cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient Electrical Transport in a-As2Se3, a-Se, a-Si, and a-SiO2

Most recently there are a lot of interest and activities in the transient dispersive transport of carriers in chalcogenide glasses [1] including As2Se3 and Se as well as in a-SiO2 [2,3] and a-Si [4]. Very elegant and detailed mathematical treatments [5] have emerged which in the course of their developments hold the promise for a satisfactory description of the large volume of experimental data. Unfortunately as more data accumulate it becomes clear that the present accepted theory and its equivalent cannot reconcile with the data. The difficulty chronologically is the measured activation energy of the transit time tT for As2Se3 is 0.6 eV too large for hole hopping (0.31 eV) [6] as originally thought [1,5] to be the transport process rather than the multiple trapping band transport process. The theory then addend [1] the hopping transport with trapping with some defects 0.6 eV in depth. Experiments on doping dependences [7] of the tT and the number of traps probed by photoluminescence and ESR studies subsequently performed lead to other difficulties. For one, no additional traps are found by those spectroscopic techniques [7] while tT changes by orders of magnitude on increasing dopant concentrations.
Predicting surface forms in complex inflectional paradigms through phonological constraints

This paper describes a new approach to the 'cell-filling problem' in inflectional paradigms (Ackerman and Malouf 2013) that builds on an account in Rosen (2019) in the framework of Gradient Symbolic Computation ('GSC') (Smolensky and Goldrick 2016). Exponents in a paradigm are derived through (a) Faithfulness to gradiently-weighted input blends of phonological material that occur both as part of a lexeme and on a morphosyntactic feature combination and (b) a gradiently weighted constraint that rewards a candidate for identity with a principal part form (Finkel and Stump 2007) in the paradigm. The analysis is applied to complex paradigms in Ngiti and Kwerba (Finkel and Stump 2007), both of which the previous account was unable to capture, and is presented as evidence in favour of the partially-activated features and weighted constrains in the GSC model.
The Implosion of Global Liberal World Order and Russian Foreign Policy: Dimensions, Tensions, and Prospects

The world faces a strategic challenge of reforming the governance basis of international politics, which is displaying the symptoms of significant destabilization, searching for new ways of crafting nuanced equilibria of interests and capacity at the global, regional, and domestic levels. Developing intricate and adaptable formulas to manage individual facets of international engagement is becoming increasingly complex and volatile. The effects of instability vary in different countries, but the global operational and political space is increasingly determined by problems within countries, where external stress becomes a result of domestic discrepancies, aggravating them and producing a set of contradictions. In the context of profound global transformations, what explains Russia’s status and positioning in the world? This article argues that as states are struggling to adapt to new realities and acquire capabilities in an effort to survive or gain more influence, Russia’s standing will depend on how adequately it can respond to the challenges and how effectively it will be able to use its advantages. Russia should not simply take in the results of global turbulence, but rather employ and actively develop areas of leadership and collaboration, by tying foreign policy firmly to the priorities of domestic development. While Russia conducts an active foreign policy consistently defending its interests and combining efforts to find optimal solutions to many contemporary problems, it has not yet arrived at a coherent security strategy or produced a vision of a future world order. The success may depend on understanding of the current trends, recognizing opportunities and demonstrating leadership, willingness to share in responsibility for results, as well as conducting essential domestic reforms.
Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Charging Sessions and its Benefits in Managing Peak Demands of a Commercial Parking Garage

In this study, we use 28,262 charging sessions data collected from over 40 plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging stations during a period from March 2013 to September 2016. Following metrics are calculated for each charging session: (1) arrival and departure times; (2) plug-in and charging duration; (3) number of charging sessions; and (4) charging load flexibility. We develop two options in the discretized charging control algorithm: Option A changes only the charging start time and optimally shifts the entire period when the vehicle is actively charging within the connected charging session, and Option B splits the active charging period into 15-min segments and optimally spreads them over the connected charging session. Overall, the monthly bills savings are 21.3% and 23.5% in the summer season, 11.4% and 13.7% in the winter season, and 17.9% and 20.2% over the year for the control option 1-A and 1-B, respectively. Additionally, we develop a control algorithm in which all current charging sessions are re-optimized each time a new vehicle arrives and initiates a charging session. Greater cost savings can be achieved, e.g. 25.1% reduction for the summer season.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a Patient With SARS-CoV-2 Infection Treated With Tocilizumab

