cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fat Cycles and Condition Factors of Altamaha River Shad

The fat content and condition factor of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) and hickory shad (A. mediocris) in the Altamaha River drainage in Georgia are analyzed. The fat content of these anadromous species ranged from 5.1 to 17.8% for American shad and from 3.0 to 12.9% for hickory shad. In contrast to Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus), fat content did not decrease with distance upstream, probably because of he relatively short and easy passage. The likely decrease in fat content with spawning was not statistically demonstrable because of the small number of spent individuals analyzed. Condition factor was not consistently related to fat content. See full-text article at JSTOR
Weather satellite lost in launch accident

A $57.5-million weather satellite was lost on May 3, 1986, when the unmanned Delta rocket that carried it went out of control 71 s after liftoff and was destroyed by command from the ground. It was the third consecutive launching failure for the U.S. space program, following the losses of the space shuttle Challenger in January and an Air Force Titan rocket in April. As Eos went to press, a team of officials from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and its contractors were meeting at the Kennedy Space Center (Cape Canaveral, Fla.) to review telemetry data from the launch. Two surges of current were found to have occurred in the electrical system of the rocket's main engine just prior to the engine's shutdown; it was this shutdown that caused the rocket to go out of control.
When Choice Models Fail: Compensatory Models in Negatively-Correlated Environments.

Linear compensatory models, which involve tradeoffs between product attributes, have been argued to provide reasonably good predictions of choices made by noncompensatory heuristics, which do not i...
Electronic structure theory: present and future challenges

The aim of electronic structure theory is to solve the electronic Schrodinger equation, which is a coupled high-dimensional partial differential equation with numerous singularities in the operator and complex boundary conditions arising from the fermion symmetry. This article briefly summarizes how electronic structure theorists have overcome the immense difficulties of solving this with quantitative accuracy. This has been achieved by elucidating the structure of wave functions and exploiting this knowledge to drastically expedite the numerical solutions, enabling predictive simulations for a broad range of chemical properties and transformations. It also lists some of the outstanding challenges that are to be or being addressed.
Kin recognition pheromones in social wasps: combining chemical and behavioural evidence

Field assays of kin recognition were conducted on females of the social wasp,Polistes fuscatus. The assays consisted of switching sister colonies and recording whether aunts accepted or rejected their non-nestmate nieces. Hexane extracts of each female were then analysed with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. A step-wise discriminant function analysis (DFA) was conducted to predict behavioural outcomes (accept or reject) on the basis of differences in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Ten cuticular hydrocarbons were included in the highly significant (P=0·0015) linear discriminant function. They consisted primarily of methyl-branched alkanes, which were relatively colony-specific, and straight-chain alkanes, which were less colony-specific. A jack-knifed procedure resulted in a 100% correct classification of all nieces to the accept or reject behavioural group.
Neutrophils Infiltrate Resistance-Sized Vessels of Subcutaneous Fat in Women With Preeclampsia

We examined if there is systemic vascular inflammation and neutrophil infiltration in women with preeclampsia. Resistance-sized vessels (10 to 200 microm) of subcutaneous fat were evaluated from normal nonpregnant women, normal pregnant women, and preeclamptic women. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for: (1) interleukin-8 (IL-8), a potent neutrophil chemokine; (2) intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54), an endothelial cell adhesion molecule; and (3) CD66b, a neutrophil antigen. Vessels of preeclamptic patients had intense IL-8 staining in the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle, as compared with little or no staining for normal pregnant and normal nonpregnant patients. ICAM-1 was expressed on the endothelium of all patient groups. In preeclamptic patients, ICAM-1 was also expressed on vascular smooth muscle. Vessels of preeclamptic patients had significantly more CD66b staining of neutrophils than did normal pregnant or normal nonpregnant patients. There were significantly more vessels stained, more vessels with neutrophils flattened and adhered to endothelium, more vessels with neutrophils infiltrated into the intima, and more neutrophils per vessel. In conclusion, in women with preeclampsia, there was significant infiltration of neutrophils into maternal systemic vasculature associated with inflammation of the vascular smooth muscle indicated by increased expression of IL-8 and ICAM-1. Neutrophil infiltration provides a reasonable explanation for endothelial and vascular smooth muscle dysfunction in preeclampsia because neutrophils produce toxic substances, which may explain clinical symptoms.
Optical and crystallographic analysis of thin films of GeC deposited using a unique hollow cathode sputtering technique

