cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic Malabsorption Procedures: Outcomes

Malabsorption procedures for surgical weight reduction were initially described 50 years ago (1). The jejunoileal bypass and other early forms of intestinal bypass relied on malabsorption of nutrients to induce weight loss. However, the jejunoileal bypass was associated with significant metabolic complications due to the defunctionalized bypassed intestine. Complications, such as severe diarrhea, electrolyte disturbances, hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, anemia, arthritis, liver dysfunction, and even liver failure, eventually led to the abandonment of these first-generation malabsorption procedures by the 1980s. The current malabsorption procedures are based on the biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), which was introduced by Scopinaro in 1976 (2). Unlike the original malabsorption procedures, no blind or defunctionalized segment of small intestine is created, and as a result many of the significant complications of the jejunoileal bypass are avoided. Advantages of the biliopancreatic diversion over other bariatric procedures include fewer dietary restrictions with more normal eating behavior, no excluded gastric remnant that is relatively inaccessible endoscopically, and excellent long-term weight loss.
Absorption Spectrum of a Ru(II)-Aquo Complex in Vacuo: Resolving Individual Charge-Transfer Transitions

Ruthenium(II) complexes are of great interest as homogeneous catalysts and as photosensitizers; however, their absorption spectra are typically very broad and offer only little insight into their electronic structure. We present the electronic spectrum of the aquo complex [(trpy)(bipy)RuII–OH2]2+ measured by photodissociation spectroscopy of mass-selected ions in vacuo (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine and trpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine). In the visible and near-UV, [(trpy)(bipy)RuII–OH2]2+ has several electronic bands that are not resolved in absorption spectra of this complex in solution but are partially resolved in vacuo. The experimental results are compared with results from time-dependent density functional theory calculations.
Raise $100 Billion From a $20 CO2 Tax

Summary. This proposal recommends taxing CO 2 emissions at $20 per ton and progressively ramping upthe tax rate over time. Given the sharp increase in coalprices, it makes sense to phase in the tax over severalyears, perhaps beginning at $5 for the first year andincreasing by $5 annually over the following three years.The recommended $20-per-ton tax rate is based on anapproximate (lower bound) estimate of the tax rate thatmaximizes the net benefits from emissions mitigation. Itis also consistent with starting goals for least-cost emis-sions pricing to ultimately stabilize mean projectedglobal temperatures at roughly 2.5 degrees Celsius abovecurrent temperatures. Some economists, and many cli-mate scientists, would argue for much more stringentpricing on grounds of intergenerational equity or theminimization of extreme climate risks. However, theeconomic case for more stringent pricing is unsettled. 2. The case for taxes over cap-and-trade. Debate aboutthe choice of emission control instruments is no longerabout the superiority of market-based approaches overtraditional forms of regulation (like mandates for specifictechnologies). It is about the choice between the twomarket-based alternatives — emissions taxes and cap-and-trade systems. Emissions taxes are highly attractivebecause they raise government revenues and provideprice stability; however, at least to some extent, cap-and-trade systems can be designed to mimic those advantagesof a tax.
Simultaneous multi-angular relaxometry of tissue with MRI (SMART MRI): Theoretical background and proof of concept.

PURPOSE Accurate measurement of tissue-specific relaxation parameters is an ultimate goal of quantitative MRI. The objective of this study is to introduce a new technique, simultaneous multiangular relaxometry of tissue with MRI (SMART MRI), which provides naturally coregistered quantitative spin density, longitudinal and transverse relaxation rate constant maps along with parameters characterizing magnetization transfer (MT) effects. THEORY AND METHODS SMART MRI is based on a gradient-recalled echo MRI sequence with multiple flip angles and multiple gradient echoes and a derived theoretical expression for the MR signal generated in this experimental conditions. The theory, based on Bloch-McConnell equations, takes into consideration cross-relaxation between two water pools: "free" and "bound" to macromolecules. It describes the role of cross-relaxation effects in formation of longitudinal and transverse relaxation of "free" water signal, thus providing background for measurements of these effects without using MT pulses. Bayesian analysis is used to optimize SMART MRI sequence parameters. RESULTS Data obtained on three participants demonstrate feasibility of the proposed approach. CONCLUSION SMART MRI provides quantitative measurements of longitudinal and transverse relaxation rate constants of "free" water signal affected by cross-relaxation effects. It also provides information on some essential MT parameters without requiring off-resonance MT pulses. Magn Reson Med 77:1296-1306, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
MoSi2 Oxidation in 670–1498 K Water Vapor

Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) has well documented oxidation resistance at high temperature (T > 1273 K) in dry O2 containing atmospheres due to the formation of a passive SiO2 surface layer. But, its behavior under atmospheres where water vapor is the dominant species has received far less attention. Oxidation testing of MoSi2 was performed at temperatures ranging from 670–1498 K in both 75% water vapor and synthetic air (Ar-O2, 80%–20%) containing atmospheres. Here the thermogravimetric and microscopy data describing these phenomena are presented. Over the temperature range investigated, MoSi2 displays more mass gain in water vapor than in air. The oxidation kinetics observed in water vapor differ from that of the air samples. Two volatile oxides, MoO2(OH)2 and Si(OH)4, are thought to be the species responsible for the varied kinetics, at 670–877 K and at 1498 K, respectively. Finally, we observed an increase in oxidation (140–300 mg/cm2) from 980–1084 K in water vapor, where passivation is observed in air.
ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF DAY-GECKOS (PHELSUMA) IN THE SEYCHELLES ARCHIPELAGO: A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS.

