cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A clustering property of highly-degenerate transcription factor binding sites in the mammalian genome

Transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) are short DNA sequences interacting with transcription factors (TFs), which regulate gene expression. Due to the relatively short length of such binding sites, it is largely unclear how the specificity of protein-DNA interaction is achieved. Here, we have performed a genome-wide analysis of TFBS-like sequences for the transcriptional repressor, RE1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST), as well as for several other representative mammalian TFs (c-myc, p53, HNF-1 and CREB). We find a nonrandom distribution of inexact sites for these TFs, referred to as highly-degenerate TFBSs, that are enriched around the cognate binding sites. Comparisons among human, mouse and rat orthologous promoters reveal that these highly-degenerate sites are conserved significantly more than expected by random chance, suggesting their positive selection during evolution. We propose that this arrangement provides a favorable genomic landscape for functional target site selection.
HMM-Based Concept Learning for a Mobile Robot

We are developing an intelligent robot and attempting to teach it language. While there are many aspects of this research, for the purposes here the most important are the following ideas. Language is primarily based on semantics, not syntax, which is still the focus in speech recognition research these days. To truly learn meaning, a language engine cannot simply be a computer program running on a desktop computer analyzing speech. It must be part of a more general, embodied intelligent system, one capable of using associative learning to form concepts from the perception of experiences in the world, and further capable of manipulating those concepts symbolically. In this paper, we present a general cascade model for learning concepts, and explore the use of hidden Markov models (HMMs) as part of the cascade model. HMMs are capable of automatically learning and extracting the underlying structure of continuous-valued inputs and representing that structure in the states of the model. These states can then be treated as symbolic representations of the inputs. We show how a cascade of HMMs can be embedded in a small mobile robot and used to find correlations among sensory inputs to learn a set of symbolic concepts, which are used for decision making and could eventually be manipulated linguistically
Distinct pathways regulate facilitated glucose transport in human articular chondrocytes during anabolic and catabolic responses

Articular cartilage is an avascular, non-insulin-sensitive tissue that utilizes glucose as the main energy source, a precursor for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, and a regulator of gene expression. F...
Environmental Risk and Averting Behavior: Predictive Validity of Jointly Estimated Revealed and Stated Behavior Data

We conduct predictive validity tests using revealed and stated behavior data from a panel survey of North Carolina coastal households. The application is to hurricane evacuation behavior. Data was initially collected after Hurricane Bonnie led to hurricane evacuations in North Carolina in 1998. Respondents were asked for their behavioral intentions if a hurricane threatened the North Carolina coast during the 1999 hurricane season. Following Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd in 1999, a follow-up survey was conducted to see if respondents behaved as they intended. A jointly estimated revealed and stated behavior model indicates that the hypothetical and real evacuation behavior is based on the same choice process. Using predictions from this model with a hypothetical bias correction, we find that it predicts actual evacuation behavior with a small forecast error. These results suggest that stated behavior data has some degree of predictive validity.
Isolation and characterization of fragments of reduced and S-carbamidomethylated human growth hormone produced by plasmin digestion. I. Chemistry.

Reduced and S-carbamidomethylated human GH (RCAM-hGH) was digested with human plasmin, yielding a mixture of products. These were partially separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, yielding three major fractions: Da and Db, which were equipotent with native hGH in the weight gain test; and Dc, which was about half as active as hGH. Each of these was further purified by gel filtration, yielding a number of subtractions which were characterized as follows: Dal is a very stable noncovalent complex of residues 1–134 and 141–191 of RCAM-hGH; Da2 represents residues 20–41; Dbl is very similar to Dal, but appears to have lost one or more amide groups; Db3 represents residues 95–134; Dc2 is a heterogeneous fraction containing a further deamidated version of Dal and Dbl plus a similar complex of residues 42–134 and 141–191, apparently with some carboxyterminal heterogeneity; Dc3, like Db3, represents residues 95–134. The biological activities of these fragments are discussed in the accompanying paper. Earlie...
Extravascular Transport of Fluorescently Labeled Albumins in the Rat Mesentery

Objective:Fluorescently labeled albumin is used frequently as a tracer when monitoring microvascular permeability. Several fluorescent dyes are available for labeling protein, including fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and Texas Red (TR). Because differences in leakage of dye-labeled proteins have been reported, the objective of the present study was to compare the accumulation of these two tracers in interstitium and lymph after the inflammatory event of ischemiareperfusion. Methods:Anesthetized rats were injected intravenously with FITC-labeled albumin (FITC-alb) and TR-labeled albumin (TR-alb) before 30 minutes of mesenteric ischemia. Because the tracers leaked out of the microcirculation after reperfusion, accumulation in the surrounding buffer-superfused tissue, and in separate experiments, accumulation in lymph vessels, was defined as the ratio of tissue-to-plasma and lymph-to-plasma fluorescence. Results:Reperfusion induced a significant increase in tissue-to-plasma fluorescence of FITC-alb; howev...
A technological survey of broadcasting's “pre‐history,” 1876–1920

