cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Measurement of Liquid Velocity and Oxygen Tension with Catheter-Tip Electrodes - The Dual Cathode Polarographic Method

The application of a dual-cathode catheter system to the simultaneous measurement of oxygen tension (pα) and velocity (V) has been studied under conditions similar to those in human arteries. The catheter tip contained a large silver electrode (16 mm2) and a small silver electrode (0.035 mm2) which were connected to a common polarizing power supply and external silver/silver chloride reference anode (774 mm2). The 2 mm diameter catheter was centered in a 6.4 mm diameter tube through which flow of buffered physiologic saline solution at various oxygen tensions from 154 to 736 torr was metered at velocities of 1-67 cm/s. At a fixed velocity, the limiting current outputs from both the small and large cathodes were linear with pα. Membrane-coated catheters exhibited velocity-insensitive outputs from the small cathode whenever V 5 cm/s. The large cathodes were always flow-sensitive, but the degree of sensitivity depended upon the membrane thickness. Experiments with bare large electrodes indicated that the greatest sensitivity possible with the present cathode geometry is a relative current increase of 124 percent over a velocity range of 5-67 cm/s.
Microscopy Using Optical Phase Conjugation In A Hybrid Analog/Digital System

We describe and illustrate a useful optical/electronic imaging technique that employs real-time holography and the phenomenon of optical phase conjugation. The technique is developed as method for coherent light microscopy in which images are produced which show gradients in optical phase retardation. The technique can also be used to produce images which contain only the moving elements of a phase object. We illustrate both applications of the techniques, the first with phase-gradient micrographs of common biological objects, and the second with images of a microscopic subject in which only elements characterized by intrinsic motions appear.
Loss of Object Recognition Memory Produced by Extended Access to Methamphetamine Self-Administration is Reversed by Positive Allosteric Modulation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5

Chronic methamphetamine (meth) abuse can lead to persisting cognitive deficits. Here, we utilized a long-access meth self-administration (SA) protocol to assess recognition memory and metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) expression, and the possible reversal of cognitive impairments with the mGluR5 allosteric modulator, 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) benzamide (CDPPB). Male, Long-Evans rats self-administered i.v. meth (0.02 mg/infusion) on an FR1 schedule of reinforcement or received yoked-saline infusions. After seven daily 1-h sessions, rats were switched to 6-h daily sessions for 14 days, and then underwent drug abstinence. Rats were tested for object recognition memory at 1 week after meth SA at 90 min and 24 h retention intervals. In a separate experiment, rats underwent the same protocol, but received either vehicle or CDPPB (30 mg/kg) after familiarization. Rats were killed on day 8 or 14 post-SA and brain tissue was obtained. Meth intake escalated over the extended access period. Additionally, meth-experienced rats showed deficits in both short- and long-term recognition memory, demonstrated by a lack of novel object exploration. The deficit at 90 min was reversed by CDPPB treatment. On day 8, meth intake during SA negatively correlated with mGluR expression in the perirhinal and prefrontal cortex, and mGluR5 receptor expression was decreased 14 days after discontinuation of meth. This effect was specific to mGluR5 levels in the perirhinal cortex, as no differences were identified in the hippocampus or in mGluR2/3 receptors. These results from a clinically-relevant animal model of addiction suggest that mGluR5 receptor modulation may be a potential treatment of cognitive dysfunction in meth addiction.
Novel Method of Laser Direct Writing for Precise Patterning of Human Dermal Fibroblasts

The ability to control a cell’s location, pattern geometry, and proximity to neighboring cells, in vitro, is highly desired to gain insight into cell-cell interactions, such as the modes of cellular signaling (direct cell contact, paracrine, or endocrine). A laser-based cell patterning technique, laser direct write, enables the precise spatial placement of living cells, with all the advantages of CAD/CAM control [1]. However, this technique is limited in usefulness due to the dependence on Matrigel® (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA). The growth factor constituents of Matrigel® may interfere with many cellular processes under investigation and may preclude or greatly limit the utility of laser direct writing for precise cell cultures [2]. Therefore, to address this limitation, the objective of this study was to develop a Matrigel®-free laser direct writing method. Through the use of customized gelatin coatings on both the ribbon and receiving substrate, we effectively adapted the direct write technique to precisely pattern cells without the use of Matrigel®, as demonstrated with human dermal fibroblasts. The gelatin partially encapsulates the trypsinized cells on the ribbon, providing a volitization zone to protect the cells, and on the receiving substrate cushions the impact of transfer while maintaining moisture. Gelatin liquefies at 37°C, which allows it to be removed from the growth surface ensuring cellular proliferation, uninhibited by growth surface treatments. This represents a fundamental change from the original direct write technique in which cells must first form initial attachments to the ribbon via Matrigel® and then are written to a Matrigel® coated receiving substrate for their sustained growth. Additionally, we have developed a method to monitor the location of the patterned cells post-transfer to show that a gelatin coated-receiving substrate is effective as a patterning surface and ensures the registry of the pattern until cell attachment, even after the gelatin has been removed with the first growth medium application. This precise patterning technique can now be used in many biomedical applications, including those that involve cell types highly sensitive to growth factors, such as stem cells and cancer cells.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Nuclear spin alignment of mass separated 69Ge isomers.

