cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The construction of molecular systems capable of photoinduced multielectron charge transfer: a photochemical analysis of the reactivity of [(CN)5FeII-(CN)-PtIV(L)4-(NC)-FeII(CN)5]4-(LNH3, ethylenediamine)

Abstract The title trinuclear complexes are synthesized by the redox reaction of [Fe(CN)6]3− and [PtL4]2+ (A: LNH3; B: L= 1 2 ethylenediamine). Both of these complexes exhibit an intervalence charge transfer (IT) band in the visible region of the optical spectrum. The energy of this transition is strongly dependent on temperature, as well as solvent. The energy of the IT band shifts by −17.3±1.1 and −14.4±0.7 cm−1/K for A and B, respectively, within the temperature range of 0–45 °C. This shift is attributed to the temperature dependent redox potential of the [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− moiety. The solvent dependence of the IT energy correlates with the electron-accepting ability of the solvent, and thus, the degree of H bonding between the solvent and the cyanide lone pairs. The nature of the solvent also affects the photodissociation quantum yield. This effect is reported in detail for A in a DMSO/water solvent mixture. The results can be interpreted using the Marcus-Hush charge transfer theory, which proves to be applicable to these systems capable of multielectron charge transfer.
Anterior insula degeneration in frontotemporal dementia

The human anterior insula is anatomically and functionally heterogeneous, containing key nodes within distributed speech–language and viscero-autonomic/social–emotional networks. The frontotemporal dementias selectively target these large-scale systems, leading to at least three distinct clinical syndromes. Examining these disorders, researchers have begun to dissect functions which rely on specific insular nodes and networks. In the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, early-stage frontoinsular degeneration begets progressive “Salience Network” breakdown that leaves patients unable to model the emotional impact of their own actions or inactions. Ongoing studies seek to clarify local microcircuit- and cellular-level factors that confer selective frontoinsular vulnerability. The search for frontotemporal dementia treatments will depend on a rich understanding of insular biology and could help clarify specialized human language, social, and emotional functions.
Surface interaction in the Ptγ-Al2O3 system. III. The reaction of neopentane with H2

The reaction of neopentane with hydrogen over a Ptγ-Al2O3 catalyst is examined as a function of Pt-loading in the range of 0.48 to 12.3 μmol/m2 (BET). It is found that the turnover frequency and the activation energy are not significantly different when the Pt changes from a dispersed phase to a paniculate phase but the product distribution is affected. While the dispersed phase catalyzes only a stepwise hydrogenolysis to yield isobutane, propane, ethane, and methane, the particulate phase promotes mainly an isomerization to form isopentane which is then hydrogenolyzed to n-butane, isobutane, propane, ethane, and methane. A large increase of isomerization selectivity has been achieved by sintering the catalyst in H2 at 500 °C or by increasing Pt concentration in the particulate phase.
Serum Lubricant Absorption by UHMWPE Orthopaedic Bearing Implants

This study investigates fluid absorption behavior of an unirradiated and a heavily crosslinked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) exposed to bovine se rum with pressures varying from 0.1 to 10 MPa. The time-response of serum absorption is biphasic, with an initial soak-in phase (<1 week) of rapidly increasing mass before setting to a steady-state phase of mass increasing more gradually and linearly with time. Initial soak-in absorption of the unirradiated and crosslinked UHMWPE are very similar, increasing from 0.8 to 4.3 g/m 2 as serum pressure is increased from 0.1 to 10 MPa. Steady-state absorption rates of the unirradiated UHMWPE increase from 0.8 to 1.5 (mg/m 2 )/hr as serum pressure is increased from 0.1 10 MPa, while absorption rates for the crosslinked UHMWPE are lower, increasing from approximately 0.28 to 0.85 (mg/m 2 )/hr over the same pressure range. Steady-state rate of absorption is also found to depend on temperature, with values at room temperature being two-fold less than at 37 ° C. Such fluid (absorption characterization is critical to hip and knee simulator testing, in order to separate wear loss and serum absorption gain contributions to total mass change measurements of UHMWPE bearings. In addition to its pertinence in qualification of UHMWPE wear, the extent of fluid film lubrication in total joint replacements as implied by reported serum absorption behavior is also discussed.
Riccati theory and singular estimates for a Bolza control problem arising in linearized fluid–structure interaction

