cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Oxygen and Ethanol: A Potential Combination Therapy in Stroke

Currently, stroke researchers are racing to develop neuroprotective strategies that shield the brain from ischemia-induced injury. To date, neuroprotective agents that have shown promise in animal studies have failed in clinical trials. Since the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke exploits numerous pathways leading to cellular injury, a combination of neuroprotective agents may offer substantially better results than a single agent alone - by intervening in multiple mechanisms. In this paper, we consider an approach using combination therapy with normobaric oxygen (NBO) and ethanol. Studies indicate that NBO therapy improves tissue oxygenation, thereby reducing the extent of hypoxic injury and decelerating the development of tissue necrosis when administered early after stroke onset. Studies have also demonstrated that low to moderate levels of ethanol not only decrease the risk of stroke, but also reduce post-ischemic sequelae. This article reviews the history of NBO and ethanol therapies, their mechanisms of action, the results of key clinical trials, and the rationale for their use as a combination therapy in the context of stroke treatment.
Evidence-Specific Structures for Rich Tractable CRFs

We present a simple and effective approach to learning tractable conditional random fields with structure that depends on the evidence. Our approach retains the advantages of tractable discriminative models, namely efficient exact inference and arbitrarily accurate parameter learning in polynomial time. At the same time, our algorithm does not suffer a large expressive power penalty inherent to fixed tractable structures. On real-life relational datasets, our approach matches or exceeds state of the art accuracy of the dense models, and at the same time provides an order of magnitude speedup.
Hormones as “difference makers” in cognitive and socioemotional aging processes

Aging is associated with well-recognized alterations in brain function, some of which are reflected in cognitive decline. While less appreciated, there is also considerable evidence of socioemotional changes later in life, some of which are beneficial. In this review, we examine age-related changes and individual differences in four neuroendocrine systems—cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, and oxytocin—as “difference makers” in these processes. This suite of interrelated hormonal systems actively coordinates regulatory processes in brain and behavior throughout development, and their level and function fluctuate during the aging process. Despite these facts, their specific impact in cognitive and socioemotional aging has received relatively limited study. It is known that chronically elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol exert neurotoxic effects on the aging brain with negative impacts on cognition and socioemotional functioning. In contrast, the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone appear to have neuroprotective effects in cognitive aging, but may decrease prosociality. Higher levels of the neuropeptide oxytocin benefit socioemotional functioning, but little is known about the effects of oxytocin on cognition or about age-related changes in the oxytocin system. In this paper, we will review the role of these hormones in the context of cognitive and socioemotional aging. In particular, we address the aforementioned gap in the literature by: (1) examining both singular actions and interrelations of these four hormonal systems; (2) exploring their correlations and causal relationships with aspects of cognitive and socioemotional aging; and (3) considering multilevel internal and external influences on these hormone systems within the framework of explanatory pluralism. We conclude with a discussion of promising future research directions.
Mechanism of autocrine stimulation in hematopoietic cells producing interleukin-3 after retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.

Abstract Endogenous expression of the interleukin-3 (IL3) gene introduced with a retrovirus vector renders hematopoietic cells autonomous of exogenous growth factor. To investigate the mechanism of autocrine stimulation, 25 clones were isolated after retrovirus transduction of IL3 into 32D-cl23 or FDC-P1 cells. Medium conditioned by these autonomous IL3-producing clones supported the growth of factor-dependent 32D cells. Although there was a severalfold variation in the amount of IL3 secreted (some clones secreted barely detectable levels), the doubling time of each clone in the absence of added IL3 was identical to that of the parental cell line maximally stimulated by exogenous IL3. Concentrated monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, both highly effective in neutralizing exogenous IL3, were assayed for ability to inhibit autocrine growth. Minimal inhibitory effects were observed only on washed autocrine clones secreting low levels of IL3. To test the activity of cytoplasmically synthesized IL3, the nucleotides encoding the signal sequence of IL3 were deleted and replaced with an in-frame ATG in the context of a consensus translation initiation sequence. Ten 32D clones expressing this restructured IL3 genome were obtained. Despite the presence of biologically active IL3 in cell lysates, all clones remained dependent on exogenous IL3, with the same dose-response as that found for 32D cells. Our data are most compatible with a mechanism whereby endogenously produced IL3 interacts with its receptor prior to surface display.
Nonuniform distribution of catalysts on supports: I. Bimolecular Langmuir reactions

Abstract An “egg-yolk” catalyst where the active ingredients are deposited towards the interior of a support can have greater activity than the more traditional uniform distribution, or the “egg-shell” distribution towards the exterior of a support. For the bimolecular Lagmuir kinetics under isothermal conditions, such as the oxidation of carbon monoxide over platinum, the effectiveness factors are computed and compared for four catalysts: active ingredient deposited in an interior layer, in a middle layer, in an exterior layer, and uniformly in the entire support. The interior layer catalyst is more advantageous at lower temperatures.
A note on calculation of the lowest eigenvalue of a continuum in which wave speed is a function of position

