cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mach 6–8+ Hydrocarbon-Fueled Scramjet Flight Experiment: The HIFiRE Flight 2 Project

The Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation (HIFiRE) program is a collaborative international effort designed to study basic hypersonic phenomena through flight experimentation. On 1 May 2012, the HIFiRE Flight 2 project successfully flew a hydrocarbon-fueled, Mach 8 scramjet experiment and demonstrated the ability to fly an accelerating, constant dynamic pressure trajectory consistent with a scramjet-powered flight vehicle using unguided sounding rocket techniques. The project goals of capturing high-quality flight data from a research scramjet operating through dual-to-scram mode transition up to and beyond Mach 8 were achieved. HIFiRE Flight 2 is unique in its contribution to scramjet research, providing a reference dataset to the hydrocarbon scramjet community while maturing a novel and reduced-cost strategy for performing similar future experiments. This paper describes the programmatic approach, the overall scramjet flight test experiment mission objectives, and the flight test stra...
Barriers To Effective E-Business In Developing Countries

The Internet has changed the way many firms do business in the U.S. and throughout the world. Practicing e-business in developing countries is particularly challenging for a number of reasons. In this paper we present a taxonomy of barriers facing e-businesses pursuing markets in developing countries. The major barriers center around culture, economic dimensions, infrastructure, and the political/regulatory environment. We identify key components of each barrier type. For example, cultural barriers include language, shopping habits, and use of credit, among others. Country specific examples are presented with management implications and possible solutions.
Predicting the single-proton and single-neutron potentials in asymmetric nuclear matter

We discuss the one-body potentials for protons and neutrons obtained from Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations of neutron-rich matter, in particular their dependence upon the degree of proton/neutron asymmetry. The closely related symmetry potential is compared with empirical information from the isovector component of the nuclear optical potential.
Coupling of Lattice Dynamics to Spin Transitions in La1-xSrxCoO3

La1-xSrxCoO3 is distinct because of its unique spin transitions subjecting the system to variable spin-lattice coupling. Pair density function analysis provided strong evidence for local lattice distortions associated with a Jahn-Teller active mode that is directly correlated to the change in the magnetic/conductive states of this system. The presence of Jahn-Teller distortions also serves as an indication for the intermediate spin configuration. Measurements of the dynamic structure function, S(Q, ?), showed that several phonon peaks fluctuate with carrier density and temperature. Such changes were not seen in an otherwise identical structure, LaAlO3. These phonon peaks are quite unusual and are most likely due to localized modes that appear to be dispersionless.
Strain Distributions in Full-Scale Energy Foundations (DFI Young Professor Paper Competition 2012)

This paper focuses on the thermo-mechanical response of two full-scale energy foundations installed at the new Denver Housing Authority Senior Living Facility in Denver, Colorado. The energy foundations were formed by attaching heat exchanger tubes to the inside of the reinforcement cages of drilled shafts. The heat exchange tubes were connected to a ground-source heat pump system, which circulates a methanol-water mixture through the tubing to absorb or shed heat into the foundation and surrounding soil or rock. Instrumentation was incorporated to assess the heat exchange response of the foundations as well as the thermo-mechanical strains during construction and typical building operation. The temperature changes within the foundations are stable during heating and cooling operations and the corresponding thermal axial strains are within acceptable limits. The thermal axial strain profiles measured for both foundations follow trends expected for end-bearing boundary conditions with greater strains near the top of the foundations (upward expansion). The mobilized thermal expansion coefficients inferred from the instrumentation confirm that side shear stresses provide resistance to thermally induced movements. The results from this study indicate that energy foundations can be implemented in new buildings to gain improved heat exchange capabilities without major impacts on the foundation performance, for little added installation cost.
Termination of Diapause in the Painted Leafhopper, Endria inimica

The painted leafhopper, Endria inimica (Say), a vector of wheat striate mosaic virus, is a bivoltine insect that overwinters in nature as 2nd generation eggs in diapause. In the laboratory, egg diapause occurred when females were reared under short day lengths (12L:12D); diapause was averted by rearing females under long days (15L:9D). Eggs in diapause were not induced to develop by exposing them to the light and temperature conditions favorable to continuous development, but developed only after chilling. Diapause was terminated more rapidly by chilling the eggs at 0° than to 8°C.
Survey on Current Smoking Status among the Community Residents in Chengdu City

