cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-Objective Trade-Off Quantification Based Design Optimization for Power Electronic Systems in More-Electric-Aircrafts

In this paper, a comprehensive formulation of reliability models for active and passive power components (i.e., capacitors and power semiconductor devices (MOSFETS)) of a regulated transformer rectifier unit (RTRU) for more electric aircraft application is presented. Additionally, the work focuses on the reliability analysis and evaluation at the system level for a non-modular discrete MOSFET based auxiliary power supply unit for more-electric-aircraft. A rigorous quantitative assessment of reliability, volume and power loss is carried out at the component level as well as system level, verifying how a particular design relates to the specific performance parameters. Keeping this as a motivation, this paper also focuses on studying and analyzing the inter-relation among reliability and other performance metrics such as power density and efficiency taking a 3kW RTRU as an example design. The major metrics under consideration for this study are the failure in time (FIT), mean time to failure (MTTF), power density, efficiency while keeping the eye on most failure prone elements of the power converter - capacitors and active power semiconductors. A comprehensive quantitative evaluation based on thermal management size, system reliability is done on choice of the switching semiconductors where the candidate pool includes Si and SiC MOSFET technologies. From the analysis on three different types of widely used capacitors - film, ceramic, aluminum electrolytic, it is concluded that the optimum choices of capacitors for high voltage DC link and low-voltage output belong to Aluminum and Ceramic types, respectively. Finally, the optimum selection of power stage components is derived from the extensive evaluation of the overall RTRU system in terms of system size and reliability.
Scalable Active Information Acquisition for Multi-Robot Systems

This paper proposes a novel highly scalable nonmyopic planning algorithm for multi-robot Active Information Acquisition (AIA) tasks. AIA scenarios include target localization and tracking, active SLAM, surveillance, environmental monitoring and others. The objective is to compute control policies for multiple robots which minimize the accumulated uncertainty of a static hidden state over an a priori unknown horizon. The majority of existing AIA approaches are centralized and, therefore, face scaling challenges. To mitigate this issue, we propose an online algorithm that relies on decomposing the AIA task into local tasks via a dynamic space-partitioning method. The local subtasks are formulated online and require the robots to switch between exploration and active information gathering roles depending on their functionality in the environment. The switching process is tightly integrated with optimizing information gathering giving rise to a hybrid control approach. We show that the proposed decomposition-based algorithm is probabilistically complete for homogeneous sensor teams and under linearity and Gaussian assumptions. We provide extensive simulation results showing that the proposed algorithm can address large-scale estimation tasks that are computationally challenging to solve using existing centralized approaches.
[Analysis on HIV and hepatitis B virus coinfection in HIV/AIDS cases newly received highly active antiretroviral therapy in Jiangsu province, 2005-2019]

Objective: To analyze the HIV and HBV coinfection in HIV/AIDS cases who newly received highly active antiretroviral therapy during 2005-2019 in Jiangsu province. Methods: According to the base data of HIV/AIDS cases on HAART enrolled between January 2005 and December 2019; the National Information system was retrospectively collected for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention of Chinese System Disease for Control and Prevention. Excel database was established, and statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 16.0 software. A Chi-square test was used to assess differences in rates of HBsAg testing and HIV/HBV coinfection between potential risk factors. The unconditional logistic regression model entered risk factors with P values <0.05 in the Chi-square test. Results: There were 29 288 HIV/AIDS cases newly received HAART during 2005-2019. The rate of HBsAg test was 49.8% (14 594/29 288) the rate of HBsAg test increased from 0.0% (0/80)to 75.2%(3 448/4 586), showing an increasing trend year by year during 2005 to 2019. Among HIV/AIDS cases tested HBsAg, 81.6% (11 915/14 594) cases were from Jiangsu province; the ratio of male to female was 7.34∶1 (12 845∶1 749), the average age was (38.5±13.8) years old, 96.1% (14 023/14 594) were Han nationality,48.9% (7 131/14 594) of the HIV/AIDS cases married, 97.9%(14 294/14 594) were infected with HIV through homosexual and heterosexual transmission. Unconditional logistic regression modeling showed that the proportion of HIV/AIDS cases initiated HAART in 2015 or after that, married, not Jiangsu province resident, college education or above, and drug injection infected were more likely to have HBsAg testing. 8.6%(95%CI:8.2%-9.1%) were HBsAg positive. The HIV and HBV coinfection rates were more than 10% before 2016 while showed stability from 6.7% to 8.2% since 2016. Unconditional logistic regression modeling showed that the proportion of HIV/AIDS cases who were male, elder, married, non-Han, primary education or below were more likely to have HBV coinfection. Conclusion: More HBsAg testing should be strengthened when the HIV/AIDS cases initiated HAART in Jiangsu province, 2005-2019.
Surveying and Mapping from Orbital Platforms

