cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Stress Among Low Income Latino Adolescent Fathers: An Application of the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model

Latino youth are more likely to live under the poverty line and to become adolescent parents. Although research exists examining adolescent mothers, less is known about adolescent fathers, particularly Latino adolescent fathers. Much of what does exist uses a deficit lens, as opposed to one of strength and resilience. Although adolescent fathers sometimes do struggle in their transition to fatherhood, it is critical to understand the positive ways in which they adapt. The present study uses in-depth interviews and applies the vulnerability-stress-adaptation (VSA) model to understand parental adaptation processes among a sample of low-income Latino adolescent fathers (N = 11). Despite economic vulnerability, including low income and limited resources, fathers’ aspirations to provide for their children served as an adaptive mechanism. These aspirations were influenced by the quality of their relationship with the mother of their children as well as by cultural influences from their families-of-origin. Findings indicated the importance of a positive, holistic family experience that includes cultural notions of familism. By identifying the processes by which adolescent fathers experience vulnerabilities, stress, and adaptation to those stressors, it is possible to develop and implement culturally responsive and strengths-based services and policies to better support their transition, including those related to job readiness, relationship education, and family involvement.
New concepts relating to the mode of action of vitamin K.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concepts relating to the mode of action of vitamin K. The actinomycin D, which blocks the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibited the action of vitamin K in stimulating the appearance of prothrombin complex in the blood of vitamin K-deficient chicks over a period of 6 hours. Posttranscriptional control of prothrombin synthesis could involve the interaction of a regulatory protein capable of binding vitamin K and coumarin drugs, with some element of the ribosomal–mRNA–tRNA complex to facilitate either initiation or termination of specific peptide synthesis. A precursor-product relationship between isoprothrombin and pro-thrombin is not supported by data from all species. In the rat, isopro-thrombin accumulates in hepatic niicrosoines in vitamin K deficiency or warfarin treatment, but not in the cow, where all of isoprothrombin is secreted into the plasma. Genetically determined abnormal prothrornbins in patients normally nourished with vitamin I and untreated with coumarin drugs have also been reported.
The Gods at Three A.M.

The foolish gods are doing poppers while they sing along, they're taking off their white t-shirts and wiping the sweat from their foreheads with them, the gods have tattoos of bleeding roses on their shoulders, perhaps a pink triangle above the left nipple, there's hope for them. The gods are pausing to light cigarettes while they dance, they're laughing and sharing private jokes while the smoke machine comes on, one of the gods told you they put talcum powder in the artificial fog, then walked away, how could anyone breathe talcum powder but it makes their skin shine with the sweat and smell of cigarettes and Obsession. Don't try to say you didn't know the gods are always white, the statues told you that. The gods don't say hello, and when you ask them how they are the gods say they don't know, the gods are drunk and don't feel like talking now, but you can touch their muscled backs when they pass.
Cathodic reduction pathways of haloaromatics

Summary The electrochemical reduction pathways of the isomeric nitrobenzyl halides have been investigated in non-aqueous media (DMF and MeCN) at platinum. The following products were formed in varying amounts: dinitrobibenzyls, nitrotoluenes, nitrobenzaldehydes and nitrobenzoates. Combined with other recent work 7 , a fairly clear picture of the electrolysis products formed contingent upon various experimental conditions was obtained. Generally, dinitrobibenzyls were formed from o -and p -nitrobenzyl halides and m -nitrotoluene, was obtained from the m -nitrobenzyl halides. Varying amounts of nitrotoluenes were obtained in all cases, more being formed in DMF than in MeCN. In the presence of oxygen, nitrobenzaldehydes and nitrobenzoates were generated quantitatively as long as the level was comparable to the nitrobenzyl halide concentration. Under similar experimental conditions, the nitrobenzyl halide anion radicals were found to be much less stable than the analogous halonitrobenzenes.
Breaking Ground on the New Green Deal

Like the old New Deal, the new Green Deal will rescue the free-falling economy by investing in infrastructure that creates jobs and repositions American industry toward new kinds of growth. In the 1930s, FDR built a national network of roads, bridges, and parks, connecting producers and consumers, enhancing national security, and protecting natural resources. Today’s mission is exactly the same, but this time the infrastructure that can accomplish it will enable alternative energy generation, storage, and transmission. Sure, we could pass tax cuts instead – but if they don’t work, we’re left with a fistful of nothing. Investing in infrastructure gets people hired to build it, and the worst case scenario at the end of the day is a tangible bedrock for future economic growth.This short commentary, published on two political blogs, praises the President's pledge to invest in green energy infrastructure, and offers suggestions on how to do it. It urges reluctant members of Congress to act on the stimulus package in order to break ground on plans to invest in a renewable energy economy.
Effects of changes in brain metabolism on levels of pentose phosphate pathway intermediates

