cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fairness Heuristics and the Fundamental Transformation in Interorganizational Relationships

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine the fundamental transformation that occurs when channel partners invest in transaction specific assets. Transaction specific assets tend to be more productive than their generalized counterparts, yet these investments expose the investing party to a considerable amount of risk. The advantages of these investments have to be waived unless the transacting parties can manage the risk associated with them. This manuscript presents transaction cost economics and fairness heuristic theory as complementary perspectives that provide insight into the fundamental transformation that occurs when one contributes resources to an exchange relationship. Based on similar assumptions, each theory offers unique insight into relationship development and the likelihood of dedicating assets to the relationship. Methodology: This research reviews transaction cost and fairness heuristic theories and offers a conceptual framework for the development of interfirm relationships i...
Photochemical Studies of Marijuana (Cannabis) Constituents

The marijuana (Cannabis) constituents, cannabidiol, (−)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, and (−)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol were found to be photoreactive. The only interconversion of these cannabinoids detected by GLC, however, was the conversion of cannabidiol to (−)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol. From a photoreaction mixture obtained by the irradiation of cannabidiol, a sample of (−)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol was isolated and identified by GLC, optical rotation, NMR, and mass spectrometry. A yield of 16% was obtained. The activating energy for the conversion appears to be in the 235-285-nm. wavelength area.
Enhancement-mode ion-implanted InP f.e.t.s

Planar enhancement-mode InP f.e.t.s have been fabricated through the use of ion implantation and subsequent electron-beam lithography. Noise figures of 3.2 and 2.6 dB were achieved at 8 GHz with associated gains of 6.4 and 4.7 dB, respectively.
Beacon location service: a location service for point-to-point routing in wireless sensor networks

In this paper we present Beacon Location Service (BLS): a location service for beacon-based routing algorithms like Beacon Vector Routing (BVR) [8] and S4 [19] . The role of a location service is to map node names to topologically meaningful addresses that can be used for routing. We evaluate an implementation of BLS that works on top of BVR. BLS resolves the destination node's name to BVR coordinates and then uses BVR to route the source message to the destination node.Together, BVR with BLS offer a complete solution for scalable point-to-point routing in sensornets. We describe our design and its implementation and evaluate BLS in simulation and on a sensornet testbed. Our results show it can sustain a high look-up and routing success rate (greater than 90% on most network sizes we tested) over various send rates and network sizes. We also compare our results to two existing point-to-point routing schemes for sensornets, and show that BLS+BVR performs comparably to state of the art point-to-point routing protocols. Finally, we demonstrate a simplified distributed hash table application implemented over BLS.
Probiotics Improve Outcomes After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Trial

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RNYGB) surgery offers an effective and enduring treatment for morbid obesity. Gastric bypass may alter gastrointestinal (GI) flora possibly resulting in bacterial overgrowth and dysmotility. Our hypothesis was that daily use of probiotics would improve GI outcomes after RNYGB. Forty-four patients undergoing RNYGB were randomized to either a probiotic or control group; 2.4 billion colonies of Lactobacillus were administered daily postoperatively to the probiotic group. The outcomes of H2 levels indicative of bacterial overgrowth, GI-related quality of life (GIQoL), serologies, and weight loss were measured preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Categorical variables were analyzed by χ 2 test and continuous variables were analyzed by t test with a p < 0.05 for significance. At 6 months, a statistically significant reduction in bacterial overgrowth was achieved in the probiotic group with a preoperative to postoperative change of sum H 2 part per million (probiotics = −32.13, controls = 0.80). Surprisingly, the probiotic group attained significantly greater percent excess weight loss than that of control group at 6 weeks (controls = 25.5%, probiotic = 29.9%) and 3 months (38.55%, 47.68%). This trend also continued but was not significant at 6 months (60.78%, 67.15%). The probiotic group had significantly higher postoperative vitamin B12 levels than the control group. Both probiotic and control groups significantly improved their GIQoL. In this novel study, probiotic administration improves bacterial overgrowth, vitamin B12 availability, and weight loss after RNYGB. These data may provide further evidence that altering the GI microbiota can influence weight loss.
A method of antihelix reconstruction

Summary A method of reconstruction of the antihelix by anterior scoring in the correction of bat ears is described. The results are satisfactory with a normal-looking fold of antihelix. A firm bandage and dressing are essential to prevent h˦matoma and maintain the new ear shape.
Core vs. uncore: the heart of darkness

Even though Moore's Law continues to provide increasing transistor counts, the rise of the utilization wall limits the number of transistors that can be powered on and results in a large region of dark silicon. Prior studies have proposed energy-efficient core designs to address the "dark silico" problem. Nevertheless, the research for addressing dark silicon challenges in uncore components, such as shared cache, on-chip interconnect, etc, that contribute significant on-chip power consumption is largely unexplored. In this paper, we first illustrate that the power consumption of uncore components cannot be ignored to meet the chip's power constraint. We then introduce techniques to design energy-efficient uncore components, including shared cache and on-chip interconnect. The design challenges and opportunities to exploit 3D techniques and non-volatile memory (NVM) in dark-silicon-aware architecture are also discussed.
Red Cell Exchange: Treatment of Babesiosis in a Splenectomized Patient

