cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iron-iminopyridine complexes as charge carriers for non-aqueous redox flow battery applications

Abstract Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been gaining increased attention in the energy storage arena. Some of their attractive features include the promise for high energy densities, wider voltage windows compared to aqueous systems, as well as wider operating temperature ranges. One of the major challenges in the development of these systems is the lack of electroactive materials that can undergo reversible redox events within the larger potential window of organic solvents. Herein, we present the design, synthesis, and measurement of electrochemical properties of some iron-based imine- and iminopyridine complexes as promising candidates for RFB applications. Synthesized complexes afforded three reversible redox couples over a ~3 V range. The redox events were also computationally explored and are in good agreement with experimental data. Theoretical calculations show that the redox event at the positive potential can be characterized as metal-centered event corresponding to Fe3+→ Fe2+ reduction, while the two redox events at negative potentials are associated with the consecutive reductions of iminopyridine or diimine moieties. This work has led to the identification of a promising anolyte material, [tris(imino)pyridine)Fe][OTf]2 (1), which is soluble in acetonitrile and is synthesized in two simple steps. This species shows outstanding performance when cycled between 1.0 V and 2.35 V, with 93% coulombic efficiency, 84% energy efficiency, and a capacity decay rate of 0.61% per cycle at 5 mA cm−2. Further modifications to this kind of charge carrier may lead to the development of high energy density materials for grid scale energy storage applications.
Computability and Complexity of Julia Sets (Invited Talk)

Studying dynamical systems is key to understanding a wide range of phenomena ranging from planetary movement to climate patterns to market dynamics. Various numerical tools have been developed to address specific questions about dynamical systems, such as predicting the weather or planning the trajectory of a satellite. However, the theory of computation behind these problems appears to be very difficult to develop. In fact, little is known about computability of even the most natural problems arising from dynamical systems. In this talk I will survey the recent study of the computational properties of dynamical systems that arise from iterating quadratic polynomials on the complex plane. These give rise to the amazing variety of fractals known as Julia sets, and are closely connected to the Mandelbrot set. Julia sets are perhaps the most drawn objects in Mathematics due to their fascinating fractal structure. The theory behind them is even more fascinating, and the dynamical systems generating them are in many ways archetypal. I will present both positive and negative results on the computability and complexity of Julia sets. In conclusion of the talk I will discuss possible future directions and challenges in the study of the computability and complexity of dynamical systems.
A macro actor/token implementation of production systems on a data-flow multiprocessor

The importance of production systems in artificial intelligence has been repeatedly demonstrated by a number of expert systems. Much effort has therefore been expended on finding an efficient processing mechanism to process production systems. While data-flow principles of execution offer the promise of high programmability for numerical computations, we study here variable resolution actors, called macro actors, a processing mechanism for production systems. Characteristics of the production system paradigm are identified, based on which we introduce the concept of macro tokens as a companion to macro actors. A set of guidelines is identified in the context of production systems to derive well-formed macro actors from primitive micro actors. Parallel pattern matching is written in macro actors/tokens to be executed on our Macro Data-flow simulator. Simulation results demonstrate that the macro approach can be an efficient implementation of production systems.
Preventing recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: The current data

Purpose: To describe recurrent stroke in relation to the current data, treatment guidelines, diagnostic considerations, risk prevention, and management for the nurse practitioner (NP). Data sources: An extensive review of the scientific literature, clinical trials, and clinical guidelines. Conclusions: Recurrent stroke is a major health concern. A first ischemic cerebrovascular event or transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a risk factor for future strokes. Implications for practice: The risk of recurring stroke has been demonstrated in multiple studies, yet only approximately 5% of stroke patients receive appropriate therapy in a timely manner. The stroke or TIA workup should be completed quickly so that the appropriate treatments and interventions can be initiated to reduce the risk of an additional event. The etiology of the stroke and identification of personal risk factors are important because treatment depends on the specific stroke mechanism. A variety of antiplatelet trials have specific implications for stroke and recurrent stroke. Present treatments include aspirin, aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole and clopidogrel. The NP plays an important role in ongoing patient education about symptoms, the long-term management of the patient, and reduction of future stroke risk.
A complementary solution formulation for singular systems

In most of the literature a common solution formulation for singular systems appears which seems to have omitted some important items. Missing items in this prevailing solution formulation are indicated, a complete formulation for solution of singular systems is derived, and several new conclusions are drawn based on the authors' modified solution formulation. >
Youthful animal abuse and later problem behavior outcomes: findings from two generations

The objective of this study was to document the long-term relationship between youthful animal abuse and a variety of problem behavior outcomes later in life. Data were used from a national, longitudinal, and multigenerational sample collected by the National Youth Survey Family Study, which assessed families across 27 years from 1977 to 2004. The analytic sample consisted of 2538 individuals who were analyzed using multivariate ordinary least squares and logistic regression modeling that controlled for important demographic factors. Hypotheses were tested across two generations separately showing that a history of animal abuse does, indeed, predict later problem behaviors, including serious offending, marijuana use, other drug use, alcohol use, and deviant beliefs. Depending on the outcome examined, each model accounts for 5–34% of the variation in respondents’ problem behaviors. Within each model, animal abuse was often one of the strongest predictors. Implications of these findings, the study’s limitat...
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular tramadol in llamas.