As the world has struggled to adapt to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, new evidence has emerged suggesting that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may manifest with a wide variety of neurologic symptoms. We present the case of a 70-year-old patient hospitalized for COVID-19 related pneumonia who was treated with off-label interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitor tocilizumab and eventually developed prolonged delirium. MRI findings were consistent with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). PRES was felt to be from SARS-CoV-2 infection, tocilizumab, or a combination. The patient received symptomatic treatment without success. These findings are consistent with few other recent reports, which have chronicled PRES findings in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, this is only the second example of PRES in a COVID-19 patient treated with tocilizumab. While cases of PRES have been noted to occur with other infectious diseases, clinicians should be aware of the association with SARS-CoV-2 infection and tocilizumab therapy, particularly when considering tocilizumab treatment outside its approved indication. Future research efforts are needed to establish evidence-based guidelines for the management of these patients.
Economies of scale and international business cycles

Abstract This paper incorporates sloping marginal cost curves and their variations across industries into an open macro model, motivated by the fact that industries’ output, imports, and exports are more procyclical when their economies of scale arise from sloping marginal cost curves rather than fixed costs. The model, consistent with the data, delivers endogenous within-firm interdependence across markets and export gains/losses, which reproduce observed industrial business cycle patterns as well as more correlated aggregate business cycles across countries. The findings highlight the importance of marginal cost structures in international business cycle research.
Lies, damned lies, and turnover rates

Abstract A Rayleigh distribution of particles exposing (1 1 1) surface populations is consistent with the particle size dependence of the turnover rates of the electrochemical reduction of dioxygen catalyzed by a platinum cathode.
Ramp Loss SVM with L1-Norm Regularizaion

RAMP LOSS SVM WITH L1-NORM REGULARIZATION By Eric J. Hess, M.S. A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014. Director: Thesis Paul Brooks, Associate Professor, Department of Mathematical Sciences The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method has recently gained popularity due to the ease of implementing non-linear separating surfaces. SVM is an optimization problem with the two competing goals, minimizing misclassification on training data and maximizing a margin defined by the normal vector of a learned separating surface. We develop and implement new SVM models based on previously conceived SVM with L1-Norm regularization with ramp loss error terms. The goal being a new SVM model that is both robust to outliers due to ramp loss, while also easy to implement in open source and off the shelf mathematical programming solvers and relatively efficient in finding solutions due to the mixed linear-integer form of the model. To show the effectiveness of the models we compare results of ramp loss SVM with L1-Norm and L2-Norm regularization on human organ microbial data and simulated data sets with outliers.
“I Overcame That With God’s Hand on Me”: Religion and Spirituality Among Older Adults to Cope With Stressful Life Situations

The purpose of this study was to understand how residents perceived spirituality and religion as a coping strategy when attempting to manage stressful housing and health concerns. This article presents findings from a qualitative study of 16 older adults residing in extended-stay hotels. Older adults were engaged in in-depth interviews to identify stressful environmental conditions in hotels and resident strategies for coping. Narrative analysis identified residents’ faith-based rationales for health/housing outcomes and coping strategies across a temporal dimension.
A comparative study of color and depth features for hand gesture recognition in naturalistic driving settings

We are concerned with investigating efficient video representations for the purpose of hand gesture recognition in settings of naturalistic driving. In order to provide a common experimental setup for previously proposed space-time features, we study a color and depth naturalistic hand gesture benchmark. The dataset allows for evaluation of descriptors under settings of common self-occlusion and large illumination variation. A collection of simple and quick to extract spatio-temporal cues requiring no codebook encoding are proposed. Their effectiveness is validated on our dataset, as well as on the Cambridge hand gesture dataset, improving state-of-the-art. Finally, fusion of the modalities and various cues is studied.
Prognostics and Health Management Capabilities to Improve Reliability

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction PHM Is Department of Defense Policy Condition-Based Maintenance vs. Time-Based Maintenance Monitoring and Reasoning of Failure Precursors Monitoring Environmental and Usage Loads for Damage Modeling Fault Detection, Fault Isolation, and Prognostics Sensors for Automatic Stress Monitoring References ]]>
Generalized wiring rules for CMOS circuits

A description is given of the impact of card wiring nets on signals generated by CMOS chips. Card nets driven by CMOS circuits are treated as transmission lines with lumped capacitances attached at points along the line, representing connections to other CMOS chips. Evaluation of overvoltage and undervoltage conditions, available noise margin, and reflection settling time is discussed. Allowable net length, effect of waveform rise and fall time, and of receiver loading on delays for typical net types is described. >
Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus: Response to chemoradiotherapy is associated with decrease of metabolic tumor volume as measured on PET–CT: Comparison to histopathologic and clinical response evaluation

