cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics into the steady state. I. study of the reaction of oxygen atoms with methyl radicals

The exponential relaxation of CH3, produced by the reaction O + C2H4 CH3 + HCO, to its steady-state concentration was quantitatively monitored after the reactants were mixed. The relaxation profiles yield the rate constant of the reaction O + CH3 H2CO + H equal to (1.85 ± 0.28) × 10-10 cm3/molecule-sec at 300°K. Ancillary experiments yielded values for the rate constant for the reaction of O atoms with C2H4 at 300°K, the average of which is 7.7 × 10-12 cm3/molecule-sec. The experimental technique, which employs a fast-flow reactor coupled to a photoionization mass spectrometer, is described in detail and its potential discussed.
Renewable energy for African development

Abstract A great deal of attention has been paid to the needs of the rural poor in their pursuit of economic, social and political development. In this light the merits of rural electrification are often debated with mixed conclusions and conjectures. The positive role renewable energy plays in the drama of human development is enjoying greater receptivity by both policy makers and villagers. However, institutional barriers still inhibit increased adoption of renewable energy technologies. This article argues that the question of how renewable energy services can be delivered to and paid for by the rural and peri-urban populations is answered not so much by the technology selected as by the institutional and organizational structures erected. By addressing financial infrastructure, capacity building, and village empowerment sustainable rural electrification programs are possible.
Adenine nucleotide transport in hepatoma mitochondria. Characterization of factors influencing the kinetics of ADP and ATP uptake

Abstract Initial velocity measurements of [ 3 H]ADP and [ 3 H]ATP uptake have been made with mitochondria isolated from Morris hepatomas of differing growth rates, and factors known to influence the rates of nucleotide exchange have been examined in an effort to determine whether the elevated rates of aerobic glycolysis in these tumors can be attributed to altered carrier activity. These studies included the determination of the apparent kinetic constants for nucleotide uptake as a function of the mitochondrial energy state and the dependence of transport rates on temperature. Also included in these studies were measurements of the mitochondrial levels of endogenous inhibitors, divalent cations and internal adenine nucleotides. Results obtained showed that with mitochondria isolated from the various tumor lines, the apparent kinetic constants for nucleotide uptake are different from those of control rat or regenerating liver mitochondria; the apparent V max values for both ADP and ATP uptake are significantly lower. Furthermore, under conditions of a high-energy state, the K m and V max values for ATP uptake are greater than the K m and V max value for ADP uptake but that under uncoupled conditions, the opposite is observed. Comparison of the levels of mitochondrial Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , long-chain acyl-CoA ester and adenine nucleotide from the various mitochondria showed that important differences exist between liver and hepatoma mitochondria in the levels of Ca 2+ , long-chain acyl-CoA ester and AMP. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ levels are elevated 3–5-fold in all tumor lines, and for Morris 7777 hepatoma (a rapidly growing tumor) by a remarkable 70-fold; whereas the levels of acyl-CoA ester and AMP are significantly lower in the more rapidly growing tumors. Arrhenius plots for nucleotide uptake in mitochondria from liver and hepatoma are characterized as being biphasic, having similar activation energies above and below the break point temperature (28–38 and 6–16 kcal/mol, respectively). However, the transition temperature for mitochondria from the various hepatomas is uniformly 4–5°C lower than mitochondria from control liver. The latter difference may reflect a variation in membrane composition, most probably lipid components. It is concluded that the presence of elevated levels of Ca 2+ and lower levels of AMP in hepatoma mitochondria and difference of membrane compositions may play an important role in limiting adenine nucleotide transport activity in vivo and that the impaired carrier activity may contribute to higher rates of aerobic glycolysis observed in these tumors.
Maximum likelihood identification of aircraft parameters with unsteady aerodynamic modelling

A simplified aerodynamic force model based on the physical principle of Prandtl's lifting line theory and trailing vortex concept has been developed to account for unsteady aerodynamic effects in aircraft dynamics. Longitudinal equations of motion have been modified to include these effects. The presence of convolution integrals in the modified equations of motion led to a frequency domain analysis utilizing Fourier transforms. This reduces the integro-differential equations to relatively simple algebraic equations, thereby reducing computation time significantly. A parameter extraction program based on the maximum likelihood estimation technique is developed in the frequency domain. The extraction algorithm contains a new scheme for obtaining sensitivity functions by using numerical differentiation. The paper concludes with examples using computer generated and real flight data
Relations between coefficients of fractional parentage

