cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered EGFR localization and degradation in human breast cancer cells with an amphiregulin/EGFR autocrine loop.

Abstract The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligand amphiregulin (AR) have been shown to be co-over expressed in breast cancer. We have previously shown that an AR/EGFR autocrine loop is required for SUM149 human breast cancer cell proliferation, motility and invasion. We also demonstrated that AR can induce these altered phenotypes when expressed in the normal mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A, or by exposure of these cells to AR in the medium. In the present studies, we demonstrate that SUM149 cells and immortalized human mammary epithelial MCF10A cells that over express AR (MCF10A AR) or are cultured in the presence of exogenous AR, express higher levels of EGFR protein than MCF10A cells cultured in EGF. Pulse–chase analysis showed that EGFR protein remained stable in the presence of AR, yet was degraded in the presence of EGF. Consistent with this observation, tyrosine 1045 on the EGFR, the c-cbl binding site, exhibited less phosphorylation following stimulation with AR than following stimulation with EGF. Ubiquitination of the receptor was also dramatically less following stimulation with AR than following stimulation with EGF. Flow cytometry analysis showed that EGFR remained on the cell surface following stimulation with AR but was rapidly internalized following stimulation with EGF. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy confirmed the flow cytometry results. EGFR in MCF10A cells cultured in the presence of EGF exhibited a predominantly intracellular, punctate localization. In stark contrast, SUM149 cells and MCF10A cells growing in the presence of AR expressed EGFR predominantly on the membrane and at cell–cell junctions. We propose that AR alters EGFR internalization and degradation in a way that favors accumulation of EGFR at the cell surface and ultimately leads to changes in EGFR signaling.
The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus: Firsts in androgen-dependent neural sex differences

Cell number in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) of rats was the first neural sex difference shown to differentiate under the control of androgens, acting via classical intracellular androgen receptors. SNB motoneurons reside in the lumbar spinal cord and innervate striated muscles involved in copulation, including the bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA). SNB cells are much larger and more numerous in males than in females, and the BC/LA target muscles are reduced or absent in females. The relative simplicity of this neuromuscular system has allowed for considerable progress in pinpointing sites of hormone action, and identifying the cellular bases for androgenic effects. It is now clear that androgens act at virtually every level of the SNB system, in development and throughout adult life. In this review we focus on effects of androgens on developmental cell death of SNB motoneurons and BC/LA muscles; the establishment and maintenance of SNB motoneuron soma size and dendritic length; BC/LA muscle morphology and physiology; and behaviors controlled by the SNB system. We also describe new data on neurotherapeutic effects of androgens on SNB motoneurons after injury in adulthood.
Studies of dynamic crack propagation and crack branching with peridynamics

In this paper we discuss the peridynamic analysis of dynamic crack branching in brittle materials and show results of convergence studies under uniform grid refinement (m-convergence) and under decreasing the peridynamic horizon (δ-convergence). Comparisons with experimentally obtained values are made for the crack-tip propagation speed with three different peridynamic horizons. We also analyze the influence of the particular shape of the micro-modulus function and of different materials (Duran 50 glass and soda-lime glass) on the crack propagation behavior. We show that the peridynamic solution for this problem captures all the main features, observed experimentally, of dynamic crack propagation and branching, as well as it obtains crack propagation speeds that compare well, qualitatively and quantitatively, with experimental results published in the literature. The branching patterns also correlate remarkably well with tests published in the literature that show several branching levels at higher stress levels reached when the initial notch starts propagating. We notice the strong influence reflecting stress waves from the boundaries have on the shape and structure of the crack paths in dynamic fracture. All these computational solutions are obtained by using the minimum amount of input information: density, elastic stiffness, and constant fracture energy. No special criteria for crack propagation, crack curving, or crack branching are used: dynamic crack propagation is obtained here as part of the solution. We conclude that peridynamics is a reliable formulation for modeling dynamic crack propagation.
Visual thresholds measured with color video monitors

We describe the types of threshold measurement that can be made by using a circular test spot whose colorimetric, temporal, and spatial parameters can be varied. Examples are given of the application of a number of these tests to studies of normal and clinical vision.
An evaluation of the factors that affect the health-related quality of life of children following myelosuppressive chemotherapy.