Abstract Experimental results on thin films of the new material GexC1−x, deposited by a unique dual plasma hollow cathode sputtering technique, are presented. The GeC films, grown on etched Si(1 0 0), exhibited remarkable crystallinity with a lattice spacing which has shifted from that of pure Ge toward that of Si. This order has been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The substrate temperature, which yielded the best results to date, was 350 °C. The deposition rate of the Ge and the deposition rate ratio of Ge to C did not have a great effect on the crystallinity. However, the substrate type had a great influence as did the presence of Al as an added impurity. Thin films were grown on etched Si, naturally oxidized Si, and onto glass substrates. The absorption coefficient was much higher for GeC than either Si or Ge. To verify that absorption was greater than Si or Ge for the more crystalline form of GeC, ellipsometry measurements were made. The photon absorption inferred from these ellipsometry measurements confirmed the fact that GeC has a quantum efficiency much greater than crystalline Si or Ge and even more than amorphous Si.
MiTV: multiple-implementation testing of user-input validators for web applications

User-input validators play an essential role in guarding a web application against application-level attacks. Hence, the security of the web application can be compromised by defective validators. To detect defects in validators, testing is one of the most commonly used methodologies. Testing can be performed by manually writing test inputs and oracles, but this manual process is often labor-intensive and ineffective. On the other hand, automated test generators cannot generate test oracles in the absence of specifications, which are often not available in practice. To address this issue in testing validators, we propose a novel approach, called MiTV, that applies Multiple-implementation Testing for Validators, i.e., comparin gthe behavior of a validator under test with other validators of the same type. These other validators of the same type can be collected from either open or proprietary source code repositories. To show the effectiveness of MiTV, we applied MiTV on 53 different validators (of 6 common types) for web applications. Our results show that MiTV detected real defects in 70% of the validators.
Immunization and challenge of mice with insect-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi

Summary Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi was established in the reduviid vector, Dipetalogaster maximus, by repeated feedings on mice with high parasitaemias, and metacyclic trypomastigotes (IMT) were collected in insect urine after blood meals. The infectivity of IMT in mice was assessed by placing varying numbers of organisms, ranging from 5 to 5000, on to the conjunctivae or oral mucosa of anaesthetized animals. Half of the mice exposed to as few as 20 IMT by either route became parasitized, and the minimum inoculum size that resulted in all mice becoming infected was 640 IMT by the ocular route and 1250 IMT in the mice given parasites by mouth. Mice were immunized by tail vein infusion of irradiated IMT. Animals in the immunized group and in two control groups were then challenged by deposition of IMT on to the oral mucosa. Two of five immunized mice and nine of 10 comparison animals developed acute T. cruzi infection after challenge. These results indicate that IMT produced in this system are highly infective and that inocula containing 500–1000 IMT applied to the conjunctivae or oral mucosa constitute a gentle contaminative challenge. Moreover, our findings suggest that sterile protection against a contaminative challenge may be inducible by immunization with IMT, but experiments involving larger numbers of animals must be performed to resolve this question.
Intracranial complications of pediatric sinusitis.

Objective To study intracranial extension of pediatric sinusitis, an infrequent but potentially fatal complication. Study design and setting Ten-year retrospective review at a tertiary children’s hospital identified 21 cases of intracranial complications of sinusitis. Results Thirteen males and eight females with mean age of 13.3 years were identified. Overall 18 of 21 (81%) exhibited abscess formation, most commonly epidural. Only 3 of 21 (14%) had meningitis alone. All but 4 patients were managed surgically, requiring craniotomy in 13 of 21 (61.9%) and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in 10 of 21 (48%). Seven patients (33%) required multiple operations during admission. Nineteen patients (90%) had a total of 30 organisms cultured. Oral flora was observed in 12 of 21 (57%). Polymicrobial infections, seen in 9 of 21 (43%), were significantly associated with the need for craniotomy ( P = 0.02). Mean hospital stay was 15 days, and mean length of IV antibiotic was 5 weeks. Conclusions Intracranial complications of pediatric sinusitis often require craniotomy. Oral flora and polymicrobial infections were prominent in this series. EBM rating: C-4
Expression of hepatitis C virus non-structural 5A protein in the liver of transgenic mice

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major etiologic agent for chronic hepatitis worldwide often leading to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanism for development of chronic hepatitis or hepatocarcinogenesis by HCV remains unclear. HCV NS5A protein possesses many intriguing properties, including sequestration of p53 in the cytoplasm, downregulation of p21 protein, activation of STAT3, and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated apoptosis. Thus, we investigated whether this viral protein has oncogenic property in vivo. In the absence of an efficient cell culture system for virus growth and a suitable small animal model for HCV infection, transgenic FVB mice were generated by targeting the HCV NS5A genomic region cloned under the control of a liver-specific apoE promoter or mouse major urinary promoter (MUP). The apoE promoter is constitutively expressed in liver, on the other hand, the MUP is developmentally regulated and expressed in the liver after birth. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis indicated establishment of HCV NS5A transgene expression in several lines from both groups of mice. Immunohistochemical studies suggested the presence of NS5A in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. The transgenic animals were phenotypically similar to their normal littermates and did not exhibit a major histological change within the liver up to 24 months of age. Our results suggested HCV NS5A protein is not directly cytopathic or oncogenic in this FVB transgenic mouse model, although this viral protein promotes cell growth in vitro. These animals will be a valuable model of HCV immunopathology as well as for evaluation of siRNA, interferon and other cytokine therapies.
In vivo interaction between RNA viruses isolated from the C57BL/Ka strain of mice.

