cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of longitudinal (T1) relaxation in the human lung at 3.0 Tesla with tissue-based and regional gradient analyses.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to measure the longitudinal (T1) relaxation time of human lung parenchyma at 3.0 Tesla (T), independent of large vessel signal, and to examine T1 as a function of position in gravitational, isogravitational, and radial planes. Materials and Methods Sixteen subjects were imaged. A series of 16–20 turbo field echo images was acquired over a 6-s period after the application of a single nonselective inversion (180°) pulse. Tissue-based segmentation was used to separate parenchymal tissue from large pulmonary vascular tissue in the resulting images. Time-intensity curves for each tissue type were constructed and spin-lattice relaxation time was determined by line-fitting the time-intensity curves. The lung slice was divided into 10 regions of interest in the gravitational, isogravitational, and radial directions and regional T1 versus position gradient analyses were performed. Results The T1 relaxation time of human lung parenchyma at 3.0T was determined to be 1374 ± 226 ms, while the T1 of blood in large pulmonary vessels was 1623 ± 236 ms. Whole lung T1 was found to be 1397 ± 214 ms. T1 of lung parenchyma was found to be significantly shorter than the T1 of blood in large pulmonary vessels and whole lung T1. No regional gradient was seen in the gravitational or isogravitational directions, but a significant gradient was seen in the radial direction. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Friends with benefits II: Mating activation in opposite-sex friendships as a function of sociosexual orientation and relationship status

In selecting opposite-sex friends (OSFs), men prioritize physical attractiveness, whereas women prioritize physical prowess and economic resources. This parallel with mate preferences suggests mating mechanisms may partially drive OSF preferences. Selection would have favored activation of mating mechanisms when the probabilistic net benefits of pursuing a mating strategy with OSFs exceeded those associated with alternative strategies, such as platonic friendship. During human evolution, individual differences in sociosexual orientation and relationship status may have been recurrently linked to greater net benefits of pursuing a mating strategy with OSFs. We hypothesized these individual differences would predict individuals’ prioritization in their OSFs of traits desired in mates. Participants (N = 167) allocated ‘‘friend dollars’’ to design their ideal OSFs. Sex, sociosexual orientation, and relationship status predicted OSF preferences. Replicating previous research, men placed greater value than women on their OSFs’ physical attractiveness. Independent of sex, however, an unrestricted sociosexual orientation predicted prioritizing OSFs’ physical attractiveness. Sociosexual orientation also interacted with sex; among women, an unrestricted orientation predicted greater valuation of OSFs’ physical prowess. Results suggest mating motivations in opposite-sex friendship depend on interactions between sex, personality,
“Interracial” Sex and Racial Democracy in Brazil: Twin Concepts?

Racial democracy is maintained in Brazil through both scholarly and popular discourses that consider “interracial” sex as proof of Brazil's lack of a racial problem. In this article, I scrutinize the discourse that asks, “How can we be racist when so many of us are mixed?” I argue that racial discourses are embedded in everyday interactions, but are often codified or masked. “Race” is especially pertinent to sexuality, yet the two have hardly been analyzed together. In fact, it is not the belief in a racial democracy that is at the heart of Brazilian racial hegemony, but rather the belief that Brazil is a color-blind erotic democracy. Using my ethnographic data, I illustrate that “race” is embodied in everyday valuations of sexual attractiveness that are gendered, racialized, and class-oriented in ways that commodity black female bodies and white male economic, racial, and class privilege. [Brazil, race, sexuality, poverty]
Experimental characterization of the optical loss of sapphire-bonded photonic crystal laser cavities

Sapphire-bonded photonic crystal laser cavities with varying number of photonic crystal periods were studied in order to determine the optical loss in these cavities. The lasing threshold increases as the number of lattice periods decreases, and the quality factors of these cavities were calculated from the lasing threshold data. Continuous-wave operation was achieved for cavities with eight or more cladding periods
Dependency Provenance in Agent Based Modeling

Researchers who use agent-based models (ABM) to model social patterns often focus on the model's aggregate phenomena. However, aggregation of individuals complicates the understanding of agent interactions and the uniqueness of individuals. We develop a method for tracing and capturing the provenance of individuals and their interactions in the Net Logo ABM, and from this create a "dependency provenance slice", which combines a data slice and a program slice to yield insights into the cause-effect relations among system behaviors. To cope with the large volume of fine-grained provenance traces, we propose use-inspired filters to reduce the amount of provenance, and a provenance slicing technique called "non-preprocessing provenance slicing" that directly queries over provenance traces without recovering all provenance entities and dependencies beforehand. We evaluate performance and utility using a well known ecological Net Logo model called "wolf-sheep-predation".
Some Aspects of Phagotrophy in Tetrahymena

