cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tagging quantitative loci controlling pathogenicity in Magnaporthe grisea by insertional mutagenesis.

Abstract Quantitative trait loci controlling pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus were tagged by insertional mutagenesis. Seven of 634 (1.1%) integrative transformants exhibited reduced pathogenicity; co-segregation analysis indicated that three mutants ( pat531 , pat144 and pat194 ) were tagged by plasmid insertion. Mutants pat144 and pat531 were apparently normal in vegetative growth, sporulation and appressorium formation; however, 10-fold higher inocula (10 6 vs 10 5 spores ml −1 ) were required to achieve wild-type levels of pathogenicity. Reduced pathogenicity was attributed to low infection efficiency and reduced colonization rate of host tissue. Plasmids carrying the inactivated genes were retrieved from the mutants. The identities of the retrieved sequences from pat144 and pat531 were confirmed by gene replacement and PAT531 was isolated from genomic and cDNA libraries. Complementation with the genomic clone restored the pat531 mutant to the wild-type phenotype. The 1592 bp PAT531 transcript codes for a predicted protein of 369 amino acids. Sequence analyses establish that PAT531 is a transmembrane protein with high similarity to the TB2_DP1_HVA22 family of proteins found in diverse eukaryotes.
New approach for atomic force microscopy of membrane proteins. The imaging of cholera toxin.

Abstract We demonstrate that supported synthetic phospholipid bilayers, which are stabilized by lateral cross-linking in both leaflets, can be used for specimen preparation for atomic force microscopy of purified membrane proteins with high stability and excellent reproducibility under water or low-salt buffer. A bilayer containing 1,2-dipentacosa-10,12-diynoyl-phosphatidylcholine and 20 mol% ganglioside (GMI) was transferred onto the surface of mica from a Langmuir trough. Cholera toxin, both the B-subunit and the complete molecule randomly bound to the gangliosides, were imaged by atomic force microscopy in solution with a resolution of better than 2 nm. The pentameric structure of the B-subunit oligomers was well resolved. This result indicates that, with this preparation procedure, other membrane proteins may be studied at intermediate to high resolution under physiologically relevant conditions without the need for crystallization.
Syntheses of optically pure, conformationally constrained, and highly hydrophobic unusual amino acids: 2-amino-3, 3-diarylpropionic acids*

: A series of optically pure, conformationally constrained, and highly hydrophobic unusual aromatic amino acids, 2-amino-3,3-diarylpropionic acids, were synthesized via asymmetric 1,4-Michael addition reaction/azidation reactions in seven steps with overall yields of 20–30%.
Aggregation of evidence by fuzzy set operations for vibration monitoring

Documents work on the design of a diagnostic system, which performs evidence aggregation from many sensors in order to automate the interpretation of vibration spectra. The decision system proposed is an active system, which does not always fuse the decisions from all the sensors available. The decision module is a fuzzy system, performing the generalized mean operation. The parameters of the generalized mean are chosen by a genetic algorithm. The final decision is obtained from the aggregated decision by means of /spl alpha/-cuts. The method proposed is very general and can be used for any problem involving aggregation of decisions for the purpose of classification. >
Vascular and central hemodynamic changes following exercise-induced heat stress

This study examined the effects of moderate exercise-induced heat stress (EIHS) on vascular function, central hemodynamic load and indices of coronary perfusion. Vascular-hemodynamic measures were collected in 12 healthy men (aged 22±3 years) pre and post 100 minutes of moderate, intermittent exercise in two randomized conditions: heat stress (HS; wearing firefighter personal protective equipment (PPE)), and no heat stress (NHS; wearing a cooling shirt and equivalent PPE weight). Aortic blood pressure, reflected wave pressure (Pb), systolic (SPTI) and diastolic pressure time-integral (DPTI), and aortic stiffness were assessed before and after each condition. SPTI was significantly greater, and DPTI and Pb were significantly lower for HS-post compared to NHS-post (p<0.05). Pulse wave velocity was not different between conditions. In conclusion, EIHS does not affect aortic stiffness, but increases indices of myocardial work and reduces indices of coronary perfusion which may be related to chronotropic responses to EIHS. The mismatch between oxygen demand and oxygen supply may increase cardiac vulnerability to ischemia during strenuous work in the heat.
From revolutionary rebels to a thinking generation: a reflection on China's Red Guard movement of the mid‐1960s

China's Red Guards fundamentally differed from the radical youths in the West in the 1960s. Whereas the youth rebellions in the West were largely “from the bottom up,” the Red Guard movement in China was an integral part of the Cultural Revolution – a political campaign organized “from the top down” by China's paramount leader Mao Zedong. Consequently, the Chinese youth movement of the 1960s did not entail “generational conflict” as happened in Western societies. On the contrary, it involved a dynamic of generational relations specific to Communist China. But the Red Guards in the course of their “revolutionary” experiences saw aspects of Chinese society that they could have never learned about in school; this exposure caused them to doubt the rosy picture of socialist China painted by state propaganda. As an unintended consequence, many of them ended up questioning the Communist faith, setting the stage for the rise of an independently “thinking generation.”
A thermodynamic appraisal of the radical sink hypothesis.

