cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Does Women's S Empowerment in One Generation Not Lead to Later Marriage and Childbearing in the Next?: Qualitative Findings from Bangladesh1

INTRODUCTIONEarly marriage and childbearing arcng girls is associated with an array of negative social and health ccnseoifâxes far young ircthers and their infants and cairucibutes to rapid rxrulaticn gcswtix I^ngladesh, cur research site, has the seccnd highest percentage of adolescent tackles in the world (Niger has the hi^est) ; acrcardirg to 2007 national survey cata, in the 25-29 age cchort, tinnee-fcurths of I^rr^iacfeshi waren were irerried by ace 18 and nearly half had given birth by that ace (NOECRT et al. , 2009) . Ferale ace at first irarriace gradually increased between 1989 and 2000, but since thai has rot iirprroved significantly (NIPORT et al., 2?T) (Tadel) .Ccrrparing waren ages 40-45 with those 20 years younger , iredian age at first birth arcng Banglaceshi waren rose fcy cnly slightly more than cne year (Table 2) . Ccrrparing wcmen aces 40-45 with these 20 years yxrger , rredian age at first birth among Earr^adeshi waren rose by cnly slightly rrrare than cne year (Table 2) .Here we use 18, the legal minimum age at marriage for females in Bangladesh, as a reference point, defining marriages and pregnancies prior to that age as "early ." W e also, hcwever , rete dif ferences within the category cf nearly," because marriages at the acp cf 13-14 (still cuite comen) clearly have different inplicaticns for nest girls than rarriages at the ace of 17. A recBit review cf literature carludes that pdicy makers should be nest coxernsd about narriages and pregnancies under the ace of 15 because transiticns to adulthood at these ages are x\drtrally always" problematic, and it is a critical period for developing adolescents' perceptions of genfer roles and sexual attitudes (Dixcn-Mjeller , 2C05) .lhe persistence of early narriage and childbearirg in Er W ite et al. , 2005) . By 2001, the gross priirary schodL aircllrnent rate reached 98%, with parity between boys and girls (World En by 2004 girls exceeded boys at every gracte level through the end of seccrrhry school (Schuler , 2007) .QLBlitative ckta collected ky cne cf the authors between 2000 and 2005 en a variety of trpics (narriage, gender-based violence and early irorriage and childbearing) yielded contradictory evidence regarding the nature and significance of the empowerment of women that has taken place in rural Bargladedn. W e documented a widespread perception that women are becoming better edxated, better informed, more daring and more resourceful than they used to be, as a result of exposure to education, mass media, credit programs, employment crrxrtunities and health services (Schuler , 2006b) . But at the same tine, women were continuirg to transmit genfer inequality to the next generation ry rrarrying daughters at early ages, and pressuring daughters-in-law to bear children at young ages (Schuler et al. …
Dependence of Punch Sticking on Compaction Pressure—Roles of Particle Deformability and Tablet Tensile Strength

Punch sticking is a complex phenomenon influenced primarily by particle size, tooling surface roughness, tooling design, and tooling construction material. When particle and environmental factors are controlled, compaction pressure has a distinct effect on punch sticking behavior for a given active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). This research focuses on the effect of compaction pressure on punch sticking using 5 compounds with different sticking propensities. The results collectively show that sticking tends to be more problematic under higher compaction pressures and for more ductile compounds. This is attributed to the greater punch surface coverage by the API and the stronger cohesion of API to the existing API layer on the punch.
IN VITRO PROPERTIES OF LEUKOCYTE DIALYSATES CONTAINING TRANSFER FACTOR: MICRO METHOD AND RECENT FINDINGS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the in vitro properties of leukocyte dialysates containing transfer factor. The micro method for lymphocyte culture has allowed more extensive testing of the variables inherent in the system. It is possible in the microculture system to fulfill these idealized conditions, namely the presence of all reciprocal controls and simultaneous assays at several doses of dialysate with multiple antigens on cells from one recipient. Blood was obtained from individuals with a history of clinical illness and their lymphocytes demonstrate vigorous specific transformation to the vaccine antigen. Unlike the broad range of responses to the ubiquitous PPD antigen, more clear division into responders and non-responders to SK-SD and Rocky Mountain spotted fever antigen was evident. The four combinations of positive and negative were represented. It was found that the four donors were bled, and leukocyte dialysates were prepared at the same time with the same reagents.
Fiber-Optic Biological/Chemical Sensing System Based on Degradable Hydrogel