Ingestion of fluid by axenically cultured Tetra-hymena pyriformis requires an inducer, which can be provided by peptone-yeast extract broth. Cells in this medium contain many phagotrophic vacuoles; the formation of these is readily followed by allowing peptone-yeast grown cells to ingest the impermeable dye, trypan blue. Tetrahymena grown in synthetic medium contain only few vacuoles and do not ingest trypan blue to any significant degree. Addition of peptone-yeast medium to cells grown in a synthetic medium “induces” vacuolar formation and uptake of the dye. Calculations based on the rate of ingestion of trypan blue and of heat killed cells of Serratia marcescens indicate that the phagotrophic process cannot adequately supply the nutritional demands of the organism. Experiments using the colored amino acid analog, 3,5-dinitrotyrosine contrast the rapid penetration of material through the cell membrane with the more sluggish route of phagotrophy.
Multi-Objective Hypersonic Entry Aeroshell Shape Optimization

A capability has been developed that utilizes multi objective optimization to identify hypersonic entry aeroshell shapes that will increas e landed mass capability. Aeroshell shapes are parameterized using non-uniform rational B-splines to generate complete aeroshell surfaces. Hypersonic aerodynamic objectives and constraints are computed by numerically integrating pressure coefficient distributions obta ined using Newtonian flow theory. An integrated optimization environment is created usin g iSIGHT with single- and multiobjective evolutionary algorithms. Results are presented based on optimization using constraints derived from the aeroshell for the Mars Science Laboratory mission. Resulting solutions clearly demonstrate the trade-offs betwee n drag-area, static stability, and volumetric efficiency for this particular mission.
2-Tiered Antibody Testing for Early and Late Lyme Disease Using Only an Immunoglobulin G Blot with the Addition of a VlsE Band as the Second-Tier Test

Background Standard 2-tiered immunoglobulin G (IgG) testing has performed well in late Lyme disease (LD), but IgM testing early in the illness has been problematic. IgG VlsE antibody testing, by itself, improves early sensitivity, but may lower specificity. We studied whether elements of the 2 approaches could be combined to produce a second-tier IgG blot that performs well throughout the infection. Methods Separate serum sets from LD patients and control subjects were tested independently at 2 medical centers using whole-cell enzyme immunoassays and IgM and IgG immunoblots, with recombinant VlsE added to the IgG blots. The results from both centers were combined, and a new second-tier IgG algorithm was developed. Results With standard 2-tiered IgM and IgG testing, 31% of patients with active erythema migrans (stage 1), 63% of those with acute neuroborreliosis or carditis (stage 2), and 100% of those with arthritis or late neurologic involvement (stage 3) had positive results. Using new IgG criteria, in which only the VlsE band was scored as a second-tier test among patients with early LD (stage 1 or 2) and 5 of 11 IgG bands were required in those with stage 3 LD, 34% of patients with stage 1, 96% of those with stage 2, and 100% of those with stage 3 infection had positive responses. Both new and standard testing achieved 100% specificity. Conclusions Compared with standard IgM and IgG testing, the new IgG algorithm (with VlsE band) eliminates the need for IgM testing; it provides comparable or better sensitivity, and it maintains high specificity.
A Novel Sliding Mode Observer with Adaptive Feedback Gain for PMSM Sensorless Vector Control

A novel sliding mode observer (SMO) with adaptive feedback gain is presented for sensorless vector control of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM). The rotor position angle is estimated based on the equivalent control in the sliding mode observer. By selecting adaptive feedback gain, the equivalent control has the same constant magnitude as rotor flux over full speed range. Compared to other back-EMF-based sliding mode observers, the proposed one features: 1) robust estimation performance due to the adaptation of switching gain to variable operating speed; 2) easy design of the switching gain in SMO; and 3) the reduced estimation error of rotor position at low speeds when the induced back-EMF is too small to be accurately estimated. Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify its feasibility and effectiveness.
Dibucaine fluorescence and lifetime in aqueous media as a function of pH.

— The absorption and fluorescence spectra and fluorescence lifetimes of the local anesthetic dibucaine (2-butoxy-N-[2-(diethylamino) ethyl]-4-quinoline carboxamide) are reported as a function of pH in aqueous media. The fluorescence emission maxima are at 400 nm in neutral solution, 397 nm in alkali, and 454 nm in acid. The fluorescence is strongest and has the longest lifetime in neutral solution; the quantum yields are 0.25, 0.033, and 0.032, and the lifetimes (determined by the phase shift method) are 3.29, 0.60, and 1.37 ns, for the neutral, alkaline, and acid solutions, respectively. The pKoi the tertiary amine group was determined by fluorescence intensity and lifetime measurements to be 8.95, and the pK of the aromatic nitrogen was found to be 1.80 ± 0.03 by absorption and fluorescence intensity measurements. Phase and modulation lifetimes differed in the manner expected for a two lifetime system in the pH titration range of the tertiary amine, but gave anomalous results in the titration range of the aromatic nitrogen.
Analysis of Gpr126 function defines distinct mechanisms controlling the initiation and maturation of myelin

