cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Consumption and Energy Sources on Planet Earth

Energy, while an abstract concept, is well-defined in physics and science. Unfortunately the word “energy” has been stolen by psychologists and others to describe a mental state: “he/she has lots of energy”, or “I can transfer energy through my hands to you”. This sounds like energy is something mysterious and fleeting. But this is not the energy considered here. As taught in every high-school, it takes kinetic energy for something to move. This energy of movement can be acquired by release and conversion of stored-up (potential) energy. Without physical energy and energy conversions, the whole Universe would be dead and we would not exist. Since we will be discussing energy usage, exchanges, and supplies, it is necessary we first define a unit of energy. For example how many units of energy are in a liter or gallon of petrol.
Quantify equipment capacity impacts induced by maximum waiting time constraint through simulation

Maximum waiting time constraint is one of the most complex questions in wafer fabrication. The constraint setting will definitely induce equipment capacity loss. However, it's difficult to quantify the impacts precisely. This paper illustrates the approach to quantify equipment capacity loss induced by maximum waiting time constraint settings through simulation. With the model, we can prioritize the impacts, and put efforts to prolong the specifications of highest ones. Besides, equipment capacity can be estimated more precisely by applying the model results.
Climatology of long‐range transported Asian dust along the West Coast of the United States

The contribution of trans-Pacific dust estimated from satellite observations has been shown to be 3 times greater than domestic dust in North America throughout the year. Thus, a quantitative understanding of the frequency and locations where Asian dust is transported is necessary to improve global dust modeling for weather and climate predictions. This work presents a 10 year record (2002–2011) of dust along the U.S. West Coast estimated from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments network in an effort to characterize the seasonal cycle and interannual variability of Asian dust transport. In addition, observations of dust exported from East Asia were analyzed along with air mass trajectories and satellite and ground-based precipitation data to investigate seasonal variability of Asian dust transport. On average, Asian dust concentrations (0.08–0.60 µg m−3) from ground-based observations were 1.7 times those of local dust (0.00–0.53 µg m−3) and 23% (up to 44%) of fine particulate matter (particles with diameters ≤ 2.5 micrometers, or PM2.5) mass concentrations at high elevations in the spring. The maximum in springtime Asian dust on the U.S. West Coast was attributed to higher source concentrations (10.98–36.27 µg m−3) and reduced potential for wet removal over the Pacific Ocean and U.S. West Coast. Although trans-Pacific transport was more favorable during the winter, minimum concentrations of Asian dust were observed on the U.S. West Coast (0.11 µg m−3) due to a lower source influence and higher potential for wet removal during transport. Multiobservational approaches such as these should be taken into account when modeling transport of Asian dust to the western U.S.
Analysis of parallel mixed-mode simulation algorithms

This paper presents a performance analysis of several parallel algorithms for the mixed-mode simulation of digital systems. The performance model is an architectural simulation of the parallel algorithms running on a hypercube multiprocessor. Workload data is collected from a uniprocessor-based mixed-mode simulator on several benchmark circuits, and two distinct circuit partitioning algorithms are considered. The results indicate that the performance of the parallel simulations is highly circuit dependent, in some cases performing worse than a uniprocessor and in others approaching optimal performance. >
Gittin' to Know Y'all : Improvised Music, Interculturalism and the Racial Imagination

Among the vanishingly small number of texts that explicitly address constructions of race in experimental music, those produced by improvisors stand out, including work by Malcolm Goldstein (1988) and Wadada Leo Smith (1973), and Anthony Braxton's massive three-volume Tri-Axium Writings (1985), an effort which, while in dialogue with such texts as LeRoi Jones’ Blues People (1963), John Cage’s Silence (1961) and Karlheinz Stockhausen’s Texte (1971), extends considerably beyond these texts, both in length and in range of inquiry. This general erasure of race seems at variance with experimental music’s presumed openness, its emphasis upon resistance, and its excavations of subaltern and marginalized histories of sound. The primary direction of my analysis, then, concerns the ways in which not only music scholars, but also musicians themselves, have either confronted or avoided engagement with issues of race in experimental music. I seek to identify some uninterrogated tropes concerning process, history and methodology that, when brought to light, do seem to embody coded assumptions about race, ethnicity, class, and about the possibilities for artists to move across, transgress and possibly erase borders. As critical tools in advancing my theorizing, I wish to return to the terms “Eurological” and “Afrological,” which I used in a previous essay (“Improvised Music”) to historicize the particularity of perspectives developed in culturally divergent environments. These terms refer metaphorically to musical belief systems and behavior that, in my view, exemplify particular kinds of musical “logic.” The terms refer to social and cultural location, rather than phenotype (skin color); they are theorized here as historically emergent, and must not be used to essentialize musical direction in terms of ethnicity or race.
The Activity of Neurons in the Amygdala of the Cat following Afferent Stimulation

