cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uniaxial, load-controlled cyclic deformation of recrystallized molybdenum sheet

Abstract Monotonic tensile tests and uniaxial load-controlled tension–tension cyclic tests were performed on commercial purity (99.99%) molybdenum in the recrystallized state in the temperature interval spanning RT (25 °C) to 500 °C range. Cyclic deformation behavior was characterized by analyzing the ratcheting strain, cyclic hardening response, and fatigue life. The response of unrecrystallized and recrystallized Mo was compared at room temperature; the influence of test variables including mean stress, stress amplitude and R ratio on ratcheting strain in recrystallized Mo at room temperature was also examined. The magnitude and rate of ratcheting strain evolution with cycles appear to depend on both the mean stress and the stress amplitude. Microstructural evolution during cyclic loading was characterized by conducting interrupted tests at room temperature as well as at 400 °C. Observations confirm dislocations cell structure formation during cyclic plastic deformation at room temperature and at 400 °C, the process occurring more rapidly at the higher temperature; in addition, at the higher temperature some of the cell walls appeared to have transformed into subgrain boundaries, suggesting partial recovery.
SET-induced calcium signaling and MAPK/ERK pathway activation mediate dendritic cell-like differentiation of U937 cells

Human SET, a target of chromosomal translocation in human leukemia encodes a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed, nuclear phosphoprotein. SET mediates many functions including chromatin remodeling, transcription, apoptosis and cell cycle control. We report that overexpression of SET directs differentiation of the human promonocytic cell line U937 along the dendritic cell (DC) pathway, as cells display typical morphologic changes associated with DC fate and express the DC surface markers CD11b and CD86. Differentiation occurs via a calcium-dependent mechanism involving the CaMKII and MAPK/ERK pathways. Similar responses are elicited by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treatment with the distinction that IFN-γ signaling activates the DNA-binding activity of STAT1 whereas SET overexpression does not. In addition, unlike IFN-γ signaling, SET generated stress-induced p38/MAPK activity. Interestingly, IFN-γ treatment transiently upregulated endogenous SET in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that SET is part of both IFN-γ-mediated and stress-mediated cellular responses and that SET induces cell differentiation via calcium and MAPK/ERK pathways.
To build or buy: an empirical study of the characteristics affecting a bank’s expansion decisions

Abstract This paper examines a bank’s expansion decision. A probit model is used for the analysis of whether the bank expands, the unconditional expansion decision. To correct for selection bias, a Heckman correction procedure is used to predict build and merge activity rates of expanding banks. Market, bank and bank/market characteristics are used to estimate a California bank’s unconditional and conditional expansion decision. The analysis identifies differences in predicting build and merge activity rates for the entire sample of banks, as well as stratification on small and large banks. The results indicate different factors affect the build and merge activity rates.
PARANEOPLASTIC NEUROLOGIC SYNDROMES

Malignancies may produce indirect effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as on muscle. Certain autoantibodies have been detected in some of these paraneoplastic syndromes, and these antibodies most likely play a role in their pathogenesis. This article describes the currently accepted paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes along with current information regarding their pathogenesis.
Patterns of Community Violence Exposure During Adolescence

This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of community violence exposure and malleable predictors of these exposure patterns among a community sample of 543 urban African American early adolescents (45.3% female; mean age: 11.76). In each of grades 6, 7, and 8, latent class analyses revealed two patterns of community violence exposure: high exposure and low exposure. For the majority of participants, experiences with community violence were similar at each grade. Impulsive behavior and depressive symptoms distinguished adolescents in the high and low exposure classes in grade 6. Implications for interventions to prevent community violence exposure are discussed.
The Strain Response of Lung Myofibroblasts Cultured on Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nanofibers

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is a devastating condition characterized by excessive localized production of collagen in the lungs. Over 131,000 people are living with IPF in America (1, 2). There is currently no known treatment or cure for the disease. It has recently been shown that IPF myofibroblasts are sensitive to the stiffness of their substrate. Specifically, alpha Smooth Muscle Actin (alpha-SMA), a known indicator of IPF activity, was differentially produced on soft vs. stiff substrates (3). This suggests a mechanotransduction pathway within the IPF myofibroblasts.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
African American and European American Perceptions of Problematic Issues in Interethnic Communication Effectiveness

