cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bortezomib Resistant Constitutive NF-κB Activation in Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

Abstract Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor whose antineoplastic effects include inhibition of NF-κB, a transcription factor whose deregulation may play a central role in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) pathogenesis. Bortezomib has shown clinical efficacy in relapsed and refractory cases of MCL with response rates of 40%. NF-κB can be activated through several pathways, including a proteasome inhibitor resistant pathway. It remains unknown whether MCL harbors bortezomib resistant constitutive NF-κB activity, but characterization of this may have important implications in elucidating bortezomib resistance and also in establishing rational therapeutic combinations. We investigated the effect of bortezomib on constitutive NF-κB activity in 3 EBV-negative MCL cell lines (Jeko, Rec-1 and Z138) and 20 MCL patient samples. Electrophoretic mobility supershift assay demonstrated that each of the cell lines had distinct NF-κB complexes with the Jeko and Rec-1 containing mainly p50/p65 and p50/cRel heterodimers, and Z138 comprised almost entirely of p52/RelB heterodimers. At a physiologically achievable dose of bortezomib (20nM), a live cell-based proteasome inhibition assay demonstrated greater than 80% proteasome inhibition in all three cell lines. Treatment of Jeko cells with such a dose resulted in a 50% decrease of NF-κB DNA binding, in contrast to a 10 to 30% increase of DNA binding in Rec-1 and Z138 cells by electrophoretic mobililty shift assay. Of 10 MCL patient samples from which results could be obtained, only 2 demonstrated a greater than 50% decrease in NF-κB DNA binding after treatment with 20nM and 100nM of bortezomib, whereas the remainder showed either no inhibition or even increased binding. Thus, bortezomib resistant constitutive NF-κB activity appears to be present in Rec-1, Z138, and a majority of MCL cases. Cytotoxicity assessed by flow cytometry following staining with propidium iodide showed Rec-1 and Z138 cells had greater resistance to bortezomib induced apoptosis (82 ± 5% and 69 ± 5% viability) than Jeko cells (47 ± 6% viability) after 20nM bortezomib treatment for 24 hours. Combining bortezomib with perillyl alcohol, a known suppressor of proteasome inhibitor resistant NF-κB activation, resulted in a synergistic cytotoxic effect in all 3 cell lines as assessed by the combination index (CI) method with CIs of 0.31, 0.32, and 0.60 for Jeko, Rec-1, and Z138 cells respectively, where CI of 0.1–0.3 is strong synergism, 0.3–0.7 is synergism, 0.7–0.85 is moderate synergism and 0.85–0.9 is slight synergism. In conclusion, our findings suggest that bortezomib resistant NF-κB activity is present in a significant subset of MCL cases, and the combination of bortezomib with a suppressor of proteasome inhibitor resistant NF-κB activity may elicit a synergistic cytotoxic effect in MCL.
Are keystone species effective umbrellas for habitat conservation? A spatially explicit approach

Abstract As native ecosystems are degraded throughout the world, the importance of managing, conserving, and restoring wildlife habitat escalates. We must carefully consider which approach to habitat conservation is optimal, given that resources for habitat conservation are limited. One enticing option involves channeling limited resources to manage for a single umbrella species, assuming that a number of other species within the same ecosystem would also benefit. The danger inherent to this approach is that care must be taken when selecting an umbrella species that maximizes ecosystem-wide benefits. This paper presents a combination of methods to quantitatively evaluate if keystone species, given their integral role in affecting the ecosystem where they reside, can also function as effective umbrellas for habitat management. In a case study, we evaluate two imperiled keystone species, the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) and the red-cockaded woodpecker (Leucontopicus borealis), within a global biodiversity hotspot, the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem of North American coastal plain. We 1) develop spatial habitat models in MaxEnt for 10 terrestrial vertebrate wildlife species of conservation interest across an 11 million hectare region, 2) identify the preferred umbrella candidate with spatially-explicit correlation and range overlap analyses using ENMTools, and 3) evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen umbrella species with a test of niche similarity and quantitative habitat suitability comparisons in ArcGIS. Our results suggest the potential for an endemic keystone species to effectively function as an umbrella species. Specifically, we identified the gopher tortoise as the preferred umbrella, given the overlap in suitable habitat for 9 of 10 species evaluated in this ecosystem. These results are significant for habitat management within this region, but most importantly, this application of spatially-explicit modeling to quantitatively measure habitat suitability is an advance in approaches to habitat conservation planning. We encourage others to use these accessible methods and consider evaluating keystone species as umbrellas to optimize their approach for managing, conserving, and restoring ecosystems.
Flexibility of the Carbodiphosphorane, (Ph3P)2C: Structural Characterization of a Linear Form

X-ray diffraction studies demonstrate that crystals of the carbodiphosphorane, (Ph3P)2C, obtained from solutions in benzene, exhibit a linear P–C–P interaction. This observation is in contrast to the highly bent structures that have been previously reported for this molecule, thereby providing experimental evidence that the coordination geometry at zerovalent carbon may be very flexible. Density functional theory calculations support the experimental observations by demonstrating that the energy of (Ph3P)2C varies relatively little over the range 130–180°.
Overcoming Elderspeak: A Qualitative Study of Three Alternatives.

