cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of conspecific and predatory Stressors and their associated odors on defensive burying and freezing responses

In Experiment 1, male rats were exposed to either aggressive (i.e., alpha) or nonaggressive conspecific colonies and tested 24 h later, with or without alpha odors, for freezing behavior and burying of a wall prod that had been the source of a brief electric shock. The results indicated that prior defeat experience and the presence of alpha odors alone during testing had no significant effects, but the combination of prior defeat and alpha-odor testing significantly decreased burying and increased freezing behavior. In Experiment 2, we examined the effects of noncontact exposure to a cat, as a predatory Stressor, during subsequent prod-shock tests involving the presence or absence of cat odors. Exposure to a cat failed to disrupt later prod burying and did not produce freezing. However, the presence of cat odors during testing significantly reduced the amount of defensive burying,without resulting in an increment in freezing. In Experiment 3, rats were given 1, 5, or 30 inescapable preshocks in the presence of either cat odors or a hedonically neutral citronella odor and were tested 24 h later for prod burying and freezing with or without these odors. Both the cat and the citronella odors resulted in a significant reduction in burying and an increase in freezing for rats given 5 and 30 preshocks and tested in the presence of these respective conditioned odors. For the groups that were given 5 preshocks, preshock and later testing in the presence of cat odors resulted in significantly less prod burying and more freezing than for rats that were preshocked and tested in the presence of citronella. The findings of these three ethoexperimental studies are discussed in terms of the learned-helplessness theory, the stress-coping-fear-defense (SCFD) theory, and the concept of selective CS-US associability.
Model reduction and control of flexible structures using Krylov vectors

Krylov vectors and the concept of parameter matching are combined together to develop a model reduction algorithm for a damped structural dynamics system. The obtained reduced-order model matches a certain number of low-frequency moments of the full-order system. The major application of the present method is to the control of flexible structures. It is shown that, in the control of flexible structures, three types of control energy spillover generally exist: control, observation, and dynamic. The formulation based on Krylov vectors can eliminate both the control and observation spillovers while leaving only the dynamic spillover to be considered. Two examples are used to illustrate the efficacy of the Krylov method. I. Introduction A MAJOR difficulty in the control of flexible structures or any other large-scale system is, in the words of Bellman, the "curse of dimensionality." A flexible structure is, by nature, a distributed-pa rameter system, and, hence, it has infinitely many degrees of freedom. Even approximate structural models obtained by some discretization approach are generally still too large for use in control design applications. Therefore, model order reduction plays an indispensable role in the control of flexible structures. Usually, model reduction of a structural dynamics system is performed by the RayleighRitz method, which transforms the system equation to a smaller scale by using a projection subspace. It is indisputable that the choice of projection subspace is important to the accuracy of the reduced model. The eigensubspace, or the normal mode subspace, is frequently used for projection because it has a clear physical meaning and can preserve the system natural frequencies. However, with regard to the accuracy of system response, numerical experience has shown that preservation of the natural frequencies is usually not the only • concern. Other than normal modes, there are other static modes, e.g., constraint modes, attachment modes, and inertiarelief modes, which are frequently used in component mode synthesis.1 In this paper, Krylov vectors, which can be considered as static modes, are used for model reduction. There has been quite a bit of research concerning the convergence and efficiency of Krylov vectors in application to eigenvalue analysis and to the structural dynamics model reduction problem.2'5 Krylov vectors are also efficient when employed in general linear system and controller reduction problems.6'7 The major purpose of this paper is to discuss the possible application of Krylov vectors to controller design for flexible structures. The structural dynamics system studied here is described by a second-order matrix differential equation together with an output measurement equation. To perform model reduction to a structural dynamics system in this input-output configuration, the concept of parameter matching for general linear system model reduction is adopted. Parameter matching constitutes a class of efficient methods for model order reduction
The differential absorptive activity of epithelial cells of the rat epididymus before and after castration.

Horseradish peroxidase introduced into the lumen of the rat epididymis was taken up by the columnar cells of the epithelium by five minutes and more so after longer periods. The apical cells and particularly the clear cells in the caput and cauda epididymidis, respectively, showed significantly greater endocytotic activity than the principal cell in both locations. Within 14 days after castration, however, such differences in absorptive activity among the various cell types were essentially obscured because of increased endocytosis by the androgen-deficient principal cells. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the function of different epithelial cell types and secretory/absorptive activity in the epididymis.
A comparison of acute pull-out strength between two-way and one-way transfixation pin insertion for external skeletal fixation in canine bone.

