cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening microorganisms for chitin hydrolysis and production of ethanol from amino sugars

Abstract Seventy-two strains of bacteria representing 39 genera and one yeast ( Candida albicans ) were screened for ability to hydrolyze chitin. Chitin hydrolysis was determined by a clear zone surrounding colonies growing on the surface of chitin agar. Species with the largest clear zone to colony size (CZ/CS) ratio were further compared for chitinolysis by assaying the level of reducing sugar produced in broth culture. Three yeasts and one bacterial strain known to produce ethanol from glucose were compared for their abilities to produce ethanol from amino sugars. Of the 72 strains screened, 23 produced CZ/CS ratios ranging from 0·38 to 2·5. The highest ratios were observed for strains in the genera: Bacillus and Serratia , followed by Micrococcus, Aeromonas, Vibrio, Clostridium and Plesiomonas . The other species examined produced ratios of less than 1 or were unable to hydrolyze chitin. Hansenula anomala, Pachysolen tannophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and Zymomonas mobilis were compared for their abilities to grow on and produce ethanol from glucose, glucosamine, and N -acetylglucosamine (NAG). Saccharomyces cerevisiae and H. anomala produced ethanol only from glucose. Pachysolen tannophilus and Z. mobilis produced ethanol from glucose, glucosamine and NAG. The highest concentration of ethanol produced from amino sugar was 598 μg ml −1 from 10 mg ml −1 glucosamine by Z. mobilis . This level was achieved only when yeast extract was included in the medium. Saccharomyces cerevisiae did not grow on glucosamine and Z. mobilis did not grow well on NAG.
A data base course for business students

In order to outline what business students need to know about data base management (DBM), this paper first identifies the four most pertinent DBM concepts: (1) characteristics and benefits of DBM, (2) design of data base schemas, (3) set-theoretic queries, and (4) the transition to DBM. Next, the paper discusses four secondary concepts and the reasons for not stressing them. Finally, the need for further co-ordination between DBM instructors and faculty members in the functional areas of business administration is described.
Pest Vulnerability Matrix (PVM) : A graphic model for assessing the interaction between tree species diversity and urban forest susceptibility to insects and diseases

Abstract The limited tree diversity in urban areas increases the likelihood of mass mortality from outbreaks of insects and disease. Although information is available on pest susceptibility of individual tree species, it is difficult to determine from such data the vulnerability of a multi-species assemblage, such as an urban forest, to insects and diseases, or to assess the effects of either changing the tree species composition or the arrival of new pests. Our model, the Pest Vulnerability Matrix (PVM), enables municipal arborists and urban foresters to evaluate the overall vulnerability of their urban forest, to display this information and communicate it to others, and to evaluate the potential effects of emerging pests and diseases. PVM is a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that provides a means for rapid graphic display of the interaction between tree species diversity and the susceptibility of the urban forest to pests by displaying each tree–pest interaction as a colored cell in a table. PVM calculates the percentage of trees affected by each insect or disease, and enables the urban forester to quickly identify (1) the most important pests and (2) the most vulnerable tree species. The model is designed to be flexible and easily modified by the user, and includes several newly emerging pests to allow the exploration of future “worst-case” scenarios. Two case studies of Northern California cities are presented demonstrating two potential applications of PVM. We conclude with a brief overview of the diversity–stability debate in the context of urban forests.
A Procedure for Automatic Data Editing

Abstract Since raw data from sample surveys and experiments often contain errors, attempts are usually made to edit data to make them more useful for analytic purposes. Increasing portions of this editing are now being accomplished by high speed computers. The great variety of such procedures reflects the conflicting desires of providing editing procedures which recognize peculiarities of particular data sets and yet are easily programmed and implemented. This paper proposes a scheme which is hoped to be suitable for a large variety of sample and survey data and yet be relatively easy to implement once a general program has been written.
Effect of thioacetamide-induced hepatic necrosis on the regioselective metabolism of S-warfarin by rat liver mixed-function oxidase enzymes

Abstract The biotransformation of S -warfarin was examined using liver microsomes prepared from rats 6–96 hr after treatment with a necrotizing dose (5.6 mmoles/kg) of thioacetamide. Four catalytically distinct classes of enzyme activity were observed which declined in activity with different half-lives after thioacetamide intoxication. S -Warfarin 7-hydroxylase activity was destroyed with a half-life of 16.6 ± 3.1 hr. 6-Hydroxylase activity was destroyed with a half-life of 25.3 ± 3.0 hr. 4′-Hydroxylase activity was destroyed with a half-life of 34.6 ± 4.8 hr, which paralleled the loss of total hepatic cytochrome P-450 with a half-life of 33.4 ± 3.6 hr. Production of an unidentified metabolite was not affected by thioacetamide intoxication during the first 48 hr. The ratio of rates of product formation were used as an alternative method to test the homogeneity of distinct enzyme catalytic activities. The ratio of measured responses (e.g. chromatographic peak heights) was used directly to determine the product ratios, provided that the rate of formation of each product was directly proportional to the experimentally measured response for each product. The use of product response ratios of discriminate between catalytic activities was inherently more precise because calibration errors were eliminated. Differences in the rates of destruction of warfarin hydroxylases provided further evidence of the multiplicity of hepatic mixed-function oxidases and suggested topographical differences in their location within the liver lobule.
Attomole detection of mesophilic DNA polymerase products by nanoparticle-enhanced surface plasmon resonance imaging on glassified gold surfaces.

