cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN SMOOTH AND ROUGH TUBES AT VARIOUS PRANDTL NUMBERS

Results are presented from an experimental investigation of the relation between heat transfer and friction in smooth and rough tubes. Three rough tubes and one smooth tube were formed from electroplated nickel. The rough tubes contained a close-packed, granular type of surface with roughness-height-to-diameter ratios ranging from 0.0024 to 0.049. Measurements of the heat-transfer coefficients (CH) and the friction coefficients (CF) were obtained with distilled water flowing through electrically heated tubes. A Prandtl number range of 1.20–5.94 was investigated by adjusting the bulk temperature of the water. Results were obtained for Reynolds numbers from 6 × 104 to 5 × 106 and from 1.4 × 104 to 1.2 × 105 at the lowest and highest Prandtl numbers respectively. A similarity rule for heat transfer was used to correlate, interpret, and extend the experimental results. The results were compared with previously existing results, both theoretical and experimental. Increases in CH due to roughness of as high as 270 per cent were obtained. These increases were, in general, accompanied by even larger increases in CF. An exception to this general behavior occurs at high Prandtl number in the region of transition between the “smooth” and the “fully rough” CF characteristic.
Observed Antarctic Interannual Climate Variability and Tropical Linkages

AbstractThis study reviews the mechanisms associated with Antarctic–tropical climate linkages and presents new analyses of the seasonality and spatial patterns of tropical climate signals in the Antarctic for the late 1950s to the present. Tropical climate signals are primarily communicated to the Antarctic via the Pacific–South America (PSA) pattern and the southern annular mode (SAM). The impacts of these circulation patterns and their tropical linkages are evident in regressions of seasonally stratified Antarctic station temperature data and annually resolved ice core records on global fields of sea surface temperature, sea level pressure, and precipitation. Temperature and ice core anomalies in the Antarctic Peninsula region and adjoining areas of West Antarctica are significantly impacted by the PSA, interpreted as a Rossby wave train driven by anomalous tropical deep convection during ENSO events. This pattern is most evident in the austral spring, consistent with recent studies, suggesting that atm...
On the Distribution of Norm Groups of Algebraic Number Fields

Let X be a subgroup of a group Y. The \emphinterval (X, Y) is the set of subgroups of Y that contain X including X and Y. By local class field theory the interval (N K/k K*, k*) contains a finite number of norm groups for any finite extension K of a &#x1d52d;-adic number field k. In the present work we investigate the number of norm groups in the interval (N K/k K*, k*) for a given finite extension K/k of algebraic number fields. We prove that if K/k is an extension of prime degree, or of degree n such that the normal closure of K over k has the Galois group isomorphic to A n or S n , then the interval (N K/k K*, k*) contains only the obvious two norm groups. Also, the interval (N K/k K*, k*) contains a finite number of norm groups for any Galois extension of degree 4, and there are extensions with Galois groups order 8 for which the corresponding intervals contain a finite number of norm groups. The main theorem in our earlier work states that the interval (N K/k K*, k*) contains infinitely many norm groups for ...
Depressed levels in plasma insulin-growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in adolescence obesity. 372

Depressed levels in plasma insulin-growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in adolescence obesity. 372
Henry’s Law Constants for Fragrance and Organic Solvent Compounds in Aqueous Industrial Surfactants

Henry’s law constants (kH) were measured (at 30 °C) and modeled for a suite of fragrance and solvent compounds in aqueous solutions of three structurally diverse industrial surfactants: sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (NaDBS), tetradecylbenzyldimethyl ammonium chloride (TDBAC), and a linear alkyl ethoxylate, Neodol 1,9. kH values for limonene, β-pinene, toluene, and trichloroethene were examined as a function of surfactant concentration. When compared to TCE and toluene, the fragrances limonene and β-pinene with their larger values of molecular polarizability (ὰmol = (17.94 ± 0.5) A3and (17.34 ± 0.5) A3, respectively) and greater hydrophobic character exhibited greater affinity for micelles of the linear alkyl ethoxylate relative to those of NaDBS and TDBAC and greater selectivity overall in their interaction(s) with micelles of varying carbon content (Cn). Using a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) of the form ln kH = C + sπ2* + aΣα2 + bΣβ2 (π2* = solute dipolarity/polarizability; Σα2 = overall ...
A Power Plant Regulating System for Diesel-Electric Locomotives

This paper describes a new power plant regulating system which incorporates speed and load control, recognizes the ability of the engine, permits maximum utilization of the engine's power, and protects the engine from harmful overloads. The ability of the regulator to schedule permissible engine fuel as a function of engine speed allows it to be used with the latest type engines employing supercharger. The system permits remote and multiple-unit operation and provides a high degree of plant protection against damage because of failures.
Fluorescent treponemal antibody test using the Reiter treponeme.

