cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microscopy with femtosecond laser pulses: applications in engineering, physics and biomedicine

Abstract The combination of microscopy and femtosecond laser illumination turns out to be very attractive and useful for imaging in engineering, physics and biomedicine. The high laser intensity and low average power allow for the generation of nonlinear imaging signals that contain information complementary to classical imaging modes. The current state-of-the-art is reviewed and nonlinear current imaging and imaging of ballistic electron transport in Au-films is discussed in detail.
Time-domain response of the ARIANNA detector

The Antarctic Ross Ice Shelf Antenna Neutrino Array (ARIANNA) is a high-energy neutrino detector designed to record the Askaryan electric field signature of cosmogenic neutrino interactions in ice. To understand the inherent radio-frequency (RF) neutrino signature, the time-domain response of the ARIANNA RF receiver must be measured. ARIANNA uses Create CLP5130-2N log-periodic dipole arrays (LPDAs). The associated effective height operator converts incident electric fields to voltage waveforms at the LDPA terminals. The effective height versus time and incident angle was measured, along with the associated response of the ARIANNA RF amplifier. The results are verified by correlating to field measurements in air and ice, using oscilloscopes. Finally, theoretical models for the Askaryan electric field are combined with the detector response to predict the neutrino signature.
Analysis of bivariate flow karyotypes.

Bivariate flow karyotype analysis is performed using data from chromosomes stained with two fluorescent dyes, typically chromomycin A3 and Hoechst-33258, and measured in a flow cytometer or cell sorter (Carrano et al.: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76:1382-1384, 1979; Gray et al.: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 72:1231-1234, 1975; Langlois et al.: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79:7876-7880, 1982). In the resulting bivariate histogram, most chromosome types appear as individual peaks. In sorting of chromosomes to purify a specific chromosomal type, its corresponding peak in the bivariate histogram is delineated by a rectangular region which surrounds it. All events (objects) that fall within this region trigger the sorting process. In most cases, peaks for different chromosomal types overlap to some extent, and in addition there is always an underlying background due to chromosome fragments and clumps. Thus the sorted population will not be pure; it may include more than one chromosome type and will include debris. To determine the purity of a sort, i.e., the percentage of the sorted material that is of the actual chromosomal type desired, two methods of mathematical analysis have been developed. In the more general method, the bivariate data within an analysis region that includes the sort region, are fit with a series of bivariate Gaussian functions, one for each peak. In a simplified method, the data within the analysis region are transformed into a univariate distribution of either chromomycin A3 or Hoechst-33258 fluorescence. The peaks in these univariate distributions are fit with univariate Gaussian functions. In both methods the purity is determined mathematically. The results of both methods agree well with independent methods of analysis.
Diagnosis and misdiagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), collectively termed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), represent chronic relapsing and remitting inflammatory disorders of the intestines of unknown etiology. IBD comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases, with a common final manifestation, which is mucosal inflammation, and several genetic and environmental factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases [1–3]. Both UC and CD are common diseases; their prevalence in the United States is 150 to 300/100,000, with a similar prevalence of CD and UC. This article reviews the diagnostic evaluation of patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of IBD and the clinical, radiographic, endoscopic, histopathologic, and serologic features that help establish the diagnosis and differentiate between UC and CD. This distinction is crucial particularly in cases when surgery is contemplated. IBD should be differentiated from other diseases, which may exhibit similar clinical characteristics to avoid delays in rendering appropriate treatment and minimize unnecessary diagnostic evaluations.
Argument and belief: Where we stand in the Keynesian tradition

There is the idea that rational belief for a single individual can be constructed via a process of unilateral argument. To preempt antipathy between the AI communities that can claim the idea that rational belief can be so constructed, we trace the idea to the beginning of this century, to Keynes' dispute with Russell over logic and probability. We review how Keynesian ideas were revived in AI's work on non-monotonic reasoning and parallel developments in philosophical logic.
MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS MODELING OF SHOCK-COMPRESSED LIQUID HYDROGEN

We have developed a tight-binding model of hydrogen with a single s orbital on each atom that reproduces properties of the dimer, of various crystalline structures, and of the fluid. Molecular-dynamics simulations, performed in the density and temperature regime of recent experiments on shock-compressed liquid hydrogen, give pressures and electrical conductivities in general agreement with the measured values. We also demonstrate a close connection between the conductivity and dissociation of the molecules in the fluid. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Spectral decomposition of the exponential radon transform

