cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prerequisites in Behavioral Sciences and Business Revisited a Decade Later: Ongoing Opportunities for Dental Education

Introduction: Ten years ago a study reported on the lack of prerequisites in behavioral sciences and business management for entry into dental college. The primary objective of this follow-up study was to assess the current status of similar prerequisite courses in both U.S. and Canadian dental schools. Materials and Methods: Required and recommended courses in behavioral sciences and in business in each North American dental school’s official online publication were analyzed in December 2019. Admissions requirements were readily available in sixty-five of the sixty-eight U.S. dental schools and in all ten schools in Canada; three U.S. schools were contacted by phone to collect the information. Result: Only nine (13.2%) U.S. and four (40%) Canada schools required at least one behavioral sciences course; however, thirty-nine (57.3%) U.S. and six (60%) Canada schools recommended a behavioral sciences course, most often in psychology, sociology, or communication. Zero (0%) of the total seventy-eight dental schools required a course in business; however, eighteen (26.5%) U.S. and two (20%) Canada schools recommended a business course, most often economics. Conclusion: The authors strongly encourage the dental education community to again reconsider establishment of a minimum core of behavioral sciences and business courses as prerequisites in predoctoral dental education. Doing so will provide a much needed stronger foundation upon which to build upon in the curricula of dental schools.
The genetic architecture of plasma kynurenine includes cardiometabolic disease mechanisms associated with the SH2B3 gene.

Inflammation increases the risk of cardiometabolic disease. Delineating specific inflammatory pathways and biomarkers of their activity could identify the mechanistic underpinnings of the increased risk. Plasma levels of kynurenine, a metabolite involved in inflammation, associates with cardiometabolic disease risk. We used genetic approaches to identify inflammatory mechanisms associated with kynurenine variability and their relationship to cardiometabolic disease. We identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with plasma kynurenine, including a missense-variant (rs3184504) in the inflammatory gene SH2B3/LNK. We examined the association between rs3184504 and plasma kynurenine in independent human samples, and measured kynurenine levels in SH2B3-knock-out mice and during human LPS-evoked endotoxemia. We conducted phenome scanning to identify clinical phenotypes associated with each kynurenine-related SNP and with a kynurenine polygenic score using the UK-Biobank (n = 456,422), BioVU (n = 62,303), and Electronic Medical Records and Genetics (n = 32,324) databases. The SH2B3 missense variant associated with plasma kynurenine levels and SH2B3-/- mice had significant tissue-specific differences in kynurenine levels.LPS, an acute inflammatory stimulus, increased plasma kynurenine in humans. Mendelian randomization showed increased waist-circumference, a marker of central obesity, associated with increased kynurenine, and increased kynurenine associated with C-reactive protein (CRP). We found 30 diagnoses associated (FDR q < 0.05) with the SH2B3 variant, but not with SNPs mapping to genes known to regulate tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism. Plasma kynurenine may be a biomarker of acute and chronic inflammation involving the SH2B3 pathways. Its regulation lies upstream of CRP, suggesting that kynurenine may be a biomarker of one inflammatory mechanism contributing to increased cardiometabolic disease risk.
Innovations in Preparing the Elementary School Physical Education Teacher

(1965). Innovations in Preparing the Elementary School Physical Education Teacher. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 60-60.
SitCom --- Development Platform for Multimodal Perceptual Services

In this paper we introduce SitCom , a novel software utility for developing context-aware services, editing and deploying context situation models, and simulating perceptual components. SitCom , which stands for Situation Composer, is constructed as an open and extensible framework with rich graphical rendering capabilities, including 3D visualization. One of SitCom 's main goals is to simulate interactions among people and objects in various settings such as presentation rooms, meetings halls, social places, homes, or car cockpits. Moreover, SitCom captures and models such environmental context and delivers the abstracted information to context-aware user services. Contextual models are designed as pluggable modules. They can be configured to build hierarchies of contextual models and deployed and reused across applications, agent systems or cognitive architectures. SitCom allows plugging-in various multi-modal sensing components such as body trackers, face detectors, speech recognition engines, gesture recognizers, etc. Therefore, switching from simulated to real components with SitCom is seamless, typically involving no change in the contextual models and the services.
Earnings, Historical-Cost Book Values, and Fair-Value Disclosures in the Valuation of Stock Life Insurance Companies

This chapter considers the role of earnings, historical-cost book values, and fair-value disclosures in the valuation of stock life insurance companies. The research questions are summarized as follows:
Zoning Out: State Enterprise Zones' Impact on Sprawl, Job Creation, and Environment

