cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cephalosporin-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Treated with Intravenous Immunoglobulin

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a life-threatening cutaneous reaction to various medications, including antipsychotics and antibiotics. While cephalosporin-induced TEN is very rare, we present a case of cefepime-induced TEN. There are several commonly used therapies for TEN, including immunosuppressive agents and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), but their true efficacy has not been proven. In this case, the patient was treated with IVIG. The role of IVIG as therapy for TEN is currently being investigated. Prior observational studies suggest IVIG infers clinic benefit; however, recent meta-analyses have not shown any benefit. Our patient initially showed clinical improvement with IVIG therapy but, unfortunately, later succumbed to sepsis. We will provide a brief review of the current research of the pathological mechanism of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/TEN and the mechanism of action of IVIG specifically in TEN/SJS.
Media Industries and the Ecological Crisis

This essay argues that media industry studies should be open to eco-materialist approaches. Whether we study mobile telephony, social media, the network society, or studio operations, we must see these subjects in the ecological context in which they arise and operate.
Abstract 610: Microrna-146a Accumulates in the Atherosclerotic Plaque but Decreases in Circulation of Patients With ST Segment Elevation MI

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as regulators of gene expression intracellularly or as paracrine signals extracellularly. Their role in modulation of cardiovascular disease is emerging. Changes in miRNA profiles have been characterized in the circulation of patients with myocardial infarction (MI), but little is known of the correlation between circulating and plaque miRNAs during atherosclerosis progression and ST-elevated MI (STEMI). During percutaneous interventions (PCI), angioplasty catheter balloons can retain plaque debris post-inflation and may provide insight into plaque miRNA expression in disease. Our objective was to assess the correlation between miRNA levels in circulation and plaques of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), including those with ST segment elevation MI (STEMI). We collected balloons and plasma from patients undergoing PCI for STEMI (n=6) or elective cardiac catheterization (n=2). Plasma was collected from age and sex-matched patients at low risk for CAD (n=5) or with stable CAD (n=6). RNA was extracted from balloon-adherent debris and patient plasma and sequenced. miRNA levels were validated by qRT-PCR. Deep sequencing of patient plasma suggested a decrease in levels of circulating miR-146a-5p in STEMI patients (fig A). This miRNA is found in several cell types (endothelial cells, immune cells, and macrophages), and targets inflammatory signaling pathways. Via PCR, we found that levels of circulating miR-146a dropped markedly both in patients with stable CAD and STEMI (fig B). However, the trend was reversed in plaques; miR-146a levels increased 15-fold from stable to ruptured plaques (fig C). We postulate that miR-146a accumulation in plaques is a compensatory response to inflammation, but that the drop in circulating miR-146a levels may contribute to atherosclerotic plaque instability. These findings have implications for development of miRNA-based strategies for diagnosis and management of vulnerable plaques. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
A Review of “Understanding newborn behavior & early relationships: The newborn behavioral observations (NBO) system handbook by J. K. Nugent, C. Keefer, S. Minear, L. C. Johnson, & Y. Blanchard.”

This text was written to introduce and describe the newborn behavioral observations (NBO), a relationship-building tool for clinicians who work with newborns and their families. The three main purp...
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: an update.

Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung has been well studied and can be characterized as having a precancerous, preclinical, and clinical phase. In the precancerous phase, it Is now known that the development of carcinoma may parallel that of squamous metaplasia, but is fundamentally different and only related by virtue of similar cytoplasmic differentiation. Precancer progresses through dysplastic phases to carcinoma In situ and these changes can be documented by aneuploidy in the abnormal cells. Some of all these degrees of dysplasia, including carcinoma in situ, have been shown to be reversible. In the preclinical (occult) phase, 146 cases have been reported. They range in stage from superficial carcinoma in situ to invasive and metastatic unresectable carcinoma because of their close association with the hilar structures. Even though the best opportunity to cure squamous cell carcinoma is during the preclinical phase and despite the advanced stage it may reach during this phase, squamous cell carcinoma is the most curable of the bronchogenic carcinomas during its clinical phase. It appears that local spread of this tumor (T2) is of greater significance than hilar node metastases (N1) in the absence of local spread by the primary (T1).
A new anode material for oxygen evolution in molten oxide electrolysis