In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells form the myelin sheath, which allows the efficient propagation of action potentials along axons. The transcription factor Krox20 regulates the initiation of myelination in Schwann cells and is also required to maintain mature myelin. The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Gpr126 is essential for Schwann cells to initiate myelination, but previous studies have not addressed the role of Gpr126 signaling in myelin maturation and maintenance. Through analysis of Gpr126 in zebrafish, we define two distinct mechanisms controlling the initiation and maturation of myelin. We show that gpr126 mutant Schwann cells elaborate mature myelin sheaths and maintain krox20 expression for months, provided that the early signaling defect is bypassed by transient elevation of cAMP. At the onset of myelination, Gpr126 and protein kinase A (PKA) function as a switch that allows Schwann cells to initiate krox20 expression and myelination. After myelination is initiated, krox20 expression is maintained and myelin maturation proceeds independently of Gpr126 signaling. Transgenic analysis indicates that the Krox20 cis-regulatory myelinating Schwann cell element (MSE) becomes active at the onset of myelination and that this activity is dependent on Gpr126 signaling. Activity of the MSE declines after initiation, suggesting that other elements are responsible for maintaining krox20 expression in mature nerves. We also show that elevated cAMP does not initiate myelination in the absence of functional Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) signaling. These results indicate that the mechanisms regulating the initiation of myelination are distinct from those mediating the maturation and maintenance of myelin.
Dividend Clienteles, the Tax‐Clientele Hypothesis, and Utilities

Studies of ex-dividend day behavior have detected dividend-clientele effects. The ratio of the ex-day price drop to the dividend is typically less than unity and correlated with dividend yield. The tax-clientele hypothesis attributes these effects to personal taxation. This study shows that, when studied separately, neither utilities nor nonutilities exhibit the correlation between yield and ex-dividend day price drop predicted by the tax-clientele hypothesis. Only by combining utility and nonutility data are the traditional correlations observed. Results are consistent with some sort of dividend-clientele effect but are inconsistent with tax clienteles.
Nuclear microprobe imaging of single-event upsets

An imaging technique has been developed which produces micron-resolution maps of where single-event upsets occur during ion irradiation of integrated circuits. From these 'upset images' the identity and size of a circuit's upset-prone components can be directly determined. Utilizing a scanning nuclear microprobe, this imaging technique selectively exposes the lowest functional units of an integrated circuit (e.g. transistor drains, gates) and immediately measures the effect of a high-energy ion strike on circuit performance. Information about an integrated circuit's radiation hardness (i.e. total dose response and threshold upset LET), which has previously been acquired at the circuit level, can also be measured at the individual transistor level. Such detailed spatial characterization, provides a novel precision diagnostic technique with which to study single-event upset processes in integrated circuits. >
Inhibition of Psychrotrophic Bacteria by Lactic Cultures in Milk Stored at Low Temperature

Abstract The effect of lactic cultures on the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria in milk stored at 3.5 and 7C was investigated. Psychrotrophs were those in raw milk, or those isolated from raw milk and added to sterile milk as pure cultures. Of the lactic cultures investigated, certain commercial multi-strain cultures (lactic acid-producing streptococci plus Leuconostoc cremoris ) were the most effective in restricting psychrotrophic growth. Lactic culture was added to milk at .5% in all experiments. Inhibition of psychrotrophs was due to a reduction in growth rate because reduction in the initial psychrotroph population usually was not observed. The degree of inhibition varied with the lactic culture, the initial population of psychrotrophs, the psychrotroph culture, storage temperature and time. Inhibition due to lactic culture was decreased by addition of catalase, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide was the inhibitor. Small amounts of hydrogen peroxide were detected in sterile milk inoculated with an inhibitory culture and stored at 3.5 or 7C. Hydrogen peroxide decreased in the presence of psychrotrophs, and hydrogen peroxide was not in raw milk.
The Influence of Chromophore Structure on Intermolecular Interactions. A Study of Selected Rhodamines in Polar Protic and Aprotic Solvents

We have studied the linear optical response and orientational relaxation dynamics of a family of rhodamine dyes in which there is substantial variation in the chromophore structure. For these chromophores, the identity of a substituent at the center ring (1) position mediates the linear optical response of the chromophore, and semiempirical calculations provide agreement with experimental data. This phenomenon can be understood in terms of the extent of conjugation of the chromophore ring system. The reorientation data for these chromophores in several polar protic and aprotic solvents are nominally consistent with the predictions of the modified Debye−Stokes−Einstein (DSE) model. In several cases, polar aprotic solvents are found to interact more strongly than polar aprotic solvents with the rhodamine chromophores, despite the difference in the nature of intermolecular interactions in the two types of solvents. The terminal amino functionalities on the rhodamines exhibit stronger interactions with protic...
THE EFFECT OF REWARD BAND VALUE ON MID-CONTINENT MALLARD BAND REPORTING RATES

