cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Information Seeking Behavior Among College Students

Individuals have a wide range of resources when searching for health topics. The aim of this research was twofold: (1) to identify and assess the resources college students use when exercising health information seeking behavior (HISB); and (2) to examine perceptions and behaviors regarding adoption of online tools. A questionnaire was developed to assess HISB in a sample of college students. Items pertaining to HISB were adapted from a Health Information National Trends Survey with permission from the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health. During Spring 2018, 258 students in 9 sections of a personal health class at a public university in NJ completed the questionnaire. Students were most likely to often or always use the Internet for health information (n = 74%) over other sources. Females were more likely to use the Internet for health information (p = .030), to consult a health or medical professional (p = .042) and to confirm the health information they find with a health or medical professional (p = .028). Females also reported spending significantly more time on social media (mean 4.96 h/day) compared to males (4.00 h/day, p = .041). Non-white students were significantly more likely to often use the Internet to find health information (p = .039), while white students reported spending significantly less time on the Internet (p < .001) and on social media (p < .001). Future research is needed to understand motivating factors for HISB, and to tailor interventions accordingly to assure that college students who exhibit HISB have appropriate levels of e-health literacy.
A simple creep torsiometer and its use in the thermorheological characterization of a structural adhesive

This paper has the dual purpose of describing a relatively inexpensive, yet precise creep torsiometer and of examining with it the time-temperature behavior of a thermo-setting structural adhesive below and near its glass transition temperature.
Daft Datum - An Interface for Producing Music Through Foot-based Interaction.

Daft Datum is an autonomous new media artefact that takes input from movement of the feet (i.e. tapping/stomping/stamping) on a wooden surface, underneath which is a sensor sheet. The sensors in the sheet are mapped to various sound samples and synthesized sounds. Attributes of the synthesized sound, such as pitch and octave, can be controlled using the Nintendo Wii Remote. It also facilitates switching between modes of sound and recording/playing back a segment of audio. The result is music generated by dancing on the device that is further modulated by a hand-held controller.
Young Adults' Access to Insurance Through Parents: Relationship to Receipt of Reproductive Health Services and Chlamydia Testing, 2007-2014.

Abstract Purpose Adolescents’ concerns about confidential service receipt have been linked to avoidance of sexual and reproductive healthcare. Healthcare system changes allowing young adults to remain on a parent's health insurance plan up to age 26 may have extended these concerns to young adults. This study examines: (1) The association between the relationship of young women to primary health plan policy holder (parent or self) on receipt of reproductive health services and chlamydia screening. (2)Changes, over time, in the proportion of young women who are parentally- versus self-insured. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of commercially insured young women (18–25) enrolled ≥330days in health plans included in the Truven Health MarketScan commercial claims and encounters database (2007–2014). Results Between 2010 and 2014, the proportion of parentally-insured young women increased significantly across all age groups (AOR = 4.32, CI = 4.29, 4.33). Compared to self-insured young women, parentally-insured young women were less likely to receive a reproductive health service (AOR = .66, CI = .66, .67) and sexually active parentally-insured young women were less likely to receive chlamydia testing (AOR = .75, CI = .75, .76) using their parent's insurance. Conclusions Young women who are insured through a parent are less likely to receive reproductive health services or chlamydia testing using their parent's insurance, which could suggest that concerns about confidential receipt of health services may result in missed care. Various policies, including those related to explanation of benefits sent to a plan policy holder outlining services received, may affect the receipt of confidential healthcare by young adults.
Abstract TP345: Early Versus Delayed Blood Cultures in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Fever commonly occurs in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). However, it is non-infectious in the majority of cases. Blood cultures (BCx) are often obtained as ...
BIG Experiments of the 1970s and the Public Reaction to Them

This chapter discusses the five Negative Income Tax experiments conducted in the 1970s in the United States and Canada, summarizes their findings, and shows how badly they were misunderstood at the time. It argues that although the experiments succeeded in the scientific goal of obtaining useful data, they badly failed in the goal of improving public understanding of the issue. This experience provides extremely important lessons for the current round of basic income experiments.
Effects of removal on a lightly exploited coyote population in eastern Nevada

