cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angular-resolved photoemission from NH3 on Ni(110)

Abstract NH 3 adsorbed on Ni(110) at a temperature of 100 K has been studied by angular-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (ARUPS) using synchrotron radiation in the energy range 10 ⩽ ℏ ω ⩽ 35 eV. From ARUPS it is concluded that NH 3 bonds via its nitrogen lone-pair orbital with its molecular axis normal to the surface. For both the 3a 1 and 1e level dispersion has been found indicating lateral interactions within a compact NH 3 layer. Increasing the NH 3 coverage beyond the chemisorbed monolayer produces a physisorbed monolayer followed by a multilayer deposition of NH 3 phase on top which has been identified by photoemission and thermal desorption. Desorption and partial decomposition result from annealing. At 300 K NH 3 or NH is left at the surface which desorbs almost completely by annealing to 400 K.
Possible linkages between Saharan dust and tropical cyclone rain band invigoration in the eastern Atlantic during NAMMA-06

[1] The Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is a dominant feature that influences the large-scale environment from West Africa to the western tropical North Atlantic. While the SAL can create hostile thermodynamic and kinematic environmental conditions for tropical cyclogenesis, it also provides an infusion of cloud condensation and ice nuclei which can potentially invigorate convection. Here we show that these mechanisms may have been involved with the development of Tropical Storm (TS) Debby and Tropical Depression (TD) 8 (later Hurricane Helene) in 2006. Satellite imagery and rawinsondes indicate SAL outbreaks just prior to the emergence of these disturbances over the extreme Eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean. Here we examine the invigoration of convective bands associated with TS Debby and TD-8 based on satellite and direct aircraft measurement. In-situ aircraft measurements show enhanced cloud water content, cloud and precipitation sized particles, lightning and a 26 ms-1 updraft just south of the SAL with TD-8.
Far-Infrared free-electron laser facility at the University of California/Santa Barbara

The Center for Free-Electron Laser Studies (CFELS) at UCSB has been established to pursue applications and development of far infrared free electron lasers. The FELs are driven by an electrostatic 6 MV Van De Graaf recirculating accelerator. Independent electron beam optics steer the electron beam through two static hybrid-type undulators. Tuneable radiation is provided from 2.5 mm to 63 micrometers wavelength. Under development is a third FEL, capable of lasing on the third harmonic and producing radiation from 60 micrometers to 30 micrometers . FIR experiments are carried out at the CFELS user facility where an evacuated transport system switches the FIR beam into one of seven ports. In addition, various ancillary equipment is available to facilitate research with the FELs.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rapid increase in mitochondrial volume in nucleus magnocellularis neurons following cochlea removal

Second-order auditory neurons in nucleus magnocellularis (NM) of the chick brainstem undergo a series of rapid metabolic changes following unilateral cochlea removal, culminating in the death of 25% of NM neurons. Within hours of cochlea removal, ipsilateral NM neurons show marked increases in histochemical staining for the mitochondrial enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. We investigated corresponding ultrastructural changes in NM neurons by preparing animals undergoing unilateral cochlea removal for transmission electron microscopy. We quantified changes in NM mitochondrial volume by stereological methods and qualitatively compared mitochondrial morphology between NM neurons destined to survive and those destined to die after cochlea removal. Within hours of cochlea removal, ipsilateral NM neurons show striking increases in mitochondrial volume (84% at 6 hours and 236% at 12 hours after cochlea removal compared to unoperated, control animals). At 2 week survival times, ipsilateral NM neurons contain fewer mitochondria than contralateral neurons. Surprisingly, anesthesia alone causes short-term increases in NM mitochondrial volume. Animals anesthetized with pentobarbital and ketamine and sacrificed 6 or 12 hours later showed a 45% increase in mitochondrial volume compared to previously unanesthetized animals. NM neurons destined to die within days of cochlea removal can be identified within several hours after deafferentation by the appearance of their ribosomes. We observed qualitative differences in mitochondrial morphology in dying neurons. Mitochondria in neurons destined to die consistently showed mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization indicative of metabolic dysfunction. Similar mitochondrial changes have been reported when mitochondria take up excess calcium. Ultrastructural changes in NM after cochlea removal display features of both programmed and pathological cell death, in which increased intracellular calcium is thought to play a role.
Software engineering and Ada in design

Modern software engineering promises significant reductions in software costs and improvements in software quality. The Ada language is the focus for these software methodology and tool improvements. The IBM FSD approach, including the software engineering practices that guide the systematic design and development of software products and the management of the software process are examined. The revised Ada design language adaptation is revealed. This four level design methodology is detailed including the purpose of each level, the management strategy that integrates the software design activity with the program milestones, and the technical strategy that maps the Ada constructs to each level of design. A complete description of each design level is provided along with specific design language recording guidelines for each level. Finally, some testimony is offered on education, tools, architecture, and metrics resulting from project use of the four level Ada design language adaptation.
Photoconductivity in P-type indium antimonide with deep acceptor impurities

