cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity

Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction in which patients experience fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness that often affects selected muscle groups preferentially. The target of the autoimmune attack in most cases is the skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR), but in others, non-AChR components of the neuromuscular junction, such as the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase, are targeted. The pathophysiological result is muscle endplate dysfunction and consequent fatigable muscle weakness. Clinical presentations vary substantially, both for anti-AChR positive and negative MG, and accurate diagnosis and selection of effective treatment depends on recognition of less typical as well as classic disease phenotypes. Accumulating evidence suggests that clinical MG subgroups might respond differently to treatment. In this Review, we provide current information about the epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of MG, including emerging therapeutic strategies.
Hemodynamic effects of chest closure in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Objective: To evaluate hemodynamic effects of sternal retractor removal and sternal closure after cardiopulmonary bypass and to correlate these changes with preoperative and intraoperative variables. Design: Prospective. Setting: University hospital. Participants: Fifty adults undergoing cardiac surgery. Measurements and Main Results: Arterial, pulmonary artery, and transesophageal echocardiography measurements were obtained immediately before and 1 minute after removal of the sternal retractor and immediately before and 1 minute after sternal closure. Retractor removal caused a significant decrease in cardiac index by 5.6% (p < 0.01), stroke volume index by 4.0% (p < 0.05), and mean pulmonary artery pressure by 4.8% (p < 0.001). Sternal closure caused a significant decrease in cardiac index by 7.7%, stroke volume index by 10.2%, and left ventricular end-diastolic area by 9.2% (p < 0.001) There were significant increases in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance by 9.1% and 10.8% (p < 0.01). There was no significant change in the ejection fraction area. The magnitude of decrease in stroke volume index with sternal closure correlated positively with end-diastolic area immediately before the closure. Conclusion: Chest closure is associated with significant hemodynamic changes and a change in the ventricular transmural pressure-volume relationship. Patients with lower preload immediately before closure are more vulnerable to a decrease in cardiac index. Based on the results of this study, volume appears to be the appropriate preventive and treatment option to limit the impact of chest closure. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Multi-port admittance model for quantifying the scattering response of loaded plasmonic nanorod antennas

This erratum corrects the Acknowledgment in [Opt. Express23(4), 4459-4471 (2015)Opt. Express24(1), 365 (2016)].
In Situ Monitoring of Free-Phase Gas Accumulation and Release in Peatlands Using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

[1] We tested a set of surface common mid-point (CMP) ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys combined with elevation rods (to monitor surface deformation) and gas flux measurements to investigate in-situ biogenic gas dynamics and ebullition events in a northern peatland (raised bog). The main findings are: (1) changes in the two-way travel time from the surface to prominent reflectors allow estimation of average gas contents and evolution of free-phase gas (FPG); (2) peat surface deformation and gas flux measurements are strongly consistent with GPR estimated changes in FPG content over time; (3) rapid decreases in atmospheric pressure are associated with increased gas flux; and (4) single ebullition events can induce releases of methane much larger (up to 192 g/m2) than fluxes reported by others. These results indicate that GPR is a useful tool for assessing the spatial distribution, temporal variation, and volume of biogenic gas deposits in peatlands.
Evaluating Pelvic Examination Training: Does Faculty Involvement Make a Difference? A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: As medical schools continue to strive to deliver high quality education with diminishing resources, the need to evaluate long-standing teaching techniques becomes imperative. The use of gynecological teaching associates to teach pelvic exam skills to medical students is an example of an education intervention that deserves thorough evaluation. Purpose: The objective was to evaluate effects of two pelvic examination training methods on OB/GYN clerkship students with respect to costs, students’ performance, and perception. Method: During the academic year 2007–08, 106 medical students were randomized to receive either pelvic examination training by a gynecological teaching associate (GTA) alone or a standardized patient (SP) accompanied by an obstetrics and gynecology faculty member. Students participated in an objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) and completed questionnaires regarding the educational intervention at the end of the clerkship. Results: The two training methods produced compa...
Efficient killing of inhaled bacteria in ΔF508 mice: role of airway surface liquid composition

Cystic fibrosis mice have been generated by gene targeting but show little lung disease without repeated exposure to bacteria. We asked if murine mucosal defenses and airway surface liquid (ASL) Cl...
Gas-Tight Flask for the Concurrent Measurement of Gas Metabolism and Growth in Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria

A flask is described for use in conjunction with a gas chromatograph and a spectrophotometer to follow methane and oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, and cell growth concurrently in methane-oxidizing cultures.
Intervention guidelines for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: an evidence based quagmire.