Molten oxide electrolysis (MOE) is an electrometallurgical technique that enables the direct production of metal in the liquid state from oxide feedstock, and compared with traditional methods of extractive metallurgy offers both a substantial simplification of the process and a significant reduction in energy consumption. MOE is also considered a promising route for mitigation of CO2 emissions in steelmaking, production of metals free of carbon, and generation of oxygen for extra-terrestrial exploration. Until now, MOE has been demonstrated using anode materials that are consumable (graphite for use with ferro-alloys and titanium) or unaffordable for terrestrial applications (iridium for use with iron). To enable metal production without process carbon, MOE requires an anode material that resists depletion while sustaining oxygen evolution. The challenges for iron production are threefold. First, the process temperature is in excess of 1,538 degrees Celsius (ref. 10). Second, under anodic polarization most metals inevitably corrode in such conditions. Third, iron oxide undergoes spontaneous reduction on contact with most refractory metals and even carbon. Here we show that anodes comprising chromium-based alloys exhibit limited consumption during iron extraction and oxygen evolution by MOE. The anode stability is due to the formation of an electronically conductive solid solution of chromium(iii) and aluminium oxides in the corundum structure. These findings make practicable larger-scale evaluation of MOE for the production of steel, and potentially provide a key material component enabling mitigation of greenhouse-gas emissions while producing metal of superior metallurgical quality.
Factors leading to the development of ceramic hydrogen thyratrons

Hydrogen thyratrons are used as switching tubes in line-type pulsers in most high-power radar equipment.1,2 A lumped-constant transmission line is repetitively charged to a high voltage and discharged by firing the hydrogen thyratron to provide pulses of power to the radio-frequency oscillator tube. The transmission time of the resulting high-frequency pulses to the object scanned and back to the receiver is the mechanism by which distances are measured by the radar equipment.
Common Ground: A Response to “Learning from Difference” by Carolyn M. Shields

(2001). Common Ground: A Response to “Learning from Difference” by Carolyn M. Shields. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 65-69.
Efficient induction of immediate tolerance to contact sensitivity by hapten-modified spleen cells requires ia+ cells compatible with recipient.

IMMUNOLOGICAL distinction between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ is important in maintaining normal homeostasis: a breakdown in this regulation probably results in auto-destructive processes. Recent developments in cellular immunology have shown that the induction of an immune response (sensitisation) involves the recognition of antigen in combination with products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)1,2. In this context, it is pertinent to ask whether the induction and maintenance of specific immunological unresponsiveness (tolerance) to foreign antigens is also under genetic control. Contact sensitivity and tolerance to simple chemical compounds (haptens) in mice has provided insight into the complex cellular interactions involved in the unresponsive state3–5. Parenteral injection of the reactive haptens 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) or its sulphonate (DNBS) before epicutaneous sensitisation with DNFB results in unresponsiveness3,4. This process seems to be mediated by at least two mechanisms, clonal inhibition and induction of suppressor T cells (Ts)6, both of which can be induced by either DNBS or DNFB coupled in vitro to red blood cells (DNP-RBC). The maximum tolerant state then develops 4–7 d after injection. However, another tolerogen, DNFB coupled in vitro to spleen cells (DNP-SC), produces maximum unresponsiveness immediately. This rapid induction of unresponsiveness was shown to be independent of Ts and thus was referred to as clonal inhibition6. The dichotomy between syngeneic DNP-SC and DNP-RBC in their ability to tolerise immediately was first thought to be due to either different homing characteristics or cell surface components4. With respect to the latter, an intriguing difference between the two tolerogens is the lack of I-region associated (Ia) antigens (of the MHC) on the surface of red blood cells7,8. We have investigated this difference by tolerising mice with DNP-SC depleted of Ia+ cells or with DNP-SC from donors which are I-region incompatible with respect to the recipient animal. The results reported here indicate that the induction of immediate tolerance requires I-region compatibility between the donor of the DNP-SC tolerogen and the recipient.
Dimerization: a versatile switch for oncogenesis

Forced dimerization or oligomerization has emerged as a powerful mechanism for unleashing the oncogenic properties of chimeric transcription factors in acute leukemias. Fusion of transcriptional regulators with a variety of heterologous partner proteins as a consequence of chromosomal rearrangements induces inappropriate self-association, leading to aberrant transcriptional properties and leukemogenesis. Forced dimerization/oligomerization may alter the association of a DNA-binding protein for its transcriptional cofactors, or the dimerization motifs themselves may constitutively recruit transcriptional effector molecules. Oligomerized chimeras may also sequester essential partners or cofactors to exert dominant-negative effects on target gene expression. A key mechanistic feature, and one with major clinical implications, is the nature of the transcriptional cofactors that are recruited by the dimerized oncoprotein. Chimeric RARα and acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1) proteins induce constitutive repression after the recruitment of corepressors, whereas inappropriate maintenance of target gene expression by mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) chimeras may result from the recruitment of coactivators or the basal transcriptional machinery. Molecular therapies directed at enzymatic activities of the aberrantly recruited cofactors, or antagonism of dimerization itself, represent promising avenues of current and future investigation.
The feeding ecology of three species of Caribbean angelfishes (family Pomacanthidae)

The foraging behavior and associated morphology of the feeding apparatus of three sympatric species of angelfishes, Holacanthus tricolor, Pomacanthus arcuatus and Pomacanthus paru were studied at St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. All three had overlapping diets, consisting of algae and numerous species of sponges. The two Pomacanthus species also fed on gorgonians. The morphology of the dentition, jaws and gill rakers was similar in all three species. Male Holacanthus tricolor defended territories overlapping the foraging areas of two to four females. Within the male's territory, females defended smaller territories against other females of the same size, but tolerated smaller females. In contrast, both Pomacanthus spp. formed pairs which defended intraspecific feeding territories.
Understanding the Students We Teach: Poverty in the Classroom.

