cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unique general anesthetic binding sites within distinct conformational states of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

General anesthesia is a complex behavioral state provoked by the pharmacological action of a broad range of structurally different hydrophobic molecules called general anesthetics (GAs) on receptor members of the genetically linked ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) superfamily. This superfamily includes nicotinic acetylcholine (AChRs), type A and C gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAAR and GABACR), glycine (GlyR), and type 3 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3R) receptors. This review focuses on recent advances in the localization of GA binding sites on conformationally and compositionally distinct AChRs. The experimental evidence outlined in this review suggests that: 1. Several neuronal-type AChRs might be targets for the pharmacological action of distinct GAs. 2. The molecular components of a specific GA binding site on a certain receptor subtype are different from the structural determinants of the locus for the same GA on a different receptor subtype. 3. There are unique binding sites for distinct GAs in the same receptor protein. 4. A GA can activate, potentiate, or inhibit an ion channel, indicating the existence of more than one binding site for the same GA. 5. The affinity of a specific GA depends on the conformational state of the receptor. 6. GAs inhibition channels by at least two mechanisms, an open-channel-blocking and/or an allosteric mechanism. 7. Certain GAs may inhibit AChR function by competing for the agonist binding sites or by augmenting the desensitization rate.
Phospholipid binding properties of human placental anticoagulant protein-I, a member of the lipocortin family.

Human placental anticoagulant protein-I (PAP-I) is a member of the lipocortin/calpactin/annexin family of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding proteins. PAP-I was labeled with fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (1 mol/mol); this derivative had anticoagulant activity identical to the unlabeled protein and could be used to measure Ca2+-dependent binding to phospholipid vesicles through changes in fluorescence quenching. At 1.2 mM Ca2+, 0.50 M ionic strength, pH 7.4, 25 degrees C, fluorescein-labeled PAP-I bound to phospholipid vesicles containing 80% phosphatidylcholine, 20% phosphatidylserine with a Kd of 1.2 +/- 0.2 nM (mean +/- S.D.). At an ionic strength of 0.15 M, the Kd decreased to less than 0.1 nM. Prothrombin and factor Xa both competed with fluorescein-labeled PAP-I for binding to anionic phospholipid vesicles, but with affinities at least 1000-fold weaker than PAP-I. PAP-I bound only weakly (Kd greater than 2 x 10(-5) M) to neutral or anionic phospholipid monomers, and this binding was not calcium-dependent. These results show that the affinity of PAP-I for anionic phospholipid surfaces is sufficient to explain its potency as an in vitro anticoagulant.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for a large arteriovenous malformation of the head and neck.

Large arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the head and neck present a treatment challenge. A 38-year-old woman presented with a large intraoral bleed from longstanding AVMs of the left infratemporal fossa and the right tongue, despite 10 prior surgeries and embolizations. She was treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy with a dose of 24 Gy in three weekly fractions. Four years later, she has had dramatic shrinkage of her AVM, no recurrent bleeding episodes, no further treatment required, and no significant late effects. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 125:379–382, 2015
Transient aerodynamic pressures during unsteady parachute processes

Parachute canopy surfaces transient aerodynamic pressures during unsteady processes, using piston theory
A devitalized tooth as a complication of septorhinoplasty.

• Complications of septorhinoplasty often involve adjacent structures, resulting in cosmetic as well as functional abnormalities. Dental complications of nasal surgery are rare. We describe a patient who underwent septorhinoplasty with a postoperative complication of a devitalized tooth. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a dental complication. Bony manipulation in the region of the nasal spine may have resulted in the interruption of the neurovascular supply to the right central incisor, yielding a devitalized tooth. An aberrant vascular supply, or root apex situated high in the premaxilla, can predispose to dental injury while performing bony manipulation near the nasal spine. Preoperative evaluation of patients who are at risk for dental complications may allow the surgeon to safely achieve the functional and cosmetic goals of septorhinoplasty. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;113:765-767)
On accretion flow penetration of magnetospheres

We address the problem of plasma penetration of astrophysical magnetospheres, an important issue in a wide variety of contexts, ranging from accretion in cataclysmic variables to flows in protostellar systems. We point out that under well-defined conditions, penetration can occur without any turbulent mixing (driven, for example, by Rayleigh–Taylor or Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities) caused by charge polarization effects, if the inflowing plasma is bounded in the direction transverse to both the flow velocity and the magnetic field. Depolarization effects limit the penetration depth, which nevertheless can, under specific circumstances, be comparable to the size of the magnetosphere. We discuss the effect of ambient medium on plasma propagation across the stellar magnetic field and determine the criteria for deep magnetosphere penetration. We show that, under conditions appropriate to magnetized white dwarfs in AM Her type cataclysmic variables, charge polarization effects can lead to deep penetration of the magnetosphere.
The coastal barrier resources act of 1982: An assessment of legislative intent, process, and exemption alternatives

