cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the number distributions of urban and regional aerosols: theoretical foundations

Abstract Recent studies suggest an association between particle number concentrations and adverse health effects in humans and laboratory animals. A photochemical model able to predict the particle number distribution and concentration will be very helpful to establish the association between emissions and air quality needed for developing rational emission control strategies. As the first step of the study, each term in the aerosol dynamic equation, namely condensation and evaporation, coagulation, gravitational settling, nucleation, advection, turbulent transport, emission, deposition and heterogeneous chemical reaction, is analyzed to estimate its influence on the overall number distributions under typical urban conditions.
Stability of piperonyl butoxide.

Abstract Thin films of commercial grade piperonyl butoxide (PB) were stable during exposure to intense fluorescent light (8000 ft-cs) for periods up to 7 days. In addition, only 40% of the PB in films produced from insecticide aerosols was lost during 7-day exposure. When commercial grade PB was heated to 100°C for up to 5 days, there was no appreciable degradation. The authors conclude that PB is stable under extreme conditions related to domestic usage.
The reactions of tritium trapped in inorganic crystals

Abstract Tritium produced and trapped in neutron irradiated LiCl has been released by solution under a variety of conditions. With acetone as the solvent, a variable fraction of the activity reaches stable chemical combination in tritium-labelled acetone. A large amount of activity is found as labile hydrogen after solution in acetone, ethyl alcohol, and acetic acid. The acetone results indicate the presence of a reactive species of hydrogen in the irradiated LiCl.
Nocturnal Low-Level Jet in a Mountain Basin Complex. Part II: Transport and Diffusion of Tracer under Stable Conditions

Abstract Differences in nighttime transport and diffusion of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer in an urban complex-terrain setting (Salt Lake City, Utah) are investigated using surface and Doppler lidar wind data and large-scale surface pressure differences. Interacting scales of motion, as studied through the URBAN 2000 field program combined with the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) experiment, explained the differences in the tracer behavior during three separate intensive operating periods. With an emphasis on nighttime stable boundary layer conditions, these field programs were designed to study flow features responsible for the nighttime transport of airborne substances. This transport has implications for air quality, homeland security, and emergency response if the airborne substances are hazardous. The important flow features investigated included thermally forced canyon and slope flows and a low-level jet (LLJ) that dominated the basin-scale winds when the surface pressure gradient was weak. ...
Importance of benthic production to fish populations in Lake Mead prior to the establishment of quagga mussels

Abstract Limnologists recently have developed an interest in quantifying benthic resource contributions to higher-level consumers. Much of this research focuses on natural lakes with very little research in reservoirs. In this study, we provide a contemporary snapshot of the food web structure of Lake Mead to evaluate the contribution of benthic resources to fish consumers. In addition, we document the available food to fishes on soft sediments and changes to the invertebrate community over 2 time periods. Benthic invertebrate food availability for fishes is greater in Las Vegas Bay than Overton Arm. Las Vegas Bay is dominated by oligochaetes, whose biomass increased with depth, while Overton Arm is dominated by chironomids, whose biomass did not change with depth. Diet and isotopic measurements indicate the fish community largely relies on benthic resources regardless of basin (Las Vegas Bay >80%; Overton Arm >92%); however, the threadfin shad likely contribute more to largemouth and striped bass product...
Simultaneous measurements of velocity and CH distributions. Part 1: jet flames in co-flow

Abstract Velocity field and CH distribution are measured simultaneously using particle-image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of CH in piloted, turbulent, jet flames in coflow. The CH distribution is found to correspond well with the location of the stoichiometric velocity, U S , both instantaneously and on average. In addition, the CH distribution is observed to align with high-strain rate regions; however, significantly higher values of the maximum strain rates, compared to the mean value, are frequently observed. The residence time in the flame surface as represented by CH, τ F , remains nearly constant with axial distance downstream and is found to scale as τ F ∼ d / U b , where d and U b are nozzle exit diameter and bulk nozzle-exit velocity, respectively. The mean value of the compressive principal strain rate is observed to decrease along the axial direction and shows a good correlation to a S ∼ ( x / d ) −0.7 relation for a wide range of jet Reynolds numbers. Finally, the two-dimensional dilatation is not seen to be a good marker of the flame position, unlike the case for premixed flames.
Peritoneoscopy in geriatric patients.

