cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal effects on mass and spatial resolution during laser pulse atom probe tomography of cerium oxide

Abstract Cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) is an ideal surrogate material for trans-uranic elements and fission products found in nuclear fuels due to similarities in their thermal properties; therefore, cerium oxide was used to determine the best run condition for atom probe tomography (APT) of nuclear fuels. Laser-assisted APT is a technique that allows for spatial resolution in the nm scale and isotopic/elemental chemical identification. A systematic study of the impact of laser pulse energy and specimen base temperature on the mass resolution, measurement of stoichiometry, multiple detector hits, and evaporation mechanisms are reported in this paper. It was demonstrated that using laser-assisted APT stoichiometric field evaporation of cerium oxide was achieved at 1 pJ laser pulse energy and 20 K specimen base temperature.
15 O - Isolation of an estrogen receptor variant with increased activity from premalignant breast lesions

Recent molecular evidence suggests that at least half of the premalignant proliferative lesions of the breast have already suffered genetic alterations, suggesting that many of these lesions are in fact neoplasms with an increased propensity to evolve to malignancy. A growing body of literature also suggests that a high percentage of proliferative hyperplastic breast lesions, in contrast to nonnal breast epithelium, express high levels of the estrogen receptor (ER). Thus we hypothesize that either inappropriate overexpression of nonnal ER, or expression of certain variant forms of the ER, may drive abnormal proliferation in breast epithelium, providing a favorable environment for the genetic alterations. We have recently isolated an ER variant from breast hyperplasias with a point mutation within exon 4, which leads to a change of lysine to arginine at the beginning of the ER hormone binding domain. This variant is expressed in more than 30% of proliferative hyperplasias as assessed by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The ER variant displays increased agonistic properties in transactivations assays in MDA-MB-231 or HeLa cells. It exhibits significantly higher activity levels as compared to WT ER on a vitellogenin ERE reporter, and displays a 200-fold increase in estrogen sensitivity. Furthermore, when the variant receptor is stably transfected into the ER-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, these cells now proliferate in response to very low levels of estradiol.
Effects of Preweaning Noxious Stimulation on Later Behavior of Rats: Role of Experimenter Contact and Spacing of Stimulation

The role of experimenter contact in preweaning stimulation experiments was examined by comparing the behavior of rats receiving noxious stimulation in their home environment without intervention by E to that of rats stimulated in a novel environment. In Exp. 1, 160 Wistar rats were undisturbed or subjected to a loud noise massed at either 2 or 21 days of age or spaced throughout the preweaning period. Adult testing revealed no differences between in-cage and out-of-cage groups but supported the earlier findings that spaced noxious stimulation increased subsequent emotionality less than massed stimulation. Blood sugar levels were higher for massed groups than for spaced or undisturbed groups. All groups receiving preweaning stimulation showed less emotional reactivity after an adult stressor than undisturbed Ss. In Exp. 2, 220 rats were undisturbed or subjected to cold stress in a design similar to that of Exp. 1. Results were similar in that massed groups were more emotional than spaced groups and that fe...
Stoichiometric characteristics and resonance Raman spectra of azidosemimethemerythrin.

With extra precautions to remove dissolved oxygen, reduction of aquomethemerythrin with dithionite occurs with a stoichiometry very close to 1.0. The aquosemimethemerythrin so produced combines with N3− ion almost on a 1:1 basis per monomer. Resonance Raman spectra of azidosemimethemerythrin differ from those of azidomethemerythrin in the position of the Fe-N stretching frequency and in the absence of a feature corresponding to a μ-oxo bridge, but in both complexes the internal azide stretch occurs at the same frequency and the substitution of isotopically unsymmetrical 15N14N2− leads to a splitting of the FeN band. These observations provide some insight into the structural features of the binuclear functional site.
SP-D FORMS SURFACE-ACTIVE TUBULAR AGGREGATES OF DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE-PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL: † 2058

SP-D, a recently described surfactant apoprotein structurally closely related to SP-A and other members of the collectin protein family, has been implicated in the host defense of the lung. Its potential role in alveolar surfactant homeostasis is unknown, however. SP-D interacts with and aggregates phosphatidylinositol (PI)-containing liposomes (Biochemistry, 31:12183-89, 1992). We previously reported the cloning and heterologous expression of mouse SP-D cDNA (rSP-D; Pediatric Research, 37:346A, 1995) and showed that it assembles as oligomers of trimers, binds the sugar maltose and aggregates PI-containing liposomes in a calcium-dependent manner.
Enzymatic measurement of glucose and galactose content of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides

Glucose and galactose contents of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides were measured by enzymatic oxidation following acid hydrolysis. The variables of acid hydrolysis and enzyme activities under various conditions were studied in detail for pneumococcal polysaccharide type 8 because its structure is comparatively simple and well characterized. The maximum glucose release from type 8 occurred with 4–6 n -HCl for 1 h at 100 °C (93·1% of theoretic value). Maximum galactose release occurred following hydrolysis in 1–4 n -HCl, 100 °C for 1 h (92·3–94·3% of theoretic value). The maximum glucose and galactose oxidase activities were observed at pH 7·5 and 37 °C. Glucose oxidase activity increased rapidly and proportionally up to 30 min reaction time: in contrast, galactose oxidase activity increased gradually up to 60 min. Under present experimental conditions, measured and theoretic glucose values were in close agreement for pneumococcal polysaccharide types 2, 6, 8, 9 and 19. For galactose, measured and theoretic values were in close agreement for types 6, 8, 14, 23 and 51.
Pheromone-regulated Genes Required for Yeast Mating Differentiation

Yeast cells mate by an inducible pathway that involves agglutination, mating projection formation, cell fusion, and nuclear fusion. To obtain insight into the mating differentiation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we carried out a large-scale transposon tagging screen to identify genes whose expression is regulated by mating pheromone. 91,200 transformants containing random lacZ insertions were screened for β-galactosidase (β-gal) expression in the presence and absence of α factor, and 189 strains containing pheromone-regulated lacZ insertions were identified. Transposon insertion alleles corresponding to 20 genes that are novel or had not previously been known to be pheromone regulated were examined for effects on the mating process. Mutations in four novel genes, FIG1, FIG2, KAR5/ FIG3, and FIG4 were found to cause mating defects. Three of the proteins encoded by these genes, Fig1p, Fig2p, and Fig4p, are dispensible for cell polarization in uniform concentrations of mating pheromone, but are required for normal cell polarization in mating mixtures, conditions that involve cell–cell communication. Fig1p and Fig2p are also important for cell fusion and conjugation bridge shape, respectively. The fourth protein, Kar5p/Fig3p, is required for nuclear fusion. Fig1p and Fig2p are likely to act at the cell surface as Fig1:: β-gal and Fig2::β-gal fusion proteins localize to the periphery of mating cells. Fig4p is a member of a family of eukaryotic proteins that contain a domain homologous to the yeast Sac1p. Our results indicate that a variety of novel genes are expressed specifically during mating differentiation to mediate proper cell morphogenesis, cell fusion, and other steps of the mating process.
New challenges: residential pesticide exposure assessment in the California Department of Pesticide Regulation, USA☆

Residential exposure assessment is in an early stage of development within many of the regulatory agencies responsible for pesticides. Some of the impetus for residential assessment comes from the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), a federal law adopted in 1996 in the USA. The FQPA mandates that the aggregate and cumulative risks from all nonoccupational sources of exposure to similarly acting pesticides be assessed. The development of methods for residential exposure assessment is therefore proceeding in tandem with methods for aggregate risk assessment. The California Department of Pesticide Regulation (Cal DPR) regulates pesticides in the state of California much as the US EPA does at the national level. While Cal DPR is not explicitly bound by the federal law, it recognizes the importance of residential exposure and of cumulative risk, and tries to harmonize its methods with those of US EPA. Accordingly, Cal DPR is developing guidance for residential exposure assessment. Some factors to consider are the following: (1) although the end goal may be total exposure from all sources, in order to regulate the use of products it is necessary to have separate estimates of exposure from individual sources and routes; (2) probabilistic approaches will be used increasingly, and they must separate variability and uncertainty; (3) there is a critical need for data on residential use of pesticides, including the frequency of mishaps and improper handling; (4) data are needed on long-term activity patterns of individuals, including residential and occupational history; (5) regulatory agencies need a way to identify and screen potential exposure scenarios, in order to streamline the risk assessment process.
10 Malabsorption of food cobalamin

Summary Food-cobalamin malabsorption is marked by the inability to release cobalamin from food, which therefore cannot be taken up by intrinsic factor for absorption. The defect is not detectable by classical clinical tests like the Schilling test which are all based on the absorption of free, crystalline cobalamin. Tests of food-cobalamin absorption have been devised, the most popular ones using cobalamin bound to eggs or to chicken serum. The disparity between the abnormal results of these tests and the normal results with the Schilling test defines the disorder of food-cobalamin malabsorption. Release of cobalamin from food requires acid and pepsin, and most food-cobalamin malabsorptive states can be traced to gastric defects. However, other mechanisms may also play a role. The malabsorption is limited to food cobalamin and any free cobalamin, presumably including recycled biliary cobalamin, will be absorbed normally, which may explain its frequently insidious nature. The effect on cobalamin status covers a broad spectrum. At one extreme, some individuals, perhaps in the earliest stages, have normal cobalamin status, while at the other extreme may be found deficiency every bit as severe as in the most florid case of pernicious anaemia. Most often, however, the deficiency is mild, frequently marked by only a low serum cobalamin level, mild evidence of metabolic insufficiency and, sometimes, minimal clinical sequelae. Moreover, in some cases the gastric defect progresses and intrinsic factor secretion is affected, thus transforming into classical pernicious anaemia; this is not inevitable, however, and probably occurs in only a minority of patients. The course of food-cobalamin malabsorption is therefore a varied one. Nevertheless, it may be the most common cause of subtle or mild cobalamin deficiency and it is also sometimes associated with severe deficiency. Its identification and treatment need to be considered more widely in the clinical setting.
Role of neutrals in core fueling and pedestal structure in H-mode DIII-D discharges

