cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work or Starve: Colonial American Poor Laws

This Article traces the development of pre-revolutionary American colonial laws for the working and nonworking poor. Colonial poor laws were distinguished by principles both of compassion and control. The economic and social needs of the poor were balanced, mostly inequitably, with the needs of society as a whole. The English colonization of America was undertaken for property and profit. Poverty and idleness had no place in the push for colonization; in fact it was considered sinful. The ability of a poor person to work was the preeminent in determining whether they were worthy of public assistance. Those determined able to work were not eligible for help. Likewise, people already working were not eligible. Although widows and children in need were given assistance, they too were expected to work. Only those deemed unable to work were considered truly worthy of poor relief. No assistance was available for slaves, free blacks, and Native Americans. The poor laws of England, and their principles, were adopted and adapted for colonial life.
Methods for Crystallization and Structural Determination of M-T7 Protein from Myxoma Virus

The myxoma virus has become of interest in human medicine in the last two decades as it has the ability to infect many types of human cancer cells and is being used as a platform to develop viro-therapeutic agents that suppress aggressive and damaging immune responses and inflammation. Furthermore, the myxoma virus encodes proteins that have strong immunosuppressive effects, and several of the myxoma virus-encoded immunomodulators are being developed to treat systemic inflammatory syndromes such as cardiovascular disease and transplant rejection. Myxoma virus encodes the M-T7 protein, the most abundantly secreted protein expressed in myxoma virus-infected cells, originally identified as a rabbit species-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) receptor homolog and as a chemokine-modulating protein binding a wide range of mammalian chemokines. M-T7 is a critical virulence factor for viral pathogenesis that increases virus lethality when expressed. Although M-T7 has been extensively studied using biochemical and biophysical techniques and its interactome map is well known, its three-dimensional (3D) structure remains elusive. Obtaining the 3D structure of M-T7 would be greatly beneficial and is a crucial step toward advancing M-T7 research through understanding the molecular function and activity of M-T7 as a novel therapeutic reagent and to rationally develop this protein as a drug. This chapter provides an overview of the structural determination techniques, especially X-ray crystallography, that can be applied toward the goal of achieving the first high-resolution structure of M-T7. In addition, details of up-and-coming methods are discussed, including X-ray diffraction at X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), Micro-electron diffraction (Micro-ED), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and their potential applications to M-T7 structural biology.
Increased frequency of extreme precipitation events in the North Atlantic during the PETM: Observations and theory

Abstract Climate model simulations of the PETM (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum) warming have mainly focused on replicating the global thermal response through greenhouse forcing, i.e. CO2, at levels compatible with observations. Comparatively less effort has gone into assessing the skill of models to replicate the response of the hydrologic cycle to the warming, particularly on regional scales. Here we have assembled proxy records of regional precipitation, focusing on the Mid-Atlantic Coasts of North America (New Jersey) and Europe (Spain) to test the response of the hydrologic system to greenhouse gas forcing of the magnitude estimated for the PETM (i.e., 2×). Given evidence that the PETM initiated during a maximum in eccentricity, this includes the response under neutral and extreme orbital configurations. Modeled results show excellent agreement with observations in Northern Spain, with a significant increase in both mean annual and extreme precipitation resulting from increased CO2 levels under a neutral orbit. The Mid Atlantic Coast simulations agree with observations showing increases in both overall and extreme precipitation as a result of CO2 increases. In particular, the development of sustained atmospheric rivers might be significantly contributing to the extremes of the eastern Atlantic, whereas extratropical cyclones are likely contributing to the extremes in the western Atlantic. With an eccentric orbit that maximizes insolation during boreal summer, there is a suppression of extreme precipitation events in the eastern Atlantic and an amplification in the western Atlantic, which may account for observations in the relative timing of the sedimentary response to the carbon isotope excursion associated with the PETM.
Bidirectional regulation of glial potassium buffering: glioprotection versus neuroprotection

Glia modulate neuronal excitability and seizure sensitivity by maintaining potassium and water homeostasis. A salt inducible kinase 3 (SIK3)-regulated gene expression program controls the glial capacity to buffer K+ and water in Drosophila, however upstream regulatory mechanisms are unknown. Here, we identify an octopaminergic circuit linking neuronal activity to glial ion and water buffering. Under basal conditions, octopamine functions through the inhibitory octopaminergic G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) OctβR to upregulate glial buffering capacity, while under pathological K+ stress, octopamine signals through the stimulatory octopaminergic GPCR OAMB1 to downregulate the glial buffering program. Failure to downregulate this program leads to intracellular glia swelling and stress signaling, suggesting that turning down this pathway is glioprotective. In the eag shaker Drosophila seizure model, the SIK3-mediated buffering pathway is inactivated. Reactivation of the glial buffering program dramatically suppresses neuronal hyperactivity, seizures, and shortened life span in this mutant. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of a glial-centric therapeutic strategy for diseases of hyperexcitability.
Morbid obesity increases the failure rate of sentinel lymph node mapping for endometrial carcinoma

