cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preadolescence: The Ten Year Olds

By far the largest group of children in the present study were the fourth graders, ranging in age between nine and eleven years, with a median age of about ten years. The groups could be described as constituted of children at the end of the latency period and at the beginning of preadolescence and prepuberty. Our main concern was whether the lag in development, noted in Kibbutz infants, tends to persist through later ages; we were also interested in the personality make-up of these children—its structure, dynamics and specific fantasy content. The concern was with attitudes relatively close to consciousness as well as with personality dynamics not so readily available to awareness and not so readily sifted and controlled by ego-defensive processes.
Packaging in context

Abstract Packaging in the store serves as a tool for persuasive communication. As such, a package represents a brand to shoppers in several ways—as a unique brand identifier, as a contrasting element that catches the eye, and as a carrier of brand meaning. However, package visuals are relative phenomena that interact highly with each other and with the context in which the package is presented—the latter typically being highly visually active store settings. Therefore, packaging's effect on the shopper should be tested in context. In this chapter, we discuss the relativity of visual phenomena, the communication roles of packaging in the store, in-store settings that may be used to test packages in context, along with the analytical roles of A/B testing, perceptual maps and regression analysis, and consumer neuroscience.
The Social Construction of Risk in Digital Preservation

Digital information is fragile, yet access to digital information over time is a critical underpinning of core values and functions in our society, from open government to research and scholarship. Digital preservation research has focused on identifying technical, economic, and organizational sources of risk and has relied on an assumption that individuals will behave in rational and predictable ways in response to the same information. This article asserts that viewing digital preservation as a process that takes place in complex social contexts is just as important as thinking about digital preservation in terms of technological or economic issues. This is particularly important for understanding how individuals involved in digital preservation construct their understanding of risk because social factors influence how people construct their understanding of, and behave in response to, risk information. The author proposes an eight‐factor model for the social construction of risk, which includes: communication, complexity, expertise, organizations, political culture, trust, uncertainty, and vulnerability. The article demonstrates how these factors influence individuals as they construct their understanding of risk in the context of digital preservation and how this in turn affects digital preservation decisions.
Role of microRNA-122 in hepatic lipid metabolism of the weanling female rat offspring exposed to prenatal and postnatal caloric restriction

Abstract We examined the role of hepatocyte micro-RNA-122 and hypothalamic neuropeptides, in weanling (21d) female rats exposed to calorie restriction induced growth restriction either prenatally (IUGR), postnatally (PNGR) or both (IPGR) vs. ad lib fed controls (CON). IUGR were hyperinsulinemic, hyperleptinemic and dyslipidemic with high circulating miR-122. In contrast, PNGR and IPGR displayed insufficient glucose, insulin and leptin amidst high ketones with a dichotomy in circulating miR-122 of PNGR
Implementation of a Trauma-Specific, Evidence-Informed Treatment for Adolescents: Two Cases Highlighting How to and How Not to Integrate

Abstract The clinical team at an urban trauma clinic sought to evaluate a protocol representing an integration of empirically validated treatment components to address trauma sequelae among female adolescents with a history of physical and/or sexual abuse. PARTNERS with teens is an exposure-based, trauma-specific cognitive-behavioral therapy protocol. Specifically, PARTNERS integrates engagement strategies, cultural sensitivity, and elements of motivational interviewing, dialectical behavior therapy, and family-based parent and communication training in order to reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression and improve affect regulation among economically disadvantaged, multiracial/ethnic adolescents. This paper describes two cases that represent both treatment success and failure in treatment integration, specifically in negotiation of caregiver resistance, adolescent safety concerns, and ongoing interpersonal crises. Results illustrate how treatment components were emphasized and incorporated differentially throughout treatment as a function of case conceptualization. Successful implementation of treatment resulted in reductions in PTSD, depression, externalizing behaviors, and emotion dysregulation. In contrast, failure to effectively reconcile different philosophies and techniques within the treatment model to address challenges in engagement and motivation, inconsistent caregiver involvement, and trauma-related conflicts in the dyad, contributed to disengagement from treatment and persistence of trauma sequelae. Treatment outcome across these two cases is discussed as a function of how well the philosophies and techniques of different adolescent specific treatment components are integrated; directions for future research and training are discussed.
Variability in pathologic interpretation of mandibular invasion.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Our objective was to identify the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of pathological interpretation of mandibular invasion by oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and compare the sensitivity of detecting mandibular invasion in the erosive versus the infiltrative patterns of invasion. We also aimed to describe the significance of the terminology the carcinoma "abuts the mandible" in pathologic interpretation of mandibular invasion. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Mandibulectomy specimens from patients who underwent surgical treatment for oral cavity SCC between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2015 were retrospectively reviewed by a board-certified anatomic pathologist. The accuracy of pathologic interpretation of mandibular invasion was calculated using the retrospective interpretation of bone invasion as the true interpretation, which was compared to the interpretation on the original pathology report. Incidence of encountering the terminology the carcinoma "abuts the mandible" in the pathology report was calculated. RESULTS A series of 108 consecutive mandibulectomy specimens were reviewed. Sixty-nine percent (74/108) of cases were interpreted as having mandibular invasion. The accuracy of interpreting mandibular invasion was 84%. The sensitivities for interpretation of mandibular invasion for the erosive and infiltrative patterns of invasion were 77% (30/39) and 91% (32/35), respectively (P = .08). Nine percent (10/108) of pathology reports utilized the terminology the carcinoma "abuts the mandible," and 80% (8/10) of these cases exhibited mandibular invasion. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of identifying mandibular invasion is 84%, indicating a certain degree of sampling error and variability in interpretation. A precise pathologic definition of mandibular invasion should be applied during the interpretation of these specimens to minimize variability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1721-1724, 2020.
Hernia Repair Strength Enhanced With Antioxidants.