Abstract Several metabolites of the pentose phosphate pathway, together with related intermediates of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, were measured in cerebral tissue of mice after periods of ischemia, anesthesia by phenobarbital, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and iodoacetate and fluoroacetate poisoning. Normal levels (micromoles per kg) were found to be 6-P-gluconate, 10; ribulose-5-P, 7; xylulose-5-P, 14; and erythrose-4-P, less than 2. The sum of ribose-5-P and sedoheptulose-7-P was 64 µmoles per kg. During 5 min of complete ischemia, 6-P-gluconate decreased 30% and xylulose-5-P fell 80%. Ribulose-5-P was also sharply reduced. Anesthesia resulted in increases of 40 to 50% for ribulose-5-P and xylulose-5-P without change in 6-P-gluconate. Anesthesia also prevented or greatly diminished the changes in phosphate intermediates induced by ischemia. Hypothermia resulted in decreases in ribulose-5-P and xylulose-5-P, and an increase in 6-P-gluconate. Conversely, hyperthermia exactly reversed the pattern of these changes. Iodoacetate intoxication resulted in marked increases in ribulose-5-P and xylulose-5-P, but glucose-6-P and 6-P-gluconate fell below control values. There did not appear to be any direct correlation between the magnitude of the pentose phosphate increases and those of the triose phosphates. In fluoroacetate-treated mice glucose-6-P levels increased approximately 3-fold, whereas intermediates in the pentose phosphate pathway and triose phosphates remained near control levels or fell slightly. The results are compatible with a regulatory mechanism at both of the dehydrogenase steps with some effect of glyceraldehyde-P and fructose-6-P concentrations on the levels of intermediates of the pentose pathway below 6-P-gluconate.
Methods of Mathematical Economics: Linear and Nonlinear Programming, Fixed-Point Theorems

The book presents useful applications to other branches of mathematics and to economics, and it contains many exercises and examples. The advanced mathematical results are proved clearly and completely. By providing the necessary proofs and presenting the material in a conversational style, Franklin made Methods of Mathematical Economics extremely popular among students. The addition of a list of errata, new to this edition, should add to the book's popularity as well as its usefulness both in the classroom and for individual study.
The primate fetal pituitary-adrenal axis in the perinatal period

Abstract Fetal adrenal corticosteroids have been implicated in fetal lung development, enzyme induction, and the timing of parturition. Therefore, adrenal function and regulation in fetal and newborn rhesus monkeys were studied in the perinatal period. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 20 monkey fetuses with long-term catheterization. Concentrations rose significantly (p
Training-induced alterations of carbohydrate metabolism in women: women respond differently from men

We examined the hypothesis that glucose flux was directly related to relative exercise intensity both before and after a 12-wk cycle ergometer training program [5 days/wk, 1-h duration, 75% peak O2...
Introduction: Health and Human Service Delivery to Limited English Proficient and Immigrant Communities: Policy, Management, and Educational Issues

Abstract Immigration increased and the immigrant population became much more widely dispersed during the last decades of the 20th century. Many of these new immigrants are Limited English Proficient (LEP) individuals. These demographic shifts, and federal policy initiatives that expanded civil rights legislation of the 1960s, have created new service demands for both public and private agencies that participate in publicly funded health and human services programs to accommodate both language and cultural differences of their client populations. The introduction to this special symposium issue of the International Journal of Public Administration includes: (1) Overview of demographic trends and service needs; (2) Major federal policy initiatives, stakeholder responses and suggested future policy options; and (3) Key policy, management, and educational issues inherent in delivering health and human services to LEP and immigrant populations and how the authors address them.
Measurement of plasma flow velocity into the divertor of the FM-1 Spherator by using ion acoustic wave propagation

The plasma flow velocity into the divertor chamber of the FM-1 Spherator is determined by measuring the propagation velocity of ion acoustic waves. The observed parametric dependence of plasma flow into the divertor is consistent with the plasma sheath model, which is now frequently used for designing poloidal divertor devices.
A Model of MBA Student Performance.

A number of regression studies have attempted to predict success in an MBA program. The current study extends the work of previous investigations by proposing a model that incorporates a number of terms which represent interaction of undergraduate grade point average with undergraduate institution and undergraduate major. The resulting model has a significantly largerR2 value then previously reported studies. The largeR2 value is attributed to a more complete model and a careful scrutinizing of the data employed in model construction.
Isotopic tracer studies of oxygen transport through SiO2 films at 1000 °C using secondary ion mass spectrometry

Dry oxides (≤8 ppm H2O) grown on Si(100) at 1000 °C at 1 atm using purified 16O2 and purified 18O2 were analyzed using secondary ion mass spectrometry. 18O is observed at the interface, in the bulk of the 16O oxide, and at the surface in agreement with other recent reports. Our results show little lattice diffusion in agreement with Mikkelsen’s work [Appl. Phys. Lett. 45, 1187 (1984)]. A previous report [J. Electrochem. Soc. 131, 1944 (1984)] of appreciable lattice diffusion is due to higher water content.
Acute high-intensity sound exposure alters responses of place cells in hippocampus