Recent coastal barrier legislation demonstrates a growing national concern to protect fragile undeveloped coastal barriers and to prevent the expenditure of federal monies used in promoting their development. The Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 bases designations of undeveloped coastal barriers on previous federal legislation and Department of the Interior rule‐making. This paper examines the legislative intent of Congress and how it was interpreted through the designation process. Alternative strategies to achieve exemption from the Coastal Barrier legislation are discussed as a process, and an analysis is made of an exemption as it occurred in Texas.
Pathogenesis and Laboratory Identification of Emerging Hepatovirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae

Over the past 2 decades, a trend toward an increase in primary liver abscesses caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae has been documented. Originally thought to be more of a curiosity than a major clinical concern and to be geographically restricted to Southeast Asia, these strains have subsequently been reported from many industrialized nations and are most often linked to disease states in immunocompromised persons. Laboratory detection of such strains relies on assessing non-conventional phenotypic traits, such as hypermucoviscocity, and associated molecular genotypes. The pathogenesis of disease caused by hepatovirulent K. pneumoniae is poorly understood at present and is evolving. Clinicians and laboratorians alike need to be aware of the emergence of this traditional enteric pathogen in a new disease setting.
Microscopic Studies of Flank Wear on Alumina Tools

The flank wear of alumina cutting tools in the machining of annealed steels, AISI 1045 and 4340, which were approximately the same hardness, was studied microscopically. The intent was to establish whether any chemical wear occurred in addition to the mechanical wear on the flank surface
Efficient Embedded Computing

Hardwired ASICs - 50X more efficient than programmable processors - sacrifice programmability to meet the efficiency requirements of demanding embedded systems. Programmable processors use energy mostly to supply instructions and data to the arithmetic units, and several techniques can reduce instruction- and data-supply energy costs. Using these techniques in the Stanford ELM processor closes the gap with ASICs to within 3X.
A Service Science Perspective on Human-Computer Interface Issues of Online Service Applications

This paper proposes a framework for online service applications based on Service Science which identifies and enables a better understanding of the different issues faced by online service designers, engineers, and delivery personnel. The application of the Service Science framework is made possible by carefully distinguishing online service applications not only from traditional personal software applications but also from online information applications, such as the ones used by news and entertainment websites, through a process of specializing Pinhanezâ€™s definition of customer-intensive systems (Pinhanez, 2008) to online applications. To demonstrate the utility of the framework, we consider the six basic characteristics of services, as traditionally defined in Service Science â€” customer-as-input, heterogeneity, simultaneity, perishability, coproduction, and intangibility â€” and derive from these characteristics a list of 15 different issues that are highly important for the design and evaluation of the human-computer interface of online services.
The Effects of Material Difficulty upon Learning Disabled Children's Oral Reading and Reading Comprehension.

Efficient reading instruction has become of interest to researchers operating within an applied behavior analysis framework. For older learning disabled students, the lack of functional reading skills restricts acquisition of content subjects in the mainstream. One aspect of teaching reading is determining the skills on which to focus instructional time. Two frequently taught reading skills are oral reading and reading comprehension. Previous research has investigated the effects of reinforcement of one skill and the indirect effects upon the other. The present study explored this relationship further by having subjects read material at two levels of difficulty in a multi-element design. Results indicated that previous studies may have underestimated the effects of increasing oral reading rates upon comprehension. Guidelines for oral reading rate criteria are suggested.
A SUGGESTED CHARACTERISTIC DIMENSION FOR NATURAL CONVECTION IN ENCLOSURES

A characteristic length, defined by the volume, surface area, and a dimensionality parameter, is proposed for internal natural convection. For geometries (such as bodies in enclosures) without simple and/or fundamental characteristic lengths, heat transfer correlations using the proposed characteristic dimension are much better than those using simple, but somewhat arbitrary, lengths. Also, for complex geometries, the Rayleigh number based on this parameter is a better measure of the intensity of convection than is that based on some simple length such as height or diameter. The proposed dimension usually is the same as the fundamental (and obvious) dimension if one exists for the system. Thus for simple geometries it is the same as that normally used, but for more complex geometries it provides a better measure of the characteristic length scale.
Standardization of platelet function tests

Methods for the standardization of several currently used platelet function tests (bleeding time, capillary fragility, platelet retention, platelet aggregation, platelet factor 3, and platelet volume profiles) are presented, Different variables than may interfere with the reproducibility of the results of each assay were identified and standardized. Using the standardized techniques, the range of normal values for each test was determined in a large population of normal volunteers and used to identify disease states by comparing patient results with those of the normal population. A format for presenting the entire profile of platelet function parameters is proposed.
Calorimetric investigation of copper(II) binding to Aβ peptides: thermodynamics of coordination plasticity

