cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The crying of newly born babies: II. The individual phase

Summary A controlled study on crying of fifty individual babies was made in a hospital during April, 1944. Four observers took turns in recording the amount of crying in minutes and the estimated causes of the crying. The amount of crying for the baby with the least crying activity was 386 minutes during eight days, or 48.2 minutes per day. The baby who cried the most totaled 1,947 minutes during eight days, or 243 minutes per day. The average crying per infant amounted to 936 minutes during eight days, or 117 minutes per day. A definite correlation between crying and nursing care was noted: the more care, the less crying. The distribution of the total crying time of the fifty babies was bell-shaped. A graph of the crying of the average baby per day for eight days resulted in a smooth curve, while that of any individual infant climbed and fell in an irregular manner. Three different methods were used to evaluate the relation of crying to weight gain and feeding. The results were vague, except for that of the last method, which showed 17.8 minutes less crying daily in favor of the good feeders. An attempt was made to estimate the causes of crying. Obvious causes, such as hunger, vomiting, soiled and wet diapers, and unknown reasons, were tabulated in minutes and number of spells. The most clear-cut result of our study of the causes of neonatal crying is the demonstration of the importance of unknown reasons. In total minutes of crying this group of reasons closely approaches the amount for hunger and in the number of crying spells it exceeds it.
Rights discourse and neonatal euthanasia.

In the attempt to defend the principle that needs do make rights, it is possible to forget about the range of needs which cannot be specified as rights and to let them slip out of the language of politics. Rights language offers a rich vernacular for the claims an individual may make on or against the collectivity, but it is relatively impoverished as a means of expressing individuals' needs for the collectivity. It can only express the human ideal of fraternity as mutual respect for rights, and it can only defend the claim to be treated with dignity in terms of our common identity as rights-bearing creatures .... The administrative good conscience of our time seems to consist in respecting individuals' rights while demeaning them as persons. Michael Ignatieff1
Direct Measurements of Gas Bulk Flows in the Intracluster Medium of the Centaurus Cluster with the Chandra Satellite

We present the analysis of the velocity structure of the intracluster gas near the core of Abell 3526 obtained with two off-center Chandra observations, specifically designed to eliminate errors due to spatial variations of the instrumental gain. We detected a significant velocity gradient along the northeast-southwest direction, roughly perpendicular to the direction of the incoming subgroup Cen 45, in agreement with previous ASCA SIS measurements. The presence of gas bulk velocities is observed both with and without the inclusion of the Fe K line complex in the spectral fittings. The configuration and magnitude of the velocity gradient is consistent with near transonic circulatory motion, either bulk or eddylike. The velocity difference obtained using the best calibrated central regions of ACIS-S3 is found to be (2.4 ± 1.0) × 103 km s-1 for rectangular regions 24 × 3' roughly diametrically opposed around the cluster's core. There are also indications of a high-velocity zone toward the southern region with similar magnitudes. The detection of velocity gradients is significant at >99.4% confidence, and simulations show that intrachip gain fluctuations >1800 km s-1 are required to explain the velocity gradient by chance. The measurements suggest that >1% of the total merger energy can still be bulk kinetic 0.4 Gyr after the merging event. This is the first direct confirmation of velocity gradients in the intracluster gas with independent instruments and indicates that strong departure from hydrostatic equilibrium is possible even for cool clusters that do not show obvious signs of merging.
Modular, Fine-Grained Adaptation of Parallel Programs

We present a modular approach to realizing fine-grained adaptation of program behavior in a parallel environment. Using a compositional framework based on function call interception and manipulation, the adaptive logic to monitor internal program states and control the behavior of program modules is written and managed as a separate code, thus supporting centralized design of complex adaptation strategies for adapting to dynamic changes within an application. By `catching' the functions that execute in synchronization across the parallel environment and inserting the adaptive logic operations at the intercepted control points, the proposed method provides a convenient way of synchronous adaptation without disturbing the parallel execution and communication structure already established in the original program. Applying our method to a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation program to implement example adaptation scenarios, we demonstrate how effectively applications can change their behavior through fine-grained control.
Rapid MIC testing with the sensititre autoreader.

Automated microdilution MIC results, obtained with the Autoreader (Sensititre, Inc., Salem, N.H.) following 5 h of incubation, were compared with manually read, concurrent control MICs following 18 h of incubation in a three-laboratory comparative study. A total of 704 members of the family Enterobacteriaceae or similar gram-negative organisms were tested against 17 antimicrobial agents. Autoreader MICs were within 1 doubling dilution of control values in 92.9% of instances. Discrepancies of +/- 2 doubling dilutions and +/- 3 or greater doubling dilutions were noted in 4.5 and 2.6%, respectively, of the 7,687 drug-organism combinations analyzed. The majority of errors occurred when beta-lactam antimicrobial agents were tested with a variety of different species. MICs at 5 h, when Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used, were possible in only half the isolates tested and yielded data on only a limited number of drugs in the remaining instances. Excluding results obtained with penicillin and ampicillin, which were uniformly poor, Staphylococcus aureus Autoreader values were within +/- 1 doubling dilution of control values in 93.6% of instances, 5.4% varied by +/- 2 dilutions, and only 1% of test values by +/- 3 or more dilutions from control values for 82 isolates tested against nine antimicrobial agents. Of eight additional S. aureus isolates tested that were resistant to methicillin, only one was read correctly by the Autoreader, with results on the remaining seven appearing as either insufficient growth or as total resistance to all drugs tested. Interlaboratory reproducibility was excellent for selected isolates of S. aureus and gram-negative bacilli. The accuracy of the Sensititre Autoreader MIC results was comparable to that of other same-day quantitative systems for members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus, while the economic and procedural advantages of the broth microdilution method was maintained.
Vision disturbance after TBI.

