cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Image and Data Archive at the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging.

The LONI Image and Data Archive (IDA)1 is a repository for sharing and long-term preservation of neuroimaging and biomedical research data. Originally designed to archive strictly medical image files, the IDA has evolved over the last ten years and now encompasses the storage and dissemination of neuroimaging, clinical, biospecimen, and genetic data. In this article, we report upon the genesis of the IDA and how it currently securely manages data and protects data ownership.
Virtual-Reality-Induced Visual Perturbations Impact Postural Control System Behavior.

Background: Virtual reality (VR) is becoming a widespread tool in rehabilitation, especially for postural stability. However, the impact of using VR in a “moving wall paradigm” (visual perturbation), specifically without and with anticipation of the perturbation, is unknown. Methods: Nineteen healthy subjects performed three trials of static balance testing on a force plate under three different conditions: baseline (no perturbation), unexpected VR perturbation, and expected VR perturbation. The statistical analysis consisted of a 1 × 3 repeated-measures ANOVA to test for differences in the center of pressure (COP) displacement, 95% ellipsoid area, and COP sway velocity. Results: The expected perturbation rendered significantly lower (p < 0.05) COP displacements and 95% ellipsoid area compared to the unexpected condition. A significantly higher (p < 0.05) sway velocity was also observed in the expected condition compared to the unexpected condition. Conclusions: Postural stability was lowered during unexpected visual perturbations compared to both during baseline and during expected visual perturbations, suggesting that conflicting visual feedback induced postural instability due to compensatory postural responses. However, during expected visual perturbations, significantly lowered postural sway displacement and area were achieved by increasing the sway velocity, suggesting the occurrence of postural behavior due to anticipatory postural responses. Finally, the study also concluded that VR could be used to induce different postural responses by providing visual perturbations to the postural control system, which can subsequently be used as an effective and low-cost tool for postural stability training and rehabilitation.
X-Men at Auschwitz? Superheroes, Nazis, and the Holocaust

The Holocaust continues to exert a dominant presence within US popular culture, and the events involving the destruction of the European Jews increasingly have found representation in comic books and graphic novels. The inherently allegorical nature of these works, which often focus on questions of good versus evil, makes the Holocaust a natural topic for examination. The medium, with its telegraphic phrasing, sequential paneling, and artwork, creates new interpretive spaces for merging historical narrative with artistic expression. This chapter demonstrates that comics have the ability to reach a much broader and diverse population than most historical or literary texts, and they provide a forum, even if imperfect, for representing the horrors of Nazism to a readership who might otherwise never explore these events.
Epidemiological Analysis of an Outbreak of an Adenovirus Type 7 Infection in a Boot Camp in China

Background An outbreak of respiratory disease associated with adenovirus type 7 occurred in a boot camp in China and was characterized by many cases, severe symptoms, and intrapulmonary infection in many patients. Methods We implemented a series of comprehensive preventive and control measures. We analyzed the incubation period and generation time by using the maximum likelihood method, assessed the symptom period and hospitalization duration using the Kaplan-Meier method, and estimated the basic reproductive number and dormitory transmission rate by using established methods. Results The epidemic lasted for 30 days, and 375 individuals were affected. Overall, 109 patients were hospitalized, and 266 individuals were isolated and treated. The median incubation period was 5.2 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.0 to 5.4 days). The median generation time was 7.3 days (95% CI: 7.1 to 7.6 days). The median symptom period was 6 days (95% CI: 6 to 7 days). The median hospitalization duration was 9 days (95% CI: 9 to 11 days). The basic reproductive number was 5.1 (95% CI: 4.6 to 5.6), and the dormitory transmission rate was 0.15 (95% CI: 0.12 to 0.18). Conclusion Patients in the early stage of the epidemic were treated as having a regular cold and were not isolated; therefore, the virus continued to be transmitted to other susceptible individuals.
Labor Requirement and Costs for Harvesting Tomatoes

Florida accounts for 30% to 40% of all commercially produced fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Almost every southern county in the state grows tomatoes. This 4-page fact sheet written by Zhengfei Guan, Feng Wu, and Steven Sargent and published by the UF/IFAS Food and Resource Economics Department presents the results of a 2015 study that examined the time it takes to harvest this important crop. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe1026
In pursuit of a homegrown biofuel: Navigating systems of partnership, stakeholder knowledge, and adoption of Brassica carinata in the Southeast United States

