cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supercapacitors based on graphene–polyaniline derivative nanocomposite electrode materials

Abstract This manuscript discusses a comparative study of nanocomposite materials based on graphene and derivatives of PANI, i.e. ‘methoxy’ ( OCH 3 ) aniline and ‘methyl’ ( CH 3 ) aniline with graphene (G) for supercapacitor applications. The G-polyaniline (PANI), G-poly (o-methoxy aniline) [poly (o-anisidine) (POA)] and G-poly (o-methyl aniline) [poly (o-toluidine) (POT)] were synthesized by a chemical oxidative polymerization method and characterized to understand the nanocomposite formation of the materials. The electrochemical properties of G-PANI, G-POA, and G-POT nanocomposites based supercapacitors were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques in 2 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte. The specific capacitances (Cp) of supercapacitors based on G-PANI, G-POA, and G-POT in 2 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte were estimated to be 400, 380, and 425 F/g, respectively. However, POT nanocomposite with graphene exhibited better capacitance (425 F/g) than the G-polyaniline or the G-POA based electrode materials. The relaxation time constants of 0.6, 2.5, and 5 s for the G-POT, G-PANI, and G-POA nanocomposite-based supercapacitors were calculated from the EIS analysis and such time constants revealed a quicker delivery of the stored energy than the carbon–carbon based supercapacitors. The high specific capacitance and small relaxation time constants of the G-substituted polyaniline paved the way for the fabrication of safe and stable supercapacitors.
A Reexamination of the Ultrastructure of Didinium nasutum and a Reanalysis of the Phylogeny of the Haptorid Ciliates

. The cilia of Didinium nasutum are restricted to two girdles encircling the cell. Each row of cilia in both girdles is made up of two to three anterior pairs of kinetosomes followed by several single kinetosomes. Each single kinetosome has two sets of transverse microtubules, an overlapping postciliary microtubular ribbon, and a laterally directed kinetodesmal fiber. The pairs of kinetosomes are homologous to the oral dikinetids of other haptorians: the nonciliated kinetosome of the pair has a transverse microtubular ribbon that extends to line the membrane of the proboscis, a single short postciliary microtubule, and a nematodesma; the ciliated kinetosome has a ribbon of postciliary microtubules and two sets of transverse microtubules. The presence of these characters in Didinium invalidates Leipe & Hausmann's conclusion that the Didiniidae should be removed from the subclass that contains the other haptorians (Leipe, D. D. & Hausumann, K. 1989. Somatic infraciliature of the haptorid ciliate Homalozoon vermiculare (Kinetofragminophora, Gymnostomata) Ditransversalia n. subcl. and phylogenetic implications. J. Protozool., 36:280–289). In light of this, the justification for a subclass Ditransversalia is challenged and shown to be unnecessary.
The net benefit of airline overbooking

Benefits of airline overbooking are often measured by considering only the revenue gains attained for overbooked (congested) flights, and ignoring the potential loss of revenues that may take place in other (un-congested) flights (i.e., the “gross” benefit). This study explores the “net” benefit of overbooking by considering revenue implications of overbooking on both congested and un-congested flights. A series of simulation experiments are conducted to investigate the nature of the relationship between the gross and net benefits. The results imply that the net benefit may be substantially lower than the gross benefit under many practical conditions.
Application of drive systems for mine haulage vehicles

ABSTRACT There are many different types of open pit mining operations around the world, and the challenge for any drive system manufacturer is to produce a system or systems that will work satisfactorily In these mines. Several factors must be considered, such as vehicle speed requirements, available engine horsepower, mine rolling resistance, grades, grade lengths, payload and tire sizes. How well a particular drive system performs depends on size, weight, and available tractive/retarding effort. In addition to performance, the system must also, have an operating cost that will be acceptable over the life of the equipment Today the choice of drive or electrical and within these Woes there are several manufacturers. Regardless of how die power is provided to the rear wheels, the job most he accomplished reliably and at acceptable cost. This paper will cover characteristics of an electric drive system and how it is applied.
Magic of wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been primarily introduced for defense application, with an objective of monitoring enemy's activities without any human intervention, using a large number of wireless sensor nodes (SNs) and a Base Station (BS) or a sink to collect information from all SNs. In recent years, advances in miniaturization, low-power circuit design, improved low cost, and small-size batteries have made it possible for monitoring physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, velocity, acceleration, stress and strain, fatigue, tilt, light intensity, sound, humidity, gas-sensors, biological, pollution, impurity level detection, nuclear radiation, civil structural sensors, blood pressure, sugar level, white cell count, and many others. The magic of WSNs is also expanded to Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) as applied to human health. We introduce an interesting application of WBASN in the field of Sports Medicine by monitoring postural balance and stability of athletes in real time and providing valuable feedback to the coaches so as to minimize athletes' injury and maximize their playing potential. We also consider a fascinating application of continuous, non-invasive wireless home monitoring of patients with movement disorders and Parkinson's disease. We discuss an effective home based monitoring system that could monitor patients in their homes. Final comments are added to provide glimpse of what WSNs can do in numerous areas
Galactosemia: a study of twenty-seven kindreds in North America.

