cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What motivates positional concerns for income

Abstract Recent empirical work provides evidence that people take actions out of a concern for relative income standing, and recent theoretical work illustrates that more can be explained if we move beyond standard choice theory to recognize “positional income concerns”. However, because most income is derived from allocating time toward labor and away from leisure, any observed positional concern for income is potentially confounded with a positional concern for leisure. Our work addresses this potential confounding problem. Among our survey participants, we find “follower behavior” to be more prevalent when positional concerns for income and leisure can be confounded than when only a positional concern for income is possible. This implies that what we perceive as people trying to “keep up with the Jones' income” may also partly be an effort to keep up (or down) with the Jones' leisure. A positional concern for income was more likely exhibited by those who were younger, more competitive, non-Caucasian, less satisfied with how much they are accepted by others, more satisfied with their religious fulfillment, and by those who gambled more often.
The Use of Consensus-Raising Excuses as a Function of the Manipulation of Publicness The Role of Expectations of Future Interaction

The present investigation tested the proposition that people use consensus-raising excuses less when they expect to discuss their responses with an informed audience than when they expect to reveal their responses to such an audience without discussion or keep their responses private. Subjects received favorable or unfavorable feedback on an ego-involving social perceptiveness test and made attributions to ability, effort, luck, and task difficulty while expecting to keep their responses private or expecting to reveal them publicly either with or without interaction with an informed audience. Attributions to task difficulty are considered consensus-raising excuses. The results supported the hypothesis.
Insect and Mammal Predation of Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly Cocoons (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

Predation by small mammals and insects on overwintering cocoons of the yellow headed spruce sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer), was measured using an exclusion cage technique. In exposed soil cores mammals preyed on a total of 45.2% of the “planted” cocoons and insects preyed on an additional 20.3%. Insects preyed on 38.8% of the cocoons in cores enclosed by mammal exclusion cages. Eight species of small mammals were trapped in the study areas. Elaterid and carabid larvae were the dominant insect predators. In the soil cores 95.2% of the sawfly cocoons were at a depth of 2 cm or less. Mammal and insect predation rate was slightly heavier on cocoons in the surface stratum than on cocoons deeper in the soil.
Reproductive mode evolution in lizards revisited: updated analyses examining geographic, climatic and phylogenetic effects support the cold-climate hypothesis

Viviparity, the bearing of live young, has evolved well over 100 times among squamate reptiles. This reproductive strategy is hypothesized to allow maternal control of the foetus' thermal environment and thereby to increase the fitness of the parents and offspring. Two hypotheses have been posited to explain this phenomenon: (i) the cold-climate hypothesis (CCH), which advocates low temperatures as the primary selective force; and (ii) the maternal manipulation hypothesis (MMH), which advocates temperature variability as the primary selective force. Here, we investigate whether climatic and geographic variables associated with the CCH vs. the MMH best explain the current geographical distributions of viviparity in lizards while incorporating recent advances in comparative methods, squamate phylogenetics and geospatial analysis. To do this, we compared nonphylogenetic and phylogenetic models predicting viviparity based on point-of-capture data from 20,994 museum specimens representing 215 lizard species in conjunction with spatially explicit bioclimatic and geographic (elevation and latitude) data layers. The database we analysed emphasized Nearctic lizards from three species-rich genera (Phrynosoma, Plestiodon and Sceloporus); however, we additionally analysed a less substantial, but worldwide sample of species to verify the universality of our Nearctic results. We found that maximum temperature of the warmest month (and, less commonly, elevation and maximum temperature of the driest quarter) was frequently the best predictor of viviparity and showed an association consistent with the CCH. Our results strongly favour the CCH over the MMH in explaining lizard reproductive mode evolution.
Rapid and irreversible inhibition of creatine kinase by peroxynitrite.

We examined the ability of peroxynitrite and other ⋅NO-derived oxidants to inhibit creatine kinase (CK). Peroxynitrite potently inhibited CK activity and depleted protein thiols. The rate constant for this reaction was 8.85×105 M−1 s−1. Glutathione did not reactivate CK activity nor did it regenerate protein thiol content. In contrast, glutathione reactivated CK, and regenerated protein thiols, after inhibition by either ⋅NO or oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Peroxynitrite did not irreversibly inhibit CK after it had been treated with GSSG to block protein thiols. We conclude that thiol oxidation is a critical event leading to inactivation of CK by peroxynitrite.
Crystal structure of estrogen sulphotransferase

The structure of estrogen sulphotransferase has been solved in the presence of inactive cofactor PAP and substrate 17 beta-estradiol. This structure reveals structural similarities between cytosolic sulphotransferases and nucleotide kinases.
Fourth Graders' Reports of Fruit and Vegetable Intake at School Lunch: Does Treatment Assignment Affect Accuracy?

