cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Models of Host–pathogen Gene Interaction Based on Inoculation of Loblolly Pine Seedlings with the Fusiform Rust Fungus

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings from 12 full-sib families obtained from a six-parent half diallel mating design were challenged in a greenhouse using two basidiospore inocula of the fusiform rust fungus (Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme) at extremely high spore density. Each basidiospore inoculum originated from a mixed gall collection of aeciospores obtained from field-infected trees. Assessments at 4.5 months after inoculation showed that rust disease levels were high for every full-sib family and were typically above 90% for most full-sib families for both inocula. However, disease (% galled) for family E by A progeny, even at 9 months post inoculation, was lower, around 75%. A genetic model for interaction of two pairs of genes was proposed to explain the observed infection levels (% galled) in this diallel based on a gene-for-gene hypothesis. The putative genotypes of host parents and virulence compositions of mixed inocula were postulated. A bulk-segregant analysis approach based on phenotype (gall vs. no gall) was used to search for dominant molecular markers associated with the potential resistance genes in the host parents. A few candidate marker polymorphisms were observed between the gall vs. no gall bulks; however, none of the candidates appropriately co-segregated with phenotype when tested across the progeny set. An alternative model involving recessive resistance controlled by a single locus was also considered, but as with the two gene model, no markers to support the appropriateness of the recessive resistance model were observed.
The chicken thymidine kinase gene is transcriptionally repressed during terminal differentiation: the associated decline in TK mRNA cannot account fully for the disappearance of TK enzyme activity.

Abstract Thymidine kinase (TK) is representative of a class of enzymes involved in DNA precursor biosynthesis that declines as cells withdraw from the cell cycle. If TK activity is regulated exclusively by the availability of messenger RNA, changes in enzyme activity levels should not precede or excede changes in TK mRNA levels. This prediction was tested in several tissues during chicken embryogenesis and in differentiating muscle cells in culture. A sensitive method of determining absolute TK mRNA levels was developed. A synthetic complimentary RNA probe spanning an intron acceptor site in the chicken TK gene was hybridized with cellular RNA or synthetic colinear TK RNA of known concentration. After RNase digestion and gel electrophoresis, the intensity of the protected fragment was used to calculate absolute TK mRNA levels. As few as 0.02 molecules of TK mRNA per cell could be measured accurately. Depending on the tissue type, 8-day embryos contained between 3 and 12 TK mRNAs per cell. Proliferating mouse muscle cells transformed with the chicken TK gene contained between 30 and 150 TK mRNAs per cell. Both in vivo and in vitro , TK mRNA levels declined as cells withdrew from the cell cycle during differentiation. In vivo , the decline in TK activity never preceded or exceded observed changes in TK mRNA. However, in the cell culture system, TK activity consistently declined to a greater extent than TK mRNA. Thus, a translational or a post-translational mechanism must also be operative in controlling TK activity levels. Estimation of transcription rates in nuclei isolated from proliferating and differentiated muscle cell transformants indicated that the TK gene was transcriptionally repressed in postreplicative cells.
PREDICTORS OF INFANT NEUROLOGIC OUTCOME AFTER PERINATAL ASPHYXIA. ▴ 2260

OBJECTIVE: To examine early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), early newborn neurologic exam, blood acid-base status, absence of fetal heart rate (FHR) variability, and Apgar score as predictors of neurologic outcome at 3 months of age.
Response consequences and Sidman avoidance behavior in the goldfish

Goldfish were given a single 6-h Sidman avoidance training session with a shock to shock (S-S) interval of 5 sec, and a response to shock (R-S) interval of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 40 sec. Results indicated that performance was an inverted U-shaped function of R-S interval, with highest terminal response rates being found with the 15 sec and 20 sec R-S groups.
Girls and physical aggression: Causes, trends, and intervention guided by Social Learning Theory

Until recently, physical aggression among youth was a topic primarily reserved for and researched on boys. Girls are increasingly becoming the perpetrators of physical aggression. Using the Social Learning Theory (SLT) of Aggression as a theoretical framework, we examine the increasing prevalence of aggression in women in society and popular culture. This paper reviews the etiology of aggression in girls and describes the changes in types of aggression perpetrated by girls. Additionally, we make recommendations for both prevention and treatment interventions, as well as suggestions for future research.
Effects of dietary protein on blood lipids of the calf with special reference to cholesterol.