Abstract The addition of Au, Ag or Cu impurities to InSb may be expected to produce two acceptor levels in InSb when these atoms with one valence electron replace In in the crystal lattice. The location of the energy levels has been determined by observing the extrinsic photoconductivity produced by the excitation of electrons from the valence band to the impurity levels and from the levels to the conduction band. The energy levels for Ag are in close agreement with those calculated by assuming a simple He atom model. The greater divergence for Au is attributed to the lattice distortion introduced when the larger Au atom replaces In in the crystal lattice. Oscillatory behavior of photoconductivity associated with charge carrier excitation to the lower level of all three impurities has been attributed to the successive emission of longitudinal optical phonons.
Lipid A-Dependent Lymphocyte Proliferation in “Endotoxin-Nonresponder” Mice

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with a subunit composition reduced in heterogeneity were prepared by gel-filtration chromatography of detergent-dissociated LPS from the smooth strain of Escherichia coli 055:B5. The splenocyte mitogenic activity of reassociated column-fraction pools was markedly dependent on the ratio of O-antigen polysaccharide to lipid A, where the activity of the fraction richest in lipid A (F5 LPS) was approximately three orders of magnitude greater than the least active fraction (F1 LPS). The F5 LPS, which contains only a trace of O-antigen polysaccharide, induces a spleen-cell proliferative response in C3H/HeJ "LPS nonresponder" spleen cells. This mitogenic activity is not present in either unfractionated LPS or the other column fractions. These latter findings indicate that LPS macromolecular aggregates of the appropriate physico-chemical structure and/or compositions have the capacity to elicit C3H/HeJ spleen-cell proliferative responses.
Volumetric properties of supercritical ethane‐n‐heptane mixtures: Molar volumes and partial molar volumes

Molar volumes were measured and partial molar volumes were calculated in the supercritical region, including the vicinity of the critical locus, lor compositions of 1.8 to 20 mole % n-heptane. Molar volumes can he represented, to a reasonable approximation, by the Flory-OrwollVrij (FOV) reduced equation of state. A better fit of the data is possible if the three exponents in the FOV equation are adjusted The irodified FOV equation or the Redlich-Kwong equation, with parameters idjusted to fit the critical locus, can in general represent the partial molar rolumcs adequately along the critical locus only. The prediction of the imposition-dependence of the partial molar volumes is only qualitatively successful at best.
On the Ratio of the Infrared-to-Ultraviolet Continuum to the X-Rays in Quasars and Active Galaxies

A sample of 122 quasars and Seyfert galaxies was analyzed and it was found that the NIR 7500 A rest frame luminosity is more linearly related to the X-ray luminosity than is the optical luminosity. It is also found that the mean spectral slope between 7500 and 4200 A in the rest frame monotonically flattens with luminosity over more than three orders of magnitude. The present results support models which attribute the IR and X-ray continua to linked nonthermal processes such as synchrotron self-Compton, while the blue-UV bump comes from a different source, such as an accretion disk.
Controlling the internet in China: The real story

This article examines the complexity of the internet control mechanisms in China by breaking it down to five layers, ranging from the government, service and content providers to webmasters and ind...
Cardiac Autonomic and Behavioral Responses to Acute Pain in 4 Month Old Infants † 80

Cardiovascular function and facial expression are frequent measures of infant pain experience, however the specific mechanisms underlying changes in heart rate (HR) and its relation to pain behavior remain unclear. To examine cardiac autonomic mechanisms that occur during acute pain, 22 healthy infants(mean age: 4.0±0.2 mo.) were studied during a finger lance. Quantitative measures of HR and videotaped facial action were obtained in baseline (BL), lance (PR) and recovery (RC) periods. Time and frequency analyses of HR variability (HRV) were performed on 2.2-min epochs of HR data from each period to yield means, spectral measures of low (LF:0.04-0.15 Hz) and high (HF:0.15-1.0 Hz) frequency power and a measure of sympathovagal balance (LF/HF ratio). The Infant Facial Coding System (IFCS) was used to yield a total facial activity score. To examine the relationship between physiologic and behavioral measures, HR, HRV and IFCS change-scores were calculated using differences between BL and PR periods. Mean (± SEM) HR(149.1± 3.3;191.3±2.8;172.5±4.7) and IFCS(5.0±1.6;57±2.0;31±3.5) increased significantly from BR to PR and declined during RC periods (p< 0.05). Conversely, LF(16.4±1.7;7.8±1.1;18.1±2.9 bpm2/Hz) and LF/HF ratio (7.1±0.7;4.7±0.7;7.1±1.1) declined significantly with pain and increased during recovery (p< 0.05). HF also decreased, though changes were not significant (2.5±0.3;1.9±0.2; 2.8±.03). Correlations between HF and IFCS, and LF and IFCS change scores were significant (r=0.50, p=.01; r=0.44, p=0.5; respectively). Infants responded to acute pain with increased HR and decreased HRV, reflecting decreased vagal cardiac modulation. HRV parameters reflected either no change or a decrease in cardiac sympathetic modulation, possibly accompanied by non-modulatory changes in sympathetic activity. Results suggest that infants may have already been sympathetically aroused prior to lance, resulting in HRV changes related exclusively to cardiac vagal control. While HRV/behavioral correlations suggest an association between increased facial distress and greater vagal withdrawal, the surprising lack of evidence for expected sympathetic arousal may reflect a discordance between behavioral and biologic arousal systems.
A FURUNCULOSIS EPIZOOTIC IN CLEAR LAKE YELLOW BASS

