cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deriving chemical trends from thermal infrared spectra of weathered basalt: Implications for remotely determining chemical trends on Mars

Abstract Variations in chemical composition over a planetary surface can be used to study petrologic and aqueous alteration processes. The desire for such data on Mars has prompted investigators to derive chemistry from models of Thermal Emission Spectrometer data. Although chemistry derived from thermal infrared spectral models is reportedly reliable for unaltered igneous rocks, the martian surface has experienced chemical weathering, which can adversely affect models. Here, we examine weathered basalts from Baynton, Australia, for which chemical weathering trends have been previously characterized, to test how well chemistry and chemical trends can be determined from TIR spectra of weathered rocks. The mineralogy of variably weathered rocks was derived from TIR spectra by linear mixing, and major-element chemistry was calculated from those mineral models. Derived chemistries and trends were compared to those measured by X-ray fluorescence. TIR spectroscopy is sensitive to weathering products in weathering rinds because the products are present in a coating geometry, making it a useful technique for remotely detecting weathered surfaces on planetary surfaces such as Mars. This sensitivity results in significant modeled abundances of weathering products (>80% of all phases) from TIR spectra of weathered Baynton surfaces, despite evidence from microscopy and X-ray diffraction showing that igneous minerals dominate the weathering rind. Measured chemical weathering trends show loss of MgO, CaO, Na 2 O, and K 2 O and relative enrichment in Al 2 O 3 and FeO T . The modeled trends are similar to the measured trends, but a closer look at the modeled oxide abundances demonstrates that most oxides (i.e., alkalis, SiO 2 , and FeO T ) are not well modeled, especially for weathered surfaces. The reasons for this are: (1) non-linear mixing and the presence of secondary coatings causes the overestimation of secondary phases in spectral models, and (2) spectral libraries generally lack poorly crystalline and amorphous secondary phases that are common in weathering rinds so that crystalline phases such as phyllosilicates are selected. The martian surface has likely been weathered less pervasively than the Baynton rocks and, therefore, weathering products may be dominated by poorly crystalline and amorphous phases, rather than crystalline phyllosilicates. Adding these phases to spectral libraries could improve bulk chemistry derived from the martian surface; however, if the secondary phases are present in a coating geometry, the derived chemistry will reflect the composition of the coating, and it may be difficult to infer the chemistry of the parent rock.
Snow/Cloud Discrimination with Multispectral Satellite Measurements

Abstract An algorithm is developed and evaluated for discriminating between clouds, snow-covered land and snow-free land in satellite image data. The multispectral technique uses daytime images of NOAA AVHRR channels 1 (0.63 μm), 3 (3.7 μm), and 4 (11.0 μm). Reflectance is derived for channel 3 by using the channel 4 emission temperature to estimate and remove the channel 3 thermal emission. Separation of clouds from snow and land is based primarily on the derived channel 3 reflectance. Observed reflectance in channel 3 is 0.02 to 0.04 for snow, 0.03 to 0.10 for land, 0.02 to 0.27 for ice clouds and 0.08 to 0.36 for liquid clouds. These ranges overlap for thin cirrus and snow, so the routine attempts analysis of cirrus based on differences in transmission between channels 3 and 4. Six case were analyzed and the total cloud cover was verified against a total of 110 surface observations in the standard categories of clear, scattered, broken and overcast. One of the cases is presented in detail to illustrate...
Electrical and Optical Activation of Mesoscale Neural Circuits with Implications for Coding.

Artificial activation of neural circuitry through electrical microstimulation and optogenetic techniques is important for both scientific discovery of circuit function and for engineered approaches to alleviate various disorders of the nervous system. However, evidence suggests that neural activity generated by artificial stimuli differs dramatically from normal circuit function, in terms of both the local neuronal population activity at the site of activation and the propagation to downstream brain structures. The precise nature of these differences and the implications for information processing remain unknown. Here, we used voltage-sensitive dye imaging of primary somatosensory cortex in the anesthetized rat in response to deflections of the facial vibrissae and electrical or optogenetic stimulation of thalamic neurons that project directly to the somatosensory cortex. Although the different inputs produced responses that were similar in terms of the average cortical activation, the variability of the cortical response was strikingly different for artificial versus sensory inputs. Furthermore, electrical microstimulation resulted in highly unnatural spatial activation of cortex, whereas optical input resulted in spatial cortical activation that was similar to that induced by sensory inputs. A thalamocortical network model suggested that observed differences could be explained by differences in the way in which artificial and natural inputs modulate the magnitude and synchrony of population activity. Finally, the variability structure in the response for each case strongly influenced the optimal inputs for driving the pathway from the perspective of an ideal observer of cortical activation when considered in the context of information transmission. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Artificial activation of neural circuitry through electrical microstimulation and optogenetic techniques is important for both scientific discovery and clinical translation. However, neural activity generated by these artificial means differs dramatically from normal circuit function, both locally and in the propagation to downstream brain structures. The precise nature of these differences and the implications for information processing remain unknown. The significance of this work is in quantifying the differences, elucidating likely mechanisms underlying the differences, and determining the implications for information processing.
Synthesis of Neurotrophic Seco-prezizaane Sesquiterpenes (1R,10S)-2-Oxo-3,4-dehydroneomajucin, (2S)-Hydroxy-3,4-dehydroneomajucin, and (−)-Jiadifenin