Metal ions have been shown to play a critical role in β-amyloid (Aβ) neurotoxicity, thus prompting an intense investigation into the formation of metal–Aβ complexes. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) has been widely used to determine binding constants (K) for a variety of metal–protein interactions, including those in metal–Aβ complexes. In this study, ITC was used to more fully quantify the thermodynamics (K, ΔG, ΔH, and TΔS) of Cu2+ binding to Aβ16, N-acetyl-Aβ16, Aβ28, N-acetyl-Aβ28, and Aβ28 variants (H6A, H13A, H14A) at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. After deconvolution of competing reactions, K for Aβ16 was found to be 1.1 (±0.13) × 109 and is in strong agreement with literature values measured under similar conditions. Further, a similar K value was obtained at two additional concentrations of competing ligand, suggesting that ternary complex formation is not significant. The acetylated peptide analogs reveal a marked decrease in the overall free energy upon binding, which is the result of less favorable enthalpic and entropic contributions. Circular dichroism spectroscopy shows conformational changes that are consistent with these results. Most importantly, data for Aβ28 variants lacking a potential Cu2+-binding histidine residue reveal that the overall free energy of binding remains constant, which is the result of entropy/enthalpy compensation. These data provide fundamental thermodynamic evidence for coordination plasticity in Cu2+ binding to Aβ and other intrinsically disordered peptides.
Continuum and magnetic dipole absorption of the water vapor-oxygen mixtures from 0.3 to 3.6 THz

Abstract The measurement of absorbance in water vapor-oxygen mixtures is reported for the far-IR region from 10 to 120 cm −1 (0.3–3.6 THz). The experiments were performed in a temperature-stabilized multipass absorption cell coupled to a far-infrared Fourier transform spectrometer with a liquid-He-cooled bolometer detector. The absorbance components due to both the H 2 O–O 2 continuum and the oxygen magnetic dipole discrete lines have been measured in the temperature range from 294 to 333 K with a spectral resolution of 0.03 to 0.07 cm −1 . In the range up to 2.5 THz, the H 2 O–O 2 continuum demonstrates a nearly quadratic dependence of absorbance on frequency, while in the 3.43 THz window deviation from this dependence was detected. The series of rotational lines associated with magnetic dipole transitions was measured in pure oxygen. In the mixture of 1.36 kPa of water vapor and 79.2 kPa of oxygen, a comparable contribution from continuum and discrete lines associated with magnetic dipole transitions of O 2 was observed. The absorption coefficient of 0.066 (dB/km)/(kPa THz) 2 and its temperature exponent of 4.7 were measured for the H 2 O–O 2 continuum. Experimental continua data compared to theoretically predicted values exhibit good agreement. The modeling of the resonant water vapor spectrum was performed using a Van Vleck–Weisskopf lineshape with a 215 cm −1 far-wing cut-off and the HITRAN2004 database.
Purification of the restriction endonuclease PalI.

Abstract The restriction endonuclease Pal I was purified from Providencia alcalifaciens 1650-fold with a yield of 33%. The purified protein moved as a single band upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When this was carried out in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, a molecular weight of 31,000 was obtained for Pal I. Gel filtration through Sephacryl S200 gave molecular weights ranging from 44,000 to 53,000 when 58 to 1870 ng/ml enzyme were used, respectively. Other properties of the enzyme are described.
Depletion interactions and protein crystallization

Depletion interactions induced by the addition of soluble, non-adsorbing polymer significantly influence the phase behavior of protein solutions. Here we investigate the influence of polymer on the strength of interactions, phase behavior and nucleation kinetics of protein solutions. The strength of protein interactions induced by the presence of polymer is characterized through protein solution second virial coefficient measurements. Working with lysozyme and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), we find that the second virial coefficient, B 2 is a non-monotonic function of polymer concentration at modest ionic strengths (where the protein molecules behave essentially as hard spheres). At high ionic strengths, B 2 and solubility are independent of polymer concentration. The effect of polymer on protein solution phase behavior is studied by carrying out equilibrium or solubility measurements (fluid-crystal boundary) and cloud point measurements (liquid-liquid boundary). A scintillation cell setup is used to determine nucleation induction times with and without the presence of polymer. We present a detailed experimental investigation of the influence of PEG on protein pair interactions, phase behavior and nucleation kinetics.
Nucleotide sequence of a nurse shark immunoglobulin heavy chain cDNA clone.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate oligonucleobdes enables one to isolate homologous genes from distanty related species. Recenty, we used this approach to isolate major histocompatibity complex (MHC) cDNA from nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Kasahara et al., 1992). In the course one of the PCR primers originally designed for the isolation of MHC genes amplified cDNA encoding an immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chin. Here we describe the complete nucleotide sequence of a nurse shark Ig heavy chin cDNA clone
Waveband switching for dynamic traffic demands in multigranular optical networks

