cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Musculoskeletal Model Personalization Affects Metabolic Cost Estimates for Walking

Assessment of metabolic cost as a metric for human performance has expanded across various fields within the scientific, clinical, and engineering communities. As an alternative to measuring metabolic cost experimentally, musculoskeletal models incorporating metabolic cost models have been developed. However, to utilize these models for practical applications, the accuracy of their metabolic cost predictions requires improvement. Previous studies have reported the benefits of using personalized musculoskeletal models for various applications, yet no study has evaluated how model personalization affects metabolic cost estimation. This study investigated the effect of musculoskeletal model personalization on estimates of metabolic cost of transport (CoT) during post-stroke walking using three commonly used metabolic cost models. We analyzed walking data previously collected from two male stroke survivors with right-sided hemiparesis. The three metabolic cost models were implemented within three musculoskeletal modeling approaches involving different levels of personalization. The first approach used a scaled generic OpenSim model and found muscle activations via static optimization (SOGen). The second approach used a personalized electromyographic (EMG)-driven musculoskeletal model with personalized functional axes but found muscle activations via static optimization (SOCal). The third approach used the same personalized EMG-driven model but calculated muscle activations directly from EMG data (EMGCal). For each approach, the muscle activation estimates were used to calculate each subject's CoT at different gait speeds using three metabolic cost models (Umberger et al., 2003; Bhargava et al., 2004; Umberger, 2010). The calculated CoT values were compared with published CoT data as a function of walking speed, step length asymmetry, stance time asymmetry, double support time asymmetry, and severity of motor impairment (i.e., Fugl-Meyer score). Overall, only SOCal and EMGCal with the Bhargava metabolic cost model were able to reproduce accurately published experimental trends between CoT and various clinical measures of walking asymmetry post-stroke. Tuning of the parameters in the different metabolic cost models could potentially resolve the observed CoT magnitude differences between model predictions and experimental measurements. Realistic CoT predictions may allow researchers to predict human performance, surgical outcomes, and rehabilitation outcomes reliably using computational simulations.
Applying Deutsch’s concept of good explanations to artificial intelligence and neuroscience – An initial exploration

Abstract Artificial intelligence has made great strides since the deep learning revolution, but AI systems remain incapable of learning principles and rules which allow them to extrapolate outside of their training data to new situations. For inspiration we look to the domain of science, where scientists have been able to develop theories which show remarkable ability to extrapolate and sometimes even predict the existence of phenomena which have never been observed before. According to David Deutsch, this type of extrapolation, which he calls “reach”, is due to scientific theories being hard to vary. In this work we investigate Deutsch’s hard-to-vary principle and how it relates to more formalized principles in deep learning such as the bias-variance trade-off and Occam’s razor. We distinguish internal variability, how much a model/theory can be varied internally while still yielding the same predictions, with external variability, which is how much a model must be varied to predict new, out-of-distribution data. We discuss how to measure internal variability using the notion of the Rashomon set and how to measure external variability using Kolmogorov complexity. We explore what role hard-to-vary explanations play in intelligence by looking at the human brain, the only example of highly general purpose intelligence known. We distinguish two learning systems in the brain – the first operates similar to deep learning and likely underlies most of perception while the second is a more creative system capable of generating hard-to-vary models and explanations of the world. We make contact with Popperian epistemology which suggests that the generation of scientific theories is a not an inductive process but rather an evolutionary process which proceeds through conjecture and refutation. We argue that figuring out how replicate this second system, which is capable of generating hard-to-vary explanations, is a key challenge which needs to be solved in order to realize artificial general intelligence.
Sampling from rough energy landscapes

We examine challenges to sampling from Boltzmann distributions associated with multiscale energy landscapes. The multiscale features, or "roughness," corresponds to highly oscillatory, but bounded, perturbations of a smooth landscape. Through a combination of numerical experiments and analysis we demonstrate that the performance of Metropolis Adjusted Langevin Algorithm can be severely attenuated as the roughness increases. In contrast, we prove that Random Walk Metropolis is insensitive to such roughness. We also formulate two alternative sampling strategies that incorporate large scale features of the energy landscape, while resisting the impact of fine scale roughness; these also outperform Random Walk Metropolis. Numerical experiments on these landscapes are presented that confirm our predictions. Open questions and numerical challenges are also highlighted.
Simple single-section diode frequency combs

