cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical study of the object-oriented paradigm and software reuse

Little or no empirical validation exists for many of software engineering's basic assumptions. While some of these assumptions are intuitive, the need for scientific experimentation remains clear. Several assumptions are made about the factors affecting software reuse, and in particular, the role of the object-oriented paradigm. This paper describes the preliminary results of a controlled experiment designed to evaluate the impact of the object-oriented paradigm on software reuse. The experiment concludes that (1) the object-oriented paradigm substantially improves productivity, although a significant part of this improvement is due to the effect of reuse, (2) reuse without regard to language paradigm improves productivity, (3) language differences are far more important when programmers reuse than when they do not, and (4) the object-oriented paradigm has a particular affinity to the reuse process.
Argentina and the world capital market: saving, investment, and international capital mobility in the twentieth century

Abstract This paper is concerned with integration in the world capital market between the economies of the core and periphery in the twentieth century. It proceeds with some general observations and with a special focus on the case of Argentina. I will argue that understanding the changing relations in international capital markets offers important insights into the growth and development process, especially for the countries of the periphery. Moreover, study of the extent of market integration in history informs current conditions in the relationship between capital-scarce economies, like Argentina, and the global capital market as a whole. Looking to the future, the repercussions of economic reform and demographic change suggest likely implications for future saving, investment, and international capital flows.
Synthesis of o-quinodimethanes and benzocyclobutenes from dimethyl squarate

Abstract Selected 3-alkylidene(and benzylidene)-4-allenylcyclobutenes were shown to undergo an unusual thermal ring expansion to o-quinodimethanes and thus to benzocyclobutenes upon electrocyclic ring closure. The mechanism of this rearrangement is envisaged to involve ring opening of the starting cyclobutenes to the corresponding octa-1,2,4,6,7-pentaenes which lead to the quinodimethanes upon ring closure.
Cosmological Origin of Quasars

Quasars are the earliest objects known to exist. We examine their origin in the context of popular models for structure formation in the universe. We show that seeds for quasar black holes could have originated from the initial cosmological collapse of overdense regions with unusually small rotation. Most of these seeds have a mass of order 10^6 solar masses, just above the cosmological Jeans mass. For Cold Dark Matter cosmologies, we find of order one seed black hole per bright galaxy. After the galaxy forms, the seeds inside its bulge sink to the center by dynamical friction. We also describe a few empirical methods to study the properties of quasars and their environments. These include: probing quasar hosts through [C II] emission, finding quasar lifetimes from the ``proximity effect'' along two lines of sight, and measuring the amplitude of clustering at high redshifts through the detection of Lyman-alpha clouds beyond the quasar redshift.
Systolic and hyper-systolic algorithms for the gravitational N -body problem, with an application to Brownian motion

A systolic algorithm rhythmically computes and passes data through a network of processors. We investigate the performance of systolic algorithms for implementing the gravitational N-body problem on distributed-memory computers. Systolic algorithms minimize memory requirments by distributing the particles between processors. We show that the performance of systolic routines can be greatly enhanced by the use of non-blocking communication, which allows particle coordinates to be communicated at the same time that force calculations are being carried out. The performance enhancement is particularly great when block sizes are small, i.e., when only a small fraction of the N particles need their forces computed in each time step. Hyper-systolic algorithms reduce the communication complexity from O(Np), with p the processor number, to O(N, √p), at the expense of increased memory demands. We describe a hyper-systolic algorithm that will work with a block time step algorithm and analyze its performance. As an example of an application requiring large N, we use the systolic algorithm to carry out direct-summation simulations using 106 particles of the Brownian motion of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
A store mixt, various, universal.

Cowen discusses a broadside advertisement for a collection of materia medica and related items. published for Smith, Moore & Co. ("a store mixt, various, universal") in 1784. It is the only known copy of it and was acquired by the Rutgers Library. He elaborates on its significance in the history of pharmacy, printing and the American Revolution.
THE LONG-RUN PERFORMANCE OF CONVERTIBLE DEBT ISSUERS

We examine the long-run operating and stock price performance of 828 convertible debt issuers. Relative to matched, nonissuing firms, convertible debt issuers have small improvements in operating performance before the offer and significant declines in operating performance from pre- to post-issue. We examine the relation between several factors and operating performance. We find that for some pre- to post-issue periods, operating performance changes are positively related to firm leverage and the callability of the bond, and negatively related to performance run-up before the offer and investment in new assets. We also find some evidence that firms that issued equity in the three years before their convertible debt issue have larger declines in performance after the offer. Relative to matched, nonissuing firms, convertible debt issuers have superior stock price performance before the offer and significantly poor performance after the issue.
HCI Browser: a tool for studying web search behavior

