cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine: Where Do We Go from Here?

When this volume was planned, the title was Comparative Global Psychosomatic Medicine. As the book progressed, it became clear that there was a line of cleavage between psychosomatic medicine and consultation-liaison psychiatry. Consultation-liaison psychiatry emphasizes the role of psychiatry in general medical settings and psychiatric co-morbidities in patients with medical diseases rather than psychogenesis of medical diseases. The scope of consultation-liaison psychiatry is far broader than “conversion” or “somatization” as it includes the diagnosis and treatment of all psychiatric disorders co-morbid with medical/surgical disorders as well as of illness behavior, coping with and adaptation to disease, death, rehabilitation, and recovery. Thus, consultation-liaison psychiatry is defined largely by the location (general hospital and medical clinics) rather than by diagnoses. Consultation-liaison Psychiatry is widely accepted and vibrant in the English-speaking countries including UK, Australia, South Africa, Canada and the United States. In indigenous populations, there is significant utilization of traditional CAM practices which may or may not be used in conjunction with modern medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine, rather than Consultation-liaison Psychiatry, seems dominant in continental Europe, especially in Germany and France. In Germany, the law requires the teaching of psychosomatic medicine and the PSM Departments seem to have a psychodynamic orientation while the parallel psychiatry departments are more biologically oriented. Balint Groups seem to be widely accepted in Europe, they are almost non-existent in the United States. This chapter also summarizes the incorporation of traditional healing ideas with Western medicine in Asia and Africa. Placebo may be seen as an ingestion of a symbol- an information (meme) infusion. The old distinction between psyche and soma has become meaningless- what remains is information. In this digital age, homo sapiens may be on the cusp of a revolutionary change in its relationship with information. With internet and smart phones which may evolve into smart implanted chips, we may be able to download any information automatically, and even upgrade our brain. There should therefore be a convergence of medicine, psychiatry, psychosomatic medicine, psychology, and all neurosciences, as well as all humanities including all social sciences and arts – a unified information base. Perhaps all -ologies and -iatries and -isms will converge into philosophy.
Evaluation of Hair Characteristics and Animal Age on the Impact of Hair Cortisol Concentration in Feedlot Steers

Hair cortisol is a novel biomarker of chronic stress. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of hair color and length, as well as, animal age on hair cortisol concentration in beef feedlot steers. Nineteen beef crossbred steers used for nutrition research and housed in a small feedlot setting were used for this study. Seven of the steers (680 ± 4.5 kg; ~9 years of age) were fitted with ruminal fistulas and duodenal cannulas. The other 12 steers (473 ± 3.1 kg; ~2.5 years of age) were fitted with only ruminal fistulas. Hair samples from each steer were collected throughout a period of 6 weeks from six different areas and analyzed for cortisol concentrations. One pre-determined area was shaved each week for 5 weeks (Weeks 1-5). During week 6, all five, previously shaved areas and an additional area was shaved to collect hair samples of various lengths. Hair length was recorded prior to the collection of each hair sample. Only data from the last week (Week 6) of collection were included in the analyses. Steers were categorized into one of three groups: old with black hair (OB, n = 3); old with white hair (OW, n = 3); young with black hair (YB, n = 12). Older steers exhibited greater hair cortisol concentrations than younger steers (P < 0.001). Hair cortisol concentration was not impacted by duration of growth (P = 0.33). Cortisol concentrations exhibited a weak, positive correlation with hair length (r = 0.33, P-value = 0.01). The average hair growth per week of beef steers in the winter months was calculated to be 0.90 mm. Further research should be performed to improve our understanding of the effect of hair characteristics, sampling methodologies and analysis techniques on hair cortisol concentrations.
Organized Chaos: Daily Routines Link Household Chaos and Child Behavior Problems

The aim of this study was to examine daily routines as a potential mediator of the relation between household chaos and both child externalizing behavior and bedtime resistant behavior. Studies show that children living in chaotic households exhibit more externalizing behaviors, which when exhibited as early as the toddler and preschool years, are a risk factor for later maladjustment. Understanding the mechanisms linking household chaos to early externalizing behaviors is important since those mechanisms could be targeted as a point of intervention. Using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (Mturk), parents (n = 120) of a child age 2–5 completed questionnaires online assessing household chaos, frequency of routines, and child behavior problems. There was a significant indirect effect of household chaos to child behavior problems through family routines (B = 0.09, SE = 0.05, CI [0.01, 0.23]) and general child routines (B = 0.15, SE = 0.06, CI [0.05, 0.31]) (independently) and an indirect effect of household chaos to bedtime resistant behavior through children’s bedtime routines (B = 0.12, SE = 0.06, CI [0.03, 0.26]). These findings suggest that household chaos and routines are distinctive constructs and that routines are a mechanism linking household chaos to early child behavior problems. Clinically, these results imply that routines may be a reasonable focus for intervention among families living in chaotic households who have young children exhibiting behavior problems.
Symmetries of the P3 approximation to the Boltzmann neutron transport equation

