cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rights and Structure In Constitutional Theory

Ever since the constitutional revolution of the 1930s, constitutional law and theory have been dominated by questions of civil rights. The expansion of rights under the Warren Court constituted a deep-seated shift in judicial attitudes that has proved remarkably stable over time. Despite protests in some quarters that the Burger Court (1969–1986) and the current Rehnquist Court have undermined civil rights recognized during the Warren Court era (1953–1969), the fact is that the changes have been surprisingly marginal. Even precedents that were widely believed to be endangered species a decade ago – such as Miranda and Roe v. Wade – continue in force, although they have indeed been pruned back. Despite their importance, however, these high-profile cases do not go to the core of the Supreme Court's agenda. The core is epitomized by Brown v. Board of Education on the one hand, representing an aggressive and interventionist attitude toward government discrimination against discrete minorities, and footnote four of the Carotene Products case, on the other hand, representing an extraordinarily deference to the political process with respect to economic regulation. The Rehnquist Court's commitment to this core agenda is not dramatically different than that of its predecessors, at least not when the broad sweep of constitutional law is taken into account.
Medicaid expenditures for children living with smokers

Children's exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with increased morbidity. We estimated Medicaid expenditures for children living with smokers compared to those living with no smokers in the United States. Data were overall and service-specific (i.e., inpatient, ambulatory, emergency department, prescription drug, and dental) annual Medicaid expenditures for children 0-11 years old from the 2000-2007 Medical Expenditures Panel Surveys. Smokers' presence in households was determined by adult respondents' self reports. There were 25,835 person-years of observation. We used multivariate analyses to adjust for child, parent, and geographic characteristics. Children with Medicaid expenditures were nearly twice as likely to live with a smoker as other children in the U.S. population. Adjusted analyses revealed no detectable differences in children's overall Medicaid expenditures by presence of smokers in the household. Medicaid children who lived with smokers on average had $10 (95% CI $3, $18) higher emergency department expenditures per year than those living with no smokers. Living with at least one smoker (a proxy for secondhand smoke exposure) is unrelated to children's overall short-term Medicaid expenditures, but has a modest impact on emergency department expenditures. Additional research is necessary to understand the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and long-term health and economic outcomes.
Ischemic stroke pathophysiology.

Most neurons suffer irreversible damage after only a few minutes of complete cessation of blood flow. Such a condition might exist dur ing cardiac arrest. In most instances of acute focal brain ischemia, however, a state of zero blood flow exists only in the core of the ischemic region. The larger surrounding penumbral area receives reduced blood flow, which causes loss of normal function that may lead to permanent cellular damage if severe enough or uncorrected but allows for recovery if blood flow is restored. Because ischemia is clearly a process and not an instantaneous event, the potential exists for modifying the process after the clinical ictus and altering the final outcome. Experimental models suggest that successful treatment intervention must be insti tuted within a few minutes after the onset of ischemia. Previous clinical trials have failed, in part, because treatment was delayed and therefore unlikely to render a benefit. The degree of failure or success of treatment may be a continuous rather than an all or none phenomenon. Numerous animal models have been developed that allow reperfusion after variable durat ions of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Most studies have consistently shown that reperfusion within 3 hours of arterial occlusion will limit, to some degree, the size of the resulting infarction and improve other measures of outcome as well, but that reperfusion after 3 hours will have little or no benefit and could worsen the situation. In humans, the time limit for successful treatment may not be sharply del ineated as there may be a continuum of pathological change across this 3-hour period that differs in rates of progression and reversibility according to individual variables. Unders tanding the pathophysiology of reperfu-
SU‐E‐T‐649: A Software Tool for Multi‐Modality and Multi‐Fractionation Biological Composite Plan Evaluation

Purpose: Patients receive radiotherapy composed of different modalities. For example, EBRT followed by HDR brachytherapy boost or mixed photon and particle therapies. For such cases, where different fractionation schemes or modalities with different RBEs are used, generation of a 3D composite equivalent biological dose distribution in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2) is desirable. Currently this function is unavailable in commercial planning platforms. The goal of this work was to develop a software tool capable of creating the 3D composite EQD2 dose distribution for multiple modalities. Methods: Matlab‐based software was developed. DICOM‐RT files exported from different planning systems were imported into the software. The physical dose distribution is converted to an EQD2 distribution at voxel levels using the linear‐quadratic model or induced‐repair model. Radiobiological parameters such as alpha/beta ratio and RBE for each structure are changable by the user. Dose matrices from different modalities are aligned and a composite EQD2 dose matrix is generated. This matrix is written back into DICOM format for import into a commercial planning system or in‐house software for plan evaluation. As a demonstration, two cervical cancer test cases were planned with both EBRT in Eclipse and HDR brachytherapy in Oncentra MasterPlan and evaluated. Results: The software provides the 3D composite EQD2 distribution. This simplifies the evaluation of multi‐modality treatments with different fractionation schemes for clinicians. For the two test cases, the D90 for targets and D2cc for the organs‐at‐risk were evaluated. These results were able to be directly interpreted according to published guidelines. The composite plan can also be evaluated in in‐house software using published data of tumor control and normal tissue complication probabilities. Conclusions: The software provides 3D composite biological dose from multiple modalites. This information can help in the evaluation of treatments, assist in creating optimal treatment plans and predict the overall treatment outcome.
A bicarbonate titration method for lime requirement to neutralize exchangeable acidity of pond bottom soils

