cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peer victimization and subsequent disruptive behavior in school: The protective functions of anger regulation coping

Peer victimization is linked to adjustment problems in youth, including aggressive behavior, yet not all victimized youth are aggressive. The present study investigated whether youth’s anger regulation coping might attenuate the positive association between peer victimization and subsequent aggressive behavior. Longitudinal data from 485 7th-grade students (55% female, mean age = 12.84 years) and their teachers were collected in the fall and six months later. Teacher ratings of youth aggressive behavior at follow-up were the primary outcome, with statistical adjustments for baseline aggressive behavior and demographics. Results from multilevel models showed significant interactive effects of baseline anger regulation and peer victimization on residualized teacher-rated aggressive behaviors that were consistent with the hypothesis that anger regulation played a protective role: under high levels of peer victimization, youth with higher levels of anger regulation displayed lower levels of aggressive behavior than their counterparts with lower levels of anger regulation. These findings suggest that targeting and improving students’ ability to regulate their anger may be protective in the face of peer victimization and reduce subsequent aggressive behavior.
High Risk for Seizures Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Regardless of Referral Bias

Background To investigate the frequency, predictors, and clinical impact of electrographic seizures in patients with high clinical or radiologic grade non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), independent of referral bias.
The first experimental observation of electronic transitions in C2+ and C2D+

High-resolution translational energy spectroscopy (up to 0.1 eV) has been carried out on 8 kV of C2+ and C2D+. The spetra obtained with C2+ formed by different methods show considerable differences which are attributed to the formation of different spin states of the ion. Tentative assignments for the observed transitions have been made including one corresponding to excitation of the 4∑g− —X 4∑g− system, which may be useful as a probe of interstellar C2+. Two broad transitions have been seen in the translational energy spectrum of C2D+ which are in reasonable agreement with existing theoretical calculations. Tentative assignments are proposed for these transitions.
New Polyethylene Macroinitiators and Their Subsequent Grafting by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A semicrystalline polyethylene (PE) macroinitiator was prepared by copolymerizing ethylene and an inititating monomer (5-norbornen-2-yl-2'-bromo-2'-methyl propanoate) (3) using [N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)isobutanamidato]-Ni(eta1-CH2Ph)(PMe3) (1) and Ni(COD)2 (bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)-nickel) (2). Although 3 decomposes Ni(COD)2, if the initiating species (1/2) are exposed to ethylene for a period of time, t1, and then 3 is introduced for another period of time, t2, the polymerization takes place in a controlled manner. Variations in temperature, pressure, and [3] afford a great deal of control over the composition and architecture of the PE macroinitiator. Subsequent grafting with methyl methacrylate (MMA) yields PE-graft-PMMA with narrow polydispersities and increasing PMMA content at longer reaction times. Because the products are semicrystalline materials with high melting points, they are anticipated to function as blend compatibilizers for linear polyethylene.
A thermodynamic approach to alamethicin pore formation.

Abstract The structure and energetics of alamethicin Rf30 monomer to nonamer in cylindrical pores of 5 to 11 A radius are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations in an implicit membrane model that includes the free energy cost of acyl chain hydrophobic area exposure. Stable, low energy pores are obtained for certain combinations of radius and oligomeric number. The trimer and the tetramer formed 6 A pores that appear closed while the larger oligomers formed open pores at their optimal radius. The hexamer in an 8 A pore and the octamer in an 11 A pore give the lowest effective energy per monomer. However, all oligomers beyond the pentamer have comparable energies, consistent with the observation of multiple conductance levels. The results are consistent with the widely accepted “barrel-stave” model. The N terminal portion of the molecule exhibits smaller tilt with respect to the membrane normal than the C terminal portion, resulting in a pore shape that is a hybrid between a funnel and an hourglass. Transmembrane voltage has little effect on the structure of the oligomers but enhances or decreases their stability depending on its orientation. Antiparallel bundles are lower in energy than the commonly accepted parallel ones and could be present under certain experimental conditions. Dry aggregates (without an aqueous pore) have lower average effective energy than the corresponding aggregates in a pore, suggesting that alamethicin pores may be excited states that are stabilized in part by voltage and in part by the ion flow itself.
Characteristics of stripe domains in FeTaN films observed by magnetic force microscopy

Stripe domains in FeTaN films were observed by magnetic force microscopy (MFM), and related magnetic and electrical properties of the films were investigated. An abrupt change in M-H loop near saturation was accompanied by sudden disappearance of the stripe domains. For some samples, little change was observed in the domain width and overall shape of the stripe domains did not change during magnetization reversal process. The MFM phase signal had a maximum during magnetization reversal at the applied field close to the coercivity of the film. Electrical measurement also revealed the switching mechanism. Both anisotropic (AMR) and giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effects governed the magnetoresistive characteristics. The resistance of the film measured along the stripe exhibited a minimum, while that in the direction perpendicular to the stripe showed a maximum at around the coercive field during the magnetization reversal process.
Calcium oscillations-coupled conversion of actin travelling waves to standing oscillations

