cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative measures of image resolution for seismic survey design

Illumination and fold analyses can provide valuable information for the design of seismic surveys, but generally they do not provide quantitative results that are directly related to the seismic images that would be obtained using a proposed acquisition geometry. On the other hand, the Beylkin (1985) equation predicts the spatial resolution of prestack migration using the acquisition geometry and an earth model, providing a simple yet effective tool for survey design. Calculations for a simple homogeneous earth model demonstrate the advantages of this approach. Specifically, the variations in spatial resolution within the model show that the best resolution results from singlefold, zero-offset experiments for very simple acquisition geometries. Applications of the same design method to a realistic salt model show that some results are not surprising, such as decreases in resolution beneath the salt structure. However, the best resolution beneath the salt is obtained with the maximum offset for a trial single-cable marine geometry, not the zero-offset source–receiver pairs. This is a consequence of ray bending by the salt structure and the geometry the acquisition lines. The result clearly demonstrates the utility of the proposed survey design tool. We also find that a land circular source/radial receiver line array design shows strong potential for improved resolution over the simple marine geometry. Furthermore, tests show that the land survey should display more robust results as the S/N ratio decreases.
Detection/identification of land mines by lateral migration radiography

Mine detection measurements employing a new X-ray backscatter imaging technique were recently performed using 12 actual antipersonnel and antitank mines. The resulting images are unique in their definitive detail with clear signatures allowing mine-type identification. The mine's exterior shape combined with the interior air volumes yield vivid, easily recognized image patterns. Moreover, the acquired mine images indicate the vertical location relative to the soil surface as well as the horizontal position. The measurement results show that this new method implies land mine detection/identification to a depth-of-burial of 10 centimeters in usual soils with near-zero false positive alarm rate. The new X-ray Compton backscatter imaging technique, described as lateral migration radiography (LMR), was developed specifically for solution of the buried, plastic land mine detection problem. The LMR imaging modality employs an array of two types of large sensitive-area detectors. Manipulation of the set of images acquired by this detector array results in systematic removal of mine-image cloaking due to soil surface features and slope.
Pharmacological Characterization of the Discriminative Stimulus of Inhaled 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

The present study examined the involvement of the GABAA, N-methy-d-aspartate (NMDA), nicotinic acetylcholine, and μ-opioid receptor systems in the transduction of the discriminative stimulus effects of the abused inhalant 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE). Sixteen B6SJLF1/J mice were trained to discriminate 10 min of exposure to 12,000-ppm inhaled TCE vapor from air. Substitution and antagonism tests and TCE blood concentration analysis were subsequently conducted. TCE blood concentrations decreased rapidly after cessation of exposure, falling by 66% within 5 min. TCE vapor concentration-dependently substituted for the 12,000-ppm training stimulus. The volatile anesthetic halothane concentration-dependently and fully substituted for TCE. The benzodiazepine midazolam partially substituted for TCE, producing a maximum of 68% TCE-lever selection. The benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil attenuated midazolam substitution for TCE, but not the discriminative stimulus effects of TCE itself. The noncompetitive NDMA receptor antagonists phencyclidine and dizocilpine failed to substitute for TCE. Nicotine and the central nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine also failed to produce any TCE-lever selection, nor did they antagonize the discriminative stimulus of TCE. The μ-opioid receptor agonist morphine did not substitute for TCE. The opioid antagonist naltrexone failed to antagonize the discriminative stimulus of TCE. Overall, the present results, combined with previous studies, suggest that the discriminative stimulus effects of TCE are mediated primarily by positive GABAA receptor modulatory effects though a mechanism distinct from the benzodiazepine binding site.
Physostigmine therapy in acute tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.

(1971). Physostigmine Therapy in Acute Tricyclic Antidepressant Poisoning. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 451-459.
Combining cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management to enhance their effects in treating cannabis dependence: less can be more, more or less.

Aims To evaluate reciprocal enhancement (combining treatments to offset their relative weaknesses) as a strategy to improve cannabis treatment outcomes. Contingency management (CM) with reinforcement for homework completion and session attendance was used as a strategy to enhance cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) via greater exposure to skills training; CBT was used as a strategy to enhance durability of CM with rewards for abstinence.
Flutter suppression via adaptive materials including power consumption

This paper seeks to analyze flutter suppression via adaptive materials, paying particular attention to the power levels required. An aeroelastic finite element model is used in conjunction with analytical expressions for the unsteady aerodynamic loads. The adaptive materials are used as actuators with the model derived from a laminated beam model of a lifting surface. Flutter s uppression is examined for the Active Flexible Wing version of the Agile Falcon Wing. Apparent Power is computed in an RMS sense when the cantilevered wing model is subjected to a gust over a range of airspeeds up to the closed loop instability speed. As the open-loop flutter speed is approached, the power requirements is on the order of tens of watts. However, the power requirements quickly increase to a kilowatt and above and, as the thickness of the actuator is increased relative to the wing thickness, the power requirements increase. The control design also has a large influence on the power requirements for the adaptive actuators. In all cases the applied voltage is very low. (Author)
Molecular size variations in an immunoprotective protein complex among isolates of Anaplasma marginale.

