cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Refuge policies for Bt cotton in India

This study examined the efficient refuge policies for Bt cotton for three cotton growing regions in India. This was accomplished by developing a single-pest, dual-toxin biological model simulating bollworm resistance to the Bt toxin and synthetic pyrethroids, followed by formulating profit functions for Bt and non-Bt cotton for a representative producer in each region. Profits received in subsequent periods were considered in the regulatory model in order to choose a refuge constraint (static problem) or a sequence of refuge policies (dynamic problem) for each region that maximize discounted profits received over 15 years, subject to various economic and biological constraints. Dynamic solutions for the regulatory problem were derived for each region using the Bellman equation. Results suggested that South Indian farmers do not need to grow a refuge, but farmers in the North and Central regions do. Results also suggested that planting sprayed refugia might be more profitable than planting unsprayed refugia. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the refuge requirements were sensitive to the initial Bt resistance level, relative proportion of CBWs in natural refuges, and proportions of heterozygous and homozygous fitnesses in all of the three regions. Moreover, static refugia were found more profitable as compared to dynamic refugia in the North and Central regions.
Data‐based monitoring and reconfiguration of a distributed model predictive control system

SUMMARY In this work, we develop a data-based monitoring and reconfiguration system for a distributed model predictive control system in the presence of control actuator faults. Specifically, we first design fault detection filters and filter residuals, which are computed via exponentially weighted moving average, to effectively detect faults. Then, we propose a fault isolation approach that uses adaptive fault isolation time windows whose length depends on the rate of change of the fault residuals to quickly and accurately isolate actuator faults. Simultaneously, we estimate the magnitudes of the faults using a least-squares method and based on the estimated fault values, we design appropriate control system reconfiguration (fault-tolerant control) strategies to handle the actuator faults and maintain the closed-loop system state within a desired operating region. A nonlinear chemical process example is used to demonstrate the approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An isolated Dirac cone on the surface of ternary tetradymite-like topological insulators

We have extended the search for topological insulators to the ternary tetradymite-like compounds M2X2Y (M = Bi or Sb; X and Y = S, Se or Te), which are variations of the well-known binary compounds Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3. Ourfirst-principles computations suggest thatfive existing compounds are strong topological insulators with a single Dirac cone on the surface. In particular, stoichiometric Bi2Se2S, Sb2Te2Se and Sb2Te2S are predicted to have an isolated Dirac cone on their naturally cleaved surface. This finding paves the way for the realization of the topological transport regime.
A selective solvent-free self-condensation of carbonyl compounds utilizing microwave irradiation

An environmentally benign microwave-assisted solvent-free self-condensation of carbonyl compounds was developed using catalytic amounts of triethylamine and lithium perchlorate. Changing the amount of lithium perchlorate helps in controlling the ratio of the single-condensation and double-condensation products. The effect of other additives and microwave activation was also investigated. The optimized conditions were then applied to various cyclic/acyclic ketones and aldehydes, with selectivity observed in many cases.
Division by current: a new approach to FET capacitance modeling

This paper introduces a new approach to the modeling of capacitance in field-effect transistor (FET) devices, which we call division by current . It is compared with existing formulations, which we call division by capacitance and division by charge . In doing so, it is necessary to normalize the theory of nonlinear capacitances and to clarify a number of matters. These include charge conservation and determination of charge functions from capacitance measurements, which are often misstated in the literature. We find the division by current formulation to be practical and to have significant advantages in the generation of FET models and in circuit simulation.
The Acceptability and the Tolerability of Societal Risks: A Capabilities-based Approach

In this paper, we present a Capabilities-based Approach to the acceptability and the tolerability of risks posed by natural and man-made hazards. We argue that judgments about the acceptability and/or tolerability of such risks should be based on an evaluation of the likely societal impact of potential hazards, defined in terms of the expected changes in the capabilities of individuals. Capabilities refer to the functionings, or valuable doings and beings, individuals are able to achieve given available personal, material, and social resources. The likely impact of a hazard on individuals’ capabilities should, we argue, be compared against two separate thresholds. The first threshold specifies the minimum level of capabilities attainment that is acceptable in principle for individuals to have in the aftermath of a hazard over any period of time. This threshold captures the level that individuals’ capabilities ideally should not fall below. A risk is acceptable if the probability that the attained capabilities will be less than the acceptable level is sufficiently small. In practice, it can be tolerable for some individuals to temporarily fall below the acceptable threshold, provided this situation of lower capabilities attainment is temporary, reversible, and the probability that capabilities will fall below a tolerability threshold is sufficiently small. This second, tolerable threshold delimits an absolute minimum level of capabilities attainment below which no individual in a society should ever fall, regardless of whether that level of capabilities attainment is temporary or reversible. In this paper, we describe and justify this Capabilities-based Approach to the acceptability and tolerability of risks. We argue that the proposed theoretical framework avoids the limitations in current approaches to acceptable risk. The proposed approach focuses the attention of risk analysts directly on what should be our primary concern when judging the acceptability and the tolerability of risks, namely, how risks impact the well-being of individuals in a society. Also, our Capabilities-based Approach offers a transparent, easily communicable way for determining the acceptability and the tolerability of risks.
Univac® 1108 multiprocessor system

