cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulsed illumination phase-contrast microscopy

With high spatial but low temporal coherent nanosecond (ns) green light, ns pulsed illumination phase-contrast microscopy is successfully constructed. The pulsed illumination phase-contrast microscopy can provide ns time resolution to resolve transient dynamics of transparent targets with high contrast ratio that cannot be achieved with traditional bright-field or phase-contrast microscopies. Transient dynamics of laser-induced microcavitation is successfully recorded with this imaging technique to demonstrate its capabilities. In addition to tracing the evolutions of vapor bubbles and shockwaves during a laser-induced microcavitation, this imaging technique can sense the refractive index change of the transparent target during a pressure field variation.
Correction to: Grassroots urbanism in contemporary São Paulo

In the last decade, manifestations of grassroots urbanism have transformed Sao Paulo into a playfield for creative interventions. Initiatives focus on art, culture, and education; greenery and open spaces; public equipment; water and environmental resources; and gender, race, and class justice. I argue that these initiatives are more than the sum of their parts; they influence social imaginaries, expectations, and urban policies beyond the scope of each case. My research tries to understand crucial differences among initiatives—while some open up spaces for the emancipation of disenfranchised groups, others inadvertently engage in processes of gentrification and exclusion despite claims to representing a diverse public. These differences in goals and outcomes can be understood in terms of the opposition between tactical and insurgent urbanism. As such, the study of these differences is meaningful not only for understanding the case of Sao Paulo, but also for expanding theoretical debates on grassroots urbanism at a global scale.
The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures.

The concept of learned index structures relies on the idea that the input-output functionality of a database index can be viewed as a prediction task and, thus, be implemented using a machine learning model instead of traditional algorithmic techniques. This novel angle for a decades-old problem has inspired numerous exciting results in the intersection of machine learning and data structures. However, the main advantage of learned index structures, i.e., the ability to adjust to the data at hand via the underlying ML-model, can become a disadvantage from a security perspective as it could be exploited. In this work, we present the first study of poisoning attacks on learned index structures. The required poisoning approach is different from all previous works since the model under attack is trained on a cumulative distribution function (CDF) and, thus, every injection on the training set has a cascading impact on multiple data values. We formulate the first poisoning attacks on linear regression models trained on the CDF, which is a basic building block of the proposed learned index structures. We generalize our poisoning techniques to attack a more advanced two-stage design of learned index structures called recursive model index (RMI), which has been shown to outperform traditional B-Trees. We evaluate our attacks on real-world and synthetic datasets under a wide variety of parameterizations of the model and show that the error of the RMI increases up to $300\times$ and the error of its second-stage models increases up to $3000\times$.
Placental MRI: Development of an MRI compatible ex vivo system for whole placenta dual perfusion

Abstract Purpose Placental dysfunction plays a key role in diseases that affect the fetus in utero and after birth. Aiming to develop a platform for validating in vivo placental MRI and investigations into placental physiology, we designed and built a prototype MRI-compatible perfusion chamber with an integrated MRI receive coil for high SNR ex vivo placental imaging. Principal results After optimizing placenta vascular clearing and perfusion protocols, we performed contrast enhanced MR angiography and MR relaxometry on eight carefully selected placentas while they were perfused via the umbilical arteries (UAs). Additionally, two of these placentas underwent maternal perfusion via the intervillous space (IVS). Despite striving for homogenous perfusion across the whole placenta, imaging results were highly heterogeneous for both UA and IVS perfused placentas. By histology, we observed blood congestion in the villi in regions that showed low UA perfusion during MRI. In two placentas prominent chorionic arteries followed by adjacent veins underwent contrast enhancement in the absence of villous capillary blush. The single placenta from a pregnancy affected by IUGR had the most homogeneous villous capillary perfusion. Major conclusions A dual perfusion system for ex vivo placentas compatible with MRI permitted assessment of UA and IVS placental perfusion. We observed spatial UA perfusion heterogeneity and evidence for arteriovenous shunting in placentas from normal pregnancies and deliveries, but relative villous capillary perfusion homogeneity in a single IUGR placenta. Future work will focus on system optimization, followed by physiological manipulation and validation of in vivo placental MRI.
The use of microperforated materials as duct liners: Comparison with fibrous linings