Abstract The 2-D fluid code UEDGE was used to analyze DIII-D experiments to determine the role of neutrals in core fueling, core impurities, and also the H-mode pedestal structure. We compared the effects of divertor closure on the fueling rate and impurity density of high-triangularity, H-mode plasmas. UEDGE simulations indicate that the decrease in both deuterium core fueling (≈15–20%) and core carbon density (≈15–30%) with the closed divertor compared to the open divertor configuration is due to greater divertor screening of neutrals. We also compared UEDGE results with a simple analytic model of the H-mode pedestal structure [Nucl. Fusion 42 (2002) 52]. The model predicts both the width and gradient of the transport barrier in n e as a function of the pedestal density. The more sophisticated UEDGE simulations of H-mode discharges corroborate the simple analytic model, which is consistent with the hypothesis that fueling processes play a role in H-mode transport barrier formation.
The enzymic response of pea (Pisum sativum) stem sections to applied indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid and Ethrel: Catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase

Summary Applied indoleacetic acid (IAA), Giberellic acid (GA) and Ethrel (separate and in combination) to excised apical sections of etiolated Alaska pea ( Pisum sativum ) seedlings indicate that both GA and IAA cause a depression in the activities of peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase, in comparison to untreated controls. Ethrel treatment cause a significant decrease in the activity of both catalase and polyphenol oxidase vs. untreated control tissue. GA plus Ethrel and IAA plus Ethrel both mediate lowered levels of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities, in comparison to untreated controls. Ethrel treatment causes a depression in peroxidase activity vs. applied GA or IAA. The present study suggests that excised pea stem tissue segments, immediately below the apical area, respond differentially with respect to the activities of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, when treated with GA or IAA alone, or in combination with Ethrel. However, Ethrel, applied together with either GA or IAA, has a depressor effect on all three respective enzyme activity levels. In all instances, the effects of IAA, GA and Ethrel treatments, alone or in combination, were of a lower order of magnitude than the corresponding untreated control stem sections.
Severity of drinking as a predictor of efficacy of the combination of ondansetron and topiramate in rat models of ethanol consumption and relapse

Rationale Alcohol dependence is the third leading cause of preventable death in the USA. While single-agent pharmacotherapies have variable efficacy, medication combinations may produce additive effects by modulating multiple neural pathways.
Learning-Disabled Boys as Adolescents

Abstract Ninety-three boys, classified in grade school as either learning-disabled (LD) or normal achievers (controls), were followed-up at age 14. The 62 LD returnees remained, as a group, seriously retarded on the Gray Oral Reading Test and on the spelling and arithmetic subtests of the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT), but were just over a year behind (age norms) on the WRAT reading test. Controls averaged 10th-grade level on both reading tests and at grade level on the WRAT spelling and arithmetic tests. LD returnees wrote significantly slower than controls, their own names as well as a word and short sentence. Students who had poorest outcomes at follow-up were those who had the most severe early reading problems and who had depressed scores on the Information, Arithmetic, Digit Span, and Coding subtests of the WISC. This cluster continued to separate LD students and controls at age 14. Achievement-level outcomes were not related to earlier classification by activity level and neurological maturity or to intervention efforts.
An Adjustable Triple-Bifurcation Unit Model for Air-Particle Flow Simulations in Human Tracheobronchial Airways

