cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell Phone Access and Insurgent Violence: Evidence from a Radio Wave Propagation Model in Afghanistan

This paper examines the impact of mobile phone coverage on insurgent violence. In theory, access to coverage can lower violence by facilitating the flow of information from civilians to the government and by shielding informers from retaliation. On the other hand, cell phone access can increase violence by reducing the cost of producing violence (e.g., coordination among insurgents, the remote detonation of IEDs). To answer this question, we propose a novel method that can be employed by researchers studying the impact of mobile phone coverage on any outcome of interest. Specifically, we estimate a high spatial resolution radio-wave propagation model that uses variations in terrain topography and the spatial distribution of mobile phone towers to predict signal strength on the ground for each cell of a 1X1 kilometer grid of Afghanistan. The predicted signal strength is then used in a regression discontinuity design that compares grid cells within a small bandwidth around the signal strength threshold required for coverage. At this margin, access to coverage is mostly determined by minor exogenous changes in terrain features that lead to arbitrary diffractions and blockings of the signal. We find considerable evidence that the net effect of access to mobile phone technology is to lower insurgent violence. Specifically, grid cells with just enough coverage experience a 2 percentage point drop in the likelihood of any attack and a 0.8 percentage point drop in the likelihood of an IED. This effect remains robust even in areas where community norms are favorable to insurgents. Further analysis suggests that information gathering is likely a key mechanism. The deterring effect of coverage is significantly larger in cells where detection of insurgent activities by civilians is more likely: near populated areas, near primary roads, and during morning hours. Similarly, the effect of coverage on the failure rate of attacks measured as the share of unsuccessful IEDs–significantly increases in these cells.
Do Dispositional Characteristics Influence Reading? Examining the Impact of Personality on Reading Fluency

Previous research demonstrates specific relationships between personality traits and general academic performance. In addition, research studies have demonstrated relationships among personality and variables related to reading fluency (i.e. speed, accuracy, automaticity, and prosody). However, little investigation has examined specific links between personality and reading fluency. The researchers hypothesized that there is a direct relationship between personality and reading fluency when accounting for cognitive ability. Findings indicate that the personality trait of openness is a positive predictor of reading fluency ability even when accounting for variance associated with cognitive ability.
I t =J t rule in action

A new large-${N}_{c}$ selection rule governing meson-baryon scattering is established in the context of one-boson exchange. This ${I}_{t}={J}_{t}$ rule is equivalent to the model-independent linear relations among partial-wave amplitudes that are known to emerge from the Skyrme model.
RACE AND TOURISM CHOICE A Legacy of Discrimination

Abstract This investigation explored racial differences in reported tourism preferences. Respondents were tested using statements related to four basic travel preference dichotomies: dependence vs. autonomy, activity vs. relaxation, order vs. disorder, and familiarity vs. novelty. Data from 213 randomly selected black ( n = 96) and white ( n = 117) respondents in a Southeastern US metropolitan area provide evidence that some preferences can be significantly associated with race. In addition to the usual theoretical explanations for differences in black/white leisure behavior, marginality, and ethnicity, it appears an understanding of racial prejudice and discrimination may help explain some differences in travel preferences.
Business and Law

This paper, for the Oxford Handbook of Business and Government, addresses the mechanisms through which business shapes law. There are two main ways in which business does so. First, business has advantages before the different public institutions that make and apply law, be they legislatures, administrative bureaucracies or courts. Second, business creates its own private legal systems, including what is traditionally referred to as lex mercatoria (or private merchant law), and private institutions to enforce it (such as arbitral bodies). These two sources of law, publicly-made and privately-made law, interact dynamically. The reciprocal interaction of public and private legal systems constitutes the legal field in which economic activity takes place. Part I of the paper addresses business’ role in shaping law through public institutions. Part II addresses business’ creation of private legal rules and institutions. Part III examines how public and private legal systems interact, and, in particular, how private business-made law and business practice affect publicly-made law over time. Although Parts I-III focus on the relationship of law and business in the United States, the chapter’s aim is to provide a general framework for analysis which builds from existing theoretical and empirical work in discrete areas. Part IV addresses the interaction of business and law in comparative and global context. It shows how, on the one hand, much of international business law has developed in response to business demands and practices, in the process affecting national law. On the other hand, it explains why national law and legal practice nonetheless retain significant variation in reflection of local interests, institutional structures, and business and legal cultures.
Actuator Constrained Trajectory Generation and Control for Variable-Pitch Quadrotors