Summary The present paper reports on the enzyme studies performed on 421 individuals in twenty-seven kindreds which include twenty-nine sibships containing galactosemic individuals. By fitting normal curves to a group of known heterozygotes (parents) and normal controls, it was possible to establish exclusion limits for each group. The analysis indicates that most heterozygotes can be classified correctly on the basis of enzyme studies. The identification of heterozygotes confirms the previous suggestion that galactosemia is due to an autosomal recessive gene. In the galactosemic sibships, there was an excess of males over that usually seen in the white population at birth. This effect appeared to be present among both affected and unaffected children and was independent of birth order and parental age.
Lexical access in early stages of visual word processing: A single-trial correlational MEG study of heteronym recognition

Abstract We present an MEG study of heteronym recognition, aiming to distinguish between two theories of lexical access: the ‘early access’ theory, which entails that lexical access occurs at early (pre 200 ms) stages of processing, and the ‘late access’ theory, which interprets this early activity as orthographic word-form identification rather than genuine lexical access. A correlational analysis method was employed to examine effects of the heteronyms’ form and lexical properties on brain activity. We find support for the ‘late access’ view, in that lexical properties did not affect processing until after 300 ms, while earlier activation was primarily modulated by orthographic form.
MONOGENIC DETERMINANTS OF FAMILIAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE : PRESENILIN-1 MUTATIONS

Presenilin-1 (PS1) mutations account for the greatest portion of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) cases. The exact cellular function of PS1 is not known. To date, PS1 mutations have been shown to alter two potential biological roles of the protein, either of which could make neurons more susceptible to neurodegeneration. First, PS1 mutations result in elevated A beta 42/A beta 40 ratios in plasma of FAD patients, in transgenic mice and in transfected cell lines. A beta 42 is the more hydrophobic and most neurotoxic form of the peptide. A common molecular event that has been associated with all of the known early onset FAD genes is the excessive production or accumulation of the A beta peptide in the brain. PS1 mutations have also been found to alter the Notch signalling pathway, but the mechanism by which this may affect neurodegeneration remains to be determined. Future studies will be needed to elucidate whether PS1 mutations lead directly to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration or cause cell death by increasing A beta 42 generation and deposition.
Structure–property relationships in cross-conjugated, high-spin, dinuclear ligands: building blocks for open-shell molecules and materials

Abstract We assert that redox-active paramagnetic ligands will play an important role in molecule-based magnetic materials. In addition, cross-conjugated redox-active molecules are uniquely suited for correlating exchange coupling in biradical oxidation states with spin/charge delocalization in mixed-valent oxidation states. We present several examples of such ligands and emphasize pertinent molecular structure–property relationships.
CAUDAL BRAINSTEM DELIVERY OF GHRELIN INDUCES FOS EXPRESSION IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE SOLITARY TRACT, BUT NOT IN THE ARCUATE OR PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

Ghrelin increases food intake when injected into either the forebrain or hindbrain ventricles. Brain areas activated by ghrelin after forebrain delivery have been examined using Fos immunohistochemistry and include the hypothalamic arcuate (Arc) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei, and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the medulla. It is not clear, however, if ghrelin applied directly to the hindbrain activates forebrain structures. Therefore, we examined Fos expression in the Arc, PVN, and NTS after injecting ghrelin into the fourth ventricle. Animals treated with a hyperphagic dose of ghrelin had greater levels of Fos expression in the NTS at the level of the area postrema than animals injected with vehicle. Ghrelin did not, however, increase Fos expression in the Arc or PVN in rats with open or occluded cerebral aqueducts. Given the importance of caudal brainstem (CBS) catecholamine pathways in the control of food intake, we performed double-labeling experiments to evaluate the potential overlap between tyrosine hydroxylase TH and ghrelin-induced Fos expression. Ghrelin did not increase Fos in TH-positive neurons in the NTS, suggesting that ghrelin delivered to the fourth ventricle does not act through catecholaminergic pathways. Nevertheless, the local (NTS), but not distal (Arc and PVN), induction of Fos suggests the presence of partially independent forebrain and hindbrain circuits that respond to ghrelin. These data support the NTS as a target of ghrelin action by building upon prior findings of increases in food intake in response to third- and fourth-ventricle ghrelin delivery.
Evidence for a Carrier-mediated Transfer Model for the Accumulation of 14 C-γ-Aminobutyric Acid by Brain Particles at Zero Degrees Centigrade

