cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 15 DEA/AR analysis of the 1988–1989 performance of the Nanjing textiles corporation

This article employs new data envelopment analysis/assurance region (DEA/AR) methods to evaluate the efficiency of the 35 textile factories of the Nanjing Textiles Corporation (NTC), Nanjing, China. The returns to scale (RTS) of these factories were studied without assuming that the optimal DEA solutions were unique. All DMUs are identified with pointsE (Extreme Efficient),E′ (Efficient but not an extreme point) andF (Frontier but not efficient). We then further identify the nonfrontier DMUs with pointsNE, NE′ andNF according to whether they are projected onto a point inE, E′, orF en route to evaluating their performances. All of the inefficient factories were in classNF and had unique optimal primal-dual solution pairs. Consequently, the solution pairs satisfy the strong complementary slackness condition (SCSC). Application of cone-ratio (CR) ARs reduced significantly the number of factories in classE, and showed that some AR-efficient factories were more flexible in adopting the mixture of central planning and market economies that China currently is trying to use. Also, linked-cone (LC) ARs were applied to measure maximum and minimum profit ratios. The SCSC multiplier space approach was utilized to analyze the sensitivity of the efficiency results to potential errors in the data with and without ARs. The results in this article suggest that collective units had a better performance than state-owned units in the two consecutive years analyzed.
Quantum theory of coherent transverse optical magnetism

Density matrix theory is presented to explain recent experimental observations of intense optically induced magnetism due to a “mixed” type of nonlinearity proportional to the product of the electric- and magnetic-field strengths of light. Two previously unknown quadratic optical effects are predicted--namely, transverse optical magnetization and magnetic charge separation--and quantitative agreement is obtained with experimental results regarding the former of these. The mechanistic origin of a third quadratic nonlinearity, namely, magneto-electric second-harmonic generation, which is familiar on a phenomenological basis in classical nonlinear optics, is also examined. Transverse optical magnetism is shown to enable large permeability changes at optical frequencies accompanied by magnetic dispersion near resonances. This phenomenon provides for all-optical generation of magnetic moments, large transverse magnetic fields, static electric dipoles, and terahertz radiation in (unbiased) transparent homogeneous dielectrics or semiconductors. Intriguing possibilities for applications are considered, including magneto-electric refractive index modification, optical electric power generation, and spin control.
Benign fibrous paratesticular tumors

Abstract Utilizing the criteria of Goodwin, a case each of chronic proliferative periorchitis and multiple fibromas of the tunica vaginalis testis causing paratesticular tumors is presented and discussed. Both of these rare processes appear to be distinct and separate clinical entities, although they appear to be similar histologically. With increased awareness by those treating intrascrotal masses, these processes may be correctly recognized and more testes may be salvaged.
Congenital frontonasal masses: developmental anatomy, malformations, and MR imaging

The newborn, infant, or young child who presents with a midline frontonasal mass often poses a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. The most pressing issue is whether the mass extends intracranially. The development of the frontonasal region or anterior neuropore is complex. Aberrant embryogenesis leads to three main types of anomalies: nasal dermal sinus, anterior cephalocele, and nasal glioma. Understanding the developmental anatomy of the anterior neuropore and postnatal maturation will serve the radiologist well when it comes to imaging frontonasal masses. Pitfalls particularly common to CT imaging interpretation include the evolving ossification of the frontal, nasal and ethmoid bones in the first year of life, morphology and size of the foramen cecum, and the natural intumescence of the anterior nasal septum. Determination of the presence of a connection between the frontonasal mass and the anterior cranial fossae is crucial in the imaging assessment and clinical management. In the case of the nasal dermal sinus, failure to appreciate the intracranial components of the malformation can lead to fatal meningitis. MR imaging is the modality of choice for assessing the pediatric frontonasal region. Its advantages include multiplanar imaging, distinguishing the interface among cartilage, bone, brain and fluid, diffusion imaging to detect epidermoid tumors, and the capacity to evaluate the brain for associated cerebral anomalies.
Domestic Dispute Resolution and International Conflict

(1999). Domestic Dispute Resolution and International Conflict. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 375-376.
Spreadsheet Modelling as a Didactical Framework for Inequality-Based Reduction.

This paper shows how inequalities can be utilized in reducing dimensionality of problems associated with the partition of unit fractions into the sums of two, three, and four like fractions. The need for such a reduction in this context stems from using a spreadsheet as a modelling tool. Activities described in this paper are grounded in standards for teaching and recommendations for teachers in North America. They are designed for prospective teachers of secondary mathematics.
Mesoderm is required for the formation of a segmented endodermal cell layer in the leech Helobdella.

