cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequence and tissue distribution of the integrin alpha 9 subunit, a novel partner of beta 1 that is widely distributed in epithelia and muscle.

The integrin family of adhesion receptors consists of several heterodimeric glycoproteins, each composed of one alpha and one beta subunit. A novel integrin alpha subunit partial cDNA isolated from TGF-beta stimulated guinea pig airway epithelial cells has previously been reported (Erle, D.J., D. Sheppard, J. Bruess, C. Ruegg, and R. Pytela. 1991. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 5:170-177). We have now determined cDNA and amino acid sequence for the human homolog of this subunit, named alpha 9, from a human lung cDNA library, a human small intestine cDNA library, and cDNA from the cell lines U937, HL-60 and Tera-2. This sequence is predicted to encode a 1006-amino acid mature protein that shares 39% identity with the previously identified integrin subunit alpha 4. By Northern blot analysis, alpha 9 mRNA was detected in the human carcinoma cell lines Tera-2 and Caco-2. Anti-peptide antibodies against the predicted COOH-terminal sequence of alpha 9 immunoprecipitated a heterodimer (140 kD/115 kD nonreduced; 150 kD/130 kD reduced) from Tera-2 lysates. Immunodepletion of beta 1-containing integrins with Tera-2 lysates removed alpha 9 immunoreactivity, suggesting that beta 1 is the principal beta subunit partner for alpha 9 in these cells. alpha 9 was detected by immunohistochemistry in airway epithelium, in the basal layer of squamous epithelium, and in smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and hepatocytes.
Association between Liver Disease and Intracranial Hemorrhage.

Background Liver disease is common and associated with clinical and laboratory evidence of coagulopathy. The association between liver disease and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) remains unclear. Our aim was to assess whether liver disease increases the risk of ICH. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study based on administrative claims data from California, Florida, and New York acute care hospitals from 2005 through 2011. Of a random 5% sample, we included patients discharged from the emergency department or hospital after a diagnosis of liver disease and compared them to patients without liver disease. Patients with cirrhotic liver disease were additionally analyzed separately. Kaplan–Meier survival statistics were used to calculate cumulative rates of incident ICH, and Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to adjust for demographic characteristics, vascular disease, and Elixhauser comorbidities. Multiple models tested the robustness of our results. Results Among 1,909,816 patients with a mean follow-up period of 4.1 (±1.8) years, the cumulative rate of ICH after a diagnosis of liver disease was 1.70% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55%-1.87%) compared to .40% (95% CI, .39%-.41%) in patients without liver disease ( P .001 by the log-rank test). Liver disease remained associated with an increased hazard of ICH after adjustment for demographic characteristics and vascular risk factors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.8; 95% CI, 1.6-2.0). This was attenuated in models additionally adjusted for general comorbidities (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5). Conclusions There is a modest, independent association between liver disease and the risk of ICH.
Die Leistungen von Bienenvölkern beim Nahrungserwerb

Normalerweise denken wir bei einem Bienenvolk an eine Gruppe von Insekten, die im Inneren eines Bienenstocks leben. Wenn wir einen Augenblick daruber nachdenken, fallt uns allerdings als wichtige Tatsache auf, das tagsuber viele Bienen eines Volkes — namlich die Sammlerinnen — weit in der umliegenden Landschaft verteilt sind, wo sie sich bemuhen, das Futter fur ihr Volk zu sammeln. Zu diesem Zweck fliegt jede Sammelbiene bis zu 10 km weit zu einer Blumengruppe, sammelt dort eine Ladung Nektar oder Pollen und fliegt zum Stock zuruck, wo sie unverzuglich ihre Tracht abladt und zum nachsten Sammelflug aufbricht. An einem durchschnittlichen Tag schickt ein Bienenvolk mehrere tausend Bienen als Sammlerinnen aus, das entspricht etwa einem Viertel seiner Mitglieder. So fungiert ein Bienenvolk bei seinem Nahrungserwerb als grose, diffuse, amobenhafte Einheit, die sich uber weite Entfernungen und in verschiedene Richtungen gleichzeitig ausdehnen kann, um eine Vielzahl von Nahrungsquellen anzuzapfen. Wenn es erfolgreich die 20 kg Pollen und 120 kg Nektar sammeln will, die es jahrlich benotigt, mus ein Bienenvolk die Trachtquellen in seinem Sammelrevier genau beobachten und seine Sammlerinnen dann klug verteilen, damit die Nahrung effektiv, in ausreichender Menge und mit der richtigen Nahrstoffzusammensetzung eingebracht wird. Das Bienenvolk mus die gesammelte Nahrung auch sinnvoll zwischen aktuellem Verbrauch und einem Vorrat fur die Zukunft aufteilen. Daruber hinaus mus es alle diese Dinge unter Bedingungen vollbringen, die sich standig verandern, und zwar sowohl auserhalb des Stocks, wo verschiedene Sammelgelegenheiten auftauchen und wieder verschwinden, als auch innerhalb des Stocks, wo die Ernahrungsbedurfnisse des Volkes von Tag zu Tag wechseln. In diesem Kapitel werden wir sehen, das ein Honigbienenvolk all diese Herausforderungen erfolgreich meistert.
The Effects of 2D and 3D Imagery and an Educational Message on Perceptions of Trail Impacts