Objectives: Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) mapping is recommended for patients with endometrial carcinoma to reduce the rate of full lymphadenectomy and its associated morbidity such as lymphedema. Obesity is a risk factor for endometrial carcinoma, and many patients are morbidly obese at the time of diagnosis. The goal of this study is to examine the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the success rate of SLN mapping using indocyanine green (ICG) and near-infrared imaging. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed of women with endometrial carcinoma undergoing robotic hysterectomy and SLN mapping with ICG between March 2016 and August 2019. Robotic surgery cases were identified from the hospital financial system that were coded with a primary diagnosis of Endometrial Cancer, a procedure of hysterectomy, and a cost code for indocyanine green. A total of 369 cases were identified. A total of 28 cases were excluded because no dye was used or SLN mapping was not attempted due to extent of disease. Preoperative patient characteristics and surgical outcomes including SLN mapping success rate were compared across World Health Organization BMI groups. Results: BMI was categorized as normal weight (BMI 18.5 - 24.9, 41 patients), pre-obesity (BMI 25.0 - 29.9, 48 patients), obesity class I (BMI 30.0 - 34.9, 71 patients), obesity class II (BMI 35.0 - 39.9, 70 patients), and obesity class III (BMI ≥40, 111 patients). Across BMI groups, patient age and ASA category were significantly different, with younger ages and higher ASA scores in the higher BMI groups. BMI groups did not differ in the number of prior abdominal surgeries or FIGO Grade. Uterine weight, diameter and procedure time were all significantly different across BMI groups, with higher weights, diameters and procedure times in the higher BMI groups. Estimated blood loss and depth of myometrial invasion were not significantly different. In the cohort, 85% had FIGO Stage 1 disease. For procedures with successful unilateral or bilateral SLN detection, the mean number of lymph nodes removed per side was not significantly different across BMI groups. The overall bilateral SLN mapping success rate for the cohort was 68.9%. However, the bilateral SLN mapping success rate was significantly lower in patients with obesity class III (54.1%) compared with patients who were less obese (76.1%, p Download : Download high-res image (438KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: Patients with class III obesity (BMI > 40) have a significantly lower success rate for SLN mapping when compared with all other BMI categories (54.1% vs 76.1%, respectively, p
Growth of Transient Phases During Bi(2212) to Bi(2223) Transformation

Hot stage X-ray measurements and hot stage environmental electron scanning microscopy (ESEM) measurements have been used to study the intermediate phases that grow as the Bi(2212) grains begin to transforms into Bi(2223). The primary purpose is to investigate transient phases that may appear at the interface between the Bi(2212) grains and a Ag overlay while the temperature is being ramped to the reaction temperature at a rate comparable to that used in the commercial processing of tape conductors. Pb-doped Bi(2212) is metastable and is found to decompose and recrystallize during the ramp up to the reaction temperature. In addition, above about 973 K (700 °C), hillocks are found to grow between the flat surfaces of the Bi(2212) grains and the Ag overlay. Scanning Auger measurements show that these hillocks are composed of crystals of (Sr,Ca)O about 100 nm in diameter and have a Sr/Ca ratio of about 1.5. This growth of hillocks occurs on the time scale of tens of minutes and it may temporarily deplete the Bi(2212) grains of Sr leaving them Ca rich.
Stimulated Emission From Semiconductor Microcavities

Laser-like emissions from semiconductor microcavities at low temperature have attracted considerable attention recently because of the possibility of realizing a non-equilibrium condensate by using cavity-polaritons. In this paper the authors present experimental studies of optical properties of a microcavity near the lasing threshold. They show that the minimum lasing threshold is achieved when the cavity is tuned significantly below the exciton line center. By comparing emission spectra with reflectivity spectra, they also show that well-resolved doublet in the emission spectra near the lasing threshold are not associated with cavity-polaritons. These results suggest that laser-like emissions form the microcavity are due to conventional stimulated emission processes with exciton localization playing a significant role.
Optimal multiresolutional distribution filtering

An optimal multiresolutional distributed filtering algorithm is derived. The wavelet transforms are utilized as a bridge linking different resolution levels. The algorithm can be used for dynamic multiresolutional sensor/data fusion. >
A Review of: “What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa”

Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown. All those in power feel threatened by real and imaginary enemies lurking internally and externally in the shadows. To lessening of this threat, we owe the...
A Review of “The CSS3 Anthology: Take Your Sites to New Heights, 4th ed.”

Can a book take Web sites to new heights? It is hard to say, but The CSS3 Anthology: Take Your Sites to New Heights does make a good attempt. Seasoned professional Rachel Andrew details the various...
Unlocking Expertise among Classroom Teachers through Structured Dialogue: Extending Research on Peer Collaboration:

This study represents a replication of prior research on the peer collaboration process, a structured dialogue designed to foster teachers' development and implementation of alternative interventions for students with learning and behavior problems. The study included 95 teachers in the intervention group and 96 in the comparison group. Results indicated that the intervention group had reduced referral rates, increased confidence in handling classroom problems, increased positive teacher affect toward the classroom and more tolerance toward cognitive deficits. Teachers were able to solve 88% of the classroom problems addressed using peer collaboration.
Notch activity in neural cells triggered by a mutant allele with altered glycosylation