To improve the sensitivity and shorten the testing time of hydrogel-based bio-toxin sensors, we introduce an optical fiber Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) to detect the changes in the optical properties induced by the reactions between the target agent and the hydrogel. The concept is demonstrated by a polyacrylamide hydrogel filled into a cavity of an optical fiber FPI with a length of 150 $\mu \text{m}$ . Dithiothreitol (DTT) solutions with different concentrations were used as target agent. The degradation of the hydrogel by the DTT solution leads to a long and indistinct change in optical properties, which is difficult to be observed by conventional microscopy methods, but which can be detected by measuring the unique shifting process of the interfering spectrum caused by the hydrogel cleavage in the FPI cavity. Compared to our previous hydrogel-based sensor based on the microscopy observation, the sensitivity of the optic fiber FPI is improved by 2000 times, and the testing time is shortened from hundreds of hours to a few hours. Our approach opens up an avenue for highly sensitive, high-speed in-field detection of bio-toxins in live samples.
Evaluation of weather forecast systems for storm surge modeling in the Chesapeake Bay

Accurate forecast of sea-level heights in coastal areas depends, among other factors, upon a reliable coupling of a meteorological forecast system to a hydrodynamic and wave system. This study evaluates the predictive skills of the coupled circulation and wind-wave model system (ADCIRC+SWAN) for simulating storm tides in the Chesapeake Bay, forced by six different products: (1) Global Forecast System (GFS), (2) Climate Forecast System (CFS) version 2, (3) North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM), (4) Rapid Refresh (RAP), (5) European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and (6) the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2). This evaluation is based on the hindcasting of four events: Irene (2011), Sandy (2012), Joaquin (2015), and Jonas (2016). By comparing the simulated water levels to observations at 13 monitoring stations, we have found that the ADCIR+SWAN System forced by the following: (1) the HURDAT2-based system exhibited the weakest statistical skills owing to a noteworthy overprediction of the simulated wind speed; (2) the ECMWF, RAP, and NAM products captured the moment of the peak and moderately its magnitude during all storms, with a correlation coefficient ranging between 0.98 and 0.77; (3) the CFS system exhibited the worst averaged root-mean-square difference (excepting HURDAT2); (4) the GFS system (the lowest horizontal resolution product tested) resulted in a clear underprediction of the maximum water elevation. Overall, the simulations forced by NAM and ECMWF systems induced the most accurate results best accuracy to support water level forecasting in the Chesapeake Bay during both tropical and extra-tropical storms.
Oral delivery of antigens in live bacterial vectors.

Most available vaccines for enteric diseases are cinactivated whole cell preparations which provide incomplete cprotection against infection and have undesirable side effects. cAs alternative vaccines for enteric infection, several live oral cvaccines have been recently developed. These vaccines are cderived from virulent pathogens by introduction of stable cattenuating mutations in metabolic pathway genes. Ideally, cthese mutations are non-reverting and genetically well defined. cThe Salmonella typhi live oral vaccine Ty21a has been tested in cseveral field trials, first in Egypt and more recently in four cseparate trials in Chilean schoolchildren (Ferreccio et al, 1989; Levine et al 1987a; Wahdan et al, 1982). The results of cthose trials indicate that Ty21a is safe, well tolerated, and cprovides 66% protection in a typhoid fever endemic area. cProtection against typhoid fever was at least that achieved with cparenterally administered whole cell vaccine preparations and cwas retained for at least three years.
The University: An Agent of Social Change?

Can universities be agents of progressive social change? How would we know if a university was acting as an agent of social change? Drawing on four case studies, I raise a number of questions to problematize our understanding of the university as an agent of social change. I outline a number of contributing factors that appear to explain successful cases. I conclude by arguing the relevancy of these cases for larger, and more traditional, sociological projects.
Emotional intelligence, servant leadership, and development goal orientation in athletic directors.

Abstract Scholars and policy makers have long considered sport as a vehicle for promoting young athletes’ well-being, educational experience, and citizenship skills. Athletic directors can play a significant role in this process by establishing organizational goals that can foster the development of young athletes and also by ensuring that other personnel abide by these goals. However, little is known about methods athletic directors can use to focus on such development goals in the midst of the current winning-at-all-costs culture surrounding sports. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between emotional intelligence, servant leadership, and development goal orientation among high school athletic directors. A total of 445 athletic directors located in 48 states in the United States completed an online survey. The results indicated that emotional intelligence is positively associated with servant leadership, which in turn is positively associated with development goal orientation. The mediation analysis also revealed that servant leadership fully mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and development goal orientation among athletic directors. The findings of this research assist in understanding how sports governing bodies can educate athletic directors to initiate development-oriented reform of the winning-at-all-costs culture in sports.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN VARIOUS Al ALLOYS AND SiC

ABSTRACT The reaction between SiC and Al alloys has been investigated. Composite specimens prepared under vacuum were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analyzer (EDAX) on both the cross section and the SiC surface. Definite reactions were observed to have occurred at the interface between SiC and Al. EDAX scans across the interface showed that silicon penetrates into the Al alloy matrix. An examination of the surfaces of SiC in contact with Al has revealed a considerable modification in the surface morphology of SiC. Alloy systems investigated include 6061, 2024 and 7075 Al alloys and a series of Al-Cu and Al-Si-Cu genetic alloys. The segregation of alloying elements at the interface has been explained using a ternary Al phase diagram. The fact that there is a significant amount of Si observed at the interface between SiC and Al in the vicinity of the SiC surface supports a physico-chemical model for the interfacial reaction.
PCB11 Metabolite, 3,3’-Dichlorobiphenyl-4-ol, Exposure Alters the Expression of Genes Governing Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Absence of Functional Sirtuin 3: Examining the Contribution of MnSOD

