cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel A-->G mutation in intron I of the hepatic lipase gene leads to alternative splicing resulting in enzyme deficiency.

We have identified the underlying molecular de- fect in a patient with hepatic lipase (HL) deficiency present- ing with hypertriglyceridemia and premature cardiovascular disease. DNA sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA and digestion with BsrI established homozy- gosity for an A + G mutation in intron I of the patient's hepatic lipase gene. This mutation introduces an additional AG motif within a potential branch lariat signal located 13 bp upstream of the native 3' splice site. Two minigene constructs (normal and mutant) consisting of exons 1 and 2 as well as 192 bp of intron I of HL were generated by the overlap PCR extension method and transfected in human 293 cells. Se- quence analysis of reverse transcribed, amplified cDNA gen- erated from total RNA isolated from transfected cells demon- strated the presence of abnormally spliced products containing 13 and 78 additional bases as well as the accumu- lation of unspliced mRNA. No normally spliced mRNA was identified. Thus, the A + G mutation disrupts normal splic- ing of intron I and generates a new AG site that is utilized as an alternative 3' splice signal leading to the most prominent RT-PCR product in vitro. Translation of these alternatively spliced products leads to premature termination resulting in the synthesis of a truncated, non-functional enzyme. The absence of normal HL protein in post heparin plasma of this patient was confirmed by Western blotting. DNA restriction analysis demonstrated that all four of the proband's children, who exhibit HL activity levels between those of the HL-defi- cient father and the mother with normal HL activity, are heterozygotes for the splice site mutation. Thus, our studies establish the functional significance of a novel mutation in the HL gene of a patient presenting with HL defi- ciency.-Brand, K., K. A. Dugi, J. D. Brunzell, D. N. Nevin, and S. Santamarina-Fojo. A novel A + G mutation in intron 1 of the hepatic lipase gene leads to alternative splicing result- ing in enzyme deficiency. J. Lipid Res. 1996. 37: 1213-1223.
“Some Yankee Non-sense About Humanity”: Hiding away African Health in Early American Fiction

We have seen in the foregoing chapters how fictional medical encounters chart out a map of social relations among early Americans. In this chapter, we will see how they relegate African Americans to another map altogether. Depictions of the physical well-being and medical treatment of enslaved and free Africans in the early American novel describe a form of health and healing that is nearly devoid of social affection. The novels discussed thus far have chronicled a movement away from concepts of health and medicine that are grounded in ties of community and toward a self-interested, market driven form of medicine.
End-user support in information centers: a contingency perspective

End-user support is one of the most important determinants of end-user computing (EUC) effectiveness. Information centers (ICs) are widely recognized as being the primary source of EUC support. Few EUC research studies have focussed on end-user support in ICs. This study identified the components of end-user support and examined the impacts of five contingency variables on the construct of Support Needed. These were: (i) End-User Computing Sophistication, (ii) Complexity of Applications Developed, (iii) Variety of Applications Developed, (iv) Variety of Hardware Strategies Used, and (v) IC Maturity. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data. One Executive Questionnaire and two End-User Questionnaires were mailed to each of 548 ICs across the country. The executive response rate was 26.35% and the end-user response rate was 15.79%. The measure of Support Needed was found to have twelve underlying factors. These were later reduced to ten. End-User Computing Sophistication, Variety of Hardware Strategies Used, and IC Maturity were found to positively influence Support Needed. Variety of Applications Developed and Complexity of Applications Developed did not significantly influence Support Needed. Support Needed was higher for users who developed applications than for those who did not. Two of the factors underlying Support Needed were positively influenced by IC Maturity. The importance of certain other factors increased in the initial stages of IC growth but either flattened or declined subsequently. An assumption of this study was that fulfillment of the support needs of end-users would enhance end-user satisfaction. Path analysis on a subset of the research model revealed that End-User Satisfaction was positively and strongly influenced by Needs Fulfilled. Analyses were conducted to determine whether IC managements were aware of, and were reacting to, the significant influences of the contingency constructs on Support Needed. These analyses revealed that IC managements were either not aware of these influences or ignoring them. The implication of these results for IC managers is that support services should be designed around the needs of end-users. To achieve this, IC staff should spend more effort in understanding their business functions.
Fast CNN surveillance pipeline for fine-grained vessel classification and detection in maritime scenarios

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have proven very effective for many vision benchmarks in object detection and classification tasks. However, the computational complexity and object resolution requirements of CNNs limit their applicability in wide-view video surveillance settings where objects are small. This paper presents a CNN surveillance pipeline for vessel localization and classification in maritime video. The proposed pipeline is build upon the GPU implementation of Fast-R-CNN with three main steps:(1) Vessel filtering and regions proposal using low-cost weak object detectors based on hand-engineered features. (2) Deep CNN features of the candidates regions are computed with one feed-forward pass from the high-level layer of a fine-tuned VGG16 network. (3) Fine-grained classification is performed using CNN features and a support vector machine classifier with linear kernel for object verification. The performance of the proposed pipeline is compared with other popular CNN architectures with respect to detection accuracy and evaluation speed. The proposed approach mAP of 61.10% was the comparable with Fast-R-CNN but with a 10× speed up (on the order of Faster-R-CNN) on the new Annapolis Maritime Surveillance Dataset.
Performance assessment of alternate refrigerants for retrofitting R22 based air conditioning system

