cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cost Analysis Model: US versus Endometrial Biopsy in Evaluation of Peri- and Postmenopausal Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding

PURPOSE: To develop a cost minimization analysis model from the societal perspective of Medicare reimbursement to determine whether endometrial biopsy or transvaginal ultrasonography (US) is less expensive in evaluating peri- and postmenopausal women with abnormal vaginal bleeding and to assess whether this strategy is equally effective in populations at low and high risk for endometrial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical algorithms were constructed that detailed diagnostic evaluation of the target population by using office-based endometrial biopsy versus transvaginal US as starting points. An economic model based on Medicare reimbursement and average wholesale drug price data and using disease prevalences and modality sensitivities from the scientific literature was then created to examine common bleeding causes in this population. All models included the cost of obtaining a tissue diagnosis for focal or diffuse endometrial thickening found at US. Modality sensitivities and prevalences of diseas...
Adverse Drug Events Associated with Yohimbine-Containing Products: A Retrospective Review of the California Poison Control System Reported Cases

Background:Herbal supplements are classified as foods rather than drugs and are not required to undergo premarketing review by the Food and Drug Administration. Yohimbine is an α2-antagonist available in both prescription and herbal supplement products.Objective:To determine the prevalence and severity of yohimbine-related adverse drug events (ADEs) reported to the California Poison Control System (CPCS).Methods:A retrospective review of the CPCS electronic database of cases within a 7-year period (2000–2006) was conducted. Cases involving adults aged 18 and older who were symptomatic following exposure to a yohimbine-containing product, with a causality rating of possible or better on the Naranjo scale, were included.Results:A total of 238 cases were identified. There was a substantial increase in the annual prevalence of yohimbine-associated ADEs reported to the CPCS between 2000 and 2006; specifically, the prevalence (per 10,000 total adult exposures) increased from 1.8 cases in 2000 to 8.0 cases in 20...
Peru: The Politics of Structured Violence

A T FIRST GLANCE, Peruvian politics presents a chaotic scene to the political analyst. Demonstrations, riots, rebellions, electoral irregularities, coups and dictatorships: the political panorama unfolds so rapidly that there seems to be nothing permanent on which to base an analysis. The recent political history of Peru has been kaleidoscopic. From 1939 to 1945 the country experienced a repressive goverment under Manuel Prado. In 1945 elections were held and a period of free government under Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero ensued. In 1948 Bustamante was removed through a military coup and General Manuel Odria headed a dictatorship which lasted until 1956. Elections were held and Manuel Prado took office as President of a free regime once again. In 1962 his term was ended a few days short of the constitutional six-year period by another military coup which grew out of the election crisis. A military government-which observed political freedoms-ruled for one year, elections were held again, and Fernando Belaunde Terry emerged as President of a free regime in 1963. It might seem, after gazing at this record, that the pattern of Peruvian politics is simply incoherent, that there are no regularities. The problem lies, however, in defining the system to be analyzed. An American, familiar with the regular constitutional procedures of the United States, tends to look at the same institutions in Peru. Finding these practices atrophied or abused, he would become discouraged, concluding lamely that the system is 'unstable' or
Sexually dimorphic gene expression in the lateral eyes of Euphilomedes carcharodonta (Ostracoda, Pancrustacea)

The evolution and development of sexual dimorphism illuminates a central question in biology: How do similar genomes produce different phenotypes? In an XX/XO system especially the state of a sexually dimorphic trait is determined by differences in gene expression, as there are no additional genetic loci in either sex. Here, we examine the XX/XO ostracod crustacean species Euphilomedes carcharodonta. This species exhibits radical sexual dimorphism of their lateral eyes, females have only a tiny simple lateral eye while males have elaborate ommatidial eyes. We find that males express three of nine eye-development gene homologs at significantly higher levels during juvenile eye development, compared to females. We also find that most eye-development genes examined are pleiotropic, with high expression levels during embryonic development as well as during juvenile eye development. Later, in adults, we find that phototransduction genes are expressed at higher levels in males than in females, as we might expect when comparing ommatidial to simple eyes. We show here that expression changes of a handful of developmental genes may underlie the radical difference in a dimorphic character. This work gives an important point of comparison for studying eye evolution and development in the Pancrustacea.
Do drug courts reduce the use of incarceration?: A meta-analysis

Abstract Purpose The objective of this research was to synthesize the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of adult drug courts to serve as an alternative to incarceration, and to investigate which features of drug courts predict successful diversion. Methods We performed a series of meta-analyses of different incarceration outcomes, and performed meta-regression analyses investigating which features of drug courts predict successful diversion. Results Drug courts significantly reduced the incidence of incarceration on the precipitating offense, corresponding to a reduction in confinement from 50% to 42% for jail and 38% for prison incarceration. However, drug courts did not significantly reduce the average amount of time offenders spent behind bars, suggesting that any benefits realized from a lower incarceration rate are offset by the long sentences imposed on participants when they fail the program. Meta-regression results indicated that certain drug courts features (i.e., program intensity, in-program sanctions, risk profile of participants) are related to incarceration outcomes. Conclusions The evidence concerning drug courts impact on incarceration is mixed. Drug courts eliminate the experience of incarceration for many drug-involved offenders, but they also do not appear to reduce the aggregate, near-term burden placed upon correctional resources. More research is required to confirm these findings.
Efficient Boolean function matching

