cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free Exercise in the Mirror

Recent U.S. Supreme Court cases present an opportunity to apply a new form of analysis to discrimination claims. In 2018’s Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission and 2021’s Fulton v. City of Philadelphia, there is a party complaining about discrimination on each side of the dispute. In both cases, one side (respondent) claims that the other (petitioner) is discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation, while the other side (petitioner) claims that subjecting petitioner to the law prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination itself discriminates on the basis of religion. With discrimination claims coming from both directions, this Article/Essay performs what it calls “mirror-image analysis” to better understand how the Court thinks about the issues it faces in Free Exercise cases. Mirror-image analysis takes a definition that the Court applies to one side of the dispute, whether it is the definition of discrimination or coercion, and considers what the other side’s claim would look like if it deployed similarly capacious definitions of both terms. The Article/Essay uses hypothetical cases, some quite provocative, to help clarify the nature of the Court’s approach to Free Exercise. It concludes that because the religions at issue in both Masterpiece Cakeshop and Fulton were mainstream Christian faiths, it takes a mirror to appreciate how extreme the Court’s analysis of religious freedom has become.
Integrative analysis methods for spatial transcriptomics.

Computational methods use different integrative strategies to tackle the challenges of spatially resolved transcriptomics data analysis.
Insidious workplace behavior

Part 1. Introduction. M.S. Edwards, J. Greenberg, What is Insidious Workplace Behavior? Part 2. Forms of Insidious Workplace Behavior. J.H. Neuman, L. Keashly, Means, Motive Opportunity and Aggressive Workplace Behavior. M.A. Seabright, M.L. Ambrose, M. Schminke, Two Images of Workplace Sabotage. D.A. Jones, Getting Even for Interpersonal Mistreatment in the Workplace: Triggers of Revenge Motives and Behavior. C.M. Pearson, Research on Workplace Incivility and its Connection to Practice. C. Fitzgerald Boxer, T.E. Ford, Sexist Humor in the Workplace: A Case of Subtle Harassment. S.L. Glover, Lying to Bosses, Subordinates, Peers and the Outside World: Motivations and Consequences. Part 3. Methodological Issues. S.M. Jex, J.L. Burnfield Geimer, O. Clark, A.M. Guidroz, J.E. Yugo, Challenges and Recommendations in the Measurement of Workplace Incivility. P.E. Spector, O.B. Rodopman, Methodological Issues in Studying Insidious Workplace Behavior. Part 4. Integration. M.S. Edwards, J. Greenberg, Issues and Challenges in Studying Insidious Workplace Behavior.
The effects of human interaction on biometric system performance

This paper discusses the impact of human interaction with biometric devices and its relationship to biometric performance. The authors propose a model outlining the Human-Biometric Sensor Interaction and discuss its necessity through case studies in fingerprint recognition, hand geometry, and dynamic signature verification to further understand the human-sensor interaction issues and underlying problems that they present to the biometric system. Human factors, human-computer interaction and digital human modeling are considered in the context of current and future biometric research and development.
Real-time small angle X-ray scattering study of two-stage melt crystallization of PEEK

We report a study of dual stage crystallization and subsequent melting of Poly(etherether ketone) (PEEK) and an 80/20 blend with Poly(etherimide) (PEI) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and real-time small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The treatment scheme involves annealing/crystallization at T 1 followed by annealing/crystallization at T 2, where either T 1 < T 2 or T 1 > T 2. The holding time during isothermal melt treatment was varied. DSC studies show there exist two endotherms when T 1 < T 2, and three endotherms when T 1 > T 2, for both PEEK and PEEK/PEI blend. Dual populations of crystals form during the first stage regardless whether T 1 < T 2 or T 1 > T 2. In the high-to-low temperature sequence, holding at the second stage causes an additional third population of crystals to grow, creating a third endotherm. As the first stage holding time increases, space available for the growth of additional crystals decreases, and the amount of crystals formed during the second stage decreases. During melting, the average long period increases while the linear stack crystallinity decreases continuously. The average crystal thickness also first increases, as the least perfect, thinnest crystals melt. Eventually, the crystal thickness levels off and begins to decline with increasing temperature. Melting of the thickest, most perfect crystals occurs most probably from the surfaces accounting for the roll-off and decrease in crystal thickness during the final stages of melting.
Radiation Safety: Radiation Dosimetry and CT Dose Reduction Techniques

