cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When “not my problem” isn't enough: Political neutrality and national responsibility in cyber conflict

Cyber conflict may not be new, but it is far from old. And as with any other major, disruptive global trend, there are vexing questions on which traditional international norms still apply, whether they apply but with modifications, or whether entirely new norms must be invented. One of the most important norms has been for states to be able to remain neutral in response to international conflict, with rights and responsibilities guaranteed by the Hague Convention. Because of the nature of cyber conflict, such legal norm may be less useful than a modified norm of political neutrality. The Internet protocols themselves route cyber attacks through any number of neutral countries, cyber conflicts are usually not so destructive to obviously trigger international law, and the identity or nationality of the belligerents may not be obvious. Nations might (and probably should) accordingly come under political pressure to take reasonable steps to stop cyber attacks, regardless of whether or not it is a formal treaty obligation. This paper explores this issue and ways a nation may be less than neutral, tying this to a ten-point spectrum of state responsibility to help determine just how responsible a nation might be in a cyber conflict. To illustrate potential new norms in action, the paper then describes a notional cyber conflict which shows how the nations' rights and responsibilities are influenced by the four factors of severity, obviousness, “stoppability,” and duration. The paper concludes with a short section on the commercial neutrality during cyber-conflict, given the critical role that the private sector has played in the creation and operation of cyberspace.
Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava Demonstrated With Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography

A 64-year-old man with atypical angina presented for participation in a clinical trial of minimally invasive coronary angiography with use of contrast-enhanced, retrospectively gated multislice spiral computed tomography (Figure). Two of the 12 coronary segments defined by the American Heart Association could not be assessed because of dense calcification; the remaining segments were free of significant obstructions. A persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) connected to the coronary sinus was noted incidentally. There were no associated cardiac malformations. A PLSVC connected to the coronary sinus is the most common anomaly …
New characteristic signatures from time‐dependent static light scattering during polymer depolymerization, with application to proteoglycan subunit degradation

Models were developed for the time-dependent light scattering intensity for simply branched (“comb”) polymers undergoing one or more of three distinguishable degradation mechanisms: (a) stripping off the side chains, (b) randomly degrading off the side chains, and (c) randomly degrading the backbone. The model equations were applied to the analysis of different types of degradation of simply branched biopolymers—bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan subunits (or “monomers”); NaOH stripped off the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains from the protein backbone [mechanism (a)], whereas hyaluronidase seemed to randomly cleave the GAG side chains [mechanism (b)], and HCl both stripped the GAG side chains and randomly cleaved the protein backbone [combined mechanisms (a) and (c)]. The reactions were followed with time-dependent multiangle, static light scattering. The time-resolved total scattering technique allowed degradation rate constants and percentage of material in the branched polymer backbone and side chains to be determined, in addition to the mechanisms involved. These new time-dependent light scattering profiles are added to the growing library of functions from which deductions can be made concerning polymer structure and associated degradation mechanisms and kinetics. These conclusions, drawn from time-dependent “batch” light scattering, are substantiated by preliminary size exclusion chromatography results and chemical binding assays for sulfated GAGs. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High-dispersion spectroscopic observations of Venus near superior conjunction: II. The carbon dioxide band at 7883 Å

Nine plates of the 7820-A CO2 band were taken in 1971. A curve-of-growth analysis of the CO2 lines indicates a rotational temperature of 241 + or - 2 K, with an average slope to the curve of growth of 0.60 + or - 0.03. The Venus phase angle ranged from 7.2 to 10.7 deg. The equivalent widths of the 1971 data fall on a smooth curve fit through the 1969 data for this band; there does not appear to be any discontinuity in the phase curve at small phase angles.
Explaining and Predicting the Choice of Organizational Form: Integrating Performance Ambiguity and Asset Specificity Effects

Organization theory suggests that various forms of performance ambiguity have governance implications for the strategic choice of control mechanism in organizational forms (e.g., Eisenhardt, 1985; Ouchi, 1979). Transaction costs theory emphasizes asset specificity as an important predictor of organizational form (e.g., Williamson, 1996). The current paper provides a new synthesis of performance ambiguity and asset specificity to better explain and predict the conditions under which various control mechanisms are more cost efficient.
Preservation of subband symmetry in multirate signal coding

The article derives necessary and sufficient conditions for a multirate linear phase FIR filter bank, acting on a symmetrically extended finite-length input signal, to produce either symmetric or antisymmetric downsampled subbands. Such techniques have gained popularity for image coding applications, and we provide the solution to a key technical problem in terms of the input and filter symmetries and the downsampling ratio.
The Stigma of Failure in Organizations

