cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wavelet analysis for brain-function imaging

The authors present a new algorithmic procedure for the analysis of brain images. This procedure is specifically designed to image the activity and functional organization of the brain. The authors' results are tested on data collected and previously analyzed with the technique known as in vivo optical imaging of intrinsic signals. The authors' procedure enhances the applicability of this technique and facilitates the extension of the underlying ideas to other imaging problems (e.g., functional MRI). The authors' thrust is two fold. First, they give a systematic method to control the blood vessel artifacts which typically reduce the dynamic range of the image. They propose a mathematical model for the vibrations in time of the veins and arteries and they design a new method for cleaning the images of the vessels with the highest time variations. This procedure is based on the analysis of the singularities of the images. The use of wavelet transform is of crucial importance in characterizing the singularities and reconstructing appropriate versions of the original images. The second important component of the authors' work is the analysis of the time evolution of the fine structure of the images. They show that, once the images have been cleaned of the blood vessel vibrations/variations, the principal component of the time evolutions of the signals is due to the functional activity following the stimuli. The part of the brain where this function takes place can be localized and delineated with precision. >
DIRECT ASSOCIATION WITH AND DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF JAK2 KINASE BY THE SH2-DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE SHP-1

SHP-1 is an SH2-containing cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase that is widely distributed in cells of the hematopoietic system. SHP-1 plays an important role in the signal transduction of many cytokine receptors, including the receptor for erythropoietin, by associating via its SH2 domains to the receptors and dephosphorylating key substrates. Recent studies have suggested that SHP-1 regulates the function of Jak family tyrosine kinases, as shown by its constitutive association with the Tyk2 kinase and the hyperphosphorylation of Jak kinases in the motheaten cells that lack functional SHP-1. We have examined the interactions of SHP-1 with two tyrosine kinases activated during engagement of the erythropoietin receptor, the Janus family kinase Jak-2 and the c-fps/fes kinase. Immunoblotting studies with extracts from mouse hematopoietic cells demonstrated that Jak2, but not c-fes, was present in anti-SHP-1 immunoprecipitates, suggesting that SHP-1 selectively associates with Jak2 in vivo. Consistent with this, when SHP-1 was coexpressed with these kinases in Cos-7 cells, it associated with and dephosphorylated Jak2 but not c-fes. Transient cotransfection of truncated forms of SHP-1 with Jak2 demonstrated that the SHP-1-Jak2 interaction is direct and is mediated by a novel binding activity present in the N terminus of SHP-1, independently of SH2 domain-phosphotyrosine interaction. Such SHP-1-Jak2 interaction resulted in induction of the enzymatic activity of the phosphatase in in vitro protein tyrosine phosphatase assays. Interestingly, association of the SH2n domain of SHP-1 with the tyrosine phosphorylated erythropoietin receptor modestly potentiated but was not essential for SHP-1-mediated dephosphorylation of Jak2 and had no effect on c-fes phosphorylation. These data indicate that the main mechanism for regulation of Jak2 phosphorylation by SHP-1 involves a direct, SH2-independent interaction with Jak2 and suggest the existence of similar mechanisms for other members of the Jak family of kinases. They also suggest that such interactions may provide one of the mechanisms that control SHP-1 substrate specificity.
Biochemical polymorphism of starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, from the northwestern and northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Summary Three enzyme systems, MDH, PGM and AGPDH, were investigated in starry flounder collected from off northwestern Hokkaido Island, Japan; western Kamchatka; USSR; Puget Sound, Washington, USA; and Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA. Significant differences in MDH allele distribution were found between the Asian-Puget Sound and Yaquina Bay-Puget Sound samples suggesting that this system may be useful to separate different population units. The allele frequencies of MDH and PGM did not show significant variation with body length and handedness in starry flounder collected from Puget Sound, Washington, and did not support the hypothesis of differential viability between dextral and sinistrial forms of starry flounder.
Northern Rockies Pyrogeography: An Example of Fire Atlas Utility

