cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political pluralisation in Hungary: The 1990 elections

HUNGARY HAS SPEARHEADED the process of transformation in the socialist commonwealth since the 1956 revolution. The ensuing 1968 economic reforms, unique in scope at that time, and the subsequent liberalisation of political controls in the 1970s put Hungary at risk for potential Soviet repercussions. However, Janos Kadar's political acumen made it possible for the regime to go to the potential limits, yet avoid major danger. Amidst the political fermentation of Eastern Europe in the early 1980s the 1985 elections represented a qualitative change: voters were able to nominate/elect candidates of their own choosing, a first precedent in Marxist-Leninist states. The new Parliament, while predominantly communist, exhibited signs of independence from the beginning, gradually leading to a legislature which became a willing partner in the opposition's struggle to bring about a systemic change.1 With the removal of the Kadar entourage from power in 1988,2 under the leadership of General Secretary Karoly Gr6sz, the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party3 moved and partly was forced by a bloodless revolutionary transformation engineered by the nascent opposition groups to surrender monolithic power and accept a pluralist system-a historic first in Eastern Europe. Subsequently, after strenuous political struggle the opposition and the ruling party accepted a compromise legalising parties and passed the new electoral law in the autumn of 1989, scheduling parliamentary elections for March 1990. These elections, with the exception of the special East German case, were the first pluralist elections in the desocialising East European states. The objective of the present study is the assessment of the nature and scope of the parliamentary elections which completed the systemic replacement and provided the framework for democratic political and economic institutions.
Maximum likelihood estimation of navigation parameters from downlink telemetry

Deep-space navigation uses estimates of range and Doppler to update and improve spacecraft trajectory solutions.1,2 Operationally, Doppler is generally extracted directly from the ground receiver's carrier tracking loop, and range is determined primarily by the use of specially designed “ranging tones,” or more recently (e.g., on New Horizons), Pseudo-Noise (PN) sequences. Transmission of tones or PN sequences drain power and bandwidth that could be better used for transmitting additional science data from the spacecraft. Here we describe and evaluate a novel technique that extracts range and Doppler estimates directly from the decoded data, thus enabling data-transmission at the maximum rate consistent with spacecraft range, antenna gain and available signal power. In this paper, the structure of the maximum likelihood estimator for range and Doppler is derived, and its performance determined relative to Cramer-Rao bounds via simulation and analysis. Performance of conventional Doppler and delay estimators based on carrier tracking loops is also derived, and contrasted with the performance of the optimum Doppler-delay estimator over a range of symbol SNR typically encountered in deep-space applications.
Hospitalization Risk Following Admission to an Academic Nursing Home

Objectives Nursing home residents are at risk for experiencing acute illness and hospitalization early in nursing home stay. The objectives of this study were (1) to measure the probability of hospitalization over time from nursing home admission, and (2) to determine resident risk factors for early hospitalization. Design Prospective observational study. Setting 409-bed urban, not-for-profit academic nursing home. Participants 204 consecutive newly admitted residents who did not previously reside in the nursing home. Measurements Demographic profile, chronic comorbidity, physical function, recent medical events, admission condition and anticipated length of stay were ascertained on admission to the nursing home. Hospitalization and acute illness were recorded each week after nursing home admission. Data were collected primarily by chart review except for acute illness, which was identified by nurse report and chart review according to previously established criteria. Results Subjects were 69% female and 62% white. The mean age was 83. The percentage of residents experiencing their first hospitalization peaked 2 and 7 weeks after nursing home admission and after 14 weeks plateaued at a low rate. The percentage with acute illness (commonly gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection, and pneumonia) paralleled that of hospitalization. In multivariate proportional hazards analysis, resident factors independently associated with early first hospitalization were atrial fibrillation (21% of subjects, 2.6 risk ratio), history of stroke (26%, 2.5), history of depression (25%, 1.9), absence of dementia (62%, 2.3), and receiving antibiotics on admission (23%, 3.3). Residents with 0, 1, 2, and ≥ 3 of these characteristics had 9%, 19%, 34% and 62% probability, respectively, of being hospitalized in the first 8 weeks of nursing home stay. Conclusions In a large, urban, academic nursing home, residents’ risk of hospitalization varied over time from admission and among different subgroups of residents. These results can be used to develop interventions to prevent acute illness and hospitalization early in nursing home stay and to enhance the communication of prognostic risk to nursing home residents, their caregivers and medical providers.
Human Factors and Safety Issues Associated with Actinide Retrieval from Spent Light Water Reactor Fuel Assemblies

A major problem in environmental restoration and waste management is the disposition of used fuel assemblies from the many light water reactors in the United States, which present a radiation hazard to those whose job is to dispose of them, with a similar threat to the general environment associated with long-term storage in fuel repositories around the country. Actinides resident in the fuel pins as a result of their use in reactor cores constitute a significant component of this hazard. Recently, the Department of Energy has initiated an Actinide Recycle Program to study the feasibility of using pyrochemical (molten salt) processes to recover actinides from the spent fuel assemblies of commercial reactors. This project concerns the application of robotics technology to the operation and maintenance functions of a plant whose objective is to recover actinides from spent fuel assemblies, and to dispose of the resulting hardware and chemical components from this process. Such a procedure involves a number ...
Non-redundant functions of cyclooxygenases: oxygenation of endocannabinoids.

