cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A bandwidth-reservation mechanism for on-demand ad hoc path finding

One of the major challenges faced by designers of ad hoc network systems is the deployment of end-to-end quality-of-service support mechanisms. This paper describes QoS-AODV, an integrated route discovery and bandwidth reservation protocol. QoS-AODV is designed to operate within a TDMA network. Unlike other path finding and route discovery protocols that ignore the impact of the data link layer, QoS-AODV incorporates slot scheduling information to ensure that end-to-end bandwidth is actually reserved. Further, QoS-AODV is an enhanced version of the Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing protocol, and is therefore compatible with proposed route discovery and maintenance techniques. In order to test the effectiveness of our protocol we implemented a version of QoS-AODV, along with two similar protocols, in the ns-2 simulator. Our experiments showed the QoS-AODV significantly improved the probability of being able to find an end-to-end QoS path.
Peer Social Support and Adjustment of Early Adolescent Peer Groups

This study examined whether early adolescents in four sociometric groups (peer-rejected, -neglected, -popular, and -controversial) vary in their perceptions of peer social support and in their beha...
Randomized Approach to Differential Inference in Multi-subject Functional Connectivity

Inferring functional connectivity, or statistical dependencies between activity in different regions of the brain, is of great interest in the study of neurocognitive conditions. For example, studies [1]-[3] indicate that patterns in connectivity might yield potential biomarkers for conditions such as Alzheimer's and autism. We model functional connectivity using Markov Networks, which use conditional dependence to determine when brain regions are directly connected. In this paper, we show that standard large-scale two-sample testing that compares graphs from distinct populations using subject level estimates of functional connectivity, fails to detect differences in functional connections. We propose a novel procedure to conduct two-sample inference via resampling and randomized edge selection to detect differential connections, with substantial improvement in statistical power and error control.
Religion and the Practices of Popular Constitutionalism: Sarah Gordon's The Spirit of the Law

Sarah Gordon'sThe Spirit of the Law: Religious Voices and the Constitution in Modern America (2010) details the advent, beginning in the 1940s, of a “new constitutional world” pertaining to the religion clauses. By focusing on case studies, Gordon's narrative history shows the emergence, maturation, and waning of a rich historical moment in which religiously motivated popular constitutionalists had a profound impact on how the Constitution was technically interpreted by the courts. Shifting perspectives from history to ethnography, the essay synthesizes Gordon's stories to yield an anatomy of “religious” popular constitutionalism as it appears in Gordon's book and conjectures at what it might look like if we left court records behind.
Luminal bacterial flora determines physiological expression of intestinal epithelial cytoprotective heat shock proteins 25 and 72

Heat shock proteins (HSP) 25 and 72 are expressed normally by surface colonocytes but not by small intestinal enterocytes. We hypothesized that luminal commensal microflora maintain the observed co...
Differentiation of Known Strains of BCG from Isolates of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Using Mycobacteriophage 33D

The use of mycobacteriophage 33D to differentiate strains of BCG from isolates of Mycobacterium bovis was investigated. The procedure was found to be reproducible and, using the commercially available media described, can be recommended for use in mycobacterial reference laboratories.
An ocean observing system for harmful algal bloom detection and tracking

The toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis forms harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the Gulf of Mexico. The toxins produced by K. brevis cause massive fish kills, contaminate bivalves such as clams and oysters, and produce toxic aerosols. These HABs result in closure of commercial seafood production, disruption of recreational fishing enterprises, and despondent tourists due to the dead fish and toxic aerosols at the beach. Our HAB Observing System is designed to begin to fulfill the critical need to detect and track these toxic blooms over economically relevant spatial/temporal scales. The two primary components in our HAB Observing system are the Optical Phytoplankton Discriminators (OPDs) placed on a variety of ocean platforms and the Beach Conditions Reporting System (BCRS). Data generated by the two systems are transferred in near-real-time providing critical information on HAB presences, absence, and impacts for the research community, resource managers, government agencies, and the general public. The two components, OPD and BCRS, have both seen major growth in the number of units/locations since implementation. The major challenges in keeping our HAB Observing System operational have been engineering, funding, and the natural environment. The OPD data have assisted the research community greatly in sampling strategies, whereas the BCRS data provide beachgoers with needed information to optimize their beach experience.
Interreaction Between Al2O3 and a CaO‐Al2O3 Melt

Poly crystalline and single-crystalline α-alumina were reacted with a eutectic CaO-Al2O3 melt at 1530°C. A reaction zone develops in which a strongly textured CA6 layer, as well as a CA2 layer, forms, with a remaining layer of unreacted CaO-AI2O3 melt. Silica, an impurity in the α-alumina, is rejected by the advancing CA6 phase and accumulates as calcium alumino-silicates in channels that assist in the reaction as fast transport paths. Reaction mechanisms and welding are briefly discussed.
Selective initiation of nonconjugated dienes containing electron donor–electron acceptor systems. IV. Polymerization of vinyl ether–styrene monomers

