cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electric heat-storage boiler technology and the evaluation method of its peak load shifting effect

The paper introduces the principle of electric heat-storage boiler and system configuration method.It brings out an evaluation method which has been applied in Hebei cool-storage and heat-storage system test and gets good effects.
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes as a Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker in Breast Cancer

Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been recognized in various cancers and may reflect a host immune response to malignant cells. TILs are a heterogeneous population of various types of mononuclear cells, including CD8 or CD4 + T cells and their subsets, B cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), macrophages, and other cells. Immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that inhibit recruitment and function of TILs include immunosuppressive cells, cytokines secreted by tumor or mesenchymal cells, and co-inhibitory ligands expressed by tumor cells. Despite this complex interplay of immune cells and the TME, higher TIL density is associated with favorable prognosis in certain breast cancer subtypes, including HER2 overexpressing cancers, and “triple negative” cancers that do not express the estrogen and progesterone receptors or overexpress HER2. TILs infiltrating the tumor stroma (sTILs) are associated with higher rates of complete pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, decreased recurrence and improved survival in early stage triple negative and HER2-positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant systemic therapy. An international working group has published guidelines on reporting TILs in pathology specimens. In this chapter we review the composition of TILs, mechanisms of immune evasion, recommendations for TILs measurement, and data supporting use of TILs as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in breast cancer.
Whole brain radiotherapy for brain metastases

Optimising its use and application in the context of new treatments A recent large non-inferiority trial reported that whole brain radiotherapy did not improve survival or quality of life in adults with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer, when compared with corticosteroids and supportive care.1 QUARTZ (Quality of Life after Treatment for Brain Metastases) was a pragmatic trial with broadly inclusive eligibility criteria, but the 538 patients were all unsuitable for surgery or stereotactic radiosurgery and were recruited only when both the treating clinician and the patient felt uncertain about the potential benefit of whole brain radiotherapy. Many participants had a poor performance status, functioning in their daily lives at a level that typically would exclude them from clinical trials. Although reported baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups, several key prognostic factors were not reported, including the presence of symptomatic or asymptomatic metastases, controlled …
CGRP signaling mediates prolonged meningeal afferent activation evoked by brief local K+ stimulation but not cortical spreading depression-induced afferent sensitization

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is believed to promote migraine headache by enhancing the activity and mechanosensitivity of trigeminal intracranial meningeal afferents. One putative mechanism underlying this afferent response involves an acute excitation of meningeal afferents by cortical efflux of K+ and the ensuing antidromic release of pro-inflammatory sensory neuropeptides, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We employed extracellular single-unit recording in anesthetized rats to determine whether a brief K+ stimulus could lead to CGRP-dependent enhancement of meningeal afferent responses. In addition, we tested if CSD-evoked meningeal afferent responses involve CGRP signaling. Acute meningeal K+ stimulation promoted a 2.3±0.4 fold increase in the ongoing activity level of ~65% of the afferents tested. Neural activation developed following a 23.3±4.1 min delay and lasted for 22.2±5.6 min. Meningeal afferent mechanosensitivity was not altered by the K+ stimulation. Pretreatment with the CGRP receptor inhibitor BIBN4096 (333 μM, i.v.) suppressed the K+-related prolonged afferent activation but had no effect on the prolonged increase in ongoing activity and mechanosensitivity of meningeal afferents evoked by CSD. While CGRP-mediated activation of meningeal afferents evoked by cortical efflux of excitatory mediators could promote headache, this mechanism is unlikely to play a key role in mediating the headache of migraine triggered by CSD.
Intraocular pressure in children after congenital heart surgery: A single-center study.

Background: The impact of varied cardiac physiologies on intraocular pressure (IOP) among children undergoing heart operations is unknown. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the IOP among children with varying cardiovascular physiologies and varying hemodynamics after their heart operation. Setting and Design: This was a prospective, observational study. Materials and Methods: Patients ≤18 years undergoing congenital heart surgery were included in this study. IOP measurement was performed by Icare® tonometer between 3 and 14 days after heart operation. Statistical Analysis: Summary statistics were estimated for all demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data. Results: A total of 116 eyes from 58 children were included. The mean and standard deviation age was 28.4 (45.8) months. Single-ventricle anatomy was present in 26 patients (45%). Despite similar heart rate and blood pressure, the mean IOP among the patients with single-ventricle anatomy was significantly elevated as compared to patients with two-ventricle anatomy (18 mm Hg vs. 12 mm Hg, P Conclusions: This study demonstrates that IOPs vary with varying cardiovascular physiology after pediatric cardiac surgery.
Leading e-Learning Schools from a Systemic Perspective: A Guide for K-12 Leaders

