cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition reactions of fourteen "nonspecific" seed extracts.

The paper gives the results of inhibition studies on 14 “nonspecific” lectins with simple sugars and human salivas. Five seed extracts were found to show anti-H specificity in the sense that they were inhibited by the saliva of secretor and not by saliva of nonsecretors. These anti-H extracts were inhibited weakly or not at all with L-fucose and salicin and thus differed from the anti-H lectins already known. Extracts of Vicia faba and Vicia ervilia, after inhibition with certain sugars, behaved like anti-AB but were inhibited by salivas irrespective of the secretor status of the donor.
On-site phosphine purification for gas-source MBE of InGaAlP

A gas filter consisting of 150 cm 3 of 3A molecular sieve has been used to purify phosphine immediately prior to in gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. Use of the purified phosphine has been found to reduce the measured electron trap density in n-InGaP and substantially increase the carrier concentration at a given impurity concentration in n-InGaAlP due to a reduction of oxygen incorporation
Recent developments in the theory of electric polarization in solids

Abstract Polarization, the dipole moment per unit volume of a material, is one of the basic quantities in physics which is essential to the theory of dielectrics, effective charges in lattice dynamics, piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity and other phenomena. For extended matter such as crystals, however, a theory of polarization formulated directly in terms of the quantum mechanical wavefunction of the electrons has only recently been derived. Quantum mechanics is the problem: because the electrons do not belong to an individual unit cell of a crystal and their density is continuous, there is no way to uniquely “cut” the density and derive the dipole moment of a cell. The new approach consists in relating the change in polarization to the integrated bulk current flowing through the unit cell and quantum mechanics provides the solution: unique expressions for the integrated current in an insulator can be found from a geometric Berry's phase involving integrals over the phases of the electronic wavefunctions. This method has been used to calculate many properties such as effective charges and ferroelectric moments, and also to discover new phenomena such as divergences of effective charges at magnetic phase transitions.
Imaging utilization from the ED: no difference between observation and admitted patients.

Abstract Objectives This study aims to determine the use of diagnostic imaging in emergency department (ED) observation units, particularly relative to inpatients admitted from the ED. Study Design Retrospective, descriptive analysis. Methods Our database of ED patients was retrospectively reviewed to identify patients managed in the observation unit or admitted to inpatient services. In February 2014, we randomly selected 105 ED observation patients and 108 patients admitted to inpatient services from the ED. Electronic medical records were reviewed to assess diagnosis as well as type and quantity of imaging tests obtained. Results Eighty (76%) ED observation patients underwent imaging tests (radiographs, 39%; computed tomography, 25%; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 24%; ultrasound, 8%; other, 4%); 85 inpatients (79%) underwent imaging tests while in the ED (radiographs, 52%; computed tomography, 30%; MRI, 8%; ultrasound, 9%; other, 1%). There was no significant difference in overall imaging use between ED observation patients and inpatients, but ED observation patients were more likely to undergo MRI ( P = .0243). The most common presenting diagnoses to the ED observation unit were neurologic complaints (25%), abdominal pain (17%), and cardiac symptoms (16%). Conclusion There is no difference in the overall use of imaging in patients transferred to the ED observation unit vs those directly admitted from the ED. However, because ED observation unit patients tend to be accountable for a higher proportion of their health care bill, the impact of imaging in these patients is likely substantive.
The Flexnet-Waveform in the international SDR arena

The FlexNet-Waveform (FN-WF) is a new, highly-configurable MANET waveform for the international ground-based SDR arena, designed for the new FlexNet-One and FlexNet-Four hardware platforms. To ensure maximum compatibility and interoperability, the FN-WF assumes an IP-based platform with standard COTS protocols on the wired, Ethernet connections, while the wireless links utilize the best practices both from standardized and proprietary protocols, which allows FN-WF to provide the bandwidth capacity as well as the transmission opportunities to meet the needs of the modern warfighter. This paper will describe the functional architecture, design trade-offs, and protocols developed for the FN-WF, as well as possible future directions in functionality. It will also present performance results based on customer acceptance tests, shared code simulation models, and real-world field demonstrations.
Relationships between fire severity and post-fire landscape pattern following a large mixed-severity fire in the Valle Vidal, New Mexico, USA

The predominant fire regime associated with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in the southwestern US has shifted from the historic norm of frequent, low-severity fires to less frequent mixed-severity and crown fires. This change in the severity of fire has altered ponderosa pine forests from the open stands typical of pre-settlement times to even-aged, high-density stands at increased risk of crown fire. As a result, restoration plans and post-fire management practices must consider the spatial and temporal variability of fire severity in both mixed-severity and crown fire events because fire-severity patterns strongly influence post-fire ecological conditions. This study examines the landscape pattern of fire severity in the Ponil Complex Fire and applies a moving-window approach to post-fire landscape pattern measurement. The moving-window approach allows examination of the quantitative and spatial variability of landscape pattern, producing a more nuanced description of forest pattern when compared to whole-landscape or patch-based metrics. The fire resulted in a complex mosaic of fire patches and forest-structure changes. In high-severity fire patches, mean and median values of many post-fire landscape metrics were markedly different from those in low and moderate-severity patches. Landscape pattern in high-severity patches also had the greatest variability of metric values, suggesting that high-severity fire patches require a spatially mediated management response to fire. Categorical fire-severity maps and traditional landscape-pattern assessment would not be able to identify these spatially variable post-fire conditions.
Chelating agents protect hydrogenase against oxygen inactivation.