Two prime objectives existed during initial conception of the 1108 Multiprocessor System. These were:• Increased system performance, and• Increased system availability.
VALIDATION OF LOWER BODY NEGATIVE PRESSURE AS AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF HEMORRHAGE

Lower body negative pressure (LBNP), a model of hemorrhage (Hem), shifts blood to the legs and elicits central hypovolemia. This study compared responses to LBNP and actual Hem in sedated baboons. ...
Chisel: reliability- and accuracy-aware optimization of approximate computational kernels

The accuracy of an approximate computation is the distance between the result that the computation produces and the corresponding fully accurate result. The reliability of the computation is the probability that it will produce an acceptably accurate result. Emerging approximate hardware platforms provide approximate operations that, in return for reduced energy consumption and/or increased performance, exhibit reduced reliability and/or accuracy. We present Chisel, a system for reliability- and accuracy-aware optimization of approximate computational kernels that run on approximate hardware platforms. Given a combined reliability and/or accuracy specification, Chisel automatically selects approximate kernel operations to synthesize an approximate computation that minimizes energy consumption while satisfying its reliability and accuracy specification. We evaluate Chisel on five applications from the image processing, scientific computing, and financial analysis domains. The experimental results show that our implemented optimization algorithm enables Chisel to optimize our set of benchmark kernels to obtain energy savings from 8.7% to 19.8% compared to the fully reliable kernel implementations while preserving important reliability guarantees.
The Volatility and Price Sensitivities of Managerial Stock Option Portfolios and Corporate Hedging

We use estimates of the Black-Scholes sensitivity of managers' stock option portfolios to stock return volatility and the sensitivity of managers' stock and stock option portfolios to stock price to test the relationship between managers' risk preferences and hedging activities. We find that as the sensitivity of managers' stock and stock option portfolios to stock price increases, firms tend to hedge more. However, as the sensitivity of managers' stock option portfolios to stock return volatility increases, firms tend to hedge less. ONE OF THE AGENCY COSTS associated with the corporate form of ownership comes from the risk aversion of the firm's managers. The typical corporate manager has a significant portion of his or her wealth invested in the corporation, both through portfolio holdings and the value of firm-specific human capital. As a result, managers have an incentive to reduce firm risk more than may be desirable from the perspective of an unaffiliated, diversified shareholder. One way to mitigate managerial risk aversion is to provide the manager with contracts that have a payoff structure that is a convex function of the firm's stock price (Smith and Stulz (1985)). Guay (1999) finds that stock options are an important way in which convexity is added to managers' portfolios. However, as recognized by Carpenter (2000) and Lambert, Larcker, and Verrecchia (1991), stock options create two opposing effects on managerial incentives. The first effect is sensitivity to stock return volatility. Due to the convex payoff structure of options, the value of a manager's stock option portfolio increases with the volatility of the firm's stock returns. This sensitivity to stock return volatility should, ceteris paribus, give the manager an incentive to take more risk. The second effect is sensitivity to stock price. This effect comes from the direct link between the payoff of an option and
Normal state spectral lineshapes of nodal quasiparticles in single layer Bi2201 superconductor

Abstract A detailed study of the normal state photoemission lineshapes and quasiparticle dispersion for the single layer Bi 2 Sr 2− x La x CuO 6+ δ (Bi2201) superconductor is presented. We report the first experimental evidence of a double peak structure and a dip of spectral intensity in the energy distribution curves (EDCs) along the nodal direction. The double peak structure is well identified in the normal state, up to 10 times the critical temperature. As a result of the same self-energy effect, a strong mass renormalization of the quasiparticle dispersion, i.e. kink, and an increase of the quasiparticle lifetime in the normal state are also observed. Our results provide unambiguous evidence on the existence of bosonic excitation in the normal state, and support a picture where nodal quasiparticles are strongly coupled to the lattice.
DNA-templated assembly of droplet-derived PEG microtissues

