synthesis catalysts to form bifunctional catalysts for the synthesis DME from CO2/H2 at temperature, 260 °C; pressure, 735 psi; GHSV, 2000 mL g−1cat h−1 in a fixed-bed reactor.
Development of neuronal responses in cat posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual cortex

Abstract We studied the normal development of responses to visual stimulation among neurons in the postermedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) visual cortex, an extrastriate visual cortical area in cats. Recordings were made from 495 single neurones in 19 kittens that were 2, 3, 4, 8, or 12 weeks of age, and the results were compared with those from normal adult cats. The percentage of neurons that respond to light increased from 57% in 2-week-old kittens to approximately adult values in 8-week-old kittens (81%). The strength and consistency of neuronal responses also increased with age. Nearly all of the responsive cells had well-defined excitatory receptive-field centers, and the receptive-field center sizes were similar to adults at all ages studied. However, few cells (5%) had inhibitory receptive-field surrounds in 2-week-old kittens. The incidence of surround inhibition increased to adult levels (about 40% of the cells) by 8 weeks of age, and the strength of surround inhibition also increased with age. Most cells responded best to moving stimuli in 2-week-old kittens, just as in adults. However, only about 20% of the responsive cells were direction sensitive at 2 weeks of age. The percentage of direction-sensitive cells increased gradually with age and reached approximately adult values by 8 weeks of age (74%). Once cells developed complete direction selectivity, with no response in the null direction, directional tuning width was similar to that in adults. When tested with slits of light flashed at various orientations or with spots and slits moving in various directions, few cells (8% or less) showed orientation selectivity at any age, just as in adults. Most of the cells were binocularly driven, and the ocular dominance distribution was similar to adults at all ages studied. These results indicate that many response properties of PMLS neurons are similar to those of adults as early as 2 weeks of age, soon after the time of eye opening. However, some properties show marked developmental changes. The mechanisms and sources of these changes are considered. In addition, the relevance of these results to mechanisms of compensation following early damage to visual cortical areas 17, 18 and 19 is discussed.
Associating polymers and shear thickening

The shear-thickening property observed in ionomer solutions is discussed. Scattering and dynamic modulus data suggest that the ionic groups cluster into multiplets and that these control the relaxation of stress. A simple mechanism for shear thickening is described ; it leads to the expectation that these clusters must be bound with a certain minimal strength. Associations with the strength required are argued to pose serious problems for solubility. These problems worsen with increasing number of ions in a multiplet. The competing interactions which determine this number are described.
The Duality in Spatial Stiffness and Compliance as Realized in Parallel and Serial Elastic Mechanisms

Spatial elastic behavior is characterized by a 6X6 positive definite matrix, the spatial stiffness matrix, or its inverse, the spatial compliance matrix. Previously, the structure of a spatial stiffness matrix and its realization using a parallel elastic system have been addressed. This paper extends those results to the analysis and realization of a spatial compliance matrix using a serial mechanism and identifies the duality in spatial stiffness and compliance associated with parallel and serial elastic mechanisms. We show that, a spatial compliance matrix can be decomposed into a set of rank-1 compliance matrices, each of which can be realized with an elastic joint in a serial mechanism. To realize a general spatial compliance, the serial mechanism must contain joints that couple the translational and rotational motion along/about an axis. The structure of a spatial compliance matrix can be uniquely interpreted by a 6-joint serial elastic mechanism whose geometry is obtained from the eigenscrew decomposition of the compliance matrix. The results obtained from the analysis of spatial compliant behavior and its realization in a serial mechanism are compared with those obtained for spatial stiffness behavior and its realization in a parallel mechanism.
Stochastic linearisation approach to performance analysis of feedback systems with asymmetric nonlinear actuators and sensors

This paper considers feedback systems with asymmetric (i.e., non-odd functions) nonlinear actuators and sensors. While the stability of such systems can be investigated using the theory of absolute stability and its extensions, the current paper provides a method for their performance analysis, i.e., reference tracking and disturbance rejection. Similar to the case of symmetric nonlinearities considered in earlier work, the development is based on the method of stochastic linearisation (which is akin to the describing functions, but intended to study general properties of dynamics, rather than periodic regimes). Unlike the symmetric case, however, the nonlinearities considered here must be approximated not only by a quasilinear gain, but a quasilinear bias as well. This paper derives transcendental equations for the quasilinear gain and bias, provides necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of their solutions, and, using simulations, investigates the accuracy of these solutions as a tool for pre...
Compartmentation of Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Plants

