cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Rimantadine on Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses and Immunity to Reinfection in Mice Infected with Influenza A Virus

Administration of rimantadine to mice via drinking water, following a prophylactic dose, reduced lung virus titers by greater than 3 log10 plague-forming units (pfu)/ml but caused only marginal reductions in lung virus titers when therapy was started 8 h after exposure to virus. Mice given rimantadine prophylactically plus therapeutically were resistant to rechallenge with virus at a dose equivalent to that used for the primary infection (50 pfu/mouse) but not to a high dose (1 x 10(5) pfu/mouse). Virus-neutralizing-antibody titers were reduced only by rimantadine treatment, which included prophylaxis, whereas the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was depressed by treatment given with or without prophylaxis. Mice infected with rimantadine-resistant virus had no decrease in CTL or antibody responses when treated with rimantadine. Therefore, the depression in CTL and antibody responses associated with rimantadine treatment appears to be due to a decrease in the amount of viral antigen available or interference with viral antigen processing and not to nonspecific immunosuppressive effects.
Calorimetric and freeze fracture analysis of lipid phase transitions and lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles in mitochondrial membranes.

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry combined with freeze fracture electron microscopy reveals that thermotropic lipid phase transitions and lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles occur in both membranes of whole, intact rat liver mitochondria and in isolated inner and outer membranes. The onset temperature of the liquid crystalline to gel state lipid phase transition in whole mitochondria and in the isolated outer membrane fraction is biphasic with an initial transition exotherm occurring at 9 °C. The onset temperature of the transition exotherm of the isolated inner membrane occurs at −4 °C. The onset temperature of the lipid transition endotherm is −15 °C for whole mitochondria, the inner membrane, and the outer membrane fractions. These calorimetric analyses reveal that the bilayer lipid in the inner, energy transducing membrane is more fluid than in the outer membrane. Mitochondrial membranes cooled to temperatures in the region of their transition exotherms and then frozen reveal striking lateral separations between smooth, intramembrane particle-free regions (rich in gel state lipid) and particle-dense regions (rich in integral proteins) in their hydrophobic fracture faces. Such thermotropic lipid-protein lateral separations are completely reversible. These freeze fracture observations suggest that both mitochondrial membranes are naturally fluid to the extent that the integral membrane proteins can diffuse laterally in the bilayer lipid.
An Eukaryotic RuvB-like Protein (RUVBL1) Essential for Growth

A human protein (RUVBL1), consisting of 456 amino acids (50 kDa) and highly homologous to RuvB, was identified by using the 14-kDa subunit of replication protein A (hsRPA3) as bait in a yeast two-hybrid system. RuvB is a bacterial protein involved in genetic recombination that bears structural similarity to subunits of the RF-C clamp loader family of proteins. Fluorescence in situhybridization analysis demonstrated that the RUVBL1 gene is located at 3q21, a region with frequent rearrangements in different types of leukemia and solid tumors. RUVBL1 co-immunoprecipitated with at least three other unidentified cellular proteins and was detected in the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex purified over multiple chromatographic steps. In addition, two yeast homologs, scRUVBL1 and scRUVBL2 with 70 and 42% identity to RUVBL1, respectively, were revealed by screening the complete Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence. Yeast with a null mutation in scRUVBL1 was nonviable. Thus RUVBL1 is an eukaryotic member of the RuvB/clamp loader family of structurally related proteins from bacteria and eukaryotes that is essential for viability of yeast.
The ability of common mastitis-causing pathogens to survive an ensiling period

A forage-based study was conducted to examine the ability of enterococci, streptococci, and gram-negative bacteria to survive a 3-wk ensiling process. Harvested grass and corn forages were each divided into 3 treatment groups consisting of 2 commercially available silage inoculants and 1 negative control group. Within 24h of harvest, a uniform amount of forage was added to each of 18 vacuum-sealable freezer bags. Inoculants 1 and 2 were applied to each of 6 bags and the remaining 6 bags were not inoculated (negative control). All bags were sealed using an industry-grade vacuum sealer to create a pillow pack. At wk 1, 2, and 3 of the ensiling process, 6 bags were opened, 2 from each of the 3 groups. Dry matter (DM), pH, and bacterial enumeration were determined on the forage before ensiling, as well as at wk 1, 2, and 3 of ensiling. The pH of grass and corn samples decreased to 5.2 and 4.1, respectively, by the end of the ensiling period. Inoculant 2 (7.3 log(10) cfu/g of DM) resulted in a greater enterococcal count in grass samples than did inoculant 1 (4.2 log(10) cfu/g of DM) at 3 wk of ensiling and both were greater than the negative control (1.2 log(10) cfu/g of DM). Counts of streptococci in grass samples at wk 3 were greater in inoculated samples (inoculant 1, 7.6 log(10) cfu/g of DM; inoculant 2, 7.0 log(10) cfu/g of DM) compared with the negative control (4.3 log(10) cfu/g of DM). Treatment differences were observed following 1 wk of ensiling in corn samples. Enterococcal counts on corn samples following the 3-wk ensiling were not significantly different between inoculant 1 (4.3 log(10) cfu/g of DM) and inoculant 2 (4.4 log(10) cfu/g of DM). However, counts in both inoculated groups were greater than in the negative control group (4.0 log(10) cfu/g of DM). No significant treatment differences were observed for streptococci counts at wk 3. Counts for gram-negative bacteria were not detectable by wk 3 of ensiling in either grass or corn samples. The addition of a silage inoculant led to greater counts of enterococci and streptococci in grass silage compared with the negative control at the end of a 3-wk ensiling period. The application of a silage inoculant led to increased enterococci counts, but not streptococci counts, in corn samples following the ensiling period. These data indicate that enterococci and streptococci are able to survive the pH decrease observed during ensiling.
Taiwanese Mothers' Perceptions of the Relationship between Interactions with Their Infants and the Development of Social Competence.