Waveband switching (WBS) in conjunction with multigranular optical cross-connect (MG-OXC) architectures can reduce the cost and complexity of OXCs. In this paper, we study the performance of different MG-OXC architectures under dynamic traffic. In the case with online incremental traffic, we compare two MG-OXC architectures in terms of the blocking probability of new lightpath requests and study the impact of port counts and traffic loads. We develop an online Integer Linear Programming model (On-ILP), which minimizes the number of used ports and the request blocking probability, given a fixed number of wavelengths and MG-OXC architecture. The On-ILP optimizes the routing of new lightpaths so as to maximize lightpath grouping and reduce the port count given that existing traffic cannot be rearranged. We also propose a new efficient heuristic algorithm, called Maximum Overlap Ratio (MOR) to satisfy incremental traffic and compare it with the On-ILP, first-fit, and random-fit algorithms. Our results and analysis indicate that using WBS with MG-OXCs can reduce the size (and, hence, the cost) of switching fabrics compared to using ordinary OXCs. Based on the results and observations in the incremental traffic case, we further study the performance of a particular MG-OXC architecture under fully dynamic or fluctuating traffic. Our simulations show that the proposed heuristic algorithm waveband assignment with path graph, which groups wavelengths to bands and uses wavelength converters efficiently under fluctuating traffic, significantly out-performs other heuristic algorithms.
The use of His bundle recordings in the analysis of unilateral and bilateral bundle branch block

Abstract His bundle electrograms were recorded in 26 patients with bundle branch block. The interval from the His bundle electrogram to the onset of ventricular activation (H-V) was used as an approximation of conduction time in the left bundle branch in patients with right bundle branch block and of conduction time in the right bundle branch in patients with left bundle branch block. The H-V intervals of patients with right bundle branch block were within the range of those noted in patients with “normal” ventricular activation. The average H-V interval of patients with left bundle branch block was 22 msec. longer than that of patients with right bundle branch block and there was no overlap of individual values. Two patients with alternating LBBB had shorter H-V values during “normal” ventricular activation. Normalization of a bundle branch block pattern by premature atrial stimulation resulted in a shortening of the H-V interval. Two of six patients with right bundle branch block and left axis deviation had prolonged H-V intervals suggesting disease of either the most proximal portion of the left bundle branch or of the posterior-inferior division. The longest H-V values were observed in two patients with prolonged P-R intervals and left bundle branch block suggesting delayed conduction in the right bundle branch. Type I second degree A-V block induced by atrial pacing resulted in blocked impulse transmission proximal to the H potential. In Type II second degree A-V block the cardiac impulse was blocked distal to the H potential presumably in the contralateral bundle branch. Concealed conduction with blocked impulse transmission in the distal portion of the right bundle branch was observed.
The temperature dependence of the damage microstructures in neutron-irradiated vanadium

Vanadium and vanadium with boron carbide additions (V-B/sub 4/C) were irradiated to approx. 1 dpa in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor at controlled temperatures ranging from 455 to 925 K. The V-B/sub 4/C alloy was enriched in /sup 10/B, which produced approx. 3900 at. ppM helium. In the vanadium specimens, the dislocation microstructures varied from clusters of small ( . The V-B/sub 4/C specimens contained only tangled dislocation segments. Cavities were observed in all specimens. The cavity concentration decrease and the average diameter increased with increasing irradiation temperature. At 725 K, the maximum swelling was observed in both the vanadium (0.1%) and V-B/sub 4/C (1.4%). At comparable temperatures the cavities in the V-B/sub 4/C specimens were smaller and more numerous than those in the vanadium specimens. Helium bubbles were found on the grain boundaries in all of the V-B/sub 4/ specimens.
Experimental studies in magneto-fluid dynamics: flow over a sphere with a cylindrical afterbody

The measured pressure distributions over the front hemisphere of a hemispherecylinder combination placed in an aligned fields magneto-fluid dynamic flow are presented. Integration of the pressure profiles show that the form or pressure drag of the composite body first increases as the magnetic field strength increases, at a fixed flow velocity, but then decreases as the magnetic field becomes still stronger.
Pregnant or depressed? The effect of overlap between symptoms of depression and somatic complaints of pregnancy on rates of major depression in the second trimester

This study investigated the relationship between symptoms of major depression that were attributed either to stress or to pregnancy among women in the second trimester and considered the effect of symptom overlap on diagnostic outcome. A sample of 570 obstetrical clinic patients were given the depression section of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, with questions added about pregnancy as a cause of somatic symptoms. In this sample, some of the common symptoms of depression such as increased appetite and fatigue were attributed more frequently to pregnancy than to stress. When pregnancy-related symptoms were included in the scoring for DSM-III-R major depression, the rate for the current pregnancy rose from 1.2 to 2.8 percent and the rate for lifetime major depression rose from 5.6 to 10.9%. Comparisons on measures of family history, self-report depression, and personality between subjects with “pure” depression and those with “mixed” symptom pictures suggest that the latter may he a spectrum group. In the discussion we speculate that the overlap between symptoms of depression and complaints associated with pregnancy may bias estimates of depression in studies of women of childbearing age. Depression 2:308–314 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of Traffic Delay Assessment Tool for Short-Term Closures on Urban Freeways

