cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nano Etching via Metal-assisted Chemical Etching (MaCE) for Through Silicon Via (TSV) Stacked Chips Application

Metal assisted chemical etching (MaCE) is a promising technology for next generation micro- and nano- semiconductor fabrication, where noble metals are used as catalyst to anisotropically etch into bulk materials in solution. In this study, we report the first silicon vias (SV) with sub-100 nm diameter etched by MaCE. The distinct structure of thus fabricated SVs enables the successful copper filling from the bottom of the vias, which is manifested by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS). The report demonstrates the applicability of nano-scale interconnection in 3D package from the view of fabrication. Also, this novel approach marks the significance in functional filling of semiconductor for nano-photonic devices as well as template-based synthesis of functional nanomaterials.
Gulf of Mexico circulation within a high-resolution numerical simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean

[1] The Gulf of Mexico circulation is examined from the results of a high-resolution (1/12°) North Atlantic simulation using the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model. The motivation for this paper is twofold: first, we validate the model's performance in the Gulf of Mexico by comparing the model fields to past and recent observations, and second, given the good agreement with the observed Gulf of Mexico surface circulation and Loop Current variability, we expand the discussion and analysis of the model circulation to areas that have not been extensively observed/analyzed, such as the vertical structure of the Loop Current and associated eddies, especially the deep circulation below 1500 m. The interval between successive model eddy sheddings is 3 to 15 months, the eddy diameters range between 140 and 500 km, the life span is about 1 year, and the translational speeds are 2–3 km d−1, in good agreement with observations. Areas of high cyclonic eddy occurrence in the model are southwest of Florida, the Loop Current boundary, and the western Campeche Bay area. The cyclonic eddy diameters range between 50 and 375 km, the orbital speeds range between 1 and 55 cm s−1, the translational speeds range between 0.5 and 14 km d−1, and the eddy life spans range between 1 and 3 months. The vertical structure of the temperature and salinity of each modeled eddy, from the moment it is shed until it disintegrates in the western Gulf of Mexico, is in agreement with the few available observations. Below 1500 m, deep cyclonic eddies are associated with the surface Loop Current anticyclones. The eddy variability is consistent with Rossby waves propagating westward, and there is bottom intensification of the flow close to steep topography. Overall, we show that this very high horizontal resolution isopycnic coordinate ocean model, which is able to produce a quite realistic surface circulation for the North and equatorial Atlantic, is also able to reproduce well the smaller-scale, basin-wide intricate dynamics such as the Gulf of Mexico variability.
A coupled nonlinear equivalent circuit – Thermal model for lithium ion cells

Abstract A nonlinear equivalent circuit model is developed for lithium ion cells using variable resistors that are functions of the cell temperature. The voltage and thermal characteristics of a commercial cell with a LiFePO 4 positive and graphite negative electrode are modeled using a lumped energy balance coupled with the equivalent circuit representation. The cell voltage and temperature during full depth charge–discharge operations can be represented accurately by a one pair RC model. The model is able to represent cell voltage and temperature over a wide range of powers with a global set of parameters. The parameters established, model predictions of the heat generation rates under various conditions are examined. Due to the unique discharge behavior of LiFePO 4 positive electrode, the rate of heat generation is constant over most of the state of charge ( SOC ) window and steeply rises near the end of discharge. A higher heat transfer coefficient of the cooling medium, in addition to lowering the operating voltage, results in higher heat generation. Thus battery cooling systems should be designed to operate at an optimal rate of heat removal considering the operating efficiency, in addition to battery life.
"You've just been disarmed. Have a nice day!"

On September 23,2003, the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) hosted a meeting in Dahlgren, VA, to explore the arming of unmanned systems. We were interested in what it was going to take to produce armed, fully-autonomous, unmanned systems that could decide for themselves when to pull the trigger. We invited personnel from the Navy's Office of the Judge Advocate General (JAG), International Law Division, and the Office of the Secretary of Defense's (OSD) Office of General Counsel to attend because we had concluded that the legal issues involved would likely be a major problem area. This was an historic meeting between lawyers and engineers!
Lewis A. Conner Memorial Lecture Oxidative Modification of LDL and Atherogenesis

