cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender and Sustaining Political Ambition: a Study of Arizona Elected Officials:

E xtant literature and data indicate that there are many differences and few similarities between men and women who express comparable levels of political ambition. By studying male political elites, researchers have constructed a model of political ambition which predicts that women who deviate from the male model cannot be ambitious or successful. Yet, we know that women are ambitious and do hold political office. Some set of circumstances must exist that explains their ambition, and we suggest it is their attitudes and beliefs about the political and electoral system that sustains their ambition. In this exploratory case study of Arizona elected officials we seek to advance our knowledge about gender differences in sustaining political ambition. To achieve this objective we first examine how gender relates to sociopolitical status and political opportunity explanations of political ambition. Second, we explore gender differences in beliefs about barriers to electoral success and identify how these officials think electoral success occurs. Finally, we provide an explanation for why women sustain political ambition even though the prevailing malebased explanatory model suggests they will not be ambitious or successful.
NEVER TOO YOUNG TO LEARN, NEVER TOO OLD TO TEACH: WOMEN, WRITING, AND AGING

Old people do not hesitate to express their opinions—usually negative-about you. From now on, I will keep my mouth shut and not say things that will get an old person mad. (Diane, freshman writing ...
Production and characterization of O/W emulsions containing cationic droplets stabilized by lecithin-chitosan membranes.

Oil-in-water emulsions containing cationic droplets stabilized by lecithin−chitosan membranes were produced using a two-stage process. A primary emulsion was prepared by homogenizing 5 wt % corn oil with 95 wt % aqueous solution (1 wt % lecithin, 100 mM acetic acid, pH 3.0) using a high-pressure valve homogenizer. This emulsion was diluted with aqueous chitosan solutions to form secondary emulsions with varying compositions: 1 wt % corn oil, 0.2 wt % lecithin, 100 mM acetic acid, and 0−0.04 wt % chitosan (pH 3.0). The particle size distribution, particle charge, and creaming stability of the primary and secondary emulsions were measured. The electrical charge on the droplets increased from −49 to +54 mV as the chitosan concentration was increased from 0 to 0.04 wt %, which indicated that chitosan adsorbed to the droplet surfaces. The mean particle diameter of the emulsions increased dramatically and the emulsions became unstable to creaming when the chitosan concentration exceeded 0.008 wt %, which was a...
Exercise among blue-collar workers: application of the theory of planned behavior.

The purpose of this study was to identify cognitive predictors of blue-collar workers' (N = 468) intention to exercise and their self-reported exercise behavior. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) provided the framework for the study. A cross-sectional sample of skilled and unskilled workers from the physical facilities department of a large, Midwestern state university completed a questionnaire containing measures of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and self-reported leisure exercise behavior. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that workers' attitude toward exercise and perceived behavioral control explained 61.7% of the variance of intention, whereas intention and perceived behavioral control explained 51.3% of the variance of exercise behavior. Subjective norm was not a significant predictor of intention to exercise. The findings support the use of the TPB in identifying cognitive factors that explain exercise behavior and suggest that interventions to promote exercise behavior in blue-collar workers should address their attitude toward exercise and their perceptions of behavioral control.
Secular changes to the ENSO‐U.S. hurricane relationship

Analysis of the statistical relationship between annual U.S. hurricane activity and the El Nino-Southern oscillation (ENSO) is performed. The legitimacy of considering annual U.S. hurricane counts as a Poisson process is checked. Then, Poisson regression is used to model the ENSO-U.S. hurricane connection. A bivariate regression model verifies a significant negative correspondence between tropical Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) and U.S. hurricane activity. When equatorial SSTs are cold, U.S. hurricanes are more likely. Secular changes to the ENSO-U.S. hurricane relationship are examined using moving regressions. A nonlinear downward trend in the relationship's strength is evident. Variations in sea-level pressures over the extra-tropical North Atlantic Ocean during months immediately prior to the hurricane season provide an explanation for a portion of this secular variability. Atmospheric synoptic conditions associated with the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) result in hurricanes tracking parallel to southern latitudes en route to the United States.
Electrical conductivity in the vicinity of the superconducting transition in NbN(Ti) films

Abstract The electrical conductivity of polycrystalline ternary thin films of NbN(Ti) has been investigated to explore the effects of superconducting fluctuations. The temperature dependence of the conductivity has been found to be in agreement with the predictions of mean-field theory above the mean-field transition temperature with distinct temperature regimes corresponding to the 2-D and 3-D forms of the theory being observed.
Christianson Syndrome Protein NHE6 Modulates TrkB Endosomal Signaling Required for Neuronal Circuit Development

