cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic Synthesis Using Metal‐Mediated Metathesis Reactions

Olefin metathesis is an established reaction, yet it is still growing and diversifying at a remarkable rate. Since 2000, there has been notable progress in a number of areas, especially the development of new catalysts, many of which have N-heterocyclic carbenes modifying ruthenium. These include phosphine-free ruthenium catalysts that broaden the scope of efficient ruthenium-catalyzed olefin metathesis, as well as catalysts with N-heterocyclic carbenes and electron-poor phosphines having turnover frequencies >100-fold faster than the original Grubbs catalyst. In concert with this, some excellent mechanistic experiments and theoretical work have better elucidated the structure-reactivity relationship and subtle but important points about mechanism relative rates of phosphine. Association, dissociation, and formation of the metallacyclobutane of the ruthenium-catalyzed reactions are leading the way to further improvements in ruthenium catalysts. Many methodological applications have also been developed, including improvements in the scope of hetereocycle and macrocycle formation. Cross metathesis (CM) has also undergone a transformation to a high yielding and stereoselective reaction that can be performed with predictable outcomes of yield and alkene stereochemistry. Great strides have been made in asymmetric olefin metathesis reactions, especially desymmetrization and kinetic resolution, with the majority of the results reported using molybdenum-based catalysts with C2-symmetric chiral bisaryloxy based ligands. In addition, successful ruthenium-based catalysts with C2- and C1-symmetric ligands have been reported. Numerous reports of Tandem and sequential olefin metathesis reactions have been published, often in one-pot, and sometimes utilizing the same metal complex for multiple operations, like ring closure/hydrogenation. A number of examples of tandem reactions utilizing a palladium catalyst and ruthenium-catalyzed olefin metathesis have also been reported as very efficient routes to desirable organic building blocks. One of the areas that exploited olefin metathesis is natural product synthesis. There are an ever increasing number of reports that cite olefin metathesis as a key, often step saving, reaction in the successful completion of target molecules by ring closing or cross metathesis. The synthetic advantages the olefin metathesis reaction have also been employed by materials and polymer chemists as part of design strategies for constructing well-defined polymers, substrates for combinatorial chemistry, and metal-containing rings. The olefin metathesis catalysts have been attached to a variety of supports for the purpose of recycling. Many groups have examined methods for tethering both molybdenum and ruthenium-based catalysts through reversibly coordinating ligands, the alkylidene and the backbone of nonlabile ligands, with reports of high efficiency recycling of up to 10 times. Keywords: ruthenium; molybdenum; olefin metathesis; ring closure; asymmetric metathesis; cross metathesis; tandem catalysis; green chemistry; natural products; macrocycles
Understanding Artists’ Relationships to Urban Creative Placemaking Through Documentary Storytelling

This essay utilizes the extensive research developed for the documentary film, A Day in the Sun, and offers a focused case study of the relationship between arts-driven development practice (creative placemaking) and individual artists in the dense, micro-urban space of York, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. In doing so, it explores the relevance of narrative encounter and creation in understanding the motivations and actions of artists and those of practitioners or administrators in the arts development environment. Utilizing an interdisciplinary composition of research in economics, urban planning, organizational theory and arts development, as well as hours of the documentary’s raw and unedited audiovisual material, this essay explores storytelling as a viable means of understanding the relationship between artists and their creative urban spaces.
ISSUES IN PROCESS AND COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE FOR DISTRIBUTED PROGRAMS

Many proposals have been made for structuring distributed programs. This paper looks at one such proposal, the one embedded in the Argus programming language and system. The paper provides a discussion of decisions made in the two major areas of process structure and communication, and compares the chosen structures with alternatives. The paper emphasizes the rationale for decisions and the issues that must be considered in making such decisions.
Narrow Networks on the Health Insurance Exchanges: What Do They Look Like and How Do They Affect Pricing? A Case Study of Texas.

Abstract The Affordable Care Act has engendered significant changes in the design of health insurance products. We examine the “narrowness” of hospital networks affiliated with plans offered in the first year of the marketplaces. Using data from Texas, we find limited evidence of a tight link between pricing and a simple measure of network breadth, or a more complex measure of network value derived from a logit model of hospital choice. The state's largest insurer priced its narrow networks at a fairly constant discount relative to its broad networks, notwithstanding significant variation in its broad-narrow gap across geographic markets in Texas.
Dynamic model of nonmedical opioid use trajectories and potential policy interventions

AbstractBackground: Nonmedical use of pharmaceutical opioid analgesics (POA) increased dramatically over the past two decades and remains a major health problem in the United States, contributing to over 16 000 accidental poisoning deaths in 2010. Objectives: To create a systems-oriented theory/model to explain the historical behaviors of interest, including the various populations of nonmedical opioid users and accidental overdose mortality within those populations. To use the model to explore policy interventions including tamper-resistant drug formulations and strategies for reducing diversion of opioid medicines. Methods: A system dynamics model was constructed to represent the population of people who initiate nonmedical POA usage. The model incorporates use trajectories including development of use disorders, transitions from reliance on informal sharing to paying for drugs, transition from oral administration to tampering to facilitate non-oral routes of administration, and transition to heroin use...
Complete stress field in sandwich panels with a new triangular finite element of single-layer theory

