cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Characterization of Pore Networks in Shale Reservoir Rocks

Summary The ever-growing demand for energy, relatively high price of hydrocarbons, and recent advances in production technologies have brought tight hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs into attention as a potential source of energy. However, the displacement physics at nano and micro scales and their impact on fluid flow in these rocks is poorly understood. The unconventional rocks, such as shale rocks, are highly heterogeneous, fine-grained, and their representative elementary volume is uncertain. In order to identify flow pathways in the pore network of these rocks, it is essential to characterize nanopores and their connectivity. This can be achieved using high-resolution 3D imaging technique provided by Focused Ion Beam milling and Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM). In this technique, a sequence of 2D cross sectional images, spaced evenly through a region of bulk specimen, is acquired. The stack of 2D images is then re-constructed into a 3D digital gray-scale representation of the sample volume. In this study, a reservoir rock sample from a major shale oil reservoir is selected for high-resolution imaging and statistical analysis. Rock specimens, 1 to 2 cm in dimensions, are cut from different locations of the reservoir core from which a high-resolution 2D map and multiple 3D FIB-SEM images are obtained. The digital images are then visualized, segmented, and analyzed to obtain porosity, pore size distribution, pore aspect ratios, spatial distribution of organic/total porosity, and total organic content. We find that the majority of the pores are below 100 nm in radius for this rock. In addition, the total visible porosity and total organic content are in the range of 1 to 2% and 8 to 14 vol.%, respectively. Chemical composition and mineralogy of the samples are also evaluated by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Furthermore, 3D pore networks are extracted from the FIB-SEM images; pore connectivities are examined; and permeabilies are calculated by solving the Stokes equation numerically using the finite volume method. It is observed that the pore connectivity for these rocks is poor, resulting in low permeabilities ranging from 1 to 6 µD. Finally, the impact of calculated parameters on fluid flow in unconventional rocks is discussed.
A novel telecom power system

Typically, telecom power systems are connected to grid and diesel generator. This paper represents a new telecom power system using local micro-sources (fuel cell and micro-turbine). Some benefits of this system are effectively eliminating batteries, diesel generator and automatic transfer switch. In this paper, a new multiple input buck-boost converter is utilized as an interface between the micro-sources and the DC bus. Peak current mode control is used to control the current of fuel cell while voltage mode control is used to regulate the output voltage. A model for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and Micro-Turbine (MT) along with their subcomponents and internal controls are presented. Furthermore, the parallel operation of FC and MT using the proposed multiple input DC/DC converter is investigated. In addition, the dynamic response of the system to the dynamic behavior of the load is analyzed.
A quantitative usability assessment method for inclusion in software engineering courses

Usability is recognized as a critically important quality of software, as evidenced by its inclusion in SE 2004: Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Software Engineering. However, many techniques for designing useful, usable and desirable software depend on knowledge and skills in the behavioral sciences, making them difficult for SE students to learn and for SE educators to teach with confidence. This tutorial will introduce SE educators to a quantitative usability assessment method that has had over 100 papers validating its predictions in the Human-Computer Interaction literature and a tool embodying that method suitable for inclusion in SE courses.
Accurate Detection and Spatial Delineation of Thin-Sand Sedimentary Sequences via Joint Stochastic Inversion of Well Logs and 3D Pre-Stack Seismic Amplitude Data

Summary We describe the successful application of a new prestack stochastic inversion algorithm to the spatial delineation of thin reservoir units otherwise poorly defined with deterministic inversion procedures. The inversion algorithm effectively combines the high vertical resolution of wireline logs with the relatively dense horizontal coverage of 3D prestack seismic amplitude data. Multiple partialangle stacks of seismic amplitude data provide the degrees of freedom necessary to estimate spatial distributions of lithotype and compressional-wave (P-wave) and shear-wave (S-wave) velocities in a high-resolution stratigraphic/sedimentary grid. In turn, the estimated volumes of P- and S-wave velocity permit the statistical cosimulation of lithotype-dependent spatial distributions of porosity and permeability. The new stochastic inversion algorithm maximizes a Bayesian selection criterion to populate values of lithotype and P- and Swave velocities in the 3D simulation grid between wells. Property values are accepted by the Bayesian selection criterion only when they increase the statistical correlation between the simulated and recorded seismic amplitudes of all partial-angle stacks. Furthermore, inversion results are conditioned by the predefined measures of spatial correlation (variograms) of the unknown properties, their statistical cross correlation, and the assumed global lithotype proportions. Using field data acquired in a fluvial-deltaic sedimentary-rock sequence, we show that deterministic prestack seismic-inversion techniques fail to delineate thin reservoir units (10–15 m) penetrated by wells because of insufficient vertical resolution and low contrast of elastic properties. By comparison, the new stochastic inversion yields spatial distributions of lithotype and elastic properties with a vertical resolution between 10–15 m that accurately describe spatial trends of clinoform sedimentary sequences and their associated reservoir units. Blind-well tests and cross validation of inversion results confirm the reliability of the estimated distributions of lithotype and P- and S-wave velocities. Inversion results provide new insight to the spatial and petrophysical character of existing flow units and enable the efficient planning of primary and secondary hydrocarbon recovery operations.
Distribution and pharmacokinetics of double-radiolabeled endotoxin in the rat brain and peripheral organs

The endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), of Salmonella typhimurium was biosynthetically labeled with 3H and 14C incorporated into the fatty acyl chains and glucosamine residues, respectively. The radio-labeled LPS was isolated from the bacteria and then injected into Sprague-Dawley rats. The distribution of 14C and 3H-LPS in plasma and other organs was determined following intraperitoneal (IP) doses of 14C and 3H-LPS (200 μg/kg). Plasma concentrations of both fatty acyl chains and glucosamine residues were biphasic, with a relatively rapid decay followed by a slow decline for 48 h. Similar biphasic results were found in the peripheral organs (kidney and heart) and brain barrier tissues (meninges and choroid plexus). In other brain tissues (brain stem, caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, frontal cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus), the glucosamine residue was biphasic, whereas the fatty acyl chains showed accumulation. Highest concentrations of LPS were found in the plasma, spleen and the liver. In addition, in...
Experimental Studies Of Self-focusing Of Femtosecond Pulses

The effects of material dispersion on a femtosecond pulse undergoing self-focusing have been shown to drastically modify the temporal envelope of the pulse.1-4 In a material with an index of refraction that increases with intensity (n = no + n2I, where n2 > 0), a steady-state analysis predicts that a laser beam will self-focus if the power P in the beam is greater than the critical power Pcr = π(0.61λ)2/8non2. For sufficiently long interaction lengths and P > Pcr, a singularity results that corresponds to catastrophic self-focusing. For femtosecond pulses, numerical simulations of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) in the positive group-velocity dispersion (GVD) regime have shown that dispersion can suppress catastrophic self-focusing and can lead to temporal splitting of the pulse. The predicted pulse spectra from these simulations also support the hypothesis that supercontinuum generation (SCG) occurs at the pulse splitting threshold and is a result of the interplay between self-focusing, self-phase modulation, and GVD.
American Radio History

Wow. For anyone who did original historical research in the pre-digital era of microfilm and musty, bound hard copies, this single word of astonishment is likely to be the first reaction to the ple...
On a New Methodology of Computation for Structural Dynamics: Taylor-Galerkin Concept

The paper describes recent developments towards a new and effective methodology of computation based on Taylor-Galerkin formulations for Computational Structural Dynamics (CSD). The characteristic features and the associated solution methodology used are briefly highlighted. Recently proposed by Tamma and Namburu [1] for CSD, to sharpen the focus of the study emphasis on the applicability to the dynamics of plate models is demonstrated via an explicit velocity-based methodology of computation.
Ipsilesional Neglect in Right Hemispace with Right Hemisphere Strokes (P02.025)

Objective: To learn the interactions between the laterality of chronic strokes and the spatial laterality of stimuli presentation in the detection of a spatial bias. Background Despite the resolution of neglect in several weeks after a stroke, when patients are assessed with standard tests, such as line bisection, the initial presence of hemispatial neglect is a predictor of future disability. However, these tests for neglect are often performed directly in front of the patient. Since the right and left hemispheres differ in their processing of stimuli presented in left and right hemispace, it is possible that in the chronic condition, spatial attentional judgments are influenced by an interaction of stroke laterality and the spatial laterality of stimulus presentation. Design/Methods: We asked 76 subjects with chronic stroke (>6 months post onset), 38 with left (LHD), and 29 with right hemisphere stroke (RHD), as well as 9 neurologically healthy controls to bisect lines presented in subjects9 left and right hemispaces. 200 lines were presented on a touch-screen computer monitor in right or left hemispace and subjects responded with their functional hand by attempting to touch the middle of the lines. Results: There was a significant interaction between lesion side and side of presentation, F(2, 73) = 4.417, p = .015. Post-hoc comparisons demonstrated that patients with RHD performed differently than patients with LHD and controls. Specifically, in right space, patients with RHD deviated leftward in comparison to the other two groups. Conclusions: With recovery from neglect, patients with RHD may develop ipsilesional neglect. This study reveals that this ipsilesional neglect in patients with chronic lesions is more likely to be observed in ipsilesional versus contralesional space. The mechanism underlying this bias is not known and may be related to attempted compensation or the development of a contralateral attention/intentional grasp. Supported by: VA Medical Center Merit Review: Approach Avoidance Neglect, PI:KMH. Disclosure: Dr. Williamson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Haque has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burtis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heilman has received personal compensation for activities with law firms as a consultant.Dr. Heilman has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Journal Watch.
Role of heredity in experimental disseminated encephalomyelitis in mice.

