cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SMN deficiency does not induce oxidative stress in SMA iPSC-derived astrocytes or motor neurons

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord leading to muscle atrophy and death. Although motor neurons (MNs) are the most obviously affected cells in SMA, recent evidence suggest dysfunction in multiple cell types. Astrocytes are a crucial component of the motor circuit and are intimately involved with MN health and maintenance. We have previously shown that SMA astrocytes are altered both morphologically and functionally early in disease progression, though it is unclear what causes astrocytes to become reactive. Oxidative stress is a common feature among neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress can both induce apoptosis in neurons and can cause astrocytes to become reactive, which are features observed in the SMA induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) cultures. Therefore, we asked if oxidative stress contributes to SMA astrocyte pathology. We examined mitochondrial bioenergetics, transcript and protein levels of oxidative and anti-oxidant factors, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and found little evidence of oxidative stress. We did observe a significant increase in endogenous catalase expression in SMA iPSCs. While catalase knockdown in SMA iPSCs increased ROS production above basal levels, levels of ROS remained lower than in controls, further arguing against robust oxidative stress in this system. Viral delivery of survival motor neuron (SMN) reversed astrocyte activation and restored catalase levels to normal, without changing mitochondrial respiration or expression of oxidative stress markers. Taken together, these data indicate that SMN deficiency induces astrocyte reactivity, but does not do so through an oxidative stress-mediated process.
Testing Distributed Lag Models of Advertising Effect

This article deals with estimation and testing of six different distributed lag models, with an example given of sales and advertising data for a dietary weight control product. A distributed lag m...
Milling Process, Properties and Microstructure of Low Temperature Sintered Li Ferrite Prepared by Oxide Method

The Li0.365Zn0.27 MnaFe2.365-aO4 and Li0.51Zn0.15Ti0.17MnaFe2.17-aO4 fine ferrite powders were prepared by solid state reaction method. The particle size of the milling powders versus milling time was analyzed. The particle size decreases with prolonging milling time and after 15h the milling efficiency gets low. The milling efficiencies for using both iron ball and ZrO2 ball are similar. An average particle size of 0.2μm was obtained. The drawings of density and shrinkage, also saturation magnetization Ms and the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth ΔH versus sintering temperature at 880±20℃ for the Li0.365Zn0.27 MnaFe2.365-aO4 ferrite are given, indicating a good low temperature sintering behavior. The properties of ?H≤14kA/m,Ms: 400(1±5%)kA/m are obtained at sintering temperature 880±10 ℃. The SEM photographs show that the porosity of the sample prepared by oxide method is lower than that of the sample by sol-gel method.
Hyperprolactinemic response after bromocriptine withdrawal in women with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors

In patients with prolactin (PRL)-secreting tumors, plasma PRL concentrations after discontinuation of bromocriptine therapy have been used clinically as an index of tumor activity. To investigate the pattern of PRL response under these conditions, seven women on chronic bromocriptine therapy for PRL-producing pituitary tumors were followed with serial PRL determinations for 2 months after bromocriptine withdrawal. In these patients, peak PRL concentrations were achieved 28.1 days (mean; range, 14 to 49 days) after bromocriptine discontinuation. However, PRL concentrations did not usually plateau until at least 40 days after cessation of therapy, and the pattern of PRL response was highly variable. Because of the inconsistent pattern of serum PRL response during the first 40 days after discontinuation of bromocriptine, decisions regarding tumor activity based on PRL concentrations should not be made until at least 6 weeks after withdrawal of the drug.
Indians, reclamation, and historic preservation

The 1992 amendments to the National Historic Preservation Act acknowledge that Native Americans have particular concerns about historic preservation. The amendments recognize that properties of tra...
Novel Pharmacologic Treatment of Stress and Addiction: The Role of CRF and Glucocorticoid Antagonists

Publisher Summary An abundance of data points to a relatively circumscribed set of brain structures as central to addiction. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a midbrain nucleus composed of dopamine and GABA-producing cells. A review of database suggests that the initiation of addictive processes occur in the VTA. The VTA projects DA efferents broadly, but the targets important for stress and addiction are primarily the nucleus accumbens (NAc), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and certain amygdaloid nuclei. Other critical structures include the hippocampus and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). The nucleus accumbens projects GABA-ergic efferents to the VTA and PFC. The PFC projects excitatory, glutamatergic efferents to the NAc and VTA. The balance of the synaptic and neuromodulatory outputs of each of these nuclei is critical for acquisition and maintenance of addiction. This chapter scrutinizes these pathways and their modulation by the stress response. A critical shift in understanding the mechanisms of addiction follow the recognition that these circuits are modulated in response to both rewards such as juice, cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine, as well as distress. Interestingly, this reward circuit is active in the human response to monetary gain and even laughter. A painful experience, such as a divorce, might act in the same way for an addict as a pleasurable one, such as a dose of morphine—both are experienced by the brain as highly important and salient.
Novel Maximum-Based Timing Acquisition for Spread-Spectrum Communications