The acoustical performance of a microperforated duct liner and a fibrous lining was compared to confirm that a microperforated panel lining can be used to replace a fibrous liner as a sound attenuator in a duct. Fibrous materials are often used to line ducts in order to attenuate HVAC noise, for example. These treatments are often primarily useful in a limited frequency range owing to the characteristics of non-planar wave propagation in ducts. At the same time, microperforated materials backed by a finite-depth air space are effective in a limited frequency range owing to the nature of the reactive impedance of this combination. Here, it will be shown that microperforated materials may be used to create duct linings that produce attenuation comparable with that of fibrous materials in the latter's highperformance region. The characteristics of the microperforated panel were studied based on the Maa model. To compare the performance of these two linings, theoretical, numerical and experimental tools were used. In the various case studies, both extended reaction and locally reacting treatments were considered. For the analytical approach, Morse's theory was applied in the local reaction case. On the other hand, Scott's analysis was used to study the extended reaction case. In the experimental work, the transmission losses of various liner configurations were measured in a square impedance tube. To tune the performance of a microperforated sheet to reproduce that of a fibrous material, the hole size, porosity, thickness, density, and air-backing depth were modified. To validate the experimental and analytical data and to handle situations that are not easily modeled using an analytical approach, a finite element model was also used for the calculations. For the finite element model analysis, COMET/VISION and SAFE were used. Since that software does not include explicit microperforated material models, an alternative approach was used. The alternative model was based on the Attala and Sgard model for perforated panels. This alternative approach in which the perforated panel is modeled as a thin porous layer was successfully implemented in finite element form. Finally, it was demonstrated that the microperforated panel can successfully reproduce the acoustical performance of glass fiber as a duct lining material. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering.
Ground‐Effect Machines: Classification and Basic Principles of the Six Main Categories

An analysis is made or the basic principles which govern the operation of those air‐cushion devices otherwise known as ground‐effect machines (GEMs). Most of these vehicles can be defined as machines which operate in close proximity to the earth's surface without ever physically touching it because they are always separated from it by a cushion or a layer of air, however thin; as a consequence, propulsion and control of GEMs must be of an aerodynamic nature. The only machines not covered by this definition are special types of over‐water GEMs. It is proposed to establish six main categories of GEMs from which all other possible configurations could be evolved by proper combination of the basic types. For each of these six configurations, a critical biographical survey is made and some comparative features are pointed out. The overall picture is one of great complexity because of the large number of parameters involved. This points out the danger of a ‘hardware’ approach to the GEM problem until a firm bas...
Molecular Characterization of "True" Low-Grade IDH-Wildtype Astrocytomas

Numerous recent studies have demonstrated that the vast majority of IDH-wildtype astrocytomas with WHO grade II/III histology have clinical outcomes equivalent to IDH-wildtype glioblastomas. This has called into question the existence of an IDH-wildtype lower-grade astrocytoma (LGA) category, and the cIMPACT-NOW study group has suggested 3 molecular features which, if present, warrant upgrading IDH-wildtype LGA to glioblastoma: EGFR amplification, 7+/10-, and TERT promoter mutation. Herein, we evaluate the clinical, histologic, and molecular features of IDH-wildtype low-grade astrocytomas, defined here as infiltrative adult astrocytoma lacking histologic features of glioblastoma (microvascular proliferation and/or necrosis), IDH1/2 mutation, and all 3 of the cIMPACT-NOW update 3 factors. Compared with their counterparts with cIMPACT-NOW features of glioblastoma (LGA-C+; n = 108), IDH-wildtype LGAs lacking these features (LGA-C0; n = 36) occur in significantly younger patients, are more frequently WHO grade II, have less total copy number variation distributed across the entire genome, less frequent homozygous deletion of CDKN2A, less frequent PTEN and PIK3CA alterations, and more frequent NF1 alterations. These results suggest that although rare, a "true" IDH-wildtype LGA category does exist, and has distinct clinical and molecular features consistent with relatively beneficial clinical outcomes in these patients.
Intraoperative Methylprednisolone and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants After Cardiac Surgery.

Abstract Background Neurodevelopmental impairment is a significant consequence for survivors of surgery for critical congenital heart disease. This study sought to determine if intraoperative methylprednisolone during neonatal cardiac surgery is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 months of age and to identify early prognostic variables associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. Methods A planned secondary analysis of a two-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intraoperative methylprednisolone in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery was performed. A brain injury biomarker was measured perioperatively. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (BSID-III) were performed at 12 months of age. Two sample t-tests and generalized linear models were used. Results There were 129 participants (n=61 methylprednisolone, n=68 placebo). There were no significant differences in BSID-III scores and brain injury biomarker levels between the two treatment groups. Participants who underwent a palliative (vs. corrective) procedure had lower mean BSID-III cognitive (101 + 15 vs. 106 + 14, p=0.03) and motor scores (85 + 18 vs. 94 + 16, p Conclusions Neurodevelopmental outcomes were not associated with intraoperative methylprednisolone or intraoperative variables. Participants who underwent a neonatal palliative (vs. corrective) procedure had longer CICU stays and worse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year. This work suggests that interventions focused solely on the operative period may not be associated with a long-term neurodevelopmental benefit.
General Perspectives Toward the Impact of AI on Race and Society

This chapter will focus on the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) and scrutinize whether AI is used to reinforce the social construct of racism or if it promises to provide opportunity and justice in areas where previously they lacked. Throughout this chapter, common examples of the everyday use of AI will be discussed to provide an understanding of how this technology has permeated through multiple sectors of life with the intention to continuously expand. This chapter will also explore the notion of AI inheriting the bias of its creator. This brings into question who is building this technology, how this technology should be used, and who is the intended beneficiary of its use. For the experts and novices in the field, this chapter calls for critical consideration for what is being developed. For the individuals unfamiliar with AI, this chapter is intended to bring awareness of the technology being used around them and how it has already impacted their life.
Adapting an Evidence-Based Home Visiting Intervention for Mothers With Opioid Dependence: Modified Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up.