Coyote (Canis latrans) removal is a common, yet controversial, management practice to increase game populations throughout the West. I studied the effect of removal on coyote populations in eastern Nevada from 2004 to 2008 and reviewed 27 available publications to determine the level of human exploitation on my study populations. Removals were performed by USDA Wildlife Services (WS) to benefit game populations and involved the use of trapping, neck snaring, and ground and aerial shooting. To determine if the removal had an effect on the coyote populations, I measured 3 parameters: the presence or absence of skewed sex ratios; proportions of juveniles in the population; and average adult age. Sex was determined at the time of ground removal efforts. Canine teeth were acquired from 96% of coyotes removed from the ground; cementum annuli analysis was performed for aging. Due to WS removal efforts prior to 2004, coyote populations likely were in a lightly exploited state when the study began. Where removal efforts were the highest (65% of total), there was a resulting decline in the mean age of coyotes, an increase in percentage of juveniles in the population, and a skewed sex ratio, indicating that this population may be heavily exploited. No change in these parameters occurred in areas where 35% of the total removals occurred. This information should help wildlife managers understand the exploitation levels of their own coyote populations.
Calorie changes among food items sold in U.S. convenience stores and pizza restaurant chains from 2013 to 2017.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe trends in calories among food items sold in U.S. convenience stores and pizza restaurant chains from 2013 to 2017 – a period leading up to the implementation of the federal menu labeling mandate. Using data from the MenuStat project, we conducted quantile regression analyses in 2018 to estimate the predicted median per-item calories among menu items available at convenience stores (n = 1522) and pizza restaurant chains (n = 2085) – two retailers that have been openly resistant to implementing menu labeling – and assessed whether core food items were reformulated during the study period. We also compared calories in food items available for sale on convenience store and pizza restaurant menus to calories in items that were newly added or dropped. We found that leading up to the national menu labeling implementation date, convenience stores showed a significant decreasing trend in median calories of overall menu items (390 kcals in 2013 vs. 334 kcals in 2017, p-value for trend
Chapter 5 – Ice Cores

The accumulation of past snowfall in the polar ice caps and ice sheets of the world provides an extraordinarily valuable record of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions. These conditions are studied by detailed physical and chemical analyses of ice and firn (snow that has survived the summer ablation season) in cores recovered from very high elevations on the ice surface. Ice cores have revolutionized our understanding of Quaternary paleoclimatology by providing high-resolution records of many different parameters, recorded simultaneously at each ice core location. These records are remarkable archives of many aspects of earth history—temperature, greenhouse gases, aerosols, sea-ice extent, explosive volcanic eruptions, solar activity, and changes in the earth’s magnetic field. High-elevation ice cores from low latitudes provide invaluable paleoenvironmental information to supplement and expand upon that obtained from polar regions.
Mitigating Quantization Lobes in mmWave Low-Bit Reconfigurable Reflective Surfaces

We present a method for the mitigation of quantization lobes in single-bit reconfigurable reflective surfaces (RRSs). Typically, RRSs are planar beamforming structures consisting of hundreds or thousands of antennas with integrated tunable switches. Under plane-wave illumination, single-bit RRSs suffer from undesired side lobes or quantization lobes, which are caused by the periodicity of the errors due to the limited number of bits used in phase quantization. In this article, we present a topology that suppresses the quantization lobes using single-layer, 1-bit RRSs, by implementing a fixed but random phase delay in every unit-cell. The introduction of phase randomization breaks the periodicity of the quantization errors, thus reducing the quantization lobe level (QLL). We carry out a theoretical analysis to demonstrate the effect of phase randomization in RRSs, and for the first time, provide the condition for choosing the range of randomization required to achieve the lowest sidelobe level (SLL). Leveraging this condition, we design a single-layer, 1-bit $30\times 30$ randomized RRS at 222.5 GHz. The reflective surface is fabricated on a thin, low-loss alumina ribbon ceramic wafer from Corning Inc. using a simplified fabrication technique suitable for large-scale production of mmWave/THz RRSs. Finally, we present the radar cross-section (RCS) characterization results obtained from a quasi-optical measurement setup validating the mitigation of quantization lobes using the proposed randomization technique.
Reoperation after Hypospadias Repair: Long-Term Analysis

Purpose:While the true incidence of secondary hypospadias repair is unknown, the current literature cites a 3.3% to 6.7% reoperation rate after distal hypospadias repair and an association with age...
Stepwise sRNA Targeting of Structured Bacterial mRNAsLeads to Abortive Annealing

Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) regulate the expression of hundreds of transcripts via base pairing mediated by the Hfq chaperone protein. sRNAs and the mRNA sites they target are heterogeneous in sequence, length, and secondary structure. To understand how Hfq can flexibly match diverse sRNA and mRNA pairs, we developed a single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) platform that visualizes the target search on time scales relevant in cells. Here we show that unfolding of target secondary structure on Hfq creates a kinetic energy barrier that determines whether target recognition succeeds or aborts before a stable anti-sense complex is achieved. Premature dissociation of the sRNA can be alleviated by strong RNA-Hfq interactions, explaining why sRNAs have different target recognition profiles. We propose that the diverse sequences and structures of Hfq substrates creates an additional layer of information that tunes the efficiency and selectivity of non-coding RNA regulation in bacteria.
Rare earth elements as tracers of sediment contamination by fertilizer industries in Southern Brazil, Patos Lagoon Estuary

