cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Ethnic Comparison of Parent Participation and Information Needs in Early Intervention

This study investigated ethnic differences in (a) parent perceptions of their information needs and their sources of information, and (b) the nature of parent participation in early intervention and participation preferences. Interviews were conducted with 536 families with infants and toddlers who had developmental problems. Comparative analyses were conducted on white, Hispanic, and American Indian groups. Results suggested the need to provide more and better information to all parents and the importance of medical doctors as a source of information, individualizing the type and source of information to different ethnic groups, and identifying unique strategies to support the participation of parents from different ethnic groups.
Povidone-iodine in peritonitis. I. Adverse effects of local instillation in experimental E, coli peritonitis.

Abstract Lethal quantities of undiluted povidone-iodine solution ip appear to cause mortality by inducing a chemical peritonitis with resulting hypovolemic shock. Sublethal doses of polyvinyl-pyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I) given synchronously with Escherichia coli increased the mortality of E. coli or E. coli-hemoglobin peritonitis. Pretreatment of the peritoneal cavity with dilute PVP-I reduced the mortality of E. coli peritonitis, but this appears to be a nonspecific effect, since PVP-I in sublethal quantities is rapidly neutralized within the peritoneal cavity. Our single attempt at operative lavage with dilute PVP-I increased the mortality of E. coli peritonitis induced 1 hr earlier.
ADH evolution and the phylogenetic footprint

The evolution of any given protein reflects the interplay between proximal selective forces involving the conservation of protein structure and function and more general populational factors that shape the action and efficiency of natural selection. In an attempt to address that interplay, we have analyzed patterns of amino acid replacement within a well-conserved molecule, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), in the Drosophilidae. A sliding window, moved along the protein sequence in order to quantify the extent of change at each amino acid position, reveals heterogeneous amounts of replacement across the molecule when all ADH sequences are analyzed simultaneously. Surprisingly, the replacement profile for ADH differs significantly in the melanogaster, mulleri, and Hawaiian subgroups, reflecting the imprint of the differing evolutionary histories of each of these assemblages on the evolution of this conservative molecule.
Empirical Mode Reduction in a Model of Extratropical Low-Frequency Variability

This paper constructs and analyzes a reduced nonlinear stochastic model of extratropical low-frequency variability. To do so, it applies multilevel quadratic regression to the output of a long simulation of a global baroclinic, quasigeostrophic, three-level (QG3) model with topography; the model’s phase space has a dimension of O(10 4 ). The reduced model has 45 variables and captures well the non-Gaussian features of the QG3 model’s probability density function (PDF). In particular, the reduced model’s PDF shares with the QG3 model its four anomalously persistent flow patterns, which correspond to opposite phases of the Arctic Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, as well as the Markov chain of transitions between these regimes. In addition, multichannel singular spectrum analysis identifies intraseasonal oscillations with a period of 35–37 days and of 20 days in the data generated by both the QG3 model and its low-dimensional analog. An analytical and numerical study of the reduced model starts with the fixed points and oscillatory eigenmodes of the model’s deterministic part and uses systematically an increasing noise parameter to connect these with the behavior of the full, stochastically forced model version. The results of this study point to the origin of the QG3 model’s multiple regimes and intraseasonal oscillations and identify the connections between the two types of behavior.
Favorable Outcomes of Pediatric Patients Treated With Radiotherapy to the Central Nervous System Who Develop Radiation-Induced Meningiomas

Purpose To report the outcome of patients treated at the University of Florida who developed meningiomas after radiation to the central nervous system (CNS) for childhood cancer. Methods and Materials We retrospectively identified 10 patients aged ≤19 years who received radiotherapy to sites in the craniospinal axis and subsequently developed a meningioma. We report the histology of the radiation-induced meningioma, treatment received, and ultimate outcome among this cohort of patients. Results Meningioma was diagnosed at a median of 23.5 years after completion of the primary radiation. Fifty percent of second meningiomas were World Health Organization Grade 2 (atypical) or higher. All cases were managed with a single modality: resection alone ( n = 7), fractionated radiotherapy ( n = 2), and stereotactic radiosurgery ( n = 1). The actuarial event-free survival and overall survival rate at 5 years after treatment for a radiation-induced meningioma was 89%. Three patients who underwent resection for retreatment experienced a Grade 3 toxicity. Conclusions Radiation-induced meningiomas after treatment of pediatric CNS tumors are effectively managed with single-modality therapy. Such late-effect data inform the overall therapeutic ratio and support the continued role of selective irradiation in managing pediatric CNS malignancies.
Knowledge of Medicaid coverage and effectiveness of smoking treatments.

