cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of cereal price transmission in Fars province

How to transfer price of agricultural products and its changes are considered as one of the most important indices of market performance and the main means of resource allocation in the economy. Assessing how price changes are transferred among different market levels is very important for the factors involved in production management and marketing and policymakers, and this information can be used in management decisions. Whenever occurs a disruption in the price transfer mechanism, the market system will not function properly and asymmetric price transfer can disrupt price signals and force the government to intervene to redistribute resources. Materials and methods In this research, the transfer of prices between wholesale and retail levels of beans in Fars province during the period 1999:03 to 2017:02 was studied. Due to the nature of the data studied and the occurrence of structural break in the variables, were used the HEGY unit root test and unit root test with structural break. Also, due to the spillover effects in the market of alternative products, the retail price of alternative products was also included in the models. To investigate price transmission patterns, the error correction approach with structural failure was used. Results and Discussion The results showed that in the short term for tiny pea and large lentil the price transmission is asymmetric and for large pea and tiny lentil is symmetric. In the long term, price transmission is asymmetric for all products, which seems to be due to the continuation of negative effects of economic sanctions and high
Cardiometabolic and perceptual responses to maximal exercise: Comparing graded walking to running

Graded exercise testing on a treadmill can be accomplished by increasing speed and/or grade. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiometabolic responses during graded walking and ungraded running. Thirty healthy, active adults (21 females, 9 males; VO 2peak = 39.9 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min) completed two counterbalanced maximal exercise tests (Walk Max & Run Max). Walk tests started at a self-selected brisk speed, increased grade by 2% each minute. Run tests started at 3.5 mph and increased speed by 0.5 mph each minute. Expired gases, HR, overall RPE (RPE-O), legs only RPE (RPE-L), and RER were assessed. Data were analysed using dependent t-tests. Walk Max and Run Max protocols yielded results indicating maximal effort. VO 2 was higher for the Run Max protocol (p .05). RER was also higher for the Walk Max protocol (p .05). Max protocols delivering work by walking and running are both viable and provide options to suit the circumstances and/or preferences of the patient/client. Walk and run protocols can be appropriate for young, healthy, and active individuals. Walk protocols may limit participant anxiety related to falls and thus has the potential to increase exercise self-efficacy. Walk protocols are also an excellent choice when the participant cannot or should not perform a run-based protocol.
Derivation of Normal Limits of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Volume Measurements for the DSPECT Camera

1634 Background: Differences in spatial resolution and image filtering between the solid-state DSPECT and traditional Anger SPECT (A-SPECT) cameras are likely to result in differences in LV measurements. However, DSPECT- specific normal values have not been systematically derived. We used healthy organ-donor subjects from our high-volume solid organ transplant center for derivation of normal values. Methods: Subjects were 85 consecutive kidney or liver donors who underwent single day rest (5 mCi)- stress (15mCi) Tc-99m sestamibi gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) on the DSPECT for pre-operative evaluation. Exclusion criteria included any cardiac disease or medications. LV measurements were made on the post-stress supine stress images using QGS®. Results: Of 88 subjects(mean age 54.5±15.2 and 36% men), mean EF for women and men were 76.7±15.9% and 69.2±14.3%, respectively. Mean end-diastolic volume for women and men were 66.5±35.74 ml and 102.1±52.3 ml(indexed 38.2±19.1 ml/m2 and 49.4±26.1 ml/m2), respectively. Mean LV wall volume for women and men were 96.7±28.0 mland 118.5±33.5 ml (indexed 55.6±14.5 ml/m2 and 57.3±17.3 ml/m2), respectively. Conclusion: We report DSPECT-specific LV measurements from normal subjects from which limits of normality can be derived for clinic use. Organ-donors who undergo pre-operative MPI are a suitable cohort for the derivation of normal values.
Collateral Damage: Maternal Obesity During Pregnancy Continues to Rise.

Importance The pandemic of obesity during pregnancy now afflicts 1 out of every 2 pregnant women in the United States. Even though unintended pregnancy has decreased to 45% of all pregnancies, 50% of those unintended pregnancies occur in obese women. Objective This study aims to identify why current lifestyle interventions for obese pregnancy are not effective and what the newer complications are for obesity during pregnancy. Evidence acquisition Available literatures on current treatments for maternal obesity were reviewed for effectiveness. Emerging maternal and infant complications from obesity during pregnancy were examined for significance. Results Limitations in successful interventions fell into 3 basic categories to include the following: (1) preconception weight loss; (2) bariatric surgery before pregnancy; and (3) prevention of excessive gestational weight gain during pregnancy. Emerging significant physiological changes from maternal obesity is composed of inflammation (placenta and human milk), metabolism (hormones, microbiome, fatty acids), and offspring outcomes (body composition, congenital malformations, chronic kidney disease, asthma, neurodevelopment, and behavior). Conclusions and relevance Are current prepregnancy lifestyle and behavioral interventions feasible to prevent maternal obesity complications? Epigenetic and metabolomic research will be critical to determine what is needed to blunt the effects of maternal obesity and to discover successful treatment.
N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequences of γ-Gliadins from Bread Wheats

