cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IMPACT OF NONPOINT POLLUTION ON A GREAT LAKES FRESHWATER HARBOR-ESTUARY

ABSTRACT The Milwaukee harbor is a freshwater reservoir-estuary of Lake Michigan. The harbor and impounded portions of the Milwaukee river immediately upstream receive pollution inputs from adjacent and upstream urban, suburban and rural nonpoint sources and combined sewer overflows from a small portion of the City of Milwaukee. This paper describes the effects of upstream nonpoint sources on the dissolved oxygen balance of the harbor. As a consequence of the nutrient and organic inputs from upstream agricultural and suburban lands the upstream mid-sections of the Milwaukee river are productive, resulting in growth of organic algae mass and dissolved oxygen (D.O.) oversaturation in the river. Upon entering the deeper and slow moving impounded and harbor reaches, algae respiration prevails over photosynthetic oxygen production and, subsequently, relatively rapid oxygen concentration decrease and oxygen deficiencies reaching septic conditions are common. Settled algae and organic detritus also contribute to the significant Sediment Oxygen Demand (SOD) in the harbor. The QUAL-2E model was successfully used for simulation of the dissolved oxygen, nitrogen compounds, and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the upstream reaches of the Milwaukee River and in the harbor.
The Effect of Clozapine and Other Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs on Negative Symptoms

The historical and theoretical basis for the division of the symptoms of schizophrenia into positive and negative has been reviewed by Berrios (1985) and Trimble (1986). There is general agreement that delusions and hallucinations are the cardinal positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but there is more controversy about the domain of negative symptoms. There is general agreement that flat affect, loss of volition, and loss of interest are negative symptoms. Motor retardation and poverty of thought content have also been included (Meltzer and Zureick 1989). There is less concurrence whether bizarre behavior and some types of thought disorder, e.g., marked incoherence, tangentiality, or illogicality, also should be considered positive symptoms (Andreasen and Olson 1982). In the absence of any definitive means of determining which symptoms are positive or negative, it seems appropriate at this time to take a conservative and operational viewpoint as to what constitutes each type.
METRO EXPANSION AND NONMETRO CHANGE IN THE SOUTH

Demographic trends over the past several decades reflect a relentless geographic expansion of U.S. metropolitan (metro) areas, a steady rise in the number of long-distance commuters, and rapid population growth in adjacent, nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) counties. As suburbs expand, nearby nonmetro counties enter a period of change marked by increasing economic integration with metro economies, steady losses of rural and small-town landscapes and livelihoods, and eventual reclassification from nonmetro to metro status. Such transitions intensified during the 1990s as migration into nonmetro areas rebounded. Given the complexity of land-use patterns and socioeconomic conditions emerging along the metro-nonmetro boundary, it’s important to understand the transition process and its effect on communities and people. In addition, such extensive transitions call into question the use of nonmetro counties to identify rural and small town settlement areas. Researchers and policy makers must apply rural and urban concepts cautiously or even consider new thinking altogether. In this paper I examine what happens to nonmetro counties and their mostly rural and small-town settlement patterns as they become metro. Previous research assumed no systematic process by which nonmetro counties became integrated into metro areas, and no one has proposed or measured any type of transitional sequence. I attempt to do this by exploring the following questions concerning metro expansion and nonmetro change in the South: 1. Over time, is it possible to describe a consistent developmental pattern followed by a significant portion of nonmetro counties in the process of becoming metro? In particular, would this sequence commonly include a period of increasing commuting from the rural and small town periphery prior to suburban in-migration and the land-use changes associated with sprawl? 2. At any given point in time, is it possible to distinguish counties at different stages in this developmental sequence? In particular, is it possible to
Chronic Illness, Global Burden, and the Pathways Approach

This chapter proposes that the major challenge for human health in the twenty-first century is chronic diseases and chronic conditions. This is a global problem, burdening health care systems and economies worldwide. WHO statistics show that almost 70% of deaths annually are caused by chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes. Factors contributing to the increase in chronic illnesses worldwide are aging populations, rapid urbanization, and the globalization of unhealthy lifestyles. This global burden of chronic disease is felt most strongly in minority and low-income populations and in developing countries. The first order of interventions includes community-based public health interventions, for example, initiatives to ban tobacco and alcohol advertising, replace trans fats with polyunsaturated fats, and increase breastfeeding. The chapter also introduces functional medicine and the Pathways approach to chronic conditions, two perspectives integrating a holistic evolutionary systems-based approach, with attention to lifestyle variables, affective regulation, early trauma, and environmental influences. The example of obesity is utilized to illustrate the influence of lifestyle, nutrition, stress, trauma, and the human biome on chronic conditions.
Modeling patient access to therapeutic oxytocin in Zanzibar, Tanzania