The ability of modern multidetector CT scanners with submillimeter resolution, subsecond rotation time, and large volume imaging has resulted in widespread utilization of cardiovascular computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) [1]. However, the widespread use of CCTA has also raised concerns about the radiation dose to the patients. The National Council on Radiation Protection, NCRP Report No. 160, reported that the radiation exposure to the United States population due to medical sources increased more than 7 times in the 20 years between 1986 and 2006 [2]. Although in 2006 CT constituted about 10% of the diagnostic examinations that utilize X-rays, it contributed to nearly 50% of the population dose [2–4]. Based on our current knowledge of radiation biology, the deleterious effects of radiation are cumulative and medical radiation is increasingly a significant contributor to the amount of radiation accumulated in a person’s lifetime [1, 2, 5]. The risk of cancer from radiation exposure is especially worrisome in children and young women who received multiple CT examinations early in their lives. For example, studies found that one CT examination of the female chest gives as much radiation as 10 mammograms to each breast [6]. Therefore, the practitioners of CT must be constantly aware of the risks of radiation and strive toward applying the lowest dose to the patient consistent with the clinical study.
Resolution analysis in signal recovery

Resolution analysis for the problem of signal recovery from finitely many linear samples is the subject of the paper. The classical Rayleigh limit serves only as a lower bound on resolution since it does not assume any recovery strategy and is based only on observed data. The authors show that details finer than the Rayleigh limit can be recovered by simple linear processing that incorporates prior information. They first define a measure of resolution based on allowable levels of error that is more appropriate for current signal recovery strategies than the Rayleigh definition. In the practical situation in which only finitely many noisy observations are available, one must restrict the class of signals in order to make the resolution measure meaningful. They consider the set of bandlimited and essentially time-limited signals since it describes most signals encountered in practice. For this set they show how to precompute resolution limits from knowledge of measurement functionals, signal-to-noise ratio, passband, energy concentration regions, energy concentration factor, and a prescribed level of error tolerance. In the process they also derive an algorithm for high resolution signal recovery. They illustrate the results with an example.
On Efficient Distribution With Private Information

This paper is a study of the dynamics of the efficient distribution of consumption in an exchange economy with many consumers, each of whom is subject to private, idiosyncratic taste shocks. We propose a recursive method for finding feasible allocations that are incentivecompatible and that are Pareto optimal within this set. The method is applied to several parametric examples. We find that in an efficient allocation the degree of inequality continually increases, with a diminishing fraction of the population receiving an increasing fraction of the resources. We discuss the extent to which these allocations can be decentralized via market arrangements. This paper is a study of the dynamics of the efficient distribution of consumption in an exchange economy with private information. The economy we study has a constant endowment flow of a single, non-storable consumption good which is to be allocated each period among a large number of consumers. Each period, these consumers experience unpredictable, idiosyncratic, privately observed taste shocks affecting their marginal utility of current consumption. Efficiency dictates that more resources be allocated to those consumers who, in any given period, have a high marginal utility of current consumption,
An efficient heuristic-based motion estimation algorithm

The most computation intensive step in video encoding is motion estimation which determines the translational motion (motion vector) of pixel blocks across two or more pictures. Traditional fast techniques for blockmatching motion estimation aim only at reducing the number of locations to check, but not the amount of computation to do at each of these check locations. This paper presents a heuristic-based motion estimation technique which reduces both the number of search locations (via subsampling) as well as the number of operations to perform at each search location (via simplified signature), thus achieving a high speedup factor. Test results show that quality of the motion vectors found by this heuristic-based technique is close to that of full-search motion vectors.
Can Geographic Coordinates in the Catalog Record Be Useful

Prior to the automation of library catalogs, searching by geographic coordinates was conducted using index maps. The Library of Congress has recently made it a requirement to include geographic coordinates in library catalog records despite the inability of many automated catalogs to search for coordinates. However, emerging technologies can make the addition of geographic coordinate data useful and enhance the ability to access geographic information via different arenas outside the library. One of the most useful applications of geographic coordinates in library catalog records is the ability to create a geographic search interface.
Real-time observation of DNA repair: 2-aminopurine as a molecular probe

Triplex forming oligos (TFOs) that target psoralen photoadducts to specific DNA sequences have generated interest as a potential agent in gene therapy. TFOs also offer an opportunity to study the mechanism of DNA repair in detail. In an effort to understand the mechanism of DNA repair at a specific DNA sequence in real-time, we have designed a plasmid containing a psoralen reaction site adjacent to a TFO binding site corresponding to a sequence within the human interstitial collagenase gene. Two 2-aminopurine residues incorporated into the purine-rich strand of the TFO binding site and located within six nucleotides of the psoralen reaction site serve as molecular probes for excision repair events involving the psoralen photoadducts on that DNA strand. In duplex DNA, the 2-aminopurine fluorescence is quenched. However, upon thermal or formamide-induced denaturation of duplex DNA to single stranded DNA, the 2-aminopurine fluorescence increases by eight fold. These results suggest that monitoring 2-aminopurine fluorescence from plasmids damaged by psoralen TFOs may be a method for measuring excision of single-stranded damaged DNA from the plasmid in cells. A fluorescence-based molecular probe to the plasmid may significantly simplify the real-time observation of DNA repair in both populations of cells as well as single cells.
Bonding of Acrylic Resins to Dentin with 2-Cyanoacrylate Esters