The performance of zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) refrigerants is investigated when retrofitted in R22 based air conditioning system. The options evaluated are R407C, R417A, R422D, R427A and R438A. In order to arrive at most suitable alternative/s to R22, energy and exergy performance of candidate refrigerants is carried out and compared against that of R22. The COPs and exergy efficiencies showed that none of selected refrigerant is as efficient as R22 however their values suggests that each may be considered as potential substitute for retrofitting. Having comparable COP to others but low cooling capacity of R417A makes it less attractive. With comparatively reduced COP, lowest exergy efficiency and highest mass flow rate, makes R422D the least desirable option. R407C, R427A and R438A emerged as most attractive substitutes. The lower discharge temperatures of substitutes will enhance the compressor life. Further, for substitutes there may be a possible change out of expansion valve.
Cancer Type and Risk of Newly Diagnosed Depression Among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries With Incident Breast, Colorectal, and Prostate Cancers.

BACKGROUND Elderly individuals (age >65 years) with cancer are at high risk for newly diagnosed depression after a cancer diagnosis. It is not known whether the risk of newly diagnosed depression varies by cancer type. PURPOSE To examine the variations in the risk of newly diagnosed depression by cancer type among elderly individuals with cancer. METHODS This study used a retrospective cohort study design and data from the linked SEER-Medicare files. Elderly individuals (age >65 years) with incident breast, colorectal (CRC), and prostate cancers diagnosed between 2007 and 2011 (N=53,821) were followed for 12 months after cancer diagnosis. Depression diagnosis was identified during the 12-month follow-up period after cancer diagnosis using the ICD-9-Clinical Modification. Complementary log-log regression was used to examine the association between cancer type and risk of newly diagnosed depression after adjusting for other risk factors for depression. RESULTS We found a significantly higher percentage of newly diagnosed depression among women with CRC compared with those with breast cancer (5.8% vs 3.9%), and among men with CRC compared with those with prostate cancer (3.4% vs 1.6%). In the adjusted analysis, women with CRC had a 28.0% higher risk of newly diagnosed depression compared with women with breast cancer (adjusted risk ratio [ARR], 1.28; 95% CI, 1.12-1.46) and men with CRC had a 104.0% higher risk of newly diagnosed depression compared with those with prostate cancer (ARR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.65-2.51). CONCLUSIONS Our findings identified cancer types associated with a high risk of newly diagnosed depression after cancer diagnosis, who might benefit from routine depression screening to help in its early detection and treatment.
NMR Structure of the C-Terminal Transmembrane Domain of the HDL Receptor, SR-BI, and a Functionally Relevant Leucine Zipper Motif

The interaction of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with its receptor, scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), is critical for lowering plasma cholesterol levels and reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. The HDL/SR-BI complex facilitates delivery of cholesterol into cells and is likely mediated by receptor dimerization. This work describes the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to generate the first high-resolution structure of the C-terminal transmembrane domain of SR-BI. This region of SR-BI harbors a leucine zipper dimerization motif, which when mutated impairs the ability of the receptor to bind HDL and mediate cholesterol delivery. These losses in function correlate with the inability of SR-BI to form dimers. We also identify juxtamembrane regions of the extracellular domain of SR-BI that may interact with the lipid surface to facilitate cholesterol transport functions of the receptor.
Determination of the frequency and density of weed species in apple orchards in Kahramanmaras region of Turkey

A study was carried out in Kahramanmaras region of Turkey during 2012-13 having ten subregions namely, Afsin, And?r?n, Caglayancerit, Ekinozu, Elbistan, Goksun, Center, Nurhak, Pazarc?k and Turkoglu to determine the range, density and frequency of weeds in apple orchards. In the orchards 133 weed species from 31 families were determined. The average density of weeds was 112.49 plants m -2 . The maximum density of weed species was found in Goksun (127.30 plants m -2 ) followed by Elbistan (126.13 plants m -2 ), Ekinozu (125.95 plants m - 2 ), Afsin (120.39 plants m -2 ), Center (117.94 plants m -2 ) and Caglayancerit (114.90 plants m -2 ), and the minimurn density was determined in Pazarc?k (69.51 plants m -2 ). From the identified 133 weed species one species belonged to Pterydophyta, 2l species to Monocotyledoneae and 111 species to Dicotyledoneae. The average densities of the weed species over l0 subregions for Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv., Chenopodium album L., Bromus arvensis L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. were found to be 13.76, 12.17, 12.10 and 10.76 plants m-2, respectively. With regard to frequency of occurrence, C. album L. was detected more than 56% in six subregions excluding And?r?n, Pazarc?k, Turkoglu and Center; A. retroflexus L. more than 54% in 7 subregions excluding Center, Pazarc?k and Turkoglu and A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. more than 50% in 10 subregions. Frequency of occurance of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. was observed 50.1, 50.9, 76.9% in Afsin, Caglayancerit and And?r?n, respectively and it was below 50% in other 7 subregions. In terms of coverage, Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., A. retroflexus , A. repens , B. arvensis , C. album , Convolvulus arvensis L., C. dactylon and Lactuca serriola L. were determined to be within the range of 20.2 to 48.2% in the study areas while the other species were below 20%. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(1): 87-102, March 2017
Statistical analysis of vertical accelerations of planing craft: Common pitfalls and how to avoid them

