cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metamaterial-inspired miniaturized microwave sensing probes

In this paper, two microstrip transmission line based metamaterial structures (sub-wavelength sized resonators) are designed and implemented in near field sensing of dielectric materials. One structure is designed for band-stop and the other for band-pass performance in the X-band region. These resonators load the microstrip lines on both the sides. Resonator on one side is used in interrogation of sample and the other side is used for reference. Upon introduction of sample, the resonance frequency shifts relative to the reference resonance frequency. This approach provides high sensitivity detection with built in reference providing high signal to noise ratio. Fabricated samples were characterized for sensing applications by loading with solid dielectric samples. An array of sensors can be linearly cascaded for high throughput sensing of multiple samples using single input output ports. Details of design, fabrication and measurements are presented in the paper for these two designs.
Comparison of Corynebacterium parvum and Bordetella pertussis With Freund's Complete Adjuvant as Immunopotentiators for β‐Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Linked to an Atoxic Fragment of Tetanus Toxin

Corynebacterium parvum and Bordetella pertussis were compared with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) for their abilities to potentiate the immune response to haptenic beta-human chorionic gonadotropin covalently coupled to an atoxic 54,000-molecular-weight fragment of tetanus toxin (beta-hCG-TTII). The ability of each adjuvant to enhance production of antibodies to hCG in rabbits was measured by 125I-hCG radioimmunoassay. At sera dilutions of 1:10,000, analysis of variance for the 8-week postimmunization course showed that the mean 125I-hCG binding capacities of the C. parvum group was significantly greater overall than the B. pertussis group (P = .0002) and that the FCA-treated group had the greatest binding capacity overall (P less than .018). The mean binding capacities at 1:40,000 dilution again showed the FCA-treated group to have significantly higher anti-hCG titers overall (P less than .0015), with C. parvum potentiating a greater overall antibody response than B. pertussis (P = .001). These results indicate that FCA is the most efficacious of the three tested adjuvants in potentiating antibody production to the hapten component of beta-hCG-TTII. C. parvum was also effective at promoting an anti-beta-hCG response, although not to the same degree as FCA. B. pertussis had only minimal potentiating effect compared to FCA or C. parvum.
Influence of weight grouping on the short term egg production of two strains of layer type chicken

An experiment was conducted using 400 pullets each of H and N brown Nick (Strain I) and Black Olympia (Strain 2) to determine the influence of weight grouping on short term egg production traits. The two strains of layer type chickens were separated on the basis of plumage pattern and body weight at three weeks of age. The result indicates that the high bodyweight (HBW) groups were signiicantly (P 0.05) difference betweenthe HBW and LBW lines in strain I for weight o first egg, egg weight at 30 and 40 weeks respectively. Henday rate of lay and total egg mass did not vary according tobodyweightgroups inboth strains 1 and 2 However, the light brown pullet groups (LBHBW and LBLBW) in strain I weresignificantly (P 0.05) difference between the HBW and LBW groups in feed per dozen eggs. The comparative performance between the two strains of chicken showed that strain I was signficanty(P < 0.01) superior to strain 2 in weight of first egg, egg weightat 30 and 40 weeks and henday rate of lay respectively. The two strains of chicken were similar in body weight at first egg and feed per dozen eggs. Based on these results, the only apparent advantage of rearing the HBW and LBW pullet groups separately was in the efficiency of converting feed to eggs in srain I and in weight of first eggs, egg weight at 30 and 40 weeks instrain 2 Between thetwo strains of chicken, farmers may opt for srain I pullets because of its superior performance in egg number and egg weight traits. Keywords: Bodyweight groups, Egg production, Bird strains, Superiority
Cooperation in a competitive world: A framework of global strategic alliances

Global strategic alliances (GSAs)—interfirm cooperative arrangements spanning industries and countries—are superseding traditional multinational corporations, a consequence of increasingly advanced technology and complex markets and the need for greater flexibility and constant innovation. GSAs often join together traditional competitors that share strategic objectives, which provides an opportunity to gain access to another firm's knowledge. On the other hand, this also can involve transferring your firm's proprietary expertise and market access to competitors. Corporations can use different alliance forms to exploit specific sources of competitive advantages in pursuing global goals. A framework for selecting alliance strategies includes evaluating whether the GSA would help exploit national differences, scale economies, and scope economies. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
On the photocycloaddition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to benzo(b)thiophene

Abstract The products from the photocycloaddition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to substituted benzo(b)thiophenes are shown to depend on the irradiating wavelength.
Cholinergic modulation of pavlovian fear conditioning: effects of intrahippocampal scopolamine infusion.

Cholinergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the acquisition of a variety of tasks, including Pavlovian fear conditioning. To more precisely define the role of cholinergic modulation in this process, the effect of site-specific cholinergic antagonism was assessed. Male Long-Evans rats were implanted with chronic, bilateral cannulae aimed at the dorsal hippocampus. Infusions of scopolamine hydrobromide (50 mg bilaterally) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were made immediately prior to a signaled Pavlovian fear conditioning procedure. On consecutive days following training, all rats were given independent tests assessing freezing to both the training context and the tone conditional stimulus (CS). Relative to PBS infused controls, rats that received intrahippocampal infusions of scopolamine showed a significant attenuation of contextual freezing but comparable levels of freezing to the tone CS. Neither shock sensitivity nor general activity levels differed between rats infused with scopolamine or PBS. These findings suggest that fear conditioning to context, but not discrete CS, requires intact cholinergic neurotransmis- sion in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2001;11:371-376.
Vladimir's Choice and the Distribution of Social Resources: A Group Dominance Perspective

`Vladimir's choice' refers to the tendency for people to favor the ingroup relative to the outgroup—even when doing so requires that people sacrifice ingroup profits in absolute terms. We investigated correlates of this tendency by asking a sample of White undergraduates to complete an allocation task using a resource allocation matrix. While there was a slight tendency for Vladimir's choice to increase with increasing levels of ethnic identification, this tendency disappeared when other factors were considered. Consistent with realistic group conflict theory and social dominance theory, the tendency to make Vladimir's choice increased with increasing levels of perceived intergroup competition and social dominance orientation.
Why first-year college students select online research resources as their favorite

This paper reports results of a preliminary study on why first-year college students select certain online research resources as their favorite. Results, based on a survey of over 500 U.S. college students in first-year writing classes, offer a more complex picture of student motivation than popular accounts of these students as disinterested, lazy, and ignorant. Students reported most frequently that they favored resources for reasons of ease, quality, and connectivity. They reported least frequently that they favored resources for reasons of relevance, variety, and speed. These results suggest that students value finding scholarly sources above relevant sources.
A Photograph of a Meteor Trail Made with the Crossley Reflector

A description is given of the trail of a bright meteor appearing on a recent Crossley Reflector plate, and an attempted method of detecting the effect of the angular diameter of the meteor is outlined. A photographic light curve of the meteor was obtained and is shown in an accompanying diagram (Figure 2).
Linear and Angular Head Acceleration Measurement Collection in Pediatric Football

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) from participation in sports and recreation activities have received increased public awareness, with many states and the federal government considering or implementing laws directing the response to suspected brain injury [1]. MTBIs may result from an impact or acceleration/deceleration of the head and leading to a brief alteration of mental status. Compared with adults, younger persons are at an increased risk for mTBIs with increased severity and prolonged recovery [2]. Football is one of the leading activities that individuals under the age of 19 will experience a mTBI during [3]. Therefore, football players are ideal candidates for monitoring head impact biomechanics and relating measurements to physiological alterations [4]. Little work has been performed investigating mTBIs in the youth population, thus little is known about the biomechanics involved with such injuries. The goal of this study is to characterize the head impact response in a youth population by instrumenting players on a youth football team.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Do immunoglobulins have proteolytic activity

As more and more proteins are sequenced, the search for sequential and structural interrelationships among them is becoming a major activity, even though it is still in its infancy compared with investigations dealing with ancestral relationships1,2. For our study of homologous regions found among ancestrally unrelated proteins we have modified McLachlan's double matching method3 and used it to find the statistically significant homologies. The method, the details of which are being published elsewhere4, enables a computer to perform a sliding match between two proteins, either when both proteins are aligned from N-terminal to C-terminal, which we call ‘normal matching’, or when one is aligned from N-terminal to C-terminal while the other is aligned from C-terminal to N-terminal, which we call ‘reverse matching’. At each step during this sliding match, some amino acids will be found to be identical between the two proteins being matched and some others will be different. Based on similarities found among ancestrally related proteins the probability of each amino acid being substituted by another is calculated—the M score of similarity3—and printed. The scores reach from 0, a non-match, all the way to 8 and 9 both of which stand for exact matches, 9 being assigned to phenylalanine, cysteine, tyro-sine and tryptophan. For ease of detection, the printout has a stop (˙) for a score of 8 and a prime (′) for a score of 9 (ref. 4). The same molecule can also be matched against itself to reveal the presence of repeating subsequences and symmetry patterns5.
Novel grating-based optical waveguide device for sensor applications

Grating-based optical waveguide devices offer label-free biodetection capabilities relying on optical response to adsorption of analytes and corresponding changes of refractive index. Various configurations of this measurement approach were explored with the goal of obtaining a miniaturized system. In particular, we evaluated the use of a two-dimensional grating coupler both experimentally and theoretically. Design criteria for optimized sensing structures are presented.
Microscopic versus macroscopic descriptions of the (p, n) charge-exchange reaction

