cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Inter-residue Contact Clusters from Hydrophobic Cores

Motivation: Contact map is a key factor to represent a specific protein structure. As previous work reported, even a corrupted contact map can be used to reconstruct its corresponding protein structure. Thus we can predict the structure of a protein partially through the contact map prediction. To simplify the protein contact map prediction, we predict the inter-residue contact clusters centered at the groups of their neighboring contacts instead.Results: In this paper, we adopt a SVM predictor based approach to predict the inter-residue contact cluster centers. The input information of the SVM predictor includes sequence profile, evolutionary rate, and predicted secondary structure. The SVM predictor is based on hydrophobic cores that may be considered as locations of the groups of their neighboring inter-residue contacts. As a result, about 35% clustering centers of inter-residue contacts can accurately be predicted.
Consequences of C4 Differentiation for Chloroplast Membrane Proteomes in Maize Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells

Chloroplasts of maize leaves differentiate into specific bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) types to accommodate C4 photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain thylakoid and envelope membranes that contain the photosynthetic machineries and transporters but also proteins involved in e.g. protein homeostasis. These chloroplast membranes must be specialized within each cell type to accommodate C4 photosynthesis and regulate metabolic fluxes and activities. This quantitative study determined the differentiated state of BS and M chloroplast thylakoid and envelope membrane proteomes and their oligomeric states using innovative gel-based and mass spectrometry-based protein quantifications. This included native gels, iTRAQ, and label-free quantification using an LTQ-Orbitrap. Subunits of Photosystems I and II, the cytochrome b6f, and ATP synthase complexes showed average BS/M accumulation ratios of 1.6, 0.45, 1.0, and 1.33, respectively, whereas ratios for the light-harvesting complex I and II families were 1.72 and 0.68, respectively. A 1000-kDa BS-specific NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex with associated proteins of unknown function containing more than 15 proteins was observed; we speculate that this novel complex possibly functions in inorganic carbon concentration when carboxylation rates by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase are lower than decarboxylation rates by malic enzyme. Differential accumulation of thylakoid proteases (Egy and DegP), state transition kinases (STN7,8), and Photosystem I and II assembly factors was observed, suggesting that cell-specific photosynthetic electron transport depends on post-translational regulatory mechanisms. BS/M ratios for inner envelope transporters phosphoenolpyruvate/Pi translocator, Dit1, Dit2, and Mex1 were determined and reflect metabolic fluxes in carbon metabolism. A wide variety of hundreds of other proteins showed differential BS/M accumulation. Mass spectral information and functional annotations are available through the Plant Proteome Database. These data are integrated with previous data, resulting in a model for C4 photosynthesis, thereby providing new rationales for metabolic engineering of C4 pathways and targeted analysis of genetic networks that coordinate C4 differentiation.
The Absence of a Direct Correlation between the Loss of [d-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly5-ol]Enkephalin Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase Activity and Agonist-induced μ-Opioid Receptor Phosphorylation

Chronic activation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR1TAG) results in the loss of agonist response that has been attributed to desensitization and down-regulation of the receptor. It has been suggested that opioid receptor phosphorylation is the mechanism by which this desensitization and down-regulation occurs. When MOR1TAG was stably expressed in both neuroblastoma neuro2A and human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells, the opioid agonist [D-Ala2,MePhe4, Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) induced a time- and concentration-dependent phosphorylation of the receptor, in both cell lines, that could be reversed by the antagonist naloxone. Protein kinase C can phosphorylate the receptor, but is not involved in DAMGO-induced MOR1TAG phosphorylation. The rapid rate of receptor phosphorylation, occurring within minutes, did not correlate with the rate of the loss of agonist-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, which occurs in hours. This lack of correlation between receptor phosphorylation and the loss of response was further demonstrated when receptor phosphorylation was increased by either calyculin A or overexpression of the G-protein receptor kinases. Calyculin A increased the magnitude of MOR1TAG phosphorylation without altering the DAMGO-induced loss of the adenylyl cyclase response. Similarly, when mu- and delta-opioid (DOR1TAG) receptors were expressed in the same system, overexpression of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 elevated agonist-induced phosphorylation for both receptors. However, in the same cell lines under the same conditions, overexpression of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 and beta-arrestin 2 accelerated the rate of DPDPE- but not DAMGO-induced receptor desensitization. Thus, these data show that phosphorylation of MOR1TAG is not an obligatory event for the DAMGO-induced loss in the adenylyl cyclase regulation by the receptor.
Asymmetrical effects of rewards and punishments: The case of social loafing