Our objective is to estimate the effects of therapeutic oxytocin supply chain factors and social determinants of health on patient access to oxytocin in low-income settings using system dynamics modeling. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), a major cause of maternal mortality disproportionately affects women in low and middle income countries (LMICs). The World Health Organization recommends therapeutic oxytocin as the frontline uterotonic for PPH management and prevention. However, lack of access to quality therapeutic oxytocin in Tanzania, and throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, continues to result in a high number of preventable maternal deaths. We used publicly available data from Zanzibar and Sub-Saharan Africa, literature review, oxytocin degradation kinetics and previously developed systems dynamics models to understand the barriers in patient access to quality therapeutic oxytocin. The model makes four basic predictions. First, there is a major gap between therapeutic oxytocin procurement and availability. Second, it predicts that at current population increase rates, oxytocin supply will have to be doubled in the next 30 years. Third, supply and storage temperature until 30 °C has minimal effect on oxytocin quality and finally distance of 5 km or less to birthing facility has a small effect on overall access to oxytocin. The model provides a systems level approach to therapeutic oxytocin access, incorporating supply and procurement, socio-economic factors, as well as storage conditions to understand how women’s access to oxytocin over time can be sustained for better health outcomes.
RETROSPECTIVE VOTING AND PARTY POLARIZATION

We provide a new and favorable perspective on voter naivete and party polarization. We contrast sophisticated (Nash) versus retrospective voting in a model where two parties commit to policies. Retrospective voters do not understand the mapping between states and outcomes induced by a policy; instead, they simply vote for the party that delivers the highest observed performance, as determined in equilibrium. We show that parties have an incentive to polarize under retrospective, compared to Nash, voting. Moreover, this polarization often results in higher welfare due to a better match between policies and fundamentals.
Association of Race and Ethnicity With Glycemic Control and Hemoglobin A1c Levels in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes.

Importance Health disparities in the clinical presentation and outcomes among youth with type 1 diabetes exist. Long-term glycemic control patterns in racially/ethnically diverse youth are not well described. Objectives To model common trajectories of hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) among youth with type 1 diabetes and test how trajectory group membership varies by race/ethnicity. Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal cohort study conducted in 5 US locations. The analysis included data from 1313 youths (aged Exposures Self-reported race/ethnicity. Main Outcomes and Measures Hemoglobin A1ctrajectories identified through group-based trajectory modeling over a mean (SD) of 9.0 (1.4) years of diabetes duration. Multinomial models studied the association of race/ethnicity with HbA1ctrajectory group membership, adjusting for demographic characteristics, clinical factors, and socioeconomic position. Results The final study sample of 1313 patients was 49.3% female (647 patients) with mean (SD) age 9.7 (4.3) years and mean (SD) disease duration of 9.2 (6.3) months at baseline. The racial/ethnic composition was 77.0% non-Hispanic white (1011 patients), 10.7% Hispanic (140 patients), 9.8% non-Hispanic black (128 patients), and 2.6% other race/ethnicity (34 patients). Three HbA1ctrajectories were identified: group 1, low baseline and mild increases (50.7% [666 patients]); group 2, moderate baseline and moderate increases (41.7% [548 patients]); and group 3, moderate baseline and major increases (7.5% [99 patients]). Group 3 was composed of 47.5% nonwhite youths (47 patients). Non-Hispanic black youth had 7.98 higher unadjusted odds (95% CI, 4.42-14.38) than non-Hispanic white youth of being in the highest HbA1ctrajectory group relative to the lowest HbA1ctrajectory group; the association remained significant after full adjustment (adjusted odds ratio of non-Hispanic black race in group 3 vs group 1, 4.54; 95% CI, 2.08-9.89). Hispanic youth had 3.29 higher unadjusted odds (95% CI, 1.78-6.08) than non-Hispanic white youth of being in the highest HbA1ctrajectory group relative to the lowest HbA1ctrajectory group; the association remained significant after adjustment (adjusted odds ratio of Hispanic ethnicity in group 3 vs group 1, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.02-4.92). In stratified analyses, the adjusted odds of nonwhite membership in the highest HbA1ctrajectory remained significant among male patients and youth diagnosed at age 9 years or younger, but not female patients and youth who were older than 9 years when they were diagnosed (Pfor interaction = .04 [sex] and .02 [age at diagnosis]). Conclusions and Relevance There are racial/ethnic differences in long-term glycemic control among youth with type 1 diabetes, particularly among nonwhite male patients and nonwhite youth diagnosed earlier in life.
Linking Opioid-Overdose Data to Human Services and Criminal Justice Data: Opportunities for Intervention:

Objectives:In Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, the incidence of opioid-related overdose deaths increased from 17.4 per 100 000 population in 2008 to 23.9 per 100 000 population in 2014. Our objectiv...
Measuring first use of force: methods, results, and implications

ABSTRACTWhy do states violate jus ad bellum and how do we know? Lack of comprehensive data on armed conflict initiation, as opposed to occurrence, hampers scholarly understanding of this question. ...
Using data to solve problems: Children reason flexibly in response to different kinds of evidence.