We propose efficient new algorithms for performing the matching step in technology mapping. Our main result is an algorithm for matching under input negations that takes time polynomial in the size of the BDDs representing the functions to be matched. This algorithm is the basis for efficient methods for matching under permutations, bridging and constant inputs. We implemented a simple mapper based on our algorithms, and tested it on a suite of combinational circuits. Using the Actel type 1 mother cell, our mapper required an average of 8.5% fewer cells than mispga. When integrated into a more sophisticated technology mapper, we believe our matching algorithms could provide even better performance.
Microstructure, texture, and thermal conductivity of single-layer and multilayer thermal barrier coatings of Y2O3-Stabilized ZrO2 and Al2O3 made by physical vapor deposition

Thermal conductivity is one of the most important properties in the design of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for high-temperature gas-turbine blades. In the present study, the thermal conductivities of several TBCs were studied. Single-layer and multilayer coatings consisting of Al2O3 and ZrO2 partially stabilized with 8 wt% Y2O3 (8YSZ) were deposited on nickel-base superalloy substrates by electron-beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). A columnar microstructure with (200) texture and [200] direction oriented nearly perpendicularly to the plane of the coating was observed in the single-layer 8YSZ coating. In multilayer coatings with alternating layers of Al2O3 and 8YSZ, the tendency to develop columnar structure, as well as the intensity of (200) texture, decreased as the number of layers increased. In both the single-layer and multilayer coatings, the 8YSZ layer consisted almost entirely of tetragonal (t) phase with a negligible amount of monoclinic (m) phase. This was in contrast to the microstructure of bulk 8YSZ (source material used for deposition), which contained a significant amount of m phase, in addition to t phase. Whereas bulk Al2O3 consisted of α-phase, only γ-phase was found in the Al2O3 layers of coatings. The thermal conductivities of these coatings were measured by the laser flash method. The thermal conductivity data of single-layer 8YSZ coating compared well with the data on bulk ZrO2 stabilized by 5.3 wt% Y2O3 reported in the literature. This was due to the similarity of microstructures between the two. The thermal conductivity data of multilayer coatings were well described by a series heat-transfer model calculation within the limits of experimental errors involved in the measurements.
Reliability models and evaluation of internal BGP networks

The performance of global Internet communication is significantly influenced by the reliability and the stability of Internet routing systems, especially the border gateway protocol (BGP), the de facto standard for inter-domain routing. In this paper, we investigate the reliability of BGP sessions and the internal BGP (IBGP) networks in the environment of unreliable physical and routing layers. The reliability analysis of IBGP networks is difficult, because IBGP sessions may be correlated to each other by the shared underlying physical links and TCP enables IBGP sessions to tolerate certain level of network failures. In this paper, we first investigate the failure probability of IBGP sessions and its relation to BGP timers and TCP retransmission behaviors. The result of this investigation is a simple modification of TCP that increases the robustness of IBGP sessions significantly. Second, we present a novel reliability model to measure the resilience of the whole IBGP networks. This model is of great importance for studying the function loss of IBGP operations and it also provides the theory basis for IBGP network optimization in terms of reliability
Lester J. Cappon, an Unwritten Textbook, and Early Archival Education in the United States

Not long ago, preparing to become an archivist was a complicated affair, as we see in examining Lester Cappon's career as a teacher. Cappon ran a summer institute in historical administration at Radcliffe, participated in crucial debates about archival education, presented guest lectures in undergraduate and graduate courses whenever the opportunity presented itself, advocated for more rigorous graduate programs in archival work and documentary editing, and consistently argued about the synergy between teaching and publishing. In all that he did, history and historical scholarship were the central points of what one needed to know to become an archivist, an idea seemingly left behind as archival education has become ensconced in library, information science, and information schools. Although he failed to complete a book about historical and archival manuscripts that could be used in the classroom, Cappon's commitment to the project and the publication of a few selected chapters mark his place as a pioneer...
A 2.5-dB Insertion Loss, DC-60 GHz CMOS SPDT Switch in 45-nm SOI

This paper presents a single-pole double-throw (SPDT), transmit/receive (T/R) switch operating from DC to 60 GHz. The SPDT switch is based on a series-shunt circuit with broadband input and output matching circuits and is implemented in a partially-depleted, 45-nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process. A buried oxide (BOX) layer is demonstrated to minimize substrate coupling. The switch exhibits a measured insertion loss of less than 1.7 dB at 45 GHz and less than 2.5 dB at 60 GHz with an isolation of greater than 25 dB at 45 GHz. To our knowledge, this is the lowest insertion loss demonstrated for an SPDT switch at 60 GHz in a CMOS process. With a control voltage of 1.2 V, the measured P1dB and IIP3 are 7.1 dBm and 18.2 dBm, respectively. The active chip area is 0.18×0.22 mm2.
Knee Pain Patterns and Associations with Pain and Function in Persons with or at Risk for Symptomatic Radiographic Osteoarthritis: A Cross-sectional Analysis.