I want to express my thanks to Dr Sidney Smith, President of the American Heart Association, for selecting me to present the 1995 Conner Memorial Lecture. I want also to express my admiration for and gratitude to this remarkable organization, the American Heart Association, and its wonderful staff, with whom I have worked for more than 30 years. I have missed very few AHA meetings since 1959 when the American Society for Study of Arteriosclerosis became the American Heart Association Council on Arteriosclerosis. I−indeed all of us−owe a great debt to the AHA for its tireless efforts over the years to support medical research and improve medical care. I start with the assumption that we can all agree that hypercholesterolemia−particularly hyperbetalipoproteinemia−is an important causative factor in atherogenesis and that correction of it can strikingly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Yet it was not so long ago that this argument had to be vigorously defended. It was only in 1983 that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) officially endorsed the position that hypercholesterolemia must be treated. That decision followed closely on the completion of the landmark Lipid Research Clinic Intervention Trial, initiated by Dr Donald S. Fredrickson and Dr Robert I. Levy and shepherded to completion by Dr Basil Rifkind.1 The following year I had the privilege of chairing the NIH Consensus Conference on Lowering Blood Cholesterol,2 which concluded unanimously that there was an unarguable cause-and-effect relationship and that lowering blood cholesterol should be an important national goal. The following year the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) organized and spearheaded the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Actually this year marks the 10th anniversary of the NCEP, and I think we can again all agree that it has accomplished a great deal under the able …
Minimum current/area implementation of cyclic ADC

A global offset cancellation technique is proposed to solve the offset/flicker noise problem. It helps to minimise the silicon area and power consumption of a cyclic analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) with an operational transconductance amplifier sharing scheme. A 10 bit 1 MS/s cyclic ADC implemented in the TI 0.35 m CMOS process proves the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Gain-Bandwidth Properties of a Class of Matched Feedback Amplifiers

This paper considers the analysis and synthesis of small-signal feedback amplifiers which use shunt feedback around a generic gain block. The analysis presented leads to estimates of all network element values and predicts the closed-loop broad-band gain, bandwidth and quality of match at both ports. The tradeoff of gain for quality of match is made evident by a graphical technique. The paper also describes, a synthesis method and two illustrative design examples.
Outcomes of patients with coronary artery perforation complicating percutaneous coronary intervention and correlations with the type of adjunctive antithrombotic therapy: pooled analysis from REPLACE-2, ACUITY, and HORIZONS-AMI trials.

Background:The lack of a specific counteragent to bivalirudin may complicate the management of patients with coronary artery (CA) perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Aim:Assess outcomes of patients with CA perforation from three PCI trials comparing intravenous bivalirudin with provisional glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibition versus unfractionated heparin (UFH) plus GP IIb/IIIa. Methods:A pooled analysis of patients treated with PCI in three randomized trials including REPLACE-2, ACUITY, and HORIZONS-AMI. Results:Among a total of 12,921 patients, CA perforation occurred in 35 patients (0.27%). By multivariable analysis, baseline creatinine clearance was the only independent predictor of CA perforation (per 10 mL/min decrease, odds ratio [95% confidence interval]= 1.28 [1.11, 1.47], P = 0.0007). At 30 days, patients with versus without CA perforation had significantly (all P values ≤0.001) higher rates of 30-day mortality (11.4% vs. 1.0%), myocardial infarction (MI) [Q wave: 22.9% vs. 5.7%; non-Q wave: 17.1% vs. 4.9%], target vessel revascularization (TVR) [20.1% vs. 1.8%], and composite end-point of death/MI/TVR (31.4% vs. 7.8%). Patients assigned to bivalirudin versus UFH plus a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor had nonsignificantly lower rates of death (0% vs. 18.8%, P = 0.08), similar rates of MI (26.7% vs. 25.0%, P = 0.92), significantly lower rates of TVR (6.7% vs. 37.5%, P = 0.04), and similar rates of the composite end-point of death/MI/TVR (35.5% vs. 26.7%, P = 0.54). Conclusion:In three PCI trials, treatment of patients experiencing CA perforation with adjunctive antithrombotic therapy of bivalirudin monotherapy was not associated with worse outcomes compared to treatment with UFH plus GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors.
A stochastic Galerkin expansion for nonlinear random vibration analysis

Abstract An approach is developed for the numerical solution of random vibration problems. It is based on treating random variables as functions in a certain Hilbert space. Stochastic processes are described as curves defined in this space, and concepts from deterministic approximation theory are applied to represent the solution as a series involving a known basis of stochastic processes, and a set of unknown coefficients which are deterministic functions of time. Then, a Galerkin projection procedure is utilized to derive a set of ordinary differential equations which can be solved numerically to determine the coefficients in the series. The versatility of the proposed approach is demonstrated by its application to a nonlinear vibration problem involving the probability density of a non-Markovian oscillator response.
Effects of a home walking exercise program on functional status and symptoms in heart failure.