Abstract This study examined children’s (5- to 9-year-olds, N = 363) abilities to use information seeking and explanation to solve problems using conclusive or inconclusive (i.e., consistent, inconsistent, or ambiguous) evidence. Results demonstrated that inconsistent and ambiguous evidence, not consistent evidence, motivate more requests for information than conclusive evidence. In addition, children’s explanations were flexible in response to evidence; explanations based on transitive inference were more likely to be associated with an accurate conclusion than other explanation types. Children’s requests for additional information in response to inconclusive evidence increased with age, as did their problem-solving accuracy. The data demonstrate that children’s capacity to use information seeking and explanation develop in tandem as tools for problem solving.
Linking microvascular collapse to tissue hypoxia in a multiscale model of pressure ulcer initiation

Pressure ulcers are devastating injuries that disproportionately affect the older adult population. The initiating factor of pressure ulcers is local ischemia, or lack of perfusion at the microvascular level, following tissue compression against bony prominences. In turn, lack of blood flow leads to a drop in oxygen concentration, i.e, hypoxia, that ultimately leads to cell death, tissue necrosis, and disruption of tissue continuity. Despite our qualitative understanding of the initiating mechanisms of pressure ulcers, we are lacking quantitative knowledge of the relationship between applied pressure, skin mechanical properties as well as structure, and tissue hypoxia. This gap in our understanding is, at least in part, due to the limitations of current imaging technologies that cannot simultaneously image the microvascular architecture, while quantifying tissue deformation. We overcome this limitation in our work by combining realistic microvascular geometries with appropriate mechanical constitutive models into a microscale finite element model of the skin. By solving boundary value problems on a representative volume element via the finite element method, we can predict blood volume fractions in response to physiological skin loading conditions (i.e., shear and compression). We then use blood volume fraction as a homogenized variable to couple tissue-level skin mechanics to an oxygen diffusion model. With our model, we find that moderate levels of pressure applied to the outer skin surface lead to oxygen concentration contours indicative of tissue hypoxia. For instance, we show that applying a pressure of 60 kPa at the skin surface leads to a decrease in oxygen partial pressure from a physiological value of 65 mmHg to a hypoxic level of 31 mmHg. Additionally, we explore the sensitivity of local oxygen concentration to skin thickness and tissue stiffness, two age-related skin parameters. We find that, for a given pressure, oxygen concentration decreases with decreasing skin thickness and skin stiffness. Future work will include rigorous calibration and validation of this model, which may render our work an important tool toward developing better prevention and treatment tools for pressure ulcers specifically targeted toward the older adult patient population.
Evaluation of plasma osmolality and hormone responses in elderly chronic hemodialysis patients with excessive interdialytic weight gain.

Elderly patients may exhibit changes in plasma hormone levels, as well as thirst disorders. Two groups of elderly hemodialysis patients were evaluated to determine if excessive interdialytic weight gain was related to differences in postdialysis plasma osmolality or postdialysis measurement of plasma renin activity, or plasma levels of angiotensin II (a dipsogenic hormone), aldosterone, and vasopressin. Patients mean age was 77.0 ± 8.8 years and patients were divided into groups, I and II, with less than or greater than 2 kg interdialytic weight gain. Postdialysis plasma osmolality was similar in both groups of patients (309.3 ± 2.3 vs. 309.6 ± 2.4 mOsm/Kg, p = 0.8) and postdialysis AVP levels also were no different (2.7 ± 0.6 vs. 2.1 ± 0.2 pg/mL, p = 0.3). There was also no statistical difference between postdialysis angiotensin II and aldosterone levels in either group of patients. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was also not different in either group (2.3 ± 1.1 vs. 0.43 ± 0.1 ng/mL/hr, p = 0.1), but group I patients, with less than 2 kg weight gain, tended to exhibit higher PRA values perhaps reflecting proximity to their dry weight postdialysis. Since excessive fluid intake did not appear to relate to plasma osmolality and hormone levels studied, it might be suggested that excessive drinking could be due to excessive sodium intake associated with personal dietary habits or perhaps other as yet unmeasured factors.
Universal finite-size scaling around tricriticality between topologically ordered, symmetry-protected topological, and trivial phases

Quantum one-dimensional criticality with conformal invariance is known to be characterized by conformal field theory with the inherent central charge ($c$), and universal finite-size amplitudes. Here, the authors demonstrate that around a quantum criticality with $c$=\textonehalf{} and two Majorana boundary modes, the symmetry-breaking effect modifies the finite-size amplitudes from a universal constant to be a universal function of an emergent scale. This finding provides a new perspective to study the interplay of topology and quantum criticality.
Neonatal oxygen saturations and blood pressure at school-age in children born extremely preterm: a cohort study.