Three isomeric nonconjugated dienes, o-, m- and p-(2-vinyloxyethoxy)styrenes, were selectively polymerized by anionic or radical initiators through the styryl double bond while leaving the vinyl ether moiety intact. The anionic-initiated polymeric products are of high molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution as characterized by membrane osmometry and gel-permeation chromatography, respectively. These polymers were subsequently crosslinked by cationic initiators via the vinyl ether moiety on the polymer side chains. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the poly(2-vinyloxyethoxy)styrenes yielded their respective hydroxy-containing polymers, polyvinylphenoxyethanols. The latter were physically and spectroscopically identical to authentic samples prepared by radical polymerization of the corresponding vinylphenoxyethanols, which, in turn, were synthesized by hydrolysis of the (2-vinyloxyethoxy)styrenes. The polyvinylphenoxyethanols were shown to undergo many chemical transformations, such as esterification with 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride, cyanoethylation, and urethane formation.
Firmness retention in pickled peppers as affected by calcium chloride, acetic acid, and pasteurization

Critical factors influencing firmness retention in pickled peppers were studied. The addition of CaCl, (0.2%, w/v, optimum) to whole, pickled‘Red Cherry’peppers increased firmness retention as determined by a puncture test using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Pasteurization reduced firmness in the absence, but not in the presence, of added CaCl2. CaCl2 significantly (P ≤0.01) reduced softening during storage of‘Red Cherry’peppers at higher temperatures (36.7, 46.7°C), and resulted in a slight increase in firmness at 26.7°C. CaCI2 did not significantly (P≥ 0.05) improve firmness retention in‘Jala-peno’peppers, but resulted in greater uniformity of firmness. CaCI, also improved firmness retention in pickled cucumbers. Firmness of unpasteurized peppers and cucumbers was not influenced significantly (P ≥0.05) by acetic acid concentrations of 2, 3 or 4%.
Water ingestion provides an early signal inhibiting osmotically stimulated vasopressin secretion in rats

Dehydrated dogs are known to inhibit secretion of vasopressin (VP) within minutes after drinking water, before plasma osmolality (Posmol) diminishes. The present studies determined whether water in...
The Impact of the EC-Australia Wine Agreement and TRIPS on Australian Wine Law and Trade

Geographic indications (GIs) stand at the intersection of three hotly debated issues in international law: international trade, intellectual property and agricultural policy. Similar to a trademark (albeit to a limited degree), a GI identifies a good as originating in a particular region, where a given quality of the good is attributable to its place of origin. Well-known GIs include champagne and prosciutto di Parma. Although GIs have a long history, in recent years they have become central to the debate over the expansion of intellectual property rights in the World Trade Organization. The author argues that GIs have gained greater political salience and economic value due to major changes in the global economy. Proponents of GIs also raise more diffuse concerns about authenticity, heritage and locality in a rapidly globalizing world. After explaining the origins of the effort to protect GIs in international law, the author assesses the normative justification for these unusual intellectual property rights. Some GI protection in international law is justifiable. But, the existing level of protection afforded by the World Trade Organization - as well as current demands of the European Union for even greater protection – is unjustified. This position is defended through careful consideration of the major theoretical bases for property and economics rights. This paper explores the historical background of wine geographical indications as derived from select European Union Member States; also the international and domestic regulation of GIs in Europe, the United States of America and, principally, Australia. It is my theory that international pressure on countries such as Australia and, to a lesser degree, the United States of America to recognize well known European wine regions has left numerous gaps to fill in the state of their domestic law. In particular, the conflict between trademarks and the considerable difficulty in administering the GI scheme in Australia. Notwithstanding these matters, however, the use of wine zones and regions, as defined by GIs, is recognised as, amongst other things, an important brand marketing opportunity and, arguably increases the wine exporting opportunities for ‘New World Countries’. The degree to which taxation and labelling requirements sets this back, will also be explored. Still, in Australia, however, a wine GI is in fact worth more than just the name on the bottle.
UWM: Disorder Mention Extraction from Clinical Text Using CRFs and Normalization Using Learned Edit Distance Patterns

This paper describes Team UWM’s system for the Task 7 of SemEval 2014 that does disorder mention extraction and normalization from clinical text. For the disorder mention extraction (Task A), the system was trained using Conditional Random Fields with features based on words, their POS tags and semantic types, as well as features based on MetaMap matches. For the disorder mention normalization (Task B), variations of disorder mentions were considered whenever exact matches were not found in the training data or in the UMLS. Suitable types of variations for disorder mentions were automatically learned using a new method based on edit distance patterns. Among nineteen participating teams, UWM ranked third in Task A with 0.755 strict F-measure and second in Task B with 0.66 strict accuracy.
Spontaneous Hallux Varus: Relation to Poliomyelitis and Congenital Absence of the Fibular Sesamoid