A certain amount of delay in work zones is typically assumed to be unavoidable and often considered a cost of doing business when roadway improvements are in progress. Therefore, developing a method to predict delay, such that appropriate countermeasures to minimize delay can be implemented, is critical to successful work zone management. Predicting work zone delay in an effective and efficient manner should not require extensive data collection or long, complex coding efforts. The procedure should be customizable for local data availability, easy to use, and, for practitioners, easy to interpret. To this end, the Work Zone Capacity Analysis Tool (WZCAT) analytical software program was developed to predict delays and queues for short-term (daily) work zone closures. WZCAT queue-length predictions are based on a simple input-output model, with capacity of the work zone controlling the throughput. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and enhance WZCAT with field data as well as summarize various aspect...
ADAMTS-13 rapidly cleaves newly secreted ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers on the endothelial surface under flowing conditions.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a devastating thrombotic disorder caused by widespread microvascular thrombi composed of platelets and von Willebrand factor (VWF). The disorder is associated with a deficiency of the VWF-cleaving metalloprotease, ADAMTS-13, with consequent accumulation of ultralarge (UL) VWF multimers in the plasma. ULVWF multimers, unlike plasma forms of VWF, attach spontaneously to platelet GP Ibα, a component of the GP Ib-IX-V complex. We have found that ULVWF multimers secreted from stimulated endothelial cells (ECs) remained anchored to the endothelial surface where platelets and Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the GP Ib-IX-V complex attached to form long beads-on-a-string structures in the presence of fluid shear stresses in both the venous (2.5 dyne/cm2) and arterial (20 and 50 dyne/cm2) ranges. Although measurement of the activity of the ADAMTS-13 VWF-cleaving metalloprotease in vitro requires prolonged incubation of the enzyme with VWF under nonphysiologic conditions, EC-derived ULVWF strings with attached platelets were cleaved within seconds to minutes in the presence of normal plasma (containing approximately 100% ADAMTS-13 activity) or in the presence of partially purified ADAMTS-13. By contrast, the strings persisted for the entire period of perfusion (10 minutes) in the presence of plasma from patients with TTP containing 0% to 10% ADAMTS-13 activity. These results suggest that cleavage of EC-derived ULVWF multimers by ADAMTS-13 is a rapid physiologic process that occurs on endothelial cell surfaces.
Central Regulation of Metabolism by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important regulators of intracellular signaling pathways via the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosyl residues on various receptor and non-receptor substrates. The phosphorylation state of central nervous system (CNS) signaling components underlies the molecular mechanisms of a variety of physiological functions including the control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the current evidence implicating PTPs as central regulators of metabolism, specifically highlighting their interactions with the neuronal leptin and insulin signaling pathways. We discuss the role of a number of PTPs (PTP1B, SHP2, TCPTP, RPTPe, and PTEN), reviewing the findings from genetic mouse models and in vitro studies which highlight these phosphatases as key central regulators of energy homeostasis.
Speech—Language clinicians' and university students' impressions of women and girls who stutter

Abstract To identify impressions speech—language clinicians and university students have of females who stutter, a 47-scale semantic differential form was administered to members of each group to obtain their responses to eight hypothetical constructs, i.e., “A Girl,” “A Girl Who Stutters,” “A Boy,” “A Boy Who Stutters,” “A Woman,” “A Woman Who Stutters,” “A Man,” and “A Man Who Stutters.” Both groups were found to possess negative stereotypes for all four categories of stutterers. The nature of the stereotypes appeared to be influenced by a stutterer's gender and relative age. Clinicians considered stuttering to exert a stronger negative impact on females and on children. Their strongest stereotype was of “A Girl Who Stutters.” University students considered stuttering to exert a stronger negative impact on males. Their stereotypes of stutterers seemed unaffected by the relative age of the stutterer. Their strongest stereotype was of “A Man Who Stutters.” Several theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Spectral modulation of cortical connections measured by EEG coherence in humans.

Objective: Description of coherence patterns of cortical EEG. Methods: EEG recordings were collected from 9 subdural electrode grids implanted in 6 patients undergoing EEG monitoring for refractory epilepsy. Results: Coherence decreased with increasing inter-electrode distance and exhibited considerable variability at the same inter-electrode distances. Analysis of variance demonstrated that both spatial and temporal factors contributed significantly (P<0.01) to this variability. The spatial factor contributed the largest portion (up to 90%) of the variability, and was modulated by frequency and inter-electrode distance. Conclusion: The finding that the mean frequency modulation was consistent over time for the same pair of electrodes and was different between different pairs of electrodes indicated a spatial-spectral pattern of cortical synchrony. The connections (pairs of electrodes) could be accordingly predicted from their spatial-spectral pattern, which suggested that the spatial heterogeneity of neuronal synchrony was expressed not only by the degree of synchrony, but also by distinct spectral channels of synchrony. A model based on neuronal connection and activation is proposed to account for the observations.
Composition-driven c-axis expansion of intercalated layered solids: 1D non-Vegard's-law behavior in a 2D solid solution.