The attenuated Radon transform mathematically represents the measured projections in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for an ideal detector with a delta geometric response function and no detected scattered photons. As a special case of the attenuated Radon transform, the exponential Radon transform is defined for a constant attenuator by modifying the measured projections through a transformation which places the detector at the center of rotation. Several papers have presented analytical spectral decompositions of the Radon transform; however, no analytical decomposition of the exponential or the attenuated Radon transform has been derived. Here an eigenanalysis of the exponential Radon transform is compared with that of the Radon transform using the Galerkin approximation to estimate the spectral decomposition. The condition number of the spectrum increases with increased attenuation coefficient which correlates with the increase in statistical error propagation seen in clinical images obtained with low energy radionuclides.
Methods of simulating freezing damage during sorghum grain fill

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain yields can be reduced if plants are exposed to freezing temperatures prior to reaching physiological maturity. Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate chemical desiccation and panicle removal as methods for simulating the loss of carbohydrate production associated with leaf death or transport tissue damage when sorghum is exposed to freezing temperatures during grain fill. In one experiment, both treatments were repeated at 3- to 4-d intervals during grain fill with a range of hybrid maturities and environments to establish a relationship between caryopsis weight or test weight with heat unit accumulation after anthesis. This relationship was best described as sigmoidal in shape. A second field experiment compared these two treatments with potted field-grown plants exposed to-2°C for 4 h. Treatments were applied four different times during grain fill. Panicle removal produced caryopsis weights 5greater than those from freeze treatments, whereas chemical desiccation resulted in caryopsis weights 13greater than those from freeze treatments. Test weights followed similar trends. Caryopsis weights from each treatment were similar across experiments. Panicle removal accurately simulated caryopsis weight reductions caused by exposure to freezing temperatures throughout the grain-filling period, Chemical desiccation underestimated freeze damage during early grain fill but adequately simulated caryopsis reductions during late grain fill. Test weights from panicle removal treatments were similar in both experiments, while chemical desiccation was inconsistent across experiments. Test weight reductions caused by exposure to freezing temperatures were not adequately simulated by either treatment. The results of these experiments indicate that panicle removal is a more appropriate method for simulating freeze damage to maturing grain sorghum than is chemical desiccation; however, chemical desiccation may be utilized if appropriate adjustments are made during early grain fill.
An experimental and analytical synthesis of controlled structure design

An overview of the experimental and analytical results from a controlled structure technology development project are reported and discussed. A controller was designed to reject disturbances from a lightly damped truss structure, in which twenty structural modes lie within the controller bandwidth. The signals from four strain sensors are fed back through an eighteenth order dynamic controller into four stress actuators (not collocated with the sensors) to reduce the vibration of the structure. Five independent performance measures are simultaneously minimized to synthesize the controller. An optimal projection controller, designed from a 58th order state space model, experimentally reduces the structural vibration by up to 65% without saturating the actuators and without destabilizing high frequency modes. By comparing analytical and experimental performance predictions, the robustness of the controller to model imperfections is demonstrated. The overall procedure reported here demonstrates a complete analysis, control synthesis, and test of a realistic controlled structure. 27 refs., 6 figs., 5 tabs.
Stability Limitations of Long-Distance A-C Power-Transmission Systems

Conventional methods of transmission are analyzed and discussed both for existing transmission distances up to about 300 miles and for greater distances up to a full wave length; also eight different methods that have been proposed for increasing the loading per circuit or distance to which a-c power can be transmitted are discussed. Of these methods, series compensation of the line reactance appears to be the most favorable for straightaway distances up to about 600 to 700 miles at 60 cycles. The problem is analyzed mathematically and with the aid of an a-c network analyzer. Curves are included which give the power limits and reactive kilovolt-ampere requirements for a large number of parameters, including the effect of distance, voltage, conductor size, series and shunt compensation, terminal impedances, and stability margin. This analysis indicates that the limitation of the transmission of a-c power greater straightaway distances than has been accomplished heretofore is primarily that of the cost of the line, the stability limitation can be overcome by a comparatively small increase in cost.
Therapy of early syphilis with penicillin administered by jet injection.

Preliminary investigative studies of the jet injection technic have established the efficacy and relative painlessness of this procedure for the administration of a number of commonly used medications such as penicillin, streptomycin, procaine, insulin, etc. Jet injection has also been used effectively in various immunization procedures and for the production of local anesthesia. The description of the apparatus (the Hypospray), the hypofils which contain the materials to be administered and the technic of giving injections have been described previously (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
Reworking the Past, Imagining the Future: On Jacob's Silent Revolution

In Silent Revolution: The Transformation of Divorce Law in the United States, Herbert Jacob, a political scientist, undertakes a potentially illuminating and necessarily interdisciplinary inquiry: How and by whom have recent changes in American divorce law been effected? Jacob gives a multistate history of the last 25 years of American divorce legislation. He examines the adoption of no-fault divorce grounds, the rise of marital property law, shifts in spousal support doctrine, and the introduction of joint custody. He focuses on the two most populous states, New York and California, gives brief attention to another handful of states, and examines the formulation of two key provisions of the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act (UMDA).' Jacob asserts that relatively few persons, mostly "legal experts," brought about the changes. These experts characterized their statutory reforms as "routine" and thus succeeded in achieving change with little public participation or scrutiny. He formulates a theory of "routine policy making" in which important legal changes are effected with minimal public involvement. Experts who seek to use the routine policy process define
Noise, resolution, and sensitivity considerations in the design of a single-slice emission-transmission computed tomographic system.

