cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation of macromolecular synthesis in streptococci to efficiency of transformation by markers of homospecific and heterospecific origin

In previous studies with Streptococcus sanguis and S. pneumoniae as recipients and donors of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), it was found that heating recipients just prior to exposure to DNA caused an increase in the number of transformants induced by heterospecific DNA relative to that induced by homospecific DNA. In the present studies, S. sanguis recipients were found to recover from this effect of heat (48 C, 15 min) when incubated at 37 C before exposure to DNA. Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis, such as rifampin, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, actinomycin, and p-hydroxyphenylazo-uracil, but not inhibitors of protein synthesis, such as chloramphenicol and erythromycin, prevented recovery from the effect of heat. Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis caused changes in unheated cells similar to those observed with heat treatment; these changes included increased transformability by genetically hybrid DNA and by low-efficiency markers in homospecific DNA. The effect of a combination of heat and inhibitors on transformation by heterospecific DNA was greater than when single treatments were used. The most effective inhibitor used alone was rifampin: in treated recipient cells, the yield of transformants produced by a given amount of irreversibly bound heterospecific DNA was increased without a significant change in the yield of transformants produced by bound homospecific DNA. A cell being doubly transformed by homospecific and heterospecific DNA was enhanced specifically in its transformability with the latter as a consequence of rifampin treatment. Treatment with rifampin also increased co-transformation by linked heterospecific markers. The period during which recipient cells were sensitive to the effects induced by rifampin and fluorodeoxyuridine lasted from 10 to 20 min after DNA uptake.
Image Compression and Coding

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Basic Concepts Lossless and Lossy Compression Techniques Image Compression Standards Image Quality Measures Tutorial 17.1: Image Compression
Tiamat: A Three-Dimensional Editing Tool for Complex DNA Structures

We present the development of a new graphical user interface driven molecular modeling, editing and visualization tool called Tiamat. Tiamat addresses the challenge of how to efficiently model large and complex DNA nanostructures. We describe the three major components of our system. First, we discuss design guidelines and data structures that form the basis of flexible and large-scale editing. Second, we explain a semi-automatic sequence generator that combines user input with random sequence generation to efficiently label the molecules in the DNA structure. Third, we outline the visualization techniques including a simplification algorithm that are used to render large designs. The results demonstrate how Tiamat was used to generate large and complex designs.
Law and Economics: Theoretical Puffery, Exaggerated Claims and Counterfactual Models

Economic analyses of law predominate in the United States because they can claim to be objective and scientific thus verifiable and the basis of predictions and reproducible experiments. However, several of the claims of economic analysis of law go too far and are unrealistic. This explains why economic analysis of law has not been taken up outside of the U.S. to the extent it has in the U.S. This article points out the unrealistic presumptions within law and economics theory (homo economicus and efficient markets, mostly) and the unrealistic claims of law and economics (that the law is and should be a mirror of the economy). Economic analysis of law cannot and should not serve as a general basis of legal decision making. However, as a special theory applicable as a method for determining certain issues, economic methods can well inform legal decision making, helping judges to do justice. This article exposes the competing schools within law and economics and presents a defensible version of economic methodology applied within legal discourse.
The Saturn system

Saturn is a giant planet surrounded by numerous rings, many satellites, and a large magnetosphere. Although the Saturn system bears a general resemblance to the Jovian system, it has many unique attributes which provide new insight into the formation and evolution of planetary systems. This introductory chapter provides an overview of the results of recent studies of the Saturn system which are described in detail in the following chapters.
Traditional Islam and pedagogical change in West Africa : the Majlis and the Madrasa in Medina-Baye, Senegal

Epistemological differences between traditional and reformist trends in West African Islam are often accounted for in the uneven implementation of pedagogical changes since colonial times. Reformist versions of Islam have formed madrasas, characterized by rationalized curricula similar to the modern Western classroom. Here, knowledge is taken from texts, and teachers emphasize Arabic literacy. Traditionalists, mostly adherents to Sufi orders (ṭuruq) and the classical schools of jurisprudence (madhāhib), assert the continued importance of person-to-person knowledge transmission that takes place in the learning circle (majlis al-'ilm). Here, the student's disposition or character is primarily emphasized, and the teacher embodies Islamic religiosity.
A text-to-speech development system

A research system is described which was created at TI to aid the development of economical text-to-speech systems. Notable features of these text-to-speech systems are: 1.) Rules are compiled into an object data structure which is then interpreted; 2.) Source rule format is a quasi-linguistic generalization of that used by the NRL; 3.) Rules are organized into an arbitrary number of passes; 4.) In object-code form the rules are context-sensitive byte string transducers. The research system includes on-line data bases and utility programs for testing. The utility of the system is demonstrated by our development of a rule set having 1/2 the phonemic error rate of the NRL rules without a significant increase in execution time or memory used.
Facing Persistent Challenges in Pediatric Decision-Making: New Hastings Center Guidelines

