cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The indirect consequences of a mutualism: comparing positive and negative components of the net interaction between honeydew-tending ants and host plants.

Summary 1. In ecological webs, net indirect interactions between species are composed of interactions that vary in sign and magnitude. Most studies have focused on negative component interactions (e.g. predation, herbivory) without considering the relative importance of positive interactions (e.g. mutualism, facilitation) for determining net indirect effects. 2. In plant ⁄ arthropod communities, ants have multiple top-down effects via mutualisms with honeydew-producing herbivores and harassment of and predation on other herbivores; these ant effects provide opportunities for testing the relative importance of positive and negative interspecific interactions. We manipulated the presence of ants, honeydew-producing membracids and leaf-chewing beetles on perennial host plants in field experiments in Colorado to quantify the relative strength of these different types of interactions and their impact on the ant’s net indirect effect on plants. 3. In 2007, we demonstrated that ants simultaneously had a positive effect on membracids and a negative effect on beetles, resulting in less beetle damage on plants hosting the mutualism. 4. In 2008, we used structural equation modelling to describe interaction strengths through the entire insect herbivore community on plants with and without ants. The ant’s mutualism with membracids was the sole strong interaction contributing to the net indirect effect of ants on plants. Predation, herbivory and facilitation were weak, and the net effect of ants reduced plant reproduction. This net indirect effect was also partially because of behavioural changes of herbivores in the presence of ants. An additional membracid manipulation showed that the membracid’s effect on ant activity was largely responsible for the ant’s net effect on plants; ant workers were nearly ten times as abundant on plants with mutualists, and effects on other herbivores were similar to those in the ant manipulation experiment. 5. These results demonstrate that mutualisms can be strong relative to negative direct interspecific interactions and that positive interactions deserve attention as important components of ecological webs.
Explanation, association, and the acquisition of word meaning

Abstract A newly emerging view of concept structure, the concepts-in-theories view, suggests that adult concepts are intrinsic mixes of two different sorts of relations: (a) those involving domain-general tabulations of frequencies and correlations and (b) those involving domain-specific patterns of explanation. Empirical results from early cognitive development suggest that, by the time first words are acquired, most concepts have this intrinsic mix even though changes in the nature of the mix can produce marked developmental changes in apparent concepts, word meanings, and their use. The concepts-in-theories view suggests that the sorts of constraints needed to model the representation and acquisition of concepts cannot be based solely on either perceptual or grammatical bases; they must also arise from biases given by specific patterns of explanation, patterns that may depart from standard notions of intuitive theories. These in turn suggest different views of possible constraints on the acquisition of word meaning.
Assessment and Treatment of Deficits in Social Skills Functioning and Social Anxiety in Children Engaging in School Refusal Behaviors

Students who miss significant amounts of school are at risk for developing a myriad of difficulties that leave them unfit for a successful life. Despite evidence for these phenomena, students are continuing to miss school at an increasingly high rate. This chapter focuses on the assessment and treatment of school refusers, with a focus on those missing school because of social anxiety. A history of school refusal behavior and its definitions as related to social anxiety are presented, as well as current evidence-based methods of assessing school refusal behavior. Additionally, an RTI model of assessing and treating school refusal behavior as it relates to social anxiety is outlined.
Holistic thinkers anchor less: Exploring the roles of self-construal and thinking styles in anchoring susceptibility

Abstract Anchoring, whereby people's numerical judgments assimilate to previously considered values, is one of the most robust phenomena in experimental psychology, and previous efforts to identify individual differences in susceptibility to anchoring have met with little overall success. In this study ( N = 602), we explored the roles of self-construal and thinking styles in anchoring susceptibility. We hypothesized that interdependent self-construal and more holistic thinking would predict stronger anchoring, whereas independent self-construal would predict weaker anchoring. Contrary to our predictions, no relation emerged between self-construal and anchoring susceptibility, and people with a more holistic thinking style actually anchored less than people with a more analytic thinking style.
Case 23-1975: Mixed Cryoglobulinemia with Impaired Renal Function

Presentation of Case A 59-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of dyspnea. In her youth she had had multiple attacks of pneumonia. For many years she had been treated intermittently ...
Survey of HIV Prevalence Among Prisoners in Zhuhai

Objective To understand the situation of HIV infection among prisoners in Zhuhai,and to prevent the spread and transmission of HIV in jail-houses.Methods All the prisoners were investigated termly through questionnaire in Zhuhai.The serum samples were collected for HIV serological test by ELISA,and the positive samples were confirmed by Westernblot.Results There were 18 positives HIV results among the 5,350 prisoners,the positive rate was 0.34%,17 of them were male,1 of them was female.Nine of them were IV drug users(IDUs)(50%),the positive rate in IDUs was 2.49%;4 of them had history of sexual promiscuity(22%),the positive rat was 0.59%;and one was both IDU and promiscuity,another 5 were unclear.Conclusion The positive rate of HIV is high among prisoners in Zhuhai,and the infected HIV prisoners are mainly IDUs and/or sexual promiscuity.It is necessary to strengthen the survey of HIV among the prisoners,enhance their consciousness of self protection,develop health education and conduct behavior intervention.The infected prisoners shoud be isolated to prevent further transmission.
Effects of Lexical Competition and Dialect Exposure on Phonological Priming.

