cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considerations for Hyperthermia Clinical Trials Design

This author has been fortunate to be involved in a number of activities in the United States, primarily at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, over the past several years that have related directly to the issue of clinical trial design considerations for hyperthermia. First, I conducted or participated in three veterinary clinical trials that tested the value of hyperthermia as an adjuvant to radiotherapy (Dewhirst et al. 1984; Gillette et al. 1987; Gillette-McChesney et al. 1992). Second, I have been involved in the development of clinical trials and analysis of data from human studies conducted at Duke over the past 9 years (Leopold et al. 1989, 1992, 1993; Oleson et al. 1989, 1993). The major focus of the Duke clinical trials has been the development of a robust and quantifiable dosimetry for hyperthermia. Because of our research interest in dosimetry, we have been active in national efforts to standardize hyperthermia practice for multi- institutional trials.
Heat transfer behavior of elemental sulfur for low temperature thermal energy storage applications

Abstract Elemental sulfur provides a low-cost, high-performance thermal storage option for a wide range of applications and over an exceptionally wide range of temperatures (50 °C to over 600 °C). In previous efforts we have shown impressive performance for 200–600 °C, while in this study we examine the low-temperature (50–200 °C) thermal charge and discharge behavior of isochoric sulfur-based storage using a detailed computational model solving for the conjugate heat transfer and solid-liquid phase change dynamics. The model provides excellent agreement with experimental results. We show that sulfur exhibits lower viscosity because of reduction in the chain-length of polymeric sulfur caused by trace amounts of organic substances resulting in attractive charge and discharge performance. The results from the parametric analysis of pipe diameter on the charge and discharge heat transfer characteristics are used to develop a simple, generalized correlation that relates the transient sulfur temperature and liquid fraction evolution as a function of dynamically evolving buoyancy-Fourier number due to the solid-liquid phase change. This solid-liquid buoyancy-Fourier, BFs-l, correlation can be used for effectively designing sulfur-based thermal energy storage systems for transient operation in low temperature applications.
Background of the Employment Act II: Keynesian Economics

This chapter will consider Keynes’ influence on economic thinking in the USA from the publication of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in 1936 to the end of the 1940s, with a focus on fiscal policy and wages. Its goals are to pinpoint the components of Keynesian economics that formed a background to the Employment Act and to compare Keynesian economics with the political economy of a living wage to examine the feasibility of bundling them together into the hybrid system of redistributive economics, as happened in the USA. To do so, I will first review what Keynes said in that classic book and set forth the initial response his ideas found among economists in the USA during the late 1930s and the 1940s.
Ethical Decisions in Pregnancy

Decision-making for pregnant women or fetuses who suffer brain injury is emotionally difficult and conceptually challenging. When both the pregnant woman and the fetus have suffered an injury with a poor neurological prognosis, and decisions about one of them will have implications for the other—decision-making is even more difficult. Decision-making standards and principles are reviewed for both pregnant women and for fetuses, using a real case from the author’s institution. Practical suggestions are made regarding deliberative processes and consultative models that can help with these difficult cases.
Non-stem progenitors enable coordinated changes in gut epithelial cell-type composition

Renewing tissues have the remarkable ability to maintain both proliferative progenitor and specialized mature cell types at consistent ratios. How are complex milieus of microenvironmental signals interpreted to coordinate tissue cell-type composition? Here, we develop a high-throughput approach, combining organoid technology, combinatorial perturbations, and quantitative imaging to address these questions in the context of the intestinal epithelium. We find that changes in proliferation of transit-amplifying (TA) cells, but not Lgr5+ stem cells, alters the composition of mature secretory and absorptive cell-types in organoids and in vivo. The link between TA proliferation and mature fate bias arises from differential amplification of secretory and absorptive progenitor cells. Further, TA cells have a distinct pattern of regulation from other epithelial cell-types that stems, in part, from signal integration via the MEK-Erk pathway and paracrine BMP production. These results demonstrate that TA cells, a feature of many renewing tissues, play a critical role in converting complex microenvironmental signals into changes in cell-type composition.
Challenges in Interpreting Pyloric Stenosis Administrative Data

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) remains, in some ways, an enigmatic condition. In fact, as a medical community, we seem to simultaneously know both so much and yet so little about this disease. On 1 hand, we know how to diagnose this condition: through a careful history, physical examination, and abdominal ultrasound. We can also effectively manage this condition through intravenous fluid resuscitation and pyloromyotomy.1,2 In addition to being efficient,2 our treatment strategy is also extremely safe, with few reported complications.2,3 Yet, on the other hand, there are some mysteries regarding IHPS that we cannot put to rest. Namely, we still cannot predict which infants will develop this condition, and the effort to pinpoint a definitive cause remains equally elusive. In …
Mid-infrared photoresponse of electrodeposited PbSe thin films by laser processing and sensitization