ConclusionsAn examination of 4 lines of inbred mice for susceptibility to experimental acute disseminated encephalomyelitis revealed a resistant line, BRVR, and a susceptible line, BSVS. The simplest explanation of the data here presented is that the 2 appear to differ by two resistance-conferring genetic factors either of which is adequate to bring about resistance.
MO-AB-206-02: Testing Gamma Cameras Based On TG177 WG Report

This education session will cover the physics and operation principles of gamma cameras and PET scanners. The first talk will focus on PET imaging. An overview of the principles of PET imaging will be provided, including positron decay physics, and the transition from 2D to 3D imaging. More recent advances in hardware and software will be discussed, such as time-of-flight imaging, and improvements in reconstruction algorithms that provide for options such as depth-of-interaction corrections. Quantitative applications of PET will be discussed, as well as the requirements for doing accurate quantitation. Relevant performance tests will also be described. Learning Objectives: 1. Be able to describe basic physics principles of PET and operation of PET scanners. 2. Learn about recent advances in PET scanner hardware technology. 3. Be able to describe advances in reconstruction techniques and improvements 4. Be able to list relevant performance tests. The second talk will focus on gamma cameras. The Nuclear Medicine subcommittee has charged a task group (TG177) to develop a report on the current state of physics testing of gamma cameras, SPECT, and SPECT/CT systems. The report makes recommendations for performance tests to be done for routine quality assurance, annual physics testing, and acceptance tests, and identifies those needed satisfy the ACR accreditation program and The Joint Commission imaging standards. The report is also intended to be used as a manual with detailed instructions on how to perform tests under widely varying conditions. Learning Objectives: At the end of the presentation members of the audience will: 1. Be familiar with the tests recommended for routine quality assurance, annual physics testing, and acceptance tests of gamma cameras for planar imaging. 2. Be familiar with the tests recommended for routine quality assurance, annual physics testing, and acceptance tests of SPECT systems. 3. Be familiar with the tests of a SPECT/CT system that include the CT images for SPECT reconstructions. 4. Become knowledgeable of items to be included in annual acceptance testing reports including CT dosimetry and PACS monitor measurements. T. Turkington, GE Healthcare
Multidetector Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Cystic Tumors of the Pancreas

Multidetector computed tomography now offers a powerful tool for the evaluation, diagnosis, and risk stratification of pancreatic cystic neoplasms. Improvements in image quality and spatial resolution, as well as sophisticated 3-D reconstruction techniques, allow exquisite assessment of the internal architecture of these lesions that not only may allow the radiologist to provide a specific diagnosis but also to assess features that might predict the risk of malignancy. This chapter provides a brief overview of the standard MDCT imaging techniques and protocols utilized in the evaluation of pancreatic cysts, followed by a detailed description of the imaging features of a number of common pancreatic cystic neoplasms, including intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN), serous cystadenomas, mucinous cystic neoplasms, cystic neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and lymphoepithelial cysts.
Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis controlled by Wnt signaling is required to understand how tissues are patterned during normal development. This knowledge is also critical to determine the etiology of birth defects such as lung hypoplasia and tracheobronchomalacia. Analysis of earliest stages of development of respiratory tract imposes challenges, as the limited amount of tissue prevents the performance of standard protocols better suited for postnatal studies. In this paper, we discuss methodologies to study cell differentiation and proliferation in the respiratory tract. We describe techniques such as whole mount staining, processing of the tissue for confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence in paraffin sections applied to developing tracheal lung. We also discuss methodologies for the study of tracheal mesenchyme differentiation, in particular cartilage formation. Approaches and techniques discussed in the current paper circumvent the limitation of material while working with embryonic tissue, allowing for a better understanding of the patterning process of developing conducting airways.
S1P in HDL promotes interaction between SR-BI and S1PR1 and activates S1PR1-mediated biological functions: calcium flux and S1PR1 internalization