The two cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze the oxygenation of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin endoperoxides, which are the common intermediates in the biosynthesis of the bioactive lipids prostaglandins and thromboxane. COX-1 and COX-2 are ∼60% identical in amino acid sequence, exhibit highly homologous three-dimensional structures, and appear functionally similar at the biochemical level. Recent work has uncovered a subtle functional difference between the two enzymes, namely the ability of COX-2 to efficiently utilize neutral derivatives (esters and amides) of arachidonic acid as substrates. Foremost among these neutral substrates are the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and arachidonoylethanolamide. This raises the possibility that COX-2 oxygenation plays a role in a novel signaling pathway dependent on agonist-induced release of endocannabinoids and their selective oxygenation by COX-2. Among the products of COX-2 oxygenation of endocannabinoids are glyceryl prostaglandins, some of which (e.g. glyceryl prostaglandin E2 and glyceryl prostaglandin I2) exhibit interesting biological activities in inflammatory, neurological, and vascular systems. These compounds are produced in intact cells stimulated with physiological agonists and have been isolated from in vivo sources. Important concepts relevant to the hypothesis of a COX-2-selective signaling pathway are presented.
Fractal physiology for physicists: Lévy statistics

Abstract The biomedical applications of fractal concepts have led to a wealth of new insights in biology and physiology, including a new formulation of the concept of health. Herein we review how over the past decade the complexity inherent in physiological structures and processes has been described by random fractals. In particular we argue that the scaling observed in these biological data sets is a consequence of the Levy statistics of the underlying processes. This review interleaves arguments from renormalization group theory, fractal scaling and Levy stable distributions in various physiological contexts including the mammalian lung, the beating of the heart, DNA sequencing, the dendritic branching of neurons and blood vessels, the dynamics of proteins, ion channel gating and radioactive clearance curves from the body in order to reveal an underlying unity to physiological processes. Wiebel promotes the use of fractal geometry as a design principle for living organisms, herein we suggest that Levy stable statistics in being more inclusive may be an even more useful design principle.
Serum androgens and depression in women with facial hirsutism.

Background: Studies on the psychopathologic aspects of hirsutism are sparse. Attempts to correlate these aspects with either the extent of the facial hirsutism and/or circulating serum androgens are virtually nonexistent. This study evaluates the psychopathologic aspects of hirsutism and correlates these findings with the extent of the facial hirsutism as well as with the circulating serum androgens. Objective: Our purpose was to assess the psychopathologic aspects of facial hirsutism and to determine whether any correlation exists between these findings and either the extent of the facial hirsutism or the circulating serum androgens. Methods: Twenty consecutive women with facial hirsutism were studied by administration of psychologic tests (DeRogatis Symptom Inventory and the Affects Balance Scale). The results of these tests were correlated with the grade of facial hirsutism as well as serum levels of total testosterone (T), biologically active testosterone (BT), free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (A-dione). Results: Significant levels of depression were found. No correlation was found between the psychopathologic measurements and the extent of facial hirsutism or serum levels of T, DHEA, DHEA-S, and A-dione. Significant correlations were found between depression and serum levels of FT and BT. Conclusion: There is an increased incidence of depression in facially hirsute women and this correlates with their circulating active testosterone levels and not with the extent of their facial hirsutism.
Postsynaptic calcium is sufficient for potentiation of hippocampal synaptic transmission

Brief repetitive activation of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus leads to an increase in synaptic strength that lasts for many hours. This long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission is the most compelling cellular model in the vertebrate brain for learning and memory. The critical role of postsynaptic calcium in triggering LTP has been directly examined using three types of experiment. First, nitr-5, a photolabile nitrobenzhydrol tetracarboxylate calcium chelator, which releases calcium in response to ultraviolet light, was used. Photolysis of nitr-5 injected into hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells resulted in a large enhancement of synaptic transmission. Second, in agreement with previous results, buffering intracellular calcium at low concentrations blocked LTP. Third, depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane so that calcium entry is suppressed prevented LTP. Taken together, these results demonstrate that an increase in postsynaptic calcium is necessary to induce LTP and sufficient to potentiate synaptic transmission.
Nanoscale device modeling: the Green’s function method

