cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Russellian Influence on Hilbert and his School

The aim of the paper is to discuss the influence exercised by Russell's thought inGottingen in the period leading to the formulation of Hilbert's program in theearly twenties. I show that after a period of intense foundational work, culminatingwith the departure from Gottingen of Zermelo and Grelling in 1910 we witnessa reemergence of interest in foundations of mathematics towards the end of 1914. Itis this second period of foundational work that is my specific interest. Through theuse of unpublished archival sources I will describe how Hilbert, Behmann, and Bernays,among others, were influenced by and reacted to the technical and philosophical thesespresented in Principia Mathematica. I also argue that there are some elements of continuity between Russell's approach and Hilbert's program as it was presented inthe early twenties.
Exercise training for claudication.

Claudication, a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis and accompanying peripheral vascular disease, is characterized by pain induced by walking in one or both legs; it primarily affects the calves. Claudication usually does not abate with continued walking and is relieved only by rest. Since the effects of approved medication are usually limited, exercise programs have been developed to treat this painful condition. This review discusses the rationale for an exercise program for the patient with claudication, with a focus on pathophysiology and the effect of training.
Metalated nitriles: chelation-controlled cyclizations to cis and trans hydrindanes and decalins.

Chelation provides a powerful means of stereocontrol in alkylations of metalated nitriles. Doubly deprotonating a series of cyclic β-hydroxynitriles triggers cyclizations that implicate metalated nitrile intermediates having configurations imposed by chelation with an adjacent, chiral lithium alkoxide. Identifying chelation as a general stereocontrol element explains several previously anomalous alkylations of metalated nitriles and provides a potential solution to the long-standing difficulty of synthesizing trans-hydrindanes. Employing chelation to control the metalated nitrile geometry permits selective cyclizations to cis and trans hydrindanes and decalins and provides key insight into the geometrical requirements of these demanding cyclizations.
A rigorous electrodynamic model for periodic structure formation during UV laser-induced metal atom deposition

Abstract A model is presented which describes the time and spatial frequency evolution of periodic structures formed during metal atom deposition arising from UV laser-induced photodissociation of organometallics. In addition to the occurrence of rapid growth of spatial frequencies which allow direct coupling of the incident radiation to the surface-plasmon polariton (SPP), a high-wavevector profile component, associated with the interference of counterpropagating SPP waves, also develops with extremely high gain but without feedback. Pump/probe diffraction methods foo verifying the predictions and elucidating the surface modification of photodissociation are briefly proposed. Deposition of aluminum by photolysis of (CH3)3Al at 257 nm is chosen as the model system.
Treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia with calcitriol and phosphate increases circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 concentrations.

Context: X-Linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by renal phosphate wasting, with inappropriately low or normal serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations causing rickets and osteomalacia. Mutations in PHEX result in increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) expression, elevating circulating FGF23 concentrations. Treating XLH with phosphate and calcitriol may further increase FGF23 concentrations, based on in vitro and in vivo models. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate whether current standard XLH therapies increase circulating FGF23 concentrations. Design and Setting: We conducted a prospective observational study of XLH subjects during routine clinical management at two tertiary referral centers. Patients: The study included 10 XLH patients (seven children, three adults; age, 2–30 yr) initiating therapy and five XLH patients (age, 18–41 yr) electing not to undergo therapy. Intervention(s): Oral calcitriol and phosphate were administered. Main Outcome Measures: We measured ...
Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 Residues Modulates the Mouse Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Via Paraventricular Glutamatergic Neurons

Neurons in the subparafascicular area at the caudal border of the thalamus that contain the neuropeptide tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) densely innervate several hypothalamic areas, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). These areas contain a matching distribution of TIP39's receptor, the parathyroid hormone receptor 2 (PTH2R). Frequent PTH2R coexpression with a vesicular glutamate transporter (VGlut2) suggests that TIP39 could presynaptically regulate glutamate release. By using immunohistochemistry we found CRH-ir neurons surrounded by PTH2R-ir fibers and TIP39-ir axonal projections in the PVN area of the mouse brain. Labeling hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons by peripheral injection of fluorogold in PTH2R-lacZ knock-in mice showed that most PTH2Rs are on PVN and peri-PVN interneurons and not on neuroendocrine cells. Double fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed a high level of coexpression between PTH2R and VGlut2 mRNA by cells located in the PVN and nearby brain areas. Local TIP39 infusion (100 pmol) robustly increased pCREB-ir in the PVN and adjacent perinuclear zone. It also increased plasma corticosterone and decreased plasma prolactin. These effects of TIP39 on pCREB-ir, corticosterone, and prolactin were abolished by coinfusion of the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5; 30 pmol each) and were absent in PTH2R knockout mice. Basal plasma corticosterone was slightly decreased in TIP39 knockout mice just before onset of their active phase. The present data indicate that the TIP39 ligand/PTH2 receptor system provides facilitatory regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via hypothalamic glutamatergic neurons and that it may regulate other neuroendocrine systems by a similar mechanism.
Supercritical fluid extraction of selected pharmaceuticals from water and serum