Abstract An emerging off-season crop in the Southeast United States (SE US) may provide farmers and industry with a climate-friendly means of enhancing the region’s agricultural and bioenergy landscapes. Carinata (Brassica carinata) is an industrial oilseed that serves as a feedstock for renewable jet fuel and promises producers financial and soil health benefits. The likelihood of carinata adoption among producers depends on how well this technology fits within the region’s complex cultural and socio-economic conditions. This paper examines factors shaping adoption among producers in the SE US, taking into consideration theories of technology adoption that place emphasis on both the individual and complex systemic factors. Findings indicate respondents perceive agronomic and economic benefits of adopting carinata into seasonal rotations, but previous growers largely fail to link carinata to environmental benefits beyond the farmgate. Respondents identify barriers to carinata adoption at multiple scales. Unfamiliarity with carinata leads as a major barrier and respondent narratives reflect wide-ranging perceptions defying analytical categorization. Respondents identify solutions to overcome critical adoption barriers, such as industry responsibility, research on carinata variety improvement, and land grant extension activities. Results reinforce the complex interconnectivity of factors influencing adoption decision-making and highlight the importance of clearly defining stakeholder roles within the public-private partnership promoting carinata expansion. The study highlights opportunities and challenges of land grant extension systems that attempt to unite stakeholders across scales. Finally, the study discusses implications of the apparent disconnect between factors that influence producers’ adoption decision-making locally and the global forces that drive the carinata market.
Dissecting the Lymphatic System to Predict Melanoma Metastasis.

Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer in the United States. Current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging uses Breslow depth and ulceration as the two primary tumor factors that predict metastatic risk in cutaneous melanoma. Early disease stages are generally associated with high survival rates. However, in some cases, patients with thin melanomas develop advanced disease, suggesting other factors may contribute to the metastatic potential of an individual patient's melanoma. This review focuses on the role of the lymphatic system in the metastasis of cutaneous melanoma, from recent discoveries in mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis to elements of the lymphatic system that ultimately may aid clinicians in determining which patients are at highest risk. Ultimately, this review highlights the need to integrate pathological, morphological, and molecular characteristics of lymphatics into a "biomarker" for metastatic potential.
Overcoming challenges to support us resumption of high specific activity cobalt-60.

Abstract Domestic production of high specific activity 60Co was halted after a target rupture in 2012 at the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR). The Isotope Program (IP) within the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science tasked a multilaboratory team of researchers and managers from Oak Ridge and Idaho National Laboratories with the redesign the radioisotope capsule. The objective of this effort was to create a more robust and reliable design, compared to the pre-2012 target. The team successfully completed this task to produce the DOE-IP cobalt (Co) production capsule design. Furthermore, 66 capsules were successfully fabricated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and delivered to Idaho National Laboratory (INL) for irradiation in the ATR between January 2014 and October 2016. This paper describes the efforts of the team to prepare and disposition the two initial DOE-IP Co production capsules that were processed in March 2020. These efforts include performing accurate production predictions, experimentally validating predictions with assay measurements, shipping with the Orano-furnished Battelle Energy Alliance Research Reactor shipping package, and disassembling capsules at the isotope vendor site.
Green defaults can combat climate change.

Increasing the uptake of green energy use by households and businesses is a key step toward reducing environmental harm and combating climate change. In a new paper, Liebe et al.1 show that a non-monetary intervention can have massive effects on green energy consumption, leading to substantial reductions in carbon emissions.
Fairness and Discrimination in Information Access Systems

Recommendation, information retrieval, and other information access systems pose unique challenges for investigating and applying the fairness and non-discrimination concepts that have been developed for studying other machine learning systems. While fair information access shares many commonalities with fair classification, the multistakeholder nature of information access applications, the rank-based problem setting, the centrality of personalization in many cases, and the role of user response complicate the problem of identifying precisely what types and operationalizations of fairness may be relevant, let alone measuring or promoting them. In this monograph, we present a taxonomy of the various dimensions of fair information access and survey the literature to date on this new and rapidly-growing topic. We preface this with brief introductions to information access and algorithmic fairness, to facilitate use of this work by scholars with experience in one (or neither) of these fields who wish to learn about their intersection. We conclude with several open problems in fair information access, along with some suggestions for how to approach research in this space.
Immediate outcomes of low-pressure balloon valvuloplasty for severe pulmonary valve stenosis in 20 dogs: a retrospective, single-center case series.

