cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An exploratory study of input modalities for mobile devices used with museum exhibits

New mobile device features and the growing proportion of visitors carrying mobiles allow the range of museum exhibit design possibilities to be expanded. In particular, we see opportunities for using mobiles to help exhibits scale up to support variable-sized groups of visitors, and to support collaborative visitor-visitor interactions. Because exhibit use is generally one-time-only, any interfaces created for these purposes must be easily learnable, or visitors may not use the exhibit at all. To guide the design of learnable mobile interfaces, we chose to employ the Consistency design principle. Consistency was originally applied to desktop UIs, so we extended the definition to cover three new categories of consistency relevant to ubiquitous computing: Within-Device Consistency, Across-Device Consistency and Within-Context Consistency. We experimentally contrasted designs created from these categories. The results show small differences in learnability, but illustrate that even for one-off situations learnability may not be as important as usability.
Reducing ovarian cancer mortality through screening: Is it possible, and can we afford it?

Abstract Objective Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Given the low prevalence of this disease, the effectiveness of screening strategies has not been established. We wished to estimate the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of potential screening strategies for ovarian cancer using population-specific data. Methods A Markov state transition model to simulate the natural history of ovarian cancer in a cohort of women age 20 to 100. Age-specific incidence and mortality rates were obtained from SEER. Base-case characteristics of a potential screening test were sensitivity 85%, specificity 95%, and cost $50. Outcome measures were mortality reduction, lifetime number of false positive screening tests, positive predictive value, years of life saved (YLS), lifetime costs in US dollars, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER, in cost/YLS). Results Model-predicted lifetime risk of ovarian cancer (1.38%), lifetime risk of death from ovarian cancer (0.95%), and stage distribution (stage I-19%; stage II-7%; stage III, IV, or unstaged — 74%) closely approximated SEER data. Annual screening resulted in 43% reduction in ovarian cancer mortality, with ICER of $73,469/YLS (base case) and $36,025/YLS (high-risk population) compared to no screening. In the base case, the average lifetime number of false positive tests is 1.06. Cost-effectiveness of screening is most sensitive to test frequency, specificity and cost. Conclusions Annual screening for ovarian cancer has the potential to be cost effective, particularly in high-risk populations. Clinically acceptable positive predictive values are achieved if specificity exceeds 99%. Mortality reduction above 50% may not be achievable without screening intervals less than 12 months.
¿LO LLAMABAN DEMOCRACIA? La crítica estética de la política en la transición española y el imaginario de la historia en el 15-M.

Resumen: Este articulo se ocupa de la relacion entre la transicion espanola y el ciclo historico comenzado en 2011- y despues del 15-M-, estudiando sus respectivos imaginarios de la temporalidad, sus horizontes de expectativas y sus espacios de experiencia (Koselleck). Argumento que, en Espana, en el contexto actual, tienen lugar practicas memoriales de recuperacion activa de formas politicas y esteticas propias de los anos setenta. Para ello, resumo y discuto algunas de las ultimas investigaciones alrededor de la transicion espanola, asi como mis propios trabajos, para concluir que, si buena parte de la historiografia habia construido un relato del proceso en clave institucional y desmovilizadora, hoy, en el espacio publico, estan teniendo lugar transmisiones de memoria intergeneracionales en las que el elemento clave a la hora de entender la transicion es la contestacion popular. Palabras Clave : Transicion, 15-M, Generacion, Democracia. Abstract: This article studies the Spanish Transition to Democracy and the political cycle started in Spain after the public occupations of squares in May 15, 2011. It studies their specific temporal imaginaries, horizons of expectations and spaces of experience (Koselleck). I will argue that, in today's Spain, memorial practices are addressing the recovery of political and aesthetical forms from the 1970s. To do so, I will summarize and discuss academic bibliography on the Spanish Transition to Democracy, including my own work, to argue that the intergenerational transmissions of memory that are happening today in public spaces claim that people's struggle is key element to define the Transition as a period, despite of many historians. Key Words: Spanish Transition, 15-M, Generation, Democracy.
Impact of azaproline on amide cis-trans isomerism: conformational analyses and NMR studies of model peptides including TRH analogues.

The β-turn is a well-studied motif in both proteins and peptides. Four residues, making almost a complete 180°-turn in the direction of the peptide chain, define the β-turn. Several types of the β-turn are defined according to Φ and Ψ torsional angles of the backbone for residues i + 1 and i + 2. One special type of β-turn, the type VI-turn, usually contains a proline with a cis-amide bond at residue i + 2. In an aza-amino acid, the α-carbon of the amino acid is changed to nitrogen. Peptides containing azaproline (azPro) have been shown to prefer the type VI β-turn both in crystals and in organic solvents by NMR studies. MC/MD simulations using the GB/SA solvation model for water explored the conformational preferences of azPro-containing peptides in aqueous systems. An increase in the conformational preference for the cis-amide conformer of azPro was clearly seen, but the increased stability was relatively minor with respect to the trans-conformer as compared to previous suggestions. To test the validity...
Combined effects of disorders and electron-electron interactions upon metal-insulator transition in 2D nonbipartite lattice