A new methodology for a swift and accurate computer simulation of large segments of the human lung airways is presented. Focusing on a representative tracheobronchial (TB) region, i.e., G0-G15, nano- and micron particle transports have been simulated for Q(in)=30 lmin, employing an experimentally validated computer model. The TB tree was geometrically decomposed into triple-bifurcation units with kinematically adjusted multilevel outlet/inlet conditions. Deposition patterns and maximum concentrations differ greatly between nanoparticles (1< or =d(p)< or =150 nm) and micron particles (1< or =d(p)< or =10 microm), which may relate uniquely to health impacts. In comparison with semi-analytical particle deposition results, it is shown that such simple "lung models" cannot predict local deposition values but can match computer simulation results for the entire TB region within 2.5-26%. The present study revealed that turbulent air-particle flow may propagate to G5 for the assumed inhalation flow rate. Geometry and upstream effects are more pronounced for micron particle deposition than for nanoparticle deposition.
Abstract 3422: RNAi screening identifies FGFR4 as a modulator of growth and survival in Ewing sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma is the second most common cancer of bone and soft tissue arising in children and young adults. Standard treatment of Ewing sarcoma includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy largely consisting of combinations of non-targeted cytotoxic agents. Although the survival rate has improved for patients treated for localized disease, the survival rate of patients with metastatic tumor remains lower than 30%. In order to improve therapeutic options for Ewing Sarcoma, we employed a functional genomics approach based on RNA interference (RNAi) screening to identify genes whose silencing affected the proliferation and survival of Ewing sarcoma cells. Four Ewing sarcoma cell lines, TC-32, TC-71, SK-ES-1 and RD-ES, were transfected with a library of siRNA targeting 287 cancer-associated genes. The siRNA screening data were normalized and statistical cut-offs were determined for each cell line. From the list of siRNA ‘hits,’ we identified siRNAs targeting Fibroblast growth factor 4, FGFR4, to be among the most effective in inducing cytotoxicity in Ewing sarcoma cells. Further validation was conducted showing that siRNAs to FGFR4, but not FGFR1, FGFR2, or FGFR3, were able to significantly reduce Ewing Sarcoma cell viability. Furthermore, siRNA targeting FGFR4 were able to induce Caspase 3 activity. FGFR4 protein was shown to be expressed in Ewing sarcoma by western blot analysis, with expression levels lower than FGFR4 expression on rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Targeting FGFR4 activity in Ewing sarcoma cells using a pan-FGFR inhibitor, PD-173074, demonstrated that Ewing sarcoma cells were sensitive to FGFR inhibition. Since FGFR4 in a potential therapeutic target in rhadomyosarcoma, we compared the response of the Ewing sarcoma cells to PD-173074 to that of the rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, RH-30 and RD. The IC50s of the four Ewing sarcoma cells ranged from 3.8-4.7 µM and were slightly lower than the IC50 for the rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines RH-30 (5.6 µM) and RD (7.9 µM). These results indicate that FGFR4 is a potential therapeutic target in Ewing sarcoma and that FGFR4 targeted therapy should be tested in preclinical xenograft models of Ewing sarcoma. Citation Format: David O. Azorsa, Irma M. Gonzales, Shilpi Arora, R. Tanner Hagelstrom, Tanya H. Little, Robert J. Arceci, Spyro Mousses. RNAi screening identifies FGFR4 as a modulator of growth and survival in Ewing sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3422. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3422
Satellite-derived interannual variability of West African rainfall during 1983-88

Two satellite algorithms for rain estimation are used to study the interannual variability of West African rainfall during contrasting years of the period 1983-88. The first algorithm uses a frequency of occurrence index quantifying the number of times Meteosat thermal infrared radiance below 2.107 W/sq m/sr/micrometer (-40 C) occurs during the rainy season. The second algorithm uses the average Meteosat thermal infrared radiance over the period of interest. Appropriate calibrations are performed using these satellite parameters and ground-based rainfall observations. Separate calibration and equations are considered for each of three suggested subrainfall zones in West Africa: two Sahelian zones located just north of 9 deg N (one east and one west of 5 deg W) and the region extending south from 9 deg N to the coast. Over 80% of the variance in the ground-based rainfall data is explained by both algorithms in regions located north of 9 deg N, but poor correlations between observed and estimated rainfall exist south of 9 deg N. The interannual variability of rainfall in the Sahel is well described by that of cold clouds and average radiances. The satellite estimates also reveal substantial longitudinal variability in the anomaly fields, indicating that some Sahelo-Soudanian areas may receive above average rainfall during a year cataloged as dry. The latitudinal displacement and the extent of the cloud band associated with the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), as derived from cold cloud indices, indicate a northward displacement of the ITCZ in some, but not all, wet years in the Sahel. No systematic anomalous southward displacement of the ITCZ is evident in dry years. Drought in the Sahel appears to be more closely linked to the lattitudinal extent and the intensity of the convection within the ITCZ.
A Late Sternal Wound Infection Caused by Hematogenous Spread of Bacteria

A 56-year-old man presented with a sternotomy wound infection 6 months after coronary artery bypass grafting. The organism responsible was group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. This organism was simultaneously cultured from an infected diabetic ulcer on the patient's foot as well as from a total knee prosthesis. The Streptococcus apparently spread hematogenously to the sternum, an extremely rare cause of sternotomy wound infection.
Atomistic simulations of grain boundary segregation in nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia and gadolinia-doped ceria solid oxide electrolytes

Abstract Hybrid Monte Carlo–molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to study defect distributions near Σ5(3 1 0)/[0 0 1] pure tilt grain boundaries (GBs) in nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia and gadolinia-doped ceria. The simulations predict equilibrium distributions of dopant cations and oxygen vacancies in the vicinity of the GBs where both materials display considerable amounts of dopant segregation. The predictions are in qualitative agreement with various experimental observations. Further analyses show that the degree of dopant segregation increases with the doping level and applied pressure in both materials. The equilibrium segregation profiles are also strongly influenced by the microscopic structure of the GBs. The high concentration of oxygen vacancies at the GB interface due to lower vacancy formation energies triggers the dopant segregation, and the final segregation profiles are largely determined by the dopant–vacancy interaction.
Dynamic Programming Solution of Sequencing Problems with Precedence Constraints