A phylogenetic analysis using characters derived from mitochondrial DNA was used to show that the species of Phelsuma in the Seychelles Islands represent a single, monophyletic lineage that has diversified as a result of both historical and ecological factors. In the distant past, the Seychelles archipelago was physically invaded by a single species of Phesluma. Separate eustatic sea level changes likely led first to allopatric speciation and then to the secondary contact of these sister species. Differences in the relative timing of the secondary contact between island groups resulted in P. sundbergi evolving an intermediate body size in the group of islands associated with Mahe and a large body size, while sympatric with P. astriata, in the group of islands associated with Praslin. Ecological information was used to support the conclusion that the actual evolutionary mechanism for the body size shift was a response to frequency dependent natural selection of P. sundbergi in single-species and two-species competitive regimes.
Pea leaf weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) spatial distribution in peas

The effects of tillage, location within a plot, and date of sampling on the spatial distribution of adult Sitona lineatus (L.) in peas, Pisum sativum L., were evaluated using geostatistical analyses. The geostatistics procedure uses spatial variation to determine the degree and type of spatial association and dependence of spatially related data. These analyses showed that 88% of the locations sampled had aggregated spatial distribution for adult S. lineatus. The variation that was spatially dependent was only 11.5%. Of the 2 types of aggregated spatial distributions, the spherical spatial distribution was most common on the 1st sampling date under conventional tillage, whereas the check-mark spatial distribution was most common on the 2nd sampling date in the outside edge locations of the pea plots. The smoother soil surface and reduced plant residue of the conventional tillage plot may have increased weevil movement and facilitated aggregation development. The spatial dynamics of this insect changed over time and was probably affected by the physical environment, as represented by the 2 tillage regimes and location within the pea plots. The geostatistical analyses provided insights into the spatial distribution of this insect and potential relationship with agronomic practices.
Routine screening for urinary bilirubin in hospitalized patients.

A study of 2,238 consecutive patients admitted to the hospital evaluated a rapid-test tablet for measurement of urine bilirubin. The test proved simple and reliable. Routine testing of urine at the time of admission hastened the diagnosis of biliary tract disease in a few instances. In addition to positive findings in cases of acute and, in many instances, chronic biliary tract disease, some positive reactions were also found in patients with other serious diseases who may or may not have had biliary tract disease. The study yielded 3.5% positive reactions. The overall rate of falsely positive reactions was 0.13% (3.8% of positive reactions). Falsely negative reactions were not identified. The incidences of positive and negative reactions in patients with a number of diseases of the hepatobiliary tract are tabulated.
Enhancing Gloss and Caliper Profiles on Coated Grade Soft Nip Calenders

Productivity and quality demands increasingly force the coated paper maker to seek innovative solutions to improve CD caliper and gloss profiles and enhance MD gloss levels while at the same time maintaining or increasing calender speeds. Gloss grades are manufactured utilizing a number of forms of soft-nip calenders including Supercalenders and single or multiple nip gloss calenders. These operations can be on-or off-line and increasingly depend on heated rolls to achieve high gloss levels.This paper will review the use of a zone controlled external induction energy source, Calcoil, as a means to correct CD caliper and gloss profiles as well as providing energy to enhance the hard roll surface temperature to allow increased gloss levels while maintaining or increasing calender speed. Predicting the results that can be obtained on any calender configuration requires a good thermal model of the process and typical results from these studies will be reviewed.
Rebound Syndrome in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis After Cessation of Fingolimod Treatment