For each of the (9/2) (11/2), and (13/2) single j shells we have only one state with J=j v=3 for a five particle system. For four identical particles there can be more than one state of seniority four. We note some 'ratio' relations for the coefficients of fractional parentage for the four and five identical particle systems, which are found in the works of de Shalit and Talmi [Nuclear Shell Theory (Academic Press, New York, 1963)] and Talmi [Simple Models of Complex Nuclei (Harwood Academic, Reading, UK, 1993)] to be useful for explaining the vanishing of a five particle coefficients of fractional parentage (cfp). These relations are used to show that there is a special (g{sub 9/2}){sup 4} I=4 v=4 wave function that cannot be admixed with an I=4 v=2 wave function, even with seniority violating interactions.
Paediatric nurses, children and the development of trust

Nurses in paediatric settings work hard to develop trusting relationships with the children in their care. There are, however, barriers to these trusting relationships, because nurses are often involved in painful or frightening procedures for children, and sometimes parents may hamper the development of trust between nurse and child. Nurses use a range of strategies to try and gain confidence and co-operation from children, but recognize that at times it is necessary to simply restrain and carry on. In exploring the experiences of paediatric nurses, it became evident that the need to carry out painful procedures while trying to maintain relationships with children was taken for granted in this type of practice setting. What did not appear evident to the nurses was the dichotomy that they viewed trust as really important, but considered breaking trust to be essential.
Viral inclusions and other cytoplasmic components in a leydig cell murine tumor: An electron microscopic study

Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies which were clearly visible under light microscopy have recently been described in estrogen-induced testicular interstitial cell tumors of mice. An ultrastructural study has revealed that the inclusions were formed of considerable numbers of type A virus particles which measured approximately 76 mμ in external diameter. Despite the abundance of intracytoplasmic viral particles, there was no sign of extracellular release or budding of mature particles from cellular membranes. Among the unusual cytoplasmic components of the tumor cells were bundles of filaments with a wavy appearance and a distinctive cross-sectional pattern. These fibrillar structures may be a cellular manifestation of the presence of virus. In discussion, the inclusions of the testicular intestitial cell tumors are compared to inclusions found in other murine tumors. Inclusions Virales et Autres Constituants Cytoplasmiques Dans une Tumeur Cellule de Leydig Chez la Souris: etude au Microscope Electronique Des corps d'inclusion intracytoplasmiques ont ete observes dans des tumeurs de la glande interstitielle du testicule, provoquees par des aestrogenes chez la souris. Une etude ultrastructurale revele que ces inclusions sont composees d'un nombre considerable de particules virales de type A, ayant un diametre externe d'environ 76 mμ. Malgre l'abondance de particules virales intracytoplasmiques, les cellules sont caracterisees par l'absence de particules extracellulaires et l'absence de production de particules a partir de membranes cellulaires. Parmi d'autres composants de ces cellules tumorales figurent des structures formees de fibres ondulees qui presentent en coupe transversale une disposition particuliere constante. Ces structures fibreuses pourraient representer une reaction cellulaire a la presence d'un virus. Dans la discussion, les auteurs comparent les inclusions des tumeurs de la glande interstitielle du testicule aux inclusions presentes dans d'autres tumeurs murines.
Urothermal synthesis of crystalline porous materials.

Pores from Urea Urea derivatives are shown here to be a highly verstaile solvent system for the synthesis of crystalline solids. In particular, reversible binding of urea derivatives to framework metal sites has been utilized to create a variety of materials integrating both porosity and open-metal sites.
A Real-Time Selective Harmonic Elimination Based on a Transient-Free Inner Closed-Loop Control for Cascaded Multilevel Inverters

Applying the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) technique to grid-connected-cascaded modular multilevel inverters has been widely discussed in the literature. However, due to the difficulties of solving high-order nonlinear transcendental equations, the SHE technique cannot be implemented in real time so its applications are limited. This paper presents a technique to convert the nonlinear equations to a specific control system and use a look-up table, integral controllers and a decoupling controller to help the system converge to a zero-error steady state. An inner instantaneous observer is introduced to directly extract the harmonic spectrum of the output voltages without applying FFT algorithm to output step voltage waveforms. It can not only simplify software design but also eliminate the phase delay generated by conventional spectrum extracting algorithm. The proposed technique can achieve an accurate switching angle control and a fast response. Simulation and experimental results verified that the system can achieve zero-error steady state within one line period.
Preexisting cardiovascular conditions and long-term prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: The Framingham Study

Preexisting cardiovascular conditions (angina pectoris, intermittent claudication, stroke or transient ischemic attack, and congestive heart failure) were evaluated in relation to long-term prognosis after an initial MI in 828 subjects from the Framingham Heart Study. Preexisting angina pectoris and intermittent claudication in men were associated with increased risk of coronary mortality and recurrent MI, whereas congestive heart failure increased coronary mortality. In women, prior angina pectoris increased the risk of recurrent MI and congestive heart failure increased the coronary mortality. Adjusting for the major cardiovascular risk factors measured before MI, these results held for men but no significant adverse effects persisted in women. Among subjects who survived to return for subsequent examinations, only prior congestive heart failure in men increased the risk after adjusting for post-MI risk factors. In women who returned, angina pectoris and intermittent claudication were associated with poor post-MI prognosis. These results suggest that atherosclerosis is a diffuse disease of the circulatory system, and one in which post-MI prognosis is influenced by the presence of other preexisting cardiovascular conditions. Hence a patient who has an MI after prior expression of cardiovascular disease requires more vigorous preventive management.
Introduction: The War of 1672-Masterpiece of Diplomacy?

