cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenal hormones suppress cell division in the adult rat dentate gyrus.

The rat dentate gyrus is unusual among mammalian brain regions in that it shows cell birth well into adulthood. During development, dentate gyrus cell birth is regulated by adrenal steroids. However, it is presently unknown whether cell division in the adult is also mediated by these same factors. In order to determine whether this is the case, we combined adrenalectomy, with or without corticosterone (CORT) replacement, and 3H-thymidine autoradiography, Nissl staining, and immunohistochemistry for the glial cell markers vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as well as for the neuronal marker neuron-specific enolase. Removal of circulating adrenal steroids resulted in a greater density of both GFAP-immunoreactive and vimentin- immunoreactive cells compared to sham-operated animals; CORT replacement prevented increases in both of these cell types. The increase in the density of vimentin-immunoreactive cells probably resulted from an increase in the birth of these cells, as adrenalectomized rats showed greater numbers of 3H-thymidine-labeled vimentin-positive cells compared to sham rats. In contrast, no changes in the number of 3H-thymidine-labeled GFAP-positive cells were observed with adrenalectomy, indicating that the increase in this cell type probably does not involve cell birth. In addition, the density of 3H- thymidine-labeled cells that were not immunoreactive for either glial cell marker and that showed neuronal characteristics was dramatically increased with adrenalectomy. These results suggest that adrenal hormones normally suppress the birth of both glia and neurons in the adult rat dentate gyrus.
Changes in pTau in CSF and brain relating to chronic hydrocephalus

Background Changes in CSF circulation, as seen in adult chronic hydrocephalus (CH), can result in changes in CSF content, neurodegeneration, a loss of neurological function, and death. The microtubule-associated protein, Tau has been implicated in the pathogenic mechanisms of dementia and neurodegenerative disorders through accumulation in CSF and brain. To date, the relationship between the CSF circulation changes in CH and the levels of tau in CSF and brain has not been studied.
Understanding the Hispanic Health Paradox through a multi-generation lens: a focus on behavior disorders.

The Hispanic Health Paradox refers to the usual finding in population health studies that the most vulnerable sub-population of immigrants actually have superior morbidity and mortality compared to either the US population or Hispanics born in the United States. In this paper we examine this paradox using an epidemiologic strategy of scrutinizing inter-generational change processes in the Latino population.
21.3: Reconstruction Characteristics of MgO (111) Textured Protective Layer by Over‐Frequency Accelerated Discharge in ACPDPs

The reconstruction characteristics of MgO (111) textured protective layer and the influences of silicon and MgO seed particle in AC-PDP were investigated by over-frequency accelerated discharge and these were correlated to the variations of electronic structures. The reconstruction and exaggerated grain growth (EGG) were closely correlated with the partial pressure of evaporated MgO in plasma space and explained by defect-assisted 2-D and/or 3-D nucleation and growth of charged clusters during discharge under electric field in AC-PDP.
Information filtering using bayesian networks: effective user interfaces for aviation weather data

Weather is a complex, dynamic process with tremendous impact on aviation. While pilots often have access to large amounts of aviation weather data, they find it difficult and time-consuming to identify weather hazards, due to the sheer amount and cryptic formatting of the data. To address this challenge, we have developed information filtering concepts based on a unified Bayesian network model, integrating text and graphical weather data in the context of specific mission, equipment and personal profiles. Based on these concepts, we have implemented three applications, all of which were to existing technology. Using one of the applications, the AWARE Preflight system, pilots found significantly more hazards in about half the time compared to using the current technology
Expected Value Expansions in Random Subgraphs with Applications to Network Reliability

Subgraph expansions are commonly used in the analysis of reliability measures of a failure-prone graph. We show that these expansions are special cases of a general result on the expected value of a random variable defined on a partially ordered set; when applied to random subgraphs, the general result defines a natural association between graph functions. As applications, we consider several graph invariants that measure the connectivity of a graph: the number of connected vertex sets of size k, the number of components of size k, and the total number of components. The expected values of these invariants on a random subgraph are global performance measures that generalize the ones commonly studied. Explicit results are obtained for trees, cycles, and complete graphs. Graphs which optimize these performance measures over a given class of graphs are studied
A simple proof of the latent root sensitivity formula

Abstract This note provides a simple proof of the formula for the partial derivatives of the latent roots of a matrix with respect to its coefficients.
Maternal deaths associated with Clostridium sordellii infection.

