cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limonene, a Citrus Extract, for Control of Mealybugs and Scale Insects

In a series of bioassays with mealybugs, aqueous solutions of 1% limonene were tested that used from 0.50 to 1.50% all purpose spray adjuvant (APSA)-80 as an emulsifier/surfactant. The two ingredients were added to water or to 0.1% Silwet L-77, an agricultural surfactant. Using 1% limonene, 0.75% APSA-80 and 0.1% Silwet L-77, a semitransparent mixture (primarily a microemulsion) was obtained that was safe for most plants and provided good control of mealybugs when sprayed or used in 1-min dips. Used at half strength, this mixture controlled ≥99% of whiteflies, whereas the full-strength mixture controlled from 69 to 100% of mealybugs and scales, including ≥93% control of root mealybugs. In side-by-side greenhouse tests, this mixture was superior to a 2% solution of insecticidal soap or a 2% solution of horticultural spray oil. Mortality of green scales on potted gardenia plants averaged 95, 89, and 88% on plants sprayed with limonene, insecticidal soap, or horticultural oil, respectively. In a related test, these same sprays killed 44.1, 22.7, or 12.5% of third and fourth instar clustering mealybugs, respectively. Limonene has promise as a safe, natural pesticide for insect pests on tolerant plants. Although 1% limonene solutions damaged certain species of ferns, gingers and delicate flowers, they caused no damage to ornamentals with thick, waxy leaves, such as palms, cycads, and orchids.
Identifying OH Imposters in the ALFALFA Neutral Hydrogen Survey

OH megamasers (OHMs) are rare, luminous molecular masers that are typically observed in (ultra) luminous infrared galaxies and serve as markers of major galaxy mergers. In blind emission line surveys such as the Arecibo Legacy Fast Arecibo L-Band Feed Array (ALFALFA) survey for neutral hydrogen (HI), OHMs at z~0.2 can mimic z~0.05 HI lines. We present the results of optical spectroscopy of ambiguous HI detections in the ALFALFA 40% data release detected by the Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) but with uncertain optical counterparts. The optical redshifts, obtained from observations at the Apache Point Observatory, revealed five new OHMs and identified 129 HI optical counterparts. Sixty candidates remain ambiguous. The new OHMs are the first detected in a blind spectral line survey. The number of OHMs in ALFALFA is consistent with predictions from the OH luminosity function. Additionally, the mid-infrared magnitudes and colors of the OHM host galaxies found in a blind survey do not seem to differ from those found in previous targeted surveys. This validates the methods used in previous IR-selected OHM surveys and indicates there is no previously unknown OHM-producing population at z~0.2. We also provide a method for future surveys to separate OH megamasers from 99% of HI line emitters without optical spectroscopy by using WISE infrared colors and magnitudes. Since the fraction of OHMs found in flux-limited HI surveys is expected to increase with the survey's redshift, this selection method can be applied to future flux-limited high-redshift hydrogen surveys.
Experimental Local Bladder Edema Causing Urine Reflux Into Ureters and Kidneys

There are no experimental studies recorded, as far as we are aware, of the role that a local transitory edema of the ureteral valve plays in the ureteral reflux of urine. Such a local edema we produced by infiltrating the vesical site of the ureter with 25% magnesium sulphate or with physiological salt solution.We used 14 guinea pigs, 21 rabbits and 17 dogs, narcotized by morphine, or sodium barbital with or without magnesium sulphate, or ether. In dogs, ether only was used. The bladder and ureters were exposed through a median incision; pressure was recorded through a flanged cannula inserted in the bladder apex, and a water or mercury manometer. India ink was injected into the bladder as indicator. A few times the urethra was ligated. Infiltration of the ureter in its vesical course was done through a fine hypo needle; the amount varied between 0.2 and 2.0 cc.In 14 guinea pigs (9♀,5♂) 10 showed regurgitation (3♀, 7♂). The pressures ranged between 50 and 280 mm. water (4 to 21 mm. Hg.). In 4 non-pregnant...
Education for Social Welfare in the Postwar World—A Five-Year Curriculum Plan

T HE problems of reconversion are at the focus of attention today. The interests of Congress, industry, labor, and the consumer are all at stake and their energies are being concentrated on ways and means of effecting the transition to a peacetime economy with the minimum of friction and the maximum of efficiency. Education, too, has its problems of reconversion. Throughout the country academic associations and faculty committees are busily engaged in curriculum planning for the postwar world. Following the ASTP and other drastic wartime changes and adjustments patterns of peacetime education have to be designed for the new world and campus life redefined. Among other aspects of education, vocational and professional training has its own peculiar and pressing problems. Medicine has been protected and apart from acceleration has not suffered materially. Legal education, on the other hand, has received a distinct set-back as a result of the war. In the social work field training has lagged, as we shall see, while the demand for welfare workers has increased. Three main problems confront those responsible for replanning social work education: (1) the proper relationship between general liberal arts or cultural education on the one hand and vocational training on the other in the face of the increasing interest in and demand for the latter; (2) the probable increased need for trained, or partially trained social welfare workers to deal not only with the rehabilitation of veterans and with personnel problems resulting from the predicted 12 to 19 million job changes, but also to operate the expanded public assistance program that is predicted, and (3) to provide social work training to discharged service men and women who desire it. Since the personnel situation confronting social work today is complex and not due exclusively to the war the attempt will be made first to analyze the nature and extent of the shortage before considering possible educational adjustments. THE GROWING NEED FOR SOCIAL WORKERS
Parental aggression as a predictor of boys’ hostile attribution across the transition to middle school

