cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rejuvenation capacity of red blood cells in additive solutions over long-term storage.

BACKGROUND: Red blood cells (RBCs) are Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for 42-day storage with the use of additive solutions (ASs). However, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels in the RBCs decline over this time. These constituents may be restored by treatment with rejuvenation (REJ) solutions. This study was done to assess the response capability of RBCs from 30 to 120 days of storage in three FDA-licensed RBC storage solutions after incubation with a rejuvenating solution of pyruvate, inosine, phosphate, and adenine. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three units each of RBCs in approved AS (AS-1 [Adsol, Fenwal, Inc.], AS-3 [Nutricel, Medsep Corp.], and AS-5 [Optisol, Terumo Corp.]) were stored under standard conditions at 1 to 6°C for up to 120 days. Aliquots (4 mL) on Days 30, 42, 60, 80, 100, and 120 (±2 days) were REJ by incubating with Rejuvesol (Encyte Corp.). Control untreated and REJ aliquots were extracted using perchloric acid and stored at −80°C until assayed for 2,3-DPG and ATP. RESULTS: RBCs responded to REJ by increasing DPG and ATP contents. The response declined linearly at 0.070 ± 0.008 µmol DPG/g hemoglobin (Hb)/day and 0.035 ± 0.004 µmol ATP/g Hb/day with no differences between ASs. CONCLUSION: We conclude that Rejuvesol is able to restore ATP and 2,3-DPG levels in RBCs stored up to 120 days in AS. The response diminishes as storage time increases. This rejuvenation (REJ) capability does not seem useful for routine assessment of RBC anabolic capacity in research programs, but may be useful to the investigator when studying unique and novel treatment methods.
Studies on ribosomal RNA synthesis in vivo in rat liver during short-term protein malnutrition.

To better understand the increased incorporation of [14C] orotate into rRNA, as detailed study of liver rRNA synthesis was performed on young rats fed a 6% casein diet for 1 week. From 10 to 180 minutes after i.v. injection of [14C] orotate, nucleolar RNA specific activity of malnourished rats was 1.6 times higher than controls. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that 45S pre-rRNA from malnourished rats was synthesized more rapidly than controls. Specific activities of other nucleolar RNA species was increased but the time of appearance of labeled peaks did not change. The cellular cytoplasmic rRNA pool was reduced to 70% of controls, the time of appearance of labeled rRNA in the cytoplasm was the same, but cytoplasmic rRNA specific activity was 2.1 times greater than controls. Absorbance profiles and radioactivity patterns of nucleoplasmic RNA were similar in the two groups of rats. Nucleoplasmic radioactivity patterns were complex and heterodispersed, and the amount of radioactivity was greatest in RNA from malnourished rat liver. Our data indicate that short-term dietary protein restriction leads to cellular events which increase the synthesis of nuclear RNA. Nucleolar RNA is processed and transported to the cytoplasm in a manner similar to controls.
Speech inputs to surface safety logic systems

In Air Traffic Management, radio communications remain the primary method of information transfer between controllers and pilots. As such, controller-pilot voice communications comprise a wealth of context and intent information that could potentially be leveraged to augment existing surveillance and flight data sources to the benefit of current surface safety logic systems. Automatic speech recognition provides a means of mining the voice communications for information of interest. An additional benefit of integrating automatic speech recognition with a safety logic system is the potential speech recognition performance improvement that the incorporation of context information could enable. This paper describes how surface safety logic and automatic speech recognition can be used together in a mutually beneficial relationship. A case study safety logic system is presented to describe how speech inputs can enhance safety logic performance, and preliminary speech recognition performance analysis is summarized to demonstrate the benefit enabled by using context information to augment automatic speech recognition on Tower controller voice transmissions.
Abnormal physiological responses to touch among children with persistent feeding difficulties

Pediatric feeding/swallowing specialists commonly observe infants and toddlers who present with gagging or significant behavior state changes as a result of touch to oral and body regions. To date, this behavior has not been fully characterized or documented experimentally. This paper describes an exploratory study aimed at filling in these lacunae and providing a possible explanation. The study compares the responses to firm tactile pressure of 40 children between the ages of 3 and 18 months. The experimental group consisted of 20 children (12 males, 8 females) with heterogeneous medical diagnoses, at least 2 weeks of alternative feedings during the first 3 months of life, and a common history of persistent feeding difficulties. The comparison group consisted of 20 children with an unremarkable medical history matched by age and sex to the experimental group. Firm, tactile pressure was applied in a predetermined sequence following dermatome regions from legs to mouth. Response was recorded in terms of presence/absence of gagging and/or behavior state changes. Fifteen of the 20 children in the experimental group showed gagging (14) or inconsolable crying (1) in response to touch. None of the matched comparison group demonstrated either gagging or behavior state changes. The experimental and comparison groups showed significant differences in response to tactile input. Further, the source of these abnormal responses must be sought in similarity of experience across heterogeneous medical diagnoses and interventions. One possible explanation is a history of oral deprivation due to alternative feedings.
Parameter sensitivities to damage progression