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the inputs to the amygdala by recording the reactions of single neurons in well localized areas of the complex. The unit activity is recorded from the amygdala and surrounding structures in curarized cats with steel micro-electrodes. Recording points are localized histologically within ±1 mm. 203 units are recorded and investigated with the following stimuli: olfactory, acoustic, visual, somatosensory as well as with electrical stimulation of the homolateral olfactory bulb and the contralateral sciatic nerve. In a number of units electrical stimulation of the contra-lateral amygdala, hippocampus, and reticular formation is tested. The reactions of units to stimulations are divided into specific and unspecific or diffuse responses. Specific responses are stimulus-bound, have a short and consistent latency up to 20-30 msec, show a fixed reaction pattern and are reliably reproduceable. Diffuse reactions are of long and variable latency (50 to several 100 msec), are inconsistent and follow different ill-defined patterns. Reaction latencies to olfactory and sciatic stimuli are presented. The chapter concludes that the main input in the anterior area and the basal and cortical nuclei of the amygdala is olfactory, whereas real multisensory convergence is the exception.
A comparative evaluation of two statistical analysis methods for damage detection using fibre optic sensor data

One of the commonly used optic sensing technologies is a point sensor with Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG), which is employed with an in-house developed FBG interrogator. It is critical to couple such sensing capabilities with effective data analysis methods that can identify structural changes and detect possible damage. In this study, Robust Regression Analysis (RRA) and Cross Correlation Analysis (CCA) are employed to analyse strain data collected with FBG sensors that are installed on a 4-span bridge type structure. In order to test the efficiency of these non-parametric data analysis approaches, several tests are conducted with different damage scenarios in the laboratory environment. The efficiency of FBG sensors in conjunction with RRA and CCA algorithms for detection and localising damage are explored. Based on the findings, the RRA and CCA methods with FBGs can be expected to deliver promising results as to observing and detecting both local and global damage.
The Impact of Banking and Fringe Banking Regulation on the Number of Unbanked Americans

Thirty-five to 45 percent of low-income American households do not possess a bank account. This statistic coupled with claims of price gouging by check cashers has prompted government intervention. I find that state legislation requiring banks to offer low-cost accounts slightly decreases the number of low-income minority unbanked households, but only with a substantial lag. Caps on check-cashing fees also lead to a small, but more immediate, reduction in the number of unbanked among this population. Because price caps may lead to a reduction in supply, welfare effects are indeterminate.
Inversion of block - Toeplitz matrices using bivariate szego polynomials

Bivariate analogues of the Szego polynomials have been derived by the author and applied to the derivation of an analogue of the Levinson algorithm for two-dimensional Wiener filtering. In this paper we show that the same polynomials can be applied to derive an algorithm for inverting the positive definite block-Toeplitz matrices which occur in two-dimensional Wiener filtering. The algorithm yields a decomposition of the inverse matrix into a product of upper and lower triangular block matrices.
Oxygen Utilization and Toxicity in the Lungs

The sections in this article are: 1 Bioenergetics 1.1 General Concepts 1.2 Lung Bioenergetics 2 Oxygen-Dependent Metabolic Reactions 2.1 Pathways of O2 Utilization 2.2 Pulmonary O2-Dependent Metabolic Reactions 2.3 Inactivation of Vasoactive Amines 3 Oxygen Toxicity 3.1 Pathological Effects of O2 3.2 Mechanisms of O2 Toxicity 3.3 Antioxidant Defenses 4 Conclusion
Temporal Characteristics of the Speech of Normal Elderly Adults

A number of physical and psychological changes occur as a result of the normal aging process. These changes often result in an increase in the time subjects require to perform various motor (and se...
Identification of osteocalcin mrna in nonosteoid tissue of rats and humans by reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction

Diseased or necrotic tissue can become calcified in a way that resembles bone. We examined soft tissues for the presence and regulation of the mRNA for the bone-associated protein, osteocalcin (OC). RNA was isolated from liver, kidney, lung, brain, muscle, and bone of young (2 months) male SD rats and analyzed for beta-actin, IGF-I, metallothionein IIa, alpha 1 collagen, calbindin-D9k (CaBP), and OC mRNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All PCR products but CaBP were found in bone; CaBP was present only in duodenum, kidney, and lung. OC product was detected in all tissues; the identity of the PCR product was confirmed by sequencing. Bone OC mRNA levels were calculated to be 1000-fold higher than duodenal levels. Rats fed a 0.8% strontium diet for 7 days to drive down serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels [1,25(OH)2D3] and then injected with 300 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/100 body weight had increased duodenal CaBP (2.5-fold) and femur OC mRNA (2.2-fold) 24 h after treatment. Duodenal OC mRNA was unchanged. OC mRNA was found in nondiseased human aortae, and the amount of message was elevated in calcified aorta and calcified aortic plaques. These results demonstrate that (1) tissues other than bone have low basal expression of OC mRNA, (2) OC mRNA is not regulated by vitamin D in nonosteoid tissue, and (3) expression of OC mRNA in atherosclerotic aorta reflects a role for bone-forming cells in ectopic bone formation observed in certain disease conditions.
Biological weed control in rice with a strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. used as a mycoherbicide

