cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating “Turbo” Accountable Care Organizations for Time-Critical Diagnoses

Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are scheduled for implementation in 2012 by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and this “standard” ACO model seeks to encourage hospitals and ambulatory care practitioners to come together as organized entities responsible clinically and financially for the health care of ≥5000 Medicare beneficiaries.1,2 However, significant barriers to implementation exist, including organizational complexity, informatics investments, legal issues, concerns about exacerbating healthcare disparities, and general uncertainty regarding the attainability of financial rewards based upon results from the CMS Physician Group Practice Demonstration.1–6 The standard-ACO model is also focused on primary care and chronic disease management in the ambulatory setting,7 thus ignoring essential emergency systems that provide sophisticated care for time-critical diagnoses that also affect overall public health. Thus, I propose that CMS considers the parallel initiation of a novel “Turbo” ACO model to promote efficient healthcare delivery systems for patients who suddenly experience an unplanned critical illness, including acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), stroke, or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Moreover, instead of competition , the Turbo-ACO model would be designed to promote better collaboration between all hospitals and emergency medical services (EMS) providers within an organized region and improve clinical outcomes for time-critical diagnoses across entire populations. The 3 core attributes of the standard-ACO model include organized care, performance measurement, and payment reform, all aligned to promote value-based healthcare delivery.2 The proposed Turbo-ACO model would simply adapt these 3 core attributes to consistently promote the rapid treatment of time-critical diagnoses with specialized hospital-based interventions. The Turbo- prefix provides a useful metaphor for these types of speed-oriented healthcare delivery systems because Turbo originates from engineers who modified a standard engine design to deliver more power and speed. My rationale for Turbo-ACOs within the context of the 3 core …
On Jordan ideals and matrix rings

Abstract For A , a commutative ring, and A = M 2 ( A ) , results by Costa and Keller characterize certain Ep ( 2 , A ) -normalized subgroups of the symplectic group, Sp ( 2 , A ) via structures utilizing Jordan ideals and the notion of radices. The following work creates a Jordan ideal structure theorem for Z 2 -graded rings, A 0 ⊕ A 1 , and a Z 2 -graded matrix algebra. The major theorem is a generalization of Costa and Keller’s previous work on matrix algebras over commutative rings.
Incompressible fluid ellipsoids in halos. I - The second-harmonic oscillations of the Maclaurin spheroids

The structure and stability of Maclaurin spheroids embedded in rigid uniform-density oblate spheroidal halos are determined by the tensor virial-equation method. These spheroid-halo systems can be thought of as crude fluid analogs of disk galaxies with halos. The halos are assumed to have the same center, the same axis of symmetry, and the same equatorial radius as the Maclaurin spheroids. Only halos with lower eccentricity than the Maclaurin spheroids are considered. The dynamic instability of the toroidal (barlike) modes is suppressed when m, the ratio of the halo mass to Maclaurin spheroid mass, is greater than 3 pi/8 for spherical halos and when m is greater than 1/2 for halos congruent to the Maclaurin spheroids. Intermediate halo flattenings yield intermediate critical m-values. On the other hand, a neutral point of the toroidal modes in the rotating and inertial frames occurs for all m and for all allowed halo flattenings. Growth rates for secular instability beyond the neutral point are calculated, and the eigenfrequencies of all second-harmonic modes are given for select cases. The Ostriker-Peebles (1973) conjecture concerning the stability of disk galaxies against barlike perturbations appears to be incorrect.
A study of the Baldwin effect in the IUE data set

The paper investigates the controversial relation between the continuum luminosity and the C IV 1550 emission-line strength in the spectra of quasars, commonly referred to as the Baldwin effect, as a possible indicator of absolute luminosity. It is concluded that the Baldwin effect does represent a physical correlation between the continuum and the C IV 1550 equivalent width rather than a consequence of selection effects. In addition to the C IV results, a similar relation is found for the Lyman-alpha emission line.
Monoclonal gammopathy and neuropathy.

Purpose of review The management of peripheral neuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathies has been advanced by recent clinical studies. We review the causal association between monoclonal gammopathy and neuropathy, and critically review the recent evidence on treatment. Recent findings IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most commonly found monoclonal gammopathy associated with neuropathy. Neuropathies associated with specific lymphoproliferative disorders may not respond to treatments aimed at that disorder. Standard immunomodulatory agents including steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis have shown limited efficacy in IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Newer studies have shown promising results with rituximab, a monoclonal antibody which targets the B cell surface antigen CD20 and results in a rapid and sustained depletion of B cells. Summary There is a clear association between peripheral neuropathy and IgM MGUS with characteristic clinical, electrophysiology and pathologic features that make the disorder distinct from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. The IgG and IgA monoclonal gammopathies are rarely associated with specific neuropathies. Long-term studies looking at the association between specific immunologic markers and disease recurrence are needed to ultimately develop targeted therapies.
Timeout duration and contrast effects: a systematic evaluation of a successive treatments design

