cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Adolescent With Fever, Jaundice, and Abdominal Pain: An Unusual Presentation of Kawasaki Disease

A 16-year-old boy presented with a 6-day history of fevers and myalgias and a 4-day history of diffuse crampy abdominal pain. On admission, his sclerae were icteric and he had diffuse abdominal tenderness. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated to 40; the γ-glutamyl transferase level was elevated to 168 U/L; indirect bilirubin was 5.6 mg/dL; and direct bilirubin was 3.3 mg/dL. During the next 2 days, he developed many stigmata of Kawasaki disease (KD), including conjunctivitis, desquamating rash, mucosal changes, swelling of the hands and feet, and lymphadenopathy. KD is commonly seen in young children but can also occur in adolescents and adults. Providers should be aware that these age-groups are at risk for KD and may present with atypical symptoms. Delays in diagnosis can put these adolescents at increased risk of coronary artery aneurysms, and, accordingly, a high index of suspicion is essential.
Methods and tools for sustainable process design

After overcoming its earlier denial of negative environmental impacts, the chemical industry has been working toward enhancing its sustainability. Early efforts focused on reducing pollution from individual processes, while today, the focus is on reducing impacts throughout the life cycle. Current methods for sustainable process design solve large multiobjective optimization problems, and attempt to consider economic, environmental and social aspects. This paper provides an overview of recent developments in sustainable process design and its applications. These methods use the latest advances in process systems engineering, but are lagging in their use of advances in Sustainable Engineering. More work is needed for considering impacts over the full life cycle boundary, and to ensure that sustainable designs do not exceed nature's capacity to provide the needed ecosystem goods and services.
Michael Cusanovich: a man of many talents and interests

How does one perform two or more independent tasks, each crucial and time-constrained, simultaneously? That was usual with Mike. He was often solving scientific, technical, and administrative problems with colleagues on the phone while working on his dual-screened computer, one for the project at hand and the other for his daily schedule. To us, there were seemingly not enough hours in the day to do all the work for which he volunteered. His solution was to sleep less. He would typically come into the lab about 6 AM, working at his computer and leaving for his first meeting at about 7 or 8. As the quintessential problem solver, there would be a succession of meetings with faculty, staff, and students and between, he would be writing, revising, or reviewing manuscripts, Emails, lectures, or proposals. He did not eat lunch, but worked straight through until 5 PM when he would finally head for home. A typical day would include four meetings, sometimes less, but often more. He was involved in everything on campus. He taught a large class in biochemistry, served on the faculty senate, chaired a senate watchdog committee called the Committee of Eleven, assisted in restructuring undergraduate education, and served as faculty and research advisor to many undergraduate, graduate, and postdoc students. At various periods, he was Vice President for Research (10 years), interim Provost, Chair of Bioindustry of Southern Arizona, and Director of Arizona Research Laboratories (22 years), and maintained an active research lab throughout. In 1980, he also took a leave of absence to serve as a program director at the National Science Foundation. In 2005, he was awarded the highest academic honor at UA, that of Regents Professor. The routine was the same after his ‘‘official’’ retirement in 2008. Mike was born in Los Angeles California, March 2, 1942. Mike’s father was a California State Senator from a largely Republican district and his mother a public school teacher. On his mothers side, he was descended from the Donner Party of pioneers, perhaps that is where he got his tenacity. He attended public schools, graduating at age 17, and then accepted admission to the University of The Pacific on a tennis scholarship. He was an outstanding athlete. Without knowing, I once challenged him to a game, but was thoroughly trounced. I tried again with racquetball where I was more proficient, but with the same result. I learned that Mike would not accept defeat. While an undergraduate, he had a number of summer jobs, including preparation of solid rocket fuel. While mixing the fuel, dry Santa Ana winds caused a buildup of static electricity resulting in an explosion giving him severe burns over half his body. T. Meyer (&) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA e-mail: temeyer@u.arizona.edu
Kinetic processes in undercooled melts

In the examination of metastable undercooled liquids, a thermodynamic analysis can often provide insight into the range of structural and compositional options that are possible either as precursor reactions in a liquid or as solidification products. The thermodynamic analysis also provides an important basis for the examination of nucleation energetics. The numerous examples of metastable phase formation during solidification of undercooled melts demonstrates that the actual product selection is dominated by kinetics. In fact, the observation of undercooling is linked to a kinetic control. Under most conditions the onset of nucleation and the level of undercooling are controlled by heterogeneous catalysis. Other forms of kinetic control can be identified during rapid quenching and involve constrained growth of solid phases. In both cases, a kinetic competition exists that is essential in the understanding of phase selection which may be modified by the thermal and processing history. With heterogeneous nucleation, the analysis requires a clear identification and description of the multiplicity of sites and the hierarchy of potency. In undercooled liquids, the heterogeneous nucleation behavior and metastable phase diagrams provide an effective basis for analysis of kinetic transitions. Throughout the analysis of kinetic processes, well-defined experiments and physically realistic models are essential in revealing the controlling mechanisms.
Colloidal au/linker molecule multilayer films : Low-temperature thermal coalescence and resistance changes