Purpose The purposes of this study, in children who were assessed 1 week after the administration of myelosuppressive chemotherapy were: to compare the total and subscale scores on a generic measure of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) to normative data from healthy children and describe the relationships between demographic, clinical, and symptom characteristics of children with cancer and generic and disease-specific dimensions of HRQOL.
Biochemical analysis of cultured chorionic villi for the prenatal diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders: biochemical thresholds and molecular sensitivity for maternal cell contamination detection

Objectives: The prenatal diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders is most often performed by biochemical analysis of cultured chorionic villus sample (CVS) or amniocytes. We aimed to ( a ) highlight the risk of maternal cell contamination (MCC) in biochemical prenatal diagnosis, ( b ) establish the threshold of these biochemical assays to MCC, and ( c ) document the sensitivity of PCR based genotyping of microsatellites for the detection of MCC in prenatal diagnosis of inborn errors by biochemical analysis. Methods: The threshold of each biochemical assay was assessed by co-cultivating fibroblasts from known affected and normal individuals. Genotypes for three polymorphic loci were determined by PCR and GeneScan analysis. The sensitivity of the molecular test was determined by DNA mixing experiments and isolation of DNA from co-cultivated fibroblasts. Results: MCC was detected in 2.5% of at risk CVS cultures (n = 79). Co-cultivation of defective and normal fibroblasts demonstrated that the peroxisomal biochemical assays were accurate at 25% contamination. Very low level DNA or cell contamination (1–5%) was detectable by genotyping, but an allele did not yield a definitive peak based on morphology until ∼10% contamination. Furthermore, we demonstrated that other inborn errors of metabolism might be more susceptible to diagnostic error by low level MCC. Conclusion: The sensitivity of the microsatellite analysis (⩾10%) is well within the threshold of peroxisomal biochemical assays. Although peroxisomal biochemical assays would not be predicted to introduce a false positive or negative result if MCC
Direct measurement of transmission loss of aircraft structures using the acoustic intensity approach

A measurement technique is developed in order to obtain the sound transmission loss of an aircraft fuselage which obviates the need for the two-room transmission suite. The sound transmission paths were determined in tests on a light aircraft fuselage using a two-microphone acoustic intensity method for measuring the acoustic intensity transmitted to the interior when the fuselage was exposed to an external random incidence sound-field. The intensity transmitted through different sections of the fuselage can be estimated accurately using this new technique. Results of these tests show that the plexiglass window is the major transmission path in the high frequency range. In addition, the transmission losses through a single and a double layer window were predicted theoretically by using the Statistical Energy Analysis Model. Very good agreement is found between the predictions and the measurements.
Partnership for a nurse practitioner-directed student health primary care center

Since 1991, the George Mason University Student Health Center (SHC) has been a primary health care center directed by College of Nursing and Health Science (CNHS) nurse practitioner (NP) faculty. This model was planned and implemented through a partnership between the CNHS and Student Services. From September 1991 until the present, the number of student visits has more than doubled, and the offered services have tripled without a comparable increase in budget and with minimal expansion of space. The student population now has access to comprehensive quality primary care services on-site at a relatively small investment per student. The focus of care goes beyond simply managing current health care needs by emphasizing prevention of future health problems, wellness, and quality of life. In addition, negotiations with surrounding specialists have resulted in a prompt and cost-effective referral system as needed by conditions exceeding the capabilities of the SHC providers. Responses to student surveys regarding the quality, availability, and cost of care, as well as the process involved in receiving that care, indicate the highest level of satisfaction among students using these services. The CNHS has a fertile, convenient faculty practice site as well as several clinical placements for NP as well as undergraduate students. This NP faculty-directed SHC offers a cost-effective, consumer-responsive alternative for delivering primary care services to the members of the university community.
Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) Activation by Nitric Oxide May Be Responsible for Synergistic Cytotoxicity from Combined Nitric Oxide (NO) and Hyperoxia (HYP)

Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) Activation by Nitric Oxide May Be Responsible for Synergistic Cytotoxicity from Combined Nitric Oxide (NO) and Hyperoxia (HYP)
The Use of Clonidine in the Treatment of Nightmares among Patients with Co-Morbid PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective:To describe the successful treatment of PTSD associated nightmares in two patients with PTSD.Case Summaries:The report of the successful use of clonidine to treat PTSD associated nightmares among two Veterans following combat exposure.Discussion:Clonidine, a centrally acting alpha-agonist agent used to treat hypertension, stimulates alpha-adrenoreceptors in the brain stem. This action results in reduced sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system. We hypothesize that this central mechanism of action is why clonidine may be more effective in treating nightmares among patients with PTSD when compared with other agents.Conclusion:Clonidine should be considered as an alternative in the treatment of nightmares among patients with PTSD.
Suppression of pituitary-adrenal activity and shock-induced fighting in rats.