Abstract Analysis of the radical sink hypothesis (C.C. Winterbourn, preceding paper) shows that all reactions are energetically feasible. The process is made irreversible by the formation of superoxide from the GSSG.− anion, which is an extremely favourable reaction, −31 kcal/mol. The overall process has a Gibbs energy change of approximately −50 kcal/mol, depending on the radical that is being “repaired” by glutathione.
Direct observation of electronic intramolecular energy transfer through a large energy gap.

A double-resonance technique is used to make the first direct observation of collision-induced electronic energy transfer in a diatomic molecule through an energy gap much greater than $\mathrm{kT}$ (208 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $T=300$ K). Surprisingly, $J$ specificity is observable in this transfer process which appears to follow optical-like propensity rules in spite of the large energy gap of \ensuremath{\sim} 1760 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ between the initially populated ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ $A({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=4)$ state and the lower-lying $X({v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=7)$ ground-state level to which it is quenched. Room-temperature helium is the collision partner.
Large negative U waves associated with hypokalemia

Negative U waves in the electrocardiogram are highly specific indicators of hypertensive, valvular or ischemic heart disease. Hypokalemia, on the other hand, is usually associated with large positive U waves. In this report we present a case where a routine preoperative electrocardiogram showed large negative U waves in the chest leads. Thorough cardiac evaluation ruled out any of the listed structural or functional abnormalities. At the time of the recording, the patient had profound hypokalemia. After normalization of the serum potassium, the large negative U waves resolved. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of negative U waves in hypokalemia. We offer a possible explanation for this unusual finding.
Carbonic anhydrase activity in primate photoreceptors.

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase activity was demonstrated histochemically by light and electron microscopy in the cones but not the rods of man and Rhesus monkey. This finding appears to be the first specific enzymic distinction of photoreceptor types.
From Organism to Commodity: Gender, Class, and the Development of Soil Science in Hungary 1900–89

Through a succession of liberal and state-socialist regimes in Hungary, the interconnections of gender, class, and soil management established much of the social framework within which soil scientists produced constructs that affected scientific explanations of and prescriptions to soil-degradation problems. Various metaphors, analogies, conflations, and externalisations shaped notions of soil productivity, the producing subject, and the nature of soils. Their legitimacy and justification emerged from the evolving interplay of rural processes, the economic policies of succeeding regimes, and capitalist world-system dynamics. The results of the study suggest that physical scientists have actively promoted regime ideologies, that gendered scientific constructs need not be grounded in dualistic syllogisms, and that industrialised state-socialist scientific practices largely conformed to bourgeois principles.
Altered brain phosphoglycerate kinase from aging rats

Abstract Pure phosphoglycerate kinase from old rat brain differs from the “young” enzyme as judged by its greater stability to heat and storage and its resistance to inactivation by protease. Moreover, inactivation of young compared to old brain phosphoglycerate kinase requires different amounts of monospecific antiserum raised against either the young form of muscle or liver phosphoglycerate kinase. Both young and old brain phosphoglycerate kinase are similar with respect to Vmax in the forward and backward directions, Km for different substrates, electrophoretic mobility and average molecular weight. Thus, the properties of young and old brain phosphoglycerate kinase that are similar and those that differ share a common pattern with their young and old counterparts from rat muscle and liver. Kinetic data and immunological response indicate that brain phosphoglycerate kinase is similar if not identical to the muscle enzyme rather than the liver enzyme.
Ground-coupled acoustic airwaves from Mount St. Helens provide constraints on the May 18, 1980 eruption

Abstract The May 18, 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption perturbed the atmosphere and generated atmosphere-to-ground coupled airwaves, which were recorded on at least 35 seismometers operated by the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network (PNSN). From 102 distinct travel time picks we identify coherent airwaves crossing Washington State primarily to the north and east of the volcano. The travel time curves provide evidence for both stratospheric refractions (at 200 to 300 km from the volcano) as well as probable thermospheric refractions (at 100 to 350 km). The very few first-hand reports of audible volcano sounds within about 80 km of the volcano coincide with a general absence of ground-coupled acoustic arrivals registered within about 100 km and are attributed to upward refraction of sound waves. From the coherent refracted airwave arrivals, we identify at least four distinct sources which we infer to originate 10 s, 114 s, ∼ 180 s and 319 s after the onset of an 8:32:11 PDT landslide. The first of these sources is attributed to resultant depressurization and explosion of the cryptodome. Most of the subsequent arrivals also appear to be coincident with a source located at or near the presumed volcanic conduit, but at least one of the later arrivals suggests an epicenter displaced about 9 km to the northwest of the vent. This dislocation is compatible with the direction of the sector collapse and lateral blast. We speculate that this concussion corresponds to a northern explosion event associated with hot cryptodome entering the Toutle River Valley.
Modeling the sound of a golf club impact

