cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydride-containing models for the active site of the nickel-iron hydrogenases.

The [NiFe]-hydrogenase model complex NiFe(pdt)(dppe)(CO)3 (1) (pdt = 1,3-propanedithiolate) has been efficiently synthesized and found to be robust. This neutral complex sustains protonation to give the first nickel−iron hydride [1H]BF4. One CO ligand in [1H]BF4 is readily substituted by organophosphorus ligands to afford the substituted derivatives [HNiFe(pdt)(dppe)(PR3)(CO)2]BF4, where PR3 = P(OPh)3 ([2H]BF4); PPh3 ([3H]BF4); PPh2Py ([4H]BF4, where Py = 2-pyridyl). Variable temperature NMR measurements show that the neutral and protonated derivatives are dynamic on the NMR time scale, which partially symmetrizes the phosphine complex. The proposed stereodynamics involve twisting of the Ni(dppe) center, not rotation at the Fe(CO)2(PR3) center. In MeCN solution, 3, which can be prepared by deprotonation of [3H]BF4 with NaOMe, is about 104 stronger base than is 1. X-ray crystallographic analysis of [3H]BF4 revealed a highly unsymmetrical bridging hydride, the Fe−H bond being 0.40 A shorter than the Ni−H di...
Uncertain inflation and social security indexation

Abstract This paper provides a theoretical analysis of the effects of the insurance feature of social security indexation on portfolio allocation and the stability of income and consumption of the retiree within the framework of a life-cycle model of allocation under uncertainty. The paper shows that the magnitudes of such effects depend on the importance of social security in total wealth, the covariance of real portfolio returns with the inflation rate and, more importantly, whether there exists market failure in providing for inflation insurance.
The Gender and Tropical Diseases Task Force of TDR: achievements and challenges.

Tropical diseases are diseases of poverty and women have the lowest social status in most societies. Although women may be no more at risk of infection than men they must carry the addition burden of caring for other family members when they are ill. Also because of the disfiguring physical effects of diseases such as leprosy lymphatic filariasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis women suffer more than men from social stigma and personal rejection. Despite their role as health providers for their families and the often greater social and personal effects of tropical diseases women are often poorly informed about disease risks prevention and treatment. Although there is a growing amount of research in industrialized countries on the interrelationships between gender and health few studies in developing countries have focused on gender differences in the biomedical social or economic impact of tropical diseases much less their impact at the personal level. For this reason TDR formed the Gender and Tropical Diseases Task Force (TF) to stimulate research on gender differences in the determinants and consequences of tropical diseases. These include differences in exposure to disease intensity of infection and morbidity length of incapacity care received or given during illness access to and utilization of health services and impact of illness on productive and reproductive capacity social activities and personal life. (excerpt)
Pulsed laser ablation of tissue: surface vaporization or thermal explosion?

In this paper we discuss the effects of laser-induced stresses and tissue chromophore targeting on the mechanism and dynamics of pulsed laser ablation. We argue that larger pulse durations and optical absorption coefficients reduce the contribution of photomechanical effects to the onset of material removal. Further we argue that if the structural integrity of the tissue extra-cellular matrix (ECM) is not compromised during irradiation, the ablation process will necessarily be explosive even if the heated tissue volume is allowed to mechanically equilibrate to the laser-induced stressed during irradiation. However, if the tissue is not inertially confined and the ECM is compromised during irradiation, the material removal is consistent with a process of rapid surface vaporization.
Separation of carbon from fly ash using froth flotation

The unburned carbon content of fly ash from two different power stations was greatly reduced in two-stage laboratory flotation tests by employing a collector consisting of nonylphenol and either hexadecane or fuel oil together with methyl isobutinol (MIBC) as a frother. The tailings from the first stage were recleaned in the second stage. This method reduced the carbon content of fly ash from an initial level of 25.9% in one case and 16.5% in another case to a final level of 1–2% or less in the tailings while at the same time recovering 95% or more of the carbon in the floated material or concentrate. In most cases from 60 to 75% of the ash was rejected in the tailings. The results support a previous finding that a good collector for oxidized coal is a good collector for unburned carbon in fly ash. Furthermore, the results showed that much less collector was required to achieve a good separation of carbon from fly ash when MIBC was employed in conjunction with the mixed collector.
Influence of hydride purity on InP and InAlAs grown by chemical beam epitaxy

It has generally been recognized that sources of the highest purity facilitate growth of loP and InAlAs with excellent optical and electrical characteristics. The mobility, photoluminescence linewidths, X-ray linewidths, impurity levels, and ultimately device results have been evaluated for two different hydride purity levels. It was found that each of the above characteristics was affected by improved arsine and phosphine purity. The 77 K mobility of lnP increased by a factor of 2 and the InAlAs silicon doping efficiency increased by a factor of 5. Accompanying improvement in device performance, notably the peak to valley ratio of resonant tunneling structures has been observed.
The economics of NASA mission cost reserves

