cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of tropically adapted straightbred and crossbred cattle: Postweaning gain and feed efficiency when finished in a temperate climate

Beef cows in the subtropical USA must be adapted to the stressors of the environment, typically supplied by using Brahman (Br) breeding. Calves produced in the region, however, are usually grown and finished in more temperate regions, and have a perceived reputation for poor ADG and feed efficiency during finishing. Compromised fertility and carcass quality often associated with the Br have increased interest in tropically adapted Bos taurus breed types. The objective of this study was to evaluate 3 breeds [An = Angus (Bos taurus, temperate); Br (B. indicus, tropical); and Ro = Romosinuano (B. taurus, tropical)] and all possible crosses during various segments of post-weaning growth, and for feed efficiency during the finishing phase. Steer calves (n = 473) born over 3 yr were weaned in late September, backgrounded for at least 21 d (BKG), shipped 2,025 km to El Reno, OK, in October, fed a preconditioning diet for 28 d (RCV), grazed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pasture from November to May (WHT), finished on a conventional feedlot diet (FIN), and serially harvested after approximately 95, 125, and 150 d on feed. Body weight and ADG during each segment were tested using a mixed model that included calf age at weaning, year (Y), breed of sire (SB), breed of dam (DB), and interactions. In addition, winter treatment (continuous wheat or reduced grazing of wheat with supplement) was included for the wheat and feedlot phases. Sire within SB × SB [and pen (barn × year) for feedlot phase] were considered random. The SB × DB interaction was significant for all traits (P < 0.01) except exit velocity taken at weaning and ADG during FIN, but both traits were affected by 3-way interactions with Y or harvest group. Tropically-adapted purebred steers had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than AnAn through weaning and BKG in FL but the reverse was true during the RCV and WHT segments. Similar, but less pronounced results were noted for F(1) steers with 100% tropical influence compared with those with only 50%. Heterosis was numerically greater for most traits for An × Br (11 to 64%) compared with An × Ro and Br × Ro (3 to 42%), which were similar. In a subset of the steers (n = 261), G:F was not influenced by level of tropical breeding, but tropically adapted steers were more efficient (P < 0.05) by residual feed intake. No heterosis was evident. These data show that in temperate zones, winter is the period when productivity of tropically adapted cattle is compromised.
Selective Laser Sintering of Polycaprolactone Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Abstract : Present tissue engineering practice requires porous, bioresorbable scaffolds to serve as temporary 3D templates to guide cell attachment, differentiation, and proliferation. Recent research suggests that scaffold material and internal architecture significantly influence regenerate tissue structure and function. However, lack of versatile biomaterials processing methods have slowed progress towards fully testing these findings. Our research investigates using selective laser sintering (SLS) to fabricate bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Using SLS, we have fabricated polycaprolactone (PCL) and polycaprolactone/tri-calcium phosphate composite scaffolds. We report on scaffold design and fabrication, mechanical property measurements, and structural characterization via optical microscopy and micro-computed tomography.
Modeling the insect feeding decision system: A new approach utilizing fuzzy system theory

Although host-plant selection by insects is well documented, very little is known about the underlying feeding decision process. Many factors affect this decision, the most important of which are the chemosensory inputs. These inputs can be recorded using electrophysiological techniques, although there are serious limitations in interpreting the resulting records. The primary limitation is that responses to natural (plant) stimuli are often too complex to decipher, and consequently it is not known what sensory information is essential to feeding decisions. To attack this problem, we propose a systems-level approach with an operational model that can associate chemosensory inputs with behavioral outcomes across the entire host/non-host spectrum. Such a model will permit us to determine the operative rules of the feeding decision system, such as what types of sensory activity result in specific feeding behaviors, and it will help us to understand the complex, across-fiber sensory coding of responses to plant stimuli.
Polycomblike protein PHF1b: a transcriptional sensor for GABA receptor activity

The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor (GABAAR) contains the recognition sites for a variety of agents used in the treatment of brain disorders, including anxiety and epilepsy. A better understanding of how receptor expression is regulated in individual neurons may provide novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Towards this goal we have studied transcription of a GABAAR subunit gene (GABRB1) whose activity is autologously regulated by GABA via a 10 base pair initiator-like element (β1-INR). By screening a human cDNA brain library with a yeast one-hybrid assay, the Polycomblike (PCL) gene product PHD finger protein transcript b (PHF1b) was identified as a β1-INR associated protein. Promoter/reporter assays in primary rat cortical cells demonstrate that PHF1b is an activator at GABRB1, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal that presence of PHF1 at endogenous Gabrb1 is regulated by GABAAR activation. PCL is a member of the Polycomb group required for correct spatial expression of homeotic genes in Drosophila. We now show that PHF1b recognition of β1-INR is dependent on a plant homeodomain, an adjacent helix-loop-helix, and short glycine rich motif. In neurons, it co-immunoprecipitates with SUZ12, a key component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that regulates a number of important cellular processes, including gene silencing via histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). The observation that chronic exposure to GABA reduces PHF1 binding and H3K27 monomethylation, which is associated with transcriptional activation, strongly suggests that PHF1b may be a molecular transducer of GABAAR function and thus GABA-mediated neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
Synthesis and characterization of novel photopolymerizable multifunctional 2-propenyl ether analogues