The receptor protein Notch is inactive in neural precursor cells despite neighboring cells expressing ligands. We investigated specification of the R8 neural photoreceptor cells that initiate differentiation of each Drosophila ommatidium. The ligand Delta was required in R8 cells themselves, consistent with a lateral inhibitor function for Delta. By contrast, Delta expressed in cells adjacent to R8 could not activate Notch in R8 cells. The split mutation of Notch was found to activate signaling in R8 precursor cells, blocking differentiation and leading to altered development and neural cell death. split did not affect other, inductive functions of Notch. The Ile578→Thr578 substitution responsible for the split mutation introduced a new site for O -fucosylation on EGF repeat 14 of the Notch extracellular domain. The O -fucose monosaccharide did not require extension by Fringe to confer the phenotype. Our results suggest functional differences between Notch in neural and non-neural cells. R8 precursor cells are protected from lateral inhibition by Delta. The protection is affected by modifications of a particular EGF repeat in the Notch extracellular domain. These results suggest that the pattern of neurogenesis is determined by blocking Notch signaling, as well as by activating Notch signaling.
Demo Overview: Privacy-Enhancing Features of IdentiDroid

As privacy today is a major concern for mobile systems, network anonymizers are widely available on smartphones systems, such as Android. However, in many cases applications are still able to identify the user and the device by means different from the IP address. In this demo we show two solutions that address this problem by providing application-level anonymity. The first solution shadows sensitive data that can reveal the user identity. The second solutions dynamically revokes Android application permissions associated with sensitive information at run-time. In addition, both solutions offer protection from applications that identify their users through traces left in the application's data storage or by exchanging identifying data messages. We developed IdentiDroid, a customized Android operating system, to deploy these solutions, and built IdentiDroid Profile Manager, a profile-based configuration tool for setting different configurations for each installed Android application.
Factors Associated with Delay in the Diagnosis of Oral Cancer

Early detection and treatment improve the prognosis for oral cancer. Delays from the onset of symptoms to clinical diagnosis are common. Our aim is to identify factors associated with this delay. Between 1995 and 1998, we interviewed 105 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed oral cancer in Greece. If 21 or more days elapsed from the time the patient noticed major symptoms to a definitive diagnosis, we called it a delay (52% of cases). We used logistic and linear regression to estimate odds ratios of delayed diagnosis and to identify correlates of length of delay, respectively. Former smokers had a 4.3 times greater risk of delayed diagnosis compared with current smokers (95% confidence interval: 1.1-17.1). The length of delay was greater among single patients, non-smokers, or those with stage IV tumors. Clinicians should be advised that delay in the diagnosis of oral cancer occurs frequently, even in individuals who do not smoke heavily.
Asymptotic expansions in multivariate renewal theory

Abstract Let P be a probability measure R m+1 , and R = ∑ ∞ n=0 P ∗n . the associated renewal measure. A two term asymptotic expansion for R is derived under moment and smoothness conditions. The smoothness conditions imposed allow P to be arithmetic is some coordinates and absolutely continuous in the other coordinates.
Why did German youth become fascists? Nationalist males born 1900 to 1908 in war and revolution

∗I am grateful to Geoff Eley, Jeff Wilson, Andy Evans, Rebecca Wittmann and the many other colleagues and anonymous readers who offered extensive criticism of this article. A widely known but less ...
Students organizing against pollution: computational thinking across boundaries

There is a growing need in computer science education to develop courses that demonstrate the articulations between computer science and an array of computing-dependent fields. This poster describes an effort to develop a model for students and faculty to collaborate across disciplines and with a community organization to develop computational solutions to address complex real-world problems. Students in computer science classes are collaborating with students in journalism classes and Habitat for Humanity, to develop a web-based system that manages pollution related data. This is an initiative aimed at empowering citizens in the Trenton area of New Jersey with the opportunity to learn, share, and contribute pollution data while encouraging them to become participants in environmental advocacy and public policy deliberations on these issues. While students focus on the objectives of the individual courses, they are also deeply engaged in the complexities of privacy, security, accessibility of data, user-centered design, etc. as they ponder civic justice issues.
Representation of mixed reactive gases on free energy (Ellingharn-Richardson) diagrams