Isomeric $^{69}\mathrm{Ge}$ nuclei were populated by a heavy-ion reaction and separated by a recoil mass spectrometer. The nuclear spin alignment produced by the reaction and preserved through the separation process was studied for Ar-like q=+14 Ge recoils by observing the anisotropy of decay gamma rays. An ${A}_{2}$ coefficient of 0.029(14) was measured, corresponding to preservation of 15(8)% of the initial alignment. This result opens a new avenue in the study of nuclear static moments of long-lived isomers using recoil mass spectrometers.
MicroRNA, the putative molecular control for mid-life decline

In a society experiencing an accelerating increase in the middle- and old-age population, there is an urgent need to address age-dependent frailties by a paradigm shift, i.e. a new medical strategy to combat middle-age decline at the stage before incipient old-age problems develop into full-blown diseases. We suggest that a decline in cellular health status occurs at mid-life, and that this decline may involve a universal or system-specific programmatic shift of signaling control. This decline, although sub-clinical and asymptomatic, may precipitate increased risk of late-life diseases. The putative control for this mid-life cellular decline may be governed by a recently discovered group of molecular species, the microRNAs, small RNAs of ∼22 nucleotide bases. In general microRNAs, while themselves not coding for any protein product, negatively regulate the expression of target genes by either degrading their message or inhibiting translation by binding to their 3′-untranslated region (UTR). Thus, possible derailment of these negative regulators for gene expression in mid-life may be the putative force inducing molecular frailty in individual cell signaling, and in time leading to tissue-wide dysfunction. A challenge for future research is then to identify these dysfunctional microRNAs, in order to develop advance diagnosis and therapy to combat mid-life decline, a preventive medicine approach to block, delay or reduce the risk of old-age diseases.
Synthesis and Properties of Lanthanum Sodium Manganate Perovskites Crystals

Abstract Crystals up to 4 mm on the edge of sodium-substituted lanthanum manganates with the rhombohedral perovskite structure have been grown for the first time using fused salt electrolysis at 980–1000°C. Cs 2 MoO 4 –MoO 3 mixtures have been employed as solvents. Substitution of Na for La appears to be limited to about 12 at.%. All the phases prepared have an average Mn valence of 3.26(2) which is a result of decreasing A-site vacancies as the Na content is increased. The Curie and insulator–metal transition temperatures increase with increasing Na content with values of 300–320 K being observed for samples containing 10–12 at.% Na. Magnetoresistance values (5 T field) of ∼62% at 300 K with a maximum value of 76% at 280 K were observed for a sample of composition Na 0.099 La 0.889 Mn 0.996 O 3 .
Perceptual categories enable pattern generalization in songbirds.

Since Chomsky’s pioneering work on syntactic structures, comparative psychologists interested in the study of language evolution have targeted pattern complexity, using formal mathematical grammars, as the key to organizing language-relevant cognitive processes across species. This focus on formal syntactic complexity, however, often disregards the close interaction in real-world signals between the structure of a pattern and its constituent elements. Whether such features of natural auditory signals shape pattern generalization is unknown. In the present paper, we train birds to recognize differently patterned strings of natural signals (song motifs). Instead of focusing on the complexity of the overtly reinforced patterns, we ask how the perceptual groupings of pattern elements influence the generalization pattern knowledge. We find that learning and perception of training patterns is agnostic to the perceptual features of underlying elements. Surprisingly, however, these same features constrain the generalization of pattern knowledge, and thus its broader use. Our results demonstrate that the restricted focus of comparative language research on formal models of syntactic complexity is, at best, insufficient to understand pattern use.
Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter.

To the Editor: We wish to rectify several errors in our commentary, Antibiotics in Animal Feed and Spread of Resistant Campylobacter from Poultry to Humans (1). The fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin was approved in 1996 for therapeutic use by addition to drinking water upon the decision of a licensed veterinarian "for the control of mortality in chickens associated with Escherichia coli organisms and control of mortality in turkeys associated with E. coli and Pasteurella multocida organisms" (2). This therapeutic use was withdrawn (3) but is now under appeal. Initial approval and subsequent efforts to withdraw use of enrofloxacin in the United States parallel the earlier trend in Europe and specifically Denmark, where the use of antimicrobial agents as growth promoters has been banned (4). Enrofloxacin is not approved for prophylactic or growth promotion use in poultry feed as stated in our commentary and in the first section of the flowchart (1). However, when enrofloxacin is added to the drinking water of poultry, large numbers of both ill and healthy animals are exposed to the agent (5). Although extra-label use of enrofloxacin is prohibited, microbiologic culture of either of the cited bacteria is not required before administration (2). Despite the restrictions on enrofloxacin use, emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species, with poultry as an important source, has been documented in the United States (5,6). Thus the decision to withdraw therapeutic use of enrofloxacin (3) was warranted. Therefore, our conclusion remains: use of enrofloxacin in poultry materially contributed to increase in human infection by fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species. Given the above, our commentary should have been entitled Use of Antibiotics in the Poultry Industry and Spread of Resistant Campylobacter to Humans. We regret the errors and hope we have clarified this issue.
Application of Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Fingerprinting to Detect Genetic Variation in Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata)

