cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A single phosphine ligand allows palladium-catalyzed intermolecular C-O bond formation with secondary and primary alcohols.

An efficient, general palladium catalyst for C–O bond-forming reactions of secondary and primary alcohols with a range of aryl halides has been developed. Use of a catalyst based on a single bulky biarylphosphine ligand L4 (RockPhos, soon to be commercially available) has expanded this chemistry to allow the transformation of a variety of heteroaryl halides, and for the first time, allows for the coupling of electron-rich aryl halides with secondary alcohols. Additionally, this new catalyst system provides the ability to effect these reactions with a diverse set of substrate combinations, while employing a single ligand. Thus the need to survey mutiple ligands, as was previously the case, is obviated.
IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC REFORM IN POLAND; INCIDENCE AND WELFARE CHANGES WITHIN A CONSISTENT FRAMEWORK

The costs of shortages and rationing are not captured by standard consumer price indices. Thus the change in real GDP per capita is an overestimate of welfare losses in transition economics. In this study virtual prices are used to calculate new cost-of-living indices (CLIs). The results for Polant show that from 1987 to 1992 the CLI ignoring the rationing effects is biased upward from 1.53 to 3.71 percentage points per year. Compared to the estimates of welfare loss that neglect the rationing effects during the prereform period, the estimated welfare losses that reflect the rationing are reduced by 50% using Hausman' virtual prices and by 75% using external proxy virtual prices.
Learning High-Dimensional Markov Forest Distributions: Analysis of Error Rates

The problem of learning forest-structured discrete graphical models from i.i.d. samples is considered. An algorithm based on pruning of the Chow-Liu tree through adaptive thresholding is proposed. It is shown that this algorithm is both structurally consistent and risk consistent and the error probability of structure learning decays faster than any polynomial in the number of samples under fixed model size. For the high-dimensional scenario where the size of the model d and the number of edges k scale with the number of samples n, sufficient conditions on (n,d,k) are given for the algorithm to satisfy structural and risk consistencies. In addition, the extremal structures for learning are identified; we prove that the independent (resp., tree) model is the hardest (resp., easiest) to learn using the proposed algorithm in terms of error rates for structure learning.
Magnetic and dynamic properties of the Hubbard model in infinite dimensions

An essentially exact solution of the infinite dimensional Hubbard model is made possible by using a self-consistent mapping of the Hubbard model in this limit to an effective single impurity Anderson model. Solving the latter with quantum Monte Carlo procedures enables us to obtain exact results for the one and two-particle properties of the infinite dimensional Hubbard model. In particular, we find antiferromagnetism and a pseudogap in the single-particle density of states for sufficiently large values of the intrasite Coulomb interaction at half filling. Both the antiferromagnetic phase and the insulating phase above the Neel temperature are found to be quickly suppressed on doping. The latter is replaced by a heavy electron metal with a quasiparticle mass strongly dependent on doping as soon asn<1. At half filling the antiferromagnetic phase boundary agrees surprisingly well in shape and order of magnitude with results for the three dimensional Hubbard model.
Asynchronous comparison-based decoders for delay-insensitive codes

A comparison-based decoder detects the arrival of a code word by comparing the received checkbits with the checkbits computed using the received data. Implementation issues underlying comparison-based decoders for systematic delay-insensitive (DI) or unordered codes is the subject of this paper. We show that if the decoder is to be implemented using asynchronous logic, i.e., if the gate and wire delays are arbitrary (unbounded but finite), then it is impossible to design a comparison-based decoder for any code that is more efficient than a dual-rail code. In other words, the encoded word must contain at least twice as many bits as the data. In addition, the codes should satisfy two other properties, called the initial condition and the all-zero lower triangle (AZLT) property, for the realization of a delay-insensitive comparison-based decoder. The paper shows that comparison-based decoders for codes that have the requisite level of redundancy and that satisfy the two properties can be implemented using asynchronous logic.
Spectroscopic scanning tunneling microscopy insights into Fe-based superconductors

In the first three years since the discovery of Fe-based high Tc superconductors, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy have shed light on three important questions. First, STM has demonstrated the complexity of the pairing symmetry in Fe-based materials. Phase-sensitive quasiparticle interference (QPI) imaging and low temperature spectroscopy have shown that the pairing order parameter varies from nodal to nodeless s± within a single family, FeTe1−xSex. Second, STM has imaged C4 → C2 symmetry breaking in the electronic states of both parent and superconducting materials. As a local probe, STM is in a strong position to understand the interactions between these broken symmetry states and superconductivity. Finally, STM has been used to image the vortex state, giving insights into the technical problem of vortex pinning, and the fundamental problem of the competing states introduced when superconductivity is locally quenched by a magnetic field. Here we give a pedagogical introduction to STM and QPI imaging, discuss the specific challenges associated with extracting bulk properties from the study of surfaces, and report on progress made in understanding Fe-based superconductors using STM techniques.
Green Design and the Market for Commercial Office Space