SummaryA fluorescence test for treponemal antibody using the in vitro cultured Reiter treponeme compares favorably in sensitivity and specificity for syphilis with one requiring the virulent Nichols strain of T. pallidum which must be cultivated in vivo.
Nanostructured Columnar Tin Oxide Thin Film Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries

Nanostructured tin oxide thin films with columnar grains were deposited on gold-coated silicon substrates using the combustion chemical vapor deposition method. Microscopy revealed that the columnar grains were covered by nanoparticles of less than 20 nm. The electrochemical behavior of the as-prepared thin film electrodes was examined against a lithium counter electrode. These thin film electrodes exhibited high specific capacity and good capacity retention. The capacity increased from an initial value of about 353 (μA h)/(cm2 μm) gradually to a maximum value of ∼490 (μA h)/(cm2 μm) during cycling. The reversible capacity was about 460 (μA h)/(cm2 μm) after 80 cycles at a charge/discharge rate of 0.3 mA/cm2. When the electrodes were discharged at 0.9 mA/cm2, the capacity retention obtained was about 64% of the capacity at 0.3 mA/cm2. The good electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique nanostructure with longitudinal and radial connectivity of active materials.
Truth in Marketing Theory and Research

The traditional view of truth as the central goal of marketing theory and research has been questioned in marketing's crisis literature by proponents of relativistic truth and critical relativism. ...
Glutamine synthetase deadenylylating enzyme.

The glutamine synthetase of Escherichiacoli exists in various forms differing from each other by their content of covalently bound adenylyl groups (Shapiro etal., 1967;Wulff etal., 1967). The biosynthetic activity of unadenylylated glutamine synthetase is very much greater with Mg2+ as the activating cation than with Mn2+, and its γ-glutamyl-transferase activity is insensitive to inhibition by many end product effectors (Kingdon etal., 1967). The biosynthetic activity of the adenylylated enzyme is relatively specific for Mn2+, and its transferase activity is much more susceptible to feedback inhibition. An enzyme (ATP:glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase) derived from E.coli catalyzes the covalent attachment of the AMP moiety of ATP to glutamine synthetase in a Mg2+ dependent reaction that is stimulated by glutamine and inhibited by glutamate (Kingdon etal., 1967; Wulff etal., 1967). The conditions of growth of E.coli determine the extent of adenylylation of the enzyme (Kingdon and Stadtman, 1967). Kingdon and Stadtman (1967) and Heilmeyer etal. (1967) found evidence for invivo deadenylylation of glutamine synthetase. The present communication describes some properties of an enzyme in soluble extracts of E.coli that catalyses the release of covalently bound 14C-AMP from glutamine synthetase; it is markedly stimulated by a-ketoglutarate and inhibited by glutamine. The significance of this activity in the control of glutamine synthetase activity and nitrogen metabolism in E.coli is discussed.
Caldesmon content of mammalian smooth muscles

In the present study we have used a quantitative immunoblotting method to measure the caldesmon content of a variety of smooth muscles with distinctly different contractile phenotypes. Two tonic vascular smooth muscles and several phasic smooth muscles were examined. The caldesmon, actin and myosin contents of each muscle type were measured. Smooth muscle from large arteries (i.e. bovine aorta and porcine carotid artery) had the lowest caldesmon content and phasic muscles (e.g. rat uterus and guinea pig taenia coli) had the highest. The molar ratio of monomeric caldesmon to monomeric actin was 1∶205 for the aorta and carotid arteryversus 1∶22–28 for the taenia coli and uterus. The molar ratio of caldesmon to monomeric myosin heavy chain was 1∶9 for the aorta and carotidversus 1∶2 for the uterus and taenia coli. The caldesmon contents of canine trachealis and rabbit ileum were intermediate between these extremes. Evidence was found for the presence of both tissue- and species-specific caldesmon isoforms. The relatively high caldesmon content in rat uterus and guinea pig taenia coli suggests the possibility that the contractile phenotype associated with phasic smooth muscles may be dependent on the presence of caldesmon.
The effect of root canal preparation on microleakage within endodontically treated teeth: an in vitro study

Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of smear layer and canal instrumentation on leakage in root-filled teeth. Methodology Six groups (n = 12) of freshly extracted human canines and premolars with closed apices and single roots were used. Groups A, B, C, and D were instrumented with engine-driven rotary nickel-titanium MCXIM files and Groups E and F were instrumented with conventional stainless steel hand files. Groups A, C, and E were flushed with 3.0 mL of 17.0% REDTA to remove the smear layer prior to obturation. All teeth were flushed with 5.25% NaOCl, then obturated with AH-26 sealer and either the lateral condensation (Groups C–E) or thermomechanical compaction technique (Groups A and B). Copper wire was placed coronally in contact with the gutta-percha in each tooth and, after immersion in 0.9% NaCl solution, a 10 volt dc voltage was connected between each tooth and a stainless steel electrode. The current flow in the circuit was observed for 45 days. One way ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test were used to compare Groups A–F at time intervals of 10, 20, 30 and 45 days and identify statistically significant differences. Results Significantly less microleakage occurred when the smear layer was removed and when the canals were obturated with thermoplasticized gutta-percha. Canals instrumented with engine-driven NiTi files exhibited less leakage than hand-instrumented canals irrespective of obturation method. Conclusions Smear layer removal is beneficial to root canal sealing. Obturation with thermoplasticized gutta-percha provides a superior seal whilst canal instrumentation with engine-driven NiTi files reduces the extent of microleakage in root canals.
Dual-use research as a wicked problem.