This study tested the hypothesis that two-way insertion of an external skeletal fixator trans-fixation pin would weaken the pin-bone interface. Smooth and partially threaded (end) trans-fixation pins were placed in tibiae of 32 cadavers by slow speed drilling or hand placement through a predrilled pilot hole. In one bone of each tibial pair, pins were inserted 2 cm beyond the distal cortex and retracted to a predetermined position (two-way). In the contralateral limb, the pins were inserted in one forward motion to the predetermined position (one-way). The peak force (Newtons) required to extract the pins (pull-out strength) axially at a rate of 1 mm/sec was determined by using a universal testing machine. A significant (p < .05) decrease in pull-out strength was found in pins placed by two-way insertion (674 +/- 410) as opposed to one-way insertion (766 +/- 432). The results of this in vitro study suggest that one-way insertion should be used clinically to decrease weakening of the pin-bone interface and prevent possible failure of external fixators. A significantly greater pull-out strength was found for threaded pins placed in the proximal diaphysis (1459 +/- 330 Newtons) compared to the distal metaphysis (873 +/- 297 Newtons).
Effects of agmatine, interleukin-10, and cyclosporin on spontaneous pain behavior after excitotoxic spinal cord injury in rats.

Abstract Intraspinal injection of the AMPA/metabotropic receptor agonist quisqualic acid (QUIS) results in a pathophysiology that leads to excessive grooming behavior, which has been proposed as a model of spontaneous at-level pain after spinal cord injury (SCI). To further characterize the onset and progression of this behavior we evaluated the effects of 3 drugs, agmatine (Agm), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and cyclosporin A (CsA), on different characteristics of this behavior. In these experiments rats were given saline, Agm, CsA10, or CsA20 once daily for 14 days (or a single injection of IL-10) starting either 30 minutes post-QUIS (group 1) or 10 to 18 days post-QUIS when excessive grooming behavior had been established (group 2). In the first group of animals agmatine, IL-10, CsA10, or CsA20 reduced the longitudinal extent of neuronal loss in the spinal cord compared to QUIS-injected animals treated with saline. The behavioral consequences of this effect included the delayed onset of excessive grooming behavior, reduction in the area of skin targeted for excessive grooming, and reduced grooming severity. Animals treated at the time of excessive grooming onset showed significantly reduced grooming area, grooming severity, and neuronal loss in the spinal cord compared to QUIS animals treated with saline. In conclusion, systemic administration of Agm, IL-10, or CsA significantly delayed the onset and reduced the severity of a spontaneous pain-like behavior. These effects are believed to be due, in part, to the neuroprotective properties of these drugs against QUIS-induced excitotoxicity. The effective treatment of excessive grooming behavior suggests that Agm, IL-10, and CsA modulate ongoing cellular events responsible for the progression of this behavior. [copy ] 2003 by the American Pain Society
A strong inverse function theorem

(1988). A Strong Inverse Function Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 95, No. 7, pp. 648-651.
Emergency department patient satisfaction: examining the role of acuity.

Objectives: To explore the relationships between patient acuity, perceived and actual throughput times, and emergency department (ED) patient satisfaction. The authors hypothesized that high-acuity patients would be the most satisfied with their throughput times, as well as the overall ED visit. The authors also expected overall ED satisfaction to be more strongly associated with perceived throughput times compared with actual throughput times, regardless of acuity. Methods: This was a prospective survey of 1,865 ED patients at a large, inner-city hospital during a one-month period. Data were collected on patient demographics, acuity of patient illness, actual waiting time for evaluation by a physician, and actual overall length of stay. Patient satisfaction with various throughput times (i.e., perceived throughput time) and overall ED visit was assessed by using a seven-point scale (1 = poor, 7 = excellent). Analysis of variance, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and correlations were conducted to explore the hypotheses. Results: Patients with “emergent” acuity perceived their throughput times more favorably and were more satisfied with their overall ED visit compared with “urgent” and “routine” patients (all p < 0.01). Once the effects of perceived throughput time were controlled for by using an ANCOVA, acuity no longer predicted overall ED satisfaction. Correlations showed that overall ED satisfaction was more closely linked to perceived throughput times than to actual throughput times (average r= 0.62 vs. −0.12). Conclusions:“Emergent” patients are more satisfied than “urgent” and “routine” patients with their ED visits. “Emergent” patients perceived their throughput times more favorably than other patients, especially their wait for physician evaluation. Changing perceptions of throughput times may yield larger improvements in satisfaction than decreasing actual throughput times, regardless of patient acuity.
De Donder Relations in Mechanistic and Kinetic Analysis of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions

The equations relating the rates of the elementary reactions to their affinities, known as the De Donder relations, are utilized within the theory of direct reaction routes (RRs). It is shown that any substitution of the surface coverages of the intermediates with the affinities of the elementary reactions is equivalent to a RR. Two types of direct RRs are defined. One of these produces “intermediate” reactions involving the terminal species (reactants and products) and only one surface intermediate, while the other produces “overall” reactions involving only terminal species. This formalism provides simple relations between the affinities of the elementary reactions and affinities of the reactions produced by RRs. As a consequence, De Donder relations may be naturally partitioned into contributions coming from a finite and unique number of overall reactions produced by RRs. The results are applied to the particular case of rate-determining-step approximation in kinetics.
Diversity of Plant Knowledge as an Adaptive Asset: A Case Study with Standing Rock Elders1