Visual problems are common in patients with severe TBI [1]. Diplopia is among the most frustrating of visual disturbances for patients, due to its functional consequences. This is further compounded by often slow, and at times, incomplete or partial recovery over six months or longer. Ocular cranial nerve injuries (particularly trochlear nerve) occur in 0.2%–1.4% of severe TBI patients [2]. This paper presents a new prism treatment application for treating rotational diplopia arising from Trochlear nerve injury.
The natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms

Because improved understanding of the natural history of thoracic aneurysms would enhance our ability to determine in which cases the risk of surgical treatment is justified, the rate of enlargement of thoracic aneurysms and thoracoabdominal aneurysms was studied in 67 patients by means of serial computer-generated three-dimensional reconstructions of computed tomographic scans. Patients were followed for a mean of 1.5 +/- 0.15 years (0.2 to 5.35 years) with an average interval between examinations of 0.9 +/- 0.1 year (0.2 to 5.0 years). Thirty-nine patients continue to be followed; 7 were lost to follow-up; 14 died during follow-up (4 after aneurysm rupture), and 10 underwent an operation. Indications for operation included the presence of pain, an absolute aortic diameter larger than 8 cm, an increase in aortic diameter of more than 1 cm per year, or marked irregularity of aneurysm contour. Aortic diameter and volume data were generated from the aortic silhouette obtained by tracing each computed tomographic slice with a translucent digitizing tablet. Estimated change in aortic diameter after 1 year was 0.43 cm; estimated change in aortic volume was 88.1 ml. The impact of possible risk factors on the enlargement of aneurysms was examined by analysis of variance (p 5 cm) at diagnosis (change in diameter = 0.17 cm versus 0.79 cm; change in volume = 40 ml versus 141.8 ml), and in smokers (change in diameter = 0.35 cm versus 0.70 cm; change in volume = 78.3 ml versus 120.8 ml). Changes in diameter and volume for aneurysms of different initial diameters and volumes was predicted by exponential regression by the equations: change in diameter = 0.0167 (initial aortic diameter)2.1; change in volume = 0.0356 (initial aortic volume)1.322. No correlation was noted between the rate of enlargement and age, sex, or the presence of dissection. A history of hypertension correlated with a greater aortic diameter at diagnosis but did not significantly affect the rate of enlargement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evidence for repair of ozone induced membrane injury: alteration in sugar uptake.

Abstract After short term ozone exposure (0.6–0.8 ppm O3 for 1 h) of pinto bean plants, leaf discs punched from the primary leaves show an enhanced uptake of 2-deoxyglucose. We assume the latter is the result of an alteration in membrane selectivity or permeability. In leaves which are too young to show visible ozone induced necrosis, after 5 days in a normal light regime the increased uptake returned to the control, an indication of natural repair of ozone injury. Continuous light or glucose treatment enhances the rate of repair whereas continuous dark delays the repair. We assume these observations indicate the presence of an energy dependent repair process for ozone induced injury.
yagg: an easy-to-use generator for structured test inputs

Automated testing typically uses specifications to drive the generation of test inputs and/or the checking of program outputs. Many software systems have structurally complex inputs that cannot be adequately described using simple formalisms such as context-free grammars. In order to generate such inputs, many automated testing environments require the user to express the structure of the input using an unfamiliar formal notation. This raises the cost of employing automated testing, thereby offsetting the benefits gained. We present yagg (yet another generator-generator), a tool that allows the programmer to specify the input using a syntax very similar to that of LEX and YACC, widely used scanner and parser generators. yagg allows the user to bound the input space using several different techniques, and generates an input generator that systematically enumerates inputs. We evaluate the ease of use and performance of the tool relative to a model checker-based generator used in previous research. Our experiences indicate that yagg generators can be somewhat slower, but that the ease-of-use afforded by the familiar syntax may be attractive to users.
β-Lactamases and Resistance to Penicillins and Cephalosporins in Serratia marcescens

