cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression and the Diagnosis of MCI in a Culturally Diverse Sample in the United States.

Objective To analyze (1) whether there are ethnic differences in the severity of depressive symptoms between groups of elders classified as cognitively normal (CN) or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and (2) the influence of depressive symptoms on specific cognitive performance by ethnicity across diagnoses, controlling for covariates. Methods 164 Hispanics residing in the United States (HAs) and European Americans (EAs) (100 women; Mage = 72.1, SD = 8.0) were diagnosed as either CN or aMCI. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Cognition was assessed using the Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (semantic memory), Multilingual Naming Test (confrontation naming), and the Stroop Test (Color-Word condition; executive function). A 2 × 2 univariate ANCOVA as well as linear and logistic regressions explored differences in depressive symptoms among diagnostic and ethnic groups. Results Higher depression was seen in aMCI compared to the CN group for both ethnicities, after controlling for age, education, gender, and Mini-Mental State Examination score. Greater levels of depression also predicted lower scores in confrontation naming and semantic memory for only the EA group and marginally in scores of executive function for HA participants. GDS-15 scores of ≤ 4 also predicted less likelihood of aMCI diagnosis. Conclusions Severity of depressive symptoms was associated with greater cognitive impairment, independent of ethnicity. Significant results suggest detrimental effects of depression on clinical diagnoses most evidently for subjects from the EA group.
An Efficient Security Scheme for the Internet of Things with Resource-Constrained Devices

With the Internet of Things (IoT), the entire physical infrastructure can be closely coupled with information and communication technologies. In a typical IoT architecture, a gateway serves as the mediator which connects the physical devices of an IoT local system to a wide area network. Although the traditional network security mechanisms, such as IPsec, can be applied to protect the wide area network, they are not desirable to the IoT local system, due to their computationally-intensive procedures. In this paper, an efficient security scheme for IoT local systems is presented. The proposed security scheme is comprised of a novel key management protocol, an efficient and secure encryption protocol, and efficient authentication protocols. The security scheme is secure against various attacks, and it is much more efficient than IPsec, thus, it is highly desirable to IoT local systems. The application of the security scheme to clustered sensor networks (a typical IoT application) is studied. The comparison of the security scheme with the existing security mechanism, SecLEACH, shows that the proposed security scheme is more secure and outperforms SecLEACH with regard to network connectivity and efficiency.
Genomic variation and population histories of spotted (Strix occidentalis) and barred (S. varia) owls

Abstract Spotted owls (SO, Strix occidentalis) are a keystone species inhabiting old-growth forests in Western North America. In recent decades, their populations have declined due to ongoing reductions in suitable habitat caused by logging, wildfires, and competition with the congeneric barred owl (BO, Strix varia). The northern spotted owl (subspecies S. o. caurina) has been listed as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act since 1990. Here we present a comprehensive look at genetic variation to elucidate the population histories of SO and invading western BO. Specifically, we present an improved SO genome assembly, based on 10x and Bionano Genomics data, along with 51 high-coverage whole-genome sequences including 11 SO from two subspecies (caurina and occidentalis), 25 BO, 2 confirmed and 13 potential hybrids. We identified potential hybrids based on intermediate morphology and found them to be a mixture of pure BO, F1 hybrids, and F1 x BO backcrosses. Unlike previous studies reporting asymmetries in the species-specific genders of the parents of F1 hybrids, we did not observe any significant asymmetry. Within species, we found that Western BO genetic variation is not simply a subset of the genetic variation in Eastern BO, suggesting that the two groups have been genetically isolated for longer (thousands of years) than previously suspected (80-130 years). Similarly, we found evidence of substantial genetic differentiation between the two SO subspecies. Finally, our analyses suggest that Northern SO experienced a moderate population bottleneck around the end of the last glaciation, while BO population sizes have always been large.
Plug-and-Play Gesture Control Using Muscle and Motion Sensors

As the capacity for machines to extend human capabilities continues to grow, the communication channels used must also expand. Allowing machines to interpret nonverbal commands such as gestures can help make interactions more similar to interactions with another person. Yet to be pervasive and effective in realistic scenarios, such interfaces should not require significant sensing infrastructure or per-user setup time. The presented work takes a step towards these goals by using wearable muscle and motion sensors to detect gestures without dedicated calibration or training procedures. An algorithm is presented for clustering unlabeled streaming data in real time, and it is applied to adaptively thresholding muscle and motion signals acquired via electromyography (EMG) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). This enables plug-and-play online detection of arm stiffening, fist clenching, rotation gestures, and forearm activation. It also augments a neural network pipeline, trained only on strategically chosen training data from previous users, to detect left, right, up, and down gestures. Together, these pipelines offer a plug-and-play gesture vocabulary suitable for remotely controlling a robot. Experiments with 6 subjects evaluate classifier performance and interface efficacy. Classifiers correctly identified 97.6% of 1,200 cued gestures, and a drone correctly responded to 81.6% of 1,535 unstructured gestures as subjects remotely controlled it through target hoops during 119 minutes of total flight time. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Human computer interaction (HCI); Gestural input; • Computer systems organization →Robotics; • Computing methodologies→Machine learning. ACM Reference Format: Joseph DelPreto and Daniela Rus. 2020. Plug-and-Play Gesture Control Using Muscle and Motion Sensors. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI ’20), March 23–26, 2020, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319502.3374823
Section 4. Gastrointestinal Decontamination