African American and European American perceptions of interethnic communication effectiveness were compared. Interethnic communication was conceptualized as a problematic event (perceptually organized into communication issues). Hypotheses proposed that ethnic identity would predict conversational issues which, in turn, would predict satisfaction. Nine issues salient to communication were derived from previous research: powerlessness, stereotyping, acceptance, goal attainment, authenticity, understanding, expressiveness, shared worldview, relational solidarity, and relaxation. The hypotheses were tested for differences between African Americans and European Americans with additional tests far relationship closeness. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factorial validity of the issues and indicated that identity had both political and social dimensions for African Americans but only a single dimension for European Americans. Path analysis did not support the causal ordering. However, when the causal link between identity and issues was eliminated and satisfaction was regressed on the entire set of predictor variables the multiple Rs were above .91 for both ethnic groups. Different issues were associated with satisfaction for each group and for close and distant relationships for each ethnic group.
Impacts of the use of e-mail and the internet on personal trip-making behavior

This article presents the results of a web survey of 118 residents in the Knoxville, Tennessee, metropolitan region to explore the impacts of the use of e-mail and the Internet on personal trip-making behavior. Respondents were required to be active drivers and users of e-mail and/or the Internet. Approximately 40% reported that their use of these information technologies has led to less driving overall, and 18% reported less rush hour driving. Although use of the Internet has led to both trip reduction and new trip generation, overall, weekly trips appear to be reduced by 8% from the national average of almost 28 person trips per week in 2001. The number of places respondents have access to e-mail and the Internet is highly related to trip reduction and new trip generation. Education and income were positively related to new trip generation.
Graft-versus-leukaemia reactivity induced by alloimmunisation without augmentation of graft-versus-host reactivity

Supralethal doses of chemoradiotherapy followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation are being used to treat patients with acute leukaemia refractory to conventional chemotherapy regimens1–5. Despite this approach, leukaemia has recurred in about one-third of the patients1–5. One strategy to solve this problem would be to transplant marrow with antileukaemic reactivity to obtain a graft-versus-leukaemia (GvL) effect against residual leukaemia cells6. Many workers have demonstrated antileukaemic effects following transplantation of immunocompetent cells from allogeneic donors in animal models, but graft-versus-host (GvH) disease proved to be a complication6–8. Recently, Weiden et al.9 presented evidence of a GvL effect in human recipients of marrow grafts from HLA compatible allogeneic donors. Unfortunately, this antileukaemic effect was associated with moderate, severe or lethal GvH disease, and the lower probability of recurrent leukaemia was offset by a higher probability of GvH-related mortality9. We report here the results that suggest a clinically feasible method of obtaining desired GvL effects while avoiding undesired GvH reactions. Alloimmunisation of CBA (H–2k) mice was found to induce a population of cells which, when transplanted into leukaemic AKR (H–2k) mice, led to the destruction of disseminated leukaemia (AKR-L) cells. Furthermore, the transplanted cells caused no augmentation in the mild GvH disease observed when cells from unimmunised CBA donors were administered to lethally irradiated non-leukaemic AKR hosts.
Coulomb Phase of N=2 Supersymmetric QCD.

We present an explicit nonperturbative solution of N=2 supersymmetric SU({ital N}) gauge theory with {ital N}{sub {ital f}}{le}2{ital N} flavors generalizing results of Seiberg and Witten for {ital N}=2.
Triglyceride concentrations: the disaccharide effect

The mean 24-hour or integrated concentration of triglyceride is significantly higher when dietary sucrose is provided rather than an equivalent amount of its component monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. In contrast, the plasma triglyceride concentration after a 12-hour fast is not significantly different.
Gender differences in cardiovascular mortality by C-reactive protein level in the United States: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III.

Background The association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality by gender has not been previously described using a data set that is representative of the US population. Methods We used Cox proportional hazards models to explore gender differences in CRP-associated mortality via the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III 1988-1994 linked to the National Death Index with mortality follow-up through 2006. We examined CV mortality as well as all-cause mortality hazards. Results The final sample size included a total of 13,878 individuals (7,364 women and 6,514 men) with a median follow up of 18.2 years. All models controlled for race, age, smoking, high-density lipoprotein, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, waist circumference, and total cholesterol. Men with a CRP >3.0 mg/L relative to those with a CRP ≤3.0 mg/L had elevated CV mortality hazards (hazard ratio [HR] 1.79, 95% CI 1.23-2.60) and all-cause mortality hazards (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.29-1.90). In women, elevated CRP was not significantly associated with either increased CV (HR 1.20, 95% CI 0.90-1.59) or all-cause mortality hazards (HR 1.09, CI 0.93-1.29). Conclusion National guidelines from various agencies that make recommendations on the diagnostic and prognostic use of CRP have treated men and women equally. We find that there may be reason to tailor recommendations based upon one's gender.
Translating tissue culture results into animal models: the case of Salmonella typhimurium