Abstract Clostridium sordellii is a common soil and enteric bacterium that is infrequently recovered from the vagina. We describe three women in which C. sordellii caused puerperal infection and a distinctive and lethal toxic shock-like syndrome. Patients were 3 , 66,000/mm 3 , and 93,600/mm 3 , absence of rash or fever, limited or no myonecrosis, and a rapid and uniformly lethal course. Hypoalbuminemia was also noted. Similar findings were noted in prior isolated reports of C. sordellii -mediated postpartum or surgical infection. Treatment of animals with C. sordellii or closely related C. difficile toxins produces similar findings. We suggest that localized infection with toxin-producing strains of C. sordellii can produce a rapidly lethal toxic shock-like syndrome. Further study and earlier recognition of this syndrome may be life-saving in other patients.
Teamwork and collaboration.

THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES a case study about teamwork—everyone working together, from all disciplines and from across multiple units, to accomplish the necessary critical elements that made a significant difference in a patient outcome. The team consisted of the surgical service, the nursing staff on the general floor, the nursing supervisor, the float pool stat nurse, the neurosurgery resident, the Radiology department, the PACU staff, and the 9th floor Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit.
Long-term cotton dust exposure in the textile industry.

A three-year survey was conducted in six cotton-yarn manufacturing mills and one mill processing synthetic polyester fibers as part of a longitudinal epidemiologic investigation of the health experience of workers employed in the textile industry. A total of 1324 elutriated and total dust samples were collected during the three years of the study. The results indicate that the average elutriated dust concentrations in the surveyed mills were generally at or below the current OSH A standard and they ranged from 0.069 to 0.396 mg/m3, 0.089 to 0.391 mg/m3, and 0.106 to 0.210 mg/m3 for the first, second and third year surveys, respectively. Introduction of modern automated yarn processing equipment and elimination of some of the classic processes were associated with a decreasing trend in airborne dust concentrations in these mills.
Protracted lithium treatment protects against the ER stress elicited by thapsigargin in rat PC12 cells: roles of intracellular calcium, GRP78 and Bcl-2

We investigated the cytoprotective effects of lithium, the mood-stabilizer, on thapsigargin-induced stress on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in rat PC12 cells. Protracted lithium pretreatment of PC12 cells elicited cytoprotection against thapsigargin-induced cytotoxicity. Lithium protection was concurrent with inhibition of thapsigargin-induced intracellular calcium increase and with elevated expression of the molecular chaperone GRP78. Moreover, lithium pretreatment upregulated the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, and blocked Bcl-2 downregulation elicited by thapsigargin. Prior to the induction of GRP78, lithium treatment alone increased the expression of c-Fos whose induction by ER stress is necessary for GRP78 induction. Curcumin, an inhibitor of transcription factor AP-1, blocked lithium cytoprotection against thapsigargin cytotoxicity. Thus, the induction of GRP78 and Bcl-2, and activation of AP-1 likely contribute to lithium-induced protection against cytotoxicity resulting from ER stress. Additionally, thapsigargin-induced cytotoxicity was suppressed by pretreatment with another mood-stabilizer, valproate, indicating that cytoprotection against ER stress is a common action of mood-stabilizing drugs.
Interactive effects of achievement anxiety, academic achievement, and instructional mode on performance and course attitudes /

The study focused on the interactive effects of achievement anxiety, academic achievement, and instructional mode on performance and course attitudes. A second concern of the study was to ascertain the differential effect of instructional mode on achievement anxiety of subgroups of students enrolled in an undergraduate clothing design course. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANO VA) was used to assess the interactive effects of achievement anxiety, cumulative point-hour ratio (CPHR), and instructional mode on (a) two tests designed to measure knowledge and application of course content and (b) a course at titude scale. There were no significant interactions nor main effects. However, there was evidence that for the students with low CPHR and initially high debilitative anxiety, the TV lecture-supervised laboratory mode provided a learning environment more facilitating in regard to achievement anxiety than the independent study mode.
Fluid-Structure Interaction Model of a Synthetic Jet Using Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Finite Elements

Synthetic jets offer new capabilities for localized active cooling of electronics due to their compact size, low cost and substantial cooling effectiveness. The design of devices to create synthetic jets and optimize active cooling performance is challenging due to the strong, two way, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) between the working fluid and the flexible structure that moves the fluid driven with piezoelectric actuators. Previous modeling efforts relied on lumped parameter approaches or electrical analogs. Although computationally less intensive, these approaches may not be accurate in all regions of the design space of interest and trade off fidelity for ease of use. In this effort, a 3D finite element model of the structure is coupled with a 3D computational fluid dynamics model of the fluid to explore the viability of such an approach. The motion of the structure moves the fluid grid, and the fluid feeds back pressure forces onto the structure that are required to converge at each iteration. Transient response of the deflection, pressure and exit velocity will be presented. Validation of the FSI model with experimental data for the frequency response of these quantities will also be presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Seasonal pressure‐changes and earthquake‐occurrence