Objective To investigate the current smoking status and the attitude towards tobacco among community residents aged 15 and above in Chengdu,For the next step to carry out " a group smoking cessation intervention Law" training in the community,to develop effective community tobacco control measures,provide a reference. Methods A total of 482 adults from Chengdu were surveyed by random intercepting investigation in public places. Results The smoking rate of the residents aged 15 and older in Chengdu is 28. 01%,among which,the Male smoking rate is 47. 54% and the female's is 7. 98%. Male smoking rate is obviously higher than female's( P 0. 001). There is a significant difference among different education level groups( P 0. 001),The smoking rate of high school / college educated is the highest( 40. 54%). There is a significant difference among different occupational groups( P 0. 001),The smoking rate of own business is the highest(56. 41%). And 98. 96% of the residents believe that"smoking is harmful to health". The supporting rate to smoking ban in public places was 70. 95%. Conclusions The 15 years of age and older residents of the community smoking rate with the national level close to Chengdu city. The community tobacco control strength is obviously deficient. Residents lack of scientific method to quit smoking. But the support from the masses to the tobacco control of the community is powerful. By use of community as unit,and create a whole society to support tobacco control environment. We should strengthen the relevant health education and behavior intervention to reduce tobacco harm to the health of residents.
Understanding oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane on Co3O4 nanorods from density functional theory

Co3O4 is a metal oxide catalyst with weak, tunable M–O bonds promising for catalysis. Here, density functional theory (DFT) is used to study the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane on Co3O4 nanorods based on the preferred surface orientation (111) from the experimental electron-microscopy image. The pathway and energetics of the full catalytic cycle including the first and second C–H bond cleavages, hydroxyl clustering, water formation, and oxygen-site regeneration are determined. We find that both lattice O and Co may participate as active sites in the dehydrogenation, with the lattice-O pathway being favored. We identify the best ethane ODH pathway based on the overall energy profiles of several routes. We identify that water formation from the lattice oxygen has the highest energy barrier and is likely a rate-determining step. This work of the complete catalytic cycle of ethane ODH will allow further study into tuning the surface chemistry of Co3O4 nanorods for high selectivity of alkane ODH reactions.
Effects of urea infusion and ruminal degradable protein concentration on microbial growth, digestibility, and fermentation in continuous culture

The effects of urea and rumen-degradable protein (RDP) on microbial growth, digestibility, and fermentation were examined using dual-flow continuous culture. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were urea infusion (0.4 g/L of artificial saliva) and RDP concentration, and the treatments were as follows: 1) low RDP (8% of dietary dry matter) without urea (LDNU), 2) high RDP (11% of dietary dry matter) without urea (HDNU), 3) low RDP (8% of dietary dry matter) with urea (LDU), and 4) high RDP (11% of dietary dry matter) with urea (HDU). The LDNU (i.e., negative control) and HDNU treatments were formulated to be nitrogen limiting. Results indicated that infusion of urea increased all digestibility measurements (P 0.05). Isobutyrate concentration decreased (P = 0.05) with increased RDP. Increased dietary RDP increased crude protein degradation and soluble protein concentration (P < 0.05), but NH3 nitrogen, trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen, and peptide nitrogen were unaffected by changing RDP levels. Microbial growth efficiency was 19.9, 24.9, 28.0, and 32.2 g N/g organic matter truly digested for LDNU, HDNU, LDU, and HDU, respectively, and was significantly improved both by urea infusion (P = 0.002) and increased RDP concentration (P = 0.021). The interactions of urea and RDP (P < 0.05) were explained by the high digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, nonstructural carbohydrate, and especially hemicellulose, with the HDNU treatment. The results of this study indicated that hemicellulose-degrading bacteria were able to effectively compete with nonstructural carbohydrate-degrading bacteria for available peptide and amino acid nitrogen. Further, the extent of protein degradation was dependent on the availability of NH3 nitrogen in the system.
Gesture units, gesture phrases and speech

The survey in Chapter 6 showed that most writers accept that speakers use gestures in several different ways, including deictic reference, as a means of depicting objects or actions and as a way of punctuating, marking up or displaying aspects of the structure of their spoken discourse. However, if we are to have a better appreciation of the significance of this, we need to know in more detail how and when it is that speakers do these things. Without detailed analysis of how speakers deploy gestures as a part of their utterances we shall not have precise ideas about how speech and gesture function in relation to one another. Audio-visual technology, easily available only very recently, and available only to some of the writers whose classification schemes we have considered, now makes possible the kind of descriptive analysis of gesture use that we believe is needed. It is this that will be offered in the chapters that follow: a descriptive survey of gesture use, based upon the analysis of specimens drawn from a large collection of video recordings of occasions of conversational interaction in many different settings. In this chapter and the next one, we look at aspects of how gesturing and speaking are organized in relation to one another. The units of gestural action we consider are the gesture phrase and the gesture unit .
Attacking the Domain