An asymmetric approach to the synthesis of neurotrophic seco-prezizaane sesquiterpenes is described that is based on the strategic application of a hydroxyl-directed metallacycle-mediated [2 + 2 + 2] annulation and an intramolecular radical cyclization cascade. Targets prepared are among the most potent members of the natural product class and include (1R,10S)-2-oxo-3,4-dehydroneomajucin, (2S)-hydroxy-3,4-dehydroneomajucin, and (−)-jiadifenin. In addition to representing the first application of the alkoxide-directed metallacycle-mediated hydrindane-forming annulation reaction in natural product synthesis and the first total synthesis of (2S)-hydroxy-3,4-dehydroneomajucin, these pursuits have resulted in the elucidation of a complex radical cascade process for installation of the C5 quaternary center common to the natural product class.
Multitouch Tables for Collaborative Object-Based Learning

Multitouch technology on tabletop displays allows children to interact with digital objects in collaborative activities. This paper explores both evolutions in hardware and opportunities in software toward supporting the engagement of children, with consideration of impact on user interfaces. We outline a demonstration of our Multitouch Education Table (MET), a portable hardware system and virtual card game suite targeted for use by elementary school students.
Large-Deflection Spatial Buckling of Thin-Walled Beams and Frames

The potential energy expression and the (14 by 14) stiffness matrix of a straight thin-walled beam element of open asymmetric cross section, subjected to initial axial force, initial bending moments, and initial bimoment, are derived. The transformation matrix relating the forces and displacements (including bimoment and warping parameter) at the adjacent end cross section of two elements meeting at an angle is deduced as the limiting case of a transfer matrix of a curved beam. To cope with asymmetric cross sections, some element displacements and forces are referred to the shear center and others to the cross-sectional centroid and the matrix for transformation from shear center to centroid is set up. The incremental larger-displacement analysis is formulated using the Eulerian coordinate approach with updating of the local coordinate systems at each load increment. The deformed beams are imagined to be composed of straight elements. Results of lateral post-buckling analysis of various beams are presented.
Medication therapy for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with lower risk of fracture: a retrospective cohort study

Summary The impact of pharmacotherapy for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder on fracture risk has not been well studied. In this retrospective cohort study, medication therapy was associated with lower fracture incidence. Further studies are needed to better characterize the short-term and long-term effects of these medications on bone health and fracture risk.
Panguite, (Ti4+,Sc,Al,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O3, a new ultra-refractory titania mineral from the Allende meteorite: Synchrotron micro-diffraction and EBSD

Panguite (IMA 2010-057), (Ti^(4+),Sc,Al,Mg,Zr,Ca)_(1.8)O_3, is a new titania, occurring as fine-grained crystals with Ti-rich davisite in an ultra-refractory inclusion within an amoeboid olivine inclusion from the Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrite. The phase was characterized by SEM, EBSD, synchrotron micro-diffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and EPMA. The mean chemical composition of the type panguite is (wt%) TiO_2 47.97, ZrO_2 14.61, Sc_2O_3 10.67, Al_2O_3 7.58, MgO 5.54, Y_2O_3 5.38, CaO 3.34, SiO_2 1.89, FeO 1.81, V2O_3 0.95, Cr_2O_3 0.54, HfO_2 0.28, sum 100.56 with a corresponding empirical formula calculated on the basis of 3 O atoms of [(Ti_(0.79)Zr_(0.16)Si_(0.04))^(4+)>_(Σ0.99)(Sc_(0.20)Al_(0.20)Y_(0.06)V_(0.02)Cr_(0.01))^(3+)_(Σ0.49) (Mg_(0.18)Ca_(0.08)Fe_(0.03))^(2+)_(Σ0.29)]_(Σ1.77)O_3. Synchrotron micro-Laue diffraction (i.e., an energy scan by a high-flux X‑ray monochromatic beam and white beam diffraction) on one type domain at sub-micrometer resolution revealed that panguite is an orthorhombic mineral in space group Pbca. The structure is a subgroup of the Ia3 bixbyite-type. The cell parameters are a = 9.781(1), b = 9.778(2), and c = 9.815(1) A, yielding V = 938.7(1) A^3, Z = 16, and a calculated density of 3.746 g/cm^3. Panguite is not only a new mineral, but also a new titania material, likely formed by condensation. It is one of the oldest minerals in the solar system.
THE EFFECTIVE SIZE OF A HIERARCHICALLY STRUCTURED POPULATION.

