cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping Interactions between Glycans and Glycan-Binding Proteins by Live Cell Proximity Tagging

Interactions between glycans and glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) consist of weak, noncovalent, and transient binding events, making them difficult to study in live cells void of a static, isolated system. Furthermore, the glycans are often presented as protein glycoconjugates, but there are limited efforts to identify these proteins. Proximity labeling permits covalent tagging of the glycoprotein interactors to query GBP in live cells. Coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, it facilitates determination of the proteins bearing the interacting glycans. In this method, fusion protein constructs of a GBP of interest with a peroxidase enzyme allows for in situ spatiotemporal radical-mediated tagging of interacting glycoproteins in living cells that can be enriched for identification. Using this method, the capture and study of glycan-GBP interactions no longer relies on weak, transient interactions, and results in robust capture and identification of the interactome of a GBP while preserving the native cellular environment. This protocol focuses on (1) expression and characterization of a recombinant fusion protein consisting of a peroxidase and the GBP galectin-3, (2) corresponding in situ labeling and visualization of interactors, (3) and proteomic workflow and analysis of captured proteins for robust identification using mass spectrometry. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant fusion protein Alternate Protocol 1: Manual Ni-NTA purification of recombinant fusion protein Basic Protocol 2: In situ proximity labeling and evaluation by fluorescence microscopy Alternate Protocol 2: Western blot analysis of in situ proximity labeling Basic Protocol 3: Proximity labeling of cells for quantitative MS-based proteomics with tandem mass tags.
A review of Titanium, Vanadium and Chromium transition metal Schiff base complexes with biological and catalytic activities

Schiff bases are compounds obtained from the condensation reaction of a primary amine and aldehyde or ketone They can be coordinated with metals especially the transition metals to form Schiff base complexes The objective of this work is to review the synthesis biological as well as catalytic activities of both Schiff base ligands and their transition metal complexes of titanium vanadium as well as chromium The methodology used for looking for the references were through the internet Biological activities that were considered in this review were mainly those of antibacterial and antifungal For the antibacterial both gram positive and gram negative strain were considered The results obtained from the study indicated that the Schiff base complexes Schiff bases as well as metal ions for the metals titanium vanadium and chromium were used by different researchers to investigate antimicrobial activities against bacteria fungi as well as anti tumour activity against breast cancer The antimicrobial literature studies showed that the metal ions were having lower inhibition capacity than the ligands but the complexes showed the highest inhibition capacity against the microbial The use of Mono and dioxide complexes showed anticancer activity against MCF breast cancer cells The cis Dioxido vanadium V complexes were also investigated for catalytic activity on the oxidation of cyclohexane and gave conversion of and selectivity of up to The paper is divided into five sections which include introduction methodology used in looking for references results and discussion acknowledgements and references The results obtained from the review show that the Schiff base complexes were more effective when screened as anti microbial compounds than their ligands The complexes also showed effectiveness when screened for their catalytic activity on organic chemistry reactions
Non-uniform clustering routing protocol of wheat farmland based on effective energy consumption

Wireless sensor network (WSN) can achieve real-time data collection and transmission of environment, soil, meteorology, crop physiology and other information in agriculture. The data provided by WSN could be used for decision making and management, which is very important in precision agriculture. Wheat farmland wireless sensor network has the characteristics of wide coverage area, long planting period, inconvenient energy supply, and serious impact of crop environment on wireless signal transmission. Routing protocol is an important method to achieve long-term WSN monitoring by selecting an appropriate path with low energy consumption for data transmission. According to the phenomenon of uneven environment and channel parameters caused by intensive crop growth in farmland, a non-uniform clustering routing protocol based on effective energy consumption (UCEEC) was proposed in this work. The method combined with the characteristics of multi-path fading of farmland environment signals. The idea of image segmentation was introduced. Nodes with high similarity were divided into a cluster area by the dissimilarity between nodes in order to improve the intracluster communication performance. Meanwhile, a multi-hop path selection method between cluster-heads based on the estimation of two-hop effective energy consumption is designed. The energy consumption cost factor is calculated by the effective energy consumption and the average energy consumption within the cluster to achieve the minimum and balance of the overall energy consumption of the network. Simulation results show that, compared with the existing Maximum Residual Energy Based Routing (MREBR) protocol, minimum Energy Consumption Based Routing (MEC) routing protocols, UCEEC improves the energy balance effect between nodes, prolongs the network life cycle, and realizes efficient energy utilization of wireless sensor network data collection in the complex environment of wheat field. Keywords: farmland, wireless sensor networks, multi-path fading channel, routing protocol, energy optimization DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211403.6540 Citation: Miao Y S, Zhao C J, Wu H R. Non-uniform clustering routing protocol of wheat farmland based on effective energy consumption. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(3): 163–170.
Non-Equilibrium Concepts in Solar Energy Conversion