Overstimulation is known to activate neural plasticity in the auditory nervous system causing changes in function and re-organization. It has been shown earlier that overstimulation using high-intensity noise or tones can induce signs of tinnitus. Here we show in studies in rats that overstimulation causes changes in the way place cells of the hippocampus respond as rats search for rewards in a spatial maze. In familiar environments, a subset of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, known as place cells, respond when the animal moves through specific locations but are relatively silent in others. This place-field activity (i.e. location-specific firing) is stable in a fixed environment. The present study shows that activation of neural plasticity through overstimulation by sound can alter the response of these place cells. Rats implanted with chronic drivable dorsal hippocampal tetrodes (four microelectrodes) were assessed for stable single-unit place-field responses that were extracted from multiunit responses using NeuroExplorer computer spike-sorting software. Rats then underwent either 30 min exposure to a 4 kHz tone at 104 dB SPL or a control period in the same sound chamber. The place-field activity was significantly altered after sound exposure showing that plastic changes induced by overstimulation are not limited to the auditory nervous system but extend to other parts of the CNS, in this case to the hippocampus, a brain region often studied in the context of plasticity.
Pituitary desensitization to gonadotropin- releasing hormone increases abdominal adiposity in hyperandrogenic anovulatory women

Abstract Objective: To determine whether hyperandrogenism in anovulatory women affects body fat distribution. Design: Prospective nonrandomized study. Setting: An academic research environment. Patient(s): Ten hyperandrogenic anovulatory patients and 10 healthy women matched by body mass index. Intervention(s): Regional body fat analysis was performed before and after 3 months of GnRH analogue (GnRH-a) therapy. Main Outcome Measure(s): Body fat distribution was measured by waist-to-hip circumference ratio, single-slice computed tomography imaging (L2-3 interspace), and total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Result(s): Weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip circumference ratio, total body and leg fat mass, and subcutaneous adipose area were unaffected by the presence of hyperandrogenism or the use of GnRH-a therapy. Basal abdominal fat mass, abdomen-to-leg fat mass ratio, visceral adipose area, and total visceral adipose volume were comparable in both study groups. The abdominal fat mass increased in both groups during GnRH-a therapy, whereas the abdomen-to-leg fat mass ratio rose significantly only in the hyperandrogenic patients. During GnRH-a therapy, the hyperandrogenic patients demonstrated a significant increase in visceral adipose area compared with the healthy women so that total visceral adipose volume increased significantly in the former but not the latter. Conclusion(s): Three months of GnRH-a administration preferentially increased abdominal fat, as measured by single-slice computed tomography imaging and total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, in hyperandrogenic anovulatory women.
The tape-closed wound—A bioengineering analysis☆

Abstract The mechanical properties of healing wounds in rat skin were studied with an Instron Tensile Tester. A standard specimen was tested at a constant strain rate and load, and extension was recorded. Tensile strength and energy absorption were calculated. Tape-closed wounds with cut panniculus muscle developed a higher tensile strength than sutured wounds. This was related to the continued retraction of the cut ends of the muscle and was probably brought about by tension on the maturing collagen fibers. Apparently a different collagen material was being developed. This change occurred without observable differences in biochemical composition. Wound extensibility and energy absorptive capacity did not show any significant differences. Thus despite the higher tensile strength of the tape-closed wound it may not have any functional advantages over the sutured one. The relative importance of the different mechanical properties is discussed.
Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of primary terpene alcohols with vinyl esters in organic media

Abstract Several microbial lipases were screened for their ability to catalyze the synthesis of citronellyl and geranyl esters in organic media using vinyl esters as acylating agents. Based on the results, an immobilized lipase, SP 435 from Candida antarctica was chosen for the study of the effect of reaction parameters on terpenyl acetate synthesis. This enzyme at 10% (w/w reactants) gave yields of 97.7 and 98.6% for geranyl and citronellyl acetate, respectively. Time course studies showed optimum yields could be obtained after 8 and 16 h incubation, respectively. For both terpenyl acetates, solvents with log P >3.2 gave highest yields and a temperature range between 30–50°C seemed suitable for the synthesis of these primary terpenyl acetates. With some solvents, up to 100% yield of geranyl acetate was obtained. In these solvents, SP 435 showed preference for geraniol.
Translation and validation of brief patient health questionnaire against DSM IV as a tool to diagnose major depressive disorder in Indian patients