A major surface protein complex from the Florida isolate of Anaplasma marginale has been previously shown to induce protection in immunized cattle and has been proposed as the basis of a subunit vaccine against anaplasmosis. This complex in the Florida isolate is composed of two noncovalently associated polypeptides with molecular masses of 105 and 100 kilodaltons (kDa). The analogous protein complex from four geographically different isolates of A. marginale was immunoprecipitated and compared with the protein complex of the Florida isolate. The polypeptides of the complex varied in apparent molecular mass among the isolates. By using antibodies recognizing epitopes on each polypeptide of the Florida isolate, the antigenic identity of the polypeptides in the analogous complexes was determined. The polypeptides recognized by the neutralizing monoclonal antibody 22B1, which recognizes a 105-kDa polypeptide in the Florida isolate, ranged from 70 to 100 kDa in the other isolates. Those polypeptides recognized by rabbit antiserum R911, which recognizes a 100-kDa polypeptide in the Florida isolate, ranged from 97 to 100 kDa. The surface-exposed peptides in the complexes were compared by limited enzymatic digestion to assess structural homology among isolates. Despite the marked variations in molecular weight, there were conserved peptides between the 22B1-reactive polypeptides and between the R911-reactive peptides. Determination of the role of the conserved peptides in inducing immunity will be critical in the application of these polypeptides as the basis of a subunit vaccine for bovine anaplasmosis. Images
The impact of the Great Recession upon the unemployment of Americans with disabilities

Recent data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics allows assessment of the impact of the Great Recession on working age persons with disabilities in America. Following an overview of the nature and scope of the Great Recession, the labor market experiences of persons with and without disability are compared for 16 of the 22 months of its duration. Differences which favor those without disabilities were detected in the labor market activity rate, the official unemployment rate, and in the desire for work among those who have quit the workforce. These differences persist among subgroups based upon age and educational attainment. The level of educational attainment appears to not provide the same level of insulation from the consequences of labor market downturns for persons with disabilities as it does for persons without disabilities. Finally, the reasons for unemployment are quite different for persons with and without disabilities.
Effects of carbon dioxide on levels of biogenic amines in the brains of queenless worker and virgin queen honey bees (Apis mellifera)

SUMMARYSeveral experiments were conducted to examine the effects of exposure to CO2 or CO2 containing 20% O2 on the amounts of biogenic amines in the brain, and on development of ovaries in worker and queen honey bees. When workers were fed pollen and exposed to CO2, their ovaries were less developed and brain dopamine (DA), tryptophan (TRP) and tyrosine (TYR) levels were significantly reduced versus untreated controls that were also fed pollen. If workers were not fed pollen and exposed to CO2, the differences in brain amine content between untreated controls and CO2-treated workers were not significant; however, a significant reduction in brain TRP and TYR levels through time was found for both groups of workers. Treatment with CO2 stimulated free-running queens to lay eggs sooner than untreated free-running queens, but CO2 narcosis had no significant affect on queen brain chemistry. However, the brain chemistry of caged queens (many queens caged within a single colony) responded differently from free-r...
Swingers: Morality Legislation & The Limits of State Police Power

This article examines whether Florida can legitimately convict the swingers pursuant to the Florida Constitution specifically, and principles of constitutional law in general, and concludes that it cannot.
Tube expansion and diffusion bonding of 316L stainless steel tube-to-tube sheet joints using a commercial roller tube expander

Abstract Diffusion bonding is a solid-state welding technique to join metallic and non-metallic materials. Due to geometrical considerations, fabrication and possible materials choices diffusion bonding was chosen here to support tube-to-tube sheet joints of large coil-wound heat exchangers (CWHE) made from 316L stainless steel. In contrast to traditional diffusion bonding where pressure is applied constantly during heat treatment, pressure is applied here initially prior to heat treatment using a commercial three roller tube expander. Processing parameters of this novel approach are presented in this study. Mechanical pull-out tests were conducted to evaluate if the manufactured joints are sufficiently bond to guarantee safe operation of the device. It was found that diffusion bonding followed tube expansion increases the pull-out force nearly threefold from a mean of 3.4 kN to 9.2 kN at which level the tube ruptures so that higher loads could not be measured. Tube-to-tube sheet joints fabricated using tube expansion and diffusion bonding met the engineering requirement, tube rupture against mechanical pull-out, set for this study.
Abstract 1942: Lactoferrin interferes with the Akt-GSK3b-cyclin D1 growth signaling of human prostate cancer cells