We demonstrated the utility of digital fire atlases by analyzing forest fire extent across cold, dry, and mesic forests, within and outside federally designated wilderness areas during three different fire management periods: 1900 to 1934, 1935 to 1973, and 1974 to 2008. We updated an existing atlas with a 12 070 086 ha recording area in Idaho and Montana, USA, west of the Continental Divide, 81 % of which is forested. This updated atlas was derived from records maintained locally by 12 national forests and Glacier National Park. Within the cold, dry, and mesic forests that encompass 45 %, 44 %, and 11 % of the fire atlas recording area, respectively, we analyzed 3228 fire polygons (those ≥20 ha in extent and ≥75 % forested). We discovered that both fire extent and the number of fire polygons were greater in the north during the early period and greater in the south during the late period, but in all cases burned in proportion to land area. Over the 9 731 691 ha forested fire-atlas recording area, 36 % of 10 000 randomly located points burned at least once, 7 % burned twice, and fewer than 1 % burned three or more times. Of these same points, disproportionately more burned inside wilderness than outside. These points burned in proportion to land area by forest type and generally by slope, aspect, and elevation. Analysis revealed that despite extensive fires early and late in the twentieth century, area burned was likely still low relative to prior centuries, especially at low elevations and outside large wilderness areas. The fire atlas includes few fires <40 ha, and its perimeter accuracy is uncertain and likely historically inconsistent; even so, the perimeters are georeferenced and, because they include the entire twentieth century, can serve to bridge past and future fire regimes. Fire atlases are necessarily imperfect, but they remain useful for exploring the pyrogeography of modern fire regimes, including how the spatial distribution of fire varied through time with respect to landscape controls, fire management, and climate.
Treatment of muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review

There is uncertainty regarding the use of bladder-sparing alternatives to standard radical cystectomy, optimal lymph node dissection techniques, and optimal chemotherapeutic regimens. This study was conducted to systematically review the benefits and harms of bladder-sparing therapies, lymph node dissection, and systemic chemotherapy for patients with clinically localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Systematic literature searches of MEDLINE (from 1990 through October 2014), the Cochrane databases, reference lists, and the ClinicalTrials.gov Web site were performed. A total of 41 articles were selected for review. Bladder-sparing therapies were found to be associated with worse survival compared with radical cystectomy, although the studies had serious methodological shortcomings, findings were inconsistent, and only a few studies evaluated currently recommended techniques. More extensive lymph node dissection might be more effective than less extensive dissection at improving survival and decreasing local disease recurrence, but there were methodological shortcomings and some inconsistency. Six randomized trials found cisplatin-based combination neoadjuvant chemotherapy to be associated with a decreased mortality risk versus cystectomy alone. Four randomized trials found adjuvant chemotherapy to be associated with decreased mortality versus cystectomy alone, but none of these trials reported a statistically significant effect. There was insufficient evidence to determine optimal chemotherapeutic regimens.
An Overview of Technology Assessment and Environmental-Impact Analysis

Historians tell us that some forms of technology assessment and environmental-impact analysis may date back more than 4000 years. In ancient Mesopotamia, for example, the priests routinely evaluated the social merits of proposed technological projects.1 Despite repeated attempts by societies since that time to control the technologies which they have implemented, there has been a relentless flow of technological failures: pesticides in Christmas cranberries; nerve gas stored on the flight path of the Denver airport; regional electricity blackouts; faulty automobiles; and baby clothing treated with carcinogens. Even when technologies do not cause widespread public alarm, they are still under suspicion whenever someone claims that they have been inadequately assessed. Respected government researchers have revealed that many of our allegedly most beneficial technologies have been insufficiently evaluated as to their societal and environmental risks and benefits. Computed tomography, mammography, and electronic fetal monitoring, for example, are widely used in developed countries, despite real doubts as to both their efficacy and their safety.2
The human SKA complex drives the metaphase-anaphase cell cycle transition by recruiting protein phosphatase 1 to kinetochores

When one cell divides into two daughter cells it is critical that both new cells inherit an entire copy of the genetic material. This process is called mitosis, and it involves the duplicated chromosomes lining up in the middle of the cell before being pulled apart into the two newly forming cells. Many different proteins control mitosis because mistakes during cell division can lead to cells with too much or too little DNA, which can lead to cancers and other diseases. Mitosis is mainly regulated by enzymes called kinases and phosphatases. Kinases add phosphate groups on to other proteins, which often changes their activity or localization within the cell. Phosphatases counteract the kinases by removing the phosphate groups. During mitosis, kinases and phosphatases accumulate at a specific region of the chromosomes called kinetochores. The kinetochores play two key roles: they are the regions from which the chromosomes are pulled apart and also serve as control centers for regulating the sequence of events in mitosis. To date, mitosis is best understood in yeast cells and less is known about the more complex process in human cells. Previous research had shown that human cells need a group of proteins called the Ska complex to undergo mitosis, because without this complex the chromosomes remain in the middle of the cell and do not separate. Sivakumar et al. – who include two of the researchers involved in the previous research – have now explored the Ska complex’s role in human cells in more detail. The experiments showed that the Ska complex binds to and recruits a phosphatase called PP1 to the chromosomes; this is not how PP1 is brought to the kinetochores in yeast. When enough PP1 is concentrated around the kinetochores this gives the human cell the signal to pull the chromosomes apart and finish mitosis. Future work could ask how PP1 brings about the last stages of mitosis; for example, by finding all the proteins from which PP1 removes phosphate groups. Lastly, further studies could also explore the possibility that the Ska complex performs other tasks that are crucial for the division of human cells.
Distributor Portfolio Analysis and the Channel Dependence Matrix: New Techniques for Understanding and Managing the Channel:

