cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Population Bottlenecks and Colonization Factors during Assembly of Bacterial Communities within the Zebrafish Intestine

ABSTRACT The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a powerful model for studying bacterial colonization of the vertebrate intestine, but the genes required by commensal bacteria to colonize the zebrafish gut have not yet been interrogated on a genome-wide level. Here we apply a high-throughput transposon mutagenesis screen to Aeromonas veronii Hm21 and Vibrio sp. strain ZWU0020 during their colonization of the zebrafish intestine alone and in competition with each other, as well as in different colonization orders. We use these transposon-tagged libraries to track bacterial population sizes in different colonization regimes and to identify gene functions required during these processes. We show that intraspecific, but not interspecific, competition with a previously established bacterial population greatly reduces the ability of these two bacterial species to colonize. Further, using a simple binomial sampling model, we show that under conditions of interspecific competition, genes required for colonization cannot be identified because of the population bottleneck experienced by the second colonizer. When bacteria colonize the intestine alone or at the same time as the other species, we find shared suites of functional requirements for colonization by the two species, including a prominent role for chemotaxis and motility, regardless of the presence of another species. IMPORTANCE Zebrafish larvae, which are amenable to large-scale gnotobiotic studies, comprehensive sampling of their intestinal microbiota, and live imaging, are an excellent model for investigations of vertebrate intestinal colonization dynamics. We sought to develop a mutagenesis and tagging system in order to understand bacterial population dynamics and functional requirements during colonization of the larval zebrafish intestine. We explored changes in bacterial colonization dynamics and functional requirements when bacteria colonize a bacterium-free intestine, one previously colonized by their own species, or one colonized previously or simultaneously with a different species. This work provides a framework for rapid identification of colonization factors important under different colonization conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that when colonizing bacterial populations are very small, this approach is not accurate because random sampling of the input pool is sufficient to explain the distribution of inserts recovered from bacteria that colonized the intestines.
Modeling paleolithic predator-prey dynamics and the effects of hunting pressure on prey 'choice'

Working from archaeofaunal trends in the Mediterranean Basin and modern wildlife data, we present a demographic interpretation of Paleolithic prey “choice” with the aid of computer simulation modeling. Archaeological indications of expanding dietary breadth with the onset of the Upper Paleolithic period associate with increasing exploitation of highly productive small animals and smaller ungulate species, despite the higher procurement costs of some of these prey types. The study of small game exploitation capitalizes upon the extreme differences in behavioral and reproductive ecology of the prey species with similar body sizes. Predator-prey simulation modeling of large hoofed animals (artiodactyls) was also undertaken, since these animals constituted the bulk of meat acquired by Paleolithic foragers, but the simulation results for the ungulate taxa do not provide the same crispness in the test implications needed for addressing questions about demography, diet breadth, and possible predator pressure over the course of the Paleolithic. The sustainable yields for the small ungulates are not definitively higher than those for the large ungulates, and thus the shift down the ungulate body-size spectrum that we see in the Mediterranean data is not in itself solid evidence of human demographic growth. Given demographic growth as shown by other, better evidence (small game data), we nonetheless can attribute the shift to smaller ungulates as being the result of the population growth. Increasing dependence upon high producers, even if total volume of meat acquired remains the same, could have meant a significant reduction in the composite (cooperatively pooled) variance in foraging success, albeit at the price of greater hunting effort
Molecular Characterization of a Poxvirus Isolated from an American Flamingo (Phoeniconais ruber rubber)

Abstract An avian poxvirus from the beak scab of an American flamingo (Phoeniconais ruber rubber) was isolated by inoculation on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. The virus produced multifocal areas of epithelial hyperplasia along with foci of inflammation in the CAM, and rare cells contained small eosinophilic intracytoplasmic bodies. Chickens inoculated with the isolated virus in the feather follicle of the leg did not develop significant lesions. Nucleotide sequence comparison of a PCR-amplified 4.5 kb HindIII fragment of the genome of flamingo poxvirus (FlPV) revealed very high homology (99.7%) with condor poxvirus (CPV), followed by approximately 92% similarity with canary poxvirus (CNPV) and Hawaiian goose poxvirus (HGPV), but less similarity (∼69%) to fowl poxvirus (FPV), the type species of the genus Avipoxvirus of family Poxviridae. As in the cases with CPV, CNPV, and HGPV, genetic analysis of FlPV revealed an absence of three corresponding FPV op...
Brief paper: Nash strategies for M-person differential games with mixed information structures

This paper is concerned with a class of M-person linear-quadratic nonzero-sum differential games in which a subset of the players have access to closed-loop (CL) information and the rest to open-loop (OL) information. The state equation contains an additive random perturbation term, inclusion of which has been shown to be necessary in order to obtain, a unique globally optimal Nash equilibrium solution. For each player with CL information, the optimal strategy is a linear function of the current and the initial states, and for each player with OL information, the optimal strategy is a linear function of the initial state.
Palliative chemotherapy: oxymoron or misunderstanding?