Abstract We consider a Bolza boundary control problem involving a fluid–structure interaction model. The aim of this paper is to develop an optimal feedback control synthesis based on Riccati theory. The model considered consists of a linearized Navier–Stokes equation coupled on the interface with a dynamic wave equation. The model incorporates convective terms resulting from the linearization of the Navier–Stokes equation around equilibrium. The existence of the optimal control and its feedback characterization via a solution to a Riccati equation is established. The main mathematical difficulty of the problem is caused by unbounded action of control forces which, in turn, result in Riccati equations with unbounded coefficients and in singular behavior of the gain operator. This class of problems has been recently studied via the so-called Singular Estimate Control Systems (SECS) theory, which is based on the validity of the Singular Estimate (SE) [G. Avalos, Differential Riccati equations for the active control of a problem in structural acoustic, J. Optim. Theory, Appl. 91 (1996) 695–728; I. Lasiecka, Mathematical Control Theory of Coupled PDE’s, in: NSF- CMBS Lecture Notes, SIAM, 2002. with Unbounded Controls; I. Lasiecka, A. Tuffaha, Riccati Equations for the Bolza Problem arising in boundary/point control problems governed by c0 semigroups satisfying a singular estimate, J. Optim. Theory Appl. 136 (2008) 229–246]. It is shown that the fluid–structure interaction does satisfy the Singular Estimate (SE) condition. This is accomplished by showing that the maximal abstract parabolic regularity is transported via hidden hyperbolic regularity of the boundary traces on the interface. Thus, the established Singular Estimate allows for the application of recently developed general theory which, in turn, implies well-posedness of the feedback synthesis and of the associated Riccati Equation. Moreover, the singularities in the optimal control and in the feedback operator at the terminal time are quantitatively described.
Kinetics and mechanism of hydroxyl radical and OH-adduct radical reactions with nitroxides and with their hydroxylamines.

Stable nitroxide radicals are potent antioxidants and are among the most effective non-thiol radioprotectants, although they react with hydroxyl radicals more slowly than typical phenolic antioxida...
Raman scattering of tetrahedrally-bonded amorphous carbon deposited at oblique angles

Abstract Amorphous carbon (txa-C1−x) films were prepared by filtered cathodic arc deposition (FCAD). The films were deposited on p-type Si (111). The angle of beam incidence was varied from 0° to 75° with respect to the substrate normal. Micro-Raman spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were carried out for sample analysis. It was found that the position of the G peak shifts to a higher wave number region as the angle of incidence increases. This means that the sp2/sp3 ratio increases with increasing angle. This conclusion is supported by EELS. The film deposited at an angle of 75° exhibits a columnar structure with alternating high and low carbon density regions.
Simulation of the action of stimulatory agents on mitochondrial respiration.

Abstract To aid in interpreting the significance of the differential stimulation of succinate and NAD-linked oxidations by certain stimulatory compounds, the mitochondrial respiratory chain was simulated by a mathematical model. These simulations showed that an agent stimulating the phosphorylative reactions can enhance succinate oxidation without measurably affecting the NAD-linked oxidations for a limited choice of kinetic constants. This can occur even when the NAD-linked oxidation proceeds more rapidly than succinate oxidation. For most values of kinetic constants, however, the model studies indicate that an increase in the rate of the phosphorylative reactions should stimulate both succinate and NAD-linked oxidations. The model simulating mitochondrial respiration was also used to test whether additivity criteria would be useful in elucidating the action of stimulatory agents. This criterion essentially states that if two agents acting together produce the same maximal stimulation as either one alone, then they both act on the same site, whereas if they act at different sites their maximal effects should be additive. The simulation studies showed that under some circumstances additivity criteria fail.
Finger Force Direction Recognition by Principal Component Analysis of Fingernail Coloration Pattern

A method based on principal component analysis of the fingernail coloration pattern is presented to infer fingertip force direction during planar contact. Images from 7 subjects were registered and normalized to each other. Results show that the fingernail coloration patterns are similar for the 7 subjects, but the feature centroids vary. It is concluded that there are common features for all people. But accurate detection of fingertip force direction requires individually calibrated centroids
Indexing aids at corporate websites: the use of robots.txt and META Tags

Sixty corporate websites selected from the Fortune Global 500 companies were examined in 2000 and again in 2001 to see if they provided support for automatic indexing. In particular, use of the robots.txt and Meta tags for "keywords" and "description" was examined. Slightly fewer than half of the sites provided one or both of these aids. Among sites providing indexing aids there was a clear under-representation of Asian sites. Nearly 80% of the sites used Java, suggesting a reasonable level of technical sophistication among website creators. About one-third of the sites used cookies, raising the possibility that repeat visitors might find the navigation of the site customized to their needs. Overall an increase in the use of indexing aids, especially Meta tags, represents one way in which web robots could index sites more quickly and thus improve overall index coverage of the web.
Reaction force patterns of injured and uninjured knees during walking and pivoting.

