cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordinate Mapping For Pointing And Tracking

An image tracking system using log-polar mapping is investigated using a priori knowledge of the target geometry. The shape of the mapped target's leading edge contains information regarding the orientation and location of the target. The projection of the target image for various view angles introduces distortions in the mapped image. These distortions provide the information necessary for adjusting the camera pointing vector such that a perpendicular view angle is maintained. Once a perpendicular view angle is obtained, centering on the target may be accomplished by observing the leading edge of the mapped image. Distortions observed in the leading edge, introduced by offset pointing errors, are used to generate an error signal for camera translation. A leading edge free of distortion indicates that centering has been achieved. Simulation results are presented for various target geometries.
Effects of arytenoid adduction on laryngeal function following ansa cervicalis nerve transfer for vocal fold paralysis in an in vivo canine model

Laryngeal reinnervation with the ansa cervicalis has been proposed as a treatment for human unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). This study tested the assumption that results from reinnervation could be improved if combined with medialization surgery. Six canine subjects underwent recurrent laryngeal nerve section and reinnervation with a branch of the ansa cervicalis. After reinnervation, vocal function was assessed before and after arytenoid adduction. Although laryngeal function improved significantly following reinnervation, results were significantly enhanced by the addition of medialization surgery. The implications for the treatment of human unilateral vocal fold paralysis are discussed.
Extension of a compressible lattice model to CO2 + cosolvent + polymer systems

Abstract We have recently proposed a compressible lattice model for CO 2 + polymer systems in which CO 2 forms complexes with one or more functional groups in the polymer. Furthermore, we have shown that this model is able to simultaneously correlate phase equilibria, sorption behavior, and glass transition temperatures in such systems. In the present work, we extend the model to ternary CO 2 + cosolvent + polymer systems and demonstrate that cloud point behavior in CO 2 + dimethyl ether + poly ( ɛ -caprolactone), CO 2 + dimethyl ether + poly (isopropyl acrylate), and CO 2 + dimethyl ether + poly (isodecyl acrylate) systems can be predicted using parameters obtained from binary data. Our results also suggest that dimethyl ether may form weak complexes with poly ( ɛ -caprolactone), poly (isopropyl acrylate), and poly (isodecyl acrylate).
Beyond Belief: Sovereignty and the Spectacle of Martyrdom in Early Modern France

Corneille’s theater exemplifies how violence founded the State of Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu as an embodied, affective, and lived reality. Through the lens of vivid Catholic representations of martyrdom, such as those ‘spiritual exercises’ proposed by the Jesuit Louis Richeome in La Peinture spirituelle (1611), and in the highly prescriptive context of classical dramaturgy and theatrical aesthetics of seventeenth-century France, this article shows how Corneille’s Polyeucte (1641) produced performative effects that corporealised those subjects of the French monarch’s sovereign power, locating them in a historicized understanding of religious revelation and salvation.
Earnings and the stratification of unpaid time among U.S. women.

Relatively few quantitative studies have examined socioeconomic differences in time allocation among women, with the exception of Kahneman et al. (2006). This article presents a preliminary analysis of variation by earnings in women's time spent outside of paid work. We analyze women's time on leisure, housework, and with children. Recent studies of leisure have found that professionals and highly educated people have less free time than individuals of lower socioeconomic status (Aguiar and Hurst 2007; Gershuny 2000; Jacobs and Gerson 2004). However, diverse forms of leisure may have quite different implications for individuals' health and well being. Less time in active leisure is associated with negative health out comes, such as greater risks of obesity, heart disease, and reduced physical functioning. Most conceptualizations of leisure (Bittman and Wajcman 2000; Juster 1999) aggregate varied activities such as watching TV and physical exercise (e.g., Aguiar and Hurst 2007). By contrast, we analyze differences in women's time spent specifically on active, or health oriented leisure activities. With regard to housework, recent studies (e.g., Gupta 2007) have found a negative relationship between women's earnings and their time spent on housework, but based on retrospective estimate data rather than the diary data employed here. Unlike studies con fined to "core" household chores such as cooking and cleaning, we include time spent on stereotypically "male" or shared housework, such as outdoor chores and financial tasks. Finally, previous research has already established that women's time spent with children is positively associated with their education (e.g., Sayer et al. 2004). Here we consider the relationship between women's earnings and (1) routine care, and (2) recreational or
Electric field strength and focality in electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy: a finite element simulation study

