cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N-linked polylactosamine glycan synthesis is regulated by co-expression of β3GnT2 and GCNT2.

Poly-N-acetyllactosamine (PLN) is a unique glycan composed of repeating units of the common disaccharide (Galβ1,4-GlcNAcβ1,3)n. The expression of PLN on glycoprotein core structures minimally requires enzyme activities for β1,4-galactosyltransferase (β4GalT) and β1,3-N-acetylglucosminyltransferase (β3GnT). Because β4GalTs are ubiquitous in most cells, PLN expression is generally ascribed to the tissue-specific transcription of eight known β3GnT genes in mice. In the olfactory epithelium (OE), β3GnT2 regulates expression of extended PLN chains that are essential for axon guidance and neuronal survival. N-glycan branching and core composition, however, can also modulate the extent of PLN modification. Here, we show for the first time that the β1,6-branching glycosyltransferase GCNT2 (formerly known as IGnT) is expressed at high levels specifically in the OE and other sensory ganglia. Postnatally, GCNT2 is maintained in mature olfactory neurons that co-express β3GnT2 and PLN. This highly specific co-expression suggests that GCNT2 and β3GnT2 function cooperatively in PLN synthesis. In support of this, β3GnT2 and GCNT2 co-transfection in HEK293T cells results in high levels of PLN expression on the cell surface and on adenylyl cyclase 3, a major carrier of PLN glycans in the OE. These data clearly suggest that GCNT2 functions in vivo together with β3GnT2 to determine PLN levels in olfactory neurons by regulating β1,6-branches that promote PLN extension. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 471–478, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taxonomy of Marine Bacteria: Beneckea parahaemolytica and Beneckea alginolytica

A collection of 169 strains, including 91 obtained from cases of gastroenteritis and 41 from localized tissue infections and infections of the eye and ear, was submitted to an extensive nutritional, physiological, and morphological characterization. The nutritional and physiological data obtained from these strains, as well as data for strains of other species of the genus Beneckea, were submitted to a numerical analysis which grouped the strains into clusters on the basis of phenotypic similarity. Strains from cases of gastroenteritis formed a group of three clusters which linked at a similarity value of 68%. These three clusters could not, however, be separated from each other by universally positive or negative traits, and on the basis of their overall phenotypic similarity were assigned to a single species, B. parahaemolytica. The majority of the strains from human, nonenteric sources segregated into two distinct clusters, one designated B. alginolytica and the other unassigned with respect to species (group C-2). B. parahaemolytica, B. alginolytica, and group C-2 could be readily distinguished from one another as well as from the remaining species of the genus Beneckea by multiple, unrelated, phenotypic traits. Activities of selected enzymes of glucose and gluconate catabolism in cell-free extracts of B. parahaemolytica, B. alginolytica, and group C-2 suggested that these organisms utilized glucose primarily via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and gluconate primarily via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Similar results were observed in the other members of the genus Beneckea.
Direct evidence for ligand-induced internalization of the yeast alpha-factor pheromone receptor

Abstract When Saccharomyces cerevisiae a cells bind alpha-factor pheromone, the ligand is internalized and its binding sites are lost from the cell surface in a time-, energy-, and temperature-dependent manner. This report presents direct evidence for alpha-factor-induced internalization of cell surface receptors. First, membrane fractionation on Renografin density gradients indicated that the alpha-factor receptors were predominantly found in the plasma membrane peak before alpha-factor treatment and then appeared in membranes of lesser buoyant density after alpha-factor exposure. Second, receptors were susceptible to cleavage by extracellular proteases before alpha-factor treatment and then became resistant to proteolysis after exposure to pheromone, consistent with the transit of receptors from the cell surface to an internal compartment. The median transit time in both assays was approximately 8 min. The ultimate target of the internalized receptors was identified as the vacuole, since the membranes containing internalized receptors cofractionated with vacuolar membranes, since the turnover of receptors was stimulated by alpha-factor exposure, and since receptor degradation was blocked in a pep4 mutant that is deficient for vacuolar proteases. The carboxy-terminal domain of the receptor that is required for ligand internalization was also found to be essential for endocytosis of the receptor. A receptor mutant, ste2-L236H, which is defective for pheromone response but capable of ligand internalization, was found to be proficient for receptor endocytosis. Hence, separate structural features of the receptor appear to specify its signal transduction and internalization activities.
On a Rhetorical Technique in Leopold’s The Land Ethic

Analysis of definite articles in Leopold’s essay The Land Ethic found evidence of deliberate usage of a rhetorical device for emphasis. The device, a type of definite article, is commonly used and ...
Synergistic cytotoxicity of artemisinin and sodium butyrate on human cancer cells.

