cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucose transport carrier activities in extensively washed human red cell ghosts.

Abstract Human red cell ghosts were prepared and extensively washed in the presence of divalent cations (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) and their residual glucose transport carrier activities were studied. 99.18 % of the original cellular contents of hemoglobin were removed by the isolation procedures. The glucose carrier activities of such ghosts exhibited the following characteristics. (1) An extremely high permeability to d -glucose (2.0·10 −5 cm/sec at 24°) and to 2-deoxy- d -glucose (2.9·10 −5 cm/sec at 24°), compared with the permeability to d -mannitol (5.2·10 −8 cm/sec at 24°). (2) Stereospecificity towards various sugars; relative rates of permeation by 2-deoxy- d -glucose, d -glucose, d -mannose and d -ribose were 1.5, 1.0, 0.35 and 0.020, respectively. (3) Saturability (for d -glucose at 24°, a K m of 19.5 mM and a Φ max of 6.4 μmoles·cm −3 ·sec −2 ). (4) Sensitivity to stilbestrol (competitive inhibition with a K i of 4.69 μM at 24°) and to dinitrofluorobenzene (irreversible inhibition). (5) Transient uphill movements of d -glucose by the addition of a second sugar, 2-deoxy- d -glucose, a counter-transport phenomenon. (6) Relative insensitivity to change in pH, between 5.2 and 9.0. (7) High degree of temperature dependency with a negative Q 10 for K m at low temperatures. (8) A relative resistivity to heat inactivation up to 65°. In conclusion, this work provides (1) the first evidence that such purified ghosts maintain fully functional glucose carrier activity and (2) a new detailed description of the nature of the temperature dependence and heat denaturation of this carrier system in ghosts.
Computer graphics in Computing Curriculum 1991

Computer graphics has not been treated as an important subject in computer science curriculum recommendations throughout the history of the ACM curriculum recommendations. A new report from the current ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Curriculum Task Force, entitled "Computing Curricula 1991" [6], is intended to provide curriculum recommendations for baccalaureate programs in areas of computing encompassed by ACM and IEEE-CS, replacing such recommendations as Curriculum 78 [2] and the 1983 IEEE-CS model program [4]. How does computer graphics fare in this report, and what are the implications of the report for computer graphics developments in computing curricula?Overall, computer graphics comes out fairly well in these recommendations. The report specifically recommends both computer graphics and human-cemputer interaction topics in the core curriculum. This partially reflects the Ohlson recommendations from SIGGRAPH's Education Committee [5] and is vastly better than Curriculum 78, which ignored computer graphics almost entirely. However, as we shall see, the core content of computer graphics and human-computer interaction is quite weak, and the Task Force seems to have had some question about how they should be worked into core courses. Advanced courses in both computer graphics and human-computer interaction are also explicitly suggested in the report. A description of a very standard elective computer graphics course is included in the report. The report concludes with summaries of some sample curricula, and the elective computer graphics course is listed in most of them. However, none of these include the human-computer interaction elective.
Measuring export performance in service industries

Increases in the international marketing of services have created a need to better understand the determinants of service export performance measures. While numerous studies suggest using either the ratio of a firm′s foreign sales over its total sales, number of markets, perceptions of export profitability, or management′s satisfaction with export performance as surrogate indicators of export performance, these measures are based upon the fundamentals of manufacturing industries. To better equip service managers with appropriate evaluative tools, this study analyzes the alternative methods of measuring export performance within the context of the services industry, Results of a survey of US‐based, international business‐to‐business service firm indicate that each measure captures different components of overall export performance. This research identifies the key input variables of each export performance measure to help international managers of service firms select the export performance measure that is most appropriate for them to use in determining whether or not they are achieving their goals.
Effect of film thickness on the breakdown temperature of atomic layer deposited ultrathin HfO2 and Al2O3 diffusion barriers in copper metallization

Abstract We investigate the effect of thickness of HfO 2 and Al 2 O 3 barrier films on the breakdown temperature of Cu/barrier film/Si structures. The HfO 2 and Al 2 O 3 films are deposited using tetrakis-diethylamino hafnium and tris-diethylamino aluminum, respectively, as the metal precursors and ozone as the oxidizer at 250 °C. Interactions between the layers of Cu/barrier film (1 or 2 nm-thick)/Si structures due to high-temperature annealing in N 2 are probed using sheet resistance measurements. The crystallinity of the multilayer structure and the possible formation of any anneal-induced reaction products are investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of Cu-silicide phase(s) due to diffusion of Cu atoms through the barrier layer indicates the failure of the corresponding diffusion barrier. The surface morphology of Cu is examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental mapping is done with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Our results show that both 1 and 2 nm-thick HfO 2 and Al 2 O 3 barrier films are capable of restricting the diffusion of Cu at high annealing temperatures; therefore, they could be used as effective diffusion barriers between Cu and Si.
Advancing Global Capacity for Engineering Education Research: Preliminary findings