Knowledge of annual waterfowl harvest rates is important to North American waterfowl population management. In particular, harvest rate is a critical parameter governing the relationship between population status and regulatory packages within the adaptive harvest management (AHM) framework by which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) manages mallard populations (Williams and Johnson 1995, Johnson et al. 1997, Johnson 1999). Annually, in conjunction with many state and provincial agencies and the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), the FWS places bands on waterfowl to obtain information about their vital rates, especially survival and harvest. If all harvested banded birds were reported, harvest rates could be estimated directly by the proportion of banded birds that were recovered (the recovery rate). However, an adjustment to this calculation must be made because not all banded waterfowl that are har-
GENETIC VARIATION OF THE SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM, (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

Corn rootworms of the genus Diabrotica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are among the most important insect pest of crops in the United States. The southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber is an economically important pest of corn, cucurbits and peanuts. Genetic analysis of southern corn rootworms, collected from South Dakota, Nebraska, and Arkansas was undertaken using DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1), and a portion of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I and II genes. Among the 22 beetles subjected to DNA sequencing analysis, no polymorphic nucleotide sites were observed for the ITS1 marker and one variable nucleotide site was observed for the mtDNA marker. The lack of genetic distinction observed in southern corn rootworm populations suggests either high levels of dispersal or a recent geographical expansion from a relatively small base.
Role of the interosseous membrane and annular ligament in stabilizing the proximal radial head

Hypothesis The purpose of our study was to determine the relative contributions of the annular ligament, proximal band, central band, and distal band of the interosseous membrane in preventing dislocation of the proximal radius. Methods In part 1 of the study, 8 forearms were loaded transversely with the forearm intact, and the central band, proximal band, and annular ligament were sequentially sectioned to determine the percentage contribution of each structure in preventing transverse radial displacement. In part 2, 12 forearms were cyclically supinated and pronated while optical sensors measured radial and ulnar motion. Transverse radial head motion was computed as the distal band, central band, and proximal band (and annular ligament) were sequentially sectioned. Results In part 1, there was no significant difference in the percentage contribution of each structure in preventing radial transverse displacement. In part 2, only after sectioning of the central band did significant radial head displacement occur. Greater displacements occurred in supination than in pronation. Dislocation of the proximal radius occurred in 2 arms after sectioning of all 3 structures. Discussion Under pure transverse displacement, the central band, annular ligament, and proximal band equally contributed to stabilizing the radius. However, during forearm rotation, the central band contributed more to radial head stability than the annular ligament and proximal band. Our study contributes to our knowledge of forearm biomechanics, demonstrating the importance of the central band in providing proximal radial head stability. Forceful supination should be avoided after surgical procedures designed to stabilize the radial head.
The Nature of Child Malnutrition and its Long-Term Implications

The problem of malnutrition in poor societies is best viewed as a “syndrome of developmental impairment,” which includes growth failure; delayed motor, cognitive, and behavioural development; diminished immunocompetence; and increased morbidity and mortality. Growth retardation is often found in association with other problems, such as vitamin A deficiency and anaemia. These clusters of nutritional problems flourish during periods of vulnerability, namely in utero and during the first three years of life, and affect at least a third of all young children in developing countries. Survivors of malnutrition in early childhood suffer functional disadvantages as adults, including diminished intellectual performance, low work capacity, and increased risk of delivery complications. The prevention of low birthweight and the promotion of adequate growth and development during early childhood will result in healthier, more productive adults. Such investments, because they build human capital, are best viewed as lon...
Development of 2D maneuverable robotic fish propelled by multiple ionic polymer-metal composite artificial fins

Due to their high propulsion efficiency, stealthiness, and compact size, bio-inspired robotic fish are promising underwater vehicles that can carry out remote sensing missions in intelligence collection, environmental monitoring, and fishing agriculture. In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D), maneuverable, bio-inspired robotic fish propelled by multiple ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) artificial fins is developed. The robot utilizes two pectoral fins for steering and one caudal fin for main propulsion. IPMC artificial muscles are used as actuators in all fins. These IPMC fins are designed and fabricated. An on-board micro-controller with a lithium ion battery and XBee communication device is developed for the robotic fish. Finally, a free-swimming robotic fish is assembled and tested. In its first demonstration of free swimming, the forward-swimming speed reached 0.5 cm/sec, and both the left-turning and right-turning speeds reached up to 1.5 rad/sec. Experimental results have verified the 2D maneuvering capability of robotic fish through multiple-fin propulsion.
Magnetic‐Field‐Directed Self‐Assembly of Programmable Mesoscale Shapes

