cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Children’s Social Desirability Response Tendencies to Their Expectations of Response to Achievement Behaviors in Classrooms

AbstractThis study clarifies the relationship between children’s social desirability (CSD) response tendencies and their withdrawal from classroom achievement situations by investigating the effects of the child’s expectations of peer response. Data gathered included scores on the Children’s Social Desirability Scale, scores on an expectancy of response scale constructed for this study, and teacher ratings. Subjects were 120 third and fourth grade boys and girls. No differences were found between high and low scoring CSD subjects on expectancy of negative response. Paradoxical relationships between response expectancy, response history, and withdrawal from classroom achievement situations were found for high CSD but not low CSD subjects.
Weak-Binding Comparison of Two Normalization Conditions

A weak-binding, essentially nonrelativistic, model is used to compute approximately the wave-function renormalization constant for the deuteron. The method is to compute the phenomenological deuteron coupling constant from the deuteron electromagnetic form factor assuming an unsubtracted dispersion relation. This value is then inserted into the "$Z$ expansion" for the inverse deuteron propagator function. The result in our model is $Z=0$ for both the scalar case and the vector case. All propagator CDD (Castillejo-Dalitz-Dyson) residues also come out zero.
The image surface of a circular cylinder.

Abstract 1. 1. The complete image surface of a cylinder is presented and compared to a previously published torso model image surface. 2. 2. An equivalent dipole eccentricity for the cylinder is defined such that there is close agreement between cylinder and torso model surface potentials. 3. 3. The mathematical solution for surface potential of a circular cylinder due to an arbitrarily located and oriented dipole is presented. 4. 4. The limb-lead triangle for the cylinder is compared quantitatively to that of the torso model.
Solitary waves of vortices

We study the propagation of solitary waves of vortices within a spherical shell which constitutes the uppermost layer of a solid planet. This solid-liquid configuration rotates with constant angular velocity about an axis which is fixed with respect to the solid surface. The fluid within the shell is inviscid, incompressible, and of constant density. The motion imparted by the planetary rotation upon this fluid mass is governed by the Laplace tidal equation from which the potential of the extraplanetary forces has been deleted. Consistent with this ocean model, we establish that the stream function of a solitary wave of vortices must satisfy a third-order partial differential equation. We obtain solutions to this wave equation by imposing the condition that the vertical component of vorticity be functionally related to the stream function. We find that this dependence must necessarily be of the exponential type and that the solution to the wave equation then reduces to a quadrature depending on some arbitrary parameters. We prove that we can always choose the values of these parameters in order to approximate the integral in question by means of an analytic function: we reach a representation of the stream function of a solitary wave of vortices in terms of hyperbolic functions of time and position.
Radiative lifetimes of neutral gadolinium

The current work is part of an ongoing study of radiative properties of rare earth neutral atoms motivated by research needs in several disparate fields including astrophysics, laser chemistry and lighting technology. Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence on a slow atomic beam has been used to measure radiative lifetimes, accurate to ?5%, for 136 levels of neutral gadolinium. Of the 136 levels, 6 are odd parity ranging in energy from 32?929 to 36?654 cm?1, and the remaining 130 are even parity ranging from 17?750 to 34?175 cm?1. This set of Gd i lifetimes represents a significant extension to the available published data, with 93 of the 136 level lifetimes measured for the first time. These lifetimes will provide the absolute normalization for a large set of measured Gd i transition probabilities.
Attachment, depressotypic cognitions, and dysphoria

Prior research has identified dysfunctional attitudes and depressotypic attributional style as potential cognitive vulnerabilities to depression. The origins of these cognitive vulnerabilities, however, are unknown. The present study was conducted to determine whether perceived attachment to one's primary caregiver in childhood was associated with endorsement of dysfunctional attitudes and depressotypic attributional style in adulthood. Results from 104 undergraduates suggested that (a) perceived attachment was related to dysfunctional attitudes (but not to depressotypic attributional style); and (b) perceived attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressotypic attributional style were related to dysphoria. Moreover, the relation between perceived attachment and dysphoria was partially mediated by dysfunctional attitudes regarding Performance Evaluation and Approval of Others.
The nature of thyrotropin stimulation of thyroid function in Japanese quail: prolonged thyrotropin exposure is necessary to increase thyroidal 125I uptake.

