cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurophysiological distinction between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

Schizoaffective disorder (SA) is distinguished from schizophrenia (SZ) based on the presence of prominent mood symptoms over the illness course. Despite this clinical distinction, SA and SZ patients are often combined in research studies, in part because data supporting a distinct pathophysiological boundary between the disorders are lacking. Indeed, few studies have addressed whether neurobiological abnormalities associated with SZ, such as the widely replicated reduction and delay of the P300 event-related potential (ERP), are also present in SA. Scalp EEG was acquired from patients with DSM-IV SA (n = 15) or SZ (n = 22), as well as healthy controls (HC; n = 22) to assess the P300 elicited by infrequent target (15%) and task-irrelevant distractor (15%) stimuli in separate auditory and visual "oddball" tasks. P300 amplitude was reduced and delayed in SZ, relative to HC, consistent with prior studies. These SZ abnormalities did not interact with stimulus type (target vs. task-irrelevant distractor) or modality (auditory vs. visual). Across sensory modality and stimulus type, SA patients exhibited normal P300 amplitudes (significantly larger than SZ patients and indistinguishable from HC). However, P300 latency and reaction time were both equivalently delayed in SZ and SA patients, relative to HC. P300 differences between SA and SZ patients could not be accounted for by variation in symptom severity, socio-economic status, education, or illness duration. Although both groups show similar deficits in processing speed, SA patients do not exhibit the P300 amplitude deficits evident in SZ, consistent with an underlying pathophysiological boundary between these disorders.
Entropy rate estimation for vector processes: Application to complex FMRI analysis

When characterizing the density of a vector process, it is desirable to consider the most general case, hence, account for higher-order statistics, sample dependence, and dependence across entries of the vector process. Entropy rate provides a powerful framework for exploiting all three properties. However, its estimation is a difficult problem in general since it is defined based on the joint distribution of the whole vector process. In this paper, we discuss the vector autoregressive (AR) signal model, and propose an entropy rate estimator based on this model. We use a suite of maximum entropy distributions to form a flexible model with a reasonable model complexity. The new entropy rate estimator is shown to exploit all three statistical properties effectively, and to provide desirable performance in analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data.
Nonadiabatic effect in a quantum charge pump.

Nonadiabatic effects in a quantum charge pump are studied through the exact solution of a time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation and the noninteracting Anderson impurity model. An approximate solution to the interacting Anderson model in the large Coulomb repulsion limit is also presented. The nonadiabatic corrections are rigorously found to die off exponentially as the pumping frequency goes to zero. Moreover, the semiclassical rate equation is derived when the temperature is higher than the energy quantum of the pumping frequency. Finally, nonadiabatic heating in the system is discussed.
Efficacy of cetuximab after treatment with oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor-based chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.

Abstract Purpose We studied the efficacy of cetuximab therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) previously treated with an oral inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Patients and Methods We reviewed the posttrial records of 73 patients with mCRC who participated in 1 of 3 clinical trials that examined a combination of gefitinib or erlotinib with standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. Medical and pharmacy records were used to identify patients who were subsequently treated with cetuximab-based therapy. Computed tomography scans during cetuximab-based therapy were reviewed, and the clinical activity of cetuximab was assessed by response rate using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors and progression-free survival. Results Twenty-four patients with mCRC previously treated with gefitinib or erlotinib and combination cytotoxic chemotherapy who subsequently received cetuximab-based therapy were identified. While receiving cetuximab-based therapy, no patient experienced a partial or complete response; however, 3 patients (16% of patients with available scans for formal measurements) had a minor response, defined as a 15%–29.9% decrease in the sum of longest dimensions of target lesions, and 72% had stable disease. The progression-free survival was 5.1 months for all patients and 6 months for patients who had documented progression of disease while previously receiving gefitinib- or erlotinib-based therapy. Conclusion Cetuximab appears to have clinical benefit in patients with mCRC previously treated with a chemotherapy regimen that included an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor. Whether these results apply to other cancer types is unknown but worthy of further study.
Bond graph representation of nuclear reactor point kinetics and nearly incompressible thermal hydraulics

United States. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy (Nuclear Energy University Program fellowship)
Measuring α4β2∗ Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Density in Vivo with [18F]nifene PET in the Nonhuman Primate

