cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spam - Oy, What a Nuisance

This Article proposes that unsolicited commercial e-mail ("spam") is indeed a nuisance, and that ISPs and other affected businesses should sue the persons responsible for swamping the Internet with billions of spam for creating a nuisance. Nuisance doctrine is superior to the currently favored "trespass to chattels" because it does not require courts to engage in unnecessary legal fictions or doctrinal somersaults in finding that spam has "dispossessed" a plaintiff from its computer network. The direct and consequential costs attributable to this e-mail scourge-such as loss of bandwidth usage, developing and maintaining filtering software, and hiring more staff-are simply not trespass harms. These costs reveal that the real problem is that spam is unreasonably and substantially interfering with an ISP's commercial operations-a paradigmatic nuisance injury. As a common law cause of action, nuisance also avoids the over-protection problems inherent in anti-spam statutes, which have proven ineffective because legislators are rightly concerned about accidentally stifling legitimate commercial activity on the Internet. As ISPs and other businesses continue to sue spammers, they should utilize nuisance doctrine as part of their overall strategy to eliminate this omnipresent menace to the Internet because it precisely redresses the legal harm
Evaluating the role of temperature in the reproduction of the yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis)

We conducted a temperature-dependent reproductive study on Yellow Stingrays (Urobatis jamaicensis) at the John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, Illinois. A group of eight and six female rays were mated in 22°C (“cold”) and 27°C (“warm”) water, respectively, over a two-year period. Mating behavior, gestation length, pup yields, body condition indices, and activity levels were compared throughout both temperature trials. Mating behavior (e.g., pre-copulatory pursuits and behavior) did not differ between temperature trials. Cold trial gestation was incomplete and yielded no pups, while the warm trial resulted in three successful births and one stillborn birth. Body condition indices and overall activity were significantly decreased in the cold trials. These data suggest consequences for rearing Yellow Stingrays in cooler water and should aid in successful reproduction of U. jamaicensis at zoos and aquariums. Zoo Biol. 34:33–39, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Chapter IV.5 – Tissue Engineered Kidney for Renal Replacement

Publisher Summary Three technologies will dominate medical therapeutics in the future. One is “cell therapy”—the implantation of living cells to produce a natural substance in short supply from the patient's own cells due to injury and destruction from various clinical disorders. An example of this approach is erythropoietin cell therapy that is used to replace a critical hormone deficiency in end-stage renal disease. A second therapy is tissue engineering, wherein cells are cultured to replace masses of cells that normally function in a coordinated manner. Growing a functional glomerular filter and tubule reabsorber from a combination of cells, biomaterials, and synthetic polymers to replace renal excretory and regulatory functions is an example of this formulation. Finally, a third technology that will dominate future therapeutics is gene therapy, in which genes are transferred into living cells either to deliver a gene product to a cell in which it is missing or to produce a foreign gene product by a cell to promote a new function. The use of genes that encode for anticoagulant proteins as a means to deliver an anticoagulant in a targeted and local fashion to maintain hemocompatibility of a tissue engineered hemofilter is an example of the application of the third technology.
Effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on cytosolic Ca2+ signals in isolated rat hepatocytes

Abstract Background: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is of potential benefit in cholestatic disorders. However, the effects of TUDCA on cytosolic free calcium [(Ca 2+ ) i ], which regulates hepatocyte secretion, are unknown. Methods: The effect of TUDCA on (Ca 2+ ) i was investigated in groups of isolated rat hepatocytes by microspectrofluorometry and in single cells by confocal line scanning microscopy. Results: Administration of TUDCA (5–50 μmol/L) induced a nearly fourfold increase of basal levels of (Ca 2+ ) i . After a 15 minute treatment period, the TUDCA (10 μmol/L)-induced change in (Ca 2+ ) i was higher than that of other monodi-, and trihydroxy bile acids at equimolar concentrations. Pretreatment with TUDCA (10 μmol/L) markedly reduced or abolished increases in (Ca 2+ ) i induced by phenylephrine (1 μmol/L), the microsomal Ca 2+ translocase inhibitor 2,5-di-( tert -butyl)-1,4-benzohydroquinone (25 μmol/L), or taurolithocholic acid (10–25 μmol/L). In Ca 2+ -free medium, TUDCA caused only a reduced and transient increase in (Ca 2+ ) i . TUDCA (10 μmol/L) induced Ca 2+ oscillations in all single cells that responded. However, levels of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) in hepatocytes were not increased by treatment with TUDCA (10 μmol/L). Conclusions: TUDCA at physiological concentrations potently modulates (Ca 2+ ) i signals in hepatocytes by (1) mobilizing microsomal IP 3 -sensitive Ca 2+ stores by an IP 3 -independent mechanism, (2) initiating Ca 2+ oscillations, and (3) inducing influx of extracellular Ca 2+ .
Evaluation of the RapID CB Plus System for Identification of Corynebacterium Species and Other Gram-Positive Rods