Although the Journal of Broadcasting commemorated broadcasting's 50th anniversary more than a decade ago (see the Fall, 1959 issue), it was not until 1970 that the golden anniversary of American broadcasting was celebrated nationwide. Yet, before the initial broadcasts of KDKA and WWJ in 1920, there was almost another half‐century of technological development. This technological base consisted of experimental work in both wired and wireless telephony, and included many “dead ends” as well as many developments that led to the fruition of broadcasting. In the following article, Elliot Sivowitch, of the Division of Electricity and Nuclear Energy of the Smithsonian Institution, covers the high points of the “pre‐history” of broadcasting, with emphasis on developments in the United States prior to 1920. A forthcoming issue of the Journal will feature a companion article, tracing developments of the first decade of broadcasting itself through analysis of the history of significant early stations, which is being...
Effects of cascading on the performance of a switching subsystem

Larger size connectivity subsystems can be formed by cascading smaller size switching elements. Alternative architectures have been proposed to form high-speed LANs based on the idea of cascading switching elements. The performance of such a system that is formed by cascading two switching elements is investigated. The mean delay of a unidirectional write operation between users that are connected to different switching elements is obtained. The results show that the performance depends strongly on the intra-switch traffic intensity as well as the number of links that connects the two switching elements. >
Automatic Detection of Tags for Political Blogs

This paper describes a technique for automatically tagging political blog posts using SVM's and named entity recognition. We compare the quality of the tags detected by this approach to earlier approaches in other domains, observing effects from the political domain and benefits from NLP techniques complementary to the core SVM method.
Imaging of Adrenal Gland Disorders

In recent years, diagnostic imaging has become an important adjunct to conventional endocrine testing in the evaluation of adrenal gland dysfunction. This article discusses the role of imaging in the diagnostic workup of the following adrenal gland disorders: hypercatacholaminism, hyperaldosteronism, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypoadrenocorticism. The strengths and limitations of radiography, ultrasonography, scintigraphy, CT scanning, and MR imaging are addressed.
The effect of communication channel and visual awareness display on coordination in online tasks

Geographically distributed workgroups are increasingly collaborating on time-sensitive, highly interdependent tasks that require detailed coordination to achieve success; although success under these conditions is often difficult. Improving these collaborations requires both better support from communication and information tools and a better understanding of how people use modes of coordination, such as explicit communication using audio and text, and the use of visual awareness displays of others' activities. To examine these issues, we conducted an experiment in which groups completed two tasks in the multiplayer online role-playing game Neverwinter Nights. Task performance results showed that the effects of communication channel were mixed and that the availability of the awareness display did not have a direct effect. However, transcripts revealed differences in the processes of collaboration such that in the absence of the awareness display, participants adapted their communication behavior to explicitly share information with group members.
Plasma vasopressin response to hypertonic saline infusion to assess posterior pituitary function

Hypertonic saline was infused into 11 volunteers to osmotically stimulate vasopressin secretion. A strong positive correlation between plasma arginine vasopressin (PAVP) and plasma osmolality (Pos) was obtained, defined by the function PAVP=0.63 (Pos-284), r=+0.80, P<0.001. The sensitivity of vasopressin secretion to osmotic stimulation was represented by the slope of the expression and the theoretical threshold of vasopressin release by the abscissal intercept. Plasma osmolality at the onset of thirst was 298.5±1.1 mmol/kg. Application of hypertonic saline infusion to 10 polyuric patients clearly separated those with normal osmoregulation of vasopressin secretion from those with cranial diabetes insipidus.
PRIVATIZING PUBLIC PENSION SYSTEMS: LESSONS FOR THE UNITED STATES FROM LATIN AMERICA

The primary goal of this study is to cast light on what might happen were the United States to partially privatize its Social Security system. The analysis draws on evidence from four Latin American countries that have privatized their public pension schemes (Chile, Mexico, Bolivia, and El Salvador) and four that have partially privatized (Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, and Peru). In Latin America privatization tends to have positive economic effects. It contributes to the development of financial institutions and to an increase in investment capital. There is less consensus, but at least some evidence suggesting that it may increase the national savings rate and economic growth. However, privatization also leads to higher administrative costs as well as an increase in both income and gender inequality. In addition, there is a risk that many low-wage workers and particularly women will end up worse off with defined contribution than with defined benefit schemes.
Differences between Estrogen- and Antiestrogen-Estrogen Receptor Complexes from Human Breast Tumors Identified with an Antibody Raised against the Estrogen Receptor