Oncologists routinely prescribe chemotherapy for patients with advanced cancer. This practice is sometimes misunderstood by palliative care clinicians, yet data clearly show that chemotherapy can be a powerful palliative intervention when applied appropriately. Clarity regarding the term “palliative chemotherapy” is needed: it is chemotherapy given in the non-curative setting to optimize symptom control, improve quality of life, and sometimes to improve survival. Unfortunately, oncologists lack adequate tools to predict which patients will benefit. In a study recently published in BMC Palliative Care, Creutzfeldt et al. presented an innovative approach to advancing the science in this area: using patient reported outcomes to predict responses to palliative chemotherapy. With further research, investigators may be able to develop predictive models for use at the bedside to inform clinical decision-making about the risks and benefits of treatment. In the meantime, oncologists and palliative care clinicians must work together to reduce the use of “end-of-life chemotherapy”—chemotherapy given close to death, which does not improve longevity or symptom control—while optimizing the use of chemotherapy that has true palliative benefits for patients.
Studies on the Biology of the Genus Corizus (Coreidæ, Hemiptera)

The genus Corizus is one which has offered considerable difficulty to taxonomists. Individual variations in size and color have made for difficulty in limiting species and have caused the naming of doubtful species and varieties. The more recent taxonomic reviews of the genus by Hambleton (1) and Gibson (2) have done much to simplify the identification of our forms. Hambleton's excellent monograph of North and Middle American species, with its numerous illustrations, is particularly valuable, and Gibson's review of Hambleton's work is useful because of its considerations of phylogeny, and suggestions in regard to possibly synonymous forms. Both of these writers speak of the necessity of biological data in solving the taxonomic problems of the genus. Hambleton says, “Any attempts to trace the lines of dispersal or phylogeny of this genus must be merely tentative until more is known of their life histories, food plants, etc.” Gibson states, “After several months of studying long series of specimens representing each species that occurs in North America and many exotic species the author comes to the conclusion that no satisfactory results, as to the limits of each species, the systematic arrangement and relation of species, can be obtained from the mere examination of dried adult specimens, especially without an increased biological knowledge of the group. The writer, therefore, is forced to call tentative any remarks or deductions herein set forth until they are verified by results obtained from life-history and habit studies of each species.”
Factors influencing the uptake and absorption of carotenoids.

In his classic book entitled Vitamin A, Thomas Moore wrote, “There are many complicating factors, both chemical and physiological, which will make it difficult to give an account of the absorption of vitamin A and its provitamins (carotenoids) which is both clear and reasonably comprehensive (1).” Although this statement accurately depicts our current ability to describe carotenoid absorption, it was written in 1957. In the last four decades, thousands of papers have been written about carotenoids, yet many questions still remain unanswered regarding the absorption of both provitamin A active carotenoids such as α-and β-carotene (BC), and carotenoids such as lycopene that do not have vitamin A activity.Carotenoids are a family of over 600 fat-soluble pigments. The two subclasses of carotenoids are the oxygenated xanthophylls and the hydrocarbon carotenes. In nature, carotenoids are responsible for some of the characteristic colors in fall leaves, birds, fruits, vegetables, and shellfish. For example, toma...
Identifying and Tracking Emotional and Cognitive Mathematical Processes of Middle School Students in an Online Discussion Group

Abstract Math discussions are important when learning math. Explaining one’s thinking, listening to other’s thoughts, and reflecting are but a few of the benefits derived from discussions held in class. However, with the growth of online courses, how do math discussions change when in an online setting? While much research exists about math discussions in classrooms, there is not much research on math discussions held online. Due to the important role of discussions in learning math, along with the growing trend of online classes, this study begins to take a look at how students make sense of and keep track of each other’s comments in an online discussion. In these online discussions, turn taking is not as intuitive as face-to-face interactions. Making sense of the discussion sequence and theme can also be challenging. In this study, I found that students used terms that represented mathematical operations to better explain their thought processes and also kept track of how their peers used these terms as well. These findings suggest that, for these students, when in an online discussion, the terms used were of importance when trying to make their thinking clear to their classmates. Also, in these groups, the mathematical terms were commonly used and re-used by more than one individual in trying to gain a consensus in their group thinking. These findings are important when thinking about how to best foster math discussion and learning in an online environment and for designing online classes that institutions use to supplement or support students.
Review Essay Inclusion: Parsons and Beyond