DNA microarrays are invaluable tools for biosensing applications such as diagnostic detection of DNA and analysis of gene expression. Surface plasmon resonance imaging can detect unlabeled oligonucleotide targets adsorbed to the array elements. The variety of biosensing applications can be expanded by enzymatic manipulation of DNA microarray elements, and the sensitivity of detection can be enhanced with the use of oligonucleotide immobilized onto a gold nanoparticle surface. We describe a novel method that couples a template-directed polymerase extension of a surface array element with nanoparticle-enhanced detection of the reaction product. Using this technique, it is possible to see as little as 10−100 amol of polymerase product, representing as little as 0.25% of a monolayer. This sensitivity would allow for the detection of a specific DNA target that is present in low amounts in a sample and with partially unknown sequence. One application of this method would be to identify the presence of the aberr...
A simple and rapid method for osteoclast identification using a histochemical method for acid phosphatase.

A detailed description of a simple technique for acid phosphatase demonstration in osteoclast cells is presented. The method is short, relatively uninvolved and allows the use of undecalcified bone sections. All materials and chemicals used are commercially available. The sections were stained histochemically using naphthol AS-B1 phosphoric acid as a substrate and counter stained with Mayer's Haematoxylin. Sections prepared by this method showed good results and enable accurate measurement of osteoclast counts.
Suburban Ponzi Scheme

AbstractThe post–World War II American pattern of development is an experiment never before attempted in the history of human settlement. The financial ramifications of this experiment have not been seriously considered. The ways in which growth has been financed at the local level—with government transfer payments, transportation spending, and debt—are unique to the suburban experiment. With these mechanisms of growth, cities routinely trade nominal near-term cash advantages associated with new growth for far greater long-term financial obligations of maintenance. This imbalance has been covered up with a mix of robust growth and debt. Now that accelerating rates of real estate growth can no longer be sustained, America’s cities are experiencing enormous financial hardship. The key to solving this problem is not more growth but a more productive pattern of development, one that creates a positive return on investment at the local level.
Prostaglandin E2 metabolism by isolated kidneys of New Zealand genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats.

Abstract Metabolism of PGE2 by isolated, Krebs-perfused kidneys of New Zealand genetically hypertensive rats (NZGH) and New Zealand normotensive control rats (NZNR) was compared. The principal metabolite of PGE2 appearing in the renal venous effluent was 13,14 dihydro-15-keto PGE2. No difference was observed in the metabolism of exogenous PGE2 by isolated kidneys of the two strains, despite twofold higher levels of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in homogenates prepared from kidneys of NZNR than in those of NZGH rats.
Kalman filter techniques for accelerated Cartesian dynamic cardiac imaging.

In dynamic MRI, spatial and temporal parallel imaging can be exploited to reduce scan time. Real-time reconstruction enables immediate visualization during the scan. Commonly used view-sharing techniques suffer from limited temporal resolution, and many of the more advanced reconstruction methods are either retrospective, time-consuming, or both. A Kalman filter model capable of real-time reconstruction can be used to increase the spatial and temporal resolution in dynamic MRI reconstruction. The original study describing the use of the Kalman filter in dynamic MRI was limited to non-Cartesian trajectories, because of a limitation intrinsic to the dynamic model used in that study. Here the limitation is overcome and the model is applied to the more commonly used Cartesian trajectory with fast reconstruction. Furthermore, a combination of the Kalman filter model with Cartesian parallel imaging is presented to further increase the spatial and temporal resolution and SNR. Simulations and experiments were conducted to demonstrate that the Kalman filter model can increase the temporal resolution of the image series compared with view sharing techniques and decrease the spatial aliasing compared with TGRAPPA. The method requires relatively little computation, and thus is suitable for real-time reconstruction.
Prospective study of carboplatin-based chemotherapy for pediatric germ cell tumors.