Among non-equilibrium concepts introduced here are first the uses of fluxes of energy (Φ) and entropy (ψ) which for black-body radiation leads to Φ = (3/4) ψ T = σT4 where σ is Stefan’s constant. An application to planetary temperatures is noted. Secondly, diluted black-body radiation, which is a non-equilibrium form of radiation, is introduced and applied to the conversion of black-body radiation. A thermodynamic and statistical mechanical study is made of an infinite stack of solar cells to determine optimum efficiencies. One finds here a chemical potential of non-equilibrium radiation if it is in interaction and in a steady state with electrons and holes, each governed by a quasi-Fermi level.
Abstract 16508: Fusion of 3D Echocardiography and Computed Tomography for Optimization of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Introduction: A high percentage of patients do not respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), because the left ventricular (LV) lead is placed too far from the site of late myocardial activation. Optimal lead placement remains problematic, because different imaging modalities are used to depict coronary anatomy with high spatial resolution and LV wall dynamics with high temporal resolution. We hypothesized that fusion of computed tomography (CT) coronary veins with 3D transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) wall motion timing maps is feasible and may allow measurement of the distances between coronary veins and the site of late activation. Methods: In 9 patients with systolic heart failure (56+8 years, LVEF 34+9%), we obtained 3D full volume TTE of the LV and cardiac CT datasets. Prototype software (TomTec) was used to fuse coronary veins with 3D TTE parametric maps of the timing of LV wall motion superimposed on CT derived 3D endocardial surfaces. Distances were measured between the LV wall with latest activation to the closest and the second closest coronary veins, i.e. optimal and secondary implantation sites. Results: Fusion of CT coronary veins and parametric maps of the timing of LV wall motion obtained from 3D TTE was possible in all patients. No site of late activation was identified in one patient on 3D TEE. In the remaining 8 patients, measurements from the site of late activation to the optimal and secondary implantation sites were feasible. The measured distances ranged from 3 to 45 mm for the optimal and 21 to 106 mm for secondary implantation sites. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of 3D fusion of CT anatomy with TTE functional information. This approach allows measurements that may be used to prospectively and noninvasively identify patients in whom the veins are too distant from the site of late activation to deliver effective pacing. This method may prove useful in planning LV lead placement and thus may improve outcomes of CRT.
Information Communication Technology and Social Transformation: A Social and Historical Perspective

1. Introduction 2. Societal Evolution 3. Normative Order: Part One 4. Normative Order: Part Two 5. Learning 6. Knowledge 7. Consumerism 8. Distance and Time 9. Future. Appendix A: Design and Architecture of Digital Computers. Appendix B: Computer Networks
Estimating open population site occupancy from presence-absence data lacking the robust design.

Summary Many animal monitoring studies seek to estimate the proportion of a study area occupied by a target population. The study area is divided into spatially distinct sites where the detected presence or absence of the population is recorded, and this is repeated in time for multiple seasons. However, when occupied sites are detected with probability p < 1, the lack of a detection does not imply lack of occupancy. MacKenzie et al. (2003, Ecology 84, 2200–2207) developed a multiseason model for estimating seasonal site occupancy (ψt) while accounting for unknown p. Their model performs well when observations are collected according to the robust design, where multiple sampling occasions occur during each season; the repeated sampling aids in the estimation p. However, their model does not perform as well when the robust design is lacking. In this paper, we propose an alternative likelihood model that yields improved seasonal estimates of p and Ψt in the absence of the robust design. We construct the marginal likelihood of the observed data by conditioning on, and summing out, the latent number of occupied sites during each season. A simulation study shows that in cases without the robust design, the proposed model estimates p with less bias than the MacKenzie et al. model and hence improves the estimates of Ψt. We apply both models to a data set consisting of repeated presence–absence observations of American robins (Turdus migratorius) with yearly survey periods. The two models are compared to a third estimator available when the repeated counts (from the same study) are considered, with the proposed model yielding estimates of Ψt closest to estimates from the point count model.
An Interpretive Analysis of Educator Change Processes in Response to a Program Innovation: Implications for Personnel Evaluation

This study employs interpretive analysis methods as a means of probing and elucidating the social and cultural mechanisms that influence the processes of educator change and organizational learning in the context of systemic innovation in personnel performance evaluation. Specifically, the study explores interactive roles and behaviors of educator participants within an initial pilot implementation of one innovative, statewide teacher assessment program. Using interpretive techniques, a descriptive matrix of interactive role metaphors was generated, leading to the formulation of a theory-based typology of educator change process behaviors. Implications of study findings for facilitating teacher change and enhancing organizational learning in schools within a general climate of systemic program innovation and reform are discussed.
Conditioning the behavior of the listener