A driver–golf ball impact was modeled and sound predicted using finite elements and boundary element methods. The driver head model had some features (artwork and scallops) removed to simplify the model. This de-featuring resulted in some of the simulated modes to be slightly lower than the ‘tap test’ measured modes of the fully featured, production driver. Computed acoustic modes in areas of the club head not de-featured matched experimental modes. Additionally, the impact sound simulation of a golf ball with a United States Golf Association coefficient of restitution titanium plate, with no features omitted, was completed. Acoustic pressure modes predicted well the modes measured by an accelerometer as the plate was excited by a modal hammer.
Infected Spontaneous Chylothorax

Infection of a chylothorax is thought not to occur because chyle is inherently bacteriostatic. We report a case of an infected chylothorax occurring in an immunocompromised patient with pneumonia. To our knowledge, this is the first description of such a case.
The effect of internal scattering on the color of fabrics

The effect of internal scattering on the color of dyed fabrics is calculated with the help of a highly simplified model. The predictions agree, at least qualitatively with observation. If an internally scattering fiber is ring-dyed then at lower values of the product of the coefficient of extinction and dye concentration (25–250) it is lighter than a homogenously dyed fiber but at higher values of that product it is darker.
External Mass Transfer Coefficients for Monolith Catalysts

Monolith catalyst reactors are used for controlling emissions of automotive and industrial pollutants. Various external mass transfer correlations are available for small-pitch catalysts typical of...
Insulin sensitizing property of Indigofera mysorensis extract

Indigofera mysorens is a shrub used for its antidiabetic activity in rural India. Here, we elucidate the antidiabetic potential of Indigofera mysorensis extract. Ethanolic extract of the whole shrub of Indigofera (EEI) at 300 mg/kg for 10 days, produced a 63% reduction in plasma glucose, 41% reduction in plasma triglyceride and 77% reduction in plasma insulin levels in insulin resistant db/db mice, which is better than insulin sensitizer, troglitazone (400 mg/kg). EEI unlike sulphonylureas failed to show any acute hypoglycemic effect in normoglycemic Swiss albino mice (SAM). Even in a chronic study (10 days) in SAM, EEI (300 mg/kg) like insulin sensitizers showed no effect on plasma glucose, but an 81% reduction in plasma insulin levels. When challenged with 3 gm/kg sucrose, SAM treated with EEI (300 mg/kg, 7 days) failed to show any effect on the absorption of sugar, whereas standard drug, acarbose (10 mg/kg) showed 52% reduction in the area under the plasma glucose curve. EEI failed to show any significant transactivation of PPARgamma, a proposed target of synthetic insulin sensitizers. Taken together, our data indicate that the antidiabetic effect of the ethanolic extract of Indigofera is due to its insulin sensitizing property and is clearly different from that of sulfonylurea or acarbose.
Vacuum ultraviolet radiation from plasmas

Abstract A study of the generation and transfer of radiation in gases at temperatures greater than 10 000°K usually involves spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region, whether for the determination of such quantities as oscillator strengths, line shapes, and absorption coefficients fundamental to an understanding of the detailed emission and absorption processes transpiring in the medium, or for the laboratory simulation and identification of spectral lines such as observed by astrophysicists. Results of such endeavors are equally important to an understanding of the plasma physics and of mechanisms of energy loss which often determine the maximum heating rate of, for example, controlled fusion devices, as well as to astrophysicists in the formulation of model atmospheres and the determination of stellar structure. For these purposes, laboratory sources are needed which operate at high enough density to produce useful spectra and yet are capable of simulating temperatures and equilibrium conditions of interest to astrophysicists. To this end a T -type electromagnetic shock tube operating at ∼20 000°K has been developed to generate a uniform high density atmosphere into which tracer gases are added in controlled amounts, producing variable degrees of opacity in the vicinity of broadened spectral lines of known shape, such as the Lyman series of hydrogen. Also, two θ -pinch devices operating at temperatures in the million-degree range, suitable for simulating corona equilibrium conditions and solar spectra as well as producing resonance lines of variable optical depth, are described. Experimental complexities peculiar to various regions of the extreme ultraviolet from 10 A to 2000 A are outlined, as is a discussion of absolute intensity determinations.
The effect of coagulant on the structure and properties of poly(p‐phenylene benzobisthiazole) fibers [PBZT]

Fibers spun from anisotropic solutions of a lyotropic rigid-rod polymer, poly(para-phenylene benzobisthiazole) [PBZT], were coagulated into homogeneous nonsolvents including a solution of 18% iodine/82% ethanol, ethanol, and water. The effect of these coagulants on the structure and mechanical properties of the PBZT fibers was studied. Structural and mechanical studies were performed on as-spun fibers. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction techniques have shown that fibers coagulated in the presence of iodine anions had d-spacings that were unique, as well as d-spacings that were characteristic of PBZT or iodine anions. Tensile and shear properties were highest in a fiber having a spin/draw ratio of 3 which contained 19.5% iodine species by weight. For these fibers, an average tensile strength of 2.2 GPa and a torsional modulus of 1.14 GPa was recorded. For fibers having this spin/draw ratio, and undergoing no post-processing heat treatment or tension drying, these values are much higher than would be expected.
Behavioral field evidence on psychological and social factors in dishonesty and misconduct

