cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with the likelihood of injury resulting from collisions between four-wheel drive vehicles and passenger cars

The specific effects of vehicular type on the likelihood of an injury occurring are relatively unexplored. This study sought to assess the relative risk of injury to occupants of four-wheel drive vehicles and their counterparts in passenger cars. Data for 1143 occupants from all of the 454 crashes in Oklahoma, in 1995 that involved a four-wheel drive vehicle were used. Multiple logistic regression analysis determined the association between potential predictive factors and vehicular injury. Odds ratios revealed occupancy in a passenger car to be a major predictor of the likelihood of injury. Other factors include the driver being female, driving too fast, travel on curved or level roadways, and being hit laterally or from the rear.
A new error metric for text entry method evaluation

On devices such as mobile phones, text is often entered using keypads and predictive text entry techniques. Current metrics used for measuring text entry error rates have limitations in terms of the types of errors they account for, and cannot easily distinguish between different types of errors. This research proposes a new text entry error metric that addresses some of the outstanding issues that exist with current metrics. Specifically, the metric accounts in detail for the way the user handles corrections during text entry, moving beyond current keystroke level error measurement. The feasibility and usefulness of this new metric is shown through the analysis of an experiment that tests an alphabetically constrained keypad design that includes upper and lower case letters, numbers, and punctuation marks.
Commemorating the 20th century Darwin: Ernst Mayr’s words and thoughts, five years later

It has been five years since Ernst Mayr, one of the most influential evolutionary biologists of the last century, passed away. Mayr’s seminal work as a naturalist and, in particular, as a bird syst...
Aperture edge scatter calibration of the cavity radiometers for the spaceflight Total Irradiance Monitor

Aperture area knowledge is a primary calibration in radiometric instruments. Corrections for edge effects, particularly diffraction and scatter, must also be taken into account for high accuracy measurements. The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) is a total solar irradiance radiometer on NASA's SORCE mission launched in 2003 and on the NASA/Glory mission launching in 2008. In order to measure irradiance, the TIM instrument measures the total optical power that passes through circular diamond-turned precision apertures. The geometric areas of the 8-mm diameter apertures are measured to approximately 25 parts per million (ppm) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology [1]. Due to scatter and diffraction, not all light that passes through the geometric area of an aperture will enter the radiometer cavity of the instrument, and corrections must be made for these edge effects. Diffraction effects are generally well understood and are calculated from the instrument geometry. Scatter, on the other hand, is dependent on the microscopic edge quality of each individual aperture, and so must be measured. This paper describes the measurement of aperture edge diffraction and scatter for the precision apertures on NASA's Glory/TIM instrument.
Small intestinal submucosa seeded with intestinal smooth muscle cells in a rodent jejunal interposition model.

Background Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is a porcine-derived, acellular, collagen-based matrix that has been tested without seeded smooth muscle cells (SMCs) for intestinal tissue engineering. We examined the expression patterns of contractile proteins of SIS with SMCs implanted in an in vivo rodent model. Materials and Methods Intestinal SMCs were isolated from Lewis rat pups. Four-ply tubular SMCs-seeded SIS or blank SIS scaffolds were implanted in an adult rat jejunal interposition model. Recipients were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 wk following the implantation. The retrieved specimens were examined using antibodies against contractile proteins of SMCs. Results Cultured intestinal SMCs expressed α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), calponin, and less smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) in vitro . Cell-seeded SIS scaffolds contracted significantly over 8 wk of implantation but were comparable to SIS scaffolds without cell seeding. Implanted cell-seeded SIS scaffolds at 2 wk expressed extensive α-SMA, some calponin, and minimal SM-MHC. At 4 wk, α-SMA-expressing cells decreased significantly, whereas calponin or SM-MHC expressing cells were rarely detected. A small number of α-SMA-expressing cells were present at 8 wk, whereas more calponin or SM-MHC expressing cells emerged in proximity with the anastomotic interface. Conclusions Cell-seeded SIS contracted significantly after implantation, but the expressions of contractile proteins were present at the site of SIS interposition. No organized smooth muscle was formed at the site of implantation. A better scaffold design is needed to produce structured smooth muscle.
Angiogenesis Therapy Amidst the Hype, the Neglected Potential for Serious Side Effects