A precise knowledge of the biomechanical alterations produced by anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) damage would aid in selecting appropriate therapeutic intervention and monitoring rehabilitation. In an attempt to assess dynamic knee joint function, we compared the ground reaction force (GRF) and vertical couple patterns during walking and pivoting from an ACL-deficient population with those from a separate uninjured population. Statistical methods were used to quantitate the differences between the two populations for each force pattern in each functional task and to delineate the intervals of the force patterns in each functional task during which significant differences existed between the two populations. Our results indicate that significant differences exist between the GRF and vertical couple patterns of ACL-deficient subjects and uninjured subjects, but that onset and duration of these differences during stance phase vary among force components and tasks. The processing scheme extracts significant differences in the GRF and vertical couple patterns that would be lost in a comparison of a few pattern descriptors. Our results suggest that the vertical couple should be evaluated during assessment of pivoting maneuvers and show promise of providing useful information for assessment of knee dysfunction.
The selective uptake of cholesterol by the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda)

Abstract 1. 1. The sterols of Hymenolepis diminuta are almost exclusively cholesterol or similar C-27 sterols; the free sterols of its environment (the lumen of the rat intestine) are cholesterol and various phytosterols. 2. 2. During incubation of tapeworms with mixed micelles of taurocholate, glyceryl monooleate, and equimolar [ 3 H]cholesterol and [ 14 C]β-sitosterol, the uptake of cholesterol is 40 times more rapid than the uptake of sitosterol. 3. 3. Following uptake, the desorption of labeled sitosterol is six times more rapid that of cholesterol. 4. 4. We did not detect the esterification of absorbed sterols or the conversion of absorbed sitosterol of cholesterol. 5. 5. The highly selective uptake of cholesterol and the moderately selective desorption of phytosterols can account for the selective accumulation of C-27 sterol by the tapeworm.
A unified analysis of some different approaches to spin‐wave theory

Several approaches to spin-wave theory are analyzed from the viewpoint of algebraic realizations. The relations between the states used by Holstein and Primakoff, Dyson, and the present authors are established. It may be more advantageous to define the ground state in the momentum space (i.e., the reciprocal lattice space) than in the lattice space. Some of the other merits of two-boson formalism are also mentioned.
Instantons and magnetic monopoles on R3×S1 with arbitrary simple gauge groups

Abstract We investigate Yang-Mills theories with arbitrary gauge group on R 3 × S 1 , whose symmetry is spontaneously broken by the Wilson loop. We show that instantons are made of fundamental magnetic monopoles, each of which has a corresponding root in the extended Dynkin diagram. The number of constituent magnetic monopoles for a single instanton is the dual Coxeter number of the gauge group, which also accounts for the number of instanton zero modes. In addition, we show that there exists a novel type of the S 1 coordinate dependent magnetic monopole solutions in G 2 , F 4 , E 8 .
Location of the Zn 3d states in ZnO

UV photoemission measurements on hexagonal ZnO cleaved in vacuum, determining Zn 3d states location
Respiratory effects of changing the volume load imposed on the peripheral venous system

Abstract This study was designed to determine if acute distension of the hindlimb venous circulation stimulates breathing, thereby contributing to the respiratory responses to rapid changes in total blood volume. In 10 spontaneously breathing anesthetized sheep, we withdrew 15 ml kg−1 of blood from a femoral vein over approximately 1–2 min. We then compared the respiratory effects of infusing this venous blood back into the femoral veins across two conditions: the inferior vena cava (IVC) was either unobstructed or obstructed by a balloon-tipped catheter. We found that when blood was withdrawn and blood volume decreased, an absolute increase in breathing often occurred, but more importantly that a relative hyperventilation was always observed. When this blood was re-infused into the animal, effectively increasing blood volume, the respiratory response depended upon whether or not the IVC was open or obstructed. With the IVC unobstructed, a relative hypoventilation occurred, accompanied by an increase in alveolar PCO2. In contrast, when the venous blood was re-infused and the IVC was obstructed, ventilation increased significantly, and the response was often hypocapnic. These results indicate that increasing the volume load in the venous circulation increases breathing, and that the transduction mechanism is contained within the peripheral venous system. Further, the respiratory drive from this sensory mechanism is subject to modulation via changes in the circulatory status, most likely within the arterial side.
Qualitative Aspects of Pear Flavor

Fire blight is th major disease affecting pear production in Ontario. Pear varieties which have been bied for resistance to this disease all lack the flavor quality of Bartlet pears. This study is the first in a series designed to generate information required to develop a fire blight resistant pear possessing acceptable flavor when processed. Sensory evaluation was utilized to select Bartlett, Magness, and Kieffer pears as the highly, intermediate, and poorly flavored varieties to be used for all subsequent analyses. Ultraviolet spectroscopy, liquid and gas chromatography confirmed distinct qualitative and quantitative differences in volatile flavor constituents. Production of flavor constituents by maturing Bartlett pear was also examined. Flavor compounds were synthesized when Bartlett pear puree was incubated with C18-unsaturated fatty acids. A synthesis of some flavor constituents also occurred when a Kieffer pear puree was incubated with Bartlett pear enzymes.
Facile C−H Bond Cleavage and Deep Oxidation of Propane on a PdO(101) Thin Film