This paper considers the relationship between energy-efficient design and the leasing/sales markets for commercial real estate. An economic model is provided that considers lease rates and occupancy in simultaneous equilibrium. The behavior of both is predicted to be influenced by efficient design attributes. Selling price is determined by both rents and occupancy; therefore the impact of efficient design on commercial sales activity should be distributed through the leasing market. The model is tested empirically using a national sample of sales and leasing data for class A office buildings. The evidence indicates that “green” buildings achieve superior rents and sustain significantly higher occupancy. The improved performance in the rental market is reflected in a significant premium for the selling price of Energy Star-labeled and LEED-certified properties.
Geometry-free X-ray reconstruction using the theory of convex projections

The authors apply the method of projections onto convex sets (POCS) to reconstruct an image in computer tomography. Although POCS has been used before to recover missing portions of the data set, this is the first time that it is directly used to invert raysum data. Since POCS is geometry-free, it can be directly applied to cases of incomplete data. The strength of POCS compared to other geometry-free methods is its systematic use of a priori information in a natural and consistent way along with the raysum data. >
The Impact of Test Content Validity on Language Teaching and Learning

This paper investigates the impact of content validity of language tests on both teacher and learner. Educational evaluation produces too much stress in both teacher and learner, but it is given less attention by the teacher than any other teaching tasks. This inconvenience comes from the doubt with which this topic is approached. Tests are supposed to focus on core syllabus constituents to find how much the learner achieved. In this attempt we went through some examinations that seemed to lack content validity. We found that when the exam lacked this feature, most of the teaching would be focused in the techniques of examination rather than doing real teaching. It was also found that students did not refer to their textbooks as source of knowledge but exerted all efforts only to collect marks. The result of these practices yielded failure in the achievement of pedagogical objectives of language education.
Diagnosis of Pericardial Effusion by Computed Tomography

We assessed the diagnostic utility of computed tomography (CT) in the detection of pericardial effusion by using a dog model in which the amount and type of pericardial fluid were controlled and by obtaining CT scans on patients with suspected pericardial effusion prior to pericardiocentesis. The experimental studies showed that CT was capable of detecting pericardial effusion composed of serous fluid or saline in amounts as small as 50 ml. However, the hemopericardium was radiographically isodense with the heart and difficult to detect by CT unless the epicardial fat pad was identified or intravenous contrast enhancement of the heart was used. CT clearly demonstrated the presence of pericardial effusion in all six patients studied prior to successful pericardiocentesis or pericardiectomy. We conclude that CT is a sensitive noninvasive method which can be used for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion.
Chemistry of singlet oxygen. Dye-sensitized photooxygenation of arylallenes

Abstract 1-Arylallenes react with singlet oxygen via 1,2-and 1,4-cycloaddition modes giving rise to three types of carbonyl fragments. 1,1-Diphenyl- and 1-methyl-1-phenylallenes react predominantly by the 1,4-mode. Plausible mechanisms are discussed for the formation of the observed products.
Measure on small complexity classes, with applications for BPP

We present a notion of resource-bounded measure for P and other subexponential-time classes. This generalization is based on Lutz's notion of measure, but overcomes the limitations that cause Lutz's definitions to apply only to classes at least as large as E. We present many of the basic properties of this measure, and use it to explore the class of sets that are hard for BPP. Bennett and Gill showed that almost all sets are hard for BPP; Lutz improved this from Lebesgue measure to measure on ESPACE. We use our measure to improve this still further, showing that for all /spl epsiv/>0, almost every set in E/sub /spl epsiv// is hard for BPP, where E/sub /spl epsiv//=/spl cup//sub /spl delta/ >
Optimal Minimum Wage Policy in Competitive Labor Markets

This paper provides a theoretical analysis of optimal minimum wage policy in a perfectly competitive labor market and obtains two key results. First, we show that a binding minimum wage { while leading to unemployment { is nevertheless desirable if the government values redistribution toward low wage workers and if unemployment induced by the minimum wage hits the lowest surplus workers first. Importantly, this result remains true in the presence of optimal nonlinear taxes and transfers. In that context, a binding minimum wage enhances the effectiveness of transfers to low-skilled workers as it prevents low-skilled wages from falling through incidence effects. Second, when labor supply re- sponses are along the extensive margin only, the co-existence of a minimum wage with a positive tax rate on low-skilled work is always (second-best) Pareto ineffcient. A Pareto improving policy consists of reducing the pre-tax minimum wage while keeping constant the post-tax minimum wage by increasing transfers to low-skilled workers, and financing this reform by increasing taxes on higher paid workers. Overall, our results imply that the minimum wage and subsidies for low-skilled workers are complementary policies. pa
Geometry of 6D RG flows