We discuss macroscopic form factors generated using the Lane equations, and microscopic form factors generated using a complex effective nucleon-nucleon interaction, in terms of their similarities, differences, and relative successes in describing experimental data for90Zr(p, n)90NbA and91Zr(p, n)91NbA from 22 to 40 MeV. Our conclusions are that the (p, n) cross sections are insensitive to the precise nature of the form factor, so long as it is complex and has an imaginary part which is surface peaked. Such a form factor results from all of the prescriptions we discuss.
2-acetylpyridine 5-[(dimethylamino)thiocarbonyl]-thiocarbonohydrazone (1110U81) potently inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication and potentiates the antiviral effects of ganciclovir

We studied the effects of 2-acetylpyridine 5-[(dimethylamino)thiocarbonyl]-thiocarbonohydrazone (1110U81 or A1110U), a potent inhibitor of the ribonucleotide reductases encoded by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and by varicella-zoster virus, against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication in infected MRC-5 cells. We show that 1110U81 is a potent inhibitor of HCMV DNA replication (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 3.6 microM; IC90, 5.6 microM) and also potentiates the effects of ganciclovir (GCV) against HCMV. The IC90 of GCV is reduced from 65 microM when GCV alone is given to 2.8 microM when GCV is combined with 1110U81 at a molar ratio of 1:1.
Theory of Transient Permeation Through Reactive Barrier Films I. Steady State Theory for Homogeneous Passive and Reactive Media

Polymeric barrier materials play an increasingly significant role in modern package engineering. Multilayer and composite structures are designed for rigid and flexible packaging to reduce permeation of undesirable species into and out of food, beverage, pharmaceutical, microelectronic products, and also for automotive applications. Utilizing chemical reaction to bind permeating oxygen, lower its transmission rate through packaging films and reduce oxygen amount present in a package is seemed as an attractive alternative to passive barrier solutions for extending shelf life of oxygen-sensitive products. A novel theory of transient permeation through homogeneous and multilayer reactive polymeric structures is developed in the article. Part I includes analytical solutions for the steady state model of permeation through a reactive film with immobile catalytic scavenger dispersed within the layer. The condition for zero effective transmission rate through homogeneous reactive layer is derived. Part II will i...
Compounds with M3Se3 (M = Li, Zn) Rings: Synthesis and Characterization of [Zn(CH2SiMe3)Se-2,4,6-t-Bu3C6H2]3·0.5C6H14 and [Li(THF)Se-2,4,6-t-Bu3C6H2]3·PhMe

The synthesis and structural characterization of two six-membered ring species containing selenium are described. Thecompound [Zn(CH 2 SiMe 3 )SeMes * ] 3 .0.5 C 6 H 14 (Mes * =2,4,6-t-Bu 3 C 6 H 2 ), (1) was synthesized by the reaction Zn(CH 2 SiMe 3 ) 2 with 1 equiv of HSeMes * in hexane whereas [Li(THF)SeMes * ] 3 .PhMe (2) was obtained by the lithiation of HSeMes * with n-BuLi in the presence of 1 equiv of THF. Each molecule has an M 3 Se 3 core (M=Li, Zn) structure
Dietary Correction of Hypercholesterolemia in the Rabbit Normalizes Endothelial Superoxide Anion Production

Background We have shown that hypercholesterolemia increases vascular superoxide anion (O2−) production, which could be responsible for augmented inactivation of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor. We sought to determine whether this increased vascular O2− production is due to infiltration of macrophages into the intima and whether dietary treatment of hypercholesterolemia normalizes O2− production. Methods and Results A specific and sensitive assay for O2− based on chemiluminescence of lucigenin was used; the amount of O2− produced by vascular ring segments was quantified based on known quantities of O2− produced by xanthine–xanthine oxidase standards. O2− production of aortic segments from normal rabbits (n=9), cholesterol-fed rabbits (1% cholesterol diet for 1 month, n=7), and rabbits fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 1 month followed by a normal diet for 1 month (regression rabbits, n=5) was measured. At the end of these diets, serum cholesterol levels were 1.5±0.2, 26.0±3.9, and 1.8±0.5 mmol/L ...
Functional Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Assay to Characterize Dopamine D2 and D3 Autoreceptors in the Mouse Striatum

