cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep winds on Jupiter as measured by the Galileo probe

The Doppler Wind Experiment on the Galileo probe provided the first in situ data on wind speeds in Jupiter's atmosphere. Initial analysis of the results indicated that wind speeds increase with depth, rather than decaying to zero below the cloud tops or remaining relatively constant as had previously been assumed. But this earlier analysis was subject to several potential sources of error, as highlighted by the fact that wind speeds measured at the cloud tops did not seem to match those inferred from tracking clouds in images obtained by the Voyager spacecraft. Here we report new analyses of the probe data that use a corrected treatment of the timing errors, adopt the measured (rather than predicted) descent trajectory, and incorporate a new calibration of the instrumentation that takes into account the unexpectedly high temperatures encountered by the probe. We determine wind speeds at the cloud tops (700-mbar level) in the range 80–100 m s^(-1), in agreement with the results of cloud tracking; the speed increases dramatically between 1 and 4 bar, and then remains nearly constant at ~170 m s^(-1) down to the 21-bar level. The increase in wind speed implies a latitudinal density gradient of 0.5% per degree in the 1–2 bar altitude range, but whether these winds are driven by internal heat or absorbed sunlight remains uncertain.
Intensive Care Utilization for Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients

Abstract Blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) is a potentially curative therapy for a number of malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Multiple variables, including age, comorbid conditions, disease, disease stage, prior therapies, degree of donor-recipient matching, type of transplantation, and dose intensity of the preparative regimen, affect both morbidity and mortality. Despite tremendous gains in supportive care, BMT remains a high-risk medical therapy. A critically ill BMT recipient may require transfer to an intensive care unit (ICU) and the specialized medical and nursing care that can be provided, such as mechanical ventilation and vasopressor support. Mortality for BMT recipients requiring care in an ICU is high. This paper will describe the experience of the Stanford Blood and Marrow Transplant Program in developing and implementing guidelines to maximize the benefit of intensive care for critically ill BMT recipients.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT BY THE CECROPIA MIDGUT II. Fine Structure of the Midgut Epithelium

A morphological basis for transcellular potassium transport in the midgut of the mature fifth instar larvae of Hyalophora cecropia has been established through studies with the light and electron microscopes. The single-layered epithelium consists of two distinct cell types, the columnar cell and the goblet cell. No regenerative cells are present. Both columnar and goblet cells rest on a well developed basement lamina. The basal portion of the columnar cell is incompletely divided into compartments by deep infoldings of the plasma membrane, whereas the apical end consists of numerous cytoplasmic projections, each of which is covered with a fine fuzzy or filamentous material. The cytoplasm of this cell contains large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, and mitochondria. In the basal region of the cell the mitochondria are oriented parallel to the long axes of the folded plasma-lemma, but in the intermediate and apical portions they are randomly scattered within the cytoplasmic matrix. Compared to the columnar cell, the goblet cell has relatively little endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, the plications of the plasma membrane of the goblet cell greatly exceed those of the columnar cell. One can distinguish at least four characteristic types of folding: (a) basal podocytelike extensions, (b) lateral evaginations, (c) apical microvilli, and (d) specialized cytoplasmic projections which line the goblet chamber. Apically, the projections are large and branch to form villus-like units, whereas in the major portion of the cavity each projection appears to contain an elongate mitochondrion. Junctional complexes of similar kind and position appear between neighboring columnar cells and between adjacent columnar and goblet cells as follows: a zonula adherens is found near the luminal surface and is followed by one or more zonulae occludentes. The morphological data obtained in this study and the physiological information on ion transport through the midgut epithelium have encouraged us to suggest that the goblet cell may be the principal unit of active potassium transport from the hemolymph to the lumen of the midgut. We have postulated that ion accumulation by mitochondria in close association with plicated plasma membranes may play a role in the active movement of potassium across the midgut.
The Problem of Propagation: Original Sin as Inherited Discourse.

As Modernist doctrines emphasizing the unity and agency of the educated self are increasingly set up as the straw men of contemporary educational discourses, premodern and Medieval theories of selfhood tend to disappear from the horizon of educational thought altogether. In this essay, in order to subvert this overcoming of our intellectual past, I examine Thomas Aquinas’ reading of the doctrine of original sin. Relying on Graham McAleer’s claim that Aquinas’ metaphysical theory sanctifies the body, I argue that Aquinas’ understanding of original sin relies on a discursive, pedagogical model to account for human finitude.
Optimal block designs for comparing test treatments with a control when k> υ

Abstract The problem of comparing υ test treatments with a control in b blocks of size k each is considered for the case k > υ. Some sufficient conditions for designs to be A and MV-optimal in these experimental situations are derived and examples are given to demonstrate how the sufficient conditions obtained can be applied. Some infinite families of optimal designs that satisfy the sufficient conditions obtained are also given. For cases where the derived sufficient conditions are not applicable, some ‘approximately’ optimal designs are suggested for usage.
Applicability of the Gaussian beam approach for modeling of seismic data in triangulated subsurface models