Monomers bearing two, three, four, and six cationically polymerizable aryl 2-propenyl groups were synthesized and characterized. These compounds can be readily prepared by the catalytic isomerization of the corresponding allyl compounds. Strong bases and tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) dichloride were used as the catalysts for these isomerizations. A study of the cationic photopolymerizations of these novel monomers was carried out using a diaryliodonium salt photoinitiator. The polymerization involves a stepwise condensation of the monomers followed by an intramolecular ring closure to form polyindanes. The resulting photopolymerized polymers underwent thermal oxidative decomposition at temperatures over 430°C. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
General versus Aged Interstate Migration, 1965-1970

This article compares elderly and general interstate migration patterns by volume and by salient streams. The top ten ranking origin and destination states were identified for both populations. The differences are greater for destination states than for origin states. This is primarily due to Florida and California, which account for a third of the inmigration of people age 60 and over, but only 18% of the general inmigration. The transaction flow analysis shows that California and Florida dominate the salient flow structure for the retirement-aged migrants to a degree not true for the general population.
Geopotential resonance in a Landsat orbit

When the orbit of the Landsat I spacecraft was liberated to natural forces, the loss of observations to the remote sensing community was balanced by a modest gain for geodesy. The orbit’s long ground-track repeat period of eighteen days gives rise to a shallow resonance with fourteenth, twenty-eighth and forty-second order terms in the geopotential. A single continuous span of twenty-four days of Unified S-Band tracking data, collected at a single station in 1976, has been analyzed to define constraints on the dominant resonance terms of these orders and of fourteenth-order fringe resonance effects depending on the eccentricitye≈.002. Tracking observations from other stations collected during 1974 and 1975 gave essentially the same results, which provided error estimates for the lumped resonance coefficients. The application of the resonance model can considerably improve the definition and prediction of the Landsat 1 orbit. Direct numerical estimates of the influence coefficients in the resonance constraint equations were made to confirm the accuracy of analytical expressions which allow the equations to be applied to geopotential fields of arbitrarily high degree and order. Several recently derived gravity fields were tested against the Landsat resonance constraints and their comparative agreement is discussed.
The Experience of Being a Full-Time Nursing Faculty Member in a Baccalaureate Nursing Education Program

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand the experience of being a full-time nursing faculty member in a baccalaureate nursing program. Eight female informants, with an average of 6.1 years of experience in a full-time faculty position, shared their experiences through in-depth personal interviews and a follow-up telephone interview. Field notes and a demographic questionnaire also served as data sources. Data were analyzed using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach based on the Urecht School of phenomenology. Five themes were uncovered through data analysis, including (a) making a difference in the student, profession, and the world; (b) being a gatekeeper to the profession; (c) trying ways to balance multiple roles; (d) support is vital: can't do it alone; and (e) workplace relationships: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Findings have implications for the development of research-based faculty recruitment and retention strategies. Implications for the practice of nursing education focus on current nursing faculty, administrators in nursing education, and those responsible for developing higher education policies. Future research is recommended for exploring the rewards of making a difference, the rationale for incivility in the workplace, and the level of faculty mentoring occurring in nursing education.
Conformal map transformations for meteorological modelers

Abstract This paper describes a utility function library which meteorological computer modelers can incorporate in their programs to provide the mathematical transformations of conformai maps that their models may need. In addition to coordinate transformations, routines supply projection-dependent terms of the governing equations, wind component conversions, and rotation axis orientation components. The routines seamlessly handle the transitions from Polar Stereographic through Lambert Conformai to Mercator projections. Initialization routines allow concurrent handling of multiple projections, and allow a simple method of defining computational model grids to the software.
Decarboxylation and further transformation of oleic acid over bifunctional, Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst and Pt/chloride Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract Catalytic decarboxylation and further conversion of oleic acid to branched and aromatic hydrocarbons in a single process step, over Pt–SAPO-11 and Pt/chloride Al 2 O 3 is presented. An increase of both reaction time and temperature increase the selectivity to heptadecane. Higher selectivity to heptadecane was observed in the presence of hydrogen. Decarboxylation of oleic acid was as high as ∼98 wt% (selectivity for heptadecane >30%) at 325 °C in the presence of hydrogen. Branched isomers, alkyl aromatics, like dodecyl benzene and cracked ( 17 ) paraffins were the other products.
Temperament and character predictors of depressed mood over a 4-year interval