Investigators use both in vitro and in vivo models to better understand infectious disease processes. Both models are extremely useful in research, but there exists a significant gap in complexity between the highly controlled reductionist in vitro systems and the largely undefined, but relevant variability encompassing in vivo animal models. In an effort to understand how Salmonella initiates disease at the intestinal epithelium, in vitro models have served a useful purpose in allowing investigators to identify molecular mechanisms responsible for Salmonella invasion of host cells and stimulation of host inflammatory responses. Identification of these molecular mechanisms has generated hypotheses that are now being tested using in vivo models. Translating the in vitro findings into the context of an animal model and subsequently to human disease remains a difficult challenge for any disease process.
Measuring the Effects of Unintended Pregnancy on Women’s Quality of Life

Abstract Background This study was conducted to assess the potential impact of an unintended pregnancy on women's quality of life. Study Design We asked 192 nonpregnant women to report how they would feel if they learned that they were pregnant using a visual analog scale (VAS), a time trade-off (TTO) metric, a standard gamble (SG) metric and a willingness-to-pay (WTP) metric. Results Women's anticipated responses to an unintended pregnancy varied widely. Using a VAS, 8% reported pregnancy would make them feel like they were dying. To avoid pregnancy, 28% of women were willing to trade time from the end of their life (TTO), 16% of women were willing to accept an immediate risk of death (SG) and 60% of women were willing to pay some amount of money (WTP). On average, women, using the VAS, TTO and SG metrics, reported that an unintended pregnancy would create a health utility state (where 0 represents death and 1 represents perfect health) of 0.487, 0.992 and 0.997, respectively. Conclusion The anticipated effects of pregnancy on women's quality of life should be integrated into cost-effectiveness analyses of family planning services.
Processes Controlling Precipitation in Shallow, Orographic, Trade Wind Convection

AbstractA sharp reduction in precipitation was observed on the island of Dominica in the Caribbean during a 2011 field campaign when the trade winds weakened and convection transitioned from mechanically to thermally driven. The authors propose four hypotheses for this reduction, which relate to (i) the triggering mechanism, (ii) dry-air entrainment, (iii) giant sea-salt aerosol, and (iv) small-island-derived aerosol. The plausibility of the first three hypotheses is the focus of this study.Aircraft observations show the dynamics of the orographic cumulus clouds at flight level are surprisingly similar, irrespective of how they are triggered. However, the orographic cumulus clouds are consistently shallower when the trade winds are weak, which the authors attribute to a drier and shallower cloud layer compared to days with stronger trade winds. The strong negative influence of dry-air entrainment in a drier environment on cumulus depth and liquid water content is qualitatively demonstrated using an entrai...
Strategies for Successful Early Intervention Coordinating Councils

States have reported mixed results in their efforts to implement early intervention interagency coordinting councils as mandated by Public Law 99-457. The purposes of this paper are to (1) discuss why interagency coordination is important for the development of services for young children with handicaps and their families, (2) present a summary of the difficulties that early intervention interagency coordinating councils have been facing, and (3) suggest strategies that interagency coordinating councils can use to improve their functioning. Strategies are discussed that involve the council's membership, role definition, commitment to common goals, vision of the Early Intervention system, achievement of goals, and use of political strategies.
Septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint due to gram-positive microorganisms

Infectious arthritis of the sternoclavicular (SC) joint is a known complication of intravenous drug abuse. Most reported cases have been caused by gram-negative microorganisms. Patients with this form of septic arthritis usually have protracted illnesses and require both medical and surgical, therapy. During 18 months we saw four cases of SC septic arthritis cause by gram-positive microorganisms. Three cases were related to heroin use and Staphylococcus aureus was the causative organisms. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in the remaining patient. All patients had the abrupt onset of SC joint swelling and tenderness as the initial complaint and all responded favorably to appropriate intravenous drug therapy.
Emphasis and Priority

This commentary discusses how many words, particularly racial identifiers, used in patient presentations have been removed from the lexicon because of unacceptable connotations and how the relative...
Children in foster care in the state of Washington. Health care utilization and expenditures.

Objective. —To determine and compare health care utilization and expenditures of children in foster care with those of other children and to identify and describe high-cost children in foster care. Design. —Analysis of the Medicaid program claims data in the state of Washington. Population. —A total of 1631 children in foster care and 5316 children in the Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) program in 1990. The children were ages 0 through 7 years and eligible for Medicaid continuously during the study year. Main Outcome Measures. —Health care utilization and expenditures classified by types of health service and health care provider; proportion of children with 1990 expenditures exceeding $10000 and most prominent diagnoses associated with their health care utilization. Results. —Mental health services were used by 25% of children in foster care compared with 3% of AFDC children ( P P P P Conclusions. —Results suggest a higher prevalence and greater complexity of illnesses, particularly mental disorders, among children in foster care. Despite the high utilization and cost of mental health services, previous research suggests there may be underutilization of these services compared with need. Appropriate allocation of resources is essential if foster care agencies are to adequately meet the diverse and compelling needs of children in foster care. ( JAMA . 1994;271:1850-1855)
A linear method for calibrating LIDAR-and-camera systems