A decrease in the resistance of colloidal Au multilayer films, fabricated by the layer-by-layer assembly process on flexible polymer substrates, was observed upon heating. This decrease occurs because of the oxidation and desorption of the linker molecules from the film, leading to a coalescence of the Au particles, thus forming more conducting pathways. Three linker molecules: 2-mercaptoethanol (ME), 1,6-hexanedithiol (HD), and 1,10-decanedithiol (DD), having different lengths, were chosen for the fabrication of the films. The initial resistance of the films was considerably different for the three linker molecules, 50 Ω, 1 MΩ, and >100 MΩ, respectively. The films were heated at three different temperatures: 120, 160, and 180 °C. The resistance of the films was found to be a strong function of the time and temperature of heating. After heating for sufficiently long times or at higher temperatures, the resistance of the ME film decreased to 5 Ω and to about 50 Ω for the HD and DD films. The lowest resis...
The CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 enhances stimulus-induced activation of the primary somatosensory cortex of the rat.

Abstract Several recent studies have demonstrated a neuromodulatory role for endocannabinoids via their ability to act as retrograde inhibitors of synaptic neurotransmission. We utilized the functional hyperemic response to controlled whisker stimulation to determine whether endogenous cannabinoids modulate synaptic transmission within the primary somatosensory cortex of rats. As previously demonstrated, whisker-stimulation resulted in a robust hyperemic response measured using laser Doppler flowmetry within the whisker barrel cortex. Administration of the CB 1 receptor antagonist, SR141716 (1 mg/kg i.v.), significantly potentiated the functional hyperemic response to whisker-stimulation, while having no effect on basal blood flow within the whisker barrel cortex. These data suggest that suppression of endogenous cannabinergic neurotransmission results in increased cortical activity in response to physiological sensory stimulation.
Epicutaneous antigen potently primes for multiple systemic allergic responses

Abstract Rationale Epidemiologic studies have suggested that the skin is an early entry point for antigen sensitization as suggested by the frequent occurrence of allergic dermatitis (AD) prior to the development of allergic disorders. We therefore hypothesized that epicutaneous antigen exposure would prime for airway and esophageal allergic responses in an experimental model. Methods AD was induced by applying 100 micrograms of Aspergillus Fumigatus antigen or Vehicle soaked patches on the shaved back of BALB/c mice, at two one week intervals over the course of four weeks. To establish airway and esophageal inflammation, we examined respiratory hyperresponsiveness to methacholine and inflammation in the bone marrow, skin, airways and esophagus. Results Significant skin symptoms including lichenification and excoriations developed in the antigen-sensitized group, whereas no cutaneous changes were observed in the vehicle group (P 4 cells/ml of blood eosinophils, whereas in the vehicle group: 372.8 ± 127.3, 2.8 ± 0.3, 11.4 ± 9.5, respectively (mean ± SEM, p 4 cells/ml and 28.1 ± 6.5cells/mm 2 in the esophagus, whereas 3.1 ± 1.7 and 4.9 ± 1.4 in the vehicle controls (p Conclusions Epicutaneous antigen sensitization followed by a single airway antigen challenge induces systemic responses in the respiratory tract and esophagus. These results highlight the potency of epicutaneous antigen exposure in the development of allergic responses.
Ionospheric response to magnetic forcing: Magnetic cloud passage of October 18–20, 1995

On October 18–20, 1995 a magnetic cloud was observed, first by the WIND spacecraft upstream in the solar wind, then at the Earth. Inside the cloud, plasma density, velocity and temperature, and magnetic field strength were relatively steady for almost 24 hrs. However, the magnetic field direction rotated slowly from −Z to −Y and finally to +Z (GSE coordinates). This magnetic cloud passage allows us to study the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction under nearly ideal slowly-varying conditions. This paper reports on the nightside ionospheric response to a long interval with Bz <0 in the interplanetary medium. Temporal variations in the integrated energy deposited in the nightside auroral zone within 3 hrs of local midnight are similar to variations in ϵ, the energy coupling function, and dissimilar to auroral magnetograms. While substorm effects are observed in the ionospheric electron flux, the integrated energy is dominated by diffuse precipitation at low latitudes. We also find that the integrated energy curve lags the ϵ parameter by 1–2 hrs. This delay represents the time required for convective electric fields to heat particles adiabatically in the plasma sheet.
Selecting a General Psychology Textbook

Readability and Human Interest scores are related to author age, number of authors, publication recency and other variables.
Motor unit action potential duration and muscle length.

