cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The breeding systems of six species of Arabis (Brassicaceae)

The ability of organisms to produce genetic variation for any trait, including resistance to pathogens, is partially determined by breeding system. I used enzyme electrophoresis, crossing experiments, and cytology to assess the breeding systems of cooccurring Arabis species that are often infected by rust fungi. The Arabis holboellii surveyed were pseudogamous apomicts with relatively high population-level allozyme variation, and variable chromosome numbers (2n, 3n, 4n). Arabisgunnisoniana (3n) and Arabis lignifera (2n) were also pseudogamous but showed no allozyme variation either at the population level, or within progeny arrays. Arabis hirsuta may be an autogamous polyploid or it may be a pseudogamous apomict; more work is needed to clarify the breeding system of this species. Arabis drummondii and Arabis crandallii were sexual, but exhibited little genetic variability due to a predominance of self-fertilization. The use of several techniques was necessary to evaluate
Factor analytic study of male and female responses to the fear survey schedule

Abstract Male and female responses to the Fear Survey Schedule—III (Wolpe and Lang, 1964) were factor analyzed. For males, factors expressing fear of aggression, travel, harmless animals, bodily insults and unreality emerged. For females, factors expressing fear of bodily insult, social rejection, harmless animals, public display, aggression, disability and confinement emerged. These data suggest both breadth and clinical relevance to the fear survey as an assessment technique. The importance of separating male and female data in factor analytical studies is emphasized.
False-positive human immunodeficiency virus antibody test in a dialysis patient

A patient developed end-stage renal disease secondary to p-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) positive rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. He subsequently had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 antibody screening performed as part of a pre-transplant evaluation. The HIV-1 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) antibody test was repeatedly reactive. The HIV-1 western blot was indeterminate. The western blot pattern revealed “non-specific staining obscuring bands in that region.” Another sample of serum was sent and the results were identical to the first result. An HIV-1 proviral qualitative polymerase chain reaction test was then performed several months later and no HIV-1 DNA was detected. One year later, an HIV-1 RNA test was negative. Thus, the positive antibody EIA test and the indeterminate western blot represent a false-positive result, most likely due to cross-reacting antigens in the patient’s serum with various HIV antibodies. Throughout this period and thereafter, the patient has exhibited no symptoms of HIV infection.
The value of social media: are universities successfully engaging their audience?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand how American universities are engaging their audience via social media platforms in relation to seven significant themes: engagement, listening, relationships, trust, authenticity, visibility and branding. The study will answer the question: how are universities utilizing social media to engage with their target audience and what value does social media create for universities? Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis was used to study 30 national universities’ and liberal arts colleges’ use of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Their use of these social media tools will be analyzed on criteria that speak to the seven consistent themes stressed in the literature of social media use by organizations. Findings – The results showed that while a presence in the social media platforms were high, engagement was lacking. Originality/value – In a time when social media are becoming prevalent forms of communication, it is important to understand how to properl...
Fluoride: Its Effects on Two Parameters of Bone Growth in Organ Culture

Bones of the forepaws of young rats were subjected to varying concentrations of fluoride ions in organ culture. The formation of DNA and protein synthesis were evaluated by measurements of the uptake of tritiated thymidine and C14-labeled proline. Fluoride concentrations as high as 10 to 20 parts per million had no demonstrable effect in vitro on these basic parameters of skeletal growth
Compositional and performance mapping in computer chamber music: A case study

The mapping problem is inherent to digital musical instruments (DMIs), which require, at the very least, an association between physical gestures and digital synthesis algorithms to transform human bodily performance into sound. This article considers the DMI mapping problem in the context of the creation and performance of a heterogeneous computer chamber music piece, a trio for violin, biosensors, and computer. Our discussion situates the DMI mapping problem within the broader set of interdependent musical interaction issues that surfaced during the composition and rehearsal of the trio. Through descriptions of the development of the piece, development of the hardware and software interfaces, lessons learned through rehearsal, and self-reporting by the participants, the rich musical possibilities and technical challenges of the integration of digital musical instruments into computer chamber music are demonstrated.
Observation of exciton-exciton scattering in Cu2O by time-resolved photomodulation spectroscopy.

