cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of detoxification enzymes by triazine herbicides in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)

The inductive effect of six triazine herbicides on a variety of detoxification enzymes was investigated in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) larvae maintained on an artificial diet. Dietary atrazine induced nine microsomal oxidase activities ranging from 1.3- to 21.6-fold, 12 glutathione S-transferase activities ranging from 1.3- to 4.2-fold, four hydrolase activities ranging from 1.3- to 2.9-fold, and two reductase activities ranging from 1.5- to 5.1-fold, depending on the enzyme assayed and tissue source (midgut vs. fat body) used. Simazine, cyanazine, ametryn, tebutryn, and terbuthylazine also induced these detoxification enzymes. The induction of microsomal oxidase (aldrin epoxidase) ranged from 1.2- to 11-fold, glutathione S-transferase (CDNB) ranged from 1.3- to 4-fold, and general esterase ranged from 1.4- to 4.1-fold, depending on the tissue source examined. In general, fat bodies were more inducible than midguts with respect to these detoxification enzymes, especially the microsomal oxidases. The induction by atrazine was associated with decreased toxicity of carbaryl, permethrin and indoxacarb, but increased toxicity of methyl parathion, phorate, and trichlorfon.
Finite-time singularities in the degenerate Hasegawa-Mima equation and in other models

Abstract Finite-time singularities in the degenerate Hasegawa-Mima equation ( φ t = φ x ∇ 2 φ y − φ y ∇ 2 φ x ) and in two other models are presented.
Weathering and damage

[1] Weathering of rock surfaces is often associated with a surface dissolution process. Chemical interactions occur on grain boundaries and diffusion is the controlling process. A dissolution boundary layer (rind) develops adjacent to the weathering surface. We quantify the extent of dissolution by introducing a damage variable f, f = 0 for pristine rock, and when f = f0 the rock disintegrates. We assume that the variations of the damage variable are given by the diffusion equation. We solve two problems. The first is for the structure of the transient dissolution boundary layer prior to surface disintegration. We find an incubation time ti before active weathering (disintegration) begins. The second is the solution for steady state weathering with a constant weathering velocity vw. Our results are entirely consistent with weathering studies on Carrera marble gravestones in the United Kingdom.
Methanol Accumulation in Maturing Seeds

During in vitro growth and maturation of soybean seeds, cessation of embryo growth and dry weight accumulation occurred in the presence of abundant C and N nutrients. Axis followed by cotyledon tissues changed from green to yellow, and post-harvest germination potential declined if cultured after yellowing of axis tissues. A tissue specific accumulation of methanol occurred during the in vitro culture of immature seeds (i.e. initially 50 to 70 mg fresh weight) to maturity in liquid medium. Methanol accumulated to 3 0 g m-3 or 50 fig seed-1 in the medium, while methanol decreased from 37 to about 3-0 fig g'1 fresh weight in cotyledons. By contrast, axis tissues increased 20-fold in methanol concentration to 90 fig g-1 during 20 d in culture. Ethanol was present only in trace amounts in axis tissues and medium. Addition of exogenous methanol vapour to in situ grown seeds during precocious maturation decreased subsequent seedling vigour and germination with increasing levels of exposure. Methanol accumulation in axis tissues during the germination phase was not correlated with high temperature and tissue water content treatments which simulated pre-harvest deterioration of seeds. However, the accumulation of methanol during in vitro seed development and maturation in liquid culture may contribute to reduced post-harvest germination performance.
Comparison of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices for recharging batteries

Piezoelectric materials can be used as a means of transforming ambient vibrations into electrical energy that can then be stored and used to power other devices. With the recent surge of microscale devices, piezoelectric power generation can provide a convenient alternative to traditional power sources used to operate certain types of sensors/actuators, telemetry, and MEMS devices. However, the energy produced by these materials is in many cases far too small to directly power an electrical device. Therefore, much of the research into power harvesting has focused on methods of accumulating the energy until a sufficient amount is present, allowing the intended electronics to be powered. In a recent study by Sodano et al. (2004a) the ability to take the energy generated through the vibration of a piezoelectric material was shown to be capable of recharging a discharged nickel metal hydride battery. In the present study, three types of piezoelectric devices are investigated and experimentally tested to deter...
A note on the estimation of rate parameters in stochastic compartmental models

Two approaches to estimating rate parameters in stochastic compartmental models are compared. It is shown that the methods are essentially equivalent both computationally and in terms of asymptotic efficiency. A direct comparison is made using data from a cancer treatment follow-up study. Keywords:Compartmental model, Markov process, Conditional mean and variance.
Dysregulation of DNA Repair Pathways in a Transforming Growth Factor α/c-myc Transgenic Mouse Model of Accelerated Hepatocarcinogenesis