Background The relationship between personality and depressed mood is not well understood. The present research sought to clarify the contributions of personality to an understanding of the development, course, and maintenance of depressed mood over time. Methods A large community sample [n=5591, 57% women, M age=551.01] was administered the Revised Temperament and Character Inventory [TCI-R; Cloninger, 1999]: The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. St. Louis, MO: Center for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University] and a modified version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale [CES-D; Radloff, 1977]: Appl Psychol Measure 1:385-401] at Time 1 [T1] and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale again 4 years later at Time 2 [T2]. Results Whereas three of the seven personality dimensions were significantly and uniquely associated with depressed mood at T1, only harm avoidance emerged as a significant unique positive predictor of depressed mood at T2. When participants were grouped according to the level of stability versus change in depressed mood during the 4-year period, reward dependence, self-directedness , and cooperativeness were found to be significantly lower among those low in depressed mood at T1 who subsequently evidenced moderate to high levels of depressed mood at T2 when compared to those with low depressed mood on both assessment occasions. Additional analyses indicated that those who evidenced moderate to high levels of depression at T1 and T2 were distinctly higher on harm avoidance and lower on self-directedness when compared to those who had consistently low or variable levels of depressed mood across the two assessment occasions. Conclusions Findings from this research are discussed in terms of personality-related vulnerability and risk factors for future episodes of depressed mood.
Disassociation of oogonia formation from oospore production inPhytophthora cactorum by sterols with varying side chain lengths

A series of 20(R)-n-alkylpregn-5-en-3β-ols with 0 to 9 (but not with 12) C-atoms in the alkyl group induced formation of oogonia inPhytophthora cactorum. However, maturation of the oogonia into germinating oospores occurred only when the alkyl group had 4–7 C-atoms.
Parallel VLSI-oriented algorithm and architecture for computing histogram of images

ABSTRACT The histogram of an image conveys information about the brightness and contrast of theimage, and is used to manipulate these features. Histogram has many applications in imageprocessing and may be needed at different processing stages. In this paper, we propose a par-allel algorithm for computing the histogram of limited-width (such as gray-level) values. Theessential parallelism and simplicity Of the proposed algorithm make it easy to implement byusing a VLSI array architecture. Each pixel only needs to perform addition and comparison,and communicate only with its immediate neighbor pixels during the entire computation pe- nod. The histograms for pre-load and in-load images can be computed using the proposed architecture. The time complexity for the proposed algorithm is 0(N), comparing with 0(N2)if using a uniprocessor, where N is the dimension of the image plane. The algorithm partitionissue has also been studied. I. INTRODUCTION The histogram of an image conveys information about the apparent brightness and contrastof the image, and is used in image processing to manipulate these features. Histogram has wideapplication in image processing and may be needed at the different processing stages. Usinghistogram information to perform different transformations, such as histogram equalization,intensity transformation, histogram specification, histogram entropy, local and global enhance-ment, etc, is very important for image processing and related disciplines [1 -
SAP is required for generating long-term humoral immunity

Long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells are the primary cellular components of long-term humoral immunity and as such are vitally important for the protection afforded by most vaccines. The SAP gene has been identified as the genetic locus responsible for X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, a fatal immunodeficiency. Mutations in SAP have also been identified in some cases of severe common variable immunodeficiency disease. The underlying cellular basis of this genetic disorder remains unclear. We have used a SAP knockout mouse model system to explore the role of SAP in immune responses. Here we report that mice lacking expression of SAP generate strong acute IgG antibody responses after viral infection, but show a near complete absence of virus-specific long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells, despite the presence of virus-specific memory CD4+ T cells. Adoptive transfer experiments show that SAP-deficient B cells are normal and the defect is in CD4+ T cells. Thus, SAP has a crucial role in CD4+ T-cell function: it is essential for late B-cell help and the development of long-term humoral immunity but is not required for early B-cell help and class switching.
Locomotor Performance Varies With Adult Phenotype in Ornamented/Non‐Ornamented Wolf Spiders

Locomotor performance constitutes a major component of whole-animal performance and is involved in several fitness-related behaviors. Locomotor capabilities may also correspond positively or negatively to sexually selected traits (e.g., male ornamentation and/or courtship displays). Negative correlations are predicted if secondary sexual traits take the form of morphological modifications that impose physical or energetic limitations. We tested this cost of secondary sexual traits by comparing locomotor performance in male Schizocosa wolf spiders that exhibit two distinct phenotypes. These phenotypes vary in the presence/absence of a morphological feature assumed to function as sexual ornamentation—foreleg brushes. Given the conspicuously large brushes of hair on the brush-legged phenotype, we expected these males to suffer in locomotor performance. We tested this cost by comparing locomotor performance among male phenotypes (brush-legged and non-ornamented) and females at immature and adult life stages. We did not find strong support for costs of brushes on locomotion. First, brush-legged males showed similar average speeds and endurance as both non-ornamented males and females. Second, while brush-legged males were slower at maximum speeds than non-ornamented males as matures (but not as immatures), they were no slower than mature females. Further, we found no variation in endurance among phenotypes or life stages. Finally, brush size did not correspond to speed. Patterns of morphological variation in traits other than ornamentation may explain these patterns: when morphological variation in leg lengths was accounted for, differences in maximum speed among groups disappeared. We suggest that the faster speeds achieved by non-ornamented males arise as a by-product of selection on morphology and musculature potentially necessary for vigorous courtship.
Is stellar differential rotation observable