The effects of the barometric pressure and its changes upon the occurrence of earthquakes have always found considerable interest on the part of seismologists. Direct influences upon the time of release of an earthquake have been suspected for single great earthquakes and are established in a statistical fashion for certain epicentral regions. Reference is made here only to the papers of Conrad [see 1 and 2 of “References” at end of paper], Nopcsa [3], Omori [4], Tarns [5], and Hayes [6]. The gist of the findings has been summarized by Conrad [7] stating that the absolute value of the pressure in the epicentral region is of little or no influence but that the pressure-gradient and the tendency of the pressure have to be ranked among the trigger-forces responsible for the release of earthquakes.
Norm and Status in Sociological Theory

(1964). Norm and Status in Sociological Theory. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 221-230.
Genetic algorithms, selection schemes, and the varying effects of noise

This paper analyzes the effect of noise on different selection mechanisms for genetic algorithms (GAs). Models for several selection schemes are developed that successfully predict the convergence characteristics of GAs within noisy environments. The selection schemes modeled in this paper include proportionate selection, tournament selection, (μ, λ) selection, and linear ranking selection. An allele-wise model for convergence in the presence of noise is developed for the OneMax domain, and then extended to more complex domains where the building blocks are uniformly scaled. These models are shown to accurately predict the convergence rate of GAs for a wide range of noise levels.
Substrate specificity: PI(3)Kγ has it both ways

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI(3)Ks) are mainly known for their lipid kinase activity in various cellular functions; however, PI(3)Ks also have protein kinase activity. Non-muscle tropomyosin has been identified as a novel protein target for PI(3)Kγ. Phosphorylation of tropomyosin is required for β-adrenergic receptor internalization, providing new insight into PI(3)K function during clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Global changes in the nuclear positioning of genes and intra- and interdomain genomic interactions that orchestrate B cell fate

The genome is folded into domains located in compartments that are either transcriptionally inert or transcriptionally permissive. Here we used genome-wide strategies to characterize domains during B cell development. Structured interaction matrix analysis showed that occupancy by the architectural protein CTCF was associated mainly with intradomain interactions, whereas sites bound by the histone acetyltransferase p300 or the transcription factors E2A or PU.1 were associated with intra- and interdomain interactions that are developmentally regulated. We identified a spectrum of genes that switched nuclear location during early B cell development. In progenitor cells, the transcriptionally inactive locus encoding early B cell factor (Ebf1) was sequestered at the nuclear lamina, which thereby preserved their multipotency. After development into the pro-B cell stage, Ebf1 and other genes switched compartments to establish new intra- and interdomain interactions associated with a B lineage-specific transcription signature.
Increased S100β neurotrophic activity in Alzheimer's disease temporal lobe

The confirming diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease includes an assessment of the concentration of neuritic plaques in the temporal lobe of the brain. The presence of abnormal levels of neurotrophic factors in Alzheimer's disease is one possible explanation for the increased concentration of aggregates of overgrown neurites in the neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease. The protein S100 beta, a neurotrophic factor produced by astroglia in the brain, induces neurite outgrowth in cerebral cortical neurons. The generation of specific S100 beta antibodies, the cloning of a full-length cDNA encoding the S100 beta mRNA, and the development of a neurite extension assay system for S100 beta allowed testing of the hypothesis that Alzheimer's disease S100 beta expression is elevated in brain temporal lobe where neuritic plaques are concentrated. The levels of S100 beta protein, mRNA, and specific neurotrophic activity were elevated 10-20-fold in extracts of temporal lobe from autopsy samples of Alzheimer's disease patients compared to those of aged control patients. The cells containing the increased S100 beta were reactive astrocytes; the neuritic plaques were surrounded by S100 beta-containing astrocytes. The elevated levels of S100 beta provides a link between the prominent reactive gliosis and neuritic plaque formation in this common disease of the elderly and raises the possibility that S100 beta contributes to Alzheimer's disease neuropathology.
Powder metallurgical fabrication of zirconium matrix cermet nuclear fuels

Two powder metallurgical fabrication methods for a zirconium-based cermet nuclear dispersion fuel with oxide microspheres have been demonstrated. A multi-pass, cold-drawing process is shown to have excellent capability to control the final matrix density, though it requires several high-temperature anneals during fabrication to relieve strain hardening and increase matrix–particle bonding. Severe oxide particle damage was observed in the cold-drawn fuel pin and was likely a result of high matrix deformation resistance at room temperature. A single-pass, hot-extrusion process has been demonstrated and was shown to be capable of providing a dense matrix phase with less particle damage. Both processes were shown to be effective fabrication methods for a zirconium-based cermet, and the process variables may be controlled to create the desired fuel properties.
International migration and air travel: global smoothing and estimation

The relative likelihood of a migration from any one point on the earth's (land) surface to any other point is viewed as a function of four variables: the latitudes and longitudes of the origin and destination. It is expressed as a sum of six bivariate functions, one for each pairing of the four variables. Two of the six, attractivity and emissivity terms, are fitted by bicubic splines over a sphere (the earth), and the other four by bicubic splines over rectangular grids. The model is estimated with UN data on immigration streams from 169 nations to a subset of 93. A missing value procedure is implemented. National differences in definitions of immigrants are exposed through the examination of residuals. 1982 international air travel is modelled, as well. Exceptionally large passenger volumes are associated with pilgrimages to Mecca. Estimates of air traffic over potential or nonreported (confidential) routes can be obtained.
Magnesium atoms in an intense nonresonant laser field.