Although the production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is prohibited, the inadvertent production of certain lower-chlorinated PCB congeners still threatens human health. We and others have identified 3,3’-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11) and its metabolite, 3,3’-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ol (4OH-PCB11), in human blood, and there is a correlation between exposure to this metabolite and mitochondrial oxidative stress in mammalian cells. Here, we evaluated the downstream effects of 4OH-PCB11 on mitochondrial metabolism and function in the presence and absence of functional Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial fidelity protein that protects redox homeostasis. A 24 h exposure to 3 μM 4OH-PCB11 significantly decreased the cellular growth and mitochondrial membrane potential of SIRT3-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Only wild-type cells demonstrated an increase in Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity in response to 4OH-PCB11–induced oxidative injury. This suggests the presence of a SIRT3-mediated post-translational modification to MnSOD, which was impaired in SIRT3-knockout MEFs, which counters the PCB insult. We found that 4OH-PCB11 increased mitochondrial respiration and endogenous fatty-acid oxidation-associated oxygen consumption in SIRT3-knockout MEFs; this appeared to occur because the cells exhausted their reserve respiratory capacity. To determine whether these changes in mitochondrial respiration were accompanied by similar changes in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism, we performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after a 24 h treatment with 4OH-PCB11. In SIRT3-knockout MEFs, 4OH-PCB11 significantly increased the expression of ten genes controlling fatty acid biosynthesis, metabolism, and transport. When we overexpressed MnSOD in these cells, the expression of six of these genes returned to the baseline level, suggesting that the protective role of SIRT3 against 4OH-PCB11 is partially governed by MnSOD activity.
Nonlinear springs with dynamic frictionless contact

This paper focuses on mathematical and numerical approaches to dynamic frictionless contact of nonlinear viscoelastic springs. This contact model is formulated by a nonlinear ordinary differential equation system and a pair of complementarity conditions. We propose three different numerical schemes in which each of them consists of several numerical methods. As a result, three groups of time-discrete numerical formulations are established. We use the coefficient of restitution to prove convergence of numerical trajectories, passing to the limit in the time step size. The Banach-fixed point theorem is applied to show the existence of global solutions satisfying all conditions. A new form of energy balance is derived, which is verified theoretically and numerically. All of the three schemes are implemented and their numerical results are compared with each other.
Beyond Advanced Cardiac Life Support: Dual-sequential Defibrillation for Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation after Witnessed Cardiac Arrest in the Emergency Department

Refractory ventricular fibrillation is a rare condition seen in both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A 56-year-old male was identified to have refractory ventricular fibrillation after an in-hospital cardiac arrest with multiple unsuccessful standard defibrillation attempts that was converted with dual-sequential defibrillation (DSD) to normal sinus rhythm. Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) is the most widely used algorithmic treatment approach for various cardiopulmonary emergencies but has yet to provide recommendations for the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation. DSD may be a viable treatment strategy for refractory ventricular fibrillation when ACLS recommendations are ineffective.
Human papillomavirus knowledge, attitudes, and vaccination among Chinese college students in the United States.

Abstract Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the USA with some strains increasing the risk of certain cancers. The HPV vaccine, introduced in 2006, has reduced the infection rate, although racial/ethnic disparities in vaccination exist. Asian college students are among those with the lowest vaccination rates, however there has been little exploration as to why. The purposes of this study were to assess (a) knowledge and attitudes regarding HPV and its vaccine, (b) HPV vaccination practices, and (c) factors associated with HPV-related knowledge and attitudes, and vaccination among Chinese college students in the USA. This cross-sectional quantitative survey collected data face-to-face and online from 449 participants. The mean scores for HPV knowledge and attitudes were 40.87 and 2.36 indicating a low-to-moderate level of knowledge but a moderately positive attitude regrading HPV transmission and vaccination. Only half (50.8%) knew that the vaccination could be received after the age of 18 years. Only 38.3% reported having receiving at least one dose of the vaccine, with 92.4% receiving their first HPV vaccines in the USA. Multiple logistic regression showed that men and non-health sciences majors had lower knowledge about HPV. Older students, those without a primary care provider, and those who completed the survey in English had more negative attitudes about the HPV and vaccine. Participants who were younger, female, had a higher level of knowledge, had more positive attitudes, and completed the survey online were associated with better vaccination status. Findings from this study provide insight into Chinese college students’ knowledge and attitudes about HPV and HPV vaccination and may be used to develop culturally sensitive programs that address the risk of HPV and the benefits of HPV vaccine.
A synthesis of person- and relational-level factors that influence bullying and bystanding behaviors: Toward an integrative framework