Although essentially unknown as a therapeutic concept as recently as a decade ago, it is difficult now to open a cardiology journal, attend a cardiology meeting, or scan a newspaper without being caught up in the excitement generated by the thought that angiogenesis therapy may soon have a major impact on the treatment of patients with atherosclerotic lesions obstructing arteries that supply the myocardium or legs. Potent therapeutic interventions, however, are rarely free of at least the potential for causing harmful effects. Angiogenesis therapy is no exception. Despite this and despite the fact that the only reasonably powered, randomized, double-blind clinical studies to date have failed to demonstrate primary end-point efficacy,1 thoughtful consideration of the serious side effects that might accompany any therapeutic benefit has been largely missing from scientific communications. For the lay media, a switch from this unbounded enthusiasm to profound skepticism occurred recently after a report of the tragic death of a young man caused by injection of large amounts of an adenoviral vector into the hepatic artery (unrelated to angiogenesis therapy).2 For the scientific community, however, there has been a general lack of in-depth discussion of the potential dangers inherent in angiogenesis interventions. Such a discussion is appropriate not only because of the event cited above but also because considerable mechanistic data are available that actually permit us to identify specific side effects that we might anticipate as potential complications of angiogenesis therapy. The following therefore is a discussion of potential complications based predominantly on our knowledge of the underlying biological activities of 2 of the most potent angiogenic cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Angiogenic agents are thought to have the potential to induce neovascularization in many different tissues. This becomes important in that under clinical circumstances it …
Including Resident Photographs on Electronic Evaluations: Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?

Background: Trends toward electronic course evaluation make it possible to personalize evaluations in many ways, such as including resident photographs. The purpose of the present project was to explore the impact of adding photos to electronic evaluations of residents by faculty. Description: T tests were used to examine faculty responses to determine if resident outcomes were affected by the inclusion/exclusion of photographs from the perspective of the resident receiving the evaluation and the faculty giving the evaluation. A qualitative analysis of comments was performed. Evaluation: Almost no significant differences were found on the level of resident or faculty (all but one p> .05) Qualitative analysis of the comments did reveal common themes, but no significant differences were apparent between groups with/without photographs (all ps > .05). Conclusion: Including or excluding photographs on evaluation forms did not impact resident outcomes. Future study should explore the effect of elapsed completi...
Predictors of friend approval for romantic relationships

Three studies (1 correlational and 2 experiments) applied the investment model to explain social network approval for others' romantic relationships. Study 1 supported the prediction that friends' perceived satisfaction and perceived alternatives were predictive of their approval for target relationships, while perceived investments was not a significant predictor. Studies 2 and 3 employed experimental manipulations of perceived satisfaction to test its causal impact on relationship approval, and in these studies, perceived satisfaction was a significant predictor of relationship approval. Taken as a whole, these findings supported the prediction that perceived relationship satisfaction is a causal factor influencing friends' approval of target romantic relationships.
Cigarette Smoking and Ulcerative Colitis: A Case-Control Study

Objective To determine whether the previously reported decreased risk of ulcerative colitis in current smokers and increased risk in former smokers are explained by age, sex, race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Design We conducted a case-control study at a university hospital gastroenterology clinic. Material and Methods One hundred patients with ulcerative colitis and 100 age- and sex-matched community control subjects were randomly selected for a telephone interview to collect information on smoking habits, race, religion, income, education, and occupation. Smoking habits at the onset of symptoms were analyzed with use of conditional logistic regression for matched data to obtain adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for current or former smokers. Results In comparison with those who had never smoked, current smokers were less likely to have ulcerative colitis: odds ratio=0.13; 95% confidence interval=0.05 to 0.38. Former smokers had no increased risk for ulcerative colitis: odds ratio=1.24; 95% confidence interval=0.52 to 2.95. No dose-response effect was noted on the basis of pack-years of cigarette smoking, and among former smokers, the interval since quitting smoking was not significantly associated with the relative risk of ulcerative colitis. No confounding effect was detected from race, religion, income, education, or occupation. Conclusion An association seems to exist between ulcerative colitis and nonsmoking; perhaps patients with ulcerative colitis who smoke are less likely to experience symptoms than are nonsmokers because of the effects of nicotine.
Mode growth and competition in the x-ray free-electron laser oscillator start-up from noise.

We describe the radiation properties of an x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) oscillator, beginning with its start-up from noise through saturation. We first decompose the initially chaotic undulator radiation into the growing longitudinal modes of the composite system consisting of the electron beam, the undulator, and the Bragg mirror resonator cavity. Because the radiation initially comprises several modes whose growth rates are comparable, we find that only after many oscillator passes is the output pulse dominantly characterized by the lowest-order Gaussian mode. We verify our analytic results with a novel, reduced one-dimensional FEL code (derived in the text), and with two-dimensional FEL simulations. Understanding the full longitudinal structure during the initial amplification will be critical in assessing the tolerances on the electron beam, undulator, and optical cavity required for robust operation.
Compressive sampling in passive millimeter-wave imaging