We introduce the HCI Browser, a Mozilla Firefox extension designed to support studies of Web search behaviors. The HCI Browser presents tasks to the user, collects browser event data as the user searches for information, records answers that are found, and administers pre- and post-task questionnaires. The HCI Browser is a configurable tool that researchers can use to conduct studies and gather data. It is especially well suited for "batch mode" laboratory studies in which multiple participants complete a study at the same time, but work independently. The HCI Browser is open-source software and is available for download at: http://ils.unc.edu/hcibrowser
The kitchen as a graphical user interface

Abstract Everyday objects can become computer interfaces by the overlay of digital information. This paper describes scenarios and implementations in which imagery is digitally painted on the objects and spaces of a kitchen. Five augmented physical interfaces were designed to orient and inform people in the tasks of cleaning, cooking, and accessing information: Information table, Information annotation of a kitchen, HeatSink, Spatial definition, and Social floor. Together, these interfaces augment the entire room into a single graphical user interface.
No end of tricks: Electrons in the fractional quantum Hall regime

In the strong magnetic field fractional quantum Hall regime, electrons in a two-dimensional electron system are confined to their lowest Landau level. Because of the macroscopic Landau level degeneracy nearly all physical properties at low energies and temperatures are then entirely determined by electron-electron interactions. The properties of these non-Fermi-liquid electronic systems continue to surprise. In this article we briefly survey some recent advances in the physics of the fractional Hall regime.
Some examples of aspherical 4-manifolds that are homology 4-spheres

Abstract In this paper, Problem 4.17 on Kirby's problem list is solved by constructing infinitely many homotopy types of aspherical 4-manifolds that are homology 4-spheres.
Effective interactions are effective interactions

Abstract In recent years it has been realized that effective interactions—those valid over a limited range of energy-momentum—are often preferable even when more complete theories are available. We shall here present examples of such methods over a range of physical applications—from classical and quantum mechanics, to quantum gravity.
Modeling Scramjet Flows with Variable Turbulent Prandtl and Schmidt Numbers

A complete turbulence model, where the turbulent Prandtl and Schmidt numbers are calculated as part of the solution and where averages involving chemical source terms are modeled, is presented. The ability of avoiding the use of assumed or evolution Probability Distribution Functions (PDF’s) results in a highly ecient algorithm for reacting flows. The predictions of the model are compared with two sets of experiments involving supersonic mixing and one involving supersonic combustion. The results demonstrate the need for consideration of turbulence/chemistry interactions in supersonic combustion. In general, good agreement with experiment is indicated.
Geometric sketch constraint solving with user feedback

Modern CAD systems rely on two-dimensional sketches as the basis for the creation of most three-dimensional geometry. These sketches consist of qualitative shape information as well as a series of constraints to quantify the exact size and shape of the various segments, arcs, and splines that comprise the sketch. Example constraints include overall lengths, symmetries, parallel and/or perpendicular segments, and arc radii. For a given sketch, there are many sets of constraints that unambiguously define the shape. Unfortunately, sometimes a user prescribes a set of constraints that do not allow the sketch to be solved. Providing feedback to the user as to how to change the constraint definitions to remedy the problem is still a largely unsolved problem. Herein is described a series of techniques for helping a user diagnose sketch problems and provide to the user a series of options that will cause the sketch to be properly solved. The techniques are incorporated in the OpenCSM solid modeling system. Severa...
PageRank without hyperlinks: structural re-ranking using links induced by language models

Inspired by the PageRank and HITS (hubs and authorities) algorithms for Web search, we propose a structural re-ranking approach to ad hoc information retrieval: we reorder the documents in an initially retrieved set by exploiting asymmetric relationships between them. Specifically, we consider generation links, which indicate that the language model induced from one document assigns high probability to the text of another; in doing so, we take care to prevent bias against long documents. We study a number of re-ranking criteria based on measures of centrality in the graphs formed by generation links, and show that integrating centrality into standard language-model-based retrieval is quite effective at improving precision at top ranks.
Gamma-Ray Bursts

The present status of gamma-ray burst research is reviewed, with an emphasis on recent observations of their temporal, spectral, and global distribution properties. The observed sky distribution of weak gamma-ray bursts constrains the allowable geometrical models to sources in either a giant spherical galactic halo or to sources at cosmological distances. Observations of time dilation consistent with the latter have been reported. Extensive searches for a counterpart to gamma-ray bursts in other wavelength regions have thus far proved negative. In spite of the abundance of new observations of gamma-ray bursts, their energy source and emission mechanism remain highly speculative. New, rapid counterpart search efforts and several new space-borne experiments may provide the needed observations to make progress in the field
Dimensionality Reduction by Local Discriminative Gaussians