[18F]Nifene is an agonist PET radioligand developed to image α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This work aims to quantify the receptor density (Bmax) of α4β2* nAChRs and the in vivo (apparent) dissociation constant (KDapp) of [18F]nifene. Multiple-injection [18F]nifene experiments with varying cold nifene masses were conducted on four rhesus monkeys with a microPET P4 scanner. Compartment modeling techniques were used to estimate regional Bmax values and a global value of KDapp. The fast kinetic properties of [18F]nifene also permitted alternative estimates of Bmax and KDapp at transient equilibrium with the same experimental data using Scatchard-like methodologies. Averaged across subjects, the compartment modeling analysis yielded Bmax values of 4.8±1.4, 4.3±1.0, 1.2±0.4, and 1.2±0.3 pmol/mL in the regions of antereoventral thalamus, lateral geniculate, frontal cortex, and subiculum, respectively. The KDapp of nifene was 2.4±0.3 pmol/mL. The Scatchard analysis based on graphical evaluation of the data after transient equilibrium yielded Bmax estimations comparable to the modeling results with a positive bias of 28%. These findings show the utility of [18F]nifene for measuring α4β2* nAChR Bmax in vivo in the rhesus monkey with a single PET experiment.
Effect of bone matrix‐derived growth factors on skull and tibia in the growing rat

Aberration in cranial skeletal morphology during growth due to metabolic bone diseases associated with hypocalcemia is related to abnormalities in cranial suture growth. It was found in previous experimental studies that a changed cranial growth pattern induced by hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism was dependent on a decreased bone apposition in viscerocranial growth sites. Of interest was the observation that obliterative osteogenesis occurred with this disturbance. In vitro studies have shown that when bone resorption is stimulated by parathyroid hormone, mitogenic factors for bone cells are released from the matrix. The aim of the current study was to elucidate a possible local regulatory mechanism for bone growth especially with regard to cranial growth. Two groups of young rats were injected daily with 150 micrograms and 750 micrograms respectively of bone matrix-derived growth factor preparation (BMDGF) for 2 weeks. By using cephalometric analysis, the BMDGF administration was shown to alter skull morphology during growth. Since the high doses of BMDGF caused markedly more changes than the low dose, the overall effect on craniofacial growth seemed to be dose dependent. The high dose of BMDGF induced a decrease in cortical bone apposition found in this region, as well as in the diaphysis of the tibia. Also a change in position of the viscerocranium in relation to the cranial base was found in the BMDGF-treated rats: the flexure between the viscerocranium and the cranial base being greater compared with the normal skull. This change in relationship seemed to be related to the enhanced bone apposition found in the viscerocranial sutures of BMDGF-treated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Time-dependent conductance of Pd-dosed SnO2 (110)

Abstract Time-dependent phenomena related to the reaction of ultrathin films of Pd deposited on SnO2 (110) surfaces of differing oxygen content have been investigated. Conductance measurements and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize changes occurring on the surface over a range of metal coverage. Effects on conductance included a rapid change immediately following a deposition and a much slower relaxation over a time scale of 1000 s. On the oxygen-rich surface, prepared by oxygen plasma treatment, only one relaxation process is observed for all coverages of Pd below 5 monolayers-equivalent (MLE). On the nearly stoichiometric surface, prepared by thermal oxidation, the conductance exhibits a conversion from one type of relaxation to another of opposite sign near 1 MLE coverage of Pd. XPS results indicated a slow oxidation of Pd. The results are interpreted using a model that includes oxidation of metal species, formation and charging of surface states, and the effects of overlapping depletion regions that result from the Schottky barriers formed around each metal cluster.
Band models for nonisothermal radiating gases.

Approximate relations are presented for calculating the mean spectral distribution of the net radiance at the boundary of a nonisothermal gas, given the distributions of temperature, pressure, and composition within the region and the appropriate experimental spectral absorptance data. Experimental data obtained for the 2.7-μ bands of H2O, in which variations in temperature between 900°K to 1200°K were imposed along a 60-cm path at various pressures, are compared with calculations based on a strongline model. A more general band model expression is proposed for intermediate optical depths.
Mad Dogs and Englishmen: British Rearmament, Deterrence, and Appeasement, 1934-35:

Historical accounts of appeasement have underestimated the British government's attempts to develop a comprehensive strategy of deterrence, one that resembles recent theories of conventional deterrence. The decisions of 1934-35 to increase British armaments were based on these assumptions: that appeasement and military deterrence were compatible in a dual policy of conciliating and confining Germany and Japan; that the attainment of adequate levels of peacetime strength constituted the best deterrent, although the simultaneous demonstration of force and the will to rearm might restrain the dictators. While British defense policy had not anticipated the possibility of conflict with Italy, the British used a show of force in the Mediterranean in 1935 both to protect their interests and to support the League of Nations against Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. The failure either to prevent or to limit Italian aggression in this crisis convinced most British policymakers that threatening force before completing r...
Recognition and recall of related and unrelated words

College students were trained to discriminate between sets of either related (R) or unrelated (U) words and were then given a recall test, followed by a recognition test. Results indicated that when equated for the amount of practice, R words were recalled more easily than they were recognized, but recognition was superior to recall for U words. The results are interpreted within a framework that distinguishes between different attributes of words and between storage and retrieval of memory traces.
Identification and characterization of the pulmonary alveolar type II cell Maclura pomifera agglutinin-binding membrane glycoprotein.