Frequency combs, broadband light sources whose spectra consist of coherent, discrete modes, have become essential in many fields. Miniaturizing frequency combs would be a significant advance in these fields, enabling the deployment of frequency-comb based devices for diverse measurement and spectroscopy applications. We demonstrate diode-laser based frequency comb generators. These laser diodes are simple, electrically pumped, inexpensive, and readily manufactured. Each chip contains several dozen diode-laser combs. We measure the time-domain output of a diode frequency comb to reveal the underlying frequency dynamics responsible for the comb spectrum, conduct dual comb spectroscopy of a molecular gas with two devices on the same chip, and demonstrate that these combs can be battery powered by showing the output spectrum of a battery-operated device.
A new valuation on polyhedral cones

We define a new family of valuations on polyhedral cones valued in the space of bounded polyhedra.
Degrees of and lowness for isometric isomorphism

We contribute to the program of extending computable structure theory to the realm of metric structures by investigating lowness for isometric isomorphism of metric structures. We show that lowness for isomorphism coincides with lowness for isometric isomorphism and with lowness for isometry of metric spaces. We also examine certain restricted notions of lowness for isometric isomorphism with respect to fixed computable presentations, and, in this vein, we obtain classifications of the degrees that are low for isometric isomorphism with respect to the standard copies of certain Lebesgue spaces.
Chow rings of vector space matroids

The Chow ring of a matroid (or more generally, atomic latice) is an invariant whose importance was demonstrated by Adiprasito, Huh and Katz, who used it to resolve the long-standing Heron-Rota-Welsh conjecture. Here, we make a detailed study of the Chow rings of uniform matroids and of matroids of finite vector spaces. In particular, we express the Hilbert series of such matroids in terms of permutation statistics; in the full rank case, our formula yields the maj-exc $q$-Eulerian polynomials of Shareshian and Wachs. We also provide a formula for the Charney-Davis quantities of such matroids, which can be expressed in terms of either determinants or $q$-secant numbers.
Guns and Drugs

This Article argues that the increasingly prevalent critiques of the War on Drugs apply to other areas of criminal law. To highlight the broader relevance of these critiques, this Article uses as its test case the criminal regulation of gun possession. This Article identifies and distills three lines of drug war criticism and argues that they apply to possessory gun crimes in much the same way that they apply to drug crimes. Specifically, this Article focuses on: (1) raceand class-based critiques; (2) concerns about police and prosecutorial power; and (3) worries about the social and economic costs of mass incarceration. Scholars have identified structural flaws in policing, prosecuting, and sentencing in the drug context; in this Article, I highlight the ways that the same issues persist in an area— possessory gun crime—that receives much less criticism. Appreciating the broader applicability of the drug war’s critiques should lead to an examination of flaws in the criminal justice system that lessen its capacity for solving social problems.
On Statutory Rape, Strict Liability, and the Public Welfare Offense Model

Statutory Rape. At the center of a long-standing debate on whether its commission should require proof of a criminal mens rea, the prosecution of statutory rape offers a revealing look at the struggle to demarcate the parameters of the public welfare offense doctrine. Specifically, with respect to statutory rape, disagreement is deep and entrenched on whether statutory rape should be categorized as a public welfare offense, which would render irrelevant defendant's lack of knowledge of the victim's age. And despite wholesale revamping of state statutory rape laws on issues of age, gender, and potential grading and punishment, the debate on whether to require a criminal mens rea or embrace strict liability continues. So, how has it come to pass that this particular crime has engendered such serious division of thought regarding the requirement of a mens rea? This Article argues that, fueled in part by a misplaced reliance on dicta from the landmark decision of Morissette v. United States, most states have concluded that statutory rape is a strict liability offense. But as this Article shows, the landscape has changed dramatically since Morissette was written in 1952. Like the child's puzzle book that asks the question, "Which item doesn't belong?" this Article argues that the public welfare offense model's application to statutory rape is, by current standards, strained and outmoded. Statutory rape as a strict liability crime only works because blameworthiness a cornerstone of punishment has been replaced by a different sensibility: the strict assumption of the risk that the actor bears when engaging in sexual activity. This paradigmatic shift from blameworthiness to assumption of the risk remains a vital rationale in statutory rape only if the actor can be expected to appreciate that engaging in a broad range of sexual activities may be proscribed by statute. As this Article demonstrates, because of Lawrence v. Texas and its progeny, it may no longer be accurate to say that engaging in sexual activity is the criminally risky business envisioned by the Morissette Court in 1952 when statutory rape was just one of many statutes criminalizing sexual activity. And without notice that engaging in adult sexual behavior may be subject to widespread regulation, this Article concludes that it is time for the United States Supreme Court to redefine the parameters of the public welfare offense doctrine as it applies to statutory rape and allow defendants to mount a reasonable mistake-of-age defense.
Earnings guidance and market uncertainty