We study renormalization group flows between six-dimensional superconformal field theories (SCFTs) using their geometric realizations as singular limits of F-theory compactified on elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau threefolds. There are two general types of flows: one corresponds to giving expectation values to scalars in the tensor multiplets (tensor branch flow) realized as resolving the base of the geometry. The other corresponds to giving expectation values to hypermultiplets (Higgs branch flow) realized as complex structure deformations of the geometry. To corroborate this physical picture we calculate the change in the anomaly polynomial for these theories, finding strong evidence for a flow from a UV fixed point to an IR fixed point. Moreover, we find evidence against non-trivial dualities for 6D SCFTs. In addition we find non-trivial RG flows for theories realizing small E 8 instantons on ALE spaces.
Reflective liquid-crystal television display

A new reflective television display, operating off the air, is described. The display uses the dynamic scattering mode (DSM) in nematic liquid crystals and can be viewed in high-brightness ambients. The liquid crystal cell, 6 to 12 µm thick, was addressed in real time by means of an electron beam using a wire-mosaic faceplate on a demountable cathode ray tube. Two different liquid crystal materials--anasylidene paraamino phenyl acetate (APAPA) and an RCA proprietary room temperature liquid crystal--were tested with similar results except for the difference in operating temperature (82 to 110° C and room temperature, respectively). The resolution of the 3.1-cm-square display was somewhat less than that required for commercial television (∼150 lines), limited by the mosaic structure but not the liquid crystal. Adequate resolution should be achievable in slightly larger displays. The contrast was not optimized (7.5 to 1) but several techniques are available to improve this value to 15 or 20 to 1 as has been demonstrated in static displays. The subjective evaluation of this display points out the attractiveness of reflective television panels; under suitable external illumination the panel has a wide viewing angle (±45° approximately). The current and voltage requirements to achieve the DSM in liquid crystals are such as to raise hopes that an integrated addressing approach suitable for flat television panels can be found.
Continuous versus discrete quantity in infant multiple object tracking

Many studies have found that infants in the first year of life use only continuous quantities to represent small sets of objects. In two studies using a paradigm that forces infants to track the changing locations of objects and sets of objects on a trial by trial basis, we obtain evidence that 12-month-old use discrete quantity representations when continuous quantity differences are insufficiently large to detect. In the first study, infants were surprised to see both one and three objects when two objects were expected, despite the total surface area of the sets remaining constant. A second study demonstrates that infants tracked the locations of a singleton and a pair and were surprised when the sets unexpectedly swapped positions. Infants may flexibly tailor their use of discrete and continuous quantity information according to the nature of the task.
Testing the cosmological constant as a candidate for dark energy

It may be difficult to single out the best model of dark energy on the basis of the existing and planned cosmological observations, because many different models can lead to similar observational consequences. However, each particular model can be studied and either found consistent with observations or ruled out. In this paper, we concentrate on the possibility to test and rule out the simplest and by far the most popular of the models of dark energy, the theory described by general relativity with positive vacuum energy (the cosmological constant). We evaluate the conditions under which this model could be ruled out by the future observations made by the Supernova/Acceleration Probe SNAP (both for supernovae and weak lensing) and by the Planck Surveyor cosmic microwave background satellite.
Invariance of the strict Hurwitz property for polynomials with perturbed coefficients

Given a strictly Hurwitz polynomial f(\lambda) = \lambda^{n} + a_{n-1} \lambda^{n-1} + a_{n-2}\lambda^{n-2}+...+ a_{1}\lambda + a_{0} , it is of interest to know how much the coefficients a i can be perturbed while simultaneously preserving the strict Hurwitz property. For systems with n \leq 4 , maximal intervals of the a i are given in a recent paper by Guiver and Bose [1]. In this note, a theorem of Kharitonov is exploited to obtain a general result for polynomials of any degree.
Authenticated and misuse-resistant encryption of key-dependent data

This paper provides a comprehensive treatment of the security of authenticated encryption (AE) in the presence of key-dependent data, considering the four variants of the goal arising from the choice of universal nonce or random nonce security and presence or absence of a header. We present attacks showing that universal-nonce security for key-dependent messages is impossible, as is security for key-dependent headers, not only ruling out security for three of the four variants but showing that currently standarized and used schemes (all these target universal nonce security in the presence of headers) fail to provide security for key-dependent data. To complete the picture we show that the final variant (random-nonce security in the presence of key-dependent messages but key-independent headers) is efficiently achievable. Rather than a single dedicated scheme, we present a RO-based transform RHtE that endows any AE scheme with this security, so that existing implementations may be easily upgraded to have the best possible seurity in the presence of key-dependent data. RHtE is cheap, software-friendly, and continues to provide security when the key is a password, a setting in which key-dependent data is particularly likely. We go on to give a key-dependent data treatment of the goal of misuse resistant AE. Implementations are provided and show that RHtE has small overhead.
Optical Coherence Tomography with a multi-fiber array in sample arm