The methods of triangulation and photogrammetric mappings have been successfully applied to the surveying and mapping of both the moon and the earth. The accuracy of lunar phototriangulation from orbital photography is limited only by the inaccuracy of the tracking data. Orthophoto maps of the moon at a scale of 1:2,000 with a 10-m (33-ft) contour interval have been produced from Lunar Orbiter photography. In earth applications, a world-wide geodetic control network with an rms error of ±5 m (±16.4 ft) in horizontal and ±8 m (±26.2 ft) in vertical positions has been established by satellite triangulation. Photographic satellite systems have been proposed for providing space photography to be used for producing small to medium scale maps of the earth. With the increasing importance of remote sensing from satellites, the surveying and mapping profession will be responsible for developing techniques for geographic positioning, thematic mapping, and digital data bank systems.
Improving Neurology Resident Satisfaction and ACGME Survey Parameters by Initiating Weekly Program Director Meetings. (P4.200)

Background: There are many identifiable factors that contribute to resident satisfaction including work hours, time off, team dynamics, and personal factors. However there are many factors that lead to resident dissatisfaction that are not apparent in the daily work environment, even to the most astute program director. In order to shed light on resident concerns and implement meaningful change within our program we initiated weekly resident and program director meetings. This relatively simple action was designed to improve communication, as well as serve as a forum to address concerns within the program. Design/Methods: A weekly confidential 30 minute meeting with all neurology residents and the program director was implemented. At this meeting residents could voice any concerns with the program, as well as receive updates from the PD on departmental changes. A 10 question survey on resident satisfaction as well as several ACGME survey questions was given to each neurology resident. We collected survey data prior to and 3 months after the implementation of weekly program director meetings. Results: A total of 7/10 residents completed the survey. There was significant improvement in nearly all aspects of resident satisfaction. These included: Overall program satisfaction, the ability to raise concerns without fear of intimidation or retaliation, faculty and staff create an environment of inquiry, program provides a way to transition care when fatigues, responsiveness of program to resident concerns, and the likelihood that the resident would recommend the program to a neurology applicant. All residents answered that they would like to continue weekly meetings. Conclusions: With the simple implementation of regular meetings between residents and program directors there was a significant improvement in resident satisfaction within a small neurology program. These results may lead to improved ACGME survey results, enhanced program communication, and better team morale. Disclosure: Dr. Baldwin has nothing to disclose.
Large Scale Ocean Circulation

Publisher Summary Theoretical picture of large-scale ocean circulation has grown mostly out of the development of simple models, which isolate the particular phenomenon to be analyzed. This chapter discusses some of the simple theoretical models together with an attempt to extend a few of them to take into account additional features that are not normally included in the models. First, a simple model for deriving the ellipticity of the earth is presented. It is followed by the derivation of the equations of fluid motion in elliptical coordinates and the approximation involved in the use of a spherical coordinate system to analyze oceanographic motions. The approximations encountered in theoretical studies of large-scale flows are then discussed. Next, simple geostrophic flows and their significance are presented. The chapter presents the study of Ekman layers and the role that they play in large-scale circulation and also discusses turbulent transport. The chapter concludes with discussion on laboratory modeling of ocean circulation.
Gastric mucosa: long-term outcome after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection.

The histopathological changes due to chronicHelicobacter pylori infection are well characterized. Nevertheless, the clinical and pathological outcomes resulting from the cure of this infection remain incompletely described. In particular, the influence of eradication ofH. pylori on nonulcer dyspepsia, the long-term effects ofH. pylori eradication on gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, and the role ofH. pylori eradication in the prevention of gastric cancer are still unclear. We reviewed 38 studies reported between 1993 and 1999 on the outcome of various disorders related toH. pylori infection after successful eradication. There is general agreement concerning the regression of chronic gastritis, lymphoid follicles, and limited-stage lowigrade MALT lymphomas of the gastric mucosa after eradication ofH. pylori infection. Conversely, there are still major questions on whetherH. pylori eradication improves the outcome of premalignant lesions, such as atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia. Finally, some extragastric idiopathic diseases seem to improve in consequence of the eradication of the infection, although there are still no definitive data to support this.
III Light Scattering Spectroscopy of Surface Electromagnetic Waves in Solids

Publisher Summary This chapter describes inelastic scattering of photons (Raman scattering) by surface polaritons in various geometries. Scattering experiments involve three particles (waves) in contrast to two in the case of absorption experiments. Thus, there is an additional degree of freedom in the interaction process, and wave-vector (momentum) conservation can be achieved easily by adjusting the angle between the directions of the incident and scattered waves (particles). The chapter reviews the theoretical and experimental aspects of the Raman scattering studies of surface electromagnetic waves. It also explains the theory of surface polaritons in various sample geometries. In addition, it presents a short review of theories on surface roughness effect and the results. This chapter concludes by presenting the remarks and prospects for the future.
Ion imaging studies of product rotational alignment in collisions of NO (X2Π1/2,j=0.5) with Ar