Purpose This study identifies genres of communication that avoid the features of elderspeak and successfully engage cognitively or physically affected older adults in rich communicative interaction. Design and methods The study examined 100 hr of audio- and video-recorded interaction between older Catholic nuns and their caregivers. The data were collected as part of a 7-year study on the linguistic and communicative factors that contribute to successful aging in a Catholic convent infirmary. Data analyzed in this article were selected from the corpus based on 2 criteria: (a) the interaction was absent of elderspeak and (b) the interaction was between a communicatively or cognitively impaired older adult and a caregiver. Results Linguistic analysis of the interactions revealed 3 alternatives to elderspeak that maintain lexically and grammatically rich communication while maintaining minimal opportunity for communicative failure or breakdown. These include: (a) offered and requested blessings, (b) jokes, and (c) narratives. Implications These 3 communicative strategies offer examples of lexically and grammatically complex ways to communicate with older adults who have little other opportunity for similarly complex interaction and may reduce resistiveness to care, and linguistic isolation, which has been linked to cognitive decline.
Introduction: Higher Education as a Human Right

The concept of human rights has a lengthy and theoretically diverse history as both a philosophy and a corresponding system of laws and protections. Fundamental and collective values are translated into a set of laws to protect individuals in a way that will benefit society. Societal philosophies have ranged from broad and equal protections to unequal protections that were justified as good for broader society. In relation to education, the seventeenth-century philosopher and theologian Comenius is credited with focusing on education as a universal right without respect to class, sex, race, or any other category.
Gender, ethnicity, and education in lăutar (Romani musician) families in Romania: Personal and professional strategies for twenty-first-century life choices

Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, I explore how gender, ethnic identity, and education inform career, marriage, and family in the lives of sons and daughters of lautari (professional Romani musicians) at the intersection of traditional Romani and contemporary Romanian society. Sons are socialized to adopt the occupation of their fathers, becoming professional musicians who will support future families; they perpetuate traditional lautar culture. While daughters are also socialized within the family to assume domestic "female" roles, most in my fieldwork have rejected them, deviating significantly from the traditional culture of their mothers as they pursue, instead, upward mobility and socio-economic empowerment. They are pioneering new roles for lautar – and Romani–women. For both sons and daughters, journeys of upward mobility are distinguished by achievement and success but also by dilemmas of identity and belonging as well as tension and conflict as they reconcile traditional Romani and urban, modern Romanian lives.
Principles of Infection Prevention in the Nursery

Infants cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at risk for nosocomial infection. Immature immune systems and dependence on indwelling supportive devices means that sick neonates are at particularly high risk. Prevention of horizontal transmission of—and subsequent infection with—pathogens within the NICU requires a multifaceted approach. Minimizing entry of pathogens into the NICU, close attention to standard and transmission-based precautions, and care bundles for medical devices can reduce nosocomial infections. In this chapter, NICU-associated infections are presented and prevention strategies are highlighted.
Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Hydrosphere

The evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere and hydrosphere is a long and interesting story—one that is much too complex to be told in any detail in a single book chapter. The discussion that follows outlines the essential elements of the story, with particular emphasis on matters relating to the prebiotic synthesis of organic matter and the early evolution of life. More complete treatments of this subject can be found in Walker (1977), Schopf (1983), Holland (1984), and Schopf and Klein (1992).
Narratives and Accounts, in the Social and Behavioral Sciences

Diaries, accounts, and, narratives represent methods increasingly used in the social and behavioral sciences for investigating people's perceptions and subjective experiences. Diaries are written or recorded (audio or video) records of events, as well as related thoughts and feelings, often recorded on a daily basis. Accounts and narratives are more specific terms referring to storylike compositions (that also may be written, or presented in another media format) that usually pertain to descriptions of and explanations for events observed or participated in by the individual. An example of the use of this technique is in the study of couples' retrospective reports of the breakdown of their close relationships. These reports may be obtained by investigators from both members of a terminating relationship during the early separation period through final divorce or dissolution. The couple may be asked to write regularly over this period about their views of why their relationship is ending, new events occurring related to their feelings about the relationship, and future expectations for new close relationships. The methodology involving such reports (classified as qualitative evidence) often also includes structured questionnaires asking about thoughts, feelings, or behavior, as well as personality measures (with both of these latter types of evidence classified as quantitative in nature). While refinements in such subjective report techniques are being regularly developed, their use dates back to the beginning of fields such as anthropology, psychology, and sociology. Case study reports that are published in these fields historically have involved emphasis on subjective reports and narrative type evidence. These subjective report methodologies have been well received for their depth of information and perspective on individuals' thoughts and feelings. They are also often favored by research participants who wish to ‘tell their story’ about some area of their life. On the other hand, such reports have been criticized because the evidence obtained may not be easily replicable by other investigators. Further, such evidence often requires coding, a step that introduces subjective decision making by independent raters evaluating the written, spoken, or video material. The contemporary study of subjective reports increasingly is focusing on the process of production of such reports and the qualities of those reports. For example, there are theories of how people develop accounts of losses in their lives. Reports that show a style emphasizing active decision making and positivity have been found to be associated with greater psychological and physical health in the aftermath of experiencing a major loss such as the death of a spouse.
Affiliative interactions between adult male and immature savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus)