Secondary preservice teachers at Georgia Southern University have little knowledge of poverty or the lives of students who live in poverty. Preservice teachers rarely interact with others who live outside their self-reported middle-class status. In this article, the author examines the effects a study of poverty has on the philosophy and practice of secondary education preservice teachers. Themes that emerged were development of awareness of socioeconomic differences, development of empathetic rapport and caring attitudes, and development of a commitment to culturally responsive teaching. The author also discusses the implication of this research on classroom practice and the broader scope of teacher education.
Electrophysiological, behavioral, and chemical evidence for a noncholinergic, stereospecific site for nicotine in rat brain.

Pharmacological, electrophysiological, and biochemical studies have been conducted with rats in an attempt to demonstrate that some of the behavioral effects of nicotine may involve non-cholinergic brain sites. The behavioral response consisted of a prostration-immobilization syndrome following the injection of 1−10 μg of nicotine into the region of the lateral or third transmitters and their antagonists, and a number of other psychotropic drugs were ineffective in either enhancing or antagonizing the action of nicotine. Associated with the behavioral response were distinct electrophysiological patterns recorded from electrodes implanted in the dorsal hippocampus in freely moving rats. The characteristic electrical changes consisted of shifts in the frequency from 6 to 8 per second to 2 to 4 per second, and shifts in the amplitude from 300 to 400 μV to 100 to 200 μV. A number of derivatives of nicotine and piperidine were synthesized which were found to be antagonistic to the psychopharmacological and electrical effects of nictotine. The natural (−)-nicotine isomer was found to be at least 100 times as effective as the (+)-nicotine on the brain. It was not possible to demonstrate 3H nicotine bending to neural membrane preparations; however, the sereospecific nicotine binding was demonstrable in fresh brain slices and to glass filters. The Kb was 2.0 × 10−8M for glass.
Confounding in mixed factorial experiments through isomorphisms

The derivation of a simpie mexhoa for confounding in mixed factorial experiments from an isomorphism of finite abelian groups is presented. The theoretical bases of confounding procedures that use modular arithmetic for such experiments are compared.
Slope movements induced by rainfalls damaging an urban area: the Catanzaro case study (Calabria, southern Italy)

Calabria is one of the Italian regions mostly affected by mass movements. The case study of a densely populated neighborhood (Iano) located in the central-western sector of Calabria is presented. The several landslides triggered in February 2010 caused heavy damages to the built area, infrastructures and productions of this neighborhood, and increased the risk for the inhabitants. The results obtained through field surveys, photo interpretation, analyses of rainfall data and of the urban fabric evolution, historical survey on the reports of the damages caused by landslides, have enabled to formulate hypotheses on the potential causes that triggered landslide events and produced severe consequences on the area. These results have revealed that almost all landslides of February 2010 are partial reactivations of pre-existing landslide deposits. Moreover, the analyses have indicated a critical role of cumulative rainfalls over an interval of 15 days. However, the severe damage framework is explained through an unplanned urbanization which took place across the years on an area characterized by a high level of instability per se. Some buildings have been erected in proximity of or within pre-existing landslide scarps; in other cases, buildings have been constructed even inside the landslide bodies.
Boolean unification - The story so far

On fait le point des connaissances sur l'unification booleenne qui a des applications importantes dans la conception, la verification et le test des circuits
The Use of Music as a Hypnotic Suggestion

Abstract We have known of the interaction between music and mood for many years. In this paper, I present a series of case vignettes to illustrate a method using music to affect mood. In hypnosis, I suggested that subjects imagine hearing a piece of music appropriate to a desired emotion, rather like a sound track for a movie. I suggested that the patients vividly recall this music and the accompanying feelings outside of trance when it would be desirable to help them to change their behavior by influencing their emotional state. In this way, music can be used to shape emotion.
Three dimensional (temperature-tension-composition) phase map of mixed DOPC-DPPC vesicles: Two solid phases and a fluid phase coexist on three intersecting planes.