Previous work from our laboratory has implicated oxidative DNA damage and genetic instability in the etiology of transforming growth factor-α (TGFα)/c-myc–associated hepatocarcinogenesis. In contrast, oxidative DNA damage was lower in c-myc single-transgenic mice, consistent with less chromosomal damage and with later and more benign tumor formation. We examined whether defects in the DNA repair pathways contribute to the acceleration of liver cancer in TGFα/c-myc mice. A cDNA expression array containing 140 known genes and multiplex RT-PCR were used to compare the basal levels of expression of DNA repair genes at the dysplastic stage. Thirty-five percent (8/23) and 43% (10/23) of DNA repair genes were constitutively up-regulated in 10-week-old TGFα/c-myc and c-myc transgenic livers, respectively, compared with wild-type controls. The commonly up-regulated genes were OGG1 and NTH1 of base excision repair; ERCC5, RAD23A, and RAD23B of nucleotide excision repair; and RAD50, RAD52, and RAD54 involved in DNA strand break repair. Additional treatment with a peroxisome proliferator, Wy-14,643, known to increase the level of oxidants in the liver, failed to induce a further increase in the expression level of DNA repair enzymes in TGFα/c-myc but not in c-myc or wild-type livers. Moreover, expression of several genes, including Ku80, PMS2, and ATM, was decreased in TGFα/c-myc livers, suggesting a fault or inefficient activation of the DNA repair pathway upon induction of oxidative stress. Together, the results show that DNA damage response is attenuated in TGFα/c-myc mice, creating a condition that may contribute to acceleration of liver cancer in this model.
Repetitive pulse testing and modeling of a high power ceramic resistor

In an effort to understand the failure mechanisms of ceramic resistors when used above their stated limits, a series of pulsed load profiles were applied to an epoxy coated ceramic resistor. A dependent relationship between the pulsed load profiles and the temperature of the epoxy was shown through the series of experiments. From these experiments a safe operating range was found beyond the stated limits. The load profiles that cause failure are evaluated and compared to the results of a lumped element numerical model, which models the thermal characteristics of such a resistor under test and allows for the heating profiles during operation to be predicted.
Sequence-specific inhibition of a designed metallopeptide catalyst

Rhodium metallopeptides catalyze proximity-driven modification of peptide and protein substrates with enzyme-like selectivity. In this communication, we demonstrate that designed metallopeptide catalysts can be inhibited in a sequence-specific manner, mimicking the inhibition and regulation of natural enzymes. We demonstrate sub-micromolar inhibition by a histidine-containing inhibitor peptide, taking advantage of cooperative supramolecular assembly and inorganic coordination.
A simple and sensitive assay for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid.

Abstract A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene in plant tissues, is described. The assay is based on the liberation of ethylene from ACC with NaOCl in the presence of Hg 2+ ; ethylene is assayed by gas chromatography. The yield is normally 80% and can be determined by internal standards. The method is quite specific and can detect as little as 5 pmol of ACC.
Characterization of piezoelectric materials using ultrasonic and resonant techniques

Resonance technique for determining the physical properties of piezoelectric material can be difficult to implement for some low symmetry systems. Inconstancy may be introduced because several samples are needed and the degree of poling depends on sample geometry. The ultrasonic method on the other hand, allows the determination of a complete set of elastic, piezoelectric, dielectric constants for materials of certain symmetries. However, some of these independent constants can not be directly measured from the phase velocities of pure modes, they need to be derived by solving a complicated coupled Christoffel equation, some relatively large errors may be introduced into these derivations. We found that if an additional length-longitudinal vibrator is used to assist the measurements, the computation would be greatly simplified and the final results became more accurate. As an example, the elastic, piezoelectric, dielectric constants and electromechanical coupling factors have been determined for a PZT-5H piezoelectric ceramic by using the combined method. This method can also be extended to piezoelectric crystals with symmetry point group of 4mm and 3mm.
Pearl's Golden Chain in THE SCARLET LETTER

Moments before the final scene of The Scarlet Letter there is a brief encounter between Pearl and the gaudily dressed master of the “questionable vessel” (319) that is to carry Hester Prynne, Arthu...
Multiple Functional Variants in cis Modulate PDYN Expression

Understanding genetic variation and its functional consequences within cis-regulatory regions remains an important challenge in human genetics and evolution. Here, we present a fine-scale functional analysis of segregating variation within the cis-regulatory region of prodynorphin, a gene that encodes an endogenous opioid precursor with roles in cognition and disease. In order to characterize the functional consequences of segregating variation in cis in a region under balancing selection in different human populations, we examined associations between specific polymorphisms and gene expression in vivo and in vitro. We identified five polymorphisms within the 5' flanking region that affect transcript abundance: a 68-bp repeat recognized in prior studies, as well as two microsatellites and two single nucleotide polymorphisms not previously implicated as functional variants. The impact of these variants on transcription differs by brain region, sex, and cell type, implying interactions between cis genotype and the differentiated state of cells. The effects of individual variants on expression level are not additive in some combinations, implying epistatic interactions between nearby variants. These data reveal an unexpectedly complex relationship between segregating genetic variation and its expression-trait consequences and highlights the importance of close functional scrutiny of natural genetic variation within even relatively well-studied cis-regulatory regions.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Effects on the Reversed-Phase Retention of Substituted Acetophenones

