cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute RnalL Failure Due to Subcapsular Renal Hematoma in a Solitary Kidney: Improvement After Decompression

Subcapsular renal hematomas occurring in the presence of a normally functioning contralateral kidney generally do not threaten renal function and, therefore, are managed expectantly. However, significant parenchymal compression of a solitary kidney may contribute to functional deterioration.1 We report a case of acute renal failure associated with a subcapsular hematoma in a solitary kidney. The pertinent clinical findings associated with this unusual clinical presentation and its successful management with urgent decompression are discussed. CASE REPORT A 56-year-old man with a remote history of right nephrectomy presented elsewhere with left flank pain. The patient had a history of recurrent left renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma treated by multiple percutaneous interventions, most recently 1 month previously. At presentation serum creatinine was 4.3 mg./dl. (normal 0.7 to 1.4), which was increased from the baseline of 2.2 mg./dl. Diuretic renogram showed no evidence of obstruction. On physical examination left flank tenderness was noted. There was no evidence of gross or microscopic hematuria. Serum creatinine was 5.7 mg./dl. Urine output was approximately 1,000 ml. during the preceding 24 hours. Noncontrast enhanced computerized tomography revealed a 13 cm. left renal subcapsular hematoma with marked compression of the renal parenchyma and without hydronephrosis (fig. 1). Despite apparently sufficient urine output, the patient became increasingly symptomatic from volume overload and acidosis, and emergent hemodialysis was performed. Angiography demonstrated medial distortion of the renal vessels but failed to identify any source of active bleeding. Hemodialysis was again required on day 4 of hospitalization. Open surgical decompression was undertaken in the hope of salvaging renal function. A small flank incision provided access to the readily palpable, tense renal capsule. Once incised, approximately 1,000 ml. old blood and clot under pressure were decompressed. No active bleeding was identified. Renal function immediately improved with a self-limiting post-decompression diuresis of 5,460 ml. urine in 24 hours (fig. 2). Repeat renal angiography showed a small arteriovenous fistula, which was selectively embolized. Blood pressure did not vary significantly before, during or after intervention. At 6-month followup serum creatinine was 2.7 mg./dl. DISCUSSION
Kinetics of CO Addition to Ni(cyclam)+ in Aqueous Solution

The addition of CO to Ni(cyclam)+ in homogeneous aqueous solution has been studied by pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis. The reaction was found to proceed by a sequential, two-step mechanism. The CO addition rate constant was found to be (2.0 ± 0.2) × 109 M-1 s-1 at ambient temperature. Addition is followed by a slower, first-order reaction with a rate constant of 1.8 ± 0.2 s-1 at ambient temperature. A variable temperature study of the latter reaction yielded ΔH⧧ = 12.7 ± 0.1 kcal mol-1 and ΔS⧧ = −14.4 ± 0.1 cal K-1 mol-1. The mechanism of the reaction sequence and the possibility that the slow, first-order process represents an isomerization of the macrocyclic ligand are discussed.
Utilization of magnetorheological finishing as a diagnostic tool for investigating the three-dimensional structure of fractures in fused silica

We have developed an experimental technique that combines magnetorheological finishing (MRF) and microscopy to examine fractures and/or artifacts in optical materials. The technique can be readily used to provide access to, and interrogation of, a selected segment of a fracture or object that extends beneath the surface. Depth slicing, or cross-sectioning at selected intervals, further allows the observation and measurement of the three-dimensional nature of the sites and the generation of volumetric representations that can be used to quantify shape and depth, and to understand how they were created, how they interact with surrounding material, and how they may be eliminated or mitigated.
Member Attributes and Corporate Contributions to United States Senators: Do Environmental Compliance Costs Matter?*

This study examines corporate contributions through political action committees (PACs) to US Senate incumbents from 1978 to 1988 by those industries which have sustained substantial environmental compliance costs and consequently have an incentive to develop relatively precise targeting strategies. The findings suggest that party, ideology, regulatory costs, and challenger attributes play especially important roles in corporate allocation strategies. These industries pursue relatively precise, sophisticated campaign contribution strategies, which reflect these influences.
Analysis of gene × environment interactions in sibships using mixed models

