cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration of Oncocytic Salivary Gland Lesions

evaluated by three pathologists blinded to the diagnosis. Staining intensity and extent of staining were scored on a scale from 0 to 3 with consensus results reported below. Staining intensity of 2 or 3 was considered positive. Results: Immunocytochemistry was performed on samples from 72 patients, including 11 ACCs and 31 PAs. ACC samples demonstrated significantly greater mean Myb and CD117 staining intensity and staining extent scores than non-ACC specimens, (p< 0.05). Pleomorphic adenomas (PAs) demonstrated significantly greater mean PLAG1 staining intensity and staining extent scores than non-PA specimens (p<0.0001). The differential staining patterns in these two tumors (Table 1) produced corresponding differences in sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values with different combinations of these stains (Tables 2 and 3). Using a combination of positive Myb and CD117 and negative PLAG1 staining performed best for diagnosing ACC, while a combination of positive PLAG1 and negative Myb stains performed best for diagnosing PA (Table 4). Conclusions: Performing an immunocytochemical panel with Myb, CD117 and PLAG1 on FNA cell blocks may aid in distinguishing ACCs and PAs from other salivary gland neoplasms.
Dehumanization of older people: The evaluation of hostile work environments

This research examined how people judge hostile work environments in which members of a work setting derogate other workers because they are older and presumed to be incompetent based on a psycholegal model incorporating negative affect and dehumanization (Wiener, Gervais, Brnjic, & Nuss, 2014). Specifically, we conducted a study in which a national sample of community participants read a scenario in which an interviewer did or did not derogate an older worker in a work interview. Respondents predicted affect (negative and positive), rated dehumanization (animalistic and mechanistic), and assessed hostile work environment (legal and impact). Consistent with hypotheses, derogation of the older worker caused more negative affect, more animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization, and more hostile work environment perceptions. Further, consistent with the mechanisms posited by our psycholegal model, path analysis revealed that negative affect and mechanistic dehumanization explained the relation between age derogation and hostile work environment judgments. The paper ends with a discussion of implications for organizations, law, and psychology, as well as directions for future research.
In Vivo Responses of Single Olfactory Receptor Neurons of Channel Catfish to Binary Mixtures of Amino Acids

Kang, Jiesheng and John Caprio. In vivo response of single olfactory receptor neurons of channel catfish to binary mixtures of amino acids. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1–8, 1997. For the first time in any...
Trends in rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees following reconstruction has evolved to the present day emphasis on physical examination and lower extremity strength for return to activity. Factors such as initial graft strength and improved fixation techniques have allowed for early motion and earlier muscular strengthening activities. If anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is to be practical for all, continued progress will need to be made in this direction.
Which cultural group I love depends on how I feel about my identities: The moderating effect of blendedness on the priming of cultural in-group love in undergraduate Asian-American biculturals

Abstract While bicultural research has begun to examine how biculturals identify with different cultures, bicultural identities tend to be organized in a complex manner than influences how they interact with the outside world. In this experimental study we examined whether undergraduate Asian-American biculturals can be primed to identify with Asian or American ethnic-cultural groups as in-groups, measured by in-group favoritism in resource allocation in a variant of a prisoner's dilemma game, and whether this is moderated by the blendedness dimension of bicultural identity integration (BII-Blendedness). Results showed that biculturals can be primed to express in-group favoritism towards different ethnic groups, and that this relationship is moderated by the level of BII-Blendedness in a manner that is consistent with past BII research. These findings provide empirical support for past discussions on how biculturals shift between cultural identities, and highlight that how biculturals feel about their dual identities is an important influencing factor.
New Features in the Ultrafast Ligand Dynamics and Energy Dissipation in Myoglobin

Comparing results obtained on myoglobin (Mb) and MbNO from different species and after excitation into different electronic states of the heme provides insight into the non-exponential NO recombination dynamics. In addition, the vibrational relaxation dynamics of hot heme in deoxy-Mb are seen very clearly in the spectra, and the initial temperature is determined.
Efficient Local Representations of Graphs

Informally, an efficient local representation of a graph G is a scheme in which we assign short labels (representable by a “small” number of bits, hence efficient) to G’s vertices so that we can determine if two vertices are adjacent simply by examining the labels assigned to the pair of vertices (hence local). For some classes of graphs (such as planar graphs), one can devise local representations, but for others (such as bipartite graphs), this is not possible.
Algorithms for a Satellite Constellation scheduling Problem

