cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
7. Lipid transfer proteins and receptors in HDL metabolism

Plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are determined both by intravascular metabolism and by clearance pathways. Recent evidence indicates that plasma lipid transfer proteins play a major role in the intravascular metabolism of HDL, while HDL receptors in tissues are important in HDL catabolism. The role of the plasma lipid transfer proteins, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), have been elucidated by genetic deficiency states in humans or mice, or by overexpression experiments in mice. Human CETP deficiency results in increased HDL levels, but also increased coronary heart disease, suggesting an antiatherogenic function of CETP related to its role in reverse cholesterol transport. PLTP knock-out mice have absent plasma phospholipid transfer activity and markedly reduced HDL cholesterol and apoA-I levels, demonstrating the crucial role that the transfer of surface phospholipid of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins plays in the maintenance of HDL levels. Scavenger receptor BI has recently emerged as an authentic HDL receptor mediating the selective uptake of HDL CE in liver and steroidogenic tissue. Overexpression of SR-BI in transgenic mice results in low HDL levels, and also decreases VLDL and LDL cholesterol and apoB levels, and reduces atherosclerosis in response to a high cholesterol/bile salt diet. Knock-out of SR-BI results in increased HDL levels due to decreased selective uptake in the liver, but the catabolism of HDL proteins is unaltered. Recent studies in obese (ob/ob) mice show a catabolic defect of HDL protein in the liver and suggest a leptin-regulated liver catabolic process for apoA-I and apoA-II. Thus, while CETP, PLTP and SR-BI are important in the turnover of HDL lipids, it appears that distinct receptors are involved in the catabolism of HDL proteins.
Musings of a Retiring BSSA Editor

When you read this, I will have completed my tenure as Editor-in-Chief of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. It has been a fun job for the last 8 3/4 years, and I am grateful for the opportunity to serve in this role. I am extremely grateful to the many dedicated Associate Editors who have served on the Editorial Board; without their hard work, the Bulletin would not succeed. I also thank the three people who ran the editorial office during my tenure: Susie Alde, Neena Paul, and Carol Mark. All of them established an excellent rapport with the Associate Editors and most authors, which contributed a great deal to the smooth operation of the Bulletin. Without Susie, Neena, and Carol, none of us could have done our jobs. They exercised the gentle art of persuasion as they nudged volunteer reviewers, authors, and Associate Editors to complete their work. I greatly appreciate the strong support of the SSA Headquarters staff, including Susan Newman, Kathy Rowe, Janice Sellers, and Linda Turnowski. All of them have given great service to the Society and the Bulletin. Finally, no peer-reviewed journal can succeed without a large group of excellent authors who submit papers and participate cooperatively in the review process, and the often unnamed peer reviewers who donate their time freely to reading, evaluating, and offering suggestions to improve papers. The editor of any journal must be a strong supporter of and believer in the peer-review process. The editor of any journal must be a strong supporter of and believer in the peer-review process. Shortly after I took the job as Editor, one member of the SSA Board of Directors said that he had rarely seen a paper improve as a result of the peer-review process. I believe that this person has …
Comparison of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography between patients with dementia of the alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia.

Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and multi-infarct de­ mentia (MID) are both associated with expansion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces and changes in cerebralglucose metabolism (1). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been very useful in qualitatively differentiating patients with MID from those with AD by the characteristic multiple diffuse white matter lesions indicative of multiple infarctions (2-4). Matsuzawa (5) showed that the limbic system was the primary focus of the dementia syndrome in AD. Quantitative MR analysis of AD patients has corrob­ orated qualitative findings showing CSF volumes in AD patients when compared to age-matched controls (6). There have been a number of 18F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FOG-PET) studies comparing AD and MID. Patients with AD have de­ creased average whole brain cerebral glucose metab­ olism (CMRGIc), most prominent in the parietal and temporal lobes, especially with increasing severity of dementia (7-9). Patients with MID have PET images that show scattered focal areas of hypometabolism (10) corresponding to the multiple lesions seen on MRI. No studies were reported that compared CMRGIc in patients with MID and AD. More recent­ ly, investigators have suggested that CMRGIc values might require correction for brain atrophy, since From the Division of Nuclear Med icine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. Presented at the 16th Salzburg Conference of the Cere­ brovascular Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology, which was a satellite symposia of the Second World Congress of Stroke sponsored by the International Stroke Society, Washington, DC, September 8-12,1992. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. A. Alavi at Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Uni­ versity of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.
Receptor Status Change From Primary to Residual Breast Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Analysis of Survival Outcomes