Abstract An indigenous fungal pathogen of the native leguminous weed, northern jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica [L.] B.S.P.) was found to cause an anthracnose disease at endemic levels annually on its host in Arkansas rice and soybean fields without apparent impact on competitive ability or dispersal of the weed. The pathogen was isolated in pure culture and identified as a host-specific strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, an intensively studied ‘group species’ which causes many anthracnose diseases and consists of species and strains representing wide latitudes of hosts specificity and virulence on both economic crops and wild plants in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. An understanding of anthracnose disease aetiology gained from the literature and confirmed by empirical studies with the weed and fungus revealed that the pathogen was specific and potentially devastating to its weed host, but was constrained in natural situations by poor capacity for dissemination of inoculum. Its spores, although produced in abundance, develop late, are sticky and dispersed mainly by splashing rain or insects, mechanisms that are suppressed on annual weed plants interspersed with annual crop plants. For the fungus to be effective as a biological control agent (i.e. as a mycoherbicide), complete coverage of a field with inoculum at appropriate times and levels to compensate for the pathogen's poor capacity for dissemination would be required. A multidisciplinary team of plant pathologists, weed scientists, veterinary scientists and fermentation scientists investigated the practical potential of the mycoherbicide concept with this host-pathogen combination and found it to be biologically feasible, registerable and commercially practical. The fungus is marketed as living dry spores for use on a comparatively small area weed problem and in a crop-management programme that relies heavily on chemical pesticides. Extension of this concept to control other weeds or other pests seems possible and practical.
Costosternal Chondrodynia: A Variant of Tietze's Syndrome?*

Costosternal chondrodynia, a distinct clinical entity which has not been documented previously, is encountered frequently. Eighty-nine patients who had localized pain or tenderness which involved the upper and middle costosternal cartilages of the anterior chest wall were seen during a 15-month period at the Scott and White Clinic. Swelling was not visible or palpable. The response to roentgen-ray therapy was excellent. Costosternal chondrodynia and Tietze's syndrome are two distinct entities. The essential features of each are almost opposite.
Optimal principal agent contracts for a class of incentive schemes: a characterization and the rate of approach to efficiency

In this paper we study a repeated principal-agent situation with moral hazard. We focus on a class of incentive schemes, calledbankruptcy contracts. The agent is “scored” in each period, and is paid a fixed wage per period until the current score falls to zero, at which time the agent is terminated and the principal hires a new agent. The agent's current score at any time equals an initial score, plus the total output up to that time, minus an amount that is proportional to the total time. With standard assumptions about the utility functions of the principal and agent, we characterize the second-best bankruptcy contracts and show that in such a contract, the principal pays the agent an efficiency wage. We also demonstrate that such contracts lead to approximately first-best (Pareto efficient) outcomes if the principal and agent are sufficiently patient (have small discount rates). Most importantly, if the two players have a common discount rateδ, then the loss of efficiency under the second-best bankruptcy contract goes to zero at least as fast asO(gd1/2lnδ). In order to obtain increased precision, the analysis is carried out in a continuous-time framework.
Multistate Binding in Pyridoxine 5‘-Phosphate Synthase: 1.96 Å Crystal Structure in Complex with 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose Phosphate†

We report the 1.96 A crystal structure of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase (PdxJ) in complex with 1-deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate (dXP). The octameric enzyme possesses eight distinct binding sites, and three different binding states are observed. The observation of these three states supports a mechanism in which precise conformational changes of a peptide loop and groups of active site residues modulate binding and specificity. The differences in protein conformation when one or two substrates are bound can be correlated with a condensation mechanism that leads productively to the formation of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP). "Snapshots" of the progression from the apo form to a singly occupied "transitional binding" state and, subsequently, to a fully occupied, reactive state are revealed and indicate how the enzyme structure can be related to a plausible catalytic mechanism and, moreover, to favorable energetics of reaction.
Anaerobic CO2 fixation by autotrophic bacteria, Hydrogenomonas and Ferrobacillus.

In the facultative autotrophic bacterium, Hydrogenomonas facilis (oxidizing hydrogen), and in the strictly autotrophic bacterium, Ferrobacillus sulfooxidans (oxidizing iron), it is possible to achieve CO2 fixation under completely anaerobic conditions providing the oxidizable substrate is present. This result provides some support for the concept, demonstrated with other autotrophic bacteria, that an electron transport system is interposed between the inorganic substrate oxidized and the actual oxygen utilization.
Changes in communication apprehension, satisfaction, and competence in foreign dialect and stuttering clients

This study examined changes in predispositions toward communication over the course of therapy. Results indicated that both foreign dialect and stuttering clients had significantly lower levels of communication apprehension and higher levels of communication competence after 3 1/2 months of their respective therapies; each client group also demonstrated significant improvements in the speech parameters upon which treatment focused. Discussion focused on the utility of using communication measures with clinical populations.
Effects of topically applied stannous fluoride and acidulated phosphate fluoride alone and in combination on dental plaque.

