cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic predisposition for chemotherapy-induced neuropathy in multiple myeloma

INCB018424, a JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, in myelofibrosis. N Engl J Med 363(12):1117-1127, 2010 4. Pardanani A, Gotlib JR, Jamieson C, et al: Safety and efficacy of TG101348, a selective JAK2 inhibitor, in myelofibrosis. J Clin Oncol 29:789796, 2011 5. Santos FP, Kantarjian HM, Jain N, et al: Phase 2 study of CEP-701, an orally available JAK2 inhibitor, in patients with primary or post-polycythemia vera/ essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis. Blood 115:1131-1136, 2010 6. Verstovsek S: Therapeutic potential of Janus-activated kinase-2 inhibitors for the management of myelofibrosis. Clin Cancer Res 16:1988-1996, 2010 7. Barosi G, Bergamaschi G, Marchetti M, et al: JAK2 V617F mutational status predicts progression to large splenomegaly and leukemic transformation in primary myelofibrosis. Blood 110:4030-4036, 2007 8. Guglielmelli P, Barosi G, Specchia G, et al: Identification of patients with poorer survival in primary myelofibrosis based on the burden of JAK2V617F mutated allele. Blood 114:1477-1483, 2009 9. Tefferi A, Lasho TL, Huang J, et al: Low JAK2V617F allele burden in primary myelofibrosis, compared to either a higher allele burden or unmutated status, is associated with inferior overall and leukemia-free survival. Leukemia 22:756-761, 2008 10. Mesa RA: How I treat symptomatic splenomegaly in patients with myelofibrosis. Blood 113:5394-5400, 2009 11. Steensma DP, Mesa RA, Li CY, et al: Etanercept, a soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor, palliates constitutional symptoms in patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: Results of a pilot study. Blood 99: 2252-2254, 2002 12. Jedidi A, Marty C, Oligo C, et al: Selective reduction of JAK2V617Fdependent cell growth by siRNA/shRNA and its reversal by cytokines. Blood 114:1842-1851, 2009 13. Mesa RA, Kantarjian H, Tefferi A, et al: Functional assessment of performance status in patients with myelofibrosis (MF): Utility and feasibility of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). J Clin Oncol 27:376s, 2009 (suppl; abstr 7083)
Transcriptional profiling of the parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon.

article i nfo The parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a complex developmental process that culminates in the ability to migrate to and live in seawater. We used GRASP 16K cDNA microarrays to identify genes that are differentially expressed in the liver, gill, hypothalamus, pituitary, and olfactory rosettes of smolts compared to parr. Smolts had higher levels of gill Na + /K + -ATPase activity, plasma cortisol and plasma thyroid hormones relative to parr. Across all five tissues, stringent microarray analyses identified 48 features that were differentially expressed in smolts compared to parr. Using a less stringent method we found 477 features that were differentially expressed at least 1.2-fold in smolts, including 172 features in the gill. Smolts had higher mRNA levels of genes involved in transcription, protein biosynthesis and folding, electron trans- port, oxygen transport, and sensory perception and lower mRNA levels for genes involved in proteolysis. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to confirm differential expression in select genes identified by microarray analyses and to quantify expression of other genes known to be involved in smolting. This study expands our understanding of the molecular processes that underlie smolting in Atlantic salmon and identifies genes for further investigation.
Superior Damping of Hybrid Carbon Fiber Composites Grafted by ZnO Nanorods

The elevated specific strength of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) is the prominent drive for their ever-growing applications. Their inadequate vibrational damping properties prevent them from replacing conventional metal alloys for certain structural applications. In this study we attempt to utilize a low temperature hydrothermal synthesis to grow ZnO nanorods on the surface of woven carbon fibers and implement the resulting hybridized fibers in an epoxy matrix composite. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are carried out to study the morphology of the surface-grown nanorods and their adhesion to the substrate carbon fibers. Two-layered hybrid composite laminas are tested for their structural damping properties using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It is observed that the ZnO nanorods can enhance the damping figure of merit of the composites by 40 % without a major delineation in the storage modulus. The enhanced damping performance can be attributed to the additional surfaces manifested by the presence of the ZnO nanorods and, consequently, augmenting the sliding and frictional mechanisms. Furthermore, ZnO as piezoelectric material has the energy scavenging advantages over other 1D nanostructures which ultimately constitutes the fabricated hybrid composites as a multifunctional structural material for energy harvesting applications.
Probing dynamics of complex molecular systems with ultrafast 2D IR vibrational echo spectroscopy.

