cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectively reasoning about infinite sets in answer set programming

In answer set programming (ASP), one does not allow the use of function symbols. Disallowing function symbols avoids the problem of having logic programs which have stable models of excessively high complexity. For example, Marek, Nerode, and Remmel showed that there exist finite predicate logic programs which have stable models but which have no hyperarithmetic stable model. Disallowing function symbols also avoids problems with the occurs check that can lead to wrong answers in logic programs. Of course, by eliminating function symbols, one loses a lot of expressive power in the language. In particular, it is difficult to directly reason about infinite sets in ASP. Blair, Marek, and Remmel [BMR08] developed an extension of logic programming called set based logic programming. In the theory of set based logic programming, the atoms represent subsets of a fixed universe X and one is allowed to compose the one-step consequence operator with a monotonic idempotent operator (miop) O so as to ensure that the analogue of stable models are always closed under O. We let SP denote the set of fixed points of finite unions of the sets represented by the atoms of P under the miops associated with P. We shall show that if there is a coding scheme which associates to each element A ∈ SP a code c(A) such that there are effective procedures, which given two codes c(A) and c(B) of elements A,B ∈ SP, will (i) decide if A ⊆ B, (ii) decide if A ∩ B = θ, and (iii) produce the codes of the closures of A ∪ B and of A ∩ B under the miop operators associated with P, then we can effectively decide whether an element A ∈ SP is a stable model of P. Thus in such a situation, we can effectively reason about the stable models of P even though SP contains infinite sets. Our basic example is the case where all the sets represented by the atoms of P are regular languages but many other examples are possible such as when the sets involved are certain classes of convex sets in Rn.
Interpenetration of Silica in a Network of Cellulose and Divalent Lead to Form Glassy Polymers

Glassy polymeric materials were prepared by heating sodium plumbite-treated cotton in contact with a siliceous substrate. The glassy polymeric materials resemble petrified cotton and contain considerable carbon. They resist acid and alkali, are hard, and can serve as labels, decorations, adhesives between glasses, or colored coatings.
Die Friedensethik Johannes Paul II. — Grundlage für eine globale Friedensordnung im 21. Jahrhundert

Am ersten Januar eines jeden Jahres veroffentlicht der jeweilige Papst seine Botschaft zum Weltfriedenstag. In diesen programmatischen Ansprachen setzt der Hl. Vater am Beginn eines jeden Jahres einen Akzent in seinem Engagement fur den Frieden. Ein haufig wiederkehrendes, wenn nicht das zentrale Thema der Botschaften Papst Johannes Pauls II. zum Weltfriedenstag wie auch unzahliger Ansprachen bei seinen Pastoralreisen war die Bedeutung der Menschenrechte fur den Weltfrieden.1 Seit dem Beginn seines Pontifikates 1978 hatte sich Papst Johannes Paul II. unnachgiebig fur die Menschenrechte, insbesondere fur die Glaubens- und Gewissensfreiheit als deren Kern eingesetzt. Auf dem Hintergrund seiner ganz personlichen Erfahrungen als Bischof im damals kommunistischen Polen unterstutzte er die Oppositionsbewegung „Solidarnosc“. Genauso nachhaltig setzte er sich mit anderen dafur ein, dass die Menschenrechte in der Schlussakte der KSZE von Helsinki 1975 Aufnahme gefunden haben. Die im sogenannten Korb III der Schlussakte verbrieften und auch von den Staaten Osteuropas durch ihre Unterschriften verbrieften und anerkannten Menschenrechte wurden so zu einem ganz wichtigen Bezugspunkt fur die Oppositionsbewegungen in vielen ehemals kommunistischen Landern Mittel- und Osteuropas. Wahrend es hier vor allen Dingen um politische Beteiligungsrechte ging, standen bei seinen Reisen in die Lander der sogenannten „Dritten Welt“ die sozialen Menschenrechte im Vordergrund: Was nutzt es den Armsten der Armen, Trager fundamentaler Menschenrechte zu sein, wenn die materiellen Voraussetzungen hierfur, das tagliche Brot und ein Dach uber dem Kopf, fehlen?
Antimicrobial use practices of veterinary clinicians at a veterinary teaching hospital in the United States

Abstract Indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) is a factor contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify factors influencing AMU practices of veterinary clinicians at The University of Tennessee Veterinary Medical Center (UTVMC), (2) analyze the clinicians’ preferential choices of antimicrobials, and (3) evaluate their perceptions, opinions, and concerns regarding AMU and AMR. A total of 121 clinicians were surveyed. Among the 62 respondents, culture and susceptibility test results and pressure from clients were the most and least important factors in their antimicrobial prescription decision-making, respectively. Compared to clinicians who obtained their veterinary degree from 1970 to 1999, those who graduated from 2000 to 2009 and 2010–2016 were 3.96 (P = 0.034) and 5.39 (P = 0.01) times less concerned about AMR, respectively. There is a critical need to increase awareness about judicious AMU practices among clinicians, increase emphasis about AMR in the present veterinary curriculum, and implement antimicrobial stewardship program (AMS) in this institution. Educational activities in combination with awareness campaigns and the stewardship programs could be used to improve AMU practices at this hospital. More client education on AMR is needed.
Diplomatic Chameleons: Language Style Matching and Agreement in International Diplomatic Negotiations