ABSTRACT: The method of experiencing recreational resources, whether it be through on-site participation in an activity or viewing an image of the resource, might directly affect an individual's preference for, and evaluation of, those resources. In this research note, we explore the effect of three-dimensional (3D) displays, which are now widely available to consumer markets, on an individual's perceptions of degraded trail conditions. We also explore the hypothesis that viewing an educational message about responsible hiking behavior influences perceptions of trail conditions. The effects of imagery type and the educational message were tested through experimentally varying types of trail impacts (muddiness and erosion) and impact severity (minimal and severe) across 20 images presented to individuals in a controlled laboratory setting on a 60-inch, 3D capable LCD monitor. Results indicate neither the use of 3D imagery nor the presence of an educational message had a significant main effect on perceptio...
Effects of organic water pollution on the infectivity of the fungus Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) for larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: culicidae): field and laboratory evaluation.

Sporulating agar-plate cultures of Lagenidium giganteum (North Carolina strain) were introduced into outdoor, pilot-scale, poultry-waste disposal lagoons. In unpolluted water, the fungus infected 27–100% of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, depending upon the size of the fungal inoculum, and persisted for 1 month until low water temperature inhibited fungal development. No infection occurred in water with low to moderate levels of organic pollution. With data obtained from laboratory tests of the effects of polluted water on zoosporogenesis and infection of larvae by the fungus, a multiple regression equation was developed relating levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (P) to percentage infection of larvae under standardized, optimal conditions. The multiple regression, % Infection = 113.9 – 0.02 (mg/litre COD) – 1.92 (mg/1 TKN) ♂ 3.41 (mg/1 NH3-N) – 6.02 (mg/1 P), means that the infection rate decreased 0.2% for each additional mg/1 COD, 1.92% for each additional mg/1 TKN, 3.41% for each additional mg/1 NH3-N and 6.02% for each added mg/1 P, when all 4 parameters were considered simultaneously. Of the 4 parameters, only NH3-N and P were statistically significant predictors of pollution effects on infection of larvae by Lagenidium. The presence of organic pollution in the water prevented the formation of sporogenic vesicles by the fungus and drastically reduced the viability of any zoospores that were produced.
Historical Erasure and Cold War Inter-American Relations: The Chicago 1959 Pan-American Games

AbstractThis paper is an analysis of the 1959 Chicago Pan-American Games. It is framed by the interpretive problem of why these Games have been erased from Chicago’s civic memory.
Pluralistic Rigor: A Comment on Bueno de Mesquita

As Bueno de Mesquita notes previously in this symposium, it is not clear whether we can make progress toward a scientific understanding of international politics. Indeed, it is not clear, at least not to me, whether we can make much progress in our discussions of this subject. Interest in it seems to go through cycles. The subject occupied much of our journals-and our PhD examinations-at the end of the 1960s and, after a period in which we tired of examining our epistemological and methodological assumptions, seems to be receiving more attention again. Whether we will do better this time around remains to be seen, but if Bueno de Mesquita's paper and the responses are typical, it does seem that there is now a bit greater convergence of views and a bit more civility in the debate. Thus readers who are anticipating a discussion whose entertainment value will rival that of the (1969) exchange between Levy and Kaplan (1969: 106-109) will be disappointed. Before discussing areas of convergence, let me note a few disagreements. First, the question of the utility of case studies is a large and complex one and I do not think Bueno de Mesquita has done it justice. I briefly refer the reader to the detailed arguments of Campbell (1975), Eckstein (1975), and George and McKeown (1985). First, although this may fall outside of the scope of Lakatos's (1978) criteria, case studies are particularly important in international politics because most of us are keenly interested not only in generalizations, but also in the explanation of particular events. Since large wars kill many people and strongly influence the future, we are concerned about conflicts like World War I or World War II whether or not they are typical of wars in general. (For further discussion, see Jervis, forthcoming.) Second, by dealing with many different aspects of the situation, case studies can meet Lakatos's criterion of accounting for previously unexplained facts and subsuming facts we already have explained. Thus, a study that looks at domestic politics in 1914 might explain both the origins of World War I, the foreign economics policies of European powers, and the domestic policies which were pursued. Alternatively, a study of 1914 in terms of the significance of the prevailing beliefs that the offense would dominate the defense could explain facts relating to preemptive war, alliance structures, crises that were particularly liable to lead to war, and the interplay of bureaucratic and domestic politics (see, for example, Snyder, 1984a, 1984b; Van Evera, 1984). The other side of this coin is that I must admit to being a bit confused by some of Bueno de Mesquita's arguments about the utility of using large ifs. Without passing on the validity of the claim that the Altfeld and Bueno de Mesquita theory (1979) can encompass and extend the Organski and Kugler formulation (1980), I do not think
Examining the Risks for NSAID-Induced Gastropathy