An attacker that has gained a foothold on a network using the techniques of Chapter 2 can use Metasploit to expand their influence. Metasploit comes with reconnaissance modules that allow the attacker to determine their user privileges, the domain controller(s), and the account names for the domain administrators. Moreover, Metasploit also has a number of privilege escalation modules that allow the attacker to gain SYSTEM privileges on the host.
Teaching Philosophy Statements: In‐Service ESL Teachers’ Practices and Beliefs

In North American higher education settings, faculty are increasingly required to write teaching philosophy statements. In the field of English language teaching, there is a very narrow understanding of language teachers’ practices of writing teaching philosophy statements and their potential benefits to individuals and to the professionalization of the field. The present study examined the practices and beliefs of in-service English as a second language (ESL) teachers toward the genre of teaching philosophy statements. A total of 197 ESL teachers, primarily from intensive English programs (52%) and college/university ESL-based program (35%), completed a 42-item questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions to elicit general information about their own teaching philosophy statements (i.e., format and contents) and their beliefs about the benefits of this practice. The findings led to the identification of preferred formats as well as core topics to include, such as personal beliefs about language learning and teaching, teaching approaches, and teachers’ roles in education. Furthermore, there was strong evidence that these in-service ESL teachers value the ongoing practice of drafting their teaching philosophy statements for bureaucratic and reflective purposes. The article concludes with suggested guidelines for ESL teachers working worldwide who want to write their teaching philosophy for reflective and professional reasons.
Dynamic greenhouse gas accounting for cellulosic biofuels: implications of time based methodology decisions

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from biofuel production and use often occur over many different years. Nondynamic GHG accounting methods traditionally sum the global warming impacts (GWIs) occurring over a 100-year period for all emissions occurring in the life cycle regardless of emission timing. When examining biofuels from a policy perspective, time horizons are chosen to determine the benefits a policy or action has over a desired time period. It is critical to only account for impacts occurring within the given time period by having consistent temporal boundaries. When calculating the GWI as a function of time, additional assumptions and data are required. These assumptions have implications on the results and are explored herein to determine their influence on the overall conclusions when comparing biofuels made from different cellulosic feedstocks. The time zero assumption of both biomass planting and harvesting was examined. Analytical time horizon choice was also tested by examining results on a 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year time horizon. GWIs using dynamic GHG accounting methods were compared to nondynamic GWI method results. Direct land use change (LUC) emissions were determined for the different feedstock conversion scenarios and used to calculate a payback period for switchgrass and sweet sorghum biofuel scenarios. Dynamic biofuel life cycle emissions were also modeled for biofuel scenarios where LUC emissions were negative in the case of converting cropland to forests. Biofuel life cycle emissions and GHG reductions compared to gasoline were highly sensitive to GHG accounting methods and time horizons. The time zero assumption had greater influence on the results when shorter time horizons were chosen and decreased as time horizons approached 500 years. Using the dynamic GHG accounting method, LUC payback periods were determined to be greater compared to a 0 % emission discount method. Payback periods using a discount rate of 2 and 3 % were at times greater and less than dynamic GHG accounting method results. The data presented herein suggest that time zero and other temporal emission timing assumptions are important and influence the overall study results. Analytical time horizons were also shown to be important and significantly influence the overall results, as well as be important to achieving carbon mitigation goals. Dynamic GHG accounting was shown to be a more robust method than the traditional static GWI accounting method ensuring consistent temporal boundaries; however, dynamic inventories require additional emission timing details and assumptions that require more effort and resources to model.
Ethnic Hairstyling Practices and Hair Prostheses I: Dreadlocks

Dreadlocks offer individuals of all racial and ethnic backgrounds a stylish, affordable, and hassle-free option of wearing their hair in an unprocessed, natural state. There are a variety of locking techniques that can be used to start and maintain this hairstyle, offering freedom of expression and individuality. The choice to wear locks is a personal one and it may be spiritually and/or politically motivated. It is in the dermatologist’s best interest, as he/she cares for patients, to be able to offer guidance on hair and scalp health and the benefits and risks of these hairstyles.
Comparison of the rate of refractive growth in aphakic eyes versus pseudophakic eyes in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study

