cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcome Trajectories of Developmental Students in Community Colleges.

This analysis explores student outcomes related to taking developmental English (i.e., reading and/or writing) and math classes in three community colleges in three different states, using institutional data from 7,898 students who began college in the fall of 2009 (Cohort 1) or fall 2010 (Cohort 2). We examine the outcome trajectories of students at each college, considering their enrollment in developmental courses in their first term at college as well as other variables. Several factors helped students persist into the second term of college, and a subset of these was also significantly related to continued persistence, graduation, and higher overall grade point average (GPA). Older students, White/non-Hispanic students, and occupational students were more likely to graduate. These groups, and women, also had higher cumulative GPAs. Math ability at the time of college entrance was a powerful predictor of student success. The utility of reading placement as a predictor, and the utility of developmental...
Dakotaseps gen. nov., a replacement name for the lizard genus Dakotasaurus Nydam 2013, a junior homonym of the ichnotaxon Dakotasaurus Branson and Mehl 1932.

Dakotasaurus gilletorum Nydam 2013 was erected for two partial mandibles of a paramacellodid-cordylid grade scincomorphan lizard from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of southern Utah (Nydam 2013). However, the genus name Dakotasaurus is a junior homonym of the ichnofossil Dakotasaurus Branson and Mehl 1932. Under Article 23.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) Branson and Mehl’s (1932) name has priority.
Effect of a bovine hemoglobin preparation on the response of the FSaIIC fibrosarcoma to chemotherapeutic alkylating agents.

Polymerized bovine hemoglobin solutions (PBHS) are being actively investigated as blood substitutes. In studies analogous to those we conducted with perfluorochemical emulsions/carbogen, we have examined the effect of PBHS +/- carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2) breathing on the antitumor efficacy of melphalan, cyclophosphamide, N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU) and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-platin). The tumor growth delay of the FSaIIC fibrosarcoma treated with melphalan (10 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg), cisplatin (10 mg/kg) and BCNU (15 mg/kg) was increased about 2.2-fold, about 2.1-fold, about 1.2-fold and about 1.5-fold, respectively, when PBHS (12 mg/kg) was administered i.v. before each drug was injected i.p. The tumor growth delay produced by each drug was further increased when carbogen breathing for 6 h was allowed after administration of the drug and PBHS. In tumor cell survival experiments 24 h following drug treatment, the addition of PBHS increased the tumor cell killing of both melphalan and cyclophosphamide by about a factor of 10 at the lowest doses of each drug tested (10 mg/kg for melphalan and 100 mg/kg for cyclophosphamide) compared to the drug alone. However, at higher drug doses this effect was lost. The toxicity of each antitumor agent toward bone marrow (granulocyte/macrophage-colony-forming units) was increased 2- to 3-fold by the combined treatment. These results suggest that use of PBHS +/- carbogen breathing may add significantly to the efficacy of antitumor alkylating agents, however, the in vivo/in vitro data suggest that there will be increased bone marrow toxicity with this approach. This needs to be taken into account in the design of clinical trials.
Farmers, the Practice of Farming and the Future of Agroforestry: An Application of Bourdieu's Concepts of Field and Habitus

Agroforestry, the practice of raising crops and trees together in ways that are mutually beneficial, provides farmers with an alternative to more conventional farming practices. In this paper, we apply Bourdieu's concepts of “field” and “habitus” in an attempt to better understand the practice of farming and the role that agroforestry may have in farming systems. Analysis is based on qualitative and quantitative interviews of farmers and other key informants in two regions, Fox-Wyaconda Watershed in northeast Missouri and Scott County in southeast Missouri. Within the field of farming, farmers emphasized the importance of economic, family and rental relations. Important habitus considerations include different interpretations of what constitutes farming and what constitutes forestry. Based on Bourdieu's theoretical framework, we offer three alternative paths of social change that may lead to more widespread utilization of agroforestry.
Electron removal from atomic hydrogen by collisions with fully stripped iron ions

Abstract Charge transfer and impact ionization cross sections for Fe +26 + H collisions were computed using the perturbed stationary state and classical trajectory methods. These results in combination with previous theoretical stripped ion + H collision studies indicate an approximately linear dependence of the charge transfer cross section with projectile charge for ν ⪅ 1 × 10 8 cm/s.
X-Ray Survival as Gompertz Growth in Number Killed

X-ray and age-dependent survival studies both involve increasing numbers of deaths in proportion to the destructive force implicit in the independent variable, which is radiation dose in the former and the ravages of time in the latter. Ordinarily modelled by entirely different but often unsatisfactory equations, these similar situations can both be represented by a Gompertz growth model in which the dependent variable is number dead rather than number of survivors. The present paper applies the model to X-ray survival curves. Two free parameters suffice for a curve in which the log survival terminates in a straight line. In those instances in which the slope of the log plot becomes increasingly steep, an exponential term is required to account for the disproportionate increase in X-ray sensitivity. Examples are shown of the fit to a variety of data.
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on the nature of hemoproteins in nitrite and nitric oxide reduction.