Free energyvs temperature (Ellingham-Richardson) diagrams provide a convenient and useful means of portraying equilibria for a variety of systems, such as oxides, sulfides, and carbides. The oxide diagrams typically include nomographic scales that facilitate determination of the oxygen partial pressure, the H2/H2O ratio, and the CO/CO2 ratio in equilibrium with the oxides at any temperature. In addition, monatomic hydrogen provides a potentially useful means for the reduction of oxides in metal processing schemes but, at present, can only be produced in H2 at fractions less than unity. In the present work, a modification of conventional free energy diagrams that includes a means of portraying the equilibria between H, H2, O2, and H2O is developed. The modification is based on the oxidation reaction of H/H2 mixtures at any fraction H, and the equilibria are portrayed on the free energy diagram by means of a two-dimensional nomographic scale. The diagram illustrates the potential utility of H and H/H2 mixtures for oxide reduction and can be used in essentially the same manner as conventional free energy diagrams. The modification can conceivably be extended to other gaseous systems or diagram types, such as those for sulfides.
Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy Using Stroke Volume Variation for Resuscitation after Low Central Venous Pressure-Assisted Liver Resection: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background The optimal perioperative fluid resuscitation strategy for liver resections remains undefined. Goal-directed therapy (GDT) embodies a number of physiologic strategies to achieve an ideal fluid balance and avoid the consequences of over- or under-resuscitation. Study Design In a prospective randomized trial, patients undergoing liver resection were randomized to GDT using stroke volume variation as an end point or to standard perioperative resuscitation. Primary outcomes measure was 30-day morbidity. Results Between 2012 and 2014, one hundred and thirty-five patients were randomized (GDT: n = 69; standard perioperative resuscitation: n = 66). Median age was 57 years and 56% were male. Metastatic disease comprised 81% of patients. Overall (35% GDT vs 36% standard perioperative resuscitation; p = 0.86) and grade 3 morbidity (28% GDT vs 18% standard perioperative resuscitation; p = 0.22) were equivalent. Patients in the GDT arm received less intraoperative fluid (mean 2.0 L GDT vs 2.9 L standard perioperative resuscitation; p Conclusions Stroke volume variation-guided GDT is safe in patients undergoing liver resection and led to less intraoperative fluid. Although the incidence of postoperative complications was similar in both arms, lower intraoperative resuscitation volume was independently associated with decreased postoperative morbidity in the entire cohort. Future studies should target extensive resections and identify patients receiving large resuscitation volumes, as this population is more likely to benefit from this technique.
Interdiffusion and reactions between U–Mo and Zr at 650 °C as a function of time

Abstract Development of monolithic U–Mo alloy fuel (typically U–10 wt.%Mo) for the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) program entails a use of Zr diffusion barrier to eliminate the interdiffusion–reactions between the fuel alloy and Al-alloy cladding. The application of Zr barrier to the U–Mo fuel system requires a co-rolling process that utilizes a soaking temperature of 650 °C, which represents the highest temperature the fuel system is exposed to during both fuel manufacturing and reactor application. Therefore, in this study, development of phase constituents, microstructure and diffusion kinetics of U–10 wt.%Mo and Zr was examined using solid-to-solid diffusion couples annealed at 650 °C for 240, 480 and 720 h. Phase constituents and microstructural development were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Concentration profiles were mapped as diffusion paths on the isothermal ternary phase diagram. Within the diffusion zone, single-phase layers of β-Zr and β-U were observed along with a discontinuous layer of Mo 2 Zr between the β-Zr and β-U layers. In the vicinity of Mo 2 Zr phase, islands of α-Zr phases were also found. In addition, acicular α-Zr and U 6 Zr 3 Mo phases were observed within the γ-U(Mo) terminal alloy. Growth rate of the interdiffusion–reaction zone was determined to be 7.75 (± 5.84) × 10 −16 m 2 /s at 650 °C, however with an assumption of a certain incubation period.
Conduction slowing in diabetic distal polyneuropathy.

The pathophysiologic significance of motor conduction slowing observed in diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSP) remains controversial. We have used multiple linear regression analysis of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude vs. motor conduction velocity (CV) and distal latency (DL) in 57 patients with diabetic DSP and 34 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to determine whether motor conduction slowing in diabetic DSP is due mainly to loss of large axons as in ALS or whether there is an additional demyelinative component. We found amplitude-dependent slowing of CV and DL in both diabetic DSP and ALS in the upper and lower extremities, consistent with a loss of large myelinated fibers. However, in diabetic DSP, there was also significant amplitude-independent slowing in intermediate but not distal nerve segments, supportive of an additional demyelinative component. CMAP amplitude vs. CV and DL regression analyses using ALS as a control group for relatively pure axon loss may provide pathophysiologic information about motor nerves in other neuropathic disorders.
Reactions Between Alkaline‐Earth Sulfates and Cirstobalite

The decomposition of magnesium and calcium sulfates was measured preliminary to measuring the reactions between alkaline-earth sulfates and cristobalite. Since gaseous sulfur oxides were evolved in the processes, a starchiodide titration was used to determine the amounts of decomposition and reaction with time. Magnesium sulfate decomposed at temperatures above 900 deg C, before reaction with cristobalite. Calcium sulfate was found to react with cristobalite previous to thermal decomposition with an accompanying evolution of sulfur dioxide. Strontium and barium sulfates reacted with cristobalite at progressively higher temperatures. The applications of the data to the sulfur problems in the production of clay products are discussed. (auth)
Structural properties, electronic structure, Fermi surface, and mechanical behavior of bcc Cr-Re alloys

The electronic structure and ground-state properties (lattice parameter, cohesive energy, bulk and tetragonal shear moduli) were calculated for bcc Cr and Cr-Re alloys over a wide range of Re concentration by the full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method (FLMTO) with generalized gradient approximation (GGA). We show that the GGA predicts the commensurate antiferromagnetic Cr state as a ground state for the experimental volume with a small lower energy compared with the nonmagnetic state, but gives a large moment of $0.92{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}.$ In the Cr-Re system the magnetism becomes weak with Re concentration and for 25% Re the mean Cr moment is about $0.05{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}.$ Examining the Fermi surface of Cr-Re alloys within the modified rigid-band approximation, the electronic topological transition (ETT) is found to occur for 6% Re. A weakening of the Cr-Cr bonds near this ETT is considered as a possible microscopic reason for the ``small'' rhenium effect---the ductility enhancement in Cr(Mo,W)-Re alloys with small Re additions. As the mechanism for the ``large'' rhenium effect (near 25--35% Re) the formation of Cr-Re close-packed particles should play an important role together with the significantly weakened Cr-Cr bonding.
Galantamine is a Novel Post-Exposure Therapeutic Against Lethal VX Challenge