The American Academy of Pediatrics has proposed guidelines for treating term/near term infants with hyperbilirubinemia based primarily on maintaining the total serum bilirubin concentration (TSB) below a “critical” level of 25 mg/dL (426 μmol/L). We estimated the sensitivity and specificity of this critical TSB using patient data from published reports. A TSB > 25 mg/dL is recorded in about 92% of term/near term infants with kernicterus. When TSB is adjusted lower for risk factors of prematurity, sepsis, and isoimmune hemolytic disease, the guidelines have nearly a 98% sensitivity. The specificity of the critical TSB, however, is very poor; false positive rates exceed 90% if all cases of acute bilirubin toxicity are included, and about 94-96% if the endpoint is mild or severe residual brain injury. Clinically measurable confounders that might explain the large variance in critical TSB include the plasma unbound “free” bilirubin concentration (Bf) and, possibly, the concentration of bilirubin photoisomers. Limited clinical experience supports the proposition that Bf is superior to TSB in identifying patients at risk. Specificity of Bf and TSB was compared in small cohort of babies with acute and permanent bilirubin encephalopathy. The false positive rate for TSB (at 100% sensitivity) was 94%, compared with only 55% for Bf. A more comprehensive comparison of TSB and Bf, controlled for clinical confounders and photoiomers, is needed to formulate intervention guidelines with improved specificity that will reduce hospital admissions for unnecessary treatment.
Selection of a minimal glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase and the evolution of class I synthetases

The evolution of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is intriguing in light of their elaborate relationship with tRNAs and their significance in the decoding process. Based on sequence motifs and structure determination, these enzymes have been assigned to two classes. The crystal structure of Escherichia coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS), a class I enzyme, complexed to tRNA(Gln) and ATP has been described. It is shown here that a 'minimal' GlnRS, i.e. a GlnRS from which domains interacting with the acceptor-end and the anticodon of the tRNA have been deleted, has enzymatic activity and can charge a tRNA(Tyr)-derived amber suppressor (supF) with glutamine. The catalytic core of GlnRS, which is structurally conserved in other class I synthetases, is therefore sufficient for the aminoacylation of tRNA substrates. Some of these truncated enzymes have lost their ability to discriminate against non-cognate tRNAs, implying a more specific role of the acceptor-end-binding domain in the recognition of tRNAs. Our results indicate that the catalytic and substrate recognition properties are carried by distinct domains of GlnRS, and support the notion that class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases evolved from a common ancestor, jointly with tRNAs and the genetic code, by the addition of non-catalytic domains conferring new recognition specificities.
On the Characteristic impedance of the TEM horn antenna

Some time ago, Carrel presented an analytical formula, based on conformal mapping, for the characteristic impedance of the transverse electromagnetic horn antenna . Later, results from this formula were shown to be in error, and Lambert et al. offered a new analytical formula, also based on conformal mapping . This formula also contains an error that is easily corrected. Independently, Yang and Lee offered an analytical formula . In this paper, we compare these analytical formulas to a direct numerical solution. Finally, we compare the "microstrip approximation" for the characteristic impedance to the exact solution. Graphs are presented for the characteristic impedance versus the angles of the horn that should be useful for the purpose of design.
Patient perspectives on antibiotics for appendicitis at one hospital.

Abstract Background Appendicitis has long been considered a progressive inflammatory condition best treated by prompt appendectomy. Recently, several trials comparing initial treatment with antibiotics alone to appendectomy suggest that antibiotic therapy may be a safe option in select patients. However, little is known about patients' understanding of appendicitis, prioritized outcomes, and treatment preferences. Materials and methods We conducted a prospective, observational survey at a Los Angeles County public hospital emergency department. Trained study coordinators recorded the following data on each subject: basic knowledge of appendicitis, past surgical and antibiotic history, and medical illness outcome priorities. Participants were then educated about appendicitis and were told that studies had demonstrated that appendicitis can be treated safely with antibiotics alone. Subjects were then surveyed as to their preference for urgent surgery or antibiotics alone in a hypothetical scenario of acute uncomplicated appendicitis. Results Of 129 subjects interviewed, 56 (43%) correctly defined appendicitis, and 69 (53%) identified the treatment for appendicitis as surgery. When presented with a hypothetical acute appendicitis scenario, 57% chose antibiotics over surgery. Persons with previous appendectomy and parents of minors more often chose antibiotics alone, 74% and 63%, respectively. Dying was the most frequently cited and highest-ranked concern about medical illness. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that, among persons at one US public hospital, understanding of appendicitis is poor. Once presented with background information about appendicitis and being informed that antibiotics can safely treat appendicitis, many people would prefer an antibiotic approach over appendectomy. Death is the most prioritized concern.
Radiation Stability of Nafion Membranes Used for Isotope Separation by Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis

Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEs) have potential interest for use for hydrogen isotope separation from water. In order for PEMEs to be fully utilized, more information is needed on the...
Web applications with HTML5 jumpstart: tutorial presentation