The presence of contrast effects was evaluated using two durations of timeout (5 and 30 min) presented to adolescent male delinquents in a successive treatments design. Independent coders recorded the incidence of verbal aggression, physical aggression, noncompliance, and out-of-area behavior. The 5-min timeout phase suppressed verbal aggression and out-of-area behavior, and moderately reduced physical aggression when presented prior to the 30 min timeout phase. When 5 min followed the 30 min phase, verbal aggression, physical aggression, and out-of-area behavior was not suppressed; and, indeed, verbal and physical aggression occurred at a rate greater than baseline. The lack of results with noncompliance was considered in terms of its low rate and dependence upon staff requests. The differential effectiveness of the first and second presentation of 5 min of timeout was discussed in terms of a contrast effect, and the implications of such effects for the reversal design were discussed.
Matrix metalloproteinase expression in breast cancer.

Background. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated as possible mediators of invasion and metastasis in some cancers. Our objective was to investigate which MMPs were constitutively expressed in breast tumor cells versus those that could be up-regulated by a number of agents known to affect MMP expression in other cell systems. Methods. We evaluated expression of MMPs 1–16 in breast tumor cell lines MDA-MB-231, T47D, and MCF-7 using semiquantitative RT-PCR and gelatin zymography. Exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbal-3-acetate (TPA), concanavalin-A (Con-A), the fibronectin-mimetic peptide GRGDSP (RGD), extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and anti-integrin antibodies was used to test for possible MMP up-regulation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors (MAPK-I) were used to evaluate signal transduction pathways and regulation of MMP expression. Results. MMPs 1, 2, 7–11, 13, 14, and 16 were constitutively expressed in some tumor cell lines but not in normal breast epithelial cells. Administration of TPA, Con-A, and RGD increased the expression of MMPs 1, 2, 9, and 10. No MMP up-regulation was seen in MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 after exposure to ECM components or after exposure to anti-integrin antibodies. MAPK-I had no effect on constitutive MMP expression but reduced or abolished the TPA up-regulation of MMP-9 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. Conclusions. Breast tumor cell lines constitutively express a number of MMPs. Because MMP expression can be up-regulated by Con-A, the fibronectin-mimetic peptide RGD, and TPA while being susceptible to inhibition by MAPK antagonists, MAPK signaling appears to play a role in this expression.
Pediatric Vocal Fold Immobility: Natural History and the Need for Long-Term Follow-up

IMPORTANCE The clinical course and outcomes of pediatric vocal fold immobility (VFI) vary widely in the literature, and follow-up in these patients varies accordingly. A better understanding of the natural history of pediatric VFI is crucial to improved management. OBJECTIVE To characterize the natural history of pediatric VFI, including symptoms and rates of resolution and surgical intervention. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective review at an academically affiliated private pediatric otolaryngology practice in a metropolitan area of all patients seen between July 15, 2001, and September 1, 2012, with a diagnosis of complete or partial VFI. After elimination of 92 incomplete or duplicate files, 404 patient records were reviewed for demographic characteristics, etiologies, symptoms, follow-up, resolution, and interventions. Follow-up records were available for 362 patients (89.6%). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Resolution of VFI confirmed by repeated laryngoscopy, length of follow-up, and surgical intervention rates. RESULTS Among the 404 patients, left VFI was present in 66.8%, right VFI in 7.9%, and bilateral VFI in 25.3%. Median (range) age at presentation was 2.9 (0-528.1) months. Major etiological categories included cardiac surgery in 68.8%, idiopathic immobility in 21.0%, and neurologic disease in 7.4%. At presentation, 61.4%experienced dysphonia, 54.0%respiratory symptoms, and 49.5%dysphagia. Tracheotomy was performed in 25.7%and gastrostomy in 40.8%. Median (range) duration of follow-up among the 89.6%of patients with follow-up was 17.2 (0.2-173.5) months. Resolution evidenced by laryngoscopy was found in 28.0%, with a median (range) time to resolution of 4.3 (0.4-38.7) months. In patients without laryngoscopic resolution, median follow-up was 26.0 months, and 28.9% reported symptomatic resolution. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The natural history of pediatric VFI involves substantial morbidity, with lasting symptoms and considerable rates of surgical intervention. In this large database, the majority of patients did not experience resolution. This suggests a need for more regimented follow-up in these patients, a recommendation for which is proposed here.
Risk assessment and management of periodontal disease.