Infants born to mothers who are dependent on opioids often have difficulty regulating behavior and physiology at birth. Without sensitive maternal care, these infants are at risk for ongoing problems with self-regulation. Mothers who are dependent on opioids may experience challenges related to their substance use (e.g., unsupportive and/or risky environment, impulse control and reward system problems) that increase the likelihood of insensitive parenting in the absence of effective intervention. In this paper, we describe a home-visiting intervention we have adapted to enhance sensitive, responsive caregiving tailored to the specific needs of mothers with opioid dependence. The original intervention, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC), was designed for mothers of infants aged 6-24 months who were exposed to early adversity. ABC has been shown to enhance sensitive parenting as well as children’s behavioral and biological functioning, with positive outcomes extending into at least middle childhood. Mothers who are opioid dependent need earlier support than provided by ABC because opioid-exposed infants are often vulnerable at birth. The adapted intervention (modified ABC or mABC) includes one prenatal session and one early postnatal session, followed by 10 sessions every 2-3 weeks. In the initial two sessions in particular, mothers are helped to anticipate the challenges of caring for a baby who may be difficult to soothe while nonetheless providing sensitive care. mABC is intended to help mothers see the importance of responding sensitively so as to help infants overcome the developmental risks associated with opioid exposure. Additionally, mABC is structured to support mothers with the challenges of early parenting, especially if the mother herself was not parented sensitively. Throughout, the focus is on helping the mother nurture the distressed infant, attend to the infant’s signals, and avoid behaving in overstimulating or intrusive ways. Case examples are presented that highlight both the challenges of working with this population as well as the gains made by mothers.
Arctic Alaska Basin, Hanna Trough and Beaufortian Rifted Margin Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Elements

Abstract The Arctic Alaska region includes three composite tectono-sedimentary elements (CTSEs): (1) the Arctic Alaska Basin (AAB), (2) the Hanna Trough (HT) and (3) the Beaufortian Rifted Margin (BRM) CTSEs. These CTSEs comprise Mississippian–Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) strata beneath much of the Alaska North Slope, the Chukchi Sea and westernmost North Slope, and the Beaufort Sea, respectively. These sedimentary successions rest on Devonian and older sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks, considered economic basement, and are overlain by Cretaceous–Cenozoic syn- and post-tectonic strata deposited in the foreland of the Chukotka and Brooks Range orogens and in the Amerasia Basin. (1) The Mississippian–Neocomian AAB CTSE includes two TSEs: (a) the Ellesmerian Platform TSE, comprising mainly shelf strata of Mississippian–Middle Jurassic age, and including a relatively undeformed domain in the north and a fold-and-thrust domain in the south; and (b) the Beaufortian Rift-Shoulder TSE, which includes Middle Jurassic–Neocomian deposits related to rift-shoulder uplift. (2) The HT CTSE includes four TSEs: (a) the Ellesmerian Synrift TSE, which comprises Late Devonian(?)–Middle Mississippian growth strata deposited in graben and half-graben during intracontinental rifting; (b) the Ellesmerian–Beaufortian Sag-Basin TSE, which comprises Middle Mississippian–Upper Triassic strata deposited in a sag basin following cessation of rifting; (c) the Beaufortian Synrift TSE, comprising Jurassic–Neocomian graben-fill deposits related to rifting in the Amerasia and North Chukchi basins; and (d) the Beaufortian Rift-Shoulder TSE, which comprises Jurassic–Neocomian strata related to rifting and deposited outside rift basins. (3) The BRM CTSE includes two TSEs: (a) the Beaufortian Synrift TSE, comprising Middle Jurassic–Neocomian synrift strata deposited on attenuated continental crust associated with opening of the Amerasia Basin; and (b) the Ellesmerian Platform TSE, comprising mainly shelf strata of Mississippian–Middle Jurassic age that lie beneath Beaufortian synrift strata. The AAB, HT and BRM CTSEs contain oil-prone source rocks in Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous strata, and proven reservoir rocks spanning Mississippian–Lower Cretaceous strata. A structurally high-standing area in the northern AAB CTSE, northern HT CTSE and southernmost BRM CTSE lies in the oil window, whereas all other areas lie in the gas window. Known hydrocarbon accumulations in the three CTSEs total more than 30 Bboe, and yet-to-find estimates suggest that a similar volume remains to be discovered.
Effects of imposed feed intake variation on acidosis and performance of finishing steers.