Organizations with exceptional operational performance have generally achieved this status through management's diligence encouraging the workforce to innovate. the use of suggestion boxes to collect process improvement suggestions from the workforce is one such example, but they are not always successful. Some organizations do a good job collecting great ideas from their workers, both staff and managers, while others see little result from their efforts. This paper presents a formal model of the (dis)incentives for entrepreneurial behavior in organizations. the model extends research on the stigma of failure into organizations by examining the implications of more conservative and more experimental organizational cultures on the incentives for entrepreneurial action by the corporate-funded employee. the models explain how a forgiving organization that is willing to accept failure as well as success will lead to more product and process innovation. contrariwise, it explains how a bureaucratic organization will rarely innovate because of its low tolerance for unsuccessful ventures.
Advances in Urological Laparoscopy

AbstractPurpose: Since its introduction 5 years ago, almost all open urological procedures have been performed laparoscopically. We provide an in-depth critical review.Materials and Methods: More than 200 articles on laparoscopic urology were reviewed. All laparoscopic procedures were divided into clinically established, clinically anecdotal and laboratory procedures. Comparisons between the laparoscopic and open method were carefully analyzed.Results: There were 5 clinically established procedures identified. In general, the laparoscopic procedures were as efficacious but less morbid and required less convalescence than their open counterparts; however, none was less costly.Conclusions: Despite the time-consuming and costly nature of laparoscopy, the decreased morbidity and brief convalescence that are the hallmarks of minimally invasive surgery are evident and well documented. Further dissemination of laparoscopic skills through postgraduate urology training programs and during urology residency is of t...
Roles, perceptions and control of infant feeding among low-income fathers.

Objective Introduction of solid foods before the recommended age of 4-6 months is a common practice in the USA, and appears to be especially prevalent among infants who are enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Currently, little is known about how fathers influence early infant feeding decisions, outside the decision to breast- or formula-feed. The purpose of the current study was to explore how fathers perceive the role they play in feeding and caring for their infants. Design Participants were twenty-one male caregivers, who were fathers or partners of the mothers of WIC income-eligible infants residing in two rural East Tennessee counties. In-depth, audio-taped telephone interviews were completed. Interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed according to standard grounded theory procedures to identify emergent concepts. These concepts were explored and linked together to become themes. Results Three themes emerged: (i) fathers' roles; (ii) fathers' perceptions; and (iii) control. Concepts within the theme of fathers' roles included physical and emotional support for both mother and infant, validation of maternal decisions, and financial support. In the present study, fathers' perceptions were primarily shaped by their own experiences, advice from those with experience, and information sought by the fathers. The theme of control appears to be the linkage between the fathers' attempts to modify infant behaviour and infants' response. Conclusions A final conceptual model was created to explain the interrelated nature of the themes and may be helpful to those who work with fathers and/or families of new infants.
Finite element simulation of deformation bands in saturated granular media with inhomogeneous porosities at the meso-scale

The balance of mass and linear momentum of a solid-fluid mixture furnish a complete set of equations from which the displacements of the the solid matrix and the pore pressures can be resolved for the case of quasi-static loading, resulting in the so-called u — p Galerkin formulation. In this work, a recently proposed model for dense sands is utilized to model the effective stress response of the solid matrix appearing in the balance of linear momentum equation [1], [2], [3]. In contrast with other more traditional models, inherent inhomogeneities in the density field at the meso-scale can be easily incorporated and coupled with the macroscopic laws of mixture theory. The hydraulic conductivity is naturally treated as a function of the porosity in the solid matrix, hence allowing for a more realistic representation of the physical phenomenon. The aforementioned balance laws are cast into a fully nonlinear finite element program utilizing isoparametric elements satisfying the Babuska-Brezzi stability condition. Numerical simulations on dense sand specimens are performed to study the effects of inhomogeneities on the stability of saturated porous media at the structural level.
IBEX's Enigmatic Ribbon in the sky and its many possible sources

Launched in October 2008, NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) has provided the first-ever energy-resolved all-sky maps of energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissions from the boundary of the heliosphere with the local interstellar medium (LISM). The maps reveal an enigmatic “Ribbon” of enhanced emissions superposed on a smoothly varying global distribution of ENA emissions. The Ribbon lies between the locations where the two Voyagers crossed the termination shock and was not sampled by them on their trajectories out through the heliosphere. IBEX's discovery of the Ribbon—a feature completely unpredicted by theory and numerical simulations—requires a new paradigm in our understanding of the heliosphere/LISM interaction. The Ribbon appears to be ordered by the interstellar magnetic field and the solar wind's latitudinal structure. The Ribbon's origin, whether from processes occurring in the heliosphere or beyond in the LISM, is unknown and the subject of intense investigation. Continued observations over the first 3 years of the IBEX mission have characterized the Ribbon, including its location, energy spectra, fine structure, and time variations. Here we review and compare the various hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the Ribbon, assess their ability to account for the features that have emerged from 3 years of careful analysis of the IBEX sky maps, and discuss how evolving theories and observations during IBEX's extended mission and by the National Research Council's recommended follow-on mission (the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe) will be used to finally determine the true source of the Ribbon.
The use of hypothermic-hypotensive technique in fulminant toxemia of pregnancy.