The challenge of dual-use research in the life sciences emerged vividly in 2011 as scientists and policy-makers debated what to do about article manuscripts that described how to modify the H5N1 avian influenza virus so that it could spread between mammals (1, 2). Since H5N1 emerged in Southeast Asia in 2003, it has sickened 667 people and caused 393 human deaths, as well as the deaths of millions of domestic and wild birds (3). The virus has not, however, demonstrated the ability to engage in sustained human-to-human transmission. If a new strain of H5N1 emerged with that capability, and it retained a high level of virulence, it could cause a global pandemic. The experiments by Yoshihiro Kawaoka from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Ron Fouchier from Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands not only demonstrated that mammalian transmission of the virus was possible but also provided information on how to construct such a virus.
Project Clarion: Three Years of Science Instruction in Title I Schools among K-Third Grade Students

The purpose of the study was to measure the effects of higher level, inquiry- based science curricula on students at primary level in Title I schools. Approximately 3,300 K-3 students from six schools were assigned to experimental or control classes (N=115 total) on a random basis according to class. Experimental students were exposed to concept- based science curriculum that emphasized 'deep learning' though concept mastery and investigation, whereas control classes learned science from traditional school-based curricula. Two ability measures, the Bracken Basic Concept Scale-Revised (BBCS-R, Bracken 1998) and the Naglieri Nonverbal Intelligence Test (NNAT, Naglieri 1991), were used for baseline information. Additionally, a standardized measure of student achievement in science (the MAT-8 science subtest), a standardized measure of critical thinking, and a measure for observing teachers' classroom behaviors were used to assess learning outcomes. Results indicated that all ability groups of students benefited from the science inquiry-based approach to learning that emphasized science concepts, and that there was a positive achievement effect for low socio-economic young children who were exposed to such a curriculum.
Death on Facebook: Examining the roles of social media communication for the bereaved

Although research has highlighted potential benefits social media sites present for the bereaved (Carroll & Landry, 2010; Sanderson & Cheong, 2010), there is also the potential for problematic effects (Kern, Forman, & Gil-Egui, 2013). This study examines the ways in which the social networking site Facebook was helpful and unhelpful to participants (N = 265) when someone they knew died. Analysis of 454 thought units revealed three themes describing participants’ experiences with communication on Facebook during bereavement: news dissemination, preservation, and community. The results suggest that Facebook communication is both beneficial and challenging for bereaved users, which may produce a coping paradox. Implications of grief-related mediated communication and the coping paradox are explored.
HUMAN MIXED LEUKOCYTE CULTURE: IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROLIFERATING LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION BY SEX CHROMOSOME MARKERS

The nature of the cells which proliferate in response to allogeneic histoincompatible lymphocytes in human mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) was investigated. Direct information on the differentiation of proliferating cells was obtained in an in vitro chimeric system with T- and B-cell sex chromosome markers. Highly purified T and B cells were prepared from the peripheral blood of three pairs of HL-A genotype identical, MLC-negative siblings of opposite sex by E-rosette sedimentation techniques. Recombined T and B cells of the siblings were stimulated with allogeneic cells, and karyotype analysis of proliferating cells performed. 96% of the proliferating cells were found to carry the sex chromosome marker of the respective T-cell population. These results indicate that proliferation in human MLCs is a feature of T cells.
Effects of incorporating nanosized calcium phosphate particles on properties of whisker‐reinforced dental composites

Clinical data indicate that secondary caries and restoration fracture are the most common problems facing tooth restorations. Our ultimate goal was to develop mechanically-strong and caries-inhibiting dental composites. The specific goal of this pilot study was to understand the relationships between composite properties and the ratio of reinforcement filler/releasing filler. Nanoparticles of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) were synthesized and incorporated into a dental resin for the first time. Silicon carbide whiskers were fused with silica nanoparticles and mixed with the MCPM particles at MCPM/whisker mass ratios of 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1. The composites were immersed for 1-56 days to measure Ca and PO4 release. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 0:1 to 1:2, the composite flexural strength (mean +/- SD; n = 5) decreased from 174 +/- 26 MPa to 138 +/- 9 MPa (p < 0.05). A commercial nonreleasing composite had a strength of 112 +/- 14 MPa. When the MCPM/whisker ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:1, the Ca concentration at 56 days increased from 0.77 +/- 0.04 mmol/L to 1.74 +/- 0.06 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The corresponding PO4 concentration increased from 3.88 +/- 0.21 mmol/L to 9.95 +/- 0.69 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Relationships were established between the amount of release and the MCPM volume fraction v(MCPM) in the resin: [Ca]= 42.9 v(MCPM) (2.7), and [PO4] = 48.7 v(MCPM) (1.4). In summary, the method of combining nanosized releasing fillers with reinforcing fillers yielded Ca- and PO4-releasing composites with mechanical properties matching or exceeding a commercial stress-bearing, nonreleasing composite. This method may be applicable to the use of other Ca-PO4 fillers in developing composites with high stress-bearing and caries-preventing capabilities, a combination not yet available in any dental materials.
Beta‐lactamase‐producing bacteria in head and neck infection

