cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
East Germany in 1956: Walter Ulbricht's Tenacity in the Face of Opposition

Why did East German leader Walter Ulbricht outlast other Stalin-era Soviet allies in Central and Eastern Europe? This article considers this question, comparing Ulbricht's situation with that of the Hungarian communist leadership in 1956. The article examines different aspects of the question, from relations with the Soviet Union to the archival evidence for popular opinion in East Germany in the crisis year of 1956. It concludes that Ulbricht's relative longevity in power was due to a combination of factors, from the exposed position of the German Democratic Republic in the Cold War, and the support this elicited from the Soviet Union, to the legacy of the unsuccessful workers' uprising of 1956 and the weakness of Ulbricht's internal opposition.
A comprehensive library of DNA-binding site matrices for 55 proteins applied to the complete Escherichia coli K-12 genome.

A major mode of gene regulation occurs via the binding of specific proteins to specific DNA sequences. The availability of complete bacterial genome sequences offers an unprecedented opportunity to describe networks of such interactions by correlating existing experimental data with computational predictions. Of the 240 candidate Escherichia coli DNA-binding proteins, about 55 have DNA-binding sites identified by DNA footprinting. We used these sites to construct recognition matrices, which we used to search for additional binding sites in the E. coli genomic sequence. Many of these matrices show a strong preference for non-coding DNA. Discrepancies are identified between matrices derived from natural sites and those derived from SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment) experiments. We have constructed a database of these proteins and binding sites, called DPInteract (available at http://arep.med.harvard.edu/dpinteract).
Viscoelastic Analysis of Flexible Pavements and Its Effects on Top-Down Cracking

When employing linear elastic layer analysis, which is widely used for the structural analysis of flexible pavements, it is commonly observed that most critical tensile strains occur at the bottom of an asphalt layer. It is well known that an asphalt mixture is a viscoelastic material, so its response is time and rate dependent; therefore, the results from the elastic assumption may not be borne out in the response of the asphalt layer. This study utilized viscoelastic analysis to identify critical tensile strains and their time-dependent responses. It was found that tensile strains occurred at the bottom and at the top of an asphalt layer and grew because of the rheological behavior of an asphalt mixture. As load repetitions continued, the strain at the top showed a higher strain value than the strain value at the bottom. A sensitivity analysis performed on various design parameters indicated that the development of strains at the top and at the bottom is a function of the structural characteristics of pavement structures. Expected trends were observed and findings compared favorably to results of field-calibrated top-down cracking model predictions.
Isoetalean Lycopsid Evolution: from the Devonian to the Present

The evolution of the isoetalean lycopsids spans much of the history of vascular plants, from Late, (or possibly Middle), Devonian to the current day genus Isoetes. The best known fossil members of this group are the arborescent lepidodendrids that dominated the Late Carboniferous coal swamps. Simpler unbranched isoetaleans with elongate stems also predated, coexisted with, and postdated the coal swamp trees, extending well into the Mesozoic. Whereas certain synapomorphies such as stigmarian rootlets, bipolar growth and secondary tissues unite the clade, other features characterize smaller subgroups of differing age, growth form and possibly, evolutionary lineage. Although some of these features are well known for plants of given time periods, particularly the Carboniferous, trends in character evolution have never been adequately documented for the group as a whole. A better understanding of such trends throughout the isoetalean fossil record could be valuable in distinguishing evolutionary lineages from convergence. It is interesting that several morphological characters of modern Isoetes are present as early as the Triassic: monolete microspores, sunken sporangia and elaborate ligules with glossopodia occur within elongate-stemmed Triassic forms. The dominant plant habit of modern Isoetes, a reduced cormose form that lacks appreciable stem elongation, originated at least by the Jurassic and typifies late Mesozoic and Cenozoic isoetaleans.
Mirrored STDP Implements Autoencoder Learning in a Network of Spiking Neurons.

The autoencoder algorithm is a simple but powerful unsupervised method for training neural networks. Autoencoder networks can learn sparse distributed codes similar to those seen in cortical sensory areas such as visual area V1, but they can also be stacked to learn increasingly abstract representations. Several computational neuroscience models of sensory areas, including Olshausen & Field’s Sparse Coding algorithm, can be seen as autoencoder variants, and autoencoders have seen extensive use in the machine learning community. Despite their power and versatility, autoencoders have been difficult to implement in a biologically realistic fashion. The challenges include their need to calculate differences between two neuronal activities and their requirement for learning rules which lead to identical changes at feedforward and feedback connections. Here, we study a biologically realistic network of integrate-and-fire neurons with anatomical connectivity and synaptic plasticity that closely matches that observed in cortical sensory areas. Our choice of synaptic plasticity rules is inspired by recent experimental and theoretical results suggesting that learning at feedback connections may have a different form from learning at feedforward connections, and our results depend critically on this novel choice of plasticity rules. Specifically, we propose that plasticity rules at feedforward versus feedback connections are temporally opposed versions of spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP), leading to a symmetric combined rule we call Mirrored STDP (mSTDP). We show that with mSTDP, our network follows a learning rule that approximately minimizes an autoencoder loss function. When trained with whitened natural image patches, the learned synaptic weights resemble the receptive fields seen in V1. Our results use realistic synaptic plasticity rules to show that the powerful autoencoder learning algorithm could be within the reach of real biological networks.
CLIMATIC CONTROL OF SOIL ACIDITY

