cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opinion: Stomatal responses to light and CO2 depend on the mesophyll

The mechanisms by which stomata respond to red light and CO(2) are unknown, but much of the current literature assumes that these mechanisms reside wholly within the guard cells. However, responses of guard cells in isolated epidermes are typically much smaller than those in leaves, and there are several lines of evidence in the literature suggesting that the mesophyll is necessary for these responses in leaves. This paper advances the opinion that although guard cells may have small direct responses to red light and CO(2), most of the stomatal response to these factors in leaves is caused by an unknown signal that originates in the mesophyll.
Rotationally invariant correlation filtering for multiple images

A method is presented for designing translation-invariant optical correlation filters that have a specified rotational response for each of several input images. The correlation filter is postulated to have the form of an infinite linear combination of the angular Fourier harmonics of the input images. The corresponding response of the optical system to rotations of the multiple input images is described by a vector–matrix convolution equation. The solution of this equation for the unknown correlation filter is presented in terms of Fourier series. Use of one term in the Fourier series gives the multiple circular-harmonic filter that provides a specified rotationally invariant response for each of the multiple input images. Applications to rotationally invariant discrimination are described, and examples are given.
Characterization of three Aroclor mixtures using a new cyanobiphenyl stationary phase

The retention characteristics of all 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were determined on a new p,p-cyanobiphenyl stationary phase using gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Response factors were determined relative to decachlorobiphenyl, PCB 209. Several congeners that coelute on the phases routinely used for PCB analysis are separated on this phase, including the hexachlorobiphenyls 138, 163, and 164. The p,p-cyanobiphenyl stationary phase exhibits altered retention for planar congeners, such that the toxic coplanar PCBs 77, 126, and 169 are eluted free from interference. Of the 209 congeners, 61 were separated using the p,p-cyanobiphenyl phase in conjunction with GC-ECD. When analyzed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection (GC-MSD), the number of congeners determined increased to 133. Therefore GC-MSD was used with the p,p-cyanobiphenyl phase to characterize three PCB mixtures: Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260.
LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN THE LAKE SIMCOE-COUCHICHING BASIN, 1800–1983

Census data and Trimble's erosive land use (ELU) index are used to document changes in agricultural land use and potential erosion in the Lake Simcoe—Couchiching Basin during the past two centuries. The ELU index is represented by the cover-management factor in the universal soil loss equation and takes values between 0 (no erosion) and 1.0 (accelerated erosion). Basin-wide farmland ELU scores increased prior to 1901 due to intensification of agriculture, fell between 1911 and 1961 as yields and areas under grass increased, and then increased again from 1961 onward due to expansion in corn hectarage. The 0.152 index computed in 1981 is almost as large as the largest index (0.154)computed in 1891 and illustrates the huge environmental changes in the basin since early settlement without the beginnings of a permanent and more viable system of land use. Les changements d'utilisation des sols survenus au cours des deux derniers siecles dans le bassin du Lac Simco-Couchiching de meme que I'erodibilite de ces sols, font I'objet d'une evaluation a I'aide des donnees de re-censements et de I'indice d'erosion particulier aux dif-ferentes utilisation du sol (indice de Trimble). Le facteur de gestion de la couverture dans l'equation universelle de la partie de sol figure dans cet indice dont la valeur se range entre 0 (absence d'erosion) et 1.0 (erosion en acceleration). Les scores pour les terres agricoles a I'ehelle du bassin ont augmente avant 1901 quand l'agriculture s'est intensifiee, puis ont chute entre 1911 et 1961 a mesure que les rendements et les superficies herbacees augmentaient, et enfin ont de nouveau re-monte depuis 1961 a la suite de l'expansion des superficies plantees en mais. L'indice obtenu pour 1981 (0.1521 est presque aussi eleve que I'indice le plus fort atteinten 1891 (0.154). ll demontre les changements considerables survenus dans I'environnement du bassin depuis le tout debut de son peuplement, alors qu'aucun systeme d'utilisation des sols permanent et plus viable n'a encore pu emerger.
The generalized lambda distribution as a survival model: The generalized single hit model

Abstract The generalized single hit (GSH) distribution has been proposed as a survival distribution for modeling populations with decreasing hazard. This distribution is a member of Turner and Pruitt's [15] generic family of survival distributions. The equivalence of the GSH distribution and a member of the generalized Tukey's lambda distribution is demonstrated. In addition, the GSH is shown to be equivalent to other known distributions, such as Hjorth's IDB and Pearson's type VIII. The GSH is the result of compounding a gamma prior distribution on exponential failure times. Thus, from a modeling viewpoint, the GSH can be used when it is assumed that the population with decreasing hazard is made up of individuals with constant hazards. An example is presented fitting the GSH distribution to censored data by the method of maximum likelihood.
Some properties of ceruloplasmin from patients with Wilson's disease☆

Abstract A wide range of ceruloplasmin concentrations was found in the sera of patients with Wilson's disease. Such sera and those of normal individuals contain small but relatively constant amounts of a colorless protein which possesses some of the properties of apoceruloplasmin. The variations in serum ceruloplasmin concentrations in patients with Wilson's disease are related primarily to the levels of the blue form of this protein. Physical, chemical and immunological measurements on ceruloplasmin isolated from the sera of these patients did not reveal differences from the protein of normal individuals.
Quantitative analysis of tryptophan modified by 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl reagents after hydrolysis with p-toluenesulfonic acid.