Present-day bread wheats are hexaploid in nature (genomes designated AABBDD), having evolved from crosses between different diploid grass species, followed by chromosome doubling. γ-Gliadin protein components have been purified from the endosperm of a bread wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum) and characterized according to electrophoretic patterns and N-terminal amino acid sequences. In addition, proteins with electrophoretic mobilities comparable to γ-gliadins were purified from three diploid species, T. monococcum, Aegilops speltoides, and Ae. squarrosa, that are likely candidates for being the progenitors of the A, B, and D genomes of T. aestivum. N-terminal amino acid sequences of these proteins were determined and found to be comparable to either γ2- or γ3-type gliadins from T. aestivum. The protein from T. monococcum differed slightly in sequence from the proteins from Ae. speltoides and Ae. squarrosa, which were identical in sequence to their equivalents in the hexaploid. This difference may be an example of divergence between the genera Triticum and Aegilops, expecially if both the γ2- and γ3-gliadins of the hexaploid were contributed by species of Aegilops.
The Turning Point in Life-Span Study

Previous chapters have attempted to elucidate major deficits in the traditional empiricist model of behavioral science and to sketch significant contours for an alternative orientation to both theory and research. Yet, although the present arguments are intended to traverse the full range of sociobehavioral sciences, they have been applied chiefly to theory and research in social psychology. The attempt of the present chapter is to underscore the generality of the various lines of reasoning by extending them in more detail to a second arena of inquiry, namely that of lifespan development. The attempt in this case is not to advance a new base of argumentation. Rather, earlier proposals will be elaborated within a contrasting context.
Downsizing antenna technologies for mobile and satellite communications

Techniques to reduce antenna size are categorized into two main classes: downsizing by antenna techniques and downsizing by raising the operating frequency. The JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) antenna technologies that have either recently been developed or proposed for the future communication systems have mostly involved the downsizing technologies discussed here. These technologies have been applied in two areas, mobile antennas and satellite antennas. Both of these areas are discussed in some detail. >
Maternal psychological stress and fetal asphyxia: A study in the monkey

Abstract Fifteen pregnant rhesus monkeys near term were anesthetized with pentobarbital. Catheters were placed into the right femoral arteries of the mother and fetus, the fetuses being retained in utero. After repair of all incisions, the mothers were placed on their sides and allowed to recover from anesthesia. As they awakened, their fetuses regularly developed blood chemical and, frequently, vital signs changes indicative of deepening asphyxia. In eight cases, anesthesia was reinstated with intravenous pentobarbital, 30 mg. per kilogram. This caused an immediate and significant improvement in oxygenation of the fetus in all instances. The remaining animals were transferred to restraining chairs where the blood chemical and cardiovascular statuses of the mothers and fetuses were followed over the next 3 to 72 hours. During this time, the mothers, fully awake, were subjected to both “contrived” and “incidental” episodes of psychological stress stimulation. In the majority of instances, these periods of stress to the mothers caused episodes of bradycardia and hypotension in their fetuses. These induced vital signs changes of the fetuses appeared regularly about 50 seconds after the beginning of the periods of stress stimulation of the mother. Similarly, the vital signs changes frequently began returning toward more normal values within 1 to 2 minutes after the alleviation of maternal stress. Blood samples drawn in single cases before, during, and after recovery from bradycardia identified an associated increase in asphyxia of the fetuses. These episodic aggravations of the already existent fetal asphyxia brought about by stress stimulation of the mother are interpreted as resulting from activation of the maternal sympathetic nervous system causing vasoconstriction throughout the abdominal viscera and an accompanying retardation in intervillous space perfusion.
Exploring the Role of Interaction Effects in Visual Conjoint Analysis

In conjoint analysis, interaction effects characterize how preference for the level of one product attribute is dependent on the level of another attribute. When interaction effects are negligible, a main effects fractional factorial experimental design can be used to reduce data requirements and survey cost. This is particularly important when the presence of many parameters or levels makes full factorial designs intractable. However, if interaction effects are relevant, main effects design can create biased estimates and lead to erroneous conclusions. This work investigates consumer preference interactions in the nontraditional context of visual choice-based conjoint analysis, where the conjoint attributes are parameters that define a product's shape. Although many conjoint studies assume interaction effects to be negligible, they may play a larger role for shape parameters. The role of interaction effects is explored in two visual conjoint case studies. The results suggest that interactions can be either negligible or dominant in visual conjoint, depending on consumer preferences. Generally, we suggest using randomized designs to avoid any bias resulting from the presence of interaction effects.
The Species Problem: A Philosophical Analysis