: The results of peritoneoscopy in 119 patients of advanced age are described. The procedure permits thorough inspection of the entire abdominal cavity and, in association with guided biopsy, leads to early diagnosis in patients with suspected carcinoma, ill defined chronic liver disease or ascites of undetermined etiology. The relative lack of serious complications makes this procedure feasible in patients of all ages.
Lipid biosynthesis and transport in the domestic chick (Gallus domesticus)

Abstract 1. 1. Lipogenesis in the domestic chick ( Gallus domesticus ) was studied by administering acetate-1- 14 C and glucose-U- 14 C and isolating the 14 C-labeled lipids from body tissues. 2. 2. Between 90 and 95 per cent of de novo fatty acid synthesis in the chick appears to take place in the liver. 3. 3. The primary function of chick adipose tissue appears to be one of lipid storage rather than lipid synthesis. 4. 4. Triglyceride occurring in the plasma as β- or low-density lipoprotein is the main transport form of lipid from liver to adipose tissue. 5. 5. The possible sources of labeled free fatty acids appearing in the plasma shortly after isotope administration are discussed.
Determination of higher order coefficients and zones of dominance using a singular integral equation approach

Abstract A method to determine higher order coefficients from the solution of a singular integral equation is presented. The coefficients are defined by σ rr ( r , 0 ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ k n ( 2 r ) n - 1 2 + T n ( 2 r ) n , which gives the radial stress at a distance, r, in front of the crack tip. In this asymptotic series the stress intensity factor, k0, is the first coefficient, and the T-stress, T0, is the second coefficient. For the example of an edge crack in a half space, converged values of the first 12 mode I coefficients (kn and Tn, n = 0, … , 5) have been determined, and for an edge crack in a finite width strip, the first six coefficients are presented. Coefficients for an internal crack in a half space are also presented. Results for an edge crack in a finite width strip are used to quantify the size of the k-dominant zone, the kT-dominant zone and the zones associated with three and four terms, taking into account the entire region around the crack tip.
A continous laguerre transform and its inverse

We First define a continuous extension of the Laquerre polynomials and give some properties of this continuous extension. Then we define a continuous Laguerre transform for square integrable functions, give some properties of this transform and give a sampling theorem that is similar to the well known Shannon-Whittaker Sampling Theorem for Fourier transform. The inverse of this transform is also given.
Improving the energy/power constraint for technology optimization

Consideration of energy and power constraints is critical in establishing roadmap projections for future generations of CMOS technology. We introduce a new optimization constraint, energy × power density, which better reflects actual design goals and compromises, and use it to evaluate technology scaling trends. We highlight differences from conventional expectations about scaling, including the need for separate targets for high-performance parallel designs versus single- thread designs, and include an evaluation of the prospects for low- temperature operation.
3D stand-up metamaterials with a purely magnetic resonance at terahertz frequencies

In this paper we present a copper-based 3-dimensional (3D) stand-up metamaterial which displays a purely magnetic resonance at terahertz (THz) frequencies. A multilayer-electroplating technique is used to fabricate these arrayed structures and experimental results demonstrate a strong LC resonance at 1.38 THz with quality factor of 18.7. The successful design, fabrication and characterization of these 3D structures provides a new pathway for implementing novel electromagnetic properties at terahertz frequencies.
Correlation of murine anti-dinitrophenyl antibody content as determined by ELISA, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and passive hemolysis

Antibody contents of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgE were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in ascites and sera obtained from mice injected with hybridomas producing monoclonal anti-DNP antibodies. In addition, IgG1 and IgE antibodies from sera of immunized mice were also measured by ELISA. Concomitantly, antibody contents were also determined by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice for IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, by PCA in guinea pigs for IgG2a, by PCA in rats for IgE and by passive hemolysis (PL) for IgG2a and IgG2b. Good correlations were found in the investigated samples between ELISA and the biological determinations.
Foci formation of MCF7 cells as an in vitro screening method for estrogenic chemicals

Previously we reported a novel phenomenon that some organochlorine compounds mainly act through activation of c-Neu tyrosine kinase without being strong agonists for the estrogen receptor. In this study we tested the possibility of developing an assay system to identify estrogenic compounds acting through this c-Neu-mediated mechanism. We describe herein an assay that utilizes foci formation of MCF7 cells as an endpoint, antibody 9G6 to neutralize the c-Neu-mediated pathway and 4-hydroxytamoxifen to block the ER. Aroclors 1242 and 1248, 2,2′,3,5′,6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95), 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB), cis- and trans- permethrins, and chlorothalonil were found to render estrogenic effects through this c-Neu-mediated mechanism, while α and β- endosulfans appeared to act through a pathway independent of the c-Neu-mediated one. Pentachloronitrobenzene was found to be capable of antagonizing the 17β-estradiol effect, which has never been reported previously.
Pheochromocytoma without hypertension presenting as cardiomyopathy

Abstract Characteristically, a patient with pheochromocytoma presents with paroxysmal or sustained hypertension and related symptoms. Occasionally the predominant manifestation of such a tumor may be congestive heart failure associated with primary myocardial disease, and hypertension may be absent. A patient with pheochromocytoma whose symptoms and clinical course related to a primary cardiomyopathy, and who remained normotensive until the final month of illness, has been presented. Mechanisms implicated in the development of primary myocardial disease by a pheochromocytoma have been reviewed. Diagnostic and therapeutic measures have been briefly outlined. The physician must be alert to the relatively rare occurrence of a pheochromocytoma in a patient who presents with a primary cardiomyopathy or unexplained congestive heart failure, since removal of the tumor allows for regression, if not cure, of the associated heart disease.
Hemorheological aspects of the endothelium-plasma interface

