cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First in man study of [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate PET: a novel macrophage imaging technique to visualize rheumatoid arthritis.

Non-invasive imaging of arthritis activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using macrophage PET holds promise for early diagnosis and therapeutic response monitoring. Previously obtained results with macrophage tracer (R)-[11C]PK11195 were encouraging, but the imaging signal could be further improved by reduction of background uptake. Recently, the novel macrophage tracer [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate was developed. This tracer showed excellent targeting of the folate receptor β on activated macrophages in synovial tissue in a preclinical arthritic rat model. We performed three substudies to investigate the biodistribution, potential for imaging arthritis and kinetic properties of [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate in RA patients. Firstly, biodistribution demonstrated fast clearance of [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate from heart and blood vessels and no dose limiting uptake in organs. Secondly, [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate showed uptake in arthritic joints with significantly lower background and hence significantly higher target-to-background ratios as compared to reference macrophage tracer (R)-[11C]PK11195. Lastly, dynamic scanning demonstrated fast tracer uptake in affected joints, reaching a plateau after 1 minute, co-existing with a rapid blood clearance. In conclusion, this first in man study demonstrates the potential of [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate to image arthritis activity in RA with favourable imaging characteristics of rapid clearance and low background uptake, that allow for detection of inflammatory activity in the whole body.
Binge-like palatable food intake in rats reduces preproglucagon in the nucleus tractus solitarius.

Binge eating involves eating larger than normal quantities of food within a discrete period of time. The neurohormonal controls governing binge-like palatable food intake are not well understood. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone produced peripherally in the intestine and centrally in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), reduces food intake. Given that the NTS plays a critical role in integrating peripheral and central signals relevant for food intake, as well as the role of GLP-1 in motivated feeding, we tested the hypothesis that expression of the GLP-1 precursor preproglucagon (PPG) would be reduced in the NTS of rats with a history of binge-like palatable food intake. Adult male rats received access to fat for 1 h shortly before lights off, either every day (Daily, D) or only 3d/week (Intermittent, INT). INT rats ate significantly more fat than did D rats in sessions where all rats had fat access. After ~8.5 weeks of diet maintenance, we measured plasma GLP-1 as well as NTS PPG and GLP-1 receptor expression. INT rats had significantly lower NTS PPG mRNA expression compared to D rats. However, plasma GLP-1 was significantly increased in the INT group versus D rats. No significant differences were observed in NTS GLP-1 receptor expression. We also measured plasma insulin levels, fasted blood glucose, and plasma corticosterone but no differences were detected between groups. These results support the hypothesis that binge-like eating reduces NTS GLP-1 expression, and furthermore, demonstrate divergent impacts of binge-like eating on peripheral (plasma) versus central GLP-1.
Relating ΔHvap of Organic Liquids to Intermolecular Forces: Simple Modifications of a Classic General Chemistry Experiment

The concept of equilibrium vapor pressure plays a key role in the general chemistry curriculum; it is among the first and most easily demonstrated examples of equilibrium and frequently caps off th...
Pearl lecture: Biological normalcy: A new framework for biocultural analysis of human population variation

Biological normalcy is a new analytical framework for understanding the bi-directional relationships between the biology of populations and cultural norms. Populations are characterized by statistical distributions-that is, measures of central tendency and variance-for biological traits, and these co-exist in societies with ideas about what constitutes "normal" human bodies, that is, normative views about what bodies "should" be like. While statistical norms may carry no explicit evaluative weight, the question is how they are related to judgments about what is "normal" or "abnormal." In a 1947 paper, Margaret Mead recognized their potential relationship: "normal…may refer to the statistically usual in the culture-usually without any recognition that this is culturally relative-so that the statistically usual is identified with the basically human…." Despite her observations over 70 years ago, little has been done on this topic, yet such work promises new insights into the relationship between culture and biology, here described at the population level, rather than as individual genetic characteristics. Using examples of sex/gender, race/ethnicity, age, and my work on human variation in the ability to drink milk, I outline the ways in which statistical norms may: influence individuals' perceptions of what is "normal" (Mead's "basically human"); lead to normative judgments about what human biology "should" be ("ethno-biocentrism") that are reinforced by biases in discourse about human variation; and potentially feedback to mold the biological characteristics of a population.
Recent developments in centrifugally spun composite fibers and their performance as anode materials for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries

Abstract Nanofibers (NFs) and composite NFs have been widely used as electrode and separator materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio and versatility of their morphologies. The majority of carbon-fibers (CFs) anodes have been prepared by electrospinning and subsequent thermal treatment. Nevertheless, the low fiber yield and safety hazards associated with this method have raised concerns and limited the commercialization of composite CF anodes. Fiber and nanofiber processing methods such as centrifugal spinning can overcome low productivity and eliminate the use of a high voltage to produce fibers. In the present work, centrifugally spun fibers with alloying, transition metal oxides, and transition metal sulfite-based materials are presented and discussed for potential use as anode materials in LIBs and SIBs. Emphasis is given on the centrifugal spinning process and its effects on fiber formation, morphology, and structure of these nanocomposite anodes.
A Modified 4Ts Score for Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in the Mechanical Circulatory Support Population