Control and trajectory generation algorithms for a quadrotor helicopter with variable-pitch propellers are presented. The control law is not based on near-hover assumptions, allowing for large attitude deviations from hover. The trajectory generation algorithm fits a time-parametrized polynomial through any number of waypoints in R, with a closed-form solution if the corresponding waypoint arrival times are known a priori. When time is not specified, an algorithm for finding minimum-time paths subject to hardware actuator saturation limitations is presented. Attitude-specific constraints are easily embedded in the polynomial path formulation, allowing for aerobatic maneuvers to be performed using a single controller and trajectory generation algorithm. Experimental results on a variablepitch quadrotor demonstrate the control design and example trajectories.
Delivery of liposomes into cultured KB cells via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis

Folic acid was covalently conjugated to 66-nm liposomes via spacers of various lengths in an attempt to target the liposomes to KB cells expressing folate receptors. Spacers of short and intermediate lengths were unable to mediate association of folate-conjugated liposomes with receptor-bearing cells, however, use of a 250 A polyethyleneglycol spacer (PEG, M(r) approximately 3350) permitted avid uptake of the liposomes at approximately 2.5 x 10(5) sites/cell. The binding of folate-PEG liposomes to KB cells could be competitively inhibited by excess free folate or by antiserum against the folate receptor, demonstrating the interaction is mediated by the cell surface folate-binding protein. Following binding, cell-associated folate-PEG liposomes were internalized by folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C. These folate-PEG liposomes show potential for delivering large quantities of low molecular weight compounds nondestructively into folate receptor-bearing cells.
Activity of an identified histaminergic neuron, and its possible role in arousal of feeding behavior in semi-intact Aplysia

The possible functions of histaminergic neuron C2 were studied in an isolated head preparation from which it was possible to obtain intracellular recordings while the buccal mass exhibited feeding-like responses. Application of food to the lips of the isolated head preparation elicited rhythmic buccal movements that appeared to be ingestion responses, since they moved seaweed into the buccal cavity and towards the esophagus, and their frequency and regularity was similar to the ingestion responses studied in a group of intact animals. The ingestion responses of the buccal mass consisted of 2 main phases of movement of the radula from a middle rest position: forward and return to rest, and backward and return to rest. The relative magnitudes and timing of these 2 phases were variable. Intracellular recordings from C2 in the isolated head revealed that C2 is silent when the buccal mass is quiescent, but that it can be excited into spike activity, either by mechanical stimulation of the perioral zone or by chemostimulation that results in rhythmic movement. C2 fires a burst of spikes in phase with each protraction-retraction cycle, and, if the movements continue, C2 fires even when the eliciting stimulus has been removed. Activity of the cell was usually preceded by fast depolarizing responses that appeared to be blocked axon spikes. The evidence suggests that C2 is part of a positive feedback loop that may help maintain the persistence of arousal of feeding behavior beyond the time that food stimuli are removed.
The past as more than prologue: a call for historical research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to argue that historical research methods offer an innovative and powerful way to examine, frame, explain, and disrupt the study of contemporary issues in educational leadership. More specifically, the authors examine how historical methodology might recast some of the questions educational leadership researchers presently engage and how the act of “doing history” might simultaneously lead to new research agendas and social change. Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual paper provides a discussion of the explanatory and disruptive power of historical research methods and how intentional ignorance of uncomfortable historical realities, such as racist institutional structures and practices, undermines present-day efforts to advance equity in schools. Using the mainstream achievement gap narrative as an example, the authors consider the ways in which historical scholarship can effectively disrupt current conceptions of educational inequality and opportunity in th...
Advocate Yes; Witness No

This article examines United States v. Rangel-Guzman, 752 F.3d 1222 (9th Circ. 2014) to illustrate the possibility of a lawyer violating Model Rule of Professional Conduct 3.7 without ever becoming an official witness.
Random walks in polytype structures

It is shown that the total number of walks, starting and ending at the same point and having the same number of steps, is the same for all polytype structures in the fcc, hcp series and in the zincblende, wurtzite series and is independent of the starting point. This result is proved by showing that the eigenvalues of a simple Hamiltonian are the same within the two series considered. A relation is found between random walks in the two series of structures that is useful in extending currently available tables of random walks for the zincblende structure.
Determinants of Marital Satisfaction: A Comparison of the United States and Japan

Past literature, mostly based on US data, indicates that satisfaction with marriage is determined by each spouse's rewards from marital interactions but not by socioeconomic characteristics. To examine the differences and similarities between American and Japanese spouses in the determinants of marital satisfaction, comparative survey data are analyzed in this study. It was expected that expressive (interaction) aspects of marriage are more important in the United States and instrumental (socioeconomic) aspects more in Japan. Results indicate that determinants are similar between husbands and wives within each country and somewhat different between the two countries, largely in the expected way. The husband's income is important for Japanese spouses but not for the American. Age has a negative relationship to marital satisfaction in the United States but not in Japan. Rewards from marital interactions are equally important in these two countries, contrary to the expectation. Different ideals and conceptio...
3′ Processing and Termination of Mouse Histone Transcripts Synthesized in vitro by RNA Polymerase II