Abstract Objective Dietary interventions with children often use self-reported data to assess efficacy despite that objective methods rarely support self-report findings in validation studies. This study compared fourth graders' self-reported to observed lunch fruit and vegetable intake to determine if the accuracy of self-reported intake varied by treatment condition. Design Matched randomized follow-up design examined three treatment groups (high and low intensity interventions and control) post-intervention. Subjects/setting Three hundred seventy-nine middle-school children participating in a randomized controlled trial of a school-based fruit and vegetable intervention were observed during school lunch one day and asked to recall intake the following day. Main outcome measures Food items were coded as: "match," "omission," or "intrusion." Students were classified as accurate if all food items matched, otherwise inaccurate. Matched foods' portions were compared for accuracy. Servings were computed for total fruit and vegetable intake. Analyses Accuracy for fruits and vegetables were compared in separate analyses and tested for multiple potential associates: treatment condition, sex, race, body mass index, subsidized meal eligibility, school district, fruit/vegetable availability, age, and test scores. Fitted multivariable regression models included variables found to be significant in univariate or χ 2 analyses. Results Variables found to be significant for fruit item accuracy were availability at lunch, body mass index, and subsidized lunch eligibility. For vegetable item accuracy, availability at lunch was significant. No differences were found for food portions or for efficacy of the intervention between the two methods of dietary data collection: observation and self-report. Conclusions Condition assignment did not bias recalled fruit and vegetable intakes among fourth graders.
The Effect of Recompression on the Dissolution of Wet Massed Tablets Containing ‘Super’ Disintegrants

The effect of recompression on the disintegration, and dissolution of tablets employing ‘super’ disintegrants within a wet-massed Avicel matrix is reported. Differences were found in the disintegration times of tablets containing intra-granular or extra-granular disintegrants (Polyplasdone XL, Explotab and Ac-di-sol), both between disintegrant type and within the same disintegrant system following rework.In the case oE extra-granular disintegrant, reworked compacts dissolved faster than the first compression tablets, irrespective of disintegrant type. Thus, milling and dispersion of the drug during rework appear to dominate over the effects of impaired disintegration when ‘super’ disintegrants are present. The control compacts (no disintegrant), however, dissolved less quickly following rework, indicating that dissolution was controlled by disintegration.Tablets with intra-granular Polyplasdone XL and Ac-di-sol dissolved less quickly following rework. Both disintegrants have poor intra-granular rework eff...
Thrombolysis, stroke units and other strategies for reducing acute stroke costs.

Stroke is the leading cause of long term disability and the third leading cause of death in the US. Nearly $US40.9 billion (1997 values) are spent each year on direct and indirect stroke-related costs in the US alone. Length of hospital stay, hospital overheads and nursing-related and rehabilitation costs account for the majority of stroke-related expenditures. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) therapy for patients presenting within 3 hours from onset of ischaemic stroke was shown to improve outcome at 3 months by the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke (NINDS) investigators using a dosage of 0.9 mg/kg. When the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study results were examined using a Markov model, savings of $US4 to $US5 million (1996 values) per 1000 patients treated with rt-PA were projected. These savings were predicted to result from decreases in length of hospital stay, inpatient rehabilitation and nursing home costs, increases in the number of patients discharged directly to home and improvements in quality-adjusted lifeyears. Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis has documented that the institution of stroke units, consisting of multidisciplinary specialised stroke teams, also decreased length of hospital stay, death and dependency. Because only a minority of patients who have a stroke are currently eligible for thrombolysis, implementation of specialised and standardised stroke care may further enhance cost benefits and improve patient outcomes.
Sustainable development of India's waters—some policy issues

The paper develops a policy for the sustainable management of India's waters. It is demonstrated that, in contrast to the historical and current policy, a scientific policy could be developed, which will enable meeting the formidable challenges of the sustainable development of India's waters. An approach to policy formulation is also proposed. The institutional issues are briefly discussed. The article is based on a forthcoming book on the subject. A specific case is taken for reasons of realism to emphasize the possibility of creative policy formulation in other environments.
Ages of calcium-rich achondrites. II - Howardites, nakhlites, and the Angra dos Reis angrite.

Calcium rich achondrites radiation ages determined from measuring He, Ne and Ar in howardites, nakhlites and angrite
Day-to-Day Evolution of Network Flows Under Departure Time Dynamics in Commuter Decisions

Day-to-day dynamics in an urban traffic network induced by departure time dynamics in commuter decisions are investigated. This investigation relaxes some key restrictions about fixed departure time and equilibrium assumptions to analyze the stability and performance of urban traffic networks over a multiple day planning horizon. A simulation-based framework is developed to analyze day-to-day dynamics by integrating an empirically calibrated model of dynamic departure time decisions with a dynamic network assignment model. Computational experiments are used to investigate the effect of the following experimental factors: recurrent network congestion level, time-dependent loading profile, and users' sensitivity to commute experience and trip-time volatility on network performance and reliability. The findings provide evidence of considerable day-to-day variations and stochasticity in network flows and performance, even under the assumption of fixed routes and in the absence of information. The results indicate that (a) the network performance under departure time dynamics can deviate significantly from equilibrium; (b) the departure time adjustment process is remarkably stable and reaches stationarity, although the departure time choices do not appear to be at equilibrium; (c) departure time dynamics introduce significant volatility in trip times from day to day; and (d) increasing the sensitivity of users to commute and network performance attributes (schedule delay, trip-time variability) can lead to more stable system behavior and reliability. These results have important implications for estimation of time-dependent origin-destination matrices, dynamic network analysis, and effective congestion management strategies.
Ecomorphological diversification and convergence in fluvial cichlid fishes