This paper proposes and analyzes a new packet detection and timing acquisition method for spread spectrum systems. The proposed method provides an enhancement over the typical thresholding techniques that have been proposed for direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS). The effective implementation of thresholding methods typically require accurate knowledge of the received signal- to-noise ratio (SNR), which is particularly difficult to estimate in spread spectrum systems. Instead, we propose a method which utilizes a consistency metric of the location of maximum samples at the output of a filter matched to the spread spectrum waveform to achieve acquisition, and does not require knowledge of the received SNR. Through theoretical study, we show that the proposed method offers a low probability of missed detection over a large range of SNR with a corresponding probability of false alarm far lower than other methods. Computer simulations that corroborate our theoretical results are also presented. Although our work here has been motivated by our previous study of a filter bank multicarrier spread- spectrum (FB-MC-SS) system, the proposed method is applicable to DS-SS systems as well.
Creative Content Management: Importance, Novelty, and Affect as Design Heuristics for Learning Management Systems

Background : This paper examines creativity in content management (CM) by presenting a case study analysis of an original, open-source, web-based learning-management system (LMS). It explores existing literature and suggests new ideas about creativity and CM . Research questions : How can we conceptualize creativity in relation to CM? How can creativity be operationalized into specific design practices within CM? What dimensions of creativity should be considered when designing or evaluating creative CM systems? Situating the case : Theoretical research in content-management systems (CMSs) and LMSs has revealed a gap in our field's current understanding of how creativity relates to CM. Research studies related to the measurement of creativity have provided insight into characteristics and methodologies that could be adopted and adapted to evaluate creativity in CM. Studies from the learning sciences have investigated where LMSs fall short and suggested where new opportunities exist to better facilitate the informational needs of users. These works have pointed to a need for research on integrating creativity and CM, both in content and in the systems that manage content, and have laid the groundwork for this study . Methodology : This research investigates theories of creativity as they relate to CM by conducting a case study analysis of unique instructional software designed to deliver content to students enrolled in a university course. The primary evidence is taken from notes about the design and evaluation of the software and from survey data illustrating students’ user experiences . About the case : We developed a classification strategy for exploring creativity along three dimensions—importance, novelty, and affect—and then used this strategy to explore a unique system's approach to deal with content challenges in each of those areas. User experience impressions provide evidence of successes and failures of experimental CM in these domains . Conclusions : The study finds that this original LMS design did contain features that exhibited novelty, importance, and affect, and that such features can be used to identify creativity in product design as well as to assess the design of complex software systems such as CMSs and LMSs. This detailed analysis of an original design for an LMS suggests new ideas for implementing and using CMSs and LMSs in technical communication. The study concludes by presenting a rubric for evaluating creativity in CMSs and LMSs, or for designing such systems with creativity in mind.
Lukács’ Dialectic Man: Charismatic Self-Perception of Anomic Supermen

This chapter aims to throw light upon a Marxist view which — though touched upon — has rarely been explicated by Marxists, except to a certain extent by Lukacs. It is a view which is so absurd as I see it that I suspect it is the reason why Marxists have recoiled from espousing or interpreting it more frequently or extensively. This rarely explicated view, I suggest, places the entire Marxist outlook into a slightly different perspective. As lights can help accentuate the features of a profile on a piece of sculpture, so this view — brought to light — helps to accentuate features in the Marxist intellectual profile which should not be left dormant if a better understanding of the ideology is the purpose of scholarship.
Electrically tunable photoresponse in a graphene heterostructure photodetector

We report an electrically tunable photodetector design based on photogating effect in graphene heterostructures. We demonstrate electrically tunable photoresponse up to 60 A/W with a sub-millisecond speed. The detector's spectra tunability will also be investigated.
The Secret Notebook for the Practicing Archaeologist: With Preliminary Notestoward an Ethno-Science of Archaeology

An analysis of the activities of mid-career archaeologists, their social organization, and annual cycle reveals that this group can provide a working model for other counter-cultures
Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Lipid Peroxidation in Chemically Induced Toxicity and Carcinogenesis

