cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The clinical spectrum of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia

To better define the clinical spectra of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, we retrospectively compared clinical and polygraphic findings and questionnaire results in groups of subjects with narcolepsy with or without cataplexy, idiopathic hypersomnia, insufficient sleep syndrome, mild sleep apnea, and excessive daytime sleepiness not otherwise specified. Sleep paralysis and sleep-related hallucinations were most frequent in narcolepsy-cataplexy, but their frequency did not differ between narcolepsy without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Mean durations of nocturnal sleep, daytime naps, and morning grogginess were not increased in idiopathic hypersomnia compared with other groups. Among subjects without cataplexy, symptoms of sleep paralysis and sleep-related hallucinations were equally common in subjects with and without frequent sleep-onset REM periods. These findings suggest that the occurrence of these symptoms in subjects without classical narcolepsy-cataplexy is a function of factors other than a propensity for early onset of REM sleep and indicate a need to reevaluate diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia.
The magnetoelastic interaction of dislocations and ferromagnetic domain walls in iron and nickel

A theory is developed which permits the magnetoelastic interaction of domain walls and dislocations to be computed as a function of their relative separation. The method corresponds to a two constant theory of magnetostriction and is applied to more than sixty cases for iron and nickel. The calculations indicate that dislocations in iron interact more strongly by as much as an order of magnitude with 180 deg walls than with 90 deg Type B walls,i.e., walls with normal component of magnetization but equal zero. The situation for nickel is just the opposite. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of domain walls on individual dislocations and the effect of extensive arrays of dislocations on magnetic properties.
Employment Implications of Exporting Processed U.S. Agricultural Products

The importance of international trade in the U.S. economy has increased dramatically in recent years. Between 1970 and 1980, merchandise exports rose from 3.9% to 8.4% of gross national product (U.S. Department of Commerce 1971, 1981). The growth in international markets has been particularly significant for agriculture. In 1970, exports accounted for 14.4% of the value of farm marketings, while by 1979 they had increased to 24.3% (U,S. Department of Agriculture 1980). Much of the interest in the recent growth in agricultural exports has focused on its implications for the balance of payments and farm incomes. Less attention has been given to the question of whether the United States is realizing the maximum gains for the economy as a whole from foreign market opportunities. One way to address this broader question is to examine the contribution of agricultural exports to national employment and income, recognizing that such exports generate economic activity throughout many sectors of the economy. The nature and distribution of this activity depend not only on the total volume of commodities but on the form in which they are exported. The current administration has expressed a desire to increase the proportion of agricultural commodities exported in processed form and is intensifying its efforts to promote such products overseas (Washington Agricultural Record). Work has been initiated within the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to examine the potential for expanding processed exports and the employment implications of such expansion (Schluter and Clayton). The purpose of this paper is to complement these efforts in order to assist policy makers in assessing the implications of expanding processed exports. The analysis is placed into perspective by first examining the recent historical importance of primary and processed agricultural exports and the nature and allocation of U.S. expenditure on foreign market development. Next, the employment contribution of major categories of processed exports is estimated, and finally the major policy implications derived from this information are identified.
No stem cell is an islet (yet).

Definitive endodermal cells have been generated from human embryonic stem cells — a process that is key to their potential use in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Intestinal clearance of H2-antagonists

Jejunal perfusion of cimetidine resulted in the appearance of lumenal cimetidine sulfoxide in both rata and humans. In the rat, heal perfusion yielded negligible sulfoxide metabolite as compared with that of the jejunum. Jejunal co-perfusion of an anionic-exchange inhibitor, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, blocked the appearance of drug sulfoxide, and methionine co-perfusion yielded concentration-dependent inhibition of lumenal cimetidine sulfoxide. Intravenous injection of high concentrations of cimetidine sulfoxide did not produce detectable lumenal metabolite levels during jejunal perfusion of drug-tiee buffer, providing in situ evidence that lumenal metabolite is generated by the small intestine. Tbe extent of the appearance of lumenal sulfoxide was significantly greater for cimetidine than for the other three marketed H2-antagonists in rat jejunum. Variable intestinal clearance of this extensively prescribed class of therapeutic agents may contribute to their absorption variability. y H2-antagonists; intestinal metabolism; sulfoxide metabolite The oral administration of H2-receptor antagonists has been of therapeutic utility in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers, as well as gastroesophageal reflux disease. There are currently four H7-antaaonist nrescrintlon drugs on the U.S. market: cim&dme,* m&dine, fa&otidine and nizatidine. These drugs are characterized by incomplete and variable absorption, resulting in drug plasma level variability. The incomplete absorption has been attributed to the poor intestinal membrane permeation (1) of these weakly basic drugs, which are ionized at intestinal DH. The counlina of variable small intestinal reside&e time and limit&l membrane permeation is responsible for much of the absorption variability (2). In the course of an in situ rat jejunal perfusion study investigating the effects of mucosal microclimate pH on cimetidine ionization and absorption (3), a substantial quantity of metabolite was detected by HPLC analysis of the exiting perfusate. Confirmation of metabolite identity and subsequent characterization of H?-antagonist intestinal clearance are the subjects of this report. The metabolite was observed to co- elute with standard cimetidine sulfoxide. and identification was later verified by mass spectrometry. Cimetidine jejunal perfusions in two human subjects also yielded the sulfoxide metabolite in the lumenal contents. Drug sulfoxidation in animal small intestinal micr&omal preparations was first documented for nhenothiazines in 1977 (4). and intestinal 'sulfoxidation of albendazole, G'anthelmintic drug, has been reported recently (5). While phase II metabolism is more commonly cited as an intestinal clearance mechanism (6), phase I cyclosporin metabolism in rat (7) and human (8) intestine has
Shining a light on dark data