Daily measures of the disk integral 2.8 GHz solar flux from the years 1947 through 1982 are analyzed to determine the detectability of stellar differential rotation using the tracer method. Autocorrelation and power spectral analyses of 1 yr data sets yield rotation periods whose scatter about the mean period is too large to permit detection of the expected differential rotation signal. The principal noise source is the random appearance of tracer regions on the solar surface, in time and longitude. Criteria are given for optimizing stellar observations and analyses to detect differential rotation.
Spatial, temporal, and sexually dimorphic expression patterns of the fruitless gene in the Drosophila central nervous system.

The fruitless (fru) gene of Drosophila produces both sex-specifically and non-sex-specifically spliced transcripts. Male-specific fru products are believed to regulate male courtship. To further an understanding of this gene's behavioral role, we examined the central nervous system (CNS) for temporal, spatial, and sexually dimorphic expression patterns of sex-specific fru products by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. For the latter, antibodies were designed to detect only male-specific forms of the protein (FRU(M)) or amino acid sequences that are in common among all translated products (FRU(COM)). Sex-specific mRNAs and male-specific proteins were first observed in mature larvae and peaked in their apparent abundances during the first half of the pupal period. At later stages and in adults, faint mRNA signals were seen in only a few neural clusters; in contrast, relatively strong FRU(M) signals persisted into adulthood. Twenty neuronal groups composed of 1700 fru-expressing neurons were identified in the midpupal CNS. These groups overlap most of the neural sites known to be involved in male courtship. Anti-FRU(COM) led to widespread labeling of neural and nonneural tissues in both sexes, but in the female CNS, only in developing ganglia in a pattern different from that of the male's FRU(M) cells. Expression of sex-specific fru mRNAs in the CNS of males analyzed from the earliest pupal stages indicated that sex-specific alternative splicing is not the exclusive mechanism regulating expression of fruitless transcripts.
Spherical-tensor treatment of coherent transients

I present a spherical-tensor treatment of coherent transient effects induced in atoms by an optical pulse resonant with a dipole transition. The resonant pulse is shown to excite electronic multipole moments in the atom which can be higher than the dipole. The dependence of these moments on the length and intensity of the applied pulse is derived. It is shown that information about the damping of these moments due to thermal collisions is contained in photon-echo signals.
Quinolone resistance in bacteria: emphasis on plasmid-mediated mechanisms

Bacterial resistance to quinolones/fluoroquinolones has emerged rapidly and such resistance has traditionally been attributed to the chromosomally mediated mechanisms that alter the quinolone targets (i.e. DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV) and/or overproduce multidrug resistance efflux pumps. However, the discovery of the plasmid-borne quinolone resistance determinant, named qnr, has substantially broadened our horizon on the molecular mechanisms of quinolone resistance. Several recent reports of Qnr or its homologues encoded by transferable plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria isolated worldwide highlight the significance of the emerging plasmid-mediated mechanism(s). This also alerts us to the potential rapid dissemination of quinolone resistance determinants. Qnr belongs to the pentapeptide repeat family and protects DNA gyrase from the action of quinolone agents including the newer fluoroquinolones. This protection interplays with chromosomal mechanisms to raise significantly the resistance levels. The qnr-bearing strains generate quinolone-resistant mutants at a much higher frequency than those qnr-free strains. Furthermore, the qnr-plasmids are integron-associated and carry multiple resistance determinants providing resistance to several classes of antimicrobials including beta-lactams and aminoglycosides. The high quinolone resistance rates in Escherichia coli are used to address issues of quinolone resistance, and possible strategies for minimising quinolone resistance are discussed.
Synthesis and structure of tri-tert-butoxyzincates

Abstract The reaction between 3 eq MOCME 3 (M = Na, K) and ZnCl 2 in ethereal solvents affords the dimeric zincates M 2 [Zn(OCMe 3 ) 3 ] 2 ( 1 M = Na, 2 M = K). The sodium derivative begins to sublime under vacuum at 50°C, and the potassium salt starts to sublime under vacuum at 90°C. Both zincates are soluble in hydrocarbon solvents. The X-ray crystal structures of both compounds were determined. The centrosymmetric structures consist of a (ZnOCMe 3 ) 2 ring with four terminal OCMe 3 groups. An alkali metal ison is positioned above and below the Zn 2 O 2 plane, each bonded to three oxygen atoms.
Unified guidance analysis in design of space trajectories.