Abstract An alternative to conventional three-dimensional solid elements or elements based on the layerwise (zig-zag) theory is an element based on a single-layer plate theory in which the weighted-average field variables capture the panel displacement and stress fields. This study presents a new triangular finite element for modeling thick sandwich panels based on a {3, 2}-order single-layer plate theory. It utilizes seven weighted-average field variables arising from the cubic and quadratic representations of the in-plane and transverse displacement fields, respectively. In order to satisfy the C1 interelement continuity requirement, this triangular sandwich element is developed by utilizing the hybrid energy functional.
Experimental evidence for limited vocal recognition in a wild primate: implications for the social complexity hypothesis

Although monitoring social information is a key aspect of the social complexity hypothesis, surprisingly little work has compared social knowledge across different species of wild animals. In the present study, I use playback experiments to test for individual recognition in wild male geladas (Theropithecus gelada )t o compare with published accounts of social knowledge in chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). Geladas and baboons are closely related primates living in socially complex groups that differ dramatically in group size—geladas routinely associate with more than 10 times the number of conspecifics than do baboons. Using grunts from non-rival males to simulate approaches, I examined the strength of a subject male’s response when the ‘approach’ was from the direction of (i) non-rival males (control), or (ii) rival males (a more salient stimulus if playback grunts are not recognized by the subject). I compared responses separately based on the degree of social overlap between the caller and the subject. Responses indicate that male geladas, unlike baboons, do not use vocalizations to recognize all of the individuals they regularly encounter. This represents, to my knowledge, the first documented evidence of ‘missing’ social knowledge in a natural primate population. The sharp distinction between baboons and geladas suggests that geladas are either unable or unmotivated to keep track of the individual identity of other males in their multi-level society—even males with whom they have a large degree of social overlap. Thus, these results are consistent with the central assumption of the social complexity hypothesis that social cognition is costly.
The National Cancer Data Base report on breast cancer.

Background. Previous National Cancer Data Base data have been used to examine time trends in stage of disease and treatment patterns for breast cancer. The most current (1990) data are described here. Methods. Two calls for data have yielded a total of 143,051 breast cancer cases for 1985, 1988, and 1990 from hospital cancer registries across the United States. Results. The percentage of in situ cancers increased between 1985 and 1988 but was essentially constant between 1988 and 1990. The use of breast-conserving partial mastectomy across the country increased between 1988 and 1990. Some interesting regional differences appeared in the use of multimodality treatment. Conclusions. These data suggest a plateau in the use of mammographic screening.
A guide to establishing hollow fiber macroscopic properties for membrane applications

Production of advanced hollow fiber membranes involves optimizing permeation and mechanical properties. If mechanical properties are insufficient, time dependent losses in permeation performance will occur. Practically speaking, numerous hollow fiber properties are considered and established concurrently; however, such a discussion would be quite complex for a single manuscript. Therefore, this work focuses on the specification and establishment of large-scale macroscopic properties such as those identified in Table 1. With optimal macroscopic properties specified, a basic understanding of fiber spinning couples process variables and macroscopic properties. This paper focuses on dry-jet wet spinning and associated processing complications, since these complications represent the first practical hurdles that must be overcome to produce useful continuous fiber suitable for membrane applications.
A practical distance estimator through distributed RSSI/LQI processing — An experimental study

The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and the link quality indicator (LQI) are metrics that are commonly available in commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) sensor hardware. The former has been widely regarded as a cheap alternative for distance estimation and node localization. However, experimentally RSSI has been shown to behave in an inconsistent manner, even in ideal scenarios, and serve at best as bounds for distances. The latter is effectively a measure of chip error rate, and can be used to identify higher quality transmissions, and the combination RSSI/LQI can be expected to make more precise estimates with the tradeoff of increased delay and estimation cost. In this paper, we describe our distance estimation system that uses these two metrics and test our hypothesis purely through experimental measurements using sensor nodes. Results indicate that such a combination of metrics can be used to provide a tighter bound on the range of estimated distances.
Chemical Degradation of Castable Refractories in Coal Gasification Process Environments