State enterprise zone programs are a common type of economic development incentive. These programs designate certain geographical areas as enterprise zones and provide tax breaks to qualified businesses located within those zones. Depending on the location of the geographical area chosen, enterprise zone programs may contribute to sprawl development. This Note first provides an overview of state enterprise zone programs. Second, this Note examines the programs’ environmental impact by exploring their link to sprawl development. This Note ultimately argues that states should bring enterprise zone programs in line with smart growth principles. This Note also argues that advocates for such reform will be more successful if they are mindful of communities’ need for job creation and economic development. Consequently, this Note provides an overview of the economic literature evaluating state enterprise zone programs, and an overview of the evolving dynamic between job proponents and environmental advocates.
New materials, new processes

AbstractElectronic resources and multimedia databases are quickly becoming an integral part of library collections. These electronic resources are forcing libraries to look at many parts of their organization—in particular, technical services—and to begin planning and implementing available technology for the organization and management of these materials. Designing and re-designing workflow will be a critical component in the successful access to and integration of electronic resources with existing materials and workflow. This article draws on the authors’ own experiences designing, planning and implementing workflow for two digital imaging projects, including using an SGML/XML metadata standard to provide access to digitized resources in all formats. The authors will share the challenges of learning new technology to organize and manage these resources (with no increase in staff), show how technology can be applied for increased efficiency, and discuss future possibilities.
Correcting away the hidden heritability.

Summary In the age of high-density genome-wide association (GWAS) data, correcting for multiple comparisons is a substantial issue for genetic epidemiological studies. However, the current manuscript review process generally requires both stringent correction and independent replication. The result of this stringency is that studies that are published suffer from inflated Type 2 error rates (false negatives), thereby removing many likely real signals from follow-up. Elimination of these alleles, if they are truly associated, from further study will slow research progress in studies of complex disease. We argue that this method of correction is overly conservative, especially in an age when high-density follow-up experiments are possible and reasonably inexpensive.
Abstract 15353: The HEART Pathway Randomized Trial: Identifying Emergency Department Patients with Acute Chest Pain for Early Discharge

Introduction: The HEART Pathway is a decision aid designed to identify emergency department (ED) patients with acute chest pain for early discharge. This trial compares the efficacy of the HEART Pathway versus usual care (UC) for ED chest pain risk stratification. Hypothesis: The HEART Pathway will increase the early discharge rate of ED patients with chest pain by ≤20% compared to UC without missing major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 30 days. Methods: Adult ED patients with chest pain concerning for acute coronary syndrome without ST-elevation on initial electrocardiogram were randomized to the HEART pathway or UC (based on ACC/AHA guidelines). In the HEART Pathway arm, ED providers used the HEART Score, a validated risk stratification tool, and troponins at 0 and 3 hours to identify patients for early discharge. Outcomes included rate of early discharge (ED discharge without objective testing), rate of objective cardiac testing (stress testing or angiography), index hospital length of stay (LOS), an...
Enabling high-performance mixed-signal system-on-a-chip (SoC) in high performance logic CMOS technology

Presents a technique to enable the integration of sensitive analog circuits with a Pentium class microprocessor, on a lossy substrate that sees 190 mVrms of equivalent noise at the center of the die. Measurement results of substrate noise on a Pentium 4/spl reg/ 1 GHz processor show that we can exploit the spectral content of this noise, and use appropriately tuned analog amplification to limit the isolation requirements to 70 dB. By using a combination of measurement and field solver results, we show that a minimal process enhancement (i.e. a deep nwell) will yield 50 dB of isolation. We use measured mismatch data and analysis to conclude that the remaining 20 dB can be achieved by symmetric matched layouts and fully differential circuit topologies. We describe two deep nwell biasing techniques (substrate noise trapping and floating deep nwell) to realize the 50 dB on-die isolation. Finally, we use measurements to show that the deep nwell does not adversely impact the high frequency performance of 140 nm logic CMOS devices.
Supernatural sources of martial power: a cross-cultural investigation

This paper utilizes a cross-cultural comparison model of cultural inquiry to approach the question of whether or not there are generalizable trends in the intersection of fighting arts and cultural conceptions of the supernatural. The methods are outlined and background presented to explain how the investigation was undertaken. Sources are limited to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and bounded geographically. The regions included are the Japanese archipelago, China, the Afro-Atlantic, the Great Plains of North America, and the Indian subcontinent. The five regions were chosen at random and do not represent an attempt to be comprehensive. Explanation of the evidence is followed by a comparative discussion. While further study is required, the most apparent tentative conclusion is that cultural understanding of supernatural intervention combines with the martial arts in cases where not only physical, but socio-political power is sought in asymmetrical conflict.
Floral anthocyanins of the genus Penstemon: Correlations with taxonomy and pollination

Abstract A survey of floral anthocyanins among 87 species of Penstemon shows that floral pigmentation is more highly correlated with pollinator class than with taxonomy.
Response to Millard-Ball et al.: Parking Prices and Parking Occupancy in San Francisco

We appreciate Millard-Ball, Weinberger, and Hampshire's (this issue) explanation of endogenous price changes in the SFpark program, and their observation that regression to the mean may be driving ...
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy — The Benefits of a Multidisciplinary Approach