Abstract In this article, we attempt to integrate several theoretical models with the goal of explicating more broadly the determinants of bullying and bystanding behaviors. In particular, participant role perspectives (e.g., models in which bullying is conceptualized in the context of multiple participants) serve as an overarching frame for examining and formulating hypotheses about two additional types of determinants: (a) child attributes—specifically, the role of children's person-related development (i.e., social-cognitive, emotion, and moral processing), and (b) children's experience with multiple socializing agents (i.e., peers and teachers). Empirical evidence is reviewed to identify relevant constructs, and critical analyses of evidence within and across conceptual domains are utilized to formulate novel hypotheses about how person- and relational-level (socialization) processes may contribute to individual differences in bullying and bystanding behaviors.
Site of service influence on stent use for hemodialysis access interventions

Abstract Objective With rising health care spending in the United States, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in recent years attempted to use reimbursement rates to influence use of less expensive care sites for covered patients, such as ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) and office-based laboratories (OBLs), in lieu of hospital service sites. It has been suggested that cost savings have not been realized because of more procedures being performed by physicians with ownership interests in nonhospital facilities. CMS adopted massive reimbursement changes for 2019 OBL and ASC-based procedures, which reduced dialysis access angioplasty reimbursement in the ASC setting by 50%, whereas facility reimbursement for stenting increased by 33% above prior levels. The clinical utility of adjunctive stenting in treating dialysis access stenosis remains controversial and highly discretionary. As a vascular group performing such procedures in both a hospital and nonhospital facility in which we have equity interest, we reviewed our use of stents in dialysis access procedures both in the hospital and in the ASC/OBL to determine whether site of service affected stent use. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed from 2014 to 2018. All patients undergoing dialysis access angiography with angioplasty and adjunctive stent placement at our OBL (later ASC) and our primary hospital were included in the study. Results There were 961 angioplasty or stent procedures performed for dialysis accesses between the two sites, 564 (58.7%) in the hospital setting and 397 (41.3%) at the OBL/ASC. There was a significant difference in race and age between the two sites, with younger, minority patients more frequently being treated in the hospital and older, white patients more likely to be treated in the ambulatory setting; 153 (27.1%) underwent adjunctive stent placement in the hospital and 127 (32.0%) in the ambulatory setting (P = .09). Conclusions Whereas financial incentives have not yet had an appreciable influence on stent use for dialysis access within previous reimbursement paradigms, the dramatic changes recently adopted by CMS may well alter this dynamic and could lead to substantially higher overall costs without proven clinical advantage. Interventionalists may be incentivized to add stents when performing balloon angioplasty in ASCs. With high failure and reintervention rates and increasingly expensive adjuncts (drug-coated balloons and stents, covered stents), the cost implications of attempts to incentivize interventionalists toward a specific type of procedure or site of care are substantial, and unintended negative consequences are likely to occur.
A Stochastic Disaster Relief Game Theory Network Model

In this paper, we construct a novel game theory model for multiple humanitarian organizations engaged in disaster relief. Each organization is faced with a two-stage stochastic optimization problem associated with the purchase and storage of relief items pre-disaster, subject to a budget constraint, and, if need be, additional purchases and shipments post the disaster. The model integrates logistical and financial components, in that the humanitarian organizations compete for financial donations, as well as freight service provision, and each seeks to maximize its expected utility. The expected utility function of each humanitarian organization depends on its strategies and on those of the other organizations, and their feasible sets do, as well, since the organizations are subject to common lower and upper bound demand constraints. The governing concept is that of a stochastic generalized Nash equilibrium. We provide alternative variational inequality formulations of the model and propose an algorithmic scheme, which at each iteration yields closed form expressions for the product purchase/storage/shipment variables and the associated constraint Lagrange multipliers. Numerical examples illustrate the modeling and computational framework.
The relationship between the brain and spirituality with respect to aging and neurodegenerative diseases: clinical and research implications

This article reviews and synthesizes the current data on the relationship between the brain and religion and spirituality, with regard to aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we cons...
Synthesis, structural, and electronic properties of Sr1−xCaxPdAs

Layered honeycomb intermetallic phases have attracted considerable research interest due to the wide array of exciting physical properties inherent in these materials. Here, we follow the evolution in structure and electronic properties of a relatively unexplored material system, Sr1−xCaxPdAs, as the hexagonal PdAs honeycomb layer in SrPdAs distorts into the orthorhombic CaPdAs structure. The Sr-rich compounds (x = 0 to 1/3) form symmetric, hexagonal honeycomb PdAs layers, whereas in the Ca-rich region (x = ½ to 1) the PdAs layers distort into an orthorhombic structure featuring long and short Pd–Pd distances. This distortion occurs when the average Pd–Pd distance falls below 4.21 A. All compounds are observed to exhibit metallic temperature-dependent resistivity trends. There are no apparent discontinuities indicative of metal-to-insulator transitions and the room temperature resistivity values range from 18 to 180 mΩ cm. In total, this work maps out the structural and electronic phase diagram of Sr1−xCaxPdAs compounds.
Social inequities in the distribution of COVID-19: An intra-categorical analysis of people with disabilities in the U.S.