Among the many behaviors of speakers and listeners, perhaps none is more interesting from a behavior analytic perspective than those that modify the future behavior of the listener. Skinner first mentioned this possibility in Verbal Behavior (1957) in a section titled, “Conditioning the Behavior of the Listener,” in which he described how certain relational autoclitics could produce changes in the future behavior of listeners separate from their more immediate and straightforward conditioned reflexive and discriminative effects. Oddly, Skinner never returned to this topic, even when he described problem solving and rule-governed behavior in the late 1960s. As behavior analysts celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of Verbal Behavior, I believe that it is important to revisit this feature of verbal behavior. In the present article, I (a) describe how the behavior of the listener is “conditioned” by verbal stimuli, (b) address the question of whether these changes in the listener’s behavior represent actual operant conditioning or an analog of it, and (c) discuss some implications for rule-governed behavior.
Restricted dispersal in a continuously distributed marine species: common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in coastal waters of the western North Atlantic

The marine environment provides an opportunity to examine population structure in species with high dispersal capabilities and often no obvious barriers to genetic exchange. In coastal waters of the western North Atlantic, common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, are a highly mobile species with a continuous distribution from New York to Florida. We examine if the highly mobile nature coupled with no obvious geographic barriers to movement in this region result in a large panmictic population. Mitochondrial control region sequences and 18 microsatellite loci indicate dolphins are partitioning the habitat both latitudinally and longitudinally. A minimum of five genetically differentiated populations were identified among 404 samples collected in the range of New Jersey to northern Florida using both genetic marker types, some inhabiting nearshore coastal waters and others utilizing inshore estuarine waters. The genetic results reject the hypothesis of a single stock of coastal bottlenose dolphins put forth after the 1987-1988 epizootic that caused a large-scale die-off of dolphins and suggest instead the disease vector was transferred from one population to the next as a result of seasonal migratory movements of some populations. These coastal Atlantic populations also differ significantly from bottlenose dolphin samples collected in coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico, implying a long-term barrier to movement between the two basins.
Use of immunoblotting to detect Aspergillus fumigatus antigen in sera and urines of rats with experimental invasive aspergillosis.

Abstract Immunoblotting was used to detect Aspergillus fumigatus antigen in sera and urines of immunosuppressed rats experimentally infected with A. fumigatus. Organisms were administered by both intravenous and intratracheal injections. Intravenously infected rats developed disseminated aspergillosis, but intratracheally infected rats developed pulmonary disease only. Fungal cultures of blood and urine samples from infected rats were negative. In the urines of intravenously infected rats, antigen was detected 24 to 48 h after infection; in the urines of intratracheally infected animals, antigen was detected on days 4 to 5 after infection. Antigen in serum was detected later than antigen in urine was. Following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting of serum and urine samples, the most strongly reacting antigenic materials were found in the 88-, 40-, 27-, and 20-kilodalton regions. These dominant antigens appeared to be the same as those of control antigens prepared from A. fumigatus grown in vitro. Rabbit antiserum to Aspergillus filtrate antigen was found to be more immunoreactive than antiserum to mycelial or conidial antigen. No mycelium-specific antigens were detected.
Synaptic and extrasynaptic location of the receptor tyrosine kinase met during postnatal development in the mouse neocortex and hippocampus

MET, a replicated autism risk gene, encodes a pleiotropic receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in multiple cellular processes during development and following injury. Previous studies suggest that Met modulates excitatory synapse development in the neocortex and hippocampus, although the underlying mechanism is unknown. The peak of Met expression corresponds to the period of process outgrowth and synaptogenesis, with robust expression in hippocampal and neocortical neuropil. Resolving whether neuropil expression represents presynaptic, postsynaptic or glial localization provides insight into potential mechanisms of Met action. The subcellular distribution of Met was characterized using complementary ultrastructural, in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), and biochemical approaches. At postnatal day (P) 7, immunoelectron microscopy revealed near-equivalent proportions of Met-immunoreactive pre- (axons and terminals) and postsynaptic (dendritic shafts and spines) profiles in the stratum radiatum in the hippocampal CA1 region. Staining was typically in elements in which the corresponding pre- or postsynaptic apposition was unlabeled. By P21, Met-immunoreactive presynaptic profiles predominated and ~20% of Met-expressing profiles were glial. A different distribution of Met-immunoreactive profiles was observed in layer V of somatosensory cortex: Met-labeled spines were rare and a smaller proportion of glial profiles expressed Met. Strikingly, Met-immunoreactive presynaptic profiles predominated over postsynaptic profiles as early as P7. PLA analysis of neurons in vitro and biochemical analysis of tissue subsynaptic fractions confirmed the localization of Met in specific synaptic subcompartments. The study demonstrates that Met is enriched at synapses during development and its activation may modulate synapse formation and stability through both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms.
On ripple-load, stress-corrosion, and sustained-load cracking behavior in a high strength beta titanium alloy

