cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic removal of entrapped debris following dislocation of a total hip arthroplasty.

Summary The entrapment of a foreign body within a dislocated hip prosthesis is an unusual occurrence. Dislodgement of the fragments by closed reduction should be attempted to try to extricate the fragment from the femoral head and acetabular cup interface. If closed techniques prove unsuccessful, arthroscopy can be used to guide instrumented removal of the interposed fragments.
Neurologic sequelae of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in cardiac transplant infants

Background. Considerable controversy exists experimentally and clinically regarding adverse neurologic effects that may follow deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Moreover, the techniques of DHCA have never been standardized. Methods. We prospectively studied the neurodevelopmental outcome in 38 infants undergoing cardiac transplantation using DHCA before the age of 4 months (mean age, 37.0 days). Neurodevelopmental outcome in the 22 boys and 16 girls was tested up to 2.5 years after transplantation using the Bayley scales of infant development. Bayley scores were compared with the rate of core cooling and the length of DHCA in all patients. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was accomplished using an asanguineous prime resulting in hematocrits of 5% ± 5% and ionized Ca 2+ , 0.4 ± 0.1 mmol/L. No surface precooling was used, but the head was packed in ice. Mean core cooling time was 14.0 ± 3.5 minutes, resulting in rectal temperatures of 18° ± 2.5°C. Duration of DHCA ranged from 42 to 70 minutes (mean duration, 56.0 ± 6.6 minutes). Results. Postoperatively, the mean Bayley psychomotor development index was 91 (range, 50 to 130) and mental developmental index was 88 (range, 50 to 130). No relationship was found between either the rate of cooling or the duration of DHCA and the Bayley scores ( r = 0.227 and r = 0.322, respectively). Conclusions. These data suggest that neither the rate of cooling nor DHCA times between 42 and 70 minutes using profoundly low hematocrits and low ionized calcium levels has any measurable effect on neurologic outcome up to 2.5 years postoperatively. It is possible that adverse neurologic outcomes from DHCA reflect particular methods of achieving DHCA.
Submicronic Structure of Fossil Coccolithophorids: ABSTRACT

Electron photomicrographs of replicated surfaces of fossil Coccolithophorids reveal a wealth of minute structural detail. The complex nature of large coccoliths has been suspected from features which can be seen in a light microscope. However, most of the minute structures are visible only in the electron microscope. Discoliths consist of about 100 radially arranged peripherally branching platelets, each about 1/5 micron wide. Rhabdoliths are extremely complex. The "basal plate" is in reality made up of about 50 wedge-shale platelets arranged in an imbricate fashion. The stem also appears to be made of thin imbricate platelets. Coccolithites gammation possesses a complex circular ridge surrounding the central pore. About nine widely spaced shallow grooves, which may represent sutures, are present on the distal surface of this species. The margin is finely dentate, the individual denticles being only about 1/40 micron across. Broken edges of pentaliths of Braarudosphaera show an apparent laminar structure; however, no traces of fine structure have yet been observed on the surface of the pentaliths. /P> Discoasterids appear to be much more coarsely constructed than coccoliths, confirming observations made with the light microscope. Analysis of submicronic structure will be of major importance in establishing a genetic classification of the Coccolithophorids and related nannoplankton. End_of_Article - Last_Page 282------------
Electron orbits in free-electron lasers with helical wiggler and axial guide magnetic fields

An analytic theory of nonsteady-state trajectories in a fully three-dimensional, helical wiggler magnetic field is developed. In contrast to the well-known class of helical steady-state orbits, these orbits are not axicentered. Two limiting cases are considered. In the case of trajectories which are axis-encircling, we obtain a class of orbits by perturbation about the steady-state limit. We also consider the opposite regime in which particle trajectories are not axis-encircling, and derive a guiding-center theory for the limiting case in which the particles remain far from the axis of symmetry. In both limits we obtain trajectories which consist of periodic motions corresponding to both the fast wiggler and Larmor periods, as well as a slow motion corresponding to betatron oscillations arising from the transverse inhomogeneity in the wiggler field.
A critical assessment of theories of strain gradient plasticity

Theories to extend plasticity to the micron scale have been in existence for over a decade, complemented by a growing body of experimental data. Here, materials and mechanics aspects of two prominent strain gradient theories of plasticity, due to Nix and Gao and to Fleck and Hutchinson, are assessed within the context of simple bending. Differences between the theories are highlighted. The theories predict different trends relative to the size dependence of initial yielding and rate of hardening. The dislocation mechanics underpinning the two theories is addressed. Distinctions between lower-order theories and higher-order theories are also drawn, emphasizing the flexibility of higher-order theories to solve problems for a wide range of boundary conditions, especially those where, locally, the dislocations are blocked (pile up) and the plastic strain is zero.
272 ALTERED CRANIOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOMATIC GROWTH IN THE PERINATAL RAT FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR (EGF)