Gene × environment models are widely used to assess genetic and environmental risks and their association with a phenotype of interest for many complex diseases. Mixed generalized linear models were used to assess gene × environment interactions with respect to systolic blood pressure on sibships adjusting for repeated measures and hierarchical nesting structures. A data set containing 410 sibships from the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort (part of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 data) was used for all analyses. Three mixed gene × environment models, all adjusting for repeated measurement and varying levels of nesting, were compared for precision of estimates: 1) all sibships with adjustment for two levels of nesting (sibs within sibships and sibs within pedigrees), 2) all sibships with adjustment for one level of nesting (sibs within sibships), and 3) 100 data sets containing random draws of one sibship per extended pedigree adjusting for one level of nesting. The main effects were: gender, baseline age, body mass index (BMI), hypertensive treatment, cigarettes per day, grams of alcohol per day, and marker GATA48G07A. The interaction fixed effects were: baseline age by gender, baseline age by cigarettes per day, baseline age by hypertensive treatment, baseline age by BMI, hypertensive treatment by BMI, and baseline age by marker GATA48G07A. The estimates for all three nesting techniques were not widely discrepant, but precision of estimates and determination of significant effects did change with the change in adjustment for nesting. Our results show the importance of the adjustment for all levels of hierarchical nesting of sibs in the presence of repeated measures.
Interactivity in an Electronically Delivered Marketing Course

Abstract In this article, the author delineates determinants of interactivity and means to increase it in an electronically delivered strategic marketing course. Lotus Notes was the platform for course delivery. Results show that within-group student interactivity rates in a “Marketing Forum” database were relatively even. Further, no significant gender differences were found in frequency of interactivity. Though greater involvement by the professor had a positive impact on interactivity, group size had no significant impact. Finally, the author found a significant negative relationship between quantity or frequency of interactivity and an index of the quality of interactivity.
Interrogation of Vibrational Structure and Line Broadening of Liquid Water by Raman-Induced Kerr Effect Measurements within the Multimode Brownian Oscillator Model †

The method used to deduce the spectral density distribution of intermolecular and intramolecular (vibrational) degrees of freedom in the liquid state from optical heterodyne detected optical (Raman-induced) Kerr effect (OHD-RIKE) measurements is reexamined within a multimode Brownian oscillator model. The ramifications of nonlinear coupling of the nuclear degrees of freedom to the medium polarizability are explored for discrimination between “homogeneous” and “inhomogeneous” contributions to the vibrational spectral density. Under physically reasonable assumptions, an estimation of the homogeneous contribution to the vibrational line shape can be made from the OHD-RIKE observable (if nonlinear coupling is nonnegligible). The model is developed generally, and calculations are applied specifically to temperature-dependent OHD-RIKE measurements of liquid water. The results indicate that the line broadening in the low-frequency vibrational distribution due to the hydrogen-bonded network structure of liquid wa...
Focal cooling improves neuronal conduction in peroneal neuropathy at the fibular neck

Heat can induce conduction block (CB) in demyelinated neurons; whether cooling can reverse CB and increase strength is uncertain. In six patients with electrophysiologic evidence of peroneal neuropathy at the fibular neck with definite motor CB, standard motor nerve conduction studies were performed at 32°C and then after the fibular neck region was cooled with an ice pack to 8°–12°C. In all patients, cooling increased the amplitude and area of the compound motor action potential obtained with popliteal fossa stimulation, decreasing the relative amplitude drop across the fibular neck from a mean of 78% to 55%. A concomitant increase in foot dorsiflexor strength was clearly observed in three of the six patients. Both the electrophysiologic and clinical changes readily reversed upon rewarming. These data support the belief that, in compressive neuropathies, cooling relieves conduction block in selected motor neurons, improving strength. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1622–1626, 2001
Perioperative Blood Glucose Control

Progress in improving care processes for hospitalized patients with diabetes has been very slow. The prevalence of diabetes is increasing steadily, making it a diagnosis that is present more often in patients who are hospitalized to have surgery. Evidence demonstrating the benefits of blood sugar control in hospitalized patients has been accumulating, which has resulted in clinical practice recommendations that provide direction for changing practice. Multidisciplinary development of institution-specific standards for the care of patients with diabetes is essential for improvement in processes and outcomes. The safety implications of diabetes care practice changes require close monitoring and timely reporting. There are increased costs associated with diabetes care practices that are needed to improve blood glucose control in hospitalized patients, and these are offset, at least in part, by cost savings that occur because of improved outcomes. Perioperative nurses are integral to making practice changes that will improve outcomes for patients with diabetes. Their participation in multidisciplinary teams who are working toward improving outcomes for patients with diabetes will ensure that the unique needs of patients having surgery are represented and that plans include care processes that prevent complications related to the surgery itself as well as uncontrolled blood glucose levels. Perioperative nurses can collaborate with other health professionals in developing standards, including policies, procedures, and protocols, that are necessary for making changes in diabetes care practices. In addition, perioperative nurses are providing diabetes care by monitoring blood glucose levels, assuring timely treatments for elevated blood glucose levels, obtaining equipment needed for implementation of intravenous insulin protocols, documenting blood glucose levels and treatments for hyperglycemia, collecting data to evaluate care processes and outcomes, and providing feedback regarding effectiveness of diabetes care practices to individuals and groups who have responsibility for process improvement activities.
The use of a non-LTR element to date the formation of the Sdic gene cluster.