Abstract A careful review of the literature on the analysis of vertical accelerations of high-speed watercraft reveals that a number of statistical misconceptions are pervasive. These include: (1) ignoring vertical thresholding in analysis, (2) misunderstanding the relationships between the Exponential and other distributions, (3) failing to report uncertainty, and (4) failing to discuss alternative methods for estimation. This article brings these issues to the fore and shows how popular methods, when applied to simulated data, can give inaccurate results. We set forth proper methods for analysis and illustrate their use on a data set from a full-scale planing craft.
Modelos contemporáneos de intervención en Trabajo Social: revisión bibliográfica del modelo narrativo

El presente trabajo es fruto de la recopilacion bibliografica respecto de los modelos de intervencion en Trabajo Social, como ellos se han reformulado, conforme han ido confluyendo los distintos cambios de paradigmas, los cambios en las cosmovisiones filosoficas y finalmente, en las teorias que sostienen dichos modelos, o sea, en las distintas epistemologias1. El presente articulo inicia con un analisis respecto de las influencias que ha tenido la ciencia formal, en el desarrollo de los modelos y teorias de las ciencias sociales y ciencias aplicadas en general. De esta forma, se analizan brevemente los distintos modelos de intervencion en trabajo social, finalizando en los planteamientos del Asistente Social australiano Michael White y el Antropologo neozelandes David Epston, precursores de la Terapia Narrativa. Modelos contemporâneos de intervencao em TrabalhoSocial: Revisao Bibliografica do Modelo Narrativo Presente trabalho e fruto da compilacao bibliografica referente aosmodelos de intervencao em Trabalho Social, como eles, tem sidoreformulados conforme tem ido concorrendo as diferentes mudancas deparadigmas, mudancas nas visoes filosoficas e finalmente, nas teoriasque sustentam esses modelos, ou seja, nas diferentes epistemologias.O presente artigo comeca com uma analise respeito das influencias quetem a ciencia formal no desenvolvimento dos modelos e teorias dasciencias sociais e ciencias aplicadas em geral. Desta forma, analisam-sebrevemente os diferentes modelos de intervencao em trabalho social,finalizando nas abordagens do trabalhador social australiano MichaelWhite e o antropologo Neozelandes David Epston, pioneiros da terapianarrativa. Contemporary Models of Social Work Intervention:Review of the Narrative Model This work is the output of the bibliography compilation regardingintervention models in social work and how they have been reformulatedaccording to new and different changes in paradigms, in philosophicalworldviews and finally, in theories supporting those models, that is, atdifferent epistemologies. This article begins with a discussion regardingthe influences that formal science have had in the development of modelsand theories in social sciences and applied sciences in general. It brieflydiscusses the different models of social work intervention and finisheswith the approach of the Australian social worker Michael White and theZealander anthropologist David Epston as precursors of the NarrativeTherapy.
TEORIA E HISTÓRIA DA CARTOGRAFIA

A historia da cartografia tem sido dominada por um empirismo que trata a natureza de mapas como algo auto-evidente e que nega a presenca de qualquer teoria. Em contraste a essa perspectiva, esta intervencao defende o ponto-de-vista segundo o qual teorias encontram-se nas raizes de todo estudo empirico, sejam elas reconhecidas ou nao. O modelo progressivo e linear de desenvolvimento cartografico, por exemplo, nao e uma lei deduzida a partir de evidencia historica; caso o fosse, seria rapidamente refutado. Em vez disso, ele deriva de nossas crencas culturais acerca da natureza de mapas, o que e o mesmo que dizer que deriva de nossas teorias nao examinadas. Os historiadores da cartografia precisam ser criticos no tocante aos pressupostos e pre-concepcoes. Discussoes teoricas na historia da cartografia devem ser induzidas nao no sentido de debater se devemos usar teoria, mas sim de refletir sobre a que teorias deveriamos aderir. Simplesmente derrubar teorias e inadequado. Precisamos estabelecer um debate em que compreensoes antigas acerca dos mapas, assim como de sua criacao e seu uso, sejam substituidas por teorias melhores, ou seja, mais consistentes e coerentes.
Ni complexes of N2S ligands with amine/imine and amine/amide donors with relevance to the active site of Ni superoxide dismutase

