cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex-based changes in rat brain serotonin and behavior in a model of altitude-related vulnerability to treatment-resistant depression

Rates of depression and suicide increase with altitude. In our animal model, rats housed at moderate altitude vs. at sea level exhibit increased depressive symptoms in the forced swim test (FST) and lack of response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Depression and SSRI resistance are linked to disrupted serotonergic function, and hypobaric hypoxia may reduce the oxygen-dependent synthesis of serotonin. We therefore tested brain serotonin in rats housed at altitude. Sprague–Dawley rats were housed at altitude (4,500 ft, 10,000 ft) vs. sea level for 7–36 days. Brain serotonin was measured by ELISA, or behavior evaluated in the FST, sucrose preference (SPT), or open-field tests (OFT). After 2 weeks at 4,500 ft or 10,000ft vs. sea level, serotonin levels decreased significantly at altitude in the female prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and brainstem, but increased with altitude in the male hippocampus and brainstem. Female brain serotonin decreased from 7 to 36 days at 4,500 ft, but males did not vary. At 2 weeks and 24 days, females at altitude exhibit lower brain serotonin and increased depressive symptoms in the FST and SPT, with motor behavior unaltered. In males, serotonin, passive coping in the FST and OFT immobility increased with altitude at 2 weeks, but not at 24 days. Male SPT behavior did not change with altitude. Females may be more vulnerable to depressive symptoms at altitude, while males may be resilient. Chronic hypoxic stress at altitudes as low as 4,500 ft may cause a brain serotonin imbalance to worsen vulnerability to depression and SSRI resistance, and potentially worsen suicide risk.
Qualified Immunity's 51 Imperfect Solutions

Qualified immunity has no perfect solution. On one hand, qualified immunity can prevent individuals whose civil rights have been violated from receiving monetary compensation—obviously, a bad outcome. On the other hand, without qualified immunity, government officials who fear liability may hold back from protecting the public—another bad outcome. Qualified immunity seeks to strike a balance between those bad outcomes: Plaintiffs can recover damages only if a government official violated clearly established law. Some individuals thus will have their rights violated but receive no compensation, while other individuals may be harmed because the government does not come to their aid. Qualified immunity’s goal, however, should be to produce an outcome that is best for the public overall. Whether qualified immunity strikes the right balance is a topic of intense debate. Especially following the killing of George Floyd and subsequent public protests in the summer of 2020, many scholars, judges, and policymakers have urged a rebalancing. Some even call for qualified immunity to be eliminated altogether. Others counter, however, that reforming qualified immunity will do more harm than good. It is difficult to know who has the better of the debate. In our contribution to this symposium on the future of qualified immunity, we offer a partial path forward. Regardless of whether qualified immunity is reformed at the federal level, states have acted and can further act as laboratories of democracy to experiment with different balances. To illustrate the benefits of this approach, we identify reforms to qualified immunity that have been proposed at the federal level to demonstrate how they could be applied at the state level. We also expand the conversation by identifying other potential civil-rights litigation reforms that could be implemented in the states, including changes related to (i) pleading standards; (ii) anti-stagnation rules; and (iii) availability of appellate review. Although state-led reform is not a panacea, it may be among the least imperfect solutions.
Multidimensional sleep health in a diverse, aging adult cohort: Concepts, advances, and implications for research and intervention.

Abstract Purpose To illustrate 2 frameshifts of multidimensional sleep health: i) use of composite sleep metrics; and ii) the correlations among sleep dimensions. Participants 735 adults of diverse backgrounds aged Measures In-home polysomnography, 7-day wrist actigraphy, and validated questionnaires. Methods The Buysse Ru SATED model—sleep regularity, satisfaction, alertness, timing, efficiency, duration—was operationalized, then extended by including additional measures of sleep architecture and sleep apnea from polysomnography and difficulties initiating sleep from questionnaire and sleep onset latency and duration [ir]regularity from actigraphy. We dichotomized sleep variables, operationalizing optimal and nonoptimal ranges as 1 and 0, respectively, summed into a sleep health score, and computed global sleep health scores via principal components analysis. Findings Participants showed low prevalence of sleep regularity in timing ( Conclusions Multidimensional sleep health can be measured by complementary composite scores as well as consideration of multiple individual dimensions.
The Associativity Problem for Monoids and the Word Problem for Semigroups and Groups

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the associativity problem for monoids and the word problem for semigroups and groups. The chapter also discusses the nonvalidity of the one-mountain theorem for general chains, associativity chains, homomorphic images, reduction of the word problem of semigroups to the associativity problem for monoids, the converse reduction, unsolvability degrees, and open questions. The chapter also discusses symmetrical monoids and groups.
Regulation of Performance Standards versus Equipment Specification with Asymmetric Information