> Increasing the publication of dark data will require us to acknowledge and alter the incentives for multiple agents of action: journals, citation indexes, funding agencies, academic institutions and, not least, the researchers themselves Many scientists spend much of their time doing work that
A comparative study of the complement fixation test for mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in SPF and non-SPF herds of swine in Illinois

Serum samples from 458 swine from eight specific pathogen-free (SPF) herds swine were compared to samples from 178 swine from eight non-SPF herds in Illinois using the complement fixation (CF) test for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antibodies. In SPF herds, 9.4% of the samples gave positive test results, compared to 51.7% of the samples from non-SPF herds. The range of reactor rates in SPF herds was 0–26.9% and in non-SPF herds 3.4–100%. Used on herd basis with some modification, the CF test should be useful in monitoring state and nationally accredited SPF swine herds.
Cellular Dynamics of Embryomas within Adult Neoplasms

During vertebrate life, a single cell will contain a single genome until cell death. This genome contains some genes for embryonic development, some genes for adult expression, and other genes which are used both in embryonic life and in adult life. Embryonic-exclusive genes are exquistively selected for complicated expression during organ formation before birth, and are under close supervision by embryonic regulator proteins and RNAs. After birth, the embryonic-exclusive genes are no longer needed, but they are retained in the inactive form within the cell until cell death. The embryonic regulator proteins and RNAs are then replaced by adult regulator proteins and RNAs. Thus, within the adult cell, the inactive embryonic-exclusive genes are left without embryonic regulator proteins and RNAs. In this open state, such embryonic-exclusive genes may again become active. The activation of as little as one embryo-exclusive gene within an adult cell is capable of initiating a new neoplasm within that cell. Such neoplasms are termed embryomas, and as they divide and recruit other embryonic genes to regain similar activity, the new neoplasm will progress to kill the host animal. The dynamics of such embryoma activation and progression is often as explosive, cumulative, and destructive as an avalanche in character. Recently it has been found that providing the missing embryonic regulatory micro RNAs, either in vitro or in vivo, will reduce the activity of such embryomas, without apparent toxic effects on the subject. Taulli R, Bersani F, Foglizzo V, Linari A, Vigna E, Ladanyi M, Tuschl T, and Ponzetto C, “The muscle-specific microRNA miR-206 blocks human rhabdomyosarcoma growth in xenotransplanted mice by promoting myogenic differentiation”, J. Clin. Investigation. 119: (8), 2366-2378 (Aug. 2009).http://www.embryomas.net
Intensity compensation for on-line detection of defects on fruit

A machine-vision sorting system was developed that utilizes the difference in light reflectance of fruit surfaces to distinguish the defective and good apples. To accommodate to the spherical reflectance characteristics of fruit with curved surface like apple, a spherical transform algorithm was developed that converts the original image to a non-radiant image without losing defective segments on the fruit. To prevent high-quality dark-colored fruit form being classified into the defective class and increase the defect detection rate for light-colored fruit, an intensity compensation method using maximum propagation was used. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the method based on maximum propagation and spherical transform for on-line detection of defects on apples.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Amalgamation reaction on mercury-plated dental alloy (Ag3Sn).