Abstract 1. 1. The definitive operative therapy of a small number of patients with acute toxemia of pregnancy has been carried out under a hypothermic-hypotensive technique. 2. 2. This technique was employed in an effort to make the surgical procedure necessary for the delivery safer for the mother and the fetus. 3. 3. An extremely pleasing but unpredicted result has been the excellent infant survival. 4. 4. The results to date with this ancillary technique in the treatment of acute toxemia of pregnancy seem to merit further consideration of its use.
Thermal Model for Hand-Object Interactions

A thermal model is proposed that predicts the temperature responses of the skin and material surface during hand-object interactions as well as the heat flux exchanged when the fingerpad makes contact with an object. The surface features of the fingerpad were measured in order to estimate the thermal contact resistance which is included in the model. A simulation based on the model was performed to calculate the thermal responses of the fingerpad as it made contact with a range of materials with varying thermal properties. A thermal measurement system based on an infrared camera has been designed and fabricated to overcome the limitations imposed by the contact thermal sensors. This system will be used to evaluate the validity of the model in predicting the changes in skin temperature during contact.
Differences in cardiac function with prolonged physical training for cardiac rehabilitation

Abstract Ten men aged 40 to 68 years with clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease and who had participated for 2 to 59 months in a physical training program for cardiac rehabilitation were studied. All 10 underwent measurements of maximal oxygen uptake and invasive studies of cardiac output, using the direct Fick method, at rest and at graded levels of exercise in the upright posture. Of four men who left the training program, three continued activities individually. Physiologic measurements were repeated after a lapse of 13 to 38 months (average 23 months). The rate of change in maximal oxygen uptake relative to normal changes with aging was decelerated in four men over an average of 21.8 months and was accelerated in six men over an average of 23.2 months. At comparable oxygen requirements of exercise, stroke volume and cardiac output were unchanged in the former group but significantly decreased in the latter. Arterial oxygen content and arterlovenous oxygen difference Increased in both groups. These results show that prolonged physical training results in physiologic adaptations of cardiac rehabilitation even though deterioration of cardiac function with advancing disease is probable in some patients.
Conditioned reinforcing effects of capsules associated with high versus low monetary payoff.

The ability of a placebo drug capsule to serve as a conditioned reinforcer as a function of being paired with money reinforcement was evaluated. Volunteers were administered two differently colored capsules that presumably contained two different drugs. Although the volunteers were told they might contain a stimulant, sedative, or placebo, both capsules contained only a placebo. During sessions, volunteers participated in performance tasks. The tasks were programmed so that following one capsule, the amount of money obtained contingent upon responding was greater (high frequency of reinforcement) than following the other capsule (low frequency of reinforcement). During experiment 1, participants were exposed twice each to the two reinforcement conditions (sampling). During sessions 6–8, no tasks were done but participants were allowed to choose which capsule they preferred. During these choice sessions, 9 of 12 participants chose the capsule associated with the high frequency of reinforcement 2 or 3 times. Experiment 2 was designed to explore further whether the differential mood effects observed during sampling sessions could be conditioned. Although this could not be demonstrated, the self-administration results demonstrating the control of choice behavior even in the absence of pharmacological effects suggest that drugs may function as conditioned reinforcers. This finding has implications for broadening our understanding of the determinants of initiation and continued drug use.
Upwind Second-Order Difference Schemes and Applications in Aerodynamic Flows

Explicit second-order upwind difference schemes in combination with spatially symmetric schemes can produce larger stability bounds and better numerical resolution than symmetric schemes alone. However, if conservation form is essential, a special operator is required for transition between schemes. An operational approach has been devised for deriving transition operators so that strict conservation and local consistency are maintained. Various aspects of hybrid schemes are studied numerically for model linear and nonlinear equations. To demonstrate the utility of combining two different algorithms, MacCormack's explicit, noncentered, second-order method is combined with a completely upwind version, and numerical solutions of the Euler equations are obtained for two-dimensional, transonic flows with embedded supersonic regions and shock I. Introduction "1T4 this paper we consider the application of explicit Isecond-order, one-sided or "upwind," difference schemes for the numerical solution of hyperbolic systems in conservation-law form = 0
Transiency in Urban Schools: Challenges and Opportunities in Educating ELLs With a Migrant Background

Many urban classrooms are facing an influx of students who are transient, part of migrant families who decide to reside in cities and large urban centers looking for financial stability and better ...
Replacement by Homologous Recombination of the minK Gene With lacZ Reveals Restriction of minK Expression to the Mouse Cardiac Conduction System