We present a Hadamard transform based imaging technique and have implemented it on a single-pixel passive millimeter-wave imager in the 146-154 GHz range. The imaging arrangement uses a set of Hadamard transform masks of size p x q at the image plane of a lens and the transformed image signals are focused and collected by a horn antenna of the imager. The cyclic nature of Hadamard matrix allows the use of a single extended 2-D Hadamard mask of size (2p-1) x (2q-1) to expose a p x q submask for each acquisition by raster scanning the large mask one pixel at a time. A total of N = pq acquisitions can be made with a complete scan. The original p x q image may be reconstructed by a simple matrix operation. Instead of full N acquisitions, we can use a subset of the masks for compressive sensing. In this regard, we have developed a relaxation technique that recovers the full Hadamard measurement space from sub-sampled Hadamard acquisitions. We have reconstructed high fidelity images with 1/9 of the full Hadamard acquisitions, thus reducing the image acquisition time by a factor of 9.
Sex differences in sulfobromophthalein-glutathione transport by perfused rat liver

Abstract Sex differences have been described in the hepatic transport of many organic anions. Proposed mechanisms include differences in the rate of metabolism, in the degree of binding to cytoplasmic proteins, and in the rate of membrane transport. To better define these factors, we used the perfused rat liver to study the hepatic transport of the glutathione conjugate of sulfobromophthalein (BSP-GSP), a model compound that does not require metabolism for excretion. Hepatic transport of BSP-GSH was saturable for both sexes. Clearance of BSP-GSH from 1% albumin solutions at steady-state was 35–52% greater in female livers than in male livers, and reflected a 47% larger apparent V max with no change in the apparent K m . Analysis of the rate of disappearance of BSP-GSH from recirculating perfusate and its appearance in bile using a simple two-compartment model indicated that the ratio of influx to efflux was greater in female livers. These findings are compatible with sex-related differences in the electrochemical driving forces for BSP-GSH uptake.
Heat transfer between rotating spheres and flowing power-law fluids with suction and injection

Abstract Steady laminar forced convection of non-Newtonian fluids past rotating spheres with permeable walls has been analyzed. New coordinate transformations are used to reduce the streamwise dependence of the coupled nonlinear boundary layer equations, simplifying the numerical solution procedure. The effects of the type of power-law fluid on the local skin friction coefficient and heat transfer coefficients are determined. As exepected, both increase with increasing body rotation, while fluid injection decreases them and fluid withdrawal increases them. The effect of the mass transfer parameter on the local heat transfer group is significant for power-law fluids with large Prandtl numbers. The angle of boundary layer separation decreases with increasing index number of the power-law viscosity model.
What role for inhaled steroids in chronic asthma

A sthma is marked by reversible airway obstruction, chronic airway inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness to a variety ofspecific and nonspecific stimuli, including allergens, histamine, chemical irritants, cold air, and exercise.’ Current management of asthma includes both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic intervention. A major component of nonpharmacologic management is avoidance ofexposure to allergens and other triggers of acute exacerbations. The relief and prevention of asthma episodes, however, require pharmacologic intervention. Two classes of drugs, bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents, are used to this end. Bronchodilators, which include 3adrenergic agonists, theophylline, and anticholinergics, act on airway smooth muscle.2 These agents relax the au-way muscles and rapidly end an episode. When used before exposure to an allergen, they can prevent bronchoconstriction. As best understood now, however, bronchodilators do not have a direct effect on airway inflammation. Anti-inflammatory agents, including cromolyn sodium and corticosteroids, do not have a rapid bronchodilator effect and therefore do not provide immediate relief of ‘ Instead, these agents inhibit the inflammatory events within the airway that are characteristic of asthma. Until recently, asthma therapy has principally emphasized use ofbronchodilators. A greater understanding of the central role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of asthma has led to a re-evaluation of the use ofanti-inflammatory agents in the management of this disease.2 This shift reflects a reasoned concern about the current trend of increased asthma mortality despite more frequent diagnosis and treatment.35 This article will review the inflammatory mechanism in asthma, the pharmacology and efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids, and the role of corticosteroids in asthma treatment regimens.
Levels of Knowing in “M. de Pourceaugnac”

One of the so-called lighter pieces of Moliere, M. de Pourceaugnac is, nonetheless, an exploration of the limits and methods of knowledge. It demonstrates that language and the senses, as means of knowledge, are inadequate. Appearances are flexible and may be distorted by manipulators. On the lips of impostors, speech becomes free from the exigencies of mimetic adherence to reality and capable of imposing its own distorted meaning on the nature of things. Sense perceptions and words interpose themselves between our understanding and reality which often is whatever we can be persuaded to believe.
Temperature and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine alter human serotonin transporter-mediated dopamine uptake.