Abstract Background Hospital-based exercise programs using a bicycle ergometer or a combination of exercise modalities have shown positive benefits in heart failure, but may not be readily accessible to many patients. Thus, we sought to evaluate the effects of a 12-week home walking exercise program on functional status and symptoms in patients with heart failure. Methods A randomized controlled trial comparing a 12-week progressive home walking exercise program (n = 42) to a "usual activity" control group (n = 37) was conducted in patients with heart failure (78 [99%] male; mean age 62.6 ± 10.6 years; ejection fraction 27% ± 8.8%; 63 [80%] New York Heart Association class II; 15[20%] New York Heart Association class III–IV) from a Veterans Affairs medical center and a university-affiliated medical center. Functional status (peak oxygen consumption via cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 6-minute walk test, the Heart Failure Functional Status Inventory), and symptoms (Dyspnea-Fatigue Index score with a postglobal rating of symptoms) were measured at baseline and 12 weeks. Results No adverse events related to exercise training occurred. Overall mean compliance to training was 74 ± 37%. Peak oxygen consumption and the Heart Failure Functional Status Inventory were unchanged with training. Compared to the usual activity group, the training group had significantly longer walking distances measured by the 6-minute walk test (1264 ± 255 vs 1337 ± 272 feet, P = .001), and improved postglobal rating of symptoms ( P = .03). Conclusion In patients with heart failure, a progressive home walking exercise program is acceptable, increases walking distance, and decreases global rating of symptoms.
The Role of Catholicism in the Development of Lithuanian National Identity

Over the course of nine centuries in Lithuania, the Catholic Church transitioned from military threat, to foreign occupier, to key component of national identity. This article will take an historical look at the Catholic Church in Lithuania and the process by which Catholic faith became culturally and politically embedded in Lithuanian national identity. An examination of the interplay between the Catholic Church and the Lithuanian nation demonstrates that the Church was instrumental in the formation and growth of national identity, which reached its climax in the close identification of Catholicism with nationalism in the anti-Soviet dissent movements of the 1980s and 1990s.
Implicit Bias among Physicians and its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients

Context Studies documenting racial/ethnic disparities in health care frequently implicate physicians’ unconscious biases. No study to date has measured physicians’ unconscious racial bias to test whether this predicts physicians’ clinical decisions.
Detergent sensitivity and splitting of isolated liver gap junctions.

Isolated rat liver gap junctions were split by two methods. In the first method, isolated gap junctions were stabilized by cross-linking their cytoplasmic surfaces with glutaraldehyde under conditions that prevented the entry of glutaraldehyde into the “gap” region. The “stabilized” junctions were then split in the junctional gap with SDS. In the second procedure, unfixed gap junctions were split by incubation in ureacontaining solutions. Junctional splitting was monitored by electron microscopy of thin sectioned and freeze fractured membrane pellets. Sidedness of the split junctional membranes was defined by labeling their cytoplasmic surfaces with glutaraldehyde-activated ferritin before splitting with urea. Gap junctional splitting did not result in any loss of protein components as determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis. The glutaraldehyde cross-linking procedure was also used to determine the effects of various detergents on the protein-protein interactions in the “gap” region. Of the detergents tested, only SDS caused junctional splitting.
Distributed identification of the lineality space of a cone

A distributed approach is described for solving lineality (or linearity) space (LS) problems with large cardinalities and a large number of dimensions. The LS solution has applications in engineering, science, and business, and includes a subset of solutions of the more general extended linear complementarity problem (ELCP). A parallel MATLAB framework is employed and results are computed on an 8-node Rocks based cluster computer using Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) and the MPICH2 Message Passing Interface (MPI). Results show that both approaches perform comparably when solving distributed LS problems. This indicates that when deciding which parallel approach to use, the implementation details particular to the method are the decisive factors, which in this investigation give MPICH2 MPI the advantage.
Large metal ion-centered template reactions. A uranyl complex of cyclopentakis(2-iminoisoindoline)

Die Umsetzung von o-Dicyanobenzol mit wasserfreiem Uranylchlorid nach bekannter - Methode fuhrt zu einem Produkt, dem aufgrund von IR-spektroskopischen und rontgenographischen Untersuchungen die Struktur (I) zuerkannt wird.
Thermal equilibrium processes in doped amorphous silicon

Abstract Recent evidence that the electronic properties of doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon are influenced by thermal equilibrium processes are reviewed. The slow relaxation of the localized state distribution follows a stretched exponential time decay which we attribute to the dispersive diffusion of bonded hydrogen.
Low-pressure spray forming of 2024 aluminum alloy

Abstract In this paper, a newly developed low-pressure spray forming (LPSF) technique is described. The experimental results obtained with an as-deposited 2024 aluminum alloy are reported. It is shown that the application of reduced pressure significantly decreases porosity as compared to conventionally spray-formed 2024 aluminum alloy. Moreover, the resultant microstructures are similar to those achieved with conventional spray forming. The mechanisms of porosity formation in deposited materials, obtained using both low pressure and conventional spray forming, are discussed. Gas entrapment and interstitial porosity are proposed to be the two major sources of the porosity present in the as-deposited materials. On the basis of the present study, the controlled low-pressure environment during LPSF appears to influence the droplet trajectories and the gas flow field, leading to flow-straightening effects which result in significant reduction of porosity in the deposited materials.
The Rhode Island Hearing Assessment Program (RIHAP): Experience With Statewide Hearing Screening (1993-1996). † 1361

The Rhode Island Hearing Assessment Program (RIHAP): Experience With Statewide Hearing Screening (1993-1996). † 1361
Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on primary production and invertebrate densities in a Georgia (USA) tidal freshwater marsh.