To explore the relationship between neonatal oxygen saturation and BP at age 6–7 years in a cohort of infants born extremely preterm. Infants <28 weeks gestation were assigned to a higher or lower oxygen saturation target. Oximeter data were monitored throughout the neonatal period. A subset of survivors was seen at age 6. BP was measured and compared by group assignment, achieved saturations, and time spent in hypoxemia (saturations <80%). There was no difference in systolic or diastolic BP between assigned groups. Median achieved weekly oxygen saturation was not associated with BP. Longer duration of hypoxemia during the first week of age was associated with higher systolic BP. Neither target nor actual median oxygen saturations in this study was associated with BP at school age. Increased duration of hypoxemia in the first postnatal week was associated with higher systolic BP at 6–7 years of age.
Fast, Small, and Area-Time Efficient Architectures for Key-Exchange on Curve25519

This paper demonstrates fast and compact implementations of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for efficient key agreement over Curve25519. Curve25519 has been recently adopted as a key exchange method for several applications and included in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommendations for public key cryptography. This paper presents three different performance level designs including lightweight, area-time efficient, and high-performance architectures. Lightweight hardware implementations are used for several Internet of Things (IoT) applications due to their resources being at premium. Our lightweight architecture utilizes 90% less resources compared to the best previous work while it is still more optimized in term of A middot; T (area×time). For efficient implementation from either time or utilized resources, our area-time efficient architecture can establish almost 7,000 key sessions per second which is 64% faster than the previous works. The area-time efficient architecture uses well scheduled interleaved multiplication combined with a reduction algorithm. Additionally, we offer a fast architecture for high performance applications based on the 4-level Karatsuba method and Carry-Compact Addition (CCA). Our high-performance architecture also outperforms previous work in terms of A middot; T. The results show 9% and 29% improvement in A middot; T and A d middot; T (DSP_count×time), respectively. All architectures are variable-base-point implemented on the Xilinx Zynq-7020 FPGA family where performance and implementation metrics are reported and compared. Finally, various side-channel attack countermeasures are embedded in the proposed architectures.
Coastal recreational fisheries: A case study in the southeastern Brazil

Abstract Recreational fishing has been poorly studied along the Brazilian coast and, despite its sharp increase, little effort has been made to estimate real catches that contribute to an adequate fisheries assessment. To evaluate the catches of recreational fisheries, samples were collected between May 2016 and May 2017 along the central coast of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Both the size and weight of the majority of species caught were evaluated. A total of 2,402 individuals from 74 different species were recorded, with six species most representative (Menticirrhus gracilis, Centropomus parallelus, Micropogonias furnieri, Genidens genidens, Mugil curema and Orthopristis ruber). After checking the normality of data distribution (Shapiro–Wilk test), the Kruskal–Wallistest was applied to verify statistical differences for catch localities, seasonality, lunar cycle and bait type. Five of the six most abundant species were caught below the size at first maturity. Adopting strategies to improve recreational catches reports is essential to ensure better fisheries management and data collection.
Understanding cannabis information on social media: Examining tweets from verified, regular, and suspended users

The general public, especially young adults and adolescents, can easily be affected by social media; thus, it is imperative to understand how different types of user groups can influence the public. First, we collected Twitter data regarding cannabis and divided the users into three groups based on their Twitter account status: verified, regular and suspended. Second, we employed qualitative (i.e., thematic analysis) and quantitative (i.e., Latent Dirichlet Allocation) methods to examine the content of the three groups. Third, we computationally calculated sentiment of tweets to examine how the messages were conveyed for the user groups. We observed that those user groups shared similar topical interests of cannabis on Twitter, but with slightly different focus and motivation through a mixed-methods approach. The findings from this study could be used to design public health education programs targeting young adults and adolescents. In addition, we suggest that researchers employ both qualitative and quantitative methods to fully discern the subtle differences in health-related social media discussions.
Cellular Sticking Can Strongly Reduce Complex Binding by Speeding Dissociation.

While extensive studies have been carried out to determine protein-RNA binding affinities, mechanisms, and dynamics in vitro, such studies do not take into consideration the effect of the many weak nonspecific interactions in a cell filled with potential binding partners. Here we experimentally tested the role of the cellular environment on affinity and binding dynamics between a protein and RNA in living U-2 OS cells. Our model system is the spliceosomal protein U1A and its binding partner SL2 of the U1 snRNA. The binding equilibrium was perturbed by a laser-induced temperature jump and monitored by Forster resonance energy transfer. The apparent binding affinity in live cells was reduced by up to 2 orders of magnitude compared to in vitro. The measured in-cell dissociation rate coefficients were up to 2 orders of magnitude larger, whereas no change in the measured association rate coefficient was observed. The latter is not what would be anticipated due to macromolecular crowding or nonspecific sticking of the uncomplexed U1A and SL2 in the cell. A quantitative model fits our experimental results, with the major cellular effect being that U1A and SL2 sticking to cellular components are capable of binding, just not as strongly as the free complex. This observation suggests that high binding affinities measured or designed in vitro are necessary for proper binding in vivo, where competition with many nonspecific interactions exists, especially for strongly interacting species with high charge or large hydrophobic surface areas.
The Cost of Capital: If Not the CAPM, Then What?