Abstract Virus replication can be initiated in the C57BL/Ka thymus by inoculation of three virus preparations isolated from mice of this strain, designated RadLV, RadLV-LTC, and BL/Ka(6), but not by three others, designated BL/Ka(B), BL/Ka(N), and BL/Ka(X). Coinfection by various mixtures of the three nonthymotropic viruses does not result in productive infection of the thymus. The addition of these nonthymotropic viruses to serial dilutions of RadLV, RadLV-LTC, or BL/Ka(6) does not significantly alter the replication of the wild-type RadLV preparations tested, whereas it significantly facilitates the replication of RadLV-LTC and BL/Ka(6). It is postulated that RadLV-LTC and BL/Ka(6) contain an attenuated or defective thymotropic and leukemogenic particle, the intrathymic replication of which is facilitated by coinfection with the nonthymotropic viruses.
Left-to-right processes in the construction of sentences

The purpose of this study was to test certain predictions derived from an extension of Yngve's left-to-right model of sentence construction. On the basis of assumed development of predictive integrations between successive rule-applications, it was predicted that for a right-branching language such as English, it should be more difficult to provide the beginning of an already completed sentence, than to provide the end of an already started sentence. But for a left-branching language such as Turkish, this tendency should be considerably reduced. The obtained results supported these predictions. It was also found for English that this result could not have been solely due to differential decoding times.
Paraplegia following intraaortic balloon assistance.

Abstract In a patient receiving intraaortic balloon counterpulsation following myocardial revascularization, paraplegia developed two days postoperatively. Postmortem examination demonstrated a dissecting hematoma of the thoracic aorta and spinal cord infarction. The neurological deficit is thought to be due to embarrassment of spinal cord blood supply, and mechanisms of injury are discussed.
Leading Causes of Death among Asian American Subgroups (2003–2011)

BACKGROUND: Our current understanding of Asian American mortality patterns has been distorted by the historical aggregation of diverse Asian subgroups on death certificates, masking important differences in the leading causes of death across subgroups. In this analysis, we aim to fill an important knowledge gap in Asian American health by reporting leading causes of mortality by disaggregated Asian American subgroups. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We examined national mortality records for the six largest Asian subgroups (Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) from 2003-2011, and ranked the leading causes of death. We calculated all-cause and cause-specific age-adjusted rates, temporal trends with annual percent changes, and rate ratios by race/ethnicity and sex. Rankings revealed that as an aggregated group, cancer was the leading cause of death for Asian Americans. When disaggregated, there was notable heterogeneity. Among women, cancer was the leading cause of death for every group except Asian Indians. In men, cancer was the leading cause of death among Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese men, while heart disease was the leading cause of death among Asian Indians, Filipino and Japanese men. The proportion of death due to heart disease for Asian Indian males was nearly double that of cancer (31% vs. 18%). Temporal trends showed increased mortality of cancer and diabetes in Asian Indians and Vietnamese; increased stroke mortality in Asian Indians; increased suicide mortality in Koreans; and increased mortality from Alzheimer's disease for all racial/ethnic groups from 2003-2011. All-cause rate ratios revealed that overall mortality is lower in Asian Americans compared to NHWs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show heterogeneity in the leading causes of death among Asian American subgroups. Additional research should focus on culturally competent and cost-effective approaches to prevent and treat specific diseases among these growing diverse populations. Language: en
Control of complex manufacturing processes: a comparison of SPC methods with a radial basis function neural network

Manufacturing processes are increasingly subject to tighter control and more frequent monitoring, in many cases using real time data collection systems. It is now recognized that complex interactions of auto and cross-correlation exist in data observations from process industries, batch processes, and the traditional parts industry. New control models that capture both multivariate and time series effects are needed to effectively monitor manufacturing processes. In this research, we investigate the ability of radial basis function neural networks to monitor and control complex manufacturing processes that exhibit both auto and cross-correlation. We demonstrate that the radial basis function network is superior to three control models recently proposed for complex manufacturing processes: multivariate Shewhart, multivariate EWMA, and a feed forward neural network with logistic units trained by back-propagation (often called a back-propagation neural network).
A multilevel treatment of moiré fringe data using finite elements