Abstract The nature of the endothelium-plasma interface affects many hemorheological conditions. Different manifestations of the flow of blood in the microcirculation, such as bolus flow and entry flow into blood vessels, are briefly discussed, as are the application of the lubrication theory and basic equations for the flow of blood. The occurrence of a marginal or plasmatic zone in blood capillaries in vivo has been questioned by some investigators and a conclusive theory is lacking. The width of the plasmatic zone was found to depend upon the velocity of blood flow at the affected site. The existence of an immobile portion of the plasmatic zone has been discussed also in relation to the author's concept of the endoendothelial fibrin layer. He proposed that the site for homeostasis of fibrin formation and fibrinolysis is located in the more or less immobile layer of the plasmatic zone. The experimental application of the concept of the endoendothelial fibrin layer resulted in a number of findings which have a direct bearing on the flow of blood in the microcirculation. Copley and Scott Blair (1958, 1959) found that the apparent viscosity of blood showed a marked decrease in contact with fibrin as compared to glass surface. Physiologically, the proposed endoendothelial fibrin layer might constitute a major factor in aiding the circulation by increasing the velocity of blood flow. A number of in vivo and extra vivum observations pertaining to the plasmatic zone are critically evaluated. The importance of capillary viscometry, the assumption of slip and the role of plug flow are discussed. In 1971, the author proposed a new concept on the initiation of thrombosis, based on his rheogoniometric findings of viscous resistance, i.e., torque values in response to shear, of plasma protein layers, including fibrinogen, and on the formation of polymolecular surface layers of proteins reported by other investigators. He considers that this aggregation of proteins occurs in two steps, viz., a first adsorption process on the surface of the endoendothelial fibrin layer followed by a contiguous growth process, in which additional protein molecules are adsorbed. This leads to partial or complete obstruction of the affected microvessels. Aggregation of blood cellular elements, such as platelets, and/or fibrin gelation are mainly subsequent processes in obstructing the lumen of blood vessels. Recent findings of the role of red blood cells and platelets on viscous resistance of plasma protein surface layers have been related to situations as they can exist in certain parts of the microcirculation. New hypothetical considerations are advanced with regard to the elastic rigidity of the proposed endoendothelial fibrin layer. They concern the postulation of hitherto unknown factors which may play a significant role both in the elasticity and patency of blood capillaries. The significance of hemorheological aspects at the endothelium-plasma interface is stressed in relation to health and disease.
On the decay of 150Pr

The decay of 150Pr to levels in 150Nd has been investigated. The ground band and the first member of the Kπ = O− octupole band in 150Nd are observed to be directly populated in the β− decay. The ground state of 150Pr is argued to be Iπ = 1+ with the configuration assignment {52+[413]π; 32+[651]ν}1+. A significant amount of ΔN = 2 mixing between the 32+[651] and 32+[402] neutron orbitals is expected in this configuration.
A GABAA Receptor Mutation Linked to Human Epilepsy (γ2R43Q) Impairs Cell Surface Expression of αβγ Receptors

A mutation in the gamma2 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor (GABAR), which changes an arginine to a glutamine at position 43 (R43Q), is linked to familial idiopathic epilepsies. We used radioligand binding, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence techniques to examine the properties of wild-type alpha1beta2gamma2 and mutant alpha1beta2gamma2R43Q GABARs expressed in HEK 293 cells. The gamma2R43Q mutation had no affect on the binding affinity of the benzodiazepine flunitrazepam. However, in cells expressing alpha1beta2gamma2R43Q GABARs, the number of binding sites for [3H]flunitrazepam relative to wild-type receptors was decreased 75%. Using surface protein biotinylation, affinity purification, and immunoblotting, we demonstrated that expression of cell surface alpha1beta2gamma2R43Q GABARs was decreased. Surface immunostaining of HEK 293 cells expressing alpha1beta2gamma2R43Q GABARs confirmed that surface expression of the gamma2R43Q subunit was reduced. These data demonstrate that the gamma2R43Q mutation impairs expression of cell surface GABARs. A deficit in surface GABAR expression would reduce synaptic inhibition and result in neuronal hyperexcitability, which could explain why families possessing the gamma2R43Q subunit have epilepsy.
Religious Meaning and Subjective Well-Being in Late Life

