cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mean-field approximations for the electronic states in disordered alloys

Mean-field approximations are used to find approximate solutions to the one-electron equations for the electronic states in disordered alloys because ordinary band-theory approaches are not applicable. The first mean-field approximation, the coherent potential approximation, does not treat Coulomb effects correctly. This has been improved by changing the way the mean-field approximation is implemented. It may be that this experience with mean-field approximations will be useful to the combination of many-body theory and mean-field theory that has produced the dynamical coherent potential approximation and dynamical mean field theory for treating strongly correlated electron systems.
Zone electrophoresis of calf thymus histone in starch gel.

A total of 19 zones were detected by starch gel electrophoresis of calf thymus histone in buffers of 0.02 μ below pH 5.0. Of these, 18 were evident at pH 4.9 (acetate) and 15 at pH 3.9 (formate). A...
The creation of Soviet Central Asia: The 1924 national delimitation

(1995). The creation of Soviet Central Asia: The 1924 national delimitation. Central Asian Survey: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 225-241.
Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in dorsal root ganglion neurons after systemic capsaicin administration

Nitric oxide synthase which is constitutively expressed in some neurons can be induced in other neurons by pathological conditions. For example, sciatic nerve or pelvic nerve transection induced nitric oxide synthase expression in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion cells. This occurred in small to medium sized dorsal root ganglion neurons suggesting that this change might be limited to, or most prominent in, C-fiber afferents. These afferents are also very sensitive to the neurotoxin, capsaicin, which can deplete neuropeptide stores in C-fibers and in high doses cause degeneration of C-fiber afferent pathways. The present study was undertaken to determine if a chemically induced injury elicited in small diameter afferent neurons by systemic administration of capsaicin can induce a change in nitric oxide synthase expression similar to that elicited by peripheral nerve injury. Following capsaicin pretreatment (three days) a significant increase in the number of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive cells was detected in dorsal root ganglia. The increase was most prominent (34-63 fold) in the L5-S1 dorsal root ganglia but also substantial (2-17 fold) in cervical, caudal thoracic and rostral lumbar dorsal root ganglia. These results indicate that the expression of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity in afferent neurons in the dorsal root ganglia is plastic and can be upregulated in response to chemical stimulation and/or injury. It is possible that nitric oxide formed by enhanced expression of nitric oxide synthase may play a role in capsaicin-induced neurotoxicity.
The Longus type IV pilus of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) mediates bacterial self-aggregation and protection from antimicrobial agents

Abstract Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are leading causes of childhood diarrhea in developing countries. ETEC pili and non-pili adherence factors designated colonization surface antigens (CSA) are believed to be important in the pathogenesis of diarrhea. Longus, a type IV pilus identified as the CSA 21 , is expressed in up to one-third of ETEC strains, and share similarities to the toxin-coregulated pilus of Vibrio cholerae , and the bundle-forming pilus of enteropathogenic E. coli . To identify longus phenotype and possible function, a site-directed mutation of the lngA major subunit gene in the E9034A wild type ETEC strain was constructed. Lack of longus expression from the lngA mutant was demonstrated by immunoblot analysis and electron microscopy using specific anti-LngA antibody. Formation of self-aggregates by ETEC was shown to be dependent on longus expression as the lngA mutant or wild type grown under poor longus expression conditions was unable to express this phenotype. Longus-expressing ETEC were also associated with improved survival when exposed to antibacterial factors including lysozyme and antibiotics. This suggests that longus-mediated bacterial self-aggregates protect bacteria against antimicrobial environmental agents and may promote gut colonization.
New RTD-bootstrapped current and voltage references. II. Mirror-based references

For pt.I see ibid., vol.41, no.11, p.740-43, 1994. New current and voltage references are proposed which utilize depletion-mode field effect transistors and resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) in a negative, inverting current mirror. High-fidelity SPICE simulation of a double-cascode reference implementation suggests that supply rejection is of the same order as that of the best existing all-MESFET references. >
A TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIGENIC PROTEIN DERIVED FROM THE STAPHYLOCOCCUS

Chemical extraction of lyophilized and ground staphylococci of type A has yielded a type-specific, antigenic fraction which has been shown to be protein. In precipitin tests this fraction reacts in high dilution with homologous immune sera prepared by the injection of animals either with the whole organisms or with the protein itself. Reactions with sera prepared against heterologous types of staphylococci occur only in low dilutions. The type specificity of this fraction has been found to be entirely independent of that of the type-specific carbohydrate described by Julianelle and Wieghard.
Protein restriction in hepatic encephalopathy is appropriate for selected patients: a point of view