Abstract The non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism provides a sound conceptual basis for the devlopment of atomic-level quantum mechanical simulators that will be needed for nanoscale devices of the future. However, this formalism is based on concepts that are unfamiliar to most device physicists and chemists and as such remains relatively obscure. In this paper we try to achieve two objectives: (1) explain the central concepts that define the ‘language’ of quantum transport, and (2) illustrate the NEGF formalism with simple examples that interested readers can easily duplicate on their PCs. These examples all involve a short n + + – n + – n + + resistor whose physics is easily understood. However, the basic formulation is quite general and can even be applied to something as different as a nanotube or a molecular wire, once a suitable Hamiltonian has been identified. These examples also underscore the importance of performing self-consistent calculations that include the Poisson equation. The I–V characteristics of nanoscale structures is determined by an interesting interplay between twentieth century physics (quantum transport) and nineteenth century physics (electrostatics) and there is a tendency to emphasize one or the other depending on one’s background. However, it is important to do justice to both aspects in order to derive real insights.
Nutrient Pollution and the Molluscan Death Record: Use of Mollusc Shells to Diagnose Environmental Change

Abstract Anthropogenic alteration is a persistent and growing problem in coastal marine ecosystems. Changes may have occurred and gone undetected in coastal systems, and analysis of the molluscan death assemblage provides a useful tool for detecting changes where long-term observational monitoring of living organisms has not been conducted. During the early 1980s, a series of experiments were conducted along Cross Bank, Florida Bay (inside Everglades National Park) to assess the effects of nutrient pollution by seabirds roosting on implanted marker posts on underlying sea grass beds. Over time, Halodule wrightii replaced Thalassia testudinum as the dominant sea grass at these altered sites. The present study focuses on the effects of this nutrient pollution on the molluscan death assemblage. Two parallel transects were established, one using altered sites as sampling stations and the other using unaltered, Thalassia-dominated localities. A series of surficial push cores were collected along these transect...
Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Mason Tenders and Perceived Job-Related Characteristics:

A musculoskeletal symptom survey was conducted among mason tenders in New York City. The return rate of the survey was 70.2%. The outcome revealed that 65% of the mason tenders experienced low back pain during the year prior to the survey, 35% of them were absent from work, and 45% visited a physician due to the symptoms. The job-related characteristics perceived by the mason tenders as the most problematic included bending or twisting the back, working in the same position for long periods of time, working overhead or away from the body, and working near or at physical limits. The study results were incorporated in the design and implementation of low back pain prevention program that trained the union trade instructors in ergonomic hazard recognition and problem solving, and targeted the mason tenders.
Large bipolaron in one- and two-dimensional systems

The bound state of two electrons in polar crystals is investigated in various dimensional systems by numerical solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation in which the interaction is composed of the Coulomb repulsion and the attractive interaction mediated by longitudinal, polar-optic phonons. In three-dimensional (3D) systems, no bound state is found, while in both 1D and 2D systems a bound state exists. In particular, in 1D systems, the binding energy can be of the order of the energy of the longitudinal-optic phonon (although the binding radius is large compared to the lattice constant).
Laser-micromachined defect arrays for DC potential drop fatigue studies

The experimental characterization of fatigue crack initiation and growth of structural materials can be very expensive and time consuming. Fatigue specimens are typically controlled by a single dominant defect and several specimens are needed to examine the fatigue response for each loading condition of interest. Time and expense add up as millions of load cycles are sometimes required to initiate a crack, and replicate tests are necessary to characterize the inherent statistical nature of fatigue. In order to improve the efficiency of experimentation, we are developing laser-based techniques to produce fatigue test samples with arrays of defects. Controlled arrays of oval shaped micro-defects are laser-micromachined in titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). Crack initiation from the individual defects in the arrays is monitored using a DC potential drop technique. Results indicate the utility of this approach in multiplying the amount of fatigue data generated per specimen-test. The new fatigue test approach is applicable to a wide range of material systems and initial defect structures.
Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, reflectance, and physiological response to freshwater and saltwater flooding in the evergreen shrub, Myrica cerifera