Abstract Although studies have suggested that dopamine can be transported by serotonin transporters (SERTs), such activity has not been characterized at the cloned SERTs. Dopamine and serotonin uptake by human SERT expressed in HEK-293 cells was compared at 37 and 40 °C. Elevated temperature was found to alter serotonin transport, but had no significant effect on dopamine transport. These effects led to a 10-fold increase in the serotonin:dopamine transport ratio reflecting an increased preference of SERTs for dopamine as opposed to serotonin at the higher temperature. The effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on SERT-mediated dopamine transport were also evaluated by pre-incubating SERT-expressing cells with MDMA. The presence of intracellular MDMA caused a decrease in [3H]dopamine uptake but had no effect on [3H]serotonin transport suggesting that intracellular MDMA may be capable of inhibiting transporter function.
(111)B-oriented AlAs/GaAs/AlAs double barrier resonant tunneling devices grown in a gas source molecular beam epitaxy system

We have studied the growth of (lll)B-oriented AlAs/GaAs/AIAs double barrier resonant tunneling structures in a gas source molecular beam epitaxy system. We investigate the current peak-to-valley ratios of the resonant tunneling structures grown on (lll)B GaAs substrates under the various growth conditions, such as III/V flux ratios, substrate temperature, growth interruption at the heterointerfaces, buffer or contact layers, etc. We demonstrate that, in contrast to previous reports, high quality heterostructures can be grown in a gas source system if certainIII/V flux ratio, substrate temperature, and misoriented substrate are used. We show that the As/Ga flux ratio plays the key role for the growth on the misoriented ( 111 )B GaAs substrate, and growth at extremely high temperatures is not beneficial to the negative differential resistance. We also show that, although inserting a growth interruption in the buffer layer is believed to be helpful to the surface morphology, it is detrimental to the current peak-to-valley ratio.
The H+NO recombination reaction over a wide temperature range

Rate coefficients of the title reaction have been measured in a high-temperature photochemistry (HTP) reactor using Ar as the bath gas. H atoms were generated by flash photolysis of NH3 and their relative concentrations were monitored by resonance fluorescence. The data are best fitted by k(295–905 K) = 6.5 × 10−34 (T/K)0.206 exp(780K T) cm6 molecule−2 s−1, with ±2σ precision values varying from 16 to 36% and corresponding suggested accuracy levels of 29–42%. Using a literature value for the relative collision efficiencies of N2 and Ar indicates that for N2 as the third body the above rate coefficient expression should be multiplied by 1.6. This leads to good agreement with two recent near 1000 K measurements. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 35: 374–380, 2003
One step forwards, one step back.

New AIDS-virus vaccines induce cellular responses that can contain, but not prevent, infection. Mutations can allow the virus to escape this immune control, emphasizing the challenges in developing an effective vaccine.
A framework for efficient large scale equation-oriented flowsheet optimization

Abstract Despite the economic benefits of flowsheet optimization, many commercial tools suffer from long computational times, limited problem formulation flexibility and numerical instabilities. In this study, we address these challenges and present a framework for efficient large scale flowsheet optimization. This framework couples advanced process optimization formulations with state-of-the-art algorithms, and includes several notable features such as (1) an optimization-friendly formulation of cubic equation of state thermodynamic models; (2) a new model for distillation column optimization based on rigorous mass, equilibrium, summation and heat (MESH) equations with a variable number of trays that avoids integer variables; (3) improvements on the Duran–Grossmann formulation for simultaneous heat integration and flowsheet optimization; and (4) a systematic initialization procedure based on model refinements and a tailored multi-start algorithm to improve feasibility and identify high quality local solutions. Capabilities of the framework are demonstrated on a cryogenic air separation unit synthesis study, including two thermally coupled distillation columns and accompanying multistream heat exchangers. A superstructure is formulated that includes several common ASU configurations in literature. As part of the optimization problem the solver selects the best topology in addition to operating conditions (temperatures, flowrates, etc.) for coal oxycombustion applications. The optimization problem includes up to 16,000 variables and 500 degrees of freedom, and predicts specific energy requirement of 0.18 to 0.25 kWh/kg of O2 depending on design assumptions. These results are compared to literature and plans to extend the framework to an entire coal oxycombustion power plant optimization study are discussed.
Four weeks of oral isotretinoin treatment causes few signs of general toxicity in male and female Sprague–Dawley rats

Despite widespread use of isotretinoin for its anti-acne effects and its current evaluation in clinical trials as a cancer treatment, little is known about its general toxicity in adult nonpregnant animals, particularly after oral administration which mimics the human route. Here, adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged daily with 0 (soy oil), 7.5, or 15 mg/kg isotretinoin for 28 days during which time body weight, food/water intake, and estrous phase were measured. At sacrifice, organ weights were collected and concentrations of dopamine (DA), serotonin and metabolites were measured in frontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and diencephalon. Food intake was mildly decreased in both treated groups (approximately 15% in males and 7% in females); however, body weight and water consumption were unaffected. The estrous cycle appeared slightly affected (i.e., lengthened by 15 mg/kg, and both treated groups appeared to have less time in diestrus and more time in estrus). Kidney/body weight ratio was decreased by 7.5 and 15 mg/kg isotretinoin and spleen/body weight ratio was increased in the 7.5 mg/kg group. Males of the 7.5 mg/kg group exhibited significantly higher gonad/body weight ratios than did same-sex controls. Concentrations of monoamine and metabolites in the frontal cortex and diencephalon were unaffected. Nor were striatal DA and DOPAC concentrations affected; however, there were isolated effects on striatal HVA and 5-HIAA. Hippocampal DA concentrations were marginally increased. These data indicate mild effects resulting from oral isotretinoin treatment at doses which likely produce serum levels within the range of humans.
Correction of the Closed Orbit and Vertical Dispersion and the Tuning and Field Correction System in ISABELLE

