cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
#Playrevolution: Engaging Equity through the Power of Play:

This special issue continues a two-year conversation about a #playrevolution in literacies research, theory, and practice. The juxtaposition of play and revolution is intentional, highlighting the ...
TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF BRAIN ACTIVATION DURING THREE CONCEPT GENERATION TECHNIQUES

Abstract The research presented in this paper explores features of temporal design neurocognition by comparing regions of activation in the brain during concept generation. A total of 27 engineering graduate students used brainstorming, morphological analysis, and TRIZ to generate concepts to design problems. Students' brain activation in their prefrontal cortex (PFC) was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Temporal activations were compared between techniques. When using brainstorming and morphological analysis, highly activated regions are consistently situated in the medial and right part of the PFC over time. For both techniques, the temporal neuro-physiological patterns are similar. Cognitive functions associated to the medial and right part of the PFC suggest an association with divergent thinking and adaptative decision making. In contrast, highly activated regions over time when using TRIZ appear in the medial or the left part of the prefrontal cortex, usually associated with goal directed planning.
Host genomic influence on bacterial composition in the switchgrass rhizosphere

Host genetic variation can shape the diversity and composition of associated microbiomes, which may reciprocally influence host traits and performance. While the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity of plant populations in nature has been studied, comparatively little research has investigated the genetics of host effects on their associated microbiomes. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a highly outcrossing, perennial, grass species with substantial locally adaptive diversity across its native North American range. Here, we compared 383 switchgrass accessions in a common garden to determine the host genotypic influence on rhizosphere bacterial composition. We hypothesized that the composition and diversity of rhizosphere bacterial assemblages would differentiate due to genotypic differences between hosts (potentially due to root phenotypes and associated life history variation). We observed higher alpha diversity of bacteria associated with upland ecotypes and tetraploids, compared to lowland ecotypes and octoploids, respectively. Alpha diversity correlated negatively with flowering time and plant height, indicating that bacterial composition varies along switchgrass life history axes. Narrow-sense heritability (h2) of the relative abundance of twenty-one core bacterial families was observed. Overall compositional differences among tetraploids, due to genetic variation, supports wide-spread genotypic influence on the rhizosphere microbiome. Lastly, a genome-wide association study identified 1,861 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with 110 families and genes containing them related to potential regulatory functions. Our findings suggest that switchgrass genomic and life-history variation influences bacterial composition in the rhizosphere, potentially due to host adaptation to local environments.
A Novel Immobilization Method Using 3D Printing for the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer.

Purpose/Objective(s) Radiation therapy requires immobilization hardware that may produce significant anxiety for a patient under treatment, particularly when covering the face. In cases where such anxiety is treatment limiting, 3D printing can provide for a better tolerated custom immobilization. The technical hurdles, fidelity of positioning, and clinical outcomes are reviewed for the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer in a patient who was unable to tolerate traditional mask-based immobilization. Materials/Methods A 3D printer was used to create a custom immobilization cradle for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. This was used in the treatment of a patient who was unable to be simulated despite nine separate attempts, using a variety of open-faced immobilization techniques, anxiolytics, and coaching. Operative management was not feasible due to the patient's habitus and comorbidities. Despite acknowledging the severity of the situation, the patient could not complete simulation. Thus, after he was confirmed to still have locoregionally limited disease, we proposed creation of a 3D-printed cradle for the back of his head and neck, based on CT imaging without immobilization. Three separate attempts were made to complete the printing of the cradle. Major issues stemmed from the need to find a set of support structures that would allow for the proper printing of the area supporting the ears, as well as the back of the head. Ultimately, a dense array of column supports was successful, but still required buttressing of the columns with tape at several points during the print. In total, 664g of polylactic acid filament was used, as well as 525g of polyvinyl alcohol, a water soluble support material. Total print time was just under 78 hours for the final successful print. Results The patient was able to tolerate simulation and the full course of fractionated chemoradiotherapy. The cradle provided for a setup requiring mean absolute shift of 0.35 mm in the anterior-posterior direction, 0.17 cm in the cranio-caudal direction, and 0.36 cm in the lateral direction, and a couch kick of 1.28 degrees to bring the patient into alignment on final imaging. The patient is currently in stable condition and following up with both medical oncology and radiation oncology at regular intervals. Imaging and laryngoscopy, conducted at multiple time points following completion, shows him to have no evidence of disease, now at 10 months. Conclusion The full uses of 3D printing are still developing, as evidenced by the difficulty of creating a workable print, both in terms of prototyping and the time needed to create a print. The impact of 3D printing within the context of radiation oncology, as well as in other specialties, will undoubtedly continue to increase the variety of viable treatment options available to patients as the technology improves.
Chapter 25. Regulation of Neutrophil Chemotaxis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structural and biochemical changes that occur during neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil structure changes the accompanying chemoattractant exposure. Unstimulated neutrophils dramatically change their shape from a rounded morphology to an elongated, polarized morphology with a broad lamellipodium formed anteriorly and a thin uropod formed posteriorly to the chemoattractant concentration gradient. Three types of neutrophil motility have been categorized on the basis of in vitro migration assays. Random migration is defined as cell movement in the absence of stimulus, whereas chemotactic migration is a directed movement toward an increasing concentration gradient of stimulus, and chemokinetic motility is the activated random movement induced by a stimulus without a concentration gradient. Biochemical events that occur within seconds after neutrophil exposure to chemoattractant include: transient elevations in intracellular Ca2+, Na2+ and cyclic adenosine monophoshate (AMP) levels, as well as membrane potential changes. A variety of agents modify neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. Compounds that elevate cyclic AMP, such as β-adrenergic receptor agonists, prostaglandin E1, and histamine, inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis. Agents that modify in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis are broadly classified in two categories: inhibitory agents and augmentive agents. Several classes of pharmacologic agents interact with neutrophil plasma membranes to alter membrane composition or bind to chemoattractant receptors. Bacterial toxins, including cholera, pertussis, and botulinum C2 toxin, are adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosyltransferases that covalently modify proteins involved in neutrophil chemotaxis. Agents that inhibit selected neutrophil enzymes have diverse effects on neutrophil chemotaxis. Numerous pharmacologic agents have been described that inhibit chemotaxis in vitro; however, the mechanisms, by which they inhibit chemotaxis, remain unknown. Evaluation of the effects of pharmacologic agents on neutrophil function provides useful information about the activation of neutrophil chemotaxis. Characterization of the critical steps involved in chemotaxis may also be approached by nonpharmacologic means.
Recognition during recall failure: Semantic feature matching as a mechanism for recognition of semantic cues when recall fails