Abstract The lime requirement of ponds can be determined by direct titration with standard sulfuric acid of the amount of alkalinity neutralized by the exchangeable acidity displaced from a bottom soil sample equilibrated with a solution of 1.0 N in potassium ion and 0.04 N in bicarbonate (2 mg CaCO3 equivalent mL− 1). This procedure, called the K-bicarbonate method here, provided precise estimates of lime requirement that were 9.6% to 27.2% (average = 12.9%) greater than those obtained by the method currently recommended for use on pond soils. It is likely that the K-bicarbonate method neutralizes more of the exchangeable acidity in pond bottom soil samples than does the current method recommended for pond bottom soils and thereby provides a more reliable estimate of lime requirement. Moreover, the K-bicarbonate method does not require a hazardous chemical, a mechanical shaker, or a pH meter as does the current method for pond lime requirement. The cost per analysis also is cheaper by the K-bicarbonate method than with the method currently recommended for pond soils.
Tritrophic Studies of Russian Wheat Aphid, a Parasitoid, and Resistant and Susceptible Wheat over Three Parasitoid Generations

Abstract Parasitism of Russian wheat aphid,Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko), byDiaeretiella rapae(McIntosh) was studied over three parasitoid generations on resistant and susceptible wheat,Triticum aestivumL. Rate of increase forD. noxiawas lower when plants were initially infested with 20 aphids than 10 aphids per plant. Plant damage was similar between the two aphid densities (10 and 20 aphids per plant). Rate of population increase forD. noxiawas lower on the resistant wheat line (PI 137739) in all three generations compared with the susceptible wheat cultivar (‘Stephens’). Plant biomass was greater in infested plants of both wheat entries exposed to parasitoids than infested plants without parasitoids. Percentage emergence, sex ratio, adult longevity, and head width of parasitoids were not changed by plant resistance. Longevity of female parasitoids was greater when parasitoids emerged from aphids reared on the resistant line. The resistance in PI 137739 was compatible withD. rapaegrowth and development.
Berry-producing shrub characteristics following wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park

Gray wolves (Canis lupus) were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in 1995–96, thus completing the park’s large predator guild. In the fall of 2010, approximately 15 years after wolf reintroduction, we sampled ten genera/species of berry-producing shrubs within 97 aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands in the park’s northern ungulate winter range. Regression analysis indicated shrub heights for five of the ten genera/species were positively correlated with height of understory aspen; greater shrub richness was found in aspen stands with the tallest understory aspen. In addition, the proportion of shrubs with berries was positively correlated with shrub height for six of the ten genera/species. Results were consistent with the re-establishment of a tri-trophic cascade involving wolves, elk (Cervus elaphus), and palatable woody plants in northern Yellowstone. After multiple decades of browsing suppression by elk, it appears that aspen and at least some genera/species of berry-producing shrubs are in the early stages of recovery. If shrub recovery continues, improved food-web and habitat support could benefit a wide range of terrestrial wildlife species in northern Yellowstone.
Real-time in situ electronic monitoring of dynamic contact behavior of MEMS high-g switches

This paper presents for the first time real-time contact monitoring of packaged high-g switches under acceleration loads up to 50,000 g. Such loads are typical in impact and pyroshock phenomena such as multistage rocket launches and earth penetrating weapons. Contact monitoring is performed using a fully electronic methodology utilizing an ultra low-power (<60 μW) CMOS interface that is directly integrated to the MEMS chip and accurately senses the capacitance change around the contact region at a sampling rate greater than 500 kHz. Experimental and modeling results agree to within 5% for the switch closing time under high-g condition, confirming the validity of the measurement technique.
Short- and long-term effects of the abiotic egg environment on viability, development and vulnerability to predators of a Neotropical anuran

