cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing, rate, and magnitude of slip on the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault, west central Arizona

We present thermochronologic and geochronologic data that constrain the slip history of the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault in west central Arizona, one of the largest extensional fault systems in the North American Cordillera. (U-Th)/He zircon and apatite thermochronology, integrated with 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of postdetachment volcanic rocks, indicate that large-magnitude extension associated with the detachment fault initiated at ~21–20 Ma and continued until ~12–11 Ma in the southwestern portion of the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex. (U-Th)/He footwall cooling ages from the breakaway zone in the western Bouse Hills to upper greenschist-facies mylonites in the southern Buckskin Mountains indicate that the slip rate on the detachment fault was 3 + 1.5/−1 km/Myr during the early Miocene. Space-time patterns of hanging wall tilting suggest that at 17–16 Ma, a secondary detachment fault breakaway developed ~12 km northeast of the primary detachment fault breakaway. Proximal conglomerates deposited in a supradetachment basin adjacent to the secondary breakaway scarp were displaced 6–11 km northeast in the middle Miocene by the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault at a slip rate of 1.2–2.7 km/Myr. The total displacement across the detachment fault in the southwestern portion of the core complex is 24 ± 10 km, well short of the previous estimate of 66 ± 8 km across the entire core complex. Based on these data and new observations, we propose that total displacement on the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault system increases in the slip direction to ~40–50 km at the northeastern end of the exposed footwall, corresponding to time-averaged slip rates that ranged from ~2 km/Myr to ≤6 km/Myr across the entire core complex.
Expansion of bone marrow neutrophils following G-CSF administration in mice results in osteolineage cell apoptosis and mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) within bone marrow (BM) niches are regulated by adhesion molecules and cytokines produced by mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MPC) and osteoblasts (OB). HSPCs that egresses to peripheral blood are widely used for transplant and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used clinically to induce mobilization. The mechanisms, through which G-CSF regulates HSPC trafficking, however, are not completely understood. Herein we show that G-CSF-driven neutrophil expansion alters the BM niche that leads to HSPC mobilization. Alcam(-)Sca-1(+)MPC and Alcam(+)Sca-1(-) OB are reduced coincident with mobilization, which correlates inversely with BM neutrophil expansion. In mice made neutropenic by the neutrophil-specific anti-Ly6G antibody, G-CSF-mediated reduction in MPC and OB is attenuated and mobilization reduced without an effect on monocytes/macrophages. Neutrophils, expanded in response to G-CSF-induced MPC and OB apoptosis leading to reduced production of BM HSPC retention factors, including stromal cell-derived factor-1, stem cell factor and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Blockade of neutrophil reactive oxygen species attenuates G-CSF-mediated MPC and OB apoptosis. These data show that the expansion of BM neutrophils by G-CSF contributes to the transient degradation of retention mechanisms within the BM niche, facilitating enhanced HSPC egress/mobilization.
An in vivo crosslinking approach to isolate protein complexes from Drosophila embryos.

Many cellular processes are controlled by multisubunit protein complexes. Frequently these complexes form transiently and require native environment to assemble. Therefore, to identify these functional protein complexes, it is important to stabilize them in vivo before cell lysis and subsequent purification. Here we describe a method used to isolate large bona fide protein complexes from Drosophila embryos. This method is based on embryo permeabilization and stabilization of the complexes inside the embryos by in vivo crosslinking using a low concentration of formaldehyde, which can easily cross the cell membrane. Subsequently, the protein complex of interest is immunopurified followed by gel purification and analyzed by mass spectrometry. We illustrate this method using purification of a Tudor protein complex, which is essential for germline development. Tudor is a large protein, which contains multiple Tudor domains - small modules that interact with methylated arginines or lysines of target proteins. This method can be adapted for isolation of native protein complexes from different organisms and tissues.
researching and developing Serious Games as Interactive Learning Instructions

As serious games gain momentum in the academic arena, no doubt more educators and instructional technologists will begin considering the possibility of making their own games for instruction. As developers of instructional resources, instructional technologists need to steer clear of producing more ‘video’ games, and instead, developing more ‘serious’ games that incorporate both learning and assessment. The research community needs to learn from tested processes and best practices to avoid repeating old mistakes. The model for serious game making presented in this article has been used successfully for the creation of an award winning project, and will now be shared for the benefits of fellow researchers, educators, and instructional technologists.
The alternative food movement in Japan: Challenges, limits, and resilience of the teikei system