Abstract Introduction The primary objective of this study was to describe the immediate post-procedural outcomes in dogs with severe pulmonary stenosis that were treated with low-pressure balloon valvuloplasty (BV) at a single institution. Animals, materials and methods Retrospective case series; medical records of dogs that underwent BV performed with a balloon dilation catheter >20 mm in diameter and a burst pressure of less than 4 atm (atm) were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty animals were identified fitting the criteria. Pre-procedural and post-procedural echocardiograms and peri-procedural angiograms were reviewed. Procedural success was defined as greater than 50% reduction in echocardiographically derived transpulmonary systolic pressure gradient (TPPG) or post-procedural TPPG of less than 50 mmHg. Results The median percent reduction from initial TPPG was 53% (range = 15−90%). Sixty percent of the dogs met the pre-specified criteria for a successful outcome. Post-procedural TPPG was not different based on valve types A or B (p=0.67), presence or absence of additional supravalvular (p=0.23) or subvalvular (p=0.83) obstructive components. Discussion The proportion of dogs that reach the successful outcome were not different based on valve type A or B. No relationship was noted between immediate outcomes and bodyweight or pulmonary annulus diameter. Conclusion Dogs with severe pulmonic stenosis that underwent low-pressure BV had good immediate outcomes with no difference in outcome based on valve morphology. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to compare the outcomes of different strategies for BV in dogs with large-diameter pulmonary annulus.
A Case Study For Connecting Bidirectional PEV Station for Reactive Power Support to the GLEAMM Prototype Microgrid

This paper presents a control strategy for reactive power support using Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) as a case study for the Global Laboratory for Energy Asset Management and Manufacturing (GLEAMM) microgrid. The control topology is divided into two levels with a dynamic limitation. This Electric Vehicle (EV) station Charger has a topology including a full-bridge AC-DC rectifier and a bidirectional half-bridge DC-DC converter. In the first level, a PQ and power control are used for the AC/DC inverter and DC/DC converters, receiving the set-points for active and reactive power from the upper level. The second level is a central controller that is used to manage the reactive power at the microgrid and to provide the necessary power setpoints for the PEV. A dynamic limitation strategy is proposed to maximize the reactive power support maintaining a reasonable amount of active power to charge the EV battery, considering the maximum limitation of the AC/DC inverter. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, simulation results from a three-phase system are simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment.
Do Tax-Motivated Wash Gain Sales Pass Economic Muster?

For nearly a century, the Code has disallowed wash losses, which are losses from the sale of a share of stock or other security for which the taxpayer within 30 days before or after the sale repurchases the asset. In contrast, the Code does not forbid wash gains. Taking advantage of this, many textbooks, academics, practitioners, and business journalists recommend that taxpayers pursue a wash gain strategy, including even repurchasing immediately. These authors suggest two settings in which the wash gain saves the seller taxes. The first setting is when the taxpayer expects future tax rate increases and thus sells appreciated stock now for a gain taxed at the lower rate, and buys it back so that the future tax rate would be applied to a lower gain. This strategy makes the most sense when the current rate is zero, but can even make sense if the current rate is not zero (assuming a low enough time value of money cost of prepaying the tax). The second setting involves taxpayers who have carryovers (especially if they are soon to expire), in which case the taxpayer can realize wash gains to use up carryover and effectively write up the basis so that future sales will have a smaller taxable gain. After detailing these recommendations, this Article explains why many wash gain transactions are vulnerable to attack by the Service and the courts. After showing how the economic substance doctrine and its many—sometimes overlapping—doctrines could apply to the wash gain, this Article then focuses on two strands of the substance-related doctrines: substantive sham and step transaction. The Article also fits its wash gain analysis into jurisprudence addressing whether a sale is a bona fide sale. Finally, the Article explains how the recent codification of the economic substance doctrine in section 7701(o), including related underpayment penalties, raises the stakes for wash gain sellers who lose the battle with the Service or the court. PUBLISHED THE TAX LAWYER (Winter 2018), Vol. 71, No. 2
The Narrative-Crisis Model of suicide and its prediction of near-term suicide risk.

Despite decades of research, much remains unknown about the transition from chronic to imminent suicidal risk. In the context of COVID-19, this question is even more urgent. The present study tests a novel, stepwise model of this transition, termed the Narrative-Crisis Model. This model proposes that, in people with chronic risk factors, stressful life events can trigger a specific progression of cognitive-affective responses (the suicidal narrative and the suicide crisis syndrome), resulting in increased near-term risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior (STB). Identification of each step in this progression provides opportunities for more precise interventions. Concurrent validity was tested with 732 psychiatric patients and predictive validity with 524 participants, assessed one to two months later. Chronic risk factors were measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Relationship Styles Questionnaire, and UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale; acute risk factors with the Stressful Life Events Questionnaire, Suicide Narrative Inventory, and Suicide Crisis Inventory. The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale was administered at the initial research assessment and follow-up. Indirect effects were significant for the full model and most pathways, in both concurrent and prospective analyses. In sum, this study provides empirical support for a novel, stepwise model of the progression from chronic to near-term suicidal risk.
The Late and Final Bronze Age Cultures of Mongolia, 1400–700 BC

While a great deal of scholarship has been dedicated to the Late Bronze Age cultures of Inner Asia generally the site types, material patterns, and ancient lifeways of Mongolia during this time period are still little known. In terms of understanding organizational changes in Inner Asia, however, Mongolia is a critical region. This chapter provides an overview of major sites and material patterns of the Late and Final Bronze Age archaeological record from Mongolia. I pay particular attention to issues of subsistence and mobility, monumentality and social differentiation, and the development of metallurgical and transport technologies.
Homer 1a and mGluR5 phosphorylation in reward-sensitive metaplasticity: A hypothesis of neuronal selection and bidirectional synaptic plasticity.

