cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II by the extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase ERK2

Abstract Rat ERK2, an extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase family member, phosphorylates RNA polymerase II in vitro. Phosphorylation occurs within the heptapeptide repeats of the C-terminal domain of the largest subunit, in a region important for regulation of transcriptional activity. Analysis of deletion mutants and synthetic peptides showed that ERK2 phosphorylation occurrs at multiple serine residues throughout the C-terminal domain, with no marked preference for consensus repeats versus naturally occurring variants. Our results are consistent with the idea that protein kinases in the extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase family regulate transcription by direct phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II, but do not support a model where particular portions of the C-terminal domain are special targets of ERK phosphorylation.
The Foreign Language Requirement: An Alternative Program

For various reasons, some college-level students experience great difficulty in fulfilling their foreign language requirement. This paper reports on a new program at Boston University which 1) identifies students with severe language learning problems, and 2) offers an alternative sequence of courses designed to help these students achieve foreign language learning success. MLAT pre- and post-test scores indicate significant increases in language aptitude after completion of the first semester of the new course sequence.
Study of the effect of magnetic ordering on the electrical resistivity of GdAl2

Abstract We have investigated the effect of magnetic ordering on the electrical resistivity of GdAl 2 and we find a rather sharp break in the temperature dependence at a temperature about 25°K lower than the reported Curie temperature.
Demonstrating an evacuation algorithm with mobile devices using an e-scavenger hunt game

Casualties in emergency situations are often caused by panic and in cases where building evacuation is required, they are often caused by a disorganized evacuation. This has motivated us to design a two-layer indoor evacuation system that takes advantage of two technologies all people carry on them, namely, cellular phones with cameras and RFID cards. The proposed system integrates QR-Code and RFID-based positioning with a routing system with mounted terminals and displays for guiding people with RFID tags out of a building. People with mobile devices with cameras use an application that resolves QR-Codes into web addresses that point to dynamically generated evacuation instructions. As a proof-of-concept, we have implemented this system with commercially available tools and components as an e-scavenger hunt game which uses SCAVY, our novel evacuation (routing) algorithm, to guide players around a building visiting different locations in a load balancing manner. In this demo, we are planning to deploy this e-scavenger game and the participants would be able to follow the progress of the game (evacuation) through a system monitor dashboard.
The Arc Spectrum of Palladium

A practically complete analysis of Pd I is given, based on previous analyses. The electron structures are ${d}^{10}$, ${\mathrm{d}}^{9}5s$, $6s$, $7s$ (part of) $8s$ (part of) ${d}^{8}{s}^{2}$ (incomplete) ${d}^{9}5p$, ${d}^{8}\mathrm{sp}$ and ${d}^{9}6p$ (parts of), ${d}^{9}5d$, ${d}^{9}6d$ (almost complete).The presence of an unidentified level ${k}_{1}$ is discussed and it is shown that the only explanation within the Hund theory is that ${k}_{1}$ is a hyperfine structure component of $5{d}^{3}{P}_{1}$. Such an assignment presents very great difficulties.
Knowledge-based approach to fault diagnosis and control in distributed process environments

This paper presents a new design approach to knowledge-based decision support systems for fault diagnosis and control for quality assurance and productivity improvement in automated manufacturing environments. Based on the observed manifestations, the knowledge-based diagnostic system hypothesizes a set of the most plausible disorders by mimicking the reasoning process of a human diagnostician. The data integration technique is designed to generate error-free hierarchical category files. A novel approach to diagnostic problem solving has been proposed by integrating the PADIKS (Pattern-Directed Knowledge-Based System) concept and the symbolic model of diagnostic reasoning based on the categorical causal model. The combination of symbolic causal reasoning and pattern-directed reasoning produces a highly efficient diagnostic procedure and generates a more realistic expert behavior. In addition, three distinctive constraints are designed to further reduce the computational complexity and to eliminate non-plausible hypotheses involved in the multiple disorders problem. The proposed diagnostic mechanism, which consists of three different levels of reasoning operations, significantly reduces the computational complexity in the diagnostic problem with uncertainty by systematically shrinking the hypotheses space. This approach is applied to the test and inspection data collected from a PCB manufacturing operation.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The 14N(p, d)13N reaction at 30 MeV

Abstract Energy spectra and angular distributions of deuterons from the 14N(p, d)13N reaction have been measured at an incident proton energy of 30.3 MeV. The data indicate that the 13N levels at 0.0, 3.51, 7.38, 8.93 and 11.80 MeV correspond to the levels calculated by Cohen and Kurath at excitation energies of 0.0, 3.7, 7.4, 8.7 and 10.6 MeV with J π of 1 2 − , 3 2 − , 5 2 − , 1 2 − and 3 2 − , respectively. Spectroscopic factors obtained from DWBA analysis of the angular distributions are compared with theoretical predictions of intermediate coupling calculations. In addition, the excitation of positive parity states in this reaction indicates configuration admixtures of 2s-1d shell in the ground state of 14N.
Spatial and temporal scaling of periphyton growth on walls of estuarine mesocosms