We present local discriminative Gaussian (LDG) dimensionality reduction, a supervised dimensionality reduction technique for classification. The LDG objective function is an approximation to the leave-one-out training error of a local quadratic discriminant analysis classifier, and thus acts locally to each training point in order to find a mapping where similar data can be discriminated from dissimilar data. While other state-of-the-art linear dimensionality reduction methods require gradient descent or iterative solution approaches, LDG is solved with a single eigen-decomposition. Thus, it scales better for datasets with a large number of feature dimensions or training examples. We also adapt LDG to the transfer learning setting, and show that it achieves good performance when the test data distribution differs from that of the training data.
Convergence of parameter sensitivity estimates in a stochastic experiment

To reduce the error in estimating the gradient (parameter sensitivity) of an unknown function is of great importance in stochastic optimization problems. Three kinds of parameter sensitivity estimates using the Monte Carlo method are discussed in this paper. The estimates depend on the number of replications, N , and the change in parameter, \Delta d . The convergence properties as N \rightarrow \infty and \Delta d \rightarrow 0 for these estimates are obtained. The result explains many theoretical and practical issues in the study of discrete event dynamic systems, as well as continuous dynamic systems, by the Monte Carlo method. It is proved that an estimate based on averaging the gradients calculated along each sample path by a perturbation of the path is much better than the other estimates if the output functions are uniformly differentiable with probability one (w.p.1). It is also concluded that in computer simulations one should always choose the same seed for both d and d + \Delta d in estimating the parameter sensitivity. Combining the results in this paper with existing stochastic approximation algorithms may yield algorithms with faster convergence.
Assessing multi-dimensional performance: environmental and economic outcomes

This study examines economic performance, environmental performance, and regulatory activity for plants in three industries: pulp and paper, oil, and steel. Stochastic frontier production function models show significant deviations from production efficiency. Older plants are less efficient in production, but perform no worse on emissions. Plants spending more on pollution abatement tend to do worse on both production efficiency and emissions. Stricter local regulatory pressure is associated with somewhat lower emissions, but has mixed effects on production efficiency. Positive correlations between SUR residuals for emissions and production efficiency suggest unmeasured plant-level characteristics that drive both economic and environmental performance.
Retirement Patterns From Career Employment

Purpose: This article investigates how older Americans leave their career jobs and estimates the extent of intermediate labor force activity (bridge jobs) between full-time work on a career job and complete labor-force withdrawal. Design and Methods: Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we explored the work histories and retirement patterns of a cohort of retirees aged 51 to 61 in 1992 during a 10-year period in both cross-sectional and longitudinal contexts. We examined determinants of retirement patterns in a multinomial logistic regression model. Results: We found that a majority of older Americans with career jobs retire gradually, in stages, rather than all at once. We also found that the utilization of bridge jobs was more common among younger respondents, respondents without defined-benefit pension plans, and respondents at both the lower and upper ends of the wage distribution. Implications: Older Americans are now working longer than pre-1980s trends would have predicted. Given concerns about the traditional sources of retirement income (Social Security, employer pensions, and prior savings), older Americans may have to rely more on earnings. This article suggests that many are already doing so by moving to bridge jobs after leaving their career employment.
Equivalences to the triangulation conjecture

We utilize the obstruction theory of Galewski-Matumoto-Stern to derive equivalent formulations of the Triangulation Conjecture. For ex- ample, every closed topological manifold M n with n 5 can be simplicially triangulated if and only if the two distinct combinatorial triangulations of RP 5 are simplicially concordant. AMS Classication 57N16, 55S35; 57Q15
The determinants of the global digital divide: a cross-country analysis of computer and internet penetration

To identify the determinants of cross-country disparities in personal computer and Internet penetration, we examine a panel of 161 countries over the 1999-2001 period. Our candidate variables include economic variables (income per capita, years of schooling, illiteracy, trade openness), demographic variables (youth and aged dependency ratios, urbanization rate), infrastructure indicators (telephone density, electricity consumption), telecommunications pricing measures, and regulatory quality. With the exception of trade openness and the telecom pricing measures, these variables enter in as statistically significant in most specifications for computer use. A similar pattern holds true for Internet use, except that telephone density and aged dependency matter less. The global digital divide is mainly – but by no means entirely – accounted for by income differentials. For computers, telephone density and regulatory quality are of second and third importance, while for the Internet, this ordering is reversed. The region specific explanations for large disparities in computer and Internet penetration are generally very similar. Our results suggest that public investment in human capital, telecommunications infrastructure, and the regulatory infrastructure can mitigate the gap in PC and Internet use.
A new route to fullerene substituted phenylalanine derivatives.