We review recent behavioral field evidence on dishonesty and other unethical behaviors from psychology and related fields. We specifically focus on individual-level studies that use explicitly behavioral data in natural settings, covering research topics relevant to psychology from across disciplines. Our review shows both the paucity and potential of behavioral field evidence on the psychology of dishonesty — although such research can provide actionable and realistic conclusions, it presents a host of practical and identification-related challenges that have limited its use. We explain the major methodological approaches, and discuss the multiple identification challenges for researchers using archival and other non-experimental data.
Moral disengagement and tolerance for health care inequality in Texas

Societies vary in their levels of social inequality and in the degree of popular support for policies that reduce disparities within them. Survey research in Texas, where levels of disparity in health and medical care are relatively high, studied how psychological mechanisms of moral disengagement relate to public support for expanding access to government-subsidized health care. Telephone interviews (N = 1,063) measured agreement with statements expressing tendencies to minimize the effects of inequality, blame its victims and morally justify limits on government help. The interviews also assessed support for general and specific policies to reduce inequality, e.g., through state-subsidized health care for lower income groups, as well as political party affiliation, ideological orientation, gender, age, education and income. Agreement with beliefs expressing moral disengagement was associated with opposition to governmental policies to reduce inequality in children’s health care. Beliefs that justify the withholding of government assistance, blame the victims of societal inequality, and minimize perceptions of their suffering were strongly related to variation between and within groups in support for governmental action to reduce inequality.
Revolutionizing the workplace: A case study of the future of work program at Capital One

Today's workplace designs are being revolutionized due to the changing nature of work and worker profiles, the impact of technology, and the need for organizational efficiency and flexibility. Our case study of the Future of Work (FOW) program at Capital One highlights how thoughtful segmentation of work styles, supportive HR policy, customized workplace design, and the optimal use of technology can enhance knowledge work. FOW results show clear success in terms of increased employee satisfaction leading to improved organizational performance along with better real estate asset utilization and flexibility. To assist HR leaders and planners, we suggest a practical model that shows the impact of workplace design requirements on employee behavior and ultimately on organizational outcomes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Change of galactolipids and metabolism of fatty acids in the organotypic culture of myelinating mouse brain.

Abstract The concentrations of cerebrosides and sulfatides, myelin-characteristic galactolipids, can be determined in organotypic culture of newborn mouse cerebellum by high-performance liquid chromatography. These galactolipids can be detected at 9-days in vitro explants and increased steadily until the explants were more than 3 weeks old. The levels of nonhydroxycerebroside, hydroxycerebroside, nonhydroxysulfatide, hydroxysulfatide, and monogalactosyl diacylglycerol were 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2, and 0.3 nmol/mg protein at 9 days in vitro, respectively, and 1.0 2.7 0.9 0.4, and 0.6 at 21 days in vitro, respectively. When serum was removed from the feeding medium after 9 days, the levels of these lipids did not increase and myelmation failed to occur. When a 17 day explant was kept in medium containing [1-14C]lignoceric acid for 4 days, considerable radioactivity was taken up by the explant and incorporated into nonhydroxy- and hydroxycerebrosides, sulfatides and sphingomyelin. Most of the radioactivity in the α-hydroxy fatty acids was found in cerebronic acid, the product of lignoceric acid α-hydroxylation. Similar explants also took up [1-14C]palmitic acid when it was added to the medium. The radio-activity was, however, mostly incorporated into neutral lipids and glycerophospholipids. These observations indicate that the cultured mouse cerebellum explants synthesize and accumulate myelin-characteristic lipids as does brain in vivo.
Rapid separation of VI/VII technetium oxidation states by solvent extraction with iodonitrotetrazolium chloride

Technetium99 poses a difficult problem at many nuclear waste disposal sites, as there have been multiple incidents of its release to the environment due to large quantities of fission products disposed in storage tanks. Tc is mostly present under two oxidation states, Tc(VII) and Tc(IV) and the separation of Tc(IV) from Tc(VII) is often crucial for laboratory-scale work performed for the study of Tc. This work offers a method for the rapid separation of Tc(IV) from Tc(VII), using a solvent extraction system containing iodonitrotetrazolium chloride and chloroform.
The role of mylonites in the uplift of an oblique lower crustal section, East Antarctica