Dopamine D2 and D3 autoreceptors are located on pre-synaptic terminals and are known to control the release and synthesis of dopamine. Dopamine D3 receptors have a fairly restricted pattern of expression in the mammalian brain. Their localization in the nucleus accumbens core and shell is of particular interest because of their association with the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse. Using background subtracted fast scan cyclic voltammetry, we investigated the effects of dopamine D2 and D3 agonists on electrically stimulated dopamine release and uptake rates in the mouse caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens core and shell. The dopamine D2 agonists (-)-quinpirole hydrochloride and 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-6-(2-propen-1-yl)-4H-thiazolo[4,5-d]azepin-2-amine dihydrochloride (B-HT 920) had the same dopamine release inhibition effects on caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens (core and shell) based on their EC(50) and efficacies. This suggests that the dopamine D2 autoreceptor functionality is comparable in all three striatal regions investigated. The dopamine D3 agonists (4aR,10bR)-3,4a,4,10b-Tetrahydro-4-propyl-2H,5H-[1]benzopyrano-[4,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-9-ol hydrochloride ((+)-PD 128907) and (+/-)-7-Hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide (7-OH-DPAT) had a significantly greater effect on dopamine release inhibition in the nucleus accumbens shell than in caudate-putamen. This study confirms that, the dopamine D3 autoreceptor functionality is greater in the nucleus accumbens shell followed by the nucleus accumbens core, with the caudate-putamen having the least. Neither dopamine D2 nor D3 agonists affected the uptake rates in nucleus accumbens but concentrations greater than 0.3 muM lowered the uptake rate in caudate-putamen. To validate our method of evaluating dopamine D2 and D3 autoreceptors, sulpiride (D2 antagonist) and nafadotride (D3 antagonist) were used to reverse the effects of the dopamine agonists to approximately 100% of the pre-agonist dopamine release concentration. Finally, these results demonstrate a functional voltammetric assay that characterizes dopamine D2-like agonist as either D2- or D3-preferring agonists by taking advantage of the unique receptor density within the striatum.
Novel Weapons: Invasive Success and the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability

When introduced to new habitats by humans, some plant species become much more dominant. This is primarily attributed to escape from specialist consumers. Release from these specialist enemies is also thought by some to lead to the evolution of increased competitive ability, driven by a decrease in the plant's resource allocation to consumer defense and an increase in allocation to size or fecundity. Here, we discuss a new theory for invasive success – the “novel weapons hypothesis”. We propose that some invaders transform because they possess novel biochemical weapons that function as unusually powerful allelopathic agents, or as mediators of new plant–soil microbial interactions. Root exudates that are relatively ineffective against their natural neighbors because of adaptation, may be highly inhibitory to newly encountered plants in invaded communities. In other words, the novel weapons of some plant invaders provide them with an advantage that may arise from differences in the regional coevolutionary ...
Prescription drug advertising trends: a study of oral hypoglycemics.

Abstract A content analysis of oral hypoglycemic drug advertisemets was performed in selected medical journals published in the United States from 1963 to 1986. The 665 advertisements subsequently examined were studied for certain predetermined parameters in order to indicate trends. The trend results may be summarized as follows. As an extension of prescription drug advertising trends in general, oral hypoglycemic drug advertising showed an increasing length along with a subsequent decrease in the amount of space devoted to the copy portion of the advertisement. They also showed a decrease in the use of statistical information and rarely made references to competitors. Nongender specific, colored advertisements with product and use related appeals have become more common with the passage of time. Although the rationale and purpose behind advertising is unchanged, the format has changed considerably. These changes are primarily due to the enhancement of print technology and to some extent, the changing social environment.
Potential anti-infective agents I. Quinoline, phenolic, and β-aminoketone derivatives

Mannich bases were prepared from quinolinols, isoquinolinols, phenols, biphenols, and ketones in order to have their antimicrobial properties evaluated.
Simulation Studies of Reconstruction Algorithms for the Determination of Optimum Operating Parameters and Resolution of Graded Screen Array Systems (Nonconventional Diffusion Batteries)

Graded screen array (GSA) systems (nonconventional wire screen diffusion batteries) are increasingly finding application in the measurement of radioactive ultrafine cluster aerosols (0.5–5 nm in diameter), where conventional diffusion batteries are of limited utility. The GSA systems typically consist of varying mesh number, single/multiple wire screen stages operated either in series or in parallel, with the choice of a wide range of wire screen parameters and sampling flow rates. Numerical simulations studies of the expectation-maximization and Twomey size distribution reconstruction algorithms have yielded concepts that permit the optimization of GSA operating parameters, together with the determination of the potential size resolution of experimental GSA systems, the effects of random errors in the data, and algorithm stopping criteria. In general, a choice of wire screen operating parameters that result in the uniform fractioning of the sampled distribution among the various GSA stages and the infere...
Neuropathology of Late Onset Gangliosidoses

Neuropathological features of late onset gangliosidoses are reviewed. Although neuropathological studies are carried out on limited numbers of late onset cases, it appears that electron-dense heteroge
Novel agents in mantle cell lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma is a mature B cell neoplasm constituting 5–7% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Overall prognosis with current therapeutics remains poor, thus numerous novel agents are currently under investigation. In this review we focus on early phase trials that have demonstrated promise in mantle cell. Constitutive activation of signaling components downstream of the B cell receptor play an important role in the pathobiology of mantle cell lymphoma. Targeting of this signaling pathway has become a focus with specific agents under development including inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Promising data also supports further development of BH-3 mimetics, a crucial component of anti-apoptotic signaling. Histone deacetylase inhibitors have an established role in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and are now under investigation in mantle cell lymphoma as well. With further understanding of cellular signaling, the armamentarium of treatment options will be enhanced, with the hope of improving the prognosis of this disease.
Alpha monitor with solid-state detector