Dynamic spatial patterns of signaling factors or macromolecular assemblies in the form of oscillations or traveling waves have emerged as important themes in cell physiology. Feedback mechanisms underlying these processes and their modulation by signaling events and reciprocal cross-talks remain poorly understood. Here we show that antigen stimulation of mast cells triggers cyclic changes in the concentration of actin regulatory proteins and actin in the cell cortex that can be manifested in either spatial pattern. Recruitment of FBP17 and active Cdc42 at the plasma membrane, leading to actin polymerization, are involved in both events, whereas calcium oscillations, which correlate with global fluctuations of plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2, are tightly linked to standing oscillations and counteract wave propagation. These findings demonstrate the occurrence of a calcium-independent oscillator that controls the collective dynamics of factors linking the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. Coupling between this oscillator and the one underlying global plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2 and calcium oscillations spatially regulates actin dynamics, revealing an unexpected pattern-rendering mechanism underlying plastic changes occurring in the cortical region of the cell.
History of technology in the intensive care unit

Critical care medicine is a young specialty and since its inception has been heavily reliant upon technology. Invasive monitoring has its humble beginnings in the continuous monitoring of heart rate and rhythm. From the development of right heart catheterization to the adaption of the echocardiogram for use in shock, intensivists have used technology to monitor hemodynamics. The care of the critically ill has been buoyed by investigators who sought to offer renal replacement therapy to unstable patients and worked to improve the monitoring of oxygen saturation. The evolution of mechanical ventilation for the critically ill embodies innumerable technological advances. More recently, critical care has insisted upon rigorous testing and cost-benefit analysis of technological advances.
Rapid Derivatization and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Dipeptides in Aqueous Solution

The technique developed by Husek and modified by this laboratory for the derivatization of amino acids in aqueous solution using ethylchloroformate/trifluoroethanol/pyridine prior to gas chromatography positive- and negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry was extended to the analysis of a broad range of dipeptides with diverse amino acid side chains. Twelve dipeptides and one tripeptide in aqueous solution were successfully analyzed with this technique. After isolation of a peptide mixture, the derivatization and analysis time is approximately 10 min. The detection limits of the dipeptide derivatives were generally in the picomole range. The method was also applied to the analysis of a commercial sugar substitute which contains a dipeptide and free amino acids. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atom-superposition and electron-delocalization tight-binding band theory.

The atom-superposition and electron-delocalization band theory introduced recently for covalent solids is tested on metallic and ionic solids. Full details of the method are given. Its merits and demerits are discussed. Atomization energies, bulk moduli, energy gaps, and electronic densities of states are compared with experimental and other theoretical results where available.
Replication of rubella virus in a continuous line of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero).

SummaryRubella virus has been found to grow to high titer in a continuous line of green monkey kidney cells (Vero), with the production of CPE and plaques. Infectivity titrations can be read within 2 weeks and are somewhat higher than comparable titers measured by echovirus 11 interference in pGMK. Primary isolation rates of 56% were obtained in Vero cultures as compared to 12% with the same specimens tested in pGMK cultures. Complement fixing antigen can be produced in satisfactory titer in Vero cultures, and the system is suitable for the direct measurement of neutralizing antibody.
On the calculation of heat, mass and momentum transport in coaxial jets and mixing layers

Abstract This communication deals with the determination of mass, momentum and heat transport in turbulent mixing layers and with the determination of momentum transport in concentric round jets. Mixing length, k/ϵ and k/ω models are employed in the calculations. The constants appearing in these models are evaluated to yield the correct spreading rate, mean axial velocity, concentration and temperature profiles. A single-point probability density function (pdf) has been employed to calculate heat and mass transport in mixing layers. It is shown that the concentric jet mean velocity profiles are accurately predicted if the constants multiplying the production terms in the ϵ − and ω − equation have values of 1.52 and 1.50. These constants have to be taken equal to 1.44 and 3.80 for mixing layers. The calculated turbulent Schmidt/Prandtl number is 0.70 for mixing layers.
High rates of long-term survival of deep-sea infauna in the laboratory

Living bivalves (Nucula, Thyasira), a gastropod (Frigidoalvania brychia) and a calcareous foraminiferan (Laticarinina pauperata), from 775 m depth in the northwest Atlantic, were maintained in the laboratory for 772 days to measure their survival. The organisms, <4 mm in size, were maintained at 1 atm and at 5°C in cups containing sediment and seawater. Over the 772 day period, 46% of all bivalves and one of two gastropods survived. Minimum estimates for survival of L. pauperata in six containers ranged from 0 to 67% for a 1–2 year period. This study demonstrates that it is feasible to maintain continental slope infauna in the laboratory for long periods of time. Such organisms could be used in experiments that examine their mobility, responses to different sediments and foods, and sizes and shapes of biogenic structures produced in sediments.
Experimental investigation of the optimal parameters of a single-scan dual-energy KCD