Triacylglycerols from plants, familiar to most people as vegetable oils, supply 25% of dietary calories to the developed world and are increasingly a source for renewable biomaterials and fuels. Demand for vegetable oils will double by 2030, which can be met only by increased oil production. Triacylglycerol synthesis is accomplished through the coordinate action of multiple pathways in multiple subcellular compartments. Recent information has revealed an underappreciated complexity in pathways for synthesis and accumulation of this important energy-rich class of molecules.
Factors Influencing Subjects’ Observed Level of Suicide by Cop Intent:

The term suicide by cop (SbC) is used commonly for police-involved shootings that could be considered suicides because of the subject’s precipitated actions that demonstrate suicidal intent. The intent of the subject’s actions is often complicated and rarely understood. Using Lord and Sloop’s revised SbC decision model, the current study used a legal intervention incidents subset within the National Violent Death Reporting System data established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to examine the intent of subjects who were reported to have died violently through the involvement of law enforcement. The study’s results support the importance of multiple points of data to make decisions of SbC. Based on the current model, certain personal characteristics, history of suicide attempts, a domestic dispute in progress, and refusal to surrender significantly contributed to the strength of association. Factors considered indicators of irrational thought were not found to be significant predictors.
Stress transfer in polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanotube composite fibers

Abstract Gel spun polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanotube (PAN/CNT) composite fibers have been produced, and the stress-induced G ′ Raman band shifts in the CNTs have been monitored to observe stress transfer during fiber strain. Improvements in CNT quality, CNT dispersion, and post-processing fiber drawing are shown to increase the stress transfer from the matrix to the CNT. Radial breathing mode (RBM) intensity of specific CNT chiralities confirms CNT debundling during fiber processing. During PAN/CNT fiber straining, there reaches a plateau in the CNT G ′ downshift, signifying that the stress on the CNT is maintained despite continued straining of the PAN/CNT fiber. Correlating CNT strain with CNT modulus and volume fraction allows for the interfacial shear strength (τ i ) of the PAN-CNT interface to be determined. The as-spun and fully drawn PAN/CNT-A (99/1) nano composite fibers exhibit τ i of 13.1 and 30.9 MPa, respectively, while an improved CNT dispersion (PAN/CNT-A (99.9/0.1)) results in τ i equal to 44.3 MPa.
Monolayer MoS 2 transistors - ballistic performance limit analysis

To summarize, using ballistic NEGF-based transport simulations, we project the maximum performance achievable with monolayer MoS 2 transistors. Our simulations show that these devices can provide (i) excellent switching behavior with very high ON current, (ii) a g m of about 3 mS/µm, and (iii) immunity to short channel effects thanks to the electrostatistically efficient 2-D geometry. We have also investigated the effect of underlap, barrier height and contact resistance on the device performance. We note that while these numbers are representative of the best performance MoS 2 transistors can offer, the fact that they are significantly better than those for either state-of-the-art silicon, III–V or graphene makes MoS 2 devices promising for future electronic applications.
TRAVEL MEDICINE FOR THE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN

Each year millions of people travel overseas, where they may come into contact with infectious diseases unfamiliar to citizens of the industrialized world. Reviewing the potential risks, and how to avoid them, greatly enhances the chances of an uneventful trip. This article contains specific recommendations including recipes for oral rehydration solutions that travelers can prepare.
A Life Span Concept of Motor Development

A concept of life span motor development is presented. Evolution of the author's concept of motor development is traced from its beginnings in classic developmental theory rooted in the biological sciences. Influenced by contemporary motor control theory and the writings of Milani-Comparetti, mechanistic models of nervous system function were abandoned in favor of active organism concepts. Application of classic developmental theory to the practice of physical therapy led to a specific focus on righting behaviors and eventual discovery of the limitation of classical neurodevelopmental theory for the explanation of adult motor behaviors. The author's current research focus is summarized; it was formulated from a perspective of lifelong development and is directed toward describing age related movement patterns in a series of righting tasks.
Antitumor effects of biologic reducing agents related to 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine: dihydroxybenzaldehyde, dihydroxybenzaldoxime, and dihydroxybenzonitrile.