We present the first computational study comparing the electric field induced by various electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and magnetic seizure therapy (MST) paradigms. Four ECT electrode configurations (bilateral, bifrontal, right unilateral, and focal electrically administered seizure therapy) and three MST coil configurations (circular, cap, and double cone) were modeled. The model incorporated a modality-specific neural activation threshold. ECT (0.3 ms pulse width) and MST induced the maximum electric field of 2.1-2.5 V cm⁻¹ and 1.1-2.2 V cm⁻¹ in the brain, corresponding to 6.2-7.2 times and 1.2-2.3 times the neural activation threshold, respectively. The MST electric field is more confined to the superficial cortex compared to ECT. The brain volume stimulated was much larger with ECT (up to 100%) than with MST (up to 8.2%). MST with the double-cone coil was the most focal, and bilateral ECT was the least focal. Our results suggest a possible biophysical explanation of the reduced side effects of MST compared to ECT. Our results also indicate that the conventional ECT pulse amplitude (800-900 mA) is much higher than necessary for seizure induction. Reducing the ECT pulse amplitude should be explored as a potential means of diminishing side effects.
Solid state sensors and process control

Abstract The science of solid state ionics and electroceramics has developed rapidly since the impetus given by the paper of Wagner and Kiukkola in 1957. Much of that development was devoted to oxygen sensors for the metallurgical and automotive industries. The concurrent development of semiconductor technology has also led to the introduction of new sensors based on silicon technology which can be used at lower temperatures. Basic to all of these industrial technologies is a thorough understanding of the physical chemistry of mainly, inorganic materials over a wide range of physical conditions. Although a few useful systems have been studied in considerable detail, it is argued that much remains to be done if the design of sensors is not to prove the stumbling block to much-needed progress in automation of processes ranging from heart surgery to steelmaking. Examples are discussed in which knowledge of thermodynamic and transport processes need considerable attention so that some major problems of the 21st century may be addressed.
Gender Policing in the Clinical Setting: Discussion of Sandra Silverman’s “The Colonized Mind: Gender, Trauma, and Mentalization”

This is a discussion of Sandra Silverman’s clinical paper “The Colonized Mind: Gender, Trauma, and Mentalization.” Her patient, David nee Ava, started early in life as a gender variant child. In adolescence, she became more stereotypically gender conforming. She entered treatment with Silverman as a young adult who was feeling great shame about both her past and present gender dysphoria. This discussion focuses on the clinical problem of gender policing, its external and internal manifestations as well as its appearance in the countertransference.
Time-accurate simulation of helicopter rotor flows including aeroelastic effects

AbstractThe following work presents recent developments inthe simulation of helicopter rotor flows in the hoverand forward flight regimes. The simulations are car-ried out by solving the full time-accurate compress-ible flow equations, both Euler and Navier-Stokes,on a moving multiblock mesh around a rotor con-figuration. Aeroelastic effects are introduced as anintegral part of the simulation. The resulting pro-gram, ROTOR87, is implemented in parallel, using adomain decomposition approach and the MPI (Mes-sage Passing Interface) Standard for communicationpurposes. The results demonstrate that the com-bination of highly efficient algorithms and high per-formance parallel computing yields an accurate andefficient method for the computation of complex vor-tical flows of interest to the rotorcraft community.IntroductionDuring the course of the last three years, much efforthas been placed at Princeton on the development ofaccurate and efficient methods for the calculation ofunsteady viscous and inviscid flows including aeroe-lastic effects. Efficiency has been achieved throughthe use of fast implicit algorithms and the utiliza-tion of high performance parallel computing plat-forms. The pursuit of high accuracy has focusedon the implementation of refined artificial dissipa-tion algorithms which provide the necessary upwindbias without unnecessarily corrupting the flow solu-tion and the use of properly resolved meshes for thephysical phenomena at hand. It is our opinion that
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES III. THE RELATIONSHIP OF INCORPORATION OF RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS IN NUCLEIC ACID TO THE GROWTH OF CELLS IN VITRO

Growing cultures are shown to incorporate more radioactive phosphorus into ribo- and desoxyribonucleic acid than non-growing cultures. Strong indications are found that the incorporation of inorganic phosphorus into desoxyribonucleic acid parallels the mitotic coefficient and serves as a sensitive index of synthesis of new cells. There are indications that the phosphorus compounds from which the DNA molecule was synthesized were in equilibrium with the inorganic phosphorus of the medium. The effect of the implant upon growth of new cells and the assay of growth is discussed. Metabolic turnover was increased in adequate medium.
Active learning system for object fingerprinting

Object fingerprinting and identification is a critical part of effective visual surveillance systems. In this paper, we present an approach to actively learn the object models in order to fingerprint the objects. Our approach uses a view-based classifier cascade that actively learns to recognize the generic class of the object. Salient features unique to the specific instance of the selected class of objects are modeled using fuzzy attribute relational graphs. These graphs are also adapted to represent object information gathered from multiple views. Preliminary results are quite promising and extensive studies are underway to ascertain the use of the system in more complicated scenarios.
On bounding response times under software transactional memory in distributed multiprocessor real-time systems