Transposable elements comprise a considerable part of eukaryotic genomes, and there is increasing evidence for their role in the evolution of genomes. The number of active transposable elements present in the host genome at any given time is probably small relative to the number of elements that no longer transpose. The elements that have lost the ability to transpose tend to evolve neutrally. For example, non-LTR retrotransposons often become 5′ truncated due to their own transposition mechanism and hence lose their ability to transpose. The resulting transposons can be characterized as “dead-on-arrival” (DOA) elements. Because they are abundant and ubiquitous, and evolve neutrally in the location where they were inserted, these DOA non-LTR elements make a useful tool to date molecular events. There are four copies of a “dead-on-arrival” RT1C element on the recently formed Sdic gene cluster of Drosophila melanogaster, that are not present in the equivalent region of the other species of the melanogaster subgroup. The life history of the RT1C elements in the genome of D. melanogaster was used to determine the insertion chronology of the elements in the cluster and to date the duplication events that originated this cluster.
Fuzzy logic approach to digital video segmentation

A fuzzy logic system for the detection of shot boundaries in video sequences is presented. It integrates multiple metrics and knowledge of editing procedures to detect shot boundaries. Furthermore, the system is capable of classifying the editing process employed to create the shot boundary into one of the following categories: abrupt cut, fade-in, fade-out, or dissolve.
Non-thermal features of atmospheric-pressure argon and helium microwave-induced plasmas observed by laser-light Thomson scattering and Rayleigh scattering

Abstract Laser-light Thomson scattering and Rayleigh scattering have been measured from a microwave-induced plasma sustained at atmospheric pressure, using both argon and helium as a support gas. The measurements were performed at several spatial positions in each plasma, and at forward microwave power levels of 350 W for argon, and at 350 W and 100 W for helium. It was found from these measurements that both argon and helium plasmas deviate substantially from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), Measured electron temperatures range from 13 000–21 500 K, whereas gas temperatures are generally lower by a factor of 2 to 10, depending on the support gas and the spatial position in the discharge. At the same forward microwave power, the electron temperature of the helium plasma is about 3500–7000 K higher than that of the argon plasma. Yet, the argon plasma has a higher electron number density than the helium plasma. Electron number densities in both argon and helium plasmas are roughly two to three orders of magnitude lower than what LTE would predict, based on the measured electron temperatures and the Saha Equation. Even more interestingly, signals in the far-wing portion of the Thomson-scattering spectrum were found to be significantly higher than are predicted by a fitted Maxwellian curve, indicating that there exists an over-population of high-energy electrons. It is concluded that, compared to the inductively coupled plasma, the microwave-induced plasma is highly non-thermal and remains in an ionizing mode in the analytical zone.
Bradykinin Metabolism in the Liver and Lung of the Rat

Abstract Bradykinin (BK) in an asanguinous salt solution was perfused through intact rat liver. The perfusate was delivered through the portal vein and was collected from the inferior vena cava. BK concentrations varied from 0.0030 to 38.0 μm. The liver had a large capacity to degrade BK and the system did not approach saturation until perfusate BK concentrations reached 60 μm. The quantitatively predominant BK fragments formed and the amount of each formed, expressed as a percentage of the BK degraded during a single transhepatic passage, were Pro-Pro, 74%; Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe, 15%; and Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro, 7%; the first is indicative of initial aminopeptidase-P cleavage of BK to yield Arg and des-Arg1-BK and the latter two are indicative of initial angiotension converting enzyme (ACE) cleavage of BK. On the other hand, while the perfused rat lung also had a large capacity to degrade BK, the quantitatively predominant BK fragments formed and the amount of each formed, again expressed as a percentage of BK metabolized during a single transpulmonary passage, were Pro-Pro, 47%; Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe, 35%; and Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro, 7%. Thus in rat liver the aminopeptidase-P pathway is the major route for BK degradation, whereas in rat lung the aminopeptidase-P and the ACE pathways exhibit nearly equal capacities to degrade BK.
Globalisation, Technopolitics and Revolution

Chapter 6 on “Globalization, Technopolitics and Revolution,” I analyze in more detail the global economy, politics, and culture from the standpoint of technology and a networked world. I will engage some issues involving technopolitics, and the alleged rise of a new economy, networked society, and cyberspace, in relation to the problematic of revolution and the prospects for a radical democratic or progressive transformation of society. Globalization and the rise of a digital computer and information technology based economy and society are interpreted in both popular and academic literature as modes of technological revolution in which new digital technologies are transforming every mode of life from how individuals do research to how people communicate and interact socially. There is some truth in this notion, but it is also true that the technological revolution can perpetuate the interests of the dominant economic and political powers, intensify divisions between haves and have nots, and is a defining feature of a new form of global technocapitalism.
Field and Microcosm Studies of Decomposition and Soil Biota in a Cold Desert Soil