Abstract 1. 1. Single injections of thyrotropin (TSH) increase serum T 4 and thyroidal 32 P uptake but not thyroidal 125 I uptake regardless of dosage, exposure time or age. Chronic TSH exposure, with 3 or more days of injection, does increase thyroidal 125 I uptake. 2. 2. Studies using iodine (I) supplementation indicated that the increased thyroidal radioiodine uptakes seen with chronic TSH administration were not due to an I deficiency in the thyroid resulting from high hormone release. 3. 3. Labeled and unlabeled experiments comparing the effects of single vs. multiple injections of TSH were used to describe the effects of TSH on hormone release, hormone production and thyroidal I uptake.
Salvaging route reply for on-demand routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks

On-demand routing protocols are preferred in mobile ad hoc networks where resources such as energy and bandwidth are constrained. In these protocols, a source discovers a route to a destination typically by flooding the entire or a part of the network with a route request (RREQ) message. The destination sends a route reply (RREP) message to the source after receiving the RREQ. The RREP travels hop by hop on the discovered route in reverse direction or on another route to the source. Sometimes the RREP can not be sent to the intended next hop by an intermediate node due to the dynamic network topology or network congestion. Existing on-demand routing protocols handle the undeliverable RREP as a normal data packet - discard the packet and send a route error message to the destination (initiator of the RREP). This is highly unacceptable because a RREP message has a lot at stake - it is obtained by a large number of RREQ transmissions, which is an expensive and time-consuming process. Furthermore, the source may have to start another round of route discovery to establish the route because of the loss of the RREP. This will exacerbate the situation. In this paper, we propose the idea of salvaging route reply (SRR) to improve the performance of on-demand routing protocols. SRR attempts to salvage an undeliverable RREP in two possible ways: looking up the route cache for an alternate path and conducting a one-hop SRR route discovery. We present an implementation of SRR in AODV routing protocol. The results of an extensive simulation study confirm the performance improvement in all critical metrics, namely, packet delivery ratio, control overhead and end-to-end delay.
The evolution of probability functions in an inelasticly deforming two-phase medium

A formulation is introduced here for the evolution of correlation functions in an inelastically deforming two phase medium. Probability functions play a major role in describing the statistical distribution of different phases in a heterogeneous medium in the development of statistical continuum theory. Proper formulation of statistical continuum model for inelastic deformation requires better understanding of the evolution of the corresponding probability functions. A two point probability function representation is used to approximate the statistical correlation functions. The evolution of these functions requires the information from higher order probability functions, in this case, a three point probability function. A decomposition of this three point probability function is required for the simulation of the statistical model. The results were compared with experimental data.
Special Educators’ Conceptualizations of Emotional Disturbance and Educational Placement Decision Making for Middle and High School Students

The purposes of this study were to examine secondary school special educators’ perspectives on (1) the relative importance of the academic, mental health, and behavioral elements of the emotional disturbance (ED) special education classification in relation to determining eligibility for students with suspected ED, and (2) factors that are relevant both to education placement decision making for students classified with ED and to decision making regarding the degree of restrictiveness of education placements, including highly restrictive, alternative placements. A national survey was conducted with 1,025 middle and high school special educators. Results indicated that aggression was the most important factor for considering ED eligibility, followed by psychiatric diagnoses and, lastly, academic factors such as grades and achievement scores. Effectiveness was rated as very important in determining a student’s education placement, whereas financial cost and logistical issues were rated as less important. Some differences emerged between middle school and high school participants on items related to determining education placement. Compared to middle school educators, high school educators indicated that students themselves play a more active role in determining education placement. High school educators also indicated that they are more likely to consider homebound instruction and computer/web-based programs and that they better meet the vocational needs of students classified with ED. Middle school special educators indicated that they better meet the behavioral and emotional needs of students classified with ED.
Use of the electromagnetic flowmeter in a two-phase flow

The use of the transverse field electromagnetic meter for two-phase flows is investigated. It is shown both experimentally and theoretically that this device measures the average velocity of the continuous liquid phase provided this has some minimum electrical conductivity. The calibration is quite independent of void fraction, flow regime, axisymmetric velocity profile, or the electrical conductivity of the continuous liquid phase. The dynamic capability of the meter for use in measuring unsteady two-phase flows is also demonstrated to be considerable.
Effects of isomers of hydroxyaporphines on dopamine metabolism in rat brain regions