A series of fullerene substituted phenylalanine derivatives have been prepared by the condensation of 1,2-(4′-oxocyclohexano)fullerene with ester or Boc protected (4-amino)phenylalanine, H2NC6H4CH2CH(COR1)(NHCOR2) (where R1 = OMe, R2 = Me; R1 = OH, R2 = Me, OtBu). Conversion of the imine to the corresponding amine is achieved by di-acid catalyzed hydroboration. Reaction of the N-Ac amino ester with BBr3 led to the formation of the parent amino acid, while the Boc-protected derivative readily undergoes coupling with NH2–Gly–OEt. The reduction of the imine is not accompanied by hydroboration of the fullerene cage.
Excusing murder? Conservative jurors' acceptance of the gay-panic defense

We conducted a simulated trial study to investigate the effectiveness of a "gay-panic" provocation defense as a function of jurors' political orientation. Mock jurors read about a murder case in which a male defendant claimed a victim provoked the killing by starting a fight, which either included or did not include the male victim making an unwanted sexual advance that triggered a state of panic in the defendant. Conservative jurors were significantly less punitive when the defendant claimed to have acted out of gay panic as compared to when this element was not part of the defense. In contrast, liberal jurors were unaffected by the gay-panic manipulation. The effect of the gay-panic defense on punitiveness was mediated by conservatives' decreased moral outrage toward the defendant. Implications for psychological theory and the legal system are discussed. Language: en
A direct link between the Passerini reaction and α-lactams

Abstract α-Lactams (aziridinones) can function to replace two of the three reactants, the oxo-compound and the isonitrile, in the Passerini reaction. Four α-lactams ( 5a - d ) were reacted with mono- and dicarboxylic acids of positive p K a values to give 2-acyloxycarboxamides ( 4 ) and bis-2-acyloxycarboxamide products 12 and 13 , respectively. The same compounds were also prepared via the Passerini reaction. Acids with a negative p K a decarbonylate α-lactams to give immonium salts. The main path of the reaction depends on the p K a of the acid component, the reactivity of the α-lactam, and the reaction conditions.
Effects of the Institutional Design of the Civil Service: Evidence from Corruption

ABSTRACT This research tests the direct effects of civil service structure on perceptions of corruption. Numerous studies suggest a relationship between civil service structure and corruption, but few test this link. It is hypothesized that corruption depends on the presence or absence of civil service policies, including job duties, tenure and security provisions, discipline policy, and rules on rewards and bargaining rights; the impact of government wages, per capita GDP, and democratization on corruption is also assessed. These hypotheses are tested using World Bank data for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and central and eastern European countries. No statistically significant relationships between civil service structure and corruption are found; however, occasional evidence that corruption is higher in countries with higher total government wage bills was obtained. Results additionally indicate that corruption is lower in countries with higher GDP. While the conclusions ...
Electronic Data Interchange

Organizations are increasingly adopting electronic data interchange (EDI) for performing basic business transactions to become competitive and flexible in the global marketplace. To successfully reap the full range of benefits of EDI, organizations must integrate their application systems with the EDI systems. This integration can be achieved by properly understanding the different subsystems involved in EDI. This article discusses the EDI standards, the hardware, the software, and the communication networks required for both domestic and international interchange of transactions. EDI translation software converts transactions into ANSI ASC X12 or EDIFACT format. Communication networks with the help of communication software transmit these standardized transactions to the trading partner's application system for appropriate response. Installation, maintenance, and control procedures are needed for proper operations of the EDI system. Keywords: EDI; transaction; integration; standard; data; network
Designing seeds for similarity search in genomic DNA

Large-scale comparison of genomic DNA is of fundamental importance in annotating functional elements of genomes. To perform large comparisons efficiently, BLAST (Methods: Companion Methods Enzymol 266 (1996) 460, J. Mol. Biol. 215 (1990) 403, Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17) (1997) 3389) and other widely used tools use seeded alignment, which compares only sequences that can be shown to share a common pattern or ''seed'' of matching bases. The literature suggests that the choice of seed substantially affects the sensitivity of seeded alignment, but designing and evaluating seeds is computationally challenging. This work addresses the problem of designing a seed to optimize performance of seeded alignment. We give a fast, simple algorithm based on finite automata for evaluating the sensitivity of a seed in a Markov model of ungapped alignments, along with extensions to mixtures and inhomogeneous Markov models. We give intuition and theoretical results on which seeds are good choices. Finally, we describe Mandala, a software tool for seed design, and show that it can be used to improve the sensitivity of alignment in practice.
Science with Societal Implications: Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Africa