The ability of galantamine hydrobromide (GAL HBr) treatment to antagonize O-ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX)-induced lethality, impairment of muscle tension, and electroencephalographic (EEG) changes was assessed in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were challenged with 16.8 microg/kg VX (2LD50). One min after challenge, animals were administered 0.5 mg/kg atropine sulfate (ATR) and 25 mg/kg pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM). In addition, guinea pigs were given 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 or 10 mg/kg GAL as a post-exposure treatment immediately prior to ATR and 2-PAM. Animals were either monitored for 24-h survival, scheduled for electroencephalography (EEG) recording, or euthanized 60 min later for measurement of indirectly-elicited muscle tension in the hemidiaphragm. Post-exposure GAL therapy produced a dose-dependent increase in survival from lethal VX challenge. Optimal clinical benefits were observed in the presence of 10 mg/kg GAL, which led to 100% survival of VX-challenged guinea pigs. Based on muscle physiology studies, GAL post-exposure treatment protected the guinea pig diaphragm, the major effector muscle of respiration, from fatigue, tetanic fade, and muscular paralysis. Protection against the paralyzing effects of VX was dose-dependent. In EEG studies, GAL did not alter seizure onset for all doses tested. At the highest dose tested (10 mg/kg), GAL decreased seizure duration when administered as a post-exposure treatment 1 min after VX. GAL also reduced the high correlation associated between seizure activity and lethality after 2LD50 VX challenge. GAL may have additional benefits both centrally and peripherally that are unrelated to its established mechanism as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI).
In vitro packaging of bacteriophage φ29 DNA restriction fragments and the role of the terminal protein gp3

Abstract Restriction fragments of bacteriophage φ29 DNA-gp3 (DNA-gene product 3 complex) were packaged in a completely defined in vitro system that included purified proheads, the DNA packaging protein gp16 and ATP. Both left and right end DNA-gp3 fragments were packaged in this system, in contrast to the oriented and selective packaging of left end DNA-gp3 fragments in extracts; left ends could be packaged quantitatively in the defined system, while the packaging efficiency of right ends was generally about threefold lower. In addition, certain internal (non-end) DNA fragments were packaged at efficiencies of about 10% to 15%. Digestion of the gp3 with trypsin or proteinase K reduced the packaging of whole-length DNA by a factor of 2 or 4, respectively, and removal of the gp3 from whole-length DNA or end fragments with piperidine reduced packaging to the level of internal fragments. Though the terminal protein gp3 was non-essential for DNA translocation in the defined system, it stimulated packaging of left and right end fragments, and stabilized packaging of the left end. The packaging of end and internal DNA fragments of the related phage M2Y into φ29 proheads was similar to that of φ29 DNA fragments, and certain fragments of lambda DNA were packaged at the efficiency of the internal φ29 DNA fragments. Selective packaging of DNA-gp3 left ends was restored by the addition of bacterial cell extracts or glycerol to the defined system, and these packaging conditions discriminated between φ29 and M2Y DNAs that have distinct terminal proteins.
Expansion of the σ-hole concept

The term “σ-hole” originally referred to the electron-deficient outer lobe of a half-filled p (or nearly p) orbital involved in forming a covalent bond. If the electron deficiency is sufficient, there can result a region of positive electrostatic potential which can interact attractively (noncovalently) with negative sites on other molecules (σ-hole bonding). The interaction is highly directional, along the extension of the covalent bond giving rise to the σ-hole. σ-Hole bonding has been observed, experimentally and computationally, for many covalently-bonded atoms of Groups V–VII. The positive character of the σ-hole increases in going from the lighter to the heavier (more polarizable) atoms within a Group, and as the remainder of the molecule becomes more electron-withdrawing. In this paper, we show computationally that significantly positive σ-holes, and subsequent noncovalent interactions, can also occur for atoms of Group IV. This observation, together with analogous ones for the molecules (H3C)2SO, (H3C)2SO2 and Cl3PO, demonstrates a need to expand the interpretation of the origins of σ-holes: (1) While the bonding orbital does require considerable p character, in view of the well-established highly directional nature of σ-hole bonding, a sizeable s contribution is not precluded. (2) It is possible for the bonding orbital to be doubly-occupied and forming a coordinate covalent bond.
Effects of secretin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide on human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor(1-40)-stimulated growth hormone levels in the rat

Synthetic human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor containing 40 amino acids ([hpGRF (1-40)]-OH) significantly stimulated plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in both sodium pentobarbital and urethane anesthetized rats. Synthetic secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon significantly decreased plasma GH levels while synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) had no effect. Secretin and GIP also altered the in vivo plasma GH response to [hpGRF(1-40)]-OH. Whether this effect is the result of an interaction at the pituitary level or is due to an extra-pituitary effect of secretin and GIP awaits further study.
Nutrient Composition of Bison Fed Concentrate Diets