Abstract Thin films of PbSe semiconductors are important for mid-wave infrared imaging applications. There is a need for a low-cost large-area PbSe thin film deposition process to generate highly sensitive mid-infrared (mid-IR) responsive devices. Here, we report the mid-IR response in the 3 – 5 µm wavelength for PbSe thin films prepared by the electrodeposition process followed by laser processing for densification and sensitization. Scanning electron microscope imaging shows that electrodeposited films consisted of a porous structure having an interconnected particle network. A 1064 nm wavelength pulsed laser, with 50 nanosecond pulse width, was used for homogeneous melting and fast recrystallization of the porous films to convert into planar dense thin films. A comparison of XRD patterns of the as-deposited and laser processed films revealed improvement in PbSe crystallinity with the original crystal structure remaining intact. The electrical resistivity of the laser-sintered films was found to be around 0.027 Ω-cm. The two-step sensitization process of oxidation and iodization increased the final film resistivity to 10.77 Ω-cm and was highly sensitive to mid-IR radiation. The percentage change in film resistance between dark and due to mid-IR exposure of 18.5 mW/cm2 is reported to be 15.9% at an operating voltage of 10 V. Electrodeposition of thin films followed by laser processing can emerge as a viable tool to produce the large-area uniform film for PbSe thin film applications in electronics and photonics devices.
Information Sharing Among Strategic Traders: The Role of Disagreement

In a duopoly model of informed speculation, I show that competing traders share information when they disagree enough. Traders can lose competitive rents by sharing private information, but with sufficient disagreement, they can engage in profitable belief arbitrage by trading against each other's signal. Traders, however, would gain by over-reporting their signals so that competitors make large opposing trades. When information is verifiable, truthful disclosure emerges due to an “unraveling” argument. Mediators (say, sell-side analysts or brokers) could facilitate partial information sharing by aggregating and distributing information in an incentive-compatible manner. Disagreement makes the market more liquid, but information sharing undermines the liquidity benefits.
Thirst and Body Fluid Regulation: From Nephron to Neuron

Body fluid regulation is pivotal to human health and is served by extensive clinical and pre-clinical science. By combining modern advances with previous findings in the field, this book presents a comprehensive treatment of major experiments, theories, and new advances in the field of body fluid regulation, thirst, and drinking. It features the main integrative brain mechanisms for fluid regulation, the development of such systems, fluid balance during heat and exercise, aging and clinical disorders, and comparative aspects of fluid regulation. The volume focuses on mammalian thirst or drinking behaviour alongside relevant aspects of the physiology of fluid balance. The principal fluid compartments and their regulation by both intakes and losses are highlighted, using both human and animal studies to illustrate the main concepts.
Care of the Patient With Abnormal Liver Test Results

Liver tests are commonly performed in primary care and may signal the presence of acute or chronic liver disease. Abnormal results are defined by standardized rather than individual laboratory thresholds and must be interpreted in the context of a patient's history and examination. The pattern and severity of liver injury may provide clues about the cause of disease and should guide diagnostic evaluation with serologic testing and liver imaging. A systematic, stepwise approach to the evaluation and management of abnormal liver test results is recommended to optimize high-value care.
Real-time kinematic-based detection of foot-strike during walking.

Abstract Detection of foot-strike events is an integral part of gait analysis, as it allows the temporal registration of gait cycles. At the same time, it is necessary to register gait phases in real-time for applications such as wearable assistive devices and gait biofeedback that work synchronously with the human gait. Although many algorithms have been proposed for detecting foot-strikes with either wearable (e.g. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs)) or non-wearable (e.g. force plates) sensors, there is a great need for real-time algorithms that rely only on recording the kinematics of the leg motion. This work proposes a novel and efficient kinematic algorithm, called the Foot VErtical & Sagittal Position Algorithm (F-VESPA), which has several advantages over existing methods. First, it accurately estimates foot-strike events using kinematic data without requiring access to future data points, hence achieving reduced latency during real-time implementation. Moreover, it does not require tuning of the utilized parameters, rendering it robust to different subjects and treadmill speeds. The algorithm is tested in a large set of subjects across various treadmill speeds, and it is shown to outperform even offline implementations of existing prominent kinematic algorithms. Using a 150 Hz data collection system, the F-VESPA achieved a median of 33 ms for the total true errors in detecting foot-strike. The F-VESPA is a highly responsive kinematic algorithm that can detect foot-strike events in real-time, with high accuracy, robustness and reduced latency, enabling real-time temporal registration of gait cycles.
Stability and mixed ionic electronic conduction in Gd2(Ti1 − xMox)2O7 under anodic conditions

Abstract The electrical conductivity and the stability range of compositions in the Gd 2 Ti 2 O 7 Gd 2 Mo 2 O 7 pyrochlore solid solution have been investigated to determine their potential as anode materials in solid oxide fuel cells. While the total electrical conductivity increases with Mo content, the P O 2 stability range narrows to two orders of magnitude in P O 2 for y = 0.7 in Gd 2 (Ti 1 − y Mo y ) 2 O 7 . The y = 0.5 composition is a good compromise for the anode, exhibiting high levels of conductivity and an acceptable stability range of P O 2 . Blocking electrode measurements on this composition show the conductivity to be primarily electronic but with an ionic conductivity which nevertheless reaches reasonably high values.
To goto where no statement has gone before