Abstract We examined the characteristics of a metal–insulator transition on a two-dimensional nonbipartite lattice when both disorders and electron interactions are present. Using a real-space renormalization group method and finite-size scaling analysis we have found that after the disordered system transits from the insulating state to the metal one, it can reenter an insulating state if there is a further increase in the electron–electron interactions.
Quaternary climate, environment, and the human occupation of the south‐central Andes

This paper reviews the paleoenvironmental context for Paleoindian and Early Archaic settlement of the south-central Andes. I attempt to reconcile proposals for late-glacial and early Holocene environmental changes that have originated in several Quaternary sciences. Most useful are the records of changing lake levels, geomorphological indicators of glacial advance and retreat, changes in vegetation as seen through pollen stratigraphy, the record of large mammal extinctions, and the archaeological settlement pattern itself. High lake stands in the central and south-central Andes, c. 12,500 to 11,000 B.P., seem to correspond to glacial retreat. Palynological studies also suggest higher temperatures, coincident with greater summer precipitation from 11,500 B.P. to perhaps 10,000 B.P., followed by some reduction in temperatures and then widespread aridity from about 8500 to 5000 B.P. Environmental change at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary was at least a major contributing factor to the extinction of horse and sloth around 10,000 B.P. Archaeology of the salt puna and Punta Negra region conforms well with the environmental record, showing human entry by the Early Archaic (11,000-8000 B.P.), subsequent depopulation and perhaps abandonment, then readaptation to more localized resources in the Late Archaic (5500-4000 B.P.).
Marketing and society: Preface to special section on volunteerism, price assurances, and direct-to-consumer advertising

Abstract We discuss the reasons why this call for papers was issued and describe the process of selecting the three articles presented in this special section. We argue that maximizing stakeholder welfare and not just consumption maybe a new goal for marketing that will be consistent with emerging societal trends. Three articles on volunteerism, price assurances, and direct-to-consumer advertising result from our call and are presented in this section. This introduction is an overview of the three articles.
Climate change: Brief but warm Antarctic summer

A temperature record derived from measurements of an ice core drilled on James Ross Island, Antarctica, prompts a rethink of what has triggered the recent warming trends on the Antarctic Peninsula. See Letter p.141 Dramatic ice-shelf collapses observed on the Antarctic Peninsula during the past two decades have become iconic images of climate change. Despite this, quantitative reconstructions of past climate in this region have, until now, extended back only a few centuries. This paper presents an extended deuterium-based record of Holocene temperature variations at James Ross Island, off the northeastern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Following peak warmth in the early Holocene, temperatures were stable until about 2,500 years ago, when sharp cooling took place. Warming began about 600 years ago, building to rapid but not unprecedented rates in the past century. This climate record places recent warming in a long-term context of natural variability, and suggests that future warming could destabilize ice shelves southwards along the peninsula.
Assessing autonomous learning in research methods courses: Implementing the student-driven research project:

As empirical assessments of teaching strategies increase in many disciplines and across many different courses, a paucity of such assessment seems to exist in courses devoted to social science rese...
Biophysical Insights of Neutral and Non-Neutral Sequence Variants in the Human Proteome

From extraordinary advances in sequencing technologies, it is now clear that each personal exome carries thousands of protein sequence variants, many of which manifest into unique phenotypes involved in disease. Current in silico tools being employed to predict phenotypes of these variants yield fairly accurate results at highly conserved positions. However, these tools are based solely on evolutionary data and often fail when evaluating variants that occur at faster evolving positions. Moreover, their performance accuracy is relatively low for neutral variants at highly conserved positions. These shortcomings necessitate the addition of an another metric to provide biophysical insights of these variants, and also to increase the predicting capabilities of in silico tools. We employ a novel metric, called the dynamic flexibility index (dfi), based exclusively on structural dynamics to evaluate the functional impact of these variants. The dfi metric is a mechanistic approach that goes beyond evolutionary data, and probes into the dynamics of each site to measure its contribution to function1. Previous studies have shown that dfi is related to functional dynamics at the proteome scale1. We use a set of over 10,000 laboratory-induced variants of human proteins that have been diagnosed as either neutral or non-neutral from a functional perspective. Interestingly, only ∼51% of non-neutral cases are also associated with disease. We evaluate the dfi metric for each variant site in this data set and compare our ability to diagnose neutral and non-neutral variants with state-of-the-art computational tools. Moreover, our results will provide insights to a new outlook on phenotypic prediction, which will likely have a broad impact in genomic and personalized medicine.1Gerek, Z. N. et al. (2013) Structural dynamics flexibility informs function and evolution at a proteome scale. Evolutionary Applications.
Do jobs programs work?: A review article