Four metabolism and two finishing trials were conducted to determine the effects of imposed feed intake variation on acidosis and performance of finishing steers. In Metabolism Trial 1, four ruminally fistulated steers were limit-fed and subjected to either a constant amount of feed per day ( C ) or low intake variation of.7 kg/d (LV). No treatment differences were found for intake or measures of acidosis. Metabolism Trial 2 was conducted similarly to Metabolism Trial 1 with treatments of C and high intake variation of 1.4 kg/d (HV). Treatment HV increased (P <.05) acidosis, as indicated by the area of ruminal pH below 5.6. In Metabolism Trial 3, four steers were fed at ad libitum levels of intake and subjected to three levels of intake variation: ad libitum intake with no imposed intake variation (AL), LV of.7 kg/d, and HV of 1.4 kg/d. No treatment differences were found. In Metabolism Trial 4, six ruminally fistulated steers were fed at ad libitum levels and subjected to three levels of intake variation: AL, LV of.9 kg/d, and HV of 1.8 kg/d. Average ruminal pH increased ( P <.05) and area of ruminal pH below 5.6 decreased (P <.05) as level of intake variation was increased. In Finishing Trial 1, 75 steers were assigned to eight pens and two treatments: AL or HV of 1.8 kg/d. Dry matter intake increased (P <.05) from AL to HV. Daily gain and gain/feed were not affected by treatment. In Finishing Trial 2, 94 steers were assigned to 12 pens and two treatments: AL or HV of 1.8 kg/d. No treatment differences were noted in DMI, daily gain, or gain/ feed. Therefore, results of these trials indicate that intake variation of up to 1.8 kg/d does not increase acidosis or decrease performance of finishing steers fed at ad libitum levels of intake.
Self‐Healing Actuating Adhesive Based on Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

Creating actuators capable of mechanical motion in response to external stimuli is a key for design and preparation of smart materials. The lifetime of such materials is limited by their eventual wear. Here, self-healable and adhesive actuating materials are demonstrated by taking advantage of the solvent responsive of weak polyelectrolyte multilayers consisting of branched poly(ethylenimine)/poly(acrylic acid) (BPEI/PAA). BPEI/PAA multilayers are dehydrated and contract upon contact with organic solvent and become sticky when wetted with water. By constructing an asymmetric heterostructure consisting of a responsive BPEI/PAA multilayer block and a nonresponsive component through either layer-by-layer assembly or the paste-to-curl process, smart films that actuate upon exposure to alcohol are realized. The curl degree, defined as degrees from horizontal that the actuated material reaches, can be as high as ≈228.9°. With evaporation of the ethanol, the curled film returns to its initial state, and water triggers fast self-healing extends the actuator's lifetime. Meanwhile, the adhesive nature of the wet material allows it to be attached to various substrates for possible combination with hydrophobic functional surfaces and/or applications in biological environments. This self-healable adhesive for controlled fast actuation represents a considerable advance in polyelectrolyte multilayers for design and fabrication of robust smart advanced materials.
Structural specificity of polyamines in left-handed Z-DNA formation. Immunological and spectroscopic studies.

Abstract Natural polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are ubiquitous cellular components. Recent studies showed that these compounds are capable of provoking a conformational transition in poly(dG-m5dC). poly(dG-m5dC) from its usual right-handed B-DNA form to a left-handed Z-DNA form at physiologically relevant cationic concentrations. We studied the efficacy of spermidine, six homologs of spermidine (H2N(CH2)nNH(CH2)3NH2, where n = 2 to 8 (n = 4 for spermidine)) and diethylene triamine to provoke the B-DNA to Z-DNA transition of poly(dG-m5dC). poly(dG-m5dC) using a monoclonal anti-Z-DNA antibody and spectroscopic techniques. The concentration of spermidine at the midpoint of B-DNA to Z-DNA transition was 30 ± 1 μ m . Chemical structural effects were significant when the spermidine homologs were used to induce the transition. The midpoint concentration increased as the number of -CH2 groups varied in relation to that of spermidine. We interpret these structural effects on the basis of molecular models of the interaction of polyamines with polynucleotides.
A new approach for repair of oro-antral-nasal fistulae: The anteriorly based buccinator myomucosal island flap

Summary Oral-antral-nasal fistula (OAN) is a commonly encountered clinical problem. The literature is filled with a plethora of methods described for closing a persistent OAN. Local flaps are available to close minor to moderate defects, however, large fistulae can be a very challenging reconstructive problem. Various areas of the oral cavity have been used for closure of OAN. We describe a technique to reconstruct the oral cavity, in this case an OAN. The anteriorly based buccinator myomucosal island pedicle flap (BMIP) provides an alternative method for reconstructing the oral cavity. An extensive review of the literature as well as the anatomy of the buccinator, its reconstructive capabilities, and two case reports are included.
A Supervised Machine Learning Procedure to Detect Electoral Fraud Using Digital Analysis