Abstract Background Incisional hernia is one of the most common complications of abdominal surgery, and repairs are associated with significant recurrence rates. Mesh repairs are associated with the best outcomes, but failures are not uncommon. Doxycycline has been demonstrated to enhance mesh hernia repair outcomes with associated increases in collagen deposition and improved tensiometric strength. This study compares the outcomes of incisional hernia repair with doxycycline administration and the antioxidant tempol. Materials and methods Twenty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats underwent a midline hernia creation and an intraabdominal polypropylene mesh repair. The animals were administered saline, doxycycline, tempol, or both, daily for 8 wk. The abdominal wall was harvested at 8 wk and tensiometric strength and biochemical analysis was performed. Results The tensiometric strength of the repair was increased in all experimental groups. Collagen type 1 deposition was increased, and collagen type 3 deposition was decreased in each of the experimental groups relative to control. There was no difference in MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels between control and experimental groups. Conclusions The hernia repair strength is equally enhanced with the administration of doxycycline or tempol. Dual therapy provided no benefit over treatment with either single agent. All treatment groups had an increase in collagen type 1:3 ratios, but the mechanism is not well understood. The benefits of antioxidant treatment following hernia repair are similar to treatment with doxycycline. Given the high frequency of incisional hernia repair failures, this study has implications for improving outcomes following ventral hernia repair through the use of either doxycycline or antioxidant therapy.
The social bases of freedom

I argue social and political freedom is not primarily about the absence of constraints, whether those constraints be in the form of interference or domination. Instead, social freedom is centrally ...
Existential Givens in the COVID-19 Crisis

COVID-19 confronts humanity with an undeniable, unprecedented crisis. The focus of this article is the opportunities it offers for a proverbial pressing of the reset button by prompting pause and r...
Effect of walking on in vivo tibiofemoral cartilage strain in ACL-deficient versus intact knees.

Abstract Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture alters knee kinematics and contributes to premature development of osteoarthritis. However, there is limited data regarding the in vivo biomechanical response of tibiofemoral cartilage to activities of daily living (ADLs) in ACL-deficient knees. In this study, eight otherwise healthy participants with chronic unilateral ACL deficiency completed a stress test to assess the effect of 20 min of level treadmill walking at a speed of 2.5 mph on tibiofemoral cartilage in their ACL-deficient and contralateral ACL-intact knees. Three-dimensional surface models developed from pre- and post-activity magnetic resonance (MR) images of the injured and uninjured knees were used to determine compressive strain across multiple regions of tibiofemoral cartilage (medial and lateral tibial plateaus, medial and lateral femoral condyles, medial aspect of femoral condyle adjacent to intercondylar notch of the femur). In the ACL-deficient knees, we observed significantly increased cartilage strain in the region of the medial femoral condyle adjacent to the intercondylar notch (6% in deficient vs. 2% in contralateral, p = 0.01) as well as across the medial and lateral tibial plateaus (4% vs. 3%, p = 0.01) relative to the contralateral ACL-intact knees. Increased compressive strain at the medial intercondylar notch and tibial plateau suggests alterations in mechanical loading or the response to load in these regions, presumably related to altered knee kinematics. These changes may disrupt cartilage homeostasis and contribute to subsequent development of osteoarthritis.
Realization of electrically driven AlGaN micropillar array deep-ultraviolet light emitting diodes at 286 nm

We report on the realization of top-down fabricated, electrically driven, deep-ultraviolet (DUV) AlGaN micropillar array light emitting diodes (LEDs) with high output power density. Ordered arrays of micropillars with the inverse-taper profile were formed from an AlGaN epitaxial stack (epistack) using a Ni-masked Cl2 plasma dry etch and KOH-based wet etching. Following deposition of the n-contact, polydimethylsiloxane was spin-coated and etched-back to reveal the tips of the pillars to allow for formation of the p-contact. The DUV LEDs were tested at the wafer-level using a manual probe station to characterize their electrical and optical properties, revealing stable electroluminescence at 286 nm with a narrow 9-nm linewidth. Optical output power was found to be linearly related to current density, with output power densities up to 35 mW/cm2, comparable to the results reported for epitaxially grown DUV nanowire LEDs. Simulations revealed that the inverse-taper profile of the micropillars could lead to large enhancements in light extraction efficiency (ηEXT) of up to 250% when compared to micropillars with vertical sidewalls. The realization of ordered, electrically driven, top-down fabricated micropillar DUV LEDs with competitive output power represents an important step forward in the development of high-efficiency, scalable DUV emitters for a wide range of applications.
Dilip Kumar: An Auteur Actor