Ultrafast 2D IR vibrational echo spectroscopy is described and a number of experimental examples are given. Details of the experimental method including the pulse sequence, heterodyne detection, and determination of the absorptive component of the 2D spectrum are outlined. As an initial example, the 2D spectrum of the stretching mode of CO bound to the protein myoglobin (MbCO) is presented. The time dependence of the 2D spectrum of MbCO, which is caused by protein structural evolution, is presented and its relationship to the frequency–frequency correlation function is described and used to make protein structural assignments based on comparisons to molecular dynamics simulations. The 2D vibrational echo experiments on the protein horseradish peroxidase are presented. The time dependence of the 2D spectra of the enzyme in the free form and with a substrate bound at the active site are compared and used to examine the influence of substrate binding on the protein’s structural dynamics. The application of 2D vibrational echo spectroscopy to the study of chemical exchange under thermal equilibrium conditions is described. 2D vibrational echo chemical exchange spectroscopy is applied to the study of formation and dissociation of organic solute–solvent complexes and to the isomerization around a carbon–carbon single bond of an ethane derivative.
Potential of superconductive josephson tunneling technology for ultrahigh performance memories and processors

The potential of a new technology, based on the superconducting Josephson tunneling effect, has been assessed for use in high-speed computer systems. Josephson tunneling circuits for memory and logic functions can be switched at sub-nanosecond delay, do not require standby power, and dissipate extremely low energy, typically less than 10-13joule during fast switching operation. High-speed circuits with high packing densities, not limited by power dissipation problems, can therefore be expected. Low thermal noise at cryogenic temperatures ensures reliable operation despite the low energy switching signal. Practically lossless signal transmission via superconducting lines can be exploited for high-speed operation even when sizeable memory and logic modules are assembled. Two random access memory modules have been designed on the basis of single device experiments. Operational characteristics leading to the conclusion that 30 Mbit capacity, less than 1 watt refrigeration requirement (at 3.6° K) and cycle times of 40 ns (in one case) and 15 ns (in the second case), can be achieved are presented.
Detonation waves induced by a confined wedge

An auto-ignition detonation phenomenon can be initiated by a wedge confined in a channel. A new, self-sustaining, normal detonation wave engine concept is proposed. The detonation processes were numerically modeled with a simplified two-dimensional wedged channel flow that was deemed to emulate a real three-dimensional configuration. The results showed that within certain ranges of incoming flow Mach number or wedge angle, detonation could be self ignited in the channel. The study furthermore investigated the detonation waves based on three different detonation initiation positions. Different configurations of the detonation waves were observed and analyzed. The performance of the different detonation wave configurations was estimated and compared.
Efficient diagnosis in algorithm-based fault tolerant multiprocessor systems

The conventional assumption that checks in an algorithm-based fault tolerant (ABFT) system can be invalidated due to aliasing of erroneous data elements has complicated the task of error detection and location. In this paper we show that aliasing is a very rare occurrence. We then present a simple polynomial-time diagnosis algorithm which takes advantage of this result to run much more efficiently compared to the conventional method of diagnosis. We introduce the concept of NC-detectability and NC-locatability to measure the fault tolerance of the system when check invalidation does not occur and show how to design systems with specified error detectability/NC-detectability and locatability/NC-locatability. For the data-check graphs designed using these methods, when aliasing does not occur, our diagnosis algorithm has a worst case complexity of O(s/sup 2/n/sup 2/log n), where s is the error locatability and n is the number of data elements in the system. We also consider the case where the processors which compute the checks themselves fail. >
Do Parents Need to Know More About Innocent Murmurs? Experiences with an Instructional Fact Sheet

A fact sheet about innocent or functional heart murmurs can help relieve the anxiety which many parents would otherwise have. This also helps safeguard the child from being anxious about his heart.
SphinxCAM-Pro|E: Computer-Aided Modeling and Manufacturing of Spherical Mechanisms Via the Web

In this paper we present a web-based computer-aided design modeling and manufacturing methodology for spherical mechanisms. Our purpose is to facilitate the analysis, dynamic simulation, and manufacture of one degree of freedom spherical four-bar mechanisms. First, a brief review of some of the current computer-aided design (CAD) software for spherical fourbar mechanisms, e.g. SPHINX, SPHINXPC, ISIS, and OSIRIS is presented. These software packages provide the three-dimensional visualization and computational capabilities necessary to design spherical four-bar mechanisms. However, to date no readily available and effective tools exist to aid in the modeling and manufacture of spherical mechanisms. Next, the kinematics of spherical fourbar mechanisms are reviewed as they pertain to their geometric modeling and manufacture. Finally, we present our web-based implementation of a computer-aided modeling, simulation, and manufacturing methodology for spherical four-bar mechanisms called SPHINXCAM-ProjE. SPHINXCAM-ProjE, when used with the CAD tools mentioned above, facilitates the design, dynamic simulation, prototyping, and manufacture of spherical four-bar mechanisms.
Mesonerilla neridae sp. nov. (Nerillidae): First meiofaunal annelid from deep-sea hydrothermal vents