The etiology of human prostatic carcinoma remains largely undefined. However, it is becoming clear that epigenetic inactivation of various tumor suppressor genes could play pivotal role in the development of various cancers including prostate cancer. One of such tumor suppressor is lactoferrin (LTF) gene. Epigenetic inactivation of LTF may contribute to the development of human prostate cancer. Ectopic expression of LTF or supplementation of bovine LTF in human prostate cancer cells that lack endogenous LTF expression resulted in reduced growth in vitro supporting a role for LTF as a putative tumor suppressor gene. Therefore, it is important to delineate the molecular mechanisms by which LTF regulates prostate cancer cell growth. In this investigation, we demonstrated that, purified bovine LTF treatment of LNCaP and PC3 cells blocked cell cycle progression and up-regulated cell cycle inhibitors, p15 (INK4b), p16 (INK4a), p21 (Cip1) and p27 (Kip1) and p57 (Kip2) in a dose dependent manner. As a consequence, Cdk4, Cdk6, cyclin D1 and cyclin E levels decreased significantly with bovine LTF treatment. Subsequently, LTF treatment decreased nuclear cyclin D1 and possibly facilitated its degradation. In order to examine the degradation of cyclin D1, we analyzed the levels of phospho-Akt-Ser473- and phospho-Akt-Thr308 after LTF treatment of LNCaP and PC3 cells. We observed that LTF dose dependently decreased phospho-Akt-Ser-473 and phospho-Akt-Thr-308 without altering the total Akt levels. As a consequence, activated GSK3-beta level increased, which is a known to degrade cyclin D1. In summary, this study shows that bovine LTF treatment can inhibit human prostate cancer cell growth by disrupting Akt-GSK3b-cyclin D1 signaling pathway. Lactoferrin, therefore, promises an encouraging therapeutic potential for prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1942. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1942
Mg Doped GaN Using a Valved, Thermally Energetic Source: Enhanced Incorporation, Control and Quantitative Optimization

In this study, a thermally-energetic Mg source with an independent, valved-flux control was used to study the behavior of Mg incorporation into GaN. To observe effects of the thermal energy of the Mg flux on Mg incorporation, two Mg flux temperatures were investigated: one (900°C) well above the melting point of Mg and one (625°C) slightly below the melting point of Mg. Alternating Mg-doped and undoped GaN layers were grown at steps of increasing Mg flux, retaining a constant thermal energy, from below the saturation limit, to above the saturation limit. Results were analyzed and compared using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). For a constant measured Mg flux, the incorporated Mg increased by more than an order of magnitude when the Mg thermal source temperature was raised from 625°C to 900°C. During SIMS analysis, the energy spectra of sputtered Ga atoms were fairly constant for a Mg flux above the saturation limit, and shifts for a Mg flux slightly below the critical flux for saturation, indicating a conductivity change, and possibly providing a quantitative means of optimizing p-type conduction. Furthermore, Mg incorporation into GaN strongly depends on the III-V flux ratio. During this study it was also observed that Mg incorporation into GaN was enhanced on a rough growth-layer surface under N-rich conditions, while a smoother growth-layer surface resulted in lower Mg incorporation, even under N-rich conditions1.
Study on Present Status of Rural Public Service Supply and Demand in Jiangxi Province Based on Microscopic Investigations

Microscopic investigations were conducted on 128 farmers from several villages of Nanchang,Ganzhou,Ji 'an,Pingxiang and Jiujiang cities in Jiangxi province,and the description and statistical analysis were carried out for the present status of rural public service supply and demand in Jiangxi province. This article analyzed farmers' satisfaction of current rural public service in Jiangxi,as well as the existing problems in the supply of rural public service,further analyzed the priority of current rural public service in this province through ranking the demand of public service,and discussed the content and item of current rural public service demand. On the basis of these,some corresponding suggestions and countermeasures were put forward.
Design and simulation of WDM systems

Traditional design method depending on increasing redundant parameter of optic fiber line to estimate influence of chromatic dispersion can not scheme out reliable optical transmission system, the problem is that it has much difference between real parameter variation and ideal design specification due to laying conditions limitation of optic fiber cable.The paper introduced an effective method of parametric estimation based on soft simulation, meanwhile, through model creation and simulation analysis, obtained an ideal experiment result, it is very useful to practical engineering.
Snowblower injuries to the hand.

