cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis of mustard derivatives. remarkable tosylate/chloride and chloride/dinitrophenolate rate ratios

Abstract Comparisons of leaving group solvolytic rate ratios for mustard derivatives with other substrate types reveals unusual OTs/Cl and Cl/ODNP rate ratios for mustards. A very tight transition state is suggested.
Evaluation of coastal bermuda grass protein isolate as a substitute for fishmeal in practical diets for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

In response to concerns over availability and cost of fishmeal for aquaculture feeds, a study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of a protein isolate from coastal Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The coastal Bermuda grass was treated by soaking in liquid anhydrous ammonia under high pressure at 70 C, a process known as Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX), followed by pressure release, extraction and isoelectric precipitation for isolation of the protein. Amino acid analysis of the isolate (32% crude protein) indicated a generally balanced profile that was first limiting in methionine. A feeding trial was conducted in which four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing incremental levels of the extracted, isolated protein were evaluated. The control diet contained 10% menhaden fishmeal and experimental diets were formulated so that the isolate replaced 33, 66 and 100% of the fishmeal on an equal-protein basis. Each diet was fed for 9 wk to triplicate groups of channel catfish fingerlings initially weighing approximately 14 g/fish. Apparent protein and organic matter digestibility of the isolate also was determined utilizing chromic oxide as an inert marker. Results of the feeding trial indicated that substitution of the isolate at all levels did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio or protein retention of channel catfish. Apparent protein and organic matter digestibility coeflicients of the isolate were 85 and 89%, respectively. These data indicate that the isolate was readily digested by channel catfish and was able to replace menhaden fishmeal (at 10% of diet) without adversely affecting fish performance. Additional research to evaluate substitution of other ingredients with the protein isolate appear warranted. Further research to optimize protein isolation procedures also is required.
Using Structured Discourse as a Language Intervention Technique with Autistic Children

A structured discourse strategy, employing child echoic imitations and adult expansion, was used to teach 5 autistic children two-term semantic relations. The 5 male preschoolers in late Stage I of linguistic development were exposed systematically to two-term semantic relations in a structured dialogue with a clinician. A combined multiple baseline and AB(A) design was used to examine the relationship between the clinician expansions and the children's subsequent spontaneous imitations and spontaneous productions. The results showed that an increase in modeling and expansion was related to an increase in the children's initial spontaneous imitations of two-term relations. Further, following the increase in spontaneous imitations, spontaneous productions of the two-term relations increased and were maintained, whereas spontaneous imitations subsequently decreased.
MONETARY COST OF A MODAL SHIFT

Placing an economic dollar value on the environmental impacts of shifting products from the waterway mode to a land mode is presented. Since the original study, completed in 1991, two of the three modal shift examples discussed have taken place. What caused the modal shifts to take place and their merits are also examined. The fuel cost efficiency of the water mode is compared with that of land modes and the air emission results of burning additional fuel to move the same product tonnage. Freight rate variations between the modes are not discussed because the focus is on environmental impact cost. When comparable, waterborne transportation has an environmental cost impact of one-fifth that of rail and one-tenth that of truck transport. Accident rates on a per ton-mile basis are also discussed, but no dollar figures are available for comparison purposes at this time.
Intercellular signaling of reproductive development by the C. elegans DAF-9 cytochrome P450.

Parallel pathways control C. elegans reproductive development in response to environmental cues. Attenuation of daf-2 insulin-like or daf-7 TGFβ-like signaling pathways cause developmental arrest at the stress resistant and long-lived dauer stage. Loss-of-function mutations in the cytochrome P450 gene daf-9 also cause dauer arrest and defects in cell migration. A rescuing daf-9 ::GFP fusion gene driven by the daf-9 promoter is expressed in two head cells at all stages, in the hypodermis from mid-second larval stage (L2) to the fourth larval stage (L4), and in the spermatheca of the adult hermaphrodite. Although the level of daf-9 ::GFP expression in the head cells and spermatheca is constant, hypodermal daf-9 ::GFP expression is modulated by multiple inputs. In particular, daf-9 ::GFP expression in the hypodermis is absolutely dependent on daf-12 , the nuclear receptor that is negatively regulated by daf-9 gene activity, suggesting feedback control between daf-9 and daf-12 in this tissue. daf-9 expression exclusively in the hypodermis is sufficient to restore reproductive development in daf-9 mutant animals, suggesting that daf-9 functions in a cell nonautonomous manner. Furthermore, constitutive expression of daf-9 in the hypodermis suppresses dauer arrest of daf-7 mutant animals and inhibits dauer remodelling of some tissues in daf-2 mutant animals. Thus, daf-9 may integrate outputs from daf-2 and daf-7 signaling pathways to relay neuroendocrine signals through synthesis of a lipophilic hormone.
Connection between the Xα method and ligand field theory