An assumption in the social loafing literature is that contingent rewards and contingent punishments have symmetrical effects on the reduction of social loafing in groups. Literature is reviewed from several areas of psychology and organizational behaviour which suggests that rewards and punishments do not have symmetrical effects on individuals and their behaviours. Based upon this review, hypotheses are developed concerning the relationship between supervisor reward and punishment behaviour and social loafing in groups. These hypotheses were tested among a sample of 448 salespeople working in groups ranging in size from four to 10 members. As hypothesized, supervisor contingent reward was negatively associated, and supervisor non-contingent punishment was positively associated with social loafing in ongoing groups. Also as expected, neither supervisor contingent punishment nor non-contingent reward was significantly associated with social loafing. The implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
The effects of resource depression on foraging efficiency, diet breadth, and patch use in southern New Zealand

While many studies have examined human impacts on prehistoric environments, few have explicitly examined how foragers adapt to the changing environmental situations that they have created. The goal of this analysis is to study the relationship between human foraging economies and human-related environmental change in southern New Zealand. Foraging theory is used to generate predictions about subsistence change resulting from the declining abundance of important resources such as moas and seals. In particular, these predictions examine changes in (1) the kind of resources exploited (foraging efficiency), (2) the number of resources utilized (diet breadth), and (3) the habitats exploited (patch choice). The predictions are tested using the large assemblage of vertebrate faunal remains from the well-stratified and well-dated Shag River Mouth site. This study shows that using foraging theory models to structure analysis provides a more fine-grained spatial and temporal resolution of subsistence change in southern New Zealand than has been previously achieved.
Race Shapes Perceptions of Juvenile Offenders in Criminal Court1

We investigated the effects of defendant race, victim race, and juror gender on non-African American mock jurors' perceptions of crimes committed by juvenile offenders. We predicted that mock jurors, particularly men, would render more pro-prosecution case judgments when the defendant was African American than White. We also predicted that defendants would be judged more harshly when the crime victim was portrayed as White rather than as African American. Although there were few main effects of defendant race or victim race on case judgments, defendant and victim race by juror gender interactions revealed that men (but not women) demonstrated the predicted bias against African American defendants and victims. Explanations and implications are discussed.
China's Data Privacy Regulations: A Tricky Tradeoff between ICT's Productive Utilization and Cybercontrol

China's data privacy regulations contrast sharply with other major economies owing to internal and external pressures the Chinese government faces. Whereas the EU places high priority on protecting personal data and the US emphasizes self-regulation by businesses, China's regulations focus on cybercontrol measures.
Diagnosis of Urethral Flow Parameters by Ultrasonic Backscatter

Earlier reported tests have demonstrated that sufficient ultrasonic scattering can be obtained from particulate matter in urine during voiding to be of value as a transcutaneous diagnostic technique for the lower urinary tract. In this paper, we compare theoretical scattering computations for urethral flow models with data obtained from scattering measurements on the urethra and on physical models. The results indicate that urethral parameters such as the average urine velocity, extent of turbulence, and urethral diameter as a function of position along the tract, including the location of any strictures, can be determined remotely by ultrasonic means.
The Influence of Root Zone Temperature on Photosynthetic Acclimation to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

Soybean (Glycine max‘Clark’) was grown from germination to 21 d after sowing (DAS) at ambient (∼360 μmol mol−1) or elevated (∼720 μmol mol−1) carbon dioxide (CO2) at either one of two soil temperatures, 25 or 30 °C to determine the influence of root zone temperature on root growth and photosynthetic stimulation at ambient and elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide. Although the photosynthetic rate became less stimulate over time, a significant stimulation of whole plant photosynthesis and plant dry weight was observed at the elevated CO2concentration during the experimental period irrespective of soil temperature. At neither carbon dioxide concentration did the warmer soil temperature (30 °C) stimulate whole plant growth compared to a soil temperature of 25 °C, but it did increase root growth relative to shoot (top) growth with a subsequent increase in root/shoot ratio. Increasing soil temperature at either carbon dioxide concentration also significantly stimulated whole plant photosynthetic rate. However, the degree of stimulation was reduced with time irrespective of carbon dioxide concentration so that at 21 DAS no difference in photosynthesis between ambient and elevated soil temperatures was observed. Data from this experiment indicate that for soybean, a higher soil temperature stimulates root/shoot ratio and enhances photosynthetic response to elevated carbon dioxide in the short-term (i.e. days), but increasing root/shoot ratios does not provide a satisfactory explanation of long-term stimulation of photosynthesis at elevated levels of carbon dioxide.
Women's Motivation Related to Mastery, Career Salience, and Career Aspiration: A Multivariate Model Focusing on the Effects of Sex Role Socialization:

This model focuses on three motivation dimensions, career salience, career aspiration, and mastery, in an effort to understand better why women contribute less to the arts, sciences, and humanities. The model, conceived in the 1970s and extended in the 1980s, is grounded in social learning theory and emphasizes how sex role socialization affects women's career motivation. This model guided the design of a longitudinal study, first funded in 1978, for which data was collected in 1980, 1990, and 1991 to 1993. Participants in 1980 were 9th and 12th grade students in six high schools in the Midwest: two rural, two suburban, and two inner city. Measures included to test the model are briefly presented, as are summary findings.
On the convergence properties of the Hopfield model