The highly expressed mouse histone H2a-614 gene is located 800 nt 5' of the histone H3-614 gene. There is a 140 nt sequence located 500 nt from the end of the H2-614 mRNA which has been defined as a transcription termination site for RNA polymerase II. We established an in vitro transcription system in which both 3' end processing and transcription termination occur. A template containing the adenovirus major late promoter, a portion of the histone H2a-614 coding region, its 3' processing signal, followed by the transcription termination site was transcribed in a nuclear extract prepared from mouse myeloma cells. Some of the transcripts synthesized in the extract were cleaved at the histone processing site in a reaction which was dependent both on the hairpin binding factor and the U7 snRNP. The efficiency of histone 3' end formation was similar both on synthetic transcripts and transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase II. Defined transcripts, which were not processed and which mapped to the transcription termination site, were released from the template, suggesting that they were formed by transcription termination. Termination in vitro was dependent on a functional histone processing signal.
Kinetic parameters for heterogeneous electron transfer to tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) and tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) in aproptic solvents

Abstract Rate constants for the one-electron heterogeneous electron transfer between a mercury electrode and tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) and tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) (acetylacetonato=2,4-pentanedione) have been determined by ac admittance voltammetry at different temperatures in seven aprotic solvents. It has been shown that a major portion of the observed solvent dependence of the experimental activation enthalpy for both reactions is caused by solvent relaxation dynamics. An analogous conclusion has also been reached on the basis of the solvent dependence of the rate constant. The factors which contribute to the activation enthalpy, especially the outer-sphere contribution, have been examined in detail. Estimates of the latter quantity on the basis of the Born model and mean spherical approximation have been made and are discussed with respect to the experimental results.
Condensin and cohesin: More than chromosome compactor and glue

Two related protein complexes, cohesin and condensin, are essential for separating identical copies of the genome into daughter cells during cell division. Cohesin glues replicated sister chromatids together until they split at anaphase, whereas condensin reorganizes chromosomes into their highly compact mitotic structure. Unexpectedly, mutations in the subunits of these complexes have been uncovered in genetic screens that target completely different processes. Exciting new evidence is emerging that cohesin and condensin influence crucial processes during interphase, and unforeseen aspects of mitosis. Each complex can perform several roles, and individual subunits can associate with different sets of proteins to achieve diverse functions, including the regulation of gene expression, DNA repair, cell-cycle checkpoints and centromere organization.
Sliding Friction Mechanisms of Boundary-Lubricated Layered Surfaces: Part II—Theoretical Analysis

A new friction theory of boundary-lubricated layered surfaces based on the qualitative aspects of the prevailing friction mechanisms and the phenomenological observations is presented. The cases of elastic and plastic contacts are investigated analytically, and mathematical friction models which yield relationships between the coefficient of friction and critical parameters are developed. For the case in which elastic deformation prevails at the asperity junctions and when shearing of the lubricant film is the predominant friction mechanism, a friction model which accounts for the shear properties of the lubricant, the ratio of the layer thickness to the size of the asperity contacts, and the elastic properties of the layer and substrate media is presented, and the concept of boundary lubrication “friction space” is introduced. Furthermore, a friction model for plastically deformed contacts which accounts for interfacial adhesion and plowing effects is derived. It is shown that the friction coefficient is...
CHF mechanism in flow boiling from a short heated wall—I. Examination of near-wall conditions with the aid of photomicrography and high-speed video imaging

Abstract Results of flow visualization experiments are presented to clearly identify the trigger mechanism for critical heat flux (CHF) in flow boiling. It is shown that discrete bubbles which form following the onset of nucleation coalesce into a wavy vapor layer at fluxes well below CHF. Depressions in the layer interface were observed to touch the heater surface periodically, painting a thin liquid sub-film on the surface beneath the vapor layer. This sub-film was consumed by a combination of vigorous boiling and interfacial evaporation. As CHF was approached, boiling became more concentrated toward the leading edge of the heater surface and around regions where the vapor layer interface touched the surface, while the remaining parts of the surface were dry. CHF was exceeded when severe vapor effusion from the subfilm normal to the heater surface lifted the wavy interface away from the surface, precluding any sustained wetting and resulting in a global dry-out.
Structural and functional studies on insulin receptors from alligator brain and liver