A cross-modal lexical decision task was used to explore the effects of lexical competition and dialect exposure on phonological form priming. Relative to unrelated auditory primes, matching real wo...
Sex Differences in Utilisation and Response to Implantable Device Therapy

Multiple studies have demonstrated that implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) provide significant mortality and morbidity benefits to eligible patients irrespective of gender. However, female patients are less likely to receive this life-saving therapy and are significantly under-represented in cardiac device trials. Various performance improvement programmes have proved that this gender disparity can be reduced and these therapies should be offered to all eligible patients regardless of sex. Efforts should be made to enrol more women in clinical trials and sex-specific analysis in medical device clinical studies should be encouraged. In this article we review the data on sex differences in clinical outcomes with ICDs and CRT and explore the reasons for this sex-based disparity.
Separation and characterization of plasma lipoproteins of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

A group of 14 adult male rhesus monkeys was maintained on a low cholesterol-high fat diet. Periodically, animals were fasted and blood samples were taken for characterization of the plasma lipoproteins. Complete separation of individual plasma lipoprotein classes was not achieved by traditional sequential ultracentrifugation techniques. Rather, initial separation of lipoprotein classes according to size was effected and density centrifugation was used subsequently for further separation. At least six lipoprotein fractions were identified, each of which was unique as defined by the properties of size, density (d), and electrophoretic mobility. These lipoprotein fractions were characterized by determination of chemical compositions and apoprotein patterns. The lipoproteins present in highest concentration in these monkeys were designated as region IV lipoproteins. This fraction had alpha-migration on agarose electrophoresis, 1.063 1.050, had pre-beta mobility and a size and composition similar to the Lp(a) lipoprotein in plasma of human beings. At least two VLDL subfractions, identified as region I and IIa lipoproteins, were found although both were present in very low concentrations. Region I lipoproteins were larger and contained relatively more cholesteryl ester and more of the apoproteins that migrated with the mobility of apo-B and arg-rich apoprotein in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some of the region I lipoproteins were beta-migrating by agarose electrophoresis. These results suggested the possibility that a beta-migrating VLDL was present in these normal animals.
Metabolic responses to dietary protein restriction require an increase in FGF21 that is delayed by the absence of GCN2

Summary FGF21 contributes to the metabolic response to dietary protein restriction, and prior data implicate GCN2 as the amino acid sensor linking protein restriction to FGF21 induction. Here, we demonstrate the persistent and essential role of FGF21 in the metabolic response to protein restriction. We show that Fgf21 KO mice are fully resistant to low protein (LP)-induced changes in food intake, energy expenditure (EE), body weight gain, and metabolic gene expression for 6 months. Gcn2 KO mice recapitulate this phenotype, but LP-induced effects on food intake, EE, and body weight subsequently begin to appear after 14 days on diet. We show that this delayed emergence of LP-induced metabolic effects in Gcn2 KO mice coincides with a delayed but progressive increase of hepatic Fgf21 expression and blood FGF21 concentrations over time. These data indicate that FGF21 is essential for the metabolic response to protein restriction but that GCN2 is only transiently required for LP-induced FGF21.
Parables and Conflict in the Hebrew Bible: Changing Face and Saving Face: Parabolic Petitions in 2 Samuel 14

“But by chapter 14 all clarity has dissolved, not only for the king but for us also. … We think Joab will speak to the king, but instead he sends a woman. We are told she is wise, but she does not play the part. We are led to think she will convince the king, but she does not. She prepares to accuse the king, but her accusation floats away in the flotsam and jetsam of unconnected words, and she ends up blessing him.” –Patricia K. Willey, “The Importunate Woman of Tekoa and How She Got Her Way” “[I]t is unclear that the Tekoite really gives any clear guidance to David in making his decision; in reality her ‘instructions’ in vv. 13–14 essentially represent a second mashal that forces David to make a decision, but fails to clarify which one he ought to make.” –Larry L. Lyke, King David with the Wise Woman of Tekoa As the epigrams above suggest, scholars have puzzled over the encounter between the unnamed wise woman of Tekoa and David in 2 Samuel 14. According to v. 2, Joab sends her to the king with instructions regarding how to dress and what to say. During her encounter with David, she tells him a story that becomes a parable. This parable applies to David's son Absalom's current situation (see 2 Samuel 13).
Location, Location, Location! Analyzing Residential Development in Environmentally-Fragile Areas