Abstract A simple method is described which gives upper and lower bounds for the lowest eigenvalue of a continuous, one-dimensional system in which the speed of wave propagation varies with position. The method is illustrated by numerical calculations for the case of surface waves in a liquid contained in a bay of variable depth. These show that convergence is relatively rapid. The method consists simply of approximating the system by a number of sub-systems each having an appropriate constant wave speed. Upper and lower bounds are obtained, respectively, by taking as the wave speed in each sub-system either the maximum, or the minimum value of the actual speed in that part of the whole system corresponding to the sub-system.
Magmatic interactions as recorded in plagioclase phenocrysts of Chaos Crags, Lassen Volcanic Center, California

The silicic lava domes of Chaos Crags in Lassen Volcanic National and mingling of this material into the silicic host. These processes Park contain a suite of variably quenched, hybrid basaltic andesite are commonplace in some orogenic magma systems and may be magmatic inclusions. The inclusions represent thorough mixing elucidated by isotopic microsampling and analysis of the plagioclases between rhyodacite and basalt recharge liquids accompanied by some crystallizing from them. mechanical disaggregation of the inclusions resulting in crystals mixing into the rhyodacite host preserved by quenching on dome emplacement. Sr/Sr ratios (~0·7037–0·7038) of the inclusions are distinctly lower than those of the host rhyodacite
Reading Empathy in a Quebecois Play: Crying to Laugh

This reception study received an Honorable Mention for the Research Award of the American Alliance for Theatre and Education, August 1994.
American Indian Policy and American Reform: Case Studies of the Campaign to Assimilate the American Indians

PART ONE: THE CONTEXT Introduction: The colonial legacy White power grows, reformer hopes fluctuate - the 1770s to the 1850s: Assimilationist pressures mount - the 1860s to 1920 The uncertain road to self-determination - the 1920s to the 1960s. PART TWO: THE CASE STUDIES Slavery, red and black Red, black and white - reconstruction and beyond American Indians and American anthropologists Indian education - goals and illusions Indian education in the 20th century Indian women in fancy and fact Urban Indians since the Second World War Indian political protest groups.
Further Reflections on Current Trait Theory

(1994). Further Reflections on Current Trait Theory. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 169-178.
Analysis of low-frequency wave scattering by turbulent premixed flame

Theoretical investigation of acoustic wave interactions with turbulent premixed flames was conducted to evaluate the acoustic energy amplification and/or damping due to the interaction of low-frequency acoustic waves with turbulent flames in three-dimensional space. Such amplified or damped acoustic energy is either coherent or incoherent as wrinkled flames cause coherent energy of a monochromatic acoustic wave to be damped into incoherent energy of spatially diffused and spectrally broadened acoustic waves. Small perturbation method (SPM) up to the second order was utilized to analyse net coherent and incoherent acoustic energies of the reflected and transmitted waves scattered from a weakly wrinkled turbulent flame surface in random motion. General formulations for net coherent and incoherent energy budget of the scattered fields were derived that can be applied to any type of flame height statistics. Production and/or damping of acoustic energy scattered from a turbulent flame is attributed to two effects: one is the acoustic velocity jump due to flame's unsteady heat release and the other is the flame's wrinkling due to its unsteady motion. Dimensionless parameters that govern net acoustic energy budget were derived in case of Gaussian statistics of flame surface behaviour: the r.m.s. and correlation length of flame height, the frequency ratio of the incidence frequency to the flame's correlation frequency, the time ratio of the flame's diffusion to correlation time and the incidence angle. The results of the scattered acoustic energy budget showed that noticeable amplification of acoustic energy was obtained either for a small frequency ratio («1) at the critical incidence angle or for a large frequency ratio and time ratio (»1), while damping was obtained for a small frequency ratio at off-critical incidence angles. The relative importance of unsteady heat release (the jump effect) and unsteady motion (the wrinkling effect) to net acoustic energy is controlled mainly by the frequency ratio: The unsteady heat release effect dominates the wrinkling effect at a large frequency ratio, and vice versa at a small frequency ratio. The energy transfer from coherent to incoherent energy is due to flame surface wrinkling and is enhanced with the square of the flame's r.m.s. height.
Abstract 4501: Development of novel Lithocholic acid carboxamides with antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human cancer cells