Abstract Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) is a Kansas statewide noxious weed that is spreading at an alarming rate. The genetic variation among different populations of this plant was investigated using the methodology of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Samples of sericea lespedeza were obtained at distinct sites throughout eastern Kansas and total DNA prepared from each. Four arbitrary primers were used individually in a RAPD-PCR and the combined amplification patterns used to generate a dendrogram. Sixteen plants from nine different populations were grouped into nine unique genotypic groupings using this method. These data indicate that significant genetic variation exists among the different populations of sericea lespedeza examined and that RAPD-PCR is a valid and reproducible means for the detection of these differences.
Differential Suppression of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Receptor Genes in ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple by Preharvest and Postharvest 1-MCP Treatments

Harvista™, a sprayable formulation of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), has recently been developed for preharvest use on horticultural products, whereas SmartFresh™ is a widely used 1-MCP treatment for products after harvest. The effects of Harvista™ on apple fruit ripening when sprayed at different maturities and on expression patterns of ethylene biosynthesis and receptor genes during storage have been investigated. Harvista™ applied to on-tree maturing apple fruit at an average starch pattern index of 2.5 resulted in a higher at-harvest firmness value compared with those treated at a starch pattern index of 1.5 and 3.5. This indicates that the timing of the Harvista™ application is critical. An application of Harvista™ led to better postharvest fruit firmness retention as well as reduced ethylene production. In addition, both preharvest and postharvest 1-MCP treatments resulted in contrasting responses in the expression patterns of two ethylene biosynthesis genes and in differentially suppressing effects on four ethylene receptor genes. Furthermore, the combined application of Harvista™ + SmartFresh™ resulted in greater fruit firmness retention and longer ethylene suppression. The expression profiles of these genes during on-tree fruit maturation prior to Harvista™ application were also characterized. Different regulation patterns of receptor genes could contribute to differential effects by 1-MCP treatments. The potential roles of Harvista™ to manipulate the ripening process as well as the molecular mechanism influencing 1-MCP treatment efficacy are discussed.
Activity–Composition Relations in Refractory Oxide Solid Solutions at High Temperatures: The System Cr2O3–Al2O3

Activity–composition relations in Al2O3–Cr2O3 solid solutions at 1500° and 1600°C were determined by equilibrating members of this solid-solution series with Mo–Cr alloys of known activity–composition relations and a gas phase of known oxygen potentials. The oxide solid solution shows considerable positive deviation from ideality.
Downscaling large-scale NCEP CFS to resolve fine-scale seasonal precipitation and extremes for the crop growing seasons over the southeastern United States

Seasonally predicted precipitation at a resolution of 2.5° was statistically downscaled to a fine spatial scale of ~20 km over the southeastern United States. The downscaling was conducted for spring and summer, when the fine-scale prediction of precipitation is typically very challenging in this region. We obtained the global model precipitation for downscaling from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/Climate Forecast System (NCEP/CFS) retrospective forecasts. Ten member integration data with time-lagged initial conditions centered on mid- or late February each year were used for downscaling, covering the period from 1987 to 2005. The primary techniques involved in downscaling are Cyclostationary Empirical Orthogonal Function (CSEOF) analysis, multiple regression, and stochastic time series generation. Trained with observations and CFS data, CSEOF and multiple regression facilitated the identification of the statistical relationship between coarse-scale and fine-scale climate variability, leading to improved prediction of climate at a fine resolution. Downscaled precipitation produced seasonal and annual patterns that closely resemble the fine resolution observations. Prediction of long-term variation within two decades was improved by the downscaling in terms of variance, root mean square error, and correlation. Relative to the coarsely resolved unskillful CFS forecasts, the proposed downscaling drove a significant reduction in wet biases, and correlation increased by 0.1–0.5. Categorical predictability of seasonal precipitation and extremes (frequency of heavy rainfall days), measured with the Heidke skill score (HSS), was also improved by the downscaling. For instance, domain averaged HSS for two category predictability by the downscaling are at least 0.20, while the scores by the CFS are near zero and never exceed 0.1. On the other hand, prediction of the frequency of subseasonal dry spells showed limited improvement over half of the Georgia and Alabama region.
Calibration of prism spectrometers in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared regions