Since the late nineteenth century, protein restriction has been shown to improve hepatic encephalopathy. However, malnutrition has been described in up to 60 % of cirrhotic patients and is associated with increased mortality. Furthermore, emerging clinical evidence has revealed that a large proportion of cirrhotic patients may tolerate normal protein intake. However, approximately one third of cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy may need a short course of protein restriction, in addition to maximum medical therapy, to ameliorate the clinical course of their hepatic encephalopathy. For patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy who are protein-sensitive, modifying their sources of nitrogen by using more vegetable protein, less animal protein, and branched-chain amino acids may improve their encephalopathy without further loss of lean body mass. In conclusion, among cirrhotics with hepatic encephalopathy, modulation of normal protein intake must take into account the patient’s hepatic reserve, severity of hepatic encephalopathy, and current nutritional status.
Susan T. Kinney and Richard T. Watson "The effect of medium and task on dyadic communication"

Media choice is an important topic in the field of organizational communication. With a plethora of media choices (e.g., letter, e-mail, voice mail, telephone, face-to-face meetings), the question of how and why individuals choose which medium to use in what situation takes on additional importance. This concern is also shared in professional communication. I present a summary of a paper (Kinney and Watson) that tests the applicability of a prominent theory of media choice, media richness theory (MRT), to both traditional and new electronic forms of communication. I summarize the findings and present some implications for professional communication.
External documentation and its quantitative relationship to the internal information state of a decision maker: The information profile

In previous work the basic concepts of a fundamental theory of information flow and analysis were developed. Several important quantities were defined explicitly and quantitatively. The basis of the previous work rested upon the use of a generalized information system, the relating of information to the certainty in making a decision, and the consideration of average decision makers, which permits the development of unique relationships. The earlier‐developed theory is extended in this article to a much wider set of situations for which external documentation plays the dominant information role. This involves the consideration of the way external documentation changes an average decision maker's effectiveness for a particular problem. This leads to the concept of an information profile which is the relationship giving the change in decision‐maker effectiveness as a function of the decision‐maker effectiveness for a specific document. We also develop a model which permits us to define the information profile analytically. Several additional quantities are also defined explicitly and quantitatively. The definition of information developed in earlier work is extended and generalized quantitatively. Information is decision‐maker dependent and is related to the certainty in choosing various courses of action to solve a particular problem. Information is shown to be proportional to the sum of the squares of the probabilities of choice and is defined in terms of binary choice units or BCUs. Many necessary properties of information profiles of documents are developed, and some of their limitations are defined. Finally, examples with appropriate representative curves are presented. The previous work also has been extended to include the situation where the decision maker does not initially know the viable courses of action and must learn them. © 1987 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiplying values of intensive probabilistic, and frequency adverbs when combined with potency adjectives

The stability of the multiplying values of nine intensive, ten probabilistic, and ten frequency adverbs was assessed by comparing previous results, which involved ratings on an evaluative dimension, with results obtained when the ratings were on a potency or strength dimension. Three different groups of over 100 college students made the potency ratings for the three different classes of adverbs in combination with 14 adjectives. The results largely supported the multiplicative function proposed by Cliff (1959) and indicated that the multiplying values were highly similar across these two dimensions.
A new approach to reactor noise analysis by the dynamic data system (DDS) methodology

Abstract The goal of identifying a mathematical equation from the observed data has been reviewed and the method to fit the data to a difference equation directly by the Dynamic Data System (DDS) methodology is introduced. A differential equation can be derived from the fitted difference equation and the dynamic parameters can also be obtained. The applications of DDS in the reactor system identification are illustrated by case studies as (1) the BWR reactor stability analysis, (2) the time constant estimation of temperature sensor, and (3) the time constant estimations of pressurizer and pressure sensor of PWR. All the results show that the identification of reactor systems could be accomplished by the data obtained from normal operation without perturbation.
A comparison of the results of total hip and knee arthroplasty performed on a teaching service or a private practice service.

Background: Active participation of residents and fellows in the performance of total hip and total knee arthroplasties may affect the outcomes of these procedures. We evaluated the early clinical results and complications associated with primary total hip and knee arthroplasties at a hospital that had both university teaching and private practice orthopaedic services. Methods: We performed a retrospective study on a consecutive series of 347 patients who had undergone 230 total hip and 171 total knee procedures performed by one attending surgeon. One hundred and sixty-nine patients underwent an arthroplasty during which a resident or fellow on a teaching service assisted the attending surgeon; during these procedures, the resident or fellow performed part of the arthroplasty under the direct supervision of the attending surgeon. Subsequently, 178 patients underwent an arthroplasty performed by the same surgeon without resident or fellow participation. Results: Significantly longer operative times were recorded for both total hip arthroplasty (average, seventy-three compared with sixty-one minutes; p < 0.0001) and total knee arthroplasty (average, eighty compared with seventy-three minutes; p = 0.0028) when the procedures were performed with the participation of residents or fellows. For total hip arthroplasty the complication rates were 8% for the teaching service and 10% for the private practice service, and for total knee arthroplasty they were 3% for each service. With the numbers studied, there were no differences in any clinical outcomes between the groups. Conclusions: Teaching and active participation from residents and fellows during total hip and total knee arthroplasty did not have a detrimental effect on the early clinical results, except for a longer surgical time. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Familial risk in gallbladder cancer

