cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase-Shifted Direction Adaptation of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex in Cat

The ability of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) to alter the phase of the motor output relative to the sensory input is examined. Alert cats were trained for 2 h with 0.25 Hz sinusoidal horizontal vestibular and vertical optokinetic rotational stimuli. In each experiment the optokinetic training stimulus was phase shifted by 0 degree, +45 degrees, -45 degrees, or 90 degrees from the vestibular stimulus. Vertical and horizontal eye movements were measured during horizontal rotations in darkness before and after the training procedure. Phase-advance experiments (+45 degrees) produced an adaptive vertical VOR with a mean phase of +28 degrees. After phase-delay experiments (-45 degrees), the adapted VOR had a mean phase of -19 degrees. The peak adaptive change in VOR gain was at or near the 0.25 Hz training frequency in each experimental group, but the gain depended in a complex manner on the testing frequency and the degree of phase shift of the training stimulus. Training with a 45 degrees phase-delayed optokinetic stimulus produced an adaptive vertical VOR with a gain that was relatively higher at frequencies below the training stimulus than at those that were above. Training with a 45 degrees phase-advanced optokinetic stimulus produced an adaptive vertical VOR with a gain that was higher at frequencies above the training frequency than at those that were below. During training with a phase-shifted optokinetic stimulus, adjustment of the relative efficacies of two neural pathways, a velocity pathway and an integrating pathway, could account for gain dependence on testing frequency and phase shift. This was corroborated by a model of the VOR that incorporates parallel velocity and integrating pathways. Data from 45 degrees phase advances were fit by increasing the gain of the velocity versus integrating pathway, whereas 45 degrees phase delay data were fit by decreasing the gain of the direct versus integrating pathway. The models altered the time constants of either the common oculomotor integrator or the velocity storage mechanism.
Does Immigration Threaten Democracy? Rights, Restriction and the Meaning of Membership

Since the nineteenth century, most Western polities have defined political identity as individual citizenship in a single nation-state. This definition has played a central role in advancing democracy. Democratic nation-states have increasingly extended rights and offered opportunities for political participation to those excluded from state protection and political rule. As we enter the twenty-first century, the increasing multiculturalism within nation-states and the growth of transnational relations places tremendous pressure on nation-states’ capacity to foster democratic politics. The remarkable flow across borders of people, images, ideas, capital, labour and even government raises questions about the relevance and appropriateness of the traditional conception of citizenship. The growing multiculturalism within nation-states challenges the capacity of supposedly neutral, universal principles to achieve justice.1
Interobserver agreement in the cytologic grading of atypia in neoplastic pancreatic mucinous cysts with the 2-tiered approach.

BACKGROUND The accurate cytologic grading of epithelial atypia in fine-needle aspirates of pancreatic mucinous cysts has important implications for clinical management. The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology has recommended a 2-tiered system of low-grade (LG) and high-grade (HG) for grading this atypia. Using this approach, this study examined the interobserver agreement within a group of cytopathologists at the Cleveland Clinic. METHODS Twenty cases of fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic neoplastic mucinous cysts with documented histologic follow-up and representative lesional cells were selected. Blinded to the histologic outcome, 4 cytopathologists were independently asked to assign the highest grade of atypia with the 2-tiered system of LG and HG atypia for these cases. The interobserver agreement was calculated with the κ statistic. RESULTS The overall raw agreement in the grading of atypia was 60%. The overall chance-adjusted agreement was fair (κ = 0.28). On the basis of the histologic outcomes, the cases were stratified into group A (HG dysplasia or worse) and group B (LG or intermediate-grade [IG] dysplasia on follow-up). Group A (n = 12) showed good chance-adjusted agreement (κ = 0.65). For group B, the chance-adjusted agreement among the observers was poor (κ = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the cytologic recognition of HG dysplasia or worse as HG atypia in pancreatic mucinous cysts has a good degree of interobserver reproducibility among cytopathologists. In contrast, a problematic area with a lack of agreement appears to be the cytologic recognition of LG and IG dysplasia as LG atypia. Additional studies with the development of reproducible criteria and educational tools may help with this challenging distinction. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:909–916. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A Cytoplasmic FANCA-FANCC Complex Interacts and Stabilizes the Leukemic NPMc Protein.

