cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversal of sodium pump inhibitor induced vascular smooth muscle contraction with digibind Stoichiometry and its implications

The possibility that a circulating sodium pump inhibitor contributes to the pathogenesis of volume-dependent hypertension via an action on vascular smooth muscle (VSM) is supported by multiple lines of investigation, but remains controversial. We had two goals in this study. The first was to compare the pattern of contractile response of rabbit aorta induced by two candidates, ouabain and a labile sodium pump inhibitor that we have identified in the peritoneal dialysate of volume-expanded hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure. Our second goal was to examine the ability of Digibind, a Fab fragment of antisera directed against digoxin, to reverse VSM contraction induced by both agents. Ouabain induced a concentration-dependent contraction, which was delayed in onset, was gradual, and reached a stable plateau after many hours. The labile sodium pump inhibitor induced a qualitatively similar series of responses. Digibind rapidly reversed the contractile responses to both sodium pump inhibitors, with a rate of relaxation that matched that induced by physical removal of the pump inhibitor from the bath. For ouabain, the Digibind:ouabain stoichiometry was highly predictable. When Digibind was present in a molar concentration equivalent to that of ouabain, or less, it had no effect. When the Digibind concentration was twice that of ouabain, complete relaxation occurred. Although the concentration:VSM response relationship for ouabain was steep, the concentration:effect interaction with Digibind was even more steep. The molar concentration of Digibind required to reverse the effects of the labile endogenous inhibitor from peritoneal dialysate was consistently lower than that for ouabain, which is compatible with either greater potency of the labile factor in VSM or greater affinity for Digibind. These findings are compatible with a role for one or more endogenous sodium pump inhibitors as the determinant of vascular smooth muscle tone in the volume-sensitive hypertension of renal disease.
Isoelectric fractionation of bovine metmyoglobin

Abstract Isoelectric fractionation was used to separate nine metmyoglobin components from partially purified bovine metmyoglobin and to determine the isoelectric point of each component. Isoelectric fractionation demonstrated that the fractions from CM-cellulose column chromatography and the bands from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are heterogeneous. The inability of metmyoglobin components to interconvert with one another was also demonstrated. During the isoelectric fractionation a small amount of the metmyoglobin was reduced and oxymyoglobin was formed.
Biosynthesis and possible functions of inositol pyrophosphates in plants

Inositol phosphates (InsPs) are intricately tied to lipid signaling, as at least one portion of the inositol phosphate signaling pool is derived from hydrolysis of the lipid precursor, phosphatidyl inositol (4,5) bisphosphate. The focus of this review is on the inositol pyrophosphates, which are a novel group of InsP signaling molecules containing diphosphate or triphosphate chains (i.e., PPx) attached to the inositol ring. These PPx-InsPs are emerging as critical players in the integration of cellular metabolism and stress signaling in non-plant eukaryotes. Most eukaryotes synthesize the precursor molecule, myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5,6)-hexakisphosphate (InsP6), which can serve as a signaling molecule or as storage compound of inositol, phosphorus, and minerals (referred to as phytic acid). Even though plants produce huge amounts of precursor InsP6 in seeds, almost no attention has been paid to whether PPx-InsPs exist in plants, and if so, what roles these molecules play. Recent work has delineated that Arabidopsis has two genes capable of PP-InsP5 synthesis, and PPx-InsPs have been detected across the plant kingdom. This review will detail the known roles of PPx-InsPs in yeast and animal systems, and provide a description of recent data on the synthesis and accumulation of these novel molecules in plants, and potential roles in signaling.
Assessing probability of paternity and the product rule in DNA systems

The genetic resolution of paternity disputes begins with an intricate detection of inherited traits and finishes with a statistical inference (the probability of paternity,W). Notwithstanding some initial fanfare, statistical inference is a necessary component of DNA-based paternity tests because band patterns may be rare but not yet unique, and even rare events in a vacuum are meaningless. The genetic match must be combined with other evidence for relevancy, thus a Bayesian approach is preferred when computingW. This paper reviews the standard model used to computeW and discusses the model's various properties and assumptions. The standard model is extended to include DNA systems in which alleles are operationally continuous due to measurement error. This extension avoids problems associated with ‘matched/non-matched’ binned decisions. After outlining the model assumptions for a single DNA system, particular attention is given to the product rule-the procedure of multiplying intermediate probabilities across genetic loci to form a combinedW. An empirical alternative to the product rule is also assessed and correlated with standard procedures.
Saturation Composition and Density Data for the Sodium Sulfate + Sulfuric Acid + Methanol System

The solubility of sodium sulfate in the concentrated sulfuric acid + methanol system was determined at temperatures of (273, 293, 303, 313, and 323) K. The saturation densities were also determined. The solubility increased with increasing temperature until about 323 K. When the result of this study was compared with an earlier study7 of solubility for the sodium sulfate + water + aqueous methanol system, the solubility values of the present system were greater at all comparable temperatures. This may be due to the fact that “like dissolves like”. In this case, the SO42- anion is common to both sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate, whereas in the former study, it is not. Moreover, compounds containing the SO42- anion are known to be less soluble in water.
Purification of human alpha-light class lymphotoxin to electrophoretic homogeneity.