Neuronal arborization is regulated by cell-autonomous and nonautonomous mechanisms including endosomal signaling via BDNF/TrkB. The endosomal Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger 6 (NHE6) is mutated in a new autism-related disorder. NHE6 functions to permit proton leak from endosomes, yet the mechanisms causing disease are unknown. We demonstrate that loss of NHE6 results in overacidification of the endosomal compartment and attenuated TrkB signaling. Mouse brains with disrupted NHE6 display reduced axonal and dendritic branching, synapse number, and circuit strength. Site-directed mutagenesis shows that the proton leak function of NHE6 is required for neuronal arborization. We find that TrkB receptor colocalizes to NHE6-associated endosomes. TrkB protein and phosphorylation are reduced in NHE6 mutant neurons in response to BDNF signaling. Finally, exogenous BDNF rescues defects in neuronal arborization. We propose that NHE6 mutation leads to circuit defects that are in part due to impoverished neuronal arborization that may be treatable by enhanced TrkB signaling.
Comparison of techniques for the isolation of sediment pore water for toxicity testing

The objective of this study was to define an interstitial (pore) water isolation technique suitable for sediment toxicity testing and toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) research. Pore water was prepared from sediments collected at two fresh-water sites (Saginaw River, Keweenaw Waterway) using four or five different techniques, and the samples were compared with respect to toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and several inorganic chemical parameters. Methods evaluated were: high speed (10,000×g) and low speed (2,500×g) centrifugation, syringe extraction, compression, and dialysis. Both high speed and low speed centrifugation resulted in adequate volumes of pore water for routine testing with relatively minimal effort, while the other three techniques were labor intensive and/or yielded small quantities of pore water. Filtration of samples either during preparation (syringe-extraction, compression) or subsequent to initial isolation (centrifuged samples) resulted in significant losses of toxicity, apparently due to the adsorption of contaminants onto the filter or particles retained by the filter. Low speed centrifugation generally resulted in much higher metal concentrations than the other four techniques. However, compared to samples prepared by high speed centrifugation or dialysis, a relatively high proportion of the metals in pore water isolated by low speed centrifugation were biologically unavailable, as inferred from the results of the toxicity tests. Based on these studies, as well as the work of others, we recommend that sediment pore water for toxicity testing and/or TIE analyses be prepared by centrifugation (preferably at 10,000×g) without subsequent filtration.
Preventing Vascular Access Dysfunction: Which Policy to Follow

In the USA, three Clinical Performance Measures are currently in place: increasing the number of autologous arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) among incident hemodialysis patients to 50% and to 40% in prevalent hemodialysis patients; to foster the surveillance of accesses with pre-emptive correction of problems before accesses thrombose or fail, and to reduce the use of catheters in prevalent patients to less than 10%. Reduction of catheters will automatically result from initiatives that increase the construction of AVFs and pre-emptive monitoring and surveillance of accesses for dysfunction. Therefore, policies that promote the latter two vascular access aspects are most important to develop and follow. Of these two, however, the most impact will be made by promoting a policy to increase AVF creation in the timeliest manner possible. Strategies and resources needed to achieve these policies are presented. The need for a team approach is emphasized.
Recoding processes in recognition: Some effects of presentation rate.

Character classification time was studied in a situation in which Ss sometimes had to decide whether a probe item was a translation of a remembered item according to a previously learned translation scheme. When translation between probe and remembered items was necessary, the rate at which the to-be-remembered items had been presented affected the form of the memory-scanning functions. This result seemed to contradict Cruse and Clifton’s (1973) hypothesis that Ss translated all remembered items into the form of the probe after the probe was presented. An alternative model claimed that, when time permits, Ss translate to-be-remembered items into their alternate form at the time of presentation and scan the resulting translated items at a relatively slow rate if the probe matches them in form. If Ss are unable to translate the to-be-remembered items when they are presented, they resort to the strategy of translating the probe item into the form in which the remembered items had been presented.
Use of the Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Device for Evaluating Moisture Susceptibility of Hot-Mix Asphalt

Laboratory testing of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to evaluate moisture susceptibility has improved over the past several decades. Within the past 8 years, the Hamburg wheel-tracking device (HWTD) has gained prominence in evaluating HMA for moisture susceptibility. There are no standard test methods or specifications established for this testing device. Laboratory repeatability of the test, testing configuration, test temperature, and capability to evaluate effects of antistripping additives in HMA were evaluated in this study. The HWTD was observed to be very repeatable where six replicate tests provided consistent test results. The device yielded repeatable results for mixtures produced with different aggregates and with test specimens fabricated by different compacting devices. The conventional testing configuration was altered so that cylindrical test specimens fabricated with a Superpave gyratory compactor could be used in lieu of rectangular slabs. Results indicate that cylindrical specimens compacted with...
The role of racial attitudes in helping behavior.