Abstract Background To evaluate the frequency of receptor change from pretreatment to residual breast cancer after NCT and their correlation with outcomes. Patients and Methods Three hundred ninety-eight women were identified retrospectively. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 were reviewed. Patients were classified as not having receptor change versus any receptor change. Kaplan–Meier was used to estimate survival outcomes according to changes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the association of receptor status changes with outcomes after adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics. Results One hundred sixty-two (40.7%) patients had a change in at least 1 of the receptors from pretreatment to residual disease. Patients who had no change in receptor status had a significantly greater triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) rate at baseline ( P = .0001). Of the 193 hormone receptor (HR)-positive tumors, 9 (4.7%) and 29 (15.1%) became HER2-positive and TNBC, respectively. Of the 72 HER2-positive tumors, 20 (27.8%) and 9 (12.5%) became HR-positive and TNBC, respectively. Of the 128 TNBC tumors, only 2 (1.6%) and 33 (25.8%) became HER2-positive and HR-positive, respectively. At a median follow up of 40 months, 5-year overall survival (OS) was 73% and 63%; and 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) was 63% and 48% for patients with or without any receptor change ( P = .07 and P = .003), respectively. Any receptor change was associated with better RFS (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.9) but not OS. (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.53-1.18). Conclusion Changes in receptor status between the pretreatment and residual disease after NCT are frequent and appear to be associated with improved RFS because of the receptor stability of TNBC.
Depression and cardiovascular disease: a call for recognition.

For every affection of the mind that is attended with either pain or pleasure, hope or fear, is the cause of an agitation whose influence extends to the heart. — William Harvey In 1628, William Harvey defined the circulatory system as we know it and proposed a link between the mind and the heart. This potential association received little attention for >300 years, until Frasure-Smith and colleagues1 published a study demonstrating that patients who are depressed at the time of an acute myocardial infarction (MI) have markedly elevated mortality as compared with patients who are not depressed. Since then, >100 studies have investigated this relationship, providing evidence that depression is prevalent (≈20% to 35%) in populations with cardiovascular disease, is predictive of developing cardiovascular disease, and is predictive of adverse outcomes among patients with existing cardiac disease.2,3 Depression, however, remains largely off the radar screen of cardiac care, in large part because of confusion about the nature of the association between depression and cardiovascular disease and the role of cardiovascular clinicians with regard to depressed patients. See p 271 In this issue of Circulation , Mallik et al4 add to our understanding of the relationship between depression and outcome in cardiac patients. Prospectively evaluating 963 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients, they found that 25% had substantial perioperative depressive symptoms. A graded, inverse relationship was noted between the severity of perioperative depressive symptoms and improvement in physical functional status 1 year after surgery. Patients with moderate to severe depressive symptoms were one third less likely to experience improvement in physical function after the operation, even after adjustment for >20 clinical variables. In other words, perioperative depressive symptoms appear to diminish the functional benefits of CABG surgery. The study by Mallik et al is an important contribution …
Epithelial responses in airway inflammation and immunity

Summary The epithelium is thought to serve an important barrier function in the airways. However, growing evidence now supports the notion that the respiratory epithelium plays a key role in host responses to infectious and allergenic stimuli. The epithelium functions to produce a variety of proinflammatory cytokines during the inflammatory response. More recently, the epithelium has been shown to express a variety of receptors that can recognize microorganisms, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), as well as complement and acute phase proteins. Additionally, the cell surface of epithelial cells have also been shown to express a variety of costimulatory molecules which may be involved in regulating the activation of antigen-specific T cells in the airways. This paper reviews the novel ways by which the epithelium may function in both the innate and adaptive immune responses of the airways.
SYNTHESIS OF SELECTED AMIDES OF MONO- AND BIS(CARBOXYPIPERIDINO)ALKANES.

Abstract The synthesis of selected amides of mono‐ and bis (carboxypiperidino) alkanes is reported.
Failure recognition and fault tolerance of an autonomous robot

The purpose of this article is twofold The first goal is to present important issues in designing fault-tolerant systems for autonomous robots. The second is to present the fault-tolerance capabilities we implemented on our autonomous robot. Our approach is characterized by a distributed network of concurrently running processes. To tolerate hardware failures, a set of fault-tolerance processes is written for each component. These processes are responsible for detecting faults in their respective component and for minimizing the impact of the failure on the robot's performance. By exploiting concurrency and distributedness, the system monitors, detects, and compensates for component failures simultaneously. The capabilities of this system have been tested by physically disabling and enabling the robot's sensors and actuators. The system quickly recognizes and compensates for both minor and severe sensor and actuator failures. lt tolerates a variety of sensor failures such as decalibration, erroneous readi...
A new technique for the solution of a nonlinear functional differential equation