It has been shown that subcellular particles prepared from sucrose homo-genates of imouse brain can accumulate isotopioally labeled γ-aminobuttyric acid (/ABA) when suspended in a Na+ containing medium (0.2 M NiaCl, 0.05 M tris-HCl pH 7.3, 14C-γABA) at 0° C. This process is Na+ dependent, pH dependent and osmotictally sensitive (S a n o and R o b e r t s 1963). In studies which were carried out on a morphologically heterogeneous mitochondrial fraction (containing mitochondria, synaptosomes, myelin structures and vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum) and a microsomal fraction (predominantly composed of vesicular fragments of endoplasmic (reticulum) the following observations were made (Varon, Weinstein and Roberts 1964): Both preparations contained endogenous γ ABA in the particles. Upon transfer of the heterogeneous mitochondrial fraction from a sucrose medium to the radioactive 14C-γABA saline suspension, there was an initial net increment in the amount of total bound γABA, even though the isotopie evidence indicated a concurrent release into the suspending medium of endogenous γABA by the particles. This phase was followed by a slow net release of γABA. The accumulation of 14C-γABA by the particles continued during the early stages of the net loss of γABA from the particles.
Scale-free networks in biology: new insights into the fundamentals of evolution?

Scale-free network models describe many natural and social phenomena. In particular, networks of interacting components of a living cell were shown to possess scale-free properties. A recent study((1)) compares the system-level properties of metabolic and information networks in 43 archaeal, bacterial and eukaryal species and claims that the scale-free organization of these networks is more conserved during evolution than their content.
Reduce response time: get "hooked" on a wiki

Managing the flow of information both within the IT department and to our customers is one of our greatest challenges in the Office of Technology Information at Valparaiso University. To be successful, IT staff first need to acquire the right information from colleagues to provide excellent service. Then, the staff must determine the most effective way to communicate that information to internal and external customers to encourage the flow of information. To advance the IT department's goals, how best can we utilize "information" and "communication" vehicles to exchange information, improve workflow, and ultimately communicate essential information to our internal and external customers? We've asked ourselves this question and have resolved that "information" and "communication" need to work cooperatively! How better than with a wiki. Recent changes in departmental structure gave us the opportunity to examine our communication vehicles - specifically the software tools we use to facilitate the flow of information. Our previous knowledge base, First Level Support, a module of the HEAT support software produced by FrontRange Solutions, once met our needs as an internal knowledge base solution. We realized we had outgrown FLS and needed a more robust alternative. Our student employees asked for a newer, more interactive method of sharing information. With the assistance of our UNIX systems administrator, we investigated various options and decided to implement the MediaWiki™ system. As we had anticipated, use of this wiki system reduced the response time a customer must wait for an answer to their inquiry. What we didn't realize was that utilization of the wiki would meet many more needs than we had anticipated. It has also helped us meet other departmental needs, such as increased collaboration, an online knowledge base, and a training tool for staff. Come see how a sprinkle of pixie dust improved communication through adoption of the wiki, and brought information to the forefront of our operations.
Curie temperature control of La1−xPbxMnO3−y thin film by changing the pulsed laser deposition conditions

Abstract The pulsed laser ablation deposition (PLD) method has been used to fabricate epitaxial films of La1−xPbxMnO3−y (LPMO) oxide and to control Curie temperature (TC) of films by changing the deposition conditions. X-Ray diffraction indicated growth of epitaxial films with good crystallinity. All films prepared showed metal–insulator phase transition. The respective phase corresponds to ferromagnetic and paramagnetic one. The transition temperature TRmax (nearly equivalent to TC) decreases from 324 to 246 K with increasing substrate temperature (TS) during film deposition. Electron probe microanalysis showed that the lead (Pb) concentration in the films decreased (evaporated) with increasing TS, indicating that the decrease in TRmax is mainly due to the decrease of Pb content in the film. The magnetoresistance ratio normalized to the zero-field of a film, whose TRmax is near room temperature (RT), is 0.45% at magnetic field (H)=21 kOe at RT. The MR ratio is small unfortunately, however, the present results indicate that the phase transition temperature can be controlled by changing TS and epitaxial films with TRmax above RT can be prepared by the PLD method. These films are necessary for development of multilayered devices which are composed of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic substances.
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC IN A FLORIDA COUNTY: EXPLORATION WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND REGRESSION MODELS