We consider multiprocessor distributed real-time systems where concurrency control is managed using software transactional memory (or STM). For such a system, we propose an algorithm to compute an upper bound on the response time. The proposed algorithm can be used to study the behavior of systems where node crash failures are possible. We compare the result of the proposed algorithm to a simulation of the system being studied in order to determine its efficacy. The results of our study indicate that it is possible to provide timeliness guarantees for multiprocessor distributed systems programmed using STM.
Integrated pin electronic for a VLSI test system

Drivers, comparators, active loads, and per-pin timing circuitry for a VLSI test system are placed in two CMOS integrated circuits. This level of integration allows fast, low-capacitance pin electronics to be manufactured at relatively low cost. Novel design and calibration techniques are used to overcome limitations of CMOS technology. >
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS REGULATING MERCURY CONTAMINATION OF FISH FROM CADDO LAKE, TEXAS, USA

Most studies examining the influence of ecological characteristics of fish on Hg concentration in fish tissues have focused on a few variables and been conducted in northern ecosystems. We examined how total length (TL), age, food-web position (estimated using 13 C and 15 N), and habitat were related to total Hg concentrations in 10 species of fish from Caddo Lake, a subtropical reservoir located on the border of Texas and Louisiana, USA. We observed biomagnification in the Caddo Lake fish assemblage, and the enrichment factors (the slope of the relationship between 15 N and total Hg concentration) in the two habitats were 0.19 and 0.24, similar to those found in other studies. Although trophic position was the best predictor of total Hg concentration between species, age and TL were the best predictors of total Hg concentration within species. Unlike studies conducted in deep lakes, 13 C values of fish tissue, a measure of the extent to which fish feed in food webs based on pelagic or littoral primary production, was not a good predictor of total Hg concentration in Caddo Lake fish. Total Hg concentrations in fish were elevated in forested-wetland habitats relative to open-water habitats. Data collected in the present study indicate that more Hg likely was available for incorporation into the base of the food web in the forested-wetland habitat than in the open-water habitat. Our results help to clarify the relationship between ecological characteristics of fish and Hg concentration in fish tissue and can be used by researchers as well as public and environmental health officials when designing Hg monitoring studies.
Source inversion of the 1988 Upland, California, earthquake: Determination of a fault plane for a small event

Abstract We examined short-period P waves to investigate if waveform data could be used to determine which of two nodal planes was the actual fault plane for a small ( M L 4.6) earthquake near Upland, California. We removed path and site complications by choosing a small aftershock ( M L 2.7) as an empirical Green function. The main shock P waves were deconvolved by using the empirical Green function to produce simple far-field displacement pulses. We used a least-squares method to invert these pulses for the slip distribution on a finite fault. Both nodal planes (strike 125°, dip 85° and strike 221°, dip 40°) of the first-motion focal mechanism were tested at various rupture velocities. The southwest trending fault plane consistently gave better fitting solutions than the southeast-trending plane. We determined a moment of 4.2 × 10 22 dyne-cm. The rupture velocity, and thus the source area could not be well resolved, but if we assume a reasonable rupture velocity of 0.87 times the shear wave velocity, we obtain a source area of 0.97 km 2 and a stress drop of 38 bars. Choice of a southwest-trending fault plane is consistent with the trend of the nearby portion of the Transverse Ranges frontal fault zone and indicates left-lateral motion. This method provides a way to determine the fault plane for small earthquakes that have no surface rupture and no obvious trend in aftershock locations.
Escape from the phagosome: The explanation for MHC-I processing of mycobacterial antigens?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is thought to live in an altered phagosomal environment. In this setting, the mechanisms by which mycobacterial antigens access the major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) processing machinery remain incompletely understood. There is evidence that Mtb antigens can be processed in both endocytic and cytosolic environments, with different mechanisms being proposed for how Mtb antigens can access the cytosol. Recently, electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that Mtb has the potential to escape the phagosome and reside in the cytosol. This was postulated as the primary mechanism by which Mtb antigens enter the MHC-I processing and presentation pathway. In this commentary, we will review data on the escape of Mtb from the phagosome and whether this escape is required for antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells.
Kinematics and calibration of active cannulas

Active cannulas are remotely actuated thin continuum robots with the potential to traverse narrow and winding environments without relying on "guiding" environmental reaction forces. These features seem ideal for procedures requiring passage through narrow openings to access air-filled cavities (e.g. surgery in the throat and lung). Composed of telescoping concentric pre-curved elastic tubes, an active cannula is actuated at its base by translation and axial rotation of component tubes. Using minimum energy principles and Lie Group theory, we present a framework for the kinematics of multi-link active cannulas. This framework permits testing of the hypothesis that overall cannula shape locally minimizes stored elastic energy. We evaluate in particular whether the torsional energy in the long, straight transmission between actuators and the curved sections is important. Including torsion in the kinematic model enables us to analytically predict experimentally observed bifurcation in the energy landscape. Independent calibration procedures based on bifurcation and tip and feature positions enable model parameter identification, producing results near ranges expected from tube material properties and geometry. Experimental results validate the kinematic framework and demonstrate the importance of modeling torsional effects in order to describe bifurcation and accurately predict active cannula shape.
7 Emotion in Organizations: A Review and Theoretical Integration