Summary Although a number of studies have demonstrated that the victim's race affects the probability that a bystander will intervene and help during an emergency, the process by which attitudes affect helping behavior is unclear. The present study suggests that attitudes toward the victim may affect helping behavior by influencing the bystander's interpretation of the degree to which help is needed. The results indicate that when a bystander was the only witness, black victims were helped as frequently as white victims. However, bystanders together with other passive witnesses were more likely to help the white victim than the black victim.
Influence of glucagon or 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid on binding to mitochondria and phosphorylation of ATP-citrate lyase

To study the binding to mitochondria and the phosphorylation of ATP-citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), isolated rat hepatocytes were fractionated by exposure to digitonin. After incubation of hepatocytes with the hypolipidemic agent 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid, which decreases the cellular CoA, the amount of bound ATP-citrate lyase was increased, but the content of acid-stable phosphate in the enzyme was diminished. Glucagon, in contrast, decreased the amount of bound enzyme but increased phosphorylation. This inverse relationship might indicate either that the bound ATP-citrate lyase is less readily phosphorylated or that the phosphorylated enzyme binds less readily to mitochondria.
National narratives, institutional ideologies, and local talk: The discursive production of Spanish in a “new” US Latino community

This study investigates the figuration of “Spanish” as a sociocultural discourse within the context of a middle school in North Carolina, where immigration from Latin America is new, yet quickly accelerating. The school-based discourse is analyzed in terms of everyday ways of talking among students, as well as institutional ideologies and practices, which mediate national discourses about US Latinos and reinforce tropes circulated by students. Everyday ways of talking among non-Latino students suggest that Latinos—both immigrants and US born—are Spanish monolinguals who “choose” to be segregated from the English speakers. The use of Spanish by Latinos is constructed by non-Latinos as secretive and dangerous, linking local tropes about Spanish to national discourses. Consistent informal pressure against Spanish at school links to broader pressures against Spanish in the community and beyond. The discourse problematizes Latino identity formations and limits the types of identities available to Latino students. (Discursive production, Spanish, US Latinos, Latino threat narrative)*
Deep exploration of an east-coast Triassic basin using electrical resistivity

Thirty-two Schlumberger soundings were made in the Durham-Wadesboro Triassic basin of North Carolina. The sounding measurements indicate that a large resistivity contrast exists between the Triassic and the surrounding Piedmont rocks, and that the resistivity-sounding method is valid and practical for determining basement depths in the Triassic basins of the East Coast. Although the sounding stations were located too far apart to permit detailed studies of structural and stratigraphic features, the interpreted shape of the basin is consistent with the known geology. In addition, interpreted variations in intrabasin resistivity suggest good correlation between geoelectric units within the Triassic sedimentary rocks themselves. The depth interpretations indicate that the thickness of the Triassic sedimentary rocks is as much as 2,300 m.
The technology that enables synchrotron structural biology.

Synchrotron sources and the instrumentation of crystallography have improved together to ease macromolecular structure determination by diffraction methods.
Contamination of nebulizers with environmental allergens

Background A previous article described cockroach allergen in the nebulizer reservoir of an asthmatic patient who experienced a life-threatening exacerbation after nebulizer use. Objective To determine whether indoor allergens can be measured in home nebulizers. Methods As part of a large study examining nebulizer use in underserved asthmatic children, visiting nurses replaced nebulizer sets in patients' homes. Twenty used sets were randomly selected for analysis, without linkage to clinical or home environmental data. Nebulizer reservoirs and negative controls (buffer and albuterol) were extracted overnight with 2 mL of buffer. For positive controls, nebulizer sets were placed in homes with cats and dogs, and other reservoirs were intentionally contaminated with cat (Fel d 1), dog (Can f 1), cockroach (Bla g 1 and Bla g 2), and mouse (Mus m 1) skin test solutions. Extracts were tested for allergens in a masked manner using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Of 17 reservoirs with adequate specimens for allergen detection, 5 (29%) had measurable levels for at least 1 of 5 allergens tested. One reservoir had measurable Can f 1, 2 had Bla g, 3 had Mus m 1, and none had Fel d 1 allergen. Two of 3 homes with cats where nebulizer setups were placed had measurable Fel d 1 in the reservoir, and 1 of 2 homes with dogs had measurable Can f 1. Reservoirs kept in sealed plastic bags had no detectable allergen. Conclusions Indoor allergens can be found in the nebulizer equipment of children with asthma, with the potential for adverse consequences. Storing nebulizer sets in sealed plastic bags may prevent contamination.
The Relationship Between Nursing Leadership Practices and Hospital Nursing Retention

Abstract With the current nursing shortage and the shrinkage of the American workforce, the challenges of recruiting and retaining nurses for hospital nursing are becoming increasingly difficult. Nursing leadership is responsible for the retention of nurses once they are recruited. Leadership styles exhibited by leaders are a major contributing factor to a nurse's decision to stay in a current position, transfer, or seek employment elsewhere or outside the profession. Researchers have found a link between the effectiveness of a transformational leadership style and that of a transactional leadership style in retaining nurses in hospitals.
Comments on "The macroeconomic impact of bank capital requirements in emerging economies: Past evidence to assess the future"

