cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Market uncertainty and earnings guidance

Abstract We test a theory about ambiguity surrounding the distribution of fundamental values to determine how market uncertainty affects earnings guidance perception and behavior. We find a more pronounced negative share price response to negative earnings guidance and a lower likelihood that management issues negative guidance under conditions of greater market uncertainty. Yet, we also find that the share price response to positive guidance is not related to the level of market uncertainty, while the likelihood of issuing positive guidance decreases with market uncertainty. The asymmetric effects of market uncertainty on earnings guidance perception and behavior support the ambiguity based pricing theories.
An approximation for the Xu-White velocity model

In 1995, S. Xu and R. E. White described a method for estimating compressional and shear-wave velocities of shaley sandstones from porosity and shale content. Their model was able to predict the effect of increasing clay content on compressional-wave velocity observed in laboratory measurements. A key step in the Xu-White method estimates dry rock bulk and shear moduli for the sand/shale mixture. This step is performed numerically by applying the differential effective medium method to the Kuster-Toksoz equations for ellipsoidal pores. This step is computationally intensive. Using reasonable assumptions about dry rock elastic properties, this step can be replaced with a set of approximations for dry rock bulk and shear moduli. Numerical experiments show an extremely close match between velocities obtained with these approximations and velocities computed with the differential effective medium method. These approximations simplify the application of the Xu-White method, and make the method computationally more efficient. They also provide insight into the Xu-White method. For example, these approximations show how the Xu-White model is related to the critical porosity model.
Hot spots and turbulent initial conditions of quark - gluon plasmas in nuclear collisions

Abstract As a result of multiple mini-jet production, initial conditions of the QCD plasma formed in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions may be inhomogeneous, with large fluctuations of the local energy density (hot spots), and turbulent, with a chaotic initial transverse velocity field. Assuming rapid local thermalization, the evolution of such plasmas is computed using longitudinal boost-invariant (3+1)-dimensional hydrodynamics. We compare the evolution in case that the speed of sound in the plasma is constant to one resulting from an equation of state involving a strong first-order transition, with a minimum of the velocity of sound as a function of energy density. We find that azimuthally asymmetric fluctuations and correlations of the transverse energy flow, d E ⊥ d γ d θ , can develop in both cases due to the initial inhomogeneities. Hot spots also enhance significantly high-k⊥ direct photon yields. In the case with a phase transition, the hadronization surface evolves into an unusual foam-like structure. Also in that case, we find that hadronization is considerably delayed relative to the ideal gas case, just as previous studies have found for homogeneous initial conditions. The time-delay signature of a rapid cross-over transition region in the QCD equation of state (as observable via meson interferometry) is thus found to be remarkably robust to uncertainties in the initial conditions in heavy-ion reactions.
Muc1 enhances the β-catenin protective pathway during ischemia-reperfusion injury

The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 and β-catenin protective pathways represent the two most significant cellular responses that are activated in response to acute kidney injury. We previously rep...
The Common Good of Practices

This was my contribution to a collection of very short commentaries on Stanley Fish's work on academic freedom. Here is the first paragraph's description: “Has Fish, in defending the integrity of academic practice, trivialized it? This issue haunts Fish’s deflationary account (“it’s just a job”) throughout, but it is an issue he addresses directly only in the coda. This is the issue I want to address here, but without exploring (because space does not permit) what difference what I have to say would make, if any, to his defense of a functional account of academic freedom, a defense I wholeheartedly endorse. In fact, I hope to advance Fish’s cause – in the context of law and legal practice it has been my cause as well – by offering what I think is a better case for why Fish’s account of the work of the academy does not trivialize it. My argument is that the practice relates to “larger concerns of life” in ways required by the practice itself; that what it offers in this regard are not “by products” or “side effects” as Fish describes them, but constitutive of what it means to be a practice. For no practice is completely closed. Each is purposive in at least one sense: every practice, for its own good, seeks to foster within the broader culture the ability to appreciate that which the practice has on offer. It does this, primarily, by initiating people into its ways of thinking, by teaching in other words.”
Rapid determination of pork sensory quality using Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Existing objective methods to predict sensory attributes of pork in general do not yield satisfactory correlation to panel evaluations, and their applications in meat industry are limited. In this study, a Raman spectroscopic method was developed to evaluate and predict tenderness, juiciness and chewiness of fresh, uncooked pork loins from 169 pigs. Partial Least Square Regression models were developed based on Raman spectroscopic characteristics of the pork loins to predict the values of the sensory attributes. Furthermore, binary barcodes were created based on spectroscopic characteristics of the pork loins, and subjected to multivariate statistical discriminant analysis (i.e., Support Vector Machine) to differentiate and classify pork loins into quality grades (“good” and “bad” in terms of tenderness and chewiness). Good agreement (> 83% correct predictions) with sensory panel results was obtained. The method developed in this report has the potential to become a rapid objective assay for tenderness and chewiness of pork products that may find practical applications in pork industry.
Epidemiological Features of Wilms' Tumor: Results of the National Wilms' Tumor Study