Background Survival of pediatric patients with malignant germ cell tumors has improved dramatically with the use of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, though patients are at high risk of significant long-term complications. In a prospective study, carboplatin was substituted for cisplatin in an attempt to minimize nephro- and oto-toxicities, while achieving excellent disease-free survival. Procedure All consecutive patients with malignant germ cell tumors at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were treated between 1989 and 1998. After pathologic confirmation of disease and pretreatment evaluation of pulmonary, renal, and otologic function, patients received etoposide 150 mg/m2 days 1, 2, 3; carboplatin 600 mg/m2 day 2; and bleomycin 10 mg/m2 day 3 for at least four courses. Results Twenty-three patients were entered for study, and were available for evaluation. All patients achieved either a complete or partial remission following therapy with surgery and chemotherapy. With a median of 58 months of follow-up, overall survival is 91% and event-free survival is 87%. Therapy was given as an outpatient, and well tolerated, with 20 admissions for fever and neutropenia. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, when evaluated, have been extremely limited. Three patients, all with stage III disease, have relapsed; one of these remains alive and disease free. Conclusions Carboplatin can successfully substitute for cisplatin during the treatment of pediatric germ cell tumors without sacrificing response or survival. Long-term effects, especially nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, were rare or mild among the small number of patients evaluated. Carboplatin appears to be a safe and efficacious alternative in the treatment of germ cell tumors, and should be considered as primary therapy for pediatric patients. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:163–167. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Upconversion chirped-pulse amplification of ultrashort pulses using a multimode Tm:ZBLAN fiber

Microjoule pulse energies are achieved from a single stage upconversion fiber amplifier for the first time in this demonstration of chirped pulse amplification using a multimode Tm:ZBLAN fiber. A Ti:sapphire laser system provides the seed pulse for the upconversion fiber amplifier which produces subpicosecond pulse trains with energies as great as 16 (mu) J at repetition rate of 4.4 kHz. The compressed pulse peak power is more than 1 MW, and the pulse is characterized both temporally and spatially.
The potential influence of public health measures on adult heart disease.

Abstract There are many things we can do in regard to heart disease. Broadly speaking, we must support research and we must apply through service, consultation, or demonstration programs the practical developments of these research efforts at the earliest possible time. A proper balance of programs for the voluntary and the official agency must be determined, depending on interests, resources, other commitments, and other programs in the community, region, and state. A statement of policy and methodology should be prepared to indicate what the objectives of the program will be, how they will be reached, and how they will be evaluated. Every extra year of productive life made possible by research and service means a great deal to the individual, his family, and the community. For those who are state and national leaders, and particularly for those who are themselves engaged in research, such extra productive years may be of far-reaching significance.
Modeling inter-sectoral growth linkages: An application to U.S. agriculture

Abstract General equilibrium and open economy trade theory are used along with time series data on the U.S. agricultural sector to provide insights into the structure of agricultural supply, factor returns and linkages to the rest of the economy. Output expansion and factor returns are found to vary depending on relative factor intensities, which we refer to as Rybczynski and Stolper–Samuelson like effects. The effect of the rest of the economy, particularly the increase in price of services, is found to have relatively large negative impacts on agriculture. The short-run effects of prices and factor endowments on growth in agricultural supply and factor returns are dominated by the long-run effects of technological change.
Some discontinuous translation-invariant linear forms

Abstract The author proved in [3] that every translation-invariant linear form on D (Rn), as well as on other spaces of test functions and distributions, is necessarily continuous. The same result has also been proved for the Hilbert space L2(G) where G is a compact connected Abelian group. In contrast to this it is proved here that there do exist discontinuous translation-invariant linear forms on the Banach spaces l1(Z) and L1(R), and on the Hibert spaces L2(D) and L2(R). Here Z denotes the additive group of the integers, D denotes the totally disconnected compact Abelian Cantor discontinuum group, and R denotes the additive group of the real numbers. The proofs divide into two parts: A general criterion (Theorem 1) and proofs that the spaces l1(Z), L2(D), L2(R), and L1(R) satisfy this criterion (Theorems 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively).
Do Smart-Growth Environments Benefit Single Mothers? Evidence from Thirty MSAs Using the American Housing Survey Data

This paper examines the relationship of smart-growth environments at the local and regional levels to neighborhood satisfaction for single mothers and parents in two-parent families. It employs mixed-models using an extensive data set with micro-level data for respondents from thirty U.S. metropolitan areas. Findings indicated differential impacts of smart-growth measures on satisfaction, with some having positive effects and others having negative effects. When differences occurred, the impact of smart-growth environmental measures (positive or negative) was stronger for single mothers. Much of the difference in satisfaction between single mothers and other parents can be explained by differences in housing quality.
Reconstruction of the irradiated contracted socket with an expanded superficial temporalis fascial flap

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the reconstruction of an irradiated contracted socket with an expanded superficial temporalis fascial flap and oral mucosa. METHODS: A superficial temporalis fascial flap was first expanded with tissue expansion techniques and then rotated into the orbit to revascularize the socket. The mucosal surface of the socket was secondarily grafted with buccal and hard palate mucosa. RESULTS: The expanded superficial temporalis fascial flap was used to revascularize the socket for grafting with hard palate and buccal mucosa. This resulted in the successful retention of an ocular prosthesis. CONCLUSION: The expanded superficial temporalis fascial flap is a useful technique in reconstruction of the contracted socket.
Is Sexual Serosorting Occurring Among HIV-Positive Injection Drug Users? Comparison Between Those with HIV-Positive Partners Only, HIV-Negative Partners Only, and Those with any Partners of Unknown Status