In the late 1950s, two sets of observations led to the recognition of a new cardiac disease. One was the discovery, by cardiovascular surgeons and cardiologists, of patients with subaortic pressure gradients at cardiac catheterization but without evidence of anatomical obstruction at surgery. These patients' hearts were also markedly hypertrophied. Simultaneously, pathologists and cardiologists described families in which several members had died suddenly and unexpectedly and were found to have hypertrophied hearts at autopsy. These seemingly unrelated observations rapidly came together and led to the delineation of what is now called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This condition has captured the attention and . . .
An information-theoretic measure for anomaly detection in complex dynamical systems

Abstract This paper presents information-theoretic analysis of time-series data to detect slowly evolving anomalies (i.e., deviations from a nominal operating condition) in dynamical systems. A measure for anomaly detection is formulated based on the concepts derived from information theory and statistical thermodynamics. The underlying algorithm is first tested on a low-dimensional complex dynamical system with a known structure—the Duffing oscillator with slowly changing dissipation. Then, the anomaly detection tool is experimentally validated on test specimens of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy under cyclic loading. The results are presented for both cases and the efficacy of the proposed method is thus demonstrated for systems of known and unknown structures.
The Digital Geography Lab at Salem State University: The Evolution of One of the Oldest Educational Digital Geospatial Labs

Established in 1983, the Digital Geography Lab (DGL) at Salem State University (SSU) is one of the oldest higher-education digital spatial labs. This paper details the evolution of the DGL as well as its current status as one of the best computer labs at Salem State University. This paper describes the changing technology of the DGL over the past 28 years. The DGL not only provides SSU students with cutting edge geospatial technology, but it is a research lab for faculty and is extensively used in community outreach programs. The DGL is being used more and more by other departments such as Geology, Criminal Justice, Computer Science and Inter-disciplinary Studies which reflects the expansion of the geo-spatial sciences beyond geography. The success of the DGL lies in part with the University's management of the facility where major decisions are made in consultation with the Department and DGL staff. The configuration and technology of the DGL has changed considerably through the years, reflecting the transformations in technology and educational philosophies, but the core mission of the DGL has not, which is to serve the students, faculty and the local community with cutting edge geospatial technology.
Quantity and quality of sex in the soaps

A sample of soap operas was recorded and references to sex abstracted and analyzed. Analysis indicated that the representation of sex on soap operas is more complex than previous studies have suggested. Talking about sex not only is far more prevalent than engaging in it, but the talk frequently consists of rejecting it, fantasizing about it, and desiring it, in addition to consenting. The vocabulary of sexual euphemisms was also abstracted.
Isentropic Cross-Tropopause Ozone Transport in the Northern Hemisphere

This paper investigates isentropic ozone exchange between the extratropical lower stratosphere and the subtropical upper troposphere in the Northern Hemisphere. The quantification method is based on the potential vorticity (PV) mapping of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE)-II ozone measurements and contour advection calculations using the NASA Goddard Space Center Data Assimilation Office (DAO) analysis for the year 1990. The magnitude of the annual isentropic stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone flux is calculated to be approximately twice the flux that is directed from the troposphere into the stratosphere. The net effect is that approx.46 x 10(exp 9) kg/yr of ozone are transferred quasi horizontally from the extratropical lower stratosphere into the subtropical upper troposphere between the isentropic surfaces of 330 and 370 K. The estimated monthly ozone fluxes show that the isentropic cross-tropopause ozone transport is stronger in summer/fall than in winter/ spring, and this seasonality is more obvious at the upper three levels (i.e., 345, 355, and 365 K) than at 335 K. The distributions of the estimated monthly ozone fluxes indicate that the isentropic stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone exchange is associated with wave breaking and occurs preferentially over the eastern Atlantic Ocean and northwest Africa in winter and over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in summer.
Validation of the central-ray approximation for attenuated depth-dependent convolution in quantitative SPECT reconstruction

In order to model photon attenuation and detector resolution variation as a depth-dependent convolution for efficient reconstruction of quantitative SPECT, a central-ray approximation is necessary. This work investigates the impact of the approximation upon reconstruction accuracy and computational efficiency. A patient chest CT image was acquired and converted into an object-specific attenuation map. From a segmentation of the map, an emission thorax phantom was constructed with a cardiac insert. To generate a system-specific resolution-variant kernel, a point source was measured at several depths from the surface of a low-energy, high-resolution, parallel-hole collimator of a SPECT system. Projections of parallel-beam geometry were simulated from the phantom, the map, and the kernel on an elliptical orbit. Reconstruction was performed by the ML-EM algorithm with and without the central-ray approximation. The approximation cuts down dramatically (more than 100 fold) the computing time with a negligible loss (less than 1%) of reconstruction accuracy.
Effective passive treatment of high-strength acid mine drainage and raw municipal wastewater in Potosí, Bolivia using simple mutual incubations and limestone