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 62 patients who sustained serious hand injuries caused by snowblowers between 1981 and 1990. Frequency of injuries to digits tended to correlate with length (i.e., middle, index, ring, or small finger or thumb). Damage to tendons did not seem to follow any particular pattern. The majority of victims sustained multiple digital involvement. Complete versus partial amputation followed the same length distribution as did injured digits. Most of the injuries occurred to the dominant hand. When patients were further questioned regarding the circumstances and events leading to their injury, a recurring pattern was found. Most patients described a wet, heavy snow having recently fallen. The majority of the patients who were injured by placing their hands into the exit chute admitted that they were aware the machine was running, but thought that they had a greater clearance to the rotating impeller blade.
On Optical Dipole Moment and Radiative Recombination Lifetime of Excitons in WSe2

Optical dipole moment is the key parameter of optical transitions, as it directly determines the strength of light–matter interaction such as intrinsic radiative lifetime. However, experimental determination of these fundamental properties of excitons in monolayer WSe2 is largely limited, because the commonly used measurement, such as (time-resolved) photoluminescence, is inherently difficult to probe the intrinsic properties. For example, dark states below bright exciton can change the photoluminescence emission rate by orders of magnitude and gives an “effective” radiative lifetime distinctive from the intrinsic one. On the other hand, such “effective” radiative lifetime becomes important itself because it describes how dark states affect exciton dynamics. Unfortunately, the “effective” radiative lifetime in monolayer WSe2 is also not determined as it requires photoluminescence measurement with resonant excitation, which is technically difficult. These difficulties are overcome here to obtain both the “intrinsic” and “effective” radiative lifetime experimentally. A framework is developed to determine the dipole moment and “intrinsic” radiative lifetime of delocalized excitons in monolayer WSe2 from the absorption measurements. In addition, the “effective” radiative lifetime in WSe2 is obtained through time-resolved photoluminescence and absolute quantum-yield measurement at resonant excitation. These results provide helpful information for fundamental understanding of exciton light–matter interaction in WSe2.
Inhibition of Cdk4/6 by PD 0332991 Results in Abrogation of Osteoclast Formation

Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by increased osteoclast activity resulting in bone destruction and development of lytic lesions. Despite overall survival achieved by new treatment modalities, new drugs are required to specifically and effectively inhibit bone destruction. PD 0332991 is a selective small molecule inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)4 and Cdk6 with oral bioavailability. We have demonstrated recently that inhibition of Cdk4/6 by PD 0332991 effectively controls MM tumor expansion in animal models and sensitizes chemoresistant MM tumor cells to bortezomib killing despite protection by bone marrow stromal cells. Currently clinical phase I/II trials are ongoing to test the efficacy of the combination of PD 0332991 and bortezomib. Selective inhibition of Cdk4/6 by PD 0332991 leads to sustained G1 arrest but not apoptosis, and this appears to be cell type-specific. Consistent with these findings, PD 0332991 is well tolerated in MM patients. On this basis, we address the possibility that PD 0332991, alone and in combination with bortezomib, may inhibit osteoclastogenesis, by culturing non-adherent mononuclear bone marrow cells from MM patients cultured in the presence of M-CSF and RANKL for three weeks. Treatment of human osteoclast cultures with PD 0332991 for 3 weeks decreased osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 50 nM. The combination of PD 0332991 and bortezomib led to synergistic inhibition of osteoclast formation and completely abrogated osteoclastogenesis with low dose PD 0332991 (25 nM) and bortezomib (2 nM). Furthermore, we show in a time course study that treatment with PD 0332991 for the first week, but not the second or third week, was sufficient to inhibit osteoclast formation. PD 0332991 is the only known selective inhibitor of Cdk4 and Cdk6, which at concentration below 5 uM does not cross react with at least 38 kinases or induce apoptosis. Taken together, our data suggest that by inducing G1 arrest and inhibiting progenitor expansion, PD 0332991 is a powerful and selective inhibitor for osteoclastogenesis. We propose that targeting Cdk4/6 with PD 0332291 in combination therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy to improve bone integrity in MM.
Legal Writing: A Doctrinal Course