Strains of Serratia marcescens fall into one of two groups with respect to their resistance to to beta-lactum antibiotics. Most strains are highly resistant to cephalosporins but are significantly more susceptible to ampicillin and carbenicillin, whereas other strains are highly resistant to both penicillins and cephalosporins. Strains in the former category produce small amounts of an inducible cephalosporinase, which appears to be chromosomally mediated. Strains in the latter class also elaborate large amounts of a noninducible penicillinase-cephalosporinase, which is plasmidmediated. Ability to produce this type of enzyme can be transferred to Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli and may be lost spontaneously or after exposure of S. marcescens to "curing" agents.
Extraordinary Circularly Polarized Luminescence Activity Exhibited by Cesium Tetrakis(3-heptafluoro-butylryl-(+)-camphorato) Eu(III) Complexes in EtOH and CHCl3 Solutions

The largest CPL activity ever measured was observed for cesium tetrakis(3-heptafluoro-butylryl-(+)-camphorato) Eu(III) complexes in EtOH and CHCl3 solutions substantiating the stereospecific formation of chiral Δ-SAPR-(C4) configuration with the aid of Cs+···FC (fluorocarbon) interactions more clearly than the exciton CD spectra.
Regulatory mimicry in Listeria monocytogenes actin-based motility

The actin-based motility of the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes relies on ActA, a bacterial factor with a structural domain allowing it to mimic the actin nucleation-promoting activity of host cell proteins of the WASP/WAVE family. Here, we used an RNAi-based genetic approach in combination with computer-assisted image analysis to investigate the role of host factors in L. monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread. We showed that the host cell serine/threonine kinase CK2 is required for efficient actin tail formation by L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, CK2-mediated phosphorylation of ActA regulated its affinity for the actin-nucleating ARP2/3 complex, as is the case for CK2-mediated phosphorylation of WASP and WAVE. Thus, ActA not only displays structural mimicry of WASP/WAVE family members, but also regulatory mimicry, having precisely co-opted the host machinery regulating these proteins. Comparisons based on ActA amino acid sequence suggest that unrelated pathogens that display actin-based motility may have evolved a similar strategy of regulatory mimicry.
Resedimented Pelagic Carbonate and Volcaniclastic Sediments and Sedimentary Structures in Leg 30 DSDP Cores from the Western Equatorial Pacific

Pelagic carbonate and Volcaniclastic sediments from Sites 288 and 289 on the Ontong-Java Plateau show evidence of resedimentation by turbidity and ocean bottom currents. The evidence includes sedimentary structures, the admixing of pelagic-derived carbonate sediment with Volcaniclastic sediment, and the arrangement of these two sediment types into a sequence. Sedimentary structures include current ripples preserved as wavy beds, micro-cross-laminae, clay drapes, flaser bedding, lenticular bedding, and parallel lamination. The sequence consists of a basal scour overlain by graded, fresh volcaniclastic siltstone, resedimented limestone containing locally derived components interbedded with altered volcanic ash, and pelagic limestone consisting of nannofossils. The resedimented limestone contains parallel laminae, current ripples, clay drapes, and lenticular, flaser, and wavy bedding. The graded siltstone was deposited by turbidity currents, whereas the limestone was resedimented by ocean currents characterized by alternating phases of bedload or suspension sedimentation of either tidal or longer termed periodicity. Partial sequences consisting of combinations of any two of these three sediment types are common to the Ontong-Java Plateau and haye been described from other deep ocean settings.
Infection of plants by the feeding of aphids on leaves sprayed with tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract Local lesions in Nicotiana glutinosa occurred when aphids ( Myzus persicae or Aulacorthum circumflexus ) were given access to leaves that had been sprayed with concentrated, semipurified tobacco mosaic virus. It is assumed that inoculation occurred when the aphids penetrated plant tissue during stylet probes.
The crystal structure of anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase from the enterobacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum.

The structure of anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase from the enterobacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum has been solved at 2.4 A in complex with Mn2+-pyrophosphate, and at 1.9 A without ligands. The enzyme structure has a novel phosphoribosyltransferase (PRT) fold and displays close homology to the structures of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases. The enzyme is a homodimer with a monomer of 345 residues. Each monomer consists of two subdomains, α and α/β, which form a cleft containing the active site. The nature of the active site is inferred from the trapped MnPPi complex and detailed knowledge of the active sites of nucleoside phosphorylases. With the anthranilate (An)PRT structure solved, the structures of all the enzymes required for tryptophan biosynthesis are now known.
Techniques for measuring fluorescence and phosphorescence of biological materials.