Radiolabeled estrogens 17 beta-[3H]estradiol and diethylstilbestrol ( [3H]DES) and the antiestrogen [3H]monohydroxytamoxifen ( [3H]MHT) all bind with high affinity to the extranuclear estrogen receptor (ER) from the MCF-7 human breast tumor cell line (Kd = 3 X 10(-10), 2 X 10(-10), and 0.63 X 10(-10) M, respectively). A polyclonal antibody raised in a goat to the calf nuclear ER selectively decreased the binding affinity and number of binding sites for 17 beta-[3H]estradiol, but did not appear to affect these binding parameters for [3H]MHT. In the presence of goat antibody, the binding of the nonsteroidal estrogen DES was so perturbed that it was not possible to quantitate the decreased number of binding sites or affinity of this compound as assessed by Scatchard saturation analysis. These results were confirmed in human breast tumor cytosols by sucrose density gradient analysis. The binding of 17 beta-[3H]-estradiol and [3H]DES to the ER was significantly reduced by preincubation with the polyclonal antibody, whereas the binding of [3H]MHT was reduced only when the tumor cytosol was preincubated with a very high concentration of antibody. At these concentrations of antibody, the binding of 17 beta-[3H]estradiol and [3H]DES to the receptor was prevented completely. In contrast, when the antibody was added to the tumor cytosol after the 3H-ligand had bound to the receptor, the binding properties of all 3H-ligands were unaffected. The [3H]MHT-ER antibody complex consistently sedimented as a higher-molecular-weight complex on sucrose density gradients than did the corresponding estrogenic complexes. The decrease in the affinity of estrogenic ligands can be explained in part by an increase in the dissociation rate at 4 degrees of these compounds from the ER. The dissociation rate of MHT was unaffected by the goat antibody. These results imply that there are important differences in the binding of antiestrogen and estrogens to the tumor cytosol ER. A ligand-binding model is proposed that may aid in the understanding of antiestrogen action.
Discovery of Nine New Companions to Nearby Young M Stars with the Altair AO System

We present results of a high-resolution, near-infrared survey of 41 nearby, young (300 Myr) M0-M5.0 dwarfs using the Altair natural guide star adaptive optics system at the Gemini North telescope. Twelve of the objects appear to be binaries, seven of which are reported here for the first time. One triple system was discovered. Statistical properties are studied and compared with earlier (F to K) and later (≥M6 very low mass [VLM]) populations. We find that the separation distribution of the binaries in this sample peaks at 13 AU, which is consistent with previous measurements of early M binaries. Hence, early M binaries seem to occur in—on average—tighter systems than G binaries. At the same time they are significantly wider than field VLM binary stars. The distribution of mass ratios q of primary and secondary stars was found to show an intermediate distribution between the strongly q → 1 peaked distribution of field VLM systems and the almost flat distribution of earlier type stars. Consequently, we show evidence for relatively young, early M binaries representing a transition between the well-known earlier star distributions and the recently examined field VLM population characteristics. Despite the fact that this survey was dedicated to the search for faint brown dwarf and planetary mass companions, all planetary mass candidates were background objects. We exclude the existence of physical companions with masses greater than 10 Jupiter masses (MJ) at separations of 40 AU and masses greater than 24MJ for separations 10 AU around 37 of the 41 observed objects.
Cultivating Self in the Context of Transformative Professional Development

In this study, the author combines insights from ethnography and discourse analysis to examine how a model of selfhood was cultivated through the social practices of a transformative professional d...
Wetland Creation and Restoration

Wetlands provide some of the most biodiverse landscapes in the world. There are several definitions of wetlands around the world, yet by most estimates, the world has lost half of its wetlands, which now cover about 6–8% of the terrestrial land. Wetland creation and wetland restoration are now practiced around the world to restore or create habitat to enhance biodiversity, improve water quality, mitigate flooding, provide coastal protection, and sequester carbon. Examples of wetland creation and restoration from the Florida Everglades, deltas of Louisiana and Mesopotamia, riverine wetlands of the Skjern River in Denmark and the Mississippi River Basin in the USA and coastal wetlands of Delaware Bay are presented as are principles for carrying out that restoration and creation correctly.
Bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte killing of Tritrichomonas foetus.