Abstract Photosynthesis, water relations, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf reflectance were used to evaluate stress due to freshwater and saltwater flooding in the evergreen coastal shrub, Myrica cerifera, under controlled conditions. M. cerifera forms large monospecific thickets that facilitate scaling up from leaf-level measurements to the landscape. Based on physiological responses, stress began by day 3 in flooded plants treated with 5, 10, and 15 g L−1 salinity, as seen by significant decreases in stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis relative to control plants. Decreases in physiological measurements occurred by day 9 in freshwater flooded plants. Visible signs of stress occurred by day 5 for plants treated with 15 g L−1, day 8 for flooded plants exposed to 10 g L−1, and day 10 for those treated with 5 g L−1 salinity. Significant differences in light-adapted fluorescence yield ( Δ F / F ′ m ) were observed by day 3 in plants flooded with 5, 10, and 15 g L−1 salinity and day 6 in freshwater flooded plants. Non-photochemical quenching (ΦNPQ) increased with decreasing Δ F / F ′ m . In comparison, statistical differences in dark-adapted fluorescence yield (Fv/Fm) were observed by day 12 in plants flooded with 5, 10, and 15 g L−1 salinity, well after visible signs of stress were apparent. Fluorescence parameters were successful at detecting and distinguishing both freshwater and saltwater flooding stress. A positive, linear correlation (r2 = 0.80) was observed between Δ F / F ′ m and the physiological reflectance index (PRI). Xanthophyll-cycle dependent energy dissipation appears to be the underlying mechanism in protecting photosystem II from excess energy in saltwater flooded plants. Δ F / F ′ m was useful in detecting stress-induced changes in the photosystem before any visible signs of damage were evident at the leaf-level. This parameter may be linked to hyperspectral reflectance data for rapid detection of stress at the canopy-level.
The stabilization of DNA topoisomerase II cleavable complex by mitonafide analogs

Abstract Amonafide (4-aminobenzoisoqinolinedione) and its structural analog, mitonafide 1 , have been shown to stabilize topoisomerase II cleavable complexes. The position of the nitro group and structural modifications of the side chain influence the interactions between drug, enzyme, and DNA. It was shown that the analogs with the nitro in the 5-position, as in 1 , are the most potent inhibitors in this structural class.
All-optical regeneration on a silicon chip

We demonstrate optical 2R regeneration in an integrated silicon device consisting of an 8-mm-long nanowaveguide followed by a ring-resonator bandpass filter. The regeneration process is based on nonlinear spectral broadening in the waveguide and subsequent spectral filtering through the ring resonator. We measure the nonlinear power transfer function for the device and find an operating peak power of 6 W. Measurements indicate that the output pulse width is determined only by the bandwidth of the bandpass filter. Numerical modeling of the nonlinear process including free-carrier effects shows that this device can be used for all-optical regeneration at telecommunication data rates.
Pharmacological classification and renal actions of diuretics.

Diuretics may be classified according to their chemical structure, their mechanism and site of action within the nephron, and their diuretic potency. Those agents with primary action in the proximal n
Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on root and shoot growth of Cotoneaster divaricata Rehd. & Wils.

Abstract Root and shoot growth rates of Cotoneaster divaricata were determined using a growing system of polyvinyl chloride pipe cylinders in which longitudinal sections could be removed for periodic root observations. Plants were fertilized with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). N, as NH4NO3, was applied weekly at levels of 0, 250 or 500 mg/l and P, as H3PO4, was incorporated in the medium at levels of 0, 5 or 50 mg/l. K, as KCl, was maintained in the medium at a 150 mg/l level by soil tests conducted weekly. Shoot growth was increased after N application. However, no difference was observed between N levels. P increased shoot growth only at the highest N level applied. Although root growth was not increased by either N or P, high N levels inhibited root growth, whereas P stimulated root growth. No correlation (r = 0.19) was observed between shoot and root growth.
Under Two Flags: Dual Nationality in Latin America and Its Consequences for Naturalization in the United States

This article surveys the practice of dual nationality in the Western Hemisphere, particularly as it impacts the naturalization rates of immigrants in the United States. The article begins by looking at the extent and spread of dual nationality provisions and the pathways for its implementation. Next, the article turns to a discussion of the multiple (and at times conflicting) interests – of immigrants, sending states and receiving states – in dual nationality. While immigrants and sending countries are in general agreement on the positive benefits of dual nationality, commentators in receiving countries like the United States continue to express deep unease at the spread of dual nationality and its consequences for American citizenship. Are these concerns justified? Not according to U.S. naturalization rates. Data from 1965 to 1997 indicate that immigrants from countries recognizing dual nationality average higher naturalization rates in the United States than countries that do not.
Fluid flow connections to basement rocks below sedimentary basins: Evidence from the base metal deposits in Ireland

Lead isotope systematics in Irish base metal deposits and basement rocks indicate that lead and other metals were derived from local basement rocks with little or no addition from basinal sediments hosting the deposits. Thus, a fluid circulation model involving simple basin brine expulsion and an impermeable boundary at the basin-basement interface cannot be invoked to explain the origin of the mineralization. Production of ore deposits as a result of transport out of the basement would involve a relatively trivial integrated heat addition as compared to the total heat transported within the basin on the time scale of deposit formation.
Neurites and Somata of Sensory and Sympathetic Neurons in Culture Contain Multiple Species of Ganglio sides