This essay traces the discussion of ethnic group inclusion from Talcott Parsons to the present. It illustrates unappreciated convergences between earlier and current work while identifying what is genuinely novel about contemporary efforts.
Permanent Devocalization of Dogs by Removal of both the True and the False Vocal Cords

In many institutions where it has been necessary to devocalize the laboratory dogs the results have not been satisfactory. In 1932 the writer made a study of the usual devocalizing methods with the...
Wave Propagation and Diffraction Through a Subwavelength Nano-Hole in a 2D Plasmonic Screen

This article addresses the subject of subwavelength transmission and diffraction by a two dimensional plasmonic screen/layer with an embedded nano-hole aperture. The dynamical development of a prototypical scalar wave (incident at an arbitrary angle) is traced in terms of the associated Helmholtz Green’s function. The latter is derived through the exact analytic solution of a succession of integral equations which obviate the need to specify boundary conditions separately. The resulting wave transmission/diffraction is evaluated numerically and exhibited graphically: It includes the finite plasmonic response of the 2D layer jointly with that of the subwavelength nano-hole aperture, for an arbitrary angle of incidence.
Research on Parameter Identification of Overhead Crane Based on Energy Reservation

Aiming at solving the problem of poor availability of the physical parameters of a practical overhead crane,this thesis proposes a parameter identification method based on energy reservation. It builds up regression equations for identification based on energy reservation principle,and then applies non-negative least squares algorithm to deal with data,obtaining the controller design model of overhead crane. This thesis has the identification experiments done on the overhead crane experimental system simulating the characteristics of the operation of practical overhead crane and gets the mathematical model of the system. On the basis of the mathematical model,an LQR controller has been designed to testify the accuracy of the identification results,confirming that the parameter identification method can help a lot on control of overhead crane.
Thermo-mechanical behavior of copper plate in continuous casting mold with new cooling structure

A three-dimensional thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model was established, the temperature, von Mises stress and displacement distribution of new cooling structure mold were compared, the effect of the new cooling structure mold on copper plate thermo-mechanical behavior was studied. The results show that in wide hot face of copper plate at meniscus, the highest temperature and the maximum von Mises stress of new mold are 60 ℃ and 85 MPa lower than those of traditional mold, respectively. Meanwhile, the corresponding maximum norm displacements of new and traditional molds are 0.21 mm and 0.29 mm, respectively. The fluctuation range of temperature, von Mises stress and displacement of new and traditional mold at location mentioned above are 12 ℃ and 67 ℃, 33 MPa and 113 MPa, 0.02 mm and 0.09 mm, respectively. Consequently, the temperature, von Mises stress and displacement distribution of new mold copper plate are more uniform and reasonable than those of traditional mold copper plate, indicating that the new mold copper plate is more suitable for the casting of cracking sensitive steel grade than traditional mold.
The fracture toughness of polymer cellulose nanocomposites using the essential work of fracture method

This work reinforced both a glassy polymer (high stiffness matrix) and a rubbery polymer (low stiffness matrix) with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) derived from natural sources. CNC addition always increased stiffness while it increased toughness for a rubbery polymer and caused no loss in toughness for a glassy polymer. These results contradict many claims that when stiffness increases, the toughness decreases. We show that these claims depend on how toughness is measured. Our results were based on toughness measured using the essential work of fracture method. In contrast, toughness determined from area under the stress–strain curve shows a significant decrease, but that method may be a poor measure of toughness. Property enhancements usually require a good fiber/matrix interface. We used modeling of stiffness properties to confirm that CNC has a good interface with the studied polymer matrices.
Planning your JWST/NIRSpec observation: pre-imaging and source catalogue

Most observations with NIRSpec Spectroscopy will require high spatial resolution images of the science field previous to performing the spectroscopy. This is due to the fact that the standard NIRSpec target acquisition (TA) needs to acquire reference stars to deliver a position RMS of less than 20mas. NIRSpec TA uses 8 - 20 reference stars with accurate astrometry (< 5 mas), calculates pixel centroids of the stars, transforms their pixel coordinate positions to the ideal sky frame and calculates the slew to accurately place the science targets in the Micro Shutter Array. For some planned observations, very high spatial resolution Hubble Space Telescope images might be already available, and in other cases NIRCam observations will be performed. For a planned NIRSpec observation, we describe in detail the proposed method to generate a high resolution image mosaic to plan NIRSpec spectroscopy. We show some of the data products that have been developed using actual HST observations. We also describe the proposed procedure using simulated NIRCam images for derivation of source catalogs. Rapid availability of these two data products will be crucial for the success of many NIRSpec observations.
A Wideband Injection Locked Quadrature Clock Generation and Distribution Technique for an Energy-Proportional 16–32 Gb/s Optical Receiver in 28 nm FDSOI CMOS

