cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced phase-skipping control with improved efficiency of three-phase micro-inverters

In the three-phase micro-inverter developed at the Florida Power Electronic Center (FPEC), maximum efficiency is achieved when it is operating at close to its rated power. At lower power, load independent loss becomes a larger part of the overall loss and negatively impacts efficiency. It is therefore advantageous to operate each phase as close to its rated power as possible. One way to accomplish this is to implement a phase-skipping mode of operation. This paper explores the benefits of advanced phase-skipping control of a three-phase micro-inverter, wherein one or two phases may be disabled depending on the available power in order to maximize the power in the remaining phases. The experimental results on a 400-W three-phase micro-inverter confirm the efficacy of such a control technique which will be shown using experimental results and CEC weighted efficiency calculations compared to normal three-phase operations. An improved inverter efficiency has been achieved using this control method.
An isoleucine-valine substitution in the β chain of rabbit hemoglobin

Abstract We have characterized a variant hemoglobin in which the β chain lacks isoleucine at position 112. Isolated β chains were digested with formic acid, which cleaved the aspartyl-prolyl linkage (residues 99–100). The peptide fraction containing β112 was purified and then sequenced in an automatic sequencer. Valine replaced isoleucine in the variant chain.
P. falciparum Enhances HIV Replication in an Experimental Malaria Challenge System

Co-infection with HIV and P. falciparum worsens the prognosis of both infections; however, the mechanisms driving this adverse interaction are not fully delineated. To evaluate this, we studied HIV-1 and P. falciparum interactions in vitro using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human malaria naive volunteers experimentally infected with P. falciparum in a malaria challenge trial.PBMCs collected before the malaria challenge and at several time points post-infection were infected with HIV-1 and co-cultured with either P. falciparum infected (iRBCs) or uninfected (uRBCs) red blood cells. HIV p24Ag and TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and MIP-1α were quantified in the co-culture supernatants. In general, iRBCs stimulated more HIV p24Ag production by PBMCs than did uRBCs. HIV p24Ag production by PBMCs in the presence of iRBCs (but not uRBCs) further increased during convalescence (days 35, 56, and 90 post-challenge). In parallel, iRBCs induced higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MIP-1α) than uRBCs, and production increased further during convalescence. Because the increase in p24Ag production occurred after parasitemia and generalized immune activation had resolved, our results suggest that enhanced HIV production is related to the development of anti-malaria immunity and may be mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Nulling strategies for preventing interference and interception of free space optical communication

Free space optical systems can transmit at high data rates and can provide cheap, easily deployable solutions for both short-term and long-term communication needs. Controlling the direction of energy propagation from the optical transmitter can prevent communication between two users from interfering with another user in an optical network and can reduce the susceptibility of the system to eavesdropping. This paper discusses a method to maximize the power transmitted from an optical aperture array to the intended receiver of a free space optical link while limiting the power transmitted to a defined region within the main lobe of the transmission. We find that it is possible to suppress by over 10 dB the power to a region as close as 0.2 beamwidths away from the receiver without compromising the ability of the intended user to receive the signal.
The role of the metacerebral giant neuron in the feeding behavior ofPleurobranchaea

The metacerebral giant (MCG) neurons of the molluskPleurobranchaea have been analyzed using a wide range of methods (cobalt staining, histochemical, biophysical and electrophysiological) on several types of preparations (isolated nervous systems, semi-intact preparations, and behaving whole-animal preparations). The MCG is serotonergic. The bilaterally-symmetrical neurons have somata in the anterior brain. Each MCG neuron sends an axon out the ipsilateral mouth nerve of the brain and also into the ipsilateral cerebrobuccal connective which descends to the buccal ganglion. The descending axon sends one or more branches out most buccal nerves.
Two-dimensional nanometric confinement of entangled polymer melts

Abstract We present a Monte Carlo study of the structure of an entangled polymer melt confined between parallel plates separated by a distance smaller than the radius of gyration R g of the chains. Within that regime, we find a dramatic increase in the molecular weight between entanglements and in the eigenvalues of the gyration tensor of the chains in the plane of the plates. The chains however appear to retain their Gaussian behavior throughout confinement. Interestingly, we also observe that individual chains at short length scales form “globules” whose density and size increase with the extent of confinement.
Preparation of highly substituted carboxymethyl starch using a twin‐screw extruder