User-programmed meso- to microscale 2D shapes using magnetic nanoparticles as building blocks with magnetic-field-directed self-assembly are created. The assembly templates are magnetically recorded using perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) media. The results demonstrate that PMR can template user-designed features in two dimensions down to 30 nm in size, i.e., the nanoparticle diameter. It has been also shown that the nanoparticles assemble onto transitions between oppositely magnetized regions in the medium. At these transitions, the magnetic field gradients are extremely large (25 MT m−1 2 nm above the medium) and change rapidly with height (≈1015 T/m/m within 20 nm of the surface). It is found that 30 nm diameter particles assemble into 1–2 layers with feature widths ranging from 30 to 350 nm. It is hypothesized that large lateral growth can occur because the magnetic forces parallel to the disk extend up to 150 nm on either side of a recorded transition, falling off more slowly with distance than the vertical magnetic forces. Once lateral growth saturates, a second layer of nanoparticles begins to assemble on top of the first layer, suggesting strong potential for controlling layer-by-layer assembly through appropriate design of the medium and its resulting field gradient profiles.
On Ni Catalysts for Catalytic, Asymmetric Ni/Cr-Mediated Coupling Reactions

The importance of the Ni catalyst in achieving catalytic asymmetric Ni/Cr-mediated coupling reactions effectively is demonstrated. Six phenanthroline–NiCl2 complexes 1a–c and 2a–c and five types of alkenyl iodides A–E were chosen for the study, thereby demonstrating that these Ni catalysts display a wide range of overall reactivity profiles in terms of the degree of asymmetric induction, geometrical isomerization, and coupling rate. For three types of alkenyl iodides A–C, a satisfactory Ni catalyst(s) was found within 1a–c and 2a–c. For disubstituted (Z)-alkenyl iodide D, 2c was identified as an acceptable Ni catalyst in terms of the absence of Z → E isomerization and the degree of asymmetric induction but not in terms of the coupling rate. Two phosphine-based Ni catalysts, [(Me)3P]2·NiCl2 and [(cy)3P]2·NiCl2, were found to meet all three criteria for D. The bond-forming reaction at the C16–C17 position of palytoxin was used to demonstrate the usefulness of the Ni catalysts thus identified.
A Caveat for Critics Against Invoking Elizabethan Psychology

A few years ago one bold critic rose in defense of Jaques and protested against “the disturbing intrusion of antiquarian learning” in the interpretation of Shakespeare. Apparently, however, this troublesome academic ghost is still unlaid. Indeed, so much erudite nonsense has been talked about “Elizabethan psychology” in the last quarter of a century that it has come to seem either mortal ignorance or scholarly apostasy to challenge it. We may no longer read the Elizabethans and Jacobeans for their plain poetical meanings: any phrase that speaks however faintly of souls and deeds, or of thoughts and feelings, we must interpret literally in terms of a dutifully mastered sixteenth century jargon. If a plotting villain who sees his intended victim approaching so much as cries “Dive, thoughts, down to my soul!” his words are found heavy with psychological import he little dreamed of: he is using “words which represent the final perversion of the will. In the light of Elizabethan thinking, they probably mean the wilful subjection of intellect to a mode of thought and action guided by the desires of the heart.”
Lessons Learned from In Vivo Studies of a Viral Noncoding RNA.

ABSTRACT Despite increasing interest in the biology of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), few functions have been uncovered for viral ncRNAs in vivo . In their recent article in mSphere , Feldman and colleagues [E. R. Feldman et al., mSphere 1(2):e00105-15, 2016, doi:10.1128/mSphere.00105-15] demonstrate a highly specific activity of a gammaherpesviral ncRNA in viral dissemination and establishment of latent infection. Their work highlights several interesting features that should be informative to future studies of viral ncRNA.
Air-Stable Nickel Precatalysts for Fast and Quantitative Cross-Coupling of Aryl Sulfamates with Aryl Neopentylglycolboronates at Room Temperature

A library containing 10 air-stable NiIIX(Aryl)(PCy3)2 σ-complexes as precatalysts (X = Cl, Br, OTs, OMs, aryl = 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl; X = Cl, 1-acenaphthenyl, 1-(2-methoxynaphthyl), 9-phenanthrenyl, 9-anthracyl) was synthesized and demonstrated to quantitatively cross-couple 2-methoxyphenyl dimethylsulfamate with methyl 4-(5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane-2-yl)benzoate at 23 °C in dry THF in the presence of K3PO4(H2O)3.2 in less than 60 min. Lower or higher amounts of H2O in K3PO4 and as received THF mediate the same transformation in a maximum three times longer reaction time.
How the System Functions: The Roles of the United Network of Organ Sharing, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, and the Organ Procurement Organization in Heart Transplantation

Heart transplantation, like all other solid organ and tissue recoveries and allocations in the United States, is a process governed ultimately by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) branch of the federal government. Through a contractual agreement with DHHS, the United Network of Organ Sharing and the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network are directly responsible for developing policy and procedure guidelines related to equitable and efficient organ and tissue procurement and allocation processes
Posttransplant obesity and hyperlipidemia: Major predictors of severity of coronary arteriopathy in failed human heart allografts

