cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tunabot Flex: a tuna-inspired robot with body flexibility improves high-performance swimming

Tunas are flexible, high-performance open ocean swimmers that operate at high frequencies to achieve high swimming speeds. Most fish-like robotic systems operate at low frequencies (≤ 3 Hz) resulting in low swim speeds (≤ 1.5 body lengths per second), and the cost of transport (COT) is often one to four orders of magnitude higher than that of tunas. Furthermore, the impact of body flexibility on high-performance fish swimming remains unknown. Here we design and test a research platform based on yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) to investigate the role of body flexibility and to close the performance gap between robotic and biological systems. This single-motor platform, termed Tunabot Flex, measures 25.5 centimeters in length. Flexibility is varied through joints in the tail to produce three tested configurations. We find that increasing body flexibility improves self-propelled swimming speeds on average by 0.5 body lengths per second while reducing the minimum COT by 53%. The most flexible configuration swims 4.60 body lengths per second with a tail beat frequency of 8.0 Hz and a COT measuring 18.4 joules/kg/m. We then compare these results in addition to the midline kinematics, stride length, and Strouhal number with yellowfin tuna data. The COT of Tunabot Flex's most flexible configuration is less than a half-order of magnitude greater than that of yellowfin tuna across all tested speeds. Tunabot Flex provides a new baseline for the development of future bio-inspired underwater vehicles that aim to explore a fish-like, high-performance space and close the gap between engineered robotic systems and fish swimming ability.
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Suicidal/Self-Harming Thoughts, and Suicide Attempts Among LGB and Heterosexual Utahns

Current research suggests that sexual minorities living in Utah may be at higher risk for experiencing suicidal/self-harming thoughts and suicide attempts than heterosexuals in Utah. However, to da...
Fungus fuels mucosal wounds in Crohn's disease.

Intestinal microbiome perturbation characterizes Crohn's disease (CD), though specific contributors to pathophysiology remain elusive. In a recent issue of Science, Jain et al. show that Debaryomyces hansenii impairs intestinal healing in mice via effects on type I interferon signaling and chemokine CCL5 expression in macrophages and that it is also prevalent in the inflamed mucosa of CD patients.
Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and immunity, allergic response, infection, and asthma in children: review of epidemiologic studies.

Abstract Background Increased exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) potentially affects infant and childhood health through immunosuppression. Given rapidly evolving research on PFAS, it is important to comprehensively examine the impact of PFAS exposure among the pediatric population as new research becomes available due to potential fragility of the developing immune system. Objectives This review assessed the effects of PFAS fetal, infant and childhood exposures upon the development of immune function during early life stages. Methods Researchers completed a literature review, searching PubMed for human studies published since 2010 for PFAS and health outcomes among infants and children. Included articles incorporated key search terms in the title or abstract; non-research reports and non-English papers were excluded. The search identified 518 studies for possible inclusion. Following hands-on review, 34 were determined relevant. Subsequent analyses found 8 additional relevant articles, totaling 42 studies. Results Major immune-related sequelae from PFAS exposures on infant and child health outcomes documented in recent literature include: • Strong indication of immunosuppression, with diminished childhood antibody response to vaccination, particularly with PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS exposures. • Some indication of increased risks of childhood infectious diseases/infections, particularly from PFOS exposures. • Limited indication of an effect of PFAS exposure on allergic reactions/allergen specific IgE antibodies. • Limited indication of an effect of PFAS exposure on atopic dermatitis (AD). • Limited indication of an effect of PFAS exposure on asthma and lung function. Conclusion This review summarizes recent findings of PFAS effects on infant and childhood immune health. Evidence of immunosuppression, diminished vaccine efficacy, and increased risk of infections, allergies, asthma and AD were described following in utero, infant, and early childhood PFAS exposures. Further investigation is warranted to characterize PFAS exposure pathways and potential modes of action in relation to PFAS effects on the developing immune system. Incontrovertible proof of PFAS immunotoxic effects could optimally be obtained by a large prospective study cohort of mothers and children from infancy through school-age. Regular assessments of circulating antibodies and response to infant and childhood vaccines during growth years could prove invaluable.
38 Alternative Minimally Invasive Options: Endoluminal Bariatric Procedures

Obesity is a significant global health epidemic. Although bariatric surgery is effective, only a fraction of eligible patients undergo these procedures. Endoscopic bariatric therapies may be used to address obesity in patients with BMI below bariatric surgery criteria, to bridge patients to bariatric surgery, to address metabolic disease, to revise bariatric surgery, and, eventually, as an alternative to bariatric surgery. Potential benefits include lower invasiveness, reversibility, and lower cost. Currently, primary endoscopic bariatric therapy is restrictive, space occupying, or malabsorptive. Restrictive procedures include endoscopic gastroplasty and restrictive implantation. Space-occupying devices include intragastric balloons. Malabsorptive technologies prevent contact of food with portions of the small intestine. Primary endoscopic bariatric therapies continue to be evaluated for safety and long-term efficacy in the treatment of obesity and metabolic disease. Transoral outlet reduction, developed a decade ago for endoscopic revision of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, has acquired level 1 evidence for effectiveness.
Spatial Resolution of Stellar Atmospheres within Active Close Binaries