Importance The appropriate sequencing of agents with strong immune system effects has become increasingly important. Transitions require careful balance between safety and protection against relapse. The cases presented herein highlight that rebound events after ceasing fingolimod treatment may happen even with short washout periods (4 weeks) and may perpetuate despite steroid treatment or the immediate use of fast-acting immune therapies, such as rituximab. Objective To describe rebound syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) after cessation of fingolimod treatment. Design, Setting, and Participants Clinical and demographic data were extracted from electronic medical records from the University of California, San Francisco, Multiple Sclerosis Center from January 2014 to December 2015. Magnetic resonance images were reviewed by MS neurologists (J.S.G., E.W., B.N., and E.C.H.). Rebound syndrome was defined as new severe neurological symptoms after ceasing fingolimod treatment, with the development of multiple new or enhancing lesions exceeding baseline activity. We reviewed the PubMed database from January 2010 to December 2015 for similar cases of severe disease reactivation after ceasing fingolimod treatment using search terms fingolimod and either rebound or reactivation . Participants were included if they stopped receiving fingolimod between January 2014 and December 2015. Five patients were identified who experienced rebound after ceasing fingolimod treatment. Exposures Each patient received treatment with oral fingolimod for various durations. Main Outcomes and Measures Occurrence of rebound after ceasing fingolimod treatment. Results The mean (SD) age of the 5 female patients presented in this case series was 35.2 (6.4) years. Of the 46 patients that stopped fingolimod treatment within the 2-year period, 5 (10.9%) experienced severe relapse 4 to 16 weeks after ceasing fingolimod treatment. Despite varying prior severity of relapsing-remitting course, all participants experienced unexpectedly severe clinical relapses accompanied by drastic increases in new or enhancing lesions seen on magnetic resonance imaging evidenced by a median (range) increase of 9 (0->30) new gadolinium-enhancing lesions and a median (range) of 9 (0->30) new T2 lesions. New lesion development persisted for 3 to 6 months despite treatment with corticosteroids (n = 3) and initiation of B-cell depleting therapy (n = 2). In addition, 11 patients were identified through literature review reported as having severe relapses consistent with a rebound syndrome and similar features to our 5 cases. Conclusions and Relevance These cases provide evidence for a fingolimod rebound syndrome at a clinically relevant frequency, highlighting the need to determine the best methods for sequencing or discontinuing MS therapies. A large prospective registry or population-based study would be helpful to confirm this rebound phenomenon and to determine contributing factors, including immune biomarkers, that increase risk for this syndrome.
Crystal structure of the inverse crown ether tetra­kis­[μ2-bis­(tri­methyl­sil­yl)amido]-μ4-oxido-dicobalt(II)disodium, [Co2Na2{μ2-N(SiMe3)2}4](μ4-O)

The title compound, [Co2Na2{μ2-N(SiMe3)2}4](μ4-O), (I), represents a new entry in the class of inverse crown ethers. In the mol­ecule, each Co atom is formally in the oxidation state +II. The structure contains one half of a unique mol­ecule per asymmetric unit with the central μ4-oxido ligand residing on an inversion center, leading to a planar coordination to the Na and Co atoms. In the crystal, bulky tri­methyl­silyl substituents prevent additional inter­actions with cobalt. However, weak inter­molecular Na⋯H3C—Si inter­actions form an infinite chain along [010]. The structure is isotypic with its Mg, Mn and Zn analogues.
Design of Mobile Website Based on Web Page Development Technology

Combined with the development trend and application performance of mobile website building,analyzed the deficiencies of some development modes of mobile website.Propose one of the solutions of applying traditional Web designing technology and system architecture to the mobile website development that can effectively solve the internal problems of information silos to enable enterprise application integration more convenient,flexible and reliable.Some comparisons of this new solution and the original are also discussed.
The Design of a Data Processing Device of Ultrasonic Flaw Detectors

The design principle and the consistance of a data processing device of ultrasonic flaw detectors are discussed. The flaw detection data can be gathered and processed intelligently,and some problems such as the filed data recording,the flaw precisely locating of the ultrasonic flaw detection are solved.
Understanding and Overcoming Barriers to Upper Limb Surgical Reconstruction After Tetraplegia: The Need for Interdisciplinary Collaboration

There are approximately 300,000 persons with spinal cord injury living in the United States, and nearly 60% of these persons have suffered tetraplegia with resultant alterations in body function, activity, and therefore participation. Restoring hand function can improve independence, and various studies have shown that persons with tetraplegia rate restoration of arm and hand function higher than bowel and bladder control, walking, or sexuality. There are conservative options to improve upper limb function in this population (eg, orthoses, neuroprostheses). Surgical interventions are also available, and 70% of surgical patients report satisfaction and improvement in various activities of daily living after surgery to restore arm and hand function. Despite these positive surgical outcomes, <10% of the eligible population of 60% to 70% undergo tendon transfer surgery to restore function. Underutilization of surgical interventions can be explained by population-, provider-, and health care systems-specific barriers. With further education of providers and patients and team building across disciplines these barriers can be overcome, ultimately leading to reduced disability and improved quality of life for persons with tetraplegia.
Easily missed fractures.