Advancing the Global Capacity for Engineering Education Research (AGCEER) is a joint initiative by the European Journal of Engineering Education (EJEE) and the Journal of Engineering Education (JEE). The purpose is to significantly advance the global capacity for engineering education research. A series of moderated interactive sessions are being offered at international engineering education conferences between July 2007 and December 2008. In these sessions, participants discuss what constitutes engineering education research, who is and should be involved, and what infrastructure is required to sustain engineering education research. To date, AGCEER sessions have been held at regional engineering education conferences in Europe, Hong Kong, Australasia, and at the ASEE Global Colloquium in Turkey. Future sessions are planned for Europe, the United States, Russia, Brazil, South Africa, and India. Transcripts of completed sessions were analyzed using qualitative, open coding methods. Common themes across all these sessions were (a) the need for more rigorous engineering education research, (b) improving resources and recognition for engineering education researchers, and (c) getting research results into the hands of practitioners. Variations across countries and regions include who is engaged in engineering education research (e.g., faculty, administrators, policymakers), their levels of activity, and their interest and expertise in engineering education research. Our analysis includes some background on engineering education in each of these regions to help explain variations in the current state of research efforts.
Accelerator Alignment a Problem in Feedback-Control Systems

Obtaining and keeping a satisfactory closed beam orbit is a major problem in the design of large accelerators. The system determining this orbit has many variables, these variables are distributed around the accelerator structure, and the existence of the beam is periodic. The designer may attempt to ensure satisfactory values for these variables by brute-force techniques such as ultra-precision construction, or he may apply the more subtle techniques of system control theory. In any case, he is dealing with a multivariable, interacting, sampled-data control problem. For the accelerators of the future, it may not be obvious that a solution exists. In fact, however, there are techniques whereby an equilibrium orbit may first be obtained and thereafter maintained in the presence of all expected disturbances, by means of an electro-mechanical control system employing beam-position monitors. These techniques further permit a wide variety of operator experiments, such as trying various orbits, or restricting the spatial harmonic content of magnet re-positioning. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate certain of these techniques. For clarity we will restrict our discussion to an elementary magnet-position control system for maintaining a closed orbit in the presence of magnet support settling. We assume the beam to be continously present, rather than to be discrete with time. This and other errors, such as magnet imperfections, and other control variables, such as backleg windings, would be handled in the same general way in a realistic design.
Six new vascular plant taxa for Connecticut

Ambrosia X helenae Rouleau (A. artemisiifolia X A. trifida) Hybridization is known to occur between species in the genus Ambrosia (Lee and Dickson 1980). This is the first record of A. X helenae in New England, though the hybrid has been reported from New York (USDA, NRCS 2007). Both parents are common weeds throughout eastern North America (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Ambrosia artemisiifolia is generally found along roadsides and in waste places but can also be found in agricultural fields, the latter habit being preferred by A. trifida. However, the two species are morphologically very distinct. Ambrosia artemisiifolia is relatively short with a maximum height of 0.5 m, the plants are often highly branched, and its leaves are highly dissected. In contrast A. trifida can be over 2 m tall, individuals have few branches, and the leaves have three to seven lobes. Two individuals of this rare hybrid were found in a flower garden in Lebanon, Connecticut with both parental species. The plants were moved to an experimental garden and grown to full reproductive size; at flowering, the plants were intermediate in height between the two parental species. The leaf morphology of the hybrid resembled A. trifida but the leaf sinuses were deeper. Additionally Arthur Haines (New England Wild Flower Society, pers. comm.) noticed while examining one of these hybrid specimens that primary leaf lobes often had secondary lobes, leaves subtending the capitulescences were alternate, and
Ocean thermal structure monitoring could aid in the intensity forecast of tropical cyclones

Accurate prediction of the track and intensity of tropical cyclones is highly important for planning the evacuation of densely populated coastal areas and for impact assessment. Though forecasts of Atlantic hurricane tracks have improved greatly during recent years, large errors in intensity forecasts still remain. Dynamical and statistical models are currently being used, with a different range of success, to predict the location of tropical cyclone intensity changes. Statistical prediction models attempt to quantify the relationship between tropical cyclone intensification and variables that can be estimated or observed in real time.
Achalasia: botox, dilatation or laparoscopic surgery in 2006