Part of the challenge in efforts to improve seismic imaging is to develop software to generate computer models of complex geology. One approach uses a triangulation technique designed to support efficient and accurate computation of seismic wavefields for two-dimensional models of the Earth’s interior. This triangulation approach offers the opportunity to perform dynamic ray tracing and create synthetic seismograms based on the method of Gaussian beams.
Ab initio embedding studies of chemisorption on metal surfaces — interaction of small CN containing molecules with Ni(111)

Abstract This paper briefly describes a theoretical approach for treating chemisorption and surface reactions on metal surfaces. Electronic structures are described by an ab initio configuration interaction embedding theory that allows one to calculate accurately the reaction energetics and adsorption geometries. Adsorption studies of CN, HCN, HNC, CNH2 and HCNH molecules on Ni(111) are reported. The present calculations show that CN is able to bind to the surface either via the C, or N, or in a side-on geometry with very small differences in total energy (≈ 2 kcal/mol). Adsorption energies at 3-fold, bridge and atop sites are comparable, 113–115 kcal/mol, with the fcc 3-fold site more favorable over other adsorption sites by 2 kcal/mol. Within an energy range of 5 kcal/mol, the CN molecule is free to rotate to other geometries. Both HCN and HNC bind to the surface in an end-on geometry with the molecular axis perpendicular to the surface. The calculated adsorption energy for the end-on HCN is 18, and 11 kcal/mol for the end-on HNC. The side-on bonded HCN and HNC with the CN bond parallel to the surface are energetically less stable than the corresponding end-on bonded species. Both CNH2 and HCNH strongly bind to the surface with HCNH more stable by 32 kcal/mol. CNH2 is adsorbed at a bridge site via the C atom. Both C and N atoms in HCNH are involved in bonding to the surface with the CN bond parallel to the surface.
Warning tweets: serial transmission of messages during the warning phase of a disaster event

Serial transmission – the passing on of information from one source to another – is a phenomenon of central interest in the study of informal communication in emergency settings. Microblogging services such as Twitter make it possible to study serial transmission on a large scale and to examine the factors that make retransmission of messages more or less likely. Here, we consider factors predicting serial transmission at the interface of formal and informal communication during disaster; specifically, we examine the retransmission by individuals of messages (tweets) issued by formal organizations on Twitter. Our central question is the following: How do message content, message style, and public attention to tweets relate to the behavioral activity of retransmitting (i.e. retweeting) a message in disaster? To answer this question, we collect all public tweets sent by a set of official government accounts during a 48-hour period of the Waldo Canyon wildfire. We manually code tweets for their thematic cont...
On the effect of pavement microtexture on thin film traction

Abstract The descent of a tread element of a tire rolling on a pavement on which a thin viscous fluid film is present is modeled. The tread element is assumed to be flat or curved and the pavement is assumed to possess a microtexture. Asymptotic results for the load supported by the tread element and the descent time are derived for different texture patterns. It is shown that the texture pattern as well as amplitude can significantly change the performance from that predicted by a smooth pavement assumption.
Bonding-Electron Distributions, Anharmonicity, and the Temperature Dependence of the Forbidden Si(442) Reflection

The forbidden Si(442) reflection was detected and its temperature dependence measured between 20 and 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C using $\mathrm{Cu}K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x-ray radiation. The reflection is extremely weak at room temperature with an integrated intensity of 4.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ and a structure factor $F(442)=0.035\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$. $F(442)$ decreases to zero at 250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and then increases to almost twice its room-temperature value at 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. This temperature dependence is consistent with contributions to the structure factor from both the antisymmetric bond charge distribution ${F}_{\mathrm{bond}}$, and anharmonic thermal motion of the atoms ${F}_{\mathrm{anh}}$. It was shown that ${F}_{\mathrm{bond}}$ is of opposite sign and larger in magnitude than ${F}_{\mathrm{anh}}$ at room temperature. The anharmonic contribution increases with temperature and cancels ${F}_{\mathrm{bond}}$ at about 250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C producing zero intensity. The combination of these measurements and a recent neutron determination of ${F}_{\mathrm{anh}}$ yielded ${F}_{\mathrm{bond}}=0.076\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$ at 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. This structure factor is the Fourier transform of the valence-electron distribution and like the (222) structure factor, provides a sensitive check on the accuracy of the wave functions determined from band calculations. The values of ${F}_{\mathrm{bond}}$ show a tendency to be temperature independent. However, rather large experimental errors due to the very low intensities prevented conclusions about the temperature dependence of ${F}_{\mathrm{bond}}$.
Migration, Acculturation, and Environmental Values: The Case of Mexican Immigrants in Central Iowa