Abstract 3098 Poster Board III-35 In a subset of AML with a normal karyotype, a frame-shift mutation in the extreme C-terminal of the nucleophosmin (NPM) gene results in the creation of a nuclear export signal, generating a mutant NPM protein (NPMc) that is permanently dislocated in the cytoplasm. In the present study, we have analyzed the interaction between NPMc and a cytoplasmic subcomplex of Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins. Sequence analysis of bone marrow samples from 46 FA patients shows that NPMc mutations were excluded from FA genome. NPMc was degraded more rapidly in AML bone marrow cells from FA patients ( t 1/2 t 1/2 > 90 min). Further analysis revealed that inducible knockdown of FANCA or FANCC in leukemic OCI/AML3 cells carrying the NPMc mutation induced degradation of the cytoplasmic NPMc protein. Forced localization of FANCC to the nucleus also caused rapid NPMc degradation. We also show that NPMc degradation was mediated by the proteasome and that correction of mutant lymphoblasts from FA-A or FA-C patients with a functional FANCA or FANCC protein prevented NPMc ubiquitination and consequently degradation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic FANCA and FANCC interacted with NPMc in the cytosolic fractions of normal human lymphoblaststic cells and that the acidic domains of NPM were required for the cytoplasmic FA-NPMc complex formation. Finally, using patient-derived FANCC mutant, a nuclearized FANCC and a NOG/SGM3 xenotansplant model, we present evidence that the cytoplasmic FANCA-FANCC complex was essential for NPMc stability and biological function. Thus, these findings reveal the potential molecular mechanism involved in the cytoplasmic retention of the leukemic NPMc. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Risk stratification of newly diagnosed prostate cancer with genomic platforms

Abstract Introduction Interest in novel risk stratification tools for men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer has flourished, aiming to offer increasingly accurate predictions of future disease behavior to ultimately better guide clinical management. We highlight the use of genomic platforms attempting to refine clinical decisions at the point of initial diagnosis. Methods In the context of a benchmark standard of clinical risk stratification tools we reviewed the role of genomic tests, including individual gene expression assays, as well as a growing number of tissue based expression tests assessing multiple gene panels, to improve predictions at initial diagnosis. Results The role of single gene status including TMPRSS2:ERG fusion and PTEN expression has been investigated among men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Gene expression profiles incorporating panels of genes associated with prostate cancer outcome have received external validation and have commercial application in assays that incorporate baseline clinical risk to offer predictions of immediate pathological and downstream disease end points. Comparisons of gene signatures have offered insights into relative predictive performance in archival tissue. However, to date no studies appear to directly support a single genomic assay offering superior clinical usefulness for decision making at the time of diagnosis. Conclusions Risk stratification tools incorporating genomic analysis of prostate cancer have been developed which seek to improve the accuracy of initial predictions. Further study is warranted to define the additive clinical benefit associated with their use if implemented broadly.
Macau’s Nascent Constitutionalism During the Ming-Qing Transition (明末清初的澳门初生宪政)

English Abstract: To the Ming Dynasty, Portuguese Macau’s raison d’etre was its economic vitality. Chinese authorities agreed to tolerate the foreign presence on their shore in exchange for their service in suppressing regional pirate threats, acting as middlemen in trade with Japan, and the regular payment of “land rent” and hefty bribes. Such being the case, a strong Ming Dynasty might have revoked their leasehold as a series of traumatic events befell the city in the late 1630s and early 1640s. The arrival of the English, collapse of the Japan trade, and fall of Portuguese Malacca in rapid succession caused the once bountiful city to descend into madness. And yet beleaguered Macau endured, in large part due to the tireless initiative of its Senate, who found the wherewithal to outlast this series of catastrophes while largely preserving Macau’s nascent, legislative-led constitutional order. This article relies on historical and archival research to sketch that order as it existed at Macau during the fall of the Ming Dynasty, between the years 1618 and 1683, with special emphasis upon constitutional moments involving the interplay between the Macau-Portuguese government and relevant Ming, Southern Ming, and Qing authorities. Chinese Abstract: 对明朝来说，葡萄牙人在澳门的存在正源于其经济实力。鉴于葡萄牙人在镇压海盗威胁、充当对日贸易中间人、以及定期上交“地租”与丰厚贿赂方面的殷勤服务，中国官府例外地允许这些外夷在其海岸安营扎寨。既然如此，在17世纪30年代末到40年代初，澳门遭受一系列重创之后，强大的明朝的确极有可能废止租约。英国的入侵、对日贸易的衰竭、以及紧随其后马六甲的陷落都使这个曾经繁庶一时的城市陷入混乱。然而，澳门还是在绝境中存活了下来，这很大程度上源自其议事会不懈的争取，他们积极筹立财政资金并最终渡过灾难浩劫，同时又使澳门初生的、立法导向的宪政秩序得以存续。本文试图通过历史及档案的研究对明末清初（1618年到1683年）澳门的宪政秩序进行重构，其中尤为关注澳门葡萄牙政府与明、南明及清政府之互动的宪政事件。
Learning Evolving Patient Risk Processes for C. Diff Colonization

Predictions of adverse events during hospitalizations can be used in programs aimed at improving patient outcomes. A patient’s risk for adverse events may be biased by temporal processes influenced by diagnostic and therapeutic activities, as well as by the overall evolution of the patient’s pathophysiology over time. Representing and reasoning about temporal process promises to enhance the accuracy of inferences about risk. However, understanding temporal influences is challenging for a number of reasons, including the large number of variables, the large class imbalance, and the difficulty of defining ground truth for risk over time. We explore such challenges in the context of predicting an inpatient’s daily risk of becoming colonized with Clostridium Difficile. We present and evaluate different methods for extracting risk processes from medical records. These results highlight the benefit of including a temporal dimension when modeling patient risk.
Megakaryocyte expansion and macrophage infiltration in bone marrow of rats subchronically treated with MNX, N-nitroso environmental degradation product of munitions compound RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine).

Hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX), environmental degradation product of munitions hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), causes seizures in rats with acute oral exposure like parent RDX. Our previous studies have additionally reported hematotoxicity with acute MNX exposure manifested as myelosuppression, anemia and splenic hemosiderosis. This study explored whether MNX administered subchronically continued to target bone marrow to elicit peripheral blood cytopenia. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged daily for 4 or 6 weeks with 47 mg kg-1 day-1 MNX (¼ LD50 ) or vehicle (5% dimethyl sulfoxide in corn oil) and hematological and clinical chemistry parameters, spleen weights, spleen and bone marrow histopathology and immunohistochemistry with ED1 anti-CD68 macrophage marker were evaluated 24 h after the last dose. Unexpectedly, no decrease in blood erythroid parameters was seen with subchronic MNX and convulsions and tremors ceased after 2 weeks of treatment. Toxicological effects observed were MNX-induced increases in blood granulocyte and platelet counts and in bone marrow megakaryocyte and ED1+ -macrophage density. MNX was without effect on bone marrow cellularity and picrosirius red stained/collagen fiber deposition. Spleen weight increased modestly with extramedullary hematopoiesis evident, but hemosiderin and relative red and white pulp areas were unaffected. Collectively, this study demonstrated that erythroid effects characteristic of acute MNX exposure were not evident with subchronic exposure. However, megakaryocyte proliferation in bone marrow coincident with thrombocytosis after subchronic MNX exposure suggested continued hematotoxicity, but with a qualitatively different outcome. Granulocytosis and increased bone marrow macrophages implicated an inflammatory component in MNX hematotoxicity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dendritic Spine Synapses, Excitable Spine Clusters, and Plasticity

These computations focus on dendritic spines and the possibility that some spine heads possess excitable nerve membrane. It will be shown that such spines can provide synaptic amplification and, what is more important, that interactions between such spines can result in a local chain reaction involving clusters of such spines. Whether a cluster fires depends (with nonlinear sensitivity) on changes in synaptic excitation and inhibition and on changes in spine stem resistance (a possible locus for plasticity related to conditioning and/or learning) or other spine parameters. Several computed examples indicate the rich repertoire of logical operations that could be implemented by excitable spine clusters.
Child Maltreatment Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Cortisol Levels in Women: A Literature Review:

BACKGROUND:Studies of the relationship between cortisol and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have had inconsistent results. Gender, trauma type, and age at trauma exposure may explain the inconsistencies. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the review was to examine cortisol levels in relation to PTSD in women with a history of child maltreatment trauma. DESIGN: A review of literature found 13 articles eligible for inclusion. RESULTS: Despite limiting focus to the relatively homogeneous population, the patterns of associations between PTSD and cortisol levels were still inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: The reasons for the inconsistencies likely include highly varied methods across studies, small convenience samples, and unmeasured neuroendocrine hormones that may be stronger predictors of PTSD. The review does not point to a clear bio-behavioral target for psychiatric nursing intervention. It is important to continue to address the developmental and clinical stress response aspects of child maltreatment trauma–rela...
David Oliver: How can we plan for old age if we won’t discuss it honestly?

Media depictions of ageing have become polarised. On the one hand we have skydiving grannies, marathon running granddads, and national treasures such as Judi Dench and David Attenborough. And then we have “The Elderly”—hapless victims of neglect, passive recipients of care, burdens on public services, and part of a “grey tsunami.” Over the past few months, an avalanche of articles and books has told us how to stave off ageing and remain as fit as we can for as long as we can. To paraphrase: “70 is the new 45, you’re as young as you feel, and I’m certainly …
Amerika: The Super Bowl and German Imagination

AbstractThe Super Bowl has played a central role in the diffusion of American football in Germany, as interviews with the ‘founding fathers’ of ‘gridiron’ football clubs and analysis of German media accounts reveal. American football and the Super Bowl have also played an important role in the construction of traditional German Amerikabilder – images, ideas, and symbols associated with America. German media rarely covered American football until the late 1970s. At that time, brief highlight shows of the Super Bowl on German television and broadcasts on the American Forces Network significantly contributed to the diffusion of American football and the emergence of an American football league in Germany in the late 1970s. In the process of covering the Super Bowl, German journalists reproduced Germany’s double-headed Amerikabild: America as a model of modernity on the one hand, and as a violent, cultureless society on the other. The press further invoked historical clashes between German Kultur and the drea...
Delayed Detection of Spontaneous Bilateral Tubal Ectopic Pregnancies After Methotrexate Treatment.

