cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyses of Nocturnal Temperature Cooling-Rate Response to Historical Local-Scale Urban Land-Use/Land Cover Change

AbstractUrbanization affects near-surface climates by increasing city temperatures relative to rural temperatures [i.e., the urban heat island (UHI) effect]. This effect is usually measured as the relative temperature difference between urban areas and a rural location. Use of this measure is potentially problematic, however, mainly because of unclear “rural” definitions across different cities. An alternative metric is proposed—surface temperature cooling/warming rates—that directly measures how variations in land-use and land cover (LULC) affect temperatures for a specific urban area. In this study, the impact of local-scale (<1 km2), historical LULC change was examined on near-surface nocturnal meteorological station temperatures sited within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, for 1) urban versus rural areas, 2) areas that underwent rural-to-urban transition over a 20-yr period, and 3) different seasons. Temperature data were analyzed during ideal synoptic conditions of clear and calm weather that do not i...
Statistical mechanics and disordered systems

Since computers are able to simulate the equilibrium properties of model systems, they may also prove useful for solving the hard optimization problems that arise in the engineering of complex systems.
Fatigue management: evidence and guidelines for practice.

Fatigue has been described as the most common, most debilitating side effect of cancer treatment and is frequently reported as a long-term complication of treatment as well. Despite the prevalence of fatigue and its profoundly negative effect on patients' quality of life, little is known about the specific mechanisms that underlie fatigue in cancer patients or how to prevent it and treat it effectively. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Fatigue Practice Guidelines Panel has reviewed the available evidence and the consensus of practitioners regarding the management of fatigue and has developed clinical practice guidelines. These guidelines are presented in this article, with a discussion of levels of evidence for interventions recommended by the guidelines. Gaps exist in our knowledge of fatigue and further research is needed to support the NCCN Practice Guidelines for fatigue; however, there is a developing body of knowledge and consensus of clinicians regarding the management of fatigue in cancer patients. Additional research directed toward the knowledge gaps would strengthen the Practice Guidelines.
Does neuropeptide Y contribute to the modulation of brain stimulation reward by chronic food restriction

The rewarding effect produced by electrically stimulating particular sites in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) can be enhanced by chronic food restriction and body weight loss. The impact on brain stimulation reward (BSR) of certain hormones involved in the regulation of energy balance, such as leptin and corticotropin-releasing hormone, depends upon the sensitivity of BSR to food restriction. The present investigation assessed the influence of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a potent orexigenic peptide, on BSR generated by stimulating restriction-sensitive and -insensitive sites in the LH. Twelve male Long Evans rats were trained to press a lever for a rewarding train of stimulation. Rate-frequency curves, reflecting the number of rewards earned as a function of the stimulation frequency, were collected during free-feeding and then again following a period of food restriction and 20-25% body weight loss. NPY (4 microg) was administered intraventriculary during the food restriction condition. Alterations in the rewarding effect of the stimulation were assessed by measuring changes in the frequency required to maintain half-maximal rewards earned (M-50). In half of the subjects, food restriction produced significant decreases in M-50 values, indicating that the reward effectiveness of the stimulation was potentiated. In contrast, M-50 values were unaltered by food restriction in the remaining six animals. In most of the subjects in which M-50 values decreased following chronic food restriction, NPY failed to alter BSR. Similarly, BSR was unchanged by NPY administration in most of the rats with restriction-insensitive stimulation sites. These findings suggest that NPY does not take part in the process whereby food restriction and leptin modulate reward circuitry activated by stimulating restriction-sensitive sites.
Cardiac retransplantation in the cyclosporine era.

Between December 1980, when immunosuppression with cyclosporine was introduced, and May 1988, 288 patients underwent primary transplantation for end-stage cardiac disease (group TX). Fourteen patients underwent retransplantation for accelerated graft atherosclerosis (group RTXAGA), and 9 underwent retransplantation for intractable acute allograft rejection (group RTXREJ). Cumulative patient follow-up was 724 patient-years (range, 1 month to 7.5 years; mean, 2.3 years). Within the first 3 postoperative months, no differences were noted between groups for linearized rates of infection or rejection except between the rate of rejection for group TX (1.69 ± 0.09 events/100 patient-days) and group RTXAGA (0.94 ± 0.3 events/100 patient-days) ( p p
Solution studies on DNA interactions of substitution-inert platinum complexes mediated via the phosphate clamp