ABSTRACT Background As our understanding of periodontal diseases has increased, it has become clear that certain risk factors are associated with the diseases' incidence, severity and progression. This article focuses on the role of risk assessment and disease management in improving patient outcomes, both in the general population and in specific population groups with an increased risk of developing periodontal disease or with associated comorbidities. Types of Studies Reviewed The author reviewed literature related to the efficacy of risk assessment and periodontal disease management in improving clinical outcomes. In addition, he examined studies demonstrating a link between periodontal disease and specific patient populations and other comorbidities. Conclusions Risk assessment can help predict a patient's risk of developing periodontal disease and improve clinical decision making. In turn, patient adherence to a self-care oral health regimen is a key component to successful periodontal disease management. Clinical Implications The clinical practice of risk assessment may reduce the need for complex periodontal therapy, improve patient outcomes and ultimately reduce oral health care costs. Patients are encouraged to become actively involved in periodontal disease management by following a daily three-step regimen of brushing, flossing and rinsing with an antimicrobial mouthrinse.
(238) Not so great expectations: characteristics associated with negative expectations of physical and emotional recovery in the hours after motor vehicle collision

s The Journal of Pain S35 (236) African Americans are at increased risk of developing chronic pain and itch at the site of tissue autograft following major thermal burn injury A Liu, A Bermudez, J Hu, S Jones, J Hwang, J Smith, L Ballina, A Patel, T Tran, R Karlnoski, D Smith, B Cairns, and S McLean; University of North Carolina,
Reflux condensation in a two-phase closed thermosyphon

Abstract The reflux condensation flow phenomena in a two-phase closed thermosyphon are investigated experimentally and analytically by considering the countercurrent vapor-liquid flow occurring in this device. The analysis predicts that the liquid-film thickness is increased by vapor shear, resulting in a reduction of heat transfer compared to that calculated from Nusselt's solution. The experimental results indicate that Nusselt's solution for film condensation cannot interpret satisfactorily the observed trends and that inclusion of vapor shear effects alone does not rectify the discrepancy.
Identification and Topography of Substrates for Protein Carboxyl Methyltransferase in Synaptic Membrane and Myelin‐Enriched Fractions of Bovine and Rat Brain

The major components of crude brain synaptosomes (synaptic membranes, mitochondria, and myelin) have been separated and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the presence of proteins that serve as substrates for protein carboxyl methyltransferase. Of the three fractions, synaptic membranes contain the largest number of individual methyl acceptors (at least seven), while mitochondria contain no well-defined methyl acceptors. Undisrupted myelin contains a single major methyl acceptor with a very low apparent molecular weight. The patterns of protein methylation in synaptic membranes prepared from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, and tectum showed marked differences; however, these differences could largely be explained by differential degrees of myelin contamination in synaptic membranes from the different regions. The effect of trypsin pretreatment on the carboxyl methylation of intact and lysed synaptosomes was studied to estimate the sidedness of the major methylation sites on synaptic membranes. One of the methyl acceptors (Mr 48K) appears to be facing the intracellular surface of the synaptosome, but most sites appear to be outward facing.
A physical model for threshold voltage instability in Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/-gate H/sup +/-sensitive FET's (pH ISFET's)

A physical model is presented which quantitatively describes the threshold voltage instability, commonly known as drift, in n-channel Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/-gate pH ISFET's. The origin of the so-called drift is postulated to be associated with the relatively slow conversion of the silicon nitride surface to a hydrated SiO/sub 2/ or oxynitride layer. The rate of hydration is modeled by a hopping and/or trap-limited transport mechanism known as dispersive transport. Hydration leads to a decrease in the overall insulator capacitance with time, which gives rise to a monotonic temporal increase in the threshold voltage.
The electrocardiographic diagnosis of pulmonary heart disease.

Abstract The electrocardiogram in chronic pulmonary heart disease is fairly characteristic and can be explained on the basis of changes in the spatial orientation of the heart and of the insulating effects of overaerated lungs. A detailed analysis of the electrocardiogram in 20 patients with right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to chronic pulmonary emphysema established at autopsy was presented. The data from these patients were compared statistically with the data from electrocardiograms of normal medical students. Statistically significant differences were found for the height and area of the P wave in lead III, the duration of the P-R segment in lead III, the R:S ratio in lead V 6 and the magnitude of the ventricular gradient. Although the electrocardiogram in chronic cor pulmonale can be characteristic and diagnostic, it is not always reliable. Clinical states not associated with right ventricular hypertrophy but in which the electrocardiogram closely resembles that seen in cor pulmonale were described. It was noted that the electrocardiogram from 40 per cent of patients with cor pulmonale and right ventricular hypertrophy established at autopsy satisfied none of the criteria for right ventricular hypertrophy. Thus, the electrocardiogram must always be interpreted as a part of the entire clinical study. It can be extremely useful, but it is not always dependable and, therefore, must be considered only as a supplement to the clinical data.
[Ca2+]i oscillations and [Ca2+]i waves in rat megakaryocytes