RESULTS: 364 gallbladder cancer patients were identified, with 26% (94/364) having at least 1 affected relative and a significant excess of cases within their pedigree. The mean age at diagnosis of cases was 71 years. Although 1st and 2nd degree relative risks were not significantly elevated, significantly elevated relative risk(RR 2.28; 95% CI 1.35-3.60) was observed among 33,351 3rd degree relatives(eg 1st cousins). Other cancers observed at significant excess risk in the relatives of gallbladder cancer cases include: brain, colorectal, pancreas, prostate and stomach.
Synthesis and 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 7-fluoro-, 9-fluoro- and 11-fluoro-benzo[b]fluoranthenes

Abstract We have synthesized 7-fluoro-, 9-fluoro- and 11-fluoro- benzo[b]fluoranthene as part of a study designed to locate the molecular sites involved in the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic parent hydrocarbon. Analysis of the proton NMR spectra reveals the effect of fluorine substitution to be almost entirely localized in the substituted ring, the principal exception being a strong deshielding of opposing protons in sterically crowded sites ( i.e. , peri or pseudo-bay regions).
A problem that is easier to solve on the unit-cost algebraic RAM

Problem 5.1 in (L. Blum, M. Shub, and S. Smale, 1989, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 21(1), 1–46) asks if there is a decision problem that cannot be solved in polynomial time by a Turing machine, but can be solved in polynomial time on a unit-cost algebraic RAM with operations {+,-,∗,/,<}, and without the integer division operation. We present a problem that is not known to be solvable in polynomial time on a Turing machine, but can be solved in polynomial time on a unit-cost algebraic RAM. This is strong evidence for an affirmative answer to Problem 5.1.
Selective Toll-Like Receptor Expression in Human Fetal Lung

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical components of the innate immune system, acting as pattern recognition molecules and triggering an inflammatory response. TLR associated gene products are of interest in modulating inflammatory-related pulmonary diseases of the neonate. The ontogeny of TLR-related genes in human fetal lung has not been previously described and could elucidate additional functions and identify strategies for attenuating the effects of fetal inflammation. We examined the expression of 84 TLR-related genes on 23 human fetal lung samples from three groups with estimated ages of 60 (57–59 d), 90 (89–91 d), and 130 (117–154 d) d. By using a false detection rate algorithm, we identified 32 genes displaying developmental regulation with TLR2 having the greatest up-regulation of TLR genes (9.2-fold increase) and TLR4 unchanged. We confirmed the TLR2 up-regulation by examining an additional 133 fetal lung tissue samples with a fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction assay (TaqMan) and found an exponential best-fit curve during the study time. The best-fit curve predicts a 6.1-fold increase from 60 to 130 d. We conclude that TLR2 is developmentally expressed from the early pseudoglandular stage of lung development to the canalicular stage.
Cyclodextrin-Modified Polyethylenimine Polymers for Gene Delivery

Linear and branched poly(ethylenimines), lPEI and bPEI, respectively, grafted with β-cyclodextrin are prepared to give CD−lPEI and CD−bPEI, respectively, and are investigated as in vitro and in vivo nonviral gene delivery agents. The in vitro toxicity and transfection efficiency are sensitive to the level of cyclodextrin grafting. The cyclodextrin-containing polycations, when combined with adamantane−poly(ethylene glycol) (AD−PEG) conjugates, form particles that are stable at physiological salt concentrations. PEGylated CD−lPEI-based particles give in vitro gene expression equal to or greater than lPEI as measured by the percentage of EGFP expressing cells. Tail vein injections into mice of 120 μg of plasmid DNA formulated with CD−lPEI and AD−PEG do not reveal observable toxicities, and both nucleic acid accumulation and expression are observed in liver.
Intimate Space Issues In Preschool Environments

OBJECTIVE: The importance of spatial design and its psychological and physical impact on people is receiving increasing recognition and attention among researchers, educators, health-care providers, and businesses. As increasingly more children are in preschools at a younger age, more research is needed to help determine the impact of the physical environment on children's development. RESEARCH DESIGN: In this investigation two intimate spaces or boxes of contrasting designs were installed in an open plan preschool. One box was a “cozy” space and the other a “slick” space as defined by the use of specific interior textures and materials. ANALYSIS: An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine whether there was any relationship between subject age (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) and box type (cozy versus slick) in terms of the average relative time spent in each box type. KEY FINDINGS: Results from this study showed that preschool children used the intimate spaces frequently and stayed in them for varying lengths of time. When both boxes were present in the preschool, a significant interaction at P<0.06 between box type and subject age was observed. CONCLUSION: These results support the importance of incorporating intimate spaces into the design of open plan preschools.
Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature zygotic embryos of papaya (Carica papaya L.)