I discuss the general problem of mapping the spatial structure in the atmospheres of active, late-type stars. There are several major differences between the problems of imaging photospheres and of imaging chromospheres. Because of these differences, chromospheric spectral imaging must be based on a direct decomposition of the observed emission line profiles.
KSRQuerying: XML Keyword with Recursive Querying

We propose an XML search engine called KSRQuerying. The search engine employs recursive querying techniques, which allows a query to query the results of a previous application of itself or of another query. It answers recursive queries, keyword-based queries, and loosely structured queries. KSRQuerying uses a sort-merge algorithm, which selects subsets from the set of nodes containing keywords, where each subset contains the smallest number of nodes that: (1) are closely related to each other, and (2) contain at least one occurrence of each keyword. We experimentally evaluated the quality and efficiency of KSRQuerying and compared it with 3 systems: XSeek, Schema-Free XQuery, and XKSearch.
Another Look at the Cold War Consensus: The Eastern Establishment and the Bipartisan Bureaucracy

Recent years have seen a resurgence in scholarly interest in the domestic underpinnings of America's liberal-internationalist foreign policy. While many scholars have agreed that a bipartisan consensus has been one of the key domestic components to this approach to foreign policymaking, studies attempting to identify the existence of a bipartisan consensus have typically produced mixed results. However, there exists a substantial, and largely qualitative literature, that points to the presence of bipartisanship within the executive branch. Indeed, several authors have claimed that the bipartisan consensus manifested itself in part through the appointment of prominent opposition party members to high-ranking positions within the bureaucratic agencies responsible for crafting and implementing foreign policy. Using a new dataset, this paper examines the patterns in bipartisan appointments to dozens of high-ranking bureaucratic offices since the onset of the Cold War. Results provide the most robust support for the traditional narrative regarding increased partisanship in the post-Vietnam era, but provide less support for claims regarding further increases in partisanship as a result of more recent events such as the Cold War and the September 11 attacks.
The Penn State Annex: The Life and Times of an Off-Site Storage Facility

The Penn State Annex has played a vital role in the growth and development of library collections and programs. This article reflects on a number of initiatives in which the off-site storage facility has played a part, including shrink wrapping current journal issues, space management during phased construction, a facilities crisis, and a barcoding project that uses wireless technology. Changes in staffing requirements in anticipation of a new high-density facility are discussed.
Research in Academic Reference Librarianship: Review of the 2008–2012 Published Research

This article reviews the research literature of three major journals in reference librarianship. The texts of 494 articles were analyzed and classified as research versus nonresearch. Articles such as news, commentary, book reviews, editorials, meeting announcements, and opinion pieces were excluded from the analysis. A total number of 162 (30.49%) articles were determined to be research articles and were examined to collect data on numerous variables including but not limited to authorship, affiliation, topic, type of research, data collection, and data analysis techniques.
Single cell resolution in vivo imaging of DNA damage following PARP inhibition

Targeting DNA repair pathways is a powerful strategy to treat cancers. To gauge efficacy in vivo, typical response markers include late stage effects such as tumor shrinkage, progression free survival, or invasive repeat biopsies. These approaches are often difficult to answer critical questions such as how a given drug affects single cell populations as a function of dose and time, distance from microvessels or how drug concentration (pharmacokinetics) correlates with DNA damage (pharmacodynamics). Here, we established a single-cell in vivo pharmacodynamic imaging read-out based on a truncated 53BP1 double-strand break reporter to determine whether or not poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor treatment leads to accumulation of DNA damage. Using this reporter, we show that not all PARP inhibitor treated tumors incur an increase in DNA damage. The method provides a framework for single cell analysis of cancer therapeutics in vivo.
DIASPORIC COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE AND SCHOOL ABSENTEEISM

Abstract Deficit perspectives often portray Mexican parents as not caring or uninvolved in their children's education in US schools. Although school truancy mostly affects schools in terms of school funding issues, high Latina/o school absenteeism is often blamed on lack of parental involvement. This study explores parents’ and grandparents’ perspectives about why going to Nocutzepo in Mexico was important for their children and grandchildren's cultural identities, even when their children were truant from US schools. We define diasporic community knowledge as ways of knowing and ways of being that include a broad range of practices inherited by community members as repertoires of practices. Using a transnational ethnography, we draw from data gathered both during the patron saint's fiesta in Mexico and/or during home visits in Los Angeles between 2006 and 2009. We conclude that people from Nocutzepo actively engage in alternative educational practices that supplement US schooling. Through pueblo visits, ...
Reconciling strategic studies … with itself: a common framework for choosing among strategies