Abstract Reversed-phase 1 iquid chromatography (RPLC) is widely recognized as a valuable technique for the separation of compounds of varying 1 ipophil ic/hydrophobic nature. RPLC on hydrocarbon stationary phases has been used for the separation of homologues of various compound classes with outstanding success (1–3). Excellent correlations have been obtained between RPLC capacity factors and various parameters of the solvophobic theory (4–6). This theory suggests that solute-solvent interactions assume the primary role in the RPLC retention process (7–9). The creation of a suitable cavity in the mobile phase is a key factor affecting the retention of the solute. The size and shape of the cavity formed in the solvent depends on solute molecular volume and hydrophobic surface area as well as the dielective constant and surface tension of the solvent. Relationships between RPLC capacity factors, partition coefficients (10,ll) and biological activities (12) have been reported. These high correlations suggest...
A Framework for Economic Analysis of Cropping Systems: Profitability, Risk Management, and Resource Allocation

SUMMARY A cropping system must be economically viable for it to be sustainable. This study focuses upon the economic components of profitability, risk management potential, and optimal resource allocation. Some of the primary aspects of economic analysis of cropping systems to a broad multidisciplinary audience of researchers, extension specialists, graduate students, and senior undergraduate students are addressed. Analytical economic tools are discussed including data requirements, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. A case study of a Henderson, Kentucky producer is presented as a primary example along with empirical applications from the literature. The importance of various types of economic analysis is demonstrated through the selection of different production decisions dependent on the level of economic analysis included.
Higher-ordered rules for symbolic substitution

Abstract Symbolic substitution rules are derived for arbitrary switching functions. The rules presented are based on additional inputs and multiple-valued logic. The result is that fewer applications of the rules are needed to complete an operation. The throughput of a system is effectively increased. In general, as more complex functions are implemented, more rules are needed.
Licensure portability: assuring access to quality care in physical therapy.

The concurrent circumstances of an increasingly mobile workforce, disparities in access to healthcare, and the ability to deliver care through technology (e.g., telehealth) present the need and the opportunity to practice across state borders. Over the past four years, the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy (FSBPT) has explored professional licensure models that will allow cross border practice. This paper reviews FSBPT's exploratory process and describes some of the advantages of an interstate compact. It concludes that if agreement among state licensing boards can be achieved, a compact could serve as a viable means to increase patient access to quality physical therapy care.
Investigation of routes to indeno[2,1‐f] ‐2H‐1,2,4‐triazepinediones

The synthesis of a number of 3-(substituted thiosemiearbazido)-2-(a]koxycarbonyl)indones (1) from 2-alkoxycarbonyl-1, 3-indandiones and substituted thiosemicarbazides is described. Cyeliza-tion of compounds 1 in the presence of a variety of catalysts gave substituted Δ2-1,2,4-triazoline-5-thiones (3) and (4), instead of the expected substituted 3(4H)-thioxoindeno[2,1-f]-2H-1,2,4-triazepine-5(5aH),6-diones (2). The preparation of 4-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2-indanylmethyl)semi-carbazide (9) is reported. Cyelization of 9 gave 5,5a-dihydro-5a-methylindeno[2,1-f]-2H-1,2,4-triazepine-3(4H),6-dione (10). Structure assignments of these compounds are discussed.
Information Resource Management And The End User: Some Implications For Education

The objective of this paper is to suggest that the concept of Information Resource Management IRM should focus more on end-user concerns rather than information technology per se. IRM should develop and support IRM education for end-users emphasizing the cognitive skills required for effectively utilizing information resources. IRM should also consider adapting the concept of 'information counseling' as a guide to improving the interface between end-users and information resources.
Structures and Fragmentations of Small Silicon Oxide Clusters by ab Initio Calculations

The structures, energies, and fragmentation stabilities of silicon oxide clusters SimOn, with m = 1−5, n = 1, 2m + 1, are studied systematically by ab initio calculations. New structures for nine clusters are found to be energetically more favorable than previously proposed structures. Using the ground state structures and energies obtained from our calculations, we have also studied fragmentation pathways and dissociation energies of the clusters. Our computational results show that the dissociation energy is strongly correlated with the O/Si ratio. Oxygen-rich clusters tend to have larger dissociation energies, as well as larger HOMO−LUMO gaps. Our calculations also show that SiO is the most abundant species in the fragmentation products.
In vitro production of testosterone sulfate from progesterone-4-14C in an adrenal tumor