Emission line spectra of the elements Hg, Cd, Zn, He, Ne and Rb were used in the development of a precise and comprehensive calibration procedure for the fused silica and DF-2 glass prisms covering the range 0.194 μ < λ< 2.33 μ and 0.365 μ < λ < 2.33 μ, respectively. Spectrograms of the emission lines are presented together with experimental conditions necessary to reproduce them, the photon energy and vacuum wavelength of each identified line, as well as other pertinent information. Since the emission lines are very narrow and their wavelength values are accurately known, the precision of the method is determined only by the experimental uncertainty in obtaining the corresponding spectrometer drum readings. Data are reported for 233 lines observed with the fused silica prism and for 341 lines with the DF-2 glass prism. The observations were made with a Perkin-Elmer Model 13-U single-pass spectrometer using Osram spectral lamps. The detectors used were the RCA photomultiplier type 7200 for the ultraviolet and visible regions, the type 1P21 for the visible region (in which it has a better SN ratio than the 7200), and the PbS photoconductive detector for the near infrared. A discussion of experimental aspects is presented including details on spectrometer arrangements and problems of technique. In addition, a procedure was developed to provide a definitive and precise method for plotting the final calibration curves in terms of photon energy versus spectrometer drum reading, based on a modification and extension of the empirical relationship of McKinney and Friedel. A detailed description of the adaptation and the application of this procedure is given, together with the modified equation and typical values of its constants pertinent to each prism.
The expression of I-Ed molecules in F1 hybrid mice detected with antigen-specific, I-Ed-restricted cloned T-cell lines

The expression of polymorphic determinants on I-E molecules is largely dependent on allelic variation in the E β chain. We have previously analyzed the expression of E β k and E β b chains in F1 hybrid mice by a combination of techniques, and have shown that functional variation detected by the responsiveness of cloned T-cell lines specific for these molecules correlates well with serological determination of E β expression. In the present study, we have extended our analysis to E β d expression in F1 hybrid mice. We show that E β d is relatively poorly expressed in three F1 combinations: H-2d× H-2b, H-2d× H-2s, and H-2d× H-2u. The former two crosses express E α chains from the H-2dparent only; when recombinant strains carrying E β b or E β s and an active E α gene are used, E β d expression is significantly increased. On the other hand, H-2umice synthesize E α chains; the poor expression of E β d chains in this F1 hybrid apparently reflects the strong preferential association of E β u chains with all E α molecules thus far analyzed. These results confirm that E β chains compete for binding to E α chains and that preferential association of different allelic forms of E β chains with E α chains is a generalized phenomenon. They also illustrate the importance of the rate of biosynthesis of Ia chains for cell-surface expression.
Monetizing illness: the influence of disability assistance priming on how we evaluate the health symptoms of others.

Abstract For low-income families in the United States disability assistance has emerged as a critical income support program in the post-welfare reform era. This article explores how this monetization of illness—tying receipt of government assistance to a physical or mental condition—influences how individuals evaluate the severity of another individual's health symptoms. Using data collected through a nationally representative survey experiment of adults in the United States (n = 1005) in May 2013, I find that respondents who are primed to consider the existence of disability assistance are less likely to rate the symptoms described in a hypothetical vignette as severe relative to the control group. I find evidence that this effect holds for both physical (back pain) and mental (depression) conditions for adults and behavioral conditions (ADHD) in children. Moreover, respondents in the experimental group were more likely to blame the individual for her health condition and this measure was found to partially mediate the effect of the disability assistance prime. These findings have important implications for researchers, policymakers and medical practitioners by illustrating how premising state assistance on a health condition may in turn shape how individuals evaluate the health symptoms of others.
An Integrated Computer Based Technical Processing System in a Small College Library

A functioning technical processing system in a two-year community college library utilizes a model 2201 Friden Flexowriter with punch card control and tab card reading units, an IBM 026 Key Punch, and an IBM 1440 computer, with two tape and two disc drives, to produce all acquisitions and catalog files based primarily on a single typing at the time of initiating an order. Records generated by the initial order, with slight updating of information, are used to produce, via computer, manual and mechanized order files and shelf lists, catalogs in both the traditional 3x5 card form and book form, mechanized claiming of unfilled orders, and subject bibliographies.
Teaching & Learning Guide for: Looking East: East Central European ‘Borderlands’ in German History and Historiography