Motor unit action potential (MUAP) components are investigated by means of single fiber computer simulations and clinical measurements. The single fiber simulations have essentially full bandwidth without noise, whereas the clinical measurements were made with a 3-10,000-Hz bandwidth utilizing approximately 1000 averages to reduce noise optimally. These parameters allow the recording of a MUAP's complete physiologic duration including its very slow onset and termination. The simulation results demonstrate a constant waveform onset regardless of the electrode's recording location along the fiber. A far-field potential is initiated when the action potential encounters the muscle fiber's termination. The simulated waveform's and clinically recorded MUAP's near-field component extends between the potential's onset and its corresponding far-field potential's onset. This near-field component's duration should vary with fiber length, and this prediction is clinically confirmed by measuring three different muscle lengths. The far-field potential reveals a constant duration, independent of fiber length, and appears to be associated with the muscle fiber's intracellular action potential duration. A more complete understanding of the components contributing to MUAP duration should provide a more fundamental basis for quantitative clinical MUAP duration measurements.
Rectus femoris release in selected patients with cerebral palsy: a preliminary report.

Two theories concerning the effects of surgical release of the proximal origins of the rectus femoris in spastic patients are (1) that release reduces hip flexion contracture and lumbar lordosis and diminishes crouch, and (2) that release primarily enhances early swing-phase knee flexion. A series of eight patients with pre-operative electromyography and pre- and post-operative dynamic knee measurements are reviewed. In these patients, back-knee thrust did not improve because it was not caused by rectus contracture. The effect upon hip was also variable: two patients had increased hip flexion and a third had diminished hip flexion after release. In six of the eight patients knee flexion was improved in early swing phase. Improvement from surgery can be expected when rectus spasticity is sufficient (1) to interfere with the initiation of swing phase, and (2) to decrease the amplitude of knee flexion. Little change occurred in the patients who did not have these functional deficits. A review of the cases supports the primary knee effect theory of Silfvenskiold; however, insufficient information was obtained from this series to rule out hip and pelvic changes.
Impact-activated solidification of dense suspensions via dynamic jamming fronts

A jamming mechanism for the observed phenomenon of the sudden hardening of suspensions of micrometre-sized particles on impact (enough to enable a person to run over them) is described and quantified. If you walk fast enough, they say, you can walk over quicksand that would quickly trap the immobile and unwary. The forces involved in that feat are explained in this study. Liquids typically flow around an intruding object, but dense aqueous suspensions of micrometre-sized particles can harden under impact. Shear thickening — a tendency of the sheared suspension to dilate — is often invoked to explain the temporary hardening of such liquids, but is difficult to reconcile with the magnitude of such effects. Here, Scott Waitukaitis and Heinrich Jaeger demonstrate that the remarkable impact resistance is produced by a different mechanism. Using detailed imaging to capture the dynamics of the process — modelled by an aluminium rod striking a dense suspension of cornflour and water — they find that the stresses originate from an impact-generated solidification front that transforms an initially compressible particle matrix into a rapidly growing jammed region. Although liquids typically flow around intruding objects, a counterintuitive phenomenon occurs in dense suspensions of micrometre-sized particles: they become liquid-like when perturbed lightly, but harden when driven strongly1,2,3,4,5. Rheological experiments have investigated how such thickening arises under shear, and linked it to hydrodynamic interactions1,3 or granular dilation2,4. However, neither of these mechanisms alone can explain the ability of suspensions to generate very large, positive normal stresses under impact. To illustrate the phenomenon, such stresses can be large enough to allow a person to run across a suspension without sinking, and far exceed the upper limit observed under shear or extension2,4,6,7. Here we show that these stresses originate from an impact-generated solidification front that transforms an initially compressible particle matrix into a rapidly growing jammed region, ultimately leading to extraordinary amounts of momentum absorption. Using high-speed videography, embedded force sensing and X-ray imaging, we capture the detailed dynamics of this process as it decelerates a metal rod hitting a suspension of cornflour (cornstarch) in water. We develop a model for the dynamic solidification and its effect on the surrounding suspension that reproduces the observed behaviour quantitatively. Our findings suggest that prior interpretations of the impact resistance as dominated by shear thickening need to be revisited.
Parenting Programs in Women's Prisons

Abstract This paper presents the results of a national survey of parenting programs in women's prisons. Parenting programs may be defined as those programs that specifically address the woman's role as mother and attempt to facilitate her performance of that role, and/or aid in the development of parental skills. These programs range from parenting classes of a few hours to nurseries where imprisoned women and their infants can live together during the term of imprisonment. The need for such programs is also discussed.
A Full Employment, Keynesian Theory of International Trade

Introduction, 438. — A full employment, Keynesian theory of a closed economy, 438. — The model with trade between two countries, 443. — The money markets: freely flexible exchange rates, 447; the international gold standard, 449, stability, 451. — Theory of tariffs, 452. — The transfer problem: financial transfer, 455; transfers that affect consumption, 457.
Synergistic Contingency Planning by WRTs: An Inland Zone Watershed Response Team Contingency Planning Concept1

ABSTRACT Legislative mandates of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 call for comprehensive Area Contingency Planning which, for the inland zone, may be best accomplished through novel multi-jurisdictional efforts of existing Regional Response Teams (RRTs) to form Watershed Response Teams (WRTs).
Realistic Fasting Does Not Affect Stable Isotope Levels of a Metabolically Efficient Salamander