A prototype Emission–Transmission Computed Tomography (ETCT) system is being developed that will acquire single‐slice x‐ray transmission CTimages simultaneously with single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)images. This system will permit the correlation of anatomical information from x‐ray CT with functional information from SPECTimages. The patient‐specific attenuation map derived from the x‐ray CTimages can be used to perform attenuation correction of the SPECTimages, so that accurate quantitative information can be obtained. The fan‐beam scanning geometry and the use of a segmented HPGe detector array impose special constraints on the design of the collimator for the system. Based on a signal detection model, an efficiency‐resolution figure of merit (ERFM) as a function of the collimator geometric efficiency, system resolution width, and object diameter is defined. The ERFM is proportional to the square of the detection signal‐to‐noise ratio. The collimator design parameters can then be optimized by optimizing the ERFM for an anticipated object diameter. The collimator point‐spread function, geometric efficiency, and resolution are calculated. The collimator optimized for the detection of a 1‐cm object will have a single‐slice point source efficiency of 1.2×10−4, and a FWHM of 6.5 mm at the center of the reconstruction circle, at 12 cm from the collimator face. The minimum object contrast which will give a detection SNR of 5 is 74%, for a total accumulated count per slice of 2×106.
Improvements in the accuracy and the repeatability of long trace profiler measurements.

Modifications of the long trace profiler at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory have significantly improved its accuracy and repeatability for measuring the figure of large flat and long-radius mirrors. Use of a Dove prism in the reference beam path corrects phasing problems between mechanical errors and thermally induced system errors. A single reference correction now completely removes both of these error signals from the measured surface profile. The addition of a precision air conditioner keeps the temperature in the metrology enclosure constant to within ±0.1 °C over a 24-h period and has significantly improved the stability and the repeatability of the measurements. Long-radius surface curvatures can now be measured absolutely with a high degree of confidence. These improved capabilities are illustrated with a series of measurements of a 500-mm-long mirror with a 5-km radius of curvature. The standard deviation in the average of ten slope profile scans is 0.3 µrad, and the corresponding standard deviation in the height error is 4.6 nm.
Colored Background Slides from Color Film

Methods of producing colored background have been described by Elder and Agee (1977) and by Hefetz (1977). I have developed an alternate method using tungsten color slide film and color filters. This method may be especially useful for people who do not have access to a darkroom.
Analysis of Pulse Replicators for High-Bandwidth, High-Dynamic-Range, Single-Shot Optical Characterization

Optical pulse replicators generate multiple replicas of an optical waveform that are averaged to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of single-shot, high-bandwidth temporal measurements. Processing a replicated waveform requires that the delayed realizations of the waveform under test be retimed properly before averaging. Delay miscalibration significantly reduces the measurement bandwidth. Processing algorithms based on edge alignment, centroid matching, and minimization of the distance between replicas decrease the impact of the detrimental bandwidth reduction, and a global distance minimization, simultaneously taking into account the distance between all pairs of retimed replicas, has the best performance, even in the presence of significant measurement noise. The general impact of chromatic dispersion on the averaged waveform is derived in the framework of the temporal transport-of-intensity equation, and the measurement error is quantified for various optical signals.
Polyketide analysis using mass spectrometry, evaporative light scattering, and charged aerosol detector systems

In this study, a mass spectrometer (MS), an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD), and a charged aerosol detector (CAD) were used to analyze an erythromycin precursor (termed 6-deoxyerythronolide B). The work highlights the capabilities of each detector to analyze a representative polyketide compound that does not possess a natural chromophore, and presents the first comparison to include a charged aerosol system. Each detector was evaluated based upon limit of detection (LOD), dynamic range, and precision in the context of polyketide analysis. Due to its low LOD, wide dynamic range, and ability to provide molecular weight information, the MS was deemed the best detection option for the analysis of low-concentration, poorly identified polyketide compounds. Alternatively, both the CAD and ELSD systems studied showed better precision and accuracy. The ELSD demonstrated the best precision at 3%, but its LOD was limited to concentrations primarily greater than or equal to 1 mg/L. The Corona CAD demonstrated a LOD (0.012 mg/L) and dynamic range comparable to mass spectroscopy and therefore serves as a more cost-efficient alternative for polyketide production schemes with low titers.
Numerical Modeling of Waveguide Heated Microwave Plasmas