Carboxymethyl starch was prepared by reacting corn starch with sodium mono chloro acetate (SMCA) in a Brabender TSE-20 co-rotating twin screw extruder. The effects of the SMCA/starch ratio (theoretical degrees of substitutions 2.73, 3.62, and 4.53), aqueous ethanol/(starch + SMCA) ratio (0.13 and 0.25) and the screw configuration (0, 1, and 2 kneading blocks) on the degree of substitution (DS) and reaction efficiency were studied. A 3 × 2 factorial design with 3 levels of the starch/SMCA ratio and 2 levels of the aqueous ethanol/(starch + SMCA) ratio were used. This 3 × 2 factorial design was blocked, with the screw configuration as the blocking variable. The effects of the SMCA/starch ratio and the screw configuration were found to be significant. The carboxymethylated starches were characterized using FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The microstructure of the carboxymethylated starches, studied using SEM, revealed that the integrity of the starch granules was partially preserved at low aqueous ethanol levels when no kneading block was used. However, for all other reaction conditions either granule agglomeration or fusion was observed. XRD analysis indicated substantial loss of crystallinity in the carboxymethylated starches, irrespective of the damage to the granule structure. The highest DS and the highest reaction efficiency obtained were 1.54 and 0.42, respectively.
Faculty-Librarian Collaboration for Library Services in the Online Classroom: Student Evaluation Results and Recommended Practices for Implementation

Student success is influenced by their ability to access, evaluate, and use resources. Traditionally, academic librarianship has provided students with these information literacy skills. The increase in distance learning options has created the need for libraries to provide both reference services equitable to those available onsite and access to online resources. This research will present the results of an initiative called “Librarian in the Classroom” (LITC). This three-year collaborative project was designed to meet the reference needs of students enrolled in online courses. Two researchers and the designated LITC librarian worked together to develop an immersive, library-centered teaching-learning experience for online students. Three years of pre- and post-course survey data revealed student perceptions, outcomes, and the impact of the service. In addition, we detail the design and implementation of innovative LITC services specific to courses, students, and assignments in order to develop a referen...
Tracking with fused noncoincident measurements

If members of a suite of sensors from which fusion is to be carried out are not co-located, it is unreasonable to assume that they share a common resolution cell grid; this is generally ignored in the data fusion community. In this paper we explore the effects of such `noncoincidence', and we find that what at first seems to be a problem can in fact be exploited. The idea is that a target is known to be confined to an intersection of overlapping resolution cells, and this overlap is generally small.
Sequentially Adapted Parallel Feedforward Active Noise Control of Noisy Sinusoidal Signals

A large class of acoustic noise sources has an underlying periodic process that generates a periodic noise component, and thus their acoustic noise can in general be modeled as the sum of a periodic signal and a randomly fluctuating signal (usually a broadband background noise). Active control of periodic noise (i.e., for a mixture of sinusoids) is more effective than that of random noise. For mixtures of sinusoids in a background broadband random noise, conventional FXLMS-based single filter method does not reach the maximum achievable Noise Attenuation Level (). In this paper, an alternative approach is taken and the idea of a parallel active noise control (ANC) architecture for cancelling mixtures of periodic and random signals is presented. The proposed ANC system separates the noise into periodic and random components and generates corresponding antinoises via separate noise cancelling filters, and tends to reach consistently. The derivation of is presented. Both the separation and noise cancellation are based on adaptive filtering. Experimental results verify the analytical development by showing superior performance of the proposed method, over the single-filter approach, for several cases of sinusoids in white noise.
Deep attack concepts and the defence of Central Europe

(1984). Deep attack concepts and the defence of Central Europe. Survival: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 50-70.
High-mobility group box-1 protein in tracheal aspirates from premature infants: relationship with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and steroid therapy

High-mobility group box-1 protein in tracheal aspirates from premature infants: relationship with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and steroid therapy
Non-ketotic hyperglycemic chorea-hemiballismus mimicking basal ganglia hemorrhage.

Radiographic findings of hyperglycemic non-ketotic chorea–hemiballismus and basal ganglia hemorrhage can be highly similar. A 58-year-old female presented with a 1-week history of choreiform and ballistic movements of the left arm. Based on CT imaging, the patient was diagnosed with a basal ganglia hemorrhage. After transfer to our institution, further imaging and work-up led to a diagnosis of non-ketotic hyperglycemic chorea–hemiballismus. Aggressive glycemic control was started and the patient’s symptoms resolved. Despite its rarity, non-ketotic hyperglycemic chorea–hemiballismus should be included in the differential diagnosis of basal ganglia hyperdensity on CT scan, as it can mimic basal ganglia hemorrhage. Resolution of this clinical entity and implementation of aggressive glycemic control can lead to complete resolution of symptoms. It is important for neurosurgeons to be aware of this clinical entity as prompt treatment often yields good outcomes.
Regiospecific and stereoselective carbometallation of alkynylsilanes by Ziegler-Natta alkylating agents

A 1:1 combination of dichloro(bis-η5-cyclopentadienyl)titanium and alkyl-aluminum halide in methylene chloride solution effects the regiospecific alkylation of alkynyl(trimethyl)silanes in 60–95% yields. With RCCSiMe3 substrates, where Rsaturated alkyl group, the carbometallation (introduction of a methyl or an ethyl group) occurs regiospecifically and stereoselectively in a trans- manner, giving a 75:25 to a 90:10 ratio of isomers. When the R in RCCSiMe3 is phenyl or 1-cyclohexenyl, then a non-stereoselective carbometallation is observed (50:50 mixtures of isomers). These results, which are explicable in terms of the formation of the (C5H5)2Ti-R cation and its attack on the alkynylsilane, offer stereochemical evidence for a cationic initiating step in the polymerization of ethylene by homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
An analysis of contingency statements in a DRO procedure: A case report.