Abstract Background Bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancies are a rare subset of ectopic pregnancy that can pose a diagnostic dilemma for clinicians. There is no distinct clinical presentation for bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancies, although they are typically associated with assistive reproductive techniques. In addition, there is no single diagnostic feature to help clinicians delineate bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancies from other types of ectopic pregnancy prior to passing the discriminatory zone (such as heterotopic pregnancy or twin ectopic [two gestational sacs in one tube]). Diagnosis is typically made via direct visualization intraoperatively and therefore treatment is usually surgical. Case Report We present a case of spontaneous bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancies diagnosed 7 days apart via transvaginal ultrasound. The patient presented to the emergency department with pelvic pain on the contralateral side of her previously diagnosed ectopic pregnancy and vaginal spotting. Bilateral adnexal masses were visualized on ultrasound and her serum beta–human chorionic gonadotropin level had a 5.9% decline from day 4 to day 7 after methotrexate administration 7 days prior; gynecology was consulted. The patient was successfully treated with an additional dose of intramuscular methotrexate without any complications. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? The implications of this case suggest that diagnosis of bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancies requires clinicians to have a high level of suspicion in any pregnant female with a suspected or known ectopic pregnancy who presents with pelvic pain regardless of prior diagnosis or treatment.
The establishment of a program to act against dropout and retention rates on Biochemical Engineering

The highest rates of evasion and dropout on the Biochemical Engineering major at Federal University of Rio Grande are observed during the first semesters of the undergraduate degree, in which are offered the courses that compose the basic cycle of Engineering and are the foundation for the advanced courses. Literature confirms that entering the university can be a very stressful and life changing process, reinforcing the need of special institutional attention to the freshmen. As an alternative to fight this negative scenario and promote integration among the students, a series of activities were proposed through the Program of Incentive to Academic Activities of Biochemical Engineering Students (PAIEB), supported by the Institutional Program of Student Development (PDE-FURG). During the school year of 2016, PAIEB offered a series of testimonies of juniors and seniors about their experiences on college (primary action), in addition to motivational speeches, and time management workshops (secondary action). To evaluate the activities and identify punctual problems to take directed actions, opinion and reflection surveys were conducted to all students that participated in the program activities. It was found that difficulty on time management and demotivation were key problems among the freshmen. In addition, the evasion level in 2016 remained stable when compared to the 2015 level (about 17%) and decreased roughly 3% when compared to 2014, and the retention level within the freshmen year did not show significant decrease. Therefore, the answers to the surveys applied showed that the program is helping on freshman interest and motivation and helped identifying actual problems representing that PAIEB could be working, in this case, as a complementation the recurrent traditional learning and education. Moreover, data collected from the university database implied that the program needs to be amplified and intensified to help decreasing evasion and retention among the Biochemical Engineering students.
Applications from the Mountaintop

This chapter examines the second part of the Sermon on the Mount from Matthew 5 and applies the concepts to leaders and managers. The focus is on the axiology of leading and managing according to Scriptural concepts.
Use of Insecticide-Impregnated Ear Tags for the Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies on Pastured Cattle

Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticide-impregnated ear tags in controlling face flies, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, and horn flies, Haematobia irritans (Linn.), on pastured beef cattle. In one 16-week trial, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ear tags treated with stirofos (Rabon) insecticide reduced horn fly numbers by 79% (P less than .05) and face fly numbers by 30% (P less than .05). Coumaphos (Co-Ral) insecticide dust bags used in a separate herd produced an 86% (P less than .05) reduction in horn flies and an 18% (P less than .05) reduction in face flies. In the second study, 5 and 10% permethrin (Atroban), PVC-treated ear tags in a one-piece design were tested. In this 11 week trial, horn fly control averaged 95% (P less than .05) with the 10% tag and 77% (P less than .05) with the 5% tag. Face fly control averaged 49% (P less than .05) for 8 weeks with the 10% permethrin tag. No significant face fly control was achieved with the 5% permethrin tag. In a herd treated with coumaphos dust bags, horn fly control averaged 93% (P less than .05) and face fly control averaged 34% (P less than .05). The third study tested 5 and 10% permethrin, PVC-treated ear tags in a two-piece design and two-piece 5% permethrin-treated ear tags in a polyurethane matrix. Fourteen-week horn fly control averaged 88% (P less than .05) with the 10% PVC-treated tag, 83% (P less than .05) with the 5% PVC-treated tag, 71% (P less than .05) with the 5% polyurethane-treated tag and 74% (P less than .05) with coumaphos dust bags. Face fly control averaged less than 50% (P greater than .05) throughout the trial with all treatments.
Making Teaching a Profession