Summary 1. Environmental variation during development is common and often has long-lasting effects on phenotypes and survival. In organisms with complex life cycles, such effects may carry over from one life stage into the subsequent stages, affecting reproductive success and survival in both direct and indirect manners. Much research has focused on the transition from the larval to adult stages, but fewer studies have addressed how egg-stage variation may affect the larval stage, development to metamorphosis, and adult fitness. 2. We assessed the short- and long-term consequences of abiotic environmental variation during egg development of the Neotropical treefrog Dendropsophus ebraccatus. Typically, D. ebraccatus eggs are oviposited terrestrially on leaves above water and hydrated by rainfall. However, at our field site in Panama ∼25% of terrestrial eggs become desiccated during development and ∼19% become submerged underwater. In addition, in unshaded ponds D. ebraccatus lays eggs directly in water. We assessed immediate and carryover effects of egg development under hydrated, desiccated and submerged conditions. We measured morphology and vulnerability to predators at hatching and at three time points during the larval period. We also measured morphology at metamorphosis. 3. Submerged eggs hatched less developed and later and had higher baseline mortality after hatching than either hydrated or desiccated terrestrial eggs. By 10 days after hatching, the morphology of tadpoles from the three egg environments was indistinguishable. Nonetheless, the egg environment affected predation, with tadpoles from submerged eggs being least vulnerable; later in development egg environment ceased to affect vulnerability. Tadpoles from all egg environments grew to a size refuge from dragonfly nymphs, whereas vulnerability to water bugs remained constant throughout development. At metamorphosis, froglets from submerged eggs were the largest and those from hydrated eggs were the smallest. 4. With anticipated climate change in the Neotropics, rainstorms are predicted to become more sporadic but larger when they do occur, potentially increasing the chances of both egg desiccation and flooding. The incidence of different egg environments may therefore change, potentially affecting amphibian phenotypes, interactions with predators, and survival across multiple life stages.
Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable‐isotope‐ratio and gas‐ratio measurement results

To minimize confusion in the expression of measurement results of stable isotope and gas-ratio measurements, recommendations based on publications of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are presented. Whenever feasible, entries are consistent with the Systeme International d'Unites, the SI (known in English as the International System of Units), and the third edition of the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM, 3rd edition). The recommendations presented herein are approved by the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights and are designed to clarify expression of quantities related to measurement of isotope and gas ratios to ensure that quantity equations instead of numerical value equations are used for quantity definitions. Examples of column headings consistent with quantity calculus (also called the algebra of quantities) and examples of various deprecated usages connected with the terms recommended are presented.
The duality of world cities and firms: comparing networks, hierarchies, and inequalities in the global economy

Much of the research on globalization conceives of the global economy as structured by networks among places, while separately organizational research has examined the role of networks among firms in structuring competition, collaboration, and cooperation. In both cases, position and centrality within the network confers certain advantages and disadvantages, the distribution of which defines a hierarchy. In this article, I explore the idea of dual networks of world cities and firms, then use Breiger's approach to define two such networks: one among 313 world cities, another among 100 advanced producer service firms. Comparison of the degree of inequality in the hierarchies implied by these networks suggest that world city hierarchies are steeper than firm hierarchies (that is there is greater inequality among cities). Thus, even under conditions of footloose global capitalism, place still matters: where a producer is located has more impact than who provides support services.
Applying distributed simulation to a communication protocol development environment

Creating robust communication protocols for distributed systems is an inherently difficult task due to the many possible executions and message orderings. We describe a communication protocol development environment based on a discrete-event simulator. We have used this development environment in testing and debugging a fault-tolerant totally-ordered multicast protocol operating over a network of multiple interconnected local-area networks (LANs). Each LAN is simulated by a processor participating in the testbed, and a "virtual gateway" mechanism is used to interconnect the LANs. The resulting distributed simulation environment allows the developer to create reproducible test scenarios, to inject faults such as network partitions, to single step protocol execution and, in general, to observe and analyze protocol behavior across each host in the network.
A Hammerstein predistortion linearization design based on the indirect learning architecture

Power amplifiers (PAs) are inherently nonlinear devices and are used in virtually all communications systems. Digital baseband predistortion is a highly cost effective way to linearize the PAs, but most existing architectures assume that the PA has a memoryless nonlinearity. For wider bandwidth applications such as WCDMA, PA memory effects can no longer be ignored, and memoryless predistortion has limited effectiveness. In this paper, we model the PA as a Wiener system and construct a Hammerstein predistorter, obtained using an indirect learning architecture. Linearization performance is demonstrated on a 3-carrier UMTS signal.
International Decade of East African Lakes

