cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RE@40: Midlife Crisis or Graceful Maturity?

The RE@40 seminar offered a diagnosis of the state of RE as it enters its 40s. At 40, RE has grown up a bit and should have a clear sense of who it is as it moves deeper into its most productive years. Of course, many 40-somethings also begin to experience a midlife crisis and suddenly change direction, perhaps not attending well to their current responsibilities. Where does RE sit at this juncture?
On the particle formation in spray drying process for bio-pharmaceutical applications: Interrogating a new model via computational fluid dynamics

Abstract Although spray drying is widely used to produce active pharmaceutical ingredients, its operation and improvement is often difficult to assess because of complex interactions between the chemical and physical properties of the solutions, and the ensuing fluid dynamic, and heat and mass transfer phenomena occurring during spray drying. Hence, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is used to provide insight into spray drying to produce pharmaceutical solid amorphous dispersions, the results of which are compared to experimental data from the modelled spray dryer during its operation. It is shown that droplets with different sizes, trajectories and breakup behaviors occur and cause droplet drying and solid powder formation differences that affect product characteristics. Based on the combined CFD and experimental information, a new drying approach is proposed and tested that is based on the precipitation of dissolved solid species and the introduction of swirl motion of the droplets during ejection from a spray nozzle. This new approach is shown to improve drying performance of difficult-to-handle pharmaceutical solutions.
Influence of tidal-volume setting, emphysema and ARDS on human alveolar sacs mechanics

Mechanical ventilation (MV) devices help patients with lung disorders to breathe. Improper setting for MV devices lead to further lung injuries. Therefore, investigating influence of ventilator device settings on healthy and diseased alveolar sacs mechanics could prevent injuries while in use. To this aim, three-dimensional (3D) models for healthy and emphysematous alveolar sacs with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were developed, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and fluid–solid interaction (FSI) approach were employed to study the influence of alveolar sacs wall motion, tidal volume (TV) setting and disease on alveolar sac mechanics. The recirculation region was only monitored in alveolar sacs with rigid wall. Observations demonstrated an increase in compliance during air inhalation into the emphysematous alveolar sacs. Induced air penetrated deeper into healthy alveolar sacs compared to the emphysematous model and recommended TV for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increased applied strain, stress and wall shear stress (WSS) on emphysematous alveolar sacs. In addition, recommended TVs for patients with ARDS decreased strain and stress, but did not influence applied WSS significantly. In general, increasing TV raised stress and strain level and led to deeper air penetration into the alveolar sacs. Afterwards, lower TV decreased strain, stress and WSS for patients who had both ARDS and emphysema. This study can provide invaluable insights about diseased alveolar sacs mechanics and evaluate importance of ventilator devices setting in different disease conditions.
Hispanic leadership fostering parental engagement in a community-based space

This case study based on data from a larger study seeks to explore how aspects of a ‘communities of parental engagement’ model and Hispanic leadership forms are present in a community-based program...
Ruminal distribution of zinc in steers fed a polysaccharide-zinc complex or zinc oxide.

Six Holstein steers (initial BW 335 kg) were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design to study the distribution of Zn in ruminal contents from a conventional Zn source (ZnO) or Zn sequestered to a polysaccharide (PC-Zn). Treatments consisted of a basal diet (no Zn supplementation) and the basal diet supplemented with Zn from either PC-Zn or ZnO. Steers were provided with 208, 920, or 896 mg of Zn/d from basal, PC-Zn, or ZnO, respectively. On collection day, steers were dosed with 800 mg of Zn from each Zn supplement and whole ruminal contents (WRC) were sampled at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h postdosing. The cell-free (soluble) Zn concentrations in steers fed the PC-Zn or ZnO supplements decreased (P < .05) rapidly after dosing. Mean Zn concentrations of the cell-free fraction were considerably lower than either microbial or particle fractions of WRC. Compared with ZnO, the PC-Zn source resulted in higher (P < .05) cell-free Zn at 1 and 2 h after dosing and higher (P < .05) Zn concentrations (micrograms/gram of DM) in the fluid- and particle-associated microbial and particle fractions. Compared with basal, fluid-associated microbial DM concentration tended to be higher (P < .10) at 6 and 8 h with PC-Zn and ZnO. Results indicate a rapid disappearance of Zn from the soluble fraction and a high concentration of Zn in the DM of the microbial and particle fractions of WRC. Furthermore, PC-Zn resulted in higher levels of Zn in all fractions of WRC, and Zn supplementation tended to increase microbial DM production at later sampling times.
Distinguishing Architects from Engineers: A Pilot Study in Differences Between Engineers and Other Technologists