Human–environment geography and geographic research on migration have largely been treated as separate scholarly spheres. Meanwhile, even as recent immigration exerts dynamic changes on American culture, relatively little scholarly work addresses immigrants’ attitudes toward environmental issues. In this article, we address the following questions: How do Mexican immigrants perceive and understand the environment and environmental problems? How do environmental values shift or become modified during the process of acculturation in the United States? To answer these questions, we use the results of surveys conducted with Mexican immigrants and their kin in central Iowa. We develop an interdisciplinary theoretical framework based on a modified concept of “environmentality” that incorporates insights from research on environmental values, immigration and acculturation, political ecology, and environmental justice. Based on this analysis, we find that immigrants become socialized to new norms, in part, throug...
Does the Medium still Matter? The Influence of Gender and Political Connectedness on Contacting U.S. Public Officials Online and Offline

This study employs a secondary analysis of U.S. nationally representative data from the Pew Internet 2008 civic engagement survey (N = 2251) to examine the degree to which contacting public officials both online and offline is explained by the variables of gender and political connectedness. We find that while women are somewhat less likely to contact public officials through direct means, such as emailing or writing a letter, they are more likely to sign petitions, offline and especially online. Gender gaps in direct forms of contact are smaller in the online context than the offline context. We additionally find that that gender moderates the relationship between political connectedness developed via social networking sites and contacting public officials, such that women gain even further advantage in signing online petitions, but also gain further disadvantage in writing a letter/calling public officials and signing offline petitions. Finally, we find that political connectedness, achieved via social networking sites and offline contexts, is related to contacting public officials through both online and traditional means, suggesting a blurring of offline and online worlds.
Nutritional Evaluation and Supplementation of Elderly Subjects Participating in a "Meals on Wheels" Program

A nutritional assessment of 33 elderly subjects participating in a "meals on wheels" program revealed a high prevalence of nutritional deficiencies. Twelve of these subjects, who were considered to be at high risk for protein calorie malnutrition, received 240 ml of a polymeric dietary supplement three times daily for 16 wk. This resulted in a significant (50%) increase in total caloric and protein intake which was maintained for the entire 16 wk of study. In seven of the 12 subjects a weight gain of greater than 2 kg was found. Modest but significant elevations in serum albumin and highly significant elevations of the total iron binding capacity, serum and red cell folate, leukocyte ascorbate, and serum vitamin B12 provided strong evidence for improved nutritional status. In contrast no improvement in the hemoglobin, total lymphocyte count, T cell number, T suppressor cells, T helper, or B cells was noted. In no anergic subjects was skin test conversion found. In addition no increase in serum trace metals or vitamin B6 levels were noted. Thus this study demonstrates that nutritional supplementation results in significant improvement in selected nutritional parameters. The fact that the hematopoietic and immunological status of these patients was unchanged suggest that the abnormalities may be age rather than nutritionally related or that a critical nutritional deficiency was not corrected.
Hypothermia for pediatric refractory status epilepticus.

Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening condition defined as seizure that persists longer than 5 min (Brophy et al., 2012). Annual incidence of SE is 10–41/100,000, and SE affects 120,000–200,000 people annually in the United States. SE carries a 7–39% mortality rate (DeLorenzo et al., 1996; Coeytaux et al., 2000; Knake et al., 2001; Novy et al., 2010). Refractory SE (RSE) occurs when patients fail first- and second-line anticonvulsant therapy (Novy et al., 2010; Brophy et al., 2012). RSE occurs in approximately one third of SE patients (Mayer et al., 2002; Lambrechtsen & Buchhalter, 2008). In children, RSE is associated with development of static encephalopathy and death (Barberio et al., 2012). RSE treatment typically requires anesthetic anticonvulsant levels to achieve burst suppression on electroencephalography (EEG). Hypothermia has been used occasionally as an adjunct to anticonvulsants in RSE treatment. Existing literature describes experience with mild hypothermia in adult RSE; the largest case series comprises four patients (Corry et al., 2008). Herein, we describe five children treated with mild hypothermia (32–35°C) for RSE. This is the largest case series to date describing treatment of pediatric RSE with mild hypothermia.
Nucleolar hypertrophy as an indicator of transcription in cells infected with second generation meronts of Eimeria tenella.

. Changes in nuclei and nucleoli of cells of chicken cecum infected with Eimeria tenella were studied in living cells by interference microscopy and in fixed and stained tissues using light level microscopy. As soon as merozoites began to transform into second generation meronts, there was an increase in the size of both the nucleus and the nucleolus of the host cell. The dry weight of the nucleus increased somewhat, but there was a greater increase and a correlation of the dry mass of the nucleolus with the size of the parasite as measured by interference microscopy. In fixed and stained tissues, there was a correlation between the area of the nucleolus and the area of the parasite. Removal of nucleic acids with DNase and/or RNase showed high concentrations of both in the nucleoli and a residue of protein. The increased nucleolar size indicates a high level of transcription in infected cells and allows the conclusion that the parasite somehow induces transcription to occur. Since transcription is a highly specific process, the high degree of host and site specificity shown by nearly all coccidia is consistent with a hypothesis that the coccidia share a portion of the host genome.
Parametric, self-segmenting steady state thermal estimation for switched reluctance machines