Abstract Drug addiction and reward learning both involve mechanisms in which reinforcing neuromodulators participate in changing synaptic strength. For example, dopamine receptor activation modulates corticostriatal plasticity through a mechanism involving the induction of the immediate early gene Homer 1a, the phosphorylation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)′s Homer ligand, and the enhancement of an NMDA receptor-dependent current. Inspired by hypotheses that Homer 1a functions selectively in recently-active synapses, we propose that Homer 1a is recruited by a synaptic tag to functionally discriminate between synapses that predict reward and those that do not. The involvement of Homer 1a in this mechanism further suggests that decaminutes-old firing patterns can define which synapses encode new information. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Addiction circuits.
Catechols in post‐mortem brain of patients with Parkinson disease

Background: Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), a cytotoxic metabolite of dopamine, is the focus of the catecholaldehyde hypothesis about the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. This study explored whether DOPAL is detectable in human striatum – especially in the putamen (Pu), the main site of dopamine depletion in Parkinson disease – and is related to other neurochemical indices of catecholamine stores and metabolism in Parkinson disease. Methods: Putamen, caudate (Cd), and frontal cortex (Ctx) catechols were measured in tissue from patients with pathologically proven end-stage Parkinson disease (N = 15) and control subjects (N = 14) of similar age with similar post-mortem intervals. Results: Putamen DOPAL (3% of dopamine in controls) correlated with dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid both across all subjects and within the Parkinson disease and control groups. Pu dopamine was decreased by 93% and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 95% in Parkinson disease vs. controls, with smaller decreases of DOPAL (83%) and norepinephrine (73%) in Pu and of dopamine (74%) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (82%) in Cd. In Parkinson disease, Pu DOPAL:dihydroxyphenylacetic acid averaged 3.4 times and DOPAL:dopamine 4.4 times control (P = 0.03 each). The main catecholamine in Ctx was norepinephrine, which was decreased by 51% in Parkinson disease patients. Conclusions: Correlated decreases of DOPAL, dopamine, and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in Parkinson disease reflect severe loss of Pu dopamine stores, which seems more extensive than loss of Pu norepinephrine or Cd dopamine stores. Increased Pu DOPAL:dihydroxyphenylacetic acid ratios in Parkinson disease suggest decreased detoxification of DOPAL by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Elevated levels of cytosolic DOPAL might contribute to loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson disease.
A Composite Model for Vehicle Formation and Path Selection on a Cellular Structured Map

A new framework for multiple vehicle system modeling and control is proposed in this paper, emphasizing team behavior in a multilevel, multiresolutional way. This framework integrates issues like team formation and path following, so that tasks can easily be allocated to individual and teams of vehicles. The movement of the leader is modeled as a discrete state system within a cellular map, and the movement of the follower is modeled as a hybrid system, including the leader-follower interface. The advantage of this model framework is that it abstracts the main features of the dynamics of multiple vehicle systems in high dimensional spaces into one-dimensional cellular space, and simplifies and extends the model of followers. As an illustration of issues that need to be addressed carefully in the proposed framework, the concept of sharp turns or switch backs, is defined and a switch-back avoidance algorithm presented.
H/sup /spl infin// controllers for unstable distributed plants

This paper presents a simple formula for two block H/sup /spl infin// optimal and suboptimal controllers for unstable SISO distributed plants, with rational weighting functions. The controller is expressed in terms of (i) inner and outer parts of the plant, (ii) a finite dimensional spectral factor obtained from the weighting functions, and (iii) a rational function satisfying certain interpolation conditions. Under certain genericity assumptions, this rational function is of dimension less than or equal to n/sub 1/+l-1 (n/sub 1/+l in the suboptimal case), where l is the number of unstable poles of the plant and n/sub 1/ is the order of the sensitivity weighting function. There are 2(n/sub 1/+l) (2(n/sub 1/+l+1) in the suboptimal case) linear equations, which determine this rational function. These linear equations can be written directly from the structure of the controller. A delay system example is also given. >
Search for 34Si ions in 241Am decay.