This chapter points out some differences between engineers and architects in curriculum, standards of evaluation, and allied fields, provides an historical account of the origins of those differences (emphasizing the last three hundred years), and reflects on the method that makes the differences so clear and alternative methods of study that might make them appear much less so (a focus on discipline, occupation, and profession rather than function). The conclusion is that we must be careful to identify what method we use to study engineering, since the choice of method is often also the choice of conclusion (or, at least, the ruling out of some promising alternatives).
Quantum correlations, large scale structure of the universe and temporal non-locality

The recent experiments on long-distance Bell-type tests clearly indicate that quantum correlations between photons can persist for very long distances at least over 10 km. These experimental results support the view that distance has no effect on quantum correlations. We propose that the cosmological scale might be an arena to test those long distance quantum correlations.
Executing reactive, model-based programs through graph-based temporal planning

In the future, webs of unmanned air and space vehicles will act together to robustly perform elaborate missions in uncertain environments. We coordinate these systems by introducing a reactive model-based programming language (RMPL) that combines within a single unified representation the flexibility of embedded programming and reactive execution languages, and the deliberative reasoning power of temporal planners. The KIRK planning system takes as input a problem expressed as a RMPL program, and compiles it into a temporal plan network (TPN), similar to those used by temporal planners, but extended for symbolic constraints and decisions. This intermediate representation clarifies the relation between temporal planning and causal-link planning, and permits a single task model to be used for planning and execution. Such a unified model has been described as a holy grail for autonomous agents by the designers of the Remote Agent[Muscettola et al., 1998b].
Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior

Psychoactive drugs interact with molecular components of the nervous system and have effects on mental processes and behavioral actions. Many such drugs derive from plants or fungi and have been used by humans for centuries or millennia. Psychoactive drugs include stimulants, sedatives, analgesics, hallucinogens, and various psychiatric medications. In addition to important medicinal effects, psychoactive drugs allow for connections between brain physiology, mental experiences, and behavioral actions to be investigated, and thus can be powerful tools in the investigation of the relationship between brain and mind.
Effect of Gut Retention on the Effective Whole Body Half-Time of Iodine-131 in Thyroid Cancer Patients

The whole body radiation dose resulting from iodine-131 (/sup 131/I) therapy in patients with thyroid cancer is directly related to the effective whole body half-time of /sup 131/I in those patients. In 101 studied on 64 patients referred for quantitative whole body radioiodine scans for thyroid cancer, the effective whole body half-time was found to be significantly greater when gut retention was maximal. These results indicate that gut retention is a significant contributor to the whole body half-time of /sup 131/I. The routine use of non-iodine-containing laxatives at the time of /sup 131/I studies and therapy may be useful in decreasing whole body /sup 131/I retention times and, therefore, in decreasing whole body radiation doses, and should be considered in such patients.
Interpersonal Factors in Depression

The aim of this chapter is to review theories and lines of research that implicate interpersonal processes in depression. To begin, principal theories of depression that emphasize interpersonal factors will be presented. This section includes a review of the specific conceptual questions that are pertinent to each theory. The second portion of the chapter presents a critical review of the empirical literature, along with commentary on methodological problems in this area of research. The chapter concludes with an evaluation of the current status of the literature and suggestions for future work.
Executive Functioning Mediates the Relationship Between Pain Coping and Quality of Life in Youth With Sickle Cell Disease.

Objective Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a lifelong condition characterized by pain, which is associated with reduced health-related quality of life (HRQL). Data suggest that patients with SCD vary in how they cope and their neurocognitive abilities. This study aimed to characterize executive functioning and pain coping styles in children with SCD experiencing a range of pain frequency (i.e., chronic, episodic, and asymptomatic) and to examine whether executive functioning mediates the relationship between pain coping and HRQL. Method Participants included 100 children and adolescents with SCD between the ages of 8 and 18 years (M = 13.53, SD = 2.8) and their parents who were recruited during outpatient SCD clinic visits in a children's hospital. Children completed questionnaires related to pain experience and pain coping. Parents completed questionnaires about demographic information, their child's executive functioning, and HRQL. Results Pain intensity, executive dysfunction, and engagement in emotion-focused coping (i.e., internalizing/catastrophizing and externalizing) predicted poor HRQL. In addition, engagement in emotion-focused coping predicted executive dysfunction. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed executive functioning did not differ based on pain frequency; however, executive functioning was a significant mediator that helped explain the relationships between distraction and emotion-focused coping techniques on HRQL. Conclusion Findings support that executive functioning is an important factor in understanding the relationship between pain coping and HRQL in youth with SCD. Future research is warranted to examine the potential impact of executive functioning on the utility of interventions targeting adaptive pain coping in youth with SCD.
Measuring Open Access Policy Compliance: Results of a Survey