Approximately 50 000 deaths occur among pediatric patients (neonates, infants, children, and adolescents) in the United States each year. These deaths are a small fraction of the 2.5 million annual deaths in the United States, but they have an immense impact on the families and clinicians who care for these patients. Persistent challenges in providing care to seriously ill pediatric patients continue, despite evidence-based approaches to treatment decision-making, the emergence of pediatric palliative care as an interdisciplinary subspecialty, and the growing number of children’s hospitals. Clinicians report significant lack of knowledge about ethical and legal issues that have been addressed and seemingly resolved by consensus groups and major pediatric organizations.1 They voice concerns of conscience about providing end-of-life care. Most agree that we sometimes save the life of a child without sufficient regard for the profound consequences of our interventions on a child’s subsequent quality of life. These knowledge gaps and professional concerns may lead to tension within teams and confusion about how to provide good care. This article is written to introduce pediatric clinicians to several relevant aspects of a set of ethics guidelines recently published by the Hastings Center, an independent, nonprofit bioethics research institution that since 1969 has been a major source of interdisciplinary research on ethical challenges in clinical medicine.2 The new guidelines update the first edition (1987) and include a major new section on pediatric decision-making, with other material relevant to the care of children, building on research and practice insights from pediatric subspecialties, pediatric palliative care, and interdisciplinary bioethics. We will address key challenges and their implications for all professionals who aim to understand, respect, and provide good care to children and families, throughout treatment and at the end of life. Serving as a surrogate decision-maker for any patient can be psychologically difficult. … Address correspondence to Nancy Berlinger, PhD, Research Department, The Hastings Center, 21 Malcolm Gordon Road, Garrison, NY 10524. E-mail: berlingern{at}thehastingscenter.org
Reproductive Biology, Hybridization, and Flower Visitors of Rare Sclerocactus Taxa in Utah's Uintah Basin

We studied the mating system and flower visitors of 2 threatened species of Sclerocactus (Cactaceae) in the Uintah Basin of eastern Utah—an area undergoing rapid energy development. We found that both S. wetlandicus and S. brevispinus are predominantly outcrossed and are essentially self-incompatible. A third presumptive taxon (unde- scribed; here called S. wetlandicus-var1) is fully self-compatible but cannot produce seeds unless the flowers are visited by pollinators. We found tentative evidence for pollinator limitation of fruit set in S. brevispinus but not in the other taxa. Pollinators are largely species of native ground-nesting bees in the subfamily Halictinae. These bees are indiscrimi- nate collectors of pollen and nectar from Sclerocactus flowers and other plant species. The well-being of Sclerocactus populations requires that land managers ensure the preservation of halictid bee habitat, which includes both nesting sites and a diversity of floral resources. These bees are also undoubtedly the pollen vectors responsible for the produc- tion of hybrids in areas where S. wetlandicus and S. brevispinus meet. We experimentally confirmed that reciprocal crosses between S. wetlandicus and S. brevispinus are indistinguishable from each other or from pure crosses in fruits/flower, seeds/fruit and seed weights. We suggest that hybridization preceded energy development, that it attests to the ongoing process of evolution in the Sclerocactus group, and that it should not be suppressed by anthropogenic activity.
Equation of state measurements in liquid deuterium to 70 GPa.

Using intense magnetic pressure, a method was developed to launch flyer plates to velocities in excess of $20\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{s}$. This technique was used to perform plate-impact, shock wave experiments on cryogenic liquid deuterium ( $L\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}$) to examine its high-pressure equation of state. Using an impedance matching method, Hugoniot measurements were obtained in the pressure range of $30--70\mathrm{GPa}$. The results of these experiments disagree with previously reported Hugoniot measurements of $L\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ in the pressure range above $\ensuremath{\sim}40\mathrm{GPa}$, but are in good agreement with first principles, ab initio models for hydrogen and its isotopes.
An unusual metastasis to the thumb in a laryngectomized tracheoesophageal speaker

Neoplastic spread by tumor cell implantation into adjacent or distant traumatized tissues is a well-documented phenomenon but is a rare mechanism of tumor dissemination. In patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, mechanical implantation of tumor cells into tracheotomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy sites has been described, but hematogenous dissemination occurs far more commonly, typically resulting in pulmonary disease. Digital metastases, either by implantation or by hematogenous spread, have never been documented, to our knowledge. We report a case of metastasis to the thumb used for digital occlusion during tracheoesophageal speech in a laryngectomized patient with lung metastases. Although this may have been a manifestation of either hematogenous dissemination or direct neoplastic seeding from contaminated pulmonary secretions, we propose that repeated trauma from digital stomal occlusion predisposed this site to metastatic spread. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:1007-1009
Mortality Under Age 50 Accounts For Much Of The Fact That US Life Expectancy Lags That Of Other High-Income Countries