A new method for solving the nonlinear functional differential equation (FDE) x (t) = f (t) + ?-? oK(t, ?) [x(t + ?) + g(t + ?; x(?))]d? is derived. The method is based on a comparison principle. It has been shown that the solutions of the non-linear FDE approach to a linear FDE under the stated assumptions.
The random effect of electrical noise on T wave alternans

This study was designed to examine the effect of random noise on the nonparametric power spectrum estimation of beat-to-beat alternations in the electrocardiogram (ECG). It has been widely assumed that random noise is additive to the power spectrum contribution of a beat-to-beat alternating signal. In this study, alternans of the T wave was used to simulate a subtle beat-to-beat alternating signal present in the ECG. Pseudorandom noise was then superimposed on the alternans and a nonparametric power spectrum estimation technique, the Welch method, was used to quantify the amount of T wave alternans present. The study showed that in 34 of 100 pseudorandom noise simulations, the degree of alternans of the T wave detected was decreased when compared to the case where only alternans of the T wave was present without added noise. Thus, assuming that the random noise power spectrum component (at 0.5 cpb) is always additive to the T wave alternans power spectrum component may lend to significant errors in interpretation of the results of power spectrum estimation when applied to the analysis of subtle beat-to-beat fluctuations in the electrocardiogram. >
Contribution of the induced tensor form factor to the A=8 beta - nu - alpha angular correlation.

Experimental limits on the second class induced tensor weak current are reviewed. A method, involving the measurement of the {beta}-{nu}-{alpha} angular correlations in {sup 8}Li and {sup 8}B decays is proposed to test for this current with improved precision.
Alterations in Cerebral Metabolic Rate and Blood Supply across the Adult Lifespan

With age, the brain undergoes comprehensive changes in its function and physiology. Cerebral metabolism and blood supply are among the key physiologic processes supporting the daily function of the brain and may play an important role in age-related cognitive decline. Using MRI, it is now possible to make quantitative assessment of these parameters in a noninvasive manner. In the present study, we concurrently measured cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and venous blood oxygenation in a well-characterized healthy adult cohort from 20 to 89 years old (N = 232). Our data showed that CMRO2 increased significantly with age, while CBF decreased with age. This combination of higher demand and diminished supply resulted in a reduction of venous blood oxygenation with age. Regional CBF was also determined, and it was found that the spatial pattern of CBF decline was heterogeneous across the brain with prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, and caudate being the most affected regions. Aside from the resting state parameters, the blood vessels’ ability to dilate, measured by cerebrovascular reactivity to 5% CO2 inhalation, was assessed and was reduced with age, the extent of which was more prominent than that of the resting state CBF.
Effects of primary care case management (PCCM) on Medicaid children in Alabama and Georgia: provider availability and race/ethnicity.

This study analyzes the 4-year phase-in of Medicaid Primary Care Case Management (PCCM) in Georgia and Alabama. The effect of PCCM implementation on children's primary and preventive care, independ...
Conditioning Stochastic Rainfall Replicates on Remote Sensing Data

Temporally and spatially variable rainfall replicates are frequently required in hydrologic applications of ensemble forecasting and data assimilation. Ensemble methods can be expected to work better when the rainfall replicates more closely resemble observed storms. In particular, the replicates should capture the intermittency and variability that are dominant features of rainfall events. In this paper, we present a new probabilistic procedure for generating realistic rainfall replicates that are constrained by (or conditioned on) remote sensing measurements. The procedure uses remotely sensed cloud top temperatures to identify potentially rainy regions. The cloud top temperatures are obtained from visible/infrared instruments in geostationary orbit. A multipoint geostatistical algorithm generates areas of nonzero rain (rain clusters) within each cloudy region. This algorithm relies on statistics derived from ground-based weather radar [National Operational Weather Radar (NOWRAD)] data. A truncated multiplicative cascade generates rain rates within each rain cluster. A computational experiment based on summer 2004 data from the Central U.S. indicates that the rainfall replicates simulated by the procedure are visually and statistically similar to individual NOWRAD images and to a large ensemble of NOWRAD images collected throughout the summer simulation period.
Experience Discovery: hybrid recommendation of student activities using social network data

The aim of the Experience Discovery project is to recommend extracurricular activities to high school and middle school students in urban areas. In implementing this system, we have been able to make use of both usage data and data drawn from a social networking site. Using pilot data, we are able to show that very simple aggregation techniques applied to the social network can improve recommendation accuracy.
Genetic testing of the hypothesis that hybrid male lethality results from a failure in dosage compensation.