— Techniques and instruments for measuring the luminescence, fluorescence. and phosphorescence of proteins and nucleic acids are described. Emphasis is placed on the principles of the instruments and the procedures which are necessary to measure quantitatively the luminescence from biological macromolecules at 77°K. Examples are given of the effect of denaturation on luminescence of both proteins and nucleic acids. on ways in which the luminescence can be associated with particular constituents, and finally on the influence that electronic energy transfer has on the excitation spectra of protein luminescences. These examples typify the relationship of luminescence spectra to the conformation and constitution of macromolecules.
Computer modeling of lattice dynamics in halide elpasolites

Abstract Lattice dynamics calculations were performed on the crystals K 2 NaScF 6 , K 2 NaGaF 6 and Cs 2 NaYCl 6 with cubic elpasolite structure, by means of pair potentials developed for lattice statics calculations. The predicted dispersion curves account well for the pressure dependence of Raman spectra. In addition, a low-temperature phase transition in K 2 NaScF 6 is explained as a librational instability.
Morphine antagonists and consummatory behaviors

Opiate antagonists were tested for their effects upon either drinking or eating in eight experiments. Naloxone, nalorphine, and the active isomer of WIN 44,441 all reduce drinking. Neither an analog of nalorphine that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, nor the inactive isomer of WIN 44,441 is effective in reducing water intake. These data provide support for the conclusion that these antagonists ahve stereospecific effects within the central nervous system. Naloxone suppresses drinking following procedures inducing osmotic, volemic, or hormonal thirst. Naloxone suppresses eating following procedures inducing glucoprivation but does not alter eating elicited by tail-pressure. Collectively, these data lead to the conclusion that endorphins play a role in the organization of ingestive behavior following challenges to homeostasis.
Persistent and/or late complications of combined radiation therapy and hyperthermia.

Persistent and/or late complications were analysed in 64 patients (183 fields) that were treated with combined hyperthermia and radiation therapy for advanced, recurrent or metastatic cancer. The incidence and type of complications were evaluated over a minimum follow-up period of 2 years from the onset of treatment (mean 38.7 months; range 24–82.5 months). The primary malignancies included: breast (39), melanomas (6). adenoid cystic carcinomas of salivary glands (4), prostate (4), soft tissue sarcomas (3), squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (3), lymphomas (3). transitional cell carcinoma of bladder (1) and basal cell carcinoma of the skin (1). The persistent complications noted included in duration and fibrosis (39 hyperthermia fields, 22 patients), ulceration at the site of prior tumour (three patients, three fields), and ulceration in normal tissue (one patient, one field). Brachial plexopathy developed in one patient treated for recurrent breast cancer, but she had active disease at that time. A...
Seeding expert system technology: a practical approach

Introducing a new technology into an established environment is often slow and painful. This paper discusses how one conventional programming laboratory got started with expert systems through a cultivation approach. This approach resulted in three prototype expert systems, which are now used as learning tools for the lab. The knowledge engineering techniques used to capture the expertise were unique: the first system's source was a human consultant; the second system's source was a book; and the third system's source was a combination of human and book knowledge. This paper describes the development of the three systems, the rationale for the subject matter and practical techniques that were used to seed expert system technology in business.The expert systems described in this paper were developed solely as classroom material to be used in providing instruction in expert system technology. They are not intended for, nor are they supported for, any other use.
Increased prevalence of insulin resistance in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss

Abstract Objective: To determine whether insulin resistance is associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Design: Single center, case-controlled, prospective study. Setting: University-associated reproductive endocrinology clinical practice. Patient(s): Seventy-four nonpregnant, nondiabetic women with RPL. Controls were 74 fertile, nonpregnant, nondiabetic women without RPL who had at least one live infant, and were matched by age, race, and body mass index (BMI). Intervention(s): Both groups consented to obtaining fasting insulin and glucose levels. Main Outcome Measure(s): Insulin resistance was defined as a fasting insulin level >20 μU/mL or a fasting glucose to insulin ratio of Result(s): Among the 74 women with RPL, 20 (27.0%) demonstrated insulin resistance, whereas only 7 of 74 (9.5%) of the matched controls were insulin resistant (odds ratio 3.55; 95% confidence interval 1.40–9.01). The RPL and control groups were similar with respect to age, ethnicity, and BMI. The RPL and control groups had similar fasting glucose levels and glucose-to-insulin ratios. However, fasting insulin levels ≥20 μU/mL were statistically different between the two groups (odds ratio 3.92). Conclusion(s): Women with RPL have a significantly increased prevalence of insulin resistance when compared with matched fertile controls.
Testing a Flow-Through Respirometer for Use in Early Warning of Water Contamination

There is the potential to use continuous sampling whole effluent toxicity monitors, based on respirometry, as early warning systems for water contamination. in order to apply these monitors, however, many issues influencing system response and data analysis must be addressed. This study examines the use of a continuous flow-through toxicity monitor (Bioscan®) to (1) determine the sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of the toxicity monitor to different concentrations of a stressing agent (in this case pH), (2) establish operational and maintenance procedures, and (3) examine the consistency in the measured response to a single perturbation. The system precision was sensitive to all the pH pulse perturbations, with stable background variability (1 % to 6%); however, replicated pulse applications demonstrated that the system has lower accuracy (31 % to 38%). The response consistency was limited, with notable differences in maximum dissolved oxygen and recovery time. The initial response time (inclining slope) was relatively consistent. Although this examination should be repeated with other contaminants used to stress the toxicity monitor, it appears that continuous flow-through toxicity monitors like the Bioscan® are well suited for qualitative early alert warning systems for water contamination.
Reply by the Author to S. D. Hendry

