cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biogeochemical Stoichiometry Reveals P and N Limitation Across the Post-glacial Landscape of Denali National Park, Alaska

Global warming has accelerated glacial retreat in high-elevation and high-latitude ecosystems, exposing new terrain that can undergo predictable patterns of ecosystem succession, especially in coastal areas with relatively mild climates. However, little work has been done in harsher high-elevation and inland areas where the rate of plant and microbial succession may be greatly slowed by dryness and low temperatures. The present study is the first to address microbial succession at a major glacial foreland (the Middle Fork Toklat Glacier) in the interior of Alaska. We used a spatially nested sampling regime to reveal the landscape patterns in microbial activity and biogeochemical pools during the pre-plant stage of primary succession along this high-elevation and high-latitude chronosequence. Recently deglaciated soils (0–10 years) were colonized by a diverse microbial community that included many chemoautotrophs that likely subsist on high levels of un-weathered minerals (for example, pyrite) found at this site. Rates of N-fixation and extracellular enzyme activities were very low in the youngest soils sampled, but increased during the first 20 years of succession coinciding with a decrease in TOC and C:N levels. In older soils (20–54 years), TOC and TON increased and IN became undetectable perhaps indicating N limitation. Indicators of microbial activity stopped increasing 20 years post de-glaciation and remained at levels well below those seen at lower elevation and lower latitude sites, perhaps indicating severe nutrient limitations. Stoichiometric analyses also indicated phosphorus and nitrogen limitation across the entire chronosequence, with no indication of carbon limitation of microbial activity. These results indicate that nutrient limitation, rather than the constraints of a severe climate, may be the dominant factor slowing the rate of succession at high-latitude and high-altitude glacial forelands.
Luces y arquitectura en las iglesias coloniales de la Nueva España y del Perú

I present findings from study of Colonial Churches of New Spain and Peru that demonstrate the original architectects intent. The churchs were designed in such a manner that the play of lights, especially from dome windows, marked days of astronomical and ecclesiastical significance. General architectural orientations of churches varied with churchs in cities generally aligned to cardinal directions, especially east-west, while rural missions were often oriented towards solstices. City street plans often followed church orientations but not inevitably, and some Colonial city centers still reflect equinoctial or solsticial orientation. The knowledge of these phenomena was lost to present day clergy and laity until Ruben Mendoza rediscovered them in California missions (2005, 2009). This work extends the range of these phenomena from the Franciscan churches of California to the Dominican churches of Mexico, Franciscan churches of Texas, and Dominican churches of Peru. The work presented here shows the design of the Colonial churches causes them to produce beams of light whose path could mark the equinox, solstice, or cross-quarter day (the day midway between the two).
Bulky scalp melanoma with metastasis responding completely to ipilimumab.

A 69-year-old man noticed a ‘pimple’ on the scalp vertex for the first time about 4 months prior to presentation. The lesion was associated with itching, bleeding and an accelerated growth noticed by his wife. Examination demonstrated a 6×7 cm fungating mass with numerous satellite lesions measuring 3–5 mm and associated alopecia (figure 1A). Right occipital and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy was also noted. Biopsy of the lesion revealed BRAF (V600K) mutated malignant melanoma with ulceration, high mitotic index and vascular invasion. Systemic staging with positron emission tomography (PET) and CT scans detected an avid 6 mm right lung nodule and a 1.5 cm mass in the right lobe of the …
Combined 1H NMR and DFT study of the solvent effects on the iron pentacarbonyl-catalyzed photo-assisted isomerization of allyl alcohol

The relative rates of iron pentacarbonyl-catalyzed photo-induced isomerization of allyl alcohol to propanal in various solvents have been measured using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The reactions were run in linear and cyclic alkanes, alcohols, and amines in order to investigate solvent effects on the isomerization mechanism upon ultraviolet irradiation. The isomerization was efficient in nonane, hexane, cyclohexane, and benzene. The isomerization was very slow or completely suppressed in ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, triethylamine, and pyridine. Density functional theory calculations predicted thermodynamically favorable (ΔGo 0) formation in the hydrocarbon solvents. The strong solvent ligation likely prevents formation of Fe(CO)3●(η2-alkene) necessary for isomerization. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current Knowledge, Perceptions, and Interventions Used by Collegiate Coaches in the U.S. Regarding the Prevention and Treatment of the Female Athlete Triad

Background Coaches play an important role in the prevention of female athlete triad, but their current knowledge level, perceptions, and practice behaviors are not known.
Silver-Promoted Dehydroaromatization of Ethylene over ZSM-5 Catalysts