We study the effect of disclosure on uncertainty by examining how management earnings forecasts affect stock market volatility. Using implied volatilities from exchange-traded options prices, we find that management earnings forecasts increase short-term volatility. This effect is attributable to forecasts that convey bad news, especially when firms release forecasts sporadically rather than on a routine basis. In the longer run, market uncertainty declines after earnings are announced, regardless of whether there is a preceding earnings forecast. This decline is mitigated when the firm issues a forecast that conveys negative news, implying that these forecasts are associated with increased uncertainty.
The intellectual legacy of Gordon Tullock

Gordon Tullock is one of the world’s leading economists. Even more so than Chicago’s Gary Becker, Tullock has extended the rational choice model into areas previously judged to lie outside the realm of economics. This essay identifies Tullock’s contributions to constitutional political economy, public choice, bureaucracy, the law, and bio-economics. The essay focuses attention most especially on Tullock’s pioneering contributions to public choice, including his twenty-year editorship of Public Choice.
Why Federalism Must Be Enforced: A Response to Professor Kramer

The United States Supreme Court has issued a series of opinions that turn on the Constitution's inherent principles of federalism, decisions that have alarmed many a legal scholar. The Court has been attacked for overstepping its bounds, and by some, on the ground that the federal/state balance should be maintained through the political process rather than judicial review. The most recent advocate of this position, Professor Larry Kramer, recently argued in the Columbia Law Review that the political party structure ensures state interests are taken into account at the federal level, and therefore the Supreme Court need not and should not enforce federalism guarantees. This criticism of the judicial enforcement of federalism fails as a matter of constitutional history and on empirical grounds. The Supreme Court in this era deserves praise, not criticism, for its recent federalism jurisprudence.
Game Theory and Comparative Politics: New Perspectives and Old Concerns

In an effort to take stock of the claims put forth by advocates of game theory, this article offers an assessment that considers game theory both as a set of theoretical principles that extends rational choice theory to interdependent decision making and as a type of formal methodology. Some important strengths of game theory are identified, such as its emphasis on actors and strategic choices and its ability to generate predictions in a logically rigorous and internally consistent manner. But many shortcomings are also discussed. One shortcoming is that the effort to develop a theory of action falls short, both in the sense of failing to provide a full explanation of actions and in the sense of not applying to domains of great significance. A second shortcoming is the failure of the procedures used in formal modeling to offer guidance pertaining to a critical step in the process of modeling: the conceptualization of the model. Thus, the challenge facing scholars in comparative politics is to consider the new perspectives offered by game theory and draw upon its strengths, but to do so without losing sight of a series of old concerns in the social sciences that game theory is not suited to tackle.
Foreword: A Lens for Law and Entrepreneurship

This Foreword identifies a tension between two definitions of law and entrepreneurship. On the one hand, law and entrepreneurship may simply describe the legal rules applicable to the financing, governance, and intellectual property of small-business start ups. On the other hand, some scholars define law and entrepreneurship as a field organized around a central question: the law's role in facilitating innovation. Rather than debate the boundaries of law and entrepreneurship as a field, I use the metaphor of a lens to contend that law and entrepreneurship should be understood more as a perspective than as a subject of inquiry. Scholars need not restrict their focus to small-business creation and can explore how law and innovation relate in a wide variety of contexts. Thus, the value of law and entrepreneurship does not depend upon the successful construction of a notional, separate space where entrepreneurial issues arise.
Airport Congestion: When Theory Meets Reality

Some airports experience significant congestion at least some of the time, where "congestion" means that use of the airport by one aircraft delays or prevents use of the airport in that time slot by another. Another way to say this is that airport access can be "scarce." Virtually all economists agree that when a resource is scarce, it can be allocated most efficiently through the use of a mechanism that prices it to reflect its value to all other potential users. But efficient prices can only be assured in theory when both supply and demand are competitive, markets are complete (they allow purchases in any amount at any time), and the participants maximize utility by maximizing profit. Analysts have used this theory to argue that airport congestion should be managed through the price mechanism, either by raising prices at peak times or by auctioning off permission to operate at peak times ("slots") to the highest bidder. Recently, the Federal Government has tried to put this theory into practice by instituting slot auctions at the major New York airports. But these airports are owned by a monopolist (as in most cities), the auction market proposal adopted by the FAA leaves markets incomplete by excluding many users and the airport monopolist, here as elsewhere, is a political entity whose goals often conflict with economic efficiency. In addition, the mechanism adopted by the FAA effects a large wealth transfer from airlines to the FAA, a result that may in principle not affect efficiency but which creates enormous resistance on the part of airlines to using the price mechanism and a substantial incentive to use the money for inefficient but politically expedient purposes. This Essay takes account of these economic and political realities by proposing an auction market that reduces the influence of monopoly, is relatively complete, doesn't involve a wealth transfer, and still preserves choice at the margin that takes into account the value placed by other users on the slot. It establishes a blind auction in which slots are chosen at random and made available to all bidders (including the previous owner), with the proceeds going to the former owner and the amount of both the winning and second-highest bid (but not the identity of the second-highest bidder) made public. This forces the slot owner to explicitly consider the value it places on a slot and to compare it to an actual cash offer that has been revealed by the auction. The airport has no monetary incentive to create scarcity. Wealth transfers are voluntary.
Gold as an Investment Asset: Perspectives from Different Countries