Abstract We have purified to homogeneity the α L -component (70,000–90,000) of the human LT cytolytic system. This lymphokine was purified ~ 10, 000-fold from supernatants of lectin-stimulated human tonsil and adenoid lymphocytes by molecular sieving, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, and preparative PAGE. The homogeneity of the radiolabeled molecule was confirmed both by electrophoresis and electrofocusing. The identity of the labeled peak with the lytic activity was demonstrated with a concomitant bioassay of the electrophoresed preparation; in addition, immunoprecipitation with a heterologous specific anti-α L antiserum showed simultaneous precipitation of the radiolabeled component and lytic activity. Immunological and biochemical evidence has previously shown this molecule to be a subunit of the Cx- and α H -LT forms. The latter LT classes are of intense interest because of their capacity for rapid selective cell lysis.
Experimental Leukocyte-Induced Pulmonary Vasculitis with Inquiry into Mechanism

Intravenous transfusions of washed allogeneic or autologous leukocytes in rabbits resulted in lesions of pulmonary periarteritis 48 hours later. Intact leukocytes were required. Systemic anaphylaxis, generalized Shwartzman reaction, alternate pathway complement activation and inert particle microembolism failed to produce identical lesions. Leukocytes tagged with radioactive chromium were found within arterial thromboses with proximal vasculitis. Generation or release of inflammatory factors plus thromboembolism would explain the pathogenesis of the lesions described. Specific mechanisms may be quite complex. Similar lesions have not been described in studies of pulmonary leukocyte entrapment or experimental microembolism of the lung. This model may be useful for studying pathogenetic mechanisms in pulmonary vasculitis and may have clinical implications.
Suitability of Searching and Representing Multimedia Learning Resources in a 3-D Virtual Gaming Environment

Search engines usually publish search results on web pages that are filled with a certain number of matched records that can be further navigated through successive back and forth operations. While this approach proves to be useful, it fails to show the context and relationship among displayed results. We argue that new and intuitive user interfaces, such as 3D virtual environment interfaces, may provide an alternative to the traditional presentation techniques, particularly in a learning environment where learners are looking for multimedia learning resources that match their interests. We propose a 3D car gaming environment such as a search metaphor and analyze the suitability of such an approach in terms of user perception, interaction, visual quality, graphics-rendering performance, and other parameters. Our experiment suggests that the proposed approach not only shows an intuitive way of information visualization but also integrates education and entertainment to serve the vision of Edutainment.
Substance abuse treatment modalities in the age of HIV spectrum disease

AMSAODD's Third National Forum on AIDS and Chemical Dependency presented a session about the theory and practicality of combining pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment modalities to maximize the social, psychological, and physical health of patients. Synthesizing methadone maintenance for opioid dependence with abstinence modalities for cocaine dependence and alcoholism was discussed. Chronic adequate methadone treatment allows normalization of neuroendocrine function, is associated with normal natural killer-cell activity, and has proven efficacious in retaining patients in chemical dependence treatment, and thus decreasing the risk for transmission of HIV infection. Individualization of treatment is then exemplified by four clinical vignettes that were discussed by a panel of experts.
Daunorubicin treatment in a refined experimental model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

A condition similar to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in man can be produced by injecting 25000 homologous dermal fibroblasts into rabbit eyes following gas compression of the vitreous. Daunorubicin (15 nmol) was effective in preventing retinal detachment in this model when injected simultaneously with the fibroblasts or in two doses (10 nmol followed by 5 nmol 4 h later) on the 3rd day after fibroblast injection. A single dose of 15 nmol on the 3rd day was not effective in preventing retinal detachment. These results suggest that daunorubicin may be clinically useful in preventing PVR when given by injection both at the time of vitrectomy as well as later, when protein exudation and pigment clumps in the vitreous cavity herald the onset of PVR.
The burdens of public justification: Constructivism, contractualism, and publicity

The publicity of a moral conception is a central idea in Kantian and contractarian moral theory. Publicity carries the idea of general acceptability of principles through to social relations. Without publicity of its moral principles, the intuitive attractiveness of the contractarian ideal seems diminished. For it means that moral principles cannot serve as principles of practical reasoning and justification among free and equal persons. This article discusses the role of the publicity assumption in Rawls’s and Scanlon’s contractualism. I contend that a regard for publicity and a moral conception’s potential to provide a public basis for justification and agreement account for much of the evolution of Rawls’s account of justice after A Theory of Justice. I also discuss whether contractualism can provide a basis for justification and general agreement under the social conditions that it endorses. I contend that it cannot, and conclude with a discussion showing why this should not be a problem for contractu...
Quantification of regional cerebral blood flow and vascular reserve in childhood Moyamoya disease using [123I]IMP-ARG method