This paper presents a method for deriving an expression from the low-level code compiled from an expression in a high-level language. The input is the low-level code represented as blocks of code connected by goto statements, i.e., a control flow graph (CFG). The derived expression is in a form that can be used as input to an automatic theorem prover. The method is useful for program verification systems that take as input both programs and specifications after they have been compiled from a high-level language. This is the case for systems that encode specifications in an existing programming language and do not have a special compiler. The method always produces an expression, unlike the heuristics for decompilation which may fail. It is efficient: the resulting expression is linear in the size of the CFG by maintaining all sharing of subgraphs.
Static and Time Dependent Magnetization Studies of Y1Ba2Cu3Oz Thin Films

Thin films of Y1Ba2Cu3Oz (YBCO) were deposited by electron-beam coevaporation of Y, Cu, and BaF2 onto single-crystal substrates of SrTiO3 and KTaO3. Various oxygen annealing protocols produced different epitaxial alignments of the films, which were then studied using vibrating sample (VSM) and SQUID-based magnetometry. The magnetization behavior and the critical current density JC(H,T) deduced from the magnetic hysteresis is observed to be quite sensitive to the substrate orientation as well as to annealing procedures that result in variations of the film morphology as evidenced by x-ray diffraction and and SEM techniques. Flux creep effects are also observed over short time intervals in VSM studies and examined quantitatively over longer periods with a SQUID magnetometer.
Electron and ion distributions in chemical nonequilibrium boundary-layer flows.

When the sheath thickness for the weakly ionized gas of a chemically nonequiltbrium boundary layer over a hypersonic re-entry vehicle is of the same order as the boundary-layer thickness, the ion and electron densities can no longer be considered as identical and treated as ambipolar. It is shown that this situation will prevail in certain re-entry regimes of interest. In the present paper, this important behavior has been considered in the analysis and a correct description of the ion and electron distributions is obtained. It is found that the electric field exerts a strong influence on the ion and electron density distributions. In particular, the peak electron density is modified by more than an order of magnitude as compared to that of ambipolar case. The ion density due to its strong coupling with the neutrals, however, is much less affected. Investigations also show only slight changes in the ion and electron density distributions for relatively large variations (100%) in ion diffusion coefficient. The effect of nonequilibriu m electron temperature was found to be moderate on the electron density distribution and justifies, at least a posteriori, the simplifications adapted for the analysis in the energy conservation relations. Nomenclature A = modifying factor for polarization C — mass fractions do = peak mass fraction of ion D = diffusion coefficient !ID — Debye length, m Rm = mass ratio of ion to electron K = mobility k = Boltzmann constant kb = backward rate constant, cm3/mole-sec kf = forward rate constant, cm3/mole-sec L = characteristic length, m M = molecular weights p = pressure, kgf/m2 T = temperature, °K u = £ component of the mass velocity of the gas mixture v = 77 component of the mass velocity of the gas mixture W = mass rate of formation of species d = boundary-layer thickness 8t = transformed boundary-layer thickness p = density 0 = electric potential X = mean free path, m £ = X/L, streamwise coordinate •n = T I P/Pidy Subscripts
Expression of emotion in body and face

Intelligent interaction with an environment, other IVAs, and human users requires a system that identifies subtle expressive cues and behaves naturally using modalities such as body, face, and voice to communicate. Although research on individual affective channels has increased, little is known about expressive qualities in whole body movement. This study has three goals: (1) to determine rates of observer recognition of emotion in walking, (2) to use kinematic analysis to quantify how emotions change gait patterns in characteristic ways, and (3) to describe the concurrence of facial and bodily expression of emotion.Twenty-six undergraduate students recalled an experience from their own lives in which they felt angry, sad, content, joy, or no emotion at all (neutral). After recalling a target emotion, participants walked across the lab. Whole body motion capture data were acquired using a video-based, 6-camera system. Side view video was also recorded. Ten participants wore a special head mounted camera designed to record video of facial expression. After each trial, participants rated the intensity of eight emotions (4 target and 4 non-target). After blurring the faces in the side view video so that facial expressions were not observable, randomized composite videos were shown to untrained observers. After viewing each video clip, observers selected one of ten responses corresponding to the emotion that they thought the walker felt during the trial. FACS coding was used to evaluate the face video for evidence of emotion and timing of facial expressions with respect to the gait cycle.Self-report data indicated that the walkers felt the target emotions at levels corresponding to “moderately” or above in all trials. Validation data were collected from five observers on gait trials from a subset of subjects (n=16). Recognition rates for sad, anger, neutral and content were 45%, 25%, 20% and 16%, respectively. Joy was recognized at chance levels (10%). Normalized velocity, normalized stride length, cycle duration and velocity were significantly affected by emotion.This study is unique in describing the effects of specific emotions on gait. The preliminary results indicate that gait kinematics change with emotion. Although temporal-spatial kinematics were related to arousal levels, angular kinematics are needed to distinguish emotions with similar levels of arousal.
Aerosol-generated sol-gel-derived thin films as biosensing platforms