Reactions and transformations that result in chemical degradation of castable refractories used as liners for coal gasification reactors have been studied. In addition to phase analysis of laboratory and pilot plant specimens by conventional X-ray powder diffraction, a new test method was developed that permits changes in the phase composition to be observed without removing the specimen from the test atmosphere. Two candidate castable refractories were included in the study, a high purity CaO-Al2O3 composition with tabular alumina aggregate (93.7 wt pct Al2O3, 5.6 wt pct CaO) and a CaO-Al2O,- SiO2 composition with calcined kaolinite aggregate (55 wt pct Al2O3, 36 wt pet SiO2, 5 wt pct CaO). Specimens were exposed to steam, steam/CO2, and a simulated coal gasification atmosphere at a pressure of 7 M Pa (1000 psig) and temperatures up to 1000 °C. Frequent changes in the bonding phases, and intervals in which a bonding phase was in transition were observed in the case of the high purity castable refractory. The silicacontaining refractory, on the other hand, formed bonding phases which were stable in steam over a large range of temperatures and pressures.
Temporal trends and predictors of pelvic lymph node dissection in open or minimally invasive radical prostatectomy

BACKGROUND: Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is an important component of prostate cancer staging and treatment, especially for surgical patients who have high-risk tumor features. It is not clear how the shift from open radical prostatectomy (ORP) to minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (MIRP) has affected the use of PLND. The objectives of this study were to identify predictors of PLND and to assess the impact of surgical technique in a contemporary, population-based cohort. METHODS: In Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry data linked with Medicare claims, the authors identified men who underwent ORP or MIRP for prostate cancer during 2003 to 2007. The impact of surgical approach on PLND was evaluated, and interactions were examined between surgical procedure, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and Gleason score with the analysis controlled for patient and tumor characteristics. RESULTS: Of 6608 men who underwent ORP or MIRP, 70% (n = 4600) underwent PLND. The use of PLND declined over time both overall and within subgroups defined by procedure type. PLND was 5 times more likely in men who underwent ORP than in men who underwent MIRP when the analysis was controlled for patient and tumor characteristics. Elevated PSA and biopsy Gleason score, but not clinical stage, were associated with a greater odds of PLND in both the ORP group and the MIRP group. However, the magnitude of the association between these factors and PLND was significantly greater for patients in the ORP group. CONCLUSIONS: PLND was less common among men who underwent MIRP, independent of tumor risk factors. A decline in PLND rates was not fully explained by an increase in MIRP. The authors concluded that these trends may signal a surgical approach-dependent disparity in prostate cancer staging and therapy. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Technical topic, lay audience: How to make a good presentation

Steps can be taken by a speaker to improve his presentation of a technical topic to a lay audience and make the subject more understandable to the listener. These steps stress the use of (1) much advance peparation, (2) informative exercises, entertaining stories, and simple drawings, (3) examples picked to fit the audience, and (4) a changing style depending on audience reaction. Giving attention to these points will help to make the presentation successful for both the speaker and the listener.
Treg Cells in Cancer: A Case of Multiple Personality Disorder

Foxp3+ RORγt–expressing T cells expand in colorectal cancer and contribute to pathogenesis in a mouse model of polyposis.
PAF effects on transmembrane signaling pathways in rat Kupffer cells.

Platelet activating factor (PAF) was found to stimulate the metabolism of inositol phospholipids via deacylation and phospholipase C in Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages in liver. PAF-induced phosphoinositide metabolism occurred in two phases. Within seconds after stimulation, in the absence of extracellular Ca++, platelet activating factor caused the phosphodiester hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate with the release of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,4-bisphosphate. This was followed by an extracellular Ca++-dependent release of glycerophosphoinositol, inositol monophosphates and inositol bisphosphates. Various Ca++-mobilizing agonists failed to evoke hydrolysis of phosphoinositides. Platelet activating factor also stimulated the synthesis and release of prostaglandins from these cells. Platelet activating factor-stimulated phosphodiester metabolism of phosphoinositides and prostaglandin synthesis was inhibited by treatment with pertussis toxin and cholera toxin. Pertussis toxin also inhibited platelet activating factor-induced glycerophosphoinositol release. Cholera toxin, in contrast, stimulated platelet activating factor-induced glycerophosphoinositol release and prostaglandin synthesis and synergistically stimulated the effect of platelet activating factor on these processes. The results suggest that platelet activating factor-induced metabolism in the Kupffer cells occurs via specific receptors and may be mediated through the activation of different G-proteins.
Effects on Climate Records of Changes in National Weather Service Humidity Processing Procedures

Abstract The U.S. National Weather Service has recently corrected an error in radiosonde humidity data reduction algorithms, eliminated a sonde thats processing contained another error, and recently made a further change in the humidity data reduction algorithm. They also introduced new procedures for reporting humidity from radiosondes. These changes will affect the climate records of U.S. upper-air humidity. Because the changes affect observations differently at different temperatures and relative humidities, their impact on monthly mean humidity quantities depends on the frequency with which certain conditions occur. The authors calculated the effects on monthly mean humidity quantities of five specific changes at a representative set of U.S. radiosonde stations. Some of these effects are quite substantial and should be considered in evaluating climate variability.
Binary encoding of gray-scale nonlinearly transformed filters for optical pattern recognition

