cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthognathic Surgery: General Considerations

Orthognathic surgery is a unique endeavor in facial surgery: a patient's appearance and occlusal function can be improved significantly, impacting the patient's sense of self and well-being. Successful outcomes in modern orthognathic surgery rely on close collaboration between the surgeon and the orthodontist across all stages of treatment, from preoperative planning to finalization of occlusion. Virtual computer planning promotes a more accurate analysis of dentofacial deformity and preoperative planning. It is also an invaluable aid in providing comprehensive patient education. In this article, the author describes the general surgical principles that underlie orthognathic surgery, highlighting the sequence of treatment, preoperative analysis of dentofacial deformity, surgical execution of the treatment plan, and possible complications.
A GROUP INTERVENTION MODEL FOR INDIVIDUALS TESTING POSITIVE FOR HIV ANTIBODY

The development of a structured psychoeducational support group model for blood donors who tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus Type I antibody is described. Salient group therapy techniques and educational content are discussed, issues of group structure are identified, and the need for support of clinicians is highlighted.
Off-axis gain enhancement in a free-electron laser in the long undulator regime

Abstract The small-signal gain of a free-electron laser with a linearly polarized undulator is investigated for the case where the electron emits at a slight angle with respect to its direction of propagation. In the long cavity (warm beam) regime the gain off axis if compared for constant frequency can be higher than the gain axis by about order of magnitude.
Worlding American Studies

AbstractThis special issue aims to formulate a 'worlded' version of American Studies to deal with emergent complexities of Asia/Pacific as well as North–South trans-Americas flows and imbalances characterizing today's empire of neo-liberal globalization. Scholars of this sublimated new world order face a strange and uneven moment of international globalization-cum-decolonialization. Disciplinary critique and field transformation are urgently needed. This issue would help forge a 'cross-roads' vision of US area studies refracting North/South and East/West transactions, theorizing comparative discrepancies, trans-oceanic linkages, and a cultural studies refiguring of the transnational field-imaginary.
Globalization and Multinational Auditing: The Case of Gazprom and PwC in Russia

ABSTRACT: We examine the role of auditing in developing markets. Our purpose is to gain insight into social expectations for the audit function and the nature of the auditor/client relationship in Russia. Conceptually we rely on two related theoretical sources. First we draw on Giddens' theorizing with regard to the process of globalization. We also draw conceptual insight from sociologically informed research on the evolved institutional role of the multinational audit firms. Against that theoretical framework, we conduct a qualitative empirical analysis based on the case of the PricewaterhouseCoopers' audits of the Russian gas giant OAO Gazprom. Three controversial episodes were analyzed using accounts from the international media and the local, Russian-language, media. In general, the international media accounts express their expectations for auditing by reference to functionalist accounting and concepts, such as auditor objectivity, disclosure of related party transactions, and unrestricted audit sco...
Positive Psychology and the Distinction Between Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Abstract The authors make a reasonable point, that behavior analysis should be concerned with effective behavior in its own right and not only as a replacement for ineffective behavior. But positive psychology is then described as “a science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions …” based largely on correlations among self-report inventories; a science which has the goal of identifying traits that function as the explanations of the behavior of interest. An effort is made to justify this move in a nonbehavioral direction by reference to the distinction between positive and negative reinforcement and an exhortation that OBM practitioners emphasize the former. But this rationale is seriously flawed by either a clearly erroneous or a drastically oversimplified understanding of this distinction. Furthermore, all of the more specific recommendations can be easily justified in terms of ordinary behavioral advantages without recourse to the achievement motivation...
On the Measurement of Tax Progressivity: Relative Share Adjustment

Numerous methods for measuring tax progressivity have been proposed but none has gained enthusiastic acceptance. A new measure, relative share adjustment, is introduced that is useful both because of its simplicity and because of the amount of information it provides about the impact of the tax. Relative share adjustment measures the change in relative income shares caused directly by the imposition of a tax.
Identification of traditional values in Micronesia