Today, more than ever, manufacturers need to manage their distribution channels carefully. Two techniques are offered that may help identify opportunities and problems for manufacturers and provide...
Moonshining and Collective Violence: Georgia, 1889–1895

Since the 1960s historians and social scientists have demonstrated an increased interest in the role of collective violence in the nation's history. Their works vary greatly, ranging from historical narratives that merely describe violent events to studies by social scientists who have constructed models that might enable them to determine when groups will resort to violence.' One approach that has been particularly valuable was first used in studies of European history, notably those by George Rude, E. J. Hobsbawm, Charles Tilly, and E. P. Thompson.2 It can not be said that their works are based on a universally applicable approach in either methodology or conclusions concerning violence. Rather, their works represent a sophisticated and highly varied mode of analysis that has enabled them to surpass previous observers in understanding patterns involved in collective violence.
Empirical Implications of Matching Children With Specific Language Impairment to Children With Typical Development on Nonverbal IQ

This study determined the effect of matching children with specific language impairment (SLI) and their peers with typical development (TD) for nonverbal IQ on the IQ test scores of the resultant groups. Studies published between January 2000 and May 2012 reporting standard nonverbal IQ scores for SLI and age-matched TD controls were categorized into those that matched and did not match children with SLI and TD on nonverbal IQ. We then compared the nonverbal IQ scores across matching criterions within each diagnostic category. In studies that matched children on nonverbal IQ, children with SLI scored significantly higher on nonverbal IQ tests relative to children with SLI in studies that did not match on this criterion. Therefore, it appears that the nonverbal IQ performance of children with SLI is not comparable across studies that do and do not match samples on nonverbal IQ. This suggests that the practice of nonverbal IQ matching may have unintended consequences for the generalization of research findi...
Numerical Simulation on Fluid Flow Characteristics of the Settler in High Efficient Clarification and Extraction Tank with Double Stirring

On the base of commercial CFD software FLUENT 12.0,the fluid flow characteristics of the settler in high efficient clarification and extraction tank with double stirring were simulated numerically by using Eulerian multiphase flow model and Morsi-Alexander model.The results showed that the settler with stirring can effectively reduce dispersion band thickness,which make the stable time of dispersion band thickness shorter than that without stirring,and can reduce the oil content in water phase at outlet,and it shows that the appropriate stirring can accelerate the separation process for clarification.Numerical simulation result of water phase velocity vector is the same with the velocity vector measured by PIV,which further confirms that the stirring can inhibit backflow and enhance two-phase separation.
Mechanism of Certified Professional Geologists: Needed in Chinese Commercial Geological Work

With the development of Chinese economy,commercial geological work is becoming more and more important,especially when the policy of fully utilizing both domestic and international markets and resources has been advocated.This paper discusses the importance of the reform of the Chinese geologist management system which is critical to the safe and healthy geological market.By analyzing the foreign Independent Professional Geologist management mechanism,the paper points out the weak points of existing Chinese geologist management in the field of commercial geological work,and emphasizes the necessity and feasibility of establishing the mechanism of certified professional geologists in China.
Inhibitory sites on sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase for chlorpromazine free radical and ouabain.

The effects of chlorpromazine free radical and/or ouabain on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity [Mg2+-dependent, (Na+ + K+)-activated ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3], on free sulfhydryl concentration, and on the ability to bind 3H-ouabain were studied in deoxycholate- and sodium iodide-treated rat brain microsomal fractions to determine the inhibitory sites of these compounds on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The treatment of the enzyme preparation with chlorpromazine free radical resulted in inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and a proportionate decrease in free sulfhydryl concentration. Chlorpromazine, per se, affected neither free sulfhydryl concentration nor enzyme activity. Incubation of the enzyme with ouabain, NaCl, MgCl2, and Tris-ATP at 37° for 20 min resulted in irreversible inhibition of the enzyme activity. Free sulfhydryl concentration was unaffected. Prior treatment with ouabain did not prevent chlorpromazine free radical from reacting with sulfhydryl groups of the enzyme preparation. Prior treatment with chlorpromazine free radical also did not prevent ouabain from reacting with the enzyme but did prevent p-hydroxymercuribenzoate from reacting with the inhibited enzyme, indicating that chlorpromazine free radical and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibit the enzyme by interacting with free sulfhydryl groups whereas ouabain reacts at a different site. The ability of chlorpromazine free radical to inhibit 3H-ouabain bindng on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was considerably less than its ability to reduce (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. We conclude that chlorpromazine free radical inhibits enzyme activity by interacting with sulfhydryl groups on the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase whereas ouabain is bound to a different site on the enzyme.
1988: Rethinking International Trade

Economists have a reputation for disagreeing with each other; businessmen and politicians usually imagine that there is an economist on every side of every issue. The reputation is only partly deserved; some of the people who call themselves economists would not be recognized by the professionals as colleagues, and the extent of disagreement is exaggerated by the tendency of the press to report every issue as a debate. Nonetheless, the charge has enough truth in it to make economists self-conscious and highly protective of their few areas of virtually total unanimity.
Proliferation-related nucleolar antigens P145 and P120 associated with separate nucleolar elements and differences in tissue distribution.