Nearly 2,000 children with Wilm's tumor registered in a national clinical trial during 1969-81 showed high rates of aniridia, hemihypertrophy, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and other genitourinary anomalies. Patients with bilateral disease, who constituted 5% of the total, had younger ages at diagnosis and an increased incidence of congenital anomalies and renal blastemal rests. Those with multicentric unilateral lesions had more blastemal rests but were otherwise indistinguishable from the unicentric cases. The 20 familial cases had none of the features usually associated with genetic tumors: neither younger ages nor an increase in bilaterality nor associated congenital anomalies. These observations suggest that the fraction of Wilm's tumors that is due to an inherited mutation may be substantially smaller than previously supposed and support the concept that the disease arises from a variety of pathogenetic pathways.
Baire category theory and Hilbert's Tenth Problem inside $\mathbb{Q}$

For a ring R, Hilbert’s Tenth Problem HTP(R) is the set of polynomial equations over R, in several variables, with solutions in R. We consider computability of this set for subrings R of the rationals. Applying Baire category theory to these subrings, which naturally form a topological space, relates their sets HTP(R) to the set HTP\((\mathbb {Q})\), whose decidability remains an open question. The main result is that, for an arbitrary set C, HTP\((\mathbb {Q})\) computes C if and only if the subrings R for which HTP(R) computes C form a nonmeager class. Similar results hold for 1-reducibility, for admitting a Diophantine model of \(\mathbb {Z}\), and for existential definability of \(\mathbb {Z}\).
Miniblocs and Fringe Currencies of the EMU

Like all major currencies, the Euro will attract a fringe of hangers-on. For EMU participants, the most important will be those with which participants already have significant trading and other economic relationships. These relation - ships are not homogeneous across the EMU, but instead we can identify seven or more miniblocs, most of either are, or will be, split by the EMU. Stabilizing real exchange rate movements within these miniblocs could be of value in reducing the impact on EMU participants of asymmetric shocks. Possible institutional arrange - ments to give effect to such a goal are considered.
Composite Qualitative Forecasting of Futures Prices: Using One Commodity to Help Forecast Another

Managers of businesses that involve agricultural commodities need price forecasts in order to manage the risk in either the sale or purchase of agricultural commodities. Sometimes the most important forecasting component is simply whether the price will move up or down. Such binary forecasts are commonly referred to as qualitative forecasts. This paper examines whether qualitative forecasting of commodity prices can be improved by the inclusion within the model specication of price forecasts for other commodities. We use hog prices as a test case and nd strong support for the inclusion of other commodity price forecasts in the best forecasting models. Unfortunately, the out-of-sample performance of these models is mixed at best. Still, the results suggest qualitative forecasts can be improved through the inclusion of other commodity price forecasts in our models.
Admixture, Population Structure, and F-Statistics

Many questions about human genetic history can be addressed by examining the patterns of shared genetic variation between sets of populations. A useful methodological framework for this purpose is F-statistics that measure shared genetic drift between sets of two, three, and four populations and can be used to test simple and complex hypotheses about admixture between populations. This article provides context from phylogenetic and population genetic theory. I review how F-statistics can be interpreted as branch lengths or paths and derive new interpretations, using coalescent theory. I further show that the admixture tests can be interpreted as testing general properties of phylogenies, allowing extension of some ideas applications to arbitrary phylogenetic trees. The new results are used to investigate the behavior of the statistics under different models of population structure and show how population substructure complicates inference. The results lead to simplified estimators in many cases, and I recommend to replace F3 with the average number of pairwise differences for estimating population divergence.
Imbalances, Overheating and the Prospects for Global Recovery

The expert contributors compare the recent crisis with earlier crises, explore international aspects of the crisis from the perspectives of financial markets and trade, and examine macroeconomic policy responses. In so doing, they address important questions including: How did this crisis differ from those suffered previously? How and why did flaws in financial markets contribute to the crisis? How important were global imbalances and global overheating in explaining the global meltdown? Did different pre-crisis fundamentals generate different post-crisis performances? And, how severe were the economic shocks to countries such as Korea and other emerging economies?
Interactive systems for patient-centered care to enhance patient engagement