Background Tobacco dependence has enormous health and financial repercussions in the United States, particularly among Medicaid enrollees, where a disproportionate share of the population smokes (36% compared to 23% in the general population). This paper examines two factors associated with the use of tobacco-dependence treatments (TDTs) in the Medicaid population: knowledge of TDT coverage and perceived effectiveness of TDTs. Methods Medicaid-enrolled smokers and recent quitters in four areas in the United States with comprehensive coverage of TDTs were interviewed as part of a random-digit-dial telephone survey in September 2003. Information was collected on demographics, health status, smoking history, knowledge of Medicaid coverage of TDTs (nicotine replacement patch and gum, Zyban®, and counseling), and perceived effectiveness of TDTs. Logistic regression models were estimated to explain variation in enrollee use of TDTs as a function of knowledge of covered benefits and perceived effectiveness of the treatments. Results Both knowledge of TDT coverage and the perceived effectiveness of TDTs are positively associated with the use of TDTs in the Medicaid population. However, a majority of Medicaid smokers do not know that Medicaid covers TDTs, and the perceived effectiveness of TDTs is often at odds with findings from the scientific literature. Conclusions Knowledge of Medicaid coverage and the perceived effectiveness of TDTs are associated with increased use of TDTs in the Medicaid population. Additional research is needed to better inform Medicaid smokers of their coverage and the effectiveness of TDTs in ways that encourage them to use these treatments to assist quit attempts.
Cellular relationship in the rat bone marrow studied by freeze fracture and lanthanum impregnation thin-sectioning electron microscopy.

Organization and cellular relationship in the rat marrow tissue were studied by freeze fracture and lanthanum-impregnated thin-section electron microscopy. Fixation was compared by immersion and perfusion (intracavitary or arterial) methods. Such techniques as membrane enhancement by tannic acid permitted a better appreciation of the organization and cellular relationship in the marrow. Hemopoietic tissue was packed upon a framework made by the stroma consisting of a vascular network and fixed multibranched reticular cells. Moreover, the stroma was subcompartmentalized. Erythropoiesis occurred in clusters consisting of a central macrophage surrounded by developing erythroid cells (erythroblastic islands). Somewhat less defined clustering was noted for granulopoiesis. Megakaryocytes were in perisinal location, penetrating the wall. Slender branches of stromal cells ran around hemopoietic cells, at times completely embracing them. These branches were highly lucent, often being overlooked without the use of lanthanum or of tannic acid to increase membrane contrast. Tight, gap, or septate junctions were not seen in these areas although occasional small desmosomes were seen. The loose but close association of hemopoietic and stromal cells might be essential for an orderly development of blood cells without preventing their subsequent intercompartmental migration. The possible significance of this cellular relationship in an inductive interaction is discussed. The data obtained on the membrane characteristics of marrow cells form a baseline for their identification in freeze-fracture studies.
Perceptions of power and the management of environmental conflict: Forest politics in British Columbia

Abstract Political actors' perceptions of the contexts in which they act influence their strategies and behavior. A key element of political contexts is the configuration of power with respect to a conflict. We interviewed 28 individuals involved in British Columbia forest politics to determine their perceptions of the configuration of power, the nature of their political behavior, their dispositions with respect to institutionalized conflict resolution processes, and their policy goals. Our analysis generated two sets of conclusions. First, the B.C. government's efforts to address forest conflict will be hindered by the inconsistency between the conflict management strategy they have chosen and the mental models of politics held by key political actors. Second, the subjective realities of political actors can be used to explain variation in political behavior.
Inactivated and live, attenuated influenza vaccines protect mice against influenza:Streptococcus pyogenes super-infections ☆

Mortality associated with influenza virus super-infections is frequently due to secondary bacterial complications. To date, super-infections with Streptococcus pyogenes have been studied less extensively than those associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae. This is significant because a vaccine for S. pyogenes is not clinically available, leaving vaccination against influenza virus as our only means for preventing these super-infections. In this study, we directly compared immunity induced by two types of influenza vaccine, either inactivated influenza virus (IIV) or live, attenuated influenza virus (LAIV), for the ability to prevent super-infections. Our data demonstrate that both IIV and LAIV vaccines induce similar levels of serum antibodies, and that LAIV alone induces IgA expression at mucosal surfaces. Upon super-infection, both vaccines have the ability to limit the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the lung, including IFN-γ which has been shown to contribute to mortality in previous models of super-infection. Limiting expression of these pro-inflammatory cytokines within the lungs subsequently limits recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils to pulmonary surfaces, and ultimately protects both IIV- and LAIV-vaccinated mice from mortality. Despite their overall survival, both IIV- and LAIV-vaccinated mice demonstrated levels of bacteria within the lung tissue that are similar to those seen in unvaccinated mice. Thus, influenza virus:bacteria super-infections can be limited by vaccine-induced immunity against influenza virus, but the ability to prevent morbidity is not complete.
Down-up algebras at roots of unity

In this note, we show that down-up algebras at roots of unity are maximal orders over their centers.
Localization of centromere function in a drosophila minichromosome