Although experimental ecosystems a r r bdsic and versatile tools w ~ d e l y used In coastal research periphyt~c glo\vth on container walls IS an ~n tnns l c artifact that must be considered when lnterprctlng results To bettel understand holv this a1 tifact may confound extrapoldtion of results f ~ o m controlled exper~ments to conditions In natural es tudr~ne ecosystems we examined ho\v wall perlphyton varied wlth container size and shape in summer and dutunin expenments Kepllcate ( n = 3) cvlind11ca1 mesocosms ot 3 volumes (0 1 1 0 10 m') werr es tabl~shed In both constant-depth (depth 1 m) and conbtant-shape (radiuddepth = 0 56) serles \ l e ~ o c o s n ~ s were in~t la ted with unfiltered estudrine water and homogenized sed~men t s Pel~phyton b~ornass and gross primary production (GPP) per unlt of wall area ~nc leased wlth incredslng r a d ~ u s ( I ) or decreasing ratio of \vall area (A,,,) to water volume ( V ) for mesocos~ns In both s e r ~ e s (A, , /V = 2/r) As a consequence per~phyton biornass and metabol~sm expressed per u n ~ t of water volume Increased as a quadratic functlon of increasing A,, / V ratlo Results also suggest a secondary sca l~ng effect whereby wall perlphyton qrowth may he directly reldted to mesocosm depth although mechanisms for th15 effect I enialn uncledr Slgnlflcant correlations between perlphyton biomass (per m2 wall area) and 3 rnv~ronmenta l f ac to~s (11ght a t t rnua t~on coe f f~c~en t nutnent concentration and zooplankton dbundance) suqqest that these factors may have played Important roles In r egu la t~ng wdll grolvth Add~tlonally, effects of wall penphyton growth on plankton community dynamics were also indicated by the signlflcant nega t~ve re la t~ons between penphyton biomass and measures of both phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance The overall effect of periphyton on the e\perlmental ecosystems was evldent In the fact that perlphyton accounted for over 50") of total ecosystem GPP and b~omass after 2 to 4 ~ v k of these expenments For mesocosm experimc.nts d e s ~ g n e d to examlne dyndmics of planktonic-benth~c ecosystems, our ~ e s u l t s lmply that growth of wall periphvton which 1s controlled b\l fact015 sca l~ng to the ~ a d i u s of expenmental ecosystems tends to domintlte major b~ot ic pools and ratcs withln weeks KEY LVOKDS Dimension effects . L\lall growth . Pcnphyton Nutrients Zooplankton L~gh l Phytoplankton . Estuarine rnesocosm
Current Rectification at Quartz Nanopipet Electrodes

Ag/AgCl reference electrodes fabricated from pulled quartz tubes with orifice radii of 20 nm to 20 μm were characterized in KCl solutions of different concentrations by cyclic voltammetry. Linear current−voltage (i−V) dependence was observed with micropipet electrodes (with micrometer-sized tips) with the same concentration (0.01−1 M) of KCl inside and outside the pipet, but current rectification was found at nanopipet electrodes at KCl concentrations of ≤0.1 M (with nanometer-sized tips). This is attributed to formation of a diffuse electrical double layer within the tip orifice. The effects of electrode size, electrolyte concentration, and solution pH on the nonlinear i−V behavior of these electrodes were investigated. A model for the observed behavior shows the rectification to be caused by the permselectivity in the tip region and the geometric asymmetry of the tip orifice. This phenomenon may be important in studies of ion transport in charged channels and porous membranes.
MOCVD of GaAs in a horizontal reactor: modeling and growth

A two-dimensional model for metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of GaAs in a horizontal reactor is presented. The model is characterized by the following parameters: reactor geometry and operating pressure, thermal boundary conditions, ratio of reactants, chemical reactions, total inlet gas flow rate, as well as molecular weights, thermal conductivities, heat capacities, viscosities, and binary diffusion coefficients of the gas-phase species. Film thickness profiles predicted by the model are compared with those of GaAs thin films grown in the modeled reactor. Results obtained show a good agreement between the predictions and data over the entire length of the deposition region for the low pressure and high flow rate run. Attention is also given to the reactor design and growth conditions.
First-year medical students’ assessment of their own communication skills: A video-based, open-ended approach ☆