Abstract Emotion has become one of the most popular—and popularized—areas within organizational scholarship. This chapter attempts to review and bring together within a single framework the wide and often disjointed literature on emotion in organizations. The integrated framework includes processes detailed by previous theorists who have defined emotion as a sequence that unfolds chronologically. The emotion process begins with a focal individual who is exposed to an eliciting stimulus, registers the stimulus for its meaning, and experiences a feeling state and physiological changes, with downstream consequences for attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions, as well as facial expressions and other emotionally expressive cues. These downstream consequences can result in externally visible behaviors and cues that become, in turn, eliciting stimuli for interaction partners. For each stage of the emotion process, there are distinct emotion regulation processes that incorporate individual differences and group norm...
Indicators for assessing socioeconomic sustainability of bioenergy systems: A short list of practical measures

Indicators are needed to assess both socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of bioenergy systems. Effective indicators can help to identify and quantify the sustainability attributes of bioenergy options. We identify 16 socioeconomic indicators that fall into the categories of social well-being, energy security, trade, profitability, resource conservation, and social acceptability. The suite of indicators is predicated on the existence of basic institutional frameworks to provide governance, legal, regulatory and enforcement services. Indicators were selected to be practical, sensitive to stresses, unambiguous, anticipatory, predictive, estimable with known variability, and sufficient when considered collectively. The utility of each indicator, methods for its measurement, and applications appropriate for the context of particular bioenergy systems are described along with future research needs. Together, this suite of indicators is hypothesized to reflect major socioeconomic effects of the full supply chain for bioenergy, including feedstock production and logistics, conversion to biofuels, biofuel logistics and biofuel end uses. Ten indicators are highlighted as a minimum set of practical measures of socioeconomic aspects of bioenergy sustainability. Coupled with locally prioritized environmental indicators, we propose that these socioeconomic indicators can provide a basis to quantify and evaluate sustainability of bioenergy systems across many regions in which they will be deployed.
High-Rate Error-Correction Codes Targeting Dominant Error Patterns

We propose a high-rate error-pattern-correcting code constructed by a generator polynomial targeting a set of known dominant error patterns. This code is based on first constructing a low-rate cyclic code that possesses a distinct syndrome set for each target error pattern. This base code is then extended by simply applying the same generator polynomial to a larger message block. It is shown that the captured syndrome along with a soft metric can be used to correct a single occurrence of any target error pattern within the codeword with high probability. The proposed scheme outperforms, by a significant margin, conventional post-Viterbi error correction based on high-rate error-detection coding. The performance comparison is provided for a high-density perpendicular recording model
SLN(F(X)) IS NOT BOUNDEDLY GENERATED BY ELEMENTARY MATRICES: EXPLICIT PROOF ∗

Using methods of higher algebraic K -theory, van der Kallen proved thatSLn(F (x)) does not have bounded word length with respect to elementary matrices if the field F has infinite transcendence degree over its prime subfield. A short explicit proof of this result is exhibited by constructing a sequence of matrices with infinitely growing word length. This construction is also used to show that SLn(Z(x)) does not have bounded word length with respect to elementary matrices of "bounded degree".
Expression of the embryonic transcription factor Oct4 in canine neoplasms: a potential marker for stem cell subpopulations in neoplasia.

Neoplastic cells and stem cells share several phenotypic characteristics. Recently, numerous studies have identified adult stem cells that have been hypothesized to be the cellular origin for cancer in several tissues. Oct4 has been consistently associated with pluripotent or stemlike cells, and it is hypothesized that Oct4 is necessary for the maintenance of pluripotency. We hypothesize that Oct4- positive cells are present in all canine neoplasms and that these subpopulations of neoplastic cells might represent ''cancer stem'' cells. To test this hypothesis, 83 canine neoplasms representing 21 neoplastic diseases were evaluated for Oct4 expression using immunohistochemistry. The results of this study showed that all tumors included in this study contained a subpopulation of Oct4-positive cells, although the proportion of Oct4-positive cells and the intensity of immunoreactivity varied both within and between tumor types. Subpopulations of Oct4-positive cells identified in these tumors are likely to represent ''cancer stem'' cells and therefore might be responsible for the maintenance and propagation of the tumors. If these cells represent cancer stem cells, and are therefore responsible for the maintenance and growth of the neoplastic cellular population, then these cells should serve as relevant therapeutic targets and offer the greatest potential for curative treatment.
Use of dust fall filters as passive samplers for metal concentrations in air for communities near contaminated mine tailings