This work focuses on the creation of a thermal model used for the estimation of the temperature distribution within ideal switched reluctance machine (SRM) design candidates. The estimation is performed using a hybrid finite difference (FD) and thermal circuit approach. Separate frame and shaft thermal transport models using thermal circuit account for axial heat transfer. Empirical Nusselt correlations for laminar shear flow, laminar flow with vortices, and turbulent flow (based on rotor speed) are used to estimate the convective heat transfer coefficient in the air gap. The results from the shaft thermal transport validation were a maximum temperature error of 6.86 °C and 4.10%. A 3D comparison between the FD and finite element analysis (FEA) temperature distribution in the frame, stator, and rotor of the machine was conducted. The FD thermal model slightly overestimated the temperature when compared to a 3D FEA with an error of 3.8 °C and 3.78% respectively. The FD thermal model was able to predict the maximum temperature to within 10.80 °C when compared to data collected from an experimental SRM.
A novel star-shaped poly(carboxylic acid) for resin-modified glass-ionomer restoratives

We have developed a novel glass-ionomer cement (GIC) system composed of photo-curable star-shaped poly(acrylic acid-co-itaconic acid)s. These polyacids were synthesized via a chain-transfer radical polymerization using a newly synthesized multi-arm chain-transfer agent. The star-shaped polyacids showed significantly lower viscosities in water as compared to the linear polyacids. Due to the lower viscosities, the molecular weight (MW) of the polyacids can be significantly increased for enhancing the mechanical strengths while keeping the ease of mixing and handling. The effects of MW, GM-tethering ratio, P/L ratio, and aging on the compressive properties of the experimental cements were significant. The light-cured experimental cements showed significantly improved mechanical strengths i.e. 49% in yield strength, 41% in modulus, 25% in CS, 20% in DTS, and 36% in FS, higher than commercial Fuji II LC. After aging in water for 1 month, the compressive strength of the novel light-cured experimental cement rea...
Defining the Burden of Skin Disease in the United States—A Historical Perspective

Burden is an ancient biblical term, denoting a heavy load or fate, that I found convenient to use as a title of a 1975 report to encompass the findings of prevalence, morbidity, disability, and social costs of dermatologic disease, in the first US Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1971 to 1974 (HANES) (Johnson, 1978). In the advent of HANES, because the impact of disease in the US population was measured in terms of mortality, data derived from death certificates, the importance of skin disease was considered to be trivial. After HANES, to serve the information needs of planners and payers for health services, assessments began to include attendant morbidity and altered functional status of patients, and the consumption of goods and services for their care. Nevertheless, such assessments have not been made on the basis of data gathered from examination of a large representative sample of the US population of ages 1 to 74, nor with the scientific or epidemiologic rigor of HANES.
Dream Bloggers Invent the University

Abstract This essay focuses on the blogs authored by students in interdisciplinary, writing-intensive seminars on the art and science of dreaming at Queens College and Princeton University. The writing for these courses requires students to “invent the university” in the sense that they must find ways to bridge the public and private, or the theoretical and the personal. I argue that blogs have the potential to help students develop strong and distinctive voices in the pursuit of intellectual inquiry—and that because of this, they can help teachers and scholars overcome the intellectual divides between the “expressivist” and “constructivist” pedagogies represented by Peter Elbow and David Bartholomae respectively. In the concluding section, I examine blog entries in which students recount instances in which they dreamed about our course readings (and other materials). These accounts are striking because they offer evidence that students were internalizing and synthesizing course material. To explain this internalization and synthesis, I turn to recent developments in cognitive theory that offer new ways of thinking about learning that I believe will help bridge the expressivist-constructivist divide and develop methods for teaching voice as a rhetorical element of writing, one that is essential to intellectual inquiry.
Oral manifestations of tumor and opportunistic infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Findings in 53 homosexual men with Kaposi's sarcoma

Fifty-three homosexual men with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were studied. Twenty-seven had biopsy-proved oral KS, the palate being the most common site. Past or present infections with cytomegalovirus, hepatitis, venereal diseases, and gastrointestinal microorganisms occurred in more than 70%. Oral candidiasis was confirmed in 57%. Heavy marijuana smoking was the most common habit. Transmission of AIDS is thought to be by a viral agent. Precautions involving the use of gloves, eyeglasses, and masks, similar to those recommended for the management of patients with hepatitis B, are urged.
Combined parallel and K-T approach improves dynamic imaging

Introduction Previously we introduced the k-space-time (KT) acceleration approach MACH (Multiple Acceleration Hierarchy) and the parallel imaging variant SCIPI (Single Coil Implementation of Parallel Imaging). While KT approaches retain signal to noise, high acceleration values result in temporal blur, and conversely parallel approaches result in loss of SNR and introduce non-cancellation artifacts. It is not known for MACH and SCIPI what combination results in lower artifacts.
A relation between the size of the heart and the velocity of the blood