The multiple types of reactive oxygen species and their chemistry is reviewed elsewhere in this text. Superoxide anion radical (O2 -·), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (HO) and singlet oxygen (1O2) have been proposed as playing important roles in the toxicity of various chemical agents. Some examples are given in Table 1. Their role is, however, highly controversial and, dependent on your point of view, can be considered as being either of major or minor importance in toxicology. Here I propose to outline some of the evidence which indicates that reactive oxygen species play an important role in the toxic effects of various chemical compounds. For example, it is now apparent that reactive oxygen species can, (1) damage DNA, so as to cause mutation and chromosomal damage; (2) initiate the peroxidation of membrane lipids; (3) oxidize cellular thiols; (4) degrade polysaccharides; and (5) inhibit key enzymes; etc. Given these findings, it does not seem too difficult to imagine that chemicals which enhance the formation of reactive oxygen species would wreak havoc in living cells. One must always remember, however, that the cells of aerobic organisms are well protected against reactive oxygen species by a battery of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses (for review cf. Sies, 1985) since the conversion of dioxygen to water in the respiratory process generates O2 -·, H2O2, and HO·. Thus, reactive oxygen species are “normal” cellular metabolites in respiring cells and must be dealt with accordingly. A critical balance therefore exists between the generation and detoxication of reactive oxygen species in respiring cells.
Territory and authority of water fund payments for ecosystem services in Ecuador’s Andes

Abstract A ‘water fund’ is a model for watershed conservation that cities throughout Latin America are quickly adopting. Based upon the concept of Payments for Ecosystem Services, urban actors and international NGOs pay into a trust fund that finances conservation activities in rural communities existing in and around ecosystems important for water flowing downstream to cities. Ecosystems are inextricably tied to the landscape, so water funds seek to influence land use practices. However, the process of establishing control over land use activities within a targeted area is a challenge, particularly when these areas exist outside of the boundaries of state delineated protected areas and encompass diverse landscapes where people are living and working. Drawing upon an empirical case study from Ecuador, we use data from key informant interviews and archival documents to analyze how market actors and NGO alliances create authority and legitimacy for themselves to initiate the process of territorialization of a watershed premised on ecosystem services conservation. We demonstrate how urban market actors and NGO alliances create non-state authority for territorialization and bypass the political and economic instability of the state. However, we also show that the state itself may use this arrangement as a platform to exert power within territory
Distress Tolerance Intervention for Improving Self-Management of Chronic Conditions: A Systematic Review:

Background: The inability to tolerate distress can negatively influence effective self-management (SM) of chronic conditions by interfering with the ability to focus on illness needs and impairing ...
Minority and Diversity: Extension of Indirect Minority Influence Model: A Brief Report

The present research investigates the roles of indirect minority influence and internal consistency in the diversity of a system. We modeled two attitude updating algorithms -- (a) random exchange and (b) minority/majority status-dependent change. Simulation results indicate that random exchange generally maintains the initial majority and minority status of total attitudes whereas indirect minority influence brings the initial minority attitude to an equal numerical status. An interesting finding is that when internal consistency is added to random exchange, the system always converges to the initial majority position such that all agents become homogeneous -- zero diversity. However, when internal consistency is added to indirect minority influence, the system becomes more diverse than the initial condition. Furthermore, two clusters of attitudes emerge, and they oscillate between majority and minority status -- multiple social changes. In sum, we conclude that both indirect minority influence and internal consistency are necessary for increasing diversity in a system.
Free electron-driven photophysics in n-type doped silicon nanocrystals

Although there have been extensive speculation regarding the applicability of doped silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) in optoelectronic technologies, a quantitative analysis on the photophysical workings of introduced free carriers remains elusive. Here, we present a comprehensive study on the photophysics of ∼7.5 nm heavily phosphorous-doped Si NCs, using a combination of spectroscopic techniques. We correlate the carrier dynamics with the location of the free carriers – which we tune from NC core to surface depending on the state of oxidation. The strength of the Coulomb interactions between the photoexcited electron–hole pairs and the doping-induced free carriers depends on (1) the concentration of free carriers, (2) the location of these carriers, and (3) the diameter of the NCs. In contrast to prior studies, the photoexcited carrier dynamics in these n-type doped Si NCs are dominated by strong Coulomb interactions with doping-induced free electrons, characterized by a negative trion lifetime of around 9 ns. While radiative recombination in doped direct bandgap NCs can often still compete with trion recombination (allowing emission to be present), emission in our doped Si NCs is completely quenched due to the relatively slow radiative recombination in these indirect bandgap NCs. Furthermore, multi-exciton interaction times are slightly shortened compared to those of intrinsic Si NCs, which we attribute to an increased number of free electrons, enhancing the oscillator strength of Auger recombination. These results constitute a framework for the optimization of doped Si NC synthesis techniques and device engineering directions for future doped-Si NC-based optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications.
Control Flows in Terms of Petri Nets