Two case reports are presented of spontaneous hallux varus developing late in life. The first patient had longstanding poliomyelitis involving the foot, while the second patient had bilateral conge...
Synthesis and evaluation of new 2-aminothiophenes against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) and its drug resistant forms kills more people than any other infectious disease. This fact emphasizes the need to identify new drugs to treat TB. 2-Aminothiophenes (2AT) have been reported to inhibit Pks13, a validated anti-TB drug target. We synthesized a library of 42 2AT compounds. Among these, compound 33 showed remarkable potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37RV (MIC = 0.23 μM) and showed an impressive potency (MIC = 0.20–0.44 μM) against Mtb strains resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin and fluoroquinolones. The site of action for the compound 33 is presumed to be Pks13 or an earlier enzyme in the mycolic acid biosynthetic pathway. This inference is based on structural similarity of the compound 33 with known Pks13 inhibitors, which is corroborated by mycolic acid biosynthesis studies showing that the compound strongly inhibits the biosynthesis of all forms of mycolic acid in Mtb. In summary, these studies suggest 33 represents a promising anti-TB lead that exhibits activity well below toxicity to human monocytic cells.
Multimodal Treatment of Mental Illness in Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Persons

The recognition that mental illness can strike mentally retarded persons, as well as those of normal intelligence, is not new. During the nineteenth century many psychiatrists were actively involved in the field of mental retardation. They provided enlightened clinical care, pursued research, filled important administrative posts, and were effective advocates for the mentally retarded. However, during the period referred to by Menolascino1 as the tragic interlude (1900–1920), psychiatric interest in mental retardation waned. In fact, it was replaced largely by an attitude of despair and helplessness—a change that led to the relative withdrawal of psychiatry from the field. During the last two decades (since the early 1960s), psychiatrists have begun to return to the treatment of mentally retarded persons—especially those with allied symptoms of mental illness—with modern treatment tools and techniques that promise to improve the lives of these individuals.
Informative tactile stimuli in the perception of direction.

Three experiments evaluated the efficiency of a special tactile symbol, whose stimuli purportedly specify direction, for use in tactile diagrams for the blind. A tactile form of the conventional visual arrow symbol served as a control symbol. The directional aspects of the stimuli were easily discriminated by both blind and sighted Ss. Either symbol proved effective in simple diagrams, but the special symbol was superior in more complex diagrams, suggesting an interaction effect between symbol type and diagram complexity, appearing in response latency. The special symbol was preferred by blind Ss in simple and complex diagrams. Various aspects of diagram presentation also proved significant. For blind Ss IQ was negatively related to response time. Sighted Ss provided similar results, suggesting that effects were general. Blind Ss were faster than sighted Ss, tended to make more errors, and required more information about the tasks. The results were discussed considering involvement of cognitive factors an...
Reduced-Order Electrochemical Model-Based SOC Observer With Output Model Uncertainty Estimation

As an integral part of energy storage systems, Li-ion batteries require extensive management to guarantee their safe and efficient operation. Estimation of the remaining energy capability of the battery, usually expressed in terms of state of charge (SOC), plays an important role in any battery-powered application. Electrochemical model-based estimation techniques have proven very attractive for this purpose due to the additional information they provide regarding the internal battery operating conditions. A modified reduced-order model based on the single particle approximation of the electrochemical model, suitable for the real-time implementation of SOC estimation, is employed in this paper. This model, while maintaining some of the physical insights about the battery operation, provides a basis for an output-injection observer design to estimate the SOC. Output model uncertainties, originating primarily from the electrolyte-phase potential difference approximation and encountered mainly at higher discharge rates, are handled by incorporating an adaptation algorithm in the observer. Therefore, the proposed method, while being suitable for online implementation, provides an electrochemical model-based solution for battery SOC estimation over a wide range of operations. System stability and the robustness of the estimates given measurement noise are proved analytically using Lyapunov stability. Finally, accurate performance of the proposed SOC estimation technique is illustrated using simulation data obtained from a full-order electrochemical model of a lithium manganese oxide battery.
Scalable Adaptive Graphics middleware for visualization streaming and collaboration in ultra resolution display environments

This paper describes the motivation and capabilities of SAGE- the scalable adaptive graphics environment- a middleware and software client for supporting ultra resolution collaboration and visualization.
Hydrothermal Conditioning of Physical Hydrogels Prepared from a Midblock-Sulfonated Multiblock Copolymer.