A five-day study in 48 subjects, conducted in the absence of customary oral hygiene, measured the effects of a single topical application of stannous fluoride or acidulated phosphate fluoride alone or in a 1:1 combination. All fluoride concentrations were 1.25%. At the end of the study no effects on dental plaque and gingivitis were detected. During the study the flouride treatments, particularly those containing SnF2, temporarily restricted the ability of the saliva to lower the pH of a sucrose solution.
Lifetime of f meson

Abstract The differential and total cross sections for the photoproduction of the f meson are calculated in terms of the width f→γγ.
Interval Timing Accuracy and Scalar Timing in C57BL/6 Mice

In many species, interval timing behavior is accurate—appropriate estimated durations—and scalar—errors vary linearly with estimated durations. While accuracy has been previously examined, scalar timing has not been yet clearly demonstrated in house mice (Mus musculus), raising concerns about mouse models of human disease. We estimated timing accuracy and precision in C57BL/6 mice, the most used background strain for genetic models of human disease, in a peak-interval procedure with multiple intervals. Both when timing two intervals (Experiment 1) or three intervals (Experiment 2), C57BL/6 mice demonstrated varying degrees of timing accuracy. Importantly, both at individual and group level, their precision varied linearly with the subjective estimated duration. Further evidence for scalar timing was obtained using an intraclass correlation statistic. This is the first report of consistent, reliable scalar timing in a sizable sample of house mice, thus validating the PI procedure as a valuable technique, the intraclass correlation statistic as a powerful test of the scalar property, and the C57BL/6 strain as a suitable background for behavioral investigations of genetically engineered mice modeling disorders of interval timing.
Multiple Constrained Folding of Programmable Logic Arrays: Theory and Applications

Programmable logic arrays are important building blocks of VLSI circuits and systems. We address the problem of optimizing the silicon area and the performances of large logic arrays. In particular, we describe a general method for compacting a logic array defined as multiple row and column folding and we address the problem of interconnecting a PLA to the outside circuitry. We define a constrained optimization problem to achieve minimal silicon area occupation with constrained positions of electrical inputs and outputs. We present a new computer program, PLEASURE, which implements several algorithms for multiple and/or constrained PLA folding.
Histamine and interstitial Pulmonary Edema in the Dog

Histamine, administered to dogs by various routes, produced peribronchial interstitial edema. Using colloidal carbon as an electron-dense tracer, it was shown that bronchial venules had become leaky at the same time that the minute blood vessels of the pulmonary circulation remained unaffected by the histamine. The effect of histamine was rapid and brief in duration: wide interendothelial gaps appeared in the walls of bronchial venules through which blood and tracer escaped into the interstitium. This action of histamine seemed to be related to the presence in the bronchial venular endothelium of abundant cytoplasmic fibrils that presumably have contractile capacity. Water content of the lungs was consistent with morphologic evidence that histamine promoted the accumulation of fluid in the lungs. The same pattern of response was observed after bradykinin or compound 48/80, a mast cell degranulator. In contrast to these three agents, serotonin did not affect bronchial venular permeability to colloidal carbon. Consideration of these observations in the light of the large extent of the bronchial venular plexus, raises the possibility that the bronchial venular system may play an important reabsorptive role under normal circumstances and that it may also be involved in the genesis of certain types of interstitial pulmonary edema.
Measurement assessment of the type A coronary prone behavior pattern and hyperactivity/problem behaviors in children: are they related? The Bogalusa Heart Study.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to contribute to concept clarification regarding identification of the Type A behavior pattern in children. To accomplish this, two measurement techniques for assessing Type A behavior in children (MYTH and Hunter-Wolf) were compared to a third (a teacher-rated measure of hyperactivity: the Conners), since this latter measure, although often used to diagnose hyperactive children, seemed also to measure some Type A-like behaviors. The Hunter-Wolf also included a self-assessment of Type A behavior. The conceptual and measurement issue was: Are teachers rating Type A or hyperactive/problem behaviors in children? Fifty-five teachers participated. They rated 253 students, aged 8 to 17 years, in a biracial community. The clear overlap between teacher-assessed Type A and the Conners hyperactivity measure was demonstrated when the best predictor of teacher-assessed Type A measure was the Conners. This was especially true for black males and white females. Little relationship...
Conducting complexes of vacuum-cyclized polyacrylonitrile and iodine