A splenectomized woman with a history of hepatic disorders was diagnosed as having babesiosis. The patient was unsuccessfully treated with chloroquine and with pentamidine isothionate. A parasitemia of 15 per cent was reduced permanently to less than 1 per cent after a red blood cell exchange, but a low grade parasitemia still existed 10 months after onset. On two separate occasions, the patient was found to have selective IgA deficiency, a reduction of T lymphocytes, and a reduction in function of both T and B lymphocytes. This case represents the highest and the longest duration of parasitemia ever recorded. It reports the first use of pentamidine and red blood cell exchange transfusion in human babesiosis, one of the earliest diagnosed cases of babesiosis, and the most severe clinical case to survive.
A multiple time-series analysis of labor supply and earnings in economic development

Abstract Using multivariate time-series techniques, the dynamics of male and female labor supply and earnings in Puerto Rico are examined during a period of rapid economic developemnt, 1953–1978. The temporal analysis suggests that aggregate male and female labor force participation rates are exogenous to male and female earnings. In addition, continous declines in male participation have been partly responsible for increases in both male and female earnings and a narrowing of relative earnings differentials. The study also finds that the advent of the Food Stamp Program in 1975 has resulted in a small reduction in male labor force participation. Moreover, the inclusion of food stamps as an intervention component is quite useful in forecasting the male participation rate. The forecasting accuracy of univariate and multivariate models is assessed with the result that, in every instance, the multivariate transfer functions prove superior. Overall, the results support the incorporation of multiple time-series in econometric studies of developing countries and provide evidence of its usefullness for development planning and policy.
Survey of electron sources for high-resolution microscopy

Abstract An estimate is made of the characteristics of some cathodes (thermionic and field emission) in an ultra-high-spatial-resolution electron beam column. It is shown that thermionic cathodes provide an order of magnitude less current than a field emission or an extended Schottky cathode in a 100 keV system at 0.5 nm resolution. It follows that field or extended Schottky mission cathodes should be the cathodes of choice for ultra-high-resolution applications. A comparison of the properties of cold, thermal field and extended Schottky emission cathodes is given.
Does public transit use enhance the economic efficiency of urban areas

This paper explores the relationship between the scale of public transit services in large urban areas of the United States and the efficiency of those economies, with efficiency measured by commercial office rents. Panel regressions are estimated in which real office rent is the left-hand variable. The key right-hand variable is per-capita transit use. Other right-hand variables include demand for office space, office vacancy rate, average real wage, and unemployment rate. Two-stage least-squares equations are estimated to deal with possible simultaneity between office rents and transit use. Results indicate a positive relationship between public transit use and office rents. The relationship is positive and significant in urban areas with higher concentrations of office space in the central business district, and nonexistent in urban areas with lower concentrations. The estimated dollar impact of transit use on office rents is small.
TCT-164 Below-Knee Drug Eluting Stents Have Improved Patency, and Symptoms Compared to Bare Metal Stents: a meta-analysis

Drug eluting stents (DES) have become the standard therapy for coronary interventions, however its benefits on peripheral artery disease are not as clear, particularly in below-knee peripheral arterial disease. All randomized controlled trials of drug eluting stents in below-knee peripheral artery
Sputtering of TiB2 coatings under D+ and 4He+ ion bombardment

Abstract The release of sputtered material from chemically vapor-deposited TiB2 coatings on Poco graphite substrates was studied for mass-analyzed D+ and 4He+ ion irradiations with energies ranging from 3 to 15 keV at normal incidence. The chemical composition of the sputter deposits was analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy. The equivalent titanium and boron thicknesses of the sputter deposits were determined by the Rutherford backscattering technique. The experimentally determined total sputtering yield values for both polished and unpolished TiB2 coatings were observed to decrease as the D+ and 4He+ ion energies increased. This trend is in agreement with theoretical predictions. The relevance of these data for the fusion program will be discussed.
Reaction time as a function of age, anxiety, and typicality

Elderly adults were compared with high and low test-anxious young adults on a task that required deciding whether a word could be considered an instance of the category name shown with it. The words were either typical or atypical members of the category. The elderly adults showed the slowest reaction times for all decisions, and the age difference was proportionally the same for atypical and typical instances. Elderly subjects were more like high-anxiety young adults than like low-anxiety young adults for atypical instances, but elderly subjects were significantly worse than anxious young adults for typical instances and unrelated words. These results offer some support for the role of anxiety in producing the aging performance deficit, but this factor seems insufficient to explain all age-related performance differences.
Accelerometer output and its association with energy expenditure during manual wheelchair propulsion.