The homeobox geneLox3is expressed in a segmentally iterated pattern within the endoderm of the leechHelobdella.We use that expression here to study endoderm differentiation following experimental ablations of mesoderm.Lox3RNA was first detected byin situhybridization at the stage when a definitive cellular endoderm is formed from its syncytial precursor and was never observed in derivatives of other germ layers. Expression is initially distributed throughout the endoderm, but rapidly disappears from specific regions of the nascent gut wall so as to produce a pattern of segmental stripes. The stripe pattern differs markedly between midgut organs, with thin stripes ofLox3expression in the intercaecal constrictions of the crop and wide stripes ofLox3expression marking the caecal bulges of the intestine.Lox3expression in the rectum is not obviously segmental. Ablation of segmental mesoderm in the earlyHelobdellaembryo prevents the formation of definitive endoderm and the expression ofLox3RNA and leads to abnormalities in the morphogenesis of the gut tube. These endodermal deficits are precisely coextensive with the zone of mesodermal deficiency, suggesting that the mesoderm normally acts to promote the formation of the endodermal cell layer via local cell interactions. The segmental pattern ofLox3expression is largely unaffected in portions of the endoderm surrounding such deficits, suggesting that endodermal segmentation is not established by lateral interactions within that tissue layer. Rather, we propose that the segmental organization of the endoderm is imprinted by vertical interactions with the segmental mesoderm.
The left atrial pressure pulse of mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm.

Abstract The left atrial pressure pulse of isolated, severe mitral stenosis (sinus rhythm, noncalcified valve) is compared with the normal left atrial pressure pulse (indirect, esophageal); the left atrial sound and pressure relations are described in both groups. Micromanometers mounted on cardiac catheters and nasogastric tubes were used for recording. The left atrial pressure pulse of noncalcified mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm differs from the normal in several important respects. Fusion of the a - c waves in mitral stenosis reflects the overlap of atrial contraction with initial ventricular contraction. The delayed left atrial a wave peak is consistent with prolonged atrial systole. The c wave occurs during the ascent or eversion phase of the mitral complex and terminates abruptly with the initial vibrations of the delayed, accentuated first heart sound. The initial y descent reflects descent or inversion of the mitral complex toward the ventricle and terminates abruptly at the opening snap notch with the mitral opening snap occurring before mitral valve diastolic flow.
Experimental control programs for the UNIX operating system

The software described runs on Version 7 UNIX, although most run on earlier versions. Using the curses package requires two program libraries from the Fourth Berkeley Distribution (CURSES and TERMLIB). Using any of the functions requires knowledge of programming, preferably in C (Kernighan & Richie, 1978), but the sample experimental control program is usable by nonprogrammers. Because no special hardware is assumed, the resolution of timed presentations and reaction time recordings may not be accurate enough for some purposes. Functions for stimulus presentation have a resolution of 1 sec, and those for timing responses are accurate to about 17 msec.
High-throughput screening in two dimensions: binding intensity and off-rate on a peptide microarray.

Abstract We report a high-throughput two-dimensional microarray-based screen, incorporating both target binding intensity and off-rate, which can be used to analyze thousands of compounds in a single binding assay. Relative binding intensities and time-resolved dissociation are measured for labeled tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) bound to a peptide microarray. The time-resolved dissociation is fitted to a one-component exponential decay model, from which relative dissociation rates are determined for all peptides with binding intensities above background. We show that most peptides with the slowest off-rates on the microarray also have the slowest off-rates when measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
Fate of dyes in aquatic systems II. solubility and octanol/water partition coefficients of disperse dyes

Water solubilities have been measured for 10 disperse dyes that are mostly of recent vintage. The solubilities and octanol/water partition coefficients are used to predict expected concentration factors for sediment and biota. The results show that these newer disperse dyes are likely to have greater potential toward sediment sorption and bioconcentration than older dyes. The data also confirm a previous conclusion that methods for estimating the octanol/water partition coefficient of these dyes give results that are significantly different from measured values. Possible explanations for the difference are discussed.
Quantification of the effect of plants on weathering: Studies in Iceland

The weathering of calcium and magnesium silicate minerals on the continents has exerted a major control on atmospheric CO 2 over geologic time, and vascular plants may have played an important role in this process. In western Iceland, we have examined the role of plants in weathering by measuring the chemistry of waters draining adjacent areas of basaltic rocks that are either barren (having a partial cover of mosses and lichens) or populated by trees. The study area was chosen to maximize vegetational differences and to minimize differences in microclimate, slope, and lithology, while avoiding hydrothermal waters and anthropogenic acid rain. Results, including data on cation uptake by growing trees, indicate that the rate of weathering release of Ca and Mg to streams and vegetation is two to five times higher in vegetated areas than the release of Ca and Mg to streams in barren areas. This finding suggests a major role for vascular plants in accelerating weathering and thereby lowering atmospheric CO 2 as they invaded upland areas of the continents between 380 and 350 Ma.
MODELING OF A LIQUID ENTRAINED REACTOR FOR LIQUID PHASE METHANOL SYNTHESIS PROCESS

