cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN ANALYSIS OF KEY INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING AIR QUALITY IN SOUTH DURBAN USING THE DPSIR FRAMEWORK

ABSTRACT Since the establishment of heavy industry in South Durban in the early 1950s, many events have occurred that have shaped the air pollution history of the area. Events are categorized as government-, industry- or community-related and the roles of each at different stages are emphasized. Based on mean annual S02 measurements over nearly 50 years, it is noted that there have been marked fluctuations in ambient air quality. Using the Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework, key events that have influenced air quality trends are identified. Periods of generally increasing trends occurred between 1958 and 1962, when industry was being established and expanding in South Durban; the late 1960s; and the period from the late 1970s to the end of the 1980s when there was a drive by the apartheid government to ensure a reliable supply of oil/and the oil refineries as a strategic industry were protected by legislation that prohibited access to information. From the early 1990s there was incre...
Applying public health science to the counselling profession: An initial examination

Abstract The application of public health science to the counselling profession is examined. Specifically, the public-health practices of prevention and epidemiology are reviewed for their applicability to the field of counselling. Evidence of the counselling profession's substantial involvement in the prevention research field is provided through an examination of recent major meta-analysis articles on prevention studies. The role of the counselling profession in social-policy development, and the interrelation between this type of social/political engagement and the solidification of the counselling field within the spectrum of mental-health services, are explored.
Analysis of Cell Type and Radiographic Presentation as Predictors of the Clinical Course of Patients With Bronchioloalveolar Cell Carcinoma

Study objectives Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is a primary lung neoplasm of variable histopathologic, radiologic, and clinical expression. There are three cell types described in bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: Clara cells, mucin-producing cells, and alveolar type II epithelial cells. It is unclear whether these three tumor cell types are associated with a specific radiologic presentation and clinical course. In this study, we investigated whether tumor cell type, identified by transmission electron microscopy, correlated with a specific radiologic pattern, and whether tumor cell type or radiologic presentation correlated with the patient's clinical course and outcome. Design Transmission electron microscopy was used to restudy tissue blocks from the original surgical histopathologic specimens in 54 patients with primary bronchioloalveolar carcinoma diagnosed over a 10-year period (1980 to 1990). The pretreatment radiographs were reviewed in each case, and the first chest radiograph obtained at the time of the discovery of the tumor in each patient was compared with the results of the ultrastructural study. The medical records of each patient were examined to obtain pertinent radiologic, clinical, and patient outcome information. Measurement and results There were 32 Clara cell tumors, 10 mucin-producing cell tumors, and 1 alveolar type II epithelial cell tumor in this series. Eleven additional tumors had mixtures of two or more cell types. No statistically significant relationship was detected between tumor cell type and radiologic presentation or patient mortality pattern. There was increased mortality among patients who presented radiologically with segmental, lobar, multifocal, or diffuse disease compared with those patients exhibiting a solitary pulmonary nodule at presentation. Conclusion Radiologic presentation, rather than tumor cell type, provides prognostic information that aids in predicting patient outcome.
The rise and transformation of the Brazilian landless movement into a counter-hegemonic political actor: A Gramscian analysis

Abstract The Brazilian Landless Movement (MST) is widely acknowledged as one of the most organized, dynamic, and influential social movements in Latin America. The MST has increasingly inserted the struggle for land within larger political contestations for broad social change, leading conservatives and leftists alike to describe it as a “first class actor” in Brazilian politics. What explains the move from corporatist struggles for land to broader counter-hegemonic contestations; put differently, how did the MST come to acquire ‘global ambition’? Much of the literature on the MST analyzes its external actions but without explaining what drives these actions. This paper utilizes a Gramscian political ecology approach to comprehend the MST’s political actions and its rise and transformation into a counter-hegemonic political actor. Specifically, I evaluate the development of the MST’s organizational praxis from corporatist struggles for land in the late 1970s to ‘global ambition’ and changing nature–society relations by the early 2000’s. Such an approach brings to light the role of organization building, political education, alliance building, and subaltern agency in propelling the MST’s political mobilizations. In so doing, this paper contributes to the literature on the MST and collective action. This paper also engages with a ‘politics of scale’ since the conquest of geographic scale is critical to understanding the MST’s national growth and political actions. This paper concludes by arguing that the rise and transformation of the MST into a vibrant counter-hegemonic actor in Brazilian politics was a gradual process that matured as it territorialized into a national movement.
Measurement of Long-Period, Low-Amplitude Swell in the Western North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Nineteen data buoys in the western North Atlantic and two coastal stations reported 20-s-period swell in August 1990. The source of this very unusual event was traced to a severe storm off the Antarctic continent. This paper provides information on the wave-measuring systems, observations, meteorological conditions that generated the swell, and techniques used to estimate the location of the source of the swell. The swell was measured by different hull types, wave-measuring systems, and electronic payloads. The observations show how wave conditions vary with location and provide data for wave-modeling purposes and research studies.
Optimism and suicide ideation among young adult college students