This article describes a multimedia system consisting of two sensors: (1) a laser range scanner (LIDAR) and (2) a conventional digital camera. Our work specifies a mathematical calibration model that allows for this data to be explicitly integrated. Data integration is accomplished by calibrating the system, i.e., estimating for each variable of the model for a specific LIDAR-and-camera pair. Our approach requires detection of feature points in both the LIDAR scan and the digital images. Using correspondences between feature points, we can then estimate the model variables that specify an explicit mathematical relationship between sensed (x, y, z) LIDAR points and (x, y) digital image positions. Our system is designed for 3D line scanners, i.e., scanners that detect positions that lie in a 3D plane which requires some special theoretical and experimental treatment. Results are provided for simulations of the system in a virtual environment and for a real LIDAR-and-camera system consisting of a SICK LMS200 and an inexpensive USB web-camera. Calibrated systems can integrate the data in real-time which is of particular use for autonomous vehicular and robotic navigation.
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE IMPURITY OCCURRENCES IN COPPER ORES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ORE TYPES

A study of the impurity distributions in copper obtained from various ores shows no significant correlations between the impurity distributions. A test of 390 samples of copper obtained from various ores shows that more than 75% of copper samples can be correctly identified as coming from either simple copper metal ores, oxidized ores or more complex reduced ores thereby yielding information on the metallurgical capabilities of the society smelting the ores.
Characteristic vertices of trees

LetG=(V,E) be a graph with vertex set V={v 1,v 2,…vn } and edge set E. Denote by L(G) the n-by-n-matrix (aij ), where aij is the degree of vertex iwhen j=i; aij =−1 when j≠i and {i,j}∈E; and aij =0, otherwise. While L(G) depends on the labeling of V, its characteristic polynomialqG (x) does not. The main result of the first section is a family of inequalities between the coefficients of qG (x) and the coefficients of the chromatic polynomial of G. If λ n ⩾λ n−1⩾⋯⩾λ1 are the eigenvalues of L(G), then λ1=0 and λ2>0 if and only if G is connected. For connected graphs, the eigenvectors of L(G) corresponding to λ2 afford "characteristic valuations" of G, a concept introduced by M. Fiedler. Sections II and III explore the "characteristic vertices" arising from characteristic valuations when G is a tree.
Coastal colloidal carbon: A study of its seasonal variation and the possibility of river input

Abstract The concentration of organic colloidal and non-particulate carbon was monitored for one year off the coast of North Carolina. The mean value for colloidal carbon was 148 ± 25.0 μg 1 −1 . No seasonal pattern was apparent. Furthermore, the amount of colloidal carbon appeared to be independent of the amount of non-particulate carbon. On an average, 11 ± 2.0% of the nonparticulate carbon was colloidal. A strong negative correlation between colloidal carbon concentrations and salinity was found, indicating that the bulk of the colloidal material in rivers does not reach the coast. ‘Fingerprints’ obtained with pyrolysis-gas liquid chromatography show that coastal and river/estuarine colloidal material are composed of different compounds. Coastal colloidal material had no significant fluorescence or light absorption in the u.v. and visible range, indicating that it is poor in aromatics and other chromophores. Therefore, it is not composed of gelbstoff.
Dimerization of TFIID when not bound to DNA

For unknown reasons, the eukaryotic transcription factor TFIID inefficiently recognizes promoters. Human TFIID was found to form highly specific homodimers that must dissociate before DNA binding. TFIID dimers formed through self-association of the TATA-binding polypeptide (TBP) subunit and could be immunoprecipitated with antibodies to TAF II 250, the core subunit of TFIID. Chemical cross-linking experiments in HeLa cells revealed the presence of TBP dimers in vivo. These findings suggest that dimerization through TBP is the physiological state of TFIID when not bound to DNA. Thus, the inefficiency of TFIID binding to a promoter may be partly attributable to the competitive effect of dimerization.
Philosophy, mathematics, science and computation