Abstract To assess the viability of passive approaches for treating acid mine drainage (AMD) at Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia, alkalinity production, acidity neutralization and metals removal were tracked for incubations of AMD in the presence of limestone (LS), a 1:1 mix of AMD and raw municipal wastewater (WW), and a 1:1 mix of AMD and WW in the presence of LS. Three AMD sources from abandoned adits on Cerro Rico, raw WW from the city of Potosi and locally available LS were incubated in-situ for 72 h in 1-L cubitainers. Although locally sourced LS can increase final alkalinity up to 397 mg/L as CaCO3, it is a potential source for Mn and a few other possibly undesirable elements. Results indicated that in lieu of substrate analysis, AMD and LS cubitainer incubations reveal the quality and chemical composition of potential calcareous passive treatment substrate. Relevant to the prospects of AMD and WW passive co-treatment, mixing AMD with WW had relatively little effect on the final alkalinity achieved by LS dissolution. Accounting for dilution, dissolved concentrations of Ag, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn decreased by AMD and WW incubation. Especially efficient As removal was noted, with WW incubation driving mixed concentrations from 19.4 to 0.34 and 3.58 to 0.28 mg/L with the two higher strength AMD source waters. Rare earth element (REE) results were varied. Although AMD mixed and unmixed with WW then incubated with LS generally decreased REE concentrations, Pr and Nd concentrations increased under some LS exposures. Incubation with WW alone generally decreased dissolved concentrations of REE, however La, Pr, Eu and Nd concentrations increased with WW exposure. Overall, results indicate that cubitainer incubations have broader utility than has been previously taken advantage of, passive treatment can be expanded to target more constituents of interest than it has been traditionally applied, and that the co-treatment of AMD with WW is a promising new application of passive treatment that merits further investigation.
Using simple 13C NMR linewidth and relaxation measurements to make detailed chemical shift assignments in triacylglycerols and related compounds.

Abstract Two simple experiments measuring the 13C linewidths ν1/2 and spin–lattice relaxation times T1 of each of the signals in the spectrum of trilinolein indicate that the ν1/2 and T1 values are consistent with the different degrees of motional freedom expected for the various 13C nuclei. However, for each chain, the ν1/2 and T1 measurements indicate a small reversal in mobility at C-10 relative to C-9 before motional freedom again steadily increases on each chain starting at C-11. The T1 experiment allows unambiguous assignments of the C-8 signal and C-14 signal, which differ by only 0.010 ppm. Measurements of 13C ν1/2 and T1 values on tripalmitin provide secure assignments for the C-5 and C-6 signals, for which conflicting assignments have been reported. The T1 measurements also show that among the tightly clustered C-8 through C-12 signals, the C-11 signals are the most downfield, while the C-12 signals are the most upfield, again contrary to a previous report. Similar measurements of 13C ν1/2 and T1 values on other triacylglycerols or related compounds may prove equally useful in making chemical shift assignments and detecting any discontinuities in motional freedom along a chain. The benefits and possible limitations of ultrahigh field NMR for studying triacylglycerols and related compounds are discussed.
Photoionization cross sections of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon and argon for the Slater-Klein-Brueckner potential

Radial wave functions and photoionization cross sections for neutral atoms from central potential model based on Slater and Klein-Brueckner approximations
When Only One Goes Home: Support for Parents of Multiples in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Each year, more than 400 000 families in the United States experience preterm birth, and with the advances in assisted reproductive techniques, many of these infants are one of twins or higher-order multiple births. For families with multiple preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the same time, emotional distress and anxiety can be greatly increased. Because these infants each stabilize and improve individually, one infant may be discharged home before their sibling(s). With this event, parents are tasked with taking care of the infant at home while at the same time finding time to be in the hospital with the infant in the NICU. If there are other siblings involved, the stress the family is experiencing can be heightened. Support for the family is essential in helping them cope with the potential problems of having infant(s) in the NICU and infant(s) at home concurrently. Parents may not be able to visit as often, so finding ways to facilitate their involvement is key. Through communication, supportive measures, and use of technology, positive outcomes can be achieved for the infant(s) and family.
Evolution of burn resuscitation in operation Iraqi freedom.