Strength and durability of the dentin-acrylic resin joint cemented with 2-cyanoacrylate esters were studied. Maximum adhesion is obtained with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate after 1% acid pretreatment of the dentin. Hydrolytic stability is somewhat improved by addition of polymer to the adhesive or coating around the joint.
Natural-Gradient Transport of Bromide, Atrazine, and Alachlor in an Organic Carbon-Rich Aquifer

In situ values of retardation factors and dispersivity were determined from a field tracer study using bromide, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethlamino-6-isopropylamineo-s-triazine) and alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide). The tracers were injected at the water table in an unconfined aquifer to evaluate how these pesticides are attenuated within the groundwater flow system in a typical alluvial valley setting in the Midwest where corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are the dominant crops and atrazine and alachlor are the most commonly used pesticides. Water samples were collected for 49 d after tracer injection from 63 wells to establish the direction and magnitude of tracer movement. Following injection, no degradation products of atrazine were detected in any of the monitoring wells. Aquifer hydraulic properties were measured in the field prior to the test. Sorption on organic carbon (0.0009-0.0016 Mg/Mg) in the aquifer caused the transport of atrazine and alachlor to be retarded relative to bromide. At the scale of the field test, retardation factors of 6.1 and 7.1 were estimated for atrazine and alachlor, respectively, based on a one-dimensional, nonlinear least squares inversion analysis. These retardation factors are two to three times larger than retardation factors measured in laboratory batch tests using the same aquifer materials, are larger than other values reported in the literature, and are due to the relatively large fraction of organic C found in the aquifer. Dispersivity was approximately 9 cm at a distance of 1 to 2 m from the injection well and approximately 140 cm at a distance of 5 m from the injection well.
Effect of fibre direction on surface roughness measurements of machined graphite/epoxy composite

Abstract Machined graphite/epoxy composite surfaces were studied using surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy to determine suitable surface-describing parameter(s) for machined fibrous composite surfaces. It was found that the microgeometrical variations in terms of roughness parameters Ry and Rz are better descriptors of the machined surface than the commonly used roughness parameters Ra and Rq. The surface roughness and profile are found to be highly dependent on the fibre orientation and the measurement direction. The power spectral density function is shown to be capable of identifying the wavelength distribution of the machining damage that corresponds to the spatial distribution of the valleys in the profiles. Surface profiles of machined unidirectional composite laminates are found to be Gaussian and periodic in the direction of machining, and Gaussian and random perpendicular to the cutting direction. While edge-trimmed cross-ply laminate surfaces are Gaussian and random for profiles measured along the tool movement direction, they are periodic and non-Gaussian in the direction perpendicular to the tool movement.
Predictive value of T-wave abnormalities at the time of emergency department presentation in patients with potential acute coronary syndromes.

Objectives: T-wave abnormalities on electrocardiograms (ECGs) are common, but their ability to predict 30-day cardiovascular outcomes at the time of emergency department (ED) presentation is unknown. The authors determined the association between T-wave abnormalities on the presenting ECG and cardiovascular outcomes within 30 days of presentation in patients with potential acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of ED patients that presented with a potential ACS. Patients were excluded if they had a prior myocardial infarction, ST-segment elevation or depressions, right or left bundle branch block, or Q-waves on the initial ECG. Data included demographics, medical and cardiac history, and ECG findings including the presence or absence of T-wave flattening, inversions of 1–5 mm, and inversions >5 mm. Investigators followed the hospital course for admitted patients, and 30-day follow-up was performed on all patients. The main outcome was a composite of death, acute myocardial infarction, revascularization, coronary stenosis greater than 50%, or a stress test with reversible ischemia. Results: Of 8,298 patient visits, 5,582 met criteria for inclusion: 4,166 (74.6%) had no T-wave abnormalities, 721 (12.9%) had T-wave flattening in two or more leads, 659 (11.8%) had T-wave inversions of 1–5 mm, and 36 (0.64%) had T-wave inversions >5 mm. The composite endpoint was more common in patients with T-wave flattening (8.2% vs. 5.7%; p = 0.0001; relative risk [RR] = 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 1.9), T-wave inversions 1–5 mm (13.2% vs. 5.7%; p = 0.0001; RR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.8 to 3.1), and T-wave inversions >5 mm (19.4% vs. 5.7%; p = 0.0001; RR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.7 to 6.1), or any T-wave abnormality (10.8% vs. 5.7%; p = 0.0001; RR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.6 to 2.3), even after adjustment for initial troponin. This association also existed in the subset of patients without known coronary artery disease. Conclusions: In patients with potential ACS presenting to the ED, T-wave abnormalities are associated with higher rates of 30-day cardiovascular events.
The Use of Prostaglandin E1 and Blalock-Taussig Shunts in Neonates with Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Abstract Six unselected neonates with cyanotic congenital heart disease and life-threatening degrees of arterial oxygen desaturation have been managed by a protocol that includes administration of prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ) and early Blalock-Taussig shunting. In 5 patients (seven paired observations) partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2 ) rose from 19 mm Hg to a mean of 32.9 mm Hg within 20 minutes of initiation of PGE 1 (0.1 to 0.2 μg/kg/hr), infused intravenously or through an aortic catheter placed at ductal level or with both methods. The nonresponsive patient was older than the patients showing a positive response (1 month versus 24 to 96 hours). Following catheterization, immediate palliative operation including a Blalock-Taussig shunt was carried out. Although all had a satisfactory PaO 2 (mean, 49 mm Hg) postoperatively, the PGE 1 -nonresponsive patient experienced serious intraoperative bradycardia, hypotension, and acidosis in contrast to the PGE 1 -responsive group. In this study, the use of PGE 1 was not associated with any apparent serious side effects.
DNA Methylation Is Associated with Altered Gene Expression in AMD

Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Evidence suggests oxidative stress plays a role in the disease. To assess the potential contribution of epigenetic regulation of antioxidant genes relevant to AMD pathogenesis, we evaluated DNA methylation, a tissue-specific genetic modulation that affects gene expression. Methods Using the Infinium HumanMethylation27 Illumina platform, we performed DNA bisulfite sequencing to compare the methylation status in postmortem retina pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid between patients with AMD and age-matched controls. Gene expression was assessed with the Affymetrix Exon Array. TaqMan gene expression assays were used for relative quantification (RT-PCR) confirmation of the expression array results: Glutathione S-transferase isoform mu1 (GSTM1) and mu5 (GSTM5) promoter methylation was confirmed by CpG island bisulfite pyrosequencing. To assess protein levels and localization, we used Western analysis, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence with murine and human samples. Results The mRNA levels of GSTM1 and GSTM5 were significantly reduced in AMD versus age-matched controls in RPE/choroid and neurosensory retina (NSR), which corresponded to hypermethylation of the GSTM1 promoter. mRNA and protein levels were decreased (RPE to a greater extent than NSR) in AMD postmortem samples, irrespective of age. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence confirm the presence of the enzymes in the NSR and RPE. Conclusions Comparison of DNA methylation, together with mRNA levels, revealed significant differences between AMD versus normal retinas. The evidence presented suggests that GSTM1 and GSTM5 undergo epigenetic repression in AMD RPE/choroid, which may increase susceptibility to oxidative stress in AMD retinas.
Evaluation of the Social Interaction Self-Statement Test with a social phobic population

The convergent and discriminant validity of the Social Interaction Self-Statement Test (SISST) were evaluated in a sample of men and women awaiting treatment for fear and avoidance of social interactions. Partial correlations revealed that negative, but not positive, self-statement scores were generally related to self-report measures of anxiety and depression. Heart rate and subjective anxiety ratings derived from a behavioral simulation of a personally relevant anxiety-provoking situation were unrelated to SISST scores. However, subjects' reports of negative thoughts obtained via the thought-listing procedure were related to the SISST negative self-statement scores, suggesting that the negative subscale of the SISST and the thought-listing procedure tap similar dimensions. Finally, the negative subscale of the SISST discriminated between social phobics whose primary fear involved social interactions and social phobics whose anxiety was confined to public-speaking situations. The findings support the use of the SISST with clinically socially anxious patients.
A functional approach to reorganizing family and child welfare interventions

Abstract This paper considers the issues involved in the transformation of the public child welfare system to a family preservation system. An examination of the family preservation and family support movements reveals their potential to influence this change. In proposing a functional reorganization of family welfare interventions, this paper looks beyond the present system to include other categories of service delivery.
Mapping the subsurface composition of organic films by electric force microscopy

This paper describes preliminary results that demonstrate the ability of electric force microscopy to map compositional differences of organic monolayers buried under a thick (∼430 nm) polymeric film. The underlying adlayer was patterned onto a gold surface using the microcontact printing of CH3(CH2)16SH followed by solution deposition of HO(CH2)16SH. This procedure results in alternating domains of different terminal groups. Results show that the imaging mechanism exhibits sufficient contrast to function as a mapping methodology for buried functional groups.
Thyroid responses to acoustic stimulation.