Abstract Two rations containing: 9 and 25% of crude protein were used to determine the effects of protein on blood lipid constituents of growing calves. Blood lipids from calves consuming the high-protein ration (240mg/ 100ml) were lower than those of the low protein fed calves (306mg/100ml) at 22 weeks of age (P
Is somatostatin a directly acting cholestatic hormone

Abstract Previous experiments have demonstrated the cholestatic effects of somatostatin administration in several animal species. These effects were confirmed in the rat. Nine pairs of intact awake rats received intravenous sodium taurocholate (23 mg hr−1) to stabilize bile flow, and half were later given somatostatin at doses of 185 μg hr−1. After 1 hr of somatostatin the experimental group showed a significant decrease in bile flow compared to the control group. Cholestasis reversed when somatostatin infusion was stopped. An in situ isolated perfused rat liver technique was used to assess the direct effects of somatostatin on biliary flow. In 10 pairs of rat livers, after achieving stable bile flow, half of those perfused (the “experimentals”) received continuous (370 μg hr−1) somatostatin infusion, while the controls received saline. The percentage change in bile flow from baseline in the somatostatin group was not significantly different from that in controls for any test period. Bile analysis revealed no significant differences between groups for cholesterol, phospholipid, or bile salt concentrations or outputs. These data suggest that somatostatin inhibits bile secretion by some mechanism other than direct inhibition of bile secretory mechanisms.
Changes in Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and the Bispectral Index During Tilt-Table Examination

The head-upright tilt-table test is an important tool for the diagnosis of vasodepressor or neurocardiogenic syncope. The use of noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring and bispectral index (BIS) monitoring during these cases can add another tool to the real-time monitoring and aid in their diagnosis. The authors report their experience using NIRS and BIS monitoring during tilt-table testing to investigate syncope in a 14-year-old adolescent. In this case, changes in the NIRS occurred earlier than changes in either blood pressure or the development of clinical symptoms. The change in the NIRS and BIS values correlated with the patient’s level of consciousness. One major advantage of monitors such as the BIS, and more importantly, the NIRS is that they provide an instantaneous and continuous noninvasive measure of cerebral perfusion.
Critical heat flux in a long, curved channel subjected to concave heating

A theoretical model to predict critical heat flux in long, rectangular, curved channels is presented. Development is analogous to a model for long, straight channels previously proposed by the present authors. The model is based on the observation from a flow visualization study that vapor assumes a wavy, periodic distribution along the heated concave wall just prior to CHF such that liquid‐surface contact is restricted to the troughs of the wave, called wetting fronts. When the idealized oscillatory liquid‐vapor interface is lifted oA the surface liquid can no longer rewet the surface to remove heat and CHF ensues. This lift-oA of the interface occurs when vapor momentum emanating from a wetting front due to vigorous boiling overcomes the pressure force which serves to hold the interface in contact with the surface. A separated flow model, interfacial instability analysis, heater energy balance, lift-oA criterion and flow visualization study combine to form a mechanistically-based CHF model for long, curved surfaces. The model predicts curved channel CHF data to within a mean absolute error of only 4.0% at nearsaturated conditions for velocities up to 10 m s ˇ1 , corresponding to centripetal accelerations reaching 315 times Earth’s gravitational acceleration. The model accurately reflects the enhancement in CHF that curvature provides by oAering predictions that are greater than the corresponding straight channel model predictions. # 1999 Elsevier
Existence of Black Hole Solutions for the Einstein-Yang/Mills Equations

This paper provides a rigorous proof of the existence of an infinite number of black hole solutions to the Einstein-Yang/Mills equations with gauge group SU(2), for any event horizon. It is also demonstrated that the ADM mass of each solutions is finite, and that the corresponding Einstein metric tends to the associated Schwarzschild metric at a rate 1/r 2, as r tends to infinity. In this paper we prove that the Einstein-Yang/Mills (EYM) equations, with SU(2) gauge group, admit an infinite family of "black-hole" solutions having a regular event horizon, for every choice of the radius r g of the event horizon. The solutions obtained are indexed by a "winding number". Moreover, we prove that the ADM mass, (2) of each solution is finite, and the corresponding Einstein metric tends to the associated Schwarzschild solution in the far field. Some of our results were observed numerically in (4, 5); see also (3). Numerical discussions of the stability properties of some of these solutions can be found in (6, 9). The existence problem reduces to finding solutions of the following system of ordinary differential equations in the region r >_ rH:
Donor intracranial bleeding is associated with advanced transplant coronary vasculopathy: Evidence from intravascular ultrasound

Abstract Objectives We evaluated the impact of spontaneous intracranial bleeding (ICB) in the donor on transplant coronary vasculopathy using serial intravascular ultrasound examinations. Materials and methods Between January 1995 and December 2000, 72 recipients underwent cardiac transplantation from donors who had experienced spontaneous ICB (ICB group). Their findings using serial intravascular ultrasound analysis at baseline (within 1 month) and 1 year after transplantation were compared with 90 recipients who had undergone transplantation from trauma donors (trauma group). Results Compared with the Trauma group, the ICB group showed increased coronary intimal thickness (0.55 ± 0.33 vs 0.39 ± 0.3 mm; P = .034), plaque volume (3.84 ± 2.5 vs 2.28 ± 1.65 mm 3 ; P = .015) and plaque burden (7.4 vs 2%) at 1 year after transplantation. Conclusions Donor spontaneous ICB is associated with significantly increased coronary vasculopathy.
Fault-tolerant embedding of linear arrays and rings in the star graph