Twenty years ago, it would have been considered heresy to doubt the usefulness of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) in assessing the cost of capital. The author argues that today, the CAPM should not just be doubted—it should be discarded.
The Neuropsychology of Aging

List of Figures. List of Tables. Acknowledgements. Part I: Introduction and Overview:1. Neuropsychological Approaches to Processes of Aging.2. Neuropsychological Assessment in Adulthood and Aging.3. Methods of Assessing the Aging Brain.Part II: Aging and the Nervous System:4. Normal Aging in the Peripheral Nervous System.5. Normal Aging in the Brain.6. Neuropsychological Brain Aging.7. Emotion, Aging and Brain Function.Part III: Human Behaviour: A Neuropsychological Perspective:8. Arousal and Sleep.9. Response Speed and Timing in Behaviour.10. Intelligence.11. Learning and Memory.12. Language and Communication.13. Executive Function, Attention and Working Memory.Part IV: The Future:14. Prospects on the Neuropsychology of Aging. References. Index.
Vaccination benefits, risks and safety: the need for a complete picture

Since the first attempt at vaccination more than 200 years ago debate has been ongoing about the relative benefits and risks. However debate was overshadowed by the threat of crippling illness and death. Over the years vaccination programs succeeded in its goals: eradication of smallpox near eradication of polio and control of other disease. Hence in the absence of perceptible disease threats concerns about the risks of vaccines dominate renewed debate. While immunization coverage and surveys suggest that the majority of parents readily accept vaccines allegations of risk have greater impact than before and are more challenging to address. In view of this proven or unproven real or perceived risks must therefore not only be examined in the light of the best scientific information obtainable but responsibly communicated. In September 1997 a gathering of experts drafted a declaration concerning effective ways to communicate drug safety and described five principles on the issue. Overall it is noted that merging better public education on appreciating benefit and risk issues with extra care in maintaining an honest and open discourse on benefit and risk can protect against the misinterpretation of information about vaccination as well as the acceptance of misinformation.
Endogenous Vertebrate Antibiotics

Although newly recognized, endogenous cystine-stabilized beta-sheet antimicrobial peptides have ancient origins. These peptides can arm circulating phagocytes and cells of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts to resist invasion by bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. Defensins and protegrin-like peptides are likely to play a considerable role in innate immunity and may provide molecular templates that can be used to generate novel antibiotics for topical and systemic use.
Partial purification and characterization of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid : CoA ligase from maize leaves infected with Bipolaris maydis

Anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of protein preparations extracted in bulk from maize leaves infected with Bipolaris maydis resulted in over a 600-fold purification of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid:CoA ligase. The native enzyme had an estimated molecular weight of about 51·6 kDa, a value consistent with the range of molecular weights reported for the enzyme isolated from dicotyledonous species. Kinetic analyses of enzyme activities with the various phenylpropanoid substrates demonstrated that there was little preferential substrate specificity among p -coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids. The enzyme exhibited no activity when assayed with sinapic acid. Previous reports of CoA ligase isoforms in dicotyledonous species have suggested that the enzyme is involved in the diversion of phenylpropanoids to various biosynthetic pathways. However, no evidence for multiple forms was found in the present investigation, suggesting that the maize CoA ligase is not responsible for metabolic channelling of phenylpropanoids and their distribution within the cell which occur as a response to infection. An alternate interpretation to account for the induction of enzyme activity which occurs in response to infection may be based on activation of phenylpropanoids by UDP-glucosyl transferase.
Transnational TV: What Do We Mean by "Coproduction" Anymore?

Over the last two decades, transnational coproduction has become the new normal for high-end television drama and documentary. Obscured behind the attention paid to that other new global phenomenon, the reality format, other innovative program forms have emerged alongside newly constituted transnational publics, rich new constellations of cultural engagement, and a host of evolving practices of cooperative production. This article attempts to identify some of the issues that arise in studying new forms of transnational television coproduction between the United States and the United Kingdom , the world’s two largest global program suppliers, and to think through the research questions needed to explore them.
Energetic Radiation from Magnetized Neutron Stars

Intense beams of very energetic radiation have been observed from at least two rather different families of neutron stars: i) Very young radiopulsars such as the Crab and Vela pulsars; ii) Much older neutron stars in binaries identified mainly by the X-ray emission associated with accretion from their companions.
Supporting the rapid development of pedagogically effective algorithm visualizations