Abstract Individual muscles representing the four major wholesale cuts were obtained from the top round, sirloin, ribeye, and clod from 100 bison fed finishing rations. The muscles were lyophilized and analyzed for moisture, protein, fat, cholesterol, energy, 10 minerals, and six vitamins. The four muscles averaged 74.6% moisture, 21.7% protein, 2.1% fat, and 1.2% mineral, providing 141 kcal/100 g. Cholesterol content averaged 66 mg/100 g. With the exception of calcium (4.9 mg/100 g), bison meat seems to have adequate amounts of the minerals analyzed. It contained 3 mg/100 g of iron and 53 mg/100 g of sodium. Vitamin B 12 content of bison was 2.13 μg/100 g. The other vitamins studied did not contribute to the importance of bison from a nutritional standpoint. The ratio of palmitic to stearic acid was 1 to 1, and the balance of the type of fatty acids was 43% saturated, 46% monounsaturated, and 11% polyunsaturated.
Physiologically Based Models of Metal Kinetics

Many of the characteristics of metals that determine their kinetics and disposition are quite different from those that control the kinetics and disposition of volatile organic chemicals. Particularly important characteristics include binding to macromolecules and the functions of binding with respect to the distribution, sequestration, and mechanisms of action of a metal; mechanisms of metal uptake by cells; the possibility of metal-metal interactions; and, for some metals, the long residence times associated with incorporation into bone. In addition, exposure to metals typically includes ambient exposure, multiple exposure routes, and variable bioavailability depending on the source of the metal and its physical makeup. These features are discussed, and examples of them are given. Their incorporation into physiologically based kinetic models is illustrated for four metals for which such models have been developed or are in the process of development: arsenic, chromium, lead, and mercury.
The size of the guanosine triphosphate pool active in the synthesis of stable RNA by stage 6 oocytes of Xenopus laevis.

Abstract The size of the kinetic pool of GTP used in the synthesis of RNA by stage 6 Xenopus laevis oocytes was calculated by expanding the endogenous pool by measured amounts and analysing the incorporation of [ 3 H]GTP into RNA. In experiments on 5 animals, measurements of kinetic pools of GTP ranged from 190.3 to 314.6 pmoles/oocyte and are similar to previously obtained estimates of the chemically extractable GTP pool. Calculations of the rate of stable RNA synthesis ranged from 0.99 to 1.95 pmoles of GTP incorporated per hour per oocyte. These values were also consistent with previous measurements which were based on the assumption that the entire GTP pool provided precursors for stable RNA synthesis. Consequently, it has been concluded that the GTP pool active in RNA synthesis is indistinguishable from the total chemical pool of GTP.
A Cell-Based Method for Screening RNA-Protein Interactions: Identification of Constitutive Transport Element-Interacting Proteins

We have developed a mammalian cell-based screening platform to identify proteins that assemble into RNA-protein complexes. Based on Tat-mediated activation of the HIV LTR, proteins that interact with an RNA target elicit expression of a GFP reporter and are captured by fluorescence activated cell sorting. This “Tat-hybrid” screening platform was used to identify proteins that interact with the Mason Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) constitutive transport element (CTE), a structured RNA hairpin that mediates the transport of unspliced viral mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Several hnRNP-like proteins, including hnRNP A1, were identified and shown to interact with the CTE with selectivity in the reporter system comparable to Tap, a known CTE-binding protein. In vitro gel shift and pull-down assays showed that hnRNP A1 is able to form a complex with the CTE and Tap and that the RGG domain of hnRNP A1 mediates binding to Tap. These results suggest that hnRNP-like proteins may be part of larger export-competent RNA-protein complexes and that the RGG domains of these proteins play an important role in directing these binding events. The results also demonstrate the utility of the screening platform for identifying and characterizing new components of RNA-protein complexes.
Tachyphylaxis to furosemide in isolated airways of guinea pigs

Abstract This in vitro study was conducted to determine whether tachyphylaxis of guinea pig airway to furosemide occurs under conditions that produce tachyphylaxis to the β 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, salbutamol. Isometric tension was measured in tracheal rings bathed in HEPES buffer from 4–6 d newborn guinea pigs of either sex, and 6 wk old males. Paired rings were first incubated with furosemide, 30 or 300 μM, or control for 60 min, washed, then constricted with 3 μM acetylcholine. At stable contraction, relaxation to furosemide (30 μM − 1 mM) was measured. For comparison, similar experiments were performed with 10 μM salbutamol incubation for 30 min. 86 Rb uptake, a marker for K + transport and NaKCl cotransport activity, was also measured in these airway segments. Pre- exposure to these airway relaxants did not affect contractile force generation by acetylcholine. Tracheal desensitization to both salbutamol and furosemide was observed. Partial recovery of furosemide induced relaxation was seen one hour after desensitization. Pre-exposure to 300 μM furosemide did not inhibit the decrease in 86 Rb uptake normally observed with furosemide. In summary, we found that: 1) tachyphylaxis of guinea pig airway relaxation occurred with both salbutamol and furosemide under similar experimental conditions; however 2) inhibition of 86 Rb uptake by furosemide was not affected by prior exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that furosemide induced airway relaxation could be affected by repeated or prolonged exposure, but this response may not be associated with changes in furosemide-sensitive NaKCl cotransporter activity.
Symmetry in the vanishing of Ext over stably symmetric algebras