Abstract Mapping the phase behavior of multicomponent phospholipid membranes has been an ongoing pursuit, motivated by interest in both fundamental physics and cell function. Prior investigations addressed temperature-composition space and the features of the associated domains. The current study additionally considers membrane tension, analogous to pressure in bulk materials. Focusing on model mixed 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC and DPPC respectively) membranes, we examine the thermodynamic impact of tension on fluid-solid coexistence and the nature of phase-separated domains. Reported here is the 3 dimensional composition-temperature-tension phase map containing three intersecting curved surfaces. Depending on the system’s position in this 3D space, giant unilamellar vesicles containing DOPC and DPPC may exhibit, in addition to a 2-component fluid Lα phase, two different types of solid DPPC-rich domains: tracer-excluding hexagonal patches or tracer-selective stripes. The fluid phase occurs at high temperatures. At cool temperatures striped solid DPPC-rich domains coexist with the fluid at elevated tensions. These stripes occur independent of tension, at the coolest temperatures. At low tensions and intermediate temperatures, patchy solid DPPC-rich domains coexist with the Lα fluid and may persist, if kinetically trapped, at lower temperatures. We associate the striped DPPC domains with a tilt-gel (Lβ’) morphology and the hexagonal DPPC patches with a dense corrugated ripple phase (Pβ’). These assignments, based on the reported areal densities of the corrugated and tilt solids, enabled first principles estimates of the coexistence boundaries that match the experiments well, including the tension sensitivity of coexistence curves and triple-point-like features for fixed composition.
INCREASED LEVELS OF A NERVE-GROWTH-FACTOR CROSS-REACTING PROTEIN IN "CENTRAL" NEUROFIBROMATOSIS

Abstract Nerve-growth factor (N.G.F.) from serum was assayed in 9 affected individuals from three kindreds with the trait "central neurofibromatosis". The hallmark of this disease is bilateral acoustic neuromas. Antigenic activity, as measured by radioimmunoassay, was significantly elevated. However, functional activity for N.G.F., as measured by radioreceptor assay, was normal or low. This indicates that the central form of neurofibromatosis is characterised by high circulating N.G.F. levels which show low to normal function. These changes in N.G.F. differ from those in peripheral neurofibromatosis and suggest that the two hereditary conditions involve different alterations in N.G.F. synthesis and/or regulation.
And the beat goes on: maintained cardiovascular function during aging in the longest-lived rodent, the naked mole-rat

The naked mole-rat (NMR) is the longest-lived rodent known, with a maximum lifespan potential (MLSP) of >31 years. Despite such extreme longevity, these animals display attenuation of many age-associated diseases and functional changes until the last quartile of their MLSP. We questioned if such abilities would extend to cardiovascular function and structure in this species. To test this, we assessed cardiac functional reserve, ventricular morphology, and arterial stiffening in NMRs ranging from 2 to 24 years of age. Dobutamine echocardiography (3 μg/g ip) revealed no age-associated changes in left ventricular (LV) function either at baseline or with exercise-like stress. Baseline and dobutamine-induced LV pressure parameters also did not change. Thus the NMR, unlike other mammals, maintains cardiac reserve with age. NMRs showed no cardiac hypertrophy, evidenced by no increase in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area or LV dimensions with age. Age-associated arterial stiffening does not occur since there are no changes in aortic blood pressures or pulse-wave velocity. Only LV interstitial collagen deposition increased 2.5-fold from young to old NMRs (P < 0.01). However, its effect on LV diastolic function is likely minor since NMRs experience attenuated age-related increases in diastolic dysfunction in comparison with other species. Overall, these findings conform to the negligible senescence phenotype, as NMRs largely stave off cardiovascular changes for at least 75% of their MLSP. This suggests that using a comparative strategy to find factors that change with age in other mammals but not NMRs could provide novel targets to slow or prevent cardiovascular aging in humans.
High-speed InP-based HBT integrated circuits

This paper describes the progress of AlInAs/GaInAs HBT devices and ICs. A cutoff frequency (fT) and a maximum frequency of oscillation of 130 GHz and 91 GHz, respectively, have been achieved with graded base-emitter junctions. A divide-by-four circuit clocked at 39.5 GHz, an 8/9 dual modulus divider consisting of 128 transistors clocked at 9 GHz, a broad band amplifier with 8 dB gain and 33 GHz bandwidth, and a dc-to-16-GHz Gilbert Gain Cell active mixer will be described.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bootstrapping methodology for the Session-based Anomaly Notification Detector (SAND)

In [1] we discussed the possibilities of an anomaly-based intrusion detection system that modeled a network at a particular location using advanced data mining techniques on the network packets. In later research [2], we discovered that session-based anomaly detectors produced faster and better results that met our needs for modeling networks. However, a relatively high misclassification rate for our subsequent session-based models showed that we need to produce more solid results. Therefore, we created a bootstrapping algorithm to allow us to create submodels that were eventually combined together to form a larger meta-model. This larger meta-model contained information that had very low misclassification rates. Further, this bootstrapping methodology drastically reduced the false alarm rate while maintaining or even improving upon the number of attacks found in our training data sets.
Radiation Threshold Levels For Noise Degradation Of Photodiodes