This report describes a structure-activity analysis of isomers of three classes of dihydroxybenzene derivatives, including dihydroxybenzaldoxime, dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and dihydroxybenzonitrile. These derivatives were examined for their effect on ribonucleotide reductase activity, macromolecular synthesis, cell growth, and in vivo antitumor activity against the L1210 murine leukemia. One of the compounds studied exhibited significant antitumor activity against the growth of L1210 leukemia cells. A comparison of the various analogues revealed a possible correlation for 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldoxime between its potent inhibitory effect toward ribonucleotide reductase activity (IC50 = 38 μM) and its superior L1210 antitumor activity [percent increased life span (% ILS) = 100].
Osteoid osteoma of the femoral neck in the young athlete

The purpose of this paper is to present a progressive diagnostic and management program for osteoid os teoma of the femoral neck in the young athlete. Five young athletes with hip pain secondary to osteoid osteoma are presented. The average age of the pa tients was 15 years old, with an average followup of 4 years. Radioisotope bone scans, computed axial tom ograms, and linear tomograms were valuable diagnos tic aids. All five athletes were treated with a limited excisional biopsy via an anterior approach to the fem oral neck. Associated treatment modalities, such as bone grafting, internal fixation, and cast immobilization, were not necessary. There were no major complica tions. The five young athletes returned to sports at an average of 4 months postoperatively.Osteoid osteoma of the femoral neck should be in cluded in the differential diagnosis of hip pain in young athletes. A limited excisional biopsy provided a rapid return to sports for the young athlete without the po tential morbidity associated w...
Multi-scale analysis of engineering surfaces

Abstract Conventional surface characterization techniques involving random process analysis are limited in characterizing multi-scale surface features relevant to manufacturing processes and functions. This paper introduces a novel technique for multi-scale characterization of engineering surfaces by applying wavelet transform. The main advantages of wavelet transform over other existing signal processing techniques are its space-frequency localization and multi-scale view of the components of a signal. Utilizing these properties of wavelet transform, we can effectively apply multi-channel filter banks to the surface data and link the manufacturing and functional aspects of a surface with its multi-scale features. Surfaces produced by typical manufacturing processes are analyzed using wavelet transform, and the usefulness of wavelet transform in the multi-scale analysis of engineering surfaces is demonstrated.
In vitro study of cartilage induction in T/T mice.

A LARGE number of mutations (more than 20) have been demonstrated in the complex locus T in linkage group IX of the house mouse1. Those mutations which have been studied embryologically appear to affect processes concerned with the formation and subsequent differentiation of the notochord–mesoderm system and its developmental dependent, the neural tube. The T\T embryos develop essentially normally through early somite stages, but at about the 4-somite stage there begin prothannic changes which result in an embryo entirely lacking the posterior portion of the body, and having no notochord, only remnants of somites and a neural tube both structurally and cellularly abnormal. This condition is clearly due to some interference with the processes of axial organization, but it has been impossible to define with descriptive methods which of these developmentally related structures is primarily affected by the mutation.
THE ASSESSING WOMEN IN ENGINEERING PROJECT: A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE AND PROFITABLE COLLABORATION

Women in engineering (WIE) programs work to recruit and retain women in undergraduate engineering programs and are a crucial part of the nation's effort to attract more women into engineering professions. For WIE programs to be maximally effective, they must have access to validated assessment instruments for measuring the effectiveness of their recruitment and retention activities. The Assessing Women in Engineering (AWE) project, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, aims to develop such instruments. This article describes the AWE project's unique collaboration between a l-VIE director and an assessment professional to develop exportable assessment instruments and models for WIE programs nationwide, thus allowing them to assess their programs'activities and ultimately provide data for makingviellinfonned evaluation decisions.
Mechanistic diversity in the RuBisCO superfamily: the "enolase" in the methionine salvage pathway in Geobacillus kaustophilus.

d-Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), the most abundant enzyme, is the paradigm member of the recently recognized mechanistically diverse RuBisCO superfamily. The RuBisCO reaction is initiated by abstraction of the proton from C3 of the d-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate substrate by a carbamate oxygen of carboxylated Lys 201 (spinach enzyme). Heterofunctional homologues of RuBisCO found in species of Bacilli catalyze the tautomerization (“enolization”) of 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentane 1-phosphate (DK-MTP 1-P) in the methionine salvage pathway in which 5-methylthio-d-ribose (MTR) derived from 5‘-methylthioadenosine is converted to methionine [Ashida, H., Saito, Y., Kojima, C., Kobayashi, K., Ogasawara, N., and Yokota, A. (2003) A functional link between RuBisCO-like protein of Bacillus and photosynthetic RuBisCO, Science 302, 286−290]. The reaction catalyzed by this “enolase” is accomplished by abstraction of a proton from C1 of the DK-MTP 1-P substrate to form the tautomerized product, a...
Noradrenergic facilitation of shock-probe defensive burying in lateral septum of rats, and modulation by chronic treatment with desipramine.