Abstract We wish to report that tryptophan modified with dimethyl (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-sulfonium bromide is stable to conditions of acid hydrolysis with 3 N p-toluenesulfonic acid. This technique of hydrolysis can thus be applied to quantitatively determine the number of tryptophans modified by 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide or dimethyl (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-sulfonium bromide, reagents which selectively modify tryptophan. When hen lysozyme is treated with a 6 molar excess of dimethyl (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-sulfonium bromide at pH 6.0, approximately 1.1 tryptophan residues are modified with complete loss of enzymatic activity.
CD44 Is Not Required for Poliovirus Replication in Cultured Cells and Does Not Limit Replication in Monocytes

Although poliovirus receptor is required to mediate poliovirus infection, its role in mediating the tissue specificity of poliovirus replication in natural infections remains unclear due to the presence of this receptor in nonsusceptible cells. It has been hypothesized that CD44 has a role in determining the susceptibility of cell to poliovirus. To test this hypothesis, we determined whether HepG2, a cultured cell line that lacks cell surface CD44, can support poliovirus replication. We found that PV(1) Mahoney, PV(2)W2, and PV(3)Leon strains of poliovirus can replicate in HepG2 cells. Jurkat cells, which also lack CD44, support PV replication. These results suggest that CD44 is not required for poliovirus replication in cultured cells. To examine this question further expression of CD44 in primary human monocytes was examined. Greater than 90% of monocytes express the poliovirus receptor but only 6% of these cells are susceptible to poliovirus infection, making this a good system to study blocks to poliovirus replication. 97% of primary human monocytes reacted with a monoclonal antibody against CD44 that has been shown to block poliovirus binding and replication. This finding suggests that CD44 is present on more cells that poliovirus infects, making CD44 unlikely to be the factor limiting poliovirus replication in human tissues.
Design and Testing of a Low-power Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges

This paper describes the design and testing of a wireless sensor network based on the SmartBrick, a low-power SHM device developed by the authors. The SmartBrick serves as the base station for the network, which utilizes additional sensor nodes to periodically evaluate the condition of the structure. Each node measures vibration, tilt, humidity, and strain, and is designed for easy interfacing of virtually any other analog or digital sensor. The sensor nodes use Zigbee to transmit their data to the base station, which in turn uses the GSM cellular phone network to provide long-range communication and support for remote control. The system has been designed from the outset to minimize power consumption, and is projected to operate autonomously for up to four years without any on-site maintenance, due largely to the minimal power consumption and rugged design. Remote calibration over the GSM network further increases the autonomy of the system. Most importantly, it can perform all requisite actions with no cables for power or communication. The focus of this paper is the addition of short-range wireless communication over Zigbee. This allows a network of several devices to be used to monitor larger structures, such as multi-span bridges. Results of laboratory testing are included and discussed in detail, demonstrating the unique capabilities of the proposed SHM system.
Coal Mine Ground Control--The Effect of Geology: ABSTRACT

The stability of an underground coal mine is highly influenced by the regional and local geologic conditions. Certain geologic features have an effect on roof and floor stability. A method of engineering geological data collection involves engineering geological mapping, diamond-core drilling, geotechnical logging, borescope observations, integral sampling of floor strata, and in-situ stress measurements. Individual aspects of the method were developed and tested during the course of field investigations at three Pennsylvania and West Virginia coal mines. The field investigations were supplemented with laboratory testing of rock and coal specimens and regional geologic studies involving lineament and hazard analyses. The method of engineering geological data collection wa found to be effective for quantifying geologic conditions in parameters directly applicable to engineering design. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1458------------
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems: CCXXXVI—corrected electron-impact-induced migratory aptitudes in aryl phenyl carbonates†‡

Corrected relative migratory aptitudes for aryl groups in the electron-impact-induced rearrangement of aryl phenyl carbonates have been determined.
Brain-based individual differences in online L2 grammatical comprehension ∗

Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we investigated the impact of a range of individual difference measures related to L2 learning on proficient L1 Spanish - L2 English bilinguals' brain responses during L2 morphosyntactic processing. Although grand mean ERP analyses revealed a biphasic N400-P600 response to English subject-verb agreement violations, subsequent analyses showed that participants' brain responses varied along a continuum between N400- and P600-dominance. To investigate this pattern, we introduce two novel ERP measures that independently quantify relative brain response type and overall magnitude. Multivariate analyses revealed that larger overall brain responses were associated with higher L2 proficiency, while relative brain response type (N400 or P600) was predicted by a coalition of variables, most notably learners' motivation and age of arrival in an L2 environment. Our findings show that aspects of a learner's background can differentially impact a learner's overall sensitivity to L2 morphosyntax and qualitative use of linguistic cues during processing.
Selective tolerance to discriminative stimulus effects of morphine or d-amphetamine.