Research suggests that a feature-matching process underlies cue familiarity-detection when cued recall with graphemic cues fails. When a test cue (e.g., potchbork) overlaps in graphemic features with multiple unrecalled studied items (e.g., patchwork, pitchfork, pocketbook, pullcork), higher cue familiarity ratings are given during recall failure of all of the targets than when the cue overlaps in graphemic features with only one studied target and that target fails to be recalled (e.g., patchwork). The present study used semantic feature production norms (McRae et al., Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 37, 547–559, 2005) to examine whether the same holds true when the cues are semantic in nature (e.g., jaguar is used to cue cheetah). Indeed, test cues (e.g., cedar) that overlapped in semantic features (e.g., a_tree, has_bark, etc.) with four unretrieved studied items (e.g., birch, oak, pine, willow) received higher cue familiarity ratings during recall failure than test cues that overlapped in semantic features with only two (also unretrieved) studied items (e.g., birch, oak), which in turn received higher familiarity ratings during recall failure than cues that did not overlap in semantic features with any studied items. These findings suggest that the feature-matching theory of recognition during recall failure can accommodate recognition of semantic cues during recall failure, providing a potential mechanism for conceptually-based forms of cue recognition during target retrieval failure. They also provide converging evidence for the existence of the semantic features envisaged in feature-based models of semantic knowledge representation and for those more concretely specified by the production norms of McRae et al. (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 37, 547–559, 2005).
2D shape recognition using recursive determination of landmark and fuzzy ART network learning

In this paper, 2-D shape recognition is done using a combination of recursive search of landmarks, landmark-based invariant features, and a Fuzzy-ART neural-network classifier. To make this novel combination work well, a upper limit is imposed on the number of total landmarks allowed, and this maximum size is then translated into fixed dimensions of invariant features and into the neural processing of the features. It is shown that the recursive landmark search approximates very well any smooth 2-D shape contour, that the shape features used are independent of perspective transformation, and that, when combined with a Fuzzy-ART classifier, unknown features can be efficiently learned on-line to identify multiple distinct objects. An illustrative example is used to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Effect of Starvation in the Rat on Trimethyllysine in Peptide Linkage

Trimethyllysine residues in peptide linkage, precursors of carnitine biosynthesis, were measured in fed and 3-day fasted rats. Whole-body peptide-linked trimethyllysine in fasted rats was significantly less than in fed rats when expressed per initial body weight (17.8 vs 24.8 mumol/100 g initial body weight). Skeletal muscle had the highest peptide-linked trimethyllysine content (2.5 nmol/mg protein), followed by heart (1.9 nmol/mg protein). The content in kidney, liver and small intestine were similar, but less than in heart. Of the eight tissues tested, the brain had the only significant increase with fasting. The hepatic peptide-linked trimethyllysine in fasted rats was significantly decreased when expressed per milligram DNA. The study shows a commensurate loss of peptide-linked trimethyllysine accompanying protein loss during fasting. The study also shows that muscle contains over 65% of the whole-body peptide-linked trimethyllysine, and as such is a major reservoir of precursor for carnitine biosynthesis.
Tissue Fabrication Technology