Abstract Background While recent reports suggest that people with disabilities (PwDs) are likely to be adversely impacted by COVID-19 and face multiple challenges, previous research has not examined if COVID-19 burdens are unequally distributed with respect to the disability characteristics of the U.S. population. Objective This article presents the first national scale study of the relationship between COVID-19 incidence and disability characteristics in the U.S. The objective is to determine whether COVID-19 incidence is significantly greater in counties containing higher percentages of socio-demographically disadvantaged PwDs, based on race, ethnicity, poverty status, age, and biological sex. Methods This study integrates county-level data on confirmed COVID-19 cases from the Johns Hopkins Center for Systems Science and Engineering database with multiple disability variables from the 2018 American Community Survey. Statistical analyses are based on bivariate correlations and multivariate generalized estimating equations that consider spatial clustering in the data. Results Greater COVID-19 incidence rate is significantly associated with: (1) higher percentages of PwDs who are Black, Asian, Hispanic, Native American, below poverty, under 18 years of age, and female; and (2) lower percentages of PwDs who are non-Hispanic White, above poverty, aged 65 or more years, and male, after controlling for spatial clustering. Conclusions Socio-demographically disadvantaged PwDs are significantly overrepresented in counties with higher COVID-19 incidence compared to other PwDs. These findings represent an important starting point for more detailed investigation of the disproportionate impacts of COVID-19 on PwDs and highlight the urgent need for COVID-19 data collection systems to incorporate disability information.
Duality, monopoles, dyons, confinement and oblique confinement in supersymmetric SO(nc) gauge theories

Abstract We study supersymmetric SO(Nc) gauge theories with Nf flavors of quarks in the vector representation. Among the phenomena we find are dynamically generated superpotentials with physically inequivalent branches, smooth moduli spaces of vacua, confinement and oblique confinement, confinement without chiral symmetry breaking, massless composites (glueballs, exotics, monopoles and dyons), non-trivial fixed points of the renormalization group and massless magnetic quarks and gluons. Our analysis sheds new light on a recently found duality in N = 1 supersymmetric theories. The dual forms of some of the theories exhibit “quantum symmetries” which involve non-local transformations on the fields. We find that in some cases the duality has both S and T transformations generating SL( 2, Z ) (only an S3 quotient of which is realized nontrivially). They map the original non-Abelian electric theory to magnetic and dyonic non-Abelian theories. The magnetic theory gives a weak coupling description of confinement while the dyonic theory gives a weak coupling description of oblique confinement. Our analysis also shows that ] the duality in N = 1 is a generalization of the Montonen-Olive duality of N = 4 theories.
Black hole-neutron star coalescence: Effects of the neutron star spin on jet launching and dynamical ejecta mass

Black hole-neutron star (BHNS) mergers are thought to be sources of gravitational waves (GWs) with coincident electromagnetic (EM) counterparts. To further probe whether these systems are viable progenitors of short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) and kilonovas, and how one may use (the lack of) EM counterparts associated with LIGO/Virgo candidate BHNS GW events to sharpen parameter estimation, we study the impact of neutron star spin in BHNS mergers. Using dynamical spacetime magnetohydrodynamic simulations of BHNSs initially on a quasicircular orbit, we survey configurations that differ in the BH spin (${a}_{\mathrm{BH}}/{M}_{\mathrm{BH}}=0$ and 0.75), the NS spin (${a}_{\mathrm{NS}}/{M}_{\mathrm{NS}}=\ensuremath{-}0.17$, 0, 0.23, and 0.33), and the binary mass ratio ($q\ensuremath{\equiv}{M}_{\mathrm{BH}}:{M}_{\mathrm{NS}}=3\ensuremath{\mathbin:}1$ and $5\ensuremath{\mathbin:}1$). The general trend we find is that increasing the NS prograde spin increases both the rest mass of the accretion disk onto the remnant black hole, and the rest mass of dynamically ejected matter. By a time $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}t\ensuremath{\sim}3500--5500M\ensuremath{\sim}88--138({M}_{\mathrm{NS}}/1.4\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}})\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ms}$ after the peak gravitational-wave amplitude, a magnetically driven jet is launched only for $q=3\ensuremath{\mathbin:}1$ regardless of the initial NS spin. The lifetime of the jets [$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}t\ensuremath{\sim}0.5--0.8({M}_{\mathrm{NS}}/1.4\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}})\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{s}$] and their outgoing Poynting luminosity [${L}_{\text{Poyn}}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{51.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{erg}/\mathrm{s}$] are consistent with typical SGRBs' luminosities and expectations from the Blandford-Znajek mechanism. By the time we terminate our simulations, we do not observe either an outflow or a large-scale magnetic-field collimation for the other systems we consider. The mass range of dynamically ejected matter is ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4.5}--{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}({M}_{\mathrm{NS}}/1.4\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}})\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$, which can power kilonovas with peak bolometric luminosities ${L}_{\text{knova}}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{40}--{10}^{41.4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{erg}/\mathrm{s}$ with rise times $\ensuremath{\lesssim}6.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{h}$ and potentially detectable by the LSST.
Encouraging Fuel-Efficient Commuting in Young Drivers in Duluth, MN