Immature zygotic embryos from open-pollinated and selfed Carica papaya L. fruits, 90 to 114 days post-anthesis, produced 2 to 20 somatic embryos on apical domes, cotyledonary nodes, and radicle meristems after culture for three weeks on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 to 25 mg l(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 400 mg l(-1) glutamine, and 6% sucrose. After six weeks of culture, about 40 to 50% of the zygotic embryos had become embryogenic, and each embryogenic embryo yielded hundreds of somatic embryos within five months of culture on media supplemented with 2,4-D. Somatic embryos matured on half-strength MS medium, germinated on MS medium containing 5 mg l(-1) kinetin, and grew large enough for greenhouse culture on MS medium. Shoots were rooted in vermiculite and grown in the greenhouse.
Transition to Adult Care for Patients with Spina Bifida

More individuals with spina bifida are living into adulthood, and unique challenges arise as they age. These patients have multiple organ system involvement in addition to physical impairments, disabilities, cognitive involvement, and psychosocial challenges. There is a growing need for transitional care for adults with spina bifida. This article explores the 5 key elements for a transition program to adult care: preparation, flexible timing, care coordination, transitional clinic visits, and health care providers who are interested in taking care of adults with disabilities.
Physiologic implications of prostaglandin radioimmunoassay

Abstract Radioimmunoassay systems have recently been developed that are capable of measuring 5 pg of PGE, PGA, and PGF independently. This requires the use of a chromatographic separation procedure, since the antibodies alone do not manifest sufficient specificity. The major metabolites, 15-keto derivatives, do not crossreact and thus do not interfere with the measurement of active prostaglandins. Using the radioimmunoassay, prostaglandin concentrations have been measured in human plasma. Levels of PGE and PGF are normally 100–400 pg/ml, whereas levels of PGA are in the range of 1 ng/nl. Prostaglandins have been implicated in the control of cell growth, in mediation of thyroid function, in the renal response to ischemia, in the initiation of labor, and in luteolysis. Continued use of the radioimmunoassay will further elucidate the physiologic role of prostaglandins.
Survey of ground antenna systems for solar power satellite application

The purpose of this work is to survey ground based antenna systems, specifically rectifying antennas (rectennas) for space solar powered application of Microwave Wireless Power Transfer (MWPT). The ground rectenna along with its circuit components (a receiving antenna, an input Low-Pass Filter (LPF), a rectifying circuit, and an output smoothing filter) is the basic building block of the high-power receiving array that is designed to capture and then convert the microwave energy into Direct Current (DC). Once in DC form, the energy is used for various human applications on earth.
Aminophylline therapy in children: Guidelines for dosage

The oral dosage of aminophylline required for therapeutic "trough" serum theophylline levels was studied in 150 children, 16 months to 19 years old (mean 8.28 years). Dosage requirements tended to be higher for children under 10 years, but marked person-to-person variability in the relation of dose to serum level was seen at all ages. Individual patients generally maintained consistent serum levels when receiving unchanging doses, although intercurrent disease sometimes disrupted this relationship. Individualization of oral dosage based on frequent serum measurements is necessary to maintain theophylline levels in the therapeutic range and to avoid toxicity.
Uniaxial deformation of an elastomer nanocomposite containing modified carbon nanofibers by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Abstract Structure and property of a nanocomposite consisting of modified carbon nanofibers (MCNFs), homogenously dispersed in an elastomeric ethylene/propylene (EP) random copolymer (84.3 wt% P) matrix, were studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during uniaxial deformation. The MCNF acted as a nucleating agent for crystallization of the α-form of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in the matrix. During deformation at room temperature, strain-induced crystallization took place, while the transformation from the γ phase to α phase also occurred for both unfilled and 10 wt% MCNF-filled samples. The tensile strength of the filled material was consistently higher than that of pure copolymer. However, when compared with pure copolymer, the highly stretched nanocomposite exhibited a higher amount of unoriented crystals, a lower degree of crystal orientation and a higher amount of γ crystals. This behavior indicated that polymer crystals in the filled nanocomposite experienced a reduced load, suggesting an effective load transfer from the matrix to MCNFs. At elevated temperatures, the presence of MCNFs resulted in a thermally stable physically cross-linked network, which facilitated strain-induced crystallization and led to a remarkable improvement in the mechanical properties. For example, the toughness of the 10 wt% nanocomposite was found to increase by a factor of 150 times at 55 °C.
Planning to Plan: A Process to Involve Child Welfare Agencies in Disaster Preparedness Planning