Abstract The role of bovine antibody and complement in bovine neutrophil-mediated killing of Tritrichomonas foetus was investigated. No neutrophil-mediated trichomonacidal activity was detected when Hanks' balanced salt solution, a widely utilized and weakly buffered medium, was used. This lack of neutrophil activity was evident even in the presence of specific bovine antibody and bovine complement. Moreover, the pH of the weakly buffered Hanks' balanced salt solution was observed to fall from pH 7.0 to 5.8 in 4 h at 37 degrees C in the presence of T. foetus. The pH of 5.8 inhibited the bactericidal activity of bovine neutrophils for Staphylococcus epidermidis by 53.2% and may have contributed to the lack of neutrophil-mediated trichomonacidal activity in the weakly buffered salt solution. However, T. foetus was susceptible to bovine neutrophil-mediated destruction when a HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid)-buffered Hanks' balanced salt solution was used (21.8% killing by neutrophils alone). Neither specific bovine immune serum nor purified immune bovine immunoglobulin G2 alone enhanced bovine neutrophil-mediated killing. When complement-sensitized trichomonads were incubated with bovine neutrophils, killing of T. foetus was observed, a result which represented the additive effects of each treatment. Significant (P 70% parasite destruction), an effect which reflected the additive nature of each treatment.
The Impact of Property Type Diversification on REIT Liquidity

Executive Summary. This paper examines the degree to which property type diversification affects the liquidity of the market for real estate investment trusts. The findings reveal that investments ...
Measuring the educational environment on a multidisciplinary hospital service.

Dear SirWe would like to share our novel use of the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM) as part of a program to improve teaching for both staff and trainees in a multidisc...
Nuclear Changes Following Intravenous Injection of Various Solutions.

Opinions differ as to whether intranuclear inclusions are pathognomonic of virus diseases. Thus, Cole and Kuttner1 expressed the view that when typical intranuclear inclusions are found, the presence of a filterable virus is to be assumed unless its absence can be proved experimentally, while Cowdry2 stated that the presence of intranuclear inclusions should not be taken at face value as indicating the action of some filterable virus. Cowdry3 also entertained the possibility that the inclusions may be produced artificially without viruses. Heinbecker and O'Leary4 described the appearance of bodies simulating intranuclear inclusions in nerve cells after electrical stimulation5 and Davenport, Ranson and Terwilliger6 produced similar structures by immersion of ganglia in hypertonic salt solutions.Cats were injected through the femoral vein, under ether anesthesia, with glucose, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, distilled water, or Salyrgan. At various intervals following the injections, the animals were k...
Overview of the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential amino acid that plays a critical role in synthesis of a host of modulatory biomolecules including serotonin, melatonin, tryptamine, and kynurenine (KYN). TRP can either be incorporated into proteins, converted to the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), or metabolized to kynurenine. The majority of dietary TRP is metabolized via the kynurenine pathway (KP). The initial and rate-limiting step in the KP involves one of three enzymes, namely, the two isoforms of indoleamine 2-3-dioxygenase (IDO1 and IDO2) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). In this chapter, we provide a broad overview of the KP and explore the gene regulation of the key enzymes involved.
Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Remediation of Phenol by Platinized Titania–Silica Mixed Oxides under Solar-Simulated Conditions

Aperiodic mesoporous TiO2–SiO2 mixed oxide materials were platinized by the incorporation of Pt0 by three different methods to understand the role of Pt on the photocatalytic activity of phenol under solar simulated conditions. The physicochemical properties of the resultant photocatalysts were examined by powder X-ray diffractometry, nitrogen adsorption, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. These characterization techniques illustrated the enhanced morphological properties of the mesostructure such as the presence of highly crystalline anatase TiO2, large pore geometries, and active Ti–O–Si linkages, respectively. CO chemisorption analysis and TEM images accentuated the role of small Pt crystallite sizes in the development of photocatalysts with high degradation efficiencies.
Nature of Information, People, and Relationships in Digital Social Networks.

This paper summarizes the results of our recent investigations into how information propagates, how people assimilate information, and how people form relationships to gain information in Internet-centric social settings. It includes key ideas related to the role of the nature of information items in information diffusion as well as the notion of receptivity on part of the receiver and how it affects information assimilation and opinion formation. It describes a system that incorporates availability, willingness, and knowledge in recommending friends to a person seeking advice from social network. It discusses whether having common interests makes it more likely for a pair of users to be friends and whether being friends influences the likelihood of having common interests, and quantifies the influence of various factors in an individual’s continued relationship with a social group. Finally, it gives current research directions related to privacy and social analytics.
Fulminant Hepatic Failure and Hepatic Encephalopathy

Fulminant hepatic failure implies either acute massive destruction of live tissue or another process that causes rapid deterioration in function of a previously normal liver. The diagnosis in children needs to be differentiated from hepatic failure that occurs as a complication of underlying congenital, anatomical, and metabolic abnormalities.
Candidate Gene Discovery for Dog Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is one of the most common developmental defects in purebred dogs. Single gene markers (called SNPs) are being used to investigate the associations in Siberian huskies between candidate genes (INSL3, LGR8, ESR1, HOXA10, MIS, CGRP and other positional candidates) and cryptorchidism. Findings of causative mutations in candidate genes will be useful in dog breeding programs to reduce the incidence of cryptorchidism.
Why Pressurized Water