Purpose To compare the rate of refractive growth (RRG) between aphakic eyes and pseudophakic eyes in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS). Setting Twelve clinical sites across the United States. Design Randomized clinical trial. Methods Patients randomized to unilateral cataract extraction with contact lens correction versus intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in the IATS had their rate of refractive growth (RRG3) calculated based on the change in refraction from the 1-month postoperative examination to age 5 years. The RRG3 is a logarithmic formula designed to calculate the RRG in children. Two-group t tests were used to compare the mean refractive growth between the contact lens group and IOL group and outcomes based on age at surgery and visual acuity. Results Longitudinal refractive data were studied for 108 of 114 patients enrolled in the IATS (contact lens group, n = 54; IOL group, n = 54). The mean RRG3 was similar in the contact lens group (−18.0 diopter [D] ± 11.0 [SD]) and the IOL group (−19.0 ± 9.0 D) ( P = .49). The RRG3 value was not correlated with age at cataract surgery, glaucoma status, or visual outcome in the IOL group. In the aphakia group, only visual outcome was correlated with refractive growth ( P = .01). Conclusions Infants' eyes had a similar rate of refractive growth after unilateral cataract surgery whether or not an IOL was implanted. A worse visual outcome was associated with a higher RRG in aphakic, but not pseudophakic, eyes. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Self-collected vaginal swabs for HPV screening: An exploratory study of rural Black Mississippi women.

Abstract Objectives To determine the post-procedure acceptability of self-collecting a vaginal swab for HPV testing among a highly impoverished and geographically isolated population of medically underserved Black women residing in the Mississippi Delta. Further, to test correlates of reporting that self-collection is preferred over Pap testing. Finally, to determine the prevalence of any of 13 high-risk HPV types among this population and the correlates of testing positive. Methods Eighty-eight women were recruited from two churches located in different towns of the Mississippi Delta. After completing a survey, women were provided instructions for self-collecting a cervico-vaginal swab and completing a post-collection survey. Specimens were tested for 13 oncogenic HPV types. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, significance was defined by a 0.15 alpha-level. Results Comfort levels with self-collection were high: 78.4% indicated a preference for self-collecting a specimen compared to Pap testing. Overall, 24 women (28.7%) tested positive for one or more of the 13 HPV types. Significant associations with testing positive were found for women having sex with females (P = 0.09), those never having an abnormal Pap (P = 0.06), younger women (P = 0.10), those with greater fatalism scores (P = 0.006), and those having less trust in doctors (P = 0.001). Conclusions Black rural women from the deep-south are generally comfortable self-collecting cervico-vaginal swabs for HPV testing. Given that nearly 30% tested positive for oncogenic HPV, and that fatalism as well a lack of trust in doctors predicted prevalence, a reasonable screening alternative to Pap testing may be community-based testing for HPV using self-collected vaginal swabs.
Association of physical injury and mental health: Results from the national comorbidity survey- adolescent supplement.

Nonfatal injury is common among adolescents in the U.S., but little is known about the bi-directional associations between injury and mental health. Utilizing a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents, we examined 1) associations between lifetime mental health history and subsequent injury; 2) concurrent associations between injury and mental health; and 3) associations between injury and subsequent mental disorders. Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national survey of adolescents aged 13 through 17 years (N = 10,123). Twelve-month prevalence of nonfatal injury requiring medical attention was assessed along with lifetime, 12-month, and 30-day prevalence of DSM-IV depressive, anxiety, behavior, substance use, and bipolar disorders. We used Poisson regression to examine associations between 1) lifetime history of mental disorders and 12-month exposure to injury; 2) concurrent associations between 12-month exposure to injury and 12-month prevalence of mental disorders; and 3) 12-month exposure to injury and 30-day prevalence of mental disorders. A total of 11.6% of adolescents experienced an injury requiring medical attention in the year before the survey. Lifetime history of mental disorders was not associated with past-year injury. Behavior and bipolar disorders were concurrently associated with past-year injury. Past-year injury occurrence predicted increased risk for past-month anxiety disorders and decreased risk of past-month depressive disorders. Our findings reveal reciprocal associations between injury and mental disorders and highlight the need for systematic assessment, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders among injured youth.
EIS: A wearable device for epidermal pressure sensing

The development of epidermal electronics provides an enabling means for continuous monitoring of physiological signals and physical activities without affecting the quality of life. Such devices require high sensitivity for low-magnitude signal detection, noise reduction for motion artifacts, wearability for long-term comfort, and low-cost production for scalable manufacturing. However, the current epidermal pressure sensing devices, usually involving complex multilayer structures, have not fully addressed the aforementioned challenges. In this paper, we have presented a novel epidermal iontronic sensing (EIS) device, that is, a novel wearable pressure sensor with a single-sided configuration and reversible attachability to human skin. Notably, incorporating skin as part of the sensing architecture, the EIS devices offer an excellent pressure sensitivity (5 nF/kPa), an ultrafast mechanical response (in a sub-millisecond range), and a good long-term stability (>10,000) for both internal (body) and external (environment) mechanical stimuli. Demonstrations of its versatile application to wearable scenarios include measuring blood pressure pulsations, monitoring respiration rates, tracking muscle activities, and digitalizing hand palpation and gripping.
Robust and hyperparameter-free RFI mitigation via ℓ 1,2 -PLAD and group SPICE