SUMMARY Variations in parameters representing natural frequency, damping and effective nonlinearities with fatigue damage are assessed. The experimental system under consideration consists of a steel beam carrying a lumped mass. The identification of the parameters is performed by exploiting and modeling nonlinear behavior of the beam-mass system and matching an approximate solution of the representative model with quantities obtained from spectral analysis of measured vibrations. The representative model and identified coefficients are validated through comparison of measured and predicted responses. Percentage variations of the identified parameters with damage progression up to the point where cracks were observed are determined. Their sensitivities to the state of damage of the beam-mass system are also quantified. The results show that damping and effective nonlinearity parameters are more sensitive to damage progression than the natural frequency. Moreover, the sensitivity of nonlinear parameters to damage is better established using a physically derived parameter rather than spectral parameters such as amplitudes, bispectra or bicoherence levels and/or amplitude ratios of harmonic components. Copyright r 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 16 September 2009; Revised 25 November 2009; Accepted 24 December 2009
Co-Support Compound Formation in Alumina-Supported Cobalt Catalysts

Abstract In supported cobalt catalysts, the formation of cobalt-support compounds can result in lower activity of the catalysts. It has been found that water vapor present during standard reduction affects the degree of reducibility of cobalt in CoRu/γ-Al 2 O 3 . In this study, the impact of water vapor on the formation of Co-support compounds and the resulting characteristics of Co/γ-Al 2 O 3 and Co-Ru/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts were investigated to develop a better understanding of the nature of the Co-support compounds formed and the effect of noble metal promotion on their formation. The Co catalysts were reduced under differential conditions with and without added water vapor and then characterized. Co-support compound formation could not be detected by X-ray diffraction; however, Raman spectroscopy gave useful information about the Co “aluminate” formed. Temperature-programmed reduction indicated that the degree of reduction of the catalyst samples was lower when additional water vapor was introduced during reduction, but to a lesser degree when the Ru promoter was present. The Raman spectroscopic results suggest that the Co aluminate formed is not identical to CoAl 2 O 4 (spinel) but is probably a surface compound deficient in Co. This compound formation is a major cause for differences seen in the degree of reducibility of Co/alumina catalysts after initial reduction, hydrogen chemisorption capacity, and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis activity.
Simulated Neutron Tomography For Nondestructive Assays

The results of an on-going research project to assess the use of resonance-neutron computed-tomography for the assay of fissile materials will be discussed. A simulation study has indicated the potential value of this technique for the nondestructive inspection of a standard to be fabricated by the National Bureau of Standards.
Multi-projection based fluorescence optical tomography using a hand-held probe based optical imager

Hand-held based optical imagers have become a new research interest for its maximum patient comfort, less bulky instrument and potential for clinical translation towards breast cancer diagnostics. However, its ability for optical tomography is either limited by depth recovery since only reflectance measurements were obtained using a hand-held design for imaging. In this study, we introduced a self-guided multi-projection technique, which can take advantage of potential portability of hand-held probe based system, towards improvement of target depth recovery during fluorescence optical tomography studies.
A general-equilibrium intertemporal model of an open economy

This paper develops a very general (general-equilibrium) intertemporal model of a country engaged in international trade which can be used to address a wide variety of issues of interest — in particular, econometric application — under the assumption that prices of tradable commodities (consumer goods and capital goods) and the interest rate are exogenous to the country. It allows for an arbitrarily large number of commodities which are distinguished into seven categories and for finite or infinite periods of time. This model can be used to draw various policy conclusions. We investigate how current net imports, the balance of payments on current account, current consumption expenditure, next-period bondholdings, current wealth, and current internal prices will react to exogenous changes in current external prices, the current interest rate, current taxes, current factor endowments, and current-period bondholdings. This paper also considers the integrability of net-import demand functions.
Aeolian dune field self-organization – implications for the formation of simple versus complex dune-field patterns

Abstract The interpretation of aeolian dune-field patterns as self-organizing complex systems is a new paradigm in which pattern evolution may be addressed. Computer simulations, supported by field and experimental data, indicate that a given wind regime produces a simple dune-field pattern. Dune type and crest orientation are determined by wind regime and pattern ordering occurs through dune–dune interactions over time. Because dunes reorient only at their crest terminations with a change in wind regime, the rate of formation of a new pattern of small dunes is typically faster than the rate of reorientation of the existing pattern, resulting in the superposition of simple patterns to give rise to complex patterns. Complex patterns are distinct from spatial changes in a simple pattern, and from the type of superposition that characterizes compound/complex dunes. Complex patterns necessarily indicate a rate of pattern formation that is rapid compared to the rate of sediment accumulation on the depositional surface.
Personality Correlates of Anxiety about Public Speaking