Legal writing instruction in American law schools has come a long way. Although scattered experiential courses and co-curricular activities have existed since legal education moved into a university setting, the modern era of skills education began in the 1950s and 1960s, with the creation of live-client clinics at many law schools. Early legal writing programs soon followed, moving into the main stream of curricular reform during the 1980s and 1990s. As these new courses and new instructors moved into the academy, the language of legal education naturally changed. Law faculties found themselves wanting to describe these new additions to the curriculum and the new teachers hired to teach them. For law faculties, the need for new language arose from the presumed need to distinguish their own “traditional” courses from these new offerings and to distinguish themselves from these new teachers.To refer to courses like legal writing, clinics, client counseling, negotiations, externships, and trial practice, law faculties used terms like “skills” courses, “experiential” courses, “lawyering” courses, or “practice” courses. Sometimes courses in the other category – that is, courses like contracts, torts, tax, wills, and civil procedure – were described as “traditional” or “regular,” but before long, the most commonly used term was “substantive.” As the years went by, however, some law faculties learned more about the content of skills courses and came to a greater respect for both the courses and the teachers. Today the term “substantive” is heard less often in discussions of law school curricula, largely because describing non-skills courses as “substantive” incorrectly implies that skills courses have little substance.A number of newer terms have arisen to replace the word “substantive,” but perhaps the most common is “doctrinal.” Is “doctrinal” a better option? This paper explores the meaning of the term and finds that legal writing does, indeed, have its own doctrine. The paper therefore suggests avoiding the term “doctrinal” when it is used to distinguish legal writing from other courses. It also explores how the story of legal writing’s creation has limited early views of legal writing’s doctrine and makes some suggestions for addressing those limitations as the discipline matures.
Cinema and the senses: new perspectives?

In his recent book The Multisensory Film Experience: A Cognitive Model of Experiential Film Aesthetics, Luis Rocha Antunes returns frequently to a disturbing scene from Kim Ki-duk’s The Isle (2000)...
The real campaign: The role of authenticity in the effectiveness of advertising disclaimers in digitally enhanced images

Abstract In a series of three experimental studies, this research examines the effects of a retouch-free vs. retouched disclaimer on appearance satisfaction, advertising effectiveness, and evaluation of other women. Our results show the positive effect of a retouch-free disclaimer on appearance satisfaction, attitude toward the ad, and purchase intentions (Study 1) based on authenticity and its components: realism and meaningfulness of the ad (Study 2). Interestingly, results are in the opposite direction considering the evaluation of other women, who are evaluated as less attractive when exposed to a retouch-free disclaimer (Study 3). This study provides valuable insights from a theoretical and managerial perspective on how marketers can appeal to Millennials without overtly telling them they are authentic.
Inter- and Intraspecific Fungal Diversity in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

The 450-million-year-old arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis plays a critical role for the nutrient uptake and abiotic (drought, salinity, and heavy metals) and biotic stress resistance of the majority of land plants. The fungal extraradical mycelium takes up nutrients, such as phosphate and nitrogen, and delivers them to the intraradical mycelium, where the fungus exchanges these nutrients against carbon from the host. It is known for decades that AM fungi can improve the nutrient acquisition of many important crops under low input conditions and are able to increase plant productivity in stressful environments. However, despite their application potential as biofertilizers and bioprotectors, AM fungi have so far not been widely adopted. This is mainly due to the high variability and context dependency of mycorrhizal growth and nutrient uptake responses that make benefits by AM fungal communities difficult to predict. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of interspecific and intraspecific fungal diversity in mycorrhizal growth benefits and discuss the role of fungal genetic variability and host and fungal compatibility in this functional diversity. A better understanding of these processes is key to exploit the whole potential of AM fungi for agricultural applications and to increase the nutrient acquisition efficiency and productivity of economically important crop species.
The Tension Between the Psychological and Ecological Sciences: Making Psychology More Ecological

In spite of the fact that psychology has been committed to an evolutionary framework for over a century, ecological approaches to psychology, first proposed several decades ago, continue to be marginalized within the discipline. Considering the shared lineage of evolutionary and ecological thinking, this situation seems paradoxical, and, indeed, it reflects an underlying tension between the psychological and ecological sciences. The basis for this tension can be traced historically to psychology’s early embrace of Herbert Spencer’s evolutionary view of environment-mind correspondence, which is incompatible with the dynamic, relational character of ecosystems thinking. In this respect, William James criticized Spencer for failing to recognize the active and selective character of thought and action, which for James, is the hallmark of psychological processes. From this starting point, James’s psychology and philosophy of radical empiricism offers a relational and dynamic approach that is more in keeping with ecological thinking, particularly as these ideas were extended by James’s student, E. B. Holt, in his treatment of purposive, situated behavior. James Gibson’s ecological approach to perceiving builds, in part, on these bodies of work, and his concept of affordances locates meaning in perceiver-environment relations, that is, in situated action. Further, the ecological approach of Roger Barker, with its concept of behavior setting, offers an opportunity to bring sociocultural processes to bear on situated action. It is seen that socially normative actions are situated in behavior settings and have the character of being both regulated and flexible, dual properties that are examined through a consideration of Hayek’s analysis of purposive action. Collectively, these contributions advance an approach to psychology that is coordinative with the perspective of the ecological sciences.
Dermal Filler Presenting as Lobular Radiopacities in an Edentulous Patient: A Clinical Report