Due to the difficulty of identifying Corynebacterium spp. with standard methods, we compared them with the RapID CB Plus system (Remel, Lenexa, Kans. [formerly Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Norcross, Ga.]), which consists of 4 carbohydrate and 14 preformed enzyme tests, for the identification of 98 clinical isolates of Corynebacterium sp., other coryneforms, Listeria monocytogenes, and 17 ATCC strains. Forty (95%) of 42 strains of Corynebacterium spp. were accurately identified to the species level by the RapID CB Plus system, and two additional strains of C. striatum were identified with one additional conventional test for lipid requirement. Twenty-seven (75%) of the 36 coryneform strains tested were identified correctly to the species level. However, three of four strains of Brevibacterium sp. and all seven of the L. monocytogenes strains were identified to the genus level only. Actinomyces strains had variable results, and the one strain of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum tested was not identified. Overall, the RapID CB Plus system compared favorably with the conventional methods, was easy to inoculate and interpret, and is promising as a new method for identification of gram-positive bacilli.
Movement Patterns of the Threatened Blackside Dace, Chrosomus cumberlandensis, in Two Southeastern Kentucky Watersheds

Abstract Chrosomus cumberlandensis (Blackside Dace) is a threatened stream fish endemic to the upper Cumberland River drainage in Kentucky and Tennessee. Little is known about the movement patterns of this species. Acquiring an understanding of baseline dispersal patterns is necessary to inform management and recovery actions. We tagged 653 Blackside Dace with visible implant elastomer injections in the Big Lick Branch and Rock Creek watersheds of southeastern Kentucky to determine the frequency, spatial extent, directionality, and environmental correlates of dace movements. We recaptured dace from February 2003 through March 2004 using baited minnow traps. Most tagged dace (81% in Big Lick Branch and 58% in Rock Creek) were recaptured within the same 200-m stream reach where tagging occurred. However, several individuals moved considerable distances from the original tagging site, including the first documented intertributary movement for this species. Mean (± SD) distances moved upstream in Big Lick Bra...
In Vivo Suppression of Coding Associated with Bacteriophage-Induced S-Adenosylmethionine Hydrolase

The methylation of ribosomal and transfer ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesized after the induction of a hydrolase for S-adenosylmethionine by phage T3 infection is reducible to 50% of the methylation of RNA in uninfected cells. Hypomethylated ribosomal RNA is found in 70S particles that dissociate in 100 mum Mg(++) to yield only 30S and 50S subunits. By this criterion, the omitted methyl groups apparently are not required for ribosomal maturation or stability. The rate of production of alkaline phosphatase in a phosphatase amber mutant was examined after phage infection in the presence and in the absence of streptomycin to determine the effect on the translation process consequent to S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) hydrolase induction. Significant increases in the rates of phosphatase production were found when ultraviolet-inactivated T3 or streptomycin was added. The effects were cumulative when the cells were treated with both bacteriophage and the drug. Ultraviolet-inactivated T7, a phage closely related to T3 but which does not produce the SAM hydrolase, did not enhance the rate of alkaline phosphatase production. We suggest that the production of SAM hydrolase affects the stability of the translation process by the observed hypomethylation or by mechanisms concerning polyamine metabolism.
Developing experimental models for propagation and scattering of EM waves in electrically large ducts

A recent experimental study to characterise the propagation and scattering of electromagnetic waves in electrically large ducts is described. Some measured results are presented and compared with computed values.
Viability of a Web-Based Module for Teaching Electrocardiogram Reading Skills to Psychiatry Residents: Learning Outcomes and Trainee Interest

Web-based instruction in post-graduate psychiatry training has shown comparable effectiveness to in-person instruction, but few topics have been addressed in this format. This study sought to evaluate the viability of a web-based curriculum in teaching electrocardiogram (EKG) reading skills to psychiatry residents. Interest in receiving educational materials in this format was also assessed. A web-based curriculum of 41 slides, including eight pre-test and eight post-test questions with emphasis on cardiac complications of psychotropic medications, was made available to all psychiatry residents via email. Out of 57 residents, 30 initiated and 22 completed the module. Mean improvement from pre-test to post-test was 25 %, and all 22 completing participants indicated interest in future web-based instruction. This pilot study suggests that web-based instruction is feasible and under-utilized as a means of teaching psychiatry residents. Potential uses of web-based instruction, such as tracking learning outcomes or patient care longitudinally, are also discussed.
Optimization of slurry flocculation and dewatering based on electrokinetic and rheological phenomena