Accelerometer output and its association with energy expenditure during manual wheelchair propulsion
Putting the Alternative Press into a University Press Binding

Since June 1982, when Alternative Papers was published, I have asked friends, enemies, and strangers to review it, yet I confess I was rather surprised when the editor of this column turned the tables and asked me to review it. Certainly, my co‐editors and I do know the book—what it was intended to achieve, what went into producing it, and how it has been received—probably better than anyone else. Funny, no one asked me before…
Social Correlates of Divorce Rates

The social correlates of divorce rates in 48 of the USA states and in New Jersey counties in 1980 were different, with the marriage rate at the state level and the population at the county level being the strongest correlates.
Futures of global urban expansion: uncertainties and implications for biodiversity conservation

Urbanization will place significant pressures on biodiversity across the world. However, there are large uncertainties in the amount and location of future urbanization, particularly urban land expansion. Here, we present a global analysis of urban extent circa 2000 and probabilistic forecasts of urban expansion for 2030 near protected areas and in biodiversity hotspots. We estimate that the amount of urban land within 50 km of all protected area boundaries will increase from 450 000 km2 circa 2000 to 1440 000 ± 65 000 km2 in 2030. Our analysis shows that protected areas around the world will experience significant increases in urban land within 50 km of their boundaries. China will experience the largest increase in urban land near protected areas with 304 000 ± 33 000 km2 of new urban land to be developed within 50 km of protected area boundaries. The largest urban expansion in biodiversity hotspots, over 100 000 ± 25 000 km2, is forecasted to occur in South America. Uncertainties in the forecasts of the amount and location of urban land expansion reflect uncertainties in their underlying drivers including urban population and economic growth. The forecasts point to the need to reconcile urban development and biodiversity conservation strategies.
Parkin is recruited to the centrosome in response to inhibition of proteasomes

Parkin is a protein-ubiquitin E3 ligase linked to Parkinson's disease. Although several substrates of parkin have been identified, the subcellular location for parkin to recognize and ubiquitinate its targets is unclear. Here we report that parkin was accumulated in the centrosome when SH-SY5Y or transfected HEK293 cells were treated with the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. The specific recruitment of parkin was dependent on concentration and duration of the treatment, and was accompanied by the centrosomal accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and CDCrel-1, a substrate of parkin. The recruitment of parkin was apparently mediated through its binding to gamma-tubulin, which has been shown to accumulate in the centrosome in response to misfolded proteins. Furthermore, the effect was abrogated by the microtubule-depolymerizing drug colchicine or the microtubule-stabilizing drug taxol, which indicates that the intact microtubule network is required for the centrosomal recruitment of parkin. Taken together, our data suggest that the lactacystin-induced accumulation of parkin in the centrosome plays a significant role in the ubiquitination of misfolded substrates accumulated there. This process may provide a subcellular locale for parkin to ubiquitinate and degrade protein aggregates critically involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
Correlates associated with the desire for PEG tube placement at the end of life among community-dwelling older Mexican Americans: a pilot study

Use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes in older adults remains controversial. This cross-sectional study examines community-dwelling Mexican American older adults’ attitudes toward PEG tube placement in the hypothetical event of a terminal illness. Interviews were conducted with 100 community-dwelling Mexican American (MA’s) adults, age 60 and over, in San Antonio, Texas. Subjects were screened for cognitive competence using Folstein’s mini-mental examination. This was followed by an evaluation of socioeconomic status, depressive symptoms, religiosity, health status and attitudes toward end-of-life care, including PEG tube feeding. Higher income MA’s, professionals, those without a living will, those who saw religious belief as not important and those who attended church less than once a month were more likely to agree with PEG placement (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that higher income (OR = 3.16, CI = 1.13–8.83), lack of a living will (OR = 3.34, CI = 1.03–20.87) and low importance of religious beliefs (OR = 7.14, CI = 1.25–41.67) were all independently associated with the desire for insertion of a PEG tube at the end of life. This is the first community-based study to describe older Mexican American’s attitudes toward PEG tube placement at the end of life. Older community-dwelling Mexican Americans with higher incomes, lack of a living will or low religious involvement might be more likely to choose PEG tube placement even in the context of a terminal condition.
TIMELINESThe information school phenomenon

Gary Olson recently moved to UCI from the University of Michigan, where as faculty member and acting dean, he participated in the formation of its influential School of Information, described in this article. I have helped track down historical information on other influential iSchools. We may be witnessing the birth of a new star in the academic firmament---its growth, so far only a little slower than a supernova, may be tested by the economic collapse, but could accelerate with a recovery.---Jonathan Grudin
Astrocyte inactivation of the pRb pathway predisposes mice to malignant astrocytoma development that is accelerated by PTEN mutation.