Abstract ATP activated [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations were measured in single rat megakaryocytes using fluorescence ratio microscopy. With increasing ATP concentration the duration of the [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations increased, however, there was considerable variation from cell to cell in the absolute value of the peak [Ca 2+ ] i and the frequency and duration of the oscillations. This variation depended, in part, on the level of Fura-2 loading suggesting that megakaryocytes are sensitive to buffering of [Ca 2+ ] i i by Fura-2. Agents, that increase the level of intracellular cGMP (sodium nitroprusside and 8-pCPT-cGMP) or CAMP (prostacyclin, IBMX, forskolin and 8-bromo-CAMP) inhibited [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations. Despite the large cell to cell variation in the patterns of [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations, reapplication of the agents that elevated cAMP or cGMP inhibited the oscillations similarly. Using video rate fluorescence ratio imaging we found that the agonist-induced [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations were the result of a well-defined [Ca2+] i wave, which spread across the cell with an average speed of about 35 μm/s, during the rising phase of each oscillatory spike. After reaching a peak, [Ca 2+ ] i decreased uniformly across the whole cell during the failing phase of the spike. Analysis of the temperature dependence of [Ca 2+ ] i waves showed that the rate of [Ca 2+ ] i decay exhibited a strong temperature dependence (Q 10 ∼4), whereas, the rate of rise exhibited a weak temperature dependence (Q 10 ∼1.3), suggesting, that the rate limiting process for [Ca 2+ ] i wave propagation in rat megakaryocytes is the rate of [Ca 2+ ] i diffusion.
Acute cocaine alters oxytocin levels in the medial preoptic area and amygdala in lactating rat dams: implications for cocaine-induced changes in maternal behavior and maternal aggression.

Acute cocaine administration has been correlated with disruptions in the onset and maintenance of maternal behavior as well as decreases in maternal aggressive behavior in rat dams. A growing body of evidence suggests that cocaine may alter oxytocin levels leading to impairments in maternal behavior and aggression. The current study assessed whether acute cocaine injections alter oxytocin (OT) levels in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), ventral tegmental area (VTA), amygdala (AMY), and hippocampus (HIP) on postpartum day (PPD) 1 or PPD 6. On PPD 1, 30 mg/kg cocaine reduced OT levels by approximately 26.9% (picograms/milligram) in the MPOA (t (18) = 3.44, P<.01) compared to saline. On PPD 6, 30 mg/kg cocaine significantly increased OT levels by approximately 20.9% (picograms/brain area) in the AMY (F (2,25) = 3.44, P=.05) relative to saline. These findings suggest that acute cocaine may disrupt maternal behavior and maternal aggression at least in part through its action on the oxytocinergic system.
Modeling and control of optical fiber micropositioning in a thermal adhesive

An actuation and control concept for alignment of optical fibers in compact imaging systems, namely endoscopic microscopy probes, is presented. The system uses a thermal adhesive to allow repeated positioning of the optical fiber, allowing partial compensation for alignment errors arising from mechanical settling and adhesive drying behavior during manual instrument assembly. A lumped-parameter dynamic model for temperature-dependent adhesive behavior is proposed, together with a simple integral controller. Experimental testing with a larger mock-up is used to verify that the dynamic model can replicate system behavior and to evaluate controller performance. Positioning of a 100 μm diameter fiber with 5 μm accuracy after 3-4 iterations is achieved in the prototype system.
Loss and Memory: The Exilic Nihilism of Wadī Saādah, Australia’s Lebanese Émigré Poet

Wadī Saādah, poet of the new Lebanese Mahjar, writes the loss and alienation which have been salient features of the experience the generation who came of age in the early 1970s and witnessed the horrors of recent Lebanese history. In his inimitable prose-poetic style, he documents the existential vortex which draws him in, but from which his poems escape as exquisite flares shot from afar, illuminating for us brilliantly, briefly where he has gone, tracers of personal, generational, and historical dissolution.
Evidence of Subsurface Water in Equatorial Region of Mars: ABSTRACT

Possible stream channels in the equatorial region of Mars are associated with chaotic terrain boundaries. Scalloped edges and slump features at the edge of chaotic terrain in the Chryse region of Mars indicate that the relatively smooth "upland" areas have collapsed to form chaotic terrain that has been further modified in part by both eolian and fluvial processes. Circular depressions near chaotic terrain could result either from impact or collapse (or both). Eolian infilling may have modified impact craters to the extent that they do not resemble terrestrial or lunar counterparts. However, the dominance of fractures originating within circular depressions may indicate an internal source of heat. Collapse of the surface because of local heating, either internal or external, would provide a mechanism for both the subsidence responsible for chaotic terrain and the release of subsurface water leading to channel formation. Analyses of Mariner 9 imagery and ERTS photographs show that drainage basins on Mars and earth have similar characteristics, but both sets of photographs have fewer small tributaries than are actually present in terrestrial drainage basins. On earth, small tributaries are not observed because of the resolution of ERTS cameras. On Mars, both resolution and eolian infilling may account for this characteristic. There is evidence of the effects of both surface and subsurface water on Mars, but erosional characteristics of Martian channels show a closer relation to formation by subsurface water than to formation by rainfall. End_of_Article - Last_Page 915------------
Review of reliability and treatment integrity trends in autism-focused research