Selected drugs from benzodiazepine, anabolic agent and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapeutic classes were extracted from water and serum using a supercritical CO2 mobile phase. The samples were extracted at a pump pressure of 329 MPa, an extraction chamber temperature of 45 degrees C, and a restrictor temperature of 60 degrees C. The static extraction time for all samples was 2.5 min and the dynamic extraction time ranged from 5 to 20 min. The analytes were collected in appropriate solvent traps and assayed by modified literature HPLC procedures. Analyte recoveries were calculated based on peak height measurements of extracted vs. unextracted analyte. The recovery of the benzodiazepines ranged from 80 to 98% in water and from 75 to 94% in serum. Anabolic drug recoveries from water and serum ranged from 67 to 100% and 70 to 100%, respectively. The NSAIDs were recovered from water in the 76 to 97% range and in the 76 to 100% range from serum. Accuracy, precision and endogenous peak interference, if any, were determined for blank and spiked serum extractions and compared with classical sample preparation techniques of liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction reported in the literature. For the benzodiazepines, accuracy and precision for supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) ranged from 1.95 to 3.31 and 0.57 to 1.25%, respectively (n = 3). The SFE accuracy and precision data for the anabolic agents ranged from 4.03 to 7.84 and 0.66 to 2.78%, respectively (n = 3). The accuracy and precision data reported for the SFE of the NSAIDs ranged from 2.79 to 3.79 and 0.33 to 1.27%, respectively (n = 3). The precision of the SFE method from serum was shown to be comparable to the precision obtained with other classical preparation techniques.
Distinct regulatory elements govern Fgf4 gene expression in the mouse blastocyst, myotomes, and developing limb.

Abstract Embryonic development requires a complex program of events which are directed by a number of signaling molecules whose expression must be rigorously regulated. We previously showed that expression ofFgf4,which plays an important role in postimplantation development and growth and patterning of the limb, is regulated in EC cells by the synergistic interaction of Sox2 and Oct-3 with theFgf4EC cell-specific enhancer. To verify whether this mechanism was also operatingin vivo,and to identify new elements controllingFgf4gene expression in distinct developmental stages, we have analyzed the expression of LacZ reporter plasmids containing different fragments of theFgf4gene in transgenic mouse embryos. Utilizing these transgenic constructs we have been able to recapitulate, for the most part,Fgf4gene expression during embryonic development. We show here that most of thecis-acting regulatory elements determiningFgf4embryonic expression are located in conserved regions within the 3′ UTR of the gene. The EC cell-specific enhancer is required to drive gene expression in the ICM of the blastocyst, and its activity requires the Sox and Oct–proteins binding sites. We were also able to identify specific and distinct enhancer elements that govern postimplantation expression in the somitic myotomes and the limb bud AER. The myotome-specific elements contain binding sites for bHLH myogenic regulatory factors, which appear to be essential for myotome expression. Finally, we present evidence that the very restricted pattern of expression ofFgf4transcripts in the AER results from the combined action of positive and negative regulatory elements located 3′ of theFgf4coding sequences. Thus theFgf4gene relies on multiple and distinct regulatory elements to achieve stage- and tissue-specific embryonic expression.
Adipose tissue hyperplasia and hyperinsulinemia in zucker obese female rats: A developmental study

Obese female Zucker rats show persistent increases in fat cell number compared to lean female Zucker rats from 5 to 52 wk of age. The hyperplastic obesity of the Zucker rat is also accompanied by fat cell hypertrophy and elevated plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI). Average adipocyte size reaches a peak value at 14 wk of age in the subcutaneous, retroperitoneal and parametrial depots of the female obese rat. Plasma IRI also shows a peak at 14 wk of age. In addition, at this age thymidine kinase activity, a measure of proliferative capacity in tissue, is elevated in obese compared to lean rats, and at 151/2 wk of age a bimodal distribution of adipocytes is present in obese rat adipose tissue. The data suggest that attainment of a critical adipocyte size accompanied by maximum levels of plasma IRI may act in concert to potentiate fat cell hyperplasia in Zucker obese rats.
The treatment of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle with arthroscopic debridement

