cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular stress, excessive apoptosis and the effect of metformin in a mouse model of type 2 diabetic embryopathy

Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in women of childbearing age has led to a higher incidence of diabetes-associated birth defects. We established a model of type 2 diabetic embryopathy by feeding 4-week-old female mice a high-fat diet (HFD) (60% fat). After 15 weeks on HFD, the mice showed characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and were mated with lean male mice. During pregnancy, control dams fed a normal diet (10% fat) were maintained on either normal diet or HFD, serving as a control group with elevated circulating free fatty acids. DM dams produced offspring at a rate of 11.3% for neural tube defect (NTD) formation, whereas no embryos in the control groups developed NTDs. Elevated markers of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, caspase activation, and neuroepithelial cell apoptosis (causal events in type 1 diabetic embryopathy) were observed in embryos of DM dams. DM dams treated with 200 mg/kg metformin in drinking water ameliorated fasting hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance with consequent reduction of cellular stress, apoptosis, and NTDs in their embryos. We conclude that cellular stress and apoptosis occur and that metformin effectively reduces type 2 diabetic embryopathy in a useful rodent model.
Considerations for characterizing fuels as inputs for fire behavior models

Abstract Active crown fires affect forest ecosystem structure and function, and the livelihood of the surrounding human communities. Researchers and managers use simulation models to understand fire behavior and predict fire hazard. Accurate predictions depend on the capacity of simulation models to represent the processes that control fire behavior and on the quality of the data used. The data required to predict crown fire hazard include surface and canopy fuel characteristics. Because these variables are difficult to measure, fire behavior specialists categorize surface fuels into standard Surface Fuel Models, and calculate canopy fuel variables based on assumptions (e.g., canopy base height (CBH), canopy bulk density (CBD)). Our objectives were: (1) to analyze the sensitivity of CBH and CBD to assumptions made in their calculations, and (2) to determine the consequences for crown fire hazard due to variability in CBH, CBD and among Fuel Models. We calculated a range of values of CBH and CBD for 14 ponderosa pine stands in the Colorado Front Range, USA, by varying the assumptions made in their calculations. We found that CBH and CBD were sensitive to crown shape. If shapes were observed in the field, these metrics would better represent canopy structure. We used NEXUS, a spreadsheet model, to predict crown fire hazard at the 14 sites, using the above-mentioned range of CBH and CBD values, and four different Surface Fuel Models commonly used in montane forests. NEXUS predicted that more extreme weather was generally needed for wildfires to reach the crowns of trees than for the fires to actively spread once they had crowned. The selected fuel model was the main variable affecting crown fire hazard. Seven sites burned in 2002, after our field data were collected. Correspondence between burn severity and NEXUS predictions of fire behavior was generally high. Where this correspondence was weak, the differences could be assigned to variation in weather conditions or the presence of hard to quantify ladder fuels. Our results demonstrate that researchers and managers need to estimate inputs fire behavior models carefully to enhance their predictive capacity. They also suggest that prescribed fires are likely effective fuel reduction treatments.
The Relevance of Secondary Epileptogenesis to the Treatment of Epilepsy: Kindling and the Mirror Focus

Summary: Human beings with partial epilepsy and demonstrable cerebral lesions show, in addition to ipsilateral epileptiform EEG discharges, apparently independent epileptiform discharges from the opposite hemisphere. Patients with apparent unilateral focal onset of their partial seizures but without demonstrable lesions also frequently display what appear to be bilaterally independent EEG foci. When surgical treatment or medical prognosis is considered and there is no demonstrable lesion, the decision of which of the two apparent foci is primarily responsible for the seizures is often difficult. Even with a known structural lesion the question arises whether, following its removal, the contralateral focus will persist and will be epileptogenic. Two related experimental phenomena bear directly on these questions—kindling and the mirror focus. This presentation looks critically at existing evidence and finds that it fails to support the idea that kindling and the mirror focus have roles in human epilepsy that currently should influence clinical decisions.
Electrochemical Glucose and Lactate Sensors Based on “Wired” Thermostable Soybean Peroxidase Operating Continuously and Stably at 37 °C

Following a recent report from our laboratory on a thermostable amperometric H2O2 sensor based on “wiring” soybean peroxidase, glucose and lactate sensors maintaining stable output under continuous operation at 37 °C for 12 and 8 days, respectively, were built. The vitreous carbon base of the sensor was coated with four polymer layers. The first was made by cross-linking thermostable soybean peroxidase and the redox polymer formed through complexing part of the rings of poly(vinylpyridine) with [Os(bpy)2Cl]+/2+ (bpy = bipyridine) and quaternizing part of the rings with bromoethylamine. The second was an insulating and H2O2 transport controlling cellulose acetate layer. The third was an immobilized glucose oxidase or lactate oxidase layer. The fourth was a substrate transport controlling cellulose acetate layer In the case of the glucose sensor, the current output was independent of potential between −0.2 and +0.3 V (vs SCE), and the response time (t10/90)was <2 min when the concentration was raised from 0...
The contingent value of social capital.