The main contribution of the present work is showing that the known convergence properties of the Hopfield model can be reduced to a very simple case, for which an elementary proof is provided. The convergence properties of the Hopfield model are dependent on the structure of the interconnections matrix W and the method by which the nodes are updated. Three cases are known: (1) convergence to a stable state when operating in a serial mode with symmetric W; (2) convergence to a cycle of length 2, at most, when operating in a fully parallel mode with symmetric W; and (3) convergence to a cycle of length 4 when operating in a fully parallel mode with antisymmetric W. The three known results are reviewed and it is proven that the fully parallel mode of operation is a special case of the serial model of operation. There are three more cases than can be considered using this characterization: serial mode of operation, antisymmetric W; serial mode of operation, arbitrary W; and fully parallel mode of operation, arbitrary W. By exhibiting exponential lower bounds on the length of the cycles in other cases, it is proven that the three known cases are the only interesting ones. >
Hidden market design

The next decade will see an abundance of new intelligent systems, many of which will be market-based. Soon, users will interact with many new markets, perhaps without even knowing it: when driving their car, when listening to a song, when backing up their files, or when surfing the web. We argue that these new systems can only be successful if a new approach is chosen towards designing them. In this paper we introduce the general problem of "Hidden Market Design." The design of a "weakly hidden" market involves reducing some of the market complexities and providing a user interface (UI) that makes the interaction seamless for the user. A "strongly hidden market" is one where some semantic aspect of a market is hidden altogether (e.g., budgets, prices, combinatorial constraints). We show that the intersection of UI design and market design is of particular importance for this research agenda. To illustrate hidden market design, we give a series of potential applications. We hope that the problem of hidden market design will inspire other researchers and lead to new research in this direction, paving the way for more successful market-based systems in the future.
A Relevancy Classification System for Web Search Results in Mobile Devices

Mobile devices have become an increasingly popular means for the delivery of streaming audio, streaming video and internet content. However, users still face many limitations when searching for the most relevant, most popular, and often most useful video/audio source. This work presents a novel algorithm implemented in the form of an iPhone Application (i.e., App) useful in detecting and classifying the most relevantly searched You-Tube videos A video searching algorithm is first implemented using Google's sophisticated You-Tube Application Interface (API) and is thus integrated with the Objective-C iPhone App. The You-Tube API provides a convenient mechanism for identifying a list of likely video candidates based on a set of search criteria as provided by the user. Next, viewer's comments are extracted from each candidate and subsequently matched with a list of pre-specified key words. A score is computed from the matching algorithm resulting in a classification of the you-tube video. The algorithm is tested on the music video genre available at you-tube. Classification results are applied to 188 music videos as performed by The Beatles.
The effect of pravastatin and atorvastatin on coenzyme Q10

Abstract Background Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant and plays an important role in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. Studies suggest that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl–coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors reduce CoQ10 levels; however, no studies have directly compared HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in a randomized crossover fashion. Methods Twelve healthy volunteers received either 20 mg pravastatin (P) or 10 mg atorvastatin (A) for 4 weeks in a randomized crossover fashion. There was a 4- to 8-week washout period between the 2 phases. CoQ10 levels and a lipid profile were obtained. Results There was no difference in CoQ10 levels from baseline to post–drug therapy for either P or A (0.61 ± 0.14 vs 0.62 ± 0.2 μg/mL and 0.65 ± 0.22 vs 0.6 ± 0.12 μg/mL, respectively; P >.05). There was a significant difference in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels from baseline to post–drug therapy for both P and A (97 ± 21 vs 66 ± 19 mg/dL and 102 ± 21 vs 52 ± 14 mg/dL, respectively; P Conclusions P and A did not decrease CoQ10 despite a significant decrease in LDL levels. These findings suggest that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors do not significantly decrease the synthesis of circulating CoQ10 in healthy subjects. Routine supplementation of CoQ10 may not be necessary when HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy is administered. (Am Heart J 2001;142:e2.)
Sentra, a database of signal transduction proteins

Sentra (http://www-wit.mcs.anl.gov/sentra) is a database of signal transduction proteins with the emphasis on microbial signal transduction. The database was updated to include classes of signal transduction systems modulated by either phosphorylation or methylation reactions such as PAS proteins and serine/threonine kinases, as well as the classical two-component histidine kinases and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Currently, Sentra contains signal transduction proteins from 43 completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes as well as sequences from SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL. Signal transduction proteins are annotated with information describing conserved domains, paralogous and orthologous sequences, and conserved chromosomal gene clusters. The newly developed user interface supports flexible search capabilities and extensive visualization of the data.
Large structural systems reliability