This paper compares the regulation of safety performance standards with the regulation of specific safety equipment. It is well known that if information is perfect, it is more efficient to regulate performance than to regulate specific equipment. The former mechanism fosters cost minimization, while the latter does not. I assume that the firm has more accurate knowledge of its safety production technology than does the regulator and show that under reasonable sufficiency conditions the regulation of equipment specifications is more efficient than the regulation of safety performance standards. I also extend these results to the case of environmental pollution regulation.
What Every Student Should Know: Seven Learning Impediments and Their Remedies

Many well-intentioned students fail to thrive in a university environment, not due to lack of effort, but because of a deficient mindset and/or methodology. While a wide variety of problems can result in suboptimal learning performance, there are seven main categories of learning impediments that hinder student learning with alarming regularity. You may be facing one, or more, of these impediments. Not to fret though; each of these debilitating impediments can be surmounted with self-awareness and some effort, paving the way for enjoyable, and productive, learning experiences. In this article, I will identify the offending learning impediments and propose plausible remedial policies to counter each.
Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Stefan Arvidsson Translators: Sonia Wichmann Year: 2006 Pages: 320 Publisher: University of Chicago Press ISBN: 0-226-02860-7 (hard cover). Prices: $55.00(hard cover).
Dynamic Interrelationships between the U.S. Agricultural Trade Balance and the Macroeconomy

The effects of the exchange rate and the income and money supply of the United States and its major trading partners on the U.S. agricultural trade balance are examined using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Results suggest that the exchange rate is the key determinant of the short- and long-run behavior of the trade balance. It is also found that the income and money supply in both the United States and the trading partners have significant impacts on U.S. agricultural trade in both the short and long run.
Isoproterenol facilitation of slow pathway ablation in incessant dual atrioventricular nodal nonreentrant tachycardia.

Catheter ablation of the slow atrioventricular (AV) nodal pathway is the treatment of choice for dual AV nodal nonreentrant tachycardia. Rapid ventricular rates during incessant tachycardia may compromise catheter stability and increase the risk of AV block. Conduction via the slow AV nodal pathway may mimic junctional beats with retrograde block, which is an indicator to cease ablation. We report a case of incessant dual AV nodal nonreentrant tachycardia where intravenous isoproterenol was instrumental in facilitating catheter ablation by eliminating these two factors. (PACE 2012; 35:e31–e34)
The major autopsy findings in adult patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative treatment option for hematological malignancies, but this treatment can be associated with a mortality risk. MATERIAL/METHODS A ten-year retrospective review of all autopsies was performed where those who underwent HSCT were studied. The major autopsy findings and the cause of death were characterized and compared between those seen in allogeneic and those in autologous HSCT recipients. The study period preceded the use of prophylactic antifungal agents. RESULTS A total of 66 autopsies were identified; 52 (79%) received allogeneic and 14 (21%) autologous transplantation. Death occurred at a median of 85 days post transplantation (range 2-1825 days); 36 (55%) died within the first 100 days post stem cells infusion. The major complications for HSCT patients were pulmonary, including diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), acute pneumonia and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The most common cause of death in the allogeneic HSCT group was DAD (13/52; 25%), followed by invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (10/52; 19%), acute pneumonia (10/52; 19%) and massive gastrointestinal bleeding (6/52; 12%); in the autologous group causes were disease relapse/progression of the underlying malignancy (4/14; 29%), acute pneumonia (3/14; 21%) and DAD (2/14; 14%). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the spectrum of disease entities, commonly diagnosed at autopsy in HSCT recipients may provide insight to clinicians for anticipating complications and consequently help in the management of these high risk patients. The increased infectious complications observed in the allogeneic transplant cases may be explained by immunosuppression and that the study period preceded the use of prophylactic antifungal agents. However, relapse/progression of the disease is the predominant cause of mortality after autologous transplant.
New Quaternary Chalcogenides BaLnMQ3 (Ln = Rare Earth or Sc; M = Cu, Ag; Q= S, Se): II. Structure and Property Variation vs Rare-Earth Element

Abstract Some new quaternary compounds of the type BaLnMQ3 (Ln = rare earth or Sc; M = Cu, Ag; Q = S, Se) have been synthesized by the reaction of the constituent binary chalcogenides and elements at 1000°C. The crystal structures of two of these compounds have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques and are isostructural. Crystal data: BaErCuS3—space group D172h —Cmcm, M= 464.32, Z = 4 , a = 3.987(1), b = 13.377(3), c = 10.101(2) A (T = 115 K), V = 538.7(4) A3, Rw (F2) = 0.095 for 848 observations and 24 variables, R(F) = 0.037 for 840 observations having F20 > 2σ (F20); BaYAgSe—space group D172h —Cmcm, M = 571.0, Z = 4, a = 4.239(1), b = 14.030(2), c = 10.636(2) A (T = 115 K), V = 632.6(2) A3, Rw (F2) = 0.057 for 645 observations and 24 variables, R(F) = 0.023 for 595 observations having F20 > 2σ(F20). These two compounds adopt the layered KZrCuS3 structure type. The layers, which are separated by Ba2+ ions, consist of edge-sharing octahedral chains and corner-sharing tetrahedral chains. The other compounds synthesized crystallize either with this same structure or with that of β-BaLaCuSe3, a slightly distorted variation, which is isostructural with Eu2CuS3. The diffuse reflective UV-visible spectra of several of these compounds have been measured. From magnetic susceptibility measurements, both BaNdCuS3 and BaGdCuS3 show Curie-Weiss behavior, whereas BaCeCuS3 and BaCeCuSe3 show in addition temperature-independent paramagnetism.
CD354 in lupus nephritis (THER5P.825)