The Navy’s need for extended use submarine power drove the initial research into nuclear reactor development. This effort produced two land-based prototypes, followed by operating reactors in Navy subs. The two designs included the PWR of the Nautilus and the Sodium cooled reactor of the Seawolf. The US Navy opted for the PWR design for general use after seeing the difficulties in working with sodium and the relatively strong operating performance of the Nautilus and its land-based prototype. The Nuclear Navy provided an enormous impetus to the development of the PWR type. Rickover used a parallel path development program to ensure that the Navy achieved a nuclear, air-independent propulsion system that would revolutionize submarine technology. By investigating both the PWR and sodium cooled reactor, Rickover managed to create an organization that produced the nuclear powered Nautilus in the 10-year period from the end of the war until the submarine’s launch in 1955. In the end PWR became the dominant, and indeed sole propulsion system adopted by the Navy. The corrosion problems associated with the sodium coolant led to it falling into disuse. Following the Navy success, the Atomic Energy Commission attempted to “seed” commercial nuclear power plant development in the US. This development program used additional commercial entities to design cores, enlist utility partners, and offer alternate reactor design concepts. The end result of this decade-long development effort was numerous sites with one of a kind reactors that had significant design or operating flaws. In the end, it was the Navy’s preferred design type, the PWR that became the design for nearly two third of the commercial operating reactors in the US.
Attenuation of the anxiogenic effects of cocaine by 5-HT 1B autoreceptor stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats

Cocaine produces significant aversive/anxiogenic actions whose underlying neurobiology remains unclear. A possible substrate contributing to these actions is the serotonergic (5-HT) pathway projecting from the dorsal raphe (DRN) to regions of the extended amygdala, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) which have been implicated in the production of anxiogenic states. The present study examined the contribution of 5-HT signaling within the BNST to the anxiogenic effects of cocaine as measured in a runway model of drug self-administration. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fitted with bilateral infusion cannula aimed at the BNST and then trained to traverse a straight alley once a day for a single 1 mg/kg i.v. cocaine infusion delivered upon goal-box entry on each of 16 consecutive days/trials. Intracranial infusions of CP 94,253 (0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 μg/side) were administered to inhibit local 5-HT release via activation of 5-HT1B autoreceptors. To confirm receptor specificity, the effects of this treatment were then challenged by co-administration of the selective 5-HT1B antagonist NAS-181. Intra-BNST infusions of the 5-HT1B autoreceptor agonist attenuated the anxiogenic effects of cocaine as reflected by a decrease in runway approach-avoidance conflict behavior. This effect was reversed by the 5-HT1B antagonist. Neither start latencies (a measure of the subject’s motivation to seek cocaine) nor spontaneous locomotor activity (an index of motoric capacity) were altered by either treatment. Inhibition of 5-HT1B signaling within the BNST selectively attenuated the anxiogenic effects of cocaine, while leaving unaffected the positive incentive properties of the drug.
Unique effects of energy versus estrogen deficiency on multiple components of bone strength in exercising women.

Many female athletes are energy and/or estrogen deficient, but the independent effects on bone health have not been isolated. Energy deficiency was detrimental at the tibia while estrogen deficiency was detrimental at the radius. Nutrition must be considered alongside menstrual recovery when addressing compromised bone health in female athletes. The purpose of this study was to describe volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), bone geometry, and estimated bone strength in exercising women (n = 60) grouped according to energy status (energy replete (EnR: n = 30) vs. energy deficient (EnD: n = 30)) and estrogen status (estrogen replete (E2R: n = 33) vs. estrogen deficient (E2D: n = 27)), resulting in four distinct groups: EnR + E2R (n = 17), EnR + E2D (n = 13), EnD + E2R (n = 16), EnD + E2D (n = 14). Energy status was determined using the ratio of measured to predicted resting energy expenditure (mREE/pREE). Estrogen status was based on self-reported menstrual status confirmed by daily evaluation of urinary estrone-1-glucoronide (E1G), pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Eumenorrheic women were considered E2R, amenorrheic women were E2D, and oligomenorrheic women were categorized based on history of menses in the past year. Bone was assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). EnD women exhibited lower total vBMD, trabecular vBMD, cortical area, and BSI at the distal tibia and lower total vBMD, smaller cortical area and cortical thickness, and larger endosteal circumference at the proximal tibia compared to EnR women (p < 0.042). E2D women had lower total and cortical vBMD, larger total and trabecular area, and lower BSI at the distal radius and lower cortical vBMD at the proximal radius compared to E2R women (p < 0.023). Energy and estrogen interacted to affect total and trabecular area at the distal tibia (p < 0.021). Efforts to correct energy deficiency, which in turn may promote reproductive health, are warranted in order to address the unique contributions of energy status versus estrogen status to bone health.
Stage beauties: Actresses and celebrity culture in the long eighteenth century