Three distinct, and seemingly irreconcilable, schools of thought are identified within the strategic studies literature. One which searches for “universal principles of war,” a second, “context-dependent,” approach that seeks to embed each instance of warfare within its concurrent social, political, technological milieu and, finally a “paradoxical logic” school, which equates strategy with the generation of uncertainty. The author offers some intuitive concepts from non-cooperative game theory to develop a “dominate-mix” approach to strategy choice. In doing so, he helps to reconcile these disparate approaches and provides a simple framework to assist researchers in framing military decisions as well as to assist planners in choosing among strategies.
SPECTROSCOPIC PROBE FOR THE DETECTION OF LOCAL DNA BENDING AT AN AAA TRIPLET

Spectroscopic evidence of a DNA bend in solution is presented by analyzing model 15-mer duplexes spin-labeled with the five-atom-tethered nitroxide DUAP located in the major groove. Three 15-mers containing AATT with DUAP enzymatically incorporated into three different positions yielded nearly identical line shapes while a fourth 15-mer containing AAATT produced an EPR spectrum with significant additional line broadening. These results are interpreted according to the dynamic cylinder model where the DNA dynamics are decoupled into overall and internal contributions. It is shown that the AAATT sequence induces a change in the internal dynamics characterized by local ordering of DUAP. The increase in ordering evident in 15-mers containing AAATT rather than AATT suggests that the former sequence gives rise to a bend toward the major groove resulting in spatial restriction of the probe.
Pattern discovery using semantic network analysis

Cognitive information processing at higher conceptual levels requires a computational approach to knowledge representation and analysis. Semantic network analysis bridges the gap between probabilistic pattern recognition techniques and symbolic representations by replacing cumbersome and computationally complex forms of logic-based semantic inference common in symbolic approaches with mathematical metrics on graph representations of labelled, directed semantic networked data. These metrics in turn support assessment of evidentiary support for the presence of patterns of interest in which entities play specified roles in complex event scenarios. The resulting system allows patterns to be specified at higher levels of conceptual abstraction while also remaining robust to conflicting and incomplete information.
Unfolding the toxicity of cholesterol.

A critical attribute of advanced atherosclerosis is the accumulation of free cholesterol in macrophages, triggering cell death. Now, a study reveals that the key events that result in cholesterol-induced macrophage death are the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores by free cholesterol and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response.
Law and Data: The Butterfly Ballot Episode

On television's Law and Order, the police catch criminals and hand them over to the lawyers to get convictions. Part of the program's dramatic tension comes from the police operating under the scrutiny of a rigid and unforgiving legal system. The suspense increases as the lawyers try to do their job even though there is often a gap between justice and what the law requires.
The mechanism of MIO-based aminomutases in beta-amino acid biosynthesis.

β-Amino acids are widely used building blocks in both natural and synthetic compounds. Aromatic β-amino acids can be biosynthesized directly from proteinogenic α-amino acids by the action of MIO (4-methylideneimidazole-5-one)-based aminomutase enzymes. The uncommon cofactor MIO plays a role in both ammonia lyases and 2,3-aminomutases; however, the precise mechanism of the cofactor has not been resolved. Here we provide evidence that the electrophilic cofactor uses covalent catalysis through the substrate amine to direct the elimination and subsequent readdition of ammonia. A mechanism-based inhibitor was synthesized and the X-ray cocomplex structure was determined to 2.0 A resolution. The inhibitor halts the chemistry of the reverse reaction, providing a stable complex that establishes the mode of substrate binding and the importance of tyrosine 63 in the chemistry. The proposed mechanism is consistent with the biochemistry of aminomutases and ammonia lyases and provides strong support for an amine-adduct...
Cyclophosphamide associated bladder cancer--a highly aggressive disease: analysis of 12 cases.

AbstractPurpose: We gained knowledge of the etiology, treatment and prevention of cyclophosphamide associated urothelial cancer.Materials and Methods: The medical records of 6 men and 6 women (mean age 55 years) with cyclophosphamide associated bladder cancer were reviewed.Results: All tumors were grade 3 or 4 transitional cell carcinoma. Of the 5 patients initially treated with endoscopic resection alone only 1 is alive without disease. Of The 6 patients who underwent early cystectomy 4 were alive at 24 to 111 months. The remaining patient with extensive cancer underwent partial cystectomy for palliation and died 3 months later.Conclusions: Cyclophosphamide associated bladder tumor is an aggressive disease. However, long-term survival is possible when radical cystectomy is performed for bladder tumors with any sign of invasion and for recurrent high grade disease, even when noninvasive.
Estimation of intracellular phosphate content in plant cell cultures using an extended Kalman filter