Aggression among youth is public health problem that is often studied in the context of how youth interpret social information. Social cognitive factors, especially hostile attribution biases, have been identified as risk factors for the development of youth aggression, particularly across the transition to middle school. Parental behaviors, including parental aggression to children in the form of corporal punishment and other aggressive behavior, have also been linked to aggressive behavior in children at these ages. Despite the important role played by these two risk factors, the connection between the two has not been fully studied in the literature. This study examined the link between parental aggression and children' hostile attributions longitudinally among a diverse sample of 123 boys as they entered middle school. Results support acceptance of a model in which parental aggression to children prior to entering middle school predicted children's hostile attributions after the transition to middle school above and beyond that which was predicted by previous levels of hostile attributions. As expected, hostile attributions also predicted change in parent- and teacher-rated child aggression. These findings provides important evidence of the role that parental behavior plays in youth social cognition at this critical age, which has implications for understanding the development of aggressive behavior.
The EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Well-Being

We introduce the EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Well-Being, which assesses 5 positive psychological characteristics (Engagement, Perseverance, Optimism, Connectedness, and Happiness) that might foster well-being, physical health, and other positive outcomes in adulthood. To create the measure, a pool of 60 items was compiled, and a series of 10 studies with 4,480 adolescents (age 10-18) from the United States and Australia were used to develop and test the measure, including the factor structure, internal and test-retest reliability, and convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. The final 20-item measure demonstrated adequate psychometric properties, although additional studies are needed to further validate the measure, extend to other population groups, and examine the extent to which it predicts long-term outcomes. As a brief multidimensional measure, the EPOCH measure contributes to the empirical testing and application of well-being theory, and offers a valuable addition to batteries designed to assess adolescent positive psychological functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record
Prevalence of influenza viruses infection in Guangzhou area from 1998 to 2002

Objective Because Guangzhou is close to Hong Kong and human infection with avian influenza virus did occur in Hong Kong in 1997, the present study was conducted to understand if there have been influenza in children caused by avian influenza virus and the situation of influenza infection in this area Methods The specimens for viral isolation were taken with swabs from children′s throats and the material was inoculated into the MDCK cells and were incubated at 33℃ The supernatant of MDCK cell culture was tested with hemagglutination test Results Influenza viruses were isolated from 210 of 2 376 children,total positive rate of influenza virus isolation was 8 8% The positive rate of influenza viruses was 15 1% from March 1998 to February 1999 and the prevailing strain of influenza virus was H3N2 The influenza virus isolation rate was 7 2% between March 1999 and February 2000 and the following strains were identified: H3N2, H1N1, H9N2 and type B influenza virus The positive rate was 6 9% in March 2000 to February 2001 and 4 3% from March 2001 to February 2002 Avian influenza virus strain H9N2 was positive in one child only, the titer of serum antibody against H9N2 increased to 1∶400 in the convalescent serum sample Conclusion There were three prevailing influenza virus strains in Guangzhou area from March 1998 to February 2002 Influenza virus strain H3N2 was the prevailing one between 1998 to 2000, but positive rate of infection gradually declined Influenza virus type B infection occurred sporadically and there was only one case of influenza caused by avian influenza virus infection in Guangzhou in 1999
Analysis on the antibiotic resistance genes and multilocus sequence typing of Staphylococcus aureus with different origins