Abstract The developed alpha monitoring instrument uses a diffused junction silicon charged-particle detector which has a sensitive area of 2 cm2. The detector, covered with a 0.9 mg/cm2 protective aluminized Mylar light shield, produces 87 c/m for a 520 d/m Pu239 alpha source deposited over a one cm diameter area. With the detector in an 8 r/h Ra gamma field, the externally-adjusted instrument produces approximately 70 c/m from the same source. The background count rate is less than one c/m for both cases. The prototype, which weighs 12 ounces, has a battery life of 30 to 40 hours, and it can employ two basic circuits for either diffused-junction or surfacebarrier diode detector use.
Physiological basis for differential tolerance of tomato and pepper to rimsulfuron and halosulfuron: site of action study

Abstract Tomato and pepper differ in their whole-plant tolerance to sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides rimsulfuron and halosulfuron despite both being members of the Solanaceae family. This study examined whether tomato's tolerance to SU herbicides rimsulfuron and halosulfuron was due to insensitivity of the target enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS). Rimsulfuron and halosulfuron inhibited ALS from both tomato and pepper leaves. Enzyme inhibition and kinetic analyses showed that extractable ALS from tomato was more sensitive to rimsulfuron and halosulfuron than ALS from pepper. ALS from both species were inhibited with a mixed inhibition pattern. Thus, results indicate that enzyme insensitivity is not the reason why tomato is more tolerant than pepper to these herbicides. Tomato tolerance to rimsulfuron at the whole-plant level was reduced in the presence of terbufos, a known inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Rimsulfuron applied at 0.018 and 0.035 kg ha−1 with 1.1 kg ha−1 of terbufos reduced tomato shoot wei...
Enzyme activities during litter decomposition of two exotic and two native plant species in hardwood forests of New Jersey

Invasions by exotic plant species can alter ecosystem properties, including important soil functions and characteristics. As a result, decomposition of litter from the exotic, as well as native plants, can also be altered, leading to more profound changes in ecosystem functioning. We present here a study of eight enzyme activities during the decomposition of litter from four plant species, two of which are successful exotic invaders in Northeastern USA deciduous forests. The four studied species are: Japanese barberry (exotic), Japanese stilt grass (exotic), chestnut oak (native) and black birch (native). We measured enzyme activities in the decomposing litter at two locations (exotics infested and native vegetation) in two parks in Northeastern New Jersey. In the first 2 years of decomposition, patterns of enzyme activites changed significantly among the four types of litter, however, they were not affected by the location (exotic/native) where decomposition was taking place. Our results clearly show that litter chemistry and site characteristics are strong determinants of enzyme activity in decomposing litter. The microbial community in the litter quickly adapted to the differences in litter chemistry, as patterns of enzyme activity in decomposing litter from the two exotic species were virtually indistinguishable between exotic and native locations.
The Mammalian Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 Protein Complex: Integration of Functions in the Cellular DNA–Damage Response

DNA-repair functions can be generally divided according to the type of DNA damage that is repaired by a given pathway and by the mechanistic scheme by which that repair is effected. The requirement for some form of DNA recombination distinguishes the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) from nucleotide-excision repair (NER), DNA-mismatch repair, or base-excision repair. Because DSBs are repaired by DNA recombination, these lesions are extraordinarily potent inducers of genetic alteration. Given this property, it is not surprising that the formation of DSBs is critical to the initiation of programmed DNA recombination events such as immunoglobulin-gene recombination (see Maizels 1999 [in this issue]), mating-type switching, and meiotic exchange; these events occur in cell lineages that diversify their coding potential during normal differentiation.
Evaporation of single aerosol binary oil droplets

Abstract Diffusion controlled evaporation rates of super micrometer binary oil droplets are measured by suspending charged oil droplets in a stabilizing electric field. Successive droplet masses are determined from the time-dependent gravity balancing direct current voltage and droplet diameters are measured using a 35-mm objective in conjunction with an image splitter. The evaporation of solution oil droplets, composed of varying concentrations of dioctyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate, is monitored at temperatures of 23 and 41°C. The evaporation kinetics of the binary oil droplets is modeled according to classical diffusion theory and under the assumption that the oil solution is thermodynamically ideal. Comparison of theory and experiment shows excellent agreement, demonstrating the dioctyl-dibutyl phthalate solution is thermodynamically ideal.
Applying ergonomics to systems: some documented "lessons learned".