Though most common in coastal sandy bottoms, nerillid annelids have been found in a broad variety of habitats around the world and two genera have previously been reported from the deep sea. During a cruise to the southern East Pacific Rise and northern Pacific Antarctic Ridge (near Easter Island) in 2005, six specimens of a new species of Mesonerilla were collected at depths of 2234–2649 m. Samples were taken via DSV Alvin with a slurp gun collecting fine silt and volcanic glass shards in cracks, fissures, and mussel beds from 5–20 m away from active venting areas. As well as being the first deep-sea hydrothermal vent associated nerillid, this is the first record of an adult meiofaunal annelid from deep-sea hydrothermal vent areas and the first record of Mesonerilla from the deep sea. Based on the new material we here describe a new species of Mesonerilla , M. neridae sp. nov., with nine chaetigerous segments, three antennae, long chaetae, and almost no ciliation. It resembles the subtidal, interstitial M. roscovita in the shared presence of a short median antenna and M. fagei and M. luderitzi by presence of chaetae in segment one and relatively short parapodial cirri.
Use of a “Catalytic” Cosolvent, N,N-Dimethyl Octanamide, Allows the Flow Synthesis of Imatinib with no Solvent Switch

A general, efficient method for C-N cross-coupling has been developed using N,N-dimethyloctanamide as a catalytic cosolvent for biphasic continuous-flow applications. The described method was used to generate a variety of biarylamines and was integrated into a two-step sequence which converted phenols into biarylamines via either triflates or tosylates. Additionally, the method was applied to a three-step synthesis of imatinib, the API of Gleevec, in good yield without the need of solvent switches.
Which Fossil fuel Taxes Promote Innovation in Renewable Electricity Generation

We evaluate the role of a fossil fuel tax and research subsidy in directing innovation from fossil fuel toward renewable energy technologies in the electricity sector. Using a global firm-level electricity patent database from 1978 to 2011, we find that the impact of fossil fuel taxes on renewable energy innovation varies with the type of fossil fuel. Specifically, a tax on coal reduces innovation in both fossil fuel and renewable energy technologies while a tax on natural gas has no statistically significant impact on renewable energy innovation. The reason is that easily dispatchable energy sources like coal-fired power plants need to complement renewable energy Technologies in the grid because renewables generate electricity intermittently. Our results suggest that a tax on natural gas, combined with research subsidies for renewable energy, may effectively shift innovation in the electricity sector towards renewable energy. In contrast, coal taxation or a carbon tax that increases coal prices has unintended negative consequences for renewable energy innovation.
The metabolism of aminopyrine in chick embryo hepatic cell culture: effects of competitive substrates and carbon monoxide.

Chick embryonic liver cells grown in monolayer cultures metabolize aminopyrine to 4-aminoantipyrine, which is released into the medium. This N-demethylation is performed by liver cell cultures but not by renal or intestinal cell cultures from chick embryos. The formation of 4-aminoantipyrine is linear with time and is inhibited by SKF 525-A (2-diethylaminoethyl 2,2-diphenylvalerate HCl), piperonyl butoxide, hexobarbital, lauric acid, and testosterone. Inhibition in all cases is at least partially reversible. The rate of 4-aminoantipyrine formation is also reversibly inhibited by carbon monoxide. From the CO:O2 ratio and rate of formation of the metabolite, it is possible to estimate the partition coefficient, KL, for cytochrome P-450 in living cells, which agrees quite well with estimates from incubations in vitro.
Greatinine Equilibrium Between Mother and Nephrectomized Primate Fetus.

Summary and conclusions1. Concentrations of creatinine in maternal and fetal sera of the monkey are within the range considered normal for pregnant humans. 2. Concentrations of creatinine in maternal and fetal sera remain in equilibrium and within this normal range 3 and 4 weeks after bilateral fetal nephrectomy. 3. It is not necessary to postulate renal excretion of creatinine into the amniotic fluid and subsequent absorption or diffusion by the chorioamniotic membrane to account for creatinine equilibrium between fetus and mother. 4. It is suggested that the placenta, rather than the fetal kidneys, is important in maintaining the composition of fetal serum.
Microstructural and Magnetotransport (EHE) Properties of Epitaxial τ-MnAl ON (100)GaAs Substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition

We report on the crystal quality and magnetotransport properties (EHE) of epitaxial (001) τ- MnAVGaAs(100) grown by the laser ablation deposition technique. Films (10-30 nm thick) were grown by two methods: (1) ablating a τ-MnAl target, prepared in-house; (2) alternate deposition of ultra thin layers of Mn and Al (~6 periods) followed by annealing at different temperatures. For both deposition approaches ultrathin coherent epitaxial τ-MnAl films have been grown at temperatures in the range 250–420°C that is below the e-phase transformation temperature. Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to characterize the crystalline quality of the deposited films. The Extraordinary Hall Effect measurements (EHE) indicate that the deposited films are perpendicularly magnetized showing coercivity up to 6 kOe at room temperature. The epitaxial growth of thin film ferromagnetic materials on lattice matching semiconductor substrates offers the possibility of integrating magnetic and semiconducting devices.
Therapeutic Effect of Different Ganciclovir Treatment Courses on Infantile Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy and side effects of different ganciclovir(GCV) treatment courses in treating infantile cytomegalovirus(CMV) hepatitis.Methods A total of 48 hospitalized infants aged from 1-4 months with CMV hepatitis from Department of Pediatrics of Dongguan Women and Children′s Hospital during Jan.2009 to Dec.2010 were recruited,and they were randomly divided into 2 groups.All the patients were given the same basic treatments including liver protection and jaundice treatment.Besides,patients in first study group were treated with GCV 5 mg·kg-1,twice a day for 2 weeks;patients in the second study group were treated with GCV 5 mg·kg-1,twice a day for 2 weeks during the induction period and 5 mg·kg-1,once a day for 7 days during the maintenance period.Liver function,kidney function and myocardium enzymes spectrum were checked before and after treatment.All the patients were followed-up and their serum CMV-IgM were monitored for 2 months after being discharged.Results Compared with before treatment,the levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),serum bilirubin total and direct bilirubin after treatment decreased significantly in the both study groups(Pa0.05).And the levels of ALT serum bilirubin total and direct bilirubin after treatment between the 2 study groups were significantly different(Pa0.05).The negative conversion ratio of CMV-IgM in the second study group was higher than that in the first study group at 2 months after treatment.There was no significant difference of the changes of blood routine,kidney function and myocardium enzymes spectrum between the 2 study groups(Pa0.05).Conclusions To treat infantile cytomegalovirus hepatitis with GCV is effective.The 3 weeks two periods treatment protocol is better than the 2 weeks one period treatment protocol.The negative conversion ratio of CMV-IgM is higher in the 3 weeks two periods treatment protocol,and the relapse rate is lower.Compared with the longer treatment protocol,the 3 weeks two periods treatment protocol has lesser side effects of GCV,and was oecumenical,easier to accept by little baby,so it is worth to recommend.
Supporting situation awareness through robot-to-human information exchanges under conditions of visuospatial perspective taking

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of robot-to-human information exchanges on the development of human situation awareness under differing levels of visuospatial perspective taking and the effect of situation awareness on the quality of human assistance provided to a robot. Fifty-six male participants with ages ranging from 18 to 29 (M = 18.89, SD = 3.41) were included in the analysis of the results. The results showed that if robots can increasingly support a human's understanding of when assistance is needed, they will be better able to provide that assistance. When spatial information was added to robot-to-human information exchanges, representing that spatial information in global-relative reference frames was more beneficial than representing that information in reference to the human's view of the environment.
A study of the occurrence of gonorrhea in postpartum women

This study concentrates upon the occurrence of gonorrhea in postpartum women who experienced a reproductive event in Charity Hospital of New Orleans and kept an appointment with the Louisiana Family Planning Clinic. The study period covered the four months from December, 1968, through March, 1969. To measure the frequency of gonorrhea, the Thayer-Martin culture medium was used. The agar plate was smeared with the rolling-Z technique and culture plates were then streaked, separating the colonies within the first hour. Findings from this study indicate that the average gonorrhea prevalence rate for these postpartum women was 7.4 per 100 women. Of the four months considered, December was the month when the gonorrhea prevalence rate was highest. In addition, from these data it would appear that those black postpartum women who have never been married, or have been married but are now separated, are young (24 years of age or less), and have zero parity should be classified as the highest risk group(s) for gonorrhea.
Identifying King Stephen’s artillery

References to artillery in sources for English history from 1066 to 1189 are typically vague. Eschewing the technical Latin terms ballista, mangonel or onager, medieval writers in the period tended towards generic words like machina. This habit prohibits the positive identification of specific weapon types present at Anglo-Norman/Angevin sieges and thus full interpretations of the engagements themselves. This essay suggests an alternative, contextual methodology. After first assessing the physicality of a siege zone (landscape, topography and fortification architecture), it applies knowledge about artillery type and operation (range to target, trajectory, shot type and size) in order to see what weapons could and could not have been deployed in the zone. When such contextual information is available, the method can help identify weapon type in the absence of specific terminology. The examples presented here are King Stephen’s sieges of Lincoln in 1141 and Faringdon in 1145.
A viscoelastic-based model for predicting the strength of asphalt concrete in direct tension