Increases in NASA mission costs have led to analysis of the causes and magnitude of historical mission overruns as well as mitigation and prevention attempts. This paper hypothesizes that one cause is that the availability of reserves may reduce incentives to control costs. We draw a comparison to the insurance concept of moral hazard, and we use actuarial techniques to better understand the increase in mission costs due to the availability of reserves. NASA's CADRe database provided the data against which we tested our hypothesis and discovered that there is correlation between the amount of available reserves and project overruns, particularly for mission hardware cost increases. We address the question of how to prevent reserves from increasing mission spending without increasing cost risk to projects.
Extraction of phenolic compounds from fresh leaves: a comparison of methods

The conventional sonicator/shaker bath method for phenolic extraction was compared with a less traditional one using a homogenizer. The homogenizer proved to be both more efficient and consistent in extracting phenolics from tender, as well as tough, leaves. We propose that adoption of the homogenizer technique will increase phenolic yield and efficiency.
Self-Organizing Fuzzy Logic Control of Two Dimensional End Milling

A system for control of two dimensional end milling operations is presented in this paper. In order to achieve high quality products and high production rates in 2-D end milling, it is important to minimize the tracking error and contouring error, and regulate the cutting force while maximizing the feedrate. Given the complexity of the cutting operations, it is difficult to determine what rules are needed to satisfactory accomplished the above. The Self-Organizing Fuzzy logic Controller is capable of accomplishing force regulation because it does not require prior knowledge of the system and is able to generate and modify the control rules. A hybrid controller is also presented in this paper, which is composed of an ordinary Fuzzy Logic Controller and a Self-Organizing Fuzzy Logic Controller. This new controller, called a Self- Paced Fuzzy Controller, will be used to minimize the contouring error. The benefit of this hybrid system is that initial rules can be provided to the system that can be updated as the controller learns about the system's performance. The control system is simulated and the results are presented.
Nondestructive analysis of tablet coating thicknesses using terahertz pulsed imaging

Abstract An understanding of the finished structure of complex pharmaceutical coating is becoming desirable, because tablet coatings are now one of the preferred routes to control the release of active pharmaceutical ingredients. There are few nondestructive techniques capable of examining the coatings of compressed tablets; for example laser induced breakdown spectroscopy has been used but this is a destructive method. Terahertz pulsed imaging offers a potential technique to examine coatings quickly and nondestructively. In the study reported herein, it was possible to distinguish between two brands of across‐the‐counter ibuprofen tablets. The terahertz maps obtained were compared with obtained photographs of cut‐through sections; there was good agreement. The technique is fast: a waveform can be obtained in
BIFURCATIONS OF RELAXATION OSCILLATIONS NEAR FOLDED SADDLES

Relaxation oscillations are periodic orbits of multiple time scale dynamical systems that contain both slow and fast segments. The slow–fast decomposition of these orbits is defined in the singular limit. Geometric methods in singular perturbation theory classify degeneracies of these decompositions that occur in generic one-parameter families of relaxation oscillations. This paper investigates the bifurcations that are associated with one type of degeneracy that occurs in systems with two slow variables, in which relaxation oscillations become homoclinic to a folded saddle.
Crystal field and magnetic properties of Dy(OH) 3 , Ho(OH) 3 and Er(OH) 3

The electric quadrupole and magnetic hyperfine interactions rneasured from the 161 Dy Mossbauer resonance in crystalline Dy(OH)3 and from the 166 Er resonance in crystalline Ho(OH)3 and Er(OH)3 are interpreted using the crystal field and molecular exchange field model . The crystal field parameters established from previous optical spectroscopy results account weIl for these hyperfine parameters. The crystal-field and magnetic properties of these ferromagnetic insulators are described weIl within the model.
Effect of aromatic ring fluorination on CH···π interactions: rotational spectrum and structure of the fluorobenzene···acetylene weakly bound dimer.

The rotational spectra for the normal isotopic species and for six (13)C singly substituted isotopologues (in natural abundance) of the fluorobenzene···acetylene (C6H5F···HCCH) weakly bound dimer have been measured in the 6.5-18.5 GHz region using chirped-pulse Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. The HCCH molecule interacts with the fluorobenzene via a CH···π contact and is determined to lie almost over the center of, and approximately perpendicular to, the aromatic ring, with an H···π distance (perpendicular distance from the H atom to the ring plane) of around 2.492(47) A; a slight tilt of HCCH towards the para carbon atom of the fluorobenzene is evident. Binding energies of this complex and related benzene and fluorobenzene dimers obtained from the pseudodiatomic approximation are compared and indicate that fluorobenzene···acetylene lies among the more weakly bound of the complexes exhibiting some type of CH···π interaction.
Evolutionary conservation of glucocorticoids and corticotropin releasing hormone: Behavioral and physiological adaptations