An experiment has been performed to measure the spontaneous fission branch of /sup 241/Am and to search for decay events by emission of /sup 34/Si nuclei. Lexan polycarbonate foils were used for the detection of decay fragments. Tracks produced in the foils by 81 MeV /sup 28/Si ions from an accelerator and fission fragments from a /sup 248/Cm source were compared with those produced by particles emitted from a 0.5 mCi /sup 241/Am source. We identified 33 fission fragments corresponding to a fission/alpha branching ratio of (2.4 +- 0.5) x 10/sup -12/, in fair agreement with previous measurements. No /sup 34/Si tracks were observed which results in an upper limit of 4.2 x 10/sup -13/ for the /sup 34/Si/alpha ratio at the 90% confidence level. Two theoretical calculations predict values of 4.0 x 10/sup -13/ and 1.1 x 10/sup -15/ for this branching.
The Religious Imagination in New Guine

Gilbert Herdt and Michele Stephen. eds. The Religious Imagination in New Guinea. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8135- 1458-4. Hardcover $48.00. Paperback $16.00. Pp. 262.
Advising Doctorate Candidates and Candidates' Views during the Dissertation Process.

In order to provide candidates with effective advisement, it is important for the advisor to continue to practice positive professional relationships and provide relevant academic support to candidates. The advisor should work closely with other faculty members and need to listen to the voices of candidates to ensure candidates success. What should an advisor do overall for doctorate candidates? The advisor should provide candidates with developmental sessions, utilize the value of peer support, give relevant feedback and assessment timely and give a review of doctorate program expectations before and during the dissertation process. Too many candidates have struggled during the writing process, for example, of the dissertation proposal, because candidates enter the program with limited skills in technical writing. Therefore, a graduate writing center with competent faculty to facilitate such areas of support as basic writing skills for the behavioral and social sciences, manuscript structure, writing clearly and concisely, formatting and style, composing and displaying data results, and citing references properly so that candidates do not participate in plagiarism during the writing of the dissertation would be invaluable and relevant support to candidates. A session by the advisor should be dedicated to time management. It appears that too many doctorate candidates do not recognize that writing the dissertation requires a lot of time and time management is crucial in order for candidates to stay on top of their research and writing requirements. This study will focus on the role of the advisor, candidates views about advisement based on candidates experiences, a simplified view of outcome results, research designs with clarity, what is feedback, clarity with frequent feedback makes a difference, using plagiarism checking research services and evaluation of candidates written work. The benefit of this study is to share with the broader community of doctorate program advisors and faculty committee members the need to provide the best quality experiences in advisement and instructional services to doctorate candidates to ensure their success in completing the doctorate degree program, because too many candidates complete all major course work except the actual dissertation.
Imagined States: Nationalism, Utopia and Longing in the Oral Cultures

Imagined States: Nationalism, Utopia and Longing in the Oral Cultures. Luisa Del Giudice and Gerald Porter. eds. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2001. 217 pp.
Divergent conformational requirements for angiotensin II receptor internalization and signaling

Internalization is a general feature of plasma membrane receptors, including those for nutrients (such as LDL, transferrin), growth factors (insulin, EGF, FGF, etc.), and agonists that activate U protein-coupled responses (-adrenergic and muscarinic ligands, peptide hormones, etc.). The function of this process in delivering nutrients to the cells is well established, for example, via the LDL and the transferrin receptors. The internalization process also plays a key role in regulating the number of cellsurface receptors for hormones and growth factors, and has been proposed to be important for resensitization of /3-adrenergic and possibly other receptors [11. In addition, recent data indicate that the receptor internalization process might have a function in the signal generation process of growth factor and Ca2 mobilizing receptors [2—4]. Internalization of plasma-membrane receptors is preceded by accumulation of the receptors in specialized coated pit regions of the cell surface. Coated pits invaginate and pinch off to form coated vesicles that carry the receptor into the cell. The contents of the endocytic vesicles accumulate in endosomes, and the internalized receptors and their ligands either recycle to the cell surface or are targeted for lysosomal degradation. The processes responsible for internalization of cell-surface receptors can be divided into two major groups. Most nutrient receptors undergo constitutive internalization, whereas hormone and growth factor receptors that generate intracellular signals, undergo endocytosis that is activated by their specific ligands [1, 2, 5, 6]. The assembly unit of the polygonal lattice on the surface of coated pits and vesicles is the clathrin triskeleton. Clathrin tnskeletons are three-legged structures consisting of three heavy chains and three tightly associated light chains [7]. Most available data indicate that the clathnin structure binds to the membrane via one of the major classes of coat proteins recently named adaptor proteins (APs) [7]. Two structurally related classes of APs are present in most cell types. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that the APi complex colocalizes with the Golgi-associated coated pits, while the AP2 is found in plasma membrane-associated
Cracking the Ike Age: Aspects of Fifties America

Issue 23 of Aarhus University Press's arts and humanities journal "The Dolphin", covering aspects of 1950s America.
New delay-dependent criterion for the stability of recurrent neural networks with time-varying delay