Abstract A Frobenius algebra over a field k is called symmetric if the Nakayama automorphism is an inner automorphism. A stably symmetric algebra is defined to be a generalization of a symmetric k-algebra. In this paper we will study symmetry in the vanishing of Ext for such algebras R, namely, for all finitely generated R-modules M and N, Ext R i ( M , N ) = 0 for all i ≫ 0 if and only if Ext R i ( N , M ) = 0 for all i ≫ 0 . We show that a certain class of noetherian stably symmetric Gorenstein algebras, such as the group algebra of a finite group and the exterior algebra Λ ( k n ) when n is odd, have this symmetry using Serre duality. We also show that every exterior algebra Λ ( k n ) , whether n is even or odd, has this symmetry for graded modules using Koszul duality.
Training Bureaucrats, Practicing for Europe: Negotiating Bureaucratic Authority and Governmental Legitimacy in Turkey

This article explores the reconfiguration of the bureaucratic field and the recalibration of the terms of hierarchy and distinction that go into establishing bureaucratic authority and governmental legitimacy in Turkey—a process prompted by the country's pending accession to the European Union (EU). Accession to the EU hinges on a substantive reorganization of the governmental field in Turkey according to European standards of good governance that emphasizes human rights and more egalitarian, cooperative state–society relations. Focusing on human rights training programs for state officials and government workers, I argue that the human rights agenda of the EU challenges the traditional role of state officials in Turkey as educators of the people by portraying them as subjects who are themselves in need of education and reform. As their traditional hold on the markers of modernity are contested in EU-sponsored training sessions, Turkey's bureaucratic actors are compelled to recalibrate their proximity to halk (the common people) and to base their claims to governmental legitimacy on being of the people rather than standing above them.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition Decreases Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury After Lung Transplantation

Increased microvascular permeability and extravasation of inflammatory cells are key events of lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in IR-induced alveolar capillary membrane disruption after experimental lung transplantation. We used a rat model of lung orthotopic transplantation (n = 86) with a prolonged cold ischemic phase. MMP2 and MMP9 were elevated 4 h after the onset of ischemia and further increased during reperfusion. Compared to sham values, the alveolar-capillary membrane permeability increased by 105% and 82.6% after 4 h of ischemia and 2 h or 24 h of reperfusion, respectively. A 4- and 5-fold increase of the infiltration of ischemic tissue by neutrophils was also observed after 2 h and 24 h of reperfusion. The PO2/FIO2 ratio dropped significantly from 244 to 76.6 after 2 h of reperfusion and from 296.4 to 127.6 after 24 h of reperfusion. A nonselective inhibitor of MMP, administered to the rats and added to the preservation solution, reduced significantly the alveolar-capillary leakage, the transmigration of neutrophils and improved gas exchanges in animals submitted to 4 h of ischemia combined with 2 h or 24 h of reperfusion. We conclude that inhibition of MMP attenuates IR injury after experimental lung transplantation.
Dynamics of shallow impact cratering.

We present data for the time dependence of wooden spheres penetrating into a loose noncohesive packing of glass beads. The stopping time is a factor of 3 longer than the time $d∕{v}_{0}$ needed to travel the total penetration distance $d$ at the impact speed ${v}_{0}$. The acceleration decreases monotonically throughout the impact. These kinematics are modeled by a position- and velocity-dependent stopping force that is constrained to reproduce prior observations for the scaling of the penetration depth with the total drop distance.
Neither more nor less: optimizing thread-level parallelism for GPGPUs

General-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) are at their best in accelerating computation by exploiting abundant thread-level parallelism (TLP) offered by many classes of HPC applications. To facilitate such high TLP, emerging programming models like CUDA and OpenCL allow programmers to create work abstractions in terms of smaller work units, called cooperative thread arrays (CTAs). CTAs are groups of threads and can be executed in any order, thereby providing ample opportunities for TLP. The state-of-the-art GPGPU schedulers allocate maximum possible CTAs per-core (limited by available on-chip resources) to enhance performance by exploiting TLP. However, we demonstrate in this paper that executing the maximum possible number of CTAs on a core is not always the optimal choice from the performance perspective. High number of concurrently executing threads might cause more memory requests to be issued, and create contention in the caches, network and memory, leading to long stalls at the cores. To reduce resource contention, we propose a dynamic CTA scheduling mechanism, called DYNCTA, which modulates the TLP by allocating optimal number of CTAs, based on application characteristics. To minimize resource contention, DYNCTA allocates fewer CTAs for applications suffering from high contention in the memory sub-system, compared to applications demonstrating high throughput. Simulation results on a 30-core GPGPU platform with 31 applications show that the proposed CTA scheduler provides 28% average improvement in performance compared to the existing CTA scheduler.
Van Hove singularity and apparent anisotropy in the electron-phonon interaction in graphene