This chapter is directed towards leaders of K-12 e-learning schools who do not have a background in online learning or instructional design. The systemic perspective taken in this chapter gives the e-learning leader a holistic understanding of the various people and parts that comprise e-learning K-12 schools. Introducing the variety of colloquial terms used in online schooling gives new leaders some standard language. Tackling issues of supporting students, giving clear expectations for parents, selecting curricula, ensuring equitable access to resources, and maintaining a sense of innovativeness balanced with transparency are discussed. Each of these issues has significant potential impact to the system and should not be selected in isolation from other decisions. Embracing a bottom-up change approach where power is reimagined among stakeholders should be adopted to gather buy-in from your school community. Following this, practical suggestions are given to react to these issues systemically by considering reactions to change and including stakeholders in important decisions. These suggestions should be taken with consideration of your local context and modified to fit your school population. Readings identified as critical for the implementation of these suggestions are identified and should be used in association with the action you implement.
Myosin-Driven Intracellular Transport

The delivery of intracellular material within cells is crucial for maintaining normal function. Myosins transport a wide variety of cargo, ranging from vesicles to ribonuclear protein particles (RNPs), in plants, fungi, and metazoa. The properties of a given myosin transporter are adapted to move on different actin filament tracks, either on the disordered actin networks at the cell cortex or along highly organized actin bundles to distribute their cargo in a localized manner or move it across long distances in the cell. Transport is controlled by selective recruitment of the myosin to its cargo that also plays a role in activation of the motor.
Germ Cell Transplantation and Neospermatogenesis

Germ cells isolated from testicular tissue or derived from embryonic stem cells represent a possible treatment option for children who have survived cancer and for azoospermic men. Self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is the foundation for sustaining spermatogenesis throughout life. In recent years, spermatogonia transplantation in mammals has been successfully carried out and, more recently, the appearance of germ cell lines derived from embryonic stem cells has rendered the treatment or prevention of azoospermia conceivable. In our laboratory, we have identified and labeled human spermatogenic cells at various steps of differentiation and carried out their xenogeneic transplantation into recipient gonads. In addition, by appropriately modifying culture conditions, we have been able to propagate mouse SSCs in vitro.
Spaghetti Products Containing Dried Distillers Grains

SUMMARY Sorghum, rye, red wheat, and white wheat dried distillers grains (DDG) were incorporated into a spaghetti formulation at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30% levels of substitution for durum semolina. Compositional, functional, and sensory evaluations were conducted on the spaghetti products. Spaghetti containing DDG had significantly higher levels of protein and crude fiber than the 100% durum semolina control as indicated by compositional analysis. Cooking quality of the supplemented spaghetti samples was acceptable, but lower than that of the control. This study demonstrated that spaghetti can be produced containing DDG with improved nutritional value and reasonable consumer appeal.
A hybrid approach to determining modification of clinical diagnoses.

Health care providers that use electronic medical records maintain an administrative database of diagnoses generated by physicians in the course of medical care delivery. This database is subsequently used for billing and reimbursement but can also be used to identify patients for clinical research. In this paper we present a hybrid rule-based and machine learning technique for automatic determination of whether a diagnosis is confirmed, probable or represents a history of a disorder. The rule-based stage was able to classify 86% of test instances with an accuracy of 98.7%. The machine learning stage was able to classify the remaining 14% of the test instances with an accuracy of 91.61% using Perceptron neural network and 88% using naive Bayes (p<0.0001).
The Recruitment and Retention of School Leaders: Understanding Administrator Supply and Demand

A growing body of empirical research indicates that through vision, mission and goals, school leaders, particularly principals, can exert a measurable, though indirect, influence on student achievement and school effectiveness. Hallinger and Heck (1996), for example, in their review of research on leadership effects on student achievement found that successful school leaders account for as much as 5–7% of the variation in student achievement scores. While this may seem low in absolute terms, it accounts for almost 25% of all in-school variables over which school officials have some control (Leithwood & Riehl, 2003).
An Adaptive Control Scheme for Three-phase Grid-Connected Inverters in Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems

Control of the three-phase photovoltaic (PV) inverters has drawn increasing attention in recent years due to the development of solar energy technology. This paper studies the control problem of the three-phase PV grid-connected inverters. In particular, an adaptive control method is adopted to deal with system uncertainties in such a problem. In this research, the state-space model of the inverter system, which considers the uncertainties of system parameters and eliminates the disturbance influence from the grid side, is established. Compared with a classical fixed-gain control method, the adaptive control method is capable of efficiently handling system uncertainties and dealing with some unknown disturbances.
Improving PFM Governance in Ghana: Lessons from the Petroleum Revenue Management Framework