Abstract Slices from the central portion of a virilizing tumor removed from a four year old female were incubated with progesterone-4- 14 C. Analysis of the methylene chloride extract did not result in the isolation of radioactive free testosterone. However, following further extraction for conjugated material, a radioactive substance was isolated which behaved as testosterone sulfate. After ethyl acetate solvolysis of this material a radioactive active compound was recovered which has been identified as free testosterone.
Pattern as a function of cell number and cell size on the second-leg basitarsus ofDrosophila

The bristle pattern of the second-leg basitarsus inDrosophila melanogaster was studied as a function of the number and size of the cells on this segment in well-fed and starved wild-type flies, in triploid flies, and in two mutants (dachs andfour-jointed) that have abnormally short basitarsi. The second-leg basitarsi of well-fed, wild-type flies from 22 otherDrosophila species were studied in a similar manner. There are typically 8 longitudinal rows of evenly-spaced bristles on the second-leg basitarsus, and in each row the number of bristles was consistently found to vary in proportion to the estimated number of cells along the segment, and the interval between bristles was found to vary in proportion to the average cell diameter on the segment. These correlations are interpreted to mean that the spacing of the bristles within each row is controlled developmentally, whereas the number of bristles is not. The interval between bristles is evidently measured either as a fixed number of cells or as a distance which indirectly depends upon cell diameter.
Preliminary crystallographic studies of BRCA1 BRCT–ABRAXAS complex

The BRCA1 holoenzyme complex plays an important role in DNA damage repair. ABRAXAS is a newly discovered component of this complex and its C-terminal region directly binds to the BRCA1 BRCT domain. Single crystals of the BRCA1 BRCT–ABRAXAS complex grown by co-crystallization belonged to space group P41212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 187.18, c = 85.31 A. Diffraction data were collected on the BM-14 beamline at the ESRF. Molecular-replacement calculations using Phaser led to three molecules in the asymmetric unit and a high solvent content of 76%.
Effects of manganese oxide mineralogy on microbial and chemical manganese reduction

Abstract In this study we examine the effects of manganese oxide mineralogy and crystal structure on two types of manganese reduction: microbial manganese reduction coupled to the oxidation of organic matter, and chemical reduction of manganese oxides by Fe2+. Three synthetic manganese minerals were used: δ‐MnO2 (or vernadite), Mg‐bimessite, and pyrolusite. The δ‐MnO2 and Mg‐birnessite are relatively high‐surface‐area amorphous materials, while the pyrolusite is a low‐surface‐area crystalline solid. Studies of microbial manganese reduction were carried out using an enrichment culture isolated from sediments in the mesohaline region of the Chesapeake Bay, and with a pure culture of the organism Shewanella (formerly Alteromonas,) putrefaciens strain MR‐1. With the Chesapeake Bay enrichment culture, identical rates of manganese reduction were observed with equivalent initial suspension concentrations of all three manganese minerals. This occurred in spite of ∼ 200‐fold differences in the available surface ar...
A model for the expression of CaMV nucleic acid

Analysis of the sequence of CaMV full-length 35S transcript reveals two features which may relate to the translation of open regions I-V. There is a region in the 5′ leader sequence which could act as a ribosome binding site. This is followed by a sequence, which is complementary to sequences which are found just upstream to the open regions. The singificance of these sequences is discussed.
Opening the eyes of those who can see to the world of those who can't: a case study

While some web page or user interface design courses include a lecture or two highlighting issues related to users with visual impairments, it is rare that such courses make this a recurring theme. This paper describes how a web page design course weaves the idea of designing for screen reader users throughout the entire course with minor changes to the standard curriculum of the course. Included are examples of how the eyes of the students are opened to the world of blind users, to the requirements of the law, to the code to make pages accessible, and to ways to test accessibility.
SIMULTANEOUS STUDIES OF UNBOUND BILIRUBIN AND BILIRUBIN BINDING MEASUREMENTS USING TWO (2)AUTOMATED MICROMETHODS

Use of 2 automated instruments,the UB Analyzer (Nakamura) and the AVIV Hematofluorometer has allowed us to examine unbound bilirubin values and bilirubin binding measurements simultaneously in 79 infants (142 samples).The UB Analyzer employs a modified peroxidase micromethod to measure unbound bilirubin (UB); results compare well with the manual peroxidase method(r=0.87, p=0.001).The AVIV Hematofluorometer depends on the fluorescence of albumin bound bilirubin.Bound bilirubin(B),total blood bilirubin(T) and reserve binding (R) are measured,as is B/R, (the degree of saturation of albumin binding sites).T-B can be calculated and represents bilirubin in blood not bound at the primary albumin binding site.Simultaneous performance of these measurements was possible in very LBW Infants since each method required 100μl blood.UB correlated directly with TB in all birthweight groups (r=0.69,p=.0001,n=142)and was markedly increased in infants of BW≤1000 g compared with those>1000 g at given bilirubin levels.UB correlated best with B/R(r=0.82,p=.0001,n=142) in all birthweight groups.The relationship between UB & T-B varied with BW and became striking in infants <1000 g (r=0.95,p=0.0001, n-19).Comparison of measures of albumin binding with that of UB has been limited.New insights have been gained by the ability to study these interrelationships in LBW Infants using two simple automated micromethods.
Labor: Labor Mobility and Social Wellbeing Under International Capitalism