In today’s society, most people are both consumers of information technology and of health care. Virtually every person has consumed health care and will consume more as one ages. Moreover, 84% of US households own a computer,1 and 64% of adults own a smartphone.2 We carry pocket-sized devices that connect us to people around the world and vast stores of information. With these technologies, we manage our lives from mundane activities like reading, checking the weather, making to-do lists, and buying books and clothes, to more complex tasks such as learning, managing finances, shopping for houses, and maintaining ties with friends and family around the world. With such diverse and powerful technologies at our fingertips and myriad societal-level health care challenges in cost, quality, and outcome, it is tantalizing to imagine all of the ways that health information technologies (health IT) can be used to enhance people’s health and societies’ health care delivery. Patient-centered care respects and responds to individual differences in patient preferences, needs, and values.3 To respond to such differences and achieve patient-centered care, patients and health care professionals must engage in constant communication. In recent years, researchers have examined a number of ostensibly patient-oriented technologies that could enhance such communication, including patient portals, personal health records (PHRs), and mobile health (mHealth) applications. Furthermore, it is not difficult to conceptualize pathways through which such information systems might improve communication between patients and clinicians, create more patient-centered care, and help achieve the triple aim of better experiences of care, better population health, and lower health care costs.3 Yet, practically, these enticing tools and outcomes are far from reality. There is scant evidence that patients frequently or effectively access and use information systems that engage them and improve patient-centered care delivery. For example, patients generally have …
Land use classification using convolutional neural networks applied to ground-level images

Land use mapping is a fundamental yet challenging task in geographic science. In contrast to land cover mapping, it is generally not possible using overhead imagery. The recent, explosive growth of online geo-referenced photo collections suggests an alternate approach to geographic knowledge discovery. In this work, we present a general framework that uses ground-level images from Flickr for land use mapping. Our approach benefits from several novel aspects. First, we address the nosiness of the online photo collections, such as imprecise geolocation and uneven spatial distribution, by performing location and indoor/outdoor filtering, and semi-supervised dataset augmentation. Our indoor/outdoor classifier achieves state-of-the-art performance on several benchmark datasets and approaches human-level accuracy. Second, we utilize high-level semantic image features extracted using deep learning, specifically convolutional neural networks, which allow us to achieve upwards of 76% accuracy on a challenging eight class land use mapping problem.
Orthogonal nilpotent superfields from linear models

We derive supersymmetry/supergravity models with constrained orthogonal nilpotent superfields from the linear models in the formal limit where the masses of the sgoldstino, inflatino and sinflaton tend to infinity. The case where the sinflaton mass remains finite leads to a model with a ‘relaxed’ constraint, where the sinflaton remains an independent field. Our procedure is equivalent to a requirement that some of the components of the curvature of the moduli space tend to infinity.
Pt-catalyzed C-C activation induced by C-H activation.

The catalytic cleavage of two C–C single bonds is achieved by treatment of the hydrocarbon substrate spiro[bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-7,1′-cyclopropane] with Pt(II) catalysts such as (Me2bpy)PtPh(NTf2) (Me2bpy = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, NTf2– = N(SO2CF3)2–). The surprising rearrangement product 1,2,4,7,7a-pentahydroindene is generated in good yield. The mechanism of C–C bond activation is investigated using NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and deuterium labeling, along with density functional theory calculations. These studies support an unusual catalytic mechanism in which an initial masked C–H bond activation initiates successive C–C bond cleavage events.
Precision Weapons, Civilian Casualties, and Support for the Use of Force

Precision weapons such as drones have become important elements of the military strategies of the United States and other countries. How does the use of precision weapons influence public support for the use of force? The public is averse to casualties, mission failure, and collateral damage. I argue that precision weapons increase the salience and importance of avoiding civilian harm. Individuals adopt their expectations about the outcomes of using these weapons and have lower tolerance for attacks that result in civilian deaths. This proposition is consistent with the results of two survey experiments. In the first, the possibility of civilian casualties leads to larger declines in support for the use of force than do military casualties or mission failure. In the second, respondents primed with information about an attack with precision weapons exhibited less tolerance for civilian harm than those primed with other weapons systems, despite the fact that the outcomes described to all respondents were identical.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of a Tertiary Benzylic Carbon Center via Phenol-Directed Alkene Hydrogenation

An expeditious synthetic approach to chiral phenol 1, a key building block in the preparation of a series of drug candidates, is reported. The strategy includes a cost-effective and readily scalable route to cyclopentanone 3 from isobutyronitrile (10). The sterically hindered and enolizable ketone 3 was subsequently employed in a challenging Grignard addition mediated by LaCl3·2LiCl. A novel preparation of the lanthanide reagent required for this transformation is described. To complete the process, a highly enantioselective hydrogenation step afforded the target (1). The importance of the phenol group to the success of this asymmetric transformation is discussed.
Ethylammonium Nitrate (EAN)/Tf2O and EAN/TFAA: Ionic Liquid Based Systems for Aromatic Nitration