It is expected that an effective PFM system should ensure efficient allocation of scarce resources, ensuring that scarce resources are deployed to their optimal use; leading to effective delivery of public goods and services to the citizenry at optimal prices; and consequently contribute towards the achievement of a sustainable fiscal position. This shouldbring about economic development and poverty reduction. The evidence suggest that Ghanaâ€™s PFM system has so far not delivered good economic governance. The reports of the Auditor General of the Republic of Ghana repeatedly highlight: noncompliance with the PFM legal framework, and findings of corrupt practices against a number of public officers and institutions. Lessons can be drawn from the petroleum revenue management framework to improve the PFM governance framework.Such lessons include: having extensive and meaningful consultations with relevant stakeholders in developing the PFM legal framework to ensure that it captures the key features of a functional PFM system, having clear fiscal responsibility rules that guide spending, savings and investment decisions, administering a strong and robust accountability framework that holds spending officers to account in a fair and just manner, and having a mechanism to compel mandatory reporting in accordance with established reporting standards.
Endoscopic Bariatric/Metabolic Surgery

Endoscopic approaches to the bariatric patient have increased significantly in the last two decades. Obese patients present a challenge to surgeons as they are at higher risk of having perioperative complications. Patients also are seeking less and less invasive ways to have procedures performed. The combination of these two demands has led to the development of new technologies in the bariatric arena. Now there are several new endoscopic approaches for primary weight loss. Endoscopic metabolic procedures are developing for the management of diabetes. This article reviews the latest in these technologies.
NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES VERSUS A CLINICAL HISTORY OF HEART FAILURE FOR RISK PREDICTION IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES

Patients with T2D are at increased risk of heart failure (HF). Elevated natriuretic peptides (NT-proBNP) are associated with higher risk, though the incremental risk stratification beyond a clinical diagnosis of prior HF in T2D is not fully known. Patients with T2D and increased CV risk enrolled in
PHEV powertrain co-design with vehicle performance considerations using MDSDO

The complexity of plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) motivates the simultaneous integration of component design and supervisory control strategy decisions. Methods from combined optimal design and control (co-design) are generally used to manage such integrated system design decisions. Although several studies have investigated the PHEV powertrain co-design problem, the impact of key vehicle performance criteria such as 0–60 mph acceleration time and all-electric-range (AER) has rarely been explicitly included in such system co-design problems. This is problematic as these vehicle performance criteria strongly affect component sizing and control strategy in a way that a non-performance-based co-design solution could become sub-optimal. Therefore, this study addresses this issue by formulating and solving a PHEV powertrain co-design problem that explicitly includes vehicle-level performance constraints. In particular, a three-phase, PHEV powertrain co-design problem is solved to simultaneously identify the optimal supervisory control strategies during the acceleration performance and standard duty cycle phases, along with the optimal component designs spanning all phases (acceleration performance, standard duty cycle, and AER performance) such that the vehicle powertrain cost is minimized. A relatively new, balanced co-design approach known as multidisciplinary dynamic system design optimization (MDSDO) is used to solve the problem. The optimal design and standard duty cycle supervisory control trajectories are compared to the solution of a non-performance-based co-design problem. The results indicate that the formal inclusion of vehicle performance criteria in a co-design problem significantly affects component design and supervisory control strategies.
Silicon-Plasmonic Electro-Absorption Modulator Gated by High Mobility Indium Oxide

We apply the quantum model to analyze the free carrier distribution of the ENZ layer of the Au/TCO/HfO2/p-Si capacitor on standard silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides. We also experimentally demonstrated the correlation between the electro-absorption (EA) rate and the mobility of TCO materials, which confirms the accuracy of the quantum model.
Utero-Vaginal Reanastomosis for Cervical Agenesis

Video Objective The objective of this video is to review the types of cervical agenesis and dysgenesis, methods of diagnosis, and the surgical technique used to correct this type of mullerian anomaly. Setting A young adult with history of primary amenorrhea, pelvic pain found to have endometriosis and cervical agenesis presents for surgical correction of her cervical agenesis at a large academic center with a robust minimally invasive gynecologic surgical group. Interventions The patient with cervical agenesis underwent a laparoscopic utero-vaginal reanastomosis. A stent was left in situ for maturation of the new cervical fistulous tract between the uterus and the vagina. Conclusion Patients with cervical malformations, such as cervical agenesis or dysgenesis, that want to establish and maintain cyclical menses and/or to preserve fertility can be offered an utero-vaginal reanastomosis. This surgery can be safely and efficaciously performed with laparoscopy. Though the first reanastomosis procedures performed resulted in high morbidity and mortality, recent surgical outcomes have been more promising with subsequent successful pregnancies and continued patency of the created outflow tract.
Collaborative Caching for Dynamic Map Dissemination in Vehicular Networks

This paper introduces a vehicular content caching mechanism for disseminating navigational maps while minimizing cellular network bandwidth usage. The key concept is to collaboratively cache the dynamic components of navigational maps in roadside units (RSUs) and vehicles such that the majority of dissemination can be accomplished using V2V and V2I communication links. In this way, the usage of cellular links from the vehicles can be minimized. Following the development of a dynamic map object model, the paper develops a collaborating caching framework, which is then evaluated using ONE, a delay tolerant network simulator. Simulation experiments were conducted for different protocols and network parameters. The results indicate that compared to infrastructure-only caching strategies, the proposed vehicle-involved collaborative caching mechanism is able to reduce the bandwidth usage of cellular networks and the delivery delay for obtaining dynamic map data.
Reversal of warfarin-coagulopathy: How to improve plasma transfusion practice in a community hospital setting?