A general expression for the configuration centers of ligand field theory is obtained and compared with that of the Xα method. This comparison permits computation of 10Dq from eigenvalues of the Xα solutions.
Remote ENSO influence on Mediterranean sky conditions during late summer and autumn: Evidence for a slowly evolving atmospheric bridge

Several previous studies have reported significant El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signals in precipitation fields over the Mediterranean region during boreal summer and autumn. However, responsible physical mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we report significant simultaneous ENSO signals in ship-observed visible-sky conditions over the north-eastern Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea (WM) during late summer and autumn in 1956–95, consistent with previous studies of precipitation. This remote correlation was stronger in 1956–75 than in 1976–95 and 30-year moving average correlations were stronger throughout the 1956–95 epoch than at any other time over the last 120 years. Previous epochs of relatively weak positive and negative correlation occurred between 1890 and 1920 and between 1920 and 1950, respectively. Analysis of atmospheric flows during 1956–95 indicates that the strong ENSO–WM correlation in the August–October season arises from a previously unreported quasi-stationary Rossby wave propagating eastwards from the western equatorial Pacific. This component weakens between 1956–75 and 1976–95, consistent with the reduced correlation of the ENSO–WM sky conditions between the same periods. In order to fully understand the observed long-term variations of remote ENSO correlation over the WM, further studies are required, including the potential roles of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Sahelian rainfall and Atlantic sea surface temperature. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The radar observation of lightning

Abstract In this paper are reported a series of observations of radar echoes from lightning discharges detected on a horizontally scanning system. The investigation has comprised the development of a practical and convenient method of studying many properties of high-level strokes which heretofore have been inaccessible to observation. Descriptions are presented of the methods of observation used, consideration being given to the physical, geometrical and meteorological factors involved, and the resulting interpretations are explained. A photograph of the echo from a discharge over 100 miles in length is shown, as well as many others exhibiting novel or interesting characteristics.
Small scale heterogeneity of Phanerozoic lower crust: evidence from isotopic and geochemical systematics of mid-Cretaceous granulite gneisses, San Gabriel Mountains, southern California

An elongate belt of mid-Cretaceous, compositionally banded gneisses and granulites is exposed in Cucamonga terrane, in the southeastern foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California. Banded gneisses include mafic granulites of two geochemical types: type 1 rocks are similar to high Al arc basalts and andesites but have higher HFSE (high-field-strength-element) abundances and extremely variable LILE (largeion-lithophile-element) abundances, while type 2 rocks are relatively low in Al and similar to alkali rich MOR (midocean-ridge) or intraplate basalts. Intercalated with mafic granulites are paragneisses which include felsic granulites, aluminous gneisses, marble, and calc-silicate gneisses. Type 1 mafic granulites and calcic trondhjemitic pegmatites also oceur as cross-cutting, synmetamorphic dikes or small plutons. Small-scale heterogeneity of deep continental crust is indicated by the lithologic and isotopic diversity of intercalated ortho-and paragneisses exposed in Cucamonga terrane. Geochemical and isotopic data indicate that K, Rb, and U depletion and Sm/Nd fractionation were associated with biotite +/- muscovite dehydration reactions in type 1 mafic granulites and aluminous gneisses during high-grade metamorphism. Field relations and model initial isotopic ratios imply a wide range of protolith ages, ranging from Early Proterozoic to Phanerozoic.
The influence of body mass index obesity status on vascular surgery 30-day morbidity and mortality.

Objective Mild obesity may have a protective effect against some diseases, termed an "obesity paradox." This study examined the effect of body mass index (Kg/m 2 BMI) on surgical 30-day morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing vascular surgical procedures. Methods As part of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), demographic and clinical risk variables, mortality, and 22 defined complications (morbidity) were obtained over three years from vascular services at 14 medical centers. At each medical center, patients from the operative schedule were prospectively and systematically enrolled according to NSQIP protocols. Outcomes and risk variables were compared across NIH-defined obesity classes (underweight [BMI≤18.5], normal [18.5 40]) using analysis of variance and means comparisons. Logistic regression was used to control for other risk factors. Results Vascular procedures in 7,543 patients included lower extremity revascularization (24.6%), aneurysm repair (17.4%), cerebrovascular procedures (17.3%), amputations (9.4%), and "other" procedures (31.3%). In the entire cohort, there were 1,659 (22.0%) patients with complications and 295 (3.9%) deaths. Risk factors of hypertension and diabetes increased with BMI (analysis of variance [ANOVA] P P P P = .023) while morbidity risk was highest in obese class III patients (OR 1.70, P = .0003), due to wound infection, thromboembolism, and renal complications. Conclusion Underweight patients have poorer outcomes and class III obesity is associated with increased morbidity. Mildly obese patients have reduced co-morbid illness, surprisingly even less than normal-class patients, with correspondingly reduced mortality. Mild obesity is not a risk factor for 30-day outcomes after vascular surgery and confers an advantage.
Cyclic estradiol treatment normalizes body weight and test meal size in ovariectomized rats.