Achalasia is a primary oesophageal motor disorder characterized by insufficient relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) and loss of oesophageal peristalsis in the body. Despite some insight into the pathophysiology of this syndrome, much remains unknown, particularly with respect to its aetiology. It is not surprising, therefore, that the treatment of achalasia is entirely palliative and consists of different methods to reduce LOS tone and thereby relieve functional obstruction to oesophageal transit. Reduction in LOS pressure can be achieved either by traditional smooth muscle relaxants, chemical denervation (i.e. botulinum toxin), brusque (usually pneumatic) dilation or surgical myotomy. These methods vary in their level of invasiveness and risk of adverse effects which, in general, correlate well with long-term efficacy. Thus, conventional smooth muscle relaxants such as calcium channel blockers or nitrates seldom yield satisfactory long-term alleviation of symptoms; however, this option can be used on an as-needed basis pending investigations and during the planning stage for more definitive therapy. In this article, we will focus on three most frequent options for treatment of achalasia, botulinum toxin injection, pneumatic dilation and surgical myotomy. Further, we have chosen a somewhat unconventional question and answer format to give it a practical patient-oriented flavour, instead of a more theoretical and comprehensive traditional discussion, for which the reader is referred to several thorough reviews published recently. We have also chosen not to enter into discussions of costeffectiveness and economic analysis, not only because of a lack of a clear-cut answer in the literature, but also because this is seldom a consideration from an individual patient’s perspective.
Use of Dual Methods for Protection from Unintended Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Adolescent African American Women.

Abstract Study Objective To characterize factors associated with dual method contraceptive use in a sample of adolescent women. Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures We conducted a cross-sectional survey of sexually active African American women aged 14-19 years who attended an urban Title X clinic in Georgia in 2012 (N = 350). Participants completed a computerized survey to assess contraceptive and condom use during the past 2 sexual encounters with their most recent partner. Dual method use was defined as use of a hormonal contraceptive or intrauterine device and a condom. We applied multinomial logistic regression, using generalized estimating equations, to examine the adjusted association between dual method use (vs use of no methods or less effective methods alone; eg, withdrawal) and select characteristics. Results Dual methods were used by 20.6% of participants at last sexual intercourse and 23.6% at next to last sexual intercourse. Having a previous sexually transmitted disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-4.18), negative attitude toward pregnancy (aOR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.19-4.28), and a mother who gave birth as a teen (aOR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.21-4.52) were associated with higher odds of dual method use. Having no health insurance (aOR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.18-0.82), 4 or more lifetime sexual partners (aOR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.22-0.78), sex at least weekly (aOR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.29-0.99), and agreeing to monogamy with the most recent partner (aOR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.16-0.96) were associated with decreased odds of dual method use. Conclusion Dual method use was uncommon in our sample. Efforts to increase use of dual methods should address individual and relationship factors.
A Review of “The Library Student Advisory Board: Why Your Academic Library Needs It and How To Make It Work”

As those in librarianship—especially in academic libraries—realize, there have been significant changes in the way our facilities and collections are being used. In general there seems to be a decl...
Attending physician coverage in a teaching hospital's emergency department: Effect on malpractice

Abstract It seems self-evident that the establishment of 24-hour per day attending physician coverage in a teaching hospital's emergency department would enhance risk management. However, prior to this study, little investigation had been done to corroborate the effects of full-time emergency department attending physician coverage. In a retrospective study from a large teaching hospital's emergency department, malpractice claims filed for 1985–1987 (part-time attending physician coverage) were analyzed and compared to those for 1987–1989 (full-time attending physician coverage). A total of 98 claims were filed; these data were derived from 466,862 patient visits. Attending physician presence increased from 6000 hours per year in 1985– 1987 to 26,280 hours per year in 1987–1989. There was an 18.5% decrease in claims filed, and a 70.1% decrease in disbursements for the first 2 years after the introduction of full-time attending physician coverage as compared with the preceding 2 years. These findings suggest that full-time attending physician coverage in the emergency department is associated with improved risk managment.
Leg strength predicts mortality in men but not in women with peripheral arterial disease

Objective To establish associations between leg strength and mortality in men and women with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods This was an observational, prospective study of 410 men and women with PAD aged 55 and older recruited from Chicago-area medical centers and followed for a mean of 60 months. The participants were followed for a mean of 60.0 months. Isometric knee extension, knee flexion, hip extension, and hip flexion were measured at baseline. Primary outcomes were all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess relations between leg strength and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among men and women, adjusting for age, race, comorbidities, physical activity, smoking, body mass index, and the ankle brachial index. Results Among the 246 male participants, poorer baseline strength for knee flexion (P trend = .029), knee extension (P trend =.010), and hip extension (P trend = .013) were each associated independently with higher all-cause mortality. Poorer strength for knee flexion (P trend = .042) and hip extension (P trend = .029) were associated with higher cardiovascular mortality. Compared with those in the fourth (best) baseline knee flexion quartile, hazard ratios for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among men in the first (poorest) knee flexion quartile were 2.23 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-4.87; P = .045) and 4.20 (95% CI, 1.12-15.79; P = .044), respectively. No significant associations of leg strength and all-cause mortality were identified among women. Conclusions Poorer leg strength is associated with increased mortality in men, but not women, with PAD. Future study is needed to determine whether interventions that increase leg strength improve survival in men with PAD.
Facets of Country of Origin Image: An Empirical Assessment