In the extreme cold desert soil of the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, we studied the effects of changing moisture and temperature on rates of decomposition and the activity and abundance of soil organisms. Our objective was to understand how moisture and temperature structure invertebrate communities and control important ecosystem processes and soil biotic activity in this extreme environment. First, in a field experiment, we manipulated soil moisture and temperature and compared cotton strip decomposition rates at two dry valley sites with different moisture regimes. At both sites, live nematode abundance and activity were unchanged by soil treatments over the 2-year study. In the same plots, the cotton strips did not decompose, despite soil warming and the addition of moisture. The results suggest that biological activity in the McMurdo Dry Valleys is severely limited and that soil organisms are not responsive to improving environmental conditions. Second, in microcosms, we manipulated dry valley soil moisture at a constant temperature of 10°C and measured the rates of key soil processes. Soil respiration, nitrification, and the decomposition of cotton strips were all greater in dry valley soils that were wetted to 10% moisture content, as compared to soils at 0.6%. These results indicate that the decomposition potential for dry valley soils is high when moisture and temperature limitations are removed. In the field, however, this process was extremely slow, and biota did not respond to improving environmental conditions. Soil processes appear to be limited primarily by the extreme desiccation of the dry valleys. Ecosystems processes are likely restricted to the brief periods following infrequent snowfall, melt, and soil wetting that permit the activity of soil microbes and biota.
Immunocytochemical localization of glutaminase-like immunoreactivity in the auditory nerve

The immunocytochemical localization of glutaminase, which we have proposed as a marker for excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters was determined in the guinea pig auditory nerve. Glutaminase-like immunoreactivity was seen in auditory nerve terminals in the cochlear nucleus and in the cell bodies of the auditory nerve in the cochlea. This staining was seen in type I and not type II spiral ganglion cells. Glutaminase-like immunoreactivity was also observed in granule cells in the cochlear nucleus.
Role of Glucose in the Regulation of Endogenous Glucose Production in the Human Newborn

The role of plasma glucose concentration in the regulation of endogenous glucose production in the human newborn was examined by infusing glucose at 2.6-4.6 mg/kg . min as a continuous infusion to eight normal term appropriate for gestational age infants, five preterm, and six small for gestational age infants. All infants were healthy, had no overt clinical problems and were studied 6 h after their last feed. Glucose production rates were measured during the basal state and during glucose infusion by tracer dilution using [6,6(2)H2]glucose. The rate of glucose production during the basal state was similar in preterm and term appropriate for gestational age infants (appropriate for gestational age 3.53 +/- 0.32, preterm 3.49 +/- 0.38 mg/kg . min, mean +/- SD), while it was higher in the small for gestational age infants (4.25 +/- 0.98, p less than 0.03) as compared with appropriate for gestational age. During glucose infusion, the peak glucose concentration was related to the rate of glucose infusion. The endogenous glucose production rates during glucose infusion were variable in the three groups. However, a negative correlation between peak glucose concentration and endogenous glucose production rate was observed (r = 0.59, p = 0.006). The insulin response to glucose infusion was comparable in all infants. In addition, three small gestational age and one preterm infants, who had become hypoglycemic in the immediate newborn period, were studied while they were receiving parenteral glucose and their plasma glucose had stabilized at 55.5 +/- 10.25 mg/dl. Tracer kinetic studies showed persistence of endogenous glucose production in these infants even though they were receiving high rates of exogenous glucose infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sex-determining potencies vary among female incubation temperatures in a turtle.

Reptiles whose sex is determined by incubation temperature typically exhibit all- male or all-female sex ratios over a wide range of incubation temperatures. The question arises as to whether the various all-female temperatures (or the various all-male temperatures) are equiva- lent in their "potency," or capacity to effect female determination. In map turtles, warm incubation temperatures produce all females and cool ones produce all males. We compared sex determining potencies of two all-female temperatures, 31°C and 32.5"C, by incubating eggs first at a male- producing temperature (26°C) and then shifting them to the warm temperatures. The resulting sex ratio was significantly more male biased in the 26"C+3loC shift than in the 26"C-+32.5"C shift, indicating that 325°C has the greater female potency. These results point to the possibility that sex determination depends on a quantitative rather than qualitative level of gene expression. Incubation temperature of the embryo deter- mines sex in many reptiles (reviewed in Bull, '80; Raynaud and Pieau, '85). Yet despite documenta- tion of a temperature effect on sex determination in many species, details of how temperature de- termines sex are still scant. In many species, a range of incubation temperature produces only males and another range produces only females. However, while warm temperatures produce males and cool temperatures produce females in some lizards and crocodiles, the reverse pattern occurs in many turtles; in yet other species, fe- males are produced at both high and low ex- tremes, with males developing at intermediate temperatures (see reviews cited above). One ques- tion that arises from these observations is whether all temperatures producing the same sex are equivalent. That is, if two temperatures each produce 100% females, are they equally potent in their female determining effect? This question is the focus of our study. METHODS AND MATERIALS
Comparing inverse photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopies

Abstract The comparison of inverse photoemission with X-ray absorption spectra is possible. We discuss some of the similarities and differences that must be considered in both techniques. Two examples of such comparison are given: the NiMnSb half-Heusler alloy and the La0.65Pb0.35MnO3 perovskite. We briefly present the dipole and symmetry selection rules which can be used for the interpretation of inverse photoemission as well as the absorption spectra. Due to the symmetry constraints imposed by the initial state, the selection rules in inverse photoemission are more restrictive than in the case of X-ray absorption.
The Effects of Potassium Chromate and Citrinin on Rat Renal Membrane Transport

Abstract Both chromate and citrinin have been shown to produce acute renal damage. Although both substrates act on the proximal tubule in the rat, they affect different parts of that nephron segment. As with most nephrotoxicants, the mechanism(s) or subcellular target(s) for citrinin or chromate is unknow. The availability of methodology for isolation of functional membrane vesicles has afforded the opportunity to study the plasma membrane as a target for the effects of citrinin and chromate. Whether studied solely with in vitro conditions or after administration to the rat, chromate exhibited its primary action on the basolateral (BL) membrane vesicles. This was exhibited by a reduction in the p -aminohippurate (PAH) overhoot. At both 3 and 16 hr after treatment (40 mg/kg, sc) there was a significant, but relatively modest, effect on glucose transport by brush border (BB) vesicles. Citrinin, when studied in vitro , inhibited PAH transport (BL vesicles), but had only equivocal effects on BB glucose transport. However, after pretreatment of the rats with citrinin (60 mg/kg, ip), both BL and BB membrane vesicle function was reduced markedly at 3 hr. By 16 hr, an overshoot had returned for both transport substrates, although the glucose overshoot was still significantly below control. These data demonstrate that both citrinin and chromate alter proximal tubular cell membrane function and do so relatively early after administration to the rat. This effect suggests that alteration of membrane function by these nephrotoxicants is an early, if not initiating, event in the production of acute tubular necrosis.
Análisis del efecto placebo

En el ambito de la salud, a pesar de la inoperancia o incluso peligro intrinseco que supone la aplicacion de muchos agentes o estrategias terapeuticas, un numero apreciable de mejorias o curaciones suelen seguir a la intervencion profesional de un terapeuta. Las investigaciones historicas, antropologicas, sociologicas y psicologicas proporcionan evidencia en favor de la existencia real del denominado «efecto placebo». Un mejor conocimiento de dicho efecto mediante trabajos experimentales puede conducirnos a un nuevo modelo sanitario mas humano, eficaz y economico.
Preparation of Portland Cement Components by Poly(vinyl alcohol) Solution Polymerization

The four components portland cement-dicalcium silicate, C2S (Ca2SiO4); tricalcium silicate, C3S (Ca3SiO5); tricalcium aluminate, C3A (Ca3Al2O6); and tetracalcium aluminate iron oxide, C4AF (Ca4Al2Fe3O10)-were formed using a solution-polymerization route based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the polymer carrier. The powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction techniques, BET specific surface area measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. This method produced relatively pure, synthetic cement components of submicrometer or nanometer crystallite dimensions, high specific surface areas, as well as extremely high reactivity at relatively low calcining temperatures. The PVA content and its degree of polymerization had a significant influence on the homogeneity of the final powders. Two types of degree of polymerization (DP) PVA were used. Lower crystallization temperatures and smaller particle size powders were obtained from the low-DP-type PVA at optimum content.
Sleep during mechanical ventilation

Purpose of review This review addresses the growing interest in the study of sleep during critical illness. Recent findings We know that sleep, in all of its measurable aspects, is severely deranged in critically ill patients during mechanical ventilation. There is growing evidence that mode of mechanical ventilation, medications, and acuity of illness may contribute to such sleep derangements and that conventional factors such as noise and health care delivery may be playing a much smaller role than previously thought. Alternatively, changes in sleep-wakefulness state can alter patient-ventilator interaction, which may in turn influence physicians' decision-making. Sleep organization may predict functional outcome in patients with head trauma. Additionally, there is evidence that poor sleep is an important factor influencing long-term quality of life in survivors of critical illness. Summary A more complete understanding of the etiopathogenesis of sleep derangements during mechanical ventilation may identify new interventions to help improve sleep, and possibly favorably influence short-term and long-term outcomes.
Structure and properties of neutral and cationic gold(III) complexes from substituted 2-(2'-pyridyl)quinoline ligands.