Since the World War II era, residential construction in environmentally-fragile areas has caused significant groundwater pollution, destruction of wildlife habitat, and soil erosion in communities throughout the USA. Despite clear environmental concerns and risk of natural disasters, residential construction continues unabated in many environmentally-fragile areas due to desirable urban proximity, community status, and amenities like vistas and waterfronts. The goal of the learning activity described in this chapter is for students to gain a better understanding of the environmental considerations of residential development siting, planning, and construction. Students engage in an inquiry-based group exercise in which they use personal electronic devices to research and assess the risks of residential development in preselected environmentally-fragile areas. After completing this activity, students should be able to (1) discuss the environmental implications of siting, planning, and building a house or residential subdivision/neighborhood; (2) identify environmental characteristics that make certain locations ill-suited for residential development; and (3) hypothesize about how to encourage and/or require better land-use planning and residential construction practices in environmentally-fragile areas.
Photostability Can Be Significantly Modulated by Molecular Packing in Glasses

While previous work has demonstrated that molecular packing in organic crystals can strongly influence photochemical stability, efforts to tune photostability in amorphous materials have shown much smaller effects. Here we show that physical vapor deposition can substantially improve the photostability of organic glasses. Disperse Orange 37 (DO37), an azobenzene derivative, is studied as a model system. Photostability is assessed through changes in the density and molecular orientation of glassy thin films during light irradiation. By optimizing the substrate temperature used for deposition, we can increase photostability by a factor of 50 relative to the liquid-cooled glass. Photostability correlates with glass density, with density increases of up to 1.3%. Coarse-grained molecular simulations, which mimic glass preparation and the photoisomerization reaction, also indicate that glasses with higher density have substantially increased photostability. These results provide insights that may assist in the ...
National Supercomputing Center mass storage system requirements

As part of the National Supercomputing Center effort to define mass storage requirements and directions, six national centers were asked to fill out a questionnaire on the topic. Mass storage system requirements deemed significant by the respondents are presented. >
Stable in Vivo Transgene Expression in Endothelial Cells with Helper-Dependent Adenovirus: Roles of Promoter and Interleukin-10.

Our long-term goal is to prevent or reverse atherosclerosis by delivering gene therapy from stably transduced endothelial cells (EC). We previously reported that EC-directed gene therapy with a helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAd) expressing apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) retarded development of atherosclerosis in rabbit carotid arteries over a 1-month interval. However, a 70% decline in apo A-I expression during this time raised concerns about long-term efficacy of this approach. Here we report use of several approaches aimed either at preventing this decline or at increasing apo A-I expression from HDAd at all time points: codon optimization, deletion of 3′ untranslated sequences, substitution of a synthetic mammalian-based promoter (4XETE) for the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, and co-transduction with an HDAd expressing interleukin-10. We tested these approaches using plasmid transfection of cultured EC and in vivo transduction of rabbit carotid artery EC. Codon optimization did not increase apo A-I expr...
Agent-Based Model of Navigable Inland Waterway Tow Operation Procedures

Transportation modeling within the context of extreme weather events induced by climate change is critical to understand and improve the resilience of transport systems as the world moves further into the 21st century. Among transportation modes, navigable inland waterways in particular face severe challenges to their future reliability as a result of extreme weather events. The economic implications of inland waterway operational efficiencies on commercial shipping have been studied in detail for several decades. Less well understood, however, are the effects of tow operation procedures enacted during adverse river conditions that have resulted from extreme weather events. This paper describes a model of a waterway segment that simulates stakeholder decision making and tow operator behavior to provide stakeholders with insights into the possible benefits of waterway action plans as operational guidance documents. Simulations run for a test area of the navigable inland waterway system indicated that opera...
Wavelength Coded Volume Holographic Imaging Endoscope Utilizing Axial Chromatic Dispersion

Described is the design and analysis of a wavelength coded volume holographic imaging endoscope using axial chromatic dispersion from gradient index optics to reduce the complexity of the multiplexed holographic element.
Marburg and Ebola Viruses: New Agents on the Frontiers of Virology

Marburg virus was first isolated in 1967 in association with a devastating outbreak of hemorrhagic fever among laboratory workers in Germany and Yugoslavia [1]. Thirty-one people in two institutes were stricken and seven died. All of these deaths were among individuals having primary contact with the infected monkey tissues and no deaths occurred that could be attributed to human-to-human spread. The source of infection was traced to vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) imported by air from Uganda for the purpose of preparing primary cell cultures. Two additional outbreaks of Marburg disease have been described [2,3]. In one, occurring in 1975, an Australian man was stricken while hitchhiking through South Africa and subsequently died in a Johannesburg hospital [2]. His traveling companion and an attending nurse also became ill but recovered. Although the precise source of the primary infection was not determined, exposure probably occurred while traveling through Rhodesia.
Abstract 3421: Delayed Diagnosis of Cerebellar Infarctions