ABSTRACT The liquid phase methanol (LPMeOHTM) synthesis process is to be commercially carried out in a liquid entrained reactor (LER), where the catalyst-inert oil slurry is pumped through the reaction zone along with the syngas fed separately. A computer model was developed based on the experimental results, for the LPMeOHTM process in a liquid entrained reactor. This computer program accurately predicts the multicomponent phase equilibria, ultimate chemical equilibria and the compositions of each reactant and product species exiting in the entrained reactor. The prediction of the results of this modeling agrees well with the experimental data from the LaPorte pilot plant entrained reactor.
Risk factors for cardiovascular events in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Summary Background An increased risk of cardiovascular complications has been found in those with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Preliminary data suggest that pneumococcal pneumonia, more severe pneumonia, older age, renal disease, hypoalbuminemia, and inpatient sliding scale insulin administration contribute to risk. The objective of this study was to ascertain additional factors influencing cardiovascular events in CAP. Methods This investigation was a retrospective cohort study of inpatients with CAP. Outcomes evaluated were development of a cardiovascular event during hospitalization, defined as acute pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmia, or myocardial infarction. Those with and without events were compared across cardiovascular- and pneumonia-specific variables by logistic regression to ascertain factors that independently increase risk or reduce risk. Results Of 3068 inpatients with pneumonia, 376 (12%) developed a cardiovascular event. Hyperlipidemia, more severe pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus or Klebsiella pneumoniae as etiologies were associated with increased risk, while statin use was associated with decreased risk. Conclusions This study highlights variables in CAP patients that should make clinicians vigilant for the development of cardiac complications. Additional research is needed to determine if statins attenuate cardiac risk in CAP.
Meet the inlaws: embryonic stem cell derivatives meet the immune system.

Since the derivation of embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from human blastocysts in 1998 1, ES cells have emerged as a potential source of cells and tissues that could be used for cell replacement therapy of incurable degenerative diseases. This is due to their remarkable pluripotency, which enables them to differentiate into any adult cell type of the three embryonal germ layers. Indeed, several groups have reported the successful differentiation of ES cells into adult-type cell lineages including, but not limited to: cardiomyocytes, hematopoietic cells, hepatocytes, and neurons 2. Currently, cell replacement therapy and organ transplantation are limited by a shortage of available donors; however, ES cells possess a high proliferative capacity and can be propagated indefinitely in culture without loss of pluripotency 3, suggesting that they could serve as an unlimited source of cells for the treatment of degenerative diseases.
Chemoautotrophic symbiosis in the tropical clamSolemya occidentalis (Bivalvia: Protobranchia): ultrastructural and phylogenetic analysis

A symbiosis between chemoautotrophic bacteria and the bivalve hostSolemya occidentalis Deshayes living in Caribbean coral reef sediments is described. Transmission electron microscopy revealed dense populations of cellular inclusions resembling Gram-negative bacteria in host gill filaments. The autotrophic potential of these bacteria was determined by DNA hybridization analyses, which indicated the Calvin-Benson cycle gene for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was present in DNA recovered fromS. occidentalis gill but not in symbiontfree foot tissue. The bacterial gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA was amplified from DNA isolated from clam gills, sequenced directly, and found to be unique toS. occidentalis. Phylogenetic analysis of this sequence shows that theS. occidentalis symbiont groups with other known sulfur-oxidizing, chemoautotrophic symbionts within the γ-subdivision of theProteobacteria. Its closest known relative is theSolemya velum symbiont. While bootstrap analyses consistently place the symbionts from the Atlantic speciesS. velum andS. occidentalis in a monophyletic group, their phylogenetic position relative to the symbiont of the Pacific host,S. reidi, and other chemoautotrophic symbionts remains unresolved.
Rare pediatric neck mass: Sternoclavicular joint ganglion cyst

Abstract Sternoclavicular ganglion cysts are a highly uncommon occurrence in the pediatric population. Here we describe the presentation of a sternoclavicular ganglion cyst as an asymptomatic neck mass in a child. Diagnosis was made by ultrasound after a negative CT. The child is currently being followed with an observational approach. Otolaryngologists should entertain this diagnosis as a possibility in the differential given the appropriate clinical circumstances.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Hypogammaglobulinemia after Lung Transplantation: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Background We aimed to determine the effects of treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin on bacterial infections in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) after lung transplantation. Methods We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled two-period crossover trial of immune globulin intravenous (IVIG), 10% Purified (Gamunex, Bayer, Elkhart, IN) monthly in eleven adults who had undergone lung transplantation more than three months previously. We randomized study participants to three doses of IVIG (or 0.1% albumin solution (placebo)) given four weeks apart followed by a twelve week washout and then three doses of placebo (or IVIG). The primary outcome was the number of bacterial infections within each treatment period. Results IVIG had no effect on the number of bacterial infections during the treatment period (3 during IVIG and 1 during placebo; odds ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 0.4 to 27.6, p = 0.24). There were no effects on other infections, use of antibiotics, or lung function. IVIG significantly increased trough IgG levels at all time points (least square means, 765.3 mg/dl during IVIG and 486.3 mg/dl during placebo, p<0.001). Four serious adverse events (resulting in hospitalization) occurred during the treatment periods (3 during active treatment and 1 during the placebo period, p = 0.37). Chills, flushing, and nausea occurred during one infusion of IVIG. Conclusions Treatment with IVIG did not reduce the short-term risk of bacterial infection in patients with HGG after lung transplantation. The clinical efficacy of immunoglobulin supplementation in HGG related to lung transplantation over the long term or with recurrent infections is unknown. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00115778
Application of a new structural theory to polymers. I. Uniaxial stress in crosslinked rubbers