There is long-standing disagreement among systematists about how to divide biodiversity into species. Over twenty different species concepts are used to group organisms, according to criteria as diverse as morphological or molecular similarity, interbreeding and genealogical relationships. This, combined with the implications of evolutionary biology, raises the worry that either there is no single kind of species, or that species are not real. This book surveys the history of thinking about species from Aristotle to modern systematics in order to understand the origin of the problem, and advocates a solution based on the idea of the division of conceptual labor, whereby species concepts function in different ways - theoretically and operationally. It also considers related topics such as individuality and the metaphysics of evolution, and how scientific terms get their meaning. This important addition to the current debate will be essential for philosophers and historians of science, and for biologists.
Oxygen consumption in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas rafinesque)-I: Effects of weight, temperature, group size, oxygen level and opercular movement rate as a function of temperature1

1. 1. A relationship is evident between oxygen consumption (OC in cm3/hr) and weight (WT in g) such that: OC = −0.580 (WT)1.053 2. 2. Fathead minnows failed to exhibit immediate rate compensation as a result of acute temperature changes. Minnows showed an exponential increase in weight-specific oxygen consumption with temperature (in °C), resulting in a Q10 of over three. The equation is: OC = 100.0482 (Temp.) − 1.268. 3. 3. Minnows acclimated to water temperatures of 5–21°C showed a steady increase in opercular movement rates (OMR) (ventilation rates) as expressed by the equation: OMR = 0.1968 (Temp.)2 + 1.064. 4. 4. Grouping more than two fish per chamber resulted in an increase in oxygen consumption. The relationship of group size (GS) to oxygen consumption is: OC = 0.04059 (GS)2 − 0.2017 (GS) + 0.5353. 5. 5. Oxygen consumption is a function of dissolved oxygen level. This relationship is shown by the equation: OC = 0.003049 (OL)3 − 0.06359 (OL)2 + 0.4211 (OL) − 0.4020 where OL is oxygen level. Due to high variability, it is statistically impossible to determine oxygen level ranges in which they conformed and those in which they regulated.
Double layers in plasmas; Proceedings of the Conference, Huntsville, AL, Mar. 1986

Papers are presented on such topics as double layers (DLs) and plasma-wave resistivity in extragalactic jets; the formation of a DL leading to the critical velocity phenomenon; formation mechanisms of laboratory DLs in triple plasma devices; and linear Vlasov stability in one-dimensional DLs. Consideration is also given to weak DLs in the auroral ionosphere; the dynamical properties of very strong DLs in a triple plasma device; particle simulation of auroral DLs; a muonic X-ray laser assisted by the catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium; and the feasbility of measuring the nuclear reaction cross sections at energies of several keV in a target under laser compression.
Trends in firearm safety-do they correlate with fewer injuries

Firearm-related violence within the USA occurs at a much higher rate than other developed countries. While this rate is likely multifactorial in nature, a common debate within households and governments alike involves increased regulation of firearms in hopes of curtailing this violence. This article provides context in which to consider both the pros and cons of increased firearm regulation and a review of the effects certain regulations have had on firearm-related violence thus far.
Web Services Management Network: an overlay network for federated service management

We introduce the architecture, object model, components, and protocols of a management overlay for federated service management, called Web Services Management Network (WSMN). WSMN targets management of Web services that interact across administrative domains, and therefore typically involves multiple stakeholders (examples are business-to-business, service provider interconnections, help desks). The architecture is based on (implicit) SLA to formalize relations across domains. It relies on a network of communicating service intermediaries, each such intermediary being a proxy positioned between the service and the outside world. WSMN also exchanges control information to agree on what to monitor, where to monitor, and whom to provide visibility.
Cell–cell signaling in co-cultures of macrophages and fibroblasts

The foreign body response (FBR) comprises a general, ubiquitous host tissue-based reaction to implanted materials. In vitro cell-based models are frequently employed to study FBR mechanisms involving cell signaling responses to materials. However, these models often study only one cell type, identify only limited signals, and cannot accurately represent the complexity of in vivo inflammatory signaling. To address this issue, a cell co-culture system involving two primary effector cells of the FBR, macrophages and fibroblasts, was employed. Cell-cell signaling systems were monitored between these cell types, including long-term 1) culture of one cell type in conditioned media from the other cell type, 2) non-contacting cell co-cultures (paracrine signaling), and 3) contact co-cultures (juxtacrine signaling) of primary- and secondary-derived cells. Cell culture media and cell images were collected on Days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 21 and changes in soluble protein secretion, cellular behavior, and morphology were assessed. Primary- and secondary-derived cells responded uniquely during each signaling scenario and to one another. In general higher in vitro fidelity to FBR-like responses was found in primary cell co-cultures compared to their mono-cultures and all secondary cell cultures.
High-fat maize in diets for pigs and sows