In April 1672, Louis XIV invaded the United Netherlands. He was confident of swift triumph. Lionne, his foreign minister, had bought over the republic’s allies and frightened her friends into neutrality. Louvois, his minister of war, had built up a huge army and a vast supply system to support it. Through the spring and summer, of 1672, the king’s troops swarmed over the land. One more thrust to The Hague, to Amsterdam, and all was won!
Sleeplessness, Night Awakening, and Night Crying in the Infant and Toddler

1. Although nighttime awakenings are common in the second half year and beyond, this is not a developmental necessity; rather, most normal infants gain the capacity to "sleep through the night" by 6 months of age. 2. There is not a single cause of (or a single treatment for) nighttime awakenings and crying; many factors may be responsible, and these must be identified and individually treated if there is to be resolution. 3. What are often perceived as abnormal awakenings are really only the normal awakenings associated with normal sleep stage cycling, and, parents9 "treatment" of these awakenings with interventions, such as rocking or feeding, only make it more difficult for the child to go back to sleep without them after subsequent awakenings. 4. No evaluation of a sleepless child is complete without a thorough understanding of the child9s daily schedule. The child9s sleep schedule may be consistent and his sleep normal, and only the timing may be shifted from that desired by the parents. The bedtime difficulties or early morning awakenings generated in this setting may be handled inappropriately by the family, creating even more complicated problems. Or, the schedule may be irregular, sleep/wake rhythms may not adjust, and any of a variety of apparent sleep disorders may appear.
The continuous Beck-Fiala theorem is optimal

Abstract Let X denote a finite set, k and n denote natural numbers and S 1 , …, S n denote subsets of X . Assume that no point of X lies in more than k of these subsets. In 1981 Beck and Fiala proved that there is a 2-coloring of X such that each of the subsets has discrepancy less than 2 k . This result has an interpretation as a theorem about incidence matrices and its generalization to real matrices (with essentially the same proof) is called the continuous Beck-Fiala theorem. We investigate the continuous version of the conjecture of Beck and Fiala that ‘less than 2 k ’ could be replaced by ‘less than or equal to k ’. For matrices with nonnegative entries, we show that the answer to the corresponding continuous problem is ‘no’, so the continuous Beck-Fiala theorem is optimal in this case. However our methods do not provide a counterexample to Beck and Fiala's original conjecture. On the other hand we show that the answer to the corresponding continuous problem is ‘yes’ when the dimension of the matrix that corresponds to n is 1, 2 or 3.
Self-Architecting Software SYstems (SASSY) from QoS-annotated activity models

As the complexity associated with software development has increased, software engineers have sought novel ways to represent, reason about, and compose large-scale software systems. However, the majority of these approaches are geared to technically well versed engineers, making them unwieldy for use in a growing class of real-world pervasive computing systems. In this paper, we propose a new approach intended to address the current shortcomings in service-oriented software systems. Given the functional and QoS requirements specified by a domain expert in an activity oriented modeling language, an architecture satisfying the requirements is generated. We describe our approach in the context of a framework, entitled Self-Architecting Software SYstems (SASSY), which shapes our ongoing research and aims to automate the composition, analysis, adaptation, and evolution of service-oriented software systems.
Pathophysiology of venous claudication.

Abstract Patients with chronic iliofemoral venous obstruction may develop severe thigh pain and a sensation of tightness with vigorous exercise (venous claudication). The discomfort requires 15 to 20 minutes to subside. In the seven patients studied the venous capacitance (VC) and venous outflow (VO) are lower than those of the unaffected limb even at rest. With exercise to the point of pain, the VO was unchanged but the VC decreased even further. The problem appears to rest with the venous collaterals, which have a high and fixed resistance. Because of this high outflow resistance, venous volume increases to near maximum during exercise. With this rise in venous volume, the amount the VC can increase during the period immediately following exercise is further reduced. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:507-11.)
The platinum league (tennis players don't ever stop playing)

