cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental Contamination By An Insect Parasite And The Effect On Host Selection

One of the most interesting factors affecting host selection, or host suitability (which term is used depends upon the viewpoint), is that of host “conditioning,” as reported by Salt (1937) for Trichogramma. Trichogramma females so contaminate eggs of their host, Sitotroga , by walking over them, that the eggs may not be acceptable to other females. This phenomenon is apparently caused by a water-soluble substance secreted by certain tarsal glands of the females examining or walking over the host eggs.
Male Asian international students' perceived racial discrimination, masculine identity, and subjective masculinity stress: a moderated mediation model

This study examined male Asian international college students' perceptions of racial discrimination, subjective masculinity stress, centrality of masculine identity, and psychological distress by testing a moderated mediation model. Participants were 160 male Asian international college students from 2 large public universities. Participants' perceived racial discrimination was positively related to their subjective masculinity stress only at high (but not low) levels of masculine identity centrality. Additionally, subjective masculinity stress was positively related to psychological distress, although this association was stronger among those who reported high levels of masculine identity centrality. The authors also detected a moderated mediation effect in which subjective masculinity stress mediated the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and psychological distress only at high (but not low) levels of masculine identity centrality. These findings contribute to the counseling psychology literature by highlighting the connections between race- and gender-related stressors as well as the relevance of masculine identity to an understanding of men's mental health.
Primitive Weapons and Modern Sport: Atlatl Capabilities, Learning, Gender, and Age

Even uncontrolled “experimentation” such as sporting use of early hunting gear can provide insights into archaeological questions. Analyzing the records of a standardized atlatl competition over eight years offers some insights into spear thrower capabilities, learning curves, and the use of weapons by women and children. The sample is now large enough to provide a plausible analog to prehistoric atlat capabilities, allowing us to judge ethnographic accounts and archaeological expectations. Atlatl skills can be acquired fairly rapidly by any adult or older youths. The atlatl should reduce the importance of body size and strength, and all but the youngest members of a society should be biologically capable of atlatl use where sociaL rules allow it.
Memory for temporally dynamic scenes

ABSTRACTRecognition memory was investigated for individual frames extracted from temporally continuous, visually rich film segments of 5–15 min. Participants viewed a short clip from a film in either a coherent or a jumbled order, followed by a recognition test of studied frames. Foils came either from an earlier or a later part of the film (Experiment 1) or from deleted segments selected from random cuts of varying duration (0.5 to 30 s) within the film itself (Experiment 2). When the foils came from an earlier or later part of the film (Experiment 1), recognition was excellent, with the hit rate far exceeding the false-alarm rate (.78 vs. 18). In Experiment 2, recognition was far worse, with the hit rate (.76) exceeding the false-alarm rate only for foils drawn from the longest cuts (15 and 30 s) and matching the false-alarm rate for the 5 s segments. When the foils were drawn from the briefest cuts (0.5 and 1.0 s), the false-alarm rate exceeded the hit rate. Unexpectedly, jumbling had no effect on reco...
Looking Forward the Arrangement of China's Economic Development in the Future 20 Years

Global Economy fell into the fatigued and weak "new normal status";while China's economy is the "beautiful view here".Even with the unfavorable external environment and the large space of internal counter-cyclical stimulation,China's economy will still maintain a high growth rate.We should depend more on investment,but not consumption.We should learn from the experience of overdue consumption of other advanced countries;method that can be used to solve the problem of low proportion of consumption should focus on improving the primary distribution,but not overly emphasizing the secondary distribution.China will become the biggest economic and trade entity;and RMB will definitely become the international reserve currency in the future.But,at present,accelerating the internationalization of RMB will disturb China's financial order and go against China's economic growth.The main target of China's prevailing economic policy will still be creating the favorable condition,maintaining the internal stability and maintaining the rapid growth rate in the future 20 or more years.
Probabilistic Relational Learning of Human Behavior Models.