The efficiency of gold as a portfolio component over 1978 - 1995 is examined here from the perspective of seven major industrialized countries. Gold offers diversification benefits but dismal performance in terms of a risk-return trade-off. As a result, the inclusion of gold in test portfolios did not provide any increase in risk-adjusted return over the period as a whole. It was an attractive component of a diversified portfolio only for the subperiod 1978 - 1983 and never thereafter.
The Effects of Product Type and Donation Magnitude on Willingness to Pay More for a Charity-Linked Brand

This research investigates how the nature of a product and the magnitude of a donation to charity interact to determine the effectiveness that a charity incentive will have in promoting a product. The results suggest that sensitivity to magnitude in the case of charity incentives (i.e., the size of the contribution made per purchase) is not as strong as sensitivity to magnitude in the case of monetary incentives (i.e., the percentage of the price being discounted). In addition, it is found that with large donation magnitudes competing with large monetary incentives, charity incentives will be significantly more effective in promoting products perceived as “frivolous luxuries” (e.g., a hot fudge sundae or a luxury cruise) than in promoting products perceived as “practical necessities” (e.g., a roll of paper towels or a new washing machine). In contrast, in the case of small donation magnitudes competing with correspondingly small monetary incentives, no significant difference in charity incentive effectiveness is observed between different product types. Finally, the effects of donation magnitude and product type are examined in the context of choosing among multiple charity-linked brands. It is found that whereas brands linked to large donations are more likely to be preferred with frivolous products, brands linked to smaller donations are more likely to be favored with practical products.
Road Fund Tax Compliance: An Analysis of Enhancement Strategies

This paper focuses on a continuing concern of tax administrators, which is the selection of the most efficient means of ensuring tax law compliance. The selection of the most efficient enforcement techniques and strategies can reduce compliance costs, enhance revenues, and support a culture of voluntary tax law compliance. This paper reports on a national study of state compliance efforts regarding state motor fuel taxes and motor vehicle registration fees, which are major sources of revenue for state Road Funds. Because of special complexities and unique interstate cooperation efforts, the compliance efficiency assessment focuses on the commercial carrier taxpayer group.
Regulatory and Judicial Implementations of Patent Law Flexibilities

Director-General of the WTO Pascal Lamy recently suggested that a fundamental change taking place in international trade is "the rise of key emerging economies and the shift in economic realities that this implies." Indeed, during the long course of the Doha round negotiations, these emerging economies have been grouped at times with developed countries and at times with other developing countries, indicating their unique needs and interests as countries in transition. The standpoint of emerging countries can be seen in portions of the WTO agreement, with flexibilities negotiated that allow for the medical needs of their populations and simultaneously further economic development. With India in the spotlight for its recent grant of a compulsory license and for its patent eligibility rules, it is a good time to reflect on the flexibilities negotiated into the TRIPS Agreement and their implementation through domestic legal regimes. Although world focus is on developing countries, these flexibilities are also present to some degree in the United States, albeit judicially determined and applied. To the extent some flexibility in implementation is inevitable, these instances raise universally applicable questions about the proper role of administrative agencies and courts in implementing policies that are influenced by both trade and patent policies.
Access to Lawyers: A Comparative Analysis of the Supply of Lawyers in China and the United States

Growth in the legal profession has had different implications on access to lawyers worldwide. National Taiwan University College of Law is honored to have Professor Ethan Michelson in this roundtable discussion to compare and contrast the trend in supply and access to lawyers in the U.S. and China. Based on his survey, Professor Michelson highlights the expansion of the legal profession in the U.S. and China, and explains the migration of lawyers. Professor Wen-Chen Chang presents a brief comparison of the developments in the legal profession of China and Taiwan. In answering to comments and questions raised by Professor Yun-Chien Chang and other participants, Professor Michelson compares the type of cases practiced by lawyers that make the bulk of work in legal practice in the U.S. and China. He further explains registration of lawyers in China, and their potential roles in public policy and human rights.
Excavating Subtexts and Integrating Humanity in Civil Procedure