Waveguide-heated microwave plasmas for space propulsion applications are analyzed by a two-dimensional numerical solution of the combined Navier-Stokes and Maxwell equations. Two waveguide configurations -- one purely transmitting and the other with a reflecting end wall -- are considered. Plasma stability and absorption characteristics are studied and contrasted with the characteristic of resonant cavity heated plasmas. In addition, preliminary estimates of the overall efficiency and the thrust and specific impulse of the propulsion system are also made. The computational results are used to explain experimental trends and to better understand the working of these devices.
Memory Growth by Adding to Ends of the List

A row of 9 meaningful or nonsense trigrams was presented in either the same or random order to 4 groups of undergraduate students until a criterion of perfect recall. Improvements in memory for nonsense, but not meaningful, material resulted from additions to ends of previous lists. Serial order of input led to serial recall; random input led to random recall on final trials.
Optoelectronic devices based on III-V compound semiconductors which have made a major scientific and technological impact in the past 20 years

This paper reviews some of our pioneering contributions to the field of III-V compound semiconductor materials and low-dimensional optoelectronic devices. These contributions span from the ultraviolet (/spl lambda//spl sim/200 nm) up to the far-infrared (/spl lambda//spl sim/25 /spl mu/m) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and have had a major scientific and technological impact on the semiconductor world in the past 20 years.
CHARMM force field parameters for simulation of reactive intermediates in native and thio‐substituted ribozymes

Force field parameters specifically optimized for residues important in the study of RNA catalysis are derived from density-functional calculations, in a fashion consistent with the CHARMM27 all-atom empirical force field. Parameters are presented for residues that model reactive RNA intermediates and transition state analogs, thio-substituted phosphates and phosphoranes, and bound Mg(2+) and di-metal bridge complexes. Target data was generated via density-functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2p)// B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level. Partial atomic charges were initially derived from CHelpG electrostatic potential fitting and subsequently adjusted to be consistent with the CHARMM27 charges. Lennard-Jones parameters were determined to reproduce interaction energies with water molecules. Bond, angle, and torsion parameters were derived from the density-functional calculations and renormalized to maintain compatibility with the existing CHARMM27 parameters for standard residues. The extension of the CHARMM27 force field parameters for the nonstandard biological residues presented here will have considerable use in simulations of ribozymes, including the study of freeze-trapped catalytic intermediates, metal ion binding and occupation, and thio effects.
Anisotropic fractional diffusion tensor imaging

Traditional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) maps brain structure by fitting a diffusion model to the magnitude of the electrical signal acquired in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fractional DTI employs anomalous diffusion models to obtain a better fit to real MRI data, which can exhibit anomalous diffusion in both time and space. In this paper, we describe the challenge of developing and employing anisotropic fractional diffusion models for DTI. Since anisotropy is clearly present in the three-dimensional MRI signal response, such models hold great promise for improving brain imaging. We then propose some candidate models, based on stochastic theory.
Heated atomic force cantilever closed loop temperature control and application to high speed nanotopography imaging

Abstract This paper reports closed loop temperature control of a heated atomic force microscope cantilever and its application to thermal topography imaging. Closed loop feedback implemented in analog circuitry maintains cantilever temperature with 1.73 °C accuracy and 0.076 °C precision at 1 MHz bandwidth. The cantilever can respond to changes in temperature set-point within 16.5 μs, enabling thermal topography imaging at 500 μm/s, which is a 50× increase over previous work. We demonstrate how the cantilever thermal signal can be used in place of the traditional optical tip height sensing in order to image surfaces. The temperature control architecture can be scaled to large arrays of heated cantilevers without loss in bandwidth.
Interoperable physical design database between OpenAccess and Milkyway

In the world of mixed signal design, physical design database transfers between custom (Cadence OpenAccess (OA)) and ASIC (Synopsys Milkyway (MW)) are frequently needed for the completion of a design. The traditional method of using only GDSII as the transfer medium has many disadvantages, such as lost connectivity information and net-texting inconsistency. This paper describes a methodology for transferring the database in the most efficient way, retaining the information in the database, ensuring the correctness of the database.
SELENIUM FERTILIZATION INFLUENCES BIOMASS, ELEMENTAL ACCUMULATIONS, AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS IN WATERCRESS

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) produces carotenoids and sulfur-containing glucosinolates (GSs) beneficial to human health. Selenium (Se) imparts dietary health properties and substitutes for S in plant biochemical pathways. Experimental objectives were to determine the influence of Se fertilization on 1) biomass, 2) elemental accumulations, 3) carotenoids, and 4) glucosinolates in watercress leaf and shoot tissues. Watercress was greenhouse grown in solution culture with Se treatments of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg Se L−1, delivered as sodium selenate (Na2SeO4). Fresh and dry biomass were unaffected while shoot tissue Se (P = 0.057) and S (P = 0.003) increased linearly in response to increasing Se treatments. Linear decreases were measured for β-carotene (P = 0.017) and lutein (P = 0.018) in response to increasing Se. Total levels of GS increased, then decreased quadratically (P = 0.003). Results indicate that Se supplementation can increase Se tissue concentrations and GS in wat...
A Survey of Neuromorphic Engineering--Biological Nervous Systems Realized on Silicon

