cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co-optimizing water-alternating-carbon dioxide injection projects using a machine learning assisted computational framework

Abstract In this article, a robust machine-learning-based computational framework that couples multi-layer neural network (MLNN) proxies and a multi-objective particle swarm optimizer (MOPSO) to design water-alternating-carbon dioxide injection (CO2-WAG) projects is presented. The proposed optimization protocol considers various objectives, including oil recovery and CO2 storage volume. Expert MLNN systems are trained and employed as surrogate models of the high-fidelity compositional simulator in the optimization workflow. When multiple objective functions are considered, two approaches are employed to treat the objectives: the weighted sum method and the Pareto-front-based scheme. A field-scale implementation focusing on tertiary recovery in the Morrow B formation at Farnsworth Unit (FWU) is presented. The developed Pareto-optimal solutions indicate the maximal available oil production can be 1.64 × 107 barrels and maximal carbon storage can achieve 2.35 × 107 tons. Trade-offs factor is defined to divide the constructed Pareto front into 4 sections with the trade-off factors’ value ranges from 0.35 to 49.9. This work also compares the optimum solution found by the aggregative objective function and the solution repository covered by the Pareto front that considers the physical and operational constraints and reduces uncertainties involved by the multi-objective optimization process. Our comparison indicates multiple solutions exist to satisfy the objective criteria of the WAG design, and these results cannot be found using the traditional weighted sum method. The Pareto front solution can provide more options for project designers, but decisions regarding necessary trade-offs must be made using the solution repository to balance the project economics and CO2 storage amount.
Reservoir host community and vector density predict human tick-borne diseases across the United States

In the United States, tick-borne disease cases have tripled since the 1990s and cost upwards of 10 billion USD annually. Tick density and densities and diversity of non-human mammalian reservoir hosts are hypothesized to drive tick-borne disease dynamics and are targets for interventions. Here, we relate human prevalence of four tick-borne diseases (Lyme disease, monocytic ehrlichiosis, granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis) to tick and reservoir host community data collected by the U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) across the contiguous U.S. We show that human disease prevalence is correlated positively with tick and reservoir host densities and negatively with mammalian diversity for Lyme disease and ehrlichiosis, but positively for anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Our results suggest that the efficacy of tick-borne disease interventions depends on tick and host densities and host diversity. Thus, policymakers and disease managers should consider these ecological contexts before implementing preventative measures.
By Students, for Students: Student-Created Open Educational Resources

Online textbooks or Open Educational Resources (OER) have become more popular in recent years due to the rising costs of textbooks. Unfortunately, few OER currently exist that address topics in rec...
Surgical Anatomy of Vitreous

The vitreous body occupies a spherical space surrounded by the retina, lens, and pars plana of the eye. It consists primarily of water (98%) and macromolecules (2%), specifically collagen and hyaluronan. Vitreous plays an important role in the development of many common retinal pathologies including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and, via anomalous posterior vitreous detachment (APVD), retinal detachment (RD), macular holes, and macular pucker. Therefore, understanding vitreous anatomy is important to improve surgical approaches and techniques.
TECHNO21: Design and Implementation of a New Performance Management System:

The case highlights the key concerns and issues an organization may face if its performance management system (PMS) does not serve its intended purpose and how it can cause demotivation and dissati...
Risk Assessment and Rationalization of Health Resource Allocation: Lessons From the Brazilian COVID-19 Cohort in 2020 (preprint)

Background: Due to the slow vaccination and limited resources in Brazil, a risk assessment in hospital screening becomes imperative to improve efficiency and ensure universal access to the health system. This study aimed to evaluate the association between pre-screening clinical characteristics (age, symptoms, and comorbidities) and healthcare resource demand (ventilatory support or intensive care units) and COVID-19-related deaths. Methods: We included patients from the SIVEP-Gripe database with a confirmatory diagnosis of COVID-19, aged 21-80 years, admitted and discharged from February 20th to December 31st, 2020. We used binomial models adjusted for confounders with second-order interactions between the effects of interest. Findings: Of 430,723 symptomatic patients diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to hospitals, and registered in the SIVEP-Gripe, 258,564 (70·6%) required some ventilatory support, 127,663 (29·6%) required intensive care, and 112,569 (26·1%) had COVID-19-related deaths. Diabetes (27-65%), obesity (53-129%), and smoking (68-130%) increased the chance of ventilatory support in almost all age strata and symptom groups. Obesity (45-124%) was a major risk factor for ICU admission, while immunosuppression (54-235%) and renal disease (89-189%) increased the risk of COVID-19-related deaths. Unexpectedly, Patients who had mild symptoms were often more associated with an unfavorable clinical course than other symptoms considered more severe. Interpretation: Our results revealed the complex distribution of risks considering the interaction between age, group of symptoms, and comorbidities for increased demand for healthcare resources and deaths. Early identification of high-risk patients may improve the efficiency of the health system. Funding Information: Inova Fiocruz/Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Declaration of Interests: We declare no competing interests.
Common Mode EMI Characterization Through Phase Modeling