Abstract Country of origin (CO) is a potentially powerful image variable that can be used to gain competitive advantage in international marketing. However, deficiencies in the definition and measurement of its facets have contributed to ineffective and infrequent use of CO image as a competitive tool. The research reported in this article addresses these weaknesses through the use of confirmatory factor and incremental fit analyses. The findings reveal that CO image is a multifaceted construct and that its facets are clearly interpretable. The article concludes with a discussion of advertising implications and directions for future research.
Serviceability assessment of electrical power transmission systems under probabilistically stated seismic hazards: case study for Shelby County, Tennessee

Scenario earthquakes are often used to evaluate seismic vulnerability of civil infrastructure systems. While the results of such a vulnerability assessment are useful in visualising and explaining the impact of earthquakes on public infrastructure, they are conditional in nature and do not capture the risk to infrastructure systems from the seismicity that may threaten them during a specified service period. Thus, vulnerability assessments based on scenario earthquakes are not as useful for annualising insurance costs, or for designing or retrofitting infrastructure systems. In this paper, a new method to evaluate the unconditional seismic risk to infrastructure systems is proposed and is illustrated through an application to an electrical power transmission system in a region of moderate seismicity. A comparative assessment of the vulnerability of the same system to two commonly used scenario earthquakes–the so-called Maximum Probable Earthquake and Mean Characteristic Earthquake–highlights the advantage...
Towards automatic identification of core concepts in educational resources

Automatically identifying and extracting key ideas and concepts from educational resources is an important but challenging computational task. We present a supervised machine learning approach to assessing the "coreness" of concepts expressed by resource sentences. The algorithm has been developed and evaluated in the domain of science education where coreness refers to the degree to which a sentence embodies key concepts important to developing a robust understanding of the domain. Our method operates by automatically computing and leveraging the degree of semantic similarity between resource sentences and standard domain concepts designed by human experts for various STEM domains. In our experiments, the algorithm demonstrates high accuracy in identifying sentence coreness when there is agreement between human experts on the coreness rating. We also present performance comparisons with a number of baseline systems.
The Normal Detonation Shock Velocity–Curvature Relationship for Materials with Nonideal Equation of State and Multiple Turning Points

We present a model and a simple-to-implement numerical procedure that obtains the normal detonation shock velocity (Dn)–curvature (κ) relationships for an explosive material with nonideal equation of state and an arbitrary reaction rate law. In addition we illustrate numerically (for a nonideal equation of state) and analytically (for an ideal equation of state with a large activation energy rate law) that for sufficient rate-state–sensitive explosives, the corresponding Dn, κ-response curve can have two turning points, at Dn, κ,-pairs [(Dn)1, κ1], [(Dn)2, κ2], such that κ1 > κ2 > 0 for DCJ ≥ (Dn)1 ≥ (Dn)2, and such that the curve has a Z-shape. The top branch of the Z response curve has been previously associated with detonation extinction at a critical curvature. The bottom branch can be possibly associated with low-velocity detonation and rapid change from low-order detonation to high-order.
Taking sides: Science, language, and debate after Derrida, Searle, and Alan gross

L'A. analyse la supposition d'Alain Gross que la science du langage est possible et meme souhaitable apres le debat Derrida-Searle. Mais qu'est-ce que la science en tant que telle? Est-ce un progres intellectuel comme le suggere Gross?
Agricultural Scientists as Reluctant Revolutionaries

AbstractThe productivity of modern agriculture is a result of a remarkable fusion of technology and science. The emerging skepticism about the role of science in society has led to a questioning of the benefits from technical change in agriculture and there is a rising demand for more effective social control over the development and use of agricultural technology. Agricultural science cannot evade responsibility for the costs as well as the benefits of technical change. But it is in society's interest to let the burden of responsibility rest lightly and to insist that agricultural science maintain its commitment to expanding the productive capacity of the resources used in agricultural production. But society should also insist that agricultural science embrace an agenda that includes a concern for the effects of agricultural technology on the health and safety of agricultural producers; a concern for the nutrition and health of consumers; a concern for the impact of agricultural practices on the aesthet...
MASS TRANSFER OF DECAYING PRODUCTS WITH AXIAL DIFFUSION IN CYLINDRICAL TUBES