This paper addresses the concerns of many that the proposed BIS capital reforms (so-called BIS II) may well induce a capital shortage or crunch among banks who may react by restricting their supply of lending – especially in emerging markets. Indeed, as noted by the authors some have attributed the recession of 1989–91 in the US to have (in part) been caused by the phasing in of capital requirements under BIS I over the 1988–92 period. While some dispute this finding, there is no doubt that for ‘‘emerged’’ market countries the 1988–92 accord did require many banks to increase significantly their capital reserves. While figures are unavailable for emerging market countries there seems to be a consensus that implementation of BIS I has also led to increases in required capital. 1 The concern of this paper is that BIS II, to the extent that it increases required capital, will induce banks to cut back on their lending. First, let me say that it is entirely possible that BIS II will reduce capital not increase it. For example, take the US where it is estimated that more than half of major bank portfolios are currently below BBB (i.e., below investment grade), rough estimates suggest that under either the new proposed standardized model or the internal ratings based approach that capital required for credit risk will fall below 8%. 2 Of course, arguably the vast majority of loans in emerging market countries are below Journal of Banking & Finance 26 (2002) 905–907
An in vitro comparison of photogrammetric and conventional complete-arch implant impression techniques

Statement of problem Conventional impression techniques for recording the location and orientation of implant-supported, complete-arch prostheses are time consuming and prone to error. The direct optical recording of the location and orientation of implants, without the need for intermediate transfer steps, could reduce or eliminate those disadvantages. Purpose The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a photogrammetric technique to record the location and orientation of multiple implants and to compare the results with those of a conventional complete-arch impression technique. Material and methods A stone cast of an edentulous mandibular arch containing 5 implant analogs was fabricated to create a master model. The 3-dimensional (3D) spatial orientations of implant analogs on the master model were measured with a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) (control). Five definitive casts were made from the master model with a splinted impression technique. The positions of the implant analogs on the 5 casts were measured with a NobelProcera scanner (conventional method). Prototype optical targets were attached to the master model implant analogs, and 5 sets of images were recorded with a digital camera and a standardized image capture protocol. Dimensional data were imported into commercially available photogrammetry software (photogrammetric method). The precision and accuracy of the 2 methods were compared with a 2-sample t test (α=.05) and a 95% confidence interval. Results The location precision (standard error of measurement) for CMM was 3.9 µm (95% CI 2.7 to 7.1), for photogrammetry, 5.6 µm (95% CI 3.4 to 16.1), and for the conventional method, 17.2 µm (95% CI 10.3 to 49.4). The average measurement error was 26.2 µm (95% CI 15.9 to 36.6) for the conventional method and 28.8 µm (95% CI 24.8 to 32.9) for the photogrammetric method. The overall measurement accuracy was not significantly different when comparing the conventional to the photogrammetric method (mean difference=-2.6 µm, 95% CI -12.8 to 7.6). Conclusions The precision of the photogrammetric method was similar to CMM, but lower for the conventional method as compared to CMM and the photogrammetric method. However, the overall measurement accuracy of the photogrammetric and conventional methods was similar.
Production of Hyperalgesic Prostaglandins by Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons

Prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) produce hyperalgesia in animals and humans. Because there is evidence that prostaglandins contribute to pain maintained by sympathetic nervous system activity, we evaluated whether sympathetic postganglionic neurons synthesize these hyperalgesic prostaglandins, and whether production of prostaglandins by these neurons can contribute to sensitization of primary afferent nociceptors. Intradermal injection of arachidonic acid but not linoleic acid, in the rat hindpaw, produces a decrease in mechanical nociceptive threshold. This hyperalgesic effect is prevented by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis or by prior surgical removal of the lumbar sympathetic chain. To test the hypothesis that sympathetic postganglionic neurons are the source of prostaglandins, we measured production of prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (the stable metabolite of prostacyclin) by homogenates of adult rat sympathetic postganglionic neurons from superior cervical ganglia. These homogenates produced significant amounts of prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, and most of this production is eliminated by neonatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine which selectively destroys sympathetic postganglionic neurons. These results demonstrate that sympathetic postganglionic neurons produce prostaglandins, and supports further the hypothesis that the release of prostaglandins from sympathetic postganglionic neurons contributes to the hyperalgesia associated with sympathetically maintained pain.
A cytological study of the proximal and distal tubules of the mesonephros of Necturus maculosus. (Under normal and experimental conditions)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether structural elements of the cytoplasm can be demonstrated to be specifically concerned with certain physiological processes that are experimentally induced in tissue at the time of fixation. The methods for bringing into view variations in cell structure correlated with cell activity were as follows: the increase of the process of secretion by subcutaneous injection into the living animal of phenol red and of urea; the increase of the process of reabsorption by injection of glucose: the inhibition of reabsorption of sugar by injection of phlorhizin. Variations of the same magnitude in the form, position, quantity, and interrelationships of granules, globules, chondriosomes, and Golgi substance were found to occur in normal untreated animals and in those treated experimentally. Some evidence was found that in cells of the proximal tubule a characteristic form of Golgi body appears which seems to be correlated with increased reabsorption of sugar.
Sulphonated polyisobutylene telechelic ionomers: 12. Solid-state mechanical properties