Using baseline data from a multi-site, randomized controlled study (INSPIRE), we categorized 999 HIV-positive IDUs into three groups based on serostatus of their sex partners. Our data provide some evidence for serosorting occurring in our sample; about 40% of the sample had sex exclusively with HIV-positive partners, and about half of them reported having unprotected sex with these partners. Twenty per cent had sex exclusively with HIV-negative partners; their sexual behaviors tended to be least risky with about two-thirds reporting their sex was protected. However, we also found that another 40% had at least one partner of unknown HIV status and sexual and drug risk was the highest among them. They were also least empowered, showing attributes that may undermine HIV prevention. Some of these findings are consistent with findings from MSM studies, suggesting that partner selection practices are similar between primarily heterosexual IDUs and MSM.
Exact 3D cone-beam reconstruction from two short-scans using a C-arm imaging system

In this paper we present a source path for the purpose of exact cone-beam reconstruction using a C-arm X-ray imaging system. The proposed path consists of two intersecting segments, each of which is a short-scan. Any C-arm capable of a short-scan sweep can thus be used to obtain data on our proposed source path as well, since it only requires an additional sweep on a tilted plane. This tilt can be achieved by either using the propeller axis of mobile C-arms, or the vertical axis of ceiling mounted C-arms. While the individual segments are only capable of exact reconstruction in their mid-plane, we show that the combined path is capable of exact reconstruction within an entire volumetric region. In fact, we show that the largest sphere that can be captured in the field of view of the C-arm can be exactly reconstructed if the tilt between the planes is at least equal to the cone-angle of the system. For the purpose of cone-beam inversion we use a generalized cone-beam filtered backprojection algorithm (CB-FBP). The exactness of this method relies on the design of a set of redundancy weights, which we explicitly evaluate for the proposed dual short-scan source path.
Reconstitution of acetylcholine receptors in model membranes

Abstract The acetylcholine receptor is an essential link in synaptic transmission at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Its reconstitution in lipid vesicles and planar lipid bilayers has recently been achieved, allowing investigation of postsynaptic function at the molecular level.
Temperature dissipation measurements in a lifted turbulent diffusion flame

Abstract Temperature dissipation measurements have been completed in a lifted turbulent non-premixed propane flame issuing from a converging nozzle at several axial stations and along the centerline. The radial and axial components of the temperature dissipation were measured directly. The assumption of lognor-mality is shown to be a good approximation of the temperature dissipation character in the core of the flame out to ro. the radius where the mean temperature is at a maximum. Significant deviations from the lognormal distribution are observed on the outer side of the shear layer. The radial and axial components of the dissipation are reasonably isotropic in the region close to the jet's centerline. However, in direct contrast to the results found in nonreacting flows, detailed comparisons of the radial and axial temperalure dissipation profiles in the off-axis region of 0.1 < r/ ro < 1.3 indicate that there are definite anisotropic and non self-similar characteristics in the temperature dissipation....
Role of Ammonia in the Induction of Renal Hypertrophy

Recent experiments from our laboratory have documented the importance of ammonia as a modulator of renal cell growth in vitro. Ammonia induces renal hypertrophy by increasing the rate of protein synthesis and decreasing the rate of protein degradation. These results have led to the hypothesis that an increase in renal ammoniagenesis contributes to renal growth in several seemingly unrelated clinical disorders. In chronic hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis, mitochondrial ammoniagenesis is stimulated directly. During protein loading, uninephrectomy, and diabetes mellitus, renal ammoniagenesis may be stimulated by an increase in single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR).
A novel method to determine the diffusional water permeability of oocyte plasma membranes

Measurements of the cell membrane diffusional water permeability (Pd) are important to characterize water passage across water channels and across the lipid bilayer component of the membrane. Existing methods for those measurements are involved; however, we report here a simple procedure to estimate Pd in Xenopus laevis oocytes and similar large cells. Due to the different densities of H2O and D2O (heavy water), an oocyte transferred from normal medium to a D2O-based medium floats initially, but subsequently sinks when a certain amount of the water originally in them is replaced by the D2O that diffuses in. We describe how the ‘flotation time’ (time that oocytes float in a heavy water solution before they start sinking) yields the Pd of the plasma membrane. Determination of Pd by this procedure and by the rate of tritiated water (T2O) efflux give for Pd results which are very close: 2.2 ± 0.2 (n = 8) and 2.0 ± 0.1 (n = 6) μm/s, respectively (T = 10°C). Further-more, our method detects the increase in Pd elicited in oocytes by either expression of water channel proteins, or by treating them with the pore-forming antibiotic amphotericin B. This method appears useful to gauge the expression and function of pore-forming, water-permeable membrane proteins.
Investigation of a coastally trapped disturbance