Abstract The effect of chelation on rate of air inactivation of hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum has been investigated. All chelating agents used, whether water-soluble or water-insoluble, afforded protection against oxygen inactivation. EDTA appeared to be the most effective. Thus, in the absence of EDTA, hydrogenase in aqueous solution was nearly totally inactivated after 1 hour incubation in air, whereas 0.5 M EDTA (which did not affect significantly catalytic activity) allowed 41% retention of the initial activity even after 3 days incubation.
Heuristic real time feature extraction of the electroencephalogram (EEG)

The extremely complex nature of the electroencephalogram (EEG), and the subtle, nonquantified methods of pattern recognition used by human interpreters have made EEG analysis resistant to automation. Attempts at pattern recognition using multivariate classification procedures have not produced generalizable results due to the inadequate degree and quality of feature extraction prior to classification.A real time, on-line EEG analysis strategy is described which incorporates feature extracting algorithms derived from models of human EEG interpretation. A system based upon this strategy has been implemented on a dedicated minicomputer. It includes: 1) spectral analysis using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to produce continuous estimates of power and coherence; 2) parallel time domain analysis to detect the occurrence of sharp transient events of possible clinical significance; 3) continuous isometric display of spectral and transient functions; 4) spectral and time domain algorithms for the rejection of noncortical and instrumental artifact; 5) heuristics to isolate patterns and events of potential clinical significance; 6) interactive alteration of analysis and display parameters to facilitate manipulation of data from various experimental paradigms; 7) on-line feedback to alter, when necessary, artifact rejection, transient detection and feature extraction decision thresholds.
“What New Things these Words Can Do for You”: A Focus on One Writing-Project Teacher and Writing Instruction

This study explores a writing-project teacher's premises about writing and illustrates how those underlyingprinciples drove her instruction, influenced children's work, and created a particular theory of writing in her classroom culture. The sociolinguistic and discourse analysis of the transcripts from one 10-minute writing conference revealed 7 assumptions about writing: (a) writers need time to write; (b) writers need to be in charge of their own writing; (c) writers find ideas to write about when they read; (d) writing is social and students learn to become writers and authors by interacting with their peers, their parents, and their teachers; (e) writing includes learning how to spell and proofread work; (f) "writers" write many things but "authors" write books; and (g) Writers speak to audiences that they may never meet. The study found that writing conferences are important instructional conversations for the teaching of writing (Graves, 1983), that learning to write also involves the influence of the social lives of children (Dyson, 1993), and that writing teachers benefit from being writers themselves (Blau, 1988).
E-knowledge in health care: a strategic imperative

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, Public Law104-191), signed by President Clinton on 21 August 1996, is definitely providing a strong push for the US health care sector to embrace various e-commerce initiatives. The Act aims to improve productivity of the American health care system by encouraging the development of information systems based on the exchange of standard management and financial data using EDI. It also requires organizations exchanging transactions for health care to follow national implementation guidelines for EDI established for this purpose. While this Act specifically emphasizes the need for the health care environment in the US to embrace EDI, it is clear that such an Act impacts and encourages the adoption of various forms of e-knowledge management systems by respective players in the health care arena. This paper presents the case of Kaiser Permanente, Ohio and their development and use of MARS (medical automated record system); an e-knowledge management system in health care. This system has enabled Kaiser to enjoy many strategic benefits that before the implementation of this system could not have been envisaged. The system also enables Kaiser to be well positioned in terms of HIPAA.
The spatial variation of the phasing of seismic strong ground motion

The amount and significance of observed spatial variations of the phasing of seismic strong ground motion are explored using synchronized accelerograms from a surface array of digital strong motion accelerometers. A dynamic response ratio is defined for a discrete linear structural system in order to measure the effect of spatial variations of the ground motion on the response of large structures with multiple seismic wave inputs. The response with differential phasing may differ significantly to that with traditional rigid base inputs. Measurements show that phase shifts in the ground motion recorded across the SMART 1 array in Taiwan can produce up to a 25 per cent reduction in the inphase response spectrum at 5 Hz for a structure spanning a distance of 200 m. The out-of-phase dynamic response ratio is 0.20 to 0.40 for a flexible structure with a period of 1 sec and a support spacing of 200 m. In order to analyze more fully the effect of multi-support input motions, the concept of a seismic phase response spectrum is developed to complement the usual Housner (amplitude) response spectrum. An efficient estimation algorithm is outlined using complex demodulation. Seismological phase response spectra would seem to have wide application for engineering design.
Steady-State Noise Analysis of Spontaneous and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers

In this paper, we present a steady-state theoretical and experimental analysis of the noise resulting from spontaneous and stimulated Brillouin scattering in an optical fiber. Wave equations are derived and solved that describe the evolution of the pump and Stokes waves along the fiber. Experiments and numerical results demonstrate the validity of the theory, either when a Stokes wave is launched at the end of the fiber or when the noise in the Stokes wave is spontaneously generated
A modular digital controller architecture for multi-node high power converter applications

Modular voltage source converter has drawn great interest in high power applications. To achieve higher system control reliability and multi-functionality, a modular digital controller architecture is proposed in this paper that will facilitate the concept of modular converter. It can be reconfigured to multiple-node high power converter applications. A hybrid multitap bus and inverse-star structure are adopted in the architecture. Detailed descriptions of the controller structure and function partitioning are described in the paper. Central and local control units are designed individually. A case study on a 13 level cascaded multilevel converter is investigated. Moreover, the data communication protocol and design considerations will be shown. In addition, the hardware circuits and experimental results are shown to verify the structure
Direct Delamination of Graphene for High‐Performance Plastic Electronics

Electrochemical delamination is developed to transfer graphene for plastic electronics. The use of a sacrificial support during transfer is eliminated by depositing the target polyimide substrate directly onto graphene. A continuous and residue-free graphene surface with less line disruptions (such as ripples and wrinkles) is obtained on the target polyimide substrate, and good mechanical durability as well as low sheet resistance is obtained. The properties are competitive with conventional transparent conducting films.
On a cellular division method for topology optimization

This paper concerns a comparative analysis of a novel biologically inspired method for topology optimization. The proposed methodology develops each individual topology according to a set of rules that regulate a ‘cellular division’ process. These rules are then evolved using a genetic algorithm to minimize objective functions while satisfying a set of constraints. The results reported in this work show that the methodology suits engineering design and represents an improvement over existing topology optimization methods based on evolutionary algorithms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and hyperglycosylated hCG: the mediators that control human pregnancy

There are two independent variants of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) with totally independent functions. Both forms share the 92 amino acid α-subunit and the 145 amino acid β-subunit. Regular hCG is a hormone with eight sugar side chains, four biantennary N-linked sugar structures and four trisaccharide O-linked sugar structures (molecular weight: 36,700). Hyperglycosylated hCG is an autocrine with eight sugar side chains, four triantennary N-linked oligosaccharides and four hexasaccharide O-linked oligosaccharides (molecular weight: 40,500). Hyperglycosylated hCG is produced by cytotrophoblast cells and regular hCG is formed by fused differentiated syncytiotrophoblast cells. These two molecules together coordinate most aspects of pregnancy. Research over the past 40 years has demonstrated that regular hCG promotes progesterone production by the corpus luteum, promotes angiogenesis of uterine spiral arteries, inhibits macrophage rejection of the implanting placenta, promotes growth of the umbilical co...
Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Lacrimal Gland Disease in MRL/MPJ Mice

MRL/MpJ mice spontaneously develop lacrimal and salivary gland inflammation and are a model for the human disorder Sjogren’s syndrome. 1-3 Two congenic substrains of MRL/MpJ mice exist, MRL/MpJ-+/+ (MRL/+) andMRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr(MRL/lpr). These substrains differ only at a single autosomal recessive gene locus, the1prmutation. This mutation results in altered Fas protein, defective lymphocyte apoptosis, defective clonal deletion of autoreactive T-cells in peripheral lymphoid organs and accelerated autoimmune disease in MRL/lpr mice when compared to MRL/+ mice. 4.5 MRL/lpr mice typically die at 6 months of age, whereas MRL/+ mice often live to 2 years. Both substrains develop lacrimal gland inflammation, although the lacrimal gland disease develops earlier in MRL/lpr than MRL/+ mice, and at comparable ages, MRL/lpr mice have more severe and extensive disease.3 ; The lacrimal gland lesions in both substrains are composed largely of T-cells (approximately 80%), the majority of which are CD4+ T-cells. Lesser numbers of CD8+ T-cells, B-cells and macrophages are present. In aged (18-month) MRL/+, mice B-cells accumulate in the lacrimal gland lesions.2.3.6
Role of Cholesterol Pathways in Norovirus Replication