The effects of isomers of di- and monohydroxyaporphines on cerebral dopamine (DA) metabolism were evaluated in representative extrapyramidal (corpus striatum) and limbic (nucleus accumbens septi) tissues of rat brain by three methods: (1) changes in the ratio of homovanillic acid (HVA) to DA, (2) accumulation of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after inhibiting its decarboxylation to DA under "open-loop" conditions, as well as (3) after gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) pretreatment to provide selective effects at presynaptic DA autoreceptors. The DA-agonist R(-) isomers of the aporphines apomorphine (APO), N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA), and 11-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (11-OH-NPa) showed consistent dose-dependent inhibition of DA synthesis in both brain regions with all models; the neuroleptic haloperidol had the opposite effect in the first two models only, as expected. The S(+) isomers of NPA and 11-OH-NPa have shown behavioral evidence of antidopaminergic activity, especially in the limbic system. Unlike the neuroleptic, S(+)NPA did not show DA-synthesis enhancing actions in accumbens or striatal tissue but, instead, inhibited DA synthesis like its R(-) antipode in all three test paradigms. S(+)11-OH-NPa given alone produced minor changes in the HVA/DA ratio and did not antagonize R(-)11-OH-NPa, weakly increased accumulation of DOPA in the second model, and had no effect in the third--all without regional selectivity. In the test of autoreceptor functioning, the dihydroxyaporphine S(+)NPA, but not S(+)11-OH-NPa, inhibited DA synthesis and this effect, in turn, was largely reversed by haloperidol, as were the inhibitory effects of the three R(-)aporphines tested. In this model, however, neither S(+)NPA nor S(+)11-OH-NPa antagonized the DA-synthesis inhibiting effect of R(-)APO as haloperidol did. Overall, these results are consistent with evidence that R(-)NPA and 11-OH-NPa have high affinity at D-2 receptor sites in rat brain and show behavioral effects of typical DA agonists. The non-stereoselective inhibitory effects of NPA on DA synthesis may reflect its activity as a weak DA agonist with very low intrinsic activity, but may also include a direct "catechol-effect" on tyrosine hydroxylase. In contrast, R(-)11-OH-NPa appears to be a stereoselective D-2 agonist, active at autoreceptors as well as postsynaptic receptors, that lacks the nonstereospecific effects on DA metabolism of its catechol-aporphine congener. It may be a useful probe for the further characterization of dopamine receptors and autoreceptors.
Regioselectivity of the insertion reactions of some aromatic diazo compound complexes with cyclomaltoheptaose

Abstract Pyrolysis of solid complexes of aromatic diazo compounds with cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin) yields ether derivatives via insertion of carbene into hydroxyl groups. The distribution of the 2-, 3-, and 6- O -isomers indicates that the regioselectivity is moderate. The guest geometry is not as important as its size in determining the ratios of regioisomers. The origins of the regioselectivity are discussed.
Friction and wear studies of silicon in sliding contact with thin-film magnetic rigid disks

Silicon is an attractive material for the construction of read/write head sliders in magnetic recording applications from the viewpoints of ease of miniaturization and low fabrication cost. In the present investigation we have studied the friction and wear behavior of single-crystal, polycrystalline, ion-implanted, thermally oxidized (wet and dry), and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) oxide-coated silicon pins while sliding against lubricated and unlubricated thin-film disks. For comparison, tests have also been conducted with Al2O3–TiC and Mn–Zn ferrite pins which are currently used as slider materials. With single-crystal silicon the rise in the coefficient of friction with sliding cycles is faster compared to Al2O3–TiC and Mn–Zn ferrite pins. In each case, the rise in friction is associated with the burnishing of the disk surface and transfer of amorphous carbon and lubricant (in the case of lubricated disks) from the disk to the pin. Thermally oxidized (under dry oxygen conditions) single-crystal silicon and PECVD oxide-coated single-crystal silicon exhibit excellent tribological characteristics while sliding against lubricated disks, and we believe this is attributable to the chemical passivity of the oxide coating. In dry nitrogen, the coefficient of friction for single-crystal silicon sliding against lubricated disks behaves differently than in air, decreasing from an initial value of 0.2 to less than 0.05 within 5000 cycles of sliding. We believe that silicon/thin-film disk interface friction and wear is governed by the uniformity and tenacity of the amorphous carbon transfer film and oxygen-enhanced fracture of silicon.
Revision of cemented total hip arthroplasty with cementless components in three dogs.

Objective— To report revision of cemented total hip arthroplasty failure with cementless components in 3 dogs. Study Design— Clinical case reports. Animals— Dogs with total hip arthroplasty failure (n=3). Methods— Cementless total hip arthroplasty revision was performed in 3 dogs with previously cemented femoral and acetabular components. All dogs required revision of the femoral component and 1 dog also required revision of the acetabular component. Results— Revisions resulted in a stable functional prosthesis with successful bone integration. Conclusions— Use of cementless components may be a viable option for revision of loosened cemented prosthesis after explantation of failed cemented canine total hip replacements. Clinical Relevance— Failed canine-cemented total hip arthroplasties can be successfully revised with cementless components.
Cardiac Procedures in Lung Transplant Recipients Do Not Increase Mortality in Selected Patients

Background Associated comorbidities in potential lung transplant recipients may significantly impact operative morbidity and mortality. We undertook this review to specifically study whether patients who underwent associated cardiac procedures either before (as a prerequisite) or during their lung transplantation had different outcomes when compared with the overall cohort of lung transplant recipients. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients who underwent lung transplantation at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio from January 1994 to June 2004. The records of these patients were analyzed for patient-days on the ventilator, hospital length of stay, operative morbidity and mortality, and long-term survival. The patients were then divided into two groups and compared: patients who had a cardiac intervention either prerequisite to or concurrent with their transplant (group C, n=13) and patients who did not (group NC [no cardiac intervention], n=120). Results Although the median length of stay was longer in group C when compared with group NC, the number of patient-days on the ventilator and the operative morbidity and mortality were similar for both groups. Likewise, overall long-term survival was not significantly different (Kaplan-Meier method, p = 0.70). Conclusions Patients who are otherwise deemed to be good candidates for lung transplantation but are found to have an associated cardiac condition that could aversely affect their candidacy may still be considered for transplantation in selected cases if the cardiac abnormality can be addressed either before or during transplantation.
Transduction studies on the relation between prophage and host chromosome.