CD354, Triggering Receptor of Myeloid Cells -1 (TREM-1), is a potent amplifier of myeloid immune responses. Our goal is to determine the expression and function of TREM-1 in lupus nephritis. We used an anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-induced nephritis (anti-GBM) model, which shares pathologic features with lupus nephritis (LN). 5 days after mice were sensitized with rabbit IgG in adjuvant, the mice received anti-GBM serum i.v. to induce disease. Anti-GBM treated 129x1/svJ mice developed severe nephritis and B6 mice did not. Anti-GBM disease induced elevated urine sTREM-1 levels in 129x1/svJ (dys 7-21) compared to B6 mice. TREM -1 blockade with an inhibitory peptide ameliorated renal inflammation compared to control peptide. TREM-1 blockade inhibited proteinuria and renal disease as measured by GN class, severity of tubulo-interstitial disease, crescent formation, and inflammatory cell infiltrates. Elevated sTREM-1 levels were detected in serum of spontaneous LN models and in their renal biopsies. Elevated TREM-1 levels were detected in serum of lupus nephritis patients and in SLE renal biopsies. We found that elevated TREM-1 expression in 129x1/svJ mice has importance pathologic consequences. TREM-1 is amenable to therapeutic targeting for nephritis. These studies could be important in understanding of pathogenic mechanisms driving SLE renal disease
Effect of Selected Exercise Variables on Ligament Stability and Flexibility of the Knee

Abstract The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of selected combinations of rate of movement, resistance, and two variations of the deep knee squat on collateral ligament stretch in the knee joint, quadriceps muscle strength measured at two leg extension angles, and knee joint flexibility. Sixty-nine male, volunteer, Caucasian students provided the data, and the total experiment was 10 weeks in duration — one week each for pre- and post-testing and 8 weeks for experimental exercises. The main hypotheses were tested in null form and involved the nesting of selected treatment cells into planned contrasts. Multivariate analysis of covariance failed to reject the null hypotheses at the .05 level. Selected variations of the deep squat and half-squat exercises did not produce significant differences in their effect on collateral ligament stretch, quadriceps muscle strength, or knee joint flexibility.
Identifying Risk for Self‐Harm: Rumination and Negative Affectivity in the Prospective Prediction of Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury

Research suggests nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) may function as a maladaptive strategy to regulate negative emotions, and individuals high in trait negative affectivity (NA) may be particularly at risk. Rumination, a cognitive emotion regulation strategy, may amplify negative affect, increasing the likelihood of NSSI. The current study found that high NA and high rumination interacted to predict both likelihood of engagement in NSSI and frequency of NSSI. This study provides support for the joint contribution of cognitive and temperamental factors impacting the relationship between NA and NSSI and suggests that interventions targeted at maladaptive emotion regulation strategies may help inform individualized treatment.
The influence of zinc(II) on thioredoxin/glutathione disulfide exchange: QM/MM studies to explore how zinc(II) accelerates exchange in higher dielectric environments

QM/MM studies were performed to explore the energetics of exchange reactions of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and the active site of thioredoxin [Cys32–Gly33–Pro34–Cys35] with and without zinc(II), in vacuum and solvated models. The activation energy for exchange, in the absence of zinc, is 29.7 kcal mol−1 for the solvated model. This is 3.3 kcal mol−1 higher than the activation energy for exchange in the gas phase, due to ground state stabilization of the active site Cys-32 thiolate in a polar environment. In the presence of zinc, the activation energy for exchange is 4.9 kcal mol−1 lower than in the absence of zinc (solvated models). The decrease in activation energy is attributed to stabilization of the charge-separated transition state, which has a 4-centered, cyclic arrangement of Zn–S–S–S with an estimated dipole moment of 4.2 D. A difference of 4.9 kcal mol−1 in activation energy would translate to an increase in rate by a factor of about 4000 for zinc-assisted thiol-disulfide exchange. The calculations are consistent with previously reported experimental results, which indicate that metal-thiolate, disulfide exchange rates increase as a function of solvent dielectric. This trend is opposite to that observed for the influence of the dielectric environment on the rate of thiol-disulfide exchange in the absence of metal. The results suggest a dynamic role for zinc in thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, involving accessible cysteine sites on proteins, which may contribute to redox regulation and mechanistic pathways during oxidative stress.
Remembered Parental Rejection and Postpartum Declines in Marital Satisfaction: Moderated Dyadic Links