Objective To analyze the relationship between the antibiotic resistance genes and clonal complexes(CCs) of Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) isolates from the clinic by typing their multilocus sequence and tracing their source. Methods A total of 94S. aureus isolates were obtained and the methicillin resistant S. aureus( MRSA) were detected. Meanwhile,the antibiotic resistance genes of S. aureus,including aminoglycosides resistant genes aac(6') /aph(2''),aph(3')-Ⅲ and ant(4',4''),macrolides resistant genes ermA,ermC and msrA,and tetracyclines resistant genes tetM and tetk,were determined. CCs were analyzed with the multilocus sequence typing(MLST). Results Thirty-six MRSA isolates were detected from 94 S. aureus isolates,including 29 health care-associated MRSA(HA-MRSA) and 7 community-associated MRSA(CA-MRSA),and the former included 28 MRSA-Ⅲ and 1 MRSA-Ⅰ,while the latter included 6 MRSA-V and 1 MRSA-Ⅳd. The carrying rates of aac(6') /aph(2''),aph(3')-Ⅲ,ant(4',4''),ermA,ermC,msrA,tetM and tetk genes in 94 S. aureus isolates were 55. 3%,58. 5%,26. 6%,37. 2%,34. 0%,19. 1%,37. 2% and25. 5%,respectively. There were 35 antibiotic resistance gene profiles existed in 84 S. aureus isolates. The isolates carried with 3 or more antibiotic resistance genes accounted for 48. 9%(46 /94) of all isolates. MLST found 27 STs and 6 CCs,including 4 important clones,such as CC239,CC630,CC5 and ST398. All HA-MRSA isolates belonged to CC239,and most of CA-MRSA to CC630. There was significantly difference in carrying antibiotic resistance genes among HA-MRSA,CA-MRSA and MSSA isolates( P 0. 01) and between CC239 and the other clones(P 0. 01). Conclusion The clinical infections caused by MRSA were mainly from HA-MRSA-Ⅲ and CA-MRSA-Ⅴ. CC630 was a new clone,and ST398 was originally from human but not from animals. MRSA existed in some designated CCs,and was mainly from MSSA isolates,suggesting that thses CCs may have some special molecular structures,which may be helpful for inserting antibiotic resistance genes such as SCCmec.
The Maintenance Need for Sodium in Parenteral Fluid Therapy

1. Kenneth B. Roberts, MD* 1. 2. *University of North Carolina School of Medicine and the Moses Cone Health System Greensboro, North Carolina 1. The Maintenance Need for Water in Parenteral Fluid Therapy. Pediatrics . 1998;102:399-400 [OpenUrl][1][FREE Full Text][2] 2. The Maintenance Need for Water in Parenteral Fluid Therapy. Holliday MA, Segar WE. Pediatrics . 1957;19:823-832 [OpenUrl][3][Abstract/FREE Full Text][4] 3. Welt LG. Clinical Disorder of Hydration and Acid-base Equilibrium . 1955 Boston, Mass.: Little Brown & Co Chesney recently called attention to the valuable contribution of Holliday and Segar in their 1957 Pediatrics article “The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy.” These authors provided a formula that is easy to remember and sufficiently accurate to guide the provision of intravenous fluids throughout childhood (and beyond): 100 mL/kg per day for weight 0 to 10 kg plus 50 mL/kg per day for each addition kilogram between 11 and 20 kg plus 20 mL/kg per day for each additional kilogram beyond 20 kg. What is not recalled as frequently is that Holliday and Segar also addressed the electrolyte composition of maintenance fluid. They identified the amount of sodium required to replace usual maintenance losses as 3 mEq/100 kcal expended. Because kilocalories and milliliters could reasonably be interchanged, the … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.stitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.issn%253D0031-4005%26rft.aulast%253DChesney%26rft.auinit1%253DR.%2BW.%26rft.volume%253D102%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D399%26rft.epage%253D399%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2BMaintenance%2BNeed%2Bfor%2BWater%2Bin%2BParenteral%2BFluid%2BTherapy%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1542%252Fpeds.102.2.399%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9714650%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=FULL&journalCode=pediatrics&resid=102/2/399&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F20%2F12%2F429.atom [3]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.stitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.issn%253D0031-4005%26rft.aulast%253DHolliday%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D19%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D823%26rft.epage%253D832%26rft.atitle%253DTHE%2BMAINTENANCE%2BNEED%2BFOR%2BWATER%2BIN%2BPARENTERAL%2BFLUID%2BTHERAPY%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F13431307%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [4]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=pediatrics&resid=19/5/823&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F20%2F12%2F429.atom
Packet-Scale Congestion Control Paradigm

This paper presents the packet-scale paradigm for designing end-to-end congestion control protocols for ultra-high speed networks. The paradigm discards the legacy framework of RTT-scale protocols, and instead builds upon two revolutionary foundations—that of continually probing for available bandwidth at short timescales, and that of adapting the data sending rate so as to avoid overloading the network. Through experimental evaluations with a prototype, we report high performance gains along several dimensions in high-speed networks—the steady-state throughput, adaptability to dynamic cross-traffic, RTT-fairness, and co-existence with the conventional TCP traffic mixes. The paradigm also opens up several issues that are less of a concern for traditional protocols—we summarize our approaches for addressing these.
Upregulation of CD274 facilitates ex Vivo Expanded Hematopoietic Stem Cells Overcome the MHC Barrier in Allogeneic Transplantation