Focus Questions 1 How does the history of East Central European borderlands complicate traditional links (in both scholarship and politics) between nationality, ethnicity, language, and citizenship? 2 Historians, as the article suggests, are increasingly interested in ‘transnational’ history, or histories which seem to transcend national borders and nationalist frameworks. In the case of German history, does this trend seem more likely to ‘normalize’ Germany’s past, downplaying the role of the Holocaust, or to emphasize so-called German ‘peculiarities’ or ‘pathologies’? Author Recommends * Rogers Brubaker, Ethnicity Without Groups (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004). This collection of theoretical essays suggests some of the dangers of what Brubaker calls ‘groupism’ in the social sciences-assuming that historical subjects belonged to collectives they would not necessarily have identified with themselves. * Jeremy King, Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003). A study of the relationships and intersections between local, imperial, and national loyalties in one Bohemian town between 1848–1948. King challenges many traditional assumptions about the development of nationalist politics in East Central Europe, particularly the idea that ‘ethnicities’ came before ‘nations.’ He shows how national affiliation in the Bohemian Lands typically reflected political choices rather than pre-existing ethnic or cultural differences. Also excellent as a general narrative of East Central European political history in the 19th and 20th centuries. * Pieter Judson, Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontier of Imperial Austria (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007). Judson’s study of nationalist activism on the so-called ‘language frontiers’ of East Central Europe offers a challenge to traditional accounts of East Central European history as a story of escalating nationalist conflict which culminated in ethnic cleansing. This book focuses on the failures and frustrations of nationalist activists as they mobilized to make loyal nationalist activists out of local populations which were often bilingual, nationally ambivalent, or completely indifferent to nationalism. * Thomas Bender (ed.), Rethinking American History in a Global Age (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002). This collection of essays situates American history in a global or transnational context. It includes both theoretical reflections on the value of transnational or global history and examples of what such a history might look like in practice. Online Materials 1. Integrated History http://www.einaudi.cornell.edu/europe/integrated_history/contact.asp An online archive of primary sources on the history of East-Central Europe for educators, students, and scholars. 2. American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies http://www.library.uiuc.edu/absees/ Searchable bibliography of academic works published on Eastern Europe since 1990.
Isolation of a Caffeine-Resistant Mutant of Aspergillus parasiticus

A caffeine-resistant mutant of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 was isolated and subsequently designated strain BCR1. The mutant strain grew in the presence of > 8 mg/mL caffeine, while growth of the parent strain was delayed by 1 mg/mL and inhibited by 2 mg/mL. Strain BCR1 produced abundant amounts of aflatoxin only when cultured in media containing caffeine. Residual caffeine analyses indicated that caffeine-resistance in BCR1 was not due to the metabolic elimination of caffeine.
Chelation of Zinc By Bis-Diamine During Conotruncal Septation in Rat Embryos Is Associated with Apoptosis of Neural Crest Cells † 122

Chelation of Zinc By Bis-Diamine During Conotruncal Septation in Rat Embryos Is Associated with Apoptosis of Neural Crest Cells † 122
Development of a broadband reflectivity diagnostic for laser driven shock compression experiments

A normal-incidence visible and near-infrared shock wave optical reflectivity diagnostic was constructed to investigate changes in the optical properties of materials under dynamic laser compression. Documenting wavelength- and time-dependent changes in the optical properties of laser-shock compressed samples has been difficult, primarily due to the small sample sizes and short time scales involved, but we succeeded in doing so by broadening a series of time delayed 800-nm pulses from an ultrafast Ti:sapphire laser to generate high-intensity broadband light at nanosecond time scales. This diagnostic was demonstrated over the wavelength range 450–1150 nm with up to 16 time displaced spectra during a single shock experiment. Simultaneous off-normal incidence velocity interferometry (velocity interferometer system for any reflector) characterized the sample under laser-compression and also provided an independent reflectivity measurement at 532 nm wavelength. The shock-driven semiconductor-to-metallic transition in germanium was documented by the way of reflectivity measurements with 0.5 ns time resolution and a wavelength resolution of 10 nm.
Population Based Analysis of the Increasing Incidence of Kidney Cancer in the United States: Evaluation of Age Specific Trends From 1975 to 2006

Purpose: An increase in kidney cancer was reported in the United States but overall rates may obscure trends in age specific groups. We explored whether the increase in kidney cancer incidence differs across age groups.Materials and Methods: We ascertained the 63,843 incident renal cancer cases in SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) cancer registries for 1975 to 2006. Yearly incidence rates of renal cancer were calculated and stratified by age group. Age specific trends in cancer diagnosis were evaluated by Poisson regression.Results: From 1975 to 2006 the overall age adjusted renal cancer incidence increased 238% from 7.4/100,000 to 17.6/100,000 adults. From 1991 to 2006 the mean age at diagnosis decreased from 64.7 to 62.7 years and the proportion of patients diagnosed before age 65 years increased from 45.9% to 55.3%. Age specific incidence rates of renal cancer increased in all age groups from 1975 to 2006 (p <0.0001). However, the rates changed at different rates. Overall renal cancer d...
Residual stresses and their effects on deformation

Residual stresses induced by thermal expansion mismatch in metal-matrix composites are studied by three-dimensional (3-D) elastic-plastic finite element analyses. Typically, the stress-free state is 150 to 300 K above room temperature. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the matrix is 3 to 5 times larger than that of the ceramic inclusion, resulting in compressive stresses of order 200 MPa in the inclusions. Both compressive and tensile stresses can be found in the matrix. Since the stress may exceed the matrix yield strength near the particles, plastic flow occurs. The authors find a significant influence of this flow on the elastic and plastic properties of the composite. The calculated residual strains in TiC particles due to thermal expansion mismatch and external loads compare well with recent neutron diffraction experiments (Bourkeet al.) The present work is the first reported three-dimensional analysis of spherical inclusions in different arrays (simple cubic (sc) and face-centered cubic (fcc)) that permit a study of particle interactions.
The nucleus tractus solitarius: a portal for visceral afferent signal processing, energy status assessment and integration of their combined effects on food intake