Utilizing a sample of 80 married couples, the current study employed a dyadic approach to examine links between remembered parental rejection during childhood and change in marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood. Partner remembered parental rejection, parenting efficacy, and infant temperamental reactivity (frustration and fear reactivity) were examined as moderator variables. Spouses' own remembered parental rejection was linked with declines in marital satisfaction among spouses whose partners recalled more rejection from their parents in childhood, among spouses who felt less efficacious in the parenting role, and among spouses who reported high infant frustration. Partner remembered parental rejection was linked with declines in marital satisfaction among spouses who reported that they were less efficacious in the parenting role. Results support the perspective that family-of-origin experiences are best understood in conjunction with other domains of family life. Applied implications are discussed.
Somatic embryogenesis in cotton ( Gossypium ). II. Requirements for embryo development and plant regeneration

Calli of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) initiated from seedling hypocotyl tissue were placed in liquid suspension and maintained by serial subculture in hormone-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Suspensions were sieved and globular embryos collected, washed, resuspended in basal medium and plated onto various semi-solid media. High inorganic salts (MS), low salt (2/3 MS), excess KNO3, and the growth regulators napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin were tested for their effects on somatic embryo maturation. Long-term embryo proliferation and maturation were best on medium containing MS plus 1.9g/l KNO3. Embryos 3 mm to 10 mm in size were removed from this plating medium and placed on sterile vermiculite saturated with Stewart and Hsu's medium plus 0.1 mg/l indoleacetic acid (IAA). Plants were recovered from 10.6% of the embryos. When ≥5 mm embryos were placed on this medium, 30% of the embryos formed plants within six weeks. Smaller embryos required a longer period of development on the vermiculite and the addition of fresh medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l GA3. Plants with an extensive root system and two true leaves were removed from sterile culture and potted in either one-to-one peat and sand, or vermiculite. Eighty percent of the regenerants were successfully hardened when glass beakers of increasing size (10 to 150 ml) were sequentially placed over the young plants during a two-week period.
Wear rate model for UHMWPE in total hip and knee arthroplasty

The wear of polyethylene cup in hip and knee implants is influenced by a set of primary parameters, has been reported to lead to loosening of the implant and osteolysis. Mass loss as a result of wear and osteolysis may cause dislocation and subsequently revision and/or replacement of the implant. An attempt was made to develop, in the case of hip implant, a comprehensive wear rate equation in terms of the implant dimensions namely, femoral head roughness, femoral head diameter, subject body weight and mechanical properties of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The effect of mechanical properties of polyethylene was included into the model and that resulted in more comprehensive equation. In the case of knee implant an attempt was made to develop in vitro wear rate model in terms of the experimental parameters, such as load and traveled distance.
Self-normalized moderate deviations and lils

Abstract Let { X n ,n⩾1} be i.i.d. Rd-valued random variables. We prove partial moderate deviation principles for self-normalized partial sums subject to minimal moment assumptions. Applications to the self-normalized law of the iterated logarithm are also discussed.
An exploratory analysis of accounting expert system abstracts

A classification scheme was developed to show trends and categorize articles on accounting expert systems AES which were written during the period 1977 to 1989 and abstracted in Brown 1989. The analysis shows that the number of articles on AES has been burgeoning since 1985. The number of introductory articles has declined, as authors have assumed reader familiarity with expert systems concepts. Research in all areas of accounting has been increasing and a wide range of issues in AES has been covered, but with an increasing emphasis on tax and auditing, perhaps due to the influence of large management consulting/accounting firms. Finally, for most subcategories within AES, the focus of the articles along the ES dimension has been on the prototyping and working model stages of development.
Stereotactic biopsy of noncalcified breast lesions:Utility of vacuum-assisted technique compared to multipass automated gun technique

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stereotactic 14-gauge, vacuum-assisted biopsy technique in diagnosing noncalcified breast lesions. Stereotactic biopsy of 116 noncalcified breast lesions was performed with either 14-gauge, vacuum-assisted technique or multipass, automated large-core technique. The number of core samples and time required for each biopsy were compared. Outcome for each technique was compared based on recommendations after the mammographic-histologic review process. Results from surgical excision and mammographic follow-up were reviewed. The vacuum-assisted technique obtained more tissue cores per lesion than the automated gun technique, showed marginal decrease in number of repeat biopsies for discordant results, and required fewer short-term follow-up mammograms, although the difference did not achieve statistical significance. The vacuum-assisted technique can be used successfully to sample noncalcified breast masses, with marginal improvement over the automated gun technique.
Difference-Differential Equations for Fluid Flow in Distensible Tubes