This paper introduces a naive Bayes classifier to detect electoral fraud using digit patterns in vote counts with authentic and synthetic data. The procedure is the following: (1) we create 10,000 simulated electoral contests between two parties using Monte Carlo methods. This training set is composed of two disjoint subsets: one containing electoral returns that follow a Benford distribution, and another where the vote counts are purposively "manipulated" by electoral tampering – a percentage of votes are taken away from one party and given to the other; (2) we calibrate membership values of the simulated elections (i.e. clean or fraudulent) using logistic regression; (3) we recover class-conditional densities using the relative frequencies from the training set; (4) we apply Bayes' rule to class-conditional probabilities and class priors to establish the membership probabilities of authentic observations. To illustrate our technique, we examine elections in the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) between 1932 and 1942, a period with a checkered history of fraud. Our analysis allows us to successfully classify electoral contests according to their degree of fraud. More generally, our findings indicate that Benford's Law is an effective tool for identifying fraud, even when minimal information (i.e. electoral returns) is available.
Evolution of novel bioresorbable iron–manganese implant surfaces and their degradation behaviors in vitro

The purpose of this study is to advance understanding of surface degradation kinetics for Fe–Mn bioresorbable alloys (specifically Fe–20%Mn) and target degradable fracture fixation implants for hard tissues. This study addresses how arc melted Fe–20%Mn discs degrade in a static, osteogenic medium for up to a 3 month time span. Degradation behavior of these bulk alloys was investigated using both mass loss tests for measuring long-term corrosion rates and potentiostatic tests for following the instantaneous rate of degradation. It was discovered that cold-rolling Fe–20%Mn to 77% cold work (CW) suppressed the instantaneous corrosion rate compared with the cast structure. It was also found that an unstable iron-rich oxide layer forms on the entire surface of these bulk samples and the act of machining the bulk metal into a defined shape may affect the morphology of the oxide layer on the outer edge of the samples during degradation. The mechanisms behind the surface evolution of these potential orthopedic implants are investigated in detail. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 185–193, 2015.
DOES ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE MATTER? AN ADAPTIVE SIMULATION APPROACH FOR INVESTIGATING INFORMATION PROCESSING STRUCTURES IN ORGANIZATIONS

We adopt the view of organizations as information processingentities. As such, we propose that various exogenous and endogenousfactors should affect the performance of organizations with respect toinformation processing tasks. We present a methodology for modelingorganizational structures and for determining which organizationalstructures, if any, distinguish themselves given various constraints.Our methodology relies upon computer simulations that combineMonte Carlo methods and genetic algorithms to represent dynamicorganizational operating environments and competition among firms,respectively.
Examining supply market scanning and internal communication climate as facilitators of supply chain integration

Purpose – This paper aims to examine if supply market scanning and an organization’s internal communication climate are related to greater internal integration of supply management within the organization, and its subsequent effects on supplier integration and supplier performance. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual model, using information processing theory as a theoretical lens, is proposed and tested utilizing survey data gathered from supply management professionals from five European countries. Findings – Supply market scanning and the organization’s internal communication climate are positively related to internal integration of supply management. Internal integration subsequently is positively related to supplier integration, which partially mediates the relationship with supplier performance. Internal integration is also positively and directly related to supplier performance. Research limitations/implications – Supply management fulfills a key role by being a conduit of information from t...
Motion-compensated vector quantization with a dynamic codebook

An interframe coding scheme, motion-compensated vector quantization (VQ) with a dynamic codebook, has been proposed. The basic idea of this algorithm is to combine the concepts of motion-compensation on a block basis and vector quantization. In the scheme, three steps are involved. First, each input vector is compared with the one on the same spatial position in the previous frame. If the difference is smaller than a preset threshold value, this input is simply replaced by the one in the previous frame. If not, the second step follows. A dynamic codebook is first generated for each input vector at this step. The codewords (or representative vectors) in the codebook consist of the vectors extracted from a motion estimation search window on the previous frame. As the motion search window varies with the spatial position of the input vector, the codebook is automatically updated without the need of any side information and overhead. If the difference between the input vector and the best matched codeword in the codebook is smaller than the preset threshold, the index or label of the codeword is transmitted. If not, the encoding goes to the third step, in which the differences between the the blocks on the consecutive frames are further encoded by the transform coding. The experimental results demonstrated that good reconstructed pictures can be obtained at a bit rate as low as 0.4 bit/pixel. >
Expression of the Kdp ATPase Is Consistent with Regulation by Turgor Pressure

The kdpFABC operon of Escherichia coli encodes the four protein subunits of the Kdp K+ transport system. Kdp is expressed when growth is limited by the availability of K+. Expression of Kdp is dependent on the products of the adjacent kdpDE operon, which encodes a pair of two-component regulators. Studies with kdp-lac fusions led to the suggestion that change in turgor pressure acts as the signal to express Kdp (L. A. Laimins, D. B. Rhoads, and W. Epstein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:464–468, 1981). More recently, effects of compatible solutes, among others, have been interpreted as inconsistent with the turgor model (H. Asha and J. Gowrishankar, J. Bacteriol. 175:4528–4537, 1993). We re-examined the effects of compatible solutes and of medium pH on expression of Kdp in studies in which growth rate was also measured. In all cases, Kdp expression correlated with the K+ concentration when growth began to slow. Making the reasonable but currently untestable assumptions that the reduction in growth rate by K+ limitation is due to a reduction in turgor and that addition of betaine does not increase turgor, we concluded that all of the data on Kdp expression are consistent with control by turgor pressure.
Adaptation of an alkaline phosphatase method for automatic colorimetric analysis.