Abstract We have inactivated pRb, p107, and p130 in astrocytes by transgenic expression of T 121 (a truncated SV40 T antigen) under the GFAP promoter. Founder mice died perinatally with extensive expansion of neural precursor and anaplastic astrocyte populations. In astrocytes, aberrant proliferation and extensive apoptosis were induced. Using a conditional allele of T 121 , early lethality was circumvented, and adult mice developed high-grade astrocytoma, in which regions of decreased apoptosis expressed activated Akt. Indeed, astrocytoma development was accelerated in a PTEN +/− , but not p53 +/− , background. These studies establish a highly penetrant preclinical model for astrocytoma based on events observed in the human disease and further provide insight into the role of PTEN mutation in astrocytoma progression.
Differential discourses: the contribution of visual analysis to defining scientific literacy in the early years classroom:

This article presents a kindergarten science inquiry as an exemplar for the purpose of suggesting an analytic graphic that is visually inclusive of the multimodal resources brought to bear by child...
Beam characterization at the Neutron Radiography Reactor

Abstract The quality of a neutron-imaging beam directly impacts the quality of radiographic images produced using that beam. Fully characterizing a neutron beam, including determination of the beam's effective length-to-diameter ratio, neutron flux profile, energy spectrum, potential image quality, and beam divergence, is vital for producing quality radiographic images. This paper provides a characterization of the east neutron imaging beamline at the Idaho National Laboratory Neutron Radiography Reactor (NRAD). The experiments which measured the beam's effective length-to-diameter ratio and potential image quality are based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. An analysis of the image produced by a calibrated phantom measured the beam divergence. The energy spectrum measurements consist of a series of foil irradiations using a selection of activation foils, compared to the results produced by a Monte Carlo n-Particle (MCNP) model of the beamline. The NRAD has an effective collimation ratio greater than 125, a beam divergence of 0.3 ± 0.1°, and a gold foil cadmium ratio of 2.7. The flux profile has been quantified and the facility is an ASTM Category 1 radiographic facility. Based on bare and cadmium covered foil activation results, the neutron energy spectrum used in the current MCNP model of the radiography beamline over-samples the thermal region of the neutron energy spectrum.
Effects of Dielectric Thermal Expansion and Elastic Modulus on the Stress and Deformation Fields in Copper Interconnects

This study aims at assessing the role played by the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and elastic modulus of low-k dielectric, in affecting the stress and deformation fields in copper interconnects. Parametric finite element analyses are conducted, varying one parameter at a time, for gaining fundamental understanding of the effect of individual properties. The analyses are based on a three dimensional model containing two levels of metal lines connected by a via. It is found that both the high CTE and low modulus values of the polymer-based dielectric contribute to the evolution of stress/strain fields in the metal structure. The low-k CTE plays a more significant role. Within certain limits, decreasing the low-k CTE and/or increasing the low-k modulus can help alleviate the plastic deformation, and thus the propensity of damage initiation, in the metal. Reducing the low-k CTE will be a more efficient and safer approach.
Industrial medicine and acute musculoskeletal rehabilitation. 4. Evaluation and management of the injured worker with a lower-extremity injury

Abstract This self-directed learning module highlights the importance of recognizing the relationships between multiple, concurrent joint injuries in the lower extremity of an injured worker. This chapter focuses on evaluating the lower extremity and devising a rehabilitation program that incorporates the entire kinetic chain. Further recommendations for return to work are discussed. Overall Article Objectives: (a) To accurately recognize and diagnose coexisting injuries in the lower extremity and (b) to devise an evaluation and treatment program enabling the worker to return to work.
Gebel Dahanib, Egypt: A Late Precambrian Layered Sill of Komatiitic Composition

Gebel Dahanib is a well preserved, late Precambrian layered mafic-ultramafic sill about 1.5 km thick, forming a prominent peak in the Southeastern Desert of Egypt. Dunites, harzburgites and thin chromite layers at the base grade upward through pyroxenites to layered gabbros and rare anorthosite at the top. Peridotitic dykes from the main body, unsheared margins, and ubiquitous cumulate textures all suggest magmatic rather than tectonic emplacement.
Effects of recombinant drug-specific single chain antibody Fv fragment on [3H]-desipramine distribution in rats.

Abstract Tricyclic antidepressant overdose can be reversed in rats by drug-specific antibody Fab fragments, but the required Fab dose may itself be toxic. We studied the potential use of a smaller, recombinant desipramine (DMI)-specific single chain Fv fragment (B9-sFv) for this purpose. Anesthetized rats received a tracer (subtoxic) dose of [ 3 H]-DMI followed in 15 min by B9-IgG, B9-Fab, B9-sFv (0.1 μmol of binding sites), or BSA. Each of the active treatments produced a rapid and substantial increase in the serum radiolabel concentration, whereas BSA did not ( P 90% over 24 hr, but this fragment was much more stable in serum, retaining 70% of its activity after 96 hr. These data demonstrate that B9-sFv can alter markedly the distribution of [ 3 H]-DMI in vivo . The rapidity of this effect, and its magnitude in comparison with Fab fragment or IgG, suggest that further study of B9-sFv as a treatment of DMI overdose is warranted.
Comparison of ultrasound-guided versus blind glenohumeral injections: a cadaveric study.