I am currently in my fifth year as a law professor at Drexel University, where I teach Civil Procedure, Jurisprudence, and a Literature & the Law seminar. While Jurisprudence and Literature & the Law are fields arising directly out of the humanities, Civil Procedure - what with its heavy reliance on the Federal Rules and frequently unambiguous statutes - appears at first blush to exist in a separate realm, one of cold calculation and indifference to the human condition. It is perhaps for this reason that I had dispirited memories of Civil Procedure when I first set out to teach it five years ago. But as I have grappled with the material and evolved as a teacher over time, I have come to believe that the humanities can offer Civil Procedure a great deal, not only in terms of making this notoriously dry subject more engaging for my students, but in helping them to master the material as well.Though I teach all three of my courses through a humanistic lens, I would like to highlight two humanities-inspired techniques that I have found to be particularly useful in teaching Civil Procedure. The first pedagogical technique is "close reading," the method of pausing over and examining selected words, phrases, sentences, and syntax in order to reveal subtextual meanings that might not initially be apparent. I have found this technique particularly useful in teaching personal jurisdiction, perhaps the most vexing of the topics customarily covered in an introductory Civil Procedure course. The second pedagogical technique I would like to highlight relates to my broader framing of Civil Procedure. Instead of teaching the course piecemeal, as a series of discrete topics, I endeavor to frame the whole of Civil Procedure as a clash of two competing grand narratives-the quest for justice versus the desire for courts to adjudicate disputes as quickly and inexpensively as possible. These two objectives are often at odds, and as we read cases, Rules, and statutes, I go to great lengths to underscore the struggle judges, drafters, and legislators necessarily face in resolving tensions between the two.In this Essay, I will elaborate on how I employ these humanities-based techniques-one derived from literary criticism and the other aimed at establishing the humanistic struggle that I believe lies at the core of Civil Procedure-and the positive effects they have had on my students' understanding of this challenging subject.
Should business groups be dismantled? The equilibrium costs of efficient internal capital markets

Abstract We analyze the relationship between conglomerates’ internal capital markets and the efficiency of economy-wide capital allocation, and we identify a novel cost of conglomeration that arises from an equilibrium framework. Because of financial market imperfections engendered by imperfect investor protection, conglomerates that engage in winner-picking (Stein, 1997 [Internal capital markets and the competition for corporate resources. Journal of Finance 52, 111–133]) find it optimal to allocate scarce capital internally to mediocre projects, even when other firms in the economy have higher-productivity projects that are in need of additional capital. This bias for internal capital allocation can decrease allocative efficiency even when conglomerates have efficient internal capital markets, because a substantial presence of conglomerates might make it harder for other firms in the economy to raise capital. We also argue that the negative externality associated with conglomeration is particularly costly for countries that are at intermediary levels of financial development. In such countries, a high degree of conglomeration, generated, for example, by the control of the corporate sector by family business groups, could decrease the efficiency of the capital market. Our theory generates novel empirical predictions that cannot be derived in models that ignore the equilibrium effects of conglomerates. These predictions are consistent with anecdotal evidence that the presence of business groups in developing countries inhibits the growth of new independent firms because of a lack of finance.
"Goin' 'Round in Circles" ... and Letting the Bad Loans Win: When Subprime Lending Fails Borrowers: The Need for Uniform Broker Regulation

This Article provides a framework for regulating mortgage brokers. After introductory comments about the prevalence of this industry and its functional importance in today's consumer mortgage finance market, the article briefly explores the underlying structural framework of the mortgage broker industry. Explaining the market in which mortgage brokers make sub-prime loans as a largely unregulated one, it examines the economics of the mortgage loan transaction from the perspective of the borrower and concludes that lenders are comfortable with the reckless nature of sub-prime home lending. Next, the article examines the dual banking system and its attendant concern of federalism. It compares preemption, dual federalism and cooperative federalism, and concludes that cooperative federalism with its shared jurisdiction between state and federal governments offers the best solution. The Article then discusses the concept of fiduciary duty and concludes that imposing a fiduciary duty on mortgage brokers who make non-traditional loans is an appropriate goal to achieve through regulation. Finally, the Article outlines the scope of a duty under the shared regulatory approach.
Forecasting the return distribution using high-frequency volatility measures

Abstract The aim of this paper is to forecast (out-of-sample) the distribution of financial returns based on realized volatility measures constructed from high-frequency returns. We adopt a semi-parametric model for the distribution by assuming that the return quantiles depend on the realized measures and evaluate the distribution, quantile and interval forecasts of the quantile model in comparison to a benchmark GARCH model. The results suggest that the model outperforms an asymmetric GARCH specification when applied to the S&P 500 futures returns, in particular on the right tail of the distribution. However, the model provides similar accuracy to a GARCH (1, 1) model when the 30-year Treasury bond futures return is considered.
Reading Tea Leaves in Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life: Hope for a Buckley Evolution?