Dilip Kumar has been praised for his sublime dialog delivery, for his restrained gestures, and for his measured and controlled underplay of emotions in tragic stories as well as in light-hearted comedies. His debut in 1944 with Jwar Bhata (Ebb and Tide) met with less-than-flattering reviews. So did the next three films until his 1948 film, Jugnu (Firefly), which brought him recognition and success. Unlike his contemporaries such as Raj Kapoor and Dev Anand, who propelled their careers by launching their own production companies, Dilip Kumar relied on his talent, his unique approach to characterization, and his immersion in the projects he undertook. In the course of his career that spanned six decades, Kumar made only 62 films. However, his work is a textbook for other actors that followed. Not only did he bring respectability to a profession that had been shunned by the upper classes in India as a profession for “pimps and prostitutes,” but he also elevated film-acting and filmmaking to an academic discipline, making him worthy of the title ‘Professor Emeritus of Acting’. Rooted in the theoretical framework of Howard S. Becker’s work on the “production of culture” and “doing things together,” this paper discusses Kumar’s approach to acting, character development, and the level of his involvement and commitment to each of his projects. The author of this article argues that more than the creative control as a producer or a director, it is the artistic involvement and commitment of the main actors that shape great works of art in cinema. Dilip Kumar demonstrated it repeatedly.
PD-L1-expressing astrocytes act as a gate-keeper for neuroinflammation in the central nervous system of mice with traumatic brain injury

Background: Tissue damage and cellular destruction are the major events in traumatic brain injury (TBI), which trigger sterile neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. While appropriate acute and transient neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses facilitate the repair and adaptation of injured brain tissues, prolonged and excessive neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses exacerbate brain damage. The mechanisms that control the intensity and duration of neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses in TBI largely remain elusive. Methods: We used the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI to study the role of immune checkpoints (ICPs), key regulators of immune homeostasis, in the regulation of neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain in vivo. Results: We found that de novo expression of PD-L1, a potent inhibitory ICP, was robustly and transiently induced in reactive astrocytes, but not in microglial cells, neurons, or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). These PD-L1+ reactive astrocytes were highly enriched to form a dense zone around the TBI lesion. Blockade of PD-L1 signaling enlarged brain tissue cavity size, increased infiltration of inflammatory Ly-6CHigh monocytes/macrophages (M/Mɸ) but not tissue-repairing Ly-6CLow/F4/80+ M/Mɸ, and worsened TBI outcomes in mice. PD-L1 gene knockout enhanced production of CCL2 that interacted with its cognate receptor CCR2 on Ly-6CHigh M/Mϕ to chemotactically recruit these cells into inflammatory sites. Mechanically, PD-L1 signaling in astrocytes likely exhibits dual inhibitory activities for the prevention of excessive neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses to TBI through (1) the PD-1/PD-L1 axis to suppress the activity of brain-infiltrating PD-1+ immune cells such as PD-1+ T cells, and (2) PD-L1 reverse signaling to regulate the timing and intensity of astrocyte reactions to TBI. Conclusions: PD-L1+ astrocytes act as a gatekeeper to the brain to control TBI-related neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses, thereby opening a novel avenue to study the role of ICP-neuroimmune axes in the pathophysiology of TBI and other neurological disorders.
Causal versions of Maximum Entropy and Principle of Insufficient Reason.

The Principle of Insufficient Reason (PIR) assigns equal probabilities to each alternative of a random experiment whenever there is no reason to prefer one over the other. The Maximum Entropy Principle (MaxEnt) generalizes PIR to the case where statistical information like expectations are given. It is known that both principles result in paradoxical probability updates for joint distributions of cause and effect. This is because constraints on the conditional P(effect|cause) result in changes of P(cause) that assign higher probability to those values of the cause that offer more options for the effect, suggesting "intentional behaviour". Earlier work therefore suggested sequentially maximizing (conditional) entropy according to the causal order, but without further justification apart from plausibility on toy examples. We justify causal modifications of PIR and MaxEnt by separating constraints into restrictions for the cause and restrictions for the mechanism that generates the effect from the cause. We further sketch why Causal PIR also entails "Information Geometric Causal Inference". We briefly discuss problems of generalizing the causal version of MaxEnt to arbitrary causal DAGs.
Sumatriptan Absorption from Different Regions of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