A knowledge of the effective size of a population (Ne ) is important in understanding its current and future evolutionary potential. Unfortunately, the effective size of a hierarchically structured population is not, in general, equal to the sum of its parts. In particular, the inbreeding structure has a major influence on Ne . Here I link Ne to Wright's hierarchical measures of inbreeding, FIS and FST , for an island-structured population (or metapopulation) of size NT . The influence of FST depends strongly on the degree to which island productivity is regulated. In the absence of local regulation (the interdemic model), interdemic genetic drift reduces Ne . When such drift is combined with local inbreeding under otherwise ideal conditions, the effects of FIS and FST are identical: increasing inbreeding either within or between islands reduces Ne , with Ne = NT /[(1 + FIS )(1 + FST ) - 2FIS FST ]. However, if islands are all equally productive because of local density regulation (the traditional island model), then Ne = NT /[(1 + FIS )(1 -FST )] and the effect of FST is reversed. Under the interdemic model, random variation in the habitat quality (and hence productivity) of islands act to markedly decrease Ne . This variation has no effect under the island model because, by definition, all islands are equally productive. Even when no permanent island structure exists, spatial differences in habitat quality can significantly increase the overall variance in reproductive success of both males and females and hence lower Ne . Each of these basic results holds when other nonideal factors are added to the model. These factors, deviations from a 1:1 sex ratio, greater than Poisson variance in female reproductive success, and variation in male mating success due to polygynous mating systems, all act to lower Ne . The effects of male and female variance on Ne have important differences because only females affect island productivity. Finally, it is noted that to use these relationships, FIS and FST must be estimated according to Wright's definition (and corrected to have a zero expectation under the null model). A commonly used partitioning (θ, θg ) can be biased if either island size or the number of islands is small.
Aquatic Midge Larvicides, Their Efficacy and Residues in Water, Soil, and Fish in a Warm-Water Lake

To study the efficacy of chemical larvicides; several materials were evaluated in two warm-water southern California artificial lakes, (Lake Calabasas and Westlake) and the residues of an effective larvicide (chlorpyrifos) in various components of one of the lakes were investigated. Abate® ( O,O' -(thiodi- p -phenylene) O,O,O',O' -tetramethyl phosphorothioate) gave excellent control of Chironomine midges ( Chironomus and Dicrotendipes spp.) but only mediocre or poor control of the smaller Tanypodine midges ( Cricotopus and Tanypus spp.). Carbaryl yielded poor control of both groups, and fenitrothion yielded good control of both groups at a higher rate of application. Chlorpyrifos gave excellent control of both groups of midges. It was more effective against the Chironomine larvae. This material at 0.2 lb active ingredients per acresurface yielded complete control of Chironomine midges for 12 weeks or longer, but suppressed the Tanypodine larvae for only 7–8 weeks. Residues of chlorpyrifos (used as 2% granules) were generally higher in the bottom water, even though maximum residues in both layers reached 0.6 ppb. Residues were much higher in the mud, reaching a mean maximum of 0.3 parts per million in the top 1-inch section of mud samples, but only traces were found in the remaining section of the mud. Maximum residues in water were obtained one day after treatment, declining to below 0.1 ppb within 4 weeks after treatment. The maximum residues in the mud were obtained one week after treatment, declining to below 0.1 ppm in 28 days. Slightly higher levels of residues were found in water and mud when the whole lake was treated. Bottom-dwelling and -frequenting fish, such as channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque) and, to some extent, black crappie ( Pomoxis nigromaculatus LeSueur), contained much higher quantities of chlorpyrifos than the nonbottom dwelling fish such as largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides Lacepede) and bluegill ( Lepomis microchirus Rafinesque). Mean maximum residues in channel catfish and black crappie were 0.8 and 0.5 ppm after 3 and 2 weeks posttreatment, respectively, declining to barely detectable levels 25 days after treatment. The residues in largemouth bass and bluegill were minimal, with maximum approaching 0.2 ppm but remaining 0.1 or below this level most of the time.
Facilitating Single-Transverse-Mode Lasing in VCSELs via Patterned Dielectric Anti-Phase Filters

A novel method to achieve single-fundamental-mode lasing and higher order mode suppression using a multi-layer, patterned, dielectric anti-phase filter is employed on the top of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). Dielectric layers are deposited and patterned on individual VCSELs in a wafer-scale process to modify (increase/decrease) the mirror reflectivity across the oxide aperture via anti-phase reflections, creating spatially dependent threshold material gain and VCSEL lasing-mode control. A 1-D plane-wave propagation method is used to calculate the dielectric layer thicknesses in each spatial region needed to facilitate or suppress lasing. A single-fundamental-mode, continuous-wave output power of 3.5 mW is achieved at a lasing wavelength of 850 nm. This additive, non-destructive method allows for mode selection at any lasing wavelength and for any VCSEL layer structure without the need for destructive etching techniques or epitaxial regrowth. It also offers the capability of a tailored filter design based on available materials and deposition methods.
Comparing Rates of High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (HSIL) in Patients Complying With a Cervical Cancer Screening Algorithm Versus Those who Fail to Comply Shows Significant Results