Five patients with idiopathic osteonecrosis underwent arthroscopic debridement with instruments designed for arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty. Each lesion was large enough to require total knee or tibial osteotomy using criteria previously published by other authors. Using the Hospital for Special Surgery Rating System, four of five patients were rated good postoperatively (average rating: preop 52 points and postop 82 points). Biopsies of two patients at repeat arthroscopy showed that fibrocartilage fills in the defects created by the debridement. Average follow-up was 31 months.
Piecing together the timetable for visual transduction with transgenic animals

Transgenic mice bearing null or functional mutations are being used to define the roles of specific elements in phototransduction and also to time the molecular interactions. Genetic manipulation of the collision frequency between rhodopsin and transducin molecules identified this parameter as rate-limiting for the photoresponse onset. Genetic interference with rhodopsin phosphorylation and arrestin binding, transducin shut-off and calcium feedback has revealed their respective roles in shaping the response waveform. The timetable for all of these molecular events determines the amplitude, kinetics and reproducibility of the photoresponse.
Repeated Introperative Cholangiography is Helpful for Donor Safety in the Procurement of Right Liver Graft with Supraportal Right Bile Duct Variants in Living-Donor Liver Transplantation

Abstract Background Despite recent advances in preoperative diagnostic imaging and operative techniques, biliary variation of the donor still remains a challenge in the procurement of graft. The supraportal right bile duct (BD) variant including presentation as trifurcation is a potential trap for injuring the remnant bile duct of donor. Methods Before living/related-donor liver transplantation (LRLT), cholangiogram with magnetic resonance images of each donor was performed as a routine. After exploration of the donor before hilar dissection, intraoperative chloangiography (IOC) was routinely performed. Among the supraportal right bile duct variants, if the preoperative cholangiography showed a suspected trifurcation of the bile duct, we then performed 3 sessions of IOC during liver graft procurement, including prior to hilar dissection, before the division of bile ducts and after the division. We reviewed the cholangiogram and the postoperative laboratory data of a consecutive series of 25 donors of LRLT. Results There was no division injury of the remnant bile duct of all of the donors. Conclusions Repeated IOC is suggested as a routine for variants of supraportal right bile ducts especially trifurcation pattern in graft procurement to avoid the injury of donor remnant bile ducts.
Adolescence extended: implications of new brain research on medicine and policy.

Last December, the Excellence in Paediatrics conference presented a panel discussion of how new biologic findings from brain imaging cast new light on adolescent development. This study will review this presentation, focusing on the interplay between adolescent development and new brain research findings. Conclusion Paediatricians can consider these new insights in both interacting individually with patients and advocating for policies within their communities.
Effect of Salts on the Structure of a Potent Analog of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone As Determined by Optical Spectroscopy

Optical spectroscopic methods (circular dichroism, analytical ultracentrifugation, and static light scattering) were employed to study the solution behavior of an N‐terminal‐acylated 76‐residue analog of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). The GHRH analog had a 30% helical configuration in aqueous acidic solution, unlike other GHRH analogs that had a random coil configuration in aqueous solutions, and self‐associated. High concentrations (7 M) of urea were required to obtain monomeric peptide, but such urea concentrations unfolded the peptide. Therefore, the folding and self‐association were related events. The self‐association and helix content were increased by the addition of various cations (e.g., Na+, Ca2+). In 7 M urea, when these cations were added, the peptide started to refold toward its aqueous conformation in a pH dependent manner; at low pH (2.5–3.5) the peptide folded to approximately 50% of the native configuration. At neutral pH (>6) only small changes were seen when salts were added. When CaCl2 was added to a solution containing 7 M urea at pH 2.5, the self‐association of the peptide increased with the concentration of CaCl2. Therefore, the salt dependent self‐association observed in aqueous solvents was present in 7 M urea. Residues 45–76 in this GHRH analog, which are not present outside the hypothalamus, are probably needed to interact with a folding chaperone in vivo and provide stability for successful membrane transport and maintenance of biological activity.
Borax as an Insecticide for Protecting Seed

Powdered borax applied to corn at the rate of ten ounces in a bushel has effectively controlled the rice weevil. The four-spotted bean weevil has been controlled by the application of twenty ounces of borax in a bushel of cowpeas.
Mechanisms of ammonia and acid extrusion by the little skate, Raja erinacea

The little skate (Raja erinacea) excretes ammonia and titratable acid at a rate of 6.37 and 40–95 μM. 100g-1. hr-1, respectively, at an external pH of 7.8 to 8.0. Transfer into Na- and K-free artifical sea water does not alter the rate of ammonia efflux but reduces titratable acid efflux to zero. Addition of amiloride (10-4M) to the external sea water does not alter the ammonia efflux but reduces the titratable acid efflux by 49%. Thus, while ammonia efflux is apparently not via Na (or K)/NH4 exchange, excretion of titratable acid is apparently via Na (or K)/H exchange.
Concentration‐Duration‐Frequency Curves for Stream Turbidity: Possibilities for Assessing Biological Impairment1