Acting as in situ sources of triflyl nitrate (TfONO2) and trifluoroacetyl nitrate (CF3COONO2), the EAN/Tf2O and EAN/TFAA systems, generated via metathesis in the readily available ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) ionic liquid as solvent, are powerful electrophilic nitrating reagents for a wide variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. Comparative nitration experiments indicate that EAN/Tf2O is superior to EAN/TFAA for nitration of strongly deactivated systems. Both systems exhibit low substrate selectivity (KT/KB = 5–10) in between values reported for covalent nitrates and preformed nitronium salts.
450 Simeprevir/Sofosbuvir Therapy in Hepatitis C (HCV) Infected Patients With Child-Pugh Class B/C Cirrhosis Compared to Matched Untreated and Protease Inhibitor (PI)-Triple Therapy Treated Control

Simeprevir/Sofosbuvir Therapy in Hepatitis C (HCV) Infected Patients With Child-Pugh Class B/C Cirrhosis Compared to Matched Untreated and Protease Inhibitor (PI)-Triple Therapy Treated Control Varun Saxena, Lisa M. Nyberg, Mary Patricia Pauly, Joanna Ready, Jean-Luc Szpakowski, Barbara Piasecki, Anders H. Nyberg, Bradley J. Winston, Jacquelyn L. Redd, Lisa Catalli, Aditi Dasgupta, Stephanie Straley, Kali Sommer, Gayle Witt, Robert Rathbun, Norah A. Terrault
Accuracy of Bicycle Counting with Pneumatic Tubes in Oregon

Interest in counting bicycles and establishing nonmotorized counting programs is increasing, but jurisdictions still struggle with how to integrate bicycle counting into standard practice. In this paper, the authors share findings and recommendations for how to minimize error for bicycle counting from tests conducted in conjunction with the Oregon Department of Transportation. This research studied three types of off-the-shelf pneumatic tube counters for counting bicycles, including equipment from five manufacturers: two bicycle-specific counters, three varieties of motor vehicle classification counters, and one volume-only motor vehicle counter. Tests were conducted both in a controlled environment and in on-road mixed traffic to better identify problems in accuracy. Equipment studied generally undercounted cyclists, especially those in groups. Results from the controlled test with standard bicycles showed that within 10 ft of the counter, the undercounting error ranged from 0% to −12%. In the mixed-traf...
Large-scale synthesis of globotriose derivatives through recombinant E. coli.

The carbohydrate chains decorating cell membranes and secreted proteins participate in a range of important biological processes. However, their ultimate significance and possible therapeutic potential have not been fully explored due to the lack of economical methods for their production. This study is an example of the use of a genetically engineered bacterial strain in the preparation of diverse oligosaccharides. Based on an ex vivo biosynthetic pathway, an artificial gene cluster was constructed by linking the genes of five associated enzymes on a plasmid vector. This plasmid was inserted into the E. coli NM522 strain to form globotriose-producing cells (‘superbug’ pLDR20-CKTUF). The specific strain was conveniently applied to the synthesis of globotriose trisaccharide and its derivatives, as potential neutralizers for Shiga toxin. This work demonstrates a novel and economical method for generating ligand diversity for carbohydrate drug development.
Capturing the Perceived Phantom Limb through Virtual Reality

Phantom limb is the sensation amputees may feel when the missing limb is still attached to the body and is still moving as it would if it still existed. Despite there being between 50 and 80% of amputees who report neuropathic pain, also known as phantom limb pain PLP, there is still little understanding of why PLP occurs. There are no fully effective long-term treatments available. One of the struggles with PLP is the difficulty for amputees to describe the sensations of their phantom limbs. The sensations may be of a limb that is in a position that is impossible for a normal limb to attain. The goal of this project was to treat those with PLP by developing a system to communicate the sensations those with PLP were experiencing accurately and easily through various hand positions using a model arm with a user friendly interface. The system was developed with Maya 3D animation software, the Leap Motion input device, and the Unity game engine. The 3D modeled arm was designed to mimic the phantom sensation being able to go beyond normal joint extensions of regular arms. The purpose in doing so was to obtain a true 3D visualization of the phantom limb.
Expedient Synthesis of Quinazoline Analogues through Direct Nucleophilic Arylation/Alkylation of 2-Chloroquinazoline

A practical approach was developed for the synthesis of 4-arylquinazoline compounds through a one-pot nucleophilic arylation/alkylation of 2-chloroquinazoline with aryl lithium compounds generated in situ, followed by ring oxidation. The obtained 2-chloro-4-arylquinazoline adducts were further used as versatile intermediates that undergo a variety of synthetic transformations to provide functionalized quinazoline compounds. The arylation intermediate dihydroquinazoline was also elaborated to the tricyclic dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]quinazolinone.
A rare case of thyroid storm