During the 109th Congress (2003–2004), policymakers in Washington plan to reauthorize the Workforce Investment Act of 1998, which is the primary authorization legislation for employment and training programs operated by the U.S. Department of Labor. The literature evaluating the effectiveness of federal employment and training programs casts considerable doubt on the ability of these programs to improve participants ' incomes. The policy debate is centered on procedural changes to the delivery of the same job training services that performed inadequately in the past. Thus, current reforms are hobbled by remnants of previously failed federal employment and tra in ing programs.
An uninterruptible, stable power supply for critical loads

Many present-day services and equipment cannot tolerate even momentary interruptions of electric service. The uninterrupted generating set consisting of a motor, generator, flywheel, clutch, and internal combustion engine, has been developed as a means of eliminating these interruptions. The equipment is described in broad detail with a discussion of capabilities, applications, and limitations
Randomized Controlled Trial of Sildenafil for Preventing Recurrent Ischemic Priapism in Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract Background Successful preventive therapy for ischemic priapism, a disorder of penile erection with major physical and psychologic consequences, is limited. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of sildenafil by a systematic dosing protocol to prevent recurrent ischemic priapism associated with sickle cell disease. Methods Thirteen patients with sickle cell disease reporting priapism recurrences at least twice weekly were randomized to receive sildenafil 50 mg or placebo daily, unassociated with sleep or sexual activity, for 8 weeks, followed by open-label use of this sildenafil regimen for an additional 8 weeks. Results Priapism frequency reduction by 50% did not differ between sildenafil and placebo groups by intention-to-treat or per protocol analyses (P = 1.0). However, during open-label assessment, 5 of 8 patients (62.5%) by intention-to-treat analysis and 2 of 3 patients (66.7%) by per protocol analysis met this primary efficacy outcome. No significant differences were found between study groups in rates of adverse effects, although major priapism episodes were decreased 4-fold in patients monitored "on-treatment." Conclusions Sildenafil use by systematic dosing may offer a strategy to prevent recurrent ischemic priapism in patients with sickle cell disease.
Reconstructing daily temperatures from growth rates of the intertidal bivalve mollusk Chione cortezi (northern Gulf of California, Mexico)

Abstract We establish a model for the reconstruction of average daily sea surface temperatures from calcification rates of an intertidal bivalve mollusk. The rate of shell production in Chione cortezi (Carpenter, 1864, ex Sloat MS) is mainly controlled by water temperature, ontogenetic age and the effect of tidal cycles. Statistical methods developed by dendrochronologists can successfully extract the water temperature signal from daily growth increment chronologies. After removal of noise, the growth rates are expressed as scaled daily growth indices. Average daily water temperatures during the first half of the year are highly correlated with the scaled daily growth index values of recent and subrecent specimens, using the multi-valued function presented here. Increment width analysis can reconstruct daily average water temperatures with a mean error of less than 3%. This technique provides an independent method for reconstructing temperatures in fossil specimens of species with living representatives and can supplement high-resolution temperature reconstructions based on geochemical analysis.
Piezoelectric thin films formed by MOD on cantilever beams for micro sensors and actuators

Novel piezoelectric cantilever beams for micro sensors and actuators based on PZT thin films have been batch fabricated by surface micromachining. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film is formed by metalorganic deposition (MOD) on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si (1 0 0) substrates and Pt/Ti/LTO/Si3N4 cantilever beams and then annealed at 700 °C in air. The PZT thin film is 0.5 μm thick and has dielectric permittivity of 1698, remanent polarization of 13.66 μC/cm2, and coercive field of 44.5 kV/cm. The influence of deposition temperatures on PZT thin film stress has been investigated. When continuously controlling the deposition temperatures, the stress of the thin film is reduced from 0.313 × 108 to 0.269 × 108 N/m, that is 16.4% decrease. With the total 120 designed devices on 4-inch wafers, the number of functional devices is increased from 82 to 97, that is 12.47%.
Coupled Channels and Their Application to Resonances in the Scattering of Low-Energy Neutrons by Carbon 12.

Abstract Low-energy 12C-neutron scattering is considered as an example of channel coupling in nuclear reactions. In coupled-channel computer calculations of this reaction, particular attention has been paid to resonances from the view-point of scattering cross sections, eigenphase shifts, and poles of the transition matrix as selected scattering parameters are varied. Many of these resonances are seen to arise from channel coupling. Wherever possible, the results of these calculations are compared with analytic results which have been obtained only for special cases. A concluding analysis includes a discussion of the behavior of resonances near channel thresholds.
Effect of Residual Surface Stress on the Strenght Distribution of Brittle Materials