Cotransduction analysis by means of bacteriophage P1 has been used to study the relation between the bacterial genetic markers gal and bio and the prophage λ . The order of a series of markers of the λ prophage with respect to the bacterial gal locus has now been found. This marker order is a circular permutation of the order present in vegetative phage λ , in agreement with Campbell's hypothesis (1962) . The frequency of cotransduction of gal and bio is drastically reduced when both donor and recipient strains are lysogenic either for prophage λ or prophage 82, an indication that both λ and 82 are located between the gal and bio markers. Additional evidence is presented suggesting that prophage 434 and the λ -434 hybrid may also be located between gal and bio . It was not possible to find the order of the λ prophage markers with respect to the bio marker; hence, conclusive evidence for a linear insertion of the prophage into the bacterial chromosome could not be obtained. The presence of a lambdoid prophage appears to affect the early steps of transduction by phage P1. The possible nature of this effect is discussed.
Therapists and quasi-therapists in a therapy analogue situation.

Evaluated an assumption from previous psychotherapy analogue studies, namely, that trained psychotherapists and untrained quasi-therapists with personality similarities will respond similarly to patient presentations. Ss were 24 male psychotherapists and 24 male undergraduate students, chosen partially on the basis of their responses to an A-B personality scale derived from the work of Whitehorn and Betz (1954). The three-factor experimental design included S personality type (A or B), S professional status (psychotherapist vs. student), and videotaped patient simulations (neurotic vs. schizoid), with all Ss exposed to both patient prototypes. Therapists demonstrated a higher degree of accurate empathy, were less active, made shorter responses, and used more declarative sentences (p less than .01 for each variable). Second-order interaction effects indicated that therapist personality type X patient type pairings produced opposite results for quasi-therapists when compared to professional therapists.
Thermal sensitivity as a measure of spontaneous morphine withdrawal in mice

Abstract Introduction Opioid withdrawal syndrome is a critical component of opioid abuse and consists of a wide array of symptoms including increases in pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia). A reliable preclinical model of hyperalgesia during opioid withdrawal is needed to evaluate possible interventions to alleviate withdrawal. The following study describes a method for assessing increases in thermal sensitivity on the hotplate in a mouse model of spontaneous morphine withdrawal. Methods C57BL/6J mice received 5.5 days of 30, 56, or 100 mg/kg morphine or saline (s.c., twice daily). In Experiment I, thermal sensitivity data were collected at baseline and at 8, 24, 32, 48 h and 1 week following the final injection. Thermal sensitivity was assessed by examining latency to respond on a hotplate across a range of temperatures (50, 52, 54, and 56 °C). In Experiment II, 0.01 mg/kg buprenorphine was administered 30 min prior to each testing session during the withdrawal period. In Experiment III, jumping during a 30 min period was assessed at baseline and at 0, 8, 24, 32, and 48 h following the final morphine injection. Results During the withdrawal period, thermal sensitivity increased significantly in all morphine-treated mice as compared to saline-treated mice. Thermal sensitivity was greater in mice treated with 56 mg/kg morphine compared to 30 mg/kg and peaked earlier than in mice treated with 100 mg/kg (32 h v 1 wk). The increase in thermal sensitivity following 56 mg/kg morphine was attenuated by a dose of buprenorphine that did not produce antinociception alone (i.e., 0.01 mg/kg). In general, the results of the jumping experiment paralleled those obtained in Experiment I. Discussion Response latency on the hotplate is a reliable and sensitive measure of spontaneous morphine withdrawal in mice, making it an ideal behavior for assessing the potential of medications and environmental interventions to alleviate opioid withdrawal.
Pore-to-gate coupling of HCN channels revealed by a pore variant that contributes to gating but not permeation.