Remote sensing systems such as a constellation of satellites periodically observe regions on the surface of the earth to collect visual imagery and other sensory data that is both spatial and temporal. Efficiently scheduling sensing activities on a constellation of satellites is a natural problem that arises while managing these systems. Given a set of satellites, a set of sensing activities with their priorities and timing constraints, the objective of the problem is to assign activities to the satellites over a given time period such that at most one activity is assigned to a satellite at any time and the quality of information collected by the satellites is maximized. This problem is computationally challenging to solve and is NP-Hard. In this research, heuristics are first developed to find feasible solutions based on a greedy approach and by dividing the given time period into smaller blocks of time. To determine the quality of a feasible solution, an integer linear programming approach is also developed. Numerical results show that good feasible solutions can be obtained in the order of seconds on a standard computer for a constellation of up to eight satellites and thousand activities using the proposed algorithms.
Agonist-stimulated phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate generation by scaffolded phosphoinositide kinases

Generation of the lipid messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) is crucial for development, cell growth and survival, and motility, and it becomes dysfunctional in many diseases including cancers. Here we reveal a mechanism for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 generation by scaffolded phosphoinositide kinases. In this pathway, class I phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) is assembled by IQGAP1 with PI(4)KIIIα and PIPKIα, which sequentially generate PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 from phosphatidylinositol. By scaffolding these kinases into functional proximity, the PtdIns(4,5)P2 generated is selectively used by PI(3)K for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 generation, which then signals to PDK1 and Akt that are also in the complex. Moreover, multiple receptor types stimulate the assembly of this IQGAP1-PI(3)K signalling complex. Blockade of IQGAP1 interaction with PIPKIα or PI(3)K inhibited PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 generation and signalling, and selectively diminished cancer cell survival, revealing a target for cancer chemotherapy.
ROLE OF SPOUSAL INVOLVEMENT IN CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (CPAP) ADHERENCE IN PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (OSA).

Introduction Little is known about the impact of spousal involvement on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) adherence. The aim of this study was to determine whether spouse involvement affects adherence with CPAP therapy, and how this association varies with gender. Methods 194 subjects recruited from Apnea Positive Pressure Long Term Efficacy Study (APPLES) completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). The majority of participants were Caucasian (83%), and males (73%), with mean age of 56 years, mean BMI of 31 kg/m2. & 62% had severe OSA. The DAS is a validated 32-item self-report instrument measuring dyadic consensus, satisfaction, cohesion, and affectional expression. A high score in the DAS is indicative of a person's adjustment to the marriage. Additionally, questions related to spouse involvement with general health and CPAP use were asked. CPAP use was downloaded from the device and self-report, and compliance was defined as usage ≥ 4 h per night. Results There were no significant differences in overall marital quality between the compliant and noncompliant subjects. However, level of spousal involvement was associated with increased CPAP adherence at 6 months (p=0.01). After stratifying for gender these results were significant only among males (p=0.03). Three years after completing APPLES, level of spousal involvement was not associated with CPAP compliance even after gender stratification. Conclusion Spousal involvement is important in determining CPAP compliance in males in the 1st 6 months after initiation of therapy but is not predictive of longer-term adherence. Involvement of the spouse should be considered an integral part of CPAP initiation procedures. Support HL068060.
Influence of Porosity on the High Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Laser Beam Welded Ti-6Al-4V Butt Joints

Abstract Surface defects and internal discontinuities are inevitable results of the laser beam welding (LBW) process regardless of the material used. Comprehensive understanding of the fatigue degradation caused by these defects is of major concern for the introduction of LBW into manufacturing or repair processes. The present paper focuses on the effect of inherent welding-induced material flaws on the high cycle fatigue behaviour of the laser welded Ti-6Al-4V butt joints. If the surface quality of the welded joint is sufficiently high, the transition of the crack origin from the surface to the subsurface occurs. The mechanisms of internal fatigue crack formation and growth at the early stages were studied. A typical fish-eye pattern of fracture surface was observed in close proximity to the crack origin. The model based on fracture mechanics for durability prediction in the presence of randomly distributed porosity was developed. The link between theory, modelling and experiment was successfully demonstrated.
Engineering the production of dipicolinic acid in E. coli

Abstract Dicarboxylic acids, such as the phthalic acids and their derivatives, are monomeric components in several important polyesters and polyamides. In most cases, these compounds are derived from fossil fuels and are not easily biodegradable. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is a biologically derived aromatic di-acid that has a similar structure to isophthalic acid. Furthermore, DPA has been shown to give rise to polyesters, is readily biodegradable, and is non-toxic. DPA is naturally produced by Bacillus and Clostridium species during sporulation and can comprise up to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores. In this paper we demonstrate the first heterologous production of DPA and identify the genes appropriate for gram-scale production in the industrial workhorse organism, E. coli. Initially, several combinations of genes from the lysine pathway, including lysC, asd, dapA, and dapB, were overexpressed to determine which genes are necessary for recombinant production in E. coli. The in vitro activity of dipicolinate synthase was then compared between Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium perfringens. Next, in order to improve DPA production from glucose, an optimized strain was created that lacked several genes (lysA, tdh, and metA), resulting in 5.21 g/L DPA when 5 g/L of aspartate was supplied. Then, several aspartate kinases and dipicolinate synthases were screened for optimal activity in E. coli. The optimal genes were combined with the overexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to develop a full biosynthetic pathway capable of producing a titer of 4.7 g/L DPA directly from glucose. In summary, we have performed a detailed biochemical study of the key pathway enzyme dipicolinate synthase and achieved scalable heterogeneous production of DPA in the workhorse organism E. coli.
Multivalley two-dimensional electron system in an AlAs quantum well with mobility exceeding 2 ×10 6 cm 2 V -1 s -1