Given that college students may be at increased risk for suicide, it is important to conduct research that could guide suicide prevention efforts on college campuses. Although much research has been conducted on the role of hopelessness and depression in suicide ideation, the role of dispositional optimism is unclear. Subjects were 284 college students (185 female, 65%), ages 18 and over. Optimism was assessed with the Life Orientation Test-Revised. The outcome measure was the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. A hierarchical, multivariate regression was used to test the hypothesis that optimism is inversely associated with suicide ideation, even after controlling for age, gender, depressive symptoms, and hopelessness. The hypothesis was supported. Optimism holds promise as a cognitive characteristic associated with decreased thoughts of suicide in college students; a better understanding of its putative protective role in this group, and cross-culturally, is needed. Prevention programs designed to enhance optimism in the college setting might decrease suicide risk.
Similarity-based visualization of large image collections

Effective techniques for organizing and visualizing large image collections are in growing demand as visual search gets increasingly popular. Targeting an online astronomy archive with thousands of...
An impression management perspective on job design: The case of corporate directors

In this essay I introduce a sociopolitical perspective on job design. In particular, I suggest how job design may be the subject of impression management, and illustrate this idea in the context of a specific corporate role that has received little attention in the job design literature, namely the role of corporate director. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MUST A CLASSICAL THEIST BE AN IMMATERIALIST

In this paper I examine two arguments, one by R. A. Oakes and the other by P. A. Byrne, that Berkeley's immaterialism is the only metaphysic consistent with classical theism. I show that not only do Oakes and Byrne fail to demonstrate the incompatibility of physical realism with classical theism, but also that their line of argument reveals a grave inconsistency between the latter and immaterialism. For as they expound Berkeley's metaphysic, it seems incapable of explicating the metaphysical dependency of finite spirit (mind) on God.
Opportunity lost: Adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage III colon cancer remains underused.

Introduction There is strong evidence supporting the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with pathologic, stage III colon cancer. This study examines differences in adherence to evidence-based adjuvant chemotherapy guidelines for pathologic, stage III colon cancer cases across hospital and patient subgroups. Methods Patients with stage III colon cancer were identified from the 2003 to 2011 National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). A logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds of receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy across varying hospital and patient characteristics. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the association between receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy and 5-year survival. Risk adjusted observed/expected (O/E) outcome ratios were calculated for each hospital to compare hospital-specific quality of care during the study period. Results A total of 124,008 patients met the inclusion criteria. Adjuvant chemotherapy was not administered to 34%. The rates of adjuvant chemotherapy have shown little improvement over time (63% in 2003 vs 66% in 2011). The Cox model indicates that patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy had better survival (hazard ratio = 0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.47–0.49). Analysis of risk adjusted O/E ratios indicated no consistent pattern as to which hospitals were performing optimally or subopitmally over time. Conclusion There has been no meaningful improvement in receipt of chemotherapy in patients with stage III colon cancer. The fact that chemotherapy is not being considered or offered to more than 20% of patients with node-positive colon cancer suggests that there are substantial process failures across many institutions and regions in the United States.
Underlying Theory and Implementation Issues

In previous chapters we developed a production theory framework for the analysis of production and productivity growth and linked it to a number of related literatures, including not only the traditional productivity, but also the macro, IO, and efficiency literatures. This framework highlights the linkages between different aspects of productivity that must be unraveled to present a detailed and interpretable picture of the impacts and responses that determine economic performance.
Monitoring and multiplexing technique for interferometric fiber optic sensors with a linearly chirped Er:fiber laser.

The monitoring of interferometer fiber optic sensors using a laser that is scanned over a wide frequency range is investigated. The interrogation technique is based on the principle that if the light-source frequency varies linearly with time, the optical signal reflected or transmitted is intensity modulated at a frequency that is proportional to the optical path difference (OPD) in the interferometer. Fourier components in the detected optical output signal then correspond to the OPDs of any interferometers that have contributed to this modulation. The temporal position of a peak in the power spectrum of this signal is proportional to the OPD of the interferometer that is responsible for that peak. A fine tuning of the OPD value is determined from the phase of the corresponding Fourier component. Experimentally, an Er:fiber laser scanned over a 46-nm range centered at 1540 nm was used to monitor intrinsic fiber Fabry–Perot interferometers (FFPIs). Variations in the laser scan rate were compensated with the optical signal modulated by a reference FFPI held at a constant temperature. The OPD measurement resolution was 3.6 nm, and the dynamic range was 1.3 × 107. The temperature was measured from 20 °C to 610 °C with a 0.02 °C resolution, and multiplexing of three of the sensors arranged in series was demonstrated.
Interlenticular opacification associated with asymmetric haptic fixation of the anterior intraocular lens.