Abstract A series of experiments were conducted to compare the feeding value of high-fat maize (HFM) with regular maize (RM) in diets for growing-finishing pigs and reproducing sows. Fat content ranged from 6.5 to 7.5% in HFM and was about 3.5% in RM. Lysine values ranged from 0.25 to 0.294 in HFM and from 0.22 to 0.24 in RM. When diets were isonitrogenous, four-week-old pigs gained slightly less and had lower feed efficiency when fed HFM diets than when fed RM diets. When diets were similar in calorie:lysine ratio, gain values were equal to or higher than and gain/feed values higher for HFM diets than for RM diets. The produce and efficiency of performance of high-fat maize diets were equal to that when RM plus maize oil diets were fed. When diets were of similar calorie:lysine ratios, gain and gain/feed values of growing-finishing pigs were higher for HFM fed pigs. Carcass quality was not affected. High-fat maize diets fed during the last 30 days of gestation resulted in significantly higher body weight gains of sows and higher fat levels in colostrum than did RM diets. Diet did not significantly affect litter size or weight at birth or at weaning. Those results indicate that HFM (6.5–7.5% fat) is effectively utilized by pigs and sows and is an economically feasible means of increasing energy density of pig and sow diets.
Abiotic Nitrate Retention in Agroecosystems and a Forest Soil

Agricultural ecosystems are the primary source of nitrate (NO 3 ― ) pollution in many watersheds. We used a laboratory 15 N tracer study with live and gamma irradiated soils to examine the role of land management in abiotic retention of NO 3 ― in three agroecosytems and a forest soil. Nitrogen retention was defined as the quantity of 15 N that remained in soil following salt extractions. Land management only affected N retention after 15 min of incubation, with forested soils retaining ∼4% of the added 15 N and agricultural soils retaining < 1%. In all four ecosystems, abiotic retention (retention in gamma irradiated soils) occurred after 1 d (15-20% of the 15 N) and 21 d (up to 60% of 15 N) of incubation. After 1 and 21 d, 15 N retention in irradiated soils was larger than in live soils, revealing a methodological artifact associated with gamma irradiation. While our results show that abiotic reactions can occur in the laboratory, it is unlikely that such high rates of abiotic 15 N retention occur in the field. Gamma irradiation appears to impart methodological artifacts that limit its use in partitioning microbial and abiotic N retention in soils.
Assessment of high cardiovascular risk profiles for the clinician.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cardiovascular (CV) risk factor. General Framingham Risk Profile (GFRP) and World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) charts were used to assess CV risk in DM in Oman. The GFRP identified more patients with medium-risk DM; GFRP and WHO/ISH identified essentially equal numbers at very high risk. These were then used to evaluate statin usage in Oman, including economics. Google lists innumerable tools from organizations, hospitals, practitioners, magazines, societies, clinics, and medical associations. The GFRP and WHO/ISH calculations provided useful DM assessment of populations in Oman. Other major risk models are Adult Treatment Panel III, based on Framingham, and Reynolds Risk Score; the latter incorporates other factors such as family history, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and hemoglobin A1c (in DM). These models are useful in assessing specific populations. Individual practitioners with limited time may just evaluate patients as ...
Direct evaluation of electronic coupling mediated by hydrogen bonds: implications for biological electron transfer

Three supramolecular bischromophoric systems featuring zinc(II) and iron(III) porphyrins have been synthesized to evaluate the relative magnitudes of electronic coupling provided by hydrogen, sigma, and pi bonds. Laser flash excitation generates the highly reducing singlet excited state of the (porphinato)zinc chromophore that can subsequently be electron transfer quenched by the (porphinato)iron(III) chloride moiety. Measurement of the photoinduced electron transfer rate constants enables a direct comparison of how well these three types of chemical interactions facilitate electron tunneling. In contrast to generally accepted theory, electronic coupling modulated by a hydrogen-bond interface is greater than that provided by an analogous interface composed entirely of carbon-carbon sigma bonds. These results bear considerably on the analysis of through-protein electron transfer rate data as well as on the power of theory to predict the path traversed by the tunneling electron in a biological matrix; moreover, they underscore the cardinal role played by hydrogen bonds in biological electron transfer processes.
Univent tube: A useful device in patients with difficult airways

T HERE IS controversy in the current anesthesia literature regarding the best method of providing one-lung ventilation (OLV) during thoracic surgical procedures. 1,2 Both the traditional double-lumen tube (DLT) (Bronchocath; Mallinckrodt Medical, Inc., St. Louis, MO) and the newer Univent tube (Fuji Systems, Japan) with its built-in bronchial blocker have been declared as the superior endotracheal device for single-lung ventilation. Cited advantages of the Univent tube include aid in the prevention of aspiration due to ease of insertion, potential for selective blockade of lung segments, prolonged intubation without tube exchange, and fewer associated risks than DLTs. These risks include but are not limited to bronchial and tracheal rupture, upper lobe obstruction, torsion in the trachea, and laryngeal and mucosal damage. 1 Conversely, when considering individual indications for OLV, the Univent tube does not appear to offer any particular advantages over DLTs or bronchial blockers. 2 In point of fact, DLTs may be the preferred technique in unilateral lung lavage and cases of bronchopleural fistula. This report describes two patients in whom the Univent tube provided a safer, easier, and more effective choice for OLV in patients with difficult airways.
Association of glutathione synthetase deficiency and diminished amino acid transport in yeast.