A methodology of progressive failure imposition and reanalysis is presented for the reliability evaluation of large elasto-plastic structures. Typically, such analysis involves prohibitive computational effort in the presence of nonlinear behavior. The authors use the correlations between individual component failures and formulate a computational strategy that closely monitors such effects on element reliability. The same correlations are also used to speed up the identification of significant failure modes during the estimation of the overall system reliability of the structure. >
Are summary statistics enough? Evidence for the importance of shape in guiding visual search

Peripheral vision outside the focus of attention may rely on summary statistics. We used a gaze-contingent paradigm to directly test this assumption by asking whether search performance differed between targets and statistically-matched visualizations of the same targets. Four-object search displays included one statistically-matched object that was replaced by an unaltered version of the object during the first eye movement. Targets were designated by previews, which were never altered. Two types of statistically-matched objects were tested: One that maintained global shape and one that did not. Differences in guidance were found between targets and statistically-matched objects when shape was not preserved, suggesting that they were not informationally equivalent. Responses were also slower after target fixation when shape was not preserved, suggesting an extrafoveal processing of the target that again used shape information. We conclude that summary statistics must include some global shape information to approximate the peripheral information used during search.
Obesity and upper body fat distribution in Mexican American children from families with a diabetic proband

Upper and centralized body fat distribution is associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Few studies have focused on anthropometric characteristics of preadults from families in which there is a diabetic (NIDDM) proband. This study explores the prevalence of upper and centralized body fatness in Mexican American children from the Diabetes Alert study (1981-1983) in Starr County, Texas. Anthropometric data on 165 males and 224 females 9-19 years include measures of adiposity such as skinfold thicknesses and the body mass index (BMI), a measure of overweight. They show rates of obesity two to three times that of White children of comparable age and sex from National Health Surveys. In comparison with U.S. White subjects, Mexican American adults are shorter, have more adiposity and arm muscle mass and have sitting heights and body breadths at the mean of these dimensions for the U.S. Population Children from Diabetes Alert families show only marginal excess of severe obesity (> 95th percentile of BMI) when compared to the general population of children surveyed in Starr County schools. Girls from these families, but not boys, have excess fatness in the BMI compared to Mexican American children from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES); suprailiac skinfold thicknesses are also greater in children of the Diabetes Alert study than in HHANES children. From 1972 through 1982, Mexican American children in South Texas showed an increase in average stature, weight, and the BMI. These data together suggest that excessive obesity exists and may be increasing in children in populations at risk for NIDDM. The prevention of NIDDM in the Mexican American population may be more effective if educational and promotional interventions include the school aged population. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Connecting Point-Level and Gridded Moments in the Analysis of Climate Data*

AbstractThe need to draw climate-related inferences from historical data makes understanding the biases and errors in these data critical. While climate data are collected at point-level monitoring sites, they are often postprocessed by averaging sites within a geographic area to align the data to a grid, easing analysis and visualization. Although this aggregation generally provides reasonable estimates of the mean, its use can be problematic for characterizing the full distribution of climate measures. Specifically, the process of averaging point-level data up to grid level can lead to inconsistencies, particularly when the grid box is heterogeneous and extremes are of interest. Point-level data are measured at individual points, while gridded data are the averaged product of many measurements within a larger spatial area. Because of this aggregation, point-level and grid-level distributions differ in many fundamental properties, such as their shape, skew, and tail behavior. This paper highlights these ...
Application of Photorefractive Multiple Quantum Wells to Biological Imaging

We observed optical coherence images of tumor spheroids based on transmission geometry photorefractive holography using a photorefractive quantum well device. The experimental setup consists of a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a fs-laser for detecting degenerate four-wave mixing signals. The photorefractive multiple quantum well was used as an adaptive holographic film in real-time optical coherence imaging. By changing the length of one of the arms in the interferometer, the holograms of the ballistic component were acquired and the scattered backgrounds were rejected. The holograms with different angles between and sample orientation and the optical beam axis were acquired and can be used for reconstruction of 3D structures.
The causes of bourgeois culture: Kierkegaard’s relation to Marx considered

This article explores the pervasive interpretations of Soren Kierkegaard’s social and political thought, examining how they have prevented a substantive conversation between him and his contemporary, Karl Marx. Describing how they lack political nuance, this article then explores Kierkegaard’s early work, in order to demonstrate that Kierkegaard understands economic life in similar terms to Marx. Moreover, not only does Kierkegaard view economic life as the antithesis of the type of authentic life he aims to cultivate, but, in line with Marx, his vision of authenticity is also similar to Marx’s vision. Finally, this article ends by demonstrating how both Marx and Kierkegaard are working through this criticism in explicitly Hegelian terms, and that their correlative notions of authenticity are likewise indebted to Hegel. In this way, this article begins the long-overdue conversation between Kierkegaard’s and Marx’s respective receptions of Hegel, while demonstrating how social and political thinkers can mo...
Biomimetic Syntheses and Antiproliferative Activities of Racemic, Natural (−), and Unnnatural (+) Glyceollin I