Abstract Purpose We determined whether evaluation of treatment response is feasible by measuring metabolic tumor volume parameters on 18F-FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose) PET–CT (Positron emission tomography–Computed tomography). We compared the response evaluation based on metabolic tumor volume parameters to a histopathologic and clinical response evaluation (clinical response criteria: RECIST criteria = Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors, and WHO criteria = World health organization). Patients and methods A total of 51 study subjects with adenocarcinomas (Type I due to Siewert classification) of the esophagus underwent PET–CT scans before and after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Tumor volume, maximum and mean standardized uptake values (SUV) were assessed before and after chemoradiotherapy. Furthermore, the total lesion glycolysis (TLG) was calculated by multiplying the tumor volume by the mean SUV of the volume. Clinical response evaluation was performed with endoscopic ultrasound and CT using RECIST and WHO criteria. The reference standard for treatment response was the postsurgical histopathology. Results The decrease of tumor volume between the pre- and post-treatment PET–CT scans was a better predictor of histopathologic response and survival than the decrease of the SUV and of the clinical response evaluation based on RECIST and WHO criteria. The highest accuracy, however, was achieved when using the TLG for the identification of treatment responders. A decrease of the TLG by >78% between pre- and post-therapy scans predicted histopathologic response with a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 93%, respectively. Conclusions Tumor volume and TLG can be used to assess treatment response and survival in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Identification and expression of a human cytomegalovirus early glycoprotein.

Abstract A human cytomegalovirus early gene which possesses three temporally regulated promoters is located in the large unique component of the viral genome between 0.054 and 0.064 map units (C.-P. Chang, C.L. Malone, and M.F. Stinski, J. Virol. 63:281-290, 1989). This gene contains a major open reading frame (ORF) located 233 bases downstream of the cap site of an early unspliced RNA. The major ORF predicts a polypeptide of 17 kilodaltons (kDa) which contains a glycoproteinlike signal and anchor domains as well as potential N-glycosylation sites. Antisera were prepared against synthetic peptides derived from amino acid sequences within the major ORF. The antisera detected a viral glycoprotein of 48 kDa in infected cells and recognized the in vitro-translated 17-kDa protein early-gene product. The viral glycoprotein, designated gp48, was modified by N-linked glycans and possibly O-linked glycans. The synthesis of gp48 occurred in the absence of viral DNA replication but accumulated to the highest levels at late times after infection. Since gp48 was found in the virion, it is considered an early structural glycoprotein.
Design of a reduced form factor passive heat sink for high power applications

This paper presents the design of a reduced form factor passive heat sink that can be used to sink heat effectively in modules operating in the 2–5 kW power range. Fin- or pin-fin-type passive heat sinks that are commercially available today are incapable of achieving comparable heat sinking performance with comparable volume. This paper focuses on the development of a bonded fin heat sink, showing how the heat sinking capacity changes with parameters such as fin density and fin thickness. Alternative high-performance materials for the fins were also probed. Choosing lighter materials with high thermal conductivity showed an increase in both power density and specific power as compared to using copper as the heat sink fin material.
Work of United States Hydrographic Office in terrestrial magnetism and electricity

The work done by this Office in the general fields of terrestrial magnetism and electricity for a number of years has been proceeding with a view toward definitely locating storm-centers by means of static recorders. Location of thunder-storms in the middle Atlantic states and the lower Lake region was accomplished by means of triangulation of static bearings taken during the months of July and August 1931. The Bureau of Aeronautics of the Navy Department operated two cathode-ray radiogoniometers, located during the experiments at Lakehurst and Cape May, New Jersey. The short base-line (about 80 statute miles) and local interference prevented satisfactory determination of the thunder-storm static centers in about half the cases observed. It was definitely shown that, due to the prevalence of static sources, it is essential that both stations make simultaneous observations on identical static flashes. This coordination was obtained by means of a leased telephone line.
Solution of the coupled equations of inelastic atom–molecule scattering for a single initial state. II. Use of nondiagonal matrix Green functions

This paper presents improvements to a previoulsy developed interative method for computing a single column of the coupled channel S matrix. Nondiagonal matrix Green functions are used in the integral equations and a new numerically stable algorithm is introduced for their evaluation. Improvements in covergence and computer time are demonstrated. Test cases of up to 510 coupled equations have been solved. Integral and differential cross sections have been computed for rotational excitations of CO by He at a collision energy of 1822 cm−1. The results are compared with quasiclassical and IOS calculations.
Maternal transfer of bioactive polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in spawning chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)

Abstract The biological potency (relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin. TCDD) of planar polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (PCHs) in extracts of eggs and flesh from spawning female chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tschawytscha ) from Lake Michigan was determined by measuring the induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase activity in H-4-II-E rat hepatoma cells. TCDD-equivalents in flesh and egg samples ranged from 0 to 115·8 pg/g, and were approximately 5-fold greater in eggs than in flesh. These results suggest that the maternal transfer of PCHs may play a role in determining the reproductive success of Lake Michigan chinook salmon.
Fertility in Female Chickens as Affected by the Injection of Oxytocin and Arginine Vasopressin Near the Time of Insemination