HDL normally transports about 50-70% of plasma sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), and the S1P in HDL reportedly mediates several HDL-associated biological effects and signaling pathways. The HDL receptor, SR-BI, as well as the cell surface receptors for S1P (S1PRs) may be involved partially and/or completely in these HDL-induced processes. Here we investigate the nature of the HDL-stimulated interaction between the HDL receptor, SR-BI, and S1PR1 using a protein-fragment complementation assay and confocal microscopy. In both primary rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and HEK293 cells, the S1P content in HDL particles increased intracellular calcium concentration, which was mediated by S1PR1. Mechanistic studies performed in HEK293 cells showed that incubation of cells with HDL led to an increase in the physical interaction between the SR-BI and S1PR1 receptors that mainly occurred on the plasma membrane. Model recombinant HDL (rHDL) particles formed in vitro with S1P incorporated into the particle initiated the internalization of S1PR1, whereas rHDL without supplemented S1P did not, suggesting that S1P transported in HDL can selectively activate S1PR1. In conclusion, these data suggest that S1P in HDL stimulates the transient interaction between SR-BI and S1PRs that can activate S1PRs and induce an elevation in intracellular calcium concentration.
Building CSPAP Development into Arizona State University's PETE Program: A Work in Progress

The PETE program at Arizona State University (ASU) has taken several steps to diversify its focus in recent years and include the development of the needed knowledge and skills among its majors in not only developing focused physical education programs but also in providing expanded physical activity opportunities for all students. This article highlights areas of comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP) skills and knowledge outcomes, where in the program these are targeted for practice and development, what has been the focus of some of the university's related research efforts, and what are some of the lessons that have been learned as ASU continues to adapt to a new era of the profession.
The Role of Physical Activity Enjoyment on the Acute Mood Experience of Exercise among Smokers with Elevated Depressive Symptoms.

Abstract Problem Depressive symptoms are consistently shown to be related to poor smoking cessation outcomes. Aerobic exercise is a potential treatment augmentation that, given its antidepressant and mood enhancing effect, may bolster cessation outcomes for smokers with elevated depressive symptoms. Lower enjoyment of physical activity may inhibit the acute mood enhancing effects of aerobic exercise. The current study investigated the associations between depressive symptoms, physical activity enjoyment and the acute mood experience from exercise among low-active smokers with elevated depressive symptoms. Method Daily smokers with elevated depressive symptoms (N = 159; M age = 45.1, SD = 10.79; 69.8% female) were recruited for a randomized controlled exercise-based smoking cessation trial. Participants self-reported levels of depressive symptoms, physical activity enjoyment, and rated their mood experience (assessed as “mood” and “anxiety”) before and after a standardized aerobic exercise test. Results Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that depressive symptom severity accounted for significant unique variance in physical activity enjoyment ( R 2 = 0.041, t = −2.61, p = 0.010), beyond the non-significant effects of gender and level of tobacco dependence. Additionally, physical activity enjoyment was a significant mediator of the association between depressive symptom severity and acute mood experience (“mood” and “anxiety”) following the exercise test. Conclusions Physical activity enjoyment may explain, at least in part, how depressive symptom severity is linked to the acute mood experience following a bout of activity. Interventions that target increasing physical activity enjoyment may ultimately assist in enhancing the mood experience from exercise, and therefore improve smoking cessation likelihood, especially for smokers with elevated depressive symptoms.
Social interventions: An effective approach to reduce adult depression?

Abstract Background Social interventions that aim to facilitate bonds and interaction among individuals could reduce depression at a population level; yet, the scope and effectiveness of these interventions remain unclear. This systematic review classifies and reports on social interventions that have been implemented to target depression in adults. Methods Search terms related to ‘intervention’, ‘depression’, and ‘social’ were entered into databases, including: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and TRoPHI. Inclusion criteria included: (1) depression was an intervention outcome, (2) depression was not attributable to concomitant illnesses or circumstances (e.g., chronic illness or exposure to natural disasters), (3) the intervention facilitated social interaction, (4) the intervention targeted adults (18–64), (5) the sample was community-based, (6) the study was available in English, and (7) within-group or between-group comparison group information was available. Results Of the 24 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 17 reported reductions in depressive symptoms. Social interventions often incorporated multiple strategies to improve depressive symptoms, including: peer support (n=17), skill building (n=11), group-based activities (n =11), psycho-education (n =9), psychotherapy (n =5), exercise (n =5), and links to community resources (n=3). Limitations Findings of this review may not be generalizable to specific population subgroups with depression, including those who have chronic illnesses or postpartum depression. Conclusions Various types of social interventions can be effective in reducing adult depression. Social interventions can be tailored to diverse groups, are feasible in resource-scarce communities, and have the potential to reduce population-level depression due to their group formats.
Global Convergent Translational Science for Neuro-involvement in Ebola Viral Disease: Lessons Learned from Neuro-AIDS

One important aspect of translational science in neuro-AIDS is the necessary convergence of several fields, from virology to immunology, neurology, neuroendocrinology, and psychology, as well as the traditional Eastern and Western medical traditions. In short, the optimal and most effective characterization and medical intervention for neuro-AIDS has been proven to be gained from the seamless integration of translational research and effectiveness, as well as diverse convergent physiological fields and medical traditions. Such intertwined global perspective is best obtained through intense telehealth programs, from which patients with HIV/AIDS and specifically patients with neuro-AIDS have largely benefitted in the last decades.
Experiments on Exchange Relations and Exchange Networks in Sociology