Abstract Nitrite and nitric oxide reductases and c -type cytochromes were isolated from nitrate-grown Pseudomonas perfectomarinus . EPR measurements indicate the direct participation of c -type cytochromes in the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide. The EPR resonance of heme-NO complexes is observed with g -values at 2.03 and 2.10 with 14 N hyperfine splitting of 16.2 Gauss. Quantitative EPR measurements indicate that all the c -type cytochromes involved in nitrite reduction are in the heme-NO complex forms and that these complexes account for about 15% of the total nitric oxide observed. A different c -type cytochrome was found to be involved in the reduction of NO to N 2 O with the major g -value of the heme-NO complex at 2.06. A time-dependent broadening of EPR was noted.
Effects of solvent casting copolymer materials as related to mechanical properties

Using a well characterized series of styrene butadiene triblock copolymers a systematic study was carried out to determine the influence of casting solvent, used for film preparation, on the final mechanical properties. The results clearly indicate that in the range of styrene contents of 30-40 mol %, the modulus behavior is greatly affected as the solubility parameter of the casting solvent, delta, is varied. Specifically, the modulus increases as delta increases to the value of polystyrene. At lower or higher styrene content, the properties are influenced but to a much lesser degree. Other mechanical properties measured were yield stress and breaking stress. The ramifications of these data are discussed in light of preparing prosthetic material via solvent casting.
Blood concentrations of some persistent organohalogens in free-ranging spotted seals (Phoca largha) from Bristol Bay, Alaska.

In recent years, the relatively high levels of organochlorine contaminants and increasing levels of brominated flame retardants found in tissues of marine mammals have raised concerns that exposure to these marine pollutants may compromise individual health. In this pilot study, levels of 11 polychlorinated biphenyls, 3 polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and the DDT metabolitep,p′-diphenyldichloroethylene were analyzed in whole blood of 7 free-ranging spotted seals (Phoca largha) from Bristol Bay, Alaska, sampled during 2000 and 2001. Blood concentrations of analytes were generally low (<1 ppb wet weight). Open-ocean foraging and feeding on a lower trophic level may contribute to the relatively lower levels of organohalogens found in this species as compared to the closely related harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, occurring in Bristol Bay.
Approximation-based video tracking system

This paper describes a two-dimensional target tracking system model and the image algebra specification of its algorithm. The visual tracking process in this model is divided into four subprocesses. Each target is abstracted as a parametrically described closed curve and the neighboring points of the curve. A description of the two-space motion of a target is obtained from the parameters defining the curve in sequential image frames, while curve construction and occlusion detection are accomplished using neighboring points of curve approximations from previous frames. The curve approximation is based on fitting the two-dimensional target boundary contour and is implemented as an error minimization problem. The simplest form of curve considered is an ellipse, but the target descriptions can be made more robust by adding more parameters as needed to describe more complex curves. The parameters of the curves identified in previous frames can be used as constraints in the error minimization process when occlusion is detected. The model can be applied to different types of targets by applying type-specific boundary estimation methods to each target's approximate boundary region. The image algebra description of this algorithm is concise and inherently parallel. This image algebra algorithm specification is of interest because it represents a complex vision activity rather than a simple filtering operation. In particular, the algorithm manipulates many small subimage regions specified by computing their point sets and gives a description of targets as a result, as is typical of vision algorithms. The implementation of the algorithm is described and its performance on a microcomputer vision system is characterized by giving two real-time tracking systems: a two-dimensional block tracking system and one that tracks human faces.
Existence of hyperventilation in panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, GAD, and normals: Implications for the cognitive theory of panic

Abstract We are reporting the venous CO2 (HCO2 and H 2CO3) levels and respiratory rates on a group of 64 panic disorder (PD) and panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDAG) patients, and 48 generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients. Our results indicate that panic disorder patients and those with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/PDAG) have higher mean rates of respiration and lower mean venous CO2 than patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), whereas these latter patients have higher mean respiratory rates and lower mean venous CO2 values than normal controls. The results of this study are discussed in regards the implication of these findings for the cognitive/hyperventilation theory of panic attacks. Recommendations for future studies are offered.
A statistical approach to generation of design spectrum compatible earthquake time histories