In this paper we introduce a probabilistic relational framework for automated human behavior modeling. This is achieved by observing a human successfully achieving given goals. The proposed modeling algorithm uses commonsense background knowledge analytically to facilitate modeling of complicated human behavior. At the same time it is grounded in physical observations and takes noisy sensory data as input. The separation of domain axioms and modeling algorithm provides a framework which is easily applicable across domains. The acquired model is represented in the form of probabilistic hierarchical task network which provides flexible models applicable to similar tasks.
Planning Algorithms: The Configuration Space

Chapter 3 only covered how to model and transform a collection of bodies; however, for the purposes of planning it is important to define the state space. The state space for motion planning is a set of possible transformations that could be applied to the robot. This will be referred to as the configuration space , based on Lagrangian mechanics and the seminal work of Lozano-Perez [659, 663, 660], who extensively utilized this notion in the context of planning (the idea was also used in early collision avoidance work by Udupa [947]). The motion planning literature was further unified around this concept by Latombe's book [591]. Once the configuration space is clearly understood, many motion planning problems that appear different in terms of geometry and kinematics can be solved by the same planning algorithms. This level of abstraction is therefore very important. This chapter provides important foundational material that will be very useful in Chapters 5 to 8 and other places where planning over continuous state spaces occurs. Many of the concepts introduced in this chapter come directly from mathematics, particularly from topology. Therefore, Section 4.1 gives a basic overview of topological concepts. Section 4.2 uses the concepts from Chapter 3 to define the configuration space. After reading this, you should be able to precisely characterize the configuration space of a robot and understand its structure.
Multilateral approach to the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle in Asia-Pacific?

Abstract In spite of the nearly unprecedented scale of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident which caused countries around the world to review their nuclear power systems and to rethink their nuclear power expansion plans, nuclear power capacity continues to grow, spearheaded by the Asia-Pacific region. The Asia-Pacific has become a major emerging market for nuclear energy industry, which indicates that the management of spent nuclear fuel is likely to be a nuisance for the countries in this region in the coming decades. By reviewing the history of discussions on multilateral approaches to the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle and examining relevant empirical cases, this article aims to explore the feasibility of a multilateral approach to the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle in this region and provide some policy suggestions to enhance nuclear governance in the Asia-Pacific.
Personalized Diabetes Management Using Electronic Medical Records

OBJECTIVE Current clinical guidelines for managing type 2 diabetes do not differentiate based on patient-specific factors. We present a data-driven algorithm for personalized diabetes management that improves health outcomes relative to the standard of care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We modeled outcomes under 13 pharmacological therapies based on electronic medical records from 1999 to 2014 for 10,806 patients with type 2 diabetes from Boston Medical Center. For each patient visit, we analyzed the range of outcomes under alternative care using a k-nearest neighbor approach. The neighbors were chosen to maximize similarity on individual patient characteristics and medical history that were most predictive of health outcomes. The recommendation algorithm prescribes the regimen with best predicted outcome if the expected improvement from switching regimens exceeds a threshold. We evaluated the effect of recommendations on matched patient outcomes from unseen data. RESULTS Among the 48,140 patient visits in the test set, the algorithm’s recommendation mirrored the observed standard of care in 68.2% of visits. For patient visits in which the algorithmic recommendation differed from the standard of care, the mean posttreatment glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) under the algorithm was lower than standard of care by 0.44 ± 0.03% (4.8 ± 0.3 mmol/mol) (P CONCLUSIONS A personalized approach to diabetes management yielded substantial improvements in HbA1c outcomes relative to the standard of care. Our prototyped dashboard visualizing the recommendation algorithm can be used by providers to inform diabetes care and improve outcomes.
Particle size distribution predicts particulate phosphorus removal

Particulate phosphorus (PP) is often the largest component of the total phosphorus (P) load in stormwater. Fine-resolution measurement of particle sizes allows us to investigate the mechanisms behind the removal of PP in stormwater wetlands, since the diameter of particles influences the settling velocity and the amount of sorbed P on a particle. In this paper, we present a novel method to estimate PP, where we measure and count individual particles in stormwater and use the total surface area as a proxy for PP. Our results show a strong relationship between total particle surface area and PP, which we use to put forth a simple mechanistic model of PP removal via gravitational settling of individual mineral particles, based on a continuous particle size distribution. This information can help improve the design of stormwater Best management practices to reduce PP loading in both urban and agricultural watersheds.
Ventricular Preexcitation Syndromes: The Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and Variants

The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is a clinical constellation of recurrent supraven-tricular tachycardia and/or atrial flutter-fibrillation associated with the electrocardiographic features of a short PR interval and a broad QRS complex [1–4]. The presence of an accessory AV connection has been demonstrated to be primarily responsible for the syndrome. Since its description, the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome has provided a clinical model for advancing our understanding of electrophysiological mechanisms of reentrant arrhythmias [5], for refining the techniques of electrophysiology study and in-traoperative mapping, and for developing curative surgical and electrode catheter ablation procedures [6]. Moreover, it has inspired investigation to unravel and characterize different types of accessory connections causing ventricular preexcitation [7–10], and to study reentrant arrhythmias caused by various anatomical substrates [6].
Assessing Student Leadership Development From Mentoring, Coaching, and Advising