McCroskey (1982) has hypothesized that there are various forms of apprehension about communication some of which are situation specific and some of which are best thought of as traits. Other research has established a relationship between personality variables and a trait conception of apprehension about communication. If McCroskey's distinction between trait and situation-based state is appropriate, personality variables ordinarily associated with trait apprehension about communication should not correlate as highly with forms defined as more situation specific, such as anxiety about public speaking. Multiple regressions were performed using trait measures of apprehension about communication (the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension) and situation-based anxiety (the public speaking factor of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension) as dependent variables. As hypothesized, contributions of personality were less for trait than situation-specific apprehension about communication. The inclusion of self-monitoring as a moderator variable added additional information about the contributions of personality to situation-specific apprehension about communication, with personality being more predictive of apprehension about public speaking for low self-monitors.
Repeat Gravity Surveys For Anomaly Detection In an Urban Environment

Applicability of high-resolution potential field methods to anomaly detection and mapping in an urban environment can be limited due to cultural noise. Another problem which limits the general applicability of high-resolution potential field methods, particularly microgravimetry, is the difficulty in correcting for the effects of rugged topography in the vicinity of the surveys. This paper presents the results of a novel field study which addresses these two limitations. Two survey lines were selected which crossed the centerline of a tunnel being advanced by a tunnel boring machine. Surveys were conducted on three occasions: (1) prior to tunnel construction: (2) tunnel advanced to a location directly under a survey line; (3) after tunnel construction. The field study assesses the detectability of the tunnel anomaly ( < 10 nanoteslas; < 40 microgals) in the presence of the cultural noise level. The gravity survey results are examined for single-pass detection of the tunnel anomaly without topographic corrections. Differences in the repeat gravity survey data are also examined for anomaly detection; the difference gravity profiles in principle should eliminate all topographic effects (including the need for free-air and Bouguer corrections) and should contain only anomalies due to changed subsurface conditions. The gravity difference profile results demonstrate the successful detection of the tunnel gravity anomaly.
Photons, Photosynthesis, and High-Performance Computing: Challenges, Progress, and Promise of Modeling Metabolism in Green Algae

The complexity associated with biological metabolism considered at a kinetic level presents a challenge to quantitative modeling. In particular, the relatively sparse knowledge of parameters for enzymes with known kinetic responses is problematic. The possible space of these parameters is of high-dimension, and sampling of such a space typifies a combinatorial explosion of possible dynamic states. However, with sufficient quantitative transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data at hand, these challenges could be met by high-performance software with sampling, fitting, and optimization capabilities. With this in mind, we present the High-Performance Systems Biology Toolkit HiPer SBTK, an evolving software package to simulate, fit, and optimize metabolite concentrations and fluxes within the space of rate and binding parameters associated with detailed enzyme kinetic models. We present our chosen modeling paradigm for the formulation of metabolic pathway models, the means to address the challenge of representing such models in a precise and persistent fashion using the standardized Systems Biology Markup Language, and our second-generation model of H2-associated Chlamydomonas metabolism. Processing of such models for hierarchically parallelized simulation and optimization, job specification by the user through a GUI interface, software capabilities and initial scaling data, and the mapping of the computation to biological questions is also discussed. Moreover, we present near-term future software and model development goals.
Statistical group differences in anatomical shape analysis using Hotelling T2 metric

Shape analysis has become of increasing interest to the neuroimaging community due to its potential to precisely locate morphological changes between healthy and pathological structures. This manuscript presents a comprehensive set of tools for the computation of 3D structural statistical shape analysis. It has been applied in several studies on brain morphometry, but can potentially be employed in other 3D shape problems. Its main limitations is the necessity of spherical topology. The input of the proposed shape analysis is a set of binary segmentation of a single brain structure, such as the hippocampus or caudate. These segmentations are converted into a corresponding spherical harmonic description (SPHARM), which is then sampled into a triangulated surfaces (SPHARM-PDM). After alignment, differences between groups of surfaces are computed using the Hotelling T2 two sample metric. Statistical p-values, both raw and corrected for multiple comparisons, result in significance maps. Additional visualization of the group tests are provided via mean difference magnitude and vector maps, as well as maps of the group covariance information. The correction for multiple comparisons is performed via two separate methods that each have a distinct view of the problem. The first one aims to control the family-wise error rate (FWER) or false-positives via the extrema histogram of non-parametric permutations. The second method controls the false discovery rate and results in a less conservative estimate of the false-negatives. Prior versions of this shape analysis framework have been applied already to clinical studies on hippocampus and lateral ventricle shape in adult schizophrenics. The novelty of this submission is the use of the Hotelling T2 two-sample group difference metric for the computation of a template free statistical shape analysis. Template free group testing allowed this framework to become independent of any template choice, as well as it improved the sensitivity of our method considerably. In addition to our existing correction methodology for the multiple comparison problem using non-parametric permutation tests, we have extended the testing framework to include False Discovery Rate (FDR). FDR provides a significance correction with higher sensitivity while allowing a expected minimal amount of false-positives compared to our prior testing scheme.
5-7-5 line defects on As ∕ Si ( 100 ) : A general stress-relief mechanism for V/IV surfaces