Cox, S., Martin-Jimenez, T., van Amstel, S., Doherty, T. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular tramadol in Llamas. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 259–264. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its metabolite M1 after intravenous and intramuscular administration to llamas. Tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic whose efficacy is a result of complex interactions between opiate, adrenergic and serotonin receptor systems, has been used clinically to treat moderate to severe pain in humans. The pharmacokinetic parameters of tramadol and M1 in plasma were examined following intravenous and intramuscular administration to six healthy male llamas. Tramadol half-life, volume of distribution at steady-state and clearance after intravenous administration were 2.12 ± 0.37 h, 4.02 ± 1.16 L/kg and 1728.73 ± 152.82 mL/h/kg, respectively. The bioavailability was 110 ± 21% and half-life 2.54 ± 0.31 h following intramuscular administration of tramadol. M1 had a half-life of 10.40 ± 2.90 h and 7.71 ± 0.54 h following intravenous and intramuscular administration of tramadol.
Investigating sintering of magnesia obtained by chemical beneficiation

A study was made of the sintering behavior of samples of magnesium oxide obtained by chemical purification. The magnesia obtained by the nitrate method is a low sinter-active material. The density of the material after firing at up to 2400°C equals about 3.0 g/cm3. Partial hydration of the material improves the sintering results. The magnesia obtained by the ammonium-sulfate technology is an active material which when fired yields a densely sintered product with a density of 3.3–3.4 g/cm3.
Peak-current variations of lightning return strokes as a function of latitude

LATITUDINAL variations in lightning-flash characteristics have been hypothesized1,2, but have not been found to exist3,4. This may be because lightning characteristics are constant over the Earth, or because the observations have been made over too small an area of the globe. To investigate the question of latitudinal variation, I have used a network of thirty-six gated wideband magnetic direction finders covering the eastern United States to measure the characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. These characteristics include the flash location, the flash polarity, the number of strokes in the flash and the peak magnetic radiation field in the first return stroke of the flash. From the peak radiation field, I estimate the peak current5. More than five million lightning ground flashes were recorded by the network in 1988. An examination of the mean peak current in the first return stroke shows that the peak current varies by almost a factor of two, from 25k A in New England to 40–45 kA in northern Florida. Apparently, this is the first report of an important lightning parameter, the return stroke current, varying over a large area of the globe. It seems that the generation of lightning strokes and their characteristics may be a sensitive function of latitude and hence of temperature. The results presented here indicate that even higher peak currents will be observed if this research is extended into the equatorial regions.
Fertility of frozen-thawed stallion semen extended in lactose-EDTA-egg yolk extender and packaged in 1.0-ml straws

The fertility of frozen-thawed and fresh semen from each of three stallions was compared in an experiment with a randomized block design using 128 mares. Semen was collected every third day, extended in lactose-EDTA-egg yolk extender at a concentration of 500 × 106 progressively motile sperm per 1.0 ml, and frozen in individual-dose, 1.0-ml straws (1.9 mm × 267 mm). The same stallions were collected daily for inseminations with fresh semen. For each insemination dose with fresh semen, 300 × 106 progressively motile sperm were added to 10 ml of heated skim milk extender. Mares were inseminated daily from the second day of estrus through the end of estrus. Of 52 ejaculates processed and frozen, 38% were discarded because < 35% of the sperm were progressively motile after thawing. Based on rectal palpations on day 50 post-ovulation, pregnancy rates for inseminations during one estrus to semen from the three stallions were 17, 33 and 35% for frozen-thawed semen and 60, 62 and 64% for fresh semen. Pregnancy rates with frozen semen from two of the three stallions were 54% of the rates attained with fresh semen.
Confederate emancipation: southern plans to free and arm slaves during the Civil War, by Bruce Levine

Confederate emancipation: southern plans to free and arm slaves during the Civil War, by Bruce Levine, New York, Oxford University Press, 2006, viii + 252 pp., US$15.95 (paperback), ISBN 0195315863...
Challengers, Elites, and Owning Families: A Social Class Theory of Corporate Acquisitions in the 1960s

This paper analyzes data on 461 large US industrial corporations to determine that factors that led large firms to participate in the wave of diversifying acquisitions that peaked in the late 1960s. A class theory of corporate acquisitions is elaborated on and tested, maintaining that firms pursue acquisitions in this periods when they were commended by well-networked challenges who were central in elite social networks but relatively marginal with respect to social status, isolated from the resistance of established elites, and free from control of owning families. Also considered is a wide range of factors highlighted by alternative accounts of acquisition likelihood, including resource dependent, institutional pressures, and principle-agent conflicts. The results provide support for the moan theoretical arguments, even when controls related to alternative explanations are taken into account.
Rank aggregation methods