The phosphate clamp is a distinct mode of ligand–DNA binding where the molecular recognition is manifested through (“non-covalent”) hydrogen-bonding from am(m)ines of polynuclear platinum complexes to the phosphate oxygens on the oligonucleotide backbone. This third mode of DNA binding is unique to the “classical” DNA intercalators and minor groove binding agents and even the closely related covalently binding mononuclear and polynuclear drugs. 2D 1H NMR studies on the Dickerson-Drew dodecamer (DDD, d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2) showed significant A–T contacts mainly on nucleotides A6, T7 and T8 implying a selective bridging from C9G10 in the 3′ direction to C9G10 of the opposite strand. {1H, 15N} HSQC NMR spectroscopy using the fully 15N-labelled compound [{trans-Pt(NH2)3(H2N(CH2)6NH3}2μ-(H2N(CH2)6NH2)2(Pt(NH3)2]8+ (TriplatinNC) showed at pH 6 significant chemical shifts and 1J(195Pt–15N) coupling constants for the free drug and DDD-TriplatinNC at pH 7 indicative of formation of the phosphate clamp. 31P NMR results are also reported for the hexamer d(CGTACG)2 showing changes in 31P NMR chemical shifts indicative of changes around the phosphorus center. The studies confirm the DNA binding modes by substitution-inert (non-covalent) polynuclear platinum complexes and help in further establishing the chemotype as a new class of potential anti-tumour agents in their own right with a distinct profile of biological activity.
Yesterday’s heroes, today’s villains: Ideology, corruption, and democratic performance:

This paper develops a game-theoretic model for assessing the relationship between ideological divisions in a society and prospects for good governance. Synthesizing the insights of the literature o...
Simulating alternating tree automata by nondeterministic automata: new results and new proofs of the theorems of Rabin, McNaughton and Safra

Abstract We give a proof that alternating tree automata can be simulated by nondeterministic tree automata which yields new complexity results and a unified proof of the theorems of Rabin, McNaughton and Safra. We also give a simple axiomatic framework for uniformizing strategies.
A False Aneurysm of the Proximal Common Carotid Artery: Evaluation and Management—A Case Report

A symptomatic proximal common carotid artery false aneurysm that oc curred ten years after the repair of an arteriovenous fistula caused by a stab wound to the neck was repaired by a reverse saphenous vein graft to restore continuity from the aortic arch to the common carotid artery.
Shapes of solar-neutrino spectra: Unconventional tests of the standard electroweak model.

The shapes of the neutrino energy spectra produced by $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decays or by nuclear reactions in the solar interior are compared to the corresponding spectral shapes that are produced in a terrestrial laboratory. The most important effects of the Sun, caused by thermal motion of the neutrino-emitting nuclei and by gravitational redshifts, are shown to be small. Any currently measurable difference between the observed shape of a solar-neutrino energy spectrum and the spectrum shape for a terrestrial neutrino source must be due to a departure from the standard electroweak model.
Current Tobacco Policies in U.S. Adult Male Prisons

Abstract The current national trend in the restriction of smoking and use of tobacco products is extending to the prison system. At the same time that city, state and the federal governments are limiting smoking in public places and businesses, state and federal prison systems are limiting use in correctional facilities. The data for this paper was collected by mail from departments of correction in the fifty states, the District of Columbia and the federal Bureau of Prisons. The results show a continuing trend in tobacco limitation policies at male prisons within the U. S. Several states totally ban all tobacco and only a few still allow generally unlimited use. Limitation policies range from segregation into smoking and nonsmoking areas to the banishment of inmates and staff to smoking areas outside prison buildings. While many see a nonsmoking prison system as the wave of the future, use of tobacco in prisons is still common. This research examines the official reason given for changes in tobacco policy and the alterations in prison operations that developed after restrictions were implemented. Increased tensions developed among inmates, staff and administration as a result of the new policies. For those prison systems that banned tobacco, an active black market operation developed eclipsing other contraband problems.
Pointwise tracking of left-ventricular motion in 3D

The problem of motion-tracking of the left-ventricular wall from 4D image data is addressed. The authors first discuss the forms of 4D data available, namely cine-X-ray CT, and gated and cine magnetic-resonance image data. They then discuss the approach that is utilized for tracking the movement of the endocardium. Based on these ideas, an algorithm is developed, and experimental results are presented. >
Effect of silane coupling agent on the durability of epoxy adhesion for structural strengthening applications

In this article, the durability of the interfacial bonds between epoxy and concrete during hygrothermal exposure was investigated. Through the application of a silane coupling agent, we examined the hypothesis that hydrogen bonding plays a large role in the degradation of the interfacial bond between epoxy and concrete, in which displacement of epoxy with water induces the disruption of the interfacial hydrogen bond. This hypothesis suggests that durability can be enhanced with the use of a silane coupling agent by changing the interfacial hydrogen bonds to stronger covalent bonds. The slant shear test results show that the durability of the interfacial bond was significantly enhanced with the use of an epoxy-functional silane coupling agent. Spectroscopic features using FTIR confirmed the changes in chemical nature of concrete after the silane modification. By calculating the percent contribution to the bond strength for each set of specimens, it was confirmed that the silane application improved the durability with exposure for all conditions; however, over time the improvement diminished. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Compressing extended program traces using value predictors

Trace files record the execution behavior of programs for future analysis. Unfortunately, nontrivial program traces tend to be very large and have to be compressed. While good compression schemes exist for traces that capture only the PCs of the executed instructions, these schemes can be ineffective on extended traces that include important additional information such as register values or effective addresses. Our novel, value-prediction-basedapproach compresses extended traces up to 22.8 times better and about two and a half times as well on average. In addition to the higher compression rate, our lossless single-pass algorithm has a fixed memory requirement and compresses traces faster than other algorithms. It achieves compression rates of up to 6170. This paper describes the design of our compression method and illustrates how value predictors can be used to effectively compress extended program traces.
X-canceling MISR — An X-tolerant methodology for compacting output responses with unknowns using a MISR