It's personal! I won my varsity letter playing for Akron Central High School. It started innocently enough. My best friend was #1 on the tennis team and to keep him company, I volunteered to be manager ... a single task. Through a series of injuries, I was needed to complete the team schedule and contributed in a small way to the city championship. When I returned from the service, 30 months in the South-West Pacific, I enrolled at Ohio State and participated as a walk on in the tennis program. Only 1 year later, I was in medical school and my tennis career had an intermission. Let's try 20 years. When I returned to the courts, it was 2 X a week in the early morning and soon we had a group of commited 'early birds'. Now 20 years more have past and our summer tennis program includes gold, silver, and platinum ... ages 45, 55, and 65. The platinum team at our club has 20 members, three-quarters of whom are 70 or over (my partner is 76; our captain is 85; I am 70). Our captain is nationally ranked in both singles and doubles in his age group. Because of summer vacations and work schedules, only about half of the team are usually available so we have difficulty fielding the required 3 teams of doubles. My contribution is the quickness and endurance of a 70-year-old who likes to play and accommodates willingly to a variety of partners both in skill level and coordination. We practice once weekly, play one league match each week and participate in regular doubles at least one other time each week. Some of our members appear with 2 rackets, ace bandage knee wraps, tennis elbow straps and ankle sleeves. Others begin with 400 mg of ibuprofen, a proproxyphen capsule, or 2 enteric aspirin. Many finish with ice massage and hot shower. None complain, at least, verbally. Occasionally, I host a brief consultation session after the match ... generally reassuring my colleague with an empathetic 'No problem'. I may even assign a diagnosis 'gray hair of the knee, back, etc.' Few of these 'mature,' aging, seniors with heavy 'wear and tear' bodies miss any sessions. Many, however, complain if they lose. Some agonize with classic excuses ... balls too heavy racket strung too tight sun too hot too much wind, etc., etc. So what's different about weekend athletes over 60? Nothing. There are national tournaments and rankings for 70's, 80's and 90's. Even the King of Sweden played a fair game of tennis in his 90's. Serve 'em up!
High Granularity Remote Sensing and Crop Production over Space and Time: NDVI over the Growing Season and Prediction of Cotton Yields at the Farm Field Level in Texas

Remote sensing has been applied to agriculture at very coarse levels of granularity (i.e., national levels) but few investigations have focused on yield prediction at the farm unit level. Specific aims of the present investigation are to analyze the ability of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data to predict cotton yields in two highly homogeneous counties in west Texas. In one study county > 90% of cotton grown is irrigated, while the other study county 40 miles south has >85% non-irrigated cotton. Regression analysis by day from April to November at the county and farm levels reveals a highly significant ability for MODIS to predict cotton yields. R values ranged from 0.90 to 0.98 for irrigated cotton and 0.80 to . 90 for non-irrigated cotton practices. The objective in future studies is to algorithmically extend these analyses to the ~300 million acres of arable land under cultivation in the United States.
Do Adolescent Perceptions of Parents’ Alcohol Consumption Undermine or Enhance What Parents Say About Alcohol? The Interaction Between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages:

Utilizing a focus theory of normative conduct and primary socialization theory, this study hypothesized that parents’ references to the negative consequences of alcohol use, to their own past use, to conditional permissive messages about use, and to drinking responsibly (all from the adolescents’ perspectives) are indirectly related to adolescents’ intention to drink alcohol through their pro-alcohol norms. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that parents’ alcohol consumption, as perceived by the adolescents, would moderate these indirect associations. Using cross-sectional survey data from 259 high school students, parents’ references to the negative consequences of alcohol use were related to weaker pro-alcohol norms, and in turn, weaker alcohol-use intention. By contrast, parents’ conditional permissive messages and references to drinking responsibly were related to stronger pro-alcohol norms, and in turn, stronger alcohol-use intention. Adolescents’ perceptions of their mother’s and father’s alcohol cons...
Thermoelectric materials "A semiclassical approach to dimensionality effects"

We approach the analysis of thermopower from a semiclassical viewpoint, letting the quantum mechanical aspects enter through model specific parameters. In the analysis we explicitly take into account the dimensionality of the material system to ascertain its effect on thermoelectric cooling predictions.
Forming teams: an analytical approach

The selection of multi-functional teams is a key issue in problem solving. Currently there are no papers in the literature that discuss analytical approaches to forming teams. Furthermore, no comprehensive model exists to prioritize team membership based on customer requirements or product characteristics. To deal with the underlying complexities of the team selection process, a methodology for team formation is developed. The methodology is based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach and the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method. A QFD planning matrix is used to organize the factors considered in the team selection. The importance measure for each team member is determined with the AHP approach. A mathematical programming model is developed to determine the composition of a team. The methodology developed in this paper is tested by the selection of teams in concurrent engineering. A detailed discussion of the model implementation and hov/ to reduce the number of comparisons in the AHP pro...
Atomistic Studies of Grain Boundaries in NiAl