Phosphate is an essential nutrient that is usually taken up by plant cells rapidly and stored intracellularly. Currently, there is no convenient means for on-line sensing of the intracellular phosphate content in cultured plant cells. In this study, a state estimator for this important parameter in batch plant cell cultures was developed using extended Kalman filter (EKF) methodology. A non-linear kinetic model was constructed to describe the dynamics of intracellular phosphate uptake and utilization. For intracellular phosphate estimation, this model was found to be most sensitive to three parameters: the maximum specific growth rate (mu(max)), the maximum phosphate uptake rate (nu(max)), and the yield coefficient on oxygen (y(o)). The EKF algorithm coupled with the kinetic model and on-line oxygen uptake rate (r(o)) measurement was used successfully to track the intracellular phosphate content under different initial phosphate concentrations. The state estimator could also accurately predict the biomass concentration. When mu(max), nu(max), and y(o) were included in the state vector, tracking of intracellular phosphate was only slightly affected. The estimation system was found very stable as long as the measurement errors of the initial states, the r(o) measurement error, and the system error were respectively within 30%, 30%, and 50%. With a r(o) measurement interval as long as 12 h, accurate tracking of the intracellular phosphate content could still be attained using a discrete EKF. Apparently, the slow r(o) dynamics in plant cell cultures allows the use of a long measurement interval. Considering the difficulties encountered in the on-line sensing of intracellular phosphate using the chemical or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods, the EKF method coupled with simple on-line oxygen uptake rate measurement provides a promising means for sensing this important culture parameter on-line.
Silicon Nitride Boundary Lubrication: Effect of Sulfonate, Phenate and Salicylate Compounds

The boundary lubrication characteristics of sulfonates, phenates, and salicylates in a silicon nitride on silicon nitride contact were investigated. The additives were blended at one percent by weight solution in a purified paraffinic base oil and tested on a ball-on-three flat geometry in the Four-Ball Tester. These compounds all exhibited effective lubricating properties for silicon nitride, including both low base and high base types. Lower friction and wear were observed as compared to the base paraffin base-oil case. Load capacity tests indicated that these compounds had extended load ranges for silicon nitride. Boundary films were observed in the wear scar suggesting the occurrence of tribochemical reactions. Surface analysis of the worn surface revealed the presence of the metal salt portion of the compound but without the calcium carbonate which was used for overbasing. This suggests that these compounds probably oxidize and then adsorb onto the surface to form lubricating films containing the met...
Filtering penalty reduction by adjusting passband shape in optical filter for 127 Gbit/s DP-QPSK signal transmission

It is experimentally demonstrated that a filtering penalty could be substantially reduced by adjusting the passband shape, or introducing a loss ripple, in an optical filter for 127 Gbit/s DP-QPSK signal transmission. Experimental results showed that the Q-factor penalty for 20 cascaded filters with a loss ripple of 0.3 dB was 1.4 dB lower than that for conventional filters without a loss ripple at a received OSNR of 16 dB.
Microfluidic Flow Cytometer for Quantifying Photobleaching of Fluorescent Proteins in Cells

Traditional flow cytometers are capable of rapid cellular assays on the basis of fluorescence intensity and light scatter. Microfluidic flow cytometers have largely followed the same path of technological development as their traditional counterparts; however, the significantly smaller transport distance and resulting lower cell speeds in microchannels provides for the opportunity to detect novel spectroscopic signatures based on multiple, nontemporally coincident excitation beams. Here, we characterize the design and operation of a cytometer with a three-beam, probe/bleach/probe geometry, employing HeLa suspension cells expressing fluorescent proteins. The data collection rate exceeds 20 cells/s under a range of beam intensities (5 kW to 179 kW/cm2). The measured percent photobleaching (ratio of fluorescence intensities excited by the first and third beams: Sbeam3/Sbeam1) partially resolves a mixture of four red fluorescent proteins in mixed samples. Photokinetic simulations are presented and demonstrate...
Impact of initial blood pressure on antihypertensive response in patients with acute hypertension

Abstract Introduction The effect profile of differing antihypertensive agents is well studied, but minimal data regarding the interaction between hemodynamic response and presenting blood pressure (BP) exist. Hypothesis Achievement of target BP is less likely in patients with higher initial BPs. Methods This is a substudy of the multicenter safety and efficacy Evaluation of intravenous Cardene (nicardipine) and Labetalol Use in the Emergency department (CLUE) trial that randomized patients to Food and Drug Administration–recommended intravenous dosing of nicardipine or labetalol to reach a physician predefined systolic BP (SBP) and target range (TR) of ±20 mm Hg within 30 minutes. The proportion achieving TR was assessed as a function of initial SBP, and dichotomized comparisons were made using median SBP. Likelihood of a final BP within TR was modeled using logistic regression with forced inclusion of initial BP as a categorical variable. Results A total 223 patients were enrolled; 115 (51.6%) had an initial SBP greater than the median 202 mm Hg. The median SBP (interquartile range) of the high BP group was 218 (210-228) mm Hg vs the low BP group 190 (182-197) mm Hg ( P P = .008). The proportion of patients achieving SBP within TR at 30 minutes did not differ (85.2% [98 of 115] vs 88.9% [96 of 108], P = .42). Randomization to nicardipine (odds ratio=2.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-7.01), but not initial SBP (odds ratio=0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.25-1.44), was associated with achievement of target SBP at 30 minutes. Conclusion Initial SBP is not a predictor of the ability to achieve a prespecified target range SBP within 30 minutes.
Hidden wind farms potential for residential households having roof-mounted wind arrester

