cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation of helicon-excited electron paramagnetic resonance in a high-mobility semiconductor

Abstract Helicon waves can be exploited in EPR studies of localized magnetic moments in high-conductivity semiconductors when the free carriers have small effective mass and high mobility. In an electron plasma helicons have precisely the polarization required to elicit EPR, and the plasma background actually enhances the resonance intensity. Microwave transmission experiments on Hg1-xMnxTe, a narrow-gap semiconductor with localized Mn++ magnetic moments, are described to illustrate this effect.
Observations on interactions of glissile dislocations in Niobium by transmission electron microscopy

An electron microscope study of three niobium specimens of different, moderate purities (99.7 to 99.93%) leads to the revelation of three interactions between two perfect, glissile dislocations in the {110} slip systems. All interactions produce sessile dislocations with b = a or a . Despite the nonslip character of the product dislocations, one interaction, (4), actually assists the slip process by promoting cross slip of the mobile reactant dislocation. Interaction (5) is energetically prohibited in equilibrium conditions. Its occurrence is probably made possible under stresses in nonequilibrium conditions so as to accomodate another interaction of type (3) occurring on the opposite side of the same reactant dislocation in loop form. The present results thus imply that the number of interactions among glissile dislocations in the {110} planes is more than 16 for the body-centered cubic metals. Also, it is concluded that even if the product dislocations are sessile in nature, not necessarily all of the interactions would hamper the slip process as has been suggested by previous workers.
Arctic lidar at Univ. of California/Los Angeles' HIPAS Observatory

A bistatic lidar has been assembled at the HIPAS Observatory in Alaska (64.9 degree(s) N latitude and 146.8 degree(s) W) around a 2.7 m diameter rotating Liquid Mirror Telescope (LMT) with parabolic mercury reflecting surface. The LMT is isolated in a tower under a float glass skylight for operation when outside temperature can be at -40 degree(s)C. The lidar operates in conjunction with a 70MW (Effective Radiated Power) Radio Frequency array and ionospheric heater, which has been shown to perturb the arctic ionosphere and the electrojet. Bistatic laser illuminators include a Doubled YAG pumped dye laser (presently tuned to the 590 nm sodium D2 resonance), an Excimer pumped dye laser (also tuned to the D2 line), and a Doubled Alexandrite laser for future N2 and Ca+ detection. Observations include sporadic Na formation due to the aurora, detection of Leonid's meteor trails (starting at 180 km) and changes in the sodium layer due to the HIPAS-RF heater. The 590 nm lidar is now being modified to detect polar stratospheric clouds during the summer. Ozone and OH can be detected in the future with the 308 nm wavelength of the excimer laser. A more recent application will use the LMT to focus a several hundred Joule - nanosecond duration laser pulse to 100 km altitudes, for the purpose of creating multi kilometer long plasma columns in the sky for direct electroject modification experiments. The 1057 nm laser pulse will be generated by surplus Nova components; namely, 9.2 cm and 15 cm disk amplifiers in a double pass SBS configuration.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High Speed Fiber Optic Link For Diagnostic Radiology

Photoelectronic-digital radiology has become a means for image acquisition at the University of Arizona. Large amounts of high speed image data are generated routinely from rooms remotely located from the computer/display facility. As an alternative to coaxial cables, a realtime digital video fiber optic link was developed. This paper will discuss some design considerations. It points out advantages and disadvantages of fiber optics. Some system and network applications are discussed.
Margin placement of esthetic veneer crowns. Part IV: Postoperative patient attitudes

Ninety-one subjects with a total of 196 esthetic veneer crowns with visible gingival margins were surveyed. An esthetic analysis of crown margins showing with a normal smile and an exaggerated smile was performed and recorded. Patient satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the esthetic veneer crowns was assessed. The conclusions of this study support the results reported in the first three parts of this study, indicate that satisfactory results can be obtained on many individuals when the crown margins of esthetic veneer crowns are placed supragingivally, and support the philosophy that individual patient education and analysis are essential to the selection of optimum margin placement when esthetic veneer crowns are the treatment of choice.
We Are All More Nearly the Same

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 18: 12–16, 2011] The analysis of program differences by Sayette, Norcross, and Dimoff (2011) was based on a small group (N = 8) of professional programs that was too small to have been used as the basis of any conclusions and was not representative of professional programs in general. More importantly, the highlighting of the distinctiveness of some training models places an undue emphasis on differences between models and ignores the essential similarities between approaches to training clinical psychologists. The spirit of the Boulder model of training was to be inclusive and to allow programs to develop their unique ways of training, with substantial but differing emphases on both science and practice.
Synthesis and evaluation of synthetic analogues of dolichyl-P-P-chitobiose as oligosaccharyltransferase substrates