This study explored the perceptions of 13 Taiwanese mothers of 12‐month‐olds of the benefits of parent‐infant interaction for the development of social competence, as well as the relationships between important social competence benefits and their own roles in achieving these benefits. Results indicated that infants were involved in interactions that their mothers saw as contributing to the development of two components of social competence, an emotional component, and a social component. Themes identified within each component were congruent with traditional cultural notions relating to development of an interdependent self. Implications are drawn for early intervention and for further research.
X-ray scattering and imaging from plastically deformed metals

New ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) facilities at third generation synchrotron sources enjoy an additional one to three decades of X-ray brilliance over second generation instruments, and can now quantify microstructural features from 3 nm to 1.3 μm in size. These developments offer exciting possibilities for further exploration of dislocation and other deformation microstructures. To the portfolio of existing techniques we now add a promising experimental window, USAXS imaging, in which high angular resolution images are acquired at scattering vectors related to the observed microstructures. Early results from this ultra-sensitive technique indicate that the arrangements of creep cavities in mildly deformed polycrystalline copper can be observed on many length scales, and the results can be compared with the size distributions derived from a USAXS analysis. Many of the features observed in USAXS imaging are not seen using other existing experimental techniques.
Persistence, extinction and different species pools within the flora of lake islands in western Ireland

The vascular flora on twenty-nine lake islands in Lough Corrib, western Ireland was surveyed in 1992-93. Thirteen of these islands had been surveyed by the author in 1974 (Roden, 1979). Data on species-area curves and species turnover between 1974 and 1992 are presented. Species numbers on each island did not change greatly in the 18-year interval and extinctions were most common on smaller islands. It is known that six of the islands surveyed are less than 150 years old and their flora must have immigrated over open water during that period. It is shown that this group of species has a different log species/log area regression than the remaining flora, with a much shallower slope (low Z value). The proportion of less widespread species was greatest on islands nearest to the mainland. The implication of different slopes in different species groups and the restriction of turnover to rare species is discussed with reference to the island Theory of Biogeography.
Detection of implantation-related cytokines in cervicovaginal secretions and peripheral blood of fertile women during ovulatory menstrual cycles.

Objective To determine whether cytokines implicated in uterine receptivity are detectable in cervicovaginal secretions and/or serum of fertile women, and whether their concentrations undergo hormonal regulation during the menstrual cycle. Design Prospective, observational study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Six fertile volunteers studied over two menstrual cycles. Intervention(s) Cervicovaginal lavages (CVLs) and peripheral blood specimens were obtained during the menstrual, proliferative, periovulatory, and midsecretory phases of the cycle. Endometrial biopsies were obtained during the midsecretory phase. Main outcome measure(s) Concentrations of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β2, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in CVL and peripheral blood of fertile women; endometrial cytokine messenger (m)RNA levels in midsecretory phase; and serum E 2 and P levels throughout the menstrual cycle. Result(s) Macrophage-colony stimulating factor and EGF were detectable in all CVL samples. Macrophage-colony stimulating factor concentrations were positively correlated with serum E 2 levelsand the E 2 /P ratio. Whereas EGF concentrations in serum and CVL samples remained constant throughout the menstrual cycle, individual concentrations during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle were positively correlated with endometrial EGF mRNA levels. Interleukin-1β, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2 were detected in most CVL samples. Interleukin-1β concentrations in CVL were significantly higher at menses than at the periovulatory stage of the menstrual cycle; TGF-β2 levels were higher at menses than at the periovulatory and secretory stages. Leukemia inhibitory factor was undetectable in CVL except at menses. In serum, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, M-CSF, and EGF were detectable, but there was no menstrual cycle effect. There were no correlations between cytokine levels in CVL and serum. Conclusion(s) This study demonstrates that several endometrial cytokines that have been implicated in uterine receptivity are detectable in cervicovaginal secretions and peripheral blood of reproductive-aged women, and it provides normal concentration ranges of these cytokines in CVL and serum of fertile women at four stages of the menstrual cycle. Macrophage-colony stimulating factor and EGF warrant further study in CVLs of fertile and infertile women to determine their predictive value as minimally invasive markers of uterine receptivity.
Letting the gene out of the bottle: the population genetics of genetically modified crops