The use of chemical additives known as conditioners or flocculants is crucial in assuring the proper functioning of many solid-liquid separation processes, and dewatering in particular. The additive used is often a water soluble polymer with high molecular mass, strong adsorptive properties, and often a large amount of ionic charge. The type of polymer used, and its exact dose, may change with process or flow conditions, and these changes may lead to poor operation. However, advances in the understanding of conditioning and flocculation of slurries and sludges now make it possible to develop scientifically-based strategies for optimizing these processes. These advances have utilized new characterization methods that allow insight into fundamental aspects of the process. In several cases the analyses employed are also amenable to continuous reading, and therefore to automatic feedback control of the process. This paper describes these advances and suggests conditioning and flocculation control strategies that will allow optimization of subsequent dewatering processes. The research advances described are: (1) use of the streaming current detector for monitoring and controlling dewaterability; (2) evaluation of floc strength by streaming current and rheological and methods; (3) use of rheological characteristics of conditioned residuals for dose control; (4) application of liquid-stream viscosity for polymer dose monitoring and control; and (5) quantification and verification of mixing conditions in conditioning processes, and use for mixing similitude. These developments should aid in the proper initial selection of a conditioner product (flocculant) and its dose, and allow optimization based on continuous monitoring if the sludge conditions vary significantly over time.
Toward a new phenomenological flow rule for orientationally hardening glassy polymers

Abstract A new yield surface is proposed herein, and the behavior of its associated flow rule is explored. This anisotropic flow rule exhibits solutions which follow fairly well the orientational hardening behavior of glassy polymers. Specifically, solutions obeying the flow rule are calculated for various orthotropic loading histories, and comparisons are made to experimental data for polycarbonate. While these solutions have been restricted to rate independent plasticity in this initial study, the comparisons to experiment are encouraging. Additionally, the framework given herein provides a rational means for describing phenomenologically deformation induced elastic stiffening and deformation induced elastic anisotropy in these materials.
Descriptive epidemiology of chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia in New York State, 1995-2004.

We examined social, demographic, and behavioral predictors of specific forms of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in New York State. Administrative data on 2.3 million births over the period 1995–2004 were available for New York State, USA, with linkage to birth certificate data for New York City (964,071 births). ICD-9 hospital discharge diagnosis codes were used to assign hypertensive disorders hierarchically as chronic hypertension, chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia, preeclampsia (eclampsia/severe or mild), or gestational hypertension. Sociodemographic and behavioral predictors of these outcomes were examined separately for upstate New York and New York City by calculating adjusted odds ratios. The most commonly diagnosed conditions were preeclampsia (2.57 % of upstate New York births, 3.68 % of New York City births) and gestational hypertension (2.46 % of upstate births, 1.42 % of New York City births). Chronic hypertension was much rarer. Relative to non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics in New York City and Black women in all regions had markedly increased risks for all hypertensive disorders, whereas Asian women were at consistently decreased risk. Pregnancy-associated conditions decreased markedly with parity and modestly among smokers. A strong positive association was found between pre-pregnancy weight and risk of hypertensive disorders, with slightly weaker associations among Blacks and stronger associations among Asians. While patterns of chronic and pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders differed, the predictors of gestational hypertension and both mild and severe preeclampsia were similar to one another. The increased risk for Black and some Hispanic women warrants clinical consideration, and the markedly increased risk with greater pre-pregnancy weight suggests an opportunity for primary prevention among all ethnic groups.
Double-Cropping Sorghum for Biomass

Double-cropping systems have been suggested as a way to increase annual dry matter production per hectare, while simultaneously delivering environmental benefits. Past research seems to indicate that there is a genotypic effect for the suitability of a crop for use within double-cropping systems; however, despite sorghum's [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] diverse genetic background, there has not been a great deal ofwork done to explore this response for this crop. Twelve sorghum varieties were grown as sole crops and within a double-cropping system with winter triticale [x Triticosecale Wittmack] in central and northern Iowa. Results showed that although the single-cropping system produced slightly higher biomass yields, there were no significant differences in total production between the two systems for several of the sorghum varieties. These varieties were characterized as earlier maturing ones that had nearly maximized dry matter production at the time of harvest for the double-cropping system, and thus, any potential loss in sorghum yield was supplemented by the biomass production from the triticale crop. However when the chemical composition of the crops was considered, the theoretical ethanol yield of the single-cropping system was greater than the double-cropping system for all sorghum varieties. Although triticale was capable of offsetting any potential loss in dry matter, as an ethanol feedstock it was inferior to sorghum.
Late Right Ventricular Reconstruction Following Valvotomy in Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum

Experience over two decades in the surgical management of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum demonstrates that eventual right ventricular (RV) reconstruction is possible in the majority of patients surviving valvotomy in infancy. Ten of 17 operative survivors of early valvotomy have eventually received a patch graft to the RV outflow tract, with no reoperative deaths (mean follow-up, 7.4 years). RV systolic pressures, suprasystemic prior to reoperation, are near normal after outflow patch reconstruction. Serial cineangiograms show evidence of RV growth by measurement of tricuspid annulus diameter (TAD), and demonstrate a rate of growth [d(TAD)/d(body length)] greater than a normal rate derived from autopsy data. The mean TAD growth rate is significantly greater than that of patients with less favorable ventricle types treated with a systemic-pulmonary shunt alone. Measurement of TAD is a useful method for following RV growth, and may aid in selecting patients for RV reconstruction.
Electronic structure and electron-phonon coupling in the 18 K superconductor Y 2 C 3