In the beginning (early 1990s) there was HTML, the standard markup language for building web pages. Now there is HTML5, which became a W3C Recommendation in October 2014. Being the first new version of the standard since 1999, this revision was eagerly anticipated and widely adopted long before the 2014 milestone. HTML5 is much more than the venerable markup language used to format web documents. It now includes a rich and growing ecosystem of technologies needed to support application development for a growing family of media, devices, and platforms. This tutorial features an overview of the technologies that collectively make up HTML5: Markup to provide structure, CascadingStyleSheets (CSS) to enhance presentation, and JavaScript to supply behavior. No previous experience is necessary, although basic familiarity with HTML and programming will be assumed. Online resources and reference material will be provided to attendees.
The Occurrence and Functional Characteristics of Heteromorph Antennules In an Experimental Population of Spiny Lobsters, Panulirus Argus

1. Eyestalks were removed unilaterally from forty-nine Panulirus argus . Twenty-three of the forty-three animals remaining alive to the first moult regenerated a heteromorph antennular outer flagellum in place of the amputated eye. 2. None of the lobsters moulting within less than 3 months of eyestalk ablation regenerated a heteromorph; 70% of those moulting after more than three months recovery regenerated a heteromorph. If the heteromorph did not appear upon the first moult it usually continued to be missing after the second or third moult. 3. Mechanical stimulation of the heteromorph produced a general withdrawal reaction in all lobsters tested, and in most either a specific cleaning reflex directed toward the stimulated heteromorph, or a specific movement of the normal ipsilateral antennule, or both. The withdrawal and antennular movement, when it occurred, resembled responses elicited via stimulation of the normal antennular flagellum. 4. Behavioural responses were followed in a selected subpopulation for periods ranging from one to nearly two years, and over one or two moults. No significant changes in behavioural responses to heteromorph stimulation were detected within that time. 5. The conduction-velocity spectrum of fibres in the heteromorph nerve resembled that in the outer flagellar branch of the normal antennule nerve in having both a fast and a slow component. However, the velocity of the fast component of the heteromorph nerve was often less than normal for the flagellar branch of the antennule nerve, and additional components of intermediate velocity occurred in some animals. 6. According to the direction or nature of the mechanical stimulus both heteromorph and normal flagella elicited inhibitory and excitatory responses in the nerve to the depressor muscle of the outer flagellum of the normal ipsilateral antennule. 7. Responses of the flagellar depressor muscle of the ipsilateral antennule to electrical stimulation of the heteromorph varied among individuals, but in general resembled later components of the response to similar stimulation of the normal antennular flagellum. Contribution number 365 from the Bermuda Biological Station, St George's West, Bermuda. The first modern report of the occurrence of a heteromorph antennule in a spiny lobster was made 24 October 1864 by Alphonse Milne Edwards before the Academy of Sciences, Paris
Integrated performance of monitoring in clean operating departments

OBJECTIVE To know the integrated performance of monitoring under the empty state and static state in hospitals in Wenzhou,to improve the management level and reduce the infection rate of surgical sites.METHODS On-the-spot examination method was used to investigate the cleanliness efficiency of 55 rebuild clean operation departments between 6 newly built hospitals in Wenzhou.RESULTS As a whole,in the 55 clean rooms,the eligible rates of dust particle count was 67.3%,that of settling bacteria count was 87.3%.The eligible rate of static pressure difference,illumination,relative humidity,noise and interface speed were 56.4%,20.0%,18.2%and 16.7%,respectively.CONCLUSION The integrated performance of monitoring under empty state and static state in hospital is poor,so it is necessary to improve the hardware construction and the management in clean operating departments.
Influence of Peak-valley Time-of-use Price to Customer Loads of Key Industries in Guangxi

Influence of peak-valley time-of-use(TOU)price to customer loads of key industries in Guangxi is studied. Load data of six key industries in Guangxi before the implementation of peak-valley TOU price are analyzed. Based on the pre-assessment analysis of load influence,customer response model of Guangxi key industries is built. Combining with the Guangxi peak valley TOU price policy,the change of customer demand response of cement industry is simulated and verified. Verification results show that the customer response model is correct and effective. Finally,risks probably faced during the implementation of peak-valley TOU price in Guangxi power grid and countermeasures are proposed.
Effect of demographic and behavioral variables on burden of caregivers of chronic mentally ill persons.