We investigated the adsorption and reactions of propane on a PdO(101) thin film under ultrahigh vacuum conditions and find that C−H bond cleavage of propane is highly facile on this PdO surface. At 85 K, propane adsorption on the PdO film produces two distinct states that desorb at temperatures of 120 and 190 K during temperature programmed measurements. The 190 K desorption peak is consistent with propane molecules that interact strongly with coordinatively unsaturated surface atoms, possibly through a donor−acceptor interaction, whereas the 120 K peak is attributed to physically adsorbed propane. Upon further heating, reaction of propane with the PdO(101) surface generates an H2O desorption peak at 345 K and then simultaneously produces H2O and CO2 desorption peaks at 463 K. The relative yields of H2O at 345 and 463 K provide strong evidence that the dissociation of molecularly adsorbed propane occurs by cleavage of a single C−H bond. The resulting propyl fragments selectively undergo complete oxidation...
Planning English language acquisition in ESL and EFL societies: Development and maintenance of languages and cultures

The paper juxtaposes two socio‐educational value clusters that predict an ESL and an EFL approach, respectively, to English language acquisition management. The paper describes the two approaches, especially in educational terms, and relates them to the changing functions of English in the world and to national language development and maintenance. The paper discusses the potential consequences of an ESL and EFL approach on Brunei.
Regio- and stereoselectivity of diethylaluminum azide opening of trisubstituted epoxides and conversion of the 3° azidohydrin adducts to isoprenoid aziridines

The regioisomer ratios (3 degrees,2 degrees /2 degrees,3 degrees ), and in some cases the stereochemistry, of vicinal azidohydrins formed in reactions of 11 trisubstituted terpene epoxides with Et(2)AlN(3) in toluene are reported. The more highly substituted azide usually predominated (3 degrees,2 degrees /2 degrees,3 degrees ratios >or= 40:1 to 2.5-1) in accord with a Markovnikov orientation and an S(N)1-like transition state. Reversed regioisomer ratios were observed with 6,7-epoxygeranyl acetate (1:2.5) and cis-1,2-epoxylimonene (1:3.3 to 1:10). The tertiary azido diols from 2,3-epoxygeraniol, 2,3-epoxyfarnesol, and 2,3-epoxynerol were formed as single isomers with inversion of configuration at C3 (>or= 35-40:1 for the C(10) azido diols). The regioselectivity was affected by the presence and proximity of oxy functional groups on the epoxide substrate (OH, OAc, and OSi-tBuMe(2)), the equivalents of Et(2)AlN(3), and additives (EtOAc or EtOH). The results and trends are rationalized by consideration of the structural and stereoelectronic characteristics of proposed diethylaluminum epoxonium ion intermediates and transition states, together with the nucleophilicity of the azide donor. Six of the 3 degrees,2 degrees azidohydrins were converted to the corresponding aziridines by primary-selective silylations of four azido diols, mesylations, and reductive cyclizations with LiAlH(4).
Visual Culture and Scopic Custom in Jane Eyre and Villette

Art making and art viewing activities steeped in assumptions about gender recur throughout Jane Eyre and Villette. This paper will argue that Charlotte Bronte developed these fine arts devices as part of a carefully crafted feminist critique of spectatorship and representation. Bronte pursued this end by demonstrating that incidents relating to the production and reception of visual culture were relevant for visual experience more broadly understood by linking these events in the narrative to “scopic custom”; that is, the art experiences of Bronte's characters are presented as occurring in relation to the customary, gendered patterns of looking and being looked at which dominated Victorian society. This strategic interweaving of visual culture with scopic custom allows Bronte to accentuate their interdependence as a socio-cultural dynamic of critical significance, and to illuminate their share in the cultural and social constraints affecting women as producers and objects of representation.
Neuro-Control Robustness Analysis of an Inverted Pendulum Using the Bee Algorithm

In this paper, the Bee Algorithm is used to train a Neural Network. This is done by altering the connections and biases of the Neural Network (NN) so that the desired output from the input is obtained. The merging between the two concepts is tested to control an inverted pendulum which is a benchmark for testing control theories. The trained NN is used to stabilize the pendulum in its upright position. The NN is trained by comparing its response to that of a state feedback controller. The Bee Algorithm succeeded in training the NN for it to have the desired output. Moreover, the effect of changing the parameters of both the neural network and the bee algorithm is also studied.
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia Presenting as a Renal or Perirenal Mass: Clinical and Radiographic Features

Manifestations of macroglobulinemic lymphoma include lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and bone marrow involvement. Renal presentations are unusual and complications of renal function are even less frequent. A review of all patients diagnosed with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia at our institution from January 1987 to December 1993, revealed 4 cases (6%) with renal presentations. We describe these cases with their associated clinical and radiologic features.
High-protein diet improves postoperative weight gain after massive small-bowel resection.