Abstract The effect on shock-induced fighting behavior in adult male rats of an implant of 250 ± 25 μg crystalline hydrocortisone acetate in the median eminence of the hypothalamus was investigated. No behavioral differences were found between the eight pairs of hydrocortisone-implanted and sham-implanted animals. Measures of plasma corticosterone prior to testing and immediately following the last fighting session and adrenal and pituitary weights at autopsy showed a complete suppression of pituitary-adrenal activity in the experimental group. Mediation of agonistic behavior by ACTH and corticoids previously reported was not confirmed in this test situation.
Ethnic minority radio in the United States

The analysis details the distribution of minority‐owned radio stations in the continental United States. In an effort to characterize the role and format of such stations, an African American, Native American, and Latino station are singled out for further analysis.
A unique minute-rough colonial variant of Candida albicans

A heretofore undescribed minute-rough colonial variant has been isolated from cultures of a red, adenine auxotroph ofCandida albicans, strain WC—7. The variant has been detected only in WC—7 populations which are propagated at 37° C on very low concentrations of adenine. It produces colonies much smaller than those of WC—7 at both 25° C and 37° C on defined media containing either ammonium ion or casein hydrolysate as nitrogen sources. On ammonium nitrogen, young variant colonies are smooth and contain only typical yeast cells. While colonies which grow at 37° C retain these characteristics upon extended incubation, those growing at 25° C progressively roughen due to extensive development of pseudohyphae as the glucose levels in their vicinities decline. Under comparable conditions, colonies of the parental strain WC—7 remain smooth and free of pseudohyphae, Supplementing the medium with large amounts of glucose, intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle or any one of several amino acids biosynthetically derived from intermediates of oxidative respiration prevents formation of pseudohyphae by the variant without significantly affecting its growth rate. Genetically, the variant is unstable and reverts frequently to a stable, rapidly growing form apparently identical to strain WC—7. Evidence is presented indicating that, under certain circumstances, variant cells can exercise a contact-inhibition of the growth of their revertants. Possible physiological bases of the variriant's cultural properties are discussed.
Independent isomer yield ratio of 90Rb from thermal neutron fission of 235U.

The independent isomer yield ratio for $^{90}\mathrm{Rb}$ from thermal neutron fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ has been measured by use of a new technique involving a pulsed reactor and an on-line mass spectrometer facility. The apparent isomer yield ratio was measured for several ion collection time intervals of different durations and extrapolated to zero collection time to eliminate interference from $^{90}\mathrm{Kr}$ decay. The observed independent isomer yield ratio of 8.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 for ${(}^{90}$${\mathrm{Rb}}^{\mathrm{m}}$${)/\mathrm{}}^{90}$${\mathrm{Rb}}^{\mathrm{g}}$) is one of the largest ratios measured for a low energy fission process. However, a statistical model analysis shows that the average angular momentum (〈J〉=4.5) deduced from this isomer yield ratio is consistent with average angular momentum for several other products from low energy fission.
The Peroxynitrite Generator, SIN-1, Becomes a Nitric Oxide Donor in the Presence of Electron Acceptors

SIN-1 has been used, in vitro, to simultaneously generate nitric oxide (*NO) and superoxide (O*-2). However, the pharmacological activity of SIN-1 resembles that of a *NO donor. SIN-1 decays by a three-step mechanism. After initial isomerization to an open ring form, SIN-1A reduces oxygen by a one-electron transfer reaction to give O*-2 and the SIN-1 cation radical, which decomposes to form SIN-1C and *NO. Here we report that one-electron oxidizing agents, in addition to oxygen, can oxidize SIN-1A, resulting in the release of *NO without the concomitant formation of O*-2. We demonstrate that easily reducible nitroxides, such as the nitronyl and imino nitroxides, are able to oxidize SIN-1. Biological oxidizing agents such as ferricytochrome c also stimulate *NO production from SIN-1. In addition, decomposition of SIN-1 by human plasma or by the homogenate of rat liver, kidney, and heart tissues results in the formation of *NO. Our findings suggest that SIN-1 may react with heme proteins and other electron acceptors in biological systems to produce *NO. Thus, at the relatively low in vivo oxygen concentrations, SIN-1 is likely to behave more like an *NO donor than a peroxynitrite donor. The relevance of this reaction to myocardial protection afforded by SIN-1 in ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury is discussed.
Unraveling the enigma: the role of melatonin in seasonal processes in birds.

Birds, unlike mammals, do not use the annual profile of pineal melatonin secretion to coordinate their reproductive efforts with a favorable time of year. Melatonin in birds mediates the entrainment of circadian activity rhythms, and thus helps to time hatching of eggs and facilitate migration. However, the role of melatonin as a reliable indicator of day length for seasonal processes has remained equivocal for many years. Recently, the influence of melatonin on two physiological processes involved in aspects of seasonal reproduction has been identified in European starlings: 1) the regulation of seasonal changes in immune function, and 2) neuroplasticity in the song control system. Melatonin can enhance cell-mediated immune function and acts as an inhibitory hormone on the song control system. Melatonin receptor (MelR) density in a forebrain song control nucleus, Area X, is regulated as a function of reproductive state; there is marked downregulation of MelR in Area X during the breeding season in starlings. Seasonal regulation of immune function and neural plasticity within the song control system, and the efficacy of the action of melatonin on these two processes, appears to be modified by the same central, thyroid-dependent mechanism that controls the reproductive state of birds. These data indicate that the interaction of day length and hormones of different classes affects the ability of melatonin to affect seasonal processes in birds. The downstream consequences of MelR regulation within the song control system are discussed with regard to the cellular action of melatonin and its possible interaction with immediate-early genes and transcription factors.
The Myth of Rhetoric: Korax and the Art of Pollution