Finite element procedures are applied to the modeling, analysis and visualization of experimental moire data. Smoothing elements are introduced and evaluated with respect to data sparseness and error. A one-dimensional smoothing element is uniquely coupled with the method of principal curves to extract moire fringe centers. A two-dimensional smoothing element is then used to produce a full-field representation given the fringe locations. The moire technique is applied to the four-point bend experiment, and the surface-modeling technique is used to obtain displacement and gradient (strain) information.
Entrainment from a submerged combustion evaporator

Entrainment from a submerged combustion evaporator system was studied with sodium ion as a tracer. By measuring the ratio of the sodium concentration in the pot to that in the condensate the entrainment removal performance of the evaporator system was studied under various conditions. It was observed that the log of the concentration ratio decreases with an increase in the temperature of the gaseous products of combustion as they emanate from the combustion chamber into the solution. This is attributed to the fact that a greater amount of fine (< 5 μ) droplets of entrainment are formed in the evaporator as the temperature of the gases increases.
Fertility, human capital and the wealth of families*

An overlapping generations model with parental altruism is examined. The existence of the optimal value function in a model with an endogenous discount rate is proven. Two development regimes are produced: a high fertility, low income and no growth steady state, and a perpetual growth equilibrium with low fertility and rising income.
Preparation and Characterization of Substituted Polylactides

We report the bulk polymerization of ethylglycolide (3,6-diethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione), isobutylglycolide (3,6-diisobutyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione), and hexylglycolide (3,6-dihexyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione) to high molecular weight polymers. The glycolides were prepared by two routes: the reaction of 2-bromoacyl bromides and α-hydroxy acids and the acid-catalyzed oligomerization of 2-hydroxy acids followed by thermal depolymerization of the oligomers in the presence of ZnO. Both methods gave the substituted glycolides as a mixture of diastereomers. The monomers were melt-polymerized using Sn(2-ethylhexanoate)2, SnO, SnBr2, SnBr4, PbO, and Ph4Sn with alcohol initiators. The polymerization rates depend on the steric bulk of the monomer, and the kinetic data for polymerizations using Sn(2-ethylhexanoate)2 can be fit to an equilibrium model. High molecular weight poly(ethylglycolide), poly(isobutylglycolide), and poly(hexylglycolide) have Tg's of 12, 22, and −37 °C, respectively. These polymers are amorphous and ...
Single particle analysis of suspended soil dust from Southern California

Abstract Single particle analysis of soil dust has been performed using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The presence of crustal elements is observed in the mass spectra of individual particles. Aluminum and iron constitute the two most commonly detected cations. Other common cations observed in the mass spectra of soil particles include sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, titanium, and barium, and also lithium and lanthanide oxides which are not detectable by conventional techniques such as X-ray fluorescence. Silicates make up the bulk of detected anions, although the presence of phosphate is also observed. Characteristic peaks in both the positive and negative ion mass spectra enable us to identify individual dust particles in atmospheric samples and track chemically distinct dust particles in the atmosphere with a temporal resolution of 15 min using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
SU-E-I-83: Parallel Programming Upgrades for the Control Acquisition, Processing and Image Display System (CAPIDS) of the Micro Angiographic Fluoroscope (MAF)

Purpose: CAPIDS is a unique software platform designed to control and acquire images from the high-resolution MAF detector, process them and display them in a clinical environment. The images are then stored for optional playback at a later stage. CAPIDS also acquires and records the exposure parameters from the x-ray unit. We present new parallel programming modifications using the host computer system's Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) and Central Processing unit (CPU) to improve the system performance for the various MAF imaging tasks. Methods: Multicore CPU's allow for concurrent tasks to be executed at the same time in parallel. During runtime, CAPIDS has three concurrent tasks: image acquisition and processing, image saving, and exposure parameter acquisition. Parallel programming constructs from LabVIEW allow each tasks to be executed on a separate core.GPU's allow for the same task to be performed on independent data sets in parallel. During runtime, all the image processing including flat-field correction, digital image subtraction, image averaging, and temporal recursive filtering are performed on the GPU. Results: The new version of CAPIDS with all the parallel programming updates was successfully used for the first time to control the MAF, acquire the images, process the images and display the images during an actual clinical intervention. The images were acquired under fluoroscopy, digital subtraction angiography, and roadmap modes. Conclusion: Distributing concurrent tasks to different cores of a multicore CPU results in an efficient utilization of resources, efficient power management and increases operation speed. Use of GPU's for image processing further enhances the speed of operation. Supported by NIH Grant: 2R01EB002873 and an equipment grant from Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation
Judgment accuracy in pair-distance estimation and map sketching

Intersite distances were obtained using both subjective pair-distance judgments and map sketching, either perceptually with the map in view or from memory following a study period. The perceptual distance estimates were more accurate than those made from memory. In addition, when responses were made from memory, intersite distances on the sketched map were more accurate than the same distances estimated in the pair judgment task.
Nonvolatile resistive memory devices based on hydrogenated amorphous carbon