A new X-tolerant multiple-input signature register (MISR) compaction methodology is proposed which can compact output streams containing unknown (X) values. Unlike conventional X-masking approaches, it does not require any masking logic at the input of the MISR. Instead it uses symbolic simulation to express each bit of the MISR signature as a linear equation in terms of the X's. Linearly dependent combinations of the signature bits are identified with Gaussian elimination and XORed together using a programmable XOR to cancel out all X values thereby yielding deterministic values that are invariant of what the final values of the X's end up being during the test. These X-canceled values can be compacted in a separate MISR to generate a final X-free signature. Each intermediate signature for an m-bit MISR can tolerate k X's present anywhere in the output stream with error detection capability equivalent to using an m-k bit MISR with no unknowns. The tester storage requirement is a small constant times the total number of unknowns in the test set and thus does not depend on the scan architecture, the number of test vectors, or the distribution of X's which is a key advantage compared with other X-tolerant compaction schemes.
Spiritualism: Communication with the Dead

Spiritualism began in America in 1848 as a religious and politicized movement centered on communication with the dead. Influenced by Swedenborgian theology and conscripting Mesmeric trance states, Spiritualists tried to produce the equivalent of a telegraph to heaven. By using predominantly women as the conduits between the earth and the afterlife, Spiritualism offered new opportunities that challenged gender assumptions of the day. Racial and religious boundaries as well were brought into question when advocates declared that all races and creeds were assured entrance to the afterlife. Spiritualism incorporated and altered much of the European inheritance of the occult sciences, including Kabbalistic and other forms of Neo-Platonic thinking, but made these available in simpler forms to wider audiences. New areas of research in Spiritualism expound on these themes and expand to new borders, with Spiritualist phenomena on continental Europe as well as in Latin America and beyond bringing new perspectives to the field.
Intramedullary Tuberculomas of the Spinal Cord: Case Report and Review

Intramedullary spinal tuberculomas are a rare cause of spinal cord compression. We report a recent case and review 17 cases described in the literature since 1960. Intramedullary spinal tuberculomas occurred in relatively young patients (mean age, 28.6 years) and more frequently in women (63% of cases) than in men. The commonest symptoms were those of subacute spinal cord compression (mean duration, 2.3 months) with progressive lower-limb weakness (94%), paresthesia, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. The major physical finding was paraplegia, either spastic (61%) or flaccid (33%). The majority of patients (55%) had a thoracic sensory level. Extraspinal tuberculous disease, predominantly pulmonary, occurred in 69% of reported cases. Myelography efficiently localized the lesion. The diagnosis was made surgically in 16 patients (89%) and clinically in two (11%). Eleven (65%) of 17 patients improved. Four deaths occurred, three in the perioperative period. Though rare, intramedullary spinal cord tuberculoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spinal cord compression, particularly when clinical disease compatible with tuberculosis is present.
Adenylate Charge Regulates Sensor Kinase CheS3 To Control Cyst Formation in Rhodospirillum centenum

Rhodospirillum centenum forms metabolically dormant cysts under unfavorable growth conditions such as desicca- tion or nutrient starvation. The development of cysts is tightly regulated and involves a cyst-repressing chemotaxis-like signal transduction pathway called the Che3signaling cascade. The Che3cascade is comprised of a methyl chemoreceptor (MCP3), re- ceptor-methylating/demethylating proteins CheB3and CheR3, two CheW3linker proteins, a CheA3-CheY hybrid histidine ki- nase, and a single-domain response regulator, CheY3. In addition to Che-like components, the Che3cascade also contains a sec- ond hybrid histidine kinase, CheS 3. Recent biochemical and genetic studies show that CheA3does not serve as a phosphor donor for CheY3; instead, CheA3inhibits a CheS3iCheY3two-component system by phosphorylating an inhibitory receiver domain of CheS3. In this study, we show that in addition to phosphorylation by CheA3, the phosphorylation state of CheS3is also regulated by the cellular energy level as quantified by the molar ratio of ATP/(ATP ADP). A 35% decrease in cellular energy is shown to occur in vivo upon a nutrient downshift that gives rise to cyst formation. When this energy decline is replicated in vitro, the phosphorylation level of CheS3is reduced by ~75%. Finally, we also show that ADP-mediated reduction of CheS3phosphoryla- tion is a consequence of ADP enhancing autodephosphorylation of CheS 3. IMPORTANCE Upon starvation, Rhodospirillum centenum undergoes a developmental process that forms metabolically dormant cysts, which withstand desiccation and nutritional limitation. This study explores the role of the cellular energy state as mea- sured by the ratio of ATP to ADP as an important regulator of cyst formation in Rhodospirillum centenum. We show that R. cen- tenumcells experience a significant reduction in ATP during cyst formation using ATP/(ATP ADP) as a measurement. When this in vivo level of energy starvation is simulated in vitro, CheS3 phosphorylation is reduced by 75%. This profound reduction in CheS 3autophosphorylation is contrasted with a much lower 25% decrease in CheA3phosphorylation in response to a similar downward shift in ATP/(ATP ADP). We argue that even though adenylate energy affects all ATP-dependent enzymes to an extent, the enhanced inhibition of CheS 3activity in response to a reduction in the ATP/(ATP ADP) ratio likely functions as an important input signal to regulate cyst development.
The Use of Paired Comparisons for Developing Criteria for the Observation of Student Clinical Performance