Linguistic style refers to how individuals put their words together. This study offers the first application of linguistic style analysis to international multilateral diplomatic negotiations. We hypothesize that agreement in multilateral negotiations is characterized by convergence of diplomats’ linguistic styles whereas disagreement associates with divergence of linguistic styles. We test our claim using original data from the plenary sessions of the Constitutional Convention on the Future of the European Union (2002–2003). We evaluate linguistic style convergence by linguistic style matching (LSM) using the text analysis program Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). We find that linguistic style convergence among negotiators was higher in discussions on the legal personality of the European Union that ended with agreement and lower in negotiations on the definition of qualified majority voting that ended with disagreement. This study facilitates a richer understanding of how negotiators’ language use influences negotiation dynamics in international multilateral diplomacy and encourages negotiation and conflict resolution scholars and practitioners to pay attention to how diplomats express their policy position in addition to what they say.
Understanding violence and developing resilience with African American youth in high-poverty, high-crime communities

Abstract The scourge of community violence that besets young citizens in high-poverty U.S. communities of color is a compelling social problem to address. This article synthesizes studies of causes and preventive services for youth violence, including randomized controlled experiments and theoretical, case study contributions. Available evidence indicates that causes of youth violence are complex and interact across multiple layers of social systems. Accordingly, single-factor programs and policies developed for other populations tend to be ineffective for addressing the many injustices with which youth in high-poverty, high-crime communities of color contend. Therefore, we develop a perspective that is developmental, multi-systemic, and restorative of youths' dignity. Responding to researchers' calls for more contextually-grounded case studies of causes and remedies for youth violence, this article focuses on Chicago, where street violence rates in some communities are among the highest in the world and have increased in the last several years. First, we describe the intersectionalities of catalysts of violence, such as institutional racism, police brutality, deficits in child protection, and deep poverty, in a developmental systems-based framework. Next, we frame community service principles with population-specific features, recognizing cultural and community strengths and youths' significant resilience and potential. Drawing from Afrocentric social thought, positive youth development, trauma treatment models, cognitive behavioral, and empowerment approaches, we describe intervention principles for community-based services. Examples are drawn from decades of work with Chicago's impoverished African American youth on the violence-beset south and west sides of Chicago.
Improved strategy to collect sensitive data by using geometric distribution as a randomization device

AbstractIn this article, we improvise Singh and Grewal (2013) and Hussain et al. (2016) techniques by introducing a new two-stage randomization response process. Using the proposed new technique, w...
Trump, Kaepernick, and MLK as "Maybe Citizens": Early Elementary African American Males' Analysis of Citizenship.

What it means to be a citizen for groups such as children and African Americans remains a contested, abstract, and evasive concept. This article seeks to gain a greater understanding of citizenship...
A Cognitive Social Media Training Program and Intergenerational Learning: A Pilot Study With Older Adults and Speech-Language Pathology Graduate Students

Purpose The current research was a pilot study of the #GoldenTweets social media training program. Specifically, the research sought to explore (a) how the program in general was perceived by 2 gro...
Optimization of the Drain Mode for No. 0 High Pressure Heater

The addition of No. 0 high-pressure heater is a new technology with energy saving and emission reduction benefits, the economic analysis of No. 0 high-pressure heater under different loads and drain modes is provided on a 680 MW unit based on the Equivalent enthalpy drop method principle and the comprehensive economic drain mode for No. 0 high-pressure heater is recommended.
Lung ultrasound surface wave elastography for assessing interstitial lung disease