Abstract —The minK gene encodes a 129-amino acid peptide the expression of which modulates function of cardiac delayed rectifier currents ( I Kr and I Ks), and mutations in minK are now recognized as one cause of the congenital long-QT syndrome. We have generated minK- deficient mice in which the bacterial lacZ gene has been substituted for the minK coding region such that β-galactosidase expression is controlled by endogenous minK regulatory elements. In cardiac myocytes isolated from wild-type neonatal mice, I Ks is rarely recorded, while I Kr is common. In minK (–/–) myocytes, I Ks is absent and I Kr is significantly reduced and its deactivation slowed; these results further support a role for minK in modulating both I Ks and I Kr. Despite these changes, ECGs in (+/+) and (–/–) animals are no different at adult and at neonatal stages. ECG responses to isoproterenol are also similar in the 2 groups. β-Galactosidase staining in postnatal minK (–/–) hearts is highly restricted, to the sinus-node region, caudal atrial septum, and proximal conducting system. Moreover, as early as embryonal day 11, segmentally restricted β-galactosidase expression is observed in the portions of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular junctions that are thought to give rise to the conducting system, thereby implicating minK expression as an early event in conduction system development. More generally, the restricted nature of minK expression in the mouse heart suggests species-specific roles of this gene product in mediating the electrophysiological properties of the heart.
Isoflavonoid glucosides are deconjugated and absorbed in the small intestine of human subjects with ileostomies

Background:Althoughsoyisoflavonoidshaveanumberofhealthpromotingbenefits,informationconcerningthesitesoftheirabsorption and metabolism in humans remains limited. Isoflavonoid absorption from the gut requires deconjugation of glucosides to aglycones. Objective: The objective was to investigate the role of the small intestine in isoflavonoid absorption and metabolism in humans. Design:Humansubjectswithfullyfunctionalgastrointestinaltracts (n 6) and ileostomy subjects (n 6) were fed a single soy meal containing 64.8 mg isoflavonoid aglycone equivalents (95% as glucosides). Metabolism of isoflavonoids in the upper gastrointestinal tract was examined by analyzing ileal effluent from ileostomy subjects, and absorption was assessed indirectly by quantifying isoflavonoids and several metabolites in 24-h urine pools. Results:Chymecontained36.7%ofingestedisoflavonoidaglycone equivalents, primarily (95.8%) as aglycones. Qualitative profiles (x SEM) of isoflavonoid excretion in urine (daidzein glycitein genistein) and the quantity of isoflavonoid equivalents werenotsignificantlydifferentbetweenthecontrol(18.42.2mg) and ileostomy (13.5 3.2 mg) subjects. Dihydrodaidzein was present in the urine of all subjects, although the amount excreted by ileostomy subjects was less than that excreted by the control subjects. The percentage of producers and mean quantities of dihydrogenistein, equol, and O-desmethylangolensin in the urine of ileostomy subjects also were lower than those of control subjects. Conclusions: Ileostomy subjects efficiently deglycosylate isoflavonoid glucosides in the small intestine and appear to absorb aglycones with an efficiency comparable with that of control subjects. However, the production of microbial metabolites of isoflavonoids is limited in ileostomy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85: 1050–6.
Gaussian measures in traditional and not so traditional settings

This article is intended to provide non-specialists with an introduction to integration theory on pathspace.
Do sheltered workshops enhance employment outcomes for adults with autism spectrum disorder

This study investigated whether sheltered workshops help prepare individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) for competitive employment within the community. Two groups of individuals were compared: (a) 215 supported employees who were in sheltered workshops prior to entering supported employment and (b) 215 supported employees who were not in sheltered workshops. Individuals from both groups were matched based on their primary diagnosis, secondary diagnosis (if present), and gender. Results showed that there were no differences in rates of employment between these two groups. However, individuals who participated in sheltered workshops earned significantly less (US$129.36 versus US$191.42 per week), and cost significantly more to serve (US$6,065.08 versus US$2,440.60), than their non-sheltered workshop peers. Results presented here suggest that individuals with ASD achieve better vocational outcomes if they do not participate in sheltered workshops prior to enrolling in supported employment.
A REAPPRAISAL OF SOME PALEOGENE TURTLES FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

(2005). A reappraisal of some Paleogene turtles from the southeastern United States. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 979-982.
Happiness and Pleasure in Adorno's Aesthetics

Since Kant, the role of pleasure in the appreciation of art and beauty has been a frequent issue in German aesthetics. This article discusses Adorno's aesthetics in the light of this question. According to Alexander Nehamas, modernist art and aesthetics, starting with Kant and culminating in the twentieth century with Clement Greenberg, sacrificed pleasure for the sake of other aesthetic values. Although Adorno also was a deeply committed modernist, unlike the Kantians he did accept the need to relate aesthetic appreciation to pleasure and, ultimately, to a desire for happiness. The article compares this stance to that of Kant, who dismisses emotion completely. It also confronts Adorno with his criticisms of the culture industry. Ultimately, Adorno advocates a view of art as emotionally engaging, albeit often in negative, oblique ways, anticipating rather than directly presenting states of happiness and human integrity.
Gender Variance: An Ongoing Challenge to Medico-Psychiatric Nosology