Nucleolar antigens p145 and p120 are associated with proliferating cells (Freeman, J.W.; McRorie, D.K.; Busch, R.K.; Gyorkey, P.; Gyorkey, F.; Ross, B.E.; Spohn, W.H.; Busch, H. Cancer Res. 46:3593; 1986 and Freeman, J.W.; Busch, R.K.; Gyorkey, P.; Gyorkey, F.; Ross, B.E.; Busch, H. Cancer Res. 48:1244; 1988) and are not detectable in normal resting cells. Recent immunoelectron microscopic studies (Ochs, R.L.; Reilly, M.T.; Freeman, J.W.; Busch, H. Cancer Res. 48:6523; 1988) suggest that the two antigens have overlapping nucleolar localizations. In this study the nucleolus was physicochemically and biochemically studied to determine whether p145 and p120 were associated with a common nucleolar component. Antigen p145 was associated with 40-80 S ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs), and the p145 antigen was not detected in HeLa cells following in situ RNAse digestion. P120 was found in a 40-80 S, RNAse resistant complex. Sequential extraction of HeLa nucleoli showed that most of antigen p145 was extractable in 10 mM Tris with 0.2% deoxycholate, whereas p120 was found in a nucleolar residue fraction requiring DNAse and high salt treatment for optimal extraction. Neither antigen p145 nor p120 was detectable in normal resting tissues. Antigen p145 was detected in all proliferating tissues examined, including a variety of malignant tumors (ten of ten), benign tissues including adenomas and hyperplasias (eight of eight), and in normal proliferating cells such as colonic epithelium and spermatogonia of the testes. Antigen p120 was not detected in all tumors, being absent in three of seven lymphomas and in one melanoma examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Growth and subsequent feedlot performance of estradiol-implanted vs nonimplanted steers grazing fall-accumulated endophyte-infested or low-endophyte tall fescue.

A growing-finishing study using Angus steer calves was conducted in three phases : 1) grazing stockpiled 'Kentucky-31' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) with high (65% ; HE KY-31) and low (0% ; LE KY-31) infestation rates of Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams and 'Kenhy' and 'Johnstone' tall fescue with low ( .10). During Phase 2, steers consuming Johnstone haylage had greater (P .10) between treatments. These data indicate that growth-decreasing effects of endophyte-infested fescue were evident at hypothermal-ambient temperatures. Deleterious effects of consumption of endophyte-infested fescue did not negatively affect subsequent feedlot performance.
Acutely decompensated heart failure: opportunities to improve care and outcomes in the emergency department.

Each year about 550,000 new patients are diagnosed as having congestive heart failure, which for acutely symptomatic patients is also referred to as acutely decompensated heart failure. The incidence of congestive heart failure is approximately 10 per 1000 for Americans over the age of 65 years. Men and women are affected in equal numbers, and 5-year mortality has been reported to be as high as 50%. Increased longevity increases the likelihood that heart failure will develop as a consequence of pathophysiologic processes that gradually weaken the myocardium and the vascular system. Patients who present to the emergency department with complaints of shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, increasing lower extremity edema, and/or worsening fatigue should have heart failure included in the differential diagnosis. Heart failure patients experiencing symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia, hypoxia, potentially lethal arrhythmias, marked hypertension, or hypotension should be immediately triaged to a critical care area. The approval of nesiritide by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2001 has stimulated the development of revisions in strategies for the emergency department treatment of acute decompensated heart failure patients. The early use of nesiritide, along with topical nitroglycerin and a loop diuretic, may lead to more rapid resolution of these patients' acute symptoms and hemodynamic dysfunction.
Culpable participation in fiduciary breach