This was partly an academic conference. Many of the authors of professional papers presented at the Conference are University scholars and, indeed, many of the world’s most prominent researchers in the fields of gambling and commercial gaming were in attendance at the Conference. This was also an industry conference. A number of sessions dealt with subjects of significant importance to legal gaming industries and regulatory structures in this country and abroad. Papers and sessions on the marketing of destination resorts with casino gaming in different parts of the world were presented, as well as many which dealt with the spread of commercial gaming as a tourism and economic development catalyst. Moreover, the conference attracted professional sports bettors, handicappers, card counters, mathematicians and statisticians whose major intent and interest is to discover how to beat the odds, either through canny analysis of information and personalities, or by examining underlying structural patterns of wagers and gambles that can then be used to the advantage of gamblers. This was also a conference that addressed and dealt with many of the negative consequences of gambling in society. Psychologists, psychiatrists, physicians, and representatives of social welfare organizations from the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and West Germany presented a variety of findings relating to the causes and cures of problem and pathological gambling. Though each of these subject areas is seemingly quite different from the others, an understanding of the ways they are interrelated provides significant insight as to the true breadth of the individual topic areas. Development of a broad perspective toward gambling has been one of the main objectives of the International Conferences of Gambling and Risk Taking. Furthermore, as new jurisdictions continue to consider commercial gambling as a catalyst for tourism development or economic development, this type of research will acquire even greater importance. The professional papers presented at the Conference have been published through the University of Nevada Reno in live separate volumes, grouped by subject area, entitled Gambling Research: Proceedings of th Seventh International Confe7ence on Gambling and Risk Taking (edited by William R. Eadington). Furthermore, preliminary plans are being made for the Eighth Conference which will likely be held in London in the summer of 1990. For further information on the next Conference or the publication, write to Gambling Research, Department of Economics, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557.00
TSV/3D-TSV Package materials solution from DuPont Electronic Technologies

There is a consistence flux of miniaturization, value added functionality to IC packaging/ modules driven by significant increase of mobile/networking products in the consumer market. The advanced packaging technologies, particularly TSV/3D-TSV approach is driving innovative design and novel applications. This paper is examine IC packaging roadmap, product portfolio from DuPont Electronic technologies, including dryfilms, cleaning agents, CMP slurries, permanent coatings and adhesives. Also examine idea of applications and example of performance data specifically focus on TSV/3D-TSV technology and process.
Implementational and ideological spaces in bilingual education language policy

This paper presents results from an ethnography of language policy which examined language policy appropriation for bilingual learners in a large urban US school district. The purpose of this article is to explore the space left by current US language policy for developmental bilingual education and, specifically, the focus is on how a group of educators appropriate top-down language policies while engaging in their own local language policy creation. The process of creating the policy illustrates how spaces for bilingual education are pried open by a community of educators who fostered an ideological space which supported multilingualism as a resource for all students. A strong characteristic of this ideological space is the empowerment of bilingual teachers to take ownership of language policy processes and appropriate language policy in a way that benefits bilingual learners.
A minimum manual component insertion algorithm for PCB assembly based on graph theory

Abstract In automated electronic printed circuit board assembly, it is cheaper to automatically assemble as many components as possible. This is done by creating a process plan that minimizes the number of conflicts between a component to be inserted and previously inserted components. This paper describes an algorithm based on graph theory that alleviates these conflicts by minimizing the number of PCB components that must be inserted manually. The algorithm handles parts that can be gripped in two possible directions. It can be used as an improved potential approach to process planning for PCBs.
Effects of sulfasalazine on selected lymphocyte subpopulationsin vivo andin vitro

Sulfasalazine has proven to be an effective agent in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite long and widespread usage, the mechanism of action of this drug is still not understood. Several investigators have suggested that the drug might act as an immunosuppressant. To examine this possibility, anin vivo study was undertaken to ascertain any quantitative change in the circulating T cells, Ig-bearing B cells, and complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes (CRL) of patients before and during therapy with sulfaslazine. Concomitant responses to skin test antigens were also evaluated.In vitro studies with control cells were performed to determine the influence of sulfasalazine and its components (sulfapyridine or 5-aminosalicylic acid) on the extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), as well as on the number of T cells and CRL. Results indicate that neither sulfasalazine nor either of its components quantitatively alters those subpopulations of circulating mononuclear cells studiedin vivo orin vitro—nor are these compounds responsible for any functional inhibition of ADCC.
Creation of ultra-long diffraction limited optical pipe