A one-step catalytic synthesis of 6-substituted 4-phenyl-2-(2′-pyridyl)quinolines provides electronically differentiated ligands without solvent, inert atmosphere, metal contamination, or chromatography. Gold(III) complexes formed from these bidentate PyQuin ligands were characterized and studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cationic gold(III) chloride synthesized from 6-methoxy-4-phenyl-2-(2′-pyridyl)quinoline has a distorted square-planar ligand environment. Diamagnetic neutral gold(III) complexes from methoxy-, methyl-, and phenyl-PyQuin ligands exhibit a long axial Au–N2 interaction.
Defect Reduction of Cvd-Grown Cubic SiC Epitaxial Films on Off-Axis Si(100) Substrates with a Novel Off-Direction.

Monocrystalline cubic SiC (β-SiC) thin films with lower defect densities have been epitaxially grown by chemical vapor deposition on off-axis Si (100) substrates with off-directions different from the conventional 〈011〉. Stacking faults of β-SiC films are investigated by the electrolytic etching and SEM observation. The effects of off-direction deviated from 〈011〉 are examined for the first time. The off-angle is fixed at 2 degrees. We find a reduction in defect density with increasing deviation angle θ, of off-direction from [011] toward [011] θ 0–45°). The defect density becomes one order of magnitude smaller than that of on-axis (100) substrates. A typical value of the stacking fault density is approximately 6 × 106 cm−2 on the substrate with θ = 30 ° (film thickness: 24 μm).
Health consequences of short- and long-term postmenopausal hormone therapy.

Some women take an estrogen preparation for as long as several years to ease symptoms of the menopause. Such women appear to have little or no alteration in their risk of endometrial cancer, especially if they are also taking a progestogen, and no alteration in their risk of breast cancer. Similarly, the incidence of fractures is unaffected by relatively short-term hormone use. The risk of ischemic heart disease also is reduced among women who currently take estrogens (with or without a progestogen), but the influence of duration of use on this association is uncertain. Postmenopausal women who take estrogens for an extended period of time (e.g., a decade or more) incur a sharply increased risk of cancer of the endometrium. This is largely abated by use of a progestogen for at least 10 days per month. Such long-term estrogen use, whether accompanied by a progestogen or not, may increase the risk of breast cancer slightly, but this is an area of great controversy, at present unresolved. The incidence of both myocardial infarction and fracture is substantially reduced in long-term users of menopausal hormones.
An Ss Model with Adverse Selection

We present a model of the market for a used durable in which agents face fixed costs of adjustment, the magnitude of which depends on the degree of adverse selection in the secondary market. We find that, unlike typical models, the sS bands in our model contract as the variance of the shock increases. We also analyze a dynamic version of the model in which agents are allowed to make decisions that are conditional on the age of the durable. We find that, as the durable ages, the lemons problem tends to decline in importance, and the sS bands contract.
Knee-deep in the Big Muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action.

It is commonly expected that individuals will reverse decisions or change behaviors which result in negative consequences. Yet, within investment decision contexts, negative consequences may actually cause decision makers to increase the commitment of resources and undergo the risk of further negative consequences. The research presented here examined this process of escalating commitment through the simulation of a business investment decision. Specifically, 240 business school students participated in a role-playing exercise in which personal responsibility and decision consequences were the manipulated independent variables. Results showed that persons committed the greatest amount of resources to a previously chosen course of action when they were personally responsible for negative consequences.
Distributional structure in language: contributions to noun-verb difficulty differences in infant word recognition.

What makes some words easy for infants to recognize, and other words difficult? We addressed this issue in the context of prior results suggesting that infants have difficulty recognizing verbs relative to nouns. In this work, we highlight the role played by the distributional contexts in which nouns and verbs occur. Distributional statistics predict that English nouns should generally be easier to recognize than verbs in fluent speech. However, there are situations in which distributional statistics provide similar support for verbs. The statistics for verbs that occur with the English morpheme –ing, for example, should facilitate verb recognition. In two experiments with 7.5- and 9.5-month-old infants, we tested the importance of distributional statistics for word recognition by varying the frequency of the contextual frames in which verbs occur. The results support the conclusion that distributional statistics are utilized by infant language learners and contribute to noun–verb differences in word recognition.
YgfZ contributes to secretion of cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 into outer-membrane vesicles in Escherichia coli.

Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), a Rho GTPase-activating bacterial toxin, has been shown to contribute to invasion by meningitis-causing Escherichia coli K1 of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood–brain barrier. However, CNF1 is a cytosolic protein and it remains unclear how its secretion occurs, contributing to E. coli invasion of HBMEC. To investigate the genetic requirement for CNF1 secretion in E. coli K1 strain RS218, we performed mini-Tn5 in vitro mutagenesis and constructed a transposon mutant library of strain NBC, in which β-lactamase was fused to the C-terminus of CNF1 in the chromosome of strain RS218. We identified a transposon mutant (NBC-1E6) that exhibited reduced β-lactamase activity in its culture supernatant and had the transposon inserted into the ygfZ gene. When ygfZ was deleted from the genome of strain RS218 (ΔygfZ), the translocation of CNF1 into HBMEC was impaired. Subcellular localization analysis of CNF1 demonstrated that YgfZ, a periplasmic protein, contributes to secretion of CNF1 into outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs). The ΔygfZ mutant was significantly defective in invasion of HBMEC compared to the parent E. coli K1 strain. The defects of the ΔygfZ mutant in CNF1 secretion into OMVs and translocation into HBMEC as well as invasion of HBMEC were abrogated by complementation with ygfZ. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that YgfZ contributes to CNF1 secretion into OMVs in meningitis-causing E. coli K1.
Supernovae and Their Remnants