Social interactions between adult male and immature chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have been understudied compared to those between mothers and their offspring. This study’s aim was to gain a better understanding of such relationships among a population of wild West African chimpanzees (P. t. verus). Although overall rates of affiliation between adult males and immatures were low, low-ranking males engaged in such interactions significantly more than higher ranking males. Additionally, males tended to favor the offspring of certain females, although this difference was not statistically significant. It has been suggested that male care in many primate species may serve as a mating strategy. Unlike higher ranking males who engage in displays, low-ranking males may increase their ‘attractiveness’ to females by demonstrating their abilities as care-givers. This hypothesis may explain the findings of the current study; low-ranking chimpanzee males may direct affiliative behavior towards infants and juveniles to gain reproductive benefits.
Critical Error 3 Trying to Cover Too Much

In our presentation workshops for scientists and engineers that we give around the world, the most commonly asked question about the structure of presentations is, How much depth should the speaker go into? Although the simple answer to the question is, whatever depth the audience needs or desires, determining this depth is not easy. Moreover, in a presentation to multiple audiences, the difficulty in determining this depth increases several fold.
Combining wAMAN and Matrix Factorization to Optimize One-Class Collaborative Filtering and Its Application in an Emotion-Aware Movie Recommendation System

With the development of modern science, the exponential explosion of information makes it difficult for people to find useful information from such a huge information set. As a consequence, different algorithms emerge to help people build an intelligent recommendation system. However, different algorithms have their own pros and cons. In this paper, our raw dataset is small and sparse, which contains 18 users and 275 movies. We analyze the performance of seven algorithms, but based on the performance concerning these algorithms, each algorithm does not perform equally well. We propose our new solution which can be applied in a sparse user-item matrix. An algorithm using matrix factorization by treating all missing data as negative with some weight (wAMAN) has been embedded in recommendation system. Experimental result shows that our recommendation system can find the appropriate value of the negative example in our sparse data set efficiently and possess higher accuracy comparing to the result obtained by other traditional algorithms. In addition, based on our result, we extend our design by applying it on an emotion-aware recommendation system.
Mage: online and interference-aware scheduling for multi-scale heterogeneous systems

Heterogeneity has grown in popularity both at the core and server level as a way to improve both performance and energy efficiency. However, despite these benefits, scheduling applications in heterogeneous machines remains challenging. Additionally, when these heterogeneous resources accommodate multiple applications to increase utilization, resources are prone to contention, destructive interference, and unpredictable performance. Existing solutions examine heterogeneity either across or within a server, leading to missed performance and efficiency opportunities. We present Mage, a practical interference-aware runtime that optimizes performance and efficiency in systems with intra- and inter-server heterogeneity. Mage leverages fast and online data mining to quickly explore the space of application placements, and determine those that minimize interference between co-resident applications. Mage continuously monitors active applications, and, upon detecting QoS violations, it determines whether alternative placements would prove more beneficial, taking into account any overheads from migration. Across 350 application mixes on a heterogeneous CMP, Mage improves performance by 38% and up to 2x compared to a greedy scheduler. Across 160 mixes on a heterogeneous cluster, Mage improves performance by 30% on average over the greedy scheduler, and by 11% over Paragon [15].
Case 32-2018: A 36-Year-Old Pregnant Woman with Newly Diagnosed Adenocarcinoma.