A curve-fit model of the relationship between soil pH (A horizon) and climate forms the basis of a map of predicted pH for the conterminous United States. This map was produced with the aid of a large climatic data base, a computer mapping program and subroutines to map modeled values of soil pH. Patterns of pH follow well-recognized patterns of climate, although the pH of 7 line deviates greatly from Marbut's line dividing pedalfers from pedocals. The overall accuracy of the map and model was checked using a validation data set. Geographic patterns of pH are realistic, although land use, topography, and parent material may cause local variations about the predicted mean for a given region. Several apparently anamolous map patterns were also checked but found to be accurate. Prediction of the detailed pattern of pH will require variables in addition to climate.
Developmental brain anomalies in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A controlled MRI study

Many of the structural brain abnormalities found in schizophrenia (SC) and bipolar disorder (BD) over the past decade are believed to represent impaired neurodevelopmental processes. The authors hypothesized that incidental developmental anomalies would be more frequently present in the brains of subjects with SC and BD compared with healthy control subjects. The authors systematically assessed the MRI scans of 167 subjects (SC = 67, BD/schizoaffective = 63, healthy control subjects = 37) for the presence of 23 developmental anomalies involving cortical and subcortical structures. No excess neurodevelopmental anomalies were found in the schizophrenic or bipolar/schizoaffective groups. These findings do not support the hypothesis that SC and BD are associated with an excess of gross neurodevelopmental brain anomalies.
Maryland v. King: Policing and Genetic Privacy

With its decision in Maryland v. King, the Supreme Court finally stepped into the debate about the use of DNA databases in the American criminal justice system. With King, the Court decided a newly emerging database issue rather than an old one: whether the Fourth Amendment prohibits the collection of DNA samples from arrestees without a warrant or any individualized suspicion. According to the five member King majority, such compulsory collections are reasonable Fourth Amendment searches, given the outcome of a balancing of interests between the individual and government. The problem with King is that it may become influential in ways that weren’t fully contemplated by the Supreme Court. While some may lament the micromanagement of policing by the modern Supreme Court’s jurisprudence, the reality is that police investigation practices are unevenly regulated. Indeed, what King reveals is the extent to which the Court leaves many matters untouched by Fourth Amendment constraints and subjects them, for better or worse, to the control of the other political branches (as well to likely squabbling in the lower courts). This essay discusses three notable revelations in the Court’s decision about the future of policing and genetic privacy. As the essay argues, what the Court introduces it also fails to regulate or even guide in any significant sense.
Variables That Best Differentiate Acute Stroke from Stroke Mimics in Inpatients with Acute Neurological Deficits (P07.015)

Objective: To identify inpatient variables that best differentiate acute strokes from stroke-mimics Background Identifying and triaging in-hospital strokes can be difficult but do represent a valuable treatment opportunity. We sought to systematically analyze symptoms, signs, and other characteristics of inpatient strokes with the hypothesis that focal neurological symptoms/deficits would best predict true strokes whereas altered mental status predict stroke-mimics. Design/Methods: We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected inpatient stroke calls over one year (n=93) and retrospectively analyzed systematically collected data focusing on presenting symptoms, signs, stroke risk factors, and nursing unit location. We excluded patients admitted to a neurology service. Chi-square (categorical variables), t-test (continuous) and binary multiple logistic regression (multivariate analysis) were used to compare strokes versus stroke-mimics. Results: Fifty-seven (mean age 69.6 years; 54% female) of the 93 patients had a confirmed new stroke with 42.1% having an NIHSS 2 of model = 0.322]. 51.7% of the true strokes had atrial fibrillation at the time of stroke and 6.9% within 72 hours. Total NIHSS and laboratory values did not predict true stroke. Conclusions: The majority of acute inpatient stroke calls are for patients with true stroke. Most true stroke patients had atrial fibrillation, a complaint or finding of arm weakness, an NIH1b score of 0, and normal mental status. Disclosure: Dr. Newey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wisco has nothing to disclose. Dr. George has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gebel has nothing to disclose.
HIP DYSPLASIA IN THE YOUNG ADULT: AN OSTEOTOMY SOLUTION