Accurate annual average daily traffic (AADT) information is important to many applications, including roadway design, air quality compliance, travel model validation, and others. Yet complete or even extensive coverage of a network to collect traffic count data is impractical because of the cost involved. Studies have been conducted to estimate AADT for interstate highways, expressways, urban roads, and rural roads. Such efforts were often hampered by the lack of relevant detailed information that adequately explained variations in the traffic counts. A study in which geographic information system technology was extensively used to investigate various factors that may contribute to AADT on a road is presented. A variety of land-use and accessibility measurements were developed and tested. Multiple linear regression models were developed. Although most variables were statistically significant, few added enough explanatory power to be practical and useful. Four models that achieved R2 of 0.66 to 0.82 are pr...
Development of a post-lesson observation conferencing protocol: Situated in theory, research, and practice

Abstract Since student teaching experiences are paramount, teacher educators' development of their own field-instruction practice should be studied. This self-study analyzes the five-year development process of my self-created post-lesson observation conferencing protocol. Story line methodology and personal/practical narrative inquiry were used to juxtapose key events with changes to the protocol over time. Through the analysis, gaps between my developing theoretical understandings and my actual practice were identified. The recognition of these misalignments resulted in two outcomes, (a) additional improvements to the protocol and my practice (b) production of a conceptual framework and protocol for conferencing with student teachers.
The tensile strength of cracked ice

Abstract Experiments have established that the tensile strength of pre-cracked, polycrystalline ice, Ih, when strained at 10−3 s−1 at -10°C, is controlled by crack propagation, provided that the cracks exceed a critical size and are sharp. When the cracks are short, or when they are long but blunted through creep deformation at the crack tip, the strength is controlled by the nucleation of new cracks.
Sufficient dimension reduction in regressions across heterogeneous subpopulations

Chiaromonte and co-workers extended this method to regressions with qualitative predictors and developed a method, partial sliced inverse regression, under the assumption that the covariance matrices of the continuous predictors are constant across the levels of the qualitative predictor. We extend partial sliced inverse regression by removing the restrictive homogeneous covariance condition. This extension, which significantly expands the applicability of the previous methodology, is based on a new estimation method that makes use of a non-linear least squares objective function.
OFFSPRING SIZE AND PERFORMANCE IN VARIABLE ENVIRONMENTS: FIELD STUDIES ON A MARINE SNAIL

This study links offspring size and energetic content to offspring performance (measured as growth and survivorship) in the intertidal gastropod Nucella ostrina and examines the effect of hatching size on performance at different times of year and in contrasting environments. The relationships between individual hatchling size and organic content were compared both within and among clutches of N. ostrina. Hatchling size was positively, significantly, and predictively correlated with hatchling organic content both within and among clutches, demonstrating that hatching size could be reliably used as an indicator of maternal investment. The slope of the relationship between hatchling size and organic content varied between clutches, suggesting intrapopulation variation in embryonic growth geometry. In field outplants, hatching size always had a positive and significant effect on growth, and small hatchlings took approximately one month to reach the initial size of their larger siblings. More large hatchlings than small hatchlings were recovered in every experimental outplant. The effect of hatching size on recovery was not significant in short (9 d) outplants, but recovery of large hatchlings was significantly greater than recovery of small hatchlings in two out of three long-term (36 or 54 d) outplants. Overall recovery was lower in the summer, the long-term outplant in which size did not significantly affect recovery. In experiments testing the relationship between hatching size and survi- vorship in two environments that differed in degree of sun exposure, size significantly and positively affected recovery in the more shaded habitat (with higher overall recovery) but not in the sun-exposed environment. Thus, larger hatching size in N. ostrina results in (1) increased hatchling growth, (2) considerably shortened time to maturity, and (3) higher survivorship. However, the advantage of large hatching size was decreased under more severe environmental conditions, those which resulted in higher overall hatchling mortality. Contrary to predictions, poor environmental conditions may not be more likely to select for large offspring size in intertidal habitats: during periods of high heat stress, mortality may be largely random with respect to size.
The neuroprotectant ebselen inhibits oxidative DNA damage induced by dopamine in the presence of copper ions

Ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one), a seleno-organic compound with glutathione peroxidase-like activity, has been shown to be protective against brain ischemic injury and Parkinson's disease. This study was undertaken to investigate the protective effects of ebselen on oxidative DNA damage induced by dopamine in the presence of copper ions. Incubation of phiX-174 plasmid DNA with micromolar dopamine in the presence of Cu(II) resulted in a concentration-dependent induction of DNA strand breaks. Both a Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox cycle and H(2)O(2) formation were critically involved in the induction of DNA strand breaks by the dopamine/Cu(II) system. The presence of ebselen at micromolar concentrations led to a marked concentration-dependent inhibition of DNA strand breaks induced by the dopamine/Cu(II) system. Further studies showed that ebselen did not affect either the Cu(II)-mediated oxidation of dopamine to dopamine quinone or the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) by dopamine. Instead, the presence of ebselen resulted in a marked decrease in the levels of H(2)O(2) derived from the Cu(II)-mediated oxidation of dopamine. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that ebselen is able to inhibit the dopamine/Cu(II)-induced oxidative DNA damage, which appears to be attributable to the ability of ebselen to decrease the levels of H(2)O(2) derived from the dopamine/Cu(II) system. Since oxidative DNA damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, the inhibition of oxidative DNA damage by ebselen may be responsible, at least partially, for its neuroprotective activities observed in both humans and experimental animals.
The Price of Leadership: Campaign Money and the Polarization of Congressional Parties