A Pregnant Woman with Newly Diagnosed Adenocarcinoma A 36-year-old pregnant woman was evaluated at 33 weeks of gestation because of newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma. One week earlier, severe pain in ...
Energy-based descriptors to rapidly predict hydrogen storage in metal–organic frameworks

The low volumetric density of hydrogen is a major limitation to its use as a transportation fuel. Filling a fuel tank with nanoporous materials, such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), could greatly improve the deliverable capacity of these tanks if appropriate materials could be found. However, since MOFs can be made from many combinations of metal nodes, organic linkers, and functional groups, the design space of possible MOFs is enormous. Experimental characterization of thousands of MOFs is infeasible, and even conventional molecular simulations can be prohibitively expensive for large databases. In this work, we have developed a data-driven approach to accelerate materials screening and learn structure–property relationships. We report new descriptors for gas adsorption in MOFs derived from the energetics of MOF–guest interactions. Using the bins of an energy histogram as features, we trained a sparse regression model to predict gas uptake in multiple MOF databases to an accuracy within 3 g L−1. The interpretable model parameters indicate that a somewhat weak attraction between hydrogen and the framework is ideal for cryogenic storage and release. Our machine learning method is more than three orders of magnitude faster than conventional molecular simulations, enabling rapid exploration of large numbers of MOFs. As a case study, we applied the method to screen a database of more than 50 000 experimental MOF structures. We experimentally validated one of the top candidates identified from the accelerated screening, MFU-4l. This material exhibited a hydrogen deliverable capacity of 47 g L−1 (54 g L−1 simulated) when operating at storage conditions of 77 K, 100 bar and delivery at 160 K, 5 bar.
Cut Short? United Nations Peacekeeping and Civil War Duration to Negotiated Settlements:

While much literature on peacekeeping seeks to determine the effect of United Nations (UN) intervention on post-conflict peace processes, most peacekeeping operations (PKOs) are deployed to active ...
Comments on the Classic Henry and Rogers (1960) Paper on Its 50th Anniversary

(2010). Comments on the Classic Henry and Rogers (1960) Paper on Its 50th Anniversary. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 108-112.
The Replenishment Schedule to Minimize Peak Storage Problem: The Gap Between the Continuous and Discrete Versions of the Problem

The replenishment storage problem (RSP) is to minimize the storage capacity requirement for a multiitem inventory system, where each item has a given reorder size, uniform demand, and cycle length....
Stratification of Atypical Intraepithelial Prostatic Lesions Based on Basal Cell and Architectural Patterns.

Objectives High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HPIN) and atypical cribriform lesion of the prostate are considered the precursors or associators of invasive prostate cancer (iPCa). Given loss of basal cells being the hallmark of iPCa, we hypothesized that a subset of these atypical intraepithelial lesions (AILs) with sparse basal cells can be classified as prostatic intraepithelial carcinoma (PIC) with frequent iPCa association and that different morphologic patterns of PIC are associated with specific Gleason (G) patterns and scores for iPCa. Methods We stratified 153 foci of AILs from 110 patients based on the integrity of the basal cell layer and architectural patterns and their association with iPCa. Results We demonstrated that AILs could be stratified into usual HPIN (intact basal cell layer and simple patterns) with low-risk of iPCa association and PIC (sparse basal cell layer) with high risk of iPCa association. Furthermore, PIC could be divided into low-grade (simple patterns and associated with G3 and G3/4 iPCa) and high-grade PIC (complex patterns and associated with G4 and G3/4/5 iPCa). Conclusions Such stratification is of great clinical significance and instrumental to clinical patient management. It not only increases the predictability of AILs for iPCa but also accommodates a clinical scenario for lesions with features of intraductal carcinoma when iPCa is not found, particularly in biopsies.
Interleukin-13 induces paralysis of Haemonchus contortus larvae in vitro.

AIMS Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a Th2-associated cytokine that typically induces gut contractility and mucus secretion to eliminate helminth parasites from the digestive tract. Little evidence exists of IL-13's direct effect on Haemonchus contortus larvae (L3) and thus was the objective of this study. METHODS To test effects of IL-13 on H contortus, L3 were treated with ovine recombinant (r) IL-13 (1 μg/mL); motility and morbidity were assessed. Monocytes isolated from H contortus-resistant St. Croix (STC) and susceptible Suffolk (SUF) sheep were treated with anti-IL-13 blocking antibody to elucidate differences in host immune response. RESULTS rIL-13 treatment reduced L3 speed (27 μm/s) and distance (7.5 μm) compared to untreated L3 (speed: 94 μm/s; distance: 27 μm) (P < .001). Comparison of larval speed to known paralytic levamisole (LEV) revealed no difference between treatments (rIL13: 23 μm/s; LEV 27 μm/s). Additionally, rIL-13 had no effect on larval morbidity. Blocking IL-13 reduced monocyte-driven larval morbidity (0.13 μmol/L ATP) and increased larval motility (88 μm/s; 27 μm) compared to larvae treated with STC-monocytes alone (0.07 μM ATP; 34 μm/s; 8 μm) (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate IL-13 has a dual capability paralysing L3 and contributing to monocyte-driven larval morbidity, and also indicate breed differences.
Crossing the Posthuman Rubicon: When Do Enhancements Change Our Definition of Human?