Methods are presented to embed Hamiltonian paths (H-paths) and Hamiltonian cycles (H-cycles) in a star graph Sn in a faulty environment. The models considered include single-processor failure, double-process failure, and multiple-processor failures. All three models are applied to an H-path/cycle, which is formed by visiting all the (n!4!)S4s in an Sn in a particular order. An optimal embedding is obtained in the case of single-processor failure, wherein the length of the H-path/cycle is shown to be (n! − 2). The multiple-processor failure model is developed based on single and double processor failure models. In this case the length of the H-cycle that can be embedded is shown to be (n! − 2f), where f ≤ n − 2 is the number of faults. Another case of multiple-failure scenario is investigated by assuming that all faults are contained in a single Sm, m < n. The network in this case, is shown to reduce to a cluster-star graph. It is proven that it is always possible to formulate an H-cycle of length (n! − m!) in such a network.
Occurrence of fumonisins and aflatoxins in cereals from markets of Hebei province of China

Fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 (FB1, FB2 and FB3) and aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) are both major mycotoxins of food concern, because of their wide range of concentration and possible co-occurrence. Therefore, a contamination survey in corn and wheat flour by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was carried out. Quantification of fumonisins and aflatoxins was based on internal calibration (by the use of 13C34-fumonisin) and external calibration, respectively. Fumonisins were detected in 95% of corn samples and in 7% of wheat flour samples, with the mean level (FB1 + FB2 + FB3) of 441 µg kg−1 and 0.09 µg kg−1, respectively. Low levels of aflatoxins were detected in 37% of the samples with a mean level (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) of 0.12 µg kg−1. Fumonisins and aflatoxins were not detected in 29% of the samples analysed. Simultaneous occurrence of fumonisins and aflatoxins was observed in 12% of samples.
Proton magnetic resonance studies of ``polywater-water'' mixtures

Abstract Proton magnetic resonance studies of anomalous water are carried out with the aid of a time average computer. “Polywater” is observed not to exchange rapidly with normal water, and demonstrates an Arrhenius line width temperature dependence in the range 100° to −80°C.
Improved health care resource utilization following video-eeg-confirmed diagnosis of nonepileptic psychogenic seizures

The economic burden of epilepsy is well recognized. However, empirical investigation establishing costs associated with the diagnosis and treatment of non-epileptic psychogenic seizures (NEPS) is lacking. We studied 20 patients with video/EEG monitoring-confirmed NEPS to determine the effect of definitive diagnosis and treatment on medical costs and utilization. A medical resource utilization questionnaire and inpatient medical chart review were employed to calculate utilization information. Medication usage, outpatient visits, emergency room admissions, and diagnostic testing over a 6-month pre-diagnosis and a 6- month post-diagnosis period were compared. There was an 84% average reduction in total seizure-related medical charges in the 6 months following NEPS diagnosis. Average diagnostic testing charges declined 76%, average medication charges decreased 69%, outpatient clinic visits declined 80%, and emergency room visits reduced by 97%. A majority of patients obtaining a definitive inpatient video/EEG-seizure-monitoring-confirmed NEPS diagnosis experience substantial reductions in health care utilization and dollar costs.
Harvesting Human Capital: Family Structure and Education Among Rural Youth

This paper evaluates the extent to which higher rural than urban [school] dropout rates are attributable to spatial differences in family structure (e.g. living arrangements family size and early childbearing) or economic resources (e.g. poverty) and estimates the differential effects of family structure and poverty on school dropout rates in nonmetropolitan areas suburbs and central cities. Data are drawn from the March 1990 [U.S.] Current Population Survey. Results indicate that residential differences in family structure account for a relatively small part of the higher dropout rates found in rural areas. Rural youths experience with poverty appears to matter more. The educational effects of family structure are nevertheless strong in rural areas albeit somewhat smaller than in suburban areas owing perhaps to compensating forms of social capital found in rural areas. (EXCERPT)
U.S. public relations educators' identification and perception of the discipline

In this study of U.S. public relations educators, previous research was confirmed that calling and identification influence work meaningfulness. The research highlights the discipline's division about importance of practical experience and research. Participants with an orientation to practical experience had significant positive correlations with calling, not to identification or meaningfulness. Those with a theory/research orientation had a significant positive correlation with organizational identification and meaningfulness, not with calling. This suggests that a practice orientation leads to a stronger public relations calling but not a calling to academia. Those with theory/research identification have less calling to the public relations profession.
Magnetically-inducible optical contrast agents for optical coherence tomography