The shape selectivity of ZSM-5 (MFI type) catalysts is ideal for the production of C6–C8 aromatics. Developing high-performance zeolite catalysts with improved selectivity to aromatics, particularly from diversified (non-petroleum) feedstocks, has broad commercial appeal. Non-oxidative coupling (NOC) of ethylene was examined over Ag-ZSM-5 catalysts at 400 °C and shows that Ag+ sites promote dehydroaromatization with enhanced selectivity to toluene and xylenes. Metal exchange of H-ZSM-5 results in Ag zoning wherein Ag+ site density is higher on the exterior of ZSM-5 particles. Catalyst performance was characterized with varying Ag loading as well as the use of methane co-feed. Aromatic selectivity is about 60 % on Ag-ZSM-5 compared to 20 % on H-ZSM-5, which is qualitatively consistent with density functional theory (DFT) showing that ethylene forms strong complexes with Ag+ (Lewis acid) sites. DFT calculations also reveal that ethylene activation on H+ (Bronsted acid) sites is more energetically favorable, and likely constitutes the first mechanistic step in ethylene-to-liquids (ETL) reactions. Ag-ZSM-5 is thus identified as an effective catalyst for low-temperature ETL reactions that has the potential to outperform conventional metal-exchanged zeolites.
VALIDATION OF TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE SCORE FOR LONG-TERM OUTCOMES IN CONGENITAL HEART SURGERY: 10 YEAR FOLLOW-UP DATA

Background: Technical Performance Score (TPS), an echocardiographic/clinical based tool that measures residua after congenital cardiac surgery, has been associated with in hospital and midterm outcomes. We sought to validate the ability of TPS to predict long-term outcomes. Methods: We followed
Plasticity and Creep of Metals

(1962). Plasticity and Creep of Metals. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 212-212.
Estimating the Impacts of Bus Stops and Transit Signal Priority on Intersection Operations: Queuing and Variational Theory Approach:

Transit signal priority (TSP) can be used to improve bus operations at signalized intersections, often to the detriment of general car traffic. However, the impacts of TSP treatments applied to intersections with nearby bus stop locations are currently unknown. This paper quantifies changes in intersection capacity, car delay, and bus delay when priority is provided to buses that dwell at near- or farside bus stop locations through green extension or red truncation. Variational and kinematic wave theories are used to estimate car capacity and bus delay for oversaturated traffic conditions; queuing theory is used to estimate car and bus delays for undersaturated conditions. Numerical analyses are conducted to explore the impacts on various bus stop locations and bus dwell time durations. These results illustrate clear trade-offs between reduced bus delays and increased car delays or reduced intersection capacities that can be quantified with the proposed method. The results also reveal that the effects of ...
Water and Temperature Stresses Impact Canola (Brassica napus L.) Fatty Acid, Protein, and Yield over Nitrogen and Sulfur

Interactive effects of weather and soil nutrient status often control crop productivity. An experiment was conducted to determine effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizer rate, soil water, and atmospheric temperature on canola (Brassica napus L.) fatty acid (FA), total oil, protein, and grain yield. Nitrogen and sulfur were assessed in a 4-yr study with two locations, five N rates (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg ha–1), and two S rates (0 and 17 kg ha–1). Water and temperature were assessed using variability across 12 site-years of dryland canola production. Effects of N and S were inconsistent. Unsaturated FA, oleic acid, grain oil, protein, and theoretical maximum grain yield were highly related to water and temperature variability across the site-years. A nonlinear model identified water and temperature conditions that enabled production of maximum unsaturated FA content, oleic acid content, total oil, protein, and theoretical maximum grain yield. Water and temperature variability played a larger r...
The relationship between risk and homeland security financing: a survey of florida city managers and fire chiefs

Survey findings from Florida reveal that larger, higher risk communities perceive greater budgetary trade-offs, a view that supports in part the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s recently implemented strategy in distributing its grants. Per expectations, city managers with graduate education saw higher levels of readiness and lower threat risk than fire chiefs. Consistent with prior research, cities were reprogramming and using existing funds rather than new levies for homeland security initiatives. This finding was buttressed by results that recently enacted property tax limits and cuts in federal aid were seen as the greatest challenges to increased funding. Contrary to mainstream public administration writing, our respondents stated that restrained funding rather than intergovernmental coordination was the biggest issue they faced in meeting homeland security needs. Overall, our respondents saw a low risk of terror threat, a perception that may represent an accurate read of the operating environment or an implicit belief that higher levels of government will provide significant assistance in the event of a major terrorist attack or other conflagration.
Identification of chromatin-accessible domains in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-derived hepatocellular carcinoma.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming one of the major causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States and Western countries; however, the molecular mechanisms associated with NASH-related liver carcinogenesis are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated cancer-associated chromatin alterations using a model that resembles the development of NASH-related HCC in humans. An assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) identified 1677 tumor-specific chromatin-accessible regions in NASH-derived HCC tissue samples. Using a combined analysis of ATAC-seq and global gene expression data, we identified 199 differentially expressed genes, 139 up-regulated and 60 down-regulated. Interestingly, 15 of the 139 up-regulated genes had accessible chromatin sites within 5 Kb of the transcription start site (TSS), including Apoa4, Anxa2, Serpine1, Igfbp1, and Tubb2a, genes critically involved in the development of NASH and HCC. We demonstrate that the mechanism for the up-regulation of these genes is associated with the enrichment of chromatin-accessible regions by transcription factors, especially NFATC2, and histone H3K4me1 and H3K27ac gene transcription-activating marks. These data underline the important role of chromatin accessibility perturbations in reshaping of the chromatin landscape in NASH-related HCC.
Predictions of Laryngeal Realism for breathy-voiced stops: Counter-evidence from Bangla