Norwalk virus (NV) is a prototype strain of the noroviruses (family Caliciviridae) that have emerged as major causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. I have developed NV replicon systems using reporter proteins such as a neomycin-resistant protein (NV replicon-bearing cells) and a green fluorescent protein (pNV-GFP) and demonstrated that these systems were excellent tools to study virus replication in cell culture. In the present study, I first performed DNA microarray analysis of the replicon-bearing cells to identify cellular factors associated with NV replication. The analysis demonstrated that genes in lipid (cholesterol) or carbohydrate metabolic pathways were significantly (P < 0.001) changed by the gene ontology analysis. Among genes in the cholesterol pathways, I found that mRNA levels of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase, squalene epoxidase, and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), ACAT2, small heterodimer partner, and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related proteins were significantly changed in the cells. I also found that the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis using statins (an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) significantly increased the levels of NV proteins and RNA, whereas inhibitors of ACAT significantly reduced the replication of NV in replicon-bearing cells. Up- or downregulation of virus replication with these agents significantly correlated with the mRNA level of LDLR in replicon-bearing cells. Finally, I found that the expression of LDLR promoted NV replication in trans by transfection study with pNV-GFP. I conclude that the cholesterol pathways such as LDLR expression and ACAT activity may be crucial in the replication of noroviruses in cells, which may provide potential therapeutic targets for viral infection.
Effect of Early Protein and Energy Restriction of Large Turkey Toms Fed High-Fat or Low-Fat Realimentation Diets. 2. Carcass Characteristics

Abstract Diets were fed to toms from 10 days to 6 wk of age to compare two levels of protein [100% (HP) or 70% (LP) of 1984 National Research Council (NRC) recommendations] in a factorial arrangement with two levels of energy [100% (HE) of 90% (LE) or 1984 NRC reference levels]. Subsequently, the four treatment groups were fed diets containing either 4 or 8% fat, allowing caloric density to increase as the level of fat increased and keeping other nutrients equivalent among the diets. Sample toms were killed at 6, 12, and 20 wk of age to determine carcass composition and organ size. Percentages of dry matter and fat in the carcasses of 6-wk-old toms were increased by LP and decreased by LE (P
Development of tests and procedures for evaluating phasor data concentrators

Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) are becoming an integral part in many power system applications from load flow analysis and state estimation to analyzing blackout causes. Phasor Data Concentrators (PDC) collects and processes PMU data. As such, it is important that PMU and PDC communication is seamless. PDCs are set up at multiple utilities and power authorities and also need to be able to communicate and send data to one another seamlessly to encompass analysis of large measurement systems. If these devices are not working similarly when processing and sending/receiving data, unnecessary problems may arise. Therefore it is important that there is an expectation as to how they should work. However, what is expected from these devices is not entirely clear. For this reason, standards such as IEEE C37.118.2-2011 [5] have been proposed to help make operation as uniform as possible. Unfortunately, the standards for PDCs are lacking and tend to only set up communication protocols. To help normalize PDCs, these standards need to be expanded to include all PDC operations and give little room for discrepancy as to what a PDC should do in any given situation. Tests have been performed on PDCs not only to see how they match up to current standards but on how they act outside of the standards. This was done to see where there are PDC discrepancies or communication problems that a standard needs to account for.
Micromachined J-band rectangular waveguide filter

Fully micromachined waveguide filters are realized based on metal E-plane rods. The rods make a series of shunt inductors separated by the length of the waveguide. Two- and three-pole filter designs for 230∼245 GHz bands constructed in WR-3 waveguide are introduced. The filters are microfabricated by etching the rods and waveguides on one silicon wafer which later is bonded with another metal-coated wafer. The devices are measured using a J-band S-parameter test and the measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation results.
PC algorithm for nonparanormal graphical models

The PC algorithm uses conditional independence tests for model selection in graphical modeling with acyclic directed graphs. In Gaussian models, tests of conditional independence are typically based on Pearson correlations, and high-dimensional consistency results have been obtained for the PC algorithm in this setting. Analyzing the error propagation from marginal to partial correlations, we prove that high-dimensional consistency carries over to a broader class of Gaussian copula or nonparanormal models when using rank-based measures of correlation. For graph sequences with bounded degree, our consistency result is as strong as prior Gaussian results. In simulations, the 'Rank PC' algorithm works as well as the 'Pearson PC' algorithm for normal data and considerably better for non-normal data, all the while incurring a negligible increase of computation time. While our interest is in the PC algorithm, the presented analysis of error propagation could be applied to other algorithms that test the vanishing of low-order partial correlations.
The ancient and modern history of EM ground-wave propagation