This paper presents the advanced phase modeling of conducted common-mode (CM) EMI of wide bandgap (WBG) power switch. The state-of-the-art approaches mostly analyze CM EMI through a circuit model. While circuit simulations provide high-resolution analysis, it commonly leads to long simulation time and incomplete convergence issues arise due to its high complexity; this becomes challenging in increasingly complicated power electronics systems. In this paper, a new signal processing approach has been proposed for the SiC half-bridge module to address such a critical issue through precise phase modeling. If successful, this proposed modeling could allow a novel analysis of the phase and timing differences between CM EMI caused by different parasitic elements of WBG switches within an extensive power-electronics-enabled-power-system, hence, allowing system-level analysis of CM EMI. The proposed method has been compared with that of a conventional circuit simulation tool to validate the effectiveness. The proposed algorithm is also validated with a 300kVA medium voltage SiC MOSFET-based EMI testbed.
Quality over quantity? The role of social contact frequency and closeness in suicidal ideation and attempt.

Abstract Background Social support has been identified as a protective factor against suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Research has not conclusively identified the component of social support most implicated in suicidal thoughts and behaviors: 1) frequency of social contact or 2) closeness of relationships. This study examined the relationships between these facets of social support and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in two nationally representative samples, as well as subsamples with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Methods Study 1 variables for lifetime and past-year suicide ideation and attempt, social contact frequency, and closeness were calculated and examined within the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R). Study 2 examined the independent contributions of social contact frequency and closeness to only lifetime suicide attempt in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). Results In the NCS-R, lower social closeness but not contact frequency was uniquely associated with suicidal ideation and attempt in the general sample and those with SAD. In the NESARC-III, both components of social support were associated with lifetime suicide attempt in the general sample, while only social closeness was uniquely associated with suicide attempt in the SAD subsample. Limitations This study utilized cross-sectional data and was limited in the validity and specificity of the variables assessed. Discussion Lower social closeness was more strongly associated with suicidality than social contact frequency and merits attention as a potential target for suicide-related interventions. Social closeness may be especially relevant in populations experiencing high rates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors and decreased social support.
Active Faults of the World: India, the Himalaya, Mainland China, and Central Asia

Introduction A description of the active faults of the East Asian mainland must consider two important relationships: one tectonic and one sociological. The tectonic observation is the collision of India with the “soft underbelly” of Eurasia, uplifting the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau and deforming the Asian interior as far as 3000 km north of the Himalaya, north to Lake Baikal in Siberia and the Tien Shan in western China and adjacent Kyrgyzstan. North of the Himalaya, the Tibetan Plateau, the highest in the world, is “escaping” eastward toward the South China Sea at the same time it is attenuated along normal faults that strike north–south, similar to faults in the southern Aegean region, but at a larger scale. The sociological phenomenon is the rise of earthquake science in China following the Communist revolution of 1949. China has a long history of earthquake devastation, including the loss of more than 800 000 lives in an earthquake in 1556, and more than 200 000 in an earthquake in 1920. The losses in 1556 probably represent the greatest loss of life in a single earthquake, although as people in the developing world continue to move to megacities, and there is no effective political response toward earthquake mitigation, this record will probably be broken in the near future (Bilham, 2004, 2009). China’s reaction to the earthquake challenge has been unique among major nations, a response to its cultural traditions.
Meso beta-scale thunderstorm/environment interactions during AVE-SESAME V (20-21 May 1979)

The atmospheric variability in a convective area was examined with data from the AVE-SESAME V experiment. Temperature increases were observed in the upper troposphere during storm development, coupled with cooling near the surface and in the lower stratosphere. A mesohigh was detected at 200 mb over the convected area, and upper level winds increased speed north of the area. Wind velocity decreases occurred at the 200 mb level, reaching a 50 percent decrease, during the 3 hr period coinciding with most storms, and a simultaneous increase (doubling) was found in the wind speeds at the 400 mb level. Other phenomena present after the storms began included low-level convergence, upper level divergence, and ascending motion.
Efficient algorithms for general active learning