Background: Intra-articular glenohumeral (GH) injections are important for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It has been suggested that ultrasound guided injections are more accurate than blind or freehand injections. This study assessed the accuracy of ultrasound-guided GH injections compared with freehand injections in fresh cadavers. Methods: The study used 80 shoulder specimens from fresh cadavers. Ultrasound guidance was used to inject radiopaque contrast in 40 shoulders, and freehand technique was used in the remaining 40. All injections were performed by 2 surgeons (A and B) through a posterior approach. After the injections, radiographs were obtained of the specimens to assess the accuracy of the injections. Results: Sixty-six of 80 (82.5%) injections were accurately administered into the GH joint. Ultrasoundguided injections were accurate in 37 of 40 specimens (92.5%) compared with freehand injections, which were accurate in only 29 of 40 specimens (72.5%; P ¼.02). Both surgeons independently had higher accuracy using ultrasound-guidance compared with the freehand technique (surgeon A: 90% vs 65%, P ¼ 0.058; surgeon B: 95% vs 80%, P ¼ 0.15). The average time for injections was 52 seconds by the freehand technique and 166 seconds using ultrasound guidance (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The data from this cadaveric study suggest that ultrasound-guided injections are more accurate at reaching the GH joint than freehand injections. The ultrasound-guided injections took substantially longer to administer. Once familiar with the technique, surgeons can expect improved accuracy and efficacy of GH joint injections using ultrasound guidance in the clinical setting. Level of evidence: Basic Science Study, Anatomic Study. 2012 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
Receptor organization and function in Limulus chelae

Summary. 1. The opposed grasping surfaces of the digits of the chela of the Limulus walking leg have ridge-like pads of pliable cuticle. Receptors are present both on these pads and elsewhere on the surface of the chelae. 2. Mechanoreceptors at the pad are rapidly adapting (Type l) or slowly adapting (Type 2) (Fig. 1). Both types have thresholds of between 3 and 40 g and receptive fields of 1.2-2.5 mm along the pad (Fig. 3). Response frequency of Type 1 units increases with increasing rate of force change, while the number of spikes increases with increasing force magnitude (Fig. 4, 5). Response frequency and response duration of Type 2 units increase with increasing amplitude of force, but with some movement sensitivity (Fig. 7). Evidence is presented that the receptors involved are the large multipolar cells under the pad and that they have large rapidly conducting axons representing the fast sensory component of the large leg nerve. 3. Chemoreceptor units respond to clam or fish extracts or to glycine, glutamic acid, betMne, or trimethylamine oxide (Fig. 11). Most are tonic, but some units adapt completely within a few seconds, even to constant-flow stimulation. The tonic chemoreceptors are located at the small channel sensilla of the pad and perhaps also of the sides. Theh' axons are probably the smMlest and slowest in the leg nerve. 4. The behavioral response to chemical stimulation of the chelae of intact animals is opening of the stimulated chela (Fig. 12). 5. Other sensory units give phasic or tonie responses to warm or cold sea water, or tonic responses to distilled water and to dilute sea water. The units are inferred to have axons intermediate in size between meehanoreceptors and chemoreceptors, the size decreasing in the order listed. 6. A proprioceptive organ of the tibiotarsal joint contains units responding to closing movement and units responding to closed position. It lacks units responding to opening or to open position. 7. The variety of claw receptors and the large number of sensory cells (3000004~00000 estimated per claw or 3-4 million total) indicate that the claw sensory apparatus represents a major sensory input into the central nervous system of Limulus. An estimated total of nearly 4 million chemoreceptors (3 million from claws, 1 million from gnathobases) may relate to the very large and well developed corpora peduncuIata of the Limulus brain.
Application of IR imaging during temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) measurements

In a temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) system, temperatures are measured by thermocouples under the sample and reference furnaces. TMDSC helps to accurately measure temperature during a DSC measurement. It also helps the researcher to establish a more realistic model to calculate heat capacity of various materials. This study examined assumption of temperature gradient in TMDSC characterization. An infrared camera was used to obtain surface temperature maps of DSC cells during temperature sweeps. TMDSC units from Perkin-Elmer and TA Instrument were studied using different heating and cooling rates. Temperature gradient exists between the top and bottom of the sample. IR images showed that temperature distributions within the sample and reference cells exist. Phase lags between the top and bottom temperatures were also observed.
The effect of interface trap states on reduced base thickness a-Si/c-Si heterojunction solar cells