Objective. Knee pain location is routinely assessed in clinical practice. We determined the patterns of patient-reported pain locations for persons with knee osteoarthritis (OA). We also examined associations between knee pain patterns and severity of self-reported pain with activity and self-reported functional status. Methods. The Osteoarthritis Initiative data were used to examine reports of pain location (localized, regional, or global) and type and extent of knee OA. Multivariable ANCOVA models were used to determine associations between the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Survey (KOOS) Pain and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Function scales and pain location after adjusting for potential confounding. We also used radar graphs to illustrate pain patterns for various locations and severity of knee OA. Results. Radar graphs of 2696 knees indicated that pain pattern and location and extent of knee OA demonstrate substantial overlap. An interaction between race and pain location was found for WOMAC Function, but not for KOOS Pain scores. Global knee pain was associated (p < 0.001) with substantially worse function (by 6.5 points in African Americans) compared with pain that was localized. Knee pain reported as global was independently associated (p < 0.001) with clinically important lower (worse by 3.9 points) KOOS Pain scores compared with pain that was localized. Conclusion. Pain patterns are not useful for inferring potential location or severity of knee OA in individual patients, but knee pain patterns that are global are independently associated with worse pain and function compared with localized pain, and associations differ for function based on race.
Effect of Dianex (Methoprene) on Growth and Reproduction of Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

A cardboard disk impregnated with the insect growth regulator Dianex (methoprene) and placed on top of the rearing medium controlled Trogoderma glabrum well in a laboratory experiment. Reproduction was significantly reduced by 6 h of contact of the adult with Dianex-treated paper. Fecundity of virgin and gravid females was significantly reduced by contact with treated paper, but males were unaffected. Virgin females became agitated and laid nonviable eggs when in contact with Dianex for 24 h, whereas control females displayed the typical pheromone-releasing posture. High mortality was observed for 0- to 1-day-old eggs that were in contact with Dianex-treated paper until eclosion.
Endobronchial Nodules in a Patient With Rheumatoid Arthritis

We report the case of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who presented with endobronchial nodules. Endobronchial biopsy showed a large B cell lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma rarely involves the endobronchial tree, and is typically treated with systemic chemotherapy, but in this case additional treatment with argon plasma coagulation was used for local control of the disease.
Expression and significance of p53 and Bcl-2 proteins in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma

[Objective] To investigate the expression and significance of p53 and Bcl-2 proteins expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions.[Methods] Immunohistochemistry staining SP method was used to detect p53 and Bcl-2 expressions in 38 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma(A group),20 cases of precancerous lesion(B group) and 10 cases of normal oral tongue epithelium(C group).[Results] Comparison was done among A,B and C groups,expressions of p53 and Bcl-2 proteins were different between A group and C group(P0.05),B group and C group(P0.05),but have no difference between A group and B group(P0.05);Abnormal expression of p53 was obviously higher in positive lymph node metastasis group than that in negative lymph node metastasis group(P0.05);Bcl-2 protein overexpression was not correlated with p53 protein overexpression(P0.05).[Conclusion] Overexpression p53 and Bcl-2 proteins is closely related to the genesis and development of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
Simulation of High Rate Failure Mechanisms in Composites During Quasi-static Testing

High Rate testing is often difficult to perform, requires specialized equipment and often had results that are difficult to interpret. Being able to simulate the same failure mechanisms at high rates would enable rapid material selection. In this experimental investigation, the mechanical response is determined of different hybrid composites materials. A modified through-the-thickness tests has been used to force a high order of failure mode that is similar to those seen in high speed impact. Failure is observed in the samples and stresses on the surface are determine to help with failure envelope measurements. The details of a comparison between 2D fabrics vs. 3D woven fabrics has been under taken and a comparison will be presented showing the similarities and differences in response. A discussion of the comparison between the high rate testing and the low-rate testing will be investigated and discussion on the applications of the testing will be examined for failure envelope prediction.
Carrier-Mediated Transport Through Biomembranes

In living cells, the uptake and extrusion of hydrophilic molecules are generally governed by specialized membrane proteins known as transporters or carriers. Unlike pores or channels, they undergo enzyme-like binding and conformational changes to promote energetically downhill transport of their specific molecules. Elucidation of the catalytic properties of carriers by a combination of experimental measurements of carrier fluxes and analysis of those data by kinetic models is a fundamental endeavor in this field. This chapter provides a systematic guideline towards the formulation and analysis of kinetic models of carrier-mediated transport across biomembranes. Detailed analyses are provided for the transport of Ca 2+ Ca 2 + ions into the mitochondrial matrix via the Ca 2+ Ca 2 + uniporter located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A brief introduction is also given for the kinetic treatment of cotransporters and antiporters. The analyses presented in this chapter can be easily extended to study the kinetics of carrier-mediated ion and metabolite transport in general.
Multiple Arteriovenous Shunts

