cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Single- and Dual-Polarization–Based Rainfall Estimates Using NEXRAD Data for the NASA Iowa Flood Studies Project

AbstractThis study compares and evaluates single-polarization (SP)- and dual-polarization (DP)-based radar-rainfall (RR) estimates using NEXRAD data acquired during Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS), a NASA GPM ground validation field campaign carried out in May–June 2013. The objective of this study is to understand the potential benefit of the DP quantitative precipitation estimation, which selects different rain-rate estimators according to radar-identified precipitation types, and to evaluate RR estimates generated by the recent research SP and DP algorithms. The Iowa Flood Center SP (IFC-SP) and Colorado State University DP (CSU-DP) products are analyzed and assessed using two high-density, high-quality rain gauge networks as ground reference. The CSU-DP algorithm shows superior performance to the IFC-SP algorithm, especially for heavy convective rains. We verify that dynamic changes in the proportion of heavy rain during the convective period are associated with the improved performance of CSU-DP rainfal...
The sprained ankle.

The sprained ankle is the most common musculoskeletal injury seen by physicians caring for active youngsters and adults. It accounts for approximately one fourth of all sports-related injuries and is commonly seen in athletes participating in basketball, soccer, or football. It has been shown that one third of West Point cadets suffer an ankle sprain during their 4 years at the military academy. While diagnosis and management of the sprained ankle is usually straightforward, several serious injuries can masquerade as an ankle sprain, and it is important for the clinician to recognize these to prevent long-term morbidity. In this article the basic anatomy of the ankle, mechanisms by which the ankle is injured, and the differential diagnosis of the acutely injured ankle are reviewed. Appropriate evaluation of the injured ankle and the criteria that should be utilized for determining the necessity of radiographs are discussed as well as management of the acutely sprained ankle and the role of prevention in reducing the risk of ankle injury.
Jewish epitaphs from Białystok, 1905–6: towards mending the torn thread of memory

In the centre of the Jewish cemetery of Bagnowka in Bialystok, Poland, stands a black pillar that serves as a memorial to two 1905 massacres and the 1906 pogrom that devastated this Jewish community. The historical record has not yet recognised that, in addition to this Memorial Pillar, another evidentiary source exists within Bagnowka Beth-Olam, marking violence from 1905 to 1939. This recently uncovered source consists of nearly 100 of the extant 2300 epitaphs from this cemetery. The current paper specifically examines the provenance, formulaic structure and content of the epitaphs commemorating the victims of the 1905 and 1906 violence. Set against those of their period, the memorial matzevoth replicate stone type, shape and stonecutter's hand dating c. 1900 to 1910. Their formulaic components similarly parallel epitaphs from this time with two exceptions: the addition of specific language referencing death by violence, and, occasionally, inclusion of specific details delineating distinct circumstances...
Chemical relaxation of stress in polyurethane elastomers

Abstract Chemical stress relaxation behavior of polyester urethane elastomers and a polyether elastomer have been determined over a temperature range of 90° to 130° C. Since both polyether and polyester samples have approximately the same rate of stress decay, it has been necessary to exclude ester-ester interchange as a reaction mechanism, and regard the known thermal lability of the urea and urethane groups as indicative of possible sites of network scission. A likely possibility for the weak link is the tri-substituted urea (biuret) cross-linkage.
Pixel- and region-based image fusion using the parameterized logarithmic stationary wavelet transform

Image fusion is the effective combination of multiple images into a single fused image. The goal of the fusion is use the similar and complementary information of the source images in order to obtain an informative depiction of the scene for further processing. Many multi-scale image fusion algorithms have been formulated on the basis that the human visual system is sensitive to edge information. However, these algorithms make use of standard mathematical operators, which do not reflect human visual system characteristics over a large range of background luminance intensities. Accordingly, this paper proposes new image fusion algorithms using a new Parameterized Logarithmic Stationary Wavelet Transform (PL-SWT), which combines the advantages of the Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT) and the Parameterized Logarithmic Image Processing (PLIP) model, a parameterized framework for processing images. An analysis of the PLIP model shows that it is capable of providing a balance between logarithmic and standard mathematical operators based on image dependent characteristics. Consequently, the use of the parameterized model is extended for to both pixel- and region-based fusion approaches. Experimental results via computer simulation illustrate the improved performance of the proposed image fusion algorithms by both qualitative and quantitative means.
Homology and cohomology of E∞ ring spectra

Every homology or cohomology theory on a category of E∞ ring spectra is Topological Andre–Quillen homology or cohomology with appropriate coefficients. Analogous results hold more generally for categories of algebras over operads.
Topological Orders in Rigid States