Engineering of highly-focused electromagnetic field has important applications in many areas including microscopic imaging, probing and controlling of particles, laser micromachining and so on. For an incident cylindrically vector beam, the strong focused field can be understood as the reversing of the field radiated by electric or magnetic dipole in the focal volume of a high numerical aperture (NA) objective lens. Inspired by this analogy, here we present a method to create an ultra-long diffraction limited optical pipe in the focal volume through reversing the radiation pattern of a magnetic dipole array. Pairs of infinitesimal magnetic dipole are introduced and placed along the optical axis in the focal volume as an array. Each pair of the magnetic dipole is mirror symmetrical with respect to the focal plane. The required incident vector beam at the pupil plane can be found with the magnetic dipole array radiation pattern. Through reversing the radiation pattern of this magnetic dipole array, a hollow optical pipe with extremely long depth of focus and excellent uniformity can be realized. The number of array elements determines the pipe's length. And the array factor, such as the amplitude, spacing, and initial phase difference of the array's paired elements, also influences the distributions of reconstructed focal volume field and pupil field. From a six-dipole array, an optical pipe with 8λ length (Fig.1 (a)) is created as an example for NA=0.95. The transverse full width of half maximum (FWHM) of the pipe is 0.315λ at the focal plane (Fig.1 (b)) and the pipe width remains almost constant throughout the total focal volume. The field distribution in the pupil plane exhibits six annular zones with varying amplitude and alternating azimuthally polarization pattern in the adjacent zones. This multi-zone azimuthally polarized beam can be focused to the desired pipe through the high-NA lens. In addition, the obtained pipe's width and length can be adjusted by changing the distribution of pupil field that relies on the array factor. We also discussed the pipe's properties under different NAs. In the case of lower NA=0.9, the optical pipe becomes shorter (7λ length) and wider (FWHM width of 0.34λ) while maintaining the pipe's uniformity. This method of synthesizing optical focal field provides a new way to engineer the field in the focal volume. The diffraction limited optical pipe may find applications in optical imaging, optical manipulation of nanoparticles and material processing on the nanometer scale.
Continuous-time quantum walks on a cycle graph

We present an analytical treatment of quantum walks on a cycle graph. The investigation is based on a realistic physical model of the graph in which decoherence is induced by continuous monitoring of each graph vertex with a nearby quantum point contact. We derive an analytical expression of the probability distribution along the cycle. An upper-bound estimate to the mixing time is shown.
Extension of the Hopkins theory of partially coherent imaging to include thin-film interference effects

In this paper, we extend the Hopkins formulation to take into account high numerical aperture and thin-film interference effects by introducing a new TCC function for each depth inside the photoresist, which completely characterizes the lens/thin-film system with respect to partial coherence, aberrations, defocus and interference effects at the given depth within the photoresist. The basis of the new formulation lies in the fact that, in the presence of the thin- film stack, each point on the exit pupil of the optical system maps linearly not into a single plane wave, but into a family of multiply reflected and generally obliquely propagating plane waves, when bleaching induced scattering effects are neglected. The response within the photoresist due to each incident plane wave is calculated by the method of thin-film optics. The results are then used in the calculation of a new, matrix pupil function of the lens/thin- film system for each depth within the photoresist. Obliquity factors appropriate to high-NA systems are included in the new pupil function. For the Koehler illumination commonly used in reduction projection systems, it is shown that the total irradiance at each depth within the photoresist is expressible in terms of a matrix TCC in the limit when the rays incident on the mask are all nearly vertical, as is the case in a 5X reduction system.
A comparison of nucleoside (β-S) triphosphates and nucleoside (γ-S) triphosphates as suitable substrates for measuring transcription initiation in preparations of cell nuclei

RNA chains initiated with nucleoside (beta-S)triphosphates and (gamma-S)triphosphates retain the thiol groups and can be separated from thiol-free RNA by chromatography on mercury-Sepharose. Thiol-containing mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) RNA synthesized by preparations of nuclei from virus-infected cells was quantitated by nucleic acid filter hybridization. With ATP beta S and GTP beta S, region-specific initiation of MMTV RNA chains was detected in the cell free system. However, with ATP gamma S and GTP gamma S, region-specific initiation was not clearly demonstrable. The nuclear preparations can also transfer thiol groups, presumably in the form of thiophosphate, from ATP gamma S or GTP gamma S onto preexisting RNA molecules; little or no thiol-transfer occurs with the two (beta-S)-analogues. The thiophosphate transfer activity apparently interferes with the measurement of RNA chain initiation with ATP gamma S and GTP gamma S.
Community violence exposure and post-traumatic stress reactions among Gambian youth: the moderating role of positive school climate

Community violence exposure among youth can lead to various negative outcomes, including post-traumatic stress symptoms. Research in the Western world indicates that a number of social support factors may moderate the relation between violence exposure and internalizing symptoms. Little research has been carried out in non-Western countries. This study aimed to fill this gap by exploring the relations among violence exposure, parental warmth, positive school climate, and post-traumatic stress reactions among youth in The Republic of The Gambia, Africa. A school-based survey of youth behaviors, feelings, attitudes, and perceptions was administered to 653 students at senior secondary schools in four Gambian communities. Students reported high levels of exposure to violence. Over half of students reported witnessing someone threatened with serious physical harm, beaten up or mugged, attacked or stabbed with a knife/piece of glass, or seriously wounded in an incident of violence. Nearly half of students reported being beaten up or mugged during the past year, and nearly a quarter reported being threatened with serious physical harm. There were no sex differences in levels of exposure. Traumatic stress symptoms were common, especially among females. Both violence witnessing and violent victimization significantly predicted post-traumatic stress symptoms, and positive school climate moderated the relationship. Among youth victimized by violence, positive school climate was most strongly correlated with lower levels of post-traumatic stress at low levels of exposure. Among youth who had witnessed violence, positive school climate was most strongly correlated with lower levels of post-traumatic stress at high levels of exposure. Community-based programs that bring together parents, schools, and youth may play an important role in combating the negative effects of some types of violence exposure among Gambian youth. Youth experiencing high levels of violent victimization represent a sample of particular concern and merit special research and clinical attention.
Learning words by hand: Gesture's role in predicting vocabulary development