We added nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and N+ Pt o aZizaniopsis miliacea (Giant Cutgrass) dominated tidal freshwater marsh in Georgia USA to investigate nutrient limitation of tidal freshwater marsh primary production and invertebrate densities. After two years, aboveground biomass was significantly greater in the plots receiving N (2130 g m 22 ), and N+ P( 2066 gm 22 ) than in the control (886 g m 22 ) and P (971 g m 22 ) only treatments. We observed no enrichment of leaf N or P in response to nutrient additions. Rather leaf N decreased and C:N increased in plots receiving N, suggesting that leaf N was diluted by increased production of carbon laden structural components used to support increased plant height. N:P ratios (mol:mol) of the plant tissue were consistently , 30 (14-27) in the treatment plots, also suggesting N limitation of primary production. Total densities of benthic invertebrates and oligochaete worms (primarily Tubificidae and Lumbriculidae) were significantly greater in the N+P plots than in the other treatments after two years of nutrient additions. There were no clear differences in diversity of benthic invertebrates among treatments. Our results suggest that tidal freshwater marsh primary and secondary production is limited or co-limited by N, and thus, like estuaries and salt marshes, are susceptible to N enrichment and eutrophication.
Suicidality, hopelessness, and attitudes toward life and death in children

Abstract To replicate and expand the Orbach, Gross, and Glaubman (1981) model of suicidal behavior in children, 60 children, ages 6 to 13, reported their own suicidal thoughts and behaviors using the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire (Linehan, 1981). Scores were correlated with the Jour dimensions of Orbach's model (attraction to life, repulsion by life, attraction to death, and repulsion by death) and with hopelessness using the Hopelessness Scale for Children. A multiple regression analysis indicated that neither attitudes toward life and death nor hopelessness accounted for a significant amount of variance in suicidal behaviors. The only significant correlation was between hopelessness and repulsiveness of death. Hopeless children were less repulsed by death than were relatively more hopeful children. Diminished repulsion by death could be a preliminary warning sign that a normal barrier against suicide is weakening.
Multi-wavelength Blue Light Generation by Frequency Doubling of the Output of Stacked Grating Coupled Surface Emitting Lasers

We report on a compact multi-wavelength blue light source by frequency doubling of the vertically stacked grating coupled surface emitting lasers. The maximum second harmonic peak power of 0.97 W was obtained in pulse operation.
Theory of resonant multiphoton processes

The present paper applies the method of high-intensity quantum electrodynamics developed earlier to several problems of current experimental interest. In this paper the intensitydependent shifts and widths of atomic levels are calculated and applied to a given transition near resonance. The technique is demonstrated with three examples: the multiphoton ionization of atomic cesium and hydrogen in atomic beams and third-harmonic production in an atomic vapor. It is found that the multiphoton-ionization rate in a relatively weak laser beam (of order ${10}^{8}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) is determined by the intensity-dependent level width ($6f$ configuration) as well as the interference of the fine-structure states, and that the rates for hydrogen, in a much more intense beam (of order ${10}^{12}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) are determined by both the intensity-dependent widths and shifts a$\stackrel{\mathrm{`}}{\mathrm{s}}$ well as the wave-function renormalization constants. The agreement of these two examples of calculations with the experiments done recently is satisfactory. For third-harmonic production the role of two-photon resonance is emphasized, and the dependence of the generated third-harmonic intensity on the intensity and frequency of the fundamental is discussed. Near resonance, the ratio of third-harmonic intensity to fundamental intensity saturates.
Exogenous siRNA delivery using peptide transduction domains/cell penetrating peptides