In this paper we describe AVsupport, a suite of Java support classes that allow creators of visualizations to rapidly produce pedagogically effective algorithm visualizations, which we refer to as PEAVs. After a discussion of PEAV requirements, we show how AVsupport allows the development of such PEAVs and provide details on its use. We present two such PEAVs developed with AVsupport and describe our experience using them in actual courses.
The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 in Treg-mediated control of allergic diseases (HYP7P.285)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a critical suppressive T cell population that maintains immune homeostasis and tolerance. Increasing evidence suggests reduced Treg numbers or compromised Treg function in atopic and asthmatic individuals. Treg derived suppressive cytokines, IL-10 and TGFβ, alleviate Th2 inflammation through allergen-specific immunotherapy. Studies on experimental asthma highlight an undisputed role for Tregs in allergic diseases; however, they fail to pinpoint a single/predominant mechanism employed by Tregs to control asthmatic inflammation. Our lab has identified a novel Treg-derived suppressive cytokine IL-35 (a heterodimer of Ebi3 and Il12a/p35) that is essential for their maximal suppressive activity. IL-35 also induces the conversion of naive T cells into an IL-35-dependent suppressive population termed iTr35 cells. We hypothesize that IL-35-secreting Tregs and iTr35 cells are potent suppressors of Th2 allergic responses. We demonstrate that allergic inflammation induces the IL-35-mediated regulatory milieu (IL-35-expressing Tregs and iTr35 cells) in two distinct models of asthma (OVA/Alum and fungal protease). Further, IL-35 neutralization exacerbates asthmatic inflammation. Current studies using IL-35 reporter and gene-deficient mouse strains are directed at evaluating the expression, function and mechanisms of IL-35-mediated Treg control of allergic inflammation and have the potential to lead to novel IL-35-based therapeutic regimens.
Desert: Reconsideration of Some Received Wisdom

According to an ancient and plausible view, the justice of an arrangement is the extent to which receipt of goods and evils corresponds to desert in that arrangement. John Hospers apparently had precisely this in mind when he said that "justice is getting what one deserves. What could be simpler?" (1961, p. 433). Mill said that "... it is universally considered just that each person should obtain that (whether good or evil) which he deserves ... " (1957, p. 55).1 Others have rejected this view as too simplistic (Feinberg 1963, p. 90, Sher 1987, p. 49, Slote 1973, p. 333, etc.) but have nevertheless maintained that there is an important conceptual link between justice and desert. Since justice is important, so is desert.
Measurement of the electrogyratory and electro-optic effects in BSO and BGO

Abstract The linear electrooptic and electrogyratory coefficients of BSO and BGO are measured in a transverse electrooptic configuration. Using the photorefractive properties of these materials we determine the true electric fields present in the samples during the measurements and thus obtain accurate values for these coefficients independent of contact losses.
Creation and Management of a Home-Grown Electronic Reserves System at an Academic Library: Results of a Pilot Project

This article discusses the development of an electronic reserves software system and related administrative issues (e.g., staffing); technical and work flow issues; education and training of users, faculty, and staff; and the assessment of processes. It concludes with advice from the findings of the pilot project for other libraries building electronic reserves programs.
The effect of hydrogen on reversible and irreversible softening of spheroidized steel

Abstract Spheroidized AISI 1090 steel was charged with hydrogen at various charging current densities. The effect of hydrogen on the steel was detected by microhardness measurements. The charging produced reversible softening below a critical charging current density and irreversible softening above it. The results are discussed in connection with other indications of a critical charging current density and possible mechanisms for softening.
Characterization of bottom sediments in lakes using hydroacoustic methods and comparison with laboratory measurements

The acoustical properties of bottom sediments in two lakes were shown to be strongly correlated with clay content, organic C and total N concentrations, and other important sediment properties. The fractal dimension of the bottom echo was more strongly correlated with sediment physical and chemical properties than energy-based measures. The fractal dimension was also related to rates of PO4-P and NH4-N release from intact sediment cores and sediment oxygen demand. Measurements made at 430-kHz were more sensitive to differences in sediment properties than 201- or 38-kHz. Hydroacoustic measurements allow rapid assessment of properties important in lake restoration and water resource management.
The effect of simultaneous treatment with thyroxine and ascorbic acid precursors on serum cholesterol concentration

Abstract Male albino rats were actually treated with thyroxine and/or ascorbic acid and its biosynthetic precursors. The hypocholesteremic effect of thyroxine was exaggerated by simultaneous treatment with glucuronolactone. Treatment with either l -gulonolactone, 2-keto- l -gulonic acid or l -ascorbic acid protected the animals against the exogenously induced hyperthyroidism. No changes in the serum cholesterol concentrations were observed after treatment with only the precursors of ascorbic acid. The changes in serum cholesterol were attributed to alterations in the enterohepatic reabsorption of thyroxine.
Presentation Dubious evidence of heart and cancer deaths due to passive smoking