Leadership educators must demonstrate the contributions their programs make to the learning and development of students. This chapter provides an overview of assessment principles for educators to apply in their practices of mentoring, coaching, and advising.
Clonal Bifurcation of Foxp3 Expression Visualized in Thymocytes and T Cells.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for suppressing autoimmunity and inflammation mediated by conventional T cells. To be useful, some Tregs should have overlapping specificity with relevant self-reactive or pathogen-specific clones. Whether matching recognition between Tregs and non-Tregs might arise through stochastic or deterministic mechanisms has not been addressed. We tested the hypothesis that some Tregs that arise in the thymus or that are induced during Ag-driven expansion of conventional CD4+ T cells might be clonally related to non-Tregs by virtue of asymmetric Foxp3 induction during cell division. We isolated mouse CD4+ thymocytes dividing in vivo, wherein sibling cells exhibited discordant expression of Foxp3 and CD25. Under in vitro conditions that stimulate induced Tregs from conventional mouse CD4+ T cells, we found a requirement for cell cycle progression to achieve Foxp3 induction. Moreover, a substantial fraction of sibling cell pairs arising from induced Treg stimulation also contained discordant expression of Foxp3. Division-linked yet asymmetric induction of Treg fate offers potential mechanisms to anticipate peripheral self-reactivity during thymic selection as well as produce precise, de novo counterregulation during CD4+ T cell–mediated immune responses.
N-Heterocyclic Carbene Promoted Decarboxylation of Lignin-Derived Aromatic Acids

Decarboxylation is an important reaction in organic synthesis and drug discovery, which is typically catalyzed by strong bases or metal-based catalysts bearing low yield and selectivity. For the first time, we demonstrated a new strategy of decarboxylation of hydroxyl cinnamic acids such as p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapinic acid, and caffeic acid in the presence of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors (i.e., 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate [C2C1Im][OAc]), achieving high yields and selectivities up to 100% under relatively mild conditions. [C2C1Im][OAc] showed excellent recyclability as organocatalysis during three times of recycling using biphasic reaction system. A mechanistic study revealed that the decarboxylation was catalyzed by NHCs that were in-situ generated by self-deprotonation of [C2C1Im][OAc]. Our demonstrated route is especially appealing for the production of lignin-derived renewable aromatics.
Oncogenic Potential and Clinical Implications of Giant Endometrial Polyps: A Case Report and Literature Review

Endometrial polyps exceeding 4 centimeters in length are exceedingly rare and are termed "giant polyps." We describe two patients that presented to our hospital with giant endometrial polyps. Clinical implications and oncologic potential of giant endometrial polyps are discussed. Risk factors of oncologic transformation include advanced age, menopausal status, obesity, diabetes, arterial hypertension, use of tamoxifen, and size greater than 1.0 centimeter. A literature review of all documented cases of giant endometrial polyps is presented and management strategies for counseling and polypectomy are reviewed.
Family history of cancer and autoimmune disease and risk of leukemia in infancy: a report from the Children's Cancer Group (United States and Canada)

Objectives: As there are some suggestions that a family history of cancer or autoimmune disease might be associated with an increased risk of leukemia in children, we explored this possibility using data from a matched case-control study conducted by the Children's Cancer Group. Methods: We compared the family history of cancer and autoimmune diseases of 302 infant leukemia cases (diagnosed within the first 18 months of life) with that of 668 individually matched controls in the United States and Canada. Results: Although not significant, cancer history in parents was found to be associated with an elevated risk of infant leukemia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.6-3.6), predominantly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (OR = 2.2, CI = 0.6-9.0). Cancer history among second-degree relatives was also related to a non-significantly elevated risk of AML. Family history of autoimmune diseases, on the other hand, was generally not found to be related to the risk of infant leukemia. Conclusion: This study provided no strong evidence that family history of cancer or autoimmune disease is a major risk factor for infant leukemia.
Autonomous trucking: The interplay between design and business constraints

The world was taken by surprise with the fast growth of autonomous vehicles and the move from experimental concept cars all the way to actual cars driving among us. On the other hand, little attention has so far been paid to other autonomous vehicles like busses and trucks. The potential economic impact of autonomous long-haul freight trucking is large and wide-ranging. This ranges from reduced costs for personnel and maintenance to the social impact of changes in employment and increased highway safety. We explore this in both practical terms and theoretical and give examples for further study.
Extraction from the Accounting Library