A binary-encoded nonlinear matched filter for optical correlation is described. The gray-scale matched-filter function, transformed by a general type of nonlinearity, is represented in a binary format by a threshold function that changes as a function of the spatial frequency. The output correlation term of the binary-encoded filter is equivalent to the output correlation term of the gray-scale nonlinear matched filter.
The Effects of Stoichiometry and Sample Density on Combustion Dynamics and Initiation Energy of Al/Fe2O3 Metastable Interstitial Composites

The effect of the stoichiometry (i.e., the Al/Fe ratio) and the compressed density of the sample on the dynamics of energy release from a series of Al/Fe2O3 metastable intersitital composites (MIC) were investigated. The reaction was initiated photothermally with a single 8 ns pulse of the 1064 nm fundamental of a Nd:YAG laser. The reaction dynamics were measured by using time-resolved spectroscopy of the light emitted from the igniting and deflagrating material. Two fundamental parameters are measured by this approach: the time to initiation and the duration of the deflagration. The effect of Al particle size on these parameters shows that they attain a minimum value at 100 nm, Al with 120 and 50 nm both having longer initiation and deflagration times. The amount of active Al metal relative to the amount of oxide explains this trend as the Al particle size decreases. As the Al/Fe ratio was varied from stoichiometric (1:1 Al:Fe) to slightly fuel rich (1.5:1) there is a significant decrease in the initiati...
Nutritional Approaches to Minimize Subacute Ruminal Acidosis and Laminitis in Dairy Cattle

Abstract Lameness and subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) both appear to be very prevalent throughout the US dairy industry. Reduced ruminal efficiency, liver and lung abscesses, and laminitis are all thought to be related to SARA. Both the nutritionist and dairy managers are responsible for the delivery and consumption of a ration that is likely to produce a ruminally healthy pH. Nutritionists should consider the expected amount of physically effective neutral detergent fiber provided by ration ingredients, along with their expected ruminal fermentabilities and resultant microbial acid production. Environmental conditions, such as heat stress, overcrowding, and uncomfortable stalls, which may alter feed intake patterns and animal behavior, should also be considered in ration formulation. Additional amounts of physically effective neutral detergent fiber, and/or a reduction in ruminal nonstructural carbohydrate availability, may be warranted during times of increased animal stress. Higher levels of intake may also predispose the rumen to SARA, since salivary buffer secretion may not adequately compensate for additional acid production. Forage dry matter should be determined twice weekly, or more frequently if results vary by more than 5 percent of the dry matter value. Ration variability can be further reduced by premixing individual forages, or at least attempting to make each loader bucket of feed a uniform mix obtained from the entire height or face of the bunker silo. Ingredient sequencing and mixing time should be standardized on a given dairy. Techniques to minimize sorting, including frequent feed pushups, the addition of water or a low dry matter by-product, and appropriate forage processing, should be adopted by managers.
Lanthanide complexation with 1,3,5-triamino 2,4,6-trihydroxycyclohexane

Abstract The protonation constants of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trihydroxycyclohexane (taci), at 25 °C in I = 1.00 M (NaClO4) were determined to be: pKa1, 5.57 (0.08); pKa2, 7.45 (0.02); pKa3, 9.05 (0.04). The log of the stability constants, log β302, at 25°C in I = 1.00 M (NaClO4) for formation of [ Ln ( H - 3 taci ) 2 3 + ] were measured by potentiometry to be: Nd(III), 25.33 (0.09); Eu(III), 26.42 (0.06); Tm(III), 30.07 (0.10); Lu(III), 33.68 (0.07) ; Y(III), 28.59 (0.07). 1H NMR spectra were consistent with formation of a single complex from pcH 6 to 10. Laser fluorescence measurements of the 7Fo–5Do transition of Eu(III) complexed by taci indicated a single complexed species. The shift in this peak relative to that of Eu3+(aq) was significantly greater than the values reported for the complexes of other organic ligands with Eu(III). Luminescence lifetime measurements indicated two water molecules bound to each of the Eu(III) cations in the taci complex.
N-Terminal Derivatization of Peptides with Isothiocyanate Analogues Promoting Edman-Type Cleavage and Enhancing Sensitivity in Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis

N-terminal derivatization of peptides with Edman's reagent, phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC), promotes gas-phase Edman cleavage that yields abundant complementary b(1) and y(n-1) ion pairs by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The formation of b(1) ions can be utilized as a mass tag to enhance the interpretation of MS/MS spectra and increase the confidence of peptide identification during mass spectrometry analysis. Derivatization of tryptic peptides with another isothiocyanate analogue, 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate, also produces signature ions resulting from Edman cleavage and facilitates peptide sequencing on linear or branched peptides. The limitation of these derivatizations, however, is reduced MS signal intensities of modified peptides, due presumably to the tags themselves. Here we have demonstrated that several other isothiocyanate analogues bearing basic moieties can derivatize peptides and significantly improve the MS sensitivity of tagged analytes, while promoting Edman fragmentation and maintaining other sequence fragments as well.
Determination of an internal 87Rb87Sr isochron for the Olivenza chondrite