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the world's leading infectious killers and a disease that disproportionately affects the global poor. Diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) with confidence remains an elusive task, especially in resource-limited settings, such as those throughout most of Africa. Most diagnostic protocols lack both speed and accuracy, as current methods rely on a combination of screening and confirmatory tests, including symptom-based questionnaires, direct smear and microscopy, mycobacterial culture, and chest radiograph. The Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) assay is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for TB diagnosis. The assay presents an exciting prospect as a point-of-care (POC) or near-POC test; however, the assay cannot be implemented without changes in the budgets, staffing, and infrastructure of existing regional primary care clinics. This report provides a summary of the Xpert technology and both the benefits and challenges of its implementation as a POC test in resource-limited settings.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE SURFACE IN EPITAXIAL AND THIN FILM GROWTH: A CONTINUUM MODEL WITH SURFACE DIFFUSION

A number of discrete models as well as continuum equations have been proposed for describing epitaxial and thin film growth. We have shown that there exists a macroscopic groove instability in many of these models. This unphysical feature in the continuum equations arises from the truncation or linearization of the diffusion operator along the surface. A similar artifact occurs in the discrete models, because in these models adatoms only diffuse horizontally and must take an unphysical vertical jump at step edges. We have proposed and studied a continuum equation for epitaxial and thin-film growth in which the full diffusion along the surface is taken into account. The results of the solutions of this continuum equation, for the growth and the morphology of the surface, are in excellent agreement with recent low temperature molecular-beam epitaxy and ion-sputtering experiments. In particular, we find that at late times dynamic scaling breaks down and the surface is no longer a self-affine fractal. The surface develops a characteristic morphology whose dependence on deposition rate and surface diffusion is similar to that found in experiments.
A non-increasing Lindley-type equation

In this paper we study the Lindley-type equation W=max?{0,B?A?W}. Its main characteristic is that it is a non-increasing monotone function in its main argument W. Our main goal is to derive a closed-form expression of the steady-state distribution of W. In general this is not possible, so we shall state a sufficient condition that allows us to do so. We also examine stability issues, derive the tail behaviour of W, and briefly discuss how one can iteratively solve this equation by using a contraction mapping.
Accommodating sample size effect on similarity measures in speaker clustering

We investigate the symmetric Kullback-Leibler (KL2) distance in speaker clustering and its unreported effects for differently-sized feature matrices. Speaker data is represented as Mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) vectors, and features are compared using the KL2 metric to form clusters of speech segments for each speaker. We make two observations with respect to clustering based on KL2: 1.) The accuracy of clustering is strongly dependent on the absolute lengths of the speech segments and their extracted feature vectors. 2.) The accuracy of the similarity measure strongly degrades with the length of the shorter of the two speech segments. These effects of length can be attributed to the measure of covariance used in KL2. We demonstrate an empirical correction of this sample-size effect that increases clustering accuracy. We draw parallels to two vector quantization-based (VQ) similarity measures, one which exhibits an equivalent effect of sample size, and the second being less influenced by it.
The United States Congress and IMF financing, 1944–2009

Since 1944, United States financing of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has been appropriated and approved in Congress by roll-call vote. If voting to increase funds to the IMF is viewed as an observable signal of “support” for the IMF, these votes provide a historical record of legislative support for the IMF in the United States. I analyze roll-call voting on IMF financing from 1944 to 2009 at both the aggregate (congressional) and the micro (legislator) levels. At the aggregate level, I show that support for the IMF has fallen over time in the House of Representatives but not in the Senate. In the micro-analysis, I use a “natural experiment” to establish that this intercameral difference is the result of the Senate’s larger and more heterogeneous constituencies, as opposed to other modeled and unmodeled factors. I also find that legislator support for the IMF is shaped strongly by ideology: regardless of chamber, left-wing legislators are as much as 31 percentage points more likely to support the IMF than right-wing legislators. Yet controlling for ideology, senators are more likely to support the IMF than representatives, and representatives are more sensitive to constituency pressures than senators. I attribute these differences to chamber-specific rules governing the size of constituencies.
Evaluation of Thin Kevlar-Epoxy Fabric Panels Subjected to Shear Loading

The results of an analytical and experimental investigation of 4-ply Kevlar-49-epoxy panels loaded by in-plane shear are presented. Approximately one-half of the panels are thin-core sandwich panels and the other panels are solid-laminate panels. Selected panels were impacted with an aluminum sphere at a velocity of either 150 or 220 ft/sec. The strength of panels impacted at 150 ft/sec was not reduced when compared to the strength of the undamaged panels, but the strength of panels impacted at 220 ft/sec was reduced by 27 to 40 percent. Results are presented for panels that were cyclically loaded from a load less than the buckling load to a load in the postbuckling load range. The thin-core sandwich panels had a lower fatigue life than the solid panels. The residual strength of the solid and sandwich panels cycled more than one million cycles exceeded the baseline undamaged panel strengths. The effect of hysteresis in the response of the sandwich panels is not significant. Results of a nonlinear finite element analysis conducted for each panel design are presented.
Sparse and Stable Portfolio Selection With Parameter Uncertainty