In this chapter we integrate the themes of decision making and the accounting library. We concentrate on extracting cost estimates from the accounting library that are useful for decision making. More specifically, we concentrate on estimating an LLA for a particular cost category. As our study expands in later chapters to include control problems, we will see this theme also embraces cost estimates that are useful in the design and operation of a control system.
Diversification and Economic Performance: An Empirical Assessment of Chinese Firms

Integrating the impact of both resource and institutional factors and taking into consideration potential agency problems, this study proposes to investigate the joint effect of both related and unrelated diversification strategies on firm performance in an emerging economy setting and to assess empirically the hypothesized relationship using Chinese firms. The empirical results support the basic contention that both resource building and utilization through concentration and related diversification and institutional environmental management through unrelated diversification are important for firm performance in emerging economies but they must be considered together. This paper concludes with a discussion of its contributions, practical implications, and directions for future research.
A Critical Inquiry Into the Field of Multinational Research on Women’s Offending

This paper provides a comprehensive and critical look at the current state of multinational research on women’s offending and scrutinizes how this knowledge has been derived. The importance of global research for theoretical advancement is discussed. Questions about the validity of official data estimates as proxies for women’s offending in cross-national research focus on the extent to which research findings are reflecting behavioural differences among the populations being studied or other exogenous factors, such as policing, policy and data collection. This paper carries on a tradition of inquiry into the data by presenting visual heuristics to facilitate easy interpretation of definitional differences in specified crime types across time and between country and by determining societal factors that correlate with the “dark figure of crime” when contrasting arrests and reported victimization across nations. The findings suggest cautious optimism for proceeding with rigorously compiled multinational official data sources to advance this important field of work.
Carbon Nanotube CMOS Analog Circuitry

Carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) promise significant energy efficiency benefits versus today's silicon-based FETs. Yet despite this promise, complementary (CMOS) CNFET analog circuitry has never been experimentally demonstrated. Here we show the first reported demonstration of full CNFET CMOS analog circuits. For characterization, we fabricate analog building block circuits: multiple instances of two-stage op-amps. These CNFET CMOS op-amps achieve gain >700 (maximum derivative of output voltage with respect to differential input voltage), operate at a scaled sub-500 mV supply voltage, achieve high linearity (even when operating at these scaled voltages), and are robust over time (minimal drift over >10 000 cycled measurements over 12 h). Additionally, we demonstrate a front-end analog subsystem that integrates a CNFET-based breath sensor with an analog sensor interface circuit (transimpedance amplifier followed by a voltage follower to convert resistance change of the chemoresistive CNFET sensor into a buffered output voltage). These experimental demonstrations are the first reports of the CNFET CMOS analog functionality that is essential for a future CNT CMOS technology.
An Evaluation of Risk Attitudes and Risk Tolerance in Emergency Medicine Residents

Introduction Previous studies have shown that risk attitudes and tolerance for uncertainty are significant factors in clinical decision-making, particularly in the practice of defensive medicine. These attributes have also been linked with rates of physician burnout. To date, the risk profile of emergency medicine (EM) physicians has not yet been described. Our goal was to examine the risk profile of EM residents using a widely available risk tolerance and attitude assessment tool. Methods First-, second-, and third-year residents of Thomas Jefferson University Hospital’s EM residency program completed the commercially available, unmodified Risk Type Compass, a validated instrument offered by Multi-Health Systems (MHS Inc, New York, USA). Scored reports included information on residents’ risk type (one of eight personality types that reflect their temperament and disposition); risk attitudes (domains where residents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors); and an overall risk tolerance indicator (RTi) (a numerical estimate of risk tolerance). RTi scores are reported as means with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results There was no significant change in RTi scores in residents across different years of their post-graduate year (PGY) training. PGY-one residents trended towards risk aversion; PGY-two residents were more risk-taking; and PGY-three residents scored in the middle. Conclusion Our pilot assessment of risk types in EM residents highlighted shifts across the years of training. Variations between members of each PGY cohort outweighed any outright differences between classes with regards to absolute risk tolerance. There was an increase in the frequency of health and safety risk-taking attitude with higher PGY class, and this was also the risk attitude that was the prominent domain for resident risk tolerance. The study was limited by sample size and single cross-sectional evaluation.
Healthcare supplements in context