Purpose Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are at increased risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). The aim of this study was to identify risk factors and assess the morbidity and mortality associated with HIT in the mechanical circulatory support population. We present a modified “4TMCS” scoring system for this population of patients. MCS represents a “definite” cause of thrombocytopenia and the proposed 4TMCS score replaces the "other causes" category with “Type of mechanical circulatory support”. Methods We performed analysis of patients who underwent cardiac surgery at Stanford University Medical Center between May 1, 2008 and December 31, 2016. Patients were categorized into three groups: 1) Control, patients with normal post-operative platelet count; 2) HIT(-), patients who developed thrombocytopenia and tested negative for HIT; and 3) HIT(+), patients who developed thrombocytopenia and tested positive for HIT. Independent predictors of post-operative HIT were evaluated, and a comparison of diagnostic accuracy between the 4Ts and 4TMCS probability scores was performed. Results We identified 5,314 patients eligible for analysis between 2008 and 2016. In total, 125/5314 (2.4%) patients were diagnosed with HIT, of which 75/5314 (1.4%) had clinical evidence of thrombosis. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 25.6%, 11.7%, and 1.5% in the HIT(+), HIT(-), and control groups, respectively (P Conclusion Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is associated with worse outcomes and increased morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Patients receiving MCS may be at increased risk for development of post-operative HIT. Awareness of pre-operative patient risk factors and application of a modified 4TMCS probability score may allow for more accurate screening and treatment of HIT in the MCS population.
The effectiveness of interruptive prescribing alerts in ambulatory CPOE to change prescriber behaviour & improve safety

Background Prescribing alerts of an electronic health record are meant to be protective, but often are disruptive to providers. Our goal was to assess the effectiveness of interruptive medication-prescriber alerts in changing prescriber behaviour and improving patient outcomes in ambulatory care settings via computerised provider order entry (CPOE) systems. Methods A standardised search strategy was developed and applied to the following key bibliographical databases: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library. Non-comparison studies and studies on non-interrupted alerts were eliminated. We developed a standardised data collection form and abstracted data that included setting, study design, category of intervention alert and outcomes measured. The search was completed in August 2018 and repeated in November of 2019 and of 2020 to identify any new publications during the time lapse. Results Ultimately, nine comparison studies of triggered alerts were identified. Each studied at least one outcome measure illustrating how the alert affected prescriber decision-making. Provider behaviour was influenced in the majority, with most noting a positive change. Alerts decreased pharmaceutical costs, moved medications toward preferred medications tiers and steered treatments toward evidence-based choices. They also decreased prescribing errors. Clinician feedback, rarely solicited, expressed frustration with alerts creating a time delay. Conclusion The current evidence shows a clear indication that many categories of alerts are effective in changing prescriber behaviour. However, it is unclear whether these behavioural changes lead to improved patient outcomes. Despite the rapid transition to CPOE use for patient care, there are few rigorous studies of triggered alerts and how workflow interruptions impact patient outcomes and provider acceptance.
Cell cycle arrest of S. cerevisiae in conjunction with labeling of the cell wall.

Summary S. cerevisiae can be arrested in metaphase by depleting Cdc20. We describe (1) how to achieve this arrest and verify it, (2) how to label cell surface glycans covalently to distinguish mother from bud, and (3) how to detect the nucleolus and learn that it remains in the mother domain upon arrest. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tartakoff et al. (2021) , Rai et al. (2017) , and Zapanta Rinonos et al. (2014) .
VMEexec - Implementierung eines Echtzeitkern-Schnittstellen-Standards

Fur den Echtzeitbereich gibt es noch keinen Softwarestandard. Dies ist aber die Voraussetzung fur kompatible Softwareprodukte und die Moglichkeit fur die Anwender aus dem grosen Softwareangebot die optimalen Produkte fur ihre Applikation zusammenzustellen. Die Firma Motorola hat den ersten Schritt getan, indem sie vor 2 Jahren die “Real-Time-Executive-Interface-Definition (RTEID)”-Spezifikation entwickelt hatte. Diese Spezifikation wurde dem VITA Software Subcommitee als Vorschlag fur einen Echtzeitkem-Schnittstellenstandard eingereicht. Die Version die dann von dem VITA Gremium ausgearbeitet wurde heist ORKID (Open-Realtime-Kemel-lnterface-Definition). Die erste Version wurde im November 1989 vorgestellt, die 2. Version gibt es seit Januar 1990.
Gender-Based Violence and the Invisibility of Women in Kenya: The Role of Imperialism, Nationalism, and Culture