The Laryngeal Realism (LR) framework (Honeybone 2005, Beckman et al. 2013) argues that the breathy-voiced stops in the four-way stop systems are specified for multiple features: [voice] and [spread glottis] ([sg]). As a diagnostic of the specified features, Beckman et al. (2013) proposed that the acoustic cues for a specified feature be longer in slower speech. While predictions of the LR framework have been tested on two- and three-way stop systems using this technique, there has not been much on the four-way stop systems. This study presents evidence from Bangla and argues that the predictions of the LR framework apply variably for the breathy-voiced stops; [sg] is found to be the stronger candidate as the specified feature than [voice]. In slower speech, the cue for the breathy voicing (the lag-time) lengthened in the breathy-voiced stops. Contrarily, the acoustic cue for the [voice] feature (the prevoicing) was not affected by speech rate. Mixed-effects models confirmed that the effect of speech rate ...
Adnexal Carcinoma: Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma and Sebaceous Carcinoma

Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) and sebaceous carcinoma (SC) are rare adnexal neoplasms. MAC most commonly presents as a poorly defined, firm, skin-colored papule, nodule, or plaque on the head and neck. Although locally destructive, MAC does not typically metastasize. Rates of misdiagnosis are high, due to incomplete, superficial sampling. Resection techniques with meticulous margin control, including Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), are recommended in the management of MAC.
Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges of Sighted Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder.

Study Objectives:To report the diagnostic and treatment challenges of sighted non–24-hour sleep-wake disorder (N24SWD).Methods:We report a series of seven sighted patients with N24SWD clinically ev...
Measurement of the asymmetry parameter for P 29 β decay

The asymmetry parameter for the ground state, mirror decay of polarized $^{29}\mathrm{P}$ has been measured. The $^{29}\mathrm{P}$ were produced with the $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$(d\ensuremath{\rightarrow},p) reaction, and the sample polarization was determined from a simultaneous measurement of the asymmetry for the pure Gamow-Teller transition to the first excited state in $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$ at 1.27 MeV. The result, ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.}$=0.681\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.086, is in good agreement with the V-A theory of nuclear \ensuremath{\beta} decay.
Dielectric Constant of Liquids (Fluids) Shown to be Simple Fundamental Relation of Density over Extreme Ranges from – 50o to + 600oC, Believed Universal

Examinations of past complex theoretical equations describing isothermal dielectric constants ([epsilon]) of liquids show that none describe experiments throughout and that only a two-constant equation of density is required. The dielectric susceptibility ([epsilon] – 1) as a simple exponential function of density is shown here to describe [epsilon] for both polar and non-polar organic liquids over all available experimental ranges from 0.50 to 1.2 g cm^-3^ and temperatures to 400^o^C. For water above 0.25 g cm^-3^, the equation describes the excellent dielectric-constant formulation of Fernandez, et al., (1997) throughout its experimental range [-35 to +600^o^C; to 1000 MPa (10000 Atm)] and even when diluted by "inert" solvents (Marshall, 2008). At lower densities at all temperatures, water susceptibilities converge to an even more simple unit proportionality to density below 0.003 g cm^-3^, not yet verified for organics without experiment. While the past Born, Tait, Clausius-Mossotti, and Owen-Brinkley theories describe [epsilon] equally well over a limited 10% change in density, all are shown to fail over greater ranges. The simple density relation presented here should be useful in clarifying and reducing complexity of theory applied to liquid structure.
Reconstructing the Organization of Neocortex of the First Mammals and Subsequent Modifications

This article presents an overview of the sizes and parts of brains of extant (living) mammals. It outlines some of the major ways in which neocortex can be modified in the course of evolution to accommodate the behavioral specializations of various mammals. The article addresses how neocortex in early mammals was probably organized, and the modifications that have occurred in some of the lines of descent. The implications of increasing the size of neocortex and cortical areas, something that has occurred repeatedly in cortical evolution, are briefly discussed. The implications of decreasing the size of the cortex from that of ancestors are also covered.
Fusion product momentum transfer to inertially confined plasma

The net radial momentum transfer to an inertially confined spherical plasma as a result of the slowing down of fusion product ions is calculated assuming a straight-line path for the charged partic...
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION : CAUSES, EVALUATION, AND MANAGEMENT

Abstract Chronic orthostatic hypotension is caused by a variety of disorders. Frequently patients withdraw from social interactions, are prone to adverse drug reactions and inappropriate diagnoses, and are bed-bound by the time of diagnosis. Applying basic principles of cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology usually permits these patients to lead active lives and to live longer. Much of the management is based on common sense and knowledge of the basic pathophysiology of the disorder and depends on thorough patient education and close monitoring of blood pressure in many of the activities of daily living.
Brain Responses to Anti-Smoking Health Warnings In Youth.