: We have used tissue culture methods to study the capacity of sensory and sympathetic neurons to synthesize gangliosides. Under appropriate culture conditions, explants of dorsal root or superior cervical ganglia generate an extensive halo of ncurites, which is substantially free of contaminating cells. The cultures incorporate enough [3H]glucosamine into glycolipids to allow biochemical characterization. Gangliosides synthesized by the cells are extracted and freed of radioactive precursors and other lipids by column chromatography. Synthesized material comigrates on (thin-layer chromatograms with the gangliosides, GQ, GT, GD1a, GD1b, and GM1, In addition, a substantial amount of unidentified labeled material migrates in a region between the mono- and disialo bands. The ganglioside profiles show that a similar spectrum of gangliosides is found on the neurites and somata of a particular class of neuron. Furthermore, the ganglioside compositions of the two types of neuron studied appear to be similar. We conclude that both sensory and adrenergic autonomic neurons synthesize gangliosides of each of the major classes and that representatives of each class are found in both somata and neurites. Dispersed cell cultures of the superior cervical ganglion synthesize a repertoire of gangliosides similar or identical to that of explant cultures.
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran concentrations in common fish species in the Pearl River Delta area, China

Abstract Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) concentrations in 31 fish samples from 19 commonly consumed freshwater and saltwater species from the Pearl River Delta Area were analyzed. The PCDD/Fs dietary intake from fish for the local population was evaluated to provide a database for setting the national PCDD/F limits in fish for the People’s Republic of China. The median concentration from the 31 fish samples was 1.27 pg/g wet weight for the total of PCDD/Fs, and the median WHO-TEQ was 0.26 pg/g wet weight, and ranged from 0.063 to 1.30 pg WHO-TEQ/g wet weight. The dominant contributors to the WHO-TEQ were 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, which accounted for 38% and 28%, respectively. The dietary intake of PCDD/Fs from fish for local people was estimated to be 0.47 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw · day. In view of the findings, the dietary of PCDD/Fs from other foods of animal origins in China should be studied in more detail as soon as possible in order that standards can be put forward to protect human health.
Stimulation of sulfate transport by exogenous sugars in Aplysia californica intestine

Abstract 1. 1. Addition of d -glucose, d -galactose, or d -3-O-methyl glucose to the mucosal bathing medium stimulated rapid sustained increases in transmural potential difference (serosa negative) and short-circuit current. 2. 2. Addition of phlorizin to the mucosal bathing medium partially inhibited the d -glucose stimulation of transmural potential difference and short-circuit current. 3. 3. The major portion of the sugar-induced short-circuit current was carried by a net active sulfate transfer from mucosa to serosa.
Homozygous Males in Hemp

HEMP (Cannabis sativa) is a diœcious dimorphous species. Its plants differ not only in sex but also in the shape of the inflorescence. The male plants (XY) have a prolonged inflorescence, whereas the inflorescence of the females (XX) is short and compact. In addition to these common types some intermediary types are known. One of these types is the monœcists, which were selected by Neuer and v. Sengbusch1. These monoecists have the inflorescence of the females, but bear female and more or less male flowers. The monœcists differ from the females by one or two autosomale genes2.
Photometric Accuracy And Phase Correction In Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)

Photometric accuracy in Fourier spectroscopy depends not only on instrumental factors, but also on the method used to produce the spectrum from the interferogram. Almost all FT-IR instruments compute the spectrum by means of apodization, complex FFT and multiplicative phase correction steps. When the contribution of the apodization and phase correction steps to photometric inaccuracy is examined, two classes of error are found: error in computing the reference transform and error resulting from the contrast correction function. Means of eliminating of minimizing these errors are considered. Alternate methods of phase correction are discussed.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Purification and properties of pig liver prenyltransferase: Interconvertible forms of the enzyme☆

Abstract Prenyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.1) has been purified to homogeniety from pig liver. The protein, which has been shown to be homogeneous by electrophoresis under several conditions, has a specific activity fourfold greater than that of previous preparations from this tissue. The protein is a dimer of molecular weight of approximately 80,000 whose subunits were not resolved by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Michaelis constants for geranyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate were determined to be 0.58 and 0.31 μ m , respectively. The homogeneous enzyme could be resolved into two forms by isoelectric focusing or chromatography on DE-52 cellulose under certain conditions. The isoelectric points of the two forms were 4.85 and 4.99. The two forms of the enzyme were interconvertible and probably result from a slow equilibrium between two conformational isomers of the protein.
COMPARISON OF DATA‐COLLECTION METHODS IN A BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN WITH PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS: A REPLICATION