The medical literature describing the gastrointestinal risks associated with chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAlD) therapy is increasing rapidly. In spite of this, clinicians remain uncertain about how to translate this information into clinical practice. Clinical decisions regarding the management of adverse reactions to medications have two components. The first involves risk to the patient, and the second an evaluation of available alternatives for managing that risk. Three research designs have been used to examine this association: ecological studies, case control studies and retrospective cohort studies. Although these designs do not provide the strongest evidence for causation, their results point toward the existence of a risk of serious gastrointestinal reactions of between 1.5 and 10 times greater for NSAID users than for nonusers. The wide variation in results is due to multiple factors, including different research designs, study populations and outcome measures. Several subgroups have been suggested to be at particularly high risk. Risk factors include advanced age, female sex, debilitating rheumatoid disease, previous gastrointestinal disease, ethanol abuse and smoking. Only in the elderly has there been adequate data to support this association. Although the data regarding females is compelling, this may be confounded by the documented increased NSAlD use among females. Decision analysis is a useful tool for the quantitative examination of the costs and benefits of management alternatives available for dealing with these risks. Research is needed to identify accurately subgroups of NSAID users at high risk.
Role of lipocalin 2 in intraventricular haemoglobin-induced brain injury

Objective Our recent studies have shown that blood components, including haemoglobin and iron, contribute to hydrocephalus development and brain injury after intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH). The current study investigated the role of lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a protein involved in iron handling, in the ventricular dilation and neuroinflammation caused by brain injury in a mouse model of IVH. Design Female wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and LCN2-deficient (LCN2 −/− ) mice had an intraventricular injection of haemoglobin, and control mice received an equivalent amount of saline. MRI was performed presurgery and postsurgery to measure ventricular volume and the brains were used for either immunohistochemistry or western blot. Results Ventricular dilation was observed in WT mice at 24 h after haemoglobin (25 mg/mL, 20 µL) injection (12.5±2.4 vs 8.6±1.5 mm 3 in the control, p −/− mice (p −/− mice (27% vs 86% in WT; p Conclusions Intraventricular haemoglobin caused LCN2 upregulation and ventricular dilation. Haemoglobin resulted in lower mortality and less ventricular dilation in LCN2 −/− mice. These results suggest that LCN2 has a role in haemoglobin-induced brain injury and may be a therapeutic target for IVH.
Highlighting the Contextual Nature of Interpersonal Relationships

Abstract This chapter highlights the contextual nature of intimate relationships. The first two sections review evidence that the implications of four key processes for relationship functioning—behavior, cognition, emotion, and hormones—depend on the context in which the relationship is situated; whereas certain processes are associated with less desirable outcomes on average, all appear to offer interpersonal benefits in certain situations. The third section highlights the importance of these contextual effects for relationship science by reviewing evidence that even the three personal qualities most consistently associated with less desirable interpersonal outcomes on average—attachment insecurity, low self-esteem, and neuroticism—are just as contextual; although they are consistently associated with undesirable outcomes on average, (a) they do not always lead to the processes that are typically harmful and, even when they do, (b) those processes can be beneficial in some contexts. The fourth section organizes the contextual factors into four classes—qualities of the individual, qualities of the partner, qualities of the relationship, and qualities of the environment. Finally, the fifth section challenges researchers to take a more contextual approach to the study of relationships, including focusing on within-person tendencies to properly calibrate psychological processes to different situations as they fluctuate over time.
Bendectin and fetal development

As part of a prospective study investigating maternal characteristics and habits during pregnancy and their impact on fetal development, 1,690 mother/infant pairs were studied. Of the mothers, 375 reported using Bendectin during pregnancy. Multivariate analyses examining birth weight, length, head circumference, gestational age, and congenital malformations as dependent variables demonstrated no associations between Bendectin exposure and adverse fetal outcome.
Leaping eels electrify threats, supporting Humboldt’s account of a battle with horses