Glucocorticoids and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) underlie the physiology of change and adaptation. Both the steroid and peptide are quite ancient. The genes that underlie the production of these information molecules stretch back millions of years. The regulatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids have both restraining and enhancing capabilities on CRH gene expression. While restraint of CRH by glucocorticoids is a fundamental physiological feature of limiting CRH expression from over-use and exhaustion, CRH is also enhanced by glucocorticoids at both the level of extra-hypothalamic CRH sites and at the level of the placenta and fetal programming in the brain. This latter function of glucocorticoids increasing CRH gene expression underlies the physiology of change that underlies diverse adaptive functions.
A Comparison of Glandless Cottonseed Meal and Soybean Meal in Laying Diets Supplemented with Lysine and Methionine

Abstract THE use of cottonseed meal in poultry rations, especially rations for laying hens, has been limited by problems due to cyclopropenoid fatty acids and to the cottonseed pigment commonly called gossypol. Phelps et al. (1965) and Phelps (1966) have published extensive reviews of compounds in cottonseed products which alter the performance of poultry or cause discoloration of eggs. The recent development of low gossypol glandless cottonseed meal resulting from the genetic studies of McMichael (1954, 1959, 1960) has presented the possibility of increased use of glandless cottonseed meal in laying hen rations. Johnston and Watts (1964, 1965a, b) compared laboratory-prepared glandless cottonseed meal, a commercially processed, prepress, solvent extracted, glanded cottonseed meal, and solvent extracted soybean meal in broiler diets. Lysine supplementation produced a growth response in all diets, but the greatest response was with the glanded cottonseed. The authors concluded that the glandless cottonseed meal was equal to soybean…
Data model integration using the structural model

One approach to the design of a logical model for an integrated database requires each potential user or application to specify its view as a data model. An integration phase follows, where these user data models are integrated into a global database model. We address the problem of view integration when user data models are expressed using the structural model [Wi77, WE79].The structural model is built from relations in Boyce-Codd normal form [Co74]. A basic set of integrity assertions is implicit in the model. The integrity assertions are defined by classification of relations into types, and are represented by connections between relations. We will show how to integrate different representations of two related real-world entity classes.
A diruthenium catalyst for selective, intramolecular allylic C-H amination: reaction development and mechanistic insight gained through experiment and theory.

The mixed-valent paddlewheel complex tetrakis(2-oxypyridinato)diruthenium(II,III) chloride, [Ru2(hp)4Cl], catalyzes intramolecular allylic C–H amination with bis(homoallylic) sulfamate esters. These results stand in marked contrast to reactions performed with dirhodium catalysts, which favor aziridine products. The following discussion constitutes the first report of C–H amination using complexes such as [Ru2(hp)4Cl] and related diruthenium adducts. Computational and experimental studies implicate a mechanism for [Ru2(hp)4Cl]-promoted C–H amination involving hydrogen-atom abstraction/radical recombination and the intermediacy of a discrete, albeit short-lived, diradical species. The collective data offer a coherent model for understanding the preference of this catalyst to oxidize allylic (and benzylic) C–H bonds.
Simulation of Cosmic Ray-Induced Soft Errors in CMOS/SOS Memories

A follow-up series of simulation experiments have been conducted to study cosmic ray-induced soft errors in CMOS/SOS memories. Devices were tested in beams of krypton and argon ions from the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) 88-inch Cyclotron at energies near 2 MeV/nucleon. The SOS test samples consisted of three versions of the TCS 146, 4K, static memory, constructed with buried contact technology. Small differences in processing have a significant effect on the electrical parameters, and these were observed to correlate with the sensitivity to cosmic ray-induced errors of the three versions. Differences in the probability of flips from 0 ? 1 and 1 ? 0 were observed. These differences are explained in terms of the geometrical details of the memory storage element and the nodal capacitances of the element. The predicted error rate in space was calculated to be 2.6×10-9 errors/ day-bit based on the observed critical charge for soft error failure.
Measurement of histamine: A quality control study