Abstract 2965 Success of allogeneic transplantation is severely hampered by low levels of donor engraftment and high risks of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Transplantation of purified allogeneic blood stem cells (HSCs) diminishes the risk of GVHD, but also results in decreased engraftment. Here we show that ex vivo expanded HSCs efficiently overcame the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barrier and engrafted allogeneic recipient mice. As measured by limiting dilution analysis, there was a 40-fold increase in the allograft ability of the 8-day-cultured HSCs compared to that of the freshly isolated HSCs. We found that both increased numbers of HSCs and cultured-induced elevation of expression of the immune inhibitor on the surface of HSCs contributed to the enhancement. CD274, an immune inhibitor that is expressed on freshly isolated HSCs, was significantly upregulated on cultured HSCs. The use of CD274-deficient HSCs or HSCs treated with a CD274 neutralizing antibody abrogated the ability of cultured but unexpanded HSCs to cross the MHC barrier. To test whether cultured HSCs can be used to cure genetic diseases in allogeneic recipients, we used ex vivo expanded allogeneic HSCs for transplantation and successfully rescued the lethal phenotype of DNA-PK knock-in mice. Our study suggests that HSCs can be manipulated to regulate their immune privilege and this will likely lead to development of new strategies for successful allogeneic transplantation for human patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Relationship between aerobic capacity of African American males, serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth of prostate cancer cells

A85 Prostate cancer affects blacks disproportionately and its evolution may be affected by a sedentary lifestyle. The growth of prostate tumors may be modulated by androgens and insulin-like growth factors. This study tested the hypothesis that the serum of males having low aerobic capacity contains concentrations of substances which promote the growth of prostate cancer cells. Subjects were healthy young adult African-American males. A sedentary low fitness group (N=8) and an active high fitness group (N=9) were identified by questionnaire and verified by measurement of peak oxygen consumption ( 40 mL · kg-1 · min-1). Serum sample from each subject was incubated separately with cultures of androgen dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The serum concentrations of testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the relative cell growth were measured. The significance of intergroup differences was evaluated by a two-tailed t-test at p 0.1). IGF-1 concentration was higher in the serum from low fitness group compared to that from the high fitness group. The relative growth of androgen dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells was significantly higher when cultured in medium supplemented with serum from individuals in the low fitness group than cultures grown in medium supplemented with serum from individuals in high fitness group. There was no significant intergroup difference in serum testosterone level. It is concluded that a lower growth rate of prostate cancer cells may be associated with a lower serum concentration of IGF-1 in active males with a higher aerobic capacity than in sedentary males with a lower aerobic capacity. These findings suggest that a regimen of physical exercise which increases aerobic capacity inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells. It is concluded that a sedentary lifestyle may promote the growth of prostate cancers. (Supported in part by grant 2 G12 RR003048 from the RCMI program, Division of Research Infrastructure, National Center for Research Resources, NIH and USMRMC grant DAMD17-03-1-0123)
Ethical predicaments in decisional capacity evaluations

Introduction Facing a growing number of capacity evaluation requests in the general hospital, physicians increasingly encounter ethical issues and dilemmas that drive them to seek unnecessary psychiatric consultations. This practice raises the expectation that the consultant psychiatrist would be, somehow, the ethicist on board whose role is to bring the most moral solution to their predicament. Aims Literature review and discussion about ethical questions facing decisional capacity evaluation. Methods Clinical and literature reviews. Results (Case report) This poster presents the case of 92-year-old woman who lives alone with no family support who was brought to the emergency room due to a fall. Consequently, she was diagnosed with small cell lung carcinoma. Instead of the proposed short term rehab to receive radiotherapy, the patient insisted that she be discharged to her home. The psychosomatic team was consulted to evaluate the patient's capacity to make a decision regarding this form of treatment. The psychiatrist who evaluated the patient felt that she lacks capacity. However, palliative care felt strongly that patient's capacity should not be challenged, arguing that she has been living independently, doing well, and is agreeing to treatment. Conclusion We will review the most updated guidelines on how to perform a capacity evaluation, how these guidelines are incorporated in residency curriculums, and whether residents from various specialties are being trained on evaluating decisional capacity. We will also explore optimal ways to educate primary care physicians on how to evaluate decisional capacity and when to seek psychiatrists’ expertise for these evaluations.
Electromagnetic scattering full-wave solver for snowpacks

The numerical solution of the electromagnetic scattering from a thin layer of snow as a building block for a statistical solver is the major focus of this paper. Both Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Method of Moments (MoM) are used to calculate the power spectral density of the total fields due to an incident plane wave.
Continuum shape sensitivity analysis for aeroelastic gust using an arbitrary lagrangian-eulerian reference frame

Continuum Sensitivity Analysis (CSA), a method to determine response derivatives with respect to design variables, is derived here for the first time in an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) reference frame. CSA differentiates nonlinear governing system of equations to arrive at a linear system of partial differential continuum sensitivity equations (CSEs), here, for fluid-structure interaction (FSI). The CSEs and associated sensitivity boundary conditions are derived here for the first time for FSI, using the boundary velocity formulation, carefully distinguishing design velocity from flow velocity and ALE mesh velocity. Whereas boundary conditions must be differentiated using the material (total) derivative, it is sometimes advantageous to derive the CSEs using local (partial) derivatives. The benefit is that geometric sensitivity, known as design velocity, may not be required in the domain. It is shown here that this advantage is realized when the ALE frame undergoes only the rigid body motion associated with the structure to which it is attached. It is further shown that the advantage is not realized when the ALE mesh deforms due to the flexible motion of the fluid-structure interface. The equations for the transient gust response of a two-dimensional airfoil in compressible flow, flexibly attached to a rigid body mass, are presented as a model problem to illustrate a detailed derivation.
Teaching Video NeuroImages: Sustained clonus of the upper extremity