Abstract Although ample evidence suggests the presence of an intracellular activation gate in HCN (pacemaker) channels, mutations in the outer pore can alter gating properties. Here we investigated the role of the outer pore residue A354 in HCN1 gating by systematically converting it to the equivalent residues (T, Y, and F) found in K+-channels. A354T negatively shifted steady-state activation (ΔV1/2 ∼ −25 mV), decelerated gating kinetics (by up to 8-fold), and abolished the effects of external ions on gating. A354Y and A354F did not yield functional currents when expressed alone, although immunofluorescence microscopy indicated the presence of these channel proteins on the membrane surface. Currents recorded after co-expressing A354Y with WT HCN1 were reduced in amplitude (relative to WT alone) and had changes in gating similar to those of A354T. We conclude that the pore variant at position 354 contributes to gating but not permeation, and that the HCN outer pore may be involved in gating via a pore-to-gate coupling mechanism.
Measuring Married Women "Opting Out"

Women in America wield governmental and corporate power at levels never before seen in the history of this country. They have unprecedented access to education, jobs, and income. Having gained a foothold in formerly male-dominated positions, many of these highly educated, accomplished women are opting out of their careers, often as a consequence of becoming mothers. This presents a paradox in the negotiation of women's roles, one whose implications have not been fully examined in social research.
Internal-External Locus of Control, Power and Political Participation:

Rotter's 1966 Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (I-E) was administered to 20 men and 24 women, along with new projective techniques to measure power behavior and political participation. The power behavior studied included power style, power drive, and power salience. The political participation index was composed of a traditional political participation scale and a Sphere of Influence Profile designed for this study measuring participation in nonpolitical life spheres. Results confirmed previous findings which established a link between internal control and political participation. A further link was established' between power drive and internal control. However, previous work suggesting a relationship between locus of control and power style was not confirmed, and there was no relationship between power salience and locus of control.
Variation of hinge interocclusal clearance and modifying mechanisms

On the basis of Newtonian principles of applied mechanics, rotation around the mandibular hinge axis has been explored by separating this rotation from translation of the mandibular hinge axis. After quantitative comparison, it appears that hinge rotation is the primary physiologic movement of the mandible, and that the Hanau quint provides compensatory factors in facilitating hinge jaw movement. However, an unguided opening and closing of the mouth usually consists of rotation and translation that are six-dimensional in nature and very difficult to solve quantitatively without idealization and differentiation. With an accurate three-dimensional image-measuring system, such as computerized axial tomography, it should be possible to apply this hypothesis clinically.
Ab initio calculation of the force field of the hydrogen fluoride dimer

Abstract The potential energy surface of the hydrogen fluoride dimer is studied with ab initio LCAO-SCF theory. The geometry of the dimer is determined using minimal, split valence, and polarized basis sets. The results are somewhat dependent on basis set with the polarized basis giving the best agreement with the recently reported structure of the HF dimer from its radio frequency and microwave spectra. The split valence basis set is used to determine the nature of the potential surface corresponding to the tunnelling motion of the HF dimer. A barrier of 1.1 kcal/mole to this motion is calculated. The intermolecular and intramolecular vibrational frequencies of the complex are predicted from force constants calculated from the potential surface.
The Field of the TeV Source HESS J1804–216 in X-Rays and Other Wavelengths

The field of the extended TeV source HESS J1804-216 was serendipitously observed with the Chandra ACIS detector on 2005 May 4. The data reveal several X-ray sources within the bright part of HESS J1804-216. The brightest of these objects, CXOU J180432.4-214009, which has been also detected with Swift (2005 November 3) and Suzaku (2006 April 6), is consistent with being a pointlike source, with the 0.3-7 keV flux FX = (1.7 ± 0.2) × 10-13 ergs s-1 cm-2. Its hard and strongly absorbed spectrum can be fitted by the absorbed power-law model with the best-fit photon index Γ ≈ 0.45 and hydrogen column density nH ≈ 4 × 1022 cm-2, both with large uncertainties due to the strong correlation between these parameters. A search for pulsations resulted in a 106 s period candidate, which has a low significance of 97.9%, however. We found no infrared-optical counterparts for this source. The second brightest source, CXOU J180441.9-214224, which has been detected with Suzaku, is either extended or multiple, with the flux FX ~ 1 × 10-13 ergs cm-2 s-1. We found a nearby M dwarf within the X-ray source extension, which could contribute a fraction of the observed X-ray flux. The remaining sources are very faint (FX < 3 × 10-14 ergs cm-2 s-1), and at least some of them are likely associated with nearby stars. Although one or both of the two brighter X-ray sources could be faint accreting binaries or remote pulsars with pulsar wind nebulae (hence possible TeV sources), their relation to HESS J1804-216 remains elusive. The possibility that HESS J1804-216 is powered by the relativistic wind from the young pulsar B1800-21, located at a distance of ~10 pc from the TeV source, still remains a more plausible option.
Postponement Behavior as a Function of Approach and Avoidance Motivation