There has recently been increased interest in carbon-based resistive random-access (RRAM) memory. Carbon-based RRAM has the potential to scale to atomic dimensions, resulting in ultra-high-density and low-power memory. Here we report reversible unipolar resistance switching in hydrogenated amorphous carbon. The devices used in this study are fabricated using e-beam lithography with built-in series resistors. A thorough analysis of the electrical transport and the resistance switching mechanism is presented.
Tubuloglomerular feedback: mechanistic insights from gene-manipulated mice

Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) describes a causal and direct relationship between tubular NaCl concentration at the end of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and afferent arteriolar tone. The use of genetically altered mice has led to an expansion of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the functional coupling of epithelial, mesangial, and vascular cells in TGF. Studies in mice with deletions of the A or B isoform of NKCC2 (Na,K,2Cl cotransporter) and of ROMK indicate that NaCl uptake is required for response initiation. A role for transcellular salt transport is suggested by the inhibitory effect of ouabain in mutant mice with an ouabain-sensitive α1 Na,K-ATPase. No effect on TGF was observed in NHE2- and H/K-ATPase-deficient mice. TGF responses are abolished in A1 adenosine receptor-deficient mice, and studies in mice with null mutations in NTPDase1 or ecto-5′-nucleotidase indicate that adenosine involved in TGF is mainly derived from dephosphorylation of released ATP. Angiotensin II is a required cofactor for the elicitation of TGF responses, as AT1 receptor or angiotensin-converting enzyme deficiencies reduce TGF responses, mostly by reducing adenosine effectiveness. Overall, the evidence from these studies in genetically altered mice indicates that transcellular NaCl transport induces the generation of adenosine that, in conjunction with angiotensin II, elicits afferent arteriolar constriction.
New Perspectives on Historical States-Systems

PATTERNS of relations among autonomous political units have been described as "systems" since Hobbes and Pufendorf in the seventeenth century. Only since World War II, however, have intense efforts been made to gain theoretical understanding of inter-state relations as systems. These efforts tend to fall into at least three major categories. First, fairly traditional case studies have been based on modest definitions of the potential of the "systems" metaphor. Stanley Hoffmann, for example, has defined "the concept of the international system" as "a way of ordering data, a construct for describing both the way in which the parts relate, and the way in which patterns of interaction change." The "systems" construct may be helpful, but international relations theory "can do little more than define basic concepts, analyze basic configurations, sketch out the permanent features of a constant logic of behavior. . . .' Hoffmann and his mentor, Raymond Aron, have emphasized the structural configuration of military power and the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the system in order to distinguish various international systems-for instance, "the balance-of-power system which lasted from the Peace of Westphalia until the French Revolution."2 Several other theorists-among them Brecher, Holsti, Modelski, and Rosecrance-have undertaken case studies of historical statessystems in search of generalizations; however, they disagree with Hoff-
Universal Screening for Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Fitting a Population-Based Model

Schools have begun to adopt a population-based method to conceptualizing assessment and intervention of students; however, little empirical evidence has been gathered to support this shift in service delivery. The present study examined the fit of a population-based model in identifying students’ behavioral and emotional functioning using a district screening of first- through fifth-grade students (n = 2,706) in a diverse suburban school district. Teacher ratings of students’ emotional and behavior difficulties appeared to fit a population-based model well. Parent ratings of students’ difficulties (n = 1468) did not fit the model but indicated students having fewer difficulties. There was significant agreement between parent and teacher ratings for those students rated by both informants. These findings further support the use of population-based models in conceptualizing service delivery for students in schools. Limitations of the study, as well as implications for school screenings, are discussed.
Low Loss Z-Type $\hbox{Ba}_{3}\hbox{Co}_{2}\hbox{Fe}_{24}\hbox{O}_{41}$ Hexaferrites for Antennas and RF Devices

Z-type hexaferrites are considered for applications in the 10 MHz to 1 GHz band due to their potential to overcome Snoek's limit. However, state-of-art hexaferrites have high magnetic loss, related to substantial micro-structural inhomogeneity and processing details. The dependence of magnetic properties on the ceramic processing route is demonstrated in this paper for Ba3Co2Fe24O41 (Co2Z) compositions. Fine Co2Z powders prepared by wet-chemical synthesis were used to obtain different microstructures through dry or colloidal compaction, followed by sintering with different temperature programs. Large variations in permeability and loss behavior were found between samples with different processing histories and hence microstructures. The best results obtained were μr' ~ 2.5 and μr'' <; 0.2 (tanδ ≤ 0.1) for the 10 to 930 MHz band. This is a significant improvement w.r.t. previously reported values.
Different rates of clinical trial enrollment between adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 22 years old and children under 15 years old with cancer at a children's hospital.