Pharmacological selectivity of tolerance to the discriminative stimulus effects of morphine or d amphetamine was examined in pigeons trained to discriminate among 3.2mg/kg morphine, saline, and 1.8mg/kg d-amphetamine under a 3-key fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food delivery. Cumulative doses of morphine (0.32-10mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (0.10-3.2mg/kg) evoked morphine-or d-amphetamine-key responding, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. Suspending training and administering repeated doses of morphine (32mg/kg b.i.d.) for 1 week increased the dose of morphine required for morphine-key responding approximately 5-fold, without altering sensitivity to d-amphetamine. Conversely, repeated treatment with d-amphetamine (5.6mg/kg b.i.d.) increased the dose of d-amphetamine required for d-amphetamine-key responding approximately 7-fold, without decreasing sensitivity to morphine. Repeated treatment with saline (1ml/kg b.i.d.) for 1 or 2 weeks did not alter sensitivity to stimulus effects of either morphine or d-amphetamine. Sensitivity to stimulus effects of morphine recovered fully within 1 week after morphine treatment ended; sensitivity to stimulus effects of d-amphetamine recovered partially within 3 days after d-amphetamine treatment ended. For morphine, but not for d-amphetamine, increases in the dose required for stimulus effects were accompanied by increases in the dose required for rate-reducing effects. These results demonstrate that tolerance to discriminative stimulus effects of morphine and d-amphetamine is pharmacologically selective and suggest that pharmacotherapies targeted to one drug of abuse may produce little change in sensitivity to subjective effects of drugs from a different pharmacological class.
Rotor Dynamic Analysis Requirements in API Standards With Case Studies

This paper briefly describes the rotor dynamic analysis requirements in the API standards for process centrifugal compressors, induction motors and gearboxes. The paper also presents an example for each equipment type where the dynamic analysis performed by the manufacturer during the design stage in accordance with these standards identified critical aspects that were concerning to the purchase. The paper also highlights the measures taken to alleviate the purchaser’s concerns, the vibration behavior of these machines after commissioning and some lessons learned from these cases. The first case is for a 4,744 kW (6,400 HP) centrifugal gas compressor running at 11,889 rpm. The dynamic analysis shows that the compressor will run above its fist critical speed estimated at 5,400 rpm and below its second critical speed estimated at 20,600 rpm that is 16% less than the second multiple of the running speed. The analysis also shows that the second mode is lightly damped with an amplification factor equal to 116. The second case is for a 2,984 kW (4000 HP) induction motor running at 3,600 rpm. The dynamic analysis shows that the motor will run at almost twice its first critical speed. The first critical speed is estimated at 1,750 rpm with high amplification factor equal to 99. Also, the second critical speed is estimated at 7,400 rpm which is less than 5% from twice the line frequency and the second multiple of the running speed. The third case is for a 4,744 kW (6,400 HP) helical gearbox. The dynamic analysis shows the existence of a critical speed for the gear wheel rotor that coincides with the pinion rotor running speed at 50%–100% load range.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A performance limit for a finite-settling-time system using a look-ahead control

A performance limit is presented for a system designed to have finite-settling-time while using look-ahead control, under the design requirement that sampled output track both step inputs and ramp inputs with zero error in finite time. This performance limit clarifies the relationship between the least amount of overshoot attainable, the settling-time, the look-ahead horizon, and the time delay of the plant. The optimum design of a preview-controlled finite-settling-time system is discussed. >
Target and nontarget discrimination of herbicides applied to vegetation in a power-line corridor

We tested two cutting regimens (cut/spray and cut/delay spray) and four radiarc-applied herbicides (Garlon + Tordon, Accord, Accord + Escort, and Krenite) in an Ohio power-line corridor to determine which management combination best eliminated target species (i.e., trees) and preserved nontarget species (i.e., low shrubs, vines, perennial herbs, and grasses).
From Persistence to Pursuit: A Longitudinal Examination of Momentum During the Early Stages of Strategic Change