The review of historical and current literature on the experiences of Kenyan women reveals that gender-based violence in Kenya remains an issue that needs to be addressed. This essay examines gender-based violence since Kenya’s colonial period through its attainment of independence from the British in 1963 to modern times. An analysis of current Kenya’s history shows that there has been an alarming escalation of incidents of violence against women. By focusing on gender-based violence during colonialism and post-election periods, the paper analyzes the impact of imperialism, nationalism, and culture on the lives and experiences of women. It notes that notwithstanding the country’s ethnic diversity, there are some commonalities and challenges that Kenyan women share in their daily lives. It examines why most Kenyan women remain silenced and invisible even as gender-based violence escalates, and notes that the examination is necessary so that Kenyan women can come together in solidarity to reclaim their place in society.
Dietary Calcium and Metacarpal Growth in Ewes

The effects of excess dietary calcium on bone growth were quantified in 44 ewes fed ad libitum diets that contained one of four levels of dietary calcium (0.37, 0.56, 1.13 and 1.80%) and 0.42% phosphorus. Animals were slaughtered at one of six ages, circulating concentrations of hormones and minerals were measured and bone morphometry was evaluated. None of the diets impaired normal bone growth of the metacarpal as evaluated by overall length, cortical index and growth plate width. Circulating plasma concentrations of calcium and gastrin increased as dietary calcium levels increased, but all values were within the normal range for sheep. Plasma phosphorus was unaffected by the level of dietary calcium. Diet had no affect on T3, T4 or estradiol-17 beta. Age significantly (P less than 0.05) affected the metacarpal length, growth plate width and circulating calcium and phosphorus. The metacarpal in these ewes was 95% of mature length by 172 d of age. Attainment of mature length preceded growth plate closure by slightly over 300 d. These results demonstrate that elevated dietary calcium levels do not adversely influence bone growth and that the presence of an intact growth plate does not infer that further bone growth will occur.
Abstract 18130: Quantitative Heart Measures Are More Predictive of 1-Year Mortality Than Weight-Based Donor-Recipient Matching in Heart Transplantation

Introduction and hypothesis: Donor-recipient matching in heart transplantation (HT) is heavily dependent on weight. The limited pool of donor hearts mandates efforts to expand that pool without compromising outcomes. We evaluated the impact of matching based on quantitative heart measures (QHMs) on 1-year survival after HT. Methods: Data from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry was used to calculate QHMs of both donors and recipients of HT. QHM uses validated mathematical models derived from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort based on height, weight, age, and sex to estimate total ventricular mass (TVM), total ventricular end-diastolic volume (TVV), and total cardiac volume (TCV). The matching level of each donor-recipient pair was assessed for each QHM; matched ±25%, undersized and oversized. Association between matching level (by weight, and by each QHM) and 1-year mortality rates were then analyzed. Results: We identified a total of 37,265 donor-recipient pairs between 1987 and 2013. Matching by weight did not have any 1-year mortality (p=0.43) benefit. Under-sizing or over-sizing by TCV had significantly higher 1-year mortality (p Conclusions: In HT, donor-recipient matching by QHMs derived from height, weight, age, and sex may offer advantages for making decisions about organ suitability over a weight-based algorithm.
On the recovery of Cys-containing peptides during peptide mapping by HPLC. Tryptic peptides of Trp-tRNA synthetase of E.coli.

Abstract Conditions are presented for separating the major tryptic peptides of E.coli tryptophanyl-transfer RNA synthetase by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using a water-methanol gradient in the presence of 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid. Three of the peptides contain cysteine and are recovered in good yields if alkylated, but otherwise cannot be detected. A convenient post-digestion alkylation procedure is appropriate for use with small samples of protein which can be digested under reducing conditions. These results will be of interest for studies of the labeling of sulfhydryl groups in other proteins.
[FATA Study: prevalence of atrial fibrillation and antithrombotic therapy in primary health care in a northern city of Portugal].