I present argument and evidence for a structural ecology of social capital that describes how the value of social capital to an individual is contingent on the number of people doing the same work. The information and control benefits of bridging the structural holes—or, disconnections between nonredundant contacts in a network—that constitute social capital are especially valuable to managers with few peers. Such managers do not have the guiding frame of reference for behavior provided by numerous competitors, and the work they do does not have the legitimacy provided by numerous people doing the same kind of work. I use network and performance data on a probability sample of senior managers to show how the value of social capital, high on average for the managers, varies as a power function of the number of people doing the same work.
Galvanic Potentials of Grains and Grain Boundaries in Copper Alloys

Potentials of grains and grain boundaries were measured in pure copper, , and in alpha brass; the three cases represent the structural grain boundary in a pure metal, an alloy in which only one component is oxidized, and an alloy in which both components are oxidized. Potentials were measured in ferric chloride and in aqueous ammonia, the former representing an electrolyte in which only is susceptible to stress cracking and the latter representing conditions in which brass is susceptible to stress cracking. In general, it was found that the measured potentials could be correlated directly with observed structural changes and susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking.
Implementation and evaluation of Hough transform algorithms on a shared-memory multiprocessor

Abstract Hough Transform is one of the most common methods for detecting shapes (lines, circles, etc.) in binary or gray-level images. In this paper we present several techniques for implementing hough transform computations on a shared-memory multiprocessor and present their performance. Implementation results are obtained using fine-grain and coarse-grain parallelism; uniform, static, parameter, and dynamic partitioning schemes; uniform and nonuniform images; several image sizes; and several multiprocessor sizes. A simple analysis of all the implementations is also presented. The results show that static and dynamic partitioning schemes perform comparably in most cases. Coarse-grain parallelism performs better than fine-grain parallelism in general. In fact, for very fine-grain computations, multiprocessors perform worse than a single processor implementation. There exists a granule size for which best performance is achieved. Finer or coarser granule sizes compared to this granule size result in worse performance. It is observed that for nonuniform images uniform partitioning does not perform well, whereas static and dynamic partitioning strategies perform well and comparably in most cases. Finally, the results also show that speedups are very sensitive to locking granularities for fine-grain parallelism.
Monolithic IMPATT oscillator characterization

Two methods were developed to characterize the monolithic IMPATT resonator used in the design of the millimeter-wave oscillators. Although they are only good for discrete frequency points, the accuracy is much better than the method of de-embedding. The transmission resonance method can also be applied to other circuitry with high reflection coefficients, such as the matching circuit of a narrowband power FET, or HBT. The varactor method is very handy for in situ measurements. The drawback is that it is destructive and the accuracy deteriorates when the loss is high (a small arc). The experimental results are valuable for monolithic IMPATT oscillator design. >
Bylines in Despair: Herbert Hoover, the Great Depression, and the U.S. News Media

Acknowledgments Prologue The Unlikely Road to Success Secretary of Commerce The Campaign and Aftermath of the 1928 Election Lost Opportunities The Crash Radio, Newsreels, Newspapers, and the Presidency The Bonus March The Dawn of the Roosevelt Era Epilogue Bibliography Index
Synthesis of porosity controlled ceramic membranes

Porosity control in ceramic membranes has been achieved by controlling particle packing densities in sol-gel processing. TiO2 xerogels with two mean pore radii of 0.7 and 1.7 nm and a porosity varying from 30% to 52% have been obtained. ZrO2 xerogels with a mean pore radius of 0.7 nm and a porosity varying from 7% to 34% have also been prepared. The principle of controlling porosity is to make spongy aggregates and to control the degree of aggregation. Experiments have been conducted to show that spongy aggregates can be produced by gradually removing protons from the strongly charged particles. Viscosity techniques have been used to measure the relative volume fraction of the dispersed phase which, in turn, provides information on aggregate structures. Two aggregation models have been proposed to explain different structural aggregates formed through thermal destabilization in the highly charged system and through charge neutralization by gradually removing charge from the particles in the system.
Recent decadal growth of the Atchafalaya River Delta complex: Effects of variable riverine sediment input and vegetation succession