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina when child welfare officials in Louisiana reported they did not know the whereabouts of all their children in foster care, disaster planning in public child welfare became a new area of concern. This article reports on a process of engaging seven public child welfare agencies in planning for disasters that could affect child safety and service delivery. The Washington Metropolitan Area Disaster Planning Project used a strengths-based approach to help agencies responsible for protecting and serving children in foster care and families at risk of abuse and neglect develop plans to augment and continue service delivery and responsiveness in the aftermath of a natural or man-made disaster. The processes of gathering information on disaster responsiveness, interviewing community and professional informants, developing a template to guide disaster planning within the agencies, and implementing a tabletop exercise are described. As a result of this consultation effort agenci...
Language and cognition interaction neural mechanisms

How language and cognition interact in thinking? Is language just used for communication of completed thoughts, or is it fundamental for thinking? Existing approaches have not led to a computational theory. We develop a hypothesis that language and cognition are two separate but closely interacting mechanisms. Language accumulates cultural wisdom; cognition develops mental representations modeling surrounding world and adapts cultural knowledge to concrete circumstances of life. Language is acquired from surrounding language "ready-made" and therefore can be acquired early in life. This early acquisition of language in childhood encompasses the entire hierarchy from sounds to words, to phrases, and to highest concepts existing in culture. Cognition is developed from experience. Yet cognition cannot be acquired from experience alone; language is a necessary intermediary, a "teacher." A mathematical model is developed; it overcomes previous difficulties and leads to a computational theory. This model is consistent with Arbib's "language prewired brain" built on top of mirror neuron system. It models recent neuroimaging data about cognition, remaining unnoticed by other theories. A number of properties of language and cognition are explained, which previously seemed mysterious, including influence of language grammar on cultural evolution, which may explain specifics of English and Arabic cultures.
Management of airway obstruction caused by nasal packing material in a trauma patient

Airway management of patients with facial trauma is challenging. This case report presents an unusual cause of partial airway obstruction by nasal packing saturated with blood clots. We stress on the importance of careful examination of the airway before instrumentation and of being aware that the distal end of the nasal packing material could migrate downward and cause airway obstruction.
Experience fusion: the next challenge for CARPE

The CARPE research community has been addressing the very interesting question of how to effectively capture, archive, and retrieve personal experiences. The vision has been to provide people with a super-diary or Memex device that captures all one's experiences in multimedia form and provides easy ways to index, search, navigate, and even virtually relive relevant portions of experiences. The primary technology trend that led to the emergence of this research community has been the availability of storage, sensor, and processing technologies to the point that it is possible to continuously archive all media related to personal experiences with small devices at reasonable cost. Good strides have been made in recent years on the central themes of indexing, searching, and presenting personal experiences.However, another major challenge is now emerging for the CARPE community, driven by the ability to share personal experiences. Recent years have seen an exponential increase in weblogs or blogs where people write their diaries online and share them with other people and invite comments. While blogs and their collaborative cousins -- wikis -- started in text form, people are increasingly adopting multimedia for the experiences they publish and share online. Including images has become commonplace in blogs and sharing videos over the web is the latest trend with hundreds of millions of videos now being downloaded and accessed on a daily basis. What do these trends mean for CARPE research? Effectively dealing with hundreds and thousands of shared experiences is at least as big a challenge as dealing with the lifelong multimedia capture of an individual's experiences. We argue that the next big challenge and opportunity for CARPE research is experience fusion. Experience fusion is the combination of numerous multimedia experiences into a unified and integrated whole. This includes unification and presentation of multiple perspectives on events that happened (what and when), observations of environments (where), people involved (who), procedures followed for tasks or problem solving (how), and explanations or reasoning (why). Experience fusion has the potential to profoundly change many applications -- how personal events like weddings and graduations are relived, how history is recorded and reviewed, how situational awareness is gained for security purposes, how enterprises capture best practices, how emergency relief and disaster recovery procedures are performed, how learning and training is done both in school and on the job, and how diagnosis and treatment is performed in healthcare.In this talk, we will present examples of our work in capture and retrieval of personal experiences, illustrate how our work is evolving into the realm of experience fusion, and discuss the host of research challenges that come to the forefront as we attempt to make experience fusion a reality.
Trends and Patterns in Americans' Attitudes Toward the Soviet Union

National survey questions have been asked in the United States about the Soviet Union since 1937, with repeated use of standard global favorability questions by Gallup since 1953 and by NORC since 1974. Americans expressed declining negativity toward the Soviets from 1953 until 1974, then rising hostility until 1982–1983, with another decline between 1983 and 1988. Problems in interpreting such survey data are discussed, including discrepancies between closed and open questions. Although closed questions elicit generally negative attitudes, there is reason to question their salience and depth, just as Stouffer (1955) did in interpreting attitudes toward domestic communists during the McCarthy period. Survey data are used to explore two plausible theories about anti-Soviet attitudes in the United States: that such attitudes are (a) primarily ideological, reflecting hostility toward socialism and communism as social systems, or (b) that they are mainly a function of U.S. nationalism, indicating that the Soviets are viewed as national rivals in a competition for world dominance. The available data, although far from adequate to the task, seem more consistent with the nationalism explanation.
Code coverage and input variability: effects on architecture and compiler research