Bile acids, the products of cholesterol catabolism, are synthesized in the liver and subsequently excreted into the bile canaliculus and the digestive tract as N-acyl conjugates of glycine or taurine. Among all bile acids, Lithocholic acid (LCA) and Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) conjugates have been reported to inhibit the growth of various human cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Most importantly LCA has been shown to inhibit growth of different cancer cell lines including prostate and neuroblastoma cells, while sparing normal cells. In addition, a report has shown LCA-amphiphiles to be effective anti-tumor agents in a colon cancer xenograft model. In contrast, there are reports indicating that LCA may promote dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) induced colon carcinogenesis and may also act as a carcinogen itself. This indicates that in spite of having anti-cancer properties, LCA may pose a risk of developing colon cancer. We hypothesized that LCA structure can be optimized to eliminate the carcinogenesis promoting properties, while enhancing its potency to create effective therapeutics against colon, prostate, and other cancers. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a series of novel cyclic and acyclic LCA-carboxamides by blocking the acid functionality of LCA. The cytotoxicity of the novel analogs was evaluated against colon (HT29) and prostate (DU145) cancer cells. Three analogs ASR-320, ASR-322 and ASR-339 inhibited the viability of these cells with an EC50 value of 5-10 μM, while LCA had no effect on cell viability at highest dose used (50 μM). The results suggests that the new analogs are at least 10 times more potent than the parent compound, LCA. One of the agents, induced apoptosis in both prostate (DU145) and colon (HT29) cancer cell lines, as indicated by Caspase 3 activation and PARP degradation. Currently, we are further optimizing the structure based on the initial leads and investigating efficacy and mechanistic studies in prostate and colon cancer models. Detailed results of these investigations will be presented. Citation Format: Srinivasa R. Ramisetti, Deepkamal Karelia, Melanie Neagley, Shantu Amin, Arun K. Sharma. Development of novel Lithocholic acid carboxamides with antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4501. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4501
Analyzing Business Process Security Using Attributed Metagraphs

Inter-organization workflow is increasing in importance as organizations rely on outsourcing and offshoring to deliver complex global business processes. Capitalizing on enhancements to telecommunications infrastructure, information systems are integral to coordinating and distributing processes for both internal and external business units. Unfortunately, this increased reliance is occurring in an environment of escalating threats to information security compounded by market sensitivity and regulatory intensity. Building on recent workflow research, we investigate use of an attributed metagraph representation to analyze business process security. Using examples of both risk analysis and impact mitigation, we demonstrate the usefulness of attributed metagraphs for process analysis. Metagraph-based representation both supports assessment of existing processes as well as provides normative guidance for process redesign.
A new reliability assessment model for power electronic modules

The reliability of power electronic modules is investigated in a series system configuration. The impact of the increased junction temperature, caused by initiation of degradation process, is studied and captured to assess the effect on other component degradation processes: wire bond lift-off and the chip solder joint delamination. The proposed reliability model combines physics of failure modeling and probabilistic modeling to demonstrate the degradation processes affecting power electronic module lifetime. The effectiveness of the proposed model is further demonstrated by a numerical example.
A Branch-and-Bound Procedure for the Largest Clique in a Graph

We describe an algorithm for computing upper and lower bounds on the size of the largest clique in a graph. This algorithm is then incorporated in a branch-and-bound procedure for determining the largest clique exactly.
Analysis of Composite Beam Bridges by Orthotropic Plate Theory

A mathematical method is presented for the analysis of composite beam bridges by a more exact theory of composite orthotropic plates. Such an approach leads to a more accurate appraisal of beam moments. The computational techniques used in the analysis may be applied to other similar problems and are especially adaptable for use in electronic computers. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the method of solution, and the results are compared with those based on an approximate theory.
Purpose of the Glacier

Nature of the pre-glacial age; its rocks, soils, and climate—Effects of the glacier upon New England in the preparation of soils, harbors, coves, lakes &c—Constituents of soils—Agricultural vegetation adapted to the north—The best domestic animals raised there—Temperature of the south too hot—The civilized man has no food from the wild earth—It is of foreign origin and cultivated—The white man and savage contrasted—The geographical band of civilization—Man came when nature was fully prepared for him—Laws of natural supremacy, as manifested by ancient and modern nations—American north and south—These countries should thoroughly fraternize—Their destiny one—Prophetic types of her past—Curious researches upon the relative proportion of brain to spinal cord in the vertebrate class of animals—Its gradual elevation to the vertical line—Growth of the human mind slow—Advent of man—His “high antiquity”.
GEOGRAPHY OF THE SIBLING SPECIES RELATED TO DROSOPHILA WILLISTONI, AND OF THE SEMISPECIES OF THE DROSOPHILA PAULISTORUM COMPLEX.