OBJECTIVE Persons who provide care for individuals with chronic mental illness experience both objective burden (observable, tangible cost) and subjective (perceived) burden. This study sought to determine the relative power of behaviors of chronic mentally ill clients, behaviors required of caregivers, and demographic characteristics of both groups in predicting burden. METHODS A total of 189 caregiver-client dyads were studied using a cross-sectional, correlational design. Caregivers were interviewed by phone about clients' needs for help in nine areas and about seven potentially troublesome client behaviors. Correlation and regression analyses were used to determine relationships among variables. RESULTS Caregivers reported much less subjective than objective burden, although the relationship between the two types of burden was not consistent across the various areas in which clients needed help. Overall, more of the reported burden was related to caregivers' behaviors (their day-to-day tasks) than to clients' behaviors. Burden was greatly increased for caregivers who lived with the client. Caregivers most at risk for burden were those who lived with male clients who threatened suicide. CONCLUSIONS Caregivers become accustomed to the stabilized behavioral profile of the client. Mental health professionals should be sensitive to profiles and situations that may produce increased objective and subjective caregiver burden.
Autocrine role of endothelin in rat IMCD : inhibition of AVP-induced cAMP accumulation

Exogenous endothelin-1 (ET-1) inhibits arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). Since ET-1 is produced by, and binds to specific receptors on, the IMCD, the possibility exists that ET-1 is an autocrine regulator of AVP action in this nephron segment. To test this hypothesis, rat IMCD cells grown on semipermeable membranes were exposed to rabbit anti-ET antisera or nonimmune rabbit sera (NRS). AVP (10(-9)M) caused a significantly greater accumulation of cAMP in confluent IMCD monolayers preincubated in ET-1 antisera compared with NRS. ET-1 (10(-8) M) inhibited the AVP-induced rise in cAMP by 65% in cells preincubated in ET-1 antisera, but had no effect in NRS-treated cells. Finally, 125I-ET-1 (30 pM) binding was increased sixfold in IMCD preincubated in anti-ET-1 antisera. These data indicate that ET causes tonic autocrine inhibition of AVP responsiveness in the IMCD.
Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Aeroelasticity: Nonstationary, Non-Gaussian and Nonlinear Features

Developments made over past decades have enhanced our ability to better understand and capture the effects of emerging issues concerning nonstationarity/transient wind events, non-Gaussianity and nonlinearity of structural and aerodynamic origins on the bluff body aerodynamics and aeroelasticity.
A Newly Discovered Turquoise Mine of Prehistory, Mohave County, Arizona

Current mining operations near Kingman, Arizona have again revealed the presence of an aboriginal turquoise mine. Although the stone tools associated with the mine are reminiscent of the Hohokam cu...
THE NEXUS OF ANGELOLOGY, ESCHATOLOGY, AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHYIN JOHN DEE’S ANGEL CONVERSATIONS AND LIBRARY

In Cracow on 24 May 1584 John Dee went from the room where he usually conversed with angels to fetch his assistant, a scryer and alchemist of mysterious antecedents named Edward Kelley. Kelley was shut up in his personal study in the house they shared, and was obstinately refusing to come out and join Dee around the crystal showstone which gave them access to the fascinating world of angels. Kelley’s reluctance may have been expected since on the previous evening he had expressed distaste for their angelic instructors, and even went so far as to doubt their revelations concerning a true, uncorrupted geography which promised to help Dee master the intricacies of the terrestrial world. Dee and Kelley had been partners in the angel conversations since March 1582, and though Edward Kelley had experienced misgivings before about the worth of the angels’ lengthy and time-consuming messages, his adamant refusal to return to the stone and the angels was somewhat unusual.
Nile Red: A Fluorophore Useful in Assessing the Relative Lipid Content of Single Cells

The energy crisis in 1973 brought home to many people the fact that the world’s supply of crude mineral oil was not unlimited. Since that time there have been various attempts to investigate alternate sources of energy and many of these have centered on the use of plants to convert solar radiation to a more conventional energy source. A particular example is the production of fuel-grade oil from microalgal biomass grown in brackish water ponds in the southwestern deserts of the USA. The algae used in this process must have a high lipid content as well as being able to grow at elevated temperatures and light levels. One of the objectives of our research was to design a method to select algal strains producing large quantities of neutral lipid. For the purposes of this study, neutral lipid was defined as the triacylglyceride and hydrocarbon fraction of the cell. Since neither of these groups of compounds have functional groups that are easy to assay chemically, bulk lipid is often weighed after extraction from tissues with non-polar solvents or solvent mixtures (e.g., Bligh and Dyer, 1959). The method is time consuming and requires a sample large enough to produce a weighing (for the extracted lipid) in the milligram range. Greenspan and Fowler (1985) drew attention to the fact that Nile Red was fluorescent in non-polar but not in polar environments and pointed out that the stain could serve as a fluorescent lipid probe (Greenspan et al., 1985). We have extended this idea into a semiquantitative method for the determination of neutral lipid in small populations of single cells.
Effect of hyponatremia on cancer patients' in-patient rehabilitation length of stay.

e20626 Background: The incidence of hyponatremia in cancer patients has been reported as high as 47%. Hyponatremia is associated with gait and attention impairments, increased falls, increased risk...
Differences in Glomerular-Layer-Mediated Feedforward Inhibition onto Mitral and Tufted Cells Lead to Distinct Modes of Intensity Coding.