We have summarized our experience in recovery of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (BLPB) in head and neck infection (HNI). These HNI include conjunctivitis, serous and chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, chronic mastoiditis, chronic sinusitis, adenoiditis, recurrent tonsillitis in children and adults, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess. Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria were found in 262 (51%) of 513 patients with HNI; 72% had aerobic BLPB and 57% had anaerobic BLPB. The infections, where these organisms were most frequently recovered, were adenoiditis (85% of patients), tonsillitis in adults (82%) and children (74%), retropharyngeal abscess (71%), and chronic otitis media (57%). The predominant BLPB were Staphylococcus aureus (49% of patients with BLPB), the Bacteroides-melaninogenicus group (28%), the Bacteroides fragilis group (20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Hemophilus influenzae (5%), and Branhamella catarrhalis (3%). The high incidence of recovery of BLPB in head and neck infections may have important implications on the antimicrobial management of these infections.
Dlastolic Pressure-Volume Relationship in the Canine Left Ventricle

Analysis of the passive pressure-volume filling curve of the left ventricle demonstrates that heart size and ventricular geometry exert major effects on the pressure-volume curve in the absence of changes in intrinsic muscle stiffness. Because the pressure-volume relationship is curvilinear, both quantitative and qualitative comparison of pressure-volume curves from different hearts is difficult. In the fresh isolated canine left ventricle, the pressure-volume relation was found to be almost perfectly exponential throughout a range of filling pressures from 5 to 30 mm Hg. Therefore, a precise linear and quantitative expression of the pressure-volume relation (dP/dV = aP + b) was developed (r = 0.995). The effect of isolated changes in either initial ventricular volume (mean Aa = 3.1?) or ventricular geometry (mean Aa = 27.1%) upon the slope, or a constant of this function was small in comparison to changes induced by rigor mortis (mean Aa = 45^). It was concluded that the a constant was primarily affected by changes in left ventricular wall stiffness. In this manner, comparison of the pressure-volume relationship from different hearts is possible, and the contribution of changes in wall stiffness may be quantified.
Novel mutations in the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein gene (RLBP1) associated with retinitis punctata albescens: evidence of interfamilial genetic heterogeneity and fundus changes in heterozygotes.

Objective To evaluate the molecular genetic defects associated with retinitispunctata albescens (RPA) in 5 patients from 3 families with this disease. Methods We examined 3 probands and 2 clinically affected relatives with RPA.Clinical examinations included best-corrected visual acuity, visual fieldtesting, electroretinography, dilated fundus examination, and fundus photography.Leukocyte DNA was analyzed for mutations in the exons of the genes encodingcellular retinaldehyde–binding protein 1 ( RLBP1 ),11- cis -retinol dehydrogenase ( RDH5 ), interphotoreceptor retinoid–binding protein ( RBP3 ), and photoreceptor all- trans -retinoldehydrogenase ( RDH8 ). Not all patients were evaluatedfor mutations in each gene. The exons were individually amplified and screenedfor mutations by single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis or directgenomic sequencing. Results The 3 probands had similar clinical findings, including a history ofpoor night vision, the presence of punctate white deposits in the retina,and substantially reduced or absent rod responses on electroretinogram testing.One of the probands (patient 2:III:2) had 2 novel mutations in the RLBP1 gene (Arg151Trp and Gly31[2–base pair deletion], [GGA→G–]).Segregation analysis showed that the 2 mutations were allelic and that thepatient was a compound heterozygote. Both parents of the proband manifestedround white deposits in the retina. The other 2 probands had no detected pathogenicmutations in RLBP1 or in the other 3 genes evaluated. Conclusions The identification of novel RLBP1 mutationsin 1 of our 3 probands, all with RPA, is further evidence of genetic (nonallelic)heterogeneity in this disease. The presence of round white deposits in theretina may be observed in those heterozygous for RLBP1 . Clinical Relevance Patients with a clinical presentation of RPA can have genetically differentmutations. Drusen-like lesions may be observed in heterozygotes in familieswith this disease and a mutation in RLBP1 .
Identification and analysis for cross-reactivity among hantaviruses of H-2b-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes in Sin Nombre virus nucleocapsid protein.