Over the past 20 years, the study of eighteenth-century British actresses has blossomed into an emerging interdisciplinary field. Early works on actresses in the 1990's coincided with a heightened interest in recovering non-canonical eighteenth-century texts by female authors as well as the publication of Judith Butler's ground breaking Gender Trouble in 1992. Actresses became, in many ways, the perfect vehicle for looking at how ideologies of femininity, performance, and embodiment materialized in eighteenth-century culture. The publication of Felicity Nussbaum's Rival Queens in 2010 signaled a new phase in actress studies. This article looks closely at the ways in which scholarship on eighteenth-century actresses and celebrity produced since 2010 responds to and/or complicates Nussbaum's invitation to move beyond the parameters of the lady/prostitute divide in actress studies towards more “productive frames of reference” and methodologies. In 2016, actress studies is a truly interdisciplinary field intersecting with art, music, literature, history, economics, psychology, anthropology, sociology, and fashion. Scholars in actress studies have pioneered new theoretical approaches to theater history, archives and evidence, re-enactment and performance, as well as studies of sound and material culture. Studies of actresses have contributed significantly to the history of early modern women specifically focusing on maternity, professionalism, marriage, domestic life, and kinship networks. Considering “Actress Studies” as a distinct field highlights an important legacy of paradoxical ideologies about women, power, and fame that still operate today.
Community intervention trial for smoking cessation (COMMIT): I. Cohort results from a four-year community intervention

Objectives. The primary hypothesis of COMMIT (Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation) was that a community-level, multi-channel, 4-year intervention would increase quit rates among cigarette smokers, with heavy smokers (≥25 cigarettes per day) of priority. Methods. One community within each of 11 matched community pairs (10 in the United States, 1 in Canada) was randomly assigned to intervention. Endpoint cohorts totaling 10 019 heavy smokers and 10328 light-to-moderate smokers were followed by telephone. Results. The mean heavy smoker quit rate (i.e., the fraction of cohort members who had achieved and maintained cessation at the end of the trial) was 0.180 for intervention communities versus 0.187 for comparison communities, a nonsignificant difference (one-sided P = .68 by permutation test; 90% test-based confidence interval (CI) for the difference = -0.031, 0.019). For light-to-moderate smokers, corresponding quit rates were 0.306 and 0.275; this difference was significant (P = .004; 90% CI = 0.014, 0.047). Smokers in intervention communities had greater perceived exposure to smoking control activities, which correlated with outcome only for light-to-moderate smokers. Conditions. The impact of this community-based intervention on light-to-moderate smokers, although modest, has public health importance. This intervention did not increase quit rates of heavy smokers; reaching them may require new clinical programs and policy changes.
An Arcadian Poet in a Baroque City: Cláudio Manuel da Costa’s Urban Pastorals, Family Life, and the Appearance of Race

With focus on Claudio Manuel da Costa and his life in eighteenth-century Minas Gerais, this article places into dialogue seemingly contradictory notions of baroque urbanism, art, and poetics. It explores how Claudio’s work engages baroque and Arcadian tropes, re-writing pastoral conventions with awareness of the production of nature through artifice. Some of his poems emerge as narratives of wilderness subsumed by colonial forces, others offer clues about his relationship with Francisca Arcangela de Souza, a woman of African descent (archival findings about her are presented here for the first time). Claudio Manuel da Costa, a writer and public gure of many masks, helps us to make sense of tensions, changes, and apparent paradoxes of the period.
The influence of adherent cell morphology on hydrodynamic recruitment of leukocytes.

Abstract Innate immunity is characterized by the coordinated activity of multiple leukocytes mobilizing at or near the site of tissue injury. Slow rolling and/or adherent leukocytes have been shown to hydrodynamically recruit free-stream leukocytes to a model of inflamed tissue. In this paper, we numerically investigate the hydrodynamic recruitment of free-stream leukocytes due to the presence of a nearby adherent, deformed leukocyte by using a computational model developed from first principles to simulate these types of interactions. For free-stream cells at least one diameter above the surface and subsequently involved in a glancing (out-of-plane) collision with one or more adherent cell, the simulation indicated that the free-stream cell was driven closer to the surface as a function of increasing glancing distance. Further, with increasing deformation of the adherent cell a similar effect was observed beginning at smaller glancing offsets. The influence of binary interactions on the trajectories of free-stream cells that were less than one diameter above the surface was also examined. For fixed glancing distance, increased adherent cell deformation led to enhanced recruiting effectiveness which was quantified by determining the time needed for the free-stream cell to enter the reactive zone; that is, a membrane separation distance such that receptor-ligand binding was possible. This effectiveness was only moderately influenced by variations in shear rate and cell buoyancy. Finally, for large glancing offset the domain of influence of the adherent cell diminished and the trajectory of the free-stream cell was unaffected by the adherent cell, with regard to hydrodynamic recruitment.
Stitching Together Technology for the Digital Humanities With the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF)