Symptoms, management, and outcome of 13 cases of multiple cerebral arteriovenous malformations (MAVMs) are reported from the Centre Hospitalier de Bicetre, France.
Helminthic Diseases: Taeniasis and Cysticercosis due to Taenia solium

This article is an updated version of the previous edition article by Felicia Chow, Hector H. Garcia, volume 3, pp. 2361–368, © 2008, Elsevier Inc.
Completing the Land Resource Hierarchy

On the Ground The Land Resource Hierarchy is a useful framework for organizing natural resource information and can provide both insight and explanation while maintaining consistency in terminology, concepts, and interpretations across scales is a challenge. While some scales of the Land Resource Hierarchy are well developed, with all land area assigned to quantitatively defined groups, other scales lack organizing concepts, relationships, and definitions that allow for testing and revision. Ecological sites and ecological site groups represent distinct scales in the Land Resource Hierarchy framework, so they should be based on appropriate quantitative variables that can be used to define and communicate their extent and behavior.
Selective Action of Sodium Cholate-MgCl2 Broth and its Possible Use in Isolation of Salmonellae and Other Enteric Pathogens

Numerous chemical and biological compounds were screened for possible use as selective inhibitors in Salmonella enrichment broths. Efforts were directed primarily at certain strains of Enterobacter which often interfere with isolation of Salmonella from some food products. Tests of various bile compounds showed that sodium cholate had such a potential and that its selective qualities were enhanced when used in conjunction with MgCl2. Studies were conducted with various proportions of the two compounds in tryptic-soy broth, using pure cultures and mixed cultures in broth alone and in the presence of food material. In general, Salmonella , Arizona , and Shigella were less inhibited that other Enterobacteriaceae . Levels of cholate-MgCl2 which strongly inhibited other organisms also prevented growth of some strains of Salmonella when only a few cells were inoculated into the medium. When the concentrations of sodium cholate and magnesium chloride were adjusted to permit growth of the very low inocula of all 39 test strains of Salmonella , the selectivity was reduced; however, growth and inhibitory results still compared favorably with those of other presently recommended selective broths. In tests using chicken and ground beef as typical food products materials, the need for more than one selective medium was reaffirmed.
Fuzzy Inference for Hydraulic Conductivity Estimation

A representation of hydraulic conductivity is most vital to the accurate modeling of groundwater flow. However, in practical applications, hydraulic conductivity measurements are few, while information on soil type and grain size is relatively abundant. The relationship between hydraulic conductivity and the above soil parameters is imprecise and should be modeled as such using fuzzy logic. A fuzzy inference system is proposed whereby grain size distributions and field observations are used to estimate hydraulic conductivity values. To rectify the shortcomings of preferential spatial sampling, spatial fuzzy geologic relationships are defined to infer the location of stratigraphic units from the locations of soil samples. Such relationships, founded upon an expert understanding of hydrogeology, increase the amount of available soil type data, which, in turn, increases the number of hydraulic conductivity estimates. The result is a thoroughly “sampled” domain and consequent hydraulic conductivityy field for input to a numerical simulator.
Decreased portal vein velocity is predictive of the development of portal vein thrombosis: A matched case-control study

Background & Aims Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in cirrhosis may lead to hepatic decompensation and increased mortality. We aimed to investigate if decreased portal vein (PV) velocity is associated with future PVT. Methods Data on adult patients with cirrhosis and PVT between January 1, 2005 and July 30, 2015 were obtained. Cases with PVT were matched by age, gender and Model for End stage Liver Disease (MELD) score to corresponding controls without PVT. Cox proportional hazards models, receiver operator curves and Kaplan Meier curves were constructed. Results One hundred subjects (50 matched pairs) with mean age 53.8 +/- 13.1 years and MELD score 14.9 +/- 5.5 were included in our analysis. 64% were male and 76% were Child-Turcotte-Pugh Class A or B. Baseline characteristics (prior to development of PVT) were similar, except for baseline PV velocity (16.9 cm/s, 95% CI 13.9-20.0 PVT vs. 25.0, 95% CI 21.8-28.8 no PVT, p<0.001). 30 PVT subjects had PV velocity <15 cm/s compared to five without PVT (p<0.001). On adjusted multivariable analysis, PV velocity was the strongest independent risk factor predicting PVT development (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80-0.93). The predictive value for PVT development was greatest for flow < 15 cm/s (c-statistic 0.77). PV velocity <15cm/s had a highly significant association with future PVT (HR 6.00, 95% CI 2.20-16.40, p=<0.001). Conclusions Decreased PV velocity is associated with increased risk of future PVT. Patients with cirrhosis and decreased PV velocity are a high-risk subgroup that warrants further investigation with prospective study. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Clinical Photic Stimulation