We present the development and use of sonochemically-generated microsphere contrast agents containing a suspension of iron-oxide particles. These microspheres represent a new class of magnetically-inducible optical contrast agents for diagnostic imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography.
Teaching Soft Skills to ECE Students

This paper summarizes techniques, methodologies, and processes used to teach soft skills to electrical and computer engineering students at Lafayette College. A quarter of the curriculum is devoted to broad education, and a substantial portion of the engineering courses including senior design devote adequate time to teaching, assessing, and improving non-technical skills of our graduates. The common term for these skills is "soft skills" and they include cross-cultural, legal awareness, language, entrepreneurship, ethical, political, management, economic, and interpersonal skills. While we have an ad-hoc approach to teaching some skills, we do have a systematic well established and continually assessed approach to teaching others. We have developed courses, lectures, and small programs to support learning and enhancing these skills. Some of the failed attempts are briefly discussed, but the focus is on what works, and how to improve it.
Enhanced natural killer cell targeting of cancer stem cells using Cetuximab

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare population of cancer cells which have been shown to be capable of resisting conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiation. Their persistence following therapeutic intervention, coupled with their stem like nature, endows these cells with the ability to repopulate the tumor, leading to eventual tumor relapse. Previously, it has been shown that the effects of Cetuximab antibody therapy, targeting EGFR on solid tumors, are partially mediated through antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Specifically, natural killer (NK) cells possessing the Fc receptor CD16 are important in mediating the anti-tumor effects of EGFR antibodies. Using flow cytometry, and the ALDEFLUOR assay system to identify CSCs, we observed that human pancreatic CSCs express higher levels of EGFR compared to non-CSCs (88.65 vs. 59.7, p < .01) based on median fluorescence intensity. Due to the role of NK cells in facilitating ADCC-mediated anti-tumor responses, and previous work by our laboratory showing that human NK cells can preferentially kill CSCs, we hypothesized that following Cetuximab treatment NK cells could mount a potent cytotoxic response against Cetuximab-bound CSCs. In vitro ADCC assays revealed that freshly isolated NK cells from human peripheral blood more effectively killed CSCs in the presence of Cetuximab, as measured using flow cytometry. When NK cells, and either Cetuximab or human IgG, were co-incubated with pancreatic cancer cells at a 5:1 ratio, the presence of Cetuximab resulted in a significantly (p <.001) lower proportion of CSCs remaining after 48 hours, compared to IgG controls (4.22% vs. 14%). Lastly we demonstrate that the combination of local radiation, ex vivo IL-2 activated NK cells, and Cetuximab leads to potent anti-tumor effects against subcutaneous human pancreatic tumor xenografts in vivo. Primary tumor growth, as measured by external caliper, was significantly delayed in the presence of Cetuximab, compared to untreated animals, up to 28 days following tumor implant (p < .0001). These preclinical results suggest that, alongside conventional cancer therapies such as local radiation, administering Cetuximab in combination with NK cell based therapy could improve clinical strategies to target CSCs and reduce the rate of tumor relapse.
Perianal Infections: A Primer for Nonsurgeons

The topic of perianal infections covers a broad range of illnesses that can be difficult to differentiate from each other. As a result, patients may suffer from unnecessary examinations and ineffective or delayed therapeutic interventions. This article reviews common and unusual infectious pathology and inflammatory or malignant conditions that should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Presentations of infectious pathology specific to HIV are discussed. New treatment strategies, where available, are noted.
Targeted therapies in myelodysplastic syndromes: ASH 2003 review

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) continue to pose conceptual and practical conundrums because of their heterogeneity and therapeutic challenges. They are not restricted to the presence of clonal cells that are prone to excessive proliferation and premature apoptosis. In MDS the bone marrow microenvironment also is abnormal and exhibits an excess of proinflammatory cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor (TNF), neoangiogenesis, and poorly defined immune defects. Thalidomide, a drug with anti-TNF, antiangiogenic, and immunomodulatory activities, and other agents with anti-TNF effects, such as pentoxifylline, etanercept, and infliximab, have produced hematologic improvement in 20% to 40% of patients. These agents may provide effective therapy for a subset of lower-risk MDS patients, even if the drugs target the bone marrow microenvironment predominantly. However, in higher-risk MDS patients, especially those with more than 10% blasts, it is important to eliminate abnormal cell clones; drugs used for this purpose have included arsenic trioxide, topotecan, the farnesyl transferase inhibitor tipifarnib, and demethylating agents, such as 5-azacytidine and decitabine. To increase the therapeutic index, a combination strategy may be preferable for higher-risk MDS patients, in whom the seed (clone) and the soil (bone marrow microenvironment) must be targeted simultaneously. The challenge is to recognize the subset that is likely to respond to a given drug so that patients can be preselected for therapy.
The structure of telomeric DNA: DNA quadriplex formation

