cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking Antisocial Behavior, Substance Use, and Personality: An Integrative Quantitative Model of the Adult Externalizing Spectrum

Antisocial behavior, substance use, and impulsive and aggressive personality traits often co-occur, forming a coherent spectrum of personality and psychopathology. In the current research, the authors developed a novel quantitative model of this spectrum. Over 3 waves of iterative data collection, 1,787 adult participants selected to represent a range across the externalizing spectrum provided extensive data about specific externalizing behaviors. Statistical methods such as item response theory and semiparametric factor analysis were used to model these data. The model and assessment instrument that emerged from the research shows how externalizing phenomena are organized hierarchically and cover a wide range of individual differences. The authors discuss the utility of this model for framing research on the correlates and the etiology of externalizing phenomena.
Further significance tests

In a previous paper (afterwards referred to as Paper I) tests have been given for the significance of some quantities found statistically. The results are given in the form P(q | θh)/P (˜ q|θh); here h denotes the previous knowledge and θ the experimental evidence used, while q is the hypothesis that all the variations outstanding can be attributed to accidental error or random variation, and ˜q the hypothesis that at least part of them is systematic. It has been supposed in the analysis that q and ˜q are equally probable on the information h; but if they are not, the only alteration is that the ratios evaluated now representIf successive batches of relevant information are available the total effect on the probability of q can therefore be got by multiplying the values ofgiven by the investigations separately. In each case the assumption that q has prior probability ½ is really a practical working rule rather than a statement of fact.
AT-04A RANDOMIZED PHASE II TRIAL OF VANDETANIB IN COMBINATION WITH CARBOPLATIN VERSUS CARBOPLATIN ALONE FOLLOWED BY VANDETANIB ALONE IN ADULTS WITH RECURRENT ANAPLASTIC ASTROCYTOMA

BACKGROUND: Vandetanib is a selective VEGFR and EGFR inhibitor that targets these key pathways implicated in gliomagenesis. While single-agent vandetanib has not shown significant clinical activity in high grade glioma but preclinical experience supports potential synergistic efficacy in combination with carboplatin. METHODS: This randomized non-comparative phase-II trial evaluates the efficacy and safety of vandetanib (300 mg/d NEIAED, 400 mg/d EIAED) in combination with carboplatin (AUC 6 q 4 weeks) versus carboplatin alone (AUC 6 q 4 weeks) in adults with recurrent anaplastic glioma. Upon progression with single-agent carboplatin, single-agent vandetanib was offered. Contrast-enhanced-MRI before subsequent cycles were compared to baseline and response assessed using RANO criteria. Primary end-point was progression free survival at 6 months (PFS-6). RESULTS: 23 patients were accrued to each group (n = 46). Gender, median age, performance status, number of recurrences, 1p/19q co-deletion status, and baseline steroid doses were comparable. 60% of patients in each group had failed prior VEGF-inhibitor therapy. Most frequent treatment related grade ≥3 toxicities were lymphopenia (n = 7), thrombocytopenia (n = 4), neutropenia (n = 3), hypertension (n = 3) and transaminitis (n = 3). All grade 4 toxicities were observed in the combination-group. There were 3 partial responses in the combination group, and 1PR in the sequential-group. PFS-6 was 8.7% (95% CI: 2.3%, 32.7%) and 17.4 % (95% CI: 7.1%, 42.4%), median-PFS (months) was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.15, 2.66) and 0.95 (95% CI:0.92,2.04)while median-OS (months) was 6.5 (95% CI: 5.42, 11.7) and 9.27 (95% CI: 5.52, 43.86) in combination-group and sequential-group respectively. CONCLUSION: Although this study was not powered to detect differences between groups and did not complete accrual as planned, no meaningful differences in PFS-6, PFS or OS were observed compared to historical controls. Majority of patients were VEGF therapy resistant, which may have limited efficacy. Combination therapy was more toxic.
Viscosity spectral functions of the dilute Fermi gas in kinetic theory

We compute the viscosity spectral function of the dilute Fermi gas for different values of the s-wave scattering length $a$, including the unitarity limit $a\to\infty$. We perform the calculation in kinetic theory by studying the response to a non-trivial background metric. We find the expected structure consisting of a diffusive peak in the transverse shear channel and a sound peak in the longitudinal channel. At zero momentum the width of the diffusive peak is $\omega_0\simeq (2\epsilon)/(3\eta)$ where $\epsilon$ is the energy density and $\eta$ is the shear viscosity. At finite momentum the spectral function approaches the collisionless limit and the width is of order $\omega_0\sim k(T/m)^{1/2}$.
Molecular simulations: Force fields for carbon capture

Force fields have been generated that enable accurate simulations of interactions occurring between CO2 molecules and metal–organic frameworks featuring 'open' metal sites, which are promising for carbon capture applications.
Matching graduate education with societal need.