Abstract The lectin Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MPA) binds to the apical surface of pulmonary alveolar type II but not type I cells. We show that MPA binds to a single membrane glycoprotein in type II cells with a molecular mass of 230 kDa in the rabbit and 200 kDa in the rat. The glycoprotein has an abundance of terminal N -acetylgalactosamine residues. It is a hydrophilic integral membrane protein suggesting that is has an extensive extramembrane domain or is an ion channel. The glycoprotein is similar in rat and rabbit, with the exception that the rat glycoprotein is partially sialylated and is trypsin sensitive. The MPA-binding glycoprotein represents a new integral membrane marker of the apical domain of the pulmonary alveolar type II cell.
EVIDENCE‐BASED PRACTICE: A NEW APPROACH TO TEACHING THE INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN GERONTOLOGY

One of the most conspicuous shortcomings of the social sciences has been its failure to effectively integrate research and practice at the graduate level. To make sound decisions, graduate‐prepared professionals and students need to be not merely able to describe the complementarity of research and practice in gerontology, but to be convinced of the relevance of research to their own present or anticipated careers. This paper describes a new approach to teaching the integration of research and practice in gerontology: evidence‐based practice. This method is designed to train gerontology health and human service providers to actively access new multidis‐ciplinary material in their practices to solve practical problems. Based on the concept of evidence‐based medicine, techniques are taught that involve (a) precisely defining a practice problem and the information required to solve it; (b) conducting an efficient search of the literature; (c) selecting the best of the relevant studies; (d) applying rules of ...
Utilization of Plutonium and Higher Actinides in the HTGR as Possibility to Maintain Long-Term Operation on One Fuel Loading

Promising existing nuclear reactor concepts together with new ideas are being discussed worldwide. Many new studies are underway in order to identify prototypes that will be analyzed and developed further as systems for Generation IV. The focus is on designs demonstrating full inherent safety, competitive economics and proliferation resistance. The work discussed here is centered on a modularized small-size High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) concept. This paper discusses the possibility of maintaining long-term operation on one fuel loading through utilization of plutonium and higher actinides in the small-size pebble-bed reactor (PBR). Acknowledging the well-known flexibility of the PBR design with respect to fuel composition, the principal limitations of the long-term burning of plutonium and higher actinides are considered. The technological challenges and further research are outlined. The results allow the identification of physical features of the PBR that significantly influence flexibility of the design and its applications.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Distributed representations of dynamic facial expressions in the superior temporal sulcus

Previous research on the superior temporal sulcus (STS) has shown that it responds more to facial expressions than to neutral faces. Here, we extend our understanding of the STS in two ways. First, using targeted high-resolution fMRI measurements of the lateral cortex and multivoxel pattern analysis, we show that the response to seven categories of dynamic facial expressions can be decoded in both the posterior STS (pSTS) and anterior STS (aSTS). We were also able to decode patterns corresponding to these expressions in the frontal operculum (FO), a structure that has also been shown to respond to facial expressions. Second, we measured the similarity structure of these representations and found that the similarity structure in the pSTS significantly correlated with the perceptual similarity structure of the expressions. This was the case regardless of whether we used pattern classification or more traditional correlation techniques to extract the neural similarity structure. These results suggest that distributed representations in the pSTS could underlie the perception of facial expressions.
Cross‐border justice movements and maquiladora workers

Abstract This article reports the findings of a study of a self‐help organization of maquiladora workers, focusing on its cross‐border efforts to effect social change. The findings of this study are preceded by an abbreviated review of scholarship of the maquiladora industry, which provides a contextual grounding for the empirical research. The article also includes a review of scholarship of globalization and cross‐border movements, which constitutes the conceptual framework for assessing the findings. The study used qualitative, ethnographic methods to explore questions emerging from both of these research domains. Specifically, this study documents a particular case of cross‐border strategies for advancing the interests of working people in the context of global capitalism on the Mexico‐U.S. border. It explains how cross‐border movements emerged in this context, what factors facilitated and impeded progress, what consequences resulted from them, and what lessons can be derived for other settings. The f...
Dexamethasone and prolactin in depression.