An entire family of nano-scale trenches, ridges, and steps has been observed experimentally on ${\mathrm{AsH}}_{3}$-exposed $\mathrm{Si}(100)$. Some of these line structures have been observed previously, but their structures have remained a mystery. Theoretical modeling shows that they are all based upon the same stress-relieving 5-7-5 core structure. The strong similarities between line structures on $\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Si}(100)$, $\mathrm{P}∕\mathrm{Si}(100)$, $\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ge}(100)$, and other V/IV surfaces lead to a much broader conclusion: 5-7-5 line structures are a general form of stress relief for group-V terminated Si and Ge surfaces.
Micro/nanoscale friction and wear mechanisms of thin films using atomic force and friction force microscopy

Abstract Atomic force microscopy/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM) techniques are increasingly used for tribological studies of engineering surfaces at scales ranging from atomic and molecular to microscales. At most solid–solid interfaces of technological relevance, contact occurs at numerous asperities; a sharp AFM/FFM tip sliding on a surface simulates just one such contact. However, asperities come in all shapes and sizes. To study the effect of tip radius, experiments are conducted using an AFM tip with radii ranging from about 50 nm to 14.5 μm. The effect of the radius on adhesive forces and coefficient of friction at different relative humidities is measured. It is found that adhesive forces at low humidities do not change with tip radius whereas these increase with tip radius at high humidities. Coefficient of friction increases with the tip radius at all humidities. Samples coated with perfluoropolyether lubricant, which are hydrophobic in nature, are less sensitive to the environment and the tip radius. It appears that hydrophobicity of liquid films can be studied using large radii tips. Another objective of this study is to understand material removal mechanisms on microscale. Silicon surfaces are micromachined using a sharp diamond tip in an AFM. It is found that wear rate as well as the coefficient of friction is negligible up to a certain load and these increase rapidly above this load. The critical load corresponds to the local hardness of the silicon implying that the wear rate is negligible and the coefficient of friction is very low if the deformation is primarily elastic. The range of scanning velocity used in this study has little effect on the wear rate. SEM studies show that at light loads used in AFM, material is removed by ploughing and fine particulate debris is observed. At higher loads, cutting type including ribbon-like debris is observed. SEM and TEM studies of the wear region suggest that the material is removed in a brittle manner or chipping without major dislocation activity and crack formation. Evolution of wear of thin films also has been studied. Wear is found to be initiated at nano-scratches. These fundamental studies have provided insight to molecular origins of friction and wear mechanisms.
Robust object recognition using a cascade of geometric consistency filters

Bag-of-words is a popular and successful approach to performing object recognition. Its performance is limited by not considering relative geometry information. This limitation is particularly stark when there is significant image noise. We propose a “bag-of-phrases” model which extends bag-of-words by enforcing geometric consistency through application of a “geometric grammar” in a filter cascade. Experimental results on a computer generated dataset show increased robustness to clutter and noise as demonstrated by more than two orders of magnitude reduction in false positives compared with bag-of-words.
Coming Out at Work: Bridging the Private/Public Gap

Combining research on work and occupations with that describing the process of “coming out” for homosexuals suggests several dimensions of work that affect the decision to reveal one's sexual identity in the context of work. Drawing on quantitative data on 228 lesbian workers, the analysis explores the relationship among workplace determinants, coworker sociability, and disclosure of sexual identity. Results indicate that among the dimensions examined, risk variables (income and working with children), socioemotional climate variables (gender structure and human service work), and prior loss of job due to disclosure have significant impact on decisions to reveal sexual identity to coworkers. Disclosure is context specific: The meaning of the pervasive and systematic influence of the economic domain on sociability, the management of identity, and the place of sexuality at work are considered.
A new model of wind erosion in the presence of vegetation