To understand what we might become in the age of enhancements and the implications of this transformation, we first must, as the Oracle at Delphi advised, know ourselves. This requires clarifying our understanding of how we define ourselves as Homo sapiens. Four conceptual frameworks are discussed: that of the reproductivists, and their traditional biological species concept model, as well as those of the compositionalists, functionalists, and fundamentalists. By clarifying our understanding of the ground we stand upon, we will be better able to decide how we will step into tomorrow.
Usability testing of an electronic health application for patient activation on weight management

Background Obesity is a leading public health concern in the United States. One promising method for enhancing patient activation to engage in health promoting behaviors is with technology in the primary care setting. The primary purpose of this study was to test the usability of a patient activation tool, called mWRAPPED, for weight management during primary care wait times. Methods A two-cycle approach to usability testing was followed by a pragmatic usability study in the primary care setting. The application was subsequently revised based on patient feedback. A convenience sample of patients completed usability testing in the clinical setting. Patients completed the System Usability Scale throughout all testing phases. Results First cycle patients provided an average score of 76.5 on the System Usability Scale. After revising mWRAPPED, the average patient System Usability Scale score increased to 80.5. mWRAPPED received an average System Usability Scale score of 77.9 when tested in the clinical setting. mWRAPPED demonstrated initial usability for primary care patients in an academic outpatient family medicine clinical setting. Conclusions Results of the current study will help to support the use of this application in future studies as a novel approach to delivering guideline-based weight management information to patients.
Characterization of ABF/Glass/ABF Substrates for mmWave Applications

Glass-based packaging presents unique opportunities for supporting 5G and beyond frequencies. In this work, we present the first broadband characterization results for the electrical properties of Ajinomoto build-up film (ABF) laminated on glass substrates. ABF/glass/ABF-based stack up has been characterized from 20 to 170 GHz. We also report the low-loss performance of ABF/glass/ABF transmission lines. The material stack up consists of a 100- $\mu \text{m}$ -thick EN-A1 glass core from Asahi Glass Company (AGC) with 15- $\mu \text{m}$ ABF GL102 laminated on both sides. Semiadditive process (SAP) has been used to metalize the stack up. A microstrip ring resonator (MRR) method has been used to extract the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the stack up. The dispersive model estimates the dielectric constant of the stack up to be ~4.72 for the entire frequency range with a variance of +0.1. The measured loss tangent values were 0.004, 0.009, and 0.012 at 23, 103, and 140 GHz, respectively. The electrical characterization results with a confidence interval of 95% have been reported. The average insertion loss for coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines in the frequency range was measured to be between 0.055 and 0.50 dB/mm. The average insertion loss for microstrip in the same frequency range was measured to be 0.12–0.62 dB/mm. Along with the good model to hardware correlation, the performance of the transmission lines has been compared with the insertion loss published for other substrate technologies.
Route of exposure influences pesticide body burden and the hepatic metabolome in post-metamorphic leopard frogs.

Abstract Pesticides are being applied at a greater extent than in the past. Once pesticides enter the ecosystem, many environmental factors can influence their residence time. These interactions can result in processes such as translocation, environmental degradation, and metabolic activation facilitating exposure to target and non-target species. Most anurans start off their life cycle in aquatic environments and then transition into terrestrial habitats. Their time in the aquatic environment is generally short; however, many important developmental stages occur during this tenure. Post-metamorphosis, most species spend many years on land but migrate back to the aquatic environment for breeding. Due to the importance of both the aquatic and terrestrial environments to the life stages of amphibians, we investigated how the route of exposure (i.e., uptake from contaminated soils vs. uptake from contaminated surface water) influences pesticide bioavailability and body burden for four pesticides (bifenthrin (BIF), chlorpyrifos (CPF), glyphosate (GLY), and trifloxystrobin (TFS)) as well as the impact on the hepatic metabolome of adult leopard frogs (Gosner stage 46 with 60–90 days post-metamorphosis). Body burden concentrations for amphibians exposed in water were significantly higher (ANOVA p
The Organization of Social Knowledge Is Tuned for Prediction

Social life requires foresight. To coordinate their actions with allies, or compete successfully with rivals, people must anticipate the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others. Here we review mounting evidence that the mind organizes social knowledge to facilitate social prediction. In the first part of this chapter, we discuss research which uses fMRI, behavior, and text analysis to reveal the conceptual “maps” people use to understand three key domains of social cognition: actions, mental states, and traits. Each domain is defined by a parsimonious set of psychological dimensions. These maps allow people to easily understand social stimuli based on their coordinates on these dimensions. In the second part of this chapter, we describe research that shows how people use these maps to make social predictions: proximity between points on the map predicts the perceived likelihood of transitioning between those points. Moreover, these proximity-based predictions accurately track real-world social dynamics. Thus, by encoding social stimuli on appropriate dimensions, the brain can make efficient, automatic predictions. Together these findings suggest that the way people think about others is fundamentally shaped by the goal of anticipating the social future.
Reduced sociability and social agency encoding in adult Shank3-mutant mice are restored through gene re-expression in real time.