I N “ConjectureAbout OrthogonalFunctions,”1 I presenteda conjecture “...to provoke insight that could lead to a proof of the conjecture at a later date.” That insight came from Stephen Hendry in his comment about that paper.Hendry showed that the conjecture follows froma theoremgivenin the1939 textbookentitledOrthogonal Polynomialsby Szego. The theorem is called the Gauss–Jacobi quadraturetheorem,althoughcontributionsto the theoremwere also made by Christoffel, Mehler, and Heine.3i8 The theorem is stated as follows. If x1 < x2 < ¢ ¢ ¢ < xn denote the zeros of the polynomial pn.x/, there exist real numbers31; 32; : : : ; 3n such that Z b
Formation of gigantic mitochondria in hypoxic isolated perfused rat hearts

Herzen gesunder, erwachsener Ratten wurden mit Krebs-Henseleit-Bikarbonatlosung durchstromt (95% O2∶5% CO2). Bei kunstlich herbeigefuhrter Hypoxie (95% N2∶5% CO2) erschienen die Herzmitochondrien innerhalb von 7 min bedeutend vergrossert und zu 25% miteinander verschmolzen.
Interdependence of corticosterone and thyroid hormones in larval toads (Bufo boreas). I. Thyroid hormone‐dependent and independent effects of corticosterone on growth and development

In a previous study (Hayes et al. [1993] J. Exp. Zool., 266: 206–215), we demonstrated that exogenous corticosterone (B) inhibited growth, and had varied effects on development and metamorphosis in the toad(Bufo boreas). The current study determined the relation between the action (length and height), rear leg growth and differentiation, and foreleg emergence (FLE). Thiourea (Thio; a goitrogen) and metyrapone (MTP; a glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor) were used to determine the role of endogenous hormones in growth and development. These inhibitors were also used in various combinations with the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), to determine the extent to which B's actions depend on the thyroid hormones. B was ineffective at inducing tail reduction (length and height) in the presence of Thio, but B enhanced the effects of both thyroid hormones, suggesting that the action of B on the tail were dependent on thyroid hormones. B inhibited body growth even in the presence of Thio, but did not enhance thyroid hormone's inhibition of growth. B alone stimulated foreleg emergence (FLE) and enhanced thyroid hormone's activity on FLE when B and the thyroid hormones were given in combination, but did not induce FLE in the presence of Thio. B stimulated rear leg development, but not in the presence of Thio, suggesting that this effect was due to interactions with thyroid hormones. Furthermore, MTP antagonized the stimulatory effect of T4 on rear leg development, suggesting that endogenous B also interacted with exogenous thyroid hormones. While the thyroid hormones stimulated rear leg growth, B inhibited rear leg growth and antagonized the effects of the thyroid hormones when the hormones were given together. This study demonstrated that while some of the effects of B (such as the stimulation of tail resorption) depend on endogenous thyroid hormones, other effects (such as the inhibition of rear leg growth) are antagonistic to the thyroid hormones. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Organizational and individual factors in bringing research to practice: What we know, where we need to go

In this commentary, we examine the articles in this special issue in terms of a continuum of research to practice strategies currently used in school psychology. On one end of the continuum is the publish and hope approach, and at the other end is the change the organization to fit the innovation approach. We present the concept of innovation implementation as central to research to practice issues, and we review literature about organizational and individual factors that affect the success of innovation implementation. A new research-to-practice approach in which there is a dynamic, ongoing alliance between researchers and practitioners is suggested. Implications for researchers, practitioners, trainers, and professional organizations are described. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 569–576, 2005.
In situ determination of PCB congener-specific first order absorption/desorption rate constants using Chironomus tentans larvae (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae)

Abstract The uptake of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was measured in the larvae of a laboratory-reared chironomid midge, Chironomus tentans, placed in the upper Hudson river, New York during 2 months in 1985. This procedure was investigated as a method for determining water congener concentrations during times of fluctuating PCB levels, and to model uptake of PCBs by river biota. After a 96 h exposure period, total PCB concentrations in the test organisms averaged 6.7 μmgg−1 total PCBs, compared with water concentrations of 67 ng 1−1 (mean value for both months). Uptake and elimination constants, time to equilibrium and concentration factors were calculated for each of 21 selected congeners. Analysis of PCB congeners in insects harvested at intervals during the 96 h period showed that uptake differs with varying degrees of chlorination relative to water concentrations. At the end of the exposure period, concentration factors ranged from 4000 to over 300,000 times the water concentrations. Differences in the replicate indicate potential problems with this method as a field tool; instead of using all congeners separated in analysis, several individual congeners should be selected for use based on their importance to the river fauna and the consistency with which they are analyzed.
A reinvestigation of the crystal structure of (4-aminobenzophenone)dichlorocuprate(II) hemiethanolate