At Denver Health and Hospital Authority (DHHA) all female patients between the ages of 21 and 65 years are screened according to the clinical care guideline/algorithm for cervical cancer screening adopted by the medical staff using recommendations from American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP), …
A comparison of curosurf and calsurf on preterm infants respiratory distress syndrome

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of two natural surfactants(curosurf and calsurf) on the treatment of preterm infants respiratory distress syndrome(RDS).Methods:From January 2007 to July 2009,we conducted a trial at the neonatal intensive care unit of Nanjing Children's Hospital.Eighty-one premature babies suffered from RDS and requiring mechanical ventilation(MV)were recruited and divided into two groups:54 in curosurf group and 27 in calsurf group.The surfactant was administered by endotracheal intubation.Blood gas index,ventilator parameters,oxygenation index(OI),the duration of ventilator dependence and hours of oxygen requirement,time in hospital and incidence of complications before and after surfactant administration were analyzed and compared.Results:The oxygenization and ventilator parameters of the two groups showed significant improvements at 24h after administration in comparison with those before surfactant therapy(both P0.05).There were no statistical differences in the duration of MV or oxygenation,hospitalization time.No statistically significant differences were found in incidence of mortality or complications,which included retinopathy(ROP)and necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC),pneumonorrhagia,pneumatothorax,patent ductus arteriosus(PDA).Both groups had sustained decreasing mean airway pressure(MAP)and OI after surfactant therapy,but time-effect curves were different.MAP and OI of curosurf group decreased most significantly within the initial 4 hours after administration(P 0.01)compared to the calsurf group,which mainly decreased between the 4th hour and the 8th hour after administration(P 0.05).Conclusion:In the treatment of preterm infants with RDS,the efficacy and safety of curosurf and calsurf were similar,while curosurf works earlier than calsurf.We should adjust the MV parameters properly in accordance with the different time-effect curves of the two surfactants,so as to reduce complications.
MONITORING DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION EFFECT OF MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS IN SOME DISTRICT OF BEIJING

Objective To understand the disinfection status of medical institutions of different levels in some district of Beijing in order to provide reference for the management of primary disinfection unit.Methods On the spot sampling and detection tests were used to monitor disinfection effect of medical institutions of different levels in some district.Results In year 2010,3 176 copies samples were detected in medical institutions of different levels and the average disinfection qualified rate was 95.9%.The disinfection qualified rates of objective surface were the highest,which were above 98%.The biological monitoring qualified rate of pressure steam sterilization was 93.2% and that of the hygiene quality of medical staff hand was 88.9%.Conclusion The disinfection and sterilization quality of secondary and tertiary level hospitals is better than that of clinics,community and grass-roots units.So disinfection management of primary health care unit should be strengthened.
Pseudoachalasia: a report of two cases with comments on possible causes and diagnosis

SUMMARY. Pseudoachalasia is a rare entity with symptoms and radiographic and esophageal manometric findings timt may mimic primary achalasia. Two such cases are presented, one of which was associated with gastric carcinoma and the other with carcinoma of the lung. INTRODUCTION Pseudoachalasia, sometimes referred to as secondary achalasia, is a rare entity in North America. Most cases are secondary to a malignant lesion, usually gastric in origin, involving the esophagogastric junction, although cases have been reported in association with a malig­nant lesion arising elsewhere in the body. Less com­monly, the condition may be secondary to a benign dis­order. Pseudoachalasia mimics the clinical features of primary or idiopathic esophageal achalasia. The objective findings, including contrast radiography and esophageal manometry, may be indistinguishable from primary achalasia, thereby complicating the establish­ment of a correct diagnosis. This report details our expe­rience with two patients with pseudo achalasia whose pre-treatment clinical diagnosis was that of classic pri­mary esophageal achalasia. Pseudoachalasia secondary to Stage II gastric adenocarcinoma was established at operation in one case, and a Stage IIIB adenosquamous cell carcinoma of the lung was established in the other. Pertinent aspects of the possible causes of tile condition as well as helpful diagnostic approaches are discussed. CASE REPORTS Case 1 A 71-year-old retired labourer presented with a 6-month history of increasing dysphagia and regurgitation. Difficulty in swallowing was first noted with solid foods but gradually progressed to the point
Observations of transverse energy for P waves recorded on a deep-ocean borehole seismometer located in the northwest Pacific