Context: Depression is frequently encountered in the primary care setting but is often unrecognized and hence untreated. There is a need for a uniform user-friendly screening instrument for depression for primary healthcare personnel in India. Aims: Translation and validation of the brief patient health questionnaire (BPHQ) as a screening tool for depression in major Indian languages. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted at 18 sites, in psychiatric and general clinics. The English version of the BPHQ was translated into 11 Indian languages. The translations were reviewed by experts and volunteers and proofread for the final translated BPHQ. The validation exercise included more than 3000 subjects. A psychiatrist and a psychiatry social worker / coordinator conducted the study under the supervision of the principal investigator. For each language, the presence or absence of major depressive disorder (MDD) as diagnosed with the help of a patient-completed BPHQ and the psychiatrist DSM-IV diagnosis was matched. The kappa coefficient was used as a measure of inter-observer agreement between the two diagnostic methods. Results: Seven languages failed the primary validation exercise. These translations were reviewed and the updated versions, after proofreading were re-run for validation. The self-administered BPHQ was successfully translated and validated for diagnosis of MDD against DSM-IV diagnosis made by a psychiatrist, in English, Hindi, Marathi, Oriya, Malayalam, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali and Tamil. Conclusions: BPHQ is a simple, quick and reliable instrument, which facilitates rapid and accurate diagnosis of depression in the primary care setting in our country.
A Review of the Manuals for BMDP and SPSS

Abstract SPSS and BMDP have much in common, but they have contrasting emphases. The SPSS manual is intended for an unsophisticated audience. It has low-level statistical explanations and carefully written directions for running the programs, but not much about computational procedures. In contrast, the BMDP manual is more sophisticated, with not much statistical explanation, brief explanation of the control language, and substantial discussion of algorithms. We summarize our review with a listing of qualities which we consider important in a manual and our ratings for SPSS and BMDP.
SEED BANK OF A FRESHWATER TIDAL WETLAND: TURNOVER AND RELATIONSHIP TO VEGETATION CHANGE

Depletion during spring germination (turnover), longevity, and successional relationships were studied at High Marsh (HM), Cattail (CT), and Shrub Forest (SF) sites in a freshwater tidal wetland over three years. There was significant seasonal reduction in size and composition of seed banks from all sites. Turnover was greatest in HM surface (0-2 cm) samples where 29 x more seeds germinated in March than in June. In CT and SF samples turnover was considerably less. Magnitude (34-97%) was related to species composition and factors affecting field germination. Decrease in density with depth (0-10 cm) was log-linear in March samples. Except for SF 30-32 cm, few seeds and species were found at 8-10, 15-17, or 30-32 cm. Three seed bank strategies were distinguished: (a) complete turnover (Type II, sensu Thompson and Grime 1979), (b) high turnover with some reserve (Type III), and (c) large long-term seed reserve (Type IV). Longevity of many species appeared to be restricted; 3 1-56% at each site were present only in surface samples, and 29-52% germinated only in March samples. Although some species were important at all three sites, the seed bank composition of each was distinct, and was related to vegetation composition at each site. Because the bulk of the seed bank at each site resembles its site vegetation more than that of another site, it is not possible to predict succession.
Predicting Premorbid Neuropsychological Functioning Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

This study examined the prediction of premorbid neuropsychological functioning using data from an ongoing prospective study of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in children ages 6 to 12 years. Prediction equations were derived based on 80 children with orthopedic injuries (OI), who served as a comparison group for the children with TBI. Collectively, parent ratings of premorbid school performance, maternal ethnicity, family socioeconomic status, and children's word recognition skill predicted from 13% to 45% of the variance in three measures of neuropsychological functioning. The regression equations were used to compute predicted scores among 109 children with TBI. Actual scores fell significantly below predicted scores among children with TBI, and the magnitude of the deficits was correlated with injury severity. Premorbid neuropsychological functioning can be predicted in children with TBI, but with less precision than would be desirable for clinical purposes.
Special Issue: Economics of Electronic Commerce

(2014). Special Issue: Economics of Electronic Commerce. Journal of Management Information Systems: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 7-10.
Effects of Fumonisin B1 in Pregnant Rats

Abstract Fumonisin B1 (FB1), the major mycotoxin from Fusarium moniliforme, has been implicated as a causative agent in several animal and human diseases. Despite animal toxicity studies and human epidemiological studies of FB1, knowledge of its reproductive effects is scarce. In this study, one of a series of proposed studies that will allow extrapolation to humans, pregnant rats were given oral doses of 0, 1.875, 3.75, 7.5 or 15 mg FB1/kg on gestation days 3–16. Caesarean sections were performed on day 17 or 20, and maternal condition, implantation efficiency, foetal viability and foetal development were measured. Dose-related decreases in overall feed consumption and body weight gain were seen, but only the feed consumption decrease at 15 mg/kg, and the decreased body weight gain at 15 mg/kg on days 0–17 were statistically significant. Foetal body weights at day 17 were similar in control and treated groups; but in day-20 foetuses, female weight and crown–rump length were significantly decreased at 15 mg/kg. FB1 was not teratogenic at the doses tested, and no dose-related effects were seen in either skeletal or soft-tissue development. In day-17 animals, maternal and foetal brain, liver and kidney tissues, and maternal serum were preserved to study the levels of sphinganine (Sa), sphingosine (So), and the Sa/So ratios. Dose-related increases were seen in Sa/So ratios in maternal livers, kidneys and serum. Sa/So ratios of maternal brains were not affected, nor were those of foetal kidneys, livers or brains.
Circulation in sanitary ventilation by bactericidal irradiation of air.