We compared ecological and morphological patterns among cichlid faunas from three different biotic regions: the Rio Tortuguero/Rio Sarapiquf in Costa Rica, the Rio Apure drainage in Venezuela, and the Upper Zambezi drainage in Zambia. Cichlids comprise 19 percent of the fish fauna in the Tortuguero and Upper Zambezi drainages and 6.5 percent in the Apure drainage. Cichlid faunas exhibited similar patterns of habitat and food resource utilization, although vegetation-dwelling is more common and detritivory and herbivory are rarer in the Apure fauna. We hypothesize that South American ostariophysan fishes were more preadapted than cichlids to exploit detritivore and herbivore niches. The Zambezi cichlid fauna shows less ecomorphological diversification than the other two faunas, even though the degree of dietary diversification is similar among faunas. Chaetobranchus flavescens from the Venezuelan fauna is the only species that specializes on zooplankton as an adult, and algae grazing (Neetroplus nematopus) and specialized fruit feeding (‘Cichlasoma’ tuba) were represented only in the Costa Rican fauna. Based on the most recent hypothesized phylogeny for the family Cichlidae, we identified numerous interfaunal ecomorphological and feeding niche convergences. Patterns of ecomorphological divergence in relation to cladogenesis indicate a faster rate of evolutionary niche diversification in Central American cichlids compared with the two other faunas.
Toxic effects of mammalian prolactin on Colisa lalia and two other related teleostean fish.

Abstract Mammalian prolactin has been found to have a highly toxic effect on certain teleostean fish. The effect is not due to contamination by growth hormone or ADH, nor is the toxic factor removed by dialysis. The toxic effect is dependent upon type and activity of the prolactin as well as upon the species, and perhaps the size, of the fish. Possible reasons for the toxic action are discussed.
Controlled polymerizations for the synthesis of semiconducting conjugated polymers

Conjugated polymers have been under active development since the 1970s as the active material in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), photovoltaic devices and the emissive layer in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Extensive work has been performed to investigate the physics and chemistry of these materials, and a variety of semiconducting polymers have been synthesized using a range of polymerization techniques. One of the most important key technologies is to obtain a well-controlled polymerization, which provides polymers with narrow polydispersities and defined molecular weights. In this paper, we describe the recent progress on the synthesis of semiconducting polymers as classified as polyphenylenes, polyphenylenevinylenes, polythiophenes, polyfluorene and their block copolymers by the use of controlled polymerizations.
Matrix-Assisted Infrared-Laser Desorption-Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Organic Molecules on NaNO 3

We demonstrate sensitive mass identification of model organic compounds directly from sodium nitrate by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry. Sensitivity limits of order 10−6 are achieved for resonant desorption, with a linear calibration verified for crown ether molecules over almost three decades in concentration. We also have observed that crown ether molecules can abstract atomic sodium from the sample when irradiated at the resonant frequency of the NO3 stretching vibrations around 7.1 μm. A model for this process is proposed which suggests great promise for this technique on untreated tank waste.
A Final Note

The proof of the fundamental theorems of my paper was on the basis of a set of assumptions including one to the effect that prices in the absence of the excise taxes were equal to marginal costs. It follows quite readily from these theorems that the attainment of the maximum of the general welfare, in the only sense that can apparently be given to this expression with the help only of rank ordering of a person’s satisfactions without interpersonal comparisons, requires that all sales be at such prices that the quantities bought will be exactly the same as if these sales were at marginal cost. In particular, in considering what prices should be charged by state-owned or regulated enterprises, we have marginal cost as the criterion, leaving no place for the criteria generally used, such as average cost.
Magnetic flux transport by dipolarizing flux bundles

A dipolarizing flux bundle (DFB) is a small magnetotail flux tube (typically 65% of BBF flux transport, even though they last only ~30% as long as BBFs. The rate of DFB flux transport increases with proximity to Earth and to the premidnight sector, as well as with geomagnetic activity and distance from the neutral sheet. Under the latter two conditions, the total flux transport by a typical DFB also increases. Dipolarizing flux bundles appear more often during increased geomagnetic activity. Since BBFs have been previously shown to be the major flux transporters in the tail, we conclude that DFBs are the dominant drivers of this transport. The occurrence rate of DFBs as a function of location and geomagnetic activity informs us about processes that shape global convection and energy conversion.
Effect of accelerometer mass on the flexural motion of plates