The electronic structure and electron-phonon coupling in is investigated using density functional calculations. We find that the Fermi level falls in a manifold of mixed character derived from Y states and antibonding states associated with the C dimers in the structure. Calculations of the electron-phonon coupling for Y and C modes show that the former provide most of the coupling. Modes associated with C-C bond stretching have large matrix elements, but make small contributions to the coupling because of their high phonon frequencies. Substantial electron doping of the C-C antibonding states would yield a large increase in the coupling and critical temperature, perhaps to values comparable to . However, it seems unlikely that a modification of with much higher filling of the C-C antibonding states can be stabilized.
Agoraphobia with and without current panic attacks.

5~mmay.-MMPI and SCL90-R profiles of agoraphobics with and without current panic attacks are presented. Agoraphobics with current panic attacks were more elevated on Psychopathic Deviate (41, Psychasthenia (71, and Social Introversion (0) scales of the MMPI. On the SCL90-R agoraphobics with current panic attacks had higher scores on Interpersonal Sensitivity, Anxiety, Phobic Anxiety, and Total/90. Chambless (1985) is one of the few authors who has discussed the severity of panic attacks in agoraphobia and its relation to associated pathology. In her sample more frequent and intense panic attacks were associated with more depression, neuroticism, and chronic anxiety. Observation of our own patient population indicated that the clinical profiles of agoraphobics who are currently experiencing panic attacks may be different enough from those who are not currently experiencing panic attacks that they should be considered as different kinds of patients in diagnosis, treatment, and research. To lend support to such an hypothesis we analyzed MMPI and SCL-90-R profiles of agoraphobic patients who have come through the Anxiety Disorders Clinic at the University of Southern California. We predicted that agoraphobics currently experiencing panic attacks would show more elevation on the Depression, Psychasthenia, and Introversion Scales of the MMPI than agoraphobics who were not currently experiencing panic attacks. Although the term psychasthenia is outmoded, the scale is considered to be the MMPI's "best single indicator of anxiety and ruminative self-doubt" (Groth-Marnat, 1984, p. 304). The introversion scale incorporates items related to social problems including discomfort and anxiety in social situations (Groth-Marnat, 19841, which Chambless observed in her patients who had more frequent and severe panic attacks. In addition, we expected to find that agoraphobics currently experiencing panic attacks would score higher on the Interpersonal Sensitivity, Anxiety, Phobic Anxiety, and Depression factors of the SCL90-R than agoraphobics who were not currently experiencing panic attacks. METHOD
Oppression and Barriers to Service for Black, Lesbian Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

This narrative study identified service barriers from the perspectives of 16 Black lesbian survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Qualitative analysis revealed diverse interrelated barriers similar to those identified by service providers in a previous study by the authors, including societal barriers such as heterosexism, and institutional barriers such as ambiguous policy. Results indicate that the theory of intersectionality is best poised to frame an investigation of the complex barriers encountered by these survivors. Results also demonstrate that although these women desire to receive services, current inequities prevent them from accessing support and further endanger, victimize, and isolate them. Strategies for improving services and reaching culturally diverse survivors are also discussed.
Occupational and Environmental Exposures and Cancers in Developing Countries

Background Over the past few decades, there has been a decline in cancers attributable to environmental and occupational carcinogens of asbestos, arsenic, and indoor and outdoor air pollution in high-income countries. For low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), however, these exposures are likely to increase as industrialization expands and populations grow. Objective The aim of this study was to review the evidence on the cancer risks and burdens of selected environmental and occupational exposures in less-developed economies. Findings A causal association has been established between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma and lung cancer. For arsenic exposure, there is strong evidence of bladder, skin, lung, liver, and kidney cancer effects. Women are at the highest risk for lung cancer due to indoor air pollution exposure; however, the carcinogenic effect on the risk for cancer in children has not been studied in these countries. Cancer risks associated with ambient air pollution remain the least studied in LMICs, although reported exposures are higher than World Health Organization, European, and US standards. Although some associations between lung cancer and ambient air pollutants have been reported, studies in LMICs are weak or subject to exposure misclassification. For pulmonary cancers, tobacco smoking and respiratory diseases have a positive synergistic effect on cancer risks. Conclusions A precise quantification of the burden of human cancer attributable to environmental and occupational exposures in LMICs is uncertain. Although the prevalence of carcinogenic exposures has been reported to be high in many such countries, the effects of the exposures have not been studied due to varying country-specific limitations, some of which include lack of resources and government support.
Ras signaling on the Golgi