Summary Previous studies have shown that yeast contains high concentrations of glutathione and the enzymes of the γ-glutamyl cycle, suggesting that this cycle may be operative in yeast. Present studies with two cultured strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (wild-type strain 1278b and mutant strain 2512c gap) show a difference in [14C] glycine uptake. The mutant shows a decreased level of glutathione and a decreased glutathione synthetase activity.
How the Result of a Single Coin Toss Can Turn Out to be 100 Heads

We show that the phenomenon of anomalous weak values is not limited to quantum theory. In particular, we show that the same features occur in a simple model of a coin subject to a form of classical backaction with pre- and postselection. This provides evidence that weak values are not inherently quantum but rather a purely statistical feature of pre- and postselection with disturbance.
Internal residual stresses in elastically homogeneous solids: I. Statistically homogeneous stress fluctuations

We consider a linearly elastic composite medium, which consists of a homogeneous matrix containing a homogeneous and statistically uniform random set of ellipsoidal inclusions. The elastic properties of the matrix and the inclusions are the same, but the stress-free strains are different. One obtains the estimation of n-degree moments of stresses averaged over the components. A relation for the statistical stress moments in the matrix in the vicinity of an individual inclusion is also derived. Furthermore one estimates an influence of the fractional composition of the inclusions on the inhomogeneous nature of stress moments inside the inclusions. The expression for the correlation function of stresses is also derived.
Power balance and apportionment algorithms for the United States Congress

We measure the performance, in the task of apportioning the Congress of the United States, of an algorithm combining a heuristic-driven (simulated annealing) search with an exact-computation dynamic programming evaluation of the apportionments visited in the search. We compare this with the actual algorithm currently used in the United States to apportion Congress, and with a number of other algorithms that have been proposed. We conclude that on every set of census data in this country's history, the heuristic-driven apportionment provably yields far fairer apportionments than those of any of the other algorithm considered, including the algorithm currently used by the United States for Congressional apportionment.
Effect of heat-shock treatment on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium in dairy manure co-composted with vegetable wastes under field conditions

This study investigated the survival of heat-shocked (HS) and non-heat-shocked (NHS) Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonellaenterica Typhimurium when co-composting dairy manure and vegetable wastes in a field setting. In the summer, HS E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella survived for 7 and 2 days longer at the surface and bottom locations of the compost heaps, respectively, than NHS cultures. Both HS and NHS E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella were detectable in all compost samples for more than 60 days in the winter. The results indicate that composting dairy manure with vegetable wastes under sub-optimal conditions may allow extended survival of pathogens in the heap at low ambient temperature. Analysis of covariance revealed that the heat-shock treatment may have induced cross-resistance to desiccation, allowing extended survival of HS E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella at the surface of the compost heaps during the summer.
The relative effectiveness of positive and negative information feedback in a concept attainment task

The relative effectiveness of positive and negative verbal feedback was investigated in an attempt to ascertain whether the differential effect was due to reinforcement value of the feedback or to some difference in information gained from the feedback. College Ss solved a concept attainment task under one of two conditions: (1) right-nothing (R-N), feedback for correct responses only, or (2) nothing-wrong (N-W), feedback for incorrect responses only. The expectation that, when the frequency of “right” and “wrong” feedback was controlled, there would be no difference between conditions was not supported, with N-W Ss performing significantly better than R-N Ss.
A Modified Approach To Systematic Desensitization

The system desensitization procedure was modified in a manner that more closely approximates learning principles. Selected muscle groups were tensed, then relaxed contiguous with hiearchy item exposure. Subjects treated with traditional SD and subjects treated with the modified desensitization approach (MD) showed significant improvement in approach behaviour and subjective fear rating of the phobic stimulus. Placebo and no- treatment control group demonstrated no improvement.
The Role of Visiting Indian Hindu Missionaries in their Attempts to ‘Reform’ Hinduism in South Africa, 1933–1935

Abstract This paper aims to add to our understanding of the cultural exchanges that took place between people of far away communities during the early twentieth century by looking at a few visiting Hindu missionaries in South Africa. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Hindu Arya Samaj missionaries began arriving in the country to propagate Hinduism and promote the reformist message. While the work of travelling Hindu missionaries in other places where Hindus settled in large numbers is well documented, much less is known about their work in South Africa. This paper tries to fill that void by looking at a few missionaries and the ideas that they tried to communicate in a particular period in the history of Hindus in South Africa. These missionaries who travelled across the globe and conducted lectures, formed religious institutions and worked with existing institutions in their attempts to propagate the Hindu religion, were very popular in South Africa and thousands attended the lectures that th...
CT of scoliotic patients after myelography: value of lateral decubitus positioning