Sumatriptan exhibits low oral bioavailability partly due to presystemic metabolism, which may vary with regional differences in metabolic activity throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This study evaluated sumatriptan absorption in humans after administration orally and by oroenteric tube into the jejunum and cecum. Because the site of cecal administration varied, pharmacokinetic parameters for sumatriptan and its major metabolite were compared statistically only after oral and jejunal administration. One-half of the oral dose was recovered in the urine as parent (3%) and metabolite (46%). Sumatriptan was absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract; absorption was similar after oral and jejunal administration, and less after cecal administration. The metabolite AUC and the AUC ratio (metabolite/parent) were significantly lower after jejunal compared to oral administration; the AUC ratio was two-fold lower after cecal administration. Results suggest that presystemic metabolism of sumatriptan varies throughout the gastrointestinal tract and/or regional differences exist in the absorption of metabolite formed within the gastrointestinal tract.
In-plane free vibration of circular disks using characteristic orthogonal polynomials in Rayleigh-Ritz method

The natural frequencies of circular disks subject to various combinations of boundary conditions, with relative ease and acceptable accuracy are studied. Boundary characteristic orthogonal polynomials are used as the admissible functions, which have some advantageous features such as relative ease of generation and integration, diagonal mass matrix and diagonally dominant stiffness matrix. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is employed to solve for the eigenvalues. As an alternative approach, orthogonal polynomials generated for free conditions can be used as trial functions for the clamped case through the use of artificial springs. It is observed that with the increase of the radius ratio, the parameters monotonically increase except for the free-free disks.
Structure-Function Studies on Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase IV. SUBUNIT INTERACTIONS OF THE RABBIT MUSCLE AND YEAST ENZYMES

Abstract The effects of various proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, subtilisin, and Pronase) on the enzymatic activity of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase are remarkably similar for the enzyme from rabbit muscle and yeast. In both instances mild proteolytic digestion results in substantial inactivation in the absence of NAD+ and in essentially no inactivation in the presence of NAD+ at concentrations greater than 10 Km. Correlation of the extent of enzymatic inactivation with the amount of bound coenzyme reveals that full protection of activity is attained for both mammalian and yeast dehydrogenases when 50 to 60% of the NAD+-binding sites are saturated. These results clearly indicate that the proteases are sensing change at the tertiary and quaternary structural level and suggest that only one molecular theory for explaining allosteric regulation is needed to rationalize the NAD+ homotropic effects observed for the two dehydrogenases. A model is proposed in which ligand binding to one of two paired subunits initiates highly coupled, quaternary interactions with the other subunit. Additional, secondary interactions are assumed to occur between the two dimers in the tetrameric protein.
BLOOD SELENIUM (Se) CONCENTRATIONS IN INFANTS OF DIA-BETIC MOTHERS (IDM)

Since there is a relationship between prostaglandin metabolism, Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and diabetics are reported to have low levels of Se and prostacyclin, we have wondered whether some of the problems which occur in IDM (cardiomyopathy and persistent fetal circulation) might be related to Se deficiency. We studied Se in whole blood of IDM (within 1-2 days after birth) and their mothers. The IDM had a birth weight (mean±SD) of 3857±1075 gm, gestational age of 37.8±1.5 wks, 1 and 5 minute Apgar scores of 7.3±2.7 and 8.8±1.7 respectively. Correlation between the maternal and infants' blood Se concentration in IDM group was not significant. Comparison between IDM, normal full term newborn (NB) infants, and the mother of IDM follows: This preliminary study did not find unusually low Se in whole blood of IDM or their mothers, but because of the potential importance of Se in IDM, a larger study is still indicated.
Mass shootings: a meta-analysis of the dose-response relationship.