Abstract The modeling of asphalt concrete behavior under monotonic loading plays an important role in investigating the low temperature behavior of pavement material. Further, any proposed method should be able to consider the rate and temperature dependency of asphalt concrete. This paper presents a new method for simulating the behavior of asphalt concrete in uniaxial tension. Direct tension monotonic testing that incorporates a constant crosshead displacement rate and various temperatures was used in the experimental investigation to simulate thermal cracking of asphalt concrete. Viscoelastic continuum damage theory was applied to simulate the asphalt behavior in direct tension. This theory is able to model distributed damage within the material under both constant and dropping temperatures. A damage characteristic curve, which has been proven to represent the intrinsic property of the material, was used to simulate the damage evolution during testing. The proposed method features a single ordinary differential equation that is solved to provide the damage evolution. The results show that the predicted stress matches the measured data well for tests conducted at North Carolina State University and by other agencies. Implementing the proposed method in a finite element code provides a strong mechanistic model to predict asphalt fracture under thermal loading.
Rivalrous Consonance: An Approach to Mature Oligopolistic Competition

After the introductory considerations of Chapters 1 and 2, there remains the admittedly fearsome task of dealing with oligopolistic decision making in these areas of integrated competition, and the point has arrived at which the primary approach to be taken to this market structure must be presented in some detail. The framework discussed in this chapter has been presented in both theoretical and applied forms in an extensive literature.1 As developed in this book it is designed to gain insights into the interdependent actions of firms that are in “mature” oligopolistic industry structures, a concept to be defined formally below, although it is capable of use in less settled, more aggressive environments, including active price and nonprice warfare. In the analysis of this work, however, with the exception of studies of entry in Chapter 11, the effort will be confined to mature industries, in which more peaceful patterns of competition and cooperation have emerged in the industry’s patterns of decision making.
Reaction N 14 ( p , p ′ γ ) N 14

The yield of the 2.31-Mev gamma rays resulting from the inelastic scattering of protons by ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$, leaving the residual nucleus in its first excited state, has been measured for bombarding energies ranging from 2.5 to 5.1 Mev. Four levels were found at energies of excitation in the compound nucleus ${\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ of 11.00, 11.08, 11.83, and 11.91 Mev, having experimental widths of 90, 25, 80, and 70 kev, respectively. Angular distributions of the gamma rays taken at the resonances were isotropic, in agreement with the previous assignment of spin 0 to the 2.31-Mev state in ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$.
The Structure of Bids: Public–Private Hybrids

This chapter offers a structural assessment of BID publicness and privateness. It builds upon the introductory description of BIDs and public–private behavioral perspectives discussed in the previous chapter. I’ll render here a full portrait of BIDs’ formal institutional character. It was suggested in Chap. 1 that BIDs are public–private hybrids since they are private organizations charged with the public power of taxation. That contention will now be established with greater specificity.
Review of the Clinical Evidence for the Use of DEBIRI in the Treatment of Colorectal Metastatic Disease

Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy that most commonly metastasizes to the liver. There has been considerable effort in developing new treatment options for these patients. One method that has been developed for the treatment of colorectal metastases to the liver is irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting bead (DEBIRI) embolization. This article reviews the current literature on DEBIRI and discusses the state of current knowledge and possible areas of future investigation.
Computational understanding of Li-ion batteries

Over the last two decades, computational methods have made tremendous advances, and today many key properties of lithium-ion batteries can be accurately predicted by first principles calculations. For this reason, computations have become a cornerstone of battery-related research by providing insight into fundamental processes that are not otherwise accessible, such as ionic diffusion mechanisms and electronic structure effects, as well as a quantitative comparison with experimental results. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of state-of-the-art ab initio approaches for the modelling of battery materials. We consider techniques for the computation of equilibrium cell voltages, 0-Kelvin and finite-temperature voltage profiles, ionic mobility and thermal and electrolyte stability. The strengths and weaknesses of different electronic structure methods, such as DFT+U and hybrid functionals, are discussed in the context of voltage and phase diagram predictions, and we review the merits of lattice models for the evaluation of finite-temperature thermodynamics and kinetics. With such a complete set of methods at hand, first principles calculations of ordered, crystalline solids, i.e., of most electrode materials and solid electrolytes, have become reliable and quantitative. However, the description of molecular materials and disordered or amorphous phases remains an important challenge. We highlight recent exciting progress in this area, especially regarding the modelling of organic electrolytes and solid–electrolyte interfaces.
Structural determinants for protein unfolding and translocation by the Hsp104 protein disaggregase