The treatment of hip dysplasia should be customised for patients individually based on radiographic findings, patient age, and the patient's overall articular cartilage status. In many patients, restoration of hip anatomy as close to normal as possible with a PAO is the treatment of choice.
Analysis of antibiotic resistance of Vibrio cholera O139 strains in Chongqing

Objective: To study the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio cholerae O139 strains in Chongqing from 2002 to 2005.Methods:Susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents was tested by K-B method in 118 Vibrio cholerae O139 strains.Results:The strains had 100% sensitivity to amikacin,norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin,and the drug resistance rate to tetracycline,trimethoprim,furazolidone,pipemidic acid,neomycin,doxycycline hydrochloride and streptomycin was from 80.51% to 88.98%.The strains isolated from 2005 had higher drug resistance rate to tobramycin,Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol than the strains isolated from 2002 and 2003,but has less drug resistance rate to the Streptomycin.Conclusion:This Vibrio cholerae O139 strains has high drug resistance rate to tetracycline,trimethoprim,furazolidone,pipemidic acid,neomycin,doxycycline hydrochloride and streptomycin in Chongqing.The dynamic analysis and surveillance of the antibiotic resistance for a long time can provide the basis for the epidemiologic studies on and the control of Vibrio cholerae O139.
Investigation on Kinds and Medical Importance of Rodents in GansuLongnan area

Objective To learn the kinds and medical importance of rodents in Gansu Longnan area.Method Specimens of rodents were collected in fields and were identified according to reference.Results There were 23 kinds of rodents in Gansu Longnan area.Conclusions Mus musculus,Rattus norvegicus and Lepus tolai were extensively distributed in Gansu Longnan area.;most of them have medical importance.
Prevalence of dementia among Chinese people aged 60 years and over:a meta-analysis

Objective To estimate the prevalence of dementia in the elderly aged 60 years and over in China between 2000 and 2012 using meta-analysis.Methods Publications between 2000 and 2012 were extracted from PubMed,Springer Link,China National Know ledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Databases and Chinese Science and Technology Journal Databases(VIP).Observational studies on prevalence of dementia were included.The prevalence of dementia was combined by meta-analysis.Subgroup analysis was undertook by gender,age,region,marital status and dementia subtypes.Results A total of 19 papers were included in this study.The total number of participants investigated was 56 988,with 3 176 dementia cases identified.The prevalence of senile dementia in the elderly was 4.8%;the women had a higher prevalence(6.1%) than the men(4.1%);and the prevalence was significant increased with the age.The dementia prevalence in the illiterate population was 7.5%,higher than 4.1% in the literate population.The prevalence of dementia in the people married was 4.5%,low er than in the people unmarried(8.2%).The major subtypes of dementia in the elderly were Alzheimer's disease(AD) and vascular dementia(VD),with the prevalences of 3.3% and 0.9%.Conclusion Dementia among the population aged 60 years and over in China is prevalent,and attention should be paid to the prevalence among the public.
Implementation of Trans-regional Collaborative Work System for Power Dispatching Service Centers

In view of the lack of effective technical means to exchange data between the business systems of the current grid,provincial,and regional grid dispatching centers,a trans-regional collaborative work system of vertical,horizontal system service center is proposed.The new system has solved the current redundancy between the levels of dispatching business and work flow integration,and strengthened the reuse of the various system foundations,public announcement and advantage service.Thus the integration of the electric power dispatching information management system is formed to improve the management level of dispatching organization.The service center has already passed the verification of engineering application and is in operation.
Relationship of Ethnicity and Other Prognostic Factors to Breast Cancer Survival Patterns in Hawaii

The survival experience of 2,956 invasive breast carcinoma cases identified among the 5 major ethnic groups in Hawaii between 1960 and 1979 was studied. The study population consisted of 1,174 Caucasian, 972 Japanese, 458 Hawaiian, 226 Chinese, and 126 Filipino women. A multivariate analysis based on the proportional hazards regression model revealed that after simultaneous adjustment for stage of disease, age, and socioeconomic status (SES), Filipino and Hawaiian patients had significantly poorer survival than Japanese and Caucasian patients. Hawaiian women also had a significantly poorer survival than Chinese women. Survival was higher in patients between the ages of 45 and 54 years compared to those younger or older, in patients with localized tumors compared to those with more advanced tumors, and in patients with middle or high SES compared to those with the low SES. Histology and marital status were not associated with survival. The possibility that other factors such as obesity, estrogen receptor status, treatment, and nutritional and hormonal status could explain the remaining observed racial differences in breast cancer survival is discussed.
Modeling and recognition of events from multidimensional data: doctoral symposium