Several recent studies have suggested that F1 hybrid male lethality in crosses between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans is due to a failure in dosage compensation, caused by incompatibilities between D. simulans dosage compensation proteins and the D. melanogaster X chromosome. Contrary to the predictions of this hypothesis, mutations in four essential D. melanogaster dosage compensation genes are shown here to moderately increase rather than decrease hybrid male viability.
Production of MCP chip carriers

Full-scale production of metallized ceramic polyimide (MCP) chip carriers has been practiced for several years by IBM. The MCP package includes two layers of circuitry that are electrically isolated except for vias through a polyimide dielectric layer. This circuitry/polyimide/circuitry sandwich is formed on top of an alumina ceramic base by several passes of photolithographic processing. Connection to the card is provided by pins that go through the ceramic package and into the card, and connection to the chip is provided by controlled collapse chip connection (C4) solder joints. The product construction, performance advantages, and future modifications are described. >
The limits of precision‐guided air power

(1997). The limits of precision‐guided air power. Security Studies: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 93-114.
Cranky no more: The life and legacy of Charles Franklin Kettering

Abstract Charles Franklin Kettering (1876–1958) was an inventor well-known during his lifetime, earning 186 US patents. His most notable invention was the automobile electric starter which put an end to the difficult and dangerous practice of hand cranking. Some of his later work—leaded gasoline and Freon—was controversial and had unintended environmental consequences. He led both the National Inventors' Council and the National Patent Planning Commission. Kettering characterized himself as “just a plain old inventor,” but he was a shrewd businessman. He is still remembered fondly by scientists and staff at the General Motors R&D Center he founded in 1920.
Some Conditions for Effective Work with Groups

SUMMARY The principal point being made in this article is that a group leader or therapist, by his own decisions and actions, can substantially influence (though not absolutely control) the likelihood of the group's success and effectiveness. Some facilitating decisions can be made and some activities undertaken before a group begins. These include deciding whether or not to conduct a group in a particular setting ; exploring the attitudes of one's colleagues ; conducting preparatory discussions with potential group members; deciding how many staff will be present ; deciding at what intervals to introduce new members ; etc. Other decisions cannot be made, or actions taken, until after the group is under way; or they must be undertaken after the group has started because they were over looked beforehand. These include helping a group to establish a consensus by encourag ing the expression of expectations, reservations, and underlying concerns; reassessing a group which seems to have gone stale; initiating discussions with colleagues when covert resistances on their part become apparent. The four issues discussed here set the stage and constitute the context for the group's work. Appropriate attention to them, and management of them, will facilitate but not guarantee the group's success. Many further situations arise in the course of the group's life which may alter its character and course. Nevertheless, many groups which provide a disappointing experience for both group members and leaders could be retrieved if these issues were kept in mind. To summarize: A group is more likely to be successful if it is conducted in an organizational or insti tutional context in which other personnel, not directly involved with the group, never theless accept and support its aims and general procedures, and value its potential contribution to the shared goals of the organization or institution. A group is more likely to be effective if a consensus—which may be implicit—can be established within the group about its aims and procedures. Lack of clarity, persistent splits within the group, or identification of the leader as adversary, all work against the best interests of the group. Structural factors such as size, duration, composition, constancy of membership, and ratio of staff to members, influence the character and effectiveness of the group. A group which has lost its usefulness can and should be terminated or reconstituted
Changes in Proto-oncogene Expression Associated With Reversal of Macrophage-Like Differentiation of HL 60 Cells

Prolonged exposure to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] of 2 sublines (AB-2 and AB-26) of human promyelocytic HL 60 leukemia cells produced increased adherence of the cells to the culture substratum. Advantage was taken of this property to separate physically a population of cells highly enriched in macrophage-like forms. When these differentiated cells were placed in culture medium free of 1,25(OH)2D3, there was a rapid reversal of the features of the differentiated phenotype, monitored by the loss of alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase activity and the loss of adherence to the substrate. The reversal was accompanied by the resumption of normal rates of DNA synthesis, mitosis, and reaccumulation of c-myc and c-myb transcripts. The levels of transcripts of oncogenes c-fos and c-fms, which became abundant in the phenotypically differentiated cultures, declined along with the loss of adhesiveness and reversion to more primitive myeloblastic forms. These changes in proto-oncogene expression became evident before cell proliferation resumed, thereby excluding the diluting effect of the outgrowth of undifferentiated cells. It is concluded that in this system there is no firm commitment to terminal, as opposed to early, differentiation in the great majority of the cells and that the expression of the monocytic maturation-associated genes c-fos and c-fms is down-regulated when macrophage-like cells dedifferentiate. This strengthens the case for an association between macrophage differentiation and the expression of oncogenes c-fos and c-fms.
Accommodational Plasticity in Organizational Science: Impact of Hypothesis Framing on Effect Size