The cellular membrane constitutes an effective barrier that offers protection for the complex, yet highly ordered, intracellular environment that defines the cell. Passage of molecules across this barrier is highly regulated and highly restricted, with molecular size being the most significant criteria. Over the last 15 years, a class of small cationic peptides has been discovered that can defy the rules of membrane passage and can gain access to the intracellular environment. Importantly, cellular entrance is also permitted for covalently coupled cargo. The cationic nature of these peptides is crucial for their ability to bind and traverse the anionic cellular membrane. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been used for the delivery of a wide range of macromolecules including peptides, proteins and antisense oligonucleotides. With the recent advancement and understanding of RNA interference (RNAi), CPPs offer an attractive means for the cellular uptake of double-stranded siRNAs to induce a RNAi response. This review focuses on the potential use of CPPs to deliver siRNA into cells and the implications of this technology for both gene function determination and therapeutic potential.
Comparative Bronchodilator Responses to Atropine and Terbutaline in Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis

We have compared bronchodilator responses to atropine and terbutaline in 39 chronic bronchitics and 16 stable asthmatics. Fasting subjects were given either 1.05 mg atropine or 5.0 mg terbutaline orally. Pulmonary function was assessed using the peak responses, namely: three 60-minute intervals for terbutaline and three 30-minute intervals for atropine. A subgroup of five reactive bronchitis patients was given a placebo with no response. Areas under the percent response-time interval curve were compared. Both patient groups responded to the same degree to atropine and terbutaline with respect to reduction of airway resistance. However, the FEV1 and V ˙ 50 responses to terbutaline were markedly enhanced compared to atropine in the asthmatics while equal to the atropine response in the bronchitis patients. Thus, atropine appears to exert its effect upon both large and small airways in bronchitis, but predominantly on large airways in asthma. The results are consistent with a state of enhanced vagal tone in snudi airways in bronchitis compared to asthma, but other explanations are conceivable.
Fine-scale genetic pattern and evidence for sex-biased dispersal in the túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus

Tungara frogs ( Physalaemus pustulosus ) are a model system for sexual selection and communication. Population dynamics and gene flow are of major interest in this species because they influence speciation processes and microevolution, and could consequently provide a deeper understanding of the evolutionary processes involved in mate recognition. Although earlier studies have documented genetic variation across the species’ range, attempts to investigate dispersal on a local level have been limited to mark–recapture studies. These behavioural studies indicated high mobility at a scale of several hundred metres. In this study we used seven highly polymorphic microsatellite loci to investigate finescaled genetic variation in the tungara frog. We analysed the influence of geographical distance on observed genetic patterns, examined the influence of a river on gene flow, and tested for sex-biased dispersal. Data for 668 individuals from 17 populations ranging in distance from 0.26 to 11.8 km revealed significant levels of genetic differentiation among populations. Genetic differentiation was significantly correlated with geographic distance. A river acted as an efficient barrier to gene flow. Several tests of sex-biased dispersal were conducted. Most of them showed no difference between the sexes, but variance of Assignment Indices exhibited a statistically significant male bias in dispersal.
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the claudin-low intrinsic subtype of breast cancer

Introduction In breast cancer, gene expression analyses have defined five tumor subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, basal-like and claudin-low), each of which has unique biologic and prognostic features. Here, we comprehensively characterize the recently identified claudin-low tumor subtype.
Measuring Proximity on Graphs with Side Information

This paper studies how to incorporate side information (such as users' feedback) in measuring node proximity on large graphs. Our method (ProSIN) is motivated by the well-studied random walk with restart (RWR). The basic idea behind ProSIN is to leverage side information to refine the graph structure so that the random walk is biased towards/away from some specific zones on the graph. Our case studies demonstrate that ProSIN is well-suited in a variety of applications, including neighborhood search, center-piece subgraphs, and image caption. Given the potential computational complexity of ProSIN, we also propose a fast algorithm (Fast-ProSIN) that exploits the smoothness of the graph structures with/without side information. Our experimental evaluation shows that fast-ProSIN achieves significant speedups (up to 49x) over straightforward implementations.
Medical history for the masses: how American comic books celebrated heroes of medicine in the 1940s.

summary: When comic books rose to mass popularity in the early 1940s, one segment of the industry specialized in “true adventures,” with stories about real people from the past and the present—in contrast to competing books that offered fantasy, science fiction, superheroes, detectives and crime, funny people, or funny animals. This study examines the figures from both medical history and twentieth-century medicine who were portrayed as heroes and role models in these comic books: first, to call attention to this very popular, if unknown, genre of medical history, and second, to illustrate how medical history was used at that time to popularize scientific and medical ideas, to celebrate the achievements of medical research, to encourage medical science as a career choice, and to show medicine as a humane and noble enterprise. The study explains how these medical history stories were situated in American popular culture more generally, and how the graphic power of comic books successfully conveyed both values and information while also telling a good story. Attention to this colorful genre of popular medical history enriches our picture of the mid-twentiethcentury public’s enthusiasm for medical progress.
Alphabetically constrained keypad designs for text entry on mobile devices