ince nanostructured amphiphilic macromolecules capable of affording high ion and water transport are becoming increasingly important in a wide range of contemporary energy and environmental technologies, the swelling kinetics and temperature dependence of water uptake are investigated in a series of midblock-sulfonated thermoplastic elastomers. Upon self-assembly, these materials maintain a stable hydrogel network in the presence of a polar liquid. In this study, real-time water-sorption kinetics in copolymer films prepared by different casting solvents are elucidated by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and gravimetric measurements, which directly correlate nanostructural changes with macroscopic swelling to establish fundamental structure–property behavior. By monitoring the equilibrium swelling capacity of these materials over a range of temperatures, an unexpected transition in the vicinity of 50 °C has been discovered. Depending on copolymer morphology and degree of sulfonation, hydrothermal conditioning of specimens to temperatures above this transition permits retention of superabsorbent swelling at ambient temperature.
A new measurement approach for interface thermal resistance using frequency-scan photothermal reflectance technique

Abstract A new approach to measuring the thermal resistance of an interface perpendicular to the measurement surface is developed based on the frequency-scan photothermal reflectance technique. Interface thermal resistance, also known as Kapitza resistance, of natural interfaces such as grain boundaries plays an important role in the bulk thermal conductivity of a polycrystalline material. The objective of this study is to show the feasibility of the new technique as an initial attempt towards the eventual goal of measuring the Kapitza resistance of natural grain boundaries. The thermal resistance of an interface perpendicular to the surface of measurement is extracted by measuring the relative reduction of local thermal diffusivity across the interface. The experimental result on a sample of two single crystal silicon bonded together agrees with data obtained by the reference spatial-scan measurement. The experimental uncertainty is estimated and methods to minimize the measurement errors are discussed. The new approach is able to provide accurate measurement of interface thermal resistance within a certain range.
Appification, AI, and Healthcare's New Iron Triangle

The relationship between exponentially accelerating technologies and healthcare is simultaneously exciting, challenging, empowering, and (for some) frightening. Certainly, it has provoked numerous threads in the health law and life sciences law and policy literature. Too often, however, policymakers have tended to reduce healthcare data technology issues to oversimplified binaries (for example, data liquidity vs. life sciences). Yet, the relationships between the various healthcare stakeholders and how emerging technologies impact those relationships or the stakeholders individually are complex and multi-faceted. This complexity will only increase as healthcare assimilates not only patient-facing technologies such as medical apps but also next generation technologies such as robotics and AI. Healthcare policy choices in this “second machine age” will possess a degree of complexity that will no longer be reducible (if they ever were) to policy binaries. Indeed, for students of health law and policy, the level of complexity should bring to mind our foundational approach to discussing healthcare law and policy; the Iron Triangle of access, quality, and cost control contend that the next few decades will see us confronting multi-faceted problems that the traditional Iron Triangle does not adequately capture. Thus, I propose an additional “New,” or at least supplemental Triangle to reflect the issues that technologically-mediated healthcare and its stakeholders will be facing. This new triangle’s three points are Automation, Value, and Empathy. With this triangle, I hope to provide both an analytical lens and a sorting mechanism for working through the complex issues that will arise. The paper proceeds as follows. First, I reflect on the original Iron Triangle before introducing its young sibling, and discuss their differences, similarities, and intersections. However, just as the points of the original Iron Triangle only begin to tell the healthcare, story so Automation, Value, and Empathy are only the first layer or lens for discussion. Next, therefore, I take in order the points of the new triangle, drilling down into some of their properties, suggesting frames for analysis and themes for further study. I conclude by returning to a further comparison of the original and more recent “triangles.”
How Do Developers Respond to Land Use Regulations? An Analysis of New Housing in Los Angeles

AbstractThere is strong evidence that land use regulations constrain housing production. We know less about how real estate developers respond to specific zoning provisions. I compare the characteristics of new multifamily housing with baseline land use regulations in two sets of rail station areas in Los Angeles. I supplement this building-scale analysis with expert interviews. I find that developers were most sensitive to density restrictions and parking requirements. The average development in the Vermont/Western area had 112% of the maximum allowable residential density and 94% of the minimum required parking. Koreatown’s average development had 99% of the maximum density and 88% of the required parking. But, there was variation by area and whether a building was affordable or market rate, apartment or condominium, and by development size. Additionally, regulatory implementation can matter as much as the written regulations themselves. I recommend that cities take an evidence-based approach to reformi...
Flag on the Play: A 5-Year Analysis of the Kategoria and Apologia That Combine to Incite Journalistic Antapologia in Sports Reporting

This study examines the presence of journalistic antapologia (JA) in newspaper-reported sports apologies over a 5-year period (2010–2015). Results from this analysis offer a comprehensive assessment of the current landscape of JA in sports journalism, specifically, by rhetorically analyzing the kategoria and apologia that combine to trigger an antapologic response. A new presence categorization for JA is offered by examining the role enactment of adversarial journalism. This study furthers our knowledge of the rhetorical cycle and the ways in which apologetic rhetoric commingle in adversarial news reporting in sport-related social dramas.
The Shifting Paradigm for Breast Cancer Surgery in Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