The discovery that Ras proteins are modified by enzymes restricted to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and that, at steady state, a significant pool of Ras is localized on the Golgi has led to the hypothesis that Ras can become activated on and signal from intracellular membranes. Fluorescent probes capable of showing when and where in living cells Ras becomes activated together with studies of Ras proteins stringently tethered to intracellular membranes have confirmed this hypothesis. Thus, recent studies of Ras have contributed to the rapidly expanding field of compartmentalized signaling.
Structured Editor Support for Modularity and Data Abstraction

Language facilities for data abstraction and modularity have traditionally involved extensions to the declaratory syntax of the languages. Batch compiler technology forces the separation of the editing of this syntax from its being checked by the compiler, making programming more difficult. We discuss an alternate method of supporting such features in a language-based structured editor. Rather than adding syntax to the language, we simply use the editor to restrict uses of names. In order to specify the restrictions, we provide a language-independent notion of names and scopes in our abstract syntax tree.
An abstract two-period game with simultaneous signaling—Existence of separating equilibria

Abstract Consider the following game: There are n agents, each with private information, simultaneously choosing actions in each of two periods. Agents revise their beliefs after observing first-period actions and before choosing second-period actions. In a separating equilibrium, all private information is revealed in the first period. Existence of separating equilibria is demonstrated under (almost) the same set of assumptions which guarantee it in each of the n one-sided signaling games (where only one agent has private information payoff relevant in the second period). The simultaneity of decisions leads to a substantial technical difficulty which must be overcome.
Heat transfer aspects of splat-quench solidification: modelling and experiment

In this paper a combined theoretical and experimental study is reported on the process of solidification of a liquid metal droplet by impaction on a cold substrate (splat-quenching). The study is focused on the heat transfer aspects of this process and on the identification of parameters affecting the heat transfer mechanism. To this end, the effect of the droplet impact velocity and temperature, the effect of the substrate material and its initial temperature, and the effect of the thermal contact resistance between the splat and the substrate are investigated. A two-dimensional conduction model accounting for the freezing process in the splat and for the solidification kinetics has predicted reasonably well the trends observed in the experimental part of the study.
Cytotoxicity of a unimolecular polymeric micelle and its degradation products.

The cytotoxicity of a unimolecular polymeric micelle (1) and its degradation products was assessed by cell proliferation and viability with L929 mouse areolar/adipose fibroblasts. Polymer 1 and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were diluted to concentrations from 10-4 to 10-6 M in culture media, whereas the degradation products were diluted to concentrations (10-4 to 10-6 M) that would theoretically occur upon degradation of polymer 1. The polymer degradation products that were evaluated included mucic acid, hexanoic acid, 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (THPE), 2,3,4,5-tetrakis-hexanoyloxy-hexanedioic acid or MA(hex), Core(hex), and PEG5, which is PEG of molecular weight 5000. Cells exposed to polymer 1 proliferated at the same rate as cells grown in polymer-free or PEG5-containing solutions up to 36 h. In both the polymer 1 and PEG5 solutions, cytotoxicity was not observed at any concentration (up to 10-4 M) as indicated by cell attachment, growth, and morphology. Fibroblasts exposed to the degradation prod...
Role of core size in the photoelectron spectrum of ions with multiple detachment orbitals

We use the zero-core-contribution model to calculate the photoelectron spectra of three anions with complex electron configurations: Sc/sup -/, Y/sup -/, and Pd/sup -/. Electrons can be detached from s, p, and d shells in Sc/sup -/ and Y/sup -/. Detachment occurs from s and d shells in Pd/sup -/, which is further complicated by having bound states with two different electron configurations. The complex electron configurations of all these ions result in a variety of peaks with widely different intensities within each spectrum. The intensities of these peaks are accounted for by the zero-core-contribution model. The spectrum of Pd/sup -/ provides a unique test of the rule for determining the core radius given in previous papers using this model.
Alignment of the two domains of the hairpin ribozyme-substrate complex defined by interdomain photoaffinity crosslinking.

Abstract The hairpin ribozyme-substrate complex contains two independently folding domains that interact with one another to form a catalytic complex. However, little is known about the key structural elements involved in these tertiary interactions. Here, we report the use of a photochemical crosslinking method to investigate the relative proximity and orientation of the two domains of the hairpin ribozyme. This method allows the incorporation of a photochemical azidophenacyl group at specified positions within synthetic oligoribonucleotides. Photocrosslinking was performed following the assembly of four RNA oligonucleotides into active ribozyme-substrate complexes. Two photoagent attachment sites in the substrate binding strand within domain A (between positions A7-G8 and A10-G11) and three in the 5′ strand of domain B (A20-G21, A22-A23 and A24-C25) were studied. Several crosslinks between the substrate binding strand and the 5′ segment of domain B were detected. All of the photo agent-specific crosslinked species were dependent upon proper assembly and folding of the ribozyme-substrate complex. In addition, a substrate base mutation (G+1 to A+1) that prevents the docking of the two domains, blocks the crosslink formation. Four interdomain crosslinks (A7-G8/C25-A26 (two species); A10-G11/A22 and A24-C25/C12-G13) have been shown to retain catalytic activity. Taken together, these results indicate that the characterized crosslinks provide important information concerning the alignment of the two domains and accurately reflect the active docked conformation of the molecule.
Growth of CdTexSe1-x from a Te-rich solution for applications in radiation detection