This clinical report describes the unusual appearance of radiopacities, lobular in nature, observed on a dental panoramic image of an edentulous patient. Upon questioning, the patient described a history of recently having hydroxylapatite-based dermal filler placed in her right and left cheeks to reduce wrinkles and enhance cosmetic appearance. The localization and shape of the radiopacities were consistent with the placement of the dermal filler.
Process, habit, and flow: a phenomenological approach to material agency

The artefactual environment is not just the passive, inert background against which the drama of human and non-human animal life plays out; but rather, the built environment plays an active role in the structure of agency. This is an insight that Lambros Malafouris (2013) has articulated in his framework of Material Engagement Theory (MET). I will discuss the enactive-embodied and dynamic approaches to cognition and action, emphasizing the ways that this approach leads to taking MET seriously by force of its own theoretical commitments. That is, material engagement is a natural development of these models of mind, specified to the particularities of the human historical situation. I will then discuss Theiner and Drain’s (2017) critique of HMA, in which they argue that we should replace material agency with materially-scaffolded agency. Scaffolded agency, however, is too weak of a conception of how material culture shapes agency, and is a notion continues to privilege the sense of agency as a mark of what genuinely constitutes agency proper. Drawing on Steward (2016) I propose a definition of material agency that emphasizes the idea that agency is a process, and I suggest that material agency is better captured by the phenomenological experience of flow (Vuorre and Metcalf 2016). This phenomenological understanding of material agency both responds to Theiner & Drain’s critique, and emphasizes the importance of investigating material culture phenomenologically.
Prevention of Physical Training-Related Injuries Recommendations for the Military and Other Active Populations Based on Expedited Systematic Reviews

BACKGROUND: The Military Training Task Force of the Defense Safety Oversight Council chartered a Joint Services Physical Training Injury Prevention Working Group to: (1) establish the evidence base for making recommendations to prevent injuries; (2) prioritize the recommendations for prevention programs and policies; and (3) substantiate the need for further research and evaluation on interventions and programs likely to reduce physical training-related injuries. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A work group was formed to identify, evaluate, and assess the level of scientific evidence for various physical training-related injury prevention strategies through an expedited systematic review process. Of 40 physical training-related injury prevention strategies identified, education, leader support, and surveillance were determined to be essential elements of a successful injury prevention program and not independent interventions. As a result of the expedited systematic reviews, one more essential element (research) was added for a total of four. Six strategies were not reviewed. The remaining 31 interventions were categorized into three levels representing the strength of recommendation: (1) recommended; (2) not recommended; and (3) insufficient evidence to recommend or not recommend. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Education, leadership support, injury surveillance, and research were determined to be critical components of any successful injury prevention program. Six interventions (i.e., prevent overtraining, agility-like training, mouthguards, semirigid ankle braces, nutrient replacement, and synthetic socks) had strong enough evidence to become working group recommendations for implementation in the military services. Two interventions (i.e., back braces and pre-exercise administration of anti-inflammatory medication) were not recommended due to evidence of ineffectiveness or harm, 23 lacked sufficient scientific evidence to support recommendations for all military services at this time, and six were not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Six interventions should be implemented in all four military services immediately to reduce physical training-related injuries. Two strategies should be discouraged by all leaders at all levels. Of particular note, 23 popular physical training-related injury prevention strategies need further scientific investigation, review, and group consensus before they can be recommended to the military services or similar civilian populations. The expedited systematic process of evaluating interventions enabled the working group to build consensus around those injury prevention strategies that had enough scientific evidence to support a recommendation. Language: en
Biotransformations and biodegradation in extreme environments

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses biotransformations and biodegradation in extreme environments. It also considers the ability of micro-organisms to at least survive in extremes of radiation exposure. This microbial capability to thrive under extreme conditions has practical implications in applied microbiology, hence providing the justification of this volume. One of its areas is the bioremediation of organic contaminants and transformation of metals, and the purpose of this chapter is to present an account of some of the researches that have been carried out in recent years. The bulk of the following discussion focuses on metal reduction, as interest in this field has been relatively more intense in recent years. Metal oxidation and metal volatilization in extreme conditions are briefly discussed. Interest in extremophiles for applied microbiology is growing, and the possible uses of these organisms for metal transformation and organic pollutant degradation is being evaluated by numerous researchers. Thermophiles are amongst the many organisms for which the whole genome sequence has been determined. There is very limited information on alkalophilic metal reduction or organic biodegradation. Thus, if there is a need for remediation at high pH sites, the need could foster research in the genomics of alkalophiles. Much work remains to be done in defining how all these organisms adapt to extreme environments.
Identifying critical information needs and developing institutional partnerships to further the understanding of Atlantic deep-sea coral ecosystems