Abstract This review summarizes interobserver reliability and treatment integrity trends across five journals in autism-focused single-case research: Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities. All articles published in the selected journals for the years 1992, 2002, and 2012 were screened based on predetermined inclusion criteria. A total of 119 articles met inclusion criteria and were evaluated in terms of whether they collected reliability data on dependent and independent variables, whether they collected treatment integrity data, as well as the degree to which the data met accepted quality criteria. Trends indicate that the collection and quality of the interobserver agreement data collection for dependent variables is improving. However, the percentage of studies meeting the minimum requirement for collection of interobserver agreement in each phase of the study remains low. Trends for the collection of the treatment integrity data and the quality of the treatment integrity data remains low but is demonstrating an increasing trend. Trends for the interobserver agreement data for the independent variables remain stable and low. Limitations of this review as well as implications for future research are discussed.
Causes and prevention of sudden cardiac death in the elderly

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major cause of mortality in elderly individuals owing to a high prevalence of coronary heart disease, systolic dysfunction, and congestive heart failure (CHF). Although the incidence of SCD increases with age, the proportion of cardiac deaths that are sudden decreases owing to high numbers of other cardiac causes of death in elderly individuals. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy has been demonstrated to improve survival and prevent SCD in selected patients with systolic dysfunction and CHF. However, ICD therapy in elderly patients might not be effective because of a greater rate of pulseless electrical activity underlying SCD and other competing nonarrhythmic causes of death in this population. Although under-represented in randomized trials of ICD use, elderly patients comprise a substantial proportion of the population that qualifies for and receives an ICD for primary prevention under current guidelines. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), which has been demonstrated to reduce mortality in selected populations with heart failure, is also more commonly used in this group of patients than in younger individuals. In this Review, we examine the causes of SCD in elderly individuals, and discuss the existing evidence for effectiveness of ICD therapy and CRT in this growing population.
Ecological Development and function of Shelterbelts in Temperate North America

As the world’s population continues to expand, the pressure on farmland, both from expansion of urban areas (United Nations, 2002) and from a need to produce more food and fiber (Hewitt and Smith, 1995; Gardner, 1996), will increase. In direct competition with the increasing demand for more food and fiber is a growing public desire for conservation of natural systems and a focus on quality of life issues (Matson et al., 1997; Jackson and Jackson, 2002; Pimentel et al., 2004). These two societal needs are clearly linked. Unfortunately, they are antagonistic, not complementary. The impacts of intensive agriculture, needed to increase food and fiber production, extend well beyond the field border (CAST, 1999). Similarly, many species found in natural systems, both flora and fauna, do not remain within protected reserves provided for their benefit and are impacted by land-use decisions in surrounding areas. A challenge to resource managers is to develop management strategies that support both sets of needs and lead to the “right compromise” between production agriculture, sustainability, and conservation of native floral and fauna (Mineau and McLaughlin, 1996; Swift et al., 2004). Shelterbelts and other types of linear forest systems, such as riparian buffer strips (Benton et al., 2003), can support both sets of needs and be a link between production agriculture and protection of biodiversity. These systems, both planted and naturally occurring, provide various ecosystem services (Guertin et al., 1997). While this review focuses on shelterbelts, many of the principles discussed apply to other linear forest systems.
FACE RECOGNITION FROM VIDEO: A REVIEW

Driven by key law enforcement and commercial applications, research on face recognition from video sources has intensified in recent years. The ensuing results have demonstrated that videos possess unique properties that allow both humans and automated systems to perform recognition accurately in difficult viewing conditions. However, significant research challenges remain as most video-based applications do not allow for controlled recordings. In this survey, we categorize the research in this area and present a broad and deep review of recently proposed methods for overcoming the difficulties encountered in unconstrained settings. We also draw connections between the ways in which humans and current algorithms recognize faces. An overview of the most popular and difficult publicly available face video databases is provided to complement these discussions. Finally, we cover key research challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for the field as a whole.
Theoretical Study of Group-III Nitride Alloys