BACKGROUND: Plasma is often given inappropriately to reverse warfarin-induced coagulopathy, wasting health-care resources and exposing the patients to transfusion-associated risks. AIMS: The clinical practice at our institution was evaluated in order to reduce the number of unnecessary plasma transfusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective audit of plasma transfusions was done (July 2014 to June 2015). DESIGN: To improve the clinical practice, a two-prong strategy was implemented: (1) in-service was given to clinicians on the warfarin-reversal guidelines and (2) for a 30-day period, plasma orders were placed on the approval list of the Transfusion Medicine Service. RESULTS: Of the 729 units of plasma, 189 (26% of total) were given for the reversal of warfarin-induced coagulopathy. The medical charts of these patients were reviewed: 46 units of plasma (~25%) were given inappropriately (e.g., patients with minimally elevated international normalized ratio, no evidence of bleeding, and no surgery within 24 h). To check the effectiveness of our intervention, two audits of plasma transfusions were done. During the first audit (January 1–February 29, 2016), 24 patients received plasma to reverse warfarin-coagulopathy. Medical chart review revealed that the vast majority of plasma orders (96.66%) followed the guidelines. A second audit was carried out a year later (January 1–March 31, 2017): during this 3-month period, 47 patients were transfused with plasma for warfarin reversal with a 94% adherence to the guidelines. CONCLUSION: We conclude that plasma transfusion practices may be improved by a combination of education and active enforcement of warfarin reversal guidelines.
Response to Central Boost Radiation Therapy in an Unresectable Retroperitoneal Sarcoma: A Case Report.

Abstract Surgery is the backbone of curative treatment for localized retroperitoneal sarcomas. However, 10% or more are unresectable due to major vascular or spinal cord involvement. Radiation therapy may be used to provide symptom relief, with small retrospective series reporting 5-year local control rates ranging from 23-65%. In this case of unresectable primary retroperitoneal sarcoma, we utilized a novel RT technique with a central boost, which led to marked clinical improvement and up to 16 months of local control.
Alterations in driver genes are predictive of survival in patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Background KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A, and SMAD4 are established driver genes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study was aimed at determining whether the mutational status of driver genes and those involved in DNA repair pathways are associated with clinical outcomes for individuals who undergo resection. Methods Eligible individuals were those who underwent resection of PDAC and consented to targeted sequencing of their primary tumor via Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT). Genomic alterations were determined on the basis of MSK-IMPACT results from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples. Associations between genomic alterations and clinical outcomes were assessed. Results Targeted sequencing was performed on 283 primary tumors resected between 2004 and 2017. The median follow-up was 23 months among survivors. Alterations in KRAS and TP53 were associated with worse overall survival (OS) in comparison to wild type (median for KRAS, 38.8 months [95% CI, 33.0-45.5 months] vs 91.0 months [95% CI, 34.8 months to not available (NA)]; P = .043; median for TP53, 37.4 months [95% CI, 32.1-42.8 months] vs 65.0 months [95% CI, 33.0 months to NA]; P = .035). KRAS G12D mutations were associated with worse OS (median, 31.6 months [95% CI, 25.3-45.5 months] vs 39.2 months [95% CI, 37.4-75.2 months]; P = .012). TP53 truncating mutations (median, 39.6 months [95% CI, 32.4-75.2 months] vs 33.9 months [95% CI, 24.0-39.0 months]; P = .020) and those associated with loss of heterozygosity (median, 26.6 months [95% CI, 21.6-44.2 months] vs 39.2 months [95% CI, 34.5-49.1 months]; P = .048) had decreased OS. TP53 alterations were independently associated with OS in a multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.01-2.33; P = .042). Individuals with germline alterations in homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) genes had improved OS in comparison with those without them (median, not reached vs 37.0 months; 95% CI, 33.0-49.8 months; P = .035). Conclusions In patients with resected PDAC, genomic alterations in KRAS and TP53 are associated with worse outcomes, whereas alterations in HRD genes are associated with a favorable prognosis. Further studies are needed to better define these alterations as biomarkers in resected PDAC.
Transcriptome Analysis of Ovarian and Uterine Clear Cell Malignancies.