Abstract A series of Ni complexes of the form [Ni(NNImS)(RS)] (NNImS = (2-(N-(dimethylaminoethyl)iminomethyl)benzenethiolate; R = phenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-t-butylphenyl, t-butyl), as well as two complexes of the form [Ni(NNAmS)(RS)]− (NNAmS = 2-(N-(dimethylaminoethyl)aminocarbonyl)benzenethiolate; R = phenyl, 4-nitrophenyl) have been synthesized using 2,2′-dithiodibenzaldehyde and 2,2′-dithiodibenzoylchloride, respectively, as synthons for introducing the thiolate into the tridentate ligands. The two ligands and series of complexes feature the N2S2 coordination environment found at the active site of Ni superoxide dismutase and differ only in the identity of one of the N donors (imine vs. amide). Those with the amide N donor contain the exact donor set present in reduced Ni superoxide dismutase. The complexes have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, electronic spectroscopy, and electrochemistry.
Comparing the Research Productivity of US Academics

The publication productivity of American academics over the past two decades is compared to that of academics in other nations. From that analysis emerges a troubling picture of a decline in the share of US-originated publication amid a gradual rise in publication productivity across the globe, especially in East Asia. The analysis then shifts to the search for the source of the newly emerging publication gap. Declining public investment in research and development in the USA and the increased emphasis on the teaching responsibilities of US academics are identified as important factors.
Hippocampal Function and Memory Processes

The experiments described here used an experimental design in which each rat was presented simultaneously with different discriminations, allowing a within-subject, within-test dissociation of performance. The results demonstrate that the rats with fimbriafornix lesions showed a greater impairment in the discriminations requiring working memory than in discriminations requiring only reference memory. This dissociation rules out a variety of different interpretations of the behavioral impairment in the working memory discrimination and provides strong support for the idea that these lesions produce a selective difficulty in processing the temporal/personal context of the information to be remembered. Because the details of the experiments have been presented elsewhere, the emphasis here is on the concepts behind the experiments, the implications of the results, and the relationship of the results to different theories of memory.
Collagenase: Preclinical Evaluation and Clinical Trials in the USA and Australia

Prior to US Food and Drug Administration approval of injectable collagenase, the standard of care was surgical fasciectomy, which in many cases can result in suboptimal treatment outcomes and a high recurrence rate. Injectable collagenase Clostridium histolyticum represents a novel, nonsurgical approach to the treatment of Dupuytren contracture. Early, proof-of-principle, basic science studies, using a rat tail tendon model and surgically removed Dupuytren cords, yielded favorable results. Clinical studies in humans were then conducted, where the primary end point was reduction in contracture to within 0–5° of normal extension (0°) after the last injection. Phase 2 studies which confirmed the optimal dose of collagenase as 10,000 units (0.58 mg) showed injectable collagenase reduced contractures in metacarpophalangeal (MP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints to within 0–5° of normal after the last injection in a substantial number of joints and was well tolerated. Clinical results from phase 3 studies confirmed the efficacy and safety of injectable collagenase as a viable nonsurgical intervention for the treatment of patients with Dupuytren contracture, translating the observations made in the laboratory into the clinical setting.
A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach to Facility Siting in a Wood-Based Depot-and-Biorefinery Supply Chain Model

As the lignocellulosic biofuels industry is still developing, reducing operational and capital costs along the supply chain can increase the competitiveness of the final fuel price and investor willingness to commit funds. Capital cost savings may be realized through co-locating depots with active biomass processing plants, such as saw mills, and through repurposing existing industrial facilities, such as pulp mills, into a biorefinery. Operational cost savings may be gained through the selective siting of depots and biorefineries based on operational cost components that vary geospatially, such as energy rates and feedstock availability. Utilizing depots in a biofuel supply chain to procure and preprocess feedstock has additionally been found to mitigate supply risk in regions of low biomass availability, as well as reduce the biorefinery footprint. A multi-criteria decision support tool (DST) is developed utilized to assess existing industrial facilities for their potential role in a wood-based depot-and-biorefinery supply chain. Geospatial cost components are identified through techno-economic analyses for use as siting criteria for the depots and biorefinery. The “repurpose potential” of industrial facilities is assessed as a siting criterion for candidate biorefinery locations. A case study is presented in the Inland Northwest region of the United States to assess the usefulness of the tool in selecting industrial facilities for a configured depot-and-biorefinery supply chain. The results are compared against optimization runs of the candidate facilities to validate the depots selected by the DST. In two of the three supply chains, the DST selected the same or similar facilities as the optimization run for no net increase in annual cost. The third supply chain showed an approximately 1% increase in annual cost over the optimized facilities selected.
Mothers' Perceptions of the Cardboard Box as a Potential Sleep Space.