Accommodational plasticity represents research environment characteristics that facilitate a posteriori hypothesizing, or building accommodating hypotheses after observations are made rather than b...
Submicrometer-Encapsulation of NaBH4 by Dopamine End-Functionalized Polystyrene: Gas Generation at Oil–Water Interfaces

We present a single-step, grafting-to synthetic method for the encapsulation of particulate NaBH4 by dopamine end-functionalized polymer chains. Metal–catechol coordination chemistry is used to produce core–shell capsules, which generate H2 gas exclusively upon adsorption to an oil–water interface. Significantly, the synthetic process enables facile control of core diameter, shell thickness, and the chemistry of both shell and core. The interfacial reactivity of these stimuli-responsive capsules may be engineered for various applications such as medical diagnostics, therapeutics, and subsurface imaging. In addition to their triggered reactivity, the capsules react in a manner independent of pressure and are thus well-suited for high pressure subsurface environments.
Adaptive Dynamic Inversion for Asymptotic Tracking of an Aircraft Reference Model

An Adaptive Dynamic Inversion (ADI) controller is developed to yield asymptotic tracking of a desired reference model. The aircraft dynamics contain parametric uncertainty and unknown, nonlinear disturbances, which are not linearly parameterizable (non-LP). The control design is complicated by the fact that the control input is multiplied a nonsquare matrix containing parametric uncertainty. The control development incorporates an adaptive component to compensate for unknown constant parameters. The adaptive controller is augemented with a robust control method to compensate for non-LP disturbances. Asymptotic tracking of a desired reference model is proven via a Lyapunov stability analysis, and high-fidelity simulation results are provided to verify the efficacy of the proposed controller.
Predictors of Shoot–Don’t Shoot Decision-Making Performance An Examination of Cognitive and Emotional Factors

Soldiers are required to perform basic combat tasks, such as move, shoot, and communicate, and to make decisions under many environmental stressors, including continuous operations and information-...
Experimental study on inclusion modification in the steel by Mg cored wire feeding process

The process of Mg-cored wire feeding was investigated. The Mg cored wire with special structure was applied in inclusion modification in steel. The process of feeding the Mg-cored wire is more smoothly than feeding the Mg-wire with old structure in steel treating at 1600°C, the absorption ratio is higher and more stable than that of the old process. After being treated by Mg-cored wire feeding, the Al2O3 inclusions with the big size changes to the fine particles of MgO?Al2O3 inclusions. At same time, the Al2O3?MnS inclusions changes to the Al2O3?MgS?MnS inclusions.
Observations on the Ultrastructure of the Spinal Cord, Spleen and Lymph Nodes of Mice Inoculated with Scrapie

SUMMARY The ultrastructural changes in the spinal cord of mice inoculated with scrapie material by the intraperitoneal route resembled those recorded in mice inoculated intracerebrally; degenerative changes in myelinated nerve fibres, unmyelinated nerve fibres and neurons were observed. No qualitative departures from the normal were observed in the spleen and lymph nodes of scrapie inoculated mice. The scrapie agent was not identified in either spinal cord, spleen or lymph nodes.
Soya Bean Seed Growth and Maturation In vitro without Pods

Culture in vitro de graines excisees immatures de soja (G. max). Les conditions de cultures sont precisees pour realiser la croissance et la maturation de la graine en presence ou non de tissus de la gousse; l'aptitude a la germination est egalement etudiee
Cancer Serum Index and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase for Detection of Progressive Prostatic Cancer

Abstract The ratio of alpha1 acid glycoprotein/prealbumin, referred to as a cancer serum index, has been proposed as a marker for neoplastic disease. In a series of 130 patients with prostate cancer, the cancer serum index was measured along with serum prostatic acid phosphatase. A significant difference for both the cancer serum index and serum prostatic acid phosphatase was detected between those patients with no evidence of active disease after treatment and those with progressive disease after treatment.
Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke

Stroke is the leading cause of disability worldwide and enhancing recovery from neurologic symptoms still remains a major challenge for health care systems globally. Cell-based therapies are currently investigational and offer significant potential in improving functional and behavioral deficits. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms of stroke recovery and the preclinical studies as well as early clinical trials that have investigated stem cell therapy in inducing stroke recovery. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges in designing, conducting, and regulating human trials of cell-based therapy in ischemic stroke.
Corporate Size and Power

It is neither conceptually nor empirically necessary that multinational corporations be huge or enormously wealthy. Numerous middling and small enterprises are happily and profitably engaged in multinational commerce. Moreover, as the global economy becomes more tightly integrated and homogeneous, business enterprises of all sizes and configurations will seek opportunity in the world market.
Retroprosthetic Membrane Formation After Boston Keratoprosthesis: Is It Truly a Benign Complication?