Abstract RbSr isotopic determinations were made on five single chondrules, ranging from 4 to 27 milligrams, extracted from Olivenza, an olivine-hypersthene chondrite. Several density fractions with a particle size smaller than 37μ were separated and RbSr analyses made. These data form a well defined linear array on the SrRb evolution diagram and yield an age of 4.63 × 109 years and an initial 87 Sr 86 Sr = 0.6994 . The typical strontium and rubidium blanks were 8 × 10−10 and 4 × 10−11 g, respectively. An acid wash experiment shows that preferential leaching takes place and that the resulting data from such a procedure are of doubtful reliability. Constructing an error envelope of the data points, a graphical representation of the initial 87 Sr 86 Sr versus the age is presented which demonstrates the constraints on these two anticorrelated parameters. This is a useful means of testing whether two data arrays may have the same age and ( 87 Sr 86 Sr ) I .
The transfer of bilirubin from blood to bile in the neonatal guinea pig.

Extract: The development of hepatic uptake, conjugation, and excretion of bilirubin was investigated in newborn and in adult guinea pigs. Excretion of conjugated bilirubin from liver is rate-limiting in the overall transfer of bilirubin from plasma to bile in newborn as well as in mature guinea pigs. Hepatic excretion of bilirubin gradually matures during the first three weeks of life. Glucuronyl transferase activity was also reduced in liver from newborn guinea pigs less than 72 hours old, but the limitation was apparently insufficient to be rate-limiting in vivo. Cumulative hepatic uptake of bilirubin by the liver was also reduced during the newborn period and achieved adult levels at approximately 15 days of age. The rate of endogenous bilirubin excretion was the same in newborns of all ages and in adults, suggesting that erythrocyte life span and bilirubin synthesis are similar in newborn and in adult guinea pigs. Speculation: Hepatic uptake, conjugation, and excretion of bilirubin are reduced in neonatal guinea pigs that do not manifest physiologic hyperbilirubinemia. Similar studies should be performed in species that have neonatal jaundice. The contribution of impaired hepatic uptake of bilirubin to physiologic jaundice of human infants warrants further study.
PAD4 is not essential for disease in the K/BxN murine autoantibody-mediated model of arthritis

Both murine and human genome-wide association studies have implicated peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD4) as a susceptibility gene in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, patients with RA commonly have autoantibodies which recognize PAD4 or and/or citrullinated peptides. This study aims to evaluate the role of PAD4 in the effector phase of arthritis. PAD4 knock out (KO) and wild type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were injected with K/BxN sera to induce disease. Progression of disease was monitored by measuring paw and ankle swelling and clinical indexes of disease, and pathogenesis was assessed by indexing of clinical progression on paws collected from WT and PAD4 KO mice injected with K/BxN serum. PAD4 activity was determined by visualization of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and immunohistological analysis of histone citrullination. PAD4 activity is readily detectable in the inflamed synovium of WT but not PAD4 deficient animals, as demonstrated by histone citrullination and NET formation. However, PAD4 WT and KO animals develop K/BxN serum transfer disease with comparable severity and kinetics, with no statistically significant differences noted in clinical scores, swelling, joint erosion or joint invasion. PAD4 WT and KO mice develop disease in the K/BxN serum transfer model of arthritis with similar severity and kinetics, indicating that PAD4 is dispensable in this effector phase model of disease.
Accurate Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Intravascular Ultrasound Data Spatially Correct Three-Dimensional Reconstructions

Background The geometrical accuracy of conventional three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction methods for intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) data (coronary and peripheral) is hampered by the inability to register spatial image orientation and by respiratory and cardiac motion. The objective of this work was the development of improved IVUS reconstruction techniques. Methods and Results We developed a 3D position registration method that identifies the spatial coordinates of an in situ IVUS catheter by use of simultaneous ECG-gated biplane digital cinefluoroscopy. To minimize distortion, coordinates underwent pincushion correction and were referenced to a standardized calibration cube. Gated IVUS data were acquired digitally, and the spatial locations of the imaging planes were matched to their corresponding coordinates. Image points were then transformed relative to their respective 3D coordinates, rendered in binary voxel format, resliced, and displayed on an image-processing workstation for off-line analysis. The method was tested by use of phantoms (straight tube, 360° circle, 240° spiral) and an in vitro coronary artery model. In vivo feasibility was assessed in patients who underwent routine interventional coronary procedures accompanied by IVUS evaluation. Actual versus calculated point locations were within 1.0±0.3 mm of each other (n=39). Calculated phantom volumes were within 4% of actual volumes. Phantom 3D reconstruction appropriately demonstrated complex morphology. Initial patient evaluation demonstrated method feasibility as well as errors if respiratory and ECG gating were not used. Conclusions These preliminary data support the use of this new method of 3D reconstruction of vascular structures with use of combined vascular ultrasound data and simultaneous ECG-gated biplane cinefluoroscopy.
Quality of life in physical health domains predicts adherence among myocardial infarction patients even after adjusting for depressive symptoms