The solution by Womersley of the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid flow in distensible tubes has been most useful to students of hemodynamics. However, this solution requires linearization, and, because results are obtained after transformation into the frequency domain, nonlinear or time-varying effects are not easily added. Analog, hybrid, or digital computer simulation require that difference-differential equations be obtained. This proves to be readily possible by returning to the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations, and using ordinary difference techniques in the space dimensions.
THE THYROID GLAND IN INFECTIONS; THE EFFECT UPON THE BASAL METABOLIC RATE

The fact that the thyroid gland plays a very important role in the growth of an animal and in the regulation of the body metabolism has been recognized for some time. In a recent communication (1) we called attention to the fact that in certain systemic infections and in severe toxemias very definite chemical as well as histological changes in the thyroid gland could be demonstrated. These changes varied considerably with the severity of the infection. Microscopically we were able to show that in the more virulent infections there was desquamation and death of many of the acinous cells, loss of colloid and hyperplasia of many of the remaining cells. This resulted in a marked change in the normal architecture of the gland (Fig. 1). There was a concomitant enlargement of the gland. Upon chemical analysis, however, the iodine content per gram of tissue was found to be about half the amount found in the thyroid glands of the control animals. Such facts are not surprising when one considers the important part ...
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Impact, Processes, and Roles for Strategic Communication

This study was designed to investigate interprofessional collaborations among communication, finance and legal managers at Fortune 500 corporations regarding compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX or Sarbox) of 2002. Marking the decade anniversary of SOX, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 managers (communication, finance, legal) to discover specific effects of SOX implementation on corporations and ways internal departments work together to support compliance. A hermeneutic phenomenological analysis conducted on interview narratives revealed themes of: 1) Significant Internal Impact, 2) New Processes and a State of Constant Metamorphosis, and 3) Roles and Compulsory Teamwork. Findings are explained via the theory of planned behavior and recommendations are offered to strategic communicators.
Acromial compromise with use of a transacromial portal: A biomechanical study

In an experimental evaluation with 14 paired cadaveric scapulae we found that the transacromial arthroscopy portal, used occasionally in the repair of superior labral lesions, will reduce the structural integrity of the acromion to approximately 60% (range 25% to 85%) of its original strength, thereby placing it at increased risk of fracture. These studies provide baseline biomechanical information and suggest that limited shoulder activity is indicated after use of this portal
Cardiac surgery and haemodynamic monitoring

It has been suggested, both by American, but particularly by British, surgeons that haemody-namic monitoring is unnecessary for adequate patient care. Without desiring to precipitate an international crisis, it is the opinion of the latter group that the American surgeons are “too slow” in the operating room. However, the record of the American cardiovascular surgeon speaks for itself, and speaks eloquently. Nevertheless, this writer had the opportunity recently to put the question to a distinguished panel of practicing anaethetists and surgeons, “If you had to abandon haemodynamic monitoring, how would this affect your practice?” All of the surgeons indicated that they would have to anticipate significant increases in both operative mortality and morbidity, in particular, of course, in the higher risk patients. It was their opinion that the magnitude of operation was not the primary determinant of risk, but more the ever-changing condition of the critical patient in the operating room. Thus, they would have to offer a less optimistic prognosis and decline operation in a greater proportion of patients because of the reduced likelihood of favourable outcome. The anaesthetists on the panel had similar viewpoints, related more to their inability to affect outcome in the operating room favourably. An increased morbidity and difficulties in post-operative care were also anticipated. As a generality, therefore, haemodynamic monitoring appears to have an important place in modern cardiovascular surgery. The complex patient with coronary disease and many of the patients with valvar heart disease alone, particularly when the patient is older and the lesions multiple, benefit from careful haemodynamic monitoring.
On the Design of IT-Enabled Self-Care Systems: A Socio-technical Perspective

Advances in information technology (IT) have resulted in a proliferation of IT-based solution to support the self-care and management for healthy individuals as well as patients with chronic conditions. Despite these advances, the adoption and diffusion of these solutions into practice is limited. The objective of this paper is to enhance adoption and diffusion by providing actionable recommendations for the design of IT systems for self-care. The recommendations are grounded in socio-technical design theory and in an extensive review of self-care literature. The findings indicate that despite the diversity of disease conditions, users, technologies, and implementation environments, IT-solutions for self-care often fail to encompass a holistic socio-technical view. The design of such systems will need to account for the intrinsic and interrelated characteristics of the underlying tasks, actors, technologies, and environment.
Bluetooth worm propagation: mobility pattern matters!