Abstract This article reviews easily missed fractures. Spinal fractures predominate in the discussion, but fractures of the chest/upper extremity and pelvis/lower extremity also are included. Ample illustrative radiographs are provided.
Free-Riding versus Paying under Uncertainty

An uncertainty model with a choice of free-riding is presented. The model does not provide theoretical justification to support a conclusion that rational individuals will always choose to free-ride. In the case of a contributor, a smaller likelihood of the undesirable event and a less effective benefit production function both lead to a smaller contribution by an individual. However, an individual who becomes more risk-averse, depending on the probability of the undesirable event and the effectiveness of the benefit production function, might choose to make either a larger or smaller contribution.
Bayesian Reduced-Resolution Data Assimilation

Abstract: The numerical simulation of geophysical problems invariably leads to using a mesh that is coarser than what is required to resolve all of the important physical processes being described by the set of governing partial differential equations. This coarse mesh will therefore miss important physical phenomena that the observational instruments used for data assimilation will see. The performance of a data assimilation algorithm can be improved by accounting for these missing physical processes. We briefly review recent work describing how to properly use Bayes’ rule when the model is attempting to predict a truncated version of a much higher resolution state-vector and the observations that are being assimilated are observing the elements of this high-resolution state-vector. Then, we go on to describe a practical ensemble (Monte Carlo) data assimilation system that makes use of this theory in a simple problem which has the property that data assimilation at low-resolution works very poorly unless the aforementioned theory is properly accounted for.
Mucinous Cystadenoma in Children and Adolescents.

Abstract Study Objective Mucinous cystadenomas (MCAs) are benign epithelial ovarian tumors that occur rarely in children and adolescents. Because children and adolescents typically have their childbearing years ahead of them, conservative therapy is indicated. However, there is concern that ovarian cystectomy might be associated with significant recurrence risk in patients with MCA. Furthermore, guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating ( GNAS ) gene mutations are associated with McCune-Albright syndrome, which is associated with cystic ovaries. We sought to evaluate the outcomes of children and adolescents with MCA treated conservatively. A subset of patients underwent GNAS gene testing. Design, Setting, Participants, and Interventions After institutional board review approval, the pathology database of a large urban children's hospital was queried to identify adolescents with MCA between the years 2008 and 2014. Fourteen patients, aged 8-18 years (median, 14), were identified. A buccal swab for genetic testing was obtained from a subset of consenting patients. Main Outcome Measures MCA recurrence; ovarian return to normal size; GNAS gene variants. Results Two patients underwent oophorectomies, and the remaining 12 underwent cystectomies. Follow-up ultrasound examination revealed slow return of ovary to normal size. Of the 10 patients with available follow-up data, there were no recurrences at a median of 225 days from surgery. Four patients consented to a buccal swab for genetic testing, and the GNAS gene was noted to have rare variants in 2 patients. Conclusion This series supports the use of ovary-sparing surgery in the treatment of MCA. Further research exploring possible genetic variants such as the GNAS gene in children and adolescents diagnosed with MCA is warranted.
Living on the Fringe in Post-Apartheid Cape Town:

South Africa’s post-apartheid government tried to use urban policy to reverse racial segregation. But as shack settlements proliferated on urban peripheries, squatters came to be viewed as a threat to the state rather than its beneficiaries. In Cape Town, urban policy has entrenched, rather than reversed, racially segregated settlement patterns.
Pharmacokinetics of Next Generation Cyanide Antidote Sulfanegen in Rabbits

Aim: Sulfanegen has been shown to be an effective next generation cyanide antidote in multiple animal studies. Sulfanegen detoxifies cyanide by acting as a sulfur donor, converting cyanide to thiocyanate through the enzyme 3-mercaptopyruvate (3-MP) sulfurtransferase. The current study was performed to determine the PK behavior of sulfanegen in rabbits and compare it to current US FDA-approved cyanide therapeutics. Methods: Plasma sulfanegen concentrations, as 3-MP (i.e., sulfanegen is a prodrug that converts to the active sulfur donor, 3-MP, upon administration), were monitored using LC–MS/MS following intramuscular administration of sulfanegen in rabbits. Results: Concentrations of 3-MP rapidly increased following sulfanegen administration, indicating rapid absorption and distribution of 3-MP throughout the body. Elimination of 3-MP was also relatively rapid; the calculated half-life was approximately 114 min. A one-compartment model with first-order distribution and elimination was used to describe the ...
The Warming of the Planet

In this chapter, I list the many ways that climate change will impact the planet, organizing the discussion in terms of the following: warming, effects on prevailing weather, precipitation, effects on ice sheets and glaciers, effects on oceans, land effects, health, vulnerable populations and developing countries, agriculture, and animals and birds.
Distal Femur Fractures

Comprehensive workup for distal femur fractures (Fig. 43.1) includes evaluation of open vs. closed fractures, neurovascular compromise, intra-articular vs. extra-articular involvement, stability after reduction, associated injuries, displaced vs. non-displaced, and existing hardware.
Repository antigen injections. Preparation and therapy.