Surgical therapy for newly diagnosed breast cancer has changed over the past decade, but these trends have not been well documented in patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy (NAC). In a retrospective cohort study of the National Cancer Database (NCDB), we selected 285,514 women with clinical stage I–III breast cancer who underwent NAC or adjuvant therapy (AC) from 2006 to 2014. Breast-conserving surgery (BCS), unilateral mastectomy (UM), and bilateral mastectomy (BM) rates were compared between patients undergoing NAC and AC. Of 285,514 women, 68,850 (24.1%) underwent NAC. Of NAC patients, 18,158 (26.4%) underwent BM and 27,349 (39.7%) BCS compared with 31,886 (14.7%) and 120,626 (55.7%) AC patients, respectively. From 2006 to 2014, BM increased from 16.1 to 28.8% (p < 0.001) for NAC and from 7.4 to 17.5% (p < 0.001) for AC. After adjusting for patient, tumor, and facility factors, NAC patients were 1.50 times [odds ratio (OR) 1.50, confidence interval (CI) 1.42–1.51] more likely to undergo BM then AC patients. The difference in BM rates between patients receiving NAC versus AC varied significantly by cT classification. This difference was the greatest among cT1 tumors between NAC and AC (31.7 vs. 13.0%, p < 0.001), followed by cT2 tumors (24.1 vs. 16.6%, p < 0.001) and cT3 tumors (24.3 vs. 22.3%). More NAC patients are undergoing BM while fewer are undergoing BCS compared with patients undergoing AC. This trend is particularly striking for those patients with smaller tumors who would otherwise be candidates for BCS.
Regulation of Na/K-ATPase beta1-subunit gene expression by ouabain and other hypertrophic stimuli in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.

Partial inhibition of Na/K-ATPase by ouabain causes hypertrophic growth and regulates several early and late response genes, including that of Na/K-ATPase α3 subunit, in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. The aim of this work was to determine whether ouabain and other hypertrophic stimuli affect Na/K-ATPase β1 subunit gene expression. When myocytes were exposed to non-toxic concentrations of ouabain, ouabain increased β1 subunit mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Like the α3 gene, β1 mRNA was also regulated by several other well-known hypertrophic stimuli including phenylephrine, a phorbol ester, endothelin-1, and insulin-like growth factor, suggesting involvement of growth signals in regulation of β1 expression. Ouabain failed to increase β1 subunit mRNA in the presence of actinomycin D. Using a luciferase reporter gene that is directed by the 5′-flanking region of the β1 subunit gene, transient transfection assay showed that ouabain augmented the expression of luciferase. These data support the proposition that ouabain regulates the β1 subunit through a transcriptional mechanism. The effect of ouabain on β1 subunit induction, like that on α3 repression, was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and on calmodulin. Inhibitions of PKC, Ras, and MEK, however, had different quantitive effects on ouabain-induced regulations of β1 and α3 subunits. The findings show that partial inhibition of Na/K-ATPase activates multiple signaling pathways that regulate growth-related genes, including those of two subunit isoforms of Na/K-ATPase, in a gene-specific manner.
Reduced-Order Models of Weakly Nonlinear Spatially Continuous Systems

Methods for the study of weakly nonlinear continuous (distributed-parameter) systems are discussed. Approximate solution procedures based on reduced-order models via the Galerkin method are contrasted with direct application of the method of multiple scales to the governing partial-differential equations and boundary conditions. By means of several examples and an experiment, Nayfeh and co-worker had shown that reduced-order models of nonlinear continuous systems obtained via the Galerkin procedure can lead to erroneous results. A method is developed for producing reduced-order models that overcomes the shortcomings of the Galerkin procedure. Treatment of these models yields results in agreement with those obtained experimentally and those obtained by directly attacking the continuous system.
Conversion of L-dopa to Extended Release L-dopa (Rytary®) in Patients with Fluctuating Parkinson's Disease: Predictors of Dose.

Background A new extended release levodopa capsule (C/L ERC), Rytary®, has demonstrated improved "on" time in fluctuating Parkinson's disease patients, compared to optimally dosed immediate release levodopa. The milligram dosing, however, differs markedly and no empiric ratio or formula for dose conversion currently exists. Objective To determine the most effective conversion strategy from C/L to C/L ERC. Methods We reviewed fluctuating PD patients with problematic "off" time who were converted to C/L ERC using a semi-structured dose titration schedule, and collected data regarding basic efficacy, tolerability, and dosing, in order to determine an empirically based dose conversion formula. We collected demographics, PD historic data, and other medication use. Results Eighty fluctuating PD patients were given C/L ERC samples, 68 took at least one dose [46 male (67.6%), age 66.6±10.3 y], and 62 had adequate data for dose convergence calculations. At a mean follow-up of 119±101 days, [Range: 24-355 days], 43/68 (63.3%) remained on C/L ERC. CGI-I of "much improved" or "very much improved" was reported by 27/62 (43.5%) and dyskinesia scores from the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale item 4.1, (0-4 range)) tended to improve from 0.9±1.1 to 0.5±0.6, P = 0.08. The mean individual daily ratio was 2.0±0.6 : 1, [range 1.0-3.5]. A lower number of baseline daily L-dopa doses predicted a higher conversion ratio, but pre-conversion dyskinesia did not. Conclusions This retrospective study found that C/L ERC was generally well tolerated and preferred by many patients. The mean total daily conversion ratio is 2 : 1.
ASP flooding in tight carbonate rocks