Radio-wave transmission over the surface of the Earth is a subject of enquiry going back to the beginning of the century. In this review, an attempt is made to describe the ground-wave mechanism that is omni-present. We first call attention to the early analytical contributions of Zenneck and Sommerfeld, based on a flat-Earth model. The subsequent controversies, particularly with regard to the role of the Zenneck surface wave, are outlined. Further developments by other pioneers, such as van der Pol, Fock, Bremmer, Norton, and Millington, are reviewed, and an attempt is made to put these in a modern context. We also show that the trapped surface wave can be a significant contribution to the total ground-wave field, when the Earth boundary is sufficiently inductive. Mixed-path theory and confirming model tests by Ray King are described briefly, along with calculated propagation curves for twoand three-section paths. The bibliography includes references to related topics, such as tropospheric refraction and topographic influences.
Quantitative Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease; A Review

In recent aging research, quantitative techniques have been used to overcome limitations of qualitative interpretation of magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging. The purpose of this review is to summarize imaging results emphasizing quantitative studies using these two modalities in human aging. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is viewed as an extension of imaging, and results of in vivo spectroscopic studies are included. Because Alzheimer's disease (AD) is closely related to aging, a discussion of quantitative imaging techniques that may distinguish normal elderly from patients with AD is included.
Return of the native

Turkeys are native to North and Central America, with six regional subspecies. Although domesticated by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica some 2000 years ago, the wild variety was an important resource for many Native American peoples, not just for its meat and eggs, but also for feathers, bones and spurs, which were used to make clothing. Ogden discusses turkey's ability to outsmart people at first hand and tackles hunting for wild turkeys and efforts to conserve them.
Loss of histone variant macroH2A2 expression associates with progression of anal neoplasm

Aims The macroH2A histone variants are epigenetic marks for inactivated chromatin. In this study, we examined the expression of macroH2A2 in anal neoplasm from anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) to anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods AIN and anal SCC samples were analysed for macroH2A2 expression, HIV and human papilloma virus (HPV). The association of macroH2A2 expression with clinical grade, disease recurrence, overall survival and viral involvement was determined. Results macroH2A2 was expressed in normal squamous tissue and lower grade AIN (I and II). Expression was lost in 38% of high-grade AIN (III) and 71% of anal SCC (p=0.002). Patients with AIN with macroH2A2-negative lesions showed earlier recurrence than those with macroH2A2-positive neoplasm (p=0.017). With anal SCC, macroH2A2 loss was more prevalent in the HPV-negative tumours. Conclusions Loss of histone variant macroH2A2 expression is associated with the progression of anal neoplasm and can be used as a prognostic biomarker for high-grade AIN and SCC.
Field evaluations of the contribution of predators and the parasitoid, Aphelinus mali, to biological control of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, in Virginia, USA

A series of experiments in Virginia, USA apple orchards evaluated the temporal effects of natural enemies on Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) colonies on potted and mature apple trees. Exclusion cage studies using potted trees resulted in increasing colony numbers on fully caged trees and declining colony numbers or colony extinction on trees exposed to natural enemies. Closer examination of the fate of individual colonies on potted trees produced a similar result and revealed that syrphids oviposited in colonies within two days of tree deployment. Heringia calcarata (Loew) (Diptera: Syrphidae) was the predominant predator and had a greater and more rapid impact on colonies than did the parasitoid Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The fate of cohorts of naturally-occurring E. lanigerum colonies on mature trees was examined over two seasons and confirmed that H. calcarata and A. mali were most strongly associated with colony demise.
Hydroperoxide-mediated cytochrome P450-dependent 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid destruction, product formation and P450 modification.

The interaction between hydroperoxides, cytochrome P450 and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) has been investigated. The addition of ANS to the cytochrome P450 solution did not effect the P450 Soret absorption peak or the reduced CO difference spectrum, suggesting that ANS may not bind to P450 heme directly. H2O2 or CuOOH alone did not effect ANS fluorescence and absorption spectra indicating that no detectable reaction occurs between hydroperoxide and ANS in the absence of P450. The reconstituted system of cytochrome P450, P450 reductase, lipid and NADPH did not mediate ANS metabolism. In the presence of P450, the addition of either H2O2 or CuOOH, however, leads to a decrease in ANS absorption around 258 nm and 350 nm indicating possible destruction of ANS. ANS destruction was confirmed with the disappearance of the ANS elution peak in the reverse phase HPLC profiles and with the changes in P450-bound ANS fluorescence intensity and the shift of λmax of ANS. Moreover , a very sensitive method to detect trace fluorescent products of ANS by thin layer chromatography has been developed based on the fact that ANS fluorescence is enhanced more than 1000-fold by the organic solvent butanol. A UV-sensitive fluorescent product was detected on thin layer chromatography profiles of the reaction mixtures. P450 was also observed to be modified by a fluorescent derivative of ANS, when the fluorescence was enhanced by butanol. These results also show that an organic compound which can not be metabolized by the reconstituted system of cytochrome P450 and NADPH-P450 reductase is metabolized by the reconstituted system of P450 and hydroperoxide, suggesting the activities of these two systems may not be completely comparable. (Mol Cell Biochem 167: 159-168, 1997)
Challenges in Handling Imprecise Parentage Matters