Both overaged and peakaged TIMETAL 21S beta titanium alloys exhibit significant ripple-load cracking susceptibility in salt water and in ambient air environments. At R = 0.90, the ripple-load cracking thresholds of the overaged alloy are 67% and 72% lower than the stress-corrosion cracking and sustained-load cracking thresholds. For the peakaged alloy, the reductions are 55% and 61%. The stress-corrosion cracking threshold in salt water and the sustained-load cracking threshold in air of peakaged TIMETAL 21S are significantly lower while the ripple-load cracking threshold is slightly lower than those of the overaged alloy. The stress-corrosion cracking, sustained-load cracking, and ripple-load cracking resistance of peakaged TIMETAL 21S are significantly inferior to those of both beta-annealed Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn. The ripple-load cracking resistance of overaged TIMETAL 21S, though better than Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn, is still inferior than that of beta-annealed Ti-6Al-4V.
Serum TRPM1 autoantibodies from melanoma associated retinopathy patients enter retinal on-bipolar cells and attenuate the electroretinogram in mice.

Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma and the presence of autoantibodies that label neurons in the inner retina. The visual symptoms and electroretinogram (ERG) phenotype characteristic of MAR resemble the congenital visual disease caused by mutations in TRPM1, a cation channel expressed by both melanocytes and retinal bipolar cells. Four serum samples from MAR patients were identified as TRPM1 immunoreactive by 1. Labeling of ON-bipolar cells in TRPM1+/+ but not TRPM1−/− mouse retina, 2. Labeling of TRPM1-transfected CHO cells; and 3. Attenuation of the ERG b-wave following intravitreal injection of TRPM1-positive MAR IgG into wild-type mouse eyes, and the appearance of the IgG in the retinal bipolar cells at the conclusion of the experiment. Furthermore, the epitope targeted by the MAR autoantibodies was localized within the amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain of TRPM1. Incubation of live retinal neurons with TRPM1-positive MAR serum resulted in the selective accumulation of IgG in ON-bipolar cells from TRPM1+/+ mice, but not TRPM1−/− mice, suggesting that the visual deficits in MAR are caused by the uptake of TRPM1 autoantibodies into ON-bipolar cells, where they bind to an intracellular epitope of the channel and reduce the ON-bipolar cell response to light.
Does teaching creationism facilitate student autonomy

The teaching of evolution in US public schools continues to generate controversy. One argument for including creationism in science classrooms is based on the goal of facilitating student autonomy. Autonomy requires that students be exposed to significant alternatives, it is argued, and religious creation stories offer a significant alternative to secular modernity. This argument, however, is unsuccessful. When religious narratives are placed in the context of science classrooms, the religious narratives become quasi-scientific descriptions in that they are assumed to share the modernist views of reference and meaning that permeate scientific interpretation.This transformation constricts the possibilities of the sacred narrative. Thus, religious narratives in science contexts do not present a significant alternative to secular modernity and are not, therefore, directly facilitating autonomy. This analysis also applies to some versions of the recent `intelligent design' movement, but not to others. Additio...
Ethanol enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability to catecholamines in chicks

Abstract The effect of ethanol (EtOH) on permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to parenteral catecholamines was investigated in neonate chicks. Animals simulataneously administered EtOH, 2 g/kg, and norepinephrine (NE), 5 mg/kg, or epinephrine (E), 5 mg/kg, entered a roosting state which was more pronounced than that observed after either amine alone. Roosting chicks were killed 2 min after NE + EtOH and 10 min after E + EtOH for whole brain amine analysis. NE + EtOH treatment resulted in a 220% increase in whole brain NE over controls receiving this amine alone, whereas E + EtOH produced a 29% increase in brain E. EtOH alone did not alter endogenous levels of either amine in brain. Results indicate that EtOH, a solvent whose solubility characteristics allow it to penetrate easily both aqueous and lipoid membrane components, facilitates entry of E and NE into the brain of the neonate chick across an imperfect BBB present at hatching.
Influence of small vessel operation and propulsion system on loggerhead sea turtle injuries