A process may have to interact with its environment, and the interaction can become very complicated. Also, all opportunities for parallel execution of parts of a process have to be indicated. Petri nets provide a visual representation of these aspects in an unambiguous way.
Is Facebook Making Us Dumber? Exploring Social Media Use as a Predictor of Political Knowledge:

With social networking site (SNS) use now ubiquitous in American culture, researchers have started paying attention to its effects in a variety of domains. This study explores the relationships bet...
A Reply to “The Antinomy of Future Contingent Events”

In this brief reply I discuss Fr. Marcin Tkaczyk’s excellent article, “The Antinomy of Future Contingent Events.” I first raise some concerns about his understanding of representation. I then raise three concerns about his preferred solution to the antinomy: first, that a part of his theory of representation itself motivates a rejection of proposition 1 of the antinomy; second, that one needn’t employ retroactive causal connections to weaken 1 as he does; and third, that it is difficult to make sense of the sort of backward efficient causation that Tkaczyk requires for his solution to work.
A circulating tumor cell specific RNA assay for assessment of androgen receptor signaling inhibitor sensitivity in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

5059Background: Our objective is to develop a circulating tumor cell (CTC)-RNA assay for characterizing clinically relevant RNA signatures for the assessment of androgen receptor signaling inhibito...
Ordered Nanoporous Carbons with Broadly Tunable Pore Size Using Bottlebrush Block Copolymer Templates

We report the preparation of ordered porous carbon materials with tailored pore sizes selected between 16 and 108 nm using bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) as templates. The nanoporous carbons ...
Industry Funding and Self-Declared Conflict of Interest in Hand Surgery Publications.

Purpose Accurate financial disclosure is essential to prevent bias in scientific reporting. We aimed (1) to document the extent of industry financial payments to hand surgery literature authors and (2) to uncover discrepancies in author self-declared conflict of interest (COI). Methods We screened all scientific and review articles published in 2017 from the American editions of 4 peer-reviewed journals (Journal of Hand Surgery [JHS], Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [JBJS], Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [PRS], and Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons [JAAOS]) to identify authors of hand, wrist, elbow, and peripheral nerve topics. We compared self-reported disclosures with industry-reported payments on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Open Payments Database (OPD) for 3 years prior to publication or per journal policy. We individually examined each for relevance of the corporate payer to the article’s subject matter. Results We found 630 eligible authors from 395 articles. The total amount of industry-reported payments over 3 years prior to publication was $24,396,607.80. The median total payments per author per year was $118.40, with interquartile range from $0 to $1,364; 68% of authors received some industry payment; the most common being food and beverage (66% of authors). Senior authors received significantly more industry payments (median, $2,985.67/y) than first and middle authors ($70.27 and $113.17, respectively). Of all authors examined, 58% had undisclosed payments, but only 14% were relevant to the article subject matter. Authors in JAAOS & JBJS, senior authors, and those receiving more than $500,000 from industry were less likely to accurately report all payments. Conclusions Industry payments to hand surgery authors were lower than those reported to other orthopedic specialties and tended to be concentrated in a few authors receiving large amounts. Relevant COI disclosure inaccuracies are infrequent within hand surgery literature. Uniform policies of complete disclosure across journals may remove author judgment regarding payment relevance to published material and help eliminate remaining COI errors. Authors may reference the OPD prior to submitting disclosures to prevent potential discrepancies and identify errors within the database. Clinical relevance Relationships with industry offer opportunities for innovation, education, and research, but overlooking COI self-reporting may erode confidence in the academic integrity of the hand surgery literature.
Firearms and substance use: bringing synergy to counseling and intervention

Firearms pose substantial health risk to the US population in general and are of particular concern to the health and wellbeing of young adults. By understanding links between firearms and risk and...
Taxation for a New 'New Deal': Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Options

If there is one thing that is relatively clear about the COVID-19 pandemic, it is that governments will need new sources of revenue to offset its costs and build a better social safety net. All over the world, governments are borrowing and spending at a pace not seen since World War II, and at the same time revenues from both income and consumption taxes are falling because of pandemic related slowdowns in economic activity. The result is unprecedented levels of debt that even with low interest rates mean inevitable needs for more revenue down the road. Even a country that borrows in its own currency like the US or Japan cannot incur debt well in excess of GDP forever without risking either inflation (if it creates money to pay off the debt) or a sharp increase in borrowing costs that crowds out other government expenditures at a time when they are most needed to bolster the social safety net, which the pandemic revealed to be quite fragile in many countries including the US. What kind of revenue sources are we talking about? Here we need to distinguish among short, medium and long-term solutions. In the short term (1-5 years), governments need to rely on immediate solutions like excess profit taxes (EPTs) on companies that benefit from the pandemic and digital services taxes (DSTs) to capture some of the increase in the use of such services that may escape regular income and consumption taxes. In the medium term (5-10 years), governments should permanently increase taxes on the rich and on corporations to address the inequality that is likely to be exacerbated by the pandemic, and adopt carbon taxes to mitigate climate change. In the long term (10 years and more), new and innovative sources of revenue may emerge like taxes on artificial intelligence, bit taxes, financial transaction taxes and others. In addition, governments of countries like the US that lack a VAT should adopt one.
On the Spectral Stability of Standing Waves of Nonlocal \(\mathcal {P}\mathcal {T}\) Symmetric Systems