The creation of text will remain a necessary part of human-computer interaction with mobile devices, even as they continue to shrink in size. On mobile phones, text is often entered using keypads and predictive text entry techniques, which attempt to minimize the effort (e.g., number of key presses) needed to enter words. This research presents results from the design and testing of alphabetically-constrained keypads, optimized on various word lists, for predictive text entry on mobile devices. Complete enumeration and Genetic Algorithm-based heuristics were used to find keypad designs based on different numbers of keys. Results show that alphabetically-constrained designs can be found that are close to unconstrained designs in terms of performance. User testing supports the hypothesis that novice ease of learning, usability, and performance is greater for constrained designs when compared to unconstrained designs. The effect of different word lists on keypad design and performance is also discussed.
Novel mutations in the Anoctamin 5 gene (ANO5) associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2L.

Introduction: We present a Jordanian man with the typical LGMD 2L phenotype of early, asymmetric quadriceps weakness and subsequent biceps brachii weakness. Methods: Case report. Results: Muscle biopsies document a progressive dystrophic pattern unrelated to known sarcolemmal defects associated with muscular dystrophy. Genetic testing revealed novel, heterozygote Anoctamin 5 gene mutations. Conclusions: This case report expands the known mutations resulting in LGMD 2L and supports the assertion that Anoctamin 5 mutations are more prevalent than previously recognized. Muscle Nerve, 2013
Experimental Philosophy and the Problem of Free Will

Many philosophical problems are rooted in everyday thought, and experimental philosophy uses social scientific techniques to study the psychological underpinnings of such problems. In the case of free will, research suggests that people in a diverse range of cultures reject determinism, but people give conflicting responses on whether determinism would undermine moral responsibility. When presented with abstract questions, people tend to maintain that determinism would undermine responsibility, but when presented with concrete cases of wrongdoing, people tend to say that determinism is consistent with moral responsibility. It remains unclear why people reject determinism and what drives people's conflicted attitudes about responsibility. Experimental philosophy aims to address these issues and thereby illuminate the philosophical problem of free will.
Dynamic pressures on accelerated fluid containers

An analysis is presented of the hydrodynamic pressures developed when a fluid container is subjected to horizontal accelerations. Simplified formulas are given for containers having twofold symmetry, for dams with sloping faces, and for flexible retaining walls. The analysis includes both impulsive and convective fluid pressures.
Intramuscular ziprasidone in youth: a retrospective chart review.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the tolerability and effectiveness of intramuscular ziprasidone in inpatient children and adolescents. Method: A retrospective chart review was conducted of child and adolescent inpatients at a private psychiatric hospital in central New York between January 1, 2003 and August 30, 2003. Subjects who had received intramuscular ziprasidone were identified, and their age, gender, and dosage were recorded. Nursing-shift notes were reviewed to ascertain the need for repeat injection and for adverse reactions. Results: Forty-nine youths received intramuscular ziprasidone; 43 injections were 20 mg and 6 injections were 10 mg. Readministration within 4 hours was required in only 1 subject. No adverse events were recorded. Conclusion: Intramuscular ziprasidone was well tolerated and effective for acutely agitated and aggressive inpatient youth.
Inference of gene-regulatory networks using message-passing algorithms

We present an application of message-passing techniques to gene regulatory network inference. The network inference is posed as a constrained linear regression problem, and solved by a distributed computationally efficient message-passing algorithm. Performance of the proposed algorithm is tested on gold standard data sets and evaluated using metrics provided by the DREAM2 challenge [1]. Performance of the proposed algorithm is comparable to that of the techniques which yielded the best results in the DREAM2 challenge competition.
Influences on the mental health of children placed in foster care.

Qualitative research methods were used to explore stakeholder perceptions of various influences on foster children's health. Semistructured interviews ^vere conducted w^ith focus groups of foster children, foster parents, and foster care professionals. Interview data were analyzed using content analysis procedures. Themes emerging from this analysis focused primarily on the foster children's mental health, including difficulties associated with perceiving oneself as being different, the children's need for coping strategies, problems encountered with the foster care system, transitions between foster homes, and the need for medical homes. Stakeholder groups recognized the necessity of mutual support for one another and proposed potential solutions for addressing concerns.
Non-binary joint network-channel decoding of correlated sensor data in wireless sensor networks

The performance of non-binary joint network-channel decoding (NB-JNCD) is examined in wireless sensor networks with correlated sensors. The operating assumption is that systems containing multiple sensors in close proximity obtain correlated measurements. It is shown that, when the correlation model between sensors is known at the sink, the addition of a correlation-based decoder within the decoding framework greatly improves the error rate performance. Simulation results also indicate that the proposed correlation-based decoder is comparable to source coding across the correlated sensors in terms of error rate, while eliminating the need for costly sensor-to-sensor communication.
Prediction of Pneumothorax Rate in Percutaneous Needle Aspiration of the Lung