Human behavior frequently involves planning in relation to interpersonal events scheduled to occur in the near future. A person may be required publicly to commit himself to participate in an impending event at some preferred point in time; thus, for example, he may freely elect to postpone his response rather than perform it immediately. One would generally expect postponement behavior to bear predictable relationships to the strength of relevant motives, particularly when these motives are incompatible with each other. This paper tests two deductions drawn from application of Miller's (1944, 1959) conflict model to postponement behavior. Specifically, the stimulus-similarity axis of the conflict model is identified with the future time dimension, along which some conflict-evoking event may be "located." The hypotheses concern S's tendency to postpone his voluntary participation in the event, as a function of the strength of conflicting motives. In order to derive specific testable hypotheses consider first that S commits himself, in the immediate present, to take part in an event which is to occur at some point in futur'e time, and that he may either participate immediately or postpone his participation to some specified degree. Consider also that chis event will be both rewarding and punishing to respective degrees explicitly stated beforehand by E. If it is assumed that a temporal gradient of reward exists, then, the more imminent the event, the stronger will be the acquired approach to it al the instant of commitment. If it is similarly assumed that a temporal gradient of punishment exists, rhen, the more imminent the
A salt-independent pH sensor

Abstract A polymer swelling-based pH sensor is described that operates independently of background salt concentration. The pH sensor is comprised of two magnetoelastic thick-film elements; one is coated with the pH and salt concentration sensitive mass-changing polymer poly(acrylic acid-co-isooctylacrylate) (pAA-IOA), while the other is coated with poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate-co-isooctylacrylate) (pSPMA-IOA), a polyelectrolyte gel the mass of which is salt-dependent but pH-independent. The magnetoelastic elements mechanically vibrate at a resonant frequency f r , inversely dependent upon the mass of the attached polymer layer. Cross-correlation between the frequency response of the two sensor elements is used to eliminate the effect of salt concentration on the pH measurements, which are linear between pH 5.4 and 7.2, with a slope of 310 Hz/pH (0.6% f r /pH).
Synthesis, Structural Reassignment, and Biological Activity of Type B MAO Inhibitors Based on the 5H-Indeno[1,2-c]pyridazin-5-one Core

The synthesis and enzyme inhibitor properties of reversible type B monoamine oxidase inhibitors are described. These compounds belong to the 5H-indeno[1,2-c]pyridazine family and possess a hydrophobic benzyloxy or 4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy side chain which, in contrast to a previous assignment, has been unambiguously located at C(8) of the heterocyclic moiety. Investigation of the regioisomeric structures establishes that substitution of the 5H-indeno[1,2-c]pyridazin-5-one core at C(7) vs C(8) dramatically influences the MAO-inhibiting properties of these compounds.
Prebiotic Chemistry: Geochemical Context and Reaction Screening

The origin of life on Earth is widely believed to have required the reactions of organic compounds and their self- and/or environmental organization. What those compounds were remains open to debate, as do the environment in and process or processes by which they became organized. Prebiotic chemistry is the systematic organized study of these phenomena. It is difficult to study poorly defined phenomena, and research has focused on producing compounds and structures familiar to contemporary biochemistry, which may or may not have been crucial for the origin of life. Given our ignorance, it may be instructive to explore the extreme regions of known and future investigations of prebiotic chemistry, where reactions fail, that will relate them to or exclude them from plausible environments where they could occur. Come critical parameters which most deserve investigation are discussed.
Acclimation of Plant Populations to Shade: Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Carbon Use Efficiency

Cloudy days cause an abrupt reduction in daily photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), but we have a poor understanding of how plants acclimate to this change. We used a unique lo-chamber, steady-state, gas-exchange system to continuously measure daily photosynthesis and night respiration of populations of a starch accumulator [tomato (Lycopersicone scukntum Mill. cv. Micro-Tina)] and a sucrose accumulator [lettuce (Latuca sativa L ev. Grand Rapids)] over 42 days. AI1 measurements were done at elevated CO2, (1200micr-/mol) avoid any CO2 limitations and included both shoots and roots. We integrated photosynthesis and respiration measurements separately to determine daily net carbon gain and carbon use efficiency (CUE) as the ratio of daily net C gain to total day-time C fixed over the 42-day period. After 16 to 20 days of growth in constant PPF, plants in some chambers were subjected to an abrupt PPF reduction to simulate shade or a series of cloudy days. The immediate effect and the long term acclimation rate w'ere assessed from canopy quantum yield and carbon use efficiency. The effect of shade on carbon use efficiency and acclimation was much slower than predicted by widely used growth models. It took 12 days for tomato populations to recover their original CUE and lettuce CUE never completely acclimated. Tomatoes, the starch accumulator, acclimated to low light more rapidly than lettuce, the sucrose accumulator. Plant growth models should be modified to include the photosynthesis/respiration imbalance and resulting inefficiency of carbon gain associated with changing PIT conditions on cloudy days.
The multisubstrate adapter Gab1 regulates hepatocyte growth factor (scatter factor)-c-Met signaling for cell survival and DNA repair