Understanding how each of the many interneuron subtypes affects brain network activity is critical. In the mouse olfactory system, mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs) comprise parallel pathways of olfactory bulb output that are thought to play distinct functional roles in odor coding. Here, in acute mouse olfactory bulb slices, we test how the two major classes of olfactory bulb interneurons differentially contribute to differences in MC versus TC response properties. We show that, whereas TCs respond to olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) stimulation with short latencies regardless of stimulation intensity, MC latencies correlate negatively with stimulation intensity. These differences between MCs and TCs are caused in part by weaker excitatory and stronger inhibitory currents onto MCs than onto TCs. These differences in inhibition between MCs and TCs are most pronounced during the first 150 ms after stimulation and are mediated by glomerular layer circuits. Therefore, blocking inhibition originating in the glomerular layer, but not granule-cell-mediated inhibition, reduces MC spike latency at weak stimulation intensities and distinct temporal patterns of odor-evoked responses in MCs and TCs emerge in part due to differences in glomerular-layer-mediated inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Olfactory bulb mitral and tufted cells display different odor-evoked responses and are thought to form parallel channels of olfactory bulb output. Therefore, determining the circuit-level causes that drive these differences is vital. Here, we find that longer-latency responses in mitral cells, compared with tufted cells, are due to weaker excitation and stronger glomerular-layer-mediated inhibition.
Two cases of female urethral reconstruction with acellular porcine urinary bladder matrix

Female urethral reconstruction via the traditional routes can be limiting for various reasons. Current literature on the use of acellular biologic grafts derived from viscera for female urethral reconstruction is limited. We present two cases of women with complete loss of their posterior urethra presenting for urethral reconstruction. Two cases of urethral reconstruction using acellular porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM), along with labial fat pad transposition and biologic pubovaginal sling are presented. In both cases the UBM graft showed successful conversion to what appeared to be normal urethral mucosa. One woman showed significant improvement in continence and the other showed complete continence. Female urethral reconstruction using acellular porcine UBM is a viable option for patients who have lost a significant portion of their urethra. Both cases demonstrated transition of the graft into the posterior wall of the urethra with significant improvement in continence. Further studies are needed to confirm that acellular porcine UBM can transform to urethral mucosa in women requiring urethral reconstruction.
The Use and Misuse of Pressure Regulators

In spite of its operational simplicity, the self-actuated regulator can be misapplied. The author discusses droop, stability and range-ability—an understanding of these factors reduces the chance of a poor application. He also reviews noisy operation, sizing, economics and other aspects of the regulator.
Plato’s Educational Images

One of the marvels of Plato’s dialogues is not only that he dramatizes perennial educational questions in a way that makes answering them more engaging for readers, but also that he illuminates his arguments about education through an extraordinary range of images. That Plato used memorable metaphors, analogies and similes reveals his own gifts as an educator. Images not only clarify philosophical concepts about education (and, of course, the other topics about which he wrote as well), but they are also captivating—they draw and hold the reader’s attention. It is no small wonder that his readers have been invoking many of them for millennia to help explicate their own claims about education.
Specialized Training for Flying Cadets

(1941). Specialized Training for Flying Cadets. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 221-222.
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of PTSD With a Young Boy and His Mother Following the Experience of Chronic Domestic Violence:

This case study follows a 7-year-old boy who presented with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following exposure to domestic violence beginning at a very young age. During evaluation...
Who is coaching the coach? Knowledge of depression and attitudes toward continuing education in coaches.

Background The rate of depression among collegiate athletes ranges from 16% to 23%, with particularly high findings of prevalence in track and field athletes (34%). Collegiate athletes have also been found to underuse mental health resources. Given this high prevalence of depression and demonstrated reluctance to seek help, it is important to explore the awareness and understanding of depression among the individuals who work most closely with this population. Objective To assess coaches’ knowledge and awareness of depression among their athletes and describe their level of interest in receiving continuing education. Method All National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I cross-country and track and field coaches were invited to participate in an online survey. The sample consisted of 253 participants, of whom 56 (25%) identified themselves as female and 170 (75%) as male with 14 (±10.4) years of coaching experience. Respondents completed the Adolescent Depression Awareness Program (ADAP) questionnaire and related questions. Differences in depression knowledge and interest in continuing education were calculated by gender, event specialty, length of coaching experience and certification history using analysis of variance and χ 2 analysis. Results The mean score on the ADAP depression questionnaire was 83%. Significant differences were not observed by gender, length of coaching experience, coaching title or certification history. Distance coaches scored significantly higher on the test than sprints coaches. Coaches estimated that 11% of their former and current student-athletes have struggled with depression. 77% of coaches indicated a ‘strong interest’ in receiving continuing education. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate the participating coaches have a good knowledge of depression for individuals without formal education on the topic but may lack depression awareness . This hypothesis is supported by the finding that coaches in the sample found out an athlete was suffering from depression most often by the athlete self-reporting.
A long-range follow-up study of former inpatients at a children's psychiatric hospital.