Cummings and Carr (2009) compared two methods of data collection in a behavioral intervention program for children with pervasive developmental disorders: collecting data on all trials versus only the first trial in a session. Results showed that basing a child's progress on first-trial data resulted in identifying mastery-level responding slightly sooner, whereas determining mastery based on all trials resulted in slightly better skill maintenance. In the current replication, no such differences in indication of mastery or maintenance were observed when data were collected on all trials or the first trial.
On the Q2 dependence of parton fragmentation functions

Abstract The Q 2 dependences of parton fragmentation functions are calculated using lowest-order quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The resulting scaling deviations have a simple intuitive form when a suitable valence-sea decomposition is employed for the quark fragmentation functions.
Quasisimilarity of Invariant Subspaces for Uniform Jordan Operators of Infinite Multiplicity

Abstract LetTbe a bounded linear operator on a separable Hilbert space H , and let M and N be two invariant subspaces forT. We will say that M and N are quasisimilar if there exist quasiaffinities (i.e. bounded one-to-one operators with dense ranges)XandY, commuting withT, such that (X M )−= N and (Y N )−= M . Recall that operatorsTandT′ are quasisimilar if there exist quasiaffinitiesX: H → H ′ andY: H ′→ H such thatXT=T′XandYT′=TY. We show that if T is a uniform Jordan operator of infinite multiplicity, then M is quasisimilar to N if and only ifT∣ M is quasisimilar toT∣ N and (T*∣ M ⊥)* is quasisimilar to (T*∣ N ⊥)*.
Automated molecular microscopy: the new Leginon system.

We report here on the current state of our efforts in automated molecular microscopy. Our primary automated data acquisition software system, Leginon, has been completely redesigned over the past two years. The new distributed system has been developed using the Python programming language and is compatible with both Linux and Windows operating systems. The new flexible architecture was designed to allow for the development of customized data collection protocols, several of which are described here. The system has been used to acquire data for ∼150 experiments and we have demonstrated the capacity for high throughput data acquisition by acquiring images of more than 100 000 particles in a single session at the microscope.
P Values for Multistage and Sequential Tests

Tests of significance are important tools in applied statistics. In this article we give a general method for calculating P values for a large class of multistage and sequential tests. We also give tables of P values for multistage tests for the parameter of an exponential distribution, using test plans from MIL-STD-781C.
Threshold-energy region in the electron-excitation cross sections of the sodium resonant transition

We present measurements of absolute excitation differential cross sections for electron scattering by ground-state sodium in the 3P manifold at 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.0, 3.3, and 3.7 eV in the angular range 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. No calibration or normalization procedures are involved. Comparisons with computational results of the close-coupling approximation and experimentally obtained \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{s}}$- and \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{L}}$-changing cross sections are made.
Women's Rights in a Global Context:

The classical liberal theories of rights overemphasize individual autonomy. Feminists from a variety of approaches criticize this individualistic model. Other feminists argue that rights discourse is essential to help end discrimination against women. However, these proponents of international women's rights too often focus on legal and political rights at the expense of economic rights. In a global context it is important to recognize the interconnections between different kinds of rights. A case study of the cooperative organization Marketplace/SHARE illustrates the importance of economic empowerment to the overall goal of advancing the cause of women's rights and equality.
Public Knowledge of Late-Life Depression and Aging

Depression among the elderly is a common, treatable condition, yet few individuals older than the age of 65 are treated for this disorder. This study used a sample of 235 adults to assess the general public's knowledge of late-life depression and aging. The data indicated that the sample had little knowledge of aging in general and even less about late-life depression. Racial differences were more prominent than were gender differences. Whites and African Americans did not differ in terms of their knowledge of aging. However, Whites were more knowledgeable of depression than were African Americans. This suggests differences in the social construct of depression in the African American community in comparison with the White community. The relationship between knowledge of aging and knowledge of depression is also discussed.
Transport times and anthropogenic carbon in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean

Simultaneous measurements of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium, and helium are used to estimate the first two moments of the surface-to-interior transit times within the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean. The observed relationships among the different tracers implies that the transit-time distributions are broad, with width D approximately equal to the mean age G; indicating that mixing plays an important role in transport over decadal timescales. These broad transit-time distributions are further shown to be consistent with the observed time variations of mid-depth tritium in the Newfoundland Basin and Northeastern Atlantic between 1972 and 1997. We use the transit-time distributions inferred from the tracers to estimate the distribution, and change over the last two decades, of anthropogenic carbon in the subpolar North Atlantic. The values obtained are smaller than previous estimates using methods that have assumed weak mixing, with largest differences occurring in the Newfoundland Basin and Northeastern Atlantic. In the case of the uptake over the last two decades our estimate is 20–30% less than estimates that neglect mixing and use pCFC ages as water mass ages. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Methods for evaluating lithographic performance of exposure tools for the 45-nm node: ECD and scatterometry