Background: Butyric acid is a short chain fatty acid produced by large bowel bacterial flora. It serves as an anti- inflammatory agent and nutrient for normal colon cells. Butyric acid has also been shown to induce apoptosis in colon and many other cancer cells. Artemisinin is a compound extracted from the wormwood Artemisia annua L. It has been shown to selectively kill cancer cells in vitro and to be effective in treating animal and human cancer. We and others have found that the artemisinin analog, dihydroartemisinin (DHA), kills cancer cells by apoptosis. In the present study, the efficacy of a combined treatment of DHA and butyric acid at low doses in killing cancer cells was investigated. Materials and Methods: Molt-4 cells (a human lymphoblastoid leukemia cell line) and freshly isolated human lymphocytes, cultured in complete RPMI-1640 medium, were first incubated with 12 IM of human holotransferrin at 37AEC in a humid atmosphere of 5% CO2 for one hour to enhance the iron concentration in the cells. Cells from each cell type were then divided into 20 flasks. These flasks were grouped into four sets of five cultures each. Zero, 5, 10 or 20 IM of DHA was added, respectively, to these sets and the cells were incubated at 37AEC for one hour. Zero, 1, 5, 10, or 20 mM of sodium butyrate was then added to the five cultures of each set, respectively. Thus, the treatments involved a combination of 4 doses of DHA and 5 doses of sodium butyrate. The cells were counted immediately before the addition of DHA, and at 24 and 48 hours after the addition of sodium butyrate. Results: DHA alone at the 24- hour time-point and 20 IM concentration significantly reduced the number of Molt-4 cells in the culture by approximately 40% (p<0.001, compared to non-treated control), whereas it did not significantly affect the number of normal human lymphocytes. Similarly, 1 mM sodium butyrate alone at 24 hours reduced the number of Molt-4 cells by approximately 32% (p<0.001, compared to non-treated control), without significantly affecting normal human lymphocytes. The combination of 20 IM DHA and 1 mM sodium butyrate killed all Molt-4 cells at the 24-hour time-point and did not
Leopold Fellows meet

Communicating the results of environmental science research to nonscientists was the focus of a week-long meeting of fellows of the Aldo Leopold Leadership Program (ALLP) in June. Participating were 20 mid-career university facultymembers, the first group of ALLP fellows to be selected. Discussions were held on the role of scientists in society, techniques for effective leadership, improving communications skills, and working productively with news media. The training program considers both print and broadcast media as well as other outreach vehicles. The meeting was held at Kah Nee Ta Resort on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Warm Springs, Oregon, June 15–21, 1999.
Asymmetric whirl combustion: A new low NOx approach

A promising new approach for non-premixed low-NO x combustor design is presented in which fuel was injected off-axis or asymmetrically into a whirl flame. Experiments using this technique to react methane and air in an atmospheric laboratory-scale burner demonstrated low NO emissions levels coupled with modest CO emissions. NO emissions below 15 ppm were measured with associated CO below 25 ppm at 15% O 2 . The combustor was shown to exhibit unusual stability characteristics even at overall equivalence ratios below =0.1. Presented in this paper are the design of the novel whirl combustor, the results of an experimental characterization of the combustor emissions, and a numerical examination of the internal structure of the flame, which provides an explanation of this unusual behavior.
Pharmacokinetics of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin after ingestion of individual and combined doses by human subjects.

This study investigated effects of ingestion of a combined dose of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin on their individual pharmacokinetics in serum.During three 5-day study periods, two subjects ingested either a 25 mg dose of beta-carotene, a 25 mg dose of canthaxanthin, or a combined dose of 25 mg each of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin. Pharmacokinetics of the individual and combined doses were compared within subjects.Ingestion of a concurrent beta-carotene dose reduced the peak serum canthaxanthin concentration by 38.8 +/− 6.5%, and the 24- and 72-hour areas under the serum canthaxanthin concentration-time curves by 38.1 +/− 6.4 and 34.4 +/− 7.4%, respectively. The suggested antagonism between beta-carotene and canthaxanthin was not reciprocal; beta-carotene inhibited the appearance of canthaxanthin in serum but canthaxanthin did not inhibit the appearance of beta-carotene.Our data suggest that ingestion of a combined pharmacologic dose of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin reduces the bioavailability of t...
Comparison of Structure and Dynamics of Micelle-bound Human α-Synuclein and Parkinson Disease Variants

Three point mutations (A30P, E46K, and A53T) as well as gene triplication genetically link the 140-residue protein α-synuclein (aS) to the development of Parkinson disease. Here, the structure and dynamics of micelle-bound aS(A30P) and aS(A53T) are described and compared with wild-type aS, in addition to describing the aS-micelle interaction. A53T is sensed only by directly adjacent residues and leaves the backbone structure and dynamics indistinguishable from the wild type. A30P interrupts one helix turn (Val26–Ala29) and destabilizes the preceding one. A shift in helix register following A30P disturbs the canonical succession of polar and hydrophobic residues for at least two turns. The shortened helix-N adopts a slightly higher helical content and is less bent, indicating that strain was present in the micelle-bound helix. In the vicinity of the A30P-induced perturbations, the underlying micelle environment has rearranged, but nevertheless all aS variants maintain similar interrelationships with the micelle. Moreover, aS-micelle immersion correlates well with fast and slow aS backbone dynamics, allowing a rare insight into protein-micelle interplay.
Composition Limits and Magnetic Properties of Sintered Y2.66Gd0.34FexAl0.677Mn0.09O12 Garnets