Radio-frequency interference (RFI) poses significant threats to proper ultra-wideband (UWB) radar operations in many practical applications. This paper proposes a novel method for RFI mitigation based on the l 1,2 -penalized least absolute deviation (l 1,2 -PLAD) approach and the group SParse Iterative Covariance-based Estimation (group SPICE) algorithm. The proposed method simultaneously exploits the sparse properties of both RFI spectrum and UWB radar echoes. Unlike the existing sparsity-based RFI suppression methods, such as the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) algorithm, our proposed method is robust and hyperparameter-free, and therefore easy to use in practical applications. Additionally, no other prior knowledge of RFI sources is required in our technique. Results from measured data collected by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) UWB synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system are used to demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of our method.
A Descriptive Case Study of Using Line Application for Learning Writing

Abstract Writing as part of English skills is highly concerned in the present days. The development of technology influences the use of media for teaching-learning activities. This paper aims at discovering studentsâ€™ learning in English writing by using Line application as the media for learning. As one of the applications in the smartphone, Line application can be used in the teaching-learning activities. A task-based instruction is applied in the study. The method of study is case-study. The data were gathered with observation, interview, and document review. Holistic analysis was conducted after getting the data. The research result is writtten in descriptive. The description is divided into major themes. The themes are mainly in the scope of the use of technology for writing. Keywords: case study, line application, writing, task-based instruction
Immune response and calcification of allografts

Aside from the cornea, a structure that is not vascularized, the aortic and pulmonary valves are the only tissues that can be successfully transplanted without immunosup-pression of the recipient. This has led to speculation as to whether the transplanted heart valve is immunologically privileged in a manner analogous to the cornea. This chapter will discuss the evidence for an immunologic capacity of the allograft valve, the response of the recipient to allograft implantation, and the pathologic consequences. Also discussed are the possible therapeutic manipulations that may alter these properties.
Protecting confidential data on personal computers with storage capsules

Protecting confidential information is a major concern for organizations and individuals alike, who stand to suffer huge losses if private data falls into the wrong hands. One of the primary threats to confidentiality is malicious software on personal computers, which is estimated to already reside on 100 to 150 million machines. Current security controls, such as firewalls, anti-virus software, and intrusion detection systems, are inadequate at preventing malware infection. This paper introduces Storages Capsules, a new approach for protecting confidential files on a personal computer. Storage Capsules are encrypted file containers that allow a compromised machine to securely view and edit sensitive files without malware being able to steal confidential data. The system achieves this goal by taking a checkpoint of the current system state and disabling device output before allowing access a Storage Capsule. Writes to the Storage Capsule are then sent to a trusted module. When the user is done editing files in the Storage Capsule, the system is restored to its original state and device output resumes normally. Finally, the trusted module declassifies the Storage Capsule by re-encrypting its contents, and exports it for storage in a low-integrity environment. This work presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of Storage Capsules, with a focus on exploring covert channels.
Oak Ridge, CP-1, and the Clinton Engineer Works

Of every dollar spent on the Manhattan Project, just over 60 cents went into the Clinton Engineer Works (CEW), the 90-square-mile tract in eastern Tennessee chosen in the fall of 1942 as the location for uranium enrichment plants and a pilot-scale nuclear reactor. The responsibility borne by the CEW’s commander, District Engineer Colonel Kenneth Nichols—who nominally administered production sites for the entire Project—was extraordinary. In 1942, the idea of using plutonium for a fission bomb was a tantalizing but wholly speculative prospect; only uranium looked certain as a bomb material. If plutonium proved unworkable (which it almost did), the success or failure of the Project would be decided at the Clinton site.
Multiplex detection and quantitation of proteins on western blots using fluorescent probes.

The uses of multiplex detection methodologies are dramatically increasing as a means to increase sample throughput and to demonstrate quantitative differences between multiple targets in gene or pr...
Improving College Student Success in Organic Chemistry: Impact of an Online Preparatory Course

This quantitative study examines the impact of a three-week online organic preparatory course for chemistry undergraduates that is designed to improve student performance in the subsequent organic ...
Surface solvation and hindered isomerization at the water/silica interface explored with second harmonic generation.