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between religious meaning and subjective well-being. A major emphasis is placed on assessing race differences in the relationship between these constructs. Methods Interviews were conducted with a nationwide sample of older White and older Black adults. Survey items were administered to assess a sense of meaning in life that is derived specifically from religion. Subjective well-being was measured with indices of life satisfaction, self-esteem, and optimism. Results The findings suggest that older adults who derive a sense of meaning in life from religion tend to have higher levels of life satisfaction, self-esteem, and optimism. The data further reveal that older Black adults are more likely to find meaning in religion than older White adults. In addition, the relationships among religious meaning, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and optimism tend to be stronger for older African Americans persons than older White persons. Discussion Researchers have argued for some time that religion may be an important source of resilience for older Black adults, but it is not clear how these beneficial effects arise. The data from this study suggest that religious meaning may be an important factor.
Field Theories of Mind and Brain

Aron Gurwitsch’s Gestalt-inspired “field theory of consciousness” was introduced in the same period as Wolfgang Kohler’s theory of “electrical brain fields.” I consider parallels between these theories, drawing on results that have emerged in the last five years. First, I consider the claim that fields of consciousness supervene on electromagnetic fields in the brain, then I outline Gurwitsch’s field theory of consciousness, and finally I consider how the structures described by Gurwitsch might relate to structures in the brain’s electro-magnetic field. Along the way, I expose a dogma (that qualia are paradigmatic conscious states) and develop an interpretation of Gurwitsch’s field
The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project: new resources for reading the molecular signatures of cancer†

The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) has built informational, technological, and physical resources to interface genomics with basic and clinical cancer research. The CGAP web site (http://cgap.nci.nih.gov) provides informatics tools for in silico analysis of the CGAP datasets as well as information for accessing each of the CGAP resources. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of genes involved in Drosophila melanogaster geotaxis, a complex behavioral trait

Identifying the genes involved in polygenic traits has been difficult. In the 1950s and 1960s, laboratory selection experiments for extreme geotaxic behavior in fruit flies established for the first time that a complex behavioral trait has a genetic basis. But the specific genes responsible for the behavior have never been identified using this classical model. To identify the individual genes involved in geotaxic response, we used cDNA microarrays to identify candidate genes and assessed fly lines mutant in these genes for behavioral confirmation. We have thus determined the identities of several genes that contribute to the complex, polygenic behavior of geotaxis.
Bounds and effective bandwidth of two dimensional functions

In practice all signals are time-limited and thus have infinite bandwidth. Bounds and effective bandwidths of 2D functions are derived for the maximum error criterion. The 2D functions considered are circular symmetric and of compact support, and their nth derivatives are of bounded variation, where n>or=2. The low-pass filter used for truncation is also circular symmetric. >
Linking Competitive Advantage with Communities of Practice

This article argues that a dominant set of current themes in the management literature themes of learning, participative leadership, collaboration, strategic thinking, and total quality management, converge around the creation of a set of metacapabilities. Metacapabilities allow organizations to adapt to change on a continuous basis by contributing the kinds of skill and knowledge that underlie the process of capability building itself. The creation of these metacapabilities, in turn, requires new metaphors for thinking about organizations. One such metaphor conceives of organizations as communities of practice. Communities of practice are composed of groups of individuals united in action. This view allows us to move beyond the emulation of fragmented best practices to focus on the underlying value system that is likely to support such communities. The author argues that this discussion is informed by more than a decade of work by feminist moral theorists on an ethic of care.
Hydrogel-PLGA delivery system prolongs 2-methoxyestradiol-mediated anti-tumor effects in osteosarcoma cells

Osteosarcoma is a bone tumor that affects children and young adults. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), a naturally occurring estrogen metabolite, kills osteosarcoma cells, but does not affect normal osteoblasts. In order to effectively target osteosarcoma and improve the therapeutic index of the drug 2-ME, we have encapsulated 2-ME in a composite of oligo-(polyethylene glycol) fumarate (OPF) hydrogel and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres and investigated the effect of polymer composition on 2-ME release kinetics and osteosarcoma cell survival. The in vitro study shows that 2-ME can be released in a controlled manner over 21-days. The initial burst releases observed on day 1 were 50% and 32% for OPF and OPF/PLGA composites, respectively. The extended release kinetics show that 100% of the encapsulated 2-ME is released by day 12 from OPF, whereas the OPF/PLGA composites showed a release of 85% on day 21. 2-ME released from the polymers was biologically active and blocked osteosarcoma cell proliferation in vitro. Also, comparison of 2-ME delivery in osteosarcoma cells in culture, shows that direct treatment has no effect after 3 days, whereas polymer-mediated delivery produces anti-tumor effects that could be sustained for 21 days. These findings show that the OPF and PLGA polymeric system may prove to be useful in controlled and sustained delivery of 2-ME and could be further explored in the treatment of osteosarcoma. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 2491–2499, 2013.
Size-Independent Prism Resonator Partially Filled With DNG Metamaterial