Degenerate conduction-band minima, or ``valleys'', in materials such as Si, AlAs, graphene, and ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ allow them to host two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs) that can access a valley degree of freedom. These multivalley 2DESs present exciting opportunities for both pragmatic and fundamental research alike because not only are they a platform for valleytronic devices, but they also provide a tool to tune and investigate the properties of complex many-body ground states. Here, we report ultra-high-quality, modulation-doped AlAs quantum wells containing 2DESs that occupy two anisotropic valleys and have electron mobilities peaking at $2.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at a density of $2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. This is more than an order of magnitude improvement in mobility over previous results. The unprecedented quality of our samples is demonstrated by magneto-transport data that show high-order fractional quantum Hall minima up to the Landau level filling $\ensuremath{\nu}=8/17$, and even the elusive $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/5$ quantum Hall state.
Learning the funding momentum of research projects

In developing grant proposals for funding agencies like NIH or NSF, it is often important to determine whether a research topic is gaining momentum -- where by 'momentum' we mean the rate of change of a certain measure such as popularity, impact or significance -- to evaluate whether the topic is more likely to receive grants. Analysis of data about past grant awards reveals interesting patterns about successful grant topics, suggesting it is sometimes possible to measure the degree to which a given research topic has 'increasing momentum'. In this paper, we develop a framework for quantitative modeling of the funding momentum of a project, based on the momentum of the individual topics in the project. This momentum follows certain patterns that rise and fall in a predictable fashion. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to quantify the momentum of research topics or projects.
Motion Planning with Discrete Abstractions and Physics-Based Game Engines

To increase automation in game design, this paper proposes a sampling-based motion-planning approach that works in conjunction with physics-based game engines. The approach automatically computes a sequence of motions that enables a virtual agent to reach a desired destination while avoiding collisions. The use of physics-based engines as the underlying simulator results in physically-realistic motions that take into account the motion dynamics, friction, gravity, and other forces interacting with the virtual agent. To account for the increased complexity and achieve computational efficiency, the approach expands a motion tree from the initial state to the goal using discrete abstractions as a guide in a best-first search fashion. Parametrized motion controllers are combined with randomized sampling to enable the motion planner to expand the motion tree along different directions. Comparisons to related work show significant computational speedups.
Observation of preQ1-II riboswitch dynamics using single-molecule FRET

PreQ1 riboswitches regulate the synthesis of the hypermodified tRNA base queuosine by sensing the pyrrolopyrimidine metabolite preQ1. Here, we use single-molecule FRET to interrogate the structural...
TSP1 and TSP2 have unique and overlapping roles in protecting against noise-induced auditory synaptopathy

Abstract Thrombospondins (TSPs) are cell adhesion molecules that play an important role in the maintenance of hearing and afferent synaptic connections. Based on their reported function in restoring synaptic connections after stroke, we tested a potential role for TSP1 and TSP2 genes in repairing cochlear synapses following noise injury. We observed a tonotopic gradient in the expression of TSP1 and TSP2 mRNA in control mouse cochleae and an upregulation of these genes following noise exposure. Examining the functional sequelae of these changes revealed that afferent synaptic counts and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) in noise-exposed TSP1 and TSP2 knockout (−/−) mice exhibited a worst recovery when compared to controls. Consistent with their tonotopic expression, TSP1 −/− mice showed greater susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) at 8 kHz and 16 kHz frequencies, whereas NIHL in TSP2 −/− mice occurred only at mid and high frequencies. Further analysis of the ABR waveforms indicated peripheral neuronal damage in TSP2 −/− but not in TSP1 −/− mice. Noise trauma affecting mid to high frequencies triggered severe seizures in the TSP2 −/− mice. We found that decreased susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in TSP1 −/− mice was correlated with increased TSP2 protein levels in their inner ears, suggesting that TSP2 might functionally compensate for the loss of TSP1 in these mice. Our data indicate that TSP1 and TSP2 are both involved in susceptibility to NIHL, with TSP2 playing a more prominent role.
Ultrafast and three-dimensional diffractive imaging of isolated molecules with electron pulses