Band gap bowing, structural relaxations, and energies of formation were calculated for the three pseudobinary nitride zincblende alloy systems Al-Ga, In-Ga and In-Al using the full-potential linearized muffin-tin orbital method. The cluster expansion and Connolly-Williams approaches were used to relate calculated band structures and energies of formation of ordered compounds to the behavior of disordered alloys. Effects of bond length and volume variation on those properties are discussed. An interpolation formula for the gap of the full pseudoternary Al{sub x}Ga{sub y}In{sub z}N system is proposed and tested by separate calculations. Extension of the results to the wurtzite alloys is discussed.
An analysis of the time relationships within the cardiac cycle in electrocardiograms of normal men

Abstract Of interest to many investigators has been the question of determining exactly what happens to the Q-T interval, the T-P interval, and the cycle length (C) as measured in the electrocardiogram while the heart rate is changing. Lombard and Cope, 1 measuring systole and diastole by mechanical means, found that diastole shortened more rapidly than systole with increase in heart rate. Bazett 2 found that the ratio K=Q−Tc was temporarily increased immediately after exercise. White and Mudd 3 found that the Q-T to C relationship was not altered after exercise. Blair, Wedd, and Young 4 noted that immediately after exercise the Q-T and C were shorter than before exercise and that, as the C returned to the resting level, the Q-T lengthened, although at a slower rate, until it too had reached the resting level. However, the Q-T continued for a time to lengthen beyond that level while C remained constant. White, Kossmann, and Ershler 5 in their study found that the ratio Q−Tc became smaller immediately after exercise. In two previous reports 6,7 it was shown that the Q-T to C and T-P to C relationships [K(Q-T) and K(T-P)] were not disturbed immediately after exercise, but no information was available as to what happened while the heart rate was changing. It was for the purpose of obtaining information about this phase that this study was undertaken.
Under the Medical Gaze: Facts and Fictions of Chronic Pain

Under the Medical Gaze: Facts and Fictions of Chronic Pain. Susan Greenhalgh. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. ix. 371 pp., tables, figures, notes, references, index.
Sports and male role strain.

The article provides an analysis of role strain experienced by a sample of athletes and nonathletes. Komarovsky's typology of role strain is applied to and further developed through our interview data. The modes of role strain experienced by athletes involved ambiguity of norms, decreasing internal and external rewards for role performance, structural insufficiency of resources, role conflict, overload of role obligations, and role-intrinsic anxiety and physical damage. The nonathletes experienced role strain involving the incongruity between personality characteristics and the demands of the athletic role.
Temporal delay, type of forewarning, and resistance to influence

Abstract Previous researchers have manipulated forewarning by providing premessage information about the topic and position of the upcoming communication, or the communicator's persuasive intent. Subjects in the present experiment were force-warned either 10 min prior to the communication, or just before the message began of the speaker's topic and position, persuasive intent, or topic only. As hypothesized, forewarning of the communicator's persuasive intent inhibited persuasion regardless of the length of the delay period, but forewarning of the topic and position required a delay in order to confer resistance to subsequent persuasion, suggesting that although both manipulations have been called “forewarning they may lead to reduced persuasion through different mechanisms. Foreknowledge of the source's topic, but not his position also increased resistance to persuasion when followed by a delay period. The results were discussed in terms of both cognitive and motivational mechanisms that may underly the persuasion inhibiting effects of forewarning.
Differential Expression of the CO2 Fixation Operons of Rhodobacter sphaeroides by the Prr/Reg Two-Component System during Chemoautotrophic Growth

In Rhodobacter sphaeroides, the two cbb operons encoding duplicated Calvin-Benson Bassham (CBB) CO2 fixation reductive pentose phosphate cycle structural genes are differentially controlled. In attempts to define the molecular basis for the differential regulation, the effects of mutations in genes encoding a subunit of Cbb3 cytochrome oxidase, ccoP, and a global response regulator, prrA (regA), were characterized with respect to CO2 fixation (cbb) gene expression by using translational lac fusions to the R. sphaeroides cbbI and cbbII promoters. Inactivation of the ccoP gene resulted in derepression of both promoters during chemoheterotophic growth, where cbb expression is normally repressed; expression was also enhanced over normal levels during phototrophic growth. The prrA mutation effected reduced expression of cbbI and cbbII promoters during chemoheterotrophic growth, whereas intermediate levels of expression were observed in a double ccoP prrA mutant. PrrA and ccoP1 prrA strains cannot grow phototrophically, so it is impossible to examine cbb expression in these backgrounds under this growth mode. In this study, however, we found that PrrA mutants of R. sphaeroides were capable of chemoautotrophic growth, allowing, for the first time, an opportunity to directly examine the requirement of PrrA for cbb gene expression in vivo under growth conditions where the CBB cycle and CO2 fixation are required. Expression from the cbbII promoter was severely reduced in the PrrA mutants during chemoautotrophic growth, whereas cbbI expression was either unaffected or enhanced. Mutations in ccoQ had no effect on expression from either promoter. These observations suggest that the Prr signal transduction pathway is not always directly linked to Cbb3 cytochrome oxidase activity, at least with respect to cbb gene expression. In addition, lac fusions containing various lengths of the cbbI promoter demonstrated distinct sequences involved in positive regulation during photoautotrophic versus chemoautotrophic growth, suggesting that different regulatory proteins may be involved. In Rhodobacter capsulatus, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RubisCO) expression was not affected by cco mutations during photoheterotrophic growth, suggesting that differences exist in signal transduction pathways regulating cbb genes in the related organisms.
Mating Market Dynamics, Sex-Ratio Imbalances, and Their Consequences