Patterning multiple cell types is a critical step for engineering functional tissues, but few methods provide three-dimensional positioning at the cellular length scale. Here, we present a “bottom-up” approach for fabricating multicellular tissue constructs that utilizes DNA-templated assembly of 3D cell-laden hydrogel microtissues. A flow focusing-generated emulsion of photopolymerizable prepolymer is used to produce 100 μm monodisperse microtissues at a rate of 100 Hz (105 h−1). Multiple cell types, including suspension and adherently cultured cells, can be encapsulated into the microtissues with high viability (∼97%). We then use a DNA coding scheme to self-assemble microtissues “bottom-up” from a template that is defined using “top-down” techniques. The microtissues are derivatized with single-stranded DNA using a biotin–streptavidin linkage to the polymer network, and are assembled by sequence-specific hybridization onto spotted DNA microarrays. Using orthogonal DNA codes, we achieve multiplexed patterning of multiple microtissue types with high binding efficiency and >90% patterning specificity. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to organize multicomponent constructs composed of epithelial and mesenchymal microtissues while preserving each cell type in a 3D microenvironment. The combination of high throughput microtissue generation with scalable surface-templated assembly offers the potential to dissect mechanisms of cell–cell interaction in three dimensions in healthy and diseased states, as well as provides a framework for templated assembly of larger structures for implantation.
Dark energy and extending the geodesic equations of motion: Its construction and experimental constraints

With the discovery of Dark Energy, � DE, there is now a universal length scale, � DE = c/(� DEG) 1/2 , associated with the universe that allows for an extension ofthegeodesicequationsofmotion.Inthispaper,wewillstudyaspecificclassofsuch extensions, and show that contrary to expectations, they are not automatically ruled out by either theoretical considerations or experimental constraints. In particular, we show that while these extensions affect the motion of massive particles, the motion of massless particles are not changed; such phenomena as gravitational lensing remain unchanged. We also show that these extensions do not violate the equivalence prin- cipal, and that becauseDE = 14010 800 Mpc, a specific choice of this extension can be made so that effects of this extension are not be measurable either from terrestrial experiments, or through observations of the motion of solar system bodies. A lower bound for the only parameter used in this extension is set.
The program dependence graph and its use in optimization

In this paper we present an intermediate program representation, called the program dependence graph (PDG), that makes explicit both the data and control dependences for each operation in a program. Data dependences have been used to represent only the relevant data flow relationships of a program. Control dependences are introduced to analogously represent only the essential control flow relationships of a program. Control dependences are derived from the usual control flow graph. Many traditional optimizations operate more efficiently on the PDG. Since dependences in the PDG connect computationally related parts of the program, a single walk of these dependences is sufficient to perform many optimizations. The PDG allows transformations such as vectorization, that previously required special treatment of control dependence, to be performed in a manner that is uniform for both control and data dependences. Program transformations that require interaction of the two dependence types can also be easily handled with our representation. As an example, an incremental approach to modifying data dependences resulting from branch deletion or loop unrolling is introduced. The PDG supports incremental optimization, permitting transformations to be triggered by one another and applied only to affected dependences.
Pulmonary immune responses to Aspergillus fumigatus in an immunocompetent mouse model of repeated exposures.

AbstractAspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus that produces abundant pigmented conidia. Several fungal components have been identified as virulence factors, including melanin; however, the impact of these factors in a repeated exposure model resembling natural environmental exposures remains unknown. This study examined the role of fungal melanin in the stimulation of pulmonary immune responses using immunocompetent BALB/c mice in a multiple exposure model. It compared conidia from wild-type A. fumigatus to two melanin mutants of the same strain, Δarp2 (tan) or Δalb1 (white). Mass spectrometry-based analysis of conidial extracts demonstrated that there was little difference in the protein fingerprint profiles between the three strains. Field emission scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the immunologically inert Rodlet A layer remained intact in melanin-deficient conidia. Thus, the primary difference between the strains was the extent of melanization. Histopathology indicated that each A...
Kalman Filtering and Smoothing to Estimate Real-Valued States and Integer Constants

slowing the execution speed of the solution algorithm. Alternative approximate methods for filtering and smoothing are proposed and tested; these are methods that bound the sizes of the integer linear least-squares problems. Bounded problem sizes are achieved by treating integers from remote-in-time measurements as real-valued unknowns, which allows them to be dropped from explicit consideration. The resulting algorithms have been tested using a truth-model simulation. Their accuracies can be very near to optimal, and they reduce the computational costs of the filter and the smoother.
Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Alkenyl Isocyanates and Terminal Alkynes: Application to the Total Synthesis of (+)-Lasubine II

The use of TADDOL-based phosphoramidite ligands on rhodium allows for the incorporation of terminal alkynes in the [2+2+2] cycloaddition with alkenyl isocyanates. Terminal aliphatic alkynes provide bicyclic lactams, while the use of aryl alkynes provides complementary access to vinylogous amides. Product selectivity seems to be governed by a combination of electronics and sterics, with smaller and/or more electron-deficient substituents favoring lactam formation. The use of homologous alkenyl isocyanates leads to an expedient asymmetric total synthesis of the alkaloid lasubine II.
B-meson decay constants with domain-wall light quarks and nonperturbatively tuned relativistic b-quarks