Genetically modified (GM) plants are rapidly becoming a common feature of modern agriculture. This transition to engineered crops has been driven by a variety of potential benefits, both economic and ecological. The increase in the use of GM crops has, however, been accompanied by growing concerns regarding their potential impact on the environment. Here, we focus on the escape of transgenes from cultivation via crop x wild hybridization. We begin by reviewing the literature on natural hybridization, with particular reference to gene flow between crop plants and their wild relatives. We further show that natural selection, and not the overall rate of gene flow, is the most important factor governing the spread of favorable alleles. Hence, much of this review focuses on the likely effects of transgenes once they escape. Finally, we consider strategies for transgene containment.
Measurements of the spin-spin correlation parameter C SS = ( S , S ; 0 , 0 ) at 487, 639, and 791 MeV

The spin-spin correlation parameter ${C}_{\mathrm{SS}}=(S,S;0,0)$ has been measured for $p\ensuremath{-}p$ elastic scattering over a large angular range. The data are particularly useful in checking currently available phase-shift solutions.
The empirical study of teenage work: A behavioral code for the assessment of adolescent job environments

Abstract Policy recommendations that adolescents supplement their experience in school with experience in the workplace have been made in the absence of objective data on the nature of most adolescents' activity on the job. This paper presents a coding system for chronicling a variety of microbehaviors in sequence, as they occur, in adolescent job environments. Three elements of each of approximately 100 behaviors performed by a targeted teenage worker are recorded by an on-site observer who enters appropriate code numbers into a portable event recorder: (1) the social context of the behavior; (2) the character of the behavior; and (3) the duration and concomitants of the behavior, when appropriate. Each of 97 working teenagers was observed continuously over a two hour period on the job. Interobserver agreement on the coding of worker behaviors and the social contexts in which they occurred averaged .86 and .97, respectively. In addition to its applicability in research on the effects of working on adolescent development, information obtained using the code can be helpful in the evaluation of youth employment programs, the vocational counseling of adolescents, and the validation of subjective worker reports of job attributes.
Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows

Black hole accretion flows could be radiatively inefficient when a mass supply rate is either much less or much larger than the Eddington rate. Because of lack of radiative cooling, such flows are hot and geometrically thick. This article will review different models and different approaches to study radiatively inefficient accretion flows. Initially, the flows were studied as purely hydrodynamic viscous flows. It was shown analytically and numerically that the hydrodynamic flows are convectively unstable. Convection significantly changes the flow structure, flattening the radial density profile and decreasing the accretion rate. More recently, numerical MHD models of the flows have been developed by several groups. In these models the problems of angular momentum transport and dissipation of binding energy can be solved self-consistently. The MHD models show the flow’s strong dependence on the topology of the magnetic field, and some models show efficient convection.
Magnetic interactions in the metallic phase of the copper oxides

Abstract The Cu Cu spin interactions arising from a mediating itinerant oxygen band is derived. Using a formalism similar to that which has been applied to heavy fermion metals, we solve for the concentration dependence of both superexchange and RKKY interactions. The former falls off dramatically with increasing dopant concentration, while the latter undergoes a sign change.
Incorporation of continuous quality improvement in a hospital dietary department's quality management program

Abstract What techniques or steps are necessary to overcome obstacles and achieve the incorporation of continuous quality improvement (CQI) methods in existing quality management programs? Education of staff, identification of customers' expectations, and implementation of a plan to administer activities are critical to a positive outcome of CQI efforts. Our article outlines one approach to the transition from quality assurance to CQI using the FOCUS-PDCA® technique. We use the example of improving the timeliness of late tray deliveries to demonstrate how to implement the conversion to CQI using the FOCUS-PDCA® technique. The dietetics practitioners may apply the sequential steps described in the article to successfully incorporate the CQI concept in most hospital dietary department's quality management activities.
Experimental and theoretical performance of a demonstration solar chimney model—Part I: mathematical model development