Abstract Based on evidence accumulated during the author's 45 years of professional experience, the author presents 23 important “lessons learned” regarding applying ergonomics to systems. Documented results from reported cases or other evidence are presented to validate each of these practical learning points.
Ossification of the Atlas‐Axis Complex in the Dog*

Skeleton preparations of 200 Beagles of known age, ranging from embryos at 28 days of age to 10 year old adults were studied. Preparations of gross specimens were examined with the aid of Alizarin red staining, binocular dissection and histological sections. Ossification centers for the components of the atlas and axis were identified and followed to their fusion. The developmental ossification sequence for these bones is described and compared with that of other similar studies in other species.
Linear and nonlinear stability of melt flows in induction channels

A linear and nonlinear stability analysis is presented of melt flows in induction channels, which are induced by traveling electromagnetic waves. The problem formulation within the framework of magnetodynamics for flow stability studies is discussed. The linear analysis entails the numerical solution of the Orr-Summerfield equation, which is solved by using the high order finite difference technique and combined with the QR method for eigenvalue solutions. The eigenvalue spectrum, the linear stability characteristics and time average Reynolds stresses are obtained from the linear stability analysis. Based on the linear analysis, the nonlinear stability is studied by direct numerical solution of the magnetohydrodynamic equations using the high order finite difference method. Starting from the linear critical Reynolds number, the weakly nonlinear analysis is performed to determine the nonlinear bifurcation phenomena associated with the induction channel flows. Results show that the flow exhibits the typical Hopf bifurcation behavior and the subcritical instability occurs with high perturbation amplitudes.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Behavioral synthesis techniques for intellectual property protection

The economic viability of the reusable core-based design paradigm depends on the development of techniques for intellectual property protection. We introduce the first dynamic watermarking technique for protecting the value of intellectual property of CAD and compilation tools and reusable core components. The essence of the new approach is the addition of a set of design and timing constraints which encodes the author's signature. The constraints are selected in such a way that they result in minimal hardware overhead while embedding the signature which is unique and difficult to detect, remove and forge. We establish the first set of relevant metrics which forms the basis for the quantitative analysis, evaluation, and comparison of watermarking techniques. We develop a generic approach for signature data hiding in designs, which is applicable in conjunction with an arbitrary behavioral synthesis task, such as scheduling assignment, allocation, and transformations. Error correcting codes are used to augment the protection of the signature data from tampering attempts. On a large set of design examples, studies indicate the effectiveness of the new approach in a sense that the signature data, which are highly resilient, difficult to detect and remove, and yet easy to verify, can be embedded in designs with very low hardware overhead.
The Neural Basis of Visual Word Form Processing: A Multivariate Investigation

Current research on the neurobiological bases of reading points to the privileged role of a ventral cortical network in visual word processing. However, the properties of this network and, in particular, its selectivity for orthographic stimuli such as words and pseudowords remain topics of significant debate. Here, we approached this issue from a novel perspective by applying pattern-based analyses to functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Specifically, we examined whether, where and how, orthographic stimuli elicit distinct patterns of activation in the human cortex. First, at the category level, multivariate mapping found extensive sensitivity throughout the ventral cortex for words relative to false-font strings. Secondly, at the identity level, the multi-voxel pattern classification provided direct evidence that different pseudowords are encoded by distinct neural patterns. Thirdly, a comparison of pseudoword and face identification revealed that both stimulus types exploit common neural resources within the ventral cortical network. These results provide novel evidence regarding the involvement of the left ventral cortex in orthographic stimulus processing and shed light on its selectivity and discriminability profile. In particular, our findings support the existence of sublexical orthographic representations within the left ventral cortex while arguing for the continuity of reading with other visual recognition skills.
Working-Class Jobs: Housework and Paid Work as Sources of Satisfaction

Although it is widely believed that housework is a preferred and generally satisfying occupation for most working-class women, in fact it can be shown that fulltime housewives are more dissatisfied and feel themselves to be worse off than women with jobs. Housework may not be felt to be menial or degrading, but it also does not lead to a sense of competence, social connectedness, or self-determination equal to that produced by paid employment. Financial need is an important reason why working-class women seek jobs, but it should not be seen as either excluding or trivializing the basic social and psychological needs which for many are not met in housework as a fulltime occupation.
Neural networks in radiology: An introduction and evaluation in a signal detection task