Abstract 1. 1. Insulin receptors are present in membranes prepared from Alligator mississippiensis brain and liver. 2. 2. The apparent molecular weight (MW) of the α subunits are 132 kDa and 118 kDa in liver and brain respectively. 3. 3. Apparent MW of the β subunit is 92 kDa in both brain and liver receptors. 4. 4. Despite the structural differences between brain and liver α subunits, brain insulin receptors demonstrate the normal coupling between α and β subunits, i.e. following binding of insulin to the α subunit the β subunit undergoes autophophorylation and stimulates tyrosine specific phosphorylation of exogenously added substrates. 5. 5. These findings suggest that functional insulin receptors are evolutionarily well conserved.
Microscopic feather fractures in the faulting process

Abstract The nature and development of microscopic feather fractures (mff) are investigated in experimentally deformed intact and precut cylinders of room-dry Tennessee and Coconino Sandstone. All specimens are deformed at 25° C, and at a shortening rate of 10−4 sec−1 ; the intact ones are at confining pressures from 0.5 to 2.5 kbar; and the precut specimens at 1.0 and 1.5 kbar. Mff occur in grains adjacent to induced shear fractures or faults; they are wedge-shaped and die out within one or two grain diameters from the fault; and they make acute angles with the fault such that arrows directed into the apices of these angles on either side of the fault define its sense of shear. Occurrence of mff only after slip on precut surfaces clearly demonstrates that they form as a result of shear displacement. The average angle between the mff and fault is 10° greater than that between the load axis and the fault, and it increases with increasing confining pressure in initially intact specimens. Data suggest that the abundance of mff (mean number per grain) increases with increasing normal stress across the fault and with displacement. The wedgeshaped character of many mff and their consistent orientation at 10° to the load axis are distinguishing characteristics. Mff are shown to be parallel to the local maximum compressive stress and thus are extension microfractures. They are not to be confused with precursive micro fractures developed prior to macroscopic fracture, nor to Riedel shears developed during faulting.
Recent measurements of cospectra for heat-flux and stress

Recent measurements of cospectra for stress at different sites show no significant difference when plotted in similarity coordinates, but vary with stability only. Further, there is no significant difference between heat-flux and stress cospectra when plotted in such coordinates. Cumulative cospectra derived from the recent data agree well with much earlier results compiled by Deacon.
Development of an instrument to measure collaboration and satisfaction about care decisions

The psychometric assessment of a new instrument for measurement of the construct of nurse-physician collaboration in making specific patient care decisions. Collaboration and Satisfaction About Care Decisions (CSACD), is reported. Content validity for the tool was supported by literature review, nurse and physician experts, and potential subjects. In a pilot study 58 neonatal intensive care nurses' and resident physicians' responses showed variance; alpha reliability of the collaboration questions was 0.95. Construct validity of the collaboration questions was supported by finding expected correlational patterns and by factor analysis revealing a single factor that explained 75% of the variance in collaboration. Further psychometric testing of the instrument is proposed, particularly in the context of substantive studies that would allow investigation of its association with patient outcomes.
Augmentation of coronary conductance in adult sheep made anaemic during fetal life

Maximal coronary conductance with adenosine in anaemic fetal sheep is twice that of non-anaemic fetuses. To investigate whether this increase in conductance persists into adulthood we studied twin sheep as fetuses and again as adults. Nine anaemic fetuses (118 days gestation) underwent isovolaemic haemorrhage for 18.0 +/- 4.6 days (means +/- S.D.) during which time the haematocrit was reduced from 39.9 +/- 5.2 % to 16.3 +/- 3.4 % and oxygen content from 8.6 +/- 1.3 to 2.3 +/- 0.2 ml dl-1. At 138 days the anaemic fetuses were transfused; at delivery the haematocrit was 29.3 +/- 6.8 % compared to nine control fetuses in which the haematocrit was 38.5 +/- 4.3 %. The weight at delivery was 3.5 +/- 0.36 kg in the anaemic fetuses vs. 4.2 +/- 0.83 kg in controls. Twenty-eight weeks later, we placed an occluder on the descending thoracic aorta and inferior vena cava, a flow probe around the proximal left circumflex coronary artery, and catheters in the left atrial appendage, jugular and carotid vessels. Maximal coronary conductance was determined in the adults by recording coronary blood flow as driving pressure was altered by inflating the occluders while adenosine was infused into the left atrium. Right atrial, left atrial, systolic and mean arterial pressures, systemic vascular resistance and haematocrit were not different between 'in utero anaemic' and control adults. The adults that were anaemic in utero weighed less than the controls 39.4 +/- 4.6 kg vs. 45.0 +/- 5.6 kg. Maximal conductance was greater in the adults that were anaemic in utero: 11.2 +/- 4.0 ml min(-1) (100 g)(-1) mmHg-1 as compared to 6.1 +/- 1.8 ml min(-1) (100 g)(-1) mmHg(-1) in the controls. Vascular reactivity of the mesenteric arteries was not different. These data suggest that coronary conductance can be modified in utero by anaemia (high flow and hypoxaemia) and that the remodelled coronary tree persists to adulthood.
Switching properties of a regular two-dimensional array of small uniaxial particles