State Efforts to Control Quality in Teacher Education Today more than 70 percent of the institutions of higher education in this country provide programs that lead to teacher certification. The institutions are large and small, secular and religious, graduate and undergraduate. About 41,000 persons teach teachers in nearly 1,300 institutions of higher education. Some institutions have education faculties that number more than 150, while others have only one, two, or three faculty members. About ninety institutions that prepare teachers are not even regionally accredited. Unlike the case in many other countries, the quality of initial preparation of teachers in the United States is not controlled by a national ministry of education. Instead, each state monitors entrance to the profession in a variety of ways-program approval and teacher certification being two of them. The former refers to the process whereby a state department of education approves the teacher preparation programs of a given college of education. Approval is usually given after a site visit and/or an independent evaluation. Thereafter the state automatically certifies all graduates of the approved program. One difficulty with program approval is that once programs have been approved, approval is almost never withdrawn, even though there is usually a nominal periodic review. To my knowledge, in the last twenty years fewer than a dozen institutions in all the fifty states combined have been told by chief state school officers that they could not continue to produce teachers.
Segmentation of Time Series in Improving Dynamic Time Warping

Since its introduction to the computer science community, the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm has demonstrated good performance with time series data. While this elastic measure is known for its effectiveness with time series sequence comparisons, the possibility of pathological warping paths weakens the algorithms potential considerably. Techniques centering on pruning off impossible mappings or lowering data dimensions such as windowing, slope weighting, step pattern, and approximation have been proposed over the years to reduce the possibility of pathological warping paths with Dynamic Time Warping. However, because the current DTW improvement techniques are mostly global methods, they are either limited in effect or limit the warping path excessively. We believe segmenting time series at significant feature points will alleviate some of the pathological warpings, and at the same time allowing us to obtain more intuitive warpings. Our heuristic approaches the problem from the human perspective of sequence comparison: by identifying global similarity before local similarities. We use easily identifiable peaks as the significant feature. The final distance is the DTW distance sum of all segments of time series. In this paper, we explore the impact of different peak identification parameters on Dynamic Time Warping and demonstrate how segmentation can help to avoid pathological warpings.
A Role of Drd2 Hippocampal Neurons in Context-Dependent Food Intake

Associative learning of food cues that link location in space to food availability guides feeding behavior in mammals. However, the function of specific neurons that are elements of the higher-order, cognitive circuitry controlling feeding behavior is largely unexplored. Here, we report that hippocampal dopamine 2 receptor (hD2R) neurons are specifically activated by food and that both acute and chronic modulation of their activity reduces food intake in mice. Upstream projections from the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) to the hippocampus activate hD2R cells and can also decrease food intake. Finally, activation of hD2R neurons interferes with the encoding of a spatial memory linking food to a specific location via projections from the hippocampus to the septal area. Altogether these data describe a previously unidentified LEC > hippocampus > septal higher-order circuit that regulates feeding behavior.
Proof of concept for a chronic, percutaneous, osseointegrated neural interface for bi-directional prosthetic control with haptic feedback *

Neural interfacing and osseointegration are two largely independent fields of research that have gained significant momentum in the last few decades. Both osseointegration and neural interfaces have demonstrated the capacity to improve quality of life for amputees. How these technologies can benefit each other has been largely unexplored. Here we describe the development of an Osseointegrated Neural Interface (ONI) for prosthesis control in rabbits, combining current clinical practices for treating amputation neuromas, with neural interfacing and osseointegration. We performed experiments to test the bidirectional interfacing capacity of nerves transposed into bone over time. We found that nerves transposed into bone can be chronically interfaced for bi-directional communication, and that osseointegration can be leveraged to act as a percutaneous connection point for neural interfaces and a prosthesis. These results demonstrate proof of concept for an ONI to provide chronic, compact neural interfacing for improved prosthesis use.
A Location-Dependent Base Station Cooperation Scheme for Cellular Networks

The link quality in cellular networks strongly depends on the location of the users relative to the serving and interfering base stations (BSs). This paper proposes a location-dependent BS cooperation scheme for general cellular networks, where BSs are modeled using a stationary point process and the Voronoi diagram forms the cell structure. The cooperation scheme is based on the relative average received signal strength from the three strongest BSs. For the channel model where Rayleigh fading and power-law path loss are considered, each cell is partitioned into three regions based on the relative distance to the three nearest BSs: the cell center region, cell edge region, and cell corner region. The area fraction of each region is tuned by the so-called cooperation level $\gamma \in [ {0},{1}]$ . We study the scheme where users in the above regions receive the non-coherent joint transmission from one, two, and three nearest BSs, respectively. As such, the scheme primarily helps users vulnerable to interference. We analyze the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) in Poisson networks and show that a moderate $\gamma $ jointly improves the average SIR performance and the network fairness.
Outcome of germinal center B-cell type compared to non-germinal center/activated B-cell type diffuse large b-cell lymphoma as determined by immunohistochemistry using the Hans algorithm.