We argue that the leadership selection system, which now gives significant weight to fundraising, helps explain the continuing polarization of the congressional parties. Focusing first on elected party leadership posts, we demonstrate that members will select ideologically extreme leaders over “ideological middlemen” when extremists redistribute more money than their more centrist opponents. We then show that redistributing campaign money also helps ideologues win posts in the extended party leadership, though appointment to such posts by the top leaders (rather than by the caucus) makes the role of money and ideology more complex. Specifically, we demonstrate that top leaders, who are now ideologues themselves, reward the contributions of ideologically like-minded members more heavily than those of ideologically dissimilar members. This produces a more polarized leadership in Congress.
An Exploratory Examination of Student to Professor Disclosures of Crime Victimization

Prior qualitative research has demonstrated that female college students may utilize their professors as support providers when they experience sexual assault and intimate partner violence victimization. To further explore this phenomenon, the present study used a random sampling design on two college campuses to examine the following questions: (a) Are student disclosures of crime victimization a common occurrence for college professors? (b) What is the nature of college professors' most recent disclosure of crime victimization? and (c) Do professor characteristics predict receiving a student disclosure of victimization? Implications of these findings as well as directions for future research will be discussed.
Accounting for intermediates: Production sharing and trade in value added

We combine input-output and bilateral trade data to quantify cross-border production linkages. Using a complete trading system, we compute bilateral trade in value added for 87 countries and regions. The ratio of value added to gross exports is a measure of the intensity of production sharing. Across sectors, manufacturing has a relatively low ratio and thus accounts for a smaller share of exported value added than gross exports. Across countries, aggregate ratios are negatively correlated with exporter income, primarily due to cross-country differences in the composition of exports. Across bilateral partners, ratios vary widely and contain information on both bilateral and triangular production chains. Further, bilateral imbalances measured in value added differ from gross imbalances.
Tridirectional computed chaining: an efficient hashing algorithm for limited space applications

Hardware innovations such as motes, RFIDs, embedded microprocessors, and wireless sensors, have provided the foundation for a plethora of new applications for business, government, industry, and individuals. These applications include connected cities, smart homes and appliances, improved security and surveillance, smart vehicles, business integration, and e-commerce. Rarely does a user complain about a software system being too fast. Even though processor speeds have increased significantly, access times for external storage have lagged, causing performance bottlenecks. This paper presents a new hashing scheme, tridirectional computed chaining, which is especially relevant for applications in which space may be limited but fast access is important. The performance enhancements result primarily from using a pseudolink field with three-way branching rather than one allowing only a linear chain.
On the feasibility of exploiting P2P systems to launch DDoS attacks

We show that malicious nodes in a peer-to-peer (P2P) system may impact the external Internet environment, by causing large-scale distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on nodes not even part of the overlay system. This is in contrast to attacks that disrupt the normal functioning, and performance of the overlay system itself. We demonstrate the significance of the attacks in the context of mature and extensively deployed P2P systems with representative and contrasting membership management algorithms—Kad, a DHT-based file-sharing system, and ESM, a gossip-based video broadcasting system. We then present an evaluation study of three possible mitigation schemes and discuss their strength and weakness. These schemes include (i) preferring pull-based membership propagation over push-based; (ii) corroborating membership information through multiple sources; and (iii) bounding multiple references to the same network entity. We evaluate the schemes through both experiments on PlanetLab with real and synthetic traces, and measurement of the real deployments. Our results show the potential of the schemes in enhancing the DDoS resilience of P2P systems, and also reveal the weakness in the schemes and regimes where they may not be sufficient.
Maxillectomy and its classification