Abstract Hens without hard-shelled eggs in their uteri were injected with the posterior pituitary hormones, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, at various times before or after artificial insemination. The hormone injections caused a pattern of reduced fertility which resembled that observed when hens lay naturally at various times before or after artificial insemination. These results indicate that the posterior pituitary hormones involved in oviposition may be partially responsible for the reduced fertility associated with laying near the time of insemination.
T OR B CELL ORIGIN OF SOME NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMAS

Abstract Lymph-node lymphocytes from ten patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were studied for T and B cell markers. Malignant lymphomas were classified according to Rappaport's and Lukes' schemes. Six neoplasms seemed to be B-cell in origin, two were T-cell proliferations, one was a non-B-cell tumour, and one was a null-cell malignancy. There was no correlation between histological classification and functional studies.
The distribution of cook's d statistic

Cook (1977) proposed a diagnostic to quantify the impact of deleting an observation on the estimated regression coefficients of a General Linear Univariate Model (GLUM). Simulations of models with Gaussian response and predictors demonstrate that his suggestion of comparing the diagnostic to the median of the F for overall regression captures an erratically varying proportion of the values. We describe the exact distribution of Cook's statistic for a GLUM with Gaussian predictors and response. We also present computational forms, simple approximations, and asymptotic results. A simulation supports the accuracy of the results. The methods allow accurate evaluation of a single value or the maximum value from a regression analysis. The approximations work well for a single value, but less well for the maximum. In contrast, the cut-point suggested by Cook provides widely varying tail probabilities. As with all diagnostics, the data analyst must use scientific judgment in deciding how to treat highlighted observations.
Between Kantianism and Consequentialism in T. H. Green's Moral Philosophy*

This essay explores the good-maximizing role of freedom and stringent moral rights in Green's theory and his assessment of utilitarianism, notably Mill's improved utilitarianism. Though critical of Benthamite utilitarianism, Green was favourably disposed to Mill's version of utilitarianism. Mill sometimes understood the good to be maximized appropriately (especially where Mill embraced the virtue of ‘self-development’). The ‘practical’ strategies recommended by Mill for maximizing good mirrored the very ‘practical’ strategies that Green's own theory recommended. Green was a ‘dispositional’ consequentialist: Green's moral theory was a consequentialism of moral self-realization or good will. Sidgwick's assessment of Green's moral theory and Green's selective debt to Kant are adduced in support. Green emerges as an example of ‘Kantian consequentialism.’
The preparation of a barium niobium bronze

Abstract A barium niobium oxide displaying bronze characteristics is found by the reaction of niobium metal with mixtures of barium and niobium oxides with Ba5Nb4O15. It is a red compound with the cubic perovskite-type structure a0 = 4.080 A, a good electrical conductor and paramagnetic with Curie-Weiss behavior. The compound was not obtained pure but is believed to have the composition BaNbO3.
Absence of high-affinity adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate binding sites from the cytosol of three hepatic-derived cell lines

Abstract Binding of [ 3 H]adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) to specific sites was compared in liver and three hepatic-derived, cultured cell lines, HTC, RLC, and H4-II-E. At physiological pH, there are small though significant differences in total binding, with liver >H4-II-E = RLC > HTC. No specific inhibitor of binding was demonstrated in the cultured cells. Scatchard analysis of binding suggested the presence of two sites in liver with k dl = 3.4 × 10 −8 m and K dll = ~ 10 −7 m . The cultured cell cytosols all lack the higher-affinity site but have a site similar to K d 11 of liver, with K d = 3.5 × 10 −7 m . In all cell cytosols, basal protein kinase activity is higher than in liver, proportionally more of the kinase is cAMP independent, and the degree of cAMP stimulation of the kinase is much less than in liver. Ion exchange and exclusion chromatography revealed that the predominant protein kinase complex found in liver is virtually completely absent from HTC and RLC cells.
Chloroplast reactions with dipyridyl salts.

Abstract Illuminated spinach chloroplasts reduce quarternary dipyridyl salts with oxidation-reduction potentials ranging from −342 to −656 mV. The accumulation of reduced dipyridyl was dependent upon the oxidation-reduction potential of each dipyridyl, ranging from 100% with the 1,1′-ethylene-2,2′-dipyridylium dibromide (E0′ = −342 mV) to 3% with the 1,1′-trimethylene-2,2′-dipyridylium-4,4′-methyl dibromide (E0′ = −656 mV). The data suggest that the oxidation-reduction potential of a natural photosynthetic reductant(s) may be near −521 mV. Photosynthetic phosphorylation occurs concurrent with reduction under both argon and air. In the presence of oxygen the reduced dipyridyls are oxidized and H2O2 is produced. The dipyridyls could be substituted for spinach ferredoxin in a dark reduction of cytochrome c in the presence of NADPH and NADP+ reductase (EC 1.6.99.4). The polagraphic half-wave oxidation-reduction potential of the dipyridyls is reported.
Intermittency and Chaos Near Hopf Bifurcation with Broken (2) × (2) Symmetry