Abstract Stable isotopes are commonly used to examine various aspects of animal ecology. The use of stable isotopes generally proceeds under the implicit assumption that resource use is the only factor driving variation in stable isotope levels; however, a wealth of studies demonstrate that a range of common ecological factors can affect the behavior of stable isotopes in animal tissues and potentially confound inferences. For example, studies of some invertebrates and endothermic vertebrates show that animals fasted for ecologically realistic time periods have higher nitrogen (δ15N) or lower carbon (δ13C). We examined whether realistic fasting would influence the stable isotope composition of one of the most metabolically efficient ectothermic vertebrates, the Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus. We fasted salamanders for 7, 14, 21, 28, or 35-day intervals and examined whether δ15N or δ13C levels of tissues changed between fasted and fed animals. We investigated whether body condition (body...
The epistemic implications of engineering rhetoric

The texts (and talk) of engineers take different forms. In this essay, I present and critique several texts written for different purposes and audiences but all intended to convey to the reader the technical details of whatever they are about—whether a textbook passage describing the fundamental behavior of an electrical component, a journal article about a mathematical technique intended for use in design optimization, a memo to co-workers within a firm about a heat transfer analysis of a remotely sited building, or a general introduction to the field of? ergonomics? My aim is to explore how the ways in which engineers describe and document their problems and projects frame what they accept, display and profess as useful knowledge. In this I am particularly interested in how engineers envision the ‘users’ of, or participants in, their productions. Like science, engineering texts are written as if they were timeless and untainted by socio-cultural features. However, a technical treatise is not devoid of metaphor or creative rendering of events; there is always a narrative within which worldly data and instrumental logic is embedded—but it is a story in which the passive voice prevails, history is irrelevant, and the human actor or agent is painted in quantitative parameters fitting the occasion. Whether this rhetoric can be sustained in the face of challenges to traditional ways of doing engineering is an open question.
Noise and complexity in three-dimensional excitable media

We investigate the effects of external noise on pattern formation in a three-dimensional, pulse coupled excitable medium. It is found that for weak to moderate coupling between the cells, simple scroll waves evolve into complex patterns. The increase of the lengths of vortex lines quantifies the increasing complexity of the patterns. Noise nucleates patterns in the bulk of the medium via the formation of small vortex rings that subsequently expand for weak to moderate coupling.
The carboxypropeptide trimer of type II collagen is a prominent component of immature cartilages and intervertebral-disc tissue

Abstract Immature bovine cartilages and intervertebral-disc tissue all revealed a prominent protein, not present in the adult tissues, in non-denaturing extracts made with chondroitin ABC lyase (Ec 4.2.2.4), Streptomyces hyaluronidase (EC 4.2.2.1) or 1 M NaCl. The protein ran on SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, before disulphide reduction, as a close doublet of bands of apparent molecular weight 110 000 and 105 000. After reduction, they dissociated respectively into two protein bands at 37 000 and 35 000, indicating that the initial molecules were disulphide-bounded trimers. Amino-terminal sequence analysis established the identity of both proteins (Mr 110 000 and Mr 105 000) as forms of the carboxypropeptide of type II collagen. The larger molecule appeared to be the trimer of intact α1(II) carboxypropeptides and the smaller, a version composed of chains that were ten residues shorter at their amino-terminal ends. The material appears to be identical to chondrocalcin, a protein previously found to be enriched in fetal growth plate and named on the basis that it may play a role in cartilage calcification. The present findings, however, indicate that the protein is equally abundant in all type II collagen-synthesizing young cartilages, including nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc and other cartilages that never calcify.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of a Novel Hafnium Carboranyl Hydride Complex

The reaction of Cp*2(C2B9H11)2Hf2Me2 (1b; Cp* = C5Me5) with H2 yields the novel hafnium carboranyl hydride complex (Cp*)(η5-C2B9H11)Hf(μ-η5:η1-C2B9H10)Hf(Cp*)(H) (4), in which the two metal centers are linked by a C-metalated μ-η5:η1-C2B9H10 ligand and Hf−H−Hf and B−H−Hf bridges. Complex 4 catalyzes the hydrogenation of internal alkynes to cis-alkenes. It is proposed that the active species in this reaction is the mononuclear hydride Cp*(C2B9H11)Hf(H) (5), which is formed by hydrogenolysis of 4 and undergoes rapid alkyne or alkene insertion and Hf-C hydrogenolysis steps.
Characteristics of electron beams from a medical microtron

The Instrument AB Scanditronix MM22 medical microtron provides ten electron beam energies from approximately 3 to 22 MeV. Isodose curves, depth dose curves, field uniformity, and other characteristics were measured in water and in polystyrene. The method of acceleration, dual scattering foil system, and collimation technique produce beams having features superior to many other medical electron accelerators. Maximum dose rates at isocenter varied from about 500 to over 900 cGy min/sup -1/, photon contamination from 0.6% to 4.1%, and surface doses from 70% to 95% of the maximum. Depth dose curves were indistinguishable from those with identical practical ranges of a scanned beam linac at energies less than 18 MeV, and field flatness was clearly superior to the scanned beam linac at standard treatment distances.
Experimentally Induced Increases in Early Gesture Lead to Increases in Spoken Vocabulary.