Hepatocyte growth factor (scatter factor) (HGF/SF) is a pleiotrophic mediator of epithelial cell motility, morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. HGF/SF protects cells against DNA damage by a pathway from its receptor c-Met to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to c-Akt, resulting in enhanced DNA repair and decreased apoptosis. We now show that protection against the DNA-damaging agent adriamycin (ADR; topoisomerase IIalpha inhibitor) requires the Grb2-binding site of c-Met, and overexpression of the Grb2-associated binder Gab1 (a multisubstrate adapter required for epithelial morphogenesis) inhibits the ability of HGF/SF to protect MDCK epithelial cells against ADR. In contrast to Gab1 and its homolog Gab2, overexpression of c-Cb1, another multisubstrate adapter that associates with c-Met, did not affect protection. Gab1 blocked the ability of HGF/SF to cause the sustained activation of c-Akt and c-Akt signaling (FKHR phosphorylation). The Gab1 inhibition of sustained c-Akt activation and of cell protection did not require the Gab1 pleckstrin homology or SHP2 phosphatase-binding domain but did require the PI3K-binding domain. HGF/SF protection of parental MDCK cells was blocked by wortmannin, expression of PTEN, and dominant negative mutants of p85 (regulatory subunit of PI3K), Akt, and Pak1; the protection of cells overexpressing Gab1 was restored by wild-type or activated mutants of p85, Akt, and Pak1. These findings suggest that the adapter Gab1 may redirect c-Met signaling through PI3K away from a c-Akt/Pak1 cell survival pathway.
The 39 steps: a cautionary tale of quantitative 3-D fluorescence microscopy.

feature short articles devoted to microscopy and digital imaging. The subject matter will address details of the methods used to produce images of cells and tissues at any magnification and resolution, and might include “tricks-of-the-trade”, novel methods of specimen preparation, practices of image collection, tips on the digital manipulation and publication of images and historical perspectives.
Ecological Determinants of the Aging of Suburban Populations

A structural model of the aging of 816 suburban populations is explicated and found only partially to be supported by the data. A procedure for examining the effects of various suburban characteris...
A Hybrid Ontology Mediation Approach for the Semantic Web

This article introduces a hybrid ontology mediation approach for the Semantic Web. It combines both syntactic and semantic matching measures to provide better results for matching data labels. Although ontologies are meant to provide a shared conceptualization of the world, the development practices, lack of standards, and subjective naming conventions today, create data heterogeneity problems among ontologies. This is a significant problem particularly for ontologies of similar domains. Mediation techniques at present focus mainly on syntactic matching and our premise is that a hybrid approach would be a better solution to this problem. We provide empirical evidence with hypothesis tests and also provide several new measures such as relevance, reliability, and precision to validate our approach. We also introduce a detailed mapping algorithm.
Stimulation-induced changes in lower limb corticomotor excitability during treadmill walking in humans.

Magnetic stimulation of human primary motor cortex (M1) paired with electrical stimulation of a peripheral motor nerve has been used to produce a lasting modulation of corticomotor (CM) excitability. This ‘paired associative stimulation’ (PAS) protocol has been used to induce bidirectional changes in excitability in upper limb CM pathways. The present study tested the hypothesis that temporally dependent PAS applied to the common peroneal nerve during the swing phase of walking would induce bidirectional changes in CM excitability consistent with the Hebbian principle of activity-dependent plasticity. Fourteen subjects with no known neurological disorder participated in two data collection sessions each. PAS was delivered as a single block of 120 pairs of stimuli delivered in a 10 min period during treadmill walking at 4.0 km h−1. Changes in CM excitability were assessed by examining the size of motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation prior to and following PAS. Tibialis anterior motor-evoked potentials amplitude increased to 121% over baseline when the magnetic stimulus was delivered over M1 after the estimated arrival time of the afferent volley in sensorimotor cortex and decreased to 83% of baseline when the magnetic stimulus was delivered prior to the estimated afferent volley arrival. This extent of modulation was undiminished following a further 10 min period of walking without stimulation. The temporal nature of the bidirectional effects following PAS, their rapid evolution and subsequent persistence supported the study's hypothesis and were similar to the effects described by others in quiescent muscles of the upper limb.
Degenerate Mechanical Systems A Framework for Tracking Control

This paper interprets tracking control as shaping the energy of the error between the system trajectory and the desired trajectory. A notion of "degenerate mechanical systems" is developed by extending the ideas of kinetic energy, potential energy, and dissipative forces to allow for the existence of nonzero velocities with zero kinetic energy. Some familiar stability results of mechanical systems can be extended to these degenerate mechanical systems, and tracking is accomplished by choosing control inputs to force the error to be a degenerate mechanical system. While techniques for tracking control like PD+ often require known bounds on the velocity of the desired trajectory, the emphasis on geometric structures here reveals how certain designs can result in guarantees on the convergence rate and disturbance rejection properties independent of any a priori bounds on the velocity of the desired trajectory.
The 1990–1995 El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Event: Longest on Record