In March 1800, Alexander von Humboldt observed the extraordinary spectacle of native fisherman collecting electric eels (Electrophorus electricus) by “fishing with horses” [von Humboldt A (1807) Ann Phys 25:34–43]. The strategy was to herd horses into a pool containing electric eels, provoking the eels to attack by pressing themselves against the horses while discharging. Once the eels were exhausted, they could be safely collected. This legendary tale of South American adventures helped propel Humboldt to fame and has been recounted and illustrated in many publications, but subsequent investigators have been skeptical, and no similar eel behavior has been reported in more than 200 years. Here I report a defensive eel behavior that supports Humboldt’s account. The behavior consists of an approach and leap out of the water during which the eel presses its chin against a threatening conductor while discharging high-voltage volleys. The effect is to short-circuit the electric organ through the threat, with increasing power diverted to the threat as the eel attains greater height during the leap. Measurement of voltages and current during the behavior, and assessment of the equivalent circuit, reveal the effectiveness of the behavior and the basis for its natural selection.
Lack of effect of prostaglandin inhibition on calcium excretion in normal volunteers.

Abstract Recent data have shown that administration of indomethacin to patients wth hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis decreased urinary calcium excretion, implying a possible pathogenic role for renal prostaglandins in hypercalciuria. To explore this hypothesis we administered indomethacin, keto-profen and aspirin to normal volunteers for 6 days and assessed daily creatinine clearance and urinary excretion of sodium and calcium. In contrast to previous studies, subjects were maintained on a constant metabolic diet. These nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decreased urinary sodium excretion but had no effect on creatinine clearance or urinary calcium excretion. In summary, our data do not support an important physiologic role of renal prostaglandins in renal calcium excretion in normal subjects.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF 3,4-DIMETHOXYPHENYLETHYLAMINE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relationship of 3, 4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA) to schizophrenia. Several studies have been carried out that may demonstrate a relationship between methylation and schizophrenia. It has been demonstrated that the ingestion of methionine results in an exacerbation of symptoms of schizophrenic patients. It is of considerable interest that methionine is the precursor of the methyl donor in the methylations, although it is not known that feeding excess methionine can in fact increase the rate of formation of DMPEA. DMPEA has been shown to have marked effects on the central nervous system of animals. The effects are similar to those occasioned by mescaline administration and include the production of catatonia in cats and mice. To investigate the possibility that DMPEA found in urine from schizophrenic patients was not, in fact, related to schizophrenia, factors such as diet, activity, intestinal flora, drug ingestion, toothpaste, and smoking are considered.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Environmental Savior or Regulatory Carte Blanche?

As nations attempt to rebound from the global recession of the late 2000s, political leaders continue to scramble to improve their domestic and supranational economies. From monetary easing to fiscal consolidation, governments have had to confront “the difficult task of spurring current growth and employment without saddling their economies with so much debt that they sacrifice long-term growth and financial stability.” The Office of the United States Trade Representative, along with numerous economists, and policy analysts believe the promulgation of trade agreements as a sensible means to spur economic growth, trade, and investment in the region, adding to increased jobs and prosperity throughout the areas affected. Free trade agreements (FTAs) are a tool used to eliminate barriers to trade between countries and act as an integral part of the United States’ foreign policy since 1994. However, contrary to their name, there can be many costly side effects if they are not implemented properly.
Risk factors for adult acquired subglottic stenosis

Objective: The aetiology and outcomes for patients with acquired subglottic stenosis are highly variable. This study aimed to identify risk factors for subglottic stenosis and patient characteristics that predict long-term clinical outcomes. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 63 patients with subglottic stenosis and 63 age-matched controls. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were compared. Subglottic stenosis patients were further grouped according to tracheostomy status (i.e. tracheostomy never required, tracheostomy initially required but patient eventually decannulated, and tracheostomy-dependent). Patient factors from these three groups were then compared to evaluate risk factors for long-term tracheostomy dependence. Results: Compared to controls, patients with subglottic stenosis had a significantly higher body mass index (30.8 vs 26.0 kg/m2; p < 0.001) and were more likely to have diabetes (23.8 per cent vs 7.94 per cent; p = 0.01). Comparing tracheostomy outcomes within the subglottic stenosis group, body mass index trended towards significance (p = 0.08). Age, gender, socio-economic status, subglottic stenosis aetiology and other co-morbidities did not correlate with outcome. Conclusion: Obesity and diabetes are significant risk factors for acquiring subglottic stenosis. Further investigations are required to determine if obesity is also a predictor for failed tracheostomy decannulation in subglottic stenosis.
Lengthening the Chain: Polymers in General Chemistry

Polymers are currently underrepresented in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum, especially in general chemistry. Nevertheless, there are good reasons and ways to include them in the two-semester (three-quarter) general chemistry course sequence. We describe both a course and a textbook in which polymers and biopolymers are integrated into the general chemistry curriculum.
Heterologous expression of diverse propionyl-CoA carboxylases affects polyketide production in Escherichia coli

Heterologous expression of diverse propionyl-CoA carboxylases affects polyketide production in Escherichia coli
Medium energy gamma rays in nuclear reactions.