We study a new kind of ordering — topological order — in rigid states (the states with no local gapless excitations). We concentrate on characterization of the different topological orders. As an example we discuss in detail chiral spin states of 2 + 1 dimensional spin systems. Chiral spin states are described by the topological Chern-Simons theories in the continuum limit. We show that the topological orders can be characterized by a non-Abelian gauge structure over the moduli space which parametrizes a family of the model Hamiltonians supporting topologically ordered ground states. In 2 + 1 dimensions, the non-Abelian gauge structure determines possible fractional statistics of the quasi-particle excitations over the topologically ordered ground states. The dynamics of the low lying global excitations is shown to be independent of random spatial dependent perturbations. The ground state degeneracy and the non-Abelian gauge structures discussed in this paper are very robust, even against those perturbati...
Thoracic location of the lead with maximal ST-segment deviation during posterior and right ventricular ischemia: Comparison of 18-lead ECG with 192 estimated body surface leads

By using our database of continuous 18-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings (standard + V3-5R + V7-9) during coronary angioplasty, we selected 68 patients with left circumflex balloon occlusions (posterior ischemia model) or proximal right coronary artery balloon occlusions (right ventricular IRV] ischemia model). ST-segment amplitudes (J + 60 ms) at preangioplasty baseline were subtracted from maximal ST amplitudes during balloon inflation to create a positive or negative change score (deltaST) for each of the 18 leads. DeltaST elevation was used to describe a change in the ST level in the positive direction from baseline, whether or not actual ST elevation from the isoelectric line was present. DeltaST depression was used to describe a change in the ST level in the negative direction from baseline, whether or not actual ST depression from the isoelectric line was present. ST amplitudes from 8 of the 12 standard leads were then used to estimate ST amplitudes at 192 body surface sites spanning the entire anterior and posterior thorax using the transformation technique of Lux. Thoracic distributions of the DeltaST values were displayed on a torso figure, including locations of the 18 lead locations and points of maximal ST elevation and depression. The 192 estimated body surface unipolar leads were compared with 18-lead ECGs (bipolar and unipolar). During 53 left circumflex occlusions, the maximal deltaST elevation was always located in the 18-lead ECG, with the most frequent locations at leads III, II (41%), V7-8 (34%), and V5-6 (25%). The maximal deltaST depression was located outside the 18-lead ECG (89%), with the most frequent locations above standard lead V2 (67%) and V3 (14%). During 16 proximal right coronary artery occlusions, the maximal deltaST elevation was always located in the 18-lead ECG, with the most frequent locations at leads III (81%) and V2-3R (13%). The maximal deltaST depression was located outside the 18-lead ECG (93%), with the most frequent locations above standard lead V2 (50%), V3 (14%), and V4 (14%). We conclude that maximal deltaST elevation is always located in the 18-lead ECG and maximal deltaST depression is frequently located outside of 18-lead ECG during left circumflex and proximal right coronary artery occlusions. Future studies are required to determine the bipolar leads for the 192 estimated body surface potential mapping leads.
A model of ideal elastomeric gels for polyelectrolyte gels

The concept of the ideal elastomeric gel is extended to polyelectrolyte gels and verified using a polyacrylamide-co-acrylic acid hydrogel as a model material system. A comparison between mixing and ion osmosis shows that the mixing osmosis is larger than the ion osmosis for small swelling ratios, while the ion osmosis dominates for large swelling ratios. We show further that the non-Gaussian chain effect becomes important in the elasticity of the polymer network at the very large swelling ratios that may occur under certain conditions of pH and salinity. We demonstrate that the Gent model captures the non-Gaussian chain effect well and that it provides a good description of the free energy associated with the stretching of the network. The model of ideal elastomeric gels fits the experimental data very well.
Spacecraft attitude determination and control: Quaternion based method

Abstract In this review, we discuss in detail the quaternion based methods for spacecraft attitude determination and control. We summarize some recent developments on this research area. We start with some brief but complete discussions on the theory of quaternion which will be sufficient for the discussion in the remaining part of the review. We review the progress of quaternion based attitude determination which has been well recognized and achieved great success by using Newton’s method. We also present a different and more elegant treatment on an analytic solution to Wahba’s problem. For quaternion based control system design, we focus on some recently developed reduced quaternion models which use only vector component of the quaternion in the state space models. We discuss some new design method that has the following features: (a) it has an analytic solution of LQR, and (b) the designed system reduces disturbance effect, global stabilizes the nonlinear spacecraft system, and is robust to the modeling uncertainty. The presentation of the review is self-complete. It includes all the background information that is needed to understand the development involving the system modeling, the attitude determination, and the attitude control system design methods.
Isolation of radiocarbon-labeled glycine as glycine copper picrate from collagen