Cette theorie donne une expression pour les relations contrainte-deformation en traction uniaxiale, permet la prevision du fluage en traction pour des essais effectues dans certaines conditions de vitesse de deformation et/ou la structure du materiau, donne une expression contrainte-deformation en compression uniaxiale, et, une prevision des effets de ramollissement sous contrainte
Olfaction: Noses within noses.

The mammalian olfactory system does more than just detect food odours and pheromones. The discovery of a novel class of olfactory receptor provides evidence that mammals can also sniff out cell damage and disease.
Control of neural synchrony with light activated opsins

Synchronous neural activity occurs throughout the normal brain and has been associated with many important brain functions. Abnormal patterns of neural synchrony have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders such as epilepsy, autism, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease. Several attempts have been made over the last decade to suppress pathological neural synchrony through the use of pharmacological agents or electrical stimulation. However, these therapeutic techniques present significant technical challenges. For example, problems with pharmacological interventions include slow onset and offset, low target specificity and peripheral side effects. Problems with electrical stimulation include the lack of mechanistic understanding of the effect of the electrical stimulation on brain dynamics, trial and error methodology to determine effective stimulation parameters, limited battery life resulting in repeated invasive surgeries, and difficulty in producing purely inhibitory stimulus. Recent developments in the field of molecular and genetic biology now offer the opportunity to use optical techniques to modulate neuronal activity in vivo by making neurons light sensitive through the use of light activated opsins. Optical stimulation has potentially very significant advantages over previous techniques both in terms of temporal and spatial resolution. In addition, it allows for cell specific selective targeting to modulate neuronal activity. Here, we investigate, in the setting of a computational simulation, a control strategy to modulate neural synchrony in a network of genetically engineered neurons that are sensitive to light stimulation. Our principle aim is to use the mean field signal generated by the network in the regime of stable network synchrony to generate an appropriate optical stimulation feedback signal u(t) to suppress the network synchrony. The feedback signal is designed so as to achieve neural desynchrony with minimum variance between the intrinsic frequency of the individual neuron in a given network and the resulting frequency of the neuron oscillator in the desynchronized state of the network. The schematic diagram of the control architecture explored in this study is demonstrated in Figure ​Figure1A.1A. Figure ​Figure1B1B represents the stable synchronous state of the genetically modified parvalbumin positive inhibitory neuronal network (all to all coupled) in absence of any feedback control. Figures ​Figures1B1B-​-1C1C provides examples of successful control of neural synchrony using two distinctly different forms of control signals. Figure 1 A) Schematic of the control architecture. The controller generates the feedback signal u(t) that triggers an optical signal, which is feedback onto the genetically modified network. The light trigger activates Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) protein embedded ...
Imaging the Plate Interface in the Cascadia Seismogenic Zone: New Constraints from Offshore Receiver Functions

Online Material: Table of station parameters. The Cascadia subduction zone, where the Juan de Fuca (JdF) plate subducts beneath North America, has paleoseismic evidence of M w∼9.0 megathrust earthquakes (Nelson et al. , 1995; Goldfinger et al. , 2003). However, there are virtually no instrumentally recorded thrust‐zone earthquakes, hence the location and behavior of the seismogenic zone is known only indirectly. Temperature has been proposed to control seismogenesis with depth, assuming that the locked zone extends from the trench or the 150°C isotherm down‐dip to the 350°C isotherm, with a transition zone extending to 450°C (Hyndman and Wang, 1993; Oleskevich et al. , 1999; Cozzens and Spinelli, 2012). These models generally place the down‐dip edge of the locked zone near the coastline. Inversions of onshore Global Positioning System data also can be used to determine the locking behavior and place the locked zone offshore (e.g., McCaffrey et al. , 2013). Onshore receiver function (RF) studies have imaged an eastward‐dipping low‐velocity zone (LVZ) with high V P / V S between the coastline and depths of 45 km (Rondenay et al. , 2001; Nicholson et al. , 2005; Abers et al. , 2009; Audet et al. , 2009). This structure has been interpreted as overpressured pore fluids, metamorphosed sediments, or a combination thereof at or just above the top of the subducting oceanic crust (Abers et al. , 2009; Hansen et al. , 2012). Because of this uncertainty, it is unclear if an LVZ should continue up‐dip through the locked zone, since fluid pressure and metamorphism should vary differently with depth (e.g., Hacker et al. , 2003; Liu and Rice, 2007; Saffer and Tobin, 2011). However, existing RF images only sample the plate boundary deeper than the locked zone because past broadband arrays are on land. Brillon et al. (2013) analyze RFs from …
“Baseball Is Whack!”: Exploring the Lack of African American Baseball Consumption