Abstract Objective Interpersonal and communication skills are a core area of competency for medical students, residents, and practicing physicians. As reflection and self-assessment are essential components of skill-building, we examined the content of medical students’ assessments of their own developing communication skills. Methods Between 2000 and 2003, a total of 674 first-year medical students completed self-assessments of their communication skills after viewing videotapes of their interaction with simulated patients. Self-assessment forms were open-ended, providing ample space for students to write about the strengths and weaknesses they observed. Completed forms were coded by two members of the research team trained in content analysis. Students identified an average of 5.0 things that went well (range 1–15, S.D. = 2.2) and 2.8 areas for improvement (range 1–9, S.D. = 1.3). Results The most frequently observed strengths were: elicited information/covered important topics (54%); made a personal connection/established rapport (51%); was supportive/encouraging/helpful (40%); attended to conversational flow and transitions (34%); ensured patient comfort (32%). The most frequently noted weaknesses involved problems with: eliciting information/covering important topics (35%); paralanguage, particularly in terms of tone, rate, volume, and disfluencies such as “uh”, “um” (32%); discussing health risks (26%); attending to conversational flow and transitions (23%); students’ own comfort/organization/preparation (20%). Conclusion We observed that a video-based, open-ended approach to self-assessment is feasible, practical, and informative. While the self-assessments covered a broad scope, students clearly attended to tasks and skills relevant to effective communication and relationship building. Practice implications Videotaped clinical encounters allow learners to review their own behavior and make specific comments supported by tangible examples. An open-ended approach to self-assessment of communication skills can serve as one important component of a systematic education and evaluation program.
Blurring the Boundaries. A Review Essay

Until recently, historians tended to think of government, the market, and the nonprofit sector as discrete entities. When they ventured into the voluntary sphere, they almost always focused on individuals and institutions, rather than the mechanics of government or the economy per se. Thus, the 1960s and 1970s saw a windfall of works on social control; scholars in the 1980s examined class relations; and those in the 1990s studied issues of political culture, nation building, and citizenship. With both Marxism and civil society paradigms now in retreat, a new crop of books has begun to reexamine the ties between the sectors in new ways, moving away from traditional “charity to welfare state” models that held that when the state moved in, philanthropy withered. Although written about very different geographical regions and times, each of the three books reviewed here delves into the jumbled “mixed economy” between markets, philanthropy, and the state, and combined, they provide a fresh lens for assessing historical developments.
Levels of psychological experience in asthma: general and illness-specific concomitants of panic-fear personality.

Coping styles in asthma indexed by a Panic-Fear personality measure are known to influence physicians' medical decisions and long-term treatment outcome. Unusually High or Low Panic-Fear personality styles are maladaptive, the former characterized by anxious, helpless dependency and the latter by an extreme counterphobic independence. In this study (N = 90), the psychological experiences among Panic-Fear personality groups (Low, Moderate, and High) of asthma patients are described at three levels of assessment: (1) general personality characteristics; (2) attitudes toward asthma and its treatment; and (3) the subjective symptoms reported during breathing difficulties. Comparisons among the groups delineated the linkages between Panic-Fear personality and more illness-specific attitudes, symptoms, and experiences in asthma. Discussion centered upon how general personality and illness-specific characteristics associated with extreme High and Low Panic-Fear personality may contribute to the psychomaintenance of asthma.
The Yavapai-Mazatzal crustal boundary in the Southern Rocky Mountains

A major geologic boundary has been proposed in the Southern Rocky Mountains separating Proterozoic crustal provinces with different ages and tectonic histories. These provinces probably correlate with the Yavapai (1.8–1.7 Ga) and Mazatzal (1.7–1.6 Ga) provinces of Arizona. Geologic, geochemical, geochronologic, and xenolith data suggest that the boundary lies within a ∼300 km-wide zone that trends northeastward through southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. This zone also seems to have focused later tectonic and thermal effects. However, no major shear zone that might represent a discrete tectonic suture has been identified in the area, and there is no agreement on precisely where the boundary is or what tectonic significance it may have. We present a review of evidence supporting extrapolation of the Yavapai-Mazatzal boundary through the Southern Rocky Mountains. Limitations in the precision, quantity, and interpretation of available data probably contribute to disagreement over the location of the boundary. However, the disparity in boundaries defined by different data sets may partly reflect a complex or gradational transition between crustal domains. We propose a speculative model for the boundary based on a preliminary structural analysis. Tectonic fabrics appear to be consistent with the initial juxtaposition of arc terranes of the Yavapai and Mazatzal provinces on a low-angle thrust system with later modification and steepening of the boundary during continued crustal shortening. This model explains the diffuse isotopic boundary as a manifestation of a vertically heterogeneous crustal column that might promote isotopic mixing. The cryptic structural expression of the suture may result from a layer-parallel style of suturing and complex post-accretionary tectonic overprinting.
Strange baryon matter