Abstract I demonstrate the fiber-type OCT system having the tip of sample arm with multi-fiber array and OCT imaging of the interproximal contact area of porcine molars. The sample arm of the OCT consists of 48 optical paths and the output port is changed by a 1 × 48 switch. The difference between the minimum and maximum 48 optical path lengths in the sample arm was suppressed to less than 1.0 mm. The interproximal contact areas are clearly represented in the OCT images.
What’s In It For Me? CEOs Whose Firms Are Acquired

We study benefits received by target chief executive officers (CEOs) in completed mergers and acquisitions. Certain target CEOs negotiate large cash payments in the form of special bonuses or increased golden parachutes. These negotiated cash payments are positively associated with the CEO's prior excess compensation and negatively associated with the likelihood that the CEO becomes an executive of the acquiring company. Regression estimates suggest that target shareholders receive lower acquisition premia in transactions involving extraordinary personal treatment of the CEO. Target CEOs experience very high turnover rates both at the time of acquisition and, for those who remain employed, for several years thereafter. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Effects of Stocking Density, Salinity, and Light Intensity on Growth and Survival of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma Larvae

Four separate studies were done on Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae during first feeding and metamorphosis to determine the effects of stocking density, salinity, and light intensity on growth and survival. One study used stocking densities of 10, 20, 40, and 80 fish/L during first feeding; the second study compared the growth and survival of larvae stocked at 20 and 33 ppt; and a third experiment evaluated stocking densities of 1/L and 3/L under two different light intensities (1,600 lux vs 340 lux) during metamorphosis. The fourth experiment tested the effects of different salinities (0, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) on larval growth and survival during metamorphosis. Growth and survival (overall 6.9%) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) for stocking rates up to 80/L. Larvae placed into 20 ppt salinity had survival through first feeding similar to that of larvae raised at 33 ppt. During metamorphosis, light intensity had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth or survival, but fish stocked at 3/L had significantly lower (P 0.05) at 10, 20 and 30 ppt, but unmetamorphosed fish did not survive to day 60 at 10 ppt. Based on these results, practical larviculture of Southern flounder may require a two-step process with high stocking rates (80 fish/L) through first feeding and lower densities (1/L) through metamorphosis. Fingerling production in fertilized nursery ponds might he possible at salinity as low as 20 ppt.
THE STELLAR ACTIVITY-ROTATION RELATIONSHIP AND THE EVOLUTION OF STELLAR DYNAMOS

We present a sample of 824 solar and late-type stars with X-ray luminosities and rotation periods. This is used to study the relationship between rotation and stellar activity and derive a new estimate of the convective turnover time. From an unbiased subset of this sample the power-law slope of the unsaturated regime, LX /L bolRo?, is fit as ? = ?2.70 ? 0.13. This is inconsistent with the canonical ? = ?2 slope to a confidence of 5?, and argues for an additional term in the dynamo number equation. From a simple scaling analysis this implies ??/??0.7, i.e., the differential rotation of solar-type stars gradually declines as they spin down. Supersaturation is observed for the fastest rotators in our sample and its parametric dependencies are explored. Significant correlations are found with both the corotation radius and the excess polar updraft, the latter theory providing a stronger dependence and being supported by other observations. We estimate mass-dependent empirical thresholds for saturation and supersaturation and map out three regimes of coronal emission. Late F-type stars are shown never to pass through the saturated regime, passing straight from supersaturated to unsaturated X-ray emission. The theoretical threshold for coronal stripping is shown to be significantly different from the empirical saturation threshold (Ro < 0.13), suggesting it is not responsible. Instead we suggest that a different dynamo configuration is at work in stars with saturated coronal emission. This is supported by a correlation between the empirical saturation threshold and the time when stars transition between convective and interface sequences in rotational spin-down models.
Cyclobutanone-based tandem free radical rearrangements: Formation of bicyclic and tricyclic ketones

Abstract Free radical reaction of endo-bromopropylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-7-one 1 leads to deep-seated rearrangement and formation of the bridged tricyclic ketone 2. An authentic sample of 2 was prepared. Reaction of endobromoethylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-7-one 18 generates an analogous bridged tricyclic ketone 20 together with cis-bicyclo[4.4.0]decenone 22. Experiments using Bu3SnD were carried out to explore the mechanism of the transformation leading to 22.
Crystal and Electronic Structures of Neptunium Nitrides Synthesized Using a Fluoride Route