Consider a set of tasks that are partially ordered by precedence constraints. A subset of tasks is called feasible if, for every task in the subset, all predecessors are also in the subset. The major results are 1 a method for enumerating all feasible subsets and 2 a method for assigning to each feasible subset an easily computed label that can be used as a physical address for storing information about the subset. These two results permit a very compact computer implementation of a dynamic programming algorithm for solving one-machine sequencing problems with precedence constraints. This algorithm appears to be much more efficient than previous ones for certain one-machine sequencing problems.
Non-government development organisations and the grassroots in Peru

This paper examines the long-term grassroots empowerment strategies endorsed by non-governmental development organisations (NGDOs) in Lima, Peru and their application in concrete development programmes. An examination of NGDO literature and projects permits the synthesis of three ideal-typical empowerment strategies (Neo-Marxist, Neo-Anarchist, Coalition-Building). These strategies are described and compared, especially with respect to their diverging conceptions on processes of ‘botton-up’ development, the characterisation of grassroots mobilisation and the role of the state and political parties. These differences, however, tend to be compromised once actual advocacy work with the grassroots is contemplated, when development projects have to deal with the micro-mobilisation patterns of the poor and the political conjuncture. Several interpretations of the contradiction between idealtypical strategies and actual advocacy tactics are discussed, concluding that such contradictions are inherent to any political process based on grassroots empowerment and a ‘bottom-up’ agenda.
Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland

Abstract Partitioning available energy between plants and bare soil in sparsely vegetated rangelands will allow hydrologists and others to gain a greater understanding of water use by native vegetation, especially phreatophytes. Standard methods of conducting energy budget studies result in measurements of latent and sensible heat fluxes above the plant canopy which therefore include the energy fluxes from both the canopy and the soil. One-dimensional theoretical numerical models have been proposed recently for the partitioning of energy in sparse crops. Bowen ratio and other micrometeorological data collected over phreatophytes growing in areas of shallow ground water in central Nevada were used to evaluate the feasibility of using these models, which are based on surface and within-canopy aerodynamic resistances, to determine heat and water vapor transport in sparsely vegetated rangelands. The models appear to provide reasonably good estimates of sensible heat flux from the soil and latent heat flux from the canopy. Estimates of latent heat flux from the soil were less satisfactory. Sensible heat flux from the canopy was not well predicted by the present resistance formulations. Also, estimates of total above-canopy fluxes were not satisfactory when using a single value for above-canopy bulk aerodynamic resistance.
Cyclopentadiene combustion in a plug flow reactor near 1150 K

Abstract Cyclopentadienyl (CPDyl) was generated for study by oxidizing and pyrolizing 1,3-cyclopentadiene (CPD) in Princeton’s adiabatic, atmospheric pressure flow reactor. This study used nitrogen carrier gas, initial CPD concentrations from 1000 to 3000 ppm by volume (ppmv), equivalence ratios from fuel lean (ϕ = 0.6) to pyrolytic conditions (ϕ = 100) and initial temperatures from 1100 to 1200 K. The reaction progress was followed from 5 to 150 ms using a water cooled sample probe and GC–FID analysis of C1–C14 species. The oxidation results show that CPD and CPDyl react via 19 pathways to yield 22 hydrocarbon intermediates. Analysis of the oxidative CPDyl ring opening pathways reveals the importance of the 2,4-cyclopentadienoxy (c-C5H5O) β-scission reaction: c-C5H5O ↔ CH CH–CH CH–CHO. The fastest theoretical mechanism has a calculated unimolecular high-pressure rate constant of 2.00 × 1013e−7215/T s−1 which is seven orders of magnitude larger at 1150 K than the previous literature estimate. Cyclopentadienone (CPDone) has been assumed to be an important intermediate in C5 ring oxidation even though it has not been unambiguously identified in the combustion environment. A detection limit of 20 ppmv for CPDone in the present apparatus failed to note any CPDone. A set of mechanistic pathways for the C5 ring oxidation includes steps to avoid unrealistic CPDone production is presented. The complex mechanism illustrates the need for detailed models to understand the combustion of aromatics and soot precursors. The article stresses the importance of CPDyl in the formation of aromatic rings during combustion, which subsequently leads to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and soot precursors.
Husserl vs. Derrida