Dimensionless differential corrections and proper coordinate system for generalized preflight guidance analysis
Genistein Inhibits Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Transport and Decreases Immunocytochemical Labeling of GLUT4 Carboxyl-Terminus without Affecting Translocation of GLUT4 in Isolated Rat Adipocytes: Additional Evidence of GLUT4 Activation by Insulin

A recent study from this laboratory (Abler et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 18172-18179, 1992) showed genistein blocked insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation without affecting receptor autophosphorylation or tyrosine kinase activity. The mechanism by which genistein inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism was investigated in the present study. Insulin caused a approximately 12-fold increase in 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3OMG) uptake compared to that of control cells. Basal and insulin-stimulated 3OMG transport was inhibited 40-60% by genistein in a concentration-dependent manner (10-100 micrograms/ml). Genistein had no effect on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation from low density microsomes to plasma membranes as determined by Western blotting. These results suggested that genistein inhibited glucose transport in adipocytes by decreasing the intrinsic activity, rather than the number, of the plasma membrane-associated glucose transporters. We also previously reported that insulin treatment of adipocytes resulted in the immunocytochemically visualized unmasking of the carboxyl-terminus of plasma membrane-associated GLUT4 and suggested the unmasking might be related to an insulin-induced increase in the intrinsic activity of the glucose transporter (Smith et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 6893-6897, 1991). In the present study, genistein decreased immunocytochemical labeling of plasma membrane-associated GLUT4 by approximately 50% in control and insulin-treated adipocytes by carboxyl-terminus antibodies but had no effect on labeling observed in an amino-terminus antibody. Since genistein did not affect the number of plasma membrane-associated GLUT4 transporters, this result supports the hypothesis that conformational changes in the glucose transporter, reflected by the ability of anti-carboxyl-terminus antibodies to bind to the transporter, may be an indication of the intrinsic activity of the plasma membrane-associated transporter. We therefore conclude that conformational changes in and activation of glucose transporters, in addition to insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation, play an important role in insulin-regulated glucose transport in adipocytes.
Metropolitan (Im)migrants in the "Lettered City"

In her article "Metropolitan (Im)migrants in the 'Lettered City'" Stacey Balkan employs Angel Rama's discussion of audience as a means of analyzing a Latin American diaspora that exists beyond the "rational periphery" of the state. Herein, the term diaspora is redefined as a translocal phenomenon wherein the metropolitan (im)migrant moves from rural margin to urban center. Normative definitions of exile — persons displaced from autonomous nation-states — are likewise scrutinized in the context of what Balkan terms a "post-contemporary city of letters." This postcontemporary city is the subject of what Mabel Morana refers to as a "subaltern boom" — that is, the McOndo generation. Balkan discusses the work of Roberto Bolano, Daniel Alarcon, and Junot Diaz who employ such narrative signatures as invisibility to reify the ephemeral (or "lettered") city while also amplifying the predicament of the now urban Indian living within its borders. Stacey Balkan, "Metropolitan (Im)migrants in the 'Lettered City'" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 14.5 (2012): Special issue New Work about the Journey and Its Portrayals. Ed. I-Chun Wang
Beyond command knowledge: identifying and teaching strategic knowledge for using complex computer applications

Despite experience, many users do not make efficient use of complex computer applications. We argue that this is caused by a lack of strategic knowledge that is difficult to acquire just by knowing how to use commands. To address this problem, we present efficient and general strategies for using computer applications, and identify the components of strategic knowledge required to use them. We propose a framework for teaching strategic knowledge, and show how we implemented it in a course for freshman students. In a controlled study, we compared our approach to the traditional approach of just teaching commands. The results show that efficient and general strategies can in fact be taught to students of diverse backgrounds in a limited time without harming command knowledge. The experiment also pinpointed those strategies that can be automatically learned just from learning commands, and those that require more practice than we provided. These results are important to universities and companies that wish to foster more efficient use of complex computer applications.
Dynamics of a discrete-time host–parasitoid system with cannibalism

A discrete-time, two-stage host population model in which adults may consume their offspring is proposed and analysed. It is shown that the population is stabilized at the unique interior equilibrium if the basic reproductive number of the population is larger than one and the population is not cannibalistic. If the mechanism of cannibalism is incorporated, then the model undergoes a discrete Hopf (Neimark–Sacker) bifurcation when the interior equilibrium loses its stability. We also study a system of host–parasitoid interaction based on the two-stage host population model. Numerical simulations suggest that the introduction of parasitoid may stabilize the system when the host population is oscillating in the absence of parasitoid.
Effect of growth factors on cell proliferation, matrix deposition, and morphology of human nasal septal chondrocytes cultured in monolayer.