A model is formulated for the prediction of medium energy ..gamma.. rays in light-ion-induced collisions. We assume a semidirect reaction whereby the giant dipole resonance is excited in the preequilibrium relaxation process. Detailed balance is used to invert experimental photon absorption cross sections to a ..gamma..-ray emission rate, and this emission rate is incorporated into the hybrid model for pre- equilibrium decay. Comparisons of calculated and experimental ..gamma..-ray spectra from 14 MeV neutron-induced reactions give reasonably good agreement, as do comparisons with 27 MeV /sup 3/He- and ..cap alpha..-induced reactions. An np..gamma.. bremsstrahlung calculation underpredicts these same data by a large amount. Our findings are consistent with an interpretation that the giant dipole resonance collective excitation may be induced by single particle-hole transitions in the preequilibrium relaxation process, and may contribute to the high-energy tail of observed ..gamma..-ray emission spectra.
Estimation of average marginal effects in multiplicative unobserved effects panel models

Abstract In multiplicative unobserved effects panel models for nonnegative dependent variables, estimation of average marginal effects would seem problematic with a large cross section and few time periods due to the incidental parameters problem. While fixed effects Poisson consistently estimates the slope parameters of the conditional mean function, marginal effects generally depend on the unobserved heterogeneity. However, I show that a class of fixed effects averages is consistent and asymptotically normal with only the cross section growing. This implies researchers can estimate average treatment effects in levels as opposed to settling for average proportional effects.
Progress in the Development of a High Power Helicon Plasma Source for the Materials Plasma Exposure Experiment

AbstractProto-MPEX is a linear plasma device being used to study a novel RF source concept for the planned Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (MPEX), which will address plasma-materials interaction (PMI) for nuclear fusion reactors. Plasmas are produced using a large diameter helicon source operating at a frequency of 13.56 MHz at power levels up to 120 kW. In recent experiments the helicon source has produced deuterium plasmas with densities up to ~6 × 1019 m–3 measured at a location 2 m downstream from the antenna and 0.4 m from the target. Previous plasma production experiments on Proto-MPEX have generated lower density plasmas with hollow electron temperature profiles and target power deposition peaked far off axis. The latest experiments have produced flat Te profiles with a large portion of the power deposited on the target near the axis. This and other evidence points to the excitation of a helicon mode in this case.
Acquisition of Cholangiocarcinoma Traits during Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Mice.

Past studies have identified hepatic tumors with mixed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC) characteristics that have a more aggressive behavior and a poorer prognosis than classic HCC. Whether this pathologic heterogeneity is due to a cell of origin of bipotent liver progenitors or the plasticity of cellular constituents comprising these tumors remains debated. In this study, we investigated the potential acquisition of CC-like traits during advanced development of HCC in mice. Primary and rare high-grade HCC developed in a genetic mouse model. A mouse model of highly efficient HCC invasion and metastasis by orthotopic transplantation of liver cancer organoids propagated from primary tumors in the genetic model was further developed. Invasive/metastatic tumors developed in both models closely recapitulated advanced human HCC and displayed a striking acquisition of CC-related pathologic and molecular features, which was absent in the primary HCC tumors. Our study directly demonstrates the pathologic evolution of HCC during advanced tumor development, providing the first evidence that tumors with mixed HCC and CC features, or at least a subset of these tumors, represent a more advanced developmental stage of HCC. Finally, liver cancer organoid–generated high-grade tumors exhibited significantly increased extracellular vesicle secretion, suggesting that identifying tumor-specific extracellular vesicle proteins in plasma may be a promising tool for liver cancer detection.
Challenges Imposed By Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

Little is known regarding how hypoglycemia and associated fears influence day-to-day life among adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) who use contemporary diabetes management strategies. To address this gap, we performed an exploratory qualitative study with five focus groups of 30 people aged 20 to 57 years with T1DM. Sessions were audiotaped and transcribed, and then analyzed. Eight themes emerged: (a) hypoglycemic worry, (b) unpredictability and loss of control, (c) contending with life stress, (d) exercise benefits and challenges, (e) a changed relationship with food, (f) sleep fears, (g) a love/hate relationship with technology, and (h) coping strategies to make it better. Fear of hypoglycemia, diabetes management, and work demands confer a high degree of stress. Challenges surround food, exercise, and sleep. Technology is important but does not relieve fear of hypoglycemia. Developing strong coping skills and creating a safety net of support are necessary.
Rates and correlates of disordered eating among women veterans in primary care.