Abstract This review charts the progress made in the past year in our understanding of a family of novel guanine-quartet containing higher-order structures (quadriplexes) that are formed by telomeres and related sequences. The major topics reviewed include the structure of those quadriplexes; the unique role of monovalent cations in their formation; the kinetics and thermodynamics of formation; and, the possible biological relevance of these structures.
Informed Consent in Anthropological Research: We Are Not Exempt1

The article examines the history of the informed consent idea and attempts to explain why anthropologists have not incorporated it. Arguments that have been raised to challenge the relevance and utility of informed consent guidelines to anthropological research are discussed, with the central idea conveyed that the spirit and intent of informed consent is compatible with academic and applied research in anthropology. A discussion of "Informed Consent without Forms" attempts to show that the spirit of informed consent can be fulfilled without the intrusive and unnecessarily legalistic use of a signed form. Informed consent is ultimately viewed as a process that encourages greater openness and disclosure on the part of researchers, empowers voluntary participants in social research, and engenders a more collaborative relationship between researcher and researched.
Solutions to the equations for the kinetics of coagulation

Abstract The theory for the kinetics of coagulation of particles in Brownian motion is reviewed briefly. The relationship between the classical solution of Smoluchowski and the similarity solution to the kinetic equation is discussed. When the classical result is placed in the form of the similarity solution, a simple exponential expression results. In spite of the theoretical limitations, this expression for Smoluchowski's relation can be used to predict satisfactorily a substantial range of the size distribution which has a similar or a self-preserving form.
Inverse Scattering Theory: Strategies Based on the Volterra Inverse Series for Acoustic Scattering †

We consider the necessity of half-off-shell transition-matrix elements (near-field) information on iterative approaches to the inverse acoustic scattering problem. We then show that, because of the manner in which half-off-shell effects enter, the recently introduced Volterra inverse series correctly predicts the first two moments of the interaction, while the Fredholm inverse series is correct only for the first moment. Finally, we demonstrate that the Volterra approach provides a method for exactly obtaining interactions that can be written as a sum of delta functions.
Integration of electrical conductivity and high strength in a SWNT polymeric nanocomposite

ABSTRACT This paper demonstrated the physical properties of a layer-by-layer (LBL) assembled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)  polymer composite thin film. The superior mechan ical and electrical properties that originate from SWNTs were successfully incorporated into a polymeric thin film by hydrogen bonding-directed LBL assemblies. The electrical conductivities and mechanical strength of a LBL composite are 8.5*10 3 S/m and 160 MPa with only 8±2wt% SWNT loading. The combination of high electrical and mechanical properties of SWNT-polymer LBL thin films makes this material unique, opening the way for a wide range of applications from flexible electronics to space telescopes and biomedical implantable devices. Keywords : SWNT, nanotube, multilayer assemblies, layer-by-layer assemblies, electrical properties, nanocomposites, composites 1. INTRODUCTION Layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) of nano-materials has been applauded as an alternative polymer nanocomposite fabrication technique which demonstrates a unique molecular-level structural control to optimize their physicochemical properties. The examples of nano-building blocks of LBL assemblies include single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)
The specific requirements of applied robots for the power utility

This paper is not to describe any new designs or theories. However, we would like to share some field experience in applied engineering. The applied robotics is not only designs or theories but the field experience as well. From the engineering-oriented and applying-oriented views, however, it was found that there was a long way to go from the lab design to the field application. In this paper, four specific requirements of applied robots are presented, including power supplying, communication, security and safety, and installation and running. The practical cases are described afterwards. We hope that the addressed issues can help the researchers in electric power robotics in their researches.
Amino acid sequence of the Ca2+-triggered luciferin binding protein of Renilla reniformis

Abstract The complete amino acid sequence of the Ca2+-triggered luciferin binding protein (LBP) of Renilla reniformis has been determined. The apoprotein has an unblocked amino terminus and contains 184 residues with a calculated Mr of 20541. LBP is a member of the EF-hand superfamily of Ca2+-binding proteins and bears three predicted EF-hand domains. The sequence and organization of EF-hand domains are similar to those of the Ca2+-dependent photoprotein, aequorin.
Asymptotic theory for estimating the parameters of a Lévy process

We consider consistency and asymptotic normality of maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) for parameters of a Levy process of the discontinuous type. The MLE are based on a single realization of the process on a given interval [0,t]. Depending on properties of the Levy measure we either consider the MLE corresponding to jumps of size greater than e and, keepingt fixed, we let e tend to 0, or we consider the MLE corresponding to the complete information of the realization of the process on [0,t] and lett tend to ∞. The results of this paper improve in both generality and rigor previous asymptotic estimation results for such processes.
NMR structure of the amino-terminal domain of the lambda integrase protein in complex with DNA: immobilization of a flexible tail facilitates beta-sheet recognition of the major groove.