The six sibling species of Drosophila willistoni group are among the most favorable, and at the same time challenging materials for studies on the genetics of speciation processes. The species are D. willistoni Sturtevant, D. paulistorum Dobzhansky & Pavan, D. pavlovskiana Kastritsis & Dobzhansky, D. equinoxialis Dobzhansky, D. tropicalis Burla & da Cunha, and D. insularis Dobzhansky. Burla et al. (1949) found slight morphological differences that were insufficient for identification of single individuals, but Spassky (1957) noted differences in the male genitalia which do permit such identification. Unambiguous discrimination is also possible through examination of the gene arrangements in the chromosomes of larval salivary glands (Burla et al., 1949; Dobzhansky et al., 1950), and of the variant enzymes detected by electrophoresis (Ayala et al., 1970). Owing to ethological isolation, crossmating of the species occurs rarely, although under laboratory conditions some cross-inseminations can be obtained (Burla et al., 1949). Intercrosses of D. insularis females with D. tropicalis and D. willistoni males, and occasionally with D. paulistorum
102 DISMISSAL OF PATIENTS FROM CHRONIC OPIOID THERAPY: REASONS FOR DISMISSAL AND POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS.

Introduction Physicians are in a unique position of being able not only to prescribe pain medications appropriately to patients but also to identify prescription drug abuse when it exists. Aim To evaluate the reasons for dismissal of patients from chronic opioid therapy and look at possible prevention. Methods The medical records of patients with chronic pain dismissed from the pain clinic in an outpatient medicine clinic were retrospectively reviewed for the assessment of the reasons leading to the discontinuation of their care. Inclusion criteria included patients with chronic pain ages 18 to 100 seen in the clinic within the last 4 years. The reasons for aberrant behavior were categorized as follows: (1) multiple providers, (2) multiple violations, (3) abusive behavior to clinic staff or physicians, (4) fraud, and (5) illegal drug use. Results A total of 76 patients9 charts were reviewed. Of 76 records, 26 patients (19.7%) had obtained opoids from multiple providers. Twenty-five patients (19%) had multiple requests for early refills, lost prescriptions, etc. Twelve patients (9%) had abusive behavior to the clinic staff and physicians. Eight patients (6%) had committed fraud, such as altering prescriptions, and five patients (3.8%) had their periodic drug screens positive for the illegal drug use. Conclusion The data revealed that seeking and obtaining controlled substances from different providers and frequent minor violations, such as early refill requests, were the most common reasons for dismissal from the pain clinic. Overt illegal acts, such as forgeries, were the least common. There was no clear-cut evidence in any of these cases of selling or diverting drugs to other people, although there were a couple in which there was some suspicion. It would appear that the vast majority of violations were abuse or addiction related to the individual being treated.
A Multi-agent Based Interactive Scheduling Model Considering Demand Response

The fast rising of peak load and large-scale intermittent renewable energy integration increase the difficulty of power system scheduling.If demand response(DR)resources are included in the traditional generation scheduling plan,the scheduling modes of a power system will be more complex and difficult to solve.Because DR resources are massive,widely distributed and mostly impractical to be controlled directly,an interactive mechanism between power grid control center and load agents managing multi-type power consumers is needed and proposed.Combined with different DR resourcesscheduling cost and other load agents incomplete information,each load agent makes a disperse decision to achieve its own profit maximization objective.Conventional cost-based load management may cause the loss of utilitiesrevenue and restrain their enthusiasm on DR program,a new profit-based decision-making model is proposed for utilities to overcome these issues.Case studies are given based on the IEEE 39-bus system.The change of generator output,scheduling cost and profit of an utility,as well as load agentsrevenue after considering the interactive mechanism are analyzed through the case studies.The results show that this interactive scheduling model can help to realize a win-win situation between a utility and load agents.
THE SOCIAL NATURE OF INDIVIDUAL SELF-IDENTITY: AKAN AND NARRATIVE CONCEPTIONS OF PERSONHOOD

Marya Schechtman has given us reasons to think that there are different questions that compose personal identity. On the one hand, there is the question of reidentification, which concerns what makes a person the same person through different time-slices. On the other hand, there is the question of characterization, which concerns the actions, experiences, beliefs, values, desires, character traits, etc. that we take to be attributable to a person over time. While leaving the former question for another work, Schechtman answers the latter question by proposing what she terms the narrative selfconstitution view, whereby Schechtman claims that we account for intuitive features (moral responsibility, survival, compensation, and self-interested concern) of characterization through narratives. Still, merely having a narrative is not enough. In order to live the life of a person, an agent’s narrative must sync with the narrative told about him/her in community. This paper, while in full agreement with Schechtman’s claim regarding narratives and their ability to explain the intuitive features that regard the question of characterization, puts pressure on the latter claim. I argue that a person’s narrative is not merely one that synchs with the narrative told in community, but one that is determined by the person’s community. In focusing on Schechtman’s second claim, I appeal to the Akan conception of personhood, showing that the community sets the parameters of personal identity, and by body politics and conferring social recognition, determines the traits that we take to be attributed to a given person over time.
Boston keratoprosthesis type I in the elderly