A simulation study of (p+) a-Si/ (i) a-Si/ (n) c-Si/ (i) a-Si/ (n+) a-Si solar cell is carried out to identify the carrier loss mechanisms, which are a-Si/c-Si interface and base recombination. Improvements in open circuit voltage (V OC ) and thus the efficiency can be achieved through better a-Si/c-Si interface passivation. In devices with excellent a-Si/c-Si interface passivation, base recombination is the dominant process. In such cases, reducing the base thickness (L Base ) increases the carrier concentration in the base. The L Base can be reduced without significant loss in short circuit current (J SC ) through effective light trapping techniques. Next, the relative contributions of the emitter/base ((i) a-Si/ (n) c-Si) and base/Back Surface Field ((n) c-Si/ (i) a-Si) interfaces to the overall carrier recombination loss are discussed. It is found that both interfaces have similar contributions to total carrier loss in long as well as short base devices.
Formation and hydrogenation of p(2 × 2)-N on Pt(1 1 1)

Abstract The formation of a well-ordered p(2 × 2) overlayer of atomic nitrogen on the Pt(1 1 1) surface and its reaction with hydrogen were characterized with reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The p(2 × 2)-N overlayer is formed by exposure of ammonia to a surface at 85 K that is covered with 0.44 monolayer (ML) of molecular oxygen and then heating to 400 K. The reaction between ammonia and oxygen produces water, which desorbs below 400 K. The only desorption product observed above 400 K is molecular nitrogen, which has a peak desorption temperature of 453 K. The absence of oxygen after the 400 K anneal is confirmed with AES. Although atomic nitrogen can also be produced on the surface through the reaction of ammonia with an atomic, rather than molecular, oxygen overlayer at a saturation coverage of 0.25 ML, the yield of surface nitrogen is significantly less, as indicated by the N 2 TPD peak area. Atomic nitrogen readily reacts with hydrogen to produce the NH species, which is characterized with RAIRS by an intense and narrow (FWHM ∼ 4 cm −1 ) peak at 3322 cm −1 . The areas of the H 2 TPD peak associated with NH dissociation and the XPS N 1s peak associated with the NH species indicate that not all of the surface N atoms can be converted to NH by the methods used here.
Dendrimer‐Functionalized Shell‐crosslinked Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for In‐Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors

Non-invasive diagnosis and detection of early-stage tumorsis regarded as one of the current challenges in the biomedicalsciences. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a powerful,non-invasive imaging technique because of its high spatialresolution and tomographic capabilities. However, the signalsensitivity of MR imaging for speciﬁc biological targets islargelydependentonthespeciﬁcityandselectivityoftheligandused to target magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) to speciﬁc tissues.Development of tumor-targeted magnetic NPs is necessary toenhance the MR signal sensitivity for in-vivo tumor detection.Variousproteinssuchastransferrin,
Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with selenate tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Summary • Selenium is essential for many organisms, but is toxic at higher levels. To investigate the genetic basis of selenate tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with selenate tolerance in accessions Landsberg erecta and Columbia were mapped using recombinant inbred lines (RILs). • The selenate tolerance index (TID10 = root growth + 30 µm selenate/root growth control × 100%) was fourfold higher for parental line Col-4 (59%) than for parent Ler-0 (15%). Among the 96 F8 RILs, TID10 ranged from 11 to 75% (mean 37%). • Using composite interval mapping, three QTL were found on chromosomes 1, 3 and 5, which together explained 24% of variation in TID10 and 32% of the phenotypic variation for the difference in root length +/– Se (RLD10). Highly significant epistatic interactions between the QTL and markers on chromosome 2 explained additional variation for both traits. Potential candidate genes for Se tolerance in each of the QTL regions are discussed. • These results offer insight into the genetic basis of selenate tolerance, and may be useful for identification of selenate-tolerance genes.
Abusive head trauma: a review of the evidence base.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to review the constellation of findings of abusive head trauma, which may be accompanied by injuries to the appendicular and axial skeleton, brain and spinal cord, and retina. Additional common features include skin and soft-tissue injury, visceral findings, and evidence of oral trauma. CONCLUSION. The evidence base for abusive head trauma encompasses diverse disciplines, including diagnostic imaging, pathology, pediatrics, biomechanics, ophthalmology, epidemiology, and orthopedics. When the varied sources of evidence are pieced together and taken in toto, abusive head trauma is often readily differentiated from alternative explanations of an infant's injuries.
Design and development of passive MEMS-IDT sensors for continuous monitoring of tire pressure

In this paper, design and development of polymeric based MEMS-IDT based passive microsensors for continuous monitoring of tire pressure is presented. The sensing system uses SAW sensor mounted on the tire valve stem which is interrogated with an antenna controlled from the dash-board of the car. This unique combination of technologies results in a novel tire pressure sensor that can be remotely sensed by a RF system with the advantage of no power requirements at the sensor site. The sensor presented is simple in construction and easy to manufacture with Microstereo Lithography. The sensors are programmable and can be identified with a bar-code. Thus the technology will not only alert drivers to potential problems, but also will identify which tire is involved.
Management of pediatric patients with concussion by emergency medicine physicians.