Children vary widely in how quickly their vocabularies grow. Can looking at early gesture use in children and parents help us predict this variability? We videotaped 53 English-speaking parent-child dyads in their homes during their daily activities for 90-minutes every four months between child age 14 and 34 months. At 42 months, children were given the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). We found that child gesture use at 14 months was a significant predictor of vocabulary size at 42 months, above and beyond the effects of parent and child word use at 14 months. Parent gesture use at 14 months was not directly related to vocabulary development, but did relate to child gesture use at 14 months which, in turn, predicted child vocabulary. These relations hold even when background factors such as socio-economic status are controlled. The findings underscore the importance of examining early gesture when predicting child vocabulary development.
Hiding in the highlands: Evolution of a frog species complex of the genus Ptychadena in the Ethiopian highlands

The Ethiopian highlands are a biodiversity hotspot characterized by a high level of endemism, particularly in amphibians. Frogs of the genus Ptychadena have experienced an evolutionary radiation in these highlands. Thus, this group provides an excellent opportunity to study the process of speciation in this important biogeographic area. We sequenced two mitochondrial (16S and COI) and four nuclear (Rag-1, CXCR4, NCX1 and Tyr) genes in a sample of 236 frogs from 49 Ethiopian localities. Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial genes revealed the presence of eight divergent mitochondrial lineages. We uncovered a near perfect concordance between these lineages and genetic clusters based on nuclear sequences. A Bayesian species delimitation analysis confirmed that these eight lineages correspond to eight genetically isolated populations which may represent eight species. Some of these species have already been recognized due to their distinct morphology (P. cooperi, P. nana and P. erlangeri) but we determined that the species P. neumanni is a complex of 5 cryptic species, thus increasing substantially the number of species in this genus and for this country. We resolved the phylogeny of Ethiopian highland Ptychadena using a species tree approach and determined that Ptychadena species group on the phylogeny according to their habitat preference. We propose that the diversity of Ethiopian Ptychadena results from an early phase of specialization to distinct elevations followed by a phase of ecological diversification within each elevational range. We estimated that the early phase of diversification of Ethiopian Ptychadena probably occurred in the late Miocene and the most recent speciation events in the late-Pliocene or Pleistocene.
Leveraging the semantic web and natural language processing to enhance drug-mechanism knowledge in drug product labels

Multiple studies indicate that drug-drug interactions are a significant source of preventable adverse drug events. Factors contributing to the occurrence of preventable ADEs resulting from DDIs include a lack of knowledge of the patient's concurrent medications and inaccurate or inadequate knowledge of interactions by health care providers. FDA-approved drug product labeling is a major source of information intended to help clinicians prescribe drugs in a safe and effective manner. Unfortunately, drug product labeling has been identified as often lagging behind emerging drug knowledge; especially when it has been several years since a drug has been released to the market. In this paper we report on a novel approach that explores employing Semantic Web technology and natural language processing to identify drug mechanism information that may update or expand upon statements present in product labeling.
The search for milky way halo substructure WIMP annihilations using the GLAST LAT

The GLAST LAT Collaboration is one among several experimental groups, covering a wide range of approaches, pursuing the search for the nature of dark matter. The GLAST LAT has the unique ability to find new sources of high energy gamma radiation emanating directly from WIMP annihilations in situ in the universe. Using it's wide band spectral and full sky spatial capabilities, the GLAST LAT can form ''images'' in high energy gamma-rays of dark matter substructures in the gamma-ray sky. We describe a preliminary feasibility study for indirect detection of milky way dark matter satellites using the GLAST LAT.
Temperature Dependence of Sextant Index Error