Abstract The conversion of light into other forms of energy at the molecular level is an essential mechanism in some of nature's most ubiquitous processes, such as vision, photosynthesis and photodamage of DNA. It is also relevant in technological processes associated with the conversion and storage of solar energy. The very first step in these reactions is the absorption of a photon by a single molecule, which triggers changes on the electronic density, followed by motion of the nuclei toward a new equilibrium structure. Our understanding of these processes is guided by a thought experiment in which we play a three-dimensional movie of how the molecular structure evolves in time. Technical challenges in achieving a sufficiently high spatio-temporal resolution have so far prevented a full experimental realization of this thought experiment, however, recently a variety of techniques have started to shed light on these dynamics on the atomic scale and made significant progress toward three-dimensional atomically resolved movies of molecular reactions. Here we describe one method, gas phase Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED), which has been successfully applied to capture dynamics of isolated photoexcited molecules on the timescale of nuclear motion. Although directly sensitive to the spatial distribution of the nuclei, UED is not yet able to directly reconstruct the three-dimensional molecular structures needed to make an experimental movie of the reaction, in part due to the random orientation of molecules in the gas phase. In order to achieve a full three-dimensional structural retrieval from UED measurements, it is necessary to increase the information content of the patterns by aligning the molecules. We present UED measurements from aligned molecules where three-dimensional structural information on the ground state structure of the molecule has been successfully retrieved. This article concludes with a discussion of the prospects for three-dimensional imaging of molecular reactions in gas phase, more specifically the use of a multi-pulse approach to first align and then photo-excite the target molecules.
Longitudinal Analysis of Misuse of Bitcoin

We conducted a longitudinal study to analyze the misuse of Bitcoin. We first investigated usage characteristics of Bitcoin by analyzing how many addresses each address transacts with (from January 2009 to May 2018). To obtain a quantitative estimate of the malicious activity that Bitcoin is associated with, we collected over 2.3 million candidate Bitcoin addresses, harvested from the dark web between June 2016 and December 2017. The Bitcoin addresses found on the dark web were labeled with tags that classified the activities associated with the onions that these addresses were collected from. The tags covered a wide range of activities, from suspicious to outright malicious or illegal. Of these addresses, only 47,697 have tags we consider indicative of suspicious or malicious activities.
Escherichia coli from Commercial Broiler and Backyard Chickens Share Sequence Types, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Resistance Genes with Human Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli.

Abstract Escherichia coli recovered from poultry, and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), responsible for most cases of urinary tract infection (UTI) and bloodstream infection (BSI) in huma...
Distributed Software Switching for Scalable Network Functions

Network packets have traditionally been processed by purpose built, fixed-function appliances using proprietary hardware and software designs. Today, these designs are transforming into collections of flexible software blocks running on general purpose computing hardware, with expectations of high performance and scalability. Among these pieces, software packet switching (i.e. vSwitch) plays a fundamental role, as all packets need to traverse the switch on a given platform, and quite often repeatedly. In this paper, we demonstrate that certain performance and scaling deficiencies of packet switching in software can be attributed to the centralized design and deployment of the switching software threads. While multithreading is crucial for scaling-out software performance, improper use of the multi-processor resources can lead to undesired impacts on performance, due to fixed-partitioning, sub-optimal scheduling and complex cache coherency protocol interactions involving non-negligible data-access latencies. In this study, we take advantage of symmetric multi-processor threading (SMT) and lay out principles for better software packet switching with a distributed approach. With proof of concept implementations based on the very popular Open vSwitch project and DPDK, we show distributed software switching can easily scale with the network function workload threads, and achieve more than 2X throughput by exploiting the data locality within distributed nature of the CPU cache-subsystem.
New and interesting aerial diatom assemblages from southwestern Iceland

Examination of algal assemblages from aerial environments around the globe, especially those from pseudoaerial habitats found on moistened rocks underneath waterfalls or around springs and seeps, reveals the presence of unique diatom floras. Yet, diatom assemblages from northern regions like Iceland remain understudied, especially those from the volcanic rock outcrops and boulders that create euaerial habitats where biota receive moisture from the atmosphere or the rock itself. During the summers of 2013 and 2015, we examined the biodiversity of mostly euaerial, but also pseudoaerial, diatom assemblages collected from volcanic rock outcrops or large boulders on the landscape from southwestern Iceland. We used light and scanning electron microscopy to document the biodiversity of common, smaller, new, or interesting specimens, such as Humidophila and Eunotia. We describe one new Humidophila species, H. eldfjallii sp. nov., with triundulate valve margins and include information on another unidentified taxon, Humidophila sp. 1, naviculoid in shape with tapering to rounded ends, continuous striae through the length of the valve, and a circular central area. We formally transfer Diadesmis contenta var. biceps to Humidophila biceps. To correct the nomenclature, we recognized Humidophila parallela at the species level. Relative abundance estimates of diatom populations provided further characterization of the assemblages on these habitats. Humidophila taxa, especially H. gallica dominated the diverse diatom flora. We discuss adaptations for survival with access to mostly atmospheric water. The diatom flora described here adds to the flora for this region, highlights the diversity of diatom assemblages that can inhabit euaerial environments, and provides evidence of adaptive success of diatoms in extreme habitats with limited moisture and nutrients.
Percutaneous and Implanted Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Management of Pain: Current Evidence and Future Directions