In the classical radially stratified earth, P waves are confined to the sagittal plane, implying that there should be no energy observed in the transverse direction. However, a transverse fraction of the energy is observed in the initial part of the P -wave train and can be measured by separating the P -wave energy into its radial (lying in the sagittal plane) and transverse vectors. We refer to this fraction as the T/R energy ratio. The data consist of P -wave signals recorded on a borehole seismometer and explosion-source data recorded on the North American continent. The borehole instrument is the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics' three-component Ocean Sub-bottom Seismometer (OSS IV) located in the northwest Pacific in DSDP Hole 581C. We compare transverse energy observations of initial P waves from regional earthquakes and teleseismic events recorded in the deep ocean with continental records at similar distances. Envelope maxima and integrated energy on three components of motion, as well as T/R energy ratios, were measured for a range of frequency bands: 1 to 12 Hz for regional events and 1 to 3 Hz for teleseismic event. The T/R energy ratios obtained from envelope maxima for earthquakes recorded in the northwest Pacific are comparable to the ratios observed at Long-Range Seismic Monitoring stations on the North American continent: approximately 0.1 for events at teleseismic distances and 0.2 for regional events. We speculate that the two important constituents to the T/R energy ratios observed are near-source and near-receiver scattering.
Engaging Leadership: Knowing When to Disengage

This column explores those situations where even engaged leaders need to consider taking a step back and intentionally disengaging. Often these relate to employees as individuals and problems where there is no actual solution. The column also touches on the need for leaders to disengage in order to avoid burnout.
Newberry Crater Geothermal

This case study considers the development of geothermal power near Oregon’s Newberry Volcano in central Oregon. The Seattle-based AltaRock Energy Company began cracking hot rock deep within Newberry Volcano in 2010 by pouring water down a 10,000-foot well. Work was then suspended in 2012 due to weather conditions and the need to test and reinforce a concrete casing extended 5300 feet into the well. While there is more testing planned and the company needs to identify additional funding, the plan is for the future development of the resource with full production still years away. However, this nascent technology has created some controversy. Critics are concerned about the possibility of earthquakes and potential pollution of the aquifer, but supporters claim neither issue has been documented to date. In this context, this case study outlines the developing debate between the need to develop new non-carbon based energy sources versus potential environmental tradeoffs.
When Smart TV Meets CRN: Privacy-Preserving Fine-Grained Spectrum Access

Dynamic spectrum sharing techniques applied in the UHF TV band have been developed to allow secondary WiFi transmission in areas with active TV users. This technique of dynamically controlling the exclusion zone enables vastly increasing secondary spectrum re-use, compared to the "TV white space" model where TV transmitters determine the exclusion zone and only "idle" channels can be re-purposed. However, in current such dynamic spectrum sharing systems, the sensitive operation parameters of both primary TV users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs) need to be shared with the spectrum database controller (SDC) for the purpose of realizing efficient spectrum allocation. Since such SDC server is not necessarily operated by a trusted third party, those current systems might cause essential threatens to the privacy requirement from both PUs and SUs. To address this privacy issue, this paper proposes a privacy-preserving spectrum sharing system between PUs and SUs, which realizes the spectrum allocation decision process using efficient multi-party computation (MPC) technique. In this design, the SDC only performs secure computation over encrypted input from PUs and SUs such that none of the PU or SU operation parameters will be revealed to SDC. The evaluation of its performance illustrates that our proposed system based on efficient MPC techniques can perform dynamic spectrum allocation process between PUs and SUs efficiently while preserving users' privacy.
Formulation and evaluation of chewable tablet of levamisole

Levamisole is a synthetic imidazothiazole derivative that has been widely used in treatment of worm infestations in both humans and animals. As an anthelmintic, it probably works by targeting the nematode nicotinergic acetylcholine receptor. In the market, levamisole tablets are available in the form of tablets. Geriatric and paediatric patients find it difficult to swallow these tablets. So in order to avoid this problem, chewable tablets are most preferable. The chewable tablets of levamisole were prepared by using lactose or mannitol along with sodium starch glycolate in concentration ratios especially for paediatric use. Sodium saccharin and vanilla were used as sweetening agent and flavouring agent respectively. From the disintegration studies, it was observed that the formulation containing 1.6% w/w of sodium starch glycolate shows minimum disintegration time whereas formulation having no or less concentration of sodium starch glycolate shows increase in disintegration time. It was observed that the formulation containing lactose shows less disintegration time than formulation containing mannitol.
Feasibility of a bone and soft tissue chimeric anterolateral thigh free flap? Anatomic study and report of two cases for oral cavity reconstruction

Summary The anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) is a workhorse for a spectrum of reconstructive problems including head and neck defects. Its versatility as a chimeric flap employing a variety of soft tissues with a robust pedicle is useful for three-dimensional defects. The authors investigated the anatomical relationship between the vascular supply to the ALT and anterior femur. We studied 16 fresh cadaver limbs to identify the typical branching patterns to the femur off the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. These patterns can facilitate dissection of this type of chimeric ALT. The authors have integrated a bone component of vascularised femur in this flap off the lateral circumflex femoral artery system to address oral cancer defects in two patients. A retrospective review of these cases correlating with the anatomic study was undertaken. Both patients had recurrent disease with limited donor site options. Both had extensive floor of mouth and tongue defects as well as small mandible defects of 2 cm. Both went on to heal at the donor and recipient sites at 32 months' follow-up.
Pneumatosis intestinalis in small bowel obstruction