Abstract When the flexural acceleration of a plate is measured by an accelerometer, the mass of the accelerometer tends to reduce the magnitude of the acceleration. This study establishes a simple analytical relation between the accelerometer mass and the corresponding reduction of acceleration. This has been done by studying an idealized diffraction problem for the plate flexural waves. The complex frequency response depends upon the accelerometer mass, the frequency of the flexural wave, the plate thickness and the material parameters of the plate. A numerical filtering method is used to bring an experimental result and a corresponding numerical prediction closer together.
A Method for Graduate Students to Provide Feedback to Their Major Professors

: A graduate student survey was developed and administered annually for 3 y by a graduate student committee in the School of Fisheries, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash., U.S.A. The main objective of the 5-point rating scale survey was to raise the consciousness level of faculty as to how they were being perceived as major professors by their students. Results indicate that the anonymous survey can be an effective assessment tool in the development of mentoring skills by a major professor, is a heuristic device, and should be continually improved based on results and feedback. It is also important that there be some way to help faculty with the process of improvement of mentoring skills if that is a desired outcome.
Chiral β-diketonate ligands of ‘pseudo planar chiral’ topology: enantioselective synthesis and transition metal complexation

Abstract A practical enantioselective synthesis of chiral β-diketonate ligands 1a–1d , which are of ‘pseudo planar-chiral’ topology, is described. Additionally, the first chiral bis(diketonates) 2a–2c , ligands of C2-symmetry that are isoelectronic with respect to related salen ligand systems, have been prepared. Protocols for the metallation of ligands 1a–1d , 2b and 2c are reported.
2-Ethoxyestradiol is antimitogenic and attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling.

Abstract Our previous studies show that 2-methoxyestradiol, a non-estrogenic metabolite of estradiol (E2), attenuates the development and retards the progression of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in male rats, and in female rats prevents the exacerbation of PH and eliminates mortality due to ovariectomy. Recent studies suggest that 2-ethoxyestradiol (2-EE), a synthetic analog of 2-ME, is an even more potent antimitogen than 2-ME. The goals of this study were: 1) to compare the effects of E2, 2-ME and 2-EE on proliferation of human pulmonary artery endothelial (hPAEC) and smooth muscle cells (hPASMC) and lung fibroblasts (hLF); 2) to examine the effects of 2-ME, its metabolic precursor 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-HE) and 2-EE on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in male rats; and 3) to investigate in male rats the effects of 2-EE (10 μg/kg/h via osmotic pump) on the development of monocrotaline (MCT; 60 mg/kg i.p.)-induced PH. E2 had biphasic effects on growth (stimulation at low and inhibition at high concentrations) in hPAEC and mild growth inhibitory effects in hPASMC and hLF (1–10 μM). In contrast, in all three pulmonary cell lines, 2-ME and 2-EE inhibited cell growth with 2-EE being ten times more potent than 2-ME. In ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy, 2-ME, 2-HE and 2-EE similarly reduced (~ − 50%) left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis (hydroxyproline content). In animals with MCT-induced PH, treatment with 2-EE for 28 days significantly decreased the elevated RV peak systolic pressure and reduced RV/LV + septum weight ratio, strongly inhibited vascular remodeling (media hypertrophy and adventitia widening), markedly reduced inflammatory responses, and eliminated MCT-induced (63%) mortality. This study provides the first evidence that 2-ethoxyestradiol strongly inhibits vascular remodeling in PH and suggests that anti-proliferative agents, including synthetic analogs of estradiol metabolites may be protective in PH.
Style and content in the rhetoric of early Afro‐American feminists

Analysis of selected speeches by feminists active in early Afro‐American protest reveals significant similarities and differences in their rhetoric and that of white feminists of the period. Sojourner Truth's speeches are similar in style and content; Ida B. Well's addresses differ in style, but her analysis of race and sex recurs in the rhetoric of Southern white feminists; Mary Church Terrell's speech on segregation exhibits “feminine” style but reflects vast differences in concerns.
Using Focus Groups With Lower Socioeconomic Status Latina Women

This article discusses the use of focus groups when interviewing lower socioeconomic status Latina women in some areas of New York City and northern New Jersey. Drawing from the author's research e...
Responses of hybrid poplar clones and red maple seedlings to ambient O(3) under differing light within a mixed hardwood forest.

Abstract The responses of ramets of hybrid poplar ( Populus spp. ) (HP) clones NE388 and NE359, and seedlings of red maple ( Acer rubrum , L.) to ambient ozone (O 3 ) were studied during May–September of 2000 and 2001 under natural forest conditions and differing natural sunlight exposures (sun, partial shade and full shade). Ambient O 3 concentrations at the study site reached hourly peaks of 109 and 98 ppb in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Monthly 12-h average O 3 concentrations ranged from 32.3 to 52.9 ppb. Weekly 12-h average photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) within the sun, partial shade and full shade plots ranged from 200 to 750, 50 to 180, and 25 to 75 μmol m −2 s −1 , respectively. Ambient O 3 exposure induced visible foliar symptoms on HP NE388 and NE359 in both growing seasons, with more severe injury observed on NE388 than on NE359. Slight foliar symptoms were observed on red maple seedlings during the 2001growing season. Percentage of total leaf area affected (%LAA) was positively correlated with cumulative O 3 exposures. More severe foliar injury was observed on plants grown within the full shade and partial shade plots than those observed on plants grown within the sun plot. Lower light availability within the partial shade and full shade plots significantly decreased net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (g wv ). The reductions in Pn were greater than reductions in g wv , which resulted in greater O 3 uptake per unit Pn in plants grown within the partial shade and full shade plots. Greater O 3 uptake per unit Pn was consistently associated with more severe visible foliar injury in all species and/or clones regardless of differences in shade tolerance. These studies suggest that plant physiological responses to O 3 exposure are likely complicated due to multiple factors under natural forest conditions.
Conditions in Advanced Turbines for IGCC Power Plants With Carbon Capture