The relatively shallow marine boundary layer adjacent to steep coastal topography along the California Coast give rise to a number of mesoscale phenomena, including coastally trapped disturbances (CTD's), expansion fans, land/sea breezes, low-level jets, and cyclonic eddies. CTD's occur several times each year during the period from May to early October and are easily distinguished in satellite imagery due to the distinctive narrow tongue of low clouds and fog propagating to the north along the coast. In the present study, we investigate a CTD event which occurred 15-16 June 2000. We use the Naval Research Laboratory's nonhydrostatic COAMPS/sup TM/ model to simulate this event.
Is cost‐benefit analysis legal? Three rules

When benefit-cost analysis produces a result that is objectionable does this mean that the technique is objectionable? It means only that the technique cannot rise above the individual and community values on which it rests. That is, values in benefit-cost analysis rest in large measure on law. An understanding of what values count and whose values count and why they count cannot then be separated from law. This understanding of value obviates most criticisms of benefit-cost analysis as a technique. Benefit-cost analysis also contributes to the law so that, for example, when there is a discrepancy between legal and psychological ownership, efficiency suggests that the law change to reflect psychological ownership. The values considered in benefit-cost analysis are very broad and include those associated with income distribution—the most radical proposition in this article—as well as the value of harm even when it is specifically unknown. An appreciation of the broad range of what is meant by value further dislodges criticisms of benefit-cost analysis.
Synthetic somatostatin analog (octreotide) suppresses daytime growth hormone secretion equivalently in young and older men : Preserved pituitary responsiveness to somatostatin's inhibition in aging

OBJECTIVE: To gain greater insight into the mechanisms controlling the low daytime rate of growth hormone (GH) secretion in older men. DESIGN: We conducted a randomized, controlled study of GH secretion during inhibition by octreotide, a somatostatin analog. PARTICIPANTS: Nine young (35–44 years) and ten older (62–79 years) healthy men participated. INTERVENTION: Octreotide versus nothing, while subjects were on a standardized diet. MEASUREMENTS: All subjects were assessed on two separate occasions: baseline and at time of the intervention of octreotide (100 μg subcutaneously); the order of the intervention was randomly assigned. Octreotide was administered at 8:00 a.m. Venous sampling was performed every 10 minutes for 8 hours (8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.). To estimate the joint parameters of pulsatile and basal (between secretory pulses) GH secretion, we used an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence-based GH assay and multiparameter deconvolution analysis. RESULTS: Compared with baseline, octreotide markedly reduced mean (8-hour) serum GH concentrations in both young (0.585 ± 0.255 μg/L vs 0.070 ± 0.029 μg/L; P = .008) and older (0.397 ± 0.107 μg/L vs 0.087 ± 0.027 μg/L; P = 0.005) men. In younger men, octreotide decreased the serum GH concentration primarily by suppressing the mass of GH released per secretory pulse (2.4 ± 0.9 μg/L vs 1.0 ± .7 μg/L; P = .015) and the interpulse (basal) rate of GH release (0.0014 ± 0.0003 μg/L/min vs 0.0006 ± 0.0002 μg/L/min; P = .051). In older men, octreotide also restrained the mass of GH per secretory pulse (1.5 ± 0.4 μg/L vs 0.4 ± 0.1 μg/L; P = .028) and lowered basal GH release (0.0014 ± 0.0003 μg/L/min vs 0.0004 ± 0.0001 μg/L/min; P = .007). There were no significant differences when the older men were compared with the young controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the daytime relative GH deficiency seen in older men is not a result of excessive pituitary susceptibility to the inhibitory capabilities of somatostatin, but more likely reflects impoverished endogenous GHRH drive and/or heightened release of brain somatostatin. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:1422–1424, 1999.
Aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate drift in southern Appalachian Mountain streams: implications for trout food resources

SUMMARY 1. We characterised aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate drift in six south-western North Carolina streams and their implications for trout production. Streams of this region typically have low standing stock and production of trout because of low benthic productivity. However, little is known about the contribution of terrestrial invertebrates entering drift, the factors that affect these inputs (including season, diel period and riparian cover type), or the energetic contribution of drift to trout. 2. Eight sites were sampled in streams with four riparian cover types. Drift samples were collected at sunrise, midday and sunset; and in spring, early summer, late summer and autumn. The importance of drift for trout production was assessed using literature estimates of annual benthic production in the southern Appalachians, ecotrophic coefficients and food conversion efficiencies. 3. Abundance and biomass of terrestrial invertebrate inputs and drifting aquatic larvae were typically highest in spring and early summer. Aquatic larval abundances were greater than terrestrial invertebrates during these seasons and terrestrial invertebrate biomass was greater than aquatic larval biomass in the autumn. Drift rates of aquatic larval abundance and biomass were greatest at sunset. Inputs of terrestrial invertebrate biomass were greater than aquatic larvae at midday. Terrestrial invertebrate abundances were highest in streams with open canopies and streams adjacent to pasture with limited forest canopy. 4. We estimate the combination of benthic invertebrate production and terrestrial invertebrate inputs can support 3.3–18.2 g (wet weight) m )2 year )1 of trout, which is generally lower than values considered productive [10.0–30.0 g (wet weight) m )2 year )1 ]. 5. Our results indicate terrestrial invertebrates can be an important energy source for trout in these streams, but trout production is still low. Any management activities that attempt to increase trout production should assess trout food resources and ensure their availability.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy to Target Hematologic Malignancies