We show that a layer rigidity model which includes the effects of elastic deformations of the host layers can account for the composition dependence of the c-axis lattice expansion of a variety of layered intercalation compounds. Rigidity parameters deduced from this model for each of the three classes of layered solids are reflective of structurally derived rigidity as are the healing lengths computed on the basis of discrete and continuum analyses. The layer rigidity model provides the first quantitative explanation for the 1D non--Vegard's-law behavior of a 2D solid solution.
The influence of the soret and dufour effects on the diffusion of heat and moisture in solids

Abstract Phenomenological arguments leading to coupled equations governing simultaneous diffusion of moisture and heat in a solid are presented. The coefficients are related to basic thermodynamic properties of the solid, including the heat of transport associated with the Dufour effect. By Onsager's reciprocal relations, the reciprocal Soret effect, or thermal diffusion, is also related to the heat of transport. The solution of the problem of diffusion into a thick slab of material due to sudden changes in temperature or moisture at the surfaces of the slab is given. Relationships between effective diffusion coefficients in diffusion experiments and the constants of the theory are also included. The initial rate of absorption of moisture in the case of constant surface temperature is about the same as given by the uncoupled theory, with very little accompanying absorption of heat. For constant surface moisture concentration, however, a diffusion of moisture accompanies the diffusion of heat, both taking place at a rate initially corresponding approximately to the coefficient of diffusion of heat.
Ubiquitination of RIP1 Regulates an NF-κB-Independent Cell-Death Switch in TNF Signaling

TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) can trigger opposing responses within the same cell: a prosurvival response or a cell-death pathway [1, 2]. Cell survival requires NF-kappaB-mediated transcription of prosurvival genes [3-9]; apoptosis occurs if NF-kappaB signaling is blocked [5, 7-9]. Hence, activation of NF-kappaB acts as a cell-death switch during TNF signaling. This study demonstrates that the pathway includes another cell-death switch that is independent of NF-kappaB. We show that lysine 63-linked ubiquitination of RIP1 on lysine 377 inhibits TNF-induced apoptosis first through an NF-kappaB-independent mechanism and, subsequently, through an NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism. In contrast, in the absence of ubiquitination, RIP1 serves as a proapoptotic signaling molecule by engaging CASPASE-8. Therefore, RIP1 is a dual-function molecule that can be either prosurvival or prodeath depending on its ubiquitination state, and this serves as an NF-kappaB-independent cell-death switch early in TNF signaling. These results provide an explanation for the conflicting reports on the role of RIP1 in cell death; this role was previously suggested to be both prosurvival and prodeath [10-12]. Because TRAF2 is the E3 ligase for RIP1 [13], these observations provide an explanation for the NF-kappaB-independent antiapoptotic function previously described for TRAF2 [14-16].
Design of a Stellar Gyroscope for visual attitude propagation for small satellites

Attitude Determination is critical for many CubeSat class satellites. However, the mass, volume, and power constraints of the CubeSat form factor limit the options available to designers. In this work, we are developing a Stellar Gyroscope to generate spacecraft relative attitude estimates in three degrees of freedom without the drift associated with most solid state based gyroscope approaches. A Stellar Gyroscope is a star based attitude propagator that uses relative motion of stars in an imager's field of view. Algorithms to perform the star detection, correspondence, and attitude propagation are presented. The Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) approach is applied to the correspondence problem to mitigate false-positive and false-negative star detections. This paper overviews the approach, describes the details of the solutions for the challenging aspects of the approach, evaluates experimental results, and offers component selection for a preliminary designs for a CubeSat system.
Hybrid Masculine Power: Reconceptualizing the Relationship between Homosociality and Hegemonic Masculinity

Most research on heterosexual interaction among men focuses on ideologies, discourses, and practices that correspond to conventional renditions of hegemonic masculinity. Specifically, previous research suggests heterosexual men in homosocial interaction tend to suppress non-hegemonic meanings in constructing a sense of masculinity. Less attention has been given, however, to the ways in which men in homosocial settings conceptualize and negotiate with masculine ideals so as to produce a “hybrid” form of hegemonic masculinity that appropriates non-hegemonic practices. This study examines the production of hybrid hegemonic masculinity through participant observation of men in the social setting of a college bar. Results show that although men did align themselves with conventional hegemonic masculinity, they also incorporated gender practices associated with non-hegemonic masculinities. Interestingly, men often engaged in emotive sharing and preferred cooperation to competition as strategies in small group interaction for reproducing domination over women and subordinate masculinities. The argument is made that hybrid hegemonic masculinity may signal a shift in the landscape of hegemonic masculine power that increasingly appropriates alternative masculinities as a way to protect and reproduce gendered power and privilege.
A precompiler for modular, transportable Pascal