Abstract 1. 1. An improved method of measuring sanitary ventilation has been developed. The average lethal exposure of air-borne infection between occupants of enclosed spaces measures air disinfection in terms of ventilation, a lethe of disinfection becoming the sanitary equivalent of an air change of ventilation. 2. 2. Lethal exposure of E. coli, atomized into dry air, to 2537 A radiation, has been revaluated. Exposure to .002 watt minutes per square foot, or .002 foot watt minutes per cubic foot of uniform irradiation, gives a lethe of disinfection, equivalent to an air change of ventilation. One foot watt minute of uniform irradiation becomes the sanitary equivalent of 5oo cubic feet of fresh dry air. 3. 3. The sanitary equivalent of irradiation of recirculated air has been formulated. Sanitary ventilation approaches recirculation as disinfection increases, and uniform irradiation of the room as recirculation increases. Recirculated air, to provide the approximate sanitary equivalent of fresh air, must be exposed to at least five times the direct irradiation in a room providing equivalent sanitary ventilation. 4. 4. This formulation may also be applied to equivalent recirculation by indirect irradiation, combining air circulation through light with light passage through air. 5. 5. By varying light distribution, the effective circulation between the occupied and the irradiated zone, below and above the seven-foot level in standard classrooms, was found to exceed four air changes a minute. The sanitary equivalent of 1,000 cubic feet of ventilation per minute per pupil was obtained by 6 foot watts of irradiation per pupil. This exceeds one-third of the maximum theoretical disinfection with uniformly distributed irradiation or infinite recirculation. 6. 6. Specification of sanitary ventilation by radiant disinfection is simplified by this formulation.
A model for internal pressurization in cationic solid electrolytes

The possibility of internal pressurization in a cationic solid electrolyte is examined by analysing a three-compartment cell consisting of two solid electrolyte membranes with different ionic and electronic conductivities. The pressure generated in the central chamber is related to the ionic and electronic conductivities of the membranes, the thicknesses of the membranes as well as the current density. By identifying the appropriate equivalent circuit for the three-compartment cell, the transient problem of pressurization is also solved. Finally, the probability of degradation of sodium-β″-alumina used in Na-S cells is assessed using published values of electronic conductivity. The calculations indicate that the pressure generated can be large if the electronic conductivity of sodiumβ″-alumina in contact with molten sodium is greater than 10−3 (ohm m)−1. Published work, however, indicates that the electronic conductivity at 350° C is ∼8×10−10 (ohm m)−1. Therefore, degradation due to internal pressurization is unlikely. However, on the other hand, it is conceivable that certain impurities or stabilizing elements may impart higher electronic conductivities. Consequently, the chemical composition of sodium-β″-alumina may be an important factor in relation to long-term operation.
Defoliation of tree fruit nursery stock with CGA-15281

Abstract In 2 test years, the ethylene-releasing agent CGA-15281 [2-chloroethyl-methylbis (phenylmethoxy) silane] had a significant effect on leaf abscission of budded and seedling fruit trees. Several apple cultivars, ‘Bartlett’ pear, and seedlings of apple, pear and cherry were treated with single or double applications (at 4-day intervals) of 1000, 1500 or 2000 mg l −1 . Except for apple and pear seedlings, the 1500 mg l −1 concentration produced nearly 100% abscission, with significantly less effect from 1000 mg l −1 . When trees were replanted after storage (done the second year only), 2–15 cm of shoot dieback was evident on all treatments with ‘Rome’ apple, and delayed bud break was evident on most treatments with ‘Bartlett’ pear. The other plants were much less negatively affected (‘Redspur Delicious’, ‘Goldspur’ and ‘Nured Jonathan’ apples; pear seedlings) or appeared to be unaffected (‘Redchief Delicious’ apple; apple and cherry seedlings).
A Study of the Use of Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid in Dairy Products. IV. Its Antioxygenic Properties in Spray-Dried Whole Milk and Ice Cream Mix with and without Added Synergists

The control of the development of off-flavors which are caused by the oxidative deterioration of milk fat and of the phospholipids is a serious problem in dried milk and dried milk products which contain appreciable amounts of these materials. The principal methods which have been proposed for the control of the development of these off-flavors include the use of high heat treatment (4, 5, 9, 11, 16), gas packing (2, 6, 8) and the use of antioxidants (3, 4, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16). In this investigation, a study was made of the use of nordihydroguaiaretie acid (NDGA) in spray-dried whole milk and ice cream miY with and without added synergists.
Analytical studies of injury criteria for the thorax