Gastrointestinal (GI) decontamination is the use of medical methods to decrease absorption of ingested toxins. Not long ago it was widely believed that the proper initial approach to the management of all patients with toxic exposures included an aggressive attempt at gastrointestinal decontamination. The widespread use assumed that these methods were effective at toxin removal and that they improved patient outcomes. Despite the fact that until the toxin is absorbed into the body it is not poisonous, it has been quite difficult to prove that preventing toxin absorption improves outcome.
ScrAPIr: Making Web Data APIs Accessible to End Users

Users have long struggled to extract and repurpose data from websites by laboriously copying or scraping content from web pages. An alternative is to write scripts that pull data through APIs. This provides a cleaner way to access data than scraping; however, APIs are effortful for programmers and nigh-impossible for non-programmers to use. In this work, we empower users to access APIs without programming. We evolve a schema for declaratively specifying how to interact with a data API. We then develop ScrAPIr: a standard query GUI that enables users to fetch data through any API for which a specification exists, and a second GUI that lets users author and share the specification for a given API. From a lab evaluation, we find that even non-programmers can access APIs using ScrAPIr, while programmers can access APIs 3.8 times faster on average using ScrAPIr than using programming.
Outcomes of Innominate Artery Revascularization Through Endovascular, Hybrid, or Open Approach.

Background Atherosclerotic disease of the innominate artery (IA) is rare and can lead to cerebral, upper extremity, and vertebral steal symptoms. Nonocclusive lesions can be treated with endovascular interventions, often with a hybrid approach while performing a right carotid endarterectomy (RCEA). Calcified IA lesions have a high risk of embolization to bilateral cerebral hemispheres. Occlusive lesions may require treatment through a median sternotomy and bypass. The purpose of our study is to review our short-term and long-term outcomes of IA revascularization. Methods Our operative database was used to identify patients who underwent IA revascularization between January 1998 and December 2018. Patients who underwent innominate artery stenting (IAS), combined with RCEA and IAS as well as aortoinnominate bypass (AIB), were identified. Our primary end points were freedom from neurologic event, all-cause mortality, and need for reintervention. Results Thirty-three patients (18 females [55%]) who underwent IA revascularization were identified. Average age was 67 ± 8 years, and mean clinical follow-up was 51 ± 21 months. Most patients (30 [91%]) were on a statin and antiplatelet therapy. Twenty-one patients (64%) were symptomatic. Twelve patients (36%) were asymptomatic and underwent combined RCEA with retrograde IAS for critical right carotid stenosis and IA stenosis. Preoperative imaging included a carotid duplex and computed tomography angiography. Eighteen patients (55%) underwent RCEA + IAS, 11 patients (33%) underwent isolated IAS, and 4 patients (12%) underwent AIB. In our attempt to protect bilateral hemispheres during IAS for heavily calcified lesions, we used right common carotid artery (CCA) clamping although open exposure and left CCA embolic protection filter was placed through transfemoral approach. Patients who underwent AIB had chronic heavily calcified IA occlusions or occluded IA stents with failed endovascular interventions. Perioperative stroke rate was 3%, involving 1 patient who developed reperfusion syndrome after RCEA + IAS. Perioperative mortality was 0%. Long-term stroke rate was 0%, and long-term mortality was 15% (5 of 33) because of cardiac disease. Overall restenosis rate was 9%, involving 3 patients who required secondary interventions for IA in-stent restenosis. Conclusions IA interventions through a hybrid approach or an open approach are safe, with acceptable perioperative stroke and mortality rates. Long-term patency of these interventions is acceptable. Bilateral cerebral embolic protection can be accomplished by clamping the right CCA through an open exposure and placing a filter in the left CCA through a transfemoral approach. Patients undergoing IAS appear to have a higher rate of restenosis compared with AIB, and therefore, close follow-up with noninvasive imaging is recommended.
Black Race and Public Insurance Are Predictive of Inappropriate Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Diarrhea