An array of gender variant behaviors and identities among youth has been identified in many historical periods and diverse cultures around the globe. The cinaedos in Ancient Rome have been well doc...
Multi-band Terahertz Imaging System Design

Developing visualization devices in far infrared reveals tremendous advantages and focused the research of space agencies, defense and security as well many other private companies oriented to science. The THz wave emitters and receivers are less developed, compared to its neighboring bands (microwave and optical). During the past decade, THz waves have been used to characterize the composition and properties of solid, liquid and gas phase materials to identify their molecular structures. At the base of this development stays the possibility of achieving microstructures from conductive or super-conductive materials able to select by resonant criteria the emerging photons and drive into specialized detection devices. The problem to be solved is the ratio S/N because the energy of a single 1THz photon is 4.1 meV equivalent to a 47K temperature. A group of such highly selective micro-antenna can be grouped into a unit cell - called elementary multi-band detector. The development of resonant structures for frequency selectivity and directivity reasons coupled with the electrical field amplification and detection in low noise quantum transistors. Such an electronic system might be integrated in a modular structure and by multiplicity to create spatial sensors and phased arrays.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF BREAKING WAVES

In recent years there has been a surge in coastal engineering research devoted to various aspects of breaking waves including their kinematics at and after breaking. For a review of certain aspects of this field the interested reader is referred to Peregrine (1983) and Battjes (1988); in this discussion only certain publications pertinent to this investigation will be mentioned briefly. With the advent of laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) a number of investigators have measured the internal velocities of waves both before, at, and after breaking. For example, Nadaoka (1986) measured the velocities in the shoaling region under periodic breaking shallow water waves. This extensive study of the nearshore regions resulted in vector diagrams which described very well several spatial aspects of the flow shoreward of breaking. Skjelbreia (1987) also used LDV techniques to define the kinematic characteristics of breaking solitary waves. Measurements were made of the water particle velocities under spilling and plunging breaking waves both very near breaking and after breaking, close to the water surface and to the bottom. A high degree of reproducibility was possible with the laboratory wave generation system used so experiments were conducted at different locations with essentially the same wave; this will be discussed more fully later. Skjelbreia (1987) also presented vector diagrams of the velocities under plunging and spilling solitary breakers. These measurements when compared to those of Nadoaka (1986) raise several questions regarding similarities and differences between breaking oscillatory waves and waves of translation. In addition to detailed kinematic measurements, a macroscopic view of shoaling solitary waves was also taken by Skjelbreia (1987) yielding results on the variation of the wave height with distance both before and after breaking. Although there has been a considerable amount of work along these lines in the past, observations of the changes in the wave at and after breaking are still quite useful in developing an overall understanding of the breaking process.
Time to Treatment in Patients with STEMI

The focus on door-to-balloon time has expedited arrival in the cardiac catheterization laboratory for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Now the main opportunity for improving outcomes lies in the prehospital system of care, where challenges remain.
Differential regulation of stem cell factor mRNA expression in human endothelial cells by bacterial pathogens: an in vitro model of inflammation.