Abstract Male and female rats were subjected to monotonic, 1000 Hz, 95 db(A), noise stress presented in 15 minute intervals 8 hours per day for 12 weeks. Body weights and thyroid I-131 uptake values were recorded. Relative body weight-gain rates were significantly reduced. Female rate of weight-gain decreased during the first 2 weeks, and remained lower than controls. Male rate of weight-gain decreased during Week 6 and remained low throughout the last 6 weeks. Thyroid I-131 uptake values were low for both sexes and a positive correlation between the time of decreased iodine uptake and suppressed weight-gain rates was noted.
Median to radial latency difference test in mild carpal tunnel syndrome.

La sensibilite de la technique de calcul des differences de latence entre des segments de nerf median et radial etudiees par electromyogramme du pouce, et du cinquieme doigt pour le nerf cubital, est comparee a celle d'autres methodes electrodiagnostiques classiques dans le diagnostic du syndrome du canal carpien frustre
Making and breaking covalent bonds across the magnetic transition in the giant magnetocaloric material Gd5(Si2Ge2)

A temperature-dependent, single crystal x-ray diffraction study of the giant magnetocaloric material, ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}({\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2})$, across its Curie temperature (276 K) reveals that the simultaneous orthorhombic to monoclinic transition occurs by a shear mechanism in which the $(\mathrm{Si},\mathrm{Ge})\ensuremath{-}(\mathrm{Si},\mathrm{Ge})$ dimers that are richer in Ge increase their distances by 0.859(3) \AA{} and lead to twinning. The structural transition changes the electronic structure, and provides an atomic-level model for the change in magnetic behavior with temperature in the ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}({\mathrm{Si}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{)}_{4}$.
Registered dietitians' teaching and adherence promotion skills during routine patient education

Even following education sessions, dietary adherence among medical patients is generally poor. One contributor to this problem may be the quality of teaching and adherence promotion skills employed by Registered Dietitians, whose behavior during routine patient interactions was evaluated in this observational study. Thirty dietitians were videotaped with one of their patients. Twenty operationally defined skills were rated on a scale from 0 (skill absent) to 3 (excellent). Dietitians' interpersonal skills were good (mean = 2.1, S.D. = 0.35), but all other skills were performed significantly less well (mean scores less than 1.0). Adherence promotion skills were rarely observed. Dietitians need supplemental training to improve teaching and adherence promotion skills.
Estimating school district expenditure functions under conditions of closed-end matching aid☆

Abstract Several studies have used ordinary least squares (OLS) to estimate school district expenditure functions for states with closed-end matching aid. The present paper demonstrates that the estimates of these studies may be inconsistent. A two-stage technique which guarantees consistent estimates is described and is used to estimate the price elasticity of expenditure for Pennsylvania school districts. The two-stage estimates indicate expenditure to be substantially more price-elastic than do the OLS estimates. The two-stage technique is appropriate for estimating any input demand or expenditure function when closed-end matching aid is involved.
Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Normal Cardiac Anatomy

Accurate interpretation of cardiac computed tomography requires fundamental knowledge of the normal cardiac anatomy and its common variations. This article reviews the normal anatomy of the coronary arteries, cardiac chambers, and cardiac valves.
Habituation of sexual response in male Heliothis moths

Summary It has been generally hypothesized that habituation mediates the effects of pheromone-based disruption strategies used in the management of moth pests. The current study demonstrates that pheromone-mediated sexual response in the tobacco budworm moth, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), can in fact be modulated by conditions consistent with the production of habituation. An ethogram was used to measure response strength in a wind tunnel experiment where male moths were allowed to respond freely to one of two different blends of female pheromone in 16 trials over 4 days. Post-test measures were collected to investigate stimulus specificity and long-term effects. In conditions appropriate to the formation of habituation, habituation will develop and disrupt male sexual response to female sex pheromone. Males repeatedly exposed to plumes of synthetic pheromone blends display a habituated response lasting up to 96 h. Habituation rate and spontaneous recovery of response strength are greater with less intense stimuli. Additionally, males habituated to one blend express no habituation of sexual response when exposed to a different blend. This indicates a high degree of stimulus specificity, which could facilitate outbreeding, and that moths attend to the configuration of the pheromone blend, not simply to its elements.
Polymer optical fiber sensing of concrete structures

Researchers throughout the world have successfully developed embedded long-lived silica-based fiber optic sensors for the performance and health monitoring of reinforced concrete structures. We have examined the user of polymer optical fiber (POF) as the base material for fiber optic sensors which are to be embedded into concrete structures. Such POF sensors hold the possibility for considerably reduced expense both in terms of actual component costs and, perhaps more importantly, in the relative ease with which such sensor may be embedded into concrete structures. Results of our laboratory and field studies, where POF sensors were embedded into an in-service railroad bridge, are discussed.
Collection, analysis, and presentation of computing resource usage and demand data in the academic environment