Highly modular, object-oriented software systems require support from programming languages to produce reusable code. Pascal lacks such features that easily propagate type definitions and routines from one module to another, such as MODULA-2 or ADA. This paper describes a Pascal extension which includes directives to mark data definitions and operations as externally visible. A precompiler which handles import directives translates the source into the compiler-specific Pascal syntax. This precompiler has been successfully used for five years in education and research.
Adsorption–desorption reactions and bioturbation transport of 224Ra in marine sediments: a one-dimensional model with applications

Abstract The distribution of trace metals in sediments and their exchange between sediments and overlying water is governed by multiple processes including molecular diffusion, bioturbation (porewater advection, porewater mixing, and particle mixing), chemical reactions and adsorption–desorption. To understand these processes and their relative contributions, a one-dimensional model was built, which includes bioturbation and adsorption–desorption processes, to describe the transport of 224Ra. Because 224Ra is adsorbed on MnO2, 224Ra may serve as a proxy for trace metal transport. Three sites were sampled and both dissolved and adsorbed 224Ra were analyzed and modeled to understand the transport and exchange processes. It was found that particle transport of adsorbed 224Ra followed by desorption at the sediment/water interface typically represents the dominant flux. We have further been able to define conditions where the porewater transport for adsorption reactive metals like 224Ra (and other metals) may be out of the sediments whereas the active scavenging of 224Ra from the water column at the sediment water interface via adsorption reactions can result in a flux of 224Ra into the sediment. These processes are both predicted by the model and observed in sediment samples.
Purification and characterization of an extracellular protease produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens M3/6.

Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens strain M3/6 was inoculated into reconstituted NDM and incubated at 7°C for 46 d. A significant amount of extracellular protease was produced, mainly during the latter part of the culture's life cycle. The protease was purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The isolated protease had activity on azocasein, α-, β-, and κ-caseins and a plasmin substrate but did not have plasminogen activator activity. The protease had a molecular weight of 45 kDa, an isoelectric point of pH 8.25, a broad temperature and pH range for activity, and was less heat stable in the isolated form than in the cell-free extract.
Group work with psychiatric patients

Abstract Counselors have increasing opportunity to provide helping services for psychiatric patients. In this article, the author reviews short-term approaches and strategies for group treatment of emotionally disturbed inpatients
Optical Gabor and wavelet expansions of one- and two-dimensional signals

We consider two new techniques (wavelets and Gabor transforms) plus morphological methods for use in the detection, image enhancement, and feature extraction stages of scene analysis. We find the new wavelet and Gabor methods to be of potential use for textural/statistical measures that complement other established methods. The optical realization of all methods on a unified optical correlator architecture is noted. The dimensionality problems of the two new methods should be solved by use of linear combination filters (LCFs) of several wavelet or Gabor functions.
Soluble factors from neocortical astrocytes enhance neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells from adult rat hippocampus on micropatterned polymer substrates.

Rat adult hippocampal progenitor cells (AHPCs) are self-renewing, multipotent neural progenitors that have the ability to differentiate into neurons and glia. Previously, we demonstrated that coculture of AHPCs with postnatal day two, type 1 cortical astrocytes on laminin-coated micropatterned polymer substrates facilitates selective neuronal differentiation of the AHPCs 1. Under this condition, multi-dimensional cell-cell and/or cell-extracellular matrix interactions, as well as possible soluble factors released from astrocytes provided spatial and temporal control selectively enhancing neuronal differentiation and neurite alignment on topographically different regions of the same substrate. To investigate the potential role of astrocyte-derived soluble factors as cues involved in neuronal differentiation, a non-contact co-culture system was used. Under control conditions, approximately 14% of the AHPCs were immunoreactive (IR) for the neuronal marker, class III β-tubulin (TUJ1-IR). When co-cultured in physical contact with astrocytes, neuronal differentiation increased significantly to about 25%, consistent with our previous results. Moreover, under non-contact co-culture conditions using Transwell insert cultures, neuronal differentiation was dramatically increased to approximately 64%. Furthermore, neurite outgrowth from neuronal cell bodies was considerably greater on the patterned substrate, compared to the non-patterned planar substrate under non-contact co-culture conditions. Taken together, our results demonstrate that astrocyte-derived soluble factors provide cues for specific neuronal differentiation of AHPCs cultured on micropatterned substrates. In addition, a suppressive influence on neuronal differentiation appears to be mediated by contact with co-cultured astrocytes. These results provide important insights into mechanisms for controlling neural progenitor/stem cell differentiation and facilitate development of strategies for CNS repair.
The Tchambuli View of Persons: A Critique of Individualism in the Works of Mead and Chodorow

In Sex and Temperament and Male and Female, Margaret Mead demonstrated that significant differences exist in the dispositions of males and females in particular cultures. In her unpublished field notes she also provided a partial explanation of why such differences should exist. In this paper I evaluate her explanation of the basis of gender differences in the particular culture of the Tchambuli, and place it within the context of more recent social psychology, particularly Nancy Chodorow's psychoanalytic study of female personality. Prompted by the recent reconsideration of Mead's work-a reconsideration I believe to be as inaccurately focused on Western categories of understanding as Mead herself was-I argue that both Mead and Chodorow fail to consider adequately
Factors Influencing the Adoption of HD Radio™ by Local Radio Station Managers