Production of hematopoietic growth factors by endothelial cells plays a pivotal role during inflammatory processes. Stem cell factor (SCF) is known to be expressed constitutively in endothelial cells. To investigate the regulation of this cytokine expression by inflammatory stimuli, we cocultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with various gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria meningitidis, respectively). Experiments were performed with bacterial concentrations ranging from 10(2) to 10(7) bacteria/mL for 3 hours. SCF- specific mRNA expression was studied using Northern blot analysis. Stimulation with the enteropathogenic bacterial strains Y enterocolitica and E coli resulted in a significant concentration- dependent increase of SCF mRNA expression. Similar results were obtained in coculture experiments with N meningitidis. As shown in experiments with E coli, the accumulation of SCF transcripts was also time-dependent. In contrast, coculture of HUVEC with the intracellular gram-negative strain C trachomatis had no effect on SCF mRNA expression. To elucidate the role of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall components, we stimulated HUVEC with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS induced a maximal SCF mRNA accumulation within 2 hours followed by decrease of SCF-specific transcripts to the basal level after 24 hours. In addition, we exposed HUVEC to the classical inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha). Kinetic experiments showed a similar pattern of regulation with an increase of SCF mRNA within 2 hours, persisting up to 12 hours, and a decrease to basal transcription after 24 hours. From these data, we conclude that SCF expression is regulated by inflammatory stimuli, such as IL-1 alpha and bacterial pathogens, suggesting an important role of SCF during inflammation.
Pressure Pain Threshold as a Predictor of Acute Postoperative Pain Following Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Objectives Acute pain in the postoperative period after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) has a significant effect on early rehabilitation, hospital length of stay, and the development of chronic pain. Consequently, efforts have been made to predict the occurrence of postoperative pain using preoperative and intraoperative factors. In this study, we tested the usefulness of preoperative pressure pain threshold (PPT) values in the prediction of three outcomes for patients who underwent TJA: visual analog scale pain scores, hospital length of stay, and opioid consumption. Materials and methods Using a digital pressure algometer, we measured the preoperative PPT in 41 patients expected to undergo TJA at three different body sites: the first web space of the hand, the operative joint, and the contralateral joint. We correlated each PPT separately with postoperative visual analog scale pain scores, hospital length of stay, and opioid consumption. Results No significant correlation was found between preoperative PPT and the three postoperative outcomes. This finding held true when patients were subdivided by surgery type (total knee arthroplasty vs. total hip arthroplasty). There was no significant difference in PPT between the three body testing sites. Discussion This study failed to prove the usefulness of PPT in the prediction of acute postoperative pain, pain medication consumption, and length of stay. The pressure algometer has previously found a place in the assessment of pain in a variety of clinical settings, but its utility has not yet been demonstrated in patients undergoing TJA.
“Grow Your Hair Out”: Chicano Gang Masculinity and Embodiment in Recovery

Using ethnographic data from Los Angeles, this article examines how two distinctive faith-based programs—Homeboy Industries and Victory Outreach—drew upon masculine bodily displays and practices to facilitate recovery from gang life. First, recovery’s body projects negotiated masculine bodily displays from gang member to “family man” or “man of God” by reshaping malleable facets of men’s embodiment. Second, leaders protected reformed gang embodiment from the risk of being interpreted as a failed masculinity by emasculating active gang embodiment. Lastly, because some subjects had difficulty overcoming rigid facets of masculine gang embodiment—such as drug addiction—recovery provided bodily practices for reshaping and redirecting rigid facets of embodiment. Whereas emerging research on gang exit has built upon functionalist-oriented life-course and role-exit perspectives of crime desistance, this article suggests that embodied, masculine contests are fundamental to the phenomenological realities of gang recovery. Recovering gang members deepen commitment to exit from gang life not by being passively legitimated as “family men” or “men of God,” but by actively using bodily displays and practices to construct new, masculine moral universes.
Altruistic scheduling in multi-resource clusters

Given the well-known tradeoffs between fairness, performance, and efficiency, modern cluster schedulers often prefer instantaneous fairness as their primary objective to ensure performance isolation between users and groups. However, instantaneous, short-term convergence to fairness often does not result in noticeable long-term benefits. Instead, we propose an altruistic, long-term approach, CARBYNE, where jobs yield fractions of their allocated resources without impacting their own completion times. We show that leftover resources collected via altruisms of many jobs can then be rescheduled to further secondary goals such as application-level performance and cluster efficiency without impacting performance isolation. Deployments and large-scale simulations show that CARBYNE closely approximates the state-of-the-art solutions (e.g., DRF [27]) in terms of performance isolation, while providing 1:26× better efficiency and 1:59× lower average job completion time.
Use of the Osmometer for Quality Control of Ice Cream Mix1

Fourteen brands of commercial vanilla ice cream, purchased at three different times, were analyzed for freezing point, firmness, fat, solids-not-fat, total solids, and net weight. Mean freezing points ranged from -2.65 ± .04 to -3.24 ± .19°C, which indicated ice cream composition and mix formulations varied. Values for mean penetrometer readings ranged from 120 ± 6.0 to 193 ± 34.9 mm; fat, 9.3 ± .23 to 16.8 ± .20%; solids-not-fat, 25.2 ± .17 to 29.6 ± .64%; total solids, 35.5 ± .25 to 42.0 ± .26%; and net weights, 1.026 ± .045 to 1.756 ± .017 kg/1.89 liter. The freezing point osmometer has potential use as a rapid quality control instrument to measure the freezing point of ice cream mix and detect when improper quantities of soluble mix ingredients have been incorporated into the mix. More testing of mix formulations will improve product uniformity and quality and assure compliance with regulatory standards.
DP-Optimality in Terms of Multiple Criteria and Its Application to the Split-Plot Design

Recent arguments have been made that optimal design criteria should incorporate pure error degrees of freedom for estimating unknown variance components. In this paper, we incorporate pure error, a...
Efficient affinity maturation of antibody variable domains requires co-selection of compensatory mutations to maintain thermodynamic stability.