This work investigates the commuting habits of young (18–24 year old) drivers, in Duluth, Minnesota (MN), with the goal of encouraging sustainable commuting. Sustainable commuting modes are cleaner, cheaper and healthier. Encouraging younger drivers to increase their use of public transportation would contribute to a more sustainable use of transportation infrastructures. Transportation infrastructure asset management is the allocation of available funds across infrastructure classes (e.g. pavements, bridges, signs) or programs (e.g., maintenance, construction). Sustainable commuting attempts to encourage the more efficient and sustainable use of transportation infrastructures. By focussing on younger drivers, it is hypothesized that early adoption of sustainable habits will lead to long-term sustainable habits. The research questions becomes how to encourage young drivers to reduce their dependence on personal vehicles? This work presents the results of a survey of 370 18–24 year old drivers from the University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD) campus to understand their commuting habits and problems with the current bus system. Approximately 46% of UMD students choose their personal vehicle as their primary commuting option. Among these students, 24% cite “inconvenience of the bus schedule” as the reason that prevents them from riding the bus more often even when using the bus can save them more than $2,000 per semester in vehicle maintenance costs. It seems as though poor marketing of bus routes and lack of education toward using the bus system has led to efficient routes being cancelled and lack of ridership.
Isn’t Infringement Ever Apparent?: Toward a Balanced Reading of §512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act

This Article argues for a moderate but significant recalibration of the dominant interpretation of §512 of the DMCA. While ISPs are correct that the existing language of §512 does not give copyright owners a right to the “take down and stay down” regime they would prefer, it does ask more of them than is presently being required. Receipt of a takedown notice does provide an ISP with information that is supposed to be relevant to its awareness of other apparent infringement beyond that specifically identified in the notice. Moreover, the standards for what facts and circumstances give rise to knowledge of “apparent” infringement have been construed in a manner more stringent than those commonly applied even to criminal defendants or persons facing civil forfeiture. Finally, the doctrine of willful blindness means that where circumstances indicate an objectively high likelihood that certain conduct is illegal, one has a duty to avail oneself of obvious opportunities to disconfirm the inference. This duty is narrow, and does not require an ISP to engage in comprehensive monitoring, filtering, or affirmatively searching for instances of infringement for which no red flag has been raised. But indicia of infringement are not as radically elusive as has been made out, and §512(m) should not be read so as to equate efforts to disconfirm already-known instances of likely infringement with the affirmative seeking out of evidence of infringement that the statute says is not generally required.
Analysis of whisker-toughened ceramic components: A design engineer's viewpoint

The use of ceramics components in gas turbines, cutting tools, and heat exchangers has been limited by the relatively low flaw tolerance of monolithic ceramics. The development of whisker toughened ceramic composites offers the potential for considerable improvement in fracture toughness as well as strength. However, the variability of strength is still too high for the application of deterministic design approaches. Several phenomenological reliability theories proposed for this material system are reviewed and the development is reported of a public domain computer algorithm. This algorithm, when coupled with a general purpose finite element program, predicts the fast fracture reliability of a structural component under multiaxial loading conditions.
Abstract 13301: Methylome-wide Association With Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules Among Monozygotic Twins