Abstract The collision-induced rotational alignment of NO ( X 2 Π 1/2 , v=0, j=4.5 , 8.5, 11.5, 12.5, and 15.5) is measured for rotationally inelastic scattering of NO ( X 2 Π 1/2 , v=0, j=0.5) with Ar at 520 ± 70 cm−1 of center-of-mass collision energy. The experiments are performed by velocity-mapped ion imaging with polarized 1+1′ REMPI of the scattered NO product. Differential cross-sections (DCSs), corrected for alignment effects, are also reported. While the alignment correction is important, it does not change the positions of the observed rotational rainbows. The alignment moments and DCSs are compared with calculations using Alexander's CCSD(T) PESs. The theoretical and experimental DCSs show excellent agreement, as do the theoretical and experimental alignment moments for low Δj. For high Δj collisions and back-scattered trajectories, which sample the hard wall of the PES, the theoretical and experimental alignment moments show less agreement.
Estimating the benthic efflux of dissolved iron on the Ross Sea continental shelf

Continental margin sediments provide a potentially large but poorly constrained source of dissolved iron (dFe) to the upper ocean. The Ross Sea continental shelf is one region where this benthic supply is thought to play a key role in regulating the magnitude of seasonal primary production. Here we present data collected during austral summer 2012 that reveal contrasting low surface (0.08 ± 0.07 nM) and elevated near-seafloor (0.74 ± 0.47 nM) dFe concentrations. Combining these observations with results from a high-resolution physical circulation model, we estimate dFe efflux of 5.8 × 107 mol yr−1 from the deeper portions (>400 m) of the Ross Sea continental shelf; more than sufficient to account for the inferred “winter reserve” dFe inventory at the onset of the growing season. In addition, elevated dFe concentrations observed over shallower bathymetry suggest that such features provide additional inputs of dFe to the euphotic zone throughout the year.
Immediate postpartum sterilization

Abstract Over the past 12 years 30 postpartum sterilization operations have been performed immediately following the third stage of labor. Modern advances in anesthesia make it easier to guard against postpartum hemorrhage. These cases would indicate that it is safe and easy to accomplish the procedure in this way. The patient is spared the ordeal of a repeat procedure, the risk of a second anesthetic, and needless expense.
Choice times and Spence's discrimination learning theory

Abstract In two experiments, rats acquired brightness discriminations in a free-operant circular runway with two response alternatives. Both individual and group choice times revealed continuous changes that were not apparent in the discrete measure of choice. Two major assumptions of Spence's discrimination learning theory were confirmed: (a) learning is continuous, and (b) discriminative stimuli in simple discrimination tasks of both simultaneous and successive types are compounds with position elements as well as elements from the relevant visual dimension. The distinctive, consistent pattern of learning revealed by the choice-time measure suggests that position habits reflect a learning strategy in which the complex task is learned as a series of simpler ones.
Availability of outpatient substance use disorder treatment programs in the United States

The purpose of this study was to examine the availability of outpatient substance use disorder (SUD) treatment programs in the United States. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to spatially locate outpatient SUD treatment programs, calculate areas, and determine population density within specific areas. Urban areas were mapped using data from the US Census (2000). Addresses of outpatient SUD treatment programs were obtained from the Facility Locator Web site of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. A 15-mile service catchment around each outpatient SUD treatment program was drawn. The amount of urban area not covered by the service catchment represents the underserved. Total underserved urban area and population without access was computed for each state. Significant variability of underserved urban area and population was observed across the states. Moderate correlations among area and population suggest that some states are more effective in locating SUD treatment pr...
Evidence of surface waves and spreading of turbulence on ablating models.

Surface modifications of recovered small-scale plastic models after high speed flight used to estimate extent of laminar and turbulent flow over surface related to ablation studies
The Alzheimer family of diseases: many etiologies, one pathogenesis?

The paper by Tomita and colleagues (1) completes a series of experiments carried out in many laboratories (2–4), which all lead to the same conclusion. Mutations in all three of the known pathogenic genes, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene (5), the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene (6), and the presenilin 2 (PS2) gene (7), have in common the fact that they alter APP processing such that an increased amount of the 42(43) amino acid peptide Aβ42(43) is produced (1–4, 8). The effects of the APP mutations (summarized in Table 1) have been elucidated over the past 5 years. However, the data implicating a link between the presenilins (PS) and APP began with the seminal observation that serum from individuals with PS-encoded Alzheimer disease (AD) contained, and that fibroblasts from such individuals produced, more Aβ42(43) (8). Since these observations were made in tissues from affected individuals, the effects of mutant PS on APP processing have been reproduced in a remarkably diverse series of tissues, in a large number of independent laboratories. Thus the effects have been seen in a range of transfected cells and in a variety of transgenic mice (some containing only the endogenous APP, and others doubly transgenic for both APP and PS wild-type and mutations) (1–4).
Ocular and orbital involvement in leukemia