Mine tailings are a source of metal exposures in many rural communities. Multiple air samples are necessary to assess the extent of exposures and factors contributing to these exposures. However, air sampling equipment is costly and requires trained personnel to obtain measurements, limiting the number of samples that can be collected. Simple, low-cost methods are needed to allow for increased sample collection. The objective of our study was to assess if dust fall filters can serve as passive air samplers and be used to characterize potential exposures in a community near contaminated mine tailings. We placed filters in cylinders, concurrently with active indoor air samplers, in 10 occupied homes. We calculated an estimated flow rate by dividing the mass on each dust fall filter by the bulk air concentration and the sampling duration. The mean estimated flow rate for dust fall filters was significantly different during sampling periods with precipitation. The estimated flow rate was used to estimate metal concentration in the air of these homes, as well as in 31 additional homes in another rural community impacted by contaminated mine tailings. The estimated air concentrations had a significant linear association with the measured air concentrations for beryllium, manganese and arsenic (p < 0.05), whose primary source in indoor air is resuspended soil from outdoors. In the second rural community, our estimated metal concentrations in air were comparable to active air sampling measurements taken previously. This passive air sampler is a simple low-cost method to assess potential exposures near contaminated mining sites.
Comparison of performance by otolaryngologists, pediatricians, and general practioners on an otoendoscopic diagnostic video examination.

Summary Objective: To compare the performance of United States, South African, and Greek otolaryngologists, pediatricians, and general practitioners in recognizing the otoscopic examination findings of acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME) as presented in an otoendoscopic video evaluation test. Design/subjects : Otolaryngologists, pediatricians, and general practitioners from the United States (n = 273, 2190, and 360 respectively), South Africa (n = 36, 36, and 206), and Greece (n = 58, 115, and 126) viewed nine different video-recorded otoscopic examinations, including pneumatic otoscopy of tympanic membranes. The ability to differentiate AOM, OME, and normal was ascertained. Results : Overall, the average ± standard deviation correct diagnosis on the otoscopic video exam by otolaryngologists was superior to pediatricians and general practitioners in all three countries: from the United States, it was 74 ± 16% for otolaryngologists versus 51 ± 11% for pediatricians (p Conclusions: A video-based otoscopy examination test may be a useful tool for evaluation of otoscopy-based diagnostic skills. Otolaryngologists performed significantly better than pediatricians in differentiating AOM, OME, and normal in such a test described here. However, all specialists who examine patients with AOM or OME may benefit from viewing video otoscopies to improve diagnostic accuracy.
Convergence of productivity: a comment

We find that an important programming error was made by Hobijn and Franses (2000) in conducting multivariate stationarity tests. The empirical results in their paper are subject to errors. Other studies that have used the coded algorithm of Hobijn and Franses are likely to suffer the same problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF QUALITY: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

This paper investigates the relationship between aspects of quality and long run profitability and growth of a firm. The paper first determines whether a stable relationship among price, aspects of quality, and the sales rate exists, by examining the equilibrium properties of a dynamic model. Then, we use the derived equilibrium expressions to develop insights into the strategic nature of “quality reputation” and, how to integrate marketing (i.e., pricing) and quality related decisions. The paper shows under certain conditions it might be more advantageous to manipulate “quality reputation” through advertising and product innovations than to increase product quality. We comment on quality based strategic options a firm must consider to ensure long run growth and profitability. (QUALITY; QUALITY REPUTATION; SALES RATE; EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS; DYNAMIC MODELS) There is little dispute as to the importance of quality for gaining competitive advantage. Surveys indicate that both American and European managers rank improving product and process quality among their top priorities (Fortuna 1990; Kim 1994). While research addressing the effect of quality on sales performance has been examined recently in the literature (Flynn, Schroeder, and Sakakibara 1995), this research does not consider the strategic effect of quality on long run sales growth and profitability of a firm. Most of the research in this area uses cross-sectional data analysis to identify correlation between quality and market performance, ignoring the feedback between quality improvements and the market response to such improvements. The relationship between quality and market performance is essentially dynamic. The market reacts not only to the tangible aspects of a product’s quality, but also to the “quality reputation” that is perceptual and based on the tangible aspects of quality. This contention accords well with the integrative theory of strategic quality management and the model of “evaluative judgment,” discussed by Wacker (1989). Wacker’s conceptualization, utilizing an integrative model of evaluative judgment, proposes that specific features of the product (the objective aspects of quality) are perceived over time by consumers leading to an overall perception of product quality. Wacker states that “The hypothesis suggested here is that quality of a product is related not only to the
A Tribute and Thanks to John E. Horrocks Editol; Authol; and Scholar

(2001). A Tribute and Thanks to John E. Horrocks Editol; Authol; and Scholar. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 162, No. 4, pp. 380-381.
Lessons about Gay and Lesbian Lives: A Spaceship Exercise