A cavity resonator in the shape of a prism with a square base and walls that are either perfect electric or perfect magnetic conductors is considered. The resonator consists of two identical prisms with triangular bases, filled respectively with a double-positive material and a double-negative metamaterial, the two materials having opposite refractive indexes and the same intrinsic impedance. It is shown that electromagnetic fields whose electric or magnetic field is parallel to the height of the prism may exist for any dimensions of the cavity.
Acoustic training from heterogeneous data sources: experiments in Mandarin conversational telephone speech transcription

In this paper we investigate the use of heterogeneous data sources for acoustic training. We describe an acoustic normalization procedure for enlarging an ASR acoustic training set with out-of-domain acoustic data. A larger in-domain training set is created by effectively transforming the out-of-domain data before incorporation in training. Baseline experimental results in Mandarin conversational telephone speech transcription show that a simple attempt to add out-of-domain data degrades performance. Preliminary experiments assess the effectiveness of the proposed cross-corpus acoustic normalization. Furthermore, we investigate the behavior of speaker adaptive training in conjunction with the cross-corpus normalization procedure.
Lessons in Sustainability from the Inca Empire

AbstractThe engineers of the ancient Inca Empire cleverly used the resources of nature efficiently. Because of their unique awareness of nature, they were able to build durable structures that have lasted for more than 500 years. The structures they created reveal an exacting observation of the forces of nature and a honed ability to work in cooperation with those forces. This summation of the Inca storehouse structures in relationship to nature demonstrates that the relationship between construction and nature is powerful and can be used in a positive manner. Modern engineers can create more sustainable structures if they devote careful attention to nature.
Red blood cells play a role in reverse cholesterol transport.

Objective—Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) involves the removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissue for excretion in the feces. Here, we determined whether red blood cells (RBCs) can contribute to RCT. Methods and Results—We performed a series of studies in apolipoprotein AI-deficient mice where the high-density lipoprotein–mediated pathway of RCT is greatly diminished. RBCs carried a higher fraction of whole blood cholesterol than plasma in apolipoprotein AI-deficient mice, and as least as much of the labeled cholesterol derived from injected foam cells appeared in RBCs compared with plasma. To determine whether RBCs mediate RCT to the fecal compartment, we measured RCT in anemic and control apolipoprotein AI-deficient mice and found that anemia decreased RCT to the feces by over 35% after correcting for fecal mass. Transfusion of [3H]cholesterol-labeled RBCs led to robust delivery of the labeled cholesterol to the feces in apolipoprotein AI-deficient hosts. In wild-type mice, the majority of the bl...
Geoarchaeology and late quaternary geomorphology of the middle south Platte River, Northeastern Colorado

Investigations were conducted along the middle South Platte River to better define the geomorphic contexts of Paleoindian sites and to reconstruct the alluvial and eolian geochronology. Paleoindian sites are associated with the Kersey terrace (the downstream equivalent of the Broadway terrace). The Kersey alluvium was deposited during Clovis occupation and the surface stabilized by 10,000 B.P. Post-Clovis sites post-date aggradation and stream downcutting may have started as early as 10,500 B.P. Subsequent floodplain development and downcutting formed the Kuner terrace (the possible downstream equivalent of the Piney Creek terrace) no later than 3000 B.P. and the Hardin terrace probably within the last 1000 years. Soils on the Kersey terrace are Ustochrepts (gravelly alluvium) or Haplustalfs (sandy and clayey alluvium). Soils on the Kuner terrace are cumulic Ustorthents and Ustochrepts. Soils on the Hardin terrace are Ustorthents with no obvious horizonation. Eolian sands began accumulating in the region by 10,000 B.P., but most are probably late Holocene deposits and are indicative of drier post-Pleistocene climate. Correlations with deposits in low order tributaries and other drainages can be difficult to make a) using soils because soil development varies as a function of parent material texture and b) because aggradation and degradation may be out-of-phase.
A Bayesian order-restricted model for hormonal dynamics during menstrual cycles of healthy women.

We propose a Bayesian framework for analyzing multivariate linear mixed effect models with linear constraints on the fixed effect parameters. The procedure can incorporate both firm and soft restrictions on the parameters and Bayesian model selection for the random effects. The framework is used to analyze data from the BioCycle study. One of the main objectives of the BioCycle study is to investigate the association between markers of oxidative stress and hormone levels during menstrual cycles of healthy women. Contrary to the popular belief that ovarian hormones are negatively associated with level of F 2-isoprostanes, a known marker for oxidative stress, our analysis finds a positive association between ovarian hormone levels and isoprostane levels. The positive association corroborates the findings from a previous analysis of the BioCycle data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An immunoprobe to measure Rubisco concentrations and maximal photosynthetic rates of individual phytoplankton cells.