Despite a growing understanding of the molecular and developmental basis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), how the neuronal encoding of social information is disrupted in ASD and whether it contributes to abnormal social behavior remains unclear. Here, we disrupted and then restored expression of the ASD-associated gene Shank3 in adult male mice while tracking the encoding dynamics of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) over weeks. We find that Shank3 disruption led to a reduction of neurons encoding the experience of other mice and an increase in neurons encoding the animal’s own experience. This shift was associated with a loss of ability by neurons to distinguish other from self and, therefore, the inability to encode social agency. Restoration of Shank3 expression in the mPFC reversed this encoding imbalance and increased sociability over 5–8 weeks. These findings reveal a neuronal-encoding process that is necessary for social behavior and that may be disrupted in ASD. Lee et al. show that in male Shank3-mutant mice, mPFC neurons are impaired in encoding of social agency. Shank3 reexpression in mPFC restored this ability in real time, and this was accompanied by rescue of normal social behavior.
Fixation Techniques for Observing Thrips Morphology and Injury with Electron Microscopy

Fixation techniques for scanning electron microscopy of protruding thrips stylets and for preserving the morphology of immatures and adults are given. Techniques for embedding whole thrips and for preserving tissues for light and transmission electron microscopy are presented. A routine method for observing thrips punctures on citrus fruit, leaves and blossoms is described.
Microporous Inorganic Molecular Materials

The sections in this article are Introduction to Microporous Inorganic Molecular Materials Materials Design and Synthesis Transport Models and Electrochemical Characterization Methods Size-selective Transport of Redox-active Species through Thin Films of Molecular Squares Size-selective Transport of Redox-active Species through Thin Films of Porphyrinic Molecular Squares Featuring Adjustable Cavity Sizes and Tailored Channel Interiors Size-selective Transport of Redox-inactive Species through Thin Films of Molecular Squares Shape-selective Transport of Redox-active Species through Thin Films of Molecular Rectangles Permeation through Single Microcrystallites of Molecular Rectangles Acknowledgments
Self-Control: Waiting Until Tomorrow for What You Want Today

I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Overview. 2. Background and Definitions. II. DETERMINANTS OF SELF-CONTROL. 3. Our Evolutionary Heritage. 4. The Development of Self-Control. 5. General Methods for Changing Self-Control. III. APPLICATIONS. 6. Eating. 7. Drug Abuse. 8. Other Health-Related Behaviors. 9. Education, Management, and Money. 10. Getting Along with Yourself and Others: Cooperation, Lying, Depression, Suicide, and Aggression. IV. CONCLUSION: IMPULSIVENESS AND SELF-CONTROL IN OUR CURRENT ENVIRONMENT. V. FURTHER INFORMATION AND SELF-HELP ORGANIZATIONS. Authors Index. Subject Index.
Bootstrapping a community of practice: learning science by doing projects in a high school classroom

Researchers and theorists have extolled the promise of learning achieved through participation in the activities of a community of practice. Although he did not use the term "community of practice" in his seminal work Mindstorms, [Paper], 1980] described intergenerational learning that takes place in the preparation for a Brazilian festival. Experienced adults work with novice children on teams over an extended period of time, supporting learning and passing on expertise naturally through the construction of displays and the production of street theater. Similarly, [Lave & Wenger, 1991] describe how apprentice tailors gradually learn their craft by aiding master tailors in ever expanding portions of work they are hired to do. [Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989] have described the general processes of modeling, coaching, and fading as important means by which more experienced members of a community help novices learn to contribute to activities.
An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy: Bodhidharma's and Huineng's Buddhisms

Key terms and teachings Dao: Chinese term for the “way”/“path” and source of all being. Diamond Sutra: English name of the Mahayana Vajracchedika - prajnaparamita Sutra . It is concerned with the perfection of wisdom and the teaching on emptiness. Gradual Enlightenment: In Chinese Buddhism this is the view of the “Northern School” that enlightenment is realized only gradually after many years of practice and meditation. Koan: Zen term (from Chinese kung-an ) literally meaning “public case.” It refers to a question or puzzle that is meant to help practitioners overcome dualistic thinking and realize insight into reality. Lankavatara Sutra: Collection of Mahayana teachings, especially of Yogacara Buddhism, focusing on the role of the mind, various forms of consciousness, emptiness, and tathagata - garbha (womb of the Buddha). It was very influential in the Chan and Zen traditions. Lotus Sutra: English name for the Saddhammapunarika Sutra which expounds the idea that there is really only one true vehicle or Ekayana , and that the Buddha, out of compassion, continues to be present in the world to help those in need of his assistance. Paramitas: Sanskrit term for “perfections” or “virtuous qualities” possessed by the Mahayana ideal of practice, the bodhisattva . These include: generosity or giving – dana , morality – sila , patience or forbearance – khanti / ksanti , effort or zealous striving – viriya / virya , meditation or focused mind – jhana / dhyana or samadhi , and wisdom or insight – prajna . Platform Sutra: Chinese sutra containing the biography and teachings of Huineng, the sixth patriarch of the Chan school of Buddhism. Paccekabuddha / Pratyekabuddha: Pali and Sanskrit for a “solitary” Buddha who does not teach the Dhamma to other beings. […]
Succinct: enabling queries on compressed data