A furunculosis epizootic during May 1968 decimated the yellow bass population in Clear Lake, Iowa. Loss in body weight during the previous year and reduced fecundity suggested that inadequate nutrition resulting from over-population was a causal factor.
Focal-Test-Based Spatial Decision Tree Learning: A Summary of Results

Given a raster spatial framework, as well as training and test sets, the spatial decision tree learning (SDTL) problem aims to minimize classification errors as well as salt-and-pepper noise. The SDTL problem is important due to many societal applications such as land cover classification in remote sensing. However, the SDTL problem is challenging due to the spatial autocorrelation of class labels, and the potentially exponential number of candidate trees. Related work is limited due to the use of local-test-based decision nodes, which can not adequately model spatial autocorrelation during test phase, leading to high salt-and-pepper noise. In contrast, we propose a focal-test-based spatial decision tree (FTSDT) model, where the tree traversal direction for a location is based on not only local but also focal (i.e., neighborhood) properties of the location. Experimental results on real world remote sensing datasets show that the proposed approach reduces salt-and-pepper noise and improves classification accuracy.
Ovarian gonadoblastoma with dysgerminoma in a 15-year-old girl with 46, XX karyotype: case report and review of the literature

To present a challenging case of hCG positivity in a young patient and to review similar cases reported in the literature. Literature search of gonadoblastoma cases with pure 46, XX karyotype using PubMed database. A 15-year-old girl with hCG positivity was investigated for the source and the initial diagnosis was an ectopic pregnancy. An ovarian tumor was identified after failed methotrexate therapy and the pathological diagnosis was gonadoblastoma with dysgerminoma. To the best of our knowledge, the case was unique in the literature for having the smallest diameter of a gonadoblastoma tumor with 46, XX karyotype. Differential diagnosis of perimenarcheal vaginal bleeding may be challenging for the clinician. Rare causes such as pregnancy both intrauterine and extrauterine and hormone producing tumors should be kept in mind.
Transurethral canine prostatectomy with the Nd:YAG laser.

Although laser energy in combination with conventional techniques has been used to ablate prostatic tissue in the dog, the use of the Nd:YAG laser alone to perform transurethral prostatectomies has not been feasible because of the difficulty of directing the laser energy into the prostate. In this study, a 600-μm quartz laser fiber with an attached gold-plated metal alloy reflector and a 1.06-μm Nd:YAG laser were used to perform transurethral laser prostatectomies in 10 mongrel dogs. Each dog received approximately 3600 J to each quadrant of the prostate. No signs of urinary incontinence were noted in any of the dogs postoperatively. Transurethral laser prostatectomies can be performed safely and effectively in the dog and can significantly decrease the incidence of postoperative urinary incontinence.
Mean-field theory of polymer interfaces in the presence of block copolymers

The effects of an A-B diblock copolymer on the properties of an interface between immiscible A and B homopolymers are studied. A complete set of self-consistent field equations is solved numerically in order to determine the profiles of the different polymeric components and the interfacial tension as functions of the degrees of polymerization, the interaction parameter, the statistical segment length and the copolymer chemical potential
Completeness of Transfinite Evaluation in an Extension of the Lambda Calculus

The lambda calculus was conceived by Church, and to some extent by Curry (see [1] and [2]), as a general theory of functions, more precisely as a formalization of two basic functional concepts: application and abstraction. This claim to universality was impossible to maintain, for it soon became apparent that functions in the calculus are required to have properties which are by no means universal. Self-application is certainly a very special feature, but more relevant from our point of view is the existence of fixed points, which is definitely a nonuniversal property of functions. This situation was not ignored, but was considered rather as a form of inconsistency very much related to the paradoxes of set theory (for example, see the discussion of the paradoxical combinator in [2]). More recently, the lambda calculus has been studied by people in computer science, and as a result the algorithmic nature of the system has been more explicitly recognized. Eventually, the right approach was taken by D. Scott (see [4] and [5]) who restricted the objects of the calculus to continuous functionals over complete lattices, which can be combined in structures where application and abstraction are properly interpreted. It soon became clear that complete lattices were not necessary, and more general structures were introduced. On the other hand the requirement of continuity was essential for the construction, and has remained a basic feature. It is one of the purposes of this paper to show that in the general situation continuity can be replaced by monotonicity. The work of Scott was extended by Wadsworth [6], who gave a precise formulation of the operational semantics, and proved the equivalence to Scott's interpretation.
GAMMA RADIATION DOSE RATE AND SWEET POTATO QUALITY

“Jewel” sweet potatoes were irradiated with gamma radiation and a dose-rate relationship on nutrients was investigated. The total dose was 1 kGy/h. The results indicated that generally moisture, ascorbic acid and carotenoids level were higher at high dose rates than at low dose rates. Starch and texture tended to decrease with increase in dose rate. Thiamin and riboflavin were not affected by dose rate. The effect on sugars was not clear. The levels of sugar constituents for roots irradiated at 10.40 kGy/h tended to be higher than other dose rates. Some differences were significant.
Exocrine pancreatic secretion in rats treated with reserpine after stimulation with pilocarpine, dopamine, and caerulein.