A spectroscopic study on the nonresonant multiphoton ionization of magnesium atoms in a high-intensity laser field is reported. Both 0.532- and 1.06-{mu}m radiation in the intensity regime of 10{sup 10}--10{sup 13} W/cm{sup 2} are used to produce both singly and doubly ionized magnesium ions. Mass and angularly resolved electron-energy analyses were used in an attempt to gain insight into the dominant mechanisms responsible for ionization. An analysis is presented for intensity- and frequency-dependent results, and electron angular distributions are reduced in terms of atomic parameters derivable from lowest-order perturbation theory. The results demonstrate the important influence that the details of the atomic structure have in describing the high-field nonresonant ionization of magnesium.
An evaluation of fresh versus fermented diets for honey bees (Apis mellifera)

(2009). An evaluation of fresh versus fermented diets for honey bees (Apis mellifera) Journal of Apicultural Research: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 215-216.
Macrolide-lincosamide resistance determinants in streptococcal species isolated from the bovine mammary gland

Seventy one streptococci isolated from dairy cows with clinical mastitis were tested for erythromycin and lincomycin susceptibility. Ten isolates (7.1%) were resistant to erythromycin and/or lincomycin and seven were constitutive and three were inducibly resistant. Nine of the isolates hybridized with one or more of the Erm probes tested and eight isolates gave PCR products with rRNA methylase primers. The Erm determinants were transferable at frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-6) per recipient.
Generation of hybrid human immunodeficiency virus by homologous recombination.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, isolated from diverse sources, exhibits genomic diversity. The mechanisms by which the genomic diversity takes place in individuals exposed to multiple virus isolates is yet to be elucidated. Genetic variation, in general, might result from mutagenic events such as point mutations, rearrangements (insertions and deletions), and recombination. In an attempt to evaluate the process of genetic diversity, we designed experiments to analyze recombination between HIV DNAs by using DNA transfection in cell cultures. Here we report the successful recombination between truncated HIV proviral DNAs with an overlap homology of 53 base pairs that leads to the formation of viable hybrid virus. Recombination was also seen between exogenous DNA introduced into cells and homologous HIV sequences resident in the cells. These results indicate that recombination among various HIV isolates may play a significant role in the generation of genetic diversity of HIV. Further, the method used here enables the construction of hybrid HIV genomes to identify the viral determinants responsible for tropism, replication, and cytopathic effects.
Does American acculturation affect outcome of Mexican-American teenage pregnancy?

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether pregnant Mexican-American teenagers who are acculturated to American lifestyles have different medical and psychosocial problems from those who are more recent immigrants. Consecutive pregnant Mexican-American (or Mexican) teenagers attending a university obstetrics clinic for teenagers were divided into two groups based on country of birth of parents and teen, citizenship, preferred language, and years of U.S. residence. There were 60 in the acculturated group (G 1 ) and 56 in the recent immigrant group (G 2 ). Acculturated teenagers were younger at first sexual intercourse, completed more years of schooling, and sought earlier prenatal care ( p 2 fathers were Mexican, older ( p 2 teens ( p p 1 fathers completed more years of schooling ( p
Structural Insights into Allosteric Modulation of NMDA Receptors Through the Amino-Terminal Domain

Majority of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain is mediated by a class of molecules called ionotropic glutamate receptors, which include N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. NMDA receptors are hetero-tetrameric ion channels that are composed of two NR1 subunits and two NR2 (A-D) subunits or NR3 subunits. NMDA receptors play key roles in numbers of important processes including synaptic plasticity and development in normal state, whereas aberrant activity of NMDA receptors is associated with ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Activity of NMDA receptor is tightly controlled through multiple pathways. One such mechanism is allosteric modulation through binding of small molecules to the extracellular amino terminal domain (ATD) in a subtype specific manner, i.e. polyamines and protons bind NR1, Zn2+ binds both NR2A and NR2B, and phenylethanolamine compounds bind NR2B. To understand the molecular mechanism of the ATD-dependent allosteric modulation of NMDA receptors, we have solved the structures of NR2B ATD in the zinc-bound and -free forms. The structures reveal an overall clamshell architecture with a unique domain orientation distinct from the non-NMDA receptor ATDs and molecular determinants for the zinc binding site, ion binding sites, and the architecture of the putative phenylethanolamine binding site.
Multiple exostotic hypochondroplasia: syndrome of combined hypochondroplasia and multiple exostoses.