We tested whether cyclic estradiol treatment, like continuous estradiol treatment, is sufficient to normalize meal size and body weight in ovariectomized rats. In Experiment 1, adult Long-Evans rats were ovariectomized and subcutaneously injected with 0, 0.2, or 2.0 microg estradiol benzoate (EB) in sesame oil each Tuesday and Wednesday. Oil-treated ovariectomized rats gained more weight during 4 weeks of ad lib feeding (48 +/- 5 g) than intact rats (16 +/- 1 g, p < 0.01). Cyclic treatment with 2.0 microg EB normalized weight gain (11 +/- 2 g). During the next week, plasma samples were assayed for estradiol. Cyclic treatment with 2.0 microg EB produced excursions of plasma estradiol that appeared similar to those of intact, cycling rats: estradiol level reached 190 +/- 60 pmol/L after the second EB injection before decreasing to undetectable levels (<30 pmol/L) by cycle end. In Experiment 2, test meal sizes after overnight food deprivation were measured. Cyclic treatment with 2.0 microg EB produced both tonic (i.e., at cycle onset, meal size was smaller in estradiol-treated than oil-treated rats) and phasic (i.e., meal size was smaller late in the EB-treatment cycle than early in it) decreases in meal size. Thus, a weekly cyclic regimen of estradiol treatment that produces changes in plasma estradiol concentration similar to those in intact cycling rats is sufficient to produce the body weight and meal size patterns that characterize normal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function.
The Argonne ZGS Magnet

The heart of the Argonne Zero Gradient Synchrotron is the large pulsed magnet approximately 180 ft in diameter. This magnet consists of eight curved sections or octants connected by long and short straight sections. It was designed to yield an external proton beam at magnetic fields up to 21. 5 kilogauss. Major considerations in the design, fabrication, testing, and installation of the magnet and its coils are discussed.
Improved high-performance fluted tube for thin-film evaporation and condensation☆

Abstract Overall heat-transfer coefficients between condensing steam and evaporating water in excess of 3500 Btu/hr ·ft 2 · °F have been achieved with a modified fluted tube shape under the same conditions which a smooth tube gave an overall coefficient of 600 Btu/hr ·ft 2 · °F and a conventional fluted tube gave an overall coefficient of 2000 Btu/hr ·ft 2 · °F. The improved fluted tube was shaped so that the thin evaporating film is directly opposite the thin condensing film and the ratio of width of groove for carrying water to width of thin-film heat-transfer surface is the minimum consistent with the water carrying capacity required for a particular application.
Redox potential as a controlling factor in enhancing carbon tetrachloride biodegradation

Biodegradation of hazardous waste is often the most cost-effective technique suitable for purifying large quantities of polluted groundwater and industrial effluents. In an effort of optimizing environmental conditions for microorganisms to degrade carbon tetrachloride, culture redox potential (Eh) was demonstrated as having a critical role. The microorganisms tested were isolated from contaminated field sites and included Pseudomonas cepacia and Providencia stuartii . Ti(III) citrate was used as a reducing agent to poise Eh at designed values. Over 99% degradation of carbon tetrachloride was effected in 3 days at −250 mV ≤ Eh ≤ −200 mV. Lesser rates were observed at Eh ≥ 0 mV. Kinetic analysis indicated that the overall degradation rate constant increased from 2.75×10−3 h−1 to 4.75×10−2 h−1 by controlling Eh at about −200 mV compared with Eh at ≥ 0 mV. Results indicated that the implementation of critical redox potential may be effective in optimizing CT biodegradation activity.
Science based policy for addressing energy and environmental problems

Abstract The scientific understanding of air pollution, global warming, and fuel resource issues forms the basis for the development of important public policy and regulation. These issues intersect with each other. The resulting public policy and regulations influence our quality of life and the health of our economy. They have a strong influence on combustion research and technology. Improvements in combustion technologies over the past 40 years have resulted in substantial improvement in air quality in industrialized countries. Responding to the evolving problems of global warming and fuel resources will require similar contributions from combustion.
Current interruption in a collisionless plasma by non-linear electrostatic waves