BackgroundOver the last 30 years significant strides have been made in cure rates for children with cancer, but these improvements have not been seen in adolescents and young adults. The reasons for this lack of progress are multifactorial, but it is clear greater cure rates are correlated with cont
Mathematical aspects of molecular replacement. III. Properties of space groups preferred by proteins in the Protein Data Bank.

The main goal of molecular replacement in macromolecular crystallography is to find the appropriate rigid-body transformations that situate identical copies of model proteins in the crystallographic unit cell. The search for such transformations can be thought of as taking place in the coset space Γ\G where Γ is the Sohncke group of the macromolecular crystal and G is the continuous group of rigid-body motions in Euclidean space. This paper, the third in a series, is concerned with viewing nonsymmorphic Γ in a new way. These space groups, rather than symmorphic ones, are the most common ones for protein crystals. Moreover, their properties impact the structure of the space Γ\G. In particular, nonsymmorphic space groups contain both Bieberbach subgroups and sym­morphic subgroups. A number of new theorems focusing on these subgroups are proven, and it is shown that these concepts are related to the preferences that proteins have for crystallizing in different space groups, as observed in the Protein Data Bank.
Are cytochrome b gene mutations the only cause of atovaquone resistance in Pneumocystis

There is evidence that exposure of the opportunistic pathogen Pneumocystis to atovaquone enhances the development of resistance to the drug. Atovaquone is a structural analog of ubiquinone, which binds to the mitochondrial cytochrome bc(1) complex and inhibits electron transport. Like the parasites Plasmodium and Toxoplasma, atovaquone resistance can result from mutations in the cytochrome b gene of Pneumocystis. However, atovaquone resistance cannot be explained by cytochrome b gene mutations in all cases. The discovery that atovaquone also inhibits biosynthesis of ubiquinone in P. carinii may unfold other mechanisms by which drug resistance develops.
The United Nations and ethnic conflicts

The involvement of the United Nations in ethnic conflicts is relatively new, made possible only by the end of the Cold War gridlock that enveloped the Security Council. Scholars are searching this recent history for theoretical insights to guide future decision making, but the empirical evidence—examined here in Cyprus, former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda/Burundi—suggests caution before making large theoretical judgments. The evidence does suggest that to be successful in ethnic conflicts, the United Nations requires strong and consistent American leadership, a leadership which in some cases will contradict the UN's dominant culture of negotiation and compromise.
Validation of the Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index in a Large Contemporary Series

Purpose: In this study we identified prognostic factors for survival and validated the accuracy of the Fournier's gangrene severity index in patients with Fournier's gangrene.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients diagnosed with Fournier's gangrene between 1996 and 2006. Fournier's gangrene severity index scores were assessed using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Using an outcome variable of inpatient mortality, univariate analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U, chi-square and Fisher exact tests.Results: A total of 68 patients (79.4% male, mean age 55.8 ± 15.2 years) diagnosed with Fournier's gangrene met the criteria for review. The inpatient mortality rate was 10% (7 patients). The mean Fournier's gangrene severity index score for survivors was 5.4 ± 3.5 vs 10.9 ± 4.7 for nonsurvivors (p = 0.006). Isolated Fournier's gangrene severity index and individual laboratory parameters associated with mortality included heart rate (p = 0.05), respirato...
Biodurability of chrysotile and tremolite asbestos in simulated lung and gastric fluids

Chrysotile [Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ] and tremolite [Ca 2 Mg 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 ] asbestos represent two distinct mineralogical categories of regulated asbestos commonly evaluated in epidemiological, toxicological, and pathological studies. Human respiratory and gastric systems are sites of asbestos deposition where chrysotile and tremolite asbestos are undersaturated with respect to biological fluids and dissolution kinetics control the persistence of these minerals in biological environments. Here we examined the biodurabilities (i.e., the resistance to dissolution) of chrysotile and tremolite asbestos in simulated body fluids as a function of mineral surface area over time. Batch experiments in simulated gastric fluid (SGF; HCl and NaCl solution at pH 1.2) and simulated lung fluid (SLF; modified Gamble’s solution at pH 7.4) were performed at 37 °C over 720 h to evaluate the dissolution of chrysotile vs. tremolite asbestos in acidic and near-neutral biological fluids. The rate-limiting step of Si release for both minerals was used to obtain rate constants ( k ) and reaction orders ( n ) allowing comparisons of mineral dissolution rates. Both chrysotile and tremolite asbestos are less biodurable in SGF (low pH) compared to SLF (near-neutral pH). Based on equivalent surface area comparisons, the surface chemistry of tremolite is more reactive in lung fluid than chrysotile and vice versa in digestive fluid. However, the relative biodurabilities of these asbestos silicates (from most to least) are tremolite (SLF) > chrysotile (SLF) > tremolite (SGF) > chrysotile (SGF) when accounting for the greater surface area of chrysotile per mass or per fiber compared to tremolite. Overall, this study illustrates the importance of surface area and fiber morphology considerations when evaluating the biodurabilities of asbestiform minerals.
Relationship between the Dipole Strength of Ligand Pre-Edge Transitions and Metal-Ligand Covalency.