This article provides an overview of rank aggregation methods and algorithms, with an emphasis on modern biological applications. Rank aggregation methods have traditionally been used extensively in marketing and advertisement research, and in applied psychology in general. In recent years, rank aggregation methods have emerged as an important tool for combining information from different Internet search engines or from different omics-scale biological studies. We discuss three classes of methods, namely distributional based, heuristic, and stochastic search. The original Thurstone's scaling and its extensions represent the first class of methods that are most appropriate for aggregating many short ranked lists. Aggregating results from consumer rankings of products falls into this category of problems. Its application to biological problems is also being explored. On the other hand, heuristic algorithms and stochastic search methods are applicable to the situation of aggregating a small number of long lists, the so-called ‘high-level’ meta-analysis scenario. Combining results from different search engines/criteria and a number of omics-scale biological applications fall into this category. Heuristic algorithms are deterministic in nature, ranging from simple arithmetic averages of ranks to Markov chains and stationary distributions. Stochastic search algorithms, on the other hand, aim at maximizing a particular criterion such as that following the Kemeny guideline. Several examples will be provided to illustrate, compare, and contrast the methods and algorithms. The examples range from simple and contrive to representing realistic scenarios. In particular, an application to aggregating results from gene expression microarray studies is provided to demonstrate applications of the methods to modern biological problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Expression of the zebrafish CD133/prominin1 genes in cellular proliferation zones in the embryonic central nervous system and sensory organs.

The CD133/prominin1 gene encodes a pentamembrane glycoprotein cell surface marker that is expressed in stem cells from neuroepithelial, hematopoietic, and various organ tissues. Here we report the analysis of two zebrafish CD133/prominin1 orthologues, prominin1a and prominin1b. The expression patterns of the zebrafish prominin1a and b genes were analyzed during embryogenesis using whole mount in situ hybridization. prominin1a and b show novel complementary and overlapping patterns of expression in proliferating zones in the developing sensory organs and central nervous system. The expression patterns suggest functional conservation of the zebrafish prominin1 genes. Initial analyses of prominin1a and b in neoplastic tissue show increased expression of both genes in a subpopulation of cells in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in tp53 mutants. Based on these analyses, the zebrafish prominin1 genes will be useful markers for examining proliferating cell populations in adult organs, tissues, and tumors. Developmental Dynamics 239:1849–1857, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Franciscan blueschist-facies metaconglomerate, Diablo Range, California

Certain Franciscan conglomerate units are shown to be metaconglomerate and to exhibit selective blueschist-facies metamorphism of various constituents. Petrographic and x-ray studies were made on pebbles and matrix of 18 Franciscan conglomerate units forming blocks in melanges and lenses in stratiform bodies of graywacke in the vicinities of Mount Hamilton and Pacheco Pass. The conglomerate ranges from little-deformed varieties (textural grade 1) to tectonite with pronounced secondary planar structures (textural grade 2). Significant minerals in conglomerate of textural grade 1 are quartz + albite ± lawsonite ± minor glaucophane + CaCO 3 , and those of textural grade 2 are lawsonite + glaucophane + quartz ± jadeitic pyroxene ± albite ± aragonite. Thus the most intense metamorphism is empirically associated with internal deformation; however, the converse is not invariably true. Lawsonite in granitic clasts favors feldspar, but its abundance varies within single clasts, from clast to clast, and between adjacent conglomerate units; it commonly forms crystallographically oriented prisms in albite and is locally concentrated near the margins of albite crystals. Glaucophane, which is scarce in conglomerate of textural grade 1, is locally concentrated as rinds in some clasts of fine-grained basalt or it forms rare fibrous prisms in granitic clasts. In rocks of textural grade 2, it commonly forms beards on green amphibole in the matrix and in granitic clasts and completely replaces some mafic clasts. Jadeitic pyroxene replaces albite in conglomerate of textural grade 2 and is concentrated in the outer parts of certain clasts. Carbonate, commonly aragonite, shows crosscutting relations with lawsonite, glaucophane, or jadeitic pyroxene. Paragenetic relations between lawsonite and glaucophane are equivocal, but probably both minerals formed earlier than jadeitic pyroxene. Albite is apparently the only feldspar in the metaconglomerate units. The chemistry of granitic clasts is reflected in their metamorphosed mineral assemblages. They are deficient in potassium and enriched in sodium relative to average granite of similar silica content. The mineral assemblages of the metaconglomerate are consistent with those reported from nearby metagraywacke units, although there is generally no structural continuity with the metagraywacke. Petrographic features indicate postdepositional blueschist-facies metamorphism of the conglomerate units and demonstrate the presence of a fluid phase during metamorphism.
Siliceous plankton dominate primary and new productivity during the onset of El Niño conditions in the Santa Barbara Basin, California