Abstract The integrase protein (Int) from bacteriophage lambda is the archetypal member of the tyrosine recombinase family, a large group of enzymes that rearrange DNA in all domains of life. Int catalyzes the insertion and excision of the viral genome into and out of the Escherichia coli chromosome. Recombination transpires within higher-order nucleoprotein complexes that form when its amino-terminal domain binds to arm-type DNA sequences that are located distal to the site of strand exchange. Arm-site binding by Int is essential for catalysis, as it promotes Int-mediated bridge structures that stabilize the recombination machinery. We have elucidated how Int is able to sequence specifically recognize the arm-type site sequence by determining the solution structure of its amino-terminal domain (IntN, residues Met1 to Leu64) in complex with its P′2 DNA binding site. Previous studies have shown that IntN adopts a rare monomeric DNA binding fold that consists of a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet that is packed against a carboxy-terminal alpha helix. A low-resolution crystal structure of the full-length protein also revealed that the sheet is inserted into the major groove of the arm-type site. The solution structure presented here reveals how IntN specifically recognizes the arm-type site sequence. A novel feature of the new solution structure is the use of an 11-residue tail that is located at the amino terminus. DNA binding induces the folding of a 310 helix in the tail that projects the amino terminus of the protein deep into the minor groove for stabilizing DNA contacts. This finding reveals the structural basis for the observation that the “unstructured” amino terminus is required for recombination.
BOREHOLE STONELEY WAVE PROPAGATION ACROSS PERMEABLE STRUCTURES1

This study investigates the propagation of borehole Stoneley waves across permeable structures. By modeling the structure as a zone intersecting the borehole, a simple 1D theory is formulated to treat the interaction of the Stoneley wave with the structure. This is possible because the Stoneley wave is a guided wave, with no geometric spreading as it propagates along the borehole. The interaction occurs because the zone and the surrounding formation possess different Stoneley wavenumbers. Given appropriate representations of the wavenumber, the theory can be applied to treat a variety of structures, including a fluid-filled fracture. Of special interest are the cases of permeable porous zones and fracture zones. The results show that, while Stoneley wave reflections are generated, strong Stoneley wave attenuation is produced across a very permeable zone. This result is particularly important in explaining the observed strong Stoneley wave attenuation at major fractures where it has been difficult to explain the attenuation in terms of the single planar fracture theory. In addition, by using a simple and sufficiently accurate theory to model the effects of the permeable zone, a fast and efficient method is developed to characterize the fluid transport properties of a permeable fracture zone.
Control-space properties of cooperative games

If two or more players agree to cooperate while playing a game, they help one another to minimize their respective costs as long as it is not to their individual disadvantages. This leads at once to the concept of undominated solutions to a game. Anundominated orPareto-optimal solution has the property that, compared to any other solution, at least one playerdoes worse or alldo the same if they use a solution other than the Pareto-optimal one.
Mechanisms of polymeric film formation

Polymeric films are applied to solid dosage forms for decorative, protective, and functional purposes. These films are generally applied by a spray atomization process, where the polymer is sprayed onto the solid substrate. The mechanism by which films are formed is dependent on whether the polymer is in the dissolved or dispersed state. For solutions, film formation occurs as the solvent evaporates, since the polymer chains are intimately mixed. Film formation from polymeric dispersions, however, requires the coalescence of individual polymer spheres and interpenetration of the polymer chains. Films prepared from polymeric dispersions exhibit a minimum film forming temperature and processing conditions must exceed this temperature in order to form the film. In addition, these systems generally require post-coating storage in temperature and humidity controlled environments to ensure complete polymer coalescence. Incomplete coalescence can lead to significant changes in drug release over time. This review article highlights the basic science principles involved in film formation from both polymeric solutions and dispersions and the variables that influence these film formation processes.
Estrogen replacement enhances acquisition of a spatial memory task and reduces deficits associated with hippocampal muscarinic receptor inhibition.