The plastic marine sextant has become a common sight in celestial navigation courses owing to its relatively low cost. Mixed statements concerning the quality of such sextants are heard ; however, no experimental data seems to have been published concerning their accuracy. The temperature dependence of the index error is proposed as a first approximation indicator of the suitability of plastic sextants for navigation. This paper describes some experiments performed to actually quantify the change in index error with temperature, as well as examine the stability of the instruments' index error at a constant temperature. These results were compared with the results of the same experiment performed on a metal sextant. While the changes in index error with temperature are much larger for the plastic sextants than for the metal sextant used for comparison, the changes were found to be highly linear and repeatable, and the index errors of the plastic sextants, when at a constant temperature, were as stable as the those of the metal sextant under the same conditions.
G-Quadruplex DNA Sequences Are Evolutionarily Conserved and Associated with Distinct Genomic Features in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

G-quadruplex DNA is a four-stranded DNA structure formed by non-Watson-Crick base pairing between stacked sets of four guanines. Many possible functions have been proposed for this structure, but its in vivo role in the cell is still largely unresolved. We carried out a genome-wide survey of the evolutionary conservation of regions with the potential to form G-quadruplex DNA structures (G4 DNA motifs) across seven yeast species. We found that G4 DNA motifs were significantly more conserved than expected by chance, and the nucleotide-level conservation patterns suggested that the motif conservation was the result of the formation of G4 DNA structures. We characterized the association of conserved and non-conserved G4 DNA motifs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with more than 40 known genome features and gene classes. Our comprehensive, integrated evolutionary and functional analysis confirmed the previously observed associations of G4 DNA motifs with promoter regions and the rDNA, and it identified several previously unrecognized associations of G4 DNA motifs with genomic features, such as mitotic and meiotic double-strand break sites (DSBs). Conserved G4 DNA motifs maintained strong associations with promoters and the rDNA, but not with DSBs. We also performed the first analysis of G4 DNA motifs in the mitochondria, and surprisingly found a tenfold higher concentration of the motifs in the AT-rich yeast mitochondrial DNA than in nuclear DNA. The evolutionary conservation of the G4 DNA motif and its association with specific genome features supports the hypothesis that G4 DNA has in vivo functions that are under evolutionary constraint.
Jactatio extra-capitis and migraine suppression

Sleep often terminates migraine headaches, and sleep disorders occur with greater prevalence in individuals with chronic or recurrent headaches. Rhythmic head, limb or body movements are common in children before falling asleep, but they very rarely persist into adolescence and adulthood, or appear de novo later in life as sleep-related rhythmic movement disorders. A 22-year-old female with migraine without aura and history of early childhood pre-dormital body rocking (jactatio) discovered that unilateral slow rhythmic movements of her right foot greatly facilitated falling sound asleep while reclining. Sleep served every time to terminate her migraine attack. Rhythmic movements may serve on occasion as a therapeutic hypnotic maneuver in migraine sufferers.
Modeling the forced-air cooling process of fresh strawberry packages, Part I: Numerical model

A numerical analysis of the forced-air cooling process of retail packages of strawberries was performed by solving the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy within the system. The results showed that the heterogeneity of the cooling process is largely influenced by the structure and design of the packaging system (individual clamshell packages and trays). On average 75 ± 2% of the total airflow forced through the system bypassed the clamshells, and 46 ± 5% of the flow rate forced through clamshells bypassed the strawberries. After 1 h of cooling, the average-fruit-temperature per clamshell ranged from 2.4 °C to 8.3 °C between the first and last clamshells along the main flow direction. Within these clamshells, the maximum differences in the volume-average temperature of individual fruits reached 3.5 °C and 5.1 °C, respectively. The results show the potential use of this numerical approach as a design tool to optimize the forced-air cooling process of horticultural products.
Polyorchidism: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose: Polyorchidism is an uncommon congenital anomaly. We systematically analyzed the literature due to the contradictory data regarding this condition.Materials and Methods: We conducted a database search and evaluated relevant articles for the appearance, comorbidities and complications of supernumerary testes. Only cases of polyorchidism confirmed by histological examination were included in the study.Results: We found 140 cases of polyorchidism. Triorchidism was the most common type, and 6 cases of 4 testes (4.3%) were reported. Most supernumerary testes (64%, chi-square p <0.001) were drained by a vas deferens. Median patient age at detection was 17 years. Left side demonstrated predominance (64.5%, chi-square p <0.001). Most cases were found during surgery for other symptoms including inguinal hernia, undescended testicle, testicular torsion and scrotal pain. Only 16% of patients complained of an accessory mass without any symptoms. Neoplasms were found in 9 cases (6.4%), of which 8 were malignan...
Guidelines for Opioid Prescription: The Devil Is in the Details

In January 2013, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene released guidelines to help reduce the misuse of prescription opioid analgesics by establishing standards for prescribing ...
Toward a risk-based assessment of the adult cancer survivor: late effects of chemotherapy