INTRODUCTION In the last decade, a significant number of institutions have adopted open access (OA) policies. Many of those working with OA policies are tasked with measuring policy compliance. This article reports on a survey of Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions (COAPI) members designed to better understand the methods currently used for measuring and communicating OA policy success. METHODS This electronic survey was distributed to the COAPI member listserv, inviting both institutions who have passed an implemented policies and those who are still developing policies to participate. RESULTS The results to a number of questions related to topics such as policy workflows, quantitative and qualitative measurement activities and related tools, and challenges showed a wide range of responses, which are shared here. DISCUSSION It is clear that a number of COAPI members struggle with identifying what should be measured and what tools and methods are appropriate. The survey illustrates how each institution measures compliance differently, making it difficult to benchmark against peer institutions. CONCLUSION As a result of this survey, we recommend that institutions working with OA policies be as transparent as possible about their data sources and methods when calculating deposit rates and other quantitative measures. It is hoped that this transparency will result in the development of a set of qualitative and quantitative best practices for assessing OA policies that standardizes assessment terminology and articulates why institutions may want to measure policies.
Civic-Mindedness Sustains Empathy in a Cohort of Physical Therapy Students: A Pilot Cohort Study.

Background:Empathy is critical to patient-centered care and thus is a valued trait in graduate health-care students. The relationship between empathy and civic-mindedness in health professions has ...
Menstruation as Heroine’s Journey in Pan’s Labyrinth

I propose that the Guillermo del Toro film, Pan's Labyrinth (2006) follows the narrative outline of Joseph Campbell's hero's journey as experienced through the biological process of onset of menstruation in its young protagonist. I suggest a reading of the film that takes into account the visual and mythological symbolism of the figure of Pan, as well as the cultural context of menstruation in mythology and religion. I offer interviews from the director that support this interpretation, but ultimately I value a folk interpretation, or a "viewer's hunch" that the strange and fertile symbolism of the film represents a coming-of-age struggle intimately familiar to women.
Feasibility and Calibration Considerations for Selection of Combustion Control Features

Improving modern downsized turbocharged engines requires not only the use of optimized engine components but also the implementation of control algorithms that minimize certain performance indicators such as fuel consumption. This paper proposes a two-input two-output (TITO) tracking control problem to achieve the optimal combustion process while minimizing indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) by means of adjusting spark advance (SA) and maximizing the levels of external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). We show that at a fixed engine speed and various intake manifold pressures, the optimal combustion phase that maximizes piston work is fairly independent of EGR levels. If the crank angle of 50% mass fraction burned (CA50) is used as the combustion phasing indicator, this paper shows that the crank angle duration from spark advance to CA$50 (\Theta ^{\mathrm {S}\mathrm {A}50})$ can be used as the second output of the TITO system without causing directionality or infeasibility problems. Feasibility of the integral control problem using (SA, EGR) as inputs and (CA50, $\Theta ^{\mathrm {S}\mathrm {A}50}$) as outputs is discussed and a simple combustion model is proposed to account for the mean behavior and the cycle-to-cycle combustion variability.
Social Entrepreneurship, Intrapreneurship, and Social Value Creation: Relevance for Contemporary Social Work Practice: by Monica Nandan, Tricia B. Bent-Goodley, and Gokul Mandayam, Washington, DC, NASW Press, 2019, 290 pp., $39.99 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-87101-538-9

Editors Monica Nandan, Tricia Bent-Goodley, and Gokul Mandayam have produced a landmark book that highlights the relevance of social entrepreneurship, social intrapreneurship, and social value crea...
Analysis, Design, Optimization and Modeling

Overview In this chapter, we introduce the important activities of analysis, design, optimization, and modeling. While we are all generally familiar with these terms, it is important to understand them in the context of how they relate to our optimization activities. We also develop an important understanding of how modeling system behavior is a distinct activity from modeling an optimization problem. These involve two distinct lines of expertise. In most of your courses ( e.g. , structures, dynamics and finance) you focused on the former. In this book, we focus on the latter. Analysis, Design and Optimization Analysis and optimization are two activities integral to the process of design (Refs. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]). In this chapter, as well as in the remainder of the book, we will primarily focus on these two activities in the context of engineering or systems design. However, the mathematical concepts, approaches, algorithms, and software tools that you will learn in this book could be applicable to diverse fields beyond engineering ( e.g. , optimization of market portfolios) [6]. Although, from a technical perspective, analysis and optimization can be considered to be steps within the process of design, they can also be performed as stand-alone activities toward other end goals within the scope of academic research and industrial R&D. In this section, you will learn the definition of these activities and how they are related to each other. At the same time, you will have the opportunity to understand and appreciate the roles and responsibilities of the users, researchers, or engineers who execute these activities, whether individually or as a part of a team. In order to help you better understand the practical essence of these activities, the following simple design example will be used throughout this section. You are designing a table that can carry as much weight (of objects placed on it) as possible, while fitting within a particular corner of your room. You are allowed a limited budget to construct the table.
The role of ado-trastuzumab emtansine in current clinical practice.