Abstract Using the non-linear SU(3)L × SU(3)R chiral lagrangian coupled to a field theory of nuclear forces, we show that a bound state of baryons with a well-defined surface may conceivably form in the presence of kaon condensation. This state is of similar density to ordinary nuclei, but has net strangeness equal to about two thirds the baryon number. We discuss the properties of lumps of strange baryon matter with baryon number between ∼ 20 and ∼ 1057 where gravitational effects become important. The possibility that the ground state of baryonic matter at zero pressure is strange and that ordinary nuclei may only be metastable has important consequences for laboratory nuclear physics, the early universe and astrophysical compact objects.
Independent prognostic relevance of microvessel density in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and associations between CD31, CD105, p53 status, and angiogenic marker expression: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Abstract Objectives The aims of this study were to examine prognostic significance of microvessel density (MVD) in previously-untreated, advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and explore associations between MVD and factors that affect angiogenesis. Methods MVD was determined by immunohistochemical expression of CD31 or CD105 in tumor sections from 106 women treated on GOG randomized phase III trials. Average MVD hotspots were quantified by light microscopy at high power (×400) and categorized as low ( p53 status (mutation and overexpression) was previously determined. Results Of 106 evaluable cases, 25% exhibited high CD31-MVD (>24.25 vessels/high power field [HPF]) or high CD105-MVD (>19.25 vessels/HPF). After adjusting for age and stratifying by GOG performance status, stage, cell type, grade, debulking status and treatment regimen, high versus low CD105-MVD was associated with increased risk of disease progression (hazard ratio [HR]=1.873; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.102–3.184; p =0.020), but not death (HR=1.125; 95% CI: 0.654–1.935; p =0.670) whereas CD31-MVD was not associated with risk of disease progression (HR=1.578; 95% CI=0.918–2.711; p =0.099) or death (HR=1.678; 95% CI=0.957–2.943; p =0.071). CD31-MVD was correlated with CD105-MVD ( p =0.001) and MASPIN ( p =0.016). Neither CD31-MVD nor CD105-MVD was associated with p53 status, THBS-1, bFGF, VEGF or VEGFR-1. Conclusions High MVD assessed using CD105, a marker of proliferating endothelial cells and neoangiogenesis, but not CD31 a pan-endothelial marker, appeared to be an independent prognostic factor for worse progression-free survival in women with advanced EOC after adjusting for prognostic clinical covariates.
Method of expired gas collection during cardiopulmonary exercise testing does not affect respiratory gas exchange measurements in patients with heart failure

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is commonly used to assess patients with heart failure. Analysis of expired gases during exercise requires the use of either a facemask or mouthpiece with nose clip. The authors sought to determine if the method of expired gas collection during exercise testing (facemask or mouthpiece) influences gas exchange measurements in patients with heart failure. Nine patients with heart failure performed two maximal treadmill tests. Expired gases were collected with a facemask in one exercise test and a mouthpiece in the other. There were no significant differences in exercise test duration, peak oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, or perceived exertion during maximal exercise performed with the facemask when compared to the mouthpiece. Test subjects reported that the overall comfort of the facemask was significantly greater than that of the mouthpiece (P < .02). The method of expired gas collection during cardiopulmonary exercise testing does not significantly affect measures of gas exchange or exercise performance in patients with heart failure. Heart failure patients find the overall comfort of the facemask superior to that of the mouthpiece, but this comfort preference does not affect exercise performance.
Association of Parental ADHD and Depression With Externalizing and Internalizing Dimensions of Child Psychopathology

Objective: To study the independent association of parental depression and ADHD on three dimensions of child psychopathology among 178 children aged 5 to 10 years. Method: Self-reported measures of...
Failure analysis methods applied to PV module reliability

In the testing of photovoltaic materials and modules, failure analysis provides insights into the specific mechanism of performance breakdown and offers opportunities to improve performance by materials or process modification. We review various analytical methods applied to photovoltaic modules and test structures to better understand the nature of failure, including several methods not previously discussed in failure analysis literature as applied to photovoltaic devices. Included in this discussion will be the use of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and x-ray microtomography to investigate the failure mechanism in electrical impulse testing of a candidate PV module.
Cell-specific proteins synthesized by Salmonella typhimurium

Studies of the proteins synthesized by Salmonella typhimurium during growth within tissue culture cells have previously focused on a single cell type. In the present study we examine the different protein patterns exhibited by S. typhimurium during growth within three different cell types relevant to those it would encounter throughout the course of a natural infection, including intestinal epithelial cells (Intestine-407), macrophages (J774.A, rat bone marrow-derived macrophages, and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages), and liver cells (NMuLi). Side-by-side comparisons reveal that S. typhimurium responds to these different cellular environments with specific patterns of protein synthesis unique to each cell type. The numbers of proteins detected in each cell line are as follows: 142 proteins in Intestine-407, of which 58 appear to be unique to growth within this cell line; 413 proteins in J774.A, of which 157 appear to be unique; 260 proteins in rat bone marrow-derived macrophages, of which 40 appear to be unique; 336 proteins in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, of which 113 appear to be unique; and 183 proteins in NMuLi, of which 91 appear to be unique.
Readability of Special Education Procedural Safeguards

This study focused on literacy-related barriers to understanding the rights of students with disabilities and their parents within the special education system. SMOG readability scores were determined for procedural safeguards documents issued by all state departments of education. The average reading grade level was 16; 6% scored in the high school range, 55% scored in the college range, and 39% scored in the graduate or professional range. Comparisons of national literacy data and national data on the educational attainment of parents of students with disabilities suggest that there is a disproportionate burden of limited literacy among these parents compared to the general population. The significance of results is discussed with respect to relevant regulatory requirements, case law, and evidence from the legal and health literacy fields.
The Haunted Stage: The Theatre as Memory Machine. By Marvin Carlson. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002; pp. 216. $47.50 cloth.