We have incorporated an antibody into a sol-gel-derived thin film composite and demonstrated that it retains affinity for its hapten. An inexpensive apparatus to produce and deposit, aerosol-generated sol-gel-derived thin films was also developed. The antibody antifluorescein (AF) was entrapped between two sol-gel thin films (0.62 ± 0.05 μm) in a sandwich architecture. The fluorescent hapten 5-(-and 6-)-carboxy-4′,5′-dimethylfluorescein (Me2F) was used to determine the accessibility and viability of the entrapped AF. Results demonstrate that a population of the entrapped antibodies recognizes and binds Me2F for up to 13 weeks when stored in pH 8 phosphate buffer at 4 °C. An intriguing result is that the response times of these AF-doped thin films actually improve as a function of storage time. We explain this observation in terms of decreased viability of AF molecules sequestered between the upper and lower films of the sandwich. Partial regeneration (40–50%) of the biosensor was obtained using a mild chaotropic reagent (NaCl) and the AF-doped films could be reset/regenerated up to six times.
Growth of Ultrathin Covalently Attached Polymer Films: Uniform Thin Films for Chemical Microsensors

A novel approach to covalently attached polymer films by surface functionalization and hydrosilylation reaction with reactive polymers on the surface is reported. Stable, uniform, and highly sensitive thin film sensors can thus be fabricated. The covalent attachment of polymer through a silane linker results in films with high uniformity, stability, and reasonable reproducibility as far as film thickness is concerned. Incorporation of molecular recognition reagents into the sensing film increases the sensor sensitivity dramatically, which is critical for detecting vapors such as certain explosives at parts per thousand or parts per billion levels. The sensors fabricated can detect o-nitrotoluene, a TNT simulant, at parts per billion concentrations.
Compact 2-J master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) laser system

A compact, 2-J Master Oscillator, Power Amplifier (MOPA) laser system was designed and built to support a multiple- fiber injection experiment. The system was built in a breadboard configuration to support a risk-reduction/proof- of-concept effort. A common design approach for MOPA systems is to utilize a single-mode oscillator as the input source to the amplifier. However, to optimize this system for fiber injection, a multi-mode oscillator was chosen. A stable, multi-mode, 1053-nm, Nd:YLF laser oscillator was designed and built. A plano/concave resonator was utilized, with a 4.0-mm diameter Nd:YLF laser rod, pumped in a dual flashlamp, diffuse, close-coupled pump cavity. A lithium niobate (LiNbO3) Q-switch crystal was used in a quarter- wave scheme. This pump cavity design did not use any active cooling and was ideal for low duty cycle applications requiring no more than one shot every 60 seconds. The oscillator output was amplified using a neodymium-doped phosphate glass laser rod in a four-pass configuration. Two Joules of output energy with an output pulsewidth of 12 ns were obtained. The 9.53-mm diameter Nd:Glass amplifier rod was pumped in a dual flashlamp, diffuse, close-coupled pump cavity. Output energy, pulsewidth, far-field beam divergence and intensity profile results will be presented for a Schott LG750 amplifier rod.
Do workers trust labor unions and their messages

This study investigated differences between workers’ attributions of trustworthiness toward their labor union and its messages, as influenced by affiliation behavior and several demographic variables of interest. A complete metropolitan postal district open shop, numbering 4,225, was surveyed. Results demonstrated significant differences between workers’ trust of their labor union and their labor union's messages, favoring the union over its messages. In addition, results demonstrate that affiliation behavior, race, age, and seniority significantly affect perceived trustworthiness of the labor union and its messages. Finally, regression analyses found differences between union and non‐union members on several demographic variables as predictors of trust. The implications of these results for organizational communication research in general, and research on labor unions specifically, are discussed.
A Comparison of Macroinvertebrates of Two Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands: Testing Potential Metrics for an Index of Ecological Integrity

The macroinvertebrates of two northern Lake Huron wetlands were compared to assess water quality and test potential metrics for an Index of Ecological Integrity (IEI) for Great Lake coastal wetlands. Macroinvertebrates were collected using sediment coring and dip-net sampling monthly from June through September 1996. One wetland was impacted by domestic wastewater from a lagoon, urban storm-water runoff, and local marina traffic. A nearby wetland with a similar size drainage basin, no wastewater or urban storm-water input or marina traffic served as a reference. Greatest differences in chemistry between sites occurred during lagoon discharge in September. Compared to the reference, the impacted wetland had higher Cl, NH4-N, NO3-N, soluble reactive P, conductivity and lower dissolved oxygen levels. There were fewer insects, especially Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera in the impacted wetland than in the reference wetland. A greater proportion of macroinvertebrates in the impacted wetland were Amphipoda, Isopoda, and Naididae. Observed differences in macroinvertebrate communities were used to test 38 metrics, used in indices of biological integrity for streams, to determine their potential as metrics for an index of ecological integrity for Great Lake wetlands. Invertebrate attributes sensitive to water quality changes were identified as candidate metrics if they exhibited low within-site variability and detected differences between wetlands for each sampling period. Candidate metrics included relative abundance of Ephemeroptera, Isopoda, Trichoptera, predators, collector-filterers, and herbivore/detritivore ratio.
Systolic blood pressure and a simple reaction time task.