The teikei movement is a Japanese version of the alternative food movement, which emerged around the late 1960s and early 1970s. Similar to now well-known Community Supported Agriculture, it is a farmer-consumer partnership that involves direct exchanges of organic foods. It also aims to build a community that coexists with the natural environment through mutually supportive relationships between farmers and consumers. This article examined the history of the teikei movement. The movement began as a reaction to negative impacts of mechanized and chemically intensive agriculture promoted by the Japanese government. The movement experienced a rapid expansion in the early 1980s, and then gradually declined thereafter. The organic market expansion and certification system intersected with both cultural and gender role changes, impacting the teikei movement negatively. Consequently, the membership of teikei consumer groups has shrunk. Furthermore, the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident caused unprece dented damage to organic farmers in the affected regions. Despite the scientific uncertain about the safety level of radiation exposure, the organic farmers and the teikei consumer groups managed the situation and found a way to inspect radiation contamination. They did so with the support by networking with other teikei-related actors. This response to the nuclear power plant accident suggests that although the level of embeddedness presumably varies among teikei actors, ethics guided by the teikei principles are effective in forging a resilient partnership between farmers and consumers and in keeping the teikei system alive as an agent for social change.
Two-mode squeezing of cavity fields

Two-mode squeezing of a cavity field interacting with a three-level \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type atom is found for a field initially in a coherent state. Some phenomena are revealed, such as two-mode squeezing weaker than single-mode squeezing due to the mode coupling, and periodic recovery of squeezed states caused by two-photon processes.
Images and Identity in Fifteenth‐Century Florence – By Patricia Lee Rubin

The author of this interdisciplinary study of fifteenth‐century Florence is an art historian. She writes in the preface of Images and Identity that she is “one among a number of art historians inte...
Learning the New Technologies: Strategies for Success

Educators of adults come to professional development in educational technology with many needs and concerns. The model presented in this chapter provides principles, insights, and strategies to meet these needs and prepare educators for lifelong learning in this challenging area.
II. Reduction of copper(II) by tetraethyllead. Evidence for ethyl radicals in acetic acid

Abstract Cupric acetate, triflate and chloride are readily reduced to the cuprous salts by tetraethyllead in acetic acid solutions. Cuprous salts are subsequently involved in the catalytic process described previously, to produce ethane by the acetolysis of more tetraethyllead. The stoichiometry of the reduction step requires the consumption of two Cu II for each triethyllead acetate produced. The ethyl group which is liberated in the process can be quantitatively accounted for as ethylene, ethyl acetate or ethyl chloride. The latter are identical to the products obtained from the oxidation of independently generated ethyl radicals by the same Cu II complexes. The reduction of Cu II is suggested to proceed by alkyl transfer from tetraethyllead to form a metastable ethylcopper(II) intermediate, which subsequently undergoes rapid homolysis. The liberated ethyl radicals are efficiently scavenged by Cu II . The relationship of these organocopper(II) intermediates to those previously generated by the alkylation of Cu II by a variety of other alkylating agents in aprotic media is discussed.
Advances in acute kidney injury associated with cardiac surgery: the unfolding revolution in early detection.

Cardiac surgery–associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is important because it remains common and serious. A major limitation in the management of CSA-AKI has been ongoing delayed diagnosis by standard clinical approaches, including serum creatinine and calculated glomerular filtration rate. Recent advances in the understanding of CSA-AKI have highlighted the utility of novel biomarkers that diagnose CSA-AKI within the first 24 hours. The biomarkers that have been evaluated in clinical trials include neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, kidney injury molecule 1 and interleukin-18. The biomarker with the greatest clinical promise is NGAL. Although it has multiple advantages over serum creatinine, it is still not the ideal biomarker for CSA-AKI. It is likely that a panel of early biomarkers will be developed to facilitate rapid and reliable detection of CSA-AKI, combining their different characteristics to optimize patient management. Future clinical trials likely will focus on whether these biomarkers predict adverse outcomes independent of serum creatinine fluctuations and whether therapies guided by biomarker profiles improve renal salvage and overall clinical outcomes. Given their clinical utility, these novel biomarkers have been evaluated beyond cardiac surgery for AKI in multiple clinical environments, including the emergency department, the operating room, the cardiac catheterization laboratory, and the intensive care unit. Their integration into clinical practice seems likely in the near future.
Sovereigns and citizens? The contested status of American Indian tribal nations and their members

American Indian tribal members are citizens of both tribal nations and the larger national body. Tribal nations' contemporary resurgence has made tribal citizenship politically visible, materially significant, and politically contested. Conflicts about tribal members' status are not merely racial or ethnic in character, but reflect fundamental tensions between settler societies and indigenous survivors who challenge national narratives and demand collective rights. Tribal members' dual citizenships and the conflict about them are the result of discordant federal policy legacies, tenacious tribal survival, and the erosion of racial barriers to citizenship. Differences between ethnonational tribal citizenship and republican-based US citizenship fuel public criticism in the context of widespread ignorance about treaties and tribal rights. Crucially, while legal and political dimensions of citizenship have been partly extended to tribal members, they remain excluded from the national identity.
Documentation of Information and Care Planning for Patients with Advanced Cancer: Associations with Patient Characteristics and Utilization of Hospital Care