The introduction of residual surface stresses into a material can change to strength distribution simply due to variability in the stress intensity factor of surface cracks. This variability arises from the distribution in surface (critical) crack lengths. This paper reports a fracture mechanics approach used to determine the influence of surface compression on the average strength and the standard deviation of the strength distribution. The strengths of the stress-free samples were assumed to fit a two-parameter Weibull distribution, and the increases in strength resulting from the surface compression were determined using fracture mechanics. It was determined from the analysis that the standard deviation/average strength ratio (coefficient of variation) initially increases, passes through a maximum, and ultimately reaches a plateau value below the initial value, as one increases the depth of surface compression. The maximum increase in the strength scatter occurs when the depth of the surface compression is approximately equal to the characteristic crack size. These changes were found to be dependent on the magnitude of the surface stress, as well as the characteristic strength, Weibull modulus, and fracture toughness of the stress-free material.
Immunoelectron microscopic localization of HLA-DR antigen in control small intestine and colon and in inflammatory bowel disease.

We have elucidated the distribution of I2 (HLA-DR) antigen in control and inflammatory bowel disease specimens, using immunoelectron microscopic methods. Control small intestinal epithelium and inflammatory bowel disease epithelium expressed I2 antigen, while control colonic epithelium did not. I2 expression by enterocytes was more frequent on the lateral and basal surface than on the microvillus surface. Two of three M cells in control ileum expressed I2 antigen. I2-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes were rarely detected in both control and disease specimens. I2-positive lamina propria lymphocytes were significantly increased in inflammatory bowel disease, while I2-positive lamina propria lymphocytes were virtually absent in control specimens. I2-positive mononuclear cells in the intestinal lamina propria were largely macrophages and monocytes in both control and inflammatory bowel disease specimens. I2-positive mononuclear cells resembling dendritic cells were not detected in control or disease specimens. Furthermore, there were no significant morphological differences in I2-positive or-negative macrophages and monocytes in control and disease specimens. The expression of I2 antigen on Schwann cells was detected more frequently in disease specimens than in control specimens. Capillary endothelia of both control and disease specimens expressed I2 antigen. We demonstrate that I2 expression is present on surface membranes of both immune and nonimmune cells of the intestine and colon and show that this expression is more prominent in inflammatory bowel disease than in control intestine and colon. Further studies are required to determine whether this finding is meaningful in terms of antigen presentation and whether this apparent “immune activation” is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
Psychophysiological Parameters of Migraine and Muscle‐Contraction Headaches

Previous headache studies have been unable to verify the presumed presence of headache. Attempting to correct this design fault, the present study assessed four psychophysiological measures (frontalis EMG, temporal BVP, temporal and finger skin temperature) and salient subjective measures in 13 migraineurs, eight muscle-contraction headache sufferers, and 13 age-matched normals. All subjects submitted to two 30-minute sessions of quiet monitoring, and for the headache subjects, one of the sessions was headache active. A bogus, but convincing preliminary "assessment" revealed insufficient headache activity in the headache active session, forcing subjects to reschedule that session in the future when a strong headache was present. A parallel manipulation was employed with the normal subjects. A MANOVA failed to discriminate within- or between-group differences on the psychophysiological measures. Self-reported pain was uncorrelated with the psychophysiological indices. These results cast further doubt on the validity of the psychophysiological measures employed in this study, the same ones routinely endorsed by headache researchers and therapists. We discuss problems of recruitment, compliance, and attrition in basic headache research.
Self-association in HOF and HNF2. Which atoms are the better proton acceptors, fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen?

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of solid HOF and HNF 2 are best interpreted in terms of hydrogen bridged aggregates involving the oxygen or nitrogen atoms, respectively, and not fluorine as proton acceptors. This results is contrary to intuition and the conclusions previously reached for solid HOF.
Blood glucose meter performance under hyperbaric oxygen conditions.

This study evaluated the accuracy of the Precision PCx (PCx) against another bedside blood glucose meter SureStepPro (SSP), which has been shown to be unaffected by high P(O(2)). Human blood samples were used to prepare plasma glucose (PG) concentrations over a range of 25-300 mg/dl (1.4-16.6 mmol/l). Samples were sequentially tonometered with two separate gas mixes at 1520 mmHg (203 kPa) to P(O(2)) values of 1200 and then 60 mmHg, allowing measurement of each blood sample at both P(O(2)) values. The SSP PG measurements were unaffected by high P(O(2)): compared with PG concentrations measured at a P(O(2)) of 60 mmHg, the SSP readings at a P(O(2)) of 1200 mmHg were higher by only 1.3 +/- 6.5 mg/dl (0.1 +/- 0.4 mmol/l). At a P(O(2)) of 60 mmHg, compared with the SSP, the mean bias and imprecision (S.D. of bias) of the PCx were 4.1 and 22.9 mg/dl (0.2 and 1.3 mmol/l). At a P(O(2)) of 1200 mmHg, the bias and imprecision of the PCx were 47.9 and 35.1 mg/dl (2.7 and 2.0 mmol/l). Therefore, compared to the SSP, the PCx does not provide as accurate a measurement of PG in blood when used either at 760 mmHg (101 kPa) or inside the hyperbaric chamber at 1520 mmHg (203 kPa).
Sunlight-activated long-persistent luminescence in the near-infrared from Cr 3+ -doped zinc gallogermanates