Abstract The content of rare earth elements (REE) and their distribution in sediment cores collected from the Patos Lagoon estuary from southern Brazil were investigated. Sediment cores (ca. 44 cm) were obtained from two locations within the estuary, including a relatively unimpacted site (PI) that has not been strongly affected by human activities and a well-known polluted area within Coroa do Boi Bay (CB), located in the industrialized central part of the estuary, to capture possible features that may help to identify contamination by the local fertilizer manufacturing industry. Sediments from both coring locations are enriched in the light REEs (LREE) over the heavy REEs (HREE) when normalized to the North American Shale Composite (NASC). The PI core was collected in the mid-estuary, an area where salinity values were lower than 10 practical salinity units and where river water and seawater mixing occurs. The features observed in PI sediments likely reflect preferential removal of LREEs from the water column owing to salt-induced coagulation of river-borne colloids. Sediments samples collected from the impacted CB location have substantially higher REE contents than PI sediments. Furthermore the relatively constant REE content and measures of REE fractionation (i.e., ΣLREE/ΣHREE ratios, NASC normalized patterns, NASC normalized La/Yb ratios) with depth in sediments from the CB site suggests that the impact of fertilizer manufacturing on these sediments is a long-term phenomenon. Using sedimentation rates determined for Coroa do Boi Bay, we show that anthropogenic contamination of the CB core sediments by total urban, industrial, and port emissions of REEs can be traced to the early 1900's and was largely continuous throughout the 20th century.
1,3-Butadiene, styrene and lymphohaematopoietic cancers among North American synthetic rubber polymer workers: exposure-response analyses

Objective To evaluate exposure–response between 1,3-butadiene, styrene and lymphohaematopoietic cancers in an updated cohort of workers at six North American plants that made synthetic rubber polymers. Methods Employees were followed from 1943 through 2009 to determine mortality outcomes. Cox regression analyses estimated rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs by quartile of cumulative exposure to butadiene or styrene, measured in parts per million-years (ppm-years), and exposure–response trends for all leukaemia, lymphoid leukaemia, myeloid leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma and all B-cell malignancies. Results Among 21 087 workers, adjusted RRs for butadiene and all leukaemia (132 deaths) rose with increasing exposure, with an RR of 2.53 (95% CI 1.37 to 4.67) in the highest exposure quartile (≥363.64 ppm-years), and the exposure–response trend was statistically significant for all leukaemia (p=0.014) and for lymphoid leukaemia (52 deaths, p=0.007). Styrene exposure–response trends for all leukaemia and lymphoid leukaemia were less consistent than those for butadiene. Cumulative exposures to butadiene and styrene were not associated consistently with myeloid leukaemias or the B-cell malignancies, NHL and multiple myeloma. Conclusions We confirmed a positive exposure–response relationship between butadiene and all leukaemia among workers, most of whom had coexposure to styrene. Results supported an association between butadiene and lymphoid leukaemia, but not myeloid leukaemia, and provided little evidence of any association of butadiene or styrene exposures with major subtypes of B-cell malignancies other than lymphoid leukaemia, including NHL and multiple myeloma.
Aging Puerto Ricans’ Experiences of Depression Treatment: A New Ethnographic Exploration

Abstract Purpose To examine aging Puerto Ricans’ experiences with and perceptions of depression treatment. Methodology/approach In-depth analysis of eight exemplary cases from ethnographic interviews with a subsample of 16 aging Puerto Ricans in the Boston area who are part of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. Findings The results show that respondents were resistant to accepting pharmacological treatment for their depression, and they often characterized antidepressants as “dope.” Moreover, they claimed that in addition to their health problems, social stressors such as financial strain, lack of jobs, housing problems, and social isolation are triggering or contributing to their depression. Because of this, they express reluctance in accepting clinical treatment only, and suggest that broader social issues and other health needs ought to be addressed as part of an effective treatment. For many, pharmacological treatment is acceptable only in the more severe forms of depression. Research limitations/implications These results have important implications for improving the quality of depression treatment and reducing health disparities for mainland Puerto Ricans. Originality/value of chapter Even though recent studies continue to show a high frequency of depression among Puerto Ricans, issues of treatment quality are still understudied and ethnographic accounts are especially lacking. Our study offers an exploratory investigation of this unresolved research issue.
The Heuristic Character of Traditional Scientific Methods

The history of philosophy contains a number of attempts to formulate a procedure for generating theoretical knowledge, proofs, knowledge of causes, forms, essences, first principles and the like. These have been variously described and named as methods for inferring causes from effects, methods of analysis, induction, retroduction, and abduction. The methods described under these headings are often described in contrast to inferring from causes to effects, and methods of synthesis or deduction. The latter methods are plausibly understood as methods of applying established belief or principles in proving theorems or in explaining or predicting various occurrences, and philosophers, both recent and earlier, have viewed the latter methods as essentially deductive and philosophically unproblematic. However, the former methods are seldom sharply distinguished and seemingly several distinct procedures are designated by terms such as “analysis” and “induction”. They have also been generally regarded as philosophically problematic, but still the hope of discovering such methods has risen repeatedly in the history of philosophy. (See Oldroyd, 1984, for a useful summary account of both kinds of method.)
Defining the mechanisms and cues that influence cytotoxic T cell homeostasis during malnourishment (LYM2P.727)