An 80-year-old man with a history of renal transplant, on tacrolimus and prednisone, presented with confusion and fever (38.3°C). Brain MRI demonstrated leptomeningeal enhancement, and lumbar puncture revealed a mixed pleocytosis with 533 white blood cells/μL (45% lymphocytes) and 950 red blood cells/μL. Varicella zoster was identified in the CSF by PCR. He exhibited diffuse hyperreflexia and clonus at the bilateral finger and wrist flexors within 72 hours of admission (video, [links.lww.com/WNL/A323][1]). Spasticity and clonus are pathologic upper motor neuron signs that can be observed early in the course of meningoencephalitis1 and other acute neurologic disorders.2 [1]: http://links.lww.com/WNL/A323
Brain targeting of anti-HIV nucleosides: ether prodrugs of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (AZdU) and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)

In an effort to increase the brain delivery of anti-HIV nucleosides, 5-0-benzyl and glucose derivatives of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine (AZdU or CS-87) and 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) were synthesized. In vitro stability and pharmacokinetic studies in mice were conducted with benzyl AZdU (BzlAZdU), benzyl AZT (BzlAZT), and glucose AZdU (GAZdU) prodrugs. In vitro studies indicated that the prodrugs were stable in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), human serum and mouse serum. In mouse brain homogenate, the degradation half-lives for BzlAZdU, BzlAZT, and GAZdU were 1.66, 2.06, and 0.98 h, respectively, and in liver homogenate the degradation half-lives were 0.49, 0.29, and 1.97h, respectively. Following intravenous administration of BzlAZdU, BzlAZT, or GAZdU to mice, prodrug and parent drug concentrations were measured in serum and brain by HPLC, and pharmacokinetic parameters determined. The brain:serum area under the concentration time-curve (AUC) ratio, a parameter indicative of prodrug uptake into brain, ...
Long-Term Reverse Remodeling With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Results of Extended Echocardiographic Follow-Up

Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe the long-term course of left ventricular remodeling induced by cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), adjusting for the confounding effect of patient loss due to disease. Background Reverse remodeling has been identified as the primary mechanism of improved symptoms and outcome in heart failure patients. Methods A total of 313 consecutive patients who underwent CRT with available baseline echocardiograms and subsequent clinical and echocardiographic follow-up were included in the analysis. Long-term follow-up included all-cause mortality, heart transplantation, and implantation of a left ventricular assist device. Longitudinal data analysis of left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) was performed to adjust for the confounding effect of patient loss during follow-up. Results Patients with uneventful survival had a lower baseline LVESVi (Δ = 8.6 ml/m 2 , SE = 4.6 ml/m 2 , p 2 /day during first 6 months, whereas the LVESVi remained unchanged in patients with adverse events (p 2 /day (p Conclusions CRT patients with uneventful survival show a significant decrease in the LVSVi at 6 months and generally maintain this response in the long term. Those with adverse outcomes are characterized by left ventricular dilation despite CRT.
Globalization; but under what conditions? The case of the E.U.

i Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Review of Literature and Definition of Concepts 7 Overview 7 Economic Globalization 8 Technology and Globalization 18 Cultural Implications 22 Political Consequences 25 National Institutions, National Consciousness and National Sovereignty 27 The European Union 35 Determinant Factors of Opinion of Globalization 42 Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework 52 Globalization and National Sovereignty 52 National Institutions 58 The European Union 59 Reasons for Decreasing Levels of Nationalism 67 The End of Nationalism? 71 Chapter 4: Data and Methods 75 Research Design 75 Control Variables 83 Limitations 88 Chapter 5: Analysis and Findings 93 Chapter 6: Discussion 104 Chapter 7: Conclusion 114 References 118 Appendix 125
Apoptosis in Cancer Biology and Cancer Therapeutics

Most anticancer therapies commonly used in the treatment of human cancer, e.g., chemotherapy, γ-irradiation, immunotherapy, or suicide gene therapy, kill tumor cells by triggering cell death pathways including apoptosis in cancer cells. Hence, the failure to activate such pathways may lead to the resistance of cancers to current treatment approaches. A better understanding of the molecular events that regulate apoptosis in cancers and upon cancer therapy provides the basis for a more rational approach to developing molecular targeted therapies in the fight against cancer.
The Drake “experiment”: A lesson in curricular design

The faculty and administration at Drake University made the decision in 2001 to alter radically how language instruction was delivered and received, beginning by disbanding the long‐standing Modern Language Department. The dissolution of the department and the new pedagogy caused ripples of concern and shock among language instructors and instructors from other disciplines at institutions of higher learning throughout the country. However, the established pedagogy underpinning the new approach remains unexamined, as does its successes and failures, despite the fact that the consequences of the choices made 17 years ago may help inform decisions other institutions are making today. This study examined three questions: (1) On which pedagogies and organizations was the Drake University Language Acquisition Program designed? (2) To what extent was the new program successful and for whom? and (3) What implications does this “experiment” have for language instruction moving ahead?
The Short-Term Effect of Slope Walking on Soleus H-Reflexes in People with Multiple Sclerosis.