Abstract The Mississippi River Delta Plain has experienced substantial wetland loss from subsidence, erosion, and sea level rise, threatening coastal communities and the ecosystems that support them. The Atchafalaya River, the largest distributary of the Mississippi River, has one of the few prograding delta features along the ~ 200-km deltaic coastline. Understanding changes in the Atchafalaya River Delta complex (ARDC) development has critical implications for future prediction and management strategy for the Mississippi River Delta Plain. This study was organized to answer two major questions: (1) how did development of the ARDC respond to fluctuation in riverine sediment supply over the period 1989–2010, and (2) has vegetation succession helped stabilize subaerial land? The study quantified annual total suspended sediment yields to the two ARDC subdeltas—Atchafalaya River subdelta (ARSD) and Wax Lake outlet subdelta (WLSD)—classified delta land cover using satellite imagery over ~ 5-year intervals into three classes: barren land, vegetation, and open water and investigated the relationship of delta land change with sediment yield and vegetation succession. Over the entire 21-year study period, we found a net land gain of 59 km 2 , with the ARSD accounting for 58% of this gain and WLSD 42%. Sediment yield to the subdeltas decreased from an average annual of 38 megatonnes (MT) for ARSD and 18 MT for WLSD during 1989–1995 to an average annual of 24 MT for ARSD and 17 MT for WLSD during 2004–2010, corresponding to the decrease in riverine suspended sediment concentration. Concurrently, total land growth rate decreased from 2.4 km 2 y − 1 to 1.6 km 2 y − 1 for ARSD and 3.2 km 2 y − 1 to 0.6 km 2 y − 1 for WLSD. However, the ARDC had a net land loss of 2.1 km 2 during 1999–2004 because of tropical system effects in conjunction with the lack of large river floods (defined as discharge > 13,800 m 3 s − 1 ). On average, more than 60% of newly vegetated land remained vegetated in subsequent years, and when compared with barren areas, vegetated land was less likely (7.3% vs. 32%) to be converted to water, indicating vegetative stabilization effect. However, during the period without a major flood, vegetation buffering against tropical system erosion was limited. This indicates that over the period 1989 to 2010 land growth of the ARDC was dictated by large flood events.
Dynamic poroelasticity: A unified model with the squirt and the Biot mechanisms

The velocities and attenuation of seismic and acoustic waves in rocks with fluids are affected by the two most important modes of fluid/solid interaction: (1) the Biot mechanism where the fluid is forced to participate in the solid's motion by viscous friction and inertial coupling, and (2) the squirt-flow mechanism where the fluid is squeezed out of thin pores deformed by a passing wave. Traditionally, both modes have been modeled separately, with the Biot mechanism treated in a macroscopic framework, and the squirt flow examined at the individual pore level. We offer a model which treats both mechanisms as coupled processes and relates P-velocity and attenuation to macroscopic parameters: the Biot poroelastic constants, porosity, permeability, fluid com-pressibility and viscosity, and a newly introduced microscale parameter--a characteristic squirt-flow length. The latter is referred to as a fundamental rock property that can be determined experimentally. We show that the squirt-flow mechanism dominates the Biot mechanism and is responsible for measured large velocity dispersion and attenuation values. The model directly relates P-velocity and attenuation to measurable rock and fluid properties. Therefore, it allows one to realistically interpret velocity dispersion and/or attenuation in terms of fluid properties changes [e.g., viscosity during thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR)], or to link seismic measurements to reservoir properties. As an example of the latter transformation, we relate permeability to attenuation and achieve good qualitative correlation with experimental data.
VERBAL MEDIATION IN PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING BY ADOLESCENTS AT TWO LEVELS OF INTELLIGENCE

Eighth-grade students of high and average IQ were administered 3 paired-associate lists of pictured items under mediation or control conditions. Mediation was manipulated by instructing Ss: (a) to repeat once a series of prearranged sentences, each of which contained stimulus and response terms in a given pair, during the initial presentation trial of List A; (b) to formulate their own sentences in the presentation trial preceding the learning of List B 1 day later; and (c) to remain silent prior to learning List C 2 wk. later. The number of trials to reach criterion was fewer under each of these conditions than simply learning the three lists under the customary paired-associate paradigm. While adolescent Ss may spontaneously employ implicit associative strategies, explicit examples and instruction apparently encourage them to do so sooner or more efficiently. The effect of IQ was significant, but there was no relationship between IQ level and mediational condition.
Chemorepulsion and thymocyte emigration

The possibility that chemorepulsion, or cell migration away from a stimulus, plays a role in the immune system is exciting from both clinical and cell-biological viewpoints. For the clinician, what could be a more satisfying way to treat a cell-mediated immune disease than local application of a chemorepellent? For the cell biologist, eukaryotic cell chemorepulsion represents a novel behavior to be explored and explained at the molecular level. Although the repulsion of neurons and their axons has emerged as an important process in patterning the nervous system (1), a physiological role for chemorepulsion in directing movement in the immune system has yet to be revealed. Therefore, any evidence that chemorepulsion regulates immunocyte migration demands close attention.
Retrograde amnesia and cholinergic systems in the caudate-putamen complex and dorsal hippocampus of the rat.

Abstract Rats previously well trained to lick at a water tube were given a foot shock and then tested 24 hr later for retention of that experience. If the shock was followed by brief single-pulse electrical stimulation of either the caudate-putamen complex or the dorsal hippocampus, retention of the shock experience was impaired. Posttrial injection of scopolamine into the caudate-putamen complex, but not the dorsal hippocampus, also impaired retention. Conversely, eserine was without effect in the caudate-putamen complex. Such results indicate that different chemical systems may be involved in these brain regions' influence in the production of retrograde amnesia.
Coronary vasospasm while treating supraventricular tachycardia: is adenosine really to blame?