Supernovae (SNe) and supernova remnants (SNRs) represent an important area of research in astrophysics because they are central to our understanding of such diverse fields as the late stages of stellar evolution, mass loss from late-type stars, nucleosynthesis, and interstellar medium processes and abundances. In addition, they provide a laboratory for investigating the physics of explosion mechanisms, blast waves and dust grain formation and destruction. SNe and young SNRs provide information on the dynamics of the explosion, and the abundances in the ejecta provide direct evidence for nucleosynthesis. In some cases, this information can be used with stellar evolution models to infer the properties of the precursor star. Evolved remnants can be used as probes of normally invisible regions of the interstellar medium (ISM). The passage of a SN blast wave heats and compresses the ISM, and observation of the subsequent cooling flow provides information on abundances and physical conditions in both the pre-shock and post-shock gas. Extensive reviews on SNe and SNRs can be found in the proceedings of several recent conferences, including IAU Symposium 101 (Danziger and Gorenstein, 1983), ‘Supernovae as Distance Indicators’ (Bartel, 1985), the NATO ASI on ‘Supernovae: A Survey of Current Research’ (Rees and Stoneham 1982) and the Cargese conference on ‘High Energy Phenomena Around Collapsed Stars’ (Pacini, 1986). Several recent reviews on SNRs have addressed both the observational (Raymond, 1983, 1984; Lozinskaya, 1984) and theoretical (McKee and Hollenbach, 1980) aspects of these objects.
Signatures of resonance superfluidity in a quantum Fermi gas

We predict a direct and observable signature of the superfluid phase in a quantum Fermi gas, in a temperature regime already accessible in current experiments. We apply the theory of resonance superfluidity to a gas confined in a harmonic potential and demonstrate that a significant increase in density will be observed in the vicinity of the trap center.
Delegate: A Proxy Based Architecture for Secure Website Access from an Untrusted Machine

Performing sensitive online transactions using computers found in cybercaf?es and public libraries is risky. The untrusted nature of these machines creates a target rich environment. A simple keystroke logger, a common payload of many viruses, records and transmits the secret information (e.g., passwords, credit card numbers, PIN numbers) entered into these machines. In addition, sophisticated malware can hijack a user?s authenticated session to perform unauthorized transactions masquerading as the user. This paper presents Delegate, a proxy-based architecture that enables a user to access web sites without disclosing personal information to untrusted machines. Delegate enforces rules at the proxy to detect and prevent session hijacking. This architecture leverages users? trusted mobile devices, e.g., cell phones, and requires no modification to web servers or the untrusted machines. Delegate is designed to provide a balance between security and usability.
Organizational Size: A Key Element In The Development Of Private Enterprises In The Less Developed Countries: The Case Of Ecuador

The purpose of this article was to examine and evaluate the prerequisites needed in private enterprises in Ecuador that are conducive to economic development and determine if economic development via this choice is feasible. The prerequisites are ample organizational size, a situation that allows the formation of a well-constructed and viable organizational structure with three hierarchal levels and sufficient departmentalization. All of the above permits the formation, sustenance, and development of the chain and unity of command; span of control; and delegation which, when integrated with the organizational structure, organizational levels, and departmentalization, form the infrastructure for organizational development. It was determined that most Ecuadorian enterprises do not posses such prerequisites; therefore, they cannot play the needed role for micro-economic development at this time.
Supporting social deliberative skills in online classroom dialogues: preliminary results using automated text analysis

We describe a study in which we tested features of online dialogue software meant to scaffold "social deliberative skills." In addition to hand coding of the dialogue text we are exploring the use of automated text analysis tools (LIWC and Coh-Metrix) to identify relevant features, and to be used in a Facilitator Dashboard tool in development.
Stark width measurements and Boltzmann plots of W I in nanosecond laser-induced plasmas

We report the first measurements of Stark broadening widths of W I lines (426.9?nm, 429.4?nm, and 430.2?nm) as a function of electron density, . The electron density is obtained from Stark broadening of a C II line at 426.7?nm in nanosecond laser-induced tungsten carbide plasmas. A linear relation between the W I Stark widths and is confirmed. The electron temperature, , is evaluated from Boltzmann plots of W I transitions with an oscillator strength , since systematically lower population densities are observed for W I transitions with , indicating that absorption occurs. This is consistent with an overestimated derived from Stark broadening of the 429.4?nm line () at a high ambient gas pressure.
A Note on Relativism