Neural networks are a computer architecture, implementable in software or hardware, that allow an entirely new approach to the computerized perception of data. These so-called connectionist models are inspired by what is known about the architecture of biological neurons, in which the "intelligence" or processing capability of the network is a result of the interconnection strengths between large arrays of nonlinear processing nodes. Neural networks are described and then are used to analyze the common radiological problem of pattern recognition on a noisy background. Classical signal detection theory is used to compare network performance against that of human observers, using computer-generated sets of very simple "nodules." The neural network performed with better accuracy, relative to human observer performance, in the detection of this elementary test object. Although these results may not scale up with more complex images, the favorable performance of neural networks at this level suggests that further investigation is warranted.
Necrotic Neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Necrosis plays a central role in neuronal injury associated with stroke and ischemia. Unlike apoptotic cell death, little is understood of molecular mechanisms of necrosis. The two distinct forms of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis, are easily distinguishable by morphological characteristics in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. At the level of light microscopy, necrotic cells appear as swollen vacuoles several times larger than normal cells; apoptotic cells become compacted and raised. Under the electron microscope the first visible step in necroticlike death is the involution of the plasma membrane, followed by the appearance of membrane whorls [1]. Later, the electron density of the cytoplasm is reduced, the cell swells and cytoplasmic vacuoles arise. The chromatin forms aggregates and becomes fragmented. Organelles swell and finally lyse. The dead cell is removed by phagocytosis [2]. The key characterized initiators and regulators of apoptotic cell death do not influence the initiation or progression of necrotic cell death [2]. A variety of different insults can initiate necrotic-like neurodegeneration in C. elegans and lead to similar morphological changes in the affected cells. Necrosis-inducing genes include dominant alleles of the mec-4 and deg-1 degenerins which encode ion-channel subunits with similarity to mammalian epithelial Na + -ion channels (ENaC) [3, 4, 5], a dominant allele of the deg-3 acetylcholine receptor α-subunit [6], and a transgenically expressed constitutively activated mutant of the G-protein subunit GαS [7]. That channel hyperactivating mutations induce necrosis is reminiscent of the initiation of excitotoxic cell death in humans. In our lab we study necrotic neurodegeneration with a focus on channel-hyperactivating mutations in the mec-4 gene as the death-initiating event. The MEC-4 protein is expressed in the six touch neurons in C. elegans, where it participates in the formation of mechanically gated ion channels and is involved in the signal transduction of mechanical stimuli. The dominant mec-4(d) allele encodes a hyperactive channel that leads to necrotic demise of the touch receptor neurons. We established a behavioral assay that allowed us to isolate suppressor mutations that block mec-4(d)-induced neurodegeneration. Ectopic expression of mec-4(d) in the ventral nerve cord leads to the appearance of a number of swelling and degenerating cells visible as vacuoles during the larval stage L1. As a consequence of this cell death, worms are severely paralyzed. We mutagenized 45.000 haploid genomes and isolated 24 worms with reconstituted locomotion. Such strains harbor candidate suppressors of mec-4(d)-induced neurodegeneration. Ten of the suppressors proved to be alleles of mec-6, which is a known suppressor of ectopically expressed mec-4(d). The other loci define several previously unknown genes involved in mec-4(d)-induced cell death.
Eta Carinae across the 2003.5 Minimum: The Character and Variability of the Ejecta Absorption in the Near-Ultraviolet

We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST ) Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) high-resolution near- ultraviolet (NUV) spectra ofCar's central source recorded before, during and after the 2003.5 spectroscopic minimum. Our focus is on the narrow absorption lines formed in multiple circumstellar shells, superimposed on the broad P Cygni stellar wind features, and how they respond to the flux variations ofCar across the minimum. Over 30 separate narrow-line velocity components are identified: three around � 146 km s � 1 , many between � 323 and � 587kms � 1 ,andafewexceeding � 1000kms � 1 .Ingeneral,excitationdecreaseswithincreasingvelocityindicating that the primary excitation is by UV stellar photons and that the slower shells are located closer to the central source. Twowell-isolatedvelocitysystemsat � 146and � 513kms � 1 displayverydifferentspectralcharacteristicsregarding ionization/excitation and respond differently toCar's spectroscopic minimum. The � 146 km s � 1 shell, associated with the (internal) Little Homunculus, is ionized across the broad spectroscopic maximum but relaxes during the few months long minimum. The � 146 km s � 1 component is joined by adjacent velocity components in lines of singly ionized iron-group elements. Ti ii and V ii absorptions appear during the minimum, most likely caused by a decrease in Lyman-ionizing flux. The � 513 km s � 1 component, part of the (outer) Homunculus, does not show significant changes in atomic absorptions, but intermediate-velocity components between � 369 and � 503 km s � 1 vary during the minimum. We present the NUV spectrum and describe its general characteristics, but we focus on identifications of thenebularabsorptionlinesandtheirvariationsacrossthe2003.5minimum.Thecompletespectrumbetween2380 and 3160 8 with line identifications is available in the electronic edition of this paper.
Response evaluation criteria for solid tumours in dogs (v1.0): a Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) consensus document

In veterinary medical oncology, there is currently no standardized protocol for assessing response to therapy in solid tumours. The lack of such a formalized guideline makes it challenging to critically compare outcome measures across various treatment protocols. The Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) membership consensus document presented here is based on the recommendations of a subcommittee of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) board-certified veterinary oncologists. This consensus paper has used the human response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST v1.1) as a framework to establish standard procedures for response assessment in canine solid tumours that is meant to be easy to use, repeatable and applicable across a variety of clinical trial structures in veterinary oncology. It is hoped that this new canine RECIST (cRECIST v1.0) will be adopted within the veterinary oncology community and thereby facilitate the comparison of current and future treatment protocols used for companion animals with cancer.
Dose responses for chromosome aberrations produced in noncycling primary human fibroblasts by alpha particles, and by gamma rays delivered at sublimiting low dose rates