PURPOSE: To describe the occurrence of interlenticular opacification in association with asymmetric haptic fixation of the anterior intraocular lens in a patient who had two intraocular lenses (IOLs) inserted for axial hyperopia. DESIGN: Observational case report. METHODS: An 83-year-old patient underwent uncomplicated cataract extraction and piggyback IOL insertion. The posterior IOL was placed within the capsule, but one of the haptics of the anterior IOL was inadvertently placed in the ciliary sulcus and the other in the capsule. RESULTS: Interlenticular opacification was localized to the interlenticular area near the anterior lens haptic placed within the capsule and absent from the interlenticular area near the anterior lens haptic fixated in the ciliary sulcus. CONCLUSION: This case report supports the idea that sulcus placement of the anterior IOL helps to prevent interlenticular opacification.
OSBS: online storm-water billing system

Storm-water runoff costs the City of Bridgeport millions of dollars per year to treat. To reduce the storm-water runoff and help the city move toward a greener society, a capstone project team at Fairfield University developed the Online Storm-water Billing Systems (OSBS) which mathematically quantify runoff entering the sewer system from each parcel of impervious surface. Using the geo data provided by the city, the OSBS was implemented using ArcGIS Online with the capability of sharing and finding geographic information published by Esri, ArcGIS users, and other authoritative data providers. We used this online service to create a map for a Bridgeport city, upload the data layers containing information about each parcel, and configure a pop up to show specific data including tax billing information. The OSBS was developed using ArcGIS and HTML/CSS/JQuery. This paper provides information of GIS, Bridgeport GIS system, ArcGIS, and describes the details of the implementation of OSBS. Future enhancement of OSBS is also discussed.
Is Fertility in Domestic Fowl Regulated by Inheritance

Abstract THE problem of fertility in chickens has been studied by many investigators who have contributed much valuable information. During recent years, however, under improved methods of breeding more information has accumulated to indicate that low fertility is still an important problem of the poultry breeder. Even at the present time there is disagreement regarding the role that heredity may play here. There would therefore seem to be ample justification for further study of the inheritance phase of the problem in a closed flock. LITERATURE REVIEW Pearl and Surface (1909) found no evidence that fertility was inherited. Jull (1935) reported the correlation between the fertility of dams and the fertility of their daughters to be .19±.05 which was probably significant but far from intimate. Hays and Sanborn (1939) calculated the simple correlation between 466 mothers and 1452 daughters in fertility and obtained a value closely approaching zero. Incompatibility was first emphasized . . .
Changes in skeletal mass and fragility with castration in the rat; a model of osteoporosis.

Abstract: Skeletal calcium content was measured in 99 normal and 65 castrated male and female rats. The breaking load in compression of the femur and humerus was measured and the femur-breaking stress calculated. Weight of muscle on the hindlimbs, and the volume and density of the femur were determined. Normal female rats have a greater skeletal calcium content than males, and stronger long bones relative to body weight. This is because bone volume is greater in females compared to males at the same body weight. Castrated males and females have a similar skeletal calcium content; this is less than normal for females but more than normal for males and is due to differences in bone volume between the sexes. When bone calcium is considered as a function of bone volume, it is similar in the two sexes among smaller animals, although among larger animals the males have more mineral. Castration reduces the calcium content—when considered as a function of bone volume—about equally in the two sexes.
Classification of human rotation test results using parametric modeling and multivariate statistics.

The usefulness of vestibular testing is directly related to the accuracy of the test interpretations. Two factors, subjective analysis of large test data sets and failure to make appropriate age corrections, tend to reduce test accuracy. Correction of these problems can be accomplished by application of physiologically based models of vestibular function and multivariate classification techniques to the test data, thereby creating a more objective test interpretation procedure. Herein we report our results on the use of this strategy for analysis of sinusoidal harmonic acceleration (SHA) test interpretation. For each patient, models reduce the large set of SHA test variables to three key parameters: asymptotic gain, vestibulo-ocular reflex time constant, and bias. in addition, the new technique objectively adjusts these parameters for the patient's age. Finally, each patient's set of parameters are statistically classified as either normal or as unilateral peripheral deficit. Based on learning sets of 57 ...
Configuring kinematically redundant robotic manipulators to increase effective task-specific motion resolution