Abstract Both regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional vascular reserve (rVR) in ten childhood Moyamoya disease were quantified pre- and post-operatively by autoradiographic processing using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and N -isopropyl- ρ -iodoamphetamine (IMP) (IMP-ARG method) to estimate hemodynamic effectiveness of surgical revascularization. Before surgery, in two patients, rCBF was reduced in the whole territories and loss of rVR in the anterior circulation was observed; +4.3% in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), −3.0% in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and +17.5% in posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territories. After surgery, in eight patients without transient ischemic attack (TIA) episodes, rCBF at rest was maintained around subnormal level in the whole territories, and mean rVR was up to +11.9, +17.3 and +28.3% in ACA, MCA and PCA territories, respectively. However, rVR in the anterior circulation was significantly reduced in comparison with rVR in the posterior circulation. Quantification of both resting rCBF and rVR using IMP-ARG method could provide reliable information concerning on surgical indication and its effectiveness in childhood Moyamoya disease.
Molecular transport via the functional complement lesion.

Abstract The membrane permeability of erythrocytes bearing functional complement lesions but retaining their intracellular hemoglobin was investigated. By assessing the ability of extracellular solute molecules to prevent colloid-osmotic lysis of these cells, it was determined that inulin and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (at 0°C) do not penetrate the functional lesion, while raffinose, sucrose and sodium do. These results were confirmed for inulin, raffinose and sucrose by examining cellular uptake of radiolabeled molecules. The activation energies of sucrose and raffinose uptake were found to be 10.3 and 12.3 kcal/mol, respectively, implying that (1) the functional lesion is a stationary membrane perturbation and (2) the lesion size is such that sucrose and raffinose cannot diffuse freely through it. The lesion thus has a minimum aperture, effective for transport, of 6 A radius based on the penetrability of various molecules. The consistency of this value with reported obsrvations is discussed.
Effects of a Chemical Additive and of Formaldehyde-gas Fumigation on Salmonella in Poultry Feeds,

Abstract Chick starter, fish meal, and meat and bone meal were artificially contaminated with S. senftenberg 775W at a level of 2×106 cells/gm. of feed and treated with a chemical feed additive (EndgermR) at levels of 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2%. A standard quantitative test for Salmonella was made on the treated feed samples during a 10-day storage period to determine the inhibitory effect of Endgerm on the presence of Salmonella in poultry feeds. Endgerm had no significant effect on elimination of Salmonella in feeds at levels of 2×106 organisms/gm. Reduction of Salmonella populations in treated feeds was attributed to spontaneous reduction rather than any deleterious effect of the chemical. Degree of reduction of Salmonella populations differed between type of feed with meat and bone meal being the least deleterious and chick starter the most. Salmonella contaiminated feed was fumigated with formaldehyde-gas at 37°C. and 60% relative humidity. A standard qualitative test for Salmonella was made on the fumigated feed samples. Fumigation for 20 min. was effective in eliminating Salmonella in feed depths up to and including 1.91 cm. A 5-min. fumigation period during continuous mixing of Salmonella contaminated feed was sufficient to eliminate Salmonella in 9.1 kg. of feed. Formaldehyde-gas fumigation of feed affected neither its palatability nor biological value for broilers.
Interpretation by students of clinical laboratory results.

The results of diagnostic test are often misinterpreted by physicians and nurses. To investigate whether this problem is present at the beginning of their professional education, this study analyse...
Refined solutions for the elastic response of involute bodies

Abstract A refined solution technique is presented for the involute model recently developed.1,2 This consists of developing the proper relations, in particular, the end conditions, for a body composed of N sub-regions, associated with the finite difference solution scheme. An involute conical frustum problem treated earlier with one sub-region is solved by use of a two-sub-region model. Correlation with a fine network PATCHES-III solution is studied, with particular emphasis on predicted stress discontinuities at the (mathematical) interface of the two sub-regions. Observations regarding the general utility of the new model are also given.
Phenomenological Delta -nucleus potential from inclusive electron-nucleus scattering data.

The four-momentum-transfer dependences of the quasielastic and \ensuremath{\Delta} peak positions seen in electron-nucleus scattering are interpreted in terms of momentum-dependent potentials. We have used data on the \ensuremath{\Delta} peak position for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, C, and Fe, approximately corrected for the effects of competing reaction mechanisms, to estimate the depth and momentum range of the real part of the potential felt by a \ensuremath{\Delta} resonance in nuclei. We find that the \ensuremath{\Delta}-nucleus potential is deeper than the nucleon-nucleus potential for q950 MeV/c.
The Effects of Pretraining and Reminder Treatments on Retrograde Amnesia in Rats: Comparison of Lesions to the Fornix or Perirhinal and Entorhinal Cortices☆