Abstract A statistical approach to design spectrum compatible generation of seismic motions is presented. This problem is addressed on a probabilistic basis, and an earthquake time history is considered as a realization of a nonstationary stochastic process which possesses an evolutionary power spectrum. Thus, the approach is based on relating the power spectrum of the stochastic seismic motion to the design spectrum. In determining the parameters which define the power spectrum, an approximate expression for the probability density of the response of a lightly damped linear structure to a broadband nonstationary stochastic excitation is used. For exemplification, the Newmark-Blume-Kapur (NBK) spectrum and the Housner (H) spectrum are considered. In this regard, analytical expressions of power spectra of stochastic processes which are statistically compatible with the (NBK) and the (H) spectra are derived. These expressions can prove quite useful not only for simulating acxelerograms, but for conducting, as well, stochastic dynamic analyses of structural systems exposed to seismic loads specified by regulatory agencies.
Internal Rotation in Energetic Systems: TATB

We report second-order Moller−Plesset (MP2) and density functional (DFT) calculations of the rotational barrier and torsional potential for intramolecular rotation of the nitro group in the energetic system 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB). The calculated rotational barrier is 11.0 and 17.9 kcal/mol at the MP2/6-311G** and B3LYP/6-311G** levels, respectively, two to three times higher than that of nitrobenzene and nitroethylene. This is attributed to very strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding in this molecule, where the oxygen−hydrogen bond is 1.7−1.8 A at the equilibrium structure and well below the van der Waals limit of 2.62 A. The two-dimensional torsional barrier is determined to be 10.5 kcal/mol at the B3LYP/6-311G** level, showing the effects of substantial nuclear relaxation. These results should shed further insight on the unusual stability of TATB.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of thermal barrier coatings as a function of isothermal and cyclic thermal exposure

Abstract Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is being developed as a non-destructive evaluation technique of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for life-remaining assessment and quality control. In this investigation, EIS was employed to non-destructively examine TBCs, as a function of thermal exposure during isothermal and cyclic oxidation in air at 1121 °C. TBCs examined in this study include electron beam physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) and air-plasma sprayed ZrO2–7wt.%Y2O3 (YSZ) on NiCoCrAlY or (Ni,Pt)Al bondcoat. Electrochemical impedance response of TBC specimens at room temperature were acquired and analyzed with an AC equivalent circuit based on the multi-layered micro-constituents of TBCs. Microstructural characteristics of TBCs were also examined by optical and electron microscopy. Initial increase in the resistance of YSZ with thermal exposure was observed and related to the high temperature sintering of YSZ. The parabolic growth of TGO during high temperature oxidation was inversely proportional to the capacitance of TGO. An explanation based on electrolyte penetration into sub-critical damage is proposed for the gradual decrease in the resistances of YSZ and TGO with prolonged thermal exposure. Observation of exposed metallic bondcoat surface on the fracture surface, which provides conduction readily through electrolyte contact, was related to the abrupt and large increase in the capacitance of YSZ and TGO.
Molecular genetics of drosophila vision

The fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an excellent organism for dissecting the components of vision genetically. Many mutations have been generated that affect a diversity of processes important in vision. Through a combined application of molecular and genetic approaches many of the genes important in Drosophila vision are now being identified.
Modeling insecurity: policy engineering for survivability

We present an access-control policy specification and verification process that is well-suited to model survivability of information resources under threat of compromise. Our process differs from the traditional policy engineering methodology in many ways. First, we contend that traditional safety-property modeling cannot provide any guarantees when the policy enforcement mechanisms are compromised. Therefore, we extend traditional access control specifications by modeling insecure states and transitions explicitly, to describe possible system behavior after compromise.Next, we observe that it may not always possible to recover from an insecure state, and both compromise and recovery impact the availability of information. Based on these observations, we refine traditional information security properties as liveness assertions and explicitly add recovery actions to our specifications, to guarantee resources are available to legitimate users infinitely often, in spite of malicious attacks or inadvertent compromise. We explain our process using an example behavioral specification and show how we can define different measures of availability and verify them using standard model-checking techniques within this framework.
An immunochemical study of the surfaces of sponge cells

Cells from sponges of six different species when injected into rabbits induced the formation of specific agglutinating antibodies. Cells of each species were shown by cross-agglutination and cross-absorption tests to possess species-specific antigenic determinants on their surfaces, and the observed cross reactions between species were in general accord with taxonomic relationships ascribed on more conventional criteria. Preparations containing complex heteropolysaccharides together with peptide were obtained by extraction of sponges with trichloroacetic acid and were shown to possess the serological specificities of the sponge cell surfaces. These preparations, from each of the six species, sensitized fowl erythrocytes to agglutination by homologous sponge cell antisera. The titers of cross hemagglutination obtained with an individual antiserum and variously sensitized erythrocytes were paralleled by the titers obtained in direct agglutination of sponge cells, indicating that the antigenic groups responsible for hemagglutination were similar to those present on the sponge cell surface and dominating its serological reactions. The isolated polysaccharide-containing substances precipitated agglutinating antibodies and were themselves antigenic in rabbits. Chemical and serological analysis of a purified polysaccharide obtained from crude material by ion-exchange chromatography, together with other lines of evidence, suggested that carbohydrate rather than peptide antigenic specificities underlay the serological behaviour of the sponge cell surface. The cell surface specificities detected serologically appeared not to be due to sensitization of sponge cells by intracellular substances liberated during the preparation of cell suspensions from intact sponge. Certain pairs of the sponges examined showed specific cellular reaggregation but the species specificity exhibited did not correlate in any simple manner with the demonstrated antigenic relationships of the species. The serological results are discussed in relation to the various postulated mechanisms of specific reaggregation.
Cleaning requirements for silica‐coated sensors used in optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy

Optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS), based on the incoupling of laser light into a waveguide sensor by an optical grating, allows for the in situ measurement of protein adsorption. Few reports have described cleaning methods for the surfaces of such sensors, and in this investigation, we compare common methods for cleaning of silica surfaces in relation to their effectiveness for cleaning silica-coated waveguide sensors used in OWLS. For this purpose, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of surface morphology and OWLS detection of protein adsorption kinetics were used to evaluate waveguide sensors before and after cleaning. While AFM line scans showed a substantial increase in average waveguide peak-to-valley height after RCA cleaning relative to all other methods tested, chemical etching owing to the alkaline component of the rolling circle amplification method rendered the waveguide unusable for detection of protein adsorption with OWLS. A revised method, based on replacement of the alkaline step with immersion in sodium dodecyl sulfate, was not only effective at cleaning OWLS waveguides off-the-shelf but also showed excellent protein adsorption reproducibility after ex situ cleaning. Moreover, the revised method showed excellent reproducibility when applied in situ, between repeated adsorption-elution cycles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DIAGNOSIS OF RETROPERITONEAL PULMONARY SEQUESTRATION USING COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY GUIDED FINE NEEDLE BIOPSY

Pulmonary sequestration is a benign cystic malformation of bronchopulmonary tissue discontinuous from the tracheobronchial tree that rarely presents as a retroperitoneal mass. The diagnosis is usually unexpectedly established following surgical removal.1 We report a case of pulmonary sequestration confirmed by the presence of ciliated epithelial cells on computerized tomography (CT) guided needle aspirate.
Developing a Theory of Gamified Learning: Linking Serious Games and Gamification of Learning

Background and AimGamification has been defined as the use of characteristics commonly associated with video games in non-game contexts. In this article, I reframe this definition in terms of the game attribute taxonomy presented by Bedwell and colleagues. This linking is done with the goal of aligning the research literatures of serious games and gamification. A psychological theory of gamified learning is developed and explored.ConclusionIn the theory of gamified learning, gamification is defined as the use of game attributes, as defined by the Bedwell taxonomy, outside the context of a game with the purpose of affecting learning-related behaviors or attitudes. These behaviors/attitudes, in turn, influence learning by one or two processes: by strengthening the relationship between instructional design quality and outcomes (a moderating process) and/or by influencing learning directly (a mediating process). This is contrasted with a serious games approach in which manipulation of game attributes is typic...
Stability of the flow past a sphere

Experiment shows that the steady axisymmetric flow past a sphere becomes unstable in the range 120 < Re < 300. The resulting time-dependent non-axi-symmetric flow gives rise to non-axisymmetric vortex shedding at higher Reynolds numbers. The present work reports a computational investigation of the linear stability of the steady axisymmetric base flow. We use a spectral technique to represent the base flow. We then perform a linear stability analysis with respect to axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric disturbances. A spectral technique similar to that employed in the base-flow calculation is used to solve the linear-disturbance equations in stream-function form (for axisymmetric disturbances), and in a modified primitive variables form (for non-axisymmetric disturbances). The analysis shows that the axisymmetric base flow undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at Re = 175.1, with the critical disturbance having azimuthal wavenumber m = 1, and dimensionless frequency (non-dimensionalized as a Strouhal number, St) 0.0955. The critical Re, azimuthal mode number, and St are favourably compared to previous experimental work.
Is tobacco a gay issue? Interviews with leaders of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community

This study examined the extent of tobacco industry funding of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) organisations and whether leaders of these organisations thought tobacco was a priority health issue for their community. We interviewed leaders of 74 LGBT organisations and publications in the USA, reflecting a wide variety of groups. Twenty‐two percent said they had accepted tobacco industry funding and few (24%) identified tobacco as a priority issue. Most leaders did not perceive tobacco as an issue relevant to LGBT identity. They saw smoking as a personal choice and individual right rather than as a health crisis fuelled by industry activities. As such, they were reluctant to judge a legal industry, fearing it might lead to having to evaluate other potential funders. They saw tobacco control as divisive, potentially alienating their peers who smoke. The minority who embraced tobacco control saw the industry as culpable and viewed their own roles as protecting the community from all harms, not j...
Adenosine 5′‐diphosphate‐ribose is a neural regulator in primate and murine large intestine along with β‐NAD+