Life expectancy at birth in the United States is among the lowest of all high-income countries. Most recent studies have concentrated on older ages, finding that Americans have a lower life expectancy at age fifty and experience higher levels of disease and disability than do their counterparts in other industrialized nations. Using cross-national mortality data to identify the key age groups and causes of death responsible for these shortfalls, I found that mortality differences below age fifty account for two-thirds of the gap in life expectancy at birth between American males and their counterparts in sixteen comparison countries. Among females, the figure is two-fifths. The major causes of death responsible for the below-fifty trends are unintentional injuries, including drug overdose—a fact that constitutes the most striking finding from this study; noncommunicable diseases; perinatal conditions, such as pregnancy complications and birth trauma; and homicide. In all, this study highlights the importa...
Analytics for Massive Heat Maps

High throughput instrumentation for genomics is producing data orders of magnitude greater than even a decade before. Biologists often visualize the data of these experiments through the use of heat maps. For large datasets, heat map visualizations do not scale. These visualizations are only capable of displaying a portion of the data, making it difficult for scientists to find and detect patterns that span more than a subsection of the data. We present a novel method that provides an interactive visual display for massive heat maps [O(10 8 )]. Our process shows how a massive heat map can be decomposed into multiple levels of abstraction to represent the underlying macrostructures. We aggregate these abstractions into a framework that can allow near real-time navigation of the space. To further assist pattern discovery, we ground our system on the principle of focus+context. Our framework also addresses the issue of balancing the memory and display resolution and heat map size. We will show that this technique for biologists provides a powerful new visual metaphor for analyzing massive datasets.
Trabeculectomy With Mitomycin C in Pseudophakic Patients With Open-angle Glaucoma: Outcomes and Risk Factors For Failure

Purpose To evaluate tonometric outcomes of trabeculectomy with mitomycin C in pseudophakic patients with open-angle glaucoma and associated risk factors for failure. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Seventy-three pseudophakic patients (89 eyes) with primary open-angle, normal-tension, exfoliative, or pigmentary glaucoma were recruited. Success rates were defined according to three criteria: (A) intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤18 mm Hg and IOP reduction ≥20%; (B) IOP ≤15 mm Hg and IOP reduction ≥25%; and (C) IOP ≤12 mm Hg and IOP reduction ≥30%. IOP, visual acuity, complications, and additional interventions were documented after surgery. Cox's proportional hazard regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for failure. Results Mean IOP (±SD) decreased from a preoperative value of 18.8 ± 6.6 mm Hg to 10.2 ± 5.1 mm Hg at one year and to 10.0 ± 4.2 at two years ( P P Conclusion Increasing age, use of a limbus-based conjunctival flap, and performance of laser suture lysis were factors that were associated with a smaller risk of failure. Present findings indicate that trabeculectomy with mitomycin C provides acceptable long-term success rates in pseudophakic patients, with a low incidence of complications.
Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells. XV. Xenoantigens are not required for the proliferative response observed in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction.

The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction is the proliferative response of T cells cultured with autologous non-T cells. This reaction has been described as being immunological in nature, i.e., possessing memory and specificity. The generation of T cells with regulatory and effector function has also been reported during the course of this reaction. More recently it has been reported that the proliferative response observed is due to the exposure of T cells to xenoantigens used in separating T and non-T cells. We have found that the presence of antigens such as sheep erythrocytes and fetal calf serum is not required for the induction of proliferation in T cells by autologous non-T cells, although exposure to such antigens may augment [3H]thymidine incorporation. In certain individuals who are sensitized to these xenogeneic antigens, the proliferative response of their lymphocytes in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction is very greatly enhanced if exposed to xenoantigens.
Capillary optics for neutron capture therapy.

The development of capillary neutron optics permits a new technology for neutron capture therapy involving the application of a focused thermal neutron beam at the medically optimal location within the patient. A subthermal neutron beam begins to converge as it travels through a neutron ‘‘lens,’’ reaching a narrow focus within a tube that allows it to pass directly to the treatment region. This technique results in a substantially lower dose to untreated parts of the patient and a substantially weaker radiation field in the treatment room generally. Additional advantages include the relative ease of thermal neutron generation and the ability to shield the patient completely and effectively from fast neutrons or gamma rays originating at the neutron source. This work describes the application of capillary optics to neutron capture therapy, along with Monte Carlo calculations of the neutron flux profiles within a patient for an optimized system design. Specific dose profiles for the case of boronneutron capture therapy within the brain are also provided.
Refined structures of oxidized flavodoxin from Anacystis nidulans.