In this chapter, we describe current state of the art to support tissue and organ fabrication. We describe several technologies, some of which self-organization technology and cell sheet engineering. We also describe cell and organ printing as it applies to tissue engineering. Scaffold based tissue engineering approaches are also described. During the course of this chapter we also introduce the concepts of soft-lithography, micro-fluidics and organ-on-a-chip models.
Firm sizes and economic development: Estimating long-term effects on U.S. County growth, 1990-2000

This paper investigates the role of the business size distribution on income and employment growth in U.S. counties from 1990 to 2000. We measure the business size distribution as the share of employees across nine establishment size categories that range from microfirms (one to four employees) to large firms (1,000+ employees) and using three indices similar to a Gini coefficient. Results show that the business size distribution has a significant impact on county-level growth patterns. Employment shares in small firms increase employment growth, but decrease income growth. One possible conclusion suggests policies emphasizing small firms and entrepreneurship during times of high unemployment.
Simulation Evaluation of Quantitative Myocardial Perfusion Assessment from Cardiac CT

Contrast enhancement on cardiac CT provides valuable information about myocardial perfusion and methods have been proposed to assess perfusion with static and dynamic acquisitions. There is a lack of knowledge and consensus on the appropriate approach to ensure 1) sufficient diagnostic accuracy for clinical decisions and 2) low radiation doses for patient safety. This work developed a thorough dynamic CT simulation and several accepted blood flow estimation techniques to evaluate the performance of perfusion assessment across a range of acquisition and estimation scenarios. Cardiac CT acquisitions were simulated for a range of flow states (Flow = 0.5, 1, 2, 3 ml/g/min, cardiac output = 3,5,8 L/min). CT acquisitions were simulated with a validated CT simulator incorporating polyenergetic data acquisition and realistic x-ray flux levels for dynamic acquisitions with a range of scenarios including 1, 2, 3 sec sampling for 30 sec with 25, 70, 140 mAs. Images were generated using conventional image reconstruction with additional image-based beam hardening correction to account for iodine content. Time attenuation curves were extracted for multiple regions around the myocardium and used to estimate flow. In total, 2,700 independent realizations of dynamic sequences were generated and multiple MBF estimation methods were applied to each of these. Evaluation of quantitative kinetic modeling yielded blood flow estimates with an root mean square error (RMSE) of ∼0.6 ml/g/min averaged across multiple scenarios. Semi-quantitative modeling and qualitative static imaging resulted in significantly more error (RMSE = ∼1.2 and ∼1.2 ml/min/g respectively). For quantitative methods, dose reduction through reduced temporal sampling or reduced tube current had comparable impact on the MBF estimate fidelity. On average, half dose acquisitions increased the RMSE of estimates by only 18% suggesting that substantial dose reductions can be employed in the context of quantitative myocardial blood flow estimation. In conclusion, quantitative model-based dynamic cardiac CT perfusion assessment is capable of accurately estimating MBF across a range of cardiac outputs and tissue perfusion states, outperforms comparable static perfusion estimates, and is relatively robust to noise and temporal subsampling.
Front-end data processing in the SLD data acquisition system☆

Abstract The data acquisition system for the SLD detector will make extensive use of parallel processing at the front-end level. Fastbus acquisition modules are being built with powerful processing capabilities for calibration, data reduction and further preprocessing of the large amount of analog data handled by each module. This paper describes the readout electronics chain and data preprocessing system adapted for most of the detector channels, exemplified by the central drift chamber waveform digitization and processing system.
Frass clearing by male pine engraver beetles (Ips pini; Scolytidae): paternal care or paternity assurance

Male parental care and paternity assurance are often associated with long-duration pair bonds. The mating system of the pine engraver beetle, Ips pini, includes an association between the male and female that persists for most of the prolonged opposition period. The male beetles remove frass that arnmmlatn as the females lay their eggs in die phloem tissue of the host tree. Experiments and field observations were done to test possible benefits to males that stay in the galleries removing frass while die females are ovipositing. Two hypotheses were that clearing frass (1) provides some form of care that results in more offspring being produced and (2) is part of a paternity assurance mechanism. Male removal experiments in the field produced no evidence that male presence significantly influenced any of five measures of offspring production. Laboratory experiments in which virgin females were bred reciprocally to sterile and fertile males showed that, while there is no strong pattern of lastmale precedence, last-male paternity does increase over time. Field observations revealed that female pine engravers often carry sperm from previous maringi when they solicit entry to a male's breeding gallery. The pattern of paternity and the female's sperm storage capacity suggest that males must maintain prolonged mating access to females in order to ensure high paternity. Hence, frass clearing is necessary to maximize paternity. Kiy words: bark beetles, Ips pini, parental care, paternity assurance, sperm precedence. [Befuw Ecol 8:318-325 (1997)]
Extending the firm vs. industry debate: Does industry life cycle stage matter?