Abstract This work explores conditional translation and scaling symmetries of a P3 approximation to the one-dimensional (1D) Boltzmann neutron transport equation with arbitrary material properties. The principal outcomes of this analysis are twofold: 1) the identification of symmetries using Lie group theory is exhaustive, and thus provides definitive insight into scenarios where the differential equation(s) under consideration are expected to hold across phase space position or dimensional scale; and 2) invariance under transformations may be leveraged to construct changes of variables under which reduced-order structures or exact solutions with special properties may be derived. In support of these goals, this work includes the application of Lie group theory to the aforementioned neutron transport model. A variety of conditional translation and scaling symmetries are obtained (e.g., depending on the functional form of various macroscopic cross section functions), and an example scaleinvariant numerical solution of the 1D spherical P3 equations is provided.
A randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-based application for the treatment of anxiety.

Introduction: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is prevalent among college students. Smartphone-based interventions may be a low-cost treatment method. Method: College students with self-reported ...
Constructing Separate and Unequal Courtrooms

Federal reform transformed civil and criminal litigation in the early 1940s. The new civil rules sought to achieve adversarial balance as it afforded litigants, virtually all white, with powerful discovery tools. In contrast, the new criminal rules denied defendants, often litigants of color, any power to discover information. Instead, the new criminal rules emboldened the prosecutor to bring charges and control what facts to withhold from or share with the defendant. An essential feature of the criminal template’s design—to insert a white gatekeeper with unreviewable discretion who could distribute benefits and burdens across racial lines—was an established Jim Crow strategy to maintain the racial order. This Article explores the significance of drafting the rules of procedure within the social and political forces of Jim Crow. In this assessment, the Article finds that the most influential of the criminal template’s authors embraced Jim Crow norms: one lectured that Black people were predisposed to criminality; one authored a state supreme court decision that opined whites, but not Black people, had respect for the law; and one issued judicial opinions lauded by segregationists. This Article contends that federal reform, deeply influenced by the entrenched norms of the time, wrote race into procedure and contributed to the construction of separate and unequal courtrooms. The Article finally observes that our state and federal courtrooms still operate pursuant to key features of this Jim Crow blueprint.
Informal Work and Sustainable Cities: From Formalization to Reparation

Summary Informal workers produce economic, social, and environmental value for cities. Too often, policy elites, including those promoting sustainable cities, overlook this value, proposing formalization and relying on deficit-based framings of informal work. In this perspective piece, we bring critical research and community-produced knowledge about informal work to sustainability scholarship. We challenge the dominant, deficit-based frame of informal work, which can dispossess workers, reduce their collective power, and undercut the social and environmental value their work generates. Instead, thinking historically, relationally, and spatially clarifies the essential role of informal work for urban economies and highlights their potential for promoting sustainable cities. It also reveals how growth-oriented economies reproduce environmental destruction, income inequality, and poverty, the very conditions impelling many to informal work. Rather than formalization, we propose reparation, an ethic and practice promoting ecological regeneration, while redressing historic wrongs and redistributing resources and social power to workers and grassroots social movements.
Identification of evolutionarily stable sites across the SARS-CoV-2 proteome

Since the first recognized case of COVID-19, more than 30 million people have been infected worldwide. Despite global efforts in drug and vaccine development to fight the disease, there is currently no vaccine or drug cure for COVID-19, though some drugs reduce severity and hasten recovery. Here we interrogate the evolutionary history of the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome to identify functional sites that can inform the search for treatments. Combining this information with the mutations observed in the current COVID-19 outbreak, we systematically and comprehensively define evolutionarily stable sites that are useful drug targets. Several experimentally-validated effective drugs interact with these proposed target sites. In addition, the same evolutionary information can prioritize cross reactive antigens that are useful in directing multi-epitope vaccine strategies to illicit broadly neutralizing immune responses to the betacoronavirus family. Although the results are focused on SARS-CoV-2, these approaches are based upon evolutionary principles and are agnostic to organism or infective agent.
A Disinhibitory Circuit for Contextual Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex

Context guides perception by influencing stimulus saliency. Accordingly, in visual cortex, responses to a stimulus are modulated by context, the visual scene surrounding the stimulus. Responses are suppressed when stimulus and surround are similar but not when they differ. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we use optical recordings, manipulations, and computational modeling to show that disinhibitory circuits consisting of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing and somatostatin (SOM)-expressing inhibitory neurons modulate responses in mouse visual cortex depending on similarity between stimulus and surround, primarily by modulating recurrent excitation. When stimulus and surround are similar, VIP neurons are inactive, and activity of SOM neurons leads to suppression of excitatory neurons. However, when stimulus and surround differ, VIP neurons are active, inhibiting SOM neurons, which leads to relief of excitatory neurons from suppression. We have identified a canonical cortical disinhibitory circuit that contributes to contextual modulation and may regulate perceptual saliency.
Investigation of the removal and recovery of nitrate by an amine-enriched composite under different fixed-bed column conditions