A workshop funded by the National Science Foundation's Climate Dynamics Program and Switzerland's National Climate Program convened in Bern, Switzerland on March 29–31 to discuss the establishment of a multinational, multidisciplinary study of the East African rift lakes. The 10-year project, entitled the International Decade of the East African Lakes (IDEAL), has two primary goals. The first is to obtain long, high-resolution records of climatic change in tropical East Africa. The second is to provide a comprehensive training program for African students and scientists and to strengthen African institutions' capabilities in the aquatic sciences, resulting in collaboration between African and northern hemisphere limnologists and paleoclimatologists.
Reconfigurable context-sensitive middleware for ADS applications in mobile ad hoc network environments

The emergence of inexpensive and low-power wireless communication hardware and various handheld, wearable, and embedded computing technologies is making computing and communication devices more mobile and ubiquitous. Due to the mobility and high-density of network-enabled devices, short range mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are instantaneously and autonomously formed to facilitate exchange of information. In MANET, interactions among the devices are driven by constantly changing contextual and environmental conditions, rather than by the applications resident on the devices. This trend makes autonomous decentralized systems (ADS) a desirable architecture for facilitating ad hoc communication among mobile devices. In this paper, reconfigurable context-sensitive middleware (RCSM) is presented to facilitate ADS applications in MANET.
Seven steps to patient safety

Abstract It is now well recognised that incidents in healthcare systems are a serious problem which requires urgent attention. This paper outlines the work of the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA), presents an overview of the 7 key steps required to achieve a safer organisation. The first 3 steps introduce the concepts, methods, research and practical tools in relation to developing a safety culture (step 1), establishing a strong focus on patient safety throughout the organisation (step 2) and integrating risk management systems (step 3). The following steps describe national and local reporting requirements (steps 4), patient and public involvement in safety (step 5), the root cause analysis approach to incident investigation (step 6) and transferring lessons to solutions (step 7). Every day more than a million people are treated safely and successfully in the NHS. However the advances in technology and knowledge in recent decades have created an immensely multifaceted healthcare system. Patient safety is such an important concept that taking this agenda forward might seem daunting in any area of the NHS. It is vital that healthcare staff can progress towards delivering this safety agenda. The 7 steps provides a guide to help them achieve this.
Imaging buried magnetic domains using hard x rays

Images of magnetic structures in a SmCo/Fe bilayer have been obtained using a circularly polarized hard x-ray microprobe. This probe combines circularly polarizing and microfocusing optics (either Fresnel zone plate or Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors) to provide a highly polarized, small cross-section x-ray beam in the energy range between 5 and 12 keV. By using x-rays in this energy range, we can penetrate the top layers of the sample and therefore are able to measure the magnetic domains of buried magnetic structures with a resolution of ~5 micrometers . Contrast between magnetic domains is obtained by measuring the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism signal for different points as the beam is scanned across the sample. Images of the magnetic domain structure in a 1600-A-thick buried SmCo layer of a SmCo/Fe bilayer were taken as a function of the externally applied magnetic field. These images show the nucleation of large domains ( > 100 micrometers ) whose domain walls are oriented perpendicular to the applied field direction. Upon increasing the applied field, the images show the growth of the local reversed domains as the domain walls propagate across the sample, leading to a complete reorientation of the hard magnetic layer.
Restricted movement by mottled sculpin (pisces: cottidae) in a southern Appalachian stream

SUMMARY 1. We used direct observation and mark-recapture techniques to quantify movements by mottled sculpins (Cottus bairdi) in a 1 km segment of Shope Fork in western North Carolina. Our objectives were to: (i) quantify the overall rate of sculpin movement, (ii) assess variation in movement among years, individuals, and sculpin size classes, (iii) relate movement to variation in stream flow and population size structure, and (iv) quantify relationships between movement and individual growth rates. 2. Movements were very restricted: median and mean movement distances for all sculpin size classes over a 45 day period were 1.3 and 4.4 m respectively. Nevertheless, there was a high degree of intrapopulation and temporal variation in sculpin movement. Movement of juveniles increased with discharge and with the density of large adults. Movement by small and large adults was not influenced by stream flow, but large adults where more mobile when their own density was high. Finally, there were differences in the growth rates of mobile and sedentary sculpins. Mobile juveniles grew faster than sedentary individuals under conditions of low flow and high density of large adults, whereas adults exhibited the opposite pattern. 3. Our results support the hypothesis that juvenile movement and growth is influenced by both intraspecific interactions with adults and stream flow. In contrast, adult movement appears to be influenced by competitive interactions among residents for suitable space. The relationship between movement and growth may provide a negative feedback mechanism regulating mottled sculpin populations in this system.
Marine environmental ethics