Abstract 1.1. Using 2 parts of a solution of 10 per cent Arlacel-A in light mineral oil to 1 part of pollen extract in a Coca-Merthiolate medium, we have prepared emulsions which can be given in amounts of 50 to 100 times the aqueous dose tolerated by the patient. 2.2. The emulsions are examined grossly and microscopically, and the aqueous phase is determined by scratch tests on several subjects who have been tested with serial dilutions of the aqueous preparation of the antigen. 3.3. The treatment of a small group of ragweed-sensitive patients with such emulsions in the Chicago area has produced encouraging but not superior results. It would appear that protection of ragweed patients is considerably more difficult in areas of greater pollen prevalence than in the Eastern areas. 4.4. It is possible that with better timing, larger doses, or an improvement in the preparation, the results might be better in the future. 5.5. The method is not fool-proof. It requires experience in the preparation and examination of the product and in the evaluation of the patient's tolerance. There is also the possibility of local tissue damage and the production of hypersensitivity of the delayed type. 6.6. The method offers a possible approach in therapy, perhaps in selected cases. It is not yet a method to be adopted for wide, indiscriminate use.
“To allow farming is to give up on the city”: Political anxieties related to the disposition of vacant land for urban agriculture in Detroit

Detroit has a vibrant urban agriculture movement as well as an abundance of vacant land, much of which has come into city ownership through foreclosure. Despite the presence of a land bank and a su...
Changing Gender Diversity of the California Vineyard Labor Force and Implications for Grape Production

Summary Issue Statement: Anecdotal evidence suggests that increasing numbers of women are working in California grape production, but there is little objective data to document this increase. To objectively assess changes in gender representation in California vineyards, we conducted a survey in Napa County. The survey assessed the numbers of men and women employed in various job roles in vineyard production (managers, field supervisors/crew leaders, specialists, permanent crew, seasonal crew) at seven time points between 2000 and 2016. Key Considerations: The number of female workers in Napa County has increased rapidly since 2013. The job category with the largest increase in female workers is seasonal crew. There were smaller increases in the numbers of women employees as permanent crew and field supervisors/crew leaders. The shift in gender diversity in the vineyard labor force may also be occurring in other regions of California. Impact and Significance: Women may be moving into the labor pool to fill vacancies caused by the decline in the number of male workers migrating to the U.S. for agricultural work. There are two key implications of this shift in gender diversity. First, the willingness of women to perform vineyard work signifies an opportunity for vineyard companies to offset the current California farm labor crisis by employing more female workers. Second, changes in vineyard team dynamics may affect daily grape production operations. An examination of factors influencing the success of vineyard teams is recommended to better understand how to integrate women and improve worker retention to promote a stable workforce.
SULPHUR-TREATED CONCRETE SLABS

ABSTRACT To enhance significantly both the strength and durability of concrete, the technique of polymer impregnation has received wide spread recognition in recent years. However, the price of monomers prevents a large scale use of this technique. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of sulphur as an attractive substitute to monomers for impregnation. The sulphur impregnated concrete slabs could give an equivalent relative strength increase compared to PMMA-impregnated slabs. There is a substantial reduction in water absorption, permeability and acid attack as well as improvement in abrasion resistance for sulphur-treated slabs as compared to the corresponding untreated units.
Upper airway stimulation therapy and prior airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea

Objective To determine if patients with prior airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) had increased benefit following implantation with hypoglossal nerve stimulator. Study Design Retrospective chart review at a single institution tertiary academic care center. Methods Following implantation with hypoglossal nerve stimulator device, the outcomes of patients who underwent prior airway surgery for OSA were compared with those who did not. Primary outcome measures included apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and nadir oxyhemoglobin saturation (NOS) as measured by polysomnography. Secondary outcome measures included Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Results Forty-seven patients underwent implantation with hypoglossal nerve stimulator. Of these, 30 patients had undergone prior airway surgery for OSA, whereas 16 did not. Mean preoperative AHI and NOS were 39.3 ± 2.8 and 78% ± 1.8% for all patients, 39.4 ± 3.7 and 79% ± 14% for patients with prior airway surgery, and 39.1 ± 4.0 and 77% ± 2.6% for patients without prior surgery. Mean postoperative AHI and NOS were 3.9 ± 1.2 and 91% ± 0.4% for all patients, 4.2 ± 1.7 and 91% ± 0.5% for patients with prior surgery, and 3.4 ± 1.5 and 93% ± 0.6% for patients without prior surgery (P = 0.756 and 0.053, respectively). Conclusion Overall, patients had significant improvement following implantation with hypoglossal nerve stimulator. Prior airway surgery had no statistically significant effect on postoperative AHI or NOS. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017
Association of Newly Synthesized Mitochondrial Aspartate Aminotransferase with Cytosolic Factors

To investigate the possible interaction of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mAAT) with cytosolic components, a photoreactive probe was incorporated co-translationally into mAAT chains synthesized in a cell-free extract. Irradiation of the translation reaction results in the appearance of four crosslinked species containing radioactive mAAT with apparent molecular weights ranging from 70 to 200 kDa. These results suggest that newly synthesized mAAT is associated with as yet unknown factors from the cell extract. Fractionation of a fresh translation reaction by gel filtration chromatography confirms that indeed a large fraction of mAAT translation product is present as high molecular weight species.
Variation in tibial tuberosity lateralization and distance from the tibiofemoral joint line: An anatomic study.