Abstract Continuous adsorption of nitrate in a fixed-bed column can be an effective method for its removal from water. In this study, an amine-rich polymer composite adsorbent was prepared by crosslinking chitosan (CS) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) with glutaraldehyde (GLA). The CS-PEI-GLA was packed into columns and the effect of flow rate, influent concentration, bed height, and other ionic species on the column performance was investigated. The highest adsorption capacity was achieved at the lowest flow rate and highest influent concentration and bed height. Maximum adsorption capacity of 137.62 mg NO3−-N/g was determined from the Thomas model. The column had acceptable nitrate removal in the presence of 1000 ppm chloride but poor performance in the presence of 1000 ppm sulfate due to the competitive effect of sulfate for binding sites. The best recovery agent was 0.5 M NaCl as it could regenerate the column to
Vertical product differentiation and taste differences

The finiteness condition of vertical product differentiation models is translated into the taste distribution model first analyzed by Mussa and Rosen. For a utility function linear in quality, the necessary and sufficient condition for finiteness is that the cost function with respect to quality is strictly concave. Furthermore, for these cost functions, in duopoly, higher quality always implies a higher market share at the Nash equilibrium in prices. The n-firm case is briefly discussed, and some implications for marketing strategy of new products are presented.
High-resolution single cell transcriptome analysis of zebrafish sensory hair cell regeneration

Summary Loss of sensory hair cells in the mammalian inner ear leads to permanent hearing and vestibular defects, whereas loss of hair cells in zebrafish results in their regeneration. We used scRNA-Seq to characterize the transcriptional dynamics of hair cell regeneration in zebrafish at unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. We uncovered three, sequentially activated modules. First, an injury/inflammatory response and downregulation of progenitor/stem cell maintenance genes within minutes after hair cell loss. Second, the transient activation of regeneration-specific genes. And third, a robust reactivation of developmental gene programs, including hair cell specification, cell cycle activation, ribosome biogenesis, and a metabolic switch to oxidative phosphorylation. The results are not only relevant for our understanding of hair cell regeneration and how we might be able to trigger it in mammals but also for regenerative processes in general. The data is searchable and publicly accessible via a web-based interface.
Entrepreneurial Network Effects: Empirical Observations of Entrepreneurial Networks in a World of Complexity

This paper distinguishes entrepreneurial network effects from the firm effects and industry effects that have been the focus of much of the literature about the economics of technological change and the economics of industrial organization. A method of identifying entrepreneurial networks is described, explained, and then illustrated with hypothesis tests about entrepreneurial network effects engendered by those networks. The method could be applied to identify social networks more generally and allow more powerful hypothesis tests about the effects of those networks.
Iambic Poetics in the Roman Empire

This is the first book to study the impact of invective poetics associated with early Greek iambic poetry on Roman imperial authors and audiences. It demonstrates how authors as varied as Ovid and Gregory Nazianzen wove recognizable elements of the iambic tradition (e.g. meter, motifs, or poetic biographies) into other literary forms (e.g. elegy, oratorical prose, anthologies of fables), and it shows that the humorous, scurrilous, efficacious aggression of Archilochus continued to facilitate negotiations of power and social relations long after Horace's Epodes. The eclectic approach encompasses Greek and Latin, prose and poetry, and exploratory interludes appended to each chapter help to open four centuries of later classical literature to wider debates about the function, propriety and value of the lowest and most debated poetic form from archaic Greece. Each chapter presents a unique variation on how these imperial authors became Archilochus – however briefly and to whatever end.
Cherokee Women In Crisis: Trail of Tears, Civil War, and Allotment, 1838-1907

Explains how traditional Cherokee women's roles were destabilized, modified, recovered, and in some ways strengthened during three periods of great turmoil.American Indian women have traditionally played vital roles in social hierarchies at the family, clan, and tribal levels. In the Cherokee Nation, specifically, women and men are considered equal contributors to the culture. With this study, however, we learn that three key historical events in the 19th and early 20th centuries removal, the Civil War, and allotment of their lands forced a radical renegotiation of gender roles and relations in Cherokee society. Carolyn Johnston (who is related to John Ross, principal chief of the Nation) looks at how Cherokee women navigated these crises in ways that allowed them to retain their traditional assumptions, ceremonies, and beliefs and to thereby preserve their culture. In the process, they both lost and retained power. The author sees a poignant irony in the fact that Europeans who encountered Native societies in which women had significant power attempted to transform them into patriarchal ones and that American women struggled for hundreds of years to achieve the kind of equality that Cherokee women had enjoyed for more than a millennium.Johnston examines the different aspects of Cherokee women's power: authority in the family unit and the community, economic independence, personal autonomy, political clout, and spirituality. Weaving a great-grandmother theme throughout the narrative, she begins with the protest of Cherokee women against removal and concludes with the recovery of the mother town of Kituwah and the elections of Wilma Mankiller and Joyce Dugan as principal chiefs of the Cherokee Nation and the Eastern Band of Cherokees."
A flexible ILP formulation for hierarchical clustering