Cardiovascular changes during a reaction time task have been hypothetically related to the speed of response with implications for a close connection between the two, but little research has attempted to characterize the pressor response in this situation. In this study, continuous measures of heart rate, respiration, and systolic blood pressure (using a noninvasive tracking-cuff system) were made in 12 subjects during a visually signalled reaction time task with a fixed foreperiod of 6 sec. Consistent and significant changes were shown over the course of the foreperiod–an increase in systolic pressure, a multiphasic pattern in heart rate, and a decrease in respiration amplitude. There was a nonsignificant increase in respiration rate. Correlations between response latency and various indices of physiological level and change during the foreperiod were low and nonsignificant. The changes in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during the foreperiod appeared independent of one another. Interrelationships between the physiological measures in their phasic and tonic changes, and the implications of the findings for cardiovascular-behavioral interactions are discussed.
Multimodality radiological image processing system (MRIPS)/MEDx: a system for medical image processing

A new image processing system, MRIPS/MEDx, is being deployed at NIH to facilitate the visualization and analysis of multidimensional images and spectra obtained from different radiological imaging modalities.
Unstable Interactions between a Hurricane's Primary Eyewall and a Secondary Ring of Enhanced Vorticity

Intense tropical cyclones often exhibit concentric eyewall patterns in their radar reflectivity. Deep convection within the inner, or primary, eyewall is surrounded by a nearly echo-free moat, which in turn is surrounded by an outer, or secondary ring of deep convection. Both convective regions typically contain well-defined tangential wind maxima. The primary wind maximum is associated with large vorticity just inside the radius of maximum wind, while the secondary wind maximum is usually associated with relatively enhanced vorticity embedded in the outer ring. In contrast, the moat is a region of low vorticity. If the vorticity profile across the eye and inner eyewall is approximated as monotonic, the resulting radial profile of vorticity still satisfies the Rayleigh necessary condition for instability as the radial gradient twice changes sign. Here the authors investigate the stability of such structures and, in the case of instability, simulate the nonlinear evolution into a more stable structure using a nondivergent barotropic model. Because the radial gradient of vorticity changes sign twice, two types of instability and vorticity rearrangement are identified: 1) instability across the outer ring of enhanced vorticity, and 2) instability across the moat. Type 1 instability occurs when the outer ring of enhanced vorticity is sufficiently narrow and when the circulation of the central vortex is sufficiently weak (compared to the outer ring) that it does not induce enough differential rotation across the outer ring to stabilize it. The nonlinear mixing associated with type 1 instability results in a broader and weaker vorticity ring but still maintains a significant secondary wind maximum. The central vortex induces strong differential rotation (and associated enstrophy cascade) in the moat region, which then acts as a barrier to inward mixing of small (but finite) amplitude asymmetric vorticity disturbances. Type 2 instability occurs when the radial extent of the moat is sufficiently narrow so that unstable interactions may occur between the central vortex and the inner edge of the ring. Because the vortex-induced differential rotation across the ring is large when the ring is close to the vortex, type 2 instability typically precludes type 1 instability except in the case of very thin rings. The nonlinear mixing from type 2 instability perturbs the vortex into a variety of shapes. In the case of contracting rings of enhanced vorticity, the vortex and moat typically evolve into a nearly steady tripole structure, thereby offering a mechanism for the formation and persistence of elliptical eyewalls.
Proteomic signatures associated with p53 mutational status in lung adenocarcinoma

p53 is commonly mutated in lung adenocarcinoma. Mutant p53 loses wild-type function and some missense mutations further acquire oncogenic functions, while p53 wild-type may also induce pro-survival signaling. Therefore identification of signatures based on p53 mutational status has relevance to our understanding of p53 signaling pathways in cancer and identification of new therapeutic targets. To this end, we compared proteomic profiles of three cellular compartments (whole-cell extract, cell surface, and media) from 28 human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines that differ based on p53 mutational status. In total, 11,598, 11,569, and 9090 protein forms were identified in whole-cell extract, cell surface, and media, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that representative pathways associated with epithelial adhesion, immune and stromal cells, and mitochondrial function were highly significant in p53 missense mutations, p53 loss and wild-type p53 cell lines, respectively. Of note, mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α), a transcription coactivator that promotes mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial biogenesis, was substantially higher in p53 wild-type cell lines compared to either cell lines with p53 loss or with missense mutation. Small interfering RNA targeting PGC1-α inhibited cell proliferation in p53 wild-type cell lines, indicative of PGC1-α and its downstream molecules as potential therapeutic targets in p53 wild-type lung adenocarcinoma.
On the connection between normal zone voltage and hot spot temperature in uncooled magnets