Adolescents and young adults are a critical target for smoking prevention efforts. Health education is a key approach to these efforts, yet little is known about how adolescents and young adults process health information. One novel approach to understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of cognitive processing of public health communications is to use neuroimaging techniques to map the brain regions involved and make inferences about the neural systems engaged in the processing of health information. We reviewed recent studies that employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the brain responses of adolescents and young adults to anti-smoking health messages and videos. This narrative literature review found that the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus were the brain regions most commonly engaged in response to health warnings. Developmental factors modulate the relationship between brain regions, regulated emotional reaction, and frontal regions that are responsible for decision making. Research that integrates neurophysiology and behavior to study adolescent and young adult neurocognitive responses to health messaging is an important tool for identifying optimal methods to communicate the health hazards of smoking with this vulnerable population.
The Invention of Celebrity. By Antoine Lilti. Translated by Lynn Jeffries. (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2017. Pp. xxvii, 340. $28.95.)

In this new book, the author, who has achieved great renown for his work on the Parisian salons in the Enlightenment, offers a fascinating take on the origins of the phenomenon of celebrity in the ...
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the epiglottis excised with a carbon dioxide laser: Case report and literature review

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a benign neoplasm of intermediate biologic potential. It rarely occurs in the larynx, and it has not been previously reported in the epiglottis. We treated a 66-year-old woman who presented with progressive dysphonia and a mass on her suprahyoid epiglottis. The tumor was completely excised with a CO2 laser; no adjuvant therapy was administered. Histopathology revealed that the mass was an IMT. No evidence of recurrence was noted after 6 months of follow-up. We present what we believe is the first case of an epiglottic IMT to be reported in the literature, and we propose CO2 laser excision without adjuvant therapy as an acceptable treatment.
Point-of-care Head and Neck Sonography for Clinical Problem-solving: Impact of One-day Training Sessions on Medical Student Education.

Introduction The curriculum for medical student education is continuously evolving to emphasize knowledge acquisition with critical problem-solving skills. Medical schools have started to implement curricula to teach point-of-care ultrasound skills. To our knowledge, the expansion into head and neck sonography for medical student education is novel and has never been studied. Our objective was to determine the feasibility of implementing point-of-care head and neck sonography and critical problem-solving instruction for medical student education. Methods This was a cross-sectional study enrolling third-year medical students with minimal prior ultrasound experience. A one-day educational curriculum focusing on the use of head and neck ultrasound for clinical problem-solving was integrated into one of the week-long intersessions. The components of point-of-care ultrasound workshop included asynchronous learning, one-hour didactic lecture, followed by a pre-test assessment, then a one-day hands-on workshop, and finally a post-test assessment administered at the end of the training session. Results A total of 123 subjects participated in this study. Ninety-one percent completed the questionnaire prior to the workshop and 83% completed the post-test questionnaire. The level of comfort with using an ultrasound system significantly increased from 31% to 92%. Additionally, the comfort level in interpreting ultrasound images also significantly increased from 21% to 84%. Eighty-nine percent (95% CI, 86%-97%) had an interest in learning ultrasound and would enroll in an optional ultrasound curriculum if given the opportunity. Knowledge of specific ultrasound applications also increased from 60% (after asynchronous learning and lectures) to 95% (after additional hands-on sonographic training). Conclusion At our institution, we successfully integrated point-of-care head and neck sonography and critical problem-solving instruction for medical student education.
Illuminating hotspots of imperiled aquatic biodiversity in the southeastern US

Abstract The southeastern United States is a global hotspot for aquatic biodiversity but has relatively little land under protection. To guide conservation investment in this region, we developed a prioritization of watersheds to highlight areas of exceptional conservation potential. Using range maps for 1043 fish, mussel, and crayfish species derived from museum and research collections as well as state natural heritage databases, we derived a conservation priority score for each watershed that incorporates biodiversity, endemism, and imperilment. The highest-scoring watersheds are primarily in the Middle Tennessee River and eastern Mobile River systems. On average, only 1.5% of the area of the top-scoring watersheds is currently protected. Further, average federal spending under the Endangered Species Act is 2.1–46.6 times greater on aquatic species found outside the region than on southeastern endemics. These results provide the foundation for systematic freshwater conservation planning in the Southeast and argue for increased investment in innovative preservation strategies in this globally significant region.
Breathing Easier: Discharging Hospitalized Asthma Patients on q3h Saba Treatments