AbstractObjective: To examine latency to criterion for reduction of challenging behaviour with and without stating a contingency statement immediately prior to a DRO procedure.Method: An ABAC design in which A was baseline, B was used to evaluate the efficacy of a DRO procedure, and C was used to evaluate the efficacy of a DRO procedure with a contingency statement.Results: The DRO with the contingency statement intervention was associated with a shorter latency to behaviour change than the DRO procedure without the contingency statement.Discussion: These preliminary findings from this case study highlight the importance of examining the efficiency of behaviour change procedures. Directions for future research are provided.
A note on the scaling relations for opening mode fractures in rock

Abstract It is well established that shear cracks in rock (faults) obey linear displacement–length scaling and thus have scale invariant driving stresses. Several recent papers have claimed that for opening mode cracks in rock (joints, veins, and dikes) displacement obeys square root scaling with fracture length. This is a fundamentally different mode of behavior, because, unlike shear cracks, opening mode cracks would then be unstable under constant stress boundary conditions. Here the same data are reexamined and it is found, to the contrary, that for opening mode cracks in rock, fracture toughness K c scales with √ L and hence displacement scales linearly with L . The conflicting view resulted from data misinterpretation. This resolves the discrepancy between the behavior of shear and opening mode cracks in rock.
Congruent satisfaction: is there geographic correlation between patient and physician satisfaction?

Context:Satisfaction among both physicians and patients is optimal for the delivery of high-quality healthcare. Although some links have been drawn between physician and patient satisfaction, little is known about the degree of satisfaction congruence among physicians and patients living and working
Social History and the Arts

The arts have received relatively little attention from social historians and this review essay serves as a way to ponder that neglect and its ramifications. Surveying four recent books, whose topics range from roving theater groups in Ghana to the radio airwaves of Brazil, the visual arts of the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s in the U.S., and a collection of essays on contemporary Berlin, this article offers an opportunity to investigate the field—and suggests what social historians might add. The books reveal the embedded effects of the lessons of social history in current scholarship: the privileging of social forces over formal analysis of aesthetics; attention to the institutionalization of the arts; attempts to analyze audiences; and the grounding of theoretical concerns by adherence to evidence and the specifics of time and place. They also raise the specter of what is lost—the reduction of the arts to socially determined categories. Through a closer understanding of urbanization and local situations, social historians have the opportunity to detail a context for the arts which both specifies the underlying social forces and reveals the subtle transformations the arts can inspire.
Simplified citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy.

Simplified citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy. Background Regional anticoagulation with trisodium citrate is an effective form of anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for patients with contraindications to heparin. However, because of the metabolic complications of trisodium citrate, it is a complicated technique requiring specialized dialysis solutions. We have designed a simplified protocol for citrate regional anticoagulation for CRRT. Methods Two percent trisodium citrate was delivered at 250 mL/h via the prefilter port of a COBE PRISMA device, with the rate adjusted to maintain a postfilter ionized calcium (iCa ++ ) ++ at 1.1mmol/L. A standard dialysate solution consisting of 0.9% saline, KCl 3mmol/L, and MgSO 4 1mmol/L was delivered at 1000 mL/h. We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes and complications associated with this protoco1 in 29 patients treated from July 1999 to October 1999, evaluating the frequency of clotting of the dialyzer, bleeding complications, citrate toxicity, and patient mortality. Results The Kaplan–Meier curve for dialyzer survival demonstrated a 61% survival rate at 48 hours. There were no episodes of significant bleeding or citrate toxicity. Seventy-two percent of patients died for reasons unrelated to CRRT. Conclusions A CRRT protocol using regional 2% trisodium citrate anticoagulation is not associated with significant bleeding complications or citrate toxicity, and represents a simplified approach compared with previous applications using 4% trisodium citrate.
Fetal toxicity and distribution of paraquat and diquat in mice and rats.