Siltation and subsequent biological impairment is a national problem prompting state regulatory agencies to develop sediment total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for many streams. To support TMDL targets for reduced sediment yield in disturbed watersheds, a critical need exists for stream assessments to identify threshold concentrations of suspended sediment that impact aquatic biota. Because of the episodic nature of stream sediment transport, thresholds should not only be a function of sediment concentration, but also of duration and dose frequency. Water quality sondes can collect voluminous amounts of turbidity data, a surrogate for suspended sediment, at intervals that can be used to characterize concentration, duration, and frequency of elevated turbidity events. To characterize turbidity sonde data in an ecologically relevant manner, a methodology for concentration-duration-frequency (CDF) curves was developed using turbidity doses that relate to different levels of biological impairment. To illustrate this methodology, turbidity CDF curves were generated for two sites on Little Pigeon River in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, using over 30,000 sonde data measurements per site for a one-year period. Utilizing a Poisson arrival approach, turbidity spikes were analyzed stochastically by observing the frequency and duration of recorded events over a turbidity level that relates to a biological dose response. An exponential equation was used to fit duration and frequency of a specified turbidity level to generate concentric-shaped CDF curves, where at specific turbidities longer durations occurred less frequently and conversely shorter durations occurred more frequently. The significance of the equation fit to the data was accomplished with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. Our findings showed that the CDF curves derived by an exponential function performed reasonable well, with most curves significant at a 95% confidence level. These CDF curves were then used to demonstrate how they could be used to assess biological impairment, and identify future research needs for improved development of sediment TMDLs.
Towards understanding antisocial behaviors and delinquency among Filipino youth

This paper examines some of the correlates of antisocial behaviors and delinquency among Filipino youth. Specifically examined is the salience of peer‐associations, family‐relations and legal beliefs as predictors of antisocial behaviors. The sample comprises grade school and high school students in the city of Cagayan de Oro in the Southern Philippines. Results show that peer‐associations, family‐relations and legal beliefs as well as gender are significant predictors of antisocial behaviors, but their saliency is not consistent across levels of behavior seriousness. Family relations are significant predictors of minor and medium forms of antisocial behaviors, while legal beliefs are significant predictors of medium and serious forms. Peer‐association is also more significant for medium to serious forms of antisocial behaviors.
The Graying of HIV/AIDS: Preparedness and Needs of the Aging Network in a Changing Epidemic

The number of older adults living in the US with a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS has steadily increased in the past decade. This study examined the extent to which 13 Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs) in Washington State are willing and prepared, and possess the required experience/skills, to serve older adults with a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and to access the potential impact the further implementation of Aging and Diability Resource Centers (ADRCs) may have on service delivery to this population. Staff were surveyed at AAA's throughout the state. The majority of resondents (84%) agreed that serving HIV+ older adults was consistent with their mission, but few indicated that they had substantial experience with this population. Recommendations for personnel at AAAs and AIDS service organizations are provided.
Transaminase reaction rates, transport activities and TCA cycle analysis by post‐steady state 13C NMR

In this work, we present the post-steady state analysis of the TCA cycle and a closed form solution to the rate of label washout from the C4 carbon of glutamic acid through the transaminases and the malate-aspartate shuttle and then through alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. We demonstrate using a model of this problem that the rate of label washout depends not only on the flux through alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, but most importantly on the activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle as determined by the forward and reverse fluxes through the transaminases and by the rate of transport of glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate across the mitochondrial membrane.
Osteology of the coronoid process with clinical correlation to coronoid fractures in terrible triad injuries

Background Terrible triad complex elbow fracture-dislocations are represented by elbow dislocations associated with fractures of the coronoid and radial head. Published literature has focused on classifying coronoid fractures by their radiographic morphology on plain x-ray images and computed tomography imaging. No study has specifically related native coronoid osteology to in situ fracture morphology. We identified 3 distinct bony regions of the coronoid, (medial, intermediate, and lateral ridges) with correlation to common fracture patterns associated with terrible triad injuries. Methods Coronoid osteology in 8 fresh frozen cadaveric elbows was examined, and three distinct ridges were identified and dimensions measured. Results The measurements were compared with retrospective intraoperative measurements taken of coronoid fracture fragments being stabilized during terrible triad injury repair. Conclusion Classification of native coronoid process anatomy into functional ridges (medial, intermediate, lateral) may improve our understanding of coronoid fracture patterns in unstable terrible triad injuries.
Detection of single DNA base differences by competitive oligonucleotide priming