The present experiment examined the effects of pretraining and reminder treatments on the retention of a nonrelational odor-guided digging task following lesions to the hippocampal formation (i.e., fornix) or parahippocampal region (i.e., perirhinal and entorhinal cortices). The results showed that fornix-lesioned rats and control rats had good retention of the task and did not differ from each other; however, perirhinal- and entorhinal-lesioned rats were severely impaired and differed from fornix and control rats. The present experiment found no attenuation of amnesia following pretraining, which may be due to the lesion technique employed and the size of the resulting lesions. However, the experiment found a significant difference in performance following a reminder treatment, even in the severely impaired perirhinal- and entorhinal-lesioned group.
Behavioral thermoregulation by the white rat at high ambient temperatures

At ambient temperatures greater than 40°C, rats must spread salvia on themselves to prevent lethal hyperthermia. This study examined the effect of other behavioral parameters on a rat's ability to thermoregulate. The animals were exposed to 42°C in a cylindrical wire cage; records of time spent saliva spreading and moving about the cage were made; and body temperatures were measured with thermocouples implanted in the animals' abdominal cavities. Very little time spent saliva spreading was necessary for an animal to become thoroughly wetted on its ventral surface. Once wetted, an animal's thermoregulatory ability depended on its amount of locomotion. Animals which spent a considerable amount of time climbing about the cage were unable to stabilize their body temperatures and suffered increasing hyperthermia. Those which had low levels of locomotion were able to hold a constant body temperature for an hour or more. Several of the animals were given seven successive exposures to 40°C, followed by a second exposure to 42°C. Most of these animals showed greatly improved thermoregulatory abilities in the second exposure at 42°C as compared with the first, and this improvement was associated with markedly decreased locomotion. Several animals showed increased saliva spreading, but this change was not well correlated with improved thermoregulatory ability. It was concluded that low levels of locomotion are essential for evaporative cooling by saliva spreading to be adequate, and that repeated exposures to heat can modify an animal's behavior to the type associated with prolonged thermoregulation.
The prognostic importance of abnormal heart rate recovery and chronotropic response among exercise treadmill test patients.

Background Heart rate recovery (HRR) and chronotropic response to exercise (CR) each have prognostic value among patients undergoing exercise treadmill testing (ETT). However, little is known about their prognostic use in combination and in addition to the Duke Treadmill Score (DTS). Methods We studied 9,519 outpatients undergoing ETT between 2001 and 2004. Patients were categorized by HRR and CR. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to control for demographics, clinical history, and DTS. Results After multivariable adjustment for DTS and other demographic and clinical variables, patients with abnormal HRR and CR had higher rates of all-cause mortality or nonfatal MI, as compared to patients with normal HRR and CR (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.90, 95% CI 1.35-2.69). Addition of the HRR and CR to the DTS improved outcome prediction (c-statistic improved from 0.61 to 0.68). Low-risk DTS patients with abnormal HRR and CR had significantly higher rates of all-cause mortality or nonfatal MI (HR 2.59, 95% CI 1.55-4.32), compared to low-risk DTS patients with normal HRR and CR. Conclusions Abnormal HRR and CR identified ETT patients with higher rates of all-cause mortality or nonfatal MI and provided additional risk stratification among low-risk DTS patients. These results support the routine incorporation of HRR and CR in ETT reporting and suggest the need to evaluate whether further testing and/or more intensive treatment of these higher risk patients can improve outcomes.
Understanding the neurophysiological basis of auditory abilities for social communication: a perspective on the value of ethological paradigms

Acoustic communication between animals requires them to detect, discriminate, and categorize conspecific or heterospecific vocalizations in their natural environment. Laboratory studies of the auditory-processing abilities that facilitate these tasks have typically employed a broad range of acoustic stimuli, ranging from natural sounds like vocalizations to "artificial" sounds like pure tones and noise bursts. However, even when using vocalizations, laboratory studies often test abilities like categorization in relatively artificial contexts. Consequently, it is not clear whether neural and behavioral correlates of these tasks (1) reflect extensive operant training, which drives plastic changes in auditory pathways, or (2) the innate capacity of the animal and its auditory system. Here, we review a number of recent studies, which suggest that adopting more ethological paradigms utilizing natural communication contexts are scientifically important for elucidating how the auditory system normally processes and learns communication sounds. Additionally, since learning the meaning of communication sounds generally involves social interactions that engage neuromodulatory systems differently than laboratory-based conditioning paradigms, we argue that scientists need to pursue more ethological approaches to more fully inform our understanding of how the auditory system is engaged during acoustic communication. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Communication Sounds and the Brain: New Directions and Perspectives".
Depression of cardiac function by streptomycin and other antimicrobial agents