The recent rise in scale of sensors has led to the need for faster processing of events from multiple sensor data streams in a variety of real-world applications. We need an approach to model real-world entities and their interrelationships, and specify the process of moving from sensor data streams to event detection to event-based goal planning. Recent advances in analysis of temporal data, such as time series shapelets, provide methods for identifying these discriminative events for classification. In this dissertation, I make connections between event processing and time series data mining as part of a comprehensive event detection and representation framework.
Introduction to Modern Accelerated Bridge Construction

With the advent of high-capacity machinery, new materials, and new management methods, we are now able to manufacture bridge assemblies and lift them in position. There is a year-round need for infrastructure improvements and maintenance in the form of rapid replacement and rehabilitation of many thousands of bridges. Although most of us have heard the expression accelerated bridge construction (ABC), few of us know the intricate details. In this book, an attempt is made to bring up to date the latest knowledge of the multibillion dollar construction industry. The topics in this introduction cover the need for ABC, differences in conventional methods, the state of the art, the scope of work, and the many advantages and existing constraints in achieving rapid delivery. Funding limitations, review of progress in other structural disciplines, notable ABC projects being built in several US states, recommendations, and the need for a code of practice for accelerated construction are addressed. Applying the ABC methodology will result in 50% greater number of completed bridges each year. It will help the economy by reducing wasted hours due to traffic jams during construction, helping commuters to work, and also benefiting commerce by increasing faster delivery of goods.
Invited Review: Postgastrectomy Nutrition

Gastric resection, whether partial or total gastrectomy, often results in nutrition-related complications including weight loss, diet intolerances, and micronutrient deficiencies. The physiology of normal and postgastrectomy digestion is the basis for most of the current diet recommendations after gastric surgery. A careful review reveals that there is not sufficient literature to support a standard postgastrectomy diet. Rather, individualized diet manipulation for symptom relief is recommended. This review highlights the physiology behind common postgastrectomy complications, provides guidelines for the medical and nutrition management of these complications, and presents a basic approach to postgastrectomy gastrointestinal symptoms.
Nature of peptide wrapping onto metal nanoparticle catalysts and driving forces for size control

Colloidal metal nanocrystals find many applications in catalysis, energy conversion devices, and therapeutics. However, the nature of ligand interactions and implications on shape control have remained uncertain at the atomic scale. Large differences in peptide adsorption strength and facet specificity were found on flat palladium surfaces versus surfaces of nanoparticles of 2 to 3 nm size using accurate atomistic simulations with the Interface force field. Folding of longer peptides across many facets explains the formation of near-spherical particles with local surface disorder, in contrast to the possibility of nanostructures of higher symmetry with shorter ligands. The average particle size in TEM correlates inversely with the surface coverage with a given ligand and with the strength of ligand adsorption. The role of specific amino acids and sequence mutations on the nanoparticle size and facet composition is discussed, as well as the origin of local surface disorder that leads to large differences in catalytic reactivity.
A Review of Global Competitiveness Research: Past Advances and Future Directions

AbstractThe global competitiveness (GC) literature has proven to be a developing, yet critical element in international marketing research. Broadly, GC studies have become a part of the marketing, international business, and strategic management fields. In light of this far-reaching topic and to gain a unique understanding of the dynamics across the GC domain, this study examines the intellectual structure of GC research at two distinct levels of analysis: overall GC publications and marketing and international business GC articles. This review of the literature uses cocitation data to provide insight to the field and develop a research-based model for future consideration. A total of 48 journals are included, providing 1,819 articles with 115,462 citations for examination. Applying multidimensional scaling to analyze the data, the study introduces a GC-focused model and provides possible topics for research. The proposed organizing framework includes elements of a market-based perspective (offering devel...
Establishment of design space for high current gain in III-N hot electron transistors

This paper establishes the design space of III-N hot electron transistors (HETs) for high current gain by designing and fabricating HETs with scaled base thickness. The device structure consists of GaN-based emitter, base and collector regions where emitter and collector barriers are implemented using AlN and InGaN layers, respectively, as polarization-dipoles. Electrons tunnel through the AlN layer to be injected into the base at a high energy where they travel in a quasi-ballistic manner before being collected. Current gain increases from 1 to 3.5 when base thickness is reduced from 7 to 4 nm. The extracted mean free path (λ mfp) is 5.8 nm at estimated injection energy of 1.5 eV.
Preliminaries and Early Work

How does one describe record-breaking data in a statistical framework? There are several models for such data, and the classical record model is described here. This model arises, for example, in industrial quality control experiments and destructive stress testing, where one records successive minimum values. As mentioned in Chapter 1, in such experiments one is often interested in estimating a guarantee value or a population quantile. In the classical record model this is done by observing the data sequentially and recording only successive minimum values (since the quantile of interest is normally a lower quantile). Thus, one measures only “record-setting” items and in general, the number of measurements made is considerably smaller than the total sample size. This “measurement savings” is important when the measurement process is costly, time consuming, or destructive.
Biological species in the viral world