Abstract Polyacrylonitrile, thermally cyclized in a vacuum, was found to form conducting complexes with iodine. These complexes would not form until the thermal treatment of polyacrylonitrile resulted in a certain minimum cyclicity, or number of cyclized rings per fused segment in the polymer chain, as measured by infra-red spectroscopy. Cyclized polyacrylonitrile-iodine complexes approaching two iodine atoms per cyclized six-member ring had a room-temperature conductivity of 10−2 ohm−1 cm−1 with an activation energy of 0.60 eV.
Discussion of “Sky temperatures in the imperial Valley of California”

It is gratifying to see that progress is being made along the lines of evaluating the cooling power of the sky with respect to physiological thermal exchange. This paper recalled to mind a body of data collected by Sissenwine (then Head of the Environmental Physics Unit, Research and Development Branch, Military Planning Division, Office of the Quartermaster General) and others [1951] in July and August of 1950 in Death Valley. Thepmxirntry (about 250 mi) and obvious similarities in climate of this locality and Imperial Valley are such that there should be, and in fact are, similarities in the observed data, some of which, for ready reference and by way of example, are shown summarized in Table 1.
Utility of Beta-Blockade Treatment for Older Postinfarction Patients

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) in older people is high. Whereas use of beta-blockers after MI is known to lower MI mortality in younger adults, its efficacy for adults more than 75 years of age remains less clear. We hypothesized that use of beta-blockers after MI in older adults would improve clinical outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A community-based, tertiary-care teaching hospital. METHODS: A total of 1011 consecutive MI patients aged 60 to 89 were admitted to Boston's Beth Israel Hospital between January 1988 and September 1989 and were screened for this study. One hundred eighteen patients met eligibility criteria, of whom 76 received metoprolol, ≥25 mg/day for at least 5 days after their MI. Forty-two age and clinically matched patients were similarly suitable for beta-blocker therapy, but it was omitted by their physicians during and after hospitalization. The latter group served as controls. MEASUREMENTS: Mortality, reinfarction, and subsequent hospital admissions were measured. RESULTS: MI patients aged 60 to 89 years who were treated with metoprolol had an age-adjusted mortality reduction of 76% (RR 0.24; P < .001; 95% CI 0.11–0.54). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a 12% mortality reduction (95% CI 0.75–1.00) among older MI patients, attributable to metoprolol therapy. Reinfarction rates were unchanged in patients receiving metoprolol therapy, and subsequent rehospitalizations were significantly increased among the metoprolol patients. CONCLUSIONS: Use of metoprolol significantly reduced mortality in older MI patients. The fact that metoprolol-treated patients had neither reduced reinfarctions or rehospitalizations may relate to methologic limitations of this study. The mortality data support the hypothesis that older patients benefit from postinfarction beta-blockade.
Berman, Jeffrey. Dying to Teach: A Memoir of Love, Loss, and Learning. Albany: SUNY Press, 2007

Jeffrey Berman's new book, Dying to Teach, is wrenching, but leaves us filled with empathy. This book is many things at once. It shows Berman, author of Risky Writing: Self Disclosure and Self Tran...
Modulation of Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity by the Xenobiotic Receptor CAR

We have identified the xenobiotic receptor CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) as a key regulator of acetaminophen metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Known CAR activators as well as high doses of acetaminophen induced expression of three acetaminophen-metabolizing enzymes in wild-type but not in CAR null mice, and the CAR null mice were resistant to acetaminophen toxicity. Inhibition of CAR activity by administration of the inverse agonist ligand androstanol 1 hour after acetaminophen treatment blocked hepatotoxicity in wild type but not in CAR null mice. These results suggest an innovative therapeutic approach for treating the adverse effects of acetaminophen and potentially other hepatotoxic agents.
An integrated pulse-analysis system for neutron spectroscopy

Abstract A new dual-parameter pulse-shape-discrimination circuit for the acquisition of proton-recoil pulses (and elimination of gamma-ray-induced pulses) from fast-neutron spectrometer systems has been built and tested. Except for the detector, its bias supply and preamplifier, the system requires only the dual-amplifier—ADC board described in this paper and a personal computer. The basis for this system is a dual-amplifier—ADC board that utilizes dual-amplifier sections for shaping and amplification, and dual Wilkinson-type, 10-bit ADCs from The Nucleus, Inc., all resident on a 20 cm × 28 cm (8 in. × 11 in.) double-sided, printed circuit board. Digital signals from the two ADCs and the associated coincidence circuit are fed to an IBM PC/XT clone through a triple, 8-bit digital interface board. Data-acquisition software has been written in assembler language to reduce data acquisition time, resulting in a 25% deadtime at 5000 counts per second using the 4 MHz processor of the IBM PC/XT. The system has been tested using both spherical and cylindrical gas-filled proton-recoil detectors and an NE-213 liquid scintillator. Quasi-monoenergetic spectra from filtered neutron beams at 24 keV and a broad energy spectrum from an aluminum/sulfur filter have been measured. In these cases the measured spectra agreed well with expected results, indicating that gamma-ray discrimination has been accurately achieved using the system.
Domatic partitions of computable graphs