The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of percutaneous and implanted peripheral nerve stimulation for the relief of pain. This article provides an overview of commercially available devices, the evidence supporting their use, and novel treatments being considered for the future. There are four peripheral nerve stimulators commercially available in multiple countries around the world. The stimulation may be used temporarily, with percutaneous placement of leads, or indefinitely with permanent implantation of the leads. Two stimulation paradigms are described in the literature for treatment of pain—stimulation of motor (efferent) nerve fibers to create muscle contraction and stimulation of sensory (afferent) nerve fibers to create paresthesia. Peripheral nerve stimulation has been studied in musculoskeletal pain syndromes, neuropathic pain syndromes, craniofacial pain, and in acute post-operative pain. This pain-relieving treatment is a promising treatment though many applications have not yet been well studied.
Play Therapy Is for Public Schools.

A child's play is meaningful and significant to him for through his play he is extending himself into areas which he has difficulty entering verbally. If counselors are to communicate effectively w...
A direct proof of Brannan's conjecture for β = 1

Abstract Recent results by R. Szasz, individually and in collaboration with E. Deniz and M. Caglar, and foundational work by U. Jayatilake collectively combine to provide a proof of Brannan's longstanding coefficient conjecture for the case that β = 1 . The resulting cumulative proof of the conjecture relies on a computer-assisted argument. In this paper, we present new results and use them to provide a complete direct analytical proof of the conjecture.
Hybrid Methods in Solving Alternating-Current Optimal Power Flows

Many steady-state problems in power systems, including rectangular power-voltage formulations of optimal power flows in the alternating-current model, can be cast as polynomial optimization problems (POP). For a POP, one can derive strong convex relaxations, or rather hierarchies of increasingly strong, but increasingly computationally challenging convex relaxations. We study means of switching from solving a convex relaxation to Newton’s method working on a non-convex (augmented) Lagrangian of the POP.
Lessons Learned from 44 Years of Teaching

Over the past 44 years I have had the pleasure, privilege and honor to teach almost 6,000 students at the Art Center College of Design. The subject matter for these classes was steeped in highly practical and applicable information, strategies, case studies and personal experiences. The goals of all of the three classes is to ‘empower’ the students to be able to take what they had learned and integrate it into the personal and professional lives.
Photogrammetry for a Virtual Reality Nature Scene

This groovy graphics assignment introduces students to the practice of capturing physical objects in nature using photogrammetry and professional software to prepare them as digital assets for building a virtual reality environment in a real-time game engine. Students are tasked with exploring outside, preferably in a natural setting such as a park, nature trail, or backyard, to find ephemeral objects or areas of interest to capture and use to build a virtual reality nature scene. This assignment inspires students to consider the natural environment as a resource for creating virtual environments while simultaneously challenging them to work with an emerging technique for asset creation. It also exposes students to different software packages while preparing the captured data as 3D models which leads to a deep understanding of the 3D pipeline. Once the assets are prepared and the scene is built, viewing the completed environment in VR may strengthen an appreciation for natural environments by viewing a digital representation with an increased sense of presence.
Effect of Left Displacement of Abomasum Corrected by Toggle Pin Suture on Lactation, Reproduction and Health of Holstein Dairy Cows

This study evaluated the effect of left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) corrected by toggle pin suture (TPS) on lactation performance, reproduction and health in Holstein dairy cows in a commercial dairy farm.
The First Republican Revival: Virtue, Judging, and Rhetoric in the Early Republic

How did the rebellious legalism of the American Revolution become the learned law tradition of the Early Republic? This essay seeks to answer this question by suggesting that the Early Republic's learned law jurisprudence is inextricably linked to the experience of the American Revolution. Before the Constitution's ink was dry... an elite of America's legal profession had embarked upon what I call the first republican revival.
Economic Growth and Organization of the US Corn Starch Industry