Abstract The DNA elements responsible for centromere activity in a metazoan have been localized using the Drosophila minichromosome Dp1187 . Deleted minichromosomes were generated by irradiation mutagenesis, and their molecular structures were determined by pulsed-field Southern blot analysis. Analyses of the transmission behavior of Dp1187 derivatives localized sequences necessary for chromosome inheritance within the centric heterochromatin. The essential core of the centromere is contained within a 220 kb region that includes significant amounts of complex DNA. Completely normal inheritance also requires ∼ 200 kb on either side of the essential core. This flanking DNA predominantly contains highly repeated sequences, and the amount required for normal transmission differs among division types and between the sexes. We propose that the essential core Is the site of kinetochore formation and that flanking DNA provides two functions: sister chromatid cohesion and indirect assistance in kinetochore formation or function.
Disodium tetrachloropalladate (Na2PdCl4), an inhibitor of rat liver mitochondrial electron transport.

Abstract The effects of Na2PdCl4 were studied on isolated rat liver mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in vitro. Significant reductions in ADP-stimulated respiration were observed with increasing Na2PdCl4 concentrations with both succinate and NADH-linked substrate oxidations. Concentration necessary for half-maximal inhibition of oxygen uptake (EC50) for an NADH-linked substrate system was 18 μM while with succinate as substrate the EC50 was 15 μM. At 64 μM both systems were inhibited maximally at 60 and 80%, respectively. At concentrations of Na2PdCl4 sufficient to inhibit acceptor-stimulated oxygen uptake, there was a concomitant decrease in the rate of ADP phosphorylation as measured by proton absorption. Uncoupling agents had no effect on Na2PdCl4 inhibited mitochondria. Mg-ATPase activity and phosphate acceptor limited (State 4) respiratory activity were not stimulated by any Na2PdCl4 concentration used in these investigations. Data from these experiments indicate that Na2PdClm4 inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in vitro.
Using Explicit Instruction to Teach Science Descriptors to Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Science content is one area of general curriculum access that needs more investigation. Explicit instruction is effective for teaching students with high incidence disabilities a variety of skills, including science content. In this study, we taught three elementary aged students with autism spectrum disorder to acquire science descriptors (e.g., wet) and then generalization to novel objects, pictures, and within a science inquiry lesson via explicit instruction. A multiple probe across behaviors with concurrent replication across participants design measured the effects of the intervention. All three participants met criterion, some were able to generalize to novel objects, pictures, and objects within science inquiry lesson. Outcomes are discussed from the perspective of implications for practice and future research investigations.
Transient and Sustained Changes in Operational Performance, Patient Evaluation, and Medication Administration During Electronic Health Record Implementation in the Emergency Department

Study objective Little is known about the transient and sustained operational effects of electronic health records on emergency department (ED) performance. We quantify how the implementation of a comprehensive electronic health record was associated with metrics of operational performance, test ordering, and medication administration at a single-center ED. Methods We performed a longitudinal analysis of electronic data from a single, suburban, academic ED during 28 weeks between May 2011 and November 2011. We assessed length of stay, use of diagnostic testing, medication administration, radiologic imaging, and patient satisfaction during a 4-week baseline measurement period and then tracked changes in these variables during the 24 weeks after implementation of the electronic health record. Results Median length of stay increased and patient satisfaction was reduced transiently, returning to baseline after 4 to 8 weeks. Rates of laboratory testing, medication administration, overall radiologic imaging, radiographs, computed tomography scans, and ECG ordering all showed sustained increases throughout the 24 weeks after electronic health record implementation. Conclusion Electronic health record implementation in this single-center study was associated with both transient and sustained changes in metrics of ED performance, as well as laboratory and medication ordering. Understanding ways in which an ED can be affected by electronic health record implementation is critical to providing insight about ways to mitigate transient disruption and to maximize potential benefits of the technology.
Design and assembly of supramolecular dual-modality nanoprobes

We report the design and synthesis of self-assembling dual-modality molecular probes containing both a fluorophore for optical imaging and a metal ion chelator for imaging with MRI or radionuclide methods. These molecular probes can spontaneously associate into spherical nanoparticles under physiological conditions. We demonstrate the use of these supramolecular nanoprobes for live-cell optical imaging, as well as their potential use as MRI contrast agents after complexation with gadolinium. Our results suggest that self-assembly into supramolecular nanoprobes presents an effective means to enhance and tune the relaxivities of molecular probes.
The additivity of values of energy expenditure of simultaneously performed simple muscular tasks.