Administration of paraquat to mice, 1.67 and 3.35 mg/kg ip or 20 mg/kg po, daily on Days 8–16 of gestation induced no significant teratogenic effects, although a slight increase in nonossification of sternabrae was observed. Radioactivity reaching the mouse embryo after ip or po administration of [14C]paraquat on Day 11 of gestation was low. The fetal toxicity of diquat in rats, as measured by the number of dead and resorbing fetuses, was greater than that caused by paraquat after 15 mg/kg iv doses on various days of gestation, which correlated with higher fetal concentrations of [14C]diquat compared to [14C]paraquat. In perinatal organ distribution studies, more radioactivity from [14C]paraquat was retained in lung tissue of postnatal mice and rats than that in liver and kidney tissue. In prenatal studies, however, [14C]paraquat was retained in lung tissue of fetal rats after maternal administration of paraquat on Day 21 of gestation but not in lung tissue of fetal mice after maternal paraquat on Day 16 of gestation. This may be indicative of prenatal development of binding sites or of an active transport process for the uptake of paraquat into the lung or that elevated oxygen tensions in postnatal lungs contributes to paraquat retention in lung tissue.
‘Walk-In Documentary’: New paradigms for game-based interactive storytelling and experiential conflict mediation

ABSTRACTIn this article I explore the usefulness of adapting Alternative Reality Gaming (ARG) paradigms to ‘interactive documentary’, an emerging new media genre with great appeal for general film audiences, as well as an innovative new tool for use in public anthropology and in Drama for Conflict Transformation (DCT). The potential success of ARG-based documentary as a new media storytelling format, I argue, rests on interactive documentary's ability to transform conventional non-fiction film viewing into a vibrantly engaging experiential practice in which producer, subject and audience have the ability to co-create more nuanced modalities for non-fiction media narratives than are currently achievable using traditional ethnographic and/or storytelling paradigms.
Assessment of nuclear nanomorphology marker to improve the detection of malignancy from bile duct biopsy specimens.

Objectives: The accurate diagnosis of malignancy from small bile duct biopsy specimens is often challenging. This proof-of-concept study assessed the feasibility of a novel optical technology, spatial-domain low-coherence quantitative phase microscopy (SL-QPM), that assesses nanoscale structural alterations in epithelial nuclei for improving the diagnosis of malignancy in bile duct biopsy specimens. Methods: The SL-QPM analysis was performed on standard histology specimens of bile duct biopsy specimens from 45 patients. We analyzed normal cells with benign follow-up, histologically normal cells with pancreaticobiliary malignancy, and malignant epithelial cells. Results: The SL-QPM–derived nuclear nanomorphology marker can not only distinguish benign and malignant epithelial cells but can also detect features of malignancy in those cells normal by light microscopy with a discriminatory accuracy of 0.90. When combining pathology with SL-QPM, the sensitivity is improved to 88.5% from 65.4% of conventional pathology, while maintaining 100% specificity. Conclusions: SL-QPM–derived nuclear nanomorphology markers represent a novel approach for detecting malignancy from histologically normal-appearing epithelial cells, with potential as an adjunctive test in patients with negative or inconclusive pathologic diagnosis on bile duct biopsy specimens.
Dissecting the Molecular Mechanism of Ion-Solute Cotransport: Substrate Specificity Mutations in the putP Gene Affect the Kinetics of Proline Transport

Rare mutations that alter the substrate specificity of proline permease cluster in discrete regions of theputP gene, suggesting that they may replace amino acids at the active site of the enzyme. IfputP substrate specificity mutations directly alter the active site of proline permease, the mutants should show specific defects in the kinetics of proline transport. In order to test this prediction, we examined the kinetics of threeputP substrate specificity mutants. One class of mutation increases theKm over 120-fold but only decreases theVmax fourfold. SuchKm mutants may be specifically defective in substrate recognition, thus identifying an amino acid critical for substrate binding. Another class of mutation decreases theVmax 80-fold without changing theKm.Vmax mutants appear to alter the rate of substrate translocation without affecting the substrate binding site. The last class of mutation alters both theKm andVmax of proline transport. These results indicate that substrate specificity mutations alter amino acids critical for Na+/proline symport.
Keynes on the Socialization of Investment

Explores Keynes′s long‐term policy proposals as social reform. Using early unpublished philosophical papers of Keynes, the argument is that Keynes′s long‐term policy proposals focused on reconciling “being good” and “doing good”. The socialization of investment was meant to bring about this reconciliation.
Variational Objective Analysis for Atmospheric Field Programs: A Model Assessment

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the variational objective analysis (VOA) for producing realistic diagnoses of atmospheric field program data. Simulations from the Naval Research Laboratory's Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) were sampled in a manner consistent with a typical field program using idealized sounding arrays and, surface and top of the atmosphere flux information. These data were then subject to a conventional form of analysis in which only a mass constraint was applied, hereafter referred to as the reference analysis, as well as to the complete VOA procedure. The diagnosed results from both analyses were then compared to time- and domain-averaged quantities from the model. The results showed that for diagnosed vertical velocity and vertical advective tendencies, the VOA values typically exhibited considerably smaller errors compared to the values from the reference analyses, with the level of improvement and overall accuracy ...
HAIR AS A SEX-DISCRIMINATING CUE FOR YOUNG CHILDREN