This essay makes a case for the salience of tort law to fiduciary law, focusing on actors who culpably participate in a fiduciary's breach of duty, whether by inducing the breach or lending substantial assistance to it. Although the elements of this accessory tort are relatively settled in the United States, how the tort applies to particular categories of actors-most recently investment bankers who serve as M&A advisors-provokes controversy. The paper also explores the less developed terrain of primary actors who breach governance duties that are not fiduciary obligations because the entity's organizational documents eliminate fiduciary duties, as Delaware law permits for LLCs and partnerships. When an accessory actor induces or otherwise assists a primary actor's breach of a non-fiduciary governance obligation, the accessory tort likely to be relevant is wrongful interference with contract. The essay notes parallels and overlaps that connect wrongful interference to culpable participation in a fiduciary's breach. Both are intentional torts for which liability turns on whether an actor in some fashion chose to participate in another actor's breach of duty, as well as whether the secondary actor acted with knowledge of the primary actor's duty and made a causally significant contribution to the breach. Both torts illustrate the foundational significance of duty within tort law: actors subject to liability on accessory theories do not owe duties that replicate those of the primary wrongdoer, who is linked by contract or a fiduciary relationship to the beneficiary. By committing an intentional tort, accessory actors breach duties they themselves owe. Framed within the ambit of tort law more generally, the outcomes in controversial M&A cases do not represent departures from well-established doctrine. These cases do help illustrate what's distinctively wrongful about lending substantial (and knowing) assistance to another actor's breach of duty. The accessory tortfeasors in the essay represent inversions of a well-known set of actors in tort doctrine, rescuers. Rescuers intervene as strangers to a situation in which another is in peril with the objective of preventing harm or mitigating its consequences for the person in peril. Like reflected figures in a warped mirror, the essay's accessory wrongdoers choose to intervene in situations in which one actor owes a duty to another but, if the intervention succeeds, the person to whom the primary was duty is left worse off than had the accessory had not caused the breach of the underlying or primary duty.
Reaction Coordinate Approach to the Binding of Ligands to Carboxypeptidase A

The metalloenzyme carboxypeptidase A (CPA; peptidyl-L-amino acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.17.1) is an exopeptidase of molecular weight 34, 472 containing one zinc ion bound to a single polypeptide chain of 307 amino acids (Quiocho and Lipscomb 1971; Hartsuck and Lipscomb 1971; Bradshaw et al. 1969). Its biological function is the hydrolysis of C-terminal amino acids from polypeptide substrates, and it prefers those substrates bearing large hydrophobic C-terminal side chains such as phenylalanine. Important residues for binding and catalysis are Glu-270, Arg-71, Arg-127, Asn-144, Arg-145, Tyr-198, Tyr-248, the active site zinc ion and its bound solvent molecule. Important details regarding the hydrolytic mechanism remain unclear and have been the subject of various reviews (Lipscomb 1980, 1982, 1983; Vallee et al. 1983; Vallee and Galdes 1984). The enzyme probably engages a promoted- water mechanism toward the hydrolysis of peptide substrates, but there is evidence that catalysis may proceed through an acylenzyme intermediate (a mixed anhydride with the gamma-carboxylate of Glu-270) in the hydrolysis of certain ester substrates (Makinen et al. 1979; Suh et al. 1985; Sander and Witzel 1985).
Designing Workflows for the Reproducible Analysis of Electrophysiological Data

The workflows that cover the experimental recording of neuronal data up to the publication of figures that illustrate neuroscientific analysis results are interwoven and complex. Unfortunately, current implementations of such workflows of electrophysiological research are far from being automatized, and software supporting such a goal is largely in development or missing. In consequence, the level of reproducibility of data analysis is poor compared to other scientific disciplines. Although the problem is well-known and leads to ineffective, unsustainable science, there is no solution in sight in terms of a complete, provenance-tracked workflow. Here, we outline principle challenges that complicate the design of workflows for electrophysiological research. We detail how existing tools can be integrated to form partial workflows which address some of the challenges. On the basis of a concrete workflow implementation we discuss open questions and urgently needed software components.
Dynamic force matching: Construction of dynamic coarse-grained models with realistic short time dynamics and accurate long time dynamics

We recently developed a dynamic force matching technique for converting a coarse-grained (CG) model of a molecular system, with a CG potential energy function, into a dynamic CG model with realistic dynamics [A. Davtyan et al., J. Chem. Phys. 142, 154104 (2015)]. This is done by supplementing the model with additional degrees of freedom, called "fictitious particles." In that paper, we tested the method on CG models in which each molecule is coarse-grained into one CG point particle, with very satisfactory results. When the method was applied to a CG model of methanol that has two CG point particles per molecule, the results were encouraging but clearly required improvement. In this paper, we introduce a new type (called type-3) of fictitious particle that exerts forces on the center of mass of two CG sites. A CG model constructed using type-3 fictitious particles (as well as type-2 particles previously used) gives a much more satisfactory dynamic model for liquid methanol. In particular, we were able to construct a CG model that has the same self-diffusion coefficient and the same rotational relaxation time as an all-atom model of liquid methanol. Type-3 particles and generalizations of it are likely to be useful in converting more complicated CG models into dynamic CG models.
Capitalism, Socialism, and Behavioral Theory