We present a novel frequency tracking method that exploits the dynamics of injection locking in a quadrature ring oscillator to increase the effective locking range from 5% (7–7.4 GHz) to 90% (4–11 GHz). The quadrature phase error between I and Q phases of an injection locked ring oscillator is derived and shown to contain frequency error information, both inside and outside the locking range. This error is utilized to form a first-order frequency tracking quadrature locked loop (QLL). This loop generates accurate clock phases for a 4-channel parallel optical receiver using a forwarded clock at quarter-rate. The QLL drives an ILO at each channel without any repeaters for local quadrature clock generation. Each local ILO has deskew capability for phase alignment. The receiver maintains a constant energy-per-bit consumption across 16–32 Gb/s by adaptive body biasing in a 28 nm FDSOI technology.
Internet of Hybrid Opportunistic Things: A novel framework for interconnecting IoTs and DTNs

Towards realizing the goal of connecting everything in every possible way to the Internet, researchers recently are focusing on connecting Internet of Things (IoTs) in challenged environments that suffer from disrupted connectivity. To this end, Delay-Tolerant Network (DTN) is considered as a potential enabler for providing communication in such environments. We argue that the existing approaches that integrate DTN as a mere communication substrate embedded in IoT devices, can only enable them to survive from disrupted environments. However, with such integration, the typical publish/subscribe semantics of IoT communications may not be utilized effectively. To the best of our knowledge, a unified hybrid framework that benefits from the semantics of both DTN and IoT communications is not yet proposed and implemented. In this work, we propose a novel and practical architectural framework for communications between IoTs and DTNs, and develop a working prototype on the off-the-shelf devices.
Ahmet Davutoğlu’s academic and professional articles: understanding the world view of Turkey’s former prime minister

ABSTRACTInternational relations theories have sometimes been criticized as being focused on a narrow set of ideas and values. This article provides a means by which this problem can be addressed by examining the theories of former Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu, who, prior to joining the government, was an international relations scholar. The article argues that gaining a greater understanding of Davutoglu’s academic and professional publications is valuable not only to scholars interested in studying Turkey, but also to the study of international relations. Distinguishing him from other thinkers, Davutoglu’s models are a combination of Islamic values, civilizational theories, and constructivism.
Dialogue for Democracy

This chapter puts forth a framework to help facilitate meaningful discussion in classrooms. The framework is constructed with research from diverse research bases, from linguistics, critical theory, neuroscience and public policy. The framework is divided into four different components titled pre-dialogic, dialogic content, dialogic form and values. The pre-dialogic component examines ideas that students can consider prior to entering a dialogue, the dialogic content component centers on what one is saying, the dialogic form component is centered on how it is being said and the values component centers on how values can impact a dialogue. The chapter concludes by linking the Dialogue for Democracy method with relevant skills, dispositions and school climate attributes.
The ADAPP trial: a two-year longitudinal multidisciplinary intervention study for prostate cancer frail patients on androgen deprivation associated to curative radiotherapy.

AbstractBackground: Androgen deprivation (AD) therapy combined to radiotherapy (RT) is a curative therapeutic option for patients with non-metastatic locally advanced or aggressive intermediate prostate cancer (PC), though with a range of nutritional, physical, and psychological side effects. A multidisciplinary care program was created to help frail patients to prevent and manage those side effects.Material and methods: We conducted a longitudinal interventional study in frail patients, presenting either cardiovascular/pulmonary comorbidities, old age (≥75 years), vulnerability ratings, or balance impairment. Patients were treated by AD and RT and, benefited from nutritional coaching, supervised biweekly 45 minute physical training, and psychological counseling for two years. Treatment outcomes included PC-related quality of life (QoL), body mass index, fat mass index, and fat-free mass index derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis, Six-Minute Walk Test, Timed Up&Go, handgrip strength, Hospital Anx...
A Bayesian Sparse-Plus-Low-Rank Matrix Decomposition Method for Direction-of-Arrival Tracking

The sparse Bayesian learning algorithm for multiple measurement vectors (also known as the MSBL algorithm) is an automatic method to estimate the stationary directions-of-arrival (DOAs) of multiple signals using an array of sensors. If there are time-varying DOAs along with stationary DOAs, then the DOAs of the signals can be tracked by using the sparse Bayesian learning algorithm for a single measurement vector (also known as the SSBL algorithm) by formulating the DOA estimation problem as a snapshot-by-snapshot estimation problem. When both stationary and time-varying DOAs are present, a novel approach is proposed in which we can estimate the DOAs of multiple signals by considering all snapshots together rather than estimating the DOAs snapshot-by-snapshot. This method is motivated by the fact that if the signals are sparse in the spatial domain, the stationary DOAs form the low-rank component, and the time-varying DOAs form the sparse component when all snapshots are considered together. All the parameters in the formulation are automatically estimated by using the sparse Bayesian learning principle. Simulation study using a uniform-linear-array has been carried out to compare the performance of the Bayesian sparse-plus-low-rank (BSPLR) matrix decomposition method and the SSBL method in terms of the root-mean-squared-error of the DOA estimates. We show that the BSPLR method has the potential to outperform the SSBL algorithm, which estimates the DOAs snapshot-by-snapshot. The methods are also applied on passive sonar data from the SWellEx- $\mathbf {96}$ ocean acoustic experiment to demonstrate their robustness to the modeling assumptions made.
Abstract 2612: Anti-Tigit induces T cell mediated anti-tumor immune response and combines with immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance strong and long term anti-tumor immunity

TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) has been recently described as an inhibitory receptor which blocks CD8 T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses. We have generated an anti-mouse TIGIT antibody (313R12) to evaluate drug efficacy and mechanism of action in pre-clinical tumor models. Anti-TIGIT as a single agent promoted an anti-tumor immune response in multiple syngeneic mouse tumor models. Anti-TIGIT enhanced tumor specific T cell responses, particularly of the Th1 type and reduced Th2 type responses and also increased the function of cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, anti-TIGIT displayed combination activity with immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 in inhibiting tumor growth, promoting complete tumor rejection and significantly increasing mouse survival in the murine CT26 colon carcinoma model as compared to controls and single agents alone. Mice “cured” with anti-TIGIT/anti-PDL1 or anti-TIGIT/anti-PD1 combination treatments did not form tumors upon subsequent re-challenges with increasing number of CT26 tumor cells, suggesting the existence of immunologic memory. IL2 and tumor-specific IFN-γ production by splenic T cells were increased in mice who responded to combination treatment compared to controls. Additionally, both effector and memory CD8+ T cell frequencies were increased within the total CD8+ T cell population in responding mice. We also demonstrated a systemic increase in tumor-specific CD8 T cells after anti-TIGIT/anti-PDL1 combination treatment compared to controls. Therefore, these results suggest that co-targeting of TIGIT and PD1 or PDL1 may be an effective and durable cancer therapy by increasing T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses and promoting long-term immunological memory. Citation Format: Minu K. Srivastava, Rui Yun, Erin Mayes, Janice Yu, Hyun-Bae Jie, Fumiko Axelrod, Ming-Hong Xie, Jorge Monteon, Andrew Lam, May Ji, Yuwang Liu, John Lewicki, Tim Hoey, Austin Gurney, Angie Inkyung Park. Anti-Tigit induces T cell mediated anti-tumor immune response and combines with immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance strong and long term anti-tumor immunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2612. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2612
Mapping water availability, cost and projected consumptive use in the eastern United States with comparisons to the west

The availability of freshwater supplies to meet future demand is a growing concern. Water availability metrics are needed to inform future water development decisions. With the help of water managers, water availability was mapped for over 1300 watersheds throughout the 31 contiguous states in the eastern US complimenting a prior study of the west. The compiled set of water availability data is unique in that it considers multiple sources of water (fresh surface and groundwater, wastewater and brackish groundwater); accommodates institutional controls placed on water use; is accompanied by cost estimates to access, treat and convey each unique source of water; and is compared to projected future growth in consumptive water use to 2030. Although few administrative limits have been set on water availability in the east, water managers have identified 315 fresh surface water and 398 fresh groundwater basins (with 151 overlapping basins) as areas of concern (AOCs) where water supply challenges exist due to drought related concerns, environmental flows, groundwater overdraft, or salt water intrusion. This highlights a difference in management where AOCs are identified in the east which simply require additional permitting, while in the west strict administrative limits are established. Although the east is generally considered 'water rich' roughly a quarter of the basins were identified as AOCs; however, this is still in strong contrast to the west where 78% of the surface water basins are operating at or near their administrative limit. Little effort was noted on the part of eastern or western water managers to quantify non-fresh water resources.
A Data Model for Lifecycle Management of Natural Hazards Engineering Data

We introduce work accomplished to design and implement a data model and metadata for ongoing curation and publication of natural hazards engineering data derived from experimental research projects. The data model was designed with the input of researchers involved in the space and implemented in the DesignSafe-CI platform.
The use of RRDE voltammetry to study acid-base reactions in unbuffered solutions