Abstract The existence of current-interrupting non-linear electrostatic waves in the form of negative solitons is demonstrated. Self-consistent, non-linear electrostatic potentials are constructed assuming that a current may be interrupted by trapping current-carrying electrons in such a potential. A significant fraction of the current-carrying electrons is trapped by the potential if the electron thermal velocity is much less than the electron streaming velocity. In one class of solutions, the negative solitons, the current may be reduced to a fourth of its initial value in the limit of high ion-electron temperature ratio.
Over-The-Counter Statins Are Worth Considering in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Much has already been written outlining the advantages and disadvantages of over-the-counter (OTC) access to low-dose therapy with a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, or statin, for individuals at intermediate risk for coronary heart disease (CHD).1,2 After the United Kingdom’s approval in 2004 of an OTC, low-dose formulation of simvastatin, a pharmaceutical company in the United States reapplied to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for a nonprescription preparation of lovastatin, which the FDA had first rejected in 2000.3 Previously, low-dose pravastatin also had failed to secure OTC approval. The sponsors of the application proposed that individuals who meet the following criteria may be those most likely to gain from access to OTC statin treatment: (1) those who qualify for primary prevention under the third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program,4 (2) those with multiple (≥2) risk factors and a 10-year CHD risk ≤20%, (3) those with no contraindications to statins, and (4) those with a favorable likelihood of experiencing benefit versus risk. Response by Barter and Rye p 1314 After reviewing the evidence to date, a joint session of the FDA’s Nonprescription Drugs Advisory and Endocrine and Metabolic Drugs Advisory committees again did not endorse the application.5 Despite these stumbling blocks, the appropriateness of OTC statins remains an important topic for the future of primary cardiovascular disease prevention. If further progress is to be made, advocates for OTC statins must address the concerns of the FDA panel and other critics. As sampled across US birth cohorts from the National Health Examination Surveys (NHANES), total cholesterol levels have declined over the last few decades, likely because of the combined influence of aggressive preventive efforts and treatment effects.6 Although cholesterol awareness and control have improved, undertreatment remains a significant barrier …
An Automated Detection System for Most L-α-Amino Acids

An automated system for the determination of the L-α form of the majority of amino acids is presented. The method is based upon oxidative deamination of the amino acid coupled with oxidation of o-dianisidine by hydrogen peroxide. This procedure can be used comparatively for the determination of a mixture of L-α-amino acids or for the majority of separated L-α-amino acids (especially in conjunction with column separations from urine and blood which give falsely positive identification with ninhydrin detection). The stereospecific nature of the L-α-amino acid oxidase enables the investigator to quantitate the amount of L-α-amino acid in the presence of the D-α form. From an academic viewpoint, the extreme sensitivity and wide range of the detection system make it advantageous for the study of the enzyme itself. This automated method also may be employed to follow enzymatic reactions—e.g., those catalyzed by peptidases or racemases. The methodology is extremely convenient with good reagent stability and is much more sensitive than manometric technics.
Standards of practice for the nutrition support dietitian: Importance and value to practitioners

Abstract Objective To determine whether the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) standards of practice for nutrition support dietitians reflect current practice. Design A mailed survey questionnaire was used to determine how important nine functions of the nutrition support dietitian are to the practice of nutrition support dietetics, how important the ASPEN standards are to practitioners, the frequency of application of each standard to patients, and demographic data of the respondents. Sample The survey was sent to 1,048 randomly selected dietitian members of the American Dietetic Association's Dietitians in Nutrition Support dietetic practice group and ASPEN. The final sample included 460 dietitians, a return rate of 44%. For purposes of comparison, dietitian respondents were categorized into three groups: nutrition support dietitians (n = 286); non-nutrition support dietitians (n = 136); and supervisors of nutrition support dietitians ( Statistical analyses performed Descriptive data are reported as frequency or mean ± standard deviation. Differences in importance ratings of the standards by nutrition support dietitians, non-nutrition support dietitians, and supervisors of nutrition support dietitians were compared with one-way analysis of variance ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests. χ 2 Analysis was used to compare group differences in the frequency of application of each standard to patients. Probability was set at the .05 level. Results Nutrition support functions rated as very important included performing nutrition assessments, identifying high-risk patients, implementing and monitoring parenteral and enteral nutrition, supervising transitional feeding, and documentation. The standards of practice were all rated as very important by nutrition support dietitians, non-nutrition support dietitians, and supervisors, and there was no difference in perceived importance. More than half of the respondents applied each standard with 75% to 100% of their patients; however, there was a higher frequency of application by nutrition support dietitians. Applications/conclusions The findings give validity to the standards of practice. Practitioners evaluate them as being important in practice and in theory. The standards of practice for nutrition support dietitians were approved for use by the house of Delegates of the American Dietetic Association in October 1992. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993;93:1113–1116.
Gene Trees Reveal Repeated Instances of Mitochondrial DNA Introgression in Orangethroat Darters (Percidae: Etheostoma)