Coronary artery spasm has been reported during adenosine stress testing. Herein, we describe a transient ST-segment elevation following adenosine therapy for supraventricular tachycardia. A 38-year-old male presented to the emergency department with palpitations. Electrocardiogram showed supraventricular tachycardia with short RP interval. Vagal maneuvers were unsuccessful. Adenosine was then administered in two successive injections of 6 and 12 mg dosages, respectively. A subsequent 12-lead electrocardiogram revealed ST-segment elevation in inferior leads with reciprocal changes. Coronary angiography disclosed nonobstructive coronary disease. A postprocedure electrocardiogram exhibited normal sinus rhythm with nonspecific T wave abnormalities. Cardiac biomarkers were elevated with a peak troponin I of 0.32. Echocardiogram depicted bicuspid aortic valve and normal systolic function. Electrophysiological study revealed a concealed left accessory pathway and successful radiofrequency ablation was performed. Given the dynamic changes in the electrocardiogram, we hypothesize that this event was most likely a coronary vasospasm. The mechanism of coronary spasm following adenosine injection remains uncertain. Potential mediators include <path id="x4B" d="M667 0h-153l-248 291q-28 32 -54 27v-190q0 -65 14.5 -80t77.5 -20v-28h-260v28q58 5 71 20t13 80v392q0 48 -6 66.5t-22 25.5t-59 10v28h258v-28q-59 -5 -73 -20.5t-14 -81.5v-175q29 6 70 45q101 97 167 178q23 27 20 37t-36 14l-23 3v28h240v-28q-57 -5 -86 -18.5 t-76 -56.5q-40 -35 -177 -175q97 -124 235 -272q39 -41 61.5 -54t59.5 -18v-28z" /> <path id="x54" d="M592 498l-30 -3q-13 63 -31 89q-13 19 -33.5 25.5t-75.5 6.5h-70v-493q0 -60 16 -75.5t86 -19.5v-28h-286v28q68 4 83.5 19.5t15.5 75.5v493h-62q-60 0 -83 -7t-33 -24q-12 -17 -32 -90h-29q10 116 12 180h20q10 -16 21 -20.5t34 -4.5h395q19 0 28.5 5t21.5 20h21 q2 -89 11 -177z" /> <path id="x50" d="M46 650h247q112 0 169 -41q64 -49 64 -141q0 -91 -56.5 -143t-138.5 -62q-23 -3 -45 -1l-74 19v-157q0 -63 15.5 -77t83.5 -19v-28h-271v28q60 5 74 20t14 77v400q0 65 -12.5 79t-69.5 18v28zM212 559v-245q31 -12 73 -12q59 0 102 38t43 124q0 77 -42.5 115.5 t-108.5 38.5q-44 0 -56 -12q-11 -8 -11 -47z" /> channels and adenosine-2 receptors.
Fever produced by intrahypothalamic pyrogen: effect of protein synthesis inhibition by anisomycin.

Abstract In the unrestrained cat, the inhibition of protein synthesis by anisomycin, given either subcutaneously (5.0–25.0 mg/kg) or directly into the anterior hypothalamic, preoptic area (1.0–25.0 μg) impaired the development of a bacterial fever. S. typhosa infused intravenously (1:10 dilution in 1 ml) or into AH/POA (1.0 μl) evoked an intense fever which was either significantly delayed or prevented by anisomycin. Conversely, anisomycin failed to affect the typical hyperthermia evoked by 100 ng PGE 2 or 1.0–7.0 μg 5-HT similarly infused into AH/POA. These data demonstrate that an intermediary humoral factor of unknown nature is required in the hyperthermic effector pathway underlying the febrile response.
The Birth of Political Subjects: Individuals, Foucault, and Boundary Experiences

In a context of experiences in which events become apparent that encroach upon mainstream and reasonable good sense, this paper gives an account of the emergence of political subjects into public domains that make possible new knowledge and personal and institutional transformations. A statement by Simone de Beauvoir and engagement with Michel Foucault’s interpretation of “limit experiences” help to orient the paper. The essay ends with a discussion of certain types of power and the birth of political subjects.
Selective activation of mitomycin A by thiols to form DNA cross-links and monoadducts: biochemical basis for the modulation of mitomycin cytotoxicity by the quinone redox potential.

Mitomycin A (MA) but not mitomycin C (MC) cross-linked linearized 32P-pBR322 DNA in the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) or glutathione (GSH), as shown by a sensitive DNA cross-link assay. Incubati...
Chaos, fractional kinetics, and anomalous transport