Sin Nombre virus (SNV) causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), with a high rate of mortality in humans who are infected by the transmission of virus from the natural rodent host. In humans, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for SNV appear to play an important role in the pathogenicity of HPS. There is a correlation between the frequencies of SNV-specific CTLs and the severity of HPS disease. In order to create a mouse model to study the role of SNV-specific T cells in vivo, T cell responses to SNV nucleocapsid (N) protein in B6.PL Thy1 a/Cy mice (H-2b) immunized with plasmid DNA or recombinant vaccinia virus expressing SNV N protein were examined. Four peptides, NC94–101, NC175–189, NC217–231 and NC331–345, were recognized by CD8+ T cells in CTL and ELISPOT assays in SNV N-immunized mice. Interestingly, two of these epitopes are located in the central region of the SNV N protein, where several human CD8+ T-cell epitopes have been defined in Puumala virus and SNV. CTL lines specific for these four epitopes were cross-reactive to corresponding Puumala virus peptides, but only one of them was cross-reactive to Hantaan virus peptides. These results will enable the analysis of the roles of CTL in immunopathology of HPS in experimental mouse models of HPS.
Classic: How to Deal with Overt Aggression

The purpose of the article is to help psychiatric nurses differentiate aggressive behaviors that express feelings from those that defend against feelings. Examples are included illustrating the differences between the two aggressive behaviors. Then a description of two nurse-patient interactions are analyzed, applying the theories presented. Nursing actions are described that would maintain a therapeutic interaction when aggression might succeed in keeping the nurse away.
Description and performance of the preamplifier for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser system

The authors describe the prototype preamplifier for the NIF laser system and discuss the performance of the regenerative amplifier and 4-pass laser systems that comprise the preamplifier.
Weak and strong ignition of hydrogen/oxygen mixtures in shock-tube systems

Detailed simulations of hydrogen/oxygen mixtures are performed to study weak and strong ignition regimes in a shock-tube system. An adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm in conjunction with a detailed chemistry representation is used to resolve physically relevant features such as the viscous boundary layer, the shock bifurcation region, and ignition kernels. The simulations employ a second-order accurate Navier–Stokes equations solver that is modified to include finite-rate reaction chemistry, wall-heat transfer, and detailed mass, thermal, and viscous-diffusion-transport properties. The operating conditions considered in this study span the thermodynamic state-space in the weak and strong ignition regimes. The treatment of wall-heat transfer is found to significantly alter the characteristics of ignition. The computations show that the mixing of the thermally stratified fluid, which carries different momentum and enthalpy, introduces inhomogeneities in the core region behind the reflected shock. These inhomogeneities act as localized ignition kernels. During the induction period, these kernels slowly expand and eventually transition to a detonation wave, rapidly consuming the unburned mixture. Effects of the reaction chemistry on the ignition behavior are examined by considering two different reaction mechanisms. A detailed analysis is performed to show that the transition from ignition kernel to detonation is well described by the SWACER mechanism.
Closed-form blind symbol estimation in digital communications

We study the blind symbol estimation problem in digital communications and propose a novel algorithm by exploiting a special data structure of an oversampled system output. Unlike most equalization schemes that involve two stages-channel identification and channel equalization/symbol estimation-the proposed approach accomplishes direct symbol estimation without determining the channel characteristics. Based on a deterministic model, the new method can provide a closed-form solution to the symbol estimation using a small set of data samples, which makes it particularly suitable for wireless applications with fast changing environments. Moreover, if the symbols belong to a finite alphabet, e.g., BPSK or QPSK, our approach can be extended to handle the symbol estimation for multiple sources. Computer simulations and field RF experiments were conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. The results are compared to the Cramer-Rao lower bound of the symbol estimates derived in this paper.
Mammary Epithelial Stem Cells

An entire mammary epithelial outgrowth, capable of full secretory differentiation, may comprise the progeny of a single stem cell. Experimental evidence has indicated three distinct mammary progenitor subtypes: unlimited progenitor cells, duct-limited progenitors, and lobule-limited progenitor cells. These different progenitor cell types drive the individual stages of mammary development taking direction from the surrounding microenvironment and systemic hormones. Mammary epithelial stem cells reside in basal positions, in contact with the basement membrane, but not in luminal positions throughout the mammary ductal tree. Stem cell morphology is characterized by the absence of cellular organelles resulting in their light or pale appearance in thin and ultrathin tissue sections. In recent years mammary stem and progenitor cells have been isolated based on the expression of cell surface markers, thus allowing increased study of these cells. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the experimental history of mammary stem cells and to address future areas and challenges for the investigation of these cells.
Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of paleoproterozoic mafic rocks in the Black Hills, South Dakota

Abstract Four suites of mafic to intermediate intrusions and flows that occur in the Precambrian core of the Black Hills were analyzed for major and trace elements to establish tectonic settings of magmatism during the late Archean and early Proterozoic history of the region. Most of the mafic rocks were later metamorphosed to amphibolites during the Black Hills orogeny, the collision of the Wyoming and Superior cratons which began at ∼1760 Ma. Compositions of the mafic suites define at least two distinct tectonic settings of magmatism between 2480 and 1880 Ma. The 2.48 Ga Blue Draw intrusion, located on the eastern edge of the Precambrian core, is differentiated with compositions ranging from gabbro to granodiorite. It is a calcalkaline intrusion with relatively high SiO2 from 51.8 to 60.5 wt.% and K2O mostly >1 wt.%. REE patterns are slightly concave upward and show LREE enrichment. The intrusion is also enriched in Ba, Rb, Th, and Zr. These and other geochemical discriminants are typical of modern calcalkaline basalts. The intrusion's calcalkaline character is similar to the neighboring, slightly older 2.56 Ga Little Elk granite-gneiss. These two intrusions support the presence of late Archean/early Proterozoic arc magmatism on the eastern margin of the Wyoming craton. The three other mafic suites comprising metamorphosed flows and sills occur within a sequence of deep marine sediments, including black shales, limestones, iron formations, and cherts. U–Pb zircon ages suggest their emplacement between 2.01 and 1.88 Ga. Mafic rocks in the eastern half of the Precambrian core in the Mt. Rushmore and Pactola Dam quadrangles and near Bear Mountain on the western margin of the Precambrian core have slightly depleted to enriched tholeiitic compositions with SiO2 ∼50 wt.% and K2O generally 2.5 wt.%, and the lowest SiO2 concentrations, typically
Thermodynamic Considerations for the Design of Solar-Thermal Chemical Processes