In his economic writings John Paul II asserts the importance of placing the human person at the center of deliberations concerning the economy. Neoclassical economists show that free trade enhances the efficiency of society. However, a byproduct of free trade is greater competition, as countries and firms adjust to the introduction of new products and processes of production, made possible through technological innovation. Neoclassical economists assume that workers will move to where new jobs develop. In many cases, however, this means that they impose burdens on their family and become more distant from friends. Each human person establishes bonds with other persons; through such family bonds of friendship a person becomes more human. This essay explores the tension between greater productive efficiency and a desire to maintain and enhance friendships. Never merely objective analysts, neoclassical economists have strong convictions concerning dynamic efficiency, while consumers have convictions about friendship. These two sets of convictions have to be reconciled. In order for policy makers to assess the true costs of free trade, mobility measures must be developed, and the neoclassical model must be modified to incorporate geographical stability as a significant factor for consumers.
Eye and head movements in the pigmented rat.

Abstract Vestibular, optokinetic, and spontaneous eye and head movements have been examined in the hooded rat. Eye movement range was 18–20°, and frequency of ocular saccades was 5–20/min; there was a weak linkage of eye and head movements and a weak vestibulocollic reflex. Response to optokinetic stimulation with unity gain (eye velocity matches drum velocity) was seen only at velocities below 1 deg/sec: maximal eye velocity evoked by drum velocities of over 20 deg/sec never exceeded 4–6 deg/sec. These motor responses were not altered by head movements: thus gaze velocity is not improved by optocollic (head movement) responses, and such optocollic activity occurs only when substantial retinal image motion is present.
Potential of Field Education as Signature Pedagogy: The Field Director Role

In light of the assertion that field education is the signature pedagogy of social work education, this Internet-based study explores field director demographics and questions the fulfillment of this potential, examining BSW and MSW field education through the lens of the field director position. Field directors (159) and deans/directors (150) were asked to express their opinions on the role, function, and status of the field director. Variables included salary, job security, privileges, and authority. The findings provide evidence of a modest but statistically significant difference in perceptions between field directors and deans/directors. If field is intended to carry the prominent position of signature pedagogy, the field director and factors associated with the role will influence the trajectory.
Distribution of Antigen in Cattle Infected with Rinderpest Virus

Five Holstein heifers (approximately 8 months of age and weighing 225–275 kg) were inoculated subcutancously with 1,000 TCID50, of rinderpest virus, virulent Kabete O strain. They become clinically...
Real-time holographic analysis of the modal and dynamic characteristics of an advanced graphite-epoxy missile flight control structure

REAL-TIME HOLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE MODAL AND DYNAMICCHARACTERISTICS OF AN ADVANCED GRAPHITE-EPOXY MISSILE FLIGHTCONTROL STRUCTUREHoward FeinPolaris Research Group24400 Highland Road, Richmond Heights, Ohio 44143ABSTRACTHolographic Interferometry has been successfully employed to characterize the materials and
Diastereoselectivity of polar and radical couplings in electrophilic substitutions of rigid 2-lithio-N-methylpyrrolidines

N-Methyl trans-fused perhydroisoindolines substituted with a tributylstannyl group in the 2-position have been prepared and used as precursors of the corresponding α-aminoorganolithiums. The steric course of the reactions of these and other conformationally rigid organolithiums with various electrophiles is summarized and compared with the steric course of the unsubstituted analogs. A mechanistic rationale for the steric course of electrophilic substitutions of these organolithiums is discussed. Pathways involving both polar electrophilic substitutions and radical couplings were observed with different electrophiles.
Advertising and the Consumer Information Environment Online

The Internet has apparently become an important source of information for consumers and partly because of this trend, the Internet now presents a huge opportunity for advertisers who seek effective communication with their target markets. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of the qualities and potentials of the Internet as an advertising medium. First, an overview of the various forms of Internet advertising is provided, as well as a review of existing literature regarding the effectiveness of each form. The article next compares the Internet with traditional mass media from the perspective of the consumer information environment and shows how unique characteristics of the Internet may alter consumer experience and decision making. The article concludes with a discussion of the needs and challenges facing the field.
Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for a facilatory interaction between co-existing transmitters: cholecystokinin and dopamine