Abstract Signs of toxicity of the eighth cranial nerve in a patient receiving streptomycin who also had persistent hypotension after cardiac surgery led to investigation of the effects of streptomycin and other antibiotic agents on cardiac function. In 18 open chest dogs, there was a dose-dependent depression of cardiovascular function as a result of the intravenous administration of streptomycin in doses of 2.5, 10 and 40 mg/kg. Similar depressions were demonstrated after administration of tetracycline, kanamycin, vancomycin, erythromycin and colymycin. In 4 intact dogs given streptomycin, 2 g intramuscularly, cardiac output decreased 26 percent and mean arterial pressure decreased 22 percent 1 hour after administration. The average level of streptomycin in the blood at 1 hour was 35 μg/ml, within the usual therapeutic range for patients. In the isolated perfused cat heart, streptomycin, tetracycline, kanamycin, vancomycin and chloramphenicol caused a profound decrease in contractile force. These data should not be extrapolated directly to clinical situations since most of the experiments did not parallel precisely the usual form of antibiotic administration. In the presence of infection, antibiotic drugs are among the most effective agents available. However, the physician must be aware of the potential for cardiac depression, especially in patients with an already compromised cardiac status or with impaired renal function.
Magnetic susceptibility of nitric oxide at 296°K and 216°K

In the course of attempts to improve and simplify present methods for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of gases, the following observations on the susceptibility of NO were made, and as the work is being continued on entirely different lines, it is proposed to publish this result separately in a short paper.
Egg Shell Quality.II. Effect of Dietary Manipulations of Protein, Amino Acids, Energy, and Calcium in Young Hens on Egg Weight, Shell Weight, Shell Quality, and Egg Production

Abstract Sixteen dietary treatments (including four protein, four energy, and eight calcium levels) were fed to 560 aged hens for 8 weeks in an attempt to improve shell quality by reducing egg weight without reducing shell deposition. Decreasing the dietary protein from 20 to 11.5% in isocaloric diets resulted in a decrease in egg weight, shell weight, and serum calcium. No improvement in egg specific gravity and no adverse effect on egg production and feed consumption were noted. The response of hens to the 16 or 13.5% protein diet was similar to that of the hens fed the 20% protein diet. Increasing the dietary calcium level from 3 to 4.25% did not prevent the decline in shell weight. Exaggerating the protein deficiency by increasing the dietary energy level from 2.42 to 3.30 kcal ME/g in graded increments and calcium from 2.56 to 4.94%, respectively, also did not prevent the decline in shell weight as egg weight decreased. Body weight decreased as the protein level decreased. Percent yolk increased while percent shell and albumin decreased as egg size decreased. Within 3 weeks after returning the hens to the control feed (16% protein), there was no significant difference in egg weight, shell weight, or feed consumption. It was concluded that reducing egg size by dietary manipulation of protein, amino acids, energy, and calcium also reduced shell deposition, thus preventing any improvement in shell quality; and that the dietary protein level can be reduced to as low as 11.5% in old hens for at least 1 to 2 months prior to hen disposal without any adverse affect on production.
Heme-based Sensing by the Mammalian Circadian Protein, CLOCK

Heme is emerging as a key player in the synchrony of circadian-coupled transcriptional regulation. Current evidence suggests that levels of circadian-linked transcription are regulated in response to both the availability of intracellular heme and heme-based sensing of carbon monoxide (CO) and possibly nitric oxide (NO). The protein CLOCK is central to the regulation and maintenance of circadian rhythms in mammals. CLOCK comprises two PAS domains, each with a heme binding site. Our studies focus on the functionality of the murine CLOCK PAS−A domain (residues 103−265). We show that CLOCK PAS−A binds iron(III) protoporhyrin IX to form a complex with 1:1 stoichiometry. Optical absorbance and resonance Raman studies reveal that the heme of ferric CLOCK PAS−A is a six-coordinate, low-spin complex whose resonance Raman signature is insensitive to pH over the range of protein stability. Ferrous CLOCK PAS−A is a mixture of five-coordinate, high-spin and six-coordinate, low-spin complexes. Ferrous CLOCK PAS−A form...
Control of Seismic Response of Bridge Structures Using Variable Dampers

This study demonstrates, by way of numerical simulation, the potential utility of variable dampers for controlling structural response under seismic loads. Standard control theory is difficult to apply in a straightforward fashion in this case because the equation of motion includes the damping coefficient, which needs to be controlled instantaneously. The equation is nonlinear in the sense that the control uses feedback information involving the structural response itself. A bang- bang control and instantaneous optimal control algorithms are developed to control the damping coefficient. The effects of these control algorithms on the reduction of absolute acceleration of the girder and relative displacement between the girder and piers are examined for girder bridges. Promising results are obtained in reducing seismic responses.
Drug self-administration and sleep-awake activity in rats dependent on morphine, methadone, or l-alpha-acetylmethadol.