Abstract Objective Due to increasing popularity, our hospital began considering distributing cardboard boxes combined with safe sleep education to new mothers. As a first step in studying the impact of this intervention on bedsharing in our community, we sought to understand mothers’ perceptions of the cardboard box. Methods We recruited primarily low-income, English- or Spanish-speaking mothers of infants aged 2 to 16 weeks during routine primary care visits. Participants responding to a cross-sectional survey about infant sleep practices were invited to participate in in-depth interviews about the cardboard box. We used a grounded theory approach and the constant comparative method until saturation was reached. Results Of 120 participants in the survey, 50 (42%) participated in the qualitative study. Participants were mothers of infants aged ≤4 weeks (46%), 4 to 8 weeks (32%), and 16 weeks (22%). Of 50 participants, 52% said they would use the cardboard box for their infant to sleep in, if provided, compared with 42% who said they would not and 6% were unsure. Three themes emerged from the data: (1) safety of the cardboard box; (2) appearance, and (3) variation in planned use. Some participants planned to place the cardboard box in their bed. Conclusions Participants in our study were divided about whether they would use the cardboard box for their infant to sleep in. If distributed, hospital staff should advise families to not place the cardboard box in their bed. Next steps include determining bedsharing frequency among parents who choose to use the cardboard box for their infant.
The Effect of ACA Medicaid Expansion on Hospital Revenue

Prior research has found that in states which expanded Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act, hospital Medicaid revenue rose sharply, and uncompensated care costs fell sharply, relative to hospitals in non-expansion states. This suggests that Medicaid expansion may have been a boon for hospital revenue. We conduct a difference-in-differences analysis covering the first four expansion years (2014-2017) and confirm prior results for Medicaid revenue and uncompensated care cost, over this longer period. However, we find that hospitals in expansion states showed no significant relative gains in either total patient revenue or operating margins. Instead, the relative rise in Medicaid revenue was offset by relative declines in commercial insurance revenue. In subsample analyses, we find higher revenue and margins for rural hospitals in expansion states, little change for small urban hospitals, and a revenue decline for large urban hospitals.
Topological data analysis for aviation applications

Abstract Aviation data sets are increasingly high-dimensional and sparse. Consequently, the underlying features and interactions are not easily uncovered by traditional data analysis methods. Recent advancements in applied mathematics introduce topological methods, offering a new approach to obtain these features. This paper applies the fundamental notions underlying topological data analysis and persistent homology (TDA/PH) to aviation data analytics. We review past aviation research that leverage topological methods, and present a new computational case study exploring the topology of airport surface connectivity. In each case, we connect abstract topological features with real-world processes in aviation, and highlight potential operational and managerial insights.
Self-reported impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic for people experiencing homelessness in Sacramento, California

The COVID-19 pandemic has likely substantially compounded hardships for people experiencing homelessness. In addition to their already heightened health risks, shelter-in-place orders and recommend...
The Art Collector in Early Modern Italy: Andrea Odoni and his Venetian Palace

Lorenzo Lotto's Portrait of Andrea Odoni is one of the most famous paintings of the Italian Renaissance. Son of an immigrant and a member of the non-noble citizen class, Odoni understood how the power of art could make a name for himself and his family in his adopted homeland. Far from emulating Venetian patricians, however, he set himself apart through the works he collected and the way he displayed them. In this book, Monika Schmitter imaginatively reconstructs Odoni's house – essentially a 'portrait' of Odoni through his surroundings and possessions. Schmitter's detailed analysis of Odoni's life and portrait reveals how sixteenth-century individuals drew on contemporary ideas about spirituality, history, and science to forge their own theories about the power of things and the agency of object. She shows how Lotto's painting served as a meta-commentary on the practice of collecting and on the ability of material things to transform the self.
Longitudinal Assessment of Safety of Femoropopliteal Endovascular Treatment With Paclitaxel-Coated Devices Among Medicare Beneficiaries: The SAFE-PAD Study.

Importance Paclitaxel-coated peripheral devices have been associated with increased mortality, yet this harm signal has not been replicated outside of meta-analyses of small trials. Objective To provide a longitudinal assessment of the safety of femoropopliteal endovascular treatment with peripheral drug-coated devices (DCDs) among Medicare beneficiaries. Design, setting, and participants SAFE-PAD (Safety Assessment of Femoropopliteal Endovascular Treatment With Paclitaxel-Coated Devices) was a retrospective cohort study designed with the US Food and Drug Administration to evaluate the noninferiority of mortality between DCDs and non-drug-coated devices (NDCDs) for femoropopliteal revascularization performed in 2978 inpatient and outpatient facilities in the US from April 1, 2015, through December 31, 2018. Evaluation of the primary outcome was assessed through May 31, 2020. Participants were Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries 66 years and older with 1 or more years of enrollment prior to femoropopliteal revascularization. Prespecified subgroups included low-risk cohorts, procedure location, disease severity, and device type. Inverse probability weighting was used to account for imbalances of observed characteristics. Sensitivity analyses were used to evaluate the potential influence of unmeasured confounding. Exposures Treatment with DCDs vs NDCDs as determined by claims codes during the index procedure. Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included repeated hospitalization, repeated lower extremity revascularization, and lower extremity amputation. Falsification end points were acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and pneumonia. Results Of 168 553 patients, 70 584 (41.9%) were treated with a DCD. The mean (SD) age was 77.0 (7.6) years, 75 744 (44.9%) were female, 136 916 of 167 197 (81.9%) were White individuals, 85 880 of 168 553 (51.0%) had diabetes, 82 554 of 168 553 (49.0%) used tobacco, 78 665 of 168 553 (45.7%) had critical limb ischemia (CLI), and 13 296 of 168 553 (7.9%) had a prior amputation. Median follow-up was 2.72 years (interquartile range, 0.87-3.77; longest, 5.16 years). After weighting, the cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality was 53.8% with DCDs and 55.1% with NDCDs (hazard ratio [HR], 0.95; 95% CI, 0.94-0.97; noninferiority P Conclusions and relevance In this initial report from the SAFE-PAD cohort study, DCDs were found to be noninferior to NCDCs in respect to mortality through a median follow-up of 2.72 years. This finding remained robust in sensitivity analyses and was consistent across prespecified subgroups.
Wilfred Trotter and the biosociology of peace and war.