Abstract The International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) is a set of common APIs developed to provide access to digital visual material from libraries, museums, and other repositories without the all-too-frequent need for a common viewing application. By using a common framework to collaborate across institutional silos, Harvard has leveraged the promise of IIIF in multiple functional areas, supporting the adoption of a new Harvard Library Viewer, walls of images in the Harvard Art Museums, and image collections embedded in Canvas and in massive open online courses from HarvardX—all in high resolution, and with unprecedented interactivity.
Reduction of Bacteria on Pork Carcasses Associated with Chilling Method

In addition to reducing the temperature of pork carcasses immediately after slaughter and before fabrication, blast chilling (snap chill) or conventional chilling can reduce bacterial populations associated with fresh meats. However, there is little information on bacteria survival resulting from the freeze or chill injury of meat products. In this study, porcine fecal slurries with and without pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Campylobacter coli) were inoculated onto skin-on and skin-off pork surfaces and subjected to industry-specific blast or conventional chilling conditions. A thin agar layer method was used for the recovery of freeze- or chill-injured cells. Test results indicated that there were no statistically significant (P > 0.05) differences between blast and conventional chilling treatments with respect to the reduction of high and low inoculation levels of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, or Escherichia coli on either skin-on or skin-off surfaces. Chilling treatments did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) with respect to their ability to reduce low (3 log10 CFU/cm2) levels of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium. However, C. coli was reduced to undetectable levels, even after enrichment, on pork surfaces inoculated with low levels (3 log10 CFU/cm2) and subjected to blast chilling. Blast and conventional chilling treatments were more effective against all pathogenic bacterial populations when pork surfaces where inoculated at high levels (5 log10 CFU/cm2). The effects of chilling techniques on microbial populations could provide pork processors with an additional intervention for pork slaughter or information to modify and/or improve the chilling process. The information obtained from this study has the potential to serve as a means of producing a microbiologically safer product.
Ginzburg-Landau Equations for Oscillatory Convection in Oldroyd-B Fluids

Coupled Ginzburgh-Landau amplitude equation supports the weakly nonlinear analysis of oscillatory convection from Oldroyd-B fluids in a thin horizontal fluid layer heated from below. Preliminary comprehension of non-linear bifurcation of stationary structures and travelling and standing wave patterns has been achieved.
Outcomes of training pediatricians to serve the underserved: Social Pediatrics

The Residency Training Program in Social Pediatrics (RPSP) was established in 1970 as part of the Residency Training Program in Social Medicine administered by Montefiore Medical Center in the South Bronx of New York City in response to local need for physicians to practice in underserved populations in the inner-city setting. We report on an analysis of the first 25 years of the RPSP, based on periodic surveys of all program graduates and demographic data. We conclude that our Social Pediatrics training program has been clearly successful in meeting its stated goal of producing physicians who will make a lifetime commitment to the practice of medicine in underserved communities.
Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment of Achalasia

Achalasia is a rare primary motility disorder of the esophagus with an incidence between 0.3 and 1/100,000 per year [1]. Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax results in a functional obstruction that progresses to hypomotility and aperistalsis of the esophagus. Although the etiology is unclear, the pathophysiologic mechanism involves the destruction of myenteric plexi. Presenting symptoms usually involve dysphagia of liquids and solids, chest pain, and regurgitation of undigested meals [1, 2]. Pharmacologic agents such as calcium channel blockers and nitrates, pneumatic esophageal dilation, and botulinum toxin A (Botox) injection are temporary solutions that provide no sustained therapeutic benefit in many cases [1]. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy has been found to be an effective, safe, and long-term solution to relief of dysphagia in patients with achalasia.
Reduced-order microstructure-sensitive protocols to rank-order the transition fatigue resistance of polycrystalline microstructures

Abstract The transition fatigue regime between low cycle fatigue (LCF) and high cycle fatigue (HCF) is often addressed in the design and performance evaluation of load-bearing components used in many structural applications. Transition fatigue is characterized by elevated levels of local inelastic deformation in significant regions of the microstructure as compared to HCF. Typically, crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) simulations are performed to model this phenomenon and to rank-order microstructures by their resistance to crack formation and early growth in the regime of transition fatigue. Unfortunately, these approaches require significant computational resources, inhibiting their use to explore novel materials for transition fatigue resistance. Reduced-order, microstructure-sensitive models are needed to accelerate the search for next-generation, fatigue-resistant materials. In a recent study, Paulson et al. (2018) extended the materials knowledge system (MKS) framework for rank-ordering the HCF resistance of polycrystalline microstructures. The efficacy of this approach lies in the reduced-dimensional representation of microstructures through 2-point spatial correlations and principal component analysis (PCA), in addition to the characterization of the HCF response with a small set of performance measures. In this work, these same protocols are critically evaluated for their applicability to rank-order the transition fatigue resistance of the same class of polycrystalline microstructures subjected to increased strain amplitudes. Success in this endeavor requires the formation of homogenization linkages that account for the significantly higher levels of local inelastic deformation and stress redistribution in transition fatigue as compared to HCF. A set of 12 α -titanium microstructures generated using the open access DREAM.3D software (Groeber and Jackson, 2014) are employed for this evaluation.
Performance Predictions for Compact Lithium Niobate Mach-Zehnder Electrooptic Modulators