Single-phase garnet solid solutions can be synthesized between the composition limits of x=4.18 and x=4.22 in Y2.66Gd0.34FexAl0.677Mn0.09O12 at temperatures between 1340° and 1500°C in O2. Solid solutions occur only on the Y2O3-excess side of the stoichiometric garnet composition. Electromagnetic properties and microstructural features of sintered garnets depend critically on small changes in Fe content in the vicinity of the garnet solid-solution region. An intergranular spinel-type second phase exists for compositions when x>4.22 and has a deleterious effect on remanent induction and magnetic loss at 3 GHz. The relative density of powder compacts sintered for 16 h at 1500°C in O2 increases with increasing Fe content (i.e. as x increases) in the garnet solid solution.
Fractal-based watermarking of color images

Digital watermarking continues to be an open area of research. In this work, fractals are employed to spatially embed the watermarks in the RGB domain. The watermarks are tested separately in each of the three planes R, G, and B. A blind detection scheme is utilized in which the only information required for detection is the fractals used for the embedding. Next, combinations of embedding in the RG, RB, GB, and RGB planes are used. The efficacy of the embedding combinations in the various planes are studied to determine the best combinations for the tested fractals, images and attacks. The results are compared with previously published methods by the authors.
'Just don't hit on me and I'm fine': mapping high school wrestlers' relationship to inclusive masculinity and heterosexual recuperation.

This article examines the gender and sexual understandings of high school wrestlers, mainly through the lens of inclusive masculinity theory. It does so by exploring the level of acceptance partici...
Otolith orientation and downbeat nystagmus in the normal cat.

Upward drift of the eyes in darkness, influenced by whole body orientation, was studied in 12 cats using electromagnetic search coil and electro-oculographic techniques. Animals were positioned stationary with respect to gravity with 0° tilt (“upright”) or rolled 90° (“on side”), pitched 90° (“on nose” or “on tail”), or inverted 180° (“upside down”). A downbeat quick-phase nystagmus (slow-phase upward in the cat's orbit) was measured, varying in magnitude with angle of tilt (0.21°/s at 0° tilt; 4.14°/s at 180° tilt). The drift was not present in the light. Upward eye velocities over a range of body orientations in darkness suggest a systematic drive to the eyes which increases with tilt away from upright. The relationship of this behavior to previous models of angular velocity estimation by an otolith-driven central mechanism is discussed.
X-linked myotubular myopathy: a case report of prenatal and perinatal aspects.

Nine families have been reported in which male newborns presented with X-linked myotubular (centronuclear) myopathy. Little is known about the biochemical basis of this disorder or about its natural history in utero. We report a family in which an infant with myotubular myopathy presented in utero with polyhydramnios, poor fetal movement, and feta cardiac arrhythmias. Shortly after birth.the infant died from severe respiratory insufficiency. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry for serum organic acids showed a large octanoic acid peak, but total acyl-Gao dehydrogenase activities in liver were normal. The maternal family history was significant for two perinatal male deaths. Postmortem examination revealed generalized muscle wasting, cardiac enlargement, cryptorchidism, and flexion contractures. Examination of muscle showed numerous fibers that had enlarged, centrally located nuclei and perinuclear clear zones. The muscle fibers were hypotrophic and predominantly of type I. Biopsy specimens of the mus...
Filter assay method for the estrogen receptor protein: detection of both filled and unfilled estrogen binding sites.

Abstract New filter assay methods are presented for quantitating both cytoplasmic and nuclear forms of the estrogen receptor protein. These methods exploit the strong adsorption of this protein to glass-fiber filters, which appears to occur without loss of steroid binding affinity. A “direct assay protocol” is described that detects only unfilled (nonliganded) estrogen binding sites. In addition, a convenient “exchange assay protocol” has been developed that detects, in addition, those receptors present whose binding sites have already bound nonradioactive estradiol. For the exchange assay, an extract containing receptor is adsorbed to a filter, which is washed free of unbound steroid and then equilibrated for a prolonged period with an excess volume of buffer containing radioactive estradiol. After brief washing in steroid-free buffer, the radioactivity adsorbed to the filter is measured to determine the amount of receptor present. These assays can be used at either 4 or 23°C, over a broad range of salt concentrations. The background of nonspecific binding is extremely low, due in part to the almost negligible affinity of free estradiol for the glass-fiber support.
Regulation of the plasma membrane potential in Pneumocystis carinii