The ability of antibodies to accumulate affinity-enhancing mutations in their complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) without compromising thermodynamic stability is critical to their natural function. However, it is unclear if affinity mutations in the hypervariable CDRs generally impact antibody stability and to what extent additional compensatory mutations are required to maintain stability during affinity maturation. Here we have experimentally and computationally evaluated the functional contributions of mutations acquired by a human variable (VH) domain that was evolved using strong selections for enhanced stability and affinity for the Alzheimer’s Aβ42 peptide. Interestingly, half of the key affinity mutations in the CDRs were destabilizing. Moreover, the destabilizing effects of these mutations were compensated for by a subset of the affinity mutations that were also stabilizing. Our findings demonstrate that the accumulation of both affinity and stability mutations is necessary to maintain thermodynamic stability during extensive mutagenesis and affinity maturation in vitro, which is similar to findings for natural antibodies that are subjected to somatic hypermutation in vivo. These findings for diverse antibodies and antibody fragments specific for unrelated antigens suggest that the formation of the antigen-binding site is generally a destabilizing process and that co-enrichment for compensatory mutations is critical for maintaining thermodynamic stability.
BlueSky: Crowd-Powered Uniform Sampling of Idea Spaces

Design contests and group creativity support systems have demonstrated the value of crowds for producing a solution to a design or engineering problem. However, when the goal is not one idea, but many ideas, an uncoordinated crowd effort would likely lead to a set of ideas clustered around those that are easiest to think of. We present BlueSky, a crowd-powered system that coordinates microtask workers to enumerate a uniform sample of textual ideas on a given topic. Through the process of soliciting ideas, an ontology is developed, which is used to categorize the ideas in the list. That categorization then reveals combinations of attributes that have not yet been covered. Our evaluation with four list topics compared BlueSky to freeform solicitation of ideas with respect to comprehensiveness (coverage over the entire idea space) and uniformity (mitigating the tendency to emphasize ideas that are easy to think of).
Meta-Selective C−H Arylation of Aromatic Alcohols with a Readily Attachable and Cleavable Molecular Scaffold

The first example of meta-selective C-H arylations of arene alcohol-based substrates is described. The strategy involves the combination of the transient norbornene strategy with the quinoline-based acetal scaffold to achieve the formation of biaryl compounds. Both a two-step meta-arylation/scaffold cleavage process and a total telescoping procedure are described, highlighting the convenient attributes of attachment, removal, and recovery of the acetal scaffold. Moreover, the meta-arylated compounds can be further derivatized via ortho-selective functionalizations. These processes establish a foundation for catalytic polyfunctionalization of alcohol-based compounds.
The Disruptive Impact of Customer Engagement on the Business-to-Consumer Sales Force

Customer engagement (CE) reflects the increased ease with which business-to-consumers (B2C) customers can engage with firms and other customers outside of face-to-face interactions. However, increased customer engagement brings with it uncertainty regarding the future of B2C salespeople. Traditionally, salespeople have been a firm’s primary method of engaging customers, but with customers now entering sales interactions highly engaged, the question is, are B2C salespeople still needed? To explore this timely issue, a focus group is employed and themes are developed, which interestingly run counter to suggestions in the literature that salespeople should act as “knowledge brokers” to create value with their customers. In fact, the findings indicate that face-to-face interaction may actually impede, rather than create, value. The chapter concludes by presenting theory-based solutions to this problem.
A Cross-sectional Survey of the North American Skull Base Society on Vestibular Schwannoma, Part 2: Perioperative Practice Patterns of Vestibular Schwannoma in North America.

Introduction Perioperative care of vestibular schwannoma (VS) patients is extremely variable across surgeons and institutions making practice patterns difficult to standardize. No data currently exist detailing this practice variability. Methods The North American Skull Base Society membership was electronically surveyed regarding perioperative care of surgically operated VS patients. Results There were 87 respondents to the survey. Surgical positioning, surgical approach utilized, and perioperative medical adjuncts are quite variable. However, of those performing retrosigmoid approaches, 49% perform this in the supine position, while 33% use a park-bench position with only 2% using the sitting position. In those performing translabyrinthine approaches, 86% perform this in supine position. Although the use of neuromonitoring appears to be standard of care (98%), other than the seventh nerve, there is substantial variability between respondents regarding monitoring of additional cranial nerves. Postoperative antibiotics are used by 65%, postoperative steroids 81%, and postoperative chemical deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in 68% of survey respondents. Conclusion Although the perioperative adjuncts to VS surgery are variable, there does appear to be a trend in common practice. Therefore, making surgeons aware of these trends may lead to standardized practice or alternatively trials of these variances to instruct which truly improve patient outcomes.
Improved Lung Function after Sinus Surgery in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Moderate Obstruction.