The contribution of specific risk factors to the development of coronary arteriopathy in human heart allografts remains unclear. Allografts from 15 patients, 11 males and 4 females, aged 15 to 58 years (mean, 40 years), with patient survival from 0.5 to 24 months (mean, 8.6 months) with "triple drug therapy," had the entire coronary artery trees removed, with 184 4-mm arterial segments studied. Luminal narrowing was measured by means of digitization on a video image analysis system, and extent of luminal narrowing (cross-sectional area reduction: [Intimal area/Intimal area + Luminal area] X 100 = %) was related to 40 individual risk factors, including demographic, hemodynamic, immune, environmental, and therapeutic factors. Mean luminal narrowing, considering all coronary segments, was significantly greater in patients with higher versus lower mean cholesterol levels (246 vs 163 mg/dl), triglyceride levels (328 vs 145 mg/dl), and body mass indices (31 vs 22 kg/m2) at 62% versus 38%, 59% versus 42% and 61% versus 44% luminal narrowing, respectively. Considering all coronary segments from all heart allografts, mean luminal narrowing steadily progressed with duration of implant, reaching greater than 60% within 6 months. Mean luminal narrowing was identical in proximal and distal halves of coronary trees at 51% and 50%, respectively. Rejection episodes, considering all degrees of rejection, were strongly related to percent luminal narrowing (p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis indicated the single most predictive risk factor to be posttransplant body mass index (r = 0.77; p = 0.0009).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lightning: Lightning hazards to humans and animals

Lightning struck a supporting steel pole of a tent in which 26 schoolgirls, two adult supervisors, and seven dogs were sleeping. There were injuries to 23 girls, four of which were fatal, and four of the dogs died. R.B. Anderson (2001) Statistics The annual average death toll, according to the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) publication Storm Data , for each of the four major storm-related hazards, floods, lightning, tornadoes, and hurricanes, is given in Fig. 19.1. Interestingly, warnings and similar forecast products issued by the US National Weather Service generally cover only floods, tornadoes, and hurricanes, three of the four most important causes of storm-related fatalities (Holle et al. 1999). The fourth cause, lightning, is, however, the second most efficient weather-related killer in the United States. According to Storm Data , the average number of deaths per year from lightning in the United States from 1966 through 1995 was 85 (Fig. 19.1). Distributions of lightning deaths and injuries by the place of occurrence are shown in Fig. 19.2. Over 30 percent of all lightning deaths involve people who work outdoors, mostly farmers and ranchers, and over 25 percent involve outdoor recreationists (Uman 1986, Table 3.1). The Storm Data statistics are primarily derived from newspaper clippings describing weather-related injury and death. Shearman and Ojala (1999) compared the statistics in Storm Data Summary (an adjunct to Storm Data ) with those from the Michigan Department of Public Health Records and found that the Storm Data Summary reported 17 percent fewer lightning mortality cases in Michigan, during 1978 to 1994, but slightly more lightning injuries. Lopez et al .
Research Methods: Serving the Thesis Legacy through a Social Justice Commitment

This reflection celebrates the ways in which the research methods courses (as they have historically served as the gateway to the thesis) have supported the justice ethic, including the antiracism ...
Advances in intraoperative optical coherence tomography for surgical guidance

Abstract Translation of optical coherence tomography (OCT) technologies for intraoperative visualization enables in vivo micron-resolution imaging of subsurface tissue structures and image-guided clinical decision-making. Over the last decade, intraoperative OCT has evolved from two-dimensional imaging using handheld probes to include biopsy-needles for minimally invasive deep-tissue imaging, surgical instrumentation using optical feedback for tremor dampening and stabilization, and stereomicroscope integrated systems that provide real-time three- and four-dimensional visualization of surgical maneuvers. In addition, several preliminary studies have demonstrated the feasibility and utility of combining intraoperative OCT imaging with novel image-processing and display methods to implement augmented/virtual reality and robotic surgical guidance platforms. While research and commercialization of these innovations have been largely driven by needs in ophthalmology, OCT is finding new clinical applications in surgical oncology and neurosurgery. In this paper, we review recent developments in intraoperative OCT and discuss current trends and future directions of the technology.
A single magnetic-tunnel-junction stochastic computing unit

We propose and experimentally demonstrate stochastic computing (SC) with a single magnetic tunnel junction (MJT), exploiting the physical properties and behaviors of the device. Pulse amplitude, bias field, bias current, and pulse width are used as inputs; the output is the switching probability. A single MJT can implement the operations of addition and multiplication. The scheme benefits from the high energy efficiency of an MTJ operated by spintransfer torque (STT), or other future switching mechanisms. Stochastic operations naturally provide high error tolerance, low complexity and low area cost.
Dignity in Negotiation: Its Transforming Power

Negotiation that is transformative in practical, emotional, and psychological ways depends and builds upon relational trust to reach meaningful and sustainable outcomes. This type of negotiation reflects the importance of integrity within and between the negotiating parties and sensitivity to a process that requires a high degree of care and respect for self and others participating in the negotiation. Interaction and interdependence of this sort is not easy to achieve, nor are the elements of respect and accountability always at the forefront of the thinking of those preparing to enter interest-based negotiations. This chapter reasserts the importance of the values and processes of transformative negotiation and, along with respect, emphasizes the concept and practice of dignity as essential to the development of successful and long-lasting negotiated agreements.
Optimality and Conductivity for Water Flow: From Landscapes, to Unsaturated Soils, to Plant Leaves