We report on our progress to obtain the decay constants f_B and f_Bs from lattice-QCD simulations on the RBC-UKQCD Collaborations 2+1 flavor domain-wall Iwasaki lattices. Using domain-wall light quarks and relativistic b-quarks we analyze data with several partially quenched light-quark masses at two lattice spacings of a approx 0.11 fm and a approx 0.08 fm.
Porn Up, Rape Down

The incidence of rape in the United States has declined 85% in the past 25 years while access to pornography has become freely available to teenagers and adults. The Nixon and Reagan Commissions tried to show that exposure to pornographic materials produced social violence. The reverse may be true: that pornography has reduced social violence.
Designing parsimonious scheduling policies for complex resource allocation systems through concurrency theory

In a recent work we have proposed a theoretical framework for developing optimized scheduling policies for complex resource allocation systems (RAS). This framework relies heavily on the expression of the RAS dynamics in the modeling framework of the Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets (GSPNs), and the employment of this GSPN-based representation towards the establishment of a systematic trade-off between the representational economy of the target scheduling policies and their operational efficiency. In this paper, we enhance the representational economy of the target policies in the aforementioned framework by taking advantage of some notions of "(non-)conflict" in the transitional dynamics of the underlying RAS-modeling GSPNs. A series of numerical experiments demonstrate that the representational gains resulting from the presented methodology can be very substantial.
Low temperature organocopper-mediated two-component cross coupling/cycloisomerization approach toward N-fused heterocycles.

Organocopper reagents smoothly react with heterocyclic propargyl mesylates at low temperature to produce N-fused heterocycles. The copper reagent plays a “double duty” in this novel cascade transformation, which proceeds via an SN2′ substitution followed by a subsequent cycloisomerization step.
Automatic reduction of four-loop bubbles

Abstract We give technical details about the computational strategy employed in a recently completed investigation of the four-loop QCD free energy. In particular, the reduction step from generic vacuum bubbles to master integrals is described from a practical viewpoint, for fully massive as well as QED-type integrals.
Links of prime ideals

Roughly speaking, a link of an ideal of a Noetherian ring R is an ideal of the form I = (z): , where z = z1, …, zg is a regular sequence and g is the codimension of . This is a very common operation in commutative algebra, particularly in duality theory, and plays an important role in current methods to effect primary decomposition of polynomial ideals (see [2]).
Host groups: a multicast extension for datagram internetworks

The extensive use of local networks is beginning to drive requirements for internetwork facilities that connect these local networks. In particular, the availability of multicast addressing in many local networks and its use by sophisticated distributed applications motivates providing multicast across internetworks.In this paper, we propose a model of service for multicast in an internetwork, describe how this service can be used, and describe aspects of its implementation, including how it would fit into one existing internetwork architecture, namely the US DoD Internet Architecture.1 2
Estimation and Analysis of Rational Expectations Model of International Cotton Market

The paper outlines an approach to estimation and analysis of rational expectations international cotton market. A multiple model bootstrap filter is used to compute unobserved market expectations and their distributions. Estimation results are used to analyze the welfare effects of exogenous trade shocks and government programs, with application to the national market security.
The Relationship Between Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Open-Angle Glaucoma

Purpose To determine whether an association exists between various components of metabolic syndrome (diabetes mellitus [DM], systemic arterial hypertension [HTN], hyperlipidemia, and obesity) and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in a large, diverse group of individuals throughout the United States. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Participants All beneficiaries aged ≥40 years continuously enrolled in a managed care network who had 1 or more visits to an eye care provider during 2001 to 2007 were identified. Methods Billing codes were used to identify individuals with OAG and those with components of metabolic syndrome. Cox regression was used to determine the hazard of developing OAG in enrollees with individual components or combinations of components of metabolic syndrome, with adjustment for sociodemographic factors, systemic medical conditions, and other ocular diseases. Main Outcome Measures Hazard of developing OAG. Results Of the 2 182 315 enrollees who met the inclusion criteria, 55090 (2.5%) had OAG. After adjustment for confounding factors, those with DM (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.35 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21–1.50]) or HTN (HR = 1.17 [95% CI, 1.13–1.22]) alone or in combination (HR = 1.48 [95% CI, 1.39–1.58]) had an increased hazard of developing OAG relative to persons with neither of these conditions. By contrast, persons with hyperlipidemia alone had a 5% decreased hazard of OAG (HR = 0.95 [95% CI, 0.91–0.98]). Comorbid hyperlipidemia attenuated the increased hazard between HTN (HR = 1.09 [95% CI, 1.05–1.12]) or DM (HR = 1.13 [95% CI, 1.05–1.21]) and OAG. Conclusions At a time when the prevalence of metabolic disorders in the United States, is increasing this study furthers our understanding of risk factors associated with OAG and helps identify persons who may be at increased risk for this condition. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Analysis of the longitudinal low-order mode beam dynamics in PEP-II rings at high current beams