Diversity of Plant Knowledge as an Adaptive Asset: A Case Study with Standing Rock Elders. Indigenous knowledge is often represented as being homogeneous within cultural groups, and differences in knowledge within communities are interpreted as a lack of cultural consensus. Alternatively, differences in knowledge represent a range of possibilities for communities to respond to social and ecological change. This paper examines the diversity of plant knowledge among elders who live in the Standing Rock Nation of the northern Great Plains. Elders know how to use different plants, and also hold different knowledge about the same plants. Analysis indicates that elders each contribute unique, complementary, and seemingly contradictory plant knowledge to their community. Compiled seasonal rounds help visualize differences in knowledge about the temporal availability of plants. These differences are linked to variations in use, including references to specific gathering sites, strategies to harvest multiple species, and selection of plants at different stages of development. Elders’ diverse knowledge about the seasonal availability of plants may facilitate community adaptation to climate change in the 21st century.
Pentobarbital-induced drinking does not rely on a renal dipsogen.

Abstract Injections of pentobarbital have been shown to produce drinking in both deprived and nondeprived rats and a number of other studies have shown that pentobarbital is a potent renin releasor. Since renin has been shown to be involved in thirst regulatory mechanisms and since the dipsogenic actions of other renin-releasing agents have been blocked by nephrectomy, we sought to determine whether or not pentobarbital-induced drinking relies on a renal dipsogen. Rats were either “sham” operated or nephrectomized under ether anesthesia. Five to six hours later, animals in each group were injected with either 9.5 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium or vehicle, and intakes were measured 60 minutes later. Statistical analysis of water intakes indicated that pentobarbital produced significant drinking in both control operated and in nephrectomized rats, and that the intakes in these two groups did not differ. These results indicate that pentobarbital-induced drinking is not secondary to increased plasma renin activity and may suggest the involvement of central mechanisms in the drinking response.
Students' Motives for Communicating with Their Instructors and Affective and Cognitive Learning:

Students (N = 259) reported on their motives for communicating with their instructors along with completing measures of affective and cognitive learning. The relational, functional, and participatory motives tended to be positively correlated with learning, but there were no significant associations for excuse-making and sycophantic motives with learning.
A greedy forward-backward algorithm for atomic norm constrained minimization

In many applications in signal and image processing, communications, and system identification, one aims to recover a signal that has a simple representation in a given basis or frame. Key devices for obtaining such representations are objects called atoms, and functions called atomic norms. These concepts unify the idea of simple representations across several known applications, and motivate extensions to new problem classes of interest. In important special cases, fast and efficient algorithms are available to solve the reconstruction problems, but an approach that works well for the general atomic-norm paradigm has not been forthcoming to date. In this paper, we combine a greedy selection scheme with a backward step that sparsifies the basis by removing less significant elements that were included at earlier iterations. We show that the overall scheme achieves the same convergence rate as the forward greedy scheme alone, provided that backward steps are taken only when they do not degrade the solution quality too badly. Finally, we validate our method by describing applications to three problems of interest.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTRINSIC FACTOR ACTIVITY OF GASTRIC MATERIALS BY URINARY EXCRETION TEST IN VIVO AND ON GUINEA PIG INTESTINAL MUCOSA HOMOGENATES IN VITRO.

Abstract Measurement of 57Co B12 uptake by dialyzed and lyophilized guinea pig intestinal mucosa homogenates (GPIMH) is a sensitive in vitro test for the assay of human intrinsic factor activity. Whenever any of the juices or fractions processed from human gastric juice or mucosa was active on GPIMH, it was also invariably active on urinary excretion test in vivo. Conversely, materials known to be devoid of intrinsic factor activity, such as human serum, acidic serum glycoproteins, saliva and gastric juices from proven pernicious anemia patients, were inactive on GPIMH. Four anacid gastric juices from patients, after subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer, were also inactive on GPIMH. There was no straight line correlation between the IF activity of gastric juices in vivo on urinary excretion test, and in vitro on GPIMH. This was perhaps due to differences in the storage time of the acid gastric juices at the time of their in vivo and in vitro assays. Storage for several weeks in a frozen state caused IF activity loss in acid gastric juices, but it did not affect the anacid ones. The ratio of IF to the dose of 57Co B12 in the system is also of significance in affecting the result of the GPIMH test. A discrepancy was noted in the activity of some of the hog mucosa IF preparations on GPIMH and urinary excretion test in vivo.
Schottky diode measurements of dry etch damage in n- and p-type GaN

n- and p-type GaN was exposed to inductively coupled plasma of N2, H2, Ar, or Cl2/Ar, as a function of source power (0–1000 W) and rf chuck power (20–250 W). For n-GaN, there was a strong reduction in diode reverse breakdown voltage and an increase in forward and reverse currents, while for p-GaN the reverse breakdown voltage increased. These results are consistent with creation of point defects with shallow donor nature that increase the conductivity of initially n-type GaN or decrease the conductivity of p-type GaN. Annealing at 750 °C under N2 produced significant recovery of the electrical properties, while wet etch removal of 500–600 A of the surface produced a full recovery. For completed n-type mesa diodes exposed to Ar or Cl2/Ar discharges, the low bias forward currents increased by several orders of magnitude. The exposed surfaces became N2 deficient in all cases.
Practical reliability engineering applications to nuclear safety