The reaction between liquid mercury and Ag3Sn was studied at room temperature using a new type of specimen; i.e. bulk Ag3Sn electroplated with mercury. The surface morphology of the specimen and the phases formed on the Ag3Sn substrate were investigated by various techniques including optical microscopy, electron (scanning) microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and electron diffraction. It was found that the mode of formation and type of crystalline phase appearing on the Ag3Sn specimen depended on the amount of mercury available. When the amount of mercury exceeded a certain quantity (about 1 mg/cm2) only the gamma1 and gamma2 phases were formed. On the other hand, when the amount of mercury was reduced below a certain low value (less than 0.3 mg/cm2), another silver-mercury phase, beta1, formed as tiny "liquid-like" drops. The experimental technique employed in the present investigation has proved to be an excellent method for studying the reaction between liquid mercury and metal specimens. This new procedure may be employed to evaluate the amalgamation ability of potential new alloy systems.
THE ROLE OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN MOUSE ANAPHYLAXIS AS TESTED WITH HOMOLOGOUS ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN COMPLEXES

Blockade of the RES was accomplished by the intravenous injection of carbon particles, thorotrast, zymosan, or a suspension of Bordetella pertussis. The blockade resulted in a decrease in sensitivity to anaphylaxis produced by the intravenous injection of soluble antigen-antibody complexes consisting of an optimal shocking mixture of bovine plasma albumin and mouse antibody to this antigen. The decrease in sensitivity to anaphylaxis was dependent on the dose of blockading agent and on the time between blockade and challenge with complex. The loss of sensitivity to anaphylaxis could not be restored by the administration of fresh serum from normal mice nor by guinea pig complement. Antigen-antibody complexes were rapidly removed from the blood with an average half-time of 11.9 minutes in normal mice. Complexes were cleared at significantly more rapid rates in mice previously sensitized to antigen. Although not all the results can be explained on the basis of blockade the facts indicate that the RES does play an important but as yet undefined role in passive homologous anaphylaxis in the mouse.
Bridging Mental Health and Medical Care in Underserved Pediatric Populations: Three Integrative Models

In pediatric primary care, the term mental health should be taken to include child and family psychosocial needs across a wide spectrum. Mental illness therefore includes developmental, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive dysfunction. Quantifying the number of children with a mental illness can be challenging. Even within a narrow definition limited to psychiatric disorders, there is wide variation in prevalence estimates because of differing methodologies and criteria used (eg, screening or clinical diagnosis, different screening instruments, who makes the diagnoses and whether diagnoses are ascertained by chart review or parent report, and whether diagnoses reflect current symptoms or a prior lifetime diagnosis). A published review of 52 articles found prevalence estimates ranging from 1% to 51%, with a median of 18% [1]. The most frequently cited prevalence rate for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders is 20%, from the Surgeon General’s mental health report (1999) [2]. This figure, derived from a federal survey that only included children and youths 9 to 17 years of age, indicates that at least 8.4 million children have a diagnosable psychiatric condition, including 4.3 million with a disability (ie, a condition that impairs daily functioning at home, school, and community), of whom an estimated 2 million have severe functional impairments [3]. Although this number of children with psychiatric illness is impressive, it does not include diagnosed preschool-age children or young children who
External morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla of the stonefly, Paragnetina media (Walker) (Plecoptera : Perlidae)

Abstract The distribution and external morphology of sensilla on the antennae of nymphal and adult stonefly, Paragnetina media (Plecoptera : Perlidae) were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy. A peculiar arrangement of 3 types of sensilla was observed on the antennae of the nymphs. Thick- and thin-walled sensilla basiconica and coniform sensillar complexes occur in a group, and 6 to 7 such groups are located around the distal margin on the segments in the mid-region of the flagellum. Campaniform sensilla are concentrated in a ring around a crown of thick- and thin-walled sensilla basiconica on the distal end of the pedicel. Two types of trichoid sensilla, long wavy, and stout straight, are present on the flagellum of the nymph. Adult stoneflies have an antennal surface profusely covered only with long and short trichoid sensilla; all other nymphal type sensilla are absent. The lack of nymphal type sensilla on their antennae may be related to the adult's brief, non-feeding terrestrial life.
Critical test of vibrational dephasing theories in liquids by use of selective, coherent, picosecond Stokes scattering

A picosecond coherent probing technique is used to determine the homogeneous vibrational linewidth in liquids. Isotope effects on the symmetric C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$-stretching vibration in methanol and acetone provided a sensitive test for various vibrational dephasing theories. Theories based on binary-collision or hydrodynamic models do not correctly account for the observed isotope effect. Exchange theory is shown to be qualitatively consistent with the results.
Fluid Jackets: New Concept to Enhance Structural Performance of Buried Concrete Pipes

To surround the circumference of plain concrete pipes with fluid jackets is a revolutionary concept that can result in maximum burial depths and live load capacities more than twice those of conventional, steel-reinforced concrete pipes. Moreover, the enhanced capacities are achievable with less than one-half the usual amount of concrete and with zero steel reinforcement. Alternatively, fluid jacketed concrete pipes may be designed with the same structural capacity as conventional reinforced concrete pipes but with a project cost savings that results from a 50% weight reduction per foot of pipe. These claims are supported by the analysis presented in this paper, which is a necessary first step before experimental validation can occur. Engineered plastic jackets encapsulate fluid (water) in a watertight configuration that encircles the buried concrete pipe. The encapsulated fluid transforms nonuniform soil pressure to uniform hydrostatic pressure around the pipe periphery. Consequently, the concrete pipe experiences hoop compression only, without the bending deformation and concrete cracking inherent in conventionally installed, reinforced concrete pipe. The fluid jacket concept has not been published in open literature. This paper illustrates the physics of the concept and presents the most promising configuration and materials determined through structural analysis studies with the CANDE-2007 computer program. Fluid jacket designs are proposed in this paper as a first step to bring this revolutionary idea to fruition. Next steps include laboratory testing, field testing, and modeling refinement.
A study of student perspectives on Web‐based learning: WebCT in the classroom