This article reconsiders the debate over the origins of rhetoric by the historical reconstructionists and neosophists beginning in the 1990s. It contends that both are misled by relying only upon texts overtly identified as “rhetorical theory” and suggests that other ancient sources offer significant insights into the “origins” and contemporary theorizing of rhetoric. It examines the legend of Corax and Tisias, arguing that the narrative of rhetoric's originator is folkloric expression intimately related to other narratives of the korax—“raven”—in natural histories and myths of Apollo. It concludes by theorizing rhetoric as a “koractic” art of pollution.
Delayed Recovery From Lithium Neurotoxicity

Recovery from lithium-induced neurotoxicity can take much longer than the 2 to 3 weeks previously reported. Contributing factors could include advanced age and underlying clinical or subclinical br...
Beta-lactam antibiotics prevent Salmonella-mediated bovine encephalopathy regardless of the β-lactam resistance status of the bacteria

This study assessed the capacity of β-lactam antibiotics to prevent salmonella-mediated encephalopathy in calves given the putative neuroprotective effects of these drugs of increasing glutamate export from the brain. Both ampicillin and ceftiofur prevented the development of encephalopathy despite resistance of the inoculated Salmonella enterica serovar Saint-Paul isolate to both drugs. A glutamate receptor antagonist also prevented this salmonella-mediated encephalopathy. Glutamate exporters were hyper-expressed in the presence of β-lactam antibiotics while a glutamate export inhibitor obviated the effects of these antibiotics, demonstrating a neuroprotective effect through glutamate export from the brain. The findings indicate that β-lactam antibiotics remain an important treatment option for this atypical form of bovine salmonellosis.
Material Processing Simulation Using a Meshfree Method

In this paper, material processing simulation is carried out using a meshfree method. The domain of the workpiece is discretized using the Lagrangian Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM) where no external meshes are used. The proposed method is formulated for path-dependent material behavior and frictional contact condition. In order to handle large deformation problems, a finite plasticity theory is formulated based on the multiplicative decomposition. The presented formulation is characterized by specifying the elastic domain via any classical yield criterion formulated in terms of Kirchhoff stresses, and a hyperelastic stored energy function relative to the intermediate configuration. A numerical example is demonstrated using the proposed method.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Retinoic acid signaling at sites of plasticity in the mature central nervous system.

We used transgenic reporter mice to determine whether brain regions that respond to retinoic acid (RA) during development do so in maturity. We focused on two prominent sites of embryonic RA signaling: the dorsal spinal cord and the olfactory bulb. In the mature dorsal spinal cord, expression of a direct repeat 5 RA response element (DR5-RARE) transgene is seen in interneurons in laminae I and II, as well as in ependymal cells around the central canal. In the olfactory bulb, DR5-RARE transgene-expressing neurons are seen in the mature granule cell and periglomerular layers, as well as in cells in the subventricular zone of the forebrain-the established source for newly generated granule and periglomerular neurons. In addition, there are transgene-labeled neurons in a small number of other brain regions. These include the spinal trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, habenula, amygdala, and the cerebral cortex. Thus, a distinct type of RA-mediated gene expression, detected with the DR5-RARE reporter transgene, defines neurons, subependymal, or ependymal cells in discrete locations throughout the neuraxis. Some of these cells--particularly those in the spinal cord and olfactory bulb--are found in central nervous system regions that receive local RA signals early in development, and retain a significant amount of functional or structural plasticity in the adult.
Broadband infrastructure investment in stimulus packages : relevance for developing countries

The world economy has entered a major downturn caused by the biggest financial crisis since the 1930s. Financial crises tend to hit investment in infrastructure particularly hard. As the global recession unfolds, government revenue is shrinking as fiscal receipts diminish and yet there are demands for spending on social safety nets to increase. Private sector flows in infrastructure are also usually highly pro-cyclical and access to private capital is diminishing as a result of the financial crisis. This note summarizes broadband initiatives of selected Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries recently launched during the economic downturn and argue that it is also relevant for developing countries as part of their economic recovery plans or of overall development strategies. It then presents several principles for policy makers in developing countries to reflect on when considering public investment in broadband.
Applying a Warfighter-Centric System Design Process to a Department of Defense Acquisition Program

This case study describes a user-centered system design process that was undertaken by a team of multidisciplinary engineers supporting the Joint Tactical Radio System Handheld, Manpack and Small Form Fit Program. Motivated by the need to manage the risk associated with designing a compact, software-programmable radio to meet the diverse needs of the joint forces, the team applied cognitive engineering methods at key points during the system development and demonstration phase of the acquisition process. To make sound, data-driven design decisions, the team conducted four research efforts with warfighters to understand their tactical communication needs and the impact that proposed designs would have on mission and individual performance. Key insights and lessons learned from the application of cognitive engineering methods during the process and their impact on system design are discussed.
Sustained upregulation in embryonic spinal neurons of a Kv3.1 potassium channel gene encoding a delayed rectifier current.