Socioeconomic status, race, and insurance can impact healthcare delivery and utilization in several chronic disease states. The primary aim of our study was to determine whether race and insurance status are predictors of having an appropriate workup for celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when presenting with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and chronic diarrhea. Medical records of patients seen at the University of Chicago Medical Center between January 1, 2006, and September 20, 2017, were reviewed. Patients with two separate encounters within 6 months associated with the diagnosis codes for both IDA and chronic diarrhea were identified. Patients without a diagnosis code for IBD and celiac disease were further grouped as those that had an “appropriate” workup and those that did not. Factors associated with the appropriate evaluation were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. In total, 899,701 records were searched. A total of 83 patients fit inclusion into the study (8 IBD, 3 CD, 72 neither IBD or CD). Black race was associated with a 91% decreased odds of having the appropriate workup on univariate (OR 0.090, 95%CI 0.017–0.475, p = 0.005) and age-adjusted multivariate analysis (OR 0.095, 95% CI 0.017–0.527, p = 0.007). Public insurance status was significantly associated with a 90% decreased odds of appropriate workup on univariate (OR 0.102, 95% CI 0.024–0.438, p = 0.002) and age-adjusted multivariate analysis (OR 0.104, 95% CI 0.021–0.513, p = 0.005). Black race and public insurance were significantly associated with not having an appropriate workup for IBD and celiac disease when presenting with iron deficiency and chronic diarrhea.
Pharmacological inhibition of an epigenetic regulator during the formation of extinction memory reveals sensory cortical and subcortical codes for the specificity of salient cues

ABSTRACT Using a sound-reward extinction paradigm in male rats, we reveal both cortical and subcortical sensory codes for the cue-specificity of memory. In the auditory cortex, re-tuning narrowed frequency receptive field bandwidth, yielding more precise extinction behavior cued by acoustic frequency. Subcortical signals revealed in the auditory brainstem response (ABR) showed decreases in amplitude of select components of the ABR wave. Interestingly, treatment with an inhibitor of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3-i) facilitated both auditory cortical tuning bandwidth changes and ABR changes that were frequency-specific to the extinguished signal sound. Moreover, both changes were correlated to each other and with highly precise extinction memory at the level of behavior. Thus, we show for the first time that HDAC3 regulates the specificity of sensory features consolidated in extinction memory. Overall, the dynamics of auditory system plasticity associated with sound-specific extinction are complex. Changes in ABR amplitude induced by sound-reward learning disappeared after extinction, while changes in ABR slope that were initially induced by sound-reward learning were maintained through extinction. Moreover, plasticity of cortical re-tuning emerged only after extinction learning. HDAC3-i applied after extinction training sessions enabled sensory system plasticity to encode the extinguished sound with higher acoustic specificity (compared to vehicle controls). Both cortical and subcortical response changes to sound became unusually “tuned-in” to the acoustic frequency that had been presented under extinction conditions. Thus, HDAC3 regulates how specifically sensory features of experience are encoded into long-term memory and may exert its behavioral effects via multiple coding strategies along sensory system pathways. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Epigenetic mechanisms have recently been implicated in memory and information processing. Here, we use a pharmacological inhibitor of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in a sensory model of learning to reveal, for the first time, its ability to enable unusually precise extinction memory. In so doing, we uncover neural coding strategies for memory’s “specificity” for sensory cues. Extinction induced multiple forms of change at different levels of sensory processing, which highlights the complexity of extinction memory encoding. HDAC3 appears to coordinate effects across sensory levels that determine specific cue saliency for behavior. Thus, epigenetic players may gate how sensory information is stored in long-term memory and their manipulation can be leveraged to reveal neural coding mechanisms for sensory detail in memory.
Primordial magnetic field generated in natural inflation

We study the simple gauge invariant model $${f^2}FF$$ as a way to generate primordial magnetic fields (PMF) in natural inflation (NI). We compute both magnetic and electric spectra generated by the $${f^2}FF$$ model in NI for different values of model parameters and find that both de Sitter and power law expansion lead to the same results at sufficiently large number of e-foldings. We also find that the necessary scale invariance property of the PMF cannot be obtained in NI in first order of slow roll limits under the constraint of inflationary potential, $$V\left( 0 \right) \simeq 0$$ . Furthermore, if this constraint is relaxed to achieve scale invariance, then the model suffers from the backreaction problem for the co-moving wave number, $$k \lesssim 8.0\times 10^{-7} \mathrm {Mpc^{-1}}$$ and Hubble parameter, $$H_i \gtrsim 1.25\times 10^{-3} \mathrm {M_\mathrm{{Pl}}}$$ . The former can be considered as a lower bound of k and the later as an upper bound of $$H_i$$ for a model which is free from the backreaction problem. Further, we show that there is a narrow range of the height of the potential $$\Lambda $$ around $${\Lambda _{\min }} \approx 0.00874{M_{\mathrm{{Pl}}}}$$ and of k around $${k_{\min }} \sim 0.0173\mathrm{{Mp}}{\mathrm{{c}}^{ - 1}}$$ , at which the energy of the electric field can fall below the energy of the magnetic field. The range of k lies within some observable scales. However, the relatively short range of k presents a challenge to the viability of this model.
Government insurance for business interruption losses from pandemics: An evaluation of its feasibility and possible frameworks