This paper compares two metrology methodologies, ECD (Electrical CD) and SCD (Spectroscopic CD), for the 45nm-node-like gate level. Measurements were taken on both metrology tools, for different features, and the data was processed to reflect the exposure tool’s fingerprint within the exposure field. ACLV (cross chip line-width variation) and through-focus measurements were also collected. There is a DC bias between the ECD and SCD. The cross slit and cross scan average plots are very similar between the two methods. The correlation between ECD and SCD gave R2 of 0.95 and 0.92 for 220nm and 480nm pitches respectively. Results showed that SCD is a viable candidate to replace ECD for characterizing the exposure system for the 45nm node. Data also showed that there are fundamental differences between the two methods that cannot be attributed to random errors. These differences account for less than 1nm at 3 σ.
CZTS thin films on transparent conducting electrodes by electrochemical technique

Abstract We have fabricated single phase Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) films using a specially designed 3-stage electrochemical system. Sequential electrodepositon of constituent metallic layers was carried out on SnO 2 /F coated glass substrates using a platinum counter electrode and a saturated calomel reference electrode. Unique bath compositions were formulated for each of these constituents. Sequentially deposited tri-layer stacks were annealed in sulfur environment to get CZTS phase. Detailed structural, morphological and optical characterization experiments were performed using several techniques including x-ray diffraction, Raman and UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. All characterization experiments indicated that the films are single phase with a measured direct band gap of 1.5 eV.
The ecological consequences of limb damage and loss in decapod crustaceans: A review and prospectus

Abstract Autotomy, the reflex severance of an appendage, is considered an adaptation to avoid predators and limit wounds. While an autotomy response may provide immediate survival benefits, the loss of one or more appendages can result in long-term functional and energetic costs. In this paper, we present an overview of the incidence of limb damage and loss in decapod crustaceans; review the literature on the ecological consequences of such injury; and suggest areas for future research. A survey of limb damage and loss in field populations showed consistently high incidences of injury in 14 reviewed species. Typically, chelipeds were the limb type lost most often and injuries were distributed symmetrically. No consistent correlation existed between injury frequency and body size among species. In general, the frequency of injury was independent of sex and moult stage. Fishery practices were responsible for substantial limb loss in some commercial species. In terms of energetic costs, experiments demonstrated that limb injury could reduce growth increment and affect intermoult duration. Functionally, limb damage was capable of reducing foraging efficiency and mating success, and increasing vulnerability to intra- and interspecific attack. The magnitude of these effects depended on the type and number of limbs lost. Given the prevalence of injury in decapod crustacean populations, the costs involved, and the ecological importance of many crustacean species, nonlethal injury has the potential to affect population dynamics and community processes. Convincing evidence of autotomy's effects beyond the level of the individual, however, is, at present, lacking. Future work should redress this shortcoming. In addition, comparative studies are needed on decapod species from different habitats and with different lifestyles before generalizations can be made about the costs and benefits of autotomy.
Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of acute soft tissue injuries to the temporomandibular joint

Abstract Purpose: This study involves the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to document acute soft tissue injuries involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) after condylar fractures. Materials and Methods: Patients with condylar fractures whose clinical and radiographic examinations, as well as the mechanism of their injury, suggested specific damage to the temporomandibular soft tissues underwent MRI scanning. Thirteen patients who met selected criteria were included in this study. Results: Ten patients demonstrated disc avulsion, usually in the anterior or medial direction. Two patients had disruption of the lateral capsule, and one patient showed no MRI evidence of acute injury. Joint effusions were frequently demonstrated. Conclusions: MRI of condylar fractures in those patients with displacement, or in whom the mechanism of injury would predispose them to posttraumatic internal derangement, may assist the clinician in determining whether primary or delayed treatment is indicated. Furthermore, MRI may be a useful resource for enhancing the level of understanding regarding soft tissue changes that occur in the TMJ after acute condylar trauma.
Thermochemical Investigations of Preferential Solvation in Nonelectrolyte Solutions. Estimation of Preferential Solvation from Measured Solute Solubilities in Binary Solvent Mixtures