Switching properties of a regular square lattice of 40/spl times/40/spl times/3 /spl mu/m/sup 3/ highly uniaxial, single domain magnetic garnet pixels have been measured magnetooptically. "Up" and "down" switching fields, coercivities and interaction fields were measured on an assembly of hundreds of particles. Statistical analysis of the data shows the relationship between major loop parameters and mean values of the distributions. Local demagnetizing tensor elements were calculated for the non-ellipsoidal geometry and the interaction fields from different neighbors were computed. The importance of the effect of the geometry, shape and size of particles on the switching properties is demonstrated. The agreement with experimental values is very good. The simplicity of this model system is attractive for studying artificially structured 2-D arrays of small particles.
Excellence in Design—Is It Yofukū or Wafukū? Patternworks International Faculty Award, 2001

Influenced by the lines of traditional Japanese apparel, I have taken components of the kimono and transformed them into a contemporary western garment. My design challenge was to utilize the rectangular width of the fabric in both draping and drafting pattern design methods. Th is four-piece ensemble provides a synergy between my scholarly activity and teaching responsibilities.
Slightly Commutative Kleene Semigroups

Abstract Commutative Kleene semigroups are known to be rational, but Pelletier constructed a nonrational weakly commutative Kleene semigroup. We introduce slightly commutative Kleene semigroups, a class of weakly commutative Kleene semigroups, and prove that every slightly commutative Kleene semigroup is rational.
Regulatory network operations in the Pathway Tools software

Biologists are elucidating complex collections of genetic regulatory data for multiple organisms. Software is needed for such regulatory network data. The Pathway Tools software supports storage and manipulation of regulatory information through a variety of strategies. The Pathway Tools regulation ontology captures transcriptional and translational regulation, substrate-level regulation of enzyme activity, post-translational modifications, and regulatory pathways. Regulatory visualizations include a novel diagram that summarizes all regulatory influences on a gene; a transcription-unit diagram, and an interactive visualization of a full transcriptional regulatory network that can be painted with gene expression data to probe correlations between gene expression and regulatory mechanisms. We introduce a novel type of enrichment analysis that asks whether a gene-expression dataset is over-represented for known regulators. We present algorithms for ranking the degree of regulatory influence of genes, and for computing the net positive and negative regulatory influences on a gene. Pathway Tools provides a comprehensive environment for manipulating molecular regulatory interactions that integrates regulatory data with an organism’s genome and metabolic network. Curated collections of regulatory data authored using Pathway Tools are available for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Shewanella oneidensis.
Older Homeless Women: Reframing the Stereotype of the Bag Lady

The stereotype of the bag lady sheltering in a bus station is an anachronism because older homeless women are largely invisible. Economic and social factors contribute to the growing number of olde...
First Principles Organize Attention to and Learning About Relevant Data: Number and the Animate-Inanimate Distinction as Examples

Early cognitive development benefits from nonilnguistic representations of skeietai sets of domain-specific principles and complementary domain-relevant doto obstroction processes. The principles outline the domain, identify relevant inputs, and structure coherently what is learned. Knowledge acquisition within the domoin is a faint function of such domain-specific principles and domain-general learning mechanisms. Two examples of early learning illustrate this. Skeietol preverboi counting principles help children sort different linguistic strings into those that function OS the conventional count-word OS opposed to labels for obfects in the child’s linguistic community. Skeletal causal principles, working with complementary perceptual processes that abstract information obout biological and nonbiological conditions and patterns of movement, leod to the rapid ocquisition of knowledge about the animate-inanimate dlstinction. By 3 years of age children con say whether photographs of unfamiliar nonmammoiion animals, mommois, statues, and wheeled obfectr portray objects capable or incopabie of self-generated motion. They also generate answers to questions about the insides of animate items more reodiiy than ones about the insides of inanimate items. Although these children already are ortlcuiote about motters relevant to a theory of action, their ilmited knowledge of growth iiiustrotes that early skeletal principies do not rule out the need to acquire new principles, in thls case ones that underlie a biological account of animacy (Carey, 1985).
Thickness optimization for maximum buckling loads in composite laminated plates