Abstract The solid-state mechanical properties of well defined sulphonated polyisobutylene telechelic ionomers are presented. Specifically, the effect of (1) molecular architecture, (2) molecular weight, (3) type of cation used for neutralization and (4) excess neutralizing agent has been investigated. In addition, the effect of moisture and ionic plasticizer on the stress-strain behaviour has also been studied. These ionomers do not display the characteristic small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) peak, which is indicative of the presence of clusters, above a number-average molecular weight of about 10 000. However, below this molecular weight a weak shoulder is sometimes observed on the SAXS curve. The tri-arm species form a network structure at ambient temperatures which results in materials with good mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of the linear difunctional species are inferior to those of the three-arm star trifunctional species due to a less well developed network structure. The monofunctional species are very tacky at ambient temperatures and cannot be handled as solid materials. However, by their incorporation into the trifunctional systems they do serve as a model for ‘dangling ends’. As expected, these blends display significantly different properties than those possessed with the pure trifunctional species. Addition of excess neutralizing agent significantly increases the high deformation properties with little effect on Young's modulus. A simple morphological model has been postulated in which it is suggested that the excess neutralizing agent resides at the ionic sites rather than being uniformly distributed throughout the matrix. Zinc-neutralized ionomers show stress-strain behaviour which is comparable to the potassium- and calcium-neutralized materials at ambient conditions, but the softening temperature is lower for the zinc neutralized material. Water absorption in these materials is relatively low. Addition of zinc stearate, an ionic plasticizer, facilitates melt processing by lowering the viscosity at high temperatures yet at ambient temperatures it crystallizes and acts as a reinforcing filler thus increasing Young's modulus.
Space filling modular optics: expanded Peano and collapsed Hilbert curves

Abstract Recently we introduced space filling curves such as the Peano and Hilbert curves as a method of realizing compact modular optics. In this paper we modify the primitives of these curves to construct novel compact two-dimensional modular optical systems.
The C-S lyases of higher plants: Homogeneous β-cystathionase of spinach leaves

Abstract S -Substituted cysteines and their derivatives are prominent secondary amino acids in a number of plant families. The substituents are often specific and unique to each family. Cystathionine, however, is an ubiquitous S -substituted cysteine found in all autotrophic plants since it is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of methionine. β-Cystathionase will produce homocysteine and pyruvate from cystathionine by a β-elimination reaction. The present report describes the purification of this enzyme to homogeneity from spinach leaves and some of its properties. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 210,000 and consists of four identical subunits of M r 53,000. It has a pH optimum for activity of 8.6–8.7 and utilizes pyridoxal-5′-phosphate as a cofactor. Its specificity is limited to l -cystathionine, l -djenkolate, and l -cystine as substrates with a relative activity of 100:126: 17, respectively. It is not a glycoprotein unlike a number of previously described plant C-S lyases.
Application of the relational model to record indexing and retrieval.

Abstract Relational models are finding an increasing number of applications in data base management and information retrieval. In this report, a concrete application of the relational model to medical record management is analyzed in detail, and a special-purpose language for expressing requests for modular records or subrecords at an on-line video terminal is discussed. This model, then, may be used as a paradigm for application in other problem areas in which large volumes of information have to be searched efficiently for needed data.
Metallurgical analysis of Al/Cu friction stir spot welding

AbstractFriction stir spot welding between a 1·5 mm 6061 Al-T6 sheet and a 1·5 mm Cu sheet was conducted. The effects of the following parameters on the lap shear weld strength were investigated: tool pin length, shoulder plunge depth, weld time and tool rotation speed. With rotation speeds of 2000 rev min−1 and a 2·60 mm tool pin length, weld strengths just over 2000 N were produced. Welds made at 1000 rev min−1 with 1·83 or 2·60 mm tool pin lengths produced weak welds, with strengths below 900 N. Stronger welds had a Cu ring extruded upward from the lower Cu sheet into the upper Al sheet, which promoted bonding and interlocking between the sheets. The interface between this Cu ring and the surrounding aluminium was free of Al/Cu intermetallics. The weld strength appeared driven by the aluminium layer thickness between the tip of the Cu ring and the keyhole with the strength increasing by 2833 N mm−1 of aluminium layer thickness.
Effects of CS-US interval on conditioning of drug response, with assessment of speed of conditioning.