T cell homeostasis is clearly disrupted by malnutrition, but the precise cues and mechanisms through which it occurs are unknown. Short-term malnutrition reduces the size of the peripheral CD8+ T population in mice. Perhaps paradoxically, malnourished CD8+ T cells are less sensitive to death-by-neglect and express higher levels of CD127, a component of the IL-7 receptor. We aimed to identify whether vitamin and mineral deficiency or reduced caloric intake triggers these changes and to better understand the molecular mechanisms through which such changes occur. While vitamin and mineral deficiency is not sufficient to reduce total CD8+ T cell numbers or trigger CD127 up-regulation, it is sufficient to reduce CD8+ T cell sensitivity to death-by-neglect. Mechanistically, we have determined that the reduced sensitivity to death-by-neglect observed in malnourished CD8+ T cells is Foxo1-dependent. Given that CD127 is a transcriptional target of Foxo1, additional studies were conducted to determine if CD127 is up-regulated or if CD127low CD8+ T cells are simply out-competed in a malnourished environment. Our results suggest that during malnourishment, Foxo1 induces the up-regulation of CD127 on CD8+ T cells, which may relate to the cells’ reduced sensitivity to growth factor withdrawal. While different mechanisms may be triggered by calorie versus vitamin and mineral deficiency, both deficiencies reduce CD8+ T cell sensitivity to death-by-neglect.
The pyridine nucleosidase from Bacillus subtilis: Kinetic properties and enzyme-inhibitor interactions☆

Abstract The interaction between the Bacillus subtilis DPNase and its inhibitor is a time-dependent second order reaction, with a rate constant of 5.3 × 10 5 M −1 s −1 at 28 °C and pH 7.5. The interaction is noncompetitive with the substrate, and the presence of substrate does not affect the rate of interaction. Dissociation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex occurs below pH 4.3. The presence of DPN + does not promote dissociation of the complex at neutral pH values, but does promote dissociation at pH 4.5. The enzyme has a high specificity for the presence of the nicotinamide ring in the substrate. DPN + and TPN + are the only dinucleotides that are hydrolyzed by the DPNase out of a number of DPN + analogs that were tested. The thionicotinamide analog of DPN + is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. The stability of the DPNase and its inhibitor against heat and acid denaturation was also investigated.
Does Health Insurance Impede Trade in Health Care Services

There is limited trade in health services despite big differences in the price of health care across countries. Whether patients travel abroad for health care depends on the coverage of treatments by their health insurance plan. Under existing health insurance contracts, the gains from trade are not fully internalized by the consumer. The result is a strong "local-market bias" in the consumption of health care. A simple modification of existing insurance products can create sufficient incentives for consumers to travel. For just 15 highly tradable, low-risk treatments, the annual savings to the US would be $1.4 billion even if only one in ten patients who need these treatments went abroad. Half of these annual savings would accrue to the Medicare program alone. We examine how measures by destination countries to improve and credibly signal the quality of health care can enhance the scope for trade.
Baseline Depressive Symptoms, Completion of Study Assessments, and Behavior Change in a Long-Term Dietary Intervention Among Breast Cancer Survivors

Depressive symptoms can lower adherence and change in dietary studies. Behavioral activation may reduce these effects. This study aims to assess relationships among depressive symptoms on adherence and dietary change in the Women’s Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study Secondary analyses from the WHEL Study, which achieved major dietary change in breast cancer survivors (N = 2817), were conducted. Logistic regressions were undertaken of baseline depressive symptoms (six-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)) with (1) completion of 1- and 4-year study assessments and (2) validated change in dietary behavior in the intervention group. In the comparison group (vs. intervention), depressive symptoms lowered completion of dietary recalls and clinic visits [4 years: odds ratio (OR) = 2.0; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.4–3.0]. The behaviorally oriented intervention achieved major change in those furthest from study targets, although changes were lower in those with depressive symptoms: fruit/vegetable (+37.2 %), fiber (+49.0 %), and fat (−22.4 %). Behavioral activation in dietary change interventions can overcome the impact of depressive symptoms.
Cross-Cultural Training

Cross-cultural training is of interest to scholars and practitioners alike in this age of rapid globalization of business. While there is considerable research on the effectiveness of cross-cultural training and the performance of expatriate managers, this research has had mixed results because of methodological flaws and the lack of a unifying theory. The increasing cross-cultural interaction in the workplace, not only among expatriates but also among domestic employees, especially multicultural distributed teams, means that research of cross-cultural training effectiveness, both qualitative and quantitative, is more important than ever. Keywords: cross-cultural training; expatriates; multicultural teams; performance; cultural intelligence
Interpersonal goals, others' regard for the self, and self‐esteem: The paradoxical consequences of self‐image and compassionate goals.