The tradition of Western drama has its ghosts, from the spectral characters of Darius in The Persians and Clytemnestra in The Eumenides to the attending ghost in The Spanish Tragedy and the ghostly voice in the “all grey” room of Beckett’s Ghost Trio . In turn, some non-Western traditions of theatre, such as Japanese noh , insist upon the primacy of ghosts, whose stories are recounted on stage. Perhaps, from the perspective of our modern world, such characters are anomalous devices of the theatre. Yet Marvin Carlson insists in The Haunted Stage that we understand them as emblematic signs of how all drama and theatre are organized and experienced.
Blood glucose: a strong risk factor for mortality in nondiabetic patients with cardiovascular disease.

Background The prognostic significance of blood glucose (BG) for nondiabetic patients in a stable chronic phase of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been sparsely investigated, especially for glucose within the normal range. In particular, it is unknown if for these patients there is a graded relation of mortality to glucose or if there is a lower threshold. Methods We used the Framingham Heart Study 30-year data to determine 2-year all-cause, cardiovascular mortality (CVM), and non-CVM risk adjusted for age, sex, and typical cardiovascular risk factors (systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and use of antihypertensive drugs) by levels of random whole BG for non–glucose-intolerant subjects (glucose intolerance includes diabetes mellitus) with existing CVD. Results There were steep graded relations of 2-year all-cause, CVM, and non-CVM to BG throughout the normal and subdiabetic range with no evidence of a lower threshold. Two-year mortality continuously increased from 2.99% at the bottom of the normal range (BG = 60 [plasma equivalent=67] mg/dL) to 7.23% at the top of the normal range (89 [plasma equivalent=100] mg/dL) (a 2.42-fold increase) and then continued to further continuously increase, reaching 11.38% at 119 [plasma equivalent=133] mg/dL, the top of the glucose range considered ( P for trend Conclusions Blood glucose, even within the normal range, is a strong independent predictor of 2-year all-cause, CVM, and non-CVM in nondiabetic subjects with CVD and therefore of prognostic significance for these high-risk patients.
The role of patient demographics and clinical presentation in predicting discharge placement after inpatient stroke rehabilitation: analysis of a large, US data base.

Purpose: To determine whether functional ability at admission and demographics predict discharge placement after inpatient rehabilitation for older adults recovering from stroke. Method: In this retrospective study, we examined records of 31,910 adults 65 years of age and older who were admitted for inpatient rehabilitation post-stroke. Binary logistic regression was used with the outcome of placement and potential predictors of the admission Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score, age, sex and marital status. Results: The average admission FIM was 60.0 out of 126; the average FIM at discharge was 84.8. The mean age was 77.7 ± 7.3 years, 57% were female and 52.5% were not married. More than three quarters of the patients were discharged to home. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) showed that patients with a FIM score below the mean of our sample (OR = 5.8, CI = 5.5–6.2), older than the mean age of our sample (OR = 1.6, CI = 1.5–1.7), and who were not married (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.8–2.0...
3d wave propagation and traceback in vascular extraction

Presents an approach for the extraction of vasculature from a volume of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images by using a 3D wave propagation and traceback mechanism. The method employs a dual-sigmoid filter to label each voxel in the MRA image volume with the likelihood that it is within a vessel. Resulting likelihood image is modeled as a medium, represented as an array of refractive indices, through which a wave may be propagated. Starting from the base of the vasculature, the digital wave propagates through the medium and extracts the vascular tree while washing over the local noise perturbations.
Hippocampal Ltd is reliably induced by low frequency stimulation in freely behaving neonatal rats

This study focuses on the induction of long-term potentiation and long-term depression of perforant path/dentate gyrus synapses in twelve-day old freely behaving rats. Long-term potentiation and long-term depression are important mechanisms in understanding learning and memory. We intend to compare our data in 12-day old animals to previous studies of conducted in 15- and 90-day old rats. Previous studies have shown that the transition from long-term depression to long-term potentiation is dependent on the frequency of the stimulation. We recorded evoked field potentials in awake behaving rats at 12 days of age. Thus far, we have only obtained data from one animal. Preliminary results indicate long-term depression can be reliably induced in animals as young as 12 days of age.
The National Comorbidity Survey of the United States