Succinct is a data store that enables efficient queries directly on a compressed representation of the input data. Succinct uses a compression technique that allows random access into the input, thus enabling efficient storage and retrieval of data. In addition, Succinct natively supports a wide range of queries including count and search of arbitrary strings, range and wildcard queries. What differentiates Succinct from previous techniques is that Succinct supports these queries without storing indexes -- all the required information is embedded within the compressed representation. Evaluation on real-world datasets show that Succinct requires an order of magnitude lower memory than systems with similar functionality. Succinct thus pushes more data in memory, and provides low query latency for a larger range of input sizes than existing systems.
On the use of effective properties for the fracture analysis of microstructured materials

Abstract This paper addresses some fundamental theoretical and numerical issues concerning the application of effective properties for the failure analysis of microstructured materials, with a focus on functionally graded materials. An edge-cracked square region is considered which is taken to be on the size of a representative volume element in a larger structural system. The region is made functionally graded by utilizing a non-homogeneous probability density function (PDF) governing the spatial distribution of the constituents. The non-homogeneity of the PDF exists only in the direction of the crack plane. Based upon the type of microstructure considered in the region, an accurate homogenization method is employed to obtain effective properties. For functional forms of the PDF, energy release rates and stress intensity factors (SIFs) are then calculated using both effective properties based on pointwise homogenization and realizations of specific microstructures generated from the PDF. For all calculations, we employ the eXtended finite element method, alleviating the need to remesh the domain between different microstructural realizations. Enrichment strategies are employed by the method to capture the singular stress fields near the crack tip as well as the discontinuous strain fields at fiber–matrix interfaces, even with relatively coarse meshes. SIFs are calculated using a domain form of the J-integral that does not exhibit any domain dependence. The results show excellent agreement between the implicit and the mean of the explicit trials for the energy release rates and strain energy densities. The results also seem to indicate that the implicit SIFs predict the mean SIF of the explicit trials for an arbitrary initial crack geometry. Furthermore, the results indicate that a good approximation of the SIF at specific crack tips may be estimated by re-interpreting the implicit results according to knowledge of the distinct crack-tip location in the microstructure. Quasi-static crack growth studies are performed to investigate the probability of finding crack tips within either of the composite phases.
Is interstitial cystitis an infectious disease

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder disorder of unknown aaetiology. Although several investigators have attempted to identify an infectious cause for IC, none has yet been found. Our own studies to search for an infectious cause discovered instead, a toxic factor in the urine of approximately 95% of IC patients that is made by and inhibits, the normal proliferation of bladder epithelial cells. Additional research is necessary to determine whether this factor is encoded by the eucaryotic cells themselves or an unidentified intracellular microorganism.
NON-TYPE SPECIFIC RESISTANCE TO GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI IN GERM FREE AND CONVENTIONAL MICE.

SummaryNon-type specific resistance to Group A streptococcal variants was demonstrated by in vivo challenges of germ free and conventional mice. The presence of type specific anti-M antibodies was excluded by long chain and indirect bactericidal tests on the animals'sera. Both germ free and conventional mice were equally resistant to Group A strains lacking both M protein and capsule. The presence of either M protein or capsule increased virulence equally in germ free and conventional mice. However, strains containing both M and capsule in moderate amounts were significantly more virulent for germ free than for conventional animals. Both germ free and conventional mice were highly susceptible to a strain with maximal M protein and capsule. Resistance due to cross reacting antibody was superseded by requirements for anti-M antibody only when the infecting organism contained very large amounts of M protein and capsule.
Cell behavior and morphogenesis in hydroids

Hydra morphogenesis, particularly of the hydranth, is analyzed in terms of the behavior of cells. According to model systems, cell growth (and proliferation), movement, and adhesion all seem potentially capable of determining hydranth form. In hydra and related hydroids, patterns of cell adhesion appear to be the most important in determining form and development. The taeniolae, or ridges of hypostome gastrodermis, may be the result of high cell-to-cell affinity and low cell-to-mesolamella adhesion. In intertaeniolate regions the reverse contact relations are found. Tentacles appear to result from an extreme intertaeniolate type of adhesion pattern.
A mechanistic hypothesis of the factors that enhance vulnerability to nicotine use in females