Space radiation can increase the noise of photodiodes as a result of either a sustained ionizing dose rate effect or displacement damage. Elementary, straightforward models are presented for calculating radiation threshold levels and radiation hit susceptibility. Radiation effects experiments that verify these models are discussed. Calculations for room temperature silicon p-i-n photodetectors, an avalanche photodiode, and a hypothetical cooled staring detector indicate that this damage mechanism should not be ignored for space and nuclear environments.
Incorporation of novel ternary Sn-Ga-O and Zn-Ga-O nanostructures into gas sensing devices

Novel ternary nanostructures (ZnO-Ga 2 O 3 nanobrushes, SnO 2 -Ga 2 O 3 heterostructures and Sn-doped Ga2O3 nanowires) are excellent materials for gas sensing applications due to their large surface areas and structural defects. Also, these nanostructures consist of different materials with different degrees of crystallinity and defect densities thus broadening their gas sensing capabilities. Gas sensing devices, developed in our laboratory based on room temperature capacitance measurements, were first fabricated by standard photolithography and lift-off techniques to pattern platinum (Pt) pads and interdigitated fingers acting as conducting paths. The nanostructures, which were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence (PL), were then incorporated by the catalyst-assisted growth directly onto the devices. The most efficient devices were those with high yield of nanostructures and with low-resistivity of the Pt pads. To achieve that, different catalysts (nickel, Ni; copper, Cu, and gold, Au) were used for different nanostructures. For example, the best catalyst for the device fabrication of Sn-doped Ga 2 O 3 nanowires was Ni whereas for nanostructures with high Sn content Cu was the best catalyst. Challenges and successes of device fabrication for capacitance-based gas sensing devices are discussed in this work together with some sensing results for such analytes as acetone, acetic acid, isopropanol, dichoropentane, nitrotolouene and nitromethane.
Structurally modified indocyanine green dyes. Modification of the polyene linker

Abstract We have prepared a series of indocyanine green dicarboxylic acid derivatives ( 9a,b, 4, 10, 13 ) with modified polyene linkers in an attempt to increase the structural rigidity of the polyene linker and thereby the fluorescent yield. Incorporation of five- and six-membered rings into the polyene system led to lower florescent yield for 9a,b, 4 and 10 , but shortening the chain by two carbon atoms led to an increase in fluorescent yield for 13 .
You are when you eat.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the main circadian pacemaker. Another oscillator entrains behavior to food availability, but its location has been a mystery. A new study suggests the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus as a possibility.
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Symptom Validity Tests when Used with Postsecondary Students with Learning Disabilities: A Preliminary Investigation

The current exploratory investigation examined the diagnostic accuracy of the Word Memory Test (WMT), Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), and Word Reading Test (WRT) with three groups of postsecondary students: controls, learning disability (LD) simulators, and a presumed honest LD group. Each measure achieved high overall diagnostic accuracy, yet each contributed differently to suboptimal effort detection. False-negative classifications varied by measure, yet no simulator went undetected by all three tests. The WMT and WRT identified different members of the presumed honest LD group as demonstrating poor effort, whereas the TOMM identified none. Each measure contributed unique variance in a logistic regression, with effort status best predicted by WMT Consistency. Findings provided preliminary evidence that all three measures may be useful when assessing effort during postsecondary LD evaluations. Implications for future practice and research are discussed.
Robust Informatics Infrastructure Required For ICME: Combining Virtual and Experimental Data

With the increased emphasis on reducing the cost and time to market of new materials, the need for robust automated materials information management system(s) enabling sophisticated data mining tools is increasing, as evidenced by the emphasis on Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) and the recent establishment of the Materials Genome Initiative (MGI). This need is also fueled by the demands for higher efficiency in material testing; consistency, quality and traceability of data; product design; engineering analysis; as well as control of access to proprietary or sensitive information. Further, the use of increasingly sophisticated nonlinear, anisotropic and or multi-scale models requires both the processing of large volumes of test data and complex materials data necessary to establish processing-microstructure-property-performance relationships. Fortunately, material information management systems have kept pace with the growing user demands and evolved to enable: (i) the capture of both point wise data and full spectra of raw data curves, (ii) data management functions such as access, version, and quality controls;(iii) a wide range of data import, export and analysis capabilities; (iv) data pedigree traceability mechanisms; (v) data searching, reporting and viewing tools; and (vi) access to the information via a wide range of interfaces. This paper discusses key principles for the development of a robust materials information management system to enable the connections at various length scales to be made between experimental data and corresponding multiscale modeling toolsets to enable ICME. In particular, NASA Glenn's efforts towards establishing such a database for capturing constitutive modeling behavior for both monolithic and composites materials
Crosslinking polyepichlorohydrins with dimercaptans

Some polyepichlorohydrins and some copolymers of epichlorohydrin and butylene oxide have been crosslinked with dimercaptans to yield rubbery materials. Further work is needed to evaluate these products.
The prospects of finding exploitable geothermal reservoirs