Visible-light persistent phosphors are being widely used as self-sustained night-vision materials because of their sufficiently strong and long afterglow (>10 h) and their ability to be excited by sunlight as well as room light. In contrast, persistent phosphors for near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths are lacking. Here we report a series of Cr(3+)-doped zinc gallogermanate NIR persistent phosphors that exhibit strong emission at 650-1,000 nm, extending beyond the typical 690-750 nm, and with a super-long afterglow of more than 360 h. These new NIR persistent phosphors are all-weather materials that can be rapidly, effectively and repeatedly charged by natural sunlight in almost all kinds of outdoor environment. Seconds to minutes of sunlight activation can result in more than two weeks of persistent NIR light emission. This new series of NIR persistent materials have potential applications in night-vision surveillance, solar energy utilization and in vivo bio-imaging.
Mechanisms of collision-induced desorption of a physisorbed atom at superthermal energy: a multiple scattering study

Abstract A Faddeev-Watson multiple scattering approach to gas-surface collision-induced desorption is presented. The computational procedure is practical, yet allowing a fully quantum-mechanical treatment of gas-solid reactive scattering problems. The single plus double collision terms of the multiple collision series are included in the calculation, which provides a detailed description of the collision dynamics. The present study focuses on a simple model collision system: a heavy adsorbate on a rigid surface is ejected by a sufficiently energetic light projectile. Large differential cross sections are found when the amount of kinetic energy transferred from the projectile to the adsorbate coincides with that of a classical head-on elastic collision between two particles of the corresponding masses. In addition, when this energy transfer is a little over the binding energy of the bound state, double collisions analogous to classical off-center collisions, contribute significantly to the differential cross sections. Our results also show that qualitatively the differential cross sections reach their maxima when the incident energy is about twice the binding energy of the adsorbate, then stay approximately the same when the incident energy increases even further. In this work, the role of the form factor, which is the bound state wavefunction in momentum space, is investigated. It is found that the angular distributions of the scattered projectile and the ejected absorbate are very sensitive to the adsorbate form factor. Finally, a detailed comparison among the contributions to the differential cross sections from each of the multiple collision terms provides information about the relative importance of various collision-induced desorption mechanisms.
Discrete observability of the wave equation on bounded domains in euclidean space

The study of observability is the study of deducing information about the state of a dynamical system from incomplete measurements. Discrete observability asks if we can recover the initial data with only a discrete set of measurements. Discrete observability of the heat equation has been studied for bounded domains in Euclidean space and compact homogeneous spaces by Gilliam, Li and Martin [4], and Wallace and Wolf [6]. This paper examines discrete observability of the wave equation on bounded domains in Euclidean space. The solutions to the wave equation involve an additional initial condition, and the terms of the series solution no longer decay with time, so a new approach is needed.
Prenatal cocaine eliminates the sex-dependent differences in activation observed in adult rats after cocaine challenge

Abstract In the adult rat, acute administration of cocaine results in enhanced expression of certain behaviors. This activation is often referred to as “stereotypy” because of its repetitive nature. Repeated exposure to the same dose of cocaine does not result in tolerance or a dimunition of these behavioral responses. Rather, an increased responsiveness to cocaine, termed “sensitization,” is observed. Female rats, in comparison to male rats, display greater activation to a given dose of cocaine and greater sensitization with repeated exposure. As prenatal cocaine exposure can involve repeated exposure to the drug, we examined the behavioral activation induced by an acute dose of cocaine. Young adult rats of both sexes received a challenge dose of cocaine to determine the long-term effects of repeated in utero exposure to cocaine (30 mg/kg daily, SC) given between gestational days 8–20. As expected, female offspring of dams exposed to saline in utero displayed greater activation to a 20 mg/kg SC dosage of cocaine than their male counterparts. However, these sex differences were completely eliminated by prenatal exposure to cocaine. That is, female rats receiving cocaine during the prenatal period showed no more activation to an acute dose of cocaine as young adults than either control males or those males receiving cocaine in utero. Males exposed in utero to cocaine showed activation to cocaine challenge equivalent to that displayed by males exposed to saline in utero. Prenatal exposure to cocaine may alter sexual differentiation of the brain.
Theory of diffusion-accommodated grain rotation in columnar polycrystalline microstructures

Abstract A dynamical theory of grain rotation in columnar polycrystalline microstructures is developed based on the theory of diffusion-accommodated grain-boundary sliding by Raj and Ashby. The driving force for rotation of any given grain is given by the aggregate torque on the grain, i.e., by the weighted sum of the energy derivatives with respect to the misorientations of all the grain boundaries delimiting the grain. Analogous to the Raj–Ashby theory, grain rotation is viewed as a sliding problem on the periphery of the grain; the necessary changes in the grain shape during rotation are assumed to be accommodated by diffusion either through the grain boundaries or through the grain interiors. Our main result is an analytic expression for the rate of rotation of a grain of arbitrary shape as a function of the grain size and temperature. This expression reduces to an earlier result of Harris et al . for the special case of a regular-hexagonal grain shape.
The H2O-NaCl-glycerol phase diagram and its application in cryobiology.