The electric dipole contributions to the observed pre-edge intensities in ligand K-edge X-ray absorption (XAS) spectra are analyzed in terms of covalent-bonding contributions between the metal and ligand for a prototype system with one hole in the d shell. One- and two-center contributions to the intensity are identified. By direct evaluation of the integrals involved in the intensity expression, the two-center terms are shown to be at least 1 order of magnitude smaller than the one-center terms and can be ignored to a reasonable approximation. The one-center terms reflect the amount of ligand character in the partially occupied metal-based MOs and are proportional to the intrinsic transition moment of a ligand-centered 1s → np transition. The final intensity does not contain terms proportional to the square of the metal−ligand distance as might have been expected on the basis of the analogy between ligand K-edge and ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) transitions that both formally lead to transfer of...
Current total harmonic distortion calculation of interior permanent magnet synchronous traction motors for HEV/BEV applications

Hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles use three-phase power inverter(s) to drive electric traction motor(s) using pulse width modulation (PWM) methods. Various types of PWM schemes provide the same fundamental component of the output voltage but different harmonic components. This results in different harmonic flux linkage and harmonic current, causing different machine copper loss and core losses. An accurate model of the current total harmonic distortion (THD) for various PWM schemes can provide an insight into which PWM method can minimize the electric machine copper loss and core losses, hence, increasing the overall fuel economy of the vehicle system. Most of HEV/BEV products use interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machines for traction. Literature review shows that existing methods of calculating the current THD are only valid for an inductance load or a surface permanent magnet synchronous machine with equal d- and q-axis inductances. Error occurs if the method is applied to an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine with unequal d- and q-axis inductances. This paper investigates a method that can accurately calculate the current THD for IPM machines. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by computer simulations.
21-21 Translocation: correlation of banding with meiotic results.

Meiotic studies of a boy, both of whose sibs also had Down's syndrome, were suggestive of a 21/21 chromosome rearrangement. Banding of somatic chromosomes from his mother and affected sister validated this interpredation and indicated a 21/21 translocation, not an isochromosome.
Multilayered superconducting tunnel junction x‐ray detectors

Abstract Superconducting tunnel junction X‐ray detectors have potential theoretical energy resolutions on the order of eV's. Such high energy resolutions would be of great use for astrophysical observations in the discrimination of spectral lines in hot plasmas and the determination of the Doppler shifts of these lines. Current results for these devices, however, yield energy resolutions more than an order of magnitude worse than the theoretical limit. In addition, low efficiency and breakdown under thermal cycling are also common problems. We propose a new approach based on multiple (10's to 100's) layers of vertically stacked tunnel junctions. This approach holds promise for the alleviation of many of the mechanisms that have been suggested as leading to the degradation of energy resolution and providing built in redundancy against barrier shorts. It should also be possible to make use of different materials which would yield higher operating temperatures and more robust devices. Also, the artificial 1‐...
Pattern of drinking and feeding produced by hypothalamic norepinephrine injection in the satiated rat.

Abstract Injection of norepinephrine into the perifornical region of the anterior hypothalamus elicited both drinking and feeding in satiated rats. Analysis of these behaviors revealed the following: (1) Both responses were dose-dependent, occurring at doses at least as low as 0.5 μg. (2) The drinking response (1–4 ml) had a latency of around 1.5 min and a duration 2–3 min. It was followed within a minute or two by eating (2–4 g) that lasted approximately 20 min. It was also followed within a minute or lasted approximately 60 min. (3) Satiation from the ingestion process appeared to be a primary factor in terminating the elicited feeding response, whereas a time-related factor was important in terminating the elicited drinking. (4) These ingestive responses produced by noradrenergic stimulation of the anterior perifornical hypothalamus were found to bear striking similarities to the rat's natural feeding behavior and premeal component of his natural food-associated drinking behavior. (5) These noradrenergically elicited responses could not be observed with lateral hypothalamic stimulation, while only feeding was elicited by ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation. (6) The drinking induced by central noradrenergic stimulation, in contrast to that induced by peripheral beta-adrenergic stimulation, was unaffected by nephrectomy.
Polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities associated with acquired resistance and its inhibition by 2-thiouracil in virus-infected soybean

Abstract When halves of the primary leaves of hypersensitive soybean ( Glycine max cv. Bragg) plants were infected with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, the levels of protein, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase in the adjacent half-leaves increased two to three times. These increases were concomitant with the development of acquired resistance. The application of 1 m M -2-thiouracil via the roots 0 to 24 h after primary inoculation prevented the development of acquired resistance and increased polyphenoloxidase activity but did not affect the increase in protein and peroxidase levels. Thiouracil strongly inhibited polyphenoloxidase in vitro but had relatively little effect on peroxidase. When partially purified enzyme preparations were fractionated on a Sephadex-G 100 gel column, polyphenoloxidase from the half-leaves with acquired resistance eluted as two peaks, whereas the enzyme from control leaves eluted as a single peak. The additional second peak was absent from the half-leaves of thiouracil-treated plants in which acquired resistance had not developed.
Dorsal raphe neuroinflammation promotes dramatic behavioral stress dysregulation.