This study moves beyond the dominant "strategic persistence" view of momentum toward one focused on the energy associated with pursuit of a change goal. A conceptual distinction is made between inertia, the momentum associated with strategic persistence, and the momentum of strategic change. Building on this distinction, a theoretical framework is developed that examines the influence of various change-related events and social processes on momentum during the early stages of organizational change. The research reported in this manuscript was conducted over a 10-month period in an organization attempting to change its culture, employing both qualitative and longitudinal quantitative methods. This study provides validity evidence for the proposed momentum construct and identifies various factors that predict momentum. Results support a spiraling relationship between momentum and goal attainment, such that momentum predicts progress toward goal attainment, which then influences subsequent momentum. Practical implications and directions for future research are provided based on these findings.
Thyroid function in adult rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa): Effects of hypophysectomy and hormone replacement

This study examines the regulation of thyroid activity in adult rough-skinned newts, Taricha granulosa. Aquatic, breeding-condition newts were hypophysectomized and were injected for 23 days with the mammalian adenohypophysial hormones: ACTH, PRL, and GH. During a fourth week of treatment, these newts also received TSH. Plasma T4 concentrations were lower in hypophysectomized newts than in sham-hypophysectomized newts 23 days after surgery. Both ACTH and PRL increased T4 titers above these in saline-injected control newts; GH alone had no effect. TSH effectively increased the plasma T4 concentrations in newts from all five groups. GH, and possibly PRL, depressed the response to TSH. Plasma T4 concentration was positively correlated with body fluid loss, suggesting that hormone concentration/dilution effects may occur generally in animals such as these that undergo substantial seasonal changes in degree of hydration.
Effect of cyclophosphamide upon the immune response in Wegener's granulomatosis.

Abstract Nine patients with Wegener's granulomatosis were studied before and after treatment with cyclophosphamide alone. The study was undertaken to determine any immunologic abnormalities associated with the disease, to observe the effect of cyclophosphamide on the clinical course, as well as on the immune response in man, and to observe any correlation between clinical response and immunosuppression. Untreated patients had elevated mean serum IgA levels of 470 as compared with 200 mg per 100 ml in normal controls and elevated mean parotid-fluid secretory IgA levels of 4.7 as compared with 1.8 mg per 100 ml in normal controls. Seven of nine patients receiving cyclophosphamide had undetectable humoral and delayed hypersensitivity responses to a new antigenic stimulus, and five of the seven retained previously established delayed hypersensitivity. A favorable clinical response to cyclophosphamide and immunosuppression appeared to be correlated.
Topological dynamics of ordinary differential equations and kurzweil equations

is to consider limit points (when 1 t 1 + co) of the translatesf, , wheref,(x, s) = f(~, t + s). A limit point defines a limiting equation and there is a tight relationship between the behavior of solutions of the original equation and of the limiting equations (see [l&13]). I n order to carry out this construction one has to specify the meaning of the convergence of ft , and this convergence has to have certain properties which we shall discuss later. In this paper we shall encounter a phenomenon which seems to be new in the context of applications of topological dynamics. The limiting equations will not be ordinary differential equations. We shall work under assumptions that do not guarantee that the space of ordinary equations is complete and we shall have to consider a completion of the space. Almost two decades ago Kurzweil [3] introduced what he called generalized ordinary differential equations and what we call Kurzweil equations. We shall see that if we embed our ordinary equations in a space of Kurzweil equations we get a complete and compact space, and the techniques of topological dynamics can be applied. Kurzweil has developed his theory to a great extent (see [3-71) and much more than we need here. Our assumptions (although not strictly included in [3-71) yield relatively simple proofs of the fundamental theory. Trying to present a self-contained paper, we shall give the basic definitions and properties of Kurzweil equations and in the Appendix present proofs of the basic existence uniqueness and continuous dependence results.
The optical design for microlithographic lenses

The evolution of the microlithographic lens is described based on an analysis of main features of the lenses in each generation. Even current lenses, comprising more than 20 elements, can be understandable through the analysis.
Air-Standard Aerothermodynamic Analysis of Gas Turbine Engines With Wave Rotor Combustion

The wave rotor combustor can significantly improve gas turbine engine performance by implementing constant-volume combustion. The periodically open and closed combustor complicates thermodynamic analysis, and key cycle parameters depend on complex gas dynamics. In this study, a consistent air-standard aerothermodynamic model with variable specific heat is established. An algebraic model of the dominant gas dynamics estimates fill fraction and internal wave compression for typical port designs, using a relevant flow Mach number to represent wave amplitudes of compression and expansion. Nonlinear equations for thermodynamic state variables are solved numerically by Newton-Raphson iteration. Performance measures and key operating conditions are predicted, and a quasi-one-dimensional computational model is used to evaluate the usefulness of the algebraic model.© 2009 ASME
The Role of Lymphstasis in Atherogenesis

The cardiac lymphatics are responsible for the transport of all the lipoproteins and cholesterol from the extravascular myocardial tissue, although little is known about the filtration and lymphatic clearance of the coronary artery wall. It is postulated that a critical factor in the genesis of arteriosclerosis is lymphstasis, which adequately explains the positive correlation with the known risk factors for coronary artery disease and the negative correlation with high-density lipoproteins. Further research is necessary in this little-known area to better understand the etiology of atherosclerosis.
Liquid hydrogen condenser and current lead designs for liquid hydrogen critical current measurements of superconductors