Objectives/Hypothesis: A number of prior Ogura lecturers have focused on the need to change residency education in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery; nothing has changed. The present discussion is based on the notion that graduate medical education should reflect societal need. Study Design: Lecture. Methods: Information on graduate medical education is presented. Results: The information presented substantiates the maldistribution of otolaryngologists and the mismatch of the design and output of our programs from the perspective of public need. Conclusion: It is proposed that the American Board of Otolaryngology should take the lead in substantive change with the targets being 1) providing flexibility in program design, 2) a 1-year reduction in core training in otolaryngology, and 3) expanded interaction with family medicine.
The cessation of cancer treatment as a crisis.

ABSTRACT Although it is commonly acknowledged that a diagnosis of cancer can be a form of a crisis precipitating a period of disequilibrium, few researchers have examined the psychosocial issues associated with the completion of adjuvant cancer treatment. This exploratory study examines the responses of women in a community-based cancer support group to an open-ended question asking them to describe their experiences since their treatment ended. Subjects were asked to respond to whether they felt the loss of the “safety net” of treatment had caused them any type of distress. The narrative responses of the subjects support the notion that the period after treatment ceases may be viewed as a crisis that brings with it anxiety and uncertainty. The results of this study reinforce the need for additional research to better understand the issue so that services and programs can be enhanced to better meet patients' needs. Additionally, the results suggest that social workers may play a crucial role in helping wo...
Practicing Intersectionality in Spain

Intersectionality has become a very popular term in academic, policy and activist circles. We understand intersectionality as a theoretical project concerned with elucidating the relationships between different principles of inequality and oppression. We identify three conceptual moves that distinguish intersectionality from other theoretical frameworks about inequality and power: a movement from additive to interactive models, a movement from categorical to process-based frameworks, and a movement from autonomous individuals to embedded social relations as foundations for social theory. We deploy examples related to the paid domestic work in Spain to demonstrate the usefulness of these conceptual moves.
The Distribution of Immunoreactivity for Intracellular Androgen Receptors in the Cerebral Cortex of Hormonally Intact Adult Male and Female Rats: Localization in Pyramidal Neurons Making Corticocortical Connections

Gonadal hormones are known to broadly influence cortical information processing. Findings from this study in rats suggest that for androgens, this influence may include stimulation of underlying corticocortical connections. First, immunoreactivity for intracellular androgen receptors, while present in all regions and layers examined, was found to be particularly abundant in sensory and motor regions, and within these, within their major pyramidal cell layers, i.e. layers II/III and V/VI. Double labeling immunocytochemical studies for androgen receptors and for neuron-specific markers then confirmed that the majority of receptor-bearing cortical cells were pyramidal neurons. Finally, combined analyses of cortical receptor immunoreactivity and retrograde labeling produced by tracer injections made in specific subcortical (caudate, nucleus accumbens, superior colliculus, thalamus) areas yielded only isolated examples of receptor/tracer overlap. However, injections made within the cortex itself (sensory, motor, associational areas) retrogradely labeled cortical cells some 50% or more - especially within injected hemispheres, were receptor-immunoreactive. Thus, the regional, laminar, and cellular distributions of immunoreactivity in the rat cerebrum largely identify pyramidal neurons with connectional signatures aligning intracellular androgen receptors with the local, associational, and to a lesser degree, callosal circuits that interlink territories of the cortical mantle and play key roles in cortical information processing.
A Top-Down Microsystems Design Methodology and Associated Challenges

An overview of microsystems technology is presented along with a discussion of the recent trends and challenges associated with its development. A typical bottom-up design methodology is described and we propose, in contrast, an efficient and effective top-down methodology. We illustrate its implementation with the development of a microsystem design that has been completed and fabricated in CMOS technology. Gaps in the tool capabilities are identified and suggestions for future directions in CAD tool support for microsystems technology are presented.
The endogenous peptide apelin potently improves cardiac contractility and reduces cardiac loading in vivo.