Abstract Chaotic dynamics can be considered as a physical phenomenon that bridges the regular evolution of systems with the random one. These two alternative states of physical processes are, typically, described by the corresponding alternative methods: quasiperiodic or other regular functions in the first case, and kinetic or other probabilistic equations in the second case. What kind of kinetics should be for chaotic dynamics that is intermediate between completely regular (integrable) and completely random (noisy) cases? What features of the dynamics and in what way should they be represented in the kinetics of chaos? These are the subjects of this paper, where the new concept of fractional kinetics is reviewed for systems with Hamiltonian chaos. Particularly, we show how the notions of dynamical quasi-traps, Poincare recurrences, Levy flights, exit time distributions, phase space topology prove to be important in the construction of kinetics. The concept of fractional kinetics enters a different area of applications, such as particle dynamics in different potentials, particle advection in fluids, plasma physics and fusion devices, quantum optics, and many others. New characteristics of the kinetics are involved to fractional kinetics and the most important are anomalous transport, superdiffusion, weak mixing, and others. The fractional kinetics does not look as the usual one since some moments of the distribution function are infinite and fluctuations from the equilibrium state do not have any finite time of relaxation. Different important physical phenomena: cooling of particles and signals, particle and wave traps, Maxwell's Demon, etc. represent some domains where fractional kinetics proves to be valuable.
Inverse eigenvalue problems

Abstract The classical inverse additive and multiplicative inverse eigenvalue problems for matrices are studied. Using general results on the solvability of polynomial systems it is shown that in the complex case these problems are always solvable by a finite number of solutions. In case of real symmetric matrices the inverse problems are reformulated to have a real solution. An algorithm is given to obtain this solution.
Partition coefficient correlations for transfer of solutes from gas phase and water to room temperature ionic liquids

Gas-to-room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) and water-to-RTIL partition coefficients have been calculated for a series of solutes from published experimental infinite dilution activity coefficient data. The calculated partition coefficients are correlated with the Abraham solvation parameter model. The derived correlations are able to describe the gas-to-RTIL partitioning behavior and infinite dilution activity coefficients of organic and gaseous solutes in 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium ethylsulfate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate to better than 0.11 log units.
Osmotic Pressure and Packaging Structure of Caged DNA

We present a theoretical model for aqueous solutions of double-stranded (ds) DNA with explicit consideration of electrostatic interactions, excluded-volume effects, van der Waals attractions, and salt ions. With reasonable parameters estimated from the DNA structure and experimental data for electrolytes, we are able to reproduce the DNA osmotic pressure in the bulk in good agreement with experiment. The predicted DNA osmotic pressure in λ-bacteriophages is found to coincide with that of the PEG8000 solution that inhibits DNA ejection as reported in recent experiments. Based on the radial distributions of DNA segments and of counterions at different degrees of packaging, we find that in the presence of Mg2+, DNA forms a multilayer structure near the inner surface of a fully loaded bacteriophage, but at low packing density the DNA segments are depleted from the surface owing to the local condensation of DNA induced by the divalent counterions. By contrast, the multilayer DNA structure is less distinctive in the presence of Na+ despite the increase of the DNA density at contact, and the depletion near the capsid surface is not found at low packing density.
Nonbullous neutrophilic lupus erythematosus: a newly recognized variant of cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

Background Neutrophils in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are commonly associated with bullous disease. Rare cases of nonbullous neutrophilic lesions have been reported in patients with SLE. Objective This study used clinical and histologic findings of 4 patients to further define the newly emerging entity of nonbullous neutrophilic lupus erythematosus (LE). Methods We reviewed the clinical and pathological findings of 4 patients with known SLE who developed urticarial papules, plaques, subcutaneous nodules, or a combination of these. Results All patients were women with established SLE. Histopathological findings in all patients included an interstitial and perivascular neutrophilic infiltrate with leukocytoclasia, and variable vacuolar alteration along the dermoepidermal junction. Direct immunofluorescence study results in two patients were positive for C3, IgG, and IgM along the basement membrane zone. One patient also presented with neutrophil-rich lupus panniculitis. All clinical lesions resolved with immunomodulating/immunosuppressive agents. Limitations This study was limited by the small number of cases. Conclusions Nonbullous neutrophilic LE is an important entity to consider in the differential diagnosis of neutrophil-mediated eruptions. In addition, the histologic finding of neutrophils in the setting of lupus should alert one to the possibility of systemic disease.
“Click” and Olefin Metathesis Chemistry in Water at Room Temperature Enabled by Biodegradable Micelles

The two laboratory reactions focus on teaching several concepts associated with green chemistry. Each uses a commercial, nontoxic, and biodegradable surfactant, TPGS-750-M, to promote organic reactions within the lipophilic cores of nanoscale micelles in water. These experiments are based on work by K. Barry Sharpless (an azide–alkyne “click” reaction) and Robert Grubbs (an olefin cross-metathesis reaction); both are suitable for an undergraduate organic laboratory. The copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition of benzyl azide and 4-tolylacetylene is very rapid: the triazole product is readily isolated by filtration and is characterized by thin-layer chromatography and melting point analysis. The ruthenium-catalyzed olefin cross-metathesis reaction of benzyl acrylate with 1-hexene is readily monitored by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. The metathesis experiment comparatively evaluates the efficacy of a TPGS-750-M/water medium relative to a traditional reaction performed in dich...
Resonances in elastic and inelastic scattering of 24Mg+24Mg