Abstract Flavodoxin from Anacystis nidulans ( Synechococcus PCC 7942) was the first member of the flavodoxin family to be characterized, and is the structural prototype for the “long-chain” flavodoxins that have molecular masses of ∼20 kDa. Crystal structure analyses and refinements of three orthorhombic forms of oxidized A. nidulans flavodoxin are reported, and salient features of the fold and the FMN binding site are compared with other flavodoxins. The structure of form I (wild-type: P 2 1 2 1 2 1 , a =57.08 A, b =69.24 A, c =45.55 A), determined initially by multiple isomorphous replacement, has been refined to R =0.183 and R free =0.211 for data from 10.0 to 1.7 A resolution. Structures of form II (wild-type: P 2 1 2 1 2 1 , a =60.05 A, b =65.85 A, c =51.36 A) and form III (Asn58Gly: P 2 1 2 1 2 1 , a =51.30 A, b =59.15 A, c =94.44 A) have been determined by molecular replacement and refined versus data to 2.0 A and 1.85 A, respectively; the R values for forms II and III are 0.147 and 0.150. Changes in the molecular contacts that produce the alternative packings in these crystalline forms are analyzed. Deletion of the Asn side-chain in the mutant Asn58Gly removes an intermolecular stacking interaction and allows the alternative packing found in form III crystals. The functionally important 50’s loop of the FMN binding site is less restrained by intermolecular contacts in these crystals but maintains the same conformation as in oxidized wild type protein. The structures reported here provide the starting point for structure-function studies of the reduced states and of mutants, described in the accompanying paper.
Novel methods of enteral access

Abstract A review of benefits, indications, techniques, and special populations when considering enteral access. The purpose of this article is not to provide an exhaustive in-depth review but to highlight major considerations when deciding which patient would benefit and what tools should be considered before procedure. The focus is limited to endoscopic enteral access and does not cover additional methods (radiologic or surgical).
Hippocampal synaptic plasticity during instrumental learning

present research examined the role of hippocampal NMDA-dependent synaptic potentiation on appetitive instrumental conditioning under a continuous reinforcement schedule. In the first experiment, low (.025 mg.kg) or moderate (.05 mg/kg) dosages of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801, failed to increase the number of training days required to reach acquisition criterion; number of training days required to reach criterion for extinction were also unaffected. In the second experiment, a higher dosage (.10 mg/kg) of MK801 or induction of long-term potentiation failed to alter the number of responses occurring during acquisition. These data suggest that hippocampal synaptic potentiation does not play a prominent role in instrumental learning with simple contingency conditions. It is suggested that hippocampal LTP reflects a perceptual process that contributes differentially to spatial cognition, classical and instrumental conditioning.
Cancer stem cells: nature versus nurture.

Although all cells within a colon cancer may harbour adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) or β-catenin mutations, activation of Wnt signalling is limited to a subpopulation of cells that display cancer stem cell properties. This activation requires a co-stimulatory signal mediated by hepatocyte growth factor, which is produced by tumour-associated myofibroblasts.
Housing Starts and the Political Business Cycle

The political business cycle (PBC) literature has, generally, been characterized by a relatively narrow set of economic variables and by unidirectional causal analysis. I challenge both of these traditional constructions. First, I expand the search by examining a surprisingly understudied component of the political economy: the housing market. As a vital component of the American macroeconomy, housing is an uncharacteristically powerful tool for politicians and political analyses alike. Second, I use vector autoregression to more accurately model the dynamic and reciprocal nature of the economic and political interrelations found in PBCs. I find significant evidence of PBCs in the U.S. housing market from 1959 to 2005.
Race and ethnicity: A sociobiological perspective

(1978). Race and ethnicity: A sociobiological perspective. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 401-411.
The effects of distortion measures and feature sets on neural network classifiers

The authors investigate the use of two types of neural networks, multilayer perceptrons (MLP) and learning vector quantizers (LVQ), as applied to isolated speaker-independent vowel recognition as a typical classification task. The LVQ algorithm used is a modification called the frequency-sensitive competitive-learning (FSCL) LVQ. The performance of each of these networks for different input feature sets is evaluated and compared. The effects of different distortion measures on recognition performance are also studied. The results show that the choice of the input feature set and the distortion measure can significantly affect recognition performance. It is shown that, while both the backpropagation (BP) and FSCL-LVQ algorithms can be applied to a set of vowel-recognition tasks, the FSCL-LVQ procedure offers an advantage over the MLP approach. The FSCL-LVQ algorithm allows the use of any appropriate distortion measure for particular input features, while the BP algorithm optimizes the weights by minimizing the squared errors between the actual and desired outputs. Consequently, for some tasks, the LVQ architecture can perform more accurate classification
Bud emergence and shoot growth from mature citrus nodal stem segments