The solar chimney is a natural draft device which uses solar radiation to provide upward momentum to the in-flowing air, thereby converting the thermal energy into kinetic energy. A study was undertaken to evaluate the performance characteristics of solar chimneys both theoretically and experimentally. In this paper, a mathematical model which was developed to study the effect of various parameters on the air temperature, air velocity, and power output of the solar chimney, is presented. Tests were conducted on a demonstration model which was designed and built for that purpose. The mathematical model presented here, was verified against experimental test results and the overall results were encouraging. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ATPase Mechanism of ArsA, the Catalytic Subunit of the Arsenite Pump

Abstract The ArsA ATPase is the catalytic subunit of a novel arsenite pump, with two nucleotide-binding consensus sequences in the N- and C-terminal halves of the protein. The single tryptophan-containing Trp159 ArsA was used to elucidate the elementary steps of the ATPase mechanism by fluorescence stopped-flow experiments. The binding and hydrolysis of MgATP is a multistep process with a minimal kinetic mechanism (Mechanism 1). A notable feature of the reaction is that MgATP binding induces a slow transient increase in fluorescence of ArsA, which is independent of the ATP concentration, indicative of the build-up of a pre-steady state intermediate. This finding, coupled with a phosphate burst, implies that the steady-state intermediate builds up subsequent to product release. We propose that the rate-limiting step is an isomerization between different conformational forms of ArsA.k cat is faster than the phosphate burst, indicating that both nucleotide binding sites of ArsA are catalytic. Consistent with this interpretation, approximately 2 mol of phosphate are released per mole of ArsA during the phosphate burst. View larger version: In this window In a new window Download as PowerPoint Slide Mechanism 1
A Review of “Crisis of Empire: Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century”

Crisis of Empire is the latest work to emerge from the keyboard of the prolific Jeremy Black. Black is professor of history at the University of Exeter and a senior fellow at the Foreign Policy Res...
Enzyme hydration may explain catalytic efficiency differences among lactate dehydrogenase homologues

HOMOLOGOUS enzymes of species with different cell temperatures usually display temperature-adaptive differences in their catalytic properties1–7. Thus enzymes of low cell temperature species characteristically exhibit higher specific activities and lower activation free energies and enthalpies than the homologous enzymes of high cell temperature species2–7. For lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, E.G. 1.1.1.27; lactate: NAD+ oxidoreductase), a single M4 (muscle type) LDH molecule from a cold-water fish can catalyse the conversion of pyruvate to lactate three times as rapidly at 5 °C as an M4-LDH from a mammal5. In this paper we present evidence that these temperature-compensating differences in catalytic efficiency may derive in part from different amounts of exergonic hydration of the enzymes during the activation step in catalysis. Lowering the activation free energy (ΔG‡) ‘barriers’ to enzymic reactions by way of the reversible hydration of amino acid side chains and/or polar peptide linkages permits the adjustment of catalytic efficiencies without necessitating the modification of amino acid sequences in the active sites of the enzymes.
Inhibition of simian varicella virus infection of african green monkeys by (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (BVDU)

Simian varicella virus infection of the African green monkey was inhibited by (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (BVDU). Treatment at 10 mg/kg/day by oral, intramuscular or intravenous administration prevented the development of viremia and the appearance of rash, and averted the anorexia normally observed in untreated virus-infected monkeys. BVDU reduced the clinical disease when administered orally at either 15, 10 or 5 mg/kg/day BID, but even at 1 mg/kg/day it produced a slight inhibitory effect on the disease. BVDU given by gavage at 15 mg/kg/day as late as 6 days after virus inoculation was observed to modify the course of the disease. Antiviral efficacy of BVDU in the treatment of simian varicella virus-infected monkeys exceeded that observed in similar experiments with acyclovir, adenine-5′-monophosphate, phosphonoacetate or phosphonoformate. The similarity of simian varicella virus to human varicella zoster virus points to the potential efficacy of BVDU in the treatment of generalized varicella infection in humans.
Dynamic model of mesoscale eddies. Eddy parameterization for coarse resolution ocean circulation models

In the framework of the eddy dynamic model developed in two previous papers (Dubovikov, M.S., Dynamical model of mesoscale eddies, Geophys. Astophys. Fluid Dyn., 2003, 97, 311–358; Canuto, V.M. and Dubovikov, M.S., Modeling mesoscale eddies, Ocean Modelling, 2004, 8, 1–30 referred as I–II), we compute the contribution of unresolved mesoscale eddies to the large-scale dynamic equations of the ocean. In isopycnal coordinates, in addition to the bolus velocity discussed in I–II, the mesoscale contribution to the large scale momentum equation is derived. Its form is quite different from the traditional down-gradient parameterization. The model solutions in isopycnal coordinates are transformed to level coordinates to parameterize the eddy contributions to the corresponding large scale density and momentum equations. In the former, the contributions due to the eddy induced velocity and to the residual density flux across mean isopycnals (so called Σ-term) are derived, both contributions being shown to be of th...
Memory Decline in Peri- and Post-menopausal Women: The Potential of Mind–Body Medicine to Improve Cognitive Performance