Each ring in ISABELLE will have 10 separately powered systematic field correction coils to make required corrections which are the same in corresponding magnets around the ring. These corrections include changing the ?-value, shaping the working line in ?-space, correction of field errors due to iron saturation effects, the conductor arrangements, the construction of the coil ends, diamagnetic effects in the superconductor and to rate-dependent induced currents. The twelve insertion quadrupoles in the insertion surrounding each crossing point will each have a quadrupole trim coil. The closed orbit will be controlled by a system of 84 horizontal dipole coils and 90 vertical dipole coils in each ring, each coil being separately powered. This system of dipole coils will also be used to correct the vertical dispersion at the crossing points. Two families of skew quadrupoles per ring will be provided for correction of the coupling between the horizontal and vertical motions. Altogether there will be 258 separately powered correction coils in each ring.
A reappraisal of the overlap of violent offenders and victims.

Because research shows a close association between offending and victimization, recent work has argued that theories that account for crime should explain victimization as well. The current study uses a new approach to examine the extent of the overlap between offenders who commit violent crime and victims of violence to determine whether it is worthwhile to pursue separate theories to account for these phenomena. Specifically, we take the statistical approach that Osgood and Schreck (2007) developed for analyzing specialization in violent versus property offending and apply it to analyzing tendencies to gravitate toward violent offending versus victimization. In doing so, we treat the differentiation into victim and offender roles as an individual-level latent variable while controlling for confounding between the likelihood that individuals will take either role in violent acts and their overall numbers of encounters with violence (as either offender or victim). Our purpose is to examine 1) whether significant differentiation can be observed between the tendency to be an offender versus the tendency to be a victim, 2) whether any such differential tendency is stable over time, and 3) if it is possible to predict whether individuals will tend toward violent offending versus victimization. Using two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to explore these objectives, we find significant and stable levels of differentiation between offenders and victims. Moreover, this differentiation is predictable with explanatory variables.
Parallel FE approximation of the even/odd-parity form of the linear Boltzmann equation

A novel solution method has been developed to solve the linear Boltzmann equation on an unstructured triangular mesh. Instead of tackling the first-order form of the equation, this approach is based on the even/odd-parity form in conjunction with the conventional multigroup discrete-ordinates approximation. The finite element method is used to treat the spatial dependence. The solution method is unique in that the space-direction dependence is solved simultaneously, eliminating the need for the conventional inner iterations, and the method is well suited for massively parallel computers.
IGF-I treatment facilitates transition from parenteral to enteral nutrition in rats with short bowel syndrome

The goal of growth factor treatment in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) is to facilitate transition from parenteral to enteral feedings. Ideal use of growth factors would be acute treatment that produces sustained effects. We investigated the ability of acute insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) treatment to facilitate weaning from total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to enteral feeding in a rat model of SBS. After a 60% jejunoileal resection + cecectomy, rats treated with IGF-I or vehicle were maintained exclusively with TPN for 4 days and transitioned to oral feeding. TPN and IGF-I were stopped 7 days after resection, and rats were maintained with oral feeding for 10 more days. In IGF-I-treated rats, serum concentration of IGF-I and final body weight were significantly greater because of a proportionate increase in carcass lean body mass than in vehicle-treated rats. Acute IGF-I treatment induced sustained jejunal hyperplasia on the basis of significantly greater concentrations of jejunal mucosal protein and DNA without a change in histology or sucrase activity. These results demonstrate that acute IGF-I facilitates weaning from parenteral to enteral nutrition in association with maintenance of a greater body weight and serum IGF-I concentration in rats with SBS.
The hydrophobic phosphorylation motif of conventional protein kinase C is regulated by autophosphorylation.