Abstract Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) floods can mobilize oil left behind by waterfloods by lowering the interfacial tension. However, conducting such floods in tight carbonate rocks presents several challenges, e.g., polymer transport in low permeability carbonates, presence of divalent ions, geochemical interactions with chemicals and rock surface, pore-scale heterogeneity, and oil-/mixed-wettability. This paper addresses the first three challenges. A systematic study of polymer transport in low permeability carbonate cores was performed. Shearing of high molecular weight polymers and successive filtration treatment were performed to improve polymer size distribution. Single phase polymer transport experiments were performed in low permeability carbonate rocks, and optimum pretreatment method was developed. Surfactant phase behavior and aqueous stability experiments were performed to develop ultralow tension ASP and SP formulations with a reservoir crude oil. ASP and SP corefloods were performed in oil-wet low permeability limestone rocks. The oil recovery, pressure drop, effluent ionic composition, effluent viscosity and effluent surfactant concentrations were measured. PHREEQC simulations were performed to understand geochemical reactions during ASP floods. The polymer treatment procedure was able to successfully transport polymer through low permeability Edwards Yellow limestone cores, but not through Texas Cream limestone due to differences in their pore structures. It was found that polymer hydrodynamic radius must be smaller than the pore throat radii of the rock for successful polymer transport. Therefore, mercury porosimetry data of the porous medium is critical for polymer selection, especially in case of low permeability rocks. Tertiary ASP floods resulted in improving the cumulative oil recovery to 77–87% OOIP, whereas SP flood improved the cumulative oil recovery to 85% in an outcrop core. Surfactant retentions during ASP and SP corefloods were found to be 0.4 mg/g-rock and 0.3 mg/g-rock, respectively, in outcrop cores.
The shape compactness of urban footprints

Abstract Urban population density has featured in a large body of literature on the Compact City paradigm as the key compactness attribute of cities, yet the shape compactness of urban footprints has hardly deserved a mention. This essay seeks to correct that. We review the literature on the Compact City Paradigm with a special focus on the relationship between urban form and climate change, and focus on twelve physical attributes of cities that make them more or less compact. Other things being equal, both population density and shape compactness help determine the average travel distances in cities, and hence affect their energy consumption and their greenhouse gas emissions. They also affect the length of infrastructure lines and the length of commutes. In principle, therefore, increasing either the shape compactness or the population density of cities can contribute—in different yet similar measure—to mitigating climate change. There are strong forces that push urban footprints to become more compact—that is, circular or near circular in shape—and these forces have evolved over time. There are also powerful forces that have pushed urban footprints to become less compact over time. We introduce these forces and illustrate their effects on particular cities. We then focus on a small set of metrics for measuring the shape compactness of cities. We use them to measure urban footprints obtained from satellite imagery in a stratified global sample of 200 cities in three time periods: 1990, 2000, and 2014. We find that the shape compactness of urban footprints the world over is independent of city size, area, density, and income and that, not surprisingly, it is strongly affected by topography. We also find that it has declined overall between 1990 and 2014 and explain some of the sources of this decline. We conclude the paper by assessing the ways in which the shape compactness of cities can be increased to make them better able to mitigate climate change in decades to come.
Roles and regulation of SOX transcription factors in skeletogenesis

SOX transcription factors participate in the specification, differentiation and activities of many cell types in development and beyond. The 20 mammalian family members are distributed into eight groups based on sequence identity, and while co-expressed same-group proteins often have redundant functions, different-group proteins typically have distinct functions. More than a handful of SOX proteins have pivotal roles in skeletogenesis. Heterozygous mutations in their genes cause human diseases, in which skeletal dysmorphism is a major feature, such as campomelic dysplasia (SOX9), or a minor feature, such as LAMSHF syndrome (SOX5) and Coffin-Siris-like syndromes (SOX4 and SOX11). Loss- and gain-of-function experiments in animal models have revealed that SOX4 and SOX11 (SOXC group) promote skeletal progenitor survival and control skeleton patterning and growth; SOX8 (SOXE group) delays the differentiation of osteoblast progenitors; SOX9 (SOXE group) is essential for chondrocyte fate maintenance and differentiation, and works in cooperation with SOX5 and SOX6 (SOXD group) and other types of transcription factors. These and other SOX proteins have also been proposed, mainly through in vitro experiments, to have key roles in other aspects of skeletogenesis, such as SOX2 in osteoblast stem cell self-renewal. We here review current knowledge of well-established and proposed skeletogenic roles of SOX proteins, their transcriptional and non-transcriptional actions, and their modes of regulation at the gene, RNA and protein levels. We also discuss gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to further decipher mechanisms underlying skeletogenesis in health and diseases and identify treatment options for skeletal malformation and degeneration diseases.
Nurturing Practitioner-Researcher Partnerships to Improve Adoption and Delivery of Research-Based Social and Public Health Services Worldwide.