The distinguished surgeon Wilfred Trotter (1872–1939), in his book Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War, can be regarded as a pioneer of biosociology and its application to the phenomenon of war. In this paper some of Trotter's ideas are discussed and their relevance to the problems of the present day are considered.
THE RECOGNITION AND VALUATION OF CURRENT ASSETS ON THE BALANCE SHEET IN THE UNITED STATES, 1865–1940

A. C. Littleton [1933, pp. 149–151] in Accounting Evolution to 1900 wrote that the sub-division of financial statements and the valuation of assets were two of the most important elements in the development of modern financial statements. The purpose of this paper is to explore the historical evolution of the recognition, grouping, and valuation of current assets on the balance sheet in the United States between 1865 and 1940 at which time the basic format for reporting such assets had been adopted. The paper expands the examination of the balance sheet beyond a traditional emphasis on long-life assets to an investigation of the evolving classification of current assets with a special emphasis on the influence of financial users (especially creditors) for its unique development. Historical illustrations of the ways in which companies presented and valued current assets on the balance sheet are presented.
Activation of human blood coagulation factor XI independent of factor XII. Factor XI is activated by thrombin and factor XIa in the presence of negatively charged surfaces.

Human blood coagulation factor XI was activated by either autoactivation or thrombin. These reactions occurred only in the presence of negatively charged materials, such as dextran sulfate (∼ Mr 500,000), sulfatide, and heparin. During the activation, factor XI was cleaved at a single Arg-Ile bond by thrombin or factor XIa to produce an amino-terminal 50-kDa heavy chain and a carboxyl-terminal 35-kDa light chain. This activation pattern is identical to that produced by factor XIIa. The addition of a small amount of thrombin and sulfatide to factor XII-deficient plasma produced shorter clotting times than when these agents were added to factor XI/factor XII combined-deficient plasma. These results suggest that the activation of factor XI by thrombin and possibly the autoactivation of factor XI proceed in plasma to lead fibrin clot formation. These reactions may have a role on an appropriate negatively charged surface in normal hemostasis.
Gas phase analytical methods for the study of human metabolites. Metabolic profiles obtained by open tubular capillary chromatography.

Abstract A method has been developed for the preparation of high-resolution (100,000 or more theoretical plates), thermostable glass open tubular capillary columns. The key to column preparation lies in the inclusion of silanized silica particles (Silanox, 6–10 μ diameter) in the film. A special coating process is used for SE-30 columns. These columns have been used in metabolic profile separations of human urinary steroids, urinary sugars and polyols, and drugs and drug metabolites.
A Fixed Point Method for Power Series Computation

This paper presents a novel technique for manipulating structures which represent infinite power series.
Efficient Compile-Time/ Run-Time Contraction of Fine Grain Data Parallel Codes

This research studies the contraction problem for data parallel languages. That is, we seek to efficiently execute code written for a fine grain virtual parallel machine on a much coarser grain actual parallel machine. This paper identifies issues involved in solving this problem. Three issues are then addressed in detail: efficiently implementing tasks to emulate virtual processors, efficiently scheduling these tasks, and reducing space overhead while maintaining data consistency among these tasks. In implementing tasks, saving a reduced register state at context switches is addressed. For scheduling tasks, heuristics are proposed that minimize scheduling cost and promote data locality. Minimizing space overhead using assumptions about the communication paradigm, run-time techniques and compile-time analysis is also discussed. Finally, experimental results are presented concerning one of the main issues discussed, scheduling. The results show that the proposed scheduling heuristics are both cost efficient and promote data locality for three different problems when compared to three other scheduling policies.
The Communicated Self: Exploring the Interaction between Self and Social Context.