Differences in vocabulary that children bring with them to school can be traced back to the gestures they produced at the age of 1;2, which, in turn, can be traced back to the gestures their parents produced at the same age (Rowe & Goldin-Meadow, 2009a). We ask here whether child gesture can be experimentally increased and, if so, whether the increases lead to increases in spoken vocabulary. Fifteen children aged 1;5 participated in an 8-week at-home intervention study (6 weekly training sessions plus follow-up 2 weeks later) in which all were exposed to object words, but only some were told to point at the named objects. Before each training session and at follow-up, children interacted naturally with caregivers to establish a baseline against which changes in communication were measured. Children who were told to gesture increased the number of gesture meanings they conveyed, not only during training but also during interactions with caregivers. These experimentally induced increases in gesture led to l...
Eelworms, Bullet Holes, and Geraldine Ferraro: Some Problems With Statistical Adjustment and Some Solutions:

There is no safety in numbers. When data are gathered from a sample in which the selection criteria are unknown, many problems can befall the unwary investigator. In this paper we explore some of these problems and discuss some solutions. Our principle example is drawn from data from students who choose to take the College Board’s Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). We explore methods of covariance adjustment as well as more explicitly model-based adjustment methods. Among the latter we discuss Heckman’s Selection Model, Rubin’s Mixture Model, and Tukey’s Simplified Selection Model.
Information flow in the DAMA Project beyond database managers: Information flow managers

To meet the demands of commercial data traffic on the information highway, a new look at managing data is necessary. One projected activity, sharing of point-of-sale information, is being considered in the Demand Activated Manufacturing Project of the American Textile Partnership project. A scenario is examined in which 100,000 retail outlets communicate over a period of days. They provide the latest estimate of demand for sewn products across a chain of 26,000 suppliers through the use of bill-of-materials explosions at four levels of detail. A new paradign the information flow manager, is developed to handle this situation, including the case where members of the supply chain fail to communicate and go out of business. Techniques for approximation are introduced to keep estimates of demand as current as possible.
Interlayer pair hopping: An experimental viewpoint

Abstract Interlayer Josephson Pair Tunneling was proposed by Wheatley, Hsu and Anderson1 as a pairing mechanism in layered high Tc superconductors. This kinetic energy pairing mechanism, which does not rely at all on a pairing interaction intrinsic to Cu O layers, provides a possible explanation of some experimental results. The relevant experimental evidence and some new predictions of the theory are discussed.
The Effect of Feeding Certain Synthetic Vitamins of the B Complex on their Content in Milk and Urine

Summary 1. Synthetic thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, and pantothenic acid fed at a 2-g. level daily to dairy cows resulted in no significant increase in the levels in the milk. 2. There appeared to be a distinct breed difference in the cows in amount of these B vitamins in the milk on a unit basis, the Jersey being higher than the Holstein in micrograms per milliliter, while the Holstein was higher in total amount secreted daily, based on total milk production. 3. In the case of the goats a significant increase of each of the vitamins occurred after they had been fed at the 2-g. level; partial destruction was indicated, since the per cent recovered in the milk and urine was 10 per cent less of the amount ingested.
The synthesis of some N-phosphoryldipeptide aldehydes

Abstract Four N-phosphoryldipeptide aldehydes have been synthesized and tested in vitro against thermolysin and trypsin. Their structures exemplify a combination of leupeptin and phosphoramidan structures into one molecule which then shows enzyme inhibition.
Ventriculostomy-related infections: a critical review of the literature.

Objective To provide a critical evaluation of the published literature describing risk factors for ventriculostomy-related infections (VRIs) and the efficacy of prophylactic catheter exchange. Methods A MEDLINE literature search was performed, and data were extracted from studies published from 1941 through 2001. Results Published criteria for diagnosing VRIs are highly variable. Intraventricular hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cranial fracture with cerebrospinal fluid leak, craniotomy, systemic infections, and catheter irrigation all predispose patients to the development of VRIs. Extended duration of catheterization is correlated with an increasing risk of cerebrospinal fluid infections during the first 10 days of catheterization. Prophylactic catheter exchange does not modify the risk of developing later VRIs in retrospective studies. Conclusion Categorizing suspected cerebrospinal fluid infections as contaminants, colonization, suspected or confirmed VRIs, or ventriculitis more accurately describes the patient's clinical condition and may indicate different management strategies. A prospective, randomized clinical trial is required to further evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic catheter exchange in limiting the incidence of VRIs during prolonged catheterization. Although prophylactic catheter exchange remains a practice option, the available data suggest that this procedure is not currently justified.
Aufspüren eines Paradigmenwechsels auf dem Gebiet der molekularen Erkennung: von den selektiven Rezeptoren zu den differenziellen Rezeptoren