A sample of 114 radio stations measured attitudes toward the adoption of HD Radio™ and found that stations that have gone digital were motivated the most by 2 of 5 identified factors: image enhancement and programming considerations. The lesser factors were competition, revenue, and cost. The study also examined the relation between risk and survival. The data confirmed the importance of managerial attitudes toward disruptive technologies and their relation to image, programming, and competition.
Elephant in the Living Room: “Obesity Epidemic,” Psychiatric Drugs, and Psychiatric Diagnosis

There has been almost no public discussion of the role of psychiatric medications in substantial weight gain, despite a large increase in prescription of these medications. This article is about possible reasons for lack of attention to this connection. Second, the article includes a critique of the proposal to include “obesity” as a mental illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Review of the properties and mechanisms of action of cyclosporine with an emphasis on dermatological therapy in dogs, cats and people

Cyclosporine is being increasingly used in veterinary medicine. It is a potent suppressor of T cell induction and proliferation, and has a wide variety of anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects, downregulating efects on antigen presentation, and variable effects on parasites. This paper reviews its properties and mechanisms of action with particular reference to its use in the treatment of dermatological conditions in dogs, cats and people.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PURIFICATION : II. THE DISSOCIATION OF ANTIBODY FROM PNEUMOCOCCUS SPECIFIC PRECIPITATES AND SPECIFICALLY AGGLUTINATED PNEUMOCOCCI.

1. The salt dissociation and barium hydroxide-barium chloride methods are extended to the preparation of highly purified antibody solutions from specific precipitates derived from Type III and Type VIII antipneumococcus horse sera and a low grade polyvalent bovine serum. Analytically pure precipitin (agglutinin) was obtained from the last, and Types I, II, and III antibodies were separated. 2. Difficulties connected with the application of the methods to Type I antipneumococcus rabbit sera are described, as is also the purification of antibody from low grade pig and sheep sera. 3. The dissociation of antibody by both methods from Type I pneumococci agglutinated in antisera produced in the horse, rabbit, pig, and sheep, is described and its advantages discussed. 4. Certain theoretical aspects of the work are also discussed.
Recent Advances in Demodulation/Multiplexing Techniques for Interferometric Fiber Sensors

A number of optical and opto-electronic techniques have been developed for the demodulation of inthrferometric fiber optic sensor (IFOS) in recent years. Many of these techniques allow passive operation of the actual sensor, and may find application in certain IFOS multiplexing topologies. This paper will briefly review IFOS demodulation techniques, highlighting which are applicable to multiplexing, and comparing practical performance features such as sensitivity, bandwidth, dynamic range and linearity. Recent advances in the area of passive demodulation and multiplexing will then be discussed.
F-box protein FBXL2 targets cyclin D2 for ubiquitination and degradation to inhibit leukemic cell proliferation

Hematologic maligancies exhibit a growth advantage by up-regulation of components within the molecular apparatus involved in cell-cycle progression. The SCF (Skip-Cullin1-F-box protein) E3 ligase family provides homeostatic feedback control of cell division by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of cell-cycle proteins. By screening several previously undescribed E3 ligase components, we describe the behavior of a relatively new SCF subunit, termed FBXL2, that ubiquitinates and destabilizes cyclin D2 protein leading to G0 phase arrest and apoptosis in leukemic and B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. FBXL2 expression was strongly suppressed, and yet cyclin D2 protein levels were robustly expressed in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patient samples. Depletion of endogenous FBXL2 stabilized cyclin D2 levels, whereas ectopically expressed FBXL2 decreased cyclin D2 lifespan. FBXL2 did not bind a phosphodegron within its substrate, which is typical of other F-box proteins, but uniquely targeted a calmodulin-binding signature within cyclin D2 to facilitate its polyubiquitination. Calmodulin competes with the F-box protein for access to this motif where it bound and protected cyclin D2 from FBXL2. Calmodulin reversed FBXL2-induced G0 phase arrest and attenuated FBXL2-induced apoptosis of lymphoblastoid cells. These results suggest an antiproliferative effect of SCFFBXL2 in lymphoproliferative malignancies.
Dependency, the Credit Market, and Argentine Industrialization, 1860–1940

The factors responsible for Latin American economic “dependency” have long been debated by economic historians. In this article, Professor Guy considers the example of Argentine industrialization between 1870 and 1940. Argentine reliance upon foreign capital, she concludes, was due much more to local Argentine institutions — the commercial law, the stock market, and the government inspection bureau — than to any pressures from abroad. She adds that, though dependency theory has its limits, by focusing attention on local institutions, it remains a valuable tool for understanding Third World development.
Psychological Characteristics of Ethnic Groups in a College Population

(1958). Psychological Characteristics of Ethnic Groups in a College Population. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 265-275.