Background: An acute ischemic cerebellar stroke presents a clinical and radiological diagnostic challenge, which may be due in part to the difficulty in recognizing its symptoms and signs and to an over-reliance on CT. This retrospective study addresses for the first time the differences in clinical features and outcomes between those individuals with a cerebellar infarct who were correctly diagnosed (CD) on initial presentation compared to those who were initially misdiagnosed (MD), and consequently had a delay in correct diagnosis. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of our stroke registry from 09/2003 to 07/2010. Forty three patients had an isolated cerebellar infarction confirmed by MRI. Common neurological signs and symptoms were chosen to analyze their association with correct diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Misdiagnosis was defined as the diagnosis given by the first physician who saw the patient in the outpatient or inpatient setting. Onset to door time is defined from onset of the patient’s symptoms to our ED. The primary outcome was mRS at discharge. Data was analyzed using the chi square test, Fischer exact test, Wilcoxon-rank sum test and logistic regression. Results: Sixteen (37%) patients were MD; among these patients, the median duration of delay to being CD was 24 hours (IQR 9-48h). The median onset to our ED was 11.1 hrs in the MD versus 5.5 hrs in the CD group (p=0.02). The median age in the MD group was 49 y/o versus 65 y/o in the CD group (p Conclusion: Timely identification of an acute cerebellar infarction requires the recognition that stroke may occur in younger individuals and that symptoms of cerebellar stroke are commonly associated with more benign processes such as gastroenteritis. Although limited by sample size, our data suggests that timely diagnosis of cerebellar infarction might increase thrombolysis rates and may impact functional outcome.
Abstract 307: Quantitative Characterization of the Contractile Architecture of Human Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes

Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiCMs) exhibit a fetal phenotype, but tools to quantify their relative immaturity are scarce. We reasoned that, during myocyte specification, cells progress through myofibrillogenesis as force-generating units, known as sarcomeres, self-assemble along the cell cytoskeleton. Therefore, we developed image processing techniques to quantitatively score myocyte structural phenotypes by the increasing degree of organization and alignment that sarcomeres acquire during myofibrillogenesis. Since this is a highly conserved process, quantifications obtained from α-actinin immunostains in rodent and hiCMs can be compared. Utilizing these metrics we quantitatively showed that hiCMs patterned on square fibronectin islands had significantly under-developed contractile architecture, in agreement with the qualitative observation that these cells retain a more migratory cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we trained thee independent machine learning algorithms on over 100 α-actin immunostains from engineered primary cardiac tissues at 6, 24 and 48 hours after seeding. These preparations were taken to represent differentiated, immature and mature structural architectures, respectively. After training,[[Unable to Display Character: ]]α-actinin immunostains of hiPS-derived cardiac tissues were unbiasedly analyzed by these classifiers. The results indicated that ~30% of cells exhibited cytoskeletal architectures similar to those of mature myocytes and that treatment with commercially available small molecules influence hiCM structural maturation. In conclusion, we provided metrics to assess the organization of the contractile cytoskeleton in primary and stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and to unbiasedly quantify their maturation.
Politics and Psychology: A Two-Way Street

Long before social psychology became a science, political philosophers sought an answer to the question, What is the social nature of man? They well knew, as Vico (1725) observed, that “governments must conform to the nature of the men governed” (G. Allport, 1954, p. 3).
A produção e a comercialização mundial dos principais olerícolas

A PRODUCAO E A COMERCIALIZACAO MUNDIAL DOS PRINCIPAIS OLERICOLAS RESUMO: Em 2013 a producao mundial de hortalicas foi de 1.134,27 milhoes de toneladas. As producoes de alho, batata, cebola, melancia e tomate participam com 66,5% de total. A area cultivada com 40 especies no Brasil em 2012 foi de 900,0 mil hectares com producao superior ultrapassou a 22 milhoes de toneladas. Os principais produtos: batata, tomates (industria e mesa), cebola, melancia e cenoura representam 64,0% da quantidade produzida. No periodo 2001-2013 comparando-se os trienios inicial e final). A producao mundial aumentou em 30,3%. No Brasil o acrescimo foi de 24,4%. Nos dois ambientes a principal variavel foi o aumento da produtividade O Brasil participou com 1,72% da producao global e importa alho, cebola, batata-semente e batata processada. O Estado de Sao Paulo e o principal produtor e consumidor no Pais. Em 2012 foram cultivados 145 mil hectares com producao de 4,3 milhoes de toneladas, com 53 especies, sendo o principal produtor nacional de tomate de mesa. A producao de cebola concentra-se nos 03 estados do Sul, Bahia, Pernambuco, Sao Paulo e Goias. A producao de tomate industrial concentra em Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais e Goias (78,0%). A producao da melancia ocorre em todas as regioes geograficas, os estados principais sao: Tocantins na Regiao Norte. Bahia e Rio Grande do Norte no Nordeste, Sao Paulo no Sudeste, Rio Grande do Sul, no Sul e Goias no Centro-Oeste. A producao de alho, cebola e melancia ocorre com importância significativa nas regioes Sul, Sudeste, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. A producao de batata ocorre em tres safras: Aguas, seca e inverno, sendo as regioes Sudeste e Sul as principais, havendo producao tambem nos estados da Bahia e Goias. Palavras-Chave: area, producao, mundo, Brasil, Sao Paulo, alho, batata, cebola, melancia e tomate, comercializacao mundial.
A comparison of Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) in patients with chronic cancer-associated pain.