Five analogues of dolichylpyrophosphorylchitobiose containing short, well defined lipid components were synthesized and evaluated as substrates for yeast oligosaccharyltransferase. All of the modified lipids led to a large decrease in enzyme-catalyzed glycosylation of the peptide substrate, BzAsnLeuThrNH2, thus indicating a critical role for the polyisoprene, dolichol, in anchoring the oligosaccharide donor during catalysis.
On the set of finite-dimensional subspaces of preduals of von Neumann algebras

Abstract We prove that the set of all d -dimensional subspaces of preduals of von Neumann algebras is compact in the topology given by the cb-distance.
The competence of young children to testify in legal proceedings

Young children testify as witnesses with increasing frequency. This article describes the law regarding children's competence to testify. The article focuses on: (1) the elements of testimonial competence, including perception, memory, understanding the difference between the truth and a lie, and understanding the duty to tell the truth in court; (2) the requirement of personal knowledge of relevant facts; and (3) the requirement that the child take a religious oath or a secular affirmation. Language: en
Confirmation of a 32S ribosomal RNA intermediate in insects

Abstract Synthesis and processing of 38S pre-RNA can be observed in maturing housefly ovaries following the injection of [ 3 H]uridine into females. Subsequent injection of actinomycin D inhibits incorporation of label into precursor but allows processing through 32S, 30S, and 20S intermediates into mature 28S and 18S rRNA. The molecular weights of the pre-rRNA intermediates and products are similar to those seen under in vitro conditions. Existence of a 32S intermediate may indicate that alternate processing pathways for ribosomal RNA exist in insects.
Short sleep duration across income, education, and race/ethnic groups: population prevalence and growing disparities during 34 years of follow-up.

Purpose Little is known about population determinants of short sleep duration. The authors examined associations between short sleep duration and income, education and race/ethnicity, and assessed changes over time in relative disparities.
Factor XIIIa-positive dermal dendritic cells and HLA-DR expression in radial versus vertical growth-phase melanomas

Fifty nevomelanocytic lesions, including 10 typical compound nevi and 20 radial and 20 vertical growth-phase melanomas, were evaluated for factor XIIIa and HLA-DR (LN3) expression within dermal dendritic cells (DDCs) or dermal dendrocytes to determine if DDCs proliferate and/or participate as possible antigen-presenting cells in the local tissue response to benign and malignant nevomelanocytic lesions. There was no statistical difference in factor XIIIa staining of DDCs between nevi and radial or vertical growth-phase melanomas, suggesting that DDCs do not significantly proliferate in nevomelanocytic lesions. However, studies to determine proliferation rate, apoptosis, and influences of local mediators on cell growth and/or recruitment were not done. HLA-DR staining by DDCs was significantly increased (p<0.001) in both melanoma groups when compared to compound nevi, but did not significantly differ between radial and vertical growth-phase melanomas. The intensity of HLA-DR expression appeared to correlate with the presence or absence of lymphocytic inflammation; HLA-DR intensity was judged greater in melanomas characterized by a brisk and infiltrative lymphocytic host response. We propose that DDCs may participate in the dermal immune response to invasive melanomas, probably as antigen-presenting cells to skin-associated lymphocytes.
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CREATIVE JURISPRUDENCE IN LATE BRONZE AGE SYRIA

The private legal documents from Emar and its vicinity (late 14th to early 12th centuries B.C.E.) show evidence of creative jurisprudence in their attempts to reconcile the wishes of the parties with the norms of general law imposed by the courts, in particular the principles of social justice. Two areas are examined: i) contracts of sale and their relationship with the right of redemption by an impoverished seller; ii) testaments and their relationship with the customary status of women within the family. Les actes de droit prive provenants de la ville d'Emar et de ses environs (fin 14 eme siecle jusqu'au commencement du 12 eme siecle av.n.ere) font etat d'une jurisprudence creative qui permet de reconcilier le volonte des contractants avec les normes du droit general imposes par les tribunaux, et en particulier avec les principes de la justice sociale. L'enquete porte sur deux domaines: i) les contrats de vente et leur relation au droit de rachat d'un vendeur appauvri; ii) les testaments et leur relation au statut coutumier de la femme au sein de la famille.
Role of Acetylstrophanthidin in Augmenting Myocardial Oxygen Consumption