Selective sampling, a realistic active learning model, has received recent attention in the learning theory literature. While the analysis of selective sampling is still in its infancy, we focus here on one of the (seemingly) simplest problems that remain open. Given a pool of unlabeled examples, drawn i.i.d. from an arbitrary input distribution known to the learner, and oracle access to their labels, the objective is to achieve a target error-rate with minimum label-complexity, via an efficient algorithm. No prior distribution is assumed over the concept class, however the problem remains open even under the realizability assumption: there exists a target hypothesis in the concept class that perfectly classifies all examples, and the labeling oracle is noiseless. As a precise variant of the problem, we consider the case of learning homogeneous half-spaces in the realizable setting: unlabeled examples, xt, are drawn i.i.d. from a known distribution D over the surface of the unit ball in ℝdand labels ytare either –1 or +1. The target function is a half-space ux ≥0 represented by a unit vector u ∈ℝdsuch that yt(uxt) > 0 for all t. We denote a hypothesis v’s prediction as v(x)=SGN(v ·x).
Primus inter pares (First among equals)

Priming of DNA replication in eukaryotes is carried out by a heterotetrameric complex known as pol α–primase. The structure of the Pyrococcus furiosus RNA polymerase subunit of this complex shows that priming is carried out by unrelated proteins in archaea/eukarya and eubacteria, provides insights into the mechanism of action of a novel RNA polymerase, and raises new questions regarding the ancestry of priming and replication in the three domains of life.
Barrett's esophagus in children: A consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux

It is widely acknowledged that Barrett's esophagus in adults is an acquired condition resulting from prolonged gastroesophageal reflux. Barrett's esophagus is rare in childhood, even though gastroesophageal reflux occurs commonly in the pediatric age group. When a columnar-lined esophagus is present in children, it is often regarded as a congenital anomaly rather than as a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux. Over a 5-yr period (1978-1982), we retrospectively studied Barrett's esophagus in children 19 yr of age or younger who were evaluated for gastroesophageal reflux and whose symptoms warranted esophagoscopy and esophageal biopsy. Esophageal biopsies were performed on 103 patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Thirteen children (age range, 8 mo-19 yr) had Barrett's esophagus, for a prevalence of 13%. Gastroesophageal reflux was documented in these children by upper gastrointestinal radiographs or pH monitoring. Radiographs demonstrated esophageal stricture in 5 of the 13 children; none had hiatal hernia. Children presented with symptoms suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis: vomiting, abdominal pain, odynophagia, dysphagia, and heartburn. All children had a past history of excessive regurgitation during infancy. Histologically, three types of columnar epithelium were present: gastric fundic type (11 patients), junctional-type columnar epithelium reminiscent of gastric cardia (7 patients), and specialized columnar (metaplastic intestinal) type (2 patients). We believe that Barrett's esophagus is more common in children than had previously been appreciated. In these children, we suggest that the distal columnar-lined esophagus resulted from chronic gastroesophageal reflux and is not a congenital anomaly.
Dr. William 'Bill' E. Shiels II (April 2, 1954 - May 5, 2015).

Those of us who knew him were greatly saddened by the death of Dr. William “Bill” Eugene Shiels II, who passed away at The James Cancer Hospital in Columbus, OH, on May 5, 2015, surrounded by his loving family. Bill had recently celebrated his 61st birthday. After his vigilant year-long battle against pancreatic cancer, we lost an extraordinary man and outstanding pediatric radiologist who left a legacy of outstanding leadership, skill and innovation, and a life filled with compassion and advocacy for the best possible medical care of children. Bill was born and raised in Cincinnati, OH, the 9th child in a family of 11 children, and the youngest of 4 boys. He graduated from Purcell Marion High School in Cincinnati, going on to earn a bachelor’s of science and a master’s degree in biology from Villanova University in 1979, and a doctor of osteopathic medicine degree from the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine in 1983. Bill then began his distinguished military career through the Health Professions Scholarship Program with the United States Army. He was assigned to Tripler ArmyMedical Center in Hawaii, where he completed a transitional internship year and subsequently a diagnostic radiology residency in 1988. Bill returned to Cincinnati on a military-sponsored exception, completing a 2-year pediatric radiology fellowship at Cincinnati Children’s HospitalMedical Center in 1990. There hemet two of his greatest mentors, Dr. Donald Kirks and Dr. Diane Babcock. Following graduation, Bill served as the section chief of pediatric radiology at Walter Reed Army Medical Center from 1990 to 1996. He also acted as the radiology consultant to the U.S. Army Surgeon General from 1991 to 1995. After fulfilling his military commitment in 1996, Bill moved to Columbus, OH, to take over the chairmanship of the Department of Radiology at Columbus Children’s Hospital, now Nationwide Children’s Hospital. He devoted the next 20 years of his life building on a dream of excellence for imaging and care of pediatric patients. He did it with style, grace, commitment and an unwavering belief in himself and his colleagues. His forward-thinking and boundless optimism served him well as he continuously strived to promote the growth and development of the program. Bill had a distinguished medical career with 60 peerreviewed publications, 20 book chapters, and more than 500 invited lectures and courses both nationally and internationally. Bill’s focus on treating infants and children with vascular malformations, bone lesions, and congenital and acquired abnormalities of the head and neck was his passion. He * D. Gregory Bates greg.bates@nationwidechildrens.org
An Evaluative Study of the Two Community Colleges at Qassim University Based on the Perceptions of Facult y Members, Teaching Assistant and Students, and suggestions for Development