My personal observations of the conditions in and behaviors emitted by citizens in several socialist states and their capitalistic neighbors are first described and compared. I then discuss the applicability of behavioral theory to individual behavior in all environments and how those principles can be applied to an understanding of the emergence of capitalistic relationships. I suggest that behavioral theory is highly consistent with capitalistic arrangements, but quite problematic for socialistic ones. The difficulties include restricted variety of reinforcers, lack of response-reinforcer contingency, stimulus and response generalization, and modeling effects. The implications of the analysis are then briefiy discussed.
Nutrient Chemistry of Manure and Manure-Impacted Soils as Influenced by Application of Bauxite Residue

Adequate management of animal manure and manure-affected soils is important for sustainable animal production as nutrient runoff from agricultural fields with long-term application of animal manure has caused great concerns over its impacts on the environment. This chapter demonstrates the effects of using bauxite residue, a by-product from the aluminum refinery industry, to modify nutrient characteristics of animal manure and manure-affected soils. The chapter begins with an introduction of bauxite residue properties followed with different aspects of treatment effects including pH, phosphorus (P) chemistry, mobility of nitrogen (N), organic carbon (OC), trace metals with focus on zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and arsenic (As) as well as fecal coliforms in animal manure and manure-affected soils. Bauxite residue generally improves the nutrient characteristics of animal manure by suppressing the leaching potential of water-soluble P, NH4-N, OC, Zn, Cu and As. It also decreases populations of fecal coliform in manure. The high organic nature of animal manures appears to be able to buffer the alkalinity contributed from the bauxite residues, preventing a substantial increase in pH of the treated manures and manure-affected soils although the soil sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is elevated. Sorption and transport of phosphate in soil amended with bauxite residue indicate that bauxite residue can be used as possible reactive permeable barriers. Seawater neutralized bauxite residues, in general, exhibit greater retention of P and trace metals than un-neutralized ones. Bauxite residue addition up to 10 % (w/w) had no effect on the growth of transplanted switchgrass seedlings. Overall, bauxite residues could be used as a potential amendment for reducing P and other contaminant leaching in animal manures and manure-affected soils, and manure-bauxite residue treatment improves the application of both wastes for beneficial use.
Culture-Based Rejection of Taboo-Infringing Imports

This empirical study analyzes the cultural basis of the United States market response to imported Spanish products that seem to violate strongly-held cultural taboos. Survey responses were obtained from students in two contrasting majors, Art and Business, in two distinct cities and universities, i.e. Little Rock at the University of Arkansas, and Dominguez Hills at California State University. The study focused on a baby doll marketed to piggy-back on the new movement towards breastfeeding babies. Although accepted in its original European market, the United States media reports strong moral objections to this product among U. S. citizens. The toy was overwhelmingly rejected in some, but not all, population sub-groups. This study attempts to discern the cultural basis for product rejection by comparing responses between regions, college majors, genders and gender/major combinations. Differences in acceptance between groups are correlated with specific cultural constructs.
CHAPTER 3 – Functional Identities

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the relation between the specific identities of high school and the unknown function variables from the rules of calculus and differential equations. The use of unknown functions is of fundamental importance in calculus and other branches of mathematics and science. Often it is seen in the course that differential equations can be viewed as identities for unknown functions. One reason that students sometimes have difficulty understanding the meaning of derivatives or even the general rules for finding derivatives is that those things involve equations in unknown functions. The symbolic rules for differentiation and the increment approximation defining derivatives are similar to general functional identities in that they involve an unknown function.
THE EFFECTS OF ANIMAL-SEDIMENT INTERACTIONS ON GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES NEAR THE SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE

Abstract: The construction and irrigation of permanent tube-dwellings by sedentary infaunal benthos result in complex patterns of chemical reactions and diffusion gradients in sedimentary deposits. These patterns are reflected in the three-dimensional distribution of pore water constituents, diagenetically mobile solid phases, biogeochemically important microorganisms, and meiobenthos. The quantitative effect of burrows on transport-reaction processes in sediments is analogous to the effect of roots on terrestrial soils. In contrast to factors which cause heterogeneity, mobile infauna rapidly homogenize sediment and presumably simplify internal gradients. The activities of both mobile and sedentary benthos increase the rates of certain metabolic reactions, such as sulfate reduction, which take place below the sediment-water interface. These same activities increase the flux of dissolved material between sediment and the overlying water to a greater degree than that accounted for by one-dimensional molecular diffusion. Increased exchange rates may obscure the presence of some reactions in sediments by preventing the depletion of reactants or buildup of reaction products. Because biogenic influences on particle and fluid transport in sedimentary deposits reflect the types of organisms present, bottom areas which are inhabited by macrobenthos of varying mobility and feeding type differ in their chemical characteristics. In environments having a large seasonal temperature range, biogenic control of sedimentary chemistry is replaced by abiogenic reaction-diffusion controls during winter periods.
Resistance to Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Crops in Target Insect Pests: Current Status and Prospect