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) has long been considered to be the purine inhibitory neurotransmitter in gastrointestinal (GI) muscles, but recent studies indicate that another purine nucleotide, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD+), meets pre- and postsynaptic criteria for a neurotransmitter better than ATP in primate and murine colons. Using a small-volume superfusion assay and HPLC with fluorescence detection and intracellular microelectrode techniques we compared β-NAD+ and ATP metabolism and postjunctional effects of the primary extracellular metabolites of β-NAD+ and ATP, namely ADP-ribose (ADPR) and ADP in colonic muscles from cynomolgus monkeys and wild-type (CD38+/+) and CD38−/− mice. ADPR and ADP caused membrane hyperpolarization that, like nerve-evoked inhibitory junctional potentials (IJPs), were inhibited by apamin. IJPs and hyperpolarization responses to ADPR, but not ADP, were inhibited by the P2Y1 receptor antagonist (1R,2S,4S,5S)-4-[2-iodo-6-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]-2-(phosphonooxy)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-1-methanol dihydrogen phosphate ester tetraammonium salt (MRS2500). Degradation of β-NAD+ and ADPR was greater per unit mass in muscles containing only nerve processes than in muscles also containing myenteric ganglia. Thus, mechanisms for generation of ADPR from β-NAD+ and for termination of the action of ADPR are likely to be present near sites of neurotransmitter release. Degradation of β-NAD+ to ADPR and other metabolites appears to be mediated by pathways besides CD38, the main NAD-glycohydrolase in mammals. Degradation of β-NAD+ and ATP were equal in colon. ADPR like its precursor, β-NAD+, mimicked the effects of the endogenous purine neurotransmitter in primate and murine colons. Taken together, our observations support a novel hypothesis in which multiple purines contribute to enteric inhibitory regulation of gastrointestinal motility.
The Temporal Relationship between Implantation, Termination of Prolactin Surges, and Increased Testosterone Secretion in the Pregnant Mouse*

PRL and testosterone (T) levels were measured in mice mated during the postpartum estrus and permitted to nurse 10 pups. Various delays in implantation were induced by separating females from their pups either on day 0 (the day of vaginal plug detection) or on day 4, 6, or 8, which resulted in implantation on day 4, 6, 8, or 10, respectively. Trunk blood was collected after decapitation during the times diurnal PRL surges were expected to occur (3 days after implantation) or to have disappeared (5 days after implantation). When implantation occurred on day 4 (pups removed on day 0 of lactational pregnancy), the diurnal PRL surge was present on day 7 but absent on day 9 as predicted. When implantation was delayed, diurnal PRL surges were expressed on the third day after implantation but, without exception, had terminated by the fifth day after nidation. Regardless of the day of implantation (day 4, 6,8, or 10 after mating), increased T secretion was always associated with the cessation of the diurnal PRL s...
POTENTIAL OF IRRADIATION TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVED SHELLFISH SANITATION

Food processing by ionizing irradiation has been shown to be safe, effective and efficient for the purposes of food preservation, reduction of post-harvest storage losses, prolongation of shelf-life, pest disinfestation, inactivation of food-borne parasites, and destruction of microbial pathogens. The biological effectiveness of the process results from energizing of orbital electrons in the food target material. The energy transfer results in formation of free radicals which interact with essential macromolecules. Energy reserves in facultative anaerobes are stored preferentially as shellfish glycogens Lipids, require aerobic oxidation to reconstitute a suitable carbohydrate substrate to enter into the normal glycolytic pathway. Preservation of organoleptic qualities in radiation processed shellfish may also be related to their facultative anaerobic status. Irradiation presents distinct advantages for enhancing microbial quality in live shellfish when applied as an adjunct to existing sanitation programs. Potential abuse or mis-application of the process would result if, shellfish which did not meet established sanitary standards were allowed to be irradiation processed.
Why Students Choose a Hospitality and Tourism Program: A Pilot Study of U.S. Undergraduate Students

More universities, two-year colleges, and graduate schools in the United States strive to create hospitality and tourism programs in order to accommodate the rapidly-increasing popularity of the hospitality and tourism management (HTM) field in U.S. higher education. The purposes of this study are: a) to identify reasons why college students in the U.S. want to study HTM; and b) to identify subject areas within HTM in which students want to specialize. This study also aims to identify students' preferred foreign destinations for studying HTM. The results of the empirical study of 479 undergraduate students majoring in HTM revealed six motivational factors, preferred study areas within HTM, and popular overseas destinations for HTM studies. Major findings and implications are discussed.
Response time is more important than walking speed for the ability of older adults to avoid a fall after a trip.