Objective : The endogenous peptide apelin is differentially regulated in cardiovascular disease but the nature of its role in cardiac function remains unclear. Methods : We investigated the functional relevance of this peptide using ECG and respiration gated magnetic resonance imaging, conductance catheter pressure–volume hemodynamic measurements, and echocardiography in vivo. In addition, we carried out histology and immunohistochemistry to assess cardiac hypertrophy and to localize apelin and APJ in the adult and embryonic mouse heart. Results : Intraperitoneal injection of apelin (300 μg/kg) resulted in a decrease in left ventricular end diastolic area (pre: 0.122 ± 0.007; post: 0.104 ± 0.005 cm2, p =0.006) and an increase in heart rate (pre: 537 ± 20; post: 559 ± 19 beats per minute, p =0.03). Hemodynamic measurements revealed a marked increase in ventricular elastance (pre: 3.7 ± 0.9; post: 6.5 ± 1.4 mm Hg/RVU, p =0.018) and preload recruitable stroke work (pre: 27.4 ± 8.0; post: 51.8 ± 3.1, p =0.059) with little change in diastolic parameters following acute infusion of apelin. Chronic infusion (2 mg/kg/day) resulted in significant increases in the velocity of circumferential shortening (baseline: 5.36 ± 0.401; 14 days: 6.85 ± 0.358 circ/s, p =0.049) and cardiac output (baseline: 0.142 ± 0.019; 14 days: 0.25 ± 0.019 l/min, p =0.001) as determined by 15 MHz echocardiography. Post-mortem corrected heart weights were not different between apelin and saline groups ( p =0.5) and histology revealed no evidence of cellular hypertrophy in the apelin group (nuclei per unit area, p =0.9). Immunohistochemistry studies revealed APJ staining of myocardial cells in all regions of the adult mouse heart. Antibody staining, as well as quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction identified expression of both APJ and apelin in embryonic myocardium as early as embryonic day 13.5. Conclusions : Apelin reduces left ventricular preload and afterload and increases contractile reserve without evidence of hypertrophy. These results associate apelin with a positive hemodynamic profile and suggest it as an attractive target for pharmacotherapy in the setting of heart failure.
Sensitivity to Change and Responsiveness of Four Balance Measures for Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Background Impaired balance has a significant negative impact on mobility, functional independence, and fall risk in older adults. Although several, well-respected balance measures are currently in use, there is limited evidence regarding the most appropriate measure to assess change in community-dwelling older adults. Objective The aim of this study was to compare floor and ceiling effects, sensitivity to change, and responsiveness across the following balance measures in community-dwelling elderly people with functional limitations: Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment total scale (POMA-T), POMA balance subscale (POMA-B), and Dynamic Gait Index (DGI). Design Retrospective data from a 16-week exercise trial were used. Secondary analyses were conducted on the total sample and by subgroups of baseline functional limitation or baseline balance scores. Methods Participants were 111 community-dwelling older adults 65 years of age or older, with functional limitations. Sensitivity to change was assessed using effect size, standardized response mean, and paired t tests. Responsiveness was assessed using minimally important difference (MID) estimates. Results No floor effects were noted. Ceiling effects were observed on all measures, including in people with moderate to severe functional limitations. The POMA-T, POMA-B, and DGI showed significantly larger ceiling effects compared with the BBS. All measures had low sensitivity to change in total sample analyses. Subgroup analyses revealed significantly better sensitivity to change in people with lower compared with higher baseline balance scores. Although both the total sample and lower baseline balance subgroups showed statistically significant improvement from baseline to 16 weeks on all measures, only the lower balance subgroup showed change scores that consistently exceeded corresponding MID estimates. Limitations This study was limited to comparing 4 measures of balance, and anchor-based methods for assessing MID could not be reported. Conclusions Important limitations, including ceiling effects and relatively low sensitivity to change and responsiveness, were noted across all balance measures, highlighting their limited utility across the full spectrum of the community-dwelling elderly population. New, more challenging measures are needed for better discrimination of balance ability in community-dwelling elderly people at higher functional levels.
Models of Sensor Operations for Border Surveillance

This paper is motivated by the diverse array of border threats, ranging from terrorists to arms dealers and human tra‐ckers. We consider a moving sensor that patrols a certain section of a border with the objective to detect inflltrators who attempt to penetrate that section. Inflltrators arrive according to a Poisson process along the border with a specifled distribution of arrival location, and disappear a random amount of time after their arrival. The measures of efiectiveness are the target (inflltrator) detection rate and the time elapsed from target arrival to target detection. We study two types of sensor trajectories that have constant endpoints, are periodic, and maintain constant speed: (1) a sensor that jumps instantaneously from the endpoint back to the starting-point, and (2) a sensor that moves continuously back and forth. The controlled parameters (decision variables) are the starting and end points of the patrolled sector and the velocity of the sensor. General properties of these trajectories are investigated.
Determination of microscopic electrode kinetics with electrogenerated chemiluminescence imaging

Light produced by the electrogenerated chemiluminescence reaction of luminol in alkaline peroxide was monitored with a sensitive imaging system. The light images were taken to represent the level of microscopically local activity on the electrode surface with a spatial resolution in the submicrometer domain. The temporal resolving capabilities of the imaging system permitted the construction of time-sequenced images and intensity-potential profiles, the latter being equivalent to a microscopically local voltammogram. Spatial variation in luminol oxidation kinetics were observed at porphyrin-coated glassy carbon, carbon paste, and anodized glassy carbon electrodes. Implications for other composites and microelectrodes are discussed.
Phase II evaluation of 3-day topotecan with cyclophosphamide in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective. The aim of this trial was to investigate the toxicity and efficacy of a 3-day topotecan administration schedule in combination with cyclophosphamide in the management of recurrent ovarian cancer. Methods. Patients with recurrent measurable ovarian cancer who had up to two prior chemotherapy regimens for the management of their disease participating in this phase II trial were to receive topotecan at a dose of 1.25 mg/m 2 /day × 3 days in combination with cyclophosphamide at 600 mg/m 2 on Day 1 every 21 days. Dose escalation and reductions were permitted. Results. A total of 36 patients (median age=65; range 37–84) were treated with this combination regimen. Seventeen were platinum-sensitive and 19 were platinum-resistant. A total of 169 cycles of chemotherapy was administered (median = 4; range 1–10). Major toxicity included grade 4 neutropenia (68.6%), neutropenic fever (7.1%), grade 3 thrombocytopenia (18.3%), and requirement for blood transfusion (19.5%). Dose escalation was possible in 3 (8.3%), and dose reduction was required in 14 (38.9%) patients. Overall response rate was 25 and 44.5% stable disease. Median progression-free interval and overall survival was 5.4 and 23.5 months, respectively, independent of platinum sensitivity. Conclusion. The 3-day topotecan schedule in combination with cyclophosphamide appears to have good activity in recurrent ovarian cancer regardless of platinum sensitivity. Neutropenia was the only severe toxicity and was less prevalent than other reported trials of topotecan. This tolerable regimen offers patients more convenience and appears to have moderate activity.
Correlation between the Suppression of Glucose and Phosphate Uptake and the Release of Protein from Viable Carrot Root Cells Treated with Monovalent Cations.