Small-scale energy-generating systems are being increasingly integrated into built environment, and the use of renewable energies is now spreading to old towns in developing countries. Despite the promise of free energy, the high-tech appearance of the harnessing tools of renewables has provoked criticism because of the incompatibility with the cultural/environmental characteristics of older towns in Iran. This paper presents a new concept of novel hidden wind farms in the residential households of Iranian desert-edge towns with roof-mounted wind-arresters. The results of this study show that a hidden wind farm integrated into old towns with the potential of tourism can eliminate the concern over the visibility and bird collisions as well as the use of land. In the present study, the old city of Ardakan, Yazd, with an arid climate located at the edge of a desert in the center of Iran, is selected as target case study. Calculations show that the application of one small-scale wind turbine per wind-arrester across the town can generate approximately 2.90 GWh a year. Moreover, the proposed concept could also be applied in other countries such as Afghanistan, Egypt, Pakistan, Iraq, UAE and some African countries.
Integrative paradigms bridging defense and bioscience

The objective of the study is to present integrative paradigms highlighting their applicability of polarimetry to multidisciplinary areas such as space defense and bioscience applications. Polarimetric sensing and imaging offer unique advantages for a wide range of detection and classification problems due to the intrinsic potential for high contrast in different polarization components of the backscattered light. Indeed, polarized imaging can yield high-specificity images under high-dynamic range and extreme condition scenarios, in scattering media, or cluttered environments, offering at the same instance information related to the object material composition and its surface characteristics. In this study, a new imaging approach based on polarimetric detection principles will be introduced and the Mueller matrix formalism will be defined, and will be applied for space applications, such as detection of unresolved objects, as well as for early cancer detection. The design principles of the liquid crystal polarimetric imaging system will be introduced and related to operating conditions and system performance metrics. The depolarization, diattenuation, and retardance of the materials will be estimated using Mueller matrix decomposition for different aspect angles.
New insights into nitric oxide metabolism and regulatory functions

Nitric oxide (NO) has been intensively studied to elucidate the role of this enigmatic signaling molecule in plant development, metabolism and disease responses. Many studies using pharmacological and biochemical tools have demonstrated that NO functions in hormone responses, programmed cell death, defense gene induction and signal transduction pathways. NO originates from two sources in plants: nitrite and arginine. Recent studies using mutants and transgenic plants have confirmed these key findings and have gone further to identify (i) a new mechanism to modulate NO bioactivity involving hemoglobin, (ii) a gene involved in arginine-dependent NO synthesis, and (iii) a novel function for NO signaling in flowering. These findings continue to elucidate the expanding role of NO in plant biology.
Compressional Viscosity and Sound Absorption in Water at Different Temperatures

The temperature dependence of the coefficient of absorption ($2\ensuremath{\alpha}{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$) of ultrasonic waves in water was measured from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 33\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Values range from 137\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 40\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ at 33\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. In particular at 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C where the sound propagation is isothermal the value 101\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ is found, and is to be compared with a shear viscosity contribution of 30\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$. Therefore the excess cannot be caused by the slowness of energy exchange between the internal and external degrees of freedom. The excess absorption is used to calculate the value of a new coefficient of compressional viscosity $k$, which is found to be 0.052 poise at 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 0.026 poise at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. A general discussion of the origin of sound absorption in liquids is included, with particular applications to recent measurements.
An Operational Critique of Detection Laws

This paper applies the test of operational meaningfulness to the many detection laws that have been formulated and used in the mathematical optimization of search, and given as generalizations of those first developed in the United States Navy during and immediately following World War II. The word "operational" is used both in the sense of practical O.R. and in that of P. W. Bridgman's well-known requirement: that in applying mathematics to the material world, the physical preconditions implied in the quantities used, the operations for measuring them, and their laws of consistency must be set forth explicitly. It is submitted that this criterion will orient O.R. work toward useful developments in the search theory and may serve to identify as such those theories that are of chief interest as developments in pure mathematics. Finally, we note that the requirement that every numerical assumption of probability distributions in a study of the outside world must be based on objective evidence is perfectly consistent with the "subjective" conception of probability, viz., that its meaning is apprehended intuitively-the former measures what the latter defines.
A STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS ANALYSIS OF REVEALED AND STATED TRAVEL MODE AND ACTIVITY CHOICES

This study extends the structural equations model to incorporate both revealed and stated preference data to analyze activity-based travel behavior. The model is applied to examine the relationship between activities and mode choice on the data from the first wave of the panel study conducted for the Puget Sound Regional Council. It is found that the attitude toward comfort of travel, car requirement for job, and travel time are significant predictors for the mode choice decision. Comparing alternative decision processes, the data support that the mode choice and activity choice decisions are affected by unobserved common factors, and the mode choice and the activity choice decisions are made independently. There is some evidence that the stated-preference model has the same model structure as the revealed-preference model, and the stated-preference data help improve the fit of the entire model.
On motions which preserve ellipsoidal holes