Abstract Rates of disordered eating may be higher among women veterans than civilians, and are associated with co-occurring mental health (MH) conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and alcohol misuse. Although evidence suggests that these conditions are common in primary care settings, limited research has examined symptoms of disordered eating among women veterans in primary care. This study used a cross-sectional design to examine rates and MH correlates of disordered eating among women veterans treated in a primary care setting. Participants (N = 176) completed self-report measures of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, depression, anxiety, PTSD, alcohol misuse, and military sexual trauma. Results indicated that women veterans were likely to report objective (35.8%) and subjective binge episodes (29.5%), as well as shape and weight concerns (36.4% and 23.3%, respectively). While, anxiety and PTSD were strongly associated with disordered eating, restraint, eating concerns, weight concerns, and shape concerns, military sexual trauma was often unrelated to these outcomes. Further study is needed to improve the detection of disordered eating behaviors among women veterans, as well as to identify effective management strategies in primary care. Overall, these findings suggest that integrated primary care (IPC) may be a useful setting to improve the detection and treatment of eating disorders, particularly by targeting binge eating and body dissatisfaction among women veterans within these settings.
Neuronal cell death in Down's syndrome.

Down’s syndrome (DS), occurring in 0.8 out of 1,000 live births, is a genetic disorder in which an extra portion of chromosome 21 leads to several abnormalities. With respect to the nervous system, it causes mental retardation. It is conceived that abnormal neuronal cell death in development is involved, but there is no direct evidence yet. In addition to developmental brain abnormalities, almost all DS brains over 40 years old manifest a similar pathology to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including the presence of senile plaques (SP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Although there was a debate to segregate dementia from underlying mental retardation, at least some portion of DS patients exhibit deteriorated mental status with aging. The mechanism underlying these abnormalities at the molecular level remains to be elucidated. Recently there have been several reports suggesting abnormalities reflecting increased risk to apoptosis in DS brains. Increased expression of several apoptosis-related genes (p53, fas, ratio of bax to bcl-2, GAPDH) in DS brains has been reported. Cultured neurons from both patients and model animals are reportedly more vulnerable to apoptosis. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species and its causative roles for increased apoptosis in DS tissues are suggested. One possible hypothesis is an increased susceptibility to apoptosis due to p53 overactivation in DS brains. Aβ42, a critical peptide for AD pathology from amyloid precursor protein (APP), can be detected in DS brains. Aβ42 is deposited in SP from an early stage, suggesting common molecular mechanisms in DS and AD. Animal models for DS are important in the search of molecular mechanisms. Several types of models are now available. Future DS studies are expected to integrate information from animal models and human tissues.
Fuzzy Image Classification for Continental-Scale Multitemporal NDVI Series Images Using Invariant Pixels and an Image Stratification Method

The classification of multitemporal image data covering a large area is a challenging task because of scarce ground-truth data and the phenological variation of land cover in a study area. This research investigated an invariant pixel approach with an image stratification method. Using invariant pixels, the fuzzy image classification technique could be applied to every year with a satisfactory amount of ground-truth information with the AVHRR NDVl data covering Asia from 1982 to 1993. Invariant pixels were prepared by subtracting the growingseason avemge of the first three years from that of the last three years. A latitudinal image stratification method was investigated for minimizing the phenological difference of vegetation along the latitude. When land-cover information was transferred to other years by referencing invariant pixels, the classification accuracy of the otheryears showed onlyslight differences. The fuzzy classification results showed the decreases of forest and cropland areas, but the increases of openlands such as deserts and mngelands.
Alterations in Systemic and Cognitive Glucocorticoid Sensitivity in Depression

Abstract Background Decades of research point to cortisol insensitivity as a biomarker of depression. Despite a vast literature on cortisol’s effects on memory, the role of cortisol insensitivity in core psychological features of depression, such as emotional memory biases, is unknown. Methods Sixty-five premenopausal women with varying levels of depression completed this study involving an at-home low-dose dexamethasone suppression test and four experimental sessions (i.e., two visits for memory encoding of emotionally arousing pictures, each of which was followed 48 hours later by a recall test). Participants received 20 mg of oral cortisol (CORT) or placebo prior to encoding. We tested whether systemic cortisol insensitivity measured with the dexamethasone suppression test predicted cognitive sensitivity to CORT, which was operationalized as the change in negatively biased memory formation for pictures encoded following CORT versus placebo administration. Results Cortisol insensitivity was associated with more severe depression and flatter diurnal cortisol levels. Cortisol insensitivity predicted negative memory bias for pictures encoded during the placebo session and reduction in negative memory bias for pictures encoded during the CORT (compared with placebo) session, even after accounting for psychiatric symptomatology. Conclusions Our findings replicate research showing that cortisol insensitivity predicts depression severity and flatter diurnal cortisol levels. The results further suggest that systemic cortisol insensitivity is related to negative memory bias and its alleviation by cortisol administration. These novel cognitive findings tie together knowledge regarding endocrine and psychological dysfunction in depression and suggest that boosting cortisol signal may cognitively benefit individuals with cortisol insensitivity.
Critical Security Issues in Cloud Computing: A Survey