The alkaline phosphatase method of Kind and King was adapted to an automated recording colorimeter. The precision of the automated method (1 standard deviation as per cent of the mean value) was ±1.7 and for the manual method ±3.6 per cent. The color produced was proportional to the enzyme concentration by both methods, and recoveries of added phenol were satisfactory. In more than 150 serum specimens surveyed for enzyme activity, over 95 per cent of the results (2 standard deviations) of the 2 methods in the range 3.4-129 agree to within ±2.8 King-Armstrong units/1OO ml.
Skeletal analysis and theoretical complications

Archaeologists - feminist or otherwise - use biologically sexed human remains to make inferences about cultures' conceptions of gender. Creating an easy link between 'sex' and 'gender', however, is not without problems. Recent debates within the social sciences have centered on the evolving, historical definition and cultural relevance of both of these terms. Interestingly, skeletal analysts' voices tend to remain silent in this debate. What do paradigmatic twists and turns in feminist and queer theorizing mean for burial analysis? To answer this question, I advocate a bioarchaeological approach that facilitates reconciliation of biological classifications, cultural constructions of gender and feminist theories that complicate 'sex' and 'gender'. As an example, I look to the pre-Columbian Maya.
Effects of internal electric fields and electrostatic potentials on optical spectra of linear polyenes

Abstract The distribution of the nuclear and electronic charges determine a molecule's chemical and physical behavior. The electric fields and electrostatic potentials that one molecule produces at another could not be effectively addressed experimentally because a sensitive probe for electrostatic effects at the atomic or molecular level was lacking. This is no longer the case. We have shown that it is possible to obtain detailed information about electric fields arising from molecular charge distributions by investigating the effects of externally applied electric fields on spectral holes burned into the absorption band of probe molecules. The experiments were carried out on the linear polyene all- trans -octatetraene (an important model system for conducting polymers like polyacetylene) in polycrystalline n -alkane matrices and resulted in surprisingly different Stark profiles for alkanes with almost identical dielectric properties. These observations are reconciled by our more detailed understanding of the microscopic structure of the chromophore sites in different alkane crystals.
Numerical Simulation Analysis of Dynamic Parameters of the Vibratory Sinking Piling System

In the premise of mechanics model and the kinetic equation, the numerical simulation model of pile-soil system has been established with MATLAB, and the numerical analytic solution of kinetic equation has been got by fourth-order Runge-Kutta. And the relationship curves between the pile-soil interface’s friction and time, displacement, acceleration and velocity of the pile have been mainly studied when the exciting amplitude is 100kN, 200kN respectively. With the work, the exciting amplitude will be obtained. In this way, the friction of the pile-soil can be decreased and work efficiency can be improved; besides this paper can also provide a further theoretical basis of pile pressing machine's dynamic optimization.
Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by hexamethylene diamine

Abstract The antiproliferative potential of hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) for mitogen-stimulated splenic lymphocytes was evaluated in vitro at final concentrations of 0.1 – 16 mM. Addition at the start of culture or after 24 or 48 h of culture decreased the proliferatice response to T and B cell mitogens. However, the concentration of HMDA required to cause suppression increased with incubation time. Removal of diamine after 24 h allowed cells to proliferate normally upon reculture with mitogen. Mitogenic responses of cultures containing the potent ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) were also inhibited in a time and dose dependent fasion. ODC activity, which was much greater in cultures stimulated with Con A than LPS, was markedly decreased by inclusion of diamine or DFMO in the culture medium. Addition of putrescine to cultures did not reverse the suppressive effects of diamine on proliferation but did restore DFMO-containing cultures to control levels of activity. These results indicate that HMDA does suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro by alteration of ODC and polyamine activity. However, comparison of results obtained with DFMO and HMDA suggests that HMDA may act via multiple pathways, only one of which involves inhibition of ODC activity.
Testing Cultural and Economic Explanations for Local Development Policies: The Competing Claims of Security, Distress, and Nontraditional Subcultures

ABSTRACT: Urban scholars have struggled to reconcile the appearance of progressive cities with models that stress cities' need to acknowledge economic imperatives and accommodate business interests. This article advocates the use of cultural change and subcultural growth to explain these policy outcomes. Based upon an analysis of the use of both progressive and pro-business measures in a large sample of U.S. cities, I argue that a combination of nontraditional cultural behavior, economic distress, and a sense of economic security best account for the use of progressive measures. I also identify two kinds of progressive development policies—pure progressive and minority equity—that respond to different economic stimuli. Finally, the analysis reveals that the explanatory factors favoring traditional pro-business measures and minority-oriented redistribution are strikingly similar. The article concludes by addressing the implications of these findings for how urban scholars define progressive development.
Jack London: A Case Study of Moral Creativity