Resonantly enhanced second harmonic generation (SHG) spectra of Coumarin 152 (C152) adsorbed at the water-silica interface show that C152 experiences a local dielectric environment slightly more polar than that of bulk water. This result stands in contrast to recently reported time-resolved fluorescence experiments and simulations that suggest an alkane-like permittivity for interfacial water at strongly associating, hydrophilic solid surfaces. Taken together, these results imply that while the static electric field across the aqueous-silica interface may be large, restricted water dynamics lead to apparent nonpolar solvation behavior similar to that experienced by solutes in confinement. Resonance-enhanced SHG spectra and time-resolved fluorescence of C152 adsorbed to aqueous-hydrophobic silica surfaces show that when water’s ability to hydrogen bond with the silica surface is eliminated, a solute’s interfacial solvation and corresponding ability to photoisomerize converge to an intermediate limit similar to that experienced in bulk acetone or methanol. While water structure and dynamics at solid-liquid interfaces have received considerable attention, results presented below show how strong solvent-substrate interactions can create conflicting pictures of solute reactivity across buried interfaces.
A Molecular Theory for Dynamic Contact Angles

Dynamic contact angle correlations for partially-wetting fluids are derived for θ e π/2) and satisfactory agreement with prior predictions for small (θ — θ e).
Building geospatial infrastructure

Many visions for geospatial technology have been advanced over the past half century. Initially researchers saw the handling of geospatial data as the major problem to be overcome. The vision of ge...
Ischemic Preconditioning and Apoptosis in Myocardial Ischemia

An emerging body of evidence has now been accumulated to indicate the existance of a highly organized type of cell death, apoptosis, in the pathogenesis of a variety of cardiovascular diseases (30, 84). This process of cell death is a fundamentally important biological process that involves cell proliferation and differentiation to control tissue and organ homeostasis. Apoptotic cell death may be an integral part of the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction which is related to cardiac abnormalities associated with congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy and other ischemic heart diseases. Myocardial infarction induces cell death by two different mechanisms: necrosis and apoptosis (2). The important distinguishing features of cell necrosis are rupture of cell membrane, cell swelling, plasma membrane breakdown, clumping of nuclear chromatin, swelling and disruption of sarcoplasmic reticulam and mitochondria and appearance of the granular densities in the matrix of mitochondria. Due to this rupture of the sarcoplasmic reticulam in the necrotic cardiocytes, calcium overloading takes place which causes disturbances in other electrolytes (28). On the other hand, apoptosis occurs in the absence of membrane rupture, and is characterized by internucleosomal cleavage of DNA by a Ca2+ and Mg2+ dependent endonuclease. Ultrastructural features of apoptosis include segregation of nuclear chromatin and condensation of the cytoplasm. Apoptotic cell surface develops protuberances which are known as apoptotic bodies, generally engulfed or digested by adjacent cells. Thus, apoptosis is an active, highly regulated, energy-requiring process while necrosis is a passive process and occurs in response to lethal injury.
Outcomes of Induction Immunosuppressive Therapy in Combined Heart-Liver Transplantation

Purpose Combined heart-liver transplantation is increasingly performed in the United States. The utility and outcomes of induction immunosuppression in this patient population is not well studied. Methods Recipients of combined heart-liver transplants between January 1st, 2000 and June 30th, 2018 were identified in the United Network of Organ Sharing database. Survival and rejection episodes were reviewed among these patients with or without induction therapy and by various induction agents: ATGAM (horse-derived polyclonal antibody), Thymoglobulin (rabbit-derived polyclonal antibody), Campath (Alemtuzumab), OKT3 (Muromonab) and Interleukin-2 receptor antagonists (IL-2 RA). Results A total of 260 patients received combined heart-liver transplantation in the United States between January 1ST, 2000 and June 30th, 2018. The mean age was 46.4 years, mean donor age was 30.1 years, 30% of recipients were females, 64.6% were White, 19.6% were Black, 11.9% were Hispanic, 14.7% were diabetic, 7.1% were on dialysis, 61.5% were on life support and 20% were listed as status 1A at the time of transplantation. These findings were similar between the induction and the non-induction groups. Of the 260 patients, 134 (52%) patients received induction therapy. Of these, 36% received IL-2 receptor antagonists, 28% received Thymoglobulin, 23% received ATGAM, 6% received Campath and 6% received OKT3. Survival in combined heart-liver transplant recipients was comparable to that of recipients of heart transplant only (P=0.63). Across 15 years of follow up, survival was similar among patients who received induction therapy versus no induction therapy (P=0.62). Subgroup analysis showed no survival difference among the studied induction agents across 15 years of follow up as well (P=0.80). Approximately 6.7% of the non-induction group patients had at least 1 episode of acute rejection versus 2.4% of the induction group patients (P=0.13), which indicates a favorable trend in the induction group. Conclusion In this retrospective analysis of the UNOS database, recipients of combined heart-liver transplantation have comparable survival to recipients of heart transplantation only. Induction immunosuppressive therapy was not associated with improved survival in patients undergoing combined heart-liver transplantation however showed a favorable trend towards less acute rejection.
Judicial Selection in the States: Politics and the Struggle for Reform

Using detailed case studies of the relevant US states, Herbert Kritzer provides an unprecedented examination of the process and politics of how states select and retain judges. The book is organized around the competing goals of politics and professionalism, namely whether the focus in choosing judges should be on future judicial decisions (court outputs) or on the court processes by which those decisions are reached. Or, in considering who should be a judge, whether the emphasis should be on political credentials or on professional credentials. One important finding is that political concerns have surpassed professionalism concerns since 2000. Another is that voters have been more supportive of professionalism in selecting appellate judges than trial judges. Judicial Selection in the States should be read by anyone seeking a deep understanding of the complex interplay between politics and the judiciary at the state level in the United States.
US State Government Crisis Standards of Care Guidelines: Implications for Patients With Cancer.