Publisher Summary The US starch industry, also known as the wet corn milling, corn wet milling, and the corn refining industry, has grown rapidly and starch production has expanded in several other countries. Although people continue to consume some starch directly from starch-bearing plants, either raw or cooked, their demands for commercially produced starch to be added to foods and beverages have increased significantly. Starch use in a broad range of industrial products such as paper, textiles, building materials, and alcohol for fuel has also expanded. As a consequence of overall market growth, the quantity of corn that was processed by the wet corn milling industry increased five-fold between 1972 and 1992. Large increases in demands for two major products, high-fructose corn syrup and fuel alcohol, propelled high industry growth beginning in the 1970s. By the mid-1980s, the starch-derived sweetener share of total caloric sweeteners had risen to more than 50%, and the upward trend, though slowing, was continuing. The complex and highly technical process of corn refining requires large economies of scale that, in turn, require substantial capital investment. As a consequence of technological advances and plant scale economies, the industry is dominated by a relatively few large plants. Corn refining firms have become increasingly diversified, with the expansion of new food products for the consumer market. They have also acquired other lines of business and have become more conglomerate in character, with their expansion through direct investment in other countries.
Variance of a zone migrating in a linear medium: II. Time-varying non-uniform medium

Abstract A model of dispersion of a solute migrating in a non-uniform (coordinate-dependent) time-varying medium has been proposed. Only two quantities, plate height and velocity of the solute required for the complete model. Derivatives of the variance of the zone have been found for the general case of a linear (independent of solute concentration) medium, and for many special cases. For the practically important case where the local plate height and the local gradient of the solute velocity are nearly coordinate-independent within the zone, a simple model of the evolution of the variance of the zone has been derived. A consistent definition of the local plate height has been constructed. It has been shown that the currently accepted method of calculation of the variance of the zone is valid only under the certain conditions which were not known before.
Development of Orthographic Skills in Chinese Children.

This study investigates possible developmental trends in children's invented spelling (or spelling errors) in Chinese elementary schools. The entire study consists of two substudies, Study A and Study B. Study A analyzes over 7000 invented spellings collected from the writing samples of 1200 children. Study B analyzes 3995 invented spellings that were collected from the spelling tests of 300 children. These invented spellings are sorted initially according to emerging patterns according to the way the invented spellings deviate from standard spellings; they are then further subsumed into three general categories according to the linguistic principles of Chinese characters - phonologically based spelling errors, graphemic spelling errors, and semantic spelling errors. Qualitative analysis of the invented spellings of these three categories indicates that children's spelling errors are not random; rather they reflect the development of children's orthographic knowledge. Regression analysis for linear trend shows that a developmental trend in the use of spelling strategies exists: at the lower elementary level, phonological strategies predominate; as grade level advances, the use of graphemic and semantic strategies increases.
Cardiac transplantation from infected donors: is it safe?

Background Transplantation of a cardiac allograft from an infected donor risks transmission of disease to the immunocompromised recipient. Such organs are often not utilized despite little supporting evidence. We sought to evaluate outcomes following cardiac transplant with the use of an infected allograft. Methods The UNOS/OPTN database was used to identify first time, adult heart transplant recipients from 1995 to 2009. Patients receiving allografts from blood culture positive donor (CPD) were compared to those who did not (NCPD). Results A total of 26,813 recipients were included. Nine hundred ninety-five (3.7%) received a heart from a CPD. Recipients of hearts from CPDs were more likely to be diabetic (24% vs. 20%, p = 0.01), hypertensive (42% vs. 38%, p = 0.02), status 1 (80% vs. 76%, p = 0.0021), have a BMI > 30 (19% vs. 16%, p = 0.001), on intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support (7% vs. 5%, p = 0.017), and worse functional status. Recipients with a CPD were more likely to be treated for a post-transplant infection (28% vs. 23%, p = 0.003) but not for an episode of rejection in the first year after transplantation (39% vs. 40%, p = 0.73). Receipt of a CPD allograft was not a multivariate predictor for mortality. CPD and NCPD survival was similar at one year (86% vs. 87%, p = 0.2585) and 15 years (34% vs. 36%, p = 0.0929). Conclusion Use of allografts from CPD has no influence on survival despite the fact that these recipients tend to have a higher acuity and more comorbidities at the time of transplantation. Utilization of a heart from a donor with a confirmed blood stream infection should be carefully considered. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12509 (J Card Surg 2015;30:288–295)
Current Needs for New Therapeutic Agents and Discovery Strategies—A Systems Pharmacology Approach