Purpose/Objectives: In 2004, almost 200,000 children were hospitalized due to asthma in the United States, costing nearly $280 million.1-2 Rising health care costs have led to initiatives to improve discharge timeliness without compromising patient safety or increasing readmission rates. Typically, hospitalized asthma patients are considered medically ready for discharge when their short acting beta agonist (SABA) treatments are spaced to every four hours (Q4H) or longer. Though this was not specified in the 2007 NHLBI ASTHMA guidelines, it is common practice according …
Roles for Golgi Glycans in Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis

Glycosylation of proteins by N- and O-glycans or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mostly begins in the endoplasmic reticulum and is further orchestrated in the Golgi compartment via the action of >100 glycosyltransferases that reside in this complex organelle. The synthesis of glycolipids occurs in the Golgi, also by resident glycosyltransferases. A defect in the glycosylation machinery may impair the functions of glycoproteins and other glycosylated molecules, and lead to a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG). Spermatogenesis in the male and oogenesis in the female are tightly regulated differentiation events leading to the production of functional gametes. Insights into roles for glycans in gamete production have been obtained from mutant mice following deletion or inactivation of genes that encode a glycosylation activity. In this review, we will summarize the effects of altering the synthesis of N-glycans, O-glycans, proteoglycans, glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins, and glycolipids during gametogenesis in the mouse. Glycosylation genes whose deletion causes embryonic lethality have been investigated following conditional deletion using various Cre recombinase transgenes with a cell-type specific promoter. The potential effects of mutations in corresponding glycosylation genes of humans will be discussed in relation to consequences to fertility and potential for use in contraception.
Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Body Composition in Individuals with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Non-Randomized, Matched Before-After Study

A reciprocal relationship between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) likely exists, wherein obesity contributes to OSA, and OSA-related sleep disturbances promote weight gain. It remains unclear whether continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) affects body composition. We conducted an open-label, parallel-arm, non-randomized, matched before-after study in individuals with OSA who were starting CPAP use (n = 12) and who were not (n = 12) to examine the effects of CPAP on total body composition (via air displacement plethysmography) including fat and fat-free mass. CPAP users (n = 12) were studied at baseline and after 8 weeks of CPAP use, and 12 age- and sex-matched non-CPAP OSA controls were studied at baseline and after an 8 week period. Statistically significant group x time interactions were seen for body weight, fat-free mass, and fat-mass, such that body weight and fat-free mass were increased, and fat mass decreased, at 8-week follow-up in the CPAP group compared to baseline. Body weight and body composition measures were unchanged in the non-CPAP control group. These findings are consistent with prior studies showing CPAP-induced weight gain, and suggest that weight gain observed following CPAP may be driven primarily by increases in fat-free mass. An increase in lean mass (and decrease in fat mass), despite an overall increase in body weight, can be considered a favorable metabolic outcome in response to CPAP use.
Convergence & rates for Hamilton-Jacobi equations with Kirchoff junction conditions

We investigate rates of convergence for two approximation schemes of time-independent and time-dependent Hamilton–Jacobi equations with Kirchoff junction conditions. We analyze the vanishing viscosity limit and monotone finite-difference schemes. Following recent work of Lions and Souganidis, we impose no convexity assumptions on the Hamiltonians. For stationary Hamilton–Jacobi equations, we obtain the classical $$\epsilon ^{\frac{1}{2}}$$ rate, while we obtain an $$\epsilon ^{\frac{1}{7}}$$ rate for approximations of the Cauchy problem. In addition, we present a number of new techniques of independent interest, including a quantified comparison proof for the Cauchy problem and an equivalent definition of the Kirchoff junction condition.
Survival of Older Adults With Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Effect of Using Multiagent Versus Single-agent Chemotherapy.

Abstract Background Controversy exists regarding the optimal chemotherapy regimen for older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients and Methods We analyzed data from the US National Cancer Data Base of 25,621 patients aged 60 to 79 years, with a diagnosis of AML from 2004 to 2014, who had received single-agent versus multiagent chemotherapy. A Cox proportional hazard model was used for overall survival (OS) analysis for the entire study cohort and separately for patients who had received single-agent (n = 6743) versus multiagent (n = 6743) chemotherapy, matched for age, Charlson comorbidity index, and AML subtype. Results The use of multiagent chemotherapy was high overall (70%) but declined with factors, such as increasing age, Charlson comorbidity index, AML subtype other than good risk, academic center, lower rate of high school graduation, and more recent year of diagnosis. Patients treated with multiagent chemotherapy had greater 1-year OS (43% vs. 28%), especially for patients aged 60 to 69 years and those with good-risk AML or Charlson comorbidity index of 0 to 1. OS (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.28-1.36) remained more favorable for the multiagent chemotherapy group on multivariable analysis. This was confirmed in a matched cohort analysis. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest real-world study that has demonstrated an association between factors such as age, comorbidity, and AML subtype and the use of multiagent chemotherapy. The use of multiagent chemotherapy was associated with improved OS, especially for patients aged
Tailoring Electronic and Optical Properties of MXenes through Forming Solid Solutions.