A kinestatic charge detector (KCD) with fourteen segmented signal collectors was built to evaluate the imaging performance of the single-scan dual energy x-ray KCD system. Those front segments of the KCD collectors will produce a low energy signal and those rear segments will produce a high energy signal. The middle segments between the front and rear work as an inactive filter to increase the separation of mean energies absorbed in the front and rear segments. In this study, the segmented KCD output signals were measured and compared with the Monte Carlo simulated result. An optimal KCD collector configuration is gotten by mapping the low energy and high energy signal amplitude to the predetermined thickness of the lucite-aluminum wedge-phantom (0-228.6 mm lucite and 0-25.4 mm aluminum), and then performing error analysis between the calculated thickness and known thickness.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isolation and tentative identification of a new constituent of bourbon vanilla bean extract

Abstract Separation of a fragrant 5-piperidone compound, containing three methyl groups and also of methylbenzoate from bourbon vanilla bean extract was achieved by liquid chromatography and by gas-liquid partition chromatography, respectively.
Optimal Active Suspensions for 3D Vehicle Models

An analytical solution to the full-car, 3D optimal suspension design problem is developed by applying and extending the corresponding 2D approach. Various qualitative and quantitative implications of the solution are revealed and discussed, establishing a link with the previous ID, quarter-car, and 2D, half-car results.
Prenatal and postnatal exposure to diazepam: Effects on opioid receptor binding in rat brain cortex

Abstract The effects of chronic perinatal or postnatal administrations of diazepam on opiate receptor development in cerebral cortex and striatum were studied at two different post-treatment ages, using tritiated ehtylketocyclazocine, the prototypic κ-opiate, for measurements of opiate binding site ontogeny. Prenatal plus postnatal exposure to diazepam markedly decreased the total number of binding sites for [ 3 H]ethylketocyclazocine in the rat cerebral cortex and striatum at 14 days of age. Postnatal diazepam treatment alone did not alter [ 3 H]ethylketocyclazocine binding site development in cortex or striatum. These results suggest that development of opiate receptors in rat brain can be altered by prenatal exposure to diazepam.
Morphological and biochemical alterations of macrophages produced by a glycan, PSK

A glycan extracted from Coriolus versicolor (PSK, Krestin) which has antitumor and immunomodulator properties produced marked morphological and biochemical changes when added to cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The cells were more spread and elongated than in control cultures, and these changes were accompanied by alterations in the rate of protein and DNA synthesis. In PSK-treated murine peritoneal macrophages the rate of protein synthesis increased above the level seen in control cultures after two days and reached a level twenty-fold higher than control on day four; this elevated rate of protein synthesis was maintained throughout the seven-day observation period. DNA synthesis was induced after four days in the presence of PSK, and reached a level ten-fold higher than control baseline on day five. This induction of DNA synthesis, however, could not be attributed to a mitogenic activity on lymphocytes. The alterations caused by PSK in macrophage metabolism may be related to the immunomodulating and antitumor activities of PSK in vivo.
Pathological examination of 12 regional lymph nodes and long-term survival in stages I-III colon cancer patients: an analysis of 2,056 consecutive patients in two branches of same institution.

Purpose Pathologic examination of at least 12 lymph nodes (LNs) is widely accepted as a standard for colon cancer surgery. We sought to address its association with patient source, other clinicopathological factors, and survival by comparing information from two branches in a large single institution.
Decreased response with age of the cardiac catecholamine sensitive adenylate cyclase system

The cardiac beta-adrenergic coupled adenylate cyclase system was examined in young and old male Wistar rats. The concentration of binding sites for (-)3H-DHA in membranes prepared from cardiac ventricles was 21.1 +/- 2.78 (SD) fmoles/mg protein in 3-4 month old rats (young rats) and 31.2 +/- 2.20 fmoles/mg protein in 24 month old rats (old rats). The dissociation constant, KD was 4.3 +/- 1.8 nM and 6.7 +/- 1.7 nM for young and old rats, respectively. Various compounds were used to study the characteristics of activation of adenylate cyclase in homogenates from cardiac ventricles. Basal adenylate cyclase was reduced 30% in old animals compared to young (6.1 pmoles/min/mg protein in 24 month vs. 8.6 pmoles/min/mg protein in 3-4 month). (-)Isoproterenol (10(-5) M) alone stimulated adenylate cyclase greater than two-fold in young rats (10.6 pmoles/min/mg protein above basal) and this stimulation was 34% lower in old animals. GppNHp (100 microM), fluoride (10 mM), and forskolin (100 microM) activation of adenylate cyclase above basal was reduced 38, 37, and 34%, respectively, in the old animals. No significant changes between the two groups were noted in the apparent affinity of GppNHp either alone or in the presence of (-)isoproterenol nor in the affinities of catecholamine agonists for activation of cyclase. These results suggest a reduction in the amount of functional regulatory protein or possibly cyclase in 24 month old rat ventricular tissue compared to 3-4 month old tissue. However, this data does not rule out the possibility of altered molecular interactions of a full complement of regulatory protein(s) with beta-adrenergic receptor and/or catalytic adenylate cyclase.
Dose-dependent electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone in the immature canine heart☆