A 14-step biomimetic synthetic route to glyceollin I (1.5% overall yield) was developed and deployed to produce the natural enantiomeric form in soy, its unnatural stereoisomer, and a racemic mixture. Enantiomeric excess was assessed by asymmetric NMR shift reagents and chiral HPLC. Antiproliferative effects were measured in human breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer cell lines, with all three chiral forms exhibiting growth inhibition (GI) in the low to mid μM range for all cells. The natural enantiomer, and in some cases the racemate, gave significantly greater GI than the unnatural stereoisomer for estrogen receptor positive (ER+) versus ER– breast/ovarian cell lines as well as for androgen receptor positive (AR+) versus AR– prostate cancer cells. Surprisingly, differences between ER+ and ER– cell lines were not altered by media estrogen conditions. These results suggest the antiproliferative mechanism of glyceollin I stereoisomers may be more complicated than strictly ER interactions.
Critical Mass, Diffusion Channels, and Digital Divide

Literature has examined the adoption and diffusion of household computers and the Internet, or the first-order “digital divide.” However, the second-order “digital divide”, i.e., the specific usage of these tools, has received much less attention. This paper examines the impact of critical mass and diffusion channels on the adoption of household computer applications. It proposes that critical mass is effective on the adoption of both general and specialized computer applications, and diffusions from channels of workplace and schools are significant. However, critical mass has stronger influence on general applications in early stage while exerts stronger impact on specialized applications in late stage of the diffusion process. In contrast, diffusions from workplace and schools are generally stronger in late stage rather than in early stage. Empirical results from a longitudinal study using Current Population Survey data confirm the propositions. Overall, the study provides important theoretical, manager...
Two-Hit Filter Synthesis for Genomic Database Search

Advancements in genomic sequencing technology is causing genomic database growth to outpace Moore's Law. This continues to make genomic database search a difficult problem and a popular target for emerging processing technologies. The de facto software tool for genomic database search is NCBI BLAST, which operates by transforming each database query into a filter that is subsequently applied to the database. This requires a database scan for every query, fundamentally limiting its performance by I/O bandwidth. In this paper we present a functionally-equivalent variation on the NCBI BLAST algorithm that maps more suitably to an FPGA implementation. This variation of the algorithm attempts to reduce the I/O requirement by leveraging FPGA-specific capabilities, such as high pattern matching throughput and explicit on chip memory structure and allocation. Our algorithm transforms the database -- not the query -- into a filter that is stored as a hierarchical arrangement of three tables, the first two of which are stored on chip and the third off chip. Our results show that -- while performance is data dependent -- it is possible to achieve speedups of up to 8X based on the relative reduction in I/O of our approach versus that of NCBI BLAST. More importantly, the performance relative to NCBI BLAST improves with larger databases and query workload sizes.
Serotonin Syndrome Following an Uncomplicated Orthopedic Surgery in a Patient With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

ABSTRACTSerotonin syndrome (SS) is a potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction that may occur in patients treated with serotonin agonist medications. Medications responsible for serotonin syndrome include commonly prescribed antidepressants, anxiolytics, analgesics, and antiemetics. Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at risk for polypharmacy with serotoninergic medications, given their psychological comorbidities and service-related musculoskeletal injuries. The perioperative period is a particularly vulnerable time owing to the use of high-dose anxiolytics and antiemetics frequently administered in this period, and places PTSD patients at higher risk of SS. Herein, we present the first case of SS in a young veteran with combat-related PTSD following an uncomplicated L5-S1 revision discectomy that highlights the unique set of clinical challenges and dilemmas faced when treating SS in a patient with severe postsurgical pain. As we are likely to encounter increasing numbers of ...
Trends in compliance with two-dose influenza vaccine recommendations in children aged 6 months through 8 years, 2010-2015.