Alloying is a long-established strategy to tailor properties of metals for specific applications, thus retaining or enhancing the principal elemental characteristics while offering additional functionality from the added elements. We propose a similar approach to the control of properties of two-dimensional transition metal carbides known as MXenes. MXenes (Mn+1Xn) have two sites for compositional variation: elemental substitution on both the metal (M) and carbon/nitrogen (X) sites presents promising routes for tailoring the chemical, optical, electronic, or mechanical properties of MXenes. Herein, we systematically investigated three interrelated binary solid-solution MXene systems based on Ti, Nb, and/or V at the M-site in a M2XTx structure (Ti2-yNbyCTx, Ti2-yVyCTx, and V2-yNbyCTx, where Tx stands for surface terminations) showing the evolution of electronic and optical properties as a function of composition. All three MXene systems show unlimited solubility and random distribution of metal elements in the metal sublattice. Optically, the MXene systems are tailorable in a nonlinear fashion, with absorption peaks from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelength. The macroscopic electrical conductivity of solid solution MXenes can be controllably varied over 3 orders of magnitude at room temperature and 6 orders of magnitude from 10 to 300 K. This work greatly increases the number of nonstoichiometric MXenes reported to date and opens avenues for controlling physical properties of different MXenes with a limitless number of compositions possible through M-site solid solutions.
Topology Optimization of Microchannel Heat Sinks using a Homogenization Approach

Abstract Topology optimization for heat sink devices typically relies on penalization methods to ensure the final designs are composed of strictly solid or open regions. In this work, we formulate a homogenization approach wherein the partial densities are physically represented as porous microstructures. This formulation allows design of thermal management components that have sub-grid features and leverages additive manufacturing techniques that can produce such partially porous regions within the build volume. Topology optimization of a liquid-cooled microchannel heat sink is presented for a hotspot over a uniform background heat input. The partial densities are represented as arrays of pin fins with varying gap sizes to achieve sub-grid-resolution features. To this end, the pin fins are modeled as a porous medium with volume-averaged effective properties. Height-averaged two-dimensional flow and non-equilibrium thermal models for porous media are developed for transport in the pin fin array. Through multi-objective optimization, the hydraulic and the thermal performance of the topologically optimized designs is investigated. The pin fin thickness is chosen based on the minimum reliable printing feature size of state-of-the-art direct metal laser sintering machines, and the gap sizes between the pin fins are optimized. The resulting topologies have porous-membrane-like designs where the liquid is transported through a fractal network of open, low-hydraulic-resistance manifold pathways and then forced across tightly spaced arrays of pin fins for effective heat transfer. The effects of the grid resolution and the initial design guess on the resulting topologies and performances are reported. The topologically optimized designs are revealed to offer significant performance improvements relative to the benchmark, a straight microchannel heat sink with features optimized under the same multi-objective cost function. The work demonstrates that representing partial densities as porous microstructures results in nearly resolution-independent performance at sufficiently-small grid sizes through the use of sub-grid features.
Design of one-dimensional acoustic metamaterials using machine learning and cell concatenation

Metamaterial systems have opened new, unexpected, and exciting paths for the design of acoustic devices that only few years ago were considered completely out of reach. However, the development of an efficient design methodology still remains challenging due to highly intensive search in the design space required by the conventional optimization-based approaches. To address this issue, this study develops two machine learning (ML)-based approaches for the design of one-dimensional periodic and non-periodic metamaterial systems. For periodic metamaterials, a reinforcement learning (RL)-based approach is proposed to design a metamaterial that can achieve user-defined frequency band gaps. This RL-based approach surpasses conventional optimization-based methods in the reduction of computation cost when a near-optimal solution is acceptable. Leveraging the capability of exploration in RL, the proposed approach does not require any training datasets generation and therefore can be deployed for online metamaterial design. For non-periodic metamaterials, a neural network (NN)-based approach capable of learning the behavior of individual material units is presented. By assembling the NN representation of individual material units, a surrogate model of the whole metamaterial is employed to determine the properties of the resulting assembly. Interestingly, the proposed approach is capable of modeling different metamaterial assemblies satisfying user-defined properties while requiring only a one-time network training procedure. Also, the NN-based approach does not need a pre-defined number of material unit cells, and it works when the physical model of the unit cell is not well understood, or the situation where only the sensor measurements of the unit cell are available. The robustness of the proposed two approaches is validated through numerical simulations and design examples.
Performed Cuteness: The Mediatization of Taiwanese Mandarin