Synthetic DNA oligonucleotides can serve as efficient primers for DNA synthesis even when there is a single base mismatch between the primers and the corresponding DNA template. However, when the primer-template annealing is carried out with a mixture of primers and at low stringency the binding of a perfectly matched primer is strongly favored relative to a primer differing by a single base. This primer competition is observed over a range of oligonucleotide sizes from twelve to sixteen bases and with a variety of base mismatches. When coupled with the polymerase chain reaction, for the amplification of specific DNA sequences, competitive oligonucleotide priming provides a simple general strategy for the detection of single DNA base differences.
Bactericidal Activity of Five Antimicrobial Agents against Bacteroides fragilis

Rifampin, 7-chlorolincomycin, vancomycin, and metronidazole (Flagyl@) were evaluated for bactericidal activity against Bacteroides fragilis. Tetracycline, a bacteriostatic agent, was included for comparative purposes. Standard tube-dilution determinations of MICs were done with brucella broth (Pfizer) plus 5% laked blood, followed by subculture onto blood-agar plates for determination of minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Metronidazole and 7-chlorolincomycin inhibited all 19 strains tested at concentrations readily achieved in serum; however, only metronidazole was consistently bactericidal (MBC, 0.78-6.25 ntg/ml). All strains were resistant to vancomycin and eight were resistant to tetracycline. Rifampin, although generally very active, demonstrated the "skip-tube phenomenon," suggesting that resistance to this agent may be a problem with anaerobes as with other organisms. In conclusion, metronidazole and 7-chlorolincomycin were effective in vitro against 19 strains of B. fragilis. Only metronidazole was consistently bactericidal. This agent, therefore, might be of benefit in the therapy of infections due to B. fragilis, particularly endocarditis.
Competition between resonance ejection and ion dissociation during resonant excitation in a quadrupole ion trap

The competition between ion dissociation and ion ejection during resonant excitation in a quadrupole ion trap is investigated. Ions of similar mass but with a range of critical energies for the onset of dissociation have been examined. The effects of the amplitude and duration of the resonant excitation, the well depth in which the ions are trapped, and the pressure and nature of the collision gas are explored. Once the onset of ion ejection is reached, the rate of ion ejection increases with increased amplitude of the resonant excitation signal. The rate of ejection decreases or stays constant as a function of the duration of the resonant excitation, depending upon the ion species being excited. Increasing the trapping well depth increases the relative amount of dissociation versus ejection as does increasing the pressure of the bath gas. Adding heavier bath gases lowers the onset of ion dissociation and raises the onset of ion ejection.
Modelling nonlinearities in mulitcriteria locational decisions

Abstract Most types of multicriteria optimization models and solution methods assume the simplest mathematical form for the criteria which are optimized and must also assume continuity for the decision variables. In many urban problems (facility location, capital budgeting, and production situations with significant fixed costs) these assumptions are not satisfied. This report gives practical applications which are appropriately modeled by nonlinear (including fixed-charge) objectives and discrete variables. Computational results will be presented for randomly generated problems.
Tropical sea surface temperature - An interactive one-dimensional atmosphere-ocean model

It is shown that the (cumulus) convective processes in the tropics may be described by a one-dimensional cloud model, while the near-surface ocean may similarly be described by a one-dimensional mixed-layer model. The coupling is achieved through a sea surface flux budget combined with the flux parameterizations implied by Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The coupled one-dimensional atmosphere-ocean model is applied to the equilibrium situation in which all temperatures reach a steady state. For the ocean, the fluxes must vanish in equilibrium, but the atmosphere maintains a stable lapse rate by balancing cumulonimbus heating against net radiative cooling. All water precipitating from cumulonimbus clouds must have evaporated from the sea. It is shown that this equilibrium system is closed and determinable solely in terms of the solar constant.
Integrating PowerWorld and MatLab for agent-based modeling and simulation of competitive electric power markets

The transition to agent-based competitive wholesale and retail markets for electric utilities around the world has been a difficult and controversial process. One of the difficulties that hindered the growth of a competitive power market is the absence of efficient computational tools to assist the design, analysis and operation of the power market. Although many commercial software packages have been developed for a broad study of an electric power system, these power system simulators are usually not designed in such a way that can be used for analysis and evaluation of an agent-based competitive power market. This paper investigates mathematical models associated with a competitive power market and how these models can be converted in such a way that makes it possible to use commercial power system software for agent-based modeling and simulation of a competitive power market. The paper also develops a mechanism to integrate PowerWorld and MatLab for combined optimal power dispatch and agent-based learning interactions. Finally, the paper demonstrates a case study for a competitive electric power system using the integrated software system.
A New Genetic Marker for Febrile Seizures