This case study of Jack London seeks to find the roots of his moral creativity. After identifying the attributes of creativity and moral creativity, the article examine the life of London, extracting the features that appear to have made him one of the most prolific and popular American authors and, in particular, committed him to the welfare of the working classes of the world. The article concludes by examining the educational implications of the case study.
Vitreomacular interface diseases: Diagnosis and management

This article discusses the diagnosis and management of abnormal vitreomacular interfaces disorders including vitreomacular adhesion, vitreomacular traction, epiretinal membrane, full thickness macular holes, lamellar holes and pseudoholes. Optical coherence tomography has better enabled our ability to diagnose abnormalities of the vitreoretinal interface by providing clinical information that cannot be obtained by other ophthalmic diagnostic techniques. While vitrectomy remains the most commonly performed treatment for these disorders, the recent introduction of pharmacologic vitreolysis represents the development of non-surgical treatment options of certain diseases of the vitreoretinal interface.
Chromosome 9 abnormality in choroidal melanoma.

Inquiries to Thomas H. Mader, M.D., Ophthalmology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA 98431. Effective eyelid retraction greatly facilitates intraocular operations. Many existing eyelid retraction devices interfere with surgical in­ struments or fail to relieve eyelid pressure ade­ quately on the globe. Our method of eyelid retraction eliminates many of the problems as­ sociated with previously described retraction devices and allows adequate exposure for most intraocular surgical procedures. After a periorbital block and standard anti­ septic preparation of the eyelids, the skin and lashes are thoroughly dried. The patient is then draped with an adhesive head drape and split sheet, leaving the eyelids exposed. One halfinch Steri-strip wound adhesive strips (3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota) are used to retract the eyelids. The first Steri-strip is placed at the central upper eyelid margin, just above the lashes. The superior portion of this Steristrip is taped to the adhesive drape that covers the forehead, thus elevating the upper eyelid (Fig. 1). A second adhesive strip is then placed on top of the first, entrapping the lashes be­ tween the two strips. The same procedure is used for the lower eyelid. Additional adhesive strips are used as needed. After all the strips are attached, a clear adhesive drape is placed over Fig. 2 (Karren and Mader). Appearance of eye and eyelids after an opening is made in the adhesive drape.
Imprint technology: A potential low-cost solution for sub-45nm device applications

Nano-imprint technology has demonstrated the potential for a low-cost, high-throughput Next Generation Lithography (NGL) method extendable to ultra-fine geometry requirements. Although the development of nano-imprinting lithography has been focused on semiconductor applications, the technology could provide a pathway for non-semiconductor-related applications as well. Examples of technologies that may benefit from this nano-imprint are high-density drives and other stand-alone memories, organic and flexible electronics, photonics, nanoelectronics, biotechnology, etc. With the rapid advances in these industries, the need for sub-nanometer features to drive performance and innovation, while maintaining cost, is to be expected. Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL TM ) is one of several cost-effective imprinting technologies being pursued for sub-100 nm resolution. In demonstrating successful final pattern transfer of features less than 45 nm, S-FIL has sparked some interest as a viable alternative to other NGL methods. Unlike optical-based lithography, imprint utilizes the basic concept of contact printing, and therefore, does not require expensive optics and complex resist material to create images. Thus, the cost of ownership for nano-imprint lithography compared with other optical-based NLGs could provide solutions for many applications. Improvements made in S-FIL in the areas of material dispensing and refinement of the etch barrier (EB) have resulted in more uniform printing while producing a thinner residual layer. These improvements, coupled with changes to the etch processes have enabled pattern transfer with minimal critical dimension (CD) loss. This paper will describe both the new imprinting results and pattern transfer to demonstrate sub-45nm features. CD bias at each of the process steps will also be discussed. Examples of sub-45 nm (1:3) line/space features post imprint and final pattern transfer into oxide will be shown.
The Case-Slot Identity Theory*

Many people have noted the similarities between case theories in linguistics and frame representations in artificial intelligence. In particular, the cases of a verb seem to correspond to the slots of a frame. This has led many people, including Fillmore [1977] and Winston [1977] to assert that cases and slots are one and the same. This hypothesis has not attracted much attention, probably because the notion of “slot” in frame representations is so underconstrained that the theory would seem to be content free. In this note, we wish to show that this is not true. For one thing, the case-slot identity theory can explain the difficulty linguists have had in deciding how many cases there are. Furthermore, its adoption will place certain interesting, and plausible constraints on the frame and case theories compatible with it.
Implementation of a k/k0 method to identify long-range structure in transition states during conformational folding/unfolding of proteins