Treating carrot (Daucus carota L.) discs with ice-cold NaCl solutions for 30 minutes caused three effects that appear to be functionally related: the exchange of tissue Ca2+ and Mg2+ for Na+, the release of protein, and the suppression of active uptake of glucose and orthophosphate. Cyclosis continued apparently unabated after treatment with NaCl at concentrations of up to 0.25 m, so the cells remained viable and energetically competent. The correlation between the release of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and release of protein, and between these effects and the suppression of glucose and orthophosphate uptake, supports the hypothesis that divalent cations maintain, and monovalent cations disrupt, linkages between the outer cell surface and proteins required for active solute uptake. Calcium preserved uptake activity only when it was added in time to prevent the release of protein. Cells gradually recovered some glucose uptake activity after it had been completely inactivated by treatment with 0.25 m NaCl. This recovery occurred in the absence of added Ca2+. It was inhibited by puromycin and so appears to require some protein synthesis. Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) discs were more resistant than carrot discs to treatment with NaCl solutions, thus reflecting the difference in tolerance of the two species to sodicity.
INTEGRATING BACTERIA INTO FOOD WEBS: STUDIES WITH SARRACENIA PURPUREA INQUILINES

Predation can have both direct and indirect effects on the population dy- namics and community structure of freshwater plankton communities, but its effects on the bacterial component of aquatic systems are less well known. We used a series of laboratory reconstructions of the detritus-based food web in the leaves of the northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea to test the hypothesis that interactions at higher trophic levels could control bacterial densities and community structure. The typical pitcher community is com- posed of a basal-level bacterial assemblage, bacterivorous protozoa and rotifers, and larvae of the pitcher plant mosquito Wyeomyia smithii. Using organisms isolated from natural pitchers, we constructed food webs comprising 1-4 consumer species (all possible combinations of the presence and absence of Colpoda, Cyclidium, Bodo, and Wyeomyia larvae) along with a constant bacterial species pool in a factorial design experiment. Bacterial community structure was modified by the direct effects of grazing by protozoa and mosquito larvae, by the indirect effects of competitive interactions among the three protozoans, and by the cascading effects of predation by mosquito larvae. Each combination of grazers/predators produced a different, species-spe- cific pattern of bacterial species relative abundances. Changes in nutrient supplies and other abiotic characteristics of the microcosm environment resulting from the feeding activities of Wyeomyia and the protozoa also had indirect effects on bacterial species profiles. We found an apparent trophic cascade that was mediated by the species composition and relative abundances of the intermediate-level protozoan grazers. Our data support the hypothesis that Wyeomyia smithii serves as a keystone predator in the pitcher community. Mosquito larvae were responsible for the overall architecture of the pitcher food web and the subsequent interactions among grazers and the basal-level bacterial community. At low densities, mosquito larvae controlled patterns of coexistence among protozoan species by modifying competitive interactions, while at normal field densities, Wyeomyia rapidly drove the two ciliates to extinction but permitted continued existence of heterotrophic microflagellates. Wyeomyia larvae also played a dominant role in structuring the bacterial assemblage. Bacterial species profiles in food webs containing Wyeomyia were more similar to each other than to the patterns observed in webs without mosquito larvae. Our results suggest that the interactions among members of microbial communities are just as complex as those observed in plant and animal communities and require study at the species level. Because interactions among higher trophic levels can cascade down to the microbial level, it is therefore appropriate to consider the microbes as integral parts of the entire ecosystem, not merely as decomposers or food resources, but as fully interacting members of the community.
Health Care Access Among Latinos: Implications for Social and Health Care Reforms

According to the Institute of Medicine, health care access is defined as “the degree to which people are able to obtain appropriate care from the health care system in a timely manner.” Two key components of health care access are medical insurance and having access to a usual source of health care. Recent national data show that 34% of Latino individuals do not have health insurance and 27% do not have access to a usual source of health care. This article identifies barriers and solutions for improving health care access among Latino individuals.
The role of timing and analogical similarity in the stimulation of idea generation in design