Advances in Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis (K-Pro) technology and postoperative management have led to a decrease in postoperative complications and expanded indications in recent years. However, several challenges still remain, including the post-implantation development of fibrous tissue behind the device known as a retroprosthetic membrane (RPM). Herein, we review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, treatment, prevention, and sequelae of RPM formation after keratoprosthesis implantation. Among postulated risk factors, device indication has been found to be a significant predictor of RPM formation. However, the etiology is likely multifactorial and probably involves both pathologic wound healing triggered by the device and host-specific factors. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography is emerging as a useful tool in the detection and monitoring of RPM formation. Once diagnosed, most RPMs affecting vision are responsive to therapy. However, attempts to reduce the burden of RPM formation including the utility of intracameral corticosteroid prophylaxis at the time of surgery have shown limited effect. Beyond visual impairment, evidence suggests that membrane extension behind the back-plate and into local intraocular structures may contribute to significant morbidity. Indeed, recent reports of RPM-related sequelae include sterile keratolysis and K-Pro extrusion, angle closure and glaucoma development, and, in some cases, tractional retinal detachments. RPM formation after K-Pro implantation compromises the stability of the device and long-term patient outcomes. Accordingly, further investigations are needed to understand RPM etiology in order to inform the development of more effective strategies for prophylaxis and treatment.
On formalization of emergent behaviors in multiagent systems with limited interactions

In this paper, we propose a formal approach to study the emergent behaviors in multiagent systems with limited communications and environmental constraints. Temporal logic and formal grammars are employed to specify the formal model of multiagents, and based on that an automated approach can be used to identify the emergent behaviors due to interactions among agents. Instead of exploring all possible system state spaces, which may grow exponentially, the proposed approach computes the local group polarization and the local group momentum for generating the emergent behavior set, and accordingly from which the emergent behaviors can be detected. To facilitate simulation and analysis, a MATLAB GUI is further designed to enable us to flexibly select control parameters in formal models of multiagent systems. Simulation results are provided to verify the proposed approach.
Effect of Laser Annealing on the Structure of Amorphous Porous SiCOH Materials

The inherent trade-off of porosity and mechanical properties in ultralow dielectric constant SiCOH materials is a critical challenge in semiconductor processing. Numerous postdeposition processes have been studied to achieve simultaneous low-k materials with adequate mechanical rigidity, including thermal annealing. Typically, these thermal anneals are characterized by times on the order of seconds to minutes at relatively low temperatures (below 500 °C). In this work, we report on potential advantages of submillisecond time frame anneals at extreme temperatures up to 1200 °C. The effects of such processing on the structure of ultralow-k materials were studied using molecular dynamics computer simulations employing a force field that facilitates the determination of bond rearrangements, coupled with direct experimental measurements during CO2 laser-induced spike annealing. Results show structural evolution with increasing temperature leading to densification of the SiOx network, reduction in the concentra...
SETS, RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS, AND OPERATIONS

This chapter discusses sets, relations, functions, and operations. The modern approach to the study of mathematics is to concentrate on mathematics as a system or structure, or as a collection of substructures. Four essential components are identified in a mathematical or logical system or structure; they are undefined terms, definitions, postulates, and theorems. The role of postulates is fundamental in a mathematical system. Postulates are assumptions that provide the foundation for the structure. The role and the use of postulates are not unique to mathematics. A one-to-one correspondence between two sets A and B is a pairing of elements of A and B, such that with every element of A exactly one element of B is paired, and with every element of B, exactly one element of A is paired. If two sets are equal, they are equivalent. Equivalent sets need not be equal. A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The set of first components is called the domain of the relation. The set of second components is called the range.
Sub-10-nm electronics

This paper reviews the future electron devices (SET,MOSFET), circuits fabrication and CMOS technology.
Farm work injuries among a cohort of children in Kentucky, USA.

Children residing on farms with livestock may be at an increased risk for work-related injuries, compared to children who work on other commodity farms. This study characterizes children's work tasks on Kentucky farms and assesses whether children who work on beef cattle farms are at an increased risk for farm work injuries. The results of a cohort study of children aged 5-18 years (N=999 at baseline) working on family farms in Kentucky, followed for two consecutive years after an initial enumeration five years previously, found that 70% of the children were involved in animal-related chores. Across all age groups, children on beef cattle farms devoted a greater number of hours per week to farm work, compared to children living on other commodity farms, especially during the school year. For all children in the study, working more than 180 days per year, performing farm work independently, and working on a beef cattle farm (compared to other commodity farm), increased the risk of a farm work injury. However, none of these associations were statistically significant. For male children only, the performance of work tasks independently was significantly associated with a 2.4-fold increased risk (OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.15-5.06; P=0.02) for a farm work injury, after controlling for days of working, age, period of data collection, and commodity type of the farm. Language: en
Psychiatric Comorbidities and Treatments