217Background: Though numerical rating scales (NRS) are frequently used, a subset of patients do not understand the abstract nature on NRS and use quality descriptors of severity. We used a visual analog scale (VAS) using descriptors of “good day”, “average day” and “bad day” along a 10-cm line and compared it to a NRS in patients with cancer diagnosis and pain 1 month or longer. Methods: Eligible patients were verbally consented and completed the two scales. We asked patients thoughts about which they felt was the more appropriate scale to gauge their pain. The scales were compared by the distance from the extreme left of the line to the mark the patient placed on the VAS. Additional data included demographic and diagnosis information. The VAS and NRS were compared using two-sample t-tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate. The relationship between the numeric pain scale and the visual analog scale is described using Pearson’s correlation coeffici...
Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures

Subtrochanteric femur fractures are significant injuries that despite surgery can lead to relatively high rates of nonunion, malunion, and subsequent poor clinical outcomes.
Landscape Analysis: Connected Lighting System

The lighting industry has gone under major transformations in recent decades. These changes are both at components/luminaires and system level. In 1999, Haitz stated that lumen per package will increase by a factor of 30 and the cost per lumen will decrease by factor of 10 [1]. This is also known as Haitz’s law [2]. In 2011, Haitz’s law is revisited; though the cost per lumen decremental rate remained the same, lumen per package incremental rate dropped to 20 [3]. According to revised Haitz’s law, LED has entered to era that can overcome its adoption barrier—high lamp price and low light output per emitter [2, 4]—in general lighting section. Next Generation Lighting Industry Alliance (NGLIA)’s presentation to the Department of Energy (DOE) shows that LED would disrupt the traditional lighting resource and dominate the lighting market by 2020 [5].
2-Oxomorpholin-3-YL Radicals

2-Oxomorpholin-3-yl radicals are formed when their dimers bi(2-oxomorpholin-3-yl) are dissolved. The dimer radical equilibrium constant for 3, 5, 5-trimethyl-2-oxomorpholin-3-yl varies between 1×10−9 and 6×10−16 as a function of medium, consistent with a dipolar radical structure. Variously substituted oxomorpholinyls and diiyls have been synthesized and studied. They are mild one electron reducing agents and are useful for in vitro and in vivo reduction of anthracycline anti-tumor drugs.
The Inverse Relationship between Tobacco Use and Body Weight

Cigarette smoking in the United States is responsible for one-third of cardiovascular diseases, one-third of cancer deaths, a large number of respiratory diseases, and a substantial proportion of deaths by fire (USDHEW, 1979; USDHHS, 1982, 1983, 1984). Other forms of tobacco use (e.g., smokeless tobacco) are responsible for additional cases of neck and head cancer (USDHHS, 1986; NIH Consensus Conference, 1986). In fact, more than twice as many deaths are caused by tobacco products in this country than by all other addictive drugs combined, including alcohol (USDHHS, 1988). Despite the well-known and extensively documented health risks of cigarette smoking and tobacco use, 51.1 million Americans smoke cigarettes and additional millions consume other forms of tobacco (USDHHS, 1988). Improved understanding of why people use tobacco products and are reluctant to give them up is important in order to design more effective cessation and prevention strategies.
Fluid brush

Digital media allows artists to create a wealth of visually-interesting effects that are impossible in traditional media. This includes temporal effects, such as cinemagraph animations, and expressive fluid effects. Yet these flexible and novel media often require highly technical expertise, which is outside a traditional artist's skill with paintbrush or pen. Fluid Brush acts a form of novel, digital media, which retains the brush-based interactions of traditional media, while expressing the movement of turbulent and laminar flow. As a digital media controlled through a non-technical interface, Fluid Brush allows for a novel form of painting that makes fluid effects accessible to novice users and traditional artists. To provide an informal demonstration of the medium's effects, applications, and accessibility, we asked designers, traditional artists, and digital artists to experiment with Fluid Brush. They produced a variety of works reflective of their artistic interests and backgrounds.
Beyond the Dual Paraneoplastic Syndromes of Small-Cell Lung Cancer with ADH and ACTH Secretion: A Case Report with Literature Review and Future Implications