Studies which have manipulated several sex-differentiating cues have shown that young children consider cranial hair to be a specially important sex-determining characteristic. Further information on the sex-discriminating value of hair for young children, obtained incidentally while other problems were being investigated, is reported here. Six boys and six girls in each of four half-year intervals between the ages of 3 and 5 yr. served as subjects. The 48 subjects were obtained from three preschools and from a university-affiliated child-care center. Most subjects were middle-class; 37 were EuroAmerican, four were Black-American, and seven were Oriental-American. The stimuli were pictures of 32 mythological part-human, part-animal hybrids. The hybrids included Pan, Faun, Minotaur, Centaur, Siren, Harpy, Iris, and other ancient Greek supernatural beings; various erect animal-headed, human-bodied deities of ancient Egypt; and so on. These hybrids were included in the larger study of which this is a part, to investigate questions such as: (a) which hybrid types do preschoolers characterize as humans, animals, traditional hybrids, or novel human-animal combinations?; (b) how do prexhool characterizations of a hybrid vary with the number and kind of species which contribute components to the hybrid, or with the partial duplication or bilateral asymmetry of the hybrid? The present stimuli include 24 of the 29 hybrids described by Nash (5 ). The stimuii were presented in a separately randomized order to each subject. On presenting each stimulus, the examiner asked the subject, "What is this?" The hybrids which the preschoolers spontaneously characterized as females tended to be human-headed rather than animal-headed: eight essentially human-headed and nine essentially animal-headed hybrids received fewer than three female characterizations, while 11 essentially human-headed hybrids and only one essentially animal-headed hybrid received three or more female characterizations (p < .05, 2-tailed, Fisher's exact test). The preschoolers' tendency to limit female characterizations to human-headed hybrids suggests that the human head provides important sex-discriminating cues. Long cranial hair and beards are found among humans but not among most non-humans. The typical difference in cranial hair length between contemporary males and females as well as previous findings regarding the sex-differentiating value of cranial hair length suggested that the human-headed hybrids with long cranial hair would be regarded as female more frequently than the remaining human-headed hybrids. This suggestion was borne out by the data. For hybrids in which one upper quadrant of the head was essentially human, five long-haired hybrids and five short- or medium-haired hybrids (classification of cranial hair as long, medium, or short was determined by the
Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-I (HTLV-I) retrovirus and human disease

Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-I (HTLV-I) was the first pathogenic retrovirus identified in humans. HTLV-I is now linked to a number of clinical diseases, most notably adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and the syndrome known as HTLV-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). For the emergency physician practicing among patients from high-risk groups, HTLV-I infection and its associated diseases are presenting an increasing challenge. This report describes its transmission, seroprevalence, associated diseases, and methods to control the spread of this retrovirus.
U-Net/SLEc A Java-based user-customizable virtual network interface

We describe U-Net/SLE (Safe Language Extensions), a user-level network interface architecture which enables per-application customization of communication semantics through downloading of user extension applets, implemented as Java classfiles, to the network interface. This architecture permits applications to safely specify code to be executed within the NI on message transmission and reception. By leveraging the existing U-Net model, applications may implement protocol code at the user level, within the NI, or using some combination of the two. Our current implementation, using the Myricom Myrinet interface and a small Java Virtual Machine subset, allows host communication overhead to be reduced and improves the overlap of communication and computation during protocol processing.
Amygdala and insular responses to emotionally valenced human faces in small animal specific phobia

Abstract Background Contemporary neurobiological models suggest that the amygdala plays an important role in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. However, it is not clear to what extent this concept applies across anxiety disorders. Several studies have examined brain function in specific phobias but did not demonstrate amygdala responses or use specific probes of the amygdala. Methods Ten subjects with specific small animal phobia and 10 matched control subjects were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects viewed emotionally expressive and neutral faces, and amygdala blood oxygenation level dependent responses from each group were compared. Results There was a significant response to the fearful versus neutral faces in the amygdala across both groups but no diagnosis × condition interaction. Post hoc analysis of the whole brain revealed a significantly greater response to the fearful versus neutral faces in the right insular cortex of the specific phobia group than in the control group. Conclusions Amygdala hyperresponsivity to emotional faces was not observed in subjects with small animal specific phobia, in contrast to findings in other anxiety disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder). This suggests a restricted role for the amygdala in specific phobia. The insular hyperresponsivity to fearful versus neutral faces in the subjects with specific phobias warrants further study.
The transition to agricultural sustainability

The transition to sustainable growth in agricultural production during the 21st century will take place within the context of a transition to a stable population and a possible transition to a stable level of material consumption. If the world fails to successfully navigate a transition to sustainable growth in agricultural production, the failure will be due more to a failure in the area of institutional innovation than to resource and environmental constraints.
Is streamflow increasing? Trends in the coterminous United States