A number of alternative mean-variance portfolio strategies have been recently proposed to improve the empirical performance of the classic Markowitz mean-variance framework. Designed as remedies for parameter uncertainty and estimation errors in portfolio selection problems, these alternative portfolio strategies deliver substantially better out-of-sample performance. In this article, we first show how to solve a general portfolio selection problem in a linear regression framework. Then we propose to reduce the estimation risk of expected returns and the variance-covariance matrix of asset returns by imposing additional constraints on the portfolio weights. With results from linear regression models, we show that portfolio weights derived from new approaches enjoy two favorable properties: sparsity and stability. Moreover, we present insights into these new approaches as well as their connections to alternative strategies in literature. Four empirical studies show that the proposed strategies have better ...
Density of isoperimetric spectra

Dehn functions of groups have been the subject of intense activity over the past two decades. The Dehn function δ(x) of a group G is a quasi-isometry invariant which describes the best possible isoperimetric inequality that holds in any geometric model for the group. Specifically, for a given x , δ(x) is the smallest number A such that every null-homotopic loop of length at most x bounds a disk of area A or less. One defines length and area combinatorially, based on a presentation 2–complex for G, and the resulting Dehn function is well defined up to coarse Lipschitz equivalence. If G is the fundamental group of a closed Riemannian manifold M , then ordinary length and area in M may be used instead, and one obtains an equivalent function. (This seemingly modest but non-trivial result is sometimes called the Filling Theorem; see Bridson [6] or Burillo and Taback [9] for a proof.)
The new dynamics of strategy: Sense-making in a complex and complicated world

In this paper, we challenge the universality of three basic assumptions prevalent in organizational decision support and strategy: assumptions of order, of rational choice, and of intent. We describe the Cynefin framework, a sense-making device we have developed to help people make sense of the complexities made visible by the relaxation of these assumptions. The Cynefin framework is derived from several years of action research into the use of narrative and complexity theory in organizational knowledge exchange, decision-making, strategy, and policy-making. The framework is explained, its conceptual underpinnings are outlined, and its use in group sense-making and discourse is described. Finally, the consequences of relaxing the three basic assumptions, using the Cynefin framework as a mechanism, are considered.
ESTABLISHING A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR SCHOOL NURSING

: During 1996, representatives from two professional organizations — American School Health Association and National Association of School Nurses — met collaboratively to identify and rank order key questions regarding contemporary research needs in school nursing services. This article summarizes existing literature and proposes areas for research. Recommendations are offered for nurses, school health program administrators, educators of school nurses, professional organizations, and others who plan and provide health care for school-aged youth.
The collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda

We use a N{body/hydrodynamic simulation to forecast the future encounter between the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxies, given current observational constraints on their relative distance, relative velocity, and masses. Allowing for a comparable amount of difiuse mass to flll the volume of the Local Group, we flnd that the two galaxies are likely to collide in a few billion years - within the Sun’s lifetime. During the flrst close encounter of the two galaxies, there is a 12% chance that the Sun will be pulled from its present position and reside in the extended tidal material. After the second close encounter, there is a 30% chance that the Sun will reside in the extended tidal material, and a 2.7% chance that our Sun will be more tightly bound to Andromeda than to the Milky Way. Eventually, after the merger has completed, the Sun is likely to be scattered to the outer halo and reside at much larger radii (> 30 kpc). The density proflles of the stars, gas and dark matter in the merger product resemble those of elliptical galaxies. Our Local Group model therefore provides a prototype progenitor of late{forming elliptical galaxies.
Improving the Hydrogen Reaction Kinetics of Complex Hydrides

Alanates, borohydrides, and amides are complex hydrides with high concentration hydrogen that have been actively investigated for materials-based hydrogen storage on-board polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) vehicle applications. The major challenge is to release hydrogen at fuel cell working temperature range at fast enough rate without simultaneous desorption of fuel cell poisoning impurities. We review recent progress in hydrogen reaction mechanism and schemes for complex hydride hydrogen storage.
Modeling of coronal mass ejections that caused particularly large geomagnetic storms using ENLIL heliosphere cone model