Abstract : Burns are common in all military conflicts, comprising approximately 10% of all casualties. Of these, nearly 20% are categorized as severe, or involving greater than 20% TBSA, and require significant intravenous resuscitation. A unique set of challenges have emerged during the present conflict associated with global evacuation of burned soldiers, adding a new dimension to the already complex and often-controversial topic of the burn resuscitation. Critical advances in air evacuation of the war wounded, thorough prewar planning, and sustained burn care education of deployed personnel have proven vital in the optimal care of our injured soldiers. During the Vietnam conflict, burned soldiers were evacuated to an Army Hospital in Japan (Camp Zama) and were treated for up to 6 months before they were evacuated to the United States. Since that time, the transfer of the patient to the burn center for definitive care has been expedited by the Army Burn Flight Team's ability to transport the most severely burned patients within the first several days after injury. With the emergence of the U.S. Air Force Critical Care Air Transport Team (CCATT) program in the 1990s, global air evacuation of burn patients became even more rapid, maximizing available U.S. Air Force aircraft for patient evacuation. The doctrine has shifted from aeromedical transport of the stable to aeromedical transport of the stabilized. In burn patients, evacuation presents a unique problem because it usually takes place while resuscitation in the first 24 to 48 hours after burn injury is ongoing. In addition to the innate complexity involved in global evacuation, war burn patients often exhibit multisystem traumatic injuries further complicating and augmenting resuscitation fluid needs above and beyond standard burn resuscitation formulas. The presence of smoke inhalation injury, occurring in 5% to 15% of patients with severe burns, also increases fluid requirements.
Purification and characterization of the mitochondrial translocase from Euglena gracilis

The Euglena gracilis mitochondrial protein biosynthetic elongation factor G (EF-Gmt) has been purified in four steps to greater than 50% homogeneity by use of a fusidic acid affinity procedure and conventional chromatographic techniques. The purification scheme results in 1100-fold purification with about 3% recovery of the total EF-G activity present in the postribosomal supernatant prepared from whole cell extracts. E. gracilis EF-Gmt has an approximate molecular weight of 76,000, comparable to that observed for procaryotic translocases. As is the case for other translocases which have been examined, pretreatment of E. gracilis EF-Gmt with N-ethylmaleimide results in a loss of polymerization activity, indicating a role for an essential cysteine residue in catalytic activity. GDP partially protects EF-Gmt from N-ethylmaleimide inactivation. E. gracilis EF-Gmt functions well on both Escherichia coli and E. gracilis chloroplast ribosomes, but has negligible activity on wheat germ cytoplasmic ribosomes. In this respect, it differs significantly from the mitochondrial translocase of yeast which has very little activity on chloroplast ribosomes. When assayed on E. coli ribosomes, E. gracilis EF-Gmt is sensitive to the steroid antibiotic, fusidic acid, at levels similar to that required for inactivation of E. coli EF-G. It is less sensitive than E. gracilis chloroplast EF-G, and is more sensitive than Bacillus subtilis EF-G. When assayed on E. gracilis chloroplast ribosomes, the same trends in sensitivities are observed, although the exact level of fusidic acid required for inactivation is slightly altered.
Properties of a Simulated Convective Boundary Layer in an Idealized Supercell Thunderstorm Environment

AbstractNearly all previous numerical simulations of supercell thunderstorms have neglected surface fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum. This choice precludes horizontal inhomogeneities associated with dry boundary layer convection in the near-storm environment. As part of a broader study on how mature supercell thunderstorms are affected by a convective boundary layer (CBL) with quasi-two-dimensional features (i.e., boundary layer rolls), this paper documents the methods used to develop a realistic CBL in an idealized environment supportive of supercells. The evolution and characteristics of the modeled CBL, including the horizontal variability of thermodynamic and kinematic quantities known to affect supercell evolution, are presented. The simulated rolls result in periodic bands of perturbations in temperature, moisture, convective available potential energy (CAPE), vertical wind shear, and storm-relative helicity (SRH). Vertical vorticity is shown to arise within the boundary layer through the tilt...
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Design CHAPTER 2: Principles of Estimation and Inference: Means and Variance CHAPTER 3: Design and Analysis of Single-Factor Experiments: Completely Randomized Design CHAPTER 4: Single-Factor Experiments Having Repeated Measures on the Same Element CHAPTER 5: Design and Analysis of Factorial Experiments: Completely-Randomized Design CHAPTER 6: Factorial Experiments: Computational Procedures and Numerical Example CHAPTER 7: Multifactor Experiments Having Repeated Measures on the Same Element CHAPTER 8: Factorial Experiments in which Some of the Interactions are Confounded CHAPTER 9: Latin Squares and Related Designs CHAPTER 10: Analysis of Covariance
Thermodynamic stability and growth kinetics of epitaxial SrTiO 3 on silicon

We determine the thermodynamic phase diagram of the epitaxial SrTiO${}_{3}$/Si heterostructure from first-principles density functional theory calculations. We demonstrate that the system is not thermodynamically stable with respect to formation of an interfacial SiO${}_{2}$ region under any experimentally attainable oxygen partial pressures. To understand the experimental observation of an atomically abrupt interface without a SiO${}_{2}$ layer, we construct a kinetic model of the growth process. We show that the observed stability of the nonequilibrium interface under both growth and ambient conditions is directly related to the interface chemistry, which gives rise to a large (2.2 eV) barrier for oxygen diffusion to the interface layer and kinetically traps an atomically abrupt interface structure. Our model leads to the prediction of an interface structure in good agreement with experiment, demonstrating that a combination of first-principles computations, thermodynamics, and simple kinetic modeling can be used to determine non $+$ -thermodynamic equilibrium atomic structures in complex heterosystems.
The Origins of Anti-Immigrant Sentiments: Evidence from the Heartland in the Age of Mass Migration