To the Editor. —There has been considerable interest in the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in the study of endogenous depression, or the melancholia variant thereof. 1 Approximately 40% to 60% of patients with depression fail to lower plasma cortisol levels to 5.0 μs/DL 8, 16, or 24 hours after a 1.0-mg dose of dexamethasone. 1-3 This has been taken as evidence of limbic system hyperfunction in them and has led to the suggestion that the DST should be used to validate clinical diagnosis and clarify nosological issues in depression. 1-3 Dexamethasone also normally suppresses levels of plasma prolactin in man and rats. 4,5 Evidence indicates that this effect is mainly at the pituitary level, 6,7 although the possibility that central mechanisms may also participate in the suppression by corticosteroids of prolactin secretions has not been ruled out. 8 We hypothesized that depressed patients whose systems fail to suppress cortisol after receiving dexamethasone would also not show lower levels of plasma prolactin after receiving dexamethasone
Measurement of Frequency of Ciliary Beats of Human Respiratory Epithelium

A method for accurate measurement of beats on ciliated respiratory epithelial cells in vitro is described. The technique allows the frequency of ciliary beats to be recorded directly on minute specimens of human respiratory epithelium obtained by bronchoscopic brushing. A "hanging-drop" preparation of the scraped material is placed on a thin, flat welled slide and is viewed with a phase-contrast microscope at a magnification of ×450. Light transmitted through the specimen is deflected in varying intensities due to the beating action of the cilia and is detected by a photomultiplier cell, amplified and transduced as peaks on an oscilloscope. Due to the relatively high magnification, a small group of cilia may be focused upon and their activity measured. Specimens from two groups totaling 53 patients were measured; in the first group the frequency of ciliary beats was measured at 23°C and ranged from 9.1 to 12.9 beats per second with a mean and standard deviation of 11.0 ± 1.3 beats per second. The second group was measured at 37°C, and values ranged from 10.3 to 16.8 beats per second, with a mean and standard deviation of 13.8 ± 1.8 beats per second. These values are interpreted to reflect the autonomous frequency of ciliary beats of the isolated respiratory cells. This simple method may be applied to screen for abnormalities of ciliary beating in patients with altered respiratory mucous clearance, as well as to examine the specific effects in vitro of chemicals, drugs, or pollutants on human ciliary activity.
On the fundamental groups of one-dimensional spaces ✩

Abstract We study here a number of questions raised by examining the fundamental groups of complicated one-dimensional spaces. The first half of the paper considers one-dimensional spaces as such. The second half proves related results for general spaces that are needed in the first half but have independent interest. Among the results we prove are the theorem that the fundamental group of a separable, connected, locally path connected, one-dimensional metric space is free if and only if it is countable if and only if the space has a universal cover and the theorem that the fundamental group of a compact, one-dimensional, connected metric space embeds in an inverse limit of finitely generated free groups and is shape injective.
Organic zeolites from a diolefinic monomer.

Submicrometer particles of diethyl p-phenylenediacrylate (EPA) with tunable molecular adsorption characteristics were produced by solid-state photopolymerization in the presence of template molecules. EPA monomer particles were produced by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS), and deposited directly onto surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators. The EPA particles were photopolymerized directly on the SAW devices in the presence of molecular templates, and dynamic sorption isotherms of C1- through C9-alkanes were studied to characterize the particle−vapor interaction. The mass increase due to vapor uptake into the particulate coatings was measured by monitoring the SAW resonance frequency during vapor sorption. The vapor selectivity and molecular porosity of the particulate coatings were studied in situ on the piezoelectric substrate by measuring sorption isotherms. A gradual exclusion of smaller alkane molecules from the molecularly imprinted particulate coatings was observed with decreasing te...
Differences in facial expressions of four universal emotions

The facial action coding system (FACS) was used to examine recognition rates in 105 healthy young men and women who viewed 128 facial expressions of posed and evoked happy, sad, angry and fearful emotions in color photographs balanced for gender and ethnicity of poser. Categorical analyses determined the specificity of individual action units for each emotion. Relationships between recognition rates for different emotions and action units were evaluated using a logistic regression model. Each emotion could be identified by a group of action units, characteristic to the emotion and distinct from other emotions. Characteristic happy expressions comprised raised inner eyebrows, tightened lower eyelid, raised cheeks, upper lip raised and lip corners turned upward. Recognition of happy faces was associated with cheek raise, lid tightening and outer brow raise. Characteristic sad expressions comprised furrowed eyebrow, opened mouth with upper lip being raised, lip corners stretched and turned down, and chin pulled up. Only brow lower and chin raise were associated with sad recognition. Characteristic anger expressions comprised lowered eyebrows, eyes wide open with tightened lower lid, lips exposing teeth and stretched lip corners. Recognition of angry faces was associated with lowered eyebrows, upper lid raise and lower lip depression. Characteristic fear expressions comprised eyes wide open, furrowed and raised eyebrows and stretched mouth. Recognition of fearful faces was most highly associated with upper lip raise and nostril dilation, although both occurred infrequently, and with inner brow raise and widened eyes. Comparisons are made with previous studies that used different facial stimuli.
Top-down and bottom-up effects of a processing detritivore