ObjectiveThis review reflects the literature from 2019 to 2020 on ado-trastuzumab emtansine’s (T-DM1) therapeutic use, clinical controversies, and newest perspectives on use.Data sources: PubMed wa...
A suite of ground motion prediction equations for cumulative absolute velocity in shallow crustal earthquakes including epistemic uncertainty

Recent research has highlighted the usefulness of cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) in several contexts, including using the CAV at the ground surface for earthquake early warning and using the CA...
Maintaining Mobility in a Patient Who Is Pregnant and Has COVID-19 Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Case Report

Objective Mobilization while receiving life support interventions, including mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), is a recommended intensive care unit (ICU) intervention to maintain physical function. The purpose of this case report is to describe a novel approach to implementing early mobility interventions for a patient who was pregnant and receiving ECMO while continuing necessary infectious disease precautions because of diagnosed coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Methods A 27-year-old woman who was pregnant was admitted to the ICU with COVID-19 and rapidly developed acute respiratory failure requiring 9 days of ECMO support. After a physical therapist consultation, the patient was standing at the bedside by hospital day 5 and ambulating by hospital day 9. Results The patient safely participated in physical therapy during ICU admission and was discharged to home with outpatient physical therapy follow-up after 14 days of hospitalization. Conclusion Early mobility is feasible during ECMO with COVID-19, and active participation in physical therapy, including in-room ambulation, may facilitate discharge to home. Innovative strategies to facilitate routine activity in a patient who is critically ill with COVID-19 require an established and highly trained team with a focus on maintaining function. Impact Early mobility while intubated, on ECMO, and infected with COVID-19 is feasible while adhering to infectious disease precautions when it is performed by an experienced interdisciplinary team.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

Antimicrobial susceptibility tests are performed in clinical microbiology laboratories to guide physicians in their choice of antimicrobial therapy for a patient with an infection. Susceptibility tests include qualitative methods, like disk diffusion, and a variety of quantitative methods collectively called minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods, many of which are semi- or fully automated. Clinical laboratories typically supplement their disk diffusion or MIC assays with a series of phenotypic tests to increase the sensitivity of detecting borderline or emerging resistance patterns to ultimately enhance the accuracy of the susceptibility test reports. In addition to providing the qualitative results (susceptible, intermediate, or resistant) for each antimicrobial agent tested, laboratories using MIC methods often include the quantitative MIC results (usually reported in μg ml−1) to help guide dosing regimens. Molecular-based tests, such as polymerase chain reaction assays and pyrosequencing strategies, are highly sensitive methods for detecting antimicrobial resistance genes or mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and can provide rapid information on such issues as the presence of MRSA nasal colonization among patients being admitted to a hospital or multidrug-resistant strains of tuberculosis.
Experimental and CFD investigations of 45 and 90 degrees bends and various elbow curvature radii effects on solid particle erosion

Abstract Pipeline erosion damage results from solid particles entrained in produced fluids impacting the inner surface walls costing the oil and gas industry hundreds of millions of dollars per year. The failure of pipelines, especially elbows that change the flow direction, is caused mainly by particles that cross the streamlines of flow, impacting pipe bends at high flow velocities. The purpose of this paper is to investigate alternative geometries to standard 90° elbows, where the ratio of elbow curvature radius to the pipe diameter is equal to 1.5 (r/D = 1.5). Paint removal study using water-sand and water-air-sand flows were performed in three 50.8 mm pipe diameter elbows: 90° elbow with a curvature radius of 2.5D and 5D, and a 45° elbow with a curvature radius of 1.5D. The paint study has been used to examine the location of maximum erosion and erosion patterns. In addition, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted for three different 90° elbows with curvature radii of r/D = 1.5, 2.5, and 5 and a 45° bend with a curvature radius of 1.5D. The numerical simulations were compared with experimental paint removal studies in acrylic elbows. Good agreement has been observed between CFD and experiments for both erosion pattern and location of maximum erosion. Furthermore, the CFD results show that the erosion rate decreases with increasing elbow curvature radius, there is an erosion reduction of 66% when r/D is increased from 1.5 to 5, and it was found that the 45° bend presented approximately two times less erosion than the 90° elbow.
Filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement using optical wavefront control