A study was carried out to compare the sum of independently determined net rates of energy expenditure for two or three simple muscular tasks and the net rate of energy expenditure for the simultaneous performance of the same tasks. Three simple tasks were used: one-armed cranking of an ergometer, one-armed static pulling against resistance, and walking. Eight configurations representing all possible combinations of the simple tasks were examined. The results showed that for seven of the eight configurations, the sum of the net rates of energy expenditure for the simple tasks significantly exceeded the net rate of energy expenditure for simultaneous performance. For four of these configurations, the discrepancy was 20 per cent or larger. The results are discussed in terms of kinesiology, i.e. the science of movement of the body, and their implications for both work design and possible systems of standard metabolic data.
Induced polarization of shaly sands; salinity domain modeling by double embedding of the effective medium theory

A modeling technique is proposed that assumes a typical shaly sand to be a three-phase porous mixture: water, quartz, and clay. The complex conductivity of such a mixture can be modeled with an equation containing only the complex conductivity of each constituent and the geometry of the pore structure. The effective medium theory provides the basis for such a model. The model typically handles two phases at a time, but one of the phases can be considered as a submixture and then the model is simply applied again after the first inversion to determine the properties of the submixture. In the first inversion, the two phases are water and matrix. For the second inversion, the matrix conductivities are modeled by a mixture of quartz and clay.The present work relies on a published data set of 19 samples, with measurements as a function of salinity taken at constant frequency (Vinegar and Waxman, 1984). The proposed technique fit this data better than the Vinegar-Waxman model which requires more variables. Moreover, this 'double embedding' procedure yields realistic values for clay conductivity, clay dielectric constant, and fractional volume of clay.
Theory of field effects on transport properties of polyatomic gases in the transition regime

A simple method is presented for describing the effects of external magnetic or electric fields on the transport properties of polyatomic gases over the entire range from the continuum to the Knudsen regime. Instead of treating bulk and boundary-layer effects separately, both molecular and surface scattering are included from the beginning in the collisional part of the Boltzmann equation, and the surface is treated as one component of a multicomponent mixture. A simple first-order solution of this problem is sufficient to account for the dependence of the transport coefficients on the Knudsen number in the presence of a field. Detailed results for the longitudinal and transverse viscomagnetic effects in a single gas are presented, and shown to be in good agreement with experimental data for CO and N2.
Cased-Hole Evaluation With the Chlorine Log

Typical problems faced by operators in the Gulf of Mexico are the evaluation of low resistive potentially productive zones and depleted zones behind pipe. Tenneco Oil Company has used the chlorine logging system to solve these problems in numerous wells and several case studies are presented. The chlorine logging system is a neutroncapture spectral measurement and analysis technique which provides a quantitative, lithology-independent water saturation (Sw) interpretation. Water saturation is derived from the measured spectral response, formation porosity, formation water salinity, and wellbore geometry. No corrections for borehole fluid or shale volume are necessary. This logging system demonstrates its usefulness in evaluating low resistivity pay zones and evaluating water movement within producing and/or produced zones.
Rose Bengal Stain as an Aid in Sorting Larval Fish Samples

Abstract Sorting samples of larval fish that contain large amounts of vegetable or mineral matter may be facilitated by the addition of a 1% solution of rose bengal, which stains fish bright red. Staining resulted in a saving of more than 50% in sorting time, an increase of almost 15% in the number offish found, and a slight decrease in mean length of the fish recovered, from 11.2 to 10.4 mm.
Forms and issues in experiential learning

This chapter introduces some of the forms and practices of experiential education and raises some challenging questions about the role that pedagogy plays in institutions of higher learning.
Effects of Eu3+ Fe3+ exchange interaction on the spin Hamiltonian parameters of Fe3+ in EuGaG

Abstract The anisotropic exchange 1 3 a μν Y μν (L Eu )S Eu · S Fe (0 is incorporated with the isotropic exchange −2 a00SEu · SFe to interpret the observed spin-Hamiltonian parameters g and D of Fe3+ doped into EuGaG. Calculations from the observed g shifts yield a value of a00 equal to 0.01 K. In order to explain the observed D shift, it is concluded that the spherical harmonics Yμν(LEu) with μ > 2 are of dominant importance.
Viscoelastic Characterization of Polymers Using Dynamic Instrumented Indentation

Dynamic nanoindentation was performed on a poly(methyl methacrylate, PMMA), and two different poly(dimethyl siloxane, PDMS) samples having different crosslink densities. Comparison was made between dynamic nanoindentation and rheological instrumentation measurements in the glassy and rubbery plateau regions of polymeric materials. Excellent agreement between bulk rheological data and dynamic nanoindentation data was observed for the two glassy materials and the less compliant of the two PDMS samples. Results were divergent for the more compliant PDMS sample.
Meibomian gland function and the tear lipid layer.