Summary: Pancreatic juice was collected in vivo from control and reserpine-treted rats after stimulation with pilocarpine (0.2 mg/100 g body weight), dopamine (6-7 mg/100 g body weight), caerulein (90-100 pmole total dose) or with a combination of caerulein and secretin (6 u/100 g body weight) and the volume, amylase, bicarbonate and chloride outputs were compared. The results indicate that the secretory response to the three secretagogues was significantly reduced in the drug treated animals. Thus, the volumes of pancreatic juice were 57.0, 60.5, and 15.7% of those obtained in control rats after stimulation with, respectively, pilocarpine, dopamine, and caerulein. Amylase output was 63.8, 67.1, and 21.0% and bicarbonate output was 29.9, 46.8, and 6.2% of those observed in untreated rats after the same stimulants. Fluid secretion increased in the treated animals to 71.3% of that of controls when both caerulein and secretin were administered together and amylase output became greater than in control rats (151%). However, bicarbonate output was still 55.2% of that of controls with this combined stimulation. It is concluded that chronic reserpine administration impairs exocrine pancreatic secretion and that this effect involves both the acinar and ductal portions of the gland. This impairment involves the physiologic responses of these two segments of the glandular epithelium to both neural and hormonal stimulants. These findings suggest that the exocrine pancreatic disturbance in reserpine-treated rats may be similar to that observed in cystic fibrosis (CF), and because the treated rat has been proposed as a model for the human disease, they suggest the use of this model as a test system for the study of the pancreatic secretory abnormality in CF.
Investigation of Carrier Transport in Germanium MOSFETs With $\hbox{WN}/\hbox{Al}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}/\hbox{AlN}$ Gate Stacks

To improve source injection velocity and consequently MOSFET performance, high mobility semiconductors are being explored as possible replacements for silicon. Germanium offers enhanced electron mobility and superior hole mobility at high inversion charge density; however, formation of a high quality germanium-dielectric interface remains a serious challenge. High-K dielectrics deposited directly on germanium exhibit poor physical and electrical properties, so an interfacial layer is required. Proposed interlayers include GeON, Si, and metal nitrides such as AlN and Hf3N4. To date, reported electron mobilities have been disappointing. In this letter, carrier transport in Ge MOSFETs with WN/AI2O3AIN gate stacks is investigated using surface-channel and buried-channel devices. Peak mobilities of 300 and 600 cm2/ V ldr s are observed for buried-channel p- and n-FETs, respectively. Evidence of phosphorus passivation of the germanium-dielectric interface is also presented.
Radiotherapy: Radioactive somatostatin analog therapy against carcinoids.

A recent article by Bushnell et al. confirms and reassures what neuroendocrine tumor specialists have witnessed and believed for some time: radionuclide therapy using somatostatin analogs labeled with radioactive yttrium-90 alleviates symptoms of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors, reduces or stabilizes tumor burden and improves quality of life.
Histone modifications, DNA methylation, and Schizophrenia

Studies have demonstrated that several schizophrenia candidate genes are especially susceptible to changes in transcriptional activity as a result of histone modifications and DNA methylation. Increased expression of epigenetic enzymes which generally reduce transcription have been reported in schizophrenia postmortem brain samples. An abnormal chromatin state leading to reduced candidate gene expression can be explained by aberrant coordination of epigenetic mechanisms in schizophrenia. Dynamic epigenetic processes are difficult to study using static measures such as postmortem brain samples. Therefore, we have developed a model using cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) capable of pharmacologically probing these processes in human subjects. This approach has revealed several promising findings indicating that schizophrenia subject PBMC chromatin may be less capable of responding to agents which normally 'open' chromatin. We suggest that the ability to appropriately modify chromatin structure may be a factor in treatment response. Several pharmacological approaches for targeting epigenetic processes are reviewed.
Categorization in ASD: The Role of Typicality and Development

There is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) differ in the way in which they cognitively process information. A critical aspect of cognitiv...
Estrogenic Activity and Steroid Hormones in Swine Wastewater through a Lagoon Constructed-Wetland System

Anaerobic lagoons and treatment wetlands are used worldwide to treat wastewater from dense livestock production facilities; however, there is very limited data on the hormonal activity of the wastewater effluent produced by these treatment systems. The objectives of this experiment were to measure (1) the hormonal activity of the initial effluent and (2) the effectiveness of a lagoon-constructed wetland treatment system for producing an effluent with a low hormonal activity. Wastewater samples were taken in April, July, and November 2004 and July 2005 from a lagoon-constructed wetland system at a swine farrowing facility. Estrogenic activity (in vitro E-screen assay), 17 β-estradiol (E2), and testosterone concentrations (LC/MS−MS) were measured. A high correlation was found between estradiol equivalents determined by E-screen and LC/MS−MS (R2 = 0.82). Nutrient removal was measured to ensure that the wetlands were functioning in a manner similar to literature reports. Nutrient removals were typical for tre...
Species continuity in the thermoregulatory responses of the pigtailed macaque to monoamines injected into the hypothalamus.