The cross-reactivity of an immunological probe to the key photosynthetic enzyme Rubisco (ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) was characterized as part of a larger effort to determine maximal photosynthetic rates of individual phytoplankton cells. Polyclonal antiserum was produced against purified Rubisco from the marine diatom Chaetoceros gracilis. The results of western immunoblotting demonstrated that the antiserum reacted positively with Rubisco from 38 species of algae and higher plants and failed to react with only three species of dinoflagellates and one prochlorophyte species. However, the binding affinity or the strength of the cross-reaction for the polyclonal antiserum with purified Rubisco varied among species. The antiserum was then affinity purified against spinach Rubisco and its binding affinity for purified Rubisco determined by ELISA. Two taxonomic groupings resulted: one with high-binding affinity (these species included chrysophytes, bacillariophytes, prymnesiophytes, and chlorophytes) and the other with low-binding affinity (dinophytes and cyanophytes). Rubisco concentration per cell and light-saturated rates of photosynthesis were highly correlated for cultures of the diatom Tha/ussiosira weissfogii. These results indicate that affinity-purified antiserum can be rigorously characterized for use in quantifying Rubisco concentration and for assessing the maximal photosynthetic potential of individual phytoplankton cells. Assessing the magnitude and variance of primary production in the marine environment is a major goal of biological oceanography. Variability in rates of photosynthesis have been observed on all spatial scales from that of the individual phytoplankton cell to the global ocean (Watt 197 1; Platt and Sathyendranath 1988) and on all temporal scales from picoseconds to geological epochs (Kolber et al. 1988; Barnola et al. 1987). Understanding the causes of variability in primary production is important if we are to predict nonlinear responses of marine food webs to environmental perturbations or to develop realistic models of the biogeochemical flux of carbon in the ocean. Achievement of that goal requires
Data Assimilation via Error Subspace Statistical Estimation.

Abstract Identical twin experiments are utilized to assess and exemplify the capabilities of error subspace statistical estimation (ESSE). The experiments consists of nonlinear, primitive equation–based, idealized Middle Atlantic Bight shelfbreak front simulations. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons with an optimal interpolation (OI) scheme are made. Essential components of ESSE are illustrated. The evolution of the error subspace, in agreement with the initial conditions, dynamics, and data properties, is analyzed. The three-dimensional multivariate minimum variance melding in the error subspace is compared to the OI melding. Several advantages and properties of ESSE are discussed and evaluated. The continuous singular value decomposition of the nonlinearly evolving variations of variability and the possibilities of ESSE for dominant process analysis are illustrated and emphasized.
Prostate cancer: AR splice variant dimerization-clinical implications.

Androgen receptor splice variants might be associated with castration resistance in prostate cancer as well as resistance to hormonal therapies including abiraterone and enzalutamide. New data demonstrate that splice variants can form dimers with each other as well as with the full-length androgen receptor, and that dimerization is required for androgen-independent transcriptional activation of target genes.
Reduce Self-employment Tax on LLC Income

An LLC form of business organization, in many situations, maybe the best choice for small operating businesses. Even though an LLC is often the best selection, some small businesses should consider operating as a proprietorship until the owner determines the business will be successful because a majority of businesses are early casualties. However, an LEG is nearly always the best choice if ownership will be shared. Delaying the LLC establishment until the owner is somewhat assured that the business will survive may enable a proprietor to avoid some costly startup costs that include payments to have an operating agreement established and state filing fees. When a proprietor wants to shield his or her personal assets from business liabilities, how ever, the business should be organized as an LLC from the outset. LLC businesses with earned income should always he structured to conform to Prop. Reg. 1.1402(a)-2. Doing so affords a very beneficial opportunity to reduce the SE tax. It also overcomes some uncertainties about an alternate entity taxed as a partnership because there would usually be a member designated as a general partner, and SE tax would be levied on some business income.
Actin-Cytoskeleton- and Rock-Mediated INM Are Required for Photoreceptor Regeneration in the Adult Zebrafish Retina

Loss of retinal neurons in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) induces a robust regenerative response mediated by the reentry of the resident Muller glia into the cell cycle. Upon initiating Muller glia proliferation, their nuclei migrate along the apicobasal axis of the retina in phase with the cell cycle in a process termed interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). We examined the mechanisms governing this cellular process and explored its function in regenerating the adult zebrafish retina. Live-cell imaging revealed that the majority of Muller glia nuclei migrated to the outer nuclear layer (ONL) to divide. These Muller glia formed prominent actin filaments at the rear of nuclei that had migrated to the ONL. Inhibiting actin filament formation or Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (Rock) activity, which is necessary for phosphorylation of myosin light chain and actin myosin-mediated contraction, disrupted INM with increased numbers of mitotic nuclei remaining in the basal inner nuclear layer, the region where Muller glia typically reside. Double knockdown of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 2a (Rock2a) and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 2b (Rock2b) similarly disrupted INM and reduced Muller glial cell cycle reentry. In contrast, Rock inhibition immediately before the onset of INM did not affect Muller glia proliferation, but subsequently reduced neuronal progenitor cell proliferation due to early cell cycle exit. Long-term, Rock inhibition increased the generation of mislocalized ganglion/amacrine cells at the expense of rod and cone photoreceptors. In summary, INM is driven by an actin-myosin-mediated process controlled by Rock2a and Rock2b activity, which is required for sufficient proliferation and regeneration of photoreceptors after light damage. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The human retina does not replace lost or damaged neurons, ultimately causing vision impairment. In contrast, zebrafish are capable of regenerating lost neurons. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate retinal regeneration in these organisms will help to elucidate approaches to stimulate a similar response in humans. In the damaged zebrafish retina, Muller glia dedifferentiate and proliferate to generate neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) that differentiate into the lost neurons. We show that the nuclei of Muller glia and NPCs migrate apically and basally in phase with the cell cycle. This migration is facilitated by the actin cytoskeleton and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases (Rocks). We demonstrate that Rock function is required for sufficient proliferation and the regeneration of photoreceptors, likely via regulating nuclear migration.
Correlations between Quantitative Measures of Genome Evolution, Expression and Function