Abstract The meibomian glands of the lid produce a lipid material whose synthesis is dependent on neuronal, hormonal, and vascular factors. This lipid material is fluid, spreads easily, is a surfactant as well as an aqueous barrier and must remain functional after a blink. To satisfy these requirements, the meibomian lipids have a specific composition. Even after delivery it may be modified by lipases produced by ocular bacteria, and modifications in the lipid components can lead to unique disease states. For example, bacteria may degrade lipids, producing an unstable tear film and irritating free fatty acids; and hormonal imbalances may alter lipid profiles to destabilize the tear film and produce evaporative dry eye.
Jordan Pairs of Adjacency Relations in Digital Spaces

: We define a digital space to be a pair consisting of an arbitrary nonempty set V and a symmetric binary relation π on V with respect to which V is connected. Our intent is to capture and investigate the notion of a boundary in this extremely general environment. Our motivation comes from practical applications, where boundaries need to be identified in multidimensional data sets with the further aim of displaying them on a computer screen. Our definitions are biased towards such applications. In particular, we refer to elements of V as spels (short for “spatial elements”). We call an arbitrary nonempty subset of a π surface and we define the notions of the interior and the exterior of a surface. We also introduce the notion of a near-Jordan surface; its interior and exterior partition V. We call a symmetric binary relations on V that contains π a spel-adjacency. For spel-adjacencies κ and λ, we call a surface κλ-Jordan if it is near-Jordan, its interior is κ-connected and its exterior is λ-connected. Our first main result is that the surface between a κ-connected set and any λ-component of its complement is κλ-Jordan. We introduce the notion of a binary picture in which there is an assignment of a 1 or a 0 to elements of V. A κλ-boundary is defined as the surface between a λ-component of 1-spels and a λ-component of 0-spels. We discuss the notion of tightness for spel-adjacencies. Our next main result is that for tight spel-adjacencies κ and λ, the interior of a κλ-boundary is κ-connected, while its exterior is λ-connected. We say that {κ, λ} is a Jordan pair, if κ and λ are tight spel-adjacencies and every κλ-boundary (equivalently, every λκ-boundary) is near-Jordan. It therefore follows from the previously stated result that if {κ, λ} is a Jordan pair, then a κλ-boundary is κλ-Jordan. We also show that if {κ, λ} is a Jordan pair and κ′ and λ′ are tight spel adjacencies containing κ and λ, respectively, then {κ′, λ′} is also a Jordan pair.
Barium studies in esophageal cicatricial pemphigoid

Cicatricial pemphigoid (CP) (benign mucous membrane pemphigoid) is a rare, blistering disease of skin and mucous membrane. The disease rarely extends to involve the esophagus, and there are only a few cases reported in the radiological literature. The aims of this study were to document the frequency of esophageal involvement and to describe the findings on upper GI barium studies. A total of 197 patients with CP were seen at our institution from 1981 to 1991. The clinical and radiological findings of these patients were reviewed and compared with findings reported in the literature. Esophageal involvement was documented in seven patients. Cervical esophageal webs were found in five of the seven patients. Two patients had single esophageal webs while three had multiple webs. Frank strictures of the esophagus were also seen in five patients. These were most common in the cervical esophagus, but strictures were also found in the mid and lower esophagus. Two of the strictures resulted in significant dysphagia and required multiple endoscopic dilatations. One of the dilatations was complicated by mucosal injury, and follow-up barium examination showed dissection of the esophageal mucosa from the cervical esophagus to the esophagogastric junction. One patient demonstrated intramural pseudodiverticulosis in the cervical esophagus. Functional disturbances demonstrated on barium studies included tracheal aspiration in two patients and nasopharyngeal reflux in three. CP involves the esophagus in approximately 5% of cases. The hypopharynx and cervical esophagus are most commonly involved, but any portion of the esophagus may be involved, and multiple levels of involvement may be seen. Cervical esophageal webs, often multiple or complex, are the most common appearance on barium studies, but frank strictures are also found. Secondary manifestations of esophageal involvement include nasopharyngeal reflux, tracheal aspiration, and intramural pseudodiverticulosis.
Pseudopolymorphism in tetradeca-2,6-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin: the crystal structures for two new hydrates-conformational variability in the alkylated beta-cyclodextrin molecule.

Tetradeca-2,6-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin, per-2,6-OMe-β-CD, is an unusual β-cyclodextrin, β-CD, derivative because it has a negative thermal solubility coefficient in aqueous solution. This report des...
Tool life prediction using Bayesian updating. Part 2: Turning tool life using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach

Abstract According to the Taylor tool life equation, tool life reduces with increasing cutting speed following a power law. Additional factors can also be added, such as the feed rate, in Taylor-type models. Although these models are posed as deterministic equations, there is inherent uncertainty in the empirical constants and tool life is generally considered a stochastic process. In this work, Bayesian inference is applied to estimate model constants for both milling and turning operations while considering uncertainty. In Part 1 of the paper, a Taylor tool life model for milling that uses an exponent, n, and a constant, C, is developed. Bayesian inference is applied to estimate the two model constants using a discrete grid method. Tool wear tests are performed using an uncoated carbide tool and 1018 steel work material. Test results are used to update initial beliefs about the constants and the updated beliefs are then used to predict tool life using a probability density function. In Part 2, an extended form of the Taylor tool life equation is implemented that includes the dependence on both cutting speed and feed for a turning operation. The dependence on cutting speed is quantified by an exponent, p, and the dependence on feed by an exponent, q; the model also includes a constant, C. Bayesian inference is applied to estimate these constants using the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. Turning tests are performed using a carbide tool and MS309 steel work material. The test results are again used to update initial beliefs about the Taylor tool life constants and the updated beliefs are used to predict tool life via a probability density function.
Optimal realignments of the teams in the National Football League