A long-range follow-up study was done to assess adaptation to adulthood of patients who had been hospitalized at a children's psychiatric hospital during the fiscal year 1969–70. Diagnosis and age at admission were not found to be indicators of future adaptability and females adjusted slightly better than males. Paraprofessionals were mentioned and remembered by the former patients more often than therapists and the majority of the non-psychotic sample was adapting adequately as young adults.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE SUPPLY-DEMAND RELATIONSHIP IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF A NEURON

ABSTRACT A mathematical model describing the supply and demand relationships existing in the environment of a brain cell (neuron of the cerebral cortex) was developed. The stochastic random-walk technique was applied to the representation and solution of the system which consisted of a neuron being supplied with nutrients by an adjoining capillary. The random-walk method incorporated a uniformly generated random number which was weighted by the normal distribution curve to determine the random walk of a molecule. The resultant weighted value was designated as defining the motion of any particular species in space. The distribution curve was a function of diffusivity and time. The method allowed the tracking of individual molecules as they proceeded through the metabolic reactions in the cell. Oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide and lactate were selected as the primary components of study, since they represent the major input and output parameters of metabolism inside the cell. The consumption and/or production of these components were dependent on probability values assigned to each metabolic reaction into which they entered. The solution of the model was based on the number of molecules existing in the tissue as a function of PO2, (partial pressure of oxygen), glucose level, etc. The model was very sensitive to perturbations of metabolic scheme parameters and to PO2 levels in the capillary. The model predicted an excess of O2, (oxygen) in the tissue. This work is intented to be a methodology for theoretical analysis of biochemical processes at the cellular level. As this is the primary emphasis, the results have not been experimentally verified at this time.
Ross Sea Emperor Penguin Breeding Populations Estimated by Aerial Photography

In December 1983 aerial photographs of all emperor penguin breeding colonies along the Ross Sea coast from Cape Roget south to Beaufort Island were taken for the purpose of censusing this species. Cape Crozier, the most southerly colony, was counted from the ground. Chicks and adults could not be distinguished from the photographs. They were differentiated by using chick: adult ratios of 7 chicks to 1 adult (± 2.14 standard deviation, n = 11) obtained from ground counts on 12 to 14 December 1986 at Cape Washington. Of the six colonies, the smallest was Cape Crozier (78 chicks) and the largest was Coulman Island (estimated 22 137 chicks). Except for Cape Crozier and Beaufort Island, for which the most recent published censuses were in 1977, the other colonies had not been counted since their first and last census in 1968 or earlier. There are differences between some of the earlier and the 1983 censuses. The estimated total of breeding birds in 1983 was about 120 000. A common characteristic of all colonies within the Ross Sea is their proximity to open water.
Initial Analysis of Youth Apprenticeship Programs in Georgia

Youth apprenticeship programs have been viewed by many educators and policy makers as a viable option for the preparation of youth for transition from school to work. These programs are designed to combine structured paid work and training on-the-job with related classroom instruction. As these programs evolve, evaluation and assessment become critical to informing the development process, assessing program impact, and maintaining support for innovation. The purpose of this study was to assess the implementation of the initial youth apprenticeship programs funded in the state of Georgia and to provide data relevant to the development of these program on a larger scale.
Cell Body Infusions of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Increase Forebrain Dopamine Release and Serotonin Metabolism Determined with in Vivo Microdialysis

Publisher Summary The survival and phenotypic expression of a variety of cultured central nervous system neurons, including dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons are promoted by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). Chronic infusions of BDNF or NT-3 above the rat pars compacta elevate spontaneous or amphetamine-stimulated locomotor behaviors and increase neostriatal dopamine and serotonin metabolism. BDNF or NT-3 infusions to the rat dorsal raphe nucleus also increase serotonin turnover in the nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen, and other forebrain regions. Nigral infusions of BDNF produce a 42% increase in the spontaneous release of dopamine above that of PBS-infused animals and smaller (16-22%), nonsignificant elevations of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). Nigral NT-3 infusions produce a 22%, nonsignificant elevation in dopamine release and 17-18%, nonsignificant increases in DOPAC and HVA compared with animals infused with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Raphe infusions of BDNF produce a 13% nonsignificant increase in nucleus accumbens serotonin dialysis and a doubling of 5-HIAA. As nigral infusions of NT-3 do not augment striatal dopamine release, and because BDNF augments basal but not amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release, the effects of these nigral infusions on spontaneous and amphetaminestimulated behaviors cannot be explained solely by actions on nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. Midbrain infusions of BDNF have little effect on serotonin release, even though they doubled serotonin metabolism before and after amphetamine challenge. BDNF infusions produce a somewhat greater elevation in serotonin release during p-chloramphetamine (PCA). In the basal state, these increases may be masked by efficient serotonin reuptake and intracellular degradative mechanisms, that would explain the large increase in 5-HIAA produced by BDNF.
6.6 kW High-Frequency Full-Bridge LLC DC/DC Converter with SiC MOSFETs