Differentiation of electrical excitability entails changes in the currents that generate action potentials in spinal neurons of Xenopus embryos, resulting in reduced calcium entry during impulses generated at later stages of development. A dramatic increase in delayed rectifier current (IKv) during the first day of development plays the major role in this process. Identification of potassium channel genes responsible for the increase in IKv is critical to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved. Several members of the Shaw Kv3 gene subfamily encode delayed rectifier currents, indicating that they could contribute to the upregulation of IKv that reduces the duration of action potentials. We isolated a Xenopus (x) Kv3.1 gene whose expression is restricted to the central nervous system, which is upregulated throughout the period during which IKv develops in vivo. The fraction of neurons in which transcripts of this gene are detected by single-cell RT-PCR increases to 40% with time in culture, paralleling the development of IKv in neurons in vitro. Expression of xKv3.1 mRNA generates a delayed rectifier potassium current in oocytes, suggesting that xKv3.1 contributes to the maturation of IKv and shortening of the action potential. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 42: 347–356, 2000
Differential Response of Normal (PrEC) and Cancerous Human Prostate Cells (PC-3) to Phenethyl Isothiocyanate-Mediated Changes in Expression of Antioxidant Defense Genes

Purpose The present study was undertaken to test a hypothesis that differential sensitivity of normal and cancerous human prostate cells to prooxidant effect of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is determined by altered expression of antioxidant defense genes.
Human Systems Integration Modeling Using Systems Modeling Language

The total systems approach focuses on human performance and ensures capabilities, limitations and risks are identified and managed throughout the system development lifecycle. HSI is the process to...
Effect of clouds and dust storms on the sky radiation exchange for buildings located in hot–dry climates

This article evaluates the impact of effective sky temperatures on building radiation exchange under clear, cloudy, and dusty conditions for extremely hot and dry climates. In part, a dusty sky temperature model has been introduced as a function of atmospheric aerosol optical depth. The sky radiative exchange was evaluated using a one-dimensional transient heat transfer model with numerical calculations performed using the fully implicit finite-difference method. The newly available ASHRAE 2013 clear sky model was evaluated and implemented to calculate the hourly incident solar radiation for a horizontal roof under the extremely hot–dry climate conditions of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results showed that in clear sky conditions, sky longwave radiation contributes to a reduction of the total heat gain. A daily mean clear sky cooling around 2645 and 2385 W-hr/m2 was estimated for July and January, respectively. In contrast, cloud and dust covers increase effective sky temperature and diminish the role of sky rad...
How the Auditor-Client Relationship Affects the Extent of Value-Added Service Provided to the Client

SUMMARY : This article summarizes our recent study, “Auditor Commitment to Privately Held Clients and its Effect on Value-Added Audit Service” (Herda and Lavelle 2013), which examines how the relationship between individual auditors and their clients affects the extent of value-added services that clients receive. Based on a survey of 204 auditors at two public accounting firms, we find that the auditor-client relationship, measured in terms of the auditor's commitment to the client (i.e., client commitment), develops in response to auditor perceptions of fair treatment and support received from the client. Higher levels of client commitment lead to more value-added services (e.g., management letter comments). The results indicate that auditors' perceptions of client fairness are essential in building strong auditor-client relationships. Stronger relationships yield greater levels of service that go beyond the core audit requirements.
Implications of the National Science Education Standards for Higher Education

The Standards should be read by all professional educators and by those connected to the Nation's schools in any way; in short, they should be chewed, swallowed, and digested by all Americans.
Multiple systems failure and circulatory support