Abstract This study evaluated the ability of various laboratories to accurately quantitate histamine in samples of plasma and buffered saline that contained known amounts of histamine. Histamine was dissolved in buffered saline and in plasma and these solutions were lyophilized in glass ampules. Sealed ampules were sent to laboratories for analysis of their histamine content by one or more of the following methods: (1) the double-isotope dilution enzymatic method, (2) single-isotope enzymatic method, and (3) manual and automated fluorometry. We analyzed the same solutions in our laboratory by the double-isotope dilution enzymatic method over a 6-mo period; we found a coefficient of variation averaging 26% for these samples over that period of time and our values agreed with theoretical values within 12%. Twelve laboratories analyzed histamine by the double-isotope dilution enzymatic assay. The results revealed a marked variation among laboratories both for the determination of histamine in buffer and, more strikingly, for the determination of histamine in plasma. Three laboratories determined histamine by the single-isotope dilution enzymatic method and one reported results rather close to the standard, while the others reported results that were clearly different from the standards. Five laboratories measured histamine by automated fluorometry and three by manual fluorometry; again, there was marked variation among the results. Overall, these findings indicate that measurements of histamine by different laboratories vary greatly. Thus, absolute values for histamine in biologic specimens in the literature must be regarded with caution.
Swarm Verification Techniques

The range of verification problems that can be solved with logic model checking tools has increased significantly in the last few decades. This increase in capability is based on algorithmic advances and new theoretical insights, but it has also benefitted from the steady increase in processing speeds and main memory sizes on standard computers. The steady increase in processing speeds, though, ended when chip-makers started redirecting their efforts to the development of multicore systems. For the near-term future, we can anticipate the appearance of systems with large numbers of CPU cores, but without matching increases in clock-speeds. We will describe a model checking strategy that can allow us to leverage this trend and that allows us to tackle significantly larger problem sizes than before.
Effects of recovery from immobilization stress on striatal preprodynorphin- and kappa opioid receptor-mRNA levels of the male rat

Abstract Previously, we have reported that brain regions that are thought to be involved in motivated behavior are altered in animals undergoing repeated exposures to immobilization stress. The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of recovery from this type of stress on these same mesolimbic brain regions. For this purpose, adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were initially exposed to immobilization stress either once (2 h) or repeatedly (2 h × 10 days). Rats were then either allowed to recover from the stressor for a shorter (2 days) or longer period of time (9 days) in their home cages. At the end of this recovery period, rats were euthanized and trunk blood and brains were processed for serum corticosterone (CORT) and neurochemistry, respectively. Brain mRNA levels were determined via in situ hybridization for the opioid preprodynorphin (DYN) and its cognate receptor ( kappa , KOR), in striatal and accumbal subregions. A pattern of selective transcriptional activation emerged in the four resultant treatment conditions where a short recovery from either a single or repeated exposure to immobilization produced increases in KOR-mRNA levels in striatal and nucleus accumbens (Acb) subregions. Relative to controls, these differences were diminished after a longer recovery period. Interestingly, DYN-mRNA levels were unchanged after the shorter recovery period and after single or repeated immobilizations but appeared to be induced after a longer recovery period after repeated immobilizations. A relative amount of weight loss occurred after immobilization following repeated but not single exposure to stress. In addition, only those rats recovering from repeated stress exposures had higher CORT levels compared with non-immobilized controls. These results suggest that recovery from immobilization stress may alter the motivational system after as little as a single immobilization and that a possible dysphoric effect on appetitive behavior may be reflected by an altered striatal dynorphin system.
Violent morphologies: Landscape, border and scale in Ahmedabad conflict

Abstract Conflicts produce violence through death, confinement, torture, and control of spaces of everyday life. This paper investigates how spatial morphologies, like landscapes, borders and scales, are re-ordered and re-imagined to materialize violence. A Hindu–Muslim conflict in the globalizing city of Ahmedabad, India in 2002 is used as a case study. The conflict unfolded in a dying industrial city, now being re-envisioned through neoliberal urban entrepreneurialism into a ‘global city’. During and after the riots, the majority Hindu community, and the local Hindu fundamentalist government, annihilated the life spaces of the minority Muslim community. Through a combination of Hindu rioting and urban renewal, landscapes were destroyed, new spaces produced, borders re-imagined, and new ones imprinted on the landscape, to segregate previously co-existing communities. Local government and Hindu ideologues creatively juxtaposed neoliberal economic polices, global discourses of Islamophobia, local ethnocentrism to alter the spatial morphologies of Ahmedabad. Justice entails the democratization of space by altering the violent morphologies of Ahmedabad.
Renal adenosine triphosphatase in hypothermically stored canine kidneys.