Abstract Hierarchical clustering is a popular approach in a number of fields with many well known algorithms. However, all existing work to our knowledge implements a greedy heuristic algorithm with no explicit objective function. In this work we formalize hierarchical clustering as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem with a natural objective function and the dendrogram properties enforced as linear constraints. Our experimental work shows that even for small data sets finding the global optimum produces more accurate results. Formalizing hierarchical clustering as an ILP with constraints has several advantages beyond finding the global optima. Relaxing the dendrogram constraints such as transitivity can produce novel problem variations such as finding hierarchies with overlapping clusterings. It is also possible to add constraints to encode guidance such as must – link , cannot – link , must – link – before etc. Finally, though exact solvers exist for ILP we show that a simple randomized algorithm and a linear programming (LP) relaxation can be used to provide approximate solutions faster.
An application of Gappy POD: For subsonic cavity flow PIV data

An iterative procedure, based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), first proposed by Everson and Sirovich (J Opt Soc Am A 12(8):1657–1664, 1995) is applied to marred particle image velocimetry (PIV) data of shallow rectangular cavity flow at Mach 0.19, 0.28, 0.38, and 0.55. The procedure estimates the POD modes while simultaneously estimating the missing vectors in the PIV data. The results demonstrate that the absolute difference between the repaired vectors and the original PIV data approaches the experimental uncertainty as the number of included POD modes is increased. The estimation of the dominant POD modes is also shown to converge by examining the subspace spanned by the POD eigenfunctions.
In vivo optical properties of cortical tubers in children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): a preliminary investigation

Summary Purpose: Medically refractory epilepsy caused by cortical tubers resulting from tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) often requires surgical intervention. The locations of cortical tubers generally are determined by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this pilot study, we explored the feasibility of using the optical characteristics of cortical tubers as a potential means to guide their resection intraoperatively. Methods: Optical characteristics of normal cortex and cortical tubers were measured intraoperatively using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in three children undergoing epilepsy surgery for drug-resistant seizures. Unique diffuse reflectance spectroscopic features of cortical tubers were identified and their physiologic associations determined. Key Findings: Diffuse reflectance spectra revealed several features that distinguish cortical tubers from normal cortex. In tubers, diffuse reflectance intensities at oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin isobestic points, like 500, 530, and 570 nm, were consistently higher than those in normal cortex. According to the profile of diffuse reflectance spectra from 520–580 nm, hemoglobin oxygenation in tubers often was lower than in normal cortex. Significance: Albeit preliminary, our findings suggest that the optical characteristics of cortical tubers differ from intervening normal cortex, likely reflecting the lower cerebral blood volumes and reduced hemoglobin oxygenation of cortical tubers. The results of this study can be used to design biomedical instruments that aid tuberectomies.
Molecular Genetics of Achondroplasia