Abstract Electrochemical mechanisms in unbuffered solutions are difficult to analyze because of the presence of second order reactions. If the protonation reaction is irreversible, then the second order reverse reaction is not kinetically relevant. For protonation on N- or O-atoms, the reaction is often reversible, and leads to an EC reversible mechanism. Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) voltammetry is ideal to investigate this reaction because it is possible to focus on the limiting currents. The limiting currents are neither sensitive to the solution resistance, nor to electron transfer kinetics, but they are sensitive to reaction rates and equilibrium constants in solution. In this report, the theory for the EC reversible mechanism was developed for RRDE voltammetry. Two cases were examined. The first case (Case 1) is the situation where A is reduced to A−, and is then reversibly converted to a new product. An example of this is the reduction of A in a buffered media, where the reduction product is converted to its conjugate acid (HB + A− ⇆ B− + HA). In a buffered media, both the forward and reverse reactions are pseudo-first order. The second case (Case 2) is the situation where the forward reaction is generally (pseudo)first-order, and reverse reaction is second order. The theory was then applied to the reaction of Fe(OEP) (NO)- with 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-dcp) in THF in buffered and unbuffered media.
Two- and Three-Dimensional Lattices

In this chapter we move from the one-dimensional atomic chain to two- and three-dimensional systems. We introduce the concept of the crystal lattice and the corresponding concept of the reciprocal lattice; we then work out the formalism for calculating the normal modes in a three-dimensional infinite solid, with a brief discussion of how this can also be applied to finite objects. We conclude our discussion by discussing the quantized excitations of the vibrational normal modes of the solid, known as phonons. The properties of phonons and of the phonon gas will be worked out in Chap. 3.
Verstädterung, Wanderung und Beschäftigung in Entwicklungsländern

Seit 1970 hat sich die Wachstumsrate der Bevolkerung in der Dritten Welt - wenngleich auf einem noch recht hohen Niveau -stabilisiert und zeigt inzwischen eine leicht rucklaufige Tendenz, die sich in den kommenden Jahren verstarken wird. Dieser Trend fur die Gesamtheit der Entwicklungslander ist zwar in groβem Maβe auf das Nachlassen des Bevolkerungswachstums in China zuruckzufuhren, aber auch in vielen anderen Landern scheint der Hohepunkt der Zuwachsraten entweder erreicht oder bereits uberschritten zu sein. Trotz des nachlassenden Bevolkerungsdrucks auf nationaler Ebene gibt es jedoch innerhalb einzelner Lander weiterhin Regionen mit sehr hohen Wachstumsraten, da die meisten Entwicklungslander eine starke regionale Bevolkerungskonzentrierung aufweisen. Insbesondere die Groβstadt-Regionen zeichnen sich durch auβerordentlich hohe Wachstumsraten aus, die haufig weit uber 5% jahrlich hinausgehen (Singelmann, 1984). Mehr als die Halfte des gesamten Bevolkerungszuwachses (54%) in den Entwicklungslandern zwischen 1980 und 1985 betraf Stadtgebiete; bis zum Jahre 2025 wird das gesamte Bevolkerungswachstum ausschlieβlich in stadtischen Gebieten stattfinden (siehe Tab. 1).
Chest Pain and the Treatment of Psychosocial/Emotional Distress in CAD Patients

Treatment of psychosocial/emotional distress as a strategy for diminishing chest pain in such patients remains entirely unutilized in standard care. Sixty-three patients with known or suspected CAD were entered in an aggressive lifestyle modification program. Patients completed the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL90R) at the diagnostic interview session, at 3 and at 12 months. Statistically significant drops were observed on multiple scales of the SCL90R at both 3 and 12 months. An item from the SCL90R was used as a proxy for angina. Multiple measures of emotional distress at baseline were found to correlate with chest pain at baseline, but not a number of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The chest pain item displayed improvement at both 3 and 12 months. Improvement on all scales of the SCL90R correlated with improvement in chest pain. It may be possible to control chest pain in some CAD patients with psychosocial interventions.
Estimating recruitment variability and productivity in Antarctic krill

Abstract Three alternative forms of the spawner-recruit relationship – the Beverton-Holt and two expressions of the Ricker function - and a fourth form representing annual recruitment deviations without an explicit relationship to spawning biomass, were applied in an integrated assessment model for Antarctic krill. Model data were from the international krill fishery and U.S. AMLR surveys in the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) Subarea 48.1, the area around the Antarctic peninsula where the majority of recent fishing for krill has taken place. Sensitivity tests using pre-specified values for the standard deviation of the logarithm of annual recruitment residuals ( σ R ) and productivity (steepness, h ) for the relationship between spawning biomass and subsequent recruitment indicated that neither the Beverton-Holt nor Ricker functions were superior to configurations of the model that did not assume a spawner-recruit relationship. As the predictive power of the spawner-recruit functions was reduced by increasing the value of σ R the fit to the data improved. All the functions fitted the data best when σ R was large enough so that random recruitment with respect to spawning biomass was produced. The alternative functions produced the same time series of recruitment and spawning biomass estimates when they were determined by the data rather than forced towards an assumed relationship. Although the Beverton-Holt and Ricker models were poor predictors of the data, cross-correlations of the recruitment predictions with the spawning biomass predictions from the best models indicated that recruitment was statistically correlated with spawning biomasses in the previous two to four years. The highest correlation (0.58) was with spawning biomass three years previously. Correlations in the reverse direction, with spawning biomass following recruitment were insignificant. These results suggest that recruitment variability does not influence subsequent spawning biomass in krill. They leave open the possibility that krill spawning biomass could influence subsequent recruitment, but not as modeled in the Beverton-Holt or Ricker functions with a one-year lag and the pre-specified von Bertalanffy growth.
Dissimilarity Measures for Clustering Space Mission Architectures