Abstract Background: A growing number of kinases are now known to be controlled by two phosphorylation switches, one on a loop near the entrance to the active site and a second on the carboxyl terminus. For the protein kinase C (PKC) family of enzymes, phosphorylation at the activation loop is mediated by another kinase but the mechanism for carboxy-terminal phosphorylation is still unclear. The latter switch contains two phosphorylation sites – one on a ‘turn' motif and the second on a conserved hydrophobic phosphorylation motif – that are found separately or together in a number of other kinases. Results: Here, we investigated whether the carboxy-terminal phosphorylation sites of a conventional PKC are controlled by autophosphorylation or by another kinase. First, kinetic analyses revealed that a purified construct of the kinase domain of PKC βII autophosphorylated on the Ser660 residue of the hydrophobic phosphorylation motif in an apparently concentration-independent manner. Second, kinase-inactive mutants of PKC did not incorporate phosphate at either of the carboxy-terminal sites, Thr641 or Ser660, when expressed in COS-7 cells. The inability to incorporate phosphate on the hydrophobic site was unrelated to the phosphorylation state of the other key phosphorylation sites: kinase-inactive mutants with negative charge at Thr641 and/or the activation-loop position were also not phosphorylated in vivo . Conclusions: PKC βII autophosphorylates at its conserved carboxy-terminal hydrophobic phosphorylation site by an apparently intramolecular mechanism. Expression studies with kinase-inactive mutants revealed that this mechanism is the only one responsible for phosphorylating this motif in vivo . Thus, conventional PKC autoregulates the carboxy-terminal phosphorylation switch following phosphorylation by another kinase at the activation loop switch.
Context sensitivity in the spelling of English vowels

Abstract Statistical analyses of English sound-to-spelling correspondences ( Kessler & Treiman, 2001 ) show that vowel spellings become more predictable, in some cases, when the preceding and following consonants are taken into account. In four experiments, we asked whether adult spellers are sensitive to such associations. We found evidence for sensitivity to associations involving both preceding and following consonants when examining adults’ spellings of vowels in nonwords (Experiments 1 and 2) and their substitution errors on vowels in real words (Experiment 3). The results show that phoneme-to-grapheme mapping is sensitive to a broader array of context than just rime context. Additional findings suggest that the context must be within the same syllable to be influential (Experiment 4). To the extent that rimes play a special role in spelling, this role may derive from the fact that associations between vowels and codas are more common in English than associations between vowels and onsets, not from spellers’ greater sensitivity to within-rime associations.
The effect of the structure of molybdenum oxides on the selective oxidation of methanol

Abstract Selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde has been studied over a series of molybdates, molybdenum oxides, mixed tungsten - molybdenum oxides, and supported molybdenum oxide. Reactor studies, Temperature Programmed Reaction (TPR) and in-situ FTIR have shown that water and methanol adsorb dissociatively and reversibly on the same catalyst sites and that the rate determining step is the breaking of a carbon-hydrogen bond. The reaction is of a redox type and a nearly fully oxidized catalyst is most active and selective. The difference in activity between molybdenum trioxide and ferric molybdate can be explained by a mechanism in which formation of adsorbed methoxys does not occur on the predominant (010) face of MoO 3 . Oxide-support interactions are responsible for the lower selectivity of silica supported catalysts.
Proactive fault tolerance for HPC with Xen virtualization

Large-scale parallel computing is relying increasingly on clusters with thousands of processors. At such large counts of compute nodes, faults are becoming common place. Current techniques to tolerate faults focus on reactive schemes to recover from faults and generally rely on a checkpoint/restart mechanism. Yet, in today's systems, node failures can often be anticipated by detecting a deteriorating health status.Instead of a reactive scheme for fault tolerance (FT), we are promoting a proactive one where processes automatically migrate from "unhealthy" nodes to healthy ones. Our approach relies on operating system virtualization techniques exemplified by but not limited to Xen. This paper contributes an automatic and transparent mechanism for proactive FT for arbitrary MPI applications. It leverages virtualization techniques combined with health monitoring and load-based migration. We exploit Xen's live migration mechanism for a guest operating system (OS) to migrate an MPI task from a health-deteriorating node to a healthy one without stopping the MPI task during most of the migration. Our proactive FT daemon orchestrates the tasks of health monitoring, load determination and initiation of guest OS migration. Experimental results demonstrate that live migration hides migration costs and limits the overhead to only a few seconds making it an attractive approach to realize FT in HPC systems. Overall, our enhancements make proactive FT a valuable asset for long-running MPI application that is complementary to reactive FT using full checkpoint/restart schemes since checkpoint frequencies can be reduced as fewer unanticipated failures are encountered. In the context of OS virtualization, we believe that this is the first comprehensive study of proactive fault tolerance where live migration is actually triggered by health monitoring.
Reducing the Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease Among American Indians

American Indians (AIs) and Alaska Natives (ANs) have experienced a dramatic rise in type 2 diabetes and associated complications, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) over the past half century. At the end of 2005, the national prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in AIs/ANs was 2.5 times greater than that for white Americans, with rates significantly higher among communities of the southwest United States. Evidence of CKD among AIs/ANs with diabetes includes abnormal protein excretion in 30% and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
Quince años de investigación en trastornos de la conducta alimentaria