The anticipated conditions in advanced turbines for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plants with Carbon Capture (CC) are discussed to provide researchers with accurate boundary conditions to conduct targeted research and development activities. Information was collected through reviews of existing IGCC plant conditions, system studies, permitting requirements, and industry feedback. Anticipated bulk gas phase characteristics are provided, including temperatures, pressures, mass flow rates, and compositions. Particulate loadings and sizing information are also presented; however, compositional information is limited.© 2013 ASME
SU‐FF‐T‐161: Do Obliquity Factors Apply to 30° Scattered Radiation From Megavoltage Photon Beams?

Purpose: To determine the obliquity factor for megavoltage x‐rays for 30° scattered radiation in various materials by Monte Carlo. Methods and Materials: NCRP report ♯151 discusses the concept of the obliquity factor for primary barriers. Briefly stated, if the primary beam is incident at an angle θ to a barrier of thickness t, then the effective barrier thickness, ts is given by t/cos(θ). For secondary radiation, there are no explicit recommendations. However, in section 7 of that report, the following statement appears (p.115): “It would not be appropriate in this case [secondary radiation] to apply the obliquity factor of cos(30°), ….” The MCNP Monte Carlo code, v4.2C, has been used to generate scattered radiation at 30° to a secondary barrier for 4, 6, 10, 15 and 18 MV bremsstrahlung x‐ray beams for concrete, lead and steel. The barrier thickness was increased from zero to a thickness sufficient to reduce the fluence (f4 tally) to <10−2. A transmission curve was created for each energy‐barrier material combination by normalizing to zero thickness. The data was then compared to the values in NCRP ♯151 for concrete and lead.Results: The results for the first TVL show an average obliquity factor of 25.7° ± 3.3°, except for 10 MV in concrete where the value was 11.8°. The obliquity factor for the first two TVLs averaged 27.9° + 5.0°, again, except for 10 MV in lead where the value was 15.0°. Conclusions: The calculated TVLs for obliquely incident scattered radiation are less than those given in NCRP ♯151. This implies that use of an obliquity factor for scattered radiation is appropriate, but that the angle is less than the nominal 30°. This could well be due to the solid angle subtended by the scattered beam at the detector that would energetically favor lower angles.
Dynamic equilibria between subcomponents of C1, the first component of human complement.

Abstract Clr and Cls, the serine protease components of activated Cl, form a tetramer in the presence of Ca 2+ . The stability of this tetramer is sufficient that its association with the third component, Clq, has been successfully treated as a reversible bimolecular equilibrium reaction [Siegel and Schumaker, Molec. Immun . 20 , 53–66 (1983)]. We have used the fluorescence anisotropy ( A ) of fluorescein-labeled Cls (s ∗ ) to monitor assembly and subcomponent exchange in 0.15 mol/1 NaCl, 0.001 mol/l Ca 2+ 0.02 mol/l Tris, pH 7.4. Addition of q to r 2 s 2 ∗ causes a small but measurable Δ A of 0.01–0.02. The response is too fast to measure at 37° but can be readily followed at 4° where t 1 2 = 0.6 min when [q] = [r 2 s 2 ∗ ] = 0.5 μmol/l. The increase in A can be readily reversed by dilution or by addition of unlabeled Cls. Slow incremental addition of q to a solution of r 2 s 2 ∗ produces a dose-dependent Δ A from which stoichiometry and dissociation constants can be derived. Measurements of K d as a function of temperature establish an inverse temperature dependence with Δ H = − 15 kcal/mol and a value of K d = 0.031 μmol/l at 37° († G = + 11, T † S = − 26 kcal/mol). Thus, the assembly process appears to be entropy-driven presumably due to the exclusion of structured water from protein-protein interfaces in the complex.
Look-ahead scheduling to support pause-resume for video-on-demand applications

In a video-on-demand (VOD) system, it is desirable to support pause- resume function. The requirement that each viewer be able to independently pause the video at any instant and later resume the viewing with little delay can cause difficulties in batching viewers for each showing. The conventional approach to support on-demand pause- resume provides one video access stream to disks for each video request. In this paper, we propose a more efficient mechanism to support the pause-resume feature using look-ahead scheduling with look-aside buffering. The idea is to use buffering to improve the number of concurrent viewers supportable. The concept of look-ahead scheduling is not to back up each viewer with a real stream capacity so he can pause and resume at any time, but rather to back it up with a (look-ahead) stream that is currently being used for another showing that is close to completion. Before the look-ahead stream becomes available, the pause and resume features have to be supported by the original stream through (look-aside) buffering of the missed content. It is shown via simulations that the proposed scheme can provide a substantial improvement in throughput as compared to the approach with no batching. Furthermore, for a given amount of buffer, the improvement in throughput grows more than linearly with the stream capacity of the server.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Timing of femur fracture fixation: effect on outcome in patients with thoracic and head injuries.