Abstract Actual ternary phase diagrams will generally be far more complex than the simple ternary eutectic system illustrated above. However, once the features of the liquidus surface have been experimentally determined, identification of an appropriate tietriangle and application of the linear lever rule should allow quantitative information to be derived.
Current efficiency during the electrochemical machining of iron and nickel

Abstract Current efficiency determinations from weight-loss measurements were made on pure iron and pure nickel anodes in 4M NaClO3 solution in a flow cell at flow rates between 500 and 3000 cm/s in a current range from 5 to 50 A/cm2. The current efficiency for metal removal was virtually independent of current density and flow rate on iron anodes. On nickel anodes the current efficiency increased strongly with current density. In the high current density region, the current efficiency decreases with flow rate up to 2000 cm/s and then increases with higher flow rates. This behavior was accounted for by differences in the nature and properties of the anodic films formed on iron and nickel anodes.
The Fermilab accelerator control system parameter program and plotting facilities

Abstract The accelerator control system at Fermilab supports display, control, and plotting of a large percentage of the accelerator component devices by means of two general purpose console application programs. They are the parameter program and the Fast Time Plot utility. An overview of the operation of these programs is presented.
Increasing interest in child and adolescent psychiatry in the third-year clerkship: results from a post-clerkship survey.

Objective The authors aimed to determine whether a structured clinical experience in child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) during the third-year psychiatry clerkship would impact interest in pursuing careers in psychiatry and CAP.
Studies in Batch and Continuous Solvent Sublation. II. Continuous Countercurrent Solvent Sublation of Neutral and lonic Species from Aqueous Solutions

Abstract A complete mathematical model is proposed for the continuous countercurrent operation of a solvent sublation column. It takes into account all possible transport mechanisms in sublation. This is an extension of a previously published model for a lab-scale batch process. Experimental results on the continuous countercurrent removal of pentachlorophenol as a pentachlorophenolate + hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide complex into decyl alcohol is also reported and checked against the model.
Double-Sided CdS and CdSe Quantum Dot Co-Sensitized ZnO Nanowire Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation

We report the design and characterization of a novel double-sided CdS and CdSe quantum dot cosensitized ZnO nanowire arrayed photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen generation. The double-sided design represents a simple analogue of tandem cell structure, in which the dense ZnO nanowire arrays were grown on an indium−tin oxide substrate followed by respective sensitization of CdS and CdSe quantum dots on each side. As-fabricated photoanode exhibited strong absorption in nearly the entire visible spectrum up to 650 nm, with a high incident-photon-to-current-conversion efficiency (IPCE) of ∼45% at 0 V vs Ag/AgCl. On the basis on a single white light illumination of 100 mW/cm2, the photoanode yielded a significant photocurrent density of ∼12 mA/cm2 at 0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl. The photocurrent and IPCE were enhanced compared to single quantum dot sensitized structures as a result of the band alignment of CdS and CdSe in electrolyte. Moreover, in comparison to single-sided cosensitized layered structures, ...
CD19 of B cells as a surrogate kinase insert region to bind phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

Antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes transduce signals by activating nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). A family of receptor PTKs contains kinase insert regions with the sequence tyrosine-X-X-methionine (where X is any amino acid) that when phosphorylated mediate the binding and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). The CD19 membrane protein of B cells enhances activation through membrane immunoglobulin M (mIgM) and was found to contain a functional analog of the kinase insert region. Ligation of mIgM induced phosphorylation of CD19 and association with PI 3-kinase. Thus, CD19 serves as a surrogate kinase insert region for mIgM by providing the means for PI 3-kinase activation by nonreceptor PTKs.
Oral Kaposi's sarcoma: a 10-year retrospective histopathologic study