Phylogenies of closely related animal species are often inferred using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene se- quences. The accuracy of mtDNA gene trees is compromised through hybridization that leads to introgression of mito- chondrial genomes. Using DNA sequences from 6 single-copy nuclear genes and 2 regions of the mitochondrial genome, we investigated the temporal and geographic signature of mitochondrial and nuclear introgression in the Etheostoma spectabile darter clade. Phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear genes result in the monophyly of the E. spectabile clade; however, with respect to sampled specimens of 5 species (Etheostoma fragi, Etheostoma uniporum, Etheostoma pulchellum, Etheostoma burri, and E. spectabile), the mitochondrial phylogeny is inconsistent with E. spectabile clade monophyly. Etheostoma uniporum and E. fragi are both fixed for heterospecific mitochondrial genomes. Limited nuclear introgression is restricted to E. uniporum. Our analyses show that the pattern of introgression is consistently asymmetric, with movement of heterospecific mitochon- drial haplotypes and nuclear alleles into E. spectabile clade species; introgressive hybridization spans broad temporal scales; and introgression is restricted to species and populations in the Ozarks. The introgressed mitochondrial genome observed in E. fragi has an obscure phylogenetic placement among darters, an ancient age, and is possibly a mitochondrial fossil from an Etheostoma species that has subsequently gone extinct. These results indicate that introgression, both ancient and more contemporaneous, characterizes the history of diversification in the E. spectabile species clade and may be relatively common among clades comprising the species-rich North American freshwater fauna. (Gene phylogeny; hybridization; introgression; mtDNA; nuclear; molecular clock; reproductive isolation; species tree.)
The Encounter between Jews and America in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

The period after 1870 through the middle of the 1920s, the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, coincided with the mass migration of Jews to the United States. Nearly three million Jews, primarily from eastern Europe, overwhelmed the numerically small Jewish community already resident in America. Of the Jews who left Europe in those years, approximately 85 percent opted for the United States, a society that took some of its basic characteristics from the particular developments of this transitional historical period. This essay focuses on five aspects of Gilded Age and Progressive Era America and their impact on the Jews. These features of American society both stimulated the mass migration and made possible a relatively harmonious, although complicated, integration. Those forces included the broader contours of immigration, the nation's obsession with race, its vast industrial and economic expansion, its valorization of religion, and its two-party system in which neither the Democrats or the Republicans had any stake in demonizing the growing number of Jewish voters.
Demographic Study of Clinically Atypical (Dysplastic) Nevi in Patients with Melanoma and Comparison Subjects

Abstract We examined 296 patients with a history of melanoma and 145 controls for the presence of atypical (dysplastic) nevi. We found that 34% of patients with melanoma and 7% of controls had clinically atypical (dysplastic) nevi. Patients and controls with atypical (dysplastic) nevi had more nevi than the subjects without. The number of nevi varies negatively and significantly with age ( r = -0.37, P r = 0.17, P
fourSig: a method for determining chromosomal interactions in 4C-Seq data

The ability to correlate chromosome conformation and gene expression gives a great deal of information regarding the strategies used by a cell to properly regulate gene activity. 4C-Seq is a relatively new and increasingly popular technology where the set of genomic interactions generated by a single point in the genome can be determined. 4C-Seq experiments generate large, complicated data sets and it is imperative that signal is properly distinguished from noise. Currently, there are a limited number of methods for analyzing 4C-Seq data. Here, we present a new method, fourSig, which in addition to being precise and simple to use also includes a new feature that prioritizes detected interactions. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of fourSig with previously published and novel 4C-Seq data sets and show that our significance prioritization correlates with the ability to reproducibly detect interactions among replicates.
Slow activator degradation reduces the robustness of a coupled feedback loop oscillator

Genetic circuits composed of coupled positive and negative feedback loops have been shown to occur as common motifs in natural oscillatory networks. Recent work in synthetic biology has begun to demonstrate how the properties and architectures of these circuits affect their behavior. Expanding on this work, we constructed a new implementation of a common coupled feedback loop architecture by incorporating the LuxR transcriptional activator as the positive feedback element. We found that the properties of the LuxR activator had a significant impact on the observed behavior of the coupled feedback loop circuit, as a slow degradation rate of LuxR led to its accumulation after initial circuit induction. Due to this accumulation, the presence of feedback on LuxR did not greatly alter the oscillatory behavior of the circuit from a control consisting of an independent negative feedback loop, with both systems showing oscillatory responses in 30-40% of the measured cells and highly variable periods. While the oscillatory properties of individual cells were not influenced by induction levels, the percentage of cells that demonstrated oscillations was. Slight improvements to the initial responses of the coupled feedback loop circuit were also obtained by coexpression of the GroE chaperones due to improved LuxR folding. These findings illustrate the importance that positive feedback has on the tunability and robustness of coupled feedback loop oscillators, and improve our understanding of how the behavior of these systems is impacted upon by their components' properties.
Modeling of 3-dimensional defects in integrated circuits