Leukemia may involve almost any ocular tissue, by direct infiltration, by hemorrhage, and by ischemic changes. Both acute and chronic leukemia can cause ocular signs, either initially or later in the disease process; the clinical features and pathologic correlations of this involvement are reviewed. Also, various chemotherapeutic agents used to treat leukemia may cause ocular toxicity. Recently, bone marrow transplants have been performed more frequently in an attempt to prolong patient survival; if graft-versus-host disease results, one symptom is dry eyes from alacrima. Superimposed infection due to immunosuppression can occur from the disease itself or from treatment. Recognition by the ophthalmologist of the various ocular signs is important in assessing the course and prognosis of leukemia.
Ontogeny of the cortisol stress response in yellow perch ( Perca flavescens )

The ontogeny of the cortisol stress response in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) was documented by measuring resting and stress-induced whole-body cortisol levels in fish at several early development stages. In newly fertilized eggs resting cortisol levels averaged 41.0 ± 3.0 pg/embryo, and decreased to 8.0 ± 3.0 pg/embryo by day 6 where they remained constant until hatch on day 10. Acute stress challenge tests (30 sec cold shock) conducted on embryonic (days 6 and 8 post-fertilization) and larval (hatch and 2 days post-hatch) yellow perch revealed no differences in whole-body cortisol levels between stressed and unstressed individuals. In acute stress challenge tests (30 sec net confinement) conducted on post-hatch yellow perch, differences in cortisol levels between stressed (30 min post-stress) and unstressed fish were detected one week after hatching (12.3 ± 1.6 ng/g and 7.0 ± 1.3 ng/g, respectively). The magnitude of the stress response was greater in 2- to 5-week-old fish than in one-week-old fish. Changes in post-stress cortisol levels were closely associated with changes in interrenal morphology. Cumulatively, these results indicate that cortisol biosynthesis, integration and maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis can be observed in yellow perch as early as one week after hatching.
Testing the microclimate hypothesis: Light environment and population trends of Neotropical birds

Species vary in their vulnerability to extirpation or extinction in response to habitat loss, including deforestation. A variety of correlates of vulnerability have been found, but few empirical data have been gathered that provide insight into potential causation. We attempted to elucidate cause via a test of the ‘‘microclimate hypothesis’’ at two sites in the northern Neotropics. We censussed birds at 234 points that varied in distance from a deforested edge to >2 km into a forest. At each of these points we recorded or calculated ten environmental and microclimate variables that allowed us to tie environmental data to bird assemblages directly. We found that canopy cover increased, wind decreased, and ambient temperature, vapor pressure density, and heat index varied little or not at all with distance from a forested edge. Yet light penetration was the key variable, as the light environment was affected within 50 m of an edge, and many species were associated with low-light conditions. Crucially, on the basis of regional population trends, species in low-light environments are more vulnerable to extirpation. Our results provide the clearest support to date of the hypothesis that sensitivity to light is a key factor limiting occupancy of birds in fragmented tropical forests and lend support to at least this aspect of the microclimate hypothesis.
Analysis of local meteorological conditions in Macón using the MM5 modeling system

The Macon's zone (24°S, 66°W) is preselected for possible construction of the astronomical observatory ELT (Extremely Large Telescope) by ESO. Preliminary analysis shows that this area is optimal for astronomical activity, therefore data of turbulence has been collected, important factor in seeing and for adaptive optics (AO). In this area, campaigns of measurements of meteorological variables were made, with an automatic station. Simulations with the weather system modeling MM5 were performed on the collected data and were correlated with the corresponding satellite images. In the analysis of the atmospheric conditions it was found that the greatest contribution of atmospheric instability in this area, is produced by high trough and jet stream. The trajectory analysis identified that the air that reaches the summit Macon comes from about 4500 meters above sea level, in average. This confirm that the turbulence that forms on the salt of Arizaro (3500 m.a.s.l.) does not rise to the top of Macon (4500 m.a.s.l.).
Intestinal uptake of ouabain and digitoxin in the milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus

The absorption of ouabain and digitoxin into the gut of the milkweed bug was studied by a tissue-accumulation technique. Uptake of both compounds obeyed diffusion kinetics, was Na+ sensitive, and for digitoxin, was concentrative.
Managing ethnic conflicts

Purpose – This themed issue seeks to gather together several papers on the topic of managing ethnic conflicts. This introduction summarizes these papers.Design/methodology/approach – This introduction gives an overview of the purpose of the themed issue and then summarizes each of the articles. It also provides recommendations for future research.Findings – The papers and research recommendations involve theoretical, methodological, and statistical issues. A key to understanding success in publishing research in this area is that researchers should use theories, methods, and statistics that match.Originality/value – This unique themed issue illustrates how ethnic issues are important in understanding conflict management. These articles illustrate how it is particularly important to understand the differences in conflict styles and also the means and methods of participation of constituents and third parties in the field of ethnic conflict management.
Finite-Amplitude Equilibrium Solutions for Plane Poiseuille–Couette Flow