People often adopt self-image goals to increase others' regard for them and perhaps their own self-esteem. But do these impression management goals achieve their intended result in close relationships? And do they endure over time? We suggest that self-image goals predict decreased self-esteem and close others' regard for the self through decreased responsiveness to others. In contrast, compassionate goals, which reflect a genuine concern for others' well-being, predict increased self-esteem and others' regard through increased responsiveness. We tested these hypotheses in a longitudinal study of college roommates followed across a semester. Path analyses supported both predictions, suggesting a paradox for interpersonal goals in close relationships: explicit attempts to increase close others' regard for the self backfire and damage self-esteem, but having goals to meet others' needs result in others' positive regard and promote self-esteem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time Series Models: Basics

A time series is a sequence of observations in chronological order, for example, daily log returns on a stock or monthly values of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). A common simplifying assumption is that the data are equally spaced with a discrete-time observation index; however, this may only hold approximately. For example, daily log returns on a stock may only be available for weekdays, with additional gaps on holidays, and monthly values of the CPI are equally spaced by month, but unequally spaced by days. In either case, the consecutive observations are commonly regarded as equally spaced, for simplicity. In this chapter, we study statistical models for time series. These models are widely used in econometrics, business forecasting, and many scientific applications.
Parent Preferences for Communicating With Their Adolescent's Provider Using New Technologies

Abstract Purpose Because adolescents make few health care visits, we assessed the views of parents of adolescents on various means to communicate with their adolescents' physicians about vaccine reminders and appointments, medication refills and test results—including phone, mail, e-mail, text messages, and personal health records (PHRs). Methods We performed a cross-sectional survey of 400 parents of adolescents presenting to four pediatric offices (two urban, two suburban) in Rochester, NY in 2011 before vaccine reminders occurring in these practices. Results Roughly half of parents (60% urban, 52% suburban, p = .11) were accepting of teens receiving their own vaccine reminders. Urban parents preferred communicating with the provider via telephone, whereas suburban parents preferred e-mail for most issues and a PHR for receipt of test results. In adjusted analyses, being younger was associated with preferring text message vaccine reminders (41 to p = .02; ≥51 years, aRR = .5, p p p = .007; ≥51 years: aRR = .4, p p Conclusions Our study shows that some, but not all, parents are ready for electronic (text message, e-mail, PHR) communications for their adolescents' health care and that a parent age and socioeconomic divide exists. Providing options in the means in which parents communicate with an adolescent's provider is ideal.
SCF-Xα-SW Cluster Molecular-Orbital Models of Catalysts, Alloys, Magnetic Materials, and Superconductors

Recent self-consistent-field Xalpha scattered-wave (SCF-Xα-SW) molecular-orbital studies of the electronic structures, chemical bonding, and related (e.g. catalytic, magnetic, and superconducting) properties of metal and alloy clusters are reviewed, including results for: (1) Li clusters, (2) Cu, Ni, Pd, and Pt clusters, (3) relativistic contributions to cluster electronic structure, (4) the interaction of hydrogen with Ni, Pd, and Pt clusters, (5) metal-support (Pt-SiO2 and Ru-SiO2) interactions, (6) magnetism of Fe clusters, (7) cluster models of transition-metal impurities and their magnetic properties in copper and aluminum hosts, (8) cluster models of intermetallic compounds and solid-solution alloys, (9) cluster models of amorphous alloys, and (10) cluster molecular-orbital models of superconductors.
Differentially expressed genes in TGF-β1 sensitive and resistant human hepatoma cells

Abstract The pathway of growth inhibitory cellular signal transduction by transforming growth factor β1 is largely unknown. Although several cellular proteins have been shown to be involved in the pathway, others remain to be identified. To search for other involved proteins, differentially expressed genes were examined in two human hepatoma cell lines that were respectively sensitive and resistant to growth inhibition by TGF-β1. Two such genes (SB31 and SB16) were characterized and found to be 100% homologous to leucine-rich β2-glycoprotein and the ribosomal protein S25, respectively. SB31 was coordinately expressed with the TGF-βI type II receptor, implicating a possible interaction. Expression of both genes in different cell lines can be broadly correlated with the sensitivity of the cell lines to growth inhibition by TGF-β1. SB16 expression is strongly suppressed in rat liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. suggesting that it may have a role in liver growth.
Hypnotic efficacy of temazepam: A long-term sleep laboratory evaluation