Abstract Filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy (FIBS) is an analytical method that holds significant promise for remote sensing. In FIBS, it is desirable to maximize the intensity and improve the reproducibility of a selected spectroscopic feature. We demonstrate the use of wavefront control in conjunction with a genetic algorithm in FIBS of metallic copper and show that this approach can increase the efficacy of filament-induced breakdown signal production. Through wavefront optimization, we enhance the intensity of a chosen characteristic spectroscopic feature of copper by a factor of approximately 3 when performing filamentation over a 1-meter distance. The relative standard deviation of signal intensity is reduced from ∼ 17% to ∼ 12% after optimization. We find that modification of the wavefront by introduction of astigmatism and coma maximizes the signal intensity, and these aberrations appear in two distinct trials of the genetic algorithm. We compare these findings to previous work on multiple filament control and discuss the possible mechanisms that lead to signal enhancement associated with both the beam amplitude and phase profile. A broader use of wavefront control with feedback may improve the performance of FIBS in remote sensing applications.
Reversible O-Acetyl Migration within the Sialic Acid Side Chain and Its Influence on Protein Recognition

O-Acetylation is a common naturally occurring modification of carbohydrates and is especially widespread in sialic acids, a family of nine-carbon acidic monosaccharides. O-Acetyl migration within the exocyclic glycerol-like side chain of mono-O-acetylated sialic acid reported previously was from the C7- to C9-hydroxyl group with or without an 8-O-acetyl intermediate, which resulted in an equilibrium that favors the formation of the 9-O-acetyl sialic acid. Herein, we provide direct experimental evidence demonstrating that O-acetyl migration is bidirectional, and the rate of equilibration is influenced predominantly by the pH of the sample. While the O-acetyl group on sialic acids and sialoglycans is stable under mildly acidic conditions (pH < 5, the rate of O-acetyl migration is extremely low), reversible O-acetyl migration is observed readily at neutral pH and becomes more significant when the pH increases to slightly basic. Sialoglycan microarray studies showed that esterase-inactivated porcine torovirus hemagglutinin-esterase bound strongly to sialoglycans containing a more stable 9-N-acetylated sialic acid analog, but these compounds were less resistant to periodate oxidation treatment compared to their 9-O-acetyl counterparts. Together with prior studies, the results support the possible influence of sialic acid O-acetylation and O-acetyl migration to host-microbe interactions and potential application of the more stable synthetic N-acetyl mimics.
Inverse design of broadband and reconfigurable meta-optics

By exploiting the generalized form of Snell’s law, metasurfaces afford optical engineers a tremendous increase in degrees of design freedom compared to conventional optical components. These “meta-optics” can achieve unprecedented levels of performance through engineered wavelength-, angular-, and polarization-dependent responses which can be tailored by arranging subwavelength unit cells, or meta-atoms, in an intelligent way. Moreover, these metaatoms can be constructed from phase change materials which give the added flexibility of realizing reconfigurable metaoptics. Devices such as achromatic flat lenses and non-mechanical zoom lenses are becoming a reality through the advent of metasurface-augmented optical systems. However, achieving high-performance meta-optics relies heavily on proper meta-atom design. This challenge is best overcome through the use of advanced inverse-design tools and state-ofthe- art optimization algorithms. To this end, a number of successful meta-device inverse-design approaches have been demonstrated in the literature including those based on topology optimization, deep learning, and global optimization. While each has its pros and cons, multi-objective optimization strategies have proven quite successful do their ability to optimize problems with multiple competing objectives: a common occurrence in optical design. Moreover, multiobjective algorithms produce a Pareto Set of optimal solutions that designers can analyze in order to directly study the tradeoffs between the various design goals. In our presentation, we will introduce an efficient multi-objective optimization enabled design framework for the generation of broadband and multifunctional meta-atoms. Additionally, several meta-optic design examples will be presented, and future research directions discussed.
Choice and Choice Set in African Elections

This paper argues for a reorientation of how we think about ethnic voting, away from an exclusive focus on voters to one that links voter behavior to the supply side of candidates. It introduces the concept of choice set, or the set of choices a voter sees on the ballot on election day, and shows that the modal choice set in three legislative elections – Kenya (2007), Ghana (2008), and Uganda (2011) – is not the mixed co-ethnic/non-co-ethnic set assumed in much of the literature on ethnic voting in Africa. Most African voters in fact see ballots that consist of either all co-ethnics or no co-ethnics. These uniform choice sets constrain choice in ways that predetermine behavior. Moreover, breaking behavior into choice and choice set reveals that differences in prevalence rates of co-ethnic voting across cases is driven as much by the choices voters see on their ballots as the choices they make in the voting booth. Shifting from choice to choice set thus induces us to identify and theorize factors shaping electoral outcomes in Africa beyond those rooted in individual voter psychology: the entry decisions of candidates and parties, constituency boundaries, and the distribution of groups across geography.
Truman Capote and the Canon