Cognitive decline is a frequent complaint during the menopause transition and among post-menopausal women. Changes in memory correspond with diminished estrogen production. Further, many peri- and post-menopausal women report sleep concerns, depression, and hot flashes, and these factors may contribute to cognitive decline. Hormone therapy can increase estrogen but is contraindicated for many women. Mind–body medicine has been shown to have beneficial effects on sleep, mood, and hot flashes, among post-menopausal women. Further, mind–body medicine holds potential in addressing symptoms of cognitive decline post-menopause. This study proposes an initial framework for how mind–body interventions may improve cognitive performance and inform future research seeking to identify the common and specific factors associated with mind–body medicine for addressing memory decline in peri- and post-menopausal women. It is our hope that this article will eventually lead to a more holistic and integrative approach to the treatment of cognitive deficits in peri- and post-menopausal women.
Decaying-dressed-state analysis of a coherently driven three-level Λ system

We introduce decaying-dressed states for a three-level Λ system driven at one atomic transition and probed at the adjacent one. These states allow for a simple interpretation and classification of various coherent effects in such a system.
Parallel univariate polynomial factorization on shared-memory multiprocessors

Using parallelism afforded by shared-memory multiprocessors to speed up systems for polynomial factorization is discussed. The approach is to take the fastest known factoring algorithm for practical purposes and parallelize key parts of it. The univariate factoring algorithm consists of two major tasks (a) factoring modulo small integer primes and (b) EEZ lifting and recovery of true factors. A C coded system PFACTOR that implements (a) in parallel is described in detail. PFACTOR is a stand-alone parallel factorizer that can take input from a file, a pipe or a socket connection over a network. It can also be used interactively as a UNIX command. PFACTOR consists of parallel selection of primes, automatic balancing of work, parallel Berlekamp algorithm, and parallel reconciliation of degrees of factors modulo different primes. Actual timings on the Encore Multimax show the effectiveness of the approach. Work on part (b) is still on going.
Hypotony caused by scleral buckle erosion in Marfan syndrome.

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe hypotony caused by erosion of the conjunctiva and sclera by a silicone scleral buckle. METHODS: Interventional case report. A 33-year-old man with Marfan syndrome presented with hypotony maculopathy and a collapsed globe 17 months after repair of retinal detachment with a silicone sponge and silicone encircling band. RESULTS: Examination in the operating room revealed extrusion of the buckle through the conjunctiva and full-thickness scleral erosion. The silicone buckle was removed, and the scleral defect was closed with interrupted 8-0 nylon sutures. Postoperative glaucoma was treated with cyclophotocoagulation. Eight months after scleral repair, visual acuity was RE: 20/40, intraocular pressure was 10 mm Hg, and the retina was attached. CONCLUSION: Full-thickness scleral erosion secondary to a silicone exoplant causing hypotony is a rare long-term complication in patients with thin sclera.
Frequency of multiple paternity varies between two populations of brown smoothhound shark, Mustelus henlei

Multiple paternity was recently observed in a population of the brown smoothhound shark, Mustelus henlei, from Las Barrancas, Baja California Sur, Mexico, with litters demonstrating the greatest percentage of multiple paternity for any shark species (93 % of litters and an average number of sires = 2.3). To determine whether this frequency is consistent elsewhere in the species’ range, 4 polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to determine the frequency of multiple paternity in 18 litters of M. henlei from Santa Catalina Island, CA, sampled in 2004, 2008, and 2012. Multiple paternity varied among sampling years with 2004 demonstrating multiple sires for 40 % of sampled litters (n = 10) with an average of 1.4 sires per litter and 2008/2012 demonstrating a total lack of multiply sired litters (n = 8). Although multiple paternity was detected in this study, the range of frequencies observed is lower than that observed in the Mexican population. Based on these findings, investigators should take location into consideration when assessing the existence of multiple paternity in future studies of elasmobranch species.
Neuronal Calcium Sensor Proteins – Recognizing a Face in a Crowd

Ames, Lin, and Ikura in “Molecular structures and target recognition of neuronal calcium sensor proteins” describe the wide range of functions performed by the neuronal calcium sensor proteins in various nervous tissues. These NCS proteins are closely related in amino acid sequence and comprise 1 of over 70 subfamilies of proteins that contain 2–12 EF-hands. The N-termini of the NCS’s are myristoylated and in their apo-forms this hydrophobic tail is discretely tucked into a cavity that differs among recoverin, NCS1, and GCAP1 – all of whose solutions structures have been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ames et al. conclude that “Ca2+ induced extrusion of the myristoyl group exposes unique hydrophobic binding sites in each protein that in turn interact with distinct target proteins.” The calci-structures of seven NCS’s, two with peptides from their respective targets bound, clearly revealed that the calci-structures differ significantly from one another and from their respective apo-structures. Therein lie their specificities for diverse targets within various cells of the nervous system. The EF-hands 1, 2 and EF-hands 3, 4 retain their approximate canonical shapes and relationships; however, the binding cavities between the two pairs of EF-hands vary to suit their chosen targets. These NCS structures reveal how small differences in amino sequences of close homologs can be amplified to major changes in cell function.
Prediction of psychosis onset in Alzheimer disease: The role of cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, and further evidence for psychosis subtypes.