The existing interest in the prospect of geothermal power has been stimulated by the recent revision in the relative costs of the various sources of energy that can be efficiently converted to electrical energy for easy distribution. One may erroneously conclude that the energy sources that are alternates to fossil fuels have simply been ignored. In fact, there are very strong reasons, based on physical or engineering considerations, why solar, wind, and tidal power have not been productively developed throughout the world. There are also valid physical and geological reasons why geothermal reserves have never attracted much investment relative to alternative energy sources. This article sets forth some of those reasons.
Development of spatial information systems in public agencies

Abstract Geographic and land information are often used in growth and resource management decisions. When these decisions are controversial, as they often are, conflict extends to the quality of the supporting information. However, a determination of the use and name of data and information in land decision making is difficult because data and information have attributes of appropriability, quantity, and public good, which are not as easily measured as for other economic commodities. Nevertheless, there is an inherent faith in the idea that investment in better information makes better decisions. This faith is enhanced by improvements in the efficiency, reliability, and accuracy of data and information collection, analysis, and dissemination made possible by advances in measurement and information science. These improvements are not without potential dangers represented by an enhanced ability to misuse data and information and to impose harm through improperly supported decisions. Attention to geographic and land information system design and use can ameliorate these dangers.
Effect of maternal odor on the cardiac rate of maternally separated infant rats

Abstract Infant rat pups show a consistent deceleratory cardiac response when separated from their mothers. In pups isolated for 2 hr, the presentation of maternal odors brought about an abrupt acceleration of heart rate. The presentation of the odor of a nonlactating female rat, or no odor, had no effect on the declining cardiac rate. Thus, pups clearly differentiated between maternal and nonlactating female odors, with only the former affecting cardiac rate. It appears that the maintenance of cardiac rate in maternally separated infant pups is affected by both maternal pheromones (as well as other maternal stimuli) and nutritional factors, which have previously been shown to mediate this phenomena.
A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory.

This article reports the first meta-analysis of the literature on protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1975, 1983; Rogers & Prentice-Dunn, 1997), a model of disease prevention and health promotion that has generated research for over two decades. The literature review included 65 relevant studies (N= approximately 30,000) that represented over 20 health issues. The mean overall effect size (d+= 0.52) was of moderate magnitude. In general, increases in threat severity, threat vulnerability, response efficacy, and self-efficacy facilitated adaptive intentions or behaviors. Conversely, decreases in maladaptive response rewards and adaptive response costs increased adaptive intentions or behaviors. This held true whether the measures were based on intentions or behaviors, and suggests that PMT components may be useful for individual and community interventions.
Niche space, multigraphs, and the Helly condition

Niche overlap graphs (frequently called competition graphs) have become familiar models of food webs. A simple refinement of these models to multigraphs and pseudographs suggests that several properties, related to the combinatorial ''Helly condition'' but not previously investigated in this context, may be more relevant to questions concerning food webs and niche spaces than are the traditionally considered properties.
A 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS IA32 microprocessor with a 4 GHz integer execution unit

The processor has an execution unit with high bandwidth capability and low average instruction latency. The processor pipeline includes an Execution Trace Cache, Renamer, Scheduler, register file and execution unit. IA32 instructions are decoded when they are fetched from the L2 cache after a miss in the Execution Trace Cache. Serving as the primary instruction cache, the Execution Trace cache stores decoded instructions to remove the long delay for decoding IA32 instructions from this path, reducing the branch missprediction loop. Instruction traces follow the predicted execution path, not sequential instruction addresses. While this pipeline supplies the high bandwidth work stream, the length of this pipe contributes to instruction latency only when there is a branch miss-prediction (roughly once in 100 instructions).
Quantification of hematozoa in blood smears.

Ten thin blood smears from mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) infected with Haemoproteus maccallumi were examined by each of two observers using identical techniques and microscopy in an attempt to delineate the factors necessary to provide an accurate estimate of the number of parasites/n erythrocytes. The number of erythrocytes examined must be actually counted, not estimated from extrapolated partial counts or from the number of fields of view examined. Doubling the number of erythrocytes counted (1) decreased the overdispersed frequency distribution patterns in only 25% of the replicate counts for numbers of H. maccallumi/100 erythrocytes for a series of 2,000 versus 4,000 erythrocytes counted; and (2) did not significantly increase the accuracy for determining parasite intensities. Thus, the number of erythrocytes that must be counted to determine parasite intensities could be considerably reduced from the 10,000 or 20,000 estimated for most studies, and still provide an accurate determination of the ...
Group Completions and Limit Sets of Kleinian Groups.