Bud emergence and shoot growth from adult phase citrus nodal cultures were studied using Citrus mitis (calamondin), Citrus paradisi (grapefruit), and Citrus sinensis (sweet orange). The effects of 6-benzyladenine (BA), indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), and citrus type on shoot quality and growth of mature bud explants from greenhouse grown trees were determined using a 2-component mixture-amount × citrus type experiment. BA increased shoot number and IAA improved shoot growth. The best shoot quality (fewer shoots but large shoots) was obtained with 1 μM IAA for calamondin, 15.5 μM IAA for sweet orange, and 30 μM IAA for grapefruit. Grapefruit exhibited substantial leaf abscission compared to calamondin and sweet orange. Four factors (AgNO3, silver thiosulphate (STS), CaNO3, or gelling) were screened individually for their efficacy in reducing leaf abscission. Five factors (AgNO3, gelling, MS ion concentration, plant growth regulator and venting) were investigated to identify potential combinations for reducing leaf abscission and maximizing shoot growth and bud emergence. The factor combination identified as most effective in minimizing leaf drop, promoting shoot growth, and maximizing bud emergence for grapefruit was 2 mg l−1 AgNO3, Gelrite, 1 × MS ion concentration, 30 μM IAA, and vented.
Olefin synthesis via fragmentation of hindered ester halides

Abstract Hindered methyl esters possessing allylic or benzylic bromine substituents undergo smooth dealkylative decarboxylation to afford olefinic derivatives.
Savanna anthropogenesis in the Mariana Islands, Micronesia: re-interpreting the palaeoenvironmental data

This paper argues that human actions had nothing to do with creating tropical Pacific island savannas, which likely arose during the Pleistocene, and that geographic factors such as soils, climate, and fire are responsible for their distribution and persistence in the Holocene. Palaeontological observations from the southern Mariana Islands, including charcoal particles, pollen, and spores in palaeosediments from Guam and Saipan, cited by archaeologists as evidence for human-caused savannas, are re-interpreted as a natural outcome of geo-climatic conditions. Archaeological and ethnographic findings, past climate proxies, and field studies in soil science are also brought to bear on the issue. The data and arguments presented in favor of natural causation of the Marianas savannas motivate a re-examination of proposals that purport to explain the presence of savannas elsewhere in the tropical Pacific. Implications for future research are drawn.
A Nonparametric Approach to Cognitive Diagnosis by Proximity to Ideal Response Patterns

A trend in educational testing is to go beyond unidimensional scoring and provide a more complete profile of skills that have been mastered and those that have not. To achieve this, cognitive diagnosis models have been developed that can be viewed as restricted latent class models. Diagnosis of class membership is the statistical objective of these models. As an alternative to latent class modeling, a nonparametric procedure is introduced that only requires specification of an item-by-attribute association matrix, and classifies according to minimizing a distance measure between observed responses, and the ideal response for a given attribute profile that would be implied by the item-by-attribute association matrix. This procedure requires no statistical parameter estimation, and can be used on a sample size as small as 1. Heuristic arguments are given for why the nonparametric procedure should be effective under various possible cognitive diagnosis models for data generation. Simulation studies compare classification rates with parametric models, and consider a variety of distance measures, data generation models, and the effects of model misspecification. A real data example is provided with an analysis of agreement between the nonparametric method and parametric approaches.
Structural characterization and expression of a brain specific gene encoding chick kainate binding protein.

Abstract The gene encoding chick kainate-binding protein (c-kbp), a memeber of the non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptor family has been isolated and characterized. The c-KBP gene is at least 13 kilobases long and contains 11 exons interrupted by 10 introns. Primer extension and RNase protection studies identified a major trranscription initiation site located 117 bases upstream from the initiation methionine codon ATG. Consensus TATA and CCAAT sequences were detected in the putative promoter region. The structure of the c-KBP gene is strikingly different from that of other members of neurotransmitter-gated ion-channels (cloned at present) although the topology of c-KBP consists of four membrane-spanning domains, a structural characteristics of ionotropic receptor subunits. The c-KBP gene was found to be expressed at high levels in chick cerebellar Bergmann glia and at extremely low levels in the forebrain. The limited expression of the c-KBP gene raises important questions concerning the mechanisms governing the regulation of c-KBP gene transcription.
Stress-induced inhibition of reproductive functions: role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor

In the adult castrated male rat, exposure to inescapable, intermittent electroshocks inhibited the pulsatile pattern of luteinizing hormone release and markedly lowered its plasma concentrations. The central administration of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist alpha-helical ovine CRF residues 9 to 41 reversed the inhibitory action of stress. Neither its peripheral injection, nor the intraventricular injection of the inactive CRF analog des-Glu to Arg ovine CRF was effective. These results suggest that endogenous CRF may mediate some deleterious effects of noxious stimuli on reproduction.
Central nervous system mediated vasodepressor action of atrial natriuretic factor

Abstract Administration of 20, 4 or 2.5 ug/kg of atriopeptin III (AT III) into the fourth ventricle of the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats produced a 13, 14 and 7 mm Hg decrease in MAP respectively, while 1ug/kg had no effect on MAP and was significantly different from 20 or 4 ug/kg (p
M. Stephen Mahaley, Jr., M.D., Ph.D., 1932-1992.