Die molekulare Erkennung hat sich von einer Wissenschaft zum Verstandnis und zur Nachahmung der Funktionsweise biologischer Systeme hin zu einem weit vielfaltigeren Forschungsgebiet entwickelt. Naturlich wird weiterhin viel daran gearbeitet, die „Tricks der Natur“ im Hinblick auf intramolekulare Wechselwirkungen zu durchschauen, aber auch die Aussicht auf neue Technologien, die die molekulare Erkennung durch Design eroffnet, erregt zunehmend grose Aufmerksamkeit. Die Anwendungen reichen von Methoden des Molekulnachweises bis hin zur Informationsspeicherung, sogar funktionsfahige molekulare Maschinen werden konzipiert. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden sowohl einige historische Meilensteine auf dem Gebiet der molekularen Erkennung, die die Grundlagen der intermolekularen Wechselwirkung erlautern, beschrieben als auch neuere Anwendungen in der molekularen Sensorik detaillierter dargestellt. Zielgerichtetes Design kann dazu genutzt werden, Rezeptoren zu entwickeln, die ein groses Mas an Vorhersagbarkeit und Selektivitat aufweisen, wozu viele bekannte Mechanismen zur Signalubertragung zur Verfugung stehen. Dies ist der erste Schwerpunkt, der diskutiert wird. Des Weiteren wird das Prinzip des differenziellen und generalisierten Nachweises vorgestellt, bei dem man Sensoren nutzt, die nicht notwendigerweise dem Schlussel-Schoss-Prinzip gehorchen. Dieses Konzept ist vom Geruchs- und Geschmackssinn der Saugetiere, auf den wir kurz eingehen werden, inspiriert. Bei diesem Konzept wird notwendigerweise die kombinatorische Synthese eingesetzt, ein Forschungsgebiet, das wahrend der vergangenen Jahre ein stetiges Wachstum erfahren hat. Wir fassen den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zu synthetischen, kombinatorischen Sensoren und Rezeptoren zusammen und werden dann eine Richtung vorherzusagen, die das Gebiet der molekularen Erkennung in Zukunft vermutlich einschlagen wird. Dieser Aufsatz stellt keine detaillierte Analyse der einzelnen Gebiete (synthetische Rezeptoren, Sensoren, Geruchs- und Geschmackssinn, kombinatorische Rezeptoren und Sensoren) dar. Vielmehr soll hier gezeigt werden, wie sich all diese einzelnen Gebiete erganzen und zusammenwirken, um Nachweismethoden zu erschaffen. Unsere Schlussfolgerung ist, dass der spezifische Analytnachweis, differenzielle Nachweismethoden und die kombinatorische Chemie vereint werden, um Sensorarrays zu kreieren. So wird dem Gebiet der molekularen Erkennung unter Verwendung von synthetischen Systemen eine viel versprechende Zukunft eroffnet.
Identification and localization of major soluble vitreous proteins in human ocular tissue.

Abstract Purpose To identify the major soluble proteins from human vitreous, and to establish a baseline for comparison of vitreous samples from eyes with various diseases. Design Laboratory investigation. Methods Normal vitreous was obtained from eight human donor eyes and from eight eyes of patients undergoing diabetic vitrectomy. Vitreous specimens were subjected to SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Six specific antibodies were used to identify proteins using Western blot. Four proteins were localized within ocular tissue in a normal donor eyebank eye. Results We found eight distinct bands on SDS-PAGE in normal vitreous and two additional bands (hemoglobin) in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. Proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF-MS and confirmed by Western blot. We established a quantitative analysis of relative protein concentrations of undiluted vitreous. Immunohistochemistry localized selected proteins within the posterior segment layers. Conclusions We present a normal human vitreous protein profile using current technologies and provide a baseline for comparison to ocular disease states. Tissue distribution of vitreous proteins may help to elucidate more specific protein function.
Phylogenetic considerations of neurosecretory granule contents: role of nucleotides and basic hormone/transmitter packaging mechanisms.