There are multiple psychiatric comorbidities that mediate the pain perception and merit medical attention. Below are the prominent comorbidities that require medical attention for optimal treatment of pain.
Safe Direct Current Stimulator design for reduced power consumption and increased reliability

Current state of the art neural prosthetics, such as cochlear implants, spinal cord stimulators, and deep brain stimulators use implantable pulse generators (IPGs) to excite neural activity. Inhibition of neural firing is typically indirect and requires excitation of neurons that then have inhibitory projections downstream. Safe Direct Current Stimulator (SDCS) technology is designed to convert electronic pulses delivered to electrodes embedded within an implantable device to ionic direct current (iDC) at the output of the device. iDC from the device can then control neural extracellular potential with the intent of being able to not only excite, but also inhibit and sensitize neurons, thereby greatly expanding the possible applications of neuromodulation therapies and neural interface mechanisms. While the potential applications and proof of concept of this device have been the focus of previous work, the published descriptions of this technology leave significant room for power and reliability optimization. We describe and model a novel device construction designed to reduce power consumption by a factor of 12 and to improve its reliability by a factor of 8.
Chronic femoral artery ligation exaggerates the pressor and sympathetic nerve responses during dynamic skeletal muscle stretch in decerebrate rats.

We found that the pressor and sympathetic nerve responses during dynamic stretch were exaggerated in rats with a ligated femoral artery (a model of peripheral artery disease). Our findings provide ...
Extending the Application of Tense and Agreement Measures: A Reply to Rispoli and Hadley (2018).

Purpose In this reply, we respond to comments on our article “Tracking the Growth of Tense and Agreement in Children With Specific Language Impairment: Differences Between Measures of Accuracy, Div...
Congenital cytomegaloviral infection as a risk factor for preterm birth

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital-acquired infection in the United States and preterm birth continues to be a world-wide public health problem. Given infection has been shown to play a role in preterm delivery; the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of congenital CMV infection in a population of preterm infants and determine if it a risk factor for preterm birth.
Musculoskeletal adaptation to mechanical forces on Earth and in space.

A major concern of the US and Russian space programs is the health and safety of astronauts and cosmonauts. One of the areas receiving the most attention has been the effects of long duration space flight on the musculoskeletel system. After three decades of space flight and research, questions continue. Can exercise in space maintain musculoskeletal tissue mass and function in an adult? The objective of this paper is to address this question in a way that hopefully provides a rational basis for quantifying and evaluating the influnence of daily activities on muscle and bone on Earth and in space.
Negative Cystography with Bladder Rupture: Presentation of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature

AbstractCystography is commonly thought to be the sine qua non in the diagnosis of perforation or rupture of the bladder. Recently, we encountered 2 cases of bladder rupture discovered at subsequent exploration in which preoperative cystography had been negative. The reasons for these negative radiographic findings in light of a non-intact bladder are discussed and a technique for cystography is suggested that will reveal disruptions of the bladder with greater certainty.
Brain Fossils: Endocasts

The evolution of the human brain was a mosaic affair of changes in size interrelated with changes in reorganization, occurring over the past 3–5 My. Brain endocasts, while showing limited morphology, do provide evidence for brain size, and features such as asymmetries, position of the lunate sulcus, Broca's regions, and other convolutional patterns, as well as morphometric data that suggest possible reorganizational changes, by showing size differences in regions of the cerebral cortex. As such, endocasts represent the only direct morphological evidence for human brain evolution. Neurogenomic evidence is beginning to suggest a different kind of direct evidence, but is in very early stages. Comparative neuroanatomy, while only an indirect form of evidence, is very important in demonstrating relationships between brain structure and function, and which inform elements of paleoneurology. The earliest endocasts are for australopithecines 2–4 Ma, with endocast volumes of c.450 mL, and suggestions of both frontal and occipital and parietal lobe reorganization that differs significantly from apes. By 1.8 Ma, the cerebral cortex shows Broca's regions and asymmetries similar to modern humans, as well as morphometric changes toward modern human brains. From this time on to roughly 10K years ago, the major changes are an increase in size to modern human volumes, and refinements of cortical regions and meningeal patterns.
Kinetics of sintering for a class-F fly ash: a sintering model