Abstract The late 1970s marked the beginning, in sociology, of sustained programmatic research on exchange relations and exchange networks. Because of the emphasis on testing and building theory, nearly all of this work has used experimental methods and standardized laboratory settings. This chapter reviews the background and development of the field, the standardized laboratory settings that were created to study different forms of exchange, and the technological developments that contributed to advances in both theory and research. Exemplary experiments from four different research programs illustrate the transformation of theoretical concepts into experimental operations. The chapter concludes with an assessment of accomplishments and future prospects for the experimental study of social exchange.
Overview of Sources, Distribution, and Mobility of Selenium in the San Joaquin Valley, California

Soils in the tile-drained areas of the western San Joaquin Valley that yield high-selenium drainwater were derived from Coast Range marine sedimentary formations, were naturally saline, and probably contained abundant soluble selenium. Decades of irrigation have redistributed the most soluble forms of selenium from the soil into ground water and have caused the water table to rise 1 to 4 feet per year. The rising water table has caused a large area of farmland to require artificial drainage of ground water that contains high concentrations of selenium. The present areal distribution of selenium in shallow ground water reflects the natural distribution of saline soils and the depth distribution of selenium in ground water reflects the history of irrigation. The large volume of high-selenium ground water makes it desirable to leave this water where it is, rather than bring it to the land surface or allow it to move into parts of the aquifer that might be used for water supply.
Human and Nonhuman Primate Reactions to Painful Electrocutaneous Stimuli and to Morphine

The difficulties inherent in the process of discriminating the presence of pain and its intensity in another individual are similar when evaluating nonhumans or humans. Humans have the advantage of utilizing unique verbal descriptors of pain intensity and quality, but reliance solely on verbal descriptors can be misleading. For example, an individual can verbally deny pain and yet display somatic and autonomic motor signs of nociception. We give special credence to verbal reports of pain sensations because the precision and efficiency of language is appropriate and necessary for qualitative distinctions. Verbal reports are advantageous for defining the spatial location and extent of a sensation and are necessary for distinguishing between varieties of pain such as sharp, dull, burning, pricking, or itching. However, the magnitudes of somatic and autonomic motor activities can reflect pain intensity, and quantification of these responses can be accomplished in a variety of animals. The challenge of comparative algesimetry is to establish measures of pain reactivity that are valid and reliable indicators of pain intensity.
Natriuretic Peptide Type C

Natriuretic Peptide Type C (CNP), a paracrine agent produced and released by endothelial cells, was first isolated from porcine brain …
Deletion of Rap1b, but not Rap1a or Epac1, Reduces Protein Kinase A-Mediated Thyroid Cancer.

Background: Thyroid cancer is an emerging health problem in the United States and worldwide. With incidence rates of thyroid cancer rapidly rising, the need to develop new treatment options is beco...
Are millennials different

Abstract The economic well-being of the millennial generation, which entered its working-age years around the time of the 2007–09 recession, has received considerable attention from economists and the popular press. This chapter compares the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of millennials with those of earlier generations and compares their income, saving, and consumption expenditures. Relative to members of earlier generations, millennials are more racially diverse, more educated, and more likely to have deferred marriage; these comparisons are continuations of longer-run trends in the population. Millennials are less well off than members of earlier generations when they were young, with lower earnings, fewer assets, and less wealth. For debt, millennials hold levels similar to those of Generation X and more than those of the baby boomers. Conditional on their age and other factors, millennials do not appear to have preferences for consumption that differ significantly from those of earlier generations.
A Theory of Elite Circulation