Objectives: Tissue engineering of septal cartilage provides ex vivo growth of cartilage from a patient's own septal chondrocytes for use in craniofacial reconstruction. To become clinically applicable, it is necessary to rapidly expand a limited population of donor chondrocytes and then stimulate the production of extracellular matrix on a biocompatible scaffold. The objective of this study was to determine favorable serum-free culture conditions for proliferation of human septal chondrocytes using various concentrations and combinations of four growth factors. Study Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled study. Methods: Nasal septal chondrocytes from six patient donors were isolated by enzymatic digestion and expanded in monolayer culture in both serum-free media (SFM) and 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Both of these groups were exposed to varying concentrations and combinations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 both at 1, 5, and 25 ng/mL, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, both at 5, 25, and 125 ng/mL in the medium during the expansion phase. Cell morphology was assessed throughout the culture duration. After 7 days of monolayer growth, cultures were assessed for cellularity and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. Results: The addition of low-dose FBS in culture media consistently led to significantly greater cell proliferation and matrix deposition than the SFM cell cultures. FGF-2 and TGF-β1 both alone and in combination led to the greatest proliferative effect compared with the other growth factors. In contrast, BMP-2 and IGF-1 led to the least cell proliferation although was most effective in retaining chondrocyte cell morphology. Conclusions: With the addition of TGF-β1 and FGF-2 to culture media, the concentration of serum can be greatly decreased and possibly eliminated altogether without jeopardizing cell proliferation.
RECREATIONAL GEOGRAPHY: INVENTORY AND PROSPECT

Recreational geography has taken its place as a major subdivision within the discipline. This generalization is supported by historical evidence, recognition by professional organizations, manuscripts published in geography and interdisciplinary journals, papers presented at AAG meetings, and the application of research findings to practical problems. Although recreational geography has reached a quantitative maturity based on volume, it has not attained a qualitative state of development founded on conceptual or theoretical advances. Finally, the subdiscipline is beset by many of the same problems that plague the mother discipline: lack of methodological and philosophical consensus, a general paradigm, and a strong, positive public image.
Chryseobacterium angstadtii sp. nov., isolated from a newt tank.

As part of an undergraduate microbiology course, a yellow–orange-pigmented, Gram-staining negative, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain was isolated from a glass tank housing several red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of this strain, designated KMT, was 97.4–98.0 % similar to those of the type strains of Chryseobacterium luteum , C. shigense and C. vrystaatense , while the similarity levels for protein-coding genes were less than 94.7 % for rpoB, less than 92.1 % for groEL and less than 87.1 % for gyrB. These values are lower than for many other established distinct species. Polyphasic characterization and comparison to these relatives revealed that strain KMT was similar to other Chryseobacterium strains in that it contained MK-6 as its major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine as the most abundant polar lipid, produced flexirubin-type pigments, oxidase and catalase and primarily contained the fatty acids iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c). Based on the results of this study, strain KMT represents a novel species, for which the name Chryseobacterium angstadtii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMT ( = ATCC BAA-2160T = NRRL B-59516T = KCTC 23297T).
Substituted Polyaniline Nanofibers Produced via Rapid Initiated Polymerization

A bulk, template-free method to synthesize nanofibers of substituted polyanilines is presented. The morphology of the substituted polyanilines changes from agglomerates or micron-sized spheres to a nanofiber network when an initiator, such as p-phenylenediamine, is introduced into the conventional reagents used to synthesize these polymers. UV−vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry reveal that the oxidation state and chemical composition of the substituted polyaniline nanofibers do not differ significantly from that of conventional polyaniline derivatives possessing an agglomerated morphology. Gel permeation chromatography indicates that the nanofibers formed possess an unusually low polydispersity compared to substituted polyanilines synthesized by other methods. Open-circuit potential measurements obtained during the synthesis of these polyaniline derivatives confirm that there is a significant increase in the reaction rate of the polymerization which is directly related to nanofiber formation. This sy...
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G antibodies against insect venoms

Abstract IgG "blocking" antibodies were measured in patients receiving insect venom immunotherapy. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) described herein was found to be sensitive and reproducible. Results with ELISA correlated well with values obtained with a radioimmunoassay and with inhibition of the release of histamine from sensitive basophils. Also, specific antibody titers against phospholipase A and whole bee venom were correlated. Serial determinations of venom-specific IgG antibodies were made in 17 patients receiving Polistes wasp or bee venom immunotherapy. The majority of patients showed a rise in IgG antibodies, which peaked after administration of approximately 500 μg of venom. Only one out of 13 of these venom-treated patients had allergic symptoms after an insect sting while on maintenance therapy.
Neural Mirroring Systems: Exploring the EEG Mu Rhythm in Human Infancy