One of the most interesting and significant facts about coupled sexual behavior is the underlying market economy to it all. Once you peer into it, it’s remarkable how it works. You might think it doesn’t or shouldn’t work this way when it comes to this most intimate and private of actions. But it does. And mating market dynamics continue to be consequential for how people live their lives, the options they’re afforded, and the choices they make. At face value, the mating market concept is fairly elementary and certainly very old. Notable changes, however, have emerged in recent decades, and social scientists and social scientists are detecting their consequences.
Cognitive Processes and Recovery from Heart Attack: A Review and Theoretical Analysis

Abstract A review of the literature on psychosocial aspects of recovery from heart attack is presented with emphasis on psychological responses experienced by the patient. Several theoretical models have previously been proposed to explain these data: a psychodynamic view stressing the importance of denial as a coping mechanism, and a second perspective emphasizing patients' beliefs about their health status. A third model is proposed based on cognitive appraisal processes (perceived control and predictability) shown experimentally to mediate reactions to stressors in a wide variety of situations. Viewing heart attack as a crisis situation, it is assumed that particular aspects of illness will generally have a less negative impact on physiological and behavioral health outcomes to the extent they are perceived to be predictable and/or controllable. Specific interventions to alter these perceptions are discussed, and mechanisms linking various recovery outcomes are proposed. The validity of this model is e...
Carbohydrate composition and color development during drying and roasting of macadamia nuts (Macadamia integrifolia)

Abstract Research was conducted to determine whether variability in sugar content contributes to differences in kernel browning during processing of macadamia nut ( Macadamia integrifolia ) cultivars, Kau (HAES 344), Keaau (HAES 660), Keauhou (HAES 246), and Kakea (HAES 508). At harvest, total sugar content of fresh macadamia kernels varied from 2.9 to 5.6 g/100 g dry weight basis (db), and the average moisture content ranged from 15.6 to 23.6 g/100 g fresh weight. Cultivars differed in kernel sucrose content, but not reducing sugar content. Reducing sugars decreased during drying, and kernel centers darkened slightly. An incremental drying process limited sucrose hydrolysis, minimizing the amount of glucose and fructose available for browning reactions. Therefore, the centers of roasted kernels were not darker than dried kernels. The variability in sugar composition in fresh kernels had a minimal impact on color quality when low-temperature drying and roasting at 125 °C were used. However, when roasted kernels received from a processor were separated based on color quality, kernels with internal or external browning had higher reducing sugar concentrations (0.24–0.27 g/100 g db) than cream-colored kernels (0.03 g/100 g db). Immature kernels had higher sucrose and reducing sugar contents and more browning than mature kernels. During commercial processing, optimal conditions may not be achieved and the presence of immature nuts can contribute to kernel browning.
Shape, Motion, and Parameter Estimation of Large Flexible Space Structures using Range Images

Future space missions are expected to use robotic systems to assemble, inspect, and maintain large space structures in orbit. To carry out these tasks, robots need to know the deformations and motions of the structures with which they interact. This paper presents a method for efficiently estimating the shape, motion, and dynamic model parameters of a vibrating space structure using range imaging sensors. The method assumes that the mode shapes are approximately known a priori. A Kalman filter exploits a mechanics-based dynamic model to extract the modal frequencies and damping as well as the modal coefficients and their time rate of change. This paper presents theoretical development as well as simulation and experimental results. Results on computational efficiency are included.
Cost analysis for high-volume and long-haul transportation of densified biomass feedstock

Abstract Using densified biomass to produce biofuels has the potential to reduce the cost of delivering biomass to biorefineries. Densified biomass has physical properties similar to grain, and therefore, the transportation system in support of delivering densified biomass to a biorenery is expected to emulate the current grain transportation system. By analyzing transportation costs for products like grain and woodchips, this paper identifies the main factors that impact the delivery cost of densified biomass and quantifies those factors’ impact on transportation costs. This paper provides a transportation-cost analysis which will aid the design and management of biofuel supply chains. This evaluation is very important because the expensive logistics and transportation costs are one of the major barriers slowing development in this industry. Regression analysis indicates that transportation costs for densified biomass will be impacted by transportation distance, volume shipped, transportation mode used, and shipment destination, just to name a few. Since biomass production is concentrated in the Midwestern United States, a biorefinery’s shipments will probably come from that region. For shipments from the Midwest to the Southeast US, barge transportation, if available, is the least expensive transportation mode. If barge is not available, then unit trains are the least expensive mode for distances longer than 161 km (100 miles). For shipments from the Midwest to the West US, unit trains are the least expensive transportation mode for distances over 338 km (210 miles). For shorter distances, truck is the least expensive transportation mode for densified biomass.
Preliminary Study of the Phase Equilibria Diagram of Tho2‐SiO2