Political systems involve people who use power to make policy in response to group needs and demands. The relation between who such people are and what they do therefore becomes an important subject of analysis. The effects of elites on policy and policy on elites are the two dimensions necessary to understanding—and eventually to explaining theoretically—the dynamics of a political system in terms of elite circulation. The notion of “new social forces” of Mosca (1939: 65 f et passim), who also introduced the concept of “elite circulation,” appears to be of particular relevance in discussing developing countries, in which the course of politics is often shaped by the differing rates of modernization and democratization within a society.
The effect of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy on patellofemoral kinematics in dogs: An in vivo study.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively evaluate patellofemoral (PF) kinematics during walking in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficiency treated by tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study. ANIMALS: Dogs with unilateral CrCL deficiency treated by TPLO (n = 10). METHODS: Horizontal beam fluoroscopic images of the stifles during treadmill walking were acquired 6 months after TPLO. Computed tomography was performed, and digitized bone models of both femurs and patellae were created. These digital models were superimposed over the fluoroscopic images with shape-matching software, and sagittal plane PF kinematics for TPLO-treated and normal contralateral stifles were calculated. Patellofemoral kinematics were described according to phase of gait cycle as well as relative to femorotibial flexion angle. RESULTS: In TPLO-treated stifles, there was an approximately 1-mm increase in cranial displacement of the patella (P < .05) compared with the normal stifle at equivalent femorotibial flexion angles between 120° and 140° and predominately during the stance phase. Proximal-distal translation and patellar flexion angle were mostly unaffected by TPLO when they were assessed according to either equivalent phase of gait cycle or femorotibial flexion angles. CONCLUSION: In vivo PF kinematics in TPLO-treated stifles were subtly different from normal, characterized by slight cranial shifting of the patella relative to the trochlear groove. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The clinical significance of these results remains unknown. These results may provide further understanding into extensor mechanism abnormalities associated with TPLO.
Effects of anion size on flow electrification of polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate

Flow electrification at polymer surfaces has long been studied; yet, its mechanism is still not fully understood. In the current research, we experimentally investigated the surface electric potentials of polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate exposed to electrolyte solutions of various anion sizes. The surface potential was always negative, and its magnitude decreased as the anion became larger. Other important factors include the ion concentration and the flow rate. These results help precisely control the polymer charging process, important for electret processing, energy harvesting, biosensing, among others.Flow electrification at polymer surfaces has long been studied; yet, its mechanism is still not fully understood. In the current research, we experimentally investigated the surface electric potentials of polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate exposed to electrolyte solutions of various anion sizes. The surface potential was always negative, and its magnitude decreased as the anion became larger. Other important factors include the ion concentration and the flow rate. These results help precisely control the polymer charging process, important for electret processing, energy harvesting, biosensing, among others.
DC Pulsed Transient Waveform Characterization Under Wavelet Transformation

As DC distribution systems are increasingly considered for use in todays power distribution grids, the need for real-time load monitoring solutions to check for proper system operation has also grown. Unlike in AC power systems, Fourier analysis is not easily extended to DC power systems for plant monitoring, and therefore a critical aspect of DC power system load monitoring is attributing transient signatures to system loads. This paper applies the stationary wavelet transform and Lipschitz regularity on DC pulsed power system waveforms in the presence of faulty operating conditions.
Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1A2

OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1, also known as OATP-C, LST-1, OATP2, OATP6) is a liver specific organic anion transporter that transports a broad range of mainly negatively charged amphipathic organic compounds including unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin …
The relationship between fleas density of Spermophilus alaschanicue and host density and meteorological factors

Objective To investigate the relationship between fleas density of Spermophilus alaschanicue and host density as well as meteorological factors. Methods The densities of fleas of Spermophilus alaschanicue and meteorological temperature, precipitation, relative humidity data in the same period from 1977 to 2014 in plague natural foci of Spermophilus alaschanicue of Gansu Province were collected. In order to further establish the multiple linear regression and the stepwise regression analysis model, SAS 9.3 software was used to explore the linear correlation analysis between fleas index number, density of Spermophilus alaschanicue and meteorological factors. Results The average body flea index positively correlated with the density of Spermophilus alaschanicue (r= 0.34, P < 0.05), in addition, hole fleas index was in negative correlation with the average temperature of the current and preceding first, second and third years (r=-0.44,-0.39,-0.45,-0.54, P < 0.01). However, hole fleas index positively correlated with the average rainfall of preceding first year (r= 0.38, P < 0.05). More specifically, the monthly body flea index was negatively correlated with the average rainfall and the average temperature of current, preceding first, second, and third months, and the average relative humidity of current month (r=-0.23,-0.34,-0.43,-0.29,-0.25,-0.33,-0.36,-0.38,-0.26, P < 0.01). After multiple linear regression analysis, the following equations were obtained: body fleas index = 3.983 1 + 0.695 1 × Spermophilus density-0.004 9 × average annual rainfall; hole fleas index = 10.780 4 + 0.009 1 × average annual rainfall-0.216 2 × annual average relative humidity. Conclusions The relationship between fleas density of Spermophilus alaschanicue and the environment is complex, they have mutual connection as well as mutual restriction. Except Spermophilus density affects the number of fleas, the two most important meteorological factors which affect the flea body index are temperature and rainfall. In addition, the relationship between meteorological factors and flea body index shows somewhat lagging behind for two to three months. Key words: Muridae; Siphonaptera; Yersinia pestis; Meteorological factor; Correlation analysis
A Simple Method for Determining the Aerodynamic Center of an Airfoil