This paper presents the results of atomistic studies of grain boundaries in NiAl B2 alloy. The interatomic forces are described by Finnis-Sinclair type N-body potentials, and are fitted to properties of NiAl. The results show that the structure, energy and cohesive strength of a grain boundary depend strongly on its chemical configurations, and a grain boundary with surplus of Al is the weakest. Energies of antisite defects at the grain boundary {Sigma}5 (210) are also calculated, and the results suggest that Al has much larger tendency to segregate at a grain boundary than Ni does.
Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flow

Vascular disorders of the retina and choroid are common. For understanding their pathogeneses, it is essential to know the pathophysiology of various factors, which influence retinal and choroidal circulation and blood flow.
From Subjects to Citizens?: The Shifting Paradigm of Electoral Authoritarianism in the Middle East

A wave of elections and political reforms in the Middle East in 2005 occasioned new hope that democratization might take hold in the region. Yet the capacity of authoritarian regimes to accommodate elections and other reforms without relinquishing their grip on power has often frustrated such hopes. Egypt, which held both presidential and legislative elections in 2005, is an especially interesting case of durable authoritarianism in the face of pressure for democratization. Focusing on the role of rules governing party formation, the electoral system organizing political contestation and the constitutional balance between legislative and executive power, this article assesses the likelihood that electoral or constitutional reform will yield meaningful political liberalization. The argument is developed through an analysis of electoral and constitutional reform in Egypt from 2005 to 2006, with an epilogue assessing the subsequent rollback of democratizing measures and the initiation of a new period of de-liberalization.
The One Court that Congress Cannot Take Away: Singularity, Supremacy, and Article III

This article makes a constitutional case against the jurisdiction-stripping provisions of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, including a new analysis of what the suspension clause tells us about the proper interpretation of Congress's power to make Exceptions to the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction. A voluminous existing scholarship has sought to curtail the reach of Congress's Exceptions power through structural arguments that do not directly contest the decision-precluding character of the power. This article directly and in detail makes the textual case for concluding that Congress's Exceptions power does not authorize jurisdiction stripping at all. Any limited tolerance for use of the Exceptions power to stop the Supreme Court from deciding Article III matters derives not from the most coherent understanding of the Constitution's text, but from the contorted history of Congress's provision for federal jurisdiction. This article analyzes that history and seeks to reconcile it with the most coherent vision of Article III's text. This article concludes that neither text nor founding-era history supports letting Congress remove matters from the Supreme Court's jurisdiction by reference to the legal issues at stake in those matters. Neither text nor founding-era history supports letting Congress use the Exceptions power to stop the Supreme Court from ultimately determining the legality of all aspects of federal detentions. To the extent that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 purports to stop the Court from ultimately determining the legality of any aspect of any federal detention, it is unconstitutional. The Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 and the Military Commissions Act of 2006, read together, purport to invest power to have the last word on some Article III issues in bodies other than Article III's one supreme Court. This article makes the case that supremacy means ultimacy, and that Article III locates ultimacy on Article III issues in only one place - the one supreme Court that Article III creates. Congress's power to remove matters from that one Court's appellate jurisdiction is not a power to deprive the Court of ultimacy, but merely a power to re-route Article III matters of particular sensitivity to the one supreme Court's original jurisdiction. This article is the first systematic presentation of the case for reading Congress's Exceptions power not as a power to remove the Supreme Court's jurisdiction over particular matters, but merely as a power to turn the Court's appellate jurisdiction over those matters into original jurisdiction. A minority of scholars have favorably considered that possible construction of the power, but none has made a detailed textual and historic case for it. This article makes that case, explains why it has never been the orthodoxy, and shows why it leads to the conclusion that Congress cannot deprive the Supreme Court of pre-existing jurisdiction to determine the legality of federal detentions.
Dispersion of Longitudinal Waves

Problem of dispersion of longitudinal waves in elastic rods of infinite lengths and of rectangular cross section is discussed by applying one-dimensional theory of wave propagation based on Method of Internal Constraints; results are compared with those given by Elementary, Love, Bishop approximate theories, and in case of two-dimensional elasticity, with exact theories of Lord Rayleigh and Lamb.
The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks and Emerging Stock Markets

The tragic events of September 11, 2001, exacerbated an already very difficult situation in the U.S. and world stock markets. The shock in the U.S. market driven by the terrorist attacks gave rise to a synchronous downturn for United States and nearly all major emerging markets around the world. Mean returns immediately following the attacks fell by 4.93 percent for the S&P 500 Index, 12.02 percent for the KOSPI of Korea, 6.72 percent for the Thailand SET General Index, 9.18 percent for the BOVESPA of Brazil, 2.71 percent for the Mexico SE IPC, and 2.79 percent for the Prague SE PX Index of the Czech Republic. At the same time, the market volatility rose drastically across the emerging markets. Apparently, increased international financial linkages have played an important role in the synchronicity of global market downturns.
Examining Market Opportunities for Optometric Services