Survivorship care of the cancer patient has become a growing concern among oncologists and primary care physicians in communities across the country. It is now recognized as a distinct phase in the continuum of cancer care. There are an estimated 12 million Americans with a history of cancer looking to their oncologists and primary care physicians for assistance in navigating the difficult waters of survivorship. Although a concerted effort is underway, there are few evidence-based guidelines or recommendations for managing long-term and late effects of adult cancer survivors. The Children 's Oncology Group has developed consensus guidelines to improve and standardize care of the survivors of childhood to young adult cancers. Their successful efforts could serve as a model for a similar undertaking to address the post-treatment care of adult survivors. In the absence of evidence-based or consensus guidelines, knowledge of late effects can inform and direct assessment of survivors presenting with late sequelae of chemotherapy agents.
Magnetic and structural properties of the “brown phase” solid solution Ba(Nd2−xLax)CuO5

Abstract The compounds BaR2CuO5 (R=Y and lanthanides) are well-known impurities that often coexist with the high Tc superconductors, Ba2RCu3O6+x. With R=La and Nd, brown color solid solutions (Ba1+xR2−xCuO5−x) form instead of the “green phase”, BaR2CuO5 (lanthanides with ionic radii smaller than that of Sm). A complete solid solution of Ba(Nd2−xLax)CuO5 exists with the tetragonal space group P4/mbm. Crystallographic studies of selected members (x=0.2, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.6) by X-ray Rietveld refinement technique showed the structure consists of RO8 and BaO10 cages, and square planar CuO4 units. As x increases in Ba(Nd2−xLax)CuO5, the size of these RO8 and BaO10 cages increases. BaLa2CuO5 was confirmed to be ferromagnetic at ≈5 K; despite the isostructural property of BaLa2CuO5 and BaNd5CuO5, the Nd-analog was found to be antiferromagnetic. As x in Ba(Nd2−xLax)CuO5 increases between 0 and 2, the amount of ferromagnetism increases.
Chromatin analysis of occluded genes

We recently described two opposing states of transcriptional competency. One is termed 'competent' whereby a gene is capable of responding to trans-acting transcription factors of the cell, such that it is active if appropriate transcriptional activators are present, though it can also be silent if activators are absent or repressors are present. The other is termed 'occluded' whereby a gene is silenced by cis-acting, chromatin-based mechanisms in a manner that blocks it from responding to trans-acting factors, such that it is silent even when activators are present in the cellular milieu. We proposed that gene occlusion is a mechanism by which differentiated cells stably maintain their phenotypic identities. Here, we describe chromatin analysis of occluded genes. We found that DNA methylation plays a causal role in maintaining occlusion for a subset of occluded genes. We further examined a variety of other chromatin marks typically associated with transcriptional silencing, including histone variants, covalent histone modifications and chromatin-associated proteins. Surprisingly, we found that although many of these marks are robustly linked to silent genes (which include both occluded genes and genes that are competent but silent), none is linked specifically to occluded genes. Although the observation does not rule out a possible causal role of these chromatin marks in occlusion, it does suggest that these marks might be secondary effect rather than primary cause of the silent state in many genes.
Epinephrine reverses the inhibitory influence of aspirin on platelet-vessel wall interactions

The effect of in vitro aspirin treatment and alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation on the interaction of platelets with the subendothelium was studied using citrated human blood obtained from normal control donors. Reconstituted blood following drug treatment was circulated through a chamber which housed everted segments of deendothelialized rabbit aorta. The wall shear rate was 800 sec-1. Surface coverage of platelets were morphometrically evaluated. Aspirin treatment significantly reduced platelet thrombi on exposed subendothelium. However, platelet spreading was increased. There was no significant difference in the total percent coverage of platelets in the vascular surface between the aspirin treated group and normal controls. Epinephrine exposure of aspirin treated platelets completely reversed the effect of alterations induced in platelet behavior by aspirin. Epinephrine exposed aspirin treated platelets had as many platelet thrombi on exposed subendothelium as normal control platelets. In addition, epinephrine treatment decreased the spreading of aspirin treated platelets on the vascular surface. Results of the present study and our earlier findings suggest that the epinephrine induced membrane modulation may be a major mechanism for protecting the hemostatic role of platelets after their function is compromised in vivo and in vitro. The failure of aspirin to offer significant protection in many clinical trials may be due to the presence of a salvage pathway in platelets provided by the mechanism of membrane modulation.
Combinatorial synthesis of 2,9-substituted purines

Abstract A method for the combinatorial synthesis of 2,9-substituted purines using a Mitsunobu reaction to alkylate the N-9 position and an amination reaction to install amines at the C-2 position has been developed.
WHY REMOVE AUTAPOMORPHIES