Many protists use a H+ gradient across the plasma membrane, the proton motive force, to drive nutrient uptake. This force is generated in part by the plasma membrane potential (ΔΨ). We investigated the regulation of the ΔΨ in Pneumocystis carinii using the potentiometric fluorescent dye bisoxonol. The steady state ΔΨ in a buffer containing Na+ and K+ (standard buffer) was found to be −78±8 mV. In the absence of Na+ and K+ (NMG buffer) or Cl− (gluconate buffer), ΔΨ was not significantly changed suggesting that cation and anion conductances do not play a significant role in the regulation of ΔΨ in P. carinii. The ΔΨ was also not affected by inhibitors of the Na+/K+-ATPase, ouabain (1 mM), and the K+/H+-ATPase, omeprazole (1 mM). In contrast, inhibitors of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (100 μM), N-ethylmaleimide (100 μM) and diethylstilbestrol (25 μM), significantly depolarized the ΔΨ to −43±7, −56±5 and −40±12 mV, respectively. The data support that the plasma membrane H+-ATPase plays a significant role in the regulation of ΔΨ in P. carinii.
Making the Political Personal: A Challenge for Young Women

There are many good reasons why we still need a women's movement in this country. Here I shall focus on just one: I argue that we need a women's movement to recruit and support women as candidates for public office.
Cu/Sn interfacial reactions: thin-film case versus bulk case

The interfacial reaction between Cu and Sn is of interest in both thin-film cases and bulk cases. Currently, it has been found that a film of Cu containing about 1 at.% Sn possesses the best resistance to electromigration among all the Cu alloy films studied so far. How to alloy Sn into Cu thin films by interdiffusion is of technological interest in ULSI wiring. The bulk cases are of interest because of the application of solder bumps as interconnects in the packaging of high-power devices and because of the environmental concern of Pb-bearing solders. The most promising Pb-free solders are Sn based, and Cu-Sn compound formation is essential to achieve a solder joint. This paper reviews the interfacial reaction in bimetallic Cu-Sn thin films. The spontaneous growth of Sn whiskers accompanying the reaction is also presented. With regard to soldering reactions, the growth of scallop-type rather than layer-type Cu-Sn compounds is analyzed. This growth is accompanied by a ripening reaction among the scallop-type grains. A comparison between the thin-film reaction and the soldering reaction is given.
Intergroup communication over time

Abstract The purpose of the present studies was to examine anxiety/uncertainty management processes in dyadic intergroup encounters over four interaction periods. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected in the first study. The quantitative results revealed significant differences across time for anxiety, uncertainty, quality, satisfaction, expectations, and perceived typicality. There were no significant differences across time for personal and social identities. Correlations among the variables indicated that decreases in uncertainty and anxiety are associated with perceived quality of communication. The qualitative data revealed three themes: (1) similarities were perceived that allowed respondents to reduce their uncertainty, (2) self-disclosure allowed the respondents to get to know each other, and (3) respondents changed from basing their communication on their social identities to basing their communication on their personal identities. The results of the second study revealed consistent changes across time for positive expectations, uncertainty, anxiety, quality of communication, and perceived similarity. There also were changes across time for social identity, personal identity, perceived effectiveness, and perceived typicality, but the changes were not consistent across all points in time. Perceived similarity, positive expectations, perceived quality of communication, and perceived effectiveness correlated negatively with uncertainty and anxiety across all four periods of time.
Expression profiles of pea pathogenicity ( PEP) genes in vivo and in vitro, characterization of the flanking regions of the PEP cluster and evidence that the PEP cluster region resulted from horizontal gene transfer in the fungal pathogen Nectria haematococca.

A cluster of pathogenicity genes (PEP1, PEP2, PDA1, PEP5), termed the pea pathogenicity (PEP) cluster and located on a 1.6-Mb conditionally dispensable (CD) chromosome, was identified in the fungal pathogen Nectria haematococca. Studies determined that the expression of PDA1 is induced in both infected pea tissues and in vitro by the phytoalexin pisatin. The present study reports the use of real-time quantitative RT-PCR to monitor the expression of each PEP gene and PDA1. In mycelia actively growing in culture, the mRNA levels of PEP1, PEP5 and PDA1 were very low and the PEP2 transcript was undetectable. In planta, PDA1 and PEP2 were strongly induced, while PEP1 and PEP5 were moderately induced. Starvation slightly enhanced the expression of PEP1, PDA1 and PEP5, while the expression of PEP2 remained undetectable. Exposure to pisatin in culture stimulated the expression of PDA1 and each PEP gene to a similar level as occurred in planta. In addition, all four pathogenicity genes displayed similar temporal patterns of expression in planta and in vitro, consistent with a coordinated regulation of these genes by pisatin during pea pathogenesis. In the flanking regions of the PEP cluster, six open reading frames (ORFs) were identified and all were expressed during infection of pea. Comparison of the codon preferences of these ORFs and seven additional genes from CD chromosomes with the codon preferences of 21 genes from other chromosomes revealed there is a codon bias that correlates with the source of the genes. This difference in codon bias is consistent with the hypothesis that genes on the CD chromosome have a different origin from genes of normal chromosomes, suggesting that horizontal gene transfer may have played a role in the evolution of pathogenesis in N. haematococca.
Self-Concept in Mathematically Gifted Adolescents