Abstract Background Children aged 6 months through 8 years may require two doses of influenza vaccine for adequate immune response against the disease. However, poor two-dose compliance has been reported in the literature. Methods We analyzed data for >2.6 million children from six immunization information system (IIS) sentinel sites, and assessed full vaccination coverage and two-dose compliance in the 2010–2015 influenza vaccination seasons. Full vaccination was defined as having received at least the recommended number of influenza vaccine doses (one or two), based on recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Two-dose compliance was defined as the percentage of children during each season who received at least two doses of influenza vaccine among those who required two doses and initiated the series. Results Across seasons, ⩾1-dose influenza vaccination coverage was mainly unchanged among 6–23 month olds (range: 60.9–66.6%), 2–4 year olds (range: 44.8–47.4%), and 5–8 year olds (range: 34.5–38.9%). However, full vaccination coverage showed increasing trends from 2010–11 season to 2014–15 season (6–23 months: 43.0–46.5%; 2–4 year olds: 26.3–39.7%; 5–8 year olds, 18.5–33.9%). Across seasons, two-dose compliance remained modest in children 6–23 months (range: 63.3–67.6%) and very low in older children (range: 11.6–18.7% in children 2–4 years and 6.8–13.3% in children 5–8 years). In the 2014–15 season, among children who required and received 2 doses, only half completed the two-dose series before influenza activity peaked. Conclusions Improved messaging of the two-dose influenza vaccine recommendations is needed for providers and parents. Providers are encouraged to determine a child’s eligibility for two doses of influenza vaccine using the child’s vaccination history, and to vaccinate children early in the season so that two-dose series are completed before influenza peaks.
Depression After Spinal Surgery: A Comparative Analysis of the California Outcomes Database.

Abstract Objective To examine the relative incidence of newly recorded diagnosis of depression after spinal surgery as a proxy for the risk of post–spinal surgery depression. Patients and Methods We used the longitudinal California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database (January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2010) to identify patients who underwent spinal surgery during these years. Patients with documented depression before surgery were excluded. Risk of new postoperative depression was determined via the incidence of newly recorded depression on any hospitalization subsequent to surgery. For comparison, this risk was also determined for patients hospitalized during the same time period for coronary artery bypass grafting, hysterectomy, cholecystectomy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure exacerbation, or uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Results Our review identified 1,078,639 patients. Relative to the uncomplicated vaginal delivery cohort, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for newly recorded depression within 5 years after the admission of interest were 5.05 for spinal surgery (95% CI, 4.79-5.33), 2.33 for coronary artery bypass grafting (95% CI, 2.15-2.54), 3.04 for hysterectomy (95% CI, 2.88-3.21), 2.51 for cholecystectomy (95% CI, 2.35-2.69), 2.44 for congestive heart failure exacerbation (95% CI, 2.28-2.61), and 3.04 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (95% CI, 2.83-3.26). Among patients who underwent spinal surgery, this risk of postoperative depression was highest for patients who underwent fusion surgery (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.22-1.36) or had undergone multiple spinal operations (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.16-1.29) during the analyzed period. Conclusion Patients who undergo spinal surgery have a higher risk for postoperative depression than patients treated for other surgical or medical conditions known to be associated with depression.
Highly Sensitive Paper-Disc Assays for Detecting Penicillin in Milk.

A modified Bacillus subtilis disc-plate assay could detect 0.015 I.U. of penicillin G per ml of milk, whereas the lower detection limit of the standard assay was 0.050 I.U. per ml. Likewise, a modified Bacillus stearothermophilus disc-plate assay could detect 0.003 I.U. of penicillin G per ml of milk, whereas the lower detection limit of the standard assay was 0.005 I.U. per ml. Increased sensitivities were accomplished by preloading assay discs with "critical" concentrations so that minute quantities of antibiotic above the "critical" concentrations would produce zones of inhibition. Only a few alterations in routine laboratory procedure were required to perform the assays. Use of these assays should assure a milk supply that would not cause allergic reactions in humans or significantly inhibit dairy starter cultures. The general principal of "critical" concentration might have applications other than those that we have described, to increase the sensitivity of radial-diffusion analyses for biologically active compounds.
Down Regulation of Inflammatory Markers after Treatment with Topically Administered Mucopolysaccharide Polysulfate.

Abstract Mucopolysaccharide polysulfate (MPS) represents a mammalian tracheal preparation, which mimics many of the properties of heparins including its anti-inflammatory actions. MPS is used topically for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that topical administration of MPS mobilizes many substances to mediate its therapeutic effects. A group of four non-human primates (Macaca Mulatta) were administered 4.5% MPS ointment in a dosage of 45 mg/kg, another four monkeys were administered placebo ointment at a dosage of 1.0 g/kg for 10 days. Citrated blood samples were drawn at baseline, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours on days 1, 2, 5, 7 and 10. Markers of inflammation including thrombin activatable fibrinolytic inhibitor (TAFI), C-reactive protein (CRP), CD-40 Ligand (CD-40L), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) utilizing ELISA based methods, were used to measure the anti-inflammatory response. In the MPS treated group, a down regulation of all of these markers was observed over the 10 day period. CRP (baseline, 10.2 ±3.6; day 10, 5.1 ± 2.4 μg/ml), CD-40L (baseline, 298 ± 52; day 10, 138 ± 38 pg/ml) and MCP-1 (baseline, 350 ±68; day 10, 178 ± 42 pg/ml) showed a 50% decrease in the levels of these markers at day 10 in comparison to baseline. The PAI-1 (baseline, 65.1 ±21.2; day 10, 48.2 ±12.1 ng/ml) and TAFI (baseline, 138 ±25; day 10, 99 ± 12 % NHP) levels showed a slightly lesser effect. These results suggest that the topical administration of MPS leads to a decrease in the markers of inflammation that may result in promotion of the healing of inflammatory lesions.
Foucault’s Political Body in Medical Praxis