A series of Strategic Management Journal studies have debated the extent to which business-unit, corporate parent, and industry effects explain variance in firm performance. Despite evidence that the industry life cycle impacts competition and performance, the life cycle concept has yet to be incorporated into the firm vs. industry debate. Building on ideas from systems theory, we use longitudinal data from 1,957 firms in 49 industries to examine the relative importance of business-unit, corporate parent, and industry effects during the growth, maturity, and decline stages of the industry life cycle. We find that corporate parent and industry effects increase as industries move through the life cycle while business-unit effects decrease between maturity and decline. Thus, the life cycle concept should be incorporated within the firm vs. industry debate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Rescue of Preterm Rabbits from Surfactant Inhibition with Synthetic Surfactant. † 1545

Surfactant can be inhibited in vivo by plasma proteins invading the alveolar space during acute lung injury. We tested the resistence of surfactant preparations with synthetic peptides against inhibition by human albumin in preterm rabbits. Surfactant preparations studied included a standard phospholipid mixture (PL), PL with 3% surfactant peptide B1-78(B), PL with 3% surfactnat peptide B1-78 and 1% palmitoylated surfactant peptide C1-35 (BC), PL with 3% KL4 peptide(KL4), and Survanta®. Preterm rabbits born at 28 d gestation were intubated and placed in a temperature-controlled ventilator-plethysmography system with 100% oxygen and a positive end-expiratory pressure of 3 cm H2O. Peak inspiratory pressure was adjusted individually to achieve tidal volumes of 6-7 ml/kg as measured with a pneumotachometer. Rabbits received 100 mg of human albumin intratracheally at 30 min, followed by 100 mg/kg of surfactant at 45 min, and were killed and lavaged at 105 min. Groups consisted of 5-8 animals. Mean dynamic compliance decreased from 0.56 to 0.40 ml/kg/cm H2O after albumin instillation. Sixty min after surfactant treatment, dynamic compliance was 82% of the post-albumin values in rabbits treated with BC, 63% with Survanta, 59% with KL4, 53% with B, and 48% with PL. Protein content of the lung lavages was lowest after BC, intermediate after KL4, B, and PL, and highest after Survanta treatment. These data suggest that a combination of synthetic surfactant peptides B and C confers a high degree of resistence against surfactant inhibition by human albumin in ventilated preterm rabbits.
Inhibition in the Learning of a Visual Habit

Gibson and associates (Gibson & Walk, 1956; Gibson, Walk, & Tighe, 1959; Walk, Gibson, Pick, & Tighe, 1958; Walk, Gibson, Pick, & Tighe, 1959) have demonstrated that early experience with particular geometric forms facilitates later discrimination learning involving these forms. It has also been shown (Gibson, Walk, Pick, & Tighe, 1958) that what is acquired in the exposure to the stimuli may facilitate the learning of a discrimination problem utilizing stimuli similar to but different from those employed in the inicial exposure. Although chis latter finding suggests chat what is learned in "extra experience'' situations is not specific to the exposure patterns but is general in character, it may well be that the degree of similarity between exposure and rest siruarions is an important and limiting factor of such uansfer. The present study investigated whether exposure to extraneous stimuli following initial exposure to discrimination stimuli interfered with subsequent discrimination learning. In short, it was hypothesized that, if the increased discrimination learning ability resulting from early exposure to stimuli were an instance of "perceptual learning," it should be subject to the same principles, e.g., retroactive and proactive inhibition, held to characterize other forms of learned behavior.
Compressed sensing sodium MRI of cartilage at 7T: Preliminary study

Sodium MRI has been shown to be highly specific for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in articular cartilage, the loss of which is an early sign of osteoarthritis (OA). Quantitative sodium MRI techniques are therefore under development in order to detect and assess early biochemical degradation of cartilage, but due to low sodium NMR sensitivity and its low concentration, sodium images need long acquisition times (15-25 min) even at high magnetic fields and are typically of low resolution. In this preliminary study, we show that compressed sensing can be applied to reduce the acquisition time by a factor of 2 at 7 T without losing sodium quantification accuracy. Alternatively, the nonlinear reconstruction technique can be used to denoise fully-sampled images. We expect to even further reduce this acquisition time by using parallel imaging techniques combined with SNR-improved 3D sequences at 3T and 7 T.
What's Behind Your Smartphone Icons?