The eight-dimensional normal form for a Hopf bifurcation with &#x1d546;(2) × &#x1d546;(2) symmetry is perturbed by imperfection terms that break a continuous translation symmetry. The parameters of the fully symmetric normal form are fixed to values for which all basic periodic solutions residing in two-dimensional fixed point subspaces are unstable, and the dynamics is attracted by a chaotic attractor resulting from a period doubling cascade of periodic orbits. By using symmetry-adapted variables, the dimension of the phase space of the normal form is reduced to four and the dimension of the perturbed normal form is reduced to five. In the reduced phase space, periodic solutions are revealed as fixed points, and quasiperiodic solutions as periodic orbits. For the perturbed normal form, parameter regimes with different types of chaotic dynamics are identified when the imperfection parameter is varied. The characteristics of this complex dynamics are symmetry breaking and increasing, various period doubling cascades, intermittency and crises, and switching between symmetry-conjugated chaotic saddles. In particular, the perturbed system serves as a low dimensional model for the complicated switching dynamics found in simulations of the globally coupled system of Ginzburg–Landau equations extending the &#x1d546;(2) × &#x1d546;(2)-symmetric normal form to account for spatial modulations. In addition, this system can be considered as a low dimensional model for the dynamics of perturbed waves in anisotropic systems with imperfect geometries due to the presence of sidewalls.
Mechanical Simulation for the Robust Design of RF-MEMS Switches

Mechanical models and analytical solutions have been developed for the RF-MEMS switches under electrical actuation, forced vibration, and shock/impact loading conditions. The basic structure based on cantilever beam switches has been used as model system to illustrate the static and dynamic responses. Analytical solutions for folded beam structures have been furthermore derived and combined with the model system as an effective beam. These characterizations are used to define reliability and performance criteria for the robust design, performance evaluation, and rapid reliability assessment of RF-MEMS switch devices. It was found that the actuation voltage depends on several key design parameters and material properties. Actual acceleration to tiny switch structure is found only one portion of applied acceleration under shock/impact conditions, depending on system stiffness.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
An unexpected cause of cardiac arrest during laparoscopy in an infant with supravalvar aortic stenosis

Summary Patients with congenital supravalvar aortic stenosis (SVAS) with associated biventricular outflow tract obstruction and coronary artery abnormalities have a tenuous myocardial oxygen supply/demand relationship. They are at increased risk of acute myocardial ischemia and sudden death, especially during anesthesia. Furthermore, resuscitation during cardiac arrest is frequently unsuccessful. We report a case of perioperative cardiac arrest due to an unexpected cause in a 2 month old with SVAS during a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.
Does radical prostatectomy provide a survival benefit as primary treatment for high-grade prostate cancer?

Does radical prostatectomy provide a survival benefit as primary treatment for high-grade prostate cancer?
An experimental study of a modified turbidostat

The efficacy of a modified turbidostat scheme for control of a continuous fermentor supporting substrate - inhibited growth of a methylotroph, L3, was experimentally examined. The control was based on continuous measure of optical density of fermentation broth. The experimental results illustrate the feasibility of the control scheme for effective startup as well as stabilization of a continuous fermentor under the influence of a load disturbance.
Evidence of direct toxic effects of free radicals on the myocardium.

Abstract The hypothesis that oxygen-derived free radicals do indeed play a role in myocardial ischemic and reperfusion injury has received a lot of support. Experimental results have shown that free radical scavengers can protect against certain aspects of myocardial ischemic injury and that on reperfusion the heart approaches a level that is normal than those hearts not receiving additional scavenging agents. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, hydroxyl radical scavengers and iron chelators such as desfferioxamine have proven successful in providing an increased level of recovery. These results indicate, as would be expected, that superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals may all, at some point, either contributed to the injury or be important in generating a subsequent radical which causes damage. In addition, solutions capable of generating free radicals have been shown to cause damage to myocardial cells and the vascular endothelium that is similar to the damage observed during myocardial ischemic and reperfusion injury. Alterations in function, structure, flow, and membrane biochemistry have been documented and compared to ischemic injury. The continued investigation of the role of free radicals in ischemic injury is warranted in the hope of further elucidating the mechanisms involvedp in free radical injury, the sources of their generation. and in defining a treatment that will provide significant protection against this particular aspect of ischemic damage.
Jesuit Seismological Association for 1939

The cooperative arrangement between Science Service, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the Jesuit Seismological Association has been fruitfully continued. During the past year a total of 55 epicenters were tentatively located and 51 preliminary bulletins were mimeographed and mailed directly to about 375 institutions and interested individuals in all parts of the world. In so far as possible, the approximate focal depths were determined for each of the earthquakes for which preliminary bulletins were published. The distribution of these depths is interesting. Of the earthquakes thus located 33 had a focal depth less than 50 km, seven a focal depth between 50 and 100 km, eight between 100 and 200 km, two between 500 and 600 km, and one each between 200 and 300, 300 and 400, and 600 and 700.
Functional brain network modularity captures inter- and intra-individual variation in working memory capacity