[1] Vegetation is known to impact strongly the erosion of soil by the wind. Lateral cover is the primary parameter used to represent the amount of vegetation in aeolian research and, in particular, shear stress partitioning research. Although lateral cover provides a simple means for representing how much vegetation is in an area, it is not capable of characterizing how vegetation is distributed. A new, nonequilibrium model for the representation of nonerodible roughness elements is presented that uses the size distribution of erodible gaps between plants to characterize the ratio of the maximum shear stress to the average shear stress at the surface. The model shows very good agreement with measured shear stress ratios from the laboratory and field experiments. The model also satisfactorily explains relatively high horizontal aeolian sediment flux at high lateral cover. The relationship between this model and another shear stress partitioning model is explored, and the new model is found to be superior to the existing model because it (1) utilizes parameters with physical meaning that are measurable in the field or laboratory, (2) explains observations of horizontal flux at high cover, (3) overcomes difficulties inherent in the use of lateral cover to characterize vegetation on the surface, (4) is scale-explicit, and (5) can be used at multiple scales from an individual unvegetated gap to an entire landscape.
Surveillance service on the open mobile cloud

Mobile Vehicular Clouds are emerging as systems architectures suitable to provide services to both drivers and external customers. The paper describes a Pics-on-Wheel architecture and prototype implementation based on the idea of open mobile cloud. A simulation study based on San Francisco taxi cab traces shows that the Pics-on-Wheel service yields latencies in the order of 5 minutes in well frequented areas even with a modest number of vehicles. The results also show that by introducing incentives for active driver participation, even minimal detours noticeably reduce latencies.
The Curl of a Vector Field: Beyond the Formula.

ABSTRACT It has been widely acknowledged that there is some discrepancy in the teaching of vector calculus in mathematics courses and other applied fields. The curl of a vector field is one topic many students can calculate without understanding its significance. In this paper, we explain the origin of the curl after presenting the standard mathematical formulas. We investigate when and why a vector field yields an in-spot spin, also known as curl, and develop intuition to predict the sign of the curl of a vector field without calculating it. As an application of the curl, Stokes' theorem and its physical interpretation are presented with simple illustrations.
Urban governance and police expenditures

Abstract The problems of crime and the fear of crime in American cities constitute a major component of the ‘urban crisis’. The first objective of this research was to determine the extent to which several demographic and socioeconomic factors influenced both operating and capital police expenditures in the 383 largest cities. Before the impact of these potentially policy-relevant variables on spending could be measured, the effects of urban size had to be mathematically removed from actual police expenditures by means of a regression technique. This analysis revealed that urbanism, in addition to urban size, was an important determinant of police operating expenditures. When residual, size-free expenditures were broken down by political attributes of cities, ‘reformed cities’ (those possessing a city manager form of government, nonpartisan elections, councilmen elected at-large and the mayor elected from the council) were found to spend less for police protection, given their sizes. It also became clear that this economy was achieved at the expense of the capital (including equipment) budgets. If this economy was achieved without sacrificing the quality of police services, perhaps governmental variables, as well as ‘need’ variables, ought to be considered by agencies giving financial assistance to cities.
Adaptive parameter estimation of large-scale systems by reduced-order modeling

The operating environment of most large-scale or distributed parameter systems is rather poorly known. For example, the modal parameters of many proposed large flexible aerospace structures cannot be calculated with sufficient accuracy to be used in on-line controllers to meet the stringent requirements of accurate pointing and fidelity of shape. Consequently, some means of on-line adaptive parameter estimation may be necessary. Convergence of currently known adaptive parameter estimation algorithms, such as the Luders-Narendra adaptive observer, is based on exact knowledge of the total system dimension. However, this dimension may be either very large or, in the case of distributed parameter systems, infinite. This necessitates an adaptive algorithm based on a reduced-order model, i.e., a low order approximation of the actual system. Such model reduction can severely alter the convergence properties of the adaptive algorithm. Since almost all practical engineering systems can be only approximately modeled, the convergence analysis of reduced-order adaptive algorithms seems essential for the successful application of these algorithms. In this paper we analyze the convergence of the Luders-Narendra observer when based on a reduced-order model of a large-scale system. The state and parameter estimation errors are shown to be ultimately bounded by factors involving the reduced-order data and the spillover coefficients. The results of computer simulation of the observer used in a reduced-order context are presented, as well.
Initial Assessment of Acoustic Source Visibility with a 24-Element Microphone Array in the Arnold Engineering Development Center 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center