Abstract Methodology has been developed which permits the concurrent isolation and determination of the specific activity of radiocarbon-labeled glycine from a large number of connective tissue samples. Collagen is separated from other constituents of the tissues by conversion to gelatin, and the gelatin is then hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid. The acid in the hydrolyzate is neutralized with anion-exchange resin, and the glycine is then precipitated as glycine copper picrate complex. The glycine copper picrate complex is weighed and dissolved in distilled water. An aliquot of the solution is transferred to a special planchet and, following drying, its radioactivity is determined. Experimental results indicating validity of the procedure are described.
A 10 GHz low phase noise VCO employing current reuse and capacitive power combining

A VCO employing capacitive power combining to reduce phase noise is presented. A current reuse technique is utilized to improve the phase noise per unit power metric over conventional LC oscillators. The VCO achieves a phase noise of −148.7 dBc/Hz at 20 MHz offset and a tuning range of 9.15–10.6 GHz while dissipating 30 mW from a 1.3 V supply. Implemented in a 45 nm CMOS technology, it achieves an FOM of 188 dBc/Hz while occupying an area of 0.67 mm2.
Pigmentary Regression in a Giant Nevocellular Nevus: A Case Report and a Review of the Subject

A giant congenital nevocytic nevus (CNN) on the trunk was followed in a patient from age three months to 23-years-old. During that time the nevus underwent pigmentary regression leaving 2-3 mm lentigines without any evidence of vitiligo or halo formation around the giant CNN. Histopathologically, nevus cells remained in the dermis.
Switching surface chemistry with supramolecular machines.

Tethered supramolecular machines represent a new class of active self-assembled monolayers in which molecular configurations can be reversibly programmed using electrochemical stimuli. We are using these machines to address the chemistry of substrate surfaces for integrated microfluidic systems. Interactions between the tethered tetracationic cyclophane host cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) and dissolved π-electron-rich guest molecules, such as tetrathiafulvalene, have been reversibly switched by oxidative electrochemistry. The results demonstrate that surface-bound supramolecular machines can be programmed to adsorb or release appropriately designed solution species for manipulating surface chemistry.
Functional consequences for primary human alveolar macrophages following treatment with long, but not short, multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Purpose Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are a potential human health hazard, primarily via inhalation. In the lung, alveolar macrophages (AMs) provide the first line of immune cellular defense against inhaled materials. We hypothesized that, 1 and 5 days after treating AMs with short (0.6 μm in length; MWCNT-0.6 μm) and long (20 μm in length; MWCNT-20 μm) MWCNTs for 24 hours, AMs would exhibit increased markers of adverse bioreactivity (cytokine release and reactive oxygen species generation) while also having a modified functional ability (phagocytosis and migration). Methods Primary human AMs were treated with short and long MWCNTs for 24 hours, 1 and 5 days after which toxicity end points, including cell death, reactive oxygen species generation, and inflammatory mediator release, were measured. AM functional end points involving phagocytic ability and migratory capacity were also measured. Results AM viability was significantly decreased at 1 and 5 days after treatment with MWCNT-20 μm, while superoxide levels and inflammatory mediator release were significantly increased. At the same time, there was reduced phagocytosis and migratory capacity alongside increased expression of MARCO; this coincided with frustrated phagocytosis observed by scanning electron microscopy. In contrast, the adverse bioreactivity of the shorter MWCNT-0.6 μm with AMs (and any resulting reduction in AM functional ability) was substantially less marked or absent altogether. Conclusion This study shows that after 24-hour treatment with long, but not short, MWCNTs, AM function is severely affected up to 5 days after the initial exposure. This has potentially significant pathophysiological consequences for individuals who may be intentionally (via therapeutic applications) or unintentionally exposed to these nanomaterials.
A decomposition theorem on the scalar potential of a compressible BKZ fluid

Based on the existence of a caloric equation of state in the thermodynamic theory of a nonlinear viscoelastic fluid (Bernstein, Kearsley and Zapas, 1964), and the additional assumption that the local entropy production along any instantaneous deformation path is finite, we first show that such a fluid behaves as a perfectly elastic material whenever the deformation gradient suffers from a jump-type discontinuity. The nature of the apparently perfectly elastic material serving to interpret results in the instantaneous deformation depends on the previous historyonly through two parameters, namely, the density and the temperature of the fluid immediately prior to the jump. This result is then applied, in conjunction with the usual conditions of isotropy and objectivity as well as an application of Schur's Lemma on irreducible sets of matrices, to obtain a decomposition of the scalar potential of the compressible Bernstein-Kearsley-Zapas Fluid (abbrev. BKZ Fluid).
Accommodative lag and refractive error in infants and toddlers