Many businesses have suffered severe economic losses due to the COVID‐19 pandemic Because property business interruption (BI) policies generally do not cover losses caused by a virus, this has led to proposals for some form of government program that would provide this coverage We explain why private BI pandemic insurance on a broad scale is infeasible Arguably, BI pandemic insurance has substantial positive externalities and this has implications with respect to the desirability of government provision of this coverage and its financing Our paper considers the goals of a government BI pandemic insurance program and the challenges it would face with respect to its design and implementation and how they could be addressed In this context, we evaluate current proposals for such a program, including legislation currently being considered by the Congress We conclude that creating such a program requires thorough and careful consideration of its features and the tradeoffs involved with its structure The essential question for policymakers is whether the best possible program would be in the public interest and increase social welfare Further, political considerations will likely influence the design of any program in ways that would make it less efficient and possibly less equitable
A tale of two metrics: the EPA Risk Quotient Approach versus the delay in Population Growth Index for determination of pesticide risk to aquatic species

The potential risk that two closely related insecticides, spinetoram and spinosad, posed to three Cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and D. magna was determined using two approaches, the USEPA Risk Quotient method and the Delay in Population Growth Index (DPGI). Results of the RQ method showed that spinetoram posed a risk to all three species, but spinosad posed a risk only to C. dubia. The DPGI analysis showed that exposure to spinetoram resulted in populations of all three species being delayed ≥ 3 generation times. Exposure to the LC50 and the lower 95% CL resulted in delayed populations while exposure to the upper 95% CL concentration of spinetoram resulted in no recovery of any of the three species over the course of the modeling exercise (88 d). Exposure to the lower and upper 95% Cl and the LC50 of spinosad resulted in C. dubia populations being delayed ≥ 3 generations. D. pulex populations were not negatively affected after exposure to spinosad. D. magna populations were delayed ≥ 3 generations, but only after exposure to the upper 95% Cl of spinosad. These results illustrate that although the EPA risk quotient method indicated that spinetoram posed a risk to all three species and that spinosad only posed a risk to C. dubia, the DPGI showed that D. magna would be negatively affected by spinosad and none of the three species would reach a predetermined number of individuals after exposure to the upper 95% CL of spinetoram. Because the DPGI uses the 95% Cl as well as the LC50 in its calculation and produces a measure of population growth it provides more detailed information in terms of the potential risk of pesticides to populations than the RQ method.
A Hybrid Probabilistic Approach for Table Understanding.

Tables of data are used to record vast amounts of socioeconomic, scientific, and governmental information. Although humans create tables using underlying organizational principles, unfortunately AI systems struggle to understand the contents of these tables. This paper introduces an end-to-end system for table understanding, the process of capturing the relational structure of data in tables. We introduce models that identify cell types, group these cells into blocks of data that serve a similar functional role, and predict the relationships between these blocks. We introduce a hybrid, neuro-symbolic approach, combining embedded representations learned from thousands of tables with probabilistic constraints that capture regularities in how humans organize tables. Our neuro-symbolic model is better able to capture positional invariants of headers and enforce homogeneity of data types. One limitation in this research area is the lack of rich datasets for evaluating end-to-end table understanding, so we introduce a new benchmark dataset comprised of 431 diverse tables from data.gov. The evaluation results show that our system achieves the state-of-the-art performance on cell type classification, block identification, and relationship prediction, improving over prior efforts by up to 7% of macro F1 score.
Toll-like receptor signaling in hematopoietic homeostasis and the pathogenesis of hematologic diseases

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are found in innate immune cells, are essential mediators of rapid inflammatory responses and appropriate T-cell activation in response to infection and tissue damage. Accumulating evidence suggests that TLR signaling is involved in normal hematopoiesis and specific hematologic pathologies. Particular TLRs and their downstream signaling mediators are expressed not only in terminally differentiated innate immune cells but also in early hematopoietic progenitors. Sterile activation of TLR signaling is required to generate early embryonic hematopoietic progenitor cells. In adult animals, TLR signaling directly or indirectly promotes differentiation of myeloid cells at the expense of that of lymphoid cells and the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells during infection and tissue damage. Activating mutations of the MyD88 gene, which codes for a key adaptor involved in TLR signaling, are commonly detected in B-cell lymphomas and other B-cell hematopathologies. Dysregulated TLR signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of many hematopoietic disorders, including bone marrow failure, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myeloid leukemia. Complete elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which TLR signaling mediates the regulation of both normal and pathogenic hematopoiesis will prove valuable to the development of targeted therapies and strategies for improved treatment of hematopoietic disorders.
Performance deterioration of commercial high-bypass ratio turbofan engines