A low-temperature fluoride route was utilized to synthesize neptunium mononitride, NpN. Through the develop- ment of this process, two new neptunium nitride species, NpN2 and Np2N3, were identified. The NpN2 and Np2N3 have crystal structures isomorphous to those of UN2 and U2N3, respectively. NpN2 crystallizes in a face-centered cubic CaF2-type structure with a space group of Fm3m and a refined lattice parameter of 5.3236(1) A. The Np2N3 adopts the body-centered cubic Mn2O3- type structure with a space group of Ia3 Its refined lattice parameter is 10.6513(4) A. The NpN synthesis at temperatures ≤900 °C using the fluoride route discussed here was also demonstrated. Previous computational studies of the neptunium nitride system have focused exclusively on the NpN phase because no evidence was reported experimentally on the presence of NpNx systems. Here, the crystal structures of NpN2 and Np2N3 are discussed for the first time, confirming the experimental results by density functional calculations (DFT). These DFT calculations were performed within the local-density approximation (LDA+U) and the generalized-gradient approximation (GGA+U) corrected with an effective Hubbard parameter to account for the strong on-site Coulomb repulsion between Np 5f electrons. The effects of the spin−orbit coupling in the GGA+U calculations have also been investigated for NpN2 and NpN.
Pricing Commodity Options under Markov Regime Switching GARCH Processes

16.6564 (16.6610) model can allow the degrees - 𝐿K𝑔(𝐿) -2223.2273 -2219.7808 -2251.9334 NOTE: each GARCH Model has been estimated with a normal and a student’s t distribution. The superscripts indicate the regime. T-statistics are in parentheses. Maximum Likelihood Estimates of Single Regime GARCH Models P
Another Look at Sine-Dwell Mode Testing

A simple and systematic method is described for the measurement of natural modes of vibration through the application of single frequency sinusoidal forces using a minimum number of shakers. It is an explicit procedure which can be prescribed for execution by technical personnel with no previous mode test experience. Anticipated advantages in the application of this selective orthogonal excitation (SOREX) methodology include 1) the achievement of improved mode isolation, 2) elimination of the need for "many" shakers, 3) shortened test duration, and 4) freedom from dependence upon special insight of the test conductor. The method derives from a rejection of the classical use of phase coherence of response as a test criterion in favor of a more rational and practicable test logic. b / F g_ [G] / [/] [K] m [M] n q, q Q x,x 7 X ¥ Q ',0 " Nomenclature = scalar coefficient = number of shakers = vector of applied forces = hysteretic damping coefficient = generalized damping matrix unit matrix generalized stiffness matrix number of modes mass matrix number of local coordinates generalized coordinate vectors vector of generalized forces local coordinate vectors orthogonality par ameter, Eq. (11) square of frequency ratio contaminated mode vector, Eq. (12) real, imaginary components of admittance, Eq.(9) circular frequency
Investigating solution convergence in a global ocean model using a 2048-processor cluster of distributed shared memory machines

Up to 1920 processors of a cluster of distributed shared memory machines at the NASA Ames Research Center are being used to simulate ocean circulation globally at horizontal resolutions of 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16-degree with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model, a finite volume code that can scale to large numbers of processors. The study aims to understand physical processes responsible for skill improvements as resolution is increased and to gain insight into what resolution is sufficient for particular purposes. This paper focuses on the computational aspects of reaching the technical objective of efficiently performing these global eddy-resolving ocean simulations. At 1/16-degree resolution the model grid contains 1.2 billion cells. At this resolution it is possible to simulate approximately one month of ocean dynamics in about 17 hours of wallclock time with a model timestep of two minutes on a cluster of four 512-way NUMA Altix systems. The Altix systems' large main memory and I/O subsystems allow computation and disk storage of rich sets of diagnostics during each integration, supporting the scientific objective to develop a better understanding of global ocean circulation model solution convergence as model resolution is increased.
SiC Reinforced Aluminide Composites

The tensile properties of SiC fiber, Ti Al+Nb and SiC/Ti3Al+Nb composite have been determined from 300 to 1365K. The Composite results compared favorably to rule-of-mixtures (ROM) predictions in the intermediate temperature regime of 475 to 700K. Deviations from ROM are discussed. Composite tensile results were compared on a strength/density basis to wrought superalloys and found to be superior. Fiber-matrix compatibility was characterized for the composite at 1250 and 1365K for 1 to 100 hours.
Hypertoric category O

Abstract We study the representation theory of the invariant subalgebra of the Weyl algebra under a torus action, which we call a “hypertoric enveloping algebra”. We define an analogue of BGG category O for this algebra, and identify it with a certain category of sheaves on a hypertoric variety. We prove that a regular block of this category is highest weight and Koszul, identify its Koszul dual, compute its center, and study its cell structure. We also consider a collection of derived auto-equivalences analogous to the shuffling and twisting functors for BGG category O .
Derivation and synthesis of renewable surfactants