In routine computed tomography (CT) of scoliotic patients, multiple scans through each intervertebral disk level must be made, which can make interpretation of disks and neural foramina difficult. Use of lateral decubitus positioning for postmyelography CT allows use of gantry angulation to achieve true axial scans through disks, which permits easier evaluation of individual disks and foramina.
Effects of fumarate,l-malate, and anAspergillus oryzae fermentation extract ond-lactate Utilization by the ruminal bacteriumSelenomonas ruminantium

Growth ofSelenomonas ruminantium HD4 in medium that contained 21mm d-lactate was stimulated to varying degrees by 10mm l-malate, 10mm fumarate, and 2% (v/v)Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (Amaferm). Amaferm treatment caused the greatest growth stimulation. Initial uptake rates (30s) and long-term uptake rates (30 min) ofd-lactate by whole cells ofS. ruminantium were increased in the presence of 10mm l-malate. Amaferm (25 μl/ml) also stimulated long-term uptake rates ofd-lactate, whereas fumarate had no effect. Initial uptake ofd-lactate was depressed in the presence of fumarate or Amaferm. When eitherl-malate, fumarate, or Amaferm was included in thed-lactate growth medium, a homosuccinate fermentation resulted and an inverse relationship was observed between growth (protein synthesis) and succinate production. Recent research demonstrated that Amaferm containsl-malate, and this dicarboxylic acid may be involved in stimulatingd-lactate utilization byS. ruminantium.
Theory and design of a new miniature electrical-mobility aerosol spectrometer

Theory and design of a new electrical-mobility based instrument for measurement of aerosol particle size distributions in real-time is presented. Miniature electrical aerosal spectrometer (MEAS) has a rectangular cross-section with two main regions: the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and classifier sections. The ESP section enables charged particle injection into the classifier section in a narrow range of streamlines at the desired location. The injected charged particles are then segregated based on their electrical mobility in the classifier section and collected on a series of plates that are connected to electrometers. Real-time particle size distribution measurements can be inferred from the electrometer signal strengths with the knowledge of the instrument transfer function. A theoretical approach is developed to calculate MEAS transfer function considering the non-uniformity in the electric and flow fields inside the instrument, and accounting for the instrument dimensions and its operating conditions. The theoretical predictions of size classification characteristics are seen to compare well with numerical results. The modeling results suggest that an optimal operational domain exists for MEAS.
Trends in Care Delivery for Disorders of the Female Pelvic Floor

Delivery of care for disorders of the female pelvic floor has changed significantly over the past two decades as the prevalence of the urinary incontinence and pelvic prolapse has increased and many new surgical techniques and devices have become available to the pelvic surgeon. The trend for surgical management of both stress incontinence and prolapse has been toward less invasive and morbid procedures that can be performed in outpatient settings. Unfortunately, early adoption of new technology can outpace clinical evidence for the efficacy and safety of certain devices. Recent actions by the US Food and Drug Administration regarding synthetic pelvic mesh reflect some of the controversy surrounding these newer technologies and highlight some of the major trends in patterns of care delivery.
Development and characterization of myelin in tissue culture of canine cerebellum.

A modified method, in which explants were grown directly on glass coverslips in Leighton tubes, was employed for growing myelinated neuronal processes in tissue cultures of canine cerebellum. Myelination occurred in 60 to 75 per cent of the prepared cultures. Myelin sheaths, which were composed of distinct segments of variable length, regularly appeared after 17 to 28 days of growth. The myelin sheaths first developed along the central or proximal part of the neuronal process and became thicker with age.
Pulmonary complications of transplantation : Radiographic considerations

The aim of this article is to clarify radiographic definitions associated with common parenchymal patterns encountered in the transplant population and to discuss the most common pathologic causes responsible for each pattern. The article also touches on radiographic findings signifying complications of other intrathoracic structures, including the airways, pleural space, and mediastinum.
Low lying levels of Li7 and Be8 in the cluster model

Abstract A study of the first few levels of Li7 and Be8 has been conducted. To calculate the appropriate energies, a variational procedure was adopted in which some of the long-range nuclear correlations were incorporated in the wave function wherein they appear as favoured cluster configurations, i.e. alpha, triton groups. Agreement with experiment was obtained for the three rotational levels of Be8 and the two rotational levels of Li7. For the first change of parity level in the latter nucleus, however, arguments are presented indicating that the inclusion of a deuteron substructure would reproduce the properties of this level.
A class of self-orthogonal 2-sequencings

Let 2K ndenote the complete multigraph on n vertices in which each edge has multiplicity two. If 2K ncan be partitioned into Hamiltonian paths such that any two distinct paths have exactly one edge in common, write 2K n→ P n. This paper considerably expands the set of known positive integers n such that 2K n→ P n. The solutions found have application to other similar problems. The basic idea is to consider an algebraic formulation of the problem in terms of 2-sequencings (terraces) with additional properties. Construction of these 2-sequencings gives a special type of solution for which very few examples have been known. The constructions detailed here hold eventually for certain classes of prime powers. For example, it is shown that there is a positive integer N such that if N < p n≡ 5 (mod 8) and 3 is not a fourth power residue of GF[p n], then the additive group of GF[p n] has a 2-sequencing of the required type—a self-orthogonal 2-sequencing. Some of the solutions admit a 2-coloring which is important for applications. The method of construction appears to be much better than the theoretical bounds that are obtained. The general bounds are found by means of a character sum argument.
CLUSTERS OF QUASI-STELLAR OBJECTS.