Michel Foucault begins his study of medical practice with a statement of purpose which is at once complex and straightforward: “This book is about space, about language, and about death; it is about the act of seeing, the gaze” ([4], p. ix). The rise of modern medicine during the late eighteenth century forged a new relation between language and sight in medical spaces, “enabling one to see and to say” ([4], p. xii) by appearing to illuminate the troublesome darkness between the eye and its object of perception. As the gazing apparatuses of clinical practice multiply and reinforce one another, bodies become increasingly “transparent” and analyzable. Clinical eyes are able to see the insides of bodies, their hidden workings, for purposes of locating, identifying, and curing disease. In Foucault’s study of the medical gaze, Gilles Deleuze writes, “each historical medical formulation modulated a first light and constituted a space of visibility for illness, making symptoms gleam, [restoring] depth to the eye and volume to the pain (illness here being an ‘autopsy’ of the living)” ([2], p. 58). Corroboration between sight and symptom makes possible a knowledge of diseased persons which expands beyond, yet includes, the hospital or clinic.
Association of the HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein with the cullin 2 ubiquitin ligase complex.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5644 Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses that exhibit a tropism for epithelial cells. More than 99% of cervical carcinomas are associated with high-risk HPVs. The high-risk HPV E6 and E7 proteins are consistently expressed in HPV-associated cervical cancers and continued expression of these viral oncoproteins is necessary for the maintenance of the transformed phenotype. High-risk HPV E7 oncoproteins exhibits diverse oncogenic activities including deregulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, induction of genomic instability and degradation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein pRB and the related p107 and p130 via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Alterations in the steady state levels of other cellular proteins in HPV E7-expressing cells has also previously been observed. The molecular mechanisms how HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein deregulates the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway thereby altering the steady state levels of targeted cellular proteins is not understood. We used tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry to identify E7 associated cellular protein complexes. Our results indicate that HPV-16 E7 associates with the cullin 2 ubiquitin ligase complex. The cullin 2 ubiquitin ligase complex cosediments with E7/pRB,E7/p107 and p130 upon glycerol gradient centrifugation. Cullin 2 is a part of the E7 and pRB complex. Downregulation of cullin 2 by RNAi increases pRB protein levels in the HPV-16 positive cervical carcinoma cell line CaSki. Downregulation of cullin 2 by RNAi also increases pRB protein levels in immortalized oral keratinocytes expressing HPV-16 E7 protein. BC box proteins are cellular proteins that contain a conserved motif called BC box (A,P,S,T)LXXXCXXX(A,I,L,V) that is necessary for binding to elongin C of the cullin 2 complex. BC box proteins act as a substrate specificity adaptor of the cullin 2 complex and bring specific substrate proteins to the cullin 2 complex for degradation. The HPV-16 E7 protein contains two BC box motifs and a cullin 2 box at its C-terminus. The HPV-16 E7 protein binds to elongin C of the cullin 2 ubiquitin ligase complex in vitro. Substitutions or deletions in some of the conserved amino acids in the BC box motif of E7 lead to inefficient association with the cullin 2 complex in vivo. Hence E7 appears to act as a BC box protein of the cullin 2 complex by determining the substrate specificity. Our data suggest that some E7 interacting cellular proteins may be recruited to the cullin 2 ubiquitin ligase complex via E7 for aberrant degradation.
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE CARYOPHYLLIDEA (CESTOIDEA)

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the zoogeographical notes on the Caryophyllidea (Cestoidea). The Caryophyllidea is a relatively small order of cestodes consisting of three families: Caryophyllaeidae (includes Wenyonidae), with 13 genera and approximately 40 species; Lytocestidae with 14 genera and approximately 28 species; and Capingentidae with seven genera and eight species. The Lytocestidae, with 14 genera, are reported from all of the faunal regionsencept the Neotropical; six genera are from the Oriental Region, four from the Ethiopian, and two each from the Nearctic, Palearctic, and Australian Regions. The Caryophyllaeidae, with 13 genera, are reported from all of the faunal regions; nine genera are from the Nearctic, five from Palearctic, and one each from the other regions. With few exceptions, the caryophyllid fauna of each faunal region appears to be distinct with a high apparent degree of endemism which is reflected in 20 of the 34 genera being monotypic. This endemism and monotypy may be the natural result of an old group and isolation in fresh-water hosts that radiated after dispersal to various continents.
A social constructivist approach to preparing school counselors to work effectively in urban schools