Attempts to lay a foundation for the sciences based on modern mathematics are questioned. In particular, it is not clear that computer science should be based on set-theoretic mathematics. Set-theoretic mathematics has difficulties with its own foundations, making it reasonable to explore alternative foundations for the sciences. The role of computation within an alternative framework may prove to be of great potential in establishing a direction for the new field of computer science. Whitehead's theory of reality is re-examined as a foundation for the sciences. His theory does not simply attempt to add formal rigor to the sciences, but instead relies on the methods of the biological and social sciences to construct his world-view. Whitehead's theory is a rich source of notions that are intended to explain every element of experience. It is a product of Whitehead's earlier attempt to provide a mathematical foundation for the physical sciences and is still consistent with modern physics. A computer simulation language is, in fact, a theory of reality; one that is often based on extremely simplistic notions. Simulation languages have evolved from the various programming languages and not from the development of their underlying world-view. The use of an established theory of reality, such as Whitehead's, as the basis of a simulation language is proposed as a way of extending the usefulness of computer simulation as an experimental tool for the theory. The λσ simulation language is a first step in this direction. Based on Whitehead's notion of concrescence and a formalization in the typed λ-calculus, λσ provides a notation and method for the construction and simulation of real-world phenomena. Both philosophy and computer science stand to benefit from such an attempt. Whitehead's theory gains a testing tool, while computer science gains a significantly more advanced simulation language.
Nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus anthracis edema factor gene (cya): a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF) gene ( cya ), which encodes a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase, has been determined. EF is part of the tripartite protein exotoxin of B. anthracis . An ATG start codon, immediately upstream from codons which specify the first 15 amino acids (aa) of EF, was preceded by an AAAGGAGGT sequence which is its probable ribosome-binding site. Starting at this ATG codon, there was a continuous 2400-bp open reading frame which encodes the 800-aa EF-precursor protein with a M r of 92464. The mature, secreted protein (767 aa; M r 88808) was preceded by a 33-aa signal peptide which has characteristics m common with leader peptides for other secreted proteins of the Bacillus species. A consensus amino acid sequence (Gly-X-X-X-X-Gly-Lys-Ser, X = any aa), which was part of the presumed ATP binding site for EF, was also present. The codon usage of the EF gene reflected the high A + T (71%) base composition for its DNA. B. anthracis EF was not related to the Escherichia coli or yeast adenylate cyclases, but was related to the Bordetella pertussis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase.
The thermal response of an infinite line of open loop wells for ground coupled heat pump systems

Abstract Ground thermal energy storage is a means of storing thermal energy underground during the summer and utilizing it during the winter. The main use of such a technology is in the heating, ventilating and air conditioning sector where the ground provides a stable temperature reservoir for a heat pump system. Heat pumps are mechanical systems that provide heating to a space in the winter, and cooling in the summer. They are increasingly popular because the same system provides both heating modes, depending on the direction of the cycle upon which they operate. The stable temperature reservoir allows the heat pump system to run at a higher efficiency. Thermal energy is transmitted to and from the ground by circulation of water through standing column geothermal wells. In commercial applications, the ground storage is enabled by a field of multiple wells; hence proper well spacing is important for optimum performance for a fixed land area and required storage capacity. If wells are too closely spaced, one system may thermally encroach on another thereby lowering the efficiency of both. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the thermal response of a line of evenly spaced wells, operating concurrently. A numerical model is developed, validated using empirical data, and compared to an approximate analytical model that allows for the assessment of coefficient of performance degradation. The analytical model is solved by separating the problem into three time regimes. First, for small values of time, heat is absorbed predominantly by the thermal capacity of the well water. Second, for intermediate times, heat flow through an infinite cylinder dictates the thermal response. Third, for late times, planar conduction dominates due to thermal encroachment between adjacent wells. The transition times between these regimes are derived from characteristic times distinct to the driving physics. Using the analytical model, the temperature response of the well in a line is compared to an isolated well showing the degradation in well performance with time. This degradation in performance is then related to the coefficient of performance of a reversible heat pump system to assess the impact on efficiency. The results quantify the decrease in coefficient of performance of a ground coupled heat pump system sourced by a line of wells as a function of time and decreasing well spacing. The coefficient of performance figure is a figure of merit for geothermal well field designers to properly assess the financial benefits of a ground coupled heat pump system compared to conventional systems.
Pathologic changes in adrenalectomized and non-adrenalectomized rats exposed to cold.

Sexually mature male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were sensitized by removal of one kidney and feeding a diet containing 4 per cent sodium chloride. Adrenalectomized rats were treated with 4 cc. of aqueous adrenal cortical extract per rat per day. Groups of adrenalectomized and non-adrenalectomized rats were each subdivided into groups which were adapted to low temperature and kept at 3–5# for 60 days, and similar groups kept at room temperature forthe same period of time. An additional group of non-adrenalectomized sensitized rats were adapted to the overfeeding of the high salt diet by stomach tube. The amount of fluid diet represented approximately as much dry diet as was eaten ad libitum by the cold-exposed rats. The following pointswere established: 1. The rats exposed to cold ate much more food but gained less weight than did rats kept at room temperature. The rats which were overfed at room temperature became overweight.
An Exact Formula for the Probability That Two Specified Sampling Units Will Occur in a Sample Drawn with Unequal Probabilities and without Replacement