Introduction Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a morbid clinical condition that results from massive small-bowel resection (SBR). After SBR, there is a dramatic weight loss in the acute postoperative period. Our aim was to determine the impact of a high-protein diet (HPD) on weight gain and body composition in mice after SBR.
Relationship between nursery school behavior patterns and later school functioning.

This study supports the findings of others that nursery school behavior patterns are significantly related to later school functioning. Recent clinical reports indicate that preschool behavior patterns can be modified with relative ease by teachers and parents. After an improvement in screening procedures, an attempt at early intervention appears warranted.
Shadow-band corrections for photosynthetically-active radiation under clear and overcast conditions

Abstract The diffuse component to the incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is commonly estimated using a shadow-band to obscure the solar disk from the measurement sensor. The obstructed fraction of the sky radiation is either ignored or estimated using the shadow-band correction factors existing in the literature. A prior work reported on equations developed to describe the PAR sky radiance under overcast and clear sky conditions. Here we seek to use these distribution functions to determine shadow-band correction factors specific to the PAR. Numerical integration of the shadow-band exclusion of the sky radiance was made for a range of latitudes, shadow-band dimensions, and sky conditions. Results showed that the correction factors in the PAR are typically smaller than reported in the literature for the entire solar short-wave band. The clear sky and overcast sky correction coefficients were influenced by the declination, solar zenith angle, and the shadow-band dimensions. Correction coefficients varied annually to a greater extent than diurnally. The correction coefficients for clear sky conditions based on the PAR anisotropic sky radiance distributions were typically smaller than those computed assuming isotropic sky radiance. While the overcast sky radiance distribution was developed for two classes of overcast conditions, there was negligible difference between the correction coefficients. The isotropic PAR correction coefficients best estimated the shadow-band measurement error for clear sky conditions while the anisotropic PAR correction coefficients best estimated the error for translucent overcast skies. The error in diffuse radiation estimation after correction of the shadow-band measurements can be reduced to approximately 1–2% for both sky conditions across the solar zenith range of 20–70°.
Whiplash: diagnosis, treatment, and associated injuries

Study design Focused review of the current literature. Objective To identify and synthesize the most current data pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of whiplash and whiplash-associated disorders (WAD), and to report on whiplash-related injuries. Methods A search of OVID Medline (1996–January 2007) and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews was performed using the keywords whiplash and WAD. Articles under subheadings for pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology were chosen for review after identification by the authors. Results A total of 485 articles in the English language literature were identified. Thirty-six articles pertained to the diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology of whiplash, and WAD, and were eligible for focused review. From these, 21 primary and 15 secondary sources were identified for full review. In addition, five articles were found that focused on whiplash associated cervical injuries. These five articles were also primary sources. Conclusions Whiplash is a common injury associated most often with motor vehicle accidents. It may present with a variety of clinical manifestations, collectively termed WAD. Whiplash is an important cause of chronic disability. Many controversies exist regarding the diagnosis and treatment of whiplash injuries. The multifactorial etiology, believed to underly whiplash injuries, make management highly variable between patients. Radiographic evidence of injury often cannot be identified in the acute phase. Recent studies suggest early mobilization may lead to improved outcomes. Ligamentous and bony injuries may go undetected at initial presentation leading to delayed diagnosis and inappropriate therapies.
The Effect of Environmental Temperature and Humidity on the Calcium Balance and Serum Calcium of Laying Pullets

Abstract BENNION and Warren (1933) and Warren and Schnepel (1940) reported that shell thickness is reduced markedly if hens are subjected to high environmental temperatures. Their experiments further suggested that the depressing effect of high temperature is accentuated by high humidity. The mechanism or mechanisms which cause poor shell quality at high air temperatures are still not definitely established. Conrad (1939) found that blood calcium levels were reduced at high environmental temperatures. From this evidence Warren and Schnepel (1940) concluded that: “The decrease in shell thickness when the birds are subjected to high temperatures is probably due to a reduction in calcium content of the blood.” Warren and Schnepel (1940) also reported that hens kept at 95°F. consumed about 26% less feed than hens kept at 60°F. It is possible that this reduction of feed intake is at least partially responsible for the poor shell quality at high air temperatures. Finally, …
enaR: An r package for Ecosystem Network Analysis