In presenting experimental data on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils, it is now generally accepted practice to refer the pitching moment coefficients to the aerodynamic center of the airfoil section. This point is defined as that about which the moment coefficient is constant throughout the range of angles of attack corresponding to the linear part of the lift curve. This paper presents a simple method for locating exactly the aerodynamic center of an airfoil directly from wind-tunnel test data, all that is required being the lift and drag characteristics and the moment of the air reaction referred to some known point.
The Corridor Problem

Consider a corridor which connects a continuum of residential locations to the CBD (central business district) and which is subject to flow congestion. All (identical) individuals travel along the corridor from home to work in the morning rush hour and have the same work start time. Each individual decides when to depart from home so as to minimize the sum of travel time costs, time early costs, and toll costs (when applicable). This paper investigates the pattern of traffic flow over the morning rush hour and the social optimum, and considers the implications for land use and road cost-benefit analysis.
Simulations of Galaxy Mergers

The last few years have seen a considerable amount of effort devoted to the problem of simulating the coalescence of galaxies. After a discussion of the merits and limitations of the N-body techniques that have been used, I summarise the insight this research gives into the mechanisms driving strong interactions in galaxy collisions and into the structure of the remnants such collisions produce.
Efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with advanced prostate cancer: association between Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen level, and prior ADT exposure with duration of ADT effect.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare predictive factors for the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) either with (M+) or without (M−) metastases. METHODS A cohort of prostate cancer patients was identified from a medical oncology practice treated with ADT for presumed nonlocalized prostate cancer, evaluated the efficacy of ADT using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) time to progression (TTP) and compared factors associated with TTP in M− and M+ patients. RESULTS In this 553 patient cohort 51% were M− and 49% M+. The median TTP on ADT for the M− group was 33.2 months, versus 15.9 months in the M+ group (P < .0001). In multivariate analyses, lower biopsy Gleason score (GS), the absence of metastases, and lower serum PSA at ADT initiation all were associated with the efficacy of ADT. The association between GS and TTP was confined to M+ patients, whereas the association between PSA at ADT initiation and TTP was confined to M− patients. Use of ADT as part of local treatment was associated with a shortened TTP in both groups (hazard ratio [HR], 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–1.91). CONCLUSIONS In this large, retrospective study of HSPC patients in a medical oncology practice treated with ADT for nonlocalized prostate cancer, we found factors predicting efficacy of this treatment differed based on whether metastases were present at ADT initiation. The use of ADT as a part of local therapy was associated with a significantly decreased TTP, regardless of metastatic disease status. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Transferable Drug Resistance Among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Cases of Neonatal Diarrhea in Calves and Piglets

Fecal specimens were collected on 22 different Nebraska ranches and at the Department of Veterinary Science from young calves and pigs with neonatal diarrhea. Enterobacteriaceae isolated from these fecal specimens were screened for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethizole, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, colistin, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid. Of the 92 strains studied, 57 were resistant to one or more of these antimicrobial agents. Resistant strains were obtained from all herds involved in the study. The two most common resistance patterns were tetracycline streptomycin sulfamethizole (22 of 57) and tetracycline (13 of 57). None of the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, colistin, nitrofurantoin, or nalidixic acid. The 57 resistant strains were studied to determine whether the resistance was transferable. Forty-three of the 57 resistant strains could transfer part or all of their resistance pattern to a drug-sensitive recipient. The 43 R+ strains were obtained from 17 of the 23 herds studied. Considerable variation was observed between different R+ strains in the frequency of transfer of resistance to a particular drug. In addition, variation in the frequency of transfer of different resistance determinants in individual R+ strains was noted.
Adopted Persons' Search for and Contact with Their Birth Parents II

ABSTRACT This article presents a review of empirical research on adult adoptees' contact with their birth parents. First, we will examine research concerning the stages and timing of search, the first meeting between adoptee and birth parent, the type of relationships that are established, and the factors that influence the adoptee-birth parent relationship. Next, we will summarize research that has examined how the contact affects adoptees. Finally, we will discuss research that has addressed the issue of how the contact affects the relationship between adoptees and adoptive parents. Implications of the empirical findings for adoption practice will be outlined.
Determinants of Tumor Blood Flow: A Review