This study explored the influence of social identity and social context on achievement in a counterstereotypical domain. A group of 114 inner-city African American and Mexican American 12-year-old students completed Kuhn and McPartland's (1954) 20-statement ‘Who Am I’ questionnaire and Rosenberg's (1965) self-esteem scale. Analysis of self-descriptions revealed that success in a counterstereotypical domain (e.g., academic achievement) at age 18 was predicted by a more elaborated self-concept, a more elaborated self-schema within the counterstereotypical domain, and more positive self-descriptions. A more individuated self-description was marginally related to success. Results suggest that opportunities to communicate within a variety of contexts may permit the development of a more complex and adaptable self-concept and thereby facilitate achievement in a counterstereotypical domain. Notably, self-esteem did not predict success.
“The Dance of Change” in an English Department: A Service Learning Case Study

Thebenefits of service learning (SL) in college courses have been well-documented.Evangelopoulos, Sidorova, & Riolli (2003) have demonstrated, for example,that students in courses with an SL component report greater satisfaction withthose courses than they do in traditional courses with similar content. Thepresent article describes a multi-disciplinary SL project at a small publicuniversity in southwestern Oklahoma. The authors, a professor and a graduatestudent (who was a participant in the project as an undergraduate), describehow the service learning project and insights derived from Senge (1999) createdstudent interest in an English department and garnered institutional supportfor similar endeavors. The article also describes the challenges faced inkeeping SL projects relevant and useful for future students as well as thechallenges involved in making such projects more “transformational” forstudents in the humanities disciplines. As the humanities places a value oncritical inquiry, SL projects must be designed in such a way as to encouragesocial and institutional critique along with instruction in workplaceskills.
Pressure-strain-rate events in homogeneous turbulent shear flow

A detailed study of the intercomponent energy transfer process by the pressure-strain-rate tensor in homogeneous turbulent shear flow is presented. The work continues a program of enquiry, initiated by Brasseur & Lee [1], into the kinematic structure and dynamic processes associated with local, random events underlying statistical quantities modeled in second-order closures. Event refers to a local concentration of the quantity in an instantaneous turbulent field. The aim is to describe classes of local events with similar characteristics,their interrelationships, and their relative kinematic and dynamic significance. Of particular interest is the structure and overall contribution of the most powerful events relative to the underlying low-level turbulent field.
Unknown Primary/Undifferentiated Neoplasm

This chapter provides a practical overview of frequently used markers in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of both common and rare metastatic tumors and undifferentiated neoplasms with a specific focus on epithelial/epithelioid neoplasms and their mimickers. The chapter contains 123 questions and 9 diagnostic algorithms; each question is addressed with a table, concise note and representative pictures if applicable. In addition to the literature review, the authors have included their own experience and tested numerous antibodies reported in the literature for a wide range of entities from various organs on both TMA sections and routine sections. Some newly described diagnostic markers such as GATA3, ERG, arginase-1, p40, SALL4, SOX2, SOX10, NKX2.2, NXK3.1, S100P, and maspin are included. In addition, frequently asked questions on differential diagnosis of fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens have been discussed. Application and potential pitfalls for some important markers have been emphasized.
Intermolecular Michael Reactions: A Computational Investigation

Computational studies have suggested that η3-lithium enolates in which the cation is partially bound to both carbon and oxygen may be important reactive intermediates. DFT calculations are used to ...
EARLY MAN IN SOUTH AND EAST AFRICA

IN THE years before Darwin, a French scientist is reported to have described a tribe of Negroes in Central Africa as furnishing the long-desired connecting link between man and monkeys. He argued that these men had not become sufficiently accustomed to the sitting posture to wear off the tail, an organ which he observed to be some four inches in length among these people.' The comments which follow are not intended to confirm the truth of this
Effect of water activity on production of β-lactam antibiotics by Streptomyces clavuligerus in submerged culture

The amount of available water in the environment of micro-organisms, defined as water activity (aw), has been shown to affect growth, respiration, enzyme synthesis, sporulation and other physiological functions. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of aw on production/excretion of a secondary metabolite. For this purpose, the production of beta-lactam antibiotics and biomass of Streptomyces clavuligerus was studied in relation to the aw-depressing agents glucose, sorbitol and NaCl. These were chosen because NaCl and sorbitol are often used to depress aw and glucose was not thought to be taken up by S. clavuligerus. The filamentous bacterium S. clavuligerus NRRL 3585 (ATCC 27064) is a prokaryotic producer of penicillin N, cephalosporins including cephamycin C and clavulanic acid. Under water stress conditions, a greater effect upon antibiotic biosynthesis than upon growth was consistently observed. When aw was decreased to below 0.997, antibiotic production began to decrease. For growth, inhibition was much more gradual and did not become intensive until an aw of 0.990 was reached.
Regulated Expression of Heat Shock Factor 1 Isoforms with Distinct Leucine Zipper Arrays via Tissue-Dependent Alternative Splicing

HSF1 mediates the stress induced expression of heat shock proteins, referred to as the cellular stress response. Previous results indicated that mammalian cells express two distinct HSF1 protein isoforms, with molecular sizes of 69 kDa (HSF1-beta) and 71 kDa (HSF1-alpha). The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism by which these two HSF1 protein isoforms are generated. Our results show that mammalian cells express two distinct HSF1 mRNA isoforms which arise via alternative splicing of the HSF1 pre-mRNA. The two HSF1 mRNA isoforms differ by a single 66 bp exon of the HSF1 gene which is spliced into the HSF1-alpha mRNA isoform but skipped in the HSF1-beta mRNA isoform. This 66 bp exon encodes a 22 amino acid sequence, whose molecular weight (2.3 kDa) matches the difference in size between the HSF1-beta and HSF1-alpha protein isoforms (69 and 71 kDa). Further analysis reveals that this extra 22 amino acid sequence, whose insertion site in the HSF1-alpha isoform is located immediately adjacent to a C-terminal leucine zipper motif (leucine zipper 4) previously shown to be involved in maintenance of HSF1 in the non-DNA-binding control form, contains an additional, previously unidentified leucine zipper motif (leucine zipper 5). Our results also show that the levels of the two HSF1 isoforms are regulated in a tissue dependent manner, with testis expressing higher levels of the HSF1-beta isoform while heart and brain express higher levels of the HSF1-alpha isoform. These results demonstrate a new mechanism by which HSF1 expression is regulated in mammalian cells and suggest a potential role for the HSF1 isoforms in mediating tissue-dependent regulation of the cellular stress response.
Some properties of the mean first-passage time for thermal decomposition