Let ℰ be an ellipsoid in ℝ3 contained in a region Ω. Suppose one body occupies the region Ω−ℰ in a certain stress-free reference configuration while a second body, the inclusion, occupies the region ℰ in a stress-free reference configuration. Assume the inclusion is free to slip at ∂ℰ. Now suppose that by changing some variable such as the temperature, pressure, humidity, etc., we cause the trivial deformation y(x)=x of the inclusion to become unstable relative to some other deformation. For example, the inclusion may be made out of such a material that if it were removed from the body, it would suddenly change shape to another stress-free configuration specified by a deformation y=Fx, FΥF=C, C being a fixed tensor characteristic of the material, at a certain temperature. However, with an appropriate material model for the surrounding body, we expect it will resist the transformation, and both body and inclusion will end up stressed.
Suppression of rabbit peritoneal macrophage migration by heat-labile E. coli toxin.

Migration of rabbit peritoneal macrophages toward casein-serum was inhibited by preincubation of the cells with heat-labile toxin ofEscherichia coli in direct relationship to the concentration of toxin in the incubation mixture. Cells preincubated with heated toxin or with toxin-antiserum migrated the same as those which had been incubated in toxin-free media. Toxin-preincubated cells had levels of cyclic AMP which were increased in direct relationship to the concentration of toxin in the preincubation mixture. Heated toxin failed to induce increased levels of cAMP in the cells at the highest concentration tested.
Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from pine dust

Background: Airborne contact dermatitis is a challenging entity that requires comprehensive patch testing and exposure review to diagnose accurately. Objective: Four patients with airborne contact dermatitis and positive patch tests to colophony were evaluated. Methods: Patch testing was performed on all patients using a modified European standard series plus additional applicable allergens. Results: All patients had positive patch tests to colophony and exposure to pine dust. Conclusion: Patch testing is a critical element in the evaluation of patients presenting with an airborne pattern of contact dermatitis.
Surgical training in the United States

Surgical education in the United States has developed along with the graduate medical education (GME) system. Changes in health care delivery and payment systems, changes in the practice and specialisation of surgery, attempts to improve the system of graduate medical training and even generational changes among those entering surgical training have influenced and changed the way surgeons are trained in the US. Although a thorough examination of these factors and their influence on surgical training is beyond the scope of this brief review, some of these influences and our current surgical training system will be described.
Reflection of neutrons from an optical grating

Specular and off-specular neutron intensities were measured at grazing incidence from an optical grating. Thee periodicity of the grating was determined from the locations of the intensity peaks in the off-specular data. An analysis of the widths of the off-specular intensity peaks showed that the effect of the coherence length of the neutron beam on the determination of a surface length scale {approximately}30 {mu}m was negligible compared to that of the instrument resolution. Although the structure of an optical grating used in this paper is simple, it has served to illustrate the simple relationship between the off-specular data structure and the real-space properties. For more general rough systems, a practical theoretical model will be needed to relate the off-specular data to the real-space roughness structure so that the diffusive data can be analyzed. Owing to the intrinsic complexity of diffuse scattering, the development of such a theoretical model will be a significant technical challenge, and its solution will constitute a major breakthrough in the development of the diffuse reflectivity technique for rough surface/interface characterization.
Conductivity tensor of anisotropic composite media from the microstructure

Perturbation expansions and rigorous bounds on the effective conductivity tensor σe of d‐dimensional anisotropic two‐phase composite media of arbitrary topology have recently been shown by the authors to depend upon the set of n‐point probability functions S(i)1,..., S(i)n. S(i)n gives the probability of simultaneously finding n points in phase i (i=1,2). Here we describe a means of representing these statistical quantities for distributions of identical, oriented inclusions of arbitrary shape. Our results are applied by computing second‐order perturbation expansions and bounds for a certain distribution of oriented cylinders with a finite aspect ratio. We examine both cases of conducting cylindrical inclusions in an insulating matrix and of insulating cracks or voids in a conducting matrix.
A Method of Providing Artificial Diets to Chrysopa Larvae