PEP-II plans to achieve the final goal in luminosity will require an increase of the beam currents to 4 A for LER and 2.2 A for HER. These magnitudes are challenging in part because they will push the longitudinal low-order mode (LOM) beam stability and the station stability to the limit. To analyze the behavior of both rings at high currents and to understand the limits in the longitudinal feedback systems, a simulation tool has been developed at SLAC. This tool is based on a reduced model of the longitudinal LOM dynamics of the beam interacting with the effective impedance presented by the RF stations. Simulations and measurements of the longitudinal beam behavior in both rings have been performed to understand the ultimate limits of the systems. These studies have defined the impact of control loop parameters in the longitudinal beam dynamics, identified the limiting behavior of RF devices affecting the optimal performance of the RF stations and quantified the behavior of the longitudinal LOM beam dynamics. Results of sensitivity to parameter variations in the beam dynamics and limits in the maximum current that LER/HER can achieve based on the longitudinal beam stability are reported in this paper.
Twisted Kelvin Cells and Truncated Octahedral Cages in the Crystal Structures of Unconventional Clathrates, AM2P4 (A = Sr, Ba; M = Cu, Ni)

A new strontium nickel polyphosphide, SrNi2P4, was synthesized from elements and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fddd (No. 70), with Z = 8. The crystal structure is that of a clathrate type, composed of Ni8P16, 14-faced polyhedral cages that encapsulate Sr atoms. Together with the previously reported but unrecognized clathrate VII, BaNi2P4, and another previously reported clathrate, BaCu2P4, which is isostructural to SrNi2P4, a family of transition metal–phosphorus clathrates is represented. The crystal structures of each of the discussed transition metal-based clathrates are composed of unique polyhedra containing square faces. These structural fragments were predicted to be unstable for the conventional clathrates based on Si, Ge, and Sn. In this work, we report the crystal and electronic structures, chemical bonding, as well as the thermoelectric properties of this novel class of unconventional clathrates.
Simple and superlattice Turing patterns in reaction-diffusion systems: bifurcation, bistability, and parameter collapse

Abstract We use equivariant bifurcation theory to investigate pattern selection at the onset of a Turing instability in a general two-component reaction–diffusion system. The analysis is restricted to patterns that periodically tile the plane in either a square or hexagonal fashion. Both simple periodic patterns (stripes, squares, hexagons, and rhombs) and “superlattice” patterns are considered. The latter correspond to patterns that have structure on two disparate length scales; the short length scale is dictated by the critical wave number from linear theory, while the periodicity of the pattern is on a larger scale. Analytic expressions for the coefficients of the leading nonlinear terms in the bifurcation equations are computed from the general reaction–diffusion system using perturbation theory. We show that no matter how complicated the reaction kinetics might be, the nonlinear reaction terms enter the analysis through just four parameters. Moreover, for hexagonal problems, all patterns bifurcate unstably unless a particular degeneracy condition is satisfied, and at this degeneracy we find that the number of effective system parameters drops to two, allowing a complete characterization of the possible bifurcation results at this degeneracy. For example, we find that rhombs, squares and superlattice patterns always bifurcate unstably. We apply these general results to some specific model equations, including the Lengyel–Epstein CIMA model, to investigate the relative stability of patterns as a function of system parameters, and to numerically test the analytical predictions.
Early-stage power grid analysis for uncertain working modes

High-performance integrated circuits are now reaching the 100-plus watt regime, and power delivery and power grid signal integrity have become critical. Analyzing the performance of the power delivery system requires knowledge of the current drawn by the functional blocks that comprise a typical hierarchical design. However, current designs are of such complexity that it is difficult for a designer to determine what a realistic worst-case switching pattern for the various blocks would be in order to maximize noise at a specific location. This paper uses information about the power dissipation of a chip to derive an upper bound on the worst-case voltage drop at an early stage of design. An exact integer linear programming (ILP) method is first developed, followed by an effective heuristic to speed up the exact method. A circuit of 43 K nodes is analyzed within 70 s, and the worst-case scenarios found correlate well with the results from an ILP solver.
Syntheses and chemistry of bis- and tris- mercaptoborates*

The preparation and chemistry of bis- and tris-mercaptoborates based on closo-B 12 and closo-B 10 structures is described. These species undergo a number of reactions such as halogenation and alkylation without changing the closo-borane core. Addition of the third di- methylsulfide substituent to the closo-boranes is thought to proceed via an unusual cationic intermediate.
The NASA Astrophysics Data System: Overview

The NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service has become a key component of astronomical research. It provides bibliographic information daily, or near daily, to a majority of astronomical researchers worldwide. We describe the history of the development of the system and its current status. Urania (Boyce 1996), and the ADS role in the emerging electronic astronomical data environment are discussed. Astronomy is unique in that it already has a fully functional data resource, where several of the most important data sources exist on-line and inter-operate nearly seamlessly. The ADS and the Strasbourg Data Center (CDS; Genova et al. 2000) form the core of this resource. We show several examples of how to use the ADS, and we show how ADS use has increased as a function of time. Currently it is still increasing exponentially, with a doubling time for number of queries of 17 months. Using the ADS logs we make the first detailed model of how scientific journals are read as a function of time since publication. We find four distinct components. We directly compare the readership rate with the citation rate for scientific articles as a function of age. Citations generally follow reads, but there are some differences. The main journals of astronomy have differences in the ways they are read and cited. We discuss these from a number of different aspects. The impact of the ADS on astronomy can be calculated after making some simple assumptions. We find that the ADS increases the efficiency of astronomical research by 333 Full Time Equivalent (2000 hour) research years per year, and that the value of the early development of the ADS for astronomy, compared with waiting for mature technologies to be adopted, is 2332 FTE research years. A full technical description of the ADS is in three companion articles: Eichhorn et al. (2000), Accomazzi et al. (2000), and Grant et al. (2000). The ADS is available at http://adsabs.harvard.edu/.
Some Novel Applications of Explanation-Based Learning to Parsing Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars

In this paper we present some novel applications of Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) technique to parsing Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining grammars. The novel aspects are (a) immediate generalization of parses in the training set, (b) generalization over recursive structures and (c) representation of generalized parses as Finite State Transducers. A highly impoverished parser called a "stapler" has also been introduced. We present experimental results using EBL for different corpora and architectures to show the effectiveness of our approach.
Structure of the boronic acid dimer and the relative stabilities of its conformers.

Despite the widespread use of boronic acids in materials science and as pharmaceutical agents, many aspects of their structure and reactivity are not well understood. In this research the boronic acid dimer, [HB(OH)2]2, was studied by second-order Moller−Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory and coupled cluster methodology with single and double excitations (CCSD). Pople split-valence 6-31+G*, 6-311G**, and 6-311++G** and Dunning−Woon correlation-consistent cc-pVDZ, aug-cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets were employed for the calculations. A doubly hydrogen-bonded conformer (1) of the dimer was consistently found to be lowest in energy; the structure of 1 was planar (C2h) at most computational levels employed but was significantly nonplanar (C2) at the MP2/6-311++G** and CCSD/6-311++G** levels, the result of an intrinsic problem with Pople-type sp-diffuse basis functions on heavy atoms. The dimerization energy, enthalpy, and free energy for the formation of (1) from the exo−endo conformer of the mon...
The essence of the homotopy analysis method

The generalized Taylor expansion including a secret auxiliary parameter h which can control and adjust the convergence region of the series is the foundation of the homotopy analysis method proposed by Liao. The secret of h cannot be understood in the frame of the homotopy analysis method. This is a serious shortcoming of Liao's method. We solve the problem. Through a detailed study of a simple example, we show that the generalized Taylor expansion is just the usual Taylor's expansion at different point t"1. We prove that there is a relationship between h and t"1, which reveals the meaning of h and the essence of the homotopy analysis method. As an important example, we study the series solution of the Blasius equation. Using the series expansion method at different points, we obtain the same result with Liao's solution given by the homotopy analysis method.
Proton Transfer to Hydride Ligands with Formation of Dihydrogen Complexes: A Physicochemical View

Protonation of hydridic hydrogens has attracted increasing interest from chemists over the past decade. This review, focusing on key physicochemical data, describes general rules governing proton transfer to hydride ligands and discusses kinetic schemes for the protonation as a process starting from dihydrogen-bonded adducts and H-bonded contact ion pairs and ending in dihydrogen complexes as solvent-separated ion pairs or free ions. It has been shown that the particulars of proton transfer to hydride ligands and to conventional organic bases are similar. The difference between them is apparent in the contact ion pair formation step. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Parametric Design Optimization of Uncertain Ordinary Differential Equation Systems