Isotropic plates and composite laminated plates are modeled using variable thickness, shear deformable, finite plate elements. The method of feasible directions is used to determine optimal thickness distributions over the plate that yield maximum uniaxial and biaxial buckling loads. Plates that have thicknesses tailored uniaxially and biaxially are considered. Optimum isotropic plate designs indicate a complex interaction occurs between inplane load redistribution and bending/twisting stiffness redistribution during the optimization process. Optimization produces increases in uniaxial buckling loads of over 200% for isotropic plates compared to uniform plates. Much smaller improvements are possible when biaxial compressive loads are present. Composite materials also allow for increased efficiency in the redistribution of loads and stiffnesses. Improvements in both uniaxial and biaxial buckling loads of over 160% are shown possible in composite plates compared to uniform quasiisotropic plates. The effects of transverse shear stiffness on the optimum design and corresponding buckling load for both isotropic and composite laminated plates are studied by analyzing plates with different width/thickness ratios. The improvement in the buckling loads through thickness optimization is shown to decrease as the effects of transverse shear increase.
Influence of substrate rocks on Fe–Mn crust composition

Principal Component and other statistical analyses of chemical and mineralogical data of Fe–Mn oxyhydroxide crusts and their underlying rock substrates in the central Pacific indicate that substrate rocks do not influence crust composition. Two ridges near Johnston Atoll were dredged repetitively and up to seven substrate rock types were recovered from small areas of similar water depths. Crusts were analyzed mineralogically and chemically for 24 elements, and substrates were analyzed mineralogically and chemically for the 10 major oxides. Compositions of crusts on phosphatized substrates are distinctly different from crusts on substrates containing no phosphorite. However, that relationship only indicates that the episodes of phosphatization that mineralized the substrate rocks also mineralized the crusts that grew on them. A two-fold increase in copper contents in crusts that grew on phosphatized clastic substrate rocks, relative to crusts on other substrate rock types, is also associated with phosphatization and must have resulted from chemical reorganization during diagenesis. Phosphatized crusts show increases in Sr, Zn, Ca, Ba, Cu, Ce, V, and Mo contents and decreases in Fe, Si, and As contents relative to non-phosphatized crusts. Our statistical results support previous studies which show that crust compositions reflect predominantly direct precipitation from seawater (hydrogenetic), and to lesser extents reflect detrital input and diagenetic replacement of parts of the older crust generation by carbonate fluorapatite.
Equivariant SKK and vector field bordism

Abstract We use a notion of equivariant Euler characteristic in order to extend classical results on controllable cutting and pasting, and vector field bordism, to the case of manifolds acted on by an arbitrary finite group G , and modelled on a fixed virtual representation (in the sense of W. Pulikowski and C. Kosniowski). By restricting attention to such G -manifolds, one finds that classical results continue to hold in the oriented and unoriented case. This extends work of several authors.
Helping Students Become Accurate, Expressive Readers: Fluency Instruction for Small Groups

Effective approaches to fluency instruction should facilitate automatic and accurate word recognition as well as the ability to read with expression. The study reported in this article focused on instructional approaches that can be used with small groups of learners within a broader literacy curriculum, one that is suitable for flexible grouping. It also explored the relationship between fluent reading and comprehension. Twenty-four struggling second-grade readers were selected to take part in the interventions. The research evaluated two approaches for assisting learners who were making the transition to fluent reading: a modified repeated reading approach, and a scaffolded wide-reading approach in which learners read equivalent amounts of text without the use of repetition. A listening-only group, designed to serve as a Hawthorne control, and a control group were also included. Results indicate that the students in the wide-reading and repeated reading groups demonstrated growth in terms of word recognition in isolation, prosody, and correct words per minute, and that the wide-reading group also demonstrated growth in terms of comprehension. Suggestions for integrating these approaches with the literacy curriculum are discussed.
MAP-microcomputer applications project

The formation and operation of MAP, a microcomputer applications project designed to involve undergraduate engineering students in microcomputers, are described. The project was set up to accommodate students with a wide range of backgrounds, starting at one end of the scale with those with no microcomputer experience at all, and at the other end of the scale, including students with their own equipment and with several years of experience using it. The project has resulted in the generation of a wide range of powerful and useful computational tools suitable for use in a microcomputer-based engineering workstation environment. The programs have included analysis optimization, and sensitivity determination, as well as several programs in the area of filter design and approximation. >
DC trains and Pc3s: Source effects in mid‐latitude geomagnetic transfer functions

Magnetotelluric (MT) data from two sites 150 and 300 km southeast of San Francisco, California (geomagnetic dipole latitude: 43 degrees, L approximately 1.9) show that the usual MT assumption of spatially uniform external magnetic fields is violated to a significant degree in the period range 10–30 s. Inter-station transfer functions exhibit large systematic temporal variations which are consistent with a combination of two distinct sources: electromagnetic noise due to the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) DC electric railway, and Pc3 geomagnetic pulsations. There is a suggestion in the data that some of the Pc activity may actually be excited by BART.
Retention Time Alignment of LC/MS Data by a Divide-and-Conquer Algorithm