An experiment was conducted to gain an understanding of how people assimilate and apply newly acquired information when ideating solutions to a design problem by studying how the nature of problem-relevant information and timing of when it is given can affect idea generation in an open-ended design problem. More specifically, the effects of presenting surface similar information before design conceptualization, or surface dissimilar information before and during design conceptualization on the quantity, breadth, and novelty of solutions generated were analyzed. The effects of open goals, fixation, and priming, as well as their implications in design problem solving are examined. It was found that information that is more distantly related to the design problem impacted idea generation more when there was an open goal to solve the problem, while information that is more obviously similar to the problem impacted idea generation more than distantly related information when seen before problem solving has begun. Evidence of induced design fixation and priming were also observed. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Energy Detection Using Estimated Noise Variance for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, we analyze the performance of spectrum sensing based on energy detection. We do not assume the exact noise variance is known a priori. Instead, an estimated noise variance is used to calculate the threshold used in the spectrum sensing based on energy detection. We propose a new analytical model to evaluate the statistical performance of the energy detection. We claim some characteristics of this model, and analyze how these characteristics affect the performance of spectrum sensing. The analytical results are verified through numerical examples and simulations. Through these examples, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our analytical model: we show how it can be used to set the appropriate threshold such that more spectrum sharing can be facilitated, especially when combined with cooperative spectrum sensing method.
Commentary on “Thoracic aortic endografting facilitates the resection of tumors infiltrating the aorta”

Collaud and associates from Toronto have described their experience with prophylactic stent-graft placement followed by wide resection for lung cancer invading the thoracic aorta. This clinical scenario is rare, only 5 patients in 5 years at one of the larger thoracic surgical centers in the world, but it can present a formidable surgical challenge even in the most experienced of hands. The classic approach for tumors that invade the mid descending aorta is to gain proximal and distal control; if penetration deep to the adventitial layer is encountered, partial or complete circumferential resection is performed. Patch repair with bovine pericardium, placement of a short Dacron polyester fabric graft or end-to-end reanastomosis restores aortic integrity. A clamp and sew approach is possible, but I prefer a brief period of extracorporeal bypass to maintain distal perfusion. There is a theoretic concern that the addition of cardiopulmonary bypass might increase risk, potentially related to inflammatory changes and fluid shifts with increased bleeding consequent to heparinization. In my experience, however, most of these tumor resections can be performedwith partial left heart bypasswith venous inflow through the nonresected pulmonary vein or left atrial appendage and arterial return through the distal aorta or femoral artery. Full heparinization is not required with left heart bypass (activated clotting times of 250 seconds are adequate), pump times are short (30 minutes or less), and the priming volume is low with a small circuit, eliminating the hemodilution that typically occurs with full cardiopulmonary bypass. Of course, this approach necessitates the inclusion of a thoracic aortic surgeon as part of the operative team, but when this is properly performed, the patient ‘‘hardly notices’’ that the aorta has been clamped. Remember, as Dr Norman Shumway used to say, ‘‘The pump is your friend.’’ Collaud and associates did not include any historical controls, so it is difficult to assess the claim of a diminution in operative risk. Spaggiari and associates reported
Presenting Schur Algebras as Quotients of the Universal Enveloping Algebra of gl2

We give a presentation of the Schur algebras S Q (2,d) by generators and relations, in fact a presentation which is compatible with Serre's presentation of the universal enveloping algebra of a simple Lie algebra. In the process we find a new basis for S Q (2,d), a truncated form of the usual PBW basis. We also locate the integral Schur algebra within the presented algebra as the analogue of Kostant's Z-form, and show that it has an integral basis which is a truncated version of Kostant's basis.
Dynamics and longevity of an initially stratified mantle

[1] We performed laboratory experiments of thermochemical convection in order to determine the rate at which an initially density-stratified, and hence layered, mantle will be homogenized. In the experiments, two layers of fluid with similar viscosities are superposed and heated from below. Initially, in the “stratified” regime, mechanical entrainment into both layers occurs by viscous coupling and theoretical models for the entrainment rate agree well with our experimental data. Over time entrainment and mixing reduce the density difference between the layers until the “doming” regime is reached. The density interface becomes unstable, thermal plumes of the dense fluid penetrate into the overlying layer and the entrainment rate reaches a constant. Applying our results to the Earth's mantle, we confirm that it is possible for a compositionally distinct layer to persist over the age of the Earth, even if the initial density difference is less than 2%.
Dietary Calcium from Dairy and Nondairy Sources, and Risk of Symptomatic Kidney Stones