The viscous criterion is a recently developed criterion to assess injury severity of the human thorax. In the viscous criterion, the peak viscous response, which is defined as the maximum product of deformation velocity and compression of an object, is proposed as a predictor of injury risk. However, the physical meaning of the criterion is not very clear. In this paper, the mathematical properties of the viscous criterion are analyzed. A mechanical thorax model is then used to relate the criterion to the physical quantities of the model using energy concepts. It is found that the so-called peak viscous response is strongly related to the peak energy storing rate of the thorax which is not related to the viscosity of the thorax. It is also shown that the viscous response of the thorax is given by the integral of the velocity squared with respect to time. The analysis is further expanded to a more general case to result in four criteria based upon the energy concepts. A hypothesis for injury assessment is proposed by using the four criteria.
Criteria of systems thinking

Abstract In science, the framework of systems theory—especially as developed over the past two decades—seems to be the ideal framework to express the emerging ecological paradigm. This article addresses the question: what is systems thinking—and more generally, holistic or ecological thinking—in modern science? The author identifies three key aspects of systems thinking that are characteristic in all the sciences. In presenting these aspects, the transition from the old to the new paradigm for each aspect is emphasized.
Long-term reactivity of lung and mediastinal lymph nodes following intratracheal instillation of sandy loam soil or Mount St. Helens volcanic ash

The effects of Ritzville sandy loam soil and Mount St. Helens volcanic ash particles on the lung and mediastinal lymph nodes of Fischer rats were studied about 400 days after intratracheal instillation. A total of 22 or 77 mg of soil or ash was given in two or seven equally divided, consecutive, weekly intervals as a suspension in 0.5 ml saline. Significantly elevated levels of lipid-phosphorus and protein were found in lung lavages of rats given ash compared to those given soil. An enhanced histological degree of granulomatous reactivity, lipoproteinosis, fibrosis, and bronchiolar hyperplasia was seen in ash-exposed rats as compared to soil-exposed rats. Mediastinal lymph nodes of ash-exposed rats were 8-18 times larger than those of soil-exposed rats due to abundant cellular microgranuloma formation and early fibrosis. Mount St. Helens volcanic ash is apparently more biologically reactive than soil particles commonly found in eastern Washington.
Biparental contribution to fetal thrombophilia in discordant twin intrauterine growth restriction

Poor pregnancy outcomes have been reported to be associated with maternal thrombophilia. We present a case where 1 dizygotic twin inherited thrombophilic genes from both the father and mother, resulting in placental fetal thrombotic vasculopathy and intrauterine growth restriction, whereas its co-twin inherited only 1 such gene from its mother and was unaffected.
The Effect of Grinding Machine Stiffness on Surface Integrity of Silicon Nitride

A theoretical model based on mechanics and machine dynamics is presented to describe the effect of machine stiffness on surface integrity of ground silicon nitride. The model accounts for both the static and dynamic structural loop stiffnesses of a precision-grinding machine. Experimental results are also presented to verify the model. A unique workholder with an adjustable compliance is used to achieve a structural loop stiffness in the range of 5-40 N/μm. Silicon nitride is ground with cup-type diamond wheels of vitrified and cast iron fiber bonds. To effectively stabilize the cutting performance of a cast iron fiber bond wheel, the ELID technique is adopted for in-process dressing. The damage depth of ground workpieces is assessed against machine stiffness. The modeling and experimental results demonstrate that there exists a critical machine stiffness in grinding of ceramics. When machine stiffness is higher than the critical stiffness, no chatter should occur in the grinding process. In this case, damage depth increases with the increase of set depth of cut. In contrast, if machine stiffness is lower than the critical stiffness, chatter can occur in the grinding process that may induce grinding damage. The model can also be used to predict the critical machine stiffness for other types of structural ceramics.
Is there a role for immune checkpoint blockade with ipilimumab in prostate cancer

Treatment for advanced prostate cancer has and will continue to grow increasingly complex, owing to the introduction of multiple new therapeutic approaches with the potential to substantially improve outcomes for this disease. Agents that modulate the patient's immune system to fight prostate cancer – immunotherapeutics – are among the most exciting of these new approaches. The addition of antigen-specific immunotherapy to the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has paved the way for additional research that seeks to augment the activity of the immune system itself. The monoclonal antibody ipilimumab, approved in over 40 countries to treat advanced melanoma and currently under phase 2 and 3 investigation in prostate cancer, is thought to act by augmenting immune responses to tumors through blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, an inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule. Ipilimumab has been studied in seven phase 1 and 2 clinical trials that evaluated various doses, schedules, and combinations across the spectrum of patients with advanced prostate cancer. The CRPC studies of ipilimumab to date suggest that the agent is active in prostate cancer as monotherapy or in combination with radiotherapy, docetaxel, or other immunotherapeutics, and that the adverse event profile is as expected given the safety data in advanced melanoma. The ongoing phase 3 program will further characterize the risk/benefit profile of ipilimumab in chemotherapy-naive and -pretreated CRPC.
Topographic distribution of progestin target cells in hamster brain and pituitary after injection of [3H]R5020.