Two-dimensional nonlinear equilibrium solutions for the plane Poiseuille–Couette flow are computed by directly solving the full Navier–Stokes equations as a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. The equations are solved using the two-point fourth-order compact scheme and the Newton–Raphson iteration technique. The linear eigenvalue computations show that the combined Poiseuille–Couette flow is stable at all Reynolds numbers when the Couette velocity component σ2 exceeds 0.34552. Starting with the neutral solution for the plane Poiseuille flow, the nonlinear neutral surfaces for the combined Poiseuille–Couette flow were mapped out by gradually increasing the velocity component σ2. It is found that, for small σ2, the neutral surfaces stay in the same family as that for the plane Poiseuille flow, and the nonlinear critical Reynolds number gradually increases with increasing σ2. When the Couette velocity component is increased further, the neutral curve deviates from that for the Poiseuille flow with an appearance of a new loop at low wave numbers and at very low energy. By gradually increasing the σ2 values at a constant Reynolds number, the nonlinear critical Reynolds numbers were determined as a function of σ2. The results show that the nonlinear neutral curve is similar in shape to a linear case. The critical Reynolds number increases slowly up to σ2∼ 0.2 and remains constant until σ2∼ 0.58. Beyond σ2 > 0.59, the critical Reynolds number increases sharply. From the computed results it is concluded that two-dimensional nonlinear equilibrium solutions do not exist beyond a critical σ2 value of about 0.59.
Random lasing in dye-TiO2 solutions and π-conjugated polymer films

Abstract The traditional random lasing system is scatterers in a dye solution. When optically pumped this system shows spectral narrowing above a threshold excitation intensity. A different gain medium of a π-conjugated polymer film also shows spectral narrowing. However, in both cases, narrow emission lines of less than 1 nm appear when the number of loops contributing to the laser emission is limited. Time resolved spectrometry and photon counting are employed to show that the narrow lines are coherent radiation.
The use of propranolol in the management of periocular capillary haemangioma—a systematic review

Capillary haemangioma or infantile haemangioma (IH) is the most common congenital vascular tumour in the periocular region. Several treatment modalities have been documented, with variable degree of success. Propranolol has recently been reported to be an effective and safe alternative. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the evidence base for the use of propranolol administered orally in the management of periocular capillary haemangioma, and use this information to guide future research. A systematic review of literature was carried out by two independent reviewers using the search strategies highlighted below. A total of 100 cases of oral propranolol use in periorbital or orbital capillary haemangiomas have been documented in the literature. Of the 85 cases that had details of previous treatment, it was used as first-line treatment in 50 (58.8%). The commonest dose used was 2 mg/kg/day. Adverse events were documented in one-third of cases; in most cases these were minor. Improvement or complete resolution of the lesions occurred in 96% of cases. Recurrence was noted in one-fifth of cases. Propranolol has shown a lot of promise in the therapy of IH and further research in the form of properly designed randomized trials is certainly warranted. Treatment guidelines based on literature available to date is included in this review.
Scientific problem solving in a distributed and collaborative multimedia environment

Abstract We describe a distributed and collaborative environment for cooperative scientific problem solving. SHASTRA is a highly extensible, distributed and collaborative design and scientific manipulation environment. At its core is a powerful collaboration substrate - to support synchronous multi-user applications, and a distribution substrate - which emphasizes distributed problem solving. The design of SHASTRA is the embodiment of the following idea - scientific manipulation toolkits can abstractly be thought of as objects that isolate and provide specific functionality. At the system level, SHASTRA dictates architectural guidelines and provides communication facilities that let toolkits cooperate to utilize the functionality they offer. At the application level, it provides collaboration and multimedia facilities that let users cooperate. A synergistic union of these two elements yields a sophisticated problem solving environment. Sample applications that we have attempted in SHASTRA include custom design of human hip prosthesis, shape optimization of the connection between a jet engine and an airplane wing, and efficient computation of molecular “docking” algorithms for drug screening.
On the contribution of atmospheric moisture to dew formation

The relative contributions of dewfall (a flux of water vapour from air to surface) and distillation (a flux of water vapour from soil to canopy) to dew formation on closed canopy and bare soil surfaces are assessed, and the dependence of dew amount upon wind speed, absolute temperature, atmospheric stability, relative humidity, soil characteristics and cloudiness, all of which are significant factors, is evaluated. Some of these evaluations provide refinements to similar ones given in Monteith (1961). High dewfall rates are usually ≲0.06 mm hr−1 over canopy or bare soil, though upon a canopy under soil-saturated and air-saturated conditions, rates of dew formation may reach 0.07–0.09 mm hr−1 with contributions from distillation. Various sets of observations are reanalyzed to illustrate the importance of the horizontal advection of moisture in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) to observed high rates of dew formation arising from the atmospheric contribution of water vapour (dewfall). These locally observed high dewfall rates must be the result of small-scale or mesoscale horizontal advection of moisture in the NBL, since the humidity changes within the typically shallow NBL required to balance the loss of water at the surface are not observed. Over extensive areas of uniform surface (horizontal scales ≫10 km), such continuously high dewfall rates could only be balanced by a local supply of atmospheric moisture since advection of moisture would necessarily be small.
Stark Effect of the Hyperfine Structure of Cesium-133