Research-based practices—psychosocial, behavioral, and public health interventions—have been demonstrated to be effective and often cost-saving treatments, but they can take up to two decades to reach practitioners within the health and human services workforce worldwide. Practitioners often rely on anecdotal evidence and their “practice wisdom” rather than on research, and may thus unintentionally provide less effective or ineffective services. Worldwide, community engagement in research is recommended, particularly in low-resource contexts. However, practitioner involvement has not been adequately explored in its own right as an innovative community-engaged practice that requires a tailored approach. The involvement of practitioners in research has been shown to improve their use of research-based interventions, and thus the quality of care and client outcomes. Nevertheless, the literature is lacking specificity about when and how (that is, using which tasks and procedures) to nurture and develop practitioner–researcher partnerships. This paper offers theoretical and empirical evidence on practitioner–researcher partnerships as an innovation with potential to enhance each phase of the research cycle and improve services, using data from the United States, Brazil, and Spain. Recommendations for partnership development and sustainability are offered, and a case is made for involving practitioners in research in order to advance social justice by amplifying the local relevance of research, increasing the likelihood of dissemination to community settings, and securing the sustainability of research-based interventions in practice settings.
Effects of Novel Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide on Biomarkers of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of tirzepatide, a dual agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors, on biomarkers of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with T2DM received either once weekly tirzepatide (1, 5, 10, or 15 mg), dulaglutide (1.5 mg), or placebo for 26 weeks. Changes from baseline in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), keratin-18 (K-18), procollagen III (Pro-C3), and adiponectin were analyzed in a modified intention-to-treat population. RESULTS Significant (P CONCLUSIONS In post hoc analyses, higher tirzepatide doses significantly decreased NASH-related biomarkers and increased adiponectin in patients with T2DM.
Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm: Nurse Education About a Rare and Complex Disease.

Background Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMNs) are a rare and complex spectrum of disease involving a mucinous tumor within the appendix, which can range from benign to malignant. If not limited to the appendix, the mucinous tumor can spread diffusely throughout the peritoneum. Objectives Because of the low incidence of AMN, this study describes the diagnosis and treatment process for this disease, which is not well known to most care providers. Methods An extensive analysis of the current literature, including incidence, diagnosis, and surgical treatment, was performed. A review of the pre- and postoperative needs for patients undergoing surgery was also conducted. Findings There is minimal information in the nursing literature about AMN and the complexity of surgical management. Nurses play an important role in caring for these patients and their unique needs both before and after surgery.
Gravitational Force Model Aliasing with Nongravitational Force Coefficients in Dynamic Prediction

In most satellite tracking operations, the gravitational field is truncated at a degree and order based on their average effects on the motion of the satellite. Even though the contribution of the ...
Predicting Pain-Related 30-Day Emergency Department Return Visits in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

Objective The objective of this study was to determine predictive factors for pain-related emergency department returns in middle-aged and older adults. Design, Setting, and Subjects. This was a subanalysis of patients > 55 years of age enrolled in a prospective observational study of adult patients presenting within 30 days of an index visit to a large, urban, academic center. Methods Demographic and clinical data were collected and compared to determine significant differences between patients who returned for pain and those who did not. Multiple logistic regressions were used to determine significant predictive variables for return visits. Results The majority of the 130 enrolled patients > 55 years of age returned for pain (57%), were African American (78%), were younger (55-64 years old, 67%), had a high emergency department acuity level (level 1 or 2) at their index visit (56%), had low health literacy (Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine [REALM] score, 62%), lived in an area of extreme deprivation (69%), and were admitted (61%) during their index visit. Age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.8-0.9, P = 0.047), health literacy (REALM scores; OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.3-7.5, P = 0.011), and index visit pain scores (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0-1.2, P = 0.004) were predictive of emergency department returns for pain in middle-aged and older adults. Conclusions The likelihood of emergency department return visits for pain in middle-aged and older adults decreased with older age, increased with higher health literacy (REALM scores), and increased with increase in pain scores.
Model development for enzymatic reactive crystallization of β-lactam antibiotics: a reaction–diffusion-crystallization approach