An increasing trend in global streamflow has been variously attributed to climate change, land use, and a reduction in plant transpiration under higher CO2 levels. To separate these influences, we use a subset of ~1000 United States Geological Survey stream gauges primarily from small, minimally disturbed watersheds to estimate annual streamflow per unit area since 1920 on a uniform grid over the coterminous United States. We find that although streamflow has indeed increased over this period taken as a whole, this increase has not been uniform in time but concentrated in the late 1960s, when precipitation increased. Since the early 1990s, both precipitation and streamflow show nonsignificant declining trends. Multiple regression of streamflow against precipitation, temperature and CO2 suggests that higher CO2 levels may increase streamflow, presumably due to the physiological plant response to CO2, but that this positive response is more than offset by the concomitant increasing evaporation due to global warming, so that the net impact of greenhouse gas emissions has been to increase evaporation and reduce streamflow. The suppression of plant transpiration through higher CO2 levels seems to be particularly important for sustaining high streamflow in recent decades in the Great Plains, where precipitation is concentrated during the growing season.
Use of reinforcement plus interruption to reduce self-stimulation in a child with multiple handicaps

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of behavioral intervention in reducing Stereotypic tongue chewing, hand flapping, and head weaving exhibited by a 4-year-old child with visual impairment and moderate mental retardation. In adhering to ethical guidelines to use the least restrictive treatment method, the efficacy of differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) alone was evaluated with tongue chewing. DRI involved verbal praise and soft physical touch. Because this strategy had minimal impact on the target behavior, a response interruption component was added. This procedure entailed a verbal cue plus physical interruption of the maladaptive response. The combination of techniques was effective in suppressing tongue chewing, and later, hand flapping and head weaving. A multiple baseline design demonstrated the controlling effects of treatment. Also, probes showed that behavior change occurred across several settings and for up to 2 months. Finally, ratings by independent judges indicated that following intervention, the child exhibited less self-stimulatory and more on-task behavior during a group activity.
Pathways of Lead Exposure in Urban Children

A linear structural equation modeling procedure was used to explore the mechanisms and pathways for lead intake among urban children and the relative contribution of various lead sources to lead-contaminated house dust. Dust lead levels were significantly associated with children's blood lead levels, both indirectly and directly via hand lead. Both soil and paint lead contributed to dust lead levels, but paint contributed significantly more lead to house dust than soil (P < 0.001). Black race and income level both directly affected children's blood lead levels. Finally, time spent outdoors was associated with children putting soil or dirt in their mouths which was, in turn, associated with children's blood lead levels. These data indicate that mouthing behaviors are an important mechanism of exposure among urban children with low-level elevations in blood lead and that lead-based paint is a more important contributor of lead to house dust than is lead-contaminated soil.
Risk of Fractures after Stroke

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the risk of fractures after stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) in relatively young patients. Methods: Administrative claims data were identified for patients aged 18 years and older hospitalized for stroke/TIA from 1997 to 2005 using ICD-9 codes. Fractures after stroke/TIA were identified for the same time period. Results: The median age was 56 years. Females represented 47%. There were 411 ischemic strokes, 195 TIAs and 36 intracerebral hemorrhages, as well as 46 fractures in 41 individuals. The risk of fracture after stroke/TIA was 1.2% at 30 days and 3.1% at 1 year. There was no significant difference in survival free from fracture between ischemic stroke and TIA cases (p = 0.8489). Conclusions: Patients with stroke/TIA, including men and younger patients, appear to be at risk for bone fractures.
Effects of nicotine nasal spray on cognitive function in schizophrenia

Schizophrenics have among the highest rates of cigarette smoking. Some studies indicate that cigarette smoking or nicotine may ameliorate some of the cognitive or theoretically related neurophysiological deficits seen in schizophrenic patients. This study investigated the effects of nicotine nasal spray on measures of attention, verbal memory, and visual-spatial memory in schizophrenic patients who were chronic smokers, using a double-blind placebo-controlled pre-post experimental design. Compared to placebo, active nicotine spray significantly decreased reaction time on the Conner's CPT and improved scores on a measure purported to reflect spatial working memory on a dot task. There were trends for the increased number of hits and decreased number of errors in pre-post comparisons on the CPT task in the active nicotine session. There were no effects of active nicotine nasal spray on verbal memory. Our results suggest that nicotine may modestly enhance attention and spatial working memory in schizophrenic patients who are cigarette smokers and have been abstinent overnight.
International Food Safety Regulations in the United States and the European Union—Balancing Consumer Confidence and Trade: Discussion