The electrophysiologic effects of incremental doses of intravenous amiodarone were studied in the intact neonatal canine heart and were compared with the responses observed in the adult. Seven neonatal puppies aged 5 to 14 days, and 6 adult dogs were studied. Assessment of sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodal function and atrial and ventricular refractory periods was performed using standard His bundle recording techniques and programmed extrastimulation before and after doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg of intravenous amiodarone. Amiodarone depressed sinus node cycle length, sinus node recovery time and AV nodal conduction in both groups. Atrial and ventricular refractory periods were also prolonged in a dose-dependent fashion in both the neonatal and adult dogs. Although similar responses to amiodarone were observed in both groups, the immature dogs were more sensitive to amiodarone in prolongation of atrial refractory periods and depression of sinus node recovery time. The neonatal group, however, demonstrated more resistance to amiodarone-induced depression of AV nodal conduction. Thus, intravenous amiodarone produces dose-dependent electrophysiologic changes in the neonate similar to those in the adult, although the significant differences in drug sensitivity may be clinically important.
Low-Power Switching of Phase-Change Materials with Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

Phase-change materials (PCMs) are promising candidates for nonvolatile data storage and reconfigurable electronics, but high programming currents have presented a challenge to realize low-power operation. We controlled PCM bits with single-wall and small-diameter multi-wall carbon nanotubes. This configuration achieves programming currents of 0.5 microampere (set) and 5 microamperes (reset), two orders of magnitude lower than present state-of-the-art devices. Pulsed measurements enable memory switching with very low energy consumption. Analysis of over 100 devices finds that the programming voltage and energy are highly scalable and could be below 1 volt and single femtojoules per bit, respectively.
Managment of Intraretinal Foreign Bodies

Abstract Closed posterior intraocular microsurgery with vitreous instruments and bimanual surgical techniques have markedly altered the management of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB). This paper presents an approach to 14 metallic intraretinal foreign bodies (IRFB) that could not be removed by conventional methods. In all cases, posterior vitrectomy was required to visualize the foreign body or to facilitate its removal through a pars plana incision with intraocular forceps under microscopic visualization. Although successful removal of the intraretinal foreign body was possible in all 14 patients, central visual acuity of 20/400 or better was obtainable in only 40% of this series., An important observation in these patients was a tendency to macular pucker from subsequent epiretinal membrane formation and retinal detachment with massive periretinal proliferation (MPP), which occurred in 90% of these eyes. Despite an obviously enhanced ability to remove foreign bodies from the retina, made possible by vitreous instruments and surgical techniques, the magnitude of the secondary complications in this variety of ocular trauma suggests a poor visual prognosis for such injuries.
X-ray crystal structure of tribenzylaluminum · diethyl etherate

Abstract The crystal structure of tribenzylaluminum · diethyl etherate has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21, with unit cell dimensions of a 8.106(1), b 15.098(2), c 10.037(1) A, β 111.02(1)°, V 1146.6(3) A3, and Z = 2. The final full matrix least-squares refinement on 1139 data gave RF 3.8 and R wF 5.2%. The compound is similar to other organoaluminum adducts yielding a four coordinate aluminum atom with average AlC distances of 1.986 and an AlO distance of 1.901(4) A which is significantly shorter than the AlO distance observed in other ether adducts. The average CAlC and CAlO angles are 113 and 106°, respectively.
Effects of quinidine on triacetin utilizing activity of pancreas.

SummaryPancreatic TUA is reversibly inhibited by quinidine and quinine. Quinidine inhibition can be reversed by triacetin to about 70%; however, protection by triacetin could not be demonstrated. Quinidine and related compounds are effective as inhibitors of pancreatic triacetin utilizing activity in the following order: quinine sulfate > quinidine sulfate; quinidine gluconate> quinidine sulfate. To the extent tested, the same relationship holds for wheat germ lipase using triacetin as substrate. In the wheat germ lipase system the Ki for quinidine sulfate = 1 × 103, and the Ki for quinine sulfate = 5.7 × 104. Heparin inhibits the pancreatic TUA in presence or absence of quinidine. Metals, such as Cu+2 and Mg−2 inhibit this system and Cu−2 increases quinidine inhibition but Mg−2 does not. Fe−3 does not inhibit the system or interfere with quinidine inhibition. EDTA inhibits this system by 70% at a level of 10−3M. This inhibition is partially reversed by Ca+2 ions which also markedly stimulate TUA activity...
Accelerated multidimensional NMR data acquisition by varying the pulse sequence repetition time.