Although the majority of defects found in manufacturing lines have predominantly 2-Dimensional effects, there are many situations in which 2D defect models do not suffice, e.g. tall layer bulks disrupting the continuity of subsequent layers, abrupt surface topologies, extraneous materials embedded in the IC, etc. In this paper, a procedure to capture the catastrophic effect of 3-Dimensional defects is presented. This approach is based on the geometrical properties that result from the interaction between IC and defect size in two coordinate spaces: x-y and z. The approach is a natural extension to the concept of critical areas, namely, the extraction of critical volumes. Through the course of this work hints to the origins of 3D defects will be given, conditions to capture critical volumes will be developed, and it will be shown that the net effect of 3D defects is accumulated from layer to layer. >
How to hook worms [computer network security]

This paper discusses the use of intrusion detection systems to protect against the various threats faced by computer systems by way of worms, viruses and other forms of attacks. Intrusion detection systems attempt to detect things that are wrong in a computer network or system. The main problems of these systems, however, are the many false alarms they produce, their lack of resistance to both malicious attacks and accidental failures, and the constant appearance of new attacks and vulnerabilities. IBM Zurich Research Laboratory has developed a system that specifically targets worms rather than trying to prevent all breaches of computer security. Called Billy Goat, the specialized worm detection system runs on a dedicated machine connected to the network and detects worm-infected machines anywhere in it. Billy Goat has been proven effective at detecting worm-infected machines in a network. It is currently used in several large corporate intranets, and it is normally able to detect infected machines within seconds of their becoming infected. Furthermore, not only is it able to detect the presence of a worm in the network, it can even provide the addresses of the infected machines. This makes it considerably easier to remedy the problem.
Public-Institutional Processes Beyond Conventional Wisdom about Management Processes

This article proposes a public-institutional lens for analyzing managerial activities in public agencies. In contrast to the traditional view of management processes, a political-institutional perspective better captures and describes how public agencies interact with their environments and how they go about organizing internal activities to support agency-environmental interactions. After analyzing the traditional view of management processes, three principal qualities that define public-institutional processes are discussed that is, as political processes, as institutional sense-making processes, and as processes that accommodate individual differences.
Method of using MLP to identify decision surface for problems with highly uneven training examples

Summary form only given. Using the multilayer perceptron (MLP) to learn the boundary between two opposite classes of data is one of the most popular learning schemes. With the MLP, multiple dimensions of input variables can be correlated to form associations between input and output. However, data available for training are often biased, e.g., numerous normal training examples versus very scarce faulty training data. A strategy of training biased data has been developed. Following the bias training procedure, a tightly bounded hypersurface over a large number of normal training data can be constructed. With this approach, the faulty data can be identified with a near-zero failure rate. The false alarm rate can be reduced by further learning with additional normal training examples. >
Dissecting the Causes of Oxidative Stress in an In Vivo Model of Hypertension

The article “Role of extracellular superoxide dismutase in the mouse angiotensin slow pressor response” describes studies in EC-SOD knockout and wild-type mice by Welch et al.1 This study is a continuation of a series of investigations by these researchers who have advanced our understanding of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Of particular note, this group combines sophisticated physiological measurements (renal hemodynamics and conscious blood pressure [BP] by telemetry) with in vitro measures of protein and mRNA expression, as well as markers of oxidative stress. There is clear evidence that increased oxidative stress is both a cause and a consequence of hypertension.2,3 Oxidative stress means that an imbalance develops between the pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems, with increased ROS generation and/or decreased antioxidant capacity. There are many oxidases responsible for ROS production and many antioxidant defenses, in both intracellular and extracellular locations. Dissecting the role of individual players is quite difficult, because, for example, there are 3 species of SOD, including EC-SOD, but no selective EC-SOD inhibitors are available. This study exploits the availability of the EC-SOD knockout mice to investigate the importance of this enzyme in BP control. One novel observation in this study is the demonstration that young adult EC-SOD knockout mice exhibit an elevated baseline BP of ≈10 mm Hg, as well as an increase in renal vascular resistance and …
Chemical Ecology: Definition and Famous Examples

This chapter examines the history of the field of chemical ecology and along the way provides concepts and interesting scientific stories. The chemical ecology examples involve several kingdoms involving positive and negative interactions. The scientific instruments and techniques that have facilitated the advance of this field are portrayed. The information presented in this chapter provides an introduction to the concepts that will be depicted throughout the book.
Taxometric evidence of a dimensional latent structure for depression in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents.

Background A basic phenomenological question of much theoretical and empirical interest is whether the latent structure of depression is dimensional or categorical in nature. Prior taxometric studies of youth depression have yielded mixed findings. In a step towards resolving these contradictory findings, the current taxometric investigation is the first to utilize a recently developed objective index, the comparison curve fit index, to evaluate the latent structure of major depression in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents. Method Data were derived from Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain surveys. Participants were administered a structured diagnostic interview to assess for current depression. Parents (n = 683) were interviewed for children aged 5–16 years, and child interviews (n = 605) were conducted for those aged 11–16 years. Results MAMBAC (mean above minus below a cut), MAXEIG (maximum eigenvalue) and L-Mode (latent mode) analyses provided convergent support for a dimensional latent structure. Conclusions The current findings suggest that depression in youth is more accurately conceptualized as a continuous syndrome rather than a discrete diagnostic entity.
When sex isn't the answer: Examining sexual compliance, restraint, and physiological stress.