Linkage analysis genetic studies were conducted in a four-generation Utah family with 21 members affected by febrile seizures inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and results are reported from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
Resection for Esophageal Cancer: Strategies for Optimal Management

There are several controversies in the optimal management of esophageal cancer, including the surgical approach, extent of resection, and the role of multimodality treatment. Optimal surgical treatment strategies include patient selection, accurate staging and risk assessment, selection of an appropriate surgical approach, and the use of multimodality treatment in the management of these patients. In addition, other factors such as hospital and surgeon volume are important in reducing the risks of esophagectomy. In this article we discuss our approach and review the literature on these aspects that have an impact on outcomes after esophagectomy.
Do Property Rights Institutions Matter at the Local Level? Evidence from Madagascar

While several cross-country studies have demonstrated that property rights institutions are crucial for economic growth, empirical evidence of this relationship within countries is limited. This ar...
Charting Uncharted Territory: a Review of the Verification and Implementation Process for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for Organism Identification

Abstract The advent of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for organism identification is changing the paradigm for laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. As a result of the improved speed, quality, and affordability provided by MALDI-TOF, laboratories have begun transitioning to this method for routine organism identifications. Currently, there are two manufacturers that produce MALDI-TOF MS systems for organism identification and that are actively pursuing Food and Drug Administration clearance, and both databases are currently labeled research use only. However, there is no formal guidance on what is specifically required to verify the performance of these systems. The goal of this document is to establish some basic guidance for those laboratories seeking to verify MALDI-TOF. To this end, product selection, aspects of verification, and implementation are discussed.
A population-based analysis of qualitative features of the neuropsychological test performance of individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type: implications for individuals with questionable dementia.

Qualitative features of the neuropsychological test performance of individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) were examined in a population-based study. Qualitative error scores were derived from measures of verbal and figural memory, verbal fluency and confrontation naming for 38 patients with clinically diagnosed DAT, 236 normal elderly (NE) individuals, and 72 others who were questionably demented and at risk (AR) for DAT. Persons with DAT made a greater proportion of intrusion and perseverative errors, and more lexical and semantic naming errors, than the NE participants. These measures provided fair specificity but poor sensitivity for the diagnosis of DAT, and a logistic model based on these measures correctly classified 98% of the NE participants, but only 29% of the DAT participants. The AR participants demonstrated a pattern of errors that was highly similar to that of the DAT patients, and when their scores were subjected to the logistic model, 90% were classified as NE and 10% as DAT. These results indicate that specific error types that have been associated with DAT in self-referred or clinic-based samples also occur in the general population to a greater degree in individuals with DAT or questionable dementia than in NE individuals. Furthermore, these qualitative features may have some diagnostic usefulness in that their presence provides reasonable specificity for DAT or questionable dementia. (JINS, 1997, 3, 387–393.)
Validation of an FFQ to assess antioxidant intake in overweight postmenopausal women.

Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham andWomen’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USASubmitted 19 November 2012: Final revision received 1 April 2013: Accepted 9 May 2013AbstractObjective: To validate an FFQ to assess antioxidant intake in overweight post-menopausal women.Design: A seventy-four-item antioxidant 1-month FFQ was developed based onmajor antioxidant sources in the American diet. Forty overweight postmenopausalwomen participated in a 9-month observational study and completed four sets ofFFQ and 7 d food record (7dFR) every 3 months. Twelve-hour fasting blood wascollected for plasma antioxidant measurement at the ﬁrst visit.Setting: Connecticut, USA.Subjects: Forty overweight postmenopausal women.Results: Spearman correlation coefﬁcients of 1-month antioxidant intake estimatedfrom the ﬁrst set of FFQ and 7dFR ranged from 0 ?34 to 0?87, except for g-tocopherol.The proportion of participants categorized into the extremely opposite tertilesaveraged 7%. Signiﬁcant correlations were observed for diet–plasma vitamin C,a-tocopherol and carotenoids ( P,0?05). No time effect was observed on the dietaryantioxidant intakes estimated from four 7dFR and four FFQ. Dietary antioxidantsestimated from averaged four 7dFR showed moderate to high correlation with thoseestimated from averaged four FFQ and from each FFQ collected every 3 months.Bland–Altman plots did not show any systematic bias. Averaged misclassiﬁcationswere below 10% between these two instruments.Conclusions: These ﬁndings attested a reasonable validity and a good acceptance ofthis 1-month FFQ in assessing both short-term and long-term diverse antioxidantintakes in these overweight postmenopausal women. The use of this FFQ in asso-ciating antioxidant intake with disease risk needs further investigation.KeywordsAntioxidantTotal antioxidant capacityFFQFood recordsValidityReliabilitySeasonal variationThe antioxidative properties of multiple bioactive com-pounds have been proposed to partially contribute tothe protective effects of vegetables and fruits on chronicdiseases
Energy-efficiency bounds for noise-tolerant dynamic circuits