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and dopamine (DA) co-exist in ventral tegmental neurons which project via the mesencephalic pathway to the nucleus accumbens of the rat. CCK and DA are located in separate neurons in the substantia nigra which projects via the nigrostriatal pathway to the caudate nucleus in the rat. The functional significance of this peptide-amine co-localization was investigated using behavioral and neurophysiological techniques. CCK injected directly into the nucleus accumbens potentiated apomorphine-induced stereotypy and dopamine-induced hyperlocomotion. CCK injected directly into the caudate nucleus had no effect on apomorphine-induced stereotypy or dopamine-induced hyperlocomotion CCK injected alone into either site did not induce stereotypy or hyperlocomotion. The dose-response curve to apomorphine induction of stereotypy was shifted to the left by CCK, indicating increased sensitivity to the dopaminergic agonist. Neurophysiological analysis of the firing rate of ventral tegmental neurons demonstrated that CCK produced a left-shift in the dose-response curve of apomorphine on inhibition of neuronal firing. These data suggest that CCK acts as a modulator of dopamine, increasing neuronal responses to dopaminergic agonists. The potentiation of dopamine by CCK may be specific to the mesolimbic neurons, where CCK and DA co-exist in the rat.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in diabetes and metabolism

Abstract The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) has been the focus of intense research during the past decade because ligands for this receptor have emerged as potent insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recent advances include the discovery of novel genes that are regulated by PPAR-γ, which helps explain how activation of this adipocyte-predominant transcription factor regulates glucose and lipid homeostasis. Increased levels of circulating free fatty acids and lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissue have been implicated in the development of insulin resistance. This situation is improved by PPAR-γ ligands, which promote fatty acid storage in fat depots and regulate the expression of adipocyte-secreted hormones that impact on glucose homeostasis. The net result of the pleiotropic effects of PPAR-γ ligands is improvement of insulin sensitivity, although undesired side-effects limit the utility of this therapy. It might be possible to dissociate the anti-diabetic and adverse effects through selective modulation of PPAR-γ activity.
Genetic Knockdown and Pharmacological Inhibition of Parasite Multidrug Resistance Transporters Disrupts Egg Production in Schistosoma mansoni

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) are ATP-dependent transporters involved in efflux of toxins and xenobiotics from cells. When overexpressed, these transporters can mediate multidrug resistance (MDR) in mammalian cells, and changes in Pgp expression and sequence are associated with drug resistance in helminths. In addition to the role they play in drug efflux, MDR transporters are essential components of normal cellular physiology, and targeting them may prove a useful strategy for development of new therapeutics or of compounds that enhance the efficacy of current anthelmintics. We previously showed that expression of Schistosoma mansoni MDR transporters increases in response to praziquantel (PZQ), the current drug of choice against schistosomiasis, and that reduced PZQ sensitivity correlates with higher levels of these parasite transporters. We have also shown that PZQ inhibits transport by SMDR2, a Pgp orthologue from S. mansoni, and that PZQ is a likely substrate of SMDR2. Here, we examine the physiological roles of SMDR2 and SmMRP1 (the S. mansoni orthologue of MRP1) in S. mansoni adults, using RNAi to knock down expression, and pharmacological agents to inhibit transporter function. We find that both types of treatments disrupt parasite egg deposition by worms in culture. Furthermore, administration of different MDR inhibitors to S. mansoni-infected mice results in a reduction in egg burden in host liver. These schistosome MDR transporters therefore appear to play essential roles in parasite egg production, and can be targeted genetically and pharmacologically. Since eggs are responsible for the major pathophysiological consequences of schistosomiasis, and since they are also the agents for transmission of the disease, these results suggest a potential strategy for reducing disease pathology and spread.
Encapsulation of adult human mesenchymal stem cells within collagen-agarose microenvironments

Reliable control over the process of cell differentiation is a major challenge in moving stem cell-based therapies forward. The composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to play an important role in modulating differentiation. We have developed a system to encapsulate adult human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) within spherical three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments consisting of a defined mixture of collagen Type I and agarose polymers. These protein-based beads were produced by emulsification of liquid hMSC-matrix suspensions in a silicone fluid phase and subsequent gelation to form hydrogel beads, which were collected by centrifugation and placed in culture. Bead size and size distribution could be varied by changing the encapsulation parameters (impeller speed and blade separation), and beads in the range of 30-150 microns in diameter were reliably produced. Collagen concentrations up to 40% (wt/wt) could be incorporated into the bead matrix. Visible light and fluorescence microscopy confirmed that the collagen matrix was uniformly distributed throughout the beads. Cell viability post-encapsulation was in the range of 75-90% for all bead formulations (similar to control slab gels) and remained at this level for 8 days in culture. Fluorescent staining of the actin cytoskeleton revealed that hMSC spreading increased with increasing collagen concentration. This system of producing 3D microenvironments of defined matrix composition therefore offers a way to control cell-matrix interactions and thereby guide hMSC differentiation. The bead format allows the use of small amounts of matrix proteins, and such beads can potentially be used as a cell delivery vehicle in tissue repair applications.
Pulsed laser sampling photon amplifier