During its 2006-07 Term the U.S. Supreme Court decided Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., the latest in a long line of cases sprouting from the seminal 1976 First Amendment campaign finance case, Buckley v. Valeo. In Wisconsin Right to Life, the Court concluded that Section 203 of the federal Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, prohibiting the use of corporate funds to finance "electioneering communications" during a specified pre-election period, constituted an as-applied violation of a non-profit corporation's free speech rights. Wisconsin Right to Life offers useful insights into the Roberts Court's thinking on the lively question of the propriety of legislative efforts to regulate the financing of political campaigns. On one hand the case demonstrates a Court properly skeptical of laws proscribing constitutionally-protected individual rights (here freedom of expression); on the other, a focused parsing of the principal, concurring, and dissenting opinions uncovers the potential for a coalition of Justices able to undertake the necessary work of evolving Buckley into a socially-legitimate constitutional regime equipped to address meaningfully the especially invidious aspects of Big Money in modern politics. This essay offers thoughts on both themes.
Lattice QCD Application Development within the US DOE Exascale Computing Project

In October, 2016, the US Department of Energy launched the Exascale Computing Project, which aims to deploy exascale computing resources for science and engineering in the early 2020’s. The project brings together application teams, software developers, and hardware vendors in order to realize this goal. Lattice QCD is one of the applications. Members of the US lattice gauge theory community with significant collaborators abroad are developing algorithms and software for exascale lattice QCD calculations. We give a short description of the project, our activities, and our plans.
Is Internet Censorship Compatible with Democracy? Legal Restrictions of Online Speech in South Korea

This paper examines the history and causes of Internet censorship in South Korea, with special focus on the tension between South Korea's democratic political identity and its willingness to tolerate significant censorship of online political speech.Part I presents the problem of Internet censorship in new democracies, addressing particularly whether the Internet is more free from state interference than the hierarchical 20th century model of mass media. This question takes on particular importance as the Internet is becoming the dominant model of mass communication in many democracies, and as television and print journalism increasingly fuse with the Internet and lose their independent identities. Part II, the bulk of the paper, explores the background and political dynamics of censorship in South Korea. First it provides a brief overview of South Korean censorship during the country’s three cold war dictatorships. Second, it shows how South Korea’s post-1987 liberalization opened up its media sphere and political debate in crucial yet incomplete ways. In doing so it focuses on four key transformations: the emergence of a politically independent Constitutional Court with the power of judicial review, the establishment of a democratic system of elections that heavily restricts political expression, the incomplete rollback of government controls over print and broadcast media, and the gradual loosening of laws that restrict seditious and subversive speech. Third, it demonstrates how this incomplete liberalization has given the government cover to implement a shockingly restrictive Internet censorship bureaucracy, and how that censorship has continued even under presidents that were opposed to it. It chronicles how the strategies of the censorship bureaucracy have developed, and shows that recent developments under the administration of Lee Myung-bak have left free speech on the Internet particularly vulnerable.Finally, Part III uses the story in Part II to identify the underlying dynamics that have caused the paradox of South Korean Internet censorship. It then identifies several of the problems that face South Korea’s Internet censorship regime, which give some indication that it may not be effective or sustainable into the future. These defects in the long-term viability of South Korea’s Internet censorship regime provide some hope to those concerned with the project of e-democracy worldwide, especially in emerging and illiberal democracies. This paper then concludes with two strategies that Internet freedom activists can pursue to help undermine Internet censorship in South Korea.
Contracting for Information under Imperfect Commitment

Organizational theory suggests that authority should lie in the hands of those with information, yet the power to transfer authority is rarely absolute in practice. We investigate the validity and application of this advice in a model of optimal contracting between an uninformed principal and informed agent where the principal’s commitment power is imperfect. We show that while full alignment of interests combined with delegation of authority is feasible, it is never optimal. The optimal contract is “bang-bang”— in one region of the state space, full alignment takes place, in the other, no alignment takes place. We then compare these contracts to those in which the principal has full commitment power as well as to several “informal”institutional arrangements. JEL Classi…cation D23, D82.
Patient accountability and quality of care: lessons from medical consumerism and the patients' rights, women's health and disability rights movements.