Background Cognitive abilities, such as working memory, differ among people; however, individuals also vary in their own day-to-day cognitive performance. One potential source of cognitive variability may be fluctuations in the functional organization of neural systems. The degree to which the organization of these functional networks is optimized may relate to the effective cognitive functioning of the individual. Here we specifically examine how changes in the organization of large-scale networks measured via resting state functional connectivity MRI and graph theory track changes in working memory capacity. Methodology/Principal Findings Twenty-two participants performed a test of working memory capacity and then underwent resting-state fMRI. Seventeen subjects repeated the protocol three weeks later. We applied graph theoretic techniques to measure network organization on 34 brain regions of interest (ROI). Network modularity, which measures the level of integration and segregation across sub-networks, and small-worldness, which measures global network connection efficiency, both predicted individual differences in memory capacity; however, only modularity predicted intra-individual variation across the two sessions. Partial correlations controlling for the component of working memory that was stable across sessions revealed that modularity was almost entirely associated with the variability of working memory at each session. Analyses of specific sub-networks and individual circuits were unable to consistently account for working memory capacity variability. Conclusions/Significance The results suggest that the intrinsic functional organization of an a priori defined cognitive control network measured at rest provides substantial information about actual cognitive performance. The association of network modularity to the variability in an individual's working memory capacity suggests that the organization of this network into high connectivity within modules and sparse connections between modules may reflect effective signaling across brain regions, perhaps through the modulation of signal or the suppression of the propagation of noise.
Gluon shadowing and jet quenching in relativistic heavy ion collisions

Abstract The effects of parton shadowing and jet quenching are considered in relativistic heavy ion collisions. We find that particle production is sensitive to these nuclear effects on jet production. We illustrate that the energy loss of a large pT parton in dense matter and nuclear shadowing of gluon structure function can be measured by systematic study of moderate and high pT single particle spectra in pp, pA, and AA collisions.
The Cardinality of Sets of k -Independent Vectors over Finite Fields

A set of vectors is k-independent if all its subsets with no more than k elements are linearly independent. We obtain a result concerning the maximal possible cardinality Indq(n, k) of a k-independent set of vectors in the n-dimensional vector space Fqn over the finite field Fq of order q. Namely, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for Indq(n, k) = n + 1. We conclude with some pertinent remarks re applications of our results to codes, graphs and hypercubes.
Interactions of Dietary Cation-Anion Balance and Phosphorus: Effects on Growth and Serum Inorganic Phosphorus in Dairy Calves

Thirty-six male and female Holstein and Jersey calves were assigned at weaning to a randomized complete block design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement to evaluate the influence of two dietary cation-anion balances (-14 and +39 meq(Na + K)-(Cl + S) per 100 g diet DM) and three amounts of dietary P (.22, .29, and .37%) on performance and P metabolism from 9 to 19 wk of age. Feed intake, average daily gain, and serum inorganic P were higher on the anionic diets and increased with increasing dietary P. Body weights were higher on the .37% P diets by wk 3 and on the anionic diets by wk 6. The interaction of dietary P and cation-anion balance was responsible for significant differences in calf performance; the anionic diet exhibited marked improvement over the cationic diet at the lowest P concentration. Results indicate that the availability of P for young dairy calves may be higher with anionic than cationic diets.
Reprogramming somatic cells to their embryonic state.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the capacity to form every type of cell in our adult bodies due to their pluripotency. The prospective use of ES cells in regenerative therapies for human diseases such as Parkinson's disease and diabetes has raised the interest in identifying the mechanisms that allow these cells to maintain pluripotent fate and differentiate along many lineages. However, ethical questions regarding the use of human eggs and/or embryos for medical research have limited the ability of scientists to develop therapies with human ES cells. Three recent papers in Nature and Cell Stem Cell have revealed novel methods of reprogramming somatic cells into cells with the same pluripotent potential as ES cells via the expression of only four transcription factors. These scientific advances illuminate the mechanisms that drive pluripotent fate in embryonic cells. In addition, by giving scientists a model to study ES‐like cells that are not derived from embryos, these newly identified models have the po...
Linearized impulsive guidance laws.

We now summarize our results. Whenever /5 is within some e neighborhood of 90° (e -> 0), a and y are obtained from Eqs. (6a) and (6b) or Eqs. (9), and ft is obtained from Eq. (2b) or Eq. (8), where in the latter equation the ± signs must be distinguished according to whether ft has been increasing or decreasing in its passage through 90°. Outside of this e neighborhood afiy are always given by Eqs. (2).
Pollen limitation of reproductive effort in willows.