The change $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\mathcal{E})$ in transition frequency of the $(F=4, {M}_{F}=0)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}(F=3, {M}_{F}=0)$ transition of the ground state of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$ as a result of the application of an external electric field $\mathcal{E}$ has been calculated theoretically. The effects of differences in the ground-state wave functions due to the hyperfine interaction have been included, as well as differences in energy denominators due to hyperfine structure. The calculation gives $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\mathcal{E})=\ensuremath{-}1.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1){\mathcal{E}}^{2}$ cps, which is to be compared with the experimental value of $\ensuremath{-}2.29\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03){\mathcal{E}}^{2}$ cps, where $\mathcal{E}$ is in V/cm.
Forensic Analysis of MTBE Contamination Using Basic Hydrogeologic Concepts

Contamination of groundwater with petroleum hydrocarbons and additives, such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), is often linked to the leaking product distribution system of gas stations. In very few cases is it know if and when a leak occurred and how much product was released to the environment. In the absence of direct evidence, a careful analysis of the available data, such as contaminant breakthrough at receptor wells or discrepancies in the product inventory data, may provide evidence about the nature of the release, its timing and magnitude. Using a MTBE contamination site in the formerly glaciated New England region as an example, two possible release scenarios (slow, long-term release vs. spill) were examined. Of the two scenarios, the slow release could be ruled out as the sole source even though there was no direct evidence for a spill. The analysis of hydraulic test results together with chemical data further permitted to estimate when such an undocumented spill might have occurred. Analyses of the data also allowed these results to be compared to that of a prior transport and fate modeling study. Good agreement and consistency for contaminant travel times was confirmed. This forensic analysis demonstrates that applying basic hydrogeologic principles can aide in the reconstruction of contamination events while providing more readily understandable and defendable evidence relative to complex models. Conceptually, the approach described herein is transferable to other sites with similar hydrogeologies.
A comparison of 0 + 5 versus 5 + 2 applicants to vascular surgery training programs

Objective The new integrated 0 + 5 vascular surgery (VS) training paradigm introduced in 2007 required program directors and faculty to reconsider recruiting methods and exposure of medical students to VS. As a means to identify variables important for recruitment of 0 + 5 VS applicants, we sought to analyze national 0 + 5 VS residency application trends and to compare medical school demographics of applicants to both our 0 + 5 residency and 5 + 2 fellowship programs. Methods Electronic Residency Application Service and National Resident Matching Program online public databases were queried to evaluate nationwide trends in the number of applicants to integrated VS residency programs between 2007 and 2010. Demographic data from Electronic Residency Application Service applications submitted to our institution's 0 + 5 and 5 + 2 VS training programs during the same time period were reviewed. Results From 2008 to 2011, there were 190 applicants to our 0 + 5 VS residency program and 161 applicants to our 5 + 2 fellowship program, with 127 (66.8%) and 122 (75.8%) being United States medical graduates, respectively. Annual application volume to our programs over these years remained stable for both training pathways (range, 39-49 for 0 + 5 integrated; range, 39-43 for 5 + 2 traditional). Nationally, applications to 0 + 5 programs increased sixfold over the same time period (52 in 2007 to 340 applicants in 2010; P Conclusions Nationwide interest in the 0 + 5 vascular surgery residency training paradigm continues to significantly increase. Significant differences exist between the cohorts of 0 + 5 residency and 5 + 2 fellowship program applicants at the completion of medical school, suggesting that 0 + 5 VS residency programs are attracting a different medical student population to the VS specialty. VS program directors should continue to foster interest in this new applicant pool through early exposure, mentorship, and extracurricular research activities.
Band‐forming centerpieces for the analytical ultracentrifuge

Three types of band-forming centerpieces useful in band centrifugation in the analytical ultracentrifuge are described. The mode of filling and the advantages and disadvantages of each type are discussed.
Development and Costs of an Intraoperative Echocardiography Service

Intraoperative echocardiography (IOE) has become an important part of cardiovascular anesthesiology. An IOE service should provide the equipment and personnel needed to acquire and interpret echocardiographic images during surgery and communicate findings to the medical record. It also should archive images and reports, provide training in echocardiography skills, arrange for continuous quality improvement, and develop a means to bill for echocardiography services. Although the costs of providing IOE services can be estimated, the financial impact of starting such a service will vary greatly between institutions depending on the availability and use of existing resources and expertise. IOE is not a trivial skill and requires considerable training and experience to perform competently. Reimbursement for IOE services provided by anesthesiologists is highly dependent on local policies and will require continued vigilance and effort to be made fair and reasonable for all providers. The primary motivation for ...
A comparison of one-day therapy versus seven day therapy for the treatment of helicobacter pylori infection