Kinematically redundant robotic manipulators are capable of achieving multiple secondary manipulation goals, including collision avoidance and improved motion economy, by resolving kinematic null spaces. Given specifications for manipulator joint motion resolution and accuracy, null spaces can also be resolved to increase end effector motion precision, which is a critical capability for micromanipulation tasks. This work outlines a heuristic computational method for configuring manipulators to achieve greater effective motion resolution on specific tasks. The efficacy of this method is demonstrated through case studies in workspace planning and morphological design optimization.
Becoming a success story: how boys who have molested children talk about treatment

This grounded theory study was designed to generate a mid-range theory of treatment from the perspective of boys who have molested children and undergone outpatient treatment. Data included information from seven boys' charts, their written responses to open-ended questions, and audio-taped interviews. The interviews generated a series of statements reflecting the boys' experiences in treatment, which were analysed by the constant comparative method. The basic social process of treatment was 'becoming a success story'. The structural elements of becoming a success story included relapse prevention, compliance and decision-making. The boys integrated these structural elements by talking to people they trusted, listening to what people said, and using what people said to help them do what was right. Becoming a success story took place in a context of family and community support. In its current form, this theory of treatment success can be used in practice to monitor progress through treatment. Language: en
Microstrip-fed ANSERLIN antenna elements and arrays

Methods of constructing ANSERLIN (annular sector radiating line) antennas using microstrip feedlines are demonstrated. The antennas are well matched at all frequencies where the structural discontinuities are very small in wavelengths. Well-formed circularly polarized beams are obtained over bandwidths exceeding 25%. As much as 60% of the input power can be radiated from a single element. A six-element array has demonstrated the application of microstrip feedlines for series interconnections. >
Evaluation of Educational Program Proposals by Means of DEA

A new application of DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) is examined for evaluating the efficiency of occupational-technicalprograms in a comprehensive community college. This includes extensions of DEA for use in evaluating new programs that might be introduced along with possible combinations of old programs. Emphasis is placed on the relative efficiency aspects of DEA so that consequences for the efficiency ofprograms other than those being considered can be taken into account. Uses by the director of San Antonio College are described and placed in a context of the other elements that entered into her decisions. In conclusion, possible further improvements in DEA are discussed along with the kinds of research needed to achieve them.
Perinatal depression screening: let's not throw the baby out with the bath water!

Article history: Received 18 March 2014 Received in revised form 19 March 2014 Accepted 21 March 2014 Screening is “the act of doing a test on a person or a person's blood, urine, etc., to look for evidence of a disease, illegal drug, etc.”[2]. From an epidemiological perspective, screening is much more complex. The authors of Principles of Early Disease Detection describe multiple types of screening, but summarize that all are about “early disease detection” [3] (p.9). They recognize the complexity of screening stating, “The cen-
Capacity theorems for relay channels with ISI

In this paper we initially study degraded relay channels with finite-length intersymbol interference (ISI). For such channels, we show that the decode-and-forward strategy achieves the capacity, and prove a special structure for the capacity achieving distributions of the source and relay signals. We also prove that a general memoryless relay channel used with delayed feedback from the destination node to the relay node is an instance of a degraded relay channel with ISI, and observe that the delayed feedback from the destination node to the relay node does not decrease the capacity compared to instantaneous feedback. In all cases where the channel is used with delayed feedback from the destination node to the relay node the decode-and-forward scheme is optimal and the capacity is not decreased by delaying the feedback from the destination node. We extend these results to general (non-degraded) relay channels with ISI to obtain upper and lower bounds on their capacities.
Heart over mind: metabolic control of white adipose tissue and liver

Increasing evidence suggests that the heart controls the metabolism of peripheral organs. Olson and colleagues previously demonstrated that miR-208a controls systemic energy homeostasis through the regulation of MED13 in cardiomyocytes (Grueter et al, 2012). In their follow-up study in this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver are identified as the physiological targets of cardiac MED13 signaling, most likely through cardiac-derived circulating factors, which boost energy consumption by upregulating metabolic gene expression and increasing mitochondrial numbers (Baskin et al, 2014). In turn, increased energy expenditure in WAT and the liver confers leanness. These findings strengthen the evidence of metabolic crosstalk between the heart and peripheral tissues through cardiokines and also set the stage for the development of novel treatments for metabolic syndrome.
Spectroscopy of coherently coupled whispering gallery modes in supermonodispersive bispheres

Coherent coupling between whispering gallery modes (WGMs) is studied in almost identical (size deviation ≪0.03%) polystyrene bispheres with average sizes varying from 2.9 to 6 µm. In a special geometrical configuration peculiar kite shapes are observed in the spectral images of such photonic molecules. The origin of these kites is explained due to coupling of multiple pairs of azimuthal modes. Using various geometries of the experiments we quantified the dependence of coupling constant on the sizes of spheres for maximally coupled fundamental modes located in the equatorial planes of spheres on the substrate. The results show the feasibility of achieving a coherent WGM-based optical transport in microsphere resonator circuits.
Energy reserve utilization in northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups during the postweaning fast: size does matter