The maximum efficiency of a solar reactor/receiver is limited not by the Carnot efficiency, but rather by the product of the Carnot efficiency and a factor involving both the enthalpy and entropy changes occurring as a result of the chemical reaction. This limiting efficiency can be greater than the Carnot efficiency when the entropy change is positive, and is a function of several parameters including the standard property changes of the reaction, inlet and outlet stream conditions, reactor temperature, conversion, and relative amounts of inert gas. By including this factor in the overall limitation on the reactor efficiency, both the optimal reactor temperature for a given concentration ratio, and the concentration ratio required to achieve a given temperature and efficiency can, in many cases, be found to shift to lower values.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Parent Involvement in School Conceptualizing Multiple Dimensions and Their Relations with Family and Demographic Risk Factors

Parent involvement (PI) in school is associated with more positive academic performance and social competence in children. However, there are inadequacies in current measures of PI and a need for a better understanding of predictors of PI. In this study, measures were obtained from a normative sample of 387 children in kindergarten and first grade from high-risk neighborhoods in 4 different sites. First, a confirmatory factor analysis of a theoretical factor model of PI identified 6 reliable multiple-reporter PI factors: Parent-Teacher Contact, Parent Involvement at School, Quality of Parent-Teacher Relationship, Teacher's Perception of the Parent, Parent Involvement at Home, and Parent Endorsement of School. Next, the relations among 3 specific family and demographic risk factors-parental education level, maternal depression, and single-parent status-and these 6 PI factors were examined using path analyses in structural equation modeling. Results indicated that the 3 risk factors were differentially associated with the 6 PI factors: Parental education was significantly associated with 4 PI outcomes, maternal depression was significantly associated with 5 PI outcomes, and single-parent status was significantly associated with 3 PI outcomes. No significant ethnic group differences between African American and Caucasian families were found in these relations.
Optimization of Processing Parameters for the Preparation of Flounder Frame Protein Product

Flounder frame was used as a raw material for the preparation of protein product. Processing parameters were evaluated using both fresh and frozen ground frames. The results indicate the following optima: (1) pH of extraction medium, ii; (2) extraction time, 60 min; (3) volume to weight ratio, 10: 1; (4) extraction temperature, 23°C. Isoelectric precipitation was conducted at pH 5 using KCI or H3PO4. Results indicate that NaOH was more effective than Ca(OH)2 in solubilizing frame protein at pH 11. Ground frozen flounder frames gave a 10% decrease in protein extractability when compared to fresh frames using NaOH as the extractant and a 22% decrease when Ca(OH)2 was employed as the extractant. Approximately 70% of the protein is recovered using the NaOH-HCI system.
Epigenetic Pathways and Glioblastoma Treatment: Insights from Signaling Cascades

There is an urgent need to identify novel therapies for glioblastoma (GBM) as most therapies are ineffective. A first step in this process is to identify and validate targets for therapeutic intervention. Epigenetic modulators have emerged as attractive drug targets in several cancers including GBM. These epigenetic regulators affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic regulators interact with drivers of GBM cell and stem-like cell proliferation. These drivers include components of the Notch, Hedgehog, and Wingless (WNT) pathways. We highlight recent studies connecting epigenetic and signaling pathways in GBM. We also review systems and big data approaches for identifying patient specific therapies in GBM. Collectively, these studies will identify drug combinations that may be effective in GBM and other cancers.
Chimera: hybrid program analysis for determinism

Chimera uses a new hybrid program analysis to provide deterministic replay for commodity multiprocessor systems. Chimera leverages the insight that it is easy to provide deterministic multiprocessor replay for data-race-free programs (one can just record non-deterministic inputs and the order of synchronization operations), so if we can somehow transform an arbitrary program to be data-race-free, then we can provide deterministic replay cheaply for that program. To perform this transformation, Chimera uses a sound static data-race detector to find all potential data-races. It then instruments pairs of potentially racing instructions with a weak-lock, which provides sufficient guarantees to allow deterministic replay but does not guarantee mutual exclusion.Unsurprisingly, a large fraction of data-races found by the static tool are false data-races, and instrumenting them each of them with a weak-lock results in prohibitively high overhead. Chimera drastically reduces this cost from 53x to 1.39x by increasing the granularity of weak-locks without significantly compromising on parallelism. This is achieved by employing a combination of profiling and symbolic analysis techniques that target the sources of imprecision in the static data-race detector. We find that performance overhead for deterministic recording is 2.4% on average for Apache and desktop applications and about 86% for scientific applications.
Hypertension—Behavioral Influences