Measurements of background noise were recently obtained with a 24-element phased microphone array in the test section of the Arnold Engineering Development Center 80- by120-Foot Wind Tunnel at speeds of 50 to 100 knots (27.5 to 51.4 m/s). The array was mounted in an aerodynamic fairing positioned with array center 1.2m from the floor and 16 m from the tunnel centerline, The array plate was mounted flush with the fairing surface as well as recessed in. (1.27 cm) behind a porous Kevlar screen. Wind-off speaker measurements were also acquired every 15 on a 10 m semicircular arc to assess directional resolution of the array with various processing algorithms, and to estimate minimum detectable source strengths for future wind tunnel aeroacoustic studies. The dominant background noise of the facility is from the six drive fans downstream of the test section and first set of turning vanes. Directional array response and processing methods such as background-noise cross-spectral-matrix subtraction suggest that sources 10-15 dB weaker than the background can be detected.
Scale effects of air entrained by hydraulic jumps within closed conduits

While there has been a great deal of research in air entrainment at hydraulic jumps within closed conduits, limited research has specifically addressed size-scale effects. To determine the significance of these effects in closed conduits, air flow measurements were taken in four different-sized circular pipes with similar Froude numbers. Additionally, specific measurements were taken in one of the pipes with various water temperatures to identify any effects from changing fluid properties. The results indicated that the percentage of air entrainment was not affected by the pipe size if the full length of the hydraulic jump was contained within the pipe. For this condition, the data from four different pipes show that size-scale effects of air entrained into hydraulic jumps within closed conduits are negligible. However, air entrainment was significantly affected by water temperature.
Thrust optimization of a five-phase fault-tolerant flux-switching linear synchronous motor

Linear permanent magnet machines have been increasingly used in several applications that require high reliability and good dynamic characteristics. In this paper, a novel double-sided design of a 5φ permanent magnet flux-switching linear synchronous machine (FSLSM) with a yokeless translator is proposed. The proposed design is analyzed using finite-element methods and is found to have high thrust and low cogging force. It is shown that thrust ripples of less than 1% is achievable by redesigning the currents. The proposed 5φ machine is optimized using individual parameter optimization and is compared with results from global optimization using genetic algorithm (GA). The machine is analyzed for different open-circuit fault conditions and it is found that by including the reluctance component of the thrust, thrust ripples under fault can be minimized. The proposed FSLSM is most suitable for long-stroke applications and intermittent oscillatory type applications especially when safety is a critical factor.
Fluvial terrace formation along Wyoming's Laramie Range as a response to increased late Pleistocene flood magnitudes

Abstract This study evaluates the potential climatic mechanisms involved in fluvial terrace genesis along Wyoming's Laramie Range. We used optical dating methods to determine depositional ages for fluvial fills, and to calculate incision rates for terrace suites along two of the region's larger rivers. Optical ages were determined for the five lowest terrace levels (T5–T1) which were deposited at ∼ 59.6, 39.2, 26.3, 22.7, and 18.5 ka, and incision rates calculated for the two rivers were ∼ 0.29–0.34 m/kyr over the last ∼ 60 kyr. The formation of fluvial terraces in the central Rocky Mountains is commonly attributed to climatically induced changes in sediment input. According to most studies, relatively low incision rates existed during the colder periods of the Pleistocene due to high stream sediment loads, but terraces were formed during warmer interglacial periods when reduced sediment availability facilitated higher incision rates. However, this conceptual model cannot explain the incision records presented here, which show that the streams incised 9–10 m in two to three events during Oxygen Isotope Stage 2, but only 1–2 m during the warmer climates of the last ∼ 18.5 ka. The stream power model we adapted to this setting suggests that late Quaternary streams operated under two basic states. During the colder conditions of the Pleistocene, higher flood magnitudes resulted in higher lateral erosion and incision rates. However, the lower stream discharge common to the warmer interglacial periods resulted in relatively inactive streams when both lateral erosion and incision rates were lowered. This model can explain the high incision rates during the cold conditions of Oxygen Isotope Stage 2, the occurrence of terrace fill ages near cold to warm transitions, and the apparent acceleration in incision rates toward the end of the last glacial cycle. Finally, this study suggests that terrace fill ages and incision rates are similar for the distally glaciated Laramie River, nonglaciated Sybille Creek, and the proximally glaciated streams that drain the Wind River Range. This implies that rivers responded synchronously to late Quaternary climate changes regardless of their influence by alpine glaciation.
Onset of Catalytic Activity of Gold Clusters on Titania with the Appearance of Nonmetallic Properties

Gold clusters ranging in diameter from 1 to 6 nanometers have been prepared on single crystalline surfaces of titania in ultrahigh vacuum to investigate the unusual size dependence of the low-temperature catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide. Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) and elevated pressure reaction kinetics measurements show that the structure sensitivity of this reaction on gold clusters supported on titania is related to a quantum size effect with respect to the thickness of the gold islands; islands with two layers of gold are most effective for catalyzing the oxidation of carbon monoxide. These results suggest that supported clusters, in general, may have unusual catalytic properties as one dimension of the cluster becomes smaller than three atomic spacings.
Informal communication among scientists in sleep research