Background Psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer disease (AD+P) identify a heritable phenotype associated with more rapid cognitive decline. The authors have proposed that AD+P is itself a composite of a misidentification and a paranoid subtype with increased cognitive impairment restricted to the misidentification type. Most prior studies of the clinical correlates of AD+P have been limited, however, by the inclusion of prevalent cases. Methods Subjects with possible or probable AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) without psychosis at study entry were assessed at the time of initial presentation and then annually. Psychotic symptoms were assessed using the CERAD Behavioral Rating Scale. Survival analyses used Cox proportional hazard models with time-dependent covariates to examine the predictors of psychosis onset. Results A total of 288 subjects completed at least one follow-up examination. Mean duration of follow-up was 22.1 months. The incidence of psychosis was 0.19 per person-year. Cognitive impairment was associated with onset of psychosis, largely as a result of its association with onset of the misidentification, but not the paranoid, subtype. Including psychotropic medication use in the model revealed an association of antidepressant use with the onset of psychosis. This latter association appeared to arise from an underlying association between depression and the risk of psychosis onset rather than from antidepressant treatment. Conclusion These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the misidentification and the paranoid subtypes each define a more biologically homogeneous group than AD+P as a whole. Further exploration of the relationship between depressive symptoms and psychosis in patients with AD is warranted.
The globalizations of the environment

Abstract The environment was cast in global terms at least as early as the late 1940s. Ever since, the meanings of environmental globalization have changed to reflect broader developments in the world political economy and the ability of various social forces to frame these developments. In the first part of this article, I discuss my understanding of globalization in order to undermine the facile framing of the environment in globalized terms. This is followed by the main part of the essay, which traces some of the key framings of the global environment since World War II in order to highlight the shifting conceptions of the globalized as well as the politics behind them. I close by very briefly outlining some of the implications of the globalization discourse on our understanding of the environment. The twin goals of this paper are to contribute to the discussion of the environment as a globalized issue as well as to the debates over globalization, more generally.
A Complete Redshift Survey to the Zwicky Catalog Limit in a 2h × 15° Region around 3C 273

We compile 1113 redshifts (648 new measurements, 465 from the literature) for Zwicky catalog galaxies in the region (-35 ? ? ? 85, 115 ? ? ? 135). We include redshifts for 114 component objects in 78 Zwicky catalog multiplets. The redshift survey in this region is 99.5% complete to the Zwicky catalog limit, mZw = 15.7. It is 99.9% complete to mZw = 15.5, the CfA Redshift Survey (CfA2) magnitude limit. The survey region is adjacent to the northern portion of CfA2, overlaps the northernmost slice of the Las Campanas Redshift Survey, includes the southern extent of the Virgo Cluster, and is roughly centered on the QSO 3C 273. As in other portions of the Zwicky catalog, bright and faint galaxies trace the same large-scale structure.
Demonstration of an endogenous, competitive inhibitor(s) of [3H] diazepam binding in bovine brain.

An endogenous inhibitor(s) of [3H] diazepam binding to synaptosomes has been demonstrated in bovine brain. The inhibitory activity of crude extracts is heat stable, dialyzable, and not affected by ether extraction. Three distinct peaks of inhibitory activity were resolved using Sephadex G-25 chromatography. The lowest molecular weight peak (<700 daltons) had the highest specific inhibitory activity and its inhibition of [3H] diazepam binding was competitive. A similar low molecular weight fraction was not observed in either muscle or liver suggesting that it may be unique to brain. Thin layer chromatography of the Sephadex G-25 fractions revealed a discrete band of inhibitory activity in the two low molecular weight peaks.
Protozoan Predation Is Differentially Affected by Motility of Enteric Pathogens in Water vs. Sediments