Purpose: Because of high correlations between dairy intake and total dietary calcium, previously reported associations between lower calcium intake and increased kidney stone risk represent de facto associations between milk products and risk. We examined associations between dietary calcium from nondairy and dairy sources, and symptomatic nephrolithiasis.Materials and Methods: We performed prospective studies in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) in 30,762 men, and in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) I and II in 94,164 and 101,701 women, respectively. We excluded men 60 years old or older because we previously reported inverse associations between calcium intake and risk only in men younger than 60 years. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess calcium intake every 4 years. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to adjust for age, body mass index, supplemental calcium, diet and other factors.Results: We documented 5,270 incident kidney stones during the combined 56 years of foll...
Adaptive numerical components for PDE‐based simulations

Numerical simulations based on nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) using Newton-based methods require the solution of large, sparse linear systems of equations at each nonlinear iteration. Typically in large-scale parallel simulations such linear systems are solved by using preconditioned Krylov methods. In many cases, especially in time-dependent problems, the attributes of the linear systems can change throughout the stimulation, potentially leading to varying times for solving the linear systems during different nonlinear iterations. We present an approach to characterizing the nonlinear and linear system solution and using the resulting application performance information to dynamically select linear solver methods, with the goal of reducing the total time to solution. We discuss the effect of these adaptive heuristics on fluid dynamics and radiation transport codes. We also introduce general component infrastructure to support dynamic algorithm selection and adaptation in applications involving the solution of nonlinear PDEs.
Structuring DRB computing stations in highly decentralized LAN systems

The use of highly decentralized (HD) easily expandable LAN system architectures, especially architectures that incorporate the data field scheme developed by K. Mori et al. (1986) for interprocess communication is examined. Major design parameters to be considered in choosing efficient distributed recovery block (DRB) station structures for different LAN systems are discussed. Three different basic types of LAN system architecture are then considered, and feasible types of DRB station structures on each type of LAN system architecture are discussed. >
Ultrasonography of the Scrotum Technique, Anatomy, and Pathologic Entities

Objective. To review the ultrasonographic technique, anatomy, and pathologic entities found in the scrotum during evaluation of scrotal masses, acute scrotal pain, and male infertility. Method. A pictorial review of cases with diagrams of pertinent anatomic features and findings is presented. Results. Ultrasonography in conjunction with color and pulsed Doppler imaging has supplanted other imaging modalities in the evaluation of scrotal diseases and disorders. Ultrasonography is valuable in the evaluation of the acutely painful scrotum in addition to scrotal masses and male infertility. Advances in ultrasonographic spatial and low-contrast resolution have improved our ability to more clearly define diagnoses for the referring urologist and have led to new observations that are currently being investigated and have yet to be fully understood. Microlithiasis and the mottled appearance of seminiferous tubule sclerosis and atrophy are 2 such entities. This article reviews the pertinent normal scrotal anatomy and the use of ultrasonography in the evaluation and classification of acute scrotal pain, scrotal masses, male infertility, and trauma. This review article also discusses pitfalls of color Doppler imaging in assessment of the scrotum and how to avoid them. Conclusion. The use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of the scrotum benefits from an understanding of scrotal anatomy and familiarity with potential pitfalls of color Doppler and pulsed Doppler evaluation.
Black Women Talk About Workplace Stress and How They Cope

Black women face the same struggles as White women; however, they have to face issues of diversity on top of inequality. The purpose of this study was to explore work-related stressors that affect the lives of Black women and how they cope with them. Using an exploratory design with grounded-theory methods, five basic themes emerged that identify when racism and sexism are experienced as stressors for African American women in the workplace. The themes are: (1) being hired or promoted in the workplace, (2) defending one’s race and lack of mentorship, (3) shifting or code switching to overcome barriers to employment, (4) coping with racism and discrimination, and (5) being isolated and/or excluded. The results from this study indicate African American women use emotion- and problem-focused coping responses to manage stress (e.g., racism and sexism) in the workplace. The article concludes with a discussion of practice implications of these findings.
On the Relationship Between Dependence Tree Classification Error and Bayes Error Rate

Wong and Poon (1989) showed that Chow and Liu's tree dependence approximation can be derived by minimizing an upper bound of the Bayes error rate. Wong and Poon's result was obtained by expanding the conditional entropy H(omega|X). We derive the correct expansion of H(omega|X) and present its implication.
Sheehan syndrome: acute presentation with severe headache

Postpartum headache is a common occurrence with a broad differential diagnosis. Sheehan syndrome, or postpartum pituitary necrosis, is not typically recognized as a cause of postpartum headache. We present a case of Sheehan syndrome that initially presented as severe headache after vaginal delivery complicated by retained placenta and postpartum hemorrhage. The patient was discharged home on postpartum day three but continued to have headaches and returned to hospital on postpartum day six with severe headache, failure to lactate, edema, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed pituitary infarction consistent with Sheehan syndrome. We discuss the differential diagnosis for postpartum headache, the pathophysiological features of Sheehan syndrome and headache as an atypical acute presentation.
Continuous Wavelet and Gabor Transforms