In our daily life, we regularly use various multimedia services such as voice and video calling (Skype, Facetime, Google Talk), video conferencing (WebEx, Telepresence), TV delivered over the Internet (IPTV), video on demand (YouTube, Netflix, Amazon, Google movies), and instant messaging (texting). We also use other apps that often include some of the above multimedia services such as geo-tagging, online games, and assisted living.
Depth distribution of microbial diversity in Mono Lake, a meromictic soda lake in California

We analyzed the variation with depth in the composition of members of the domain Bacteria in samples from alkaline, hypersaline, and currently meromictic Mono Lake in California. DNA samples were collected from the mixolimnion (2 m), the base of the oxycline (17.5 m), the upper chemocline (23 m), and the monimolimnion (35 m). Composition was assessed by sequencing randomly selected cloned fragments of 16S rRNA genes retrieved from the DNA samples. Most of the 212 sequences retrieved from the samples fell into five major lineages of the domain Bacteria: α- and γ-Proteobacteria (6 and 10%, respectively), Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides (19%), high-G+C-content gram-positive organisms (Actinobacteria; 25%), and low-G+C-content gram-positive organisms (Bacillus and Clostridium; 19%). Twelve percent were identified as chloroplasts. The remaining 9% represented β- and δ-Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiales, and candidate divisions. Mixolimnion and oxycline samples had low microbial diversity, with only 9 and 12 distinct phylotypes, respectively, whereas chemocline and monimolimnion samples were more diverse, containing 27 and 25 phylotypes, respectively. The compositions of microbial assemblages from the mixolimnion and oxycline were not significantly different from each other (P = 0.314 and 0.877), but they were significantly different from those of chemocline and monimolimnion assemblages (P < 0.001), and the compositions of chemocline and monimolimnion assemblages were not significantly different from each other (P = 0.006 and 0.124). The populations of sequences retrieved from the mixolimnion and oxycline samples were dominated by sequences related to high-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria (49 and 63%, respectively) distributed in only three distinct phylotypes, while the population of sequences retrieved from the monimolimnion sample was dominated (52%) by sequences related to low-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria distributed in 12 distinct phylotypes. Twelve and 28% of the sequences retrieved from the chemocline sample were also found in the mixolimnion and monimolimnion samples, respectively. None of the sequences retrieved from the monimolimnion sample were found in the mixolimnion or oxycline samples. Elevated diversity in anoxic bottom water samples relative to oxic surface water samples suggests a greater opportunity for niche differentiation in bottom versus surface waters of this lake.
VNS: a virtual network simulator

A software system to study network algorithms was implemented on UNIX. Each part of a network algorithm can be written as a single C program which becomes a virtual node in the network. During a simulation all virtualized nodes run as separate processes on a single PDP 11/44. Internode communication is carried out with procedures local to each node, to send and receive inter-node messages to and from a message queuing process. Communication between nodes is effected by use of virtual links which are specified in the simulated network's topology. The links are implemented on inter-process pipes between the message queuing process and the node processes. Run-time support routines include communication facilities and a mechanism for recording communication histories.
Risk taking through the adult life span

Research on aging in general and on cautiousness in adulthood in particular has been plagued by several problems including (a) drawing of samples from the extremes of the adult age range; (b) relying on single criterion variables; and (c) paucity of data on the psychometric properties of scales. In the present study, three measures of risk taking were administered to a sample ranging from 18-78 years old. Reliability estimates indicated that the Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire had low reliability, both absolutely and in comparison to the vocabulary Risk Test and the Risk Taking Questionnaire. Convergent validity analyses indicated that the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire was substantially correlated with the Risk Taking Questionnaire but not with the Vocabulary Risk Test. Age differences were found only on the Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire using dichotomous scoring. Results suggest that properties of the scale may, in part, account for observed age differences in risk taking scores on the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire. The currently popular notion that people become more cautious as they grow older was challenged and directions were provided for future research.
p-adic Fourier transforms

In [3]-[7] Woodcock developed a Fourier theory for continuously differentiable functions defined on the set of p-adic integers. In this paper his theory is continued by giving a characterization of the image of the Fourier transformation. Also a special form of continuity of the inverse Fourier transformation is proved and, as an application, the Fourier transform of an antiderivative of a function is calculated.
Second Generation Experimental Equipment Design to Support Voloxidation Testing at INL

Voloxidation is a potential head-end process used prior to aqueous or pyrochemical spent-oxide-fuel treatment. The spent oxide fuel is heated to an elevated temperature in oxygen or air to promote separation of the fuel from the cladding as well as volatize the fission products. The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) have been collaborating on voloxidation research through a joint International Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (I-NERI). A new furnace and off-gas trapping system (OTS) with enhanced capability was necessary to perform further testing. The design criteria for the OTS were jointly agreed upon by INL and KAERI. First, the equipment must accommodate the use of spent nuclear fuel and be capable of operating in the Hot Fuel Examination Facility (HFEF) at the INL. This primarily means the furnace and OTS must be remotely operational and maintainable. The system requires special filters and distinctive temperature zones so that the fission products can be uniquely captured. The OTS must be sealed to maximize the amount of fission products captured. Finally, to accommodate the largest range of operating conditions, the OTS must be capable of handling high temperatures and various oxidizing environments. The constructed system utilizes a vertical split-tube furnace with four independently controlled zones. One zone is capable of reaching 1200°C to promote the release of volatile fission products. The three additional zones that capture fission products can be controlled to operate between 100-1100°C. A detailed description of the OTS will be presented as well as some initial background information on high temperature seal options.
Halichoeres bleekeri (steindachner & döderlein), a valid japanese species of labrid fish, distinct fromH. tenuispinis (günther) from china