It is striking (and somewhat embarrassing) to observe that in the now very large literature devoted to the works of Jacques Derrida very little critical attention has been paid to the strictly philosophical import of either his interpretations of other philosophers or to the ultimate content of his own philosophy. Certainly we have a great body of texts from students, admirers, and followers of Derrida, particularly in this country, who almost uncritically accept and then attempt to repeat in similar idioms the things that he has said or is interpreted as having meant. But serious philosophical comment is very sparse, whether from the side of analytical Anglo-American philosophy or from the side of phenomenology. Of course, we have the very penetrating analysis and criticism of his thought presented by John Searle, but Searle is almost unique among analytical philosophers for paying any attention to Derrida at all, unless, like Richard Rorty, they have also already given up philosophy for a sociology of communication.
Ototoxicity in preterm infants: effects of genetics, aminoglycosides, and loud environmental noise

Majority of hearing-loss cases with extremely preterm infants have no known etiology. There is a growing concern that the administration of aminoglycoside treatment in the noisy environment of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) may lead to hair-cell damage and subsequent auditory impairments. In addition, several mitochondrial DNA mutations are known to have been associated with aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. This review provides a systematic analysis of the research in this area and elucidates the multifactorial mechanisms behind how mitochondrial DNA mutations, aminoglycosides and loud noise can potentiate ototoxicity in extremely preterm neonates. Recommended steps to minimize the risk of ototoxicity and improve clinical care for NICU infants are discussed.
Major depression: the relative contribution of gender, MDMA, and cannabis use

Previous research has suggested that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) users have elevated depressive symptomatology, although it is not clear whether this is due to MDMA or other drug use. This study aimed to investigate the contributions of MDMA and cannabis use to Major Depressive Disorder in MDMA users. A total of 226 MDMA users were studied. Participants (65% male) reported an average number of 35.8 uses of MDMA (SD = 45.6, range = 2-400). Participants were administered a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Twenty-six individuals (11.5%) met lifetime criteria for Major Depressive Disorder. High rates of lifetime Cannabis Abuse (30.1%) and Cannabis Dependence (12.4%) were reported. No association was found between number of uses of MDMA and Major Depressive Disorder. Those with lifetime major depression were found, however, to have higher rates of lifetime cannabis use disorder (adjusted OR = 2.40). A logistic regression indicated that lifetime cannabis use disorder, but not MDMA use, was significantly associated with lifetime Major Depressive Disorder. Stratified analyses suggested that for males, neither drug use variable was associated with major depression. For females, a lifetime cannabis use disorder (adjusted OR = 4.99), but not MDMA use, was associated with lifetime Major Depressive Disorder. Results of this study suggest that although MDMA use was not found to be significantly associated with major depression for either gender, a lifetime cannabis use disorder was significantly associated with lifetime major depression for female, but not male, users of MDMA.
Presidential practice of dermatology.

LyndonJohnson, the36thPresidentof theUnitedStates, hadmanycareers en route to the White House (schoolteacher, local administrator, naval officer, and elected public official), but his brief stint as an amateur dermatologist is generally overlooked. Johnson’s unorthodox approach to treating severe facial acne was first tried while he was an undergraduateatSouthwestTexasStateTeachers’College.Aclassmatewho witnessed the episode is quoted verbatim in the first volume of Robert Caro’s monumental biography of Johnson: One student, a Bohemian farm boy, was generally immune from practical jokes because hewas so “slow” and gullible—some students believed hemight be slightly retarded—as tobe toodefenseless a target. This student had a severe case of acne, and one evening, talking with Johnson, ... he said girls wouldn’t go out with him because of it. Lyndon said to him that the curewas to get fresh cowmanure and put it on your face. He said, “Oh, go on,” and Lyndon said, “Didn’t you ever turn over a cow pile and see how white the grass was underneath, how the manure bleached the grass?”... Lyndon tells him to take a towel and cut eyeholes in it and wrap it around his face. He...came into our room and asked how itwas, and Lyndon said, “You don’t have enough on to do any good.”Hemadehimputmore on. In themorning, he smelled so bad, you couldn’t go near him.
The closing velocity of mechanical heart valve leaflets

The closing motion of the occluder leaflets in bileaflet type mechanical heart valves (MHV) was monitored with a laser sweeping technique. The angular displacements of the leaflets were registered with precision of 0.2 microsecond steps. Experimental measurements were made using five 29 mm Edwards-Duromedics including three original specification (EDOS) and two modified specification (EDMS), and two 29 mm St Jude Medical MHVs. The testing valve was installed in the mitral position of a physiologic pulsatile mock circulatory flow loop using water-glycerine solution as the testing fluid. Each valve was tested by: (1) direct mounting the valve on metal washers, and (2) mounting the valve with its sewing ring. Experiments were carried out at pulse rates of 70, 90, and 120 beats min-1, with the corresponding cardiac output of 5, 6, and 7.5 litres min-1, and maximum left ventricular pressure gradients (dp/dt) of 1,800, 3,000 and 5,600 mm Hg s-1, respectively. The maximum leaflet closing velocity of each of the tested valve types are presented. The difference in leaflet closing movements between the direct rigid mounting and the sewing ring mounting are discussed. The details of the laser sweeping technique are presented.
A guide for assessing control room operator performance using speed and accuracy, perceived workload, situation awareness, and eye tracking