This is a report of a family with major focus on the daughter who was of short stature. The mother had hypochondroplasia and the father had multiple exostoses. The daughter's skeletal roentgenograms show features of both hypochondroplasia and multiple exostoses. The roentgenographic, clinical and genetic aspects of these keletal dysplasias are reviewed and hypochondroplasia is contrasted with achondroplasia. The genetic and counseling implications of the association of hypochondroplasia and multiple exostoses are discussed.
Fate and transport of copper-based crop protectants in plasticulture runoff and the impact of sedimentation as a best management practice.

Abstract The fate and distribution of copper-based crop protectants, applied to plasticulture tomato fields to protect against disease, were investigated in a greenhouse-scale simulation of farming conditions in a coastal environment. Following rainfall, 99% of the applied copper was found to remain on the fields sorbed to the soil and plants; most of the soil-bound copper was found sorbed to the top 2.5 cm of soil between the plasticulture rows. Of the copper leaving the agricultural fields, 82% was found in the runoff with the majority, 74%, sorbed to the suspended solids. The remaining copper, 18%, leached through the soil and entered the groundwater with 10% in the dissolved phase and 8% sorbed to suspended solids. Although only 1% copper was found to leave the field, this was sufficient to cause high copper concentrations (average 2102±433 μg/L total copper and 189±139 μg/L dissolved copper) in the runoff. Copper concentrations in groundwater samples were also high (average 312±198 μg/L total copper and 216±99 μg/L dissolved copper). Sedimentation, a best management practice for reducing copper loadings, was found to reduce the total copper concentrations in runoff by 90% to a concentration of 245±127 μg/L; however, dissolved copper concentrations remained stable, averaging 139±55 μg/L. Total copper concentrations were significantly reduced by the effective removal of suspended solids with sorbed copper.
Altered imprinting of rat liver monoamine oxidase by o, p'-DDT and methoxychlor.

Abstract Neonatal administration of o , p '-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2-( o -chlorophenyl-2- p -chlorophenyl ethane or methoxychlor resulted in elevated levels of sex-differentiated hepatic monoamine oxidase activities in adult rats, but not in prepubertal animals. Exposure to these hormonally active xenobiotics may have changed the brain hormone environment during the critical period of development, resulting in endocrine alterations that were reflected by latent but permanent increases in hepatic monoamine oxidase activities, i.e. “altered imprinting”. Hepatic glutathione S -transferases and cytochrome P-450 content also underwent sex differentiation, but neonatal treatment with o , p '-DDT or methoxychlor did not alter levels in adult rats. However, glutathione S -transferase activities and cytochrome P-450 content were higher in prepubertal animals treated neonatally with o , p '-DDT. In contrast to monoamine oxidase, effects on glutathione S -transferase activities and cytochrome P-450 content were attributed to induction by these xenobiotics.
Promoting physical activity among older adults: From ecology to the individual

The promotion of physical activity in older populations holds the promise of promoting health and reducing the risk of disablement. Individual- and community-based programs are often presented as being distinct and, in some cases, antithetical. The objective of this paper is to illustrate, through the use of an ecologic model, that individual- and community-based programs are complementary. The following topics are discussed: (1) the development of transdisciplinary theories; (2) the establishment of better measures to address the linkages across individual behavior, group behavior, the built environment, and the temporal sequence of biological, behavioral, and environmental factors; (3) the translation of research into practice and policies; and (4) the training of a new generation of scholars and practitioners to develop and execute research, practice, and policy agendas in this area. An ecologic model fosters a comprehensive agenda based on biological, behavioral, and environmental factors. The study of the interaction of the individual with the environment is challenging but potentially more important than the study of the role of the individual or the environment alone in the promotion of physical activity.
Can determinable properties earn their keep

Sydney Shoemaker’s ‘Subset Account’ offers a new take on determinable properties and the realization relation as well as a defense of non-reductive physicalism from the problem of mental causation. At the heart of this account are the claims that (1) mental properties are determinable properties and (2) the causal powers that individuate a determinable property are a proper subset of the causal powers that individuate the determinates of that property. The second claim, however, has led to the accusation that the effects caused by the instantiation of a determinable property will also be caused by the instantiation of the determinates of that property—so instead of solving the problem of mental causation, the Subset Account ends up guaranteeing that the effects of mental properties (and all other types of determinable property) will be causally overdetermined! In this paper, I explore this objection. I argue that both sides in this debate have failed to engage the question at the heart of the objection: Given that both a determinable property and its determinates have the power to cause some effect (E), does it follow that both will actually cause E when the relevant conditions obtain? To make genuine progress towards answering this question, we need to take a serious look at the metaphysics of causation. With the debate properly reframed and issues about the metaphysics of causation front and center, I explore the question of whether the Subset Account is doomed to result in problematic causal overdetermination.
Catalysis of formation of mixed disulfides between cystine and β-globulins by copper ions

Abstract The ability of glutamate to inhibit the reaction between cystine and proteins to form mixed disulfides appears to be due to the formation of a complex between the copper ions and the amino acid. The copper ion seems to be the only divalent ion which can accelerate the rate of formation of the mixed disulfide.
Genic variation in marginal populations of Drosophila subobscura.