Abstract Cornforth, M. N., Bailey, S. M. and Goodwin, E. H. Dose Responses for Chromosome Aberrations Produced in Noncycling Primary Human Fibroblasts by Alpha Particles, and by Gamma Rays Delivered at Sublimiting Low Dose Rates. Radiat. Res. 158, 43–53 (2002). As the total dose of X or γ rays is delivered at lower and lower rates, the yield of chromosome aberrations progressively diminishes. Simultaneously, the shape of the dose response changes from one exhibiting pronounced upward curvature at high dose rates to one approaching linearity at low dose rates. Although the maximum sparing effect caused by lowering the dose rate can be predicted from classical cytogenetic theory, it has yet to be verified experimentally. Here, noncycling normal human fibroblasts were exposed to graded doses of 137Cs γ rays at chronic dose rates of 6.3 and 2.8 cGy h−1, dose rates that we reasoned should be lower than those required to achieve maximal sparing. This was indeed shown to be the case, after it was determined that...
Optical Airy bullets and beams

We provide an overview of recent developments in the area of optical Airy beams and spatiotemporal bullets. The use of such beams in filamentation studies is discussed.
Large-Scale Coding Sequence Change Underlies the Evolution of Postdevelopmental Novelty in Honey Bees

Whether coding or regulatory sequence change is more important to the evolution of phenotypic novelty is one of biology’s major unresolved questions. The field of evo–devo has shown that in early development changes to regulatory regions are the dominant mode of genetic change, but whether this extends to the evolution of novel phenotypes in the adult organism is unclear. Here, we conduct ten RNA-Seq experiments across both novel and conserved tissues in the honey bee to determine to what extent postdevelopmental novelty is based on changes to the coding regions of genes. We make several discoveries. First, we show that with respect to novel physiological functions in the adult animal, positively selected tissue-specific genes of high expression underlie novelty by conferring specialized cellular functions. Such genes are often, but not always taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs). We further show that positively selected genes, whether TRGs or conserved genes, are the least connected genes within gene expression networks. Overall, this work suggests that the evo–devo paradigm is limited, and that the evolution of novelty, postdevelopment, follows additional rules. Specifically, evo–devo stresses that high network connectedness (repeated use of the same gene in many contexts) constrains coding sequence change as it would lead to negative pleiotropic effects. Here, we show that in the adult animal, the converse is true: Genes with low network connectedness (TRGs and tissue-specific conserved genes) underlie novel phenotypes by rapidly changing coding sequence to perform new-specialized functions.
Evidence for Sequence Scrambling and Divergent H/D Exchange Reactions of Doubly-Charged Isobaric b-Type Fragment Ions

To date, only a limited number of reports are available on structural variants of multiply-charged b-fragment ions. We report on observed bimodal gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) reaction kinetics and patterns for substance P b102+ that point to presence of isomeric structures. We also compare HDX reactions, post-ion mobility/collision-induced dissociation (post-IM/CID), and sustained off-resonance irradiation-collision induced dissociation (SORI-CID) of substance P b102+ and a cyclic peptide with an identical amino acid (AA) sequence order to substance P b10. The observed HDX patterns and reaction kinetics and SORI-CID pattern for the doubly charged head-to-tail cyclized peptide were different from either of the presumed isomers of substance P b102+, suggesting that b102+ may not exist exclusively as a head-to-tail cyclized structure. Ultra-high mass measurement accuracy was used to assign identities of the observed SORI-CID fragment ions of substance P b102+; over 30 % of the observed SORI-CID fragment ions from substance P b102+ had rearranged (scrambled) AA sequences. Moreover, post-IM/CID experiments revealed the presence of two conformer types for substance P b102+, whereas only one conformer type was observed for the head-to-tail cyclized peptide. We also show that AA sequence scrambling from CID of doubly-charged b-fragment ions is not unique to substance P b102+.
Asymmetric Information and Legislative Rules: Some Amendments

We reexamine the major tenets of the informational theory of legislative rules, focusing on the informational efficiency of rules with varying degrees of restrictiveness. When committees are heterogeneous, full efficiency is attainable under the unrestrictive open rule as well as the somewhat restrictive modified rule. In contrast, the restrictive closed rule always leads to inefficiencies. When committees are homogeneous, the situation is different. All equilibria are inefficient regardless of legislative rules, but the closed rule leads to greater informational efficiency than does the open rule. Furthermore, the efficiency gains under the closed rule more than offset distributional losses regardless of the degree of preference divergence. We also examine the incentives provided by the different rules for information acquisition and committee specialization.