This critical review focuses on the origins and preparation of bio-based surfactants, defined here as non-soap, amphiphilic molecules in which the carbon atoms are derived from annually renewable feedstocks. Environmental concerns and market pressures have led to greater relevance of these chemicals in commercial applications in recent years and extensive research has gone into exploring new classes of surfactants. Highlighted here are examples of bio-based surfactants that are produced on an industrial scale and/or are based on abundant starting materials. The trend of increasing use of renewable resources as starting materials for surfactants is introduced, followed by extensive discussion of the major classes of bio-derived hydrophobes and hydrophiles. Also discussed is the status of research and development with regard to biosynthetically produced surfactants. Finally, concluding remarks address the potential for new surfactant molecular structures as a result of ongoing development in the chemistry of biorefineries, i.e., that the transformation of lignocellulose into fuels is likely to support the manufacturing of new bio-based coproducts (238 references).
REGRESSOR DIMENSION REDUCTION WITH ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS: THE EXAMPLE OF DEMAND SYSTEMS WITH MANY GOODS

Microeconomic theory often yields models with multiple nonlinear equations, nonseparable unobservables, nonlinear cross equation restrictions, and many potentially multicollinear covariates. We show how statistical dimension reduction techniques can be applied in models with these features. In particular, we consider estimation of derivatives of average structural functions in large consumer demand systems, which depend nonlinearly on the prices of many goods. Utility maximization imposes nonlinear cross equation constraints including Slutsky symmetry, and preference heterogeneity yields demand functions that are nonseparable in unobservables. The standard method of achieving dimension reduction in demand systems is to impose strong, empirically questionable economic restrictions like separability. In contrast, the validity of statistical methods of dimension reduction like principal components have not hitherto been studied in contexts like these. We derive the restrictions implied by utility maximization on dimension reduced demand systems, and characterize the implications for identi…cation and estimation of structural
Tracking of random references: random sensitivity function and tracking quality indicators

In this note, the problem of random reference tracking by linear feedback systems is addressed. The approach is based on the so-called random sensitivity function, which plays the same role as the usual sensitivity function in step reference tracking. Using the random sensitivity function, quality indicators for random reference tracking are introduced, and their utilization for analysis and design of servomechanisms is illustrated.
Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment

The network structure of a hyperlinked environment can be a rich source of information about the content of the environment, provided we have effective means for understanding it. We develop a set of algorithmic tools for extracting information from the link structures of such environments, and report on experiments that demonstrate their effectiveness in a variety of context on the World Wide Web. The central issue we address within our framework is the distillation of broad search topics, through the discovery of “authorative” information sources on such topics. We propose and test an algorithmic formulation of the notion of authority, based on the relationship between a set of relevant authoritative pages and the set of “hub pages” that join them together in the link structure. Our formulation has connections to the eigenvectors of certain matrices associated with the link graph; these connections in turn motivate additional heuristrics for link-based analysis.
Management of Pain in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease and Anatomy of Renal Innervation

Purpose: Chronic pain is a prominent feature of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease that is difficult to treat and manage, often resulting in a decrease in quality of life. Understanding the underlying anatomy of renal innervation and the various etiologies of pain that occur in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease can help guide proper treatments to manage pain. Reviewing previously studied treatments for pain in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease can help characterize treatment in a stepwise fashion.Materials and Methods: We performed a literature search of the etiology and management of pain in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and the anatomy of renal innervation using PubMed® and Embase® from January 1985 to April 2014 with limitations to human studies and English language.Results: Pain occurs in the majority of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease due to renal, hepatic and mechanical origins. Patients may experience different types of pain ...
Agroindustrialization, globalization, and international development: the environmental implications

‘Agroindustrialization’ comprises three related sets of changes: 1 growth of commercial, off-farm agro-processing, distribution, and input provision activities; 2 institutional and organizational change in the relations between farms and firms both upstream and downstream, such as a marked increased in vertical integration and contract-based procurement; and 3 related changes in product composition, technologies, and sectoral and market structure (Reardon and Barrett, 2000). The actual and potential environmental effect of these changes have been sparsely documented to date. There does not seem to have been any attempt at a reasonably general analysis of the pathways by which such effects might occur or of the instruments governments might have at their disposal to influence these pathways. This essay is meant to fill the latter gap while the articles and policy forum that follow provide more detailed findings and perspectives on constituent issues.
Uselessness for an oracle model with internal randomness

We consider a generalization of the standard oracle model in which the oracle acts on the target with a permutation selected according to internal random coins. We describe several problems that are impossible to solve classically but can be solved by a quantum algorithm using a single query; we show that such infinity-vs-one separations between classical and quantum query complexities can be constructed from much weaker separations. We also give conditions to determine when oracle problems--either in the standard model, or in any of the generalizations we consider--cannot be solved with success probability better than random guessing would achieve. In the oracle model with internal randomness where the goal is to gain any nonzero advantage over guessing, we prove (roughly speaking) that k quantum queries are equivalent in power to 2k classical queries, thus extending results of Meyer and Pommersheim.
Stereoselective synthesis of both geometric isomers of γ-(trimethylsilyl)allylboranes and the diastereoselective condensations with aldehydes