A lung ultrasound surface wave elastography (LUSWE) technique is developed for assessing interstitial lung disease (ILD). In LUSWE, a 0.1 second harmonic vibration is generated on the chest wall of a subject using a handheld vibrator. An ultrasound probe is aligned with the vibration indenter in the same intercostal region to measure the generated surface wave speed of the lung. A human subject is examined in a sitting position. The lung is tested at the total lung volume. The upper anterior lungs are tested through the second intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line. The lower lateral lungs are tested in the mid-axillary line and the lower posterior lungs are tested in the mid-scapular line. In a prospective clinical study, we measure both lungs through the six intercostal regions for patients and healthy controls. The surface wave speed is measured at 100 Hz, 150 Hz, and 200 Hz. Significant differences of wave speed between patients and controls were found in all lung regions at all frequencies. We also found positive correlation between LUSWE and CT analyses. LUSWE is a safe and noninvasive technique for generating and measuring surface wave propagation on the lung. LUSWE may be useful for assessing ILD.A lung ultrasound surface wave elastography (LUSWE) technique is developed for assessing interstitial lung disease (ILD). In LUSWE, a 0.1 second harmonic vibration is generated on the chest wall of a subject using a handheld vibrator. An ultrasound probe is aligned with the vibration indenter in the same intercostal region to measure the generated surface wave speed of the lung. A human subject is examined in a sitting position. The lung is tested at the total lung volume. The upper anterior lungs are tested through the second intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line. The lower lateral lungs are tested in the mid-axillary line and the lower posterior lungs are tested in the mid-scapular line. In a prospective clinical study, we measure both lungs through the six intercostal regions for patients and healthy controls. The surface wave speed is measured at 100 Hz, 150 Hz, and 200 Hz. Significant differences of wave speed between patients and controls were found in all lung regions at all frequencies. We ...
The ASA/ANSI S12.60 criteria for evaluating speech privacy in healthcare and the way forward

Speech privacy in healthcare spaces is more than just a good business practice. Although speech privacy is required within the HIPAA privacy rule, it is more than just a legal requirement. Speech privacy in healthcare spaces can be a life safety issue. Without confidence of speech privacy, patients maybe more likely withhold personal and embarrassing information necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment. This paper will review the current state of the ASA/ANSI S12.60 criteria for evaluating speech privacy in healthcare and discuss work moving forward.
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Secondary to Occupational Exposure

Occupational exposures are associated with a wide array of respiratory disorders that include asbestosis, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis and silicosis, asthma, COPD, bronchiolitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and certain infections. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is characterized by accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material in the alveoli and alveolar macrophages. Autoimmunity is the most common etiology for PAP and involves autoantibodies targeting GM-CSF signaling. However, certain occupational and environmental inhalational exposures have been considered causative for PAP, although this constitutes a relative minority of the patients. The review article sheds light on the current knowledge of occupational/environmental respiratory exposures that can cause PAP. There is increased recognition of occupational respiratory exposures implicated in PAP. The role of silica exposure in causing PAP is well recognized and constitutes the most common etiology for occupational PAP. However, since its original description, several other agents have been identified that can trigger PAP in those exposed. Most recently, PAP has been described in a cohort of indium workers who produce indium-tin oxide (ITO), used to manufacture transparent conductive coating for flat panel displays such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs), touch screens, and solar cells. Some exposed workers with PAP have been found to have autoantibodies to GM-CSF. Besides silica, PAP is associated with a wide variety of vapors, gases, dusts, and fumes. In some patients with occupational exposure, it is possible that the offending agent may trigger autoimmunity against GM-CSF that can induce PAP. Patients with occupational PAP may have concomitant emphysema and/or pulmonary fibrosis. Depending on the degree of manifestations, treatment approach ranges from watchful monitoring to invasive modalities like whole lung lavage. Recognition of an occupational etiology for PAP has implication both for the patient and for co-workers, who may also be at risk. Physician reporting to regulatory and public health authorities can ensure that existing exposure limits and medical surveillance requirements, such as are in place for silica, are enforced and that novel or unregulated exposures are characterized.
Indirect Line-Of-Sight Free-Space Optical Communications Using Diffuse Reflection

Free-space optical communications (FSOC) has been proved to achieve the highest data rate in wireless communications, and yet, its long-time adoption remains reserved for a very selective set of applications. A culprit of the limited adoption of FSOC is its point-to-point link setup used by this technology as a result of the required a) the direct Line-of-Sight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver, and b) the needed fine alignment of the transceivers of the communicating stations. Indirect LOS FSOC (ID-FSOC) is an alternative to FSOC where transmitter and receiver might not be in LOS of each other but to a diffuse reflector (DR). Such a reflector not only helps to cover out-of-sight areas but also converts the optical link onto a broadcast channel where one station may communicate with all other stations that may have LOS to the reflector. Here, we discuss some of the properties of this novel paradigm and argue that it may represent a new facet of free space of optical communications that provides a great range of applications for high-speed data communications.
An Analysis of the Experiences of Police Officers in Post-conflict Peacekeeping Missions: the New Zealand Police Perspectives

This chapter presents the findings of a 46-question electronic survey distributed to New Zealand police officers who had been deployed by the New Zealand Police on international peacekeeping, monitoring, or capacity development missions between 1964 and May 2017. A link to the electronic survey was emailed to the 928 police officers and staff in January 2018 who were identified as having been deployed on the nine New Zealand Police peacekeeping missions. The survey examined the experiences and observations of the police members during their deployments. The chapter presents and thoroughly analyzes the findings from the survey.
Boosting Children’s Persistence through Scientific Storybook Reading

Eighty-six 4- and 5-year-old children were assigned to one of four conditions, three experimental conditions, in which children read a story about a famous scientist, and one baseline condition. In...
Intravenous self-administration of entactogen-class stimulants in male rats.

The intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is inconsistent in rats, with up to half of subjects failing to acquire reliable drug intake. It is unknown if this changes under long-access conditions (6 h sessions) under which the IVSA of cocaine and methamphetamine escalates. The entactogen class cathinone stimulants which exhibit MDMA-like monoamine effects in the nucleus accumbens, mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) and methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone), may support more reliable IVSA but results have been mixed. This study was designed to directly compare the IVSA of these three compounds. Groups of male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer mephedrone, methylone or MDMA (0.5 mg/kg/inf) under a Fixed-Ratio (FR) 1 schedule of reinforcement for 14 sessions. Following the acquisition interval, animals were evaluated in FR (0.0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 mg/kg/inf) and Progressive Ratio (PR; 0.125, 1.0 mg/kg/inf) dose-substitution procedures. Long access conditions escalated MDMA intake over the 6 h session but not in the first 2 h. In short access, drug intake was significantly higher in mephedrone-trained rats compared with either the methylone-trained or MDMA-trained groups during acquisition. Mephedrone resulted in the highest intakes during FR and PR dose-substitution in MDMA- and mephedrone-trained groups. Overall it was found that mephedrone is a more effective reinforcer than methylone or MDMA and represents a higher risk for compulsive use.
Economic Shocks, Trade and International Relations

In an interdependent world, trade has unavoidable game aspects. A model with two agents is used to determine the impact of trade and a military alliance between two major world players, North America and China, and an external non-actor, South Korea. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of cooperative actions and outcomes by the two agents on a two-track policy for South Korea. We also study a variant to the game by considering a change in international relations. Welfare implications are also observed.
Integrated criminal justice systems: designing effective systems for inter-organizational action

In this paper we provide a summary of the poster presented at the 2005 Digital Government Conference. Our research is motivated by the twin goals of (1) developing a set of principles the support the design of inter-organizational information systems and (2) guidance to organizational leaders for how to adapt their organizations to leverage these systems. We focus on integrated criminal justice systems because of the value such principles will have for both homeland security and the effective uses of information and communications technologies to support governmental action. Here we highlight the nature and current state of the field relative to integrated criminal justice (ICJ) systems. In doing this we raise three design considerations relative to the operational pressures that users of ICJ face. First, the need to simplify system/user interaction and improve the system's reliability. Second, to better account for norms of policing behavior in the design of these systems. Third, to take advantage of the role of dispatch in the design and use of ICJ.
A continuous treatment system for inactivating microorganisms with pulsed electric fields

High voltage pulsed electric fields (PEF) can be used to inactivate microorganisms in liquids. Applying this PEF technology to food pasteurization is a promising nonthermal method, which may radically change food preservation processes and provide consumers with microbiologically safe, minimally processed, fresh-like products. A continuous-flow system in laboratory-size prototype was constructed for the nonthermal pasteurization of liquid foods with PEF technology. Major components in the prototype include a high voltage repetitive pulse generator, a coaxial liquid food treatment chamber, a fiber optic temperature sensing instrument, and a data acquisition system. Microbial inactivation tests were conducted in the continuous PEF treatment system. Repetitive high voltage pulses with an exponential decaying waveshape were applied to the liquid food which was pumped through the treatment chamber. Test microorganisms selected for inactivation were: Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Over six order-of-magnitude reductions in the viability of selected microorganisms were achieved when the food temperature was maintained below 40/spl deg/C.
Blogging Across Borders and Cultures

In many parts of the world, blogs have become a popular medium for communicating personal thoughts, opinions, interests, and ideas. A blog is an amazingly simple and at the same time extremely versatile interactive communication system. Blogging offers people ample opportunities for communication, interaction, sharing, and collaboration. Time spent on the Internet becomes an indispensable part of an individual’s personal and social life regardless of the socioeconomic status, cultural background, ethnicity, religion, age, or gender. The focus of the present issue is on bloggers’ motivations, personality traits, the connection between online and offline activities, as well as attitudes towards larger social, cultural, and political issues.
Protein analysis by SDS-PAGE and detection by Coomassie blue or silver staining.

Electrophoresis is used to separate complex mixtures of proteins, to investigate subunit compositions and to verify homogeneity of protein samples. It can also serve to purify proteins for use in further applications. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the combination of gel pore size and protein charge, size, and shape determines the migration rate of the protein. This unit first presents an informative section about safe use of electricity and electrophoresis. Protocols are then provided for one-dimensional gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions and subsequent staining with either Coomassie blue or silver staining.Electrophoresis is used to separate complex mixtures of proteins, to investigate subunit compositions and to verify homogeneit
Studies of nonmigrating long-lived lymphocytes in rats. V. Presence and reactions to antigens after neonatal thymectomy.