Three generations of mylonites discovered in the northern Prince Charles Mountains (nPCM) are associated with episodes of crustal thickening and thinning. First-generation mylonites (MY1) are shallow thrusts which pre-date both folding and peak metamorphic conditions, and formed during early crustal thickening. Second-generation mylonites (MY2) are significant subvertical normal faults that formed at conditions of c. 5 kbar and 700° C, and throughout the nPCM consistently display NW-block uplift. It is argued that MY2 uplift was rapid in the north-west, produced exhumation of approximately 6–7 km, and caused re-equilibration of most nPCM assemblages at lower pressures. It is suggested that features of this terrane may be reconciled with a tectonic model involving simultaneous crustal thickening and lithospheric thinning; MY2 uplift may reflect isostatically induced uplift. In contrast, the adjacent east Lambert Glacier Region (eLGR) was unaffected by MY2 uplift and remained at lower crustal levels. P-T trajectories across this oblique terrane thus reflect a gradual transition in uplift rates: nPCM paths preserve mostly cooling after partial MY2 exhumation, while those in the eLGR are dominated by slower uplift which facilitated the retrograde growth of coronas and symplectites at amphibolite facies conditions. Amphibolite facies third-generation mylonites, MY3, post-date the preserved P-T segments and are low-angle normal faults which indicate consistent easterly transport across the entire terrane. It is proposed that they are related to tectonic collapse.
Monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotics produced by bacteria.

A recent article1 described two novel monocyclic β-lactam antibiotics produced by bacteria. In the past few years, we have screened bacteria isolated from numerous ecosystems and habitats for their ability to produce β-lactam antibiotics, using a strain of Bacillus licheniformis which is specific for molecules containing a β-lactam and which is sensitive down to 100 ng ml−1. From over one million bacterial isolates screened, we have now identified seven related molecules containing β-lactams produced by a range of bacterial species. For this new family of monocyclic β-lactams we suggest the class name ‘monobactam’. Bacteria which produce β-lactams are, in reality, relatively common in nature.
Spectral sensitivity of the Sooty mangabey

Purkinje shift and scotopic and photopic spectral sensitivity functions were determined for four Sooty mangabeys and five human controls using a flicker technique in a four-choice discrete trials task. Results-indicate a Purkinje shift similar in magnitude and frequency locus to that of human controls. Scotopic spectral sensitivity was almost identical to that of human controls, although both species showed reduced sensitivity relative to the standard CIE function, -at short wavelengths. Photopic spectral sensitivity disclosed enhanced sensitivity in the blue and reduced sensitivity (0.3–0.4 log units) in the red relative to human controls.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGIC RECONSTITUTION OF THYMECTOMIZED MICE.

1. Immunologic function, growth, and longevity of neonatally thymectomized mice was restored by intraperitoneal administration of 100 to 400 million syngeneic, hemiallogeneic, or ailogeneic thymus cells from newborn or adult donors. Assays of the graft versus host capabilities of spleen cells from the animals restored with allogeneic cells showed that their immunologically competent cells are of donor histocompatibility characteristics. Such animals accepted skin grafts from mice of the cell donor strain, but rejected skin from a third strain. 2. Similar results were obtained when the neonatally thymectomized animals were treated with 10 to 100 million syngeneic, hemiallogeneic, or allogeneic cells from adult spleen. 3. In one strain combination, C3H recipients and A donors, injected thymus or spleen cells apparently attacked host tissues, since the animals died very early of wasting disease. When this combination was reversed, A strain recipients treated with C3H cells were reconstituted immunologically and physiologically. 4. Syngeneic or allogeneic adult spleen, grafted in the newborn period, reconstituted neonatally thymectomized mice, but all experiments involving grafting of newborn spleen failed. Immunogenetic analysis of the host spleen cells from two allogeneic spleen-grafted animals previously thymectomized showed that the reconstitution was entirely of donor histocompatibility characteristics. 5. Postthymectomy wasting disease was reversed by administration of 200 million adult syngeneic spleen or thymus cells. Immunologic recovery was confirmed by graft versus host assays of the spleens of the recovered animals and by application of allogeneic skin grafts. Some of the animals have been under observation for 42 weeks and appear to be normal. 6. The wasting syndrome in neonatally thymectomized mice was also reversed by injection of 200 million hemiallogeneic or allogeneic spleen cells. 7. Thymus grafts did not reverse wasting disease, whether the donors were adult or newborn, of the same strain or a different one. 8. Spleen, lymph node, and Peyer's patches from representative animals of the reconstituted groups were examined and compared with the tissues of untreated neonatally thymectomized mice and intact animals of the same strain. Tissues of normal cellularity and follicular organization were found in some of the reconstituted animals and also in mice with reversed wasting disease. Extreme deficit of the lymphoid tissues was rare in either group.
Modified method of analysis for surgical correction of facial asymmetry