Through an application of importance-performance analysis, patient perceptions of the importance of various health care attributes as well as supplier performance in the provision of optome-tric services are analyzed.The results indicate that a number of market opportunities are present for optometrists who adapt their offerings to more closely match patient (consumer) interests.
An Analysis of the Current Situation that Elementary and Middle-school Students Absent from Class because of Illness in Zhabei,Shanghai,in 2009

OBJECTIVE Knowledge of the regular pattern of the situation that elementary and middle-school students absent from class because of illness in Zhabei, Shanghai will render us scientific evidence in the course of exploring feasible illness monitoring and precautionary system in schools. METHODS Analysis of the data i.e. the data about elementary and middle-school students absent from class because of illness in Zhabei. RESULTS The rate of elementary and middle-school students absent from class because of illness in 2009 academic year, in Zhabei is 0.53%, and the absent day is 1.01 per capita. The absent rate due to illness of elementary school students is higher than that of junior and senior school students. The absent rate due to illness reaches its peak in fall and winter, and the most frequent reason for absence is fever, which accounts for 79.10%. The other reasons are vomiting and diarrhea, asthma and infectious diseases according to frequency. CONCLUSION Intensifying publicity and education of common disease and infectious diseases prevention among teachers, parents and students and cultivating good health habit and skills of students, then the absent rate due to illness can be lowered.
Wet digestion-atomic fluorescence spectrometry urine-determination of mercury

Objective:To build new test method for determining the mercury urine.Methods:Atomic fluorescence spectrographic methods determination.Results:Sample pre-treatment process was simplified.The limit of detection was 0.039 μg/ml and the linear correlation coefficient was 0.9996.The relative standard deviation was 1.21% and the average recovery rate was in the range of 96.8%.Conclusion: The accuracy are good,the sensitivity is high,which is simple,fast,in the Practical determination method of mercury in urine.
Factors related to parental age of first concern in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder.

ABSTRACTPurpose: The age of first concern (AOC) of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has substantial implications for early diagnosis and intervention. The current study soug...
On automatic assessment of rehabilitation exercises with realtime feedback

Automatic realtime assessment of rehabilitation exercises is desirable for any human motion tracking system because it would enable patients to receive immediate and meaningful feedbacks on the rehabilitation exercises they perform at home without the supervision of medical professionals. Such systems could help engage patients in carrying out prescribed rehabilitation exercises for a speedy recovery, while reducing the cost of healthcare, and increasing the convenience of patients. In this paper, we propose an assessment method that aims to provide accurate and meaningful feedbacks to patients in realtime. The method is based on kinematic rules for each rehabilitation exercise, which is essential to provide specific feedbacks regarding the quality of an exercise. The feedbacks take the form of both numerical scores and categorical information for each repetition of the exercise. Numerical scores are determined by computing the similarity between the observed movements with respect to key configurations described in the kinematic rules. Categorical feedback is obtained using fuzzy inference based on numerical scores of individual configurations.
Factors influencing the accuracy of EUS FNA: do educational elements matter?

Hijioka et al. [1] have demonstrated an array of factors that can determine the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. As a medical educationalist and gastroenterology trainee, I wonder if additional factors may be of relevance to spark further interest in this area. It is noted that experts primarily performed the procedures. The interest here would therefore lie in the definition of an expert and how the experts were mentored. What factors played a role in their mentoring. What forms of pedagogy and what assessment strategies were used? Current movements in medical education are demonstrating value in the use of more active methods of teaching in terms of endoscopy. Furthermore, from an assessment perspective, we are beginning to shed light on more novel methods of assessment. These may include programmatic assessment which allows repeated cycles of testing and feedback accordingly [2]. There are also movements to enhance competency gains from knowledge, skills and attitudes to that of entrustment, ensuring learners can be truly trusted to perform a skill unsupervised [3]. Therefore in addition to the factors highlighted in this study, I wonder if training methods also may impact success. How do non-experts who also undertake such procedures fare?
Functional (PET/CT) compared to conventional (mammography [M], sonography [US], MRI) imaging: Defining novel assessment modalities for inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

600 Background: IBC is an aggressive frequently lethal form of breast cancer that is defined by sudden onset breast erythema often without an associated clinical or radiological breast mass. Tissue...
The Accidental Sociologist of Education

The arc of my intellectual journey as a scholar is captured by the title of the chapter, The Accidental Sociologist of Education: How My Life in Schools Became My Research. For much of the journey I essentially stumbled along the pathway of a scholarly career. Until the last decade I rarely deliberately chose a direction. My research has always critically examined how schools’ institutional arrangements, policies and practices contribute either to the transformation or reproduction of social and educational inequality associated with race, ethnicity, gender, and social class.
Abstract CN11-02: Impact for the menopausal transition on skeletal and breast health