Abstract Collisions with marine vessels represent a significant threat to many marine vertebrates, including whales, dolphin, manatees, and sea turtles. Many recovered turtles display injuries that appear to result from interactions with marine vessels and their associated propulsion systems, yet the details of these interactions and the potential for reducing their lethality have not been previously investigated. This paper describes a series of experiments designed to investigate the type and severity of damage inflicted on full-scale model loggerhead sea turtles struck by small vessels, and the potential for reducing the likelihood of fatal interactions by modifying either the vessel propulsion system or operational characteristics. Artificial carapaces were developed to mimic selected material properties of a natural loggerhead carapace. These were secured to frames to yield models with size, mass, and density representative of real animals. The model turtles were subjected to impact by small (3–6 m) vessels with traditional outboard, jet outboard, and inboard jet propulsion systems under controlled conditions in the field. Dependence of catastrophic injury on vessel speed, model depth below the water surface, and propulsion system was investigated via repeated tests. The effectiveness of two commercial propeller guards was also investigated. Results indicate that vessel speed does significantly influence the likelihood of catastrophic damage, whereas depth in the water column does not. Propeller guards were ineffective at planing speed and only slightly helpful at idle speed. Both tested jet propulsion systems yielded dramatic improvements in animal safety compared to a traditional outboard and propeller arrangement. Results thus suggest that appropriate changes in both vessel operation and configuration can reduce threats to sea turtles, and likely other marine organisms.
Optimal beam splitters for the division-of-amplitude photopolarimeter

Optimal optical parameters of the beam splitter that is used in the division-of-amplitude photopolarimeter are determined. These are (1) 50%–50% split ratio of the all-dielectric beam splitter, (2) differential phase shifts in reflection and transmission Δr and Δt that differ by ±π/2, and (3) ellipsometric parameters (ψr, ψt)= (27.368°, 62.632°) or (62.632°, 27.368°). It is also shown that for any nonabsorbing beam splitter that splits incident unpolarized light equally, the relationship ψr+ψt=π/2 is always satisfied.
Erratum to: Stereotactic body radiotherapy for adrenal metastases from lung cancer

In the original article, the following errors were made. On page 155, in the Abstract, Methods and materials subsection, the first sentence should read “TEN lesions were treated with SBRT in nine patients with lung cancer and followed with post-therapy clinical exams and computed tomography.” On page 157, in the Results, Objective response classification subsection, the third sentence should read “When response was assessed by RECIST criteria at 5 months after therapy completion for the remaining EIGHT patients with NINE lesions, there were six partial responses (PR), three patients with stable disease (SD), and none with progressive disease (PD), resulting in an objective response rate (CR + PR) of 67 %.”
The estimation of the temperature profile in a laminar boundary layer with a schlieren method

Abstract Schlieren methods for heat-transfer measurement make use of ray deflections due to gradients of refractive index. The analysis of ray deflections is recapitulated briefly, and an experimental technique is described. A comparison between measured ray deflections and those predicted from analysis is made for natural convection over a horizontal heated cylinder, and good agreement is found. A transcendental temperature profile approximation function is described, and it is shown that this also gives good quantitative agreement with measured ray deflections. Finally, procedures are given by which it is possible to estimate the distribution of temperature and temperature gradient in a thermal boundary layer from ray deflection measurements, making use of the approximation function. The optical technique is established as a practical tool for quantitative study of temperature profiles in laminar boundary layers.
Gross and histologic changes in the developing rabbit subglottis in response to a controlled depth of injury.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine the effects of both perichondrial and intracartilaginous injury in the developing rabbit subglottis versus normal development.DESIGN: We conducted a descriptive...
Forward and inverse analysis of single and multiple scattering of collimated radiation in an axisymmetric system

Abstract In this work, scattering of a collimated light source incident on a single/multiple scattering axisymmetric medium is studied and the extent to which analysis can be used to recover the effective radiative properties of the medium is determined. For this purpose, a He-Ne laser nephelometer is designed and the angular scattered intensity distributions measured in the single and multiple scattering regimes for mono- and polydispersed suspensions of particles. Analytical expressions are derived for the angular intensity distribution, accounting for up to two successive scatters. The experiments show very good agreement with the theoretical calculations. Also, an inverse analysis is presented to determine the phase function coefficients of particles in situ using the experimental results. The first two coefficients of the Legendre expansion of the phase function are recovered for both ymono- and polydispersions within 10% of the actual value for experiments conducted at low optical thicknesses ( τ
Potato growth and nutrient diagnosis as affected by systemic pesticide and physiological growth stage

Abstract Growth and chemical composition of crop plants may be subject to alteration by systemic compounds employed for pest control. A field study was implemented to examine the effects of aldicarb on growth, chemical composition, and nutrient diagnosis of a potato crop at various growth stages. Aldicarb use resulted in increased dry matter production of leaves, stems, and tubers, and final fresh tuber weight during the second year of the study. Higher tuber yields were likely due to greater photosynthetic capacity because the increase in leaf dry matter production with time was greater in the aldicarb treatment than in control. Leaf nutrition was not influenced by aldicarb; however, leaf nutrient content varied greatly with growth stage. Similar nutrient status evaluations were generated by DRIS, regardless of pesticide treatment or growth stage. DRIS was able to diagnose nutrient limitations as early as tuber initiation
On the Periodic Solutions of the Matrix Riccati Equation