Abstract This paper describes two key elements required in liquid hydrogen critical current measurements of superconductors: first, a technique to produce small quantities of liquid hydrogen and second, the design criteria for current leads.
Leibniz's Mill Arguments Against Materialism

Leibniz's mill argument in ‘Monadology’ 17 is a well-known but puzzling argument against materialism about the mind. I approach the mill argument by considering other places where Leibniz gave similar arguments, using the same example of the machinery of a mill and reaching the same anti-materialist conclusion. In a 1702 letter to Bayle, Leibniz gave a mill argument that moves from his definition of perception (as the expression of a multitude by a simple) to the anti-materialist conclusion. Soon afterwards, in the Preface to the New Essays, Leibniz gave a different mill argument. That argument depends upon there being no arbitrary and inexplicable connections in nature, because God would not create such things. Later, in the ‘Monadology’, Leibniz again used the mill example in arguing against materialism. That passage too, I argue, uses an argument from inexplicability rather than from Leibniz's definition of perception.
Glucocorticoid Regulation of Rat Whey Acidic Protein Gene Expression Involves Hormone- Induced Alterations of Chromatin Structure in the Distal Promoter Region

Milk protein gene expression is regulated by the synergistic interactions of several lactogenic hormones, including insulin, PRL, and glucocorticoids. Whey acidic protein (WAP) gene expression is highly dependent on glucocorticoids, and to a lesser extent than casein gene expression, on the presence of PRL. Previous studies have demonstrated that a distal DNase I hypersensitive site in the rat WAP gene 5'-flanking region containing several binding sites for nuclear factor I is required for high level WAP gene expression in transgenic mice. In this study several specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding sites were identified flanking these nuclear factor I sites using an in vitro DNase I footprinting assay with baculovirus-expressed GR. These sites were able to confer dexamethasone inducibility to a heterologous thymidine kinase-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene construct in transient cotransfection experiments with GR in CV1 cells. Administration of dexamethasone to adrenal-ectomized mice carrying the +2020 rat WAP transgene during lactation demonstrated that glucocorticoids are required to maintain transgene expression in the mammary gland. Furthermore, glucocorticoid-induced changes in transgene expression were correlated with the appearance of DNase I hypersensitive sites. These results indicate that at least part of glucocorticoid regulation of WAP gene expression is mediated through the direct interaction of GR with glucocorticoid response elements in the distal promoter region resulting in steroid hormone-dependent alterations in chromatin structure.
Efficient ZMP Formulation and Effective Whole-Body Motion Generation for a Human-Like Mechanism

An approach of generating dynamic biped motions of a human-like mechanism is proposed. An alternative and efficient formulation of the Zero-Moment Point for dynamic balance and the approximated ground reaction forces/moments are derived from the resultant reaction loads, which includes the gravity, the externally applied loads, and the inertia. The optimization problem is formulated to address the redundancy of the human task, where the general biped and task-specific constraints are imposed depending on the task requirements. The proposed method is fully predictive and generates physically feasible human-like motions from scratch; it does not require any input reference from motion capture or animation. The resulting generated motions demonstrate how a human-like mechanism reacts effectively to different external load conditions in performing a given task by showing realistic features of cause and effect. In addition, the energy-optimality of the upright standing posture is numerically verified among infinite feasible static biped postures without self contact. The proposed formulation is beneficial to motion planning, control, and physics-based simulation of humanoids and human models.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
VARIABLE DOMINANCE IN POND COMMUNITIES: ASSESSING SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATION IN COMPETITION AND PREDATION INTENSITY

Historically, fish predation has been viewed as a primary determinant of zooplankton community size structure and variable dominance by large-bodied Daphnia species. However, recent models have emphasized the relative carbon, nitrogen, and phos- phorus content of algae as a potential determinant of these patterns. In this research, I utilized five fishless ponds that varied inDaphnia pulex relative abundance and patterns of seasonal succession to explore the factors influencing Daphnia population performance in these systems. D. pulex population growth rates were measured in three treatments: (1) predators/competitors excluded, (2) competitors present and predators excluded, and (3) competitors and the predator Chaoborus present. The experiment was conducted twice in the growing season. In contrast to the top-down view, effects of competition outweighed effects of predation but were variable among ponds (being strongest in those ponds/times in which Daphnia relative abundance was low, and weakest when Daphnia were dominant). Competitor interaction strength was also temporally variable, increasing later in the season. Several potential determinants (biotic and abiotic) of variable competition intensity were explored using regressions. Only the C:P ratio of edible algae showed a significant rela- tionship; negative effects of competition increased as algae became more phosphorus lim- ited, in keeping with recent stoichiometric models. However, significant collinearities in several biotic/abiotic variables among ponds suggest that this interpretation may not be the only explanation for variable competition intensity.
Diarrhea associated with Cyanobacterialike bodies in an immunocompetent host. An unusual epidemiological source.