During fasting most mammals preferentially utilize lipid reserves for energy while sparing protein reserves. This presents a potential problem for marine mammals that also depend on lipids as a major component of blubber, the primary thermoregulatory structure. Because of this dual function for lipid, rates of lipid and protein utilization should be closely regulated during the postweaning fast in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). To quantify energy expenditure during the fast, we measured body mass and composition of 60 pups at 2.3±0.2 days and 55.9±0.3 days postweaning in 1999 and in 2000. Body condition differed significantly between years. At weaning, body mass (125.9±3.8 kg) and percentage lipid content (39.3±0.6% of body mass) in 2000 were significantly greater than body mass (115.2±3.1 kg) and percentage lipid content (35.8±0.6%) in 1999. In general, percentage lipid content increased with body mass, and fatter pups utilized lipid at relatively higher rates during the fast. Lipid fueled 85–95% and 88–98% of energy expended by pups in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Postweaning fast duration (32–78 days) was positively correlated with body mass and hence lipid content at weaning. This suggests that body composition at weaning influences lipid utilization patterns and ultimately the duration of the postweaning fast in northern elephant seal pups.
Sex Steroid Hormones and Cell Dynamics in the Periodontium

The biological changes that occur in tissues of the periodontium during puberty, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause, and oral contraceptive use have heightened interest in the relationship between sex steroid hormones and periodontal health. These clinical observations coupled with tissue specificity of hormone localization, identification of hormone receptors, as well as the metabolism of hormones have strongly suggested that periodontal tissues are targets for androgens, estrogens, and progestins. The etiologies of periodontal endocrinopathies are diverse; nonetheless, periodontal pathologies may be a consequence of the actions and interactions of sex steroid hormones on specific cells found in the periodontium.
A Constitutive Model for Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites

A constitutive model for fibrous polymer composites was established based on an elasticplastic approach. The proposed potential function is a linear combination of functions related to deviatoric and dilatational deformations. A uni- directional carbon/epoxy composite, AS4/3501-6, and a woven-glass/vinylester com- posite were fabricated and tested under quasi-static off-axis tension and compression and used in developing and verifying the model. Model parameters were determined from the off-axis test results. Stressstrain curves predicted by the model were in good agreement with experimental results. The constitutive model established can describe the nonlinear orthotropic mechanical behavior of the composites, and it accounts as well for their tensioncompression behavior. HARACTERIZATION AND PREDICTION of the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced composites are essential for design and their structural applications. Numerous con- stitutive models of composites have been proposed for prediction of their nonlinear mechanical behavior. The approaches followed in those models can be categorized in terms of the scale of analysis and the assumptions made about the mechanical behavior. Micromechanical models (15) are based on the microstructure and mechanical char- acteristics of the constituents, fiber, and matrix of the composite. These models are used to predict effective mechanical properties of the composite and provide insight into the contributions of each constituent to the properties and the interactions between fibers and matrix. However, in mechanical analysis of composite structures, microscopic models may require expensive computations and are hampered by insufficient data of the
“Speaking-for” and “speaking-as”: Pseudo-surrogacy in physician–patient–companion medical encounters about advanced cancer

Objective To examine using audio-recorded encounters the extent and process of companion participation when discussing treatment choices and prognosis in the context of a life-limiting cancer diagnosis.
Cocaine self‐administration induces changes in synaptic transmission and plasticity in ventral hippocampus

Allowing rats extended access to cocaine self-administration is thought to recapitulate several key aspects of cocaine addiction in humans. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie drug-induced neuroadaptations that persist in the brain after protracted periods of abstinence is crucial towards the goal of developing therapeutic interventions for this disease state. We have employed both whole-cell voltage clamp and extracellular recording technique to assess changes in neurotransmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in stratum radiatum of the CA1 region using the rat ventral hippocampal slice preparation. Rats allowed to self-administer cocaine daily, including 'long access' (6 hours) sessions, exhibited an increase in the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/N-methyl-d-aspartate current ratio and enhanced excitatory transmission following 3-5 weeks of abstinence. Inhibitory transmission was also significantly decreased in long-access animals, and the AMPA/N-methyl-d-aspartate ratio measured in the absence of GABAergic blockers was greatly enhanced. We also observed a significant reduction of LTP magnitude evoked in the long-access cocaine rats. These findings suggest the presence of synergistic effects of enhanced AMPA and diminished gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission under physiological conditions in the CA1 region of cocaine-taking animals, supporting the conclusion that persisting enhancement of AMPA-mediated transmission and/or inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated transmission promoted a chronic state of potentiation that partially occluded further LTP. This increased output from the ventral hippocampus to other limbic areas would be among the drug-induced neuroadaptations that persist following abstinence from cocaine self-administration and therefore may contribute to the disease state of addiction.
Intestinal Immunoglobulins in Shigellosis