Abstract Healthcare supplements are consumed to increase dietary consumption of nutrients. Consumer usage behaviors for supplements deserves focused attention in light of growing health care concerns and personalized health initiatives. For example, the World Health Organization recommends consuming a minimum of five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, yet the vast majority of adults (60%–87%) worldwide report consuming less. Maintaining adherence for preventative health care practices, such as watching dietary food intake, including adequate fruit and vegetable consumption and supplementing the diet with protein, phytonutrients, and fish oil is often a challenge for consumers, especially if the experience is less than appealing. This chapter covers research that addresses the opportunities and the challenges for researchers exploring the healthcare supplement category. Case studies that highlight the need for in-context research include preparation and palatability of protein powders, digestive comfort from different omega fish oil treatments, and aroma, swallowing ease, adherence/compliance, and physiological effects of a vitamin, mineral, and phytonutrient tablet product. Most cases cover multiple and generally complementary studies involving a sequence of varied methods and contexts, which together provide more complete understanding and guidance. Research contexts include the laboratory for sensory descriptive profiling in combination with Central Location and Home Use Testing for consumer evaluations. A more thorough understanding of consumer choice and consumption is achieved by conducting research in varied contexts. Global research findings representing a variety of case studies of different supplement types and research contexts herein suggest that the sensory, hedonic, psychometric, and emotional attributes represent different dimensions that can be used to understand, even influence, consumer choice and consumption behaviors for healthcare supplements.
Multicomponent signals and financial constraints

The inventive process creates knowledge asymmetries between research-intensive firms and external investors, making it difficult for firms to obtain funding for inventive activities. Consequently, ...
Identifying racialized knowledge through a critical race studies lens: theory and principles for the criminology textbook realm

Criminology as a discipline creates and reproduces discourses that racialize law and crime. In this theoretical examination, discourse from criminology college textbooks is explored to understand t...
Work-life balance as a predictor of college student anxiety and depression

Objective: Few studies have examined how work-life balance may influence college student mental health. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the process by which work...
Preparing for a kidney transplant: Medical nephrectomy in children with nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and general edema. These symptoms may persist in children who reach ESRD, which is unfavorable for the patient's allograft outcome. In addition, this may hamper early diagnosis of a relapse after transplantation. Surgical bilateral nephrectomy is often considered for that reason, but medical nephrectomy may be a less invasive alternative. In this retrospective single-center case series, we identified all children on dialysis with ESRD due to nephrotic syndrome in which a medical nephrectomy was attempted before kidney transplantation between 2013 and 2018. Outcome was measured by urine output and serum albumin levels. Eight patients with either congenital nephrotic syndrome or focal segmental glomerular sclerosis were included in the study. All patients received an ACE inhibitor as drug of first choice for medical nephrectomy, to which 5 patients responded with oligoanuria and a significant rise in serum albumin, and 3 patients responded insufficiently. In 1 of these 3 patients, diclofenac was added to the ACE inhibitor, with good result. In the other 2 patients, indomethacin was initiated without success, and surgical bilateral nephrectomy was performed. Overall, 6/8 patients had a successful medical nephrectomy and did not need surgical nephrectomy. No recurrence of nephrotic syndrome was found after kidney transplantation in all but one. Medical nephrectomy with ACE inhibitors and/or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is a safe and non-invasive therapy to minimize proteinuria in children with ESRD due to nephrotic syndrome before kidney transplantation. We suggest that this strategy should be considered as therapy before proceeding with surgical nephrectomy.
Two-Pass Softmax Algorithm

The softmax (also called softargmax) function is widely used in machine learning models to normalize real-valued scores into a probability distribution. To avoid floating-point overflow, the softmax function is conventionally implemented in three passes: the first pass to compute the normalization constant, and two other passes to compute outputs from normalized inputs. We analyze two variants of the Three-Pass algorithm and demonstrate that in a well-optimized implementation on HPC-class processors performance of all three passes is limited by memory bandwidth.We then present a novel algorithm for softmax computation in just two passes. The proposed Two-Pass algorithm avoids both numerical overflow and the extra normalization pass by employing an exotic representation for intermediate values, where each value is represented as a pair of floating-point numbers: one representing the “mantissa” and another representing the “exponent”.Performance evaluation demonstrates that on out-of-cache inputs on an Intel Skylake-X processor the new Two-Pass algorithm outperforms the traditional Three-Pass algorithm by up to 28% in AVX512 implementation, and by up to 18% in AVX2 implementation. The proposed Two-Pass algorithm also outperforms the traditional Three-Pass algorithm on Intel Broadwell and AMD Zen 2 processors.
PLASMA CATECHOLAMINES AND BEHAVIOR OF RATS DURING STRESS