A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the dose-response theory as it relates to posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) following mass shootings. It was hypothesized that greater exposure to a mass shooting would be associated with greater PTSSs. Trauma exposure in the current study was broadly defined as the extent to which a person experienced or learned about a mass shooting. The meta-analysis identified 11 qualifying studies that included 13 independent effect sizes from a total of 8,047 participants. The overall weighted mean effect size, based on a random effects model, was r = .19, p < .001, 95% CI [.13, .25]. Maximum likelihood meta-regressions revealed no significant linear effects of participant gender, participant age, or time elapsed since the shooting on the relationship between exposure and PTSSs. Because so few studies satisfied the inclusion criteria, the present study also documents that this area of the literature is underresearched. Resumen Se realizo un meta-analisis para examinar la teoria de dosis-respuesta como su relacion con los sintomas de estres post traumatico (SSEPT) seguido a un tiroteo masivo. Se hipotetizo que la literatura mostraria que una mayor exposicion a un tiroteo masivo, se asocia a una mayor SSEPT. La exposicion al trauma en el presente estudio fue ampliamente definida como la extension a la cual la persona experimenta o conoce sobre un tiroteo masivo. El meta analisis rindio 11 estudios calificados que incluyeron 13 tamanos de efectos independientes de un total de 8.047 participantes. El tamano del efecto promedio ponderado, basado en un modelo de efectos aleatorios, fue r = 0.19 (p<0.001, 95 % CI= [0.13,0.25]). Meta regresiones de maxima verosimilitud revelaron la ausencia de efectos lineares significativos del genero de los participantes, edad de los participantes, o el tiempo transcurridos en la relacion entre exposicion y SSEPT. Debido a los pocos estudios que satisficieron los criterios de inclusion, el presente estudio tambien documenta que esta area de la literatura ha sido poco investigada. Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by AsianSTSS 標題: 集體槍擊事件：一項劑量反應關係的元分析 撮要: 本元分析為檢視劑量反應理論，在集體槍擊事件後與創傷後壓力症症狀(PTSS)的關連。一般認為理論假設在集體槍擊事件經歷幅度越大跟越嚴重的PTSS相關。本研究廣義地定義創傷經歷為一個人經歷或知道有關集體槍擊事件的程度。本元分析得出11個合資格的研究，當中包括從8047個參與者取得的13個獨立效應量。以一個隨機效果模式為本，整體的加權平均效應量為r = .19 (p < .001, 95%置信區間 = [.13, .25])。最大似然性元迴歸在創傷經歷和PTSS間，在參與者的性別、年齡和已過去的時間方面，都沒反映出顯著的線性效果。由於太少研究符合包含的準則，本研究亦指出這理論範疇缺乏研究。 标题: 集体枪击事件：一项剂量反应关系的元分析 撮要: 本元分析为检视剂量反应理论，在集体枪击事件后与创伤后压力症症状(PTSS)的关连。一般认为理论假设在集体枪击事件经历幅度越大跟越严重的PTSS相关。本研究广义地定义创伤经历为一个人经历或知道有关集体枪击事件的程度。本元分析得出11个合资格的研究，当中包括从8047个参与者取得的13个独立效应量。以一个随机效果模式为本，整体的加权平均效应量为r = .19 (p < .001, 95%置信区间 = [.13, .25])。最大似然性元回归在创伤经历和PTSS间，在参与者的性别、年龄和已过去的时间方面，都没反映出显著的线性效果。由于太少研究符合包含的准则，本研究亦指出这理论范畴缺乏研究。
Ocean stoichiometry, global carbon, and climate.

Autotrophs bridge the nonliving (CO2) and living (organic carbon) realms by fixing carbon through photosynthesis. All life is based on multiple functions that differ in their elemental requirements, and homeostasis of cellular composition is one of the hallmarks of life. Nevertheless, autotrophs on land and in water have the biological potential to adjust their nutrient content in response to nutrient and light availability, as well as other factors (1). These adjustments arise because there are separate cellular pathways for incorporation of carbon vs. nutrient elements. Carbon enters the cell via light-driven photosynthetic processes, whereas nutrients such as N and P enter the cell via more or less-specific transporters coupled to cellular energy use. Within the cell standing-stock inventory, adjustments of macromolecular composition occur, in some cases using specific nutrient storage compounds. This flexibility of autotroph nutrient composition (often thought of as the C:N:P ratio), some of which is represented as species-to-species differences and some of which represents physiological plasticity, generates a host of ecological dynamics, from element limitation of herbivores to unstable community dynamics and others (1). Nevertheless, until very recently the thinking about autotrophs in the open sea has almost exclusively considered them as having fixed, not variable, stoichiometry. The report by Galbraith and Martiny (2) in PNAS is an important step away from that paradigm and into another.
Religion and Whites’ Attitudes Toward Interracial Marriage with African Americans, Asians, and Latinos

Religious factors have been shown to influence whites’ attitudes toward interracial marriage, but this relationship has yet to be studied in depth. This study examines how religious affiliation, beliefs, practices, and congregational composition affect whites’ attitudes toward interracial marriage with African Americans, Asians, and Latinos. Employing data from Wave 2 of the Baylor Religion Survey, I estimate ordered logit regression models to examine the influence of religious factors on whites’ attitudes toward racial exogamy, net of sociodemographic controls. Analyses reveal that, relative to evangelicals, religiously unaffiliated whites report greater support of intermarriage with all minority groups. Biblical literalists are less likely to support interracial marriage to Asians and Latinos. However, whites who frequently engage in devotional religious practices are more likely to support interracial marriage with all racial groups, as are whites who attend multiracial congregations. My findings suggest that the relationship between religion and whites’ attitudes toward racial exogamy is more complex than previously thought and that the influence of religious practices and congregational composition should not be overlooked.
Geospatial analysis of food environment demonstrates associations with gestational diabetes