Abstract Women are particularly more vulnerable to tobacco use than men. This review proposes a unifying hypothesis that females experience greater rewarding effects of nicotine and more intense stress produced by withdrawal than males. We also provide a neural framework whereby estrogen promotes greater rewarding effects of nicotine in females via enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). During withdrawal, we suggest that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) stress systems are sensitized and promote a greater suppression of dopamine release in the NAcc of females versus males. Taken together, females display enhanced nicotine reward via estrogen and amplified effects of withdrawal via stress systems. Although this framework focuses on sex differences in adult rats, it is also applied to adolescent females who display enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine, but reduced effects of withdrawal from this drug. Since females experience strong rewarding effects of nicotine, a clinical implication of our hypothesis is that specific strategies to prevent smoking initiation among females are critical. Also, anxiolytic medications may be more effective in females that experience intense stress during withdrawal. Furthermore, medications that target withdrawal should not be applied in a unilateral manner across age and sex, given that nicotine withdrawal is lower during adolescence. This review highlights key factors that promote nicotine use in females, and future studies on sex-dependent interactions of stress and reward systems are needed to test our mechanistic hypotheses. Future studies in this area will have important translational value toward reducing health disparities produced by nicotine use in females. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue’.
Implementation of the vortex force formalism in the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system for inner shelf and surf zone applications

Abstract The coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport modeling system (COAWST) enables simulations that integrate oceanic, atmospheric, wave and morphological processes in the coastal ocean. Within the modeling system, the three-dimensional ocean circulation module (ROMS) is coupled with the wave generation and propagation model (SWAN) to allow full integration of the effect of waves on circulation and vice versa. The existing wave-current coupling component utilizes a depth dependent radiation stress approach. In here we present a new approach that uses the vortex force formalism. The formulation adopted and the various parameterizations used in the model as well as their numerical implementation are presented in detail. The performance of the new system is examined through the presentation of four test cases. These include obliquely incident waves on a synthetic planar beach and a natural barred beach (DUCK’ 94); normal incident waves on a nearshore barred morphology with rip channels; and wave-induced mean flows outside the surf zone at the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO). Model results from the planar beach case show good agreement with depth-averaged analytical solutions and with theoretical flow structures. Simulation results for the DUCK’ 94 experiment agree closely with measured profiles of cross-shore and longshore velocity data from Garcez Faria et al., 1998 , Garcez Faria et al., 2000 . Diagnostic simulations showed that the nonlinear processes of wave roller generation and wave-induced mixing are important for the accurate simulation of surf zone flows. It is further recommended that a more realistic approach for determining the contribution of wave rollers and breaking induced turbulent mixing can be formulated using non-dimensional parameters which are functions of local wave parameters and the beach slope. Dominant terms in the cross-shore momentum balance are found to be the quasi-static pressure gradient and breaking acceleration. In the alongshore direction, bottom stress, breaking acceleration, horizontal advection and horizontal vortex forces dominate the momentum balance. The simulation results for the bar/rip channel morphology case clearly show the ability of the modeling system to reproduce horizontal and vertical circulation patterns similar to those found in laboratory studies and to numerical simulations using the radiation stress representation. The vortex force term is found to be more important at locations where strong flow vorticity interacts with the wave-induced Stokes flow field. Outside the surf zone, the three-dimensional model simulations of wave-induced flows for non-breaking waves closely agree with flow observations from MVCO, with the vertical structure of the simulated flow varying as a function of the vertical viscosity as demonstrated by Lentz et al. (2008) .
A multivariate approach to perceived innovation in R&D subsystems

This study proposes and tests a model concerning perceived innovation in the R&D subsystems of six organisations. Data from a sample of 102 research scientists, representing six industries, are analyzed. It was found that perceived R&D subsystem innovativeness was significantly influenced by the climate of the R&D subsystem, the R&D subsystem structure, and the personal characteristics of the R&D personnel. Managerial implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Shallow silicide contact

Device miniaturization requires dimensional shrinkage not only in the lateral directions but also in the vertical direction. A silicide contact in a shallow junction Si device has to be shallow, which means that in forming the silicide it may not consume more than a few hundred angstroms of Si from the substrate. A general scheme of making such a shallow silicide contact is reported here. The scheme utilizes the effect of alloying to dilute the contact reaction, and it produces a shallow contact and a protective diffusion barrier at the same time. Results of Pt‐Cr alloys are presented for illustration.
The Role of Religion in Union Formation: An Economic Perspective

Previous research has shown that the faith in which a young woman is brought up has important effects on the subjective costs and/or benefits of many decisions that she makes over the life cycle, including schooling, employment, and fertility. Based on this evidence, the present paper develops hypotheses regarding patterns of entry into marriage and cohabitation for the main religious groups in the United States: mainline Protestants, conservative Protestants, Catholics, Mormons, Jews, and the unaffiliated. The empirical results, based on young women from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, are generally supportive of the hypotheses.