Abstract Neonatally thymectomized and sham-operated rats were given courses of hind foot pad injections of tritiated thymidine after immune stimuli, and the popliteal lymph nodes were examined for the presence of persistently labeled lymphocytes 32 days later. A larger proportion of labeled small lymphocytes was found in the nodes of thymectomized rats than in the nodes of sham-operated rats, indicating that a significant portion of the long-lived nonmigrating cells are B cells. In sham-operated rats given a course of tritiated thymidine after an immune stimulus with a Salmonella flagellin, labeled blasts appeared 3 days after secondary challenges with both the same or a serologically distinct flagellin. In neonatally thymectomized rats, a blastogenic response occurred after challenge with the same flagellin but not after challenge with the non-specific flagellin. Thus, in normal rats there are also long-lived nonmigrating T cells in primed lymph nodes, and these are the cells responsible for the nonspecific blasto-genesis seen in earlier experiments.
Menstrual-Cycle and Menstruation Disorders in Episodic vs Chronic Migraine: An Exploratory Study.

Objective Migraine is a chronic condition of recurring moderate-to-severe headaches that affects an estimated 6% of men and 18% of women. The highest prevalence is in those 18–49 years of age, generally when women menstruate. It is divided into episodic and chronic migraine depending on the total number of headache days per month being 14 or less or 15 or more, respectively. Migraine has been associated with menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and endometriosis, the latter particularly in chronic migraine. Methods We conducted a questionnaire survey of 96 women with migraine, 18–45 years old, to determine the occurrence of the menstrual-cycle disorders, oligomenorrhea, polymenorrhea, and irregular cycle, and the menstruation disorders, dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia, in episodic vs chronic migraine. Results The prevalence of menstrual-cycle disorders in general (41.2 vs 22.2%) and dysmenorrhea (51.0 vs 28.9%) was statistically significantly higher in the women with chronic migraine than in those with episodic migraine (P ≤ 0.05)(not corrected for multiple comparisons). Whether the migraine was menstruation sensitive, that is, the headaches consistently occurred or worsened with menstruation, did not impact the prevalence of menstrual disorders. Conclusion We conclude that chronic migraine is possibly more often than episodic migraine associated with menstrual-cycle disorders in general and dysmenorrhea, without impact on menstruation sensitivity of the headaches.
Palladium based Micro-Membrane for Water Gas Shift Reaction and Hydrogen Gas Separation

A novel palladium-based micromembrane has been fabricated which has the potential to be used for water gas shift reaction and hydrogen gas separation in catalytic microreaction systems for methanol fuel reforming. The membrane is supported by a copper film that has an array of patterned holes. Copper will also act as a catalyst in the shift reaction that will convert unwanted carbon monoxide gas produced earlier in the microreaction system during methanol fuel reforming into hydrogen which in turn will be separated by the membrane. The novelty of this structure is that we have integrated the water gas shift reactor as well as the hydrogen gas separator in the same structure. The microfabrication process allows for integration of heaters and temperature sensors into the device.
Is the Quality of Critical Accounting Policy Disclosures Lower for Companies with High Information Asymmetry

Our paper (1) documents public companies' most frequent choices of critical accounting policies, (2) tests whether the number and quality of critical accounting policies disclosures increased from the first to second year after the release of SEC cautionary advice on critical accounting policy disclosures, and (3) tests whether the quality of critical accounting policy disclosures is significantly associated with information asymmetry. Our results show an increase in the number and quality of critical accounting policy disclosures and a significant association between the quality of those disclosures and a proxy for information asymmetry.
Association of an irregularly shaped anterior choroidal aneurysm with CREST syndrome: Case report

The authors present the case of a 50-year-old woman with a history of CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia), a variant of scleroderma, who was incidentally found to have an irregular intracranial aneurysm. The patient presented with migraine headaches. A magnetic resonance image of the brain obtained during the headache workup revealed a right posterior carotid artery wall aneurysm in the region of the anterior choroidal artery (AChA). On digital subtraction angiograms, the lesion measured 3.5 mm at its largest diameter. Because of the irregular shape of the aneurysm, the patient's relatively young age, and the potential for further aneurysm growth due to collagen disease, surgical clip application was recommended following a discussion of available treatment options. At surgery, the aneurysm was identified as bilobed and broad based, and the AChA was found to be associated with the aneurysm neck. Satisfactory clipping of the aneurysm was achieved with preservation of the parent vessels. An association of CREST syndrome with intracranial aneurysms has only been reported once before. This case is presented to draw attention to the possibility of a pathophysiological connection between CREST syndrome and intracranial aneurysms and to postulate a possible mechanism whereby this condition may result in aneurysm formation. The association of aneurysms with other pathological collagen-related conditions is well known, and literature relevant to a possible connection between CREST syndrome and aneurysms is reviewed and discussed.
Finite element methods for the design of mechanisms and robotic manipulators