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of most common complications of pregnancy, with incidence rates varying by maternal age, race/ethnicity, obesity, parity, and family history. Given its increasing prevalence in recent decades, covariant environmental and sociodemographic factors may be additional determinants of GDM occurrence. Objective We hypothesized that environmental risk factors, in particular measures of the food environment, may be a diabetes contributor. We employed geospatial modeling in a populous US county to characterize the association of the relative availability of fast food restaurants and supermarkets to GDM. Study Design Utilizing a perinatal database with >4900 encoded antenatal and outcome variables inclusive of ZIP code data, 8912 consecutive pregnancies were analyzed for correlations between GDM and food environment based on countywide food permit registration data. Linkage between pregnancies and food environment was achieved on the basis of validated 5-digit ZIP code data. The prevalence of supermarkets and fast food restaurants per 100,000 inhabitants for each ZIP code were gathered from publicly available food permit sources. To independently authenticate our findings with objective data, we measured hemoglobin A1c levels as a function of geospatial distribution of food environment in a matched subset (n = 80). Results Residence in neighborhoods with a high prevalence of fast food restaurants (fourth quartile) was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing GDM (relative to first quartile: adjusted odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–2.19). In multivariate analysis, this association held true after controlling for potential confounders ( P = .002). Measurement of hemoglobin A1c levels in a matched subset were significantly increased in association with residence in a ZIP code with a higher fast food/supermarket ratio (n = 80, r = 0.251 P Conclusion As demonstrated by geospatial analysis, a relationship of food environment and risk for gestational diabetes was identified.
Use of an Extracellular Matrix Membrane for Root Coverage: Case Series and Review of the Literature

Introduction: The treatment of gingival recession (GR) is a growing need in patients as a result of functional, esthetic, and preprosthetic demands. Techniques that primarily use autogenous grafts, although well established, often require a remote second surgical site. Clinicians have attempted to achieve comparable results without a donor site by using substitutes for autogenous grafts, such as allografts. Recently, the efficacy and predictability of an extracellular matrix (ECM) membrane for root coverage procedures has received close attention. This case series investigates whether the use of an ECM membrane for root coverage procedures achieves objectives, such as complete root coverage (CRC), stable results, and good esthetics in the form of uniform gingival color and contour. The results of six such cases in a variety of clinical situations are presented.Case Series: Six cases of Miller Class II and III GR defects were treated using an ECM membrane. The flap operation was conducted with a trapezoida...
Analysis of the vibrational spectrum of dihydrazinium 5,5'-azotetrazolate dihydrate by electronic structure calculations

Abstract The structure of the high-nitrogen material, dihydrazinium 5,5′-azotetrazolate dihydrate (HAT), was determined by neutron diffraction at 25 K and reveals no significant deviations from the previously reported room temperature structure determined from X-ray diffraction. The vibrational spectrum of HAT was measured at 25 K by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectroscopy. Solid-state quantum chemical calculations were used to simulate the INS spectrum of HAT and on the basis of the simulations and analysis of the experimental data, it was possible to assign the normal modes. A possible ‘doorway mode’ was found in the energy range defined by the lattice modes and the implications for the decomposition mechanism of HAT is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE PERMEABILITY AND RELATIVE VISCOSITY FOR FINE LATEXES AND YEAST SUSPENSIONS

The specific cake resistances of thin layers of fine latexes and of yeast cells have been determined from flux data for pressure drops of up to 100 kPa in a static filtration device. A single correlation has been developed that relates the cake resistance to particle diameter for monodisperse rigid latex spheres with diameters between 1.0 and 6.7 μm. The specific resistance of the yeast cell layers was found to be almost 50 times larger than that of the rigid latex spheres of the same median diameter The relative viscosities of a 7.3 μm latex and yeast cell suspensions have been measured in a cone-and-plate viscometer. Empirical correlations relating the relative viscosity to the solids volume fraction were developed from linear regression of the data for each suspension. A correlation was also developed that relates the relative viscosity of the yeast cell suspension to the cell count. The effective shear-viscosities were not observed to exhibit a significant shear-rate dependence. However, an apparent v...
A One-Dimensional Technique for Embedding Data in A JPEG Color Image

A method of embedding data in a JPEG color image for applications such as authentication of an employee carrying a picture identification card is described. Embedding of data, such as key biometric or other unique identification information of the person, is carried out by modifying the spectral power at a pair of one-dimensional frequencies. These frequencies may be selected arbitrarily for each block of image and for each color in the one-dimensional version of the image. Preliminary results show that the 1-D spectrum modification technique causes barely noticeable distortion in the embedded image if a moderately high sampling rate is chosen for the converted 1-D signal. Using an oblivious technique and a key consisting of the frequencies where spectrum is modified, successful data retrieval with no bit errors has been achieved. Results show that an embedded image corrupted by low level noise still retained the hidden data with low bit errors.
Relative Selectivity of Fishing Gear Used in a Large Reservoir in Texas

Abstract The relative selectivity of hoop nets, trap nets, and gill nets was compared by sampling fish populations in Lake Nasworthy, Texas, during 1969. All 17 species caught with the four gears were caught with a combination of trap nets and either gill nets or small hoop nets alone. Based on correlation analysis using Kendall's tau, small hoop nets used in conjunction with gill nets were the most efficient paired gear to estimate species composition and relative abundance. Trap nets used with small hoop nets were most efficient to catch fish with uniform overall size-class representation. Results of this study should be useful in designing cost-effective fish sampling programs in areas where species composition is similar to that of Lake Nasworthy.
Guns vs. Taxes? A Look at How Defense Spending Affects U.S. Federal Tax Policy

Although studies have shown a theoretical and empirical link between defense spending and economic growth and between economic growth and tax policy, the impact of defense spending on federal tax policy remains largely unexplored. This paper proposes a theoretical model and empirical test to explore the direct and indirect effects of defense spending on federal tax policy. The findings suggest that consumption expenditures for national defense directly influence the federal corporate income tax rate. However, the analysis finds no indirect relationship between defense spending and federal tax policy mediated through economic growth.
"Who said that?" Matching of low- and high-intensity emotional prosody to facial expressions by adolescents with ASD.