The Kansas Bureau of Labor and Industry surveyed attitudes towards immigration during the 1890s. The surveys reveal that individuals opposed immigration for cultural and economic reasons. Key correlates were the position in the labor market, the business cycle, and immigrant status. The magnitudes of the effects indicate that economic factors explain twice the variation in opinions across individuals than cultural factors explain. In addition, changes in economic conditions from 1880 to 1920 explain a substantial share of the rise in anti-immigrant sentiments at the end of the nineteenth and during the early twentieth centuries, but other factors, such as the rise of the eugenics movement, must have had at least as large a role.
uAnalyze: Web-Based High-Resolution DNA Melting Analysis with Comparison to Thermodynamic Predictions

uAnalyzeSM is a web-based tool for analyzing high-resolution melting data of PCR products. PCR product sequence is input by the user and recursive nearest neighbor thermodynamic calculations used to predict a melting curve similar to uMELT (http://www.dna.utah.edu/umelt/umelt.html). Unprocessed melting data are input directly from LightScanner-96, LS32, or HR-1 data files or via a generic format for other instruments. A fluorescence discriminator identifies low intensity samples to prevent analysis of data that cannot be adequately normalized. Temperature regions that define fluorescence background are initialized by prediction and optionally adjusted by the user. Background is removed either as an exponential or by linear baseline extrapolation. The precision or, “curve spread,” of experimental melting curves is quantified as the average of the maximum helicity difference of all curve pairs. Melting curve accuracy is quantified as the area or “2D offset” between the average experimental and predicted melting curves. Optional temperature overlay (temperature shifting) is provided to focus on curve shape. Using 14 amplicons of CYBB, the mean +/ - standard deviation of the difference between experimental and predicted fluorescence at 50 percent helicity was -0.04 + / -0.48°C. uAnalyze requires Flash, is not browser specific and can be accessed at http://www.dna.utah.edu/uv/uanalyze.html.
Quality of life related to urinary continence in adult spina bifida patients.

Introduction To analyze the correlations of bladder management technique, ambulatory status and urologic reconstruction on quality of life (QOL) as affected by urinary symptoms in adult spina bifida (SB) patients. Material and methods Sixty-six adult SB patients completed the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (mSF-36) and Incontinence Quality of Life (I-QOL). Demographic information, history of urinary reconstruction, and bladder management techniques were reviewed and analyzed with respect to survey scores. Results Mean age of patients was 32.3 (SD ±7.2) years and 44 patients (66.7%) were female. Forty-five patients (68.2%) were mainly ambulatory, 21 (31.8%) use a wheelchair and 10 (15.2%) had urologic reconstruction, while 56 (83.3%) did not. Twelve patients (18.2%) void, 42 (63.6%) perform clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), 4 (6.1%) use an indwelling catheter, 3 (4.5%) have an ileal conduit (IC) and 5 (7.6%) mainly use diapers. Mean mSF-36 General Health score was 56.5 (SD ±22.9) and mean I-QOL Sum score was 50.9 (SD ±21.7), where lower scores reflect lower QOL. mSF-36 and I-QOL scores did not significantly correlate with bladder management technique, ambulatory status or urologic reconstruction. A correlation was noted between I-QOL scales and most mSF-36 scales (all p Conclusions In our cohort study of adult SB patients, bladder management technique and urologic reconstruction did not correlate with urinary (I-QOL) or general health (mSF-36) domains, although I-QOL and mSF-36 scores correlated closely, suggesting urinary continence is significantly related to general QOL. However, we are unable to identify a single factor that improves either urinary or general QOL.
Neonatal diabetes: an expanding list of genes allows for improved diagnosis and treatment.

There has been major progress in recent years uncovering the genetic causes of diabetes presenting in the first year of life. Twenty genes have been identified to date. The most common causes accounting for the majority of cases are mutations in the genes encoding the two subunits of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP), KCNJ11 and ABCC8, and the insulin gene (INS), as well as abnormalities in chromosome 6q24. Patients with activating mutations in KCNJ11 and ABCC8 can be treated with oral sulfonylureas in lieu of insulin injections. This compelling example of personalized genetic medicine leading to improved glucose regulation and quality of life may—with continued research—be repeated for other forms of neonatal diabetes in the future.
Biochemical transformation of LM(TK-) cells by hybrid plasmids containing the coding region of the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene.