We designed an active learning activity to allow students to experience stereotyping and consider the social stigma often directed toward gays and lesbians. We used an unusual fictional scenario to alleviate students' concerns about impression management and permit them to experience the role of someone faced with discrimination without the automatic recognition of gay stereotypes. Sixty-eight undergraduates gave the activity positive evaluations along a variety of dimensions. Although the long-term effect remains unclear, analysis of students' pretest and posttest scores on the Homophobia Scale (Wright, Adams, & Bernat, 1999) suggested that this activity fosters more positive attitudes toward gays and lesbians. This exercise is suitable for introductory, social, educational, clinical, and abnormal psychology courses.
Impact of electron-phonon scattering on the performance of carbon nanotube interconnects for GSI

While electron mean-free path in carbon nanotubes can be as large as several micrometers for small bias voltages, for large biases electrons get backscattered by optical and zone-boundary phonons and nanotube resistance can increase by more than 100 times. This letter reveals this kind of backscattering has a small impact (error <25%) in most interconnect applications of carbon nanotubes in which adequate numbers of nanotubes are connected in parallel. This is mainly due to relatively small electric fields along nanotubes when they are used as interconnects. This is in sharp contrast with transistor applications of carbon nanotubes in which transconductance degrades considerably by electron-phonon scatterings unless their channels are made ultrashort (/spl sim/10 nm).
Total Dietary Fiber and Mineral Absorption

The dietary fiber hypothesis states: “A diet that is rich in foods that contain plant cell walls is protective against a range of diseases, in particular those prevalent in affluent Western Communities.” Conversely, the hypothesis implies that “in some instances a diet providing a low intake of plant cell walls is a causative factor in the etiology of the disease, and in others it provides the condition under which other etiological factors are more active” (Southgate, 1982).
Reliability of Wood Structural Elements

Recent trends in the development of design standards have been toward the use of probabilistic limit states concepts. The development of such criteria requires that a large amount of data be examined by the appropriate standards writing oranizations. This paper describes basic statistical information that currently is available for developing probability-based limit states design criteria for wood structures. A number of problem areas are examined where additional study appears necessary or desirable prior to implementing such criteria in practice.
User Acceptance of CASE Tools in Systems Analysis and Design: An Empirical Study

Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) consists of a set of tools that support automation of various software engineering processes. CASE is extensively used by software developers in industry in systems analysis and design due to gains it provides in productivity and improved documentation quality. Studies indicate that with the proliferation of information technology in today's organizations and the capital investments required that users must use and accept technology to improve productivity. In this study we examine the determinants of CASE tool acceptance and use. We simulate a systems development environment in a classroom and examine the determinants of CASE tool use. We use the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model to identify and test core determinants of user intention to use these tools. Data was collected and analyzed from 85 students regarding their use of CASE technology in the classroom. Results show partial support for the UTAUT in that participants' performance expectancy and social influence affect behavioral intention to use CASE tools while effort expectancy did not. Results also show that facilitating conditions, computer anxiety and attitude toward using technology have an effect on intention to use CASE tools. Considering the substantial investment required to acquire CASE tools, we believe our findings on the determinates of CASE tool acceptance are important both to industry in the use of CASE and to universities in teaching with CASE.
Dispersal of Marked Adult Coccinellids from Crops in South Dakota

In 1969, ca. 7175 adults of Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, H. tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say), and H. parenthesis (Say) were obtained locally, marked with enamels, and released in spring wheat, corn, and alfalfa in South Dakota. Only 9 of those freed were recaptured 24 or more h postrelease; 4 of the 9 were recaptured in fields other than the release field, one 2 miles away the day postrelease. A total of 1,125,000 H. convergens in 1970, and 2,250,000 in 1971, were imported from California and marked and released. One shipment (450,000 beetles) freed in October remained in aggregation but failed to survive the winter. Other beetles dispersed rapidly and were not detected at sites of release after 4 days.
Inhibition of the generalized Shwartzman reaction by hypofibrinogenemia.

The effect of hypofibrinogenemia on production of the generalized Shwartzman reaction (GSR) by the administration of Thorotrast (3 ml/kg) and Escherichia coli endotoxin (50 µg) to rabbits was determined. Severe hypofibrinogenemia (fibrinogen less than 15 mg/ 100 ml) was produced by Arvin, a proteolytic coagulant from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma . Development of the GSR was inhibited significantly only when hypofibrinogenemia was produced 30 hr before the preparatory injection of Thorotrast and maintained for the duration of the experiment. Severe hypofibrinogenemia of 2-20-hr duration before administration of endotoxin did not block the production of the GSR. Elevated levels of fibrinogen degradation products were demonstrated in the serum of all animals that received Arvin. The concentration of fibrinogen degradation products decreased markedly prior to death only in those animals that developed the GSR. The GSA was not observed in rabbits that received only Thorotrast and Arvin, although these animals had the highest levels of fibrinogen degradation products. The data suggest an essential role for fibrinogen or fibrinogen degradation products and endotoxin in the production of the GSR.
Stepwise and stagewise approaches for spatial cluster detection