The genic variability at 32 enzyme loci in natural populations of Drosophila subobscura has been studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Samples have been collected from eleven populations in southwestern Finland, which represents the northern distribution margin of the species. Of the loci studied 47% are polymorphic with an average heterozygosity per fly of 7.6%. Most of the polymorphisms are geographically undifferentiated and appear to be maintained by a balancing selection. Local differences in allele frequencies exist at some loci. This can be attributed to either differential selection or random drift.
Inflammatory chemokines: tuned in, turned on, dropped out.

Inflammatory signals must be resolved to avoid excessive tissue damage. The D6 chemokine receptor acts in this process by 'mopping up' proinflammatory β-chemokines.
Effect of bee pollen supplement on antimicrobial, chemical, rheological, sensorial properties and probiotic viability of fermented milk beverages

In this research, effect of bee pollen supplement on antimicrobial, chemical, rheological, sensorial properties and probiotic viability of fermented milk beverages was studied. Bee pollens were added in the rate of 2.5 mg·mL -1 (B), 5 mg·mL -1 (C), 7.5 mg·mL -1 (D), 10 mg·mL -1 (E), and 20 mg·mL -1 (F). Control sample (A) was not supplemented with bee pollen. Control and supplemented milk samples were fermented by a commercial ABT1 starter culture (Chr. Hansen, Horsholm, Denmark) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La 5, Bifidobacterium animalis subs. lactis Bb 12, and Streptococcus thermophilus. While no antimicrobial impact was observed against L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophilia upto 7.5 mg·mL -1 pollen addition, addition between 10 mg·mL -1 to 20 mg·mL -1 resulted in activity, and positive effect only in inhibition rates against bacteria such as S. thyphimurium and E. coli. Bee pollen supplements has shown a positive effect on probiotic viability and occurred on increase apparent viscosity, but their effect on sensorial properties was negative. Furthermore an improvement with increasing concentration of pollen addition that yielded no negative effect on physicochemical properties was detected.
Electrostatic Spacecraft Collision Avoidance Using Piecewise-Constant Charges

This paper develops a three-phase piecewise-constant spacecraft charge maneuver to achieve short-range collision avoidance with a symmetric relative trajectory. This symmetric trajectory guarantees collision avoidance, restores the original relative-motion direction, and keeps the relative kinetic energy level the same as the initial kinetic energy level. The paper first presents an analytical solution to calculate a unique symmetric trajectory when the middle phase is a circular trajectory. Next, a general symmetric-trajectory programming strategy is developed in which the middle phase can be any conic section. Four constraints are required to guarantee a symmetric collision-avoidance trajectory, and five independent variables are required to solve the problem. This leaves one degree of freedom that is used to optimize the trajectory subject to specific cost charge functions. There is a duality in the charge solution when solving for the open-loop trajectory, with one of the solutions being false. This is addressed by properly initializing and confining the region of the numerical search routine. Minimum charge criteria are determined to avoid a collision by analyzing the geometric properties of the two-body system and comparing the results from circular transitional trajectory calculations.
Intracerebral Abscess in Children: Historical Trends at Children’s Hospital Boston

Objectives. A previous study performed at Children’s Hospital Boston describing the natural history of intracerebral abscess between 1945 and 1980 demonstrated a decline in mortality after 1970. This current study examines the occurrence of intracerebral abscess at Children’s Hospital Boston between 1981 and 2000, inclusive, and compares the results with the previous study. Our objectives were to determine whether there had been a change in the predisposing factors, whether there were changes in the microbiology of intracerebral abscesses, and whether mortality rate had continued to decline. Methods. To ensure that all occurrences of intracerebral abscess treated at Children’s Hospital Boston between 1981 and 2000 were identified, we searched 4 separately maintained databases for the keywords “brain” or “abscess” or the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 324.x. This search yielded the names of 386 patients. Of these 386 patients, a solitary intracerebral abscess or multiple noncontiguous intracerebral abscesses could be confirmed in 54 patients on the basis of cranial imaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) or autopsy reports. The complete retrospective review of the medical records of these 54 patients constitutes the basis for this study. Results. Congenital heart disease was the most common predisposing factor during both eras. Compared with the previous era, important historical trends identified include a reduction in the number of abscesses that occurred in the settings of sinus or otitic infection (11% during 1981–2000 vs 26% during 1945–1980), an increase in number of intracranial abscesses in infants (18% vs 7%) and in the setting of immunosuppression (16% vs 1%), an increase in the number of children who were treated with antibiotics alone (22% vs 1%), a stable overall mortality rate (24% vs 27%), and the identification of Citrobacter and fungus as causes of intracranial abscess not observed during the previous era of 1945–1980. Citrobacter was observed only during the neonatal period. Fungi were the causative organisms predominantly in the setting of immunosuppression. Conclusions. Intracerebral abscess in children continues to be associated with high rates of neurologic impairment and death. Because earlier detection may reduce morbidity and mortality, intracranial abscess should be considered when evaluating children with new-onset neurologic signs or symptoms, especially in children who have acute immunosuppression and disseminated fungal disease or fungemia.
Effects of Iron on Arsenic Speciation and Redox Chemistry in Acid Mine Water