Introduction: Inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation (DNAm), is critical in the regulation of inflammatory genes, and can be influenced by inflammation. The soluble form of cell adhesion molecules, including vascular adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM1), and P-selectin (sP-selectin), are established biomarkers for inflammation and endothelial function, and are linked to cardiovascular events. Methods: To identify epigenetic markers associated with inflammation and endothelial function, we conducted a methylome-wide association study and investigated over 480,000 DNAm sites of peripheral blood cells from 140 monozygotic (MZ) middle-aged male twins from the Emory Twin Study. Results: Using two randomly selected subsets consisting of unrelated subjects, we identified and replicated 69 and 23 DNAm sites significantly associated with sVCAM1, and sICAM1 respectively, adjusted for multiple testing, but none for sP-selectin. All 23 sICAM1-associated DNAm sites were also associated with sVCAM1, including sites on gene ANKRD11 (P=1.51х10-21, 2.62х10-20), KDM2B (P=1.52х10-21, 9.13х10-17), CAPS (P=2.81х10-20, 3.17х10-18), and CUX1 (P=7.63х10-20, 2.84х10-19). They jointly explained 54% and 40% of variance in sVCAM1 and sICAM1 respectively. Two DNAm sites, located on UNC5D and TMEM125, were also significant comparing MZ twins who were phenotypically discordant for both sICAM1 (P=1.79х10-7, 2.78х10-6) and sVCAM1 (P=1.70х10-9, 1.71х10-7). Conclusions: These results suggest that sVCAM1 and sICAM1, but not sP-selectin, may share common pathophysiology in inflammation and endothelial function via an epigenetic mechanism in leukocytes. In addition, the epigenetic association with inflammation may be driven by unshared environmental exposures.
Protoplast Lysis and Inhibition of Growth of Bacillus licheniformis by Bacitracin

Snoke, John E. (University of California, Los Angeles), and Neal Cornell. Protoplast lysis and inhibition of growth of Bacillus licheniformis by bacitracin. J. Bacteriol. 89:415–240. 1965.—The growth of Bacillus licheniformis is inhibited by bacitracin, the antibiotic which the organism itself produces. The effect of the antibiotic is confined to the early growth phase of the organism. Bacitracin will produce a rapid lysis of protoplasts of B. licheniformis and Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The lytic process requires cadmium or zinc ions, and the rate and extent of lysis depends upon the amount of bacitracin and metal ion added. Although B. licheniformis and M. lysodeikticus differ markedly in their sensitivity to bacitracin, the protoplasts from these two organisms are equally susceptible to lysis by the antibiotic.
Infallible Calculation of Polynomial Zeros to Specified Precision

ABSTRACT Let D be a Euclidean domain which is a subring of the field of complex numbers and in which the arithmetic operations can be algorithmically performed. Examples of D are Z , the integers, Q , the rational numbers, G , the Gaussian integers, and P , the real algebraic numbers. We are concerned with algorithms which, given any polynomial A(x)∈D[x] and any positive rational number ∈, computes a sequence of disjoint intervals (rectangles) of length (width) ∈ or less, each containing exactly one real (complex) zero of A, and together containing all real (complex) zeros. The algorithms must also compute the multiplicity of each zero. Any algorithm strictly fulfilling all of these specification may truly be described as infallible. While retaining these lofty goals we are nevertheless concerned with algorithms which are as efficient as possible, in practice as well as theory. Such infallible algorithms can be derived quite readily from several diverse mathematical theorems using “exact” arithmetic in the domain D, but these algorithms may differ significantly in their time complexities. Also, one may further improve practical efficiency by appropriate substitution of “approximate” arithmetic (e.g., interval arithmetic) for exact arithmetic in certain contexts without sacrificing infallibility (using exact arithmetic as backup). This paper surveys recent progress on this problem, starting from Heindel's 1970 implementation and analysis of Sturm's theorem, including Pinkert's 1973 application of Sturm sequences to complex zeros, the 1975 Collins-Loos algorithm based on Rolle's theorem, the 1976 Collins-Akritas modification of Uspensky's method based on Descartes' theorem, and concluding with a brief report on current research by Collins and Chou relating to use of approximate arithmetic and the “principle of argument”. Both theoretical time bounds and empirical times are presented.
The added value to global model projections of climate change by dynamical downscaling: A case study over the continental U.S. using the GISS‐ModelE2 and WRF models

Dynamical downscaling is being increasingly used for climate change studies, wherein the climates simulated by a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) for a historical and a future (projected) decade are used to drive a regional climate model (RCM) over a specific area. While previous studies have demonstrated that RCMs can add value to AOGCM-simulated climatologies over different world regions, it is unclear as to whether or not this translates to a better reproduction of the observed climate change therein. We address this issue over the continental U.S. using the GISS-ModelE2 and WRF models, a state-of-the-science AOGCM and RCM, respectively. As configured here, the RCM does not effect holistic improvement in the seasonally and regionally averaged surface air temperature or precipitation for the individual historical decades. Insofar as the climate change between the two decades is concerned, the RCM does improve upon the AOGCM when nudged in the domain proper, but only modestly so. Further, the analysis indicates that there is not a strong relationship between skill in capturing climatological means and skill in capturing climate change. Though additional research would be needed to demonstrate the robustness of this finding in AOGCM/RCM models generally, the evidence indicates that, for climate change studies, the most important factor is the skill of the driving global model itself, suggesting that highest priority should be given to improving the long-range climate skill of AOGCMs.
Atmospheric Radical Chemistry