This chapter will focus on the BP effects we have obtained over the past several years in a variety of experimental paradigms. Initially, I shall describe SBP and DBP changes in those paradigms where we evaluated s-adrenergic influences on the myocardium. Then I shall describe a series of observations that encourage us to initiate longitudinal studies and that 1 believe clearly implicate behavioral factors in the etiological process. Finally, I shall close with a couple of digressions that act to tie some loose ends together.
Comparison of sympathetic neurons in orofacial and upper extremity nerves: Implications for causalgia

Abstract This study compared nerves of the orofacial region with nerves frequently associated with causalgia to determine if there is a significant difference in the proportion of sympathetic neurons within these nerves, which may account for the lower incidence of orofacial causalgia. Three orofacial and two upper extremity nerves were examined. Each nerve was transected and labeled with horseradish peroxidase to identify the cell bodies of neurons contributing axons to the nerve. The study included two trials per nerve, for a total of 10 trials in eight cats. The trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia, containing sensory neurons (SN), and the stellate, middle, and superior cervical ganglia, containing postganglionic sympathetic neurons (PGSN), were sectioned and reacted with tetramethyl benzidine to visualize the labeled neurons. The total number of labeled PGSN and SN were counted and the ratio (PGSN:SN) determined for each of the five nerves. The average PGSN:SN ratio from upper extremity nerves (0.40) is 2 1 2 times greater than the ratio determined for branches of the trigeminal nerve (0.16). The lower proportion of sympathetic neurons within the trigeminal nerves provides an anatomic explanation for the lower incidence of orofacial causalgia consistent with the currently accepted etiology.
Methamphetamine Use and Violent Behavior User Perceptions and Predictors

This study describes the extent to which methamphetamine users perceive that their methamphetamine use has resulted in violent behavior, and describes the level of self-reported prevalence of specific violent criminal behaviors irrespective of methamphetamine use. Predictors of these two violence-related indicators, in terms of potential correlates from substance use history, criminal history, and health risk domains are examined. Data are from extensive interviews of 350 methamphetamine users who received substance use treatment in a large California county. A majority (56%) perceived that their methamphetamine use resulted in violent behavior; 59% reported specific violent criminal behaviors. For more than half of those reporting violent criminal behavior, this behavior pattern began before methamphetamine initiation. Thus, for a subsample of methamphetamine users, violence may be related to factors other than methamphetamine use. Users' perceptions that their methamphetamine use resulted in violence appears strongest for those with the most severe methamphetamine-related problems, particularly paranoia.
Attained Educational Level and Incident Atherothrombotic Events in Low- and Middle-Income Compared With High-Income Countries

Background—Studies report a protective effect of higher attained educational level (AEL) on cardiovascular outcomes. However, most of these studies have been conducted in high-income countries (HICs) and lack representation from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which bear >80% of the global burden of cardiovascular disease. Methods and Results—The Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry is a prospective study of 67 888 subjects with either established atherothrombotic (coronary, cerebrovascular, and/or peripheral arterial) disease or multiple atherothrombotic risk factors enrolled from 5587 physician practices in 44 countries. At baseline, AEL (0 to 8 years, 9 to 12 years, trade or technical school, and university) was self-reported for 61 332 subjects. Outcomes included the baseline prevalence of atherothrombotic risk factors and the rate of incident cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) through 23 months acro...
Chapter 5 Single-Cell C4 Photosynthesis in Aquatic Plants

In water with low free [CO2] a common strategy of submersed plants is to use HCO 3 − , but some ­species utilize a C4 photosynthetic system that surprisingly lacks the Kranz dual-cell compartmentation of most terrestrial C4 plants. Instead, the C4 and C3 cycles are in the same cell, with phosphoenolpyruvate ­carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase–oxygenase (rubisco) sequestered in the cytosol and chloroplasts, respectively. Malate decarboxylation by NADP malic enzyme (NADP-ME) in the chloroplasts produces a chloroplastic CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). It occurs in the ­submersed monocots Hydrilla verticillata and Egeria densa (Hydrocharitaceae), and in these species it is facultative because low [CO2] induces a metabolic shift in the leaves from C3 to single-cell C4 photosynthesis. ­Submersed leaves of other species also perform single-cell C4 photosynthesis, including Sagittaria ­subulata (Alismataceae), the grasses Orcuttia californica and O. viscida (Poaceae), and the sedge ­Eleocharis acicularis. A marine macroalga (Udotea flabellum, Chlorophyta) and a diatom (Thalassiosira weissflogii) likewise show evidence of its occurrence, so it is not restricted to higher plants. The change from C3 to C4 photosynthetic gas exchange and pulse-chase characteristics is well documented in Hydrilla, along with enzyme kinetics and localization; high internal [CO2], and improved growth. ­Multiple isoforms of PEPC, NADP-ME and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) exist in Hydrilla and Egeria, but specific forms, including hvpepc4, hvme1 and hvppdk1are up-regulated in the C4 leaves of Hydrilla and encode proteins with C4 photosynthetic characteristics. Interestingly, the photosynthetic hvpepc4 differs from its terrestrial C4 counterparts in lacking a “C4-signature” serine near the carboxy terminus. The C3 leaf must maximize CO2 conductance to rubisco, but as the C4 system is induced, ­chloroplast conductance is probably minimized to reduce leakage from the CCM. Further study of the facultative system of Hydrilla could determine if down-regulation of chloroplast-envelope aquaporins is involved in reducing CO2 conductance. Hydrilla and Egeria are in the ancient Hydrocharitaceae ­family, and can give insights into early C4 photosynthesis, which likely originated in water prior to its advent on land.
Evidence of an insulin inhibitor in human and rat serum.