Abstract A great many policy problems in the realm of ocean and shoreline management concern the impacts of human activites on marine life and ecosystems. Debate over the trade-offs among such objectives as economic development and environmental protection reveals fundamental differences of values. This paper distinguishes tribal, development, compassionate, and holothetic ethics according to the pattern by which advocates of each ethic ascribe potency to humankind and nature. The typology of environmental ethics presented in this paper should prove helpful in the identification of basic, though perhaps irreconcilable, philosophical differences among those who shape the future of marine affairs.
Sea-Level Changes and Stratigraphy of the Nelson Limestone (Middle Cambrian), Neptune Range, Antarctica

ABSTRACT The first detailed history of relative sea-level changes known from lower Paleozoic strata in Antarctica is documented in this study of the Nelson Limestone. Basal beds of the formation constitute a nonmarine terrigenous valley-fill succession. Thickness of these strata varies from 0.1 m to 72 m, suggesting that significant topographic relief existed below the sub-Nelson unconformity. Locally, base level must have risen at least 72 m because, following fluvial infilling of the valley, a succession of carbonates over 400 m thick was deposited as seas inundated the Antarctic margin of Gondwana during late Middle Cambrian time. On a global scale, the broad relative sea-level rise recorded in the Nelson Limestone is synchronous with previously recognized eustatic events during Lejopyge laevigata time. In the Nelson Limestone, smaller fluctuations of relative sea level are indicated by three sequences, each about 100 m thick. The lower sequence is bounded below by the sub-Nelson unconformity and includes the valley-fill succession, transgressive sandstone, and highstand carbonate deposits. The top of a subaerially exposed interval of carbonates in one section is interpreted as a sequence boundary with correlative conformity in the deeper-water areas. The subaerially exposed interval is roughly correlative with a succession of five or more slump deposits 1-2 m thick in another section. Subaerial exposure at nearly the same stratigraphic level as the slumps marked a fundamental shift in depositional style. Following marine flooding, an offshore carbonate shoal with an associated restr cted lagoon was established during deposition of the middle sequence. The upper sequence records marine flooding above the middle sequence and subsequent reestablishment of an offshore carbonate shoal prior to deformation and volcanism in the urea related to the Ross Orogeny.
Multidimensional Scoring of Abilities: The Ordered Polytomous Response Case:

Recent work has shown that multidimensionally scoring responses from different tests can provide better ability estimates. For educational assessment data, applications of this approach have been limited to binary scores. Of the different variants, the de la Torre and Patz model is considered more general because implementing the scoring procedure does not require prior knowledge of the correlational structure of the abilities, and existing item parameter estimates from traditional item response theory models can be utilized. This article extends the application of this method to data scored on ordered polytomous scales. A simulation study systematically examines how improvement in ability estimates is affected by factors such as the number of score categories, number of tests, test length, and correlation between abilities. Application of the method is illustrated using real data. Estimates of the abilities and the correlational structure are obtained using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method.
The Separate Spheres of Online Health: Gender, Parenting, and Online Health Information Searching in the Information Age

The objective of this article is to explore how parental status, gender, and their interaction influence a variety of aspects of searching for online health information. Drawing on nationally representative survey data, the results show that in a number of ways parenting and gender have separate but significant influences on the following: online searching behavior, whether the information is used, and feelings about the information obtained. The authors found that although female parents are more likely than male parents to put the health information they have found online into use, parenting and sex have more independent than combined effects. This is particularly the case regarding whether respondents search for information for themselves or others, their feelings about the information found, and the process of finding online health information.
The Hospice Nurse and Occupational Therapist: A Marriage of Expedience

Hospice has traditionally been a place for travelers to rest and to receive physical and spiritual renewal before continuing on a long journey. For the terminally ill patient, hospice offers this a...
An Automotive Gas Turbine Engine Blade Erosion

In this work, a study has been conducted to predict blade erosion and surface deterioration of the free power turbine of an automotive gas turbine engine. The blade material erosion model is based on three dimensional particle trajectory simulations in the three dimensional turbine flow field. The particle rebound characteristics after surface impacts were determined from experimental measurements of restitution ratios for blade material samples in a particulate flow tunnel. The trajectories provide the spacial distribution of the particle impact parameters over the blade surfaces. A semi-empirical erosion model, derived from erosion tests of material samples at different particulate flow conditions is used in the prediction of blade surface erosion based on the trajectory impact data. The results are presented for the three dimensional particle trajectories through the turbine blade passages, the particle impact locations, blade surface erosion pattern, and the associated erosion parameters. These parameters include impact velocity, impact angle and impact frequency. The data can be used for life prediction and performance deterioration of the automotive engine under investigation.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
Direct actions of cocaine on cardiac cellular electrical activity