Abstract After 24-hr storage of canine kidneys with extracellular (Ringer's lactate) or intracellular (Ursol) solutions, the cortical and medullary renal ATPase enzymes (total (Na + + K + )- and Mg-ATPase, (Na + + K + )-ATPase, and Mg-ATPase) were examined. It was found that storage with extracellular solution decreased all cortical enzymes. This was not the case with intracellular solution or in kidneys cooled and stored without any solution. A decrease in the potassium concentration of the Ursol solution decreased also the cortical (Na + + K + )-ATPase enzymatic activity. The medullary enzymatic changes were similar in the different groups and lower than in unstored controls. It appears that the changes on the level of the ATPase enzyme system, which is related to the cation transport system, might play a significant role in explaining the different results seen in clinical or experimental renal preservation systems. These changes can be related to the injury of preservation due to environmental effects of the cation concentrations and to a lesser degree to damage to the enzymatic system which provides the energy for the cation transport system.
Modifying the behavior of leaders: A state-wide attempt

Abstract Project Breakthrough is a two-year, two-phase cooperative effort to retrain leadership personnel in special education and pupil personnel services by utilizing the resources of universities, P.L. 85–926, as amended, Title VI-A, ESEA, local education agencies, and the state education agency. Two hundred selected teacher consultants, school psychologists, and supervisors and directors of special education and pupil personnel were trained in the effective utilization and application of reinforcement theory and directive and/or diagnostic teaching techniques with handicapped children. A state plan for utilizing limited sources to effect state-wide behavioral changes is outlined, along with management and implementation strategies.
Coping, sexual abuse, and compensatory behavior

Objective We explored rates of sexual abuse in different diagnostic subgroups of eating disorder patients, and the extent to which sexually abused patients presented with a higher incidence of disturbed behavior, affective distress, and personality disturbance. Further, we explored Waller's hypothesis that self-criticism may be an important mediator between sexual abuse, compensatory behavior, and personality disturbance. Method: We assessed sexual abuse in 103 eating disorder patients, and compared abused and nonabused patients on measures of coping, eating disorder symptoms, affective distress, personality disorders, and behavioral dysregulation. Results: Although the overall rate of abuse was equivalent to previous reports, about 40%, frequency of abuse was strikingly different across diagnostic subgroups, ranging from 12% to 75%. Abuse was lowest in compulsive overeaters (12%) and highest in patients who engaged in compensatory behaviors but did not binge or meet criteria for anorexia (75%). Abused patients were not only more disturbed on comorbid psychiatric symptoms, but were more likely to have engaged in self-injurious behavior (80%) and attempted suicide (75%). Consistent with Waller's model, self-criticism was the only primary coping strategy to differentiate abused from nonabused patients. Discussion: The findings indicate the possible need for a reprioritization of purging and compensatory behaviors in the diagnostic schedule for eating disorders, and the importance of assessing sexual abuse as a comorbid factor. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application Of Stroboscopic Laser Schlieren Photographic Technique To Explosion Events

A stroboscopic laser schlieren system was constructed by using commercially available instruments. Its application to explosion studies was demonstrated by recording an exploding EBW detonator. Owing to the superior resolution of this system, 150 micron fragments traveling at a speed of 2.7 mm/psec can be resolved.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The α- and β-tubulins of Toxoplasma gondii are encoded by single copy genes containing multiple introns

Abstract We have studied the fundamentals of gene expression in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii by analyzing, in detail, the genes encoding α- and β-tubulin. Southern analysis and quantitation studies reveal that, unlike in other organisms studied thus far, both these genes are present as single copies in the haploid Toxoplasma genome. Sequencing of these genes indicates that they both contain multiple introns with conserved 5′ and 3′ splice site signals. We have found that HeLa cell nuclear extracts are able to accurately splice a Toxoplasma pre-mRNA construct. We have mapped, for the α-tubulin gene, the exact site of transcription initiation and the approximate site of poly A addition by primer extension and RNase protection assays. Trans-splicing, as demonstrated in the Kinetoplastida, is not involved in the formation of the mature α-tubulin transcript in T. gondii .
A Theory of Frame Transformations for Belief Combination

In approximate reasoning, aggregation of multiple measures representing uncertainty, belief, or desirability may be achieved by defining an appropriate combination operator. Formalisms such as probability theory and Dempster–Shafer evidence theory have proposed specific forms for these operators. Ad-hoc approaches to combination have also been put forth, a classical example being the MYCIN calculus of certainty factors. In the present paper we present an analytical theory of combination operators based on the idea that certain combination operators are characterized by special geometric frames of reference or systems of coordinates in which the operators reduce to the canonical arithmetic sum. The cornerstone of our theory is an algorithm that determines whether a given combination operator can be so reduced, and that explicitly constructs a normalizing reference frame directly from the operator whenever such a frame exists. Our approach provides a natural nonlinear scaling mechanism that extends operators to parameterized families, allowing one to adjust the sensitivity of the operators to new information and to control the asymptotic growth rate of the aggregate values produced by the operators in the presence of an unbounded number of information sources. We also give a procedure to reconstruct the normalizing reference frame directly from the group of nonlinear scaling operations associated with it.
Renaming Parts of Identifiers Consistently within Code Clones