1. 1. The correlation between heart size and circulation time reported earlier by one of us4 is confirmed as a statistical association, but it lacks and adequate rationale. 2. 2. A highly significant correlation between a measure of heart volume and the arm-to-tongue circulation time in forty-one patients with known heart disease is described. This relationship is understandable in the light of current concepts of myocardial failure. 3. 3. It is concluded that circulation time is proportional to relative heart volume in patients with heart disease, confirming the earlier formulation of Nylin3.
Tissue distribution of cadmium-109 after tracheal and gastric administration in rats

Cadmium is known to be a toxic trace element and its ingestion into the human body via dietary, inhalation, occupational, or non-occupational sources can induce a variety of pulmonary, renal, or reproductive dysfunction. Many acute and chronic studies with cadmium have been conducted in experimental animals to determine its mechanism of action, and it has been reported that cadmium may enhance or deactivate several enzyme systems in vitro or in vivo, and it may act as a potent calcium blocker, and can inhibit calmodulin activity. In addition, cadmium is distributed and retained in organ systems such as liver, kidney and lung. We have previously shown that a significant amount of cadmium is accumulated in lung, kidney, liver and gastrointestinal tract following intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. This study was conducted to delineate the tissue distribution of cadmium in animals following more physiologic route of exposure, such as tracheal and gastric administration of cadmium. 14 refs., 2 figs.
Functional zones in the auditory cortex of the echolocating bat, Myotis lucifugus☆

Neurophysiological mapping experiments in the auditory cortex of the frequency-modulated bat, Myotis lucifugus, reveal 3 functional subregions: a tonotopic zone located dorsally, a delay-sensitive zone more ventrally, and an intermediate zone of major overlap. The unique finding of an overlapping cortical region representing both spectral and time-delay information of echoes is intriguing in view of a recent behavioral study suggesting the convergence of such echo cues in auditory perception. (Simmons et al., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 13 [1987] 870).
Effects of central administration of beta-endorphin on brain and liver DNA synthesis in preweanling rats

Abstract We have previously shown that central administration of beta-endorphin results in a reduction of ornithine decarboxylase activity. Ornithine decarboxylase catalyses the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine, thought to modulate nucleic acid synthesis. The present study examines the effects of intracisternal injection of beta-endorphin on brain and liver DNA synthesis in preweanling rats. In six-day-old rats, beta-endorphin (0.75 μg/g brain wt) produced approximately a 70% inhibition in brain and liver DNA synthesis 1h after injection, and values were still subnormal in both tissues 10 h later. Subcutaneous administration of beta-endorphin did not alter liver DNA synthesis. Thus, it is most likely that the suppressed liver DNA synthesis observed in animals given beta-endorphin intracisternally is mediated by central mechanisms. Co-administration of naloxone plus beta-endorphin intracisternally prevented the response, indicating an opioid receptormediated phenomenon. Naloxone alone caused small but significant increases in brain and liver DNA synthesis, suggesting a tonic influence on tissue DNA by endogenous opioids in the CNS. Acute inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase activity by alpha-difluoromethylornithine did not alter DNA synthesis, indicating that the decreases in DNA synthesis induced by beta-endorphin are unrelated to the ornithine decarboxylase/polyamine system. The effect appears to be restricted to early development as no significant changes in DNA synthesis were obtained in 20-day-old animals. The results from these studies indicate that CNS beta-endorphin has the ability to influence DNA synthesis in central as well as in peripheral tissues. Since changes in DNA biosynthetic rates reflect alterations in cell replication, perturbations in CNS beta-endorphin levels during early postnatal life could result in significant deficits in development.
Thank Goodness It's Over

In a recent article, 'Not Over Yet: Prior's "Thank Goodness" Argument', Delmas Kiernan-Lewis offers a new reading of Prior's much discussed argument against the tenseless theory of time according to which reality (existence) is tenseless.' In this note I shall argue that Kiernan-Lewis's interpretation of Prior's argument does not undermine the tenseless view since it is either unsound or invalid. I will then
On the quenching of steel and zircaloy spheres in water-based nanofluids with alumina, silica and diamond nanoparticles

Abstract The quenching curves (temperature vs time) for small (∼1 cm) metallic spheres exposed to pure water and water-based nanofluids with alumina, silica and diamond nanoparticles at low concentrations (⩽0.1 vol%) were acquired experimentally. Both saturated (ΔTsub = 0 °C) and highly subcooled (ΔTsub = 70 °C) conditions were explored. The spheres were made of stainless steel and zircaloy, and were quenched from an initial temperature of ∼1000 °C. The results show that the quenching behavior in nanofluids is nearly identical to that in pure water. However, it was found that some nanoparticles accumulate on the sphere surface, which results in destabilization of the vapor film in subsequent tests with the same sphere, thus greatly accelerating the quenching process. The entire boiling curves were obtained from the quenching curves using the inverse heat transfer method, and revealed that alumina and silica nanoparticle deposition on the surface increases the critical heat flux and minimum heat flux temperature, while diamond nanoparticle deposition has a minimal effect on the boiling curve. The possible mechanisms by which the nanoparticles affect the quenching process were analyzed. It appears that surface roughness increase and wettability enhancement due to nanoparticle deposition may be responsible for the premature disruption of film boiling and the acceleration of quenching. The basic results were also confirmed by quench tests with rodlets.
An acyclic trialkylamine virtually planar at nitrogen. Some chemical consequences of nitrogen planarity.