A polarographic method was used to determine the effects of acetylstrophanthidin on myocardial oxygen consumption (MV·O2) of 19 cat papillary muscles contracting under both afterloaded and isometric conditions. Under afterloaded conditions, acetylstrophanthidin shifted the force-velocity relation to the right and produced increments in both the extent and velocity of shortening at constant levels of developed force. These changes in myocardial mechanical behavior after strophanthidin were always associated with an increased MV·O2. Since both the extent and velocity of shortening increased following augmentation of the contractile state with glycoside, consideration of the individual effect of these variables in myocardial mechanical behavior on MV·O2 was precluded. Therefore, experiments were performed on isometrically contracting muscle to evaluate the effect of changes in the velocity of contraction on MV·O2 independent of changes in contractile element shortening. Comparison of the MV·O2 of isometric contractions at equal levels of developed tension (and thus equivalent amounts of internal contractile element shortening) was accomplished by decreasing initial muscle length after augmentation of the contractile state by acetylstrophanthidin. Under these conditions, augmentation of the contractile state, characterized by an increase in the velocity of contraction, was associated with an increased MV·O2. Thus it is concluded that the effect of acetylstrophanthidin is to increase MV·O2 at a constant load and that this augmentation of MV·O2 can be related to the change in contractile state of the muscle.
Measurement of minor species (H2, Cl, O3, NO) in the earth's atmosphere by the occultation technique

Abstract The stellar occultation technique is a clean and powerful means of detecting and quantifying minor gases in the earth's atmosphere. The results obtained are totally insensitive to knowledge of the absolute flux of the star, and are not influenced by instrument calibration problems. Pioneering observations of nocturnal mesospheric ozone and thermospheric molecular oxygen by the stellar occultation technique were made in 1970 and 1971 with the Wisconsin stellar photometers on board the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory-2. A limb crossing geometry was used. The high resolution Princeton ultraviolet spectrometer aboard Copernicus was used in the summers of 1975, 1976 and 1977 to measure altitude profiles of molecular hydrogen, atomic chlorine and nitric oxide in addition to ozone and molecular oxygen. A limb grazing geometry was employed. The ozone densities show wide variation from orbit to orbit and particularly betewen the OAO-2 and Copernicus observations. A H 2 density of 1×10 8 cm −3 at 95 km, and a NO density less than 10 6 cm −3 for altitudes greater than 85 km were measured.
Analysis of hyperfine interactions in alkaline-earth oxides

We analyze the hyperfine interactions between the trapped hole spin at a $V$-type center and a nearby nucleus in magnetism oxide and show that the leading correction for the size of the hole wave function involves its dipole moment, and that the hyperfine interaction is relatively insensitive to the size of the quadrupole moment of the spin density.
Stimulation of G-protein coupled receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells induces tyrosine kinase dependent increases in calcium without tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C γ-1

Abstract It is often believed that increases in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) resulting from stimulation of G-protein coupled receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) require activation of the β1 isoform of phospholipase C (PLC). However, recent studies showed that rat aortic VSMC do not express PLC β-1 and that stimulation with angiotensin-II induces tyrosine kinase dependent increases in [Ca2+]i and tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC γ-1. Whether this pathway is activated by other vasoactive agents that stimulate G-protein coupled receptors is unknown. Here, we show that A10 VSMC express PLC β-2, PLC β-3, PLC δ-1, and PLC γ-1. The cells also expressed Gαq/11. However, neither PLC β-1 nor PLC β-4 was detected. Stimulation with angiotensin-II, vasopressin, serotonin, or endothelin induced tyrosine kinase dependent increases in [Ca2+]i. However, tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC γ-1 did not occur. In contrast, stimulation with platelet derived growth factor increased [Ca2+]i and tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC γ-1. The results show that tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC γ-1 is not required for tyrosine kinase dependent increases in [Ca2+]i resulting from stimulation of diverse G-protein coupled receptors in VSMC.
Endothelial damage from cytomegalovirus-specific host immune response can be prevented by targeted disruption of fractalkine-CX3CR1 interaction

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been linked to inflammatory diseases, including vascular disease and chronic transplant rejection, that involve vascular endothelial damage. We have previously shown that the host CD4+ T-cell response to CMV antigen can produce IFNγ and TNFα at levels sufficient to drive induction of fractalkine, a key marker of inflammation in endothelial cells. We have also observed a major pathogenic effect in which endothelial cell damage and loss follow the induction of frac-talkine and up-regulation of cell adhesion markers in the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from donors with a high CMV-specific T-cell frequency. In this report, we show that the fractalkine-CX3CR1 interaction resulting in recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells and monocyte-macrophages plays an important role in mediating this endothelial damage. Supportive evidence for frac-talkine's key role is shown by the ability of specific antibody to CX3CR1 to reduce significantly CX3CR1+-bearing cell chemoattraction and to protect against endothelial damage. These findings support CMV as a member of a class of persistent pathogens in which a high T-cell response and chemokine-mediated effects are a risk factor for development of chronic inflammation and endothelial cell injury.
The expressive power of delay operators in SCCS

We investigate the relative expressive power of finite delay operators in SCCS. These were introduced by Milner and by Hennessy to study fairness properties of processes in the context of SCCS. We show that the context sensitive delay operator introduced by Hennessy is more expressive than the finite delay operator introduced by Milner. This result is closely related to recent results by Panangaden and Stark on the expressive power of fair merge in asynchronous dataflow (Kahn) networks. It indicates that the expressiveness results obtained there are not sensitive to the precise computational model since SCCS, unlike Kahn networks, is synchronous and permits expansion of recursively defined processes.
The selection of homograph meaning: word association when context changes.