M OSrS Stephen (Steve) Mahaley, Jr., one of our most prominent nationally and internationally respected neurosurgeons and cancer researchers, died prematurely at his home in Maggie Valley, North Carolina, on March 8, 1992. During his illness he received letters and visits from many colleagues who held his accomplishments in high esteem, as well as from nurses, patients, former students, and friends who shared his interests in birding and hiking. I knew Steve closely from both a personal and professional standpoint. I first met him in 1963 when I transferred to Duke University Medical School, at which time he was already one of the star students of two of the most eminent neurosurgeons in the country at that period Dr. Barnes Woodhall, who ultimately became Dean of Duke University Medical School and Chancellor of the University, and Dr. Guy Odom, then Chief of Neurosurgery at Duke. Steve, a true son of the South, attended Charlotte College and Wake Forest College in North Carolina and graduated from Duke University with his M.D. in 1959. He had already developed an interest in neurosurgery by graduation, but that same year he obtained a Ph.D. as well, a practice that was to become a nationally prominent educational component of Duke. His successes led Dr. Woodhall and other senior administrators at Duke to formally develop one of the first M.D.-Ph.D. programs for training physician-scientists in the nation. Steve chose his Ph.D. work in anatomy because, at that time, he and Drs. Odom and Woodhall were performing some of the first arterial infusions of chemotherapy for brain tumors in the country. Steve went on to complete an internship and residency in neurosurgery at Duke in 1965; during the research time of his residency, he won the prestigious Residency Research Award from the American Academy of Neurological Surgeons, the first of many awards that were to come to him during his career. He received numerous other national and international awards throughout his career. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha, and was very proud to be the founder and a member of the Odom-Woodhall M. Stephen Mahaley, Jr., M.D., Ph.D., 1932-1992
Rat heart-lung preparation: Standardization of work performance; lung weights

The preparation of an isolated rat heart-lung is described in detail. This isolated system exhibits a high degree of uniformity of work performance as measured by left ventricular work index (LVWI) (proportional to the product of cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure). The procedures described are of considerable importance to studies of the tissue-level activity of corticosteroids. Le preparation de un isolato de corde e pulmon del ratto es describite in detalio. Iste isolate systema exhibi un alte grado de uniformitate in le effective capacitate de travalio, mesurate per le nidice de travalio sinistro-ventricular (que es proportional al producto de rendimento cardiac con tension medie de sanguine arterial). Le proceduras describite es de considerabile importantia pro studios del activitate de corticosteroides al nivello tissutal.
Oxidative stress decreases pHi and Na+/H+ exchange and increases excitability of solitary complex neurons from rat brain slices

Putative chemoreceptors in the solitary complex (SC) are sensitive to hypercapnia and oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress stimulates SC neurons by a mechanism independe...
Detailed measurements in a pulverized coal flame with natural gas reburning

Abstract Gas composition and temperature profiles were measured inside a 200 kW, entrained flow, pulverized coal Controlled Profile Reactor, using reburning for NO reduction. NO, CO, CO 2 , NO x , O 2 , and NH 3 samples were collected with a water-cooled and water-quenched stainless steel probe and analyzed on a dry basis with on-line gas analyzers and an ion-sensitive electrode (NH 3 ) over a grid of 36 locations within the reactor. Temperature data were obtained with a suction pyrometer using an S-type shielded thermocouple. NO reduction with reburning was investigated over a range of residence times and reburning zone stoichiometric ratios to optimize for maximum NO reduction in the flue gases. A decrease in stoichiometric ratio of the reburning zone resulted in an increase in NO reduction up to a maximum of 70% at a stoichiometric ratio of 0.78. The residence time in the reburning zone was varied by moving the tertiary air injector up and down axially. Increasing residence time in the reburning zone was initially beneficial but became unimportant when residence time became longer than 700 ms. The location of the reburning zone was found to be optimal when reburning fuel was directed at the location of highest NO concentration (i.e., immediately following NO formation). In comparison to a baseline case without reburning, the rate of carbon burnout was found to be higher with 20 cm of primary fuel injection, but proceeded very slowly through the reburning zone. At the end of the reactor, burnout was more complete in the baseline case. The species, temperature, and solid sample elemental concentrations appeared to be self-consistent and should provide accurate data for comparison with modeling results.
Firefly-inspired sensor network synchronicity with realistic radio effects