Abstract Given a population of N units, it is required to draw a sample of n distinct units in such a way that the probability π i , (i = 1, …, N) for the ith unit to be in the sample is proportional to its ‘size’ xi. One way to achieve this is as follows: The N units in the population are listed in a random order and their xi are cumulated and a systematic selection of n elements from a “random start” is then made on the cumulation. The mathematical theory associated with this procedure has been presented in [1], where with the help of asymptotic theory, compact expressions for the variance of the estimate of the population total are derived. These expressions contain probabilities Pii ′ (i ≠ i′ i, i′ = 1, …, N) that units i and i′ both are in the sample. For n = 2, N = 3 and n = 2, N = 4, exact formulae are derived in [1], but for other n and N only approximate formulae are obtained. It is the purpose of this paper to derive an exact formula for Pii ′ for any values of n and N. The argument makes use of...
Perturbations of Conservation Laws in Field Theories

Conservation laws arising from Noether's theorem are varied to obtain a hierarchy of new conservation laws involving perturbations of the fields and their symmetries. The resulting conserved quantities, called Taub numbers, are obstructions to formal power series solutions of the field equations. The main results give conditions for the existence (conservation), for the triviality (vanishing), and for the gauge invariance of these Taub numbers. Gravitational and gauge fields are used to illustrate the theory; examples of other fields to which the theory can be extended are suggested.
Parenting During Childhood Predicts Relationship Satisfaction in Young Adulthood: A Prospective Longitudinal Perspective

Using three waves of data drawn from the National Survey of Families and Households (n = 438 young adult children) we examined the process by which parental warmth and harsh parenting during childhood influences children's romantic relationship satisfaction in young adulthood. Harsh parenting was directly associated with children's relationship satisfaction, independently and in conjunction with parental warmth, whereas parental warmth was indirectly associated with relationship satisfaction through family cohesion during adolescence. Results were consistent across male and female young adults involved in married, dating, and cohabiting relationships. Findings from this prospective, longitudinal study coincide with previous research using adult children's retrospective reports of parenting behavior and highlight the importance of family of origin influences on romantic relationships in young adulthood.
Toxicity of five shale oils to fish and aquatic invertebrates.

The chemical composition and toxicity of three shale crude oils (Tosco, Paraho, and Geokinetics), a hydrotreated oil (Paraho HDT), and a refined shale oil (Paraho JP-4) were assessed to determine the potential hazards to native fish species and food chain organisms posed by accidental spills of such materials. Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), and colonies of aquatic invertebrates were exposed to the watersoluble fractions of the shale oils for 96 hr to determine concentrations lethal to 50% of the exposed organisms (LC-50). The behavior of surviving fish was also measured to determine the sublethal influences of exposure. The composition of the five water-soluble fractions was similar to that of the crude and refined shale oils from which they were made. Hydrotreated and refined oils contained fewer aromatic compounds than the crude shale oils. The cutthroat trout, a species endemic to oil shale regions, was less tolerant of shale oil exposure than the other species tested; the LC-50 concentrations were 1.8 mg/L Geokinetics, 2.1 mg/L Tosco, and 1.3 mg/L Paraho. Exposure to concentrations of one-half to one-eighth those causing mortality reduced the swimming capacity of squawfish and significantly impaired their ability to capture prey. The number of invertebrate taxa, species, and organisms colonizing plate samplers declined with increasing oil concentration. The generaBaetis andIsoperla were most sensitive to shale oil exposure; significant mortality occurred at the lowest concentration (0.5–0.7 mg/L) tested for each shale oil.
PKC-δ and -η, MEKK-1, MEK-6, MEK-3, and p38-δ Are Essential Mediators of the Response of Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes to Differentiating Agents

Previous studies suggest that the novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms initiate a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade that regulates keratinocyte differentiation. However, assigning these functions has relied on treatment with pharmacologic inhibitors and/or manipulating kinase function using overexpression of wild-type or dominant-negative kinases. As these methods are not highly specific, an obligatory regulatory role for individual kinases has not been assigned. In this study, we use small interfering RNA knockdown to study the role of individual PKC isoforms as regulators of keratinocyte differentiation induced by the potent differentiating stimulus, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). PKC-δ knockdown reduces TPA-activated involucrin promoter activity, nuclear activator protein-1 factor accumulation and binding to DNA, and cell morphology change. Knockdown of PKC downstream targets, including MEKK-1, MEK-6, MEK-3, or p38-δ, indicates that these kinases are required for these responses. Additional studies indicate that knockdown of PKC-η inhibits TPA-dependent involucrin promoter activation. In contrast, knockdown of PKC-α (a classical PKC isoform) or PKC-e (a novel isoform) does not inhibit these TPA-dependent responses. Further studies indicate that PKC-δ is required for calcium and green tea polyphenol-dependent regulation of end responses. These findings are informative as they suggest an essential role for selected PKC and MAPK cascade enzymes in mediating a range of end responses to a range of differentiation stimuli in keratinocytes.
635 AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN BILIARY MOTILITY AND STRUCTURE