Objective: We evaluated the association between patient characteristics, utilization of care, and documentation of information and care planning. Methods: We abstracted chart documentation for 238 ...
Double-Positive CD21+CD27+ B Cells Are Highly Proliferating Memory Cells and Their Distribution Differs in Mucosal and Peripheral Tissues

Background Several B-cell defects arise in HIV infected patients, particularly in patients with chronic infection and high viral load. Loss of memory B cells (CD27+ B cells) in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues is one of the major B cell dysfunctions in HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Despite several studies, definitive identification of memory B cells based on CD27 surface expression has not been described. Similarly, the rates of cell turnover in different B cell subpopulation from lymphoid and mucosal tissues have not been well documented. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of memory B cell populations and define their distribution, frequency and immunophenotype with regards to activation, proliferation, maturation, and antibody production in normal rhesus macaques from different lymphoid tissues.
Phase-space analysis of bursting behavior in Kolmogorov flow

Abstract PDE simulations for the Kolmogorov flow are analyzed in terms of phase-space concepts. The tool used is the proper orthogonal decomposition method which extracts coherent structures and prominent features of a random or turbulent dataset. We analyze a quasiperiodic regime and an intermittent regime. We derive two eigenfunctions that determine the dynamics and structure of the quasiperiodic case and find a third one associated with the unstable manifold of the bursts of the intermittent regime. Calculations are performed for streamfunction data and vorticity data which show substantial differences. It is argued that the streamfunction data demonstrate the low dimensional phase-space dynamics of the large scales whereas the vorticity data show an enstrophy cascade.
Analysis of a swallow homologue from Drosophila pseudoobscura.

We analyzed a functional homologue of the swallow gene from Drosophilapseudoobscura. The swallow gene of D. melanogaster plays an essential role in localizing bicoid mRNA in oocytes, and swallow mutant embryos show anterior pattern defects that result from the lack of localization of the bicoid morphogen. The pseudoobscura homologue rescues the function of swallow mutants when introduced into the genome of D. melanogaster, and its expression is similar to that of the melanogaster gene. The predicted pseudoobscura and melanogaster proteins are 49% identical and 69% conserved. The coiled-coil domain previously identified in the melanogaster swallow protein is strongly conserved in the pseudoobscura homologue, but the weak similarity of the melanogaster swallow protein to the RNP class of RNA-binding proteins is not conserved in the pseudoobscura homologue. These and other observations suggest a structural role for swallow in localizing bicoid mRNA, perhaps as part of the egg cytoskeleton.
ASSESSING THE LIKELIHOOD OF DRUNK DRIVING: GENDER, CONTEXT AND LIFESTYLE

ABSTRACT This study examines factors relevant to drinking and driving for separate sample of male and female American college students. Drawing on routine activity theory, direct measures of seven theoretical groups of possible influences on drunk driving are assessed. Findings clearly show that it is more important to consider opportunities and lifestyles, and not merely status indicators when assessing drunk driving probabilities. Most importantly, drunk driving likelihood is increased when students drink away from home. Persons who hold more tolerant views of illegal behavior (including drug use) are most likely to drink and drive. Males’ drunk driving likelihoods are influenced by their alcohol and drug consumption routines, participation in illegal behaviors and leisure activities. For females, drunk driving likelihood is contingent on alcohol and drug consumption routines, participation in minor forms of illegal behavior, leisure activities, and transportation routines.
Increasing lead burden correlates with externalized cables during systematic fluoroscopic screening of Riata leads

Purpose Riata and Riata ST defibrillator leads (St. Jude Medical, Sylmar, CA, USA) have been recalled due to increased risk of insulation failure leading to externalized cables. As this mechanical failure does not necessarily correlate with electrical failure, it can be difficult to diagnose. Fluoroscopic screening can identify insulation failure. Studies have suggested that insulation failure is predominantly seen in 8-Fr, single-coil models. Our patients have exclusively dual-coil leads and a high proportion of 7-Fr leads.
Study of the Polydispersity of Grafted Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Surfaces Using Single-Molecule Atomic Force Microscopy†

Single-molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the statistical distribution of contour lengths (polydispersity) of polymer chains grafted to a surface. A poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) monolayer was grafted on a flat silicon substrate by covalently bonding Cl-terminated PDMS (Mw = 15000−20000) to an OH−silicon surface and characterized using contact angle measurements, ellipsometry, and single-molecule AFM. A model for the single-chain dynamics is presented. The statistical distributions of the polymer contour lengths were found to depend on the concentration of the PDMS polymer used in the grafting solutions. Shifts of the statistical distributions toward higher contour lengths indicated preferential adsorption of longer chains with increasing PDMS:CH2Cl2 volume ratios of 0.005−0.16. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) profile was found to correlate with the most dilute (0.005 volume ratio) AFM data. The polydispersity index (PI) calculated using AFM data was found to be 1.56 compared...
Why Information? Choosing Committee Informativeness in U.S. State Legislatures