The method of paired comparisons was used to obtain rankings of 42 students in terms of their performance in emergency and screening clinic rotations. Although the comprehensive nature of the ranking might suggest a divergence of opinion regarding individual ranks, the composite ranking byfourfaculty members achieved a reliability of.86. This suggests that paired comparisons may provide a method of obtaining internally consistent assessments of students on more subtle aspects of clinical performance than those assessed by conventional multiple-choice tests or noncommittal written performance ratings.
Indication for Translumbar Aortogram

Percutaneous transfemoral or to a lesser degree the transaxillary catheter ization for peripheral angiography is the procedure of choice by most radiol ogists. Under certain circumstances, however, these vessels may not be suitable or accessible for such studies. We have performed 330 translumbar aortograms and have found translumbar aortogram to be a safe and simple procedure that may be used as an alternative to the other methods for evaluating aortofemoral occlusive disease, particularly when the femoral artery becomes inaccessible.
A randomized trial of peer-delivered self-management support for hypertension.

background Peer-led interventions to improve chronic disease self-management can improve health outcomes but are not widely used. Therefore, we tested a peer-led hypertension self-management intervention delivered at regular meetings of community veterans’ organizations. methods We randomized 58 organizational units (“posts”) of veterans’ organizations in southeast Wisconsin to peer-led vs. professionally delivered self-management education. Volunteer peer leaders at peer-led posts delivered monthly presentations regarding hypertension self-management during regular post meetings. Volunteer post representatives at seminar posts encouraged post members to attend 3 didactic seminars delivered by health professionals at a time separate from the post meeting. Volunteers in both groups encouraged members to self-monitor using blood pressure cuffs, weight scales, and pedometers. Our primary outcome was change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 12 months. results We measured SBP in 404 participants at baseline and in 379 participants at 12 months. SBP decreased significantly (4.4 mm Hg; P < 0.0001) overall; the decrease was similar in peer-led and seminar posts (3.5 mm Hg vs . 5.4 mm Hg; P = 0.24). Among participants with uncontrolled BP at baseline, SBP decreased by 10.1 mm Hg fr om baseline to 12 months but was again similar in the 2 groups. This pattern was also seen at 6 months and with diastolic blood pressure. conclusions Our peer-led educational intervention was not more effective than didactic seminars for SBP control. Although peer-led educational programs have had important impacts in a number of studies, we did not find our intervention superior to a similar intervention delivered by healthcare professionals.
Milk Containing Mycobacterium bovis as a Source of Infection for White-Tailed Deer Fawns ( Odocoileus virginianus )

Abstract Setting : White-tailed deer represent the first wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis in the United States. The behavior of does with nursing fawns provides several potential mechanisms for disease transmission. Little information exists concerning transmission between doe and fawn, specifically transmammary transmission. Objective : Determine if fawns can become infected by ingestion of milk replacer containing M. bovis , thus simulating transmission from doe to fawn through contaminated milk. Design : Seventeen, 21-day-old white-tailed deer fawns were inoculated orally with 2×10 8 CFU (high dose, n =5), 2.5×10 5 to 2.5×10 6 CFU (medium dose, n =5), and 1×10 4 CFU (low dose, n =5) of M. bovis in milk replacer. Dosages were divided equally and fed daily over a 5-day period. Positive control fawns ( n =2) received 1×10 5 CFU of M. bovis instilled in the tonsillar crypts. Fawns were euthanized and examined 35–115 days after inoculation and various tissues collected for bacteriologic and microscopic analysis. Results : All fawns in the tonsillar, high oral and medium oral dose groups developed generalized tuberculosis involving numerous organs and tissues by 35–84 days after inoculation. Three of five fawns in the low-dose oral group had tuberculous lesions in the mandibular lymph node, and one of five had lesions in the medial retropharyngeal lymph node when examined 115 days after inoculation. Conclusion : White-tailed deer fawns can become infected through oral exposure to M. bovis . Therefore, the potential exists for fawns to acquire M. bovis while nursing tuberculous does.
Replication competent HIV-1 viruses that express intragenomic microRNA reveal discrete RNA-interference mechanisms that affect viral replication

Background It remains unclear whether retroviruses can encode and express an intragenomic microRNA (miRNA). Some have suggested that processing by the Drosha and Dicer enzymes might preclude the viability of a replicating retroviral RNA genome that contains a cis-embedded miRNA. To date, while many studies have shown that lentiviral vectors containing miRNAs can transduce mammalian cells and express the inserted miRNA efficiently, no study has examined the impact on the replication of a lentivirus such as HIV-1 after the deliberate intragenomic insertion of a bona fide miRNA.
A locally-optimizing approach for multichannel assignment and routing