Affecting approximately 250 000 individuals worldwide, achondroplasia (Ach) represents a family of skeletal dysplasias. Although inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, it results most often from a new mutation to unaffected parents. Virtually all patients have the same mutation in the gene that codes for the receptor tyrosine kinase, FGFR3. The mutation exaggerates the receptor's inhibitory functions on bone growth resulting in characteristic clinical features. Similar mutations of FGFR3 cause other members of this disease family. Our understanding of how mutant FGFR3 antagonises bone growth remains incomplete, and delineating the relevant molecular details has proved challenging. Nevertheless, new insights into the FGFR3 biology, that is, downstream FGFR3 signals are modulated by the paracrine hormone CNP, FGFR3 is processed to a fragment with potential nuclear function and FGFR3 signal output is influenced by the molecular chaperone Hsp90, have advanced the field and provided a glimpse into future growth stimulating treatments for Ach. Key Concepts: Achondroplasia is the prototype of a ‘family’ of human skeletal dysplasias characterised by dwarfism and characteristic craniofacial manifestations. Achondroplasia results from gain of function mutations of the tyrosine kinase-mediated receptor, FGFR3, which is an important negative regulator of linear bone growth. Although achondroplasia can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, it most often results from de-novo mutations to nonachondroplastic parents. The new mutations display a paternal age effect. Virtually all patients with achondroplasia have the same FGFR3 mutation. Other mutations of FGFR3 that enhance its function cause similar but more or less severe dwarfing conditions, such as thanatophoric dysplasia and hypochondroplasia. FGFR3 acts through ‘signals’ it transmits to the cellular machinery that regulates the proliferation and other behaviours of cells responsible for bone growth – chondrocytes that occupy the growth plates of growing bones. The predominant signalling output involves tyrosine kinase cascades collectively referred to as the MAPK signalling pathway. FGFR3 receptors bearing the achondroplasia mutation exhibit exaggerated MAPK signalling when investigated in both cell culture and mouse models of achondroplasia. The major goal in developing treatments for achondroplasia has been to safely reduce the output of FGFR3 signals to or towards normal. Strategies have ranged from blocking receptor activation to inhibiting FGFR3 tyrosine kinase activity to shortening the survival of actively signalling receptor to antagonising signals downstream of the receptor. These strategies are based on understanding the relevant molecular events. The most promising strategy at present involves administration of the peptide, CNP, which antagonises MAPK signals initiated by FGFR3. Keywords: skeletal dysplasia; achondroplasia; bone growth; fgfr3; receptor tyrosine kinase
Nitrogen cycling processes and microbial community composition in bed sediments in the Yukon River at Pilot Station

Information on the contribution of nitrogen (N)-cycling processes in bed sediments to river nutrient fluxes in large northern latitude river systems is limited. This study examined the relationship between N-cycling processes in bed sediments and N speciation and loading in the Yukon River near its mouth at the Bering Sea. We conducted laboratory bioassays to measure N-cycling processes in sediment samples collected over distinct water cycle seasons. In conjunction, the microbial community composition in the bed sediments using genes involved in N-cycling (narG, napA, nosZ, and amoA) and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequences was examined. Temporal variation was observed in net N mineralization, nitrate uptake, and denitrification rate potentials and correlated strongly with sediment carbon (C) and extractable N content and microbial community composition rather than with river water nutrient concentrations. The C content of the bed sediment was notably impacted by the spring flood, ranging from 1.1% in the midst of an ice-jam to 0.1% immediately after ice-out, suggesting a buildup of organic material (OM) prior to scouring of the bed sediments during ice break up. The dominant members of the microbial community that explained differences in N-processing rates belonged to the genera Crenothrix, Flavobacterium, and the family of Comamonadaceae. Our results suggest that biogeochemical processing rates in the bed sediments appear to be more coupled to hydrology, nutrient availability in the sediments, and microbial community composition rather than river nutrient concentrations at Pilot Station.
Testing for unit roots in autoregressive moving average models: An instrumental variable approach

Abstract In this paper we propose an approach, based on an instrumental variable estimator, for testing the null hypothesis that a process Y t is an ARIMA( p , 1, q ) against the alternative that it is a stationary ARIMA( p + 1, 0, q ) process. Our approach is an extension of the procedure suggested by Hall (1989a) for the case p = 0. We derive the limiting distributions of the instrumental variable estimator when the estimated model is either (i) the true model, (ii) the true model with a shift in mean included, or (iii) the true model with a shift in mean and a linear time trend included. The performance of the test statistics is investigated using a Monte Carlo study. Generally speaking, the criteria based on the instrumental variable approach seem to perform as good as or better than the existing methods when the model is specified correctly. However, if the model is overspecified, then the empirical levels are higher than the nominal level in moderate-sized samples, whereas if the model is underspecified the instrumental variable estimators are inconsistent.
Post-dural puncture headache in pregnant women: What have we learned?

The obstetric patient is at particular risk of dural puncture (and the subsequent headache) because of sex, young age, and the widespread application of regional anesthesia. The incidence of epidural needle-induced post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) in pregnant women following dural puncture with a large bore needle has been reported to range 76-85%. Although a few measures have been proposed to prevent PDPH (intrathecal injection of saline, insertion of the epidural catheter into the subarachnoid space through the dural hole, none have been shown to work with certainty to date. This article reviews the latest developments aimed at prevention and treatment of this debilitating condition.
Ticky Tacky Little Governments: A More Faithful Approach to Community Associations Under State Action Doctrine

Community associations are an innovative solution to a myriad of challenges that arise in the ownership of residential property. They solve collective action problems and fulfill desires in the common pursuit of neighborhood harmony. But when community associations go too far to conform and perfect the neighborhoods they govern, they often intrude on the fundamental liberties of individual property owners. Without intervention, they stand to threaten the rights of a substantial number of U.S. citizens where it matters most: in the home.State action doctrine provides an adequate safeguard against this threat. However, courts have struggled to hold community associations to account under the doctrine because they don’t fit squarely into the quintessential state action models. The result is seemingly faithful to the black letter of state action precedent, but not its purpose. This Note analyzes these problems and offers what may be a more faithful approach, in both the letter and spirit of state action doctrine.
Using Community Input for the Curriculum Review Process