Abstract PRA studies have been successful in providing a quantitative perspective on the important contributions to risk and on the relative impact of potential hardware modifications and procedural changes in reducing public risk. In addition it is the expectation that regulatory agencies will also use this technology to justify a relaxation in requirements that are too strict and the elimination of requirements that are irrelevant or counter to safety. This paper outlines several on-going application oriented R&D efforts that will improve safety in operation, lead to a continuing demonstration that nuclear plants are achieving acceptably low risk, and achieve a higher plant productivity.
Surrogate Model Updating Using Clustering in a Genetic Algorithm Setup

This paper addresses the critical issue of fidelity in simulation-based design optimization using preference-based surrogate models. Specifically, it presents an integrated clustering-based updating procedure in a genetic algorithm setup to iteratively improve the efficacy of Kriging models. A potential drawback of using preference-based surrogate models in simulation based design is that the surrogates may misrepresent the true optima if the model building schemes fail to capture the critical points of interest with enough fidelity or clarity. This work addresses this vulnerability and presents an efficient clustering-technique integrated surrogate model updating procedure that can capture the buried, transient, yet inherent data pattern in the evolution progression of design candidates within a genetic algorithm setup, and screen out distinct optimal points for subsequent sequential model validation and updating. The results show that the successful finding of the true optimal design through cost-effective surrogate-based optimization depends not only on the selection of sampling schemes such as sample rate and distribution in the initial surrogate model build-up, but also on an efficient and reliable updating procedure that can prevent suboptimal decisions.© 2006 ASME
A new stabilized finite element method for reaction–diffusion problems: The source‐stabilized Petrov–Galerkin method

This paper proposes a new stabilized finite element method to solve singular diffusion problems described by the modified Helmholtz operator. The Galerkin method is known to produce spurious oscillations for low diffusion and various alternatives were proposed to improve the accuracy of the solution. The mostly used methods are the well-known Galerkin least squares and Galerkin gradient least squares (GGLS). The GGLS method yields the exact nodal solution in the one-dimensional case and for a uniform mesh. However, the behavior of the method deteriorates slightly in the multi-dimensional case and for non-uniform meshes. In this work we propose a new stabilized finite element method that leads to improved accuracy for multi-dimensional problems. For the one-dimensional case, the new method leads to the same results as the GGLS method and hence provides exact nodal solutions to the problem on uniform meshes. The proposed method is a Galerkin discretization used to solve a modified equation that includes a term depending on the gradient of the original partial differential equation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fast multipole method for periodic systems with arbitrary unit cell geometries

Abstract The point-charge fast multipole method (FMM) for periodic boundary conditions is generalized from cubic to rectangular simulation cells. This development let us treat lattices with orthogonal (rectangular) unit cells. The lattice of non-orthogonal systems can be transformed to yield a rectangular simulation cell. Thus, our periodic FMM algorithm can be applied to lattices with arbitrary unit cells. We also discuss in detail our proposed solutions for problems arising from the accuracy of the infinite summation contribution and the dipole moment of the simulation cell. Benchmark results of our periodic FMM show linear-scaling properties.
Integrated Biological and Cultural Practices Can Reduce Crop Rotation Period of Organic Strawberries

A team of researchers conducted a replicated on-farm experiment with the break period between strawberry crops (continuous strawberries with broccoli residue incorporation, one-year break, two-year break, three-year break, and seven-year break) as the main plot and cultivar as the split plot in Moss Landing, Central Coastal California. We hypothesized that the use of non-host rotation crops for Verticillium wilt plus bio-fumigation with broccoli, incorporation of mustard cover crop residues, use of relatively resistant strawberry cultivars, and compost application would suppress disease sufficiently to grow strawberries successfully in rotation every two or three years. Although a positive correlation between break period and marketable fruit yield existed, integrated use of biological and cultural practices allowed one to three-year breaks to have a statistically similar yield as seven-year break for this low Verticillium dahliae pressure field over a five-year period.
Male Meiotic Spindle Lengths in Normal and Mutant Arabidopsis Cells