The characteristics of neurosecretory granules include the presence of an acidic interior, a hyperosmolar concentration of granule solutes, the presence of chromogranin (CG) or CG-like soluble acidic proteins and a high content of nucleotides, predominantly ATP. The identification of “nucleotides” within the neuroendocrine “stem cells” of coelenterates (e. g. Hydra) has raised some interesting evolutionary questions as to the function of intragranular nucleotides.The chromaffin granules of adrenal medullary cells have been studied extensively, and are representative of the neurohormone/neurotransmitter packaging problems encountered in neurosecretory granules, in general. At the acid pH (5.7) of the interior of the chromaffin granule, ATP has three negative charges based on the pK value of the γ-phosphate group. ATP can therefore interact with positively charged amines, acetylcholine and divalent cations, forming binary and ternary complexes. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy indicate that the hyperosmolar solutes within the chromaffin granule exist in a viscous, but fluid state; one function of ATP could be to help lower the osmotic pressure of the granule contents through extensive, but weak, intermolecular bonding. In addition, ATP is an excellent buffer to help maintain a pH of 5.7 within the interior of the chromaffin granule. An acidic milieu contributes to neurohormone/neurotransmitter packaging and granule stability. The presence of nucleotides within neurosecretory granules cannot, however, be explained on the basis of the ability of ATP to simply reduce osmotic pressure, since insulin molecules exist in a crystalline phase, a condition which, by itself, could substantially reduce osmotic pressure; nucleotides, nevertheless, co-exist in these insulin cores. ATP and ATP metabolites such as ADP, AMP and adenosine, formed as a result of the action of ectonucleotidases, can have extensive extracellular trophic and feedback effects after secretion. Extracellular nucleotides and adenosine can function as neuromodulators, agonists and antagonists to inflammatory cells, and regulators of blood flow, etc.It is possible that intragranular nucleotides were retained through a billion or more years of evolution because of the importance of these trophic and feedback effects. Parts of the neurosecretory granule, such as the F1 subunit of the proton-translocating ATPase, can be traced back to the aerobic bacteria, vacuolar amine transport to yeast and a CG-like acidic protein to protozoan secretory granules (i. e., the trichocysts of Paramecia).
The Role of Consumerism in American Architecture

Consumerism is an important social and economic organizing force. It is a key aspect affecting the production of buildings, and much building production can only be understood by analyzing its relationship to consumerism. Different types of building production have different degrees of relationship to consumerism. A shopping mall may have a strong relationship because its appearance may serve to attract shoppers and add an additional cachet—another value to the experience of acquiring the goods offered inside. On the other hand, corporate tenants in an office building may have a less intense involvement with the appearance of the building in which they are housed. The services they have to offer are separate from the experience of looking at, and being in, their headquarters building. Because consumerism is dependent on stimulating consumption and adding intangible qualities of identity-definition, consumerist buildings are an inherently populist category of architectural production that must communicate ...
Reliability Generalization of the Life Satisfaction Index

The purpose of the present study was to examine score reliability for a measure of life satisfaction (Life Satisfaction Index [LSI]). This reliability generalization comprised a search of 157 journal articles, which resulted in the inclusion of a total of 34 samples. Results revealed an average reliability of .79 (SD = .10, median = .79). Bivariate correlational analyses revealed no relationships between score reliability and various sample characteristics, including sample size, number of items, mean age, standard deviation of age, proportion female, mean LSI score, and standard deviation of LSI scores. No significant differences in score reliability were found by language of administration or sample type. These analyses provide evidence for adequate reliability of LSI scores across a variety of sample characteristics; however, they must be interpreted with caution, given the small sample size. In addition, this study documents the poor reporting of psychometric properties in the LSI literature.
Arthrogryposis and amyoplasia.

Arthrogryposis (multiple congenital joint contractures) is an uncommon problem. Because there are many causes, correct diagnosis is important to predict the natural history and determine appropriate treatment. Inconsistent terminology has caused confusion about both diagnosis and treatment. Amyoplasia, the most common type of arthrogryposis, is characterized by quadrimelic involvement and replacement of skeletal muscle by dense fibrous tissue and fat. Early physical therapy and splinting may improve contractures, but surgical intervention is often necessary. Aggressive soft-tissue releases in addition to casting may improve joint position. In more severe contractures, osseous surgery also may be needed. Deformity recurrence is common, particularly in skeletally immature patients. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2002;10:417-424
Modeling and fabrication of sub-diffraction nanophotonic waveguides constructed via DNA-directed self-assembled quantum dots

We present the design, model, and preliminary fabrication results for a sub-diffraction nanophotonic waveguide composed of quantum dots organized on a substrate via a DNA-programmable self-assembly process and optically pumped with CW light.
Theory of the proximity effect in non-zero magnetic field II -A universal upper critical function

A universal function of the upper critical fields Hc(T) is found by solving the complete first LG equation: Hc(T)=2m∗kyμ0N(T)eds+2em∗2μ0 N2(T)ne2d2s+4m∗N(T)n where ds is the thickness of a superconductor, N(T)=N(0)[1−(TTc)r](r∼2) and the wave number ky is determined by: ky = DN(T)v(T)a′(T), where v is the average volume occupied by each lattice point, a′ is the average spacing between two adjacent lattice points, and D is a constant. For a large enough ds, the dependence on ds vanishes. The quantity Hc(T) of a bulk superconductor can be written as: Hc(T) = eN(T)n2m∗. The above equations are valid for most superconductors over the entire range of temperature(sometimes with a small error in the region near Tc, down to T = 0. The agreement between theory and published experimental results is quite good. A unified theory for surface superconductivity and bulk superconductivity is developed.
Rural – urban inequalities in late-stage breast cancer: spatial and social dimensions of risk and access