Author(s): Alldredge, Jill; Randall, Leslie; De Robles, Gabriela; Agrawal, Anshu; Mercola, Dan; Liu, Marisa; Randhawa, Pavneet; Edwards, Robert; McClelland, Michael; Rahmatpanah, Farah | Abstract: PurposeOvarian and uterine clear cell carcinomas (CCCs) are rare but associated with poor prognosis. This study explored RNA transcription patterns characteristic of these tumors.Experimental designRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of 11 ovarian CCCs and five uterine CCCs was performed and compared to publicly available data from high grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs). Ingenuity Pathway Analyses were performed. CIBERSORT analyses estimated relative fractions of 22 immune cell types in each RNA-seq sample. Sequencing data was correlated with PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression.ResultsRNA-seq revealed 1,613 downregulated and 1,212 upregulated genes (corrected p l 0.05, |FC |≥10) in ovarian CCC versus HGSOC. Two subgroups were identified in the ovarian CCC, characterized by ethnicity and expression differences in ARID1A. There were 3,252 differentially expressed genes between PD-L1+/- ovarian CCCs, revealing immune response, cell death, and DNA repair networks, negatively correlated with PD-L1 expression, whereas cellular proliferation networks positively correlated with expression. In clear cell ovarian versus clear cell uterine cancer, 1,607 genes were significantly upregulated, and 109 genes were significantly downregulated (corrected p l 0.05, |FC|≥10). Comparative pathway analysis of late and early stage ovarian CCCs revealed unique metabolic and PTEN pathways, whereas uterine CCCs had unique Wnt/Ca+, estrogen receptor, and CCR5 signaling. CIBERSORT analysis revealed that activated mast cells and regulatory T cell populations were relatively enriched in uterine CCCs. The PD-L1+ ovarian CCCs had enriched resting NK cells and memory B cell populations, while PD-L1- had enriched CD8 T-cells, monocytes, eosinophils, and activated dendritic cells.ConclusionsUnique transcriptional expression profiles distinguish clear cell uterine and ovarian cancers from each other and from other more common histologic subtypes. These insights may aid in devising novel therapeutics.
The Predicament That Wasn’t: A Reply to Benatar

In his recent book The Human Predicament, David Benatar describes the human condition as a tragic predicament, and the upshot is that we ought to refrain from having children and adopt an attitude ...
Regev’s Conjecture for Algebras with Hopf Actions

Let A be a p.i. algebra in characteristic zero with action from the finite dimensional Hopf algebra H, and let \(\{c_n^H(A)\}\) be the H-codimension sequence. If 1 ∈ A then we prove the H-analogue of Regev’s conjecture, namely, \(c_n^H(A)\simeq \alpha n^t e^n\) for some α > 0, \(2t\in \mathbb {Z}\) and \(e\in \mathbb {N}\). We also prove weaker results under weaker hypotheses.
Advances in corneal graft rejection.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune rejection after corneal transplantation is a major risk for graft failure. We aim to summarize recent advances in the understanding and management of graft rejection. RECENT FINDINGS Immune rejection remains the leading cause of graft failure in penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). While ABO blood type and sex match between donor and recipient may reduce rejection, human leucocyte antigens class II matching in a randomized study did not reduce the risk of rejection in high-risk PKP. Compared with PKP, deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty, and descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty have lower immune rejection rates of 1.7-13%, 5-11.4%, and 1.7-2.8%, respectively, based on long-term (5 years and more) studies. Whether immune rejection is a major risk factor for graft failure in these lamellar keratoplasties is unclear. While there have not been major advances in the systemic management of graft rejection, topical nonsteroid agents such as tacrolimus and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor have shown promise in high-risk cases. SUMMARY Immune rejection remains the leading cause of graft failure in PKP. Lamellar keratoplasties have significantly lower rejection rates compared with PKP. The significance of rejection in the failure of lamellar grafts warrants further investigation.
Figure control of flexible structures - Optical surfaces of thin deformable primary mirrors

Application of a modal control design technique to achieve discrete control of distributed parameter systems is considered. Results are presented for application of the design technique to achieve diffraction limited performance from the primary mirror of a space telescope and to provide flutter suppression for an aircraft wing.
Carbohydrate absorption from fruit juice in young children

Objective. To compare carbohydrate absorption following ingestion of apple juice and white grape juice in 28 healthy children. Design. Randomized, double-blind crossover study. Setting. Outpatient pediatric clinic at Maimonides Medical Center. Participants. A total of 18 healthy infants (mean age 6.3 months) and 10 toddlers (mean age 18.0 months), representing those ages when juice is first introduced (6 months) and when juice comprises a large portion of the diet (18 months). Methods. Breath hydrogen (H2) testing was performed after age-specific servings of white grape juice or apple juice, 4 and 8 ounces respectively, were consumed. These portions provided approximately 1 g of fructose per kg of body weight. Breath H2 responses of >20 ppm were considered positive, indicating incomplete absorption of fruit juice carbohydrates. Results. In the combined age groups, carbohydrate malabsorption occurred more frequently after apple juice consumption (54%) than after white grape juice (19%; P Conclusions. The study demonstrated less carbohydrate malabsorption following ingestion of white grape juice compared with apple juice in healthy 6- and 18- month-old children.
Measurement and Redistribution of Excessive Pressures During Wheelchair Sitting