Presented in this paper are lower bounds on energy-efficiency of the mirror noise-tolerant dynamic circuit technique. These lower bounds are derived by solving an energy optimization problem subject to an information-theoretic constraint. Design overheads associated with the noise-tolerant circuit techniques are discussed and incorporated into the optimization problem. Simulation results for a 3-input OR gate transferring information at a rate R=150 M bit/s in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS indicate that the lower bound on energy consumption of the noise-tolerant circuit is 25 f J/bit, which is 31% below that of the conventional domino circuit. This lower bound is achieved when the noise-immunity of the mirror technique is 1.64/spl times/ more than that of the domino circuit technique.
Organization Theory: An Overview and an Appraisal

Focuses on organization theory in management. Discussion on the classical doctrine of organization; Information on the neoclassical theory of organization; Description of the modern organization th...
Shock waves in aviation security and safety

Accident investigations such as of Pan Am 103 and TWA 800 reveal the key role of shock-wave propagation in destroying the aircraft when an on-board explosion occurs. This paper surveys shock wave propagation inside an aircraft fuselage, caused either by a terrorist device or by accident, and provides some new experimental results. While aircraft-hardening research has been under way for more than a decade, no such experiments to date have used the crucial tool of high-speed optical imaging to visualize shock motion. Here, Penn State's Full-Scale Schlieren flow visualization facility yields the first shock-motion images in aviation security scenarios: 1) Explosions beneath full-size aircraft seats occupied by mannequins, 2) Explosions inside partially-filled luggage containers, and 3) Luggage-container explosions resulting in hull-holing. Both single-frame images and drum-camera movies are obtained. The implications of these results are discussed, though the overall topic must still be considered in its infancy.
Optical bistable switching in a hybrid magnetic semiconductor

In this paper we report the possibility of optical bistable switching in a hybrid magnetic semiconductor. We on the basis of our formulation found that a magnetic semiconductor can be made to behave as a optical bistable switch by suitably controlling the magnetic impurity concentration.
Fracture of Porous Ceramic Plates under Biaxial Tension‐Compression

The fracture of porous ceramic plates under biaxial tension-compression was investigated under two different methods of loading. A tensile stress was established in a plate surface by four-line bending; in addition, a compressive stress was established normal to the tensile stress direction by either of two methods, utilizing (1) a hydraulic jack or (2) filament wrapping. After comparing the experimental results with fracture stresses for uniaxial tension and uniaxial compression, it was concluded that fracture of these porous plates under biaxial tension-compression was best explained by application of the Griffith theory for cracks of finite sharpness.
Finite element analysis of nonlinear problems in the dynamical theory of coupled thermoelasticity

Abstract This paper is concerned with the formulation of finite element models for the analysis of nonlinear problems in the dynamical theory of coupled thermoelasticity. Displacement and temperature fields are approximated over a finite element, and energy balances are formed which lead to general equations of heat conduction and motion of thermoelastic finite elements. A number of special cases are considered. Numerical results obtained from simple representative problems are also presented.
Structure-process-property relations in excimer laser surface processed Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Excimer laser processing results in very rapid solidification of metal surfaces. In addition to mixing or segregation processes, rapid heat treatment can result in phase transformations which yield beneficial surface properties. We have investigated the effect of pulsed excimer laser radiation on the microstructure and surface hardness of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. This material undergoes a well defined martensite transformation during rapid quenching from temperatures in the {beta} phase field. The depth of the transformed layer is thus a marker for the temperature profile during processing. We find that the depth of the transformed layer agrees well with a simple 1-D calculation of heat flow following the laser pulse. As measured by the nanoindenter, we find that the surface martensite is softer than the as-rolled alloy. Multiple pulse processing at high fluences results in an increase in surface hardness, but at a depth much less than that of the martensite, suggesting an independent mechanism. 10 refs., 4 figs.
Effects of Northeaster Storms on Water Level and Turbidity in a Delaware Bay Subestuary

ABSTRACT Moskalski, S.M. and Sommerfield, C.K., 2013. Effects of northeaster storms on water level and turbidity in a Delaware Bay subestuary. Coastal storms have a major influence on the ecology and geomorphology of U.S. Atlantic estuaries and tidal marshes. The purpose of this study was to determine which types of storms are most effective in flooding the marsh platform with high-turbidity water, a condition conducive for sedimentation. Eleven years (2000–10) of continuous water level and turbidity data for the St. Jones River National Estuarine Research Reserve, a subestuary of Delaware Bay, were analyzed and compared to weather events registered in the National Climate Data Center Storm Events Database. Statistically significant water-level and turbidity reference values were established and used to identify storm-produced events in the data records. Results indicate that northeasters were responsible for most (41%) of all concurrent water-level and turbidity events; other types of weather conditions,...
From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings.