Hennig (1966: 90) defined autapomorphic characters as “features characteristic for a particular monophyletic group”. He went on to note that these characters are autapomorphies only if the group in question is compared with other groups; when the relationships within the group are examined these autapomorphies become synapomorphies. Thus, the definition of autapomorphy is dependent on the hier- archical context in which the characters are placed; autapomorphies of a clade at one level of cladistic analysis are synapomorphies of the clade at the next lowest level. It has now become common in empirical cladistic analyses for autdpomorphic characters to be removed from data sets before the consistency index (C, Kluge and Farris, 1969) for the data matrix is calculated (e.g. Kitching et al., 1987; Cigliano, 1989; Sundberg, 1989; Begle, 1991; Ramskiild and Werdelin, 1991). Because of the absence or very low frequency of autapomorphies in some pub lished data matrices, one can assume that autapomorphies are removed without the author(s) even mentioning it in the methods section (e.g. Crisci et al., 1988; Cristoffersen, 1989).
The Cognitive Origins of Bourdieu's Habitus

This paper aims to balance the conceptual reception of Bourdieu's sociology in the United States through a conceptual re-examination of the concept of Habitus. I retrace the intellectual lineage of the Habitus idea, showing it to have roots in Claude Levi-Strauss structural anthropology and in the developmental psychology of Jean Piaget, especially the latter's generalization of the idea of operations from mathematics to the study of practical, bodily-mediated cognition. One important payoff of this exercise is that the common misinterpretation of the Habitus as an objectivist and reductionist element in Bourdieu's thought is dispelled. The Habitus is shown to be instead a useful and flexible way to concep-tualize agency and the ability to transform social structure. Thus ultimately one of Bourdieu's major contributions to social theory consists of his development of a new radical form of cognitive sociology, along with an innovative variety of multilevel sociological explanation in which the interplay of different structural orders is highlighted. In keeping with the usual view, the goal of sociology is to uncover the most deeply buried structures of the different social worlds that make up the social universe, as well as the "mechanisms" that tend to ensure their reproduction or transformation. Merging with psychology, though with a kind of psychology undoubtedly quite different from the most widely accepted image of this science, such an exploration of the cognitive structures that agents bring to bear in their practical knowledge of the social worlds thus structured. Indeed there exists a correspondence between social structures and mental structures, between the objective divisions of the social world . . . and the principles of vision and division that agents apply to them (Bourdieu, 1996b[1989], p. 1).
Improving urban land use and land cover classification from high-spatial-resolution hyperspectral imagery using contextual information

In this paper, we propose approaches to improve the pixel-based support vector machine (SVM) classification for urban land use and land cover (LULC) mapping from airborne hyperspectral imagery with high spatial resolution. Class spatial neighborhood relationship is used to correct the misclassified class pairs, such as roof and trail, road and roof. These classes may be difficult to be separated because they may have similar spectral signatures and their spatial features are not distinct enough to help their discrimination. In addition, misclassification incurred from within-class trivial spectral variation can be corrected by using pixel connectivity information in a local window so that spectrally homogeneous regions can be well preserved. Our experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approaches in classification accuracy improvement. The overall performance is competitive to the object-based SVM classification.
Mating System Analysis of Alnus maritima (Seaside Alder), a Rare Riparian Tree

Abstract Effective conservation requires an understanding of the genetic interactions among populations and individuals of a species, particularly those with fragmented, isolated distributions. Alnus maritima (seaside alder) is a rare tree species with an extremely fragmented distribution of highly isolated populations in the Delmarva Peninsula, Georgia, and Oklahoma. We conducted a mating system study to estimate the outcrossing rate, inbreeding coefficient, biparental inbreeding rate, and correlation of paternity in progeny from a Georgia and an Oklahoma population to investigate the effects of isolation on the A. maritima mating system. Data from nine microsatellite loci showed similarly high multilocus outcrossing rates in both populations (tm = 0.94). Individual tree outcrossing rates were also high (tm = 0.873–1.047). There was no significant biparental inbreeding in either population, but there was significantly higher correlated paternity in the Oklahoma population. Results showed the high out...
Performance Measures for Associative Memories that Learn and Forget

Recently, many modifications to the McCulloch/Pitts model have been proposed where both learning and forgetting occur. Given that the network never saturates (ceases to function effectively due to an overload of information), the learning updates can continue indefinitely. For these networks, we need to introduce performance measures in addition to the information capacity to evaluate the different networks. We mathematically define quantities such as the plasticity of a network, the efficacy of an information vector, and the probability of network saturation. From these quantities we analytically compare different networks.
Cancer imaging and therapy with metal nanoparticles