Women spend about one-third of their lifespan in the postmenopausal period. Menopause represents a vulnerable time in a woman9s life for a number of reason, in particular, for her skeletal health. Estrogen deficiency associated with menopause increases bone remodeling leading to an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. The Study of Women9s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) is an ongoing multicenter study designed to investigate a broad range physiological, psychosocial and social issues for women at midlife. The long range goal was to distinguish ovarian aging from chronological aging. Skeletal health was a particular focus of SWAN. At baseline, all 3302 women were age 42-52 years and pre- or early perimenopausal, having had a menstrual period within 3-months of study entry. A 10-year longitudinal analysis was conducted in a subset of 242 African American, 384 Caucasian, 117 Chinese and 119 Japanese women for whom a final menstrual period (FMP) could be defined. Bone loss was not evident during the pretransmenopausal state (between 5-years and 1-year prior to the FMP). Bone mineral density (BMD) loss began 1-year prior to FMP and slowed 2 years after FMP. Cumulative loss was greatest in Asian women and slowest in African American women. The 10-year cumulative loss of lumbar spine BMD was 10.6%, most of which was lost in the transmenopause period. This menopause associated estrogen deficiency might also influence breast density, a major risk factor for breast cancer. An ancillary study to SWAN focused on breast density: 1007 women from 3 sites were included. Mammograms that were taken 2-years before baseline up to 2-years after the 6th annual follow-up visit were retrospectively obtained and graded for breast density. Findings from the SWAN breast density include the observation that greater parity and younger age at first birth were inversely associated with breast density and may support a mechanism for parity and breast cancer through breast density. Smokers had lower breast density supporting an anti-estrogenic effect on breast tissue. The percentage of breast density decreased with increasing body mass index over time. In conclusion, the SWAN study provides important insights into menopausal health. Citation Format: Jane A. Cauley. Impact for the menopausal transition on skeletal and breast health. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr CN11-02.
Antiprotozoal Effects of the Tomato Tetrasaccharide Glycoalkaloid Tomatine and the Aglycone Tomatidine on Mucosal Trichomonads

The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of the commercial tetrasaccharide tomato glycoalkaloid tomatine and the aglycone tomatidine on three mucosal pathogenic protozoa that are reported to infect humans, cattle, and cats, respectively: Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3, Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1, and Tritrichomonas foetus strain C1. A preliminary screen showed that tomatine at 100 μM concentration completely inhibited the growth of all three trichomonads. In contrast, the inhibition of all three pathogens by tomatidine was much lower, suggesting the involvement of the lycotetraose carbohydrate side chain in the mechanism of inhibition. Midpoints of concentration–response sigmoid plots of tomatine on the three strains correspond to IC50 values, the concentration that inhibits 50% of growth of the pathogenic protozoa. The concentration data were used to calculate the IC50 values for G3, D1, and C1 of 7.9, 1.9, and 2.2 μM, respectively. The results show an approximately 4-fold variation fr...
Boundaries of signal-to-noise ratio for adaptive code modulations

Adaptive code modulation (ACM) has been studied for last two decades to enhance the bandwidth and power efficiency in a bandwidth-constrained and power-constrained communication system environment. This paper studies how to decide the boundaries of a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the ACM mode selection for a given set of parameters and system model. Also, this paper proposes an efficient and practical algorithm to search the proper ACM mode that meets a target bit error rate (BER) and achieves the maximum data rate. The proposed algorithm is found to be effective under jamming and interference, even if channel and jamming state information (JSI) are unavailable. The results in this paper can be applicable for future satellite and mobile communication system designs against jamming and interference environments.
Accuracy of Reporting of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients.