The finite element method is utilised for the analysis and design of mechanisms, including robotic manipulators. Both planar and spatial mechanisms are investigated. Three types of analysis are examined: static analysis, modal analysis, and nonlinear transient dynamic analysis. Mechanism members are modelled using a variety of element types. Pin joints are represented using either revolute–joint elements or joint release features through the inclusion of appropriate constraint equations. Both prescribed mechanism input motions and prescribed input forces are considered. Several examples are presented.
193-nm photodissociation of singly and multiply charged peptide anions for acidic proteome characterization

193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) was implemented to sequence singly and multiply charged peptide anions. Upon dissociation by this method, a-/x-type, followed by d and w side-chain loss ions, were the most prolific and abundant sequence ions, often yielding 100% sequence coverage. The dissociation behavior of singly and multiply charged anions was significantly different with higher charged precursors yielding more sequence ions; however, all charge states investigated (1- through 3-) produced rich diagnostic information. UVPD at 193 nm was also shown to successfully differentiate and pinpoint labile phosphorylation modifications. The sequence ions were produced with high abundances, requiring limited averaging for satisfactory spectral quality. The intact, charge-reduced radical products generated by UV photoexcitation were also subjected to collision induced dissociation (termed, activated – electron photodetachment dissociation (a-EPD)), but UVPD alone yielded more predictable and higher abundance sequence ions. With the use of a basic (pH ~11.5), piperidine-modified mobile phase, LC-MS/UVPD was implemented and resulted in the successful analysis of mitogen-activated pathway kinases (MAPKs) using ultrafast activation times (5 nanoseconds).
Isospin Dependence of Pion Absorption on a Pair of Nucleons

The relative cross sections for the $2N+\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2N$ reactions were determined where the initial two nucleons are in a relative $s$ state, and coupled either to isospin zero or to one. This information is extracted from two-nucleon coincidence measurements of the (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, $2p$) and the (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $\mathrm{pn}$) reactions on targets of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$.
Values advocacy: Enhancing organizational images, deflecting public criticism, and grounding future arguments

Abstract In this article, the authors argue that organizations today routinely engage in values advocacy—or the appeal to shared cultural values—in order to perform three distinct functions: (1) to enhance the organization's image; (2) to deflect criticism of the organization and/or its policies, products, and services; and (3) to establish value premises that can be used in later discourse.
Attachment in Foster Care: The Role of Maternal Sensitivity, Adoption, and Foster Mother Experience

The attachment relationships between 76 young foster children and their foster mothers were examined with the purpose of understanding how maternal sensitivity, adoption status, and foster mother experience contribute to relationship quality. Demographic variables were also included in the analyses. Attachment quality was assessed through home observations. More than half of the participating dyads constructed secure attachments. Maternal Sensitivity and foster mothers with little prior experience predicted higher scores on attachment quality. Additionally, variables associated with adoption status and full-time employment predicted maternal sensitivity. The results are interpreted and limitations of the study are discussed within the context of recent foster care reform policies and applications for practice.
A Wortmannin-Cetuximab As A Double Drug

Double drugs are obtained when two pharmacologically active entities are covalently joined to improve potency. We conjugated the viridin Wm with a self-activating linkage to cetuximab and demonstrated the retention of immunoreactivity by the conjugate. Though cetuximab lacked a growth inhibitory activity against A549 cells, the Wm-cetuximab conjugate had an antiproliferative IC(50) of 155 nM in vitro. The chemistry of attaching a self-releasing Wm to clinically approved antibodies is general and, in selected instances, may yield antibody-based double drugs with improved efficacy.
Furazolidone-enhanced production of free radicals by avian cardiac and hepatic microsomal membranes.

Abstract Furazolidone produces a dilative cardiomyopathy and hepatitis in turkeys exposed to this drug in their diets. The ability of furazolidone to enhance free radical reactions when incubated with turkey cardiac or hepatic membranes was determined to evaluate if free radical reactions might contribute to the pathology. Furazolidone (0.135 m m ) incubated with NADPH and hepatic microsomes increased oxygen consumption 350% over control incubations. Superoxide dismutase and catalase attenuated the furazolidone-mediated stimulation of oxygen consumption, indicating that the drug promoted the formation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Lipid peroxidation was also stimulated by furazolidone incubated with microsomes, NADPH, and ferric chloride. At concentrations as low as 0.017 m m , lipid peroxidation was more than doubled by furazolidone. Incubation of cardiac sarcosomes with NADPH and furazolidone (0.135 m m ) increased oxygen consumption 72%, the rate of cytochrome c reduction 72%, and epinephrine oxidation 238% over control. Epinephrine oxidation was enhanced by concentrations of furazolidone as low as 0.017 m m (69% increase over control). This effect of furazolidone was blocked by superoxide dismutase or incubation in an argon atmosphere. These data establish the potential for furazolidone to enhance free radical reactions in cardiac, as well as hepatic tissue. Free radical reactions are therefore potential determinants of furazolidone-mediated hepatic and cardiac toxicities.
Amygdala Kindling Alters Protein Kinase C Activity in Dentate Gyrus