Abstract The problem of steady-state mass transfer with axial diffusion of decaying products resulting from the disintegration of an inert gas is considered for a slug and a Poiseuille pipe flow. The products of disintegration are filtered out at the tube inlet, but are again generated by radioactive decay of a flowing inert gas along the cylindrical tube. The radio-elements diffuse axially and radially to the tube walls where they decay into other radio-elements. Because of the Peclet number dependence, the effects of the axial diffusion on the concentration distribution, the local Sherwood number, and the F ( ξ ) values are studied for Peclet numbers of 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 and ∞. For the Poiseuille pipe flow, asymptotic expressions for the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions are also obtained.
Characterization of gain-aware routing in delay tolerant networks

Majority of the existing Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) routing protocols, attempt to minimize one of the popular DTN routing indices, i.e. message delay, forwarding count and storage. However, for many DTN applications such as distributing commercial content, targeting the best performance for one index and compromising the others is insufficient. A more practical solution would be to strike a balance between multiple of these indices. Gain Dissemination Protocol (GDP) is one of the protocols which targets this aim by introducing a gain concept which tries reach a maximum gain of delivery by keeping the balance between the value achieved via delivering the packet to the destination and the forwarding cost involved with that. In this paper, we focus on characterizing the GDP protocol in the scope of mobility. We also propose an upper bound for gain in multicast routing problem, i.e. the Union of Unicast Benchmark (UUB) and compare the performance of a few DTN routing protocols with the former. This eventually reveals the performance scope of a potential gain-aware DTN dissemination protocol.
Peripheral and central inputs to the effort sense during cycling exercise.

The relationships between some physical and physiological events, and perceived effort were studied at several equivalent work outputs (V) at two pedalling rates (30 and 60 rev·min−1). Subjects judged effort throughout a 4 min exercise bout. After 4 min at any sen it was always more effortful to pedal at 30 rev·min−1 even though there were no differences in VE, VO2 or integrated electromyography per minute (IEMG·min−1) between pedalling rates. Effort was related to VO2 and IEMG·min−1 but it was more effortful to pedal at 30 rev·min−1. Effort was also related to pedal resistance and IEMG of single contractions but was influenced by pedalling rate after 4 min of exercise. At any resistance it was more effortful to pedal at 60 rev·min−1, however, when effort was plotted as a function of resistance after 15 s, there was virtually no effect of pedalling rate. The rate effect grows with time from the onset of exercise and appears to be related to the central signal to the effort sense. The interaction of peripheral and central signals suggests a model of the effort sense during exercise.
The Language of Law and the Foundations of American Constitutionalism

For much of its history, the interpretation of the United States Constitution presupposed judges seeking the meaning of the text and the original intentions behind that text, a process that was deemed by Chief Justice John Marshall to be 'the most sacred rule of interpretation'. Since the end of the nineteenth century, a radically new understanding has developed in which the moral intuition of the judges is allowed to supplant the Constitution's original meaning as the foundation of interpretation. The Founders' Constitution of fixed and permanent meaning has been replaced by the idea of a 'living' or evolving constitution. Gary L. McDowell refutes this new understanding, recovering the theoretical grounds of the original Constitution as understood by those who framed and ratified it. It was, he argues, the intention of the Founders that the judiciary must be bound by the original meaning of the Constitution when interpreting it.
WCO, ACD, and QR of DPs

In this squib, I point out a hitherto unnoticed interaction between weak crossover (WCO) and antecedent-contained deletion (ACD) that provides another piece of evidence for an LF A-movement account of ACD and against the A-movement account proposed by Hornstein (1994), adding to the case against Horstein's proposal made by Kennedy (1997). Interestingly, the key piece of evidence, an ACD construction within a definite DP, implies that a quantificational type must be optionally available for definite DPs, but is exploited only when necessary to repair ACD violations
Large gain stability and adaptive expansion estimation in Extremum Seeking

Convergence of Extremum Seeking (ES) algorithms has been established in the limit of small gains. Using averaging theory and contraction analysis, we propose a framework for computing explicit bounds on the departure of ES schemes from their ideal dominant-order average dynamics. The bounds remain valid for possibly large gains. This framework allows us to establish stability and to estimate convergence rates and it opens the way to selecting “optimal” finite gains for ES schemes. Moreover, it constitutes a powerful aid in the design of efficient Perturbation Based ES. We extend this study by providing a simple technique inspired by adaptive control for estimating the cost function derivatives in Numerical Optimization based ES.
Lamotrigine: A six-month, placebo-controlled, safety and tolerance study