This study aimed at identifying the philosophy of the two community colleges at Qassim University, and investigating the act ual reality in both colleges from the viewpoints of faculty members and students. The study also tried to explore the difference between the responses of students and those of faculty members to the two instruments of the st udy, identify problems in those colleges, and propose suggestions for developing them. The descriptive method was used to achieve the purpose of this study. Two questionnaires were developed and used in the first semester of th e academic year (1431/1432 A. H. – 2010/2011). The first instrument was administered to 51 faculty members in those faculties (% 96.2 of the total population), while the second instrument was administered to 310 students (%28. 2 of the total population). Results showed that faculty members’ responses were moderate on two dimensions (human and material resources, and academic programs), and low on the other dimensions. There were no significant differences between faculty members due to the two variables of academic position and department, while there were significant differences due to the college variable, in favor of Bu raidah Community College. Results also showed that students’ responses were moderate on two dimensions (admission, and academic programs), and low on the other dimensions. There were no significant differences between students due to the two variables of academic pr ogram and study level, whereas ther e were significant differences due to the college variable, in favor of Buraidah Community College. The study also proposed some suggestions for making the role of community co lleges at Qassim University more effective.
WORLD STANDARDS FOR SHIPBORNE BARGES

Abstract Agreement on world standards for shipborne barges may be worth the cost in view of the sizable niche for a barge-carrier system. Conventional containerships need costly ports but barge carriers can pick up and deliver barges in a river mouth, bay or roadstead; they can call briefly at minor ports and even deliver van containers via barge to inland destinations, and the large scale of the barges makes them better than the van containers for some kinds of cargo. The unification of ocean and inland water routes that began with the LASH and Seabee systems will be better if relevant standards are agreed upon. It may be time to consider how such agreement might be reached.
Prostatic involution in rats induced by a novel 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, SK&F 105657: role for testosterone in the androgenic response.

Within the prostate, androgen stimulates glandular cell secretion and proliferation while inhibiting glandular cell death. Due to its predominant nuclear localization, higher affinity for the androgen receptor, and more than 10-fold higher intracellular concentration than testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), not testosterone, appears to be the active intracellular androgen within the prostate of intact male hosts. The issue has remained unanswered, however, whether testosterone itself, without irreversible conversion to DHT by the 5 alpha-reductase enzyme, is capable of androgenic effects in the prostate. To address this issue, a novel dead end (i.e. product) inhibitor of the 5 alpha-reductase enzyme, SK&F 105657, was administered to intact or castrated male rats treated with either exogeneous testosterone or DHT. When administered twice a day orally at 25 mg/kg.dose, SK&F 105657 reduced the prostatic DHT content of either intact or castrated rats maintained with exogeneous testosterone to the same lo...
Student sex and behavior as determinants of the type and frequency of teacher-student contacts☆

Abstract Second-grade teachers ranked their students according to the extent to which they exhibited problem behavior in the classroom. Boys and girls who exhibited few problem behaviors and children who exhibited many problem behaviors were observed in their dyadic interaction with their teacher. Boys who were behavior problems were found to interact with their teachers significantly more than boys who were not behavior problems and more than girls regardless of their classroom behavior. This result indicates that the high rate of student-teacher interaction for boys found by other investigators is probably characteristic of only a small percentage of boys.
Laparoscopic Medial-to-lateral Colon Dissection: How and Why

Laparoscopic colectomy is a difficult procedure with a long learning curve. We describe in this study our technique for right- and left-sided laparoscopic medial-to-lateral colectomy. The medial approach involves division of the vascular pedicle first, followed by mobilization of the mesentery toward the abdominal wall, and finally freeing of the colon along the white line of Toldt. This approach allows immediate identification of the plane between the mesocolon and the retroperitoneum and renders the dissection fast and safe. Our series of 50 consecutive laparoscopic colectomies supports this concept. We believe that surgeons familiar with this technique will have an important tool in their armamentarium to circumvent some of the challenges of laparoscopic colectomy.
A conserved fertility signal despite population variation in the cuticular chemical profile of the trap-jaw ant Odontomachus brunneus