WebCT has been used to support traditional teaching techniques for the entire 1997‐98, and half of the 1998‐99, academic years. It was used within the structure of over 60 courses (enrolling a total of more than 1,000 students) in the English, Theology, Modern Languages, Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Management Information Systems, Law, Pharmacy, Medicine, and Business programs. Concerned with the impact WebCT might have within a traditionally oriented liberal arts teaching environment, the author explored the views of the students, rather than the faculty and system administrators, who were required to use the WebCT tools in their classes. Data from students addressing the use of WebCT in their classes are now available for three full semesters, providing an expanded assessment over earlier findings. The ramifications of the use of WebCT as a course adjunct and course presentation tool are addressed based upon the data collected from Creighton University students over the past 18 months of WebCT use.
Reactions to Uncertainty and the Accuracy of Diagnostic Mammography

Reactions to uncertainty in clinical medicine can affect decision making. To assess the extent to which radiologists’ reactions to uncertainty influence diagnostic mammography interpretation. Cross-sectional responses to a mailed survey assessed reactions to uncertainty using a well-validated instrument. Responses were linked to radiologists’ diagnostic mammography interpretive performance obtained from three regional mammography registries. One hundred thirty-two radiologists from New Hampshire, Colorado, and Washington. Mean scores and either standard errors or confidence intervals were used to assess physicians’ reactions to uncertainty. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit via generalized estimating equations to assess the impact of uncertainty on diagnostic mammography interpretive performance while adjusting for potential confounders. When examining radiologists’ interpretation of additional diagnostic mammograms (those after screening mammograms that detected abnormalities), a 5-point increase in the reactions to uncertainty score was associated with a 17% higher odds of having a positive mammogram given cancer was diagnosed during follow-up (sensitivity), a 6% lower odds of a negative mammogram given no cancer (specificity), a 4% lower odds (not significant) of a cancer diagnosis given a positive mammogram (positive predictive value [PPV]), and a 5% higher odds of having a positive mammogram (abnormal interpretation). Mammograms interpreted by radiologists who have more discomfort with uncertainty have higher likelihood of being recalled.
Quantitation of 'junctional feet' content in two types of muscle fiber from hind limb muscles of the rat.

Abstract 1. Transverse tubules in fibers from rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of the rat were infiltrated with silver dichromate (black reaction of Golgi). This provides a faithful, high-contrast outline of the tubules, which allows distinction between segments involved in junction formation with the sarcoplasmic reticulum and segments that are free. 2. Electron micrographs of semithin transverse sections were used to quantitate T tubule parameters and to measure cross-sectional area and perimeter of individual fibers. Thin sections and data from the literature were used to obtain the contribution of caveolae to external surface area and the frequency of junctional feet along the junctional T tubule membrane. 3. From the above data we calculate the ratio of number of feet to total external surface area for a given fiber segment. The ratio is compared with data in the literature on the total amount of ‘charge movement’ (in nC uF of total external surface area). 4. The average feet/ surface area ratio is twice as large in EDL than in soleus fibers, while the charge movement is up to five-fold larger. Probably some of the total charge movement is not directly associated with events related to the turning on of the SR permeability to calcium.
13C/12C composition of marine dissolved organic carbon

Abstract The stable isotopic composition of marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured with a high temperature, sealed tube combustion technique. The δ 13 C values of DOC ( DO 13 C ) were approximately −22‰ for all samples that were collected (1) in a monthly survey conducted in Woods Hole Harbor, (2) in a spatial survey across Georges Bank during a spring bloom period, and (3) in depth profiles near Bermuda, Georges Bank and in the eastern Equatorial Pacific. The DO 13 C values were uniform in waters of varying DOC content, including low DOC deep waters and high DOC surface waters, indicating little overall isotopic fractionation during formation and degradation of marine DOC. The −22‰ DO 13 C values are similar to those observed for average marine particulate and sedimentary organic material, and exclude a large contribution from −27‰ terrestrial DOC to ocean pools.
Electronic structure of asymmetric vertically coupled InAs/GaAs quantum dots