A model for the frequency-dependent response of compact thin-film lithium-niobate electrooptic modulators is developed and verified by comparison with measurements. Device designs with significant improvement in the attainable modulation bandwidth are also presented.
Needs, Expectations, and Experiences of International Students in Pathway Program in the United States.

This research assesses the first cohort of pathway students’ needs and their academic and sociocultural experiences at a U.S. university. A needs analysis survey, individual student interviews, and a follow-up survey were used for data collection. Understanding lectures, completing assignments, and building social relationships with domestics were among the challenges faced by pathway students due to linguistic and cultural barriers. An additional unique challenge for this particular population of international students centered around the fact that undergraduate and graduate students tackle discipline-related courses while still refining their English skills. Additional support services to help students in pathways academically and socio-culturally are crucial.
Laser synthesis and functionalization of nanostructures

The fundamental study of laser material interactions across length and time scales in the context of laser microprocessing and maskless nanomanufacturing has been the subject of intense research interest. Understanding of the associated energy transport phenomena has opened the way to applications on micro/nanofabrication, the synthesis of nanomaterials and their integration into electronic and energy devices. New methods have been introduced for the localized structural modification, growth and assembly of nanostructures. This article presents recent work on the nanoscale crystallization of semiconductor materials applied to structural color metasurfaces, the directed growth of semiconductor materials with high spatial and temporal resolution, and the laser modification of two-dimensional layered semiconductors, including the demonstration of spatially selective and stable doping.
Preeclampsia-Spectrum Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Gestational Hypertension, Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, Chronic Hypertension, and HELLP Syndrome

Abstract Despite major advances in our knowledge about, and our understanding of, the syndromic condition of preeclampsia—and its spectrum of presentation in pregnant women around the world—this fascinating and enigmatic complication of human pregnancy continues to elude our full understanding of how it begins. We are learning more about the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and there is exciting new information about its detection, prediction, prevention, and management. The advent of biomarkers to help diagnose and risk assess patients with preeclampsia is important and continuing to evolve. Meanwhile clinicians continue to grapple with how to classify the basic hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including preeclampsia/eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, chronic hypertension, and gestational hypertension. For this review we will use the classification framework advanced recently by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy and relate the fundamental tenets of treatment for patients to this framework. How and when during gestation that preeclampsia/eclampsia presents impacts its treatment as well as maternal and perinatal outcome. The reader should come away from a review of this information with an understanding of where our knowledge about this major pregnancy challenge is presently, how we diagnose and manage the various classifications of disease, what risk factors predispose a patient to develop preeclampsia, the state of disease prevention, its perinatal impact, how important this group of disorders is to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, and an awareness of how control of severe hypertension has become such an important practice principle for physicians and patients who confront this challenge to healthy pregnancy outcomes.
Impact of funded global health electives on career development of residents in a U.S. obstetrics and gynecology program: a cross-sectional survey

The aims of this study were to identify factors influencing participation in global health electives during residency and to understand the career impact of global health electives on alumni of an Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN) residency program. This was a cross-sectional, web-based survey of alumni of a residency program in the United States. The response rate was 49%. Out of 73 respondents, 29 (39.7%) had completed a global health elective. Availability of funds and flexibility of elective time were the main enabling factors for participating in global health electives. Most participants of global health electives in residency reported a positive impact on their competence in domestic and global women’s health and on their career choices. Completing a global health elective in residency was associated with career work in global health and/or local health disparities (OR 4.62 (95% CI: 1.20–17.87)). Global health electives are important in the career development of residents. To foster OB/GYNs that continue global health and health disparities work, OB/GYN programs should give trainees the opportunity to participate in funded global health electives.
Modeling Belief Divergence and Opinion Polarization with Bayesian Networks and Agent-Based Simulation

This study uses agent-based simulation with human settlement patterns to model belief revision and information exchange about health care options. We adopt two recent microeconomic theories based on Bayesian Network formulations for individual belief update then examine the macro-level effects of the belief revision process. This model tries to explain traditional healing usage at the village and regional level while providing a causal mechanism with a single conceptual factor, mobility, at the individual level. The resulting simulation estimates the dependency on traditional healing in villages in Limpopo, South Africa, and the estimates are validated with empirical data.