Age-dependent changes of the biliary tract may predispose to developing biliary tract disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aging on biliary motility and structure of male guinea pigs. Bile flow rates declined with increasing age and were greater when measured by volume of bile collected from the ampulla vs bile duct cannula: Flow Rates(μl/min/kg) While fasting, intravital microscopy measured bile flow rates and documented rhythmic contractions of the sphincter ductus choledochi(SDC) at 4-6/min with associated narrowing of the proximal duct and filling of the ampulla until milking constrictions of the ampulla at 1-2/min emptied its contents into the duodenum. The newborn had incomplete closure of the SDC and a fold in the ampulla prevented filling of the distal ampulla until the entire duct was distended. Ten ml/kg of Ensure in the duodenum caused relaxation of the SDC and tonic contractions of the ampulla. Methylmeth-acrylate casts of the biliary system correlated structures with these functional components. In conclusion, bile flow rates decreased with aging and the sphincter of Oddi was propulsive with age-dependent changes in function and structure.
Psychobiology of novelty seeking and drug seeking behavior

There is considerable evidence that high novelty seekers are at increased risk for using drugs of abuse relative to low novelty seekers. This review examines the potential biological mechanism that may help explain the relationship between novelty seeking and drug seeking behavior. Evidence is summarized to suggest that exposure to novelty activates, at least in part, the same neural substrate that mediates the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. It is argued that individual differences in response to novelty and drugs may relate to individual differences in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system of the brain. Individual differences in both novelty seeking and drug seeking behavior, while under some degree of genetic control, appear to be modifiable by early developmental experiences and this modification may relate to alterations in activity of the mesolimbic DA system. Within the context of this biological formulation, implications for the prevention and treatment of drug abuse are discussed.
Theory of the InP shallow homojunction solar cell

Abstract Based on a parametric variation study using a fairly comprehensive model, we have arrived at a near-optimum design of the shallow homojunction InP solar cell. Our results predict that using long lifetime material, an optimized front contact design, a two-layer antireflection coating and the other geometrical and material parameters of our near-optimum design, a beginning-of-life total area efficiency of 22% or slightly higher is realistically achievable under AM 0, 25 °C. Using a lifetime damage coefficient obtained by curve-fitting our model to measured illuminated current-voltage curves at beginning-of-life and at several 1 MeV electron fluences, on two InP cells, we predict a degradation of roughly 10% in efficiency after irradiation with a fluence of 1015 1 MeV electrons cm−2 for the optimally designed cell. The paper also attempts to explain the reasons for the superior radiation tolerance of the InP cell compared with that of silicon and GaAs solar cells.
Immunoregulatory effects of intravenous immune serum globulin therapy in common variable hypogammaglobulinemia.

Abstract Because of evidence of immunoregulatory effects of short-term administration of pooled donor gamma globulins, the effects of intravenous immune serum globulin were studied in nine adult patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia over a two-year period. Baseline assessment prior to immune serum globulin replacement included evaluation of B cell function, suppressor cell activity, and T cell subsets. These analyses were subsequently performed during the course of a first-year treatment period of intravenous immune serum globulin at doses of 100 to 200 mg/kg per month and a second-year trial at doses of 300 to 400 mg/kg per month. Five patients were re-evaluated following discontinuation of the intravenous immune serum globulin therapy for four months between the first and second treatment periods. During both treatment periods with intravenous immune serum globulin, suppressor cell activity increased markedly compared with baseline, and declined following discontinuation of drug therapy in the five patients. Suppressor cell activity was reversed by either irradiation of the T cell fraction or removal of the T8-positive cell fraction by flow cytometry. There was a reduction in the absolute number of total lymphocytes, the T3-positive cells (total T cells), and the T4-positive cells (helper cells) following intravenous immune serum globulin therapy; however, the percentages of the T cell subsets did not change significantly. Following immune serum globulin therapy, the number of T8-positive cells was not significantly changed but the T4:T8 ratio decreased from 2.1 at baseline to 1.5 after therapy (p >0.05). These data demonstrate that long-term intravenous immune serum globulin administration modulates the immune system by increasing suppressor T cell functional activity but is not accompanied by changes in the number of T8-positive cells in the peripheral blood.
Penile Prosthesis Surgery: A Review of Prosthetic Devices and Associated Complications