The ischial tuberosities, the sacral coccygeal area, and the greater and lesser trochanters and intertrochanteric crests receive excessive pressures when an individual is in the sitting position. Prolonged sitting by patients with insensitive skin and physical disability can cause pressure sores. Pressures below 20 to 30 mmHg are required to prevent capillary occlusion. Pressures are measured with a transducer system as the patient sits in his natural sitting posture in his wheelchair. A seat cushion is then "customized," which will redistribute excessive pressures. The most common cushion used is made of 3-in or 4-in high-density polyurethane foam. This material is easily modified when making ischial tuberosity cutouts and constructing a preischial bar. Because there is no single safe sitting pressure, each patient must be provided with a cushion support system that best reduces his excessive pressures. Although a properly fitted cushion can redistribute pressure, it can never substitute for relief of weight-bearing areas routinely carried out several times each hour.
Report on the Development of a Portable Absolute Gravimeter

We are in the process of developing an absolute gravimeter with an accuracy goal of 1-3 ygal and a set up and measurement time of only a few hours at any given site. We discuss the plans and progress to date on such an instrument which uses the method of free fall.
The Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis in Mice Is Modulated by Dietary Vitamin E

Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is the most common fatal sporadic encephalitis in humans. HSE is primarily caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection of the brain. HSE results in increased levels of oxidative stress, including the production of reactive oxygen species, free radicals, and neuroinflammation. The most biologically active form of vitamin E (VE) is alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOC). In cellular membranes, alpha-TOC prevents lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radicals and functioning as an antioxidant. Supplementation with VE has been shown to decrease immunosenescence, improve immune function, and may be neuroprotective. To determine how VE deficiency and VE supplementation would alter the pathogenesis of HSE, we placed weanling male BALB/cByJ mice on VE-deficient (VE-D), VE-adequate (VE-A), or 10x VE-supplemented diets for 4 wk, and then infected the mice intranasally with HSV-1. VE-D mice had more severe symptoms of encephalitis than VE-A mice, including weight loss, keratitis, hunched posture, and morbidity. VE-D mice had increased cytokine and chemokine expression in the brain and increased viral titers. In contrast, VE supplementation failed to decrease cytokine production and had no effect on viral titer. We demonstrated that adequate levels of VE are important in limiting HSE pathology and that 10x supplementation does not enhance protection.
Reduced phenotypic covariation in marsupial limbs and the implications for mammalian evolution

As serially homologous structures, mammalian fore- and hindlimbs ancestrally share a common developmental and genetic architecture. As a result, mammalian fore- and hindlimbs are predicted to be highly integrated in the absence of selective pressures to form divergent limb morphologies. Marsupials experience such a divergent selective pressure to form a robust forelimb to power a post-natal crawl to the teat. In this study, phenotypic covariation in marsupials was assessed to determine if specialization for the crawl did indeed reduce integration between their fore- and hindlimbs. To explore the evolution of mammalian limb integration, phenotypic covariation in representative eutherians and monotremes was also examined. Phenotypic covariation in limbs was quantified morphometrically, and analysed with correlational and phylogenetic methods. Results indicate that marsupials generally have relatively high levels of within-limb phenotypic covariation, and low levels between limbs, in contrast to the pattern reconstructed for the mammalian ancestor. Our findings support the hypothesis that pressure to specialize in one limb (either the fore- or the hindlimb) can reduce phenotypic covariation between limbs, and that reduced limb phenotypic covariation is derived in marsupials. Further research is needed to test the effect that these differences in limb phenotypic covariation had on the evolution of the major mammalian groups. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102, 22–36.
Selection for mutations in the cDNAs of transgenic mice upon expression of an embryonic lethal protein

The generation of transgenic mouse models to study in vivo functions of specific proteins has become common practice. In addition, PCR technology allows efficient and rapid identification of founder mice by the analysis of tail tip DNA. Whilst the DNA construct used in the microinjection of one-cell-stage embryos is usually sequenced it is not common practice to sequence the PCR product once the transgene has been inserted into the mouse genome. In this report we describe why sequencing of inserted transgenes is important. Upon generation of transgenic mice expressing a splice variant of MDM2, MDM2-A, three of four founders contained mutations within the Mdm2-a cDNA sequence. The observation that selection against expression of wild-type MDM2-A resulted in the generation of mice expressing mutant transgenes highlights the importance of sequencing the transgenes of founder mice.
2400 bit/s DMSK modem for mobile satellite service

The letter describes the implementation of a differentially coherent receiver suitable for bursty signal transmission over fading channels. To meet the severe system phase response requirement, this implementation is conducted at baseband. Means of frequency correction (AFC) is also shown. This receiver is simple and can easily be fabricated using VLSI technology.
Differential expression analysis of a select list of genes in susceptible and resistant heirloom tomatoes with respect to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato

Bacterial speck disease of tomato, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) is one of the most devastating diseases of tomato in the world. To investigate plant responses activated during plant-pathogen interaction, we studied the expression analysis of selected defense-response genes and the microbe or pathogen associated molecular patterns (MAMP or PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) marker genes in heirloom tomatoes challenged with virulent Pst DC3000. Transcript levels of the defense response genes, including SlPR1a (pathogenesis related proteins), SlPR-Q′b (β-1,3-glucanase), SlGST (Glutathione S-transferase) and peroxidase were up-regulated in the resistant cultivars Orange Strawberry and Amishpaste. The PTI marker genes SlPTI5 (encode a pathogen-inducible ethylene response element-binding protein-like transcription factor) and SlFLS2 (a leucine rich-repeat receptor like kinase) were strongly up-regulated in the incompatible reaction to resistant cultivar Orange Strawberry. On the other hand, transcripts from all tested genes were down-regulated in the compatible interaction in susceptible cultivars Yellow Pear and Brandywine. The induction of defense response and PTI marker genes occurred in the early infection process at 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) and consistent with lower levels of disease severity in resistant cultivars was observed than in susceptible cultivars. Our results contribute to the body of information on bacterial speck disease resistance in an economically important crop tomato.
The Rokeach Value Survey: Underlying Structure and Multidimensional Scaling

Abstract Studies have demonstrated that the ordinal, ipsative data provided by the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS; Rokeach 1973) are not suited to factor analysis. In this study, nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used with a sorting task to identify the underlying subset of values. American college students were the participants, and the results indicate that individualism-achievement and collectivism-affiliation are the underlying dimensions of the RVS for both the terminal and the instrumental values. Observed variation in the use of MDS space was predicted, based on participants' developmental differences as measured by the Maslowian Assessment Survey (Williams & Page, 1989). Gender differences in the use of MDS space by participants were not observed. Analysis of angular variance was used to test both hypotheses.
Receptor-Purified, Bolton-Hunter Radioiodinated, Recombinant, Human Epidermal Growth Factor: An Improved Radioligand for Receptor Studies

AbstractWe report an assessment of the applicability of the Bolton-Hunter method to the radioiodination of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Recombinant human EGF (hEGF) could be radioiodinated successfully by this method, whereas murine EGF could not. Bolton-Hunter 125I-labeled hEGF was compared with commercial 125I-labeled hEGF prepared by the chloramine-T radioiodination method. Neither radioligand was sufficiently pure for a detailed characterization of the purportedly heterogeneous pattern of binding of EGF to its receptors. A procedure based on receptor adsorption was thus developed for repurification of the Bolton-Hunter 125I-labeled hEGF. This provided a much purer radioligand suitable for detailed studies of receptor-binding heterogeneity.
Structure and expression of a gene encoding heat-shock protein Hsp70 from the Oomycete fungus Bremia lactucae

A gene encoding a protein homologous to a 70-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp70) was isolated from Bremia lactucae and its structure and pattern of expression were determined. This is the first report on the structure of a protein-coding gene from an Oomycete fungus. The cloned gene is a member of a small multigene family. The level of hsp70 mRNA in germlings increases from a low constitutive level in response to heat or cold treatment. A high level of the mRNA is also detected in spores. The hsp70 gene is expressed as a primary transcript of 2241 nucleotides (nt) and contains a continuous open reading frame of 2025 nt. Near the C terminus of the coding sequence is an unusual region that contains repeated enhancer-like sequences. This insert has not been described in other hsp70 genes and is not an intron. Upstream from the 5' terminus of the mRNA are multiple CCAAT motifs, a sequence similar to a consensus heat-shock regulatory element, and an A + T-rich putative 'TATA' box. A canonical polyadenylation recognition sequence is present downstream from the coding sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence is equally similar to yeast and maize Hsp70, providing further evidence of the dissimilarity between Oomycetes and true fungi. The cloning of this gene is part of our strategy to develop a transformation system for B. lactucae.
The development of admiralty jurisdiction and practice since 1800 : an English study with American comparisons

1. The Era of Stowell 2. The Court Resurgent 3. The fall of Doctors' commons 4. The Great Transition 5. The Court under common Lawyers 6. The Evolution of the Action in rem.
Determination of Charge Sensitivity of a Tunnel Diode Voltage Threshold Discriminator Used in Time Difference Measurements

The results of an investigation of the delay time variation of a tunnel diode (TD) threshold sensing discriminator are presented. These variations are a function of the square root of the input signal risetime and are accountable in terms of a charge sensitivity of the tunnel diode. A distinction is made between the charge sensitivity due to continuously rising signals and that due to short low energy pulses. A simple experimental method used for measuring the delay time variation as a function of the input signal risetime is described. The method is quite general and may be applied to any type of threshold discriminator. A theoretical model of the tunnel diode operating in the discriminator mode is developed. An equivalent circuit approach is used in this development by considering three phases of operation; before the TD reaches threshold, during the actual TD switching, and after the TD has fired. The model agrees with the experimental data, and it is concluded that the charge sensitivity model is a usefully valid concept which is applicable to the design and prediction of discriminator time-delay characteristics.
INCREASED INFECTIONS IN INFANTS OF OPIATE-ABUSING MOTHERS