The topographic distribution of progestin concentrating cells in the female hamster brain and pituitary was studied by thaw-mount autoradiography. Fifteen minutes after injection of [3H]R5020, a synthetic progestin, nuclear uptake and concentration of radioactivity was found in certain cells of the forebrain and midbrain, as well as in the anterior pituitary. Competition studies with unlabeled R5020 abolished and with progesterone reduced the nuclear uptake of radioactivity. In the forebrain, radioactively labeled cells are observed in n. septi lateralis, n. interstitialis striae terminalis, n. preopticus medialis and lateralis, n. periventricularis hypothalami, organum subfornicale, n. arcuatus hypothalami, n. ventromedialis hypothalami, n. dorsomedialis hypothalami and n. premammillaris ventralis. In the midbrain a few labeled cells are found in the griseum centrale. In the anterior pituitary, labeled cells are identified by immunostaining as luteinizing hormone-producing cells. The results of the autoradiographic study demonstrate nuclear progestin binding sites and suggest genomic actio of progestin on the labeled structures, probably related to the modulation of gonadotropin secretion and sexual behavior in the brain and pituitary.
DRY-WEATHER METALS AND BACTERIA LOADING IN AN ARID, URBAN WATERSHED: BALLONA CREEK, CALIFORNIA

Dry-season urban runoff from watersheds in arid regions can contribute substantial con- centrations and loads of bacteria and metals to downstream receiving waters. However, there are few studies that have evaluated the relative contributions of different sources of these constituents along a specific creek or channel. This study involved analysis of the relative contribution of vari- ous storm drain sources to the total dry-season loading of metals and bacteria in the Ballona Creek (California) watershed. Approximately 40 actively flowing storm drains and 12 in-river sites were sampled three times during the spring and summer of 2003 for flow, total and dissolved metals, and bacteria. These data were analyzed in terms of mean concentration and load, temporal variability, and spatial distribution of substantial inputs to the creek. In general, Ballona Creek exhibited a bimodal distribution of elevated metals and bacteria, corresponding to locations where storm drains with con- sistently high concentrations and loads discharge to the creek. Of the 40 drains sampled, 4 accounted for 85% of the daily storm drain volume. Between 91% and 93% of the total daily load for metals was contributed by eight drains, while nine drains consistently had the highest concentrations of metals and bacteria. Metals concentrations were observed to vary by up to five-fold and bacterial counts by up to five orders of magnitude on an intra- and inter-annual basis. However, despite this variabil- ity, a relatively small number of storm drain inputs can be expected to account for the majority of loading.
Filamentous bacteriophage contract into hollow spherical particles upon exposure to a chloroform-water interface

The bacteriophage M13 is a 1 micrometer long filament consisting of a circular single-stranded DNA loop firmly held within a tubular protein and capsid. We report here that exposure to a chloroform-water interface initiates a 20 fold contraction of each filament into a hollow protein sphere. In these 0.04 micrometer diameter particles, termed M13 "spheroids," two thirds of the DNA is apparently extruded through a hole in the wall of the spheroid; the portion of DNA remaining inside the shell centers about the origins of M13 DNA replication. These results suggest that the filament, upon exposure to a membrane environment, undergoes an ordered change whereby the DNA is released into the cell and the coat protein is changed to a form more easily solubilized by the membrane lipids.
Towards a postmodern synthesis of evolutionary biology

In 2009, we are celebrating the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin and the 150th jubilee of his masterpiece, the Origin of Species. Darwin constructed the first coherent and compelling narrative of biological evolution and thus founded evolutionary biology—and modern biology in general, remembering the famous dictum of Dobzhansky. It is, however, counter-productive, and ultimately, a disservice to Darwin’s legacy, to define modern evolutionary biology as neo-Darwinism. The current picture of evolution, informed by results of comparative genomics and systems biology, is by far more complex than that presented in the Origin of Species, so that Darwinian principles, including natural selection, are incorporated into the evolving new synthesis as important but certainly not all-embracing tenets. This expansion of evolutionary biology does not denigrate Darwin in the least but rather emphasizes the fertility of his ideas.
Beliefs about Deliberation: Personal and Normative Dimensions

Democratic deliberative theory has long emphasized the importance of citizen deliberation as a form of political participation and a centrally important component of any vital democracy. Public deliberation and discourse among citizens has been less frequently investigated as a form of political participation than more standard indicators such as voting or volunteering for political organizations. This research examines the extent to which internalized beliefs about deliberation are associated with deliberation outcome measures among a national sample of high school students participating in a year-long deliberation forum, Project 540. Using a multilevel analysis, the research specifically tested the extent to which scales of personal and normative deliberation beliefs, independently and moderated by Project 540 participation, predict key deliberative outcomes (e.g., civic skills, intention to participate in civic affairs). We find that predeliberation endorsement of both personal and normative beliefs predicts increases in certain positive deliberative outcomes, and that these effects are not moderated by participation in Project 540. The implications of these findings for deliberative democracy theory and for developing effective citizen deliberation forums are discussed.
INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE IN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PROTECTION: LEGISLATED V. ADMINISTERED PROTECTION