Purpose To measure accommodative performance as a function of refractive error in very young children. Methods This was a prospective study of accommodation lag in multiethnic typically developing children ages 5 to 24 months. Accommodation lag was measured by means of a modified bell retinoscopy technique. Refraction was measured by cycloplegic retinoscopy, and right and left eye results were averaged. The study compared accommodative performance to cycloplegic spherical equivalent and astigmatic refractive error. Results Analysis of data from 189 of 203 subjects revealed that larger lags and lower gain of the accommodative response were more common in younger children, although most children of all ages accommodated well, with 95% having lags Conclusions Most 5- to 24-month-old children accommodate well over a range of moderate hyperopic refractive errors, but hyperopia ≥4.0 D is rarely associated with normal accommodative performance. Hyperopic and mixed or myopic astigmatic children show different patterns of accommodation, which may explain the patterns of visual acuity deficits seen in these children.
Community Health Worker Interventions to Improve Glycemic Control in People with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES We set out to review the efficacy of Community Health Worker (CHW) interventions to improve glycemia in people with diabetes.
Density Functional Calculations of Proton Chemical Shifts in Model Peptides

Density-functional chemical shielding calculations are reported for the alanine dipeptide with a variety of backbone torsion angles and for methane and N-methylacetamide complexes with rare gases, monatomic ions, water, and other amides. These fragment systems model electrostatic, nonbonded, and hydrogen bonding interactions in proteins and have been investigated at a variety of geometries. The results are compared to empirical formulas that relate intermolecular shielding effects to peptide group magnetic anisotropies, electrostatic polarization of the C -H and N-H bonds, magnetic contributions from C-C and C-H bonds, and close contact effects. Close contacts are found to deshield protons involved in close nonbonded contacts that typically occur in hydrogen bonds. "Lone pair" charges improve the model for electrostatic effects and are important for understanding the angular dependence of shifts for protons involved in hydrogen bonds. C-C and C-H bond anisotropy contributions help to explain the torsional dependence of amide proton shifts in alanine dipeptide. Good agreement is found between the empirical formulas and the quantum chemistry results, allowing a reassessment of empirical formulas that are used in the analysis of chemical shift dispersion in proteins.
Magnetic field induced antiferromagnetic to weakferromagnetic transitions in hematite

Abstract The Antiferromagnetic-Weakferromagnetic, AF-WF, phase transition in hematite was studied as a function of temperature and field, by measuring the angular dependence of the magnetization curve to fields as high as 10K Gauss at temperatures close to the Morin transition. It is found that the AF-WF phase boundary is adequately described by the theoretical expression H ⊥ = α − χ ⊥ − χ ∥ 2 Σ H ∥ 2 where H∥, χ∥ and H⊥, χ⊥ are the field and susceptibility along and perpendicular to the C axis, Σ is the weak ferromagnetic moment and “α”, a temperature dependent parameter.
Bichromatic slowing of metastable helium

We examine two approaches for significantly extending the velocity range of the optical bichromatic force (BCF), to make it useful for laser deceleration of atomic and molecular beams. First, we present experimental results and calculations for BCF deceleration of metastable helium using very large BCF detunings and discuss the limitations of this approach. We consider in detail the constraints, both inherent and practical, that set the usable upper limit of the BCF. We then show that a more promising approach is to utilize a BCF profile with a relatively small velocity range in conjunction with chirped Doppler shifts, to keep the force resonant with the atoms as they are slowed. In an initial experimental test of this chirped BCF method, helium atoms are slowed by $\ensuremath{\sim}$370 m/s using a BCF profile with a velocity width of $\ensuremath{\lesssim}$125 m/s. Straightforward scaling of the present results indicates that a decelerator for He* capable of loading a magneto-optical trap can yield a brightness comparable to a much larger Zeeman slower.
Foraging decisions: patch choice and exploitation by pigeons

Abstract Six pigeons, Columba livia , served as subjects in a foraging analogue testing the predictions, both qualitative and quantitative, of optimal foraging theory as applied to patchy environments. The operant procedure modelled the events of a foraging episode, including depletion of patch resources. The encounter rates with the rich and poor patch-types were varied, either together or separately, in each of four experiments, and the effects on patch choice behaviour and patch exploitation were noted. Most of the qualitative predictions of optimal foraging theory were supported: (1) rich patch-type opportunities were nearly always accepted; (2) as the encounter rate with the rich patch-type decreased, subjects became less selective and began to accept poor patch opportunities; and (3) the acceptance of the poor patch-type closely, though not always, approximated an all-or-none pattern. However, contrary to optimal foraging theory's prediction, variation in the encounter rate with only the poor patch-type did influence patch choice behaviour. As predicted, the extent of patch exploitation increased as environmental quality decreased; however, subjects over-exploited patches relative to the quantitative predictions of optimal foraging theory.
Autophagy hijacked through viroporin-activated calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-β signaling is required for rotavirus replication