The results of engine performance deterioration investigations based on historical data, special engine tests, and specific tests to define the influence of flight loads and component clearances on performance are presented. The results of analyses of several damage mechanisms that contribute to performance deterioration such as blade tip rubs, airfoil surface roughness and erosion, and thermal distortion are also included. The significance of these damage mechanisms on component and overall engine performance is discussed.
Polymeric Pseudostationary Phases and Dendrimers

The theory and applications presented in this text establish electrokinetic chromatography (EKe) as a powerful and nseful separation techniqne. Ultimately, the strength and utility of EKC are determined by the performance of the pseudostationary phase (PSP). The limitations and restrictions imposed by the limited migration range of EKC place relatively stringent &quirements on PSP performance. Optimization of EKC separations within the limited migration range requires that PSPs provide high selectivity and permit the retention factorto be optimized within a relativelynarrow optimumrange. The use of PSPs with high electrophoretic mobility can extend the migration range, thus placing less stringent requirements on selectivity and retention. Finally, PSPs must provide highly efficient separations.
Performing Identity in “Transforming Poverty Partnerships”: An Extension of Critical Discourse Analysis

This article extends Fairclough's (1992) approach to critical discourse analysis (CDA) to include analysis of intercultural relationships. In doing so, the author theorizes subject realization and subject actualization as ways to explore ethnographic data. These concepts aid in a critical analysis of class and related performances by participants of 1 U.S. nonprofit organization. This organization, referred to as Transforming Poverty Partnerships (TPP), pairs leaders with middle-class “allies” in attempt to pull them above the poverty line. This analysis reveals the reinforcement of several dominant U.S. ideologies through individual and group performances within the everyday activities of TPP. Moreover, the analysis provides implications for scholars who seek to use a tangible, critical method of analysis for their observations of everyday performances.
Methods for determining the height of the atmospheric boundary layer

The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) is an operational emergency response program which provides real-time dose assessments of airborne pollutant releases. This report reviews methodologies for determining the height of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), which were investigated for use in the next generation of ARAC diagnostic and dispersion models. The ABL height, hABL, is an essential parameter in atmospheric dispersion modeling, controlling the extent of the vertical mixing of pollutants near the surface. Although eventually instrumentation (radiosonde, lidar, sodar, etc.) may provide accurate means for determining hABL, at present the availability of such data is too limited to provide a general capability for ARAC. The current operational ARAC diagnostic models use a fixed value of hABL for any given time. ARAC's new models support a horizontally-varying atmospheric boundary layer height, which is used to generate meteorological (mean wind, temperature, etc.) and turbulence fields. The purpose of the present work is to develop methods to derive the ABL height for all atmospheric stability regimes. One of our key requirements is to provide approaches which are applicable to routinely available data, which may be of limited temporal and spatial resolution. The final objective is to generate a consistent set of meteorologicalmore » and turbulence or eddy diffusivity fields to drive the new ARAC dispersion model. A number of alternative definitions of the atmospheric boundary layer exist, leading to different approaches to deriving hABL. The definitions are based on either the turbulence characteristics of the atmosphere or the vertical structure of one or more meteorological variables. Most diagnostic analyses determine hABL from profiles of temperature or occasionally wind. A class of methods of considerable current interest are based on Richardson number criteria. Prognostic methods calculate the time evolution of the top of the ABL from a rate equation. A number of commonly used methods of both types are reviewed along with considerations on their applicability to various types of meteorological data and atmospheric conditions.« less
The specifics of membrane fusion

Tiny, membrane-clad vesicles transport substances between intracellular compartments. But how does the cell ensure that the vesicle gets its cargo to the right place? SNARE proteins are involved in the recognition process, and new experiments tackle the question of this specificity.
High-efficiency three-way Ka-band waveguide unequal power combiner

This article presents the design, simulation and characterisation of a novel high-efficiency Ka-band (32.05 ± 0.25 GHz) rectangular waveguide three-way serial combiner for monolithic microwave integrated circuit power amplifiers (PAs) with unequal output power. The combiner presented here is suited for low data rate communications from deep space using a single carrier with constant envelope (amplitude) type modulation. The three-way combiner consists internally of two branch-line hybrids connected in series by a short length of waveguide. The two branch-line hybrids were each designed to combine two input signals that are equal in phase and with an amplitude ratio of two, although in general the amplitude ratio could be arbitrary. The combiner was fabricated in an E -plane split-block arrangement and precision machined from blocks of aluminium with standard WR-28 waveguide ports. S -parameter measurements demonstrated a close achievement of the design goals. The measured return loss at the output port was greater than 16 dB and the isolation between the three input ports of the three-way combiner were greater than 22 dB. The combining of three PAs was successfully demonstrated in which the measured combining efficiency was greater than 90% at the centre frequency of 32.05 GHz.
Rapid real-time interdisciplinary ocean forecasting using adaptive sampling and adaptive modeling and legacy codes: component encapsulation using XML