Objectives Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by infection and inflammation of the sinorespiratory tract. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is an option for patients with severe sinusitis. We sought to evaluate pulmonary function testing after FESS in pediatric and adult patients with CF. Study Design Retrospective chart review using data from all patients with CF who underwent FESS from January 2009 to July 2014. Setting Patients were from a single institution. Subjects and Methods Data were extracted for 181 patients and 320 surgeries. Lung function data, including the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC, were retrieved within 1 year before and after surgery. Mixed-effects regression was used to compare FEV1 trajectories before and after surgery. The effect of surgery was stratified by presurgery FEV1 to compare patients with mild/no lung disease (FEV1 >80%) and moderate/severe lung disease (FEV1 80% and 43 patients with FEV1 80%. Conclusion Pulmonary function testing improved in patients with moderate/severe lung disease 1 year following FESS. This suggests FESS may benefit pulmonary outcomes.
The sometimes competing retrieval and Van Hamme & Wasserman models predict the selective role of within-compound associations in retrospective revaluation.

Abstract The correlation between blocking and within-compound memory is stronger when compound training occurs before elemental training (i.e., backward blocking) than when the phases are reversed (i.e., forward blocking; Melchers et al., 2004 , Melchers et al., 2006 ). This trial order effect is often interpreted as problematic for performance-focused models that assume a critical role for within-compound associations in both retrospective revaluation and traditional cue competition. The present manuscript revisits this issue using a computational modeling approach. The fit of sometimes competing retrieval (SOCR; Stout & Miller, 2007) was compared to the fit of an acquisition-focused model of retrospective revaluation and cue competition. These simulations reveal that SOCR explains this trial order effect in some situations based on its use of local error reduction.
A Decision Made Well.

In response to “The Default Position: Optimizing Pediatric Participation in Medical Decision Making” (Olszewski and Goldkind 2018), we embrace the authors’ suggestion that the inclusion of pediatri...
Are energy Drinks Scapegoats? Decomposing Teenagers' Caffeine intake from Energy Drinks and Soda Beverages

Background: Energy drinks have been repeatedly blamed for contributing to caffeine intake among teenagers. Objectives: This study aimed to estimate and compare the caffeine intake of US teenagers f...
Network of MicroRNAs Mediate Translational Repression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor-2: Involvement in HIV-Associated Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling.

Background Earlier, we reported that the simultaneous exposure of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells to HIV proteins and cocaine results in the attenuation of antiproliferative bone morphogenetic protein receptor‐2 (BMPR2) protein expression without any decrease in its mRNA levels. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the micro RNA‐mediated posttranscriptional regulation of BMPR2 expression. Methods and Results We identified a network of BMPR2 targeting micro RNAs including miR‐216a to be upregulated in response to cocaine and Tat‐mediated augmentation of oxidative stress and transforming growth factor‐β signaling in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. By using a loss or gain of function studies, we observed that these upregulated micro RNAs are involved in the Tat‐ and cocaine‐mediated smooth muscle hyperplasia via regulation of BMPR2 protein expression. These in vitro findings were further corroborated using rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells isolated from HIV transgenic rats exposed to cocaine. More importantly, luciferase reporter and in vitro translation assays demonstrated that direct binding of novel miR‐216a and miR‐301a to 3′UTR of BMPR2 results in the translational repression of BMPR2 without any degradation of its mRNA. Conclusions We identified for the first time miR‐216a as a negative modulator of BMPR2 translation and observed it to be involved in HIV protein(s) and cocaine‐mediated enhanced proliferation of pulmonary smooth muscle cells.
AN UNRECOGNIZED CAUSE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Infrahisian atrioventricular block(AV) block can present a diagnostic challenge. Patients typically present with syncope or hemodynamic compromise, however type 2 myocardial infarction secondary to severe bradycardia is an uncommon presentation. 70-year-old female with history of hypertension and
Trends in vena cava filter insertions and "prophylactic" use.

Abstract Background Prophylactic vena cava filter (VCF) use in patients without venous thromboembolism is common practice despite ongoing controversy. Thorough analysis of the evolution of this practice is lacking. We describe trends in VCF use and identify events associated with changes in practice. Methods Using the National Inpatient Sample, we conducted a retrospective observational study of U.S. adult hospitalizations from 2000 to 2014. Trends in prophylactic VCF insertion were analyzed both across the entire study population and within subgroups according to trauma status and type of concurrent surgery. Annual percentage change (APC) was calculated, and trends were analyzed using Poisson regression. Results Among 461,904,314 adult inpatients (median [interquartile range] age, 58.1 [38.5-74.3] years; 39.6% male), the incidence of VCF insertion increased rapidly at first (from 0.19% to 0.35%; APC, 11.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.3%-12.2%; P Conclusions Whereas publication of the PREPIC2 trial led to a deceleration in prophylactic VCF insertion growth, the FDA alert had a bigger impact, leading to declining rates of prophylactic VCF use. Further investigations of prophylactic insertion of VCF in trauma, orthopedic, and neurosurgical patients are needed to determine whether current levels of use are justified.