Abstract In the fall of 1995, the National Football League expanded for the first time since 1977, adding Carolina to the National Football Conference West division and Jacksonville to the American Football Conference Central division. However, this expansion, coupled with the departure of the Rams and the Raiders from Los Angeles, exacerbated an already inefficient alignment of the teams. This paper presents optimal realignments of the league's thirty teams based on the goal of minimizing total intradivisional travel. These realignments are both fairer and considerably less expensive for the teams than the 1995 alignment.
Viscoelastic Properties of Brain Tissue Under High-Rate Large Deformation

The nonlinearity of brain tissue material behavior for large deformations at high strain rates was investigated. The viscoelastic properties of brain tissue under high rate ramp- and hold shear strains were determined and nonlinearity in the elastic and time dependent properties of the tissue were examined based on modeling the experimental data. The results revealed that the elastic response of brain tissue is linear from 10% to 50% shear strain, but the time dependent part of the properties in short times shows nonlinear behavior.© 2009 ASME
Transfer reactions and optical potential ambiguities for light heavy-ion systems

Abstract We investigate the extent to which measurements of transfer reactions between light heavy ions might provide a signature of a partial transparency in their mutual optical potential. This transparency allows some contribution from impact parameters smaller than the grazing one. The 12 C( 12 C, 13 C) 11 C ground-state transition is used as an example. Optical potentials are derived from 12 C + 12 C elastic scattering at energies from E / A = 20 to 85 MeV and used in DWBA calculations of the transfer. At the lower energies, potentials which provide similar elastic scattering at forward angles also predict very similar peak cross sections for transfer, but the angular distribution away from this main peak depends upon the degree of absorption present. The sensitivity increases as the energy is raised, so that at E / A = 85 MeV even the peak cross section becomes very dependent upon the optical potential used.
Folic Acid Supplementation Improves Vascular Function in Professional Dancers With Endothelial Dysfunction

Objective To determine if folic acid supplementation improves vascular function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation [FMD]) in professional dancers with known endothelial dysfunction. Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Setting Academic institution in the Midwestern United States. Subjects Twenty-two professional ballet dancers volunteered for this study. Main Outcome Measures Subjects completed a 3-day food record to determine caloric and micronutrient intake. Menstrual status was determined by interview and questionnaire. Endothelial function was determined as flow-induced vasodilation measured by high-frequency ultrasound of the brachial artery. A change in brachial diameter of Results Sixty-four percent of dancers (n = 14) had abnormal brachial artery FMD ( P Conclusions This study reveals that vascular endothelial function improves in dancers after supplementation with folic acid (10 mg/day) for at least 4 weeks. This finding may have clinically important implications for future cardiovascular disease risk prevention.
Plasma pepsinogen, inhibited larval development, and abomasal lesions in experimental infections of calves with Ostertagia ostertagi

Abstract Single doses of Ostertagia ostertagi , followed in 42 days by multiple increasing doses in calves, were monitored by fecal egg counts and plasma pepsinogen. The level of plasma pepsinogen increase was related to the increase in graded levels of inoculation and to the fecal egg counts. Plasma pepsinogen in uninfected controls remained below 1 IU/L. Plasma pepsinogen in all calves reached levels greater than 5 IU/L at 48 days of the extended inoculation period, although fecal egg counts remained low in the previously inoculated calves. The previously infected calves had a higher proportion of early fourth-stage larvae, while larger adult worm burdens were found in the previously uninfected calves. Early fourth-stage larvae were observed in extra-glandular sites, notably between the glandular epithelium and basement membrane or within the lamina propria. An immunological response of the host was suggested by the lymphoid cell infiltration in the mucosa. This host immune response may account for the greater larval inhibition exhibited by the previously infected calves.
Conflict and Crisis Settings: Promoting Sexual and Reproductive Rights

In Italian philosopher Giorgio Agambens concept of the "state of exception" human beings are reduced to a condition of "bare life" banished from the dignities of citizenship and the protections of ordinary rights. While Agamben considers the Nazi concentration camps as the paradigm case he warns that under conditions of global economic and ecological crisis and rampant militarism growing numbers of people find themselves stripped of ordinary rights or even "the right to have rights". These include not only the detainees in militarised sites of the US-led war on terror but also the millions of internally displaced and transnational migrants and refugees fleeing war ethnic and armed conflict tsunami hurricanes floods and other disasters. By the end of 2006 according to estimates by the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) nearly 33 million men women and children worldwide qualified for humanitarian assistance: refugees asylum-seekers internally displaced persons (IDPs) returnees and stateless persons. This was an increase of 56% over the available statistics for 2005 reflecting escalating armed conflicts e.g. in Iraq Lebanon Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste. The immediate - and in many cases long-term - result has been the wholesale concentration of "forced migrants" in camps and other displacement centres. (excerpt)
Breaking Down Words to Build Meaning: Morphology, Vocabulary, and Reading Comprehension in the Urban Classroom