Copying and pasting source code results in code duplication. A common form of software reuse involves modifying the new duplicate to fit a current task. The similar code fragments (code clones) may be edited inconsistently by the programmer, for various reasons, leaving a bug in the software that may remain undetected by both the programmer and the compiler. A previously published tool, CReN, helps the programmer by automatically renaming all instances of the same identifier consistently within a clone when one is edited. In this tool demo, we introduce an extension of CReN, an Eclipse plug-in named LexId, which renames the same parts of different identifiers consistently together within code clones.
A. N. Winchell's observations on plagioclase, 1900; an historical note

Winchell's observations and interpretations anticipated the work of recent decades on the differences between the optical properties of plutonic and “hightemperature” plagioclases.
The effects of three methods of observation on couples in interactional research

Abstract Reactivity to observation can affect both internal and external validity of experimental studies. Although the effects of observation have been well documented in groups and parent-child interaction, there have been few studies of observer effects on couples. This study assessed the effects of three different methods of observation—one-way mirror, audio-recording and video-recording—on 30 volunteer, nonclinical couples. No differences were found among couples in the three observational conditions on measures of interactional behavior on a problem-solving task, participant appraisals of self-consciousness, discomfort and reactivity for themselves and their spouses, or on pre-post observation measures of anxiety and feelings toward spouse. The results suggest that these different types of observation do not produce significantly different effects on nonclinical couples and that studies utilizing these three methods may be compared.
Changes in Blood Lead Levels Associated with Use of Chloramines in Water Treatment Systems

BackgroundMore municipal water treatment plants are using chloramines as a disinfectant in order to reduce carcinogenic by-products. In some instances, this has coincided with an increase in lead l...
An Evaluation of On-Site Oral Fluid Drug Screening Devices DrugWipe® 5+ and Rapid STAT® Using Oral Fluid for Confirmation Analysis

In this study, the performance of two on-site oral fluid drug-testing devices, DrugWipe 5(+) (Securetec) and Rapid STAT (Mavand), was assessed. The results obtained by the devices were compared with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmation analysis results in oral fluid. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the tests, as well as positive and negative predictive values, were calculated based on the classified results of the comparison. Both of the devices were evaluated for their ability to meet toxicological cutoffs as set in the DRUID project (www.druid-project.eu) as well as those reported by the manufacturers. The evaluation was performed for relevant drug groups of both devices: amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, and opiates. Additionally, Rapid STAT has a test for benzodiazepines included in the same device. Both tests seemed to perform quite well for amphetamines although they also gave negative results for cases with high concentrations. Also, the benzodiazepine test of Rapid STAT was at a relatively good level although only half of the positive test results were true positives using the test cutoffs. The same phenomenon was detected for the cannabis tests of both devices. The proper evaluation of cocaine and opiates tests was not applicable because of the very low number of positive cases. Language: en
A steady state pressure drop model for screen channel liquid acquisition devices

This paper presents the derivation of a simplified one dimensional (1D) steady state pressure drop model for flow through a porous liquid acquisition device (LAD) inside a cryogenic propellant tank. Experimental data is also presented from cryogenic LAD tests in liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) to compare against the simplified model and to validate the model at cryogenic temperatures. The purpose of the experiments was to identify the various pressure drop contributions in the analytical model which govern LAD channel behavior during dynamic, steady state outflow. LH2 pipe flow of LAD screen samples measured the second order flow-through-screen (FTS) pressure drop, horizontal LOX LAD outflow tests determined the relative magnitude of the third order frictional and dynamic losses within the channel, while LH2 inverted vertical outflow tests determined the magnitude of the first order hydrostatic pressure loss and validity of the full 1D model. When compared to room temperature predictions, the FTS pressure drop is shown to be temperature dependent, with a significant increase in flow resistance at LH2 temperatures. Model predictions of frictional and dynamic losses down the channel compare qualitatively with LOX LADs data. Meanwhile, the 1D model predicted breakdown points track the trends in the LH2 inverted outflow experimental results, with discrepancies being due to a non-uniform injection velocity across the LAD screen not accounted for in the model.
Asymptotic freedom, confinement, and the convergence of the perturbation expansion in quantum chromodynamics

The quark model of hadrons, when all constituents and gluons are included, has the possibility of accommodating not only what are conventionally accepted quark model states but also exotics of various kinds and eventually nuclei themselves. Recently, a considerable theoretical framework has evolved around quarks and gluons known as quantum chromodynamics. This theory is still at a primitive level as far as our ability to perform calculations. However, it is the only possible field theory that contains any hope of understanding both quark freedom at high energies and their strong binding within hadrons. I present a possible viewpoint on how both features could be true without apparent conflict. I also make some speculation on the nature of the perturbation expansion in such a world. What these speculations lack in originally I hope is compensated for by clarity.
Art Critics and Art Publics: A Study in the Sociology and Politics of Taste

This article examines theoretically and empirically a central question in the sociology of art: the role of art critics and their influence on artists, art works, and art publics. The study compare...
Jury decision making in the capital penalty phase: Legal assumptions, empirical findings, and a research agenda.