Identification of molecular mechanisms regulating the timing of ontogenetic events is a major focus in developmental biology. In the rat, craniofacial development consists of a sequence of precisely timed topological “discontinuities” each associated with the acquisition of higher functions; e.g. incisor eruption (mastication), ear canal opening (hearing), eyelid unfusion (vision). We tested the ability of EGF (500 ng/gBW/d) given on postnatal days 0-3 to affect the timing of these selected events. The results are compared to littermate controls: The EGF treated pups also exhibited reductions in body weight and body length up to the 20th postnatal day (p<.01). EGF treatment (500 ng/gBW/d) on days 4-7, however, produced no significant growth retardation & only intermediate eyelid unfusion (day 10). These results identify 1) the early perinatal period as a critical time for EGF action and 2) the ability of EGF to alter the normal sequence of craniofacial development, prolonging the time for ear canal opening while shortening the time for incisor eruption and eyelid unfusion.
Methotrexate-induced overexpression of functional glucocorticoid receptors in Chinese hamster ovary cells☆

Abstract We have used a modified cotransfection and selection strategy to create a series of mammalian cell lines that stably express high levels of intact glucocorticoid receptors. These cell lines were produced by subjecting Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which had been previously cotransfected with a glucocorticoid-responsive dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene and the human glucocorticoid receptor gene, to growth in increasing concentrations of methotrexate (MTX). By linking the MTX selection process to glucocorticoid receptor function via the DHFR gene, stable cell lines resistant to a range of MTX concentrations (50 nM to 3 μM) were isolated that were strictly dependent upon glucocorticoids for growth. Quantitation of steroid binding capacity in MTX-resistant cells revealed a progressive increase in the number of glucocorticoid receptors as a function of increasing MTX concentration. This increase in receptor content was maximal at the highest level of MTX resistance examined (3 μM MTX) and represented a 25-fold elevation in glucocorticoid receptor number relative to CHO cells expressing only endogenous hamster receptor. The increases in steroid binding obtained after MTX selection were reflected by similar increases in the level of glucocorticoid receptor protein as determined by immunoblot analysis. Examination of glucocorticoid receptor structure by sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed that oligomeric (9 S) steroid receptor complexes were formed at all levels of receptor expression. Subcellular localization of the glucocorticoid receptor protein by immunocytochemical staining revealed effective nuclear translocation of the overexpressed receptors in MTX-resistant cells. Functional transfection studies using a glucocorticoid-responsive reporter gene indicated that the additional glucocorticoid receptors in CHO cells were competent to activate transcription. To determine the molecular basis for the MTX-induced increases in functional glucocorticoid receptors, steady-state levels of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA were examined. MTX selection produced a 5- to 7-fold increase in transfected glucocorticoid receptor gene expression relative to untreated cells. MTX-resistant cells also expressed increased levels of a putative hamster glucocorticoid receptor mRNA species. Interestingly, the observed increases in receptor gene expression in these cells could not be accounted for by amplification of either the human or the hamster glucocorticoid receptor genes.
Enhancing third-grade student' mathematical problem solving with self-regulated learning strategies.

The authors assessed the contribution of self-regulated learning strategies (SRL), when combined with problem-solving transfer instruction (L. S. Fuchs et al., 2003), on 3rd-graders' mathematical problem solving. SRL incorporated goal setting and self-evaluation. Problem-solving transfer instruction taught problem-solution methods, the meaning of transfer, and 4 superficial-problem features that change a problem without altering its type or solution; it also prompted metacognitive awareness to transfer. The authors contrasted the effectiveness of transfer plus SRL to the transfer treatment alone and to teacher-designed instruction. Twenty-four 3rd-grade teachers, with 395 students, were assigned randomly to conditions. Treatments were conducted for 16 weeks. Students were pre- and posttested on problem-solving tests and responded to a posttreatment questionnaire tapping self-regulation processes. SRL positively affected performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Laser desorption/ionization coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for real-time monitoring of paraquat on the surface of environmental particles.

Aerosol mass spectrometry with laser desorption/ionization was investigated as a possible tool for real-time monitoring of the presence of the pesticide paraquat on the surface of airborne soil particles. Laser desorption/ionization of paraquat dication produced only singly charged ions. The most abundant species were [M](+.), [M - H](+), and [M - CH3](+). Operation of the ion trap mass spectrometer in the MS(3) mode allowed the reduction of the signal dependence on laser fluence fluctuations and permitted the detection of the analyte with good sensitivity and high selectivity. The estimated limit of detection in terms of surface coverage was 0.016 monolayers, approximately 1 attomole of paraquat on the surface of a single micron-sized soil particle.
Effect of Stocking Density on Growth and Water Quality for Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides Growout in Ponds

. Juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, trained to accept artificial diets, were stocked into six 0.04-ha ponds at stocking densities of either 6,175 or 12,350 fish/ha. Fish were fed a floating custom-formulated diet, containing 44% protein, once daily to satiation for 12 mo (May 1994–May 1995). At final harvest, the total yield of fish was significantly greater (P 0.05) in average weight, length, or survival of bass stocked at the two densities. Averaged over the study period, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), nitrite-nitrogen, or un-ionized ammonia concentrations in ponds in which bass were stocked at the two densities. These data indicate that largemouth bass of the size used in this study are amenable to pond culture at densities of at least 12,350 fish/ha and that higher stocking densities may be possible.
Protein adsorption using an evanescent chemical sensor with a fused optical fiber coupler

Abstract The utility of an evanescent fiber optic chemical sensor featuring a fused Y-type optical fiber coupler was investigated. The coupler was fabricated by fusing the tip of a 200-μm fiber to a 600-μm main sensing fiber equipped with an evanescent sensor tip. The probe was directly connected with a fiber optic spectrophotometer through a SMA connector. A linear dynamic range of three decades was observed from 10−7 to 10−4M with a detection limit of 10−8M. The detection limit and dynamic range of the sensor were independent of laser power, but lower laser power and shorter exposure time were desirable to minimize photobleaching effects. The response of the sensor to thin-layer samples was observed by monitoring protein adsorption onto the optical fiber surface using rhodamine B isothiocyanate labeled bovine serum albumin. Fit of the protein adsorption data to the Langmuir theory provided molar binding constants on the order of 10−1μM−1.
Harriet Wilson's Our Nig: A Look at the Historical Significance of a Novel that Exposes a Century's Worth of Hypocritical Ideology

One of the major problems with antebellum America and its fight to end slavery was the internalized contradiction abolitionists held toward notions of race. Harriet Wilson's Our Nig critiques North...
Combined atherogenic effects of celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Objective Previous studies have shown a high cardiovascular risk in patients with autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Conversely, few data are available about patients with celiac disease (CD). The aim of our study was to assess carotid intima–media thickness (c-IMT), in patients with T1DM, CD or both (T1DM+CD) as compared with age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (H). Methods We enrolled 120 patients, 30 with T1DM, 30 with CD, 30 with T1DM+CD and 30 H. Clinical, metabolic and anthropometric data were collected. All T1DM patients were on insulin while all CD patients were on a gluten-free diet. c-IMT was evaluated by high frequency linear digital ultrasound. Results c-IMT was significantly greater in patients with T1DM+CD than in patients with T1DM or CD ( P P P Conclusion Our study demonstrates that celiac patients have greater c-IMT as compared with healthy individuals. Thus, non-invasive monitoring of c-IMT in CD might be useful in preventing cardiovascular disease. Moreover, patients with T1DM+CD show more severe subclinical atherosclerosis as compared with those presenting T1DM or CD only, suggesting that the association of these autoimmune diseases might accelerate the atherosclerotic process.
The first avian influenza A (H7N9) viral infection in humans in Zhejiang Province, China: a death report

This study reports the first death caused by a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Zhejiang Province, China. The patient had chronic hepatitis B and history of exposure to poultry. The patient initially complained of diarrhea and influenza-like symptoms on March 7 and 14 respectively. The disease progressed to severe pneumonia, sustained hypoxia, and coagulation abnormalities. The patient died on March 27 because of respiratory failure, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation without oseltamivir treatment. This H7N9 virus from Zhejiang is highly similar to isolates obtained from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, etc. Analysis of hemagglutinin, neuramidinase, and matrix genes indicated that the isolates share the same avian origin, have low virulence, and are sensitive to oseltamivir, but are resistant to adamantine. Only the isolate that caused the fatality exhibited substitution of Q226I in the HA gene, which indicates a potentially enhanced human affinity. The secondary transmission rate was 1.6% (2/125). Only two health workers presented with influenza-like symptoms, and they subsequently tested negative for H7N9 RNA. In conclusion, underlying disease, late diagnosis, and untimely antiviral treatment are possible high-risk factors for infections and death caused by the lowpathogenicity avian influenza A (H7N9). Person-to-person transmission of the H7N9 virus was not detected among close contacts, but such transmission should be investigated in the future. Expanding and enhancing surveillance will help in the early discovery and diagnosis of suspected cases, which will reduce the number of severe cases and deaths.
Motion analysis of light-powered autonomous silver chloride nanomotors.