The ring-forming Hsp104 ATPase cooperates with Hsp70 and Hsp40 molecular chaperones to rescue stress-damaged proteins from both amorphous and amyloid-forming aggregates. The ability to do so relies upon pore loops present in the first ATP-binding domain (AAA-1; loop-1 and loop-2 ) and in the second ATP-binding domain (AAA-2; loop-3) of Hsp104, which face the protein translocating channel and couple ATP-driven changes in pore loop conformation to substrate translocation. A hallmark of loop-1 and loop-3 is an invariable and mutational sensitive aromatic amino acid (Tyr257 and Tyr662) involved in substrate binding. However, the role of conserved aliphatic residues (Lys256, Lys258, and Val663) flanking the pore loop tyrosines, and the function of loop-2 in protein disaggregation has not been investigated. Here we present the crystal structure of an N-terminal fragment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp104 exhibiting molecular interactions involving both AAA-1 pore loops, which resemble contacts with bound substrate. Corroborated by biochemical experiments and functional studies in yeast, we show that aliphatic residues flanking Tyr257 and Tyr662 are equally important for substrate interaction, and abolish Hsp104 function when mutated to glycine. Unexpectedly, we find that loop-2 is sensitive to aspartate substitutions that impair Hsp104 function and abolish protein disaggregation when loop-2 is replaced by four aspartate residues. Our observations suggest that Hsp104 pore loops have non-overlapping functions in protein disaggregation and together coordinate substrate binding, unfolding, and translocation through the Hsp104 hexamer.
Blood Products and Transfusion Therapy in the ICU

Anemia and coagulopathy are common hematologic disorders in critically ill and injured patients. Anemia can cause various physiologic derangements that may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit. Treatment of these disorders frequently requires the transfusion of blood products. Although blood component therapy has become the standard approach in most ICUs, there is a role for whole blood transfusions in more austere healthcare settings and during mass casualty events. Regardless of the type of blood product used, there is potential for adverse transfusion reactions and infectious complications. Consequently, research efforts have focused on limiting exposure to unnecessary blood product transfusions, giving rise to more restrictive transfusion strategies over the last two decades. This area remains a topic of ongoing controversy and study, and it is imperative that critical care clinicians understand the risks, benefits, and indications for blood product transfusions.
Evolutionary and Developmental Continuities in Numerical Cognition

Abstract As with most forms of complex human abilities, studying the minds of babies and nonhuman animals can unveil the evolutionary and developmental underpinnings that ground cognition. Although many animal species are sensitive to numerical information in their environment, only humans represent and manipulate number symbolically. However, both humans and nonhuman animals share a system for representing number nonsymbolically, and this primitive system may serve as a foundation for the construction of symbolic mathematics principles. The first half of this chapter provides evidence for nonsymbolic number representations in nonhuman animals and preverbal human infants by highlighting the continuities in numerical reasoning found across these divergent species. The second half of the chapter explores the relation between nonsymbolic and symbolic representations of number and reviews the evidence that nonsymbolic number representations may function as building blocks for the acquisition of symbolic mathematics.
The Function of Hallucinations: An Inquiry into the Relationship of Hallucinatory Experience to Creative Thought

As indicated by the title of this paper, I wish to draw attention to common factors in creative thinking and hallucinatory episodes. “Creative thinking” is usually associated with loftier thought than most of us attain and hallucination is considered beyond the pale of ordinary human experience. Nevertheless, I wish to examine hallucination on a continuum of thinking processes, showing that there is a similarity between sequences of thought during problem solving and the experience of hallucination. In brief, the experience of the hallucinated person can be seen to include essential elements — preparation, incubation, illumination--that have been attributed to creative thinkers [7].
Estimating population densities of root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp., from soil samples using dual active and passive assays.

Abstract Root lesion nematodes are versatile parasites that move freely between root and soil habitats. Most laboratories conduct separate assays for soil or root tissue, using time-of-year as the ...
Highly Effective Active Learning in a One-Year Biochemistry Series with Limited Resources.

We investigate the effectiveness of an active learning curriculum designed for an upper division Biochemistry series at a large, public research university. The goal was to determine how effective this format was when compared to a parallel conventional course, and to see if the active learning series can be run with limited resources (one instructor, one teaching assistant). The study involved 160 students in the first quarter and 92 students in the second quarter. The active learning curriculum consists of learning goals for each chapter, online quizzes, in-class questions targeting the problematic areas, small group (3-4 students) discussions during class in which students presented their assumptions and arguments in support of their responses to online and in-class questions, and two-stage exams involving the ability to "re-answer" as a group following a discussion). The in-class questions involved the use of a student response system (i > clicker) (multiple choice) and short answer formats. Students in the active learning course and a control, conventional lecture course, took identical midterms and finals for the first, and second quarters. We found that students enrolled in the active learning curriculum had consistently better performance, with statistically significant higher scores on all tests for both quarters. The effect sizes of the improvements are medium to large and are independent of prior GPA and grades in prerequisites. This model curriculum redesign offers promise for improved student learning with less monetary investment than a flipped course model relying on, for example, an extensive collection of instructor-produced videos. © 2018 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(1):7-15, 2018.
Distribution Locational Marginal Pricing (DLMP) for Multiphase Systems