In a study of lexical ambiguity processing, responses to homographs were examined in a word association task. The context of repeated exposures of a homograph was manipulated by requiring a response to a word related to a meaning of the homograph on the trial prior to homograph presentation. A change of that relationship reduced the effectiveness of the contextual item as a prime on the second occurrence of the homograph. In response to a third unprimed occurrence of the homograph, associations were consistent with a conclusion that when semantic contexts are opposed, a “primacy effect” is obtained. The overall effects in the studies reported are seen as consistent with the theoretical view of Simpson and Kang (1994) that processing and responding to one meaning of a homograph result in the inhibition of alternative meanings. A mechanism to account for that inhibition is proposed.
Clinical Management and Soft Tissue Reconstruction of Periodontal Damage Resulting from Habitual Use of Snuff

Dentists can expect to see an increasing number of patients with soft tissue damage as a result of habitual snuff use.
Generalized steady state diode equation: The state equations approach

Abstract The diode equation has been written as a set of state equations of the form e = f( e , x) where f(e, x) is a non-linear function and e is the state vector which comprises of electric field, quasi-Fermi levels and the currents as variables. These state equations are then solved using the techniques developed for dynamic nonlinear networks. The non-equilibrium conditions, as well as degeneracy is accounted for by the use of quasi-Fermi levels and the Fermi-Dirac integrals in the equations. The state equation formulation is especially useful in incorporating an accurate expression for the Fermi-Dirac integral in the case of degeneracy. We have used the convergent exponential power series for Fermi-Dirac integrals when Fermi level is within the band gap and numerical approximation for the case of high degeneracy. Current density and continuity equations, and the Poisson equation are coupled together into a single state equation. The splitting of the quasi-Fermi levels and the gradient of the current due to generation recombination are explicit in the equations. This method is also applied to heterojunctions. These results and further improvements in the methodology for solving these state equations are discussed.
Diminished Natural Killer-Cell Activity of Interstitial Pulmonary Cell Populations from Patients with Carcinoma of the Lung

Natural killer-cell activity of fresh interstitial pulmonary cell populations from patients with squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the lung and carcinoma metastatic to the lung was assessed and compared to that of apparently normal lung. No increase in the percentage of lymphoid cell populations was noted in the interstitium of lung contiguous with tumor, and the cytotoxic capacity of the cells present was depressed as compared to that of normal lung. Natural killer-cell function appears to be down regulated in lung cancer and may be amenable to therapies which activate such cytotoxicity in vivo.
Quality of life of schoolchildren may be affected by poor alignment of their teeth.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Malocclusion: Esthetic Impact and Quality of Life among Brazilian Schoolchildren Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, et al. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129(3):424-7 Level of Evidence 2c Purpose/Question To assess the impact of malocclusion on the daily lives of Brazilian school children and evaluate if an association existed between esthetic impact and psychosocial variables. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cohort Study: Cross-Sectional Study; 2c Outcomes Research
REHABILITATION OF ELLAVILLE WEIGH STATION WITH ULTRATHIN WHITETOPPING

The Florida Department of Transportation constructed the first ultrathin whitetopping (UTW) project at the Ellaville truck weigh station on I-10 in northwest Florida. This rehabilitation project included the placement of UTW on the existing asphalt pavement, which had experienced severe rutting problems. Layer thicknesses for the UTW were 80 mm and 100 mm. The joint spacings for the UTW panels were 1.2 m and 1.6 m. High early strength concrete was used in this project. Polypropylene fibers were included in the concrete for the sections on the west side of the weight platform and plain concrete was used on the east sections. The joints on the east section were sealed with silicone sealant and the joints on the west section were left unsealed. Falling weight deflectometer tests and frequent condition surveys were performed on the projects. After 1 year of service and 1.1 million equivalent single-axle loads, the UTW shows good performance. Success and long-term performance of the UTW is highly dependent on ...
Cystic Fibrosis: Recent Developments in Diagnosis and Treatment

Advances in diagnosis and treatment of cystic fibrosis have greatly extended life expectancy and have decreased morbidity. However, further progress requires knowledge of the fundamental genetic defect and how it is related to the pulmonary pathophysiology. Major new developments in both these areas are likely within the next 5 to 10 years.
Influence of birth rates and transmission rates on the global seasonality of rotavirus incidence