Abstract A relatively simple method is developed for studying preferential solvation in nonelectrolyte solutions based on the Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent (NIBS) and Extended NIBS model mathematical representation for how solute chemical potential varies with solvent composition. Expressions are derived for estimating the extent of preferential solvation around a nonelectrolyte solute from measured solubilities in binary solvent mixtures containing nonspecific and specific interactions. The computational method is illustrated with published data for anthracene, pyrene and carbazole dissolved in mixtures containing dibutyl ether plus n-octane and isooctane. Numerical values based on the derived expressions show the dissimilar preferential solvation behavior expected in mixtures containing the two noncomplexing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon solutes as compared to the complexing carbazole solute, which is believed to form a 1:1 molecular complex with dibutyl ether.
Lorentz and C P T tests with hydrogen, antihydrogen, and related systems

The potential of precision spectroscopy as a tool in systematic searches for effects of Lorentz and $CPT$ violation is investigated. Systems considered include hydrogen, antihydrogen, deuterium, positronium, and hydrogen molecules and molecular ions. Perturbative shifts in energy levels and key transition frequencies are derived, allowing for Lorentz-violating operators of arbitrary mass dimensions. Observable effects are deduced from various direct measurements, sidereal and annual variations, comparisons among species, and gravitational responses. We use existing data to place new and improved constraints on nonrelativistic coefficients for Lorentz and $CPT$ violation, and we provide estimates for the future attainable reach in direct spectroscopy of the various systems or tests with hydrogen and deuterium masers. The results reveal prospective sensitivities to many coefficients unmeasured to date, along with potential improvements of a billionfold or more over certain existing results.
A Parallel DSMC Implementation Including Adaptive Mesh Renement And Cut-Cell Algorithms

Parallel implementation of a three-dimensional direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code is outlined that runs on distributed memory systems using the Message-Passing Interface (MPI). The code employs an embedded 3-level Cartesian mesh, accompanied by a cut-cell algorithm to incorporate triangulated surface geometry into the adaptively rened Cartesian mesh. Two separate data structures are proposed in order to separate geometry data from cell and particle information. The geometry data structure requires little memory so that each partition in a parallel simulation can store large portions of the entire mesh. This has the potential to decrease inter-processor communication for particle movement and for adaptive mesh renement in large parallel simulations. Parallel strategies are detailed for the main DSMC loop, adaptive mesh renement, and the cut-cell routine. Parallel scalability is tested on a simple test case of free-stream ow. For a xed problem size, linear scaling is demonstrated until the number of simulation particles per processor falls below approximately 625,000. However, when the problem size is increased with the number of processors (constant granularity), linear scaling is demonstrated up to 128 processors.
Neuropathic pain following breast cancer surgery: proposed classification and research update.

Chronic pain following surgical procedures for breast cancer was once thought to be rare. The results of recent studies, however, suggest that the incidence of chronic pain following breast cancer surgery may be over 50% (Tasmuth et al., 1995; Kwekkeboom, 1996; Fassoulaki et al., 2000). Post-operative sensations reported by patients can be transient or long-lasting, and can include pain, phantom sensations, and sensory loss or changes. Chronic pain can be a source of considerable disability and psychological distress. In patients undergoing diagnostic studies, surgical procedures, and other treatments for breast cancer, persisting pain is an additional burden for individuals already suffering from many psychosocial and medical stressors (Wyatt and Friedman, 1998; Velanovich and Szymanski, 1999; Kuehn et al., 2000). Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be additional sources of pain and related symptoms and make diagnosis difficult. More patients are surviving breast cancer as a result of progress in diagnosis and treatment. The population at risk for chronic pain and other late complications can therefore be expected to increase in coming years. Although most surgical advances are less invasive and have fewer complications, the rapid pace of change in treatment complicates outcomes research. This article reviews the types of breast cancer surgery and research on the epidemiology and natural history, pathophysiologic mechanisms, treatment, and prevention of chronic pain following these procedures. We emphasize neuropathic pain because it is the most prevalent type, and propose a classification of chronic neuropathic pain following breast cancer surgery that takes into account recent advances in surgical procedures. This classification includes only chronic neuropathic pain syndromes that are a direct consequence of breast cancer surgery. There are other neuropathic pain syndromes that occur following breast cancer surgery that are a consequence of breast cancer and its non-surgical treatment. These syndromes, which include neuropathic pain caused by tumor recurrence and paraneoplastic processes, chemotherapy-associated neuropathy, and radiation plexitis and plexopathy, are beyond the scope of this article. Breast cancer occurs in men with a low incidence (Meguerditchian et al., 2002). Unfortunately, no studies have systematically compared chronic pain in men and women patients following breast cancer surgery; indeed, to our knowledge, only one study of chronic pain following breast cancer surgery has included men (Miaskowski and Dibble, 1995). The nature of the samples studied therefore limits our conclusions to women with breast cancer.