Abstract Recombinant plasmid pAGO codes for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (TK) and consists of a 2-kbp HSV-1 DNA fragment inserted at the unique Pvu II cleavage site of plasmid pBR322. A hybrid plasmid, designated pMH110, has been derived from plasmid pAGO by deleting the 1689-bp pBR322 nucleotide sequence of pAGO, which extends from the Bam HI to the Pvu II cleavage site, and the 250-bp HSV-1 nucleotide sequence of pAGO, which extends from the Pvu II to the Bgl II cleavage site. Plasmid pMH110 biochemically transformed LM(TK − )cells to the TK + phenotype. The biochemically transformed cell lines had the following properties: (i) they were resistant to the growth-inhibiting effects of 1 m M thymidine; and (ii) they expressed an HSV-1-specific TK activity. This HSV-1 TK activity was purified after labeling biochemically transformed cell lines [LM(TK − )/TF pMH110 E2 and LM(TK − )/TF pMH110 Hc2] with [ 35 S]methionine. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the TK polypeptides made in the biochemically transformed cells had molecular weights of about 39,000 to 40,000, which are about the same as the molecular weights of the TK polypeptides previously purified from HSV-1-infected LM(TK − ) cells and other biochemically transformed cell lines. The experiments support the hypothesis that the functional coding region of the HSV-1 TK gene is 3′ to the Bgl II cleavage site, and they also suggest that the HSV-1 TK messenger RNA may have been initiated in cells transformed by Hinc II- and Eco RI-cleaved pMH110 DNA at a site in cellular (or plasmid) DNA upstream from the HSV-1 DNA Bgl II cleavage site.
Critical-point phonon frequencies of diamond.

The phonon-dispersion curves derived from neutron-scattering experiments performed on diamond [J. Warren et al., Phys. Rev. 158, 805 (1967)] are not accurate enough to yield the exact frequencies of critical-point (CP) phonons and, thus, to provide a satisfactory interpretation of second-order optical spectra. A self-consistent analysis of such spectra [S. Solin and A. Ramdas, Phys. Rev. B 1, 1687 (1970)] was not fully successful because of ambiguities that arise in assigning second-order infrared absorptions and features in the Raman spectra to specific two-phonon summations. A more effective method for obtaining accurate CP phonon frequencies involves investigating defect-activated one-phonon absorptions; in this paper, we take advantage of the availability of chemically vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond for the purpose of locating and assigning infrared (ir) absorption features in the one-phonon region to CP phonons at the Brillouin-zone boundary. Fourier-transform ir absorbance spectra of CVD diamond exhibit a complex structure at wave numbers below the 1332.5-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ lattice-mode cutoff, which is induced by impurity-associated defect centers and yields the exact positions of 16 zone-edge CP phonons. In conjunction with the triply degenerate zone-center mode, this set of phonons then provides the basis for predicting the positions of second-order optical features through simple summations. When the selection rules are taken into account, the procedure yields excellent results, not only in terms of CVD-diamond ir spectra, but also in regard to earlier measurements of the intrinsic two-phonon absorption coefficient of type-IIa natural diamond [J. Hardy and S. Smith, Philos. Mag. 6, 1163 (1961)] and the second-order polarization-dependent Raman spectra recorded by Solin and Ramdas.
Resilient Reducibility in Nuclear Multifragmentation

The resilience to averaging over an initial energy distribution of reducibility and thermal scaling observed in nuclear multifragmentation is studied. Poissonian reducibility and the associated thermal scaling of the mean are shown to be robust. Binomial reducibility and thermal scaling of the elementary probability are robust under a broad range of conditions. The experimental data do not show any indication of deviation due to averaging.
A statistical model for latitudinal correlations of satellite data

[1] A new class of models is developed to represent the latitudinal correlation patterns of satellite-based measurements of ozone and temperature. We employ the monthly average series for each 5-degree latitudinal zone of the TOMS data from the Nimbus 7 satellite over 14 years from November 1978 to November 1992. For each latitudinal zone a temporal regression model that includes systematic seasonal variations, possible long-term trends, solar radio flux effect, and time dependency is fitted separately by maximum likelihood. From the residuals at all latitudinal zones, we observe strong contemporaneous latitudinal correlations, which decay at different rates depending on latitudes and become negative at moderate distances. A three-component model with two associated weight functions is developed that can represent the main features of the concurrent spatial correlations of the residuals. We use low-order ARMA models as components. A similar analysis is done on the latitudinal correlations of the residuals from the monthly average series of Climate Prediction Center temperature data at 30 mbar from January 1979 to December 1993. The new class of models can be applied to other remotely sensed geophysical data sets whose covariance structures exhibit similar patterns.
A Simple Predictive Model for the Structure of the Oceanic Pycnocline

A simple theory for the large-scale oceanic circulation is developed, relating pycnocline depth, Northern Hemisphere sinking, and low-latitude upwelling to pycnocline diffusivity and Southern Ocean winds and eddies. The results show that Southern Ocean processes help maintain the global ocean structure and that pycnocline diffusion controls low-latitude upwelling.
The use of computer spreadsheets for overbooking optimization and analysis.