Abstract Hydroboration of allenylsilanes 1 produces the Z isomers 10 as the kinetic product, leading to hydroxyallylsilanes 15 after condensation with hexanal, whereas the E isomers 4 and 12 are thermodynamically more stable, affording 9 predominantly.
Adaptive Modulation Control for Multiple-Phase Voltage Regulators

This letter presents an adaptive modulation control (AMC) method which has proven to be effective in achieving high bandwidth designs as well as stabilizing the control loop during large load transients. The AMC adaptively adjusts control bandwidth by changing the modulation gain, depending on different load conditions. With the AMC, a multiphase voltage regulator can be designed with an aggressively high bandwidth, while in heavy load transients where the loop could be potentially unstable, the bandwidth is lowered. Therefore, the AMC provides an optimal means for robust high-bandwidth design with excellent transient performance. It is a type of non-linear control designed for, but not limited to, multiphase voltage regulators with droop control. Detailed analysis of the operational mechanism is presented. Experiment results are included to verify the analysis.
GO-spaces and Noetherian spectra

Abstract The Noetherian type of a space is the least κ for which the space has a κ op -like base, i.e., a base in which no element has κ-many supersets. We prove some results about Noetherian types of (generalized) ordered spaces and products thereof. For example: the density of a product of not-too-many compact linear orders never exceeds its Noetherian type, with equality possible only for singular Noetherian types; we prove a similar result for products of Lindelof GO-spaces. A countable product of compact linear orders has an ω 1 op -like base if and only if it is metrizable. (It is known that every metrizable space has an ω op -like base.) An infinite cardinal κ is the Noetherian type of a compact LOTS if and only if κ ≠ ω 1 and κ is not weakly inaccessible. There is a Lindelof LOTS with Noetherian type ω 1 and there consistently is a Lindelof LOTS with weakly inaccessible Noetherian type.
Lifetime maximization of sensor networks under connectivity and k -coverage constraints

In this paper, we study the fundamental limits of a wireless sensor network's lifetime under connectivity and k-coverage constraints. We consider a wireless sensor network with n sensors deployed independently and uniformly in a square field of unit area. Each sensor is active with probability p, independently from others, and each active sensor can sense a disc area with radius rs. Moreover, considering the inherent irregularity of a sensor's sensing range caused by time-varying environments, we model the sensing radius rs as a random variable with mean r0 and variance r$_{\rm 0}^{\rm 2}$σ$_{s}^{\rm 2}$. Two active sensors can communicate with each other if and only if the distance between them is smaller than or equal to the communication radius rc. The key contributions of this paper are: (1) we introduce a new definition of a wireless sensor network's lifetime from a novel probabilistic perspective, called ω-lifetime (0 ≤ ω ≤ 1). It is defined as the expectation of the time interval during which the probability of guaranteeing connectivity and k-coverage simultaneously is at least ω; and (2) based on the analysis results, we propose a near-optimal scheduling algorithm, called PIS (Pre-planned Independent Sleeping), to achieve the network's maximum ω-lifetime, which is validated by simulation results, and present a possible implementation of the PIS scheme in the distributed manner.
A general framework for codes involving redundancy minimization

A framework with two scalar parameters is introduced for various problems of finding a prefix code minimizing a coding penalty function. The framework encompasses problems previously proposed by Huffman, Campbell, Nath, and Drmota and Szpankowski, shedding light on the relationships among these problems. In particular, Nath's range of problems can be seen as bridging the minimum average redundancy problem of Huffman with the minimum maximum pointwise redundancy problem of Drmota and Szpankowski. Using this framework, two linear-time Huffman-like algorithms are devised for the minimum maximum pointwise redundancy problem, the only one in the framework not previously solved with a Huffman-like algorithm. Both algorithms provide solutions common to this problem and a subrange of Nath's problems, the second algorithm being distinguished by its ability to find the minimum variance solution among all solutions common to the minimum maximum pointwise redundancy and Nath problems. Simple redundancy bounds are also presented
The use of silicone oil following failed vitrectomy for retinal detachment with advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy

We have used silicone-oil injection in a consecutive series of 44 patients with retinal detachment and advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy, all of whom had previously failed to reattach with vitrectomy, membrane peeling, and scleral buckling. After a minimal follow-up period of 6 months, complete anatomic retinal reattachment posterior to the encircling scleral buckle was obtained in 64% of these eyes. Ambulatory visual acuity (5/200 or better) was achieved in 57% of the anatomically successful cases. Silicone-oil removal was performed in 69% of the anatomically and visually successful eyes without recurrent retinal detachment. Because of the frequent and severe complications associated with the use of silicone oil, we recommend that silicone-oil injection be considered only when conventional vitreoretinal techniques have failed to achieve retinal reattachment.
Catalytic Asymmetric Hiyama Cross-Couplings of Racemic α-Bromo Esters