Abstract 1. 1. In the unanaesthetized pigtailed monkey ( Macaca nemestrina ) in which body temperature was monitored, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine were micro-injected into the hypothalamus. 2. 2. 5-HT in dose of 2·5–10·0 μg caused a dose-dependent rise in temperature. Conversely, norepinephrine in a similar range of doses produced a fall in temperature. 3. 3. The region of maximum responsiveness to the two monoamines was the thermosensitive zone in the interior hypothalamus. 4. 4. These results provide additional support for the modulatory role of the monoamines in thermoregulation in the infra-human primate.
Nanites: an approach to structure-based monitoring

The focal point of many interactive systems is an information artifact being created and manipulated by one or more users through a user interface. The software components of such an interactive system perform their tasks relative to the data structures that represent the information artifact. System components interact with each other by changing these data and responding when relevant changes are made to them by other components. Perhaps the most difficult problem to be solved when building such data-centric systems is the monitoring problem. System components require the ability to watch for and respond to changes made to complex data structures. Previous monitoring approaches are geared toward monitoring single data items rather than entire data structures. This article describes an new monitoring approach called Nanites that is designed to simplify the task of monitoring complex data structures.
Alcohol-related birth defects in long- and short-sleep mice: Postnatal litter mortality

Alcohol sensitivity may influence the severity of alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD). To examine this hypothesis, pregnancy outcome and offspring development were examined in alcohol-sensitive Long-Sleep (LS) mice and alcohol-resistant Short-Sleep (SS) mice following prenatal ethanol exposure. Dams were intragastrically intubated twice per day (6 hr apart) with either 4.5 g/kg (20% w/v) ethanol (E) or an isocaloric amount of sucrose (S) on days 7 through 18 of pregnancy. An untreated control group (C) was maintained for each line. Results showed litter mortality at 10 days of age was greater for LS-E litters compared to both LS-S and LS-C litters. Litter mortality for SS-E litters did not differ from either SS-S or SS-C litters. Maternal weight gain, blood ethanol levels, and birth weight deficits were similar for ethanol-exposed LS and SS groups. These results suggest genetically based alcohol sensitivity influences the severity of ARBD.
Economic Impact of Asthma Therapy with Fluticasone Propionate, Montelukast, or Zafirlukast in a Managed Care Population

Study Objective. To compare asthma-related health care expenditures among patients newly prescribed fluticasone propionate 44 or 110 μg, montelukast 5 or 10 mg, or zafirlukast 20 mg. Design. Retrospective cohort analysis of medical and pharmacy claims. Setting. University-affiliated health outcomes research center. Patients. Seven hundred eighty-one patients (aged ≥ 4 yrs) with asthma treated with controller therapy for 9 months (postindex period), with no claim for an inhaled corticosteroid or leukotriene modifier in the previous 9 months (preindex period). Intervention. Asthma-related medical and pharmacy data from insurance claims of four managed care plans (two Northeastern, one Midwestern, and one Western) were tabulated over the pre- and postindex periods. Measurements and Main Results. Numbers of patients identified were 284 beginning fluticasone propionate; 302, montelukast; and 195, zafirlukast. Fluticasone propionate treatment was associated with significantly (p<0.001) lower risk-adjusted asthma-related charges compared with montelukast and zafirlukast treatment: $528, $967, and $1359, respectively. In this cohort, fluticasone propionate also was associated with fewer hospitalizations, less need for additional controller agents, and longer maintenance on the index drug compared with montelukast and zafirlukast. Conclusions. Based on these real-world data, as well as established national and international asthma guidelines, consideration should be given to inhaled corticosteroid therapy, particularly fluticasone propionate, for first-line, long-term effective management of asthma.
Decision making in pediatric cardiac surgery using intraoperative echo.

When routinely employed during repair of congenital heart disease, echo DCFI impacts in over 50% of cases by disclosing previously unrecognized abnormalities, assisting planning in the operating room, or by assisting the surgeon in recognizing the presence of less than optimal results. In the latter case, echo DCFI specifies and directs immediate action for the correction of residual defects. Such methods can be employed even in very small infants. While no method can replace surgical judgement, experience or skill, intraoperative epicardial echo DCFI is a valuable tool for guiding repair of congenital heart defects as well as for the immediate assessment of operative results.
Regulatory Roles of the N-Terminal Domain Based on Crystal Structures of Human Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 2 Containing Physiological and Synthetic Ligands†,‡

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) regulates the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. PDHK inhibition provides a route for therapeutic intervention in diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. We report crystal structures of human PDHK isozyme 2 complexed with physiological and synthetic ligands. Several of the PDHK2 structures disclosed have C-terminal cross arms that span a large trough region between the N-terminal regulatory (R) domains of the PDHK2 dimers. The structures containing bound ATP and ADP demonstrate variation in the conformation of the active site lid, residues 316−321, which enclose the nucleotide β and γ phosphates at the active site in the C-terminal catalytic domain. We have identified three novel ligand binding sites located in the R domain of PDHK2. Dichloroacetate (DCA) binds at the pyruvate binding site in the center of the R domain, which together with ADP, induces significant changes at the active site. Nov3r and AZ12 inhibitors bind at the lipoamide bindin...
Long-range antiferromagnetic order and phase separation.