The atmosphere is a complex photochemical reactor where a vast majority of the chemical transformations involve reactions of reactive free radicals that are generated by solar photolysis of stable precursors. This article focuses on radical chemistry in the lowest 50 km of the atmosphere, an altitude regime that contains about 99.9% of the atmospheric mass. The altitude regime of interest is divided into two layers, the lower altitude troposphere that contains about 85% of the atmospheric mass, and the higher altitude stratosphere. The stratosphere contains 90% of all atmospheric ozone, and this ozone protects the earth's biosphere from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Hence, our discussion of stratospheric chemistry focuses on radical-catalyzed pathways for ozone destruction. Tropospheric radical chemistry is extremely complex, owing largely to the presence in the troposphere of a multitude of organic compounds that are too short-lived to be transported to the stratosphere. Our discussion of tropospheric radical chemistry focuses on the complex chain reactions involving ozone, hydroxyl radicals, nitrogen oxide radicals, and organics that maintain the oxidizing power of the troposphere, that is, the ability of the troposphere to cleanse itself of pollutants. Keywords: atmosphere; troposphere; stratosphere; oxidation; chain reactions; ozone; HOx; NOx; halogens; organics
Effect of bovine oviductal estrus-associated protein on the ability of sperm to capacitate and fertilize oocytes.

: At estrus, an oviduct-specific, estrus-associated glycoprotein (EAP) of molecular weight 85–95,000, is secreted by the oviductal epithelium and found in cannula-derived bovine oviductal fluid (ODF). The otyectives of these studies were to determine if bovine sperm were capacitated by EAP in vitro, whether this effect differed for EAP derived from ODF versus conditioned medium from oviduct ampullar explants, and to determine if sperm capacitated in vitro with EAP-fertilized bovine eggs. Sperm were incubated for up to 6 hours with partially purified EAP derived from ODF and assessed for capadtation by their ability to undergo the acrosome reaction following exposure to lysophosphatidyichotine. At 4 hours of incubation, the number of capacitated sperm in treatments containing 50% ODF or EAP plus bovine serum albumin (BSA) was similar, and it was significantly greater than the number of capacitated sperm in treatments containing antibodies to EAP. Using purified EAP derived from ampullar explant-conditioned medium, twice the number of sperm were capacitated after 4 hours with EAP from conditioned medium or with ODF than with treatments containing anti-EAP. The fertilizing ability of sperm incubated with EAP was significantly greater than that for sperm incubated without EAP or with anti-EAP. We conclude that bovine EAP, derived from both ODF and in vitro cultures, promotes sperm fertilizing ability.
Foundations Of Service Science Concepts And Facilities

This paper gives a conspectus of Service Science for academicians and practitioners with the express purpose of defining the scope of the discipline. The subject of services is the up and coming discipline for the 21 st century, and it encompasses technology, entrepreneurship, business growth, and innovation four subjects that are generally of interest to most managers and scientists, alike. Services are important to people in business, government, education, health care and management, religion, military, scientific research, engineering, and other endeavors that are too numerous to mention, because most service providers be they individuals, businesses, governments, and so forth are also consumers of services. This is the first of three introductory papers on the subject. The second paper, entitled Foundations of Service Science: Management and Business covers the operational environment for services, and the final paper entitled Foundations of Service Science: Technology and Architecture covers the technical and architectural basis for the Service Science discipline.
Abnormal sexual development associated with sex chromosome mosaicism. Report of three cases.

Three patients with abnormal sexual development and sex chromosome mosaicism are reported. Two of these patients were phenotypical females with gonadal dysgenesis and various associated anomalies. One was an example of XO/XX mosaicism. In the second, an XO/X-partially deleted Y constitution is postulated. The third patient was a male pseudohermaphrodite with an XO/XY chromosome complement. The significance of the mosaicism in the etiology of these syndromes is discussed.
Optimal control of uncertain nonlinear systems: an application to a two-link robotic arm

The authors present an adaptive optimal control algorithm for uncertain nonlinear systems. A variational technique based on Pontryagin's maximum principle is used to track the system's unknown terms and to calculate the optimal control. The reformulation of the variational technique as an initial value problem allows this microprocessor-based algorithm to perform as a closed-loop controller by updating the model and controlling the system online. To validate the algorithm a system representing a two-link mechanical manipulator is simulated. In the control model, the coupling and friction terms are unknown. The robot's task is to follow a prescribed trajectory and to pick up an unknown mass. >
Microtubule-dependent Intracellular Transport in Chromatophores

Intracellular transport of various formed inclusions such as mitochondria, granules, vesicles and other particles is one of the most obvious and easily observed features of a living cell. Conspicuous and well-studied examples include protoplasmic streaming in plant cells and slime molds, chromosome transport during mitosis, transport of material along the axon of nerve cells, saltatory particle movement in cultured cells, and the movement of pigment organelles in chromatophores. With the exception of the first category (protoplasmic streaming), these forms of intracellular movement have one main feature in common: transport is spatially related to microtubules. Exactly what role the microtubules play in many of these forms of movement is, however, not understood.