Contact pheromones in the form of cuticular hydrocarbons are widespread among insects. Eusocial insects present a special challenge for understanding the evolution of the cuticular hydrocarbon profile because this blend is responsible for multiple distinct roles such as nestmate recognition and signalling fertility status. This study investigates these two signalling roles of the hydrocarbon profile in the trap-jaw ant Odontomachus brunneus. We demonstrate that the cuticular hydrocarbon profile is highly variable across populations and provide evidence that these differences are used for nestmate discrimination. Through manipulative experiments we also show that (Z)-9-nonacosene (Z9:C29) is used as a fertility signal and its role is conserved across populations. Our data demonstrate that both fertility and nestmate signalling influence the cuticular hydrocarbon profile and specifically the relative abundance of Z9:C29 on the cuticle of O. brunneus. Our study suggests that natural selection works on the cuticular chemical profile through multiple regulatory pathways, diversifying nestmate signals while conserving fertility signals.
Chemical flooding — status report

Abstract The current status of polymer flooding, surfactant flooding, and alkaline flooding is described with emphasis on the process mechanisms underlying each method. Requirements for future research and development are identified. It is concluded that polymer flooding and to a certain degree also alkaline/polymer flooding presently have the highest application potential, since they are low risk methods with a well developed application technology. Surfactant/polymer flooding is an immature method from an application point of view. It will need substantial research and development to become a technique of any importance. At present, there is no indication that chemical flooding will contribute more than 5% to the total EOR-production in the near future.
Diameter-Selective Fractionation of HiPco Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Repeated Functionalization Reactions

The functionalization reaction of the diamine-terminated oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) with a purified HiPco single-walled carbon nanotube sample was repeated multiple times to yield the corresponding number of soluble fractions and the final insoluble residue. According to results from the characterization with various instrumental techniques, these soluble fractions and the final residue all have different nanotube diameter distributions from that found in the starting sample. A general conclusion is that the functionalization and solubilization are selective toward smaller diameter nanotubes, regardless of their being semiconducting or metallic. Mechanistic implications, especially with respect to the post-production separation in terms of the nanotube metallicity, are discussed.
Characterisation of reactively sputtered silicon oxide for thin-film transistor fabrication

To overcome deficiencies of sputtered silicon dioxide (SiO/sub 2/) films the RF magnetron sputtering process was optimised using a full factorial design of experiment. The optimised SiO/sub 2/ film has a 5.7 MV/cm breakdown field and a 6.2 nm/min deposition rate at 10 W/cm/sup 2/ RF power, 3 mtorr pressure, 300/spl deg/C substrate temperature, and 56 V substrate bias. Thin-film transistors were also fabricated and characterised to show potential and prospective applications of the optimised SiO/sub 2/ films.
Black-White Differences in Cognitive Processing: A Study of the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive Theory of Intelligence

Researchers have typically found a mean difference of about 15 points between Blacks and Whites on traditional measures of intelligence. Some have argued that the difference between Blacks and Whites would be smaller on measures of cognitive processing. This study examined Black (n= 298) and White (n= 1,691) children on Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive cognitive processes (PASS theory of intelligence) as operationalized by the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS). Regression analyses, controlling for key demographic variables, showed an estimated CAS Full Scale mean score difference of 4.8, which is smaller than that found with traditional IQ. Correlations between the PASS scores and achievement were similar for Blacks (median of .70) and Whites (median of .64). Moderated regression analyses showed no interaction effect for race by CAS Full Scale with achievement, suggesting that there are similar relationships between the CAS and achievement for Black (n= 298) and White (n= 1,691) groups. N...
Formation, Structure and Luminescent Properties of Metal-Metal Bonded Compounds of the Late Transition Metal and Post Transition Metal Ions

Metal-metal bond forming reactions involving interactions of planar d8 metal ions (Ir(I), Rh(I), Pt(II)) with a variety of low coordinate transition metal and post transition metal ions are described. Many of the examples involve metal complexation by the metallomacrocycles M2(CO)2Cl2{μ-(Ph2PCH2)2AsPh}2 (where M is Rh or Ir).
Inhalation studies of Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash in animals: respiratory mechanics, airway reactivity and deposition.