Background Many adjectives are used to describe maxillectomy procedures, such as radical, total, extended, subtotal, medial, partial, and limited. The variety of nomenclature in our own Service database testifies that much confusion exists. Methods We have reviewed a 10-year experience with 403 maxillectomies performed between 1984 and 1993. Based on our retrospective reassessment, the operations were grouped into one of three categories. The term “limited” (LM) was applied to any maxillectomy which primarily removed one wall of the antrum. Designated “subtotal” (SM) was any procedure which removed at least two walls, including the palate. We listed as “total” (TM) only those who had a complete resection of the maxilla. Hospital charts were selectively reviewed, and each of the three types of maxillectomy was analyzed to determine the histology and site of the index cancers and the incidence of complex reconstruction. Results We determined that the maxillectomy performed in 230 patients (57%) was a LM. Tumor site and extent defined five different approaches in this cohort: peroral, 73; medial maxillectomy, 53; anterior craniofacial, 43; upper cheek flap, 42; and transfacial, 19. Subtotal maxillectomy or TM was performed in 135 and 38 (34% and 9%, respectively), almost 90% of whom had a cheek flap approach. Only 51 patients had an orbital exenteration, including 27 of the 38 (71%) of those who had a TM. Complex repair was employed in a total of 63 patients (16%), most often in those having TM (14 of 38, 37%). Conclusions Classification of maxillectomy either as LM, SM, or TM is useful and feasible. To define a LM, the portion of the maxilla removed (ie, palate, anterior wall, medial wall) must be specified. For any maxillectomy, the access used should be listed, and the surgeon should indicate whether the maxillectomy has been extended to include adjacent structures. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck19: 309–314, 1997.
O-049 Parent’s Over Identification Of Austism Spectrum Disorder In Extremely Premature Infants At Four Years Of Age

Background and aims There is increasing interest and speculation about the relationship between prematurity and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The majority of studies have been retrospective with limited collateral information about the child. This study sought to determine how children designated by their parents’ ratings for ASD differed in premature morbidities, cognitive abilities, autism ratings by a psychologist, and executive functioning skills. Method This prospective longitudinal study of 174 extremely premature infants born ≤30 weeks gestation were followed to age four. The BSID-III was administered at 6, 15 and 24 months with the Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile being completed at 6 months of age. At 4 years, the parents completed the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) and the Behavioural Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P). The psychologists completed the Children’s Autism Rating Scale (CARS) while administering the WPPSI-III. GARS and CARS scores were collapsed into autistic versus non-autistic categories and used to analyse the data. Results Parent’s GARS identified a significantly higher number of children (38%) with ASD than did the examiner’s ratings (CARS, 10%). GARS’ groups did not differ significantly in NICU length of stay, incidence of sepsis, or severe IVH. At 6, 15, and 24 months the ASD group scored significantly lower on the BSID-III and at four years they had a lower mean IQ (89 v. 105, p Conclusion Parent’s perception of NICU morbidities and cognitive delays affect the identification of ASD in extremely preterm infants.
VALIDATION OF THE LABELED-WATER METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FOOD CONSUMPTION IN NESTLING HERONS

Abstract Accurate measurements of food consumption by young birds are of great value in a variety of ecological studies, but traditional measurement methods are problematic and prone to high error. In animals that obtain their water primarily through food, it is possible to estimate food consumption from measurements of water influx rate, using radioactively labeled water (3H2O), and diet water content. We evaluated that method by comparing actual food consumption with simultaneous estimates of food consumption based on the labeled-water method in captive-reared nestling Tricolored Herons (Egretta tricolor). There was good agreement. The average error in the isotope method was −2% (SD = 8%), and that difference was not statistically significant. An errors analysis indicated that the accuracy of this method is sensitive to determinations of dietary water content and animal body water content, and to estimates of rates of metabolic water production and unidirectional water vapor input.
Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in the Treatment of Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

CONTEXT: Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) improves growth in patients with growth hormone deficiency or idiopathic short stature. Its role in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To review the effectiveness of rhGH in the treatment of patients with CF. METHODS: Medline and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from the earliest date through April 2010. Randomized controlled trials, observational studies, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, or case reports were included if rhGH therapy was administered to patients with CF and data on prespecified harms, intermediate outcomes, or final health outcomes were reported. When applicable, end points were pooled by using a random-effects model. The overall body of evidence was graded for each outcome as insufficient, low, moderate, or high. RESULTS: Ten unique controlled trials (n = 312) and 8 observational studies (n = 58) were included. On quantitative synthesis of controlled trials, several markers of pulmonary function, anthropometrics, and bone mineralization were significantly improved versus control. Results of single-arm observational studies for the aforementioned outcomes were generally supportive of findings in clinical trials. There is insufficient evidence to determine the effect of rhGH on intravenous antibiotic use during therapy, pulmonary exacerbations, health-related quality-of-life, bone consequences, or total mortality, but moderate evidence suggests that rhGH therapy reduces the rate of hospitalization versus control. CONCLUSIONS: rhGH improved almost all intermediate measures of pulmonary function, height, and weight in patients with CF. Improvements in bone mineral content are also promising. However, with the exception of hospitalizations, the benefits on final health outcomes cannot be directly determined at this time.
Sharing Ike Citizen Media Cover a Breaking Story