Introduction: The aim of this article was to present a new method of analysis using a three dimensional (3D) model of an actual patient with facial asymmetry, for the assessment of her facial changes and the quantification of the deformity. This patient underwent orthodontic and surgical treatment to correct a severe facial asymmetry. Materials and Methods: The surgical procedure was complex and the case was challenging. The treatment procedure required an orthodontic approach followed by Le Fort I osteotomy, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, septorhinoplasty and chin advancement. The imaging devices used in this paper is the 3dMDface system (Atlanta, GA) and the Kodak 9500 Cone Beam 3D system device (Atlanta, GA). 3D digital stereophotogrammetric cameras were used for image acquisition and a reverse modeling software package, the Rapidform 2006 Software (INUS Technology, Seoul, Korea) was applied for surface registration. The images were also combined and analyzed using the 3dMD vultus (Atlanta, GA) software and InVivoDental 5.2.3 (San Jose, CA). All data gathered from previously mentioned sources were adjusted to the patient's natural head position. Results: The 3D images of the patient were taken and analyzed in three time frames; before orthodontics and surgical treatment (T 1 ), at the end of orthodontic therapy and before surgery (T 2 ) and about 2 months after surgery (T 3 ). The patient showed significant improvement of her skeletal discrepancy between T 1 and T 3 . In addition, there were some dentoalveolar changes between T 1 and T 2 as expected. The 3D analysis of surgical changes on the 3D models correlated very well to the actual surgical movements. Conclusions: The use of these 3D imaging tools offer a reliable accuracy to accessing and quantifying changes that occur after surgery. This study shows supportive evidence for the use of 3D imaging techniques.
Screening for cysteine proteinase inhibitor activity in legume seeds

Extracts of 44 legume seeds were assayed for cysteine proteinase inhibitory (CPI) activity, using a papain/azocasein assay. Extracts with high papain inhibitory activity were further assayed with a crude gut extract (CGE) of larval Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (common bean weevil) against 3H-methemoglobin. Soybeans (Glycine max L Merrill), lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L), tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius A Gray), and lupine seeds (Lupinus albus L) were found to be highest in CPI activity. Soybean hypocotyl extracts were found to have much greater CPI activity, relative to protein concentration, than cotyledon extracts. Papain was much more inhibited by soybean hypocotyl and cotyledon extracts than was A obtectus CGE. Water extracts of soybean hypocotyl flour were slightly higher in CPI activity than extracts with 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.2.
Free For All---Guest Editorial: Growing Pains in the Management Sciences

I take this occasion to discuss something of the current status of the management sciences in general and of The Institute of Management Sciences in particular. TIMS, now in its 17th year, is suffering from some teenage growing pains. It was founded by a small band of young enthusiasts who foresaw, quite accurately as time has proved, the importance of the physical, social and mathematical sciences in all levels of management. About half of the founders were in universities; most of the others had staff or research positions in government or industry. There were very few managers proper in the founding group or in the membership at large during the early years and then Management Science, although receptive to papers on the underlying philosophy and applications, devoted the bulk of its pages to papers on mathematical models. As the second Editor-in-Chief of Management Science, I can testify that this was a response to the quality and quantity of papers received rather than a matter of editorial policy.
Variability of slant-path turbulence parameters and inner scale effects

A six-year data set of refractive index structure parameter (Cn2) results from VHF radar observations at White Sands Missile Range, NM is used to calculate slant path values of the transverse coherence length (ro), the isoplanatic angle, and the Rytov variance. The calculations were for a spherical wave condition, a wavelength of 1 micrometers , four different elevation angles, two path lengths, and platform, such as an aircraft, at 12.5 km MSL. Over 281,000 radar-derived profiles sampled at three minute intervals with 150-m height resolution were used for the calculations. The approach, an 'onion skin' model, assumes horizontal stationarity over each entire propagation path and is consistent with Taylor's hypothesis. Refractivity turbulent effects are greatly reduced as the elevation angle increase, a pronounced seasonal effect is seen consistent with climatological variables and gravity wave activity, and interactions of enhanced turbulence in the tropopause region is evaluated. An evaluation of inner scale on the calculations is discussed. Results of a two region model understood in terms of upward propagating gravity waves that are launched by strong winds over complex terrain are shown.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
g - A compact language for real-time graphics

We propose a medium level C-based language for computer graphics applications. The main objective is to provide real-time graphics (interactive video), hence the emphasis in the language design is on optimal speed of the machine code (to minimize system overheads) and on the compactness of the g code (so that no manuals are necessary).The language coexists and fully cooperates with C. The modular structure of the g data sector admits various programming models (sequential/concurrent, local/network extended). Portable design of the g compiler allows for various graphics configurations with adjustable speed/portability ratio. The compiler output is machine-independent “machine” code, to be explicitly interpreted on a given graphics device.The g programming environment consists of a g compiler (written in C), a portable (but slow) g interpreter (written in C) and a set of optimized interpreters for individual machines/devices (written in assembly).
NASA long duration balloon capability development project