Pneumothorax (PTX) is the most common complication associated with percutaneous needle aspiration (PNA) of the lung. Age, sex, cooperation, and lesion size, location, and depth, as well as needle size, number of passes, and radiographic calculation of total lung capacity all have been implicated in influencing the rate of PTX. Pulmonary function testing to assess PTX risk in PNA has not been previously examined. We retrospectively reviewed 159 patients undergoing PNA who had preprocedure spirometry (PFT) and chest roentgenogram (CXR) interpreted for changes of obstruction or restriction to determine if these classifications could stratify patients at high risk for PTX. We also examined single variables to determine their predictive power. Patients with normal PFT and CXR had a 10 percent risk of PTX, and only one such patient needed intervention to treat the PTX. Obstruction by PFT, regardless of CXR findings, predicted a 50 percent PTX rate. Among single variables, FEV, proved to be the most significant predictor of PTX. Preprocedure spirometric testing can enhance the assessment of PTX risk and should be routinely performed prior to needle aspiration.
Contrasting electron acceleration processes during two substorms

Although energetic particle injections during substorms have been observed near geosynchronous orbit since the late 1960s, how the injected particles are accelerated during a substorm is still not fully understood. Studies show that injections are associated with earthward propagating dipolarization fronts and suggest that particle acceleration can occur due to a combination of betatron acceleration during earthward convection and acceleration in the vicinity of magnetotail reconnection sites. Since observed energetic particle distributions vary from substorm to substorm, it is important to study acceleration mechanisms as a function of different substorm magnetotail configurations. In this paper, we discuss electron acceleration for two substorm events featuring different magnetotail configurations and particle acceleration processes. The study utilizes in situ observations, global MHD simulations, and large-scale-kinetic (LSK) simulations. The two substorms in question occurred on 15 February 2008 and 15 August 2001. The 15 February 2008 event was observed by the THEMIS spacecraft at xGSE ~ −10 RE, while the 15 August 2001 event was observed by Cluster spacecraft at xGSE ~ −20 RE. Earthward propagating dipolarization fronts are found in both the observations and the MHD simulations, which are driven by the solar wind conditions that existed during those events. The two simulations show that very different magnetotail configurations are formed for each event, with contrasting flows, magnetic reconnection configuration, and plasma sheet structure. We find that for the 15 February 2008 event reconnection is localized with a narrow region of high-speed flow. During this event, the electron velocity distribution functions f(v) are found to be anisotropic with f(v⊥) > f(v||), where || and ⊥ correspond to parallel and perpendicular to magnetic field. In contrast, for the 15 August 2001 event, there is a wide neutral line extending across the tail with low-speed flows. For this event, the distribution functions are anisotropic with f(v||) > f(v⊥), the opposite sense as the 15 February 2008 event. We are able to relate these differences to the different magnetotail configurations seen during each event. These differences lead to contrasting occurrence rates of nonadiabatic acceleration. The differences between the magnetotail configurations during these two substorms may result from differences in the location of dayside reconnection. On 15 August 2001 the reconnection occurs on the flanks of the magnetopause, while on 15 February 2008 the reconnection occurs nearer the subsolar point.
Visualizing quaternions: course notes for Siggraph 2007

This intermediate-level tutorial provides a comprehensive approach to the visualization of quaternions and their relationships to computer graphics and scientific visualization. The introduction focuses on a selection of everyday phenomena involving rotating objects whose explanation is essentially impossible without a quaternion visualization. The presentation will then pursue selected examples of quaternion-based visualization methods to help explain the behavior of quaternion manifolds: quaternion representations of orientation frames attached to curves, surfaces, and volumes.
A theoretical model of cooling viscous gravity currents with temperature-dependent viscosity

Gravity current theory has applications to any geophysical phenomena involving the spreading of fluid on a horizontal interface. Many geological gravity currents (e.g., lava flows and mantle plume heads) are composed of cooling fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity. An axisymmetric gravity current theory ac- counting for these thermo-viscous effects is thus pre- sented and explored here. Unlike isoviscous gravity cur- rents (Huppert, 1982), cooling variable-viscosity do not conserve shape and can undergo a somewhat ex- otic evolution. For large viscosity contrasts between cold and hot fluid, a constant volume, initially hot, domed current collapses rapidly into a fiat plateau with a steep edge. Gravity currents ejected at a constant volume flux from a central conduit also spread with a flattened plateau shape. Continuously fed currents that have a large hot initial volume develop an out- wardly propagating interior plateau. Regardless of ini- tial state, continuously-fed, variable-viscosity currents grow primarily by thickening; this contrasts signficantly from isoviscous currents which grow almost entirely by spreading.
An event architecture for distributed interactive multisensory rendering