Abstract We have previously shown that acute stress-induced release of norepinephrine (NE) facilitates anxiety-like behavioral responses to stress, such as reduction in open-arm exploration on the elevated-plus maze and in social behavior on the social interaction test. Since these responses represent inhibition of ongoing behavior, it is important to also address whether NE facilitates a response that represents an activation of behavior. Correspondingly, it is unknown how a chronic elevation in tonic steady-state noradrenergic (NA) neurotransmission induced by NE reuptake blockade might alter this acute modulatory function, a regulatory process that may be pertinent to the anxiolytic effects of NE reuptake blockers such as desipramine (DMI). Therefore, in this study, we investigated noradrenergic modulation of the shock-probe defensive burying response in the lateral septum (LS). In experiment 1, shock-probe exposure induced an acute 3-fold increase in NE levels measured in LS of male Sprague-Dawley rats by microdialysis. Shock-probe exposure also induced a modest rise in plasma ACTH, taken as an indicator of perceived stress, that returned to baseline more rapidly in rats that were allowed to bury the probe compared to rats prevented from burying by providing them with minimal bedding, indicating that the active defensive burying behavior is an effective coping strategy that reduces the impact of acute shock probe-induced stress. In experiment 2, blockade of either α 1 - or β-adrenergic receptors in LS by local antagonist microinjection immediately before testing reduced defensive burying and increased immobility. In the next experiment, chronic DMI treatment increased basal extracellular NE levels in LS, and attenuated the acute shock probe-induced increase in NE release in LS relative to baseline. Chronic DMI treatment decreased shock-probe defensive burying behavior in a time-dependent manner, apparent only after 2 weeks or more of drug treatment. Moreover, rats treated chronically with DMI showed no significant rise of plasma ACTH in response to shock-probe exposure. Thus, acute stress-induced release of NE in LS facilitated defensive burying, an active, adaptive behavioral coping response. Chronic treatment with the NE reuptake blocker and antidepressant drug DMI attenuated acute noradrenergic facilitation of the active burying response, and also attenuated the level of perceived stress driving that response. These results suggest that long-term regulation of the acute modulatory function of NE by chronic treatment with reuptake blockers may contribute to the mechanisms by which such drugs exert their anxiolytic effects in the treatment of stress-related psychiatric conditions, including depression and anxiety.
Increased susceptibility of spinal muscular atrophy fibroblasts to camptothecin is p53-independent

Deletion or mutation(s) of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). The SMN protein is known to play a role in RNA metabolism, neurite outgrowth, and cell survival. Yet, it remains unclear how SMN deficiency causes selective motor neuron death and muscle atrophy seen in SMA. Previously, we have shown that skin fibroblasts from SMA patients are more sensitive to the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin, supporting a role for SMN in cell survival. Here, we examine the potential mechanism of camptothecin sensitivity in SMA fibroblasts. Camptothecin treatment reduced the DNA relaxation activity of DNA topoisomerase I in human fibroblasts. In contrast, kinase activity of DNA topoisomerase I was not affected by camptothecin, because levels of phosphorylated SR proteins were not decreased. Upon camptothecin treatment, levels of p53 were markedly increased. To determine if p53 plays a role in the increased sensitivity of SMA fibroblasts to camptothecin, we analyzed the sensitivity of SMA fibroblasts to another DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, β-lapachone. This compound is known to induce death via a p53-independent pathway in several cancer cell lines. We found that β-lapachone did not induce p53 activation in human fibroblasts. In addition, SMA and control fibroblasts showed essentially identical sensitivity to this compound. By immunofluorescence staining, SMN and p53 co-localized in gems within the nucleus, and this co-localization was overall reduced in SMA fibroblasts. However, depletion of p53 by siRNA did not lessen the camptothecin sensitivity in SMA fibroblasts. Even though p53 and SMN are associated, the increased sensitivity of SMA fibroblasts to camptothecin does not occur through a p53-dependent mechanism.
Nucleic Acid Related Compounds. 101. S-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine Hydrolase Does Not Hydrate (5‘-Fluoro)vinyl or (6‘-Halo)homovinyl Analogues Derived from 3‘-Deoxyadenosine or 3‘-(Chloro or Fluoro)-3‘-deoxyadenosine1