AbstractDetritus processing, the breaking down of organic matter into smaller particles, is an essential operation in aquatic systems because it provides resources to filter feeders and accelerates nutrient release by microorganisms. Detrital foodweb dynamics are influenced by both consumption (top-down) and production (bottom-up) effects. We tested the effects of predators and detritivores on the abundance of microorganisms in an inquiline community in pitcher plants. We manipulated densities of mosquitoes (top predator) and midges (processing detritivore) in a factorial press experiment and measured the response (density) of bacteria, protozoa, and rotifer populations over several generations. We hypothesized that: 1) midges would have a positive effect on microorganisms by increasing nutrient availability (bottom-up effects), 2) mosquitoes would depress microorganism populations through consumption (top-down effects), 3) top-down and bottom-up effects would operate independently, and 4) would attenuate...
Chloride and osmotic contractures in skinned frog muscle fibers

Single contractures were elicited in segments of skinned frog muscle fibers when the segments were moved from relaxing-loading solutions to various test solutions. The effective test solutions produced an increase in the concentration of chloride ions in the myofilament space, [Cl] ms , and/or presumably caused the sarcoplasmic reticulum to undergo a change in volume. The contractures were quantified in terms of their maximum tension and time-integral. Two outer segments from each fiber underwent a contracture in a control solution (chloride ions were substituted for all of the methanesulfonate ions in the relaxing solution). The mean values of tension and area in the control contractures of each fiber were divided into the corresponding values from a test contracture obtained in the central segment of the same fiber. Test contractures obtained upon increasing [Cl] ms and increasing the product, [K] ms ×[Cl] ms , were compared to contractures that were obtained by increasing [Cl] ms while keeping [K] ms ×[Cl] ms constant. The former contractures were greater in magnitude for a given [Cl] ms . Whereas the former solutions may have caused an increase in the volume of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and altered the electrical potential across the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum as well, only a change in potential was presumed to have occurred in the latter solutions. Other types of contractures were investigated to show that both swelling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and changes in the electrical potential of its membranes can cause release of calcium ions and elicit contractures in skinned fibers.
Surgical pearl: lubrication of polyglactin suture with antibiotic ointment.

suture (4’0 to 5’0 Prolene) is placed by inserting it at approximately 5 mm from the wound edge to a depth of 3 mm to 5 mm (depending on the thickness of the graft) so as to extend below the recipient bed. The needle is brought to the surface of the graft at a point equidistant to the wound edge from the point of insertion (Fig 1). The loop is now extended over the graft surface and reinserted through the bed 5 mm from the edge so as to bring it out diametrically from the opposite side. This procedure forms one complete loop (I-I’). The two ends are gently pulled apart so that the horizontal loop pulls down the graft snugly to the bed avoiding excessive traction (Fig 2). The process is repeated at right angles to the first loop to form a second loop (II-II’). Multiple loops (number of loops varies according to the size of the graft but the average is 4 loops) at right angles result in a criss-cross pattern on the surface of the graft bolstering it to the bed (Fig 3). The two ends of the continuous suture are pasted to the surrounding skin by adhesive strips. At the time of removal, simple removal of the adhesive strips and pulling the suture from one end is sufficient. We have found this technique to be simpler, faster, and efficacious as contrasted to the traditional tie over sutures in our patients with skin grafting.
Growth of biological thought

A History of the Life Sciences. Second Edition. by Lois N. Magner. Dekker: 1994. Pp. 496. $59. 75.
Overshooting in Massive Stars: Conceptual Problems and Suggested Solution

Overshooting in massive stars faces a basic difficulty: what theoretical models offer is not what stellar structure studies need. The former use Delta(sub mu) = 0 and define the OV where the negative convective flux J vanishes while the latter need to know where the concentration flux J(sub C) vanishes. We suggest that J may be dynamically irrelevant and derive the new dynamic equations for J(sub C). A new feature emerges: for large concentration gradients VC, J(sub C) is no longer proportional to VC, as always assumed.
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL DOPING AND STOICHIOMETRIC VARIATION IN HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS

Superconducting properties of various chemically-doped high-Tc materials are investigated. By using the results obtained with Cu- and Bi-deficient Y-Ba-Cu-O and Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O systems as basis, variations of the transition temperature Tc, critical current density Jc, room temperature resistivity ρ, and oxygen content are compared for different dopant contents. In several cases, Jc and ρ are found to be correlated as both quantities show an exponential dependence on the dopant concentration. Most dopants result in a monotonic decrease of Tc and Jc, except for Ag, F, and Cl. Substitution of Ag and Pb for Cu and Bi in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O indicates a condition for compatibility between the impurity atom and the local structure in the host matrix. Results suggest that the predominant mechanism for high-Tc superconductivity is most likely associated with short-range-order structure in the material.
Existence and uniqueness of a Martingale problem in D+, I′

Abstract In this paper we prove existence and uniqueness in law of a continuous martingale with values in I ′ d , so that its increasing process is continuous and deterministic.
Economic assessment of public rest areas and traveler information centers on limited-access freeways