This chapter examines the changing perceptions of gangtaiqiang (i.e., mediatized Taiwanese Mandarin) among Chinese mainlanders and how televised media contribute to the formation of language ideology. This chapter shows that televised media play a role in reinforcing the socio-semiotic link between ideologies and linguistic practice. Gangtai qiang is traditionally associated with chic, urban television celebrities and young cosmopolitan types. However, the results of an online survey measuring language attitudes towards televised gangtai qiang among young mainlanders indicate that the social prestige of gangtai qiang may be waning for this demographic. Gangtai qiang is now perceived by many millennials on the mainland as gentle, pretentious and emasculated. The changing attitude among millennials on the Chinese mainland towards gangtai qiang can be ascribed in part to (1) social and economic changes on the mainland and (2) the way Taiwanese Mandarin is stylized in televised media.
Spectral decomposition of remote sensing reflectance variance due to the spatial variability from ocean color and high-resolution satellite sensors

The variability of the remote sensing reflectance, Rrs, now routinely retrieved from ocean color (OC) and high spatial resolution sensors, is often used to characterize water variability due to changes in inherent optical properties of the water body. At the same time, Rrs is partially variable because of uncertainties in its retrieval in the process of atmospheric correction. Using data from SNPP-VIIRS and Landsat-8 OLI sensors, the contribution of the main components to the variance of Rrs due to its spatial variability is determined based on a model in which variances were considered proportional to the mean values of the corresponding components. It is shown that there is practically no spatial variability in the open ocean waters and water variability is proportional to the spatial resolution of the sensor in coastal waters. Variances due to surface effects, inaccuracies of aerosol models, and sunglint can contribute significantly to Rrs variance, which characterizes Rrs spatial variability, with variances due to the water variability itself often being significantly smaller.
Multi-ancestral origin of intestinal tumors: Impact on growth, progression, and drug efficacy.

Background Data are steadily accruing that demonstrate that intestinal tumors are frequently derived from multiple founding cells, resulting in tumors comprised of distinct ancestral clones that might cooperate or alternatively compete, thereby potentially impacting different phases of the disease process. Aim We sought to determine whether tumors with a multi-ancestral architecture involving at least two distinct clones show increased tumor number, growth, progression, or resistance to drug intervention. Methods Mice carrying the Min allele of Apc were generated that were mosaic with only a subset of cells in the intestinal epithelium expressing an activated form of PI3K, a key regulatory kinase affecting several important cellular processes. These cells were identifiable as they fluoresced green, whereas all other cells fluoresced red. Results Cell lineage tracing revealed that many intestinal tumors from our mouse model were derived from at least two founding cells, those expressing the activated PI3K (green) and those which did not (red). Heterotypic tumors with a multi-ancestral architecture as evidenced by a mixture of green and red cells exhibited increased tumor growth and invasiveness. Clonal architecture also had an impact on tumor response to low-dose aspirin. Aspirin treatment resulted in a greater reduction of heterotypic tumors derived from multiple founding cells as compared to tumors derived from a single founding cell. Conclusion These data indicate that genetically distinct tumor-founding cells can contribute to early intratumoral heterogeneity. The coevolution of the founding cells and their progeny enhances colon tumor progression and impacts the response to aspirin. These findings are important to a more complete understanding of tumorigenesis with consequences for several distinct models of tumor evolution. They also have practical implications to the clinic. Mouse models with heterogenous tumors are likely better for predicting drug efficacy as compared to models in which the tumors are highly homogeneous. Moreover, understanding how interactions among different populations in a single heterotypic tumor with a multi-ancestral architecture impact response to a single agent and combination therapies are necessary to fully develop personalized medicine.
Germany in transit : nation and migration, 1955-2005

List of Documents List of Illustrations Preface List of Abbreviations Introduction: A German Dream? 1. Working Guests: Gastarbeiter and Green Card Holders 2. Our Socialist Friends: Foreigners in East Germany 3. Is the Boat Full? Xenophobia, Racism, and Violence 4. What Is a German? Legislating National Identity 5. Religion and Diaspora: Muslims, Jews, and Christians 6. Promoting Diversity: Institutions of Multiculturalism 7. An Immigration Country? The Limits of Culture 8. Living in Two Worlds? Domestic Space, Family, and Community 9. Writing Back: Literature and Multilingualism 10. A Turkish Germany: Film, Music, and Everyday Life Epilogue: Global Already? Chronology Glossary Bibliography Filmography Internet Resources List of Credits Index
Dopamine D2 mechanisms in canine narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by abnormal manifestations of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness. Using a canine model of the disease, we found that central D2 antagonists suppressed cataplexy, a form of REM-sleep atonia occurring in narcolepsy, whereas this symptom was aggravated by D2 agonists. The effect on cataplexy was stereospecific for the S(-) enantiomer of sulpiride (a D2 antagonist) and the R(+) enantiomer of 3-PPP (a D2 agonist). There was also a significant correlation between the in vivo pharmacological potency and in vitro drug affinity for D2 receptors (but not for D1 and alpha 2 receptors) among the seven central D2 antagonists tested. Selective D1 compounds were also tested; however, the results were inconsistent because both antagonists and agonists generally suppressed cataplexy. Our current results demonstrate that central D2-type receptors are critically involved in the control of cataplexy and REM sleep. Furthermore, the finding that small doses of D2 antagonists suppressed cataplexy and induced behavioral excitation, while small doses of D2 agonists aggravated cataplexy and induced sedation, suggests that this effect is mediated presynaptically. However, considering the fact that selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors did not modify cataplexy and that our previous pharmacological results demonstrated a preferential involvement of the noradrenergic system in the control of cataplexy, we believe that the effect of D2 compounds on cataplexy is mediated secondarily via the noradrenergic systems.
SPD-2/CEP192 and CDK Are Limiting for Microtubule-Organizing Center Function at the Centrosome