Abstract The safety of add-on lamotrigine (LTG, to 500 mg/day) was evaluated in 446 patients with partial seizures (334 LTG, 112 placebo) in a 6-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. LTG had no clinically important effect on vital signs, electrocardiogram, body weight, clinical laboratory results, or physical and neurologic examination results. Dizziness, diplopia, ataxia, blurred vision, and somnolence occurred significantly more often with LTG treatment than with placebo. Most symptoms were mild or moderate and resolved with time. Eight percent of patients in both the LTG and placebo groups withdrew as a result of adverse events (AE). Three rashes in patients receiving LTG were judged serious by the investigators, and one, diagnosed as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, resulted in hospitalization; all resolved with discontinuation of LTG. Significantly more patients treated with LTG than with placebo improved as measured by the Investigators' Global Evaluations. LTG was well tolerated when administered as add-on treatment of epilepsy.
Similarities in Coping Strategies but Differences in Sources of Support Among African American and White Women Coping with Breast Cancer

African American women are less likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer than white women but are more likely to be adversely affected. However, little attention has been paid to how these women cope with the disease or whether they differ from white women in coping with breast cancer. Using a comparative design, this study analyzed the differences in coping strategies and use of social support between African American and white women with breast cancer. Findings suggest that both groups tend to seek social support as a way of coping with their breast cancer but differ in their sources of support. Social workers are urged to consider that there may be differences in sources of social support between racially and ethnically diverse populations. These differences may have an impact on the type of support provided and therefore on patients' need for service.
Exposing the gingival margin: A systematic approach for the control of hemorrhage

Consistent and successful gingival deflection can be performed by controlling hemorrhage first. A systematic approach with contemporary materials has been described for various clinical situations to aid the dentist in the selection of an appropriate technique when gingival deflection is performed.
Protein and peptide probes for molecular imaging

Molecular imaging (Weissleder et al. 2010), an emerging research field, with an emphasis on visualization and quantification of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels, has shown great potential in early detection of diseases, stratifying patients into potential responders and non responders to a given treatment, designing personalized treatment, monitoring treatment efficacy, drug discovery, and development, as well as better understanding of biology and pathophysiology.
Improved assessment of graft function by echocardiography in cynomolgus monkey recipients of hDAF-transgenic pig cardiac xenografts.

Abstract Background The current practice of evaluating heterotopic heart xenografts by palpation allows only detection of severe graft dysfunction, which indicates terminal graft failure. Therefore, we evaluated whether echocardiography is a better method of detecting early graft dysfunction as a marker of rejection in abdominal pig heart xenografts in cynomolgus monkeys. Methods Six cynomolgus monkeys received heterotopic heart transplants from pig donors transgenic for human decay-accelerating factor (hDAF). Induction therapy consisted of either cyclophosphamide or rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin. Maintenance therapy consisted of cyclosporine or tacrolimus, steroids, and sodium mycophenolate or mycophenolate mofetil, GAS914 (αGal oligosaccharide containing glycoconjugate), and for some animals TP10 (soluble complement receptor type 1). Echocardiography was performed immediately after transplantation and 3 times a week after surgery. We scored contractility and measured left ventricular wall thickness. Impaired contractility or increased wall thickness were considered graft dysfunction and were treated with pulse steroids. Palpation score was recorded daily. We also obtained myocardial biopsy specimens. Results Palpation score remained at 4 out of 4 in all animals until 2 to 5 days before final graft failure, whereas echocardiography detected several episodes of impaired graft function, either decreased left ventricular contractility or increased left ventricular wall thickness before graft failure. Treatment with pulse steroids improved graft function only during early episodes of graft impairment. Final graft failure was steroid resistant and caused by severe vascular rejection. Conclusions Echocardiography is a better method of assessing graft dysfunction than is palpation. Therefore, echocardiography may detect early rejection episodes of heterotopic heart xenografts in non-human primates.
The Acquisition of Common Sense Knowledge by Being Told: An Application of NLP to Itself

This paper shows how the knowledge of a semantic interpreter can be bootstrapped for other semantic interpretation tasks. Methods are described for automatically acquiring common sense knowledge and for applying this knowledge to noun sense disambiguation. Ordinary concepts are described by several plain English sentences that are parsed and semantically interpreted. The semantic interpreted sentences are stored under these concepts to be used for semantic interpretation tasks. This paper explains the description of the concepts, the interpretation of the sentences and two algorithms for noun sense disambiguation that use the acquired knowledge.
On Clustering Human Gait Patterns

Research in automated human gait recognition has largely focused on developing robust feature representation and matching algorithms. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of clustering gait patterns based on the features extracted by automated gait matchers. In this regard, a k-means based clustering approach is used to categorize the feature sets extracted by three different gait matchers. Experiments are conducted in order to determine if (a) the clusters of identities corresponding to the three matchers are similar, and (b) if there is a correlation between gait patterns within each cluster and physical attributes such as gender, body area, height, stride, and cadence. Results demonstrate that human gait patterns can be clustered, where each cluster is defined by identities sharing similar physical attributes. In particular, body area and gender are found to be the primary attributes captured by gait matchers to assess similarity between gait patterns. However, the strength of the correlation between clusters and physical attributes is different across the three matchers, suggesting that gait matchers "weight" attributes differently. The results of this study should be of interest to gait recognition and identification-at-a-distance researchers.
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Anion Binding as a Probe of the Pore