Introducao: A fibrilhacao auricular e a arritmia sustentada mais prevalente. Esta provada a eficacia da anticoagulacao oral na prevencao do acidente vascular cerebral nestes doentes. Contudo, este parece ser um tratamento subutilizado. Objectivos: determinar a prevalencia de fibrilhacao auricular conhecida numa populacao dos Cuidados de Saude Primarios; identificar as principais comorbilidades, a terapeutica antitrombotica em curso e avaliar a sua adequacao segundo as recomendacoes da European Society of Cardiology. Material e Metodos: Estudo observacional transversal analitico. Populacao: todos os utentes com idade igual ou superior a 30 anos, inscritos em oito Unidades de Saude Familiar de Vila Nova de Gaia, com diagnostico de fibrilhacao auricular. Resultados: A prevalencia de fibrilhacao auricular foi de 1,29% (n = 940), sendo superior no genero masculino (p = 0,01) e aumentando com a idade (p < 0,001). As comorbilidades mais frequentes foram a hipertensao arterial (76,4%), a insuficiencia cardiaca (32,0%) e a diabetes mellitus (28,2%). Um total de 52% realizava terapeutica anticoagulante, 29% antiagregantes plaquetarios e 4% ambas as terapeuticas. Dos utentes com baixo risco trombotico, 63,6% estava a fazer erradamente algum tipo de terapeutica antitrombotica; dos utentes com elevado risco ou doenca valvular 56,8% estava adequadamente sob terapeutica anticoagulante. Conclusao: A prevalencia de fibrilhacao auricular bem como a frequencia das principais comorbilidades estao de acordo com a maioria dos estudos. Apesar de a maioria dos doentes se encontrar sob anticoagulacao oral, apenas 56,8% dos utentes com fibrilhacao auricular fazia terapeutica antitrombotica adequada segundo as recomendacoes da European Society of Cardiology, verificando-se uma subutilizacao acentuada deste tratamento. Palavras-chave: Fibrilhacao Auricular; Anticoagulantes; Acidente Vascular Cerebral; Cuidados de Saude Primarios; Portugal.
Resilience and Mimetic Behavior: Economic Visions in the Great Recession

ABSTRACT:The Great Recession was a moment of challenge for many regions and required that leaders reflect on their economic development strategies. Given the propensity of regions to adopt ideas and strategy “fads” that then inform policy debate, we seek to understand how two very different regions with different histories framed their responses to the recession. How did they conceptualize the economic challenge in their region? What did they envision as appropriate responses to this challenge? How did these visions relate to mimetic behavior of the past, in which largely uniform visions are adopted across diverse locations? Our findings show that economic development leaders in the Buffalo and Orlando regions advocated similar high-tech/biomedical strategies as a way to diversify their economies and make them more resilient or less vulnerable to future shocks. By conceptualizing economic diversification in such similar ways, despite substantial regional differences, this pursuit of resilience or decrease...
Walking the Talk: The Relationship Between Leadership and Communication Competence:

Executive Summary This study suggests that communication competence is a prerequisite for effective leadership. One-hundred fifty-one employees of nine organizations rated their immediate supervisor's communication competence and using a three dimensional integrated model of leadership categorized that supervisor's perceived leadership effectiveness. Each of the leadership dimensions, as well as the model as a whole, was highly correlated with competent communication by the supervisor.
Prevention and treatment of murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with T cell receptor V beta-specific antibodies.

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model system for T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Symptoms of EAE are similar to those of multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans. EAE is induced in susceptible animal strains by immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP) and potent adjuvant. The major T cell response to MBP in B10.PL mice is directed towards an NH2-terminal epitope and involves T cells expressing either V beta 8.2 or V beta 13 gene segments. Animals treated with a TCR V beta 8-specific mAb have a reduced incidence of EAE. We report here that the in vivo administration of a combination of anti-V beta 8.2 and anti-V beta 13 mAbs results in a long-term elimination of T cells involved in the response to MBP. When given before MBP immunization, anti-TCR antibody treatment leads to nearly complete protection against EAE. Antibody treatment also results in a dramatic reversal of paralysis in diseased animals. Thus, treatment with a combination of V beta-specific antibodies is a very effective therapy for the prevention and treatment of EAE. It is hoped that the future characterization of TCR V gene usage in human autoimmune diseases may lead to similar strategies of immune intervention.
Effect of glucose and insulin infusion on the myocardial extraction of a radioiodinated methyl-substituted fatty acid

We investigated the one-way. AV extraction of 14-iodophenyl-tetradecanoic acid (BMTDA) in the canine heart under fasting conditions and during infusion of glucose plus insulin in eight anesthetized greyhound dogs. Myocardial extraction measurements were made with dual tracer approach, using Tc-99m albumin as reference tracer. Prior to, and during, infusion of 10% glucose and 25 units of regular insulin, heart rate, blood pressure, plasma glucose, insulin and free fatty acid levels were measured. Myocardial blood flow was determined using Sn-113 and Ru-103 radioactive microspheres. The mean extraction fraction of BMTDA was 0.38±SEM 0.06 at baseline and increased to 0.44±0.06 during hyperglycemia plus insulin (P<0.025). Plasma glucose and insulin were higher during the infusion (P<0.01) while plasma free fatty acids significantly declined (P<0.01). There were no changes in hemodynamics or myocardial blood flow during the infusion. We conclude that glucose and insulin infusion result in increased firstpass extraction fraction of radioiodinated BMTDA unaccompanied by changes in coronary flow or hemodynamics, implying an insulin-mediated augmented transport of BMTDA.
Book Review: 'Click: What Millions of People Are Doing Online and Why it Matters' by Bill Tancer