The application of model transformations to the process of design space exploration and multi-objective optimization allows for comprehensive exploration of an architectural trade space. For many applications, such as the design of missions involving multiple spacecraft, the resulting set of Pareto-optimal solution models can be too large to be consumed directly, requiring additional analyses in order to gain meaningful insights. In this paper, we investigate the use of automated clustering techniques for grouping similar solution models, and introduce and study a number of both generic and domain-specific methods for measuring the similarity of the solution models. We report results from applying our approach to the exploration of the design space of a spacecraft-based interferometry array in a lunar orbit. For purposes of evaluation and validation, results from the application to the case study are correlated with the results from a study in which solution models were clustered manually by groups of domain experts. The results show tradeoffs in the granularity and extensibility of applying clustering approaches to spacecraft mission architecture models. Also, what humans consider to be relevant in assessing architectural similarity varies and is often biased by their background and expertise. We conclude that providing the subjects with a range of clustering tools has the potential to strongly enhance the ability to explore the complex design space of multi-spacecraft missions, and gain deep insights into the trade space.
The large GTPase, mGBP-2, inhibits Triple-Negative Breast Cancer cell migration, but not proliferation

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Despite advances in early detection and treatment, it is predicted that over 40,000 women will die of breast cancer in 2019. This number of women is still too high. To lower this number, clearly more information about the molecular players in breast cancer are needed. Several members of the Guanylate-Binding Proteins (GBPs) have been correlated with better prognosis in breast cancer. In this study, we asked if the expression of GBP-2 in breast cancer merely provided a biomarker for improved prognosis or whether it actually contributed to improving outcome. Specifically, we asked whether murine GBP-2 exhibited cell autonomous behavior that altered breast cancer cells in a manner predicted to improve prognosis. To answer this, the 4T1 model of murine triple negative breast cancer was used. 4T1 cells themselves are highly aggressive and highly metastatic, while 67NR cells, isolated from the same tumor, do not leave the primary site. mGBP-2 did not alter cell proliferation in these two cell lines, but mGBP-2 expression inversely correlated with migration. More specifically, mGBP-2 inhibits cell migration by inhibiting the activation of Rac1, while promoting the activation of CDC42 and RhoA. Together these data demonstrate that mGBP-2 is responsible for cell autonomous activities that make breast cancer cells less aggressive.
Management of the Parotid Gland in Cutaneous External Auditory Canal Skin Cancer

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal is a rare tumor, presenting with nonspecific symptoms. Any nodal disease in patients with temporal bone malignancies places the patient in stage IV category within the modified Pittsburgh staging system. Management of the nodal basin for these patients remains controversial. A MEDLINE and PubMed search was performed comparing a parotidectomy with observation for patients with cutaneous malignancies of the EAC. Results of the search was largely limited to retrospective chart reviews with low quality evidence containing a limited number of patients largely secondary to the rare nature of the disease process. These articles are summarized and reviewed. Few studies directly compared observation to parotidectomy resulting in need for indirect conclusions to be made to answer the proposed question. The studies provide low quality evidence for the conditional weak recommendation of performance of an elective parotidectomy in management of malignancies of the external ear canal. Nodal disease is a negative prognostic indicator and a parotidectomy may assist with staging and prognosis, allow for obtaining soft tissue margins, and providing control of the facial nerve with limited increase in morbidity.
Postpartum anxiety: More common than you think

Postpartum anxiety is more common than postpartum depression, but is often overlooked. Here's when to suspect it.
The Dynamics of Markets and Work Structures

Several common themes in the work of those whose multivariate approaches to markets and structures we commended in Chapter 1 have informed the foregoing chapters. Thus we have urged that one’s understanding of work and industry structures is improved appreciably by examining: 1. The meetings and “cross-breedings” of phenomena associated with activities within and among the six structures with which we are concerned 2. The intramural intersections within and among our four markets 3. The interactions between the two arrays, structures and markets
Cobbling Together the Myddosome.