The synthesis of the exceedingly congested amine tris(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propyl)amine, 9, was achieved in 47− 51% overall yield. The nitrogen atom of 9 is virtually planar; it is 0.082 A out of the plane defined by the three attached carbons. The corresponding out-of-plane measurement is 0.282 A for triisopropylamine and ca. 0.4 A for uncongested trialkylamines. The N−C bonds of 9 are quite short, despite the steric congestion. The conjugate acid of 9 (viz., 9H+) is very strong: pKa = 3.08 (cf. Et3NH+ pKa = 10.7). Comparison with suitable model compounds suggests 9 is less basic than predicted by ca. 1.5 pKa units. The structure of 9H+Cl− was determined by X-ray crystallography. Here too, the nitrogen is severely flattened relative to ordinary ammonium cations. In 9H+Cl−, the proton on the nitrogen of 9H+ forms three intramolecular hydrogen bonds to hydroxyl groups, i.e., a so-called trifurcated hydrogen bond. The NH···O lengths in 9H+ are slightly shorter than comparable trifurcated hydrogen bonds. Cyclic v...
Comparison of obese NIDDM and nondiabetic women: short- and long-term weight loss.

Previous research suggests that overweight patients with diabetes lose less weight than nondiabetics. We compared the response of obese women with NIDDM to nondiabetic controls, matched for age and weight, to a behavior weight loss program. Forty-three overweight women (20 NIDDM, 23 nondiabetic) participated in the study. NIDDM and nondiabetic subjects were treated together and received the same 16-week behavioral weight loss program. Dependent measures included weight, 3-day food records, physical activity, fasting plasma glucose, and questionnaires assessing eating behavior and depressive symptomatology. Weight loss of NIDDM and nondiabetic subjects at posttreatment was comparable (-7.4 +/- 5.3 kg vs. -6.4 +/- 3.8 kg, respectively). Changes in caloric intake, eating behavior, exercise and depressive symptomatology were also similar between the two groups. However, during the 1-year follow-up period, NIDDM subjects regained 5.4 +/- 6.1 kg compared to 1.0 +/- 6.7 kg for nondiabetics (p = .058). These data indicate that NIDDM subjects can lose as much weight as their nondiabetic peers during active treatment. Once treatment terminated, however, NIDDM subjects demonstrated poor weight loss maintenance. Thus the added motivation that comes from having diabetes and seeing improvements in glycemic control with weight loss were not sufficient to improve long term weight loss in diabetic subjects. A continuous care model of weight control may be particularly necessary for overweight patients with type II diabetes.
An Efficient Multigrid Algorithm for Compressible Reactive Flows

This paper presents a parallel multigrid method for computing inviscid and viscous high speed steady-state reactive flows. The governing equations for reactive flow are solved using an explicit multigrid algorithm while treating the chemical source terms in a point implicit manner. The CUSP (Convective Upwind and Split Pressure) scheme is used to provide necessary artificial dissipation without contaminating the solution. This explicit method yields excellent parallel speedups, thus enabling the calculation of reactive flows with detailed chemical kinetics including large numbers of species and reactions. Results indicate good multigrid speedups and adequate resolution of the reaction zone in both inviscid axisymmetric and viscous two-dimensional hydrogen/oxygen and hydrogen/air test cases.
Ultracentrifuge and circular dichroism studies of folding equilibria in a retro GCN4-like leucine zipper.

Equilibrium ultracentrifuge and circular dichroism (CD) studies of a retropeptide of a GCN4-like leucine zipper in neutral saline buffer are reported as functions of temperature. Ultracentrifuge results indicate the presence of three oligomeric species: monomer, dimer, and tetramer, in quantifiable amounts, and the data provide values for the standard DeltaG, DeltaH, and DeltaS for interconversion. CD at 222 nm displays the strong concentration dependence characteristic of dissociative unfolding, but also shows a helicity far below that of the parent propeptide. Remarkably enough, the CD at 222 nm shows an extremum in the region between 0 and 20 degrees C. At higher T, the usual cooperative unfolding is observed. Comparable data are presented for a mutant retropeptide, in which a single asparagine residue is restored to the characteristic heptad position it occupies in the propeptide. The mutant shows marked differences from its unmutated relative in both thermodynamic properties and CD, although the oligomeric ensemble also comprises monomers, dimers, and tetramers. The mutant is closer in helicity to the parent propeptide but is less stable. These findings do not support either of the extant views on retropeptides. The behavior seen is consistent neither with the view that retropeptides should have the same structure as propeptides nor with the view that they should have the same structure but opposite chirality. The simultaneous availability of oligomeric population data and CD allows the latter to be dissected into individual contributions from monomers, dimers, and tetramers. This dissection yields explanations for the observed extrema in curves of CD (222 nm) versus T and reveals that the dimer population in both retropeptides undergoes "cold denaturation."
Solvent inclusion by the anti-HIV drug nevirapine: X-ray structures and thermal decomposition of representative solvates