e20076Background: Classification of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) takes into consideration - cell of origin, germinal center B-cell (GCB) vs non germinal center/activated B-cell type (non-G...
NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC ROLES IN DETERMINATION OF CELLULAR PHENOTYPE

Mammalian cells can be separated into enucleated (cytoplast) and nucleated (karyoplast) fragments by subjecting cells to a centrifugal force in the presence of the fungal metabolite cytochalasin B. Cytoplasts and karyoplasts have been partially characterized regarding their ultrastrueture, enzymatic constitution, and their physiological behavior. The isolated cellular components can be fused to whole cells or to each other. The fusion of cytoplasts to whole cells provided the first demonstration of cytoplasmic inheritance in mammalian cells. Viable cells are formed by fusing the components to each other.
Spatial Interference Nulling Before RF Frontend for Fully Digital Phased Arrays

Fully digital arrays offer huge advantages in terms of flexibility and performance; however, they may suffer from dynamic range issues when used in the presence of in-band interferers. Higher dynamic range components can be used, but are more costly and power hungry, making the implementation of such technology impractical. This paper presents a way to mitigate those interferers by creating a spatial notch at the RF front-end with an antenna-agnostic circuit placed at the feeding network of the antenna array. This circuit creates a steerable null in the embedded element pattern that mitigates interferers at a specified incoming angle. A full mathematical model and closed form expressions of the behavior of the circuit are obtained and compared to simulated and measured results, where up to a 20 dB null in the embedded element pattern of an 1$\times$ 8 array is achieved with less than 1.5 dB of insertion loss. Finally, a real case scenario is set up with a desired signal and an interferer, which is initially saturating the receiver. The receiver successfully demodulates the signal after the null is placed in the direction of the interferer.
High toughness carbon-nanotube-reinforced ceramics via ion-beam engineering of interfaces

Abstract In nanocomposites, improved mechanical performance is critically linked to understanding and controlling interfacial properties. In the work reported here, ion implantation is introduced as a new method for tailoring the complex nanoscale interfaces between multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a ceramic matrix. The results show that surface layers of the nanocomposite with high toughness can be created with C2+ ions. This enhanced toughening due to ion implantation is associated with large compressive stresses in the MWCNTs and with significant changes in the carbon structure. These observations are consistent with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which indicate that partial amorphization of the MWCNTs is enhanced by the compressive stress and confinement within the ceramic matrix. This work opens up new opportunities for using ion implantation to create a new class of exceptionally tough ceramic nanocomposites.
Real-world patterns of treatment and recurrence by frailty status among older women with HR-positive, HER2-negative early breast cancer.

535Background: Frail health status impacts clinical decision making for older cancer patients and their families, and frailty is independently associated with increased risks of mortality. Our obje...
Peritectic phase transition of benzene and acetonitrile into a cocrystal relevant to Titan, Saturn's moon

Benzene and acetonitrile are two of the most commonly used solvents found in almost every chemical laboratory. Titan is one other place in the solar system that has large amounts of these compounds. On Titan, organic molecules are produced in the atmosphere and carried to the surface where they can mineralize. Here, we report the phase diagram of mixtures of acetonitrile and benzene, and provide an account of the structure and composition of the phases. To mimic the environment on Titan more accurately, we tested the stability of the structure under liquid ethane. The results provide new insights into the structure and stability of potential extraterrestrial minerals. In light of Dragonfly, NASA's upcoming mission to Titan, revisiting the fundamental chemistry of the smallest molecules with modern methods and techniques can have significant contributions to this epochal mission and can open new research directions in chemistry.
Integrated Conductivity-Modulation-Based RF Magnetic-Free Nonreciprocal Components: Recent Results and Benchmarking

Achieving nonreciprocity and building nonreciprocal components through spatiotemporal modulation of material properties has attracted a lot of attention in the recent past as an alternative to the more traditional approach of exploiting Faraday rotation in magnetic materials. In this letter, we review recent research on spatiotemporal conductivity modulation, which enables low-loss, small-footprint, wide-bandwidth, and high-power-handling nonreciprocal components operating from radio frequencies to millimeter waves and integrated in a CMOS platform. Four generations of nonreciprocal circulators and circulator-based systems will be reviewed. We will also discuss metrics of performance that are important for wireless applications and standards, and introduce a new antenna (ANT) interface efficiency figure of merit ( $\eta _{\text{ANT}}$ ) to enable a fair comparison between various types of antenna interfaces.
Diversity Dependent Uncertainty Management for Hydrocarbon Stimulation in Uncertain Heterogeneous Reservoir with Improved Efficiency