We compared the effects of mutations in transmembrane segments (TMs) TM1, TM5, and TM6 on the conduction and activation properties of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) to determine which functional property was most sensitive to mutations and, thereby, to develop a criterion for measuring the importance of a particular residue or TM for anion conduction or activation. Anion substitution studies provided strong evidence for the binding of permeant anions in the pore. Anion binding was highly sensitive to point mutations in TM5 and TM6. Permeability ratios, in contrast, were relatively unaffected by the same mutations, so that anion binding emerged as the conduction property most sensitive to structural changes in CFTR. The relative insensitivity of permeability ratios to CFTR mutations was in accord with the notion that anion-water interactions are important determinants of permeability selectivity. By the criterion of anion binding, TM5 and TM6 were judged to be likely to contribute to the structure of the anion-selective pore, whereas TM1 was judged to be less important. Mutations in TM5 and TM6 also dramatically reduced the sensitivity of CFTR to activation by 3-isobutyl 1-methyl xanthine (IBMX), as expected if these TMs are intimately involved in the physical process that opens and closes the channel.
Efficient Formalism-Independent Monitoring of Parametric Properties

Parametric properties provide an effective and natural means to describe object-oriented system behaviors, where the parameters are typed by classes and bound to object instances at runtime. Efficient monitoring of parametric properties, in spite of increasingly growing interest due to applications such as testing and security, imposes a highly non-trivial challenge on monitoring approaches due to the potentially huge number of parameter instances. Existing solutions usually compromise their expressiveness for performance or vice versa. In this paper, we propose a generic, in terms of specification formalism, yet efficient, solution to monitoring parametric specifications. Our approach is based on a general algorithm for slicing parametric traces and makes use of {\em static} knowledge about the desired property to optimize monitoring. The needed knowledge is not specific to the underlying formalism and can be easily computed when generating monitoring code from the property. Our approach works with any specification formalism, providing better and extensible expressiveness. Also, a thorough evaluation shows that our technique outperforms other state-of-art techniques optimized for particular logics or properties.
The early history of radiological physics: "a fourth state of matter".

This paper traces the development of the early history of radiological physics beginning with the early speculations of Faraday that ‘‘...matter may be classed into four states, solid, liquid, gaseous, and radiant,’’ and concluding just before the discovery of x‐rays. Throughout the main theme of the narrative is the discovery of the properties of cathode rays and changing contemporary explanations of their nature. The interaction between the experimental and theoretical work of such well‐known scientists as Faraday, Dalton, Hertz, and Maxwell is also stressed. (AIP)
Girls in the ’Hood: How Safety Affects the Life Chances of Low-Income Girls:

Adolescents growing up in high-poverty neighborhoods are at risk for a range of negative outcomes. Girls face specific threats because of their gender—omnipresent harassment, pressure for early sexual initiation, pervasive intimate partner violence, and high risk of sexual assault.This article uses mixed-methods data from the Three-City Study of Moving to Opportunity (MTO) to explore how moving to lower-poverty neighborhoods may have influenced adolescent girls’ life chances. MTO families moved to neighborhoods with lower levels of violent crime overall, but MTO girls also experienced a substantial reduction in the “female fear,” Gordon and Riger’s term for the fear of sexual harassment, coercion, and rape. The authors argue that this change is a plausible explanation for the notable improvements in MTO girls’ well-being.
Recurrent carcinoma in situ of the conjunctiva and cornea (Bowen's disease).

If the optical axis is not involved, care is taken to spare that portion of the cornea (Figs. 1-E and F and 2) . A lamellar dissection is started in clear cornea and is extended beneath the tumor mass into the sciera which is dissected to the rectus muscle insertions. The conjunctiva is excised up to the cul-desac. Clinical judgment decides if the semilunar fold must be sacrificed. The result in an en bloc resection of the tumor. The corneal defect is filled with a lamellar corneal graft. The con-
Cytotoxicity effects of different surfactant molecules conjugated to carbon nanotubes on human astrocytoma cells.