An exponential growth of cloud computing is dramatically changing contemporary network service manners. A large scope of cloud-based service offerings, X-as-a-Service (XaaS), are empowering flexible adoptions with ondemand provisions. However, cloud computing also introduces a series of security concerns, even though there are numerous advantages of using cloud computing. Understanding security concerns in cloud computing is a fundamental requirement for successfully adopting cloud solutions. This paper focuses on a variety of security issues in cloud computing and accomplishes a survey that addresses three major security dimensions of cloud security, including computer security, network security, and information security. Literature review provides a holistic view of cloud security as well as converges recent achievements in the field. The main findings of this work can provide future research in the field of cloud security with theoretical supports and evidence.
Limits of Federal Wiretap Act's Ability to Protect Against Wi-Fi Sniffing

Adoption of Wi-Fi wireless technology continues to see explosive growth. However, many users still operate their home Wi-Fi networks in unsecured mode or use publicly available unsecured Wi-Fi networks, thus exposing their communications to the dangers of “packet sniffing,” a technique used for eavesdropping on a network. Some have argued that communica-tions over unsecured Wi-Fi networks are “readily accessible to the general public” and that such communications are therefore excluded from the broad protections of the Federal Wiretap Act against intentional interception of electronic communications.This Note examines the Federal Wiretap Act and argues that the current Act’s treatment of Wi-Fi sniffing might protect unsecured Wi-Fi communications under some circumstances, but that any such protections are incidental, unsystematic, and uncertain. This Note further argues that the current statute’s “readily accessible to the general public” language should be interpreted in a way that addresses concerns about Wi-Fi sniff-ing and users’ expectations of privacy. Users’ current expectations stem from their limited understanding of the underlying Wi-Fi technology and the accompanying security risks and, more importantly, from the fact that private communications cannot be intercepted without specialized tools and knowledge not readily available to the general public. Finally, this Note advocates for amending the Federal Wiretap Act to remove uncer-tainty regarding protections against Wi-Fi sniffing. Clear protections against Wi-Fi sniffing would avoid the private and social cost of data theft resulting from sniffing and could close the gap between users’ theoretical ability to protect themselves by using security mechanisms and their re-duced practical ability to take any such protective measures.
A Multi-radar Joint Beamforming Method

In this paper a multi-radar beamforming algorithm is developed that attains higher angular resolution than the individual radars. The method is based on jointly processing the received signals from mutually non-coherent radars that are widely spaced on a vehicle. The proposed method can separate and discriminate between close targets, which are not separated by trilateration nor by filtering the multiple radars measurements.
Pop-up satellite archival tags reveal evidence of intense predation on large immature Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the North Pacific Ocean

Throughout the northern extent of its range, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) adult returns have been in decline for over a decade, leading to severe harvest restrictions on subsistence, c...
Increasing the Rural Special Education Teacher Pipeline Through Asynchronous Online Instruction: A Program Description of the Colorado Christian University Alternative Certification Program:

There is a documented shortage of special education teachers nationwide, and many rural school districts report hiring uncertified or temporary teachers to fill the open positions. To meet the need...
Multiobjective Optimization Model for Emergency Evacuation Planning in Geographical Locations with Vulnerable Population Groups

AbstractA large-scale emergency evacuation due to an approaching natural disaster requires local and state administrations to make important decisions regarding evacuation routes, emergency shelter...
Jerry Lee Lewis: Special Edition: edited by Rik Flynn, London, Vintage Rock/Anthem Publishing, 2019, 130 pp., $15.00 (paper)

Biographical profiles of popular musicians are often fabricated and invariably flexible. They exist not as an accurate, permanent historical record, but as malleable promotional material. Pop bios ...
Sterol 14α-demethylase is vital for mitochondrial functions and stress tolerance in Leishmania major