When I had a phone call a few weeks ago to say that Revenge Tragedy had won the Truman Capote Award, I experienced a rush of elation only slightly tem pered by the doubt that the man at the other end of the line?who did sound like my idea of an eminent American writer?might not really be Frank Conroy but a transatlantic hoaxer. A fax from Connie Brothers at the Writers' Work shop convinced me of my good fortune, but, once I'd got used to that, I found something else to worry about: why did my big study of literature and violence since antiquity make no reference to Truman Capote, my benefac tor? He was, after all, the author of a famous book about multiple murder. As I quickly discovered, that factual novel of 1965, In Cold Blood, is a remarkable work?psychologically penetrating and brilliantly written. On the face of it, the murders which it deals with aren't about revenge at all. Though cruelly planned they were arbitrary: the work of a couple of drifters, Dick Hickock and Perry Smith, who got it into their heads that the Clutter farm stead, in rural Kansas, was a good place to steal cash from, and who, in their frustration at not finding the money they expected, committed a series of killings which left most of a family dead. Interestingly, though, as so often in representations of violence, the principle of retribution significantly struc tured events. For many of those involved, including Hickock, the executions which ended the story were a form of legitimate "revenge." And as Capote searched for motives, he found himself examining the traumatic early life of Perry Smith. Like one of the psychologists on the case, and like Smith him self, he concluded that, in killing Mr. Clutter?the murder which triggered off the carnage?Smith was paying back all the people who had treated him badly in life, especially his own father. By the time I'd finished In Cold Blood, the paradoxes and perplexities which had prompted me to write Revenge Tragedy were clamoring for attention again. What penalty (as Hamlet wonders) can adequately punish murder without
Peracetylated 1-phenylflavazoles as carbohydrate derivatives for mass spectrometry : Part II. Applications to tri-, tetra-, and pentasaccharides

Abstract Mass spectra of tri-, tetra-, and pentasaccharides, as their 1-phenylflavazole peracetates, contain readily identifiable molecular-ions and prominent fragment-ions that allow the sequential determination of the masses of the individual monosaccharide constituents. In addition, these spectra contain features that allow distinction between (1→4) and (1→6) glycosidic linkages at each linkage position.
Neurosurgical Intensive Care

Neurological disease frequently has multiple systemic manifestations, and management of patients with critical neurological illness requires a multidisciplinary approach with meticulous attension to organ dysfunctions. Many of these patients will suffer a poor outcome not as a result of the primary neurological disease, but as a result of medical complications. Thus, improvement of the intensitve medical care of these patients will lead to an overall improvement of morbidity and mortality.
Computation in the higher visual cortices: map-seeking circuit theory and application to machine vision

Map-seeking circuit theory is a biologically based computational theory of vision applicable to difficult machine vision problems such as recognition of 3D objects in arbitrary poses amid distractors and clutter, as well as to non-recognition problems such as terrain interpretation. It provides a general computational mechanism for tractable discovery of correspondences in massive transformation spaces by exploiting an ordering property of superpositions. The latter allows a set of transformations of an input image to be formed into a sequence of superpositions which are then "culled" to a composition of single mappings by a competitive process which matches each superposition against a superposition of inverse transformations of memory patterns. The architecture that performs this is based on a number of neuroanatomical features of the visual cortices, including reciprocal dataflows and inverse mappings.
Decision procedures for queues with integer constraints

Queues are a widely used data structure in programming languages. They also provide an important synchronization mechanism in modeling distributed protocols. In this paper we extend the theory of queues with a length function that maps a queue to its size, resulting in a combined theory of queues and Presburger arithmetic. This extension provides a natural but tight coupling between the two theories, and hence the general Nelson-Oppen combination method for decision procedures is not applicable. We present a decision procedure for the quantifier-free theory and a quantifier elimination procedure for the first-order theory that can remove a block of existential quantifiers in one step.
They Just Do Not Vote Like They Used To: A Methodology to Empirically Assess Election Fraud*

Objectives. In contemporary U.S. elections there is no shortage of allegations concerning election fraud. These claims are, however, based in large part on anecdotal evidence, unsubstantiated assertions, or the study of reported complaints. The absence of a general methodology to actively search for evidence of election fraud has resulted in policy arguments devoid of empirical data and systematic analyses. Methods. In this article, we present a general methodology to study contemporary election fraud based on the Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) process. We then apply this approach to a case study of a particular type of fraud. Results. After examining approximately 2.1 million votes cast during the 2006 general election in Georgia, we find no evidence that election fraud was committed under the auspices of deceased registrants. Conclusion. In this article, we have introduced a general methodology for the scientific study of election fraud. We urge social scientists to make use of such a framework to investigate the prevalence of different types of fraud across varying election cycles and jurisdictions.
Back on the Farm: The Trade-offs in Ecocritical Lives