This is the third-year running that these meet ings have included a paper session on some as pect of food safety. This year's focus on trade and consumer confidence is timely and ap propriate. Fish, vegetables, and fruits present particular food safety concerns and are also products for which imports into the United States and European Union have grown rapidly. Because much of the new trade in these products has been sourced in low-income countries, foods that present relatively high risk are increasingly shipped from countries that have weak capacity to ensure food safety. As these articles show, the globalization of our food system has complicated efforts to enforce sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards, and efforts to enforce SPS standards have com plicated trade. International trade in high-value food prod ucts cannot grow unless consumers have confi dence in the institutions that insure food safety. Kinsey et al. consider the impact of food safety failures as reported in the media on consumer confidence, measuring confidence through two indices generated by factor analysis. The first index is based on reported concern about food safety in the face of terrorist attacks or other safety failures. The second is made up from re sponses to questions about the safety of foods and the quality of food defense compared to a year ago. Results suggest that media reports of food safety failures erode confidence, but the effect is fairly short-lived. The use of continuously collected data on consumer perceptions is a novel aspect of this research, and it raises questions for further study. It is not clear what is being measured in the composite indices of confidence used here. It could be interesting to explore sep arately: peoples' perceptions of the safety of imported versus domestic foods; their safety from intentional adulteration versus uninten tional control failures; or the safety of pre pared food versus unprocessed foods. The finding that confidence moves with media at tention to food safety failures raises the ques tion as to whether changes in perceptions match the severity of the safety failure mea sured through a more objective means, like hospitalizations. This article also leads to ques tions about what causes confidence to recover
“We Are in the Room to Serve Our Clients”: We and Professional Identity Socialization in E-Mail Supervision of Counselors-in-Training

This study uses computer-mediated discourse analysis to investigate use of the first-person plural pronoun “we” in e-mail supervision of 23 graduate-level counselors-in-training who are completing internships. Extending prior research on pronouns and relationship and identity construction, expert–novice discourse, professional identity socialization, and cybersupervision, our analysis highlights two prominent uses of “we” that differ by professional role: Interns primarily use exclusive we to refer to themselves and others (exclusive of e-mail supervisors) as they depict themselves interacting with others at their internship sites; supervisors overwhelmingly use professional we, meaning “you (the intern) and I, as part of the counseling profession” and thereby “invite” interns into the professional community of practice. These different uses reflect, reinforce, and bridge the gap in knowledge, experience, and professional identity between interns and supervisors. Findings contribute to understanding how p...
Diffuse thymic hyperplasia following chemotherapy for nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease: An immunologic rebound phenomenon?

Diffuse thymic hyperplasia following chemotherapy for nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease is reported in an 18-year-old woman. The patient's course was complicated by drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis and disseminated herpes zoster. Subsequently she developed genuine diffuse thymic hyperplasia with disappearance of herpes zoster and apparently complete remission of Hodgkin's disease. We stress that restoration of the host immune system, particularly the cell-mediated immunity, is essential for successful control of Hodgkin's disease and the thymic hyperplasia is most likely a favorable sign for it, which should not be confused with recurrence of Hodgkin's disease.
Do Honey Bees have a Language

Von Frisch and later adherents of the theory that honey bees communicate by means of an elaborate dance are challenged by controlled experiments which show that their data can be explained in terms of olfactory cues.
Dispersion Of Picosecond Pulses On Microstrip Transmission Lines

Calculations are made showing the dispersion of electrical pulses of a few picoseconds duration when propagating along microstrip transmission lines. The dispersion is primarily due to the geometrical factors affecting the quasi-TEM mode although material properties also contribute. Especially interesting are effects of pulse sharpening by dispersion for initially asymmetric pulses.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nicotine-stimulated release of neurophysin and vasopressin in humans.

Nicotine stimulation, induced by cigarette smoking, has previously been identified as a potent stimulus for vasopressin release in humans. In this study, radioimmunoassay measurements of plasma vasopressin and human neurophysin were performed on samples taken from 14 normal subjects during cigarette smoking. Significant rises in vasopressin occurred in 10 of the 14 subjects and the same 10 had significant rises in vasopressin occurred in 10 of the 14 subjects and the same 10 had significant responses of both vasopressin and neurophysin to cigarette smoking. These studies indicate that the release mechanisms for vasopressin and neurophysin are closely linked in humans.
Reduction of vitreous prostaglandin E2 levels after topical administration of ketorolac 0.45