Phase contrast and epifluorescence microscopy were utilized to monitor morphological changes in human astrocytoma cells during a time-course exposure to single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) conjugates with different surfactants and to investigate sub-cellular distribution of the nanotube conjugates, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that cytotoxicity of the nanotube/surfactant conjugates is related to the toxicity of surfactant molecules attached on the nanotube surfaces. Both sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) are toxic to cells. Exposure to CNT/SDS conjugates (0.5 mg/mL) for less than 5 min caused changes in cell morphology resulting in a distinctly spherical shape compared to untreated cells. In contrast, sodium cholate (SC) and CNT/SC did not affect cell morphology, proliferation, or growth. These data indicate that SC is an environmentally friendly surfactant for the purification and dispersion of SWCNTs. Epifluorescence microscopy analysis of CNT/DNA conjugates revealed distribution in the cytoplasm of cells and did not show adverse effects on cell morphology, proliferation, or viability during a 72-h incubation. These observations suggest that the SWCNTs could be used as non-viral vectors for diagnostic and therapeutic molecules across the blood–brain barrier to the brain and the central nervous system.
Application of real-time simulation to assign due dates on logistic-manufacturing networks

This paper presents the application of real-time simulation to assign due dates on logistic-manufacturing networks. Information from the manufacturing, transportation, and supplier elements was integrated into a simulation model of the system to help the assignment of reliable delivery dates. In addition, the system was used to generate multiple due date options so customers could pick the delivery speed and cost option that satisfied their specific needs.
Modeling the transmembrane domain of bacterial chemoreceptors

Bacterial chemoreceptors signal across the membrane by conformational changes that traverse a four-helix transmembrane domain. High-resolution structures are available for the chemoreceptor periplasmic domain and part of the cytoplasmic domain but not for the transmembrane domain. Thus, we constructed molecular models of the transmembrane domains of chemoreceptors Trg and Tar, using coordinates of an unrelated four-helix coiled coil as a template and the X-ray structure of a chemoreceptor periplasmic domain to establish register and positioning. We tested the models using the extensive data for cross-linking propensities between cysteines introduced into adjacent transmembrane helices, and we found that many aspects of the models corresponded with experimental observations. The one striking disparity, the register of transmembrane helix 2 (TM2) relative to its partner transmembrane helix 1, could be corrected by sliding TM2 along its long axis toward the periplasm. The correction implied that axial sliding of TM2, the signaling movement indicated by a large body of data, was of greater magnitude than previously thought. The refined models were used to assess effects of inter-helical disulfides on the two ligand-induced conformational changes observed in alternative crystal structures of periplasmic domains: axial sliding within a subunit and subunit rotation. Analyses using a measure of disulfide potential energy provided strong support for the helical sliding model of transmembrane signaling but indicated that subunit rotation could be involved in other ligand-induced effects. Those analyses plus modeled distances between diagnostic cysteine pairs indicated a magnitude for TM2 sliding in transmembrane signaling of several angstroms.
Improved method for calibrating the visible and near-infrared channels of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

Two procedures are used to establish calibration of the visible and near-infrared channels of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-11 (NOAA-II) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The first procedure for visible spectra, uses satellite data, ground measurements of atmospheric conditions during satellite overpass, and historical surface reflectance values at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) in New Mexico. The second procedure, for the near-infrared, uses knowledge of the reflective properties at the WSMR and of a low-reflectance area, as determined from the first method, that yields satellite-gain values without a requirement for ground measurements of atmospheric conditions. The accuracy of gain values is estimated at ±7% for the two methods. The WSMR combines accessibility, a wide range of surface reflectances, and generally good observing conditions, making it a desirable location for satellite calibration.
Oviposition of the invasive two-spotted leafhopper on an endemic tree: Effects of an alien weed, foliar pubescence, and habitat humidity

The two-spotted leafhopper, Sophonia rufofascia (Kuoh and Kuoh), is an exotic pest from South-East Asia that attacks a wide variety of plant species in Hawaii. Myrica faya Aiton is an aggressive exotic weed that displaces and excludes native plants in Hawaiian forests. It has been argued that because of the high nutritional quality of its foliage, M. faya might facilitate leafhopper invasion of native Hawaiian ecosystems that were originally dominated by the endemic tree Metrosideros polymorpha (Gaudichaud). In the present study, we quantified suitability of M. faya and M. polymorpha as ovipositional hosts for S. rufofascia. Overall, leafhoppers preferred to deposit their eggs into the foliage of M. faya. M. faya presence in the area did not affect leafhopper oviposition on M. polymorpha. Foliar pubescence provided good protection of hirsute morphotypes of M. polymorpha. At the same time, glabrous M. polymorpha morphotypes were quite suitable for leafhopper oviposition. There was no difference in the abundance of leafhopper eggs along a precipitation gradient. Our results confirm that invasion of native Hawaiian forests by the weed M. faya will facilitate their invasion by S. rufofascia. Because of the broad host range characteristic of the two-spotted leafhopper, this build-up may adversely affect a number of endemic plant species growing in native forests.