Legal parentage under American state laws is significantly and rapidly evolving. And, it is increasingly imprecise. No longer is legal parentage only defined at precise moments in time or for particular conduct, as by giving birth, having biological ties, marriage to the birth mother at time of conception or birth, name placement on a birth certificate, or formal adoption. Both men and women can now become legal parents, as through de facto parenthood or equitable adoption, where neither the time of the relevant conduct nor the conduct prompting parentage can be precisely determined. Because legal parentage increasingly depends upon fluid and imprecise doctrines, lawyers and judges must be vigilant in handling legal disputes implicating parentage. Together with the growing phenomenon of imprecise legal parentage, lawyers and judges are also challenged because an established legal parentage in one setting often is inapplicable in other settings. Parentage under law is frequently contextual. Thus, a father for child support purposes often is not a father for childcare purposes. Further, lawyers and judges are now challenged both in proceedings first establishing and later overriding legal parentage. Legal parentage increasingly can be overridden via imprecise norms, including standards on waivers, forfeitures, rebuttals, and rescissions. The numbers of disestablished parents are growing due to reliable and inexpensive genetic testing, births during marriage resulting from adultery, and greater use of assisted reproduction. Moreover, lawyers and judges investigating both the establishment and disestablishment of legal parentage are challenged due to significant interstate variations. As one distinguished commentator observed: “The relative importance of biology, intent, contract, and parental function varies tremendously by jurisdiction and even by case, adding confusion and unpredictability to a determination of critical importance.” Because parents and their children are quite mobile, in resolving parentage disputes, choices increasingly must be made between competing and quite different imprecise American state parentage laws. This article examines the challenges for lawyers and judges investigating parentage. First, it will survey varying American state imprecise parentage laws. Then, it will examine the investigative norms guiding parentage inquiries. In conclusion, it will review the possible results of failed inquiries and offer suggestions to lawyers and judges who must contend with an array of differing fluid, imprecise, and contextual American state parentage laws.
Comparison of Fatigue Damage Estimates Using the ASME Code and Other Methods

Fatigue damage calculations have been performed in a specific design application using the method outlined in the ASME Code Section III as well as the local strain approach. For both methods, the finite element stress analysis results for a structural component subject to a specified set of transient loadings have been considered. The local strain approach is based on computing strain ranges from the elastic stresses using the material stress strain curve and Neuber’s rule. The allowable number of cycles is determined from the strain ranges and the continuous cycling fatigue curve for the material. A comparison of the fatigue damages predicted by the two methods demonstrates some of the conservatisms of the ASME Code procedure over the local strain approach. The sources of conservatism lie in the low cycle fatigue strain concentration factors and inherent safety factors in the design fatigue curves of the ASME Code. Some of the non-conservatisms in the ASME Code fatigue evaluation could primarily arise from the low cycle fatigue strain concentration factors for stress ranges in the vicinity of 3Sm for the material, a result based on experimental and finite element studies. We have also included an assessment approach based on a material distance parameter for the same problem.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Increases in Levels of Antibody to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in an Immunized Population

Hepatitis B vaccine is effective in preventing infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), but its duration of protection is unknown. To examine the effect of exposure to HBV on an immunized population, data were analyzed from a cohort of Alaska Natives who were immunized and then followed up annually for 10 years. A boost in antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) was defined as a fourfold rise in levels to > or = 20 mIU/mL that was not accompanied by the presence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen or attributable to interim vaccination. During 10 years of follow-up, 8.2% of 1,595 vaccines had boosts in anti-HBs. Persons with boosts did not differ significantly from those without boosts in terms of age, gender, village, initial level of anti-HBs, or level of anti-HBs before the boost. These results underscore the continued exposure to HBV among vaccinees and the continued protection against disease that the vaccine provides.
Promoting, Developing, and Sustaining Academic Global Surgery Programs

Academic global surgery programs are becoming increasingly common. With unprecedented interest in international rotations and health systems strengthening activities by surgical faculty, departments of surgery will need to give serious considerations to promoting, developing, and sustaining global surgery programs by identifying those within departments who have common interests and developing alliances with like-minded individuals. The case needs to be made that having such a global surgery program opens the door to academic and program building experiences, especially for younger faculty. Funding for such initiatives remains a challenge, but clinical revenue and innovative solutions need to be continually developed and shared by academic global surgery programs.
HYDROPHOBIZED TRIPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM CATIONS AS MITOCHONDRIA-SPECIFIC TARGETING LIGANDS