Summary Much research has been done on the personality characteristics of children identified as gifted on general intelligence measures. Past research, however, has suggested that personality may vary as a function of the specific area of giftedness, the absolute level of giftedness, and the sex of the adolescent. Mathematical ability is of particular interest, since this ability area is usually stereotyped as being more appropriate for males, and may have differential affect on the personalities of gifted boys and girls. Therefore, the present study investigated the self-esteem and self-concepts of boys and girls (N = 216) who were either highly gifted, able, or average mathematical ability. Thirty-six students of each type completed the Adjective Check List. In regard to self-esteem, level of mathematical ability had no effect on the self-esteem of boys, but did for girls. Furthermore, both sex of S and level of ability had an effect on the content of the self-descriptions.
Building simple multiscale visualizations of outcrop geology using virtual reality modeling language (VRML)

Geological data collected from outcrop are inherently three-dimensional (3D) and span a variety of scales, from the megascopic to the microscopic. This presents challenges in both interpreting and communicating observations. The Virtual Reality Modeling Language provides an easy way for geoscientists to construct complex visualizations that can be viewed with free software. Field data in tabular form can be used to generate hierarchical multi-scale visualizations of outcrops, which can convey the complex relationships between a variety of data types simultaneously. An example from carbonate mud-mounds in southeastern New Mexico illustrates the embedding of three orders of magnitude of observation into a single visualization, for the purpose of interpreting depositional facies relationships in three dimensions. This type of raw data visualization can be built without software tools, yet is incredibly useful for interpreting and communicating data. Even simple visualizations can aid in the interpretation of complex 3D relationships that are frequently encountered in the geosciences.
REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (CBF) IN A RAT MODEL PARALLELS CHANGES IN HUMAN PERINATAL HYPOXICISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (HIE)

Exposure of immature rats to 8% O2 after unilateral carotid artery ligation (UCL) is used as a model of perinatal HIE. The procedure causes reproducible metabolic, neurochemical and histopathological changes lateralized to forebrain on the side of ligation. Tissue effects are attributed to a combination of hypoxemia and relative ischemia, but CBF has not been measured. To study regional CBF in 7 day old pups, we did intracardiac injections of 14C-iodoantipyrine (IAP) and measured tracer accumulation in brainstem, striatum and frontolateral cortex. In controls, brainstem values (dpm/mg tissue) were 220±9% higher than those in striatum and cortex and side to side variation was negligible. Hypercarbia (pCO260) doubled accumulation of tracer but 8% O2 (pAO230) had no effect. Relative CBF to each hemisphere was expressed as striatum/brainstem (S/B) ratio since brainstem is not supplied by the carotid arteries (S/B=.49±.03 in controls). UCL reduced IAP in the ipsilateral hemisphere by 20% (S/B:.46± .01 contralateral vs .37±.02 ipsilateral, P<.05, N=8). 8% O2 superimposed on UCL progressively reduced ipsilateral hemisphere flow to 30% of the contralateral hemisphere value at 2 hrs (S/B: .48±.02 vs .14±.01,p<.001, N=10). IAP autoradiography and India ink perfusions confirmed that the ipsilateral hemisphere became ischemic and remained so for up to 4 hrs after hypoxia ended. The decrease in CBF in this rat model parallels changes which probably lead to brain injury in human perinatal HIE.
Assessing Point-of-Care Device Specifications and Needs for Pathogen Detection in Emergencies and Disasters

BACKGROUND: We assessed point-of-care device specifications and needs for pathogen detection in urgent care, emergencies, and disasters. METHODS: We surveyed American Association for Clinical Chemistry members and compared responses to those of disaster experts. Online SurveyMonkey questions covered performance characteristics, device design, pathogen targets, and other specifications. RESULTS: For disasters, respondents preferred direct sample collection with a disposable test cassette that stores biohazardous material (P<0.001). They identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae as high priority pathogens. First responders were deemed the professional group who should perform POC testing in disasters (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Needs assessment now is requisite for competitive funding, so the results in this report will be useful to investigators preparing grant applications. Point-of-care devices used in disasters should address the needs of first responders, who give high priority to contamination-free whole-blood sampling, superior performance pathogen detection, and HIV-1/2 blood donor screening. There was surprising concordance of preferences among different professional groups, which presages formulation of global consensus guidelines to assist high impact preparedness.
Racial-ethnic self-schemas.