The performance of semiconductor laser amplifiers can be significantly improved by injecting carriers with pulsed electric currents of subnanosecond duration. Pulsed operation is illustrated in a Fabry-Perot amplifier and in a traveling-wave amplifier. The resonant amplifier is most sensitive to an input light wave at the instant the carrier density is crossing over the critical region, giving a sharply pulsed sampling effect on the input light wave signal. Compared to a resonant amplifier operating at subcritical electron density, the pulsed amplifier gives much higher gain and peak power. In fact, pulsed operation of a resonant amplifier is also expected to give significantly higher gain than and about the same peak output power as a traveling-wave amplifier. Pulsed operation also improves the performance of a traveling-wave amplifier by attenuating its internally reflected waves. >
SFBC assisted IQ imbalance estimation and compensation in MIMO-OFDM systems

An efficient IQ imbalance estimation and compensation scheme for MIMO-OFDM systems is proposed. The scheme exploits the inherent data structure imposed by Space Frequency Block Code (SFBC), for lowering the implementation complexity. As such, no further requirements are laid on the preamble design. The proposed algorithm can be easily extended to the MIMO-OFDM systems using STBC or with frequency-selective IQ imbalance. Simulation results demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed IQ imbalance estimation scheme in practical MIMO-OFDM scenarios such as LTE.
Cognition and Brain Structure Following Early Childhood Surgery With Anesthesia

BACKGROUND: Anesthetics induce widespread cell death, permanent neuronal deletion, and neurocognitive impairment in immature animals, raising substantial concerns about similar effects occurring in young children. Epidemiologic studies have been unable to sufficiently address this concern, in part due to reliance on group-administered achievement tests, inability to assess brain structure, and limited control for confounders. METHODS: We compared healthy participants of a language development study at age 5 to 18 years who had undergone surgery with anesthesia before 4 years of age ( n = 53) with unexposed peers ( n = 53) who were matched for age, gender, handedness, and socioeconomic status. Neurocognitive assessments included the Oral and Written Language Scales and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (WAIS) or WISC, as appropriate for age. Brain structural comparisons were conducted by using T1-weighted MRI scans. RESULTS: Average test scores were within population norms, regardless of surgical history. However, compared with control subjects, previously exposed children scored significantly lower in listening comprehension and performance IQ. Exposure did not lead to gross elimination of gray matter in regions previously identified as vulnerable in animals. Decreased performance IQ and language comprehension, however, were associated with lower gray matter density in the occipital cortex and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that general anesthesia for a surgical procedure in early childhood may be associated with long-term diminution of language abilities and cognition, as well as regional volumetric alterations in brain structure. Although causation remains unresolved, these findings nonetheless warrant additional research into the phenomenon’s mechanism and mitigating strategies.
Nasotemporal overlap at the retinal vertical meridian: Investigations with a callosotomy patient

To evaluate nasotemporal overlap at the retinal vertical midline, we asked a callosotomy patient to compare the orientation of square wave gratings that were presented in his opposing visual fields. The gratings were horizontally or vertically oriented and had spatial frequencies ranging from 1 to 8 cycles per degree (cpd). Retinal stabilization ensured the gratings remained properly lateralized during sustained presentations. In accord with previous investigations, when the gratings were presented for only 200 msec, or their medial edges were 2 from the vertical meridian, performance was generally at chance. However, when presentations lasted 2 sec and the medial edges of the gratings were 1 from the vertical meridian, above chance performance was obtained. Accuracy rates were highest with 2 and 4 cpd gratings, and dropped at 1 and 8 cpd. Unexpectedly, the subject performed significantly better when the gratings were offset vertically from each other than when both were displayed on the horizontal meridian. Since this improvement did not occur when gratings were presented horizontally aligned above or below the horizontal meridian, it must be distributed to the relative offset between the gratings. The data suggest a narrow zone of nasotemporal overlap at the retinal vertical midline where very limited visual information is encoded by crossed temporal and uncrossed nasal retinal ganglion cells. An experiment in which only one grating in a pair was close to the vertical meridian indicates that this zone may be more pronounced in the nasal hemiretina.
Fast ion instability in real lattice

The ionization of residual gas by an electron beam in an accelerator generates ions that can resonantly couple to the beam through a wave propagating in the beam-ion system. The original theory of the fast ion instability was developed assuming both a constant external focusing and the beam size. The theory predicts an instability in which an initial perturbation grows as /spl sim/exp(/spl alpha//spl radic/t). In the present paper we consider a more realistic model that takes into account variation of the beta function in the lattice and associated with it variation of the beam size. We find that, in combination with ion decoherence effect, the spatial inhomogeneity can result in (1) purely exponential growth, /spl sim/exp(/spl Gamma/t), and (2) typically smaller growth rates. Detailed calculations are performed for the lattice of the Advanced Light Source at the LBL.
A PRIMER FOR CLASSROOM USES OF MICROCOMPUTERS IN READING

An overview of the various uses of microcomputers in the elementary reading program. Classroom instruction programs are described. Diagnostic, record keeping, and planning functions of microcomputers are explained. Program evaluation guides are suggested and sources of evaluations and reviews are given. Resources available for classroom teachers who wish to begin with microcomputers in reading are provided.
Cocaine produces cardiac hypertrophy by protein kinase C dependent mechanisms.