Abstract The policy of overbooking is a rational strategy for minimizing costs in a situation where reserved service is not always honored. Finding the proper level of overbooking is simplified through the use of computer spreadsheet software. Data requirements include the specification of short costs, long costs, and no-show probabilities. Construction of the spreadsheet involves a straightforward entering of expected cost relationships for each overbooking alternative. Once established, the spreadsheet can rapidly calculate and find the optimal overbooking strategy. The spreadsheet is also useful for making rapid recalculations under changing conditions.
Vegetation response to removal of non-native feral pigs from Hawaiian tropical montane wet forest

Globally, non-native ungulates threaten native biodiversity, alter biotic and abiotic factors regulating ecological processes, and incur significant economic costs via herbivory, rooting, and trampling. Removal of non-native ungulates is an increasingly common and crucial first step in conserving and restoring native forests. However, removal is often controversial and there is currently little information on plant community responses to this management action. Here, we examine the response of native and non-native understory vegetation in paired sites inside and outside of exclosures across a 6.5–18.5 year chronosequence of feral pig (Sus scrofa) removal from canopy-intact Hawaiian tropical montane wet forest. Stem density and cover of native plants, species richness of ground-rooted native woody plants, and abundance of native plants of conservation interest were all significantly higher where feral pigs had been removed. Similarly, the area of exposed soil was substantially lower and cover of litter and bryophytes was greater with feral pig removal. Spatial patterns of recruitment were also strongly affected. Whereas epiphytic establishment was similar between treatments, the density of ground-rooted woody plants was four times higher with feral pig removal. Abundance of invasive non-native plants also increased at sites where they had established prior to feral pig removal. We found no patterns in any of the measured variables with time, suggesting that commonly occurring species recover within 6.5 years of feral pig removal. Recovery of species of conservation interest, however, was highly site specific and limited to areas that possessed remnant populations at the time of removal, indicating that some species take much longer (>18.5 years) to recover. Feral pig removal is the first and most crucial step for conservation of native forests in this area, but subsequent management should also include control of non-native invasive plants and outplanting native species of conservation interest that fail to recruit naturally.
The Pomeranchuk Effect

A central part of the story of the discovery of superfluid3 He is the cooling technique used for the experiments, the Pomeranchuk Effect. Although it is not an especially useful technique for obtaining low temperatures today, it contains my favorite example of the use of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The cooling technique is fun to describe in undergraduate physics classes on thermodynamics.
Synthesis of hazard-free customized CMOS complex-gate networks under multiple-input changes

This paper addresses the problem of realizing hazard-free single-output Boolean functions through a network of customized complex CMOS gates tailored to a given asynchronous controller specification. A customized CMOS gate network can either be a single CMOS gate or a multilevel network of CMOS gates. It is shown that hazard-free requirements for such networks are less restrictive than for simple gate networks. Analysis and efficient synthesis methods to generate such networks under a multiple-input change assumption (MIC) are presented.
Utility of an online medication-error-reporting system.

Purpose. The utility of an online medication-error-reporting program was evaluated. Methods. A survey regarding the utility of Medmarx was developed and mailed to 550 hospitals and health systems that used the medication-error-reporting program. Primary contact persons were identified and asked to gather and report the necessary information to adequately characterize medication-error reporting in their institution before and after implementing the Medmarx system. Potential respondents were contacted four times during the survey period by the United States Pharmacopeia. Results. Of the 550 surveys sent, 200 were returned and 25 were undeliverable, resulting in a response rate of 38%. The average number of medication errors reported internally increased twofold after the adoption of the Medmarx system. Pharmacy departments were most often reported as responsible for medication-safety oversight activities after Medmarx implementation. Most facilities (94%) generated reports from the medication-error database, and 75% used this information to identify 7.0 ± 8.1 opportunities to improve their medication-use system annually. Most respondents believed that Medmarx played an integral role in preparing their facility for Joint Commission accreditation surveys (65%), provided a tool for root-cause analysis (71%), and helped identify problems in the medication-use process (85%). The annual costs of the subscription and staff time required to use the system was estimated to be $16,756 ± $21,108. Sixty-six percent of users were satisfied with the impact the system has had on improving the medication-use process. Conclusion. Implementation of the Medmarx system led to an increase in the number of reported medication errors and improvements in the medication-use process.
American Petroleum Institute's Machine-Aided Indexing Indexing and Searching Project

Because of the high cost of controlled indexing of bibliographic information, the American Petroleum Institue's Central Abstracting and Indexing Service (CAIS) has desinged an expert-like system to take advantage of the 20 years of experienced indexing using keywords from its Thesauraus. It is expected that successful development of the automated indexing system could lead to a friendly system for the ultimate end-user utilizing controlled keywords. In the development stage, the natural language keywords of the abstracts of papers are compared with the keywords chosen by the indexers and rules for cross references are added to improve the machine indexing. Noise is eliminated by additional rules. The system is designed so that the copmuter will convert words in an abstract to controlled keywords of the Thesaurus to such an accurate extent that the output need only be edited in order to achieve the quality of manual indexing. It is hoped that a user's query words may then also be converted to controlled ke...