Abstract 1 Temazepam was evaluated in a strictly defined insomniac patient population under sleep laboratory conditions. Two protocols were used: a short-term (26-night) and a long-term (54-night) protocol evaluated the efficacy of the drug administered at night at 15 mg (short-term study) and 30 mg (long-term study), respectively. 2 Temazepam seemed to be both safe and effective at doses of 15 and 30 mg with up to 5 weeks of ingestion. 3 Suppression of slow wave sleep was observed at the high dose, but no suppression of REM sleep, found in studies with other benzodiazepines, was noted. 4 No evidence was found for development of tolerance or rebound effects.
The Differential Diagnosis of Hypoglycorrhachia in Adult Patients

Abstract Objectives Hypoglycorrhachia, a low glucose level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), can suggest bacterial, fungal or tuberculous meningitis. When tests for these common infectious etiologies are negative, many clinicians are unsure of which diagnoses to consider, resulting in delayed treatment. The authors analyzed the diagnoses associated with hypoglycorrhachia to determine their relative frequencies at our institution and summarized all the diagnoses associated with hypoglycorrhachia in the literature. Methods Retrospective analysis of adults with hypoglycorrhachia at a tertiary care teaching hospital over a 5-year period. Inclusion criteria included CSF glucose Results Eighty-nine unique hypoglycorrhachia episodes were identified. The most common etiologies among all episodes of hypoglycorrhachia were bacterial meningitis (24%), fungal meningitis (15%), stroke/bleed (13%), malignancy (11%), viral meningitis (6%), neurosarcoidosis (4%), neurosyphilis (4%) and cerebral toxoplasmosis (3%). The most common etiology was fungal meningitis (38%) among Hiv-infected patients and bacterial meningitis (62%) among neurosurgery patients. However, in patients without HIV or neurosurgical history, noninfectious etiologies (stroke/bleed, 24%; malignancy, 22%) were most common. Conclusions Many diagnoses, both infectious and noninfectious, lead to hypoglycorrhachia and must be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Initiating Sexual Experiences: How Do Young Adolescents Make Decisions Regarding Early Sexual Activity?

Understanding how young adolescents make decisions to engage in early sexual activities is vital for intervention efforts aimed at fostering positive youth development and reducing the negative outcomes of adolescent sexual behavior. In-depth interviews with 42 suburban, mostly White, ninth-grade adolescents (52% females, mean age=14.1, SD=.45) elicited accounts of their early sexual decisions. We adapted grounded theory methodology to build a model of sexual decision making from the adolescents' narratives. Six dominant categories emerged: contextual factors (relationship and personal characteristics), consideration of risks and benefits, boundary setting, boundary communication, the sexual experience, and evaluation. Our model of early sexual decision-making processes, developed from the perspectives of young adolescents, highlights active consideration of health and social risks and benefits, as well as the generation of options regarding sexual activity. The model also shows that young adolescents set clear boundaries of sexual limits and evaluate sexual experiences, suggesting a dynamic process of decision making.
REDICTION OF ASCORBIC ACID RETENTION DURING DRYING II. SIMULATION OF RETENTION IN A MODEL SYSTEM

The second part of this study to predict ascorbic acid retention during air-drying deals with the kinetics of degradation of ascorbic acid as a function of moisture content, temperature and time, and with the simulation of ascorbic acid retention. Ascorbic acid degradation was found to follow a first order reaction and to be highly moisture- and temperature-dependent. A reasonable prediction of ascorbic acid retention was obtained when local moisture rather than average moisture content was taken into consideration. This type of approach may be applicable to other nutrients or organoleptic qualities providing that the kinetics of the loss of these qualities can be established.
Studies on the mechanisms of the rapid modulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in intact liver by mevalonolactone and 25-hydroxycholesterol.

A rapid, biphasic inhibition of rat hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34) was induced by intragastric administration of R,S-mevalonolactone. The initial phase had a t12 of 5.3 min. 30 min after drug administration the inhibition could be reversed in vitro by cytosol or a partially purified cytosolic activator. The reactivation was prevented by 50mM NaF. Thus the initial inhibition appeared to be the result of reversible inactivation possibly by phosphorylation of the enzyme. Consistent with this was the finding that the net reductase activator (phosphatase) activity present in cytosol was decreased 64% in these animals. The rapid reversible inhibition could not be reproduced in vitro by incubating microsomes or postmitochondrial supernatants with mevalonate suggesting the intact cell was necessary for expression of the effect. The second phase of inhibition due to mevalonate administration had a t12 of 1.3 h and was not reversible. It was attributed to inhibition of synthesis of reductase probably as the result of sterol accumulation in the cell. Perfusion of 25-hydroxycholesterol through livers isolated from animals at the circadian peak of cholesterol biosynthesis resulted in a rapid, 75–80% inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. This inhibition was not reversed by incubation with cytosol or partially purified activator. Further, there was no apparent change in net activator levels in cytosol from the livers perfused with 25-hydroxycholesterol. This suggests the effect of this sterol on reductase does not involve reversible phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. On the basis of this study it is postulated that there are at least two mechanisms by which 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity can be rapidly suppressed in the intact liver. One is reversible and appears to be the result of alteration in the reductase kinase-phosphatase system. The second is irreversible and may be due to acceleration of the normal degradation system.
Aryl−CF3 Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination from Palladium(IV)