The crystal structure of CuCl2L·1/2 C2H5OH has been redetermined, where L=4-aminobenzophenone. C14H14Cl2CuNO1.5,Mr=354.5, monoclinic, P21/c,a=8.206(1),b=6.196(2),c=29.917 (7) A, β=92.91°,V=1521.8(6) A3,Z=4,Dx=1.55 g cm−3, λ(MoKα)=0.71069A, μ=17.9 cm−1,F(000)=720,T=295K. The 1984 unique reflections (20<45°), of which 1635 had |Fo|≥3σ (Fo), refined to a finalR of 0.042 andwR=0.049 for the 3σ data set. The structure is disordered at room temperature with the ethanol molecules, present at half-occupancy, coordinating to only one half of the Cu(II) ions. The structure is comprised of two types of chains which run parallel tob. One type of chain consists of stacks of CuCl2L(C2H5OH) monomer units, which yield a 4+2 coordination geometry for each Cu atom in the chains. The second type of chains has stacks of binuclear Cu2Cl4N2 species with a 4+1 coordination exhibited by each Cu. The location and orientation of the L ligands appear to be identical in the two stacks. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between L ligands in adjacent stacks leave space for only one ethanol molecule per two ligands.
Spectroscopic and photophysical studies of the anticancer drug: Camptothecin

Abstract Electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra as well as the photophysical properties of 20-(S)-camptothecin were studied in a series of organic solvents and in aqueous solution. The fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime were measured. In contrast to previously reported results, this study has demonstrated that there is a marked increase of fluorescence quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime with an increase in solvent polarity and hydrogen-bonding capacity. The solvent dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime are explained. The solvent effects indicate that the S 1 state of CAM is 1 π,π ∗ -type with some contribution from a close-lying higher energy 1 π,π ∗ state. The fluorescence lifetime of the drug was measured in sucrose solutions of varying viscosity and it was observed that the lifetime decreased with an increase in viscosity. The fluorescence quenching of both camptothecin lactone and camptothecin carboxylate in interactions with I − ion in aqueous medium is reported. The fluorescence intensity of both forms are mainly quenched by the dynamic process. The quenching constant of the lactone form is twice as high as that of the carboxylate form.
Protein kinase C-mediated regulation of the renal Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter, NaDC-1

The Na(+)/dicarboxylate cotransporter of the renal proximal tubule, NaDC-1, reabsorbs Krebs cycle intermediates, such as succinate and citrate, from the tubular filtrate. Although long-term regulation of this transporter by chronic metabolic acidosis and K(+) deficiency is well documented, there is no information on acute regulation of NaDC-1. In the present study, the transport of succinate in Xenopus oocytes expressing NaDC-1 was inhibited up to 95% by two activators of protein kinase C, phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) and sn-1, 2-dioctanoylglycerol (DOG). Activation of protein kinase A had no effect on NaDC-1 activity. The inhibition of NaDC-1 transport by PMA was dose-dependent, and could be prevented by incubation of the oocytes with staurosporine. Mutations of the two consensus protein kinase C phosphorylation sites in NaDC-1 did not affect inhibition by PMA. The inhibitory effects of PMA were partially prevented by cytochalasin D, which disrupts microfilaments and endocytosis. PMA treatment was also associated with a decrease of approximately 30% in the amount of NaDC-1 protein found on the plasma membrane. We conclude that the inhibition of NaDC-1 transport activity by PMA occurs by a combination of endocytosis and inhibition of transport activity.
Square means and geometric means in lattice-ordered groups and vector lattices

The geometric mean and the square mean of two positive real numbers are determined by the order in the sense that they can be written as (respectively) an infinite meet and an infinite join. We use this observation to define the geometric mean and the square mean on the positive elements of an Abelian lattice-ordered group. For certain totally ordered fields and vector lattices, the square mean can be used to define a new compatible addition. The resulting structure lives inside the complexification of the original structure and is constructed by using a general method for extending commutative lattice-ordered monoids to Abelian lattice-ordered groups. We describe this method and use it as the starting point for similar constructions of lattice-ordered rings and vector lattices.
DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF JAPANESE MARKETING

Japanese and American marketing executives have different perceptions of Japanese marketing approaches, concepts and strategies. Differences in perceptions of Japanese market protection, superpower status, government assistance, Westernisation, competition, organisation, consumers and decisions are investigated.
Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid gland

Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma (HTA) is a rare primary thyroid neoplasm. Ever since its initial descriptions, controversy has surrounded the lesion, particularly in regard to its malignant potential and most appropriate terminology. HTA shares many features with medullary thyroid carcinoma and particularly papillary thyroid carcinoma, making it an especially treacherous lesion on fine-needle aspiration (FNA). This manuscript reviews the history and pathologic features of HTA, with particular attention to cytologic findings and differential diagnosis.
A Response to My Critics