Rotavirus is a major cause of mortality in developing countries, and yet the dynamics of rotavirus in such settings are poorly understood. Rotavirus is typically less seasonal in the tropics, although recent observational studies have challenged the universality of this pattern. While numerous studies have examined the association between environmental factors and rotavirus incidence, here we explore the role of intrinsic factors. By fitting a mathematical model of rotavirus transmission dynamics to published age distributions of cases from 15 countries, we obtain estimates of local transmission rates. Model-predicted patterns of seasonal incidence based solely on differences in birth rates and transmission rates are significantly correlated with those observed (Spearman's ρ = 0.65, p < 0.05). We then examine seasonal patterns of rotavirus predicted across a range of different birth rates and transmission rates and explore how vaccination may impact these patterns. Our results suggest that the relative lack of rotavirus seasonality observed in many tropical countries may be due to the high birth rates and transmission rates typical of developing countries rather than being driven primarily by environmental conditions. While vaccination is expected to decrease the overall burden of disease, it may increase the degree of seasonal variation in the incidence of rotavirus in some settings.
Non‐reacting and equilibrium chemically reacting turbulent boundary‐layer flows

Turbulent boundary-layer flows of nonreacting gases are predicted for both internal (nozzle) and external flows. Effects of favorable pressure gradients on two eddy viscosity models were studied in rocket and hypervelocity wind tunnel flows. Nozzle flows of equilibrium air with stagnation temperatures up to 10,000 K were computed. Predictions of equilibrium nitrogen flows through hypervelocity nozzles were compared with experimental data. A slender spherically blunted cone was studied at 70,000 ft altitude and 19,000 ft/sec in the earth's atmosphere. Comparisons with available experimental data showed good agreement. A computer program was developed and fully documented during this investigation for use by interested individuals.
Decreased Cardiac Functional Reserve in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function

Abstract Background Heart failure in patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function (HFpEF) is a prevalent disease characterized by exercise intolerance with poorly understood pathophysiology. We hypothesized that recruitable contractility is impaired in HFpEF, accounting for the appearance of symptoms with exertion. Methods and Results Echocardiographic analysis of myocardial performance was performed at baseline and after a modified dobutamine protocol (max dose 16 μg/kg/min) in participants with known HFpEF and age- and gender-matched controls. The primary outcome variable was change in contractile reserve, measured as a change in ejection fraction (EF). Recruitable contractility was decreased in HFpEF participants compared with control subjects (HFpEF 0.4 ± 1.9% vs control 19.0 ± 1.4%; P P Conclusions Patients with HFpEF have an impaired contractile response to adrenergic stimulation. The blunted response to adrenergic stimulation in the HFpEF group suggests that these patients may be unable to respond to periods of increased cardiac demand. This inability to increase contractility appropriately suggests abnormalities of systolic function in this disease and may contribute to exertional intolerance in HFpEF.
Modeling directional selectivity using self-organizing delay-adaptation maps

Using a delay adaptation learning rule, we model the activity-dependent development of directionally selective cells in the primary visual cortex. Based on input stimuli, a learning rule shifts delays to create synchronous arrival of spikes at cortical cells. As a result, delays become tuned creating a smooth cortical map of direction selectivity. This result demonstrates how delay adaption can serve as a powerful abstraction for modeling temporal learning in the brain.
Experimental Determination of the Electronic Density of States for Graphene Oxide

CPS is unique in that it specifically measures absorption due to the formation of charge carriers, while being uninfluenced by absorption due to vibrational states of the lattice, or non-mobile impurity states. The set-up is shown in Figure 1. The GO sample lies on top of an ITO coated quartz slide, which is anchored to a copper plate within an evacuated optical cryostat. Electrical contact is made between the copper plate and a gold pad deposited near the edge of the ITO layer. The sample is illuminated with light from an optical parametric amplifier which emits a series of 120 fs light pulses at a 1 kHz repetition rate. Light absorption occurs in the GO film, producing electron-hole pairs. The ITO acts as an acceptor for negative photoexcited charge, causing the electron-hole pairs to separate across the GO / ITO interface. This produces an ac voltage, whose frequency is equal to the laser repetition rate. An applied DC potential causes the negative charge to be attracted to the ITO/quartz interface, amplifying the capacitive photocurrent signal. Figure 2 shows a sample capacitive photocurrent spectrum, while Fig. 3 shows the DOS extracted from the data. Three peaks are observed at approximately 0.7, 1.6 and 3.2 eV (marked as ▲, ●, and ■). Strong minima occur at 2.1 eV, and beyond 4 eV, indicating gaps in the density of states. Similar results are observed for all measured GO samples. The DOS extracted from the data consists of the π / π* peaks, plus three additional mid gap states at -0.5 eV, 0.4 eV and 1.5 eV. For comparison, the density of states for graphene is also shown. The π and π* peaks are asymmetric with respect to the Fermi energy due to interaction with the substrate / environment. 3 The ■ transition in the CPS correlates with the 320 nm shoulder observed in the absorbance spectra of GO, and attributed to n-π* transitions of C=O. This suggests that the -0.5 eV state is the non-bonding orbital of the oxygen atoms. 5
False memories and confabulation