Eery day millions of Internet users click on millions of web pages. This results in more than people being connected with websites. It creates a tremendous aggregation of data about what people are thinking about. Bill Tancer's book "Click: What Millions of People Are Doing Online and Why it Matters" is intended to be an introduction to Web mining.
Environmental manipulation to stimulate rotifers in fish rearing ponds

Abstract Four treatments were established in eight small ponds not stocked with fish: a control group (untreated and not fertilized) and three groups treated with organophosphate insecticide (Dylox). One group of Dylox treatment ponds was treated with chemical fertilizer, the second group with chemical and organic fertilizer, and the third group with chemical-organic fertilizer and paddlewheel water agitation. Water analysis and zooplankton samples were collected twice weekly. Rotifers increased in numbers in all treated ponds but no correlations were found between 16 hydrochemical and biological parameters and rotifer numbers. The application of rotifer management techniques for rearing larval fish is discussed.
Macroporous ceramics by colloidal templating

We describe a novel method of fabricating macroporous ceramics employing colloidal dispersion of ultrafine ceramic particles with latex particles as the templates. The colloidal particles form a particulate gel on drying and fill the voids of the ordered latex templates. Subsequent removal of the template by calcination results in the formation of an ordered macroporous ceramic. The process has significant advantages over the traditional sol-gel process employing alkoxide precursors. Most importantly, the much lower shrinkage compared to the sol-gel process enabled us to produce larger pieces of the sample. The larger shrinkage involved in the sol-gel process often results in small and fragile pieces of the macroporous material which has to be subsequently heat treated to induce crystallization. The ability to choose crystalline colloidal particles in our method obviates the need for heat treatment to achieve crystallinity. We have synthesized a variety of materials such as macroporous silica, titania, alumina and recently have also extended the approach to macroporous silicon which is not amenable to the sol-gel process.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DNA-stimulated protein phosphorylation in HeLa whole cell and nuclear extracts.

Summary Incorporation of 32 P from γ-labeled ATP into a number of polypeptides in HeLa whole cell and nuclear extracts was dependent on added double-stranded DNA or poly(dI-dC), but not denatured or supercoiled DNA. DNA-dependent phosphorylation of a high M r endogenous substrate could be reconstituted from the precipitate formed after incubation of whole cell extracts with DNA. Fractionation of extracts by phosphocellulose or DEAE-Sephacel chromatography yielded preparations that phosphorylated casein as well as endogenous polypeptides in a DNA-dependent manner. These results are consistent with the existence of a novel protein kinase in HeLa cells that is highly dependent upon the presence of double-stranded DNA for efficient phosphorylation of a variety of substrates.
Cell cycle related phenothiazine effects on adriamycin transport.

Abstract In P388 murine leukemic cells, the pheno-thiazine tranquilizer, chlorpromazine, causes a marked increase in intracellular drug retention. Laser excited flow cytometry shows that in log phase cultures this increase in drug retention is not uniform but confined to a sub-population. In cell cycle phase enriched populations of P388 cells obtained by centrifugal elutriation, the phenothiazine enhanced adriamycin retention is seen predominantly in cells in the late S, G 2 M part of the cell cycle.
Does diffusion MRI tell us anything about the white matter? An overview of methods and pitfalls

One key pitfall in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) clinical neuroimaging research is the challenge of understanding and interpreting the results of a complex analysis pipeline. The sophisticated algorithms employed by the analysis software, combined with the relatively non-specific nature of many diffusion measurements, lead to challenges in interpretation of the results. This paper is aimed at an intended audience of clinical researchers who are learning about dMRI or trying to interpret dMRI results, and who may be wondering “Does dMRI tell us anything about the white matter?” We present a critical review of dMRI methods and measures used in clinical neuroimaging research, focusing on the most commonly used analysis methods and the most commonly reported measures. We describe important pitfalls in every section, and provide extensive references for the reader interested in more detail.
A Thermoviscoelastic Description of the Tempering of Glass

The three-dimensional equations for a Maxwell body and a Kelvin body are derived and supplemented to include thermal effects. The relations for the thermo-Maxwell body are then applied to the tempering of infinite glass plates. An exact solution of the resulting differential equation is given in the form of a series expansion. For practical purposes more useful and easier to use are two solutions of the tempering differential equation in the form of approximations which are discussed in detail.
A test of equilibrium theory: Visual interaction in relation to orientation, distance and sex of interactants

In a test of an equilibrium theory of social interaction, (1) females were found to engage in more visual interaction than males; (2) while a linear relationship between distance and amount of “looking” and average glance length Was obtained for males at two orientations, a curvilinear relationship between these variables was found for females in a face-to-face orientation, and (3) Ss, especially females, maintained longer glances when face to face.
Dopamine D4 receptors and effects of guanine nucleotides on [3H]raclopride binding in postmortem caudate nucleus of subjects with schizophrenia or major depression.