Morphine post-dependent rats were prepared with chronic cortical EEG and temporalis muscle EMG electrodes and i.v. jugular cannulae and permitted to self-administer morphine (10 mg/kg/injection) on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement to reestablish and maintain dependence. Morphine was then replaced by methadone or l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) at a dose of 2 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. The rats developed stable patterns of self-administration of each narcotic and maintained the dependent state. The mean (± S.E.) interinjection interval was 2.5±0.1 h for morphine, 1.4±0.1 h formethadone and 8.8±0.8 h for LAAM. The distribution of sleep, REM sleep, and awake within the interinjection interval for the three narcotics was similar. A short phase of behavioral stupor concomitant with EEG slow bursts emerged following the self-injections. This phase was followed by arousal with EEG activation. Sleep and REM sleep then reappeared and predominated before the next injection. LAAM manifested a relatively slow onset of action in comparison with morphine and methadone.
Adaptive backstepping control for miniature air vehicles

There are a variety of potential military and civil applications for miniature air vehicles (MAVs). However, commercial viability will require that low level control loops do not require tuning for each individual airframe. The objective of this paper is to explore the use of nonlinear model reference adaptive control for pitch and roll attitude hold. We derive algorithms that are well suited for implementation on MAVs and demonstrate their effectiveness through flight tests on a 1.2 meter wingspan airframe using the Kestrel autopilot. The performance is compared to specially tuned PD controllers on the same airframe.
Alterations in pancreatic and hepatic ultrastructure following acute cycloheximide intoxication.

Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis at the polysomal level, produces ultrastructural changes in rat liver and pancreas which closely resemble ultrastructural changes attributed solely to inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Nucleolus-like structures and collections of ribosomes in “hook-like” configurations of the endoplasmic reticulum are two unusual changes found in the cytoplasm following cycloheximide treatment. The ultrastructural effects of cycloheximide indicate the importance of diminished protein synthesis in drug-induced nuclear and nucleolar ultrastructural changes, regardless of the stage at which the protein synthetic process is inhibited—directly at translation or indirectly at transcription. By selective use of agents which inhibit RNA and protein synthesis, correlative biochemical and ultrastructural investigations may add further meaning to the complex nuclear changes produced by some carcinogens and antimetabolites.
Simulated fuel economy and performance of advanced hybrid electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using in-use travel profiles

As vehicle powertrain efficiency increases through electrification, consumer travel and driving behavior have significantly more influence on the potential fuel consumption of these vehicles. Therefore, it is critical to have a good understanding of in-use or “real world” driving behavior if accurate fuel consumption estimates of electric drive vehicles are to be achieved. Regional travel surveys using Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment have been found to provide an excellent source of in-use driving profiles. In this study, a variety of vehicle powertrain options were developed and their performance was simulated over GPS-derived driving profiles for 783 vehicles operating in Texas. The results include statistical comparisons of the driving profiles versus national data sets, driving performance characteristics compared with standard drive cycles, and expected petroleum displacement benefits from the electrified vehicles given various vehicle charging scenarios.
Screening of Antimicrobial Agents for In Vitro Radiation Protection and Mitigation Capacity, Including those Used in Supportive Care Regimens for Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients*

Antibiotic and antifungal agents used in supportive care regimens for bone marrow transplantation recipients contribute to a significant dose-modifying effect of otherwise lethal total body irradiation. To determine whether drugs used in supportive care and other commonly used antibiotics such as tetracycline function as radiation protectors or damage mitigators in vitro, 13 drugs were tested for radiation protection and radiation damage mitigation of 32D cl 3 hematopoietic progenitor cells in clonagenic survival curves in vitro. Antibiotic/Antifungal agents including cilastatin, amikacin, ceftazidine, vancomycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, methacycline, minocycline, meclocycline, oxytetracycline and rolitetracycline were added in 1, 10, or 100 micromolar concentrations to murine interleukin-3-dependent hematopoietic progenitor cell line 32D cl 3 cells either before or after irradiation of 0 to 8 Gy. Control irradiated 32D cl 3 cells showed radiosensitivity comparable to freshly explanted mouse marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells (D(0) 1.1+/-0.1 Gy, N 1.5+/-0.4). Positive control GS-nitroxide JP4-039 (known radiation mitigator) treated 32D cl 3 cells were radioresistant (D(0) 1.2+/-0.1, N 5.8+/-2.4 (p=0.009)). Of the 13 drugs tested, tetracycline was found to be a significant radiation mitigator (D(0) 0.9+/-0.1, N 13.9+/-0.4 (p=0.0027)). Thus, the radiation dose-modifying effect of some antibiotics, but not those currently used in the supportive care (antibiotic/antifungal regimens) for marrow transplant patients, may act as radiation damage mitigators for hematopoietic cells as well as decreasing the growth and inflammatory response to microbial pathogens.
Comparison of Media for Substance Abuse Education in Rural Communities

A study was done in Orangeburg County, South Carolina, to compare the effectiveness of the various mass media, television, radio, and newspaper, for the dissemination of educational material about substance abuse. Effectiveness of the media in reaching certain subpopulations defined by race, sex, income, age, and population density was also examined. It was found that the radio medium was generally less effective than the others. Furthermore, it was found that Blacks and Whites differed in the extent to which they were reached by radio and television.
The observed effects of teenage passengers on the risky driving behavior of teenage drivers.