An organism's ability to recognize and respond quickly and appropriately to pathogenic stimuli is a fundamental aspect of innate immunity. Harnessing the dynamic nature of fluorescent microscopy and the resolution of cryo-electron microscopy, Moncrieffe et al. (2020) characterize MyD88-only filaments and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying innate immune signaling.
Association between Perceived Discrimination and Vaping among College Students.

Perceived discrimination has been associated with a higher prevalence of e-cigarette use among adult samples. However, little is understood about the relationship between discrimination and various...
Numerical instability investigation of inward radial Rayleigh–Bénard–Poiseuille flow

The spatial instability of inward radial Rayleigh–Benard–Poiseuille flow was investigated using direct numerical simulations with random and controlled inflow forcing. The simulations were carried out with a higher-order-accurate compact finite difference code in cylindrical coordinates. Inward radial Rayleigh–Benard–Poiseuille flows can be found, for example, in the collectors of solar chimney power plants. The conditions for the present simulations were chosen such that both steady and unsteady three-dimensional waves are amplified. The spatial growth rates are attenuated significantly in the downstream direction as a result of strong streamwise acceleration. For the oblique waves, the growth rates and wave angles decrease and the phase speeds get larger with increasing frequency. As the oblique waves travel downstream, the phase speeds decrease and the wave angles increase. Overall, steady waves with a wave angle of 90 ° are the most amplified. In general, because of the finite azimuthal extent, only certain azimuthal wavenumbers are possible. As a result, the steady waves appear to merge in the streamwise direction. When the inflow is at an angle such that a spiral flow is formed, one family of oblique waves is favored over the other and the mode shapes of the left- and right-traveling oblique waves are asymmetric with respect to the radius. As the inflow angle increases, this asymmetry is aggravated and the wavenumber of the most amplified disturbances is diminished.
Defining the Property Rights of Others: Political Power, Indigenous Tenure, and the Construction of Customary Land Law

Constitutional recognition of indigenous law and the role of traditional authorities at last dignifies African legal culture in South Africa with the official equality it has so long been denied. But this new status will stimulate the debate over the content and construction of judicially-recognized customary law and its relationship to the new bill of rights (Bennett 1994a; Bennett and Roos 1992). One of the first questions to be confronted is how land tenure is linked to the administrative powers of traditional authorities. Within weeks of President Nelson Mandela's inauguration, this issue had already threatened the stability of the new government of national unity; former State President de Klerk's last-minute assent to the KwaZulu Ingonyama Trust Act meant that approximately three million hectares were to be administered by Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini as the sole trustee, with administrative expenses to be borne by the new KwaZulu/Natal provincial government (Randall and Chothia 1994) Although a Cabinet committee managed to resolve the initial crisis, the King's powers over the allocation of resources were left to be settled by future legislation. (See Bennett 1994b; Ngubane 1994 for different accounts of the relationship between traditional authority and land tenure.)
"We feed the world": the political ecology of the Corn Belt's driving narrative

Industrial grain production occupies most of Iowa's farmland. Around the edges of corn and soybean monocultures, however, small-scale, diversified farmers establish alternative agricultural operations and sell to local markets. One narrative, "we feed the world", stretches across these two spheres; its roots lie in post-World War II geopolitics, and its contemporary iterations reflect the actions of private agricultural interest groups. As a rhetorical strategy, asserting "we feed the world" invokes neo-Malthusian fears to reposition differences in agricultural production systems within a moral framework where yield primarily determines agricultural legitimacy. This article ethnographically analyzes how this narrative intersects the lives and livelihoods of conventional and alternative farmers alike. Today, the narrative serves three functions: defending industrial agricultural systems against criticisms,justifying the pursuit of ever-higher yields on moral grounds, and gatekeeping agricultural legitimacy. Examining this discursive mechanism yields insight into the diversity of strategies through which actors within the industrial agricultural system reproduce particular land use practices in service of their own interests.
Effects of 7-level ANPC SiC Inverter on Motor Stator insulation and Cable insulation in an Electric Ship Propulsion Drive

Advent of Wide band-gap (WBG) SiC and GaN devices has revolutionized the All Electric Ship (AES) technology as they provided a major push to move from conventional 2-level inverters towards multilevel inverters. WBG multilevel inverters facilitate high voltage, high-frequency operation and improve the performance of shipboard electric systems. However, their effect on insulation systems needs to be explored to better plan and design electric drives for longer durability and reliability. This paper investigates the effect of a 7-level active neutral point clamped (ANPC) SiC multilevel inverter on medium voltage cable insulation and motor stator ground-wall insulation. The simulation of ANPC is done in ANSYS Twin Builder. The dielectric stress and leakage currents in the cable and motor stator-insulation system have been analyzed in ANSYS Maxwell.