Although it has been suspected that infants born of drug-addicted mothers have an increased incidence of infections, it has been unclear whether this is due to social factors, increased exposure to infectious agents, or effects of the addicting drugs. Three groups of infants were followed through one year of age, and the incidence of infection was evaluated. Group A infants (N=21) were delivered to women who used heroin intravenously, Group B infants (N=15) to women who abused nonopiate drugs orally and Group C infants (N=15) to women with no evidence of drug use. There was no difference in the three groups as to maternal age, education, race, income or cigarette use. More patients in Group A had an illness during the first year of life (18 of 21) compared to Group B (7 of 15) or Group C (8 of 15) (X2=7.08, p<.01).
Comparisons of EEG spectral and correlation measures between healthy term and preterm infants.

Continuous 12-hour electroencephalography (EEG)-sleep studies were acquired by a computerized monitoring system under environmentally controlled conditions for 2 groups of neonates. Eighteen health preterm infants at a postconceptional term age were matched to 18 term infants. These 2 groups were also matched for gender, race, and socioeconomic class. For the entire 12-hour recording, relative spectral power values (i.e., ratio of specific EEG power in specific frequency band compared to total EEG power) were significantly reduced in the preterm group for theta (P < or = .007), alpha (P < or = .001), and beta (P < or = .018) frequency bands, while delta remained unchanged. Correlations between 91 pairs of EEG channels were also calculated and the preterm infants had significantly higher correlation values in 27 of the 91 pairs of channels (P < .05); 14 interhemispheric, 8 intrahemispheric, and 5 sagittal combinations, while 3 intrahemispheric combinations were higher in the term group. Fewer functional neuronal aggregates generate less oscillatory potential (i.e., lower spectral power) in the theta through beta frequency ranges in the preterm infant, while greater cortical connectivity (i.e., higher correlations) exists in many brain regions by postconceptional term ages in this group. These findings suggest a functional alteration in brain development of the preterm infant as a result of prolonged extrauterine experience and/or prematurity.
Weyl points and line nodes in gyroid photonic crystals

Materials exhibiting three-dimensional (3D) linear dispersion relations between frequency and wavevector are expected to display a wide range of interesting phenomena. 3D linear point degeneracies between two bands (“Weyl points”) have yet to be observed. Based on analytical and numerical analysis, researchers predict Weyl point formation in 3D photonic crystals.
The Essence Of Business Marketing Theory, Research, and Tactics: Contributions from the Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing

ABSTRACT During its first thirteen years 1 of publication, this journal has been an innovative leader for topical development of business marketing literature. To mark this milestone, this special issue takes stock of the Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing (JBBM)—characterizing its growth and accomplishments as well as summarizing its contributions. The JBBM has published over 150 papers that have rich theoretical underpinnings. The JBBM's editorial position has been about access and this has been largely achieved through successful implementation of editorial policy, participation in Meet-the-Editors sessions, fostering geographically broad-based board appointments with stability, and publication of four special issues. This article provides an overview of the history of the Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing in the context of similar efforts by other lead journals. The dynamics of our editorial posture are subsequently examined with an eye toward how JBBM policy and procedures are formulat...
Low-threshold operation of an ultrashort-pulse mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser

We demonstrate low-pump-power operation of a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. Stable, sub-20-fs duration pulses, with output powers of 35–100 mW, were obtained for pump powers in the range of 400 mW–1 W. Our design uses a tight focusing geometry for both the argon-ion and Ti:sapphire beams within the Ti:sapphire crystal, which significantly reduces the pump-power requirements.
Wind, sun and temperature—Predicting the thermal comforf of people in outdoor spaces

Abstract We describe a procedure to predict the thermal comfort of people in outdoor spaces, and show its application in determining the effects of urban height and bulk regulations around public open space in downtown San Francisco. The procedure is based on a computer model of the human thermoregulatory system, run on a typical year's hourly climate data, to produce the number of hours, by time of day and season of year, that comfort or discomfort are to be expected. The climate data are synthesized to take into account the city's influence on wind and sunlight, and are distinct for each ground-level location. The wind influences are estimated from wind tunnel tests, and the sunlight availability from one of several types of shading analysis. This procedure was used to evaluate the effect of four different levels of potential development on seven major open spaces in the city. A number of design conclusions could be drawn from the results. For the climate of San Francisco, building-induced solar blockage nearly always influenced comfort more than wind acceleration caused by buildings. This finding will not necessarily hold in other climates. The new procedure allows a more sensitive analysis of building effects on comfort than wind analysis alone.