We consider standing wave solutions of the nonlocal NLS and the nonlocal Klein–Gordon Equations. Using a variety of different techniques such as energy estimates, direct spectral calculations and index count theorems, together with the spectral properties of operators, we prove spectral stability of these waves as solutions of five different nonlocal models.
Boussinesq System with Partial Viscous Diffusion or Partial Thermal Diffusion Forced by a Random Noise

We study the Boussinesq system in a two-dimensional domain. In case only the velocity equation is forced by a white-in-time multiplicative noise, we prove the global existence of a martingale solution in the following two cases: positive horizontal viscous diffusion but zero vertical viscous diffusion and zero thermal diffusion; positive horizontal thermal diffusion but zero viscous diffusion and zero vertical thermal diffusion. Finally, in case both velocity and temperature equations are forced by a white-in-time multiplicative noise, and the velocity equation has zero viscous diffusion while the temperature equation has full thermal diffusion, the global existence of a martingale solution was shown in Yamazaki (Stoch Anal Appl, 34:404–426, 2016); in this manuscript we additionally prove significantly higher regularity.
Every three weekly irinotecan for refractory/relapsed small cell lung cancer.

e20584Background: Current NCCN guidelines support weekly irinotecan regimen for refractory/relapsed SCLC (small cell lung cancer). Despite prior studies that used irinotecan for other solid maligna...
Do Histories of Painful Life Experiences Affect the Expression of Empathy Among Young Adults? An Electroencephalography Study.

Previous research suggests that prior experience of pain affects the expression of empathy. However, most of these studies attended to physical pain despite evidence indicating that other forms of pain may also affect brain activity and emotional states in similar ways. To address this limitation, we compared empathic responses of 33 participants, some of whom had experienced a personal loss, across three conditions: observing strangers in physical pain, psychological pain and a non-painful condition. We also examined the effect of presence of prior painful experience on empathic reactions. In addition, we examined the stimulation type, prior experience, and ERPs in the Early Late Positive Potential (ELPP; 300-550ms), late Late Positive Potential (LLPP; 550-800ms), and very late Late Positive Potential (VLLPP; 800-1050ms) time windows. Behavioral data indicated that participants who had personally experienced a loss scored significantly higher on perspective taking in the psychological-pain condition. ERP results also indicated significantly lower intensity in Fp2, an electrode in the prefrontal region, within VLLPP time window for participants experiencing a loss in the psychological-pain condition. The results of both behavioral and ERP analysis indicated that prior experience of psychological pain is related to cognitive empathy, but not affective empathy. The implication of these findings for research on empathy, for the study of psychological pain and the moderating influence of prior painful experiences are discussed.
Overexpression of imprinted DLK1 in epithelial ovarian cancer

1571 Purpose. Paternally expressed DLK1 (Delta, Drosophila, Homolog-Like 1) is located within the imprinted cluster of genes on human chromosome 14q32.2 that includes the maternally expressed gene MEG3. DLK1 encodes a protein that regulates early growth and differentiation while the MEG3 locus encodes an untranslated RNA. The purpose of this study was to determine whether overexpression of the imprinted gene DLK1 is associated with loss of imprinting and/or deregulation of MEG3 transcription in serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Procedures. Gene expression was measured using Affymetrix U133A Genechips and the robust multiarray average algorithm. Methylation status of the differentially methylated region (DMR) proximal to the MEG3 promoter was analyzed using bisulfite sequencing followed by phosphorimaging. Allelic expression of DLK1 was established by nucleotide sequencing of an exonic single nucleotide polymorphism in cDNA from heterozygous specimens. Results. Previous microarray analysis of 76 serous epithelial ovarian cancers and 12 serous borderline tumors indicated that DLK1 expression was substantially elevated (>3-fold higher than normal ovarian surface epithelium) in 100% (12 of 12) of the borderline tumors, in 67% (8 of 12) of stage I/II cancers, and in 23% (15 of 64) of stage III/IV cancers. Using linear regression, MEG3 expression was found to positively correlate with the expression of DLK1 in borderline and malignant serous tumors (p
The Strength of Religious Beliefs is Important for Subjective Well-Being