“Academic computing is a black hole and we will not fall into it.” This statement by a university chancellor unfortunately represents the opinion held by many in higher education upper management. Furthermore, it is an opinion often expressed by many of those outside the campus community who understand little about academic computing yet exercise approval authority over acquisitions or budgeting.Managers of computing resources in academic environments are often charged with the responsibility of justifying changes in hardware, software, and support personnel. Traditional methods used in the business world such as Return On Investment or break-even analysis are often inappropriate to the academic institution. In addition, the advent of more complex computing environments such as distributed processing and the widespread use of microcomputers make previously used methods such as saturation point analysis unusable as well. Add to these problems the increasing number of bureaucrats looking over our shoulders to insure that computing expenditures are kept within reasonable bounds, and the frustration felt by many in the field of academic computing becomes understandable.Survival in the current environment requires us to reevaluate many of our traditional tools and procedures. We may be required to make drastic changes in services offered, delivery systems, or training methods to match the changes in types and uses of equipment as well as our changing audience of users. To accomplish this, we must have solid, defendable data upon which to base and defend our decisions or requests.The collection and analysis of data about computing resource use and demand must be a carefully planned, continuing activity. Methods of presentation must be well researched and prepared for the appropriate audience. This paper presents guidelines to assist in the identification of data which should be collected, collection methods, statistical and other analytical techniques, and techniques for the development and delivery of effective presentations.
Software piracy and software security measures in business schools

Abstract Many business schools have become heavily dependent on microcomputers for educational purposes. This has exposed them to a new type of risk involving unauthorized software copying by faculty, staff, and students. An analysis of the results of a field survey on software piracy and software security measures is presented here. Participants included 241 member schools of the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). Some suggestions are then made on software security measures designed to reduce legal consequences for copyright infringements by faculty, staff, and students.
Improved safety through distributed manufacturing of hazardous chemicals

Large scale centralized manufacture of chemicals coupled with distribution to remote customers has obvious economic advantages derived from economy of scale. In some cases, however, concern for safety and environment can drive a search for competitive small scale processes for production of toxic chemicals at the end-use site, thereby eliminating the potential hazards associated with transportation. We will present a case study in which novel technology is being explored to develop a safe, economically attractive process with minimal waste for the synthesis of hydrogen cyanide.
Reconciling (seemingly) discrepant findings: Implications for practice and future research

This concluding chapter synthesizes the empirical chapters and suggests implications for practice and future research.
The magnetohydrodynamic flow past a non-conducting flat plate in the presence of a transverse magnetic field

Abstract : Magnetohydrodynamic flow past a nonconducting flat plate in the presence of transverse magnetic fields is analyzed. The appropriate extension of the Rayleigh problem to the magnetohydrodynamic case yields solutions which correctly predict some features of the steady flow past a semi-infinite flat plate; in addition, the knowledge of these significant features permits an easy evaluation of their magnitudes in other extensions of the Rayleigh problem. The flow past a semi-infinite flat plate is analyzed by two methods. First, by linearizing the governing equations and incorporating the assumption of a low ratio of viscous to magnetic diffusivity, the results for skin friction and the normal component of magnetic field at the plate are obtained, and are shown to be useful in interpreting the character of these low conductivity flows. Second, the complete set of governing equations is formulated as a finite difference problem and solved numerically on a digital computer. The results obtained show that the disturbance produced by the plate is no longer confined to a thin viscous layer if the ratio of viscous to magnetic diffusivity is greater than 1/100, but that an appreciable Alfven type disturbance is excited. (Author)
Creating the “Spirit of Service”

What does it take for a hospital to achieve excellence in the area of customer service? How can customer service be improved within a large and complex healthcare facility? Many hospitals are currently seeking answers to these questions.
Productivity in High Performance Computing

HPC (high performance computing) has been a popular acronym for decades, and has been applied to many types of architectures, software and applications. The "P" has recently been overloaded to mean both performance and productivity. We present a survey of today's performance and productivity situation relative to the constituent HPC hardware and software components, and provide some analysis of current controversies and open issues. Since "HPC" will continue to be applied to whatever is happening at the leading edge of computer architecture, system and development software, and algorithms and applications, there is no hope or need to define or clean up terminology (this paper uses HPC to denote hiperc and hiproc, with context determining meaning). Instead, it is important to clarify the whys and wherefores of the state of the art, in order to focus on new work that will maximize future benefits. This paper gives a broad discussion of HPC productivity in terms of effective architectures, run-time system software, and applications development tools. There are costs and trade-offs associated with each of these, and in fact multiple marketplaces consume these products. The range of demands placed on HPC, by owners and users of systems ranging from public research laboratories to private scientific and engineering companies, enrich the topic with many competing technologies and approaches. Rather than expecting to eliminate each other in the short run, these HPC competitors should be learning from one another in order to stay in the race. It seems clear that the dynamics between "commodity" and "custom" building blocks will remain at the center of HPC debates for some time, and indeed these competing forces form the engine of improvement for overall HPC cost/effectiveness.
Early Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery in the Management of Empyema