Nineteen leaders and potential employers in the health and human services field participated in structured interviews in summer 1996 at a large graduate school of social work regarding the knowledge, skills, and attitudes they look for in MSW graduates. Common desired characteristics were (a) knowledge of the research process, (b) writing and communication skills, (c) critical thinking skills, and (d) an attitude of openness and flexibility. This article describes the research process, how it was used to inform curriculum revision, and implications for social work education
Mechanical Characterization Using Indentation Experiments

Ultra-low load indentation experiments offer a flexible technique for characterizing the mechanical properties of thin films and small volumes. Techniques now exist for the measurement of strength (hardness), modulus, and the stress exponent for creep. Improved techniques for calculating hardness and modulus using the load-displacement data from ultra-low load indentation experiments are presented. Results from six materials with a wide range of hardnesses and moduli are used to compare contact areas calculated from load-displacement data to imaged areas. In addition, moduli are compared with literature values. The results show that the model used is quite accurate for the six materials investigated. A comparison of results from compression testing and indentation creep experiments on a low melting Pb-In alloy suggest that such indentation creep experiments reflect transient creep properties. Results from a study of the mechanical properties, including hardness, modulus and stress exponent of amorphous Al2O3 and sapphire are also presented.
ON THE HAMILTONIAN APPROACH AND PATH INTEGRATION FOR A POINT PARTICLE MINIMALLY COUPLED TO ELECTROMAGNETISM

We derive the exact configuration space path integral, together with the way how to evaluate it, from the Hamiltonian approach for any quantum mechanical system in flat spacetime whose Hamiltonian has at most two momentum operators. Starting from a given, covariant or non-covariant, Hamiltonian, we go from the time-discretized path integral to the continuum path integral by introducing Fourier modes. We prove that the limit N → ∞ for the terms in the perturbation expansion (“Feynman graphs”) exists, by demonstrating that the series involved are uniformly convergent. All terms in the expansion of the exponent in contribute to the propagator ¯
Power and Historical Figuring: Rachael Pringle Polgreen's Troubled Archive

Rachael Pringle Polgreen, a freed‘mulatto’ woman who owned an infamous brothel/hotel in Bridgetown, Barbados during the 1770s and 1780s became known to her contemporaries through her role in the (sexual) entertainment of transient naval officers and the visits of Prince William of England. Piecing together ‘evidence’ from her will, estate inventory, a nineteenth-century novel, a lithograph and an interview with a British officer, I engage Polgreen's complicated and fragmented archive, revealing how Polgreen represents an example of the problems with sources depicting women of African descent who lived in a slave society and the silences that inundate their archive. The first part of this article critically re-examines pieces of her archive, through which an image of Polgreen emerges incommensurable with narratives of her triumphs. Next, through an analysis of the processes by which Polgreen is historically confined by powerful archival and subsequent historical representations, I challenge previous assumptions about her life. Finally, introducing material from the British parliamentary debates in which an incident involving Polgreen is described and new material from Barbados deeds left by Polgreen's former slave, I expose the nuances of Polgreen's ‘agency’ in a slave society – that which depended upon her sexual subjugation of other women of African descent.
Editor-in-Chief’s Introduction to “Development of a Taxonomy of Keywords for Engineering Education Research”

Presents an editorial that explains the availability of a taxonomy report which presents a controlled vocabulary for keywords and metadata for engnineering education.
MULTISPECTRAL CONCURRENT DETECTION OF MULTIPLE PROTEINS

Proteins constitutively function within networks. Concurrent detection of multiple proteins is crucial to clinical diagnoses and multidimensional drug profiling. Fluorescence microscopy is capable of multicolor imaging, and has the capability to quantify essentially any physiological changes that occur at the single-cell level and in the context of live single cells, and thus provides an alternative to flow cytometry for multiplexed live single-cell assay. The staining of cells with multiple labels is still a technical challenge while multiplexed assays are complicated by spectral emission overlaps and measurement errors. In this study, we applied emission fingerprinting technique provided by Zeiss LSM 510 META detector, and achieved concurrent detection of ten proteins expressed on the same endothelial cell sample. This approach can be further applied to real-time measurement of multiple proteins expressed on live single cell surface, and therefore will enable a novel approach of multiplexed live single cell detection.
IMMULITE® 2000 age and sex-specific reference intervals for alpha fetoprotein, homocysteine, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, C-peptide, immunoglobulin E and intact parathyroid hormone

Objectives To determine age and sex-specific pediatric reference intervals for serum alpha fetoprotein, homocysteine, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, C-peptide, immunoglobulin E and parathyroid hormone.
Serial Innovators' processes: How they overcome barriers to creating radical innovations