Proposed is a simple method for shortening the data acquisition time in multidimensional NMR experiments based on variation of the repetition time (VRT). The repetition time is modulated (usually shortened) in concert with incrementing one or all of the evolution periods. The shortening of the data acquisition time is a consequence of accelerated pulsing. Initially, the pulsing is slow, and it is progressively accelerated toward the outskirts of the evolution domains. Pulsing modulation affects the longitudinal magnetization available for detection, causing line broadening during data acquisition, in complete analogy to filtering during data processing. In VRT, the only difference is that the filter is a function of longitudinal relaxation time. However, most often the resulting broadening is masked by the limited size of the evolution domain, so the overall effect of VRT is a slight reduction of the signal-to-noise ratio. The method is easy to implement in most multidimensional experiments since it only ...
Molecular simulation of the magnetite-water interface

This paper reports molecular dynamics simulations of the magnetite (001)-water interface, both in pure water and in the presence of a 2.3 molal solution of NaClO4. The simulations are carried out using a potential model designed to allow the protonation states of the surface functional groups to evolve dynamically through the molecular dynamics trajectory. The primary structural quantities investigated are the populations of the surface functional groups, the distribution of electrolyte in the solution, and the surface hydrogen bonding relationships. The surface protonation states are dominated by extensive hydrolysis of interfacial water molecules, giving rise to a dipolar surface dominated by FeOH2+-OH2-OH− arrangements. Triply coordinated, more deeply buried, surface sites are inert, probably due to the relative lack of solvent in their vicinity. The electrolyte distribution is oscillatory, arranging preferentially in layers defined by the solvating water molecules. The presence of electrolyte has a negligible effect on the protonation states of the surface functional groups. Steady-state behavior is obtained for the protonation states of the surface functional groups and hydrogen-bonding network. Although the overall structure of the electrolyte distribution is fairly well established, the electrolyte distribution has not fully equilibrated, as evidenced by the asymmetry in the distribution from the top to the bottom of the slab.
Emotion Concepts and Self-Focused Attention: Exploring Parallel Effects of Emotional States and Emotional Knowledge

Many experiments have found that emotional experience affects self-focused attention. Several approaches to cognition and emotion predict that conscious emotional experience may be unnecessary for this effect. To test this hypothesis, two experiments primed emotion concepts without affecting emotional experience. In Experiment 1, subliminal exposure to sad faces (relative to happy faces and neutral faces) increased self-focused attention but not subjectively experienced affect. In Experiment 2, a scrambled-sentences task that primed happy and sad emotion concepts increased self-focused attention relative to a neutral task. Thus, simply activating knowledge about emotions was sufficient to increase self-focused attention. The discussion considers implications for research on how emotional states affect self-awareness.
On nonuniqueness of solutions of the von Kármán equations

Abstract : A constructive method is used to study the nonuniqueness of solutions of a pair of non-linear partial differential equations (the von Karman equations) governing the deflections of a thin, flat, elastic plate that is clamped at the edges and subjected to combined normal and edge loading. In addition, although in general the solutions of the above problem are not unique, it is shown that, for sufficiently small normal and edge loading, uniqueness does prevail. (Author)
Remote non-linearity detection via burst power dithering and EM based SNR Estimation

A new approach to detect the onset of saturation (1dB output compression point) at remote terminals is proposed in this paper. The proposed approach dithers the transmit power of periodic ranging bursts by a known amount and then estimates the received difference in Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and uses this metric to indicate whether the operating point of the Power Amplifier is in the linear range or not. The Expectation-Maximization (EM) Algorithm is used to achieve the ML estimate of the received SNR and is compared to the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB). Application of this algorithm to a commercial satellite broadband system as well as simplifications to the algorithm to make it easier for implementation on FPGAs, are also discussed.
Rapid progression to regular cigarette smoking among nonsmoking adolescents: interactions with gender and ethnicity

Background While the correlates and predictors associated with transition through the stages of smoking acquisition have received substantial attention, the identification of factors associated with the time course of progression remain generally unexplored. Methods We identified adolescents escalating from nonsmoking to regular smoking in 1 year as rapid progressors (n = 98) and those escalating from nonsmoking to experimental smoking in 1 year as slow progressors (n = 555). We entered demographic and psychosocial variables, initial reactions to smoking variables, and their interactions with gender and ethnicity into a logistic regression analysis comparing rapid progressors to slow progressors. Results At baseline, rapid progressors reported more friends who smoked regularly. Girls who reported more concern with dieting and less social success were more likely to progress to regular smoking within 1 year; these variables did not influence progression in boys. Those who associated positive feelings with their initial smoking experience were more likely to progress to regular smoking. Differences between white and African American youth emphasize the importance of physiological interpretations of initial smoking experiences. Conclusions Our findings suggest that even as nonsmokers, adolescents likely to progress quickly to regular smoking can be identified. Researchers designing prevention programs should take these factors into account.
Studies on the function of intracellular ribonucleases. III. The relationship of the ribonuclease activity of rat liver microsomes to their biological activity.