This communication describes oxidatively induced Ar-CF(3) bond-forming reductive elimination from new Pd(II) complexes of general structure (L approximately L)Pd(II)(Ar)(CF(3)). The electrophilic fluorinating reagent N-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium triflate promotes these reactions in good to excellent yields. The palladium(IV) intermediate ((t)Bu-bpy)Pd(IV)(CF(3))(F)(OTf)(C(6)H(4)F) has been isolated, characterized, and demonstrated to undergo high yielding Ar-CF(3) coupling upon thermolysis. This work provides an attractive conceptual framework for the development of Pd(II/IV)-catalyzed arene trifluoromethylation reactions.
Laser mechanisms and processes in the p-GE far IR laser

Laser mechanisms in the p-Ge far IR laser are identified and models presented to make laser line assignments in the three laser spectral regions: (A) multiple frequencies non-tunable with E and B, (B) multiple frequencies tunable with B, and (CR) single cyclotron frequencies tunable with B. Brief reviews of the classical and quantum theories of the p-Ge laser are given to support and explain the laser models.
Numerical investigation of self-heating effects of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We present a comprehensive numerical model to simulate self-heating effects of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) under continuous-wave operation. The model self-consistently accounts for the close interaction between optical, electrical, and thermal processes in VCSELs. In particular, hot carriers and nonequilibrium optical phonons in the quantum wells are modeled by solving a carrier energy balance equation and an optical phonon rate equation. Our numerical simulations reveal that they are responsible for aggravated thermal rollovers in VCSELs' L-I characteristics. Detailed comparisons are made and good agreement is obtained between simulations and experiments for the L-I-V and lasing wavelength characteristics of VCSELs with varying oxide aperture size. Various mechanisms that result in the L-I thermal rollover behavior are also investigated with the aid of simulations.
Multiscale Modeling of Fatigue for Ductile Materials

A multiscale model is developed for fatigue life predictions of elastoplastic solids and structures. The fatigue problem is formulated using a variant of the mathematical homogenization theory developed to account for almost periodic fields. Multiple temporal scales are employed to resolve the solution within a load cycle as well as to predict the useful life span of a structural component. The concept of almost-periodicity is introduced to account for irreversible inelastic deformation, which gives rise to nonperiodic fields in time domain. By this approach the original initial boundary value problem is decomposed into coupled microchronological (fast time-scale) and macro-chronological (slow time-scale) problems. The proposed life prediction methodology was implemented in ABAQUS and verified against the direct cycle-by-cycle simulation.
Circuits, Systems, and Technologies for Detecting the Onset of Sudden Cardiac Death Through EKG Analysis

This article discusses the circuits, systems, and technologies that can be put together to design an electronic-vest that is capable of recognizing a cardiac event and alerting emergency services personnel. The discussion includes state-of-the-art in electronic textiles, analog/radio-frequency circuits, flexible antenna design, sensor design, signal processing, and fault tolerant and dynamic reconfiguration of sensors and processing components. Preliminary design, analysis, and prototyping issues are discussed to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the technologies.
Types of Collagen Synthesized by Normal Rat Liver Hepatocytes in Primary Culture

Collagen formation is an important function of liver parenchymal cells that may be relevant to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. The types of collagen synthesized by cultured normal rat liver hepatocytes were examined. Cells isolated from adult rats by enzymatic dispersion of the liver were established in primary monolayer culture. Cells were then incubated with radiolabeled proline for 20 hr in the presence of ascorbate and the lathrogen beta-aminopropionitrile. Collagen secreted into the cell media was assessed separately from that in the cell layer. The greater proportion of newly synthesized collagen was associated with the cell layer. Collagen types were identified by ion exchange chromatography and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Types I, III, IV, and V collagen were present in both media and cell layer. Types III and V were the predominant types found. Very little Type I collagen was synthesized by these cultured normal hepatocytes. The percentages of Types I, III, IV, and V collagens, combining media and cell layer, were 6, 38, 19, and 36, respectively.
Lack of effects of acute estradiol on mood in postmenopausal women

Chronic treatment with estrogen is believed to improve mood in postmenopausal women, and recent preclinical evidence suggests that estradiol may also affect mood and behavior through acute neuronal membrane-mediated effects on the central nervous system. This study was designed to characterize potential mood effects of single doses of transdermal estradiol in healthy postmenopausal women who were not taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Twelve women participated in a five-session, within-subjects, double-blind study, in which they received placebo, transdermal estradiol (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg), or D-amphetamine (15 mg, oral) in a randomized order. Amphetamine was included as a positive control. Dependent measures included self-report measures of mood, physiological measures, and plasma hormone levels. Despite dose-dependent increases in plasma estradiol levels, and despite the fact that D-amphetamine produced its prototypic stimulant-like effects in these postmenopausal women, estradiol did not produce effects on mood. The finding that acute administration of exogenous estradiol did not alter mood suggests that more chronic exposure to estradiol is needed to produce mood-enhancing effects.
Helicon relaxation of electron spins