Due to their dependence on cellular organisms for metabolism and replication, viruses are typically named and assigned to species according to their genome structure and the original host that they infect. But because viruses often infect multiple hosts and the numbers of distinct lineages within a host can be vast, their delineation into species is often dictated by arbitrary sequence thresholds, which are highly inconsistent across lineages. Here we apply an approach to determine the boundaries of viral species based on the detection of gene flow within populations, thereby defining viral species according to the biological species concept (BSC). Despite the potential for gene transfer between highly divergent genomes, viruses, like the cellular organisms they infect, assort into reproductively isolated groups and can be organized into biological species. This approach revealed that BSC-defined viral species are often congruent with the taxonomic partitioning based on shared gene contents and host tropism, and that bacteriophages can similarly be classified in biological species. These results open the possibility to use a single, universal definition of species that is applicable across cellular and acellular lifeforms.
Salinity effects and differential germination of several half-sib families of baldcypress from different seed sources.

Saltwater intrusion is responsible for the destruction of large expanses of baldcypress swamps along the Gulf of Mexico in the southern United States. Recent restoration efforts have focused on the identification, and subsequent planting, of moderately salt-tolerant plant material within these “ghost forests.” The long-term persistence of cypress swamps in these areas, however, will ultimately depend on the germination of seeds from the improved parent trees. This study investigates the germination capacity of seeds collected from baldcypress parent trees, located in both freshwater and brackish water environments. Seeds were tested at four different salinity levels under controlled conditions for a period of 65 days. Mean germination under the 0, 2, 4, and 6 g l-1 seawater treatments was 26.3, 22.9, 15.4, and 10.2%, respectively. Although none of the eight families used in this study had a germination greater than 50%, three families demonstrated superiority in their germination capacity under all four salinity treatments. In general, brackish water seed sources had greater germination success than the two families from freshwater sources. Results indicate that families previously identified as moderately salt-tolerant based on physiological and morphological parameters may be equally successful in seed germination capacity under moderately saline conditions.
Gallstone Pancreatitis: A Review

Gallstone disease is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis in the Western world. In most cases, gallstone pancreatitis is a mild and self-limiting disease, and patients may proceed without complications to cholecystectomy to prevent future recurrence. Severe disease occurs in about 20% of cases and is associated with significant mortality; meticulous management is critical. A thorough understanding of the disease process, diagnosis, severity stratification, and principles of management is essential to the appropriate care of patients presenting with this disease. This article reviews these topics with a focus on surgical management, including appropriate timing and choice of interventions.
Synergistic effects of oxidation and deformation on erythrocyte monovalent cation leak

The normal red blood cell (RBC) membrane is remarkable for its durability (eg, preservation of permeability barrier function) despite its need to remain deformable for the benefit of microvascular blood flow. Yet, it may be hypothesized that the membrane's tolerance of deformation might be compromised under certain pathologic conditions. We studied this by subjecting normal RBC in viscous suspending medium (20% dextran) to elliptical deformation induced by application of shear stress under physiologic conditions (290 mOsm/L, 37 degrees C, pH 7.40) in the presence of ouabain and furosemide. Measurement of resulting net passive K efflux ("K leak") demonstrated that shear-induced RBC deformation causes K leak in a dose-dependent fashion at shear stresses far below the hemolytic threshold, an effect shown to be due to deformation per se. To model the specific hypothesis that oxidatively perturbed RBC membranes would be abnormally susceptible to this potentially adverse effect of deformation, we treated normal RBC with the lipid peroxidant t-butylhydroperoxide. Under conditions inducing only minimal K leak due to either oxidation alone or deformation alone, deformation of peroxidant-pretreated RBC showed a markedly enhanced K leak (P less than .001). This highly synergistic oxidation-plus-deformation leak pathway is less active at low pH, is neither chloride-dependent nor calcium-dependent, and allows K efflux to be balanced by Na influx so there is no change in total monovalent cation content or cell density. Moreover, it is fully reversible since deformation-induced K leak terminates on cessation of shear stress (even for oxidant-treated RBC). Control experiments showed that our results are not explained simply by hemolysis, RBC vesiculation, or development of prelytic pores. We conclude that oxidation and deformation individually promote passive leak of monovalent cation through RBC membranes and that a markedly synergistic effect is exerted when the two stresses are combined. We hypothesize that these findings may help explain the abnormal monovalent cation leak stimulated by deoxygenation of sickle RBC.
Chlorido{4-ethyl-1-[1-(pyrazin-2-yl)ethyl-idene]thio-semicabazidato-κS}bis-(triphenyl-phosphane-κP)silver(I).