Abstract The potential for carbon export and the role of siliceous plankton in the cycling of C and N was assessed in natural plankton assemblages in the Santa Barbara Basin, California, by examining uptake rates of inorganic carbon, nitrate and silicic acid. In April–August 1997, the concentrations of chlorophyll a , particulate organic carbon, particulate organic nitrogen and biogenic silica were measured twice monthly, and results revealed the occurrence of at least three blooms, the largest in June. Particulate elemental ratios of C, N and Si were similar to ratios of nutrient-replete diatoms, suggesting that they dominated this bloom. Mean integrated rates of carbon, nitrate and silicon uptake during the 4-month study period are similar to other productive coastal and upwelling regions (103, 8.3 and 13 mmol m −2 day −1 , respectively). New production rates were twice as high as previously reported in this region and indicate that high rates of new production along eastern boundary currents are not confined to the major coastal upwelling regions. C/NO 3 − , Si/NO 3 − and Si/C uptake ratios varied widely, and mean integrated ratios were 14±5.4, 1.6±1.0 and 0.12±0.07 (S.D.), respectively. That mean C/NO 3 − uptake ratio corresponds to an f -ratio of about 0.5 indicating a large potential for particulate export. Based on the average Si/NO 3 − and Si/C uptake ratios, diatoms could perform all of the primary production and nitrate uptake that occurred during the study; these rates also suggest that export is controlled by diatoms in this system. The mean Si/C biomass ratio was lower than the mean Si/C uptake ratio, consistent with the preferential export of Si relative to C observed in sediment traps in the basin. The study took place during a period of surface-water warming, with nitrate and silicic acid concentrations decreasing throughout the onset of the 1997–1998 El Nino conditions. Although diatoms contributed less to particulate biomass during the low nutrient conditions, high f -ratios (0.33–0.66) were maintained.
TEMPERATURE AND THE PHOSPHENE THRESHOLD MEASURE

Since the temperature of the experimental environment is known to be an important factor relevant to cff threshold determinations (Landis, 1951), one logically could expect some similar effects to be operating while phosphene threshold determinations were being made. To date, only one report (Suzuki, 1950) exists in which some relationships between temperarure and the phosphene threshold measure are discussed. Suzuki found that induced sweating in S greatly increased the absolute value of the phosphene threshold, as obtained by a method of limits. However, he found that the overlap or difference between the ascending and descending determination was little affected. Suzuki utilized a dc stimulation device which gave pulses at a rate of 20 cps. Using a similar apparatus, Gocka (1957) found (for 14 Ss, with 20 measures averaged for each S) an I. of .55 between room temperature and the absolute chreshold and an r of .58 between room temperature and the phosphene overlap measures. These r values are significant at the .05 probabiliry level. In a further analysis of the relationship between room temperature and the ascending phosphene determinations (made on 12 Ss) an r of .50 was obtained. This r value does not quite reach significance at che .05 probabiliry level. Clearly then, neither the phosphene threshold measure nor the phosphene overlap measure can be considered independent of temperature. TG findings show that a positive relationship exists between the environmental temperature and rhe obtained phosphene threshold measures; a relationship which must be accounted for in any reports using values of phosphene threshold determinations.
Reliability of a procedural checklist as a high-stakes measurement of advanced technical skill.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of a previously validated laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication procedural checklist as a measurement of advanced technical skill. Methods Five surgeons, using a 65-step procedural checklist, independently evaluated 2 video recordings of expert surgeon operative performances of a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Results were analyzed for percent agreement and Fleiss kappa correlation for each operation independently and combined as a whole. Results Sixty-four of the 65 steps had 80% or higher percent agreement for both operative case A and B independently and when considered overall. The Fleiss kappa coefficients for operative case A (kappa = .95) and operative case B (kappa = .96) and overall (operative case A + B) (kappa = .95). Conclusion The percentage agreement and kappa coefficients for all 3 analyses indicate a high degree of reliability (>.80) that would support the use of this instrument for high-stakes assessment of a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.
Elongated Membrane Tethers, Individually Anchored by High Affinity α4β1/VCAM-1 Complexes, Are the Quantal Units of Monocyte Arrests

The α4β1 integrin facilitates both monocyte rolling and adhesion to the vascular endothelium and is physiologically activated by monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1). The current study investigated the initial events in the adhesion of THP-1 cells to immobilized Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Using AFM force measurements, cell adhesion was shown to be mediated by two populations of α4β1/VCAM-1 complexes. A low affinity form of α4β1 was anchored to the elastic elements of the cytoskeleton, while a higher affinity conformer was coupled to the viscous elements of the cell membrane. Within 100 ms of contact, THP-1 cells, stimulated by co-immobilized MCP-1, exhibited a tremendous increase in adhesion to VCAM-1. Enhanced cell adhesion was accompanied by a local decoupling of the cell membrane from the cytoskeleton and the formation of long membrane tethers. The tethers were individually anchored by multiple α4β1/VCAM-1 complexes that prolonged the extension of the viscous tethers. In vivo, the formation of these membrane tethers may provide the quantal structural units for the arrest of rolling monocytes within the blood vessels.
Monitoring Compaction and Compressibility Changes in Offshore Chalk Reservoirs