Microscopic diagnosis of early Kaposi's sarcoma continues to be a challenge to the pathologist, as does the identification of bacillary angiomatosis (BA) which may have a similar appearance. 120 oral Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) biopsies submitted to the UCSF oral pathology service from 1981-1991 were reviewed in order to describe the clinical-pathologic spectrum of these lesions and to search for unrecognized cases of BA. Also, histopathologic features of oral KS were compared to 30 oral pyogenic granulomas, and immunohistochemical stains for endothelium-associated CD34 antigen were done. The diagnosis of KS was confirmed in all biopsies and no cases of BA were found. Histologically, the KS specimens exhibited numerous features that separated them from pyogenic granulomas, and could themselves be divided into two clinical-pathologic subtypes: small, well-delineated macular lesions (31), which were characterized by inconspicuous patches of spindle cells containing ill-defined vascular spaces; and larger, infiltrative nodular lesions (89), which were characterized by spindle cells lining vascular slits and bizarre-shaped vessels. Extravasated RBCs were evident in almost all KS lesions; hemosiderin deposits and hyaline globules were seen in half of each of the small and large lesions. Nuclear atypia was minimal and mitotic activity was slight. Lymphocytes in small lesions added to the difficulty of microscopic interpretation of these incipient lesions. CD34 was expressed on all spindle cells lining vascular spaces in larger lesions and on spindle cells of small, subtle lesions. We conclude that within the spectrum of lesions that are diagnosed as oral KS, two clinical-pathologic types can be identified: macular small spindle-cell lesions and nodular infiltrative vascular lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Food aversions in children receiving chemotherapy for cancer

Pediatric patients receiving cancer chemotherapy formed aversions to familiar foods in their usual diet when these foods were consumed prior to drug treatments. These aversions were evidently learned due to the association of these foods with the symptoms of drug treatment. Some simple intervention procedures may prove effective in preventing the development of these aversions.
Elastic and inelastic electron scattering

Abstract Experiments to investigate the electric and magnetic structure of nuclei are described. The descriptions are limited to primary beam energies of up to 100 MeV where the structure of individual nucleons will not influence the results greatly. Analysis of the experimental cross sections gives new information about nuclear states.
Utilizing Increased Resistance to Motion and Progressive Pacing Training Techniques to Increase Karate Strike Velocity

Summary.-Increased resistance to motion and progressive pacing were examined relative to their effect on the execution of a forward middle punch karate strike (movement time). It was expected that both training methods would increase striking velociry. The method of utilizing increased resistance ro motion would prove superior to the one which did not utilize additional resistance if increased strength would provide greater force, and thereby allow the inertia of the striking segments to be overcome within a shorter time. The results for 42 college students did not support the hypotheses as there was no perceivable difference in striking velocity for the two experimental groups or the control group who received no treatment. The martial arts, of which the most commonly known styles consist of karate, aikido, judo, and kung-fu, are representative of the most sophisticated techniques of hand-to-hand combat and sport today. Literally translated as "empty hand," karate, as well as all martial arts, is both a science and philosophy of combat. To the devoted karateka or practitioner this represents a total way of life, the purpose of which is to realize one's full physical and spiritual potential. Currently, many Americans have been attracted to participate in the martial arts. Special schools or dojos can be found in mbt urban centers as well as many rural regions. The popularity of the martial arts is reflected by the number of physical education and recreation programs throughout the United States which have added such classes to their curricula as the martial arts have been recognized as a viable addition in terms of practicality, promotion of fitness, and as a lifetime activity (Conroy, 1975; Hamada & Tow, 1979). An individual choosing to study the martial arts at a dojo will discover that the course of study is regulated by ritual and tradition that has been proliferated for centuries. However, with specific reference to the martial ' arts it has been stated that "traditional methods are not necessarily good methods" (Tegner, 1966). In the martial arts many training techniques have remained virtually unchanged for generations. Some of these are contradictory to modern physiological findings. The martial arts have been somewhat neglected by sport scientists but, if these activities are to occupy an integral position
The effective-mass nature of deep-level point-defect states in semiconductors

Abstract The basic premise of Effective-Mass Theory (EMT) is that bound-state wavefunctions are constructible from Bloch functions in a small region or regions of k space. In contrast, deep-level wavefunctions are believed to involve Bloch functions from the entire Brillouin zone and several bands. In this paper we analyse the wavefunction of the deep vacancy level in Si obtained recently by self-consistent Green's-function calculations. We find that this wavefunction has a strong EMT character in that it is composed primarily of Bloch functions from the nearest bands and the corresponding coefficients, i.e. the envelope functions, are peaked about the band extrema. As a further check, we have used a spherical average of the self-consistent vacancy potential in the acceptor EMT equations. The resulting energy level is at E v +0.9 eV, as compared with the Green's-function-theoretic value of E v +0.8 eV. The resulting wavefunction, on the other hand, does not have the correct form. A check of the correction terms left out by the standard EMT equations reveals that their contributions to the energy level are large and tend to cancel one another.
NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy

Abstract The NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy is a structured system of neuroanatomical terminology that provides a comprehensive representation of virtually all human and nonhuman primate brain structures that are identifiable either grossly or in Nissl-stained histological sections. This system was devised for computer applications to address deficiencies in the brain terminology presented in Nomina Anatomica . English terms are listed for 783 structures in nine levels of hierarchical ranking. Abbreviations are provided for all superficial and primary volumetric structures. The substructures that constitute the total volume of every superstructure are identified. Superficial features of the brain are clearly distinguished from internal, volumetric brain structures. Structures found solely in either humans or macaques are identified. The purpose of the NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy is to bring greater standardization to the neuroanatomical terminology used by scientific investigators, clinicians, and students. This effort is consistent with the goals of the Unified Medical Language System program of the National Library of Medicine. It is hoped that the systematic construction of the NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy will facilitate use of the most widely accepted definitions of classical neuroanatomy in quantitative computerized neuroimaging applications. It should provide an accurate structural framework against which to reference the many other kinds of neuroanatomical information that are acquired by modern imaging, mapping, and histological labeling techniques.
Mice deficient in heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase-1: normal hemostasis with unexpected perinatal phenotypes.