In The Passion for Happiness, I attempt to situate Johnson alongside Hume within a common Enlightenment culture and, in so doing, to give us a better idea of what that culture is, or may be said to be.11 am concerned in the book to analyze what I see as their shared debts to classical eudaimonism, particularly as it is presented in the philosophical dialogues of Cicero. In this regard, my book builds upon Peter Jones's Hume's Sentiments: Their Ciceronian and French Contexts (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1982); I am also deeply indebted to some recent re-interpreters of Hellenistic ethics, especially to Martha Nussbaum, Julia Annas, and Lawrence Becker. A third of my book, however, is devoted to a discussion of Johnson and Hume's roughly parallelÂ—and, I think, mutually illuminatingÂ—careers as political writers and commentators, including the political and moral casts of their historiographical writings. The titles of chapters 7 through 9Â—"The Passions and Patterns of History," "Enthusiasm and Empire," "Constancy"Â—suggest at least my hopes that The Passion for Happiness might be of some interest to intellectual and political historians. My commentators, however, are both philosophers, and as such have chosen to focus on the first half of my book, chiefly chapters 2 to 6. Within this restricted purview, William Connolly offers what I in general find to be a judicious, even a generous, assessment of my arguments. Yet while I acknowledge that it's the religious differences between Johnson and Hume that "constitute the greatest obstacle to any rapprochement between them" (Connolly 158), I would still want to emphasize, as I do in my book, that Johnson and
Ganymede: Cat's Cradle of the Ices

The Jovian satellite Ganymede is composed of ice and silicate minerals. According to a recent analysis (Nature, 292, 225–227, 1981) by French geochemists J. P. Poirier, C. Satin, and J. Peyronneau of the University of Paris, the ice forms of Ganymede may have undergone a complex pressure-temperature history. The mechanism proposed solid state convection of high-pressure phases of H20 driven by heat from radioactive decay of U, Th, and K contained in Ganymede's ‘hard rocks.’ Poirier and his colleagues describe the geologic history of Ganymede as a passage of the ices, from Ice 1 to Ice 8, through the web of phase boundaries in pressure-temperature space. Viscosity is the clue, it seems. Poirier et al. made visual observations with a ruby-window, high-pressure apparatus positioned for viewing under a microscope. Tap water contained in the sample chamber was frozen directly to Ice 6 by the application of pressure alone, at room temperature. Poirier et al. observed the Ice 6 crystals growing, and then undergoing a creep-flow process over a period of 17 minutes or so, along a superimposed pressure gradient. The Ice 6 crystals were photographed and their positions noted by precise markers.
A history of music & dance in Florida, 1565-1865

When the Spanish and French arrived in Florida, they were greeted with music and dance performed by Timucuan instrumentalists, Calusa choruses, and Apalachee dancers. Through the following three centuries, music by Native Americans, European adventurers, backwoods pioneers, slaves from Africa and the West Indies, sailors, soldiers, and professional ensembles brought to the cultural life of Florida a rich musical mixture distinctive from that of nearby regions - and heretofore unchronicled by music historians. Oscar Sonneck once wrote that the history of music in the United States is treated as though the writer were sitting behind a New England church window. Such a limited perspective has led Floridians and non-Floridians alike to dismiss the state's musical heritage as beginning and ending with the state song - Stephen Foster's "Swanee River (Old Folks at Home)". By drawing on documents of cultural history largely overlooked by previous scholars of music history, Housewright re-creates the experiences of eye-and-ear witnesses to the many musical voices of Florida, from the first permanent European settlement in 1565 through the end of the Civil War in 1865. Housewright enlivens the text with musical examples, some of which have never been published, including Seminole songs, Minorcan ballads, seafarers' shanties, Huguenot hymns, fiddle tunes from the Bahamas and the Carolinas, Spanish dances, military marches, spirituals, work chants, folk songs, and Key West hornpipes. Florida's settlers sang and played songs from their old homes and added new verses and variations reflecting their new lives. Of special significance is the treatment of Native American music and dance. In 1566, more than 500 Calusa girls, in groups of 50, sang for Spanish "adelantado" Pedro Memendez. Centuries later, Florida's Seminoles performed elaborately choreographed dances to the rhythm of water drums - kettles filled with water and covered with buckskin. Although aboriginal musical culture was described in detail by the Europeans who encountered it in Florida (where European exploration and settlement preceded that of other parts of North America), historians have rarely focused on the documentary evidence of Florida's indigenous music.
Improving the performance of Higdon non-reflecting boundary conditions by using weighted differencing

An improved version of the Higdon non-reflecting boundary scheme is presented, incorporating a weighting factor in the finite difference implementation. This weighting factor was mentioned briefly in the original Higdon papers but was not pursued further by Higdon or in subsequent development by later researchers. In this paper, we show analytically and by example that this weighting factor significantly improves the absorption properties of the boundary scheme, by as much as 99% over the unweighted scheme of the same order and 99.99% over the classic Sommerfeld radiation condition.
Clinical significance of night-to-night sleep variability in insomnia