Diarrhea stool fluids were examined for immunoglobulin content and shigella-agglutinating coproantibodies in a group of 14 shigella patients and a control group of 12 persons from whom Shigella was not isolated. The majority of fecal IgA appears to be 11 S by sucrose gradient studies. The shigella group provided 21 stools with a mean IgA concentration of 221 ± 109 mg per 100 ml of stool fluid, while 12 stools from the nonshigella group had a mean IgA concentration of 71 ± 80 mg per 100 ml of stool fluid. The difference in means of diarrhea fluid IgA was statistically significant whereas there was no significant difference in the means of the two groups for the other immunoglobulins, IgG and IgM. The shigella group had higher antishigella coproantibody titers. The immunoglobulin classes of the coproantibodies were identified in 9 patients. In 2, the immunoglobulin was IgA; in 3, IgM; in 2, mixed IgA and IgM; in 1, mixed IgA and IgG; and in 1, the coproantibodies were in all three immunoglobulin classes. The reason for the increased IgA concentration in shigella diarrhea fluid is unknown. The increased IgA concentration does not, however, prove that there is increased IgA production and secretion. There is not direct evidence that these coproantibodies play a role in recovery from shigellosis and subsequent immunity.
Impacts of Pavement Strategies on Human Thermal Comfort

This chapter investigates the impact of cool pavement strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort. Based on a human body energy balance model and a thermal comfort model, the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) is selected to evaluate and compare the effects of various pavement strategies on outdoor thermal environment for both summer and winter in three climates (Sacramento and Los Angeles in California and Phoenix in Arizona). The pavement strategies evaluated include high reflectance, evaporation, high reflectance plus evaporation, and shading along with a baseline for control.
In Situ Monitored Self-Assembly of Three-Dimensional Polyhedral Nanostructures

The self-assembly of 3D nanostructures is a promising technology for the fabrication of next generation nanodevices and the exploration of novel phenomena. However, the present techniques for assembly of 3D nanostructures are invisible and have to be done without physical contact, which bring great challenges in controlling the shapes with nanoscale precision. This situation leads to an extremely low yield of self-assembly, especially in 3D nanostructures built with metal and semiconductor materials. Here, an in situ self-assembly process using a focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy system has been demonstrated to realize 3D polyhedral nanostructures from 2D multiple pieces. An excited ion beam in the FIB microscopy system offers not only a visualization of the nanoscale self-assembly process but also the necessary energy for inducing the process. Because the beam energy that induces the self-assembly can be precisely adjusted while monitoring the status of the self-assembly, it is possible to control the se...
Determination of Puerarin in Cangling Zhixie Oral Solution by HPLC

Objective To establish an HPLC method for determination of Puerarin in Cangling Zhixie oral solution. Methods The Innovation Explorer C18 HPLC Column was used with the mobile phase consisted of methanol- water( 22: 78); the flow rate was 1. 0 mL·min- 1; the detection wavelength was at 250 nm,and the column temperature was at 30 ℃. Results A good linear correlation of was observed within the range of 0. 2865 μg ~ 2. 865 μg( r = 0. 9999). The average recovery was 101. 89% with RSD of 2. 73%( n = 6). Conclusion The method is simple,rapid,accurate and reliable. It can be used for the determination of Puerarin in Cangling Zhixie oral solution.
Association between Daytime Napping and Chronic Diseases in China.

Objectives To explore the relationship between daytime napping and incidence of chronic diseases over the past 6 months among adults in China. Methods Based on data collected from 13,469 respondents over age 40 in the Chinese Family Panel Studies in 2010, logistic regression models were estimated to examine the association between daytime napping and the incidence of any chronic diseases and 3 specific chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease) after adjusting for confounders. Differences of risks by sex and age were also investigated. Results In the sample, 50.8% were women and 32.2% were over 60 years old. Adjusted estimates show respondents with daytime napping had elevated odds of developing any chronic diseases, hypertension, and diabetes compared to those who did not nap; having over 60 minutes of daytime napping had weaker association compared with shorter duration of daytime napping. The association between daytime napping and hypertension was found in women but not in men. Conclusions Daytime napping appears to be associated with elevated risk of incidence of any chronic diseases, hypertension, and diabetes.
Visual Fields: Visual Field Test Strategies