Optimality principles have been widely used in many areas. Based on an optimality principle that any flow field will tend toward a minimum in the energy dissipation rate, this work shows that there exists a unified form of conductivity relationship for three different flow systems: landscapes, unsaturated soils and plant leaves. The conductivity, the ratio of water flux to energy gradient, is a power function of water flux although the power value is system dependent. This relationship indicates that to minimize energy dissipation rate for a whole system, water flow has a small resistance (or a large conductivity) at a location of large water flux. Empirical evidence supports validity of the relationship for landscape and unsaturated soils (under gravity dominated conditions). Numerical simulation results also show that the relationship can capture the key features of hydraulic structure for a plant leaf, although more studies are needed to further confirm its validity. Especially, it is of interest that according to this relationship, hydraulic conductivity for gravity-dominated unsaturated flow, unlike that defined in the classic theories, depends on not only capillary pressure (or saturation), but also the water flux. Use of the optimality principle allows for determining useful results that are applicablemore » to a broad range of areas involving highly non-linear processes and may not be possible to obtain from classic theories describing water flow processes.« less
Cultural Theory and Emotions

One defining element of the study of emotions has been the emphasis on the critical role of culture. From Goffman’s (1961) early work on the encounter, through Hochschild’s (1979, 1983) work on feeling rules and emotional labor and Gordon’s (1990) work on emotional socialization, culture has been paramount to our understanding of emotions. Culture is an important element in definitions of emotions, emotional socialization, and emotional labor. The purpose of this chapter is to review cultural theorizing on emotions, discuss relevant research in this area, and provide direction for future work. The chapter begins by examining the critical role that culture plays in basic processes of labeling or defining our emotional experiences. In labeling our emotions, we must draw from our society’s emotion culture. The next section of the chapter examines the concept of emotion culture and how people are socialized into their particular emotion culture. Even emotionally competent actors who have been socialized must still work at managing their emotions to fit with society’s expectations. Following a discussion of emotional socialization is an examination of processes of emotion management and emotional deviance. Finally, the chapter concludes by examining how emotion management has moved into the arena of work and become part of our working lives. Throughout this chapter, it should be evident that much of our emotional experience is at the veiy least impacted, if not determined, by culture.
The Circadian Clock in the Retina Regulates Rod and Cone Pathways

Most vertebrate retinas have both rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Based primarily on electrical recordings of dissociated rods and cones, it has been accepted that rods operate at low light levels at night and cones operate at high light levels in the day. Recent evidence, however, demonstrates that cones in the intact retina respond to very dim light stimuli at night (though not in the day), because the circadian (24-h) clock in the retina opens an electrical synapse (gap-junctional channel) between rods and cones at night. The increased direct communication between rods and cones at night may facilitate the detection of large dim objects, and influence the health and survival of the photoreceptor cells.
Automated requirements engineering challenges with examples from small unmanned aerial systems (keynote)

Requirements Engineering includes various activities aimed at discovering, analyzing, validating, evolving, and managing software and systems requirements. Many of these activities are human facing, effort intensive, and sometimes error prone. They could benefit greatly from cutting edge advances in automation. However, the software engineering community has primarily focused on automating other aspects of the development process such as testing, code analytics, and mining software respositories. As a result, advances in software analytics have had superficial impact upon advancing the state of art and practice in the field of requirements engineering. Two primary inhibitors are the lack of publicly available datasets and poorly publicized industry-relevant open requirements analytic challenges. To empower the Automated Software Engineering community to tackle open Requirements Engineering challenges, the talk will describe the rapidly evolving landscape of requirements engineering, clearly articulate open challenges, draw upon examples from an ongoing, agile, safety-critical project in the domain of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, and introduce Dronology as a new community dataset.
Patterns of Gestational Weight Gain and Infants Born Large-for-Gestational Age Across Consecutive Pregnancies.

Abstract Introduction Factors that occur between consecutive pregnancies may influence repeated excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and infants born large-for-gestational age (LGA). We examined interpregnancy interval, weight retention, and GWG in women's first pregnancy as predictors of excessive GWG and LGA in women's second pregnancy. Methods We used data from women's first two live births during the First Baby Study, a 3-year prospective observational cohort of first-time mothers (N = 549). GWG was calculated as weight at delivery minus prepregnancy weight for first and second pregnancies and categorized using the Institute of Medicine guidelines. Weight retention at 6 and 12 months and interpregnancy interval (time from first live birth to conception of second infant) were quantified. Infants were considered LGA if birthweight was in the 90th percentile or greater for gestational age. Results Many women (51.7%) exceeded GWG recommendations in both pregnancies. Women who exceeded guidelines in their first pregnancy had a 5.08 greater odds (p Conclusions Exceeding GWG guidelines in women's first pregnancy predicted exceeding guidelines in their second pregnancy, independent of interpregnancy interval and weight retention.
Association of age-related macular degeneration with complement activation products, smoking, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in South Carolinians of European and African descent.