Using a new dataset drawn from American state legislatures, I modeled the informativeness of legislative committees as a choice over institutions. I found higher informativeness to be associated with better preparedness for information transfer, morepartisan chambers, and higher demand for information combined with greater incentives to control committee assignments. These associations shed light on congressional committee informativeness. A simple model of committee informativeness can predict the informativeness of the U.S. House's committees.
Features to Consider When Selecting New Ultrasound Imaging Systems

INTRODUCTION The selection of ultrasound imaging equipment is not a straightforward task. Many factors come into play, including image quality, workflow efficiency, ergonomics and system usability, and system serviceability. In this article, we focus on the selection of general imaging ultrasound scanners for use in radiology and describe our process for equipment selection. The involvement of radiologists, sonographers, medical physicists and technical services personnel, the inhouse equipment service group, and administrators in the equipment selection process is critical to achieving the best possible outcome. The first step in the process is assessment of the clinical practice in terms of commonly performed types of examinations, prevalence of portable imaging, mix of diagnostic work and procedures, resident or sonography student teaching, and the IT environment. This will help focus the practice’s needs for specific transducer models, imaging features, connectivity, and other capabilities. In the remainder of this article, we expand on the last two components of the selection process: evaluation of system features and in-house system evaluation.
Correlation effects in dilute particle-polymer mixtures

The influence of chain connectivity and polymer excluded volume correlations on macromolecule-induced depletion interactions between spherical particles in the athermal limit is analyzed based on integral equation methods. Results for the sphere–sphere second virial coefficient (B2cc) and polymer-induced potential of mean force derived within the Percus–Yevick (PY) and hypernetted chain (HNC) closure approximations for the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) are compared with those from prior theories for the depletion interaction which employ simplified models for macromolecules and/or ignore intermolecular packing effects. Distinctive differences are often found depending on system parameters, which are interpreted in terms of many-body correlation effects or nonathermal solvent quality. Comparisons with scaling and field-theoretic approaches in the dilute polymer limit, and limitations of the PY closure, are briefly addressed.
Using citrate-functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles to study the effect of particle size on zebrafish embryo toxicity

TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are photoactive, potentially producing toxicity in vivo in the presence of sunlight. We have previously demonstrated photodependent toxicity in zebrafish embryos exposed to TiO2 NPs. Here we investigate the effect of particle size on developing zebrafish exposed to 6, 12 and 15 nm citrate-functionalized anatase TiO2 NPs under either simulated sunlight illumination or in the dark. All three sizes of TiO2 NPs caused photo-dependent toxicity. Under simulated sunlight illumination, the acute toxicity of the 6 nm citrate-TiO2 NPs (120 h LC50 of 23.4 mg L−1) exceeded that of the 12 and 15 nm citrate-TiO2 NPs. Exposure to 6 nm particles under illumination also caused a higher incidence of developmental defects than the larger particles. These abnormalities included pericardial edema, yolk-sac edema, craniofacial malformation, and opaque yolk. To gain insight into the mechanisms of toxicity, we measured hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) generated by NPs in vitro and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in vivo. We found that on a mass basis, smaller particles generated higher levels of ROS both in vitro and in vivo, and the 6 nm citrate-TiO2 NPs induced more oxidative stress than larger particles in the zebrafish embryo. We examined oxidative DNA damage by measuring 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in zebrafish exposed to different-sized citrate-TiO2 NPs and found that 6 nm particles caused more DNA damage than did larger particles (12 and 15 nm) under illumination. Our results indicate a photo-dependent toxicity of citrate-TiO2 NPs to zebrafish embryos, with an inverse relationship between particle size and toxicity. Production of more ROS, resulting in more oxidative stress and more DNA damage, represents one possible mechanism of the higher toxicity of smaller citrate-TiO2 NPs. These results highlight the relationship between citrate-TiO2 NP size and toxicity/oxidative stress in developing zebrafish embryos.
Space-time modeling using environmental constraints in a mobile robot system

Grid-based models of a robot's local environment have been used by many researchers building mobile robot control systems. The attraction of grid-based models is their clear parallel between the internal model and the external world. However, the discrete nature of such representations does not match well with the continuous nature of actions and usually serves to limit the abilities of the robot. This work describes a spatial modeling system that extracts information from a grid-based representation to form a symbolic representation of the robot's local environment. The approach makes a separation between the representation provided by the sensing system and the representation used by the action system. Separation allows asynchronous operation between sensing and action in a mobile robot, as well as the generation of a more continuous representation upon which to base actions.
PTSD and marital satisfaction in military service members: Examining the simultaneous roles of childhood sexual abuse and combat exposure