In this reflective dialogue, the authors explore how the decisions they are making about where and how to live, teach, and write are reflected in the concerns of the field of ecocriticism, as well as in the agricultural fields of their rural home places. The apparent tension between lived ecocritical practice and productive ecocritical scholarship suggests that individuals must make a difficult trade-off, in which they give up one aspect of ecocriticism in order to gain the other. But the authors argue that by understanding individual trade-offs in more nuanced ways—as investments of energy within complex ecological and social relationships—it is possible to reflect on the assumptions that frame our choices and to envision new choices. Ecocriticism could offer a method for optimizing the systems people use to produce and share ideas. For example, ecocritical scholarship could take new forms, of which the authors’ conversation is one example. Since ecocriticism must strive for diversity as well as inclusivity in order to be relevant, the authors find that marginal voices will continue to matter to the task of imagining alternative methods for engaging in ecocritical theory and lived practice.
Pharmacists’ role in a smoking-cessation program at a managed health care organization

A smoking-cessation program at a managed health care organization and the involvement of pharmacists are described. Kaiser Permanente Northwest Region is a prepaid group-practice managed health care organization serving more than 380,000 members in Oregon and southwest Washington. A multidepartmental team at Northwest Region designed and implemented a stepped-care approach to smoking cessation in March 1992. The program progresses from advising and helping patients to quit on their own to enrolling patients in a behavioral-modification course to referring them to nicotine-replacement therapy to be given concurrently with the behavioral modification. The program was established with the help of pharmacists, and pharmacists are deeply involved in its operation. They work closely with each patient, the health educator instructing the patient, and the prescribing physician. Pharmacists attend 5 of the 10 behavioral modification/nicotine-replacement course sessions and take responsibility for enrollees throughout the program. Pharmacists prescribe and monitor nicotine-replacement therapy by protocol. They also monitor each patient for the dose-response effect, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, concurrent medical conditions, and progress and outcome. The physician is informed about any important changes in the patient's status. In 1992, more than 80 courses were held with nearly 1000 participants, and rates of long-term abstinence achieved compare favorably with literature rates for community-based group smoking-cessation programs. Satisfaction of patients, pharmacists, and physicians with the program has been high. Pharmacists at a managed health care organization participate in a smoking-cessation program by helping with behavioral modification, educating patients about nicotine-replacement therapy, and prescribing and monitoring therapy by protocol.
Defective macrophage phagocytosis in COPD is associated with reduced STAT1 phosphorylation

Macrophages are professional phagocytes that maintain sterility and remove invading pathogens. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with increased lung macrophages but the lower airways are colonised with bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. This is associated with a decreased phagocytic response of COPD macrophages to these bacteria. IFNγ is increased in COPD airways and is associated with decreased phagocytosis. IFNγ activates the JAK/STAT pathway via phosphorylation of STAT1 to initiate signal transduction. We hypothesise that reduced phagocytosis in COPD is linked to STAT1 phosphorylation and JAK/STAT activation. Monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) from non-smoker, smoker and COPD donors and COPD lung tissue macrophages (n=3-4) were challenged with fluorescently labelled inert beads or heat killed bacteria ( H. influenzae or S. pneumoniae ). IFNγ stimulation (10ng/ml, 10min) was used as a positive control. STAT1 phosphorylation was assessed by Western blotting. STAT1 was phosphorylated in response to inert beads in both non-smoker and smoker MDM but not in those from COPD donors. In addition, none of the phagocytic prey initiated STAT1 phosphorylation in COPD lung tissue macrophages. However, IFNγ stimulation caused phosphorylation of STAT1 in all three donor groups. To conclude, COPD MDM and lung tissue macrophages are capable of STAT1 phosphorylation although not in response to phagocytic prey. This is in contrast to non-smoker and smoker cells that show JAK/STAT activation in response to inert beads. Further investigation of this signalling pathway in phagocytosis may lead to increased knowledge of COPD pathogenesis.
Nucleotide Phosphohydrolase in Purified Vaccinia Virus

Purified infectious vaccinia virus has been shown to contain an enzyme or enzymes that remove the terminal phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), uridine triphosphate (UTP), and cytidine triphosphate (CTP). The K(m) for ATP of this enzyme is 5.5 x 10(-4)m, and the relative rates of the reaction with ATP, GTP, UTP, and CTP are 1.00, 0.34, 0.15, and 0.29, respectively. The virus enzyme does not react with any of the diphosphates. The rate of the reaction is proportional to the amount of virus added and is linear for 130 min. The virus nucleotide phosphohydrolase activity is greatly stimulated by Mg(++) and very slightly stimulated by Ca(++). The small residual activity observed in the absence of divalent cations is completely inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Neither Na(+) nor K(+) ions, nor any mixture of these, was found to stimulate the reaction significantly, and ouabain, at 10(-4)m, inhibited the reaction by only 27%. The response of the vaccinia enzyme to mono- and divalent cations and to ouabain indicates that the vaccinia enzyme has different properties from those associated with microsomes and mitochondria.
Mutants from V79 fibroblasts exhibiting hypersensitivity to aphidicolin and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.