SummaryGreater insulin-like activity was observed in dialyzed rat and human sera than undialyzed sera, using an isolated rat epididymal adipose tissue insulin assay technique. Dialysates from both rat and human sera decreased the activity of rat epididymal adipose tissue in the presence of crystalline insulin.
Clustering effects in ionic polymers: Molecular dynamics simulations

Ionic clusters control the structure, dynamics, and transport in soft matter. Incorporating a small fraction of ionizable groups in polymers substantially reduces the mobility of the macromolecules in melts. These ionic groups often associate into random clusters in melts, where the distribution and morphology of the clusters impact the transport in these materials. Here, using molecular dynamic simulations we demonstrate a clear correlation between cluster size and morphology with the polymer mobility in melts of sulfonated polystyrene. We show that in low dielectric media ladderlike clusters that are lower in energy compared with spherical assemblies are formed. Reducing the electrostatic interactions by enhancing the dielectric constant leads to morphological transformation from ladderlike clusters to globular assemblies. Decrease in electrostatic interaction significantly enhances the mobility of the polymer.
Numerical simulation of the dynamical trait and the effects of spall-resistant steel panel for underground structure under impulsive loads

The dynamical traits and performance of spall-resistant steel panel in the structure with or without steel panel under impulsive load are simulated by the software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. On the analysis of the results of two cases,the rule of structure's stress and the boundary effects on capability of steel panel are presented. Results reveal that the steel panel can effectively reduce the element's maximal stress adjacent to the steel panel,improve the performance;boundary effects don’t affect the spalling. The work will provide reference for the design and construction of projects concerned.
Enhancing independence for people with low vision to use daily panel-interface machines

Those that suffer from macular or vision degenerative diseases report lower levels of ease and ability to participate in daily activities, even when using the most advanced corrective lens technologies. They desire to gain independence in daily tasks, including using everyday machines. Plenty of these machines, such as microwaves, vending machines, and elevators, have a control panel as a user interface. Some have Braille (i.e. bumpy dots) on the panel for people with low vision to recognize. However, many of them have been designed without considering low-vision people's convenience. Though many techniques have been proposed to improve the usability of these panels for people with low vision, they are difficult to deploy due to the high cost and low financial benefit. In this paper, we propose a panel reading assistive system which is wearable instead of being deployed on the machine's side. The conceptual system instructs the user to operate on the panel of an everyday machine. It creates a plan according to the user's need, and guides the user to implement it step by step. The user moves the finger under the system's instruction via audio channel. Finally, the experiments in real life scenarios have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the system.
What Actors can Teach Robots

In an age when machines are increasingly entering our daily lives, social robotics focuses on how robots can successfully share spaces, interface, and collaborate with people. Machines that fail to interact appropriately run the risk of becoming irritating and unwelcome; however, when personality and charm are added, functional machines can not only add value to their environment, but also engage, elicit trust, and foster bonds with their human partners. The central idea of this workshop is that even very simple robots, in terms of both sensing and degrees-of-freedom, are capable of charismatic interaction. Acting training can inform the development of such charismatic robots, but it is challenging to operationalize actor knowledge into computational systems. For example, people parse non-verbal communications intuitively, even from machines that do not look like people, and acting training contains explicit methodology for exploring the space of motion-based expression. Robotics researchers can gain insight on how to create interfaces that adapt the knowledge of human charisma experts -- such as actors and performers -- into robotics, developing robot social behaviors with humans in the loop. This workshop will be a forum for discussing minimal social robots and prototyping new ones. The program includes presentations exploring the social role of simple sensors and behaviors, a hands-on activity, and motivating talks from experts in the field. Accepted applicants will be invited to share their perspectives on minimal social robots during highlight talks, discussions, and a poster session. During the workshop, participants will work in small groups to craft an illustrative interaction for a minimalist robot whose communications they have designed. There will also be ample opportunities for early researchers to connect with experts in this field. A public website will provide an archive of accepted submissions and minimal social robot interaction videos in order to share the output of the workshop with the larger community.