Purpose Smoking and the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have been linked to an overactive complement system. Here, we examined in a retrospective cohort study whether AMD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), smoking, ethnicity, and disease status are correlated with blood complement levels. Methods Population: The study involved 91 AMD patients and 133 controls, which included 73% Americans of European descent (EUR) and 27% Americans of African descent (AFR) in South Carolina. Readouts: Participants were genotyped for 10 SNPs and systemic levels of complement factor H (CFH) activity, and the complement activation products C3a, C5a, and Bb were assessed. Main Outcome Measures: Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between AMD status and distinct readouts. Results AMD affects EUR individuals more than AFRs. EUR but not AFR AMD subjects revealed higher levels of Factors C3a and Bb. In all subjects, a 10-unit increase in C3a levels was associated with an approximately 10% increase in the odds of being AMD-positive, and C3a and Bb were associated with smoking. While CFH activity levels were not correlated with AMD, a significant interaction was evident between patient age and CFH activity. Finally, EURs had lower odds of AMD with enhanced copies of rs1536304 (VEGFA) and higher odds with more copy numbers of rs3766404 (CFH). Conclusions Our results support previous studies of systemic complement components being potential biomarkers for AMD, but they suggest that smoking and disease do not synergistically affect complement levels. We also suggest a novel susceptibility and protective haplotypes in the South Carolinian AMD population. Our studies indicate that augmented complement activation associated with advanced AMD could be attributed to a decrease in CFH activity in younger patients.
A body set between hot and cold: everyday sensory labor and attunement in an Indian village

In Bihar, India, rural people conceptualize the body through a humoral framework and strive to regulate the body by balancing flows of heating and cooling foods. Rural people’s sense of embodied we...
Traffic stops, race, and perceptions of fairness

Traffic stops are the most common reason for face-to-face encounters between police officers and citizens. Contact with police can affect citizens’ behaviour toward the police, particularly when ci...
Cardiac Manifestations in Noonan Syndrome: Effects of Growth Hormone Therapy

Abstract Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with prevalence of 1:1000 to 1:2500. Cardiac defects are present in up to 70%–80% of patients, pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) being the most common in about 50% followed by atrial septal defect (ASD) in ~ 20% and then hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in ~ 15%. PTPN11 has predilection toward PS and ASD but rarely with HCM or coarctation of aorta. HCM is more common in NS compared to general population. RAF1, BRAF1, RIT1 mutations have HCM as major feature in NS. PS in majority remains mild without progression and likely from dysplastic valve. At least 1/3rd patients respond well to balloon angioplasty requiring reintervention in remaining 2/3rd patients. In more than half of the patients, HCM is mild with rare progression and favorable prognosis. Severe HCM diagnosed before 1 year of age has higher mortality and poor prognosis. The long-term data on survival in NS patients with HCM is acceptable; however, long-term studies are needed to answer this question. ASDs are generally treated in line with the standard methodologies. Various other cardiac defects like ventricular septal defects, atrioventricular septal defect, aortic and mitral valve problems, branch pulmonary artery stenoses, coarctation of aorta, and aortic root dilation have also been observed. Growth hormone therapy is rarely associated with adverse cardiac events making it largely a safe therapy.
GreenWeb: Hosting High-Load Websites Using Low-Power Servers

Today, there are millions of web servers hosting billions of websites. To ensure quality of service (QoS), it has become conventional wisdom that websites, especially high-load websites, must be deployed on high-end servers. In fact, most of these costly servers are energy-hungry and vastly underutilized, thereby wasting significant amounts of energy and dollars. This paper explores the viability of using low-power commodity servers to host high-load websites while still maintaining comparable QoS. We demonstrate that, with certain software optimization (e.g. caching and content delivery network - CDN) enabled, low-power servers are able to host high-load websites without degrading the quality of web services.
Challenges and Opportunities of the Early Post-Soviet Years

This chapter provides an overview of the issues identified by those I spoke to as most salient to their experiences of the period of the late 1980s and early 1990s. These include changes in the nature of the relationship between state and population, changes in gender relations, and differences in the way men and women responded to the economic and social changes. The dissolution of the Soviet system posed an enormous array of challenges for the population, both logistical and psychological. Once again, as in the years of Stalin’s big industrialization push, people were told that the hardships were temporary, that struggle today was needed to achieve a brighter future—this time one marked by the innovation, consumer abundance and freedoms of democratic market capitalism. The hardships to be endured along the way included severe shortages, steep price increases, long delays in the payment of wages, extreme uncertainty—and a significant change in the relationship between the state and the population.