Data on emotion processing by individuals with ASD suggest both intact abilities and significant deficits. Signal intensity may be a contributing factor to this discrepancy. We presented low- and high-intensity emotional stimuli in a face-voice matching task to 22 adolescents with ASD and 22 typically developing (TD) peers. Participants heard semantically neutral sentences with happy, surprised, angry, and sad prosody presented at two intensity levels (low, high) and matched them to emotional faces. The facial expression choice was either across- or within-valence. Both groups were less accurate for low-intensity emotions, but the ASD participants’ accuracy levels dropped off more sharply. ASD participants were significantly less accurate than their TD peers for trials involving low-intensity emotions and within-valence face contrasts.
Generalized cubic equation of state and the radial distribution functions at contact for multi-component hard-sphere mixtures with large size ratio

Abstract A generalized cubic (GC) equation of state (EOS) with two independent parameters is proposed. The GC EOS can include EOS from both virial and compressibility routes of Percus–Yevick theory in it as special cases. The two parameters are determined by fitting well-known virial coefficients of pure fluid. The generalized cubic EOS can be directly and consistently extended to multi-component mixtures merely demanding of the EOS of mixtures also is cubic, and combining two strict physical conditions for the radial distribution functions at contact (RDFC) of mixtures. The calculated virial coefficients of pure fluid and predicted compressibility factors and RDFC for both pure fluid and mixtures are excellent as compared with the simulation data. The values of RDFC for mixtures with extremely large size ratio are far better than the expressions in literature.
Black and official exchange rates in Morocco: an analysis of their long-run behaviour and short-run dynamics (1974–1992)

Using Vector Error-Correction (VEC) model estimation on monthly data from Morocco for the period January 1974 to December 1992, this article tests the hypothesis that there is a long-run stable relationship between the official and the black-market exchange rates for US dollars. We also examine the short-run dynamics in the relationship between the two markets. The econometric results indicate that the two exchange rates are cointegrated. Furthermore, we reject weak exogeneity in the case of the official exchange rate, but fail to reject it in the case of the black-market rate. Granger causality tests show that the black-market rate causes the official exchange rate. The results seem to support the efficiency hypothesis, suggesting that participants in the black-market are able to anticipate changes in the official exchange rate. The findings also suggest that Morocco's decision (in January 1993) to introduce only current account convertibility and keep controls on capital accounts was wise.
Two computations to fund social security

We use a general equilibrium model to study the impact of fully funding social security on the distribution of consumption across cohorts and over time. In an initial stationary equilibrium with an unfunded social security system, the capital/output ratio, debt/output ratio, and rate of return to capital are 3.2, 0.6, and 6.8%, respectively. In our first experiment, we suddenly terminate social security payments but compensate entitled generations by a massive one-time increase in government debt. Eventually, the aggregate physical capital stock rises by 40%, the return on capital falls to 4.4%, and the labor income tax rate falls from 33.9 to 14%. We estimate the size of the entitlement debt to be 2.7 times real GDP, which is paid off by levying a 38% labor income tax rate during the first 40 years of the transition. In our second experiment, we leave social security benefits untouched but force the government temporarily to increase the tax on labor income so as gradually to accumulate private physical capital, from the proceeds of which it eventually finances social security payments. This particular government-run funding scheme delivers larger efficiency gains (in both the exogenous and endogenous price cases) than privatization, an outcome stemming from the scheme's public provision of insurance both against life-span risk and labor income volatility.
Shubnikov-de Haas effect in lead

Abstract Quantum oscillations in the magnetoresistance of high purity lead have been observed in high magnetic fields. Measurements of frequencies associated with the third zone Fermi surface and a new low frequency are reported.
The Behavior of Money National Income Under Inflationary Conditions

The problem, 113. — Definitions and assumptions, 114. — The Keynesian method: the upper limit, 115; the speed, 119; the influence of exogenous factors, 120. — The Tinbergian method: the question of limit, 121; of speed, 125. — Numerical example, 126. — Conclusion, 127.
Treatment with bioscaffold enhances the the fibril morphology and the collagen composition of healing medial collateral ligament in rabbits.

Porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) was shown to be an effective bioscaffold in enhancing the mechanical properties of healing medial collateral ligaments (MCL). The purpose of this study was ...
Sudden visual loss with slow recovery

A 58-year-old healthy man presented with a history of monocular visual loss with incomplete recovery. The differential diagnosis, evaluation, and possible therapeutic interventions are discussed. The presenter controversially felt that although the source of embolic material was likely ipsilateral carotid artery and no evaluation was necessary.
Diffusing capacity predicts morbidity after lung resection in patients without obstructive lung disease.