Background Optimal timing of femur fracture fixation remains controversial. This study examines the association between the timing of femur fracture fixation and outcome in patients with concomitant chest and head injuries.Methods A retrospective review of registry data from a Level I trauma center
The folded waveguide: a high frequency rf launcher

Abstract The folded waveguide, an alternative to loop antennas for launching power in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) into plasma devices, operates as a cavity with apertures for coupling RF power to the plasma. The RF field pattern is similar to that of a loop antenna, but with a lower ratio of electric to magnetic field. Power enters from a coaxial line via a sliding contact, whose position matches impedances between the coaxial line and the folded waveguide. The folded waveguide has operated at 1 MW and promises high power density. Calculations indicate a factor of 4 increase in power handling capability over a comparable loop antenna. The possible use of the folded waveguide on several tokamaks is discussed.
Nursing Journals Read and Assigned Most Often in Doctoral Programs

Five doctoral faculty members were randomly selected from each faculty group of 35 doctoral programs in nursing to identify which nursing journals they read most often and which nursing journals they assign most often to doctoral students. Five nursing journals were consistently ranked 1-4 as being read and assigned most often. These journals are: Nursing Research, Advances in Nursing Science, IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Research in Nursing and Health, and Western Journal of Nursing Research. Implications for editors, reviewers and research consumers are discussed.
Phase Diagram and Photopolymerization Behavior of Mixtures of UV-Curable Multifunctional Monomer and Low Molar Mass Nematic Liquid Crystal

A miscibility phase diagram of mixtures of UV-curable multifunctional thiolene-based optical adhesive (NOA65) and low molar mass 4-n-heptyl-4-cyanobiphenyl nematic liquid crystal (K21) has been established using light scattering, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The emergence of phase morphology was investigated during the heating and cooling cycles to identify various coexistence regions. A teapot phase diagram was obtained in which an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) overlapped with the nematic−isotropic transition of the liquid crystal. The phase diagram exhibited liquid + liquid, liquid + nematic, and pure nematic coexistence regions. Photopolymerization was carried out on various mixtures of NOA65 and K21 to fabricate polymer/liquid crystal composites by initiation in the one-phase and two-phase regions of the phase diagram. The rate constants for propagation and termination reactions (kp and kt) were determined as functions of temperature and conversion. On the ba...
Directional solidification of a planar interface in the presence of a time-dependent electric current

Directional solidification of pure materials and binary alloys with a planar crystal-metal interface in the presence of a time-dependent electric current is considered. For a variety of time-dependent currents, the temperature fields and the interface velocity as functions of time are presented for indium antimonide and bismuth and for the binary alloys germanium-gallium and tin-bismuth. For the alloys, the solid composition is calculated as a function of position. Quantitative predictions are made of the effect of an electrical pulse on the solute distribution in the solidified material.
Remote and in situ observations of an unusual Earth‐directed coronal mass ejection from multiple viewpoints

During June 16-21, 2010, an Earth-directed Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) event was observed by instruments onboard STEREO, SOHO, MESSENGER and Wind. This event was the first direct detection of a rotating CME in the middle and outer corona. Here, we carry out a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the CME in the interplanetary medium comparing in-situ and remote observations, with analytical models and three-dimensional reconstructions. In particular, we investigate the parallel and perpendicular cross section expansion of the CME from the corona through the heliosphere up to 1 AU. We use height-time measurements and the Gradual Cylindrical Shell (GCS) technique to model the imaging observations, remove the projection effects, and derive the 3-dimensional extent of the event. Then, we compare the results with in-situ analytical Magnetic Cloud (MC) models, and with geometrical predictions from past works. We nd that the parallel (along the propagation plane) cross section expansion agrees well with the in-situ model and with the Bothmer & Schwenn [1998] empirical relationship based on in-situ observations between 0.3 and 1 AU. Our results effectively extend this empirical relationship to about 5 solar radii. The expansion of the perpendicular diameter agrees very well with the in-situ results at MESSENGER ( 0:5 AU) but not at 1 AU. We also find a slightly different, from Bothmer & Schwenn [1998], empirical relationship for the perpendicular expansion. More importantly, we find no evidence that the CME undergoes a significant latitudinal over-expansion as it is commonly assumed
Resonant holographic interferometry measurements of laser ablated atom absolute-line-density profiles in vacuum, gases, and plasmas