Abstract Downslope walking (DSW) causes H-reflex depression in healthy adults, and thus may hold promise for inducing spinal reflex plasticity in people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS). The study purpose was to test the hypothesis that DSW will cause acute depression of spinal excitability in PwMS. Soleus H-reflexes were measured in PwMS (n = 18) before and after 20 min of treadmill walking during three visits. Participants walked on a different slope each visit [level: 0% level walking (LW), upslope: +7.5% treadmill walking with an upslope (USW) or downslope: −7.5% (DSW)]. The soleus Hmax/Mmax ratio was used to measure spinal excitability. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during walking. DSW induced the largest change in spinal excitability (a 26.7% reduction in soleus Hmax/Mmax (p = 0.001)), although LW also reduced Hmax/Mmax (-5.3%, p = 0.05). Heart rate (p
Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Era of Precision Medicine: From Molecular Pathology to Tissue-Based Biomarkers.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not a single entity but includes various tumor subtypes that have been identified on the basis of either characteristic pathologic features or distinctive molecular changes. Clear cell RCC is the most common type of RCC and is characterized by dysregulation of the von Hippel Lindau/hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. Non–clear cell RCC represents a more heterogeneous group of tumors with diverse histopathologic and molecular features. In the past two decades, the improved understanding of the molecular landscape of RCC has led to the development of more effective therapies for metastatic RCC, which include both targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Because only subsets of patients with metastatic RCC respond to a given treatment, predictive biomarkers are needed to guide treatment selection and sequence. In this review, we describe the key histologic features and molecular alterations of RCC subtypes and discuss emerging tissue-based biomarkers of response to curren...
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte quantification stratifies early-stage human papillomavirus oropharynx cancer prognosis.

Objectives/hypothesis To evaluate if a simple method for assessing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in primary tumor specimens improves the prognostic value of the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th Edition (AJCC8) cancer staging system in human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-OPC). Study design Retrospective study. Methods In this study, TIL density was quantified on hematoxylin and eosin (HE aHR: 0.218; 95% CI: 0.058-0.822). TIL density similarly stratified risk in pathologically staged disease. Conclusions In patients with AJCC8 stage I disease, low TIL density was associated with diminished RFS. Our data suggest that assessing TIL density on H&E-stained primary tumor specimens may enhance the prognostic resolution of the AJCC8 staging criteria for HPV-OPC. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:930-938, 2020.
PIClean: A Probabilistic and Interactive Data Cleaning System

With the dramatic increasing interest in data analysis, ensuring data quality becomes one of the most important topics in data science. Data Cleaning, the process of ensuring data quality, is composed of two stages: error detection and error repair. Despite decades of research in data cleaning, existing cleaning systems still have limitations in terms of usability and error coverage. We propose PIClean, a probabilistic and interactive data cleaning system that aims at addressing the aforementioned limitations. PIClean produces probabilistic errors and probabilistic fixes using low-rank approximation, which implicitly discovers and uses relationships between columns of a dataset for cleaning. The probabilistic errors and fixes are confirmed or rejected by users, and the user feedbacks are constantly incorporated by PIClean to produce more accurate and higher-coverage cleaning results.
Genesis of the Charlie Hebdo Affair: The Clash of Human Rights and Religious Rites

This chapter explores the clash of French and Islamic worldviews regarding the role of religion in the life of the state and in the public sphere, using the Charlie Hebdo affair as a case study. Specifically, it explores the clash between the human right of freedom of expression and the religious rite and expectation of respect for the sacred. It explores the politico-cultural, religious, and journalistic parameters within which Charlie Hebdo exercised the historic French right/rite to satirize and blaspheme. The politico-cultural contexts described, analyzed, and explained include: the historical and philosophical underpinnings of the religious and journalistic fields of France; post-Revolutionary secular republicanism and its associated right to satirize, blaspheme, and offend religion, in contrast to Muslim expectations of respect for their religious worldviews and sentiments. It also describes and explains the connection between the Charlie Hebdo affair of 2015 and the Jyllands-Posten Mohammed cartoons affair of 2005–2006 in Denmark.
Childhood sexual abuse characteristics, abuse stress, and PTSS: Ties to sexual behavior problems.