Abstract We previously reported that the probability of an older adult recovering from a forward trip and using a “lowering” strategy increases with decreased walking velocity and faster response time. To determine the within-subject interaction of these variables we asked three questions: (1) Is the body orientation at the time that the recovery foot is lowered to the ground (“tilt angle”) critical for successful recovery? (2) Can a simple inverted pendulum model, using subject-specific walking velocity and response time as input variables, predict this body orientation, and thus success of recovery? (3) Is slower walking velocity or faster response time more effective in preventing a fall after a trip? Tilt angle was a perfect predictor of a successful recovery step, indicating that the recovery foot placement must occur before the tilt angle exceeds a critical value of between 23° and 26° from vertical. The inverted pendulum model predicted the tilt angle from walking velocity and response time with an error of 0.4±2.2° and a correlation coefficient of 0.93. The model predicted that faster response time was more important than slower walking velocity for successful recovery. In a typical individual who is at risk for falling, we predicted that a reduction of response time to a normal value allows a 77% increase in safe walking velocity. The mathematical model produced patient-specific recommendations for fall prevention, and suggested the importance of directing therapeutic interventions toward improving the response time of older adults.
Seasonal and Interannual Patterns of Distribution and Diet of Bluefish within a Middle Atlantic Bight Estuary in Relation to Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Seasonal and interannual patterns in the spatial distribution of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) within a Middle Atlantic Bight estuary were examined using multipanel gillnets fished biweekly at 14 fixeds stations in the Sandy Hook Bay-N avesink River estuary during May–November of 1998 and 1999. To characterize habitats along the estuarine gradient, we measured several abiotic and biotic variables concurrently with gillnet sampling. Juvenile (age-0 and age-1+) bluefish were captured regularly during both years along with large numbers of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), which were confirmed by diet analyses to be bluefish’s primary forage species. The date of initial appearance of age-0 bluefish and menhaden in the estuary varied between years and may have been related to interannual differences in seawater temperatures on the continental shelf during spring. Delayed estuarine arrival of prey fishes may have contributed to variability in bluefish diets between years. Within the estuary, bluefish spatial distribution were consistent across seasons and years: bluefish were most common in areas associated with high concentrations of suspended materials and the presence of menhaden. Community analyses also indicated habitat overlap between bluefish and menhaden. Spatial distribution patterns revealed the consistent occurrence of piscivorous bluefish in shallow estuarine habitats that retained suspended materials and aggregated prey fishes. Foraging success of bluefish and other estuarine piscivores may be closely linked with the availability of these productive habitat, highlighting the need for future study of biological interactions and the governing physical processes.
Toward end-to-end fairness: a framework for the allocation of multiple prioritized resources

As flows of traffic traverse a network, they share with other flows a variety of resources such as links, buffers and router CPUs in their path. Fairness is an intuitively desirable property in the allocation of resources in a network shared among flows of traffic from different users. While fairness in bandwidth allocation over a shared link has been extensively studied, overall end-to-end fairness in the use of all the resources in the network is ultimately the desired goal. End-to-end fairness becomes especially critical when fair allocation algorithms are used as a component of the mechanisms used to provide end-to-end quality-of-service guarantees. This paper seeks to answer the question of what is fair when a set of traffic flows share multiple resources in the network with a shared order of preference for the opportunity to use these resources. We present the Generalized Principle of Fairness (GPF), a powerful extension of any of the classic notions of fairness such as max-min fairness, proportional fairness and utility max-min fairness defined over a single resource. We illustrate this principle by applying it to a system model with a buffer and an output link shared among competing flows of traffic. To complete our illustration of the applicability of GPF we propose a measure of fairness and evaluate representative buffer allocation algorithms based on this measure. Besides buffer allocation, GPF may also be used in other contexts in data communication networks and operating system design.
Motion and force control of robot manipulators

In this paper we present a unified approach for the control of manipulator motions and active forces based on the operational space formulation. The end-effector dynamic model is used in the development of a control system in which the generalized operational space end-effector forces are selected as the command vector. This formulation provides a framework for natural and efficient integration of both end-effector force and motion control. A "generalized position and force specification matrix" is used for the specification of tasks that involve simultaneous motion and force operations. Flexibility in the force sensor, end-effector, and environment, and problems related to impact are discussed. The real-time operational space control system, COSMOS, has been recently implemented in the NYMPH multiprocessor system. Results of experiments involving contact and force step input response are presented.
Covert timing channels codes for communication over interactive traffic

This paper presents the first practical perfectly-secure steganography codes for covert communication via packet timings across interactive traffic relayed over network queuing systems. It has recently been shown that sparse-graph linear codes followed by shaping techniques, combined with message-passing decoding, can enable practical timing channel codes with low symbol error rates near the information capacity of the famous “Bits Through Queues” channel. Inspired by this new class of codes, we use an alternative shaping technique that employs random dithers and construct provably secure steganographic codes for communication using packet timings in interactive traffic. To validate the perfect secrecy of our steganographic codes, we model interactive traffic as a two-state Markov Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP) and show its goodness-of-fit.
Leadership Operational Plan for Difficult Times

Individuals, working independently, get work done utilizing systems that are developed to coordinate autonomous tasks. The structures that automation conveys can be used to develop work groups. Davis writes "The technology of automation usually creates an operating system which ties together a number of formerly independent work elements" (Davis, 1963, p.289). Although automation is a very effective method to produce goods and services, efficient teams increase the likelihood of success: teams are good for automation. Davis writes “With regard to teamwork, automation tends to encourage it in a way that can be intrinsically satisfying to the individual" (Davis, 1963, p. 279).
Effect of glucagon on renal functions in the dog.