The question can be answered in many ways. First of all, there are visual field devices used to perform automated static perimetry and those for manual kinetic perimetry. Automatedtests utilize computer programs to vary test speed, target size, and luminance. Automated tests also benefit from standardized testing conditions, which can be used to interpret results across machines, and efficient testing strategies (more on these later). They present light stimuli of varying luminance to the patient in specific locations for a given duration of time before the next stimulus is presented (0 dB is a maximal stimulus intensity, 10 dB is 1-log unit lower than the maximum, 20 dB is 2 log-units lower, etc). Automated devices provide results that can be directly compared to age-adjusted normative values, which have been derived from testing hundreds of normal subjects. Commonly used automated perimeters are the Humphrey visual field analyzer (HFA) (Zeiss, Inc., Dublin, CA) and the Octopus perimeter (Interzeag/Haag Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland). Manualperimeters require a skilled examiner to present targets to the patient. Both static and kinetic testing can be performed manually. In kinetic testing, a moving target of varying size and luminance is presented to the patient. Manual kinetic perimetry is more flexible and interactive for the patient, and it provides the opportunity to evaluate the far peripheral visual field [1]. Also in existence is a semi-automated kinetic perimetry program on the Octopus perimeter in which a computer program performs kinetic perimetry.
Long Term Biointrusion Impactson Unvegetated Uranium Mill Tailings Cover System Longevity Performance

In the arid southwestern part of the US, many former uranium mill tailings impoundments have been stabilized and isolated from the environment using an engineered cover system to limit water infiltration and radon exhalation. To ensure longevity, most are capped with an erosion protection layer of rock.
A proof-of-concept clinical study examining the NRF2 activator sulforaphane against neutrophilic airway inflammation

Sulforaphane (SFN), a naturally occurring isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, is implicated as a possible therapy for airway inflammation via induction of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2). In this proof-of-concept clinical study, we show that supplementation of SFN with broccoli sprout homogenate in healthy human subjects did not induce expression of antioxidant genes or protect against neutrophilic airway inflammation in an ozone-exposure model. Therefore, dietary sulforaphane supplementation is not a promising candidate for larger scale clinical trials targeting airway inflammation.
Cerebellar Atrophy in Leukemia Survivors

MRI changes in the cerebellum and cognitive function of 13 survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with cranial radiation of 24 Gy and intrathecal methotrexate were studied at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, Manitoba Cancer Foundation, Winnipeg, and University of Alberta, Edmonton.
Loss of dopamine D1 receptors and diminished D1/5 receptor-mediated ERK phosphorylation in the periaqueductal gray after spinal cord lesion

Neuropathic pain resulting from spinal cord injury is often accompanied by maladaptive plasticity of the central nervous system, including the opioid receptor-rich periaqueductal gray (PAG). Evidence suggests that sensory signaling via the PAG is robustly modulated by dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors, but the effect of damage to the spinal cord on D1 and D2 receptor protein expression and function in the PAG has not been examined. Here we show that 21days after a T10 or C6 spinothalamic tract lesion, both mice and rats display a remarkable decline in the expression of D1 receptors in the PAG, revealed by western blot analysis. These changes were associated with a significant reduction in hindpaw withdrawal thresholds in lesioned animals compared to sham-operated controls. We investigated the consequences of diminished D1 receptor levels by quantifying D1-like receptor-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1,2 and CREB, events that have been observed in numerous brain structures. In naive animals, western blot analysis revealed that ERK1,2, but not CREB phosphorylation was significantly increased in the PAG by the D1-like agonist SKF 81297. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that SKF 81297 increased ERK1,2 phosphorylation in the PAG of sham animals. However, in lesioned animals, basal pERK1,2 levels were elevated and did not significantly increase after exposure to SKF 81297. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis that molecular adaptations resulting in a decrease in D1 receptor expression and signaling in the PAG are a consequence of SCL.
Bone Metastasis of Prostate Cancer Can Be Therapeutically Targeted at the TBX2-WNT Signaling Axis.

Identification of factors that mediate visceral and bone metastatic spread and subsequent bone remodeling events is highly relevant to successful therapeutic intervention in advanced human prostate cancer. TBX2, a T-box family transcription factor that negatively regulates cell-cycle inhibitor p21, plays critical roles during embryonic development, and recent studies have highlighted its role in cancer. Here, we report that TBX2 is overexpressed in human prostate cancer specimens and bone metastases from xenograft mouse models of human prostate cancer. Blocking endogenous TBX2 expression in PC3 and ARCaP M prostate cancer cell models using a dominant-negative construct resulted in decreased tumor cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion in vitro . Blocking endogenous TBX2 in human prostate cancer mouse xenografts decreased invasion and abrogation of bone and soft tissue metastasis. Furthermore, blocking endogenous TBX2 in prostate cancer cells dramatically reduced bone-colonizing capability through reduced tumor cell growth and bone remodeling in an intratibial mouse model. TBX2 acted in trans by promoting transcription of the canonical WNT ( WNT3A ) promoter. Genetically rescuing WNT3A levels in prostate cancer cells with endogenously blocked TBX2 partially restored the TBX2-induced prostate cancer metastatic capability in mice. Conversely, WNT3A-neutralizing antibodies or WNT antagonist SFRP-2 blocked TBX2-induced invasion. Our findings highlight TBX2 as a novel therapeutic target upstream of WNT3A, where WNT3A antagonists could be novel agents for the treatment of metastasis and for skeletal complications in prostate cancer patients. Cancer Res; 77(6); 1331–44. ©2017 AACR .
#TheFappening: Virtual Manhood Acts in (Homo)Social Media