The behavior and plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) were compared in sham-operated (SO) and adrenal demedullated (AD) rats during 5 min of footshock stress. In some rats, bretylium tosylate (BRET) was administered to block release of NE from sympathetic nerves. Stress-induced increments in plasma NE and EPI were greater in SO than in AD rats although the behavioral responses to stress of the two groups did not differ. However, suppression of NE release by BRET was attended by decreased behavioral responses to stress as well as significant reductions in plasma NE but not EPI.
Database Review: Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS)

Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS) is a web-based research platform that provides streamlined access to data from multiple vendors using a standard search interface. Launched in 1993 by the Whar...
Heterostructure Electronic Devices

Compound semiconductors are excellent candidates for high-speed device applications due to their high electron mobility, the ability to form heterostructures, and the availability of semi-insulating substrates. However, the multicomponent nature and the lack of robust native oxides make the fabrication of compound semiconductor-based metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) an extremely difficult task. Instead, GaAs-based metal–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFET) were developed initially. A MESFET utilizes a metal–semiconductor Schottky barrier to replace the MOS gate structure. The charge carriers in the active region (channel) are separated spatially from the control (gate) electrode by a depletion layer formed on the semiconductor surface. Nevertheless, due to the nature of the Schottky barrier and high electron mobility, only n-channel MESFETs were studied and the devices are leaky at high positive biases. With the advancements of epitaxial growth technology and new device concepts, efficient advanced devices were developed. Among many three-terminal device structures, the modulation-doped field-effect transistor (MODFET), or high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT), and the heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) are the most widely used high-speed devices. In this chapter, after a brief review of the MESFET, the development and working principles of HEMTs and HBTs are discussed in great detail. Then the key concepts of achieving an oxide-semiconductor interface with low interface state density necessary for the fabrication of high performance III–V MOSFETs are discussed.
Fragmentation-aware spectrum assignment strategies for elastic optical networks with static operation

One of the main problems in the design of elastic optical networks is the Routing, Modulation-Level, and Spectrum Assignment problem (RMLSA). In this work, we propose new strategies to solve the spectrum assignment (SA) sub-problem for EONs architectures with static network operation. To this end, we developed two new approaches called Sliding-Fit (SF) and Parcel-Fit (PF), focused on minimizing the spectrum fragmentation obtained when attending network demands. These strategies change to standard paradigm use to search an amount of consecutive FSUs for a given user by choosing a subset of FSUs in the frequency spectrum and later finding users for the selected FSUs. Additionally, the method relies on a physical-later impairment (PLI) model to compute the maximum optical reach and bandwidth demands based on the modulation level - bitrate pair.Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithms obtain less spectrum fragmentation than the best found in the literature, allowing to assign a higher number of users, decreasing the network capacity or increasing the efficiency in the use of resources.
Concussion symptoms experienced during driving may influence driving habits

Objective: To examine the symptoms experienced and the change in driving habits in individuals with concussion.Materials and methods: A survey was created by a team of rehabilitation professionals who see persons with concussion in their clinics. The survey captured demographics, mechanism of injury, date of injury, symptoms experienced during driving, if drivers felt safe when driving, and changes in driving habits since the concussion. Non-parametric tests were used to compare symptoms experienced and driving habits across three groups which were created based on time since injury.Results: Of the 140 participants, 74% (104/140) had resumed driving after concussion; of these 27% (28/104) reported that they felt unsafe while driving. Forty-four per cent (46/104) experienced symptoms while driving, of which headache, and difficulty concentrating were the most common symptoms experienced throughout the concussion spectrum (acute to chronic phase). Most drivers (78/104, 75%) with concussion had changed their driving habits by driving less often and shorter distances, and by avoiding nighttime driving and heavy traffic areas.Conclusions: Headache and concentration problems were experienced by drivers regardless of the time since injury. Most drivers had made changes to their driving habits. Clinicians should consider the symptom burden patients experience and discuss driving restrictions to ensure driving safety.
Acquiring a Flavor for Trademarks: There’s No Common Taste in the World

This paper considers the viability of registering “flavor” as a trademark based on the decision in In re N.V. Organon. Nontraditional trademarks have long been accepted in the United States, and the possibility of being able to protect flavor as a trademark is on the horizon. In 2002, N.V. Organon, a global manufacturer of an array of prescription medicines, filed a trademark application to register “an orange flavor” for “pharmaceuticals for human use, namely, antidepressants in quick-dissolving tablets and pills.” The Examining Attorney refused registration on two grounds: (1) the matter failed to function as a trademark; and (2) the matter was functional as used in connection with the goods claimed in the application. Organon appealed the decision to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, putting forth scant evidence to overcome either objection. This paper examines difficulties with protecting flavor as a trademark, and more importantly, explores whether we should allow exclusion.
Scale Invariance in fNIRS as a Measure of Cognitive Load