Abstract Objective To prospectively study the relationship of quality of life (QOL) to adherence among myocardial infarction (MI) patients and also to determine if either QOL or depressive symptoms (DEP) has a primary role in predicting adherence. Methods Acute-MI patients (N=285) were administered questionnaires on QOL, DEP, and adherence in-hospital and 4 months post-MI. The seven adherence behaviors measured included (1) following a low-salt diet, (2) following a low-fat or weight loss diet, (3) taking prescribed medication, (4) exercising regularly, (5) decreasing stress, (6) carrying medical supplies for self-care, and (7) trying to socialize more with others. Hierarchical regression analyses examined cross-sectional and prospective relations between adherence and both physical and mental health QOL domains. Each QOL domain was modeled as “adherence=QOL domain+DEP.” Results Physical health QOL was related to adherence using cross-sectional and prospective approaches even with DEP independently still related to adherence. Conversely, in separate models using cross-sectional and prospective approaches, mental health QOL was not related to adherence while DEP was related to adherence. Conclusion Focused attention on those with low scores in physical health QOL or greater DEP may be an efficient approach to improve adherence in patients recovering from an MI.
Gender Dimensions of Public Service Motivation

Feminist scholars of public administration have critiqued the dominance of masculine imagery in public administration theory and practice. However, public service motivation is one area of public administration discourse that contains both feminine and masculine imagery. Focusing on Perry’s multidimensional public service motivation scale, the authors borrow from a range of social science literatures to contend that compassion is a feminine dimension of public service motivation, whereas attraction to policy making and commitment to public service are masculine dimensions. Data from a survey of public managers in state health and human service agencies reveal that women score higher on Perry’s compassion subscale but also on attraction to policy making. No statistically significant gender differences were found on commitment to public service.
SERVQUAL dimensionality: an investigation of presentation order effect

This paper examines a potential issue in measuring service quality using the SERVQUAL instrument. Specifically, it is argued that SERVQUAL’s dimensions are largely the product of presentation order effects. To validate this argument, this paper presents the results of a field study in which randomised and non-randomised versions of SERVQUAL were administered in multiple organisations. The resulting samples were then used to generate factor structures which proved to be non-congruent. These results raise the question of whether SERVQUAL’s dimensions truly represent underlying constructs. If they do not, then should studies continue to report them?
Truth vs. knowledge: the difference between what a component does and what we know it does

Conventional doctrine holds that specifications are sufficient, complete, static, and homogeneous. For system level specifications, especially for software architectures, conventional doctrine often fails to hold. This can happen when properties other than functionality are critical, when not all properties of interest can be identified in advance, or when the specifications are expensive to create. That is, the conventional doctrine often fails for practical software components. Specifications for real software must be incremental, extensible, and heterogeneous. To support such specifications, our notations and tools must be able to extend and manipulate structured specifications. In the UniCon architecture description language, we introduce credentials, a property list form of specification that supports evolving heterogeneous specifications and their use with system building and analysis tools.
Osmotic regulation in hydra: sodium and calcium localization and source of electrical potential.

Ca45 and Na22 radioautographs using freeze-substitution with 2-ethoxyethanol have been prepared for hydra. They reveal a heavy accumulation of Ca and Na along the mesoglea. Microelectrode probes indicate that the positive resting potential in the hydra gut may be resolved into a series of three steps. These results in hydra epithelium suggest that hydra concentrate ions across the outer epidermal cell layer in much the same way that Na is transported across frog skin.
Perioral anesthesia disrupts maternal behavior during early lactation in Long-Evans rats.

The role of perioral somatosensory stimulation from pups in maternal behavior was investigated in lactating Long—Evans rats (Rattus norvegicus) during early lactation by local anesthesia of the mystacial pads with lidocaine, which blocks conduction in the infraorbital nerve. It was concluded that (1) acute perioral anesthesia markedly inhibited pup retrieval when the subjects had no formal pretreatment retrieval experience. Further, these dams displayed little tolerance to the lidocaine treatment when they were tested repeatedly. (2) The severity of the effects of perioral anesthesia on retrieval was dependent upon prior experience and the testing situation. Following pretreatment retrieval experience, and in a test cage with dark and light compartments which provided a strong incentive to retrieve, 80% of lidocaine-injected dams did retrieve. However, retrieval efficiency was impaired by perioral anesthesia, largely due to increased time in contact with pups prior to each retrieval and to increased carrying time. (3) Perioral anesthesia also inhibited pup licking, but not self-grooming, suggesting that the former, but not the latter, is largely under peripheral stimulus control and that deficits in maternal oral activities cannot be due to impairment of mouth opening and use. (4) The onset of nursing behavior was delayed until after the recovery of snout sensations and retrieval. This suggests that a maternal behavior not directly involving the mouth is nonetheless dependent upon the dam's receipt of perioral tactile input from pups.
Prevalence and Correlates of Self-Injury among University Students.