We investigate the structure of the periodic orbits of timeinvariant matrix Riccati equations. Matrix Riccati equations are of critical importance in control, estimation, differential games, scattering theory, and in several other applications. It is therefore important to understand the principal features of the phase portraits of Riccati equations, such as the existence and structure of periodic solutions.
Conceptualizing B2C Businesses as a New Category of Services

Conceptualizing B2C businesses as an innovative class of technology-infused services yields insights into the factors that may lead to success or failure of such businesses. Drawing from servicesâ€™ marketing literature and recent thinking on Internet service metrics, this paper presents a framework for analyzing B2C businesses.
Algorithm design: A recursion transformation framework

This book surveys the most important algorithms and data structures in use in computers today and attempts to trace the origins and development of each algorithm. The author discusses the approaches and techniques which have been used to create algorithms.
Hydrogen adsorption and diffusion in amorphous, metal-decorated nanoporous silica

Abstract Amorphous, nanoporous adsorbents composed of spherosilicate building blocks and incorporating isolated metal sites were investigated for their ability to adsorb and desorb hydrogen. This novel adsorbent contains cubic silicate building blocks (spherosilicate units: Si8O20), which are cross-linked by SiCl2O2 bridges and decorated with either –OTiCl3 or –OSiMe3 groups. The models for the structures were generated to describe experimentally synthesized materials, based on physical properties including density, surface area, and accessible volume. Adsorption isotherms and energies at 77 K and 300 K for pressures up to 100 bar were generated via molecular simulation describing physisorption only. The maximum gravimetric capacity of these materials is 5.8 wt% H2, occurring at 77 K and 89.8 bar. A low density (high accessible volume) material with no –OTiCl3 groups proved to be the best performing adsorbent. The presence of –OTiCl3 did not enhance physisorption even on a volumetric basis, while the high molecular weight of Ti provided a strong penalty on a gravimetric basis. Pair correlation functions illustrate that the most favorable adsorption sites for hydrogen are located in front of the faces of the spherosilicate cubes. The self-diffusivity of hydrogen was reported and found to be highly correlated with accessible volume.
Direct measurement of particle diameter distributions in dark-field microscopy

Optical scatter imaging (OSI), a dark-field method using Fourier filtering, provides image pixel intensities that encode local particle diameter. Alterations in particle size distributions obtained from OSI pixel histograms are presented for apoptosis resistant cells.
Neurobiological Underpinnings of Math and Reading Learning Disabilities

The primary goal of this review is to highlight current research and theories describing the neurobiological basis of math (MD), reading (RD), and comorbid math and reading disability (MD+RD). We first describe the unique brain and cognitive processes involved in acquisition of math and reading skills, emphasizing similarities and differences in each domain. Next we review functional imaging studies of MD and RD in children, integrating relevant theories from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience to characterize the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive dysfunction in MD and RD. We then review recent research on the anatomical correlates of MD and RD. Converging evidence from morphometry and tractography studies are presented to highlight distinct patterns of white matter pathways which are disrupted in MD and RD. Finally, we examine how the intersection of MD and RD provides a unique opportunity to clarify the unique and shared brain systems which adversely impact learning and skill acquisition in MD and RD, and point out important areas for future work on comorbid learning disabilities.
Numerical and analytical study on deep biaxial bending collapse of thin-walled beams

The objective of the paper is to get a fundamental understanding of large rotation response of thin-walled prismatic beams subjected to biaxial bending. Square and rectangular section beams were subjected to a cantilever bending with hinge rotation up to 40°. A general purpose nonlinear FE code PAM-CRASH was used to generate results. Altogether 94 computer runs were made by changing aspect ratio, condition of the loading and bending plane with respect to principal inertia axes of the cross section. The main emphasis was placed on the determination of initial and subsequent yield loci. It was also shown that the direction of the vector of generalized strain rates obeys the normality rule. Calculated in the paper was also a critical angle defining a preferable direction of bending. The present finding can be used to better interpret results of FE calculation of automotive bodies and to develop simplified crash-oriented design tools.
Remediation of a constitutive model for ceramic composite laminates

Constitutive models for fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) are needed to enable implementation of these materials in future engineering systems. One such constitutive model, developed by Genin and Hutchinson [1], is based on a phenomenological description of the inelastic response of CMC laminates. Although the model has found some utility in elucidating the role of inelasticity in stress re-distribution around strain concentrating features, we find that, in some instances, finite element analyses based on this model exhibit numerical convergence problems. In the present study, we demonstrate both analytically and by finite element analyses that, for certain anisotropic laminates, these numerical issues stem from the fact that the model formulation is unstable. Additionally, we propose and assess modifications to the formulation that mitigate these problems yet retain the positive features of the original model. The expectation is that the modifications will enable broader utilization of the model within the engineering design community.
Numerical experiments on the stability of preplanetary disks