This work presents a novel optimal design framework that treats uncertain dynamical systems described by ordinary differential equations. Uncertainty in multibody dynamical systems comes from various sources, such as: system parameters, initial conditions, sensor and actuator noise, and external forcing. The inclusion of uncertainty in design is of paramount practical importance because all reallife systems are affected by it. Designs that ignore uncertainty often lead to poor robustness and suboptimal performance. In this work uncertainties are modeled using Generalized Polynomial Chaos and are solved quantitatively using a leastsquare collocation method. The uncertaint y statistics are explicitly included in the optimization process. Systems that are nonlinear, have active constraints, or opposing design objectives are shown to benefit from the new framework. Specifically, using a constraintbased m ultiobjective formulation, the direct treatment of uncertainties during the optimization process is shown to shift, or offset, the resulting Pareto op timal tradeoff curve. A nonlinear vehicle suspension design problem, subject to parametric uncertainty, illustrates the capability of the new framework to produce an optimal design that accounts for the entire family of systems within the associated probability space.
Dual passband dichroic plate for X-band

A need arose in the NASA Deep Space Network, a worldwide tracking system, for a dichroic plate that would be transparent at two desired frequency bands in the X-band region and be totally reflective at S-band. The dual-passband dichroic plate that was developed to meet the technical requirements is a thick metallic plate having an array of periodic round holes filled with Teflon plugs. Test results on an experimental prototype plate indicate that it is technically possible to design a dielectrically filled dichroic plate that meets all of these technical requirements. >
NICE PARABOLIC SUBALGEBRAS OF REDUCTIVE LIE ALGEBRAS

This paper gives a classification of parabolic subalgebras of simple Lie algebras over C that are complexifications of parabolic subalgebras of real forms for which Lynch’s vanishing theorem for generalized Whittaker modules is non-vacuous. The paper also describes normal forms for the admissible characters in the sense of Lynch (at least in the quasi-split cases) and analyzes the important special case when the parabolic is defined by an even embedded TDS (three dimensional simple Lie algebra).
Effects of Elevated Free-Stream Turbulence on Flow and Thermal Structures in Transitional Boundary Layers

The effects of elevated free-stream turbulence on flow and thermal structures in transitional boundary layers were investigated experimentally on a heated flat plate. Detailed boundary layer measurements using a three-wire probe and wall heat transfer were made with free-stream turbulence intensities of 0.5, 3.8, 5.5, and 6.4 percent, respectively. The onset of transition, transition length, and the turbulent spot formation rate were determined. The statistical results of the streamwise and cross-stream velocity fluctuations, temperature fluctuation, Reynolds stresses, and Reynolds heat fluxes were presented. The eddy viscosity, turbulent thermal diffusivity, and the turbulent Prandtl number were calculated and related physical mechanisms are discussed.
Synthesis of difluoromethyl ethers with difluoromethyltriflate.

Difluoromethyl ethers are found increasingly in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials.[1] Aryl difluoromethyl ethers are found in medicinally important compounds that include enzyme inhibitors,[2] anti-HIV agents[3] and atimicrobial agents.[4] Pantoprazole (Protonix®), a proton-pump inhibitor, is among the top 100 pharmaceuticals and contains a difluoromethyl ether.[5]
Characteristic angles in the wetting of an angular region: Surface shape

The shape of a liquid surface bounded by an acute or obtuse planar angular sector is considered by using classical analysis methods. For acute angular sectors the two principal curvatures are of the order of the (fixed) mean curvature. But for obtuse sectors, the principal curvatures both diverge as the vertex is approached. The power law divergence becomes stronger with increasing opening angle. Possible implications of this contrasting behavior are suggested. PACS. 68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
Order statistic filter banks

Filter banks play a major role in multirate signal processing where these have been successfully used in a variety of applications. In the past, filter banks have been developed within the framework of linear filters. It is well known, however, that linear filters may have less than satisfactory performance whenever the underlying processes are non-Gaussian. We introduce the nonlinear class of order statistic (OS) filter banks that exploit the spectral characteristics of the input signal as well as its rank-ordering structure. The attained subband signals provide frequency and rank information in a localized time interval. OS filter banks can lead to significant gains over linear filter banks, particularly when the input signals contain abrupt changes and details, as is common with image and video signals. OS filter banks are formed using traditional linear filter banks as fundamental building blocks. It is shown that OS filter banks subsume linear filter banks and that the latter are obtained by simple linear transformations of the former. To illustrate the properties of OS filter banks, we develop simulations showing that the learning characteristics of the LMS algorithm, which are used to optimize the weight taps of OS filters, can be significantly improved by performing the adaptation in the OS subband domain.
Optimal Carbon Taxes with Non-Constant Time Preference