Impulsivity, risk-taking behavior, and elevated stress responsivity are prominent symptoms of mania, a behavioral state common to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Though inflammatory processes activated within the brain are involved in the pathophysiology of both disorders, the specific mechanisms by which neuroinflammation drives manic behavior are not well understood. Serotonin cell bodies originating within the dorsal raphe (DR) play a major role in the regulation of behavioral features characteristic of mania. Therefore, we hypothesized that the link between neuroinflammation and manic behavior may be mediated by actions on serotonergic neurocircuitry. To examine this, we induced local neuroinflammation in the DR by viral delivery of Cre recombinase into interleukin (IL)-1βXAT transgenic male and female mice, resulting in overexpressing of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. For assertion of brain-region specificity of these outcomes, the prefrontal cortex (PFC), as a downstream target of DR serotonergic projections, was also infused. Inflammation within the DR, but not the PFC, resulted in a profound display of manic-like behavior, characterized by increased stress-induced locomotion and responsivity, and reduced risk-aversion/fearfulness. Microarray analysis of the DR revealed a dramatic increase in immune-related genes, and dysregulation of genes important in GABAergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission. Behavioral and physiological changes were driven by a loss of serotonergic neurons and reduced output as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, demonstrating inflammation-induced serotonergic hypofunction. Behavioral changes were rescued by acute selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment, supporting the hypothesis that serotonin dysregulation stemming from neuroinflammation in the DR underlies manic-like behaviors.
Phosphorylation of p53 by TAF1 Inactivates p53-Dependent Transcription in the DNA Damage Response

While p53 activation has long been studied, the mechanisms by which its targets genes are restored to their preactivation state are less clear. We report here that TAF1 phosphorylates p53 at Thr55, leading to dissociation of p53 from the p21 promoter and inactivation of transcription late in the DNA damage response. We further show that cellular ATP level might act as a molecular switch for Thr55 phosphorylation on the p21 promoter, indicating that TAF1 is a cellular ATP sensor. Upon DNA damage, cells undergo PARP-1-dependent ATP depletion, which is correlated with reduced TAF1 kinase activity and Thr55 phosphorylation, resulting in p21 activation. As cellular ATP levels recover, TAF1 is able to phosphorylate p53 on Thr55, which leads to dissociation of p53 from the p21 promoter. ChIP-sequencing analysis reveals p53 dissociates from promoters genome wide as cells recover from DNA damage, suggesting the general nature of this mechanism.
Studies in Forced Compliance II: Contrasting Mechanisms of Attitude Change Produced by Public-Persuasive and Private-True Essays

(1970). Studies in Forced Compliance II: Contrasting Mechanisms of Attitude Change Produced by Public-Persuasive and Private-True Essays. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 253-264.
Student Drops and Failure in Principles Courses

Many studies have identified factors that contribute to success in economics principles courses, but few have examined the causes and effects of student drops and failure. The author follows 239 students through their economic principles course and tracks the students in the year after the course. The author constructs a model predicting student noncompletion of the course (drops) to identify factors that may reduce student drops. The fate of these students is important to instructors who are concerned about the large number of students who drop or do not make the grade and wonder what impact the students' failure will have on their immediate future. The issue also may be viewed as one of efficiency—why should students who are struggling bother continuing in a course. To investigate this issue, the author compared students who were at risk but did not drop to those who dropped in terms of their academic performance after the principles course.
Improving marsh restoration: leaf tissue chemistry identifies factors limiting production in Spartina patens

Marsh loss is a problem in many areas around the world. In order to combat the problem, scientists and managers need tools to determine its cause and evaluate the effectiveness of management techniques. Current methods for estimating productivity and identifying factors that limit productivity are too time-consuming or expensive for wide-spread, regular use, however. In coastal Louisiana, where Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl is the most common plant, restoration seeks to slow wetland loss rates that averaged approximately 77.4 km2/year between 1978 and 2000. We used the chemical composition of leaf tissue from S. patens grown under controlled conditions to create a simple and inexpensive tool to identify salinity stress and nutrient limitation. By growing S. patens at varying nitrogen availability and salinity levels, we found that C:N ratios and Na concentrations can be used to classify factors that limit production in S. patens.