Objective. —To describe a patient who developed diarrhea secondary to Cyanobacterialike bodies (CLBs) after exposure to contaminated water in his home. Design. —Case report. Setting. —General community. Patient. —Healthy, elderly man. Intervention. —None, self-limited illness. Results. —The patient's clinical course was consistent with illness caused by CLBs. Cyanobacterialike bodies were recovered from the patient's stool sample and the contaminated water to which he was exposed. Conclusion. —Internists and laboratory technicians should be aware of CLBs as a cause of protracted diarrhea in the community. ( JAMA . 1994;271:144-145)
Wafer Probing Simulation for Copper Bond Pad Based BPOA Structure

The bond pad metallization in the bond pad over active (BPOA) structure as well as interconnection lines in the device are shifting from aluminum to copper in recent years, because copper has better mechanical property and improved electrical conductivity compared with Al. In order to prevent copper oxidization, two extra thin layers of Ni and Au are added above the copper pad. With this structure, reliable wire bonding can be formed. On the other hand, in order to further reduce the die size and fully utilize the space below bond pads, a layout technology, termed bond pad over active (BPOA), is developed. The BPOA structure may induce some reliability concern that the wire bonding stress and probing stress may cause failures in the underlying devices. In wafer probing test, both electrical and mechanical contacts are made between the probe tip and the bond pad. This may impact the structures below the bond pad, such as dielectric layers and active devices. It may induce very high stress in dielectric and passivation layers since the contact area of probe tip is very small. In this paper, the impact of passivation thickness, and bond pad metal layer thickness is investigated, as well as the probe tip shape and friction between the probe and bond pad by the finite element simulations. Simulation results show that the trends of different parameters impact on 2-D results match well with the 3-D results.
Steam activation of chars produced from oat hulls and corn stover

Oat hulls and corn stover were used to produce chars at approximately 500 degrees C. The carbon concentrations of oat hull char and corn stover chars produced were 72.3 and 68.0 wt.%, respectively. Both activation burn-off and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area appear to exhibit a linear relationship with respect to activation time of oat hulls. As to corn stover activated carbons, there is no linear relationship between activation time and BET surface area. However, activation burn-off of and activation time appear to relate in a linear manner for the activated carbons produced from corn stover chars. Oat hull is better than corn stover as a raw material for the production of activated carbon.
Extracellular Release of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked Leishmania Surface Metalloprotease, gp63, Is Independent of GPI Phospholipolysis IMPLICATIONS FOR PARASITE VIRULENCE

The major zinc metalloprotease of Leishmania (gp63), an important determinant of parasite virulence, is attached to the parasite surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Here we report the spontaneous release of proteolytically active gp63 from a number of Leishmania isolates, causing cutaneous and visceral disease. To investigate the mechanism(s) of gp63 release, we transfected a gp63-deficient variant of Leishmania amazonensis with constructs expressing gp63 and various mutants thereof. Surprisingly, approximately half of wild type gp63 was found in the culture supernatant 12 h post-synthesis. Biochemical analysis of the extracellular gp63 revealed two forms of the protein, one that is released from the cell surface, and another, that apparently is directly secreted. Release of cell surface gp63 was significantly reduced when the proteolytic activity of the protein was inactivated by site-specific mutagenesis or inhibited by zinc chelation, suggesting that release involves autoproteolysis. The extracellular gp63 does not contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol moiety or ethanolamine, indicating that phospholipolysis is not involved in the release process. Release of gp63 is also independent of glycosylation. The finding of proteolytically active, extracellular gp63 produced by multiple Leishmania isolates suggests a potential role of the extracellular enzyme in substrate degradation relevant to their survival in both the mammalian host and the insect vector.
Marketing Efforts of Bed and Breakfast Operations: Do They Influence Success?