Meaningful application benchmarking is crucial to processor design space exploration and compiler development. Many recent studies in the embedded processor domain have used reference telecommunications C programs which were originally intended to verify product compliance with a standard. In this paper, we demonstrate that telecommunications reference applications include a significant amount of superfluous code that skews a wide variety of experiments related to code size. A categorization of extra code is presented, and it is also demonstrated that benchmark inputs do not test broad usage patterns that might exist in a real system. It is shown that care must be taken in future studies to properly construct benchmarks which match the intended purpose of the target system and to provide inputs that more thoroughly exercise paths through telecommunications applications.
Ergodic Theory of Parabolic Horseshoes

In this paper we develop the ergodic theory for a horseshoe map f which is uniformly hyperbolic, except at one parabolic fixed point ω and possibly also on Ws(ω). We call f a parabolic horseshoe map. In order to analyze dynamical and geometric properties of such horseshoes, by making use of induced maps, we establish, in the context of σ-finite measures, an appropriate version of the variational principle for continuous potentials with mild distortion defined on subshifts of finite type. Staying in this setting, we propose a concept of σ-finite equilibrium states (each classical probability equilibrium state is a σ-finite equilibrium state). We then study the unstable pressure function \({t \mapsto P(-t \log |Df| E^u|)}\), the corresponding finite and σ-finite equilibrium states and their associated conditional measures. The main idea is to relate the pressure function to the pressure of an embedded parabolic iterated function system and to apply the developed theory of the symbolic σ-finite thermodynamic formalism. We prove, in particular, an appropriate form of the Bowen-Ruelle-Manning-McCluskey formula, the existence of exactly two σ-finite ergodic conservative equilibrium states for the potential –tulog |Df|Eu| (where tu denotes the unstable dimension), one of which is the Dirac δ-measure supported at the parabolic fixed point and the other being non-atomic. We also show that the conditional measures of this non-atomic equilibrium state on unstable manifolds, are equivalent to (finite and positive) packing measures, whereas the Hausdorff measures vanish. As an application of our results we obtain a classification for the existence of a generalized physical measure, as well as a criteria implying the non-existence of an ergodic measure of maximal dimension.
On the ultrasonic properties of tendon

The strong dependence of tendon echogenicity on insonation angle is explored by analyzing echo spectra. Combining echo spectra with high-resolution images from several modalities reveals that fluid spaces surrounding fascicles and bundles are likely sources of ultrasonic scatter. Mathematical models of tendon structure are proposed to explain how the anisotropic microstructure of tendon gives rise to angle-dependent echogenicity. Echo spectra from spontaneously damaged equine tendon samples were compared with normal equine tendon and found to exhibit a dramatic decrease in anisotropic properties that appears to be related to the spatial organization and type of collagen generated during repair. Variation in echo spectra with insonation angle is a robust indicator of mechanical damage.
Electrochemical synthesis of nanostructured gold film for the study of carbohydrate–lectin interactions using localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

Abstract Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy is a label-free chemical and biological molecular sensing technique whose sensitivity depends upon development of nanostructured transducers. Herein, we report an electrodeposition method for fabricating nanostructured gold films (NGFs) that can be used as transducers in LSPR spectroscopy. The NGF was prepared by electrodepositing gold from potassium dicyanoaurate solution onto a flat gold surface using two sequential controlled potential steps. Imaging by scanning electron microscopy reveals a morphology consisting of randomly configured block-like nanostructures. The bulk refractive index sensitivity of the prepared NGF is 100 ± 2 nm RIU −1 and the initial peak in the reflectance spectrum is at 518 ± 1 nm under N 2 (g). The figure of merit is 1.7. In addition, we have studied the interaction between carbohydrate (mannose) and lectin (Concanavalin A) on the NGF surface using LSPR spectroscopy by measuring the interaction of 8-mercaptooctyl-α- d -mannopyranoside (αMan-C 8 -SH) with Concanavalin A by first immobilizing αMan-C 8 -SH in mixed SAMs with 3,6-dioxa-8-mercaptooctanol (TEG-SH) on the NGF surface. The interaction of Con A with the mixed SAMs is confirmed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Finally, the NGF surface was regenerated to its original sensitivity by removing the SAM and the bound biomolecules. The results from these experiments contribute toward the development of inexpensive LSPR based sensors that could be useful for studying glycan–protein interactions and other bioanalytical purposes.
Density dependence of the isovector spin-nonflip NN interaction