Background/aims To determine the outcomes of Boston type I keratoprosthesis implanted in elderly patients. Methods A retrospective case series was performed on patients at least 75 years old who received the Boston type I keratoprosthesis between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2012. Preoperative diagnosis, interval visual acuity, keratoprosthesis retention and postoperative complications were recorded for each patient. Results Forty-four Boston type I keratoprostheses were implanted in 44 eyes of 43 patients. The most common indication for surgery was corneal graft failure (n=23; 52.3%) followed by corneal scar (n=8; 18.2%) and limbal stem cell dysfunction (n=8; 18.2%). All patients had preoperative visual acuity of ≤20/200. Thirty-six of 44 (82%) patients achieved visual acuity of 20/200 or better postoperatively, and 20 of those (55.6%) maintained 20/200 or better for 1 year after surgery. The median length of follow-up was 825 days (range: 27–2193 days), and at the last follow-up visit, 20 of 44 (45.5%) had 20/200 or better vision. The median best-corrected visual acuity (logMAR) improved from 2.6 preoperatively to 1.0 at 1 year postoperative (p Conclusions Boston type I keratoprosthesis is an effective modality in corneal blindness in elderly patients. Failure to restore or maintain ambulatory vision was typically due to non-corneal comorbidities, often unrelated to the keratoprosthesis.
On Types of Scientific Enquiry: the Role of Qualitative Reasoning

A bstract . One type of scientific inquiry involves the analysis of large data sets, often using statistical models and formal tests of hypotheses. Large observational studies have, for example, led to important progress in health science. However, in fields ranging from epidemiology to political science, other types of scientific inquiry are also productive. Informal reasoning, qualitative insights, and the creation of novel data sets that require deep substantive knowledge and a great expenditure of effort and shoe leather have pivotal roles. Many breakthroughs came from recognizing anomalies and capitalizing on accidents, which require immersion in the subject. Progress means refuting old ideas if they are wrong, developing new ideas that are better, and testing both. Qualitative insights can play a key role in all three tasks. Combining the qualitative and the quantitative–and a healthy dose of skepticism–may provide the most secure results . One type of scientific inquiry involves the analysis of large data sets, often using statistical models and formal tests of hypotheses. A moment's thought, however, shows that there must be other types of scientific inquiry. For instance, something has to be done to answer questions like the following. How should a study be designed? What sorts of data should be collected? What kind of a model is needed? Which hypotheses should be formulated in terms of the model and then tested against the data?
Citizen Science [Guest editors' introduction]

In this introduction for the special issue on citizen science, the guest editor describes what is meant by citizen science and crowdsourcing projects as well as what their importance and impacts are. She also introduces some of the projects briefly and provides resources for accessing and learning more about citizen science projects.
The New National Core Arts Standards and World Music.

Following an overview of the organization of the new National Core Arts Standards, this column provides a listing of the new standards that include terminology related to world music: “world music,...
On Random and Multidimensional Channel Effects in Cluttered Environments

Machine-to-machine devices have the potential to be placed in environments that are less than ideal for wireless propagation, such as factory floors or within metallic enclosures. In this letter, we illustrate that such environments not only produce the expected multipath, but can also depolarize the signal across all three spatial dimensions. Furthermore, we show that these effects are multidimensional in which they are highly sensitive to extremely small changes in user placement and frequency of operation. That is, these channels exhibit randomness based on a user's action. These effects motivate new channel characterization approaches and metrics along with the development of tripolar antenna designs. This letter concludes by presenting the efficacy of such a prototype antenna.
Developments in MOOC Technologies and Participation Since 2012: Changes Since 'The Year of the MOOC'

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are a recent approach to education, with much buzz generated around them by technology investors, educators, and the news media alike. However, despite the hype and the subsequent enrollment of millions of learners into MOOCs, the following years experienced a reversal of energy as the results of studies on the effects and costs of MOOCs began to reveal that MOOCs were not a panacea to formal educations’ challenges. Now, in 2016, as MOOCs continue to serve millions of students and there are more courses available than before, key questions persist about the efficacy, relevance, and value of MOOCs. This chapter examines the state of MOOCs between 2012 and 2016 and discusses advances in knowledge around MOOCs that have been observed from empirical research during this period. We build upon our previous review of MOOCs that was originally written in 2013 (Riel & Lawless, 2015), as a large number of studies focused on MOOC technologies, efficacy, and goals have been published in the short time between 2012 and 2016.
Organizational Variability in Early Aggregated Communities in Middle-Range Societies: An Example from the Kayenta Region of the American Southwest