Powered by UV light, nano/micrometer-sized silver chloride particles exhibit autonomous movement and form “schools” in aqueous solution, i.e. regions in which the number density of particles is significantly higher than the global average. In this paper, the silver chloride particles in such a system are classified by their proximity to other AgCl particles —be they isolated, coupled or schooled— and their motion paths are tracked and analyzed. By plotting time-averaged mean squared displacements of each particle over various time intervals from 0.1s to 15.0s, we discover different diffusive behaviors for the three classes of silver chloride particles.
One-Pot Synthesis of Fatty Acid Epoxides from Triacylglycerols Using Enzymes Present in Oat Seeds

In our previous work we used ground oat (Avena sativa) seeds as an inexpensive source of enzymes for the modification of FA or their chemical derivatives. We have extended this work by observing the products derived from an intact fat and three vegetable oils through the concerted action of oat seed enzymes. A modified reversed-phase HPLC protocol was devised that allowed the quantification of FFA, epoxy FA, and acylglycerols without derivatization. It was found that the addition of the surfactant deoxycholate or calcium chloride was needed to observe best hydrolysis of TAG to FA. Without an added oxidant, lipase action produced up to 80% by weight of FA at pH 7–9 with small amounts of DAG and MAG. When the oxidant t-butyl hydroperoxide was added in the presence of deoxycholate, the FA were partially converted to epoxide derivatives (up to 35% by weight). When calcium chloride replaced deoxycholate, only 4% by weight of the product was epoxide derivatives. The highest levels of FA epoxides were generated at pH7, and up to 15% by weight of the product at this pH was epoxymonostearin (monoepoxyoctadecanoylglycerol). The optimal molar amount of t-butyl hydroperoxide to add with deoxycholate for high epoxide formation was 1.4 to 2.8 times the amount of fatty esters in soybean oil. In no instance were oxidized DAG or TAG detected, demonstrating that a highly specific enzymatic process was responsible for epoxide formation. The epoxide products may be used to produce polyols with high viscosity for grease preparations.
Hard tissue biochemistry a comparison of fresh frozen and formalin fixed tissue samples

Formalin fixation of hard tissues alters the levels of some, but not all, of the parameters routinely measured by bone researchers. Although mineral parameters (ash weight, particle size (beta 1/2 002) and Ca/PO4 ratio) and lipid parameters (total lipid content and composition, extractability, and Ca-acidic phospholipid phosphate content) are not affected by formalin fixation, the uronate and DNA contents are reduced in formalin-fixed bone while hydroxyproline content is elevated.
Effects of vincristine on normal and stimulated megakaryocytopoiesis in the rat.

Summary Vincristine was given to rats in which thrombocytopoiesis was either normal or acutely or chronically stimulated by injections of heterologous antiplatelet serum. A single dose of 0.3 mg/kg was given intravenously. The drug produced an early and a delayed megakaryocytopenia suggesting that it was toxic to differentiated megakaryocytes as well as to proliferating stem cells. The results support the hypothesis that vincristine-induced thrombocytosis may be due to homeostatic adjustments which, in turn, are activated as a result of drug-induced cytotoxicity.
Evaluation of electrochemical properties and reverse electrodialysis performance for porous cation exchange membranes with sulfate-functionalized iron oxide

Abstract Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a process that can capture electrical energy from salinity gradients between seawater and river water through permselective ion exchange membranes. As ion exchange membranes are a key element in a RED system, enhancing their electrochemical characteristics is critical to maximizing system power performance. This study presents the preparation of porous nanocomposite cation exchange membranes via a two-step phase inversion technique. The phase inversion process controlled the structural variation (porosity) of the polymeric membranes in the presence of functionalized iron (III) oxide (Fe 2 O 3 –SO 4 2− ), which subsequently led to significantly improved electrochemical performance. A porous nanocomposite membrane containing an optimal amount of Fe 2 O 3 –SO 4 2− (0.7 wt%) at a thickness of 30 µm performed best, as it had an area resistance of 0.82 Ω cm 2 and a permselectivity of 85.6%. Application of this membrane in a RED system achieved gross power density of up to 1.4 W m −2 , which exceeds the power density obtained with the commercially available CSO (Selemion TM , Japan) membranes. Thus, effective design of ion exchange membranes through structure optimization increases the feasibility of salinity gradient power generation by RED.
Eliminating cardiac contamination from myoelectric control signals developed by targeted muscle reinnervation

The electrocardiogram (ECG) artifact is a major noise contaminating the myoelectric control signals when using shoulder disarticulation prosthesis. This is an even more significant problem with targeted muscle reinnervation to develop additional myoelectric sites for improved prosthesis control in a bilateral amputee at shoulder disarticulation level. This study aims at removal of ECG artifacts from the myoelectric prosthesis control signals produced from targeted muscle reinnervation. Three ECG artifact removal methods based on template subtracting, wavelet thresholding and adaptive filtering were investigated, respectively. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the reinnervated pectoralis muscles of the amputee. As a key parameter for clinical myoelectric prosthesis control, the amplitude measurement of the signal was used as a performance indicator to evaluate the proposed methods. The feasibility of the different methods for clinical application was also investigated with consideration of the clinical speed requirements and memory limitations of commercial prosthesis controllers.
Sleeping With One Eye Open: Marital Abuse as an Antecedent of Poor Sleep