The centrosome acts as the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) during mitosis in animal cells. Microtubules are nucleated and anchored by γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs) embedded within the centrosome's pericentriolar material (PCM). The PCM is required for the localization of γ-TuRCs, and both are steadily recruited to the centrosome, culminating in a peak in MTOC function in metaphase. In differentiated cells, the centrosome is often attenuated as an MTOC and MTOC function is reassigned to non-centrosomal sites such as the apical membrane in epithelial cells, the nuclear envelope in skeletal muscle, and down the lengths of axons and dendrites in neurons. Hyperactive MTOC function at the centrosome is associated with epithelial cancers and with invasive behavior in tumor cells. Little is known about the mechanisms that limit MTOC activation at the centrosome. Here, we find that MTOC function at the centrosome is completely inactivated during cell differentiation in C. elegans embryonic intestinal cells and MTOC function is reassigned to the apical membrane. In cells that divide after differentiation, the cellular MTOC state switches between the membrane and the centrosome. Using cell fusion experiments in live embryos, we find that the centrosome MTOC state is dominant and that the inactive MTOC state of the centrosome is malleable; fusion of a mitotic cell to a differentiated or interphase cell results in rapid reactivation of the centrosome MTOC. We show that conversion of MTOC state involves the conserved centrosome protein SPD-2/CEP192 and CDK activity from the mitotic cell.
Interrater agreement of anal cytology.

BACKGROUND: The majority of anal cancers are caused by persistent infections with carcinogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV). Similar to cervical carcinogenesis, the progression from HPV infection to anal cancer occurs through precancerous lesions that can be treated to prevent invasion. In analogy to cervical cytology, anal cytology has been proposed as a screening tool for anal cancer precursors in high-risk populations. METHODS: The authors analyzed the interobserver reproducibility of anal cytology in a population of 363 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Liquid-based cytology (LBC) specimens were collected in the anal dysplasia clinic before the performance of high-resolution anoscopy on all patients. Papanicolaou-stained LBC slides were evaluated by 2 cytopathologists, each of whom was blinded to the clinical outcome and the other pathologist's results, using the revised Bethesda terminology. RESULTS: Overall agreement between the 2 observers was 66% (kappa, 0.54; linear-weighted kappa, 0.69). Using dichotomizing cytology results (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASC-US] or worse vs less than ASC-US), the agreement increased to 86% (kappa, 0.69). An increasing likelihood of testing positive for markers associated with HPV-related transformation, p16/Ki-67, and HPV oncogene messenger RNA was observed, with increasing severity of cytology results noted both for individual cytologists and for consensus cytology interpretation (P value for trend [ptrend] < .0001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate to good agreement was observed between 2 cytopathologists evaluating anal cytology samples collected from HIV-positive MSM. A higher severity of anal cytology was associated with biomarkers of anal precancerous lesions. Anal cytology may be used for anal cancer screening in high-risk populations, and biomarkers of HPV-related transformation can serve as quality control for anal cytology. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013. Published 2012 by the American Cancer Society.
Use of a single procedure for selective enrichment, isolation, and identification of plasmid-bearing virulent Yersinia enterocolitica of various serotypes from pork samples

Many selective enrichment methods for the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from foods have been described. However, no single isolation procedure has been described for the recovery and identification of various plasmid-bearing serotypes. A single improved procedure for selective enrichment, isolation, identification, and maintenance of plasmid-bearing virulent serotypes of Y. enterocolitica from pork samples was developed. Enrichment at 12 degrees C in Trypticase soy broth containing yeast extract, bile salts, and Irgasan was found to be an efficient medium for the recovery of plasmid-bearing virulent strains of Y. enterocolitica representing O:3; O:8; O:TACOMA; O:5, O:27; and O:13 serotypes. MacConkey agar proved to be a reliable medium for the isolation of presumptive colonies, which were subsequently confirmed as plasmid-bearing virulent strains by Congo red binding and low calcium response. Further confirmation by multiplex PCR employed primers directed at the chromosomal ail and plasmid-borne virF genes, which are present only in pathogenic strains. The method was applied to pig slaughterhouse samples and was effective in isolating plasmid-bearing virulent strains of Y. enterocolitica from naturally contaminated porcine tongues. Strains isolated from ground pork and tongue expressed plasmid-associated phenotypes and mouse pathogenicity.