Scale invariant neural dynamics are a relatively new but effective means of measuring changes in brain states as a result of varied cognitive load and task difficulty. This study is the first to test whether scale invariance (as measured by the Hurst exponent, H) can be used with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to quantify cognitive load. We analyzed H extracted from the fNIRS time series while participants completed an N-back working memory task. Consistent with what has been demonstrated in fMRI, the current results showed that scale-invariance analysis significantly differentiated between task and rest periods as calculated from both oxy- (HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) concentration changes. Results from both channel-averaged Hurst and a multivariate partial least squares approach (Task PLS) demonstrated higher H during the 1-back task than the 2-back task. These results were stronger for Hurst derived from HbR than from HbO. As fNIRS is relatively portable and robust to motion-related artifacts, these preliminary results shed light on the promising future of measuring cognitive load in real life settings.
Compliance with the Minimum Wage: Can Government Make a Difference?

This paper examines patterns of compliance and noncompliance with federal minimum wage laws in the U.S. apparel industry and analyzes the impact of new methods of intervention designed to improve regulatory performance. Drawing on contractor-level data from a randomized survey of apparel contractors, the paper assesses the major correlates of compliance with minimum wage provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. It then evaluates the impact of agreements between manufacturers and the government used to monitor contractor behavior as a means of improving compliance outcomes. Non-compliance is significantly correlated with characteristics predicted by theory including employer size, skill content, and the elasticity of labor and product demand. Nonetheless, stringent forms of contractor monitoring are associated with significant reductions in the presence, incidence, and severity of violations of minimum wage standards.
STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF THE ANODICALLY FORMED FILMS ON 304 STAINLESS STEEL IN SULFURIC ACID

The structure and composition of the passive films formed on 304 stainless steel in deaerated IN H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} were studied by RHEED, XPS and AES. The stability of the passive films as a function of passivation potential and passivation time were investigated. The role of bound water in affecting the stability of the passive films is discussed. 7 refs., 3 figs.
Limitations of the Dispositional Analysis of Behavior

This essay explores inadequacies and limitations of programs of dispositional analysis in complex social and psychological domains. While dispositions (tendencies to respond in a specifiable manner given a specifiable stimulus condition) occur frequently in scientific writing they are in fact only short hand terms for bunches or groupings of facts (or data) that must be explained by a deeper theory. Thus the major limitation, especially in psychology, is to confuse a pretheoretical dispositional summary of a domain with a genuine explanatory theory. We detail why programs restricted in scope to dispositional analysis (such as the vast majority of current psychological accounts) are incomplete, noncausal, incapable of addressing creativity or productivity, nonexplanatory, inherently ambiguous, and more. Concurrently we explore the superiority of structural analysis as an alternative program for complex phenomena, arguing that structural accounts can be genuinely explanatory, and need not be susceptible to the limitations of dispositional analysis.
Cell Biology of Wound Healing

Publisher Summary Cutaneous wound repair is a seamless series of events that are initiated whenever tissue integrity is breached. Although extreme diversity exists in the various types of wounds and in their depths of injury, wound repair consists of a predictable set of responses involving migration, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of cell types within the wound environment. This chapter focuses on the roles of these individual cell types throughout the reparative process. Following injury, a series of dynamic interactive processes take place that usually culminates in a mature, healed wound. To study wound repair, wound healing is subdivided into four phases: acute inflammation, epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and tissue remodeling. These processes follow a specific temporal sequence unless encumbered by various pathologic states such as diabetes, poor arterial perfusion, malnutrition, or sepsis. Following cutaneous injury, the body first acts to stop hemorrhage from blood vessel injury by the action of platelets and by initiation of the clotting cascade. Shortly thereafter, inflammatory cells responding to platelet-released growth and chemotactic factors arrive and predominate in the wound bed. In ideal wounds, monocytes and fixed tissue macrophages reach maximal populations in the next 48 hr. The later phases of inflammation overlap with a period of proliferation that is characterized by migration of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Epithelialization is the major mechanism of repair in partial loss of skin thickness, whether from accidental abrasions, thermal or chemical injuries, or surgically planned skin graft harvest. The process of resurfacing is of minor consequence in wounds coapted with sutures and is short lived.
Complexities and actualization: embedding a home-based functional improvement intervention within a Medicaid Waiver.