The hypothesis that cocaine has Class I-type antiarrhythmic drug effects was tested in tissues isolated from rabbit heart with standard microelectrode methods. Propranolol (1 microM) was used to block beta-adrenergic effects. The actions of cocaine on cellular electrophysiology were concentration- and time-dependent and were reversible. In paced right atrial (RA) and right ventricular papillary (RVP) tissues, cocaine produced a profound prolongation of the effective refractory period (ERP) assessed by either premature stimulation or minimum pacing interval. ERP was increased up to eightfold in RA tissue and doubled in RVP tissue by 60 microM cocaine. This concentration of cocaine depressed action potential phase 0 depolarization 80% in RA tissue and 53% in RVP tissue but had no effect on resting membrane potentials. Automaticity was moderately depressed in sinus node (34% decrease in rate) but not in tricuspid valve cells. Phase 0 depolarization was not altered in these spontaneously active slow-response cells. Repolarization was depressed in RA, tricuspid valve, and sinus node cells leading to a twofold increase in action potential duration during exposure to cocaine. Evidence from the effects on cellular action potentials suggests that cocaine affects both fast Na+ channels and repolarizing K+ but not Ca2+ channels. We conclude that cocaine has Class I-type activity and the effects on ERP are extreme.
An extended fault-tolerant link-state routing protocol on the Internet

Link-state routing protocols, such as OSPF and IS-IS, are widely used on the Internet. In link-state routing protocols, global network topology is first collected at each node. A shortest path tree (SPT) is then constructed by applying Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm at each node. Link-state protocols normally require the flooding of new information to the entire (sub)network after changes in any link state (including link faults). Narvaez et al. (2000) proposed a fault-tolerant link-state routing protocol without flooding. The idea is to construct a shortest restoration path for each uni-directional link fault. Faulty link information is distributed only to the nodes in the restoration path and only one restoration path is constructed. It is shown that this approach is loop-free. However, the approach of Narvaez et al. is inefficient when a link failure is bi-directional, because a restoration path is uni-directional and routing tables of nodes in the path are partially updated. In addition, two restoration paths may be generated for each bi-directional link fault. We extend the Narvaez protocol to efficiently handle a bi-directional link fault by making the restoration path bi-directional. Several desirable properties of the proposed extended routing protocol are also explored.
The growth and breakdown of streamwise vortices in the presence of a wall

The growth and breakdown of counter-rotating streamwise vortices, generated on a concave wall via the Goertler instability mechanism, were experimentally studied as a model for comparable eddy structures that exist in transitional and turbulent flat-plate boundary layers. The experiments were conducted in a low-speed open-return wind tunnel, using smoke-wire visualization and multiple-probe hot wires to study the vortices. As low-momentum fluid was removed from the wall, low-speed regions formed between the vortices; these regions grew in the normal direction faster than a nominally Blasius boundary layer and created strongly inflexional normal and spanwise profiles of the streamwise velocity component. Instability oscillations developed on these unstable profiles that scaled with the local shear-layer thickness and velocity difference. The spatial scales of the temporal velocity fluctuations were found to correlate with the velocity gradient in the spanwise (rather than in the normal) direction.
The Marina District, San Francisco, California: Geology, history, and earthquake effects

A northwest-trending valley in the bedrock surface is buried by firm Pleistocene bay clay, a dense Pleistocene sand layer, soft Holocene bay sediments, loose to dense Holocene beach and dune sands, and artificial fill that have an aggregate maximum thickness of about 90 m (300 ft). Artificial filling of a cove at the site of The Marina District proceeded gradually from the late 1860s to 1912, when major hydraulic filling was done for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The remains of thousands of piles driven for the Exposition very probably still exist and have had unknown effects on long-term ground settlement and earthquake-related ground displacements. Intensity maps of the 1906 earthquake, and seismic recordings and severe building damage in 1989, reported by others, indicate that ground motion was amplified on both natural and artificial ground. This suggests that the configuration of the bedrock surface and the location and thickness of various clay and sand deposits underlying the fill had an important effect on the shaking. However, most of the settlement and liquefaction and the damage to pipelines, building foundations, streets, side-walks, and curbs occurred in areas of artificial fill consisting mainly of loose sand.
For Which Children of Economic Disadvantage and in Which Instructional Contexts Does Earobics Step 1 Improve Kindergarteners' Literacy?.