Thyroid storm is a rare and life-threatening state of thyroid hormone excess. Rapid recognition of thyroid storm is key to decreasing the morbidity and mortality of this condition. Clinical manifestations of thyroid storm include unexplained weight loss, hyperactivity and irritability. The most common causes of thyrotoxicosis are Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goitre and toxic adenoma. We present a rare case of thyroid storm induced by dual nivolumab and ipilimumab immunotherapy in a patient receiving treatment for advanced melanoma. In this case, our patient was admitted for thyroid storm 1 month after initiating treatment with nivolumab and ipilimumab immunotherapy. The patient was treated with β-blockers, antithyroid medications and systemic steroids resulting in an improvement in thyroid function testing and symptoms.
Entanglement conservation, ER=EPR, and a new classical area theorem for wormholes

We consider the question of entanglement conservation in the context of the ER=EPR correspondence equating quantum entanglement with wormholes. In quantum mechanics, the entanglement between a system and its complement is conserved under unitary operations that act independently on each; ER=EPR suggests that an analogous statement should hold for wormholes. We accordingly prove a new area theorem in general relativity: for a collection of dynamical wormholes and black holes in a spacetime satisfying the null curvature condition, the maximin area for a subset of the horizons (giving the largest area attained by the minimal cross section of the multi-wormhole throat separating the subset from its complement) is invariant under classical time evolution along the outermost apparent horizons. The evolution can be completely general, including horizon mergers and the addition of classical matter satisfying the null energy condition. This theorem is the gravitational dual of entanglement conservation and thus constitutes an explicit characterization of the ER=EPR duality in the classical limit.
Trends in Protection for Informational Works under Copyright Law during the 19th and 20th Centuries

The debate over databases protection has failed to identify and discuss some of its most basic and preliminary assumptions, accepting instead many of the historical aspects involved as given. This Article therefore seeks to challenge these underlying assumptions by providing a fresh look at the historical dimension of the debate. One common argument regarding database protection is that the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Feist v. Rural Publications Inc. brought about a dramatic change in the legal landscape, displacing the then-accepted “sweat of the brow” rationale for protecting rights in databases. This Article’s historical analysis therefore thoroughly examines the treatment of works of facts in general and compilations in particular and reveals the very complex and rich legal landscape that preceded Feist. For one thing, it shows that the law’s prevailing approach has long been to support unfettered access to facts and other materials considered indispensable for academic and economic progress. This Article’s historical analysis also demonstrates that the law’s treatment of databases has not, in fact, relied solely on the “sweat of the brow” doctrine, but rather on a much more complicated spectrum of legal analysis. Indeed, throughout U.S. copyright history—from the early eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through the days of the Copyright Act of 1909 and the 1976 Copyright Act until the
Simplified Separation of Information and Communication

We give an example of a boolean function whose information complexity is exponentially smaller than its communication complexity. Our result simplifies recent work of Ganor, Kol and Raz [GKR14a, GKR14b].
Human papillomavirus vaccine-related risk perceptions and subsequent sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted infections among vaccinated adolescent women

Abstract Objective To examine the association between risk perceptions after human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis over 30 months following vaccination. Methods Participants included 112 sexually experienced girls aged 13–21 years who were enrolled at the time of first HPV vaccination and completed ⩾2 of 4 follow-up visits at 2, 6, 18, 30 months and including 30 months. At each visit, participants completed surveys assessing risk perceptions (perceived need for safer sexual behaviors, perceived risk of STIs other than HPV) and sexual behaviors. STI testing was done at 6, 18, and 30 months. Outcomes were condom use at last intercourse with main male partner, number of sexual partners since last study visit, and STI diagnosis. Associations between risk perceptions and sexual behaviors/STIs were examined using generalized linear mixed models. Results Mean age was 17.9 years; 88% were Black; 49% had a history of STI at baseline. Scale scores for perceived need for safer sexual behaviors did not change significantly over time. Scale scores for perceived risk of STIs other than HPV significantly changed ( p = 0.027), indicating that girls perceived themselves to be more at risk of STIs other than HPV over 30 months following vaccination. Multivariable models demonstrated that greater perceived need for safer sexual behaviors following vaccination was associated with condom use ( p = 0.002) but not with number of partners or STI diagnosis. Perceived risk of STIs other than HPV was not associated with the three outcomes. Conclusions The finding that perceived risk for STIs other than HPV was not associated with subsequent sexual behaviors or STI diagnosis is reassuring. The association between perceived need for safer sexual behaviors and subsequent condom use suggests that the HPV vaccination visit is an important opportunity to reiterate the importance of safer sexual behaviors to sexually experienced girls.
Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.