SummaryHGF increases GFR and RPF consistently but transiently in the dog, does not affect FF, at times decreases TmG. Tolerance does not develop during long term daily HGF administration nor does this regimen increase the basal renal functions.
Ellipsometric Characterization for Multilayers Containing Magneto-Optic TbFeCo Films

Multilayered structures containing sputter-deposited films of amorphous TbFeCo can exhibit magneto-optical Kerr rotation and are leading candidates for erasable optical storage media. Ellipsometric characterization of optically active multilayered media is desirable during media development, testing and production, but traditional ellipsometry does not account for the presence of optical activity. A novel ellipsometer is described that can characterize both the dielectric overcoat and the optically active layers. Reflectivity measurements are collected for different incident angles and polarizations using a differential detector while the magnetic reversibility of the active film layer is exploited to enhance the magneto-optical signal from the TbFeCo. A multilayer film model is used to process observations and estimate media characteristics. The model explicitly accounts for the optical activity of the TbFeCo layer, and is parameterized in terms of the index of refraction and thickness of the overcoat, and the real and imaginary parts of the elements of the dielectric tensor of the active layer. A series of TbFeCo films with varying composition, rf-sputter deposited on quartz substrates with Al2O3 dielectric protective overcoats, is characterized. Both Tb-rich and Fe-rich samples were deposited, with room temperature coercivities ranging from 1.6kOe to about 4kOe, and film-side Kerr rotations between 21 minutes and 28 minutes. Reflectivity data versus angle of incidence, and estimated dielectric tensor elements for the TbFeCo layers are presented. A standard figure of merit, based on the off-diagonal tensor elements, is used to compare competing media in terms of their optimal performance in a multilayered structure.
4D Aircraft Taxiway Conformance Monitoring with Stochastic Linear Hybrid Systems

A taxiway conformance monitoring algorithm (the modeled-fault hybrid estimator algorithm or MFHE) is proposed using stochastic linear hybrid systems (SLHS) to model both the conforming and nonconforming motion of the aircraft on the taxiway. A statedependent-transition hybrid estimator (SDTHE) for each SLHS generates a residual that indicates the conformance of the aircraft to the respective model. Nonconformance is detected by posing a statistical test to detect which of the models the aircraft is mostly likely following. The hybrid system framework is augmented with a position-based algorithm in which the state estimate from the hybrid estimator is projected into a coordinate frame that moves with the modeled aircraft position. Information about the conformance of the aircraft to its assigned time-based trajectory as well as the absolute conformance of the aircraft to the taxiway bounds is found from the coordinates of the aircraft in this frame. The combined algorithm is tested with simulations from four different nonconforming scenarios from the Cleveland-Hopkins airport. The results from the proposed algorithm are compared with results from a Kalman filter conformance monitoring algorithm as well as a hybrid estimator scheme in which the nonconforming aircraft are not modeled. The comparison demonstrates that using the proposed framework to model the conforming and nonconforming aircraft for taxiway conformance monitoring significantly improves the mean detection time bringing it within 1 to 2 s of the measurement update rate in each of the scenarios for small false alarm rates.
Preference of Popillia japonica Larvae to Five Baits in the Laboratory

Food preference of Popillia japonica Newman larvae was tested in the laboratory. Five baits consisting of corn, wheat, wheat-corn mixture, sunflower, and fescue seeds, were evaluated. Results show that P. japonica oriented significantly more to the wheat and wheat-corn seed baits ( P < 0.01) than to the others. Corn was also significantly more attractive to the larvae than were the other baits.
Implications of global climate change for the U.S. national power grid

Global climate change threatens to affect many aspects of human endeavor and quality of life, including, of course, in the United States. One such sector is the national power grid, which has been a prominent subject of concern in general with regard to reliability, expandability, and national security. These potential affects on higher-voltage longer-distance electric transmission lines stem from several sources, including desired reductions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, quests for economical electric power for population growth and commercial expansion, and desires for significant increases of renewable energy sources, notably wind and solar. This paper explores these affects and possible responses of the government and the utility industry to meet these challenges.
80 DISEASE MANAGEMENT WITH TELEPHONIC HOME MONITORING FOR CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.