Transient photomodulation techniques with picosecond laser pulses have been applied to make contact with excitonic scattering through several nP transitions of the yellow exciton series in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O. We show first how this experimental approach can be generally useful in the dynamical study of collisionally broadened free-exciton resonances, and then argue that the observed time-dependent spectra give direct information about the energy-dependent character of nP-1S exciton scattering events in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O under conditions of weak photoexcitation considered here.
A longitudinal study of the effects of Internet use and videogame playing on academic performance and the roles of gender, race and income in these relationships

In this research we examined the effects of Internet use and videogame playing on children's academic performance. Gender, race, and income were also considered. Participants were 482 youth, average age 12years old. One-third were African American and two-thirds were Caucasian American. All measures were completed twice, first in Year 1 and then one year later, Year 2. Results indicated that greater Internet use was associated with better reading skills, but only for youth initially low in reading skills. Videogame playing was associated with better visual-spatial skill but also with lower GPAs. Gender, race and income influenced Internet use, videogame playing and academic performance but not the relationships between using these technologies and academic performance. Implications of the results for increasing the benefits of technology use are discussed.
Exposed Hydroxyapatite Orbital Implants: Report of Six Cases

Six patients with complications of primary or secondary hydroxyapatite implants were studied. Complications included socket infection and/or conjunctival dehiscence. Complications were detected during regular follow-up examinations, and various treatment approaches were used. The hydroxyapatite implant exposure occurred 4 to 6 weeks (mean, 4.5 weeks) after implantation. Three of the six implants were wrapped in preserved donor sclera before implantation. One of the implants showed wide exposure and chronic infection and was removed. In two cases, scleral patch grafts with a conjunctival pedicle graft were performed, resulting in successful coverage of the implant without further conjunctival dehiscence. In one of the patients, a Tenon's conjunctival flap was advanced to cover the defect, and was unsuccessful with the spicules of the hydroxyapatite eroding through the vascular flap after 1 month. Three of the patients demonstrate a persistent conjunctival epithelial defect. These three patients with chronically exposed hydroxyapatite have remained stable with follow-up intervals ranging from 8 to 12 months. Early exposure of hydroxyapatite orbital implants is a potential problem despite meticulous technique. Implant coverage is difficult, although chronic exposure seems to be tolerated often in the hydroxyapatite orbital implant without migration or extrusion.
Neutrinos in Cosmological Models

Observations show that the Universe is very nearly homogeneous and isotropic on a large scale. It follows, that on a large scale, the Universe may be approximately described by one of the Robertson-Walker models. These models have the property o£ possessing exact spatial homogeneity and isotropy about each event. In order to better understand why the Universe is described by these highly symmetric models one studies model universes that are not spatially homogeneous or isotropic. In this paper we shall study models that are spatially homogeneous but anisotro1jic. The Robertson-Walker models are divided into three classes depending on the spatial curvature, k = + 1 (closed), l: = 0 (flat), 1~ = -1 (open). Recent observations have tended to support the open models, although there are still large uncertainties in the observational data. In this paper we study exact solutions to the Einstein-IN eyl equations in a Bianchi V spacetime. This model is an anisotropic generaliza~ion of the open Robertson-vValker model. In an earlier paper1l the general solution to the Einstein-W eyl equations for plane-symmetric spaceti1nes was presented. The metric has the form
Quantum mechanics as self-organized information fusion

Abstract Attention is drawn to the similarity between auantum mechanics and finding the simplest explanation for the data from an array of sensors. In particular, comparison of the Durbin-Willshaw approach to solving the travelling salesman problem with the Feynman path integral for motion of a charged particie in a magnetic field suggests that quantum mechanics might be of practical use both for integrating multiple measurements and for solving non-polynomial (NP)-complete problems.
Fusion Curves of Four Group VIII Metals to 100 000 Atmospheres

The fusion curves of Ni, Pt, Rh, and Fe have been experimentally determined to 100 000 atmospheres. At this pressure, the melting points of the pure metals were: Ni, 1670\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; Pt, 2070\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}; Rh, 2400\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}; Fe, 1740\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The Pt and Rh values were extrapolated by Simon's fusion equation which fitted all of the data quite well and enabled the volume changes at the mp to be computed. $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}V}{{V}_{s}}$ for the four metals were: Ni, 0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01; Rh, 0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03; Fe, 0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005. The constants of Simon's equation differed considerably from their theoretical values but a functional relationship appears evident between Simon's exponent $c$ and the Gr\"uneisen constant $\ensuremath{\gamma}$.
Transverse junction waveguide InGaAs/InP photodiode

A novel transverse InP/InGaAs/InP pn junction waveguide photodiode is demonstrated using in situ zinc diffusion before a regrowth step inside an organometallic vapour phase epitaxy reactor. The detector exhibits high speed, low leakage current, low capacitance and high breakdown voltage characteristics.
Dispersion Characteristics of Organoclay in Nanocomposites Based on End-Functionalized Homopolymer and Block Copolymer

The dispersion characteristics of organoclay in nanocomposites based on end-functionalized polystyrene (PS) and end-functionalized polystyrene-block-polyisoprene (SI diblock) copolymer were investi...
A cautionary note on using county-level crime and homicide data