For humans and animal models alike there is general agreement that the central nervous system processing of gastrointestinal (GI) signals arising from ingested food provides the principal determinant of the size of meals and their frequency. Despite this, relatively few studies are aimed at delineating the brain circuits, neurochemical pathways and intracellular signals that mediate GI-stimulation-induced intake inhibition. Two additional motivations to pursue these circuits and signals have recently arisen. First, the success of gastric-bypass surgery in obesity treatment is highlighting roles for GI signals such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in intake and energy balance control. Second, accumulating data suggest that the intake-reducing effects of leptin may be mediated through an amplification of the intake-inhibitory effects of GI signals. Experiments reviewed show that: (1) the intake-suppressive effects of a peripherally administered GLP-1 receptor agonist is mediated by caudal brainstem neurons and that forebrain-hypothalamic neural processing is not necessary for this effect; (2) a population of medial nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons that are responsive to gastric distention is also driven by leptin; (3) caudal brainstem-targeted leptin amplifies the food-intake-inhibitory effects of gastric distention and intestinal nutrient stimulation; (4) adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in NTS-enriched brain lysates is elevated by food deprivation and reduced by refeeding and (5) the intake-suppressive effect of hindbrain-directed leptin is reversed by elevating hindbrain AMPK activity. Overall, data support the view that the NTS and circuits within the hindbrain mediate the intake inhibition of GI signals, and that the effects of leptin on food intake result from the amplification of GI signal processing.
Electrophilic aromatic prenylation via cascade cyclization.

Abstract To gain access to prenylated hexahydroxanthenes, tandem cascade cyclization–electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions have been studied on substrates bearing allylic and propargylic substituents. Both BF 3 ·OEt 2 and TMSOTf can be used to initiate this reaction sequence, resulting in different ratios of the C-2 and C-6 substitution products. Even though allylic transposition is observed in some cases, the results of a crossover experiment are consistent with an intramolecular reaction sequence. Taken together, these studies now allow preparation of either the C-2 or C-6 prenylated hexahydroxanthene products.
A Test of Bycatch Reduction Devices on Commercial Crab Pots in a Tidal Marsh Creek in Virginia

The effectiveness of bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) on commercial pots designed to capture blue crabs Callinectes sapidus was tested in the York River on Felgates Creek (37.2667 N, −76.5850 W) over the period 4 June through 31 July 2009. For each of 10 pairs of pots, one had BRDs affixed to all four entrance gapes and the other had none. Pots were baited approximately once each week but were sampled for blue crabs and bycatch 6 of 7 days each week for the duration of the study. More than one fourth of 1,643 total crabs were caught on the first day after baiting, and for these 7 days, no statistical difference was detected between either the number or size of legal-size crabs caught in BRD versus non-BRD pots. Of 51 Malaclemys terrapin and 44 fish caught as bycatch throughout the study, all but three fish were captured in non-BRD pots. BRDs exclude bycatch and may reduce incidental mortality of crabs in pots that are not tended regularly.
A New Assay to Screen for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using the Tumor Marker Metallopanstimulin

OBJECTIVE: To date, no serologic marker has proven effective as a diagnostic test for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Levels of metallopanstimulin (MPS), as measured by a difficult to reproduce radioimmunoassay, are significantly elevated in untreated HNSCC patients. Our objective was to develop a simpler MPS assay.METHODS: Serum was obtained from HNSCC patients through Institutional Review Board approved protocols at the Penn State University College of Medicine and healthy volunteers donating blood at the hospital blood bank from 2000 to present. Serum MPS was immunoprecipitated, slot blotted, and Western blotted. MPS levels were quantified by densitometry.RESULTS: Forty-eight blood donors and 45 known HNSCC patients were studied. The MPS level was 14 ng/mL ± 1 (SEM) for blood donors and 36 ng/mL ± 3 (SEM) for known HNSCC patients. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Slot blot analysis of MPS is a safe, effective, and reproducible assay that may be used t...
Intermittent Light and Restricted Feeding of Broiler Chickens