Early aggregated communities are the result of individuals and families from geographically dispersed social networks coming together at a single geographic locale. In the process of this transition, individuals and families must find new ways to relate to one another and are constantly negotiating their positions in new, and highly dynamic, social orders. To facilitate this negotiation, villages, and families within villages, experiment with existing and new social mechanisms. The result can be considerable differences in the organization of villages within the same region and even houses within a village. This study examines this variability at two Tsegi-phase villages (Segazlin Mesa and Pottery Pueblo) in the Kay enta region of the American Southwest to better understand these processes.
A prospective double blind randomized controlled study on the use of ethanol locks in HPN patients

Summary Background & aims Ethanol lock therapy (ELT) has been shown to reduce the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) in high-risk home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether ELT therapy for all patients newly started on HPN would reduce the incidence of CRBSI. Methods This study was a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial that was carried out from July 2014 to April 2016. The study participants were patients newly started on HPN, and they were randomly assigned to either treatment with ELT or our current standard of care with saline heparin locks. The primary outcome was occurrence of CRBSI. Results Thirty eight patients that were newly started on HPN were randomized to either treatment with ELT (n = 18) or to our current standard of care with heparin locks (n = 20). Four patients in the ELT group and one patient in the control arm had a CRBSI (p = 0.17). No significant adverse side effects were noted during the study. Conclusions This study did not show improvement in the rate of CRBSI with ELT in all patients started on HPN. ELT therapy may be most helpful to reduce in CRBSI in high-risk HPN patients, but further studies with a randomized control trial design of high-risk patients are needed to further clarify this important issue in HPN patients. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov prior to patient enrollment ( NCT02227329 ).
Key differences between apoC-III regulation and expression in intestine and liver.

ApoC-III is a critical cardiovascular risk factor, and humans expressing null mutations in apoC-III are robustly protected from cardiovascular disease. Because of its critical role in elevating plasma lipids and CVD risk, hepatic apoC-III regulation has been studied at length. Considerably less is known about the factors that regulate intestinal apoC-III. In this work, we use primary murine enteroids, Caco-2 cells, and dietary studies in wild-type mice to show that intestinal apoC-III expression does not change in response to fatty acids, glucose, or insulin administration, in contrast to hepatic apoC-III. Intestinal apoC-III is not sensitive to changes in FoxO1 expression (which is itself very low in the intestine, as is FoxO1 target IGFBP-1), nor is intestinal apoC-III responsive to western diet, a significant contrast to hepatic apoC-III stimulation during western diet. These data strongly suggest that intestinal apoC-III is not a FoxO1 target and support the idea that apoC-III is not regulated coordinately with hepatic apoC-III, and establishes another key aspect of apoC-III that is unique in the intestine from the liver.
Resisting for other reasons

Does a victim have to intend to resist oppression in order to discharge her obligation to do so, or is it sufficient to resist oppression intentionally in the course of pursuing other plans and projects of importance to her? I argue that resisting intentionally can be sufficient: given the ways that oppression interferes with the lives of victims, trying to counteract that interference by living the life you want is genuine resistance. Requiring that victims have justice-oriented or agency-preserving reasons before their actions count as resistance will distort or miss a wide range of everyday responses to oppressive burdens.
Abstract 444: Probiotic Administration Mitigates the Detrimental Effects of Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Advances in sequencing and bioinformatics technologies have allowed unprecedented characterization of the gut microbiome. As a result, there is a growing appreciation that our microbial environment plays a critical role in the maintenance of health and the pathogenesis of disease. Accordingly, recent evidence suggests a role for gut microbiota in modulating cardiovascular disease and cardiac injury. We hypothesized that administration of the probiotic, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis 420 (B420), to mice will mitigate the pathological impact of ischemic heart disease (IHD), and that anti-inflammatory T regulatory (T reg ) immune cells are necessary to impart protection against IHD as a result of B420 administration. Pretreatment with B420 for 14 or 35 days attenuated cardiac injury from ischemia/reperfusion or permanent coronary ligation. Infarcted hearts from B420 treated animals displayed a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory markers and an increase in anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells (T reg ). We further show that T reg immune cells are necessary players to communicate this protection by B420 administration. This protection is due, at least in part, to an increase in anti-inflammatory M2 type macrophages in B420 treated animals. These results suggest that administration of the probiotic B420 protects against cardiac injury and that regulatory T cells mediate this effect. Modulation of the inflammatory response by administration of a specific strain of probiotic may offer a rational, safe, and cost effective way to prevent inflammatory damage after cardiac injury.
Chapter 67 – Statin-Induced Muscle Toxicity: Clinical and Genetic Determinants of Risk