In a diverse community sample of 241 married couples, we examined received psychological abuse (PA) as a longitudinal predictor of men's and women's sleep. Participants reported on marital functioning and mental health during three assessments (T1, T2, T3) and sleep problems during two assessments (T2, T3), with 1-year lags between waves. Growth curve analyses revealed that for both spouses, higher initial levels of PA and increases in PA over time predicted greater sleep disturbances at T3. For husbands and wives, anxiety and depression mediated some of the associations between PA and sleep problems. For wives, moderation effects highlighted the importance of violence, anxiety, and depression in exacerbating sleep problems associated with PA. Results build on and contribute significantly to the scant literature implicating the importance of the marital relationship for sleep and suggest that simultaneous consideration of intrapersonal and interpersonal variables is critical when explicating sleep disruptions.
Mechanisms by which a phorbol ester and a diacylglycerol analog inhibit hen granulosa cell steroidogenesis

Abstract We have previously reported that treatment of hen granulosa cells with the tumor-promoting phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or the diacylglycerol analog, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol (OAG), attenuates the steroidogenic response to luteinizing hormone (LH) at sites both prior and distal to the formation of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The present study was designed to determine the site(s) of inhibition within the steroidogenic pathway by evaluating the effects of OAG and PMA on key enzyme systems involved in hen granulosa cell steroidogenesis: adenylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterase, the cholesterol-side-chain-cleavage (CSCC) complex and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). The adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin (0.1 mM), stimulated a 3.3-fold increase in granulosa cell cAMP formation, and this increase was inhibited by the presence of OAG (2.5, 25 and 63 μM) in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, a 1.8-fold increase in cAMP accumulation induced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; 1.0 mM), was not altered by OAG at any dose (2.5, 25 and 63 μM). Inclusion of 25-hydroxycholesterol (2500 ng/tube) in the incubation medium in the presence of 1.0 μM cyanoketone resulted in a 10-fold increase in pregnenolone production. Increasing concentrations of OAG (2.5, 25 and 63 μM) caused a dose-dependent suppression of the conversion of 25-hydroxycholesterol to pregnenolone. On the other hand, granulosa cells incubated with 200 ng/tube pregnenolone increased progesterone production 100-fold, but this increase was not inhibited by either PMA (3.2, 32, 81 and 162 nM) or OAG (2.5, 25 and 63 μM). The results indicate that activation of protein kinase C can suppress the function of at least two key enzymes involved in hen granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase greatly reduces the steroidogenic response of granulosa cells to endocrine factors that act via increasing levels of cAMP (i.e. LH). Furthermore, a reduction in CSCC activity limits the availability of precursor required for progesterone production. These data provide additional evidence of a role for protein kinase C in modulating ovarian function in the domestic hen.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate levels in brain after treatments which impair cerebral glucose metabolism.

Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) concentrations were measured in brains of rats to determine whether a deficiency of this coenzyme was a common feature in hepatic coma, ethanol intoxication, and in animals treated withl-dopa or with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) alone or with inhibitors of MAO or ofl-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. These treatments have been shown previously to be associated with reduced conversion of glucose to amino acids in brain. Cerebral PLP concentrations were reduced after some of these treatments, notably injection of ethanol, orl-dopa alone or with β-phenylisopropylhydrazine, an inhibitor of MAO, or of 5-HTP together withN-[β-(chlorophenoxy)ethyl]cyclopropylamine hydrochloride, Lilly 51641, another MAO inhibitor. However, in other circumstances where inhibition of conversion of glucose to amino acids has been shown {treatment with 5-HTP, or with Lilly 51641 or with [N-(d,l-seryl)-N′-2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl]hydrazine, an inhibitor ofl-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, together withl-dopa or with 5-HTP}, PLP levels in brain were unchanged, or were increased (in hepatectomized rats).
Monte Carlo Simulation Of Complex System Mission Reliability

A Monte Carlo methodology for the reliability simulation of highly redundant systems is presented. Two forms of importance sampling, forced transitions and failure biasing, allow large sets of continuous-time Markov equations to be simulated effectively and the results to be plotted as continuous functions of time. A modification of the sampling technique also allows the simulation of both nonhomogeneous Markov processes and of nonMarkovian processes involving the replacement of worn parts. A number of benchmark problems are examined. For problems with large numbers of components, Monte Carlo is found to result in decreases in computing times by as much as a factor of twenty from the Runge-Kutta Markov solver employed in the NASA code HARP.
DAQ: Software architecture for data acquisition in sounding rockets

A multithreaded software application was developed by Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) to collect a set of correlated imagery, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and GPS data for a Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) sounding rocket flight. The data set will be used to advance Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) technology algorithms being researched at JPL. This paper describes the software architecture and the tests used to meet the timing and data rate requirements for the software used to collect the dataset. Also discussed are the challenges of using commercial off the shelf (COTS) flight hardware and open source software. This includes multiple Camera Link (C-link) based cameras, a Pentium-M based computer, and Linux Fedora 11 operating system. Additionally, the paper talks about the history of the software architecture's usage in other JPL projects and its applicability for future missions, such as cubesats, UAVs, and research planes/balloons. Also talked about will be the human aspect of project especially JPL's Phaeton program and the results of the launch.
On the effect of overdispersion on exact conditional tests