Summary Network analysis is a useful approach for investigating complex and relational data in many fields including ecology, molecular and evolutionary biology. Here, we introduce enaR , an r package for Ecosystem Network Analysis (ENA). ENA is an analytical tool set rooted in ecosystem ecology with over 30 years of development that examines the structure and dynamics of matter and energy movement between discrete ecological compartments (e.g. a food web). In addition to describing the primary functionality of the package, we highlight several features including a library of 100 empirical ecosystem models, the ability to analyse and compare multiple models simultaneously, and connections to other ecological network analysis tools in r.
Epidemiology of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates vary worldwide. In the United States, prostate cancer is the most common malignancy affecting men and is the second-leading cause of cancer death. Risk of developing prostate cancer is associated with advancing age, African American ethnicity, and a positive family history, and may be influenced by diet and other factors. The incidence of prostate cancer increased sharply after the introduction of widespread screening for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), although rates have now returned to levels seen before that time. PSA screening has been associated with a shift toward diagnosis of earlier-stage disease, but this has not been accompanied by a shift toward a lower histologic grade. Although overall prostate cancer mortality rates decreased during the 1990s, it was largely because of reductions in deaths among men diagnosed with distant disease. In contrast, mortality rates for men diagnosed with localized or regional disease increased gradually during most of the 1990s before decreasing slightly among white men and reaching plateaus among African Americans.
Teaching STS via Internet: A Reflective Evaluation and Policy Implications

A reflective evaluation and policy implications of teaching an STS course via the Internet are presented. The course explored the science, technology, and society interactions from personal, social, cultural, historical, political, and value perspectives. The World Wide Web was used to present lecture materials and related STS links. Most of the class discussions took place via an e-mail chat room. The chat room discourses were found insufficient to meaningfully discuss and debate in-depth STS issues. Follow-up telephone conferences were often needed. The interdisciplinary nature of STS, complexity of STS interactions, and dynamics of STS issues require more involved dialogue, analysis, and problem solving than typical online correspondence can provide requiring immersive-level technology applications. More research and development efforts and supportive policies are needed to make the delivery of interdisciplinary courses via distance learning a success. This article will address curriculum issues in teaching a science, technology, and society (STS) course in a distance-learning mode and discuss implications for interdisciplinary courses taught through the Internet. Advancements in high-speed telecommunication networks have opened doors of opportunities for a wide range of instructional delivery on the Internet. Meanwhile, integrated approaches to teaching science with respect to its technological applications and issues affecting society such as STS are on the rise in science and technology education. The goals of STS include making science and technology literacy available for all, preparing pupils to compete successfully in an increasingly science- and technology-oriented global market, and equipping pupils with the information necessary for making informed personal and policy decisions concerning the role of science and technology in society (Kumar & Chubin, 2000). Mode of Delivery A pilot STS course was offered during the fall semester of 1997 as a special topics course for two secondary preservice teachers from Broward and Palm Beach Counties. The mode of delivery was mixed: The World Wide Web (WWW) was used to present selected lecture materials and related Internet links, and electronic mail was used to communicate with the students and engage in discourse. The instructor met with students three times during the semester. The level of Web use may be classified supplemental or Level 2 (Harmon & Jones, 1999). Course Description A brief description of the STS course follows.
Calibrating and testing a gap model for simulating forest management in the Oregon Coast Range

Abstract The complex mix of economic and ecological objectives facing today's forest managers necessitates the development of growth models with a capacity for simulating a wide range of forest conditions while producing outputs useful for economic analyses. We calibrated the gap model ZELIG to simulate stand-level forest development in the Oregon Coast Range as part of a landscape-scale assessment of different forest management strategies. Our goal was to incorporate the predictive ability of an empirical model with the flexibility of a forest succession model. We emphasized the development of commercial-aged stands of Douglas-fir, the dominant tree species in the study area and primary source of timber. In addition, we judged that the ecological approach of ZELIG would be robust to the variety of other forest conditions and practices encountered in the Coast Range, including mixed-species stands, small-scale gap formation, innovative silvicultural methods, and reserve areas where forests grow unmanaged for long periods of time. We parameterized the model to distinguish forest development among two ecoregions, three forest types and two site productivity classes using three data sources: chronosequences of forest inventory data, long-term research data, and simulations from an empirical growth-and-yield model. The calibrated model was tested with independent, long-term measurements from 11 Douglas-fir plots (6 unthinned, 5 thinned), 3 spruce-hemlock plots, and 1 red alder plot. ZELIG closely approximated developmental trajectories of basal area and large trees in the Douglas-fir plots. Differences between simulated and observed conifer basal area for these plots ranged from −2.6 to 2.4 m2/ha; differences in the number of trees/ha ≥50 cm dbh ranged from −8.8 to 7.3 tph. Achieving these results required the use of a diameter-growth multiplier, suggesting some underlying constraints on tree growth such as the temperature response function. ZELIG also tended to overestimate regeneration of shade-tolerant trees and underestimate total tree density (i.e., higher rates of tree mortality). However, comparisons with the chronosequences of forest inventory data indicated that the simulated data are within the range of variability observed in the Coast Range. Further exploration and improvement of ZELIG is warranted in three key areas: (1) modeling rapid rates of conifer tree growth without the need for a diameter-growth multiplier; (2) understanding and remedying rates of tree mortality that were higher than those observed in the independent data; and (3) improving the tree regeneration module to account for competition with understory vegetation.
Digestible Threonine Requirement of Broiler Chickens During the Period Three to Six and Six to Eight Weeks Posthatching