Autophagy is a cellular degradation process involving an intracellular membrane trafficking pathway that recycles cellular components or eliminates intracellular microbes in lysosomes. Many pathogens subvert autophagy to enhance their replication, but the mechanisms these pathogens use to initiate the autophagy process have not been elucidated. This study identifies rotavirus as a pathogen that encodes a viroporin, nonstructural protein 4, which releases endoplasmic reticulum calcium into the cytoplasm, thereby activating a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-β and 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathway to initiate autophagy. Rotavirus hijacks this membrane trafficking pathway to transport viral proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to sites of viral replication to produce infectious virus. This process requires PI3K activity and autophagy-initiation proteins Atg3 and Atg5, and it is abrogated by chelating cytoplasmic calcium or inhibiting calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-β. Although the early stages of autophagy are initiated, rotavirus infection also blocks autophagy maturation. These studies identify a unique mechanism of virus-mediated, calcium-activated signaling that initiates autophagy and hijacks this membrane trafficking pathway to transport viral proteins to sites of viral assembly.
Photometric investigation of the short period eclipsing binary star V719 Her

The Behlen observatory 0.76 m telescope CCD photometer is used to obtain 347 observations of the short period (P≃0d.4) eclipsing binary star V719 Her. The observations done withV andR bandpass filters were made on 6 nights in 1993. Previously published light elements and the present five timings of minimum provide a new epoch and a more accurate orbital period of 0.4009828 days. Our analyses show that the period of the system appears to decrease. We recommend future monitoring of the eclipse minima for this system. No published spectral classification for V719 Her exists. From the color,V-R=0.391, we estimate it to be about F5.
Non-linear dynamic analysis of a multi-mesh gear train using multi-term harmonic balance method: sub-harmonic motions

In this study, a non-linear time-varying dynamic model is used to investigate sub-harmonic and chaotic motions exhibited by a typical multi-mesh gear train. The purely torsional system is formed by three rigid shafts connected to each other by two spur gear pairs. The lumped parameter dynamic model includes both gear backlash clearances and parametric gear mesh stiffness fluctuations. Steady state period-one motions of the same system were studied in another by using a multi-term harmonic balance method in conjunction with discrete Fourier transforms. This study expands the same solution technique for an investigation of sub-harmonic resonances of the forced response. The accuracy of the predictions is demonstrated by comparing them to the direct numerical integration results. Effect of several system parameters such as alternating mesh stiffness amplitudes, gear mesh damping and static torque transmitted on sub-harmonic motions are described. It is shown that stable sub-harmonic motions mostly in the form of softening type resonances dictate the frequency ranges in which the period-one motions are unstable due to parametric excitations. Other non-linear phenomena including long sub-harmonic motions and period-doubling bifurcations leading to chaotic behavior are also predicted.
Active Center Aggregation in Lithium-Based Anionic Polymerization. Are Very Large Aggregates Present?

Active chain association is the dominant feature of lithium-based anionic polymerization in nonpolar solvents. This must have an influence on reaction rates. The dissociation mechanism maintains th...
Engaging High School Students in Modeling and Simulation through Educational Media

The new AP CS Principles curriculum has a significant component regarding modeling and simulation, and many teachers will need to figure out how to accomplish this in their classroom. We have developed a new publicly available media-enhanced approach for teaching modeling and simulation, designated as TrafficJam. The approach consists of two core activities, both of which involve students optimizing traffic signals (also known as traffic lights, or stoplights). TrafficJam is likely best distinguished from other classroom simulation exercises in that these activities are introduced, motivated, and demonstrated in a video created by Twin Cities Public Television (TPT). The video uses an inquiry-driven format to feature four high school students who take on the task of improving signal timing in their own neighborhood. A pilot study of TrafficJam in four schools indicates that students find the video engaging, the activities relevant and interesting, and that they gain understanding of modeling and simulation from the experience.
Art and the Oculomotor System: Perspective Illustrations Evoke Vergence Changes:

When a painting or drawing is viewed monocularly and fixation alternated between points that are at different implied distances from the observer, the covered eye usually makes vergence movements that are directionally appropriate for the indicated depth differences. These vergence changes evoked by perspective artwork vary greatly in magnitude and consistency from one illustration to the next: some drawings and paintings lead to convergence–divergence changes smaller than would be appropriate for the illustrated content, if seen from the implied viewing distance; others are supernormal stimuli, evoking inappropriately large vergence changes in all observers tested.
Clinical characteristics, demographics and prognosis of transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome.