Memory distortions range from the benign (thinking you mailed a check that you only thought about mailing), to the serious (confusing what you heard after a crime with what you actually saw), to the fantastic (claiming you piloted a spaceship). We review theoretical ideas and empirical evidence about the source monitoring processes underlying both true and false memories. Neuropsychological studies show that certain forms of brain damage (such as combined frontal and medial-temporal lesions) might result in profound source confusions, called confabulations. Neuroimaging techniques provide new evidence regarding more specific links between underlying brain mechanisms and the normal cognitive processes involved in evaluating memories. One hypothesis is that the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves heuristic judgments based on easily assessed qualities (such as familiarity or perceptual detail) and the left PFC (or the right and left PFC together) subserves more systematic judgments requiring more careful analysis of memorial qualities or retrieval and evaluation of additional supporting or disconfirming information. Such heuristic and systematic processes can be disrupted not only by brain damage but also, for example, by hypnosis, social demands and motivational factors, suggesting caution in the methods used by `memory exploring' professions (therapists, police officers, lawyers, etc.) in order to avoid inducing false memories.
Regional mammogram registration technique for automated analysis of interval changes of breast lesions

A reliable and accurate registration technique is a critical requirement for computerized analysis of temporal changes of suspicious lesions in mammograms. Temporal mammographic changes manifest as `neodensities' and may, sometimes, be the only finding carcinoma. Because of the elasticity of the breast tissue, the absence of obvious landmarks, and the large variability in the relative position of the breast tissue projected on to the mammogram from one examination to the other, conventional registration techniques are not applicable to registration of breast images. We are developing an automated regional registration technique to simulate the method used by radiologists for identifying corresponding lesions on mammograms.
Cross-talk between intraepithelial γδ T cells and epithelial cells

Intraepithelial γδ T cells play pivotal roles in homeostasis, tissue repair, inflammation, and protection from malignancy. In some tissues, γδ T cells are the only resident T cell population, whereas in others, they coexist with αβ T cells and other lymphocyte populations. γδ T cell function in the epithelium requires constant communication between cells in the form of cell-to-cell contacts and cell-to-matrix interactions. These interactions coordinate with the timely production of specific cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and glycosaminoglycans, which have specialized effects on neighboring epithelial cells. Antigens that activate these T cells are not well-defined, and they do not express classic costimulatory or coreceptor molecules. As such, an understanding of the mechanisms used by epithelial γδ T cells to maintain homeostasis and facilitate wound repair has necessitated the identification of novel molecular interactions between γδ T cells and their neighboring epithelial cells.
Free Trade: Problematic Theory and Anachronistic Faith

Despite disruptive and costly impacts of imports, the U.S. maintains adherence to an ideal of free trade as the goal of trade policy. This article questions that axiomatic preference in arguing that goods from low-wage and non-market economies pose significant trade policy issues. It sets forth the costly effects of such imports on workers and producers and asks whether trade benefits are commensurate. It addresses the fairness of competition between American and non-market producers as well as the viability of U. S. fair trade safeguards. The article ultimately observes that there is a basic conflict of interest between comparatively less developed low-wage countries and high-cost, high-employment nations and that free trade theory does not produce an acceptable resolution of this conflict. At stake for the U.S. is its standard of living and its social values as well. Management of trade thus is not a vestige but an essential part of this nation's commitments.
Studies in Facilitated Transport of Nitric Oxide through Immobilized Liquid Membranes

Abstract An experimental technique for studying facilitated transport through immobilized liquid membranes in a batch mode is presented along with its mathematical analysis. Results obtained with two carrier ions [Fe(II) and Zn(II)] in the solvent N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone are compared. The effects of carrier ion concentration and of initial pressure difference are studied. Facilitation factors (ratio of facilitated flux to the flux without any carrier ion) up to 8.1 were observed.
Robust Dynamic Programming for Discounted Infinite-Horizon Markov Decision Processes with Uncertain Stationary Transition Matrice

In this paper, finite-state, finite-action, discounted infinite-horizon-cost Markov decision processes (MDPs) with uncertain stationary transition matrices are discussed in the deterministic policy space. Uncertain stationary parametric transition matrices are clearly classified into independent and correlated cases. It is pointed out in this paper that the optimality criterion of uniform minimization of the maximum expected total discounted cost functions for all initial states, or robust uniform optimality criterion, is not appropriate for solving MDPs with correlated transition matrices. A new optimality criterion of minimizing the maximum quadratic total value function is proposed which includes the previous criterion as a special case. Based on the new optimality criterion, robust policy iteration is developed to compute an optimal policy in the deterministic stationary policy space. Under some assumptions, the solution is guaranteed to be optimal or near-optimal in the deterministic policy space
Sensemaking of complexity: leadership in financial services