Abstract The propagation of normal zones in uncooled magnets has been studied. Special cases have been identified in which closed formulae for the propagation velocity can be obtained. An approximate formula is proposed for the more general case in which the matrix resistivity and the thermal conductivity obey the Wiedemann-Franz law and the specific heat depends arbitrarily on the temperature. With this formula, the connection between the normal zone voltage and the hot spot temperature can be worked out. In an example studied in detail (Ag/BSCCO conductor at 20 K), the voltage appears adequate to allow detection of the normal zone before the conductor overheats.
Trench-Parallel Flow Beneath the Nazca Plate from Seismic Anisotropy

Shear-wave splitting of S and SKS phases reveals the anisotropy and strain field of the mantle beneath the subducting Nazca plate, Cocos plate, and the Caribbean region. These observations can be used to test models of mantle flow. Two-dimensional entrained mantle flow beneath the subducting Nazca slab is not consistent with the data. Rather, there is evidence for horizontal trench-parallel flow in the mantle beneath the Nazca plate along much of the Andean subduction zone. Trench-parallel flow is attributale utable to retrograde motion of the slab, the decoupling of the slab and underlying mantle, and a partial barrier to flow at depth, resulting in lateral mantle flow beneath the slab. Such flow facilitates the transfer of material from the shrinking mantle reservoir beneath the Pacific basin to the growing mantle reservoir beneath the Atlantic basin. Trenchparallel flow may explain the eastward motions of the Caribbean and Scotia sea plates, the anomalously shallow bathymetry of the eastern Nazca plate, the long-wavelength geoid high over western South America, and it may contribute to the high elevation and intense deformation of the central Andes.
Postoperative Inflammatory Reactions to Intraocular Lenses Sterilized with Ethylene-Oxide

Postoperative inflammatory complications after intraocular lens implantation have increased since we have been using lenses manufactured by American companies and sterilized with ethylene-oxide, as compared with lenses from European companies sterilized by sodium hydroxide. The possible sources of this complication are discussed.
Thiamin Stability in Simulated Intermediate Moisture Food

Four different intermediate moisture model systems (IMMS) were designed and prepared to simulate intermediate moisture foods. Stability of thiamin hydrochloride in IMMS as a function of temperature, oxygen, aw, moisture content and composition of the model systems was studied. Analysis of kinetic data indicated that the rates of degradation of thiamin (1) can be represented by a first order model, (2) were not affected by oxygen concentration and presence of riboflavin and niacin, (3) obeyed an Arrhenius relationship for temperature dependence in the range 25-60°C, (4) increased as polarity of the reaction medium decreased, and (5) decreased as aw increased from 0.65 to 0.85.
Rotation in solar-type stars. I. Evolutionary models for the spin-down of the sun

Models of rotating, 1 solar mass stars through the pre-main sequence and main sequence stages have been calculated. The calculations begin on the Hayashi track with rapid, rigid-body rotation, with angular momentum removed from the convective envelope to simulate the effect of the solar wind as the models evolve. Interior angular momentum redistribution by circulation flows and rotational instabilities is computed by a diffusion technique. It is found that at the present age of solar evolution, the models employed have internal rotation rates significantly larger than those allowed by measured solar oblateness, suggesting that the effects of circulation currents near the outer boundary of the radiative interior have been underestimated. An important result of this study is the implication that circulation currents produce deep mixing of such minor constituents as He-3 and C-13, perhaps also explaining the observed steady depletion of lithium during the main-sequence stage.
Reactions of TpRe(CO)2(THF) with Aromatic Molecules (Tp = Hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate)

The complex TpRe(CO)2(THF) (3) (Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate) reacts with a variety of aromatic molecules to form stable binuclear complexes of the form {TpRe(CO)2}2(μ-η2-η2‘-L), where L = furan (6), N-methylpyrrole (7), or naphthalene (8). With thiophene, the TpRe(CO)2 fragment yields the sulfur-bound mononuclear complex TpRe(CO)2(η1-thiophene) (5). In the absence of a suitable ligand, complex 3 reacts under a nitrogen atmosphere to form Tp(CO)2Re(μ-N2)Re(CO)2Tp (9). An X-ray diffraction study of a single crystal of 9 provides geometric details.
Attempted decomposition of age-related influences on two tests of reasoning.