Spatial cluster detection is an important tool in many areas such as sociology, botany and public health. Previous work has mostly taken either a hypothesis testing framework or a Bayesian framework. In this paper, we propose a few approaches under a frequentist variable selection framework for spatial cluster detection. The forward stepwise methods search for multiple clusters by iteratively adding currently most likely cluster while adjusting for the effects of previously identified clusters. The stagewise methods also consist of a series of steps, but with a tiny step size in each iteration. We study the features and performances of our proposed methods using simulations on idealized grids or real geographic areas. From the simulations, we compare the performance of the proposed methods in terms of estimation accuracy and power. These methods are applied to the the well-known New York leukemia data as well as Indiana poverty data.
When Lightning Strikes Twice Profoundly Gifted, Profoundly Accomplished

The educational, occupational, and creative accomplishments of the profoundly gifted participants (IQs ⩾ 160) in the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) are astounding, but are they representative of equally able 12-year-olds? Duke University’s Talent Identification Program (TIP) identified 259 young adolescents who were equally gifted. By age 40, their life accomplishments also were extraordinary: Thirty-seven percent had earned doctorates, 7.5% had achieved academic tenure (4.3% at research-intensive universities), and 9% held patents; many were high-level leaders in major organizations. As was the case for the SMPY sample before them, differential ability strengths predicted their contrasting and eventual developmental trajectories—even though essentially all participants possessed both mathematical and verbal reasoning abilities far superior to those of typical Ph.D. recipients. Individuals, even profoundly gifted ones, primarily do what they are best at. Differences in ability patterns, l...
Effects of soil amendments on plant growth in pyritic soil

Pyritic soil material was excavated and placed in an upland environment during the construction of the TennesseeTombigbee Waterway in Mississippi, USA. The material eventually became very acidic (pH = 2.8), and conventional attempts to revegetate failed. A greenhouse study was conducted to assess effectiveness of various amendments on the growth of Paspalum notatum var. ‘Pensacola’ (bahiagrass). Lime was added at 51.6 t ha-1 in combination with five rates (9.4, 18.6, 37.4, 74.6 and 149.5 t ha-11) of either chicken manure, composted sewage sludge, or tree bark, plus 149.1 kg NH4NO3 ha-1 + 257.8 kg ha-1 of 0-17-34 NPK fertilizer. The unamended soil yielded no growth, while liming alone allowed plant establishment and the addition of fertilizer doubled plant yield. Increasing the bark amendment reduced growth of bahiagrass, while yields increased as the rate of sewage sludge increased. Chicken manure produced the highest plant yield with values increasing from the 9.4 to 74.6 t ha-1 rates and declining slightly at the 149.5 t ha-1 rate. Based on these results, lime and chicken manure were applied to a field demonstration of herbaceous and woody plant restoration on acid, pyritic soil material. Chicken manure increased yields of Paspalum notatum var. ‘Pensacola’, Eragrostis curvula and Lespedeza cuneata var. ‘Interstate’ in lime amended plots. Woody plant establishment was restricted in plots containing L. cuneata. Suppression of L. cuneata with high application rates of N improved woody plant establishment.
Magnetic angle for gamma rays

In December 2002 astronomers at the University of California in Berkeley got a lucky break. A bright gamma-ray burst appeared in the sky within 18° of the Sun, which was close enough to be picked up by the RHESSI solar satellite. Analysing data from the satellite, Wayne Coburn and Steven Boggs made the stunning discovery that the gamma rays from the burst – named GRB021206–were linearly polarized. And not just by any amount, but by 80% – the maximum polarization theoretically possible. The discovery represents a major break-through in gamma-ray astronomy (Nature 423 415–417).
Pharmacological Modulation of Fluoropyrimidines

Few drugs in the present pharmacopia of antineoplastic pharmacology have exemplified the importance of the bench-to-bed paradigm that has become the cornerstone of present-day developmental chemotherapy. From its rational synthesis by Heidelberger in 1957 (1) to quantification of the molecular determinants of fluorinated pyrimidine (fluoropyrimidine) activity, our understanding of fluoropyrimidine pharmacology has helped mold our concepts of everything from target-oriented drug development to molecular phenotyping, and drug resistance to drug synergy. It is from our thorough understanding of the biochemical pharmacology of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) that we have learned how to exploit this biochemistry to improve the cytotoxicity of 5-FU. Regrettably, although this augmented understanding has improved overall response rates and time to disease progression parameters in select clinical trials, it infrequently results in improved survival—the end-point that probably matters most. Pharmacological modulation of any drug revolves around understanding those critical relationships between biochemical targets in the cell, and how we can exploit their underlying biology in a way that renders any combination of agents complementary. Over the past 45 yr, tomes have been written on virtually every aspect of this paradigm with regard to fluoropyrimidines. I will not reiterate the details of this experience. Rather, in this chapter, I will briefly review the historical experience in order to provide a context for the formulation of new concepts and approaches. Unquestionably, however, future innovations in the use of the fluoropyrimidines, or any other class of antineoplastic agents for that matter, will be markedly augmented by understanding the essential elements of the drug’s biochemical pharmacology.
Fully compressible solutions for early stage Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