Using an interactionist framework, we analyze publicly available data from Twitter to track real-time reactions to the widely publicized celebrity nude photo hacking of 2014 (“The Fappening”). We a...
Enteric coating of micron-size drug particles through a Würster fluid-bed process

Abstract Enteric coated active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particles can provide advantages in clinical and pre-clinical formulation development targeting intestinal drug release over traditional tablet and capsule formulations. The challenge with this approach is developing a robust coating process to achieve sufficient gastric protection and efficient intestinal release on micron sized particles. A Wurster coating fluid bed process to directly produce enteric coated API particles was developed at a 650 g scale and was scaled up to 20 kg. Generating API with low 3-dimensional aspect ratio structure was critical for this process and was achieved through a wet milling process. The starting particle size had D50 ~ 90 μm, and the D50 of the resulting coated particles could be as small as 180 μm. Scanning electron microscopy imaging and dissolution testing were used to characterize the properties of the enteric layer on the API particles as a function of coating thickness. Coated API particles achieved up to 8 h enteric protection in the gastric environment and rapid release in the intestinal environment.
ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies

Although the existence of vascular anomalies is far from a new discovery, misconceptions regarding diagnosis and management persist. Fundamental to clarifying this misinformation is a comprehension of the categorization of diagnoses. Throughout many years, classification schemas have evolved. Since the 1980s, resulting from Mulliken’s insight, it has been generally accepted that the partition of vascular anomalies into those that proliferate (“tumors”) and those that are developmental aberrations (vascular malformations) provides a functional taxonomic separation [1]. Although vascular anomalies represent a spectrum of disorders, with some overlap, this partitioning into two separate groups serves as a functional division and can assist in the overall management plan and realistic conversation with patients and their families.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS AS A DISCIPLINE

Abstract : In recent years, partly as a result of the computer revolution, the use of graphical representations in Statistics is beginning to attract more attention. It seems appropriate to develop a discipline for such graphical representations. It is proposed that one way to develop such a discipline is to compile a list of functions and attributes on which each graphical method would be scaled and on which each potential application would also be scaled. For each application, the appropriate method could be selected by how well it matches the application in these attribute scales. Several representations of multivariate data including profiles, stars, faces and Andrews' Fourier Series are used as illustrations. (Author)
One Nation, One Standard: An Ex-Liberal on How Hispanics Can Succeed Just Like Other Immigrant Groups, by Herman Badillo

One Nation, One Standard covers a lot of ground: this short book is a memoir of Herman Badillo’s early life and political career intertwined with his reflections on increasing upward mobility of Hispanics in the United States. As an admirer of Mr. Badillo, I greatly enjoyed the book as biography for its engrossing and inspiring view into his long life of personal and professional achievement. Now in his late 70s, Badillo rose from a childhood of poverty in Puerto Rico to a highly successful career as a political reformer. His achievements in education include raising academic standards in the New York City public school system and the City University of New York. His accounts of these long struggles reveal courage, determination and tenacity in the face of political resistance and intransigence from educational administrators, teachers’ unions, and left-wing faculty groups. One Nation, One Standard is less successful on a policy level. References are sparse, and Badillo’s policy recommendations are largely personal reflections stemming from his own experiences. Educational policy questions, such as the effectiveness of special education programs and ability tracking, require a more scholarly and in-depth analysis than could be included in this short memoir. The author discusses Hispanic-Americans as one homogenous cultural group rather than making distinctions among Hispanic groups from different countries of origin. In this context, some readers may take exception to his inclusion of Puerto Ricans, who are US citizens, in Hispanic immigrants. Herman Badillo’s early life and education resemble a Horatio Alger story. He was born in a small Puerto Rican town where his father was a teacher and his parents among the few Protestants on the largely Catholic island. Orphaned at age five after his parents died from tuberculosis, he spent the rest of his childhood with relatives. He was the only Protestant in his aunt’s family and continued to attend church Acad. Quest. (2007) 20:251–255 DOI 10.1007/s12129-007-9014-x