What is the relationship between subjective well-being (SWB) and the strength of religious beliefs? A full account of the relationship between SWB and religion must include a measure of the effects of religious beliefs. Unfortunately, the empirical happiness literature focuses on the effects of the social aspects of religious life. I measured the effects of the strength of religious beliefs by using data on the frequency of prayer. I found that stronger religious beliefs are positively correlated with SWB. According to the happiness literature, religion influences SWB by providing meaning and purpose to people's lives; stronger religious beliefs reflect a stronger influence of religion when interpreting life events.1 Studying the social aspects of religion gives only a partial understanding of its relationship to SWB; it is important study the role of religious beliefs to get a more complete understanding of religion‟s effects on well-being.
Note on maximally helicity violating amplitudes for gravitons

We show how the maximally helicity violating (MHV) scattering amplitudes for gravitons can be related to current correlators and vertex operators in twistor space. This is similar to what happens in Yang-Mills theory and raises the possibility of a direct twistor-string-like construction for N=8 supergravity.
The clinical presentation of individuals with femoral acetabular impingement and labral tears: A narrative review of the evidence

Femoral acetabular impingement (FAI) has emerged as one of the more commonly recognized intraarticular hip pathologies and is often accompanied with a labral tear. The understanding of the clinical characteristics of individuals with symptomatic FAI has evolved over the past several years due to emerging research. As research progresses, there is often a gap in translating the current evidence to clinical practice. This manuscript presents the latest evidence underpinning the clinical presentation of FAI and labral tears. Evidence is presented within the context of bridging the latest research and clinical practice.
A neural network based general reservoir operation scheme

Construction of dams and the resulting water impoundments are one of the most common engineering procedures implemented on river systems globally; yet simulating reservoir operation at the regional and global scales remains a challenge in human–earth system interactions studies. Developing a general reservoir operating scheme suitable for use in large-scale hydrological models can improve our understanding of the broad impacts of dams operation. Here we present a novel use of artificial neural networks to map the general input/output relationships in actual operating rules of real world dams. We developed a new general reservoir operation scheme (GROS) which may be added to daily hydrologic routing models for simulating the releases from dams, in regional and global-scale studies. We show the advantage of our model in distinguishing between dams with various storage capacities by demonstrating how it modifies the reservoir operation in respond to changes in capacity of dams. Embedding GROS in a water balance model, we analyze the hydrological impact of dam size as well as their distribution pattern within a drainage basin and conclude that for large-scale studies it is generally acceptable to aggregate the capacity of smaller dams and instead model a hypothetical larger dam with the same total storage capacity; however we suggest limiting the aggregation area to HUC 8 sub-basins (approximately equal to the area of a 60 km or a 30 arc minute grid cell) to avoid exaggerated results.
Stressors and strengths among women living with HIV/AIDS in New York City

We conducted face-to-face interviews with a non-probability sample of 373 women living with HIV/AIDS in New York City. Most were indigent African-Americans and Latinas (M age = 39.61 years). Participants reported considerable stressors. For example, 59% (n = 221) had been sexually abused and 69% (n = 258) physically abused at some point in their lives. In the past 30 days, 9% reported having injected drugs. However, participants also reported considerable strengths, including high levels of spirituality, mastery and HIV-related social support. Multivariate analyses indicated these resources were generally associated with less depressive symptomatology. Findings suggest the need for thorough psychosocial evaluations of women living with HIV to facilitate psychological adaptation, including an exploration of their strengths and culturally-based competencies.
Combustion of low-calorific waste liquids in high temperature air

Waste liquids with low-calorific values are not easy to burn. In this experiment, a furnace with a pair of burners for high-cycled alternate firing was utilized to burn the low-calorific value liquids. In a 1383 K furnace, 1173 K preheated air was achieved via these burners equipped with regenerators. It was observed that the alternate firing with highly preheated air was an effective way to ignite and burn the low-calorific value liquids. The preheated air temperature was higher than the auto-ignition temperature of the flammable mixture of the waste liquids. The combustion gas temperature in the furnace was quite uniform via the high-cycled alternate firing, resulting in a longer residence time of combustion in the furnace as compared to the conventional incinerator. The convective heat transfer in this furnace was higher than that of the conventional incinerator, and more useful energy was extracted from the waste liquids for end users. For the waste liquids with lower heating values of 15.0 MJ/kg (19 wt.% water) and 10.4 MJ/kg (42 wt.% water), it was found that 49% and 10% of the heating values of the waste liquids, respectively, could be used for utility energy. Furthermore, the waste liquid with a lower heating value of 7.1 MJ/kg (45 wt.% water) could burn itself in this furnace without the need of co-firing of any auxiliary fuels. NOx and CO emissions were lower than 60 ppmv (6% O2) and 50 ppmv (6% O2), respectively, for all tests.
Aerospace technology transfer to breast cancer imaging.