Racial-ethnic minorities are at risk of academic disengagement: pulling back effort in school. Our model focuses on implications of content of racial-ethnic self-schemas (RES) for disengagement. We postulate that risk increases when individuals are either aschematic (do not have an RES) or in-group only RES schematic (when RES incorporates only the in-group without reference to membership in larger society), and that risk decreases when RES contains both in-group and larger society. This latter RES can take the form of a dual identity, in which one is a member of both in-group and larger society, or a minority identity, in which one is a member of an in-group that must fight to overcome obstacles to attain larger societal resources. Three studies involving African American, Hispanic, American Indian and Arab-Palestinian Israelis corroborate the positive effect of dual and minority RES versus in-group only RES or RES aschematic status.
Determining the pH Buffering Capacity of Compost Via Titration with Dilute Sulfuric Acid

Development of high-value horticultural markets for compost requires improved characterization of compost properties. Most composts have pH of 7–8 and act as a partial substitute for lime in potting media. The objective of this research was to develop and validate a reproducible method for determining the pH buffering capacity of compost. To estimate compost buffering capacity (CBC), the quantity of acidity needed to reduce pH by one unit, dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4; 0.1–1.0 mol H+/kg compost) was allowed to equilibrate with compost at 22 °C for 72 h. The CBC was calculated as the negative reciprocal of the slope of the linear regression: compost pH (y-axis) versus acid addition rate (x-axis). The CBC for eight composts ranged from 0.21 to 0.45 mol H+ per kg compost per pH unit (avg = 0.31). The CBC determined from dilute acid addition for 72 h was validated via incubation of compost plus S° dust at 22 °C for 28 days. For the eight composts evaluated, S° addition to acidify compost by 1 pH unit (as predicted by CBC) resulted in an actual pH decline of 1.1 units (SE = 0.2), and predicted S° addition to acidify it by 2 pH units resulted in an actual decline of 1.7 units (SE = 0.2). The CBC test method is recommended for evaluation by commercial compost testing laboratories.
Amplification on a relativistic electron beam in a spatially periodic transverse magnetic field

An exact solution is given for the canonical model equations describing the electromagnetic fields on a free-electron-laser amplifier comprised of a high-quality relativistic electron beam propagating along the axis of a helical pump magnetic field. The case of a cold beam is analyzed in detail and it is shown that, depending upon the parameters, one can have gain when the system is stable, owing to constructive spatial interference of modes, or exponential gain when it is unstable. Gain curves, line shapes, and linewidths are presented for conditions of reported and planned experiments. Reasonable agreement is found with the reported experiments.
4. ALL TOGETHER NOW: SYNCHRONIZATION, SPEED, AND THE FAILURE OF NARRATIVITY

Author(s): Bowker, GC | Abstract: This paper looks at interconnections between social, scientific, and technical time over the period since the Enlightenment. The underlying argument is that each of these can be woven into a single narrative of our experience and description of time over that period. In particular, I maintain that the synchronization of social and natural time into ever smaller, interchangeable units has culminated today in the evacuation of the narrative of progress in favor of an ideology of the eternal present. Contra technologically determinist characterizations that claim a fundamental historical disjuncture occurring with the development of computers, I claim that this timeless present has historical roots going back to the origin of industrial societies through the age of Victorian certainty to our current epoch. The multiple times described here are argued to be telling a single story. I demonstrate this through developing a historiographical principle of infrastructural inversion, which foregrounds a common set of "techniques dispositifs" operating in the apparently separate worlds of science and industry. The assertion here is that our experiences and perceptions of time are deeply imbricated in our information infrastructures. I further argue that these ideological charged times are not hegemonic; they merely describe a motivating managerial vision of a proximate future.
Testing an Economic Approach to Resource Dilemmas

Abstract This article applies a market mechanism derived from principles of welfare economics to a social dilemma simulation in the laboratory. In Study 1, half of the five-person groups were offered the opportunity to voluntarily "buy-out" one or more group members in an effort to conserve a shared, scarce resource. Most groups offered the intervention achieved at least one member buy-out per game. Yet, despite the smaller size of the groups, these groups did not sustain the resource pool any longer than control groups that were left intact. In fact, the results were in the opposite direction. Subjects behaved in a more self-interested manner. In Study 2, the "buy-out" intervention was varied to test the robustness of Study 1′s result. It was found that the intervention was not sensitive to changes in the specifics of operationalization. Discussion is offered regarding the complexity of market-based interventions in social choice situations and the need for improved understanding of the micro-mediating links between market dynamics and individual- and group-level behavior.
Semantic categorization in a linear order problem.

The present investigation was conducted to determine whether subjects could use categorical codes based on semantic memory information (gender of names) to make rapid decisions about the order of names in a linear series. Subjects were taught linear order problems in which 12 names (six male and six female) were either randomly ordered or blocked by sex. The results support a dual-process model which proposes that subjects use both categorical information (discrete linguistic codes) and serial position information when asked to make mental comparisons of arbitrarily ordered items. Furthermore, the data indicate that both the ordinal distance between the terms in the test pair (step size) and the serial position of the test terms in the linear order affect the reaction time to a particular test comparison.
An electrokinetic/hydrodynamic flow microfluidic CE-ESI-MS interface utilizing a hydrodynamic flow restrictor for delivery of samples under low EOF conditions