This article contrasts the prevailing model for assessing and improving medical care - the quality of care paradigm - with an alternative approach - the patient accountability paradigm. The first approach is technocratic: it measures and promotes the quality of medical care through technical and objective means. It relies on outside experts, analyses of data and protocols and impersonal judgments of professionals to guide decisions. The second approach guides physicians and providers and subjects them to patient control. It enlists the participation of patients and consumers to evaluate and change the medical care system and to promote the rights and choices of patients and consumers. The strengths and limitations of the patient accountability approach are illustrated by four movements: 1) the patients' rights movement; 2) medical consumerism; 3) the women's health movement; and 4) the disability rights movement.
A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration

This paper develops a new methodology that makes use of the factor structure of large dimensional panels to understand the nature of nonstationarity in the data. We refer to it as PANIC—Panel Analysis of Nonstationarity in Idiosyncratic and Common components. PANIC can detect whether the nonstationarity in a series is pervasive, or variable-specific, or both. It can determine the number of independent stochastic trends driving the common factors. PANIC also permits valid pooling of individual statistics and thus panel tests can be constructed. A distinctive feature of PANIC is that it tests the unobserved components of the data instead of the observed series. The key to PANIC is consistent estimation of the space spanned by the unobserved common factors and the idiosyncratic errors without knowing a priori whether these are stationary or integrated processes. We provide a rigorous theory for estimation and inference and show that the tests have good finite sample properties.
Perceptions of the Process: Indian Gaming as it Affects Federal Tribal Acknowledgment Law and Practices*

This paper places federal acknowledgment practices within a context of expanding Indian gaming. It argues that gaming has changed the discourses around tribal acknowledgment in the general public, at the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and in inter- and intra-tribal politics. Ethnographic and archival research show that, while gaming has proven to be a highly effective development strategy, it has also given rise to backlash against, and suspicion towards, Indian groups seeking recognition of their tribal status. The intersection of acknowledgment practices with public perceptions about Indian gaming has resulted in an increased politicization of the administrative process for federal recognition. The work of the Branch of Acknowledgment and Research (BAR), since its inception in 1978, has been to offer administrative certification of the existence of particular federal-tribal trust relationships. By acknowledging these relationships, this office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs offers acknowledgment, also called recognition, to American Indian tribes. This process has always been controversial; critics of the BAR and other federal acknowledgment processes (FAPs) argue that the acknowledgment process is too time-consuming, costly, and subjective. They also contend that FAPs are overly politicized. These critiques are correct: FAPs are time-consuming, costly, subjective, and politicized. Even more importantly, the tenor and vehemence of anti-acknowledgment politics have grown since the passage of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) in 1988 and the phenomenal growth of successful casino enterprises run by some newly recognized tribes.
Ordinal versus cardinal complementarity: The case of Cournot oligopoly

While ordinal complementarity is more general than cardinal complementarity, the corresponding global sufficient conditions placed on the primitives of a constrained optimization problem are generally not comparable. We explore this issue in detail for the special case of a Cournot firm. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for downward-sloping best-responses by imposing the ordinal test only for output levels that are actually reached. Both global tests, cardinal and ordinal, are shown not to be critical sufficient conditions. Finally, we confirm that checking supermodularity of suitably transformed profits can work when the global tests for ordinal and cardinal complementarity both fail.
When fairness neither satisfies nor motivates: The role of risk aversion and uncertainty reduction in attenuating and reversing the fair process effect

It is widely acknowledged that procedural justice has many positive effects. However, some evidence suggests that procedural justice may not always have positive effects and may even have negative effects. We present three studies that vary in method and participant populations, including an archival study, a field study, and an experiment, using data provided by the general American population, Indian software engineers, and undergraduate students in the US. We demonstrate that key work-related variables such as people’s job satisfaction and performance depend on procedural justice, perceived uncertainty, and risk aversion such that risk seeking people react less positively and at times negatively to the same fair procedures that appeal to risk averse people. Our results suggest that one possible reason for these effects is that being treated fairly reduces people’s perception of uncertainty in the environment and while risk averse people find low uncertainty desirable and react positively to it, risk seeking people do not. We discuss the implications of our findings for theories of procedural justice including the uncertainty management model of fairness, the fair process effect, and fairness heuristic theory.
The Real Effects of Debt Certification: Evidence from the Introduction of Bank Loan Ratings