Survival of enteric bacteria in aquatic habitats varies depending upon species, strain, and environmental pressures, but the mechanisms governing their fate are poorly understood. Although predation by protozoa is a known, top-down control mechanism on bacterial populations, its influence on the survival of fecal-derived pathogens has not been systematically studied. We hypothesized that motility, a variable trait among pathogens, can influence predation rates and bacterial survival. We compared the survival of two motile pathogens of fecal origin by culturing Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium. Each species had a motile and non-motile counterpart and was cultured in outdoor microcosms with protozoan predators (Tetrahymena pyriformis) present or absent. Motility had a significant, positive effect on S. enterica levels in water and sediment in the presence or absence of predators. In contrast, motility had a significant negative effect on E. coli O157 levels in sediment, but did not affect water column levels. The presence/absence of protozoa consistently accounted for a greater proportion of the variability in bacterial levels (>95 %) than in bacterial motility (<4 %) in the water column. In sediments, however, motility was more important than predation for both bacteria. Calculations of total CFU/microcosm showed decreasing bacterial concentrations over time under all conditions except for S. enterica in the absence of predation, which increased ∼0.5–1.0 log over 5 days. These findings underscore the complexity of predicting the survival of enteric microorganisms in aquatic habitats, which has implications for the accuracy of risk assessment and modeling of water quality.
Force output during and following active stretches of rat plantar flexor muscles: Effect of velocity of ankle rotation

During the development of force deficits by repeated stretches, velocity-sensitive changes in the extra force produced during and after subsequent stretching has not been studied. In the present study, repeated dorsiflexion of the foot of rats with maximally contracting plantar flexor muscles was performed at two angular velocities [0.87 (slow muscle stretch) and 10.47rads(-1) (fast muscle stretch)] to examine the active force of the muscles during and following dorsiflexion. Dorsiflexion was performed 30 times with a rest period of 3min between the stretches to minimize muscle fatigue. The ability of rat plantar flexor muscles to produce additional force during the stretch was not velocity sensitive. In contrast, repeated dorsiflexion with fast muscle stretches, but not with slow muscle stretches, resulted in an increase in the force decay with time following the stretches (i.e. increased stress relaxation), as indicated by a change in the time constant of force decay during stress relaxation. Apparently, the stress-relaxation of rat plantar flexor muscles is sensitive to angular velocity of ankle movements; repeated fast, but not slow dorsiflexion, alters the stress relaxation process of active skeletal muscles exposed to stretches which create a force deficit. The change in time constant of force decay during stress relaxation in response to a series of repeated stretches might provide information on the sarcomere length distribution in skeletal muscles.
Hot Pork Processing, Brine Chilling and Mechanical Portioning as a Fresh Pork Processing System

Rapid chilling was investigated as a link between hot pork processing and mechanical portioning. Loins from market weight hogs (n = 40) were removed (pre- or post-rigor) and were assigned to one of two chilling treatments (brine chilling or blast freezing). Loins were chilled until crust frozen, then tempered, pressed and cleaved. Ultimate pH, cooking yields, taste panel ratings and Warner-Bratzler shear force values (WBS) were obtained. Pre-rigor chops had significantly higher WBS values and lower (less tender) taste panel ratings than post-rigor chops. Generally, pre-rigor chops were juicier but less tender. There were no major differences between rapid chilling treatments nor in ultimate pH or cooking data. Less severe chilling techniques are needed to make this processing system feasible.
The d-p hybridized valence charge distribution in TiC

Abstract The d-p hybridized charge distribution of the transition metal compound TiC has been calculated using the wavefunctions from an earlier empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) band structure calculation. The charge distribution explicitly shows a partial transfer of charge from the titanium atom to the carbon atom, and the bonding associated with this charge has both an ionic and a covalent character. There is no indication of strong metal-metal (TiTi) bonding.
Safe and tight linear estimators for global optimization

Global optimization problems are often approached by branch and bound algorithms which use linear relaxations of the nonlinear constraints computed from the current variable bounds. This paper studies how to derive safe linear relaxations to account for numerical errors arising when computing the linear coefficients. It first proposes two classes of safe linear estimators for univariate functions. Class-1 estimators generalize previously suggested estimators from quadratic to arbitrary functions, while class-2 estimators are novel. When they apply, class-2 estimators are shown to be tighter theoretically (in a certain sense) and almost always tighter numerically. The paper then generalizes these results to multivariate functions. It shows how to derive estimators for multivariate functions by combining univariate estimators derived for each variable independently. Moreover, the combination of tight class-1 safe univariate estimators is shown to be a tight class-1 safe multivariate estimator. Finally, multivariate class-2 estimators are shown to be theoretically tighter (in a certain sense) than multivariate class-1 estimators.
Indoor air pollution by dioxins in day-nurseries. Risk assessment and management

Abstract Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofuranes have been identified in the indoor air of day-nurseries. For preventive purposes, an action level of 0.5 pg 2.3.7.8 TCDD equivalents per cubic meter is proposed.
Parliamentarians Against Ministers: The Case of Western European Union