Some of the North Sea's largest and most important oil fields are in chalk reservoirs. In these fields, it is important to measure reservoir compaction and compressibility because compaction can result in platform subsidence. Also, compaction drive is a main drive mechanism in these fields, so an accurate reserves estimate cannot be made without first measuring compressibility. Estimating compaction and reserves is difficult because compressibility changes throughout field life. Installing of accurate, permanent downhole pressure gauges on offshore chalk fields makes it possible to use a new method to monitor compressibility -- measurement of reservoir pressure changes caused by the tide. This tidal-monitoring technique is an in-situ method that can greatly increase compressibility information. It can be used to estimate compressibility and to measure compressibility variation over time. This paper concentrates on application of the tidal-monitoring technique to North Sea chalk reservoirs. However, the method is applicable for any tidal offshore area and can be applied whenever necessary to monitor in-situ rock compressibility. One such application would be if platform subsidence was expected.
A gas--liquid chromatographic-isotope dilution analysis of cysteine, histidine, and tryptophan in acid-hydrolyzed protein.

Abstract A gas-liquid chromatographic-isotope dilution method for quantitative determination of cysteine (cystine), histidine, and tryptophan and a novel method of protein hydrolysis are described. Acid hydrolysis of protein, using lysozyme as a model, is accomplished in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of 1,2-ethanedithiol for protection of tryptophan. Following the disulfide reduction, cysteine is S-alkylated to protect it during hydrolysis. The resultant tryptophan, alkylated cysteine, and histidine are converted to the methyl esters and then N-acetylated to form volatile derivatives suitable for chromatography on a polar silicone column. Correction for losses is made by an isotope dilution assay. The 70-eV mass spectra of the derivatized amino acids are presented. Ultraviolet spectral data are shown for S-carboxyethylcysteine.
Trends in the Use of Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in the United States

Abstract Background Two randomized trials published in 2001 established CyNx for patients with metastatic renal carcinoma (mRCC) as a treatment standard in the cytokine era. However, first-line systemic therapy for mRCC changed in 2005 with FDA approval of VEGFR TKIs. We evaluated the patterns of use of CyNx from 2000 to 2008. Materials and Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for patients diagnosed with mRCC. Patients who underwent CyNx were identified and were further categorized by pre-VEGFR versus VEGFR TKI era, race, insurance status, and hospital. For these subcategories, prevalence ratios (PRs) were generated using the proportion of patients with mRCC undergoing CyNx versus those not undergoing CyNx. Results Of the 47,417 patients (pts) identified with mRCC, the prevalence of cytoreductive nephrectomy increased 3% each year from 2000 to 2005 ( P P = .0048), with a significant difference between the eras (0.97 vs. 1.025; P Conclusion The use of CyNx has declined in the VEGFR-TKI era. In addition, racial and socioeconomic disparities exist in the use of CyNx. The results of pending randomized trials evaluating the role of CyNx in the VEGFR-TKI era are awaited to optimize use of this modality and address potential disparities.
A Chimpanzee Recognizes Synthetic Speech with Significantly Reduced Acoustic Cues to Phonetic Content

Summary A long-standing debate concerns whether humans are specialized for speech perception [1–7], which some researchers argue is demonstrated by the ability to understand synthetic speech with significantly reduced acoustic cues to phonetic content [2–4, 7]. We tested a chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) that recognizes 128 spoken words [8, 9], asking whether she could understand such speech. Three experiments presented 48 individual words, with the animal selecting a corresponding visuographic symbol from among four alternatives. Experiment 1 tested spectrally reduced, noise-vocoded (NV) synthesis, originally developed to simulate input received by human cochlear-implant users [10]. Experiment 2 tested "impossibly unspeechlike" [3] sine-wave (SW) synthesis, which reduces speech to just three moving tones [11]. Although receiving only intermittent and noncontingent reward, the chimpanzee performed well above chance level, including when hearing synthetic versions for the first time. Recognition of SW words was least accurate but improved in experiment 3 when natural words in the same session were rewarded. The chimpanzee was more accurate with NV than SW versions, as were 32 human participants hearing these items. The chimpanzee's ability to spontaneously recognize acoustically reduced synthetic words suggests that experience rather than specialization is critical for speech-perception capabilities that some have suggested are uniquely human [12–14].
Value Capture in Global Production Networks:Evidence from the Taiwanese Electronics Industry

In today's global electronics industry, lead firms and suppliers of key components capture greater value than contract manufacturers. Using data from the Taiwanese Stock Exchange from 2002 to 2009, this research aims to examine if the pattern of value capture in the global electronics industry holds for Taiwan. We also test the impacts of research and development (R&D) spending on firm profitability and returns. Our results show that lead firms and component suppliers capture higher gross profits from their R&D spending, compared to contract manufacturers. However, contract manufacturers have higher return on equity. Component suppliers’ return to R&D as measured by return on equity is lower than contract manufacturers. These findings suggest that component suppliers capture higher profits as lead firms do, but the cost of R&D for component suppliers is so high that their returns on investment are not as great as contract manufacturers. This also suggests that Taiwanese component suppliers are unable to c...
White Dwarf Cosmochronometry. I. Monte Carlo Simulations of Proper-Motion- and Magnitude-limited Samples using Schmidt's 1/Vmax Estimator