Abstract Effects of fine volcanic ash aerosol on pulmonary mechanical properties of awake guinea pigs were evaluated during exposure by inhalation. Ash penetration into the lung as well as tissue response to ash were determined by transmission electron microscopy. The reactivity of airway epithelial irritant receptors following ash exposure was assessed using a histamine bronchoprovocation test. Results indicated that breathing 9.4 mg/m 3 of ash for 2 hr did not cause a measurable change in pulmonary function of guinea pigs. Electron micrographs showed that ash particles in the lung below the hilus did not seem to produce any acute tissue reaction and were almost all phagocytized by macrophages. Airways of guinea pigs exposed to ash were significantly less responsive to histamine than were the airways of animals exposed only to air. It appears that even though Mt. St. Helens ash was well tolerated by the guinea pig during the exposure, its presence in the inhaled air did change the “histamine sensitivity” of airway epithelial irritant receptors.
Standoff hyperspectral imaging of explosives residues using broadly tunable external cavity quantum cascade laser illumination

We describe experimental results on the detection of explosives residues with active hyperspectral imaging by illumination of the target surface using an external cavity quantum cascade laser (ECQCL) and imaging using an uncooled microbolometer camera. Explosives have rich absorption features in the molecular fingerprint region that spans 1500 to 500 wavenumbers and is easily probed by the wavelength range of quantum cascade lasers (QCL), which can be fabricated to emit from 3300 to 400 wavenumbers. Our laboratory-built ECQCL consists of a Fabry-Perot laser with anti-reflection coated front facet that is arranged in a Littman-Metcalf configuration. The ECQCL was operated quasi-CW with a 100 kHz repetition rate, 50% duty cycle drive signal and tuning range from 1102.95 to 983.8 wavenumbers. The active hyperspectral imaging technique forms an image hypercube by recording one image for each tuning step of the ECQCL. For the experiments reported here, each wavelength band was 2 wavenumbers wide and 60 bands of image data were acquired in 2 seconds. The resulting hyperspectral image contains the full absorption spectrum produced by the illumination laser at each pixel in the image which can then be used to identify the explosive type and relative quantity using the rich library of spectral identification approaches developed initially in the remote sensing community. These techniques include spectral feature fitting, matched filtering, and mixture tuned matched filtering. Mixtures of materials can be evaluated using linear spectral unmixing approaches and matched filtering or mixture tuned matched filtering. We provide examples of these methods using ENVI, a commercial spectral image processing software package.
Flow-Induced Wear in Steam Generator Tubes—Prediction Versus Operational Experience

Many nuclear steam generators have accumulated more than 10 effective-full-power-years of operation. Eddy-current inspections revealed that a number of these steam generator tubes, notably those located in high local cross-flow regions, have indications of wear at some support plate elevations after 5 to 10 yr of effective-full-power operations. In the last 5 yr, a number of technical papers on nonlinear tube bundle dynamics has been published to address the effect of tube and support plate interactions. At the same time, test data relating wear and tube wall thickness losses for different material combinations and different support plate geometries became available. Based on the available data in the literature, as well as data obtained in the author's affiliation, this paper assesses the cumulative tube wall wear after 5, 10, and 15 effective-full-power years of operation of a typical commercial nuclear steam generator, using different wear models. It is hoped that this study will shed some light on the probable mechanism that caused the observed wear in today's operating nuclear steam generators.
Black bear resource selection in the northeast Cascades, Washington

We examined resource selection of black bears in the northeast Cascades of Washington at two spatial scales. Specifically, we compared habitats selected for within home ranges to those available in the study area, and habitats selected for versus those available within home ranges. Compositional analysis showed selection of similar habitats at each spatial scale, with some differences. In the dry climate of the eastern Cascades, black bears appeared to locate home ranges within habitats that would provide abundant food resources, such as riparian and deciduous forests, meadows and shrubfields. Once established in a home range, black bears selected for a mosaic of habitat types that provided security cover in proximity to food resources, such as riparian and deciduous forests, other forest types and meadows.
The Shape of Baym's Career

It is crucial for this symposium to recall how Nina Baym has been reviewed and read and how her work has challenged the way we write American literary history. In analyzing the shape of her career, however, I don't suggest that there was an early, a middle, or even a late or major Baym or attempt to create a narrative and a counternarrative of how her work has unfolded over four decades, for the work that she produced is seamless enough to appear as though she had the whole conception of her career in mind when she first began publishing. Cathy Davidson's review of Novels, Readers, and Reviewers: Responses to Fiction in Antebellum America (1984) in 1985 is really prescient on the contours of Baym's career. Called "The Resisting Critic and the Politics of Reception," Davidson's piece brings Judith Fetterley's widely influential The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach to American Fiction (1978) to bear on Baym's 1984 book, as well as William Cain's The Crisis in Criticism: Theory, Literature, and Reform in English Studies (1984). Davidson lauds Baym's project for compelling us to rethink literary history, particularly in an academic field where provocation and polemicism are to be desired. For Davidson, "If, as Baym suggests, it is less the popular reviewer than the professorial critic [who makes the canon], then perhaps we had better look closely at the politics of the academy in order to understand just how and to what end literary fortunes advance and decline in the academic marketplace" (288). Davidson's conditional logic no longer holds, since no one in this profession says "If' about Baym's conclusions anymore. Davidson concludes that Baym's work teaches us "just how persistently our theories of literature are self-reflexive, grounded mostly in their own constructs" (291). Indeed, this is Baym's inaugurating lesson about how critics make meaning and why readers take pleasure in reading. To that end, no less a writer and reviewer than Henry James offers us a model to describe the shape of Baym's literary practice. Like James's "The Figure in the Carpet" (1896), Baym's writing dramatizes the stakes of reading literature and working through the critical misreadings that have shaped the profession. For me, it's the best pedagogical
Navigational blocks: navigating information space with tangible media