In the United States in 1996, an estimated 44,560 women died of breast cancer, and 184,300 new cases were diagnosed. Advances in space technology are now making significant improvements in the imaging technologies used in managing this important foe. The first of these spinoffs, a digital spot mammography system used to perform stereotactic fine-needle breast biopsy, uses a backside-thinned CCD developed originally for the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer. This paper describes several successful biomedical applications which have resulted from collaborative technology transfer programs between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health (OWH). These programs have accelerated the introduction of direct digital mammography by two years. In follow-on work, RTI is now assisting the HHS Office on Women's Health to identify additional opportunities for transfer of aerospace, defense, and intelligence technologies to image-guided detection, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer. The technology identification and evaluation effort culminated in a May 1997 workshop, and the formative technology development partnerships are discussed.
A humidity sensor based on vapoluminescent platinum(II) double salt materials

The vapoluminescent characteristics of platinum(II) double salt materials in the presence of varying levels of relative humidity (RH) have been investigated. Luminescence spectra for three different platinum(II) double salt materials showed that the intensity and the wavelength maximum depend on the concentration of water vapor surrounding the material. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis of the data demonstrated that two of the double salts responded linearly to changes in RH. A single-channel dip probe sensor was constructed and used to evaluate changes in RH. Different methods for attaching the platinum(II) double salt material to the dip probe were also investigated. Simple adsorption of the material onto the probe produced a sensor with superior performance compared to a Teflon AF support matrix. The PLS analysis of simultaneous three-channel cross-reactive sensor array data from three different platinum(II) double salt materials yielded a much more reproducible RH sensor. In addition, the three-channel cross-reactive array produced a more linear PLS model compared to a single-channel sensor composed of a simulated mixture of the same three platinum(II) double salt materials.
Synchronous global clock distribution on multichip modules using optical waveguides

A novel optical waveguide H-tree design for synchronous global clock distribution on multichip modules, which has nearly zero clock skew, is developed for a distributed computer system environment. The optical waveguide H-tree design utilizes channel waveguides, curved sections, and directional couplers formed using silica glass and silicon oxynitride channel waveguide technologies. Design calculations are presented comparing these technologies that suggest a hybrid combination having the advantages of each. System performance analysis is carried out for both waveguide technologies and the hybrid combination. These calculations demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and show that the achievable clock speed is limited by the laser diode source and photodiode receiver at each chip module, and not by the optical waveguide distribution network.
Involvement of hepatocyte epidermal growth factor receptor mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in response to growth inhibition by a novel K vitamin.

Compound 5 (Cpd 5), a synthetic K vitamin analogue, or 2-(2-mercaptoethanol)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, is a potent inhibitor of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced rat hepatocyte DNA synthesis and induces EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine phosphorylation. To understand the cellular responses to Cpd 5, its effects on the EGF signal transduction pathway were examined and compared to those of the stimulant, EGF. Cpd 5 induced a cellular response program that included the induction of EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation and the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation was induced by Cpd 5 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that both EGF and Cpd 5 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR was associated with increased amounts of adapter proteins Shc and Grb2, and the Ras GTP-GDP exchange protein Sos, indicating the formation of functional EGFR complexes. Although EGFR phosphorylation was induced both by the stimulant EGF and the inhibitor Cpd 5, the timing and intensity of activation by EGF and Cpd 5 were different. EGF activated EGFR transiently, whereas Cpd 5 induced an intense and sustained activation. Cpd 5-altered cells had a decreased ability to dephosphorylate tyrosine phosphorylated EGFR, providing evidence for an inhibition of tyrosine phosphatase activity. Both EGF and Cpd 5 caused an induction of phospho-extracellular response kinase (ERK), which was also more sustained with Cpd 5. Moreover, whereas Cpd 5 induced a striking translocation of phosphorylated ERK from cytosol to the nucleus, no significant nuclear translocation occurred after stimulation with EGF. The data suggest that this novel compound causes growth inhibition through antagonism of EGFR phosphatases and consequent induction of EGFR and ERK phosphorylation. This is supported by experiments with PD 153035 and PD 098059, antagonists of phosphorylation of EGFR and MAP kinase kinase (MEK), respectively, which both antagonized Cpd 5-induced phosphorylation and the inhibition of DNA synthesis. These results imply a mechanism of cell growth inhibition associated with intense and prolonged protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Protein tyrosine phosphatases may thus be a novel target for drugs designed to inhibit cell growth.
Sentence context affects the brain response to masked words