The title compound, [Ag(C9H13N5S)Cl(C18H15P)2], crystallizes with four independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, in each of which the Ag atom is in a distorted tetra­hedral coordination, defined by the chloride ligand, the S atom of the neutral ligand and two P atoms derived from the triphenyl phosphine ligands. The thio­semicarbazone acts as a monodentate ligand through its thione S atom. An intra­molecular N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bond occurs in two of the independent mol­ecules. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are assembled through N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [101].
Avian Intestinal Mucus Modulates Campylobacter jejuni Gene Expression in a Host-Specific Manner

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in humans worldwide. However, C. jejuni naturally colonizes poultry without causing pathology where it resides deep within mucus of the cecal crypts. Mucus may modulate the pathogenicity of C. jejuni in a species-specific manner, where it is pathogenic in humans and asymptomatic in poultry. Little is known about how intestinal mucus from different host species affects C. jejuni gene expression. In this study we characterized the growth and transcriptome of C. jejuni NCTC11168 cultured in defined media supplemented with or without mucus isolated from avian (chicken or turkey) or mammalian (cow, pig, or sheep) sources. C. jejuni showed substantially improved growth over defined media, with mucus from all species, showing that intestinal mucus was an energy source for C. jejuni. Seventy-three genes were differentially expressed when C. jejuni was cultured in avian vs. mammalian mucus. Genes associated with iron acquisition and resistance to oxidative stress were significantly increased in avian mucus. Many of the differentially expressed genes were flanked by differentially expressed antisense RNA asRNA, suggesting a role in gene regulation. This study highlights the interactions between C. jejuni and host mucus and the impact on gene expression, growth and invasion of host cells, suggesting important responses to environmental cues that facilitate intestinal colonization. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni infection of humans is an important health problem world-wide and is the leading bacterial cause of foodborne illnesses in U.S. The main route for exposure for humans is consumption of poultry meat contaminated during processing. C. jejuni is frequently found in poultry, residing within the mucus of the intestinal tract without causing disease. It is not clear why C. jejuni causes disease in some animals and humans, while leaving birds without symptoms. To understand its activity in birds, we characterized C. jejuni responses to poultry mucus to identify genes turned on in the intestinal tract of birds. We identified genes important for colonization and persistence within the poultry gut, turned on when C. jejuni was exposed to poultry mucus. Our findings are an important step in understanding how C. jejuni responds and interacts in the poultry gut, and may identify ways to reduce C. jejuni in birds.
Association of trainee involvement in an acute pain service with postoperative opioid use in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Background Several hospitals have implemented a multidisciplinary Acute Pain Service (APS) to execute surgery-specific opioid sparing analgesic pathways. Implementation of an anesthesia attending-only APS has been associated with decreased postoperative opioid consumption, time to ambulation, and time to solid food intake for patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the impact of introducing an APS trainee on postoperative opioid consumption in patients undergoing hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy during POD 0-3. Methods We performed a retrospective propensity-matched cohort study where we compared opioid consumption and hospital length of stay among two historical cohorts: attending-only APS service versus service involving a regional anesthesia fellow. Results In the matched cohorts, the median postoperative day (POD) 0-3 opioid use [25%, 75% quartile] for the single attending and trainee involvement cohort were 38.5 mg morphine equivalents (MEQ) [14.1 mg, 106.3 mg] and 50.4 mg MEQ [28.4 mg, 91.2 mg], respectively. The median difference was -9.8 mg MEQ (95% CI -30.7-16.5 mg; P = 0.43). There was no difference in hospital length of stay between both cohorts (P = 0.67). Conclusions We found that the addition of a regional anesthesia fellow to the APS team was not associated with statistically significant differences in total opioid consumption or hospital length of stay in this surgical population. The addition of trainees to the infrastructure, with vigilant supervision, is not associated with change in outcomes.
Application of serum cystatin C combined with urine microalbumin testing in diagnosis for children nephritis

Objective To study the application of serum cystatin C combined with urine microalbumin testing in diagnosis for children nephritis.Methods Patients in the department of nephrology and physical health children were enrolled in our study.In all subjects,serum cystatin C,urea,ceatinine and urine microalbumin were measured and all analysis were performed by SPSS 12.0 software.Results The average levels of serum cystatin C,ceatinine and urine microalbumin in nephritis children were 1.24 mg/L,70 μ mol/L and 129.23 mg/L respectively,which were significantly higher than those in control group(P＜ 0.01); the positive detectable rate of serum cystatin C and urine microalbumin were 60％and 56％ in various nephritis,higher than the urea (22％) and ceatinine (36％).Conclusion Serum cystatin C can be a diagnostic indicator of nephritis in children, if combined with urine microalbumin detection it can increase the recognization rate of early renal lesion. Key words: Children nephritis; Serum cystatin C; Urine microalbumin
Temperature, Pressure, and Concentration Derivatives of Nonpolar Gas Hydration: Impact on the Heat Capacity, Temperature of Maximum Density, and Speed of Sound of Aqueous Mixtures