The ability to transfer foreign genes among unrelated species represents a major technological advance in modern agriculture. Since commercialized in 1996, transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops (e.g. corn and cotton) have been widely used for managing insect pests. During 2008, a total of >40 million ha of Bt corn and Bt cotton were planted in 22 countries worldwide. Bt crops have been excellent in controlling their target insect pests. Growers of both industrial and developing countries have recognized great economic, ecological, and social benefits by planting Bt crops. Resistance development is considered to be a major concern to the long-term success of Bt crops. Major resistance genes capable of survival on commercial Bt crops have been identified in several target species. However, frequency of major Bt resistance alleles in field insect populations has been estimated to be low in most target insect species. In most cases, resistance to Bt crops is incomplete and controlled by a single recessive or partially recessive gene. Bt resistance is often associated with fitness costs in absence of selection pressures. The most common mechanism of Bt resistance may be due to a reduction in binding of toxins to cadherin receptors in the midgut. Field resistance development has been suspected in four target species. However, up to date, field control failures or reduced control efficacies due to resistance development have been documented in only two isolated cases, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to Cry1F corn in Puerto Rico in 2006 and the African stem borer, Busseola fusca, to Cry1Ab corn in South Africa in 2007. Mandatory Bt resistance management plans have been successfully implemented in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Because of the substantial benefits achieved from planting Bt crops, it is widely expected that adoption of Bt crops will consistently increase rapidly, especially in the developing countries. Bt resistance management, therefore, will continue to be a big challenge for the future success of Bt crop technologies.
Estimated 10-year stroke risk by region and race in the United States: geographic and racial differences in stroke risk.

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for 1 of every 16 deaths in 2004 1. Residents of the Southeastern United States (“stroke belt”) have approximately 50% higher rates of stroke mortality than the remainder of the United States 2–4. These geographic differences have existed since at least 1940 2, with excess deaths demonstrated for men, women, whites and African-Americans 4. The cause of the excess stroke mortality in the stroke belt is unknown 5, 6. Differences in stroke incidence may contribute to the excess mortality, but little national data on regional differences in incidence are available to address this hypothesis. For white men and women, data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) suggested that stroke incidence was higher in the Southeast than the Northeast, but the pattern was inconsistent between the Southeast and other regions 7. In addition, while the stroke belt is at least as pronounced for blacks as for whites 8–10 and the incidence of stroke was higher among blacks 11–13 in some studies, in NHANES I regional differences in stroke incidence among African-Americans were not as striking as those among whites 7. Lower rates of stroke hospitalization in the stroke belt could also explain underlying differences in mortality; however among Medicare recipients, those in Southeastern states were more likely to be hospitalized for stroke than in other regions 14. Another potential cause of the stroke belt is differences in case fatality by region; however little information is available to support this hypothesis 15. Similarly, differential case fatality according to race has not been clearly demonstrated 12, 13, 16. Hence, the available data suggest that geographic and racial variations in stroke mortality relate to differences in incidence, not case fatality. If this is the case, then disparities in stroke risk factors may underlie observed differences in stroke mortality. The Framingham Heart Study investigators identified nine risk factors for stroke: age, sex, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive therapy, diabetes, current smoking, prior cardiovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, and left ventricular hypertrophy 17. The Framingham Stroke Risk Score (FSRS), developed and validated in a primarily white population, predicts the 10-year probability of stroke based on these nine risk factors. To address the role of stroke risk factors on regional and racial differences in stroke mortality, we studied geographic and racial differences in the FSRS in a national cohort.
Geometry of the Hyperbolic Plane

The Fifth Postulate of Euclid is equivalent to the statement that the sum of the angles in any triangle is equal to 180o (Hypothesis 5; see Section 2.1). From this we are able to deduce the possible regular and semiregular tilings of the plane (See Section 2.2). Now we are going to make the contrary assumption, that the sum of the angles in any triangle is less than 180o. (Recall Legendre’s and Saccheri’s Theorem 1.3.2, which says that either the sum of the angles in every triangle equals 180o or else the sum is always less than 180o.) This will lead to a very different conclusion about possible tilings. For example, four squares no longer fit together at their corners without leaving a gap. As we will see, however, it is possible for five squares to do so!
Neue Wege: Bio-Mode als echte Alternative