Rural – urban inequalities in health and access to health care have long been of concern in health-policy formulation. Understanding these inequalities is critically important in efforts to plan a more effective geographical distribution of public health resources and programs. Socially and ethnically diverse populations are likely to exhibit different rural – urban gradients in health and well-being because of their varying experiences of place environments, yet little is known about the interplay between social and spatial inequalities. Using data from the Illinois State Cancer Registry, we investigate rural – urban inequalities in late-stage breast cancer diagnosis both for the overall population and for African-Americans, and the impacts of socioeconomic deprivation and spatial access to health care. Changes over time are analyzed from 1988–92 to 1998–2002, periods of heightened breast cancer awareness and increased access to screening. In both time periods, the risk of late-stage diagnosis is highest...
A thermoreversible gelcasting technique for ceramic laminates

An improved thermoreversible gelcasting technique has been developed which affords the direct casting of laminates. A higher boiling point solvent, pentanol, in conjunction with a better dispersant permitted higher solids loading and optimized processing time for the gel. The technique has been demonstrated for Al_2O_3 bilayers of two densities.
Concept designs for underwater swimming exoskeletons

We present several biologically inspired concept designs and feasibility analyses for underwater swimming exoskeletons. These designs are biologically inspired, based on observations of dolphins, sea turtles, and penguins. Biologically inspired designs have the advantages of stealth, maneuverability, and a natural interface when compared to propeller driven underwater propulsion devices. We present a lower body concept, based on dolphin locomotion and an upper body concept based on sea turtle and penguin locomotion. The dolphin based concept has the advantages of using the wearer's most powerful muscle groups, of being the most natural to swim with, and of leaving the user's hands free for other tasks. The sea-turtle based concept has the advantage of novelty and may have appeal as a recreational device. We predict that with actuation and energy storage components available today, an exoskeleton that produces a cruising speed of over 1 m/s and a top speed of over 1.5 m/s is feasible. We estimate that cruising at 1 m/s can be achieved with less than 504 Watts power consumption, which translates into 2.4 kg of off-the-shelf silver-zinc batteries per hour of operation.
The interplay between star formation and the nuclear environment of our Galaxy: deep X-ray observations of the Galactic centre Arches and Quintuplet clusters

The Galactic centre (GC) provides a unique laboratory for a detailed examination of the interplay between massive star formation and the nuclear environment of our Galaxy. Here, we present a 100-ks Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) observation of the Arches and Quintuplet star clusters. We also report on a complementary mapping of the dense molecular gas near the Arches cluster made with the Owens Valley Millimeter Array. We present a catalogue of 244 point-like X-ray sources detected in the observation. Their number-flux relation indicates an overpopulation of relatively bright X-ray sources, which are apparently associated with the clusters. The sources in the core of the Arches and Quintuplet clusters are most likely extreme colliding wind massive star binaries. The diffuse X-ray emission from the core of the Arches cluster has a spectrum showing a 6.7-keV emission line and a surface intensity profile declining steeply with radius, indicating an origin in a cluster wind. In the outer regions near the Arches cluster, the overall diffuse X-ray enhancement demonstrates a bow shock morphology and is prominent in the Fe Kα 6.4-keV line emission with an equivalent width of ∼ 1.4 keV. Much of this enhancement may result from an ongoing collision between the cluster and the adjacent molecular cloud, which have a relative velocity? 120 km -1 . The older and less-compact Quintuplet cluster contains much weaker X-ray sources and diffuse emission, probably originating from low-mass stellar objects as well as a cluster wind. However, the overall population of these objects, constrained by the observed total diffuse X-ray luminosities, is substantially smaller than expected for both clusters, if they have normal Miller & Scalo initial mass functions. This deficiency of low-mass objects may be a manifestation of the unique star formation environment of the GC, where high-velocity cloud-cloud and cloud-cluster collisions are frequent.
Spatio-temporal urban landscape change analysis using the Markov chain model and a modified genetic algorithm

The landscape pattern of Daqing City, China, has undergone a significant change over the past 20 years, as a result of the rapid urbanization process. To understand how urbanization has influenced the landscape in Daqing City, the largest base of the petrochemical industry in China, we conducted a series of spatial analyses with landscape pattern maps obtained from Landsat images in 1979, 1990 and 2000. Results indicate that a substantial urban area has been extended during the past two decades, along with the shrinking of wetland and woodland. Spatio-temporal optimization is not a trivial task in developing landscape models. In previous studies, the optimization of spatial and temporal factors was achieved separately, because of the difficulty in formulating them together in a single model. In this study, we adapted the traditional Markov model by obtaining model parameters and neighbourhood rules from a modified genetic algorithm (GA). Model performance was evaluated between the empirical landscape map from the Landsat image and the simulated landscape map from the models. Over three simulation runs, the global deviation (GD) for the three models was 1.37, 1.10 and 1.15, respectively. This result shows that the Markov model and the GA together are able to effectively capture the spatio-temporal trend in the landscape pattern associated with urbanization for this region. The future landscape distribution in 2010, 2030 and 2050 was derived using a spatial Markov model (SMM) for further urban change and planning research.