Abstract In this paper, the electronic structure of an asymmetric self-assembled vertically coupled quantum dots heterostructure has been investigated. The structure consists of two ellipsoidal quantum dot (QDs) caps made with InAs embedded in a wetting layer InAs and surrounded by GaAs. Using the strain dependent k · p theory, the energy of the two lowest states of a single electron/hole which is confined within the coupled QD structure has been calculated. As a result, it can be estimated the energy gap for different geometry parameters and for tuning the external magnetic field. The numerical results show that the energy gap is very sensitive to the size asymmetry of the structure and to the small separation distance of the dots but less sensitive to the existence of an external magnetic field and large interdot distance.
Distribution of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein at the apical surface of MDCK cells examined at a resolution of <100 A using imaging fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

Membrane microdomains (“lipid rafts”) enriched in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, glycosphingolipids, and cholesterol have been implicated in events ranging from membrane trafficking to signal transduction. Although there is biochemical evidence for such membrane microdomains, they have not been visualized by light or electron microscopy. To probe for microdomains enriched in GPI- anchored proteins in intact cell membranes, we used a novel form of digital microscopy, imaging fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), which extends the resolution of fluorescence microscopy to the molecular level (<100 A). We detected significant energy transfer between donor- and acceptor-labeled antibodies against the GPI-anchored protein 5′ nucleotidase (5′ NT) at the apical membrane of MDCK cells. The efficiency of energy transfer correlated strongly with the surface density of the acceptor-labeled antibody. The FRET data conformed to theoretical predictions for two-dimensional FRET between randomly distributed molecules and were inconsistent with a model in which 5′ NT is constitutively clustered. Though we cannot completely exclude the possibility that some 5′ NT is in clusters, the data imply that most 5′ NT molecules are randomly distributed across the apical surface of MDCK cells. These findings constrain current models for lipid rafts and the membrane organization of GPI-anchored proteins.
A two-level approach to tuning FACTS for transient stabilization

Transient stability of power systems is becoming increasingly important as the grid evolves toward adopting smart, distributed and renewable technologies. The steady state methods, such as (N-1) reliability-related methods and Remedial Action Schemes (RAS), do not guarantee stable system behavior during transients. Additionally, these methods are centralized, while the new technologies, namely fast communications and power-electronically-controlled devices, provide potential for distributed stabilization. In this paper, we propose an approach to designing dynamical controllers for transient stabilization of interconnected power systems. This approach is based on modeling and stabilization of interaction variables which describe how different parts of the system interact. The approach is applicable to large scale systems and different controlling devices. We illustrate it on a simple system with a converter-based Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device as a controller.
Oxygen Vacancy-Assisted Coupling and Enolization of Acetaldehyde on CeO2(111)

The temperature-dependent adsorption and reaction of acetaldehyde (CH(3)CHO) on a fully oxidized and a highly reduced thin-film CeO(2)(111) surface have been investigated using a combination of reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and periodic density functional theory (DFT+U) calculations. On the fully oxidized surface, acetaldehyde adsorbs weakly through its carbonyl O interacting with a lattice Ce(4+) cation in the η(1)-O configuration. This state desorbs at 210 K without reaction. On the highly reduced surface, new vibrational signatures appear below 220 K. They are identified by RAIRS and DFT as a dimer state formed from the coupling of the carbonyl O and the acyl C of two acetaldehyde molecules. This dimer state remains up to 400 K before decomposing to produce another distinct set of vibrational signatures, which are identified as the enolate form of acetaldehyde (CH(2)CHO¯). Furthermore, the calculated activation barriers for the coupling of acetaldehyde, the decomposition of the dimer state, and the recombinative desorption of enolate and H as acetaldehyde are in good agreement with previously reported TPD results for acetaldehyde adsorbed on reduced CeO(2)(111) [Chen et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 3385]. The present findings demonstrate that surface oxygen vacancies alter the reactivity of the CeO(2)(111) surface and play a crucial role in stabilizing and activating acetaldehyde for coupling reactions.
On the Meissner effect in gauge theories

Abstract The phase structure of spontaneously broken scalar electrodynamics in an external electromagnetic field is analyzed. With no external field, the spectrum comprises a scalar boson of mass mH and a vector boson of mass mW. If mH ≤ mW, it is shown that in the tree approximation, as the external field is increased, a first order phase transition to a restored symmetry phase occurs, and the critical field strength is calculated. Below the critical point the external field is completely screened, this being the analogue of the Meissner effect in superconductivity. If mH > mW, a third phase, characterized by vortex solutions of the field equations, occurs. Quantum effects, such as pair production in an electric field, are considered at the one (and two) loop level in the massless theory (the Coleman-Weinberg model). The leading correction to the critical magnetic field strength is calculated, and it is shown that for an external electric field the phase transition does not exist.
Social foraging in honey bees: how nectar foragers assess their colony's nutritional status