This note examines the concept of relativism as it often appears in business. It discusses four separate types of relativism, and argues why relativism is a bad idea.
The Differentiability Properties of Typical Functions in C [a, b]

(1973). The Differentiability Properties of Typical Functions in C [a, b] The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 679-683.
Montalembert at Mechlin: A Reprise of 1830

He was not an old man in years, but as he stepped down from the railroad carriage to the gritty floor of the platform he looked frail and weary, and his three companions hovered pro tectively around him. He walked slowly and somewhat stooped, as though his back hurt him, which indeed it did. He wore for mal garb—a buttoned coat of quality black broadcloth, a stiff white shirt-front, and an abbreviated black cravat. When he raised his tall hat in greeting to the group of distinguished gen tlemen, clerical and lay, who had come to meet him, he revealed a full head of hair, still dark, curling around his ears and collar, a rather swarthy face and smooth, except for bunches of wrin kles at the outer corners of his eyes, a small nose, a wide mouth, and pouches of soft flesh beneath the jaw line. He shook hands with each of the local dignitaries, except with one, a bishop, whose hand he kissed. He nodded and smiled at the anxious inquiries about the health of his wife and daughter, recently injured in a traffic accident but, now, Dieu merci, he said, more comfortable and on the mend. His manner was amiable without being familiar, and he appeared to accept the deference offered to him with the disinterestedness of one long accustomed to it. The cast of his eyes was even and straightforward, but at a blink they could become wary and tentative, as though they belonged to a man not unacquainted with failure and weakness. Chatting with the welcoming party inevitably about weather and railway timetables, he was led through the station and outside into the bright summer afternoon. He could see the town rising out of a jumble of gabled roofs across a short stretch of meadow, and, three hundred feet above them, the top of the round buttressed tower of the cathedral shimmering in the sunlight. Of course, he
Methacrylate star synthesis by GTP

Synthese de polymere en etoile a base de methacrylate par polymerisation de transfert de groupe
Feedback control of airfoil lift using dense surface sensors and reduced order models

Reduced Order Modeling (ROM) is applied to the flow over a NACA 0018 airfoil at a Reynolds number of Re=10,000 for the purpose of developing feedback control strategies. The goal of this investigation is the control of the lift of a wing at a given angle of attack by altering the flow field using feedback flow control. Simulations using the Navier-Stokes equations were used to investigate flow field in its undisturbed state, as well as the openloop and closed-loop states. A parameter study of the forcing conditions, focusing on forcing frequency and amplitude, was performed to determine the controllability of this flow field. The forced and unforced simulation data was used to formulate a basis using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The modes of this basis represent dominant flow features and their time evolution behavior represents the global flow state. Dense surface pressure measurements are used to estimate this global flow state. Feedback laws are used to excite certain modes or flow features to achieve an increase in lift. Feedback simulations show a 220% increase in the lift coefficient at a given flow state.
Ethical Dilemmas in Psychotherapy: Positive Approaches to Decision Making

New and experienced psychotherapists alike can find themselves overwhelmed by an ethical quandary where there doesn't seem to be an easy solution. This book presents positive ethics as a means to overcome such ethical challenges. The positive approach focuses on not just avoiding negative consequences, but reaching the best possible outcomes for both the psychotherapist and the client. The authors outline a clear decision-making process that is based on three practical strategies: the ethics acculturation model to help therapists incorporate personal ethics into their professional roles, the quality enhancement model for dealing with high-risk patients who are potentially harmful, and ethical choice-making strategies to make the most ethical decision in a situation where two ethical principles conflict. Throughout the decision-making process, psychotherapists are encouraged to follow four basic guidelines: Focus on overarching ethical principles Consider intuitive, emotional, and other nonrational factors Accept that some problems have elusive solutions Solicit input from colleagues and consultation groups Numerous vignettes illustrate how to apply positive ethics to many different ethical challenges that psychotherapists will likely encounter in practice.
Investigation of situation of current domestic drinking water in rural areas of Chaohu city

Objective To study the current situation of domestic drinking water in rural areas,so as to provide scientific basis for speeding up development of tap water supply system in rural areas.Methods All township,village in Chaohu city were investigated comprehensively and analysis was made.Results The population in rural areas of Chaohu city was 4,323,583.There were 229 tap water supply systems,which benefited 1,466,590 people,accounted for 33.92%;the water source of separate water supply included:deep well water,phreatic water,spring,river lake reservoir,pool and others,which benefited 2,856,993 people,accounted for 66.08%,of them,74.77% drinking phreatic water.Conclusion Tap water supply system in rural areas of Chaohu city was not popularized,and the development of tap water supply system in rural areas should be quickened and supervision should be reinforced.