Effects of CS-US interval on the development of a conditioned drug response was studied by pairing a 1.5 mg/kg ip d-amphetamine injection (US) with placement of S in a photocell-type locomotor activity cage (CS). Ss injected immediately before and 30 min before placement were significantly more active on saline-injection test days than were Ss injected after removal or 3–4 h later. To test for apparent rapid conditioning of drug response, Ss were given only six pairings with drug injection immediately preceding placement in the apparatus. On saline test day, these Ss were half again more active than controls, which had received saline just before placement and the drug 3–4 h later.
Optimal Design of Portal Frames Against Buckling

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Portal frames subjected only to axial column forces usually fail by buckling into a sidesway mode. For a prescribed volume, the load parameter associated with this mode may be maximized. However, the optimal structure so obtained exhibits a hinge in each column and beam and can be demonstrated to buckle without sway, under a load parameter which is always smaller. Inverting the process by designing the structure for optimal swayless buckling is equally fruitless, in that it leads to sharply reduced resistance against sidesway buckling. These questions are explored, and it is shown that the correct optimal solution is based on a double eigenvalue associated simultaneously with both a sidesway and a swayless buckling mode. The relevant equations are developed and an analytical solution is obtained for the case of a symmetric portal frame under symmetric loading for various height-to-span ratios. As expected, and in conformity with the known solution to the fixed-fixed column problem, the c...
Direct detection of the inflationary gravitational-wave background

Inflation generically predicts a stochastic background of gravitational waves over a broad range of frequencies, from those accessible with cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements, to those accessible directly with gravitational-wave detectors, like NASA's Big-Bang Observer (BBO) or Japan's Deci-Hertz Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observer (DECIGO), both currently under study. Here we investigate the detectability of the inflationary gravitational-wave background at BBO/DECIGO frequencies. To do so, we survey a range of slow-roll inflationary models consistent with constraints from the CMB and large-scale structure (LSS). We go beyond the usual assumption of power-law power spectra, which may break down given the 16 orders of magnitude in frequency between the CMB and direct detection, and solve instead the inflationary dynamics for four classes of inflaton potentials. Direct detection is possible in a variety of inflationary models, although probably not in any in which the gravitational-wave signal does not appear in the CMB polarization. However, direct detection by BBO/DECIGO can help discriminate between inflationary models that have the same slow-roll parameters at CMB/LSS scales.
Self-consistent calculation of old and new meson masses

Abstract An approximate self-consistent approach to the calculation of the masses of both light- and heavy-quark q q system is presented, in which quark loops are taken into account. Good results are obtained for both vector and pseudoscalar leading Regge trajectories α V and α V .
Chemical detection of self and conspecifics by crayfish

Stimulus waters were used to examine behaviorally chemical communication in female crayfishProcambarus clarkii. Animals detected conspecifics. Response to stimulus water drawn from the animal's own tank, “self ” water, mimicked either response to distilled water or response to water drawn from the tank of another animal. The response to “self” water depended on the relative concentration of substance(s) in “self” water stimuli to that of the same substance(s) in the test animal's tank.
MIE SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION CROSS SECTIONS OF ALUMINUM OXIDE AND MAGNESIUM OXIDE

The scattering and absorption cross sections for electromagnetic radiation incident upon spherical particles of aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide were calculated from the Mie theory. The complex index of refraction was taken from the best available experimental data. The calculations were made for particle radii from 0.1 μ to 10 μ and a range of wavelengths from 0.5 μ to 10 μ. The results are presented in the form of tables and graphs.
An empirical evaluation of wide-area internet bottlenecks

Performance limitations in the current Internet are thought to lie at the edges of the network -- i.e last mile connectivity to users, or access links of stub ASes. As these links are upgraded, however, it is important to consider where new bottlenecks and hot-spots are likely to arise. Through an extensive measurement study, we discover, classify and characterize non-access bottleneck links in terms of their location, latency and available capacity. We find that nearly half of the paths explored have a non-access bottleneck with available capacity less than 50 Mbps. The bottlenecks identified are roughly equally split between intra-ISP links and links between ISPs. These results have implications on issues such as the choice of access providers and route optimization.
Surface Alloys of Icosahedral AlMnSi with Phason Distortions

The microstructures produced by electron-beam melting and by ion-beam mixing Al/Mn and Al/Mn/Si layers on Si substrates are examined. The treatments were found to incorporate Si from the substrate into the surface alloy. Several phases formed, depending on treatment, including α- and β-AlMnSi, μ-AlMn (epitaxial on Si{111}), and amorphous and icosahedral AlMnSi. The observed microstructures relate the novel icosahedral phase to other phases and elucidate its formation kinetics. Diffraction patterns from large icosahedral grains (up to 5 μm) show distortions in the position and shape of weak (but not strong) reflections, as predicted for phason defects in a quasicrystalline lattice, one of the structures proposed for icosahedral phases.
Welding parameters optimization for economic design using neural approximation and genetic algorithm