Enzymatic reactive crystallization of β-lactam antibiotics provides a promising method for efficient and large-scale manufacturing. Since practical processes rely on immobilized enzyme for operation, a robust process model needs to take into account three phenomena of enzymatic reaction, species diffusion, and crystallization of the products. In this work a mathematical model and a numerical simulation procedure are developed for enzymatic reactive crystallization using penicillin G acylase immobilized on a porous carrier. Enzymatic reaction is described using previously established kinetic parameters for a commercial enzyme. An experimentally measured diffusivity is used to model the mass transport resistance, and a 1-D population balance model is used for crystallization of needle-like crystals from supersaturated species. The effect of five immobilization parameters, loading, carrier type and size, enzyme distribution, and carrier size distribution is systematically investigated using the developed model and their implications are discussed for synthesis of two β-lactam antibiotics, ampicillin and cephalexin, with different turnover rates. As expected, using carriers with larger radius, higher loading, and smaller diffusivity is shown to lead to significant mass transport resistance and deviation from free enzyme behavior. This effect is more drastic for the ampicillin system, which has faster dynamics due to lower affinity of enzyme for its nucleophile agent. Testing different enzyme distributions, it is shown that accumulation of enzyme at the outer regions of the carrier leads to an improved process and mitigation of mass transport resistance due to higher sensitivity of diffusion timescale to radius, compared to reaction timescale to enzyme concentration. Adding a crystallization module to the model allowed for dynamic modeling of processes with high substrate concentrations applicable to reactive crystallization. Effect of pH as a critical process parameter affecting both reaction and crystallization is discussed, as well as potential intra-carrier crystallization and consequent enzyme blockage.
Leiner's disease (erythroderma desquamativum): A review and approach to therapy

Leiner's disease (LD) is a rare and serious syndrome of infantile erythroderma of severe and progressive generalized seborrheic-like dermatitis, recalcitrant diarrhea, malabsorption and wasting, and recurrent local and systemic infections. The purpose of this study is to provide an updated review on management with a summarized review of available peer-reviewed articles on LD. The mechanisms underlying this disease process remain unclear. The diagnosis includes demonstration of deficient opsonic activity along with the clinical tetrad of erythroderma, persistent gastrointestinal disturbance, superimposed bacterial or candidal infection, and marked wasting. An important correlation between LD and defective yeast and Staphylococcus aureus opsonization has been established. For the familial form of LD, an association of either complement three deficiency or complement five dysfunction has been made. LD should be distinguished from other types of infantile erythroderma, including Omenn syndrome. Treatment includes fluid and nutrition replacement, antibiotics to control infection, and fresh-frozen plasma therapy. The prognosis is unclear; it depends on treatment. LD is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt identification and hospitalization. Affected infants who receive vigorous treatment not only have the prospect of surviving, but also generally lead a normal life after infancy.
A Content Analysis of the Contributions in the Narratives of DACA Youth

This study utilized cultural community wealth (Yosso, 2005) to explore the ways in which Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) youth make use of social media. Through the use of content analysis (Hay, 2005), the authors analyzed social media interviews publicly posted by DACA youth. Findings reveal that DACA youth engage in social media as a form of activism and to mobilize their communities. The findings support and extend our understanding of the ways that DACA youth are an asset to the wider community. Implications for those working with DACA youth are provided.
David Oliver: Could separating NHS hot" and "cold" inpatient sites work?"

Is it realistic to think of separating NHS hospital sites more effectively for “cold” (elective) and “hot” (acute and urgent) care, so that outbreaks or seasonal surges don’t lead to elective care being cancelled or delayed? This month over five million people were waiting for planned surgery, procedures, tests, and outpatient appointments in England—the highest figure on record.1 The Times reported that “NHS chiefs are braced for nine million patients on waiting lists by the end of the year while Sajid Javid, the health secretary, has warned that it could go as high as 13 million.”2 After previous successful drives by government and NHS leaders to tackle waiting lists, waiting times for planned (elective) care had been deteriorating in the years before the pandemic because of workforce pressures, financial constraints, and insufficient beds, clinics, investigation suites, or diagnostic services such as imaging.3 The pandemic massively accelerated worsening …
Models of Endothelial Cell Junctions

This paper reviews some recent theoretical models of endothelial cell junctions and transport of fluid through the clefts. The classical system of small and large pores is replaced by a system of slits. It is postulated that the uniform spacing of 200 A is maintained by macromolecules which bridge between two cell membranes. Such bridging molecules could maintain the observed cell spacing without causing a major increase in flow resistance. The molecular forces at tight junctions account for the bending of cell membranes and discontinuities in the tight junctions leave tortuous pathways allowing passage of solutes up to the size of albumin.
A Comparison of the Attitudes Towards and use of Direct Marketing Channels by Blacks and Whites

Direct marketing channels usually create more types of risk for buyers. In this study the concentration is on the difference in the willingness of blacks and whites to assume the greater perceived risk connected with the use of direct market channels.