Abstract A light control study in conjunction with feed restriction was conducted with 1600 meat-type chickens housed in 32 pens with sexes separate. All groups received continuous light of 50 lux for the first 7 days. Light intensity was reduced at weekly intervals to 3 lux at 4 weeks of age which was maintained to 8 weeks. Four light treatments were utilized. CL (continuous light); 1:2 (hours light: dark); .25:1.75; and DLR (decreasing light ratio as follows: 2:1 from 8 to 14 days, 1.5:2.5 from 15 to 21 days, 1:2 from 22 to 28 days, .5:2.5 from 29 to 42 days, .25:1.75 from 43 to 56 days). Feed treatments were full-fed and restricted (85% of full-fed from 15 to 42 days). No differences between light regimes for 8-week body weight of females were noted; however, the males under 1:2 were heavier than CL and DLR regime males. Poorer feed efficiency was noted with CL in females and also when compared to DLR with males. No differences in dressing percentages were noted between light treatments. Intermittent light groups tended toward more abdominal fat, especially in the females. During the period of feed restriction (14 to 42 days) greater gains and better feed efficiencies were noted for the full-fed groups than for the restricted groups; however, from 43 to 56 days when all were full-fed this was reversed. Dressing percentage was greater with less abdominal fat for full-fed males than for restricted. Broilers subjected to the restricted feed treatment exhibited considerable compensatory growth, however, 8-week body weights were significantly reduced.
A two-dimensional, time-dependent model of suspended sediment transport and bed reworking for continental shelves

Abstract A two-dimensional, time-dependent solution to the transport equation is formulated to account for advection and diffusion of sediment suspended in the bottom boundary layer of continental shelves. This model utilizes a semi-implicit, upwind-differencing scheme to solve the advection–diffusion equation across a two-dimensional transect that is configured so that one dimension is the vertical, and the other is a horizontal dimension usually aligned perpendicular to shelf bathymetry. The model calculates suspended sediment concentration and flux; and requires as input wave properties, current velocities, sediment size distributions, and hydrodynamic sediment properties. From the calculated two-dimensional suspended sediment fluxes, we quantify the redistribution of shelf sediment, bed erosion, and deposition for several sediment sizes during resuspension events. The two-dimensional, time-dependent approach directly accounts for cross-shelf gradients in bed shear stress and sediment properties, as well as transport that occurs before steady-state suspended sediment concentrations have been attained. By including the vertical dimension in the calculations, we avoid depth-averaging suspended sediment concentrations and fluxes, and directly account for differences in transport rates and directions for fine and coarse sediment in the bottom boundary layer. A flux condition is used as the bottom boundary condition for the transport equation in order to capture time-dependence of the suspended sediment field. Model calculations demonstrate the significance of both time-dependent and spatial terms on transport and depositional patterns on continental shelves.
Studies on the thermotropic behavior of aqueous phosphatidylethanolamines

Abstract The thermal response of aqueous dispersions of a series of synthetic saturated phosphatidylethanolamines was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and by infrared spectroscopy. Dispersions which had not been previously heated above t m , the temperature of the gel to liquid crystalline transition, showed transitions at a higher temperature, t m + h , having a considerably greater enthalpy change. It is demonstrated that the higher temperature transition is due to the simultaneous hydration and acyl chain melting of these saturated phosphatidylethanolamines. This transition has not been observed in the corresponding phosphatidylcholines.
Measured performance of an Ethernet local network

The Ethernet communications network is a broadcast, multiaccess system for local computer networking, using the techniques of carrier sense and collision detection. Recently we have measured the actual performance and error characteristics of an existing Ethernet installation which provides communications services to over 120 directly connected hosts.This paper is a report on some of those measurements—characterizing “typical” traffic characteristics in this environment and demonstrating that the system works very well. About 300 million bytes traverse the network daily; under normal load, latency and error rates are extremely low and there are very few collisions. Under extremely heavy load—artificially generated—the system shows stable behavior, and channel utilization approaches 98 percent, as predicted.
Current Thoughts on the Role of Mitochondria and Free Radicals in the Biology of Aging

THE charge of this discussion group was to assess what we know about the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging and to determine potential directions for future research in this area. The Free Radical or Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging posed by Harman (1) just more than 50 years ago has been one of the leading and most studied theories in aging research. The basis of this theory is that free radical species generated by normal cellular processes translate to gradual and cumulative damage over the life span of an organism and contribute to age-related declines in physiological function and an increase in age-related pathologies. Despite the attractive and logical nature of this tenet, the existing evidence in support of the role of oxidative stress in aging remains essentially correlative. In addition, some recent studies using transgenic and knockout mouse models have provided data that do not support the theory as originally stated. For example, mice deficient in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) show increased oxidative damage to DNA, increased pathology, and yet no reduction in life span (2). Likewise, a number of other mouse models with increased or reduced levels of key antioxidant enzymes do not show changes in life span (3-5; Y. Zhang et al., in preparation). Part of the reason for the lack of conclusive evidence in support of this theory is that experimental approaches to date have not provided clear proof or tests of the principles underlying the theory. Below, we discuss some potential problems that may have contributed to the lack of conclusive evidence in this area to date, and we suggest strategies to more definitely investigate the role of oxidative stress in aging.
Anatomy, locomotion and ontogeny of the solute Castericystis vali from the Middle Cambrian of Utah