Attempts have been made to prepare rat liver microsomes and ribosomes free of RNase activity. Washing of microsomes with a large number of reagents, as well as preparation of microsomes by homogenizing the liver in the presence of a variety of reagents chosen to remove or inhibit RNase activity, failed to abolish completely the enzyme activity. However, when rat liver was homogenized in the presence of optimal concentrations of ATP the microsomes subsequently obtained showed no RNase activity. The composition of such microsomes was compared to controls prepared without the use of ATP. Preparation of microsomes with the use of ATP apparently repressed but did not remove the RNase activity for, when such microsomes were treated with 1 per cent deoxycholate to obtain ribosomes, the latter exhibited normal RNase activity. A possible explanation for these results based on several experiments is given. The incorporation of C14 of L-leucine-C14 into control and ATP-treated microsomes was measured. Repression of RNase activity by use of ATP or with RNase inhibitor, significantly reduced the incorporation. As a result of these and other experiments it is tentatively concluded that an alkaline RNase is a normal constituent of rat liver ribosomes and plays a role in the biological activity of these particles.
The nonlinear energy method for mixed mode fracture

Abstract In a linear elastic analysis of mixed mode fracture problem, a general G-K relation has been obtained based upon the maximum energy release rate criterion. The expression of nonlinear energy release rate for specimen with an arbitrarily oriented crack subjected to biaxial loading has been formulated. The numerical results which indicate the biaxial effect are presented.
In the eye of the beholder.

If fees were charged for the sight of a rainbow, Cambridge University should receive a commission. Our understanding of the rainbow's mysteries came principally from the faculty of Cambridge, including professors Isaac Newton, Thomas Young, George Airy, Richard Potter, and Lord Rayleigh. Each of these men provided important steps towards our current understanding of the family of bows, which includes the rainbow as its most famous member. Early references to the rainbow are made in the Bible where it is written that Noah was given the rainbow as a gift and a covenant that the earth would never again be destroyed by water. Homer, in the Iliad , describes Iris as the goddess of the rainbow. Iris was regarded as a messenger, or bridge, between the gods, especially when they intended discord. The Greeks began the scientific investigation into the rainbow, and claim several important advances. Alexander of Aphrodisias was the first to document the dark strip between the two arcs of the double bow (visible on the cover), and the phenomenon bears his name today as Alexander's phenomenon. Aristotle, about ad 322, …
Peak-fitting analysis of cotton fiber powder X-ray diffraction spectra

The precision and accuracy of diffraction peak positions resolved from the powder X-ray diffraction spectra of cotton fibers by means of the residuals peak-fitting procedure of a commercial peak-fitting software package (PeakFit®) was investigated to explore the potential of such programs in providing reliable data that are not readily apparent in diffuse X-ray spectra. Each intensity spectrum was fitted by employing a Gaussian function as the peak profile. The precision of 15 pairs of the resolved diffraction peaks is 0.0017 mm; 9 of the 15 pairs fall into the 99% confidence interval. The precision in 2θ of four commonly identified peaks through four independent fittings is from 0.002 to 0.014°. The 2θ accuracy of the resolved peaks is good in comparison to data calculated for both the traditionally accepted and the more recently revised concepts of the cellulose I crystal structure. A peak resolved at about 15.3° may be attributed to the triclinic crystal structure component of cellulose I. Although distinct peaks are not readily apparent in the diffuse spectrum of cellulose, peak-fitting procedures may provide additional data for structure determination. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2019–2024, 2004
Selective Janus associated kinase 1 inhibition as a therapeutic target in myelofibrosis

Hyperactive Janus associated kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling has been shown to be integral to the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis (MF) regardless of the driver mutational status (JAK2V617F, JAK2 exon 12, MPL515L/K, CALR). Targeting of the JAK-STAT pathway has been the intense focus of therapeutic development and led to the approval of the JAK1/2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib. Despite the clear clinical success of ruxolitinib, dose limiting thrombocytopenia, treatment associated anemia and failure to effectively achieve bone marrow pathologic, cytogenetic and molecular remission remain shortcomings. JAK1 inhibition leads to depression in inflammatory cytokine expression associated with MF-related constitutional symptoms. The selective targeting of JAK1 may provide an opportunity to alleviate MF-related symptoms without anti-JAK2 therapy-related myelosuppression. Additionally, a JAK1 inhibitor may serve as an ideal candidate partner for combination therapeutic approaches in the treatment of MF. Current evaluation of selective JAK1 inhibition in MF will further clarify the relative contribution of aberrant JAK1 signaling to the pathogenesis of MF.
Temporal variability, sources, and sinks of C 1 -C 5 alkyl nitrates in coastal New England