Public rest areas along limited-access freeways throughout the United States allow quick access and free 24-h availability to basic amenities such as parking and restrooms. The recent economic downturn has made it increasingly difficult for state agencies to maintain rest areas and has forced many states to consider downsizing services or closing facilities. Although rest areas provide many benefits to motorists, the safety and economic impacts associated with rest areas and traveler information centers have proved difficult to quantify. A benefit-cost (B-C) analysis methodology was developed for public rest areas and traveler information centers on limited-access freeways. This methodology considered a broad range of benefits associated with public rest areas, including travel diversion savings, comfort and convenience benefits, and crash reductions. Increased tourism spending was also considered for traveler information centers. The costs were almost exclusively related to those incurred by the agency, ...
Lactosyl Ceramidosis: Catabolic Enzyme Defect of Glycosphingolipid Metabolism

A 3-year-old Negro female showed clinical evidence of a neurovisceral storage disorder that has been characterized by the specific elevation of lactosyl ceramide in erythrocytes, plasma, bone marrow, urine sediment, liver biopsy, and brain biopsy. A galactosyl hydrolase deficiency was demonstrated by the inability to cleave lactosyl ceramide labeled with tritium in the terminal galactose. The enzyme deficiency may be the primary cause of this previously unreported sphingolipidosis.
Tibolone for postmenopausal women: systematic review of randomized trials.

Tibolone (Livial, Org OD 14), produced by Organon (West Orange, NJ), is a synthetic steroid that has estrogenic, androgenic and progestagenic properties. It has been used in Europe for almost 2 decades, primarily for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and treatment of climacteric symptoms. Research about tibolone as well as reviews of clinical studies have been conducted and published, mainly in Europe (1–3). The FDA has not yet approved tibolone, and therefore information about tibolone is less easily accessible to clinicians and postmenopausal women in the United States. Tibolone itself has no biological activity; its effects are the results of the activity of its metabolites on various tissues (4). After administration, tibolone is quickly metabolized into 3 -hydroxytibolone (3 -OH-tibolone) and 3 -OH-tibolone compounds, which are also present in an inactive, sulfated form (4) (Fig. 1). A third compound, the 4-isomer, is formed from tibolone directly or from the 3 -OH-metabolites. The 3 and 3 -OH-metabolites bind solely to the ER, whereas the 4-isomer has affinity for PR and AR, but not ER. The concentrations of tibolone metabolites and the metabolic regulation of hormonal activities vary depending on tissue type (4–6) (Fig. 1). Tibolone has estrogenic effects on bone and vaginal tissue. In endometrial tissue the 4-isomer functions as a progestagen, whereas in the brain and liver it has androgenic effects. In breast tissue, the main actions of tibolone are strong inhibition of sulfatase activity and weak inhibition of 17 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, which result in blocking the conversion of estrone sulfate to E2. Tibolone given orally is rapidly absorbed, appearing in the plasma within 30 min and peaking in 4 h. Tibolone is metabolized mainly in the liver and is excreted in the urine and feces. The elimination half-life is approximately 45 h. In this review we will discuss the results from the randomized, controlled, and double blind trials (RCTs) of tibolone, with respect to its effects on climacteric symptoms, sexual function, endometrial and breast tissue, lipid metabolism, and bone mineral density (BMD). Materials and Methods
A Cryptographic Decentralized Label Model

Information-flow security policies are an appealing way of specifying confidentiality and integrity policies in information systems. Most previous work on language-based security has assumed that programs run in a closed, managed environment and that they use potentially unsafe constructs, such as declassification, to interface to external communication channels, perhaps after encrypting data to preserve its confidentiality. This situation is unsatisfactory for systems that need to communicate over untrusted channels or use untrusted persistent storage, since the connection between the cryptographic mechanisms used in the untrusted environment and the abstract security labels used in the trusted language environment is ad hoc and unclear. This paper addresses this problem in three ways: first, it presents a simple, security-typed language with a novel mechanism called packages that provides an abstract means for creating opaque objects and associating them with security labels; well-typed programs in this language enforce noninterference. Second, it shows how to implement these packages using public-key cryptography. This implementation strategy uses a variant of Myers and Liskov's decentralized label model, which supports a rich label structure in which mutually distrusting data owners can specify independent confidentiality and integrity requirements. Third, it demonstrates that this implementation of packages is sound with respect to Dolev-Yao style attackers-such an attacker cannot determine the contents of a package without possessing the appropriate keys, as determined by the security label on the package.
Optimization of Output Feedback Control Under Set-Membership Uncertainty