Citizen journalists shot video of Hurricane Ike as it moved through the Caribbean, Texas, and the midsection of the United States in September, 2008. This study is a content analysis of 239 videos ...
High energy density capacitors for pulsed power applications

The improvement in the performance of high energy density capacitors used in pulsed power has accelerated over the past few years. This has resulted from increased research sponsored by the US Army Research Laboratory, in support of the US Military's needs. The capacitor development effort will be discussed as well as the results of both short term and long term testing of a new generation of high energy density capacitors.
Solvability of Variational Inequalities on Hilbert Lattices

This paper provides a systematic solvability analysis for (generalized) variational inequalities on separable Hilbert lattices. By contrast to a large part of the existing literature, our approach is lattice-theoretic, and is not based on topological fixed point theory. This allows us to establish the solvability of certain types of (generalized) variational inequalities without requiring the involved (set-valued) maps be hemicontinuous or monotonic. Some of our results generalize those obtained in the context of nonlinear complementarity problems in earlier work, and appear to have scope for applications. This is illustrated by means of several applications to fixed point theory, optimization, and game theory.
Hydrolysis of different chain length xylooliogmers by cellulase and hemicellulase

Abstract Commercial cellulase complexes produced by cellulolytic fungi contain enzyme activities that are capable of hydrolyzing non-cellulosic polysaccharides in biomass, primarily hemicellulose and pectins, in addition to cellulose. However, xylanase activities detected in most commercial enzyme preparations have been shown to be insufficient to completely hydrolyze xylan, resulting in high xylooligomer concentrations remaining in the hydrolysis broth. Our recent research showed that these xylooligomers are stronger inhibitors of cellulase activity than others have previously established for glucose and cellobiose, making their removal of great importance. In this study, a HPLC system that can measure xylooligomers with degrees of polymerization (DP) up to 30 was applied to assess how Spezyme CP cellulase, Novozyme 188 β-glucosidase, Multifect xylanase, and non-commercial β-xylosidase enzymes hydrolyze different chain length xylooligomers derived from birchwood xylan. Spezyme CP cellulase and Multifect xylanase partially hydrolyzed high DP xylooligomers to lower DP species and monomeric xylose, while β-xylosidase showed the strongest ability to degrade both high and low DP xylooligomers. However, about 10–30% of the higher DP xylooligomers were difficult to be breakdown by cellulase or xylanase and about 5% of low DP xylooligomers (mainly xylobiose) proved resistant to hydrolysis by cellulase or β-glucosidase, possibly due to low β-xylosidase activity in these enzymes and/or the precipitation of high DP xylooligomers.
Extent of Vitamin A Deficiency among Preschool Children and Women of Reproductive Age

Knowledge of the extent of vitamin A (VA) deficiency (D) is critical for identifying high-risk populations and mobilizing resources for prevention. Yet, all estimates are necessarily imperfect, often based on assumptions in the absence of data. In 1995, the World Health Organization estimated 254 million children to be VA-deficient and 2.8 million to have xerophthalmia. Subsequently, estimates were changed to 75-140 million and 3.3 million, respectively. Although both sets are consistent with a problem of enormous magnitude, the discrepancies also created uncertainty. The present analysis indicates there are approximately 127 million and 4.4 million preschool children with VAD (serum retinol 6 million women develop night blindness (XN) during pregnancy annually. Roughly 45% of VA-deficient and xerophthalmic children and pregnant women with low-to-deficient VA status live in South and Southeast Asia. These regions harbor >60% of all cases of maternal XN, three fourths of whom seem to live in India. Africa accounts for 25-35% of the global cases of child and maternal VAD; about 10% of all deficient persons live in the eastern Mediterranean region, 5-15% live in the Western Pacific and approximately 5% live in the Region of the Americas. VA prophylaxis seems to be preventing the number of deficient preschool children from increasing while probably reducing rates of blindness and mortality. Greater effort is needed to assess and prevent VAD and its disorders, particularly among pregnant and lactating women.
Core, peripheries, and regional realities in Middle Horizon Peru

Abstract In this article, I argue that the basic structure of the core–periphery models of dependency and world system theories are so deeply embedded in archaeological interpretations of early states and empires that social scientists working inside, outside, and against these paradigms tend to frame their arguments, often implicitly, around a core–periphery model of radiating lines that connect peripheral zones to the core. I suggest that the dominance of this model significantly inhibits our ability to understand the social dynamics of outlying groups in some instances. Using a case study from the Wari state of the Pre-Columbian Andes, I demonstrate one example of a situation where a core–periphery model fails to capture the emergent properties of a regional system embedded within the cultural and economic milieu of the expanding Wari state. Without a more serious consideration of regional dynamics, archaeologists may misinterpret the past at all levels of inter-regional interactions involving state societies in the Andes and elsewhere.
Coping styles and sex differences in depressive symptoms and delinquent behavior.