Gravitational stability of gaseous protostellar disks is relevant to theories of planetary formation. Stable gas disks favor formation of planetesimals by the accumulation of solid material; unstable disks allow the possibility of direct condensation of gaseous protoplanets. This paper presents the results of numerical experiments designed to test the stability of thin disks against large-scale, self-gravitational disruption. It is found that a disk as massive as 1 solar mass, surrounding a 1 solar mass protostar, can be stable against long-wavelength gravitational disruption if its temperature is about 300 K or greater. Stability of a cooler disk requires that it be less massive, but even at 100 K a stable disk can have an appreciable fraction (about 1/3) of a solar mass.
Information sharing and human capital efficiency in poor neighborhoods: some graph theoretic applications

This paper develops an analysis of human capital development that explores the relationships between information sharing and human capital efficiency in poor neighborhoods. In deriving the results, a relative connectivity (gamma) index, borrowed from the geography literature, is integrated into a model of neighborhood human capital growth. It is argued in this paper that increases in the sharing efficiency of economic information among individuals in a given neighborhood may have positive impacts on neighborhood human capital efficiency rates. These positive impacts on neighborhood human capital efficiency may likewise help to reduce the poverty rate in that neighborhood. The results established in this paper indicate that not only is the sharing of economic information in urban neighborhoods important for neighborhood human capital development but also that neighborhood income sharing, the sharing of neighborhood social capital, and the diversity of neighborhood social capital may all have a beneficial influence on both the human capital efficiency rate and the rates of neighborhood poverty.
Preparation of fluorinated-desilicated ZSM-5 zeolites with high surface acidity properties

The combination of two modification techniques developed for the ZSM-5 zeolite, i.e., desilication and incorporation of fluorine/thermal treatment, has produced a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The total acid density and the strength of some acid sites increase significantly with this sequential preparation procedure. In fact, with respect to the parent zeolite, the acid density increases by almost 80% and some stronger acid sites are formed. The yield of MTBE is comparable to that formed with the commercial catalyst, Amberlyst 15. However, with the new inorganic catalyst, no bulky by-products are formed owing to the shape selectivity of the ZSM-5 zeolite structure.
Report On ‘The Penn State Resource Center: A Faculty Vision Becomes Reality’

In this workshop, Peter Jurs and Robert Minard presented a concise, easily applied formula for improving the overall quality of the learning experience at a large state school through simple reading into student psychology. Using the example of a local beer garden, known for its activity, noise, and boisterousness, a ‘chaotic’ approach was described for designing a chemistry learning center attractive to students. The facility integrates all undergraduate laboratory instrumentation and study areas into one room with an atmosphere that is oriented to the student culture. Workshop participants concur that such an approach begins to address the problem of students being too distracted by nonacademic activities on campus after class. The development of this program was reported to greatly improve the level of peer interaction, group learning, and create a more positive response by majors and nonmajors alike to chemistry at Penn State. The success of the learning center in bringing in students suggests that this approach is not limited to chemistry, but is perhaps applicable to other fields of experimental science. Other departments at Penn State are currently exploring this option.
Stress-induced modulation of the immune response

After mice were exposed to a daily auditory stressor for varying lengths of time, the responses of their splenic lymphoid cells in vitro were assessed. Both the blastogenic activity of concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide and the ability of immune lymphocytes to lyse P815 target cells showed the same patterns of immunosuppression and enhancement.
Steady capillary-gravity waves on the interface of a two-layer fluid over an obstruction-forced modified K-dV equation

The objective of this paper is to study two-dimensional steady capillary-gravity waves on the interface between two immiscible, inviscid and incompressible fluids of constant but different densities bounded by two horizontal rigid boundaries with small symmetric obstructions of compact support at lower and upper boundaries. The derivation of the forced K-dV equation, which has been extensively studied in the literature for a single-layer fluid, fails for a two-layer fluid when the density ratio of the two-layer fluid is near the square of the depth ratio. By a unified asymptotic method, a forced modified K-dV equation is derived and new types of steady solutions are discovered. Numerical results of various solutions are also presented.
On the theory of plane stress for finite deformations

Abstract By means of parametric expansions in terms of thickness h 0 of the undeformed plate, the equations of plane stress for finite deformations of homogeneous, isotropic, elastic materials are derived from the threedimensional theory of finite elasticity without making any usual geometrical or physical assumptions other than that deformation is symmetrical with respect to the middle plane of the plate. The equations of plane stress are obtained as the coefficients of zero power of h 0 in the expansions. Coefficients of higher order terms provide interior corrections to the plane stress theory. The appropriate boundary conditions for these interior equations are derived by the variational formulation of the three-dimensional theory of finite elasticity.
Trajectories of Social Withdrawal from Grades 1 to 6: Prediction from Early Parenting, Attachment, and Temperament