Summary form only given, as follows. Two-dimensional, species-resolved, double-pulsed holographic interferometry has been used to investigate the hydrodynamics of KrF laser ablation plumes in vacuum, gases, and RF plasmas. To produce the laser ablation plume, a KrF excimer laser (40 ns, 248 nm, /spl les/ 0.8 J) was focused onto a solid aluminum target at a fluence of 1.9 - 4.7 J/cm/sup 2/. The interferograms were made using an XeCl-excimer-laser-pumped dye laser (20 ns, /spl ap/ 5 mJ) tuned at or near (/spl plusmn/ 0.100 nm) the 394.401 nm aluminum neutral transition from ground state. Calculations have been performed to obtain aluminum-neutral absolute-line-density profiles from the resonant fringe shift data, assuming an average kinetic plume temperature of /spl ap/ 0.3 eV and a dye laser bandwidth of /spl ap/0.0031 nm. Peak aluminum neutral line-densities of up to 9 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ cm/sup -2/ have been measured for plumes in backgrounds of 1 Torr and 35 Torr argon and 1 Torr argon RF-plasma, and in vacuum.
Performance of calcium/thionyl chloride cells containing Sr(AlCl4)2 electrolyte

Abstract Room temperature (RT) and −30 °C discharges of hermetically sealed, D-sized calcium thionyl chloride cells, prepared with Sr(AlCl 4 ) 2 electrolyte containing 20% added SO 2 , were carried out on cells after storage for various lengths of time at R.T. and at 55 °C. The performance of these cells was considerably poorer than that typically observed for Li/SO 2 cells.
Bulk metallic glass formation in binary Cu-rich alloy series – Cu100−xZrx (x=34, 36, 38.2, 40 at.%) and mechanical properties of bulk Cu64Zr36 glass

The compositional dependence of a glass-forming ability (GFA) was systematically studied in a binary alloy series Cu100−xZrx (x=34, 36, 38.2, 40 at.%) by the copper mold casting method. Our results show the critical casting thickness jumps from below 0.5 mm to above 2 mm when x changes from 34 to 36 while further increase in x reduces the critical casting thickness. The best glass former Cu64Zr36 does not correspond to either the largest undercooled liquid region (ΔT=Tx1−Tg, where Tg is the glass transition temperature, and Tx1 is the onset temperature of the first crystallization event upon heating) or the highest reduced glass transition temperature (Trg=Tg/Tl, where Tl is the liquidus temperature). Properties of bulk amorphous Cu64Zr36 were measured, yielding a Tg ~ 787 K, Trg ~ 0.64, ΔT ~ 46 K, Hv (Vicker's Hardness) ~ 742 kg/mm^2, Young's Modulus ~ 92.3 GPa, compressive fracture strength ~ 2 GPa and compressive strain before failure ~ 2.2%.
Men and Women Exhibit a Differential Bias for Processing Movement versus Objects

Sex differences in many spatial and verbal tasks appear to reflect an inherent low-level processing bias for movement in males and objects in females. We explored this potential movement/object bias in men and women using a computer task that measured targeting performance and/or color recognition. The targeting task showed a ball moving vertically towards a horizontal line. Before reaching the line, the ball disappeared behind a masking screen, requiring the participant to imagine the movement vector and identify the intersection point. For the color recognition task, the ball briefly changed color before disappearing beneath the mask and participants were required only to identify the color shade. Results showed that targeting accuracy for slow and fast moving balls was significantly better in males compared to females. No sex difference was observed for color shade recognition. We also studied a third, dual attention task comprised of the first two, where the moving ball briefly changed color randomly just before passing beneath the masking screen. When the ball changed color, participants were required only to identify the color shade. If the ball didn't change color, participants estimated the intersection point. Participants in this dual attention condition were first tested with the targeting and color tasks alone and showed results that were similar to the previous groups tested on a single task. However, under the dual attention condition, male accuracy in targeting, as well as color shade recognition, declined significantly compared to their performance when the tasks were tested alone. No significant changes were found in female performance. Finally, reaction times for targeting and color choices in both sexes correlated highly with ball speed, but not accuracy. Overall, these results provide evidence of a sex-related bias in processing objects versus movement, which may reflect sex differences in bottom up versus top-down analytical strategies.
The commissioning of the SNS superconducting linac

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) superconducting linac has been commissioned in 2005 with an output beam energy tuned up to 950 MeV and a peak beam current of approximately 40 mA. Some of the most important contributions to the successful beam commissioning of the world's first pulsed proton SC linac are discussed in this paper, including cryomodule commissioning, numerical modeling for beam acceleration and transport in the accelerator, as well as the development of superconducting linac tune-up algorithms. Beam commissioning results and some beam dynamics studies of the SNS linac are also briefly described.
Anasazi Solar Marker: The Use of a Natural Rockfall