The deep-sea (>200 m) represents the largest portion of the ocean, but it is probably the least understood because of the technological challenges and financial resources required to explore and research this environment. With the advancement of underwater technology, astonishing images of deep-sea corals living at depths from the surface to greater than 1000 m are now becoming available to both policy makers and the public. More specifically, in the North Atlantic Ocean, these images have led many countries to begin to assess the distribution, status, health, and potential threats faced by these important ecosystems, which appear to be connected by the uniting influence of the Gulf Stream and its associated currents. Since deep-sea coral ecosystems extend beyond national boundaries and encounter similar threats, it was determined that a cooperative effort on both sides of the Atlantic could be beneficial to maximize available resources, share expertise, and exchange data to rapidly increase scientific understanding of deep-sea coral ecosystems. Thus, an international Deep-Sea Corals Workshop was held to identify critical information needs related to: locating and mapping deep-sea corals; understanding more about coral biology and ecology; and using specific deep-sea coral species as indicators of climate change. Priority information needs identified at the workshop were the need to: (1) conduct both low- and high-resolution mapping to locate and characterize deep-sea coral habitats; (2) conduct research on factors that influence deep-sea coral life history patterns; (3) examine how they function as habitat for fish and invertebrate species; (4) develop a comprehensive inventory of deep-sea coral species; and (5) further efforts to analyze past climate changes and to improve climate forecasting models. Described herein are: the results of the Deep-Sea Corals Workshop; other events with a focus on deep-sea corals; and potential pathways to increase U.S.-international collaborative partnerships.
SuperCHIEF: A Modified CHIEF Method

When the boundary integral -equation method is applied to exterior acoustics problems, singularities occur in the resulting algebraic equations at various frequencies associated with the eigenvalues of an interior problem. These frequencies are referred to as “forbidden”, and various methods have been devised to overcome the computational difficulties presented at these frequencies. The work presented here is an extension to the CHIEF method in that higher derivatives, in addition to the function itself, are constrained to be zero at selected points in the interior domain. Whereas the relative success of either method depends on the quantity and selection of interior points, the SuperCHIEF method requires fewer interior points and is less sensitive to point selection, resulting in improved robustness without significant increase in computational complexity.
Ultrafast laser-pump x-ray probe measurements of solvated transition metal complexes

Ultrafast laser pump–x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) probe spectra of [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4 t- solvated in water are measured using table-top ultrafast laser driven plasma x-ray sources. Close to the x-ray absorption edge, in the region of x-ray absorption near edge structure, large electron scattering cross-sections cause intense modulations and favor multiple photoelectron scattering events with several atoms. This permits the measurements of metal–ligand distances and bond angles. The modulation depth for highly symmetric molecules can reach 100% of the absorption edge jump. At higher x-ray energies, corresponding to the region of extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), spectra are determined by single scattering events between the x-ray absorbing atom and surrounding atoms. Thus, the EXAFS spectra are a measure of the first-order atomic pair correlation function, which can be approximated by Fourier-transforming the EXAFS spectrum.
Surface Fouling of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Microelectrodes during Dopamine Detection: Improving Lifetime via Electrochemical Cycling

In this work, we report the electrochemical response of a boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (BDUNCD) microelectrode during long-term dopamine (DA) detection. Specifically, changes to its electrochemical activity and electroactive area due to DA byproducts and surface oxidation are studied via scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and silver deposition imaging (SDI). The fouling studies with amperometry (AM) and fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) methods suggest that the microelectrodes are heavily fouled due to poor DA-dopamine- o-quinone cyclization rates followed by a combination of polymer formation and major changes in their surface chemistry. SDI data confirms the presence of the insulating polymer with sparsely distributed tiny electroactive regions. This resulted in severely distorted DA signals and a 90% loss in signal starting as early as 3 h for AM and a 56% loss at 6.5 h for FSCV. This underscores the need for cleaning of the fouled microelectrodes if they have to be used long-term. Out of the three in vivo suitable electrochemical cycling cleaning waveforms investigated, the standard waveform (-0.4 V to +1.0 V) provides the best cleaned surface with a fully retained voltammogram shape, no hysteresis, no DA signal loss (a 90 ± 0.72 nA increase), and the smallest charge transfer resistance value of 0.4 ± 0.02 MΩ even after 6.5 h of monitoring. Most importantly, this is the same waveform that is widely used for in vivo detection with carbon fiber microelectrodes. Future work to test these microelectrodes for more than 24 h of DA detection is anticipated.
SemanticDB: a common data model for Scala developer tools (invited talk)