Abstract Historically, language researchers have assumed that lexical, or word-level processing is fast and automatic, while slower, more controlled post-lexical processes are sensitive to contextual information from higher levels of linguistic analysis. Here we demonstrate the impact of sentence context on the processing of words not available for conscious report by recording ERPs as sentences ended congruously or incongruously. Sentence final words were either masked to prevent their conscious identification, or were unmasked. For both masked and unmasked words, congruous completions elicited less negative ERPs than incongruous ones between 300 and 500 ms after word onset (N400). Relative to the unmasked words, congruity effects in masked words were much smaller, began slightly later, and displayed a more anterior distribution. Results suggest contextual priming effects indexed by the N400 component reflect both automatic and controlled processes. Data are interpreted as suggesting a link between the neural generators of the N400 and conceptual short-term memory, a dynamic process for conceptual activation and structuring that is triggered by perceptual input.
Uncertainty Underground: Yucca Mountain and the Nation's High‐Level Nuclear Waste

How many projects with major issues involving geophysics, geochemistry, hydrology, and essentially every other Earth science discipline have had expenditures of approximately U.S.$8 billion over the past 25 years? No wonder characterization of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is a subject that inspires awe, admiration, concern, disbelief, and other reactions from Earth scientists. Finding a suitable site for geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in the United States has been a tortuous process at best. Scientists, engineers, laypersons, and policy makers need access to information about this important venture, but heretofore no book has been available summarizing the project. The central theme of Uncertainty Underground: Yucca Mountain and the Nation's High-Level Waste is the technical issues and related uncertainties underlying evaluation of Yucca Mountain as an underground repository with a subtheme of potential problems in performance assessment of the repository resulting from these uncertainties.
Determination of Uronic Groups in Polysaccharides

URONIC groupings occurring in polysaccharides are usually determined by measuring the evolution of carbon dioxide on heating with 12 per cent hydrochloric acid. Campbell, Hirst and Young1 have pointed out that a small amount of carbon dioxide is liberated under these conditions from a number of pure sugars and polysaccharides in which the presence of uronic groups is not presumed, though not necessarily disproved. The evolution of carbon dioxide from certain acids that might be formed by the degradation of polyuronides was reported by Norman and Martin2. In an investigation of plant celluloses carried out two to three years ago at the Rothamsted Experimental Station, it was sought to establish whether the carboxyl groups demonstrably present were of the uronic type. Yields of carbon dioxide of the order of 0.2–0.3 per cent were considered to be unreliable for the reason just given, and accordingly recourse was had to the determination of the rate of evolution of carbon dioxide from such substances under standard conditions in the hope that this might be employed for demonstrating the presence or absence of uronic groups. No absolute value is involved inasmuch as it is the rate of absorption that is measured, and this is in part a characteristic of the size of apparatus in relation to the sample, the air stream, and absorbing device employed. The oil bath temperature was maintained at 140°, and a constant rate of aeration secured. The distillation was not carried out in an atmosphere of nitrogen; nevertheless the total yields of carbon dioxide from pure substances were not higher than those given by Campbell, Hirst and Young1.
Diskoseismology: probing black holes and their accretion disks

We review the relativistic results for diskoseismic modes of oscillation which are trapped within thin accretion disks by non-Newtonian gravitational properties of a black hole. Predicted frequencies are calculated for the potentially most observable modes, “internal gravity” modes and “corrugation” modes. The most definitive property of these two classes of modes is that the resulting eigenfrequencies depend almost entirely upon only the mass and angular momentum of the black hole. Such features may have been detected by RXTE in the power spectra of the luminosity modulations of the two galactic microquasars, GRS 1915+105 and GRO J1655-40. In the former system, we consider the possibility that this 67 Hz feature can be attributed to a g-mode in an accretion disk about a 10.6 M⊙ (nonrotating) to 36.3 M⊙ (maximally rotating) black hole. In the latter system, identification of the fundamental g-mode with the 300 Hz feature implies a black hole angular momentum approximately 93% of maximum.
The effects of periodontal instrument handle design on hand muscle load and pinch force

ABSTRACT Background In comparison with people in other occupations, dentists and dental hygienists are at increased risk of developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders, including carpal tunnel syndrome. An important risk factor in dental practice is forceful pinching, which occurs during dental scaling. Ergonomically designed dental instruments may help reduce the prevalence of MSDs among dental practitioners. Methods In the authors' study, 24 dentists and dental hygienists used 10 custom-designed dental scaling instruments with different handle diameters and weights to perform a simulated scaling task. The authors recorded the muscle activity of two extensors and two flexors in the forearm with electromyography, while thumb pinch force was measured by pressure sensors. Results Handle designs of periodontal instruments had significant ( P Clinical Implications The results from this study can guide dentists and dental hygienists in selection of dental scaling instruments.