The alarm that worms start to spread on increasingly popular mobile devices calls for an in-depth investigation of their propagation dynamics. In this paper, we study how mobility patterns affect Bluetooth worm spreading speeds. We find that the impact of mobility patterns is substantial over a large set of of changing Bluetooth and worm parameters. For instance, a mobility model under which devices move among a fixed set of activity locations can result in worm propagation speeds four times faster than a classical mobility model such as the random walk model. Our investigation reveals that the key factors affecting Bluetooth worm propagation speeds include spatial distributions of nodes, link duration distributions, degrees to which devices are mixed together, and even the burstiness of successive links.
Studies on the synthesis of fatty acids by a beef heart mitochondrial enzyme system

Abstract Studies are reported on an enzyme system located on the outer membrane of beef heart mitochondria which synthesizes fatty acids by the elongation of pre-existing fatty acids (or acyl-CoA compounds). Proof that fatty acid primers (octanoate, palmitate and linoleate) are elongated by the sequential addition of one or more molecules of acetyl-CoA to the carboxyl end of the fatty acid was obtained by gas-liquid chromatography and decarboxylation of the biosynthesized fatty acids. Malonyl-CoA was not a substrate for this reaction and no evidence was obtained for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. The elongation reaction requires only an acyl-CoA primer, acetyl-CoA and NADH. The potassium salt of a fatty acid plus ATP and Mg ++ can substitute for the acyl-CoA. The primer specificity is very broad—all primers tested from C 6 to C 20 stimulated the incorporation of acetyl-CoA—but the maximum incorporation of acetyl-CoA was observed with octanoic acid as a primer. When linoleic acid served as the primer arachidonic and other polyunsaturated C 20 acids were produced. The optimum pH of the reaction was 7.8-8.0 in glycylglycine buffer. NADPH inhibited the incorporation of acetyl-CoA into fatty acids. Both free and esterified fatty acids (saturated, unsaturated, and β-hydroxy acids) were identified as products of the enzyme reaction; presumably the relative amounts of each were determined by the amount of deacylase activity in the enzyme preparation. A 14-fold purification of enzyme activity was achieved through the preparation of an acetone powder of the mitochondria followed by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The enzyme system appeared to behave as a single unit during subsequent treatments designed to separate proteins on the basis of size and charge.
The allergic child in camp

N IMPORTANT consideration in the treatment of any chronic disease, and this is especially true in childhood, is the attempt to prevent the patient from deveIoping a sense of invalidism. The more a child can enjoy activities common to other children of his age, the happier and healthier he will be. Camps especially for diabetic children are highly successiul and have contributed to our knowledge of diabetes in childhood. Camps especially for children suffering from allergic disease have not as yet been established, but with the advances which allergy is now making as a specialty, it is perhaps time to consider the desirability of organizing such camps. Meantime all pediatricians and allergists every summer are confronted with the problem of what to do about their young patients who wish to go to camp. So far as I can determ!ne, this problem has not been dealt with previously in the literature and it is with the hope of stimulating interest in this field that this communication is made. One of the primary considerations for such a camp is that there should be a resident physician in attendance. Previous experience in treating allergic children is highly desirable as a qualification for the camp physician but cannot be insisted upon at this time. Many camps, especially with the present shortage of physicians, employ a nurse for routine care of the campers and depend upon a physician in a neighboring town in case of necessity. This is not advisable in the camp to which an allergic child is to be sent. Not all allergic children, because of the nature and severity of their illness, should be permitted to go to camp, even if the parents are willing. Which child should or should not go is in every case an individual problem to be decided by con: sn]tation between the parents and the pediatric allergist or the parents, the allergist, and the pediatrician. A child on a highly restricted diet should not be sent to camp because the difficulties inherent in carrying out such diets are accentuated by the increased appetite usually associated with camp life and activities. Even if the food allergy is associated with the ingestion of easily avoidable foods such as nuts or berries, the responsibility for avoiding these cannot be assumed by the camp management. In the case of a very cooperative child, it is a reasonable risk; otherwise not. Before going to camp, any child, and particularly the allergic child, should have a thorough physical examination by a pediatrician. Many parents resent having their children examined when the child feels well but most do not resent having a well child thoroughly examined once a year. It is highly advantageous for the pediatrician to educate the parents of his camp age children to utilize the camp examination as the child's yearly physical examination. An important part of this examination is a check on whether or not the child has the prophylactic injections he should have had and has had a
Two-channel resonant tunneling.