Recent research supports what many teachers already know—that students with a developed understanding that words are combinations of meaningful parts tend to have better vocabularies and stronger reading comprehension performance. These meaningful parts are called morphemes, and the study of them is called morphology. Teaching students to understand morphology could improve their reading comprehension, particularly for English-language learners (ELLs) and their classmates in urban schools. This article reports on recent findings on this topic and suggests principles for teachers to use when integrating the teaching of morphology with literacy instruction.
Period doubling bifurcations and universality in conservative systems

We have studied numerically a sequence of period doubling bifurcations of periodic orbits of Henon's conservative two-dimensional mapping. In agreement with other recent studies, we also find evidence that such sequences possess universality properties, similar to the ones observed for dissipative systems. The corresponding universal constants, however, have significantly different values in each case. We suggest that a possible explanation for this discrepancy may be the fact that conservative systems, owing to their measure preserving property, do not become asymptotically one-dimensional, as dissipative systems do.
Investigation on the Ignition Conditions From a Comparison Between Reacting and Non-Reacting Diesel Spray Experiments

Natural luminosity images from reacting diesel sprays were acquired in a combustion-type constant-volume spray chamber. Using an ambient condition of 15 kg/m3 and 1000 K, the effects of peak injection pressures (60, 90 and 150 MPa) and nozzle hole sizes (140, 158 and 200 μm) were investigated. From high-speed natural luminosity cinematography, macroscopic reacting spray characteristics such as flame lift-off height and ignition delay time were obtained. For increasing injection pressures the ignition delay time decreased, and the flame lift off height increased. For increasing hole diameter the ignition time delay decreased, and the flame lift-off height decreased. The authors’ previous results of the fuel concentration measurement from non-reacting spray experiments were used to ascertain the local equivalence ratio for the reacting spray during the ignition and initial flame development period. The first detection of the luminosity (believed to be chemiluminescence) signal was found to occur in fuel-rich vapor regions near the boundary of the liquid core with an equivalence ratio near 2 and a temperature of approximately 800 K. These conditions were found to be independent of injection pressure and nozzle diameter for the condition tested (15 kg/m3 and 1000 K ambient), suggesting that this is a kinetically controlled process.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
PREDICTIVE VALIDITIES OF CLINICAL AND ACTUARIAL SCORES OF THE GESELL INCOMPLETE MAN TEST

Summary.-The predictive validities of clinical and actuarial scores of the Gesell Incomplete Man Test were investigated to determine their relationships with selected intelligence, achievement, and creativity measures over a 5-yr. interval. Giterion measures included the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test, Goodenough-Harris Figure Drawing Test, Iowa Tests of Basic Skills, and Torrance Circle Test. Correlational analysis indicated that each scoring method yielded generally similar relationships with corresponding criterion measures. Except for the relationships with intellectual criteria, however, the predictive value of the Incomplete Man was negligible for these boys and girls of elementary-school age (N = 61 ) . The Gesell Developmental Examination has been proposed as a measure for placing children developmentally into classroom grade groupings (Ilg & Ames, 1972). The Incomplete Man is one section of this larger developmental battery. The test involves completing a figure of a partially drawn man. Clinical and actuarial methods are available for scoring the Incomplete Man. This study investigated the predictive validities of each of the scoring methods over a 5-yr. interval using selected measures of intelligence, achievement, and creativity. A small suburban elementary school in Connecticut was the site of the investigation. A sample of 61 boys and girls, given the Incomplete Man prior to kindergarten admittance and still attending the school 5 yr. later, were included in the study. Students ranged in age from 4 yr., 4 mo. to 5 yr., 9 mo. at the time of completing the Incomplete Man. The rests were scored clinically by a developmental examiner and independently by the author using the actuarial scoring method. Neither scorer was aware of the other's ratings until all tests were scored. Criterion measures were the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test, Goodenough-Harris Figure Drawing Test, Iowa Tests of Basic SkiUs, and Torrance Circle Test. The Lorge-Thorndike and Iowa scores were obtained from students' files. Goodenough-Harris and Torrance tests were administered for research purposes and, respectively, required figure drawing and picture completion. The Incomplete Man measured figure completion. The relationships between the clinical and actuarial scores of the Incomplete Man and the criterion measures were determined by Pearson product
Application specific electrode-integrated nanotube cathodes (ASINCs) for miniature analytical instruments for space exploration