Purpose – Unprecedented complexity is reshaping the financial services industry and presenting formidable challenges to financial services leaders and their organizations. “Sensemaking of Complexity: Leadership in Financial Services,” highlights seven leadership principles that could help leaders and their organizations respond effectively to the complexities inherent in financial services today.Design/methodology/approach – After in‐depth secondary research on the topic of leadership and events in the financial services industry, the report offers a novel and holistic approach to managing complexity in today's marketplace.Findings – Beyond the leadership principles, the research suggests that values, competencies and motivations – or “VCMs” – are like an organization's DNA, or the building blocks of organizational behavior, and therefore the basis for real improvement across an organization's many dimensions. VCMs play a critical role in the outcome of change initiatives and an organization's capacity to...
Severely blunted allergen-induced pulmonary Th2 cell response and lung hyperresponsiveness in type 1 transient receptor potential channel-deficient mice

Transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) are widely expressed and regulate Ca2+ entry in the cells that participate in the pathophysiology of airway hyperreactivity, inflammation, and remodeli...
Re-emphasizing Character Education in Early Childhood Programs: Korean Children's Experiences

Character education efforts are influenced by the cultures in which they are implemented. This article describes the character education provided to children in Korea, both in school and at home. The author explores how the Korean early childhood education system strives to ensure positive character development among children. These discussions are especially relevant in today's education context, which is often dominated by competitive, data-driven standardized examinations that can have detrimental effects on character-building among children and youth. The focus on character education is set as a counterbalance to the materialistic and selfish tendencies that greatly define “academic success” in today's world. It warrants a shift in education goals in order to promote caring, pride in one's cultural heritage, and respect for cultural differences, as well as to cultivate cooperation.
Partial Discharges in Electrical Insulation under Combined Alternating and Impulse Stresses

A study has been made of the partial discharge characteristics of artificial cavities in polyethylene under combined 60-Hz and negative 1.2/50-?s impulse stresses, the amplitude of the altemating stress being below discharge inception value. Samples of cross-linked and low-density polyethylenes were tested. The discharge sequence was derived from the results of previous tests, which used only impulse stresses. It showed that the ac discharges, initiated by an impulse, could continue indefinitely under certain conditions. The experimental results do not confirm this but show that the ac discharges always extinguish within 10 seconds after the application of the impulse. The number of ac discharges, although independent of the amplitude of the impulse, increases with increasing altemating stress but decreases as the sample ages. The effect of the angle of the cycle at which the impulse was applied on the combined discharge inception stress is also described.
Understanding the behavior of Prometheus and Pandora

We revisit the dynamics of Prometheus and Pandora, two small moons flanking Saturn's F ring. Departures of their orbits from freely precessing ellipses result from mutual interactions via their 121:118 mean motion resonance. Motions are chaotic because the resonance is split into four overlapping components. Orbital longitudes were observed to drift away from predictions based on Voyager ephemerides. A sudden jump in mean motions took place close to the time at which the orbits' apses were antialigned in 2000. Numerical integrations reproduce both the longitude drifts and the jumps. The latter have been attributed to the greater strength of interactions near apse antialignment (every 6.2 yr), and it has been assumed that this drift-jump behavior will continue indefinitely. We re-examine the dynamics of the Prometheus–Pandora system by analogy with that of a nearly adiabatic, parametric pendulum. In terms of this analogy, the current value of the action of the satellite system is close to its maximum in the chaotic zone. Consequently, at present, the two separatrix crossings per precessional cycle occur close to apse antialignment. In this state libration only occurs when the potential's amplitude is nearly maximal, and the “jumps” in mean motion arise during the short intervals of libration that separate long stretches of circulation. Because chaotic systems explore the entire region of phase space available to them, we expect that at other times the Prometheus–Pandora system would be found in states of medium or low action. In a low action state it would spend most of the time in libration, and separatrix crossings would occur near apse alignment. We predict that transitions between these different states can happen in as little as a decade. Therefore, it is incorrect to assume that sudden changes in the orbits only happen near apse antialignment.
Further Evidence of Host Species-Specific Variation in Antigens of Pneumocystis carinii Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction

To further elucidate the extent of variation among Pneumocystis carinii obtained from different mammalian hosts, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the genes encoding two antigens of P. carinii was done. Using primers based on the ferret P. carinii glycoprotein (gp)A gene and the rat P. carinii 45- to 55-kDa antigen gene, amplification was attempted with DNA isolated from P. carinii-infected ferret, rat, mouse, and human lungs. For both genes, amplification was successful only with P. carinii DNA isolated from the same host species from which the P. carinii gene was originally isolated. The presence of P. carinii DNA in each sample was documented by PCR using primers based on the conserved mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene sequence. These results were confirmed for P. carinii gpA by Southern blot analysis using a labeled fragment of the ferret P. carinii gpA gene as a probe. Thus, in addition to the previously reported phenotypic variation among antigens of P. carinii, there is also genotypic variation of these same antigens.
Self-organized flocking with agent failure: Off-line optimization and demonstration with real robots