This paper presents a description of solution approaches to the problem of output feedback control under unknown but bounded disturbances with hard bounds on the controls and the uncertain items. The problem is treated within a finite horizon which requires to track the system dynamics throughout the whole time interval rather than through asymptotic properties. The demand for such solutions is motivated by increasing number of applications. The suggested approaches are designed as a combination of Hamiltonian techniques in the form of generalized dynamic programming with those of set-valued analysis and problems on minimax. The paper indicates the crucial role of properly selecting the on-line generalized state of the system in the form of information states or information sets. The description ranges from theoretical schemes to computational routes with emphasis on the possibility of treating the overall problem through only finite-dimensional methods. The results apply to nonlinear systems, with more details for linear models. It turns out that in the last case, while moving through calculations, one may avoid the fairly difficult stage of integrating HJB equations. The procedures are here confined to ordinary differential equations and ellipsoidal or polyhedral techniques. The suggested schemes are also quite appropriate for parallel computation.
The global childhood obesity epidemic and the association between socio-economic status and childhood obesity

AbstractThis paper describes the current prevalence and time trends of childhood obesity worldwide, and the association between childhood obesity and socio-economic status (SES). Childhood obesity has become a global public health crisis. The prevalence is highest in western and industrialized countries, but still low in some developing countries. The prevalence also varies by age and gender. The WHO Americas and eastern Mediterranean regions had higher prevalence of overweight and obesity (30–40%) than the European (20–30%), south-east Asian, western Pacific, and African regions (10–20% in the latter three). A total of 43 million children (35 million in developing countries) were estimated to be overweight or obese; 92 million were at risk of overweight in 2010. The global overweight and obesity prevalence has increased dramatically since 1990, for example in preschool-age children, from approximately 4% in 1990 to 7% in 2010. If this trend continues, the prevalence may reach 9% or 60 million people in 2...
The Role of an African American Principal in an Urban Information Technology High School.

The research reported here is the result of an exploration of the challenges and triumphs of an African American secondary principal who used a culture-specific leadership style in his quest to raise the standards at an information technology high school. This case study of the principal explores his combining of the elements of traditional notions of leadership with the nontraditional notions of an ethnohumanist role to create a style that complemented the changing climate in a newly restructured urban school.
Theoretical model of metabolic blood flow regulation: roles of ATP release by red blood cells and conducted responses

A proposed mechanism for metabolic flow regulation involves the saturation-dependent release of ATP by red blood cells, which triggers an upstream conducted response signal and arteriolar vasodilat...
Basic Subsistence Needs and Overall Health Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Homeless and Unstably Housed Women

Some gender differences in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been attributed to delayed treatment among women and the social context of poverty. Recent economic difficulties have led to multiple service cuts, highlighting the need to identify factors with the most influence on health in order to prioritize scarce resources. The aim of this study was to empirically rank factors that longitudinally impact the health status of HIV-infected homeless and unstably housed women. Study participants were recruited between 2002 and 2008 from community-based venues in San Francisco, California, and followed over time; marginal structural models and targeted variable importance were used to rank factors by their influence. In adjusted analysis, the factor with the strongest effect on overall mental health was unmet subsistence needs (i.e., food, hygiene, and shelter needs), followed by poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, not having a close friend, and the use of crack cocaine. Factors with the strongest effects on physical health and gynecologic symptoms followed similar patterns. Within this population, an inability to meet basic subsistence needs has at least as much of an effect on overall health as adherence to antiretroviral therapy, suggesting that advances in HIV medicine will not fully benefit indigent women until their subsistence needs are met.
Being overweight or obese and risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis among women: a prospective cohort study

Objectives To examine the relationship between being overweight or obese and developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in two large prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). Methods We followed 109 896 women enrolled in NHS and 108 727 in NHSII who provided lifestyle, environmental exposure and anthropometric information through biennial questionnaires. We assessed the association between time-varying and cumulative Body Mass Index (BMI) in WHO categories of normal, overweight and obese (18.5- Results During 2 765 195 person-years of follow-up (1976-2008) in NHS and 1 934 518 person-years (1989-2009) in NHSII, we validated 1181 incident cases of RA (826 in NHS, 355 in NHSII). There was a trend toward increased risk of all RA among overweight and obese women (HR (95% CI) 1.37 (0.95 to 1.98) and 1.37 (0.91, 2.09), p for trend=0.068). Among RA cases diagnosed at age 55 years or younger, this association appeared stronger (HR 1.45 (1.03 to 2.03) for overweight and 1.65 (1.34 to 2.05) for obese women (p trend Conclusions Risks of seropositive and seronegative RA were elevated among overweight and obese women, particularly among women diagnosed with RA at earlier ages.
Forecasting temperate alpine glacier survival from accumulation zone observations