At the frontiers of an active area of science, social structure based upon communication is demonstrated. Using sociometric techniques, an informal communication network was identified which included 73% of the scientists. Within the network was a core group of scientists who were the focus of a disproportionately large number of contacts and who were differentiated from others by greater productivity, higher citation record and wider readership. Information transferred to these scientists is so situated that it could be transmitted to 95% of the network scientists through one intermediary scientist or less.
Powder metallurgy preparation of new silver-tin oxide electrical contacts from electrolessly plated composite powders

Abstract A novel method of coating tin oxide particles with silver by an electroless plating process has been developed to produce silver-tin oxide electrical contact alloys. The mechanism of electroless silver deposition on tin oxide particles has been studied utilizing the mixed potential theory. The structures of electrolessly plated silver-tin oxide composite powders and the sintered alloys have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. The electrical and mechanical properties of the composites have also been determined.
A new class of term orders for elimination

Elimination is a classical subject. The problem is algorithmically solvable by using resultants or by one calculation of Groebner basis with respect to an elimination term order. However, there is no existing method that is both efficient and reliable enough for applicable size problems, say implicitization of bi-cubic Bezier surfaces with degree six in five variables. This basic and useful operation in computer aided geometric design and geometric modeling defies a solution even when approximation using floating-point or modular coefficients is used for Groebner basis computation. An elimination term order can be used to eliminate U for any ideal in K[X][U]. However, for most practical problems we are given a fixed ideal, which means that an elimination term order may be too much for our calculation. In this paper, the author proposes a new approach for elimination. Instead of using a classical elimination term order for all problems or ideals as usual, the author proposes to use algebraic structures of the given system of equations for finding more suitable term orders for elimination of the given problem only. Experimental results showed that these ideal-specific term orders are much more efficient for elimination. In particular, when ideal specific term orders for elimination are used with Groebner walk conversion, one can completely avoid all perturbations. This is a significant result because researchers have been struggling with how to perturb basis conversions for a long time.
Revising Revisionism: A New Look at American Communism

Although the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) never became a major player in American political life, it was a significant participant in mainstream politics and the trade union movement in the 1930s and 1940s whose activities evoked tremendous passions among both supporters and opponents. It has also been the focus of sustained attention by historians. An online bibliography of scholarly writing about domestic American communism has more than 9,000 entries, listing hundreds of dissertations and books as well as thousands of published articles, many added in the last decade. This enormous corpus of works on a political movement that never enlisted more than 88,000 members is filled with fierce debates between “revisionists” convinced that their subjects have been marginalized or unfairly denigrated and opponents less enamored with the role the CPUSA played in American life. The first substantial group of scholarly works on the CPUSA, the ten-book “Communism in American Life” series sponsored by the Fund for the Republic, appeared during the late 1950s and early 1960s. In particular, Theodore Draper’s The Roots of American Communism (Viking Press, 1957) and American Communism and Soviet Russia: The Formative Period (1960) unearthed the political history of the CPUSA to 1929 with a detail and understanding still Acad. Quest. (2009) 22:452–462 DOI 10.1007/s12129-009-9131-9
Social and Environmental Predictors of Alcohol-Related Legal Infractions in College Students

Research on alcohol consumption among college students is often limited by self-reported outcomes and a narrow focus of predictor factors. This study examined both traditional risk factors for alcohol use as well as broader factors (e.g., weather, seasons) in predicting objective negative outcomes of alcohol use—alcohol-related legal infractions (ARLIs) derived from legal records and university citations for one calendar year. ARLIs significantly increased during rush week (p = .01) and football game days (p < .0001). ARLIs were significantly more prevalent during weekends (p < .0001) and autumn (p < .005) and showed some weather sensitivity (e.g., temperature, snowfall). Findings provide evidence for traditional risk factors increasing the prevalence of objective negative consequences (i.e., ARLIs) and further support the need to broaden the range of variables in the study of drinking behaviors.
The Wire Transport Code

The wire transport code is a particle code that follows a single disc of the electron beam through the transport system. It was developed to study the dynamics of relativistic electron beam propagation in a transport tube in which a wire conditioning zone is present. In order for the beam to propagate successfully in the transport section it must be matched onto the wire by focusing elements. The beam must then be controlled by strong lenses as it exits the wire zone. The wire transport code was designed to model this process in substantial detail. It is able to treat axially symmetric problems as well as those in which the beam is transversely displaced from an axis of the transport tube. The focusing effects of foils and various beamline lenses are included in the calculations. After discussing briefly the physics of wire propagation this paper describes the structural and operational aspects of the code.
Concomitant purification of three porcine heart mitochondrial enzymes: Citrate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, and malate dehydrogenase