Two studies were designed to determine which of several hypothesized components were primarily responsible for the age-related effects on matrix reasoning (Study 1) and analytical reasoning (Study 2). In neither case were the analyses successful because the variables selected to assess the hypothesized components failed to exhibit discriminant validity and also had little unique age-related influences. These results, along with the results of other analyses, suggest that large proportions of the age-related effects on different cognitive variables are shared and are not independent of one another. Implications of these findings for the interpretation of age-related influences on measures of cognitive functioning are discussed.
Human fibroblastic cells attach to controlled-charge and gelatin-coated microcarriers at different rates

Abstract Human embryonic fibroblastic cells, FS-4, attach to Cytodex 1 and Cytodex 3 microcarriers at different rates. The first order rate constant for attachment to Cytodex 1 is two-fold higher than that to Cytodex 3. After attachment no difference in growth kinetics on the two types of microcarriers was observed.
Predictor Variables of the Maximum Radar Echo Activity on Convective Days.

Abstract Digital radar data and atmospheric sounding information were analyzed with the intention of beginning a search for atmospheric parameters which are easily attainable, are independent of whether or not clouds are seeded, and either individually or in concert with others can be used to predict the potential size, intensity and coverage of convective precipitation as estimated by radar. Stability indexes and upper level wind speeds seemed to be the dominant predictor variables.
The given-new strategy of comprehension and some natural expository paragraphs

Three experiments tested whether Clark and Haviland's given-new strategy operates in the processing and retention of natural expository paragraphs read as wholes. The first indicated that a paragraph that facilitates the given-new strategy is easier to process than a paragraph that has the same truth value but that frustrates the given-new strategy. The second indicated that a facilitating paragraph has advantages in memory over its variant. And the third both largely confirmed the findings of the second test and suggested that subjects add new information to the memory node holding the given information. Therefore, these experiments extend the tested applicability of the given-new strategy to the readability and retention of some natural expository paragraphs.
A facile permethylation of cord factor.

Abstract Small quantities of cord factor (trehalose-6,6'-dimycolates) can be readily and almost quantitatively permethylated in anhydrous diethyl ether/dimethylformamide mixtures with CH3I and NaH-oil dispersion in the presence of molecular sieve. Hydrolysis of the permethylated products from cord factor ‘Peurois’ and ‘P3-Aoyama-B’ prove these to be 6,6'-dimycolates. Experiments with a 4-palmitoyl glucose suggest that acyl migration in this system may not occur.
Landownership and the Adoption of Minimum Tillage: Comment

In a recent paper, Lee and Stewart (hereafter LS) estimated adoption of minimum tillage as a function of land tenure, farm size, and erosion hazard. They concluded that full-owner operators and owners of smaller farms have lower adoption rates than do other groups. Adoption rates in a range between 32% and 45% were published for the Corn Belt in 1977, and their model implied national adoption rates between 37% and 49%.
Meiotic recombination: Making and breaking go hand in hand

Accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes at the first meiotic division requires the tight coordination of DNA replication, homologous recombination and chromosome organization. Recent studies suggest that the initiation of meiotic recombination is mechanistically coupled to premeiotic DNA replication.
Septal lesions: effects on lordosis behavior and pattern of gonadotropin release.

Abstract Septal lesions increase behavioral responsiveness to estrogen of male, female, and androgen-sterilized female (ASF) rats as measured by lordosis behavior. Male and ASF animals normally show low levels of female sexual receptivity when compared to normal female rats. However, the level of female sexual behavior in male and ASF rats with septal lesions is comparable to that of highly receptive female rats. Progesterone facilitates the estrogen-induced female sexual behavior of female, but not male or ASF, animals. Andrenalectomy had no effect on the increased behavioral sensitivity to estrogen induced by septal lesions. Amygdala lesions, comparable in size to septal lesions, did not facilitate female sexual behavior. The male or female pattern of gonadotropin release is not affected by septal lesions, indicating a disassociation between the regulation of gonadotropin release and sexual behavior. Since septal lesions facilitate lordosis behavior in rats, the septal region appears to exert a tonic inhibition on female sexual behavior.
Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on cones and bipolar cells of the tiger salamander retina.

Abstract The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the tiger salamander retina was studied using autoradiographic and electrophysiological techniques. A high-affinity uptake mechanism for GABA has been localized in about 60% of the horizontal cells and about 30% of the amacrine cells. Effects of exogeneously applied GABA on the membrane conductance of cones and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells (HBC) were examined using the two electrode current-clamp technique in the living retinal slices. In both cell types, 1 mM of GABA caused a conductance increase. In perfused eyecups, 2 mM of GABA selectively abolished the surround response of the HBC and left the center response unchanged. These results are consistent with the notion that a population of horizontal cells and a population of amacrine cells in the salamander retina may use GABA as their neurotransmitter.
A developmental investigation of selective attention to graphic, phonetic, and semantic information in words

Second and fifth-grade and college-age subjects made similarity judgments on sets of three words that required attention to orthographic, phonetic, or semantic information. Accuracy and speed increased with age. Even the youngest subjects were able to perform the task of selecting a given feature of a word reasonably well. Differences in difficulty among the three tasks decreased with age, suggesting a developmental change (primarily between second and fifth grade) toward facility in extracting phonetic and semantic information from words. The presence of confusable, potentially relevant information had detrimental effects overall which decreased with age and varied with the type of task and type of distractor. For all ages, performance was better when all trials of a particular task were blocked together than when trials of the three tasks were randomly ordered.
High-pressure viscosity and density of polyethylene solutions in n-pentane