Abstract. Seven C1-C5 alkyl nitrates were measured both on the mainland and off the coast of New Hampshire using gas chromatographic techniques. Five separate data sets are presented to characterize the seasonal and diurnal trends and the major sources and loss processes of these compounds. Based on in situ measurements conducted at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) Atmospheric Observing Station at Thompson Farm (TF) located in southeast NH during winter (January–February) 2002, summer (June–August) 2002, summer (July–August) 2004, and on daily canister samples collected at midday from January 2004–February 2008, the median total alkyl nitrate mixing ratio (ΣRONO2) was 23–25 pptv in winter and 14–16 pptv in summer. During summers 2002 and 2004, MeONO2 decreased overnight and reached minimum hourly average mixing ratios in the early morning. Comparison with wind speed and trace gas trends suggested that dry deposition contributed to the early morning MeONO2 minimum which is a previously unaccounted for removal mechanism. The mean dry deposition rate and velocity of MeONO2 was estimated to be −0.5 nmol m−2 hr−1 and 0.13 cm s−1, respectively. Results from ambient air and surface seawater measurements made onboard the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown in the Gulf of Maine during the 2002 New England Air Quality Study and from ambient canister samples collected throughout the Great Bay estuary in August 2003 are also presented. Comparisons between the alkyl nitrate trends with anthropogenic and marine tracers suggest that a marine source of alkyl nitrates is not significant in coastal New England. Given the apparent prominence of a secondary source, comparisons between observed and predicted alkyl nitrate/parent hydrocarbon ratios were made which demonstrated that background mixing ratios have a continuous and prevalent influence on the alkyl nitrate distribution.
Use of H2-Receptor Antagonists in Children

H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) have evolved into the mainstay of anti-acid therapy for pediatric patients, replacing antacids and other modes of therapy. Much of the experience and data used for therapeutic decisions in children, however, have been extrapolated from adult studies. Ranitidine and cimetidine have been studied most extensively in the adult and pediatric populations. Both raise gastric pH and achieve other therapeutic endpoints; however, cimetidine appears to have a greater frequency of both adversed effects and drug interactions. H2RAs are the preferred agents for prevention of stress ulcers, ulcer disease, and reflux esophagitis in the pediatric population.
Intact Purine Biosynthesis Pathways Are Required for Wild-Type Virulence of Brucella abortus 2308 in the BALB/c Mouse Model

Brucella abortus 2308 derivatives with mini-Tn5 insertions in purE, purL, and purD display significant attenuation in the BALB/c mouse model, while isogenic mutants with mini-Tn5 insertions in pheA, trpB, and dagA display little or no attenuation in cultured murine macrophages or mice. These experimental findings confirm the importance of the purine biosynthesis pathways for the survival and replication of the brucellae in host macrophages. In contrast to previous reports, however, these results indicate that exogenous tryptophan and phenylalanine are available for use by the brucellae in the phagosomal compartment.
Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (CQED)-Based Quantum LDPC Encoders and Decoders

Quantum information processing (QIP) relies on delicate superposition states that are sensitive to interactions with environment, resulting in errors. Moreover, the quantum gates are imperfect so that the use of quantum error correction coding (QECC) is essential to enable the fault-tolerant computing. The QECC is also important in quantum communication and teleportation applications. The most critical gate, i.e., the CNOT gate, has been implemented recently as a probabilistic device by using integrated optics. CNOT gates from linear optics provide only probabilistic outcomes and, as such, are not suitable for any meaningful quantum computation (on the order of thousand qubits and above). In this paper, we show that arbitrary set of universal quantum gates and gates from Clifford group, which are needed in QECC, can be implemented based on cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). Moreover, in CQED technology, the use of the controlled-Z gate instead of the CNOT gate is more appropriate. We then show that encoders/decoders for quantum low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes can be implemented based on Hadamard and controlled-Z gates only using CQED. We also discuss quantum dual-containing and entanglement-assisted codes and show that they can be related to combinatorial objects known as balanced incomplete block designs (BIBDs). In particular, a special class of BIBDs-Steiner triple systems (STSs)-yields to low-complexity quantum LDPC codes. Finally, we perform simulations and evaluate the performance of several classes of large-girth quantum LDPC codes suitable for implementation in CQED technology against that of lower girth entanglement-assisted codes and dual-containing quantum codes.
Malfeasance and Regaining Nursing’s Moral Voice and Integrity

This article discusses some of the most recent developments in US mental health services that follow on the heels of the for-profit hospital scandal that was brought to public attention less than a decade ago. As individuals and as a profession, nurses have a responsibility to uncover, openly discuss and condemn malfeasance when it occurs, yet there has been a collective silence about these developments. The authors explore the reasons for this and make recommendations for regaining nursing's moral voice and integrity.
Interactions Between Hepatitis C Virus and Mitochondria: Impact on Pathogenesis and Innate Immunity