Kindling is a use-dependent form of synaptic plasticity and a widely used model of epilepsy. Although kindling has been widely studied, the molecular mechanisms underlying induction of this phenomenon are not well understood. We determined the effect of amygdala kindling on protein kinase C (PKC) activity in various regions of rat brain. Kindling stimulation markedly elevated basal (Ca(2+)-independent) and Ca(2+)-stimulated phosphorylation of an endogenous PKC substrate (which we have termed P17) in homogenates of dentate gyrus, assayed 2 h after kindling stimulation. The increase in P17 phosphorylation appeared to be due at least in part to persistent PKC activation, as basal PKC activity assayed in vitro using an exogenous peptide substrate was increased in kindled dentate gyrus 2 h after the last kindling stimulation. A similar increase in basal PKC activity was observed in dentate gyrus 2 h after the first kindling stimulation. These results document a kindling-associated persistent PKC activation and suggest that the increased activity of PKC could play a role in the induction of the kindling effect.
Conservatism and the Underidentification of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Special Education.

Underidentification of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD; emotional disturbance or ED in federal language) is a critical issue, perhaps explainable in part by causal attributions of problem behavior associated with conservatism. Conservatism in 58 counties in the state of California was measured by finding the percentage of voters in the county voting in favor or Proposition 8, a state constitutional amendment banning gay marriage, under the assumption that opposition to gay marriage is an indicator of conservatism. We conducted a series of hierarchical regression analyses in which conservatism, ethnicity, free/reduced lunch, and suspension/expulsion were used to explain county rates of ED, intellectual disability, and learning disability identification. The model for county identification of ED accounted for 45% of the variance from county to county, with conservatism being the strongest predictor (β = −0.78, p < 0.001). More conservative counties had lower rates of ED identification....
DELTA: the Universal Debugger for CP-6

DELTA is the Universal Debugger for CP-6. CP-6, a general purpose communications-oriented operating system, is made up of two environments: host and communications. These two environments each have their own operating system and run on different CPUs. DELTA allows the user to symbolically debug programs written in any language or combination of languages in either environment. DELTA also allows symbolic debugging of the host operating system, the communications operating system, and the language and utility processors for each environment. In addition, DELTA allows symbolic patching of both operating systems and the language and utility processors providing a timely field support for CP-6.
A Magnetostatic Delay Line Oscillator

A single mode X-band oscillator has been built using a magnetostatic delay line as the frequency stabilization element. Experimental data are presented.
Implicit ad hoc methods for nonlinear partial differential equations

Abstract Several special methods including implicit separation of variables, explicit and implicit generalized traveling waves are introduced and employed to obtain solutions for nonlinear equations. Certain nonlinear wave propagation problems are shown to yield to implicit separation while generalized traveling wave concepts are applied in diffusion, fluid mechanics and wave propagation.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Pediatric Pain: An Empirical Analysis

A comprehensive assessment and multidimensional approach are critical for optimal outcomes in pediatric pain management. The purpose of this article is to describe the structure, function, and results of a multidisciplinary pain team composed of individuals from nursing, pediatric medicine, and pharmacology. The team's activities, including individual consultation on a school age/adolescent unit, are described.
Bradycardia and syncope as a presentation of cardiac allograft rejection involving the conducting system

Post-heart transplantation bradycardic syncope and arrest could be due to preferential rejection of the conduction system. We present six heart transplant patients with this presentation, two of whom died. The autopsy of one of those patients demonstrated severe rejection of the conduction system, with only mild rejection throughout the rest of the myocardium. We postulate that aggressive therapy for rejection and pacemaker placement may result in improved survival in heart transplant recipients with this clinical presentation.
A three-phase sequential model for clinical trials

SUMMARY The sequential version of Colton's decision-theoretic model for comparing two medical treatments is modified by considering both the patients who are in the experiment and also the patients who do not participate in the experiment, while the experiment is in progress. The consideration of the patients who do not participate in the experiment leads to major changes in the results. Both the minimax and Bayesian solutions are obtained and are compared with Colton's equivalent results. Colton (1963) introduced a decision-theoretic model for choosing the better of two competing medical treatments. A controlled experiment is performed by placing n patients on each treatment and the treatment chosen as superior is applied to the remaining N - 2n patients. The sequential version of Colton's model is reconsidered in this paper. We assume, as does Colton, that there are N patients requiring treatment and that 2n patients are used for the experiment. In most practical medical experiments only a small fraction of the patients requiring treatment, during the duration of the experiment, are actually entered in the experiment. It is, therefore, assumed that, while the experiment is in progress, 2n patients are entered in the experiment and kn patients are not. That is, it is assumed that the N patients are subdivided into three phases based on the type of allocation rule used. The three phases consist of the delay phase containing kn patients, the experimental phase containing 2n patients and the postexperimental phase containing N - kn - 2n patients. Patients require treatment during the delay phase. It is assumed that a proportion qi of patients receive treatment i during the delay phase, where q1 + q2 = 1. For simplicity assume q1 > q2 and define treatment 1 as the standard treatment. Usually q1 = 1, although cases exist where each
The meaning of life: Regimes of textuality and memory in Japanese personal historiography