How do human children come to understand the actions of other people? What neural systems are associated with the processing of others’ actions and how do these systems develop, starting in infancy? These questions span cognitive psychology and developmental cognitive neuroscience, and addressing them has important implications for the study of social cognition. A large amount of research has used behavioral measures to investigate infants’ imitation of the actions of other people; a related but smaller literature has begun to use neurobiological measures to study infants’ action representation. Here we focus on experiments employing electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques for assessing mu rhythm desynchronization in infancy, and analyze how this work illuminates the links between action perception and production prior to the onset of language.
Mother-child interactions: comparison of a non-compliant clinic group and a non-clinic group.

Abstract The present study compared the mother-child interactions of non-compliant children referred to a psychological clinic for treatment and non-clinic children. Socioeconomic status was included as a second factor. The dependent variables were those suggested by earlier research to differentiate clinic and non-clinic children or those previously manipulated in parent training programs. The results indicated that in a laboratory situation the interaction of non-compliant clinic children and their mothers can be differentiated from the interaction of non-clinic children and their mothers by the rate of compliance of the child and the mother's use of commands and criticisms. Furthermore, the two groups of mothers differed in their perception of their children in that the mothers of the non-compliant clinic children perceived their children as more maladjusted or deviant. Socioeconomic status did not exert a significant effect on any of the dependent measures.
Justice and international development from Mater et Magistra to Centesimus Annus

To understand John Paul II’s vision of the social economy, it is important to put his writings in a historical perspective. This essay offers a brief survey of Catholic social thought on the topic of justice in the context of international development as reflected in several of the important publications from the Vatican during the years 1961‐1991. We have included the views of Pope John XXIII in encyclicals Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris, of the Second Vatican Council in Gaudium et Species, Pope Paul VI in Populorum Progressio and Octogesima Adveniens and of Pope John Paul II in the encyclicals Laborem Exercens, Sollicitudo Rei Socialis and Centesimus Annus.
Use of the chromogenic factor X assay in patients transitioning from argatroban to warfarin therapy.

tudy Objective To assess the correlation between the chromogenic factor X assay and the international normalized ratio (INR) in patients transitioning from argatroban to warfarin therapy. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting Academic medical center and community-based teaching hospital. Patients One hundred thirty-nine patients who had chromogenic factor X levels measured during the transition from argatroban to warfarin therapy between January 1, 2006, and July 31, 2010. Measurements and Main Results The correlation between chromogenic factor X levels and INRs during the transition period was assessed by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for chromogenic factor X levels that were less than or equal to 45% in predicting a therapeutic INR (2.0–3.5). Patients received an average of 4.4 doses of warfarin before argatroban was discontinued. In 60 patients (43.2%), chromogenic factor X levels were subtherapeutic at the time of argatroban discontinuation. Chromogenic factor X levels could predict a therapeutic INR with a sensitivity of 63.2%, a specificity of 80%, a positive predictive value of 93.5, and a negative predictive value of 32.3. In patients who received 5 or more days of warfarin overlap with argatroban, the sensitivity of chromogenic factor X levels to predict an INR greater than 2.0 was 78.2%, with a specificity of 77.8%, a positive predictive value of 95.6, and a negative predictive value of 36.8. The correlation of chromogenic factor X levels and a therapeutic INR was 18.1%; however, this poor correlation may have been due to increases in the INR values of the patients who received less than 5 days of warfarin overlap with argatroban. During the transition period, nine patients developed thrombi and eight patients experienced clinically significant bleeding. Conclusion Measuring chromogenic factor X levels is recommended before transitioning patients from argatroban to warfarin therapy. Patients should receive at least 5 days of overlap with warfarin and have a chromogenic factor X level of 45% or less before discontinuing argatroban.
Cobalt, manganese, and iron near the Hawaiian Islands: A potential concentrating mechanism for cobalt within a cyclonic eddy and implications for the hybrid-type trace metals