Abstract Excitation functions for elastic and inelastic scattering of 24 Mg+ 24 Mg have been measured in 100 keV steps over the bombarding energy range 84–100 MeV. Strong narrow resonances are observed correlated in many channels. The data are compared with similar results for the 28 Si+ 28 Si system.
WishVast: Building trust and social capital using cellphones

This paper describes the basic concepts and operation of a cellphone-based social networking system called WishVast. WishVast is an innovation that attempts to harness the pervasiveness of cellphones in developing countries to build trust and optimize resource utilization & supply chains to facilitate people to people trade with the ultimate goal of alleviating poverty.
Exploratory research in the measurement and modification of attitudes toward stuttering

Abstract Past studies attempting to both measure and change stuttering stereotypes using semantic differential scales have indicated that clinicians' attitudes toward stuttering have been negative, robust, and resistant to change. This study measured changes in clinicians' attitudes after viewing either a factual video depicting the fluency-evoking effects of altered auditory feedback or an emotionally insightful video depicting the negative social consequences of stuttering. Two groups of graduate speech-language pathology clinicians took part in this ABA study design measuring participant responses to the two videos. Twenty-one participants completed surveys before and after viewing an emotional documentary depicting the life of a young girl who stutters. Another group of 34 graduate clinicians completed surveys before and after viewing a brief factual video exhibiting the immediate amelioration of stuttering behaviors at both normal and fast speaking rates while under the effects of altered auditory feedback. While post-testing results indicated that both of these documentaries were associated with a few changes in perceptions of stuttering, such changes were subtle. Moreover, the few significant perceptual changes found cannot be considered a noteworthy success in modifying graduate clinicians' perceptions of stuttering so that they better resemble the stuttering population described by prior psychological and stuttering research. Future research, along with the fate of current and past methodologies attempting to change the negative stuttering stereotype, is discussed. Educational objectives (1) Readers will become familiarized with the negative stereotypes of persons who stutter; (2) readers will become familiarized with research attempting to modify negative perceptions of people who stutter; and (3) readers will become familiarized with possible explanations for the persistence of negative stuttering stereotypes.
Endogenous zinc as a retinal neuromodulator: evidence from the skate (Raja erinacea).

Abstract The effects of zinc on skate (Raja erinacea) bipolar cell responses to glutamatergic agonists were examined using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording. Isolated ON bipolar cell currents mediated by the metabotropic agonist trans-(±)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (30 μM), l -2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (3–10 μM) and glutamate (0.3–10 μM) were blocked when zinc (1 μM) was added to the test solution. Similarly, isolated OFF bipolar cell responses to the ionotropic agonist kainate (300 μM) were blocked by zinc (1 μM). The effects of zinc were further studied using electroretinogram (ERG) recording. Skate eyecup preparations were superfused with picrotoxin (200 μM) to block GABAergic input. When histidine (100 μM), a zinc chelator, was added to the superfusate, ERG ON responses increased. This suggests that endogenous zinc plays a neuromodulatory role in the retina and is consistent with zinc's suppressive effect on isolated bipolar cells.
Enhanced messenger RNA stability and differentiation of HL 60 cells treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cordycepin

The effect of inhibitors of RNA synthesis on 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3-induced monocytic differentiation was studied in a well-differentiating clone AB 47 of HL 60 cells. The concentrations of these inhibitors were chosen to permit the maintenance of cell viability for at least 48 hours, and resulted in 40-60% inhibition of total cellular RNA synthesis. No impairment of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3-induced monocytic differentiation was observed with all inhibitors tested, and the presence of cordycepin actually enhanced differentiation. The phenotypic evidence of monocytic differentiation correlated with the increased levels of mRNA for c-fos and c-fms measured by hybridization to appropriate nick-translated cDNA probes. In contrast, nuclear run-on experiments showed the expected inhibition of transcription of these genes by the compounds used. The data suggest that interference by external agents with transcription of genes essential for a differentiation program brings into play compensatory mechanisms which permit the program to continue. Thus, differentiation appears to have a high priority among various competing intracellular pathways in 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3-treated HL 60 cells. Stabilization of messenger RNA levels evident in this study may therefore represent a general cellular mechanism for the correction of unwanted effects of xenobiotics on the cell.
Opsonization with antimyelin antibody increases the uptake and intracellular metabolism of myelin in inflammatory macrophages.