With the rise of various distributed energy resources into the distribution networks, an electricity market, similar to that of the transmission level, is foreseen to evolve in the near future, aiming to indulge and financially encourage the private resources to participate in the balance and resiliency of the system. This paper adopts the locational marginal pricing, a well-known scheme to quantify nodal pricing, and analyzes the signals sent to future-market participants to meet the demand, reduce losses, and alleviate congestion. The DLMPs derived in this paper are based on an AC OPF, convexified using semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation, which accounts for structural characteristics of the distribution networks. Thorough case studies with a multi-period optimization are performed on the IEEE 37-bus feeder with the inclusion of distributed generators and a static-Var compensator. The unbalanced nature of distribution loads and lines induces disparate DLMPs at each phase. The analysis also contrasts passive and active distribution networks giving more emphasis to the contribution and incentives of the latter. The active networks show increased penetrations of end-users’ renewable supply are interpreted as the shadow prices that reflect on the reduction of the entire consumer payment.
Towards Robust and Discriminative Sequential Data Learning: When and How to Perform Adversarial Training?

The last decade has witnessed a surge of interest in applying deep learning models for discovering sequential patterns from a large volume of data. Recent works show that deep learning models can be further improved by enforcing models to learn a smooth output distribution around each data point. This can be achieved by augmenting training data with slight perturbations that are designed to alter model outputs. Such adversarial training approaches have shown much success in improving the generalization performance of deep learning models on static data, e.g., transaction data or image data captured on a single snapshot. However, when applied to sequential data, the standard adversarial training approaches cannot fully capture the discriminative structure of a sequence. This is because real-world sequential data are often collected over a long period of time and may include much irrelevant information to the classification task. To this end, we develop a novel adversarial training approach for sequential data classification by investigating when and how to perturb a sequence for an effective data augmentation. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over baselines in a diversity of real-world sequential datasets.
Introduction to the special issue: Applying a Caribbean perspective to an analysis of HIV/AIDS.

ABSTRACTThis introduction presents a special issue of Global Public Health with a collection of articles that offer multidisciplinary perspectives on HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean. Since the 1990s, pov...
Autistic and alexithymic traits modulate distinct aspects of face perception

Abstract Background Atypical face processing is a prominent feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but is not universal and is subject to individual variability. This heterogeneity could be accounted for by reliable yet unidentified subgroups within the diverse population of individuals with ASD. Alexithymia, which is characterized by difficulties in emotion recognition and identification, serves as a potential grouping factor. Recent research demonstrates that emotion recognition impairments in ASD are predicted by its comorbidity with alexithymia. The current study assessed the relative influence of autistic versus alexithymic traits on neural indices of face and emotion perception. Methods Capitalizing upon the temporal sensitivity of event-related potentials (ERPs), it investigates the distinct contributions of alexithymic versus autistic traits at specific stages of emotional face processing in 27 typically developing adults (18 female). ERP components reflecting sequential stages of perceptual processing (P100, N170 and N250) were recorded in response to fear and neutral faces. Results The results indicated that autistic traits were associated with structural encoding of faces (N170), whereas alexithymic traits were associated with more complex emotion decoding (N250). Conclusions These findings have important implications for deconstructing heterogeneity within ASD.
Low dose environmental radon exposure and breast tumor gene expression