Nowadays, there is a clear trend towards standards for communication between developer tools. Language Server Protocol (LSP), a protocol that connects programming language implementations and text editors, has gained strong industrial support and at the time of writing has implementations for many programming languages and editors. Build Server Protocol (BSP) follows in LSP’s tracks with an ambition to define a protocol for communication between language servers and build tools. While lots of work in the open-source community has been invested in unifying user experience (by codifying commonly used operations like go to definition or find all references), relatively less work went into unifying implementor experience. For example, at the moment, there exist five different LSP implementations for Scala. They all implement the same protocol that works with code, but they all use different data structures to represent that code. In this talk, we will present SemanticDB - a data model for semantic information such as symbols and types about programs in Scala and other languages. We will discuss our experience of building an ecosystem of developers tools around SemanticDB and using these tools on Twitter source code - arguably the largest Scala codebase on the planet. SemanticDB is joint work between Eugene Burmako, Twitter and Olafur Pall Geirsson, EPFL who together developed and maintain the open-source specification and implementations at https://github.com/scalameta/scalameta. The project has received contributions from the Advanced Scala Tools team at Twitter - Eugene Burmako, Shane Delmore, Max Ovsiankin and Uma Srinivasan - as well as many open-source enthusiasts.
The brain carries a lot of weight

Researchers used neuroimaging to show that the best predictor of successful weight loss was greater brain activity in prefrontal areas in the brain involved in self-control.
Telescoped synthesis of C3-functionalized (E)-arylamidines using Ugi-Mumm and regiospecific quinazolinone rearrangements.

An efficient four-step, six-transformation protocol was developed to afford bioactive N-alkyl- or N-arylamide (E)-arylamidines featuring strategic amidine C3 modifications which were inaccessible or low yielding by previous methods. This synthetic approach, exemplified with 24 amidines and requiring only a single purification, highlights a multicomponent Ugi–Mumm rearrangement to afford highly diversified quinazolinones which undergo regiospecific rearrangement to afford new amidines. The method extensively broadens the structural scope of this new class of trisubstituted amidines and demonstrates the tolerance of regional C3 amidine steric bulk, visualized with X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Scaling effects on the optical properties of patterned nano-layered shape memory films

Abstract Nano-layered films of PVAc/PU systems were fabricated by forced assembly coextrusion method. The bulk shape memory properties of PVAc/PU systems were utilized to program nanoscale patterns such as diffraction grating which exhibit iridescence after patterning. A hot embossing process has been utilized to imprint diffraction grating patterns as nano-scale information onto the surface of the thin multilayer films. Three levels of hierarchy i.e. layer thickness, spacing and heights of patterns, governs the functionality of the patterned multilayer film. The time and temperature dependent viscoelastic shape memory behavior determines the opto-mechanical tunability of the film. Mechanical switching of the patterns also leads to optical switching of the films which corresponds to their efficiency of information retrieval. The recovery of patterns as well as the diffractive property depends on the layer thickness (l) of films and heights of patterns (h0). The results illustrate that the higher ratio of h0/l better is the recovery of the grating patterns and the corresponding diffractive properties. This scaling effect enables versatile applications in information security by tuning the layer structure of the multilayer shape memory films.
Disaster Risk Governance: Four Cases from Developing Countries

Disaster Risk Governance offers the first extensive engagement with disaster risk governance in the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa. In the last decade and a half Kenya, Jamaica, Dominica, and Zanzibar have all suffered massive destruction from disasters caused by natural hazards. Despite the tremendous investments in disaster risk reduction (DRR), disasters have wiped out the developmental gains of these countries. In this book, Denise Thompson argues that disaster risk governance (DRG) as a practical and academic matter has not been given the attention it deserves, and as a result, this neglect has undermined the time, money and resources invested in DRR in developing countries since the late 1970s and early 1980s. Thompson proposes that properly conceptualizing DRG based on context will help to address some of the deficiencies. Consequently, DRG needs to become a central focus, particularly for developing countries. Written with real-life implications for developing countries, Disaster Risk Governance is perfectly suited for practitioners and researchers in area studies, disaster risk reduction and disaster governance, as well as students of disaster studies.
Differences in receipt of breastfeeding-related maternity care practices among teen mothers and mothers ≥20 years–– Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 13 states and New York City, 2012-2013

Purpose: Adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) breastfeeding recommendations (breastfeed exclusively for 6 months, and continue at least 1 year, as complementary foods are introduced) is lower among teen (13-19 years) versus older mothers (≥20 years). Teen mothers may face unique challenges that require additional support to follow breastfeeding recommendations. Hospitals can support mothers to breastfeed by implementing evidence-based maternity practices and discontinuing practices that are detrimental to breastfeeding. PRAMS is a unique, rich data source that collects information from mothers on breastfeeding-related maternity practices. A prior study …