A delayed matching-to-position (DMP) T-maze task was used to examine the effects of estrogen replacement on spatial learning and memory, as well as the ability of estrogen replacement to reduce performance deficits produced by acute systemic and intrahippocampal muscarinic cholinergic inhibition. Two experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, ovariectomized animals were trained to criterion on the DMP task and then tested with increased intertrial delays and following systemic scopolamine administration. The animals then received either continuous estrogen replacement or sham surgery and were retested beginning 10 days later. In Experiment 2, ovariectomized animals received guide cannulae implanted bilaterally into the hippocampus. Half of these animals also began receiving continuous estrogen replacement. Two months later, the animals were trained on the DMP task and then tested with increased intertrial delays and following systemic as well as intrahippocampal scopolamine administration. Animals received the same test battery 8 months later and were then immediately trained on a reversal task. The results indicate that estrogen-treated animals acquired the DMP task at a significantly faster rate than the ovariectomized, non-estrogen-treated controls. In addition, estrogen replacement significantly reduced deficits in DMP performance produced by intrahippocampal, but not systemic, scopolamine administration. This occurred when animals were tested after 3.5 months, as well as after 12 months, of continuous estrogen replacement. No evidence for an effect of estrogen replacement on spatial working memory or reversal learning was detected. These findings demonstrate that estrogen replacement can enhance acquisition of a spatial memory task and reduce performance deficits associated with hippocampal cholinergic impairment.
Comparison of the structural stability and dynamic properties of recombinant anthrax protective antigen and its 2‐fluorohistidine‐labeled analogue

Protective antigen (PA) is the primary protein antigenic component of both the currently used anthrax vaccine and related recombinant vaccines under development. An analogue of recombinant PA (2-FHis rPA) has been recently shown to block the key steps of pore formation in the process of inducing cytotoxicity in cells, and thus can potentially be used as an antitoxin or a vaccine. This rPA analogue was produced by fermentation to incorporate the unnatural amino acid 2-fluorohistidine (2-FHis). In this study, the effects of 2-FHis labeling on rPA antigen's conformational stability and dynamic properties were investigated by various biophysical techniques. Temperature/pH stability profiles of rPA and 2-FHis rPA were analyzed by the empirical phase diagram (EPD) approach, and physical stability differences between them were identified. Results showed that rPA and 2-FHis rPA had similar stability at pH 7–8. With decreasing solution pH, however, 2-FHis rPA was found to be more stable. Dynamic sensitive measurements of the two proteins at pH 5 found that 2-FHis rPA was more dynamic and/or differentially hydrated under acidic pH conditions. The biophysical characterization and stability data provide information useful for the potential development of 2-FHis rPA as a more stable rPA vaccine candidate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:4118–4128, 2012
Double asymmetric aldol reactions using the boron enolates derived from 3-(3-ethyl)pentyl propanethiote and ethanethioate with (,)-2,5-dimethylborolanyl triflate

Abstract The boron enolates prepared from S -3-(3-ethyl)pentyl propanethioate and S -3-(3-ethyl)pentyl ethanethioate and ( R , R )-2,5-dimethylborolanyl triflate in the presence of diisopropylethylamine undergo highly diastereoselective aldol reactions with representative chiral aldehydes.
A thermodynamically consistent framework for theories of elastoplasticity coupled with damage

Abstract A unified framework for coupled elastoplastic and damage theories is developed. A rigorous thermodynamic procedure is followed that is sufficiently general to include anisotropic plasticity and anisotropic damage formulations. The concept of effective stress is the critical mechanism for coupling these theories. Yield and damage functions, constructed of homogeneous functions of degree one, are shown to satisfy thermodynamic restrictions. The principle of maximum entropy provides the evolutionary relations, the loading and unloading conditions, and the convexity of the undamaging elastic domain. The plastic and damage variables evolve normal to their respective surfaces which for plasticity corresponds to an associative flow for plastic strain. This general framework is shown to be sufficiently general to encompass several popular theories for plasticity and damage. Limitations of some existing damage theories are discussed. The performance of two specific coupled formulations are illustrated by replicating the experimental behavior of an aluminum alloy.
Nation‐building in post‐colonial nation‐states: the cases of Tanzania and Fiji

Building on our comparative research about policies and politics of redress in Tanzania and Fiji, we identify and explore nation-building in post-colonial ethnically and racially divided states. The historical legacies of colonial and post-colonial state formation give rise to two issues. The problem of national identity arises from the need of post-colonial states to overcome legacies of colonial racial formations that created strong elements of group identification. With independence, nation-states face competing pressures to address enduring inequality but also to respond to political mobilisation, both of which may be grounded in group identities. The dilemma of democratic legitimacy derives from the competing pressures of nation-states to follow global norms of behaviour while responding to the domestic electorate. In such instances, states may be judged on different, incompatible criteria. Because national identity did not grow in tandem with the administrative apparatus of the state in these societies, the state may become spoils for political victors, prolonging existing divisions. Overcoming these problems will require enlightened leadership, both domestically and internationally.
The Parasitic Anthophorid Genus Xeromelecta in Cuba (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

The parasitic anthophorid bee Xeromelecta alayoi , new species, is described from Cuba. It belongs to the subgenus Nesomelecta , hitherto known only from Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
Addressing Multicollinearity in Semiconductor Manufacturing