Objective. The appropriate timing, as well as the type of intervention, for the treatment of empyema in children is controversial. The advent of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has changed the way we treat these children. Therefore, we reviewed our experience with the early use of VATS in the treatment of empyema and formulated a treatment algorithm. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients undergoing VATS for empyema at Arkansas Children9s Hospital from December 1994 to February 1997. All patients were treated by the pediatric surgical service and had the diagnosis of empyema confirmed at surgery. Results are reported as means, unless otherwise noted. Results. Twenty-five children with empyema were treated with VATS during the review period. Their age was 48.3 months, and the duration of symptoms was 7.4 days. All the patients had parapneumonic empyemas and had received preoperative antibiotics for 10.1 days. Preoperative imaging included chest radiography in 25 (100%), ultrasonography in 20 (80%), and computed tomography in 10 (40%). All patients with documented loculated parapneumonic fluid collections underwent VATS within a mean of 2 days of hospitalization. Chest tubes were removed in 3.2 days, resulting in a postoperative length of stay of 4.9 days. Total length of stay was 7.3 days. One patient required conversion to minithoracotomy and required a transfusion. There were no other complications or deaths. Follow-up was available for 22 (88%) children, and there was resolution of symptoms in all children with no recurrences. Conclusions. Earlier intervention with VATS in the treatment of empyema in children is safe and may reduce hospital charges by shortening hospital stay. A treatment algorithm based on early use of VATS is also described.
Cytologic features of sarcomas in fluids.

BACKGROUND. Sarcomas account for < 6% of malignant effusions and their diagnosis usually is made in the setting of a known primary tumor. However, these tumors often exhibit a variety of features that can differ from those of the original neoplasm and may preclude the correct diagnosis. This article evaluates the cytomorphology of sarcomas in fluids and determines characteristic features for identification and classification. METHODS. The study included 24 Papanicolaou-stained fluid samples (15 pleural, 8 peritoneal, and 1 pericardial) from patients with a diagnosis of sarcoma. The following features were evaluated: cellular arrangement, cellularity, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, background, quality and quantity of cytoplasm, cell borders, and nuclear details. RESULTS. All cytology specimens were diagnosed accurately as malignant. The histopathologic diagnoses were eight malignant fibrous histiocytomas, five leiomyosarcomas, three rhabdomyosarcomas, three liposarcomas, two high grade sarcomas, one osteogenic sarcoma, one synovial sarcoma, and one chondrosarcoma. Cytomorphologic features shared by sarcomas in metastatic sites included single cell arrangement (23 of 24; 95.8%), indistinct cell borders (18 of 24; 75.0%), nuclear pleomorphism (18 of 24; 75.0%) multinucleation (13 of 24; 54.2%), and proteinaceous background with lysed blood (17 of 24; 70.8%). CONCLUSIONS. Sarcomas in effusions share morphologic features that allow their correct diagnosis. Further subclassification can be attempted in the proper clinical setting and by comparison with the primary lesion. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1998;84:71-6.
103 URINARY EXCRETION OF PROSTAGLANDIN E FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF FUROSEMIDE AND INDOMETHACIN TO SICK LOW BIRTHUEIGHT INFANTS

Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E was measured in seven sick low birthweight infants. Four had severe hyaline membrane disease, one had chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia and all received furosemide. Two infants suffered from patent ductus arteriosus and received indomethacin. Urinary volume and the excretion of sodium, calcium and prostaglandin E were determined in these infants before and after the administration of these drugs. Following furosemide administration, urine volume and the excretion rates of sodium and calcium were significantly increased; such changes were not seen following the administration of indomethacin. Prostaglandin E excretion rate was increased from 0.4 ± 0.04 to 1.3 ± 0.2 ng/mg Cr (mean ± SEM) following furosemide administration but decreased from 1.0 to 0.4 (mean) ng/mg Cr following indomethacin administration. The mechanism(s) by which furosemide enhances urinary excretion of prostaglandin E may be an increase in prostaglandin synthesis, a decrease in their renal metabolism or both. However, indomethacin which is a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, decreases the urinary excretion of prostaglandin E in a dose-dependent fashion. These observations suggest the possibility that in patients receiving indomethacin furosemide therapy may be ineffective.
Fast Dynamic Voronoi Treemaps

The Voronoi Treemap is a space-filling treemap technique that relaxes the constraints of rectangular nodes. Its organic shapes maintain a one-to-one aspect ratio, are flexible with their placement, allowing stable zooming and dynamic data values. In this paper, we present algorithms for efficient computation and dynamic update of Voronoi Treemaps. Our GPGPU-based technique allows for rapid computation of centroidal Voronoi Diagrams, providing almost two orders of magnitude speedup over previous work. In addition, we present a hierarchical algorithm for stable updates. Finally, we demonstrate the application of Voronoi treemaps to real-world dynamic datasets, including interactive navigation.
What drives Euroskepticism? Party-public cueing, ideology and strategic opportunity