A honey bee colony operates as a tightly integrated unit of behavioral action. One manifestation of this in the context of foraging is a colony's ability to adjust its selectivity among nectar sources in relation to its nutritional status. When a colony's food situation is good, it exploits only highly profitable patches of flowers, but when its situation is poor, a colony's foragers will exploit both highly profitable and less profitable flower patches. The nectar foragers in a colony acquire information about their colony's nutritional status by noting the difficulty of finding food storer bees to receive their nectar, rather than by evaluating directly the variables determining their colony's food situation: rate of nectar intake and amount of empty storage comb. (The food storer bees in a colony are the bees that collect nectar from returning foragers and store it in the honey combs. They are the age group (generally 12–18 day old bees) that is older than the nurse bees but younger than the foragers. Food storers make up approximately 20% of a colony members.) The mathematical theory for the behavior of queues indicates that the waiting time experienced by nectar foragers before unloading to food storers (queue length) is a reliable and sensitive indicator of a colony's nutritional status. Queue length is automatically determined by the ratio of two rates which are directly related to a colony's nutritional condition: the rate of arrival of loaded nectar foragers at the hive (arrival rate) and the rate of arrival of empty food storers at the nectar delivery area (service rate). These two rates are a function of the colony's nectar intake rate and its empty comb area, respectively. Although waiting time conveys crucial information about the colony's nutritional status, it has not been molded by natural selection to serve this purpose. Unlike “signals”, which are evolved specifically to convey information, this “cue” conveys information as an automatic by-product. Such cues may prove more important than signals in colony integration.
Ecology of Metridia gerlachei Giesbrecht in the western Bransfield Strait, Antarctica

The population dynamics, distribution, abundance and feeding behavior of Metridia gerlachei Giesbrecht were studied in the western Bransfield Strait in the period from mid-December 1986 through late March 1987. The greatest abundance of all copepodite stages was found in the Gerlache Strait and in the Bransfield Current, approaching an average abundance of 500 individuals (ind.) m−3 in the upper 200 m. However, much of the population occurred below 200 m, where it sometimes approached 1000 ind. m−3 at certain depths. Feeding rates on phytoplankton, determined from analysis of gut pigments and gut evacuation rate, suggest that daily rations may average between 25 and 50% body carbon day−1 throughout the spring and summer. A strong diel cycle was observed in grazing rate. Cluster analysis of cephalothorax length-frequency distributions, based on measurements of approximately 10,000 individual CIV and CV copepodids, shows that the largest individuals consistently occurred in phytoplankton-rich nearshore regions, whereas the smallest individuals occurred in phytoplankton-poor offshore areas. Shipboard experiments demonstrated that Metridia gerlachei CVI females feed on the eggs of another abundant Antarctic copepod, Calanoides acutus. Spawning appears to take place before December; as many as two or three generations may be produced during the summer before the last spawning period in January.
The womb and the skin as false boundaries in perception–action and development: A response

The commentaries on our article in this issue of Developmental Psychobiology (Wagman & Miller, 2003) raise many valuable and interesting points, not the least of which is a review of the human developmental literature that seems to fall at the intersection of the ecological and transactional approaches (see Walker-Andrews, 2003; Schmuckler, 2003). We gratefully acknowledge this contribution. By nomeanswas it our intention to overlook such a vast and important literature. The commentators have done an excellent job at filling in the gaps in our respective areas of expertise. In addition to addressing the specific points raised by the commentators, we should clarify what it is that we are attempting to do in our target article. More importantly, we should clarify what it is that we are not attempting to do.
A Binomial Test for Hierarchical Dependency.

A binomial test for hierarchical dependency is presented. The null hypothesis is that all members of a population who possess a certain skill are a subset of the members who possess another skill. This hypothesis is basic to the writings of several prominent theorists, such as Gagne and Piaget. The model, assumptions, formula derivations, and procedures for the test are explained. An illustrative example is also provided.
Mechanisms of Action and the Clinical Pharmacology of Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs

At present more than 20 beta-adrenergic blocking drugs are commercially available in Western Europe, and six are available in the United States. The clinical indications for their usage include hypertension, arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, thyrotoxicosis, migraine headaches, glaucoma, and anxiety states. We will review the mechanisms suggested for the antihypertensive action of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs as well as these agents' clinical pharmacologic aspects. In general, the pharmacodynamic effects of the beta blocking drugs are quite similar, yet the properties of biotransformation, including pharmacokinetics, tend to be distinguishing features.
The role of grapheme-phoneme correspondences in the perception of braille

The function of grapheme-phoneme correspondences in the perception of Braille was investigated by presenting 26 Braille readers with pseudo-words which follow the rules of spelling-sound correspondence (pronounceable) and pseudo-words which do not (unpronounceable) and measuring the speed with which the two types of pseudo-words were read. Nearly all of the Ss spent more time reading the unpronounceable pseudo-words than the pronounceable pseudo-words. The results suggest that grapheme-phoneme correspondences function as grouping principles in the perception of Braille in the same manner as has been demonstrated for the perception of print by sighted Ss.
Some principles for robotics based on general automata

Twelve equations are presented for describing how robots move through their environments receiving information and producing required results. There is a total of 16 variables, and the sets of independent and dependent variable for the system of equations are presented. Graphs and example uses are also presented.
Determination of the absolute configuration of the sugar residues of complex polysaccharides by circular dichroism spectroscopy.