This paper is concerned with the global asymptotic stability of a class of recurrent neural networks with interval time-varying delay. By constructing a suitable Lyapunov functional, a new criterion is established to ensure the global asymptotic stability of the concerned neural networks, which can be expressed in the form of linear matrix inequality and independent of the size of derivative of time varying delay. Two numerical examples show the effectiveness of the obtained results.
NM landscapes: beyond NK

For the past 25 years, NK landscapes have been the classic benchmarks for modeling combinatorial fitness landscapes with epistatic interactions between up to K+1 of N binary features. However, the ruggedness of NK landscapes grows in large discrete jumps as K increases, and computing the global optimum of unrestricted NK landscapes is an NP-complete problem. Walsh polynomials are a superset of NK landscapes that solve some of the problems. In this paper, we propose a new class of benchmarks called NM landscapes, where M refers to the Maximum order of epistatic interactions between N features. NM landscapes are much more smoothly tunable in ruggedness than NK landscapes and the location and value of the global optima are trivially known. For a subset of NM landscapes the location and magnitude of global minima are also easily computed, enabling proper normalization of fitnesses. NM landscapes are simpler than Walsh polynomials and can be used with alphabets of any arity, from binary to real-valued. We discuss several advantages of NM landscapes over NK landscapes and Walsh polynomials as benchmark problems for evaluating search strategies.
Arginine deficiency-induced hyperammonemia in a home total parenteral nutrition-dependent patient: a case report.

Background: Patients with short bowel syndrome and renal dysfunction with TPN dependence are at high risk for developing hyperammonemia if the TPN does not contain sufficient quantities of arginine. Providing proper nutrition support is essential in the management of these patients. Methods: We report on a patient with short bowel syndrome, TPN dependence, and normal renal function who developed hyperammonemic encephalopathy due to inadvertent lack of arginine in his TPN. Results: The patient was successfully treated with hemodialysis and an IV arginine infusion to resolve the hyperammonemia. His home TPN was also adjusted such that arginine was added to his subsequent solutions. Conclusions: Our patient underscores the importance of adequate and sustained arginine supplementation to avoid hyperammonemia in TPN dependent patients with short bowel syndrome. ( Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition25:286-288, 2001)
Lateralization of perceptual closure ability.

Summary.-The present study investigated lateralization of perceptual dosure ability. A zero-power, partially occluded, soft contact-lens system was used to lateralize visual input. This technique has been shown to create reliable artificial visual-field deficits when used in situations offering unlimited duration of stimulus exposure. The Street Gestalt Completion Test was administered to 18 right-handed men with no history of head trauma, neurological disorders, or familial sinistrality. Using repeatedmeasures analyses, and controhg for age, we found no significant hemispheric advantage for either speed or accuracy of performance. Gestalt completion tests require subjects to identify figures from unfinished pictures. To identify the figure, subjects must bring closure to the picture thereby causing the figure to emerge from the ground. The Street Gestalt Completion Test (Street, 1931) was the first instrument developed to operationahze the closure construct. Later figural tests of perceptual closure (e.g., Ekstrom, French, Harman, & Dermen, 1976; Mooney & Ferguson, 1951; Thurstone, 1944) are modifications of Street's test. Previous laterahzation studles on figural closure have indicated that impaired performance is associated with right posterior damage (Lewis & Kampiner, 1987; Russell, Hendrickson, & VanEaton, 1988; Wasserstein, Zappulla, Rosen, & Gerstman, 1984). Two issues should be considered, however, when brain-damaged subjects are tested to make inferences about normal brain functioning. First, physiological changes occur following cerebral damage, e.g., necrosis, alteration in neurotransmitter release. Diaschisis, a phenomenon which may occur during recovery from the initial deficit, suggests that when one part of the nervous system is damaged, a concomitant deprivation of normal stimulation is observed in other areas and creates a state of shock. This implies that functional impairment may not be restricted to a lateralized area of the right hemisphere when persons with right hemisphere damage are stuled. Second, brain-damaged persons may employ new or different behavioral strategies to compensate for lost behavior. The use of brain-damaged subjects may not provide a complete picture of brainbehavior relationships as a result of postinsult physiological and behavioral changes. It is, therefore, necessary to confirm findings using normal brains. Typically, tachistoscopic procedures have been used to investigate func
Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke

Antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with venous and arterial thrombo-occlusive events, including stroke. They are a heterogeneous family of antibodies that react to negatively charged membrane-bound phospholipids or phospholipidprotein complexes. Despite much progress in the past decade, the precise mechanisms by which they promote thrombosis remain unknown. Increased risk of initial, but perhaps not recurrent, stroke has been associated with their presence. Antithrombotic regimens have been the mainstay of treatment, but the ideal therapeutic approach remains to be defined. This paper reviews the history, definition, associations, and treatment of this complex entity.
Displacement of palmitate from albumin by chlorophenoxyisobutyrate.