Abstract Background To describe variation in tibial tuberosity position in a normal adult population and inter-rater reliability of measurements of tibial tuberosity position. Methods Surface models of 161 proximal tibia specimens (83 female, 78 male; 80 black, 81 white; age 28.7 years, SD 7.5) were created with a three-dimensional laser scanner. Percent lateralization, tuberosity–eminence angle, and distance from joint surface were measured for each specimen. Variation in tuberosity position by sex, race, age, height, and BMI was calculated. Multivariate regression was used to assess for demographic factors independently associated with tuberosity positioning. Results Mean percent lateralization was 57.9% (SD 2.4, range 52.4–64.9%). Tuberosity–eminence angle mean was 11.03° (SD 2.8, range 0–18.7°). Percent lateralization and tuberosity–eminence angle were not influenced by sex, race, age, height or, BMI (p > 0.05). Mean tuberosity distance from joint surface was 29.2 mm (SD 3.5, range 16.6–38.6 mm) and larger in males than females (30.7 mm (SD 2.9), 27.6 mm (SD 3.3); p Conclusions Tibial tuberosity percent lateralization falls in a narrow range for individuals, whereas tuberosity–eminence angle and distance from joint line are more variable. Inter-rater reliability is high for percent lateralization and distance for the joint surface. Distance of tibial tuberosity from joint surface is associated with sex and height.
Comparison of sensible heat flux measured by large aperture scintillometer and eddy covariance in a seasonally-inundated wetland

Abstract The eddy covariance (EC) technique has been widely used to measure ecosystem surface energy fluxes. However, with a relatively small representative area (footprint), errors are often introduced when upscaling EC data based on variables derived from large-footprint satellite products. Furthermore, EC measurements often fail to close the energy balance in ecosystems such as wetlands. As an alternative to EC, large aperture scintillometers (LAS) have been used to measure sensible heat fluxes (H) over representative areas comparable to the resolution of large-scale satellite images. However, because LAS measurements are based on semi-empirical simulations, their accuracy needs further evaluation across ecosystems. Changes in hydrology on the land surface significantly alter measurement conditions as well as the processes of energy transfer, and thus, may affect the accuracy of energy measurements from LAS. To address this issue, we compared the LAS-measured H (HLAS) to EC-derived H (HEC) in a seasonally inundated wetland within Everglades National Park. Overall, the HLAS was 7.1 ± 0.3 (SE) % greater than HEC, and the ratio of HLAS to HEC remained similar between the wet season, when the ecosystem was inundated, and the dry season. However, inundation, as a thermal buffer in the system, reduced the magnitude of H in the wet season and resulted in a smaller difference of seasonal H budget estimates between LAS and EC measurements. Because of the homogenous land surface at our site, the discrepancies between HLAS and HEC could not be explained by footprint mismatch. Compared to the energy balance closure calculated with HEC, the closure calculated with HLAS was improved by 6% during the dry season but remained similar during the wet season. Overall, we conclude that LAS can be a reliable approach to measure H in wetland ecosystems and its measurements were stable with seasonal hydrological changes.
Biotargets in Sarcomas: The Past, Present, and a Look into the Future

Sarcomas comprise a heterogenous panoply of mesenchymal neoplasms with more than 50 different subtypes. In the era of cytotoxic chemotherapy, recognition that some subtypes of sarcoma were more chemosensitive than others led to increased survival for some patients with these sarcoma subtypes. For example, survival of localized osteosarcoma rose from 20 to 70%. Following this initial success, this survival curve has remained flat during the last two decades and has never been extended to patients with metastatic and/or recurrent sarcoma. However, more than for any other group of carcinomas, there has been a recent explosion in identifying biotargets and understanding the biology of carcinogenesis in sarcomas. Similar progress is also highly anticipated in the development of targeted agents for sarcoma. It would not, therefore, be surprising to find future increments in survival associated with the use of molecularly targeted agents. Sarcomas, particularly those that are driven by a definite translocation and/or a specific receptor kinase aberration, provide particularly exciting opportunities for targeted therapy. The true challenge is to identify biomarkers predictive of response and resistance, to match them with patient’s molecular histology and then successfully translating that relationship into clinical benefit.
4 – State Estimation