We present a case of a 42-year-old woman with a history of acute myeloid leukaemia treated with bone marrow transplant. Her case was complicated by graft versus host disease involving the gastrointestinal tract, necessitating partial colectomy with ileostomy. She presented to the hospital with recurrent partial small bowel obstruction (SBO). Abdominal CT scan was consistent with partial SBO, and the patient was admitted for conservative treatment. She was deemed a poor surgical candidate given her multiple comorbidities and immunosuppressed state. Her clinical condition waxed …
Transfer pricing: a behavioural context

The accounting, management science, and economics literature contains numerous models addressing the resource allocation and transfer pricing problems. Some of the earliest statements on the transfer pricing problem are recorded by Hirshleifer (1956 and 1957), Dean (1955), and Cook (1955). These authors suggest solutions to the transfer pricing problem which reflect the analogy of the internal price problem to the determination of the (Competitive) market price of traditional economics. The advent of mathematical programming produced another stream of articles addressing the transfer price problem, especially after the relation between a decentralized firm and the Dantzig and Wolfe (1960) decomposition principle was stated by Whinston (1964) and Baumol and Fabian (1964).1
New Trends in Radiopharmaceutical Synthesis Using Positron Emitters: Quality Control

The synthesis of bioactive compounds labeled with positron emitters began in the early sixties but did not become significant until the late sixties and early seventies. The number of publications began to rise rapidly after the success of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in 1976. The major focus has been the use of carbon-11 and fluorine-18 although widespread use of oxygen-15 gas and water is also noteworthy. Nitrogen-13 except for 13N-ammonia has not enjoyed the same intense study. Synthesis with positron emitters has matured considerably in the last ten years. The needed excitation functions measured in the range accessible by “medical” cyclotrons have all been published. Precursor synthesis has become routine although refinements of standard methods still appear. A similar situation applies to targetry for 11C, 13N, 15O and 18F. The ease of obtaining 11CO2 [and therefore 11CH3] and 18F has lead to a large increase in papers involving methylation of amino or phenol groups and the use of aliphatic and aromatic displacement reactions with fluoride ion and frequently (unfortunately) without substantial pharmacological or biomedical justification. Nevertheless, more complex and rapid syntheses are being reported as are new techniques for accelerating reactions such as microwaves and sonication. With the rapid growth of clinical PET, regulatory aspects become increasingly demanding and quality assurance must become an integral feature of any PET project. Automation of synthesis becomes mandatory for those products in daily use. Thus a discussion of new techniques, trends in synthesis, quality control and the purposes of automation, hereafter, will be presented. Supported by USDOE and OHER.
Phlebitis, pulmonary emboli and presidential politics: Richard M. Nixon's complicated deep vein thrombosis.

In September of 1974, Richard Nixon resigned the Presidency of the United States during an impeachment investigation concerning the Watergate Affair. One month after his resignation, the former Pre...
Content in Context

Acquaintance is a relation of “direct” awareness, an intentional relation between a person and an object in his or her “presence”. Specifically, a person is acquainted with an object insofar as he or she has an acquainting experience that is intentionally related to the object, i.e., successfully of or about that object. And in an acquainting experience one is presented something in one’s “presence”, something in the immediate context of one’s experience, or in contextual relation to the experience, or to oneself. In this sense the mode of presentation is indexical, and the content embodying that mode of presentation is an indexical content. As the chapters above showed, in perception I am visually presented “this object (actually now here before me and affecting my eyes)”; in empathic perception of another person, I am presented “you” or “him” or “her” (“this other person actually now here before me and affecting my eyes”); and in consciousness per se, or inner awareness, I am aware of “this very experience” and also of “I” (of myself as subject of this experience). Accordingly, in successful acquaintance one stands in an intentional relation to something in one’s presence, something in contextual relation to one’s experience or oneself. In this sense the relation of acquaintance is an indexical intentional relation, and as such it is a context-dependent intentional relation.
Investigating Transnational Collaboration of Faculty Development and Learning: An Argument for Making Learning Culturally Relevant.

Professional development offered to higher education faculty is meant to enhance pedagogy and improve practice. Inspired by a transnational partnership in Southeast Asia, this study aimed to discover how teacher education faculty perceived faculty development offered to them by university partnership colleagues from the United States. Survey findings indicate that certain faculty development strategies improved teaching and assessment practices and enhanced self-reflection. However, evidence also showed some negative faculty perceptions in relation to the US partner’s methodologies, and qualitative responses indicated a lack of relevancy to the Southeastern Asia context. Furthermore, negative correlations were found between faculty development workshops and teacher education faculty teaching subject area endorsement content and their praxis. Very little has been written on the impact of teacher educator professional development offered by transnational academic partnerships. Universities involved as transnational partners must be flexible, culturally sensitive and determine together areas of priority and relevance as a definition of success for partnership effectiveness.
The Developmental Perspective in Social Work: Educational Implications for a New Century

The developmental perspective is attracting more attention today as conventional residual and institutional approaches to social welfare lose appeal. This article explains the need to adopt a developmental perspective, traces its history, describes its key features, and outlines implications for social work education with reference to the educational needs of a new century.
Approaches to the Detection and Confirmation of Drug Residues in Milk