Abstract Isovector spin-flip J σπ and nonspin-flip J τ effective NN interactions are calculated as a function of density for three relativi stic one-boson-exchange potentials at laboratory kinetic energies of 50 to 400 MeV. The ratio ( J στ / J τ ) 2 increases dramatically wi th density (above 150 MeV) in agreement with TRIUMF and LAMPF pn data. Large medium modifications to (p,n) spin observables D LL and D LL are also found.
Comparison of Cyclic AMP-dependent Protein Kinases from Salivary Glands of Four Species

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity, subcellular distribution, and isozyme profile were compared in rabbit, rat, guinea pig, and mouse in both parotid and submandibular glands. Glands were homogenized under hypotonic conditions and the following fractions isolated: 600 g pellet, 27,000 g pellet, and 27,000 g supernatant. The specific activity of the enzyme was similar in the eight glands and was highest in the 27,000 g supernatant. The average activity in the 27,000 g supernatant was approximately 75% of the total gland activity, although there was considerable variability between tissues and species. After being washed with isotonic buffer, this percentage was increased to an average of 84%. When isozyme patterns of the kinase were examined, the rabbit parotid was unique in that it contained a high percentage of isozyme I as isolated on DEAE cellulose columns.
Culture of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) fed both phytoplankton and zooplankton: a microcosm experiment

With a 10-week microcosm experiment, we demonstrated that the mussel Mytilus edulis could feed and grow upon zooplankton, phytoplankton and mixture of them. The group supplied with the mixture showed the highest shell growth rate, egestion rate and largest size of faecal pellets. Individuals feeding on seawater (the control group) had the lowest growth rate, egestion rate and smallest size of faecal pellets. Egestion rates and faecal sizes of all the groups decreased with experimental time. Therefore, the mussel M. edulis could derive energy from many kinds of diet particles. Most of these particles within the water column may play an important role in bivalve nutrition, feeding and aquaculture. A mixed diet of phytoplankton and zooplankton yielded better growth performance and metabolism than diets of each fed separately.
Determination of particulate organic carbon in waters by the chemical oxidation method

Abstract Particulate organic carbon (POC) in waters was determined by chemical oxidation method which has been widely used for the determination of total organic carbon and/or dissolved organic carbon. In this method, a water sample was filtered through a filter paper and the paper was placed in a glass ampoule, followed by the determination of POC with a total carbon analyzer. This paper discussed the problems of carbon contamination dissolving from filter papers. The selection of filter papers, the carbon blank values resulting from the papers and the pretreatment of the papers were studied. It became clear that the glass-fiber filter paper pretreated at 500°C for 8 h was superior to the filter papers treated under other conditions. The POC's in waters were determined by this method, and the results agreed well with those obtained by an ordinary dry combustion method.
Geometrical distortions and correction algorithm in single-shot pulse measurements: application to frequency-resolved optical gating

The geometry of a single-shot pulse measurement can lead to errors in the pulse characterization. An analysis of this problem is presented, and an algorithm for extracting the correct pulse information is proposed.
Assessing specific mediational effects in complex theoretical models

Numerous theoretical structures involve the concept of mediation, the mechanism that accounts for the relation between the predictor and the criterion. The, empirical interpretation of mediation has employed multiple independent models to assess components of the overall structure in a piecemeal manner. This article discusses various limitations of using this independent approach and proposes the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) as an alternative. The article furthermore distinguishes current limitations in using SEM software for assessing mediation in complex structures and presents a strategy for supplemental details that more accurately measure the magnitude of mediational effects, in particular, specific indirect effects.
Erratum to: Negative Mood and Alcohol Problems are Related to Respiratory Dynamics in Young Adults

Erratum to: Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback(2013) 38:273–283DOI 10.1007/s10484-013-9230-9Unfortunately, Suchismita Ray was not included as one ofthe authors in the original publication of this article. Thecorrect and complete order of authors is provided in thiserratum. Her afﬁliation is provided below.
Effects of Label Information on Consumer Willingness-to-Pay for Food Attributes

Choice experiments (CEs) are often used to elicit consumer willingness-to-pay (WTP) for food attributes. A concern about these approaches is that food attributes provided to respondents are assumed independent of attributes not provided. We use surveys containing a series of CEs to investigate effects of adding beef steak attributes. WTP for important attributes in the CEs decrease when the number of attributes increases from three to four, while WTP increases when the number of attributes increases from four to five. Changes in WTP for attributes depend on their relationships with newly added attributes and the number of attributes presented. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.
Bluetooth technology: a strategic analysis of its role in global 3G wireless communication era