Sterol C14-α-demethylase (C14DM) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sterols and the primary target of azole compounds which show activities against trypanosomatids. In Leishmania major, genetic or chemical inactivation of C14DM leads to accumulation of 14-methylated sterol intermediates and profound plasma membrane abnormalities including increased fluidity and failure to maintain ordered membrane microdomains. These defects likely contribute to the hypersensitivity to heat and severely reduced virulence displayed by the C14DM-null mutants (c14dm−). In addition to plasma membrane, sterols are present among intracellular organelles. In this study, we investigated the impact of C14DM ablation on mitochondria. Our results demonstrate that c14dm− mutants possess significantly higher mitochondrial membrane potential than wild type parasites. Such high potential leads to the buildup of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria, especially under nutrient-limiting conditions. Consistent with these mitochondrial alterations, c14dm− mutants show impairment in respiration and are heavily dependent on glucose uptake and glycolysis to generate energy. Consequently, these mutants are extremely sensitive to glucose deprivation and such vulnerability can be rescued through the supplementation of glucose or glycerol. Finally, besides plasma membrane defects, the accumulation of oxidants may also contribute to the hypersensitivity to heat exhibited by c14dm−. In summary, our investigation reveals that alteration of sterol synthesis can negatively affect multiple cellular processes in Leishmania parasites and sensitize them to clinically relevant stress conditions.
Foreign Policy Decision Making in the Trump Administration

This chapter analyzes foreign policy decision making in the Trump administration through the lens of political psychology. Using applications of the Big Five, Leader Trait Analysis, and Image Theory, the chapter explores Trump’s foreign policy predispositions, his interactions with advisers, and his information processing and decision making. It argues that Trump has been and will continue to be predisposed to take risks and to bargain aggressively while having no experience in foreign policy. Trump lacks the cognitive complexity to learn the subtleties of foreign policy, while being heavily reliant upon advisers to whom he has little loyalty or trust and whose advice he is resistant to when it conflicts with his own predispositions.
Health Policy in a Biden Administration.

Health Policy in a Biden Administration A Biden administration would aim to address today’s critical challenges — Covid-19, gaps in health insurance coverage, high costs, and inadequate care for th...
Spike-Thrift: Towards Energy-Efficient Deep Spiking Neural Networks by Limiting Spiking Activity via Attention-Guided Compression

The increasing demand for on-chip edge intelligence has motivated the exploration of algorithmic techniques and specialized hardware to reduce the computation energy of current machine learning models. In particular, deep spiking neural networks (SNNs) have gained interest because their event-driven hardware implementations can consume very low energy. However, minimizing average spiking activity and thus energy consumption while preserving accuracy in deep SNNs remains a significant challenge and opportunity. This paper proposes a novel two-step SNN compression technique to reduce their spiking activity while maintaining accuracy that involves compressing specifically-designed artificial neural networks (ANNs) that are then converted into the target SNNs. Our approach uses an ultra-high ANN compression technique that is guided by the attention-maps of an uncompressed meta-model. We then evaluate the firing threshold of each ANN layer and start with the trained ANN weights to perform a sparse-learning-based supervised SNN training to minimize the number of time steps required while retaining compression. To evaluate the merits of the proposed approach, we performed experiments with variants of VGG and ResNet, on both CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100, and VGG16 on Tiny-ImageNet. SNN models generated through the proposed technique yield state-of-the-art compression ratios of up to 33.4× with no significant drop in accuracy compared to baseline unpruned counterparts. As opposed to the existing SNN pruning methods we achieve up to 8.3× better compression with no drop in accuracy. Moreover, compressed SNN models generated by our methods can have up to 12.2× better compute energy-efficiency compared to ANNs that have a similar number of parameters.
Examining factors influencing plan integration for community resilience in six US coastal cities using Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Abstract Flooding poses a grave threat to property and the safety of human communities. Urban planning efforts and guidance can have an important influence on the vulnerability of development in hazardous areas. This study is the first to use Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) to investigate the influence of local planning capacity and other contextual factors on the integration of hazard mitigation policies and building of resilience across community 'networks of plans' in six US coastal cities. Findings indicate significant variation across cities regarding plan integration to enhance resilience. Communities with larger proportions of renters and lower socioeconomic status are shown to be less likely to incorporate hazard mitigation policies in local plans, controlling for community planning capacity. We also find evidence that communities with prior hazard experience are more likely to have resilience-focused plans, even in physically vulnerable neighborhoods which, in the absence of recent hazards, are actually less likely to receive positive policy attention. The study concludes by discussing the results and offering recommendations to inform more effective approaches as practitioners reevaluate their plans and work to foster more coordinated mitigation efforts across local networks of plans.
The urgent need for harmonization of international automobile regulations

During the past three decades there has been a great expansion in international trade in motor vehicles. At the same time there has been a steady proliferation of national and EEC regulations, a trend which forces companies to produce variants for each national market. The author recommends that design standards should give way to performance standards which would allow for greater flexibility and creativity in development, and encourage innovation and technical progress. It is suggested that, in the interests of uniformity, the EEC should adopt the US regulations for exhaust emissions.
Principles of Optical Coherence Tomography

Optical coherence is an optical property describing a degree of correlation between phases of optical waves.