Abstract Castericystis vali Ubaghs & Robison is a solute from the Middle Cambrian Marjum Formation of Utah, USA. Ithad a flattened ovoid head, a locomotory tail and a feeding arm. The tail has three sections: a flexible fore-tail, a transitional mid-tail and a stiff assymetrical hind-tail with a horizontal keel. Experiments with working models show that locomotion was by alternate right and left flexion of the fore-tail. Ventrally directed spines on the left side of the lower surface of the tail gripped the sediment when moving, and may have anchored C. vali when resting. Some specimens of C. vali have juveniles attached mainly to the distal hind-tail. This recalls the appearance of the Recent pterobranch hemichordate Cephalodiscus with juveniles budding from the distal end of the stalk. The ontogeny of C. vali resembles that of Cephalodiscus in that the proportions of the head, arm and stalk or tail change in a similar sequence during the development of both taxa.
Acute diarrheal disease caused by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Colombia

Intestinal Escherichia coli pathogens are leading causes of acute diarrheal disease in children less than 5 years in Latin America, Africa and Asia and a leading cause of death in children living in poorest communities in Africa and South East Asia. Studies on the role of E. coli pathogens in childhood diarrhea in Colombia and other countries in Latin America are limited due to the lack of detection assays in clinical laboratories at the main urban medical centers. Recent studies report that enterotoxigenic E. coli is the most common E. coli pathogens associated with diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age. Other E. coli pathotypes have been detected in children with diarrhea including enteropathogenic, enteroaggregative, shiga-toxin producing and diffusely adherent E. coli. It was also found that meat and vegetables at retail stores are contaminated with Shiga-toxin producing E. coli and enteroaggregative E. coli, suggesting that food products are involved in transmission and infection of the susceptible host. More studies are necessary to evaluate the mechanisms of transmission, the impact on the epidemiology of diarrheal disease, and management strategies and prevention of these pathogens affecting the pediatric population in Colombia.
The phenomenological problem of sense data in perception : Aron Gurwitsch and Edmund Husserl on the doctrine of hyletic data

In this article, I will discuss Aron Gurwitsch's criticism of Edmund Husserl's theory of hyletic data. First, Husserl's doctrine will be summarized in its earliest complete formulation. It will then be seen that Gur witsch's problem with this doctrine is primarily due to his acceptance of gestalt theoretic or ganization. He conceives of hyletic data as being a kind of formless stuff that undergoes organization by morphetic components of the noesis, which represents a dualism in percep tion. Instead, Gurwitsch wants to show us that the organization of these contents is autoch thonous. I will consider Gurwitsch's criticism against Husserl's own writings, and especially those that were not available to Gurwitsch. It will be seen that Husserl continues to develop this doctrine and that it very interestingly un dergoes a kind of noematization and exhibits certain displays of autochthonous organization that in the end are not far from Gurwitsch's own conception of these affairs.
EFFECT OF THYROTROPHIN ON IN VIVO THYROID UPTAKE OF LABELLED TYROSINE, ARGININE AND IODINE IN THE CHICK.

SummaryThe effect of TSH on the iodine, tyrosine, and arginine uptake by the thyroid gland was studied. The results of TSH stimulation revealed greater than a two-fold increase in uptake of all materials studied. A correlation between the TSH stimulated uptakes of tyrosine and arginine was observed; however, there was poor correlation between the tyrosine and I125 uptakes. This study has demonstrated a definite in vivo increase in the amount of radioactive tyrosine and arginine in the TSH stimulated thyroid gland. These results support the hypothesis that TSH may be controlling the rate of protein synthesis in the thyroid gland, in addition to its effect on hormone production.
Malcolm X and/as Critical Theory Philosophy, Radical Politics, and the African American Search for Social Justice

The principle objective of this article is to examine Malcolm X as a critical theorist. Malcolm is viewed as a significant contributor to the Africana tradition of critical theory as articulated by several Africana Studies scholars and Africana philosophers in specific. This article argues that Malcolm's social and political philosophy provides radical theorists with a new paradigm and point of departure for developing an Africana critical theory of contemporary society.
Mating system and paternity in woodchucks (Marmota monax)

Using genetic analyses, researchers have reported multiple paternity in many mammals, including ground-dwelling sciurids. Within the marmots, however, genetic mating systems have been described for relatively few species, and multiple paternity has been documented only in alpine marmots (Marmota marmota), a highly social, cooperative breeder. We used microsatellite markers to examine paternity and to describe the mating system of woodchucks (M. monax), whose social organization lies at the opposite end of the continuum from alpine marmots. We could assign paternity to 55% of juveniles. Multiple paternity occurred in 63% of litters, with up to 4 males siring offspring within a litter. Mates generally were not closely related, although relatedness calculations suggested that some pairs included close kin. Females and their mates typically lived near each other and shared portions of their home ranges. Overall, woodchucks in this natural population could be classified as genetically promiscuous. Both males and females can benefit from acquiring additional mates; however, the benefits of multiple female mating deserve further study.