From 1,092 children in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, the authors identified 3 trajectory patterns of social withdrawal from teacher reports in Grades 1-6: a normative consistently low group (86%), a decreasing group (5%) with initially high withdrawal that decreased, and an increasing group (9%) with initially low withdrawal that increased. Prediction models supported the role of early dysregulated temperament, insensitive parenting, and attachment. Preschool shy temperament was a specific pathway to decreasing withdrawal, and poor inhibitory control was a specific pathway to increasing withdrawal. Children on the increasing pathway were more lonely, solitary, and were excluded by peers. Results suggest differentiated pathways to varying trajectories of social withdrawal and highlight the importance of identification of longitudinal patterns in relation to risk.
A FACTORIAL STUDY OF DOGMATISM, OPINIONATION, AND RELATED SCALES

In previous work ( 2 ) the concept of dogmatism, as measured by the Dogmatism Scale, has been shown to represent general authoritarianism, as contrasted with the F Scale, which was shown to represent primarily right authoritarianism. The concept of opinionation, as measured by the Opinionation Scale, was shown to represent primarily .right intolerance. Also, dogmatism, which refers to systems of beliefs resisting change, has been distinguished experimentally ( 5 ) from rigidity, which refers to single beliefs or expectancies resisting change. The above distinctions were further supported in a fa'ctor analytic study (4 ) . The findings indicated, first, that the Dogmatism Scale measures something similar to authoritarianism (the F Scale), but in contrast to the F Scale, is relatively independent of the liberalism-conservatism dimension. Second, dogmatism was factorially discriminable from rigidity and from ethnocentrism. Third, dogmatism was found to have factorial content in common with anxiety. As these findings were based on a college sample from the New York metropolitan area, the major purpose of the present study was to corroborate them on a Midwestern university sample. A secondary purpose was to ascertain the factorial properties of three additional concepts: the Opinionation Scale, the Intellectual Rejection Scale, and the Intellectual Acceptance Scale, described below. SUBJECTS AND ADMINISTRATION A battery of 10 scales was administered to 153 native-born Ss in introductory psychology courses at Michigan State University in January, 1953. Since the E Scale contained items about Jews and Negroes, papers of students with these backgrounds were eliminated. Ss responded anonymously. Items from the scales were interspersed in random order in a single questionnaire and were responded to in terms of a +3 to -3 agreement-disagreement scale with the zero point excluded in order to force responses to the agree and disagree sides.
Mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation in dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Mitral regurgitation (MR) has long been known to accompany left ventricular dilatation, yet the underlying mechanism has been a source of controversy. Anular dilatation, lack of sphincteric contraction of the mitral valve ring and malalignment of the papillary muscles have all been considered possible etiologies. Chandraratna and Aronow 1 found that the dimensions of the mitral anulus, as measured by echocardiography in the 2-dimensional long-axis parasternal view, did not correlate with the clinical presence of MR in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Boltwood et al, 2 on the other hand, designed a spatial reconstruction of the mitral anulus using rotational cross-sectional echocardiography, and found that dilatation of the mitral anulus in cardiomyopathy was closely correlated with MR. In both studies, 1,2 the presence of MR was determined solely by auscultation. In another report of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, the mitral ring diameter and the degree of ring contraction measured echocardiographically did not correlate with the presence or absence of MR, which was detected on left ventriculography in 63% of patients. 3 In a study using both 2-dimensional and Doppler techniques, all subjects with cardiomyopathy were found to have MR and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was noted in 93%. 4 We designed this study to determine how frequently Doppler flow examination could detect MR or TR in patients with cardiomyopathy. In addition, we wanted to determine if the size of the mitral anulus by simple 2-dimensional measurements would correlate with the presence and severity of MR as detected by Doppler echocardiography.
Motor vehicle crashes and drivers with DAT

An increasing number of drivers with dementia is expected over the next few decades. From a public safety standpoint, there is concern that these drivers also will have an increased risk for motor vehicle crashes. This paper examines recent studies on motor vehicle crashes experienced by drivers with dementia and/or dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). These studies were analyzed for their common findings, strengths, and limitations. Many studies reveal an increased crash rate for drivers with DAT compared with nondemented older drivers. Studies suggest that 50% of DAT drivers stop driving within 3 years of the onset of disease, the risk for a motor vehicle crash increases with the duration of driving after disease onset, males are at increased risk for crashes, dementia severity does not correlate with risk for a crash, and additional medical conditions may further contribute to crash risk. Areas of focus for future studies in this field are discussed. Language: en