The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified radon and its decay-products as Group-1-human-carcinogens, and with the current knowledge they are linked specifically to lung cancer. Biokinetic models predict that radon could deliver a carcinogenic dose to breast tissue. Our previous work suggested that low-dose radon was associated with estrogen-receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer risk. However, there is limited research to examine the role of radon in breast cancer biology at the tissue level. We aim to understand molecular pathways linking radon exposure with breast cancer biology using transcriptome-wide-gene-expression from breast tumor and normal-adjacent tissues. Our study included 943 women diagnosed with breast cancer from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. We estimated cumulative radon concentration for each participant up-to the year of breast cancer diagnosis by linking residential addresses with a radon exposure model. Transcriptome-wide-gene-expression was measured with the Affymetrix-Glue-Human-Transcriptome-Array-3.0 and Human-Transcriptome-Array-2.0. We performed covariate-adjusted linear-regression for individual genes and further employed pathway-analysis. All analyses were conducted separately for tumor and normal-adjacent samples and by ER-status. No individual gene was associated with cumulative radon exposure in ER-positive tumor, ER-negative tumor, or ER-negative normal-adjacent tissues at FDR < 5%. In ER-positive normal-adjacent samples, PLCH2—reached transcriptome-wide-significance (FDR < 5%). Gene-set-enrichment-analyses identified 2-upregulated pathways (MAPK signaling and phosphocholine biosynthesis) enriched at FDR < 25% in ER-negative tumors and normal-adjacent tissues, and both pathways have been previously reported to play key roles in ionizing radiation induced tumorigenesis in experimental settings. Our findings provide insights into the molecular pathways of radon exposure that may influence breast cancer etiology.
Diagnostic and interventional circulating biomarkers in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Introduction In the setting of the obesity epidemic, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most prevalent forms of chronic liver disease worldwide. Approximately 25% of adults globally have NAFLD which includes those with NAFL, or simple steatosis, and individuals with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) where inflammation, hepatocyte injury and potentially hepatic fibrosis are found in conjunction with steatosis. Individuals with NASH, particularly those with hepatic fibrosis, have higher rates of liver-related and overall mortality, making this distinction of significant clinical importance. One of the core challenges in current clinical practice is identifying this subset of individuals with NASH without the use of liver biopsy, the gold standard for both diagnostics and staging disease severity. Identifying noninvasive biomarkers, an accurately measured and reproducible parameter, would aide in identifying patients eligible for NASH pharmacotherapy clinical trials and to help tailor intensity of monitoring required. Methods results and conclusions In this review, we highlight both the currently available and novel diagnostic and interventional circulating biomarkers under investigation for NASH, underscoring their accuracy and limitations relevant to our patient population and current clinical practice.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 2020

To briefly review the pathophysiology and natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and to describe the diagnosis, assessment, and contemporary management strategies. HCM-related mortality remains low; however, symptoms due in large part to LVOT obstruction remain a clinical dilemma. Several medical therapies have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve functional capacity, including several recent phase 2 clinical trials involving the novel myosin modulator mavacamten. In patients with refractory symptoms, septal reduction therapy or advanced therapies remain viable options in many cases. HCM is a complex and heterogeneous disease with diverse presentations and variable anatomy and clinical outcomes. The majority of patients will remain asymptomatic or with minimal symptoms and long-term survival remains high. For symptomatic patients, a variety of medical therapies, along with septal reduction therapies, have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve functional capacity.
Harming Children to Benefit Others: A Reply.

We are pleased to have received such a varied set of commentaries on our target article, “Pox Parties for Grannies? Chickenpox, Exogenous Boosting, and Harmful Injustices” (Malm and Navin 2020), an...
African Americans’ Racial Resentment Toward Whites: Meaning, Measurement, and Theory

Theories of whites’ racial resentment assume that anger and frustration direct their behavior in several aspects of politics, including policy positions and political judgements. Thus, examining racial resentment is consequential because it explains whites’ political behavior. This narrow racial focus ignores African Americans’ emotional reactions and frustrations about whites’ failures to live up to cherished values, like equality, justice, and respect. This research proposes a new theory and measurement of African Americans’ racial resentment. We provide preliminary findings for a new scale of African American racial resentment toward Whites. Results reveal strong psychometric scale properties, and convergence with a number of psychological predispositions, specific policy positions, and identity measures. The new scale provides opportunities to advance the scholarly understanding of racial attitudes and explain African American political behavior.
Impact of operating reserve rules on electricity prices with high penetrations of renewable energy

Abstract In competitive wholesale electricity markets, significant effort is devoted to designing markets that set efficient prices for maintaining supply-demand balance. One factor that can impact prices is administratively-set scarcity pricing, which sets prices to a preset level when the market is not able to meet operating reserve or energy requirements. When energy and operating reserves are co-optimized, assumptions surrounding operating reserve requirements and scarcity pricing can impact system-wide price outcomes for both operating reserves and energy. This study uses production cost modeling of an ERCOT-like system to evaluate the impact of operating reserve eligibility, scarcity pricing, and quantity rules on electricity prices, and therefore also on generator revenues. Results reveal economic and operational benefits with allowing open participation in reserve markets, as this enables greater access to the full set of capable resources at lowest cost. Furthermore, both energy and reserve prices are strongly impacted by reserve scarcity pricing events, which reveals that reserve scarcity pricing assumptions can impact price outcomes even for units not providing reserves. This study highlights the importance of operating reserve scarcity pricing rules because of the strong coupling between energy and reserve prices and because these rules serve as proxies for true price responsive demand.
Ripples, megaripples, and TARs, Oh, My! Recommendations regarding Mars aeolian bedform terminology

Abstract Aeolian bedforms are abundant on Mars and do not always have straightforward Earth analogs. This has led to differing applications of Earth-based nomenclature, causing some confusion. The purpose of this note is to address this issue and propose a solution.