The Navigational Blocks project demonstrates a tangible user interface that facilitates retrieval of historical stories in a tourist spot. Orientation, movement, and relative positions of physical Blocks support visitor navigation and exploration in a virtual gallery. The Navigational Blocks system provides a physical embodiment of digital information through tactile manipulation and haptic feedback. The simple cubic form of the Blocks is easy to understand and therefore easy to use to manipulate complex digital information. Electromagnets embedded in the Blocks and wireless communication encourage users to quickly rearrange the Blocks to form different database queries.
Effects of acute and chronic trazodone administration on serum prolactin levels in adult female rats

Trazodone was tested for its ability to elevate serum prolactin levels in mature female rats. When the drug was administered acutely to female rats at doses up to 80 mg/kg ip, it induced a clear rise in serum prolactin levels, with a minimum effective dose of 20 mg/kg; blood trazodone levels at these doses were between 1.6-2.4 micrograms/ml. However, trazodone could not be considered to be a potent stimulator of prolactin secretion, since the injection of haloperidol at 2 mg/kg elevated serum prolactin to values twice those seen in animals receiving the 80 mg/kg dose of trazodone. When trazodone was administered chronically in the diet for two or four weeks, at an average daily dose of 80 mg/kg, serum trazodone levels were found to be 100-200 ng/ml when measured at each stage of the estrous cycle. Serum prolactin levels in trazodone-treated animals, however, did not differ from those in control rats. Moreover, drug-treated animals showed normal proestrus surges in serum prolactin. The results of these studies thus indicate that acutely, at very high doses, trazodone probably can stimulate prolactin secretion modestly in female rats. However, when consumed chronically at 80 mg/kg/day, the drug has no effects on serum prolactin levels. Therefore, if trazodone stimulates prolactin secretion by altering neurotransmission across dopamine and/or serotonin synapses in brain, it is probably not potent in these actions, at least as concerns those dopamine and serotonin neurons that influence the secretion of prolactin.
Intramedullary spinalcord cavernous malformations

Abstract Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations are rare lesions and account for a small percentage of clinically evident cavernous malformations. However, the reported incidence rates likely underestimate their true rate of occurrence. The advent of magnetic resonance imaging has increased the diagnosis of these lesions as it has that of their intracranial counterparts. Our understanding of their natural history, however, is less well developed given their relative rarity and the devastating consequences of conservative management of symptomatic cavernous malformations of the spinal cord. Nevertheless, surgical management of these lesions with meticulous microsurgical technique and appropriate perioperative care has been quite successful. We report our experience with intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations and detail our surgical technique and perioperative management.
Discretion, Due Process, and the Prison Discipline Committee:

Prison discipline received considerable attention from both the courts and professional organizations during the decade of the 1970s. It was widely assumed that the due process requirements which resulted from judicial review coupled with the promulgation of model discipline standards and procedures would limit the broad discretionary authority found in the traditional prison disciplinary process. A case study of the activities of one Prison Discipline Committee suggests that these external pressures may have less impact on decision making than such internal pressures as overcrowding. Due process requirements have not greatly inhibited the exercise of discretion in the prison discipline process.
Effects of engine operating conditions on morphology, microstructure, and fractal geometry of light-duty diesel engine particulates

Abstract An investigation on the morphology, internal microstructure, and fractal geometry of particulate matter (PM) was conducted for a 1.7-L light-duty diesel engine. The experimental and analytical instruments used in this study include a unique thermophoretic sampling system, a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM), customized digital image processing/data acquisition system, and a Raman scattering spectrometer that have been extensively used at Argonne National Laboratory. During experiments, diesel particulates were directly collected from the exhaust stream. In the morphological observations using TEM, graphitic crystallite structures were found from these light-duty diesel particulates, particularly at high engine loads. In subsequent analysis, Raman spectra revealed details of these graphitic structures quantitatively: the collected diesel PM was quite similar in atomic structures to typical graphite, and the degree of its crystalline structures increased as the engine load increased. In PM size measurements, mean primary particle diameters ( d p ) are in a range of 19.4–32.5 nm and radii of gyration ( R g ) in a range of 77.4–134.1 nm, respectively, across the engine operating conditions of 780–4000 rpm and 0–100% loads. From the fractal analysis, smaller fractal dimensions ( D f ) (1.46–1.70) were measured for the light-duty diesel engine used in this study, compared to those of heavy-duty diesel particulates that ranged in 1.80–1.88. This result implies that more stretched chain-like particles were produced from the light-duty engine under the diffusion-limit formation mechanism. The database on the physical dimension and fractal geometry of light-duty diesel PM obtained from this study offers data for the future standards of diesel PM sizes and development of advanced diesel PM emission control technologies.
Agent-Causation, Explanation, and Akrasia: A Reply to Levy’s Hard Luck