In this chapter, we will provide a brief overview of some current therapeutic agents, including their weaknesses, and highlight selected opportunities for continued drug discovery efforts in certain disease areas. We will then focus our attention on different strategies used to identify new therapeutic agents, comparing target-based discovery (TBD) and what we refer to as systems-based discovery (SBD). Although pharmaceutical companies have favored TBD during the past thirty years, emerging evidence indicates that SBD may help in solving some of the issues that have plagued the modern approach to drug discovery. Finally, we will explore the challenges associated with the application of SBD to neurological disorders. This chapter is intended neither to be exhaustive or fair and balanced but presents a selective viewpoint. Keywords: neurological disorder; target-based discovery; systems-based discovery; therapeutics; iterative modification
Intermediate level Lagrangian subsurface measurements in the northeast Pacific: Isobaric RAFOS float data

Isobaric RAFOS floats have been used to track the California Undercurrent and to investigate its continuity since 1992. The data include 61 quasi-Lagrangian subsurface trajectories sampled for the most part between 150 and 600 m. The data set allows estimates of Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics for the region, studies of mesoscale eddy activity, and analysis of seasonal variability of circulation patterns off Central California. A browsable Web-based inventory and a Graphical User Interface have been developed to provide access to this data set, including interactive manipulation of the data.
An Extension of Stein's Two-Stage Method to Pairwise Comparisons Among Dependent Groups Based on Trimmed Means

Abstract There are some well-known, two-stage methods for controlling power or length of confidence intervals when comparing groups based on means. An issue that has received very little attention is the generalization of these methods to robust measures of location. The paper proposes a generalization of Stein's two-stage method for means when the goal is to perform all pairwise comparisons among J dependent groups based on a trimmed mean. In simulations, the most obvious generalization was found to be a bit unsatisfactory in some situations, but a simple and seemingly natural modification was found to correct this problem.
Survival curve estimation with partial non-random exposure information.

The objective of this paper is to estimate survival curves for two different exposure groups when the exposure group is not known for all observations, and the data is subject to left truncation and right censoring. The situation we consider is when the probability that the exposure group is missing may depend on whether the observation is censored or uncensored, in which case the exposure is not missing at random. The problem was motivated by a study of Alzheimer's disease to estimate the distribution of ages at diagnosis for individuals with and without an apolipoprotein E4 allele (the exposure group). Genotyping for this risk factor was incomplete and performed more frequently on the cases of Alzheimer's disease (the uncensored observations) than the censored observations. The survival curves are estimated in discrete time using an EM algorithm. A bootstrapping procedure is proposed that guarantees each bootstrap sample has the same proportion of observations with missing exposure. A simulation is performed to evaluate the bias of the estimators and to investigate design and efficiency issues. The methods are applied to the Alzheimer's disease study.
Effect of hycanthone administered in vivo upon the incorporation of radioactive precursors into macromolecules of Schistosoma mansoni

Abstract Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were treated with hycanthone or with 8-chloro-2[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2 H -[1]-benzothiopirano- [4,3,2- cd ]-indazole-5-methanesulphonate (IA-4). Schistosomes were obtained by perfusion at various times after drug administration and tested for their ability to incorporate radioactive precursors of DNA, RNA and protein. In adult worms, male or female, the incorporation of radioactive thymidine was severely and irreversibly inhibited after treatment with either drug. Uridine and leucine incorporations were also inhibited, though to a lesser extent. On the contrary, the synthetic activities of immature worms were unaffected by hycanthone and only partially or temporarily depressed by IA-4. Hycanthone-resistant schistosomes, when tested between 1 and 7 days after treatment, showed a pattern of precursor incorporation which was virtually identical to that of untreated worms. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hycanthone and IA-4 may kill schistosomes by interfering with their nucleic acid synthesis.
American Indian Epistemologies.

This chapter provides general insights into American Indian epistemologies that can assist student affairs professionals in their work and examines the shared understandings of American Indians with regard to tribal knowledge and education.
Associations of adiponectin and leptin with incident coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke in african americans: the jackson heart study.

Background: Because the predictive significance of previously reported racial differences in leptin and adiponectin levels remains unclear, we assessed the prospective association of these adipokines with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in African Americans, a population with a high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: Serum specimens from 4,571 Jackson Heart Study participants without prevalent CVD at baseline examination (2000-2004) were analyzed for adiponectin and leptin levels. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the associations of the two adipokines with incident coronary heart disease and incident ischemic stroke. Results: During 6.2 years average of follow-up, 98 incident coronary heart disease and 87 incident ischemic stroke events were documented. Among study participants (64% women; mean age 54 ± 13 years), the mean (standard deviation, SD) was 6.04 (4.32) µg/mL in women and 4.03 (3.14) µg/mL in men for adiponectin and 37.35 (23.90) ng/mL in women and 11.03 (10.05) ng/mL in men for leptin. After multivariable adjustment that included age, body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance by HOMA-IR, systolic blood pressure, hypertension medication, smoking and physical activity, adiponectin was directly associated in women with incident stroke, HR = 1.41 (1.04 - 1.91) per 1 SD increase (p = 0.03), but not in men (p = 0.42). It was not associated with incident coronary heart disease in women or men. Leptin was not associated with incident coronary heart disease or incident stroke. Conclusions: In the largest community-based African American cohort, adiponectin was associated among women with a higher risk of incident stroke. Whether adiponectin harbors harmful properties, or it is produced in response to vascular inflammation to counter the atherosclerotic process, or the putative 'adiponectin resistance' phenomenon acts, should be further assessed.
HERPESVIRUS INOCULATION OF CORNEA