The first catalytic asymmetric cross-coupling of α-halo carbonyl compounds with aryl metal reagents has been developed, thereby generating synthetically useful α-aryl carboxylic acid derivatives in good enantiomeric excess. The method can also be applied to enantioselective alkenylation reactions.
Information Loss as a Foundational Principle for the Second Law of Thermodynamics

In a previous paper (Duncan, T.L., Semura, J.S. in Entropy 6:21, 2004) we considered the question, “What underlying property of nature is responsible for the second law?” A simple answer can be stated in terms of information: The fundamental loss of information gives rise to the second law. This line of thinking highlights the existence of two independent but coupled sets of laws: Information dynamics and energy dynamics. The distinction helps shed light on certain foundational questions in statistical mechanics. For example, the confusion surrounding previous “derivations” of the second law from energy dynamics can be resolved by noting that such derivations incorporate one or more assumptions that correspond to the loss of information. In this paper we further develop and explore the perspective in which the second law is fundamentally a law of information dynamics.
Optimum Selection of a Wind Turbine Generator System

A method is described for the selection of the optimum size (i.e., rated power and speed) for a wind turbine generating system (WTGS) such that, for given wind speed conditions and for given demand power requirements, the annual economic savings are maximized by using the WTGS compared to purchasing all power from a utility. No storage of excess generated electricity is considered and any demand in excess of that generated by the WTGS is assumed to be supplied by the utility grid. The economic saving realized with the optimum sized WTGS is examined for various problem variables such as the degree of variability in the wind speed and in the demand load throughout the day and from season to season.
Early-Stage, Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Patient Outcomes From a Large, Single-Institution Series With Long Follow-Up

PURPOSE The optimal treatment for early-stage, lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma (LPHL) is not well defined. Treatment has become less aggressive over time in an attempt to reduce iatrogenic complications, such as cardiac mortality and second cancers, but long-term efficacy is unclear. We present the long-term outcome of patients treated at a single institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study population includes 113 patients with stage I or II LPHL treated between 1970 and 2005. Pathologic diagnosis for all patients was confirmed using standard criteria. Ninety-three patients received radiation therapy (RT) alone, 13 received RT with chemotherapy, and seven received chemotherapy alone. Among patients treated with RT, 25 received limited-field, 35 received regional-field, and 46 received extended-field RT. Results Median follow-up was 136 months. Ten-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 85% (stage I) and 61% (stage II); overall survival (OS) rates were 94% and 97% for stages I and II, respectively. PFS and OS did not differ among patients who received limited-field, regional-field, or extended-field RT. In contrast, six of seven patients who received chemotherapy alone without RT developed early disease progression and required salvage treatment. Multivariable analysis adjusting for extent of RT, clinical stage, sex, and use of chemotherapy confirmed that the extent of RT was not significantly associated with PFS (P = .67) or OS (P = .99). The addition of chemotherapy to RT did not improve PFS or OS compared with RT alone. CONCLUSION RT alone leads to sustained disease control and high long-term survival rates in patients with early-stage LPHL. This study supports the use of limited-field RT alone to treat this disease.
An encompassing approach to conditional mean tests with applications to testing nonnested hypotheses

Abstract A general class of tests designed to detect conditional mean misspecification for cross-section or time-series applications is proposed. The tests are derived from a particular application of the encompassing principle. The resulting conditional mean encompassing (CME) tests contain as special cases a version of the Lagrange multiplier test for nested models, a new test in the presence of nonnested alternatives, and a version of the Hausman test that compares two weighted nonlinear least-squares estimators. The tests are valid without any assumption on the conditional variance of the dependent variable and can be computed using any rad T -consistent estimators. Moreover, CME tests for nonlinear dynamic models are computable from linear least-squares regressions.
A note on quantum related-key attacks

We consider a quantum version of the Winternitz-Hellman related-key attack model.Main result: this model gives a quantum attackers big advantage.Any block cipher can be broken via a quantum related key attack.This includes most block ciphers of practical relevance (AES, DES).Secret key is found via quantum algorithm for Simon's problem. In a basic related-key attack against a block cipher, the adversary has access to encryptions under keys that differ from the target key by bit-flips. In this short note we show that for a quantum adversary such attacks are quite powerful: if the secret key is (i) uniquely determined by a small number of plaintext-ciphertext pairs, (ii) the block cipher can be evaluated efficiently, and (iii) a superposition of related keys can be queried, then the key can be extracted efficiently.