Observationally, white dwarf stars are a remarkably homogeneous class with a minimum observed Teff ~ 4000 K. Theoretically, the physics that determines their cooling timescales is relatively more straightforward than that which determines main-sequence evolutionary timescales. As a result, the white dwarf luminosity function has for the last decade been used as a probe of the age and star formation rate of the Galactic disk, providing an estimated local disk age of ~10 Gyr with estimated total uncertainties of roughly 20%. A long-standing criticism of the technique is that the reality of the reported downturn in the luminosity function (LF) hinges on just a handful of stars and on statistical arguments that fainter (older) objects would have been observed were they present. Indeed, the likely statistical variations of these small-number samples represent one of the primary uncertainties in the derived Galactic age, and the behavior of Schmidt's 1/Vmax estimator in this limit is not well understood. In this work, we explore these uncertainties numerically by means of a Monte Carlo population synthesis code that simulates the kinematics and relative numbers of cooling white dwarfs. The "observationally selected" subsamples are drawn using typical proper motion and V-magnitude limits. The corresponding 1/Vmax LFs are then computed and compared to the input-integrated LFs. The results from our (noise-free) data suggest that (1) Schmidt's 1/Vmax technique is a reliable and well-behaved estimator of the true space density with typical uncertainties of ~50% for 50 point samples and 25% for 200 point samples; (2) the age uncertainties quoted in previously published observational studies of the LF are consistent with uncertainties in the Monte Carlo results—specifically, there is a ~15% and 10% observational uncertainty in the ages inferred from 50 point and 200 point samples, respectively; and (3) the large statistical variations in the bright end of these LFs—even in the large-N limit—preclude using the white dwarf LF to obtain an estimate of the recent star formation rate as a function of time.
Distances, root-mean-square amplitudes of vibration, and vibrational anharmonicity in carbon tetrabromide from a gas-phase electron-diffraction investigation

Abstract Carbon tetrabromide has been reinvestigated in the gas phase at 100°C by electron diffraction. Unlike the rather noisy diffraction data from most bromine-containing organic compounds, the CBr 4 data are of high quality. Vibrational anharmonicity as reflected by the parameters κ in the intensity function has been investigated for both the bond and nonbond distances; optimum values found are κ(CBr)=4×10 −6 A −3 and κ(Br·Br) = 11 × 10 −6 A −3 corresponding to Morse-potential anharmonicity constants a 3 (CBr)=2.2A −1 and a 3 (Br·Br)=1.3 A −1 . The fit of theoretical to experimental intensity over our data range (7.0 ⩽ s / (A) ⩽ 39) is not very sensitive to κ(CBr), but is significantly improved by inclusion of κ(Br·Br) at the optimum value. Similarly, the distance measurements are not affected by κ(CBr) over the reasonable range 0–8×10 −6 A −3 , but small, marginally significant distance changes result from introduction of κ(Br·Br) near its optimum value. The vibrational amplitude measurements are unaffected by any reasonable values of either κ. With the optimum κ values and assumed T d molecular symmetry the following distances ( r in A) and r.m.s. amplitudes of vibration ( l in A) with estimated 2σ uncertainties are obtained: r g (CBr)=1.942 (2), r g (Br·Br)=3.167 (4), l (CBr)=0.056 (7), l (Br·Br)=0.085 (4). With retention of the anharmonicity factors but removal of the geometry restriction imposed by T d symmetry (i.e., the two distances and the two amplitudes are regarded as four independent parameters), the results are r a (CBr)=1.938 (6) A, r a (Br·Br)=3.165 (4) A, l (CBr)=0.056 (7) A, and l (Br·Br)=0.084 (4) A. The distances from the latter set correspond exactly to a tetrahedral bond angle; “shrinkage” in CBr 4 is thus negligible. Results obtained without inclusion of anharmonicity effects are consistent with a very small shrinkage, which suggests that shrinkage interpretations be made with care in sensitive work. The measured amplitudes of vibration are in excellent agreement with the calculated values: l (CBr)=0.0574 A and l (Br·Br)=0.0834 A.
Semi–Empirical Predictions and Correlations of NOx Emissions From Utility Combustion Turbines