The possible presence of trace residues of veterinary drugs in milk is a subject of major concern for regulatory agencies, the dairy industry, and consumers. All New Animal Drug Applications (NADAs), in addition to showing efficacy and safety of the drug to the animal, must also show that treatment of the animal will result in no hazardous residues entering the human food chain. NADAs therefore include methodology to detect tissue residues. Part of the review process at FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) is to evaluate the drug sponsor’s residue method.
UV Radiation Effects

The first indication that cells might have the capacity to recover from radiation damage was the observation that minor modifications in the postirradiation treatment of the cells (e.g., growth media, temperature, etc.) had a marked effect upon the ultimate viability of irradiated cells. Thus in 1937, Hollaender and Claus found that higher survival levels of UV-irradiated fungal spores could be obtained if they were allowed to remain in water or salt solution for a period of time before assaying for survival. Roberts and Aldous(1) extended these observations by showing that the shapes of the UV radiation survival curves for Escherichia coli could be changed drastically by holding the irradiated cells in media devoid of an energy source for various times before plating on nutrient agar to assay for survival (Fig. 4-1). The molecular basis of this phenomenon, known as liquid-holding recovery, will be discussed along with other “recovery phenomena” in Section 4.1.3.
Renovations Needed: The Fda's Floor/ceiling Framework, Preemption, and the Opioid Epidemic

The FDA's regulatory framework for pharmaceuticals uses a "floor/ceiling" model: administrative rules set a "floor" of minimum safety, while state tort liability sets a "ceiling" of maximum protection. This model emphasizes pre-market scrutiny but largely relies on the state common law "ceiling" to police the postapproval drug market. As the Supreme Court increasingly holds state tort law preempted by federal administrative standards, the FDA's framework becomes increasingly imbalanced. In the face of a historic prescription medication overdose crisis, the Opioid Epidemic, this imbalance allows the pharmaceutical industry to avoid internalizing the public health costs of their opioid products. This Note argues that the FDA's administrative design misallocates the costs of the Opioid Epidemic and fails to adequately compensate those injured by it. Part I summarizes the FDA's regulatory framework with respect to opioid medications. Part II explains how that framework creates a compensatory problem that prevents the internalization of negative externalities by pharmaceutical manufacturers. Part III proposes a victims' compensation fund as the best substitute for the functions long performed by state tort liability.
The VERTEX field campaign: observations of near-ground effects of wind turbine wakes

Wind energy has been growing steadily in the U.S. and worldwide in the past decades. As wind farms are projected to increase in size and number, however, concerns are rising about possible undesira...
Dietary index scores and invasive breast cancer risk among women with a family history of breast cancer.

Background Many epidemiologic studies have analyzed the relations of individual foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk with inconsistent results. Few studies have examined recommendation-based dietary indices and breast cancer risk. Objective The aim of this study was to determine associations between recommendation-based dietary index scores and incident invasive breast cancer. Methods The Sister Study is a prospective cohort of 50,884 US women (baseline: 2003-2009) who had a sister with breast cancer but no prior breast cancer themselves. We created scores for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, Alternative Mediterranean Diet (AMED), and Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010) from dietary intakes estimated by a baseline-validated Block food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We used Cox regression to estimate multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for total invasive breast cancer risk and by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) status. Results We documented 1,700 invasive breast cancer cases through 2015 (mean follow-up, 7.6 y). Individuals in the highest quartile of DASH scores had a lower risk of invasive breast cancer compared with those in the lowest quartile (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.90; P-trend = 0.001), with stronger associations for ER- (HR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.94; P-trend = 0.006) as well as ER-/PR- and ER-/PR-/HER2- subtypes. AHEI-2010 (HR for highest compared with lowest quartile: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.78, 1.03; P-trend = 0.15) and AMED (HR for highest compared with lowest quartile: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.06; P-trend = 0.07) were weakly and nonsignificantly associated with breast cancer risk, but after excluding alcohol, AHEI-2010 was inversely associated with risk of ER-/PR- (HR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.98; P-trend = 0.04) and ER-/PR-/HER2- subtypes. We did not observe any significant interactions by menopausal status or other participant characteristics. Conclusions DASH scores were inversely associated with breast cancer risk; DASH and AHEI-2010 scores excluding alcohol were particularly inversely associated with risk of ER-/PR- and ER-/PR-/HER2- breast cancers. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00047970.
Inhaled Iloprost Versus Epoprostenol in Heart Transplant Recipients