When pseudomembranous colitis began to appear in association with antibiotic treatment of infections, questions of etiology had urgent bearing on clinical management of this life-threatening condit...
Policy-Based Access Control for an RDF Store

Specialized stores for RDF data are essential parts of many Semantic Web applications. Current RDF stores have primarily focused on efficiently storing and querying large volumes of data and little attention has been given other features common to many database systems, including how information can updated and maintained or access to data controlled. The problem is complicated by the fact that the addition or deletion of a simple fact (i.e., an RDF triple) are not atomic since they can trigger reasoning that can result in adding or deleting derived triples. Current access control mechanisms for RDF stores largely ignore this aspect. We describe a policy based mechanism to determine access control for an RDF store. RAP is a prototype implementation of an RDF store with integrated maintenance capabilities and access control using user defined policies. All actions to the store are routed through RAP policy engine, to determine whether the action is permitted or prohibited. In the RAP framework, the same RDF store is also used to store the policy, as well as metadata about the triples, allowing greater range in policy specification.
Reviewing Agency Inaction after Heckler v. Chaney

Of the many innovations in modern administrative law, the recognition of a private right to initiate administrative action may be the most important. In the last twenty years, courts have made substantial inroads on principles of prosecutorial discretion, which have traditionally shielded agency inaction from judicial review.' For example, courts have required agencies to promulgate rules,2 to issue regulatory standards,3 and to undertake enforcement activity.4 These rulings are part of a more general movement in publiclaw doctrine, which has abandoned the traditional focus on private autonomy in favor of an effort to ensure the identification and implementation of the values set out in the governing statute.5
The advent of the signal microprocessor

A software-controlled processor for analog signals, called the signal microprocessor (SMP), is described. The SMP is enabled by the high-speed buffer memory technology of acoustic charge transport (ACT) which stores samples of wideband signals as quantities of charge. The signal samples are processed in a massively parallel architecture which uses ultrasound to transport the samples from one processor to the next. In this high-speed computational engine, digitally programmable attenuators serve as multipliers and a summing bus is used as an accumulator. This architecture has demonstrated multiply-and-accumulate rates in excess of 45 billion operations per second. A digitally programmable 128-tap finite impulse response filter is described. This device may be used in each of the basic signal-processing functions of signal generation, extraction, modification, and characterization. Some SMP applications and examples are discussed. >
Volume, Volatility, and Public News Announcements

We provide new empirical evidence for the way in which financial markets process information. Our results rely critically on high-frequency intraday price and volume data for the S&P 500 equity portfolio and U.S. Treasury bonds, along with new econometric techniques, for making inference on the relationship between trading intensity and spot volatility around public news announcements. Consistent with the predictions derived from a theoretical model in which investors agree to disagree, our estimates for the intraday volume-volatility elasticity around important news announcements are systematically below unity. Our elasticity estimates also decrease significantly with measures of disagreements in beliefs, economic uncertainty, and textual-based sentiment, further highlighting the key role played by differences-of-opinion.
Treatment Planning Study for Carcinoma of the Esophagus: Helium Ions Versus Photons

Helium ion radiotherapy significantly reduces dose to adjoining critical structures in the treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus when the same treatment plan is compared with megavoltage photon therapy. A five-field 18 MV photon treatment plan, selected to minimize lung dose, is compared with helium ions using the same field configuration. Dose volume histograms show target coverage, as well as dose delivered to critical structures lung, heart, mediastinum, and spinal cord. Although both helium ions and photons deliver approximately the same lung dose for this treatment plan, radiation to the heart and spinal cord from this field arrangement is significantly reduced with the helium ion beam. The concentration of dose at the tumor site, while sparing surrounding normal tissue, is characteristic of charged particle therapy, particularly with light ions, which includes particles with Z from that of protons (Z = 1) through that of neon (Z = 10).
Differential Peer Effects, Student Achievement, and Student Absenteeism: Evidence From a Large-Scale Randomized Experiment

Using data from a well-executed randomized experiment, I examine the effects of gender composition and peer achievement on high school students' outcomes in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Results show that having a higher proportion of female peers in the classroom improves girls' math test scores only in less-advanced courses. For male students, the estimated gender peer effects are positive but less precisely estimated. I also find no effect of average classroom achievement on female math test scores. Males, on the other hand, seem to benefit from a higher-achieving classroom. I propose mechanisms relating to lower gender stereotype influences and gender-specific attitudes toward competition as potential explanations for peer effects findings. Finally, having a higher proportion of female students in the classroom decreases student absenteeism among male students but has no impact on female attendance.
Is Unmatter a Plausible Dark Matter Candidate

Current observations reinforce the hypothesis that Dark Matter does not consist of particles resembling in any way the primary constituents of the Standard Model (leptons, quarks, gauge bosons or the Higgs scalar). By default, these findings point to an earlier proposal according to which Dark Matter is an elusive manifestation of “ Unmatter ”.
THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR RESPONSE OF PERIPROSTHETIC CANCELLOUS BONE TO MECHANICAL LOADING AND INTERMITTENT PARATHYROID HORMONE THERAPY