(1969). Clinical Photic Stimulation. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 10-17.
Evaluation of Asian, European, and North American Elm (Ulmus spp.) Biotypes To Feeding by Spring and Fall Cankerworms

Abstract Nearly 40 different Asian elm (Ulmus spp.) biotypes, growing at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, were evaluated in laboratory bioassays and in the field for suitability and feeding preference of the spring cankerworm Paleacrita vernata (Peck) and the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harris). No-choice and multiple-choice laboratory feeding studies, and field defoliation surveys revealed that U. castaneifolia, U. changii, U. chenmoui, U. davidiana, U. elongata, U. gaussenii, U. glaucescens var. lasiophylla, U. japonica, U. lamellosa, U. lanceaefolia, U. macrocarpa, U. parvifolia, U. propinqua, U. propinqua var. suberosa, U. prunifolia, U. pseudopropinqua, U. taihangshanensis, U. wallichiana, U. wilsoniana, U. wilsoniana-98, and the simple and complex hybrids U. davidiana x U. japonica, U. davidiana x U. propinqua, U. japonica x U. ‘Morton’-Accolade™, U. ‘Morton’-Accolade™ x U. japonicapumila, U. ‘Morton Glossy’-Triumph™, and U. ‘Morton Plainsman’-Vanguard™ x U. davidiana, were less suitable f...
Detection of spectrally varying BRDF materials in hyperspectral reflectance imagery

This study examines the influence of non-Lambertian reflectance effects on the detection of subpixel vehicles in hyperspectral imagery. Object-level BRDF spectral signatures for an olive green sedan were simulated using a fast, radiometrically accurate 3D rendering model, and the signatures were embedded as subpixel targets of low fractional fill into the HyMap hyperspectral image provided in the Rochester Institute of Technology Blind Test dataset. Detection algorithms based on the ACE detector were run on the scene. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in detection performance when including the target's BRDF variation in the detection scheme through either a subspace ACE or a Bayesian selection (multiple ACE detector) method.
Effects of E-cigarette Advertising Messages and Cues on Cessation Outcomes.

Objectives We examined effects of e-cigarette ad messages and visual cues on outcomes related to combustible cigarette smoking cessation: smoking cessation intention, smoking urges, and immediate smoking behavior. Methods US adult smokers (N = 3293) were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and randomized to condition in a 3 (message: e-cigarette use anywhere, harm reduction, control) × 2 (e-cigarette cue presence or absence) between-subjects experiment. Stimuli were print ads for cigarette-like e-cigarettes ("cigalikes") that were manipulated for the experimental conditions. We conducted ANOVA and logistic regression analyses to investigate effects of the manipulations. Results Message effects on cessation intention and smoking urges were not statistically significant. There was no evidence of cue effects or message × cue interactions across outcomes. Contrary to expectations, e-cigarette use anywhere and harm reduction messages were associated with lower odds of immediate smoking than the control message (AOREUA = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.58, 0.97, p = .026; AORHR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.55, 0.93, p = .013). Conclusions E-cigarette use anywhere and harm reduction messages may encourage smoking cessation, given the observed reduction in immediate smoking. E-cigarette cues may not influence smoking cessation outcomes. Future studies should investigate whether message effects are a result of smokers believing e-cigarettes to be effective cessation aids.
The effect of rare variants in TREM2 and PLD3 on longitudinal cognitive function in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention.

Recent studies have found an association between functional variants in TREM2 and PLD3 and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their effect on cognitive function is unknown. We examined the effect of these variants on cognitive function in 1449 participants from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention, a longitudinal study of initially asymptomatic adults, aged 36-73 years at baseline, enriched for a parental history of AD. A comprehensive cognitive test battery was performed at up to 5 visits. A factor analysis resulted in 6 cognitive factors that were standardized into z scores (∼N [0, 1]); the mean of these z scores was also calculated. In linear mixed models adjusted for age, gender, practice effects, and self-reported race/ethnicity, PLD3 V232M carriers had significantly lower mean z scores (p = 0.02) and lower z scores for story recall (p = 0.04), visual learning and memory (p = 0.049), and speed and flexibility (p = 0.02) than noncarriers. TREM2 R47H carriers had marginally lower z scores for speed and flexibility (p = 0.06). In conclusion, a functional variant in PLD3 was associated with significantly lower cognitive function in individuals carrying the variant than in noncarriers.
A new method to obtain the phase for designing highly efficient metasurface devices: Local Phase Method

Metasurfaces have emerged as a powerful and versatile paradigm for making many optical devices especially optical lenses. However, the approach usually used to engineer metasurface devices assumes that neighboring elements are identical. This is not the case in general and the approach thus prevents the optimization of devices that operate away from their optimum. We propose a versatile numerical method that we call local phase method (LPM) to obtain the phase of each element within the metasurface while accounting for near-field coupling with different neighbors. The proposed local phase method paves the way to highly efficient metasurface devices including, but not limited to, deflectors, high numerical aperture concentrators, lenses, cloaks, and modulators.
Timing and Causes of Common Pediatric Readmissions.