The preparation, X-ray crystal structures, and thermal analyses of five solvates of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Nevirapine are reported. Thermogravimetric traces for the solvates indicated the following compositions (N = nevirapine): N·(ethyl acetate) 0.5 (1), N ·(dichloromethane) 0.5 (2), N·(toluene) 0.5 (3), N·(water) 0.5 (4), and N·(1,4-dioxane) 1.5 (5). Centrosymmetric, hydrogen-bonded nevirapine dimers occur in the crystals of 1-3 and in a previously characterized, unsolvated form of the drug 6. In crystals of 4, drug molecules are linked by a single N-H···O=C hydrogen bond only, whereas solvate 5 contains noncentrosymmetric nevirapine dimers. Solvent molecules in 1-3 occupy channels, whereas the water molecules in 4 occupy isolated sites and 1,4-dioxane molecules in 5 occupy layers. These inclusion modes are described with reference to the thermal behaviors of the solvates recorded in TGA and DSC.
Spectral-function sum rules for tensor fields

Sum rules are derived for the spectral functions of tensor fields. Some consequences of saturating these with simple low-lying states are discussed.
High-Performance Asynchronous Pipelines: An Overview

Pipelining is a key element of high-performance design. Distributed synchronization is at the same time one of the key strengths and one of the major difficulties of asynchronous pipelining. It automatically provides elasticity and on-demand power consumption. This tutorial provides an overview of the best-in-class asynchronous pipelining methods that can be used to fully exploit the advantages of this design style, covering both static and dynamic logic implementations.
Constructing men on “television for women:” A content analysis of male characters on the lifetime network

Through the use of content analysis, this study attempts to uncover patterns in the portrayal of male characters on the narrative programming of the Lifetime Network, and in so doing, to show the type of males television deems appropriate for American females. Results indicate that the portrayals of men on Lifetime Network are very similar to those on mainstream broadcast networks. The primary type of male constructed for Lifetime's female audience is a heterosexual, Caucasian, adult, who is valued for his job, experiences occupational, financial, and class stability, and is not defined by domestic roles. These and other findings are interpreted by cultivation theory such that the patterned portrayals on Lifetime maintain the social order by creating appropriate expectations about men for its female viewers.
Achieving highly effective nonfouling performance for surface-grafted poly(HPMA) via atom-transfer radical polymerization.

Human blood plasma and serum pose significant challenges to implanted devices because of highly unfavorable nonspecific protein adsorption on the surface. In this work, we introduce an improved two-step method to immobilize initiator thiols on a gold substrate for the surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA). We investigate protein adsorption from a single-protein solution, diluted (10%) and undiluted (100%) human blood plasma, and serum on the poly(HPMA) brushes with different film thicknesses using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. SPR results show a correlation between antifouling properties and film thickness; that is, the poly(HPMA) brushes exhibit high protein resistance at medium film thicknesses of ∼25−40 nm (e.g. <0.3 ng/cm2 for single-protein adsorption and 10% human blood plasma and serum, ∼24.5 ng/cm2 for 100% human serum, and ∼52.8 ng/cm2 for 100% human plasma at a thickness of ∼29 nm). With an optimal film thickness and surf...
PHOSPHORYLATION AND LOCALIZATION OF KSS1, A MAP KINASE OF THE SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE PHEROMONE RESPONSE PATHWAY

Kss1 protein kinase, and the homologous Fus3 kinase, are required for pheromone signal transduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In MATa haploids exposed to alpha-factor, Kss1 was rapidly phosphorylated on both Thr183 and Tyr185, and both sites were required for Kss1 function in vivo. De novo protein synthesis was required for sustained pheromone-induced phosphorylation of Kss1. Catalytically inactive Kss1 mutants displayed alpha-factor-induced phosphorylation on both residues, even in kss1 delta cells; hence, autophosphorylation is not obligatory for these modifications. In kss1 delta fus3 delta double mutants, Kss1 phosphorylation was elevated even in the absence of pheromone; thus, cross-phosphorylation by Fus3 is not responsible for Kss1 activation. In contrast, pheromone-induced Kss1 phosphorylation was eliminated in mutants deficient in two other protein kinases, Ste11 and Ste7. A dominant hyperactive allele of STE11 caused a dramatic increase in the phosphorylation of Kss1, even in the absence of pheromone stimulation, but required Ste7 for this effect, suggesting an order of function: Ste11-->Ste7-->Kss1. When overproduced, Kss1 stimulated recovery from pheromone-imposed G1 arrest. Catalytic activity was essential for Kss1 function in signal transmission, but not for its recovery-promoting activity. Kss1 was found almost exclusively in the particulate material and its subcellular fractionation was unaffected by pheromone treatment. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that Kss1 is concentrated in the nucleus and that its distribution is not altered detectably during signaling.
Tabu guided generalized hill climbing algorithms