Glantz and Parmley [l] published a report, apparently commissioned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in which it was suggested that passive smoking or environmental tobacco smoke caused 53,000 heart and cancer deaths annually in the U.S. That estimated death toll is not independently developed by Glantz and Parmley but is essentially borrowed from Wells [2], with modifications by Kawachi et al. [3]. In their own area of expertise, Glantz and Parmley claim certain physiological effects, particularly on platelets, of exposure to tobacco smoke but do not say whether those effects are unique to such exposure or that they necessarily lead to increased mortality. In the event, that work provides them with an introduction to writing about the death toll from passive smoking. That there is such a toll is taken as unquestionably a given, so attention need be paid to only the magnitude of the toll. But away from their area of expertise, Glantz and Parmley seem to be naive. Thus they take as worthy of note that the confidence intervals on relative risk in their Table 1 are skewed towards higher risks-this is essentially a necessity, since a relative risk can range upwards to
Ultrasound-guided quadrilateral space block for the diagnosis of quadrilateral syndrome.

Quadrilateral space syndrome (QSS) is a rare nerve entrapment disorder that occurs when the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) become compressed in the quadrilateral space. QSS presents as vague posterolateral shoulder pain that is exacerbated upon the abduction and external rotation of the shoulder. Diagnosis of QSS is difficult because of the vague presentation of QSS. In addition, even though MRI and MR angiography can be used in QSS diagnosis, there is currently no “gold standard” diagnostic imaging studies for QSS. In this case report, we describe a novel ultrasound-guided technique for a diagnostic quadrilateral space block and present a case where the diagnostic block was used to diagnose QSS. We believe that a diagnostic block of the quadrilateral space is a useful adjunct in the evaluation of patients with suspected QSS, especially in cases where examination findings and other diagnostic modalities are indeterminate.
Fluorescence spectroscopy to assess apoptosis in myocardium

Apoptosis induced mitochondrial destruction and dysfunction has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of both acute cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and chronic myocardial infarction-induced ventricular remodeling. Unfortunately this understanding has not translated into effective therapeutic strategies for either condition-mostly due to an inability to assess mitochondrial dysfunction/apoptosis effectively in humans. All current measures of apoptosis are pseudo-quantitative and require invasive tissue biopsy. Our group has developed an optical, non-tissue destructive catheter based device that allows the quantitative regional assessment of this pathological process in vivo. This instrument has been designed to acquire fluorescence signals of intrinsic mitochondrial fluorophores, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) and Flavoprotein (FP). The normalized ratio of these fluorophores (FP/FP+NADH) called the redox ratio, is an indicator of the in vivo mitochondrial dysfunction.1-3 We have demonstrated in a rabbit reperfusion model of apoptotic myocyte injury that this redox ratio is drastically increased which is consistent with profound apoptosis-induced "unhinging" of the mitochondrial respiratory function.© (2007) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abstract LB-133: Vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with autologous oxidized whole tumor lysate induced strong and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity in recurrent ovarian cancer patients

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background Despite surgical and chemotherapeutic advances, the death rate from ovarian cancer has not changed over the past two decades. We report here an enhanced, more rapid and more immunogenic dendritic cell vaccine platform developed for clinical testing. Furthermore we report the application of this novel immunotherapy platform comprising of dendritic cell (DC)-based autologous whole tumor antigen vaccination in a pilot study of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Methods To determine the optimal tumor lysate preparation for loading DCs, ovarian tumor lines (SKOV3, OVCAR5 and A1847) were prepared by HOCl-oxidation, UVB-irradiation or freeze and thaw. Normal donor DCs were evaluated for tumor lysate uptake, cytokine and chemokine productions and phenotype after maturation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma. The optimal lysate preparation, was used in a phase I study where five patients with recurrent, progressive stage III and IV ovarian cancer with available tumor lysate from secondary debulking surgery underwent intranodal vaccination with OC-DC, an autologous DC preparation pulsed with HOCl-oxidized autologous tumor cells (5-10 x 106 DC per dose, 5 doses). Feasibility, safety, and biological and clinical efficacy were evaluated. Results Normal donor DCs pulsed with HOCl-oxidized tumor lines demonstrated the highest tumor lysate uptake, matured efficiently after LPS and IFN-gamma stimulation, and produced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IP-10, MIP-1alpha and MIG. In vitro, these lysates loaded DCs primed T cell responses against ovarian tumor associated antigens and effectively expanded against tumor specific T cells from donors and patients. Therapy was feasible and well tolerated in all five subjects. Vaccination with OC-DC produced limited grade 1 toxicities and elicited tumor-specific T cell responses. Moreover specific HLA-A2-restricted responses to HER-2/neu, MUC1, NYESO-1, mesothelin and WT1 were documented following vaccination and HER-2/neu specific T cells were expanded following 10 days of in vitro culture. Patients exhibiting immune response demonstrated clinical benefit including two patients who demonstrated remission inversion on vaccine maintenance. Conclusions We developed a DC-HOCl oxidized whole tumor lysate vaccine which was safe and well-tolerated by all patients. The DC vaccine was highly proinflammatory and elicited cellular and humoral anti-tumor responses establishing a platform for immune-combinatorial therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-133. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-133
AN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS MODEL FOR USE IN RESEARCH