This paper presents an overview of the background, design, and preliminary results of the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) the first psychiatric epidemiologic survey to administer a broadbased research diagnostic interview to a nationally representative sample of the United States. The survey shows that lifetime and recent psychiatric morbidity are a good deal more prevalent than previously thought to be the case, with 48% of the population having at least one psychiatric disorder at some time in their life and 29% in the past year. Despite this widespread prevalence, serious psychiatric disorders are concentrated in a smaller sector of the population made up largely of the roughly one-sixth of the population who have a history of several different psychiatric disorders. This kind of high Comorbidity is associated with significant role impairment and disorder chronicity. Despite the fact that psychiatric disorders are common and disabling, the survey shows that only a minority of people ever obtain profe...
Architecture and Biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Wall

The wall gives a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell its osmotic integrity; defines cell shape during budding growth, mating, sporulation, and pseudohypha formation; and presents adhesive glycoproteins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of β1,3- and β1,6-glucans, a small amount of chitin, and many different proteins that may bear N- and O-linked glycans and a glycolipid anchor. These components become cross-linked in various ways to form higher-order complexes. Wall composition and degree of cross-linking vary during growth and development and change in response to cell wall stress. This article reviews wall biogenesis in vegetative cells, covering the structure of wall components and how they are cross-linked; the biosynthesis of N- and O-linked glycans, glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors, β1,3- and β1,6-linked glucans, and chitin; the reactions that cross-link wall components; and the possible functions of enzymatic and nonenzymatic cell wall proteins.
Recalibration by Pairing: A Process of Perceptual Learning:

When two cues which normally agree in determining perceived depth are experimentally paired so that they designate discrepant values for the depth dimension, an opportunity is created for the recalibration or re-evaluation of the cues. Experiments which show recalibration of the oculomotor cues and recalibration of binocular disparity as a result of pairing these cues with other discrepant cues are reviewed. The locus of change is related to the relative dominance of different cues and the contribution of allocation of attention in determining dominance is discussed. Implications of recalibration by pairing for understanding ontogenetic development are considered. It is suggested that some cues may acquire their effectiveness as a consequence of pairing during development.
The response of Chesapeake Bay salinity to climate-induced changes in streamflow

Autoregressive statistical models of monthly salinity variations in the mainstem of Chesapeake Bay are developed for use in climate change applications. Observations of salinity and Susquehanna River flow from 1984 to 1994 are used to calibrate the models. Up to 93% of the variance in salinity is captured by these models, with the best fits occurring in the middle of the bay, where submonthly fluctuations due to river flow and oceanic currents are damped. Our salinity models use output from a climate-forced hydrological model under a doubling of present-day atmospheric CO2. This coupling scheme predicts salinity changes between +3.5% and −27.5% near the mouth of the Susquehanna River, to between +0.1% and −0.7% near the ocean. These ranges demonstrate the uncertainty in climate model predictions, although three of the four scenarios used indicate increased Susquehanna River flow and therefore decreased salinity. In the highest flow scenario (a 32% annual increase) our results show that the bay's isohalines may recede by approximately 6.3 km (about 2% of the length of the bay) near the Susquehanna River, to as much as 55 km (about 17% of the length of the bay) near the middle bay. This shift implies that climate change may have consequences for organisms with low-salinity thresholds, including oysters and crabs.
Allometric Scaling of the Radula in the Atlantic Slippersnail Crepidula fornicata

ABSTRACT This study examined the scaling of the radula of the Atlantic slippersnail Crepidula fornicata with body size. As a suspension feeder, the prediction was that the radula may be more important (longer relative to body size) for younger animals, as younger animals are likely to also graze the benthos whereas adults primarily suspension feed. Smaller snails had a disproportionately longer radula than larger snails, likely reflecting a more important role of the radula when animals are small. Furthermore, the radula of C. fornicata is short compared with its body size among caenogastropods. This small radula to body length ratio would be expected if the radula is not used for grazing, except possibly in smaller snails.
On-line bullies.

Communication technology has greatly expanded the reach of computer owners both for better and for worse. The latter has surfaced reports of interpersonal hurtfulness that have had deadly consequences. Language: en
Inclusive and exclusive decays of B mesons to final states including charm and charmonium mesons.

We have studied hadronic decays of {ital B} mesons. We report measurements of exclusive branching ratios of several charm decay modes of {ital B} mesons to final states with a {ital D} or {ital D}{sup *} and one to three charged pions or a charged {rho} and to final states with a {psi} or {psi}{prime}, a kaon, and up to two charged pions. We have also measured inclusive branching ratios for {ital B} decays to {ital D} and {ital D}{sup *} and the spectra of these particles in {ital B} decays. The total charm content in {ital B} decay is found to be (101{plus minus}12)%. The branching ratios and spectra are compared to form-factor models. We extract the parameters {ital a}{sub 1} and {ital a}{sub 2} of the model of Bauer, Stech, and Wirbel and the {ital D}{sub {ital S}} decay constant. The masses of the {ital {bar B}} {sup 0} and {ital B}{sup {minus}} mesons are measured. The mass difference between {ital {bar B}} {sup 0} and {ital B}{sup {minus}} is found to be {minus}0.4{plus minus}0.6{plus minus}0.5 MeV/{ital c}{sup 2}.
Simulation of a Conceptualized Combined Pyrolysis, In Situ Combustion, and CO2 Storage Strategy for Fuel Production from Green River Oil Shale