The history of oil and gas well stimulation through hydraulic fracturing is characterized by a pursuit of optimal designs tailored to reservoir properties. However, as with many engineering systems, the impact of variability and uncertainty (in this case of reservoir properties) is not accounted in these deterministic approaches. We propose an expansion of the principle of design diversity wherein the focus becomes developing optimal portfolio combinations of multiple designs rather than repeated application of a single design. This approach can substantially increase efficiency and decrease risk when designing systems where outcome desirability is definable as a smoothly-varying efficiency and where risk is related to the variance of outcomes tied to uncertain variability of the design environment. For the case of oil/gas wells, we demonstrate diverse portfolios of designs can improve stimulation efficiency by nearly a factor of four and cut risk associated with variability and uncertainty of outcomes by over 80%. Hydraulic fracturing optimization is therefore fundamentally dependent upon uncertainty, and a change of approach toward the pursuit of design diversity can have a profound impact on efficiency and risk, and in turn cost and environmental impacts, in oil and gas development.
Chondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Local Release of TGF-β3 from Heparinized Collagen Biofabric

Osteoarthritic degeneration of cartilage is a major social health problem. Tissue engineering of cartilage using combinations of scaffold and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is emerging as an alterna...
An Introduction to International Economics: New Perspectives on the World Economy

This book is designed for a one-semester course in international economics, primarily targeting non-economics majors and programs in business, international relations, public policy, and development studies. It has been written to make international economics accessible to both students and professionals. Assuming a minimal background in economics and mathematics, the textbook goes beyond the usual trade-finance dichotomy to address international trade, international production, and international finance; and takes a practitioner point of view rather than a standard academic one, introducing students to the material needed to become effective analysts in international economic policy. This new edition features such additional topics as global production and global capital flows, migration, the Ricardian model, and international organizations like the IMF. Examples have been updated to include recent developments (Brexit, for example) and all charts include the latest data. The website for the text can be found at http://iie.gmu.edu.
Evaluation of healthcare personnel exposures to patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated with personal protective equipment.

OBJECTIVE: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a critical aspect of preventing the transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in healthcare settings. We aimed to identify factors related to lapses in PPE use that may influence transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from patients to healthcare personnel (HCP). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary-care medical center in Minnesota. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 345 HCP who sustained a significant occupational exposure to a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from May 13, 2020, through November 30, 2020, were evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 8 HCP (2.3%) were found to have SARS-CoV-2 infection during their 14-day postexposure quarantine. A lack of eye protection during the care of a patient with COVID-19 was associated with HCP testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during the postexposure quarantine (relative risk [RR], 10.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-82.39; P = .009). Overall, the most common reason for a significant exposure was the use of a surgical face mask instead of a respirator during an aerosol-generating procedure (55.9%). However, this was not associated with HCP testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the postexposure quarantine (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96-1; P = 1). Notably, transmission primarily occurred in units that did not regularly care for patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: The use of universal eye protection is a critical aspect of PPE to prevent patient-to-HCP transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Sagittal adjusting screws for the correction of grade IV spondylolisthesis in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: illustrative case

BACKGROUND Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) and its connective tissue laxity often result in high-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis. Patients present with debilitating symptoms and neurological deficits. Reports of surgical techniques in non-EDS patients for the treatment of high-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis mainly described an open approach, multilevel fusions, and multiple stages with different circumferential approaches. Sagittal adjusting screws (SASs) can be used in a minimally invasive (MI) fashion, allowing intraoperative reduction. OBSERVATIONS A 17-year-old female with EDS presented to the authors’ institute with severe lower back and left L5 radicular pain in 2017. She presented with a left foot drop and difficulty ambulating. Magnetic resonance imaging showed grade IV L5–S1 spondylolisthesis. She underwent lumbar fusion for intractable back pain with radiculopathy. Intraoperatively, percutaneous SASs and extension towers were used to distract the L5–S1 disc space and reduce the spondylolisthesis. MI transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion was completed with significant symptomatic relief postoperatively. The patient was discharged to home 3 days postoperatively. Routine follow-up visits up to 3 years later demonstrated solid fusion radiographically and favorable patient-reported outcomes. LESSONS The authors used SASs in a MI approach to successfully correct and stabilize grade IV spondylolisthesis in an EDS patient with a favorable long-term patient-reported outcome.
The Market for Academic Journal

Library journal subscriptions are treated as a public good. A monopoly publisher sells subscriptions to both libraries and individuals. For individuals, the journal is a private good. Profit maximization can lead to high institutional prices and few individual subscribers. This outcome is reinforced by increases in publishing costs. Library serial prices fall if patrons pay access costs and/or there is congestion. Data are presented to support these conclusions. Library prices are two to ten times higher than private prices; there are as few as two to four individual subscribers in an academic journal market. Library subscription prices are directly related to the number of consumers who use the library serial.
Reliability Implications of Solder in Multiwire Modules under Dynamic Mechanical Loading