AbstractThis study evaluated Earobics Step 1, a commercial literacy program, and examined whether impact varied with children's school readiness and classroom instruction. Participants included 247 kindergarteners from 37 classrooms in nine Title 1 schools. Children were randomly assigned to receive 21 weeks of computerized instruction with Earobics or Building Blocks, a commercial mathematics program. Tests of phonological awareness (PA), graphophonemic knowledge, word reading, and vocabulary were administered at three points during the year, and standardized reading tests were administered at the end of year. Earobics did not consistently impact any outcome across children. However, it moderately accelerated PA development among children who started kindergarten with poor emergent literacy, and it positively impacted reading outcomes, but not PA, among children with relatively advanced emergent literacy. Earobics accelerated PA, graphophonemic knowledge, and reading development in classrooms where the t...
Terminal-sequence studies of high-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid. The 3′-termini of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomal ribonucleic acid

Sequences of the polynucleotide chains of RNA found in the large and small ribosomal subunits of rabbit reticulocytes have been determined from the 3′-end by use of periodate oxidation and condensation with [3H]isoniazid and by stepwise degradation. By these methods the hexanucleotide sequences have been found as -pGpUpUpUpGpU for the 28S RNA and -pGpUpCpGpCpU for the 6S RNA of the large ribosomal subunit and the octanucleotide sequence -pGpApUpCpApUpUpA for the 18S rRNA of the small ribosomal subunit. These sequences are present in at least 70% of all the RNA molecules and are discussed in relation to the specific cleavage of rRNA from its precursors and the role of multiple cistrons for rRNA in the DNA of higher organisms. The feasibility of using the method for longer sequence determinations is discussed.
Vibration of Towers as Related to Wind Pulses

Responses of towers subjected to pressures from simulated wind records that vary with time are obtained by computer analysis. Parameters and variations include: Power-law vertical wind profile; mean yaw and standard deviation; horizontal zones to permit random velocity and yaw fluctuations; random normal deviates for wind fluctuations; foundation effect; frequency of velocity and yaw fluctuations; damping; rectangular or linearly varying wind pulses. An equivalent single-mass system, with two uncoupled degrees of freedom along mutually perpendicular planes, represents the mathematical model of the actual structure in the analysis. Results from the analyses of three different towers are presented.
Reference Model MHK Turbine Array Optimization Study within a Generic River System.

Increasing interest in marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy has spurred to significant research on optimal placement of emerging technologies to maximize energy conversion and minimize potential effects on the environment. However, these devices will be deployed as an array in order to reduce the cost of energy and little work has been done to understand the impact these arrays will have on the flow dynamics, sediment-bed transport and benthic habitats and how best to optimize these arrays for both performance and environmental considerations. An “MHK-friendly” routine has been developed and implemented by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) into the flow, sediment dynamics and water-quality code, SNLEFDC. This routine has been verified and validated against three separate sets of experimental data. With SNL-EFDC, water quality and array optimization studies can be carried out to optimize an MHK array in a resource and study its effects on the environment. The present study examines the effect streamwise and spanwise spacing has on the array performance. Various hypothetical MHK array configurations are simulated within a trapezoidal river channel. Results show a non-linear increase in array-power efficiency as turbine spacing is increased in each direction, which matches the trends seen experimentally. While the sediment transport routines were not used in these simulations, the flow acceleration seen around the MHK arrays has the potential to significantly affect the sediment transport characteristics and benthic habitat of a resource.
Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Science in Development

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) without an explicit task, i.e., resting state fMRI, of individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is growing rapidly. Early studies were unaware of the vulnerability of this method to even minor degrees of head motion, a major concern in the field. Recent efforts are implementing various strategies to address this source of artifact along with a growing set of analytical tools. Availability of the ADHD-200 Consortium dataset, a large-scale multi-site repository, is facilitating increasingly sophisticated approaches. In parallel, investigators are beginning to explicitly test the replicability of published findings. In this narrative review, we sketch out broad, overarching hypotheses being entertained while noting methodological uncertainties. Current hypotheses implicate the interplay of default, cognitive control (frontoparietal) and attention (dorsal, ventral, salience) networks in ADHD; functional connectivities of reward-related and amygdala-related circuits are also supported as substrates for dimensional aspects of ADHD. Before these can be further specified and definitively tested, we assert the field must take on the challenge of mapping the "topography" of the analytical space, i.e., determining the sensitivities of results to variations in acquisition, analysis, demographic and phenotypic parameters. Doing so with openly available datasets will provide the needed foundation for delineating typical and atypical developmental trajectories of brain structure and function in neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD when applied to large-scale multi-site prospective longitudinal studies such as the forthcoming Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study.
Esophageal atresia and right aortic arch: right or left thoracotomy?