Objectives: To reduce the cellular toxicity of the stearyl triphenylphosphonium (STPP)1 cation via hydrophobization with the two-tailed phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and to prepare mitochondriotropic liposomes using the resulting TPP-PE conjugate2. Methodology: The TPP cation was conjugated to PE via a carboxyl-to-amine reaction and subsequently used to prepare mitochondriotropic liposomes by the lipid film hydration method. 5 mol% TPP-PE conjugate was added to the final lipid composition. Cellular viability and mitochondrial uptake of the TPP-PE liposomes were evaluated in H9c2 and 4T1 cells at 10-300 mg/mL for 24 hours and compared with stearyl triphenylphosphonium (STPP) liposomes3. Results: Conjugation of the TPP cation to phosphatidylethanolamine (TPP-PE) reduced its toxicity by up to 5 orders of magnitude in comparison to STPP when incorporated into liposomes. In addition, the mitochondriotropic properties of TPP were maintained as indicated by the accumulation of the TPP-PE liposomes in mitochondria. Conclusion: Hydrophobization of the TPP cation with a two-tail phospholipid (TPP-PE) rather than a single-aliphatic chain (STPP) and its incorporation into liposomes significantly reduced its toxicity while preserved the TPP inherent mitochondriotropic properties, thus representing a new strategy to facilitate the development of potential carriers to deliver therapeutic agents to those cells with mitochondrial dysfunctions.
Knowing what he could have shown: The role of alternatives in children's evaluation of under-informative teachers.

What underlies young children’s failure in evaluating underinformative teachers? We explore the hypothesis that children have difficulty representing relevant alternatives; knowing what the teacher could have done. Children rated two teachers who demonstrated toys to a naive learner. One group first observed a fully informative teacher and then an underinformative teacher, while the other group saw the reverse order. Sixand seven-year-olds successfully rated the underinformative teacher lower than the fully-informative teacher regardless of the order (Exp.1). However, fourand five-yearolds showed this pattern only when they saw the fully informative teacher first (Exp.2). Given a binary choice after seeing both teachers, four-year-olds showed a preference for the fully informative teacher (Exp.3). We discuss these results in light of recent literature on children’s understanding of pragmatic violations in linguistic communication; the contrast between the fully informative vs. under-informative teachers might help children understand what the teacher could have shown.
Swimming performance of adult bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845) and silver carp H. molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)

Summary Although the movement of invasive bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix) in the Upper Mississippi River system is dependent on their ability to swim through its numerous lock-and-dams, the swimming performance of adults of these species is at present unknown. Using a large (2,935-L) mobile swim tunnel, the swimming performance of adult bighead and adult silver carp was quantified at water velocities that challenged them to exhibit either prolonged and/or burst swimming (76–244 cm/s) with fatigue times of less than 10 min. Simple log-linear models best described the relative swim speed to fatigue relationships for both species. Under these conditions, the swimming performances of adult bighead and silver carp were similar to several species of adult fishes native to the Mississippi River system, but relatively low (<3 total body lengths per second, TL/s) compared to previously studied juveniles and sub-adult bigheaded carps (3–15 TL/s). The decline in endurance with water velocity was three times greater in bighead carp (slope = −2.98) than in silver carp (slope = −1.01) and the predictive ability of the bighead model was appreciably better than the silver carp model. The differences in adult swimming performance between the two species were coincident with behavioral differences (e.g. breaching in silver carp but not in bighead carp). The swimming performance data of adult bighead and silver carp can now be used to evaluate whether their passage through manmade river structures including the gates of lock-and-dams in the Upper Mississippi River might be reduced.
A psychological perspective on moral reasoning, processes of decision-making, and moral resistance

ABSTRACTThis article presents a psychological approach on the development of social and moral judgments that has relevance for the topics of public justification and world politics. In contrast with approaches assuming that morality is primarily determined by emotions and non-rational, the research discussed shows that moral development involves the construction of thinking about welfare, justice, and rights. In parallel with judgments in the moral domain, individuals construct judgments about conventions in the social system and areas of personal jurisdiction. Research documents that moral and social decisions involve processes of coordination, or weighing and balancing, moral and non-moral considerations and goals, as well as different moral goals. Processes of coordination are also involved in decisions about cultural practices that include social inequalities and relationships between those in dominant and subordinate positions in social hierarchies. Judgments about the fairness of practices entailing...
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AFTER LATE DISCONTINUATION OF THIENOPYRIDINE THERAPY IN THE RANDOMIZED DAPT STUDY