Nachhaltiges Handeln ist fur hessnatur Grundungsimpuls, Unternehmensprinzip und wesentliches Alleinstellungsmerkmal. Seit vielen Jahren bestimmen die drei Dimensionen nachhaltigen Handelns – Okologie, Okonomie und Soziales – die Unternehmensausrichtung. Dabei betont hessnatur die Verbindung von Ethik mit Asthetik und zeigt heute mehr denn je, dass Mode und Nachhaltigkeit keinen Widerspruch bedeuten. Mit einer neuen einheitlichen Designhandschrift uber die gesamte Kollektion lost hessnatur diesen Anspruch ein und lasst auch bei Passform, Stilistik und Verarbeitungsqualitat keine Wunsche offen.
Spatial Discontinuities in Support for Hydraulic Fracturing: Searching for a “Goldilocks Zone”

Recent research suggests that those located closer to energy development are, on average, more supportive of this development. However, case studies in specific locations reveal additional nuance. ...
Quantum Theory of Multiphoton Free Carrier Absorption At High Intensities in Compound Semiconductors

Multiphoton absorption and emission, accompanied by scattering of free carriers in an intense radiation field, is treated by an extension of the theory of one photon free carrier absorption in polar semiconductors. The rate equation for m photon absorption, where m is a positive integer, is obtained from the equation of motion of the quantum density matrix. It is shown to be proportional to the mth power of the radiation intensity. The effect of the field on the electron during scattering is taken into account by using the exact wavefunctions of an electron in an intense radiation field in the calculation of the transition matrix elements. An expression for the average Joule heating per electron is found. A comparison with earlier treatments is given.
Platelet-rich plasma for facial rejuvenation: An early examination

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become a popular and trendy treatment in dermatology for various skin ailments, most notably for acne scars, traumatic scars, hair regrowth, and cutaneous rejuvenation. Although PRP has been utilized in the world of orthopedics for many years, its recent entry into dermatology has been wrought with controversy, especially as some have marketed it to consumers as a type of cure-all; however, the studies behind PRP treatment, especially for cutaneous rejuvenation, are currently limited, while we await additional larger studies. Clinicians should have an understanding of the evidence behind such new trends, especially in the fast-pace world of esthetics.
Treatment Options for Melanoma of Gray Horses.

All gray horses inherited a single gene mutation, STX17G, that unbalances melanocyte behavior to cause graying and propensities to develop vitiligo and melanoma. The coat color genes ASIPa and MC1RE add risk such that relative likelihood of melanoma based on pregraying coat color is black > bay > chestnut. Melanomas begin at about 4 years. Locoregional control of melanoma masses depends on surgical removal and/or intralesional chemotherapy (possibly with adjunctive hyperthermia or electroporation). Systemic treatment is not evidence based but immunomodulators (cimetidine, levamisole) and vaccines can be tried.
CauseSpec: a database of global terrestrial vertebrate cause-specific mortality.

As wildlife populations continue to decline worldwide, human-caused mortality of terrestrial vertebrates is of increasing importance. However, there is a limited understanding of how direct anthropogenic mortality compares in magnitude to natural mortality. Here, we present CauseSpec, a database of global terrestrial vertebrate cause-specific mortality. We compiled studies that used telemetry to monitor terrestrial vertebrates and determine cause of death. We distinguished between anthropogenic and natural mortality and also documented the specific mortality source where possible (e.g., harvest, vehicle collision, predation, and starvation). This database consists of 1,134 studies that collectively monitored the fates of 123,747 individual animals. From this, there are 43,998 deaths of known cause among 307 species. It is an updated version of the data set used in Hill et al. (2019) and will continue to be updated in the future. These data can be combined with data on species morphology and behavior to examine how species attributes influence susceptibility to various mortality sources. Our database also includes the geographic coordinates of the study site so that site attributes can be included in analyses. We also distinguish between adults and juveniles where possible, allowing for age-specific mortality analyses. Study start and end dates are available as well so that analyses of temporal changes in mortality are possible. Last, users can select all cause-specific mortality studies from a single species to perform a species-level analysis. The data set will allow users to circumvent a literature search, facilitating more rapid publication of large-scale vertebrate mortality studies and elucidating mortality patterns of terrestrial vertebrates around the world. There are no copyright or proprietary restrictions. We would like researchers to cite this paper if the associated database is used to find studies of interest for analysis.
Silent voices: Notes from a young Muslim woman on acculturation in the United States

Abstract This paper examines the gap between a researcher's positionality and theory building; seeing research through the lens of women of color in academia. Drawing on the autobiographical approach in feminist geography, I argue how a researcher's background and life events influence how we produce knowledge in the field by sharing my personal journey. Specifically, I share what it means to be a Middle Eastern Muslim academic conducting research on female immigrants' cultural adaptation process in the U.S. I urge readers to uncover the power of self-reflection, embodied subjectivity and emotions in expanding geographic research and conclude how the future research will benefit from the motives behind each study, as well as giving a reflexive researcher a platform to be heard.