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has become the method of choice for characterizing complex mixtures. These analyses often involve quantitative comparison of components in multiple samples. To achieve automated sample comparison, the components of interest must be detected and identified, and their retention times aligned and peak areas calculated. This article describes a simple pairwise iterative retention time alignment algorithm, based on the divide-and-conquer approach, for alignment of ion features detected in LC/MS experiments. In this iterative algorithm, ion features in the sample run are first aligned with features in the reference run by applying a single constant shift of retention time. The sample chromatogram is then divided into two shorter chromatograms, which are aligned to the reference chromatogram the same way. Each shorter chromatogram is further divided into even shorter chromatograms. This process continues until each chromatogram is sufficiently narrow so that ion features within it have a similar retention time shift. In six pairwise LC/MS alignment examples containing a total of 6507 confirmed true corresponding feature pairs with retention time shifts up to five peak widths, the algorithm successfully aligned these features with an error rate of 0.2%. The alignment algorithm is demonstrated to be fast, robust, fully automatic, and superior to other algorithms. After alignment and gap-filling of detected ion features, their abundances can be tabulated for direct comparison between samples.
Effect of Nucleosides on Acute Left Ventricular Failure in the Isolated Dog Heart

The effect of nucleosides on acute left ventricular failure was studied in 15 isolated dog hearts. The unilateral failure was produced by exposure of the isolated left ventricle to elevated aortic pressure. Parameters of left ventricular function used to evaluate the control, failure and nucleoside periods included ventricular stroke work and output, contractility and distensibility. Adenosine and cytidine were found to be negative inotropic substances. Guanosine, inosine, thymidine and uridine were found to he positive inotropic substances, restoring the control level of ventricular function.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Certain Optical Crystalline Materials

Measurements have been made of various physical properties of certain optical materials of interest in infrared instrumentation. Tables are included which list values of Young’s modulus, apparent elastic limit, modulus of rupture, modulus of rigidity, hardness, and linear coefficient of thermal expansion. Major data are reported on the following crystals: silver chloride, thallium bromide-iodide, thallium bromide-chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride. Some data are also given for a dozen-odd other optical materials. Literature values of elastic coefficients are stated for comparison, as well as the values of Young’s modulus and modulus of rigidity calculated from these coefficients. A brief discussion is given of the variation of the elastic moduli with direction in the crystal, for cubic crystals.
Unidirectional synchronization of single-mode semiconductor lasers

For chaotic optical communications using semiconductor lasers, synchronization of the chaotic waveforms of two semiconductor lasers, one functioning as the transmitter and the other as the receiver, has to be accomplished. Two systems of single-mode semiconductor lasers that exhibit chaotic behavior are considered. A single-mode semiconductor laser with optical injection follows a period-doubling route to chaos, whereas one with delayed optoelectronic feedback follows a quasiperiodic route to chaotic pulsing. The strategy for devising a scheme for synchronizing two semiconductor lasers is to make the coupled transmitter and receiver lasers to be described by two sets of dynamical equations of identical form. The transmitter and receiver are coupled through a signal and are both driven by a force that is a function of the signal. Any message to be communicated can be encoded in the signal. Schemes for synchronization with unidirectional coupling are devised, modeled, and studied for both optical injection and optoelectronic feedback systems. Experimental data on the synchronization of both systems are presented. Methods for encoding and decoding messages are also discussed for both systems.
Predictors of marital longevity after new spinal cord injury.

Prospective cohort design of married persons with new spinal cord injury (SCI). To examine the relationship of demographic and injury characteristics, self-rated health, physical functioning, and life satisfaction to the duration of marriage 1 to 15 years after SCI among individuals who were married at the time of injury. United States. Survival analysis was chosen to determine the predictors related to marital longevity, which is defined as non-occurrence of divorce after injury. In all, 2327 subjects were included in the analyses. Predictors were demographics and injury characteristics, level of handicap, self-perceived health, and functional independence. Age at injury, being Caucasian vs African American, having a college education vs high school, having ‘other’ employment status vs being unemployed, having higher social integration and improved or stable self-rated health vs poor health were all significant factors that delayed the time of divorce after injury. Contrary to expectations, level of injury, function, mobility and independence were not significant predictors of marriage longevity. Social integration and health perception, the most powerful indicators of marriage longevity, can be addressed and facilitated by health care providers and rehabilitation programs.
Spatial effects in two- and four-beam interference of partially entangled biphotons

Fourth-order interference patterns of biphotons generated by type-I spontaneous parametric downconversion are examined for beams with partial angular and spectral entanglement, both for degenerate and nondegenerate constituent photons. Two-beam configurations using a single beam-splitter interferometer and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer are explicitly studied, as are four-beam configurations using pairs of beam splitters and MachZehnder interferometers. The interference pattern generally comprises a number of harmonic functions of the path-length difference with frequencies and visibilities that usually depend on direction, and may have a finite or infinite duration ~fourth-order coherence length!. The relation between the visibility and the spectral indistinguishability of the two beams is established. Certain components of the interference pattern are independent of direction so that they are not washed out by the use of apertures of finite size. @S1050-2947~98!09305-6#
Factors associated with expectation of household's future financial condition