Abstract In the petrochemical industry, control room operators must address safety-critical alarms and other tasks using complex interfaces. This study developed a guide for assessing human performance using standard human factors measurement tools, and tested the sensitivity of those tools with two interface designs (i.e., gray and black) at three levels of workload (i.e., easy, medium, and difficult). The guide measures human performance through speed and accuracy, perceived workload using two standard instruments (i.e., NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT)), situation awareness through the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT), and gaze through eye tracking coordinates. Twelve engineering student participants completed one simulation session at each of the three workload levels using one of two interface designs. Workload was manipulated through the number of simulated events (failures) in each session. Overall, the speed and accuracy measures, workload ratings, and eye tracking showed sensitivity to differences in workload level, and situation awareness showed sensitivity to the interaction between workload level and interface type. None of the tools were sensitive to interface type alone. Accuracy was highest under easy workload. Time per failure decreased at higher workload levels. Perceived workload ratings from the SWAT increased as workload increased, but workload ratings from the NASA-TLX were not different across workload levels. When workload increased, situation awareness remained steady for the gray interface but decreased sharply for the black interface, illustrating an interaction effect. Finally, the percentage of time spent looking at different areas of the screen during steady-state periods differed among workload levels. The tools in this guide can be used in the petrochemical industry to make design decisions for control room interfaces when workload levels are a concern.
Cane Length Influence on the Plantar Pressure Distribution of Adult Hemiplegia Patients

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in plantar pressure distribution on the affected side related to arm length ratio to height of adult hemiplegia patients during gait. [Subjects] Twenty-four individuals with stroke were included in this study. [Methods] Subjects were divided into two groups according to the ratio of arm length to total height of each individual: group 1 had a ratio of less than 50% and group 2 had a ratio equal to or greater than 50%. The F-scan system was used to investigate the foot pressures of both feet with data captured during three strides. [Results] Group 1 showed greater increase in contact width, contact pressure, and peak contact pressure of the hind foot of the affected side. [Conclusion] With the use of a cane height standardized to the greater trochanter, group 1 was more effective than group 2 at increasing foot pressures of the hind foot on the affected side of stroke patients. The adjustment of cane length according to the individual's ratio of arm length to height, because of unique physical characteristics of individuals should be considered for patients with stroke who use a cane daily.
Real-time video enhancement for high quality videoconferencing

In this paper we present a novel method for high quality real-time video enhancement; it improves the sharpness and the contrast of video streams, and simultaneously suppresses noise. The method is comprised of three main modules: (1) noise analysis, (2) spatial processing, based on a new multi-scale pseudo-bilateral filter, and (3) temporal processing that includes robust motion detection and recursive temporal noise filtering. To achieve video frame rates for HD signals used in high-end telepresence systems such as the HP Halo room, we employ the computational capacity of modern graphics cards (GPUs), and distribute the tasks of analysis and of processing between CPU and GPU. The proposed scheme allows achieving video quality which is comparable with high-end camera systems, while using much lower cost cameras and reducing channel bandwidth requirements.
Research Note: A Lack of Fluctuation in Xanthophyll Concentrations in Blood in Laying Hens at Night and Absence of Pigmentation Rings in the Yolk

Alternate white and yellow layers in the yolk are described in most textbooks. However, it was impossible to distinguish the presence of these layers when hard-cooked yolks from hens fed commercial type diets were examined. Serum xanthophyll concentrations were measured at different times during a 24-h period. Concentrations did not vary significantly due to time of day.
Teacher or educational scholar? they aren't the same.

As a result of dramatic changes in the health care environment, the importance of the teaching mission to the future of radiology is gaining greater recognition. A new breed of “clinician educators” has a presence in most academic radiology departments. A clear understanding of the differences between teaching and educational scholarship is necessary for the purpose of defining the role of the clinician educator. For teaching to be considered scholarship, it must be public, susceptible to critical review, and accessible for exchange and use by other scholars; unless teaching has all three of these characteristics, it cannot be considered scholarship. Medical schools can improve the retention of their best teachers by defining tracks and criteria for rewarding teaching efforts. Universities, medical schools, academic medical centers, and professional organizations are vital components of the infrastructure needed to promote educational scholarship. They provide a community of education scholars who share, collaborate, and exchange work and promote the science of education.
Who Gets the Daddy Bonus? Organizational Hegemonic Masculinity and the Impact of Fatherhood on Earnings