I examine the introduction of syndicated bank loan ratings by Moody's and Standard & Poor's in 1995 to evaluate whether third-party rating agencies affect firm financial and investment policy. I find that the introduction of bank loan ratings leads to an increase in the use of debt by firms that obtain a rating, and in increases in firms' asset growth and cash acquisitions. A loan level analysis demonstrates that borrowers that obtain a loan rating gain increased access to the capital of less informed investors such as foreign banks and non-bank institutional investors. The effects of the loan rating are strongest among firms that are of lower credit quality and do not have an existing public debt rating before bank loan ratings are introduced. This pattern suggests that third-party debt certification expands the supply of available debt financing, which leads to real effects on firm investment policy.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, and the “Invisible Hand”: A Metaphor For Ambiguity-Uncertainty Aversion by Decision Makers

Smith’s use of the “Invisible Hand”, as pointed out by Gavin Kennedy, is a metaphor provided for the great percentage of readers of the Wealth of Nations whom Smith realized would not be able to grasp the nature of his argument ,which was about the ambiguity-uncertainty aversion of the majority of 18th century English business men. Gavin Kennedy has pointed out that the term,” Invisible Hand”, had nothing to do with Laissez Faire, free markets ,free trade, Natural liberty, etc. ,for Adam Smith. Smith’s argument is an application of his very advanced decision theory that regarded the standard mathematical laws of the probability calculus as a special case that had only limited applicability in the real world. In general, applications of the mathematical laws of the probability calculus required a complete information set that was rarely satisfied. Smith realized that probability ,nevertheless ,had to be taken into account. Smith advocated an interval valued approach to the use of probability under conditions of uncertainty/ambiguity. Smith made great use of the concept of uncertainty in the Wealth of Nations. Uncertainty for Smith dealt with the quality of the information base upon which the probabilities were being calculated. Smith generally defined risk in the Wealth of Nations as an inexact and/or indeterminate estimate not based on the mathematical laws of the probability calculus. Risk could be calculated exactly only in conditions where there was a very high quality of evidence over which there were no conflicts and/or disputes of assessment regarding the relevancy of the data. Smith’s major conclusion in Part IV of the Wealth of Nations is that businessmen are ambiguity and/or uncertainty averse. The quality of the information ,data ,or knowledge upon which the probabilities, which would be interval estimates, is a second factor that is completely independent of the probability estimates themselves. Only in the limiting case ,where the evidence is great , stable, and invariant over time, as in the case of deciding to become a shoemaker, would the probability estimates be point estimates. Smith completely rejects the ethics and decision theory of Jeremy Bentham, as well as all approaches built on it, such as the Subjectivist ( SEU-Subjective Expected Utility) approaches of Frank Ramsey, Bruno de Finetti, L J Savage , Milton Friedman .and modern Bayesians, such as Patrick Suppes, because these approaches require the decision maker to be able to specify precise, exact numerical probabilities. The specification of such exact probabilities means that there is no uncertainty about the future.
Import exposure and human capital adjustment: Evidence from the U.S.

We exploit variation in exposure to Chinese import competition to identify the effect of trade-induced changes in labor market conditions on human capital accumulation in the U.S. from 1990 to 2007. We document large increases in U.S. high school graduation rates in the labor markets most affected by import competition. After controlling for established predictors of high school completion, demographic shifts, and coincident labor market changes unrelated to trade with China, we estimate that a movement from the 25th to the 75th percentile in Chinese import exposure led to an average increase in the graduation rate of 3.64 percentage points. Consistent with an environment in which students weigh increases in future earnings potential from further education against current labor market opportunities foregone, we find that growth in Chinese imports led to declines in wages for all educational groups, and reductions in employment for individuals without a high school degree both in absolute terms and relative to their more educated peers.
Short vs. long: cognitive load, retention and changing class structures

ABSTRACTUniversity class structure is changing. To accommodate working students, programmes are increasing their offerings of long night classes – some lasting as long as six hours. While these long classes may be more convenient for students, they have unintended consequences as a result of cognitive load. Using a panel of 124 students (372 observations) and a differencing approach that controls for student characteristics, we show that student exam performance decreases by approximately one-half letter grade on content taught in the second half of a long class (significant at the 5% level).
Evidence of Early-Mover Advantages in Underwriting Spreads

I use a sample of 2370 public security offerings, comprising 64 financial security innovations and 4 traditional securities, to examine how investment banks are compensated for bearing underwriting risks related to new product development. I find strong evidence that underwriting fees decline as the innovation is widely adopted and competition enters the market, suggesting that underwriters be compensated for the additional risk associated with innovative securities. The data also reveal that underwriters seek greater compensation for security features that increase price volatility, which is consistent with the notion that underwriters value their position as a put option on the security. Finally, the inverse relationship between underwriting spreads and underwriter prestige suggests that larger, more reputable underwriters experience economies of scale.