We present the high level architecture of a real-time interdisciplinary ocean forecasting system that employs adaptive elements in both modeling and sampling. We also discuss an important issue that arises in creating an integrated, web-accessible framework for such a system out of existing stand-alone components: transparent support for handling legacy binaries. Such binaries, that are most common in scientific applications, expect a standard input stream, maybe some command line options, a set of input files and generate a set of output files as well as standard output and error streams. Legacy applications of this form are encapsulated using XML. We present a method that uses XML documents to describe the parameters for executing a binary.
Prior-free rare category detection

Rare category detection is an open challenge in machine learning. It plays the central role in applications such as detecting new financial fraud patterns, detecting new network malware, and scientific discovery. In such cases rare categories are hidden among huge volumes of normal data and observations. In this paper, we propose a new method for rare category detection named SEDER, which requires no prior information about the data set. It implicitly performs semiparametric density estimation using specially designed exponentially families, and then picks the examples for labeling where the neighborhood density changes the most. SEDER can work in the cases where the data is not separable. Its unique feature over all existing methods lies in its prior-free nature, i.e. it does not require any prior information about the data set (e.g. the number of classes, the proportion of the different classes, etc.). Therefore, it is more suitable for real applications. Experimental results on both synthetic and real data sets demonstrate the superiority of SEDER.
Arp you ready for actin in the nucleus

Actin and actin‐related proteins (Arps) are critical components of chromatin remodelling and modifying complexes, where they are commonly found in pairs. Yet, little is known about their role in these complexes. In this issue of The EMBO Journal , Fenn et al (2011) report the first structural investigation of two nuclear Arps, the INO80 complex subunits Arp4 and Arp8. Importantly, their results also shed light on the critical role that the nucleotide state of actin may have on its interactions with the Arps.
Enablement, constraint, and The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

Popular management writing and discourse fascinates me for two reasons. First, it makes me ask the questions, “Why did this writing and discourse ever become „popular??” and “Why would someone ever want to read popular management literature?” Second, popular management writing and discourse fascinates me because so much of it professes new forms of organizing and methods of managing when in fact quite a bit looks suspiciously familiar. In fact, the question of popularity may be linked to the content of the genre.
Collision energy in the center-of-mass frame for rotating and accelerating black holes

The center-of-mass (CM) energy of collision for two uncharged particles falling freely from rest at infinity is investigated in the background of charged, rotating and accelerating black hole. It is found that the CM energy of collision is unlimited at the acceleration horizon and at the event horizon (in the extremal case) if one of the colliding particles has critical angular momentum and the other one has a proper angular momentum such that the particle can reach the horizon.
Feminism and Black Activism in Contemporary America: An Ideological Assessment

Preface Introduction: Perspective and Methodology The Long March Forward: Modern Black Activism and Contemporary Feminism Come of Age Legal-Oriented Feminism Cultural-Oriented Feminism Economic-Oriented Feminism Epilogue Selected Bibliography Index
Women and teaching in academic psychiatry.

Objective: This article explores past, present, and future issues for women and teaching in academic psychiatry. A small study of didactic teaching responsibilities along faculty groups in one academic psychiatry department helps to illustrate challenges and opportunities for women in psychiatric teaching settings. Background: Although women have comprised half of all medical school admissions for over a decade, tenure-track positions are still largely dominated by men. In contrast, growing numbers of women have been entering academic medicine through clinical-track positions in which patient care and teaching, rather than research, are the key factors for promotion. Thus, the authors hypothesized better representation of clinical-track women in formal, didactic teaching within the medical school setting. Methods: The authors compared the numbers of tenure and clinical-track men and women teaching lectures to medical students and residents at the University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry. Results: Contrary to the hypothesis, the majority of didactic teaching was done by tenure-track men. Discussion: Possible explanations and remedies for the continuing under-representation of women in academic psychiatry, particularly teaching settings, are explored. Suggestions are made for future areas in which female faculty might have opportunities for participation and leadership.
Multiplexed charge-selective surface enhanced Raman scattering based on plasmonic calligraphy