Droplets of artificial liquid diet each surrounded by a thin paraffin coating permitted lst-instar larvae of Chrysopa carnea Stephens (= plorabunda Fitch and californica Coquillett) to reach the adult stage during observational trials. The larval developmental period was slower than larvae reared on aphids, and the adults produced were smaller than aphid-fed larvae. Although still far from being a practical method of culturing Chrysopa larvae, the feeding response to the paraffin-covered droplets indicates that it is an effective method of providing artificial diets to predaceous larvae (Fig. 1).
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), or Lynch syndrome, is the most common form of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC). A well-orchestrated cancer family history is essential for its diagnosis since, unlike its familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) hereditary cancer counterpart, HNPCC lacks distinguishing clinical stigmata of its cancer genetic risk. Discoveries in the 1990s of germ-line mutations, the most common of which are hMSH2 and hMLH1, have added enormous power to the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome. Its medical management is contingent upon its natural history. For example, approximately 70% of CRCs occur proximal to the splenic flexure, with one-third of the cancers occurring in the cecum, thereby mandating full colonoscopy. A high rate of metachronous CRCs indicates the need for no less than a subtotal colectomy for the management of initial CRC. Genetic counseling is essential prior to DNA testing, and at the time of disclosure of the results. Education of patients as well as physicians about all facets of this disorder is extremely important. If patients are to show compliance with germ-line testing, screening, and management options, they must understand the natural history and the significance of their genetic risk status. Physicians must also be aware of clinical nuances of this disorder to provide the necessary care.
Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate and Potassium Chloride Drinking Water Supplementation. 1. Performance and Exterior Carcass Quality of Broilers Grown Under Thermoneutral or Cyclic Heat-Stress Conditions

Abstract Two broiler trials were conducted using two environmentally controlled chambers. From 4 to 8 wk of age in Trial 1, and from 5 to 8 wk of age in Trial 2, male broilers were grown under either constant environmental conditions [25 C, 50% relative humidity (RH)], or a daily cyclic heat stress period (4 h of 35 to 38 C, 40% RH). One of four water solutions was provided to each of 16 pens per chamber: 1) .5% NaHCO3; 2) .5% KCl; 3) .5% KCl and NaHCO3, or 4) an unsupplemented control of tap water. Seven-wk body weight, 8-wk weight, weight gain, water consumption, infected feather follicle score, prekill and carcass without giblets weight were all significantly (P
Magnetic resonance study of glycophorin A-containing 13C-enriched methionines.

Abstract Methionine-81 and/or -8 of the transmembrane sialoglycoprotein, glycophorin A, have been specifically alkylated with 13 CH 3 I to produce the sulfonium ion derivatives [ S -[ 13 C]methylmethionine-8]glycophorin A and [ S -[ 13 C]methylmethionine-8 and -81]glycophorin A. 13 C NMR spectra of these species show that the resonances of the methyl groups of the modified glycophorins occur at 26.1 ppm downfield from Me 4 Si. A spin-lattice relaxation time of 0.4 was observed for the 13 C-enriched methyl resonances of the sulfonium ion derivatives of Met-8 and -81, which corresponds to an effective correlation time of −10 s. Demethylation of the 2 glycophorin A sulfonium ion species with 2-mercaptoethanol produces native glycophorin A which now has the e-carbon of the methionine residue(s) 45% isotopically enriched. The e-carbon of Met-8 was found to occur at 15.7 ppm downfield from Me 4 Si whereas the e-carbon of Met-81 exhibited an unusual chemical shift of 2.0 ppm downfield from Me 4 Si. The spin-lattice relaxation time of both resonances was found to be ∼0.3 s.
OPIOIDS MODULATE PITUITARY RECEPTORS FOR GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE

The number of pituitary GnRH receptors (GnRH-BC) is stable throughout the day in ovariectomized-estradiol treated rats, but undergo an acute transient reduction prior to the afternoon gonadotropin surge. To investigate the mechanisms controlling GnRH-BC we studied the effects of opioid-active compounds in this model. Morphine, given at 1400h, abolished both the LH surge and the preceding fall in GnRH-BC. Morphine given at 0900h increased GnRH-BC 30 min later, and this effect was abolished by simultaneous administration of naloxone. Naloxone alone produced an acute transient fall in GnRH-BC of similar magnitude to that seen before the spontaneous LH surge. These data suggest that alterations in endogenous opioid activity can modulate GnRH receptors and may form part of the mechanisms which initiate the afternoon gonadotropin surge.
Robust adaptive dynamic programming for continuous-time linear stochastic systems

In this paper, a robust optimal control problem is investigated for continuous-time linear stochastic systems with dynamic uncertainties. A non-model based stochastic robust optimal control design methodology is employed to iteratively update the control policy online by directly using the online information. A robust adaptive dynamic programming (RADP) algorithm is developed, together with rigorous convergence and stability analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed method is also illustrated by an example of two connected inverted pendulums.
Contemporary and future studies in plant speciation, morphological/floral evolution and polyploidy: honouring the scientific contributions of Leslie D. Gottlieb to plant evolutionary biology.

This special commemorative issue is dedicated to the life and scientific contributions of Leslie D. Gottlieb. Dr Gottlieb's contributions to our understanding of plant evolution were many and varied, from which we selected some of the most influential to be included in this special issue honouring
Effect of basic site substituents on concerted proton-electron transfer in hydrogen-bonded pyridyl-phenols.