Recent research has indicated strong relations between people's appraisals of their circumstances and their emotional states. The present study examined these relations across a range of unpleasant situations in which subjects experienced complex emotional blends. Subjects recalled unpleasant experiences from their pasts that were associated with particular appraisals and described their appraisals and emotions during these experiences. Situations defined by particular appraisals along the human agency or situational control dimensions were reliably associated with different levels of anger, sadness, and guilt, as predicted. However, predicted differences in emotion were not observed for situations selected for appraisals along the certainty or attention dimensions. Most subjects reported experiencing blends of two or more emotions, and correlation/regression analyses indicated that even in the context of these blends, patterns of appraisal similar to those observed previously (Smith & Etlsworth, 1985, 1987) characterized the experience of the individual emotions. The regressions further indicated that appraisals along some dimensions were more important to the experience of particular emotions than were appraisals along other dimensions. These central appraisals are compared with the adaptive functions their associated emotions are believed to serve, and the implications of these findings are discussed.
Cocaine use during pregnancy and low birth weight: The impact of prenatal care and drug treatment

Cocaine use in pregnancy has been associated with low birth weight. Large population-based studies suggest that 5 to 7% of pregnant women have used cocaine, with much higher rates in low income inner-city women. Among 140 births at our institution of cocaine-using women, we found a lower rate of low birth weight in those who received prenatal care compared with those without prenatal care: 33 of 96 (34.3%) versus 23 of 44 (52.3%), P
Enhanced DHCP for the fast retrieval of the spectrum map for white space applications

As white space, unused local TV spectrum, will be allowed for the broadband Internet access, we can use white space network as the supplementary network of licensed and/or unlicensed access networks such as cellular and WiFiTM networks. Thus, after setting up the connection over a cellular or WiFiTM system, mobile devices equipped with a white space interface will connect to a radio resource management server to retrieve a location-based list of open white space channels, “a so-called spectrum map”. This paper aims to reduce a signaling overhead for the setup of a cellular or WiFiTM connection and the retrieval of the spectrum map. To achieve the goal, we suggest embedding the retrieval operations of the spectrum map inside the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) operations for the IP assignment during the connection setup of the cellular or WiFiTM networks. The theoretical analysis demonstrates that our proposal, the fast provision of the spectrum map, can contribute to accommodating one or more white space devices when the total number of open white space channels is 30.
A Segmental Deletion Series Generated by Sister-Chromatid Transposition of Ac Transposable Elements in Maize

Certain configurations of maize Ac/Ds transposon termini can undergo alternative transposition reactions leading to chromosome breakage and various types of stable chromosome rearrangements. Here, we show that a particular allele of the maize p1 gene containing an intact Ac element and a nearby terminally deleted Ac element (fAc) can undergo sister-chromatid transposition (SCT) reactions that generate large flanking deletions. Among 35 deletions characterized, all begin at the Ac termini in the p1 gene and extend to various flanking sites proximal to p1. The deletions range in size from the smallest of 12,567 bp to the largest of >4.6 cM; >80% of the deletions removed the p2 gene, a paralog of p1 located approximately 60 kb from p1 in the p1-vv allele and its derivatives. Sequencing of representative cases shows that the deletions have precise junctions between the transposon termini and the flanking genomic sequences. These results show that SCT events can efficiently generate interstitial deletions that are useful for in vivo dissection of local genome regions and for the rapid correlation of genetic and physical maps. Finally, we discuss evidence suggesting that deletions induced by alternative transposition reactions can occur at other genomic loci, indicating that this mechanism may have had a significant impact on genome evolution.
Trends and directions in hydrology

During my last year as coeditor of Water Resources Research, I undertook a project which culminated in this volume, the first comprehensive special issue in the 22-year life of the journal. The decision to prepare a special issue of invited papers resulted from discussions with a number of individuals and my assessment that a need existed to provide greater coherence to the study of hydrology. There have been other attempts in the last decade to place specific aspects of hydrology into perspective. One notable effort was by Myron Fiering, who asked colleagues to write on the scientific basis of water resource management [U.S. National Research Council, 1982]. While the papers contained in the current volume do not have as extensive a subject base as those in the earlier work, they do address many important topics in hydrology. The 19 authors who have contributed to the 15 papers in this volume have, collectively, over 500 years of professional experience.