Let Y 1 Y n denote independent random variables such that γ has a one-parameter exponential family distribution with canonical parameter θ j = λ + ψX j ; here 1 X n are known constants. Consider a test of the null hypothesis ψ = O. Under the null hypothesis, A = Σ Y j is sufficient for A and, hence, a test of ψ = 0 may be based on the conditional distribution of T = ΣX j Y j given A, which is independent of A. In this paper, the effects of overdispersion due to a mixture model on the conditional distribution of T given A are considered.
The growth of growth

Abstract The author argues that there is a natural growth of growth, which a nation follows as it develops : from slow to fast, and then a return to slow growth rates with the arrival of post-industrial society. The existing gap between the rich and the poor nations is both a result of this pattern and a necessity for raising the income of less-developed countries. Policies which will slow growth and redistribute wealth are precisely the opposite of what is needed today. The poor will get richer because the rich get richer. The author outlines the factors acting to accelerate economic growth in the developing countries and to slow it in the developed countries. Once this transition has been successfully managed the world will be much better equipped to manage the real problems facing it.
Integrating Mental Health and Primary Care Services in the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System

Integrating mental health care in the primary care setting has been identified in the literature as a model for increasing access to mental health services and has been associated with enhanced clinical and functional patient outcomes and higher patient satisfaction. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), which operates the nation’s largest integrated health care system, has taken a leadership role in creating a health care system in which mental health care is provided in the primary care setting. This article examines VA’s efforts and progress to date in implementing evidence-based models of integrated mental health services nationally in community based outpatient clinics, home based primary care, and outpatient primary clinics at medical facilities. Psychology plays an important role in this progress, as part of an overall interdisciplinary effort, in which all professions are crucially important and work together to promote the overall well-being of patients.
Hyperglycemics, hypoglycemics and glucose metabolism in Trypanosoma lewisi

Abstract 1. 1. Treatment of rats with the diabetogenic agents alloxan and streptozotocin caused a significant increase in populations of T. lewisi when hyperglycemia was moderate, but not in severe hyperglycemia. 2. 2. Greater trypanosome parasitemias were typically seen in insulin-treated rats, and leukocyte counts of the treated animals were higher than controls. 3. 3. Pharmacological doses of phenformin also caused significant increases in peak numbers of circulating trypanosomes, even though this oral hypoglycemic did not reduce blood sugar levels as effectively as insulin. 4. 4. Although glucagon injections produced only transient hyperglycemias, rats treated with this hormone displayed significantly greater numbers of circulating T. lewisi than comparable controls. 5. 5. In vitro studies of T. lewisi isolated 6 days post-infection indicated that insulin, glucagon and phenformin treated organisms apparently consume more glucose than do controls. 6. 6. Insulin may also cause decreased lactate production in T. lewisi .
Rethinking the dream.

In this article the author discusses aspects of human space exploration. He notes several pioneering events in space exploration history, such as the first man ever to travel into space, Yuri Gagarin, and the possibilities of space travel that each event promised. He questions what happened to humanity's dream of unlimited manned space travel, the economic aspects of human space travel, and finding creative ways that continue to inspire space exploration during tough economic times.
Metabolism of Xenobiotics during Percutaneous Penetration: Role of Absorption Rate and Cutaneous Enzyme Activity

Abstract The role of absorption rate and enzyme activity on cutaneous metabolism of topically applied xenobiotics was assessed by determining the simultaneous percutaneous penetration/metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC) in intact, metabolically viable skin of Sencar mice, hairless guinea pigs, and humans. In addition, specific activities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxycoumarin deethylase (ECDE) were determined in cutaneous microsomal fractions. Both compounds were readily absorbed but only minimally metabolized. Sencar mouse and hairless guinea pig skin absorbed 55–60% of the applied B[a]P dose and metabolized only 6 and 3%, respectively, of that absorbed. Human skin absorbed 31% of the applied dose and B[a]P metabolism was not detectable. All three species absorbed 60–80% of the applied 7-EC dose. Sencar mouse and hairless guinea pig skin metabolized 1.3 and 1.2% of the absorbed dose, respectively, and human skin metabolized only 0.05%. When 7-EC absorption was increased to the maximum possible rate, its metabolism by Sencar mouse and hairless guinea pig skin was also substantially increased. In human skin, a much smaller increase in 7-EC absorption rate was possible and no increase in 7-EC metabolism occurred. Thus relatively slower absorption of 7-EC and B[a]P by human skin may limit cutaneous metabolism of these penetrating compounds. Specific activities of AHH and ECDE were significantly lower in human skin than in Sencar mouse and hairless guinea pig skin, suggesting that low enzyme activity contributes as well to a low rate of metabolism by human skin compared to other species. Thus absorption rate and cutaneous enzyme activity are interrelated determinants of the extent of cutaneous metabolism of B[a]P and 7-EC occurring during their percutaneous penetration, and slow absorption and low enzyme activity limit cutaneous metabolism of B[a]P and 7-EC in human skin in particular.
Inheritance of low serum immunoglobulin D