The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) as well as the continuous Gabor transform (CGT) (also known as the short-time Fourier transform) and their inverses are presented in this chapter. Both the CGT and the CWT take a one-dimensional time signal to a two-dimensional function of time and frequency. As such, they both seek to extract the time-frequency characteristics of the one-dimensional signal.
Evolution and Language: Overview

Abstract The close relationship between biological evolution and language was noted by Darwin himself in an oft-quoted passage from The Descent of Man: “the formation of different languages and of different species, and the proofs that both have been developed through a gradual process, are curiously parallel” (Darwin, 1882). In fact, the development of evolutionary theory in biology was inspired in part by the advances in historical linguistics in the early nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, evolutionary theory did not have much influence on linguistics, in part due to the advent of structuralism and the focus on synchronic linguistic analysis. In the past two decades, there has been a considerable increase in interest in the relationship between language and evolution. The interest has been manifested in three areas of recent research. The first is the evolutionary origin of the human language capacity, a topic that was actively avoided in linguistics for a century. The second is the employment of techniques of phylogeny reconstruction from biology in the analysis of genetic families of languages. Finally, there is the application of theories of evolutionary processes to language change, based on the hypothesis that, as Darwin wrote, the two are strikingly parallel.
Trends in Housing Affordability in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: 1980 to 2010

This paper examines the housing affordability conditions of the low and moderate income rental households in the United States between 1980 and 2010. Using Integrated Public Use Census Microdata Samples (IPUMS) 5% sample data, we create income and rent distribution for households separately for each metropolitan statistical area (MSA), and match the two distributions by using a unique ‘matching technique’ so that the lowest-household income is matched with the lowest-rent and so on. The distribution clearly shows that severe housing affordability problem exists at the bottom of the income distribution in each MSA. We define low and moderate income renters as households with 60% and 80% of area median income respectively and construct the affordability indexes for these income groups. The findings indicate that at the national and regional levels, severe and growing housing affordability problem exists for both the income groups. However, the severity is much more prominent for the low income renter group. Almost 4 out of 5 renters from the low income group are paying more than 30% of their income on rent. At the MSA level, affordability is found to be lowest in the large metro areas such as California, Florida, and New York.
The Runeberg Problem: Theism, Libertarianism, and Motivated Reasoning

Libertarianism about free will is the view that we have free will, and that our having it is incompatible with causal determinism. This view that is sometimes held to underpin moral and criminal responsibility, as well as retributive punishment. In its contemporary forms, it is standardly presented as compatible with a broadly scientific picture of the world. This paper argues that there is good reason — grounded in empirical data — to think that libertarianism about free will is not a product of disinterested reasoning about the requirements of free will, responsibility, or retributive punishment. Instead, both empirical and conceptual considerations suggest that libertarianism is largely a product of motivated reasoning by theists, i.e., believers in the existence of God. This essay develops the case for that conclusion, and considers its consequences.
Abstract 14763: Associations of Depressive Symptoms With Metabolic Syndrome: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Background: Studies examining the relationship between depression and presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) show mixed findings. Previous longitudinal studies do not account for the possibility that participants’ metabolic syndrome status or depressive symptoms status could change across examinations. Objective: To longitudinally examine effects of depressive symptoms and changes in depressive symptoms over time on metabolic syndrome in black and white men and women. Methods: Participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study who participated in the Year 10 exam in 1995 and had depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome scores measured between 1995 and 2010 were included in the analysis (n=3,892). Depressive symptoms were determined using the Centers for Epidemiologic Study Depression score (CES-D). Anthropometric and cardiovascular risk factors were measured; MetS was defined using NCEP/ATPIII criteria. Repeated measures regression models adjusted for age, income, alcohol intake, physical activity, smoking status and antidepressant use. Results: At baseline (Year 10), participants’ mean age was 35 years (SD=3.7), mean depressive symptoms score was 10.7 (SD=8.2), and 11% had metabolic syndrome. Participants with higher average depressive symptom scores were more likely to have metabolic syndrome (OR 1.03, CI: 1.02, 1.04 per 1 unit higher). However, when stratified by race and gender, associations were found in black (OR 1.03, CI: 1.01, 1.04) and white women (OR 1.05, CI: 1.03, 1.07), whereas there was no association among black (OR 1.01, CI: 0.99, 1.03) or white (OR 1.02, CI: 1.00, 1.05) men. Changes in depressive symptoms over time were not associated with MetS (OR 0.99, CI: 0.99, 1.00). Conclusion: Depressive symptoms were associated with metabolic syndrome among women but not men; race did not influence the relationship. In conclusion, depressive symptoms may contribute to the presence of metabolic syndrome, an established risk factor for CHD and diabetes, particularly in women.
Abstract B46: Celecoxib induces autophagy and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells: Strategies to enhance cell death