Synchronicity is a useful abstraction in many sensor network applications. Communication scheduling, coordinated duty cycling, and time synchronization can make use of a synchronicity primitive that achieves a tight alignment of individual nodes' firing phases. In this paper we present the Reachback Firefly Algorithm (RFA), a decentralized synchronicity algorithm implemented on TinyOS-based motes. Our algorithm is based on a mathematical model that describes how fireflies and neurons spontaneously synchronize. Previous work has assumed idealized nodes and not considered realistic effects of sensor network communication, such as message delays and loss. Our algorithm accounts for these effects by allowing nodes to use delayed information from the past to adjust the future firing phase. We present an evaluation of RFA that proceeds on three fronts. First, we prove the convergence of our algorithm in simple cases and predict the effect of parameter choices. Second, we leverage the TinyOS simulator to investigate the effects of varying parameter choice and network topology. Finally, we present results obtained on an indoor sensor network testbed demonstrating that our algorithm can synchronize sensor network devices to within 100 μsec on a real multi-hop topology with links of varying quality.
PHYSICIAN RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY: A MODEL BASED ON MANAGEMENT OF CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE

Abstract Purpose: To develop a methodology to estimate the comparative cost of physician time in treating patients with localized prostate cancer, using as an example two-dimensional (2D) vs. three-dimensional (3D) conformal irradiation techniques, and to illustrate how current cost-accounting techniques can be used to quantify the cost of physician time and effort of any treatment. Methods and Materials: Activity-based costing, a recent innovation in accounting, widely recommended for estimating and managing the costs of specific activities, was used to derive physician resource utilization costs (actual cost of the physician services and related support services consumed). Results: Patients treated with 3D conformal irradiation consume about 50% more physician time thanpatients receiving 2D conventional radiation therapy. The average professional reimbursement for 3D conformal irradiation is only about 26% more than for the 2D treatment. Substantial variations in cost are found depending on the total available physician working hours. In an academic institution, a physician working 40 hours a week would have to spend an average of about 60% of available time on clinical services to break even on a 2D treatment process and over 74% of available time on clinical work to break even on a 3D treatment process. The same physician working 50 hours a week would have to spend an average of about 48% of available time on 2D clinical sevices and about 60% of available time on 3D clinical work to break even. Current Medicare reimbursement for 3D treatment fall short of actual costs, even if physician work 100% of a 50-hour week. Medicare reimbursement for 2D barely allows the department to break even for 2D treatments. Conclusions: Costs based on estimates of resource use can be substantially under- or overestimated. A consistent language (method) is needed to obtain and describe the costs of radiation therapy. The methodology described here can help practitioners and researchers more accurately interpret actual cost information. Future use of such cost-estimation methodologies could provide consistent and comparable costs for negotiations with health care providers and help assess different treatment strategies.
Women, welfare, reform and the preservation of a myth

Abstract Lawmakers in states across the nation have passed or are trying to pass welfare reform legislation designed to curb indigent women's fertility. Motivated in part by the widespread but inaccurate notion that chronic poverty is rooted in the dynamics of poor women's pregnancy and child bearing behavior, over a dozen states have selected “caps” on welfare benefits and mandatory birth control as the methods of choice to reform their welfare programs. To understand these reforms this article examines the influence traditional poverty myths have on contemporary welfare reform discourse. The article argues that the prevailing “culture of single motherhood” myth engendered current reforms and that the resulting welfare reforms strengthen the basis of the myth.
The coradical filtration of U Q (S(2)) Q at roots of unity

Let u q (s[(2)) denote the quantum enveloping algebra of s((2) over a field k. In this note we show that if q is a root of unity, then the coradical filtration {H n}n ≥0 of u q (s[(2)) is the filtration by a certain degree function depending on the order of q 4 and on the characteristic of k. The degree function will be explicitly described in Section 2 for char s = 0 and in Section 3 for char k = s > 0. We use the fact that u q (g) is pointed for any finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra (proved in [R], [Ml] and remarked in [Tl]). The skew-primitives of u q (g[(n)) and u q (s[(n)) are described in [T2], based en [Tl]. The theorem in [T2] motivated the present result, although we did not need its full strength in the proof. The filtration of u q (g) over Q(q), where g is a finite dimensional complex simple Lie algebra, and q is an indeterminate over Q, is described in [CM]. The case of u q (s[(2)) with char k = 0 and where q is not a root of unity was first solved in [Ml].
Measurement of spin observables using a storage ring with polarized beam and polarized internal gas target

We report the first measurement of analyzing powers and spin correlation parameters using a storage ring with both beam and internal target polarized. Spin observables were measured for elastic scattering of 45 and 198 MeV protons from polarized [sup 3]He nuclei in a new laser-pumped internal gas target at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility Cooler Ring. Scattered protons and recoil [sup 3]He nuclei were detected in coincidence with large acceptance plastic scintillators and silicon detectors. The internal-target technique demonstrated in this experiment has broad applicability to the measurement of spin-dependent scattering in nuclear and particle physics.
Selective neurotoxic action of capsaicin on glomerular C-type terminals in rat substantia gelatinosa.