Objective: The authors' purpose in this research was to establish estimates of the prevalence and correlates of nonsuicidal self-injury among university students. Participants: The authors recruited participants (N = 2, 843) from a random sample of 5, 021 undergraduate and graduate students attending a large midwestern public university. Methods: Using an Internet-based survey, the authors measured the prevalence of self-injury and potential risk factors, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, suicidal thoughts, and negative health behaviors. Results: Seven percent of students reported any self-injury over the previous 4 weeks. Factors associated with a significantly higher likelihood (p <.05) of self-injury included cigarette smoking, concurrent depressive and anxiety disorders, and for men, growing up in a family of low socioeconomic status and having symptoms of eating disorders. Only 26% of those who reported self-injury received mental health therapy or medication in the previous year. Conc...
A Vacation in French Canada

M OST teachers of French cannot go to France as often as they wish, yet I am sure there is not a single one who does not desire to keep in contact with things French. The French schools at Middlebury and elsewhere doubtless give this opportunity, as far as the language is concerned, better than anywhere else on this side of the Atlantic, and they certainly deserve the respect and co-operation of all those whose interests lie in France and things French. There are many, however, who do not care to attend schools of French for various reason and yet who cannot visit France as often as they would like. For these I suggest a vacation trip in French Canada as a delightful way of making contacts with a civilization that has remained essentially French during two centuries and a half of English rule. Perhaps there are some who will immediately say that one's pronunciation might be affected by contact with Canadian French. It is certainly not my purpose either to attack or defend the French spoken in Canada, but I feel perfectly sure that the pronunciation of no one prepared to teach French will suffer while in French Canada, nor will he be unable to understand or make himself understood except in very rare cases. The opportunity of hearing Canadian French and of comparing it with the accepted norm of pronunciation of the mother-country will add, ipso facto, pleasure and profit to a sojourn among our northern neighbors. In the larger cities, such as Montreal, one can live in an atmosphere that is essentially Parisian as far as the language and its speakers are concerned. I should urge all those who contemplate such a trip as I propose to travel by automobile. Only in this manner can one get the spirit of French Canada. Naturally, I do not wish to disparage the delightful scenic trips on the St. Lawrence; they are too well and favorably known, and all who can should take them. However, one will not make contact with the French-speaking population to any great extent on the large steamers, nor will one see at close hand the things that make this region so delightful a place to visit to those who are seeking something more than an agreeable vacation. French Canada means, generally speaking, the province of Quebec. Anyone who reads magazines or newspapers has seen the advertisements of Montreal and Quebec-the city and the province. I do not believe I am wrong in saying that these are more truthful in their statements than many similar advertisements. The Provincial Travel Bureau at Quebec will gladly send to any one interested maps and "literature" concerning any or all areas to which a visit is contemplated. I have found on my two trips to French Canada that the historical comments, facts, data, statistics, and mileages are accurate and reliable. It is not the purpose of this paper to tell what to see or to describe what
Ectopic dendritogenesis occurs on cortical pyramidal neurons in swainsonine-induced feline α-mannosidosis

Abstract Golgi staining has revealed that ectopic neurites sprout from the axon-hillock region of cortical pyramidal neurons in kittens with swainsonine-induced α-mannosidosis. These new growth processes appeared qualitatively identical to those reported in a variety of inherited neuronal storage diseases including the gangliosidoses. In the latter, such processes have been shown to be dendritic-like and postsynaptic to afferents of unknown origin. We believe this to be the first demonstration of induced dendritogenesis in the mammalian CNS and a model system which should prove useful in exploring this remarkable phenomenon occurring in neuronal storage disorders.
A Critical Role for SOCS3 in Innate Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii

The innate and adaptive immune responses that confer resistance to the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii critically depend on IL-12 production, which drives interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression. Certain cytokines can activate STAT3 and limit IL-12 production to prevent infection-associated immune pathology, but T. gondii also directly activates STAT3 to evade host immunity. We show that suppressor of cytokine signaling molecule 3 (SOCS3), a target of STAT3 that limits signaling by the pleiotropic cytokine IL-6, is upregulated in response to infection but is dispensable for the immune-inhibitory effects of T. gondii. Unexpectedly, mice with targeted deletion of SOCS3 in macrophages and neutrophils have reduced IL-12 responses and succumb to toxoplasmosis. Anti-IL-6 administration or IL-12 treatment blocked disease susceptibility, suggesting that in the absence of SOCS3, macrophages are hypersensitive to the anti-inflammatory properties of IL-6. Thus, SOCS3 has a critical role in suppressing IL-6 signals and promoting immune responses to control T. gondii infection.
Acidimetric studies of cadmium and zinc complexes with ethylenediamine, oxalate, and their mixtures using the glass electrode