In situ processing methods for producing oil from oil shale have certain advantages over mining and surface processing. Land surface disturbance is minimal, mining operations are avoided, and deep or other resources inaccessible to mining can be utilized. In situ thermal processing technologies have greatly advanced recently, and include cyclic steam injection, steam assisted gravity drainage, in situ combustion, underground gasification, in situ pyrolysis, and so on. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages depending on economic, environmental, geological, and physical characteristics of the application. It may be beneficial to combine different processes, where possible, to improve efficiency and recovery. The pyrolysis process in which kerogen is converted to oil, gas, and coke is energy intensive. We show how the energy requirement can be reduced significantly by following a period of pyrolysis with in situ coke combustion. The total energy reduction is dependent on the time at which the combu...
Effectiveness, tolerability and practical application of the newer generation anti-obesity medications

Objective: Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of five newer anti-obesity medications to guide clinical decision making, examining bupropion–naltrexone combination, liraglutide, lorcaserin, orlistat, and phentermine–topiramate combination.
Modeling and Simulation of Positive Pulse System for Heavy Weight Double-pulse Shock Testing Machine

In order to simulate the actual underwater explosion environments in laboratory as much as possible and satisfy the newly-built shock resistance standard,a high fidelity dynamic model of a high-energy hydraulically-actuated positive shock pulse system was proposed,which is a part of the whole heavy weight double-waveform shock testing machine.The positive shock pulse system models include the hydraulic driven system,the pulse generation system and the base isolation system.The maximum testing capacity for the shock testing machine reaches about 5,000kg,which is much higher than the traditional middle weight shock testing machines and their testing capacity is only about 2,700kg.Numerical simulations were done under the conditions that the shock velocities for the specimens are 5.0m/s,4.0m/s and 3.3m/s,respectively.The simulation results demonstrate that the shock testing machine proposed can produce nearly the same shock acceleration waveform as the newly shock resistance standard BV043/85 and MIL-S-901D.
Accuracy and computational efficiency of real-time subspace propagation schemes for the time-dependent density functional theory

Time-dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) has become successful for its balance of economy and accuracy. However, the application of TDDFT to large systems or long time scales remains computationally prohibitively expensive. In this paper, we investigate the numerical stability and accuracy of two subspace propagation methods to solve the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equations with finite and periodic boundary conditions. The bases considered are the Lanczos basis and the adiabatic eigenbasis. The results are compared to a benchmark fourth-order Taylor expansion of the time propagator. Our results show that it is possible to use larger time steps with the subspace methods, leading to computational speedups by a factor of 2–3 over Taylor propagation. Accuracy is found to be maintained for certain energy regimes and small time scales.
Insights from Familial Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Most malignant hematopoietic disorders arise spontaneously. Nevertheless, hereditary factors substantively contribute to risk for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and leukemia, and their molecular genetic identification can help unravel pathogenesis. In some instances, germline mutations causing Mendelian forms of MDS and leukemia are similar to those occurring somatically in sporadic cases, indicating their potential to function as drivers of malignancy. In other circumstances, genes involved in hereditary predisposition to MDS and leukemia are infrequently implicated in acquired cases, suggesting they may contribute to parallel pathways of malignant transformation. Hereditary mutations in genes encoding transcription factors directing hematopoietic differentiation, including RUNX1, CEBPA, and GATA2 in MDS and AML, and PAX5 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, indicate that disturbed hematopoietic stem cell dynamics may initiate leukemogenesis. On the other hand, for at least some leukemia-predisposing syndromes – including congenital neutropenia when caused by mutations in the gene, ELANE , encoding neutrophil elastase – terminal effectors of hematopoietic differentiation can lead to malignancy, implying that contributions to malignant transformation may go beyond the stem cell. The molecular genetic basis of hereditary leukemic disorders and how they mesh with current concepts of disease mechanism and other insights ensuing from cancer genome sequencing will be discussed. Disclosures: Horwitz: United States Government: Consultancy, United States ex rel. Horwitz v. Amgen Inc., Civil Action No. C07-0248 (W.D. Wash.) Other.
Presentation, Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal Abscesses: 1972–1988

We reviewed 61 consecutive patients with renal abscesses who were treated between 1972 and 1988 to determine whether the patient characteristics and mortality differed from those of patients treated during the preceding 2 decades. The results demonstrate that the predisposing conditions, symptomatology, abnormal physical findings, abnormal laboratory results, abnormal radiographic findings and infecting organisms of patients with renal abscesses have not changed during the last 40 years. Ultrasonography and computerized tomography, which became available in the 1970s, identified 35 of 38 (92%) and 23 of 24 (96%) abscesses, respectively. In 57 cases (97%) the abscess was drained and the patients survived. In 4 cases the abscess escaped clinical detection and contributed to patient death. The marked improvement of survival among patients with renal abscesses during the last 2 decades is attributable to improved diagnostic precision and, probably, improved antimicrobial therapy and supportive care.
Near patient blood glucose monitoring