[1] In our previous paper we reported the results of modeling of 14 selected well-observed strong halo coronal mass ejection (CME) events using the WSA-ENLIL cone model combination. Cone model input parameters were obtained from white light coronagraph images of the CME events using the analytical method developed by Xie et al. (2004). This work verified that coronagraph input gives reasonably good results for the CME arrival time prediction. In contrast to Taktakishvili et al. (2009), where we started the analysis by looking for clear CME signatures in the data and then proceeded to model the interplanetary consequences at 1 AU, in the present paper we start by generating a list of observed geomagnetic storm events and then work our way back to remote solar observations and carry out the corresponding CME modeling. The approach used in this study is addressing space weather forecasting and operational needs. We analyzed 36 particularly strong geomagnetic storms, then tried to associate them with particular CMEs using SOHO/LASCO catalogue, and finally modeled these CMEs using WSA-ENLIL cone model. Recently, Pulkkinen et al. (2010) developed a novel method for automatic determination of cone model parameters. We employed both analytical and automatic methods to determine cone model input parameters. We examined the CME arrival times and magnitude of impact at 1 AU for both techniques. The results of the simulations are compared with the ACE satellite observations. This comparison demonstrated that WSA-ENLIL model combination with coronagraph input gives reasonably good results for the CME arrival times for this set of “geoeffective” CME events as well.
Distributed subgradient methods and quantization effects

We consider a convex unconstrained optimization problem that arises in a network of agents whose goal is to cooperatively optimize the sum of the individual agent objective functions through local computations and communications. For this problem, we use averaging algorithms to develop distributed subgradient methods that can operate over a time-varying topology. Our focus is on the convergence rate of these methods and the degradation in performance when only quantized information is available. Based on our recent results on the convergence time of distributed averaging algorithms, we derive improved upper bounds on the convergence rate of the unquantized subgradient method. We then propose a distributed subgradient method under the additional constraint that agents can only store and communicate quantized information, and we provide bounds on its convergence rate that highlight the dependence on the number of quantization levels.
Tangential extremal principles for finite and infinite systems of sets II: applications to semi-infinite and multiobjective optimization

This paper contains selected applications of the new tangential extremal principles and related results developed in Mordukhovich and Phan (Math Program 2011) to calculus rules for infinite intersections of sets and optimality conditions for problems of semi-infinite programming and multiobjective optimization with countable constraints.
Welfare and Macroeconomic Interdependence

We develop a baseline model of monetary and fiscal transmission in interdependent economies. The welfare effects of expansionary policies are related to monopolistic supply in production and monopoly power of a country in trade. An unanticipated exchange rate depreciation can be beggar-thyself rather than beggar-thy-neighbor, as gains in domestic output are offset by deteriorating terms of trade. Smaller and more open economies are more prone to suffer from inflationary shocks. Larger economies benefit from moderate demand-led expansions, but may be worse off if policy-makers attempt to close the output gap. Fiscal shocks are generally beggar-thy-neighbor in the long run; in the short run they raise domestic demand at given terms of trade, thus reducing the welfare benefits from monetary expansions. Analytical tractability makes our model uniquely suitable as a starting point to approach the recent “new open-economy macroeconomic” literature.
A simple recursive forecasting model

Abstract We compare the performance of alternative recursive forecasting models. A simple constant gain algorithm, used widely in the learning literature, both forecasts well out of sample and also provides the best fit to the Survey of Professional Forecasters.
Falling Behind and Catching Up in a Model of North-South Trade

This paper analyzes a formal, dynamic model of the center-periphery problem. The model features falling relative demand for agricultural goods, a higher rate of technical change in manufacturing, and a quality-differentiated manufactured good. Income differences imply a potential for intra-industry trade, while technical change generates product cycle type results. The main insight is that a closing of the North-South technology gap does not necessarily imply catching up, because of the falling relative demand for agricultural goods. The South catches up only if it exports lower-quality varieties of the manufactured good and closes the technology gap.
Prototype Theory and the Classification of Offenses in a Revised Model Penal Code: A General Approach to the Special Part

Ask the man (or woman) in the street what the criminal law is all about and you are likely to hear about murder and manslaughter, or rape and robbery. You are likely, in other words, to hear about the concepts that make up the criminal law’s “special part.” But ask a criminal law scholar what he or she considers most important, or interesting, in the criminal law, and chances are you will hear about “general part” concepts such as culpability, acts and omissions, and justification and excuse. Indeed, many criminal law scholars view the special part with a certain condescension. Characterized as it is by frequently changing, jurisdiction-specific provisions, the special part seems to many undeserving of systematic analysis. Nowhere is this antipathy to the special part clearer than in connection with the Model Penal Code. Herbert Wechsler himself, the Code’s Chief Reporter, seems to have viewed Part II (the special part) of the Code as inherently local and transitory. Perhaps partly as a result, the most influential part of the Code, in state legislatures and court decisions, as well as that most engaging to scholars, has
Direct Observation of von Willebrand Factor Elongation and Fiber Formation on Collagen During Acute Whole Blood Exposure to Pathological Flow