We present a case of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) in which serum sodium gradually normalized with the onset of hypertension, refractory hypokalemia, and chloride-resistant metabolic alkalosis due to ectopic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion (EAS). In this case report, we discuss the diagnostic challenges of dual paraneoplastic syndromes with SIADH and EAS, management of SCLC with paraneoplastic endocrinopathies, and their prognostic impact on SCLC. In addition, we discuss neuroendocrine differentiation and ectopic hormone production in relation to intratumoral heterogeneity in SCLC and propose tumor microenvironment and hormonal and metabolic dependence as important determinants of tumor growth and survival.
Astrocyte activation and altered metabolism in normal aging, age-related CNS diseases, and HAND

Astrocytes regulate local cerebral blood flow, maintain ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis, provide metabolic support, regulate synaptic activity, and respond to brain injury, insults, and infection. Because of their abundance, extensive connectivity, and multiple roles in the brain, astrocytes are intimately involved in normal functioning of the CNS and their dysregulation can lead to neuronal dysfunction. In normal aging, decreased biological functioning and reduced cognitive abilities are commonly experienced in individuals free of overt neurological disease. Moreover, in several age-related CNS diseases, chronic inflammation and altered metabolism have been reported. Since people with HIV (PWH) are reported to experience rapid aging with chronic inflammation, altered brain metabolism is likely to be exacerbated. In fact, many studies report altered metabolism in astrocytes in diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and HIV. This review will address the roles of astrocyte activation and altered metabolism in normal aging, in age-related CNS disease, and in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
What Can be Learned in 6 Minutes? 6-Minute Walk Test Primer and Role in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

The 6-minute walk test is an easy to perform and practical test that has been used in the assessment of patients with a variety of cardiopulmonary diseases including pulmonary arterial hypertension...
Functional polymers. XXVII: 2[2-hydroxy-4-acryloxy(methacryloxy)phenyl]2 H -benzotriazole: Monomers, polymers, and copolymers

2(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazole has been prepared in about 50% yield by condensation ofo-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride with resorcinol followed by reductive cyclization of the initially obtained azo compound with zinc and sodium hydroxide. The condensation of the diazonium salt had to be carried out under carefully controlled conditions and in acidic medium, otherwise “bis”-condensation occurred which, after reductive cyclization, yielded 2(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)1,3-2H-dibenzotriazole. 2(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazole was allowed to react with acryloyl or methacryloyl chloride. Monoacylation in the 4-position occurred by interfacial acylation technique and 2[2-hydroxy-4-acryloxy (or 4-methacryloxy)]2H-benzotriazole was obtained in over 60% yield. The two monomers were homopolymerized and copolymerized with styrene, methyl methacrylate, andn-butyl acrylate to polymers of high molecular weight. Incorporation of 2[2-hydroxy-4-acryloxy (or 4-methacryloxy)]2H-benzotriazole into the copolymer was from 1 to 10 mol% of the comonomer mixture. The ultraviolet spectra of monomers, homo- and copolymers were also determined.
Enhancing language in children who are deaf/hard-of-hearing using augmentative and alternative communication technology strategies

Abstract Background Despite early identification and intervention, many children who are deaf/hard of hearing (D/HH) demonstrate significant gaps in language development which can directly impact social interactions. Aims The objective of this pilot study was to determine whether integrating augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) core word language strategies into a speech-language therapy program for young children who are D/HH improves spoken language outcomes. Methods Eleven young children, median age 5 years 7 months (range 3y;11 m to 10y;8 m) with bilateral hearing loss were enrolled in a single-case experimental design and completed a 24-week intervention that incorporated high-tech AAC strategies into a traditional speech-language therapy model (technology-assisted language intervention or TALI). The goal of the TALI was to improve spoken language development in children who were D/HH. Language samples were collected throughout the study and pragmatic language was assessed pre and post intervention. Results At the end of 24 weeks, children demonstrated a significant increase in their mean length of utterance, number of words spoken, and mean turn length according to language samples. Children also made gains in their pragmatic skills pre to post intervention. Conclusions Results of this study suggest that using AAC core word language strategies delivered via iPad technology may support continued and rapid spoken language skill growth among young school-age children who are D/HH. By leveraging AAC technology, we are pioneering a structured and dynamic approach to language learning, building an effective foundation for concepts and grammar for children who are D/HH.
Shock Compression of Liquid Deuterium up to 1 TPa

We present laser-driven shock compression experiments on cryogenic liquid deuterium to 550 GPa along the principal Hugoniot and reflected-shock data up to 1 TPa. High-precision interferometric Doppler velocimetry and impedance-matching analysis were used to determine the compression accurately enough to reveal a significant difference as compared to state-of-the-art ab initio calculations and thus, no single equation of state model fully matches the principal Hugoniot of deuterium over the observed pressure range. In the molecular-to-atomic transition pressure range, models based on density functional theory calculations predict the maximum compression accurately. However, beyond 250 GPa along the principal Hugoniot, first-principles models exhibit a stiffer response than the experimental data. Similarly, above 500 GPa the reflected shock data show 5%-7% higher compression than predicted by all current models.
Time-space Visualization of Automobile and Airplane Travel Time from Chicago to Various Destination Cities