Improving periprosthetic bone is essential for implant fixation and reducing peri-implant fracture risk. This studied examined the individual and combined effects of iPTH and mechanical loading at the cellular, molecular, and tissue level for periprosthetic cancellous bone. Adult rabbits had a porous titanium implant inserted bilaterally on the cancellous bone beneath a mechanical loading device on the distal lateral femur. The right femur was loaded daily, the left femur received a sham loading device, and half of the rabbits received daily PTH. Periprosthetic bone was processed up to 28 days for qPCR, histology, and uCT analysis. We observed an increase in cellular and molecular markers of osteoblast activity and decrease in adipocytic markers for both treatments, with small additional effects in the combined group. Loading and iPTH led to a decrease and increase, respectively, in osteoclast number, acting through changes in RANKL/OPG expression. Changes in SOST and beta-catenin mRNA levels suggested an integral role for the Wnt pathway. We observed strong singular effects on BV/TV of both loading (1.53 fold) and iPTH (1.54 fold). Combined treatment showed a small additive effect on bone volume. In conclusion, loading and iPTH act through a pro-osteoblastic/anti-adipocytic response and through control of bone turnover via changes in the RANKL/OPG pathway. These changes led to a small additional, but not synergistic, increase in bone volume with the combined therapy.
Risk in Accounting

Risk and uncertainty are inherent in the environment and functions of accounting. Accounting reports, systems, norms, and rules help people decide, and also determine how they decide in such an environment. Diverse normative theories and descriptions of coping with risk and uncertainty yield different implications for accounting. Chambers was an articulate, forceful, and celebrated proponent of market values, while Ijiri did the same for historical costs. Elements of accounting theory that diverge in their emphases on historical cost versus market values can be linked to the divergence in the theories of risk and decision making. This largely unrecognized link between the conflicting accounting theories and their respective implicit assumptions about risky decisions may help us reconcile, understand, and progress beyond the accounting debates of the past century.
Homogenization and non-homogenization of certain non-convex Hamilton–Jacobi equations

Abstract We continue the study of the homogenization of coercive non-convex Hamilton–Jacobi equations in random media identifying two general classes of Hamiltonians with very distinct behavior. For the first class there is no homogenization in a particular environment while for the second homogenization takes place in environments with finite range dependence. Motivated by the recent counter-example of Ziliotto, who constructed a coercive but non-convex Hamilton–Jacobi equation with stationary ergodic random potential field for which homogenization does not hold, we show that same happens for coercive Hamiltonians which have a strict saddle-point, a very local property. We also identify, based on the recent work of Armstrong and Cardaliaguet on the homogenization of positively homogeneous random Hamiltonians in environments with finite range dependence, a new general class Hamiltonians, namely equations with uniformly strictly star-shaped sub-level sets, which homogenize.
Statistics in a Horticultural Journal: Problems and Solutions

We examined all articles in volume 139 and the first issue of volume 140 of the Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science (JASHS) for statistical problems. Slightly fewer than half appeared to have problems. This is consistent with what has been found for other biological journals. Problems ranged from inappropriate analyses and statistical procedures to insufficient (or complete lack of) information on how the analyses were performed. A common problem arose from taking many measurements from the same plant, which leads to correlated test results, ignored when declaring significance at P = 0.05 for each test. In this case, experiment-wise error control is lacking. We believe that many of these problems could and should have been caught in the writing or review process; i.e., identifying them did not require an extensive statistics background. This suggests that authors and reviewers have not absorbed nor kept current with many of the statistical basics needed for understanding their own data, for conducting proper statistical analyses, and for communicating their results. For a variety of reasons, graduate training in statistics for horticulture majors appears inadequate; we suggest that researchers in this field actively seek out opportunities to improve and update their statistical knowledge throughout their careers and engage a statistician as a collaborator early when unfamiliar methods are needed to design or analyze a research study. In addition, the ASHS, which publishes three journals, should assist authors, reviewers, and editors by recognizing and supporting the need for continuing education in quantitative literacy.
MANAGEMENT OF BONE DEFECTS: REBUILD, REINFORCE AND AUGMENT