There has been a surge in recentyears in the use of counties as the unit of analysis in homicide research. Employing county-level data, however, can create several problems. In some cases, these problems can be overcome with various methodological procedures. Yet these procedures are not magic, and they assume the use of valid data. Recent measurement and methodological research examining county-level data, however, reveals serious reporting errors in the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) data, that agreement between reporting systems at the county level is not strong, and that the amount of person-time at risk in many counties is simply too small to generate a reliable estimate of the homicide rate. Despite these limitations, homicide studies using these small counties continue be carried out without heeding these previous warnings. This article is thus meant to provide a review of the limitations and to urge caution when employing county-level homicide data.
Does your SEM really tell the truth

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) has gone through a tremendous evolution to become a critical tool for many, diverse scientifi c and industrial applications. The high resolution of the SEM is especially useful for qualitative and quantitative applications for both nanotechnology and nanomanufacturing. It is likely that one of the fi rst questions asked when the fi rst scanning electron micrograph was ever taken was: "...how big is that?" The quality of that answer has improved a great deal over the past few years, especially since SEMs are being used as a primary tool on semiconductor processing lines to monitor the manufacturing processes. The needs of semiconductor production prompted a rapid evolution of the instrument and its capabilities. Over the past 20 years or so, instrument manufacturers, through this substantial semiconductor industry investment of research and development (R&D) money, have vastly improved the performance of these instruments. All users have benefi tted from this investment, especially where metrology with an SEM is concerned. But, how good are these data? This presentation will discuss a sub-set of the most important aspects and larger issues associated with imaging and metrology with the SEM. Every user should know, and understand these issues before any critical quantitative work is attempted.
Study of Efflorescence on Experimental Brickwork Piers

Efflorescence on brickwork piers made of three types of brick and six mortars appeared to depend mainly on (a) the Portland cement content of the mortar, (b) the type of brick, and (c) the season of the year. Efflorescence formed in the cold part of the year and was absent in the summer. Portland cement substituted for lime in mortars contributed to efflorescence; however, the amount of efflorescence depended also on the type of brick (probably on the pore structure).
Velocity correlations of a thermally fluctuating brownian particle : A novel model of the hydrodynamic coupling

Abstract A new derivation of the velocity correlations of a thermally fluctuating Brownian particle is shown by direct calculation from a stochastic hydrodynamic model in which the fluid-particle coupling is treated in a simple manner. The model significantly simplifies the calculation of statistics of a particle and has the virtue of being readily amenable to numerical simulation. To show that the model correctly captures physical features of a Brownian particle the diffusion coefficient in three dimensions is computed and shown to have the correct scaling in the physical parameters. The velocity correlation function for both short and long times scales is then discussed. It is found for short times that the velocity correlation of a particle satisfies an equipartition principle. For long times the autocorrelation function is shown to have non-exponential decay of algebraic order τ − 3 / 2 capturing well-known hydrodynamic effects [B.J. Alder, T.E. Wainwright, Phys. Rev. A 1 (1) (1970) 18–21]. The results are then compared with numerical simulations of the hydrodynamic model using the computational method proposed in [P.J. Atzberger, P.R. Kramer, C.S. Peskin, A stochastic immersed boundary method for microscopic biological fluid dynamics, (2005), submitted for publication].
IMPROVEMENT IN EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING AND RELATIONSHIPS OF USERS OF SILDENAFIL

Purpose: We estimated the association of sildenafil use with erectile function, relationship with sexual partner, functional status and emotional well-being in men with erectile dysfunction.Materials and Methods: Letters were mailed to eligible patients at a university hospital urology and internal medicine clinic, and university affiliated community primary care clinics by the primary care provider or urologist inviting them to participate in the study. Of the eligible sample 124 men (53%) completed and returned a survey, including 85 who reported current sildenafil use. Change scores in these patients were calculated using the International Index of Erectile Function, marital interaction scale from the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System Short Form, 5-item emotional well-being scale of the RAND 36-Item Health Survey and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey.Results: Sildenafil users reported an 88% increase in erectile function scores, 60% increase in overall sexual satisfaction and 36% increase in inter...
Prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a practice survey

Background Prophylactic pancreatic stenting is widely used by expert biliary endoscopists to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP); nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are thought to prevent PEP. Objective To assess the use of pancreatic stenting and NSAIDs for PEP prophylaxis among endoscopists and its determinants. Design A survey was distributed to 467 endoscopists attending a course on therapeutic digestive endoscopy. Intervention Completed surveys were collected from 141 endoscopists performing ERCP in 29 countries (answer rate 30.2%); practices were most often located in community hospitals with an annual hospital volume of ≤500 ERCPs (in Belgium, Spain, Italy, and France in about half of cases). For all conditions listed, including needle-knife precut, previous PEP, suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, and ampullectomy, less than half of the endoscopists reported attempting prophylactic pancreatic stenting in ≥75% of cases. Thirty (21.3%) survey respondents did not perform prophylactic pancreatic stenting in any circumstance; this was mainly ascribed to lack of experience. Measurement of PEP incidence and an annual hospital volume of >500 ERCPs were independently associated with the use of prophylactic pancreatic stenting ( P = .005 and P = .030, respectively). Most survey respondents (n = 118, 83.7%) did not use NSAIDs for PEP prophylaxis. This was mainly ascribed to lack of scientific evidence of its benefits. Main Outcome Measurements Proportion of cases in which pancreatic stenting is attempted during ERCP; reasons for not using prophylactic pancreatic stenting or NSAIDs. Limitations Survey, not an audit of practice. Conclusions Despite scientific evidence of its benefits, use of prophylactic pancreatic stenting is not as widely adopted as previously thought; use of NSAIDs for PEP prophylaxis is marginal.
Biochemical Properties of Black Drum and Sheepshead Seabream Skin Collagen

Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin solubilized collagen (PSC) were isolated from the skins of black drum (Pogonias cromis) and sheepshead seabream (Archosargus probatocephalus) harvested in the Gulf of Mexico coastal waters. The yields of ASCs on dry basis from black drum and sheepshead were estimated at 2.3 and 2.6%, and the yields of PSCs were 15.8 and 29.3%, respectively. Analyses of molecular weight profile, amino acid composition, and secondary structure showed that the skin collagens from both species were typical type-I collagen. The molecular mass of alpha(1) and alpha(2) subunits, as determined by SDS-PAGE using Tris-Acetate gels, was 127 kDa and 116 kDa, respectively. The amino acid composition of ASC and PSC for both species was closer to calf skin ASC than to cod skin ASC. Thermal denaturation temperatures, measured by melting point using circular dichroism, gave the following values: black drum ASC, 34.2 degrees C; sheepshead ASC, 34.0 degrees C; black drum PSC, 35.8 degrees C; sheepshead PSC, 34.3 degrees C. The literature value for the heat stability of calf skin collagen is 36.3 degrees C. The potentials of collagens from black drum and sheepshead skins in the functional food, healthcare, and pharmaceutical industries are discussed.
The performance of the SMI method in the constrained LMS array and the Griffiths array

The sample matrix inversion (SMI) method is applied in the constrained least mean square (LMS) array of the Griffiths (1959) array. The mean square error (MSE) performance measure of the SMI method in both arrays is presented. The total output power (TOP) performance of the SMI method in the constrained LMS array is also presented. In using the SMI method to obtain the MSE and the TOP of the constrained LMS array, the adaptive weight vector is computed based on the estimate of the received signal correlation matrix and the knowledge of the arrival angle of the desired signal. The weight vector of the Griffiths array is also computed, based on the estimate of the correlation matrix and the knowledge of the cross correlation vector between the reference signal and the received signal. >
Organizational Citizenship and Mood: An Experimental Test of Perceived Job Breadth1

This study examined the impact of induced mood and fairness on the categorization of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs). Positive mood and perceptions of fair job conditions were predicted to lead to broader categorization of job tasks. Mood, procedural, and distributive justice were manipulated. Participants in a positive mood were more likely than were participants in a negative mood to label extra-role job tasks as in-role. This supports the notion that employees in a positive mood may inadvertently engage in OCBs because such behaviors are perceived to be part of the job. No differences in categorization were found between positive and neutral mood conditions, indicating that participants in the negative condition were more narrow in categorization breadth than were those in the positive condition in distinguishing in-role behaviors from extra-role behaviors.
Clinical and radiographic outcomes of supracondylar humerus fractures treated surgically by pediatric and non-pediatric orthopedic surgeons.

Abstract Purpose This study compares clinical and radiographic outcomes of operatively managed pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures between patients treated by pediatric orthopedists (POs) and patients treated by non-pediatric orthopedists (NPOs). Patients and methods A retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients with surgically managed supracondylar humerus fractures was conducted. For clinical outcomes analyses, 3 months of clinical follow-up were required, resulting in a sample size of 90 patients (33 treated by NPOs, 57 by POs). For radiographic outcomes analyses, 3 months of both clinical and radiographic follow-up were required, resulting in a sample size of 57 patients (23 treated by NPOs, 34 by POs). Results The rate of inadequate fracture fixation was higher for patients treated by NPOs (43.5 %) than for patients treated by POs (14.7 %; p = 0.030), but rates of clinical complications, malreduction, and postoperative loss of reduction did not differ. Treatment with open reduction was mor...
A Status Report from 1996–2004: Are More Effective Immunization Interventions Being used in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program?