In this paper, we propose a distributed online multichannel assignment and routing algorithm called LOAM. Using LOAM algorithm, a node in the network assigns channels for the incoming traffic flows and forwards them based on the channel usage information of its nearby nodes. We also present a model to analyze the throughput of multichannel networks and prove LOAM can achieve more than a fraction of the optimal throughput. Furthermore, we compare the achievable throughput of LOAM with a centralized offline channel assignment algorithm in average cases considering different channel rate and traffic load scenarios, the results of which demonstrate that LOAM can achieve more than 90% of theoretical maximum throughput and has a more balanced load distribution. Finally, we evaluate LOAM in a realistically simulated 802.11a wireless multihop network, compared with a random channel assignment algorithm. The simulation results show that LOAM can deliver up to 25 percent more messages with a shorter delivery latency.
Computational analysis on the emission of ZnO nanowires and coreshell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots deposited on different substrates

Computational analysis on the emission properties of ZnO nano wires (NWs) and coreshell quantum dots (QDs) have been made by considering the effects of scattering mechanism of the incident field and the total electric field from the surface of varied substrates. Simulation results indicate that the substrate (GaAs) having the highest emission intensity showed maximum light scattering from its surface while ITO that has the least emission intensity results in minimum rate of energy that is transferred per unit area. The simulation results proved that emission intensities spectrum is dependent on the type of substrate being used as well as the scattering of light from the surface of substrates and is independent on the type of material being deposited as well as the total electric field from the surface of substrate.
The design and construction of a user-level kernel for teaching multithreaded programming

Multithreading is a powerful programming paradigm that has become very popular. The authors have developed a set of course materials and software tools for effectively teaching multithreaded programming (MTP). One important component of the authors' system is a very simple user-level kernel for instructors to teach MTP without getting into system details, and for the students to add extensions. This paper presents the design and implementation of this kernel as well as its use in the classroom. This minimal user-level kernel employs a first-come-first-served scheduling policy, and permits a user to create and join threads, and use mutex locks. With this kernel, students are able to implement semaphores, barriers, reader-writer locks, mail-boxes and condition variables. This approach has two advantages: (1) students can easily learn the basics and internals of a kernel that supports MTP, and (2) conventional debuggers can be used for debugging purposes, because the kernel is a user-level program.
SYNCOTYLY IN QUERCUS ARIZONICA

A B S T R A C T An investigation was made concerning the gross morphology and the internal anatomy of Quercus arizonica embryos. It was found that the percentage of fused- and separate-cotyledoned embryos varies from tree to tree. Fusion of the cotyledons is congenital. Intermediate stages of fusion occur. The vascular pattern is the same in both fused- and separate-cotyledoned embryos. The number of cotyledonary traces varies in both types of embryos. The relationship of the single-cotyledoned embryo of Quercus to the origin of monocotyly is discussed.
Fluid Dynamics of Urban Atmospheres in Complex Terrain

A majority of the world's urban centers are located in complex terrain, in which local airflow patterns are driven by pressure gradients and thermal forcing, while being strongly influenced by topographic effects and human (anthropogenic) activities. A paradigm in this context is a city located in a valley surrounded by mountains, slopes, and escarpments, in which the airflow is determined by terrain-induced perturbations to synoptic (background) flow, mesoscale thermal circulation (valley/slope flows) generated by local heating or cooling, and by their interaction with factitious (e.g., buildings and roads) and natural (e.g., vegetation and terrain) elements. The dynamics of airflows intrinsic to urban areas in complex terrain is reviewed here by employing idealized flow configurations to illustrate fundamental processes. Urban flows span a wide range of space and time scales and the emphasis here is on mesoscales (1–100 km). Basic fluid dynamics plays a central role in explaining observations of urban f...
PATHOGENESIS OF THYMIC CHANGES IN NZB MICE WITH HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.

Lymphoid follicles evolve in the perivascular connective tissue of many organs, including the thymuses, in NZB/Bl mice with hemolytic anemia. In previously published studies, these thymic follicles have been held to be causal in the autoimmune genesis of the hemolytic anemia. The present study contradicts this interpretation by demonstrating: ( a ) lymphoid follicles develop in the perivascular connective tissue of many organs in NZB mice, and are not restricted to the thymuses; and ( b ) thymic lymphoid follicles develop in aged Swiss mice without hemolytic anemia. Contrary to previous reports, the thymuses of NZB mice contain normal numbers of Hassall's corpuscles, which develop from preexisting thymic epithelial cells, and not from blood vessels.
Successful Nonoperative Management of Coracoid Fracture Associated With Suture-Button Fixation of Acromioclavicular Separation