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the clinical relevance of night-to-night variability of sleep schedules and insomnia symptoms. Methods The sample consisted of 455 patients (193 men, mean age = 48) seeking treatment for insomnia in a sleep medicine clinic. All participants received group cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI). Variability in sleep parameters was assessed using sleep diary data. Two composite scores were computed, a behavioral schedule composite score (BCS) and insomnia symptom composite score (ICS). The Insomnia Severity Index, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Morningness–Eveningness Composite Scale were administered at baseline and post-treatment. Results Results revealed that greater BCS scores were significantly associated with younger age, eveningness chronotype, and greater depression severity ( p p p Conclusions Results suggest that variability in sleep schedules predict reduction in insomnia and depressive severity following group CBTI. Schedule variability may be particularly important to assess and address among patients with high depression symptoms and those with the evening chronotype.
CYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE KIDNEY I. ROLE OF CELL MULTIPLICATION IN NORMAL GROWTH

Determinations of the desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of the kidneys of growing rats were made on the whole tissues and on isolated nuclei. It was found that the DNA content per nucleus is constant in rats of different weights. The DNA content of the kidneys increased proportionately to their mass over the range studied. It is concluded that increase in mass is primarily due to cell multiplication.
The Impact of Affirmative Action: Black Employment in Six Southern Cities*

Objectives. There have been numerous claims about the current role and impact of affirmative action, one of the most controversial public policies. The purpose of this research is to examine data on affirmative action and black employment in six representative Florida cities. Methods. Data were gathered on 167 randomly selected businesses through personal interviews with employers. OLS regression analysis was performed to explore the independent effects of affirmative action in a multivariate path model of employment-related predictors. Results. Employer support for affirmative action has a significant and positive influence on black employment, particularly at higher job levels. Conclusions. Affirmative action has developed a constituency among employers who value diversity in employment due to demographic changes that have altered labor and consumer markets.
The city manager in Kentucky

After three years' effort to secure legal power to adopt the city manager plan, the voters of Lexington, Covington and Newport, Kentucky, have ordered its introduction in their cities.
Modification of aldehyde dehydrogenase with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide: separation of dehydrogenase from esterase activity.

Dehydrogenase activity of the cytoplasmic (E1) isozyme of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) was almost totally abolished (3% activity remaining) by preincubation with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), while esterase activity with p-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate remained intact. The esterase reaction of the modified enzyme exhibited a hysteretic burst prior to achieving steady-state velocity; addition of NAD+ abolished the burst. TheK m for p-nitrophenyl acetate was increased, but physicochemical properties remained unchanged. The selective inactivation of dehydrogenase activity was the result of covalent bond formation. Protection by NAD+ and chloral, saturation kinetics, and the stoichiometry and specificity of interaction indicated that the reaction of DCC occurred at the active site of the E1 isozyme. The results suggested that some amino acid other than aspartate or glutamate, possibly a cysteine residue, located on a large tryptic peptide of the E1 enzyme, may have reacted with DCC.
Glutamine Supplementation and Deprivation: Effect on Artificially Reared Rat Small Intestinal Morphology

The mechanisms of how glutamine benefits critically ill patients have not been established. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dietary and endogenously produced glutamine on small intestinal morphology using light and transmission electron microscopy in artificially reared rat pups. It was hypothesized that deprivation of dietary glutamine leads to intestinal disease that is exacerbated by inhibition of glutamine synthetase by methionine sulfoximine (MS). Rat pups were placed into five different test groups: The first was a reference group that was reared by their mother. The other four groups were reared artificially and received a 10% Travasol amino acid solution at 5 g/kg per day, which does not contain glutamine, added to a mixture containing carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins. This dose was chosen because it represents an approximation of the amount of glutamine these rats would be receiving in a normal rat diet (approximately 40 g/kg per day total protein, 10 to 15% of which is glutamine + glutamate). The glutamine was manipulated by adding glutamine (Q) or MS or both. The four groups were as follows: MS−Q−, MS−Q+, MS+Q−, and MS+Q+. Light microscopy revealed the greatest blunting of villus height in the ileum of rats from the MS+Q− group when compared with the MS−Q+ group (123 ± 48.9 μm versus 207 ± 36 μm, p < 0.05). The other two groups exhibited intermediate villus heights, but all were shorter than the villi from the mother-reared animals. The number of villi per unit length of bowel was also lowest in the animals that were treated with MS and not provided with dietary glutamine. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated breakdown of the epithelial junctions in the glutamine-deprived and glutamine synthetase-inhibited intestines. Glutamine-deprived animals also displayed sloughing of microvilli, decreased actin cores, and degeneration of the terminal web. In summary, these studies support the hypothesis that glutamine is involved with maintenance of intestinal epithelial integrity.
Undocumented Mexico—U.S. Migration and the Returns to Households in Rural Mexico

This paper presents estimates of net income gains to a sample of households in rural Mexico from sending migrants illegally to the United States, correcting for sample selectivity bias, and it examines the role of expected income gains in driving illegal Mexico—U.S. migration. There is no evidence that people who migrate illegally to the United States are above-average contributors to household income, either as workers in Mexico or as Mexico—U.S. migrants. However, other things being equal, villagers who are in the best position to contribute to household income as workers in Mexico are positively selected not to migrate to the United States.