Welding is a basic manufacturing process for making components or assemblies. Recent welding economics research has focused on developing the reliable machinery database to ensure optimum production. It is an important issue, especially for the expensive equipment and the high quality preference in welding. An integrated approach is proposed to address the welding economic design problem. The integrated approach applies general regression neural network to approximate the relationship between welding parameters (welding current, electrode force, welding time, and sheet thickness) and the failure load. Analytical formula can be generated from the trained general regression neural network, and the mathematical model for the economic welding design can be constructed. An optimization method based on genetic algorithms is then applied to resolve the mathematical model and to select the optimum welding parameters. These parameters are used to obtain the preferred welding quality at the least possible cost.
Characterization of the Interaction of Lassa Fever Virus with Its Cellular Receptor α-Dystroglycan

The cellular receptor for the Old World arenaviruses Lassa fever virus (LFV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has recently been identified as alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG), a cell surface receptor that provides a molecular link between the extracellular matrix and the actin-based cytoskeleton. In the present study, we show that LFV binds to alpha-DG with high affinity in the low-nanomolar range. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with LFV glycoprotein (GP) adopted the receptor binding characteristics of LFV and depended on alpha-DG for infection of cells. Mapping of the binding site of LFV on alpha-DG revealed that LFV binding required the same domains of alpha-DG that are involved in the binding of LCMV. Further, LFV was found to efficiently compete with laminin alpha1 and alpha2 chains for alpha-DG binding. Together with our previous studies on receptor binding of the prototypic immunosuppressive LCMV isolate LCMV clone 13, these findings indicate a high degree of conservation in the receptor binding characteristics between the highly human-pathogenic LFV and murine-immunosuppressive LCMV isolates.
The Effect of Caffeine on Experimental Extinction of Conditioned Reactions

(1935). The Effect of Caffeine on Experimental Extinction of Conditioned Reactions. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 78-94.
Characterization of the SAW propagation properties for zinc oxide films on silicon carbide

The surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagation properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) films on silicon carbide (SiC) have been initially characterized using interdigital transducer (IDT) structures in four configurations. The dc triode sputtered ZnO films were 400 nm in thickness and the interdigital electrodes were processed on the film surface and at the film/substrate interface with and without a thin shorting metal at the opposite boundary of the ZnO film. The measurements characterized the velocity, propagation loss, and transducer conversion loss of the SAW modes. A generalized SAW mode with velocities between 6000 and 7000 m/s were observed as well as a strong high velocity pseudo-SAW mode with velocities in the 12 000 to 13 000 m/s region. The propagation loss for both modes was 10 dB/cm at 600 MHz and followed a frequency squared loss characteristic.
Dietary effects on human gut microbiome diversity

The human gut harbours diverse and abundant microbes, forming a complex ecological system that interacts with host and environmental factors. In this article, we summarise recent advances in microbiome studies across both Western and non-Western populations, either in cross-sectional or longitudinal surveys, and over various age groups, revealing a considerable diversity and variability in the human gut microbiome. Of all the exogenous factors affecting gut microbiome, a long-term diet appears to have the largest effect to date. Recent research on the effects of dietary interventions has shown that the gut microbiome can change dramatically with diet; however, the gut microbiome is generally resilient, and short-term dietary intervention is not typically successful in treating obesity and malnutrition. Understanding the dynamics of the gut microbiome under different conditions will help us diagnose and treat many diseases that are now known to be associated with microbial communities.
A collaborative approach to developing an interdisciplinary unit.

This study describes how a physical education teacher collaborated with a second-grade teacher to plan and implement an interdisciplinary unit, and it identifies factors that contributed to the teachers? actual collaboration. One accomplished elementary physical education teacher, one experienced second-grade classroom teacher, and 35 students from two second-grade classes voluntarily participated in this study. The data were collected by audiotaping the two planning sessions, videotaping eight integrated lessons taught by the physical education teacher and three integrated lessons taught by the classroom teacher, transcribing the taped lessons, and interviewing the teachers. The findings indicated that the teachers? collaborative planning focused on providing students with integrated and relevant learning experiences. Throughout the collaboration, the two teachers shared leadership roles and teaching responsibilities. The teachers attributed their effective interdisciplinary teaching to their long-term collaborative working experiences, common teaching philosophy, and mutual respect and trust.
Lost Thrust Methodology for Gas Turbine Engine Performance Analysis