Nanotechnology offers unique opportunities for cancer detection, therapy and the ability to monitor therapeutic interventions. This potential has to be analyzed in context of challenges that need to be overcome in translation of nanoparticles to clinical applications including specific delivery in tissues and clearance from the body. Here, we will present a case study of plasmonic nanoparticles in cancer imaging and therapy.
Strategic research, education and policy goals for seed science and crop improvement

Genetically improved varieties and their delivery through high quality seeds have been essential contributors to yield increases that have allowed crop production to keep pace with population growth. However, as global population continues to expand and economies improve, crop production will need to double again by 2050 to meet demand. To do this without markedly expanding cultivated area will require new breakthroughs in plant breeding. This article, based upon a consensus developed at a broadly based American Seed Research Summit in 2008, identifies critical research topics, educational priorities and policy issues that were considered essential to this effort. Research targets focus on germplasm conservation and characterization, seed production and quality, fundamental genetic mechanisms, advanced breeding strategies, and knowledge systems to manage data and information to support development of crops with improved resource use efficiency and stress tolerance. A diverse pool of high quality plant breeders and researchers must be educated to carry out this work. An effective and efficient regulatory system should support innovation in variety improvement by balancing risks and benefits. Public–private partnerships are a key component of achieving these goals.
Insulin and bone: Recent developments

While insulin-like growth factor I is a well-known anabolic agent in bone evidence is beginning to accumulate that its homologue, insulin, also has some anabolic properties for bone. There is specific evidence that insulin may work to stimulate osteoblast differentiation, which in turn would enhance production of osteocalcin, the osteoblast-produced peptide that can stimulate pancreatic β cell proliferation and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. It is uncertain whether insulin stimulates bone directly or indirectly by increasing muscle work and therefore skeletal loading. We raise the question of the sequence of events that occurs with insulin resistance, such as type 2 diabetes. Evidence to date suggests that these patients have lower serum concentrations of osteocalcin, perhaps reduced skeletal loading, and reduced bone strength as evidenced by micro-indentation studies.
Design Challenges and Principles for Wizard of Oz Testing of Location-Enhanced Applications

Using Wizard of Oz techniques, designers can efficiently test location-enhanced application prototypes during the early stages of design, without building a full-fledged application or deploying a sensing infrastructure. Location-enhanced applications adapt their behavior to or provide information about the location of people, places, and things. Such location-enhanced applications are the most widely adopted type of ubicomp application; analysts predict that their use will grow tremendously in the near future.
Performance analysis of an all-digital BPSK direct-sequence spread-spectrum IF receiver architecture

A VLSI architecture for an all-digital binary phase shift keying (BPSK) direct-sequence (DS) spread spectrum (SS) intermediate frequency (IF) receiver is presented, and an in-depth performance analysis is given. The all-digital architecture incorporates a Costas loop for carrier recovery and a delay-locked loop for clock recovery. For the pseudorandom noise (PN) acquisition block, a robust energy detection scheme is proposed to reduce false PN locks over a broad range of signal-to-noise ratios. The proposed architecture is intended for use in the 902-928 MHz unlicensed spread spectrum radio band. A 100 kbs information rate and a 12.7 Mchips/second PN code rate are assumed. The IF center frequency is 12.7 MHz and the IF sampling rate is 50.8 Msamples/second, which is the Nyquist rate for the 25.4 MHz bandwidth signal. Finite wordlength effects have been simulated to optimize the architecture, thereby minimizing the chip area, and results of the finite wordlength simulations demonstrate that the chip architecture achieves a bit error rate performance within 1 dB of theory in an additive white Gaussian noise channel. >
Measurement of impulsivity in a hierarchical model of personality traits: implications for substance use.

This review describes how measures of a prominent three-dimensional hierarchical model of personality traits relate to substance use. H. J. Eysenck proposed a biologically based model of personalit...
World Health Organization rings global alarm bell to address, prevent violence.

WHO'S World Report on Violence and Health is a comprehensive overview of violence that calls for definitive action worldwide.
Disposition of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate in human subjects.

ABSTRACT The disposition of 4-14C dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and 7α-3H dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) (3H/14C =5.0) was studied in 11 subjects, 5 of whom had biliary fistulas. The mixture of D and DS was injected intravenously in 9 subjects and taken orally by 2 subjects. About 2% of 14C appeared in the bile, whereas 11% of 3H was excreted by that route. Urinary excretion in intact subjects was 45% of the 14C and 55% of the 3H. The total recovery of radioactivity was the same in all groups, indicating intestinal absorption of D and DS. This conclusion was confirmed by the results of oral ingestion, which closely resembled those following intravenous administration. The 3H/14C ratio of urinary testosterone glucosiduronide was initially 1/10 of that injected, suggesting that of the 2 steroids administered DS is a poorer precursor of testosterone.