Neuromorphic systems are inspired by the structure, function and plasticity of biological nervous systems . This field is evolving a new era in computing with a great promise for future medicine, healthcare delivery and industry . The paper focuses on the introduction of neuromorphic engineering. It describes the history of neuromorphic engineering and the process of developing neuromorphic chip, and then introduces the required hardware and AER (Address Event Representation) tools for morphed on silicon. Finally it summarizes the applications of neuromorphic engineering based on neuromorphic chip. It is shown that the neuromorphic engineering has a promising development.
AN INFORMAL SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTION VERBS BASED ON PHYSICAL PRIMITIVES

A representation scheme for verbs and prepositions specifying path and locative information is developed. The representation emphasizes the implementability of the underlying semantic primitives. The primitives pertain to mechanical characteristics such as geometric relationships among objects, force or motion characteristics implied by verbs, and their prepositional modifiers. This representation has been used to animate the performance of tasks underlying natural language imperatives.
The effect of expressions in a database of face images

This paper present the results of some face recognition experiments in which 3 different databases are used, each database giving a different representation of the same 100 people. The first database consists of 4 images per person, where each image shows a blank facial expression. The second database also contains 4 images per person, but each image shows a different facial expression: blank, smile, angry, and surprised. The third database is a combination of the other two databases and consists of 8 images per person. It is found that the database consisting of 4 different facial expression gives better classification results than the database with the 4 blank prototypes, and performs only slightly worse than the much larger database of 8 prototypes per person.
Education and Allocative Efficiency in U.S. Agriculture

Rapid technological change creates production uncertainty with a consequent decline in allocative efficiency; productivity growth appears to augment the comparative advantage of large farms, which alongside rising operator education implies scale economies in the use of information. A method is provided for measuring cost inefficiency due to changes in input mix and failure to produce optimum output which is related to growth in farm size. Statistical results provide support for the hypothesis that education enhances allocative efficiency.
From toys to warships: Interdependence and the effects of disaggregated trade on militarized disputes:

The United States recently proposed to sell Saudi Arabia advanced weaponry worth 20 billion dollars over the next 10 years. The volume of trade, while significant, is second in the news headline that the United States would provide Saudi Arabia with precision-guided bombs, upgrades to its fighters, and new naval vessels. Trade of strategic commodities, such as armaments, suggests a strong interdependence between countries, which may influence international relations differently than the same volume of toys traded between nations. The author posits the volume and pattern of commodities that countries trade with each other are both relevant to interstate conflict. Commodities are heterogeneous and thus vary in terms of their strategic importance, substitutability, and ease of expropriation. This heterogeneity, along with the volume of trade, influences the opportunity cost of lost trade caused by conflict. This article empirically examines whether the pattern of trade is relevant to conflict for the period 1962—2000. The results from both single and simultaneous equations models indicate that increasing the share of bilateral trade in energy, non-ferrous metals, and electronics increases conflict, whereas for chemicals and arms it reduces conflict. Differences in these strategic commodities’ elasticity of import demand and export supply, along with their ease of expropriation, contribute to the heterogeneous effects.
Numerical modeling of permafrost dynamics in Alaska using a high spatial resolution dataset

Abstract. Climate projections for the 21st century indicate that there could be a pronounced warming and permafrost degradation in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Climate warming is likely to cause permafrost thawing with subsequent effects on surface albedo, hydrology, soil organic matter storage and greenhouse gas emissions. To assess possible changes in the permafrost thermal state and active layer thickness, we implemented the GIPL2-MPI transient numerical model for the entire Alaska permafrost domain. The model input parameters are spatial datasets of mean monthly air temperature and precipitation, prescribed thermal properties of the multilayered soil column, and water content that are specific for each soil class and geographical location. As a climate forcing, we used the composite of five IPCC Global Circulation Models that has been downscaled to 2 by 2 km spatial resolution by Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning (SNAP) group. In this paper, we present the modeling results based on input of a five-model composite with A1B carbon emission scenario. The model has been calibrated according to the annual borehole temperature measurements for the State of Alaska. We also performed more detailed calibration for fifteen shallow borehole stations where high quality data are available on daily basis. To validate the model performance, we compared simulated active layer thicknesses with observed data from Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) stations. The calibrated model was used to address possible ground temperature changes for the 21st century. The model simulation results show widespread permafrost degradation in Alaska could begin between 2040–2099 within the vast area southward from the Brooks Range, except for the high altitude regions of the Alaska Range and Wrangell Mountains.
THE EFFECT OF ANTI-LYMPHOCYTE GLOBULIN ON CELL-MEDIATED RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