Semi–empirical equations model the dominant subprocesses involved in pollutant emissions by assigning specific times to the fuel evaporation, chemistry, and turbulent mixing. They then employ linear ratios of these times with model constants established by correlating data from combustors with different geometries, inlet conditions, fuels, and fuel injectors to make a priori predictions.In this work, thermal NOx emissions from two heavy–duty, dual fuel (natural gas and fuel oil #2) diffusion flame combustors designated A and B operating without inert injection are first predicted, and then correlated using three existing semi–empirical approaches termed the Lefebvre (AHL) model, the Rizk–Mongia (RM) model, and the characteristic time model (CTM). Heterogeneous effects were found to be significant, as fuel droplet evaporation times were required to align the natural gas and fuel oil data. Only the RM model and CTM were employed to study this phenomenon.The CTM achieved the best overall prediction and correlation, as the data from both combustors fell within one standard deviation of the predicted line. The AHL and RM models were not able to account for the geometries of the two combustors. For Combustor A the CTM parameter correlated the data in a highly linear manner, as expected, but for Combustor B there was significant curvature. Using the CTM this was shown to be a residence time effect.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
Sodium Cyanide Antagonism of the Vasodilator Action of Sodium Nitroprusside in the Isolated Rabbit Aortic Strip

Resistance to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is uncommon, but its occurrence has led to massive overdoses of SNP and sometimes death. To examine the mechanism responsible for resistance, aortic smooth muscle strips were prepared and dose-response curves for norepinephrine (NE) obtained. SNP alone caused a shift of the dose-response curve for NE to the right. However, this shift was less when the strips were exposed to both SNP and sodium cyanide (CN-). When CN- alone was added to the aortic strips, the response to NE was unchanged. In a further group of aortic muscle strips first contracted with NE and then relaxed with SNP, the addition of CN- caused the muscles to contract again. It is concluded that CN- antagonizes the action of SNP in vitro, and that this antagonism is specific for SNP.
The Q formula: The flexible formula for library acquisitions in relation to the FTE driven formula

Abstract The purpose of this article is to identify the variables involved in the construction or selection of a formula to allocate library acquisitions funds to colleges and departments in a university; to summarize some of the key administrative issues relating to formula allocation, such as who should do the allocating, how the allocations should be determined, and the amount of the total acquisitions budget that should be allocated; and to present examples of both a working and a theoretical formula. A case study of a medium-sized university (Youngstown State University) where a committee of faculty and students have allocated the acquisitions budget using an FTE (full-time equivalent) driven formula successfully for several years is examined. A Q formula, incorporating most known variables plus productivity in disciplines and average cost per title in each discipline, is also suggested as an alternative formula. This approach would be most applicable in four-year colleges or medium-sized universities. Comments on the problems of the realities of applying formula-generated budgets and their relationship to collection development are given by Susan Jacobson, Acquisitions Librarian, and Carol Wall, Public Services Librarian.
The J-Curve: Evidence from commodity trade between Canada and the U.S.

Several studies in the literature have tried to assess the impact of real depreciation of the Canadian dollar on the Canadian trade balance. They have either relied on the trade data between Canada and the rest of the world or between Canada and her major trading partners. In this paper we consider the trade between Canada and her major trading partner, the U.S. However, unlike previous research, we disaggregate the trade data between the two countries by commodity. We use export and import data over the period 1962–2004 from 152 commodities and the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modeling and show that real depreciation of the Canadian dollar has short-run effects on the trade balance of two-thirds of the industries. However, only in 50% of the industries, the short-run effects translate into the long-run favorable effects.
Comparison of aluminum- and boron-implanted vertical 6H-SiC p+n junction diodes

Abstract The electrical performance of mesa type 6H-SiC p + n junction diodes formed via high temperature implantation of 27 Al and 11 B has been comparatively studied and analyzed at temperatures up to 400°C using the Shockley model and the space-charge-limited current model. The Al-implanted diodes show better forward current–voltage characteristics with the best ideality factor obtained at 400°C of 1.6 while that for B-implanted diodes is 1.3. The factor that prohibits the forward performance of the Al-implanted diodes appears to be the deep defect center located at 1.2 eV above the valence band while that of B-implanted diodes appears to be the deep boron center called D-center located at 0.7∼0.8 eV above the valence band. On the other hand, B-implanted diodes show a better yield in the reverse direction with at least an order-of-magnitude lower reverse leakage current than that of Al-implanted diodes at all measurement temperatures. Several micropipe microplasmas were plainly visible in the middle of the mesa of the Al-implanted diodes when biased at −250 V but not on boron devices. The forward voltage drop of Al-implanted diodes is tightly distributed at 2.2 V with a forward resistance of 125 Ω while that of B-implanted diodes is broadly distributed with an average value of 2.8 V and nearly 200 times larger forward resistance.
Identification of a Hoxc8-regulated transcriptional network in mouse embryo fibroblast cells

The transcription factor, Hoxc8, is a member of the homeobox gene family that is vital for growth and differentiation. Previously, we identified 34 genes whose expression levels were changed at least 2-fold by forced expression of Hoxc8 in C57BL/6J mouse embryo fibroblast cells using a mouse 16,463-gene oligonucleotide microarray. In the present study, we used the combined power of microarray profiling, global Hoxc8 DNA-binding site analysis, and high-throughput chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to identify direct and biologically relevant targets of Hoxc8 in vivo. Here we show that 19 of the 34 responsive genes contain Hoxc8 consensus DNA-binding sequence(s) in their regulatory regions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that Hoxc8-DNA interaction was detected in five of the 19 candidate genes. All of these five target genes have been implicated in oncogenesis, cell adhesion, proliferation, and apoptosis. Overall, the genes described here should aid in the understanding of global regulatory networks of Hox genes and to provide valuable insight into the molecular basis of Hoxc8 in development and carcinogenesis.
Effect of intermittent exposure and drug-free intervals on the in vitro vascular tolerance to nitroglycerin.