Abstract One hundred and twenty-three usable questionnaires returned from Virginia Bed and Breakfast operators were analyzed for current marketing techniques and conditions. The findings indicated the value of location of the operation, the use of brochures and guidebooks in advertising, as well as the importance of word-of-mouth in marketing.
Kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural insight into the mechanism of phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase (PPAT) catalyzes the penultimate step in the coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic pathway, reversibly transferring an adenylyl group from ATP to 4'-phosphopantetheine (PhP) to form dephosphocoenzyme A. This reaction sits at the branch point between the de novo pathway and the salvage pathway, and has been shown to be a rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of CoA. Importantly, bacterial and mammalian PPATs share little sequence homology, making the enzyme a potential target for antibiotic development. A series of steady-state kinetic, product inhibition, and direct binding studies with Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPAT (MtPPAT) was conducted and suggests that the enzyme utilizes a nonrapid-equilibrium random bi-bi mechanism. The kinetic response of MtPPAT to the binding of ATP was observed to be sigmoidal under fixed PhP concentrations, but substrate inhibition was observed at high PhP concentrations under subsaturating ATP concentrations, suggesting a preferred pathway to ternary complex formation. Negative cooperativity in the kinetic response of MtPPAT to PhP binding was observed under certain conditions and confirmed thermodynamically by isothermal titration calorimetry, suggesting the formation of an asymmetric quaternary structure during sequential ligation of substrates. Asymmetry in binding was also observed in isothermal titration calorimetry experiments with dephosphocoenzyme A and CoA. X-ray structures of MtPPAT in complex with PhP and the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue adenosine-5'-[(α,β)-methyleno]triphosphate were solved to 1.57 A and 2.68 A, respectively. These crystal structures reveal small conformational changes in enzyme structure upon ligand binding, which may play a role in the nonrapid-equilibrium mechanism. We suggest that the proposed kinetic mechanism and asymmetric character in MtPPAT ligand binding may provide a means of reaction and pathway regulation in addition to that of the previously determined CoA feedback.
Immunologic sex differences and the female predominance in systemic lupus erythematosus

The female predominance in many rheumatic disorders, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus, suggests that immunologic sex differences may modify susceptibility to disease. Clinical and experimental data indicate heightened humoral immunity and depressed cellular immunity in females compared with males. These differences appear to be mediated by sex hormones.
Dynamics of a one-dimensional model and a three-dimensional hydrogen atom in an intense high-frequency short-pulse laser.

We present nonperturbative calculations of ionizing and trapping probabilities for a one-dimensional model and a three-dimensional hydrogen atom in an intense high-frequency Gaussian-pulsed laser field. Investigating the dynamics of the ionization process (for one- and two-photon ionization), we find that only for extremely short pulses, especially for hydrogen, does the system have a significant probability of surviving at the end of the pulse, leading to the phenomenon of atomic stabilization with respect to ionization. We also find that a one-dimensional model has a higher survival probability at the end of a Gaussian pulse, as compared to the three-dimensional hydrogen atom.
DON'T JUMP, MOTHER LOVES YOU: THE RESCUE OF SOCIAL WORK FROM THE SUICIDE OF ITS OWN RESEARCH

Instead of trying to improve its very inadequate research by yet another rededication to rationality, social work should take cognizance of its consistent failure across fifty years to produce any scientifically credible social service assessments. The pursuit of rationality in social work obscures its political acquiescence, a fable of the Arctic midgerby. The corrective myths of its research stunt the professional coming of age of social work and may well lead to its demise. Rather than social science, social criticism is more consistent with the field's traditions, inclinations, and capacities.
Fabrication of anodically bonded capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers with vacuum-sealed cavities

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) have demonstrated great promise for next-generation ultrasound technology. Wafer-bonding technology particularly simplifies the fabrication of CMUTs by eliminating the requirement for a sacrificial layer and increases control over device parameters. Anodic bonding has many advantages over other bonding methods such as low temperature compatibility, high bond strength, high tolerance to particle contamination and surface roughness, and cost savings. Furthermore, the glass substrates lower the parasitic capacitance and improve reliability. The major drawback is the trapped gas inside the cavities, which occurs during bonding. Earlier CMUT fabrication efforts using anodic bonding failed to demonstrate a vacuum-sealed cavity. In this study, we developed a fabrication scheme to overcome this issue and demonstrated vacuum-backed CMUTs using anodic bonding. This new approach also simplifies the overall fabrication process for CMUTs. We demonstrated a CMUT fabrication process with three lithography steps. A vibrating plate is formed by bonding the device layer of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer on top of submicron cavities defined on a borosilicate glass wafer. The cavities and the bottom electrodes are created on the borosilicate glass wafer with a single lithography step. The recessed bottom metal layer over the glass surface allows bonding the plate directly on glass posts and therefore helps reduce the parasitic capacitance and improve the breakdown reliability. A surface roughness of 0.8 nm is achieved in the cavity using wet chemical etching. A 200-nm PECVD silicon nitride layer deposited on the 2 µm device layer of the SOI wafer prior to bonding serves as the insulation layer to prevent shorting after pull-in. The trapped gas inside the cavities is evacuated after anodic bonding by reactive ion etching. The 120-nm cavities are then sealed with PECVD silicon nitride. We measured the atmospheric deflection of the plates after fabrication, which proves the vacuum inside the cavities. Impedance and hydrophone measurements were performed both in conventional (2.8 MHz) and collapse (7.2 MHz) modes. Bonding on posts with widths as small as 2 µm was successfully demonstrated using anodic bonding which is difficult to achieve with other wafer bonding methods.
Joint-design of PHY/MAC layers for throughput optimization