: In most demyelinating diseases, macrophages are believed to be active agents of myelin destruction. In experimental encephalomyelitis, these cells appear to strip off and ingest the myelin lamellae, and myelin debris has been observed within the cell body. We show here in vitro conditions in which rat peritoneal macrophages phagocytose and metabolize CNS myelin lipids. Purified rat myelin, prelabeled in vivo with [14C]acetate, was incubated with preimmune serum or rabbit antiserum to rat CNS myelin and added to macrophage monolayers. Myelin opsonized with antimyelin antibodies was more readily phagocytosed and metabolized by cultured macrophages than untreated myelin or that preincubated with preimmune serum. In the presence of macrophages, levels of myelin polar lipids and cholesterol decreased, whereas radioactive cholesterol ester and triglyceride accumulated. Up to five times as much radioactive cholesterol ester and about twice as much triglyceride accumulated in macrophage cultures containing antibody-treated myelin as in cultures fed preimmune serum-treated myelin or in those incubated with untreated myelin. Both the fatty acid and the cholesterol from cholesterol ester contained radioactive label: therefore, both were derived at least partly from the radioactive myelin lipid. Antiserum to myelin purified from peripheral nerve was almost as effective as that to CNS myelin in stimulating cholesterol metabolism, whereas antiserum to galactocerebroside was about 70% as active. Antiserum to basic protein had less effect, whereas antiserum to the myelin-associated glycoprotein and proteolipid protein was inactive. Of the polar lipids, ethanolamine phosphatide was most degraded in both the antiserum- and preimmune serum-treated myelin, with the diacyl form and plasmalogen form degraded about equally. These experiments indicate that myelin-specific antibodies in inflammatory CNS lesions may participate in and stimulate macrophage-mediated demyelination.
Vibration-induced solder joint failure of a Ceramic Column Grid Array (CCGA) package

Vibration analysis is important for electronic packages used in automotive, military, and other applications. For a high-I/O area-array package such as the Ceramic Column Grid Array (CCGA) package, the package can have a significant effect on the vibration characteristics of the system, which will in turn affect the solder joint fatigue life. The effect of solder joint stiffness and CCGA package mass on the natural frequency and mode shapes is investigated in this paper. The objective is to develop an experimental and a modeling approach that can accurately determine the solder joint behavior of electronic components under vibration conditions. In particular, this paper discusses the out-of-plane sinusoidal vibration experiments at 1G, 3G, 5G, and 10G, the analytical modeling, and the numerical modeling for a 42.5mm /spl times/ 42.5mm /spl times/ 4mm 1089 I/O CCGA package on a 133 mm /spl times/ 61 mm /spl times/ 2.8 mm FR4 board.
Ecological Factors Influencing Nest Survival of Greater Sage-Grouse in Mono County, California

Abstract We studied nest survival of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in 5 subareas of Mono County, California, USA, from 2003 to 2005 to 1) evaluate the importance of key vegetation variables for nest success, and 2) to compare nest success in this population with other greater sage-grouse populations. We captured and radiotracked females (n = 72) to identify nest sites and monitor nest survival. We measured vegetation at nest sites and within a 10-m radius around each nest to evaluate possible vegetation factors influencing nest survival. We estimated daily nest survival and the effect of explanatory variables on daily nest survival using nest-survival models in Program MARK. We assessed effects on daily nest survival of total, sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and nonsagebrush live shrub-cover, Robel visual obstruction, the mean of grass residual height and grass residual cover measurements within 10 m of the nest shrub, and area of the shrub, shrub height, and shrub type at the nest site it...
Efficient Structure Learning of Markov Networks using L_1-Regularization

Markov networks are commonly used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from computer vision, to natural language, to computational biology. In most current applications, even those that rely heavily on learned models, the structure of the Markov network is constructed by hand, due to the lack of effective algorithms for learning Markov network structure from data. In this paper, we provide a computationally efficient method for learning Markov network structure from data. Our method is based on the use of L1 regularization on the weights of the log-linear model, which has the effect of biasing the model towards solutions where many of the parameters are zero. This formulation converts the Markov network learning problem into a convex optimization problem in a continuous space, which can be solved using efficient gradient methods. A key issue in this setting is the (unavoidable) use of approximate inference, which can lead to errors in the gradient computation when the network structure is dense. Thus, we explore the use of different feature introduction schemes and compare their performance. We provide results for our method on synthetic data, and on two real world data sets: pixel values in the MNIST data, and genetic sequence variations in the human HapMap data. We show that our L1 -based method achieves considerably higher generalization performance than the more standard L2-based method (a Gaussian parameter prior) or pure maximum-likelihood learning. We also show that we can learn MRF network structure at a computational cost that is not much greater than learning parameters alone, demonstrating the existence of a feasible method for this important problem.
The role of magma buoyancy on the eruption of lunar basalts

It has long been recognized that mare basalts on the Moon are preferentially located both on the Earth-facing hemisphere and within large impact basins. A popular model that accounts for this observation assumes that these magmas were denser than the lunar crust, that they accumulated at the crust^mantle interface, and that eruptions occurred only when this magma chamber became overpressurized. In this paper, we re-evaluate this model and argue that it is not consistent with the available data nor with models of dike propagation. As an alternative hypothesis, we propose that magma buoyancy is the predominant factor that determines whether mare basalts erupt at the surface or form crustal intrusions instead. We have computed the densities of mare basaltic magmas and find that some are, in fact, less dense than the Moon’s upper anorthositic crust. Based on the widely accepted view that the lunar crust becomes more mafic with depth, we also show that all mare basaltic magmas should be less dense than the lower portion of the crust. Thus, if the upper anorthositic crust was regionally removed by an impact event, then any mare basaltic magma could have risen to the surface there based on buoyancy considerations alone. In support of this model, we note that mare basalts are indeed found wherever geophysical crustal thickness models predict the upper crust to be absent. Furthermore, many of the basalts that erupted within the anorthositic highlands are predicted to be less dense than the underlying crust based on remote sensing data. The high titanium flows within Oceanus Procellarum are somewhat problematical to our model in that an anorthositic crust is predicted to be present beneath them. Using results from recent lunar thermal models, we suggest that these magmas may have overcome their negative buoyancy in the crust by possessing superliquidus temperatures. If magma buoyancy does indeed control whether or not a basaltic eruption will occur, then this implies that the quantity of magma produced beneath the South Pole-Aitken basin was about 10 times less than that of the nearside. fl 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Scalable 1.28-Tb/s transmultiplexer using a time lens