Background —Thienopyridine plus aspirin beyond one year after coronary stenting (PCI) reduces myocardial infarction (MI) risk and increases bleeding risk compared with aspirin alone. The hazard associated with late thienopyridine discontinuation and risk factors for MI after discontinuation are poorly defined. Methods —In the Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) Study, after PCI and 12 months of thienopyridine (clopidogrel or prasugrel) plus aspirin, eligible patients remained on aspirin and were randomized to continued thienopyridine vs. placebo for 18 months. At 30 months, patients stopped study drug and were observed for 3 months. Cumulative incidence of MI was assessed over 3 months after randomization (months 12-15) and 3 months after study drug discontinuation (months 30-33). The MI hazard for each of these periods was assessed across randomized treatment arms and by DAPT Score values < or ≥2. Results —Among the 11648 randomized patients, the monthly cumulative incidence of MI was lower with continued thienopyridine vs. placebo at 12-15 months (0.12% vs. 0.37%, p<0.001 in all patients; 0.13% vs. 0.27%, p=0.02, in patients not treated with paclitaxel-eluting stents, PES), and higher at 30-33 months (0.30% vs. 0.15%, p=0.013, in all patients; in patients without PES, 0.18% vs. 0.17%, p=0.91). The majority of MIs in both time periods (74% and 76%) were not related to stent thrombosis (ST). After multivariable adjustment, treatment arm independently predicted MI at months 12-15 (p<0.001) and 30-33 (p=0.011). During months 12-15, patients with DAPT Scores < or ≥2 both had lower rates of MI with continued thienopyridine (MI monthly incidence 0.16% vs. 0.51%, p<0.001, for scores ≥2; 0.08% vs. 0.24%, p=0.012, for scores<2, interaction p=0.064). Conclusions —Discontinuing thienopyridine after either 12 or 30 months is associated with an early increase in MI risk, mainly unrelated to ST; the magnitude of risk is highest in the earlier time frame, and lower in patients not treated with PES. While higher DAPT Scores identify patients with greater absolute ischemic benefit (relative to bleeding harm) with continued thienopyridine therapy, discontinuation at 12 months increases MI hazard regardless of DAPT score group. Clinical Trial Registration — https://clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: [NCT00977938][1] [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00977938&atom=%2Fcirculationaha%2Fearly%2F2017%2F02%2F22%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.116.024835.atom
Tubastraea micranthus, comments on the population genetics of a new invasive coral in the western Atlantic and a possible secondary invasion

The Indo-Pacific azooxanthellate coral Tubastraea micranthus (Cairns and Zibrowius, 1997) has successfully invaded offshore oil/gas production platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. The genetic structure of these populations has been unknown. A question has arisen regarding whether there have been multiple invasions of this species. Five platforms were surveyed; only two were found to possess populations large enough to sample – GI-93C and MC-280A. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed via Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs). STRUCTURE analysis identified four genetically distinct clusters or groups among the two platforms. The MC-280A population exhibited an overwhelming association with only one genetic group. Although the three other groups were represented, they were present in small proportions – 1–5%. By contrast, the GI-93C population showed high genetic diversity, with colonies exhibiting association with all four groups in widely varying proportions. The lack of genetic variability on MC-280A most likely resulted from a single recruitment event on this more isolated platform. It is possible that this event could have been derived from a second invasion of this species. In that case, treatment of the invasive would best be focused on the species at the vector point (e.g., treating the hull or ballast water of a ship prior to reaching its destination) rather than in the already infected environment, to avoid repeated replacement invasions. On GI-93-C, the genetic variability was most likely the result of multiple recruitment events. Other possible factors causing the observed pattern could include recruitment from genetically diverse populations in the region and sampling from an older age population where reproduction could result in admixture.
The reliability problem for reliabilism

According to process reliabilism, a belief produced by a reliable belief-forming process is justified. I introduce problems for this theory on any account of reliability. Does the performance of a process in some domain of worlds settle its reliability? The theories that answer “Yes” typically fail to state the temporal parameters of this performance. I argue that any theory paired with any plausible parameters has implausible implications. The theories that answer “No,” I argue, thereby lack essential support and exacerbate familiar problems. There are new reasons to avoid any reliability conditions on justification.
Grabity: A Wearable Haptic Interface for Simulating Weight and Grasping in Virtual Reality

Ungrounded haptic devices for virtual reality (VR) applications lack the ability to convincingly render the sensations of a grasped virtual object's rigidity and weight. We present Grabity, a wearable haptic device designed to simulate kinesthetic pad opposition grip forces and weight for grasping virtual objects in VR. The device is mounted on the index finger and thumb and enables precision grasps with a wide range of motion. A unidirectional brake creates rigid grasping force feedback. Two voice coil actuators create virtual force tangential to each finger pad through asymmetric skin deformation. These forces can be perceived as gravitational and inertial forces of virtual objects. The rotational orientation of the voice coil actuators is passively aligned with the real direction of gravity through a revolute joint, causing the virtual forces to always point downward. This paper evaluates the performance of Grabity through two user studies, finding promising ability to simulate different levels of weight with convincing object rigidity. The first user study shows that Grabity can convey various magnitudes of weight and force sensations to users by manipulating the amplitude of the asymmetric vibration. The second user study shows that users can differentiate different weights in a virtual environment using Grabity.