Blood flow rate in a vascular network is proportional to the pressure difference between the arterial and venous sides and inversely proportional to the viscous and geometric resistances. Despite rapid progress in recent years, there is a paucity of quantitative data on these three determinants of blood flow in tumors and several questions remain unanswered. This paper reviews our current knowledge of these three parameters for normal and neoplastic tissues, the methods of their measurements, and the implications of the results in the growth and metastasis formation as well as in the detection and treatment of tumors. Microvascular pressures in the arterial side are nearly equal in tumor and nontumorous vessels. Pressures in venular vessels, which are numerically dominant in tumors, are significantly lower in a tumor than those in a nontumorous tissue. Decreased intravascular pressure and increased interstitial pressure in tumors are partly responsible for the vessel collapse as well as the flow stasis and reversal in tumors. The apparent viscosity (viscous resistance) of blood is governed by the viscosity of plasma and the number, size, and rigidity of blood cells. Plasma viscosity can be increased by adding certain solutes. The concentration of cells can be increased by adding cells to blood or by reducing plasma volume. The rigidity of RBC, which are numerically dominant in blood, can be increased by lowering pH, elevating temperature, increasing extracellular glucose concentration, or making the suspending medium hypo- or hypertonic. Effective size of blood cells can be increased by forming RBC aggregates (also referred to as rouleaux). RBC aggregation can be facilitated by lowering the shear rate (i.e., decreasing velocity gradients) or by adding macromolecules (e.g., fibrinogen, globulins, dextrans). Since cancer cells and WBC are significantly more rigid than RBC, their presence in a vessel may also increase blood viscosity and may even cause transient stasis. Finally, due to the relatively large diameters of tumor microvessels the Fahraeus effect (i.e., reduction in hematocrit in small vessels) and the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect (i.e., reduction in blood viscosity in small vessels) may be less pronounced in tumors than in normal tissues. Geometric resistance for a network of vessels is a complex function of the vascular morphology, i.e., the number of vessels of various types, their branching pattern, and their length and diameter. Geometric resistance to flow in a single vessel is proportional to the vessel length and inversely proportional to vessel diameter to the fourth power.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Genetic control of hepatic apoB-100 secretion in human apoB transgenic mouse strains.

Plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels vary widely in the general population and elevated plasma levels of apoB are associated with higher risk for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. Determination of genetic factors regulating population variance of plasma apoB levels is complicated by the genetic heterogeneity of human populations. Using a congenic human apoB transgenic mouse strain in the C57BL/6 background (B6 HuBTg), we assessed genetic effects on the variance of plasma apoB, and on hepatic apoB-100 secretion rates. Six inbred mouse strains were crossed with the B6 HuBTg strain. Mean plasma apoB levels in the parental B6 HuBTg strain were 95 ± 14 mg/dl. F1 human apoB transgenic offspring displayed plasma human apoB levels ranging from 60 to 105 mg/dl. In three F1 strains, the BALB/B6, C3H/B6 and 129/B6 strains, markedly lower plasma apoB levels (61 ± 11, 64 ± 5, and 67 ± 8 mg/dl) were due to lower apoB-100 secretion rates. Human apoB mRNA levels in these three F1 strains were similar to those of the parental B6 strain suggesting that the mechanism for varying apoB secretion rates is most likely not transcriptional. In summary, we have identified three inbred mouse strains possessing polymorphic alleles which, when crossed with the B6 strain, lower plasma apoB levels and apoB-100 secretion in their F1 offspring. These mouse strains provide a powerful tool for genetic analysis of factors regulating apoB-100 secretion and hence plasma apoB levels.—Voyiaziakis, E., C. Ko, S. M. O'Rourke, and L-S. Huang. Genetic control of hepatic apoB-100 secretion in human apoB transgenic mouse strains. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 2004–2012.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum After Enzymatic Debridement.

A n 80-year-old man with a history of IgA monoclonal gammopathy presented with a painful ulcerative lesion on his right knee (Fig. 1) that had developed in response to a lanced pustule. Failure of empiric antibiotics led to a punch biopsy, which showed nonspecific acute and chronic inflammation. A diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum was made based on negative tissue cultures, characteristic pain, and a classic clinical appearance. Oral cyclosporine resulted in improvement of the lesion. After discharge, he was lost to followup, discontinued the use of cyclosporine, and consulted an outside wound care provider, who initiated a regimen containing topical collagenase for enzymatic debridement. The patient was readmitted with worsening of the lesion (Fig. 2) and hemodynamically significant bleeding. He required blood transfusions but responded well to oral prednisone and avoidance of further mechanical and chemical trauma. Pyoderma gangrenosum is a neutrophilic dermatosis that commonly presents as an inflammatory nodule or pustule that enlarges and ulcerates. Mechanical or chemical trauma is known to exacerbate the wound via the mechanism of pathergy. Associated systemic diseases include inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, and hematologic disorders; monoclonal gammopathies (predominantly IgA) are associated in approximately 10%of cases.
Optimal selection with alternative information

This article examines the problem of optimally selecting from several unknown rewards when there are given alternative, costly sources of information. The optimal rule, indicating the information to be purchased and the reward to be selected, is specified as a function of the decision maker's prior probabilities regarding the value of each alternative. The rule is surprisingly complex, balancing prior beliefs, the “informativeness” of the relevant information system, and the cost of acquiring information.