The specificity of anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) has been used to analyze an immune mechanism which is mediated by immunologically committed lymphoid cells to the apparent exclusion of humoral antibody. Rabbit antimouse lymphocyte globulin completely suppressed the immunity which can be passively transferred with Listeria-immune lymphoid cells from actively infected donors. When prospective donors were given a single dose of 1.0 mg of ALG, it remained active against immune lymphoid cells transferred 24 hr later; yet immune cells in the spleens of donors could not be inactivated in situ by even larger doses of ALG given 24 hr prior to cell harvest. In keeping with this finding, the immunity to reinfection with Listeria was not suppressed by a single dose of ALG, indicating that the immunologically active cells in the spleen are not accessible to intravenously administered ALG. On the other hand, protracted treatment with ALG did abolish most of the memory of a previous infection in intact animals. From this and other evidence, it was concluded that immunologically committed cells are vulnerable to attack by ALG only if they circulate. While in circulation, they make contact both with ALG and the phagocytic elements of the reticuloendothelial system which appear to be responsible for their destruction. Four lines of evidence indicated that the suppression of anti-Listeria resistance with ALG depends upon destruction of immune lymphoid cells and not to any action it has on host macrophages. It is possible to infer from this that immunity to L. monocytogenes depends upon a two cell system in which the donor lymphoid cells provide the immunological reactivity to the organism and recipient macrophages provide the mechanism through which resistance is expressed. Accompanying papers provide additional support for this view, and reasons for believing that delayed-type hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance are mediated by the same population of immunologically committed lymphoid cells.
Computing Dehn Twists and Geometric Intersection Numbers in Polynomial Time

Simple curves on surfaces are often represented as sequences of intersections with a triangulation. However, topologists have much more succinct ways of representing simple curves such as normal coordinates which are exponentially more succinct than intersection sequences. Nevertheless, we show that the following two basic tasks of computational topology, namely performing a Dehn-twist of a curve along another curve, and computing the geometric intersection number of two curves, can be solved in polynomial time even in the succinct normal coordinate representation. These are the first algorithms that solve these problems in time polynomial in the succinct representations. As an application we show that a generalized notion of crossing number can be decided in NP, even though the drawings can have exponential complexity.
The prognosis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and the importance of supervision.

The aim of this study was to determine whether metabolic control, treatment of complications, education and social support have really been of benefit to our juvenile diabetic population.
Kinetics of the demetallation of water soluble lanthanide porphyrins by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Abstract The kinetics of the demetallation of six water soluble trivalent lanthanide tetrakis (iV-methyl-4-pyridyl)-porphyrins (Lu, Yb, Dy, Gd, Sm and Nd-TMPyP) by EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) were studied at 25°C between pH 5 and 10. The reactions were first order in porphyrin, and the kinetics indicated complexation between the HY3- form of EDTA and the monohydroxylanthanide porphyrin. The rate determining step was either the dissociation of this complex into products (k1), or, if the complex was a dead-end intermediate, the reaction between the uncomplexed reactants, k2. The rate laws for either pathway were the same, and thus the mechanisms kinetically indistinguishable. For all of the lanthanide porphyrins, an equation of the form log (k2) = 44.9 (Ro)—39.4 described the results, with Ro the ionic radii of the lanthanide ions in Angstroms. A linear relationship was also found between log (k2) for EDTA and log (kH+) for the acid catalyzed solvolysis reactions of the complexes.
Growth kinetics of fructose crystals formed by contact nucleation

Despite the large number of recent secondary nucleation and growth rate studies with the sucrose-water system, few data are available on the fructose-water system. Fructose is much more soluble in ...
Atomic Astrophysics and Spectroscopy: Gaseous nebulae and H II regions

Ionized hydrogen or H II regions and gaseous nebulae are generally low-density objects that appear as extended and diffuse clouds. Typical electron temperatures are of the order of 10 4 K, or ~ 1 eV, and densities are between 10 2 and 10 6 cm -3 . But ionizing sources of H II regions in general are quite diverse. Among the most common variety are those found in giant molecular clouds photoionized by newly formed hot stars with sufficient UV flux to ionize hydrogen and several other elements to low ionization states. Similar H II regions are commonplace in astronomy, as part of otherwise unrelated objects, such as active galactic nuclei (Chapter 13) and supernova remnants. Such regions are also easily observable, since they are largely optically thin. Furthermore, a number of nebular ions are commonly observed from a variety of gaseous objects. In fact, in Chapter 8 we had developed the spectral diagnostics of optical emission lines, as observed from the Crab nebula in Fig. 8.3. That nebula is the remnant of a supernova explosion, in the constellation of Taurus, witnessed in AD 1054 by Arab and Chinese astronomers. The central object is a fast spinning neutron star – pulsar – energizing the surrounding nebula. Nebular spectroscopy therefore forms the basis of most spectral analysis in astrophysics. We describe the essentials of nebular astrophysics with emphasis on spectroscopic analysis, and address the pervasive problem of atomic data sources of varying accuracy.
Childhood obesity : multifactoral determinants of child weight and eating behaviors.