The midday "sun dagger" solstice and equinox marker on Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, is formed by three sandstone slabs that collimate sunlight onto two spiral petroglyphs. The slabs appear to be the result of a natuiral rockfall and not a construct of the Chacoan Anasazi. Although neither the rockfall nor the petroglyphs can be dated accurately, it is likely that the petroglyphs were designed after the rockfall by people who observed the details of the light pattern for several annual cycles.
Spatial variations in wall thickness, material stiffness and initial shape affect wall stress and shape of intracranial aneurysms

Abstract Objective: Saccular aneurysm (sac-like ballooning) is the common form of aneurysm in cerebral arteries. Significant variations exist in the shape, wall thickness and material properties of saccular aneurysms. Aneurysms with irregular shapes are prone to rupture, but the underlying reason is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of spatial variations in wall thickness, material stiffness and initial shape on the shape and wall stress distribution in model aneurysms. Methods: The stress and deformation were determined using non-linear finite element analysis in aneurysm models. Results: Our results showed that local variations in wall thickness and material stiffness led to local stress concentrations and changes to aneurysm shape, and could cause 'bleb' and even a multilobular appearance to the aneurysms. Initial lesion shape also played a significant role in determining the shape of the aneurysms. Discussion: This study demonstrated that spatial variations in wa...
Modeling the inhibition of breast cancer growth by GM-CSF

M-CSF is overexpressed in breast cancer and is known to stimulate macrophages to produce VEGF resulting in angiogenesis. It has recently been shown that the growth factor GM-CSF injected into murine breast tumors slowed tumor growth by secreting soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) that binds and inactivates VEGF. This study presents a mathematical model that includes all the components above, as well as MCP-1, tumor cells, and oxygen. The model simulations are representative of the in vivo data through predictions of tumor growth using different protocol strategies for GM-CSF for the purpose of predicting higher degrees of treatment success. For example, our model predicts that once a week dosing of GM-CSF would be less effective than daily, twice a week, or three times a week treatment because of the presence of essential factors required for the anti-tumor effect of GM-CSF.
Field studies of habituation: III. Playback contingent on the response of the white-crowned sparrow

Abstract Territorial song was played to pairs of breeding white-crowned sparrows. Presentation of the song was contingent on the song of the resident male. Continuous recordings of an extensive sample of the behaviour of the male and female were made. A predicted increase in behaviour elicited by this playback regime, as compared to an invariant presentation of song every 11 s, did not occur. A large amount of variance was accounted for when the subjects were split into two groups on the basis of the number of songs emitted by the male. This latter result was cross-validated with data from two other studies. These results suggest that there is a male state variable that exerts a strong influence on the behaviour of both the male and female member of the pair.
The use of combined ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of fetal anomalies.

Objective To compare the referral diagnosis based on prenatal ultrasound to diagnoses made following combined ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation at the Texas Children's Fetal Center (TCFC) and postnatal diagnosis. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients referred to the TCFC between September 2001 and July 2007 with a fetal structural malformation. Data were abstracted to compare the referral diagnosis to TCFC imaging diagnoses and both were compared to postnatal diagnosis. Results Two hundred and twenty-four patients were referred who had a fetal US and MRI at TCFC. The most frequent indications were for abnormalities of the central nervous system (38%) and lung/thoracic cavity (34%), with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) the single most common referral diagnosis (n = 39; 17%). In 99 cases (42.7%) the referral diagnosis was concordant with the post-referral diagnosis, however, in 68 cases (29.3%) the post-referral diagnosis changed completely, and in 65 cases (28%) additional findings were discovered. Prenatal diagnoses following imaging at TCFC were concordant with postnatal diagnoses in 94.9% of cases. Conclusions Combined ultrasound and MRI provides additional diagnostic information or a corrected diagnosis in 57% of cases over the referral ultrasound diagnosis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the reflectivity of complex mesh surfaces (spacecraft reflector antennas)

Poorer than expected surface reflectivity was observed in an early Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System antenna utilizing a tricot mesh weave. This poor reflectivity was determined to be caused by inadequate electrical contact at wire crossover points. A proper mathematical and numerical approach to assess the impact of wire junctions on reflectivity performance is developed. A mathematical method is presented for computing the surface reflectivity of complex mesh configurations like those on unfurlable-type spacecraft antennas. The method is based on the Floquet mode expansion to establish an integral equation for mesh wire currents. The equation is solved using the method of moments with triangular basis functions. It is observed that it is necessary to give special attention to the junction treatment among different branches of the mesh configurations. A vector junction current approach that resulted in satisfactory solutions for the current is described. The results of numerical simulations are compared against measured data and excellent agreement is observed. >
Channel electron mobility in 4H–SiC lateral junction field effect transistors

Abstract Interface defects have limited 4H–SiC MOS-based FET channel mobility to less than 40–50 cm 2 /V s after more than 10 years of improvement. Junction-based FET, on the other hand, presents an excellent opportunity. This paper will report the realization of a record high channel mobility of 398 cm 2 /V s for 4H–SiC lateral junction FET. The fabrication and characterization as well as computer modeling results will be presented. The application of this very high channel mobility will also be discussed.