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam - and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill--> - NETHERLANDS, UNITED STATES (Hooghe, Liesbet)
Maintaining Academic Library Services During a Renovation Project

Abstract This article reviews how one small university library delivered patron services during a nearly eleven-month-long renovation project. It outlines the factors considered, the harsh realities, and the decision-making process that resulted in the project's interim service model for the Dayton Memorial Library of Regis University. The authors discuss what worked and what didn't work and conclude with recommendations for libraries anticipating similar projects.
Gene orientation in bacteriophage lambda as determined from the genetic activities of heteroduplex DNA formed in vitro.

Abstract The orientation of the N gene in λ DNA has been determined to be from right to left by identifying the strand which functions as template during its transcription. This identification depended upon the separate construction in vitro of the two reciprocal heteroduplex molecules in which one strand contains the wild-type base sequence and the other contains the sequence of an amber mutant of N. Since amber mutants of N prevent replication of λ DNA in unsuppressed hosts, it was anticipated that only one heteroduplex would be active in unsuppressed cells, that one with the wild-type sequence in the template strand. However, both heteroduplexes are active. On the supposition that a conversion of heteroduplexes to homoduplexes occurs in these cells by a mechanism of excision and repair akin to repair of ultraviolet photoproducts in DNA, ultraviolet-irradiated cells were tested for activity. Conditions were found in which only one heteroduplex is active. The results of experiments with heteroduplexes which include double mutants of N are consistent with the model of conversion by excision and repair, and confirm the orientation derived from the behavior of single heteroduplexes. The heteroduplexes containing a single amber mutant in the O gene (also required for DNA replication) were investigated, but the orientation could not be determined since the heteroduplexes are equally active under all conditions tested. An extension of the model to excision and repair associated with recombination offers certain advantages in co-ordinating the results of all three pairs of heteroduplexes.
ISEE-1 and 2 observations of magnetic flux ropes in the magnetotail: FTE's in the plasma sheet?

Magnetic field observations on ISEE-1 and 2 in and near the neutral sheet about 20 Re down the near-earth magnetotail reveal the occurrence of structures resembling magnetic flux ropes. Both electric field and fast plasma data show that these structures convect across the spacecraft at speeds of 200 - 600 km/s, and that they have scale sizes of roughly 3 5 Re. The rope axis orientation is across the tail, approximately in the -Y GSM direction. Their magnetic structure is strikingly similar to magnetic flux ropes observed in the Venus ionosphere, and to flux transfer events observed at the dayside magnetopause. The total field-aligned current within these ropes may approach a million amps. These structures may arise because of patchy reconnection within the plasma sheet, or may be tearing islands formed when the plasma sheet magnetic field has a cross-tail component. Plasma sheet flux ropes are not a common feature at ISEE orbital altitudes; this suggests that near-earth neutral line formation within ISEE apogee (22 Re) may be equally rare.
Effects of a brain-enhanced chemical delivery system for estradiol on body weight and serum hormones in middle-aged male rats.

We have developed a redox-chemical delivery system for brain-enhanced drug delivery of estradiol based on an interconvertible dihydropyridine ⇌ pyridinium salt carrier. Estradiol, when combined with the carrier, readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and upon oxidation of the carrier is “locked” in the brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the estradiol-chemical delivery system (E2–CDS) on body weight change and associated alterations in the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones in middle-aged, male rats. The data revealed that rats receiving E2–CDS exhibited a significant weight loss by 2 days which continued to day 14, the last observation day. A significant weight difference was observed between E2–CDS and DMSO-treated animals. Serum estradiol levels of rats treated with E2–CDS were elevated 100–fold by day 1 and decreased thereafter and serum prolactin concentrations were doubled by 24 hours and continued to increase to the completion of the experiment. Testosterone levels we...
Primary infection of insect tracheae by Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Previously we found that Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus infections initiated in the midguts of insect hosts are disseminated within the hosts via tracheae, elements composing the insect respiratory system. Herein we report that infection of tracheae also can be initiated directly via the spiracles, exterior openings of the tracheal system to the atmosphere. Infections were initiated both by direct application of viral inoculum to the spiracles and by aerosol. Infections established by both these methods appeared to advance much more rapidly than infections established by the oral route, and a host highly refractory to infection orally was easily susceptible to direct tracheal infection. These findings are important for continuing efforts to improve the use of baculoviruses as pest control agents; they also establish the possibility that direct tracheal infection via aerosol may facilitate horizontal transmission of baculoviruses during natural epizootics.