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are among the most commonly prescribed medications in the industrialized world. They are generally regarded as safe. Mild myalgias can occur in up to 10% of patients exposed to statins, but skeletal muscle damage (accompanied by an increase in circulating creatine kinase levels) occurs much less frequently. Clinical predictors of statin-induced rhabdomyolysis (severe muscle damage with end organ failure) include female gender, advanced age, and concomitant medications known to interact with critical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Although the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism remains somewhat poorly characterized, growing evidence supports the claim that statin-related changes in protein prenylation disrupt mitochondrial function, as well as altering the balance between cell cycling and apoptosis in skeletal myocytes. This chapter surveys current knowledge regarding mechanism, and it explores novel genomic approaches being leveraged to provide deeper insight.
Resection of a large intra-abdominal desmoid tumor requiring abdominal wall reconstruction: A case report and review of literature

Abdominal desmoid tumors (ADTs) are rare, fast-growing, nonmalignant tumors of the soft tissue. ADTs have no known metastatic potential; however, they are locally aggressive and may result in local tissue destruction. The diagnosis of an ADT should be considered in a female patient with a prior history of pregnancy and previous abdominal surgery who presents with a painless intra-abdominal mass. We present the case of a 23 cm intra-ADT excision in a 40-year-old African American female requiring abdominal wall reconstruction with component separation. We also discuss a comprehensive review of the literature including current treatment methods and prognostic outcomes in patients following the resection of ADTs. An individualized multi-modality treatment approach employing both surgical and medical therapy to achieve histologically negative margins appears to be the most effective treatment strategy to reduce the recurrence rate of ADTs. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care and medical knowledge.
Gestión sanitaria y resistencia a los antimicrobianos en animales de producción

The important benefits of antimicrobial agents in disease control have turned them into a fundamental tool in animal production. Nevertheless, its elevated use and, often, misuse, has contributed to one of the main public health problems in the world: resistance to antimicrobial agents. At the animal production level, the applications in terms of health management allow decreasing the need to use antimicrobial agents and, in the cases where they are needed, the good practices reduce their potential to cause resistance to a minimum. Despite this, the application and development of new strategies that allow facing the problem on a trans-sectoral basis are required, integrating all participants in the public and private sector.
Seizures as a manifestation of systemic disease.

Although many systemic disorders involve the nervous system and may cause seizures, certain clinical features are unique to some illnesses. This article reviews seizures associated with collagen vascular disorders, vasculidities, fluid and electrolyte disturbances, endocrine diseases, porphyrias, renal and hepatic disorders, and drugs. Emphasized are features associated with each systemic disorder that may aid in diagnosis and therapy.
Design and preliminary validation of a mobile application-based expert system to facilitate repair of medical equipment in resource-limited health settings

Background One of the greatest barriers to safe surgery is the availability of functional biomedical equipment. Biomedical technicians play a major role in ensuring that equipment is functional. Following in-field observations and an online survey, a mobile application was developed to aid technicians in troubleshooting biomedical equipment. It was hypothesized that this application could be used to aid technicians in equipment repair, as modeled by repair of a pulse oximeter. Methods To identify specific barriers to equipment repair and maintenance for biomedical technicians, an online survey was conducted to determine current practices and challenges. These findings were used to guide the development of a mobile application system that guides technicians through maintenance and repair tasks. A convenience sample of technicians in Ethiopia tested the application using a broken pulse oximeter task and following this completed usability and content validity surveys. Results Fifty-three technicians from 13 countries responded to the initial survey. The results of the survey showed that technicians find equipment manuals most useful, but these are not easily accessible. Many do not know how to or are uncomfortable reaching out to human resources. Thirty-three technicians completed the broken pulse oximeter task using the application. All were able to appropriately identify and repair the equipment, and post-task surveys of usability and content validity demonstrated highly positive scores (Agree to Strongly Agree) on both scales. Discussion This research demonstrates the need for improved access to resources for technicians and shows that a mobile application can be used to address a gap in the access to knowledge and resources in low- and middle-income countries. Further research will include prospective studies to determine the impact of an application on the availability of functional equipment in a hospital and the effect on the provision and safety of surgical care.
ARCHITECTURES FOR NANO-SCALED DEVICES

The desire for higher performance, low cost electronic systems seem insatiable. We have witnessed in the latter part of the 20th century the introduction of microcomputers and cellular telecommunications systems. These systems have undergone continued enhancements in computational power, memory, and special features. The demand for further system improvements, lower power consumption, anywhere-anytime access to data and communications, multimedia, and portable personalized digital assistants will continue[1]. Also many real-time applications such as vision and speech recognition, robotics, and numerous other interactive control and signal processing applications will require hundreds of gigaflops of processing speed[2]. The scaling of device feature sizes into nanometer dimensions can conceivably allow systems made with these components to fulfill the performance improvements desired.
Numerical Simulation of Flow over Two-Dimensional Hills Using a Second-Order Turbulence Closure Model