Previous studies have shown that log IgD levels in normal individuals are distributed in a nonunimodal manner. Therefore, in this study we tested whether inheritance might play a role in determination of IgD levels. IgD levels were measured in serum or plasma from 301 randomly selected children aged 6-18 yr, 245 consecutive adult blood donors, and 134 first-degree relatives of subjects with low IgD levels. Comparison of serum and plasma from five individuals revealed no difference, so the two were used interchangeably. The distributions of log IgD levels in randomly selected populations of both adults and children were nonunimodal with nadirs at 2.15 IU/ml. In both of these randomly selected populations, 13-14% of the subjects had low IgD values (<2.15 IU/ml). In addition, there was a significant sibling-sibling correlation of log IgD values (r = 0.56, n = 72, P <0.01). Because of the nonunimodality of the frequency distribution histogram for IgD values and because of the familial aggregation of these values, the study was extended to include first-degree relatives of subjects with low plasma IgD. Blood samples from 92% of living first-degree relatives, 134 individuals, were analyzed for their level of IgD, and the results of segregation and pedigree analyses of these data were compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for low plasma IgD levels. IgD values in plasma from siblings of probands for low IgD were also non-unimodal in distribution with a nadir at congruent with2.15 IU/ml. The results suggest that there is autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for low plasma IgD.
Efficient algorithms for the capacitated concentrator location problem

Abstract Topological design of computer communication networks is a very difficult problem. This problem is generally disaggregated into a number of “simpler” problems. One of these “simpler” problems is the capacitated concentrator location problem. The paper makes use of the Lagrangian relaxation approach to develop optimal and heuristic solution procedures for this problem. Computational experiments show these procedures to be both efficient and effective. The heuristic solution procedure is compared to previously developed algorithms and found to generate significantly better results.
Transaction Costs and the Land Use Planning Process

Urban scholars have recently begun to employ transaction costs as a heuristic device to understand the land use planning process. This emphasis on transaction costs can be traced to Ronald H. Coase...
Pattern-based sparse matrix representation for memory-efficient SMVM kernels

Pattern-based Representation (PBR) is a novel approach to improving the performance of Sparse Matrix-Vector Multiply (SMVM) numerical kernels. Motivated by our observation that many matrices can be divided into blocks that share a small number of distinct patterns, we generate custom multiplication kernels for frequently recurring block patterns. The resulting reduction in index overhead significantly reduces memory bandwidth requirements and improves performance. Unlike existing methods, PBR requires neither detection of dense blocks nor zero filling, making it particularly advantageous for matrices that lack dense nonzero concentrations. SMVM kernels for PBR can benefit from explicit prefetching and vectorization, and are amenable to parallelization. We present sequential and parallel performance results for PBR on two current multicore architectures, which show that PBR outperforms available alternatives for the matrices to which it is applicable.
Analysis of the Held-Karp lower bound for the asymmetric TSP

We show that the Held-Karp lower bound for the asymmetric traveling salesman problem (ATSP) dominates the Balas-Christofides lower bound. For the ATSP with triangle inequality, we show that it is also greater than (1[log n])Z"T"S"P, where Z"T"S"P is the cost of the optimal tour. In the course of proving these results, we provide alternate characterizations of the Held-Karp lower bound and prove that on instances which obey the triangle inequality, the lower bound is monotonic with respect to the set of nodes included.
Direct evidence for translational regulation by leader RNA and Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Abstract Translational effects of the RNA leader and Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were investigated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Hybrid RNA species with natural or mutated HIV-1 leader fused to human interferon- gamma mRNA were produced in vitro from recombinant plasmids. HIV-1 leader RNA was found to inhibit translation through two mechanisms. A 3-fold trans-inhibition of translation was demonstrated by mixing hybrid HIV-1 leader RNA with indicator interferon mRNA. By comparison, HIV-1 leader caused a 50-fold cis-inhibition in lysate in which two trans-inhibitory factors, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase and (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase, were suppressed. In contrast, purified HIV-1 Tat protein produced in Escherichia coli enhanced by 4-fold translation from HIV-1 leader-interferon mRNA but not from interferon mRNA lacking HIV sequences or from total poly(A)+ RNA. Translation of mRNA containing either a single base substitution in the loop of the "trans-acting responsive" sequence (TAR) or an alternative stem-loop in TAR was nevertheless stimulated by Tat. The enhancement of translation by Tat was largely due to relief of cis-inhibition, since the effect was found even in lysate in which double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase was inhibited with 2-aminopurine. These results suggest that translation is an important level of control in the replication cycle of HIV-1.
Relationship of tumor grade to other pathologic features and to treatment outcome of patients with early stage breast carcinoma treated with breast‐conserving therapy