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine the digestible Thr requirement of commercial broiler chickens (Ross × Hubbard) during the period 3 to 6 and 6 to 8 wk posthatching. Threonine-deficient corn-peanut meal basal diets (3,200 MEn/kg) contained 20% CP and 0.50% Thr for 3- to 6-wk-old birds, and 18.3% CP and 0.50% Thr for 6- to 8-wk-old birds. True digestibility assessment using cecectomized roosters indicated that Thr was 81% digestible in both basal diets. Thus, both diets contained 0.40% digestible Thr. Growth rate and feed efficiency of chicks fed the corn-peanut meal basal diets supplemented with surfeit Thr was equal to that of chicks fed a 20% CP Met-fortified corn-soybean meal diet. Graded doses of Thr produced marked responses (P
Inherently aligned microfluidic electrodes composed of liquid metal

This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of microelectrodes that are inherently aligned with microfluidic channels and in direct contact with the fluid in the channels. Injecting low melting point alloys, such as eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn), into microchannels at room temperature (or just above room temperature) offers a simple way to fabricate microelectrodes. The channels that define the shape and position of the microelectrodes are fabricated simultaneously with other microfluidic channels (i.e., those used to manipulate fluids) in a single step; consequently, all of the components are inherently aligned. In contrast, conventional techniques require multiple fabrication steps and registration (i.e., alignment of the electrodes with the microfluidic channels), which are technically challenging. The distinguishing characteristic of this work is that the electrodes are in direct contact with the fluid in the microfluidic channel, which is useful for a number of applications such as electrophoresis. Periodic posts between the microelectrodes and the microfluidic channel prevent the liquid metal from entering the microfluidic channel during injection. A thin oxide skin that forms rapidly and spontaneously on the surface of the metal stabilizes mechanically the otherwise low viscosity, high surface tension fluid within the channel. Moreover, the injected electrodes vertically span the sidewalls of the channel, which allows for the application of uniform electric field lines throughout the height of the channel and perpendicular to the direction of flow. The electrodes are mechanically stable over operating conditions commonly used in microfluidic applications; the mechanical stability depends on the magnitude of the applied bias, the nature of the bias (DC vs. AC), and the conductivity of the solutions in the microfluidic channel. Electrodes formed using alloys with melting points above room temperature ensure mechanical stability over all of the conditions explored. As a demonstration of their utility, the fluidic electrodes are used for electrohydrodynamic mixing, which requires extremely high electric fields (∼105 V m−1).
Efficient deadlock avoidance for streaming computation with filtering

Parallel streaming computations have been studied extensively, and many languages, libraries, and systems have been designed to support this model of computation. In particular, we consider acyclic streaming computations in which individual nodes can choose to filter, or discard, some of their inputs in a data-dependent manner. In these applications, if the channels between nodes have finite buffers, the computation can deadlock. One method of deadlock avoidance is to augment the data streams between nodes with occasional dummy messages; however, for general DAG topologies, no polynomial time algorithm is known to compute the intervals at which dummy messages must be sent to avoid deadlock.In this paper, we show that deadlock avoidance for streaming computations with filtering can be performed efficiently for a large class of DAG topologies. We first present a new method where each dummy message is tagged with a destination, so as to reduce the number of dummy messages sent over the network. We then give efficient algorithms for dummy interval computation in series-parallel DAGs. We finally generalize our results to a larger graph family, which we call the CS4 DAGs, in which every undirected Cycle is Single-Source and Single-Sink (CS4). Our results show that, for a large set of application topologies that are both intuitively useful and formalizable, the streaming model with filtering can be implemented safely with reasonable overhead.
Perspectives on the Working-Class Family in Wartime Britain, 1939–1945

In the late 1940s the British people seemed preoccupied with family and children to an unprecedented degree. A similar revival of family life occurred in other European countries, testimony to the common legacy of the war years, during which private life had been broken apart by death, forced separations, constant anxiety, and unaccustomed privation. But the specific form of postwar familial ideology in Britain reflects the complex circumstances, cultural traditions, and mood of the nation. Everywhere the faces of smiling, responsible parents and healthy, carefree children gazed out from advertising billboards and National Health posters, symbolic of the nation's “social capital” and a better future. Widespread concern about low birthrates helped to strengthen domestic and mothering images of women; magazines and radio espoused the ideas of a growing phalanx of child-care professionals; and government social policy redefined the reciprocal obligations of parents and the state, reflecting a new “social democratic” conception of family as the basic unit of society and the chief incubator of citizenship and community values.
The family roles of siblings of people diagnosed with a mental disorder: heroes and lost children.