We show that the electron-phonon coupling strength obtained from the slopes of the electronic energy vs wave vector dispersion relations, as often done in analyzing angle-resolved photoemission data, can differ substantially from the actual electron-phonon coupling strength due to the curvature of the bare electronic bands. This effect becomes particularly important when the Fermi level is close to a van Hove singularity. By performing ab initio calculations on doped graphene, we demonstrate that, while the apparent strength obtained from the slopes of experimental photoemission data is highly anisotropic, the angular dependence of the actual electron-phonon coupling strength in this material is negligible.
Constructing Mutuality: The Zapatistas' Transformation of Transnational Activist Power Dynamics

This article examines the evolution of transnational Zapatista solidarity networks. Although scholars have described an emerging “mutuality” between the Zapatista movement and its allies at the level of international framing, this article considers how the Zapatistas forged this mutuality on the ground, through active redefinition of alliances with Northern supporters. It argues that the Zapatistas delimited who was included in their solidarity networks, set new terms for partnerships, and redefined legitimacy in their transnational alliances. In so doing, they asserted their autonomy from donors. They also fostered discourses and practices of mutual solidarity and Southern leadership, shifting the balance of power between North and South. The case both illuminates the possibilities for Southern movements to challenge Northern control from within and suggests potential pitfalls of doing so; by defying Northern NGOs' influence, the Zapatistas may have risked their long-term viability.
A Family-Centered Prevention Approach to PBS in a Time of Crisis

This article describes a family-wide prevention approach to positive behavior support (PBS) interventions during a period of potential crisis for a family with a child with autism. Specifically, th...
Reactions of nucleophiles with cyclopentadienyliron complexed halotoluenes

Abstract η 6 - o -Chlorotoluene-η 5 -cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphate undergoes nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom with anions generated (K 2 CO 3 /DMF) from methyl thioglycolate, diethyl malonate, dimethyl malonate, methyl acetoacetate and 2,4-pentanedione. The compounds prepared were o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 SCH 2 CO 2 CH 3 FeCp + PF 6 − , o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH(CO 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 FeCp + PF 6 − , o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH(CO 2 CH 3 ) 2 FeCp + PF 6 − , o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH(COCH 3 )CO 2 CH 3 FeCp + PF 6 − and o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH 2 COCH 3 FeCp + PF 6 t. Similarly, the reaction of diethyl malonate, dimethyl malonate, methyl acetoacetate anions and methylamine with η 6 -2,6-dichlorotoluene-η 5 -cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphate yielded monosubstitution of one of the chloro groups. The complexes prepared in this study were η 6 -diethyl(3-chloro-2-methyl) phenylmalonate- η 5 -cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphate, η 6 -dimethyl(3-chloro-2-methyl)phenylmalonate-η 5 -cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphate, η 6 -methyl(3-chloro-2-methyl)phenylacetoacetate-η 5 -cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphate and η 6 -3-chloro(2-methyl-N-methyl)aniline-η 5 -cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphate. Reaction of η 6 -2,6-dichlorotoluene-η 5 -cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphate with excess methanol as well as methyl thioglycolate in the presence of K 2 CO 3 resulted in disubstitution of both chloro groups to yield new complexes, η 6 -2,6-dimethoxytoluene-η 5 -cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphate and η 6 -methyl[(2-methylphenyl)1,3-dithio] diacetate-η 5 5-cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphate, respectively. Complexes o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH(CO 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 FeCp + PF 6 − , o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH(CO 2 CH 3 ) 2 FeCp + PF 6 − and o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH 2 COCH 3 FeCp + PF 6 − react with excess K 2 CO 3 and benzyl bromide in refluxing methylene chloride to give 80–90% yields of complexes o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 C(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )(CO 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 FeCp + PF 6 − , o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 C(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )(CO 2 CH 3 ) 2 FeCp + PF 6 − and o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )COCH 3 FeCp + PF 6 − , respectively. Reaction of complex, o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 C(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )(CO 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 FeCp + PF 6 − with one molar equivalent of t -BuOK followed by acidic work-up gives o -(C 2 H 5 CO 2 CH 2 )C 6 H 4 CH(CO 2 C 2 H 5 )CH 2 C 6 H 5 FeCp + PF 6 − . Similarly, reactions of complexes o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 C(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )(CO 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 FeCp + PF 6 − and o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 C(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )(CO 2 CH 3 ) 2 FeCp + PF 6 − with t -BuOK in THF followed by alkylation with methyl iodide gave the new complexes, o -(C 2 H 5 O 2 C(CH 3 )CH)C 6 H 4 CH(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )CO 2 C 2 H 5 FeCp + PF 6 − and o -(CH 3 O 2 C(CH 3 )CH)C 6 H 4 CH(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )CO 2 CH 3 FeCp + PF 6 − , respectively. Vacuum sublimation of the new complexes, o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 C(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )(CO 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 FeCp + PF 6 − and o -(C 2 H 5 O 2 CCH 2 )C 6 H 4 CH(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )CO 2 C 2 H 5 FeCp + PF 6 − gives o -CH 3 C 6 H 4 C(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )(CO 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 and O -(C 2 H 5 O 2 CCH 2 )C 6 H 4 CH(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )CO 2 C 2 H 5 , respectively.