Abstract. Travel distances are often thought of in terms of time. When asked about how far away a destination is, we answer that it is “x” minutes or hours away. This study explores a novel approach to visualize travel time from a selected, specific city to various destination cities in the Conterminous United States using two modes of transportation: automobile and airplane. Each destination city was selected randomly from cities that met a set of criteria including: city population categories, state representation, and overall geographic distribution. For the automobile and airplane time-space visualization Google Maps were consulted to get driving time and flying time estimates to 107 destination cities. For the airplane travel additional time was added to estimate driving to a local airport and parking. A straight-line time-vector trajectory between the example start city, Chicago, and the destination cities provided a consistent line to alter the relative locations of destination cities relative to buffer distances representing time. Time-altered city locations were used as control points to align an existing map of the United States. The automobile results show pronounced geographic dilation as well as contraction along many coastal states. Airplane travel severely contracted geographic extent of the U.S. as flying time is much faster and far less variable than automobile time. These visualizations provided a different cartographic product that emphasizes the time and space perception changes in time and space associated with movement via different modes of travel.
Geolocating Tweets in any Language at any Location

Most social media messages are written in languages other than English, but commonly used text mining tools were designed only for English. This paper introduces the Unicode Convolutional Neural Network (UnicodeCNN) for analyzing text written in any language. The UnicodeCNN does not require the language to be known in advance, allows the language to change arbitrarily mid-sentence, and is robust to the misspellings and grammatical mistakes commonly found in social media. We demonstrate the UnicodeCNN's effectiveness on the challenging task of content-based tweet geolocation using a dataset with 900 million tweets written in more than 100 languages. Whereas previous work restricted itself to predicting a tweet's country or city of origin (and only worked on tweets written in certain languages from highly populated cities), we predict the exact GPS locations of tweets (and our method works on tweets written in any language sent from anywhere in the world). We predict GPS coordinates using the mixture of von Mises-Fisher (MvMF) distribution. The MvMF exploits the Earth's spherical geometry to improve predictions, a task that previous work considered too computationally difficult. On English tweets, our model's predictions average more than 300km closer to the true location than previous work, and in other languages our model's predictions are up to 1500km more accurate. Remarkably, the UnicodeCNN can learn geographic knowledge in one language and automatically transfer that knowledge to other languages.
An Application From the History of Mathematics

The history of mathematics offers the enterprising teacher a wealth of motiva tional and enrichment material that can be used in almost any secondary mathematics classroom. For instance, a method for find ing the area under a curve, credited to Pierre Ferm?t (1601-1665), provides an in teresting application of the formula for finding the sum of the terms of an infinite geometric progression. In any geometric progression of the form a, ar, ar2, ar3, . . . , ar*1'1, the sum of the
The Administration of Moderate Sedation and the Role of the Radiology Nurse

Abstract Background Moderate sedation administration is an assumed role of the nurse in interventional radiology. There remains limited documentation to define this practice and its relationship to the radiology nurse. The use of moderate sedation is common for patients receiving interventional radiology procedures, and therefore, defining the administrative parameters for this variable will allow for the future study of outcomes for this patient population. The primary aim of this article is to describe moderate sedation parameters in interventional radiology in hospitals offering adult interventional radiology services. Parameters included total case volumes, presence of provider type during interventional radiology cases using moderate sedation, existence of moderate sedation privileges, and the total percentage of moderate sedation administration by provider type. The results of this study are part of a larger nationwide survey that described administratively mediated variables in interventional radiology. Methods A 26-question survey was developed and sent to a sample of radiologic administrators (n = 510) across the United States. The survey was developed using the Minnick and Roberts Outcomes Production Model, which identifies the relationship among essential health services concepts and their influence on patient outcomes. Recipients could answer via paper survey or by electronic link. Completion of the survey constituted consent. Results A total of 82 individuals responded to the survey (response rate = 16.8%). Respondents reported a median value of 2656.5 (n = 74, IQR: 1175.0, 5833.0) interventional radiology cases completed in the last year and a median value of 1500 patients receiving moderate sedation (n = 82, IQR: 600.0, 2725.0). Respondents reported that the registered nurse was responsible for a median of 90.0% of the sedation administered for adult patients (IQR: 80.0, 98.0). Conclusions Based on the results of the survey, it is determined that moderate sedation is primarily administered by the registered nurse in interventional radiology. Future studies can include relational designs that focus on aspects of the registered nurse as a highly influential factor in moderate sedation patient outcomes.
Morphometric, subcellular, in vitro fertilisation and embryonic developmental assessment of mouse oocytes produced by anti-inhibin serum or pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin superovulation