Abstract The densities of dopamine-D 4 receptors were determined in postmortem samples of caudate nucleus from patients with schizophrenia ( n = 9) and age-matched controls ( n = 10). D 4 receptor binding was defined as the defined as the difference between binding sites labeled by [ 3 H]YM-09151-2 (D 2 + D 3 + D 4 receptors) and those by [ 3 H]raclopride, in the presence of 5′- guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) (D 2 + D 3 receptors). D 4 receptor binding was measurable in all the subjects with schizophrenia (mean = 3.8 pmol/ g tissue) but only in 3/10 controls. To determine the specificity of these findings for schizophrenia, D 4 receptor binding was also measured in the caudate nucleus of suicide victims with major depression ( n = 6) and age-matched controls ( n = 6). A small amount of D 4 binding was noted in some of the controls + depressed subjects and there was no significant difference between controls and patients with major depression. The addition of 200 μM Gpp(NH)p to the assay significantly increased the amount of specific binding of [ 3 H]raclopride in control tissues, but not in tissues from subjects with schizophrenia, suggesting an abnormality in the G-protein component coupled to the D 2 receptor. [ 3 H]Raclopride binding was also significantly increased by Gpp(NH)p in subjects with major depression. These results confirm a previous report of Seeman et al. (1993) and suggest that measurable D 4 receptor binding in the caudate nucleus is more frequent in patients with schizophrenia as compared with normal controls and subjects with major depression and that guanine nucleotides do not enhance [ 3 H]raclopride binding in schizophrenia. Further study is needed to determine if D 4 binding is increased and if an abnormality in the G-protein component coupled to the D 2 receptor is present in other brain areas in schizophrenia.
Interaction of neutral vacancies and interstitials with the Si(001) surface

The interaction of neutral vacancies and interstitials with the clean $\text{Si}(001)$ surface is studied using density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation. We find both vacancies and interstitials within topmost three subsurface layers are significantly stabilized by their strong interactions with the surface. Their formation energies are predicted to be a few eV lower than those at the bulk. This study suggests that a large fraction of neutral interstitials may reside in the subsurface layers. However, most vacancies will eventually remain in the form of missing dimers due to their significant formation energy difference. Along with structure and energetics, we analyze bonding of vacancies and interstitials based on electron density and electron localization function topologies. We also show the diffusion pathways and barriers of vacancies on the surface and at the subsurface layers.
The Shift from Agonistic to Non-Agonistic Debate in Early Nyāya

This article examines the emergence of the Nyāya distinction between vāda and jalpa as didactic-scientific and agonistic-sophistical forms of debate, respectively. Looking at the relevant sutras in Gautama’s Nyāya-sūtra (NS 1.2.1-3) in light of the earlier discussion of the types of debate in Caraka Saṃhitā 8, the article argues that certain ambiguities and obscurities in the former text can be explained on the hypothesis that the early Nyāya presupposed an agonistic understanding of vāda similar to what we find in Caraka.
Edward Hitchcock's Poem, The Sandstone Bird (1836)

Edward Hitchcock's 113-line poetic description of the animals believed responsible for the large, three-toed Lower Jurassic Eubrontes giganteus fossil footprints was obscurely published in 1836. Due to the literary, rather than scientific, nature of the journal (The Knickerbocker) and Hitchcock's incomplete bibliographic reference to its source, the poem has been completely overlooked by today's geological historians. It offers a unique (and ironic) glimpse of the early sciences of geology and paleontology in the era just before Agassiz's glacial hypothesis was introduced. The work is still laced with many lingering notions about Diluvial processes and a persistent belief in the Earth's degenerate, ruined condition. This remarkable poem is offered for republication here (with critical comments).
The effect of cyclic nucleotides on tolerance induction by dinitrophenyl-isologous immunoglobulin G.

Abstract When tolerance to a hapten is induced by injecting the hapten conjugated to isologous immunoglobulin (Ig) G (dinitrophenyl(DNP)-IgG), the hapten remains on the surface of the antigen binding cell (ABC) for the duration of the tolerant state. Although this has been interpreted as a receptor blockade of ABC, it does not necessarily indicate that physical blocking of antigen receptors is the only mechanism of tolerance. Data are presented which suggest that cyclic nucleotides play a role in the in vitro induction of tolerance by DNP-IgG. Agents that elevate intracellular cyclic adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate (cAMP) levels were added to lymphocytes during tolerance induction in vitro by DNP-IgG. Dibutyryl cAMP, theophylline, aminophylline, and isobutyl α-methylxanthine were able to inhibit the induction of tolerance to DNP. On the other hand, addition of dibutyryl cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) to lymphocytes incubated with doses of DNP-IgG that ordinarily are too low to induce tolerance facilitated tolerance induction. The possible role of these intracellular second messengers in the induction to tolerance is discussed.
Respiratory epithelial cells regulate lung inflammation in response to inhaled endotoxin.