As our knowledge of and capabilities in surgery improve, the problems that we encounter change. We have learned to better support the circulation and the heart, the kidneys, the lungs and other organs in patients after trauma or after operation and failure of any one of these organs alone has been less of a problem. In the early 1970's, there was a simultaneous or sequential development of problems or failure of several organs. We called this syndrome multiple, progressive or sequential systems or organ failure (MOF). It is truly a syndrome related to surgical progress. By defining the problem and developing an understanding of it, we can better prevent its occurrence and increase the survival and well-being of those under our care. Common factors in patients who develop this syndrome include some or all of following: A) A multiple systems injury or extensive soft tissue injury and/or a major or extensive operation. These can lead to MOF, even in a previously normal patient. In patients with limited systems such as with prior vascular disease or emphysema, the problem is intensified. B) A period of shock accompanying the injury or operation and/or later circulatory instability with a marginal cardiac output. C) Requirement for multiple and perhaps continuous blood transfusions. D) Renal injury or an alteration in renal blood flow that may not be evident initially. E) Marginal ventilatory function with atelectasis, aspiration, fat embolism or other problems. F) Early problems such as continued or recurrent bleeding requiring reoperation, large hematomas, tissue necrosis, peritoneal contamination, pulmonary injury or head injury. G) Catabolism with all of its attendant problems. H) Failure of rapid return of gastrointestinal function and discontinuation of intravenous infusions to enable oral intake and spontaneous adequate ventilation for extubation. I) There are often clinical or technical errors or problems such as a leaking anastomosis or wound separation. J) Depressed host resistance leading to invasive sepsis or abscesses. As this occurs, ventilatory failure ensues or there is a worsening of previously abnormal ventilation, right heart failure secondary to increased pulmonary vascular resistance or myocardial depression with increased venous pressure, progressive evidence of hepatic failure with a rising bilirubin, renal failure and problems with an altered sensorium, coagulation and stress ulceration. The key factor in most reports on this problem has been infection. Attention to the problems of cell injury and a better definition of changes in host resistance, the relationship fsepsisto to pulmonary, renal and hepatic failure and other organ relationships should help to prevent this problem. The injured or surgically-treated patient who has experienced a severe metabolic insult may have multiple systems or organ failure. Careful evaluation, a well-planned operative procedure, and excellent supportive postoperative care with elimination of clinical or technical errors and prevention of sepsis should result in survival of most of these patients.
Observer design for stochastic nonlinear systems using contraction analysis

This paper presents a new observer for Ito stochastic nonlinear systems with guaranteed stability. Contraction analysis is used to analyze incremental stability of the observer for an Ito stochastic nonlinear system. A bound on the mean squared distance between the trajectories of original dynamics and the observer dynamics is obtained as a function of contraction rate and maximum noise intensity. The observer design is based on non-unique state-dependent coefficient (SDC) forms which parametrize the nonlinearity in an extended linear form. In this paper, a convex combination of several parametrizations is used. An optimization problem with state-dependent linear matrix inequality (SDLMI) constraints is formulated to select the free parameters of the convex combination for achieving faster convergence and robustness against disturbances. Moreover, the L 2 norm of the disturbance and noise to the estimation error is shown to be finite. The present algorithm shows improved performance in comparison to the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the state-dependent differential Riccati equation (SDDRE) filter in simulation.
Cross-shelf phytoplankton pigment variability in the California Current

Abstract Five years (1979–83) of satellite ocean color data from the coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) data are used to calculate cross-shelf transects of phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the California Current and quantify their seasonal and interannual variability. Alongshore means over six regions, Washington–northern Oregon (48.4–42.8°N), Cape Blanco to Cape Mendocino (42.8–40.4°N), northern California (40.4–37.8°N), central California (37.8–34.5°N), northern Baja (32.5–29.4°N) and southern Baja (27.9–22.9°N) are used to contrast latitudinal differences. The general seasonal cycle shows minimum cross-shelf pigment extensions in March (2.0 mg m−3 isoline within 80 km of shore), expansion of pigment concentrations offshore in April and May often to the annual maximum (2.0 mg m−3 isoline up to 200 km offshore), a mid-summer (July–August) reduction in cross-shelf extension followed by a late summer (September) expansion and a fall collapse back towards the coast by late October. Amplitude of this seasonal pattern is minimum along the northern Baja coast and strongest off central California. Strong interannual variability is evident in both the timing and strength of these seasonal features. The most latitudinally consistent pattern of interannual variability is of negative anomalies and reduced concentrations during the 1983 El Nino. Time series of cross-shelf pigment distribution are compared quantitatively with concurrent alongshore wind stress and wind mixing (U*3) from each region. Maximum correlations occur when pigment lags wind forcing by 1 or 2 ten-day periods. Strongest correlations are in the region from Cape Blanco to Cape Mendocino. Correlations are weaker both in the Pacific Northwest and off Baja. Correlations which excluded the anomalous conditions of 1983 are stronger in the three regions from Cape Blanco south to Point Conception suggesting that connections to wind forcing are stronger during non-El Nino years in these regions. Lastly, preliminary comparisons of the CZCS seasonal cycles are made to those evident in the first 19 months of SeaWiFS chlorophyll data which include the strong 1997–98 El Nino.
A New Nutritional Disease of the Chick Embryo

Summary and ConclusionsAbnormal embryos and chicks, with relatively short bones, were frequently produced in eggs laid by birds which received diets lacking in some factor or factors present in wheat germ, liver, and whey. The activity, amount or utilization of this factor or these factors was augmented by permitting the birds access to direct sunlight and green range.
Conceptual Design of Machine Tool Interfaces for High-Speed Machining