An analysis of the formal educational process utilizing a pseudo-systems analysis approach was undertaken to identify and define the major input components which account for or cause changes in the major output component of learning defined in terms of learner behavioral change. Approaches to the experimental study of this process as defbed and delineated were suggested. The importance of studies which examine the higher order interaction areas was emphasized and justified on the basis of informational output maximization which accompanies experimental research of the higher order interaction areas of the input model.
Determination of endothelin by an immobilized receptor assay utilizing a 96-well format.

Abstract Bovine cerebellar membranes immobilized on 96-well microtiter plates provide receptors for 125 I-labeled endothelin-1 as the basis for a competitive binding assay. Adsorption of the membranes to a surface does not significantly alter the ligand-receptor interaction and reduces non-specific binding to 3–7% of total binding compared to 10–20% for a filtration technique. Considerable savings in reagents are realized since assays can be performed in 100 μl volumes with only 10–20 μg of membrane protein. The 96-well format allows the rapid quantitation of large numbers of samples, and the assay is especially attractive in that it utilizes readily available reagents and equipment without the need for specific antibodies. The endothelin-receptor-based assay may be used to measure conversion of big endothelin-1 to endothelin-1 in aqueous assays. Since the presence of serum does not affect this method, tissue culture medium may be directly analyzed for endothelin production by cultured cells. All three isoforms of endothelin are detected, and the specificity of the receptor is retained since fragments and precursor forms of endothelin are not recognized. In cases where multiple endothelin isoforms may be present or where specificity of binding is in question, this assay may be used in conjunction with high pressure liquid chromatography to distinguish active peptides.
Summary of 1st geodetic survey squadron gravity activities in western United States 1963‐1968

Most of the gravity surveys of the U.S. Geological Survey have been support programs in connection with regional geologic structural studies, ground-water investigations, and heavy-metals exploration. Many of the studies were undertaken in conjunction with geological mapping and mineral investigations by the Survey's project geologists. Gravity data often complement aeromagnetic surveys to identify the sources of potential-field anomalies; other gravity data have been used to supplement high-resolution seismic and electrical investigations [Mattick, 1967]. Geochemical follow-up has been fruitful in western Montana [ Mudge et al, 1967].
The Positive Ray Analysis of Water Vapor Ionized by Impact of Slow Electrons

An electromagnetic method of separating gas ions of different mass, such as that used by Dempster, has been employed in a study of the ions produced by electron impact in water vapor. The principal ions appearing were ${({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}^{+}$ and ${(\mathrm{OH})}^{+}$. Of these the ${({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}^{+}$ ions were more abundant. Unmistakable evidence was obtained that a third type of ion, probably ${({\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{O})}^{+}$, was produced in very small quantities. ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ ions were always very few in number or unobservable. No ${(\mathrm{OH})}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ or any other negative ions were observed.Ionization potentials for ${({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}^{+}$ and ${(\mathrm{OH})}^{+}$.---The ionization potential corresponding to ${({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}^{+}$ was 13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5 volts, being probably in agreement with the ordinarily measured ionization potential. The ${(\mathrm{OH})}^{+}$ ionization potential was not distinguishably different, but it was difficult to measure this quantity owing to some overlapping of the ${({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}^{+}$ and ${(\mathrm{OH})}^{+}$ peaks.Relative abundance of the ions as a function of pressure.---A study was made of variation in the relative abundance of the ions as a function of pressure. The ${({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}^{+}$ ion appears to be the primary ion, as it predominates at low pressures, but is of the same order of magnitude as the ${(\mathrm{OH})}^{+}$ ion at high pressures (0.007 mm).
Capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric profiles of trimethylsilyl derivatives of organic acids from amniotic fluids of different gestational age.

Abstract Amniotic fluid from different gestational age patients was partitioned into neutral, acidic and basic fractions. The organic acids were trimethylsilylated and analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. A marked difference in the level of hippuric acid was observed between samples from early (15–22 weeks) and late (30–38.5 weeks) pregnancy. This difference probably reflects the degree of maturity in the fetal liver and kidney. The procedures establish amniotic fluid profiles of substances of varying gestational age and should be useful in determining alterations caused by diseases.