The association between teenage passengers and crash risks among young drivers may be due to risky driving behavior. We investigated the effect on two measures of risky driving in the presence of young male and female passengers. Vehicles exiting from parking lots at 10 high schools were observed and the occupants were identified by gender and age (teen or adult). At a nearby site, the speed and headway of passing traffic were recorded using video and LIDAR technology. Teenage drivers drove faster than the general traffic and allowed shorter headways (close following), particularly in the presence of a male teenage passenger. Both male and female teenage drivers allowed shorter headways (relative to no passenger or a female passenger) in the presence of a male teenage passenger, while the presence of a female teenage passenger resulted in longer headways for male teenage drivers. Overall, the observed rate of high risk driving (defined as speed > or =15 mph or more above the posted speed limit and/or headway of
Evidence of Left Inferior Frontal–Premotor Structural and Functional Connectivity Deficits in Adults Who Stutter

The neurophysiological basis for stuttering may involve deficits that affect dynamic interactions among neural structures supporting fluid speech processing. Here, we examined functional and structural connectivity within corticocortical and thalamocortical loops in adults who stutter. For functional connectivity, we placed seeds in the left and right inferior frontal Brodmann area 44 (BA44) and in the ventral lateral nucleus (VLN) of the thalamus. Subject-specific seeds were based on peak activation voxels captured during speech and nonspeech tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) was used to find brain regions with heightened functional connectivity with these cortical and subcortical seeds during speech and nonspeech tasks. Probabilistic tractography was used to track white matter tracts in each hemisphere using the same seeds. Both PPI and tractrography supported connectivity deficits between the left BA44 and the left premotor regions, while connectivity among homologous right hemisphere structures was significantly increased in the stuttering group. No functional connectivity differences between BA44 and auditory regions were found between groups. The functional connectivity results derived from the VLN seeds were less definitive and were not supported by the tractography results. Our data provide strongest support for deficient left hemisphere inferior frontal to premotor connectivity as a neural correlate of stuttering.
Pro-anorexics and recovering anorexics differ in their linguistic Internet self-presentation.

Abstract Objective Pro-anorexia has emerged as a new and emotionally charged eating disorder phenomenon. This study explored the linguistic markers of differences in Internet self-presentation of self-identified pro-anorexics who defend anorexia as a lifestyle and self-identified anorexics in recovery. Method One hundred sixty-two Internet message board entries and 56 homepages originating from either pro-anorexics or recovering anorexics were analyzed for linguistic markers of emotional, cognitive, and social functioning, temporal focus, and anorexia-related psychological concerns. Results Across both text sources, pro-anorexics displayed more positive emotions, less anxiety, a lower degree of cognitive reflection, and lower levels of self-directed attention than did recovering anorexics. Pro-anorexics were also more focused on the present and less on the past. Finally, pro-anorexics were more preoccupied with eating and less with school-related issues and death. Conclusion Linguistically, pro-anorexics and recovering anorexics engage in distinct psychological self-presentation styles. More research is needed to understand the clinical implications of these different linguistic styles.
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Behavioral Family-Based Intervention With and Without Home Visits to Decrease Obesity in Preschoolers

D, ABPP, CincinnatiChildren’s Hospital Medical Center, MLC 3015, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.E-mail: lori.stark@cchmc.orgReceived February 7, 2014; revisions received June 25, 2014; accepted July 7, 2014Objective Tested two family-based behavioral treatments for obesity in preschool children, one meeting theExpert Committee guidelines for Stage 3 obesity intervention criteria (LAUNCH-clinic) and one exceedingStage 3 (LAUNCH with home visit [LAUNCH-HV]), compared with a Stage 1 intervention, pediatrician coun-seling (PC). Methods In all, 42 children aged 2–5 years with a body mass index (BMI) percentile of 95th were randomized. A total of 33 met intent-to-treat criteria. Assessments were conducted at baseline,Month 6 (posttreatment), and Month 12 (6-month follow-up). Results LAUNCH-HV demonstrated a sig-nificantly greater decrease on the primary outcome of change in BMI z-score (BMIz) pre- to posttreatmentcompared with PC (p¼.007), whereas LAUNCH-clinic was not significantly different from PC (p¼.08).Similar results were found for secondary outcomes. Conclusions LAUNCH-HV, but not LAUNCH-clinic,significantly reduced BMIz compared with PC by posttreatment, indicating the need for intensive behavioralintervention, including home visitation, to address weight management in obese preschool children.Key words home visits; obesity; preschoolers; treatment.Dramatic increases in the prevalence of obesity among pre-schoolers parallels trends among school-age children andadolescents from the 1970s to its peak at 13.9% in 2003–2004 (Ogden et al., 2006). While epidemiological datasince this time suggests a plateau, the prevalence of obesityamong preschoolers continues to be 12.1% (Ogden,Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2012). Preschoolers with obesityhave a greater incidence of health risks (Williams,Strobino, Bollella, & Brotanek, 2004), more behavior prob-lems (Datar, Sturm, & Magnabosco, 2004), and lowerhealth-related quality of life (Kuhl, Rausch, Varni, &Stark, 2012) than children who are 95th body massindex (BMI) percentile. Further, children who are obeseduring the preschool years are unlikely to ‘‘outgrow’’excess weight. Two recent studies show that childrenwho are the 95th percentile BMI between ages 2 and 5years are 5 (if obese at age 2 years) to 47 times (if obese atage 5 years) more likely to remain overweight at later ages(Nader et al., 2006) compared with a 6% probability ofbeing overweight for children who were at the 50th per-centile BMI (Cunningham, Kramer, & Narayan, 2014).Explicitly targeting weight control in early childhood iscrucial to modifying weight and health trajectories for pre-schoolers who are obese.An expert committee representing 15 national health-care organizations was convened by the American Medical
On the theory of tumor self-seeding: implications for metastasis progression in humans