In endogenous tariff theory the outcome of the political process (the tariff) is a strictly private good from the perspective of the specific-factors in an industry. That is, the benefits from participation in the political process are fully captured by the participant group. We argue that this is an institutional assumption by showing that an alternative, administered protection, involves the enforcement of a rule that, once written, is applied to all industry groups, where applicable. Attempts to increase protection therefore result in benefits to all import competing industry groups. In a short-run neo-classical model of trade with no intermediate goods, you therefore get a political free rider problem that you do not get with legislated tariffs. Further, it is argued that the distinction between these forms of protection is of both empirical and philosophical relevance.
A very modest proposal for 1990s C L psychiatry

Abstract The prediction that consultation-liaison psychiatry would play an integral role in the management of all medical/surgical patients in large hospitals has not come to pass. The primary reason is that no adequate funding mechanism has ever been found to support such a large endeavor. The economic climate as we enter the 1990s makes such funding even less likely. The authors suggest that C L psychiatry accept a lesser role, largely confined to teaching hospitals. That role, which has been successful at a large public teaching hospital for nearly 10 years, encompasses serving as a primary psychiatric teaching site for medical students, a primary teaching site for psychiatry residents and other postgraduate physicians rotating through psychiatry, a source of innovative dispositions for medically ill psychiatric patients, and a source of opportunity for interdisciplinary research.
Slip flow in converging and diverging channels

The classical problem of Jeffery-Hamel flow is considered in which the fluid is allowed to slip along the walls of the channel. The problem is solved analytically and the volumetric flow rate is computed and compared with that of the corresponding no-slip flow. In the converging channel case, it is found that the slip boundary condition enhances flow rates through the channel, although the effect is minimal when the Reynolds number is large.
Oral and cutaneous tissue reactions to injected fluid silicones

During the period covered by this investigation, toxicological studies were carried out in hamsters and rabbits. The results of injections, subcutaneously and in the buccal pouch of hamsters, indicated that the silicones used were nontoxic, non-absorbable, and well encapsulated by connective tissue elements with moderate tissue reaction. Further studies of various combinations of roomtemperature vulcanizing silastics indicated similar reactions when injected submucosally in the alveolar ridges and palate of rabbits. The injected materials remained in situ in the injected submucosal area and became well encapsulated by the proliferation of connective tissue and collagenous fibers. There was no evidence of macrophages or foreign body giant-cells in and around the proliferating connective tissue capsule. There were no macroscopic or microscopic signs of tumor formation. The encapsulated masses did not elicit bone resorption when localized adjacent to bone tissue.
Motor unit function in skeletal muscle autografts of rats

Standard and nerve-intact grafts of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of rats do not fully recover control values for maximum tetanic tension (Po). We compared the physiologic properties of motor units from standard and nerve-intact EDL grafts of rats with those of control EDL muscles. Standard grafts were completely removed and replaced in their original site. For nerve-intact grafts all physical connections were severed except for the nerve. Isometric contractile properties of whole muscles and single motor units were measured in situ 75 and 50 days after surgery for standard and nerve-intact grafts, respectively. Motor units from both types of grafts showed a mean and distribution for time-to-peak twitch tension (TPT) not different from control motor units. The absolute Po of nerve-intact grafts showed a greater recovery than the standard grafts, but was still significantly lower than the control value. The average decrease in the Po of motor units from nerve-intact grafts of 16% was not different from the decrease in the Po of the total EDL graft which suggests no loss of motor units in nerve-intact grafts. In standard grafts, the 57% decrease in Po for the whole muscle was attributable to a 20% decrease in the average tension development per motor unit and a 45% decrease in the number of motor units. These differences suggest a more complete reinnervation of the nerve-intact grafts than standard grafts.
Grandparents and grandchildren: The relationship between self‐ disclosure and solidarity in an intergenerational relationship

Past research has found a linear relationship between dimensions of self‐reported self‐disclosure and solidarity when a “target” individual is identified. The present study sought to further investigate the relationship between dimensions of self‐disclosure and perceived interpersonal solidarity within an intergenerational relationship, and specifically, the grandparent‐grandchild dyad. Results supported a significant and positive relationship between the dimensions of intent, depth, honesty, and solidarity for grandparents; amount, depth, honesty, and solidarity for grandchildren. Implications of these results are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.
Probing multiphonon excitations in nearly spherical nuclei with fast neutrons

Multiphonon excitations in a number of nearly spherical nuclei have been investigated with the (n,n'γ) reaction. Quadrupole three-phonon quintets and candidates for members of the four-phonon octets have been identified in the Cd region. In addition, complete quadrupole–octupole quintets have been characterized in this region, and mixed-symmetry states in vibrational nuclei are now well known. Our best examples of two-phonon octupole states have also emerged in spherical nuclei, such as 208Pb.