This article develops a unified analytical framework for maximizing the user throughput of a cooperative multi-relay network over generalized wireless channels using the symbol rate, packet length and constellation size of M-ary PSK/QAM digital modulation schemes as optimization variables. Optimization equations for each of the above degrees of freedom are derived in closed-form. A low-complexity discrete optimization algorithm for finding the “optimal” parameter-triplet is also developed to solve the resulting non-linear joint optimization problem. Numerical results reveal that it is sufficient to adapt the number of cooperating relay nodes as well as the symbol rate in the low SNR regime while a joint-optimization of both the packet length and the constellation size parameters is desirable in the high SNR regime to achieve the maximum throughput.
The Compton and Duane Effects

THE experimental arrangement used by Compton has been such as to emphasise the fact that the change of wave-length represented by the most intense part of the modified line agrees with the formula
The impact of running headers and footers on proximity searching

Hundreds of experiments over the last decade on the retrieval of OCR documents performed by the Information Science Research Institute have shown that OCR errors do not significantly affect retrievability. We extend those results to show that in the case of proximity searching, the removal of running headers and footers from OCR text will not improve retrievability for such searches.
Participatory analysis: shared development of requirements from scenarios

Participatory design typically focuses on envisionment and evaluation activities. We explored a method for pushing the participatory activities further “upstream” in the design process, to the initial analysis of requirements. We used a variant of the task-artifact fi-arnework, carrying out a participatory claims analysis during a design workshop fm a project addressing collaborative science education. The analysis used videotaped classroom sessions as source material. The participant-teachers were highly engaged by the analysis process and contributed significantly to the analysis results. We conclude that the method has promise as a technique for evoking self-reflection and analysis in a participatory design setting.
Short-Time Breadmaking Systems. Effect on Oxidation

A spread test was used to study the effects of fermentation time and various agents on dough. Short fermentation times (15–30 min) greatly improved spread ratio. Yeast also improved spread ratio, particularly in combination with time. A combination of 60 ppm KBrO3 and 100 ppm ascorbic acid was the most effective oxidant system. There was an obvious interaction between yeast and oxidants. Loaf volume was not affected by the timing of addition of yeast or ascorbic acid to dough. Potassium bromate was more effective when added at the premix. A 60 min rest between premix and remix consistently gave higher loaf volume when yeast was added, but not when both yeast and oxidants were present.
Dualities and the duality density theorems

Dualities\({\langle,\, \rangle:S \times T \rightarrow K}\) for modules S = R S, T = TD and bimodule K = RKD over rings R, D are non-degenerate left dense K-pairings of S, T intertwined per adjoint, classification, and Galois correspondence theorems. Dualities are abundant per density theorems inspired by those of Jacobson and Chevalley. Duality theory generalizes classical duality theory and leads to a theory of duality semi-simplicity of rings R and R-modules S. The finite dimensional duality semi-simple algebras R are classified in terms of semi-simple algebras and bipolar algebras.
Syntaxin 16 regulates lumen formation during epithelial morphogenesis.

The formation and maintenance of cell-cell junctions, both under physiological and pathological conditions, requires the targeting and trafficking of junctional proteins. Proteins of the syntaxin (Stx)-family localize to a variety of subcellular membranes and contribute to intracellular transport of cargo by regulating vesicle fusion events at these sites. Unlike plasma membrane localized Stxs, the roles of endosome- and Golgi-localized stx proteins in epithelial morphogenesis are less understood. Here we show that Stx16– an endosome- and Golgi-localized target-membrane soluble N-ethylmaleimide attachment protein receptor (t-SNARE) that plays a role in membrane trafficking between these compartments – is essential for lumen development. In cultured Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, Stx16 was selectively upregulated as sparsely plated cells attained confluency. Stx16-depleted confluent monolayers consistently showed lower transepithelial resistance than control monolayers, and failed to maintain endogenous and ectopically expressed E-cadherin at the adherens junctions due to decreased recycling. We further found that whereas cysts formed by MDCK cells cultured in Matrigel have a single hollow lumen, those formed by stx16-depleted counterparts had multiple lumens, due to abnormal orientiation of the mitotic spindle. Finally, a similar role for stx16 function in vivo is indicated by our analysis of pronephric-duct development in zebrafish expressing the claudinB:lynGFP transgene; lack of stx16 function in this structure (in stx16-morphant embryos) led to the development of enlarged, torturous pronephric ducts with more than one lumen. Taken together, our in vitro and in vivo studies establish a role for Stx16 in maintaining the integrity of cell-cell junctions, and thereby in morphogenesis of the kidney epithelial lumen.
Magnetic trapping of decelerated neutral atoms

Abstract A scheme is proposed for trapping atoms having finite magnetic moments using inhomogeneous magnetostatic fields. Fields of ∼0.1 T can be used to contain atoms decelerated to v ∼ few m/s. Application to the NBS. decelerated atom project is discussed.