This study is comprised of two parts exploring children’s actual eating habits, personal, familial, and environmental contributors to these eating habits, and the development of obesity in elementary school aged students. Participants were 104 children in grades 1-8 and their parents. Part I consisted of a naturalistic study of the actual food habits of school-aged children. Children’s lunches and extra snacks were categorized and weighed. Height and weight were obtained, and Body Mass Indices were calculated. Of participating children, 23% were at risk for being overweight and 19% were overweight. While a large majority of packed lunches contained less than 1/3 of the recommended dietary reference values for calories and carbohydrates, extra food purchased and eaten at school contributed to a poorer diet. Weight by age interactions revealed that overweight children purchased and consumed more calories and fat grams than their classmates within the older age groups. A categorical analysis of food types revealed that a minority of lunches contained a vegetable (9%), fruit (42%), or whole grain (22%), whereas the majority contained protein (92%), refined flour (66%), sweets (72%), and snacks (72%). Girls had more vegetables in their lunch, boys more snacks. The lunches of children of normal weight contained more dairy products. Part II was comprised of analyses using parent-reported attitudes about eating, parenting (generally and specifically about eating), and data on family habits. Parents’ attitudes were related to child weight and eating habits, but the pattern of relationship was different for mothers and fathers. Analyses using child and family habits were also significant. Child BMI was positively correlated with TV watching and negatively correlated with breakfast eating. Parent pressure to eat, nurturance, restriction, and eating attitudes were correlated with child habits. Parent BMI was correlated with child BMI. Regression analyses revealed that parent weight and hours of child TV watching were significant predictors of child weight status (parent attitudes about eating were a nonsignficant trend) and accounted for 46% of the variance in child weight. The results highlight the complexity of the factors influencing eating and obesity and implications of these findings for public health policy are addressed.
Cluster Morphology-Polymer Dynamics Correlations in Sulfonated Polystyrene Melts: Computational Study.

Reaching exceptionally long times up to 500 ns in equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations studies, we have attained a fundamental molecular understanding of the correlation of ionomer clusters structure and multiscale dynamics, providing new insight into one critical, long-standing challenge in ionic polymer physics. The cluster structure in melts of sulfonated polystyrene with ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ counterions are resolved and correlated with the dynamics on multiple length and time scales extracted from measurements of the dynamic structure factor and shear rheology. We find that as the morphology of the ionic clusters changes from ladderlike for ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ to disordered structures for ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$, the dynamic structure factor is affected on the length scale corresponding to the ionic clusters. Rheology studies show that the viscosity for ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ melts is higher than for ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ones for all shear rates, which is well correlated with the larger ionic clusters' size for the ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ melts.
DISRUPTIVE SELECTION AND ASSORTATIVE MATING IN TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM.

Disruptive selection (sometimes called diversifying selection) has been defined as simultaneous selection for more than one optimum phenotype within a single population (Mather, 1955). It is usually interpreted to mean favoring the extreme phenotypes of a quantitative character at the expense of those near the mean; however, the term can also apply to selection for qualitatively different phenotypes, e.g., alternative color patterns in insects (Tauber and Tauber, 1977). There have been many experimental studies of disruptive selection, and much speculation about its importance in natural populations (review in Thoday, 1972). These experiments have shown that disruptive selection can increase phenotypic and genetic variability. One unanswered question is, under what circumstances can disruptive selection lead to prezygotic reproductive isolation. If the extreme values of a quantitative character are favored at the expense of those individuals near the mean, will this promote positive assortative mating based on the character under selection? The reasoning is that matings between opposite extreme types will usually produce progeny near the mean, as-
Bark vs. Foliage Applications of Insecticides for Control of Psylla uncatoides on Acacia

A single application to the bark of Acacia spp., of an undiluted emulsible concentrate of dimethoate afforded control of Psylla uncatoides (Ferris and Klyver) for more than 4 months on field-grown plants 4 to 7 feet tall. Foliage sprays of dimethoate or carbaryl provided comparable control for only 4 to 5 weeks. Repellency of adult psyllids appeared to be the principal means of activity of the dimethoate bark treatment in the field. However, insectary trials conducted late in the preceding season suggested that at that time and under those conditions bark treatments of dimethoate were acting mainly on the young nymphs.
Reinventing the wheel? Or adding new air to old tires?