In addition to multiple, complete genome sequences, genome-wide data on biological properties of genes, such as knockout effect, expression levels, protein-protein interactions, and others, are rapidly accumulating. Numerous attempts were made by many groups to examine connections between these properties and quantitative measures of gene evolution. The questions addressed pertain to the most fundamental aspects of biology: what determines the effect of the knockout of a given gene on the phenotype (in particular, is it essential or not) and the rate of a gene’s evolution and how are the phenotypic properties and evolution connected? Many significant correlations were detected, e.g., positive correlation between the tendency of a gene to be lost during evolution and sequence evolution rate, and negative correlations between each of the above measures of evolutionary variability and expression level or the phenotypic effect of gene knockout. However, most of these correlations are relatively weak and explain a small fraction of the variation present in the data. We propose that the majority of the relationships between the phenotypic (“input”) and evolutionary (“output”) variables can be described with a single, composite variable, the genes “social status in the genomic community”, which reflects the biological role of the gene and its mode of evolution. “High-status” genes, involved in house-keeping processes, are more likely to be higher and broader expressed, to have more interaction partners, and to produce lethal or severely impaired knockout mutants. These genes also tend to evolve slower and are less prone to gene loss across various taxonomic groups. “Low-status” genes are expected to be weakly expressed, have fewer interaction partners, and exhibit narrower (and less coherent) phyletic distribution. On average, these genes evolve faster and are more often lost during evolution than high-status genes. The “gene status” notion may serve as a generator of null hypotheses regarding the connections between phenotypic and evolutionary parameters associated with genes. Any deviation from the expected pattern calls for attention—to the quality of the data, the nature of the analyzed relationship, or both.
A Special Case: Improving the EMI Head Scanner

This chapter presents a subtle change in the collection of projection data which can provide improved resolution in a reconstruction without requiring improved resolution of the projection data. We present this refinement in the context of the state of the art through the example of the first scanner, that built by the EMI company. The need for uniquely determined reconstructions as explained in earlier chapters is also stressed here. To the knowledge of the author, the theory of the accuracy of the output of existing x-ray scanners has yet to be placed on a sound mathematical basis.
The Capture of Ions by Vortex Lines in Pure 4 He and 3 He- 4 He Solutions

We present measurements of the capture cross section for the negative ion by vortex lines in pure 4 He and a 0.94 % solution of 3 He in 4 He. A measurable capture of positive ions was not observed in either system. In pure 4 He the departure of the experimental data from the predictions of stochastic theory at lower temperatures is explained in terms of a simple breakdown in that theory, and lifetime effects are shown to be of only secondary importance. The decrease in cross section with decreasing temperature, due essentially to a reduced number density of rotons, is predicted by the results of a Monte Carlo calculation. The cross section in the solution follows stochastic theory to significantly lower temperatures, but at about 1 K there again occurs a marked discrepancy. Measurements of the ion trapping lifetime at low temperatures indicate that it is the finite lifetime that accounts for this discrepancy. Elimination of lifetime effects results in fair agreement between the cross section data in the solution and the predictions of stochastic theory.
Quantitative genetic analysis of flowering time in the Davis Population of gerbera: II. Correlations with yield, flower quality traits and the efficiency of indirect selection

Phenotypic and genetic correlations of flowering time (FT) with cut-flower yield (Y) were estimated from six generations of the Davis Population of gerbera (Gerbera hybrida, Compositae). The phenotypic correlation was −0.34; the genetic correlation was −0.47 when estimated from ANOVA of a NCII design and −0.72 when estimated from parent-offspring analysis. An indirect selection model was constructed to assess the efficiency of indirect selection for Y using FT as a marker. This model includes population size and generation time as variables because they differ for FT and Y. The results indicate that indirect selection will be more efficient than direct selection. Correlations of FT with flower quality traits, including scape length (SL), flower diameter (FD), scape dry weight (SDW) and flower dry weight (FDW), were also estimated. FT was phenotypically independent of these traits. However, statistically significant estimates of genetic correlation indicate that FT may be correlated with flower quality traits. Thus, indirect selection on FT to increase Y may result in undesirable correlated responses for flower quality.
Microstructure and Composition of Surface Layers Formed by Ion Implantation of Nitrogen in High-Purity Aluminum