The mitochondrial enzymes citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase were purified to homogeneity from porcine hearts by use of Bio-Rex 70, carboxymethylcellulose CM32, and Affi-Gel blue chromatography. This procedure provides relatively rapid, large-scale preparation of the three enzymes based on their differential binding to commercially available cation-exchange resins followed by a final affinity chromatography step.
ENUMERATION OF DOUBLE COSETS

Let H and K be subgroups of a group G. The double cosets of H and K in G are the sets HgK, g E G. In this paper we describe a procedure, P, for determining the cardinality of the set H\G/K of double cosets of H and K in G given a finite presentation for G and finite sets of generators for H and K. It is well known that the problem of determining whether or not a group G defined by a finite presentation is finite is unsolvable. As this problem is the same as enumerating H\G/K when H= K= 1, every double coset enumeration procedure must fail for some inputs. P fails by running forever and never terminating. Enumeration of H\G/K when H= 1 is coset enumeration, and the CoxeterTodd procedure [2, Chapter 21 solves this problem exactly when the number of cosets is finite. By enumerating G/H and G/K in parallel one can use the Coxeter-Todd method to count H\G/K whenever G/H or G/K is finite. Thus our procedure, P, is of interest when G/H and G/K are both infinite. Some examples are given in Section 4. Unfortunately Example 3 shows that P need not terminate when H\G/K is finite. A version of P for the case H= K = 1 appears in [3].
Application of the methods of dislocation dynamics to describe plastic flow in both b.c.c. and f.c.c. metals

Abstract A dislocation dynamical model for low temperature plastic flow is developed from the Taylor-Orowan equation, ϵ = αρ m vb . This type of approach has been used in the past to model and predict flow phenomena in alkali halides and b.c.c. metals. However, a direct extension of this modelling fails to predict certain flow behavior in f.c.c. metals, particularly the strain rate sensitivity. It is argued that the mobile dislocation density can be a strong function of the applied stress. Also, dislocations are considered to be driven by an effective stress rather than the applied stress. Dislocation link length arguments are used to develop the stress dependence of the mobile dislocation density, and a strain dependent long range back stress is used to define the effective stress. By including these considerations, it is found that the differences in dislocation mobility between classes of materials give rise to their different mechanical properties, and a single dislocation dynamical model is capable of predicting low temperature plastic flow in a variety of materials.
Lysinonorleucine cross‐link formation in alpha amino heptenoic acid‐substituted peptide derivatives

Studies on the cross-linking of a tripeptide (t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alanyl-D,L-2-amino-6-heptenoyl-L-alanine methyl ester) have shown that it is possible to form specific cross-links in good yields through Schiff base formation of the e amino group of lysine. The heptenoic acid residue has been ozonized to an aldehyde and condensed with the e amino of lysine in the compounds alpha-t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alanyl-L-lysine methyl ester and alpha-t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine methyl ester to form the cross-link, lysinonorleucine. This compound has been stabilized by reduction with sodium borohydride and quantitated on the amino acid analyzer. This technique converts from 60 to 98% of the available aldehyde to lysinonorleucine.
Performance characterization of the SMAP RFI mitigation algorithm using direct-sampled SMAPVEX 2012 data

In recent years passive microwave measurements made by space-borne and air-borne missions have been corrupted by man-made Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) sources. Measurements from satellite missions such as SMOS and Aquarius show that even the protected 21cm hydrogen line is affected by RFI (Balling et al., TGRS 2010). The following talk will focus on the digital RFI mitigation algorithm implemented on the SMAP Radiometer Digital Electronics (RDE) subsystem and its performance with respect to real RFI data. This data at passive microwave L-band frequencies was obtained from flights over Denver during Summer 2012 using a direct sampling digital backend behind the Passive/Active L/S Band (PALS) system.
Regulation of apoptosis by PML and the PML-NBs

The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a tumor suppressor identified in acute PML and implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of tumors. PML is essential for the proper assembly of a nuclear macromolecular structure called the PML nuclear body (PML-NB). PML and PML-NBs are functionally promiscuous and have been associated with the regulation of several cellular functions. Above all these is the control of apoptosis, a function of PML whose physiological relevance is emphasized by in vivo studies that demonstrate that mice and cells lacking Pml are resistant to a vast variety of apoptotic stimuli. The function of PML in regulating apoptosis is not confined to a linear pathway; rather, PML works within a regulatory network that finely tunes various apoptotic pathways, depending on the cellular context and the apoptotic stimulus. Here, we will summarize earlier and recent advances on the molecular mechanisms by which PML regulates apoptosis and the implication of these findings for cancer pathogenesis.