ABSTRACT JPL has developed high performance cold cathodes using arrays of carbon nanotube bundles that routinely produce > 15 A/cm 2 at applied fields of 5 to 8 V/µm without any beam focusing. They have exhibited robust operation in poor vacuums of 10 -6 to 10 -4 Torr- a typically achievable range inside hermetically sealed microcavities. A new double-SOI process to monolithically integr ate gate and additional beam tailoring electrodes has been developed. These electrodes are designed according to application requirements making carbon nanotube field emission sources application specific (Application Specific electrode-Integrated Nanotube Cathodes or ASINCs). ASINCs, vacuum packaged usin g COTS parts and a reflow bonding process, when tested after 6-month shelf life have shown little emission degradation. Lifetime of ASINCs is found to be affected by two effects- a gradual decay of emission due to anode sputtering, and dislodging of CNT bundles at high fields (> 10 V/µm). Using ASINCs miniature X-ray tubes and mass ionizers have been developed for future XRD/XRF and miniature mass spectrometer instruments for lander missions to Venus, Mars, Titan, and other planetary bodies.
Cholesterol Management and the Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk

The increasing number of outcomes-based clinical trials addressing cardiovascular risk factor reduction using statin therapy has resulted in a substantial revision of the management of patients at risk for cardiovascular events. The clinical trials involve both primary and secondary preventive care. This review outlines the trials addressing primary and secondary prevention, detailing the more recently published studies, their place in risk-factor management, and their relationship to the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. Available data in elderly patients are reviewed, as are the adverse effects of the different statins and the statin drugs undergoing preliminary trials but not yet approved for general clinical use. The underuse of statin therapy is also addressed. Conclusions are drawn regarding the appropriate use of statin therapy in the contemporary primary and secondary preventive management of patients to reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.
Mojave toxin in venom of Crotalus helleri (Southern Pacific Rattlesnake): molecular and geographic characterization

Abstract Mojave toxin (MT) was detected in five of 25 Crotalus helleri (Southern Pacific rattlesnake) sampled using anti-MT antibodies and nucleotide sequence analysis. All of the venoms that were positive for MT were collected from Mt San Jacinto in Riverside Co., California. Since this population is geographically isolated from C. scutulatus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake), it is unlikely that this finding is due to recent hybridization. MT concentration differences between C. helleri and C. s. scutulatus reflected the presence of ‘isoforms’ of the toxin in the venom. Whereas C. s. scutulatus generally has several isoforms of the toxin (detected by Western blotting), only one ‘isoform’ that focused at pI 5.1 was detected in C. helleri. Both acidic and basic subunits of MT sequences were obtained from C. helleri DNA with primers specific for MT, but only from snakes that had MT in their venom. The sequence identity of the C. helleri acidic subunit to the C. s. scutulatus subunit was 84.9%, whereas the sequence identity of the C. helleri basic subunit was 97% to the C. s. scutulatus basic subunit. Using casein, fibrin, and hide powder azure as substrates, assays for proteolytic activity suggested that C. helleri possesses several different types of metalloproteinases in their venom. However, proteolytic activity was not detected, or present in reduced amounts, in specimens having MT. Clinical neurotoxicity following envenomation by certain populations of C. helleri may be due to MT.
An examination of the Allocation of Treatment Responsibility scale in adolescents with epilepsy

Abstract The purpose of the current study was to examine the psychometric properties of the adapted Allocation of Treatment Responsibility (ATR) scale and the distribution of tasks related to oral medication and clinic and laboratory visits in a sample of adolescents with epilepsy. Adolescents with epilepsy (N = 50; ages 13–17 years) and their caregivers completed the adapted ATR and a measure of medication management. Internal consistency for the adapted ATR was strong (total and subscale range: 0.75–0.97). Validity was partially supported by significant correlations between adolescent age and ATR oral medication responsibility for both respondent measures. Allocation of Treatment Responsibility total scores were not associated with adherence to medications and clinic appointments. Initial findings are promising and have important implications for assessing the distribution of treatment responsibility among adolescents with epilepsy and their families.
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Hybrid Hydrogels: Structural and Mechanical Properties

Hybrid hydrogels consisting of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) prepolymers, and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) were prepared through a two-stage photo-cross-linking process. To elucidate the effects of PCC morphology, size, aspect ratio, and concentration to the structural and mechanical properties of the hybrid hydrogels, two types of PCC, including rhombohedral calcite with particle size of 50−150 nm and needle-shape aragonite with particle size of 380−1250 nm and aspect ratio of 4.2−6.6, were investigated. In all cases, the PCCs were found randomly dispersed in the hydrogel network. A significant increase in both shear and Young’s moduli was observed in hybrid gels with larger PCC particle size and aspect ratio 40−180 MPa from aragonite and 20−150 MPa from calcite compared to 3 MPa in the neat hydrogels (60/40 wt % HEMA/MMA). Consistent with modulus data, the network mobility decreased with increasing particle concentration, particle size, and aspect ratio, and the h...