Abstract This study demonstrates that capsaicin exerts a selective neurotoxic action to induce degeneration of glomerular C-type nerve terminals in adult rats. Since the C terminals may be essential components of the circuitryfor modulation of pain, it is suggested that capsaicin induced analgesia is the result of this neurotoxic action.
Upper Paleolithic raw material economies at Üçağızlı cave, Turkey

Abstract This paper addresses variation in lithic raw material economy within the early Upper Paleolithic at Ucagizli cave (south-central Turkey). The stratigraphic sequence documents some 12,000 years of the early Upper Paleolithic, entailing changes in lithic technology, raw material exploitation, and game use. Although the same lithic raw materials were exploited throughout the sequence to make quite similar ranges of products, there are marked changes in the ways raw materials from different source areas were treated, including patterns of transport and raw material consumption. The concept of technological provisioning is used to understand changing strategies for procuring and managing supplies of flint from different source locations. Shifts in raw material economy are argued to represent responses to changes in residential mobility and the scale/duration of occupations at the cave itself: data on cultural features and foraging strategies provide independent evidence for these shifts in land use. Results have implications for more nuanced approaches to investigating of lithic raw material economies and the significance of “raw material transfers.”
Temperature dependence of high accuracy photometer heads.

This Letter reports an investigation of the temperature characteristics for three types of high quality silicon photodiode and their photometric matching filters.
Commensal auditory communication in two species of Neoconocephalus (Orthoptera)

Abstract Auditory communication in Neoconcephalus ensiger and Neoconocephalus robustus , two stridulating tettigoniids that inhabit the same geographical area, was examined to determine how these two species interact. Computer and electrophysiological techniques were used to analyze sound production and reception. Although similar in appearance, the males of these species produce easily distinguishable acoustic communication signals (call songs) that serve to attract conspecific females. Both wave form and spectral analyses were done on selected segments of the species-specific call songs by using discrete Fourier transform techniques. Sound production and reception capacities were measured by octave-band analyzers and extracellular electrode techniques. The results show that each of these species has a distinct, primary carrier frequency band. Secondly, the log magnitude spectra revealed a significant secondary component in the call song of N. robustus which corresponds to the primary energy band in the call song of N. ensiger . This overlap in acoustic signals and other findings suggest that males of N. ensiger might use the louder stridulation of the more metabolically active N. robustus to attract conspecific females over great distances. N. ensiger males have a sound production capacity like N. robustus , but conserve energy for soft, near-field signaling. The audiogram representing sensitivity of the tympano-receptor in the foreleg showed sound reception to be matched precisely with sound production curves.
Serum ionized magnesium : relation to blood pressure and racial factors

To study potential ionic factors predisposing to vascular disease in hypertension, particularly among black subjects, we used a recently developed combined magnesium and calcium specific, ion selective electrode apparatus to measure extracellular ionized calcium (Ca-ion), ionized magnesium (Mg-ion), and Ca-ion/Mg-ion ratios in the serum of fasting, nonmedicated white and black normotensive (n = 61) and hypertensive (n = 23) subjects, studied consecutively in a tertiary referral center. Both race and blood pressure status had independent effects on the distribution of Mg-ion values. Although Mg-ion levels for the group as a whole were lower in hypertensive versus in normotensive subjects (0.571 ± 0.012 v 0.601 ± 0.005 mmol/L; P < .01), this was only true of white subjects (0.579 ± 0.021 v 0.620 ± 0.006 mmol/L; P = .0095). The lack of a significant difference in Mg-ion levels between black hypertensive versus normotensive subjects (0.553 ± 0.012 v 0.577 ± 0.007 mmol/L, P = NS) was attributable to the significantly lower Mg-ion levels present in normotensive blacks compared to those in normotensive white subjects (0.577 ± 0.007 v 0.620 ± 0.006 mmol/L, P = .0001). Resultant Ca-ion/Mg-ion ratios were elevated in all black subjects and in white hypertensive subjects. These data support the presence among hypertensives and among black subjects (independently of blood pressure) of a consistent depletion of circulating magnesium and of an imbalance of calcium and magnesium that may potentiate vascular disease among these subjects.
Prices and Demands for Input Characteristics: Reply

This reply covers four topics: (a) a brief comparison of the Westgren and Schrader (WS) and the Ladd and Martin (LM) formulations of blending processes in multiproduct plants, (b) a brief comparison of objective functions in the two models, (c) derivation of shadow prices of characteristics from the WS model, and (d) reevaluation of evidence on sign-optimality of the present corn-grading system. The statement of blending processes in the WS formulation of the second blending problem is clearly superior to the formulation in the LM paper. However, the LM model maximizes net revenue. WS maximize gross revenue. For reasons presented later, I believe that maximization of net revenue is more appropriate. The rest of this reply deals with a WS model in which the objective function has been changed to net revenue and which is referred to as the "revised WS model." The shadow prices for corn yielded by the revised WS model can be used to determine if a