Brett Christophers’ nuanced critique of the concept of financialization provides a useful check on its exuberant adoption within human geography and other disciplines. While acknowledging the article’s important and timely intervention, I question Christophers’ overriding concern with financialization’s lack of novelty. Drawing examples from the financialization of land, I argue that the (undeniable) existence of historical parallels and prior theorizations does not automatically invalidate the term. Instead, the central challenge for researchers is how to place the current wave of financialization within historical context, acknowledging both continuity and novelty.
Facile Micromolding-Based Fabrication of Biopolymeric–Synthetic Hydrogel Microspheres with Controlled Structures for Improved Protein Conjugation

Hydrogel microparticles with controlled structures have drawn attention in various biomedical applications, yet it remains challenging to fabricate such microparticles in a simple manner. We demonstrate facile fabrication of chemically functional and monodisperse hydrogel microspheres with controlled macroporous structures. Specifically, highly uniform poly(ethylene glycol)-based microspheres containing an aminopolysaccharide chitosan are fabricated in a simple micromolding technique utilizing surface tension-induced droplet formation followed by photoinduced polymerization. The as-prepared microspheres show macroporous and/or intriguing core–shell structures by polymerization-induced phase separation. Fluorescent labeling studies indicate stable incorporation of chitosan with retained chemical reactivity. The utility of the controlled macroporous structures in programmable biomacromolecular assembly is thoroughly examined with conjugation of model biomolecules via click chemistries.
Research on Fast Cutback Testing of 660 MW Supercritical Units

The paper introduces fast cutback(FCB) testing in 50% and 100% of rated loads in 2×660 MW supercritical unit in Shuidonggou power plant in Ningxia and analyzes different load-on and excessive rotating speed under circumstance of FCBs during the testing.It proposes precautions such as acquisition speed in testing points,fast-switching high-pressure bypass valve and etc.
Effects of vitamin D receptor interference on the mRNA expression of Dmp1,Cbfa1 and BMP-2 in mouse osteoblast mc3t3-E1 cells

Objective:To investigate the inhibition effect of small interfering RNA(siRNA)on the expression of vitamin D receptor(VDR),and observe the effects of down-regulation of VDR on the expression of dentin matrix protein 1(Dmp1),core binding factorα1(Cbfa1)and bone morphogenesis protein 2(BMP-2)mRNA in mouse osteoblast mc3t3-E1cells.Methods:Four pairs of 21 nucleotide VDR siRNAs directed to mouse VDR mRNA 144,594,852 and 3 628 targets were transfected into mc3t3-E1cells with LipofectamineTM 2000,while untreated and transfected scramble siRNA served as the blank control and nonspecific siRNA control separately.Total RNA of the cells were extracted after 24 h of transfection while protein extracted after 72 h.The expression of VDR in mRNA and protein levels were assessed by semiquantitive RT-PCR and Western blot respectively,according to ascertainment of the effective siRNA sequences.The expression of the functional gene of osteoblast,Dmp1,Cbfa1 and BMP-2 mRNA in mc3t3-E1 cells were detected by quantitive SYBR Green real-time PCR.Results:Compared with the blank control group,the expression of VDR mRNA and protein were significantly down-regulated by siRNA directed to 852 and 3628 target of mouse VDR mRNA(P 0.01),while siRNA directed to 144 and 594 targets showed no effect on the expression of VDR(P 0.05).According to the results of real-time PCR the expression of Dmp1,Cbfa1 and BMP-2 mRNA were down-regulated in mc3t3-E1 cells transfected with siRNAs directed to 852 and 3628 targets(P 0.01).Conclusion:VDR siRNA can effectively inhibit the mRNA and protein mRNA expression of VDR.Inhibition of VDR expression down-regulates the mRNA expression of Dmp1,Cbfa1 and BMP-2 in mouse osteoblastic mc3t3-E1 cells.VDR may play some role in the maintenance of osteoblast functions.
Effect of Exercise on Acid-Base Status of Horses

Exercise in horses is associated with a wide variety of physiological changes in fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance. The integration of physiologic and physiochemical mechanisms acts to minimize alterations in pH and enhance removal of carbon dioxide produced by exercising muscles. This article provides a description of the changes that take place during exercise and how these changes affect acid-base balance in the horse.
TREATMENT OF CHRONIC VENOUS ULCERS USING SEQUENTIAL GRADIENT INTERMITTENT PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION

Objective:To determine if a limited regimen of sequential gradient intermittent pneumatic compression (‘HomeRx’: HRx) is as effective in promoting the healing of chronic venous stasis ulcers as is ...
The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research in American Music Education

While the past 20 years have seen a marked increase in the use and acceptance of qualitative inquiry within the field of music education research, there has not been a singular volume addressing an...