Abstract Recent reports suggest that intermittent nitroglycerin (NTG) treatment, incorporating a daily nitrate-free interval, can avoid the tolerance associated with continuous NTG therapy. This study has investigated whether an in vitro model of NTG tolerance could be used to examine the mechanisms of tolerance avoidance (by intermittent NTG exposure) and tolerance reversal. Isolated rat abdominal aortic rings were exposed to 55 μM NTG at varying intervals over a 60 min period, and the concentration-relaxation curves to NTG were subsequently determined. Intermittent NTG exposure (either 12 × 0.5 min or 3 × 2 min) significantly reduced NTG tolerance compared to continuous exposure over the same period of time (60 min). The diminished tolerance was apparently due to the reduced total exposure time, since the NTG responsiveness of aortic rings exposed to NTG intermittently or continuously for 6 min of the incubation period was not significantly different. Under the present conditions, in vitro NTG tolerance could be reversed if sufficient washout time was allowed. Thus, aortic rings exposed to NTG for the initial, but not the final, 6 min of incubation were not tolerant to NTG. In addition, rings exposed to NTG for 3 min exhibited near-maximal tolerance after 5 min washout, but no tolerance after 60 or 120 min washout. It appears, therefore, that the isolated vessel retains the “repair” mechanism responsible for tolerance reversal under the present conditions. This study suggests that the in vitro model of NTG tolerance may be useful for investigating the characteristics and mechanisms of tolerance avoidance and reversal, as well as tolerance induction.
Prediction of 207Pb NMR parameters for the solid ionic lead(II) halides using the relativistic ZORA-DFT formalism: Comparison with the lead-containing molecular systems

Density functional calculations of (207)Pb NMR shielding in PbX(2) (X=F, Br, Cl and I) anionic fragments suggest that in solid PbX(2), the observed variation of chemical shift with halide is dominated by the paramagnetic contribution to the chemical shielding, with a lesser effect by the spin-orbit contribution. The calculations include relativistic effects at the level of the zero-order regular approximation (ZORA). The present observation contrasts with previous calculations for the molecular system, PbX(4), in which the spin-orbit contribution has been shown to be the major factor in the variation of the NMR chemical shift.
Rate-Adaptive Transmission Techniques for Optical Fiber Systems

Future networks may employ rate adaptation, extending reach where regeneration is unavailable. Transmission using fixed symbol rate, variable constellation (PM-16/8/4-QAM) and variable-rate FEC codes yields bit rates of 200/100/50 Gbit/s over distances of 650/2000/3000 km.
What research with animals is telling us about alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder

The substantial advances in understanding fetal alcohol syndrome over the past 20 years were made in large part because of research with animals. This review illustrates recent progress in animal research by focusing primarily on the central nervous system effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Current findings suggest further progress in understanding consequences, risk factors, mechanisms, prevention and treatment will depend on continued research with animals.
Magnesium Matrix Nano-Composite Fabricated by Ultrasonic Dispersion of Nano-Sized SiC Particles in Molten Magnesium Alloy

The use of ultrasonic nonlinear effects to disperse nano-sized ceramic particles in molten metal has been studied and nanosized SiC particle reinforced AZ91D magnesium composites were fabricated. The microstructure of the composites was investigated by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photo spectroscopy (XPS) and high resolution X-Ray Diffractometer(XRD) techniques. Experimental results show a nearly uniform distribution and good dispersion of the SiC nanoparticles within the magnesium matrix, although some of small agglomerates (less than 300nm) were found in matrix. The microhardness of composites have been improved significantly compared to that of pure AZ91D. The ultrasonic fabrication methodology is striking to rapidly produce a wide range of nano-sized particles reinforced metal matrix composites.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Enantioselective ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis.

The first enantioselective ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts have been prepared, and high enantiomeric excesses (up to 90%) are observed in the desymmetrization of achiral trienes. A model consistent with the stereochemical outcome of the reactions is described and suggests side-on olefin binding and reorganization of the halide ligands.
A Ground-Based , Injection-Locked , Pulsed TEA Laser For Atmospheric Wind Measurements

An injection-locked, pulsed Doppler lidar for atmospheric wind monitoring is described. The lidar produces up to 50 pulses per second with energies of about 1 J per pulse. Transverse mode suppression is effected with an output coupler whose radial reflectivity is parabolically-tapered. The lidar has been used to measure winds in several unique field experiments.