To determine the role of respiratory epithelial cells in the inflammatory response to inhaled endotoxin, we selectively inhibited NF-κB activation in the respiratory epithelium using a mutant IκB-α...
The thermal rate constant of elementary reactions: Does specificity of energy disposal require a concomitant lowering of its magnitude?☆

Abstract Elementary exothermic chemical reactions are often observed to produce highly non-equilibrium product state distributions. It is argued that such reactions have lower Arrhenius A-factors than corresponding reactions for which the product state distribution is more nearly “statistical”. Theoretically, these reactions have a lower entropy of activation than that computed via transition state theory.
The influence of 5-lipoxygenase on Alzheimer's disease-related tau pathology: in vivo and in vitro evidence.

Background Intracellular deposition of tau protein is a hallmark lesion of Alzheimer’s disease. Although it is known this event is secondary to excessive tau phosphorylation, the mechanisms involved remain unknown. We previously reported that the enzyme 5-Lipoxygenase (5LO) acts as a modulator of Aβ peptides formation in vivo, and here we investigate its influence on tau protein. Methods Tg2576 mice overexpressing neuronal 5LO were generated and its contribution to endogenous tau levels and metabolism investigated. Results Although no differences were noted in the levels of total tau for both groups, compared with controls, Tg2576 mice overexpressing 5LO had a significant increase in the phosphorylation state of tau at S396 and S396/S404, as recognized by the antibodies PHF-13 and PHF-1, respectively. By contrast, no phosphorylation changes were observed in other tau epitopes. This increase was associated with a significant elevation in cyclin dependent kinase-5 but not other kinases that have been involved in tau phosphorylation. Additionally, mice overexpressing 5LO had biochemical evidence of altered synaptic integrity because they manifested a reduction in PSD-95, synaptophysin and MAP2. Conclusions This study demonstrates a new role for 5LO in regulating endogenous tau metabolism in the central nervous system and supports the hypothesis that its pharmacologic inhibition could be beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease-related tau neuropathology.
Torsion of testicle after inguinal herniorraphy

Abstract Testicular torsion occurring ten years after bilateral inguinal herniorraphy is described herein. The assumption that operative inguinal manipulation confers prophylaxis against the development of torsion is misleading and should not interfere with the workup of an acute condition of the scrotum.
Neosporosis in dogs.

A bitch was inoculated subcutaneously and intramuscularly with Neospora caninum tachyzoites on Day 35 of pregnancy. Eight pups were born 28 days later. Five pups became ill and necropsies were performed before 20 days of age. Three pups and the bitch remained clinically normal for 7 weeks after parturition when they were intramuscularly injected with 40 mg kg-1 methylprednisolone acetate weekly to activate chronic N. caninum infection. Necropsies were performed 48, 17, 18, and 18 days respectively after administration of corticosteroids. Hepatic necrosis, pneumonia, encephalomyelitis, and myonecrosis were the main changes seen in these dogs.
Use of nano-scale double-gate MOSFETs in low-power tunable current mode analog circuits

Use of independently-driven nano-scale double gate (DG) MOSFETs for low-power analog circuits is emphasized and illustrated. In independent drive configuration, the top gate response of DG-MOSFETs can be altered by application of a control voltage on the bottom gate. We show that this could be a powerful method to conveniently tune the response of conventional CMOS analog circuits especially for current-mode design. Several examples of such circuits, including current mirrors, a differential current amplifier and differential integrators are illustrated and their performance gauged using TCAD simulations. The topologies and biasing schemes explored here show how the nano-scale DG-MOSFETs may pave way for efficient, mismatch-tolerant and smaller circuits with tunable characteristics.
Is Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Cost-Saving?

One of the challenges in comparing the cost of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery to conventional coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass is that most data are from observational studies, not randomized controlled trials. Thus, cost differences observed between groups may not be attributable to the difference in surgical technique, but to the underlying patient characteristics that ultimately led the patient to be selected to receive one procedure or another. The purpose of this study was to control for patient selection effects in observational data and estimate reductions in costs and length of stay attributable to the off-pump coronary artery bypass procedure. We studied 1172 patients (245 off-pump coronary artery bypass and 927 coronary artery bypass graft) undergoing coronary bypass graft surgery via a median sternotomy at the Lehigh Valley Hospital between January 1, 1999 and June 30, 2000. Propensity scores were used to match patients who received off-pump coronary art...
On the chromosphere of 32 Cygni

Archival IUE observations and new optical spectra of atmospheric eclipses are analyzed to define the physical properties of the chromosphere of 32 Cyg. Excitation temperatures clearly rise with height in the chromosphere, starting at about 5000 K close to the star. Temperatures in the range 12,000-17,000 K are attained high in the chromosphere, although these high values may represent condensations in the wind. Electron density, derived from ionization of Fe, Mg, C, N, S, and Ca, seems to be 10 exp 8-10 exp 9/cu cm throughout the chromosphere. H-alpha must be formed in an extended shell, as in the other Zeta Aur systems, with the line core formed at a level where the wind is beginning to dominate the static chromosphere. We compare the temperature-mass distributions for Zeta Aur binaries with semiempirical chromospheric models and find they are really very different. Not only are measured temperatures higher than in the models, but the increased electron densities imply a somewhat different distribution of emission and mass density relative to such homogeneous models.
Paying the expected externality for a price quote achieves bargaining efficiency