ABSTRACT A young active duty solider underwent acromioclavicular reconstruction with hamstring autograft after sustaining a shoulder separation. At 3 months postoperatively, the patient fell and sustained a fracture of the coracoid process. The patient elected for nonoperative management of the coracoid fracture. Despite eventual nonunion of the fracture, the patient had excellent functional outcomes and returned to military duty without limitation. Although some authors advocate operative fixation, especially in a young and active cohort, excellent outcomes can be obtained with nonoperative management.
A Risk Index for Living Donor Kidney Transplantation

Choosing between multiple living kidney donors, or evaluating offers in kidney paired donation, can be challenging because no metric currently exists for living donor quality. Furthermore, some deceased donor (DD) kidneys can result in better outcomes than some living donor kidneys, yet there is no way to compare them on the same scale. To better inform clinical decision-making, we created a living kidney donor profile index (LKDPI) on the same scale as the DD KDPI, using Cox regression and adjusting for recipient characteristics. Donor age over 50 (hazard ratio [HR] per 10 years = 1.15 1.241.33 ), elevated BMI (HR per 10 units = 1.01 1.091.16 ), African-American race (HR = 1.15 1.251.37 ), cigarette use (HR = 1.09 1.161.23 ), as well as ABO incompatibility (HR = 1.03 1.271.58 ), HLA B (HR = 1.03 1.081.14 ) mismatches, and DR (HR = 1.04 1.091.15 ) mismatches were associated with greater risk of graft loss after living donor transplantation (all p 50 (more risk than the median DD kidney). The LKDPI is a useful tool for comparing living donor kidneys to each other and to deceased donor kidneys.
Swarms: Spatiotemporal grouping across domains

This paper presents cross-domain evidence that natural language makes use of (at least) two ways of individuating collective entities that differ in terms of how they cohere. The first kind, which I call swarm reference, picks out higher-order collective entities defined in terms of the spatial and temporal configuration of their constituent individuals. The second, which corresponds to canonical cases of group reference (e.g. committee, team, etc.), makes use of non-spatiotemporal notions. To motivate this distinction, I present systematic differences in how these two types of collective reference behave linguistically, both in the individual and event domains. These differences support two primary results. First, they are used as tests to isolate a new class of collective nouns that denote swarm individuals, both in English, as well as other languages like Romanian. I then consider a crosslinguistically common type of pluractionality, called event-internal in the previous literature (Cusic 1981, Wood 2007), and show that its properties are best explained if the relevant verbs denote swarm events. By reducing event-internal pluractionality to a type of collective reference also available for nouns, this work generates a new strong argument that pluractionality involves the same varieties of plural reference in the event domain that are seen in the individual domain.
Research and Realization on the Copyright Protection of Multimedia Teaching Resources

With the application of digital watermarking technology based on the wavelet transformation's,studied the embed and extraction method of watermark to the four predominant type multimedia teaching resources,the text,the image,the audio frequency,the video frequency.Then proposed a new image watermark algorithm based on the DWT.Take the image watermark algorithm as the foundation,designs and has realized based on the digital watermark multimedia teaching resources copyright protective system.The result indicated that can provide the entire journey protection well based on the digital watermark's multimedia teaching resources copyright protection's method to the teaching resources entire information life cycle,it is one efficacious method on research of modern the copyright protection of education resources
Toward Deep Brain Monitoring with Superficial EEG Sensors Plus Neuromodulatory Focused Ultrasound

Abstract Noninvasive recordings of electrophysiological activity have limited anatomic specificity and depth. We hypothesized that spatially tagging a small volume of brain with a unique electroencephalography (EEG) signal induced by pulsed focused ultrasound could overcome those limitations. As a first step toward testing this hypothesis, we applied transcranial ultrasound (2 MHz, 200-ms pulses applied at 1050 Hz for 1 s at a spatial peak temporal average intensity of 1.4 W/cm2) to the brains of anesthetized rats while simultaneously recording EEG signals. We observed a significant 1050-Hz electrophysiological signal only when ultrasound was applied to a living brain. Moreover, amplitude demodulation of the EEG signal at 1050 Hz yielded measurement of gamma band (>30 Hz) brain activity consistent with direct measurements of that activity. These results represent preliminary support for use of pulsed focused ultrasound as a spatial tagging mechanism for non-invasive EEG-based mapping of deep brain activity with high spatial resolution.
Contrast of Gross Motor Function Classification with Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in 67 Children with Cerebral Palsy