A right aortic arch occurs in 5% of patients with esophageal atresia. Its presence has significant implications; there is a high association of other anomalies, especially cardiac types. Repair of the atresia has been regarded as difficult with the usual approach through the right chest. We report our experience with five cases of right aortic arch and esophageal atresia treated in the past 5 years. In four cases this association was not recognized preoperatively and the right aortic arch was not an obstacle in repairing the atresia through the standard right thoracotomy. In one case the right aortic arch was diagnosed before surgery; repair was done through the left chest.
Mitochondrial function under hypoxic conditions : the steady states of cytochrome a+a3 and their relation to mitochondrial energy states

The oxidation-reduction states of mitochondrial cytochromes were studied under low O2 concentrations. 1. 1. Relative oxidation states of cytochromes caused by increasing concentrations of O2 apparently followed the sequence of their half reduction potentials only under the uncoupled conditions. 2. 2. In the presence of antimycin A, the O2-induced reduction of cytochrome bT was seen in the difference spectrum. 3. 3. The O2 dependency of the relative reduction state of cytochrome a+a3 with respect to that of cytochrome c altered significantly depending upon the presence or absence of ATP. The most significant change in the O2 dependency was that due to cytochrome a3. 4. 4. When compared at a given low O2 concentration below 0.5 μM, the reduction states of cytochrome a+a3, as well as that of cytochrome c, were higher in the presence of ADP or uncoupler than in the presence of ATP. 5. 5. Whereas the O2 concentration required for 50% oxidation of cytochrome c (P50c) depended upon the respiratory rate, the O2 concentration required for 50% oxidation of cytochrome a3 (P50a3) required information on the energy state of mitochondria. Under conditions where the redox states of cytochrome c and a+a3 are measured continuously and as a function of the O2 concentration it may be possible to evaluate the energetic state of the mitochondria.
PARENTAL AFFECTION AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN GIRLS

In i960, R. G. Andry studied male delinquent and non-delinquent subjects, testing twenty-seven inter-related hypotheses concerning perceptions of the adequacy of parental roles in key areas of the subjects' life experiences. The research reported here is basically a replication on female delinquent and non-delinquent subjects of Andry's original study. Specifically, information was sought as to whether it was possible to differentiate delinquent from non delinquent girls by differences in their perceptions of parental roles, and whether such differences were the same as or different from those Andry found between delinquent and non-delinquent boys. The investigation was undertaken partly in response to Andry's suggestion that it should be done, partly to explore the perceptions of delinquent and non-delinquent girls regarding parental role-playing in unbroken homes, and partly to attempt empirical confirmation of such theoretical formulations as that of Konopka (1966) regarding delinquency in girls. It is generally accepted that well-played parental roles are the sine qua non of good mental health in children. Theoretically it is held that delinquents (as compared to their non-delinquent peers) tend to experience: ( i ) an inadequate affectional response from one or both parents ; (2) inadequate psychological communication with one or both parents ; (3) an inadequate sense of security and protectedness, especially from the father; (4) an inadequate home environment, including such factors as greater tension due to intrafamilial quarrelling, and greater feelings of anonymity and isolation due to inter mediate ordinal position among siblings ; and (5) inadequate capacity for identification with one or both parents as sources of leadership and authority due to lax or erratic disciplinary practices.
Investigations of the Southeast Gateway at Mission San Jose, Bexar County, Texas

i List of Figures iii List of Tables iii Acknowledgments iv Introduction 1 Site Setting and Background 1 Previous Investigations 3 Methodology 9 Results 10 Artifact Descriptions 14 Lithics Barbara A. Meissner 17 Faunal Analysis Johanna M. Hunziker 22 Conclusions 25 References Cited 27
Study on the Anesthetic Effect of Three Different Doses of Sufentanil in Children with Laparoscopic Operation

Objective To investigate the anesthetic effect of three different doses of sufentanil in pediatric laparoscopic operation.Methods 60 cases of children with laparoscopic operation treated in our hospital from March 2013 to March 2014 were selected and randomly divided into group A, group B and group C, with 20 cases in each group. All patients were given rocuronium and propofol for induction, and group A was given 0.3 μg/kg sufentanil for anesthesia, group B was given 0.4 μg/kg sufentanil, group C was given 0.5 μg/kg sufentanil. 0.1 μg/kg sufentanil could added to patients according to the analgesic effect. The anesthetic effect was compared between two groups. Results The usage of sufentanil of group C was significantly higher than that of group A and group B(P 0.05), the additional cases of sufentanil of group A were significantly higher than those of group B and group C(P 0.05), the anesthetic effect of group B was significantly better than that of group A and group C(P 0.05). The additional quantity of sufentanil, recovery time of anesthesia, additional cases of sufentanil and CHIPPS score of three groups in PACU period had no statistical difference(P 0.05). Conclusions 0.4 μg/kg sufentanil has best anesthetic effect on children with laparoscopic operation, which can effectively avoid the cardiovascular responses of tracheal intubation in anesthesia induction period.
Clinical nutrition. Theory and practice.

(1976). Clinical nutrition theory and practice. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 182-182.