Abstract Circular dichroism spectroscopy is used to determine the absolute configuration of the constituent sugar residues of bacterial polysaccharides from two strains ofStreptococcus sanguis which are important receptors in bacterial coaggregation in the formation of dental plaque. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for carbohydrate analysis of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides has been extended to sugar chirality determination by collection of the eluted HPLC fractions and subsequent measurement of their circular dichroism spectra. The method involves methanolysis of the polysaccharide followed by formation ofO-benzoyl derivatives and HPLC on reverse-phase columns. Circular dichroism spectra of the collected derivatives in acetonitrile solution in the region 230 nm show large ellipticity bands resulting from “chiral exciton” interaction among theO-benzoyl chromophores which are sensitive to the orientation of hydroxyl groups in the parent sugars. The sensitivity of the method is in the submicrogram range for the absolute configuration of single sugar residues. The circular dichroism of the intact polysaccharide in aqueous solution shows CD bands from the amide chromophore in the region 180 to 220 nm which are sensitive to the chirality of 2-acetamido sugar residues.
Identification and investigation of properties of social support

In response to the charge by House and Kahn (1985) that there is lack of specificity in conceptualization and measurement of the social support construct, this paper suggests the need to identify and specifically measure discrete properties of the previously identified dimensions (type and source) of social support. Properties are defined as what it is about combinations of source and type that needs to be measured. Based on literature reviews it is suggested that the relevant properties are amount of support, adequacy of support and number of providers of support. Measures are developed for each property. Data from 186 nurses were used to assess main and moderating effects of social support properties, workload and dying patients on emotional exhaustion and physical symptoms. As predicted, support adequacy was related to perceptions of lower workload. As single predictors, amount and adequacy of support reduced physical symptoms and emotional exhaustion. With amount and adequacy controlled, number of providers increased emotional exhaustion. Amount buffered the relationship between death and emotional exhaustion. Moderate levels of adequacy and number buffered the relationship between workload and exhaustion. Both adequacy and amount of support assisted in coping with patient death. In addition, a number of ‘reverse’ buffering and coping relationships were found. It was concluded that examination of different properties of social support increases our understanding of the impact of social support, and that further research needs to examine the simultaneous effects of various combinations of property, type and source of social support.
A Model of Management Education In Africa

Despite abundant natural resources, Africa faces a bleak economic future, owing in large part to its inability to train capable managers. In this article I present a dynamic model of management education in Africa, based on extensive field research. Among the many variables comprised in the model, those of greatest relevance to aid-giving countries are the pre-university educational system, the strong Western influence in management curricula and teaching methods, the lack of facilities for providing practical experience, and the relationship between governments and universities. Knowledge of weaknesses in the system and of differences between the needs of African and Western management should make it possible to develop more effective management education programs in Africa.
Indirect food web interactions increase growth of an algivorous stream fish

SUMMARY 1. We tested the hypothesis that indirect food web interactions between some common, invertivorous fishes and their prey would positively affect growth of an algivorous fish species. Specifically, we predicted that orangethroat darter (Etheostoma spectabile) would increase periphyton biomass via a top-down pathway, indirectly enhancing growth of the algivorous central stoneroller minnow (Campostoma anomalum). Moreover, we predicted that sand shiner (Notropis stramineus) would increase periphyton biomass via a bottom-up pathway and indirectly enhance growth of the stoneroller minnow. 2. In an 83-day experiment in large, outdoor, stream mesocosms, we stocked two fish species per mesocosm (stoneroller and either darter or shiner), estimated the effects of the invertivorous and grazing fishes on periphyton biomass and estimated growth of the algivorous fish. 3. The darter consumed grazing invertebrates, indirectly increasing periphyton biomass. The shiner consumed terrestrial insects as predicted, but it did not affect periphyton biomass. 4. In support of our hypothesis, the darter indirectly enhanced stoneroller growth. As predicted, stonerollers consumed the increased periphyton in streams with darters, resulting in greater growth, condition and gut fullness compared to streams without darters. No indirect interaction was observed between stonerollers and shiners. 5. Our study suggests that some invertivorous fish species can positively affect growth of algivorous fishes through indirect food web interactions. Thus, in stream communities, it is possible that the loss of a single, invertivorous fish taxon could have negative consequences on algivorous fish populations via the removal of positive indirect food web interactions.
The impact of technical complexity on the decision to collaborate and combine