This chapter deals with the explanation of state estimation. The state of a system is the minimal set of information required to completely summarize the status of the system at an initial time. Because the state is a complete summary of the status of the system, it is immaterial how the system managed to get to its state at initial time. The goal of the control system designer is to specify the inputs to a dynamic system to force the system to perform some useful purpose. This task can be interpreted as forcing the system from its state at initial time to a desired state at a future time. For dynamic systems described by a finite number of ordinary differential equations, the state of the dynamic system can be represented as a vector x(t) in continuous-time. For dynamic systems described by a finite number of ordinary difference equations, the state of the dynamic system can be represented as a vector x(k) in discrete-time. State estimation is desired for two reasons. First, when the measurement matrix H ≠ 1, then the state is not directly measured. Second, even if H = 1, it may be beneficial to filter the measurements to decrease the effects of the measurement noise. Filtering can be considered as a state estimation process. State estimation and control processes are often implemented via a computer. Two categories of state estimator design approaches are commonly discussed: Luenberger observers and Kalman filters.
Personality Disorders as Maladaptive Variants of Common Personality Traits: Implications for Treatment

Personality disorders are inadequately described by the diagnostic categories of the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA, 1994). This inadequacy is discussed with respect to the heterogeneity among persons with the same diagnosis, the substantial co-occurrence of personality disorder diagnoses, the arbitrary distinction from normal personality functioning, and the inadequate coverage. Optimal treatment decisions should be informed by a more precise description of each individual's unique constellation of adaptive and maladaptive personality traits. The dimensional five-factor model of personality is offered as an alternative. Empirical support and illustrative case examples are provided.
Single-shot real-time femtosecond imaging of temporal focusing

While the concept of focusing usually applies to the spatial domain, it is equally applicable to the time domain. Real-time imaging of temporal focusing of single ultrashort laser pulses is of great significance in exploring the physics of the space–time duality and finding diverse applications. The drastic changes in the width and intensity of an ultrashort laser pulse during temporal focusing impose a requirement for femtosecond-level exposure to capture the instantaneous light patterns generated in this exquisite phenomenon. Thus far, established ultrafast imaging techniques either struggle to reach the desired exposure time or require repeatable measurements. We have developed single-shot 10-trillion-frame-per-second compressed ultrafast photography (T-CUP), which passively captures dynamic events with 100-fs frame intervals in a single camera exposure. The synergy between compressed sensing and the Radon transformation empowers T-CUP to significantly reduce the number of projections needed for reconstructing a high-quality three-dimensional spatiotemporal datacube. As the only currently available real-time, passive imaging modality with a femtosecond exposure time, T-CUP was used to record the first-ever movie of non-repeatable temporal focusing of a single ultrashort laser pulse in a dynamic scattering medium. T-CUP’s unprecedented ability to clearly reveal the complex evolution in the shape, intensity, and width of a temporally focused pulse in a single measurement paves the way for single-shot characterization of ultrashort pulses, experimental investigation of nonlinear light-matter interactions, and real-time wavefront engineering for deep-tissue light focusing. Improvements in a photography technique allows seeing instantaneous light patterns in real time. While standard optical instruments focus on a spatial point, temporal microscopes confine photons along a narrow plane that can penetrate samples and excite multiple components simultaneously. Lihong Wang from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, U.S.A. and colleagues have now developed the world’s fastest camera that can capture the temporal focus dynamics by taking trillions of images per second in a single exposure. The team’s setup records a sample’s dynamic intensity patterns, then splits them into two optical pathways retaining spatial and temporal information. Aided by compressed imaging and a fast streak camera, this division helps minimize the number of measurements and enables image reconstruction algorithms to achieve frame rates two orders of magnitude better than current receive-only ultrafast cameras.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA; Agents Pending FDA Approval; Supplemental Applications Filed by Manufacturer; Significant Labeling Changes:

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the info...
The Compassion-Based Workbook for Christian Clients: Finding Freedom from Shame and Negative Self-Judgments

The Compassion-Based Workbook for Christian Clients integrates contemporary research in clinical psychology on compassion-based approaches to shame with a Christian worldview, offering a wide variety of strategies for Christians to better understand and combat shame and negative self-judgments. Chapters lay out a four-step process to help clients let go of unhelpful thinking patterns that lead to shame, experience God’s compassion on a deeper level, and extend this compassion to themselves and others. Readers will find a wealth of Christian-sensitive experiential exercises, journaling assignments, biblical examples, and case examples throughout the workbook. Audio recordings for several guided meditations are also provided to help Christians practice the strategies offered in the workbook.
Hands-Free Human-Computer Interface Based on Facial Myoelectric Pattern Recognition.