We study turbulent flow over two-dimensional hills. The Reynolds stresses are represented by a second-order closure model, where advection, diffusion, production and dissipation processes are all accounted for. We solve a full set of primitive non-hydrostatic dynamic equations for mean flow quantities using a finite-difference numerical method. The model predictions for the mean velocity and Reynolds stresses are compared with the measured data from a wind-tunnel experiment that simulates the atmospheric boundary layer. The agreement is good. The performance of the second-order closure model is also compared withthat of lower level turbulence models, including the eddy-viscositymodel and algebraic Reynolds stress models. It is concluded that thepresent closure is a considerable improvement over the other modelsin representing various physical effects in flow over hills. Thefeasibility of running a finite-difference numerical simulationincorporating a full second-order closure model on an IBM workstationis also demonstrated.
American Sign Language and English bilingualism: educators’ perspectives on a bicultural education

Teaching a second language to students who are Deaf and hard-of-hearing is unique because language learning techniques often disrupt spoken/phonocentric models of bilingual language learning that r...
Weight Bias Internalization and Long-Term Weight Loss in Patients With Obesity

BACKGROUND The relationship between weight bias internalization (WBI) and long-term weight loss is largely unknown. PURPOSE To determine the effects of weight loss on WBI and assess whether WBI impairs long-term weight loss. METHODS One hundred thirty-three adults with obesity completed the Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS) at baseline, after a 14-week lifestyle intervention in which they lost ≥5 per cent of initial weight, and at weeks 24 and 52 of a subsequent randomized controlled trial (RCT) for weight-loss maintenance (66 weeks total). Linear mixed models were used to examine the effects of weight loss on WBIS scores and the effects of baseline WBIS scores on weight change over time. Logistic regression was used to determine the effects of baseline WBIS scores on achieving ≥5 and ≥10 per cent weight loss. RESULTS Changes in weight did not predict changes in WBIS scores. Baseline WBIS scores predicted reduced odds of achieving ≥5 and ≥10 per cent weight loss at week 24 of the RCT (p values < .05). At week 52, the interaction between participant race and WBIS scores predicted weight loss (p = .046) such that nonblack (but not black) participants with higher baseline WBIS scores had lower odds of achieving ≥10 per cent weight loss (OR = 0.38, p = .01). Baseline WBIS scores did not significantly predict rate of weight change over time. CONCLUSIONS Among participants in a weight loss maintenance trial, WBI did not change in relation to changes in weight. More research is needed to clarify the effects of WBI on long-term weight loss and maintenance across race/ethnicity. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02388568.
Kin-Work in a Time of Jihad: Sustaining Bonds of Filiation and Care for Tunisian Foreign Combatants

In this article, I examine the politics of kin-work performed by families of Tunisian foreign combatants, whose sons were recruited to jihadi militias following the 2011 Arab Spring. Here, I refer to a form of affective labor that engenders kinship relations through the performance of intentional acts. In the context of postrevolutionary Tunisia, where the state is currently embroiled in a domestic war against terror, families of foreign combatants perform such kin-work to make a moral claim on the state to assist them in repatriating their sons. In doing so, they must work against security discourses that define their sons as terrorists, thereby excising them from the rights-bearing category of the human. Nevertheless, kin-work is more than just a political strategy. I thus also attend to more intimate registers of kin-work, where it serves as a method for inhabiting uncertainty and providing care for absent kin.
CHALLENGING VASCULAR ACCESS FOR ATRIAL FLUTTER ABLATION IN A PATIENT WITH HETEROTAXY SYNDROME

Heterotaxy syndrome occurs in 1:10,000 birth. It is characterized by absence of left-right asymmetry of the thoracoabdominal organs. Associated cardiovascular anomalies are common. Cardiovascular procedures in these patients can be challenging due to difficult vascular accesses into the heart. 41
Relaxation time for strange quark spin in rotating quark-gluon plasma

Experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider have measured the net polarization of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ and $\overline{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}$ hyperons and attributed it to a coupling between their spin and the vorticity of the fluid created in heavy-ion collisions. Equipartition of energy is generally assumed, but the dynamical mechanism which polarizes them has yet to be determined. We consider two such mechanisms: vorticity fluctuations and helicity flip in scatterings between strange quarks and light quarks and gluons. With reasonable parameters both mechanisms lead to equilibration times orders of magnitude too large to be relevant to heavy-ion collisions. Our conclusion is that strange quark spin or helicity is unchanged from the time they are created to the time they hadronize. A corollary is that vorticity fluctuations do not affect the hyperon spin, either.