ObjectiveDespite an increase in concussion diagnoses among pediatric patients, little is known about the management of pediatric patients with concussion in emergency departments (EDs). The objective of this study was to assess strategies used by emergency medicine physicians when treating pediatric
Accounting fundamentals and CEO bonus compensation

Abstract Research indicates that there is a positive association between accounting earnings and chief executive officer (CEO) cash compensation; however, evidence also suggests that this positive association ceases to exist when earnings performance is poor or declining. This latter result has led some critics of corporate compensation policies to conclude that CEOs are not penalized for poor or declining firm performance. The purpose of this study is to further illuminate the pay-performance debate by expanding the traditional executive bonus compensation model to include a set of accounting fundamentals that prior research indicates are related to both current and future firm performance. Our results indicate that there is a highly significant relationship between accounting fundamentals and the level of and change in CEO bonus compensation. Moreover, we find a highly significant relationship between accounting fundamentals and both bonus omissions and bonus reductions. When earnings are negative or declining, we find that the above relationships remain intact. In contrast, when earnings are negative or declining, we find that the relationship between aggregate earnings and bonus compensation is weak or insignificant in most of our analyses. Taken together, our results suggest that the apparently weak relationship between accounting earnings and CEO bonus compensation (particularly when earnings are negative or declining) is partly due to the fact that the bonus compensation model excludes accounting fundamentals which are strongly associated with bonus compensation. Thus, we conclude that (i) bonus compensation is more closely tied to firm performance than critics sometimes claim and (ii) bonus compensation awarded to CEOs when earnings performance is poor is at least partially explained by the presence of favorable accounting fundamentals.
Effect of Dissolved Ozone on Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels in Artificial Seawater

Abstract Corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels (SS) in artificial seawater containing 0.2 mg/L to 0.4 mg/L dissolved ozone (O3) was investigated. According to cyclic polarization data, types 304 SS (UNS S30400) and 316 SS (UNS S31600) were resistant to pit initiation after 8 weeks of exposure to ozonated artificial seawater. However, when crevices existed, crevice corrosion was more severe in ozonated vs aerated artificial seawater. Maximum crevice corrosion penetration rates of 8 mm/y and 5 mm/y (0.315 in./y and 0.197 in./y) were recorded for types 304 and 316 SS, respectively, in ozonated artificial seawater compared to only 0.4 mm/y to 0.5 mm/y (0.016 in./y to 0.020 in./y) under aerated conditions. Mixed-potential analysis of anodic and cathodic polarization predicted crevice corrosion rates for type 316 SS in excellent agreement with the immersion sample data. Highly alloyed nickel-, chromium-, molybdenum-, and nitrogen-bearing austenitic SS were resistant to crevice corrosion in aerated...
The extended retrosigmoid approach: an alternative to radical cranial base approaches for posterior fossa lesions.

Objective The extended retrosigmoid approach is presented as a simple and safe modification of the traditional retrosigmoid approach, with increased exposure resulting from a limited mastoidectomy and skeletonization of the sigmoid sinus. Methods Patients with posterior fossa vascular lesions treated with the extended retrosigmoid approach between 1997 and 2003 were reviewed. A detailed description of the surgical approach, as well as case illustrations, is provided. We present a video narrated by the senior author in which a description of the technique is offered. Results Thirty-eight patients underwent this approach to manage 40 lesions, including 15 dural arteriovenous fistulae, 9 arteriovenous malformations, 10 cavernous malformations, and 6 aneurysms. The extended retrosigmoid approach differs from the traditional approach with its C-shaped skin incision, posterior mastoidectomy, and extensive dissection of the sigmoid sinus, craniotomy rather than craniectomy, and anterior mobilization of the sinus with the dural flap. Conclusion The application of the extended retrosigmoid approach to a series of complex lesions in the posterior fossa demonstrates its applicability as an alternative to radical cranial base approaches. The extended retrosigmoid approach requires a fundamental change in the management of the sigmoid sinus. The neurosurgeon must be familiar with petrous bone anatomy, experienced dissecting through bone using a high-speed drill, and comfortable working directly over a major venous sinus. The technical modifications of the extended retrosigmoid approach can be incorporated into the neurosurgical repertoire and will enhance exposure of the cerebellopontine angle and deep vascular structures, thereby minimizing the need for brain retraction and other transpetrous approaches.
Cancer patient and caregiver experiences: communication and pain management issues