Abstract It is shown that relaxation of electron spins by thermally excited helicons competes with the phonon process at low temperatures in the lighter metals.
Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy

Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) is a relatively new disease that is rapidly becoming the prime indication for penetrating keratoplasty. From 1977 thru 1981 we performed 81 corneal transplants on 66 eyes for this condition. In our experience, the incidence of PBK, with iris-supported lenses, is five times greater than aphakic bullous keratopathy (ABK). A series of 800 intracapsular cataract extractions (ICCE) with implantation of iris-supported lenses (1975-1979) were reviewed. Thirty-four patients (4.3%) developed PBK (average two years after surgery). In a series of 3,000 simple ICCEs (1955-1980), 24 patients (0.8%) developed ABK. Etiologic factors, methods of prevention, and the results of penetrating keratoplasty are considered. PBK following ICCE is a serious disease entity, usually of multifactorial origin. Though 88% of the patients have clear grafts, a high incidence of associated posterior segment disease tends to nullify the visual result. Planned extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens insertion (1979-1982) has reduced our incidence of PBK to 0.3% (1/300). These results are promising but premature.
Shock-dependent, thrust wings for supersonic flow

A new wing concept which lowers the inviscid drag of a wing in supersonic flow is described. The thrust-wing concept uses a secondary shock that occurs to the rear of the maximum thickness location to produce a significant aerodynamic thrust force from the rearward portion of the wing, thus reducing the inviscid drag. The evaluation of the thrust-wing concept is conducted on a delta-wing planform of differing sweep angles and thicknesses at Mach 1.60 over a wide range of lifting conditions.
Childhood adverse events and methamphetamine use among men and women

Women report extensive histories of childhood abuse, often leading to addiction. Studies assessing the same effects for men are lacking. This study describes childhood adverse events (CAEs) among methamphetamine (MA)-dependent men and women and assesses the relationship of CAEs to the onset and severity of dependence. Baseline and three-year interview data were collected for 236 men and 351 women. Dependent variables included onset of MA and severity of dependence. Women reported greater occurrence of all types of CAEs than men (28% vs. 13%,p < .01). Familial substance abuse was most predictive of onset for men and of dependence severity for women. The collective impact of CAEs was related to both age of onset and severity. This demonstrates the intergenerational cycle of addiction, and indicates the need for early intervention, which could prevent the onset of MA use and reduce the course of addiction.
FDTD modeling of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes with microsphere arrays

The light extraction efficiency of InGaN light-emitting diodes employing microsphere arrays with different refractive indices and diameters were studied, and the use of anatase TiO 2 microsphere arrays resulted in 2.4-times increase in light extraction efficiency.
Believe it or not! multi-core CPUs can match GPU performance for a FLOP-intensive application!

In this paper, we evaluate performance of a real-world image processing application that uses a cross-correlation algorithm to compare a given image with a reference one. We implement this algorithm on a nVidia GTX 285 GPU using CUDA, and also parallelize it for the Intel Xeon (Nehalem) and IBM Power7 processors, using both manual and automatic techniques. Pthreads and OpenMP with SSE and VSX vector intrinsics are used for the manually parallelized version, while a state-of-the-art optimization framework based on the polyhedral model is used for automatic compiler parallelization and optimization. The best performing versions on the Power7, Nehalem, and GTX 285 run in 1.02s, 1.82s, and 1.22s, respectively. The performance of this algorithm on the nVidia GPU suffers from: (1) a smaller shared memory, (2) unaligned device memory access patterns, (3) expensive atomic operations, and (4) weaker single-thread performance. These results conclusively demonstrate that, under certain conditions, it is possible for a FLOP-intensive structured application running on a multi-core processor to match or even beat the performance of an equivalent GPU version.
Evidence-Based Reflective Teaching Practice: A Preceptorship Course Example

Abstract Aim. This preceptorship course case study employed an evidence-based reflective teaching practice perspective based on a nursing process framework to develop, implement, and evaluate assignment efficacy directly related to course objectives. Background. Journaling and article analysis had been used to assess development of role socialization, critical thinking, and self-reflective practice. These activities were found to be ineffective; new assignments were needed to address essential issues and allow for evaluation of assignment efficacy. Method. Based upon contextual constructivism, four assignments were developed focused on learning goals, nursing skills, assumptions/biases, and role socialization. Assignment efficacy was evaluated via anonymous exploratory surveys. Results. Student reports identified that assignments met learning outcomes. Methods for improvement in instructional practice were identified and revisions made. Conclusion. Participation in evidence-based reflective teaching pract...