BACKGROUND Although histologic grade has previously been described as a predictor of distant failure, it is uncertain whether histologic grade should be used to decide which patients should undergo axillary lymph node dissection and whether grade should be considered as a selection factor for breast-conserving therapy. METHODS The authors retrospectively analyzed data from 1081 patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage I or II infiltrating ductal carcinoma treated with breast-conserving therapy at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy between 1970 and 1986. All patients had pathology slides reviewed by one of two study pathologists. Using the Elston modification of the Bloom-Richardson grading system, patients were divided by histologic grade into 3 groups (219 with Grade I, 482 with Grade II, and 380 with Grade III). The median follow-up time for 716 survivors was 134 months. The incidence of various pathologic features was examined with respect to histologic grade. In addition, the 10-year crude rates of failure (by first site) were examined as they related to grade. A polychotomous logistic regression model was used to determine the effect of grade on local and distant failure. RESULTS High grade tumors tended to be larger, to exhibit more mononuclear cellular reaction and necrosis, and were more likely to be estrogen receptor negative. Patients with high grade tumors were also younger than those with lower grade tumors. The incidence of an extensive intraductal component and lymphatic vessel invasion did not vary significantly by histologic grade. The incidence of pathologic lymph node metastases also did not vary by grade, even when stratified by tumor size. In both univariable and multivariable analyses, the 10-year crude rate of local recurrence was not related to histologic grade (P = 0.44). Distant recurrence rates, however, were significantly higher as grade increased (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Higher histologic grade predicted an increased incidence of distant recurrence, but not a greater likelihood of axillary lymph node metastases or local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy. The authors conclude that grade should not be used to make decisions regarding local management. Cancer 1996;78:1426-31.
Novel Structures for α-Actinin:F-Actin Interactions and their Implications for Actin-Membrane Attachment and Tension Sensing in the Cytoskeleton

We have applied correspondence analysis to electron micrographs of 2-D rafts of F-actin cross-linked with α-actinin on a lipid monolayer to investigate α-actinin:F-actin binding and cross-linking. More than 8000 actin crossover repeats, each with one to five α-actinin molecules bound, were selected, aligned, and grouped to produce class averages of α-actinin cross-links with ∼9-fold improvement in the stochastic signal-to-noise ratio. Measurements and comparative molecular models show variation in the distance separating actin-binding domains and the angle of the α-actinin cross-links. Rafts of F-actin and α-actinin formed predominantly polar 2-D arrays of actin filaments, with occasional insertion of filaments of opposite polarity. Unique to this study are the numbers of α-actinin molecules bound to successive crossovers on the same actin filament. These “monofilament”-bound α-actinin molecules may reflect a new mode of interaction for α-actinin, particularly in protein-dense actin–membrane attachments in focal adhesions. These results suggest that α-actinin is not simply a rigid spacer between actin filaments, but rather a flexible cross-linking, scaffolding, and anchoring protein. We suggest these properties of α-actinin may contribute to tension sensing in actin bundles.
Geomorphic observations of rivers in the Oregon Coast Range from a regional reconnaissance perspective

Abstract Changes in long profile, gradient, gradient index, pseudo-hypsometric integral, valley incision, and sinuosity fractal dimension for rivers in western Oregon were studied to determine their usefulness in assessing an hypothesis of differential uplift within the Coast Range. All data were gathered from topographic quadrangles and geologic maps, and so the results of this paper are limited to the description of river forms with only limited interpretations. Rivers were naturally divided into three groups, those in the western Coast Range, the eastern Coast Range, and the Klamath and Cascade Ranges, and differences in river morphometry were generalized. Rivers in the western Coast Range had more divergent characteristics, whereas those in the other groups were more similar within each group. For example, long profiles of western Coast Range rivers had diverse forms, but in the other groups, long profiles were similar within the group. Pseudo-hypsometric integrals had a wide scatter in the western Coast Range, but in the other ranges, the pseudo-hypsometric integral was more narrowly defined. Valley entrenchment and high sinuosity were common in the western Coast Range, and were less visible in the eastern Coast Range. These regional generalizations do not hold for the central Coast Range near 44.5°N where the Yaquina and Marys Rivers are located. In the eastern Coast Range, the Marys River is unique in that it has a convex bulge in its long profile, does not have an increasing valley-floor width to valley height ratio downstream, and has a high sinuosity fractal dimension. In the western Coast Range, the Yaquina River is unique in that it has a smoothly decreasing long profile, has a very low pseudo-hypsometric integral, and does not have a decreasing valley-floor width to valley height ratio downstream. There may be many explanations for these observations, but these observations are also consistent with tectonic interpretations that the central western Coast Range is the locus of synclinal tilting and that the entire Oregon coast is experiencing landward tilting and uplift.