Abstract. Temperate alpine glacier survival is dependent on the consistent presence of an accumulation zone. Frequent low accumulation area ratio values, below 30%, indicate the lack of a consistent accumulation zone, which leads to substantial thinning of the glacier in the accumulation zone. This thinning is often evident from substantial marginal recession, emergence of new rock outcrops and surface elevation decline in the accumulation zone. In the North Cascades 9 of the 12 examined glaciers exhibit characteristics of substantial accumulation zone thinning; marginal recession or emergent bedrock areas in the accumulation zone. The longitudinal profile thinning factor, f, which is a measure of the ratio of thinning in the accumulation zone to that at the terminus, is above 0.6 for all glaciers exhibiting accumulation zone thinning characteristics. The ratio of accumulation zone thinning to cumulative mass balance is above 0.5 for glacier experiencing substantial accumulation zone thinning. Without a consistent accumulation zone these glaciers are forecast not to survive the current climate or future additional warming. The results vary considerably with adjacent glaciers having a different survival forecast. This emphasizes the danger of extrapolating survival from one glacier to the next.
Absence of Myeloid COX-2 Attenuates Acute Inflammation but Does Not Influence Development of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Null Mice

Objective— The role of myeloid cell cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the progression of atherosclerosis has not been clearly defined. Methods and Results— We investigated the role of COX-2 expressed in the myeloid lineage in the development of atherosclerosis using a myeloid-specific COX-2−/− (COX-2−M/−M) mouse on a hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein (apo) E−/− background (COX-2−M/−M/apoE−/−). Myeloid COX-2 depletion resulted in significant attenuation of acute inflammation corresponding with decreased PGE2 levels in an air pouch model. COX-2 depletion in myeloid cells did not influence development of atherosclerosis in COX-2−M/−M/apoE−/− when compared to apoE−/− littermates fed either chow or western diets. The unanticipated lack of contribution of myeloid COX-2 to the development atherosclerosis is not attributable to altered maintenance, differentiation, or mobilization of myeloid and lymphoid populations. Moreover, myeloid COX-2 depletion resulted in unaltered serum prostanoid levels and cellular composition of atherosclerotic lesions of COX-2−M/−M/apoE−/− mice. Conclusions— Our results suggest that COX-2 expression in myeloid cells, including macrophages, does not influence the development of atherosclerosis in mice.
Fingertip force and contact position and orientation sensor

This paper presents a novel integrated system that is composed of a fingerprint sensor and a force sensor to measure contact position and orientation of the fingertip along with the contact force. The system uses fingerprints from the fingerprint sensor to identify the contact position and orientation with fingerprint features such as core point and ridge orientations. The contact position and orientation are represented in a fingerpad coordinate system for grasping studies. An experiment has been designed to evaluate the proposed system in terms of accuracy and resolution with three subjects. The proposed system can be used in human grasping studies to characterize the fingerpad contact.
Aerosol Processing of Materials

Recent advances in aerosol generation of materials are reviewed. Gas-to-particle and spray processes (spray pyrolysis) for powder generation and various routes for film generation are discussed from the experimental and theoretical perspectives. The range of materials generated by these routes has increased in recent years to include fullerenes and ceramic superconductors. Many metals and various oxide and nonoxide ceramics have also been added to the list of materials generated by gas-phase routes. Established aerosol routes such as vapor condensation have found widespread applications for generation of nanophase materials. The formation of quantum dots via aerosol approaches has also been demonstrated. The theoretical understanding of gas-to-particle conversion routes has advanced to include the finite rate of particle fusion or sintering occurring after collisions of particles. The modeling of spray pyrolysis systems has provided insight into the control of particle morphology and reactor design. In th...
Presentation of the 2010 Paleontological Society Medal to Stig Bergström

Thank you Mr. President. I am honored to introduce Stig Magnus Bergstrom, my good friend and close colleague at Ohio State University for more than 25 years. Stig has simply had an amazing career, and he has significantly impacted the careers of many students, postdocs, and colleagues all over the world. Those who have worked with Stig are much richer scholars, and those lucky enough to have shared the hospitality of Stig and Birgitta are much richer individuals. Stig received both his undergraduate and graduate degrees from Lund University in Sweden. His first association with Ohio State was as a Fulbright Scholar during the 1960–1961 academic year. He returned to Lund as an Assistant and Lecturer until 1968, when he joined the Ohio State faculty as an Assistant Professor and Curator of the Orton Geological Museum. His first paper in 1961 was on Ordovician conodonts from the Ludibundus Limestone of Sweden—Stig has been publishing papers on paleontology and stratigraphy for 50 years. Fifty years, and there is no end in sight. His early work was centered on conodonts, graptolites, and chitinozoans from the Ordovician with an emphasis on Ordovician, biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and taxonomy. He helped establish the Ordovician biostratigraphic frameworks for many places throughout the world, and he was instrumental in establishing the multi-element taxonomy of conodonts, thus treating them as whole organisms rather than bits and pieces of phosphate sprinkled into rocks. Early on, Stig established innumerable collaborations with colleagues across the globe, but this early work was notably in collaboration with his Ohio State students and Walter C. Sweet, our Ohio State colleague. Much of our current understanding of conodonts came from this Ohio State program in conodont studies. His later work has taken these data and combined them with K-bentonites, stable carbon isotopes and Sr and Nd isotopes …