Metastasis remains the leading cause of death among cancer patients because few effective treatment options are available. A recent paper proposes a new twist on metastasis. The paper shows that circulating tumor cells can return to the primary tumor, a process termed tumor self-seeding or cross-seeding, and that this helps breeding tumor cells that give rise to aggressive metastatic variants. A viewpoint presented here addresses the implications of these studies for human cancer metastasis.
Student Ratings of Instruction and Student Achievement: A Meta-analysis of Multisection Validity Studies:

The present study used meta-analytic methodology to synthesize research on the relationship between student ratings of instruction and student achievement. The data for the meta-analysis came from 41 independent validity studies reporting on 68 separate multisection courses relating student ratings to student achievement. The average correlation between an overall instructor rating and student achievement was .43; the average correlation between an overall course rating and student achievement was .47. While large effect sizes were also found for more specific rating dimensions such as Skill and Structure, other dimensions showed more modest relationships with student achievement. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that rating/achievement correlations were larger for full-time faculty when students knew their final grades before rating instructors and when an external evaluator graded students’ achievement tests. The results of the meta-analysis provide strong support for the validity of s...
Novel E3 Ubiquitin Ligases That Regulate Histone Protein Levels in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Core histone proteins are essential for packaging the genomic DNA into chromatin in all eukaryotes. Since multiple genes encode these histone proteins, there is potential for generating more histones than what is required for chromatin assembly. The positively charged histones have a very high affinity for negatively charged molecules such as DNA, and any excess of histone proteins results in deleterious effects on genomic stability and cell viability. Hence, histone levels are known to be tightly regulated via transcriptional, posttranscriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. We have previously elucidated the posttranslational regulation of histone protein levels by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway involving the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes Ubc4/5 and the HECT (Homologous to E6-AP C-Terminus) domain containing E3 ligase Tom1 in the budding yeast. Here we report the identification of four additional E3 ligases containing the RING (Really Interesting New Gene) finger domains that are involved in the ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of excess histones in yeast. These E3 ligases are Pep5, Snt2 as well as two previously uncharacterized Open Reading Frames (ORFs) YKR017C and YDR266C that we have named Hel1 and Hel2 (for Histone E3 Ligases) respectively. Mutants lacking these E3 ligases are sensitive to histone overexpression as they fail to degrade excess histones and accumulate high levels of endogenous histones on histone chaperones. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that these E3 ligases interact with the major E2 enzyme Ubc4 that is involved in the degradation related ubiquitylation of histones. Using mutagenesis we further demonstrate that the RING domains of Hel1, Hel2 and Snt2 are required for histone regulation. Lastly, mutants corresponding to Hel1, Hel2 and Pep5 are sensitive to replication inhibitors. Overall, our results highlight the importance of posttranslational histone regulatory mechanisms that employ multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases to ensure excess histone degradation and thus contribute to the maintenance of genomic stability.
Partial Decoupling of the Matrix Method for Planar Mechanisms Inverse Dynamics

This paper presents a partial decoupling method for the well-known matrix method commonly in use for the linear inverse dynamics problem of planar mechanisms. Any mechanism with a dyad of binary links can benefit from the proposed method, which involves extracting submatrices by looking for sufficient columns of zeros such that a reduced problem may first be solved with an equal number of scalar equations and unknowns. Then some equal-and-opposite internal joint forces are transferred to the remaining FBDs and the solution proceeds until the input link is solved in a decoupled manner. The method leads to significant reductions in computational cost for common planar mechanisms. The kinematics & dynamics textbooks have overlooked this partial decoupling in their presentations of the matrix method for inverse dynamics.Copyright © 2009 by ASME