Abstract 557 Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is an important clinical event that needs to be accurately reported. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has categorized VTE as a reportable patient safety indicator (PSI) and has distributed a software package for recording events such as VTE based upon diagnosis codes. At our institution, there was concern that VTEs identified by this software method may be over estimating the actual number. Objective: To verify the cases of VTE as identified by AHRQ methodology through a review of the medical record for each event reported. Methods: Through a review of the electronic medical record (EMR), the events recorded as a VTE by PSI software over a 7 month period from November 2008 to May 2009 were further characterized into categories of acute, remote or age indeterminate DVTs and were distinguished from events that were either isolated superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) or that were not VTE at all. Discharge summaries, hospital notes, operative reports and imaging reports were used to verify identified cases of VTE. VTE occurrences were grouped by the month of discharge of the patient. The PSI software utilized diagnosis codes that have been abstracted for a patient9s hospitalization based upon physician documentation. Results: 437 events were recorded as VTE over a 7 month period. 59 cases (13.5%) were incorrectly coded as VTE. 35 cases (8.0%) were superficial vein thrombosis mistakenly classified as DVT. 12 cases (2.7%) had remote or age indeterminate DVTs. 12 cases (2.7%) cases had no VTE and were considered further abstraction errors. After interim reporting of the first 4 months of VTE data, vascular laboratory study reports were amended so that superficial vein thrombosis would no longer be identified by this terminology and would subsequently be classified as superficial vein thrombophlebitis. The last three months of data collection had 9 cases (4.7%) incorrectly identified as DVTs that were actually SVTs versus 26 cases (10.6%) prior to implementation of the nomenclature change. Conclusion: Hospitals must be aware of reporting practices in their own institution as national protocols may not completely depict individual hospital occurrences. Careful attention to the manner in which the medical record reflects events can make substantial difference in accounting of VTE occurrence. Because of the lack of specificity of current diagnosis coding guidelines, an appropriate medical term was not sufficient for medical record abstractors to categorize an event correctly in this study. As hospitals become monitored for quality of care with these methodologies, the accuracy of reporting becomes paramount. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
DYNAMICS OF KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS FROM PATENTS TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EVIDENCE ACROSS ENTREPRENEURSHIP TYPES

Using data across U.S. states over a recent decade, this paper uniquely uses three qualitatively different measures of entrepreneurship to examine the knowledge flows from patents, paying attention to the dynamic nature of such influences. We find that there are significant variations in the effects of knowledge flows across entrepreneurship types and, in general, these effects are not immediate. The greatest positive effect of knowledge spillovers is on startup entrepreneurship and the resulting magnitude grows somewhat over time. The spillovers are modest on overall entrepreneurship, while entrepreneurs who were previously employed see more immediate benefits. These findings are generally robust. (JEL L26, O33, O51, M21)
The Power of Narrative and Local Tradition in International Health Development: Reducing the Incidence of Malaria among Three Villages in SE Asia

International development is at the center of efforts to reduce poverty worldwide. Most development projects are based on the idea that economic growth results in poverty reduction. Economic growth, a laudable goal, cannot alone serve as the most important marker for sustainable development, as noted by the lack of progress in reaching the Millennium Development Goals in 2015. We argue the case for more culturally and socially centered purposes to inform the development act. There needs to be a broader research and development base for the developer as we increasingly recognize the tyranny of poverty plaguing millions. The traditional development format relies on an epistemological framework for determining needs and for measuring success. As anthropologists, we introduce an ontological and interpretive framework, grounded in critical hermeneutics, exemplified by a health project carried out among three Ahka farming villages in SE Asia, the goal of which was to reduce the incidence of malaria, which prevented the locals from working in their fields. Cultural difference come into play when we enter the development act as do people’s narratives, imagination, ceremonies, and understanding. The over use of the economic paradigm centered on sets of technical principles does not reach into the heart of on-the-ground projects where the recipient population together understands, imagines, and celebrates new ideas and actions. Moving successfully within different cultures requires a certain degree of complexity and dynamism that allows us to escape overly simple ordering principles and algorithms, and yet affords the developer to carry out research and practice with a focus. Sustainability, marked by living with dignity and purpose, includes actions that make sense to the local population, rather than only to the developers.
Tracking Mesoscale Pressure Perturbations Using the USArray Transportable Array

AbstractMesoscale convective phenomena induce pressure perturbations that can alter the strength and magnitude of surface winds, precipitation, and other sensible weather, which, in some cases, can inflict injuries and damage to property. This work extends prior research to identify and characterize mesoscale pressure features using a unique resource of 1-Hz pressure observations available from the USArray Transportable Array (TA) seismic field campaign.A two-dimensional variational technique is used to obtain 5-km surface pressure analysis grids every 5 min from 1 March to 31 August 2011 from the TA observations and gridded surface pressure from the Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis over a swath of the central United States. Bandpass-filtering and feature-tracking algorithms are employed to isolate, identify, and assess prominent mesoscale pressure perturbations and their properties. Two case studies, the first involving mesoscale convective systems and the second using a solitary gravity wave, are analyzed u...
Dynamic Stability of Nash-Efficient Public Goods Mechanisms: Reconciling Theory and Experiments

We propose to use supermodularity as a robust dynamic stability criterion for public goods mechanisms with a unique Nash equilibrium. Among existing public goods mechanisms whose Nash equilibria are Pareto efficient, the Groves-Ledyard mechanism is a supermodular game if and only if the punishment parameter is sufficiently high, while none of the Hurwicz, Walker and Kim mechanisms is supermodular in a quasilinear environment. The Falkinger mechanism is a supermodular game in a quadratic environment if and only if the subsidy coefficient is greater than or equal to one. These results are consistent with the findings in seven experimental studies.