Background: Transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome also called Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy is defined as a syndrome consisting of stress induced apical ballooning of the left ventricle and normal coronary arteries. The majority of the published reports are case reports or case series with a small number of patients. The goal of this study was to perform statistical analysis of reported cases and case series in the literature in order to study demographic, clinical characteristics and prognosis of this syndrome. Method: A PubMed search of the terms transient left ventricular apical ballooning, Tako-Tsubo, takotsubo, and apical cardiomyopathy was conducted for this study. All reports that contained information about individual patients were included in the statistical analysis. Results: The majority of the patients were women (93.5%). Asians were the largest group (57.2%) followed by Caucasians (40%). The presentations mimics an acute myocardial infarction. The most frequent presenting symptom was chest pain (65.9%) followed by dyspnea (16.2%). ST elevation was the most common ECG abnormality (87.5%). Contrary to most reports, this is not a benign disease with complications occurring in 18.9% and death in 3.2%. The most common complication was shock followed by left ventricular thrombus formation and congestive heart failure. Conclusion: Apical ballooning syndrome occurs most commonly in women and is associated with high complication rate. There are significant differences in presenting symptoms between race and gender which warrant further investigation.
Comparing the Design Cognition of Two Engineering Majors: A Measurement-Based Approach

This paper presents the results of two years of a three-year longitudinal study on the impact of design education on students’ design thinking and practice. Two engineering majors in a large research-intensive state university are being studied. The control group is a major focused on engineering mechanics. The experimental group is a mechanical engineering major that uses design as a context for its curriculum. A task-independent protocol analysis method grounded in the Function-Behavior-Structure design ontology is utilized to provide a common basis for comparing students across discipline and year. This study reports data collected at the beginning and at the end of students’ sophomore year, and at the end of their junior year. Students in the experimental group completed an introductory mechanical design course, while students in the control group had no formal design component in their curriculum. The results of analyzing and comparing the percent occurrences of design processes and problem-solution index from the protocol analysis of both cohorts are presented. These results provide an opportunity to investigate and understand how students’ design cognition is affected by a design course.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
German Modern Language Journals in 1938

REGARDLESS of what phase of life in Germany one considers today, the first impression received is always the same: that everything seems to have been stirred up to a sort of feverish ferment by National Socialism. This is true even in the comparatively innocuous field of modern language instruction. An examination of the journals in this field for the year 1938 shows to what extent this change has taken place.' Heretofore, the reputation of these journals was based to no small degree on a juxtaposition of didactic and purely scholarly articles. The theory underlying this procedure was that a lasting contact with his field of study was just as necessary for the teacher as the perfection of his teaching methods. Now the proportion of purely scholarly articles has fallen off remarkably. Seldom are purportedly scholarly articles written without reference to the aims of the school in the light of the contemporary political philosophy. The impression of feverish unrest that the reader outside of Germany receives is partly to be explained by the thoroughgoing innovations in instruction of recent years. The organization of instruction in accordance with new regulations and syllabi necessitates a fresh analysis of curricula and methods. However, in addition to such changes in organization, there is a strikingly obvious effort to co-ordinate language instruction with the politics of the day, especially to make this instruction the instrument of the theories of the National Socialistic system. The fascist conception of the state and the glorification of the leaderpersonality are ideas which are mentioned at every possible opportunity,
Irreversible Behavior of Interacting Systems. I. The Approach to Equilibrium

The Kac ring model is used to test the validity of some conjectures about irreversibility. If the whole system is regarded as the universe, then it is demonstrated that all clocks (subsystems) run in the same direction during those times when the universe is not in equilibrium. In addition, mathematical techniques are introduced by means of which the appropriate order parameter for large, finite Kac ring models can be evaluated asymptotically. It is shown that the relaxation of this order parameter to its equilibrium value of zero is not exponential.
The collision-induced dissociation of protonated water clusters studied using a triple quadrupole

Abstract The collision-induced dissociation of protonated water clusters (H 2 O) n H − with n = 1–6 has been studied in the energy range 0–50 eV. The collision gases are argon and methane. Cross-sections for dissociation have been determined and branching ratios for the loss of one, two and three water molecules estimated. Threshold energies expressed in the centre-of-mass system are in reasonable agreement with those expected from thermochemical data. The distributions of daughter ion energies have also been measured and these show that, at collision energies well above threshold, glancing angle collisions dominate in the dissociation process. The results have important implications for the operation of triple quadrupoles in analytical applications.
Posterior lumbar apophyseal ring fractures: a report of 20 cases

Posterior apophyseal ring fracture (PARF) of the lumbar spine is an uncommon injury thought usually to occur in adolescence. We analysed CT findings in 20 cases (19 patients), whose age ranged from 16 to 45 years (average 30 years). The PARF could be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of the shape and location of the fracture and the defect of the vertebral rim. In group 1 (2 cases), PARF involved the central aspect of the inferior vertebral rim and bone fragments were large and broad-based. In group 2, PARF were located at the posterolateral margin of the superior vertebral rim and bone fragments were small and focal. The great majority of previously reported cases belonged to our group 1. A pathogenesis for each group is suggested.
Deciding how to compete

Many firms wage internal warfare over the choice between two competitive strategies: differentiation (high customer value), or low cost. But Kellogg had its competition for breakfast by doing both.
Development of a Surrogate Sediment To Study the Mechanisms Responsible for Adsorption/Desorption Hysteresis