Importance Inhibition of proinflammatory prostaglandins in the retina may have therapeutic effects for retinal disease. Objective To determine vitreous levels of ketorolac and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) in eyes treated with topical ketorolac tromethamine 0.45% (Acuvail). Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective comparative interventional study, performed in a university academic hospital, included 24 eyes in 22 consecutive patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy. Intervention Application of topical ketorolac 0.45%, 4 times daily, for 3 days before pars plana vitrectomy in the first 12 consecutive eyes. The next 12 eyes were untreated and served as controls. Undiluted vitreous samples were obtained at the time of surgery and immediately frozen at −80°C. Main Outcomes and Measures Vitreous ketorolac and PGE2levels. Results Seven of the 12 eyes (58%) had ketorolac levels above the lower limit of quantitation. All 7 were in pseudophakic eyes, and 4 of the 5 below this limit were phakic (P = .01). The mean ketorolac level in the 7 eyes was 7.55 ng/mL (range, 5.0-14.9 ng/mL). The mean (SD) PGE2levels were 13.8 (3.8) pg/mL in control eyes and 11.7 (4.4) pg/mL in ketorolac-treated eyes (P = .04). Treatment with ketorolac resulted in a 15% reduction in PGE2levels. When only pseudophakic eyes were analyzed, mean (SD) PGE2levels were 14.1 (4.1) pg/mL in control eyes and 11.6 (4.5) pg/mL in ketorolac-treated eyes (P Conclusions and Relevance Topical ketorolac 0.45% can obtain a vitreous level that exceeds its median inhibitory concentration and can significantly decrease vitreous PGE2levels. Vitreous levels of ketorolac were significantly higher in pseudophakic eyes than in phakic eyes. The results of this study suggest that topically administered ketorolac 0.45% may allow meaningful inhibition of prostaglandins in the retina. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01609881
THE ORGANIZATION OF INNOVATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN: NEOCLASSICAL AND RELATIONAL CONTRACTING*

This article discusses the role of intermediate governance structures between vertically related industries in the specific context of technological innovation. In the United States, relations between firms in vertically related industries correspond closely to the neoclassical contracting model, characterized by arms-length, spot contracting on the open market. In Japan, inter-firm relations are more likely to involve relational contracting, characterized by stable bonding mechanisms and a dense historical network of economic ties between the parties to the exchange. We focus upon the kinyu keiretsu type of relational contracting between firms of unequal size and power in vertically related industries, which is a special case of the more generally studied kigyo shudan, or inter-market financial group. For illustrative purposes, we compare the contractual arrangements used to manage the development of new technology by 46 US and 27 Japanese semiconductor equipment firms. We conclude by speculating that the organization of innovation in the Japanese semiconductor equipment industry has accelerated their development of new technology and led to their extraordinarily rapid worldwide market penetration.
Electron Production in High-Energy Nuclear Interactions

An experiment was carried out at Echo Lake (altitude 3260 m) and Mt. Evans (altitude 4300 m), Colorado, in order to measure the dependence on the primary energy of the fractional energy transfer to the electronic component, in nuclear interactions of about 10-100 Bev. Showers produced in a carbon block were grouped according to their multiplicity of penetrating particles as registered by a hodoscope, and the corresponding electron density was determined by a liquid scintillator placed under an appropriate lead shield. Since the shower multiplicity can be related to the primary energy, and the scintillator pulses can be calibrated by recording air showers, the number of electrons produced could thus be measured as a function of the primary energy. If, according to the Bristol data, in collisions around 50-Bev primary energy, the production of $K$ particles consumes a fraction of the primary energy equal to that given to the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ mesons, and if ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ decay is the only major contributor to the electronic cascade, one must expect a decrease of the fractional energy transfer to the electron component by about \textonehalf{} between a maximum at 20-30 Bev and a more constant lower level at 50-100 Bev. This is not borne out by the experimental results which demonstrate a constant, or slightly increasing, fractional transfer at energies above 20 Bev. The results lead, therefore, to the conclusion that either, contrary to the Bristol observations, $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson production predominates even at high energies, or else that a process or processes other than ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ decay must be responsible for a considerable part of the electron component produced in collisions with primary energies above a few ${10}^{10}$ ev.
Concentration changes to counteract the effects of bacteriological sampling on PLT yields

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial culturing of apheresis platelet (PLT) units appeared to increase the incidence of low yield products of <3.0 x 10(11) PLT (LYP) and decrease the incidence of multiple PLT products. To determine the effects of sampling and subsequent modifications in collections on PLT yield and adverse reactions, a retrospective analysis was performed. METHODS: Four time periods were examined: baseline, after sampling implementation, after concentration change (Conc. Delta) implementation, and after concentration and yield target change (Target + Conc. Delta) implementation. Collections were performed on the Gambro Trima Accel. PLT concentration settings were changed from 1,550 to 1,200 (single and double PLT products) or 1,610 to 1,500 (triple PLT products). A 3.2 x 10(11) target was eliminated and a 9.4 x 10(11) target added. RESULTS: Donors in all groups were comparable. Average incidence of LYP per week was significantly higher for Sampling (8.1%) than Baseline (2.0%) and declined significantly in the Conc. Delta (3.4%) and Target + Conc. Delta (2.0%) groups. Average PLT products/donor per week for Sampling (1.7) was significantly lower than Baseline (1.8), equivalent to Conc. Delta (1.7), and significantly lower than Target + Conc. Delta (1.9). Average weekly incidence of triple PLT products was significantly higher for Target + Conc. Delta (17%) compared with Baseline (12.4%), Sampling (10.7%), and Conc. Delta (10.8%). Donor reaction incidence was not significantly different among the groups. There was no change in recipient reactions. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a yield target change and PLT concentration reduction compensated for changes associated with bacterial culturing without increasing donor or recipient reactions.