Several decades of humoral immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies and cellular immunotherapy using hematopoietic cell transplantation have recently culminated in a successful merger: the development and clinical application of genetically engineered antibody-T cell chimeras. Also known as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T cells), these entities combine the exquisite antigen specificity of antibodies with the polyfunctionality and potency of cellular immunity and are a prime example of the potential for synthetic biology to treat disease. CAR T cells overcome several of the biologic obstacles that have historically hampered immunotherapy while providing fundamental mechanistic insights into cellular immunology and revealing new challenges in genetic engineering and target selection. Results from early-phase CAR T-cell-based clinical trials demonstrate the significant potential for this approach to affect dramatic and complete clinical responses while revealing novel toxicities associated with activation of potent and specific antitumor immunity.
Assessing natural disaster survivor evacuation attitudes to inform social policy

Purpose – The literature was reviewed to locate the most relevant social-psychology theories, factors, and instruments in order to measure New York State resident attitudes and social norms (SNs) concerning their intent to evacuate Hurricane Irene in the summer of 2011. The purpose of this paper is to develop a model which could be generalized to improve social policy determination for natural disaster preparation. Design/methodology/approach – A post-positivist ideology was employed, quantitative data were collected from an online survey (nominal, binary, interval, and ratio), and inferential statistical techniques were applied to test theory-deductive hypotheses (Strang, 2013b). Since the questions for each hypothesized factor were customized using a pilot for this study, exploratory factor analysis were conducted to ensure the item validity and reliabilities were compared to a priori benchmarks (Gill et al., 2010). Correlation analysis along with logistic and multiple regression were applied to test th...
An analysis of clustered failures on large supercomputing systems

Large supercomputers are built today using thousands of commodity components, and suffer from poor reliability due to frequent component failures. The characteristics of failure observed on large-scale systems differ from smaller scale systems studied in the past. One striking difference is that system events are clustered temporally and spatially, which complicates failure analysis and application design. Developing a clear understanding of failures for large-scale systems is a critical step in building more reliable systems and applications that can better tolerate and recover from failures. In this paper, we analyze the event logs of two large IBM Blue Gene systems, statistically characterize system failures, present a model for predicting the probability of node failure, and assess the effects of differing rates of failure on job failures for large-scale systems. The work presented in this paper will be useful for developers and designers seeking to deploy efficient and reliable petascale systems.
An approach to repair of radiation necrosis of chest wall and mammary gland.

Chest wall reconstruction following radiation no longer need be a protracted sequence of multiple stage tissue transfer with potential necrosis of the flap at each step. Muscle flaps with or without the overlying skin provide very reliable and effective methods of single-stage repair. For the anterior chest the latissimus dorsi, the rectus abdominis, and pectoralis muscles are the choices with omen turn as an alternative in salvage cases. For the posterior chest, choices are the latissimus dorsi or trapezius.
Point/CounterpointTechnology curriculum for the early 21st century

T HE fIElD Of information technology is changing and those responsible for educating the next generation of technology (information systems, computer science, and computer engineering) professionals have responded with curriculum that fails to address the depth, speed, or direction of these changes. If we want our students to enjoy productive and meaningful careers, we need to radically change the content of the curriculum of our technology majors. a
A Subset Expansion of the Coloured Tutte Polynomial

Bollobas and Riordan introduce a Tutte polynomial for coloured graphs and matroids in [3]. We observe that this polynomial has an expansion as a sum indexed by the subsets of the ground-set of a coloured matroid, generalizing the subset expansion of the Tutte polynomial. We also discuss similar expansions of other contraction–deletion invariants of graphs and matroids.
CCR10 and its ligands in regulation of epithelial immunity and diseases