One variant, aphhs-3 was previously isolated based on a hypersensitivity to nontoxic concentrations of aphidicolin, a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerases-alpha and delta. This variant was found to be more sensitive to temperatures above 35°C and to 10 µM of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (zidovudine, azidothymidine, or AZT) than the parental 743x cells. DNA polymerase activities in the cell extract or in the partially purified fraction by DEAE-cellulose (DE52) anion exchange column from aphhs-3 were active at 40°C. No significant differences in deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools were observed at 34°C for both the parental 743x and aphhs-3 cells. Revertants were isolated at 39°C: six revertants (aphhs-3-tr1 through aphhs-3-tr6) were obtained without aphidicolin; one revertant aphhs-3-tar (the tar clone) was selected in aphidicolin (0.12 µM). The hypersensitivity to aphidicolin (Aphhs) and AZT (AZThs) was cosegregated in the revertant aphhs-3-tr5 (the tr5 clone), while the tar clone was not AZThs. There was a similar increase in the specific activity of3H-labeled DNA in all cell lines after additions of [3H]AZT or [3H]thymidine. Additions of purine or pyrimidine arabinosides (araT, araC, and araA) to all cell lines resulted in a similar cytotoxicity, suggesting the anabolism of dTTP was not defective in the tr5 clone. The spontaneous mutation rate at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoryltransferase locus using replating techniques and 6-thioguanine resistance selection was ≤5×10−7, 2.2×10−6, or 1.3×10−6 per generation for the tr5, 743x, or tar cell lines, respectively. Most importantly, DNA polymerase activities in the cell extract of the revertant tr5 clone were inhibited by 0.5 µM AZTTP. In contrast, no inhibition was observed in those of the parental 743x and revertant tar cells. The cosegregation of both Aphhs and AZThs in the tr5 revertant suggests that these two phenotypes may be a result of the same mutational event.
Effects of X-ray radiation on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Shigella flexneri inoculated on shredded iceberg lettuce.

The main goal of this investigation was to study the efficacy of X-ray doses (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kGy) on inoculated Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Shigella flexneri on shredded iceberg lettuce. The second goal was to study the effect of X-ray on the inherent microflora counts and visual color of shredded iceberg lettuce during storage at 4 degrees C for 30 days. Treatment with 1.0 kGy X-ray significantly reduced the population of E. coli O157: H7, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and S. flexneri on shredded iceberg lettuce by 4.4, 4.1, 4.8 and 4.4-log CFU 5 cm(-2), respectively. Furthermore, more than a 5 log CFU reduction of E. coli O157: H7, L. monocytogenes, S. enterica and S. flexneri was achieved with 2.0 kGy X-ray. Treatment with X-ray reduced the initial microflora on iceberg lettuce and kept them significantly (p 0.05) change the green color of iceberg lettuce leaves. Treatment with X-ray significantly reduced selected pathogens and inherent microorganisms on shredded iceberg lettuce leaves, which could be a good alternative to other technologies for produce (lettuce) industry.
Citrobacter freundii empyema in a patient with occult pulmonary histoplasmosis

The genus Citrobacter includes three species of organisms that are uncommonly associated with human infection. When they are pathogenic, there are usually one or more associated respiratory, urinary, skin-soft tissue, and central nervous system infections and neonatal sepsis. These infections occur in the wake of significant systemic illness or complicate antibiotic usage. Rarely, infection has been associated with active tuberculosis. The authors report a case of Citrobacter freundii empyema in a patient with occult pulmonary histoplasmosis.
The German National Railway Company, 1924–1932: Between Private and Public Enterprise

This article examines some major aspects of the history of the state-owned, privately operated German National Railway Company under the reparations regime of 1924 to 1932. It explores the dispute that erupted between the Reichsbahn and the government concerning whether the DRG should be used primarily to serve national economic and social ends or to earn a surplus to pay reparations. The controversies that erupted concerning tariffs, motor vehicle competition, and wages are examined against the background of the Reichsbahn's financial performance. The article argues that the political and cultural clashes caused by the introduction of Western management priorities and practices were more significant than the financial burdens that reparations imposed on the Reichsbahn.