Abstract High-speed machining is a promising technology to drastically increase productivity and product quality. However, conventional machine tool design often cannot meet stringent requirements needed to overcome various problems brought about by high-speed rotations. One particularly critical issue is how to hold an exchangeable tool rigidly during high-speed rotations. For this purpose, several new standards of tool interfaces between the toolholder and the spindle nose have been proposed. However, it has become increasingly difficult to choose among various competing interface standards or even different variations within a common standard. This issue is further complicated because many machine tool builders also offer various proprietary modifications to the common standards. Furthermore, there is also a need to develop new tool interfaces or modifications if existing standards are not satisfactory. The objective of this paper is to provide a systematic approach that can assist in the conceptual design of machine tool interfaces for high-speed machining. This conceptual design methodology can also be used to select appropriate interface designs from various competing alternatives that exist today. Two embodiment concepts for high-speed end milling are developed as a case study based on the proposed conceptual design methodology. It is shown that the proposed design methodology can assist systematic design decision making and sound reasoning of the design choice.
Genetic and immunologic features associated with scleroderma-like syndrome of TSK mice

Tight-skin (TSK) mouse, the experimental model for scleroderma, develops cutaneous hyperplasia and autoantibodies to scleroderma specific autoantigens. TSK syndrome is caused by a mutation on chromosome 2. Induction of cutaneous hyperplasia is due to intragenic duplication of exons 17 to 40 of fibrillin-1 gene, mapping close to TSK locus. The mutant mouse expresses a 14kb Fbn transcript in addition to 11kb wild-type transcript. Immunoprecipation analysis confirms that the mutant transcript is functional and codes for a 420kD fibrillin. The occurrence of TSK syndrome is independent of the presence of mature lymphocytes although splenic/bone marrow cells appear to be capable of transferring the disease in normal animals. Transgenic mice expressing mutant transgene develop mild skin thickness with associate biochemical changes but do not develop anti-topo I antibodies. Among the other factors that may contribute to the development of hyperplasia, collagen V seems to play an important role.
CORR Insights ®: A dedicated research program increases the quantity and quality of orthopaedic resident publications.

R esearch participation is an important part of residency training. Residents can dive deep into their chosen research topic as well as acquire skills in study design, data collection, analysis, and scientific writing. A record of successful publications may enhance the chances of obtaining a choice fellowship position or job after graduation. Those who do pursue careers as clinician-scientists may derive pleasure from the intellectual stimulation of research and can help advance the field. Even those who choose not to pursue research beyond residency or fellowship benefit from an enhanced ability to critically assess the scientific literature and apply it to their patients. Recently, there has been increasing interest in systems-based approaches to encouraging resident research. Described interventions have included the provision of appropriate resources and protected time for research as well as the creation of dedicated research programs [2]. However, the impact of these interventions remains uncertain, as there is no single metric by which success can be measured. Should we be most interested in quality and quantity of scholarly output, evidence-based patient care, intellectual development and skill acquisition, or perhaps ongoing research activity beyond residency and fellowship?
Interferometry with two-dimensional spatial and high temporal resolution

Abstract We present a new interferometric technique to measure the time derivative of the index of refraction in a single shot, with two-dimensional resolution. The method is demonstrated by measuring an electron plasma of 10 16 e − /cm 3 created by photoionization with a 248 nm ultrashort pulse. Temporal resolution of 200 fs can be achieved while probing delays up to 20 ns. The sensitivity and the limitations of this technique are discussed.
Responses of Rumen Microflora to High-Concentrate Low-Roughage Diets Containing Whey Products

After 3 wk on a standardization ration of alfalfa hay and corn silage ad libitum and concentrate at 1 kg/3 kg milk, 15 lactating Holstein cows were fed 2.3 kg hay/day and one of five concentrate rations ad libitum for a 6-wk experiment. Cows were returned to the standardization ration after the experimental period. Concentrate rations during experimental period were: 1) control, 2) 14% dried whole whey, 3) 5.9% high mineral whey product, 4) 11.8% demineralized whey product, and 5) 9.8% lactose. Ration 3 contained the same amount of minerals from whey as ration 2 while rations 4 and 5 contained the same amounts of lactose as ration 2. Whey products replaced portions of corn and soybean meal in the rations. Total protozoa numbers in rumen contents averaged 1.8 X 105 /ml and were not different among times although they tended to be less during the experimental period on ration 4. Dasytricba decreased on rations 1, 2, and 4, while trends in numbers of Isotricha, Entodinium, and Diplodinium were not consistent. Only a few Ophryscolex were in a couple of the rumen samples. Bacterial numbers increased from 4.0 X 109/ml during standardization to 5.8 X 109/ml during the high-grain period, then returned to 3.8 X 109/ml in the post-experimental period. The number of lactose fermenters increased on all diets containing whey or whey products but not on the control diet. No differences in numbers of starch digesters were detected between times or among experimental rations because of large variations in numbers. Numbers of proteolytic organisms were not different among experimental rations but were generally lower during the post-experimental period.
Waiters, Customers, and Service: Some Tips About Tipping1