A1. Characterization A1. Defects A1. Te-inclusions A2. THM B2. CdTeSe B2. Semiconducting II-VI materials abstract We grew CdTexSe1� x (CTS) crystals from a Te-rich solution by using the traveling heater method (THM). The average size distribution and concentration of Te inclusions/precipitates in these as-grown samples were measured to be � 7 � 10 4 cm � 3 , which is much lower than values typical for the present state-of- the-art commercial CdZnTe (CZT) material. Their low-temperature photoluminescence measurement indicates high quality of the material; however the resistivity obtained via I-V curve measurements was � 5 � 10 8 Ω-cm, which is low in comparison to that required for gamma detectors. A well-resolved alpha response peak can be detected for both planar- and hemispherical detector geometry. The (μτ)e value for our as-grown sample at room temperature was found to be � 4 � 10 � 3 cm 2 /V.
Studying Stream Morphology With Airborne Laser Elevation Data

Much progress has been made linking the fields of geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, and tectonics over the past approximately 20 years using digital elevation models (DEMs) to study stream processes. DEMs forming the basis of such research were created by interpolating between contour lines digitized from topographic maps, which were generated from aerial photographs. With pixel sizes of 10–90 meters on each edge, these grids allowed investigators to make measurements of parameters such as stream gradient and contributing drainage area over entire channel networks; these parameters also found use as inputs for basin-scale models of stream erosion and sediment transport [e.g., Wobus et al., 2006]. However, the accuracy of these “traditional” DEMs varies spatially because map contour interval (typically 3–20 meters) and density (set by landscape gradient) dictate the resolution of information available to interpolate an elevation value for each pixel on the grid. Thus, traditional DEMs miss many fine-scaled features, particularly those in low-relief terrain. DEMs generated from space shuttle or satellite radar surveys have similar pixel resolution (10–90 meters) but do not measure land surface elevations in forested regions, limiting their applicability for studies of channels.
Local creep rupture failure modes on a corium-loaded lower head

Abstract Since the accident at Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2), attention has focused on the conditions necessary for lower head failure under extreme temperatures and a range of system pressures. The focus of the present paper is on vessel response when an elevated heat flux is applied over a local region, producing a hot spot with peak temperatures consistent with metallurgical observations at TMI-2. Simulations presented here were performed in support of the OECD TMI-2 Vessel Investigation Project. The survivability of the vessel in the presence of a hot spot depends strongly on the background heat flux applied to the balance of the vessel. The survivable heat flux depends on the cooling rate experienced by the vessel and the failure criterion employed in the simulation. Under all circumstances, the vessel is only capable of surviving a background heat flux between 25% and 75% of the value predicted from a thermal analysis of relocated, homogeneous, corium interacting with the lower head.
Short-range ordering kinetics in 316 austenitic stainless steel

In situ measurements are reported of electrical resistance changes in 316 austenitic stainless steel after abruptly raising or lowering temperature in the range from 440 °C to 550 °C subsequent to equilibration. These changes are found to be reproducible and have a magnitude roughly proportional to the temperature change. They are believed to be manifestations of approach toward a new state of shortrange order at the new temperature. Analysis of the kinetics indicates that very nearly a simple first-order reaction is involved. The rate constants were found to have an activation energy of 3.18 ± 0.40 eV. By analogy with the Zener relaxation, the temperature-change-induced short-range order which we observe is also believed to result from local atomic rearrangements in which an average atom makes a relatively small (<10) number of jumps. Good agreement between our measured relaxation rates and those calculated from extrapolated diffusion studies for iron, chromium, and nickel in comparable alloys tends to substantiate the hypothesis that average atomic jump rates are being measured.
Powers and Limits of Transnational Corporations: The Case of ADM

Abstract This analysis employs the case of lysine price fixing involving the food-processing transnational corporation (TNC) Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) and Asian-based firms. In an “economy and society” conceptual framework grounded in the sociology of agriculture and food, we investigate the powers and limits of TNCs in the global era. We argue that TNCs maintain significant powers which allow them to avoid the laws and regulations of nation-states. ADM was able to organize an illegal global cartel to control the world production and price of the feed supplement lysine. In addition, TNCs' actions in the global arena are limited by their inability to trust business partners and to organize and maintain systems of social control; these roles historically have been played by the nation-state. We conclude that despite their significant powers, TNCs' contradictory position in the global arena provides opportunities that can be used to democratize society.
Improving probation officers' supervision skills: an evaluation of the EPICS model