Abstract The vertical distributions of cobalt, iron, and manganese in the water column were studied during the E-Flux Program (E-Flux II and III), which focused on the biogeochemistry of cold-core cyclonic eddies that form in the lee of the Hawaiian Islands. During E-Flux II (January 2005) and E-Flux III (March 2005), 17 stations were sampled for cobalt ( n =147), all of which demonstrated nutrient-like depletion in surface waters. During E-Flux III, two depth profiles collected from within a mesoscale cold-core eddy, Cyclone Opal , revealed small distinct maxima in cobalt at ∼100 m depth and a larger inventory of cobalt within the eddy. We hypothesize that this was due to a cobalt concentrating effect within the eddy, where upwelled cobalt was subsequently associated with sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) via biological activity and was released at a depth coincident with nearly complete POC remineralization [Benitez-Nelson, C., Bidigare, R.R., Dickey, T.D., Landry, M.R., Leonard, C.L., Brown, S.L., Nencioli, F., Rii, Y.M., Maiti, K., Becker, J.W., Bibby, T.S., Black, W., Cai, W.J., Carlson, C.A., Chen, F., Kuwahara, V.S., Mahaffey, C., McAndrew, P.M., Quay, P.D., Rappe, M.S., Selph, K.E., Simmons, M.P., Yang, E.J., 2007. Mesoscale eddies drive increased silica export in the subtropical Pacific Ocean. Science 316, 1017–1020]. There is also evidence for the formation of a correlation between cobalt and soluble reactive phosphorus during E-Flux III relative to the E-Flux II cruise that we suggest is due to increased productivity, implying a minimum threshold of primary production below which cobalt–phosphate coupling does not occur. Dissolved iron was measured in E-Flux II and found in somewhat elevated concentrations (∼0.5 nM) in surface waters relative to the iron depleted waters of the surrounding Pacific [Fitzwater, S.E., Coale, K.H., Gordon, M.R., Johnson, K.S., Ondrusek, M.E., 1996. Iron deficiency and phytoplankton growth in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II 43 (4–6), 995–1015], possibly due to island effects associated with the iron-rich volcanic soil from the Hawaiian Islands and/or anthropogenic inputs. Distinct depth maxima in total dissolved cobalt were observed at 400–600 m depth, suggestive of the release of metals from the shelf area of comparable depth that surrounds these islands.
Dylan’s Routes to Literacy: the First Three Years with Picture Books

This case study of the process of sharing picture books with a child in the first three years of his life at home with parents and visiting grandparents attempts to capture something of the rich detail of the experience. The setting for the study is an English/American household in England and Dylan is the first-born child of professional parents. After locating the study in the context of some of the existing research literature about sharing books with babies, the article focuses on Dylan’s unique responses to picture books and has a developmental emphasis, reflected in the month-by-month observations. The possible significance of particular books for this child and the role of other print materials are discussed. Certain themes that recur in Dylan’s personal routes to literacy are analysed and the article concludes with some indicators of the wider implications of the study for the learning and teaching of literacy in the early years.
Facing Ethical Challenges in the Workplace: Conceptualizing and Measuring Professional Moral Courage

Scholars have shown renewed interest in the construct of courage. Recent studies have explored its theoretical underpinnings and measurement. Yet courage is generally discussed in its broad form to include physical, psychological, and moral features. To understand a more practical form of moral courage, research is needed to uncover how ethical challenges are effectively managed in organizational settings. We argue that professional moral courage (PMC) is a managerial competency. To describe it and derive items for scale development, we studied managers in the U.S. military and examined prior work on moral courage. Two methods were used to measure PMC producing a five dimensional scale that organized under a single second-order factor, which we termed overall PMC. The five dimensions are moral agency, multiple values, endurance of threats, going beyond compliance, and moral goals. Convergent and discriminant validity are analyzed by use of confirmatory factor analysis procedures. We conclude by presenting a framework for proactive organizational ethics, which reflects how to support PMC as a management practice.
Crouzeix’s conjecture and perturbed Jordan blocks

Abstract Crouzeix conjectured in [M. Crouzeix, Bounds for analytical functions of matrices, Integr. Equ. Oper. Theory 48 (2004) 461–477] that for any square matrix A and any polynomial p, ‖ p ( A ) ‖ ⩽ 2 max p ( z ) | : z ∈ W ( A ) } , where W ( A ) is the field of values of A and ‖ · ‖ denotes the spectral norm. In this paper, we show that the conjecture holds for matrices of the form λ 1 ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ 1 ν λ , where λ and ν are complex numbers. The technique, for | ν | ≪ 1 and for | ν | ≫ 1 , is to show that if g is a bijective conformal mapping from the field of values of such a matrix A to the unit disk, mapping λ to 0, then g ( A ) is similar to a contraction via a similarity transformation with condition number at most 2.
THE SOLAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR THE ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES

Electric power subsystem and the solar power supply system of the orbiting astronomical observatory /oao/
The Generalized Pairs Plot

This article develops a generalization of the scatterplot matrix based on the recognition that most datasets include both categorical and quantitative information. Traditional grids of scatterplots...
What Is a Nerve

Many of the observed properties of a nerve are summed up by noting that it appears to be a cascaded series of bistable elements. This implies an electrical negative resistance property which is observed to be tetrode-like, as opposed to arc-like. A time dependent element in the regenerative feedback loop is involved in such things as anode-break stimulation. New nerve analogs are suggested by this view, and the common factor in previous ones is seen. Many excitable plant and animal cells show these properties. A brief general discussion of negative resistance is given. No new biological data is presented.