I offer a brief review of, and critical response to, Neil Levy’s fascinating recent book Hard Luck, where he argues that no one is ever free or morally responsible not because of determinism or indeterminism, but because of luck. Two of Levy’s central arguments in defending his free will nihilism concern the nature and role of explanation in a theory of moral responsibility and the nature of akrasia. With respect to explanation, Levy argues that an adequate theory of moral responsibility must be able provide contrastive explanations of why an agent performs one action rather than another, and that libertarians lack the resources to provide such explanations. With respect to akrasia, Levy argues that it is impossible to be directly morally responsible for akratic actions. In response I argue that any sense of contrastive explanation that can reasonably be thought to be a requirement on an adequate theory of moral responsibility is a sense that agent-causal libertarians can secure. I then argue that the agent-causal theory of free will offers an alternative and attractive understanding of motivation and self-control (than offered by Levy) that makes it plausible to think that we can be morally responsible for akratic actions.
Development-related contextual effects and individual attributes in Third World migration processes: a Venezuelan example.

Out-migration in Venezuela was examined as a function of personal attributes and place or contextual characteristics related to development thus combining the individual and mass perspectives. This is part of a broader effort to elaborate upon "development paradigm of migration" based on the observation that economic growth involves structural changes in society which in turn affect the role of specific migration factors. Development indices were derived by principal components analysis of 21 variables pertaining to distritos a small political unit. STRUCTURE 1 component represents a traditional-contemporary continuum in economic and social structure; PRESSURE a 2nd component represents the degree to which distrito population is dependent rather than economically active and its level of population pressure. Personal characteristics in addition to migrant status include the age educational level and gender of 65994 individuals in 1971. These variables were used in logistic regressions for the entire sample for persons from distritos with large and intermediate-sized urban places and for those from distritos with small urban places and rural areas. Educational attainment was the most important variable for distritos with no urban center in excess of 20000 and second in importance for distritos with urban centers of greater than 20000. Its role was consistent across subsamples as was that of age. Gender was among the most important determinants of out-migration in rural and less urban distritos but a minor factor elsewhere. This is because females gravitate to and tend not to leave major urban centers where employment opportunities are more numerous and gender-biased attitudes less prevalent. In general traditional-contemporary aspects of socioeconomic structure and educational attainment emerged as most important. Age was consistent in its role but gender varied according to whether a distrito is more rural or urban. Dependency-population pressure was significant in all settings but less important overall.
Examining the Impact of Chemistry Education Research Articles from 2007 through 2013 by Citation Counts.

Evaluating the impact of Chemistry Education Research articles has historically centered on the impact factor of the publishing journal. With the advent of electronic journal indices, it is possible to determine the impact of individual research articles by the number of citations it has received. However, in a relatively new discipline, such as Chemistry Education Research, it is necessary to provide context for the citation counts, particularly because Chemistry Education Research faculty are likely evaluated by chemistry faculty in more established subdisciplines. This study seeks to provide context by reviewing the citation counts for a sample of 749 Chemistry Education Research articles published in chemistry education or science education journals from 2007 through 2013. The number of citations was found to follow a non-normal distribution and, thus, results are presented using quartiles to describe the range of citations. The results are delineated by metric of citations (Web of Science and Google ...
Diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients With Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Evaluation of application technologies of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of the black vine weevil.

Abstract Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), is a severe pest of small fruit and nursery crops around the world. These studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis marelatus, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Steinernema riobrave) applied in infected host cadavers or as aqueous applications for black vine weevil larval control. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse and outdoors. Application of three infected host cadavers or 40 infective juvenile nematodes (IJs)/cm2 were made to pots of Impatiens walleriana 5–7 d after larval infestation. Efficacy was assessed at 14 d in the greenhouse and at 14 and 28 d after nematode application in outdoor trials. In the greenhouse, all treatments with the exception the S. riobrave (cadaver and aqueous applications) provided nearly 100% efficacy after 14 d. The S. riobrave applications, although significantly better than the control, only provided 40–70% control and were not included ...