Spindle elongation is crucial to normal chromosome separation in eukaryotes; in particular, it is required for or associated with the extension of distance between spindle poles and the further moving apart of the already separated chromosomes. However, little is known about the relationship between spindle elongation and the status of chromosome separation, and it is unknown whether spindle elongation in different organisms shares any quantitative feature. The Arabidopsis ask1-1 mutant might be a unique material for addressing these questions because it appears to have functional spindles, but a severe defect in homolog separation at male anaphase I (M. Yang, Y. Hu, M. Lodhi, W.R. McCombie, H Ma [1999] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 11416-11421). We have characterized male meiotic spindle lengths in wild-type and the ask1-1 mutant plants. We observed that during meiosis I some ask1-1 cells had spindles that were similar in length to fully elongated normal spindles, but the chromosomes in these cells did not show appreciable movement from the equator. Furthermore, greater movement of chromosomes from the equator was usually found in the ask1-1 cells that had longer than normal spindles. These results suggest that additional elongation of ask1-1 spindles occurred; one possible reason for the extra-long spindles may be that it is a consequence of chromosome non-separation. We also found that normal and ask1-1 spindle lengths are clustered at discrete values, and their differences are of multiples of 0.7 microm. A search of the literature revealed that in each of several organisms, spindle lengths also differ by multiples of 0.7 microm. These findings strongly suggest that the spindle elongates in response to status of chromosome separation, and perhaps there are conserved mechanisms controlling the extent of spindle elongation.
Interactions of the bacterial assemblages of a prairie stream with dissolved organic carbon from riparian vegetation

The zonation of riparian vegetation on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area of Kansas (tallgrass prairie ecosystem) provided a situation where the influences on uptake rates of the different DOC qualities could be measured in the field. Leachates from grasses disappeared rapidly from stream water in in situ chambers at upstream sites in grassland reaches and at downstream sites in forested reaches. The reverse observation, uptake of leachates from trees, revealed that DOC disappeared rapidly from chambers placed in the forested reaches but bacteria in the grassland reaches did not utilize tree leachate as rapidly. The pattern varies seasonally. The interpretation of these observations was aided by aseptic laboratory culture on the different substrate types and by measurements in poisoned chambers to evaluate abiotic uptake.
The influence of phonotactic probability on word recognition in toddlers

This study examined the influence of phonotactic probability on word recognition in English-speaking toddlers. Typically developing toddlers completed a preferential looking paradigm using familiar words, which consisted of either high or low phonotactic probability sound sequences. The participants’ looking behavior was recorded in response to correctly-produced and incorrectly-produced forms of familiar words. Results indicate that toddlers were more sensitive to mispronunciations of high probability words as compared to low probability words. Toddlers’ word recognition skills were more closely related to the frequency with which they have heard and produced phonological sequences, rather than word familiarity. These findings are discussed in terms of toddlers with expressive language delay.
Determination of dominance hierarchies in monkeys

Two established, social groups of macaque monkeys were subjected to 24 hr. of water deprivation. Dominance hierarchies were determined by an index of elapsed time from water onset until each S drank for 20 sec.
A model for rutile saturation in silicate melts with applications to eclogite partial melting in subduction zones and mantle plumes

This experimental study examines the solubility of rutile in silicate melts and presents a model for rutile saturation as a function of temperature, pressure and melt composition. Rutile saturation experiments were carried out in the system SiO2–TiO2–Al2O3–MgO–CaO–Na2O–K2O at 1 bar to 35 kbar and 1150 to 1450 °C on model rhyodacite (~ 69 wt.% SiO2) and haplobasalt (~ 54 wt.% SiO2) base melt compositions. At rutile saturation, the concentration of TiO2 in the model rhyodacite base melt increases at 1 bar from 3.27 ± 0.03 wt.% at 1150 °C to 13.88 ± 0.04 wt.% at 1450 °C. At 1350 °C it decreases from 8.89 ± 0.08 wt.% at 1 bar to 2.06 ± 0.13 wt.% at 35 kbar. Rutile solubility is significantly higher in the haplobasalt base melt at a given pressure and temperature. The concentration of TiO2 in rutile-saturated haplobasalt increases at 1 bar from 20.9 ± 0.3 wt.% at 1300 °C to 39.0 ± 0.3 wt.% at 1450 °C. At 1350 °C it decreases from 25.8 ± 0.3 wt.% at 1 bar to 15.67 ± 0.16 wt.% at 15 kbar. Results from these experiments were combined with data from the literature to formulate a model for rutile saturation in silicate melts. Application of this model to partial melting of MORB-type eclogite indicates that beneath volcanic arcs low-degree, hydrous partial melts of rutile-bearing subducted oceanic crust contain only not, vert, similar 600 ppm TiO2. Therefore, rutile will remain as a residual phase in the eclogite and the amount of TiO2 that will be transferred to the mantle wedge will be small because so little TiO2 is dissolved in the melt. Partial melting of recycled oceanic crust in an upwelling mantle plume can exhaust rutile from the residual solid at moderate degrees of partial melting (~ 22%). The retention of rutile in subducted oceanic lithosphere during dehydration and/or partial melting, combined with exhaustion of rutile during partial melting of eclogite in mantle plumes suggests that HFSE enrichments in recycled crust that were established during subduction may be detectible in OIB.
Environmental impacts of oil production on soil, bedrock, and vegetation at the U.S. Geological Survey Osage–Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research site A, Osage County, Oklahoma