Heparan sulfate that contains antithrombin binding sites is designated as anticoagulant heparan sulfate (HSact) since, in vitro, it dramatically enhances the neutralization of coagulation proteases by antithrombin. Endothelial cell production of HSact is controlled by the Hs3st1 gene, which encodes the rate limiting enzyme—heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase-1 (Hs3st1). It has long been proposed that levels of endothelial HSact may tightly regulate hemostatic tone. This potential in vivo role of HSact was assessed by generating Hs3st1−/− knockout mice. Hs3st1−/− and Hs3st1+/+ mice were evaluated with a variety of methods, capable of detecting altered hemostatic tone. However, both genotypes were indistinguishable. Instead, Hs3st1−/− mice exhibited lethality on a specific genetic background and also showed intrauterine growth retardation. Neither phenotypes result from a gross coagulopathy. So although this enzyme produces the majority of tissue HSact, Hs3st1−/− mice do not show an obvious procoagulant phenotype. These results suggest that the bulk of HSact is not essential for normal hemostasis and that hemostatic tone is not tightly regulated by total levels of HSact. Moreover, the unanticipated non-thrombotic phenotypes suggest structure(s) derived from this enzyme might serve additional/alternative biologic roles. Published in 2003.
The role of variation in the perception of accented speech

Phonetic variation has been considered a barrier that listeners must overcome in speech perception, but has been proved beneficial in category learning. In this paper, I show that listeners use within-speaker variation to accommodate gross categorical variation. Within the perceptual learning paradigm, listeners are exposed to p-initial words in English produced by a native speaker of French. Critically, listeners are trained on these words with either invariant or highly-variable VOTs. While a gross boundary shift is made for participants exposed to the variable VOTs, no such shift is observed after exposure to the invariant stimuli. These data suggest that increasing variation improves the mapping of perceptually mismatched stimuli.
A note on the statistics of early-type close binaries

A degree of contact index (I sub c) is defined, and its frequency diagram is given for 16 early-type close binaries. The objective is to determine whether the numbers of such systems are continuous or discontinuous across marginal contact. Data for four of the systems (TU Mus, V499 Sco, Delta Pic, and SZ Cam) derive from new photometric analyses, the results of which are also given. Present results indicate that there is continuity in frequency across marginal contact, although it would be desirable to include more binaries as further observations become available. It is noted that the only two systems in the bin of largest I sub c are known to be in the rapid phase of mass transfer.
Mechanisms of Disease: signaling pathways and immunobiology of inflammatory myopathies

The signaling pathways involved in the immunobiology of polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion-body myositis are outlined in this Review, which is based on research performed during the past 10 years. In dermatomyositis, the complement cascade is activated and the expression of cytokines and chemokines is upregulated. In polymyositis and inclusion-body myositis, autoinvasive CD8+ T cells are clonally expanded. This T-cell subset possesses conserved amino-acid sequences in complementarity-determining region 3 of the T-cell receptor and, via the perforin pathway, exerts a myotoxic effect on muscle fibers that express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. In all inflammatory myopathies, molecules associated with T-cell transmigration and cytokine signaling, as well as chemokines and their receptors, are strongly expressed by endothelial and inflammatory cells. Early in the pathogenesis of polymyositis and inclusion-body myositis, expression of MHC class I molecules on muscle fibers is upregulated, even in the absence of autoinvasive CD8+ T cells. Emerging data indicate that such continuous upregulation of the expression of MHC class I molecules on muscle fibers leads to an endoplasmic reticulum stress response, intracellular accumulation of misfolded glycoproteins, and activation of nuclear factor kappaB pathways, which can further stimulate formation of MHC class I-CD8 complexes, resulting in a self-sustaining inflammatory response. Advances in our understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of these inflammatory myopathies are expected to result in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for these diseases.
Guidelines for Using Technology to Prepare Social Studies Teachers

The inaugural issue of Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education provided a series of guidelines for using digital technology to prepare teachers in the fields of social studies, math, English and science. In this paper, the authors reflect upon, revisit, and rethink the original guidelines for using digital technologies to prepare social studies teachers in an effort to facilitate theoretical and practical discussions that may, once again, serve as a foundation from which to approach the preparation and development of social studies teachers over the next few years.