Surface layers with overall thickness <∼300 nm were produced by ion implantation of N+ or N2 + at energies of 50 or 100 keV in 99.99% pure aluminum. These surfaces were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering, nuclear reaction analysis and particle-induced X-ray analysis. At doses above 2×1017 N2/cm2 , blistering of the surfaces was observed along with a reduction in the extent of the coulometric dose retained by the material. Oxygen is believed to be introduced into the near-surface region by a process of reaction and ion-beam mixing, as well as possible CO contamination of the beam. A phase, isostructural with AlN, forms semi-coherently with parent aluminum grains, however, some fraction of the metallic aluminum phase remains in the reaction layer, even at overall nitrogen contents which exceed the stoichiometry of AlN.
The Value of the Motion Picture as an Instructional Device in Learning A Motor Skill

(1944). The Value of the Motion Picture as an Instructional Device in Learning A Motor Skill. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 181-187.
Worker mortality and the evolution of castes in the social wasp Polistes exclamans

Workers of the primitively social wasp,Polistes exclamans, had very short average lifespans, averaging 14 days (S.D.=11, N=497) in 1977, 17 days (S.D.=14, N=503) in 1978 and 14 days (S.D.=10, N=222) in 1979; the oldest worker observed on a natural colony was 102 days old. Colony of origin explained more of the variance in worker longevity than did any other variable. Worker longevity decreased over the season, accompanied by an increase in larval development times and an increase in colony failure rates. In 1978 workers emerging in the presence of greater numbers of other workers lived longer which indicates that they may have performed risky tasks less often when many other females were present. Compared to 1977 and 1979, 1978 was characterized by greater numbers of workers per colony, shorter larva development times, longer average lifespans for workers, much higher probabilities of nest survival and greater average production of reproductives per colony.
Classifying racial and ethnic group data in the United States: the politics of negotiation and accommodation

“Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity,” formerly known as “Statistical Policy Directive 15,” is a classification system that has formed the basis of the U.S. government’s collection and presentation of data on race and ethnicity since 1977. During the mid-1990s, it underwent a public evaluation to determine whether the racial and ethnic group categories should be revised. This article examines the history of Statistical Policy Directive 15 from its origins through October 1997 and evaluates its consequences on political, economic, and social life. Among the many lessons that government information specialists can take away from the history of Statistical Policy Directive 15 is that classification systems are not neutral tools that objectively reflect and measure the empirical world. Classification systems cannot be isolated from the larger political setting. They are tightly linked to public policies, and, in the case of racial and ethnic group classification, they constitute highly contested social policy about which there is little public consensus. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Oxygen Delivery and Oxygen Consumption in Pediatric Critical Care

The maintenance of adequate oxygen delivery to meet the demands of tissues is the essence of critical care medicine. Inadequate oxygen delivery, which can occur on a global level as in cardiogenic shock, or on a regional level as in traumatic brain injury, must be recognized and treated in order to achieve a good clinical outcome. Therefore, an understanding of the determinants of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption in the critically ill pediatric patient is essential for any pediatric critical care clinician.
Safe spaces in online places: social media and LGBTQ youth

AbstractThis study responds to a need for research in a fast-growing and significant area of study, that of exploring, understanding and documenting the numerous ways that multiply marginalized LGBTQ youth use social media as part of their everyday experiences in an attempt to safely navigate their lives through learning, participating, engaging, communicating and constructing identities in digital spaces. The research question examined whether digital spaces, such as Facebook, provide safe spaces for multiply minoritized LGBTQ youth to express and explore issues of sexuality and gender. In addition, the study explores and categorizes multiple ways that participants interact with social media. Findings suggest that social media are an important aspect in most participants’ lives. Participants’ accessibility to social media, frequency of activity within Facebook, use of social media as a connection and exploration strategy, levels of commitment to social media and perceptions of comfort online are describe...
COMPUTERS, PHYSICIANS, AND THE DIAGNOSTIC DECISION-MAKING PROCESS.

Utilizing computer gaming techniques, a pilot experiment was conducted which located several possible parameters relating to degree of difficulty of diagnosis in internal medicine; private physicians served as subjects and the field of inquiry was limited to functional and organic diseases of the respiratory system. A second study was then conducted in which a digital computer served the function of providing objective feedback to the M.D. during diagnosis, indicating the number and names of diseases consistent with each acquisition of new information about the patient. Performance of the subjects under the latter condition indicated significant behavioral changes when compared with the previous study. Findings are interpreted in terms of the man–machine relationship and its importance to in-line computer applications of a diagnostic nature.