In order to cope with the diagnosis of mental illness in a family member, siblings may be forced to adjust their roles in the family. Taking into account the crucial role that some siblings play in caregiving for the mentally ill especially when the parents are no longer available, it is imperative to develop awareness of their unique needs and address them. Thirty-three adult siblings of people diagnosed with a mental disorder completed the Role Behaviour Inventory (RBI) and a general questionnaire including open-ended questions regarding the roles they played in their families of origin. Findings from the inventory and general questionnaire suggest that the well siblings score higher on two roles, the Hero and Lost Child, and lower on the Mascot and Scapegoat roles relative to a comparison group (N = 33). Being a sibling caregiver emerged as a risk factor to assume certain dysfunctional roles in the family. Implications for future research and therapy are discussed.
An improved synthesis of poly(p‐phenylenebutadiynylene)s

A new methodology is described for the synthesis of poly(p-phenylenebutadiynylene)s based on the Pd/Cu-catalyzed, benzoquinone-mediated homocoupling of terminal acetylenes. Homopolymers synthesized from the 2,5-dialkoxy-1,4-diethynylbenzene monomers 1,4-bis(decyloxy)-2,5-diethynylbenzene and 1,4-bis(hexadecyloxy)-2,5-diethynylbenzene were largely insoluble, with the soluble portion from the polymerization of 1,4-bis(hexadecyloxy)-2,5-diethynylbenzene exhibiting a number-average molecular weight of 14,000. Completely soluble polymers were obtained from these precursors by the random copolymerization of these monomers. The materials exhibited number-average molecular weights ranging from 67,000 to over 150,000. The ultraviolet-visible and emission spectra of these polymers were examined and found to be very similar to those of structurally analogous poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s and smaller poly(p-phenylenebutadiynylene)s reported by Kijima et al. (J Mat Chem, 1998, 8, 2165).
Free-throw accuracy and success as a function of ball weight in 9- to 11-year-old male players

The goal of this study was to analyze whether 9-11 years old children can attain more free-throw accuracy and success by modifying the ball weight in basketball game. The participants were 54 children (age: mean=10.63, SD=0.55 years) from six basketball teams. The participants played four games with each of the following balls: (a) standard ball weight (485 g, 69-71 cm), (b) a lighter ball (440 g, 69-71 cm), and (c) a heavier ball (540 g, 69-71 cm). The procedures adopted in the study were: (a) defining the variables, (b) instructing the observers and obtaining reliability, (c) monitoring the properties of the ball and filming the games, and (d) recording the data from the observation. The results revealed statistically significant differences for free-throw accuracy (χ2=1.76, df=2, p=.050) and success (χ2=5.69, df=2, p=.048). Free-throw accuracy and success were higher with the 440-g ball than with the 540-g ball.
Trends for deep submicron VLSI and their implications for reliability

We examine the technology trends in both device and interconnect process integration flow design, in order to put into perspective the corresponding implications on reliability activities. We illustrate trends in several major reliability areas: reduced failure rate requirements; vanishing of excess reliability margins; sensitivity of reliability mechanisms integration flow design and scaling; increased use of simulation to estimate reliability; and examining mechanisms for new regimes of operation. Next we assess the strengths and weaknesses of current build-in reliability activities. This process identifies several key areas where improved knowledge and capability are needed in the overall build-in reliability process: improve the circuit modeling of wearout phenomena; develop new gate dielectrics to increase performance while maintaining reliability; determine if there is a discontinuity caused by entering the direct tunneling regime of gate oxide operation; increase understanding of thermal limitations on interconnect design guidelines in multilevel metal systems; and enhance emerging methodologies for ESD/EOS build-in reliability.
Genetic Evidence for Transcriptional Activation by the Yeast Ime1 Gene Product

IME1 is required in yeast for meiosis and for expression of IME2 and other early meiotic genes. IME1 is a 360-amino acid polypeptide with central and C-terminal tyrosine-rich regions. We report here that a fusion protein composed of the lexA DNA-binding domain and IME1 activates transcription in vivo of a reporter gene containing upstream lexA binding sites. Activation by the fusion protein shares several features with natural IME1 activity: both are dependent on the RIM11 gene product; both are impaired by the same ime1 missense mutations; both are restored by intragenic suppressors. The central tyrosine-rich region is sufficient to activate transcription when fused to lexA. Deletion of this putative activation domain results in a defective IME1 derivative. Function of the deletion derivative is restored by fusion to the acidic Herpesvirus VP16 activation domain. The C-terminal tyrosine-rich region is dispensable for transcriptional activation; rather it renders activation dependent upon starvation and RIM11. Immunofluorescence studies indicate that an IME1-lacZ fusion protein is concentrated in the nucleus. These observations are consistent with a model in which IME1 normally stimulates IME2 expression by providing a transcriptional activation domain at the IME2 5' regulatory region.