Using symmetry arguments we show that for a particle-hole symmetric system that has antiferromagnetic long-range order at half-filling, and does not phase separate, the chemical potential will move across the gap when the dopants are changed from holes to electrons.
Platforms in the akalche at E1 Mirador, Peten, Guatemala and their implications

Late Preclassic Period platforms were surveyed and test-excavated in a seasonal swamp or akalche, at the large ancient lowland Maya site of El Mirador in Peten, Guatemala. Pedological, hydrological, and archaeological evidence suggest that the climatic and hydrological regimes were drier than they are today to permit habitation and warrant the investment in labor. Nevertheless, observations of present conditions, including the clayey soils, indicate that the akalche was almost as inhospitable in antiquity as it is today, that it had the same extremely poor agricultural potentials and that intensive wetland cultivation would have necessitated sizeable investments in dams to dampen the extreme seasonal fluctuations in water levels. Dams are not observed, and evidence is elicited to indicate that they would be readily observable today had they been emplaced here in antiquity. We offer evidence suggesting that these platforms had domestic functions, but we are forced to conclude that intensive wetland cultivation did not sustain them nor this large regional center as a whole. We argue, instead, that these habitations constitute evidence for population pressures on urban upland resources, especially building sites and perhaps agricultural land. Akalche households appear to have sustained themselves, at least in part, by foraging for animal and plant foods, cordage products, building materials, and firewood. The data are inadequate to decide if these structures housed full or part time specialists, or if they were self-sufficient in subsistence. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Implicit coscheduling: coordinated scheduling with implicit information in distributed systems

In modern distributed systems, coordinated time-sharing is required for communicating processes to leverage the performance of switch-based networks and low-overhead protocols. Coordinated time-sharing has traditionally been achieved with gang scheduling or explicit coscheduling, implementations of which often suffer from many deficiencies: multiple points of failure, high context-switch overheads, and poor interaction with client-server, interactive, and I/O -intensive workloads. Implicit coscheduling dynamically coordinates communicating processes across distributed machines without these structural deficiencies. In implicit coscheduling, no communication is required across operating systems schedulers; instead, cooperating processes achieve coordination by reacting to implicit information carried by communication existing within the parallel application. The implementation of this approach is simple and allows participating nodes to act autonomously. We introduce two key mechanisms in implicit coscheduling. The first is conditional two-phase waiting, a generalization of traditional two-phase waiting in which spin-time may be increased depending upon events occuring while the process waits. The second is an extension to stride scheduling that provides preemption and is fair to processes that block. To demonstrate that implicit coscheduling performs well, we show results from an extensive set of simulation and implementation experiments. To exercise the conditional two-phase waiting algorithm, we examine three workloads: bulk-synchronous and continuous-communication synthetic applications and application kernels written in the Split-C language. To exercise the local scheduler, we examine competing jobs with different communication characteristics. We demonstrate that our implementation scales well with the number of jobs and workstations and is robust to process placement. Our experiments show that implicit coscheduling is effective and fair for a wide range of workloads; most perform within 30% of an idealized model of gang scheduling.
High-extinction linear cascaded-microcavity filters

We design cascaded waveguide microcavities. Using realistic design parameters based on previously demonstrated single-stage devices, we model filters with >60dB extinction, 100GHz FSR and 1GHz bandwidth. Initial experimental results are presented.
President's page: "fix the formula" remains key issue in 2007.

![Figure][1] As of this writing, the House and Senate were set to vote on a last-minute deal preventing the 5% physician payment cuts in 2007. The legislation would provide a 0% update for 2007, as well as a 1.5% bonus-incentive payment to physicians who report on quality measures beginning
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Antagonize Tetherin through a Distinctive Mechanism That Requires Virion Incorporation