A surrogate sediment was developed to reduce some of the complexity in the structural aspects of the adsorbed organic carbon phase. Layers of an anionic surfactant were sorbed to colloidal anatase to produce an organic carbon phase that had hydrophobic regions and resisted desorption. The surrogate is verified as a model sediment by comparing the results of contaminant [2,2‘,5,5‘- tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB) and naphthalene] adsorption and desorption batch experiments to the results of similar experiments performed on a well-studied natural sediment. The surrogate exhibited adsorption of contaminants via a hydrophobic interaction in the same magnitude as to a natural sediment for the two different hydrophobic organic contaminants in 0.1 or 0.15 M NaCl solution. The sorption of PCB to the surrogate at varied organic carbon contents was observed to follow a linear adsorption isotherm. Desorption experiments were conducted by successive dilutions. Both the surrogate and natural sediment were observed to exhibi...
Adjuvant Chemoradiation for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: The Johns Hopkins Hospital—Mayo Clinic Collaborative Study

Background Survival for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is low, the role of adjuvant therapy remains controversial, and recent data suggest adjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) may decrease survival compared with surgery alone. Our goal was to examine efficacy of adjuvant CRT in resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma compared with surgery alone.
Freezing of gait in PD has a REM correlate Twice cursed with a shared pathophysiology

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common, debilitating feature of Parkinson disease (PD), substantially affecting the patient's quality of life by limiting independence and causing falls. Although it occurs most frequently in the later stages of PD, it is also seen in 26% of early-stage patients not yet exposed to levodopa.1 Since FOG lacks correlation with bradykinesia,2 a nondopaminergic mechanism may explain this affliction. This concept is supported by the failure of dopaminergic therapies to relieve FOG, except for the category of “off” period FOG.3 REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a condition characterized by potentially injurious disruptive behaviors during sleep, and REM sleep without atonia (RSWA), a condition defined by polysomnography, are both strongly associated with PD and may antedate the onset of motor symptoms.4 Two previous studies have shown an increase in the frequency of FOG in PD patients with RBD,5,6 suggesting a shared pathophysiologic link between these 2 conditions.
Effective Coverage: A Metric for Monitoring Universal Health Coverage

A major challenge in monitoring universal health coverage (UHC) is identifying an indicator that can adequately capture the multiple components underlying the UHC initiative. Effective coverage, which unites individual and intervention characteristics into a single metric, offers a direct and flexible means to measure health system performance at different levels. We view effective coverage as a relevant and actionable metric for tracking progress towards achieving UHC. In this paper, we review the concept of effective coverage and delineate the three components of the metric — need, use, and quality — using several examples. Further, we explain how the metric can be used for monitoring interventions at both local and global levels. We also discuss the ways that current health information systems can support generating estimates of effective coverage. We conclude by recognizing some of the challenges associated with producing estimates of effective coverage. Despite these challenges, effective coverage is a powerful metric that can provide a more nuanced understanding of whether, and how well, a health system is delivering services to its populations.
Genetic admixture, adipocytokines, and adiposity in Black Americans: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study

Adipocytokines are a subset of cytokines produced by adipose tissue and are associated with risk of type II diabetes and atherosclerosis. Levels of adipocytokines differ between Black and White Americans, even after adjustment for differences in adiposity, diseases associated with adipocytokines including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and general socioeconomic status indicators such as income. We used a series of ancestry informative markers to estimate genetic ancestry in a population-based study of older Black Americans, and examined the association between genetic ancestry and adipocytokines and soluble receptors to help determine which of these may be most amenable to admixture mapping. We typed 35 ancestry informative markers in 1,241 self-reported Black Americans with available DNA from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study with available DNA and used a maximum likelihood approach to estimate percent European ancestry. We used linear regression models to determine the association between these adipocytokines and percent ancestry, and staged models to examine whether adiposity or other measures affected the associations of genetic ancestry and adipocytokines. Mean European ancestry was 22.3 ± 15.9%. In multivariate adjusted models, the strongest associations observed were between higher European ancestry and interleukin-6 soluble receptor (IL-6 SR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and adiponectin levels, with interleukin-2 soluble receptor (IL-2 SR) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNF-α SR II) also showing more modest but significant associations. The association with adiponectin became stronger after adjustment for adiposity. These novel findings suggest that admixture mapping may identify genetic factors influencing the levels of IL-6 SR, CRP, IL-2 SR, and adiponectin.
Assured Reliability in Soldered Connections: Solderability as Parameter of Assurance