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is relatively common and is associated with a multitude of negative outcomes in adulthood, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and lower marital satisfaction. However, CSA has been understudied in military samples. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relative contributions of CSA and combat exposure to PTSD and marital satisfaction. Two hundred eighteen National Guard/Reserve veterans who deployed overseas between 2001 and 2008 completed self-report measures of CSA, marital satisfaction, combat exposure, and PTSD symptom severity. Data were analyzed using linear regression and path analysis to evaluate a comprehensive model including all variables. CSA accounted for unique variance in PTSD symptom severity independent of combat exposure. CSA also had a negative direct association with marital satisfaction, independent of combat exposure and PTSD symptom severity. In contrast, combat exposure had only a negative indirect association with marital satisfaction via PTSD when all variables were examined simultaneously. CSA accounted for unique variance in both PTSD symptom severity and marital satisfaction in this sample of combat veterans. Clinically, results suggest that assessment and treatment of CSA is indicated for military veterans suffering from PTSD. Further, treatment of CSA may improve marital satisfaction, which may positively affect psychological functioning in the veteran.
Wideband spectral reconstruction via short-time modified chirp z-transform processing

In this paper the chirp z-transform is adapted for the spectral reconstruction of a wideband signal. Here, spectral reconstruction is based on the coherent and sequential processing of non-overlapping short-time segments. This approach eases hardware implementation in the presence of limited memory allocation and can provide savings in computational effort. In addition, it offers the flexibility of focusing the reconstruction of the spectrum on a narrow spectral band of interest.
Effect of bubble coalescence on throughflow velocity in a 2-D fluidized bed

Abstract A theoretical analysis is presented of the effect of bubble coalescence on throughflow gas velocity. In order to predict the motion of interacting two-dimensional circular bubbles, bubble velocity is approximated by adding to its rise velocity in isolation the velocity that the particulate phase would have at the position of the nose if the other bubble were absent. It is inferred that throughflow gas velocity is significantly increased during bubble interaction as compared with the case of single isolated bubbles. Also, it was found that a lateral motion of the rear bubble is induced if the interaction bubbles are not vertically aligned.
Neutron emission from actinide muonic atoms

The time distribution of neutrons from radiationless muonic transitions and muon capture has been measured for muonic /sup 232/Th /sup 235/U, /sup 238/U, /sup 237/Np, /sup 239/Pu, and /sup 242/Pu. Evidence is found for muon capture in fragments from prompt muon-induced fission. Muon-capture rates are deduced and compared to the prediction of the Goulard-Primakoff theory. Isotopic effects of the capture rate are found to be smaller than expected from the systematics. Ratios of GAMMA/sub n//GAMMA/sub f/ are deduced for radiationless transitions. No clear evidence is found for isomeric-state excitation in muonic cascade transitions.
Evidence for polygenic control of plasmodial fusion in Physarum polycephalum

THE vegetative phase of Myxomycetes (true slime moulds) is a macroscopic, multinucleate cell called a plasmodium. In many species, this structure characteristically has the capacity to migrate over solid surfaces, a feature which readily lends itself to the study of somatic compatibility. For example, when two plasmodia collide they may fuse or fail to do so, depending on whether or not they are genetically similar at certain loci1–5. In the two species studied so far, two somewhat different explanations have been offered. For Didymium iridis, a polygenic system with simple dominance at each locus has been proposed1–3, while a one locus, multiple allelic system with no dominance has been suggested for Physarum polycephalum4,5.
Stabilization of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor ion channel-FKBP12 complex by the 1,4-benzothiazepine derivative S107.

Activation of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1) complex results in the rapid release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and muscle contraction. Dissociation of the small FK506 binding protein 12 subunit (FKBP12) increases RyR1 activity and impairs muscle function. The 1,4-benzothiazepine derivative JTV519, and the more specific derivative S107 (2,3,4,5,-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-4-methyl-1,4-benzothiazepine), are thought to improve skeletal muscle function by stabilizing the RyR1-FKBP12 complex. Here, we report a high degree of nonspecific and specific low affinity [3H]S107 binding to SR vesicles. SR vesicles enriched in RyR1 bound ∼48 [3H]S107 per RyR1 tetramer with EC50 ∼52 µM and Hillslope ∼2. The effects of S107 and FKBP12 on RyR1 were examined under conditions that altered the redox state of RyR1. S107 increased FKBP12 binding to RyR1 in SR vesicles in the presence of reduced glutathione and the NO-donor NOC12, with no effect in the presence of oxidized glutathione. Addition of 0.15 µM FKBP12 to SR vesicles prevented FKBP12 dissociation; however, in the presence of oxidized glutathione and NOC12, FKBP12 dissociation was observed in skeletal muscle homogenates that contained 0.43 µM myoplasmic FKBP12 and was attenuated by S107. In single channel measurements with FKBP12-depleted RyR1s, in the absence and presence of NOC12, S107 augmented the FKBP12-mediated decrease in channel activity. The data suggest that S107 can reverse the harmful effects of redox active species on SR Ca2+ release in skeletal muscle by binding to RyR1 low affinity sites.
Die Störungsrechnung im Dienste der Quantentheorie. II. Die numerische Durchführung der Methode