The effect of chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, a hypolipidemic drug that decreases plasma free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol, on the partitioning of [14C]-palmitate between hexane and bovine serum albumin was studied at 37°. In this system, hexane served as a hydrophobic trap for free fatty acids displaced from BSA by chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, allowing less than 0.3% to remain in the aqueous phase. As the concentration of chlorophenoxy isobutyrate was raised from 0.4 to 3.2 mM, there was a progressive displacement of palmitate from the [14C]-palmitate-BSA complex into hexane, the magnitude being dependent on the initial V value (moles palmitate bound/mole BSA). Beginning with [14C]-palmitate in hexane, chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (2 mM) decreased the moles palmitate bound/mole of BSA by 16% at V = 0.2, and 34% at V = 3.0.
Induction of Lactation and Mammary Growth by Pituitary Grafts in Intact and Hypophysectomized Rats.

Summary1. Sixty mature female rats were injected with 10 μg estradiol daily for 10 days to develop their mammary glands. On days 1, 5 or 7, all except 10 control rats were each implanted underneath the kidney capsule with a pituitary from a similar untreated donor rat; on day 11, 26 implanted rats were hypophysectomized. All rats were killed on day 16.2. Control mammary glands regressed to a bare duct system and showed no secretion, whereas 23 of 24 intact rats with pituitary grafts and 12 of 26 hypophysectomized rats with grafts showed mammary secretion and/or lobule-alveolar development. Most rats with pituitary implants had ovaries with large corpora lutea and few or no follicles. These results demonstrate that grafted pituitaries in the rat secrete greater than normal amounts of prolactin.
The behavior of a thermoelectric refrigerator under repetitive pulse current conditions

Abstract The response of a thermoelectric refrigerator under repetitive pulse current conditions is analyzed. A simplified physical model of a thermoelectric cooling cell has been selected and the differential equations that describe the heat conduction problem and give the temperature distribution along the arms of the thermoelement are solved, under appropriate initial and boundary conditions, both in the case of short, widely-spaced current pulses, and long “on” pulses separated by short “off” periods. The analysis assumes a one-dimensional flow of heat and current, and temperature-independent parameters. The temperature response is given in the form of a Fourier series expansion. The eigenvalues appear in the coefficients in such a manner that the latter are not orthogonal. Therefore, an orthogonalization step has to be performed where a transcendental equation derived from the boundary problem acts as the constraint condition. A compact expression for the temperature is obtained in each case.
Perceived Risk for Multiple Services in the Consumer Buying Cycle

This study compares consumer perceived risk between five e-service delivery systems and their traditional (non-Internet) counterparts over each stage of the buying cycle. Using a survey methodology, the authors find that in general consumers perceive e-services as riskier than traditional services. The difference in perceived risk, which the authors define as the Internet risk premium, is significant for each service and each stage of the buying cycle. There is a spike in perceived risk at the purchase stage in the buying cycle for each of the five services. This pattern is also evident in the four services with traditional delivery systems. Perceived risk affects the consumer throughout the buying cycle and is not alleviated in the information search stage. Different risk factors drive perceived risk at various stages in the buying cycle. The authors provide both research and managerial implications of these findings.
Effects of soil fungistasis on Beauveria bassiana and its relationship to disease incidence in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, in Michigan and Rhode Island soils

Abstract The fungistatic effects on Beauveria bassiana were measured in soils collected from two potato fields each in Rhode Island and Michigan for 2 years. Both Michigan soils were more fungistatic than Rhode Island soils in 1986, and in 1987 one Michigan soil was significantly more fungistatic than the Rhode Island soils, but fungistasis levels varied between years. Fungistasis levels were found to increase exponentially with increases in soil p H. Pupae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (CPB), were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and immediately incubated in the Michigan and Rhode Island soils to determine if a relationship exists between fungistasis and disease incidence. There was no significant soil effect on CPB mortality, but log-probit regressions of dose-mortality against fungistasis levels revealed a significant trend of increasing LD 50 values with increasing fungistasis. There was significantly more sporulation of B. bassiana on inoculated CPB pupae incubated in Rhode Island soils than in Michigan soils.
Surface charge and hemolytic activity of asbestos.