Introduction: Therapeutic regimens for eradication of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection typically last from 7 to 14 days and achieve eradication rates upwards of 90%. We studied the effect of one-day combination therapy on the eradication of Hp.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the early-stage oxidation behavior of (Pt, Ni)3Al(111) surfaces in air

We have studied the early-stage of oxide formation on (1 1 1)-oriented (Pt, Ni){sub 3}Al single crystals in air. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the predominant surface oxide changed from NiO to Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, as oxidation temperature increased from 900 to 1300 K. Some NiAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} (spinel) also formed at the higher temperatures. Under conditions where NiO and/or NiAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} were present, it resided atop a layer of aluminum oxide, mixed in some cases with metallic Ni. By comparing samples that contained 0, 10 and 20 at% Pt in the bulk, we found that the effects of Pt were to (1) promote the preferential formation of aluminum oxide over nickel oxide(s) in the top layer at all temperatures studied, (2) suppress the amount of metallic Ni mixed with Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} in the underlying oxide region, (3) reduce the total oxide layer thickness, and (4) sharpen the interface between the oxide and the metallic alloy.
Mechanisms of Receptor Adaptation

Two determinants of adaptation in a mechanoreceptor (Pacinian corpuscle) are described. Both are filters of non-transients. One, a mechanical filter, prevents static components of the mechanical stimulus from reaching the transducer element (nerve ending). This filter is represented by the laminar capsule of the receptor. When the capsule is eliminated by dissection, the generator potential of the nerve ending in response to a sustained stimulus is markedly prolonged. Another filter is represented by an inactivation process of the mechanisms of nerve impulse initiation which prevents a steady outward current from producing repetitive impulses. Both filters cut the duration of the receptor response to a few milliseconds.
Aberrant EVI1 expression in acute myeloid leukemias associated with the t(3;8)(q26;q24)

EVI is a proto-oncogene that is activated in acute myeloid leukemia with chromosomal rearrangements that map to chromosome 3q26. We previously reported the clinicopathologic features of five cases of acute myeloid leukemia carrying t(3;8)(q26;q24). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, we demonstrate in the current study that the breakpoint on chromosome 3 is at EVI1/MDS1, and the breakpoint on chromosome 8 is just distal to the PVT1 oncogene homolog, a C-MYC activator in mice. The breakpoint on chromosome 8 was detected between the components of the LSI MYC dual-color break-apart rearrangement probe. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay showed expression of EVI1 in all four cases analyzed, and DNA sequence analysis confirmed the findings. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay also demonstrated the expression of PVT1 and C-MYC in all four cases assessed. Western blot analysis detected EVI1 in one case analyzed. We conclude that the t(3;8)(q26;q24) results in deregulated EVI1 expression, similar to other balanced or unbalanced chromosomal translocations involving chromosome 3q26.
Fodor on concepts and Frege Puzzles

Fodor characterizes concepts as consisting of two dimensions: one is content, which is purely denotational/broad, the other the Mentalese vehicle bearing that content, which Fodor calls the mode of presentation (MOP), understood “syntactically.” I argue that, so understood, concepts are not interpersonally shareable; so Fodor’s own account violates what he calls the Publicity Constraint in his (1998) book. Furthermore, I argue that Fodor’s non-semantic solution to Frege cases succumbs to the problem of providing interpersonally applicable functional roles for MOPs. This is a serious problem because Fodor himself has argued extensively that if Fregean senses or meanings are understood as functional/conceptual roles, then they can’t be public, since, according to Fodor, there are no interpersonally applicable functional roles.
RO 23-6457 prolongs survival of vascularized allografts in rodents and primates.

The ability of RO 23–6457, a retinoid compound with marked in vitro immunosuppressive properties, to prolong vascularized allografts was examined in several in vivo transplantation models. In the murine heterotopic heart model, efficacy was shown in two H-2 incompatible strain combinations, with indefinite graft survival at some doses. In the rat heterotopic heart model, oral administration prolonged Wistar—Furth grafts in Lewis hosts an average of 1 week, with no long-term survivors at a variety of doses. Given subcutaneously, grafts were further prolonged, but the compound proved toxic. In a bilaterally nephrectomized renal transplant model in cynomolgus monkeys treated intravenously at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day, host survival was prolonged to 18, 32, 33, and 74 days, compared with 11, 11, 12, 13, and 26 days in untreated controls (P < 0.05 by rank-sum testing). The three shorter surviving recipients died from anorexia and weight loss with normal renal function, while the longest survivor rejected its kidney when exhaustion of iv sites precluded further treatment. The toxic effects of the compound resemble the syndrome of hypervitaminosis A. RO 23–6457 will prolong graft survival as a single agent, justifying further preclinical testing and efforts to reduce toxicity.
Deflection effects in inner-shell ionization