Previous research suggests traditional probation and parole services perform less than optimally in reducing recidivism. In response to these findings, several attempts to integrate the principles of effective intervention and core correctional practices into community supervision have been made. Preliminary results from several jurisdictions suggest that the use of core correctional practices within thecontext of community supervision has been associated with meaningful reductions in offender recidivism. This research provided the impetus for the development of a new model by the University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute, entitled Effective Practices in Community Supervision (EPICS). The purpose of the EPICS model is to teach community supervision officers how to translate the principles of effective intervention into practice, and, more specifically, how to use core correctional practices in face-to-face interactions with offenders. Results indicated that officers trained in the EPICS model demonst...
A distributed power control and routing scheme for rechargeable sensor networks

We propose a joint power control and quality aware routing scheme for rechargeable wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that are characterized by a high degree of spatial and temporal variations of energy resources. The proposed scheme adapts the energy consumption in the nodes to meet their corresponding energy resources with the objective of attaining network wide reliability of operations. This is achieved by dynamically controlling the transmission powers and route selection. Some initial performance evaluations are presented from experimental studies to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
The Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Pump Isoform 4a Differs from Isoform 4b in the Mechanism of Calmodulin Binding and Activation Kinetics: IMPLICATIONS FOR Ca2+ SIGNALING

The inhibition by the regulatory domain and the interaction with calmodulin (CaM) vary among plasma membrane calcium pump (PMCA) isoforms. To explore these differences, the kinetics of CaM effects on PMCA4a were investigated and compared with those of PMCA4b. The maximal apparent rate constant for CaM activation of PMCA4a was almost twice that for PMCA4b, whereas the rates of activation for both isoforms showed similar dependence on Ca2+. The inactivation of PMCA4a by CaM removal was also faster than for PMCA4b, and Ca2+ showed a much smaller effect (2- versus 30-fold modification). The rate constants of the individual steps that determine the overall rates were obtained from stopped-flow experiments in which binding of TA-CaM was observed by changes in its fluorescence. TA-CaM binds to two conformations of PMCA4a, an "open" conformation with high activity, and a "closed" one with lower activity. Compared with PMCA4b (Penheiter, A. R., Bajzer, Z., Filoteo, A. G., Thorogate, R., Torok, K., and Caride, A. J. (2003) Biochemistry 41, 12115-12124), the model for PMCA4a predicts less inhibition in the closed form and a much faster equilibrium between the open and closed forms. Based on the available kinetic parameters, we determined the constants to fit the shape of a Ca2+ signal in PMCA4b-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Using the constants for PMCA4a, and allowing small variations in parameters of other systems contributing to a Ca2+ signal, we then simulated the effect of PMCA4a on the shape of a Ca2+ signal in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The results reproduce the published data (Brini, M., Coletto, L., Pierobon, N., Kraev, N., Guerini, D., and Carafoli, E. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 24500-24508), and thereby demonstrate the importance of altered regulatory kinetics for the different functional properties of PMCA isoforms.
Optical rotatory properties of hemerythrin in the ultraviolet range.

Abstract Circular dichroic spectra have been recorded in the range from 200 to about 350 nm for methemerythrin, with its iron coordinated with different ligands. Major contributions to dichroic absorption in the 290-nm region can be ascribed to tyrosine residues, and there are also some contributions from the iron atoms. In the peptide n- π ∗ and π-π ∗ region, methemerythrin shows circular dichroic spectra similar to α-helical polypeptides. These spectra, and hence the presumed helix content (75%), do not change with changes in ligand bound to iron or upon dissociation of the protein into monomers.
Comparison of electromyography and joint moment as indicators of co-contraction

Abstract Antagonistic muscle activity can impair performance, increase metabolic cost, and increase joint stability. Excessive antagonist muscle activity may also cause an undesirable increase in joint contact forces in certain populations such as persons with knee osteoarthritis. Co-contraction of antagonistic muscles measured by electromyography (EMG) is a popular method used to infer muscle forces and subsequent joint forces. However, EMG alone cannot completely describe joint loads that are experienced. This study compares a co-contraction index from EMG to a co-contraction index calculated from simulated muscle moments during gait. Co-contraction indices were calculated from nine healthy, able-bodied subjects during treadmill walking at self-selected speed. Musculoskeletal simulations that tracked experimental kinematics and kinetics were generated for each subject. Experimentally measured EMG was used to constrain the model's muscle excitation for the vastus lateralis and semimembranosus muscles. Using the model's excitations as constrained by EMG, muscle activation and muscle moments were calculated. A common co-contraction index (CCI) based on EMG was compared with co-contraction based on normalized modeled muscle moments (MCCI). While the overall patterns were similar, the co-contraction predicted by MCCI was significantly lower than CCI. Because a simulation can account for passive muscle forces not detected with traditional EMG analysis, MCCI may better reflect physiological knee joint loads. Overall, the application of two co-contraction methods provides a more complete description of muscle co-contraction and joint loading than either method individually.
Impact of myocardial contrast echocardiography on vascular permeability: an in vivo dose response study of delivery mode, pressure amplitude and contrast dose.