BST2/tetherin inhibits the release of enveloped viruses from cells. Primate lentiviruses have evolved specific antagonists (Vpu, Nef, and Env). Here we characterized tetherin proteins of species representing both branches of the order Carnivora. Comparison of tiger and cat (Feliformia) to dog and ferret (Caniformia) genes demonstrated that the tiger and cat share a start codon mutation that truncated most of the tetherin cytoplasmic tail early in the Feliformia lineage (19 of 27 amino acids, including the dual tyrosine motif). Alpha interferon (IFN-α) induced tetherin and blocked feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replication in lymphoid and nonlymphoid feline cells. Budding of bald FIV and HIV particles was blocked by carnivore tetherins. However, infectious FIV particles were resistant, and spreading FIV replication was uninhibited. Antagonism mapped to the envelope glycoprotein (Env), which rescued FIV from carnivore tetherin restriction when expressed in trans but, in contrast to known antagonists, did not rescue noncognate particles. Also unlike the primate lentiviral antagonists, but similar to the Ebola virus glycoprotein, FIV Env did not reduce intracellular or cell surface tetherin levels. Furthermore, FIV-enveloped FIV particles actually required tetherin for optimal release from cells. The results show that FIV Envs mediate a distinctive tetherin evasion. Well adapted to a phylogenetically ancient tetherin tail truncation in the Felidae, it requires functional virion incorporation of Env, and it shields the budding particle without downregulating plasma membrane tetherin. Moreover, FIV has evolved dependence on this protein: particles containing FIV Env need tetherin for optimal release from the cell, while Env− particles do not. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 antagonizes the restriction factor tetherin with the accessory protein Vpu, while HIV-2 and the filovirus Ebola use their envelope (Env) glycoproteins for this purpose. It turns out that the FIV tetherin antagonist is also its Env protein, but the mechanism is distinctive. Unlike other tetherin antagonists, FIV Env cannot act in trans to rescue vpu-deficient HIV-1. It must be incorporated specifically into FIV virions to be active. Also unlike other retroviral antagonists, but similar to Ebola virus Env, it does not act by downregulating or degrading tetherin. FIV Env might exclude tetherin locally or direct assembly to tetherin-negative membrane domains. Other distinctive features are apparent, including evidence that this virus evolved an equilibrium in which tetherin is both restriction factor and cofactor, as FIV requires tetherin for optimal particle release.
Cyclo(Gly-Gln) inhibits the cardiorespiratory depression produced by β-endorphin and morphine

Abstract Glycyl- l -glutamine (Gly-Gln; β-endorphin 30–31 ) is an endogenous dipeptide that is synthesized through the post-translational processing of β-endorphin. Previously, we showed that Gly-Gln inhibits the hypotension and respiratory depression produced by central β-endorphin administration. In this study, we tested whether cyclo(Gly-Gln), a non-polar, cyclic Gly-Gln derivative, was similarly effective following intracerebro-ventricular (i.c.v.) or intra-arterial (i.a.) administration to pentobarbital-anesthetized rats pretreated with β-endorphin (0.5 nmol i.c.v.). Intracerebroventricular cyclo(Gly-Gln) (0.3, 0.6 or 1.0 nmol) injection produced a dose-dependent inhibition of β-endorphin-induced hypotension, but not bradycardia, with a potency similar to that of Gly-Gln. Cyclo(Gly-Gln) (5 mg/kg) was also effective following i.a. injection and significantly attenuated the fall in arterial pressure elicited by i.c.v. β-endorphin, consistent with evidence that cyclic dipeptides permeate the blood–brain barrier; i.a. Gly-Gln was ineffective. Intra-arterial cyclo(Gly-Gln) (5 mg/kg) and i.c.v. Gly-Gln (10 nmol) also attenuated the hypotension and respiratory depression induced by morphine (50 or 100 nmol i.c.v.). Cyclo(Gly-Gln) (0.5, 5.0 or 50.0 mg/kg i.a.) had no effect on arterial pressure or heart rate when given alone. These findings indicate that cyclo(Gly-Gln) is a biologically active peptide capable of reversing the cardiorespiratory depression produced by β-endorphin or morphine.
Arolia in termites (Isoptera): functional significance and evolutionary loss

Termite workers from all families examined had no arolia (=adhesive pads) on their tarsi and are unable to climb smooth vertical surfaces such as glass or polypropylene plastic. This contrasts with ants where both workers and alates of most species possess arolia and are able to climb these surfaces. Arolia were present in alates of the majority of species investigated from three of the four most basal termite families (Mastotermitidae, Termopsidae and Kalotermitidae), though absent from the basal family Hodotermitidae that contains only three genera. Alates in the two kalotermitid species tested readily climbed glass walls. The complete evolutionary loss of arolia from alates in the specious two most apical termite families (Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae) suggests paedomorphosis. Very smooth surfaces probably cannot be used to completely prevent entry of rhinotermitid termites into buildings because these termites can eventually build galleries of feces and soil over these surfaces. However, an experiment with Coptotermes formosanus showed that a smoother surface significantly slows down the rate of gallery building.
Whey Protein Concentrate as a Proteinase Inhibitor in Pacific Whiting Surimi

The most effective inhibition of autolytic proteinase activity was found at 3% whey protein concentrate (WPC) with residual proteinase activity at 14.2%. WPC reduced papain and trypsin activities linearly with lowest residual activities of 8.7% and 41.4%, respectively. An unidentified high-molecular-weight protein was inhibitory for papain and trypsin with no inhibitory components detected at the region <M r 100,000. The highest shear strain of surimi was obtained with WPC at 4%. The values were 1.89 when rapidly cooked at 90°C for 15 min and 1.62 when pre-heated at 60°C for 30 min prior to cooking at 90°C.
Thermal expansion coefficient of 3He near 1 mK

A measurement of the thermal expansion coefficient of 3He at 0 bar from 0.6 to 3 mK is presented. At the superfluid transition the expansion coefficient changes by 1.1 × 10\s-6 mK\s-1. This change is consistent with predictions based on thermodynamic arguments and existing heat capacity data.
The combination of cobinamide and sulfanegen is highly effective in mouse models of cyanide poisoning.