Abstract Formal new product development processes typically are depicted in the literature as linear processes having some number of stages, each of which is completed by a cross-functional team. At the end of each stage a management committee makes a decision as to whether the project will proceed to the next stage, be stopped, or recycle through the previous stage to better complete some of the tasks or steps in the stage. Teams proceed stage by stage, until the product is launched into the market. However, this formal process typically is positioned as occurring after the “fuzzy front end” (FFE), the chaotic, messy up-front part of new product development before there is a solidified concept. Because incremental, evolutionary innovations go through an abbreviated FFE, or even have none at all, these formal processes work quite well for them. However, radical innovations typically have very messy, chaotic and fuzzy front ends, which are not helped by these formal processes. Formal product development processes may actually act as a barrier to radical innovation. Very little research to date has investigated processes that overcome the barriers to radical innovation and allow firms to successfully bring radical innovations to market. This research investigates the product development processes used by 19 Serial Innovators—individuals in large, mature firms who have been associated with one after another radical innovation success. We find that Serial Innovators' processes have four specific features that enable them to overcome organizational barriers and allow them to create and successfully commercialize radical innovations. Serial Innovators' processes: • are not at all linear in nature; • focus significant time and effort on the fuzzy front end; • explicitly manage the transition from the fuzzy front end tasks and outputs (a proposed solution to a problem) to the more formal and institutionalized development process; and • proactively work to create market acceptance.
Modeling chip formation with grooved tools

Abstract A slip-line field model for orthogonal cutting with a tool containing a groove-like feature on its rake face is proposed. Primary contact at the tool-chip interface is taken to be plastic. Based on experimental observations, it is assumed that the chip flows into the groove, and is forced to curl by Coulomb friction contact with the groove back wall. Solutions obtained for different groove geometries, groove positions relative to the cutting edge, rake angles and tool-chip interface friction using the matrix operator method are presented and discussed. The calculated results are in general agreement with experimental observations. It is found that the model can be formulated so that it can be used to predict the cutting geometry for obstruction-type chip breakers as well.
CropScape: A Web service based application for exploring and disseminating US conterminous geospatial cropland data products for decision support

The Cropland Data Layer (CDL) contains crop and other specific land cover classifications obtained using remote sensing for the conterminous United States. This raster-formatted and geo-referenced product has been widely used in such applications as disaster assessments, land cover and land use research, agricultural sustainability studies, and agricultural production decision-making. The traditional CDL data distribution channels include paper thematic maps, email data requests, CD/DVD media, and ftp bulk downloading. To effectively and efficiently meet the growing needs of our customers, CropScape (the name invented for a new interactive Web CDL exploring system) was developed to query, visualize, disseminate, and analyze CDL data geospatially through standard geospatial Web services in a publicly accessible online environment. CropScape not only offers the online functionalities of interactive map operations, data customization and downloading, crop acreage statistics, charting and graphing, and multitemporal change analysis as well in an interoperable manner, but also provides Web geoprocessing services such as automatic data delivery and on-demand crop statistics for uses in other applications. This system delivers dynamic user experiences with its comprehensive capabilities in an open geospatial context, and facilitates delivery and analysis of geospatial cropland information for decision support and various research endeavors. More than 17,000 users around the world have visited CropScape in its first 5months of availability.
Enhancement of morphine actions in morphine-naive and morphine-tolerant mice by LY 235959, a competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor

1. The effects of LY 235959, a competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, on the analgesic and hypothermic actions of morphine, were determined in nontolerant and morphine-tolerant mice. 2. LY 235959 enhanced the analgesic and hypothermic action of morphine in nontolerant mice. 3. LY 235959 also enhanced the analgesic and hypothermic actions of morphine in morphine-tolerant mice. LY 235959, injected before saline injection, had no effect on the antinociception or the body temperature. 4. It is concluded that competitive antagonism of the NMDA receptor enhances the pharmacologic actions of morphine both in morphine-naive and morphine-tolerant mice and that these actions differ from the noncompetitive antagonism of the NMDA receptors.
Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP) for the Characterization of Macromolecules

Structural analysis of macromolecular complexes (e.g., antibody-antigen complexes and viruses) is hampered owing to their size and complexity. High resolution biophysical methods for structural analysis are not applicable to proteins that have a high molecular mass. In order to analyze these large structures, methods based on mass spectrometry (MS) can be employed. MS-based methods are advantageous because they are not limited by size and require only microgram quantities of protein. Footprinting methods coupled with MS are a powerful tool for studying higher order structure of proteins. These methods can be used to moniter protein conformational changes and identify protein-protein and protein-ligand interaction sites. The protein footprinting method fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP), a radical footprinting approach, utilizes hydroxyl radicals to oxidize solvent-exposed residues on a short time scale. The irreversible label of FPOP has several advantages including the ability to purify proteins after labelling. Here we report the efficacy of FPOP for studying protein conformational differences and identifying protein-interactions in large complexes.
Fructose-grafted amylose and amylopectin.