A NASA development program is described for establishing near-global long-duration balloon (LDB) capabilities for both Antarctic and midlatitude applications. The program is intended to evaluate, research, and develop the balloon structures and systems needed for scientific payloads of over 1500 lbs for periods of up to three weeks. The systems examined include: control functions, data processing, power, navigation/positioning, and telecommunications. Test flights of the LDB Development Project in Antarctica are reported in which a 28 million cu ft balloon was launched with 3611 lbs of suspended weight. The subsystems under development are reported to work effectively for the test flights. Planned flights for the LDB based on these developments include gamma-ray and X-ray campaigns, a long-duration test in Antarctica, and an experiment based on magnetic passive isotopes.
Medical Management of Compromised Brain Oxygen in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2) monitoring is used in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. How brain reduced PbtO2 should be treated and its response to treatment is not clearly defined. We examined which medical therapies restore normal PbtO2 in TBI patients. Forty-nine (mean age 40 ± 19 years) patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] ≤ 8) admitted to a University-affiliated, Level I trauma center who had at least one episode of compromised brain oxygen (PbtO2 10 min), were retrospectively identified from a prospective observational cohort study. Intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and PbtO2 were monitored continuously. Episodes of compromised PbtO2 and brain hypoxia (PbtO2 10 min) and the medical interventions that improved PbtO2 were identified. Five hundred and sixty-four episodes of compromised PbtO2 were identified from 260 days of PbtO2 monitoring. Medical management used in a “cause-directed” manner successfully reversed 72% of the episodes of compromised PbtO2, defined as restoration of a “normal” PbtO2 (i.e. ≥25 mmHg). Ventilator manipulation, CPP augmentation, and sedation were the most frequent interventions. Increasing FiO2 restored PbtO2 80% of the time. CPP augmentation and sedation were effective in 73 and 66% of episodes of compromised brain oxygen, respectively. ICP reduction using mannitol was effective in 73% of treated episodes, though was used only when PbtO2 was compromised in the setting of elevated ICP. Successful medical treatment of brain hypoxia was associated with decreased mortality. Survivors (n = 38) had a 71% rate of response to treatment and non-survivors (n = 11) had a 44% rate of response (P = 0.01). Reduced PbtO2 may occur in TBI patients despite efforts to maintain CPP. Medical interventions other than those to treat ICP and CPP can improve PbtO2. This may increase the number of therapies for severe TBI in the ICU.
Conclusions and recommendations: Avenues for addressing teaching and learning improprieties

Based on the research reported in this volume, the authors offer recommendations for all affected parties.
Calcium-binding proteins as markers for subpopulations of GABAergic neurons in monkey striate cortex

Recent studies have shown that the presence of immunoreactivity for parvalbumin (PV-IR) and calbindin-D 28k (Cal-IR) can be used as markers for certain types of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactive interneurons in monkey cerebral cortex. Little quantitative information is available regarding the features that distinguish these two subpopulations, however. Therefore, in this study we localized PV-IR and Cal-IR neurons in Macaca monkey striate cortex and analyzed quantitatively their laminar distribution, cell morphology, and co-localization with GABA by double-labeling immunocytochemistry. PV-IR was found in nonpyramidal cells in all layers of the cortex, although PV-IR cells in layer 1 were rare. In contrast, Cal-IR was found mainly in nonpyramidal cells in two bands corresponding to layers 2-3 and 5-6. We found very few double-labeled PV-IR/Cal-IR cells but confirmed that almost all PV-IR and Cal-IR cells are GABAergic. Overall, 74% of GABA neurons in striate cortex displayed PV-IR compared to only 12% that displayed Cal-IR and 14% that were GABA-IR only. Quantitative analysis indicated that the relative proportion of GABA cells that displayed PV-IR or Cal-IR showed conspicuous laminar differences, which were often complementary. Cell size measurements indicated that PV-IR/GABA cells in layers 2-3 and 5-6 were significantly larger than Cal-IR/GABA cells. Analysis of the size, shape, and orientation of stained cell bodies and proximal dendrites further demonstrated that each subpopulation contained several different types of smooth stellate cells, suggesting that Cal-IR and PV-IR are found in functionally and morphologically heterogeneous subpopulations of GABA neurons. There was a thick bundle of PV-IR axons in the white matter underlying the striate but not prestriate cortex. PV-IR punctate labeling matched the cytochrome oxidase staining pattern in layers 4A and 4C, suggesting that PV-IR is present in geniculocortical afferents as well as intrinsic neurons. Cal-IR neuropil staining was high in layers 1, 2, 4B, and 5, where cytochrome oxidase staining is relatively low. We did not find a preferential localization of either PV-IR or Cal-IR cell bodies in any cytochrome oxidase compartments in layers 2-3 of the cortex. These findings indicate that PV and Cal are distributed into different neuronal circuits.
Some characteristics and optimum incubation conditions of in vitro progesterone synthesis by bovine corpora lutea.

In view of the widespread use of in vitro incubations of corpus luteum slices for a variety of purposes, experiments were conducted to establish optimum incubation conditions and to determine some of the sources of error variation observed in this system. A 2-hr incubation period was sufficient to detect an LH (luteinizing hormone) induced stimulation of progesterone synthesis; longer incubation times yielded higher levels of synthesis but did not increase the precision of the assay. The pH optimum for the incubation system was between 7.15 and 7.55. Addition of 1 μmole NADPH2 resulted in a consistent stimulation of progesterone synthesis, even in those groups already maximally stimulated with LH, suggesting that 2 different mechanisms are operative for the 2 stimulating agents. NADPH2 did not change the regression coefficient or the precision of the assay. Addition of nicotinamide (30 HIM) resulted in higher rates of progesterone synthesis, presumably by maintaining the integrity of the pyridine nucleoti...
6-thio- and -seleno-D-galactose esters of dimethylarsinous acid