The purpose of this study is to assess the African American viewpoint on baseball consumption. Utilizing a criterion purposive sample of African Americans, the authors used a qualitative analysis t...
Southern San Andreas Fault Seismicity is Consistent with the Gutenberg-Richter Magnitude-Frequency Distribution

The magnitudes of any collection of earthquakes nucleating in a region are generally observed to follow the Gutenberg–Richter (GR) distribution. On some major faults, however, paleoseismic rates are higher than a GR extrapolation from the modern rate of small earthquakes would predict. This, along with other observations, led to the formulation of the characteristic earthquake hypothesis, which holds that the rate of small‐to‐moderate earthquakes is permanently low on large faults relative to the large‐earthquake rate (Wesnousky et al. , 1983; Schwartz and Coppersmith, 1984). We examine the rate difference between recent small‐to‐moderate earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault (SSAF) and the paleoseismic record, hypothesizing that the discrepancy can be explained as a rate change in time rather than a deviation from GR statistics. We find that with reasonable assumptions, the rate changes necessary to bring the small and large earthquake rates into alignment agree with the size of rate changes seen in epidemic‐type aftershock sequence modeling, where aftershock triggering of large earthquakes drives strong fluctuations in the seismicity rates for earthquakes of all magnitudes. The necessary rate changes are also comparable to rate changes observed for other faults worldwide. These results are consistent with paleoseismic observations of temporally clustered bursts of large earthquakes on the SSAF and the absence of M ≥7 earthquakes on the SSAF since 1857.
MRI validation of the accuracy of tympanometric gradient for the diagnosis of OME

Tympanometry provides a rapid, non-invasive and objective assessment of middle ear (ME) status and is widely used for the clinical diagnosis and follow-up of otitis media with effusion (OME). ME pressure, acoustic admittance and tympanometric gradient are the main test parameters used in making assignments to diagnostic classes (i.e. presence or absence of effusion, effusion quantity). Of these, the tympanometric gradient was suggested to be more sensitive to the presence of effusion, but this has not been demonstrated conclusively and no standard definition of that gradient is accepted. In this study, 10 cynomolgus monkeys with experimental OME were used to compare the diagnosis of OME made using three different methods to estimate tympanometric gradient with that provided by simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the ME. All three methods of tympanometric gradient measurement were highly correlated with the quantity of ME effusion measured by the MRI. Although not significant, the MRI results ...
TESTICULAR MICROLITHIASIS IN A CHILD WITH TORSION OF THE APPENDIX TESTIS

ABSTRACTWe report on an 8-year-old boy with a unilateral testicular mass and bilateral diffusely echogenic testes on sonography. At inguinal exploration torsion of an appendix testis with a reactive phlegmon was found and testis biopsy revealed significant testicular microlithiasis. To our knowledge our case demonstrates a previously undescribed presentation of testicular microlithiasis. The literature is reviewed and this disease entity is discussed.
Monitoring neural activity with bioluminescence during natural behavior

Existing techniques for monitoring neural activity in awake, freely behaving vertebrates are invasive and difficult to target to genetically identified neurons. We used bioluminescence to non-invasively monitor the activity of genetically specified neurons in freely behaving zebrafish. Transgenic fish with the Ca^(2+)-sensitive photoprotein green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Aequorin in most neurons generated large and fast bioluminescent signals that were related to neural activity, neuroluminescence, which could be recorded continuously for many days. To test the limits of this technique, we specifically targeted GFP-Aequorin to the hypocretin-positive neurons of the hypothalamus. We found that neuroluminescence generated by this group of ~20 neurons was associated with periods of increased locomotor activity and identified two classes of neural activity corresponding to distinct swim latencies. Our neuroluminescence assay can report, with high temporal resolution and sensitivity, the activity of small subsets of neurons during unrestrained behavior.
Lake-level history of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, for the past 2500 years based on ostracode-inferred water-depth reconstruction

Assemblages of ostracodes from sediment cores illuminate lake-level history at decadal to centennial timescales during the late Holocene at Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. The ostracode-based lake-level curves for several cores resemble both each other and the only previously published lake-level record of comparable resolution for Lake Tanganyika during this interval, successfully reconstructing known highstands, improving the chronology of known lowstands, and contributing new information on late Holocene lake-level variability at this important tropical African location. In agreement with other late Holocene records from East Africa, the surface level at Lake Tanganyika reflects predominantly arid conditions throughout this interval, interrupted by relatively brief episodes of higher precipitation and lake level. The most pronounced lowstand in the record occurs at V200^0 BC, with other significant lowstands dating to the intervals V200^500 AD, V700^850 AD, the Medieval WarmPeriod (MWP; V1050^1250 AD at Lake Tanganyika), and the latter part of the Little Ice Age (LIA; V1550^1850 AD). The most important wet intervals in the lake-level record are centered on V500 AD, V1500 AD, and V1870 AD. The highstands and lowstands reported here for Lake Tanganyika appear to be fairly coherent with other records of rainfall throughout East Africa during the MWP and the LIA. Prior to the MWP, paleoclimate records are apparently less coherent, although this may be a reflection of the resolution and abundance of recent paleoclimatic data available for this climatically complex region.
Pirate Politics: The New Information Policy Contests, by Burkart, Patrick