Epithelial tissues covering the external and internal surface of a body are constantly under physical, chemical or biological assaults. To protect the epithelial tissues and maintain their homeostasis, multiple layers of immune defense mechanisms are required. Besides the epithelial tissue-resident immune cells that provide the first line of defense, circulating immune cells are also recruited into the local tissues in response to challenges. Chemokines and chemokine receptors regulate tissue-specific migration, maintenance and functions of immune cells. Among them, chemokine receptor CCR10 and its ligands chemokines CCL27 and CCL28 are uniquely involved in the epithelial immunity. CCL27 is expressed predominantly in the skin by keratinocytes while CCL28 is expressed by epithelial cells of various mucosal tissues. CCR10 is expressed by various subsets of innate-like T cells that are programmed to localize to the skin during their developmental processes in the thymus. Circulating T cells might be imprinted by skin-associated antigen- presenting cells to express CCR10 for their recruitment to the skin during the local immune response. On the other hand, IgA antibody-producing B cells generated in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues express CCR10 for their migration and maintenance at mucosal sites. Increasing evidence also found that CCR10/ligands are involved in regulation of other immune cells in epithelial immunity and are frequently exploited by epithelium-localizing or -originated cancer cells for their survival, proliferation and evasion from immune surveillance. Herein, we review current knowledge on roles of CCR10/ligands in regulation of epithelial immunity and diseases and speculate on related important questions worth further investigation.
Fluoride inhibition of photosystem II and the effect of removal of the PsbQ subunit

Photosystem II (PSII), the light-absorbing complex of photosynthesis that evolves oxygen, requires chloride for activation of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC). In this study, fluoride was characterized as an inhibitor of Cl−-activated oxygen evolution in higher plant PSII. It was confirmed to be primarily a competitive inhibitor in intact PSII, with Cl−-competitive inhibition constant Ki = 2 mM and uncompetitive inhibition constant \( {\text{K}}_{\text{i}}^{\prime } \) = 79 mM. A pH dependence study showed that fluoride inhibition was more pronounced at lower pH values. In order to determine the location of the fluoride effect, PSII preparations lacking various amounts of the PsbQ subunit were prepared. The competitive F− inhibition constant and the Michaelis constant for Cl− activation increased with loss of the PsbQ subunit, while the uncompetitive F− inhibition constant was relatively insensitive to loss of PsbQ. The S2 state EPR signals from PSII lacking PsbQ responded to Ca2+ and Cl− removal and to F− treatment similar to intact PSII, with enhancement of the g = 4.1 signal and suppression of the multiline signal, but the effects were more pronounced in PSII lacking PsbQ. Together, these results support the interpretation that the PsbQ subunit has a role in retaining anions within the OEC.
Intermediates from the microbial oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons

Oxidation of aliphatic saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi leads to the production of a variety of intermediates, e.g., mono- and dicarboxylic acids, primary alcohols, isomeric alcohols and their corresponding ketones, diols, epoxides, and hydroxy acids. Further degradation of isomeric ketones in two species ofPseudomonas occurs by a flavoprotein monooxygenase leading to the formation of ester intermediates. In the case of 2-tridecanone→undecyl acetate, the esterase active on the acetate ester also has been characterized. Oxidation of pristane gives rise to several branched chain intermediates of varying carbon length. Products from other branched chain hydrocarbons are also presented. Oxidation of hydrocarbons that are not growth substrates but are nonetheless oxidized by microorganisms is reviewed. The examples presented reiterate the fact that microorganisms are a metabolically diverse group capable of altering an incredibly wide array of organic compounds of which aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons as a class represent but one example.
Polyaniline Exhibiting Stable and Reversible Switching in the Visible Extending into the Near-IR in Aqueous Media

Spun-cast films comprising polyaniline (PANI) that is template synthesized with poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-I-propanesulfonic acid), PAAMPSA, can be reversibly switched between emeraldine salt, leucoemeraldine base, and for the first time, pernigraniline base states in aqueous media at near-neutral pHs. Transitions between the green, transparent and violet states occur within 1 - 10 s, comparable to the electrochromic switching times reported for thin films deposited via layer-by-layer approaches. Solvent annealing in dichloroacetic acid induces structural rearrangement within PANI-PAAMPSA, resulting in significantly improved stability and reversibility upon repeated cycling, and moreover, imparting tunable polyelectrochromism that extends into the near-infrared (1100 nm).
Structural basis for removal of adenine mispaired with 8-oxoguanine by MutY adenine DNA glycosylase

The genomes of aerobic organisms suffer chronic oxidation of guanine to the genotoxic product 8-oxoguanine (oxoG). Replicative DNA polymerases misread oxoG residues and insert adenine instead of cytosine opposite the oxidized base. Both bases in the resulting A*oxoG mispair are mutagenic lesions, and both must undergo base-specific replacement to restore the original C*G pair. Doing so represents a formidable challenge to the DNA repair machinery, because adenine makes up roughly 25% of the bases in most genomes. The evolutionarily conserved enzyme adenine DNA glycosylase (called MutY in bacteria and hMYH in humans) initiates repair of A*oxoG to C*G by removing the inappropriately paired adenine base from the DNA backbone. A central issue concerning MutY function is the mechanism by which A*oxoG mispairs are targeted among the vast excess of A*T pairs. Here we report the use of disulphide crosslinking to obtain high-resolution crystal structures of MutY-DNA lesion-recognition complexes. These structures reveal the basis for recognizing both lesions in the A*oxoG pair and for catalysing removal of the adenine base.
Acute Exposure to Low-Dose Radiation Disrupts Reproduction and Shortens Survival of Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Queens