The U.S. Geological Survey is investigating the impacts of oil and gas production on soils, groundwater, surface water, and ecosystems in the United States. Two sites in northeastern Oklahoma (sites A and B) are presently being investigated under the Osage–Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research project. Oil wells on the lease surrounding site A in Osage County, Oklahoma, produced about 100,000 bbl of oil between 1913 and 1981. Prominent production features on the 1.5-ha (3.7-ac) site A include a tank battery, an oil-filled trench, pipelines, storage pits for both produced water and oil, and an old power unit. Site activities and historic releases have left open areas in the local oak forest adjacent to these features and a deeply eroded salt scar downslope from the pits that extends to nearby Skiatook Lake. The site is underlain by surficial sediments comprised of very fine-grained eolian sand and colluvium as much as 1.4 m (4.6 ft) thick, which, in turn, overlie flat-lying, fractured bedrock comprised of sandstone, clayey sandstone, mudstone, and shale. A geophysical survey of ground conductance and concentration measurements of aqueous extracts (1:1 by weight) of core samples taken in the salt scar and adjacent areas indicate that unusual concentrations of NaCl-rich salt are present at depths to at least 8 m (26 ft) in the bedrock; however, little salt occurs in the eolian sand. Historic aerial photographs, anecdotal reports from oil-lease operators, and tree-ring records indicate that the surrounding oak forest was largely established after 1935 and thus postdates the majority of surface damage at the site. Blackjack oaks adjacent to the salt scar have anomalously elevated chloride (400 ppm) in their leaves and record the presence of NaCl-rich salt or salty water in the shallow subsurface. The geophysical measurements also indicate moderately elevated conductance beneath the oak forest adjoining the salt scar.
Racial Discrimination, Ethnic-Racial Socialization, and Crime: A Micro-sociological Model of Risk and Resilience

Dominant theoretical explanations of racial disparities in criminal offending overlook a key risk factor associated with race: interpersonal racial discrimination. Building on recent studies that analyze race and crime at the micro-level, we specify a social psychological model linking personal experiences with racial discrimination to an increased risk of offending. We add to this model a consideration of an adaptive facet of African American culture: ethnic-racial socialization, and explore whether two forms-cultural socialization and preparation for bias-provide resilience to the criminogenic effects of interpersonal racial discrimination. Using panel data from several hundred African American male youth from the Family and Community Health Study, we find that racial discrimination is positively associated with increased crime in large part by augmenting depression, hostile views of relationships, and disengagement from conventional norms. Results also indicate that preparation for bias significantly reduces the effects of discrimination on crime, primarily by reducing the effects of these social psychological mediators on offending. Cultural socialization has a less influential but beneficial effect. Finally, we show that the more general parenting context within which preparation for bias takes place influences its protective effects.
Computationally Efficient Simulation of Multicomponent Fuel Combustion Using a Sparse Analytical Jacobian Chemistry Solver and High-Dimensional Clustering

The need for more efficient and environmentally sustainable internal combustion engines is driving research towards the need to consider more realistic models for both fuel physics and chemistry. As far as compression ignition engines are concerned, phenomenological or lumped fuel models are unreliable to capture spray and combustion strategies outside of their validation domains – typically, high-pressure injection and high-temperature combustion. Furthermore, the development of variable-reactivity combustion strategies also creates the need to model comprehensively different hydrocarbon families even in single fuel surrogates. From the computational point of view, challenges to achieving practical simulation times arise from the dimensions of the reaction mechanism, that can be of hundreds species even if hydrocarbon families are lumped into representative compounds, and thus modeled with nonelementary, skeletal reaction pathways. In this case, it is also impossible to pursue further mechanism reductions to lower dimensions. CPU times for integrating chemical kinetics in internal combustion engine simulations ultimately scale with the number of cells in the grid, and with the cube number of species in the reaction mechanism. In the present work, two approaches to reduce the demands of engine simulations with detailed chemistry are presented. The first one addresses the demands due to the solution of the chemistry ODE system, and features the adoption of SpeedCHEM, a newly developed chemistry package that solves chemical kinetics using sparse analytical Jacobians. The second one aims to reduce the number of chemistry calculations by binning the CFD cells of the engine grid into a subset of clusters, where chemistry is solved and then mapped back to the original domain. In particular, a high-dimensional representation of the chemical state space is adopted for keeping track of the different fuel components, and a newly developed bounding-box-constrained k-means algorithm is used to subdivide the cells into reactively homogeneous clusters. The approaches have been tested on a number of simulations featuring multi-component diesel fuel surrogates, and different engine grids. The results show that significant CPU time reductions, of about one order of magnitude, can be achieved without loss of accuracy in both engine performance and emissions predictions, prompting for their applicability to more refined or full-sized engine grids.
Ideology, economic interests, and congressional roll-call voting: Partisan instability and Bank of the United States legislation, 1811-1816