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes a persistent chronic infection of hepatocytes resulting in progressive fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Abnormalities in mitochondria are prominent features of clinical disease where ultrastructural changes, alterations in electron transport, and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production occur. These mitochondrial abnormalities correlate with disease severity and resolve with viral eradication. Multiple viral proteins, particularly core and NS3/4a bind to mitochondria. The core and NS5a proteins primarily cause ER stress, ER Ca2+ release and enhance direct transfer of Ca2+ from ER to mitochondria. This results in electron transport changes, increased ROS production and sensitivity to mitochondrial permeability transition and cell death. The viral protease, NS3/4a, binds to mitochondria as well where it cleaves an important signaling adapter, MAVS, thus preventing viral clearance by endogenous interferon production. This review discusses the mechanisms by which HCV causes mitochondrial changes and consequences of these for disease.
Discriminative Gaussian Mixtures for Interactive Image Segmentation

Recently graph-cut optimization has been extensively explored for interactive image segmentation. In this paper we propose discriminative Gaussian mixtures (DGMs) to boost the performance of graph-cut-based segmentation. Given the user specified pixels, our algorithm analyzes their distributions in color, texture and spatial spaces and produces optimized Gaussian mixtures to set the data cost in the image graph, under the criteria of maximizing the discriminant power. We also show how to assemble novel training data to train DGMs for the link cost in the graph. Experimental results demonstrate that DGMs can noticeably improve the performance of graph-cut segmentation on texture-rich images.
Field evaluation of commercial pheromone formulations and traps using a more effective sex pheromone blend for the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

A four-component blend of the recently identified sex pheromone for the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was formulated in different commercial dispensing systems (rubber septa, microtubules, polyvials, plastic laminates) and fieldtested against wild moths at Gainesville, Fla., and in Guadeloupe, French West Indies. A pheromone blend that consisted of (percentage by weight) (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol acetate (Z7-12:AC), (0.45%), (Z)-9-dodecen-l-ol acetate (0.25%), (Z)-9-tetradecen-l-ol acetate (Z9-14:AC) (81.61%), and (Z)-ll-hexadecen-l-ol acetate (17.69%) was highly effective as a lure for the FAW when formulated at 2 mg total pheromone blend in rubber septa, polyvials, or microtubules. Rubber septa dispensers that contained the four-component pheromone blend (2 mg) remained highly attractive to male FAW for up to 2 weeks in the field. The Hartstack 75–50 cm screenwire cone trap and the International Pheromones (IP) moth trap were both effective tools for capturing large numbers of FAW males. The IP moth trap baited with the four-component pheromone blend (2 mg) on rubber septa dispensers has been used to capture FAW moths over a wide geographic area ranging from French Guiana to Canada, thus demonstrating the usefulness of this combination for survey purposes. A two-component pheromone blend consisting (percentage by weight) of 0.58% Z7-12: AC and 99.42% Z9-14: AC on rubber septa dispensers (2 mg total blend) also was highly effective as a lure for FAW males. Although it was not tested over the same range as the four-component blend, data presented here and elsewhere suggest that the two-component blend could be substituted for the four-component pheromone blend for survey purposes.
An immersed interface method for simulating the interaction of a fluid with moving boundaries

In the immersed interface method, boundaries are represented as singular force in the Navier-Stokes equations, which enters a numerical scheme as jump conditions. Recently, we systematically derived all the necessary spatial and temporal jump conditions for simulating incompressible viscous flows subject to moving boundaries in 3D with second-order spatial and temporal accuracy near the boundaries [Sheng Xu, Z. Jane Wang, Systematic derivation of jump conditions for the immersed interface method in three-dimensional flow simulation, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 2006, in press]. In this paper we implement the immersed interface method to incorporate these jump conditions in a 2D numerical scheme. We study the accuracy, efficiency and robustness of our method by simulating Taylor-Couette flow, flow induced by a relaxing balloon, flow past single and multiple cylinders, and flow around a flapping wing. Our results show that: (1) our code has second-order accuracy in the infinity norm for both the velocity and the pressure; (2) the addition of an object introduces relatively insignificant computational cost; (3) the method is equally effective in computing flow subject to boundaries with prescribed force or boundaries with prescribed motion.
RF transmission-line methods for in-service probing of concentric neutral wires in underground power distribution cables

Failure of concentric neutral (CN) wires in an underground power distribution cable can drastically reduce its useful life. New on-line approaches are needed to assess the deterioration of the CNs and to prevent unscheduled service disruptions. In this paper, we present new methods for probing the integrity of CN wires in underground power distribution cables using RF-waves. The primary advantage of our techniques compared to traditional CN diagnostics is the easy of applying our methods to energized underground power distribution cables. This paper briefly describes two methods for transmitting RF-waves through underground cables: a surface RF-wave, also called the Goubau Wave (GW), guided by all the CNs within the cable, and an RF-wave coupled to a two-wire transmission line composed of adjacent CNs. We focus on the use of GW to probe for CN degradation, due to good coupling of the wave to the underground cable, We show experimental results demonstrating the change in the signature of the transmitted GW signal through a section of degraded (broken) CNs.