In order to investigate factors that influence the size of tips given in restaurants, 107 waiters (Study 1) and 137 customers (Study 2) were asked various questions about tipping. The findings confirmed a number of hypotheses. Respondents said that they themselves tip more than most people. Waiters indicated that they were more generous tippers and were more accurate in their estimate of 15% of the bill than customers. Tip size was reportedly increased by friendly service, good suggestions, excellent food, prompt delivery of the main course and check, a self-introduction by the waiter, and receiving separate checks. The tip was decreased by waiting a long time for a beverage and being seated in a bad location. Waiters identified more variables than did customers as being significantly associated with tip size, and they felt that excellent food, being in an expensive restaurant, and being seated in a bad location had greater effects on tipping than did customers. When asked about characteristics of waiters who receive large or small tips, most waiters and customers mentioned the waiter's attitude and quality of service. There was much less consensus on the characteristics of high and low tippers. Gender was not significantly related to any responses. In general, although waiters and customers share many beliefs about tipping, waiters may be more aware than customers of the relevant characteristics of the situation and of the individuals involved.
Vibrational spectrum of the endohedral Y 2 C 2 @C 92 fullerene by Raman spectroscopy: Evidence for tunneling of the diatomic C 2 molecule

The structure and vibrational spectrum of the novel endohedral fullerene ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$C${}_{2}$@C${}_{92}$ was studied by Raman spectroscopy, with particular emphasis on the rotational transitions of the diatomic ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ unit in the low-energy Raman spectrum. We report evidence for tunneling of this unit through the ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ rotation plane and observe anomalous narrowing in a hindered rotational mode. We also report complementary density functional theory calculations that support our conclusions and discuss potential applications to quantum computing and nonvolatile memory devices.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy outcomes in women heterozygous for Factor V Leiden

Abstract Antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with a spectrum of pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia and small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses. We sought to assess anticardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein I (anti-β2-GPI) IgG and IgM antibody prevalence and the relationship of these antibodies to pregnancy complications in women with the Factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation. The study comprised a secondary analysis of a multicenter, prospective observational study of FVL prevalence among 5188 asymptomatic pregnant women. A subset of 362 women (117 FVL heterozygotes, 245 matched controls) had serum collected at the time of the original study and underwent serum analysis for anticardiolipin and anti-β2-GPI IgG and IgM as a part of this analysis. The primary outcome was preeclampsia and/or SGA (
Intravitreal ranibizumab for treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks in pseudoxanthoma elasticum: Five-year follow-up

Purpose: To report on the five-year follow-up of ranibizumab therapy for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to angioid streaks (AS) in pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE).Methods: A 51-year-old patient with PXE presenting with macular CNV secondary to AS was treated with a series of intravitreal ranibizumab (0.5 mg) injections and followed for five years with fundoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography (FA).Results: Fluorescein leakage resolved and OCT evidence of subretinal and intraretinal fluid disappeared one year after presentation following an initial 12 injections. There was mild recurrent neovascular activity on two occasions resulting in two injections in the four years subsequent to resolution. Though peripapillary scar formation occurred, the fovea was preserved with 20/20 visual acuity in the affected eye at five years.Conclusions: This case provides further evidence for the long-term effectiveness of ranibizumab in the treatment of CNV secondary to AS in P...
Social Sensors for Automatic Data Collection

We propose a social network data collection method that uses wearable social sensors to automatically detect social interactions. This method offers clear advantages over traditional methods since data is automatically collected by electronic sensors rather than humans. We present the design, implementation and deployment of a wearable social sensing platform that can measure and analyze human behavior in a variety of settings and applications. Social sensors are capable of capturing individual and collective patterns of behavior by automatically measuring the amount of face-to-face interaction, conversational dynamics, physical proximity to other people, and physical activity levels. We describe five studies that have been carried out using this platform and discuss other possible application scenarios.
The Use of Chicken Feather Meal in Feeds

Abstract CHICKEN feather meal represents a large potential source of protein for feed use. The volume of dry feathers available annually at processing plants has been estimated as in excess of 50,000 tons. Feathers are almost pure protein which, if made available for feed use, could do much to supply amino acids in poultry diets. Block (1939) analyzed feather protein and found it to contain large amounts of glycine, cystine, arginine, and phenylalanine. Similar data on arginine, cystine, and phenylalanine were reported by Graham, Waitkoff and Hier (1949). Routh (1942) studied the nutritive value of powdered chicken feathers and reported that the protein supported moderate growth in young rats when it was supplemented with tryptophan, methionine, lysine, and histidine. Newell and Elvehjem (1947) studied the nutritive value of feathers along with other keratin proteins and reported that, in general, the rate of growth of chicks and rats fed the keratin proteins …