Abstract A seller and buyer have reservation prices x and y . Each has a subjective distribution on the other's reservation price. Paying an offer or the expected benefit the other participant receives from his offer induces honest price quotations, hence efficiency: sale iff y > x .
The Influence of Cardiovascular Health on Peripheral and Central Auditory Function in Adults: A Research Review

Purpose This article provides a comparative review of research that has been conducted over the past 60+ years on the influence of cardiovascular health on the function of the peripheral and centra...
Synthesis of 14C-methyl benzyl nitrosamine and methyl 14C-benzyl nitrosamine

The synthesis of 14C-labelled methyl benzyl nitrosamine is reported. Two forms were prepared, one with a label in the methyl group and one with label in the methylene portion of the benzyl group. Specific activities were approximately 5 mCi/mmol.
Examining tooth flexure effects on cervical restorations: a two-year clinical study.

This study evaluated the clinical performance of dentinal adhesives in seven various material/technique combinations. No statistically significant differences were observed among the restorative combinations, or among technique variables after two years in terms of retention, sensitivity or USPHS categories. However, other factors related to tooth flexure–such as occlusal stress, patient age, restorative material and restoration location–showed statistically significant associations with retention failures. These results support a tooth flexural theory of restoration retention.
Relativistic many-body calculations of excitation energies and transition rates from core-excited states in copperlike ions

Energies of (3s{sup 2}3p{sup 6}3d{sup 9}4l4l{sup '}), (3s{sup 2}3p{sup 5}3d{sup 10}4l4l{sup '}), and (3s3p{sup 6}3d{sup 10}4l4l{sup '}) states for Cu-like ions with Z=30-100 are evaluated to second order in relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT) starting from a Ni-like Dirac-Fock potential. Second-order Coulomb and Breit-Coulomb interactions are included. Correction for the frequency dependence of the Breit interaction is taken into account in lowest order. The Lamb shift correction to energies is also included in lowest order. Intrinsic particle-particle-hole contributions to energies are found to be 20-30 % of the sum of one- and two-body contributions. Transition rates and line strengths are calculated for the 3l-4l{sup '} electric-dipole (E1) transitions in Cu-like ions with nuclear charge Z=30-100. RMBPT including the Breit interaction is used to evaluate retarded E1 matrix elements in length and velocity forms. First-order RMBPT is used to obtain intermediate coupling coefficients, and second-order RMBPT is used to calculate transition matrix elements. A detailed discussion of the various contributions to the dipole- matrix elements and energy levels is given for copperlike tungsten (Z=74). The transition energies used in the calculation of oscillator strengths and transition rates are from second-order RMBPT. Trends of the transition rates as functions of Z aremore » illustrated graphically for selected transitions. Comparisons are made with available experimental data. These atomic data are important in the modeling of M-shell radiation spectra of heavy ions generated in electron-beam ion trap experiments and in M-shell diagnostics of plasmas.« less
Stratification of Real Analytic Mappings and Images.

Robert M. Hardt* (Minneapolis) Contents w 1. Introduction 193 w Stratification and Mappings 194 w Semianalytic Sets 198 w Semianalytic Shadows 200 w 5. Semianalytic Shadow Chains 207 1. Introduction Here it is shown that the image I of a semianalytic set under a proper (real) analytic mapping of (real) analytic manifolds admits a locally-finite partition into connected submanifolds P such that QcClosP and dimQ<dimP whenever
Use of a Database of Chemical, Mineralogical and Physical Properties of North American Fly Ash to Study the Nature of Fly Ashand Its Utilization as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete

A database of chemical, mineralogical and physical characteristics of North American fly ashes has been assembled by the Western Fly Ash Research, Development and Data Center. One-hundred and seventy-eight representative ashes were divided into three groups according to their analytical CaO content: low-calcium, <10%; intermediate-calcium, 10–20%; high-calcium, 20+%. Statistical analyses were performed within each of the three groups. Thirty-two plots relating chemical composition, mineralogy and physical test results are presented. Extensive discussions relating the chemistry and mineralogy of the ash to the source coal, the distribution of the chemical constituents among crystalline and glassy phases, and the reactions of these phases in concrete are given. The consistency of high-calcium fly ash generated at a Midwestern U.S. power station fired with Wyoming bituminous coal was studied using ninety-three ashes collected over a two year period. The availability of mineralogy for each ash leads to a more thorough understanding of the bulk chemical and physical test results used in evaluating fly ashes for utilization, and in modeling their behavior after disposal