Der Inhalt der § 1 bis 10 last sich in den folgenden Satzen zusammenfassen: 1. Es wurde gezeigt, das der physikalische Inhalt der Delaunayschen Methode in einer sukzessiven Approximation durch bedingt periodische Bewegungen besteht. 2. Es wurde ferner gezeigt, das auf jeder Stufe der Approximation zwei mogliche Falle zu unterscheiden sind. In dem einen ist die Bewegung des Systems in einer gewissen Variablen periodisch, im anderen fuhrt diese Variable Librationen aus. 3. In beiden Fallen wurden fur numerische Rechnungen geeignete Formeln zur Durchfuhrung des Approximationsverfahrens in der Quantentheorie gegeben. 4. Eine von Whittaker angegebene Modifikation der Delaunayschen Methode ist nur in dem einen (periodischen) Fall anwendbar und daher unvollstandig. 5. Die Delaunaysche Methode (in unserer Modifikation) liefert auf jeder Stufe der Approximation ganz automatisch die quantentheoretisch ausgezeichneten Koordinaten.
Preparation of clear solutions of reconstituted acetylcholinesterase Effect of ionic strength and lipid/protein ratio

The detergent-soluble globular dimer of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica was reconstituted through dialysis into preformed egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The formation of the enzyme-lipid complexes depended on the ionic strength of the dialysis buffer as well as the molar lipid/protein ratio (R). The enzyme was unstable at I less than 0.05; increasing the ionic strength increased the size of the complex. A too low R value (e.g. 1000) would promote self-aggregation of the enzyme and produce heterogeneous complexes, especially at high I values. On the other hand, a too high R value (e.g. greater than 5000) favored the formation of large enzyme-lipid complexes; their solutions were too turbid for optical studies. The enzyme reconstituted at I = 0.07 and R = 4000 gave a clear solution and showed no artifacts due to light scattering. The conformation based on circular dichroism and enzymatic activity of the detergent-soluble enzyme were unchanged upon reconstitution. The reconstituted enzyme in lipid vesicles seemed to be slightly more stable against thermal denaturation than the protein in sodium cholate solution.
Subacute radiation dermatitis from fluoroscopy during coronary artery stenting: Evidence for cytotoxic lymphocyte mediated apoptosis☆☆☆

A patient with fluoroscopy-induced subacute radiation dermatitis is described. Her biopsy specimen showed vacuolar change and necrotic keratinocytes with lymphocytes in direct apposition, or "satellitosis". Lymphocytes in the dermis and infiltrating the epidermis were predominantly CD8+ and a number of the lymphocytes stained for TIA-1, a cytotoxic granule protein in T-cells and natural killer cells, that appears to be involved in the induction of apoptosis. Our findings suggest cytotoxic lymphocyte mediated apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of subacute radiation dermatitis.
Bug of the Day: Reinforcing the importance of testing

Software engineering students typically dislike testing. In part this is due to the simplicity of the programming and design exercises in introductory computing courses - the payoff for thorough testing is not apparent. In addition, testing can be seen as tangential to what really matters: developing and documenting a design addressing the requirements, and constructing a system in conforming to the design. Such dismissive attitudes do not accord well with the realities of commercial software development. The cost of fixing, repairing and redistributing a flawed product can dwarf that of development. The Software Engineering Department at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) teaches (and requires) basic testing as part of its foundation courses in the first two years. In addition, it offers an upper division course on testing, giving an in-depth treatment of best-practice tools, techniques and processes. Recently we've incorporated a “Bug of the Day,” which serves to broaden student awareness of the cost of software flaws. Class discussions focus on the cost of the bug, its root causes, and how it might have been discovered and repaired prior to product release.
Algebraic theories of compact pospaces

Abstract Let CmptPoSp denote the category of compact pospaces with continuous monotone maps and let PoSet denote the category of partially ordered sets and monotone maps. In this paper we show that the forgetful functor G : CmptPoSp → PoSet is monadic; that is, G has a left-adjoint and CmptPoSp is isomorphic to the category of algebras PoSet B for the monad B on PoSet induced by the adjunction. This result, which is an asymmetric version of Manes' theorem, shows that the notion of compact pospace is algebraic in a precise sense and provides a useful tool for investigating the category CmptPoSp . As a corollary we obtain the theorem of Simmons and Wyler which says that CmptPoSp is also algebraic over the category of topological spaces and continuous maps. This makes explicit the connection between the Salbany and the prime Wallman compactifications. We also give an explicit construction—as the prime spectrum of the lattice of upper sets—of the Stone-Cech-Nachbin order compactification for a discrete ordered space.
Polymer microring resonators for high-sensitivity and wideband photoacoustic imaging