This paper formulates tabu search strategies that guide generalized hill climbing (GHC) algorithms for addressing NP-hard discrete optimization problems. The resulting framework, termed tabu guided generalized hill climbing (TG2HC) algorithms, uses a tabu release parameter that probabilistically accepts solutions currently on the tabu list. TG2HC algorithms are modeled as a set of stationary Markov chains, where the tabu list is fixed for each outer loop iteration. This framework provides practitioners with guidelines for developing tabu search strategies to use in conjunction with GHC algorithms that preserve some of the algorithms’ known performance properties. In particular, sufficient conditions are obtained that indicate how to design iterations of problem-specific tabu search strategies, where the stationary distributions associated with each of these iterations converge to the distribution with zero weight on all non-optimal solutions.
Cassettes for seed-specific expression tested in transformed embryogenic cultures of soybean

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) lectin is a seed protein that accumulates in protein bodies of cotyledons during seed development. We have constructed two expression cassettes containing the 5′ and 3′ regions of the soybean lectin gene connected by aNot I restriction site. One vector also contains the 32 amino acid signal sequence. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the coding region of the β-glucuronidase (uidA) gene was inserted into theNot I site of each vector. We tested the function of the expression cassettes in transformed embryogenic cultures of soybean. Development-specific GUS expression was observed in developing somatic embryos transformed with the chimeric lectin promoter-GUS constructs as determined by histochemical assays. Our data indicate that these cassettes could be used to drive expression of foreign genes to modify embryo-specific traits of soybean as protein quality or quantity in the seed.
Are There Differences Between Older Persons Who Screen Positive on the CAGE Questionnaire and the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test—Geriatric Version?

OBJECTIVES: To determine (1) the extent of agreement between the CAGE (acronym for cut down, annoyed by criticism, guilty about drinking, eye-opener drinks) and the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test—Geriatric Version (SMAST-G) in identifying older persons who may have possible alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and (2) whether persons identified as having possible AUDs by each of these screening measures differ in their drinking, demographic, or health-related characteristics. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study using data from a self-administered mailed survey sample. SETTING: Three organizations were surveyed: (1) members of the American Association of Retired Persons and, in southern California, (2) managed care enrollees in a large medical group and (3) attendees of a community-based senior health center. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand eight hundred eighty-nine persons aged 55 and older completing a health risk appraisal for older persons (Health Risk Appraisal for the Elderly (HRA-E)). MEASUREMENTS: The HRA-E included items on drinking behaviors (including amount of alcohol use, the CAGE, and the SMAST-G) and health and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent of all persons screened positive on the CAGE or the SMAST-G. Fewer than half of all persons screening positive on either the CAGE or the SMAST-G, screened positive on both measures. Among current drinkers, persons screening positive on the SMAST-G alone drank less than persons screening positive on the CAGE alone, and these persons drank less than those screening positive on both the SMAST-G and the CAGE. More men screened positive on the CAGE alone than on the SMAST-G alone. CONCLUSION: Fewer than half of persons screening positive on either the CAGE or the SMAST-G screened positive on both measures, suggesting that these instruments may be capturing different aspects of unsafe drinking. A screening strategy employing both brief measures may identify more AUDs among older persons having differing demographic and health characteristics.
The absolute configuration of berberastine and thalidastine

Abstract Optical resolution of (±)-tetrahydrojatrorrhizine using (-)-O,O-di- p -toluoyl- d -tartaric acid gave rise to (+)-tetrahydrojatrorrhizine ( 6 of high optical purity and of known absolute configuration. Oxidation of this enantiomer with lead tetraacetate, followed by acid hydrolysis, furnished alcohols 10 and 11 in a 2:1 ratio, whose relative stereochemistry was established from their nmr spectra. Iodine oxidation of the major alcohol 10 led to protoberberinium salt 14 which was found to be dextrorotatory. Since berberastine ( 1 ) and thalidastine ( 2 ) are also dextrorotatory, they must possess the same absolute configuration as 14 .
Limits to upward movement of subalpine forests in a warming climate

Rapid changes to the earth’s climate are well underway, already influencing biological systems across the globe. Among the key impacts are potential shifts in the geographic range of many species or ecosystems, often predicted to move either poleward or upward in response to warmer conditions (1, 2). In mountain biomes, as upper elevations become more climatically hospitable to tree establishment, upward shifts in tree cover could cause alpine ecosystems (nonforest vegetation above treeline) to become both reduced in extent and increasingly isolated into smaller “sky islands.” However, currently we know relatively little about the actual nature of such shifts in treeline, or to what extent a warming climate alone will generate them. In PNAS, Macias-Fauria and Johnson (3) make an important step in quantifying the relative influence of temperature regime and geomorphic factors in determining current and future treeline across a large Rocky Mountain landscape. The authors’ data suggest that upward treeline shifts in a warming climate may be heavily constrained by geologic factors that influence the availability of growing substrates at high elevations, leading to much less, or at least much slower, tree colonization into alpine areas than predicted by climate alone.