Multiplexed surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, which enable chemically selective detection of two or more target analytes from a complex chemical mixture, are highly attractive for chemical detection in real-world settings. We introduce a new approach called plasmonic calligraphy that involves the formation of chemically selective test domains on paper substrates using functionalized plasmonic nanostructures as ink in a regular ballpoint pen. We demonstrate selective detection of positively and negatively charged analytes (rhodamine 6G and methyl orange) from complex chemical mixtures using polyelectrolyte-coated gold nanorods as SERS medium. The approach demonstrated here obviates the need for complex patterning techniques such as photolithography to create isolated test domains on paper substrates for multiplexed chemical detection. Plasmonic calligraphy can be easily extended to other shape-controlled nanostructures with different surface functionalities and potentially automated by implementation with a robotic arm.
Follow the leader: Visual control of speed in pedestrian following

When people walk together in groups or crowds they must coordinate their walking speed and direction with their neighbors. This paper investigates how a pedestrian visually controls speed when following a leader on a straight path (one-dimensional following). To model the behavioral dynamics of following, participants in Experiment 1 walked behind a confederate who randomly increased or decreased his walking speed. The data were used to test six models of speed control that used the leader's speed, distance, or combinations of both to regulate the follower's acceleration. To test the optical information used to control speed, participants in Experiment 2 walked behind a virtual moving pole, whose visual angle and binocular disparity were independently manipulated. The results indicate the followers match the speed of the leader, and do so using a visual control law that primarily nulls the leader's optical expansion (change in visual angle), with little influence of change in disparity. This finding has direct applications to understanding the coordination among neighbors in human crowds.
EFFECTS OF INDUCED MUSCLE TENSION ON JUDGMENT OF TIME

The functional relation between induced muscle tension and temporal perception was explored. Judgments of the duration of 4 intervals (6, 12, 24, and 48 sec.) were made under 5 levels of muscle tension (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of maximum grip strength) by the methods of reproduction and verbal estimation. The effects of degree of muscle tension were negligible at the two shortest stimulus durations. At the two longer intervals, perceived duration decreased as a non-monotonic function of muscle load. Findings were independent of the psychophysical methods employed. Disparities in the magnitude of duration judgments secured by the two psychophysical methods were also dependent upon stimulus duration. At 24 and 48 sec., verbal estimates of the standard interval were significantly longer than reproductions. Differences in response magnitude between methods were not observed at the two shortest stimulus intervals. Results are discussed in terms of the general relation between activity level and temporal percept...
Automated Gain Control Ion Funnel Trap for Orthogonal Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) is increasingly used in proteomics research. Herein, we report on the development and characterization of a TOF MS instrument with improved sensitivity equipped with an electrodynamic ion funnel trap (IFT) that employs an automated gain control (AGC) capability. The IFT-TOF MS was coupled to a reversed-phase capillary liquid chromatography (RPLC) separation and evaluated in experiments with complex proteolytic digests. When applied to a global tryptic digest of Shewanella oneidensis proteins, an order-of-magnitude increase in sensitivity compared to that of the conventional continuous mode of operation was achieved due to efficient ion accumulation prior to TOF MS analysis. As a result of this sensitivity improvement and related improvement in mass measurement accuracy, the number of unique peptides identified in the AGC-IFT mode was 5-fold greater than that obtained in the continuous mode.
Water vapor sorption by cephalosporins and penicillins

Abstract The sorption of water vapor by the sodium salts of ampicillin, nafcillin, ceftriaxone, cefazolin, piperacillin, cefotaxime and cefuroxime at 24, 34, 44 and 54°C was studied at vapor pressures between 5 and 100 torr by a new method (Hansen et al., 1996). Piperacillin absorbs water at all temperatures and vapor pressures studied. Cefuroxime and cefotaxime did not react. All the other compounds exhibited behavior consistent with formation of a new phase at some critical water vapor pressure, PcH2O. Enthalpy changes for the water sorption reaction are calculated from a van't Hoff treatment of the PcH2O values. The thermodynamics of phase changes resulting from reactions of these compounds with water is discussed. The rate of water sorption is a linear function of the water vapor pressure at partial pressures above the equilibrium vapor pressure over the hydrated phase. Kinetics of water sorption as a function of temperature were measured. The activation energy for water sorption is approximately zero.
Nonlinear evolution equations in an arbitrary Banach space

This paper proves the existence of an evolution operatorU(t, s)x 0 corresponding to a weak or generalized solution of the differential equation:du (t)/dt +A (t)u(t) ∋ f(t), u(s) =x 0,t ≧ s; the operatorsA(t) are eachm-accretive in a Banach spaceX and, loosely speaking, have an “L1 modulus of continuity” int. The continuity and differentiability properties ofU(t, s)x0 are investigated, and some simple examples are presented.
Kinetic analysis of the action of tissue transglutaminase on peptide and protein substrates.