We present a scalable approach to optical time division multiplexing using a time lens. With simply a single device we demonstrate direct TDM to WDM conversion. Data rates up to 1.28 Tb/s are realized.
Child Maltreatment Profiles and Adjustment Problems in High-Risk Adolescents

The purpose of this article is to identify profiles of maltreatment experiences in a sample of high-risk adolescents and to investigate the relationship between the derived profiles and psychological adjustment. Participants are 1,131 youth between the ages of 12 and 18 years involved with publicly funded mental health and social services. Information on physical, sexual, and emotional maltreatment and psychological symptoms are obtained in interviews with adolescents and their primary caregivers. Using latent profile analysis, three maltreatment profiles are identified: "sexual+physical+emotional maltreatment," "physical+emotional maltreatment," and "low maltreatment." Adolescents in the two maltreatment profiles generally have significantly higher scores on symptom scales compared with those in the "low maltreatment" profile, but scores in the two maltreatment profiles do not differ. Findings highlight the need for agencies to identify and provide appropriate intervention for youth who experience multiple types of maltreatment.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CHAIN MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES IN LONG-CHAIN, LAYERED SILVER THIOLATES : A JOINT INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY

The first direct characterization of structures of bi-molecular chain assemblies in a self-consistent series of pillared, layered organic−inorganic long-chain silver (n-alkane) thiolates, (AgS(CH2)nCH3; n = 5, 6, 9, 11, 15, and 17), is reported using the combined application of infrared transmission spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The structural attributes elucidated include quantitative estimates of average chain orientation, chain conformation, chain−chain translational order, interpenetration of the contiguous layers, as well as void characteristics in the chain matrix. The evidence presented here establishes that the layered chain assemblies sandwiched between the inorganic Ag−S backbones in a double-layer arrangement are comprised of an ordered packing of all-trans-extended chains. The average chain in each assembly is oriented vertically away from the quasi-hexagonal Ag−S lattice, in a two-dimensional pseudo-monoclinic arrangement of domains of 60−70 translationally correlated chains. Sma...
Dogmatism, Authoritarianism, and Contrast Effects in Judgment:

The study assessed the combined effects of dogmatism and authoritarianism (D-F) on judgments of a series of lifted weights during a training session and an anchoring session. Contrary to expectatio...
Resource scheduling for coordinated display of structured presentations using a multi-disk architecture

A structured presentation consists of a collection of objects (3-D representations) with spatial and temporal constraints along with rendering features such as shading and the audiences' viewpoint. A challenging task is to schedule the retrieval of objects from disk to display a presentation in real-time. The study introduces a taxonomy of such scheduling techniques and three techniques to support the display of structured presentations assuming a multi-disk architecture. These heuristics are evaluated using a simulation study to quantify their trade-offs. The results are compared with a theoretical minimum, demonstrating that one of the proposed techniques provides a performance almost identical to this minimum.
Topology control with directional power intensity for ad hoc networks

This paper presents a new approach using directional antenna to controlling topology by reducing the power intensity directionally instead of omnidirectionally. In particular, the approach maintains the original power range in certain directions while making it (totally) cleared in others. Its major benefits include lower hop count, power saving independent of the number of neighbors within the original power range, and symmetric link in terms of SNR quality, as compared to other approaches. We have shown the similar capability of this approach to existing omnidirectional approaches in terms of maintaining network connectivity. We have also explained the approach's phase transitional behavior in terms of network connectivity using the percolation theory. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate its benefits and tradeoffs.
The Developmental Epidemiology of Childhood Victimization

This article examines developmental trends in the rates of different kinds of victimization across the span of childhood. The Developmental Victimization Survey was a national telephone survey of the victimization experiences of 2,030 children from ages 2 to 17. The overall mean number of victimizations during a single year increased with age, as did the percentage of children with polyvictimizations (4 or more different kinds of victimization). However, some specific types of victimization, physical bullying and sibling assaults, were highest prior to adolescence and then declined. Other types had different developmental patterns by gender. Peer assaults increased in adolescence for boys but not for girls. Child maltreatment and sexual victimization increased in adolescence for girls but not for boys. The complex and diverse patterns of developmental vulnerability to different kinds of victimization at different ages need more exploration and explanation in order to better target prevention and intervention policies.