Polymer microring resonators have been exploited for high-sensitivity and wideband photoacoustic imaging. To demonstrate high-sensitivity ultrasound detection, highfrequency photoacoustic imaging of a 49-μm-diameter black bead at an imaging depth of 5 mm was imaged photoacoustically using a synthetic 2-D array with 249 elements and a low laser fluence of 0.35 mJ/cm2. A bandpass filter with a center frequency of 28 MHz and a bandwidth of 16 MHz was applied to all element data but without signal averaging, and a signalto- noise ratio of 16.4 dB was obtained. A wideband detector response is essential for imaging reconstruction of multiscale objects, e.g., various sizes of tissues, by using a range of characteristic acoustic wavelengths. A simulation of photoacoustic tomography of beads shows that objects with their boundaries characteristic of high spatial frequencies and the inner structure primarily of low spatial frequency components can be faithfully reconstructed using such a detector. Photoacoustic tomography experiments of 49- and 301-μm-diameter beads were presented. A high resolution of 12.5 μm was obtained. The boundary of a 301-μm bead was imaged clearly. The results demonstrated that the high sensitivity and broadband response of polymer microring resonators have potential for high resolution and high-fidelity photoacoustic imaging.
Damage in cement-based materials, studied by electrical resistance measurement

Real-time monitoring of a structural component gives information on the time and condition at which damage occurs, thereby facilitating the evaluation of the cause of the damage. Moreover, it provides information once damage occurs, thus enabling timely repair and hazard mitigation. Real-time monitoring also allows study of the damage evolution. This paper reviews the use of electrical resistance measurement to monitor damage in cementbased materials. This method is advantageous in its sensitivity to even minor, microscopic and reversible effects. Damage can occur within a cement-based material, at the interface between concrete and steel rebar, and at the interface between old concrete and new concrete (as encountered in the use of new concrete for repair of an old concrete structure). This paper addresses all three aspects of damage, whether the damage is due to static stress, dynamic stress, freeze–thaw cycling, creep or drying shrinkage. Moreover, monitoring during straining at various rates allows study of the effect of strain rate on the damage evolution. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Phase tuning by laser ablation of LiNbO/sub 3/ interferometric modulators to optimum linearity

Fast, accurate phase bias trimming of LiNbO/sub 3/ interferometric modulators by excimer laser ablation is reported. Phase angle measurements and correction were performed in situ on a previously fabricated, packaged modulator. Any angle can be precisely adjusted to 90 degrees (maximum linearity). Single-laser-pulse exposures on one interferometer arm caused changes in angle of 0.8-8 degrees , depending on laser fluence and the depth of the material removed. >
Salvaging the library of life

Salvaging the Library of Life The next century may well be dominated by the biological sciences. Both biotechnology and advancing medicine promise much. But consider: We have only begun the elementary counting and description of the world biota. Each species contains genetic variations of potential use, and at least of scientific interest. Although about 1.4 million species have been given scientific names, estimates of the total number of species range up to roughly 30 million, with some people guessing 100 million. This means we may very well not know the species diversity of the world flora and fauna to the nearest order of magnitude. Yet time is running out in which we can even catalog our living wealth. Very conservative estimates of the current extinction rate give roughly 5000 species lost annually, at least several species per day. Some suspect the true level may be 30,000 per year. And so we accelerate toward a calamity unparalleled in planetary history. The best known cause of present day species extinction is the cutting of tropical forests. They have lost about 55% of their original cover of, say, two centuries ago-and are shrinking at the rate of 1.8% per year. We now co-opt about 40% of plant growth worldwide, favoring monocultural crops, which must greatly affect genetic diversity. Given the blunt economic and cultural forces at work, even slowing the rate of destruction seems doubtful in the immediate future. Worse, the rate seems doomed to increase, since its ultimate cause is human activity, and human numbers and expectations grow apace. To improve the economic lot of a swelling human tropical population would require at least a five-fold increase in economic activity there, bringing a crushing load on the already strained biosphere. Other biological zones such as coral reefs and oceanic islands also dwindle at alarming rates. Because warmer regions host the greatest species diversity, losses are most severe in precisely the tropical continents where our own numbers swell so alarmingly. Everywhere there are calls for a halt to tropical deforestation. In October 1991, I gave a reasonably optimistic speech about our future at California Institute of Technology’s Centennial Celebration. It was a festive occasion, studded with Nobel Prize winners, amusing stories, wry wisdom-a testament to the rise of science and technology in our era. Gregory Emford, Department of Physics, University of Cdifomia, Irvine, CA 92717 Jcwmaf of Social and fiolmionar9 S9mn.s 16(4jz367-374 ISSN: 016L7361 Copyright 0 1993 by JAI Press, Inc. AU rights of ~cproduction in soy form fwmai.
Alchemy and Christianity in the Middle Ages