In this article a social construction framework is used to improve the capacity of school counselors and trainees to work effectively with African American and Latina/o students in urban schools. Three key theoretical tenets of the social construction worldview are presented as a new lens for thinking about the meaning-making process of students in an urban school setting and how school counselors can support it. We offer activities to operationalize this theoretical point of view and implications for school counselor training and practice.
New evidence in physical violent behaviors among school-aged children: A multiple disadvantages model

Abstract The present study of school-aged children examined physical violent behaviors' relationships with disadvantageous, social relationship, mental health, and other factors. This study employed a sample of 11,585 school-aged children extracted from a cross-sectional data set, the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC), 2009–2010. Physical violent behaviors in the present study referred that school-aged children exhibited physical aggression and fighting, threated or attempted to hurt other students in school, and carried or used weapons on school property. The empirical results of multivariate regression model revealed that male students, delinquent peer affiliation, weak parental monitoring, poor school performance, educational pressure, any drug use, alcohol use, daily computer/videogame usage were all positively associated with physical violent behaviors among school-aged children.
Global strategic level supply planning of materials critical to clean energy technologies – A case study on indium

Abstract Many clean energy technologies depend on some rare materials, and significant concerns about the sufficient supply of these materials have been raised recently. Most of the rare materials are so called by-product materials, and thus their supplies heavily rely on the demand of base metals. This study develops a generic mixed integer linear programming to investigate global strategic level capacity and production planning for both base and by-product materials. Other decisions relevant to capacity expansions and productions are also considered. The model is demonstrated using indium as a case study. Indium is a key material needed by two emerging clean energy applications, copper indium gallium selenide photovoltaics and light-emitting diode lighting. Supply of indium exclusively depends on primary zinc production, and concerns have been raised on whether there will be sufficient supply to support widespread applications of these two technologies. Capacity expansions of indium refinery facilities can be the first solution to overcome its supply risk. All the decisions included in the model are numerically analyzed. Sensitivity of all the parameters to the total cost are also studied. Indium content in the ore, inflation rates, and discount rates are found to have significant impact on the total cost.
Globalization and Cultural Conflict in Developing Countries: The South African Example

The global situation is in the process of rapid changes. The collapse of the Eastern Bloc, the end of the Cold War, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union dramatically changed relationships between nations. A "New World Order," no longer based upon the antagonism of superpowers, has begun to emerge. This New World Order significantly affects all humanity, especially developing nations. They are no longer primarily viewed as pawns in a global chess match for world domination by superpowers. Driven by technological advances in communications and transportation, the process of globalization has also accelerated. These advances are inexorably linking all humanity in vast economic, communications, and transportation networks. Cultural ideas and images from one corner of the planet can be transmitted in an instant to another part of the planet by wireless and satellite technologies. The result is that cultures of different countries and diverse peoples are being brought into contact at rates unprecedented in human history. Globalization requires more than physically linking the world. For it to continue apace, there must also be a set of shared cultural understandings. Part of the process of globalization is the need to develop a culture that, in some broad way, can transcend diverse economic, ethnic, political, racial, and
Plant Defense Activators: Application and Prospects in Cereal Crops

Cereal grains are one of the primary sources of food products in the world. Increased productivity in crop yield, particularly for cereal crops, is absolutely essential for future food security, but is impeded by disease, with annual estimates ranging from 10 to 30 % crop loss due to disease alone. There have been remarkable advances in understanding pest and disease resistance in plants in the past three decades, with the application of chemical plant defense activators (PDAs) being of particular interest. The advances in recent years in understanding the molecular basis for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), induced systemic resistance (ISR), priming, and next-generation immunity portend a wider role for PDAs. These agrochemicals are gaining some acceptance in Europe where there is a strong interest in curtailing the use of more traditional fungicides and pesticides. Much work, however, is needed to understand the effects of nutrition, dose rates, timing of application, and genotypic effects in the application of PDAs. This review addresses the current understanding of plant immunity, particularly with respect to cereal crops and the potential for PDAs to enhance the potential yield and nutritional quality of cereal crops.
Effects of Stable Strontium in Treatment of Osteoporosis

During the 5-year period 1953 through 1957 a series of patients with osteoporosis seen at the Mayo Clinic were treated with strontium lactate (strontolac). The consideration that strontium lactate might be a useful adjunct in the treatment of this condition developed following a report by Shorr and Carter (1) that Sr2+ increases the retention of Ca2+ and that when the maximal normal Ca2+ absorption level is reached retention of Sr2+ increases in its turn, and further administration further heightens the retention of both elements. It has been our clinical impression that the few patients so treated have improved both subjectively and objectively during and following therapy. As clinical impressions are notoriously unreliable indexes of the adequacy of therapy, we have undertaken a study to compare the patient’s subjective complaints, the physical findings, and the roentgenograms of the spinal column from before a course of therapy with strontium lactate with those from after the treatment. The results of that study comprise this report.