Pirate Politics: The New Information Policy Contests is a solid contribution to critical information studies and information and communication technology policy research. It presents the first in-d...
Effect of preincision versus postincision infiltration with bupivacaine on postoperative pain

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the efficacy of preincision wound infiltration with bupivacaine to wound infiltration at the end of the operation. Design: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Setting: University medical center. Patients: 56 ASA status I and II women scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Interventions: Group 1 (control) received no local anesthetic infiltration. Group 2 received subcutaneous infiltration with 40 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% (pH 6.9) 15 minutes prior to incision. Group 3 received wound infiltration with a similar solution at the end of surgery. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental 3.0 mg/kg IV, droperidol 50 μg/kg IV, and sufentanil 0.5 μg/kg IV, and maintained with nitrous oxide 67% in oxygen and sufentanil 0.1 μg/kg IV boluses as required. Postoperative pain was treated with morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia delivery system for 24 hours, followed by oral hydrocodone for 3 days. Measurements and Main Results: The opioid consumption was recorded for 4 days postoperatively. Pain scores were measured at 4 to 8-hour intervals using 100 mm visual analog scales. There was no difference in either the opioid analgesic requirements or the pain scores between the three study groups. Conclusions: Wound infiltration, either preincision or postincision, had no clinically significant effect on the pain scores or analgesic requirements following abdominal hysterectomy.
INFLUENCE OF PRENATAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE ON CHOLINERGIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAT STRIATUM

This study investigated the influence of ethanol exposure throughout gestation on cholinergic development within the rat striatal region. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were maintained on three diets throughout gestation: A liquid diet in which ethanol accounted for 3539% of the total calories, a similar diet with the isocaloric substitution of sucrose for ethanol, and a lab chow control diet. At postnatal days 14 and 60 (P14 and P60), the striatal regions of the offspring were analyzed for the number of cholinergic neurons, via choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining. The area of the striatum was also measured in these animals. At P14, P21, and P60, ChAT activity was assessed in the same region. These analyses revealed a significant increase in the number of cholinergic striatal neurons at P14 in the animals which had been exposed prenatally to ethanol. This increase was transient, however, with equal numbers of ChAT-positive cells found in all three groups by adulthood (P60). The brain weights of the ethanol-exposed animals were significantly reduced at P14 and P21, but were comparable to controls by P60. There were no significant differences in the striatal area or the overall volume of the region assessed, however, at either P14 or P60. Although there were some increases in ChAT activity across the ages viewed (most notably between P14 and P21), there were no effects of diet on ChAT activity at any age assessed. It is proposed that the increased numbers of cholinergic neurons could be a function of errors in migration, enhanced neurogenesis, diminished cell death, alterations in gene expression, or increased cell survival as a result of alterations in neurotrophic factor production or availability. 1996 ~l~ey-~lss, Inc.
Serotonin neuronal release from dorsal hippocampus following electrical stimulation of the dorsal and median raphé nuclei in conscious rats.

We have studied 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release in the hippocampal formation following electrical stimulation of the dorsal and median raphenuclei in the behaving rat. The primary finding in this study is a decrease in neuronal release of serotonin in the dorsal hippocampal formation following electrical stimulation of either the dorsal or median raphenucleus in conscious rats. At no time did electrical stimulation of either raphenucleus result in behavioral, including vigi- lance state, changes. The amount of 5-HT released was found to be frequency dependent with higher frequencies (20 Hz) producing larger decreases in release of 5-HT. However, the pattern of release differs between the two raphenuclei. Extracellular levels of 5-HT decrease during stimulation of the dorsal raphe ´, whereas levels decrease only following cessation of stimulation of the median raphenucleus. This may relate to the patterns of innervation of the dorsal hippocampal formation by these two midbrain raphenuclei and also may reflect an inhibition of median raphecell firing during stimulation of the dorsal raphe ´. Electrical stimula- tion of the dorsal raphein anesthetized animals resulted in an enhanced release of 5-HT. The suppression of 5-HT release in the dorsal hippocampal formation in behaving animals was long-lasting (over 2 h), suggesting that the control mechanisms that regulate 5-HT release operate over a long time-course. This difference in release between non-anesthetized and anesthetized animals may relate to anesthesia blocking long- and/or short-loop serotonin recurrent axonal collaterals negatively feeding back onto 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D somatodendritic autoreceptors on rapheneurons. Further, the anesthetized animal has diminished monoaminergic ''gating'' influences on the hippocampal formation, whereas the behaving animal is more complex with behavioral (vigilance) states associated with different patterns of gating of information flow through the hippocampal formation. Hippocampus 1998;8:262-273. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multi-label large margin hierarchical perceptron

This paper looks into classification of documents that have hierarchical labels and are not restricted to a single label. Previous work in hierarchical classification focuses on the hierarchical perceptron (Hieron) algorithm. Hieron only supports single label learning. We investigate applying several standard multi-label learning techniques to Hieron. We then propose an extension of the algorithm (MultiHieron) that significantly outperforms all previously mentioned techniques. MultiHieron has a new aggregate loss function for multiple labels. Improvement is shown on the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) flight anomaly database and OntoNews corpus using both at and hierarchical categorisation metrics.
Reducing racial disparities in transplant activation: whom should we target?