The major causes of revision total knee are associated with some degree of bone loss. The missing bone must be accounted for to insure success of the revision procedure, to achieve flexion extension balance, restore the joint line to within a centimeter of its previous level, and to assure a proper sizing especially the anteroposterior diameter of the femoral component. In recent years, clinical practice has evolved over time with a general move away from a structural graft with an increase in utilisation of metal augments. Alternatives include cement with or without screw fixation, rarely, with the most common option being the use of metal wedges. With the recent availability of highly porous augments, the role of metal augmentation has increased. Bone graft is now predominantly used in particulate form for contained defects with more limited use of structural graft. The role of the allograft-prosthetic composite has become more limited. For the elderly with osteopenia and massive bone loss, complete metal substitution with an oncology prosthesis has become more common. The degree of bone loss is a major determinant of the management strategy. For contained defects less than 5 mm, cement alone, with or without screw supplementation, may be adequate. For greater than 5 mm, morselised graft is frequently used. For uncontained defects of up to 15 mm or more, metal augmentation is the first choice. Bone graft techniques can be utilised in this setting, however, these are more time consuming and technically demanding with little demonstrated advantage. For larger, uncontained defects, newer generation highly porous augments and step wedges are useful. Large contained defects can be dealt with utilising impaction grafting, similar to the hip impaction grafting technique. Massive distal defects are expeditiously managed with oncology defects in the case of periprosthetic fracture and/or massive osteolysis particularly when combined with osteopenia in an elderly, low demand patient. Surgeons must be familiar with an array of techniques in order to effectively deal with the wide spectrum of bone defects encountered during revision total knee arthroplasty.
Effect of hexagonal patterned arrays and defect geometry on the critical current of superconducting films

Understanding the effect of pinning on the vortex dynamics in superconductors is a key factor towards controlling critical current values. Large-scale simulations of vortex dynamics can provide a rational approach to achieve this goal. Here, we use the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations to study thin superconducting films with artificially created pinning centers arranged periodically in hexagonal lattices. We calculate the critical current density for various geometries of the pinning centers---varying their size, strength, and density. Furthermore, we shed light upon the influence of pattern distortion on the magnetic-field-dependent critical current. We compare our result directly with available experimental measurements on patterned molybdenum-germanium films, obtaining good agreement. Our results give important systematic insights into the mechanisms of pinning in these artificial pinning landscapes and open a path for tailoring superconducting films with desired critical current behavior.
Appraisers and Valuation Bias: An Empirical Analysis

Using appraisals from a lender across the 2005–2006 period, we find that the association between appraisers’ valuation inflation patterns and work volume varies across states. Moreover, we find a considerable occupational exit for appraisers, and provide evidence that appraisers, as applicants, did not receive better loan pricing compared with the population of applicants. Overall, this article offers novel insights concerning the political economy of financial regulation through the lens of a specific profession.
THE ILIZAROV HIP RECONSTRUCTION FOR THE ADOLESCENT DIFFICULT HIP PROBLEM

Aim The Pelvic Support Osteotomy (PSO) or Ilizarov Hip Reconstruction(IHR) is well described for the treatment of septic sequelae of infancy. The purpose of this study was to clinically, functionally and radiographically assess our short-term results of this procedure. Method 25 patients (16 boys, 9 girls) who had undergone an IHR using the Ilizarov/TSF construct over a period of 10 years for a variety of pathologies were reviewed. Results The mean age at surgery was 15 years 4 months. The pre-operative diagnoses were SCFE(10), hip sepsis (6), DDH (6) and Perthes (3). All had significant leg length discrepancies, 16 had a painful stiff hip, 6 had a painful mobile hip and 3 had a painless unstable hip. At surgery, a mean measured proximal valgus angle of 51? and a mean extension angle of 15? was achieved. Distal femoral lengthening averaged 4.2cm and distal varus correction was a mean of 8?. The mean fixator time was 173 days. At a mean of 2 years and 7 months follow-up the lower-extremity length discrepancy had improved from a mean of 5.6cm apparent shortening to 2.3cm. Trendelenberg sign was eliminated in 18/25 cases. Improvements in hip movements and gait parameters were observed. Stance time asymmetry, step length asymmetry, pelvic dip and trunk lurch improved significantly. One patient had conversion to a total hip replacement after 7 years, 4 patients required re-do PSO due to remodelling of the proximal osteotomies, two had heterotopic ossification and two had significant knee stiffness due to lack of compliance. Conclusion The early results of IHR are encouraging to equalise limb lengths, negate Trendelenburg gait, provide a mobile hip with a reasonable axis and the possibility of conversion to THR in the future if needed. Potential complications need to be anticipated, the effects of remodelling and maintaining adequate knee range of motion must be emphasised.
Interaction between surface wind and ocean circulation in the Carolina Capes in a coupled low-order model

Abstract Interactions between surface winds and ocean currents over an east-coast continental shelf are studied using a simple mathematical model. The model physics includes cross-shelf advection of sea surface temperature (SST) by Ekman drift, upwelling due to Ekman transport divergence, differential heating of the low-level atmosphere by a cross-shelf SST gradient, and the Coriolis effect. Additionally, the effects of diabatic cooling of surface waters due to air-sea heat exchange and of the vertical density stratification on the thickness of the upper ocean Ekman layer are considered. The model results are qualitatively consistent with observed wind-driven coastal ocean circulation and surface wind signatures induced by SST. This simple model also demonstrates that two-way air-sea interaction plays a significant role in the subtidal frequency variability of coastal ocean circulation and mesoscale variability of surface wind fields over coastal waters.