Abstract Surface charge, represented by zeta potential, and hemolytic activity were measured for the five asbestos reference samples of the International Union against Cancer (UICC). Zeta potentials in distilled water at pH 7.4 for chrysotiles A and B were +40.5 and +52.5 mV, and for amphiboles crocidolite, amosite, and anthophyllite were −50.4, −58.5, and −54.0 mV, respectively. For fiber samples of equal surface area, chrysotiles had a greater hemolytic activity than amphiboles: 60.5 and 81.9% for chrysotiles A and B compared to 7.7, 9.8, and 15.7% for crocidolite, amosite, and anthophyllite, respectively. A lysing mechanism based on charge polarity is proposed to account for this difference in activity. Zeta potential and hemolytic activity were reduced by adding the main component of pulmonary surfactant, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), to fiber suspensions. DPPC was more effective in decreasing both zeta potential and hemolytic activity for amphiboles than for chrysotiles. On the basis of these reductions, a significant correlation (r = 0.84) was found between zeta potential and hemolytic activity for all five UICC samples. This correlation suggests that surface charge is the principal factor in hemolysis by asbestos. The relevance of surface charge to asbestos toxicity is discussed.
A laboratory for developmental psychologists

Abstract The main features of the laboratories for developmental psychologists at Chapel Hill are described. These features include: A flexible spatial arrangement of experimental rooms; a grouping of the rooms into three independent units for the conduct of research with immature organisms of different ages and species; central apparatus that controls the stimulating and recording equipment; viewing areas that permit the observation of behavior in several rooms; auditory intercommunication between all pairs of rooms; and self-contained automated devices to aid the experimenter or the observer in his tasks. These characteristics make the laboratories useful for a variety of studies.
Integrating Consultation and Program Evaluation in School Psychology.

Abstract Consultation approaches to providing psychological services are widely used by school psychologists. Recently, the need for school psychologists to be proficient in educational program evaluation has been recognized. The present paper discusses how school psychologists can use their existing consultation skills as an approach to program evaluation. The integration of consultation skills with evaluation results in an approach to program evaluation that is particularly useful where program goals and objectives are broad and nonspecific (as in many educational innovations). Also, the consultation approach to evaluation is easier for school psychologists to blend with their other roles in schools than the assessment-oriented evaluator role of some evaluation models. The consultation approach to evaluation is illustrated using a federally sponsored training program for school teachers and administrators.
Two Salt Bridges Differentially Contribute to the Maintenance of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Channel Function

Previous studies have identified two salt bridges in human CFTR chloride ion channels, Arg352-Asp993 and Arg347-Asp924, that are required for normal channel function. In the present study, we determined how the two salt bridges cooperate to maintain the open pore architecture of CFTR. Our data suggest that Arg347 not only interacts with Asp924 but also interacts with Asp993. The tripartite interaction Arg347-Asp924-Asp993 mainly contributes to maintaining a stable s2 open subconductance state. The Arg352-Asp993 salt bridge, in contrast, is involved in stabilizing both the s2 and full (f) open conductance states, with the main contribution being to the f state. The s1 subconductance state does not require either salt bridge. In confirmation of the role of Arg352 and Asp993, channels bearing cysteines at these sites could be latched into a full open state using the bifunctional cross-linker 1,2-ethanediyl bismethanethiosulfonate, but only when applied in the open state. Channels remained latched open even after washout of ATP. The results suggest that these interacting residues contribute differently to stabilizing the open pore in different phases of the gating cycle. Background: Two salt bridges, Arg347–Asp924 and Arg352–Asp993, have been identified in CFTR, but the timing of their interaction remains unknown. Results: Arg347-Asp924-Asp993 form a triangular salt bridge and work together with the Arg352-Asp993 salt bridge to maintain the open pore architecture of CFTR. Conclusion: These salt bridge residues interact and contribute differently in stabilizing the open pore during gating cycle. Significance: Understanding the CFTR pore dynamic open-closed transition is crucial for rational drug design.
A Comparative Study of Nonprofit and For-Profit Web-Based Issue Advocacy

Abstract Using the Web to advocate positions and actions on public issues is an emerging and potentially powerful means of shaping public opinion and action. Building on studies of Web advocacy in the political sector, this research employs content analysis to examine Web-based advocacy by U.S. for-profit and nonprofit organizations. For-profit organizations were found to engage in much more Web advocacy than nonprofit organizations. Those organizations that did engage in extensive advocacy, or were committed to multiple social values, appear to have come to adopt these postures or activities consistent with what a cost-benefit analysis of the impact on their enterprise would predict. With respect to region, the Northeast and South evidenced a higher and lower pattern of advocacy, respectively. Finally, greater financial resources predicted more extensive advocacy content generally; the particular issue areas this study examined were community focus, charitable causes, environmental issues, and diversity.
Electrochemical Deposition of Mesoporous Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor Films from Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Phases

Direct templating with lyotropic liquid crystalline phases of nonionic surfactants has now been extended to fabricate mesoporous crystalline oxide semiconductors. ZnO and Cu2O films have been prepared on ITO-covered glass substrates by electrochemical deposition from lyotropic liquid crystalline phases with polyoxyethylene surfactant. The templates and the films are characterized by polarized-light optical microscopy (POM), low-angle and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV−vis light absorption spectroscopy.