Tissue transglutaminase (TGase) catalyzes transfer of gamma-acyl moieties of Gln residues in peptides or protein substrates to either water or amine nucleophiles through an acyl-enzyme intermediate formed from initial acyl-transfer to an active site Cys residue. Natural substrates for this enzyme include proteins (e.g., tau, alpha-synuclein, and huntingtin) whose TGase-promoted polymerization may be causative in neurodegenerative diseases. As part of a program to find inhibitors of TGase, we have undertaken kinetic and mechanistic studies of the enzyme from guinea pig (gpTGase) and humans (hTGase). Key findings of this study include: (i) gpTGase-catalyzed transamidation of Z-Gln-Gly by Gly-OMe proceeds essentially as described above but with the involvement of substrate inhibition by Gly-OMe. This phenomena, resulting from the binding of nucleophile to free enzyme, appears to be a common feature of TGase-catalyzed reactions. (ii) Solvent deuterium isotope effects for hydrolysis of Z-Gln-Gly by gpTGase are (D)(k(c)/K(m)) = 0.45 and (D)k(c) = 3.6. While the latter results from general catalysis of deacylation, the former originates purely from the reactant state, hydrogen fractionation factor of the active site thiol with no involvement of general catalysis of acylation. (iii) Studies of the transamidation of N,N-dimethylated casein by Gly-OMe and dansyl-cadaverine suggest a complex kinetic mechanism for both enzymes that reflects contributions from four reactions: Gln hydrolysis, intramolecular transpeptidation, intermolecular transpeptidation, and transamidation by added nucleophile.
Coupled pacing improves cardiac efficiency during acute atrial fibrillation with or without cardiac dysfunction

Coupled pacing (CP), a method for controlling ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation (AF), consists of a single electrical stimulation applied to the ventricles after each spontaneous activation. CP results in a mechanical contraction rate approximately one-half the rate during AF. Paired stimulation in which two electrical stimuli are delivered to the ventricles has also been proposed as a therapy for heart failure. Although paired stimulation enhances contractility, it greatly increases energy consumption. The primary hypothesis of the present study is that CP improves cardiac function during acute AF without a similar increase in energy consumption because of the reduced rate of ventricular contractions. In a canine model, CP was applied during four stages: sinus rhythm (SR), acute AF, cardiac dysfunction (CD), and AF in the presence of cardiac dysfunction. The rate of ventricular contraction decreased in all four stages as the result of CP. In addition, we determined the changes in external cardiac work, myocardial oxygen consumption, and myocardial efficiency in the each of four stages. CP partially reversed the effects of AF and CD on external cardiac work, whereas myocardial oxygen consumption increased only moderately. In all stages but SR, CP increased myocardial efficiency because of the marked increases in cardiac work compared with the moderate increases in total energy consumed. Thus this pacing therapy may be a viable therapy for patients with concurrent atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the structure and thermodynamics of carrier-assisted uranyl ion extraction.

We present molecular dynamics simulations of interfaces relevant to the selective chemical extraction of uranyl ions from aqueous solution. These molecular-level simulations model ion transfer in the PUREX process and in synthetic, selective membranes. We first present simulations of water/oil interfaces modified by incorporation of tributyl phosphate (TBP) into the oil phase (hexane). A range of concentrations is examined, from a single TBP molecule to values close to those utilized in the PUREX process. The TBP molecules exhibit strong interfacial activity, and the interface broadens relative to the water/oil case with increasing TBP concentrations. Additional structural features, including radial distribution functions and orientational distributions, are examined to elucidate the molecular ordering at the interface; the interface structure changes substantially with increasing TBP concentration. Finally, free-energy profiles are computed for (1) a single TBP molecule and a single uranyl nitrate comple...
Effect of Long-term Reduction and Diel Fluctuation in Dissolved Oxygen on Spawning of Black Crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus

Abstract Mature black crappies were exposed over winter in the laboratory to constant dissolved oxygen concentrations near 2.5, 4.0, 5.5, and 7.0 mg/liter. Starting on 26 April during a simulated spring-to-summer rise in water temperature, some were continued at the original oxygen concentrations while others were subjected to mean diel fluctuations ranging from 0.8 to 1.9 mg O2/liter above and below the original concentrations. Controls were maintained at concentrations near air saturation. No spawning occurred at the lowest fluctuating treatment of 1.8 to 4.1 mg/liter. This treatment also caused behavioral aberrations as the water temperature reached 20 C. Successful spawning occurred during all other treatments.
BLAH, a system which explains its reasoning

In this paper we describe the design of BLAH, ta system which combines a reasoning capability with an explanation capability. The primary focus of this work is on structuring explanations so that they do not appear complex, and thus are easy to understand. The features of explanation structure that are identified as important include constraints of syntactic form, ways of managing the embedding of explanations, and how the focus of attention is located and shifted. The reasoning component has been designed to take account of certain features needed in generating an acceptable explanation, such as the user's expectations.