Finitely generated groups and actions of finitely generated groups often come up in studying topology and geometry. While the most important example may be as fundamental groups of compact manifolds, questions involving finitely generated groups also arise in transformation groups, dynamical systems, and Kleinian groups. A very striking example is Mostow's theorem [17], which says that, for dimensions greater than or equal to three, closed hyperbolic manifolds are determined up to isometry by their fundamental groups. Jakob Nielsen, in a series of papers ([18-21]), used the Poincar6 disk model of hyperbolic 2-space, H 2, as int(D 2) to study surfaces and their diffeomorphisms. Given a closed surface M 2 of genus g > 2 and a diffeomorphism f : M--+M, he lifted f to a homeomorphism f ' : H 2 ~ H e and showed that f extends to a homeomorphism of the circle S 1 =P,D 2. Furthermore, the map on the circle does not depend on the particular diffeomorphism J; but only on its homotopy type. Nielsen made use of the extension o f f ' to D 2 and of the COl'responding actions of H~(M) and Aut(HI(M)) on S 1 to systematically study topological properties of diffeomorphisms of surfaces. The proof of Mostow's theorem also uses the action of Hi(M" ) on S"Given two closed hyperbolic n-manifolds M" and N" with 11 > 3 and an isomorphism q>: HI(M)--,Il l(N), there is a homotopy equivalence f : M--+N inducing 4> (since M and N are K(H, 1)'s). f can be lifted to the universal covers to !" H"~H" , and f extends to a homeomorphism f ' : S"-I--+S "1. The essence of M 9 ostow s proof is to show that f ' is conformal; this is done by first showing lhat J" is quasi-conformal and then using ergodicity of the action of H~(M) on S"-1 to show conformality. It was realized by Margulis and at least implicity by Mostow that the homotopy equivalence f : M ~ N used to construct f ' was not
Evaluation of a hierarchical mapping technique as an aid to prose processing.

Abstract Seventeen college students were trained on a hierarchical mapping technique designed to facilitate prose processing. This technique required the students to transform text into node (concept)-link (relationship) networks using a set of experimenter-supplied links and structures. Following training the students used the mapping strategy in studying a 3000-word passage extracted from a geology textbook. Five days later they were given four types of tests over this article: multiple-choice, short-answer, essay, and a summary-oriented concept cloze. The treatment group's performance on these tests was compared with a control group ( N = 21) who used their normal study and test-taking techniques. A Hotelling T 2 test indicated that the treatment group significantly outperformed the control group on the dependent measures. Further analyses showed that the major differences between groups were attributable to the concept cloze and essay exams, both of which were designed to assess performance on “main ideas.” This pattern of results suggests that the strategy is valuable in assisting the student in the extraction and retention of main ideas but does not appear to affect the extraction and retention of details. Finally, 2 × 2 factorial analyses of high and low grade point average (GPA) subgroups indicated that the strategy may be more beneficial for low GPA students. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of organization theory and the encoding variability hypothesis.
Supply of regenerated nitrogen to sea anemones by their symbiotic shrimp

The spotted anemone shrimp, Periclimenes yucatanicus (Ives, 1891), a frequent symbiont of the giant sea anemone, Condylactis gigantea Weinland, 1860, excretes ammonia at the rate of 0.0393 μmol total NH4-N/(g of shrimp min), enriching the nitrogen concentration among the anemone's tentacles. Anemones associated recently with a shrimp demonstrated an enhanced capacity to take up external ammonia, compared with anemones not recently associated with a shrimp, and their tissues contained more zooxanthellae. Benthic invertebrates represent a potentially important and unexplored source of regenerated nitrogen on coral reefs.
Reconstructing distances in physical maps of chromosomes with nonoverlapping probes

We present a new method for reconstructing the distances between probes in physical maps of chromosomes constructed by hybridizing pairs of clones under the so-called sampling-without-replacement protocol. In this protocol, which is simple, inexpensive, and has been used to successfully map several organisms, equal-length clones are hybridized against a clone-subset called the probes. The probes are chosen by a sequential process that is designed to generate a pairwise-nonoverlapping subset of the clones. We derive a likelihood function on probe spacings and orders for this protocol under a natural model of hybridization error, and describe how to reconstruct the most likely spacing for a given order under this objective using continuous optimization. The approach is tested on simulated data and real data from chromosome VI of Aspergillus nidulans. On simulated data we recover the true order and close to the true spacing; on the real data, for which the true order and spacing is unknown, we recover a probe order differing significantly from the published one. To our knowledge this is the first practical approach for computing a globally-optimal maximum-likelihood reconstruction of interprobe distances from clone-probe hybridization data.
Gender differences in factors associated with alcohol drinking: Delay discounting and perception of others' drinking

a b s t r a c t Background: Excessive alcohol consumption in college students is associated with impulsivity and with overestimating levels of others' drinking; however, females' and males' drinking may be differently impacted by their overestimations. We examined whether moderate drinkers discount alcohol rewards differently from money rewards and whether their estimate of others' drinking is more closely associated with own-drinking for males than females. Method: College students completed two delay discounting tasks in which they chose between money rewards and between alcohol rewards, varying in amount and delay to receipt. Participants also com- pleted questionnaires about their own and others' drinking. Results: Area under the curve (AUC) relating delay to subjective value was smaller for alcohol than money rewards, implying steeper discounting of alcohol rewards. Regression analyses showed that females' number of drinks per sitting was related only to AUC for money, while males' drinks per sitting was related to their estimates of others' drinks. Conclusion: The relationship between alcohol consumption and discounting was replicated. This study also indicated that social norms play a larger role in determining males' drinking than females'.
Using weighting vectors to solve multiple attribute problems: A framework