The paper derives an explicit formula for the near-term carbon price in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium climate model in which agents employ arbitrary non-constant time preference rates. The paper uses a simplified version of the model in Golosov et al. (2011), though we argue that the added assumptions are unlikely to matter for our conclusions. The formula is derived first under the assumption that the initial decision-maker has a commitment device, then solving for the unique subgame perfect equilibrium. Somewhat remarkably, the near-term carbon price is the same in both cases. We further show that the near-term carbon price remains unchanged for all potential beliefs about the time preference structure of future generations. It follows that concerns about time inconsistency can be safely ignored when applying the derived formula. The carbon price is the same as the Pigouvian tax in the equilibrium with commitment, and it is bigger than the Pigouvian tax in the equilibrium without commitment provided damages are sufficiently persistent. The formula reduces to the carbon price formula in Golosov et al. (2011) when discounting is constant, and it reduces to the carbon price formula in Gerlagh and Liski (2012) when discounting is quasi-hyperbolic.
Symplectic Automorphisms and the Picard Group of a K3 Surface

We consider the symplectic action of a finite group G on a K3 surface X. The Picard group of X has a primitive sublattice determined by G. We show how to compute the rank and discriminant of this sublattice. We then investigate the classification of symplectic actions by a fixed finite group, using moduli spaces of K3 surfaces with symplectic G-action.
Entry, Exit, and the Endogenous Market Structure in Technologically Turbulent Industries

Empirical studies have found high correlation between entry and exit across industries, indicating that industries differ substantially in their degree of firm turnover. I propose a computational model of dynamic oligopoly with entry and exit in a turbulent technological environment. I examine how industry-specific factors give rise to across-industries differences in turnover. An analysis of the endogenous relationships between firm turnover, industry concentration, and the performance variables shows: (1) the rate of turnover and industry concentration are positively related; (2) industry concentration and market price are positively related; (3) no general relationship exists between industry concentration and price-cost margin.
How much is the Chinese currency undervalued? A quantitative estimation

This paper conducts a quantitative estimation for the equilibrium value of the Chinese currency, the RMB. After controlling for heteroskedasticity, we find that the RMB was undervalued by 22.5% in 2003, with a P value of .286. These findings confirm that the RMB was undervalued, although the results are not statistically significant.
Analysis of GaN HBT structures for high power, high efficiency microwave amplifiers

GaN has become increasingly important for microwave applications up to K band as a result of its wide band-gap, which provides a high critical breakdown field and good thermal stability, yielding excellent potential for high power and high voltage operation. It is of major interest to understand the device structures that will lead to high efficiency, high power microwave amplifiers. In this paper, we investigate by simulation the microwave performance of InGaN/GaN heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), with proper device geometry to account for the effects of current crowding. We provide an analysis of both emitter-up and collector-up InGaN/GaN HBT structures, based on a distributed HBT model implemented in ADS. We simulate their performance in a fully matched class B high power amplifier. The results show that an important issue for high power operation is the mismatch between optimum load conditions for peak output power and peak gain. To increase the output impedance, it is important to decrease base-collector capacitance, which can be achieved with a collector-up structure. Furthermore, current crowding in the emitter caused by the sheet resistance in the base becomes more important at higher power operation, and is therefore a key design consideration.
Plume Modeling and Application to Mars 2001 Odyssey Aerobraking

A modified source flow model was used to calculate the plume flowfield from a Mars Odyssey thruster during aerobraking. The source flow model results compared well with previous detailed computational-fluid-dynamics results for a Mars Global Surveyor thruster. Using an isodensity surface for the Odyssey plume, direct simulation Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine the effect the plumes have on the Odyssey aerodynamics. A database was then built to incorporate the plume effects into six-degree-of-freedom simulations over a range of attitudes and densities expected during aerobraking. Six-degree-of-freedom simulations that included the plume effects showed better correlation with flight data than simulations without the plume effects.
America Tweets China: A fine-grained analysis of the state and individual characteristics regarding attitudes towards China

The U.S.-China relationship is arguably the most important bilateral relationship in the 21st century. Typically it is measured through opinion polls, for example, by Gallup and Pew Institute. In this paper, we propose a new method to measure U.S.-China relations using data from Twitter, one of the most popular social networks. Compared with traditional opinion polls, our method has two distinctive advantages. First, our sample size is significantly larger. National opinion polls have at most a few thousand samples. Our data set has 724,146 samples. The large size of our data set enables us to perform state level analysis, which so far even large opinion polls have left unexplored. Second, our method can control for fixed state and date effects. We first demonstrate the existence of inter-state and inter-day variances and then control for these variances in our regression analysis. Empirically, our study is able to replicate the stylized results from opinion polls as well as generate new insights. At the state level, we find New York, Michigan, Indiana and Arizona are the top four most China-friendly states. Wyoming, South Dakota, Kansas and Nevada are most homogeneous. At the individual level, we find attitudes towards China improve as an individual's Twitter experience grows longer and more intense. We also find individuals of Chinese ethnicity are statistically more China-friendly.