CAPABLE is a multi-component intervention tested through CMMI Innovation funds to improve self-identified functional goals of low-income older adults. CAPABLE components include fixing the home environment and providing up to 10 home visits by occupational therapists and nurses to address functional challenges to self-management. Linking environment and function to health are not traditional home care and Medicaid waiver practices yet potential program outcomes (reduction of functional disability, depression, polypharmacy and nursing home placement) align with Medicaid Waiver goals. Using normalization process theory, we present challenges and opportunities implementing CAPABLE in a new setting: a home health agency in Medicaid Waiver program. We examine dissemination and implementation dynamics of the intervention, micro-environmental context (staff and agency), macro-environment context (policy, demographic and utilization trends), group conventions, and embedding. Methods include focus groups, semi-structured interviews, joint-home visits, and taped home visits. Results include the following implementation challenges: health providers misperceive the CAPABLE program as similar to routine care, have scant experience implementing evidence-based care, and require culture shift from clinician-directed to client-directed care. Home repair and modification integrated within the lens of a medically necessary Medicaid requirement is complex, and there is a shortage of occupational therapists. In contrast, results of the multiple process measures show the following implementation supports: mission-driven staff that became dedicated to the approach once evidence-based strategies helped participants achieve improved function, waiver social workers included in the waiver care model bolster CAPABLE treatment principles, bi-directional communication with State policy makers about scaling CAPABLE to the entire Waiver if health care costs decrease for CAPABLE participants relative to non-CAPABLE Waiver participants. Findings advance the D&I field by applying rigorous theory and process measures to examine a complex intervention disseminated to a site which includes multiple strengths and challenges to normalization. Funding for the research was provided by the National Institute on Aging, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovations Center, the John A. Hartford Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation, and a Medicaid Match Grant: Translating Evidence into Practice.
Causes and Measurement of Vehicle Aggressiveness in Frontal Collisions

Lumped parameter modeling and multiple linear regression analysis of car-to-car collisions identified four vehicle parameters which significantly influenced a baseline vehicle's aggressiveness to a typical minicompact car in an aligned frontal collision: vehicle weight, forward frame stiffness, frontal sheet metal stiffness, and bumper-to-engine distance. Equations relating these parameters to occupant survivability in the small car were produced (e.g. chest acceleration data from the ABAG computer model), along with statistical estimates of the accuracy of the relationships. When results of car-to-car crash tests involving the Ford Torino, Plymouth Fury, and Honda CVCC were analyzed, a significant difference was found between the aggressiveness of the Torino and Fury in both full and offset frontal collisions with the Honda. The Fury, which had a significantly stiffer frontal structure, was the more aggressive vehicle. Additional analytical studies indicated that the degree of vehicle aggressiveness in an aligned frontal collision with a minicompact can probably be determined in a fixed rigid barrier crash test by measuring two parameters: vehicle weight, and maximum vehicle crush. The deformable moving barrier may also provide slightly better correlation with car-to-car crash test results, although the fixed rigid barrier may be a better compliance test device in terms of simplicity, cost, and reproducibility.
Architectures and Simulations for Nanoprocessor Systems Integrated on the Molecular Scale

This chapter concerns the design, development, and simulation of nanoprocessor systems integrated on the molecular scale. It surveys ongoing re- search and development on nanoprocessor architectures and discusses challenges in the implementation of such systems. System simulation is used to identify some advantages, issues, and trade-offs in potential implementations. Previously, the au- thors and their collaborators considered in detail the requirements and likely per- formance of nanomemory systems. This chapter recapitulates the essential aspects of that earlier work and builds upon those efforts to examine the likely architectures and requirements of nanoprocessors. For nanoprocessor systems, simulation, as well as design and fabrication, embodies unique problems beyond those introduced by the large number of densely-packed, novel nanodevices. For example, unlike the largely homogeneous structure of circuitry in nanomemory arrays, a high degree of variety and inhomogeneity must be present in nanoprocessors. Also, issues of clocking, signal restoration, and power become much more significant. Thus, build- ing and operating nanoprocessor systems will present significant new challenges and require additional innovations in the application of molecular-scale devices and circuits, beyond those already achieved for nanomemories. New nanoelectronic de- vices, circuits, and architectures will be necessary to perform the more complex and specialized functions inherent in processing systems at the nanometer scale. This chapter highlights the fundamental design requirements of such nanoprocessor systems, presents various device and design options, and discusses their potential implications for system performance.