Given a graph G, we say that a subset D of the vertex set V is a dominating set if it is near all the vertices, in that every vertex outside of D is adjacent to a vertex in D. A domatic k-partition of G is a partition of V into k dominating sets. In this paper, we will consider issues of computability related to domatic partitions of computable graphs. Our investigation will center on answering two types of questions for the case when k = 3. First, if domatic 3-partitions exist in a computable graph, how complicated can they be? Second, a decision problem: given a graph, how difficult is it to decide whether it has a domatic 3-partition? We will completely classify this decision problem for highly computable graphs, locally finite computable graphs, and computable graphs in general. Specifically, we show the decision problems for these kinds of graphs to be $${\Pi^{0}_{1}}$$ ? 1 0 -, $${\Pi^{0}_{2}}$$ ? 2 0 -, and $${\Sigma^{1}_{1}}$$ Σ 1 1 -complete, respectively.
Evaluation of Neuromuscular Junction Disorders in the Electromyography Laboratory

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disorders may be demonstrated using repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) testing and single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG). RNS testing with low frequency stimulation reduces the safety factor of neuromuscular transmission (NMT) and may elicit decrementing compound muscle action potential (CMAP) responses. Exercise or tetanic nerve stimulation may potentiate acetylcholine release in presynaptic NMT disorders with CMAP facilitation. SFEMG is a selective recording technique assessing MFAPs within the same motor unit. Jitter is increased in NMJ disorders, and is the temporal variability between these MFAPs. Impulse blocking reflects failure of NMT. RNS and SFEMG findings in NMJ disorders are reviewed.
Activism, Ideology, and Federalism: Judicial Behavior in Constitutional Challenges Before the Rehnquist Court, 1986-2000

In this study, we evaluate the individual voting behavior of the justices on the Rehnquist Court in cases raising constitutional challenges to federal, state, and local legislation. Using activism, federalism, and ideology as our guiding principles, we evaluate the extent to which the justices' voting behavior is consistent with the conventional wisdom that conservatives are more restraintist and more likely to protect states' rights in conformity with Chief Justice Rehnquist's focus on federalism. Although we find that there is some correlation between judicial ideology and activism, with liberals more activist than conservatives in general, we also find that the conservative wing of the Rehnquist Court is also largely guided by its own ideological reaction to the substantive policy embodied in the laws at issue. Thus, conservative justices as well as liberals are likely to strike down state laws when those laws fail to conform to the ideological preferences. This result underscores the importance of the attitudinal model of judicial behavior as an explanation of voting patterns on the Court, regardless of the justices' rhetoric in favor of judicial restraint or states' rights.
Review of Multiaxis Fatigue Testing for Fatigue/Durability of Cardiovascular Medical Devices

The use of nitinol stents in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) is becoming commonplace. The SFA is a tortuous biomechanical environment that has challenged the durability of these devices. A thorough understanding of the biomechanical loading environment is necessary to design and evaluate new stents. This paper reports recent methods for use of bench testing as a tool to predict fatigue fracture of stents for complex multimode duty cycles.
Rapid evaluation of atomic properties with mixed analytical/numerical integration

Abstract A novel approach to computation of atomic properties is presented. The new algorithm, which takes advantage of analytical radial integration used in conjunction with efficient thresholding, makes it possible to calculate properties of atoms in molecules with 12–120 nuclei 3.5–9.0 times faster than the previously published program VECAIM. Analysis of the new algorithm shows that its computational cost is independent of molecular size and can be as small as a few minutes of CPU time per atom on the CRAY Y-MP supercomputer.
Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerizations in d-Limonene: A Renewable Polymerization Solvent and Chain Transfer Agent for the Synthesis of Alkene Macromonomers

d-Limonene has been utilized as a renewable solvent and chain transfer agent for the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of alkene macromonomers. The polymerization of various strained monomers, such as norbornene and 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD), and low-strain monomers, such as cyclopentene, trans,trans,trans-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene and cycloheptene, have been initiated with a ruthenium carbene complex. The metathesis reactions with d-limonene resulted in decreased weight-average (Mw) molecular weight values compared to ROMP in toluene and hydrogenated d-limonene. For the ROMP of COD in d-limonene, the amount of chain transfer and chain degradation increased with increasing time (1−20 h) and temperature (23−70 °C). The formation of the trisubstituted alkene during chain transfer, as evidenced by a model compound, was characterized by 1H NMR (δ 5.14 ppm). Optimization of the reaction conditions for the ROMP of COD resulted in the synthesis of alkene macromonomers without the need for postpolymeriza...
The use of narrative analysis to study transformative learning in associate degree nursing students: a focus on the methodology

Abstract The aim of this article is to describe the use of narrative inquiry as the research method used to investigate the transformative learning experiences of associate degree nursing students. The process of participant selection and recruitment, data collection and analysis, and development of narrative threads is defined. Implications for use of narrative inquiry in associate degree nursing education are explored. The traditional use of narratives in nursing education and practice is also defined.
Cryogenic growth of Al nitride on GaAs(110): X-ray-photoemission spectroscopy and inverse-photoemission spectroscopy.