We describe an architecture for coping with latency and asynchrony of multisensory events in interactive virtual environments. We propose to decompose multisensory interactions into a series of discrete, perceptually significant events, and structure the application architecture within this event-based context. We analyze the sources of latency, and develop a framework for event prediction and scheduling. Our framework decouples synchronization from latency, and uses prediction to reduce latency when possible. We evaluate the performance of the architecture using vision-based motion sensing and multisensory rendering using haptics, sounds, and graphics. The architecture makes it easy to achieve good performance using commodity off-the-shelf hardware.
Treatment-based Classification System for Assessment and Care of Diabetic Feet

Appropriate care of feet of patients with diabetes requires a clear, descriptive classification system that may be used to direct appropriate therapy and possibly predict outcome. Ideally, this system would be used by all participants in a multidisciplinary limb-salvage team. The authors report on a logical, treatment-oriented system that may improve communication, leading to a less complex, more predictable treatment course and, ultimately, an improved result.
Metastatic Carcinomatous Cirrhosis and Hepatic Hemosiderosis in a Patient Heterozygous for the H63D Genotype

A 38-year-old woman had a mastectomy for infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast 3 years before her last admission and had received chemotherapy for known liver metastases. She developed the rapid onset of liver failure with portal hypertension and died in a hospice. Autopsy revealed macronodular cirrhosis of the liver secondary to metastatic carcinoma of the breast with associated florid fibrosis. This rare lesion, previously called metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis, was also found, in this case, to have marked hepatic hemosiderosis, and analysis of the patient's DNA showed heterozygosity for the H63D genotype. The possibility of cirrhosis-associated hemosiderosis secondary to an iron metabolism abnormality associated with the H63D mutation of the HFE gene is proposed. Computed tomographic scans showed the development of cirrhosis during the 3-month period before the patient's last admission and suggested the possibility of a postnecrotic type origin.
Seed Removal Increased by Scramble Competition with an Invasive Species

Competition for seeds has a major influence on the evolution of granivores and the plants on which they rely. The complexity of interactions and coevolutionary relationships vary across forest types. The introduction of non-native granivores has considerable potential to alter seed dispersal dynamics. Non-native species are a major cause of endangerment for native species, but the mechanisms are often unclear. As biological invasions continue to rise, it is important to understand mechanisms to build up strategies to mitigate the threat. Our field experiment quantified the impact of introduced Abert’s squirrels (Sciurus aberti) on rates of seed removal within the range of critically endangered Mount Graham red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis), which consumes similar foods. In the presence of invasive Abert’s squirrels, the time cones were removed was faster than when the invasive was excluded, accounting for a median removal time of cones available to red and Abert’s squirrels that is 32.8% less than that of cones available only to the rare native red squirrels. Moreover, in the presence of Abert’s squirrels, removal rates are higher at great distance from a territorial red squirrel larderhoard and in more open portions of the forest, which suggests differential patterns of seed dispersal. The impact on food availability as a result of cone removal by Abert’s squirrels suggests the potential of food competition as a mechanism of endangerment for the Mount Graham red squirrel. Furthermore, the magnitude and differential spatial patterns of seed removal suggest that non-native granivores may have impacts on forest regeneration and structure.
Effect of hypokalemia on the abundance of HK alpha 1 and HK alpha 2 protein in the rat kidney

An H(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (H(+)-K(+)-ATPase) contributes to potassium reabsorption by the collecting ducts of the rat kidney. mRNAs for two isoforms of the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase, HK alpha 1 and HK alpha 2, have been found in the rat kidney. To evaluate whether the HK alpha 1 and HK alpha 2 proteins are present in the rat kidney, microsomes enriched in HK alpha 1 or HK alpha 2 were isolated using the MiniMac magnetic separation system with antibodies directed against either HK alpha 1 (HK 12.18) or HK alpha 2 (AS 31.7). Immunoblots of rat kidney microsomal protein isolated with HK 12.18 revealed a band approximately 94 kDa in size that comigrated with the G1 fraction of the stomach. Immunoblots of rat kidney microsomal protein isolated with AS 31.7 revealed a band slightly greater than 94 kDa that comigrated with a band obtained from rat colonic microsomal protein. To examine the effect of perturbations in potassium metabolism, the abundance of the HK alpha 1 and HK alpha 2 isoforms was compared in rats fed a normal or potassium-deficient diet. A low-potassium diet increased the abundance of HK alpha 2, whereas that of HK alpha 1 was not altered. These data suggest that HK alpha 2 might be the isoform responsible for potassium conservation by the kidney.