Path analysis is used to examine the causal relationships among selected objective and subjective factors associated with a household's expectation of future financial condition. Results indicate that respondents who perceive the effect of changes in the external environment on their own household's financial condition as positive are younger, have higher net worth, perceive more internal control over their situation, and report that most of the changes in the external environment are positive. Respondents who are younger, have higher income, perceive more internal control over their situation, and believe the effect of changes in the external environment on their household's financial condition are positive are more likely to be optimistic about their financial future. It is important that educators and financial advisors recognize the significant role perception of being in control plays in determining expectations of future financial condition.
Cannabidiol causes activated hepatic stellate cell death through a mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis

The major cellular event in the development and progression of liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Activated HSCs proliferate and produce excess collagen, leading to accumulation of scar matrix and fibrotic liver. As such, the induction of activated HSC death has been proposed as a means to achieve resolution of liver fibrosis. Here we demonstrate that cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychoactive component of the plant Cannabis sativa, induces apoptosis in activated HSCs through a cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanism. CBD elicits an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, characterized by changes in ER morphology and the initiation of RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER kinase-, activating transcription factor-6-, and inositol-requiring ER-to-nucleus signal kinase-1 (IRE1)-mediated signaling cascades. Furthermore, CBD induces downstream activation of the pro-apoptotic IRE1/ASK1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway, leading to HSC death. Importantly, we show that this mechanism of CBD-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis is specific to activated HSCs, as it occurs in activated human and rat HSC lines, and in primary in vivo-activated mouse HSCs, but not in quiescent HSCs or primary hepatocytes from rat. Finally, we provide evidence that the elevated basal level of ER stress in activated HSCs has a role in their susceptibility to the pro-apoptotic effect of CBD. We propose that CBD, by selectively inducing death of activated HSCs, represents a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Minnehaha Member of Upper Devonian Brallier and Scherr Formations of Central Appalachians: ABSTRACT

The Minnehaha member of the Upper Devonian Brallier and Scherr formations has been informally named, and its use as a time band within the marine strata of the Devonian Catskill delta complex of the central Appalachians is suggested. The coarse clastic bundle of the Minnehaha member can be identified in both outcrop and subsurface for approximately 150 mi (235 km) along the Allegheney Front from Bedford County, Pennsylvania, to Greenbrier County, West Virginia. The Minnehaha member is 20.9 to 98.4 ft (6.37 to 30.0 m) thick, consisting of interbedded very thinly to thickly bedded medium-gray siltstones and olive gray shales, with some grayish-red siltstones and shales. The Minnehaha member was deposited by turbidity currents in generally unchanneled suprafan environments during the earliest Cohocton Stage. Three major, time persistent, depositional systems are recognized as having contributed to the Minnehaha member. End_Page 1171------------------------------ They are in order, from northeast to southwest, the Fulton, Mouth of Seneca, and Augusta depositional systems. The relatively brief time interval of Minnehaha deposition by three separate depositional systems strongly suggests a sea-level drop in the Appalachian basin as a causal factor. The overlapping of submarine fan deposits from three depositional systems could enhance the hydrocarbon reservoir potential of the Minnehaha member. The Minnehaha member may be the shoreward correlative of the gas productive Sycamore siltstone of north-central West Virginia. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1172------------
Bilateral transection of the lateral olfactory tract but not removal of the vomeronasal organs inhibits short-photoperiod-induced testicular regression in golden hamster

It is now known that removal of the olfactory bulbs increases basal gonadotropin secretion and prevents short-photoperiod-induced testicular regression in Syrian hamsters. The experiments described in the present paper were an attempt to determine which neuronal systems associated with the olfactory bulbs are responsible for this influence on the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. In the first experiment, removal of the vomeronasal organ failed to influence gonadotropin secretion or testes weight in hamster on long or short photoperiod, suggesting that the vomeronasal-accessory olfactory pathway is not individually responsible for the effect of the olfactory bulbs on gonadotropin secretion. In the second experiment, bilateral transection of the lateral olfactory tracts (LOT) did prevent short-photoperiod-induced testicular regression and the associated decrease in gonadotropin secretion. Since the nervus terminalis is confined to the surface of the medial olfactory bulb pathway, the results of LOT transection indicate that the nervus terminalis, which itself contains gonadotropin releasing hormone, does not mediate the influence of the olfactory bulbs on gonadotropin secretion. These results further suggest that the olfactory bulb influence on gonadotropin secretion is due to neural connections to the pyriform cortex, entorhinal cortex or amygdala.