We report on our recent studies of Al nitride growth on GaAs(110) formed by depositing Al onto a condensed ammonia overlayer on GaAs(110) at T=90 K using x-ray-photoemission spectroscopy and inverse-photoemission spectroscopy. We have also investigated the temperature dependence of the interface thus formed. The results show some limited amount of Al nitride formed at T=90 K even though the reaction is slow, but the overlayer mostly remains metallic until the substrate is heated up. Much of the reaction of Al with ammonia occurs at about T=170 K, above which the overlayer becomes insulating. The combined information from occupied and unoccupied states reveals new features of the interface formation, and is consistent with our previous synchrotron photoemission studies of Al/${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$/GaAs(100).
THE ORBITING GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORIES

The Orbiting Geophysical Observatories and the supporting ground checkout equipment, data acquisition and tracking stations and data processing equipment are designed to conduct large numbers of diverse experiments in space. Measurements will be made within the earth's atmosphere, ionosphere, exosphere, magnetosphere, and in cislunar space to obtain a better understanding of earth-sun relationships and of the earth as a planet. Configured to meet scientific requirements, the observatories include six booms to support detectors away from disturbances generated in the main body. Five degrees of freedom allow the orientation of experiments relative to three references — the earth, the sun, and the orbital plane. Power, thermal control, and data handling subsystems provide for the proper operation of the experiments and telemetry of the data. Ground stations receive these data, which are then processed into a form suitable for use by the experimenters. The systems have been designed to make available a standard spacecraft and support equipment which can be used repeatedly to carry large numbers of easily integrated experiments in a wide variety of orbits.
The occurrence and significance of lead isotopes in pelagic sediments

Leads representing a major portion of the continental surface of the earth have been sampled in pelagic sediments and isotopically analysed. About two-thirds of the lead in all Pleistocene pelagic sediments have been chemically precipitated from lead dissolved in sea water. The remaining one-third has been transported as a constituent of solid particles. The rate of chemical deposition of lead tends to be uniform everywhere, while the rate of mechanical deposition of lead varies considerably so that the .abundance ratio of these two types of occurrences is different in various pelagic deposits. Dissolved lead in the oceans originates from the chemical denudation of continents, and different drainage regions contribute leads of different isotopic composition to the oceans. The travel time of the dissolved lead which is chemically precipitated is short compared to the mixing time of different large water masses so that lead of a uniform isotopic composition is not simultaneously deposited everywhere on the ocean floors. This phenomenon prevents the use of lead as a chronometrie index in lead-rich, uranium-poor marine sediments for intervals shorter than 100 million years. The present rate of soluble lead denudation, free of industrial contamination, is seven times greater than the average rate of chemical precipitation for the Pleistocene. Lead is transported from the continents to pelagic regions in dispro-portionately greater amounts than uranium and thorium, so that the isotopic evolution of lead in surface materials of the continents is measurably affected, and the lead denuded from some regions of extensively reworked sediments contains abnormally large proportions of Pb206. The gross features of the isotopic variations of leads denuded from continental surfaces can be accounted for by postulating: 1. (1) that these leads have evolved within the continental crust above the Mohorovicic discontinuity; 2. (2) that the crust consists of two phases, an exterior phase of high U/Pb and an interior phase of low U/Pb; 3. (3) that the exterior phase contains lead isotopically homogeneous with the rest of the crust at the time the exterior phase was formed; and 4. (4) that isotopic variations arise from different periods of aging within the exterior phase., The mean isotopic composition of lead to-day within the continental crust is obtained from the intersection of the marine lead isotopic regression line and the primary isochron of zero age for the earth. The values arer Pb206Pb204 = 18.58, Pb207/P.b204 = 15.77, Pb208/Pb204 = 38.87.
Unpacking and Keeping it Packed: Two Forms of Therapist Responsivity

Abstract The terms “unpacking” and “keeping it packed” are used here to distinguish two practices of systemically informed therapy. Human beings exist and operate in an array of experiential constraints that serve to stabilize but also to limit the dimensions of a person's process of living. Unpacking is a form of interaction in which therapist and client collaborate to generate more possibilities by identifying, opening up, breaking up, and making distinctions within existing constraints. With keeping it packed, the therapist facilitates a different form of relationship between the client and his/her experience of those phenomena that elude easy description yet are directly sensed and felt. This article seeks to define these terms and provide examples of and an argument for their use in the context of systemically informed therapy.
Surface modification of the channels of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chips with polyacrylamide for fast electrophoretic separations of proteins