Irradiation is a postharvest quarantine treatment option to control ants and other hitchhiker pests on fresh horticultural products exported from Hawaii. The radiotolerance of the invasive little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae), was studied to determine a dose sufficient for its control. Queens from each of five laboratory microcolonies started from five geographic locations in Argentina were irradiated at 20, 50, 70, or 100 Gy or left untreated as controls and then followed for 13 wk to observe colony growth. In general, queen survivorship, and the number of eggs, larvae, and pupae observed in the microcolonies decreased with increasing irradiation dose. In the 50-, 70-, and 100-Gy treatments, the number of eggs observed was reduced by 68, 66, and 76%, respectively, compared with untreated control microcolonies. The number of larvae in the 50-, 70-, and, 100-Gy treatments was reduced by 99.6%, and only one pupa was observed in the 50-Gy treatment and none in the 70- and 100-Gy treatments during the 13-wk experiment. Queens in the 100-Gy treatment had significantly reduced longevity compared with queens in the other treatments. Radiation doses ≥70 Gy stopped reproduction in W. auropunctata queens and should be sufficient as a phytosanitary treatment. Information from additional invasive ants in Myrmicinae and other subfamilies is needed before recommending a generic irradiation treatment for ants.
A Two-Dimensional Finite Element Model of the Edge Plasma

A new computational model of the edge plasma in axisymmetric magnetic fusion devices has been developed based on finite element methods. Braginskii-type plasma fluid equations and a one-energy group neutral particle diffusion equation are spatially discretized on a two-dimensional domain using Galerkin, modified artificial diffusion, and anisotropic streamline-upwind/Petrov-Galerkin finite element methods. A damped modified Newton method is employed to solve the nonlinear system of discretized equations. Results from assembled plasma/neutral systems in rectangular geometry agree quantitatively with the results from the B2 and NEW-EDGE finite-difference edge models and highlight the importance of boundary conditions. Finite element analysis of angled divertor plates illustrated the sensitivity of divertor plasma parameters and the divertor plate heat flux profile to the details of nonorthogonal boundary geometry, due to the neutral particle behavior and its subsequent effect on all of the plasma quantities.
The Syrians in The Book of the Divided Kingdoms: A Literary/Theological Approach

In earlier work on the Deuteronomic History, I have defined 1 Kings 11 to 2 Kings 17 as 'The Book of the Divided Kingdoms', and argued that its deep-structural 'message' is one of salvation for northern Israel. Here I present the Syrians, the most pervasive foreign presence in this 'Book', as a major element in this dynamic of salvation. In the account of the house of Jehu, they function analogously to the foreign power in one of the judge-cycles (in Judges and 1 Samuel) by means of which Yahweh punishes Israel—a role necessary to the eventual salvation. Historically, it seems likely that all the traditions about the Syrians, and about the prophet Elisha, originated in the time of Jehu's dynasty. But in the existing text, stories of the Syrians and/or Elisha extend well back into the time of Ahab. The reason for this, I suggest, is that the Syrians' salvific role is being intensified by making them agents in the process whereby Baalworship was removed from Israel. In terms of 'ideological geography', Israel's north-east (Syrian) boundary is given a positive valence (cf. traditions of the arrival from that direction of Israel's ancestors), in opposition to the north-west (Tyrian) boundary, whence comes the Baalistic threat. This suggests a promise of salvation even in the later invasions from the north-east, by the Assyrians and their imperial successors.
Enzyme activity and distribution in rat prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Abstract The activity and distribution of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, nonspecific esterases, β-glucuronidase, and aminopeptidase were examined in the transplantable R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma and compared with those in the four prostatic lobes of the rat. Both the well and poorly differentiated tumor cells in R-3327 carcinoma were characterized by high activities of β-glucuronidase and aminopeptidase. The poorly differentiated cells had a high alkaline phosphatase activity. The enzymatic profile of the R-3327 adenocarcinoma closely resembled that of the anterior and dorsal prostate. The origin of the tumor in one of these prostatic lobes is probable, but not certain.
Ankle arthrodesis using anterior sliding inlay vascularized tibia flap: three case reports.

The purpose of this report is to introduce the procedure of ankle arthrodesis using an anterior sliding inlay vascularized tibia flap and to present three cases. The distal end of the tibia was elevated on the pedicle of the tibialis anterior vessels. The vascularized tibial flap was shifted distally and inserted into the graft bed in the talus to form a bridge between the tibia and the talus. The talotibial joint was completely fused 2 months after surgery. Three months were required before the patients could walk bearing full weight. Ankle arthrodesis using an anterior sliding inlay vascularized tibia flap is an easy procedure to perform and is indicated for both the treatment of primary and secondary ankle arthritis. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.