Patients with no or limited hand function usually have difficulty in using conventional input devices such as a mouse or a touch screen. Having the ability of manipulating electronic devices can give patients full access to the digital world, thereby increasing their independence and confidence, and enriching their lives. In this study, a hands-free human-computer interface was developed in order to help patients manipulate computers using facial movements. Five facial movement patterns were detected by four electromyogram (EMG) sensors, and classified using myoelectric pattern recognition algorithms. Facial movement patterns were mapped to cursor actions including movements in different directions and click. A typing task and a drawing task were designed in order to assess the interaction performance of the interface in daily use. Ten able-bodied subjects participated in the experiment. In the typing task, the median path efficiency was 80.4%, and the median input rate was 5.9 letters per minute. In the drawing task, the median time to accomplish was 239.9 seconds. Moreover, all the subjects achieved high classification accuracy (median: 98.0%). The interface driven by facial EMG achieved high performance, and will be assessed on patients with limited hand functions in the future.
Modeling of Combination Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer

Cancer has traditionally been studied from a basic science perspective, focusing on the underlying biology, physiology, and biochemistry. Engineering has supplemented this effort via the development of technology, e.g., microscopy. In recent times, engineering and the physical sciences have positioned themselves as approaches on par with the traditional basic sciences to tackle the study of cancer. Mathematical modeling and computational simulation have become key elements of this engineering-focused effort, evaluating the growth of tumors and their response to therapy as problems that could benefit from a systems analysis perspective. Building upon previous work in this field, here is developed a modeling framework to help evaluate the response of tumors to the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, focusing on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). With system parameters set with patient tumor-specific parameters, the longer term goal of this work is to advance personalized cancer treatment.
Clusters have edges: the projected phase-space structure of SDSS redMaPPer clusters

We study the distribution of line-of-sight velocities of galaxies in the vicinity of SDSS redMaPPer galaxy clusters. Based on their velocities, galaxies can be split into two categories: galaxies that are dynamically associated with the cluster, and random line-of-sight projections. Both the fraction of galaxies associated with the galaxy clusters, and the velocity dispersion of the same, exhibit a sharp feature as a function of radius. The feature occurs at a radial scale $R_{\rm edge} \approx 2.2R_{\rm{\lambda}}$, where $R_{\rm{\lambda}}$ is the cluster radius assigned by redMaPPer. We refer to $R_{\rm edge}$ as the "edge radius." These results are naturally explained by a model that further splits the galaxies dynamically associated with a galaxy cluster into a component of galaxies orbiting the halo and an infalling galaxy component. The edge radius $R_{\rm edge}$ constitutes a true "cluster edge", in the sense that no orbiting structures exist past this radius. A companion paper (Aung et al. 2020) tests whether the "halo edge" hypothesis holds when investigating the full three-dimensional phase space distribution of dark matter substructures in numerical simulations, and demonstrates that this radius coincides with a suitably defined splashback radius.
The Type Locality Project: collecting genomic-quality, topotypic vouchers and training the next generation of specimen-based researchers

DNA evidence is often critical for taxonomic studies; however, many historical type specimens lack corresponding genetic samples, which limits contemporary molecular research questions and may rest...
Laparoscopy or Thoracotomy for Symptomatic Recurrent Paraesophageal Hernia

Symptomatic recurrent paraesophageal hiatal hernia (PEHH) is an uncommon but challenging clinical problem. The goal of this chapter is to review the existing literature regarding laparoscopic versus transthoracic surgical approach, their morbidity, recurrence patterns, and clinical and radiographic success. To date, there are no randomized controlled trials that compare thoracotomy to laparoscopy for repair of recurrent symptomatic paraesophageal hernia. The studies included in this review are retrospective, their evidence quality is low, and they include small numbers of patients. Based on the available data it is not possible to definitively conclude which approach is better. We make a weak recommendation for a laparoscopic approach over thoracotomy due to the anticipated higher morbidity of thoracotomy.
The role of resting-state functional MRI for clinical preoperative language mapping.

Task-based functional MRI (tb-fMRI) is a well-established technique used to identify eloquent cortex, but has limitations, particularly in cognitively impaired patients who cannot perform language paradigms. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) is a potential alternative modality for presurgical mapping of language networks that does not require task performance. The purpose of our study is to determine the utility of rs-fMRI for clinical preoperative language mapping when tb-fMRI is limited. We retrospectively reviewed 134 brain tumor patients who underwent preoperative fMRI language mapping. rs-fMRI was post-processed with seed-based correlation (SBC) analysis, when language tb-fMRI was limited. Two neuroradiologists reviewed both the tb-fMRI and rs-fMRI results. Six neurosurgeons retrospectively rated the usefulness of rs-fMRI for language mapping in their patients. Of the 134 patients, 49 cases had limited tb-fMRI and rs-fMRI was post-processed. Two neuroradiologists found rs-fMRI beneficial for functional language mapping in 41(84%) and 43 (88%) cases respectively; Cohen’s kappa is 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval (0.61, 1.00). The neurosurgeons found rs-fMRI “definitely” useful in 26 cases (60%) and “somewhat” useful in 13 cases (30%) in locating potential eloquent language centers of clinical interest. Six unsuccessful rs-fMRI cases were due to: head motion (2 cases), nonspecific functionality connectivity outside the posterior language network (1 case), and an unknown system instability (3 cases). This study is a proof of concept that shows SBC rs-fMRI may be a viable alternative for clinical language mapping when tb-fMRI is limited.