The hydrophobic effect is an umbrella term encompassing a number of solvation phenomena associated with solutions of nonpolar species in water, including the following: a meager solubility opposed by entropy at room temperature; large positive hydration heat capacities; positive shifts in the temperature of maximum density of aqueous mixtures; increases in the speed of sound of dilute aqueous mixtures; and negative volumes of association between interacting solutes. Here we present a molecular simulation study of nonpolar gas hydration over the temperature range 273.15-373.15 K and a pressure range -500 to 1000 bar to investigate the interrelationships between distinct hydrophobic phenomena. We develop a new free energy correlation for the solute chemical potentials founded on the Tait equation description of the equation-of-state of liquid water. This analytical correlation is shown to provide a quantitatively accurate description of nonpolar gas hydration over the entire range of thermodynamic state points simulated, with an error of ∼0.02 kBT or lower in the fitted chemical potentials. Our simulations and the correlation accurately reproduce many of the available experimental results for the hydration of the solutes examined here. Moreover, the correlation reproduces the characteristic entropies of hydration, temperature dependence of the hydration heat capacity, perturbations in the temperature of maximum density, and changes in the speed of sound. While negative volumes of association result from pairwise interactions in solution, beyond the limits of our simulations performed at infinite dilution, we discuss how our correlation could be supplemented with second virial coefficient information to expand to finite concentrations. In total, this work demonstrates that many distinct phenomena associated with the hydrophobic effect can be captured within a single thermodynamically consistent correlation for solute hydration free energies.
Growth, Maintenance, Control, and Competition

Where Chap. 4 reviewed the formation of sociopolitically complex civilizations, this chapter reviews their growth and maintenance. Mature states invariably come to encompass expanding territories and consequently absorb populations distinct in dialect and language, ethnicity and race, and culture and religion. As discussed herein, maintaining integrity at a particular level of group size comes from managing both sources of threat: managing one’s own population while defending against rival groups. Populations must be bound by some combination of custom, sanctions, religion, and legal infrastructure. To the extent that this can be accomplished, a state must radiate control stably through time, as indicated by the Roman Empire and contraindicated by the conquests of Alexander the Great. Controls necessary for stable growth can be (1) psychological, as with propaganda; (2) legal, as with incarceration; (3) social, as with banishment; (4) martial, as with conscription; or (5) economic, as with taxation. Some controls woo and win elites, ensuring allegiance through shared interest, title, rank, privilege, estates, orders, and garters. With reliable money as a medium of exchange, states ensnare citizens within a tightening cage of mutual interest, trade, dependencies wrought of divided labor, and the attractive ability to solve collective action problems. All such forms of control foster growth and allow for societal maintenance.
Shared Decision-Making During Initial Diagnostic and Treatment Planning Visits for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Objective Although shared decision-making (SDM) can improve patient engagement, adherence, and outcomes, evidence on the use of SDM within the context of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) initial diagnosis and treatment planning remains limited. The goal of this study was to objectively assess the occurrence of SDM in these visits and to compare this assessment with parent and provider perceptions of SDM in the same encounter. Methods After audio-recording and transcribing initial clinical visits between parents (n = 22) and developmental behavioral pediatricians (n = 6) discussing the diagnosis of ASD and treatment options, we used the OPTION5 Item scale to assess the occurrence of SDM. Afterward, parents and providers completed the OPTION5 Item, and parents also participated in a semistructured qualitative interview. Analysis consisted of descriptive statistics for OPTION5 Item scores and a modified grounded theory framework for interviews. Results Low levels of SDM were observed, with 41% of visits having no elements of SDM. On average, visits scored 1.1 of a possible 20 points on the OPTION5 Item scale for SDM. By contrast, parents and providers indicated on the OPTION5 Item scale that providers made a "moderate" to "skilled" effort to engage parents in SDM. Qualitative interviews with parents were consistent with their OPTION5 Item ratings. Conclusion The level of SDM determined by parent and provider reports was higher than the level of SDM determined by objective observation using a standard validated rating method. The findings reinforce the need for further research into barriers and facilitators of SDM methods and outcomes within ASD.
Traversing the American Dream in Medical School – The FGLI Experience