Two generations of multiwire modules were studied under dynamic mechanical loading (DML) with in-situ differential conductance (dG) and electroluminescence (EL) imaging. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to identity the solder alloys. The earlier generation module was found to use an In-based solder alloy, and the current generation a Bi-based alloy. The earlier generation module degraded significantly under DML with increasing resistance, while the current generation module did not demonstrate degradation under DML. Atomic force microscopy scratch testing was used to probe the wear resistance of each solder alloy. These results indicate that current multiwire designs may have higher mechanical durability than earlier generations.
Faster First-Order Algorithms for Monotone Strongly DR-Submodular Maximization.

Continuous DR-submodular functions are a class of generally non-convex/non-concave functions that satisfy the Diminishing Returns (DR) property, which implies that they are concave along non-negative directions. Existing work has studied monotone continuous DR-submodular maximization subject to a convex constraint and provided efficient algorithms with approximation guarantees. In many applications, such as computing the stability number of a graph, the monotone DR-submodular objective function has the additional property of being strongly concave along non-negative directions (i.e., strongly DR-submodular). In this paper, we consider a subclass of $L$-smooth monotone DR-submodular functions that are strongly DR-submodular and have a bounded curvature, and we show how to exploit such additional structure to obtain faster algorithms with stronger guarantees for the maximization problem. We propose a new algorithm that matches the provably optimal $1-\frac{c}{e}$ approximation ratio after only $\lceil\frac{L}{\mu}\rceil$ iterations, where $c\in[0,1]$ and $\mu\geq 0$ are the curvature and the strong DR-submodularity parameter. Furthermore, we study the Projected Gradient Ascent (PGA) method for this problem, and provide a refined analysis of the algorithm with an improved $\frac{1}{1+c}$ approximation ratio (compared to $\frac{1}{2}$ in prior works) and a linear convergence rate. Experimental results illustrate and validate the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed algorithms.
Total (selective) gastric vagotomy

Selective gastric vagotomy was introduced in 1947 by Jackson1. Modifications of the procedure were suggested by Moore and Franksson2,3. None of these surgeons combined selective gastric vagotomy with a drainage procedure. As a result, the operation was abandoned until Griffith and Harkins demonstrated the need for a drainage procedure, first in animals in 1955, and then in man in 19604,5. Subsequently, the operation was popularized by several surgeons in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. The main benefit claimed for selective gastric vagotomy over truncal vagotomy was a marked decrease in the incidence of episodic postvagotomy diarrhoea. The most significant, prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing selective and truncal vagotomy was published by Kennedy et al. in 19736. They showed that patients undergoing selective vagotomy had less postvagotomy diarrhoea, less ulcer recurrence, and superior Visick clinical status. Based on this study and that of Harkins et al.7, the author believes that selective gastric vagotomy is superior to truncal vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. The operation takes slightly longer to perform, however, and few surgeons have learnt to do it well. For this reason, it has not attained the same popularity as truncal vagotomy.
Can simulation technology enable a paradigm shift in process control?: Modeling for the rest of us

Abstract Commercial process simulation software makes it easy for experts to develop very complex models with thousands of equations. But how well are these models used? Remember the admonition of Box [Box, G. E. P. (1979). Robustness in scientific model building. In R. L. Launer & G. N. Wilkinson (Eds.), Robustness in statistics (pp. 201–236). New York: Academic Press], “All models are wrong, but some are useful”. Are case runs just captured in a report and then filed away? Is the expert the only one who can run additional cases? We believe that process dynamics simulation should be ubiquitous in chemical engineering practice and education. Undergraduate engineers should experience unit operations through a virtual process simulator. In industry, engineers must be able to quickly build dynamic models to study operability and design control strategies. We feel that DuPont has undergone a paradigm shift where engineers are much more likely to use dynamic simulation as part of their day-to-day work. This paper illustrates some of the features that process dynamic simulators need to enable this paradigm shift.
BAUSCHINGER EFFECT DURING SHOCK LOADING

Parallel shock recovery and wave profile experiments have been performed that exhibit a Bauschinger effect in Si-bronze shocked to 10 GPa. The unloading wave profile in Si-bronze exhibited a quasi-elastic release that had a greater departure from the ideal elastic-plastic response than the pure copper sample. The reload mechanical response of Si-bronze that was preshocked to 10 GPa exhibited less hardening than the annealed material to an equivalent strain while the reverse hardening effect was true for copper. The importance of a microstructurally-controlled Bauschinger component to defect storage during the shock process is discussed in light of the shock recovery, wave profile, and deformation substructure results.