In this paper, we investigate how technical complexity affects the decision to collaborate or combine. First, we discuss a model that mimics the system architecting process that was used on the National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). Next, we present a metric that can be used to assess technical complexity and risk during the early system architecting phase of a program. We combine our technical complexity metric and additional measures of lifecycle cost and requirement satisfaction to evaluate a large tradespace of joint and single-agency, single-mission system architectures that we generate with our NPOESS model. Finally, we illustrate how agencies' decisions to collaborate and combine depend highly on agency preference, on the cost of collaboration, and on the final system architecture that is selected.
Worlds in collision, worlds in collusion: The uneasy relationship between the policy community and the academic community

Both the government national security policy community and the academic community are concerned with problems of political terrorism. A major gap exists, however, between these two communities in terms of cooperation and information flow. This gap reflects differences in primary mission, role definition, professional training, and career considerations. The government practitioner's requirement for dealing with crises and producing immediate results leads to a truncated time frame which insufficiently considers long‐term causes and consequences. Moreover, he tends to place overly great reliance on classified information, insufficiently attending to understandings which may derive from open sources. This is a function of role, not training, for the academic who moves from the university to the government quickly adopts the government practitioner's orientation. The academic, on the other hand, may be inhibited by career considerations from cooperating with the government, for in some institutions this woul...
Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Human Dimeric S-Lac Lectin (L-14-II)

The human recombinant S-Lac lectin, L-14-II, produced in an Escherichia coli expression system, has been co-crystallized in the presence of lactose by the hanging drop vapor diffusion method. The crystals grow in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit cell dimensions of a = 43.6 A, b = 57.8 A, c = 108.2 A, with a dimer in the asymmetric unit. On a conventional rotating anode the crystals diffract to at least 2.8 A resolution.
Effects of Mowing on Anthraquinone for Deterrence of Canada Geese

Anthraquinone (AQ)-based repellents have been shown to reduce Canada goose (Branta canadensis) use of turfgrass; however, impacts of frequent mowing on efficacy of AQ have not been studied. Our objective was to determine efficacy and longevity of a rain- fast AQ-based avian repellent, FlightControlH PLUS (FCP), as a deterrent of free-ranging resident Canada geese under 2 mowing frequencies. We conducted the study at 8 sites in the Triangle region (Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill) of North Carolina, USA. We arranged our experiment in a randomized complete block design, with each of 8 sites containing 4 0.1-ha treatment combinations: 1) treated with FCP and mowed every 4 days (T4), 2) treated with FCP and mowed every 8 days (T8), 3) untreated and mowed every 4 days, and 4) untreated and mowed every 8 days. We conducted 4 37-day field sessions (Jun-Jul 2007, Sep-Oct 2007, Jun-Jul 2008, and Sep-Oct 2008), representing the summer molting phase and the full-plumage phase. Resident goose use (measured by daily no. of droppings) was 41-70% lower on treated plots than on untreated plots, but use was similar between T4 and T8. Average FCP coverage on grass blades decreased in coverage from approximately 95% to 10% over the 30-day posttreatment phase. Results indicate that resident Canada goose use of FCP-treated turfgrass areas was lower than untreated areas even when chemical coverage on grass was 10%. Further, mowing frequency did not have a clear impact on the efficacy of FCP as a Canada goose repellent.
A novel and efficient tool for locating and characterizing protein cavities and binding sites.

Systematic investigation of a protein and its binding site characteristics are crucial for designing small molecules that modulate protein functions. However, fundamental uncertainties in binding site interactions and insufficient knowledge of the properties of even well-defined binding pockets can make it difficult to design optimal drugs. Herein, we report the development and implementation of a cavity detection algorithm built with HINT toolkit functions that we are naming VICE (Vectorial Identification of Cavity Extents). This very efficient algorithm is based on geometric criteria applied to simple integer grid maps. In testing, we carried out a systematic investigation on a very diverse data set of proteins and protein-protein/protein-polynucleotide complexes for locating and characterizing the indentations, cavities, pockets, grooves, channels and surface regions. Additionally, we evaluated a curated data set of unbound proteins for which a ligand-bound protein structures are also known; here the VICE algorithm located the actual ligand in the largest cavity in 83% of the cases and in one of the three largest in 90% of the cases. An interactive front-end provides a quick and simple procedure for locating, displaying and manipulating cavities in these structures. Information describing the cavity, including its volume and surface area metrics, and lists of atoms, residues and/or chains lining the binding pocket, can be easily obtained and analyzed. For example, the relative cross-sectional surface area (to total surface area) of cavity openings in well-enclosed cavities is 0.06 ± 0.04 and in surface clefts or crevices is 0.25 ± 0.09.