We relate the mean first-passage time for thermal decomposition to the steady-state and equilibrium rate constants using a general separable transition probability model. These relations are used to assess the relative merits of various approximate rate constants.
Network Effects in Infrastructure Regulation: Principles and Paradoxes

Among the many crucial issues in infrastructure regulation has been how to handle network effects. These can both cause monopoly and complicate the management of partial transitions to competition in telecommunications and electricity. The recent global financial crisis itself reflects network effects. Reviewing the variety of definitions, manifestations, and policy consequences of network effects, in sectors both traditionally regulated and outside such regulation, can promote understanding of when networks should be regulated, what about them should be regulated, who should do the regulating and why we should intervene.
Inhibition of a low Km GTPase activity in rat striatum by calmodulin.

: In rat striatum, the activation of adenylate cyclase by the endogenous Ca2+-binding protein, calmodulin, is additive with that of GTP but is not additive with that of the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog, guanosine-5′-(β, γ-imido)triphosphate (GppNHp). One possible mechanism for this difference could be an effect of calmodulin on GTPase activity which has been demonstrated to “turn-off” adenylate cyclase activity. We examined the effects of Ca2+ and calmodulin on GTPase activity in EGTA-washed rat striatal particulate fractions depleted of Ca2+ and calmodulin. Calmodulin inhibited GTP hydrolysis at concentrations of 10−9–10−6M but had no effect on the hydrolysis of 10−5 and 10−6M GTP, suggesting that calmodulin inhibited a low Km GTPase activity. The inhibition of GTPase activity by calmodulin was Ca2+-dependent and was maximal at 0.12 μM free Ca2+. Maximal inhibition by calmodulin was 40% in the presence of 10−7M GTP. The IC50 for calmodulin was 100 nM. In five tissues tested, calmodulin inhibited GTP hydrolysis only in those tissues where it could also activate adenylate cyclase. Calmodulin could affect the activation of adenylate cyclase by GTP in the presence of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA, dopamine). Calmodulin decreased by nearly 10-fold the concentration of GTP required to provide maximal stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity by DA in the striatal membranes. The characteristics of the effect of calmodulin on GTPase activity with respect to Ca2+ and calmodulin dependence and tissue specificity parallel those of the activation of adenylate cyclase by calmodulin, suggesting that the two activities are closely related. Inhibition of a low Km GTPase activity by calmodulin could represent an action of calmodulin in increasing the association of a GTP-binding protein with the catalytic subunit activity resulting in a reduction of the “turn-off” GTPase activity.
Crystallographic snapshot of glycosylasparaginase precursor poised for autoprocessing.

Abstract Glycosylasparaginase belongs to a family of N-terminal nucleophile hydrolases that autoproteolytically generate their mature enzymes from single-chain protein precursors. Previously, based on a precursor structure paused at pre-autoproteolysis stage by a reversible inhibitor (glycine), we proposed a mechanism of intramolecular autoproteolysis. A key structural feature, a highly strained conformation at the scissile peptide bond, had been identified and was hypothesized to be critical for driving autoproteolysis through an N–O acyl shift. To examine this “twist-and-break” hypothesis, we report here a 1. 9-A-resolution structure of an autoproteolysis-active precursor (a T152C mutant) that is free of inhibitor or ligand and is poised to undergo autoproteolysis. The current crystallographic study has provided direct evidence for the natural conformation of the glycosylasparaginase autocatalytic site without influence from any inhibitor or ligand. This finding has confirmed our previous proposal that conformational strain is an intrinsic feature of an active precursor.
Uniform stabilization of discrete-time switched and Markovian jump linear systems

The uniform stability of discrete-time switched linear systems, possibly with a strongly connected switching path constraint, and the existence of finite-path-dependent dynamic output feedback controllers uniformly stabilizing such a system are both shown to be characterized by the existence of a finite-dimensional feasible system of linear matrix inequalities. This characterization is based on the observation that a linear time-varying system is uniformly stable only if there exists a finite-path-dependent quadratic Lyapunov function. The synthesis of a uniformly stabilizing controller is done without conservatism by solving any feasible system of linear matrix inequalities among an increasing family of systems of linear matrix inequalities. The result carries over to the almost sure uniform stabilization of Markovian jump linear systems.