This study examined facilitators and barriers to effective patient and caregiver communication with providers with emphasis on communication related to cancer pain management. Focus groups and personal interviews were conducted with cancer patients and family caregivers of patients. Communication experiences of subjects as well as suggestions for ways to improve the communication process were elicited. Twenty-two cancer patients and 16 family caregivers participated in the study. Seven themes emerged suggesting improvements that are needed in the communication process. These include: 1) improving the process of information exchange, 2) increasing active participation of patient and caregiver in the care process, 3) improving provider relationship-building skills, 4) overcoming time barriers, 5) addressing fears regarding use of pain management medications, 6) fostering appropriate involvement of family and caregivers in the communication process, and 7) improving coordination of care among providers. Specific suggestions and their practice implications for health care providers are highlighted.
Analytical Method For Interferometric Alignment Of Reflaxicons

An interferometric technique for aligning a reflaxicon consisting of two separate conical mirrors is presented with emphasis on the techniques for analyzing the interferometer output to extract the required alignment corrections for five degrees of freedom. Error sources for the technique are delineated and analyzed. A computer simulation is described for estimating system performance.
EPICS oscilloscope for time-resolved data acquisition

Abstract The Sector 7 undulator beamline (7 ID) of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) is dedicated to time-resolved X-ray research [1] . Silicon avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are used as the primary point detector for time-resolved Bragg diffraction experiments for their fast recovery time ( [2] . Common practice has been to attenuate the monochromatic beam entering the experimental hutch to an appropriately low ﬂux [3] . For these high-ﬂux experiments, an APD operated in proportional mode is a better detector choice due to a large dynamic range and linearity. With the ZT4212 ZTEC, EPICS based oscilloscope, the operating procedure to use an APD in proportional mode has been improved. This article shows the setup and operating procedure for this oscilloscope and demonstrates its application to measuring time-resolved rocking curves of laser excited semiconductors.
Unreliability of exercise-induced R wave changes as indexes of coronary artery disease.

Abstract To investigate the diagnostic value of exercise-related QRS amplitude changes, the responses of 40 young normal subjects and 28 patients with chest pain and no significant coronary arterial obstruction were compared with those of 73 patients with coronary arterial narrowing of various degrees of severity. All underwent submaximal, multiple lead multistaged treadmill exercise testing. The combined normal group showed an average decrease in R wave amplitude between rest and exercise of 1.1 ± 2.8 mm (mean ± standard deviation) in lead V 5 ; those with coronary artery disease had an increase of 0.6 ± 3.4 mm ( P = 0.001). Similar but less pronounced differences were observed in lead II (a decrease of 1.9 ± 2.3 mm in normal subjects versus a decrease of 0.5 ± 3.1 mm in those with coronary disease, P = 0.01). When derived R wave criteria were used, the test sensitivity averaged 52 percent and the specificity 63 percent; these values were inferior to the sensitivity of 88 percent and specificity of 72 percent of S-T segment criteria in the same group of patients. No significant relation was found between the extent of coronary artery disease and R wave changes, and an analysis of multiple variables suggested possible correlations with factors not directly related to ischemia. It is concluded that exercise-induced QRS amplitude changes are unreliable predictors of the presence, absence or severity of coronary artery disease.
Evaluation of Isoprenoid Conformation in Solution and in the Active Site of Protein-Farnesyl Transferase Using Carbon-13 Labeling in Conjunction with Solution- and Solid-State NMR

The enzyme protein-farnesyl transferase (FTase) catalyzes the farnesylation of the Ras protein and other key signal transduction proteins, using farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as the prenyl source. Inhibitors of FTase are thus of great interest as potential novel anticancer agents. The design of such agents would be informed by a detailed knowledge of the solution conformation of FPP, as well as its conformation in the active site of FTase. Four bis-13C-labeled derivatives of farnesol and geranylgeraniol have been synthesized and used to prepare the corresponding FPP and GGPP derivatives. The labeled farnesyl and geranylgeranyl derivatives 2−7 were utilized in conjunction with solution 13C NMR to probe the conformation of the prenyl chain in a variety of different solvents. These studies, along with molecular dynamics simulations, demonstrate that the prenyl chain exists primarily in an extended conformation. Surprisingly, this preference for the extended conformation is solvent-insensitive; no significant ch...
DNA glycosylase activity assay based on streptavidin paramagnetic bead substrate capture.

A method to detect DNA glycosylase activity is described. The substrate used was an oligodeoxyribonucleotide with a unique hypoxanthine base, but has general application to any DNA glycosylase or endonuclease. The oligodeoxyribonucleotide was labeled at the 5' end with 32P and at the 3' end with a biotin linkage and annealed to a complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The hypoxanthine base was excised in solution using the MPG protein, a human DNA glycosylase. Following cleavage of the phosphodiester linkage by NaOH, the oligodeoxyribonucleotide was attached to streptavidin-coated, paramagnetic beads. Binding of the labeled oligodeoxyribonucleotide to the beads was indicative of the kinetics of the reaction. As a control, half of the reaction products were loaded on to a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Comparable values for steady-state kinetic constants were obtained using both methods. This nonelectrophoretic technique is a rapid assay of DNA glycosylase activity for both purified proteins and crude extracts. This method can be directly adapted for high-throughput techniques.