Abstract Several studies have documented that blacks with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are less likely than whites tobe placed on the waiting list for a renal transplant. We examined trends in access over time to determine whether publication of these reports resulted in a reduction in disparity and identified those blacks who were most affected to focus future interventions. Three nationally representative groups of adult patients with ESRD (first dialysis in 1986 to 1987, 1990, or 1993) were followed up longitudinally to ascertain the date of first placement on the renal transplant waiting list. Cox proportional hazards models were used to characterize the magnitude of racial disparities in access to the waiting list with adjustment for clinical and sociodemographic factors. Lower rates of placement on the waiting list for blacks than whites persisted after adjustment for differences in both sociodemographic characteristics and health status (relative hazard [RH], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.59 to 0.79). The gap between blacks and whites did not narrow over time (blacks versus whites: 1986 to 1967 group, RH, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.86;1990 group, RH, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.91;1993 group, RH, 0.57; 0.43 to 0.77) and was greatest for the youngest and healthiest black patients, who were 50% and 40% less likely to be listed than corresponding whites, respectively. Interventions targeted toward young and healthy blacks, who are most likely to benefit from transplantation, are urgently needed to narrow black-white differences in transplant activation. Presented in part at the 31st Annual Meeting of theAmerican Society of Nephrology, Philadelphia, PA, October 25–28, 1998. The data reported here have been supplied by the USRenal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy of or interpretation by the US Government.
Use of arm crank exercise in the detection of abnormal pulmonary gas exchange in patients at low altitude.

Background The measurement of arterial blood gases, P(A-a)O 2 and VD/VT, during cycle ergometry is the “gold standard” for the assessment of pulmonary gas exchange. However, some patients are unable to perform cycle ergometry because of other medical problems. Study Objective To determine whether arm crank exercise could be used to reliably detect gas exchange abnormalities compared to cycle ergometry. Participants Fifteen patients with a variety of pulmonary disorders, who were referred for exertional dyspnea. Design All patients performed maximal arm crank and cycle exercise. Arterial blood gases, V ˙ o 2 , V ˙ co 2 , and V ˙ E were measured at rest and during exercise. Results Compared to peak cycle exercise (mean ± SD), PaO 2 (85 ± 14 vs 75 ± 13 mm Hg), SaO 2 (94 ± 2 vs 91 ± 4 percent), VD/VT (0.21 ± 0.07 vs 0.19 ± 0.08), and pH (7.37 ± 0.04 vs 7.34 ± 0.03) were significantly higher during peak arm crank exercise. The P(A-a)O 2 (18 ± 13 vs 29 ± 12 mm Hg) was narrower, and PaCO 2 (29 ± 3 vs 29 ± 4 mm Hg) and PAO 2 (104 ± 4 vs 103 ± 4 mm Hg) were similar. Six patients had normal gas exchange during cycle exercise at low altitude (P[A-a]O 2 ≤27 mm Hg, PaO 2 ≥65 mm Hg, VD/VT≤0.18) and nine were abnormal. Utilizing criteria specific for arm crank at low altitude, the same six patients had normal gas exchange (P[A-a]O 2 ≤13 mm Hg, PaO 2 ≥85 mm Hg, VD/VT≤0.26), and the remaining nine were abnormal. The P(A-a)O 2 during peak arm crank was the most useful criterion in identifying patients with abnormal gas exchange. Conclusion Proposed criteria for arm crank exercise testing accurately identified all patients with normal and abnormal pulmonary gas exchange during cycle exercise. The data from the present study suggest that arm crank can be an acceptable alternative exercise testing modality for the assessment of pulmonary gas exchange. (Chest 1992; 102:169–76)
Rates of thermal degradation of polystyrene and polyethylene in a vacuum