The tendency for more frequent E1 Nifio events America to the International Dateline. It is the basin-scale and fewer La Nifia events since the late 1970's has been phenomenon, however, that is linked to globaJ atmospheric linked to decadl changes in climate throughout the Pacific circulation and associated weather anomalies. The primary basin. Aspects of the most recent warming in the tropical response in the atmosphere coupled to EN is the SO and, Pacific from 1990 to 1995, which are connected to but not together, the tropical Pacific warm events are often referred synonymous with E1 Nifio, are unprecedented in the climate to as ENSO events. record of the past 113 years. There is a distinction between E1 Nifio (EN), the Southern Oscillation (SO)in the atmo- sphere, and ENSO, where the two are strongly linked, that emerges clearly on decadal time scaJes. In the traditional E1 Nifio region, sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) have waxed and waned, while SSTAs in the centraequatorial Pa- cific, which are better linked to the SO, remained positive from 1990 to June 1995. We carry out several statisticaJ tests to assess the likelihood that the recent behavior of the SO is part of a natural decadal-timescae variation. One test fits an autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) model to a measure of the SO given by the first hundred years of the pressures at Darwin, Australia, beginning in 1882. Both the recent trend for more ENSO events since 1976 and the prolonged 1990- 1995 ENSO event are unexpected given the previous record, with a probability of occurrence about once in 2,000 years. This opens up the possibility that the ENSO changes may be partly caused by the observed increases in greenhouse gases.
On the dependence structure of bivariate recurrent event processes: inference and estimation

Bivariate or multivariate recurrent event processes are often encountered in longitudinal studies in which more than one type of event is of interest. There has been much research on regression analysis for such data, but little has been done to measure the dependence between recurrent event processes. We propose a time-dependent measure, termed the rate ratio, to assess the local dependence between two types of recurrent event processes. We model the rate ratio as a parametric function of time, and leave unspecified all other aspects of the distribution. We develop a composite likelihood procedure for model fitting and parameter estimation. We show that the proposed estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal. Its finite sample performance is evaluated by simulation and illustrated by an application to a soft tissue sarcoma study.
Expression and extinction of glial properties in glioma X neuroblastoma cell hybrids.

Abstract Rat glioma cells (clone C 6 TK − ) were hybridized with mouse neuroblastoma cells (clone NA), and 18 primary and secondary hybrid clones containing one chromosome set from each parent were isolated. The hybrids were assayed for the glial marker enzymes 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). In many of the hybrid clones, the levels of CNP and GPDH were reduced to 5–20% of the activity of C 6 TK − , as has been observed in other classes of glial X non-glial cell hybrids. In some hybrid clones, however, GPDH and CNP were expressed at high activity. Rat (glial) GPDH activity was not reduced in these clones, but mouse GPDH activity remained low, and was not “de-repressed” or “activated”. This suggests that the controls governing differentiation in neuroblastoma cells and extinction in hybrids may differ in some important details. There was a strong positive correlation between the specific activities of CNP and GPDH in the hybrid clones, suggesting that a mechanism regulates the activity of these two glial enzymes coordinately.
A scattered field FDTD formulation for dispersive media

In the scattered field formulation of the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, the electric and magnetic fields are decomposed into incident and scattered components. This approach is often used in scattering problems in which a wave of known shape is incident on a region of interest. The scattered field approach presented for analyzing propagation through dispersive media can be used with any incident field waveform. The use of a look-up table to hold the convolution data yields a method that is faster and less complex than those based on the use of analytical functions. Finally, the additional computer memory and time requirements are insignificant.
Shame and health literacy: the unspoken connection

Illiteracy is a well known national crisis, yet relatively little research has focused on how low literacy affects patients' health care experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between shame and low functional literacy in the health care setting. It hypothesized that many patients with low literacy may not admit they have difficulty reading because of shame. Patients who presented for acute care at a large, public hospital in Atlanta, Georgia were interviewed. A total of 202 predominately indigent African-American patients completed a demographic survey, the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) and answered questions about difficulty reading and shame. Of the 202 patients interviewed, 42.6% had inadequate or marginal functional health literacy. Patients with low literacy were more likely to be male (P < 0.05), have less than a high school education (P < 0.01) and be over the age of 60 (P < 0.01). Of those patients with low literacy, 67.4% admitted having trouble reading and understanding what they read. Almost 40% (n = 23) of patients with low functional literacy who acknowledged they have trouble reading admitted shame. Of the 58 patients who had low functional health literacy and admitted having trouble reading, 67.2% had never told their spouses, and 53.4% had never told their children of their difficulties reading. Nineteen percent of patients had never disclosed their difficulty reading to anyone. Many patients with reading problems are ashamed and hide their inability to read. Shame is a deeply harbored emotion that plays an important role in understanding how low literate patients interact with health care providers. Further research is needed to understand how providers should deal with the shame associated with low literacy.