Abstract Amylose and amylopectin have been heated with sucrose in acidic methyl sulfoxide. The fructose oxocarbonium ion derived from sucrose was transferred as fructofuranosyl groups to O-6 of the glucans, giving fructoglucans containing up to 7.9% (amylose) and 5.8% (amylopectin) of fructose. The fructosyl units on amylose prevented retrogradation from aqueous solution, resulted in a less-blue iodine complex, and decreased the extent of degradation by amyloglucosidase. The addition of fructosyl units to amylopectin reduced the extent of its degradation by beta-amylase.
The use of tissue plasminogen activator in postvitrectomy cases.

The study concerns 17 eyes which, following vitrectomy, were given an injection of 25 μg of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Of these 17 cases, ten showed a severe fibrin formation in the anterior chamber, 3 cases showed vitreous hemorrhage (one of them with hyphema), 2 had fibrin formation and cellular proliferation, while in one case tPA was injected at the end of the vitrectomy because of perisilicone proliferation and in one case because of fibrin depositions on the intraocular lens.
Learning How We Learn: In an unlikely confluence, bioengineers are finding fertile ground in research and teaching about learning.

You know too much; it?s time to kill you.? In Russian, the phrase rhymes. The captain raised his glass, steering an inebriated wink my way.
Valyl-Alanyl-Prolyl-Glycine Serves as a Quantitative Marker for Human Elastins

Abstract Thermolysin digests of human elastins were examined for elastin peptide markers as determined by HPLC followed by amino acid sequencing of promising peaks. The tetrapeptide VAPG was found to occur in the early portion of the chromatogram highly fashion. The peptide appears to be significantly amplified, when compared with the other peptides, in that it is derived from the hexapeptide repeat in e1astin, VGVAPG, which repeats itself in two three-pieceegments in the c-terminal portion of the tropoelastin molecule. VAPG serves as a highly reliable quantitative measure for human elastins, allowing sensitivities to less than a microgram. Thus, it is a significantly more accurate measure than other existing methods. Precision also appears to be enhanced because of the directness of the measurements. The use of VAPG as a quantitative marker for human elastin has clinical application in the study of elastin-based connective tissue diseases.
The plasticizer market: an assessment of traditional plasticizers and research trends to meet new challenges

Abstract Plasticizers have long been known for their effectiveness in producing flexible plastics for applications ranging from the automotive industry to medical and consumer products. The plasticizer industry has grown with the use of plastics worldwide. Recent plasticizer research has focused on technological challenges including leaching, migration, evaporation and degradation of plasticizers, each of which eventually lead to deterioration of thermomechanical properties in plastics. Human exposure to certain plasticizers has been debated recently because di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, used in medical plastics, has been found at detectable levels in the blood supply and potential health risks may arise from its chronic exposure. The current paper presents a brief history and an overview of the traditional plasticizers currently available in the world market, discusses some of the problems associated with the end uses of these plasticizers and reviews recent scientific approaches to resolve these problems. The definition of an ideal plasticizer changes with each application; thus, this paper addresses technical issues first from a broad perspective, and then with a focus on leaching, migration, evaporation and degradation issues. Several approaches to reduce leaching and migration of plasticizers are discussed, including surface modification of plasticized polymers and the application of alternative plasticizers and oligomers to meet technological requirements. New approaches to reduce evaporation and degradation of plasticizers are discussed, with the aim of formulating long-lasting flexible plastics and minimizing the ultimate environmental impact of these chemicals. The development of fire-retardant plasticizers and novel plasticizers for use in biodegradable plastics are also included.
Preparation of BaTiO3 glass-ceramics in the system BaTiBO. I

Abstract On the basis of earlier crystallization and X-ray diffraction studies, specific glass compositions in the system Ba-Ti-B-O were studied for synthesis of BaTiO 3 glass-ceramics. The glass-ceramics show significant differences in their surface microstructure and their crystalline phases. These differences are explained on the basis of structure of the parent glasses.
Gated, asymmetric rings as tunable electron interferometers

Abstract We have fabricated gated, asymmetric rings which, in principle, enable interference between electron waves to be varied with a gate voltage. Although close to the minimum dimensions currently achievable, the results are far from clear-cut, and imply that there are many problems to be overcome before useful devices based on quantum interference can be demonstrated, even supposing that the geometries proposed will actually work. We describe the methods used to analyse our data to show any consistent interference effects caused by the gate voltage variation. Narrower, higher-mobility devices are required in order to produce more easily-resolved gate voltage-controlled interference effects.