Bluetooth is a new short-range wireless technology designed to enable wireless communication between diverse devices. It is gaining increasing popularity and acceptance in the world today. There is a growing body of research on the subject, but very few, if any of the analyses, provide a balanced view of the technology, which describe its pros and cons and implications for businesses. This paper attempts to critically analyze the Bluetooth technology from a various perspectives. It begins with a description of the technology in terms of its hardware, software, and network infrastructure. Then it addresses the related issues of interference, security, and reliability. This microanalysis is followed by a larger macroanalytical view, which includes the advantages of this technology, its role in the global third generation (3G) wireless scheme, health/safety issues, and business implications. It concludes with the applications of Bluetooth and its future potential.
Memory reconsolidation and psychotherapeutic process

Lane et al. propose a heuristic model in which distinct, and seemingly irreconcilable, therapies can coexist. Authors postulate that memory reconsolidation is a key common neurobiological process mediating the therapeutic effects. This conceptualization raises a set of important questions regarding neuroscience and translational aspects of fear memory reconsolidation. We discuss the implications of the target article's memory reconsolidation model in the development of more effective interventions, and in the identification of less effective, or potentially harmful approaches, as well as concepts of contextualization, optimal arousal, and combined therapy
A Low-Literacy Medication Education Tool for Safety-Net Hospital Patients

tool. Methods: Using principles of community-based participatory research, the team developed a prototype of a low-literacy hospital discharge medication education tool, customizable for each patient, featuring instruction-specific icons and pictures of pills. In 2007, a randomized controlled clinical trial was performed, testing the tool’s effect on posthospitalization self-reported medication adherence and knowledge, 2 weeks postdischarge in English- and Spanish-speaking safety-net inpatients. To validate the self-report measure, 4 weeks postdischarge, investigators collected self-reports of the number of pills remaining for each medication in a subsample of participants. Nurses rated tool acceptability. Results: Among the 166/210 eligible participants (79%) completing the Week-2 interview, selfreported medication adherence was 70% (95% CI62%, 79%) in intervention participants and 78% (95% CI72%, 84%) in controls (p0.13). Among the 85 participants (31%) completing the Week-4 interview, self-reported pill counts indicated high adherence (greater than 90%) and did not differ between study arms. Self-reported adherence was correlated with self-reported pill count in intervention participants (R0.5, p0.004) but not in controls (R0.07, p0.65). There were no differences by study arm in medication knowledge. The nurses rated the tool as highly acceptable. Conclusions: Although the evaluation did not demonstrate the tool to have any effect on self-reported medication adherence, patients who received the schedule self-reported their medication adherence more accurately, perhaps indicating improved understanding of their medication regimen and awareness of non-adherence.
Vascular biology and bone formation: hints from HIF

In this issue of the JCI, Wang, Clemens, and colleagues demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF alpha) signaling in bone-building osteoblasts is central to the coupling of angiogenesis and long bone development in mice (see the related article beginning on page 1616). They show that bone formation controlled by osteoblast HIF alpha signaling is not cell autonomous but is coupled to skeletal angiogenesis dependent upon VEGF signaling. Thus, strategies that promote HIF alpha signaling in osteoblasts may augment bone formation and accelerate fracture repair.
Use of the FDTD thin-strut formalism for biomedical telemetry coil designs

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method extended by thin-strut formalism was used to study the current coupling between rectangular coils for use in biomedical telemetry links. Further, a new stability condition, different from the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy stability limit, was derived for the thin-strut method. Results obtained for varying coil sizes and distances of separation show that the thin-strut FDTD formulation, applied to the calculation of current coupling between telemetry coils, is in closer agreement to the analytical approximation than is the standard FDTD code. These results indicate that the thin-strut method is a promising method for the study and the design of coils for telemetry links between implantable and external devices.
Power scaling in resonantly diode-pumped 1.6-μm Er-doped lasers

Summary form only given. A quantitative study on the choice of doping level and laser host rod length over a wide temperature range, based on a laser model anchored to experimental laser results is described. The article focuses on hosts such as YAG and Y2O3, and resonant pumping of the 4I13/2 level with laser diode bars and stacks. The implications for Er:YAG at cryogenic temperatures, and for Er:Y2O3 at low temperature and room temperature are analyzed.
The Taxation of Stockholders

I. Point of view, basic assumption, and source of data, 15. — II. Determination of average corporation tax rate, 20. — III. Rate of individual income tax, 22; (a) six broad categories, 23; (b) size classification, 24; (c) representativeness of the average taxpayer, 24; (d) average total income of a class, 27; (e) rates of tax on total income, 27; (f) rates on corporate net income, 32. — IV. Certain policy implications, 35; (a) two factors causing inequity, 36; (6) exploitation of stockholders having low net incomes, 40; (c) complete cure of inequity, realized-income basis, 43; (d) the taxation of income not realized by stockholders, 47; (e) taxing stockholders as partners, 50; (f) partial cures of inequity, 53.