Antecedentes: Existe un sustancial numero de publicaciones sobre trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) en la literatura extranjera; sin embargo, en nuestro pais son escasas las investigaciones publicadas en revistas especializadas. Objetivo: Resumir nuestros principales hallazgos publicados en la literatura nacional en mujeres con TCA. Metodo: Se efectua una revision exhaustiva de articulos publicados durante 15 anos de la autora y colaboradores en revistas especializadas nacionales sobre aspectos epidemiologicos, psicosociales y clinicos de los TCA. Resultados: Los grupos de riesgo (estudiantes, adolescentes con sobrepeso, embarazadas, deportistas) (n = 2.171) para desarrollar TCA fluctuaron entre 15% y 41%. El perfil predominante de TCA exhibio alta motivacion por la delgadez, perfeccionismo e insatisfaccion corporal y baja conciencia interoceptiva (p < 0,001). La prevalencia de ansiedad social fue 40,7% (p <0,001), particularmente en anorecticas (66,6%) (p < 0,001); de depresion severa 18,5%(p < 0,001), especialmente en anorecticas (66,6%) (p < 0,001); de trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo moderado y/o severo 26% (p < 0,001), mayor en anorecticas (33,3%) (p = 0,009). La identificacion con el estereotipo de rol de genero femenino fue significativa en TCA (42,9%), principalmente en anorexia restrictiva, considerado factor de riesgo para su desarrollo. Mientras mas conductas restrictivas y bulimicas, menor fue la asertividad (7,5 puntos), significativamente en conductas sumisas y dependientes (-0,6 puntos) (p <0,001). La falta de asertividad mostro una capacidad predictiva significativa (53,2%) para el desarrollo de TCA. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos confirman la evidencia de la literatura internacional satisfaciendo las lineas de investigacion en TCA propuestas por la Asociacion Psiquiatrica Americana.
ROLE OF OXYGEN IN THE HIGH CELL YIELDS OF PSYCHROPHILES AND MESOPHILES AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Sinclair, N. A. (Washington State University, Pullman) and J. L. Stokes. Role of oxygen in the high cell yields of psychrophiles and mesophiles at low temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 85:164–167. 1963.—Psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria produce maximal cell crops in stationary cultures at temperatures 10 to 20 C below those at which growth is most rapid. Our data indicate that O2 is rapidly depleted to growth-limiting levels in stationary cultures, and that the higher cell yields at the lower temperatures are due simply to the increased solubility and, therefore, availability of O2. This conclusion is supported by the observation that equal cell crops are produced at high and low temperatures when cultures are vigorously aerated so that O2 is not limiting, and also when facultative bacteria are grown anaerobically so that there is no O2 to exert an effect.
Assessing Schoolwide Cultural Competence: Implications for School Leadership Preparation

Purpose: The initial purpose of this mixed methods study was to assess the instrument fidelity and construct-related validity of a 33-item instrument called the Schoolwide Cultural Competence Observation Checklist (SCCOC) by eliciting school leaders’ views. The SCCOC was designed as one tool for use in conducting school culture audits, which determine how well a school responds to the needs of diverse groups. The results revealed unexpected qualitative findings from school leaders’ narrative responses to open-ended items. The implications of these findings for school leaders and school leader preparation are discussed. Research Design: On a Web-based questionnaire, practicing school leaders in two large western states responded to open- and closed-ended items on the relevance of SCCOC items to cultural competence in actual school settings. Participants’ narrative responses were analyzed using an iterative process of coding and constant comparison to identify emerging themes. Themes were validated using in...
Postingestive feedback from starch influences the ingestive behaviour of sheep consuming wheat straw

Plant species present a complex array of biochemicals to herbivores that in conjunction with a plant's physical structure influence intake. Our objective was to determine the role of postinges- .
Entrainment onset in atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia: value in bypass tract localization and relationship to the preexcitation index.

The timing of entrainment onset has been shown to correlate with the conduction time to critical elements of a tachycardia circuit in a pacemaker model of reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT). The utility of this method in evaluating clinical reentrant tachycardias was there/ore evaluated in 24 patients with symptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and single bypass tracts (left free wall in 17, posteroseptal in 5, anteroseptal in 1, and right free wall in 1). Right ventricular apex (RVA) pacing during orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (oAVRT) at 10–70 msec less than tachycardia cycle length demonstrated concealed entrainment of the tachycardia in all patients studied. An entrainment index (EI), defined as the minimal prematurity of the ventricular stimulus that first resulted in atrial reset, was calculated from multiple entrainments in each patient. The El was 121 ± 25, 83 ± 19, and 55 msec for left free wall, septal, and right free-wall bypass tracts, respectively (P = 0.004 for difference between left free wall and septal). A corrected EI, derived by subtracting the amount of atrial reset from the EI, gave values of 108 ± 22 and 71 ± 17 msec for left free wall and septal bypass tracts (P = 0.001). These values were compared to the preexcitation index (PI) by linear regression analysis in these patients. The PI correlated closely with both the EI and the corrected EI (r = 0.90 and 0.93, respectively), but the PI could only be derived in 12/17 (71%) left free-wall tachycardias versus the El in 17/17 (100%) (P < 0.05). Thus, the timing of entrainment onset can be used to calculate a relative conduction time to the tachycardia circuit in oAVRT, thus localizing the bypass tract. This may prove useful in localizing critical components of the reentrant circuit in other clinical tachycardias.
Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: No Cause for Alarm