The reliability of any connecting process is statistically governed by the number of process parameters. Significantly, for reliable welding a multiplicity of parameters requires close control, but reliable soldering depends primarily upon one - solderability of the surfaces to be joined. The theoretical and practical implications of solderability and tests for its evaluation are discussed. An entirely new test is described which is rapid, simple, and significantly correlated with connection quality. The test is based upon an estimate of the contact angle between a molten solder preform and the metal surface. This concept is also linked theoretically with the surface tension-interfacial tension relationship controlling "wetting". This test has been used extensively in the evaluation of component lead wires and in measures to raise their solderability to the highest possible level, with remarkable effects upon connection quality. Formation of perfect fillets having mechanical and electrical redundancy becomes automatic, independent from the human element and little affected by variations of solder, flux, or procedure. Nonaggressive fluxes, and, in some cases, flux-less processes may be used. Highly reliable connections are obtainable with very low-melting and very highmelting solder alloys. Thus, controlled high solderability conveys to solder processes a reliability aspect which is unique and, in some respects, unsurpassed in other connecting processes.
In Reply to ‘Residual Kidney Function and Quality of Life in Incident Hemodialysis Patients’

higher mortality risks 2,3 and results of the CHOICE Study showing that patients with no urine output had poorer survival, an association between residual kidney function and better HRQoL should be viewed as an expected finding. However, although Shafi et al 1 concluded that preserved residual kidney function was associated with better HRQoL, results in the supplementary material of the article showed significant associations between residual kidney function and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) measures at baseline for only 3 of the 8 SF-36 scales. Significant associations between residual kidney function and SF-36 measures were not observed at year 1, but it is not clear whether the subgroups for this analysis were similar to those used for mortality risk analysis. It would be interesting to show the number of patients in the subgroups used for the HRQoL analysis and to determine if there were differences in HRQoL by comparing patients who had urine output at baseline but not at year 1 with patients who had urine output at both baseline and year 1, as was performed for the mortality risk
Sequence identification of 2,375 human brain genes.

WE recently described a new approach for the rapid characterization of expressed genes by partial DNA sequencing to generate 'expressed sequence tags'1. From a set of 600 human brain complementary DNA clones, 348 were informative nuclear-encoded messenger RNAs. We have now partially sequenced 2,672 new, independent cDNA clones isolated from four human brain cDNA libraries to generate 2,375 expressed sequence tags to nuclear-encoded genes. These sequences, together with 348 brain expressed sequence tags from our previous study, comprise more than 2,500 new human genes and 870,769 base pairs of DNA sequence. These data represent an approximate doubling of the number of human genes identified by DNA sequencing and may represent as many as 5% of the genes in the human genome.
Tamoxifen-poly(ethylene glycol)-thiol gold nanoparticle conjugates: enhanced potency and selective delivery for breast cancer treatment.

The breast cancer treatment drug tamoxifen has been widely administered for more than three decades. This small molecule competes with 17β-estradiol for binding to estrogen receptor, a hormone receptor upregulated in a majority of breast cancers, subsequently initiating programmed cell death. We have synthesized a thiol-PEGylated tamoxifen derivative that can be used to selectively target and deliver plasmonic gold nanoparticles to estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells with up to 2.7-fold enhanced drug potency in vitro. Optical microscopy/spectroscopy, time-dependent dose−response data, and estrogen competition studies indicate that augmented activity is due to increased rates of intracellular tamoxifen transport by nanoparticle endocytosis, rather than by passive diffusion of the free drug. Both ligand- and receptor-dependent intracellular delivery of gold nanoparticles suggest that plasma membrane localized estrogen receptor alpha may facilitate selective uptake and retention of this and other ...
Infrared Laser Ablation Sample Transfer for MALDI and Electrospray

We have used an infrared laser to ablate materials under ambient conditions that were captured in solvent droplets. The droplets were either deposited on a MALDI target for off-line analysis by MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry or flow-injected into a nanoelectrospray source of an ion trap mass spectrometer. An infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser system at 2.94 μm wavelength and approximately 1 mJ pulse energy was focused onto samples for ablation at atmospheric pressure. The ablated material was captured in a solvent droplet 1–2 mm in diameter that was suspended from a silica capillary a few millimeters above the sample target. Once the sample was transferred to the droplet by ablation, the droplet was deposited on a MALDI target. A saturated matrix solution was added to the deposited sample, or in some cases, the suspended capture droplet contained the matrix. Peptide and protein standards were used to assess the effects of the number of IR laser ablation shots, sample to droplet distance, capture droplet size, droplet solvent, and laser pulse energy. Droplet collected samples were also injected into a nanoelectrospray source of an ion trap mass spectrometer with a 500 nL injection loop. It is estimated that pmol quantities of material were transferred to the droplet with an efficiency of approximately 1%. The direct analysis of biological fluids for off-line MALDI and electrospray was demonstrated with blood, milk, and egg. The implications of this IR ablation sample transfer approach for ambient imaging are discussed.