Pollen limitation of seed set differs from resource limitation in its implications for the evolution of floral traits. Willow flowers attract insects, but also abundantly produce wind-dispersed pollen. I demonstrated pollen limitation in single branches bearing 2–4 inflorescences (catkins) in a field experiment with five species by artificially increasing or decreasing the pollen load. Because the responses by single branches might be explained by diversion of resources to better-pollinated branches within a plant, a second experiment with one species tested both pollen limitation of whole plants and the autonomy of catkins. Seed set of single willow catkins is unaffected by experimental alterations of seed set in other catkins on the same plant. Hand-pollination of single catkins and of whole plants increased seed set to the same degree, suggesting there is little or no competition for resources between catkins only 5–10 cm apart. Thus, seed set in willows appears to be pollen limited, favoring insect pollination and the evolution of entomophilous traits. The data support previous views that willows have a dual pollination system utilizing wind and insects.
Addressing the Integration Challenge for Avionics and Automotive Systems—From Components to Rich Services

Automotive and avionics systems are complex, distributed, software-intensive systems-of-systems (SoS). Consequently, system integration is a central challenge in both domains. Important cross-cutting requirements aspects, such as security, authorization, and failure management, are best understood as properties of the interplay among sub-systems. Yet, traditional development processes address the integration challenge only late, at the level of implementation and deployment. Consequently, potentials for reuse within and across product lines are left unrealized. Furthermore, late integration leads to high calibration, configuration and redesign costs. Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs) have emerged as a solution to the integration challenge. However, inappropriate application of SOA-principles results in a high degree of fragmentation and scattering of functionality-this leads to additional difficulties in requirements traceability and quality assurance. In this article, we give a comprehensive overview of these SOA-challenges, and present Rich Services as a hierarchical SOA blueprint and development process enabling SoS integration in a dependable way. Rich Services introduce services as hierarchical, partial interaction patterns; these interactions are then augmented with infrastructure elements to inject behaviors that address cross-cutting requirements aspects. Rich Services also seamlessly address the mapping from logical to deployment architectures. Using end-to-end failure management as an example, we illustrate the utility of Rich Services.
Advanced polysilicon TFT technology for active matrix organic light-emitting diode displays

This work discusses the features of a low temperature polysilicon thin film transistor (TFT) technology suitable for application in the new Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode (AMOLED) displays. The most important facet of this work is the preparation of polysilicon films by the method of solid phase crystallization of amorphous silicon films using rapid thermal processing (RTP). It is shown that amorphous silicon films can be crystallized by RTP at temperatures compatible with glass substrates yielding polysilicon TFT performance suitable for AMOLED. The use of transition metals for achieving aluminum lines with no hillock and low contact resistance to indium tin oxide, two important features for AMOLED displays is discussed.
Insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein in the toad, Bufo woodhousei

Molecular weight characteristics and plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its binding protein (IGF-BP) were investigated in the toad, Bufo woodhousei. IGF-I and IGF-BP were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA, Kd = 0.37 +/- 0.04 ng/ml) and charcoal-separated ligand binding assay, respectively, in male toad plasma and adult male human donor plasma using a synthetic human IGF-I standard. Prior to the IGF-I RIA, samples were acid-ethanol extracted. Molecular weight characteristics were determined using size exclusion chromatography. At neutral pH (pH = 7.4), IGF-I immunoreactivity and IGF-BP eluted at molecular weight greater than 66 kDa in both toad and human plasma. Acid chromatography (pH approximately 3) resulted in the separation of IGF-I from its binding protein and consequently a shift of IGF-I immunoreactivity to the low molecular weight fractions (approximately 8 kDa) for both toad and human. IGF-BP activity shifted to molecular weight approximately 50 kDa. Toad plasma IGF-I and IGF-BP activity exhibited differences according to season: IGF-I levels were low in the spring (March = 0.48 +/- 0.11 ng eq/ml), increased progressively to reach a peak in July (5.84 +/- 2.5 ng eq/ml), and decreased to low levels again in the fall (October = 0.60 +/- 0.08, November = 0.45 +/- 0.09 ng eq/ml). Plasma IGF-BP activity demonstrated a similar pattern (March = 17.4 +/- 2.5, July = 35.0 +/- 2.4, November = 12.6 +/- 3.2% specific binding). IGF-I was produced for at least 72 hr when toad liver explants were cultured in serum-free medium, indicating that the liver is a source of IGF-I in anurans.
Non-condensable gas effect on condensation in a two-phase closed thermosyphon