Abstract This paper explores cultural logics of memory-making and textuality as manifested through discursive practices in Japanese “personal historiography”. It proposes a sufficient conceptualization of the textuality of reading and writing for sociocultural analysis of memory and history from a pragmatic semiotic perspective. Through close examination of two cases of text-making, I identify writing not just as a tool for decontextualization; rather, or additionally, I demonstrate its functions to destabilize or create contexts, in particular contexts of memory-making. This view of writing allows for a perspective that sees the use and production of personal histories as a proleptic act, the one that foreshadows the ways in which texts written as historical account may be recontextualized in future contexts of reading within imagined and actual trajectories of circulation. The analysis based on this perspective reveals the central assumptions and their ironical workings in the discourse and practice of Japanese personal historiography, regarding a distinct kind of self-fashioning, memory-making, and historical consciousness.
Treatment of endotoxic shock: glucocorticoids, lazaroids, nonsteroidals, others

Endotoxemia and septicemia are important clinical syndromes in companion animals, humans, and other species. They occur secondary to a variety of conditions. Endotoxin mediates its toxic effects through interactions with receptors on the surface of host endothelial cells, macrophages/monocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes that result in the production and release of numerous biochemical mediators. These mediators include cytokines, nitric oxide, eicosanoids, platelet activating factor, and others. This article focuses on several agents that may prove useful in treating the patient with endotoxic shock and include: glucocorticoids, lazaroids, nonsteroidals, pentoxifulline, and nitric oxide inhibitors. Unfortunately, no one therapy is likely to provide the "magic bullet" for the patient in endotoxic shock, thus treatment may ultimately involve combination therapy using some of the drugs discussed in this article that target different pathways and mediators.
Effect of gibberellin on protein and non-structural carbohydrate in dormant Avena fatua caryopses

Abstract Application of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) to dormant Avena fatua L. caryopses resulted in the termination of dormancy within 24 h as indicated by germination between 24 and 48 h. During the period of imbibition from 0 to 24 and 24 to 48 h changes occurred in protein and carbohydrate metabolism in GA-treated and untreated caryopses. Germination did not occur in untreated caryopses, therefore physiological changes in these caryopses were not associated with the termination of dormancy. GA-treatment increased the concentration of soluble and SDS-extractable protein in the endosperm tissue by 4 and 5%, respectively, over the 24 h untreated material; no changes were apparent when the protein profiles of GA-treated and untreated tissues were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) 0, 24 and 48 h after imbibition. The concentration of hexose and sucrose in the GA-treated endosperm tissue increased 189 and 151 μmol, respectively, over the untreated material at 24 h. Gibberellic acid had no effect on starch metabolism in the endosperm tissue in the first 24 h, the period associated with the termination of dormancy. The concentration of hexose increased by 57 μmol and starch decreased by 80 μmol in the GA-treated embryo tissue within 24 h. Our results demonstrate that exogenously applied GA influences sucrose and hexose metabolism in the endosperm tissue. The specific effect of GA on starch and hexose metabolism in the dormant A . fatua caryopsis embryo tissue may be associated with the termination of dormancy.
TOWARD EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATIONS OF MIGRATION CONTROLS

Jackson and Grosu developed a method for controlling complex dynamic systems that employs an open-plus-closed-loop control components (the OPCL method), and proved that it is capable of entraining the dynamics of standard dynamic systems to arbitrary goal dynamics, g(t) ∈ Rn [Jackson & Grosu, 1995]. Rather than use this control for entrainment, one of us has shown [Jackson, 1995] how the OPCL can be easily employed to transfer the dynamics of a multiple-attractor system from one attractor to another ("migration controls" [Jackson, 1990]). For this purpose, a Chua-circuit model with five distinct attractors was used. In the present study we will show how to experimentally implement the OPCL migration control on such a circuit, by using prerecorded signals, which makes it possible to restrict the control action to only one dynamic component.
Misner string entropy

I show that gravitational entropy can be intrinsically ascribed to spacetimes containing Misner strings (the gravitational analogues of Dirac strings), even in the absence of any other event horizon (or bolt) structures. This result follows from an extension of proposals for evaluating the stress-energy of a gravitational system which are motivated by the AdS-CFT correspondence.