Using the 1979-2006 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we investigate how the earnings bonus for fatherhood varies by characteristics associated with hegemonic masculinity in the American workplace: heterosexual marital status, professional/managerial status, educational attainment, skill demands of jobs, and race/ethnicity. We find the earnings bonus for fatherhood persists after controlling for an array of differences, including human capital, labor supply, family structure, and wives’ employment status. Moreover, consistent with predictions from the theory of hegemonic masculinity within bureaucratic organizations, the fatherhood bonus is significantly larger for men with other markers of workplace hegemonic masculinity. Men who are white, married, in households with a traditional gender division of labor, college graduates, professional/managerial workers and whose jobs emphasize cognitive skills and deemphasize physical strength receive the largest fatherhood earnings bonuses.
Inside Thoughts and Outside Influences: Cognitive Vulnerability Moderates the Effect of Decreases in Perceived Social Support on Depressive Symptoms

A three time-point longitudinal design was used to investigate the relationship among aversive interpersonal behaviors (self-reported reassurance seeking and negative feedback seeking), cognitive vulnerability, perceived social support, and depressive and anxious symptoms. There were two primary hypotheses: (a) negative interpersonal behaviors would lead to decreases in perceived social support, and (b) a perceived loss of social support would lead to future depressive symptoms for those with high, but not low, levels of cognitive vulnerability. Consistent with hypotheses, results showed that negative feedback seeking predicted decreases in perceived social support. Individuals who experienced a loss of perceived social support were most likely to exhibit an increase in depressive symptoms if they had high levels of cognitive vulnerability. This pattern of results was specific to depressive, but not anxious symptoms. The theoretical and therapeutic implications of the results are discussed.
A Techno-Economic Analysis of BEV Service Providers Offering Battery Swapping Services

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) offer the potential to reduce both oil imports and greenhouse gas emissions, but high upfront costs, battery-limited vehicle range, and concern over high battery replacement costs may discourage potential buyers. A subscription model in which a service provider owns the battery and supplies access to battery swapping infrastructure could reduce upfront and replacement costs for batteries with a predictable monthly fee, while expanding BEV range. Assessing the costs and benefits of such a proposal are complicated by many factors, including customer drive patterns, the amount of required infrastructure, battery life, etc. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has applied its Battery Ownership Model to compare the economics and utility of BEV battery swapping service plan options to more traditional direct ownership options. Our evaluation process followed four steps: (1) identifying drive patterns best suited to battery swapping service plans, (2) modeling service usage statistics for the selected drive patterns, (3) calculating the cost-of-service plan options, and (4) evaluating the economics of individual drivers under realistically priced service plans. A service plan option can be more cost-effective than direct ownership for drivers who wish to operate a BEV as their primary vehicle where alternative options for travel beyondmore » the single-charge range are expensive, and a full-coverage-yet-cost-effective regional infrastructure network can be deployed. However, when assumed cost of gasoline, tax structure, and absence of purchase incentives are factored in, our calculations show the service plan BEV is rarely more cost-effective than direct ownership of a conventional vehicle.« less
Letter processing automatically recruits a sensory–motor brain network

Behavioral, neuropsychological and neuroimaging research suggest a distributed network that is recruited when we interact with letters. For the first time, we combine several letter processing tasks in a single experiment to study why letters seem to engage such disparate processing areas. Using fMRI, we investigate how the brain responds to letters using tasks that should recruit systems for letter perception, letter writing, letter copying and letter imagery. We describe a network of five cortical regions including the left fusiform gyrus, two left pre-central areas, left cuneus and the left inferior frontal gyrus that are all selectively engaged during a 1-back matching paradigm with letters. Our results suggest involvement of these regions to different extents in different tasks. However, the regions also form an integrated network such that letter perception also engages motor regions while writing recruits letter-specific visual regions as well. We suggest that this distributed network is a direct result of our sensory-motor interactions with letters.
Three-Dimensional Stacked Multilayer Graphene Interconnects

We experimentally demonstrate stacked multilayer graphene (MLG) (s-MLG) as a new material system for high-performance carbon interconnects. Electrical performance is systematically characterized. We discover that the wire sheet resistance of s-MLG decreases with more layers stacking and shows better conductivity than that of the exfoliated MLG sample with the same layer numbers. The contact resistance of the s-MLG samples was calculated and confirmed using two different methods. It is demonstrated that a decrease in the intrinsic resistivity of s-MLG with increasing layer number is discovered; however, contact resistance will be saturated with more stacked layer numbers.
Intel/spl reg/ wireless MMXTM technology: a 64-bit SIMD architecture for mobile multimedia

The growing demand for multimedia rich applications in the wireless mobile domain challenges the capabilities of current wireless handheld devices. Optimizing instruction set architecture is a logical approach towards attaining higher performance in multimedia applications. Intel/spl reg/ wireless MMXTM technology is a 64-bit single instruction multiple data, (SIMD), coprocessor for the Intel/spl reg/ XScale/spl trade/ microarchitecture. It accelerates multimedia applications in handheld and wireless devices by taking advantage of the inherent parallelism and data types of targeted applications. This paper provides an overview of the wireless MMX architecture, its instruction set, pipeline organization, and functional units. Initial benchmark results measured on silicon are also presented.