Each year approximately 500,000 new cases of heart failure (HF) are diagnosed in the United States. HF currently accounts for > 3% of hospital discharges and > 20% of discharges for cardiovascular disease (CVD) each year. The burden of HF on the health care system will rise dramatically as the baby-boomer generation enters their seventh and eighth decades. We tested the benefits of a home-based telemonitoring system with a nurse-staffed call center providing disease management compared to standard care on survival and rates of ER visits and/or hospitalizations. Secondary end points included performance on the 6-Minute Walk Test. A total of 284 patients with NYHA Class II-IV HF were enrolled at sites in Pennsylvania, New York, Montana, Indiana, and Kentucky and randomized to one of three treatment arms: (1) standard care, (2) home monitoring with disease management for 6 months followed by 6 months of standard care, and (3) home monitoring with disease management for 12 months. Home monitoring utilized the Alere DayLink Monitor that transmits daily to a nurse-staffed call-center data on the patient9s weight and responses to questions regarding HF symptoms. In the event that a patient9s weight gain or loss in a 24-hour to 7-day period exceeded his/her physician defined limits or if serious HF symptoms occurred, the call center nurse informed the patient9s physician who might intervene. Analysis by intention to treat failed to show a significant effect (p .05). We also note that patients with HF but normal LVEF had a better clinical course than patients with LVEF 6 months can improve the clinical course of Class II-IV HF patients.
Modeling and Simulation of Microgrid Containing Photovoltaic Array and Fuel Cell

In order to conduct deep theoretical analysis of operating characteristics of microgrids,it is necessary to establish simulation models.By using MATLAB simulation tools,the models of the main micro-sources including photovoltaic arrays and proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFC)are properly built,and with the integration of the model of a single phase grid-connected inverter with deadbeat control,a simple microgrid model is constructed.Simulation results prove the validity of the model.
Relationship of estrone and prolactin with growth and survival of piglets to 35 d of age.

The relationship between estrogen or prolactin (Prl) status of pigs at birth and subsequent performance was examined in ten (Study 1) or seven (Study II) Yorkshire litters. In both studies, piglets were bled (3 ml) from the suborbital sinus at birth, and then hourly for 12 h. Hematocrit (Hct) and concentrations of plasma protein (PP) and estrone (E1) were determined on all samples. Concentrations of Prl were determined only in samples at birth. Weights at 3 and 5 wk of age as well as percent survival to 5 wk were obtained. Mean concentrations of E1 and Prl in piglets at birth were 6.97 +/- 44 ng/ml and 9.12 +/- .32 ng/ml, respectively. A decrease in E1 occurred over the first few hours after birth. Hematocrit values also decreased postnatally, whereas concentrations of PP increased. Sex of neonate did not affect any of the blood characteristics studied. Correlations between E1, PP, Hct and Prl at birth and body weights at birth, 3 and 5 wk were nonsignificant. However, piglets with higher Prl values at birth showed a greater survival rate. In Study II, half of the piglets in each litter were implanted at birth with silicone rubber implants containing estradiol-17 beta. Estrone concentrations were significantly higher in implanted piglets than in controls over the subsequent 12-h period, but Hct and PP values were not affected by treatment, suggesting that treated piglets did not consume more colostrum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spectrin- and ankyrin-based membrane domains and the evolution of vertebrates

Spectrin and ankyrin are membrane skeletal proteins that contribute to mechanical support of plasma membranes and micron-scale organization of diverse membrane-spanning proteins. This chapter provides a plausible scenario for the evolution of ankyrin- and spectrin-based membrane domains with a focus on vertebrates. The analysis integrates recent phylogenetic information with functional analyses of spectrin and ankyrin in erythrocytes, axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier in neurons, T-tubules and intercalated disks of cardiomyocytes, lateral membrane domains of epithelial cells, and costameres of striated muscle. A core spectrin-ankyrin mechanism for coordinating membrane-spanning proteins and mechanically stabilizing membrane bilayers was expanded in vertebrates by gene duplication events, insertion of giant alternately spliced exons of axonal ankyrins, and a versatile peptide-binding fold of ANK repeats that facilitated acquisition of new protein partners. Cell adhesion molecules (CAM), including dystroglycan, L1 CAM family members, and cadherins, are the earliest examples of membrane-spanning proteins with ankyrin-binding motifs and were all present in urochordates. In contrast, ion channels have continued to evolve ankyrin-binding sites in vertebrates. These considerations suggest a model where proto-domains formed through interaction of ankyrin and spectrin with CAMs. These proto-domains then became populated with ion channels that developed ankyrin-binding activity with selective pressure provided by optimization of physiological function. The best example is the axon initial segment where ankyrin-binding activity evolved sequentially and independently first in L1 CAMs, then in voltage-gated sodium channels, and finally in KCNQ2/3 channels, with the selective advantage of fast and precisely regulated signaling.