This paper presents an investigation of flocking by teams of autonomous mobile robots using principles of Swarm Intelligence. First, we present a simple flocking task, and we describe a leaderless distributed flocking algorithm (LD) that is more conducive to implementation on embodied agents than the established algorithms used in computer animation. Next, we use an embodied simulator and reinforcement learning techniques to optimize LD performance under different conditions, showing that this method can be used not only to improve performance but also to gain insight into which algorithm components contribute most to system behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that a group of real robots executing LD with emulated sensors can successfully flock (even in the presence of individual agent failure) and that systematic characterization (and therefore optimization) of real robot flocking performance is achievable.
Cost Considerations in Using Simulations for Medical Training

ABSTRACTThis article reviews simulation used for medical training, techniques for assessing simulation-based training, and cost analyses that can be included in such assessments. Simulation in medical training appears to take four general forms: human actors who are taught to simulate illnesses and ailments in standardized ways; virtual patients who are generally presented via computer-controlled, multimedia displays; full-body manikins that simulate patients using electronic sensors, responders, and controls; and part-task anatomical simulations of various body parts and systems. Techniques for assessing costs include benefit–cost analysis, return on investment, and cost-effectiveness analysis. Techniques for assessing the effectiveness of simulation-based medical training include the use of transfer effectiveness ratios and incremental transfer effectiveness ratios to measure transfer of knowledge and skill provided by simulation to the performance of medical procedures. Assessment of costs and simulati...
LINKING LANDSCAPE PROPERTIES TO LOCAL HYDROGEOLOGIC GRADIENTS AND PLANT SPECIES OCCURRENCE IN MINEROTROPHIC FENS OF NEW YORK STATE, USA: A HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING (HGS) FRAMEWORK

We present a Hydrogeologic Setting (HGS) framework and the results of subsequent field evaluation for minerotrophic fens throughout New York State, USA. HGS uses a hierarchical approach to link landscape properties to local environmental gradient and, therefore, the plant communities that are associated with calcareous wetlands. This framework was organized into three general classes (i.e., chemical, physical, and spatial), which cumulatively represent the primary top-down factors driving fen occurrence. For 45 fen sites in the New York Natural Heritage Program (NYNHP) database, landscape setting was inferred based on review of published materials (e.g., geologic, topographic, soils maps, and reports). To examine the relationship between HGS and local environmental gradients, nested observation well clusters were placed in 30 of the fen sites. Environmental gradients were quantified in the field (e.g., water depth, pore water pH, temperature, and specific conductivity) and laboratory (e.g., dominant ion and major limiting nutrients concentrations). Statistical analyses were used to relate HGS to local environmental gradients, ecological community, and fen indicator species occurrence. Results suggest that known New York fens occupy distinct hydrogeologic settings, that HGS is significantly correlated to local environmental gradients, and that HGS and local environmental gradients are significantly related to fen ecological community and indicator species occurrence. We used this HGS framework for fens, but the rationale provided may be applied more broadly or narrowly to a range of ecosystem types.
A TALE OF TWO TRACES – DIPLOMATICS AND FORENSICS

This chapter focuses on two examples of legal matters involving archived data, one is a digital archive of born-analog data and the other is a digital archive of born-digital data. Their resolution is explained, and along the way, several challenges and issues related to digital archives, the transition from classical diplomatics to modern diplomatics, digital forensics in the light of current record-keeping systems, and related facts and supporting data points are explored.
Earth Materials: Formation, transport, and lithification of sediment

Importance of sediments in understanding the history of the Earth Sedimentary rocks, which are the topic of Chapter 12, are formed by the accumulation and burial of sediment in depositional basins. Most sediment is formed from the weathering of preexisting rocks as a result of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Some sediment is formed directly by organisms, and some may be a direct chemical precipitate. Sedimentary rocks have a diverse compositional range, not only because of differences in the type and source of the sediment but also because of processes associated with the transport and burial of sediment. Before we discuss sedimentary rocks, we must, therefore, understand how sediment is formed, transported, deposited, and turned into rock (Fig. 11.1). The formation of sediment, its transport, and deposition are dependent on topographic relief, which in large part is produced by plate tectonic processes. High relief at convergent and divergent plate boundaries promotes weathering and transport of sediment, so many sedimentary rocks are related to these regions. When rocks weather, some minerals, such as quartz, remain stable, but most become unstable and are changed into new minerals characteristic of the weathering zone. Disintegration of the primary minerals is promoted by biological activity, with organisms feeding on the nutrients provided by the primary minerals. Because most of the weathering products of rock are silicate minerals, this type of sediment is referred to as siliciclastic sediment . It is the most abundant type of sediment, but sediment derived from organisms and chemical precipitates is also important.