When heated in a vaccum at 325° to 375°C., polystyrene yields mainly the monomer and some dimer, trimer, tetramer, etc., indicating that the breaks in the molecular chains occur largely at the ends. Polyethylene, under similar conditions, but at a some-what higher temperature, yields fragments of an average molecular weight of about 700, indicating that the molecular chains break, mostly at random positions. A study was made of rates of thermal degradation of these two polymers by measuring rates of loss of weight of samples by means of a very sensitive tungsten spring balance enclosed in a vaccum. The samples were limited to 5–6 mg. in order to avoid spattering during degradation. Rate curves plotted against per cent loss of weight by volatilization indicate that in the case of polystyrene the process is intermediate between a zero and first order reaction, while in the case of polyethylene, the process approximates a first order reaction. Activation energies were calculated on the basis of rates of degradation at various temperatures. The values thus obtained for polystyrene and polyethylene are 58 and 68 kilocalories, respectively.
Abstract 5398: TARDBP regulates glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating PFKP through miR-520.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Metabolic changes are common features of many cancer cells and are frequently associated with the clinical outcome of patients with various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, aberrant metabolic pathways in cancer cells are attractive targets for cancer therapy. However, our understanding of cancer-specific regulatory mechanisms of cell metabolism is still very limited. We found that Tat activating regulatory DNA-binding protein (TARDBP) is a novel regulator of glycolysis in HCC cells. TARDBP regulates expression of the platelet isoform of phosphofructokinase (PFKP), the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis that catalyzes the irreversible conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Silencing of TARDBP expression in multiple HCC cell lines leads to impaired glucose metabolism and inhibition of in vitro and in vivo growth of HCC cells. Notably, the miR-520 family is an intermediate regulator of TARDBP-mediated regulation of glycolysis. Mechanistically, TARDBP suppressed expression of the miR-520 family, which in turn inhibited expression of PFKP. We further showed that expression of PFKP is significantly associated with the overall survival of patients with HCC. Our study provides new mechanistic insights into the regulation of glycolysis in HCC cells and reveals TARDBP as a potential therapeutic target for HCC. Citation Format: Yun-Yong Park, Sang Bae Kim, Hee Dong Han, Bo-Hwa Sohn, Jiyong Liang, Yiling Lu, Gordon Mills, Anil Sood, Ju-Seog Lee. TARDBP regulates glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating PFKP through miR-520. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5398. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5398
Three New Cytotoxic Norditerpenoid Dilactones from Podocarpus Purdieanus Hook

Abstract Three new cytotoxic norditerpenoid dilactones, purdilactones A {1}, B {2} and C {3}, were isolated from the alcoholic extracts of Podocarpus purdieanus Hook. These compounds exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity in 9PS mouse lymphocytic leukemia and in human tumor cell lines A-549 (lung carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and HT-29 (colon adenocarcinoma).
Quantitative Modeling of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling Processes

This paper reviews the topical conference named above, which was held in Kyoto, March 9-13, 1987. With a well organized program of excellent papers, the symposium celebrated a right of passage in the life of our discipline. After growing in stages from a largely qualitative discipline divided into distinct, mostly non-communicating compartments, the field enters the fourth decade of the space age a largely quantitative, communicating, integrated discipline. The aspect most indicating achieved maturity is the shared view that the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system is an interactively coupled unit, which might be called the geospace system, whose properties must be determine through discipline-wide cooperative research. In the area of theory, the geospace system's great complexity and the drive to understand it quantitatively put great emphasis on solving the global coupling, dynamics and mapping problems and building numerical models of increasing comprehensiveness and predictive power. In the area of observations, the corresponding emphasis is on coordinated campaigns and computerized data management, analyses and displays. Acknowledging the historical imperative of the time, the symposium assembled top people to relate progress toward quantitative empirical and theoretical understanding of all areas of the geospace system. The resulting global view of the state of our science shows great strength throughout, with areas of rapid progress and areas of difficult progress, but motion on all fronts. Under the pull of a common goal to achieve a fully predictive science of the geospace environment, we see the separate motions converging.
Diastolic mitral regurgitation in a patient with coronary artery disease and anaemia.

An 88-year-old man presented to the emergency department due to haematuria and blood clots in his urine. The patient's history was significant for hypertension and prostate cancer, for which he received radiotherapy. He did not have any other risk factor for coronary artery disease. On admission, his haemoglobin was 9 g/dL (baseline 13 g/dL). Repeat haemoglobin on the consecutive days improved to 10 g/dL. The patient did not receive any blood transfusion during the hospital stay. He developed chest pain with ECG showing normal sinus rhythm at 76 bpm, new right bundle branch block and new left anterior fascicular block (bifascicular block). Troponin was elevated …
New silicone materials for space environments in electronics industry applications

RTV and heat cured silicone elastomers have for some time been leaders in the materials field for thermal insulation, ablation, and electrical applications for the aerospace industry. The General Electric RTV silicone elastomers had their beginning in the company's silicone research center at Waterford, New York, more than a decade after silicones made their entry into the market as electrical insulating materials. In chemistry the RTV silicone rubbers are quite similar to the heat cured stocks. This paper deals with the effects on RTV rubbers of temperature and vacuum; electrical properties are not considered.
Combat injury with chronic osteomyelitis complicated by squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Penetrating injuries of the extremity are common in combat. The patient described in this paper sustained such an injury in Vietnam. He exhibited the frequent complication of chronic osteomyelitis and eventually the rare complication of squamous cell carcinoma.