BACKGROUND: Acute right ventricular dysfunction is a challenging problem in the immediate postoperative period following orthotopic heart transplantation. There are no prior reports of the use of inhaled iloprost in the setting of acute right ventricular dysfunction and acute pulmonary hypertension. Our hypothesis was that the use of inhaled iloprost in heart transplant recipients would be associated with a reduction in the duration of mechanical ventilation compared to patients being treated with continuous inhaled epoprostenol. Additionally, we hypothesized that the change in inhaled vasodilatory therapy would not be associated with a significant change in postoperative bleeding or use of vasoactive medications. METHODS: We reviewed charts of 80 consecutive patients undergoing heart transplantation at our institution between July 1, 2003, and August 8, 2008. From July 1, 2003 to March 13, 2006, epoprostenol was our primary vasodilator; subsequently epoprostenol was replaced with iloprost. We included 39 subjects who received epoprostenol and 40 subjects who received iloprost. Data were collected on the use of inhaled vasodilators, comparing periods before and after our institutional protocol change. Demographic data, hemodynamic values, drain output, and any requirement for vasoactive medication infusions were collected. Our primary end point was the natural logarithm of duration of mechanical ventilation. Secondary end points were hemodynamic values and length of ICU and hospital stay. RESULTS: Subjects treated with iloprost were mechanically ventilated for 0.36 ± 0.20 (adjusted mean ± SE) log days, which was shorter (P = .033) than the 1.00 ± 0.22 logdays for subjects treated with epoprostenol. This resulted in an estimated median number of mechanically ventilated days for subjects treated with epoprostenol that was approximately 1.9 times longer than the estimated median number of ventilated days for subjects treated with iloprost (95% CI 1.05–3.4, P = .033). There were no differences in safety end points or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Use of inhaled iloprost was associated with shorter duration of mechanical ventilation compared to inhaled epoprostenol, without safety concerns.
Variation in Prescription Drug Prices by Retail Pharmacy Type: A National Cross-sectional Study.

Background Cash prices for prescription drugs vary widely in the United States. Objective To describe cash price variation by retail pharmacy type for 10 generic and 6 brand-name drugs throughout the United States and stratified by ZIP code. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Drug pricing data from GoodRx, an online tool for comparing drug prices, representing more than 60 000 U.S. pharmacies (fall 2015). Measurements Cash prices for a 1-month supply of generic and brand-name drugs were ascertained. Stratified by ZIP code, relative cash prices for groups of generic and brand-name drugs were estimated for big box, grocery-based, small chain, and independent pharmacies compared with a reference group of large chain pharmacies. Results Across 16 325 ZIP codes, 68 353 unique pharmacy stores contributed cash prices. When stratified by 5-digit ZIP code, the relative cash prices for generic drugs at big box, grocery-based, small chain, and independent pharmacies compared with those at large chain pharmacies were 0.52 (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.53), 0.82 (CI, 0.81 to 0.83), 1.51 (CI, 1.45 to 1.56), and 1.61 (CI, 1.58 to 1.64), respectively. The relative cash prices for brand-name drugs were 0.97 (CI, 0.96 to 0.97), 1.00 (CI, 0.99 to 1.00), 1.06 (CI, 1.05 to 1.08), and 1.03 (CI, 1.02 to 1.04), respectively. Limitation Results may not reflect current drug prices and do not account for point-of-sale discounts or price matching that may be offered by smaller pharmacies. Conclusion Compared with large chains, independent pharmacies and small chains had the highest cash prices for generic drugs and big box pharmacies the lowest. Relative differences in cash prices for brand-name drugs were modest across types of retail pharmacies. Primary funding source Arnold Ventures.
Public policy and programs - Missing links in growing home dialysis in the United States.

Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) require dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival and over 760 000 patients now benefit from these therapies in the United States. Dialysis in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s was often done in the home. After the advent of Medicare coverage for ESKD in 1972 and the subsequent easier access to center based hemodialysis, the use of home modalities dramatically declined. This stands in contrast to home dialysis uptake in other industrialized healthcare systems where both peritoneal dialysis and home hemodialysis are more frequently used. Characteristics unique to the US healthcare system as well as the cultures of providers (physicians and dialysis providers) and recipients of ESKD care are hypothesized as the main reasons for observed differences in home dialysis use. To address these issues, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have recently proposed new payment programs under an Executive Order from the President of the United States, with the explicit goal of increasing the number of patients using home dialysis. This perspective outlines policy opportunities and programs with a proven track record of home dialysis growth in other countries or hypothesized promise based on identified barriers and needs.
Creating Change in Higher Education Through Transfronterizx Student-led Grassroots Initiatives in the San Diego-Tijuana Border Region

The purpose of this participatory action research study was to ignite change in higher education institutions through grassroots student-led initiatives focused on creating inclusive campus environ...
CIRCULATING CELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULES IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD AND ADVERSE CARDIAC FUNCTION IN LATER LIFE: THE CARDIA STUDY

Circulating E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) are biomarkers of endothelial activation. While endothelial activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, the temporal associations between E-selectin and ICAM-1 and
Adolescent Smartphone Acquisition: An Exploratory Qualitative Case Study with Late Adolescents and Their Parents

The timing of smartphone acquisition for children and adolescence has gained public interest and research on the topic is just beginning. Parent-late adolescent dyads (n = 8; 16 individuals) from o...