Abstract An analytical study is made of the non-condensable gas effect on vapor condensation in a twophase closed thermosyphon. Particular attention is given to the retardation of vapor condensation due to both radial and axial mass diffusion of gas. The present two-dimensional analysis indicates the inadequacy of the common one-dimensional diffuse-front model in considering only the axial diffusion of gas. The parametric study on radial diffusion shows that the significance of this effect is governed by two dimensionless factors: the gas load and the ratio of the radial gas diffusion rate to the vapor condensation rate.
Alterations of immune response of DBA/2 mice by procarbazine treatment

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used as antigens to investigate the in vivo dose- and time-dependent effects of procarbazine (PCZ) treatment on antibody responses of adult male DBA/2 mice. The mice were exposed to different doses of PCZ (100, 300, and 600 mg/kg) and then immunized with LPS or SRBC at days 0, 7, 14, and 21. Procarbazine treatment had essentially no effect on the number of LPS antibody-producing cells in spleens of mice in the entire range of PCZ dose and time, while the circulating antibody to LPS in serum diminished in mice treated with 600 mg/kg dose. In contrast, PCZ treatment altered the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of the mice to T-cell dependent antigen SRBC. At 100 mg/kg dose, a slight stimulation of immune response was noticed. However, at higher doses (300 and 600 mg/kg), the number of antibody-producing cells to SRBC was decreased. This decrease was 87% at the highest dose compared to the untreated mice. Besides the antibody-producing cells in spleen, the antibody titer to SRBC in serum was also significantly diminished. This markedly reduced immune response, however, was released with the passage of time and was almost completely recovered by day 21 after the PCZ treatment of the mice. In addition, a very significant decrease in the number of cells per spleen was observed at 600 mg dose. It is suggested that PCZ exerts its immunosuppressive effects by essentially affecting T cells, both by decreasing the antibody synthesis as well as the number of cells.
Life events, emotional support, and health of older people.

The effects of life events, emotional support, interaction of life events and emotional support, and age on indices of physical and psychological health were examined within a hierarchical multiple-regression design. Fifty older people who were randomly selected from among the residents of a high-rise apartment building provided retrospective data on their life events and emotional support. These same subjects provided more recent data on their functional health, distress arising from chronic health problems, and four indices of morale (agitation, attitude toward own aging, lonely dissatisfaction, and a combined index of the morale dimensions). As expected, significant multivariate effects were demonstrated on all but two measures: distress arising from chronic health problems and attitude toward own aging. Examination of the independent contributions to these effects showed variations depending on the health index of focus. Expected moderations of the effects of life events by emotional support effects were not demonstrated. Results are discussed in relationship to previous research and the theoretical expectation that emotional support would moderate the effects of life events on health.
Partnership for a Healthy Work Environment Tele-ICU/ICU Collaborative

The tele-intensive care unit (ICU) provides a remote monitoring system that adds an additional layer of support for critically ill patients. However, to optimize contributions, the bedside team must incorporate this resource into the patient's plan of care. Using the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses' Healthy Work Environment Standards as a platform, we can create and nurture a new partnership model. Strategies that embrace the standards of skilled communication, true collaboration, and effective decision making become mutual goals for improving patient safety and outcomes. Joint communication guidelines facilitate timely and meaningful communication. Trust and the desire to cooperate encourage provider engagement to strengthen collaboration. The use of tele-ICU technology can assist in the interpretation and transformation of data to affect decision making at all levels to influence patient care. Through the lens of the healthy work environment, the tele-ICU/ICU partnership provides enhanced opportunities for improved patient care and team satisfaction.
Caspase-2 impacts lung tumorigenesis and chemotherapy response in vivo

Caspase-2 is an atypical caspase that regulates apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and genome maintenance, although the mechanisms are not well understood. Caspase-2 has also been implicated in chemotherapy response in lung cancer, but this function has not been addressed in vivo. Here we show that Caspase-2 functions as a tumor suppressor in Kras-driven lung cancer in vivo. Loss of Caspase-2 leads to enhanced tumor proliferation and progression. Despite being more histologically advanced, Caspase-2-deficient tumors are sensitive to chemotherapy and exhibit a significant reduction in tumor volume following repeated treatment. However, Caspase-2-deficient tumors rapidly rebound from chemotherapy with enhanced proliferation, ultimately hindering long-term therapeutic benefit. In response to DNA damage, Caspase-2 cleaves and inhibits Mdm2 and thereby promotes the stability of the tumor-suppressor p53. Caspase-2 expression levels are significantly reduced in human lung tumors with wild-type p53, in agreement with the model whereby Caspase-2 functions through Mdm2/p53 regulation. Consistently, p53 target genes including p21, cyclin G1 and Msh2 are reduced in Caspase-2-deficient tumors. Finally, we show that phosphorylation of p53-induced protein with a death domain 1 leads to Caspase-2-mediated cleavage of Mdm2, directly impacting p53 levels, activity and chemotherapy response. Together, these studies elucidate a Caspase-2-p53 signaling network that impacts lung tumorigenesis and chemotherapy response in vivo.