Background: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) enrolls almost 50% of the US birth cohort and these children have significantly lower immunization coverage rates than their counterparts not eligible for WIC. In 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and USDA began a national initiative to increase immunization coverage in low-income children by incorporating immunization-promoting activities into WIC visits (WIC/Immunization linkages). Since 1998, CDC has monitored the WIC/Immunization linkages assessment and referral (with and without the more aggressive strategy of monthly voucher pick-up, client outreach and tracking and parental incentives) and three other immunization supporting activities (computerized systems to assess immunization status, collocation of WIC and immunization services, coordination of WIC and immunization services). Methods: Through an annual survey of state Immunization and WIC programs, a trend analysis was conducted for years 1998 through 2004 to determine changes in the use and frequency of WIC/Immunization linkage activities. Results: During the 7-year study period, the use of assessment and referral increased from 71% to 94%, monthly voucher pick-up from 24% to 35%, and coordination of WIC and immunization services from 61% to 78% (p<0.0001 for all comparisons) in WIC sites nationwide. The frequency of assessment and referral (at each visit [four or more times/ year] versus certification visits [two times/year]) was reported to decrease during the study period (p<0.0001). Outreach and tracking and collocation of services did not change significantly while the use of parental incentives decreased (p<0.0001). The availability of computers and their use immunization assessment increased during the period. From 2002–2004, the number of states reporting that they base assessment and referral on a single vaccine (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis) instead of counting multiple vaccines increased from 5 to 10. Conclusions: Immunization promoting activities, especially those known to be most effective in improving coverage such as monthly voucher pickup, are increasing in WIC. Focusing on effective interventions including supporting activities such as computerized assessment will be essential in meeting Healthy People 2010 infant and childhood immunization coverage goals. In addition, the use of WIC resources can be minimized by encouraging evaluation of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis coverage as a marker for up to date status, instead of counting all vaccine doses.
The Beta-Spectra of P 32 and P 33

The beta-spectrum of ${\mathrm{P}}^{32}$ has been examined with a thin-lens spectrometer. The maximum energy of the 14.3-day beta-activity, as determined from several Kurie plots, was found to be 1.704\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008 Mev. The Kurie plots gave excellent straight lines from the maximum beta-energy to about 0.26 Mev. In phosphorus samples prepared from neutron irradiated sulfur an additional beta-activity was observed having a maximum energy of 0.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 Mev and a half-life of 24.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 days. This low energy beta-group was also observed in phosphorus samples prepared from sulfur and lithium chloride irradiated with x-rays having a maximum energy of 68 Mev. The low energy beta-group was not observed in phosphorus samples prepared from sulfur irradiated with deuterons or phosphorus irradiated with neutrons. The low energy beta-group is ascribed to ${\mathrm{P}}^{33}$.
Rat protein kinase c zeta gene contains alternative promoters for generation of dual transcripts with 5'-end heterogeneity.

Protein kinase C (PKC) ζ is a phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinase that appears to perform important cell signaling functions. Two forms of PKC ζ RNA, with different 5′ ends, have been re...
Extending of Generation Frequency Bandwidth of the DRO with a CCR-Type Diffraction Grating

A possibility has been experimentally shown for increasing output power and extending the generation frequency bandwidth of the DRO when the diffraction grating is like a non-uniform chain of coupled millimeter-wave (70-92 GHz) half-wavelength resonators (CCR).
Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of compounds used in hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing (HF), a method to enhance oil and gas production, has become increasingly common throughout the U.S. As such, it is important to characterize the chemicals found in HF fluids to evaluate potential environmental fate, including fate in treatment systems, and human health impacts. Eighty-one common HF chemical additives were identified and categorized according to their functions. Physical and chemical characteristics of these additives were determined using publicly available chemical information databases. Fifty-five of the compounds are organic and twenty-seven of these are considered readily or inherently biodegradable. Seventeen chemicals have high theoretical chemical oxygen demand and are used in concentrations that present potential treatment challenges. Most of the HF chemicals evaluated are non-toxic or of low toxicity and only three are classified as Category 2 oral toxins according to standards in the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals; however, toxicity information was not located for thirty of the HF chemicals evaluated. Volatilization is not expected to be a significant exposure pathway for most HF chemicals. Gaps in toxicity and other chemical properties suggest deficiencies in the current state of knowledge, highlighting the need for further assessment to understand potential issues associated with HF chemicals in the environment.
O-Benzylhydroxylamine: An Inhibitor of Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Plants

Mise en evidence chez Glycine max, Fagopyrum esculentum et Vigna radiata, interet pour l'etude du metabolisme secondaire chez les vegetaux
Capacitance-voltage characteristics of amorphous silicon based metal-insulator-semiconductor structure

A capacitance-voltage model for the a-Si:H-based metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure is presented, along with an alternative direct measurement method. The C-V model is based on the static I-V model developed using the simplified CFO band model for the a-Si bulk band gap states and the simplified Davis-Mott model for the surface states. The frequency variation of the measured admittance, using a somewhat modified thin-film transistor (TFT), is also modeled with the lateral flow transmission line model. These models can be used to monitor TFT-fabrication parameters and to extract accurate capacitance model parameters. >
Determinants of GH resistance in malnutrition