Abstract Concern about arsenic is increasing throughout the world, including areas of the United States. Elevated levels of arsenic above current drinking-water regulations in ground and surface water can be the result of purely natural phenomena, but often are due to anthropogenic activities, such as mining and agriculture. The current study correlates arsenic speciation in acid mine drainage and mining-influenced water with the important water-chemistry properties Eh, pH, and iron(III) concentration. The results show that arsenic speciation is generally in equilibrium with iron chemistry in low pH AMD, which is often not the case in other natural-water matrices. High pH mine waters and groundwater do not always hold to the redox predictions as well as low pH AMD samples. The oxidation and precipitation of oxyhydroxides deplete iron from some systems, and also affect arsenite and arsenate concentrations through sorption processes.
SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN OF DIFFERENT SIZED RETINAL PROTEINS IN DARKNESS AND DURING PHOTIC STIMULATION

Rabbit retinas were maintained in vitro in medium resembling cerebrospinal fluid and were exposed to 3H-leucine or 14C-leucine in double-labeling experiments designed to measure rates of protein turnover and to determine the effects of photic stimulation on protein synthesis and degradation. The retinas were solubilized, and the proteins separated according to size by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The gels were cut into 95 slices and each slice differentially counted. Protein content of the slices was estimated from Coomassie Blue staining, and molecular weight (MW) from distribution along the gel of MW standards. The retinas appeared to function nearly normally in vitro for many hours. Protein renewal was rapid and reproducible at 0.55 ± 0.01 (S.E.M.) %/h and remained quite constant for at least 7 h. Synthesis and degradation were approximately equal. Two retinas were maintained in vitro at 37°C for 52 h, and showed good preservation of morphology, electrophysiological response to light, and protein synthesis. Total synthesis of new polypeptides was at the rate of 103 nmole per g of protein, per h; there was a sharp peak in the 33,000 to 43,000 MW range. Proteins in every size group were very heterogeneous with respect to breakdown coefficients (i.e. longevity) which were the prime determinants of the amount of each protein present. Fractional renewal showed a highly significance (p<0.0001) correlation with MW, due apparently to a reduction in maximal longevity as size increased. Neither synthesis nor degradation was significantly affected by intense continuous light or flashing light, though the latter increased uptake of 2-deoxyglucose by 38%.
Zeolite exposure and associated pneumoconiosis

Naturally occurring zeolite minerals are aluminum silicates widespread in the earth's crust. Several of these minerals have fibrous forms and have been implicated as a possible cause of benign and malignant diseases of the lung and pleura in Turkey. This report describes a patient, living in an area of Nevada rich in zeolites, who presented with idiopathic pleural thickening and pulmonary fibrosis associated with extensive pulmonary deposition of zeolites.
Work in progress - web-based learning for Introductory computer science course

An introductory computer science course entitled "Engineering problem-solving with computers" uses a novel combination of in-class active learning laboratories and out-of-class Web-based learning tools to teach sophomore engineers problem-solving skills using Maple and Matlab. This novel pedagogy is designed to maximize the benefit of in-class activities and to carefully regulate student out-of-class studying. A newly introduced tool, called CourseBuilder, is an XML based content management tool that resulted in remarkable improvement in student performance (one sigma improvement in exam grades) over past experience. We describe the content and pedagogy of this course and how it differs from past practice. We describe the further assessment that is required to better quantify the improved student performance. We propose additional novel teaching practices to further improve student performance and reduce teaching costs.
Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and cingulate cortices: A combined fluorescent tracer and acetylcholinesterase analysis