The electrophoresis of proteins was investigated using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic chips whose surfaces were modified with polyacrylamide through atom-transfer radical polymerization. PDMS microchips were made using a glass replica to mold channels 10 microm high and 30 microm wide, with a T-intersection. The surface modification of the channels involved surface oxidation, followed by the formation of a self-assembled monolayer of benzyl chloride initiators, and then atom-transfer radical polymerization to grow a thin layer of covalently bonded polyacrylamide. The channels filled spontaneously with aqueous buffer due to the hydrophilicity of the coating. The resistance to protein adsorption was studied by open-channel electrophoresis for bovine serum albumin labeled with fluorophor. A plate height of 30 microm, corresponding to an efficiency of 33 000 plates/m, was obtained for field strengths from 18 to 889 V/cm. The lack of dependence of plate height on field strength indicates that there is no detectable contribution to broadening from adsorption. A 2- to 3-fold larger plate height was obtained for electrophoresis in a 50-cm polyacrylamide-coated silica capillary, and the shape of the electropherogram indicated the efficiency is limited by a distribution of species. The commercial capillary exhibited both reversible and irreversible adsorption of protein, whereas the PDMS microchip exhibited neither. A separation of lysozyme and cytochrome c in 35 s was demonstrated for the PDMS microchip.
Continuous sensors for structural health monitoring

This paper discusses the development of continuous Active Fiber Composite sensors to detect damage in composite materials. Continuous sensors contain multiple interconnected sensor nodes that can be integrated into an artificial neural system as an array of sensor nerves. Continuous sensors have demonstrated a possibility of damage detection in large structures when used as a part of Artificial Neural System. The advantage of this passive health monitoring approach is that the sensor system is highly distributed and uses parallel processing allowing large structures to be monitored for damage using a small number of channels of data acquisition. In the paper, the continuous sensor system is modeled and simulated by solving the elastic response of a plate and the coupled piezoelectric constitutive equations. The model and simulation allow the sensor system to be optimized for a particular material and plate size. The simulation predicts that acoustic waves representative of damage growth can be detected anywhere in the plate using a simple artificial neural system. To improve the sensitivity of the continuous sensor, unidirectional active fiber composite sensors were built from piezoceramic ribbon preforms. Manufacturing of the active fiber composite sensors is discussed in the paper. The continuous sensors were evaluated in a realistic test to show their ability detect acoustic emissions caused by damage to a composite material. The sensors were mounted on narrow glass fiber plates and tested to failure in a mechanical test machine. Results from the experiments are also presented.
Effects of Etomidate on Adrenal Suppression: A Review of Intubated Septic Patients

BackgroundEtomidate is a commonly used sedative during rapid sequence intubation (RSI). Septic patients are at an increased risk of independently developing adrenal suppression, which has been asso...
Random walks on finite lattices with traps

We consider dissipative processes involving both chemical reaction and physical diffusion in systems for which the influence of boundaries and system size on the dynamics cannot be neglected. We report the results of Monte Carlo simulations on an irreversible reaction in a confined system subject to two sorts of finite boundary conditions. The problem is posed in such a way as to take maximal advantage of two earlier studies: Montroll's work on random walks on $d$-dimensional periodic lattices with traps, and the work of Sanders, Ruijgrok, and ten Bosch on random walks on two-dimensional finite lattices with traps. Our results are used to discuss the concept of reduction of dimensionality as introduced by Adam and Delbr\"uck in their study of biological diffusion processes.
Culture, Power, and Place: The New Landscapes of East Asian Regionalism

IN EURASIA'S FAR EAST AS IN ITS FAR WEST, the end of the Cold War has put regionalism back on the map. Anchored in a prophetic future if not always in a documented past, emergent regions are being proclaimed everywhere from inner Asia to the Pacific Rim. Hong Kong may be the only place where official borders have been redrawn, but the geography of power in the whole region is evidently in flux. Quickening ties between Taiwan and the mainland, assertiveness along the industrializing Chinese coast, and calls for a new economic bloc around the Sea of Japan-coinciding with ethnic confrontations in Tibet and Xinjiang, a resurgent pan-Islamic movement, and the growing intellectual and economic clout of the diaspora Chinese around the world-have served to rivet global attention on the problematic boundaries of Chinese statehood and nationhood.1 But the recent South KQrean elections have drawn attention to fierce local loyalties on the peninsula as well, while calls for greater regional autonomy in contemporary Japan have their scholarly counterpart in calls for more polycentric perspectives on the Japanese past.2 East Asian historians come to this topic with a mixed record. On the one hand,
Differential Associations and Daily Smoking of Adolescents The Importance of Same-Sex Models

This article examines whether the importance of parents, siblings, best friends, and romantic interests are sex-specific in predicting daily juvenile smoking. Juveniles who smoke daily are strongly influenced by prosmoking attitudes and behaviors of same-sex family members. However, peers remain the most important associations in predicting daily smoking. An important finding is that juveniles without same-sex family role models, or close peers, are at higher risk. Policy implications for prevention and cessation programs are discussed.