Halichoeres bleekeri (Steindachner & Doderlein, 1887), previously regarded as a junior synonym ofH. tenuispinis (Gunther), is a valid species. It is distinct fromH. tenuispinis in nearly always having 13 instead of 14 pectoral rays. 11–15 instead of 7–11 suborbital pores, longer dorsal soft rays (1.95–2.3 in head length vs 2.25–2.4 fortenuispinis). and some features of color such as the absence of a dark spot at the upper base of the caudal fin of the female.H. tremebundus Jordan and Snyder, 1902 is a synonym ofH. bleekeri based on the female form, andArtisia festiva de Beaufort is a synonym ofH. tenuispinis, also described from the female phase,H. bleekeri is known from Korea and in Japan from Tokyo to the Izu Islands.H. tenuispinis is recorded from Hong Kong and Xiamen. China, and Taiwan. Records ofH. tenuispinis from the Philippines by Fowler and Bean (1928) represent misidentifications ofH. papilionaceus (Valenciennes).
Fish Mortality Caused by Electrical Shockers

Abstract Under experimental conditions legal-sized brook trout, brown trout, and rainbow trout exposed to 110-volt alternating- and 230-volt direct-current electricity suffered an average mortality of 6.4 percent. Immediate mortality amounted to 4.3 percent and the delayed type accounted for 2.1 percent of the deaths. Of the trout exposed to alternating current 11.1 percent died whereas only 2.0 percent of those treated with direct current were killed. There appeared to be no relationship between mortality and either fish size or trout species. Both types of units are considered to be acceptable for stream population studies.
Modulation of telomere terminal structure by telomerase components in Candida albicans

The telomerase ribonucleoprotein in Candida albicans is presumed to contain at least three Est proteins: CaEst1p, CaEst2p/TERT and CaEst3p. We constructed mutants missing each of the protein subunit of telomerase and analyzed overall telomere dynamics and single-stranded telomere overhangs over the course of many generations. The est1-DeltaDelta mutant manifested abrupt telomere loss and recovery, consistent with heightened recombination. Both the est2-DeltaDelta and est3-DeltaDelta mutant exhibited progressive telomere loss, followed by the gradual emergence of survivors with long telomeres. In no case was telomere loss accompanied by severe growth defects, suggesting that cells with short telomeres can continue to proliferate. Furthermore, the amount of G-strand terminal overhangs was greatly increased in the est2-DeltaDelta mutant, but not others. Our results suggest that in addition to their well-characterized function in telomere elongation, both CaEst1p and CaEst2p mediate some aspects of telomere protection in Candida, with the former suppressing excessive recombination, and the latter preventing excessive C-strand degradation.
Partial Realizations of Hilbert's Program

What follows is a write-up of my contribution to the symposium “Hilbert’s Program Sixty Years Later” which was sponsored jointly by the American Philosophical Association and the Association for Symbolic Logic. The symposium was held on December 29, 1985 in Washington, D. C. The panelists were Solomon Feferman, Dag Prawitz and myself. The moderator was Wilfried Sieg. The research which I discuss here was partially supported by NSF Grant DMS-8317874. I am grateful to the organizers of this timely symposium on an important topic. As a mathematician I particularly value the opportunity to address an audience consisting largely of philosophers. It is true that I was asked to concentrate on the mathematical aspects of Hilbert’s Program. But since Hilbert’s Program is concerned solely with the foundations of mathematics, the restriction to mathematical aspects is really no restriction at all. Hilbert assigned a special role to a certain restricted kind of mathematical reasoning known as finitistic. The essence of Hilbert’s Program was to justify all of set-theoretical mathematics by means of a reduction to finitism. It is
The Images of Our Time: Using Iconic Photographs in Developing a Modern American History Course

History courses based on chronological narratives in textbooks often assume a linear format through which students accumulate substantial amounts of surface-level information, with the various pieces of that information being disconnected from each other and from larger historical contexts. In addition, such narratives are often dry and lifeless, a situation that prevents students from understanding that the study of history is an ongoing, dynamic process. Using a modern American history course as its prototype, this article proposes that student engagement and learning can be heightened if teachers incorporate the use of iconic photographs into historical studies. In addition, such images portray modern American culture, providing a lens through which students can examine the contemporary cultural mindset in which they live.
Tunable operational transconductance amplifier with extremely high linearity over very large input range

A simply fully-differential transconductor is presented that achieves, based on cancellation of first and higher order non-linearities, ±0.7% linearity error over a ±6.4V differential input range for ±5 V power supplies. Common-mode input signals are cancelled at the output. The transconductance can be tuned at least by a factor 3 and f(−3dB) is 63 MHz for 10 μm channel length.
A Short History of the Wars of the Roses. By David Grummitt. (London, England: I. B. Tauris, 2013. Pp. xli, 212. $82.00.)