Objective To evaluate and compare readmission causes and timing within the first 30 days after hospitalization for 3 acute and 3 chronic common pediatric conditions. Study design Data from the 2013 to 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database were used to examine the daily percentage of readmissions occurring on days 1-30 and the leading causes of readmission after hospitalization for 3 acute (appendicitis, bronchiolitis/croup, and gastroenteritis) and 3 chronic (asthma, epilepsy, and sickle cell) conditions for patients aged 1-17 years (n = 2 753 488). Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results The 30-day readmission rates ranged from 2.6% (SE, 0.1) after hospitalizations for appendectomy to 19.1% (SE, 0.5) after hospitalizations for sickle cell anemia. More than 50% of 30-day readmissions after acute conditions occurred within 15 days after discharge, whereas readmissions after chronic conditions occurred more uniformly throughout the 30 days after discharge. Higher numbers of patient comorbidities were associated with increased risk of readmission at days 1-7, 8-15, and 16-30 after discharge for all conditions examined. Most 30-day readmissions after chronic conditions were for the same diagnosis or closely related conditions as the index admission (67% for asthma, 65% for seizure disorder, and 82% for sickle cell anemia) in contrast with 50% or fewer readmissions after acute conditions (46% for appendectomy, 47% for bronchiolitis/croup, and 19% for gastroenteritis). Conclusions The timing and causes of pediatric readmissions vary greatly across pediatric conditions. To be effective, strategies for reducing readmissions need to account for the index diagnosis to better target the highest risk period and causes for readmission.
Assessing and Comparing Data Sources for Terrorism Research

Until recently, much of the research on terrorism was theoretical, based on small-n studies. The growing availability of large-n terrorism databases has provided great opportunities for terrorism researchers to identify cases and test and develop new hypotheses that are relevant to the field. But how good is the quality of the data in these databases? And how should the researcher go about choosing between competing databases? This chapter describes the need for a framework to evaluate the quality of terrorism data. Drawing on the concept of a “criterial framework” and “best practice” criterial standards developed to bridge qualitative/quantitative and small-n/large-n divides, the chapter also proposes a set of criteria to evaluate terrorism data and uses these criteria to evaluate and compare a series of quantitative terrorism events databases.
Lithium-Ion Battery Environmental Impacts

Abstract As battery-powered vehicles gain market share, it is important to examine the production of automotive lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries for any potential key environmental impacts. In this chapter, we discuss these impacts and investigate how they could be reduced by recycling. Our primary focus is batteries with a LiMn2O4 cathode, although we consider other cathodes as well. We include three recycling processes quantitatively. We demonstrate that incorporating recycled materials (cathode, aluminum and copper) into Li-ion batteries could reduce cradle-to-gate energy consumption by up to 50%. We also analyzed the contribution of the battery to life-cycle energy consumption and air pollutant emissions (including greenhouse gases) for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Notably, the battery can contribute about 20% of BEV life-cycle SOx emissions when the characteristics of the California grid are used in the analysis. Finally, we provide a discussion of issues that affect battery recycling, including design, economic and regulatory factors.
Procedural Sedation: Let’s Review the Basics – The Pediatrician’s Perspective

Pediatricians, by their very nature, are patient advocates. As such, it is no wonder that pediatricians have taken a leadership role in trying to define standards around the management of pain, anxiety, and motion in children undergoing medical procedures. In 1985, the American Academy of Pediatrics published its first set of guidelines for the elective use of conscious sedation. These guidelines have continued to evolve over the last 20-plus years [1]. In this time, our understanding of pediatric pain experiences as an interplay of genetic, experiential and developmental factors has grown considerably [2, 3]. Simultaneously, the widespread availability of noninvasive monitoring, short-acting opioids and sedatives, and specific opioid and benzodiazepine antagonists has greatly increased our ability to provide procedural sedation in a wide array of practice settings [4].
Wavelength dependent photochemical charge transfer at the Cu2O-BiVO4 particle interface - evidence for tandem excitation.

The understanding of the photochemical charge transfer properties of powdered semiconductors is of relevance to artificial photosynthesis and the production of solar fuels. Here we use surface photovoltage spectroscopy to probe photoelectrochemical charge transfer between bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) particles as a function of wavelength and film thickness. Optimized conditions produce a −2.10 V photovoltage under 2.5 eV (0.1 mW cm−2) illumination, which suggests the possibility of a water splitting system based on a BiVO4–Cu2O direct contact particle tandem.
Integrating Performance-Based Engineering and Urban Simulation to Model Post-Earthquake Housing Recovery

The efficacy of various types of intervention measures intended to facilitate post-earthquake housing recovery can be evaluated ahead of time by using simulation models to quantify their benefits a...
Technology Innovations in Selective ALD for Next-Generation Contacts and Vias