Purpose: Celecoxib has been shown to induce cell death in conjunction with its chemopreventive effects. However, the mechanisms by which celecoxib induces cell death are incompletely understood. We determined whether celecoxib can induce autophagy, a process of cell destruction whereby cytoplasmic proteins and organelles are sequestered in vacuoles and delivered to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Both apoptosis and autophagy have been shown to be negatively regulated by pro‐survival Bcl‐2 proteins, and the small molecule Bcl‐2/Bcl‐x L antagonist (ABT‐737), can enhance both processes. Since autophagy can be pro‐survival or pro‐death depending upon the cellular context, we determined whether autophagy inhibition can drive colon cancer cells into apoptosis. Methods: HCT116 (wild‐type and Bax −/− ), HT29, SW480 colorectal cancer cell lines were treated with celecoxib (0–120 µM) and/or ABT‐737 (Abbott; 0–5 µM) in the presence or absence of a pan caspase inhibitor, z‐VAD‐fmk. Cell viability was determined using the MTS assay and apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V FITC labeling. Immunoblotting was used to analyze caspase cleavage and LC3 conversion. GFP‐LC3B cellular localization was determined by confocol microscopy. Autophagic flux was determined by LC3 immunoblotting in the presence of the lysosome inhibitor, bafilomycin A1. Knockdown of Bcl‐x L , Vps34 or Atg8/ LC3B were achieved by lentiviral shRNA or siRNA. Results: Celecoxib was shown to induce apoptosis that was attenuated by ectopic Bcl‐2 or Bax knockout. ABT‐737 synergistically enhanced celecoxib‐induced apoptosis as shown by caspase cleavage and Annexin V labeling. Celecoxib also induced autophagy, as shown by conversion of the autophagosome‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) from a cytosolic (LC3I) to a membrane‐bound (LC3II) form as shown by immunoblotting, and a punctate fluorescence pattern of ectopic GFP‐LC3 protein. Celecoxib‐induced conversion of LC3 that was due to autophagy induction, as shown using the lysosome inhibitor, Bafilomycin A1 that produced an accumulation of LC3II. Furthermore, ABT‐737 enhanced LC3 conversion by celecoxib. Autophagy inhibition was achieved using 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA), wortmannin or knockdown of Vps34 or Atg8/ LC3B using siRNA. Inhibition of autophagy enhanced apoptosis as shown by caspase cleavage and Bid truncation in cells treated with celecoxib plus ABT‐737. Furthermore, the addition of 3‐MA to celecoxib plus ABT‐737 produced a 5‐fold increase in apoptosis that was associated with caspase cleavage and cytochrome c release. Conclusions: Celecoxib induces both apoptosis and autophagy that can both be potentiated by ABT‐737. Inhibition of autophagy was shown to potently drive cells into apoptosis, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy against colon cancer cells. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B46.
Effects of Paroxetine on Hippocampus-Dependent Learning and Memory and ERK-CREB Pathway in Depressed Model Rats

OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of paroxetine on hippocampus-dependent learning and memory and ERK-CREB pathway of depressed model rats. METHODS Adult male Sprague dawley (SD) rats were used as experimental subjects. They were divided into six groups: control group (Ⅰ), depressed model group (Ⅱ), group of depressed model treated with single dose of paroxetine once(Ⅲ),group of depressed model treated with paroxetine for one week(Ⅳ), group of depressed model treated with paroxetine for two weeks (Ⅴ) and group of depressed model treated with paroxetine for four weeks (Ⅵ), twelve rats in each group. Except control group, others were subjected to forced-swimming for four weeks, 15 min a day. Paroxetine (10 mg·kg-1) was given intragastricly to group Ⅲ-Ⅵ everyday before swimming. Morris water maze (MWM) was used to measure the spatial learning and memory of rats. Western blot was used to determine the levels of p-ERK, ERK and p-CREB and t-CREB. RESULTS In the hiding platform test of MWM, there was no significant difference of escape latency(EL) between any two groups (P0.05). In the retention test, the excape latencyl(EL) in group Ⅱ or group Ⅲ was significantly longer than that in group I(P0.05). There was no significant difference of EL between group Ⅳ, or group Ⅴ, or group Ⅵ and group I respectively(P0.05). And the EL in all groups treated with paroxetine became shorter with the prolonging of treatment. In the probe test and visible platform test, there were no significant differences of EL among all groups(P0.05). In hippocampus, the levels of pERK44 and pERK42 in group Ⅱ, or group Ⅲ,or group Ⅳ,or group Ⅴ were all significantly lower than that in group I or group Ⅵ respectively(P0.05). There were no significant differences between group Ⅵ and group Ⅰ(P0.05). There were no significant differences of the levels of ERK44 and ERK42 between any two groups respectively(P0.05). The level of p-CREB in group Ⅱ,or group Ⅲ,or group Ⅳ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ respectively(P0.01). There were no significant differences of the level of p-CREB between group Ⅴ and group Ⅰ, and between group Ⅵ and group Ⅰ(P0.05). There was no significant difference of the level of t-CREB between any two groups(P0.05).CONCLUSION Chronic administration of paroxetin could improve the impairment of long-term memory and reverse the inhibition of ERK and CREB phosphorylation in hippocampus of depressed model rats.