Western European Union (WEU) is unique in the family of European organizations. Its membership comprises Great Britain in addition to the inner circle of the six nations of Little Europe. As such it was hailed as a big step forward from the continental limitations of European integration. Its special task, besides residuary powers in the cultural, social, and economic field, has been defense and the control of armaments. Western European Union was erected on the ruins of the European Defense Community (EDC) by the Paris Agreements of October 1954. Its legal basis was the Brussels Treaty Organization of 1948, a defensive alliance against future German aggression which over the years had left its military functions to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and had concentrated on its cultural and social role.
Lithography and the Future of Moore's Law, Copyright 1995 IEEE. Reprinted with permission. Proc. SPIE Vol. 2437, pp. 2–17

Semiconductor technology has made its great strides as a result of ever increasing complexity of the products produced exploiting higher and higher density to a considerable extent the result of progress in lithography. This article reviews the history and past performance of Moore's Law relative to predictions and shows where the advances have come from.
Molecular models illustrating the possible distributions of 'holes' in simple systematically staggered arrays of type I collagen molecules in native-type fibrils.

Clear 3/8″ Lucite rod models at a scale of 1″ = D (the native-type period), and using four different colored ribbon markers to indicate one set of ‘equivalent bands’ in the SLS band pattern, clearly show the possible distribution of ‘holes’ and staining loci in native-type fibrils. Close-packed ordered arrays of the 4.4″ long rods (based on the Hodge-Petruska model) in which nearest neighbors are systematically staggered by D must have ordered distributions of the 0.6D long ‘holes’. In one of the two simplest cases, holes occur singly, and are separated laterally by two molecular diameters. In the other case, contiguous holes form transversely continuous channels or slots within the fibril. Electron micrographs of both fish bone and embryonic chick bone clearly show that at least the initial mineralization is intrafibrillar in these systems.
Abstract A49: Combination of bendamustine and the HDAC inhibitor entinostat enhances apoptosis and DNA damage response in multiple myeloma cells

Bendamustine (Cephalon, Inc., West Chester, PA), a hybrid molecule of purine analog and alkylator, induces cell death by activation of DNA damage response and apoptosis, inhibition of mitotic checkpoints, and induction of mitotic catastrophe. Entinostat (also known as MS-275 or SNDX-275, Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Waltham, MA), a selective class I inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. We sought to determine whether the combination of bendamustine with entinostat enhances cell death of MM cells, and the potential mechanisms. Cell growth assay showed that bendamustine inhibited proliferation of MM cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 of bendamustine for RPMI8226, U266 and MM1.S cells was approximately 662.6, 295.5, and 159.6 umol/L. Apoptotic-ELISA indicated that either bendamustine or entinostat was able to induce apoptosis in all three myeloma cells, and their combinations exhibited a much more potent activity to promote the MM cells undergoing apoptosis. Further studies with western blot analyses revealed that bendamustine in combination with entinostat dramatically induced PARP cleavage and activation of caspase-3 in all three MM cell lines, and also reduced the expression levels of cyclin D1, phospho-Stat3 (P-Stat3) and Stat3 in U266 cells. Moreover, studies on DNA damage response showed that phosphohistone H2A.X, a hall marker of DNA double strand break, was significantly induced by the combinations of bendamustine and entinostat as compared to either agent alone in all three MM cell lines. Our data suggest that bendamustine and its combination with entinostat possess anti-MM activity in vitro. Regimens consisting of bendamustine and/or entinostat may represent novel therapeutic strategies against MM.
Fine structure of tracheo‐bronchial epithelial nerves of the cat

The nerves in and immediately under the epithelial layer of the trachea and primary bronchi of the cat are studied with the electron microscope. The axons are unmyelinated and contain microtubules and mitochondria. Epithelial axons are observed throughout the entire epithelial layer, but, are usually concentrated in the basal area immediately above the basal lamina. Most axons are near the basal cells; others are in the vicinity of granulated cells or occur in the intercellular spaces between other columnar cells. A few of the epithelial axons are large and crowded with axoplasmic mitochondria. The possibility that some epithelial axons may have sensory functions is discussed.
The development of a new measure of global work autonomy

This article reports the results of three studies in which reliability and validity data were examined for scores obtained on a new measure of global work autonomy. The respondents in these studies were 80 employees of a medium-size manufacturing firm, 6,810 employees of a large defense contractor, and 88 MBA students. To examine the convergence of reports of autonomy, data were also gathered from supervisors and coworkers of these students. Coefficient alphas for the autonomy scale for the three samples ranged from .79 to .90. Scores on the global work autonomy scale correlated with scores on theoretically related measures (e.g., in Studies 1 and 3, global autonomy scores correlated .54 and .69, respectively, with scores on the Job Diagnostic Survey Autonomy Scale). Although small in magnitude, in Study 2, predicted work autonomy score differences were found between union and nonunion employees and between supervisors and nonsupervisors.