The morphologies, intercellular organization, and cortical projection patterns of putative cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain of the rat were examined by use of fluorescent tracer histology in combination with the pharmacohistochemical regimen for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Intensity staining AChE-containing cells projecting to frontal sensorimotor (Area 10), parietal (Area 2), and temporal (Area 4) cortices were found ipsilaterally in nucleus preopticus magnocellularis, in nucleus basalis, and in association with the substantia innominata, the ansa lenticularis, and the lateral hypothalamic area; an essentially rostrocaudal topography was observed for these projections. AChE-containing pathways to cingulate (Area 29) and visual (Area 17) cortices derived from ipsilateral somata associated with the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, nucleus preopticus magnocellularis, rostral portions of nucleus basalis, and the substantia innominata. Neurons innervating Area 29 were generally located more rostrally than those giving rise to AChE afferents to Area 17. The vast majority of cells appeared to innervate relatively discrete areas of the cortex. Evidence for collateralization was found only in neurons projecting to visual and cingulate cortices, and these represented only 3.2% of the cells providing AChE afferents to Areas 17 and 29. The basal forebrain AChE projection cells were typically large (greater than 25 micron in maximum cell body extent), and their somata were predominantly oval, with lesser proportions being fusiform or triangular. Many were organized in clusters, particularly in nucleus basalis.
Removal Rates of Major and Trace Components of an Organic Film Using Aqueous Nonionic Surfactant Solutions

This work examines the cleaning of organic films composed of a primary component (abietic acid) mixed with trace amounts of a second contaminant (benzoic acid). Films were removed from a rotating disk in the presence of aqueous solutions of two poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether surfactants: C 12 E 5 and C 16 E 8 . With C 12 E 5 the abietic acid was removed from the disk in three successive cleaning stages - solubilization, shear removal, and rollup - whereas the benzoic acid was almost completely removed during the initial solubilization stage. Also, with C 12 E 5 the results show that the micellar solubilization rate of the trace contaminant is directly proportional to its concentration in the film. The ratio of the molar removal rates of benzoic acid to abietic acid with C 12 E 5 is an order of magnitude greater than the ratio of the mole fractions of the two components in the contaminant film. Solutions of C 16 E 8 removed the abietic acid by only the solubilization and rollup stages. The ratio of the molar removal rates of benzoic acid to abietic acid with C 16 E 8 was equal to the ratio of the mole fractions of the two components in the contaminant film. A mathematical model is proposed to quantify the simultaneous removal of benzoic acid and abietic acid during the micellar solubilization stage. The model takes into account the mass-transfer rate between the film and the bulk solution, as well as the micellization rates at the film/surfactant solution interface. The model adequately represents the experimental data.
Applications of arterial spin labeled MRI in the brain.

Perfusion provides oxygen and nutrients to tissues and is closely tied to tissue function, and disorders of perfusion are major sources of medical morbidity and mortality. It has been almost two decades since the use of arterial spin labeling (ASL) for noninvasive perfusion imaging was first reported. While initial ASL MRI studies focused primarily on technological development and validation, a number of robust ASL implementations have emerged, and ASL MRI is now also available commercially on several platforms. As a result, basic science and clinical applications of ASL MRI have begun to proliferate. Although ASL MRI can be carried out in any organ, most studies to date have focused on the brain. This review covers selected research and clinical applications of ASL MRI in the brain to illustrate is potential in both neuroscience research and clinical care.
Translational Mapping of Bacteriophage T7 RNAs synthesized in vitro by purified T7 RNA polymerase.

Late bacteriophage T7 RNA, synthesized in vitro from wild-type, amber and deletion mutant phage DNAs using purified T7 RNA polymerase, was used to program an RNA-dependent in vitro protein synthesizing system. Products were analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. When unfractionated late T7 RNA was translated, almost all late T7 proteins were synthesized, demonstrating that the entire late region of T7 DNA is transcribed by T7 RNA polymerase in vitro and that the leftmost initiation site for T7 RNA polymerase lies between the left ends of genes 1 and 1.3. Translation of fractionated species of in vitro synthesized late T7 RNA, purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, showed that T7 RNA species IV and V stimulate the synthesis of the T7 genes 9 and 10 proteins and of the gene 10 protein, respectively. Species VI does not encode any T7 proteins. The major products of translation of species III are genes 9, 10 and 17 polypeptides. These results demonstrate the existence of promoters for T7 RNA polymerase between genes 8 and 9 and between genes 9 and 10, and a termination site between genes 10 and 11. They are also consistent with the finding (Golomb & Chamberlin, 1974b) that RNA species IIIb and VI are transcribed from the extreme right end of T7 DNA.
Activation and long term performance.

Abstract Is activation theory useful or necessary for the analysis of long term performance on perceptual tasks? After criticizing the theory for being too broad and nonspecific, because even contradictory results would not embarrass it, this report illustrates the problem with data on human and animal vigilance. It is concluded that activation theory in several forms may be necessary to understand different phases of vigilance performance. The questions relevant for activation theory include the probable inhibition of observing behavior when an overload is established by eliciting observing at a high rate, the temporal conditioning of levels of arousal, and motor aspects of the emission of detection-indicating responses.