Monolithic 3D integrated circuits with vertically stacked transistors and memory cells results in shorter wires, thereby mitigating wire-related energy and delay problems. However, new fabrication techniques need to be developed that address the challenge of filling high aspect ratio vertical trenches with ultra-low resistivity conductors and barrier (or no barrier) to enable fine grained stacking at the gate level. In this invited lecture, we describe progress in two key process capabilities such as selective ALD of metal silicide and nanofog sealing of low-k dielectric that enable creation of high density vias.
Conceptualization of capstone experiences: Examining their role in social work education

Capstone experiences are requirements for undergraduate and graduate study in many disciplines, with 70–80 percent of US higher education institutions offering them. However, they appear to vary in...
Evaluation of the nutritional status in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its effect on the outcome of induction in a developing country.

e22004Background: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most frequently occurring cancer among the children and adolescents. Cure rate is improved up to 90% with early diagnosis and better supp...
A Genome-Wide Analysis of the Penumbral Volume in Inbred Mice following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Following ischemic stroke, the penumbra, at-risk neural tissue surrounding the core infarct, survives for a variable period of time before progressing to infarction. We investigated genetic determinants of the size of penumbra in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using a genome-wide approach. 449 male mice from 33 inbred strains underwent MCAO for 6 hours (215 mice) or 24 hours (234 mice). A genome-wide association study using genetic data from the Mouse HapMap project was performed to examine the effects of genetic variants on the penumbra ratio, defined as the ratio of the infarct volume after 6 hours to the infarct volume after 24 hours of MCAO. Efficient mixed model analysis was used to account for strain interrelatedness. Penumbra ratio differed significantly by strain (F = 2.7, P < 0.001) and was associated with 18 significant SNPs, including 6 protein coding genes. We have identified 6 candidate genes for penumbra ratio: Clint1, Nbea, Smtnl2, Rin3, Dclk1, and Slc24a4.
A Self-Assembled Cage with Endohedral Acid Groups both Catalyzes Substitution Reactions and Controls Their Molecularity

A self-assembled Fe4 L6 cage complex internally decorated with acid functions is capable of accelerating the thioetherification of activated alcohols, ethers and amines by up to 1000-fold. No product inhibition is seen, and effective supramolecular catalysis can occur with as little as 5 % cage. The substrates are bound in the host with up to micromolar affinities, whereas the products show binding that is an order of magnitude weaker. Most importantly, the cage host alters the molecularity of the reaction: whereas the reaction catalyzed by simple acids is a unimolecular, SN 1-type substitution process, the rate of the host-mediated process is dependent on the concentration of nucleophile. The molecularity of the cage-catalyzed reaction is substrate-dependent, and can be up to bimolecular. In addition, the catalysis can be prevented by a large excess of nucleophile, where substrate inhibition dominates, and the use of tritylated anilines as substrates causes a negative feedback loop, whereby the liberated product destroys the catalyst and stops the reaction.
Reversible RNA acylation for control of CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing

We report the development of post-transcriptional chemical methods that enable control over CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing activity both in in vitro assays and in living cells. We show that an azide-substituted acyl imidazole reagent (NAI-N3) efficiently acylates CRISPR single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) in 20 minutes in buffer. Poly-acylated ("cloaked") sgRNA was completely inactive in DNA cleavage with Cas9 in vitro, and activity was quantitatively restored after phosphine treatment. Delivery of cloaked sgRNA and Cas9 mRNA into HeLa cells was enabled by the use of charge-altering releasable transporters (CARTs), which outperformed commercial transfection reagents in transfecting sgRNA co-complexed with Cas9 encoding functional mRNA. Genomic DNA cleavage in the cells by CRISPR-Cas9 was efficiently restored after treatment with phosphine to remove the blocking acyl groups. Our results highlight the utility of reversible RNA acylation as a novel method for temporal control of genome-editing function.
First Reported Use of Artesunate Adjunctive Therapy for Severe BK Polyoma Virus Hemorrhagic Cystitis (BKPyV-HC)