Abstract Background Sexual behavior problems (SBPs) are present in a subset of sexually abused children and are associated with more severe childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences; however, few studies have investigated abuse characteristics and SBPs. Children’s reports of abuse stressors have not been previously examined and may provide novel information. Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) have also been linked with SBPs but have not been consistently accounted for in prior studies, which may obscure the true relationships between abuse characteristics and stressors with SBPs. Moreover, the term SBP consists of a range of behaviors, including interpersonally-focused SBPs (ISBPs), and the relationships between abuse characteristics and stressors may differ in the context of ISBPs. Objective The present study determined whether caregiver-reported abuse characteristics, child-reported abuse stressors, and PTSS, were associated with both SBPs and ISBPs. Participants and setting Two-hundred and fifty-four sexually abused children (ages 2–12; M = 7.69, SD = 2.67; 58.7 % female; 52.8 % white) participated in the study. Results Child- and caregiver-reported level of PTSS were related to SBPs, and trends were noted for greater caregiver-reported abuse severity and child-reported abuse-related stressors. When ISBPs were examined, boys, younger children, greater CSA severity, and higher levels of PTSS were associated with higher levels of ISBPs. Conclusions Level of PTSS may be important in identifying children at risk for SBPs and ISBPs, and CSA severity may be more relevant in the development or maintenance of ISBPs specifically.
Mortality on the UNOS Waitlist for Patients with Autoimmune Liver Disease

Background: Outcomes on the liver transplant waitlist can vary by etiology. Our aim is to investigate differences in waitlist mortality of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. Methods: We identified patients who were listed for liver transplantation from 1987 to 2016 with a primary diagnosis of AIH, PBC, or PSC. We excluded patients with overlap syndromes, acute hepatic necrosis, missing data, and those who were children. The primary outcome was death or removal from the waitlist due to clinical deterioration. We compared waitlist survival using competing risk analysis. Results: Between 1987 and 2016, there were 7412 patients listed for liver transplant due to AIH, 8119 for PBC, and 10,901 for PSC. Patients with AIH were younger, more likely to be diabetic, and had higher listing model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores compared to PBC and PSC patients. Patients with PBC and AIH were more likely to be removed from the waitlist due to death or clinical deterioration. On competing risk analysis, AIH patients had a similar risk of being removed from the waitlist compared to those with PBC (subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) 0.94, 95% CI 0.85–1.03) and higher risk of removal compared to those with PSC (SHR 0.8, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.89). Conclusion: Autoimmune hepatitis carries a similar risk of waitlist removal to PBC and a higher risk than PSC. The etiology of this disparity is not entirely clear and deserves further investigation.
Materials in Progress: Innovations for Designers and Architects

Jellyfish chips, plastic-eating bacterium, chicory-root nylon, artificial cartilage made from recycled denim fabric, and grass condoms. Eliciting disruption and sensation concurrently, these are ju...
On the heterogeneous nucleation pressure for hydrogen pores in liquid aluminium

Heterogeneous nucleation based on the spherical cap model has been used in this study to evaluate nucleation pressure and the number of hydrogen atoms necessary for nucleation. Calculations have sh...
Computational Comparative Analysis of Small Atomically Precise Copper Clusters

Atomically precise copper clusters (APC) have attracted attention for their promise in sensing, water remediation, and electrochemical technologies. However, smaller-sized APCs and the evolution of...
A Community Partnership for Home Delivery of Food Boxes to COVID-19 Quarantined and Isolated Families

Latinx and Marshallese populations experienced significant COVID-19 disparities in Arkansas, as well as high rates of food insecurity. This case study describes a partnership to rapidly deliver foo...
Prescriptively or descriptively speaking?: How ‘information-quality’ influences mood variation in Spanish emotive-factive clauses

Abstract It is generally put forth that Spanish has the subjunctive as the required mood in the complements of emotive-factives (alegrarse de que ‘to be happy that’), desire verbs (querer ‘to want’), verbs of uncertainty (dudar ‘to doubt’), modals (ser posible que ‘to be possible that’), causatives (hacer que ‘to make that’), and directives (recomendar que ‘to recommend that’) (e.g., Real Academia Espanola 2011). However, in spite of these traditional rules, it has been observed that some of these environments allow for the indicative (Blake 1981; Crespo del Rio 2014; Deshors and Waltermire 2019; Gallego and Alonso-Marks 2014; Garcia and Terrell 1977; Gregory and Lunn 2012; Kowal 2007; Lipski 1978; Silva-Corvalan 1994; Waltermire 2019). The current study explored one such environment; emotive-factive clauses. Results showed that the presuppositions that speakers hold regarding the knowledge that their addressees possess influence the mood that they select. This, thus, demonstrates the important role that pragmatics plays in the occurrence of mood variation.
Retrospective Analysis of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Emergency Department Walk-Out Rate in an Acute Care Community Hospital During the USA National Lockdown