An analysis of 150 QSO red-shifts suggests that there are groupings of QSOs extending over large areas of sky. The inference is that QSOs are not at cosmological distances.
Perceptions of Police and Safety in a Small Town

This study examines how perceptions of police affect feelings of safety in the community. Using a community survey from a nonmetropolitan area, this study investigates predictors of confidence in police and whether confidence decreases concern with safety. Findings indicate confidence in police is influenced predominantly by impressions that crime has decreased in the community or by having a positive encounter with police. In turn, confidence in police significantly increases feeling safe. These findings suggest that fear of crime can be reduced through positive interactions between police and community residents. Thus, in addition to effectively enforcing the law, efforts to develop good community relations are important for police in smaller town settings, just as for urban police.
Ryanodine releases calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum in calcium-tolerant rat cardiac myocytes.

1. The hypothesis tested in this study is that ryanodine depletes sarcoplasmic reticulum (s.r.) Ca2+ loading in suspensions of single adult rat cardiac myocytes by effecting Ca2+ release into the myoplasm resulting in an increase in myoplasmic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i). The latter was monitored by the fluorescent dye, quin2. 2. The competency of the technique to detect s.r. Ca2+ release was tested by using caffeine to induce Ca2+ release. The addition of 5-10 mM-caffeine to myocytes loaded with quin2 and incubated in a medium containing 1 mM-Ca2+ gives a large, transient increase in fluorescence, which is interpreted as indicating an increase in [Ca2+]i. If the chelating agent EGTA is added to the cell suspension 1-5 min prior to the caffeine, to a concentration sufficient to decrease extracellular Ca2+ to 0.1-0.15 microM, then caffeine again gives a large, transient increase in fluorescence, indicative of the fact that sarcolemmal Ca2+ transport is not necessary for this response. The ionophore ionomycin also raises [Ca2+]i in a transient manner when added after EGTA. The addition of caffeine prior to ionomycin largely diminishes the response to the latter; however, addition of ionomycin prior to caffeine totally abolishes its effect to increase [Ca2+]i. This is taken to indicate that the intracellular store which is releasable by caffeine--and which presumably reflects the s.r.--is also releasable by ionomycin: ionomycin, however, also gives access to another, minor intracellular pool. 3. The plant alkaloid, ryanodine, at concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-6) M, consistently causes a slow and prolonged increase in [Ca2+]i when added to cell suspensions incubated with 1 mM-extracellular Ca2+. Under conditions precluding net entry of Ca2+ into the cell, viz. 0.1 microM-extracellular Ca2+, ryanodine causes a more limited, partially reversible, increase in [Ca2+]i. 4. When added prior to EGTA, ryanodine attenuates, or prevents, the subsequent response to caffeine: efficacy depends upon the time of pre-incubation (1-10 min) and the concentration of ryanodine (10(-8) to 10(-6) M). When the response to caffeine is largely prevented by ryanodine, the response to ionomycin is also severely attenuated, i.e. there is no evidence that ryanodine causes sequestration of Ca2+ within an ionomycin-sensitive pool.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The impact of cognitive inertia on postconsumption evaluation processes

This study sheds some light on the role of memory in satisfaction judgments. The author's findings indicate that consumers might fail to form satisfaction evaluations in an online manner in typical repeat-consumption situations. Instead of consciously reevaluating familiar products or services, consumers may choose to engage in judgment updating/formation processes only when faced with a postpurchase satisfaction inquiry. Surprise performances or inconsistent service delivery, however, greatly reduce the consumer's reliance on prior judgments. Under these conditions, consumers are motivated to spontaneously update their summary evaluations stored in memory. The implications of the memory-based nature of satisfaction judgments to service and retail managers are briefly discussed.
Synaptic and morphologic properties in vitro of premotor rat nucleus tractus solitarius neurons labeled transneuronally from the stomach.