S-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase is crucial for the maintenance of biomethylation. The usual mechanistic sequence involves oxidation of AdoHcy at C3‘ followed by elimination of l-homocysteine, Michael addition of water, and reduction to give adenosine. A 6‘-fluorohomovinyladenosine analogue (EDDFHA) undergoes hydration of the 5‘,6‘ double bond (hydrolytic activity) at a more rapid rate than oxidation at C3‘. Three 4‘,5‘-didehydro-5‘-deoxy-5‘-fluoro nucleoside analogues were prepared from 3‘-deoxy- and 3‘-(chloro and fluoro)-3‘-deoxyadenosine via generation of the vinyl fluorides by thermolysis of 5‘-fluoro-5‘-thioether sulfoxides. The 3‘-deoxy analogues of 6‘-halohomovinyladenosines were prepared by Wittig extension with a 3‘-deoxy-5‘-carboxaldehyde and halodestannylation of vinyl stannanes. The 3‘-hydroxyl group appears to be essential for binding to AdoHcy hydrolase. No hydrolytic activity at C5‘ or C6‘ was observed with the nonoxidizable 3‘-deoxy or 3‘-(chloro or fluoro) analogues in contra...
Josephson-junction arrays in transverse magnetic fields: Ground states and critical currents

Josephson-junction arrays in transverse magnetic fields are most simply described by uniformly frustrated XY models. Frustration in these models is parametrized by f, the ratio of the magnetic flux through one cell of the array to the magnetic flux quantum. We propose a quasi-one-dimensional structure for the ground states of these models, valid for (1/3)\ensuremath{\le}f\ensuremath{\le}(1/2). The energies and zero-temperature critical currents for this structure can be calculated exactly. For rational f=p/q, energies and critical currents are functions of q only; for irrational f, they are independent of f. Numerical calculations of the ground-state form agree with this quasi-one-dimensional conjecture for several f in the range (1/3)\ensuremath{\le}f\ensuremath{\le}(1/2). .AE
Separation of poly(ADP-ribose) by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract The homopolymer of ADP-ribose, poly(ADP-ribose), was synthesized in vitro by liver nuclei from NAD. The protein-poly(ADP-ribose) adducts were isolated and, after base hydrolysis or proteolysis by proteinase K, the free polymers were separated from NAD, ADP-ribose, AMP and adenosine, and quantitatively determined by reversed-phase chromatography on an Ultrasphere ODS 5-μm column. Oxidation of the polymer by sodium periodate and labeling with 3 H by borotritiation maintained the polymeric structure, but its modification was detectable by the chromatographic system employed.
A Framework for Total Cost of Ownership

Total cost of ownership is a concept which strives to analyze and understand the true cost of doing business with a supplier, going well beyond price. This paper briefly explores trends which have increased interest in total cost of ownership analysis. Barriers and benefits of total cost of ownership are also discussed. The main thrust of the article is to present an eight stage framework for total cost of ownership implementation. This framework was developed based on case studies of seven firms which use total cost of ownership in purchasing. The framework includes a number of decisions that firms considering total cost of ownership must face, and a discussion of how these decisions were resolved by some of the case study companies. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the framework, and some suggestions for future total cost of ownership research directions.
Frontal systems during passage of the Martian north polar hood over the Viking Lander 2 site prior to the first 1977 dust storm

Analysis of a 12-sol period of wind speed, wind direction, temperature, pressure, and optical depth at the Viking Lander 2 site presents the first in situ evidence of high- and low-pressure systems, complete with fronts, on the surface of Mars. The discovery of these systems in the Lander data occurred while analyzing a period during which the north polar hood was advected over the site at midday, dramatically decreasing the surface illumination and surface-to-atmospheric heat flux. This obscuration immediately preceded a global dust storm in the southern hemisphere and low latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The direct effects of the dust storm, reached 48 N, the Lander 2 latitude, later more gradually than they reached the 22 deg N latitude of Lander 1. The system responsible for the polar hood passages is a major disturbance, and it appears that radiational damping is inadequate to stop strong frontal formation. The front analyzed is characteristic of a repetitive series of systems that pass roughly every 3.3 sols. These systems are similar to those predicted by theoretical analyses and by general circulation modeling of the Martian atmosphere and those observed in laboratory experiments.
Typical cases of electric field and voltage distribution calculations along polymer insulators under various wet surface conditions

The electric field and voltage distributions along wet polymer insulators are calculated using COULOMB, a three-dimensional electric field analysis software package. These distributions are distorted by the presence of water droplets on the surface of the insulators. The cases analyzed are based on several stages of the hydrophobicity classification (HC) recommended by the Swedish Transmission Research Institute (STRI). The models developed for the calculations are based on photographs of insulators undergoing aging tests in a fog chamber. The insulator surfaces of the cases selected for the calculations are characterized as HC1, HC2 and HC3. Electric field and equipotential lines and electric field enhancement factors on the surface of water droplets are presented.