In the now 20 years since it was initially described, endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR) has matured to the point where some 70% to 80% of potentially eligible patients are treated with this modality.1 Furthermore, the majority of patients managed with conventional open operation are those in whom anatomic considerations disallow EVAR. In the current issue of Circulation , Schanzer et al2 detail anatomic characteristics of a large patient cohort treated with EVAR, indicating that the primary study end point of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) sac enlargement may be alarmingly high (40% at 3 years); such sac enlargement is considered a surrogate in their report for threat of late AAA rupture, representing, of course, EVAR treatment failure. Although the implications of this study referable to appropriate patient (anatomic) selection for, and close follow-up after EVAR are both evident and emphasized elsewhere,3 the authors' concerns relative to late performance of EVAR are, at this point in the evolution of this technology, refuted by a substantial body of literature. To wit, in consideration of the clinically relevant outcomes of late AAA rupture and/or freedom from AAA-related mortality, EVAR has perhaps exceeded the expectations of even its more aggressive proponents. A surfeit of literature encompassing single-center cohort studies, registries/trials, and even randomized trials of EVAR versus open repair for AAA has verified the clinical effectiveness of EVAR. In the 7000 EVAR-treated patients represented in these studies1,4,–,7 reflecting the above-noted different study designs, freedom from AAA-related mortality averages a minimum of 95% even out to 5 years with actuarial methods. A large longitudinal study of EVAR in Medicare beneficiaries (with a time interval identical to that in the Schantzer study) found late AAA rupture after EVAR …
Neurocognitive Interventions for Children and Adolescents Surviving Cancer

Background It is well recognized that many cures for childhood leukemia and brain tumors entail some relatively permanent neurocognitive and psychological costs to the patient and family. As cure rates have improved over the past three decades, increasing efforts have been directed toward reducing treatment-related late effects. Objective The particular focus of this review will be on interventions for the neuropsychological late effects associated with the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and malignant brain tumors. Summary We will first briefly review current approaches to the medical treatment of ALL and brain tumors to provide an appreciation of potential sources of brain injury. We will then summarize the existing literature on types of neuropsychological deficits found among survivors, with special attention to variables that place some children at greater risk. Then, there will be a discussion of approaches to intervention for these deficits-specifically, cognitive remediation, pharmacology, and ecological alterations in the classroom. Finally, we will present directions for future research in the field.
The class content of preferences towards anti‐inflation and anti‐unemployment policies

This paper assesses class‐based preferences towards anti‐inflationary and anti‐unemployment policy. Using a consistent cross‐country social survey, I find that the working class broadly defined, and those with lower occupational skill and status are more likely to prioritize combating unemployment rather than inflation. The result that the working class is less ‘relatively inflation averse’ is robust to the inclusion of several plausible controls. In addition, I find that those respondents who exhibit a broadly pro‐business and anti‐redistributionary attitude are more relatively inflation averse. The finding that inflation and unemployment aversion have a distinct class character has implications for current debates on the implications of macroeconomic policies such as inflation targeting.
Strategic delegation under spatial price discrimination

This paper introduces strategic delegation into the traditional model of spatial price discrimination. We examine cases of both simultaneous and sequential location and find that delegating location choices to managers causes firms to move towards each other. This movement typically reduces social welfare. While exceptions exist for high cost convexity and for some cases of elastic demand, this reduction reverses the increase in welfare associated with delegation in common quantity games outside the spatial context.
Pathways to aggression in urban elementary school youth

This study examined the pathways from violence exposure to aggressive behaviors in urban, elementary school youth. We utilized structural equation modeling to examine putative causal pathways between children’s exposure to violence, development of posttraumatic stress symptoms, permissive attitudes towards violence, and engagement in aggressive behaviors. Self-report measures were administered to 259 4thgrade students from urban schools. Almost 100% of participants reported exposure to at least one experience with violence. Results demonstrated that both posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitudes toward violence mediated the relation between exposure to violence and aggression. This model suggests that the relation between violence exposure and youth violence and aggression is multidetermined, suggesting the need for both the developmental adaptation of tertiary prevention and intervention strategies so as to be suitable for younger children, as well as the need for multiple or multifaceted interventions. C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.