A hydrodynamic flow restrictor (HDR) that is used to combine electrokinetic and hydrodynamic flow streams has been fabricated in a microfluidic channel by laser micromachining. Combining electrokinetic and hydrodynamic flow streams is challenging in microfluidic devices, because the hydrodynamic flow often overpowers the electrokinetic flow, making it more difficult to use low electroosmotic flow in the electrokinetic portion of the system. The HDR has been incorporated into a capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry interface that provides continuous introduction of a make-up solution and negates the hydrodynamic backpressure in the capillary electrophoresis channel to the extent that low EOF can be utilized. Moreover, the hydrodynamic backpressure is sufficiently minimized to allow coatings that minimize EOF to be used in the electrokinetically driven channel. Such coatings are of great importance for the analysis of proteins and other biomolecules that adsorb to charged surfaces.
Versatile on-demand droplet generation for controlled encapsulation

We present a droplet-based microfluidic system for performing bioassays requiring controlled analyte encapsulation by employing highly flexible on-demand droplet generation. On-demand droplet generation and encapsulation are achieved pneumatically using a microdispensing pump connected to a constant pressure source. The system generates single droplets to the collection route only when the pump is actuated with a designated pressure level and produces two-phase parallel flow to the waste route during the stand-by state. We analyzed the effect of actuation pressure on the stability and size of droplets and optimized conditions for generation of stable droplets over a wide pressure range. By increasing the duration of pump actuation, we could either trigger a short train of identical size droplets or generate a single larger droplet. We also investigated the methodology to control droplet contents by fine-tuning flow rates or implementing a resistance bridge between the pump and main channels. We demonstrated the integrated chip for on-demand mixing between two aqueous phases in droplets and on-demand encapsulation of Escherichia coli cells. Our unique on-demand feature for selective encapsulation is particularly appropriate for bioassays with extremely dilute samples, such as pathogens in a clinical sample, since it can significantly reduce the number of empty droplets that impede droplet collection and subsequent data analysis.
Plasmalogens in the gill lipids of aquatic animals

Abstract 1. 1. Lipids constituted 0.6–2.2% wet wt of the gills of 11 species of aquatic animals (4 bivalves, a crustacean and 6 fishes). 2. 2. Phospholipids, largely phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), are major components of all species. 3. 3. The plasmalogen contents of these lipids were 47–291 μmol/g, with the highest values found for bivalve gill total lipids and the catfish phospholipid fraction.
Polypropylene-elastomer (TPO) nanocomposites: 3. Ductile-brittle transition temperature

Abstract Izod impact strength was determined as a function of temperature for polypropylene (PP)/ethylene-co-octene elastomer (EOR) blends and nanocomposites to determine the effect of PP molecular weight, elastomer MFI, EOR octene content and MMT content on the ductile-brittle (D-B) transition temperature. The D-B transition temperature decreases with increased molecular weight of the PP (H = high, M = medium and L = low) and the addition of MMT. The D-B transition temperature also decreases as the elastomer particle size is decreased, and at a fixed elastomer particle sizes, the D-B transition varies as H-PP
Model of steady-state-biofilm kinetics

A steady-state biofilm is defined as one that has neither net growth nor decay over time. The model, developed for steady-state-biofilm kinetics with a single substrate, couples the flux of substrate into a biofilm to the mass (or thickness) of biofilm that would exist at steady-state for a given bulk substrate concentration. Based on kinetic and energetic constraints, this model predicts for a single substrate that a steady-state bulk concentration, Smin, exists below which a steady-state biofilm cannot exist. Thus, in the absence of adsorption of bacteria from the bulk water and for substrate concentration below Smin, substrate flux and biofilm thickness are zero. Equations are provided for calculating the steady-state substrate flux and biofilm thickness for S greater than Smin. An example is provided to demonstrate the use of the steadystate model.
Results of a Survey on Web-Based Approaches to Global Outsourcing in the Manufacturing Industry

Today, manufacturing industry is characterized by globalization, unpredictability and rapid change. To be competitive, companies are globally outsourcing activities that are outside their core competencies. In this context, online marketplaces for manufacturing services have become attractive venues for developing supply chain relationships. Despite their significant growth within last few years, online markets are still in their infancy phase. One of the underdeveloped areas in such markets is supply and demand representation. This paper reflects the result of a survey on the existing online markets in the manufacturing industry. Particular focus of this survey is on identifying the major criteria used by market administrators and users for describing supply and demand. Findings of this survey can provide preliminary data for future efforts in development of standard models for conceptualization and representation of supply and demand in online markets.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
COLORING GRAPHS TO CLASSIFY SIMPLE CLOSED GEODESICS ON CONVEX DELTAHEDRA

We obtain a complete classification of all simple closed geodesics on the eight convex deltahedra by solving a related graph coloring problem. Geodesic segments in the neighborhood of each deltahedron vertex produce a limited number of crossing angles with deltahedron edges. We define a coloring on the edge graph of a deltahedron based on these angles, and we show that the set of graph colorings compatible with edge-colorings of the neighborhood graphs of radius one classifies all possible simple closed geodesics on all convex deltahedra.
On Dynamic Topological Logic of the Real Line