Building on research that links gender to differences in well-being and differences in stress exposure and vulnerability, the current study examines how coping styles are gendered in ways that may contribute to sex differences in depressive symptoms and delinquent behavior. The study disaggregates stress measures to reflect gender differences in the experience of stress, examining whether avoidant, approach, and action coping condition the relationship between stress and well-being. Regression analyses were conducted using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Results revealed sex differences and similarities. The interaction of avoidant coping and stress helped explain why girls had more depressive symptoms than boys, action coping increased delinquent behavior for girls, while approach coping decreased delinquent behavior for boys and girls. Assisting adolescents in developing coping styles that discourage avoiding problems or taking quick action, but that encourage problem-solving, can improve well-being, regardless of sex
The Use of Cellulose Sample for Material's Flammability and Pyrolysis Tests

During transient pyrolysis tests of charring and non-charring materials, we noticed that sample preparation is crucial to obtain reliable data, on which theoretical models are based. Different researchers use different sam- ple preparation techniques which some time causes disagreement in the results and create ambiguity when test results are compared. In this paper, we propose a bench mark sample preparation technique to clarify the experimen- tal ambiguity and establish a reliable/common data base. Pyrolysis tests were performed by exposing PMMA, douglas-fir particle board (DFPB), and cellulose samples to external radiant heat using quartz and cone heaters. The cellulose sample is suggested for its homogeneity and combustion characteristics simi- lar to natural wood in order to eliminate a variety of experimental uncertain- ties due to inhomogeneity of particle board and wood samples for use in pyroly- sis tests. Temperatures were measured at the front and back surfaces and at other intermediate locations using fine thermocouples. Thermal conductivity of DFPB and cellulose was then approximated from the measured temperature distributions as the sum of a linear temperature dependent term and a radia- tion penetration effect into the pourous structure in the pre-lyrolysis zone. Ef- fect of in-depth radiation absorption through the surface of the PMMA samples was estimated for various external radiant heat flux values; and it was found that in-depth radiation is an important factor in controlling the rate of heat transfer into the sample.
Compensation seeking status and psychometric assessment of combat veterans seeking treatment for PTSD

Examined differences between compensation seeking (CS) veterans and noncompensation seeking (NCS) veterans on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and other psychological measures in 142 combat veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at an outpatient Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital PTSD clinic. Patients were grouped on the basis of their compensation seeking status, with 69% classified as CS for PTSD. The CS veterans achieved significantly more pathological scores across a wide range of psychological inventories and MMPI-2 validity indices, although they did not differ in frequency of PTSD diagnoses from NCS veterans. Implications of these findings are discussed, and clinicians are advised to be aware of the compensation seeking status of combat-veterans being evaluated for PTSD.
Correspondence Bias in Performance Evaluation: Why Grade Inflation Works:

Performance (such as a course grade) is a joint function of an individual’s ability (such as intelligence) and the situation (such as the instructor’s grading leniency). Prior research has documented a human bias toward dispositional inference, which ascribes performance to individual ability, even when it is better explained through situational influences on performance. It is hypothesized here that this tendency leads admissions decisions to favor students coming from institutions with lenient grading because those students have their high grades mistaken for evidence of high ability. Three experiments show that those who obtain high scores simply because of lenient grading are favored in selection. These results have implications for research on attribution because they provide a more stringent test of the correspondence bias and allow for a more precise measure of its size. Implications for university admissions and personnel selection decisions are also discussed.
Intoxicated motor vehicle passengers: an overlooked at-risk population

Hypotheses Intoxicated motor vehicle passengers are similar to intoxicated drivers in recurrent health care encounters and risk of death for 5 years after injury. Intoxicated passengers have a greater risk of death than population controls. Design Historical cohort study. Setting University-based level I trauma center. Participants Motor vehicle crash victims admitted to a level I trauma center in 1993. Main Outcome Measures Recurrent hospitalization, emergency department visits, survival analysis, and standardized mortality ratios for 5 years following injury. Results More than one quarter of intoxicated passengers and drivers had recurrent hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Intoxicated occupants were more likely to return to the hospital and the emergency department than nonintoxicated controls (odds ratios, 2.0 and 2.7, respectively). Intoxicated passengers were at increased risk of dying compared with nonintoxicated occupants ( P = .008) and with the general population (standardized mortality ratio = 5.8). Intoxicated occupants were more likely to die an alcohol-related death ( P Conclusions Intoxicated passengers injured in a motor vehicle crash are similar to intoxicated drivers in recurrent hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Intoxicated passengers have an increased mortality rate in the 5 years following injury.