This book comprehensively covers the interaction of English society and government during the Wars of the Roses. Moreover, it puts the conflicts into perspective on the wars of France as well as th...
Supramolecular device for artificial photosynthetic mimics as helix-mediated antenna/reaction center ensemble.

We have developed a novel integrated supramolecular device for a photosynthetic antenna/reaction center (RC) model based on a helical amylose, which plays an important role as the host for cyanine dye J-aggregation onto the helical surface and also for inclusion of a D−A chain chromophore inside the helical cavity, where the J-aggregates function as an array of photoreceptor antenna that funnel excitation across the helix to the chromophore.
Multiphase time-resolved contrast-enhanced portal MRA in normal dogs

Portal vein anomalies are common in dogs and cats. Diagnostic imaging is central in their diagnosis and fundamental with regard to choosing the best therapeutic option. Various imaging techniques are used in veterinary medicine to assess the portal vein. Each has individual advantages and disadvantages. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) is used routinely in humans to image the portal system and has excellent spatial and temporal resolution and three-dimensional (3D) acquisition. Herein, we report the development of a CE-MRA protocol that resulted in fast 3D imaging of the arterial splanchnic and portal venous system in normal dogs. Multiphase acquisition strategy allowed acquiring the same volume several times during one single breath-hold, thereby capturing the portal venous phase with excellent signal. Excellent depiction of the vascular anatomy, especially the portal afferent vessels and branches, was observed. Elliptical centric view ordering of k-space was used to acquire the contrast-sensitive data faster. Parallel imaging was used to increase coverage in the dorsal to ventral direction while keeping imaging time short. It is anticipated that 3D CE-MRA is a fast and noninvasive imaging method that could be used to diagnose various portal vascular anomalies in small animals.
Fetal growth cessation in late pregnancy: its impact on predicted size parameters used to classify small for gestational age neonates.

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the impact of late 3rd trimester fetal growth cessation on anatomical birth characteristic predictions used in classifying SGA neonates.Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was performed in 119 pregnancies with normal neonatal growth outcomes. Seven biometric parameters were measured at 3–4 weeks intervals using 3D ultrasonography. Rossavik size models were determined to predict birth characteristics at different ages. Percent Differences (% Diff) were calculated from predicted and measured birth characteristics. Growth Cessation Ages (GCA) were identified when no systematic change in % Diff values occurred after specified prediction ages. Systematic and random prediction errors were compared using different assumptions about the GCA. Predicted and measured size parameters were used to determine six new Growth Potential Realization Index (GPRI) reference ranges. Five were used to sub-classify 34 SGA neonates (weight < 10th percentile) based on the number of abnormal GPR...
ARCTIC GROUND SQUIRRELS HANDLE STRESS WITH FINESSE

![Figure][1] Hibernation in mammals is characterized by drastic decreases in body temperature, heart rate, respiration and other factors that greatly decrease metabolic rate and yield energy savings during the long, cold months of winter. However, hibernation is not a constant state; in such
Frequent oligonucleotide motifs in genomes of three streptococci

Complete genomes of three closely related Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, Strepto coccus pneumoniae and Lactococcus lactis are analyzed for abundances of short DNA sequence motifs (frequent words). The character and extent of frequent words are strikingly different among these genomes. The frequent words of S.pneumoniae split into three categories: parts of the previously characterized RUP and BOX repetitive elements and a 24 bp tandem repeat in the gene SP1772. The most abundant frequent words of L.lactis are all related to the 13 bp motif, WWNTTACTGACRR or its inverted complement YYGTCAGTAANWW. Distributional analysis of this motif, which we called highly repetitive motif (HRM), indicates its possible dual role. Frequent occurrences immediately downstream of genes suggest a possible role in transcription termination whereas spacings of consecutive HRMs consistent with the DNA helical period are indicative of a protein-binding site. Two regions of the L.lactis genome feature an intriguing pattern of several periodically occurring HRMs separated by precisely 59 bp. In a striking contrast to S.pneumoniae and L.lactis, S.pyogenes contains hardly any frequent words.
Effects of focal thickening on leaflet stresses in a closed bioprosthetic valve: Computations based upon a 3-D linear model

A 3-D stress analysis of a porcine bioprosthetic valve leaflet was carried out using the finite element method. Irregularities of leaflet thickness, which can occur with degeneration of such valves, were modeled by introducing increased thickening at a selected site. The tissue was assumed to be isotropic with a Poisson's ratio of 0.3 and a Young's modulus of 5000 kPa. The geometry of the leaflet was approximated as one-half of an elliptic-paraboloid. The stresses were first determined in a normal leaflet with a constant thickness of 0.6 mm and then in a leaflet with a focal thickening of 1.2 mm. The maximal principal stresses predicted for a normal leaflet, 480 kPa, and the focally thickened leaflet, 520 kPa, were of the same order of magnitude and occurred at the aortic surface. Stresses across the thickness were nearly constant and tensile in nature for the uniformly thick leaflet. However, focal thickening markedly altered the stress distribution across the thickness. In the region of focal thickening, compressive stresses occurred at the ventricular surface and tensile stresses developed at the aortic surface. This resulted in a flexure-type deformation. Such a change in the distribution of stress across the leaflet thickness may contribute to further structural deterioration.
Studies of ferroelectric surfaces using ion beam and chemical etching techniques