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of somatosensory evoked potentials(SEP)in children with cerebral palsy and its correlation with clinical types cerebral palsy.Methods SEP were monitored and the clinical characteristics were evaluated in total 67 children with cerebral palsy in health care hospital for maternity and children of Zhuhai and Nanhai maternity and children's hospital affiliated to Guangzhou traditional Chinese medicine university from Feb.2003 to Dec.2006,and the data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 software.Results Total abnormal rate of SEP was 82.1% and the abnormal rates of SEP in each group(classⅠ,classⅡ,class Ⅲ,class Ⅳ,classⅤ grouped according to gross motor function classification system)separately was 61.5%(8/13 cases),73.9%(17/23 cases),94.1%(16/17 cases),100%(9/9 cases),100%(5/5 cases),respectively.And the main wave miss rate of SEP in each group was 0,0,11.8%,56.0%,60.0%.Children of mild and moderate degree motor dysfunction represented prolonged latent phase,lower amplitude and increased inter-side differences of cortical potentials.Children of severe degree motor dysfunction represented absent wave and bad differentiation of cortical potential.SEP dysfunction was significantly different between light,medium degree and severe degree cerebral palsy children(χ2=32.09 P0.01).Children of spastic type were the majority in all of the cases and the constituent ratio was 74.6%(50 cases).Among them,the hemiplegia type group had 9 cases(5 cases of light degree and 4 cases of moderate degree).All of the SEP were abnormal(100%)and expressed increased inter-side differences of cortical potential,abnormal cortical potential of opposite side of hemiplegy,and the damage on legs was more severe than that on arms.The quadriplegia type group had 11 cases(5 cases of moderate degree and 6 cases of severe degree)and 10 cases(90.9%)had abnormal SEP on arms and legs meanwhile.The diplegia type group had 30 cases(8 cases of light degree,21 cases of medium degree,1 case of severe degree)and 26 cases(86.7%)had abnormal SEP and the damages on legs were more severe and frequent than those on arms.The mixed type group had 7 cases(4 cases of medium degree,3 cases of severe degree)and 6 cases(85.7%)had abnormal SEP.The involuntary movements type group had 10 cases(6 cases of medium degree,4 cases of severe degree)and 4 cases(40.0%)had abnormal SEP.Conclusion SEP has an important objective evaluative value to the degree of the motor dysfunction and the clinical types of the children with cerebral palsy.
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism in Parkinson's disease treated with levodopa.

Plasma levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine were measured before and after oral administration of either phenylalanine (phenylalanine tolerance test and phenylalanine conversion test) or tyrosine (tyrosine tolerance test) in patients with Parkinson's disease before and during L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa) therapy. In the untreated parkinsonian patients there was no abnormality in the phenylalanine tolerance test, tyrosine tolerance test, or conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. The fasting plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine were normal in Parkinson's disease and were not altered by levodopa therapy. When the last dose of levodopa (1 Gm.) was administered half an hour before the phenylalanine tolerance tests, phenylalanine conversion tests, or tyrosine tolerance tests, the plasma levels of these amino acids were found to be lower at 0.5, 1, and 2 hours. Twelve hours after the last dose of levodopa, the tolerance and conversion tests were normal. Levodopa treatment did not alter the concentration of phenylalanine or tyrosine in the cerebrospinal fluid (esP) of parkinsonian patients. The competition of levodopa with phenylalanine and tyrosine for intestinal transport pathways is probably the maior effect of levodopa therapy on the metabolism of these amino acids.
Adjusting Intervention Acuity in School Mental Health: Perceiving Trauma Through the Lens of Cultural Competence

Over the past decade, the linkage among traumatized youth’s school performance, and specifically the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on learning, has garnered increasing attention. Traumatized youth with PTSD report significant deficits in verbal abilities (Saigh, Yasik, Oberfield, Halamdaris, & Bremner, 2006), learning, and memory in comparison to their peers (Yasik, Saigh, Oberfield, & Halamandaris, 2007). This may be due to the impact of traumatic experiences on brain development; some of which include slowing brain cell growth (Cook et al., 2005; Davies, 2002), reduced neurogenesis (e.g., Teicher, Polcari, Andersen, Anderson, & Navalta, 2003), suppression of the immune system (Cook et al., 2005; Davies, 2002), and interference among parts of the brain responsible for the development of affect regulation (van der Kolk, 2005). Thus, it is not surprising that traumatized youth struggle to adapt to the demands of school. Within the classroom, traumatized youth may present with fear, hyperactivity, aggression, somatic problems, and depression (Gabowitz, Zucker, & Cook, 2008), all of which can interfere with learning. Moreover, given the presentation of these problems, teachers and school counselors may falsely classify traumatized youth as oppositional, defiant, or having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), leading to the erroneous suspension, expulsion, or referral of these youth to special education services for emotional disabilities. Notably, none of these classifications or disciplinary actions will likely result in an intervention plan that addresses past trauma exposure.
Advance Announcement... Tutorial Week 80

Modification of the original algorithm by Allum1yields a computationally efficient algorithm. The computational improvement, nominally 20 percent, is significant when real-time digital signal processing applications are involved.
Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Noroviruses

Abstract Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis and belong to the family Caliciviridae . Replication of the positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome is carried out by an error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that drives adaptation and evolution. The noroviruses are remarkably diverse, with seven major phylogenetic genogroups (G) each comprised of one or more genotypes. Among the human norovirus pathogens, multiple genotypes within GI, GII, and GIV, as well as variants of these genotypes, can be detected in epidemiologic surveys, with genotype GII.4 predominating globally as the major cause of infectious diarrheal disease. The marked diversity as well as the ability of strains to undergo recombination have led to the development of a unified dual nomenclature system that defines both RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (P) and capsid protein (C) genotypes. This chapter provides a summary of norovirus epidemiology and evolution, and ongoing efforts to translate this knowledge into the development of effective vaccines.
3.18 – Neurophysiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons

The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons form the final common pathway in the central regulation of fertility and reproduction. Elucidation of the precise neurophysiological properties of GnRH neurons was long hampered by their sparse number and scattered anatomical distribution. Within the last two decades, new animal models and technologies have allowed a rapid expansion of our knowledge regarding GnRH neuron firing activity patterns, neuromodulation of GnRH neuron function, intrinsic ion channel conductances, and synaptic transmission to GnRH neurons. Here we review these findings in the context of the principal role of GnRH neurons as the neural regulators of vertebrate reproduction.
Disorders of Ocular Motility

T he maintenance of binocular vision by conjugate movement of the eyes is perhaps the most delicate feat of muscular coordination achieved by the nervous system. Disorders of the visual sensory system, ocular muscles, ocular motor nerves, neuromuscular transmission, or gaze centers of the central nervous system may disturb ocular motility. This chapter discusses nonparalytic strabismus, paralytic strabismus (ophthalmoplegia), gaze palsies, ptosis, and nystagmus. Visual and pupillary disorders are discussed in Chapter 16 .
Frequentist and Bayesian Approaches to Understanding Changes in Redox Potential Due to Hydrology and Vegetation in Agricultural Drainage Ditches

Excess nutrient loading from agricultural landscapes contributes to downstream water quality degradation. To mitigate these issues, agricultural drainage ditches have recently gained attention as potential sites for nutrient reduction. We examined the effects of vegetation and hydrology on oxidation-reduction (redox) potential. Testing occurred in an agricultural drainage ditch fitted with weirs in the summer of 2012. Redox potential was recorded using continuous automated data loggers and analyzed using both frequentist and Bayesian methods. Significant difference was found when analyzing redox potential response to vegetation (t = −1.75, P = 0.08, df = 9754) and hydrology treatments (t = 7.51, P < 0.001, df = 9754) in a frequentist manner. Vegetation and hydrologic treatments were significant when analyzed using Bayesian methods; however, the interactions of the two terms had the greatest posterior weights. This study suggests that the innovative use of vegetation and controlled drainage can affect Eh, in particular Eh heterogeneity within ditch systems. Results obtained by analyzing these data in both a frequentist and Bayesian methods were similar in terms significance and magnitude. However, Bayesian methods, and their ability to incorporate prior information into a management framework, may be better suited for systems where previous information can be incorporated into analyses.
Challenging Dominant Discourses: Peer Work as Social Justice Work

People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, and discourses concerning the medical model, criminalization, and criminality dominate the intervention landscape fo...
“‘Eat, Pray, Love’ Bullshit”: Women’s Empowerment through Wellness at an Elite Professional Conference:

Professional women’s groups and conferences aim to improve women’s status in the workplace through networking and the exchange of resources. This article applies a critical feminist lens to one wom...
Economic Impacts of Zebra Chip in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington

Zebra Chip disease vectored by the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) was first reported in Idaho and the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington in 2011. Since then growers have incurred significant costs for managing the disease. Thus, we conducted an expert opinion survey to estimate expenditure on insecticides dedicated to controlling potato psyllids in the largest potato producing regions of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Results highlight a total of about 9 million US dollars spent on active ingredients targeted at psyllid control. When application costs are added to the cost of insecticides, expenditures total about 11 million US dollars.
Stagnation Reduction in Drinking Water Storage Tanks through Internal Piping with Implications for Water Quality Improvement

AbstractPoor mixing in storage tanks can cause stagnant zones that could pose negative public health effects. To eliminate stagnant zones in a cylindrical water storage tank, this study investigate...
Directed Flow for p, d, t Emission at Target Rapidity in 10.2 A.GeV Au + Au Collisions

A major goal in the study of relativistic heavy ion collisions is the determination of the equation of state, EOS, of nuclear matter under conditions of temperature and density far removed from those normally encountered in the studies of nuclei near their ground states. An experimental tool sensitive to the EOS in hot dense systems is the study of nuclear flow[1]. For collisions at energies up to 1 A GeV, compressional bounce off of spectator nucleons and fragments in the reaction plane, squeeze out of participant nucleons and pions and collective radial expansion have been predicted[1,2,3] and observed[4]. At the higher energies, 10–200 A GeV, available at AGS and CERN similar flow effects have been predicted[5, 6, 7]. It is expected that in this energy regime it will be possible to study reactions in which initial compression can reach up to 3 times normal nuclear densities and in this case the resulting flow may become sensitive to new characteristics of the EOS such as the behavior of collision cross sections for nucleons and excited baryons and for mesons at high relative momentum[8, 9, 10]. At the AGS compressional bounce off has been reported from experiments E866[11], E877[12], and E875[13]. In addition, it has been calculated that radial flow may measurably effect the spectral shapes for composite fragments, (d, t, He), emitted at mid rapidities[7]. In this paper we report on measurements of directional flow, “bounce off”, for protons, deuterons and tritons from the reaction Au+Au at a bombarding energy of 10.2 A GeV and on the relative production rates for these particles.