There are large bodies of research on the deterrent value of the death penalty and public attitudes towards capital punishment. However, little is known about how jurors decide whether a particular defendant should live or die. This article briefly summarizes the case law that attempts to guide the discretion of jurors in the penalty phase of capital murder trials, reviews empirical research on penalty decision making, suggests a methodological strategy for investigating the penalty phase, and identifies several promising directions for future research. Four broad categories of research are identified: the effects of guiding juror discretion, comparisons of juries that vote for life with those that vote for death, the relationship between guilt and penalty phases, and models of decision making in the penalty phase. Several testable hypotheses are proposed.
The development of adaptive behaviour in toddlers and preschoolers with fragile X versus autism

Although there is extensive research in the early detection of autism, no study has compared the adaptive behaviour of young children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and children with autism across ages. We investigated the cross-sectional development of adaptive behaviour in children with FXS and children with autism between 18 and 83 months of age. Analyses revealed a significant relationship between age and adaptive behaviour standard scores for children with FXS, with decreased performance across ages. Analyses also revealed that children with FXS had a relatively flat performance across domains, while children with autism are typically more variable with lower scores in the communication domain relative to other domains. Delays in adaptive behaviour were evident for children with FXS and children with autism at 24 months of age as reported in previous literature. Implications and future directions are discussed.
The Origin Manuscripts at the “The Darwin Manuscripts Project”

I announce the launch of the Darwin Manuscripts Project (http://darwin.amnh.org) and describe its importance as a source of professional-grade manuscripts by Charles Darwin. Some of its importance is due to the transcription of manuscripts, which records all information about the changes Darwin made as he wrote. A guide to understanding how to read a manuscript transcription is presented. This is intended to be the first in a series of papers which, together, will constitute a user’s guide to the site.
Seismological evidence for a mid-mantle discontinuity beneath Hawaii and Iceland

Abstract Receiver functions derived from body waves recorded in Iceland and on the Hawaiian Islands reveal a seismic velocity discontinuity at about 1050 km depth beneath the two regions of presumed mantle upwelling. The waveforms of the converted phases from the mid-mantle discontinuity indicate a velocity increase with depth. The lack of consistent scattering found in recent systematic searches for seismic boundaries in the middle mantle argues against a globally continuous, sub-horizontal mineralogical phase transition near 1000 km depth. The sense of the velocity change at the mid-mantle discontinuity beneath the two hotspots is consistent with geodynamic models in which the mantle has distinct chemical reservoirs and the material beneath the compositional boundary in these areas is more silicon-rich than the overlying mantle, although the possibility of a yet-unknown phase transition particular to mantle plume material cannot be ruled out.
Accuracy of diagnostic tests for Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalyses

Context: The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome (CS) requires the use of tests of unregulated hypercortisolism that have unclear accuracy. Objective: Our objective was to summarize evidence on the accuracy of common tests for diagnosing CS. Data Sources: We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and citation search for key articles) from 1975 through September 2007 and sought additional references from experts. Study Selection: Eligible studies reported on the accuracy of urinary free cortisol (UFC), dexamethasone suppression test (DST), and midnight cortisol assays vs. reference standard in patients suspected of CS. Data Extraction: Reviewers working in duplicate and independently extracted study characteristics and quality and data to estimate the likelihood ratio (LR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) for each result. Data Synthesis: We found 27 eligible studies, with a high prevalence [794 (9.2%) of 8631 patients had CS] and severity of CS. The tests had similar accura...
Adjustment costs in investment, time preferences, and the current account

Abstract This paper studies the effects of supply and demand shocks on the optimal investment and savings decisions of economic agents in a small open economy. The two building blocks of the setup are adjustment costs in investment and a recursive time preference structure. It is shown that the model can mimic certain stylized facts.
Factor Analysis of Nutrient Distribution Patterns under Shrub Live-Oak in Two Contrasting Soils

In shrub-dominated ecosystems, many soil properties are correlated, confounding changes in nutrient distribution associated with soils and shrub canopies. The objectives of this research were to: (i) identify underlying patterns in soil properties using factor analysis, and (ii) analyze factor scores to determine how the factor patterns varied between soils, canopy covers, and depth. White House (fine, mixed, thermic Ustic Haplargid) and Romero (loamy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, thermic, shallow Ustic Torriorthent) soils were sampled at 0-to 4- and 4- to 8-cm depths under shrub live-oak (Quercus turbinella Greene) canopies and adjacent open areas and analyzed for sand, silt, and clay contents, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), pH, organic C, total N, extractable P, and exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg. A three-factor model accounted for 81.2% of the total variation in the data. The first factor had high positive loadings on organic C, total N, and extractable P, and represented aggrading soil processes produced by accumulated litter and organic matter under shrubs. The second factor had high positive loadings on silt and clay contents and exchangeable K, had high negative loading on sand content, and was influenced by textural changes resulting from the interaction between shrub canopies and the two soils. The third factor had high positive loadings on exchangeable Ca, Mg, and CEC, and varied significantly between the two soils but was not affected by the presence of shrub live-oak canopies. Factor analysis provided a statistical tool for grouping the 11 correlated soil variables into three uncorrelated factors. Analysis of factor scores allowed independent assessment of soils, shrub cover, depth, and their interactions on soil properties.
Assimilation of the 2000–2001 CO MOPITT retrievals with optimized surface emissions