This essay discusses recent research in the study of medieval alchemy that bears upon its relationship to Christianity in the Latin West. Much of this scholarship has emerged from a renewed understanding of alchemy’s proto-scientific character and its significant ties to the modern science of chemistry. The insistence that medieval alchemy’s primary aim was the study and manipulation of physical substances has encouraged a reappraisal of its religious aspects. This reappraisal surely begins with the admission that many medieval alchemical texts contain no religious elements at all. And for those that do, religiosity must be considered an outgrowth of both the preoccupation of alchemy with the material world as well as the religious cultures in which alchemical texts emerged.
Scientific Discovery, Social Change, and Individual Behavior Change

Scientific discoveries and technological advances are achieved through the expenditure of human and material resources. Clinical research and program development in mental health services are no exceptions. In the present rejoinder to Dr. Wakefield’s second critique, this point is briefly discussed as well as fallacies in his claim that across-setting generalization was the main reason why behavioral programs have not been more widely utilized in the treatment of psychosis.
Comparison of the Hedonic General Labeled Magnitude Scale with the Hedonic 9‐Point Scale

The hedonic 9-point scale was designed to compare palatability among different food items; however, it has also been used occasionally to compare individuals and groups. Such comparisons can be invalid because scale labels (for example, "like extremely") can denote systematically different hedonic intensities across some groups. Addressing this problem, the hedonic general Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS) frames affective experience in terms of the strongest imaginable liking/disliking of any kind, which can yield valid group comparisons of food palatability provided extreme hedonic experiences are unrelated to food. For each scale, 200 panelists rated affect for remembered food products (including favorite and least favorite foods) and sampled foods; they also sampled taste stimuli (quinine, sucrose, NaCl, citric acid) and rated their intensity. Finally, subjects identified experiences representing the endpoints of the hedonic gLMS. Both scales were similar in their ability to detect within-subject hedonic differences across a range of food experiences, but group comparisons favored the hedonic gLMS. With the 9-point scale, extreme labels were strongly associated with extremes in food affect. In contrast, gLMS data showed that scale extremes referenced nonfood experiences. Perceived taste intensity significantly influenced differences in food liking/disliking (for example, those experiencing the most intense tastes, called supertasters, showed more extreme liking and disliking for their favorite and least favorite foods). Scales like the hedonic gLMS are suitable for across-group comparisons of food palatability.
Simultaneous fitting of Mars Mössbauer data

Mossbauer spectra acquired by the Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) often have low statistics with overlapped component spectra, making it difficult to fit individual spectra for all hyperfine or other parameters. When a set of spectra is complementary in the sense that components are weak in one and strong in another, analyzing the spectra simultaneously (simfitting them) while equating or relating parameters among the spectra will reduce parameter correlations and can lead to convergence of otherwise unfittable spectra. We apply an author-written Windows-based Mossbauer data fitting program to three cases from the MER data set to demonstrate the capabilities and advantages of the simfit method.
Can Conditioning on the “Past Hypothesis” Militate Against the Reversibility Objections?*

In his recent book, Time and Chance, David Albert claims that by positing that there is a uniform probability distribution defined, on the standard measure, over the space of microscopic states that are compatible with both the current macrocondition of the world, and with what he calls the “past hypothesis”, we can explain the time asymmetry of all of the thermodynamic behavior in the world. The principal purpose of this paper is to dispute this claim. I argue that Albert’s proposal fails in his stated goal—to show how to use the time‐reversible dynamics of Newtonian physics to “underwrite the actual content of our thermodynamic experience” (Albert 2000, 159). Albert’s proposal can satisfactorily explain why the overall entropy of the universe as a whole is increasing, but it does not and cannot explain the increasing entropy of relatively small, relatively short‐lived systems in energetic isolation without making use of a principle that leads to reversibility objections.
Ecological effects of large fires on US landscapes: benefit or catastrophe?

The perception is that today's large fires are an ecological catastrophe because they burn vast areas with high intensities and severities. However, little is known of the ecological impacts of large fires on both historical and contemporary landscapes. The present paper presents a review of the current knowledge of the effects of large fires in the United States by important ecosystems written by regional experts. The ecosystems are (1) ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir, (2) sagebrush-grasslands, (3) pinon-juniper, (4) chaparral, (5) mixed-conifer, and (6) spruce-fir. This review found that large fires were common on most historical western US landscapes and they will continue to be common today with exceptions. Sagebrush ecosystems are currently experiencing larger, more severe, and more frequent large fires compared to historical conditions due to exotic cheatgrass invasions. Historical large fires in south-west ponderosa pine forest created a mixed severity mosaic dominated by non-lethal surface fires while today's large fires are mostly high severity crown fires. While large fires play an important role in landscape ecology for most regions, their importance is much less in the dry pinon-juniper forests and sagebrush-grasslands. Fire management must address the role of large fires in maintaining the health of many US fire-dominated ecosystems.