Summary A previously introduced kinetic-rate constant (k/k 0 ) method, where k and k 0 are the folding (unfolding) rate constants in the mutant and the wild-type forms, respectively, of a protein, has been applied to obtain qualitative information about structure in the transition state ensemble (TSE) of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A), which contains four native disulfide bonds. The method compares the folding (unfolding) kinetics of RNase A, with and without a covalent crosslink and tests whether the crosslinked residues are associated in the folding (unfolding) transition state (TS) of the noncrosslinked version. To confirm that the fifth disulfide bond has not introduced a significant structural perturbation, we solved the crystal structure of the V43C-R85C mutant to 1.6 A resolution. Our findings suggest that residues Val43 and Arg85 are not associated, and that residues Ala4 and Val118 may form nonnative contacts, in the folding (unfolding) TSE of RNase A.
Forcing matchings on square grids

Let G be a graph that admits a perfect matching. The forcing number of a perfect matching M of G is defined as the smallest number of edges in a subset S ⊂ M, such that S is in no other perfect matching. We show that for the 2n × 2n square grid, the forcing number of any perfect matching is bounded below by n and above by n^2. Both bounds are sharp. We also establish a connection between the forcing problem and the minimum feedback set problem. Finally, we present some conjectures about forcing numbers in other graphs.
A Review of Novel Therapies for Melanoma

This review summarizes results from major recent trials regarding novel therapeutic agents in melanoma. The topics discussed include targeted therapy with BRAF (V-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) inhibitors (vemurafenib and dabrafenib), MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitors (trametinib), bcr-abl/c-kit/PDGF-R inhibitors (imatinib), and angiogenesis inhibitors (bevacizumab and aflibercept), as well as immunotherapy with anti-CTLA-4 (anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4) antibodies (ipilimumab), anti-PD (anti-programmed death receptor) antibodies (nivolumab and lambrolizumab), and anti-PD-L (anti-programmed death ligand) antibodies. Various combinations of these agents, as well as adjunctive GM-CSF (granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor), T-VEC (talimogene laherparepvec) oncolytic viruses, and novel chemotherapeutic agents, are also described. Despite the tremendous advances that these novel treatments have created, optimal therapeutic agent selection remains a highly individualized decision. Melanoma therapy has vastly progressed since the days when dacarbazine was the sole option for advanced melanoma patients. The molecular understanding of melanoma pathogenesis has yielded a brighter future for advanced melanoma patients.
Vibrational spectra in fluoride crystals and glasses at normal and high pressures by computer simulation

Molecular dynamics computer simulation methods to obtain the infrared and Raman spectra of ionic liquids and glasses are described. These methods are applied to two problems: (1) the simulation and interpretation of the vibrational spectra of heavy metal fluoride glasses, and (2) the problem of reversible collapse of network glasses and the dramatic spectroscopic consequences of this collapse observed in recent experiments on SiO2-like glasses. As a contribution to this latter problem, the case of BeF2, for which our rigid ion potentials should be good approximations to the actual interactions, is studied. In the spectra, an initial network stiffening with increase of pressure, followed by rather sudden collapse to a spectrum characteristic of a higher coordinated state, is observed. This is correlated with a sudden increase in average coordination numbers. The changes are mostly reversible on decompression, so the behavior is reminiscent of the transition between ‘vitreous polymorphs’ observed in the case of vitreous water and vitreous silica.
Study of hydrogen abstraction reactions by density-functional methods

Abstract Four popular functionals, BLYP, BP86, B3LYP and B3P86 were utilized for studying hydrogen abstraction reactions R 1 + RH → R 1 H + R (R 1 = H, CH 3 , NH 2 , and OH radicals; R = H and CH 3 ). Hybrid functionals, B3P86 and B3LYP, provide significantly more accurate transition state energies and vibrational frequencies than BLYP or BP86. In particular, B3LYP/6–31G(d) activation energies for six reactions studied here are found to be on average within 1.6 kcal/mol of experimental activation energies. It is shown that increasing basis set beyond 6–31G(d) does not provide better transition state geometries or barriers.
Geographic Variation of Movement and Display Behavior of Side-blotched Lizards (Uta stansburiana) Related to Predation Environment

Abstract Animals in high predation environments tend to react to predators more quickly and effectively compared to animals in low predation environments. Because antipredator behavior can be increased by predator introductions and decreased by predator losses, we examined whether populations occurring outside of a predator's range are associated with behavioral changes. Genetic evidence indicates that Side-blotched Lizards (Uta stansburiana) radiated into the northern portions of their range relatively recently and rapidly. As such, Uta populations exist in the presence or absence of various predators. We studied four populations of Uta in Oregon and Nevada to test for behavioral differences among populations that co-occur with different predators. We measured several behavioral traits thought to be associated with predator exposure and used predation-pressure estimates for each population to show that movement and display behavior vary among sites but tend to be negatively affected by predation environm...