Background Diffusing capacity (Dlco), an independent predictor of morbidity after major lung resection, is not used routinely in preoperative evaluation because of a perceived lack of value in patients with normal spirometry. We evaluated the potential utility of measuring Dlco for assessment of operative risk in lung resection patients with normal spirometry. Methods A retrospective review was conducted for patients undergoing lung resection from 1980 through 2006 to identify predictors of postoperative morbidity. Patients were divided into groups with or without chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), defined as a ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity of less than 0.7 or a ratio of 0.7 or greater, respectively. Analyses for each group identified covariates for three outcomes: operative mortality, pulmonary morbidity, and overall morbidity. Results Of 1,046 patients in the database, 1,008 (545 men; mean age, 61.8 ± 0.35 years) had data permitting determination of COPD status: 450 (45%) with COPD, 558 (55%) without COPD. Operations included lobectomy (752; 75%), bilobectomy (83; 8%), and pneumonectomy (173; 17%). Overall mortality, pulmonary morbidity, and overall morbidity incidences were 59 (5.8%), 140 (14.0%), and 311 (31.4%), respectively. Pulmonary morbidity and operative mortality were related to postoperative predicted Dlco, age, and performance status in patients with and without COPD. The postoperative predicted Dlco was the single strongest predictor of pulmonary morbidity and operative mortality in both patient groups. Overall complications were related to postoperative predicted Dlco only in the COPD group. Conclusions Diffusing capacity is an important predictor of postoperative morbidity after lung resection even in patients with normal spirometry. Routine measurement of Dlco, regardless of spirometric findings, can help predict risk in candidates for major lung resection.
Education Experiences Contribute to Cognitive Development

ABSTRACT:This paper synthesizes what the empirical literature reports regarding what can best be learned outdoors. The review suggests that the outdoors may be effective in stimulating critical thinking, increasing problem-solving skills, and developing concepts rather than rote memory. Little evidence was found to support claims for the superiority of teaching language development in the outdoors. The empirical literature offers qualified support to those who advocate the value of outdoor education in facilitating cognitive development in the areas of environmental education and general science, but the evidence must be regarded as tenuous and uncertain. Much of the research which has been reported falls short of the scientific standards necessary for it to make meaningful contributions to this debate.
Applying domain analysis and modeling: an industrial experience

In this paper we describe our experience in applying domain analysis within a company that develops personal electronic devices. We describe how we tailored the DSSA method to suit our needs and then present the process and representations that we found most useful for this situation. The conclusions and lessons learned are useful because few studies published at this time provide details about applications of domain engineering in commercial development environments.
Pulmonary capillaries are recruited during pulsatile flow

Capillaries recruit when pulmonary arterial pressure rises. The duration of increased pressure imposed in such experiments is usually on the order of minutes, although recent work shows that the recruitment response can occur in <4 s. In the present study, we investigate whether the brief pressure rise during cardiac systole can also cause recruitment and whether the recruitment is maintained during diastole. To study these basic aspects of pulmonary capillary hemodynamics, isolated dog lungs were pump perfused alternately by steady flow and pulsatile flow with the mean arterial and left atrial pressures held constant. Several direct measurements of capillary recruitment were made with videomicroscopy. The total number and total length of perfused capillaries increased significantly during pulsatile flow by 94 and 105%, respectively. Of the newly recruited capillaries, 92% were perfused by red blood cells throughout the pulsatile cycle. These data provide the first direct account of how the pulmonary capillaries respond to pulsatile flow by showing that capillaries are recruited during the systolic pulse and that, once open, the capillaries remain open throughout the pulsatile cycle.
Theory of desorption of surface bound positrons

Abstract A theory is given for the conversion of positrons bound at metal surfaces to free positronium via electron pickup. The method is applied to Al and Ni.
An Ultraviolet Ruler

The reading of wavelengths (or wave numbers) at which maxima occur in ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis on a Cary model 11 recording spectrophotometer can be greatly simplified by the use of an “ultraviolet ruler.” The ruler obviates the necessity of having to count wavelengths on recorder paper in which the abscissa is not graduated and on which only a few reference wavelengths are known.
Perfecting Vectorized Mechanical Drawings

This article describes a system which has been developed to convert scanned engineering drawings into a vectorized file. The vectorized file consists of lines, arcs, and circles and generates a description of paper-based engineering drawings. The scanned engineering drawing is initially vectorized by a system called RENDER using line-tracking and curve-fitting techniques. However, the results obtained after the initial vectorization are not adequate. This paper discusses a post-processing system called P-RENDER which has been developed to further refine the vectorized line drawings and to recreate the drawing with the exact numbers of lines and arcs. Dashed entities are also detected and recreated. For large C- or D-size engineering drawings the refinement algorithm also leads to a considerable reduction in the size of the CAD database.