A preliminary study of the system Tho2-SiO2 supported the premise that the system CaF2 BeF2 is a model for this silicate system. The only compound present was the monoclinic form of ThSiO4 (huttonite), which melted incongruently to Tho2 and liquid at 1975° f 50° C. as determined from a series of powder X-ray spectrometer patterns. The eutectic temperature as tentatively determined is 1700°± 10°C. at a composition of greater than 95% by weight of Sio2. No solid-solution areas were observed. The quenching samples were fired in a modified oxygen-acetylene furnace which was developed to insure accurate temperature readings and to retain the effects of heating the samples in air.
Low-complexity coded-modulation for ISI-constrained channels

We propose a low-complexity PAM-based transmission scheme that is well suited for channels constrained by inter-symbol interference (ISI) and colored Gaussian noise. The scheme consists of coset-codes constructed on multi-dimensional lattices with a combination of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and classical Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. To approach the capacity of an ISI-constrained channel, the code is easy to employ in conjunction with spectral shaping, Tomlinson- Harashima precoding and decision-feedback equalization (DFE). The scheme performs within 2-2.5 dB of un-shaped channel capacity (the sphere-bound) at very low BER's, even with regular LDPC codes of modest block lengths. We investigate dense multidimensional lattices such as the Schlafli, Gosset, Barnes-Wall, and Leech lattices, besides simple one-dimensional lattices. Via the density evolution technique, we show that the lattices reduce the noise threshold of belief-propagation decoders. We investigate the practical application of the proposed schemes to 10G-Base-T, an emerging Ethernet standard over twisted-pairs at 10 Gbit/sec. A simple 1-dimensional scheme improves upon recent proposals by 0.5-1 dB at BER's approaching 10-11, with half the LDPC coding complexity. Multi-dimensional schemes are seen to reduce the complexity further.
Differential flatness-based kinematic and dynamic control of a differentially driven wheeled mobile robot

In this paper, we present an integrated motion planning and control framework for control of a differentially driven wheeled mobile robot based on the differential flatness property exhibits in the models of the system. The goals of the paper are: (a) to present a simple online control method for wheeled mobile robot using both its kinematic and dynamic models (with the emphasis on dynamic model that has not been studied extensively), and (b) to illustrate the straight-forward manner of the controller design for easy implementation. It can be shown that the extension of the control from the kinematic to the dynamic model is straight-forward using the same flat outputs under the same diffeomorphism between the state/input space and the flat output space. Given that the application of such system is considerably ubiquitous recently, this paper is a reminder that a simple control method exists without too much effort in developing new dedicated controllers. The paper also serves as guide for practitioners who look for a straightforward lower-level robot controller so that they can concentrate on the higher level motion planning design.
Thermodynamics and Folding Kinetics Analysis of the SH3 Domain from Discrete Molecular Dynamics

We perform a detailed analysis of the thermodynamics and folding kinetics of the SH3 domain fold with discrete molecular dynamic simulations. We propose a protein model that reproduces some of the experimentally observed thermodynamic and folding kinetic properties of proteins. Specifically, we use our model to study the transition state ensemble of the SH3 fold family of proteins, a set of unstable conformations that fold to the protein native state with probability 1/2. We analyze the participation of each secondary structure element formed at the transition state ensemble. We also identify the folding nucleus of the SH3 fold and test extensively its importance for folding kinetics. We predict that a set of amino acid contacts between the RT-loop and the distal hairpin are the critical folding nucleus of the SH3 fold and propose a hypothesis that explains this result.
Dose confirmation study of a 10 g liter-1 non-aqueous injectable formulation of moxidectin against naturally acquired infestations of cattle lice on cattle in New York.

This study demonstrated that a moxidectin 10g liter ˇ1 non-aqueous injectable formulation, injected subcutaneously in cattle at a dose of either 0.2 or 0.3mg moxidectin kg ˇ1 body weight was safe and highly effective in the almost complete elimination (>99% efficacy) for 56 days of both the nymphal and adult stages of naturally acquired infestations of the three species of sucking lice commonly found on cattle, Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch), Linognathus vituli (L), and Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein). The level of efficacy was never greater than 90% with either dose against Bovicola bovis (L). No adverse effects were noted on cattle from either of the moxidectin doses used. # 1999 Society of Chemical Industry