This paper presented a 6.6 kW high-frequency DC/DC converter with SiC MOSFETs for high-voltage output applications, such as EV chargers. LLC topology was used because primary switch zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) turn-on and secondary diode zero-current-switching (ZCS) turn-off can be implemented to improve efficiency and reduce EMI. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the performance of SiC devices at frequencies (500 kHz - 1 MHz). Both simulation and experimental results demonstrated the superior performance of SiC MOSFETs at high frequencies up to 1 MHz. With high switching frequency, the leakage inductance of the LLC transformer can be used without an extra resonant inductor, and the overall size of the converter is much reduced since a smaller EMI filter can also be used. Effects of PCB layout on parasitic capacitances and efficiency have been studied. Practical design guidelines for key parts, such as high-frequency LLC transformer, resonant capacitors, gate drivers and PCB layout have been detailed. Experimental results show that 98 % peak efficiency can be achieved with SiC power devices at 550 kHz and 6.6 kW output power.
Predicting the development of pro-bullying bystander behavior: A short-term longitudinal analysis.

Abstract Pro-bullying bystander behavior is a key socio-contextual factor underlying the perpetuation of bullying, yet investigators know relatively little as to what contributes to its development. The current study uses a short-term longitudinal design to identify child characteristics and relationship qualities that predict pro-bullying bystander behavior over the course of one school year. Participants were 484 children (239 girls; Mage = 10.25 years). Children completed self-report measures of pro-bullying bystander behavior, empathy, moral disengagement, and perceived norms for defending, and peer-report measures of peer victimization and popularity. Main effects of fall empathy and moral disengagement emerged in the prediction of spring pro-bullying bystander behavior, although the latter just for boys. At low levels of perceived norms for defending, high levels of popularity and, for girls, high levels of peer victimization predicted heightened pro-bullying bystander behavior. Thus, anti-bullying efforts may benefit from targeting these social-cognitive and relational processes predictive of pro-bullying bystander behavior and fostering group norms that mitigate these risks.
Experimental evidence for the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in La 0.65 Ca 0.35 Mn O 3

Recently, it has been argued that a strong electron-phonon interaction arising from the Jahn-Teller splitting of the outer Mn $d$ level plays a crucial role in understanding the nonmetal-to-metal transition observed in the ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{A}_{x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(A=\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{r},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a})$ system. We show, by neutron powder diffraction, that ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.65}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.35}$Mn${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ exhibits an anomalous volume and oxygen/manganese displacement change around ${T}_{c}$, in qualitative agreement with the theoretical prediction.
Stimulating brain drug delivery

Neural activity affects how the blood-brain barrier regulates influx and efflux of agents between the blood and the central nervous system.
Plant-Based Diets for Kidney Disease: A Guide for Clinicians

In recent years, a growing body of evidence has emerged on the benefits of plant-based diets for the prevention and treatment of lifestyle diseases. In parallel, data now exist regarding the treatment of chronic kidney disease and its most common complications with this dietary pattern. Improving the nutrient quality of foods consumed by patients by including a higher proportion of plant-based foods while reducing total and animal protein intake may reduce the need for or complement nephroprotective medications, improve kidney disease complications, and perhaps favorably affect disease progression and patient survival. In this In Practice article, we review the available evidence on plant-dominant fiber-rich diet as it relates to kidney disease prevention, chronic kidney disease incidence and progression, metabolic acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, hypertension, uremic toxins, need for kidney replacement therapy including dialysis, patient satisfaction and quality of life, and mortality. Further, concerns of hyperkalemia and protein inadequacy, which are often associated with plant-based diets, are also reviewed in the context of available evidence. It is likely that the risks for both issues may not have been as significant as previously thought, while the advantages are vast. In conclusion, the risk to benefit ratio of plant-based diets appears to be tilting in favor of their more prevalent use.
"I Was New and I Was Afraid": The Acculturation Strategies Adopted by International First-Year Undergraduate Students in the United States.