This study compared the morphometric, subcellular characteristics, in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and embryonic developmental potential of metaphase II (MII) mouse oocytes obtained from females superovulated with either anti-inhibin serum–human chorionic gonadotrophin (AIS-hCG) or pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG)-hCG. The oocyte’s quantity, quality, zona pellucida (ZP) thickness, perivitelline space (PVS), diameter, microtubules, F-actin, cortical granules (CGs) and mitochondrial distribution were determined. Superovulation using AIS-hCG resulted in a higher numbers of oocyte/donor compared with PMSG-hCG (P=0.002). There was no difference in morphologically normal and abnormal oocytes between AIS-hCG and PMSG-hCG (P=0.425 and P=0.194, respectively). The morphometric measurements showed no difference in oocyte diameter between AIS-hCG and PMSG-hCG (P=0.289). However, the thickness of the ZP of oocytes from AIS-hCG females was decreased compared with PMSG-hCG (P<0.001). The PVS of oocytes from the AIS-hCG was larger than with PMSG-hCG (P<0.001). The microtubules of oocytes from both AIS-hCG and PMSG-hCG were normal, although there was an increased fluorescence intensity in the AIS-hCG oocytes (P<0.001). The F-actin and CGs distribution in oocytes from both AIS-hCG and PMSG-hCG were similar (P=0.330 and P=0.13, respectively). Although the oocytes from PMSG-hCG females had homogenously distributed mitochondria, AIS-hCG oocytes showed more peripheral distribution with no differences in fluorescence intensity (P=0.137). The blastocyst development rates after IVF with fresh sperm showed no difference between AIS-hCG and PMSG-hCG (P=0.235). These data suggested that AIS-hCG superovulation produces high numbers of morphologically normal oocytes that also possess normal subcellular structures, good morphological characteristics and had high invitro embryonic developmental potential.
Broadband optical properties of redox exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenide films

Semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) continue to attract attention as components of optical devices due to remarkable refractive indices (e.g., n ≥ 4 for MoS2) from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths. In recent years, TMD synthetic processes have advanced to provide sonication- and surfactant-free exfoliation methods. Such methods provide better access to high-yields of oxidatively-resistant TMDs as stable colloidal dispersions. However, inconsistent optical constants (i.e., refractive indices, n, and extinction coefficients, k) have been reported throughout the literature without clear attribution to TMD origin, exfoliation technique, or film processing procedures. Here, we offer insight toward understanding the nature of these reported discrepancies. As such, we derive broadband optical constants of redox exfoliated TMD films from 250nm – 20µm using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. These data illustrate continuation of high n and low k values into the long-wavelength infrared regime. However, all the optical features (250nm – 20µm) are heavily dependent on both the selected raw material source (synthetic or natural) and accompanying post-processing conditions. These experimental optical features show significant changes in n ranging from 2.4 – 3.3. While the intrinsic lattice defect density is most likely to dominate TMD optical properties, residual species critical for exfoliation (i.e., polyoxometalates) are also suspected to contribute to variations in reported optical constants (e.g., extrinsic chemical dopant effects). Understanding such intrinsic and extrinsic optical property dependencies further expands the utility of redox exfoliated TMDs to expedite the development of next-generation optical devices.
RADIOLOGIA E ATUAÇÃO DO TECNÓLOGO NA MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA

INTRODUCAO: Os meios de diagnostico por imagem sao de grande utilidade na clinica medica veterinaria, auxiliando na agilidade e precisao do diagnostico. Este tipo de servico possui como desafio a necessidade de conhecimento especifico em funcao da variedade de especies. OBJETIVO: Discorrer sobre a radiologia veterinaria, enfatizando a atuacao do tecnologo em radiologia na area. METODOLOGIA: Realizou-se uma revisao de literatura do tipo narrativa, atraves de livros e artigos publicados nas bases de dados virtuais SCIELO, Google Academico e PUBVET. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSAO: Exames de radiodiagnostico sao importantes na clinica medica de animais e que vem sendo modernizados a partir do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias. A radiografia ainda e o exame de imagem mais utilizado no setor, pelo baixo custo e facil acesso, no entanto, outros metodos como ultrassonografia, ressonância magnetica e tomografia computadorizada tambem sao utilizados em animais. Sao alguns fatores limitantes da area a disponibilidade dos servicos, a inexistencia de parâmetros especificos e a escassez de estudos, considerando a diversidade de especies animais. A legislacao garante ao tecnologo ou o tecnico em radiologia a possibilidade de atuacao podem atuar no radiodiagnostico, inclusive na area veterinaria, sendo recomendado treinamento especifico atraves de estagios ou cursos. CONCLUSAO: A radiologia veterinaria e importante para a clinica medica de animais, sendo a radiografia convencional o exame de imagem mais utilizado no setor. O tecnologo em radiologia pode atuar no radiodiagnostico veterinario.
Abstract 15380: Association of Change in Body Mass Index With Premature Atrial Contractions Frequency and Atrial Fibrillation in Older Age: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Introduction: The proportions of obese and aging adults are rapidly growing. While obesity and advancing age are associated with atrial fibrillation (AF), data are limited on weight change in the e...