Abstract In this paper a study is made of the use of weighting vectors to generate solutions to problems where the gradient vectors are known to be in a given set. A measure of closeness of weighting vectors and of objective function vectors generated, is developed, and, in the latter case, using various semi-norms, surrogate optimization problems are developed to assess this closeness at any stage of, for example, an interactive method. The semi-norms are then related to the underlying value function gradients to give conditions for terminating the procedure.
Gray matter parcellation constrained full brain fiber bundling with diffusion tensor imaging.

Purpose: Studying white matter fibers from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) often requires them to be grouped into bundles that correspond to coherent anatomic structures, particularly bundles that connect cortical/subcortical basic units. However, traditional fiber clustering algorithms usually generate bundles with poor anatomic correspondence as they do not incorporate brain anatomic information into the clustering process. On the other hand, image registration-based bundling methods segment fiber bundles by referring to a coregistered atlas or template with prelabeled anatomic information, but these approaches suffer from the uncertainties introduced from misregistration and fiber tracking errors and thus the resulting bundles usually have poor coherence. In this work, a bundling algorithm is proposed to overcome the above issues. Methods: The proposed algorithm combines clustering- and registration-based approaches so that the bundle coherence and the consistency with brain anatomy are simultaneously achieved. Moreover, based on this framework, a groupwise fiber bundling method is further proposed to leverage a group of DTI data for reducing the effect of the uncertainties in a single DTI data set and improving cross-subject bundle consistency. Results: Using the Montreal Neurological Institute template, the proposed methods are applied to building a full brain bundle network that connects cortical/subcortical basic units. Based on several proposed metrics, the resulting bundles show promising bundle coherence and anatomic consistency as well as improved cross-subject consistency for the groupwise bundling. Conclusions: A fiber bundling algorithm has been proposed in this paper to cluster a set of whole brain fibers into coherent bundles that are consistent to the brain anatomy.
Idiopathic Arterial Calcification in a 3-Month-Old Child,Associated with Myocardial Infarction

Idiopathic arterial calcification, which is characterized by intimal fibroblastic proliferation in arteries with mural calcification, may be a cause of sudden death in children. We presented here a three-month-old male infant terminating in sudden death, whose postmortem examination revealed characteristic occlusive disorder of the coronary arteries, associated with secondary myocardial infarction. Histologic study of the coronary arteries demonstrated fibrous intimal proliferation and numberous calcified foci in the internal elastic lamina or in the intima, causing luminal occlusion of the arteries. Similar morphologic changes were found in medium-sized elastic or muscular arteries of other organs. These light microscopic features are consistent with that of so-called idiopathic arterial calcification. Electron microscopic examination of the coronary arteries revealed foamy degeneration of the internal elastic lamina, with focal aggregates of granular high density material. It is suggested that these light and electron microscopic changes of the internal elastic lamina may disclose the fundamental process resulting in mineralization of the lamina, with secondary fibroblastic hyperplasia in the intima.
Solid-phase synthesis and stability of triple-helical peptides incorporating native collagen sequences.

A generally applicable solid-phase methodology has been developed for the synthesis of triple-helical polypeptides incorporating native collagen sequences. Three nascent peptide chains are C-terminal linked through one Nα-amino and two Ne-amino groups of Lys, while repeating Gly-Pro-Hyp triplets induce triple helicity. Different protecting group strategies, including several three-dimensionally orthogonal schemes, have been utilized for the synthesis of four homotrimeric triple-helical polypeptides (THPs) of 79–124 residues, three of which incorporate native type IV collagen sequences. Highly efficient assemblies were achieved by 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) Nα-amino group protection, in situ 2-(1H-benzotriazole-l-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate mediated couplings, and 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene mediated Fmoc group removal. THPs were characterized by Edman degradation sequencing, size-exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and CD spectroscopy. THP thermal stabilities ranged from 35 to 59°C, with chain length and Hyp content being the influential factors. Melting temperatures and van't Hoff enthalpies for peptide triple-helical denaturation could be correlated well to Hyp content. The THP synthetic protocol developed here will allow for the study of both structure and biological activity of specific collagen sequences in homotrimeric and heterotrimeric forms. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.