BKV is ubiquitous with 80-90% seropositivity. BKV establishes latency in kidney tubular epithelial/urothelial cells but is shed in urine. Reactivation may cause interstitial nephritis (BKV-IN) after renal transplant (Ktxp) and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) and/or BKV-IN after allo-HSCT. BKV-HC occurs 2-8 wks after HSCT. Diagnosis requires: cystitis, macroscopic hematuria and urine (U) BK VL >7log10 copies/ml. High-level BK viruria occurs in >80% post allo-HSCT but only 5-20% develop HC. Plasma (PL) VLs are elevated in 60% and declining PL-VL correlates with improvement. Re-activation risk factors include young age, male sex; high risk donor; HSCT conditioning with CTX, busulfan, TBI; and grade 2-4 GVHD. Therapy is supportive. There are no FDA approved agents for BKV. Cidofovir (CDV), leflunomide, and FQs have in-vitro BKV activity but clinical use is not supported by rigorous trials. Pooled IVIg contains BKV antibodies. Reduction of immunosuppression improves BKV-IN in Ktxp recipients but is ineffective in allo-HSCT BKV-HC. For >30 years 1st line therapy for malaria has been Artesunate (ART), an artemisinin derivative with a good safety profile. ART has an antiviral spectrum including herpesviruses, HBV, HCV, HIV and BKV. ART inhibits BKV replication in human renal tissue culture via activation of transcription factors NF-κB / Sp-1 and concentration dependent down regulation of phosphorylation by kinase PI3K without cellular cytotoxicity. In-vitro, ATV is synergistic and/or additive with CDV, GCV and Maribavir. Case reports/series of ART use in CMV, HHV6, and resistant HSV-2, are published. CASE: A 22yo M w R/R (see table) T/HRLBCL IIIB underwent a haplo-SCT in PR. At week +8 he developed gross hematuria, cystitis (9-10/10 pain), and urinary outlet obstruction. U-/PL-BK VLs were >100,000,000/ 7.9 mg/dl). PL-BKV VL rose to 196,537copies/ml and both ureters obstructed necessitating bilateral nephrostomy drains. We requested ART via an eIND from the FDA and current US manufacturer. ART load (2.4 mg/kg IV Q 12H x2) followed by 2.4 mg/kg/d administered x 14 d. Cystitis pain fell from 9-10 to 0-2/10 by day 4. U-/PL-BKV VLs fell to 91,980 / There was a strong temporal association between ART treatment and clinical response. CDV and IVIg therapy may also have contributed to the observed improvement. ART therapy may be an emerging option for BKV-IN and HC and further research is warranted.
Chapter 13 – Inflammation

The immune response is a complicated system composed of physical barriers, distinct cell types, and inflammatory molecules that serve to protect the brain from foreign pathogens and infections. Neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in both human and experimental models of epilepsy. Cytokines, especially IL-1β, are released in a variety of epilepsies and may induce proinflammatory factors including high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Together, these may lead to increased excitability and seizure generation. Similarly, leukocyte infiltration after blood–brain barrier disruption results in ion fluxes and serum protein extravasation that may induce seizure activity. Neuroinflammation can activate distinct signaling pathways, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which can trigger long-term changes in excitability; these pathways may be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). Therefore, limiting proinflammatory cytokine production, leukocyte infiltration, and/or selectively altering neuroinflammation-induced gene regulation may represent therapeutic targets to prevent increased network excitability in epilepsy.
Migrating pseudolipoma of Glisson's capsule

Abstract Pseudolipomas of Glisson's capsule are rare benign subcapsular liver lesions that typically affect older men. They are composed of degenerating fat that is thought to originate from a detached epiploic appendage. On Computed Tomographic (CT) imaging, pseudolipomas of Glisson's capsule are well-circumscribed and hypoattenuating compared to the hepatic parenchyma. This case report examines three consecutive CT studies in the same patient that show the pseudolipoma migrating to a hepatic subcapsular location over a period of 4.5 months. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a pseudolipoma migrating over time and it supports the hypothesis of a migrating epiploic appendage forming a pseudolipoma of Glisson's capsule. A comprehensive review of relevant literature and a discussion of the presented case are provided.
Algorithms and Flow Charts

Before proceeding, the reader is asked to write out a description of what the program in Figure 1–5 does.
Contribution of left supramarginal and angular gyri to episodic memory encoding: An intracranial EEG study.

Abstract The role of the left ventral lateral parietal cortex (VPC) in episodic memory is hypothesized to include bottom-up attentional orienting to recalled items, according to the dual-attention model (Cabeza et al., 2008). However, its role in memory encoding could be further clarified, with studies showing both positive and negative subsequent memory effects (SMEs). Furthermore, few studies have compared the relative contributions of sub-regions in this functionally heterogeneous area, specifically the anterior VPC (supramarginal gyrus/BA40) and the posterior VPC (angular gyrus/BA39), on a within-subject basis. To elucidate the role of the VPC in episodic encoding, we compared SMEs in the intracranial EEG across multiple frequency bands in the supramarginal gyrus (SmG) and angular gyrus (AnG), as twenty-four epilepsy patients with indwelling electrodes performed a free recall task. We found a significant SME of decreased theta power and increased high gamma power in the VPC overall, and specifically in the SmG. Furthermore, SmG exhibited significantly greater spectral tilt SME from 0.5 to 1.6 s post-stimulus, in which power spectra slope differences between recalled and unrecalled words were greater than in the AnG (p = 0.04). These results affirm the contribution of VPC to episodic memory encoding, and suggest an anterior-posterior dissociation within VPC with respect to its electrophysiological underpinnings.
The Center Cannot Hold: NRF2 Battles Ferroptosis in the 3rd Dimension.

Takahashi et al. (2020) conduct a focused CRISPR/Cas9 screen against NRF2 target and other redox regulatory genes in both 2D- and 3D-culture systems, uncovering a vulnerability of spheroid cancer cells deprived of extracellular matrix to undergo ferroptosis.