Importance State crisis standards of care (CSC) guidelines in the US allocate scarce health care resources among patients. Anecdotal reports suggest that guidelines may disproportionately allocate resources away from patients with cancer, but no comprehensive evaluation has been performed. Objective To examine the implications of US state CSC guidelines for patients with cancer, including allocation methods, cancer-related categorical exclusions and deprioritizations, and provisions for blood products and palliative care. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional population-based analysis examined state-endorsed CSC guidelines published before May 20, 2020, that included health care resource allocation recommendations. Main Outcomes and Measures Guideline publication before or within 120 days after the first documented US case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), inclusion of cancer-related categorical exclusions and/or deprioritizations, provisions for blood products and/or palliative care, and associations between these outcomes and state-based cancer demographics. Results Thirty-one states had health care resource allocation guidelines that met inclusion criteria, of which 17 had been published or updated since the first US case of COVID-19. States whose available hospital bed capacity was predicted to exceed 100% at 6 months (χ2 = 3.82;P = .05) or that had a National Cancer Institute–designated Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC; χ2 = 6.21;P = .01) were more likely to have publicly available guidelines. The most frequent primary methods of prioritization were the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (27 states [87%]) and deprioritizing persons with worse long-term prognoses (22 states [71%]). Seventeen states’ (55%) allocation methods included cancer-related deprioritizations, and 8 states (26%) included cancer-related categorical exclusions. The presence of an in-state CCC was associated with lower likelihood of cancer-related categorical exclusions (multivariable odds ratio, 0.06 [95% CI, 0.004-0.87]). Guidelines with disability rights statements were associated with specific provisions to allocate blood products (multivariable odds ratio, 7.44 [95% CI, 1.28-43.24). Both the presence of an in-state CCC and having an oncologist and/or palliative care specialist on the state CSC task force were associated with the inclusion of palliative care provisions. Conclusions and Relevance Among states with CSC guidelines, most deprioritized some patients with cancer during resource allocation, and one-fourth categorically excluded them. The presence of an in-state CCC was associated with guideline availability, palliative care provisions, and lower odds of cancer-related exclusions. These data suggest that equitable state-level CSC considerations for patients with cancer benefit from the input of oncology stakeholders.
Occupation- and Activity-Based Interventions to Improve Performance of Activities of Daily Living, Play, and Leisure for Children and Youth Ages 5 to 21: A Systematic Review.

Importance The findings support the use of occupation- and activity-based interventions to improve the occupational participation of children and youth with disabilities. Objective To examine the effectiveness of occupation- and activity-based interventions to improve participation and performance in activities of daily living (ADLs), play, and leisure in children and youth. Data sources MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, OTseeker, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; reference lists of retrieved articles; and tables of contents of selected journals were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2017. Study selection and data collection Studies addressing occupation- and activity-based interventions and outcomes for children ages 5 to 21 were selected and appraised using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines, evaluated for risk of bias, and synthesized to develop practice recommendations. Findings Fifteen Level I (meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials), 5 Level II (two groups, nonrandomized), and 3 Level III (one group, pretest-posttest, retrospective) studies were examined and categorized by type of intervention and outcome. Each study used occupation- or activity-based interventions and reported ADL, play, or leisure outcomes. Intervention themes identified include supporting engagement in occupations, supporting participation with cognitive supports, and using technology to support occupational participation and performance. Conclusions and relevance Strong evidence indicates that engagement in occupations and activities, practice within and across environments, and coaching and feedback improve participation and performance in ADLs and functional mobility. Moderate evidence supports the use of collaborative goal setting, modeling, and guided participation in play and leisure. Moderate evidence also supports technological interventions for ADL, play, and leisure performance. What this article adds Engaging children and youth in occupations and activities; providing guidance in goal direction, planning, and feedback to enhance their participation; coaching caregivers in effective carryover; and providing technology-based intervention can improve the occupational participation and performance of children and youth.
The Lost Precedent of the Reverse Doctrine of Equivalents