Viscosity and density of homogeneous one-phase solutions (1 wt %) of polyethylenes with narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw = 2150, 15,520, 108,000, and 420,000) in n-pentane were determined at 398, 413, and 428 K over a pressure range from 20 to 60 MPa. Measurements were done with a special falling cylinder type viscometer that permits simultaneous determination of viscosity, density, and phase state of the solutions. It is shown that the viscosities of these solutions can be correlated with density (p) using the exponential relationships μ − A exp {B/(1 − Voρ)} or μ = C1 exp (C2ρ), which are based on free-volume considerations. Analysis of the temperature dependence of viscosity at fixed pressures, and its pressure dependence at fixed temperatures show that the flow-activation energies for these solutions are in the range 8–12 kJ/mol, and the apparent activation volumes are in the range 30–45 cm3/mol. Evaluation of the specific viscosity and analysis of the molecular weight dependence of intrinsic viscosity in accordance with Mark–Houwink type relationship μ = KMa suggest a value of 0.5 for the exponent a, which is typical of poor or theta solvents. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Excimer-laser-induced densification in binary silica glasses.

We report that the rate of excimer-laser-induced densification is a strong function of composition in the binary metal-oxide–silica system. The pulsed excimer-laser-induced densification rate is shown to increase with metal-oxide content. A good correlation was found between the densification rate and the relative softness of the glass, as indicated by the annealing temperature. The densification rate for all the glasses was also found to be a strong function of the excimer-laser wavelength in the order 157 nm>193 nm>248 nm.
Ultrasound improves the success rate of a tibial nerve block at the ankle.

Background: The tibial nerve provides the majority of sensation to the foot. Although multiple techniques have been described, there exists little evidence-based medicine evaluating different techniques for blocking the tibial nerve at the ankle. We hypothesized that an ultrasound (US)-guided tibial nerve block at the ankle would prove more successful than a conventional approach based on surface landmarks. Methods: Eighteen healthy volunteers were prospectively randomized into this controlled and blinded study. Each subject was placed prone, and one ankle was randomly assigned to receive either an US-guided tibial nerve block (group US) or a traditional landmark-based tibial nerve block (group LM). The subject9s other ankle then received the alternate approach. All blocks were performed with 5 mL of 3% chloroprocaine. We evaluated sensory and motor blocks. A successful block was defined as complete loss of sensation to both ice and pinprick at 5 cutaneous sites. Secondary outcome variables included performance times, number of needle passes, participant satisfaction, and presence of any complications. Results: At 30 mins, the block was complete in 72% of participants in group US as compared with 22% in group LM. At all times, the proportion of complete blocks was higher in group US. Ultrasound-guided blocks took longer on average to perform than traditional blocks (159 vs 79 secs; P Conclusions: In healthy volunteers, US guidance results in a more successful tibial nerve block at the ankle than does a traditional approach using surface landmarks.
II. EVALUATION OF PHOTOTOXICITY OF SALICYLANILIDES AND SIMILAR COMPOUNDS BY PHOTOHEMOLYSIS

A system is described in which red blood cell photohemolysis is induced by salicylanilides and similar compounds. The range of chemical and physical conditions at which each compound reacts defines its ability as a photosensitizer. Results are correlated with the known clinical photoactivity of these compounds. Pre-irradiation by artificial and natural sunlight produced photoproducts which were evaluated by thin layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, osmotic fragility, pH changes and toxicity to red blood cells.
Effects of expectancy of outcome on the reactivity of self-monitoring

The present study investigated the effects of subjects' outcome expectancy on self-monitoring of a clinically relevant behavior, overeating. In conjunction with self-monitoring of eating habits, subjects received either a positive expectancy of behavior change or no expectancy regarding change. While both self-monitoring groups achieved significantly greater weight loss than controls, subjects in the expectancy group demonstrated significantly greater weight loss than no-expectancy subjects. Possible factors accounting for the disparity in findings between this and previous self-monitoring investigations are discussed.
Puppets, Slaves, and Sex Changes Mr. Garrison and South Park's Performative Sexuality

Disconnected neither from close textual analysis nor socially engaged theory, this article shows how what can be called “responsive” levels of political discourse are mobilized to react and propose alternatives to dominant ideology. Through an analysis of a character's changing sexuality in the television show South Park, it demonstrates how cultural texts can act discursively within the wider framework of contemporary politics. Over the course of eleven seasons, Mr. Garrison has functioned specifically to address and attack rhetoric surrounding queer identity, (hyper)masculinity, femininity, and heteronormative sexual identity. Engaging with contemporary queer theory, the essay attempts to formulate an understanding of identity based not in “difference,” “tolerance,” or “resistance” but as an assemblage of discourses and representations that are both reactions to and attempted critiques of dominant (binary) positions on sexuality that point us toward new, socially responsive locations and locutions withi...