This article utilized Berry’s acculturation model (1974, 1980, 1997) as the framework for understanding the social experiences of international first-year students in a large, public institution in the Southeast United States. Using a descriptive phenomenological research design and a sample of 10 international students, this study examined the extent to which each of the four strategies defined by the acculturation model—assimilation, integration, separation, and marginalization—emerged from the social experiences of international students during their first year of college. The results revealed that all 10 participants shared the experiences of separation, either voluntary or involuntary. For seven students in the sample, the freshman year was characterized by either willing or unwilling integration. The strategy of assimilation, both freely pursued and imposed, was reported by six students. The least evidence was recorded for the pattern of voluntary or involuntary marginalization, which emerged from the experiences of four respondents.
E-cigarette use among Asian Americans: a systematic review

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has been rising among adolescents and adults in the United States, including among Asian Americans. However, despite being one of the largest racial/ethnic minority groups, the specific trends and patterns of e-cigarette use among Asian Americans are understudied and unclear. This review aimed to summarize relevant information in the last two decades. This systematic review followed the a priori guide outlined by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. Articles were gathered from PsycINFO, PubMed, Sage Journals Online, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. Forty articles were reviewed and analyzed. Most articles reviewed only reported on the prevalence rate of e-cigarettes among Asian Americans and indicated regional differences. Results noted between- and within-group differences among racial/ethnic groups that warrant further examination. There is a dearth of information regarding health outcomes and correlates or predictors of e-cigarette use among Asian Americans. Despite its popularity and prevalence among Asian Americans, the use of e-cigarettes and related factors or outcomes deserves more nuanced studies and analyses. It is important to delineate subgroup differences by adjusting study designs and data analytic methods to glean meaningful information regarding Asian American's e-cigarette use in the future.
A Model to Assess the Ethics of Benefits Distribution

Many difficult ethical issues in business are associated with benefits distribution and they present a challenge to those who are confronted with such issues. This article presents a model that allows determination of the ethical implications of benefit-distribution practices or policies by using three simple tests. The tests ensure that distributive justice is considered when allocation decisions are made. The first test ensures that the most vulnerable recipient group is treated justly by other dominant groups. The second test prevents the interests of one group from being promoted at the expense of other groups. Through a mental exercise, the third test encourages unbiased consideration of the interests of all directly affected groups. To illustrate the model's applicability, it is used to determine the distributive fairness of two controversial practices. The model is relatively easy to use but there are limits to its effectiveness.
A Neuronavigation-Assisted Endoscopic Ventriculocystocisternostomy of a Suprasellar Arachnoid Cyst: A 2D Video Case Presentation

Background and Importance: Suprasellar arachnoid cysts are insidious and progressive ventricular cysts that cause hydrocephalus, ataxia, optic, and endocrinological symptoms. These cysts can be successfully treated via an endoscopic ventriculocystocisterostomy (VCC). Clinical Presentation: A three-year-old patient presented with emesis and bobble-head doll syndrome with a suprasellar arachnoid cyst. Through our video, we present our neuronavigation-assisted endoscopic VCC without cautery and the relevant neuroanatomy. Conclusion: Neuroendoscopic fenestration is a preferred approach over resection or shunting for a suprasellar arachnoid cyst. In addition, VCC has decreased recurrence and increased radiologic improvement over a ventriculocystostomy (VC).
A scoping review of stereotype threat for BIPOC: cognitive effects and intervention strategies for the field of neuropsychology.

OBJECTIVE Abundant evidence documents stereotype threat's (ST) detrimental effect on test performance across identities and contexts (i.e., eliciting underperformance). Review of the literature shows varied aspects of both stereotyped identities and cognition are inconsistently explored across studies. Only a portion of the literature focuses on ST's impact on Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). It is important to understand and learn to mitigate ST, particularly for historically marginalized and systemically oppressed BIPOC patients. Relevance exists for neuropsychologists, who engage in activities (i.e., assessments) that may activate ST, and should be aware of additional factors impacting testing results and clinical decision making. METHOD Using scoping review criteria (Peters et al., 2015) and Preferred Reporting Item for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we reviewed literature across multiple databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, PsychINFO) on ST and cognition with a focus on BIPOC. RESULTS The current literature suggests that race-based ST may be implicated in underperformance for executive functioning and separately working memory. There is limited research on the effects of ST for memory, language, attention, and visuospatial skills. CONCLUSION Research on ST requires additional attention to establish interventions to mitigate negative effects in practice. These results provide 1) an overview of the cognitive implications of ST, 2) address the scope of this impact for BIPOC, and 3) provide possible intervention and training strategies for neuropsychologists and other clinicians to work to mitigate the effects of ST on BIPOC.
A Model-Based Examination of Scale Effects in Student Evaluations of Teaching

Student evaluations of teaching are widely used to assess instructors and courses. Using a model-based approach and Bayesian methods, we examine how the direction of the scale, labels on scales, an...