Abstract We will consider the effects of compressibility and viscosity on the early dynamics of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI). In particular, we will combine theory, scaling, and high resolution simulation of RMI to probe the details of the initial compression and the subsequent viscous damping as a shock interacts with a density discontinuity. We will propose a refinement of the classic 1D model for the linear regime of RMI that, for small initial perturbation wavelengths, more accurately reproduces the 2D dynamics of a fully resolved numerical simulation.
An Elderly Man with Fatigue, Dyspnea, and Kidney Failure

For most American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Kidney Week attendees, case-based clinical nephrology talks are one of the most exciting venues. The Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire (NQQ) is the essence of clinical nephrology and represents what drew all of us into the field of nephrology. This year
Out of the Loop

Although the debate on autonomous weapons is often conducted by lawyers, the issues are not really legal. Rather, they are moral and philosophical. Despite our discomfort with machines making critical decisions in warfare, we already rely on their critical assistance in many aspects of daily life, including flying passenger jets. Ultimately, machines will take over many more aspects of human existence; we need to concentrate on negotiating this dangerous transition time, minimizing situations in which humans retain control but lack practice and expertise.
Pressure dependence of the Grüneisen parameter of sodium and potassium

Abstract Temperature changes associated with adiabatic pressure changes ( ∂T / ∂P ) s have been measured for sodium and potassium at room temperature (297 K) under hydrostatic pressures up to 32 kbar. For both metals a large decrease in the value of ( ∂T / ∂P ) s is observed as the pressure increases. The Gruneisen parameter γ is related to ( ∂T / ∂P ) s by γ = B s ( ∂T / ∂T ) s / T where B s is the adiabatic bulk modulus. Available data for the pressure dependence of B s and the isothermal bulk modulus B T are used to predict the pressure and volume dependence of γ.
Preclinical Studies of Cannabinoid Reward, Treatments for Cannabis Use Disorder, and Addiction-Related Effects of Cannabinoid Exposure

Cannabis use has become increasingly accepted socially and legally, for both recreational and medicinal purposes. Without reliable information about the effects of cannabis, people cannot make informed decisions regarding its use. Like alcohol and tobacco, cannabis can have serious adverse effects on health, and some people have difficulty discontinuing their use of the drug. Many cannabis users progress to using and becoming addicted to other drugs, but the reasons for this progression are unclear. The natural cannabinoid system of the brain is complex and involved in many functions, including brain development, reward, emotion, and cognition. Animal research provides an objective and controlled means of obtaining information about: (1) how cannabis affects the brain and behavior, (2) whether medications can be developed to treat cannabis use disorder, and (3) whether cannabis might produce lasting changes in the brain that increase the likelihood of becoming addicted to other drugs. This review explains the tactics used to address these issues, evaluates the progress that has been made, and offers some directions for future research.
A programmable soft chemo-mechanical actuator exploiting a catalyzed photochemical water-oxidation reaction

We describe a composite hydrogel containing an embedding coupled chemistry for light-sensitized catalytic reactions that enables chemo-mechanical actuation of poly(acrylic acid)-based gels. In these materials, a photosensitizer and catalyst—ruthenium trisbipyridine and iridium dioxide nanoparticles, respectively—are incorporated into the hydrogel where together, with visible light irradiation, they undergo a catalytic water-oxidation reaction that lowers the pH and induces a dissipative/chemically-driven strain change in the gel. To demonstrate the capacity for 3D chemo-mechanical actuation, a layer of non-pH responsive poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) is added to the photo-active composite gel to create a model bimorph actuator. Triggering and terminating the water-oxidation reaction leads to a programmatic expansion and contraction of the active layer, which induces different modes of biomimetic curling motions in the bimorph actuator in light and dark environments. The efficiency of this system is fundamentally limited by the system-level design, which provides no capacity to sustain a local pH gradient against diffusive mixing. Even so, if the initial pH of the background solution is reestablished either actively or passively between each reaction cycle, it is possible to realize multiple cycles of reversible actuation. We describe a thermodynamic analysis of this system which identifies specific features mediating efficiency losses and conceptual requirements for mesoscopic design rules for optimization of this system and for advancing soft actuation systems in general.