Objective— In severe stenosis, von Willebrand Factor (vWF) experiences millisecond exposures to pathological wall shear rates (γ w ). We sought to evaluate the deposition of vWF onto collagen surfaces under flow in these environments. Methods and Results— Distinct from viscometry experiments that last many seconds, we deployed microfluidic devices for single-pass perfusion of whole blood or platelet-free plasma over fibrillar type 1 collagen ( w or spatial wall shear rate gradients (grad γ w ). Using fluorescent anti-vWF, long thick vWF fibers (>20 μm) bound to collagen were visualized at constant γ w >30000 s –1 during perfusion of platelet-free plasma, a process enhanced by EDTA. Rapid acceleration or deceleration of EDTA platelet-free plasma at grad γ w =±1.1×10 5 to ±4.3×10 7 s –1 /cm did not promote vWF deposition. At 19400 s –1 , EDTA blood perfusion resulted in rolling vWF–platelet nets, although blood perfusion (normal Ca 2+ ) generated large vWF/platelet deposits that repeatedly embolized and were blocked by anti-glycoprotein Ib or the α IIb β 3 inhibitor GR144053 and did not require grad γ w . Blood perfusion at venous shear rate (200 s –1 ) produced a stable platelet deposit that was a substrate for massive but unstable vWF–platelet aggregates when flow was increased to 7800 s –1 . Conclusion— Triggered by collagen and enhanced by platelet glycoprotein Ib and α IIb β 3 , vWF fiber formation occurred during acute exposures to pathological γ w and did not require gradients in wall shear rate.
Synthesis of the phenolic esters of 1-hydroxy- and 3-hydroxy-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides of benzo[a]pyrene

Abstract A chemical synthesis of the phenolic ester of the triol epoxide derivatives of carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene is described.
Quantization of the Lie Bialgebra of String Topology

Let M be a smooth, simply-connected, closed oriented manifold, and LM the free loop space of M. Using a Poincare duality model for M, we show that the reduced equivariant homology of LM has the structure of a Lie bialgebra, and we construct a Hopf algebra which quantizes the Lie bialgebra.
Do Unions Matter? Trade Reform and Manufacturing Wages in South Africa

The effect of nominal tariff cuts on industry wage differentials has been the subject of a number of recent empirical studies. In this paper we investigate the latter relationship with respect to the South African trade reform experience using micro-level labour data for the period from 1995 to 2004. Our study extends on the existing literature in two respects: first, we are the first controlling for the potential effect of labour market institutions, such as collective bargaining power, in assessing the relationship between tariffs and industry wages. Second, we account for general equilibrium effects by controlling for the impact of changes in effective tariff rates. On the one hand, we find that only wages in industries with levels of unionisation beyond a certain threshold were adversely affected by tariff cuts. This negative effect is exacerbated by the extent of sectoral union power. The reported large magnitudes of the tariff impact on wages is in line with the considerably high mark-ups documented for South Africa. On the other hand we find some evidence suggesting that wages in industries with union power below the threshold were positively affected by the tariff cuts. This evidence suggests the omitted variable bias resulting from not controlling for industry heterogeneities in bargaining power when examining the wage--trade relationship. Copyright 2010 The author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for the Study of African Economies. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Concurrent filtering and smoothing: A parallel architecture for real-time navigation and full smoothing

We present a parallelized navigation architecture that is capable of running in real-time and incorporating long-term loop closure constraints while producing the optimal Bayesian solution. This architecture splits the inference problem into a low-latency update that incorporates new measurements using just the most recent states (filter), and a high-latency update that is capable of closing long loops and smooths using all past states (smoother). This architecture employs the probabilistic graphical models of factor graphs, which allows the low-latency inference and high-latency inference to be viewed as sub-operations of a single optimization performed within a single graphical model. A specific factorization of the full joint density is employed that allows the different inference operations to be performed asynchronously while still recovering the optimal solution produced by a full batch optimization. Due to the real-time, asynchronous nature of this algorithm, updates to the state estimates from the high-latency smoother will naturally be delayed until the smoother calculations have completed. This architecture has been tested within a simulated aerial environment and on real data collected from an autonomous ground vehicle. In all cases, the concurrent architecture is shown to recover the full batch solution, even while updated state estimates are produced in real-time.
General and Theoretical Aspects of the Peroxide Group

1 Introduction 2 Background and Historical Perspective 3 Bond Dissociation Energies of Selected Peroxo Compounds 4 The Chemistry of Peroxynitrous Acid 5 The Chemistry of Dioxiranes 6 The Epoxidation of Alkenes with Peracids 7 Oxygen Atom Transfer from Selected Hydroperoxides 8 Miscellaneous Oxygen Transfer Reactions 9 Acknowledgments Keywords: peroxo linkage and oxygen incorporation in human body; density functional theory (DFT); hydrogen peroxide and bond dissociation energy; peroxynitrous acid chemistry; density functional theory and dissociative pathways; peroxynitrite anion oxidations; dioxirane chemistry; molecular orbital treatments of dioxirane