Separated concerted proton–electron transfer (sCPET) reactions of two series of phenols with pendent substituted pyridyl moieties are described. The pyridine is either attached directly to the phenol (HOAr-pyX) or connected through a methylene linker (HOArCH2pyX) (X = 4-NO2, 5-CF3, 4-CH3, and 4-NMe2). Electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents have a substantial effect on the chemical environment of the transferring proton, as indicated by IR and 1H NMR spectra, X-ray structures, and computational studies. One-electron oxidation of the phenols occurs concomitantly with proton transfer from the phenolic oxygen to the pyridyl nitrogen. The oxidation potentials vary linearly with the pKa of the free pyridine (pyX), with slopes slightly below the Nerstian value of 59 mV/pKa. For the HOArCH2pyX series, the rate constants ksCPET for oxidation by NAr3•+ or [Fe(diimine)3]3+ vary primarily with the thermodynamic driving force (ΔG°sCPET), whether ΔG° is changed by varying the potential of the oxidant or the su...
Histogenesis and dependent glutamine synthetase inducibility in embryonic neural retina. Irreversible inhibition of differentiation by 5-bromodeoxyuridine

Abstract Young, mitotically active neural retinas from 7-day chick embryos were cultured with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 8 hr or more. After this treatment, they failed to differentiate beyond the stage at which they were explanted; there was no histogenesis or increase in glutamine synthetase (GS) inducibility in intact tissues or in aggregates of dissociated cells. Normally GS can be induced in the retina with hydrocortisone as the cells cease to be mitotically active and begin showing histological organization after day 7. This inhibition by BrdU was irreversible even in the presence of excess thymidine. Overall incorporation of 14C-amino acids into protein was only slightly inhibited, and the ability of cells from treated tissue to aggregate and sort out from nonneural cell types was unaffected. Control cultures without BrdU showed considerable histogenesis and a parallel increase in enzyme inducibility. Postmitotic 10-day retinas appeared to be unaffected by BrdU. The incorporation rates of both tritiated BrdU and thymidine (dT) into DNA were 14× higher in 7- than in 10-day retinas. Simultaneous addition of excess unlabeled dT with either of the labeled nucleosides reduced their incorporation and reduced the inhibitory action of BrdU on differentiation. It is concluded that BrdU irreversibly inhibits the differentiation of retina cell surface properties involved in histogenesis and dependent cytodifferentiation without affecting already differentiated properties of the cell surface. The results support the hypothesis that histogenesis is directed by genes affecting specific cell surface properties.
Spectrometer Design For A Portable Wear Metal Analyzer

This paper discusses the design and manufacture of an optical system used in a portable wear metal analyzer (PWMA). The PWMA was developed for the United States Air Force to analyze used aircraft engine of for wear metal contents in the parts per million range. The PWMA uses the graphite furnace atomic absorption technique to detect nine wear metals simultaneously. The instrument has to perform in the field where environmental conditions are particularly challenging. The operating thermal environment spans 75 degrees C and the instrument must withstand a 30 g shock without degradation in performance afterwards. Weight and volume of this stand-alone analytical instrument are limited to what can be carried by one man.
Tocopherol succinate: a promising radiation countermeasure.

Abstract Vitamin E is composed of a family of eight isomers known as tocols; consisting of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols that exist in four isomeric forms: alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), and delta (δ). Earlier we have demonstrated the radioprotective efficacy of the succinate ester of α-tocopherol (α-tocopherol succinate, TS). CD2F1 mice were injected subcutaneously with 400 mg/kg of TS and irradiated with different doses of 60Co γ-radiation to determine its radioprotective efficacy. The dose reduction factor (DRF) for TS was also determined. We also investigated effects of TS on cytokine production by multiplex Luminex and message by quantitative RT-PCR. Peripheral blood cells were enumerated from irradiated (3 and 7 Gy) and non-irradiated mice. TS significantly protected mice against lethal doses of 60Co γ-radiation and the DRF was 1.28. TS stimulated granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) with a peak at 24 h after drug injection, and also stimulated G-CSF message as judged by RT-PCR in bone marrow cells at 12 and 24 h after injection. Further, pancytopenia studies revealed that TS significantly reduced thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and monocytopenia. TS had no significant effect on lymphocytes indicating that it may be helpful only for the myeloid cell compartments. The stimulation of G-CSF by TS supports its effects on myeloid cell compartments. Our studies indicate that TS may be developed as a radioprotectant for humans against the potentially lethal effects of radiation exposure.
Edward William Lane's “Description of Egypt”

Few Western students of the Arab world are as well known as the 19th-century British scholar Edward William Lane (1801–76). During his long career, Lane produced a number of highly influential works: An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (1836), a translation of The Thousand and One Nights (1839–41), Selections from the Ḳur-an (1843), and the Arabic–English Lexicon (1863–93). The Arabic–English Lexicon remains a pre-eminent work of its kind, and Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians is still a basic text for both Arab and Western students. Through his published work, Lane contributed substantially to the prevailing Western picture of the Arab world.