Abstract The chemical nature of the intrinsic surface layer in BaTiO3 single crystals and the positive and negative surfaces of Gd2(MoO4)3 have been determined using the specular reflection of low energy inert gas ions. Potassium and fluorine were detected impurities in Remeika-grown BaTiO3 crystals. The positive and negative surface of gadolinium molybdate crystals were chemically identical. However, significant effects of the orientation of the electric polarization vector on the scattering of incident He-4 ions were observed. The ion-beam irradiated areas showed a passivation effect towards chemical etchants.
Effect of quinidine upon the vascular response to norepinephrine in the dog forelimb.

SummaryQuinidine was shown not to affect the vascular response to KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, or acetylcholine in the dog forelimb. Quinidine did greatly inhibit at therapeutic and nonvasodilating levels, the slow phase of the norepinephrine vasoconstrictor response. It is therefore concluded that the adrenergic inhibition of quinidine, reported here and by others, is mainly the result of an effect at the sarcolemma of the vascular smooth muscle cell which inhibits calcium influx and hence vasoconstriction.
Applications of algebraic and combinatoric techniques to a problem in geometry

In this paper we analyze the problem of transforming one path in Rn to another by means of three geometric operations. The problem is approached in two different ways: via the theory of δ-indecomposable semigroups, and by means of combinatorics.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the frontal and temporal lobes of neuroleptic naive patients with schizophrenia.

Studies with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have reported abnormalities in N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), amino acids (AA) and choline (Cho) to creatine (Cr) ratios associated with schizophrenia. We report data on the three ratios in a sample of 18 neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia (eight studied in the dorsolateral prefrontal and 10 in the midtemporal lobe) and 24 healthy controls (14 studied in prefrontal and 10 in midtemporal lobes). Frontal lobe proton spectra were acquired with the stimulated-echo acquisition mode (STEAM) pulse sequence (echo time 21 ms, repetition time 2 s). Temporal lobe proton spectra were acquired with the point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) pulse sequence (echo time 16–21 ms, repetition time 2 s). Upon comparison with normal controls, NAA/Cr ratios were reduced in patients both for the frontal and the temporal lobe. By contrast, Cho/Cr ratios were slightly elevated in frontal and reduced in temporal lobes; whereas, AA/Cr ratios were normal in frontal and markedly increased in the temporal lobe. The reduced NAA/Cr ratios suggest lower neuronal viability in patients and is consistent with findings of reduced brain volume in both frontal and temporal regions.
EFFECTS OF DOXACURIUM CHLORIDE ON BIVENTRICULAR CARDIAC FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC DISEASE

The effects of doxacurium chloride, a new long-acting non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug, on cardiac performance were studied in 45 patients undergoing high-dose fentanyl-diazepam-oxygen anaesthesia for cardiac surgery. Data were collected at baseline (10 min after tracheal intubation), and at 2, 5 and 10 min after an i.v. bolus of doxacurium with a rapid-response thermistor pulmonary arterial catheter, using two-dimensional transoesophageal echo-cardiography, and direct arterial pressure measurement. The patients were allocated to four groups based on the type of surgery and dose of doxacurium (0.05 or 0.08 mg kg−1). No changes in left or right ventricular dimensions or contractility were detected in any group. Although significant changes (P
Characterization and Biocompatibility Studies of Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Humic Acid/Fe3+ Films

A semipermeable and non-inflammatory membrane is a prerequisite for the development of an implantable biosensor for continuous pain free monitoring of glucose levels in vivo. Humic acids (HAs) have been reported to have therapeutically relevant characteristics such as antiviral and anti-inflammatory.[1] This encouraged us to investigate the in vivo compatibility of HAs based multilayered films as a potential membrane material for implantable glucose sensors. Electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly technique of HAs with oppositely charged ferric ions was utilized to grow these films. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and ellipsometric studies have shown repeatable, stepwise increase in mass and in film thickness during self-assembly. The growth of these assemblies exhibited strong dependence on pH and ionic strength of HAs solution and was correlated with the degree of ionization of carboxyl groups and the neutralization induced surface spreading. HAs films used in the biocompatibility study were very well tolerated by the tissue and no difference with silastic tubing, used as control, could be observed. All types of samples, including the controls, induced similar long-term tissue reaction showing almost no inflammation and a light to moderate fibrosis with some blood vessels present.