Background There are currently no data available that compares the volume and the walk-out rate of patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) peak pandemic period during the USA national lockdown. Objective EDs measure metrics such as walk-out rate (WOR), which is reflected in leaving against medical advice (AMA), elopement, left after triage (LAFT), and left without being seen (LWBS). In this study, we sought to determine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the ED WOR. Methods A retrospective analysis was used to assess the overall ED census and the walk-out rate for three community EDs during the March to June 2020 national lockdown. This period was compared to the same period for 2019. Results The walk-out rate during the COVID-19 pandemic was inversely proportional to the overall ED census. While overall ED visits decreased by 26% to 42% during the period of March to June 2020 as compared to March to June 2019, the patient walk-out rates increased from 25% to 65%. Conclusion The national lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic created a paradoxical finding with a decrease in ED census but an increase in ED walk-out rates. This decline in census and increase in WOR raises concern that patients avoid going to the hospitals to seek medical attention because the concern of contracting the virus prevails, resulting in increased walkouts. With this retrospective study, we can anticipate that future newly discovered emerging diseases causing national lockdowns will result in a high probability of avoidance of emergency care.
Challenges and Opportunities for Stacked Transistor: DTCO and Device

Vertically stacked transistors are being explored as potential options for future technologies beyond GAA Nanosheet technology. In this paper, we report our investigation of challenges and opportunities for vertically stacked transistors, with a focus on block level scaling and device performance consideration. At the standard cell level, our DTCO innovation of splitting the power rails can free up a metal track for signal routing. Implementing two circuit rows for complex cells also increases available tracks. At the block level, we performed the routing study through PnR and overcome the shortage of pin access by DTCO innovations, achieving 0.55x area scaling vs non-stack technology. For device design, choices of device structures and materials for each layer are carefully evaluated. SiGe FinFET(p) on Nanosheet(n) is identified as a strong candidate for vertically stacked device architecture. MOL resistance with one-sided power rail is found to be a bottleneck limiting the device performance. Double-sided power rail (DSPR) is introduced for the first time in this work to effectively address the MOL resistance for stacked transistors.
Spin-Injection Enhancements in van der Waals Magnetic Tunnel Junctions through Barrier Engineering

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) composed of different two-dimensional (2D) materials are promising for spin-valve applications. However, as the number of material combinations grows, guiding principles for heterostructure composition-property relationships become very desirable. The authors use first-principles calculations to provide design guidelines for spin-dependent transport in MTJs, based on the bulk properties of the constituent 2D materials, and find that low-work-function electrodes enable greater performance with CrI${}_{3}$ channels. This data-driven scheme offers a fast, systematic method to accelerate the design of spintronic devices based on 2D materials.
Chapter 3 Structure and function of the neuromuscular junction

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the normal anatomy and physiology of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and the associated mechanisms necessary for synaptic transmission. The goal of neuromuscular transmission is the rapid amplification of small neuronal signals and the modulation of neurotransmitter release to effect repeated and robust communication with muscle. The acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is the functional unit of the postsynaptic membrane of skeletal muscle and encodes the ionotropic channel. The chapter illustrates the mechanism of synaptic transmission at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. A nerve action potential arriving at the presynaptic nerve terminal causes voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels at active release zones to open. The opening of these voltage-gated calcium channels results in a high concentration of Ca 2+ near the active zone, which, in turn, causes vesicles containing neurotransmitter to fuse with the presynaptic membrane, thereby releasing ACh into the synaptic cleft. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind with AChRs on the postjunctional membrane; this causes ionic channels to open, allowing Na + to enter the muscle cell, thereby resulting in the depolarization of the membrane and the generation of an action potential.
Fifty Years of Studies of the Biology and Therapy of Childhood Leukemia

SINCE CHEMOTHERAPY beginnings 50 years ago by Farber and his colleagues, childhood leukemia treatment has been one of the most dramatic cancer success stories.[1][1] Currently more than 70% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are alive and disease-free at 5 years, probably making it the
Genioglossus premotoneurons and the negative pressure reflex in rats

Reflex increases in genioglossus (GG) muscle activity in response to negative pharyngeal pressure are important for maintenance of upper airway patency in humans. However, little is known of the central circuitry that mediates this negative pressure reflex (NPR). We used two approaches to determine which GG premotoneurons relay negative pressure-related information to the hypoglossal motor nucleus. First, to identify GG premotoneurons, we injected pseudorabies virus (PRV152) into the GG muscle. We found that medullary GG premotoneurons were concentrated mainly in the reticular formation adjacent to the hypoglossal motor nucleus. Second, in order to determine whether these perihypoglossal neurons were involved in the NPR, we quantified GG EMG responses to negative pressure applied to the isolated upper airway in anaesthetized rats before and after microinjection of muscimol (9 nl; 0.25 mm), a GABA-A receptor agonist, into the perihypoglossal premotor field. Pressures as low as −4 cmH2O increased inspiratory phase-related GG activity. The NPR was abolished following bilateral injections of muscimol into the perihypoglossal premotor field at and up to 500 μm rostral to the obex. Muscimol in this location also increased the amplitude of basal, unstimulated phasic GG activity. By contrast, inhibition of neurons caudal to the obex decreased phasic GG activity but had no impact on the NPR. These results suggest that perihypoglossal GG premotoneurons near the obex mediate the NPR and those caudal to the obex are important mediators of respiratory-related GG activity but are not involved in the NPR.