We introduce a wrinkle into the study of Congressional roll-call voting by focusing on a period of partisan instability in American History: the Era of Good Feelings. During deviations from normal periods of two-party rule, the dominant model of voting behavior, the ideological model, loses precision in correctly classifying individual votes. We contend that a “pooled” voting model – comprised of both ideological and economic variables – performs better than the basic ideological model during these unstable periods. When party mechanisms no longer constrain or structure actions, we believe the “electoral connection” is especially important, and, thus, economic-based constituency factors must be included in models of vote choice. To explore this belief, we focus on a particularly contentious issue – the rechartering of the Bank of the United States (BUS) – which was dealt with before and after a partisan decomposition occurred in the House. Using measures developed by Poole and Rosenthal (1985, 1997), we find that the vote on the First BUS in 1811, during a stable partisan period, is organized along ideological lines. By 1816, the two-party system collapsed, and we do not find the vote on the Second BUS to exhibit much ideological structure. Conversely, we find that our pooled model predicts the vote on the Second BUS quite well, providing a substantial improvement in fit over the basic ideological classification.
Renal Organogenesis from Transplanted Metanephric Primordia

One novel solution to the shortage of human organs available for transplantation envisions growing new organs in situ via xenotransplantation of developing primordia from animal embryos. It has been shown that renal primordia (metanephroi) transplanted into animal hosts undergo organogenesis in situ, become vascularized by blood vessels of host origin, and exhibit excretory function. Metanephroi can be stored for up to 3 d in vitro before transplantation with no impairment in growth or function post-implantation. Metanephroi can be transplanted across both concordant (rat to mouse) and highly disparate (pig to rodent) xenogeneic barriers. This is a review of studies exploring the therapeutic potential for renal organogenesis posttransplantation of kidney primordia.
Measured gain in projection with the extended columellar strut-tip graft in endonasal rhinoplasty.

Importance The extended columellar strut-tip graft was designed to improve nasal tip projection and tip definition in patients undergoing rhinoplasty. Objective To determine whether the extended co...
History, Discussion and Review of a Best Practices Model for Service Delivery for the Homeles

Abstract The well-being, developmental capacity, and contributions of individuals within our society are largely based upon the adequate provision of the most basic of human needsfood, clothing and shelter. While homelessness remains a social malady that has stubbornly persisted, society's attitude toward this condition has vastly changed. The belief that the homeless are just lacking permanent shelter is a horrible simplification of the issues surrounding homelessness. The research demonstrates that the lack of momentum to sustain stable housing is a final visible result of the culmination of catastrophic insults rendering the individual incapable of any sufficient level of self-determination. Social and political consciousness has firmly placed the issues of homelessness as a priority within local communities, state agencies, and federal government. Combined efforts of faith-based, public non-profit and secular groups, community and private organizations, and state and federal governments, have proven t...
The effect of retinol and retinoic acid on physiological and biochemical changes in retinol-deficient rats.

I. The effects of retinol and retinoic acid supplementation of retinol-deficient rats were studied for a variety of metabolic processes shown to be affected by retinol deficiency. 2. Retinol-deficient rats were found to have decreased body-weight, liver and testes weights, a degeneration of testicular germinal cells, an increased incorporation of labelled choline into liver and testes phospholipids, an increased protein synthetic activity (in vitro) of liver ribosomes, an increased transfer-RNA methyltransferase activity in liver and a decreased activity in testes, an increased DNA content of testicular nuclei, and a decreased uptake of [SH]thymidine by testicular nuclear DNA. 3. In retinol-deficient rats supplemented for 8 weeks with retinol these changes were reversed, measurements returning to control levels. 4. In retinol-deficient rats supplemented for 8 weeks with retinoic acid all changes were reversed except those in the testes. 5. Testicular signs of retinol deficiency appeared to be delayed when retinoic acid was added to the retinol-deficient diet of weanling rats. This suggests a sparing action of retinoic acid on the rat’s utilization of retinol. 6. Suggestions are offered as to why retinoic acid will support growth and development but not spermatogenesis in the rat. It is well documented that either retinol or retinoic acid will support normal growth and development (Moore, 1957) but only retinol will maintain normal vision (Dowling & Wald, 1960) and reproduction (Howell, Thompson & Pitt, 1963). To obtain more information on the biochemistry of retinol, we have studied the effectiveness of retinol and retinoic acid in alleviating or reversing physiological and biochemical changes associated with retinol deficiency. We have selected a few basic aspects of metabolism in liver and testes, organs known to be affected by retinol deficiency: body- and organ weights, phospholipid metabolism, protein synthesis, activity of transfer-RNA methyl transferases, DNA content of cells and thymidine incorporation into DNA. Changes in these measurements were studied for either liver or testes, or both organs, in groups of control, deficient, retinol- and retinoic acid-supplemented rats. Emphasis was placed on the effectiveness of retinoic acid to substitute for retinol in reversing the changes associated with retinol deficiency. EXPERIMENTAL Animals and diet Disease-free, weanling male albino rats of the Wistar Strain were made retinoldeficient as previously described (Krause, Beamer & Lawrence, 1969; Krause, Beamer & Plow, 1971). The animals were kept in individual cages in an air-conditioned room at 24O, with illumination from 06.00 to 18.00 hours. Pair-fed controls were used. The
Animals as Agents: Hunting Ritual and Relational Ontologies in Prehistoric Alaska and Chukotka