We study the conductance of a tunneling junction with two resonant impurities. We show that when the distance between the impurities is of the order of the de Broglie wavelength of an electron in the contacts, the coupling of the impurity states via the continuum of states in the contacts becomes important. If two identical impurities are located in the middle of the barrier, the resonant peak in the conductance, as a function of the Fermi energy, is dramatically narrowed. The resonant peak transforms into a deep minimum if impurity states have different energies or if impurities are shifted from the middle of the barrier. With nonvanishing overlap of the impurity wave functions, the position of the minimum is shifted from the resonance. We also study two-channel resonant tunneling between the edge states in the quantum Hall geometry. We show that for perfect resonance the coupling between the edge states is nonzero only within a narrow interval of magnetic fields.
Individual Differences in Machiavellianism as a Mix of Cooperative and Exploitative Strategies

Abstract Subjects who score high on Machiavellianism are often charming and attractive in short-term social interactions. It is unclear from their behavior whether they are using a deceptive strategy of exploitation or whether they are merely exceptionally capable social actors. We used a story-telling method to explore aspects of Machiavellianism that are not obvious from short-term social interactions. Subjects who scored high and low on Machiavellianism wrote stories in the first person, whose main characters (referred to as “I”) were evaluated by another set of subjects. The stories reveal the cooperative nature of low-Machs and the exploitative nature of high-Machs in particularly sharp focus. Judged by their fictional creations, high-Machs were rejected as social partners for most relationships, except when their exploitative skills could be directed against members of other groups.
Memory-Efficient Method for Fast Computation of Short 15-Puzzle Solutions

While the 15-puzzle has a long and interesting history dating back to the 1870s, it still continues to appear as apps on mobile devices and as minigames inside larger video games. We demonstrate a method for solving the 15-puzzle using only 4.7 MB of tables that on a million random instances was able to find solutions of 65.21 moves on average and 95 moves in the worst case in under a tenth of a millisecond per solution on current desktop computing hardware. These numbers compare favorably to the worst case upper bound of 80 moves and to the greedy algorithm published in 1995, which required 118 moves on average and 195 moves in the worst case.
Helping social workers address the educational needs of foster children.

Abstract Objective: The main aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Education Initiative, an intervention program in one of the largest urban counties in the US seeking to increase the responsiveness of social workers to the educational needs of foster children. Method: A pre-post test control group design was used. Data from case files and social workers were examined at the start of the project and 18 months later to determine changes in social workers’ (a) knowledge and practices regarding school programs and services and (b) maintenance of educational records for children on their caseloads. Results: Data were analyzed from approximately 300 case files and over 200 questionnaires completed by social workers. Findings indicated that social workers who received training and had access to an education liaison (1) increased their knowledge about the school system and (2) were more likely to gather current educational data and comment on schooling needs in the case files. On questionnaires measuring knowledge and practices, supervisory social workers showed no gains while case workers increased their levels of knowledge and involvement. Conclusions: Evaluative data from both sources support the effectiveness of this collaborative model between the school and child welfare agency for addressing the educational needs of foster youth. Social workers in the pilot offices knew more and focused more on the school experience of youth on their caseloads than workers in the control offices. They reported more educational information in the case files and solicited current progress reports from the schools. Discrepancies between worker and school reported performance data raise questions as to whether social workers by themselves are the most effective advocates for foster children.
A symposium: Why are the mentally retarded strategically deficient?

Abstract An overview is given for symposium papers originally presented at the Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. Bray and Turner, in answering the symposium question “Why are the mentally retarded strategically deficient?” develop the position that situation-related variables and a person's comprehension of the “problem of remembering” leads to “production anomalies” rather than “strategy deficiencies.” Borkowski, Carr, and Pressley develop a case for deficiencies in metacognitive and motivational components as the reason for strategy deficiencies. Turnure attributes strategy deficiencies to impoverished learning of “situated meaning,” normally acquired as a result of informal instruction. The discussants, Belmont and Mitchell, provide an integration of these papers and discuss the influence of perceived task difficulty on strategy use.
Urea is a dynamic pool of bioavailable nitrogen in coral reefs

Urea may be an important source of nitrogen in low nutrient coral reef environments because corals and other organisms can assimilate it easily and it is found throughout ocean waters. We measured the distribution and concentrations of urea in seagrass beds, areas of schooling fish, coral formations and bottom sediments in the Upper Florida Keys Reef Tract. The flux of urea from bottom sediments was also measured. Ambient concentrations of urea in the offshore reefs were similar to the concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. Seagrass beds, areas of schooling fish and coral formations had elevated concentrations of urea that were up to eight times higher than nitrate in the system. Numerous ephemeral hotspots of urea that were 8–20 times the ambient urea concentration existed in seagrass beds, areas of schooling fish, and above sediments. Coastal areas and inland canals had high urea concentrations where urban runoff and septic effluents were prevalent, but there was no anthropogenic influence in the offshore habitats. Urea concentrations above bottom sediments were not different from ambient concentrations and benthic flux chamber incubations showed biological activity in carbonaceous sediments but no net urea production. The decrease in urea concentrations from coasts and inland waterways to a consistent ambient concentration in the offshore reef system and ephemeral hotspots of high urea concentration suggest that urea is a dynamic pool of bioavailable nitrogen in the reefs of the Upper Florida Keys.
Intravenous glial‐derived neurotrophic factor gene therapy of experimental Parkinson's disease with Trojan horse liposomes and a tyrosine hydroxylase promoter