Neurons in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) possess morphologic characteristics that have been correlated with the type of synaptic information they receive. These features have been described for viscerosensory neurons but not for premotor NTS neurons. The morphologic and synaptic features of neurons in the rat caudal NTS were assessed using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and biocytin labeling in brainstem slices. Gastric-related premotor NTS neurons were identified for recording after inoculation of the stomach wall with a transneuronal retrograde viral label that reports enhanced green fluorescent protein. Three morphologic groups of NTS neurons were identified based on quantitative aspects of soma area and proximal dendritic arborization, measures that were consistent across slice recordings. The most common type of cell (group I) had relatively small somata and one to three sparsely branching dendrites, whereas the other groups had larger somata and more than three dendrites, which branched predominantly close to (group II) or distant from (group III) the soma. Voltage-clamp recordings revealed spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents in all neurons, regardless of morphology. Gastric-related premotor NTS neurons composed two of the three morphologic types (i.e., groups I and II). Compared with unlabeled neurons, these cells were less likely to receive constant-latency synaptic input from the tractus solitarius. These results refute the hypothesis that general patterns of synaptic input to NTS neurons depend on morphology. Gastric premotor neurons comprise a subset of NTS morphologic types, the organization of the viscerosensory input to which has yet to be defined.
Relationship of Physical Symptoms, ECG, Free Calcium, and Other Blood Chemistries in Reinfusion with Citrated Blood

Changes in ECG, free calcium (CaF), and other biochemical parameters were measured during reinfusion of citrate anticoagulated blood in 12 subjects undergoing plateletpheresis. Physical symptoms during the procedure were also monitored. The CaF was found to correlate best with the Q-oTc interval as compared to the Q-oT, Q-Tc, or Q-T interval. While the correlation was significant (r = 0.592, p less than .001), the Q-oTc could not predict the CaF. A number of other blood constituents were found to change during plateletpheresis, with most directly related to either citrate administration or hemodilution. Severe physical symptoms were found in one subject and no symptoms in three. In the subjects without symptoms the changes in Q-oTc, Pi, alkaline phosphatase, and glucose through the plateletpheresis procedure were different from changes in all subjects. The decrease in glucose level was the most striking single factor correlating with the lack of physical symptoms during the citrate-induced hypocalcemia associated with plateletpheresis. It is concluded that monitoring of the ECG cannot substitute for direct measurement of free calcium in citrate-induced hypocalcemia, that the physical symptoms associated with similar levels of hypocalcemia are variable, that glucose level may be a marker for the effects of citrate-induced hypocalcemia, and that lowered citrate loads during plateletpheresis appear warranted.
Osteogenic sarcoma of the maxillary alveolus occurring five years following the Chernobyl nuclear accident.

(Editorial Comment: The relationship between dysphagia. She had a s-pound weight loss, attribosteosarcoma and irradiation is well known. This uted to decreased appetite and right facial pain, The osteogenic sarcoma developing following exposure past medical and surgical histories were unremarkto a nuclear accident is another example.) able. The family history was noncontributory. Osteogenic sarcoma is a rare bone tumor, which most commonly affects the long bones of the extremities during the second decade of life. It is characterized by massive local destruction and frequent metastasis to the lungs early in its c0urse.l It has historically carried a poor prognosis and a low 5-year survival rate. Rarely, it originates within the craniofacial bones where it differs from its extremity counterpart in several aspects, most notably the age of onset, the rate of distant metastasis, and prognosis. We report a case of osteogenic sarcoma involving the right maxillary alveolus in a Xl-year-old woman from the Ukraine following the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Physical examination showed an alert white woman in moderate painful distress. There was right facial swelling over the anterior maxilla and cheek, with mild erythema and tenderness to palpation. There was fullness on the floor of the right nasal cavity without mucosal ulceration. Fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy was normal bilaterally. Examination of the oral cavity showed swelling of the posterior right maxillary alveolar ridge, and a 6-cm firm mass involving the ipsilateral alveolar ridge and palate. The second and third molars were involved and displaced within the mass. The mass was hard, fixed, nonfluctuant, and quite tender. There was edema and erythema of the overlying gingiva, but no purulence was noted. The palate elevated symmetrically. The neck was without masses. Results from the chest radiograph were normal. An axial head computed tomography (CT) scan showed a large mass in the right maxillary sinus continuous with the maxilla and alveolar ridge. There were smooth bony margins and bony contents within this soft-tissue density, and the right
Internet systems for evaluation research

The author provides a detailed description of diverse Web-based data collection tools and enumerates their advantages, disadvantages, and logistical challenges. Web-based data collection can offer cost-effective, flexible, and timely solutions to many evaluation needs.
The Song Remains the Same: The Selective Tradition of Technical Rationality in Adult Education Program Planning Theory.

The purpose of this study is to depict the historical development of American adult education planning theory. We argue that adult education planning theory represents a ‘selective tradition’ promoting a dominant ‘discourse’ that privileges ‘technical rationality’. Using discourse analysis, we demonstrate how technical rationality emerged in the professionalization movement in the 1930s to dominate planning theory discourse, how technical rational planning theory became codified by 1950, and how little it has varied since. Using relational analysis, we juxtapose this dominant tradition of technical rational planning theory with historical examples of adult education to begin expanding our notions of what could count as legitimate planning practice and theory.