In this article, I discuss the ways in which animals act as ontological subjects — as other-than-human persons and as agents in myth and ritual. First I outline how humans conceive of and behave with animals and their remains in indigenous cosmologies using ethnographic and ethnohistoric examples from the Arctic, Subarctic and Amazonia. I then explore the archaeological evidence for indigenous ontologies along the coasts of Chukotka and Alaska, arguing that prehistoric hunters interacted with animals as agential persons, engaging in social practices intended to facilitate hunting success and avoid offending prey. Two forms of ritual activities are discussed: the use of hunting amulets and the caching of animal bones and antlers. I conclude that focusing on shamanism in the study of hunter-gatherer belief obscures the roles of hunters and their wives. Their thoughts and actions established and maintained relationships with prey animals and may be more productively conceptualized as dynamic social behaviours embedded within the context of daily life than as privileged ritual acts.
Quality in clinical genetics.

Application of quality improvement techniques to medical care has the potential to improve the quality of care, reduce variability in practice, and optimize medical and service outcomes and cost. While becoming more common in other specialties, clinical genetics is only beginning to address these issues. There are a number of challenges to the application of quality improvement to a specialty where rare and ultra-rare disorders are the rule rather than the exception. This article briefly reviews some of these challenges while introducing the articles in this issue of Seminars. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Rapid Solar Transition is not only Possible, it is Imperative!

Catastrophic climate change (C3) is inevitable if carbon emissions to the atmosphere are not rapidly reduced and the now unsafe atmospheric level (400 ppm) CO2 (and rising) is not brought down by sequestration technologies to below 350 ppm. C3 prevention is possible with the replacement of global fossil fuel supplies by wind, concentrated solar power and photovoltaics, with the main obstacle being the political economy of global capitalism, specifically the Military Industrial (Fossil Fuel, Nuclear, State Terror) Complex. C3 prevention likely requires global demilitarization, agroecologies replacing industrial/genetically modified organism (GMO) agriculture, solarization, and democratic, bottom-up governance. Energy poverty in the global South must end, reaching a rough minimum of 3.5 kilowatt/person. This solar transition is achievable in 20 to 30 years using less than 40% of the proven reserves of conventional petroleum, while supplying sufficient energy to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere using agroec...
Sometimes, It's a Child and a Choice: Toward an Embodied Abortion Praxis

Feminist analyses of recent abortion politics in the United States note that the “abortion debate” has settled into a system of dichotomies, such as the dichotomy between women’s autonomy on the abortion rights side and the value of unborn life on the anti-abortion side. This article posits that these dichotomizations contribute to the erosion of women’s access and rights to abortion through loss of credibility for abortion rights discourse and loss of access to abortion praxis that can handle more complex situations. Maintenance of the dichotomies requires denial or erasure of more complicated situations, like late-second-trimester abortion and situations in which women grieve their aborted fetuses. Drawing on her experiences working in an abortion clinic, the author argues that a more complete consideration of these more complex abortion experiences could interrupt the erosion of our reproductive rights.
Diagnosing an analog feedback system using model-based reasoning

The approach developed by J. de Kleer and B.C. Williams (1987) has been extended to diagnose steady-state faults in an analog feedback system. A prototype system called AMFI (automated model-based fault isolation) is described which automatically diagnoses a target system given only information on the connectivity and component transfer functions. The prototype detects inconsistencies among measurements, calculates single- and multiple-fault hypotheses and their probabilities, and suggests the best next measurement. >
Antibiotic Therapy for Enterobacter Meningitis: A Retrospective Review of 13 Episodes and Review of the Literature

Enterobacter meningitis is an uncommon form of meningitis whose treatment poses a therapeutic dilemma because of the development of resistance to the third-generation cephalosporins while the patient receives therapy. In recent years, we have been using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) as treatment for this infection. In this report, we reviewed 13 episodes of enterobacter meningitis that were treated with various antibiotic regimens and 33 episodes from the literature. We found that the development of resistance to beta-lactam agents may be much higher than that seen in bacteremias (approximately 30%), that the case-fatality rate is lower among our patients than among those described previously, and that all patients who received TMP-SMZ were cured, compared with about 70% of those receiving beta-lactam agents. TMP-SMZ appears to be an acceptable alternative to the cephalosporins for the treatment of enterobacter meningitis.