Recently a method of calculating inner-shell ionization has been formulated in which Hartree-Fock wave functions are employed and all terms in the Born series retained. Results have so far been presented only in the energy region where projectile deflection effects are of little importance. In this paper it is shown how the time-dependent problem can be solved just as conveniently for hyperbolic classical projectile paths that result from the nuclear repulsion. The method is applied to the impact-parameter dependence of $K$-shell ionization by protons on copper in the energy range 0.5 to 2 MeV. Excellent agreement is found at the lower energy with experiments of Andersen et al. Poorer agreement is obtained in the higher-energy regime.
Transition metal promoted higher-order cycloaddition reactions. [6+2] cycloaddition of a fischer carbene complex with tricarbonyl(cycloheptatriene) chromium(0)

Abstract Photolytic reaction of pentacarbonyl [(methoxy)(methyl)carbene] chromium(0) with tricarbonyl(cycloheptatriene) chromium(0) afforded an isomeric mixture of bicyclo[4.2.1]nonanone products.
Solid solution softening and hardening in the NbO system

It is demonstrated that, in niobium, the interstitial O atoms cause the softening and hardening effect similar to the self-interstitials generated by low temperature electron irradiation. The stress-strain curves of crystals with two tensile axis orientations are shown. Their deformation behavior was quite different. (FS)
Helical Gears With Circular Arc Teeth: Simulation of Conditions of Meshing and Bearing Contact

Engrenages helicoidaux avec denture en arc de cercle. Simulation du contact et de l'engrenement
Rifabutin Prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection in Patients with AIDS

Rifabutin, a macrophage-penetrating lipophilic rifamycin, has a long half-life and activity in vitro against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Preliminary studies of patients with AIDS and those with AIDS-related complex defined dose-limiting toxic effects (arthralgia/arthritis and uveitis) and suggested that rifabutin alone might reduce the incidence of MAC infections. Two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials involving 1,100 subjects confirmed the safety and efficacy of low doses of rifabutin; this therapy halved the rate of MAC bacteremia and significantly reduced symptoms associated with disseminated MAC infections. Subsequent experience with rifabutin as prophylaxis for and treatment of MAC infections has generally supported its safety profile. Emergence of drug-resistant MAC causing infection in patients receiving rifabutin therapy has not been reported. Interactions with azoles and macrolides increase blood levels of rifabutin and have led to the development of uveitis in certain patients. Studies of the cost-effectiveness of rifabutin prophylaxis for MAC infection suggest that it is comparable with other preventive interventions employed in clinical practice.
Toward a Redefinition of "Educational" in Babies' and Toddlers' Media: Overt Visual Attention, Verbalization, and Other Measures of Engagement as Indicators of Learning

This paper provides an analysis of data from an earlier study in which children 12- to 24-months failed to learn from an educational infant DVD. Whereas children performed no better than chance on the original posttests, coders noticed verbal and nonverbal behaviors that appeared to indicate engagement with the content while it was playing. After an analysis of the videotaped trials, this project uncovered several behaviors indicating engagement, such as unprompted verbalizations of items on screen, verbal imitations of items on screen, non-verbal indications of engagement with the program, program elicited amusement, and both verbal and nonverbal behavior directed at the DVD player itself. Results are discussed in the context of Sproull (1973) and Crawley et al.’s (2002) findings that direct reactions to program content are indicators of “vicarious participation” which is a reflection, rather than a cause, of learning.
Acceleration of energetic particles by shock waves from large solar flares

Time-intensity profiles for solar proton events are analyzed with respect to the acceleration of energetic particles from the ambient solar wind by an interplanetary shock. The time-intensity profiles are derived from the Helio 1 particle data base for 1974 to 1984. It is found that many of the large proton events display a prolonged plateau. The Fe/O abundances in the large proton events are studied. It is observed that initially the Fe/O ratio is high (about 1.0), but after proton intensities increase to about 100 protons/sq cm sr sec MeV the Fe/O ratio decreases to a value near 0.1.
An epidemiologist’s view of the new molecular biology findings in Hodgkin’s disease

Recent advances in molecular biology provide new strategies to address the pathogenesis of Hodgkin’s disease (HD). Immunophenotyping studies of Reed-Sternberg cells suggest lymphoid cells, ‘frozen in a state of activation.’ Clonal rearrangement studies find heavy and light chain immunoglobulin and β and Г T-cell receptor gene changes. Chromosomal studies find a complex but nonrandom mixture of structural rearrangements including many seen in other hematologic disorders. These findings are consistent with a pathogenesis involving chronic antigenic stimulation. This interpretation is supported by the epidemiologic features of HD which suggest that HD may develop as a rare consequence of infection with a common latent virus where risk is increased if infection is delayed until adolescence or young adulthood. Such ‘late ’ infections are generally more clinically severe and may result in more chronicity of virus replication. Serologic and genome probe studies of the Epstein-Barr virus — a candidate agent — in HD specimens support this hypothesis. In summary, the new molecular biology findings in HD converge with the previous epidemiologic, immunologic, and clinical data to support a unifying hypothesis of pathogenesis in which genetic abnormalities occur secondarily to a sustained host response to chronic tissue-based antigenic stimulation.