States of undernutrition are characterized by GH resistance. Decreased total energy intake, as well as isolated protein-calorie malnutrition and isolated nutrient deficiencies, result in elevated GH levels and low levels of IGF1. We review various states of malnutrition and a disease state characterized by chronic undernutrition - anorexia nervosa - and discuss possible mechanisms contributing to the state of GH resistance, including fibroblast growth factor 21 and Sirtuin 1. We conclude by examining the hypothesis that GH resistance is an adaptive response to states of undernutrition, in order to maintain euglycemia and preserve energy.
Transcription Initiation Activity of Adenovirus Left-End Sequence in Adenovirus Vectors with E1 Deleted

We analyzed the transcription initiation activity of the left-end sequence (first 342 bp) of the adenovirus genome in the context of an adenovirus vector with E1 deleted in in vitro and in vivo gene transfer models. While nucleotide sequences 1 to 190 and 1 to 342 showed strong activity in three out of three lung cancer cell lines, nucleotide sequence 1 to 103 showed limited activity in H358, cells which show characteristics of type 2 alveolar cells. In vivo, the transcription initiation activities of nucleotide sequence 1 to 103 in the liver and the lung were minimal, while nucleotide sequences 1 to 190 and 1 to 342 showed strong activity comparable to that of the cytomegalovirus promoter. Further understanding of the transcription initiation activity of the left-end sequence of the adenovirus genome should lead to optimization of adenovirus vectors.
Field emission and current-voltage properties of boron nitride nanotubes

We have measured electrical transport properties of boron nitride nanotubes using an in situ manipulation stage inside a transmission electron microscope. Stable currents were measured in a field emission geometry, but in contact the nanotubes are insulating at low bias. At high bias, the nanotubes show stable, reversible breakdown current. q 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Accelerated decomposition of sugarcane crop residue using a fungal–bacterial consortium

A fungal–bacterial consortium provided by Sybron Chemicals, Inc. was used in a laboratory study in an e2ort to accelerate the decomposition of post-harvest sugarcane residue. The consortium includes the fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and bacterium Cellulomonas sp., which were chosen for their cellulolytic capabilities and Azospirillum brasilense, which was chosen because it is a nitrogen-4xing bacterium. Study results indicated that the consortium sprayed over the residue and mixed in soil supplemented with 0.3% molasses showed a signi4cant di2erence for several parameters. Those measurable di2erences included visual decomposition of residue, bacterial and fungal populations, soil pH, nitrogen, and available phosphorous when compared to control and the treatment in which the consortium was sprayed over the residue but not mixed. This study indicates that this fungal–bacterial consortium may accelerate the decomposition of post-harvest sugarcane residue provided the residue is mixed with soil. Further study is necessary to re4ne the process for the future application of this consortium as a possible alternative to the current practice of open air burning of sugarcane residue by farmers. ? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract 360: Tumor specific imaging by L-5-F-18-ethoxy-Tryptophan mediated by LAT1 and IDO1

Purpose Radiolabeled tryptophan is capable of visualizing the amino acid metabolism of tumor cells. We investigated the indirectly labeled derivative L-5-F-18-ethoxy-Trp for its potential to differentiate tumors from inflammation by Positron-Emission-Tomography (PET) and for its possible intracellular trapping after catabolism by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). Methods Human NCI-H460 lung cancer and PC-3 prostate cancer cells were used for in vitro studies. Cellular influx and efflux of L-5-F-18-ethoxy-Trp at 37°C was measured by a gamma-counter and via HPLC. Blocking studies were carried out under similar conditions to examine the transporter family being relevant for Trp uptake. The effect of IDO1 was investigated after stimulation of cells with 100 IU interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Human plasma stability of 5-F-18-ethoxy-Trp was measured by radio-HPLC. The imaging potential was examined in tumor-bearing rodents and inflammation models. NCI-460 tumors in rats and PC-3 tumors in mice were subcutaneously inoculated. A sterile inflammation was induced by Complete Freund9s Adjuvant (CFA) and an infection inflammation was induced by E.coli injection into rats. PET/CT imaging after 1 hour was conducted by an Inveon microPET camera. Results High cellular uptake of L-5-F-18-ethoxy-Trp was found in NCI-H460 and PC-3 cells with 10% of the applied radioactive dose per 100,000 cells and 30% per 100,000 cells, respectively. Uptake could be blocked by an excess of L-Trp, L-Leu and bicycloheptan-carboxylic acid indicating transport by the heterodimeric amino acid transporters of the SLC7 family with predominant transport by LAT-1. Both cellular uptake and retention were increased after stimulation of IDO1 activity by IFN-γ. HPLC of the efflux supernatant showed strict IDO1 dependence of the intracellular Trp catabolism. The tracer was rather instable in human plasma in vitro and degraded already after 15 min incubation. Nevertheless, PET imaging revealed good uptake of L-5-F-18-ethoxy-Trp in NCI-H460 and PC-3 tumors in rodents with low background. No uptake was found in both inflammation models in rats. Conclusion Tryptophan derivatives are promising tracers for cancer imaging utilizing enhanced metabolism by IDO1 which has been shown to be overexpressed in tumors to suppress the immune response of their microenvironment. Differentiation between malignant lesions and inflammation seems to be possible which would give this PET tracer an advantage over the currently used FDG. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 360. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-360
Pain Catastrophizing and Salivary Cortisol Responses to Laboratory Pain Testing in Temporomandibular Disorder and Healthy Participants