Background Rats with experimental Parkinson's disease (PD) are treated with intravenous glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plasmid DNA, non-viral gene therapy using Trojan horse liposomes (THLs) targeted with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the rat transferrin receptor (TfR). Expression of the transgene is confined to catecholaminergic cells by placement of the GDNF gene under the influence of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter. Methods A 13-kb eukaryotic expression plasmid, designated pTHpro-GDNF, is engineered in which the human prepro GDNF cDNA is driven by 8 kb of the 5′-flanking sequence of the rat TH promoter (pro), and is 3′-flanked by the bovine growth hormone transcription termination sequence. The pTHpro-GDNF plasmid DNA is encapsulated in THLs targeted with a TfRMAb, and a single intravenous injection is given to rats at 2 weeks after experimental PD is induced by intra-cerebral 6-hydroxydopamine. Results Expression of the GDNF gene, under the influence of the TH promoter, is restricted compared to GDNF expression under the influence of the cytomegalovirus promoter. GDNF is elevated only in organs of the rat where TH gene expression is observed, including the substantia nigra, liver and adrenal gland. The single, delayed intravenous administration of the GDNF gene therapy causes a lasting reduction in apormorphine-induced rotation, which is correlated with a 19-fold increase in striatal TH enzyme activity. Both dose-response and time-responses are observed. Conclusions Sustained therapeutic effects are achieved in experimental PD with a delayed single intravenous dosing of GDNF plasmid DNA gene therapy, using receptor-targeted THLs and a region-specific promoter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms and Factors for Edible Oil Oxidation

ABSTRACT: Edible oil is oxidized during processing and storage via autoxidation and photosensitized oxidation, in which triplet oxygen (3O2) and singlet oxygen (1O2) react with the oil, respectively. Autoxidation of oils requires radical forms of acylglycerols, whereas photosensitized oxidation does not require lipid radicals since 1O2 reacts directly with double bonds. Lipid hydroperoxides formed by 3O2 are conjugated dienes, whereas 1O2 produces both conjugated and nonconjugated dienes. The hydroperoxides are decomposed to produce off-flavor compounds and the oil quality decreases. Autoxidation of oil is accelerated by the presence of free fatty acids, mono- and diacylglycerols, metals such as iron, and thermally oxidized compounds. Chlorophylls and phenolic compounds decrease the autoxidation of oil in the dark, and carotenoids, tocopherols, and phospholipids demonstrate both antioxidant and prooxidant activity depending on the oil system. In photosensitized oxidation chlorophyll acts as a photosensitizer for the formation of 1O2; however, carotenoids and tocopherols decrease the oxidation through 1O2 quenching. Temperature, light, oxygen concentration, oil processing, and fatty acid composition also affect the oxidative stability of edible oil.
INCREASING INFRASTRUCTURE RESILIENCE THROUGH COMPETITIVE COEVOLUTION

The world is increasingly dependent on critical infrastructures such as the electric power grid, water, gas and oil transport systems. Due to this increasing dependence and inadequate infrastructure expansion, these systems are becoming increasingly stressed. These additional stresses leave these systems less resilient to external faults, both accidental and malicious than ever before. As a result of this increased vulnerability, many critical infrastructures are becoming susceptible to cascading failures, where an initial fault caused by an external force may induce a domino-effect of further component failures. An important implication is that traditional infrastructure risk analysis methods, often relying on Monte Carlo sampling of fault scenarios, are no longer sufficient. Instead, systematic analysis based on worst-case attacks by intelligent adversaries is essential. This paper describes a coevolutionary methodology to simultaneously discover low-effort high-impact faults and corresponding means of hardening infrastructures against them. We empirically validate our methodology through an electric power transmission system case study.
Photocarrier dynamics in C60: studies of transient photoconductivity and transient photoinduced absorption

Abstract The intrinsic dynamics of photoexcited carriers in oxygen-free C 60 film and their remarkable evolution as the film is exposed to oxygen are revealed by transient photoconductivity (PC) and transient photoinduced absorption (PA) measurements at various temperatures, light intensities and photon energies. These studies reveal the carrier transport and carrier recombination mechanisms, and provide an estimate for the initial mobility in pristine C 60 film; these measurements also demonstrate that exposure C 60 film to oxygen creates deep traps that localize the photocarriers and effectively quenches the long-lived multiple trapping transport mechanism.
A Framework for the Development of Measurement Instruments for Evaluating the Introductory Statistics Course

Abstract This paper proposes a framework for the development of instruments to measure content learning and problem-solving skills for the introductory statistics course. This framework is based upon a model of the problem-solving process central to statistical reasoning. The framework defines and interrelates six measurement tasks: (1) subjective reports; (2) reports concerning truth, falsity, or equivalence; (3) supply the appropriate missing information in a message; (4) answer a question based upon a specific message; (S) reproduce a message; and (6) carry out a procedure.