This article explores the topological interpretations of the modal language with two modalities—□, which is interpreted as the interior operation and ◯ (‘next’) which is interpreted as the pre-image operation for a continuous function. It is known that the □◯ logic S4C is complete with respect to topological interpretations in ℝn for n≥2, yet it is incomplete with respect to topological interpretations in ℝ. We focus on the logic L□◯(ℝ) of all the □◯ formulas that are sound with respect to topological interpretations in ℝ. In this article we present two formulas in L□◯(ℝ)–S4C, and prove that they are sound in ℝ and independent. We also establish that the previously known examples of formulas in L□◯(ℝ)–S4C are instances of a particular consequence of one of the two formulas presented.
Word Sense Disambiguation with Automatically Acquired Knowledge

This article describes an automatic word sense disambiguation method-determining which word sense fits in a given context-that makes the process feasible in practice.
Electron energy loss by electron-hole excitations in ferromagnets: The near-specular geometry.

A low-energy electron which reflects off a crystal surface couples to particle-hole excitations through the Coulomb interaction. This leads to a contribution to the electron-energy-loss spectrum peaked about the specular direction. It is pointed out that if the material is a ferromagnet, a spin dependence of the near-specular loss spectrum occurs as a consequence of interference between the direct Coulomb matrix element, and the non-spin-flip portion of the exchange coupling of the incident electron to the particle-hole spectrum. It is suggested that this interference effect, and not spin-flip scattering, is responsible for the spin-dependent feature reported by Kirschner, Rebenstorff, and Ibach in their study of the near-specular electron-energy-loss spectrum of the Ni(110) surface. In principle a direct experimental test of this proposal is possible.
A statistical analysis of factors related to symptomatic cerebral vasospasm

A retrospective review of patients presenting to our institution with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage between 1980–1990 was accomplished. Eleven variables were examined as to their relationship to clinical vasospasm: age, sex, clinical grade, amount of subarachnoid blood on CT, aneurysm location, incidence of vasospasm, incidence of complications, use of calcium channel blockers, time to surgery, length of stay, and outcome. Data were analyzed with univariate and multivariate logistical regression methodology. By univariate analysis, age under 20, amount of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and clinical grade were associated with a higher risk of vasospasm. Using multivariate logistic regression, these factors, along with age under 35, were correlated as being predictive of clinical vasospasm. When all patients are grouped into either good or bad outcome, and a similar analysis is performed, only in the poor outcome group is the amount of subarachnoid hemorrhage and clinical grade correlated with vasospasm. This suggests that there is a group of patients with a predisposition to vasospasm that is independent of subarachnoid hemorrhage and clinical grade, and that these patients may have a more favorable outcome.
The leukocyte response in patients with sbigellosis

Summary A review of the white blood counts of a group of patients with shigellosis reveals counts ranging from 2,200 to 36,600 per cubic milliliter. There were a number of patients with definite leukopenia, a number with leukocytosis, and a number with perfectly normal white blood cell counts. The idea that the continued absorption of the Shigella endotoxin is capable of producing this picture of variation in leukocyte response is presented. The marked variation in the white blood cell count in patients with shigellosis makes the simple procedure of a white blood cell count of little use in the differential diagnosis of bacillary dysentery.
Calcium Ion Downregulates Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Activity: Evidence for a Two-metal Ion Catalytic Mechanism

The inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase by Ca2+ has been kinetically characterized and the results support a two-metal-ion catalytic mechanism for formation of cGMP. Ca2+ reversibly inhibits both the basal and NO-stimulated forms of bovine lung soluble guanylyl cyclase. Inhibition is independent of the activator identity and concentration, revealing that Ca2+ interacts with a site independent of the heme regulatory site. Inhibition by Ca2+ is competitive with respect to Mg2+ in excess of substrate, with Kis values of 29 +/- 4 and 6.6 +/- 0.6 microM for the basal and activated states, respectively. Ca2+ inhibits noncompetitively with respect to the substrate MgGTP in both activity states. The qualitatively similar inhibition pattern and quantitatively different Ki values between the basal and NO-stimulated states suggest that the Ca2+ binding site undergoes some structural modification upon activation of the enzyme. The competitive nature of Ca2+ inhibition with respect to excess Mg2+ is consistent with a two-metal-ion mechanism for cyclization.
Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Infected Mice with Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Specific Immune Serum

Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Infected Mice with Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Specific Immune Serum
Making a difference in and through playful design

How can design (broadly thought) and creative thought in technology, 'make a difference' empirically and conceptually from the point of view of design practice? In the world of social impact design, how do designers know if they have the right approach for the best outcomes? In this talk, Tiltfactor laboratory director and Dartmouth professor Mary Flanagan shares strategies for design, focusing on cooperative interactions and the unintended consequences of designers' actions. Urging designers to ask big questions about where our technology is heading and how we might improve it from a social justice perspective, Flanagan offers actionable approaches to these questions through design examples and case studies of specific projects from her innovative game design work at http://www.Tiltfactor.org.