We investigated the effect of primary ocular inoculation with an avirulent herpesvirus type 1 thymidine-kinase-negative mutant on keratitis, survival, and establishment of trigeminal ganglionic latency after ocular challenge with several virulent herpesvirus type 1 thymidine-kinase-positive strains in the murine model. The effect of previous inoculation with the thymidine-kinase-negative mutant was to reduce the severity of keratitis, promote survival, and reduce the frequency of recovery of latent virus compared to the control group for all three superinfecting challenge strains. However, the thymidine-kinase phenotype (negative or positive) of recovered latent ganglionic virus or viruses disclosed incomplete protection from the previous inoculation and recovery of more than one virus strain from the same trigeminal ganglion in several mice. The success of a live, attenuated herpesvirus type 1 vaccine against ocular herpes may be limited in certain individuals by possible superinfection and secondary ganglionic colonization by wild-type herpesvirus capable of producing recurrent ocular disease.
Impact of coal properties on coal combustion by-product quality: examples from a Kentucky power plant

Abstract Coal properties impact the quality of coal combustion by-products (CCBs). Tracking impacts can often be difficult, particularly in the eastern United States, because utilities use blended coal feeds to meet their quality specifications. To circumvent this problem, we made arrangements for a single seam/single mine coal to be burned at a 220-MW wall-fired boiler. The feed coal is a medium sulfur, high volatile A bituminous Dean (Fire Clay) seam from Knox County, eastern Kentucky. The coal was mined over a 2-week period in order to supply the utility with sufficient fuel for a 2-day run. The coal was sampled form one location (as a whole channel and benches at the mine), as the shipped coal at the power plant, and as a pulverized coal prior to injection into the boiler. The pulverizer reject, commonly called “pyrites” by utilities, was also sampled. Fly ash was sampled from the economizers, two rows of mechanical hoppers and four rows of electrostatic precipitator (ESP) hoppers. Bottom ash also was sampled. Analyses on the mine and plant samples include, as appropriate, proximate/ultimate/sulfur forms/heating value, major oxides, trace elements, X-ray diffraction, and petrographic composition. The influence of coal properties on fly ash properties in this isolated case will be discussed. While specially arranged burns, such as for this study, are not representative of the reality of coal purchasing and coal combustion in the eastern US, attempts to follow a single coal through the process can be instructive for the purposes of understanding the origin and fate of trace elements in combustion.
The Present Status of Formulation of Cosmetic Emulsions

AbstractToday a cosmetic chemist is challenged to formulate an emulsion in an environment dictated by consumers, regulated by government and influenced by the volatility of the market. Efforts are directed to develop a safe and stable product with desirable aesthetic and tactile properties. An overview of theory of emulsification and widely used and newer raw materials available are presented. Understanding of causes and cures of physical and chemical instability and microbiological integrity are discussed.
Increased cellular responsiveness to epinephrine in primary open-angle glaucoma.

• The concentration of I-epinephrine hydrochloride necessary to Inhibit lymphocyte transformation by 50% (I 50 value) was determined in vitro for nine patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and in seven controls. The lymphocytes of the patients with POAG were significantly ( P ( Arch Ophthalmol 95:855-856, 1977)
The crystal structure of bis(triphenylphosphine)decarcarbonyl-triruthenium, Ru3(CO)10(PPh3)2. An example of unsymmetrical semibridging carbonyls in a substituted cluster

Abstract The cystral structure of the disubstituted cluster, Ru 3 (CO) 10 (PPh 3 ) 2 , prepared from Ru 3 (CO) 12 and PPh 3 , was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 with a 14.851(2), b 17.039(3), c 34.693(5) A, and Z = 8. The structure was refined to R 8.2% for 4616 observed reflections. The cluster consists of a triangle of Ru atoms with the PPh 3 ligands equatorially bonded to different Ru atoms and approximately trans to one of the RuRu bonds. The configuration of the four carbonyls on the unique ruthernium is substantially twisted from that found for the Ru(CO) 4 group of Ru 3 (CO)_ 12 . This configuration allows a semibridging orientation of several carbonyls, attributed to both the steric and electronic effects of the PPh 3 substitution.