First-generation, low-income (FGLI) medical students are the first in their family to obtain a four-year college degree and to pursue medical education. Unfortunately, these students lack the social capital, financial resources and knowledge of the hidden curriculum of medical school possessed by their non-FGLI peers. Additionally, the intersectionality of SES, race, and gender, with FGLI status contributes to poorer wellbeing, lower self-care, and lower perceptions of support. FGLI students often come from more interdependent, working-class cultural backgrounds than their independent minded peers, which creates a cultural mismatch with the traditional medical school structure. In 2017, the AAMC began to assess first-in-family status within the medical school admissions application, an important consideration for a holistic, diversity-oriented approach to shape the medical student body. It is crucial that each medical school continue to build infrastructure which helps FGLI students flourish during the medical school journey. Underrepresented students also face differences in the type and quality of mentorship they receive, which translates to differences in student preparedness to pursue competitive specialties. The inequalities that FGLI students face have been exacerbated by fewer face-to-face interactions and clinical opportunities in the setting of a more virtual learning environment. Student-led efforts at the University of Michigan Medical School are dedicated to providing FGLI students with community and multiple mentorship opportunities early in medical school. In addition to facilitating near-peer mentorship opportunities with other FGLI students and residents, we have connected students with specialty-oriented mentorship programs, such as Anastomosis (general surgery), Uroversity (urology), and Michigan Ophthalmology Pipeline. These intentional efforts promote FGLI student mentorship from multiple entities, which allows them to find fit in the mentorship relationship, meet mentors in different stages of their careers, and leverage the benefits of the multi-mentor model. We recommend dedicated support and recognition of the FGLI community from medical school leadership. We further suggest building infrastructure for clear pathways to mentorship opportunities as a more equitable approach to medical education that will build greater diversity across all medical specialties.
The Association between Age-Related Changes in Oral Neuromechanics and Alzheimer's Disease.

The global population of 80 years and older is predicted to reach 437 million by 2050. As overall brain structure and function progressively degrades, older and younger adults show differences in sensorimotor performance and brain activity in the sensorimotor regions. Oral sensorimotor functions are an important area of focus in natural aging and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) because oral health issues are commonly found in both elderly and AD populations. While human behavioral studies on changes in oral sensorimotor functions abound, very little is known about their neuronal correlates in normal and pathological aging.
Which Part of 'Our Law' Is Originalism?

Will Baude and Stephen Sachs have argued that originalism should bind courts because originalism is “our law.” This Article attempts to specify, from the perspective of positive law, what part of our law originalism could be. It does so by identifying three challenges that Baude and Sachs face: a Kelsenian problem, a Hartian problem, and an empirical problem. The Article next considers Andrew Coan’s hypothetical constitutional amendment as a solution. The Article concludes that Baude and Sachs’s argument that originalism is our law remains deficient from the perspective of positive law.
Genetic Disorders of HDL Metabolism

Metabolism, function, and plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are influenced by genetic factors. Monogenic disorders causing very low and very high HDL levels, such as Tangier and fish-eye disease on one side, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and hepatic lipase (HL) deficiency on the other, are rare but important for the clinician to recognize. More common is an interaction between environment and heredity causing less drastic but clinically significant phenotypes. Recent development in our understanding of HDL biosynthesis, catabolism, and action, combined with the failure of trials with HDL-raising drugs, challenges the dogma that high HDL levels protect the vessel wall and low HDL syndromes lead to increased atherosclerosis. The novel concept of HDL functionality may take the place of HDL concentrations as predictor of coronary disease rates. It is not currently known whether HDL functionality is an inherited trait. This chapter reviews HDL metabolism, outlines known inherited aberrations, and considers the potential implications of current research.
Depression Management by NICU Nurses Mothers’ Views

The purpose of this article was to evaluate attitudes of mothers of newborns hospitalized on the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) toward nurse-delivered depression screening and counseling. NICU mothers (N = 200) completed questionnaires assessing their views toward being screened for depression by nurses, treatment provider preference, and interest in learning about Listening Visits (LV), a nurse-delivered intervention. The views of 23 LV recipients were also assessed. Most mothers were receptive to depression screening by nurses, two thirds would see a nurse for counseling, and half were interested in learning more about LV. Among LV recipients, half readily embraced the idea and the remaining recipients were skeptical but opted to try. After receiving LV, recipients unanimously rated LV and the skill of the LV provider highly. Screening and counseling by NICU nurses could increase detection of depression and treatment use among at-risk women. Assessing nurses' perspectives about implementing this model of care is an important future research direction.
The curse of Monkey Island: holding the attention of students weaned on computer games

As the Oblingers' survey of the Net Generation makes clear [15], the cohort of students now entering higher education are always connected and immersed in computing and communication technology. Engaging these students in a computer science course requires more than "Hello, World!" and calculating sales tax. This paper reports an attempt to leverage students' widespread interest in computer games while keeping the focus of the course clearly on the fundamental concepts of computer science. Programming a text adventure game challenges and motivates students in a project-based CS1.5 course. After three years using the text adventure game assignment it is our pleasure to report that it has met almost all of its goals. Due to student interest we have relaxed the standard C++ goal. Students are learning to communicate and have far more opportunities for speaking about computer programs than they ever did before.