Abstract Pain catastrophizing is an important variable in the context of acute and chronic pain. The neurophysiological correlates of pain catastrophizing, however, have not been rigorously evaluated. We examined the relationship between trait-pain catastrophizing and morning salivary cortisol levels before and following a 45-minute laboratory pain-testing session in healthy, pain-free (n = 22), and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) participants (n = 39). We also examined whether TMD patients evidenced generalized hyperalgesia and hypercortisolism. Pain catastrophizing was associated with a flattened morning salivary cortisol profile in the context of pain testing, irrespective of pain status. Cortisol profiles did not differ between healthy and TMD participants. TMD was associated with mechanical hyperalgesia only at the masseter. These data are the first to show an association between pain catastrophizing and elevated salivary cortisol profiles in the context of standardized experimental pain testing. These findings in both healthy individuals and those with chronic orofacial pain suggest that aberrant adrenocortical responses to pain may serve as a neurophysiologic pathway by which pain catastrophizing enhances vulnerability for development of chronic pain and maintains and/or exaggerates existing pain and associated morbidity. Perspective Neurophysiological mechanisms by which pain catastrophizing is related to acute and chronic pain recently have come under empirical study. Understanding of these mechanisms has the unique potential to shed light on key central-nervous-system factors that mediate catastrophizing-pain relations and therapeutic benefits associated with changes in catastrophizing and related cognitive processes.
A Role for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Regulation of Ace2 and Polarized Morphogenesis Signaling Network in Cell Integrity

Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAM is a conserved signaling network that regulates maintenance of polarized growth and daughter-cell-specific transcription, the latter of which is critical for septum degradation. Consequently, cells defective in RAM function (designated ramΔ) are round in morphology, form feeble mating projections, and fail to separate following cytokinesis. It was recently demonstrated that RAM genes are essential in strains containing functional SSD1 (SSD1-v), which encodes a protein of unknown function that binds the RAM Cbk1p kinase. Here we investigated the essential function of RAM in SSD1-v strains and identified two functional groups of dosage suppressors for ramΔ lethality. We establish that all ramΔ mutants exhibit cell integrity defects and cell lysis. All dosage suppressors rescue the lysis but not the cell polarity or cell separation defects of ramΔ cells. One class of dosage suppressors is composed of genes encoding cell wall proteins, indicating that alterations in cell wall structure can rescue the cell lysis in ramΔ cells. Another class of ramΔ dosage suppressors is composed of ZRG8 and SRL1, which encode two unrelated proteins of unknown function. We establish that ZRG8 and SRL1 share similar genetic interactions and phenotypes. Significantly, Zrg8p coprecipitates with Ssd1p, localizes similarly to RAM proteins, and is dependent on RAM for localization. Collectively, these data indicate that RAM and Ssd1p function cooperatively to control cell integrity and suggest that Zrg8p and Srl1p function as nonessential inhibitors of Ssd1p.
Electrophoretic variations of tyrosinase in follicular melanocytes during the hair growth cycle in mice

Multiple forms of tyrosinase separable by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis are demonstrable in extracts of hair bulbs prepared on the fifth (anagen IV) through the thirteenth days (anagen VI) of a hair growth cycle induced in C57BL/6J mice by plucking of quiescent hairs. The enzymic bands visualized by incubation of the gels in L-DOPA have been designated as T1, T2 and T3. Although T1 has been observed through day 19, the T2 and T3 components disappear by day 15 of the hair growth cycle. Tyrosinase activity is not demonstrable in skin extracts prepared during telogen or on days 1–3 post-plucking (anagen I–III). The slow development of a single DOPA-melanin band in such samples has been demonstrated to represent non-specific oxidation by hemoglobin that migrates at a slightly slower rate than the T3 component. The precise state of tyrosinase within follicular melanocytes prior to day 5 of the hair growth cycle remains to be determined. The functional significance of the multiple forms of tyrosinase also is yet to be established.
Design considerations for MRAM