Proponents of legislative patent reform argue that the current patent system perversely impedes true innovation in the name of protecting a vast web of patented inventions, the majority of which are never even commercialized for the benefit of the public. Opponents of such legislation argue that comprehensive, prospective patent reform legislation would harm the incentive to innovate more than it would curb the vexatious practices of non-practicing entities. But while the “Innovation Act” wallows in Congress, there is a common law tool to protect innovation from the patent thicket lying right under our noses: the reverse doctrine of equivalents. Properly applied, this judge-made doctrine can be used to excuse infringement on a case-by-case basis if the court determines that the accused product is substantially superior to the patented invention, despite proof of literal infringement. Unfortunately, the reverse doctrine is disfavored by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and therefore rarely applied. It was not always so. This article is the first comprehensive study of published opinions applying the reverse doctrine of equivalents to excuse infringement between 1898, when the Supreme Court established the doctrine, and the 1982 creation of the Federal Circuit. This “lost precedent” reveals a flexible doctrine that takes into account the technological and commercial superiority of the accused product to any embodiment of the patented invention made by the patent-holder. An invigorated reverse doctrine of equivalents could therefore serve to protect true innovations from uncommercialized patents on a case-by-case basis, without the potential harm to the innovation incentive that prospective patent legislation might cause.
Evaluating short-term forecasting of COVID-19 cases among different epidemiological models under a Bayesian framework.

Background Forecasting of COVID-19 cases daily and weekly has been one of the challenges posed to governments and the health sector globally. To facilitate informed public health decisions, the concerned parties rely on short-term daily projections generated via predictive modeling. We calibrate stochastic variants of growth models and the standard susceptible-infectious-removed model into 1 Bayesian framework to evaluate and compare their short-term forecasts. Results We implement rolling-origin cross-validation to compare the short-term forecasting performance of the stochastic epidemiological models and an autoregressive moving average model across 20 countries that had the most confirmed COVID-19 cases as of August 22, 2020. Conclusion None of the models proved to be a gold standard across all regions, while all outperformed the autoregressive moving average model in terms of the accuracy of forecast and interpretability.
Remote Predictions of Mahi-Mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) Spawning in the Open Ocean Using Summarized Accelerometry Data

Identifying complex behaviors such as spawning and fine-scale activity is extremely challenging in highly migratory fish species and is becoming increasingly critical knowledge for fisheries management in a warming ocean. Habitat use and migratory pathways have been extensively studied in marine animals using pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs), but high frequency data collected on the reproductive and swimming behaviors of marine fishes has been limited by the inability to remotely transmit these large datasets. Here, we present the first application of remotely transmitted acceleration data to predict spawning and discover drivers of high activity in a wild and highly migratory pelagic fish, the mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Spawning events were predicted to occur at nighttime, at a depth distinct from non-spawning periods, primarily between 27.5 and 30 °C, and chiefly at the new moon phase in the lunar cycle. Moreover, throughout their large-scale migrations, mahi-mahi exhibited behavioral thermoregulation to remain largely between 27 and 28 °C and reduced their relative activity at higher temperatures. These results show that unveiling fine-scale activity patterns is necessary to grasp the ecology of highly mobile species. Further, our study demonstrates that critical, and new, ecological information can be extracted from PSATs, greatly expanding their potential to study the reproductive behavior and population connectivity in highly migratory fishes.
The effect of wrongful conviction rate on death penalty support: a research note

This research examines whether the information about different wrongful conviction rates would affect death penalty opinion. It is the first experiment to examine how different estimates of the rate of wrongful conviction, rather than general information of innocence, affect views about capital punishment. I use Amazon Mechanical Turk to conduct the survey experiment. Five hundred two respondents were randomized into different groups to receive different information about wrongful conviction rate. People who were informed of a wrongful conviction rate of 4.1% were significantly less likely to support the death penalty compared to people who were told no information of the wrongful conviction rate. But knowing a wrongful conviction rate of 1% did not affect people’s death penalty support. Information about different wrongful conviction rates had different effects on death penalty support. An accurate estimate of the wrongful conviction rate plays an important role in altering death penalty opinion.
Using Machine Learning to Find Environmentally At-Risk Communities

Environmental health persists as a genuine concern in many US localities. However, public agencies often face limited capacity and resources to collect comprehensive environmental health data. Inspired by CalEnviroScreen, an environmental health assessment tool used to identify environmentally at-risk communities in California, I calculate pollution burden scores at the census tract level for the entire contiguous United States. Pollution burden is a composite score that encompasses 12 environmental (air, water, waste) indicators. I combine the actual pollution burden indicator data with predicted statistics using machine learning. I create an interactive, publicly accessible National Pollution Burden Map using ArcGIS Online. Although applied to US states, the same approach can also be applied to other regions of the world.