Context. Cyanide is a component of smoke in residential and industrial fires, and accidental exposure to cyanide occurs in a variety of industries. Moreover, cyanide has the potential to be used by terrorists, particularly in a closed space such as an airport or train station. Current therapies for cyanide poisoning must be given by intravenous administration, limiting their use in treating mass casualties. Objective. We are developing two new cyanide antidotes – cobinamide, a vitamin B12 analog, and sulfanegen, a 3-mercaptopyruvate prodrug. Both drugs can be given by intramuscular administration, and therefore could be used to treat a large number of people quickly. We now asked if the two drugs would have an augmented effect when combined. Materials and methods. We used a non-lethal and two different lethal models of cyanide poisoning in mice. The non-lethal model assesses neurologic recovery by quantitatively evaluating the innate righting reflex time of a mouse. The two lethal models are a cyanide inj...
Pathological Changes in Human Aortic Valve Homografts

The pathological changes in 34 homograft valves transplanted to the subcoronary position are described. The valves had been in place up to 30 months and did not show evidence of graft rejection. There was evidence of repopulation of the graft by host cells and endothelialization of the leaflet in one case. There were ten instances of homograft valve failure with valve cusp rupture in eight. In four patients who died 7 to 17 months after implantation, unusual organisms were demonstrable in the thickened calcified valve, although no organisms could be isolated during life. An unidentified fungus was present in two cases and possible mycoplasma in two other cases. The demonstration of homograft infection with unusual organisms suggests that special attention needs to be placed on attempted isolation of organisms in patients with homografts. The relationship of the method of sterilization and storage of homografts used in this series to these infections is unclear.
Forced convection boiling heat transfer of freon-11 in a vertical annular passage

Abstract Forced convection boiling heat transfer coefficient of Freon-11 flowing upward through a vertical annular passage was measured. Heating element was a single inconel heating rod placed in the center of a stainless steel pipe. The range of temperature difference between the rod surface and the saturation temperature of the Freon was 2.2–14.5°C (3.9–26.1°F), and the range of the experimental heat transfer coefficient measured was 949–3419 watt/m2-°C (167.1–602 Btu/hr-ft2-°F). The measured heat transfer coefficients agreed very well with the values computed by using Chen's correlation equation for heat transfer, and the average standard deviation between these two values was ±4.03%.
Integration of Si-CMOS embedded photo detector array and mixed signal processing system with embedded optical waveguide input

ABSTRACT Arrays of embedded bipolar junction transistor (BJT) photo detectors (PD) and a parallel mixed-signal pro-cessing system were fabricated as a silicon complementary metal oxide semiconductor (Si-CMOS) circuit forthe integration optical sensors on the surface of the chip. The circuit was fabricated with AMI 1.5 µ m n-wellSi-CMOS process and the embedded PNP BJT PD has a pixel size of 8 µ mby8µ m. BJT PD was chosen totake advantage of its higher gain amplication of photo current than that of PiN type detectors since the targetapplication is a low-speed and high-sensitivity sensor. The photo current generated by BJT PD is manipulatedby mixed-signal processing system, which consists of parallel rst order low-pass delta-sigma () oversamplinganalog-to-digital converters (ADC). There are 8 parallel ADCs on the chip and a group of 8 BJT PDs are selectedwith CMOS switches. An array of PD is composed of three or six groups of PDs depending on the number ofrows.Keywords: Si-CMOS circuit, embedded photo detector, mixed-signal processing, delta-sigma analog-to-digitalconverter
An optimized method for the synthesis of 2,6-diaminoanthracene

Abstract The reduction of 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone to 2,6-diaminoanthracene was examined under a variety of conditions. Direct reduction using zinc powder gave a mixture of the target product and 9,10-dihydro-2,6-diaminoanthracene under all the conditions examined. Protection of the starting amine, followed by borohydride reduction and deprotection, gave the target product in 14–50% yield. Finally, tin powder was used to reduce the anthraquinone to 2,6-diaminoanthrone in quantitative yield. This compound was further reduced to the target 2,6-diaminoanthracene in 55–65% yield.
Successful Management of Acute Failure of the Systemic Right Ventricle with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Management of systemic right ventricular (RV) failure can be challenging. Anatomical abnormality due to congenital heart disease adds to the complexity when interventions are performed. We report a patient with acute systemic RV failure who was successfully managed with cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Inelastic Scattering of Polarized Leptons from Polarized Nucleons

A previously derived sum rule, based on $U(6)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}U(6)$ equal-time commutation relations for the space components of the electromagnetic current, implies mean polarization asymmetries of greater than 20% throughout most of the inelastic continuum.
Algorithmic paradigms: examples in computational geometry

We present a collection of algorithms that solve problems from the realm of computational geometry to illustrate several basic notions in algorithm design and analysis. Computational geometry is a young discipline that has much to offer both as a field of research and as a source of instruction materials. This paper aims to serve a dual purpose by (a) outlining results that might prick the interest of researchers looking for greener pastures (so to speak) for investigation; and (b) showing the pedagogic value of these results for teachers of algorithm design and analysis.