ABSTRACT Samples of a typical Class-F fly ash were sintered in various oxygen partial pressure atmospheres including argon, 21% O2 in argon, air and 50% O2 in argon. A three-mechanism sintering model was proposed along with physiochemical kinetic transformations that cause the mechanism of sintering to naturally change as time and temperature progress. When used to interpret the experimental data, it was found that even trace amounts of carbon can alter the sintering kinetics, although atmosphere does not affect sintering rates as long as carbon is volatilized prior to the onset of sintering. Both a two and three mechanism model provide a good fit; however, a three mechanism model with thermal expansion was found to provide a more natural fit to the data. A global multi-dataset optimization strategy was used. In addition, the sintered products were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify the crystalline phases present in the fly ash samples. The main crystalline phases present in fly ash are mullite and quartz, although, different crystalline structures and amounts were observed in the sintered samples.
TF-TWAS: Transcription-factor polymorphism associated with tissue-specific gene expression

Transcriptional regulation is associated with a broad range of diseases. Methods associating genetic polymorphism with gene transcription levels offer key insights for understanding the transcriptional regulation plan. The majority of gene imputation methods focus on modeling polymorphism in the cis regions of the gene, partially owing to the large genetic search space. We hypothesize that polymorphism within transcription factors (TFs) may help explain transcription levels of their transcribed genes. Here, we test this hypothesis by developing TF-TWAS: imputation models that integrate transcription factor information with transcription-wide association study methodology. By comparing TF-TWAS models to base models that use only gene cis information, we are able to estimate possible mechanisms of the TF polymorphism effect – TF expression or binding affinity within four tissues – whole blood, liver, brain hippocampus and coronary artery. We identified 48 genes where the TF-TWAS models explain significantly better their expression than cis models alone in at least one of the four tissues. Sixteen of these genes are associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurological, psychiatric and rare genetic diseases. Our method is a new expansion to transcriptome-wide association studies and enables the identification of new associations between polymorphism in transcription factor and gene transcription levels.
Bringing Pancreas Cancer into the Lab.

Summary: Two articles in this issue of Cancer Discovery show that deep profiling of advanced pancreatic cancer is feasible and identify many clinically actionable features with surprising frequency. Cancer Discov; 8(9); 1062–3. ©2018 AACR. See related article by Aguirre et al., p. 1096 . See related article by Tiriac et al., p. 1112 .
Two Xyloglucan Oligosaccharides Obtained by Cellulase-degradation of Tobacco Arabinoxyloglucan

Two xyloglucan oligosaccharides were obtained by mild acid hydrolysis and cellulase-degradation from the arabinoxyloglucan, isolated from the midrib of the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum.The structures of the oligosaccharides were determined by methylation, analyses before and after sodium borohydride reduction and by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy as follows;
Per-oral Endoscopic Myotomy Biopsies of Achalasia Patients Reveal Schwann Cell Depletion in the Muscularis Propria

Achalasia is a neurodegenerative condition resulting in abnormal lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and impaired upstream esophageal body peristalsis.1 The pathophysiology and natural history of achalasia remain unclear, and evaluation of the histopathogenesis of achalasia has traditionally been challenging because the esophageal wall muscularis propria is not typically accessible via routine endoscopic biopsies.
Defining Endothelial Cell-Derived Factors That Promote Pericyte Recruitment and Capillary Network Assembly.

Objective: We sought to identify and investigate the functional role of the major endothelial cell (EC)-derived factors that control pericyte recruitment to EC tubes and pericyte-induced tube matur...
Stigma towards clients in HIV/AIDS care settings

Stigmatizing behaviors engaged by care providers in clinical settings represent a significant barrier to care seeking on the part of persons living with HIV. The majority of studies addressing stigma by healthcare workers has been reported in the developing world. The current study sought to determine the presence of stigmatizing thoughts and behaviors in Ryan White Care Act funded clinics across the United States. The study used a quantitative descriptive design, and included all such sights in the US and its territories. The results indicated that paraprofessional personnel were more likely to engage in thoughts and behaviors that reflect stigma. This finding is significant since these individuals are the first people who patients contact when seeking care, establishing a significant barrier to retention in care. The study reflects a need to engage education and training designed to minimize these behaviors in paraprofessionals.
AERODYNAMICS OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS

This review highlights the differences between the aerodynamics of high-speed trains and other types of transportation vehicles. The emphasis is on modern, high-speed trains, including magnetic levitation (Maglev) trains. Some of the key differences are derived from the fact that trains operate near the ground or a track, have much greater length-to-diameter ratios than other vehicles, pass close to each other and to trackside structures, are more subject to crosswinds, and operate in tunnels with entry and exit events. The coverage includes experimental techniques and results and analytical and numerical methods, concentrating on the most recent information available.
A Creative Supervision Approach for School Counselors Supervising Interns

The Ethical Standards of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) make it clear that school counselor site supervisors of interns should seek out ongoing education in the area of supervisio...