Background: Chronic cocaine users can have as much as a 69% increase in left ventricular muscle mass without associated increases in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, renin, aldosterone, or cortisol. We determined whether cocaine directly increases cardiomyocyte protein content and whether protein kinase C is important in this process.Methods and Results: Adult rat cardiomyocytes were isolated and grown in cultures. In Series I experiments, cocaine, 10-8 to 10-6 M, or vehicle, in the absence or presence of phentolamine or metoprolol, was added to each culture and the cells were subsequently harvested. In Series II, cocaine, 10-6 M, cocaine, 10-6 M, plus bisindolylmaleimide, 10-6 M, a protein kinase C inhibitor, or vehicle were added to each culture and the cells subsequently harvested. We determined the total protein content, the content of α-myosin and fetal β-myosin heavy-chain protein, and the presence of protein kinase C isoforms in the cardiomyocyte soluble and particulate fractions. Protein kinas...
The impact of commonly used air filters in eliminating the exposure to secondhand smoke constituents

Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) also known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been well established scientifically as a human health hazard. Despite this and warnings from health agencies, concerns over the economic impact of smoke-free bans have limited political resolve to enact these regulations. Arguments against smoke-free bans include the contention that air filters can eliminate the health risks from SHS exposure. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of air filters (MERV 4 and MERV 8) commonly used in homes and businesses in reducing the concentrations of total suspended particulates, fine particles and carbon monoxide from SHS as a measure of their potential to reduce the toxicity associated with SHS exposure. Our results demonstrate that these filters are not effective at reducing carbon monoxide levels or PM 2.5, which have been correlated with human health toxicity/disease. Thus, our findings, from a public health perspective, do not support the use of common air filters as a viable alternative to smoke-free bans.
Project English: Lessons From Curriculum Reform Past

Project English was born in 1962, a late addition to the curriculum reform movement in the USA that grew out of the Cold War race to dominate outer space. The Oregon Curriculum Study Center, one of the initial 12 Project English centers, took as its goal the complete reformation of the secondaryschool language arts curriculum and the education of its teachers. During its 6-year run, the Oregon Curriculum Study Center produced a new secondaryschool curriculum in grammar, rhetoric, and literature, the result of collaborative work between the teachers in the field and members of the University of Oregon English Department. Examining the Oregon Curriculum Study Center’s work on the grammar component of the curriculum, this article describes the pedagogical (Socratic) and theoretical (transformational) bases of this component, its content, and its development, and offers some lessons to be learned in the context of explaining why this attempt to replace the old grammar with a new one ultimately failed, the result of both internal contradictions and of external forces beyond the Oregon Curriculum Study Center’s control.
Noncolocated structural vibration suppression using zero annihilation periodic control

The zero annihilation periodic (ZAP) controller is applied to the problem of vibration control of a noncolocated flexible structure. It is shown that even though the transfer function is nonminimum-phase, a plant inverse controller can be designed which elicits a deadbeat closed-loop response. The transfer function under investigation arises from a noncolocated actuator/sensor configuration used on the ASTREX flexible structure at USAF/Phillips Laboratory. Several simulation examples are given to demonstrate the ZAP control method. As expected from the theory, the closed-loop response is deadbeat, and the vibrations are damped instantaneously. >
Covariance Matrix Estimation and the Power of the Overidentifying Restrictions Test

class of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance HACC matrix estimators that are now routinely used by practitioners in the calculation of the two-step GMM estimator. In applications, it is customary to assume the model is correctly specified during the estimation, and only to assess the specification after the second-step using a statistic such as the overidentifying restrictions test. One important consequence of this methodology is that the HACC estimator is calculated under the assumption that the model is correctly specified. In this paper, we examine the implications of model misspecification for the HACC covariance matrix estimator and the overidentifying restrictions test. It is shown that the HACC estimator is asymptotically equivalent to the sum of two matrices: one of these . . matrices is nonsingular and O 1 ; the other is of rank one and Ob where b is the TT bandwidth used in the HACC estimator. It is shown that this structure implies the inverse of the HACC estimator converges to a singular matrix as b " ' with T, and this T limiting matrix has rank q y 1 where q is the dimension of the moment condition. It is shown that this limiting behavior translates into an overidentifying restrictions test that is . OT rb . In contrast, it is shown that the overidentifying restrictions test is consistent pT . and OT if the covariance matrix estimator is consistent under both null and alterna- p tive. This can be achieved by constructing the HACC estimator using the sample moment in mean deviation form. 3