An in vivo rat model of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) was defined and used to examine the dose range response of microvascular permeabilization and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) with respect to method of imaging, peak rarefactional pressure amplitude (PRPA) and agent dose. A left ventricular short axis view was obtained on anesthetized rats at 1.7 MHz using a diagnostic ultrasound system with simultaneous ECG recording. Evans blue dye, a marker for microvascular leakage, and a bolus of Optison were injected i.v. Counts of PVCs were made from video tape during the 3 min of MCE. Hearts were excised 5 min after imaging and petechial hemorrhages, Evans blue colored area and Evans blue content were determined. No PVCs or microvascular leakage were seen in rats imaged without contrast agent followed by contrast agent injection without imaging. When PVCs were detected during MCE, petechial hemorrhages and Evans blue leakage were also found in the myocardium. Triggering 1:4 at end-systole produced the most PVCs per frame and most microvascular leakage, followed by end-systole 1:1, continuous scanning and end-diastole triggering 1:1. All effects increased with increasing Optison dosage in the range 25 to 500 microL kg(-1). Ultrasound PRPA was important, with apparent thresholds for PVCs at 1.0 MPa and for petechiae at 0.54 MPa. PVCs, petechial hemorrhages and microvascular leakage in the myocardium occur as a result of MCE in rats.
Effect of silicic acid on arsenate and arsenite retention mechanisms on 6-L ferrihydrite: A spectroscopic and batch adsorption approach

The competitive adsorption of arsenate and arsenite with silicic acid at the ferrihydrite-water interface was investigated over a wide pH range using batch sorption experiments, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) modeling. Batch sorption results indicate that the adsorption of arsenate and arsenite on the 6-L ferrihydrite surface exhibits a strong pH-dependence, and the effect of pH on arsenic sorption differs between arsenate and arsenite. Arsenate adsorption decreases consistently with increasing pH; whereas arsenite adsorption initially increases with pH to a sorption maximum at pH 7-9, where after sorption decreases with further increases in pH. Results indicate that competitive adsorption between silicic acid and arsenate is negligible under the experimental conditions; whereas strong competitive adsorption was observed between silicic acid and arsenite, particularly at low and high pH. In-situ, flow-through ATR-FTIR data reveal that in the absence of silicic acid, arsenate forms inner-sphere, binuclear bidentate, complexes at the ferrihydrite surface across the entire pH range. Silicic acid also forms inner-sphere complexes at ferrihydrite surfaces throughout the entire pH range probed by this study (pH 2.8 - 9.0). The ATR-FTIR data also reveal that silicic acid undergoes polymerization at the ferrihydrite surface under the environmentally-relevant concentrations studied (e.g., 1.0 mM). According to ATR-FTIR data, arsenate complexation mode was not affected by the presence of silicic acid. EXAFS analyses and DFT modeling confirmed that arsenate tetrahedra were bonded to Fe metal centers via binuclear bidentate complexation with average As(V)-Fe bond distance of 3.27 A. The EXAFS data indicate that arsenite forms both mononuclear bidentate and binuclear bidentate complexes with 6-L ferrihydrite as indicated by two As(III)-Fe bond distances of ~2.92-2.94 and 3.41-3.44 A, respectively. The As-Fe bond distances in both arsenate and arsenite EXAFS spectra remained unchanged in the presence of Si, suggesting that whereas Si diminishes arsenite adsorption preferentially, it has a negligible effect on As-Fe bonding mechanisms.
Effects of target-to-substrate angle on off-axis sputter deposition and EPR studies of near-surface magnetic properties of YBCO thin films

Abstract We have determined the dependence of target-to-substrate angle on the elemental concentration of c-axis YBCO thin films. Away from the standard off-axis position, energy distributions of sputtered elements vary spatially within the sputter plume due to the angular dependence of thermalization. Standard materials characterization techniques and angle-dependent Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) demonstrate that films grown away from the standard off-axis geometry produce bulk Y(123) with modified surface morphology and deposition rate. Several thin film planar tunneling experiments are consistent with a broken-time-reversal symmetry (BTRS) state. To compliment tunneling measurements, we measure electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of the near-surface region of YBCO thin films. Preliminary data are consistent with the spontaneous formation of magnetic moments at low temperature.
Third annual collaborative editing workshop

Collaborative editing systems support groups of people editing a document together over the computer network. People may work simultaneously on the same document, simultaneously on different copies of the document, or at different times on the original or copied document. The document types include text, diagrams, more complicated graphic objects, images, CAD drawings, multimedia, etc.. Collaborative editing research addresses many fundamental and challenging issues facing the designers of real-time groupware systems in general.