ABSTRACTPast research suggests that sexual activity has numerous health benefits; however, we argue that the association between sexual behavior and health is nuanced. More specifically, we argue that when individuals comply with their partner's sexual desire, sex may have unintended negative health consequences. As such, we evaluated how sexual desire and frequency interact to predict individuals' cortisol levels (i.e. a physiological measure of stress) in romantic relationships. Sixty-four participants (38 women, 26 men) who were in generally good health provided salivary cortisol samples and completed questionnaires assessing sexual behavior. As hypothesized, multiple regression analyses confirmed that the interaction between desired and actual sexual frequency predicted cortisol; participants who reported higher sexual frequency than desired (i.e. sexual compliance) had higher cortisol than participants whose desired and actual frequency matched. Interestingly, participants who reported lower frequenc...
Images of the Physician and Help-Seeking Behavior of the Elderly: a Multivariate Assessment

This research empirically examines the hypothesis that the aged person's attitudes toward doctors have behavioral consequences in terms of whether or not a doctor's help in sought. A multivariate analysis of data collected from 122 older respondents indicates that attitudes related to technical aspects of medicine or physician performance are insignificant in terms of help-seeking, but a perception of physicians as personally interested in the welfare of patients is a significant predictor of both the inclination and actual behavior of seeking medical help. Implications of these data are discussed.
FDA’s Risk Management on Listed Oral Sodium Phosphate Products

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for risk management on the security of listed drugs in China. METHODS: In the light of the whole process of FDA’s risk management on the security of listed oral sodium phosphate products (OSP),FDA’s evaluation on the risk of the security of listed drugs and the control measures were analyzed in detail with an emphasis laid to the characteristics of FDA’s risk management on the listed drugs. RESULTS CONCLUSIONS: Drug-listing period is a key stage for security control in drugs’ lifecycle. FDA’s reevaluation on the risk of the listed drugs and the control measures represent the overview of FDA’s risk management on the security of the listed drugs,which serves as a beneficial reference for China in strengthening the weak points in the risk management on the security of listed drugs.
Maîtriser la contraception: méthodes cognitives et comportementales pour adolescents

La recherche et les enquetes montrent qu'une contraception efficace implique necessairement une competence cognitive et comportementale. Ces connaissances font souvent defaut aux adolescents. Une recherche anterieure a demontre qu'apres un programme de formation intensive en petits groupes, les adolescents utilisent davantage les contraceptifs
Stochastic optimization of nonlinear energy sinks using resonance-based clustering

Nonlinear energy sinks (NESs) are promising devices for achieving passive vibration mitigation. Unlike traditional tuned mass dampers (TMDs), NESs, characterized by nonlinear stiffness properties, are not tuned to specific frequencies and absorb energy over a wider range of frequencies. NES efficiency is achieved through time-limited resonances, leading to the capture and dissipation of energy. However, the efficiency with which a NES dissipates energy is highly dependent on design parameters and loading conditions. In fact, it has been shown that a NES can exhibit a near-discontinuous efficiency. Thus, NES optimal design must account for uncertainty. The premise of the stochastic optimization method proposed is the segregation of efficiency regions separated by discontinuities in potentially high dimensional space. Clustering, support vector machine classification, and dedicated adaptive sampling constitute the basic techniques for maximizing the expected value of NES efficiency. Previous works depended solely on the ratio of energy dissipated by the NES for clustering. This work also includes information about the type of m:p resonances present. Three examples of optimization for the maximization of the expected value of efficiency for NESs subjected to transient loading are presented. The optimization accounts for both design variables with uncertainty and aleatory variables to characterize loading.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Les agents biologiques et l’hidradénite suppurée (la maladie de Verneuil à l’ère des produits biologiques)

L’hidradenite suppuree (HS) est refractaire aux differentes options therapeutiques medicales actuelles. L’association avec la maladie de Crohn (MC) suggere une etiologie inflammatoire. On a pu montrer que l’infliximab induit des remissions durables chez les patients atteints d’HS et d’HS/MC. L’efficacite de l’infliximab est evocatrice d’un role du facteur de necrose tumorale alpha (TNFα) dans l’etiologie et la pathogenese de l’HS. L’efficacite de l’infliximab dans l’HS suggere que l’on pourrait etendre les indications therapeutiques des inhibiteurs du TNFα.
Which Anti-CD20 Antibody Is Better in Follicular Lymphoma?