This report describes the quality control and quality assurance programs for bedside glucometry at our institution. From our 3-year experience, a regular schedule of inspections is necessary for maintenance of high-quality bedside glucose testing. The most common violation of quality control/quality assurance in bedside glucometry in our institution was the failure to perform regular proficiency testing, in which one random patient's bedside capillary blood glucose value during each inspection period was compared to his or her venous plasma or serum glucose value obtained from the central laboratory. Failure to perform instrument maintenance and document operator certification were the next most common violations of quality control/quality assurance in our bedside glucometry program. Regarding the cost analysis for bedside glucometry, we conclude that bedside glucose testing is not inherently more expensive than testing performed within the clinical laboratory. The increased cost of bedside glucometry over laboratory testing can be significantly minimized by involvement of a limited number of health care workers and performance of bedside glucometry only on clinical units where testing is required more than five times per day.
A Fluorescent Sensor and Gel Stain for Detection of Pyrophosphorylated Proteins

The design and synthesis of a fluorescent sensor of diphosphate esters along with its application for in-gel detection is described. Dinuclear zinc complex 1 selectively binds diphosphate esters in the presence of various other functional groups, including monophosphate esters. Complex 1 also constitutes a competent stain for visualization of pyrophosphorylated proteins in polyacrylamide gels. This reagent will facilitate the validation and exploration of protein pyrophosphorylation.
Courtrooms and classrooms: a legal history of college access 1860–1960 by Scott M. Gelber

Scott M. Gelber opens Courtrooms and Classrooms: A Legal History of College Access, 1860–1960 with a discussion of judicial deference toward colleges and universities in the United States, in which...
Mechanical determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in conscious dogs

A new practical descriptor of metabolic to mechanical myocardial energy transfer (MET), termed the virtual work model, was evaluated in 32 conscious dogs and in 8 isolated canine hearts. An index o...
Toys as Mimetic Objects. A Problem from Plato’s Laws

What is a toy? As objects of play, toys seem to be inextricably bound up with mimesis: a child plays ‘make believe’, for example, with a doll or toy cart. But as I will show, Plato has a very different conception of toys from the modern one which tends to conceive of play as essentially mimetic. Toys do not derive their pleasure from being mimetic objects; rather, they are essentially pleasure objects and as such only incidentally mirror the objects of a ‘serious’ or ‘real’ world.
Prevalence and screening for anaemia in mild to moderate Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States, 2010-2014

Background and aims Anaemia affects up to 74% patients with Crohn9s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and is correlated with decreased quality of life. The European Crohn9s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO) recommends at least annual screening for iron-deficiency anaemia. We aimed to determine the prevalence of anaemia, frequency of anaemia screening and factors associated with anaemia in a retrospective study of mild to moderate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the USA. Methods Adults with at least two outpatient encounters for IBD between 2010 through 2014 who contributed laboratory information were identified from MarketScan, a US commercial claims database. Hospitalised patients were considered severe and excluded from the study. WHO criteria defined anaemia. Iron-deficiency anaemia was evaluated using ferritin and C reactive protein. Results The eligible population included 17 059 adults, 43.9% with CD. During the 2-year median follow-up period, 68.1% of patients with CD and 65.3% of patients with UC were screened for anaemia. The prevalence of anaemia among those screened was 32.4% in CD and 27.6% in UC. Among 669 persons with sufficient information, 79.2% of those with CD and 85.1% of those with UC had iron-deficiency anaemia. Factors associated with anaemia were similar for those with CD and UC and included ≥6 IBD-related outpatient visits, female sex, age and smoking. Conclusions More than 30% of patients with IBD in the USA were not screened for anaemia during a 2-year period. Approximately 82% of anaemic patients were iron deficient, although the absence of ferritin results limited the findings. Incorporation of screening for anaemia and, in particular, iron deficiency, should be a component of international treatment guidelines.
Tuning Electron Flux through Nitrogenase with Methanogen Iron Protein Homologues

Nitrogenase uses a reductase component called Fe protein to deliver electrons to its catalytic partner for substrate reduction. The essential role of Fe protein in catalysis makes it an ideal target for regulating the electron flux and enzymatic activity of nitrogenase without perturbing the cofactor site. This work reports that hybrids between the Fe protein homologs of Methanosarcina acetivorans and the catalytic components of Azotobacter vinelandii can trap substrate CO through reduced electron fluxes. In addition, homology modeling/in silico docking is used to define markers for binding energy and specificity between the component proteins that correlate with the experimentally determined activities. This homologue-based approach could be further developed to allow identification or design of hybrids between homologous nitrogenase components for mechanistic investigations of nitrogenase through capture of substrates/ intermediates or for transgenic expression of nitrogenase through synthetic biology.