When building prediction models in the semiconductor environment, many variables, such as input/output variables, have causal relationships which may lead to multicollinearity. There are several approaches to address multicollinearity: variable elimination, orthogonal transformation, and adoption of biased estimates. This paper reviews these methods with respect to an application that has a structure more complex than simple pairwise correlations. We also present two algorithmic variable elimination approaches and compare their performance with that of the existing principal component regression and ridge regression approaches in terms of residual mean square and R2. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced preservation of endosecretory granules in PP-cells of the canine pancreas

Standard fixation techniques commonly used for light and electron microscopic studies have resulted in reported differences in the ultrastructural appearance of endosecretory granules of the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cell. To clarify these differences, canine pancreatic tissues of intact and cultured pseudoislets were studied using a variety of ingredients, additives and fixatives in an effort to better preserve the endosecretory granules of PP cells. Results show that preservation of PP granules is enhanced by addition in zinc chloride (0.5%) to a glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde fixative in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, followed by osmium tetroxide fixation. This fixative is recommended for all light and electron microscopic studies of the pancreatic polypeptide cell.
Attitudes of Students toward Politically Relevant Groups.

A total of 155 students who did not attend the anti-Vietnam War moratorium and 20 who did attend, indicated their degree of liking for 5 groups chosen to represent authority: parents, police, college professors, college administrators, and high school teachers; and their liking for 5 groups chosen as representing opposition to authority, namely, Negroes, demonstrators, campus militants, black militants, and criminals. As expected, the non-attenders liked the first groups more and the second groups less ( p < .001) than did the attenders. Liking for the first 5 groups was correlated with liking for the second 5 groups ( p < .001). The results show that tolerance for 1 group does not predict a generally tolerant, warm, or impunitive attitude and vice versa.
Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Invasive Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Alaska, 1991–1998

From January 1991 through December 1998, a total of 1046 pneumococcal isolates were received from 23 laboratories participating in the statewide surveillance system. Of these, 1037 were recovered from normally sterile sites (blood and cerebrospinal and pleural fluid) and were available for serotyping and susceptibility testing. Ninety-two percent of these isolates were serotypes represented in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Serotypes in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) were recovered from 72% of Alaska Natives and 84% of non-Native children /=1 microg/mL) and 19% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (minimal inhibitory concentration, >/=4/76 microg/mL). Twelve percent of invasive isolates were resistant to >/=2 classes of antibiotics; of these, serotype 6B accounted for 33%, and 63% were recovered from children <5 years old.
Expected changes in clinical measures of adiposity during puberty.

Abstract Background Clinicians use several measures to estimate adiposity. Body mass index (BMI), although not a measure of adiposity, is commonly used to define weight status. Percent body fat (%BF) measures total body fatness, which is composed of central and peripheral fat, estimated by waist circumference (WC) and skinfold thickness, respectively. Abnormal increases in fat during puberty may reflect an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is important to establish the normal patterns of change in clinically relevant measures of adiposity. Purpose To describe the normal patterns of change in clinical measures of adiposity during puberty. Design/Methods Multilevel modeling and linear regression analyses of 642 children in Project HeartBeat!, aged 8–18 years (non-black and black), who had assessments of BMI, %BF, WC, sums of 2- and 6-skinfolds, and pubertal stage (PS) triennially between 1991 and 1995. Results In males, the normal pattern from PS1 to PS5 is for %BF to decrease, skinfold thickness to remain stable, and WC to increase. However, after adjusting for height, WC does not change. In females, %BF remains stable from PS1 to PS5, whereas skinfold thickness increases. As in males waist-height ratio does not change, indicating that central adiposity does not normally increase during puberty. Although BMI increases in both genders and races from PS1 to PS5, mean values at PS5 were well below 25 kg/m 2 . Conclusions During puberty, increase in %BF is abnormal in females and even more so in males. Likewise, increase in waist-height ratio is also abnormal and may suggest an increased risk for adiposity-associated morbidity.
Serial optical coherence scanner for large-scale brain imaging at microscopic resolution

We describe a serial optical coherence scanner (SOCS) for high resolution imaging of ex-vivo brain. SOCS integrates a multi-contrast optical coherence tomography and a vibratome slicer to establish comprehensive brain anatomy and fiber pathways in three-dimensional space. Rat brain images are demonstrated by utilizing intrinsic optical contrasts including back-scattering, birefringence and optic axis orientation, which are simultaneously generated from the same dataset. Volumetric images from serial scans are combined to realize large scale brain maps. Nerve fiber tracts are globally described in 3D by retardance, and delicately delineated by cross-polarization at the resolution of 15 × 15 × 5.5 μm3. In-plane orientations of the tracts are quantified by optic axis orientation. SOCS offers a new solution for complete reconstructions of macroscopic tissues such as primate and human brains at microscopic resolution. The technique also opens up varieties of opportunities for connectome studies and systematic investigations on neurological diseases and brain disorders.