This paper presents and evaluates a lost thrust method for analysis of thermodynamic performance in gas turbine engines. This method is based on the definition of a hypothetical ideal engine that is used as a point of comparison to evaluate performance of the real engine. Specifically, component loss is quantified in terms of decrements in thrust of the real engine relative to the ideal engine having the same design point cycle. These lost thrust decrements provide a basis for accurately evaluating the performance cost of component losses while simultaneously accounting for all component interactions. The analysis algorithm is formally developed in detail and is then demonstrated for a typical separate flow turbofan engine. Various scenarios are examined and the results of these exercises are used to draw conclusions regarding the strengths and weaknesses of this approach to gas turbine performance analysis.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Generation of universal series-parallel Boolean functions

The structural tree-based mapping algorithm is an efficient and popular technique for technology mapping. In order to make good use of this mapping technique in FTGA design, it is desirable to design FPGA logic modules based on Boolan functions which can be represented by a tree of gates (i.e., series-parallel or SP functions). Thakur and Wong [1996a; 1996b] studied this issue and they demonstrated the advantages of designing logic modules as universal SP functions, that is, SP functions which can implement all SP functions with a certain number of inputs. The number of variables in the universal function corresponds to the number of inputs to the FPGA module, so it is desirable to have as few variables as possible in the constructed functions. The universal SP functions presented in Thakur and Wong [1996a; 1966b] were designed manually. Recently, there is an algorithm that can generate these functions automatically [Young and Wong 1997], but the number of variables in the generated functions grows exponentially. In this paper, we present an algorithm to generate, for each n > 0, a universal SP function fn for implementing all SP functions with n inputs or less. The number of variables in fn is less than n2.376 and the constructions are the smallest possible when n is small (n ≤ 7). We also derived a nontrival lower bound on the sizes of the optimal universal SP functions (O(n log n)).
A simple expression for vertical convective fluxes in planetary atmospheres

We explore the vertical convective flux Fc in a radiative-convective grey atmosphere. An expression of the form Fc=Fsτo/(C+Dτo) appears useful, where Fs is the shortwave flux absorbed at the base of an atmosphere with longwave optical depth τo and C and D are constants. We find excellent agreement with an idealized grey radiative-convective model with no shortwave absorption for D=1 and C=1∼2 depending on the surface-atmosphere temperature contrast and on the imposed critical lapse rate. Where shortwave absorption is correlated with longwave opacity, as in the atmospheres of Earth and Titan, C=2, D=2 provides an excellent fit, validated against the present terrestrial situation and the results of a nongrey model of Titan's strongly antigreenhouse atmosphere under a wide range of conditions. The expression may be useful for studying the energetics of planetary climates through time where there is insufficient data to constrain more elaborate models.
Problem Drinkers: Find Them, Keep Them, Don't Lose Them—Treat Them

The impact of problem drinking and alcohol use disorders on the health of our patients has been well established. Research has demonstrated that even relatively “modest” levels of “at-risk” or “hazardous” drinking, for example greater than 14 drinks per week in men and greater than 7 drinks per week in women, is associated with increased risk of adverse health outcomes including psychosocial and medical morbidity. Of course, even more data exist to support the notion that in general, the more one drinks, the less healthy one becomes. These health problems, or the risk thereof, bring general internists front and center to the care of patients who drink too much.1
Comparing the Emergence of Northern Strain Plum Curculio Larvae From Multiple Fruit Varieties

ABSTRACT Increasing restrictions on chemical pesticide use in orchards have encouraged the use of alternative strategies to control the northern strain of the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst). Some of these strategies target larvae as they emerge from fruit, so existing models for larval emergence from fruit were evaluated for accuracy while examining the effect of multiple larvae and fruit type on emergence timing. Larval head width growth rate was established and used to gauge larval development. Larval emergence timing, quantified as degree—days (base 11.1°C), was recorded in tart cherries on trees, and emergence timing was recorded in multiple apple varieties both in cyclical field conditions and in constant laboratory conditions. Ovipositing females and fruit were isolated, so larvae in a fruit were all siblings. Adult emergences from pupation in soil were recorded in the laboratory and compared with existing model predictions. Model predictions did not accurately reflect the timing of ...
Diabetes induced with multiple subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin: lack of protection by exogenous superoxide dismutase.

The addition of exogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) was examined as a possible means of protecting B-cells of mice against either the immediate or delayed toxicity caused by multiple injections of low doses of streptozotocin (Sz). Three different routes of SOD administration (i.p. and i.v. injection and continuous s.c. infusion) and several different doses and schedules were tried. In addition, a long-acting derivative of SOD was synthesized and tested. Despite the observation of a modest delay in the onset of diabetes in one experiment, no protective effect of SOD on the progressive elevation of blood glucose concentrations was evident in the majority of studies. Moreover, a loss in pancreatic insulin content and a tripling of pancreatic glucagon content occurred in all mice treated with low dosages of Sz, irrespective of whether or not either SOD or a long-acting derivative of SOD was administered. Finally, in parallel experiments in vitro, this enzyme was ineffective in protecting isolated rat islets from the acute toxicity of exposure to Sz on glucose-stimulated insulin release.