Abstract Acidimetric pH titrations of solutions containing the metal ion along with increasing concentrations of a less basic ligand and an excess of the more basic ligand have been used to evaluate the stabilities of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes with oxalate, ethylenediamine and the mixed complex as well. Both metal ions can form octahedral complexes with both ligands and their mixtures. The zinc complexes have somewhat larger overall stability constants but the third stepwise formation constant of the cadmium complex is somewhat larger. The stepwise formation constants for Zn(C2O4)34− are 103·44, 103·04 and 100·76; for Cd(C2O4)3)4− they are 103·20, 101·37 and 100·96.
Pilot study of antithymocyte globulin in systemic sclerosis.

Objective. Between June 1, 1992 and August 31, 1994 we conducted an open pilot study of antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM; Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) in 10 patients with early systemic sclerosis (SSc) to assess whether this agent might prevent the progression of cutaneous and pulmonary involvement in this disease. Methods. Adult patients with early SSc (<3 years) and evidence of progressive skin and pulmonary disease were enrolled. All patients were hospitalized and received a single course of intravenous ATGAM, at a dosage of 10 mg/kg over 4 hours, on 5 consecutive days. Patients were followed up at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4, and months 2, 4, 6, and 12. Patients were considered to be improved if the Rodnan skin score decreased ≥25%, to be worse if the skin score increased ≥25%, and to be not improved if the skin score was within 25% of baseline. For pulmonary involvement, patients were considered to be improved if either the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide or the forced vital capacity was increased ≥10%, worse if decreased by ≥10%, and stable if within 10% of baseline. Results. Most patients tolerated the treatment well, although 1 patient developed an allergic reaction necessitating discontinuation of treatment, 1 developed a serum sickness reaction after completion of therapy, and 1 developed a central venous access–related axillary vein thrombosis. Two patients died of SSc-related complications during the followup period. At 12 months, only 2 patients showed improvement in both skin and pulmonary function measures, whereas 5 patients were worse and 3 were stable. Conclusion. At the dosage administered in this study, ATGAM appears ineffective in improving the skin and pulmonary features of SSc.
REDIRECTION OF PRECIPITATION BY A CORN CANOPY AND RELATED SOILWATER STATUS

Redirection of precipitation by a crop canopy significantly affects the distribution of water entering soil. This knowledge can be used to improve crop management practices for protecting ground water. Over a 4-y period, rain and/or irrigation water was collected at 8 equidistant positions between corn (Zea mays L.) rows. Soil water status was measured to a 0.3-m depth in the same relative positions. Wind direction and speed, and crop canopy development influenced the location where throughfall entered the soil surface and resultant soil water content. Stemflow increased to > 60% of incoming precipitation with canopy closure in most years. These large amounts of water entering the soil as stemflow increased percolation in the row and soil water content below the row, the zone of greatest depletion of plant available water. Associated with canopy closure, reduced throughfall reached the soil surface within 0.2 m of the row; hence, a reduced potential for leaching of agrichemicals applied in this area. * Mi...
Mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of the β-secretase-cleaved C-terminal fragment of APP in Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mice

Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease. Emerging evidence indicates that amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides enter mitochondria and may thereby disrupt mitochondrial function in brains of AD patients and transgenic model mice. However, it remains to be determined whether the β-cleaved C-terminal fragment (C99), another neurotoxic fragment of amyloid precursor protein (APP), may accumulate in mitochondria of neurons affected by AD. Using immunoblotting, digitonin fractionation and immunofluorescence labeling techniques, we found that C99 is targeted to mitochondria, in particular, to the mitoplast (i.e., inner membrane and matrix compartments) in brains of AD transgenic mice (5XFAD model). Furthermore, full-length APP (fl-APP) was also identified in mitochondrial fractions of 5XFAD mice. Remarkably, partial deletion of the β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1(+/-)) almost completely abolished mitochondrial targeting of C99 and fl-APP in 5XFAD mice at 6 months of age. However, substantial amounts of C99 and fl-APP accumulation remained in mitochondria of 12-month-old BACE1(+/-)·5XFAD mouse brains. Consistent with these changes in mitochondrial C99/fl-APP levels, BACE1(+/-) deletion age-dependently rescued mitochondrial dysfunction in 5XFAD mice, as assessed by cytochrome c release from mitochondria, reduced redox or complex activities and oxidative DNA damage. Moreover, BACE1(+/-) deletion also improved memory deficits as tested by the spontaneous alternation Y-maze task in 5XFAD mice at 6 months but not at 12 months of age. Taken together, our findings suggest that mitochondrial accumulation of C99 and fl-APP may occur through BACE1-dependent mechanisms and contribute to inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairments associated with AD.