MRAM (magnetic random access memory) technology, based on the use of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) as memory elements, is a potentially fast nonvolatile memory technology with very high write endurance. This paper is an overview of MRAM design considerations. Topics covered include MRAM fundamentals, array architecture, several associated design studies, and scaling challenges. In addition, a 16-Mb MRAM demonstration vehicle is described, and performance results are presented.
Robust design and numerical simulation on drag reduction by a mixture film for liquid turbulence in a channel

An important way of increasing the speed and lowering the fuel consumption of ships is by decreasing the frictional drag. One of the most promising techniques for reducing drag is the use of air bubbles. The goal of this investigation is to establish a set of optimum robust parametric levels for drag reduction by a mixture (air–water) film in turbulent channel flow. Based on the conditions laid out by the Taguchi orthogonal array method, turbulent flows, with air bubbles injected into a channel, are simulated using commercial computational fluid dynamics software. The local shear stress on the upper wall is computed to evaluate the efficiency of drag reduction. Many factors can affect drag reduction. The factors investigated in this study are the rate of air injection, bubble size, area of air injection, flow speed, and measured position of the shear stress. These factors have been investigated through the analysis of variance, which has revealed that the rate of air injection and water flow speed dominate the efficiency of drag reduction by a mixture film. According to the results, the drag can be reduced by an average of 83.4%; and when the configuration of the parametric levels is optimum the maximum drag reduction of 88.5% is achieved. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and Measurement of Signal Distortion due to ESD Protection Circuits

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuits typically contain a significant amount of nonlinear capacitance. At high frequencies and large amplitudes, this nonlinearity can degrade the signal integrity at the input pins of high performance mixed signal ICs, such as analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This study provides a theoretical analysis of this problem as well as experimental results that quantify typical distortion levels introduced by state-of-the-art ESD structures. It is shown that with distortion targets nearing -100 dBc at signal frequencies on the order of 100MHz, ESD circuits will become a limiting factor in the future. In addition to these results, this study offers some brief guidelines for designing ESD protection circuits suitable for high-speed, high-linearity applications
Classing Ethnicity: Class, Ethnicity, and the Mass Politics of Taiwan's Democratic Transition

Although Taiwan is widely regarded as one of the purest examples of middle-class-driven democratization, this article suggests that the conventional accent on the middle class is misplaced. Instead, the true heroes in the struggle for democracy were the island's working classes, although proper recognition of this fact requires an empirically derived understanding of class that looks beyond formal labor politics. Although the author does not dispute the importance of ethnicity in Taiwanese politics, the findings clearly indicate that ethnic identity was in itself a class issue, as the island's working classes were the most deeply attached to a nativist Taiwanese identity, while members of the middle classes were far more successfully assimilated into the elite "national" culture. The Taiwanese experience thus provides a reminder that many political phenomena apparently framed in ethnic, sectarian terms are in fact undergirded by essentially class-based grievances.
A Theory of the Nominal Term Structure of Interest Rates

A model of the nominal term structure of interest rates is developed that has a positive and stationary process for the interest rate and delivers closed-form expressions for the prices of discount bonds and European options on bonds. Unlike the one-state-variable version of the Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross (1985) model, this model--even in its one-state-variable version--allows the term premium to change sign as a function of the state and the term to maturity, and also allows for shapes of the yield curve that are observed in the U.S. data but that are disallowed in the Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross model. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Sources of Asymmetric Monetary Transmission in Europe

The macroeconomic model in the introduction simply postulated that aggregate demand in the EMU member countries responds instantaneously and differently to changes in short-term interest rates. The channels of monetary transmission are definitely more complex than this specification suggests.1 Furthermore, it leaves unexplained which structural features in the EMU member countries contribute to the differences in the interest sensitivity of aggregate demand. This chapter provides a systematic account of individual channels of monetary transmission and evaluates their partial impact on the strength of monetary transmission. Empirical evidence on these individual channels of transmission across some or all EMU member countries is then presented in order to assess their importance as a source of asymmetric monetary transmission in Europe.
The placebo effect in symptom management.

Purpose/objectives To explore current knowledge of placebo effects, including proposed explanatory mechanisms, influencing factors, characteristics, and implications for practice and research. Data sources Published and unpublished articles, books, and monographs. Data synthesis Placebo effects occur in up to 90% of nursing interventions. They may be explained by several mechanisms and are influenced by nurse/physician demeanor, patient factors, the patient-provider relationship, treatment factors, and context of the healthcare encounter. Conclusions Nurses need to control for placebo effects when testing whether an intervention has desired effects, but once such effects have been demonstrated, nurses can make use of placebo effects to enhance the impact of their interventions. Implications for nursing practice Nurses can take measures to improve the patient's response to treatment, including providing a comfortable environment, using therapeutic communication techniques, helping patients to understand specific mechanisms of their treatment, and encouraging positive expectations and motivation for effectiveness.