Abstract The syntheses of 1,2:3,4-di- O -isopropylidene-6- S -dimethylarsino-6-thio-α- D -galactopyranose ( 2 ), methyl 6- S -dimethylarsino-6-thio- D -galactopyranoside ( 3 ), and 1,2:3,4-di- O -isopropylidene-6- Se -dimethylarsino-6-seleno-α- D -galactopyranose ( 8 ) are reported. The attempted preparation of 6- Se -dimethylarsino-6-seleno- D -galactopyranose ( 9 ) is also discussed. The n.m.r. spectra of these compounds are unexceptional, except for the slight downfield shift of the arsenic methyl resonances for the selenium compound as compared to the sulfur compound, confirming previous observations. The mass spectra of these compounds showed molecular ions for 2 , 3 , and 8 . The u.v. spectra of the X-As (X = S, Se) chromophore are discussed in terms of a simplified MO model. 1,2:3,4-Di- O -isopropylidene-6- S -dimethylarsino-6-thio-α- D -galactopyranose ( 2 ) showed carcinostatic activity in the P388 system (mouse lymphocytic leukemia).
Uniformly overtaking and weakly overtaking optimal solutions in infinite-horizon optimal control: when optimal solutions are agreeable

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between two classes of optimality which have arisen in the study of dynamic optimization problems defined on an infinite-time domain. We utilize an optimal control framework to discuss our results. In particular, we establish relationships between limiting objective functional type optimality concepts, commonly known as overtaking optimality and weakly overtaking optimality, and the finite-horizon solution concepts of decision-horizon optimality and agreeable plans. Our results show that both classes of optimality are implied by corresponding uniform limiting objective functional type optimality concepts, referred to here as uniformly overtaking optimality and uniformly weakly overtaking optimality. This observation permits us to extract sufficient conditions for optimality from known sufficient conditions for overtaking and weakly overtaking optimality by strengthening their hypotheses. These results take the form of a strengthened maximum principle. Examples are given to show that the hypotheses of these results can be realized.
An optical rotary dispersion study of glycogen phosphorylase

Abstract Various forms of glycogen phosphorylase from rabbit skeletal muscle have been characterized by optical rotatory dispersion. Data obtained between 400 and 600 mμ was treated according to a one term Drude equation. Activation of phosphorylase b by phosphorylation or by combination with AMP resulted in an increase in the constant A of the Drude expression while λ c , indicative of the helix content, remained unchanged. NaBH 4 reduction of phosphorylase b or dissociation of phosphorylase a by high NaCl concentrations resulted in relatively minor conformational changes as judged by this technique. The structural role of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in this enzyme was indicated by the difference in conformation between native and apophosphorylase b . One of the most striking observations was the complete lack of apophosphorylase b response to the allosteric effector AMP which suggests a site-site interaction between the AMP and pyridoxal phosphate sites on the protein. It was concluded that in the case of this enzyme, optical rotatory dispersion changes could be correlated with changes in enzymatic activity induced by phosphorylation of the protein or by the allosteric effector AMP.
Soluble striatal extracts enhance development of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in vitro

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that diffusible factors released by neural target tissues enhance survival, growth, and differentiation of neurons within the central, as well as the peripheral, nervous system. In this report, we use catecholamine cytofluorescence to demonstrate that a soluble factor from the striatum produces a 4-fold increase in number of catecholamine cytofluorescent-positive dopaminergic neurons in dissociated mesencephalon cultures prepared from embryonic 14-day-old rats. The same soluble extract enhances the number of neurites per cell and the length of neurites, and also produces a greater than 3.5-fold stimulation of high affinity dopamine uptake into neurons. Such stimulation is significantly reduced following trypsin treatment. The trophic effects on dopaminergic neurons are maximal in extracts of the striatum, but are also found in extracts of the hippocampus-entorhinal cortex-amygdaloid nucleus and the cerebral cortex, although they are less in extracts of the cerebellum, negligible in the olfactory bulb, and absent in the liver. With molecular sieving chromatography, the soluble factors stimulating high affinity dopamine uptake are partially separable from the factors stimulating neuronal high affinity GABA uptake. The approximate molecular weight of the factors influencing dopaminergic neurons is 1500–2200 Da.
Fly-let Biology and the High Protein/Low Carb Diet

In Drosophila, a simple network of nutrient-sensing neuroendocrine cells, analogs of pancreatic islet alpha and beta cells, regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Work presented in this issue of Cell Metabolism (Buch et al., 2008) shows that signals from these cells control expression of a glycogen-specific glucosidase in response to dietary protein and carbohydrate.
Flow through communicating channels compact heat transfer geometry

Abstract This communication deals with the interrelation between the global fluid flow performances and the micro scale flow patterns through the communicating channels geometry. The Fanning friction factor vs. Reynolds number correlation was experimentally determined for a fluid flow through specially designed compact heat transfer cores. The onset of a turbulent-like flow regime was noted and compared with the existing theoretical prediction.