Rituximab changed the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma. When added to standard chemotherapy regimens, it increased the response rate and the complete remission rate.1,2 Rituximab has often been administered as maintenance therapy after a remission that was induced either by single-agent rituximab or by rituximab combined with standard chemotherapy drugs, and it has been shown to prolong the duration of remission.3,4 Since 2000, when rituximab became widely available, survival among patients with low-grade follicular lymphoma has increased from a median of approximately 10 years to a median of approximately 15 to 20 years.5,6 In this issue of the Journal, . . .
Prevalence and Consequences of Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in the Era of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer.

Background:Despite clear guidelines for its use and wide adoption, no population-based study has examined the extent to which patients with early stage breast cancer are benefiting from sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) by being spared a potentially avoidable axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) an
A continuum-based structural modeling approach for cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)

Abstract We present a continuum-based structural model to study the mechanical behavior of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and analyze the effect of bonded and non-bonded interactions on the mechanical properties under various loading conditions. In particular, this model assumes the uncoupling between the bonded and non-bonded interactions and their behavior is obtained from atomistic simulations. Our results indicates that the major contribution to the tensile and bending stiffness is mainly due to the cellulose chain stiffness, and the shear behavior is mainly governed by Van der Waals (VdW) forces. In addition, we report a negligible torsional stiffness, which may explain the CNC tendency to easily twist under very small or nonexistent torques. In addition, the sensitivity of geometrical imperfection on the mechanical properties using an analytical model of the CNC structure was investigated. Our results indicate that the presence of imperfections have a small influence on the majority of the elastic properties. Finally, it is shown that a simple homogeneous and orthotropic representation of a CNC under bending underestimates the contribution of non-bonded interaction leading up to 60% error in the calculation of the bending stiffness of CNCs. On the other hand, the proposed model can lead to more accurate predictions of the elastic behavior of CNCs. This is the first step toward the development of a more efficient model that can be used to model the inelastic behavior of single and multiple CNCs.
Analysis of a gauged model with a spin- 1 2 field directly coupled to a Rarita-Schwinger spin- 3 2 field

We give a detailed analysis of an Abelianized gauge field model in which a Rarita-Schwinger spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ field is directly coupled to a spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ field. The model permits a perturbative expansion in powers of the gauge field coupling, and from the Feynman rules for the model we calculate the chiral anomaly.
Depth-Dependent Out-of-Plane Young's Modulus of the Human Cornea.

ABSTRACTPurpose/Aim: Despite their importance in accurate mechanical modeling of the cornea, the depth-dependent material properties of the cornea have only been partially elucidated. In this work, we characterized the depth-dependent out-of-plane Young’s modulus of the central and peripheral human cornea with high spatial resolution.Materials and Methods: Central and peripheral corneal buttons from human donors were subjected to unconfined axial compression followed by stress relaxation for 30 min. Sequences of fluorescent micrographs of full-thickness corneal buttons were acquired throughout the experiment to enable tracking of fluorescently labeled stromal keratocyte nuclei and measurements of depth-dependent infinitesimal strains. The nominal (gross) out-of-plane Young’s modulus and drained Poisson’s ratio for each whole specimen was computed from the equilibrium stress and overall tissue deformation. The depth-dependent (local) out-of-plane Young’s modulus was computed from the equilibrium stress and...
Machine Learning Framework for Mapping of Mississippi River Levees and Damage Assessment Using Terrasar-X Data

Earthen levees protect large areas of populated and cultivated land in the United States. Unstable slope conditions can lead to slump slides, which weaken the levees and increase the likelihood of failure during floods. Such slides could lead to further erosion and through seepage during high water events. Currently, levee inspections are performed infrequently and some of the problem areas are not visible. There is a need to develop cost-effective large-scale methods of screening levees in a timely manner. Sensing the condition of levees remotely can help levee managers to focus and prioritize their inspection and maintenance activities. This paper presents results of applying the TerraSAR-X synthetic aperture radar data to detect vulnerabilities on Francis, Mississippi river levees. In this study, texture features were computed using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and both supervised and unsupervised classifiers were tested. The supervised method tested is the SVM (support vector machine), and the unsupervised one is the RXD (Reed-Xiaoli Detector). Both algorithms achieved high accuracy detection of potential slump slides in the test area.
A POLITICS OF CARE: LOCAL NURSES IN MANDATE PALESTINE

This article examines the work experiences of Palestinian Arab nurses to illuminate the operation of the colonial public health regime in Mandate Palestine. Analyzing nurses’ work in the clinics of town and village communities and their relationships with the colonial government's Department of Health, it argues that these nurses were social and political interlocutors in the system of public health, which depended upon their intimate relationships with local communities. By pulling these women out of the archives, this article complicates received wisdom among scholars about development, expertise, and the chronology of welfare. Telling the stories of these women also provides a ground-level view of the operation of daily governance in Mandate Palestine and the lived social, political, and economic realities of an often-overlooked cadre of Palestinian workers from that period.