[1] The multi-year retrievals of carbon monoxide (CO) by the MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) instrument onboard the NASA Terra satellite provide an opportunity for the first time to study quantitatively the transport and sources of pollution in the mid-troposphere. This paper presents the assimilation of the Phase I (March 3, 2000–May 6, 2001) MOPITT retrievals with optimized CO emissions constrained by monthly MOPITT CO data. The observed-minus-forecast (OmF) CO distributions illustrate improvement of this data analysis compared with the assimilation that employs climatological surface fluxes.
The Magic of Exercise

Larson et al 4 studied 1740 persons older than 65 years of age. In a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, they found that persons who exercised 3 or more times a week developed dementia at a rate of 6.7 per 1000 person years less than those who exercised fewer times. This study was supported by numerous previous studies that have supported the concept that exercise slows down the development of dementia. 5–12 The protective effect of exercise on dementia is more evident in persons who are apoliproprotein E4 carriers. 10 Exercise reduces the risk of vascular cognitive impairment without dementia. 13
Preliminary report: Vitamin D receptor and aromatase gene interaction and bone mass in older African-American women

Aromatization of androgens by the CYP19 gene product, aromatase, is the major source of endogenous estrogen in postmenopausal women. We determined whether an Arg264Cys polymorphism in the CYP19 gene is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone loss in older women. Because vitamin D regulates CYP19 gene expression, we also tested for an interaction with a translation start site polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. Hip BMD was measured twice, an average of 1.9 years apart, in 100 African-American women aged ≥65 years. Neither polymorphism alone was significantly associated with BMD or bone loss. BMD measurements in women with the less frequent allele at both loci were 0.5 to 1.3 SD lower than in women with neither or only a single rare allele (P <.001 for interaction). These women also experienced more rapid hip bone loss than other women (P <.05 for interaction). We conclude that VDR and CYP19 gene polymorphisms may jointly influence bone mass and the rate of bone loss in older African-American women. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Dextromethorphan poisoning reversed by naloxone

Abstract Dextromethorphan, a common ingredient in cough syrups, has rarely been described to cause toxicity. The authors describe an unusual case of a known asthmatic presenting with somnolence, who appeared to be in end-stage respiratory failure. Her partial response to routine naloxone, 1 mg, was surprising. However, additional naloxone was required to completely normallze the patient's mental status. The authors suggest naloxone be administered in doses of 0.4 mg or more intravenously in suspected dextromethorphan overdose.
Estrous activity in different breeds and breed crosses of sheep

Abstract Estrus was monitored in 715 straightbred and crossbred ewes during spring lactation, postweaning, summer and/or late summer breeding periods. Straightbred ewes were comprised of seven breeds, and crossbreds consisted of Rambouillet- and Finnsheep-sired ewes of the seven breeds. Estrus was detected in 5.4% of the Rambouillet and Finnsheep crossbred ewes during lactation. After weaning, the incidence of estrus was 1.1% in all crossbred and straightbred ewes. The incidence of estrus was 5.2% for all ewes during the summer period. During late summer (July 28 to August 17), 42% of all ewes showed estrus and both breed of sire and breed of dam influenced estrous activity (P
In vivo relaxation time measurements on a murine tumor model: prolongation of T1 after photodynamic therapy

Abstract RIF tumors implanted on mice feet were investigated for changes in relaxation times ( T 1 and T 2 ) after photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photodynamic therapy was performed using Photofrin II as the photosensitizer and laser light at 630 nm. A home-built proton solenoid coil in the balanced configuration was used to accommodate the tumors, and the relaxation times were measured before, immediately after, and up to several hours after therapy. Several control experiments were performed using the untreated tumors, tumors treated with Photofrin II alone, or tumors treated with laser light alone. Significant increases in T 1 s of water protons were observed after PDT treatment. In all experiments, 31 P spectra were recorded before and after the therapy to study the tumor status and to confirm the onset of PDT. These studies show significant prolongation of T 1 s after the PDT treatment. The spin-spin relaxation measurements, on the other hand, did not show such prolongation in T 2 values after PDT treatment.