ABSTRACT Introduction Although more invasive than some of the other currently available therapies, penile prosthesis surgery has the advantages of high patient satisfaction rates and avoidance of systemic adverse events in the vast majority of cases. Aim This article provides a review of the more widely used implants and some of the more frequently encountered complications of penile prosthesis surgery. Methods A retrospective review peer reviewed publications relevant to the field of penile prosthesis surgery. Main Outcome Measures Review of historical milestones and newer penile prostheses, as well as a review of prosthesis surgery complications. Results Improved designs and materials have resulted in decreased incidence of mechanical failures or infectious complications while simultaneously simplifying the operation of these devices. Conclusions Penile prosthesis surgery remains an excellent alternative for restoring erectile function to those in whom medical therapies such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors are contraindicated or who have failed more conservative measures. Sadeghi-Nejad H. Penile prosthesis surgery: A review of prosthetic devices and associated complications.
Medial Axis Shape Coding in Macaque Inferotemporal Cortex

The basic, still unanswered question about visual object representation is this: what specific information is encoded by neural signals? Theorists have long predicted that neurons would encode medial axis or skeletal object shape, yet recent studies reveal instead neural coding of boundary or surface shape. Here, we addressed this theoretical/experimental disconnect, using adaptive shape sampling to demonstrate explicit coding of medial axis shape in high-level object cortex (macaque monkey inferotemporal cortex or IT). Our metric shape analyses revealed a coding continuum, along which most neurons represent a configuration of both medial axis and surface components. Thus, IT response functions embody a rich basis set for simultaneously representing skeletal and external shape of complex objects. This would be especially useful for representing biological shapes, which are often characterized by both complex, articulated skeletal structure and specific surface features.
Coplanar stripline resonators modeling and applications to filters

This paper presents coplanar stripline (CPS) resonators and their practical implementations to filters. Five types of CPS resonator are built using open and short-ended strips. Lumped-element equivalent circuits are presented for each resonator. Their performances are investigated and compared in terms of Q factor or bandwidth. Two types of bandpass filter are developed with the resonators. The bandpass filters have low-passband insertion losses and wide-stopband suppression bandwidths. Lumped-element equivalent circuits are presented for the bandpass filters. A wide-band CPS-to-microstrip transition is developed for the measurements. The back-to-back transition has an insertion loss of less than 3 dB and a return loss of better than 10 dB for the frequency range from 1.3 to 13.3 GHz (1:10.2).
Pharmacologic Issues in Treating Hypertension in CKD

Antihypertensive drugs are prescribed to patients with CKD to slow down the rate of loss of residual kidney function; to reduce proteinuria, when present; and to protect other target organs from damage that is mediated by elevated blood pressure (BP). In most patients, a diuretic and a renin system blocking drug, such as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor antagonist, or an aldosterone receptor antagonist are used. Often, 3 or more drugs are needed to achieve BP goals. Many drugs are eliminated through the kidney and in some cases dosage reductions are advisable to avoid adverse effects from high levels of medication. This article will review the various classes of antihypertensive drugs used in the management of high BP in patients with CKD, with an emphasis on pitfalls that arise when kidney function is impaired.
Circadian rhythmicity in Bulla gouldiana: Role of the eyes in controlling locomotor behavior

The eyes of Bulla express a circadian rhythm in optic nerve impulse frequency. Bulla also exhibit a circadian rhythm in locomotor behavior. In order to determine what role the ocular oscillators play in controlling rhythmic behavior, the eyes were removed and locomotor activity was recorded during free runs and while entrained to light-dark cycles. We find that eye removal leads to a disorganization of the free-running locomotor rhythm, suggesting that the ocular oscillators are involved in timing this behavior. Eyeless Bulla in the presence of light cycles exhibit locomotor rhythmicity but there is a switch from predominantly nocturnal to diurnal activity. While diurnal behavior in eyeless Bulla reveals the presence of extraocular photoreceptors, we presently find no evidence that a circadian pacemaker mediates this diurnal activity.
Search for exclusive b → u transitions in hadronic decays of B mesons involving Ds+ and Ds∗+ mesons☆

Abstract Using 1.16 × 106 B B events collected at the γ(4S) resonance by the CLEO Collaboration at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), we have searched for decays of B mesons to exclusive two-body hadronic final states including a Ds+ or a D s ∗+ meson. We obtain the 90% confidence level upper limit β (B → D s (∗)+ π − + D s ∗ +p − + D s (∗)+ π 0 + D s (∗)+ η + D s (∗)+ p 0 + D s (∗)+ (ω) × β(D s + → φπ + ) −5 . We have also searched for the W-exchange decays, B 0 → D s (∗)− K (∗)+ .
Gastric motor and cardiovascular effects of insulin in dorsal vagal complex of the rat

Insulin-binding sites exist in the lower brain stem of the rat, raising the possibility that the circulating hormone may have cardiovascular and gastric effects at this site. Therefore, we investig...