cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregation of thrombin

Seegers citrate thrombin was prepared from bovine plasma and purified on IRC-50 (XE-64) resin columns at room temperature. The preparation was examined in the ultracentrifuge to determine the sedimentation coefficient and Archibald molecular weight. All measurements were made at 20 °C. in sodium phosphate-potassium chloride buffer, pH = 7.0, ionic strength = 0.16, the sodium phosphate buffer having an ionic strength of 0.05. The sedimentation patterns suggested that the thrombin preparation was homogeneous. However, the sedimentation coefficient was concentration dependent in a manner suggesting that rapidly reversibly dissociable aggregates were present. The sedimentation coefficients were also determined in H2O and D2O buffers, and the data were employed to compute the value of v for thrombin (0.735). The molecular weight is also concentration dependent, where the concentration at the meniscus can be changed either by starting with different initial concentrations or employing different speeds in the ultracentrifuge. The Archibald studies support the hypothesis of the presence of monomers and aggregates in rapid equilibrium. Suitable extrapolation of the data suggests that the molecular weight of the monomer may be in the neighborhood of 30,000.
Potential content of lube oils in crudes of the Dagestan ASSR

This article investigates the physicochemical properties of low-sulfur medium-wax crudes as possible raw materials for lube oil production. The crude from the Makhachkala-Tarki field was sampled from a commercial tank receiving crude from five wells, from Upper Cretaceous (depth of occurrence 3580 m), and the crude from the Yubileinsk field was produced from the Lower Triassic of the Neftekumsk series (depth of occurrence 4412-4432 m). It is determined that the main direction in processing these crudes should be the production of a naphtha cut as catalytic reformer feed and wide-cut diesel fuel (180-350/sup 0/C) as a feedstock for the production of liquid paraffins.
Use of immunoassays in neurological diagnosis and research.

Abstract Objectives: To review the use of immunoassays in the diagnosis and research of disorders affecting the nervous system. Methods: Systematic review of the English literature. Results: Immunoassays have demonstrated utility for: (1) the detection of antigen (molecules, genes, gene products, peptides, hormones and drug metabolites) and (2) the detection of an immune response (antigen–antibody complexes and specific and non-specific populations of antibodies) in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and central nervous system tissue. Discussion: The specificity of the antibody–antigen interaction makes immunoassays an ideal diagnostic and research tool for the investigation of neurological disease. A number of immunoassays are available for this purpose, and the choice of a particular methodology generally depends upon whether one is detecting antigen, antibody or antigen–antibody complexes, and the nature of the biologic sample that is being tested. Ease of testing, sensitivity, specificity and cost are other ...
Distributed virtual environment for satellite orbital modelling and near-Earth space environment simulation and portrayal

The Satellite Modeler (SM) is a distributed virtual environment application that simulates the near-Earth space environment and portrays 3D graphical satellite models moving in their correct orbits around the Earth. The system allows the user to view satellites in orbit from both a space-based and Earth-based point of view. The Satellite Modeler provides capabilities that allow a user to interact with multiple satellite models and with active satellite constellations. The user can establish satellite orbital parameters during distributed virtual environment initial ization and while the virtual environment is running. The system also functions as a network actor in a distributed virtual environment. The Satellite Modeler achieves realistic physical modeling of satellite orbital motion by basing its orbital calculations upon orbital mechanics and NORAD orbital element descriptions for satellites in orbit.
Measurements of losses and lasing efficiency in GSGG:Cr,Nd and YAG:Nd laser rods.

Laser rods procured from four different vendors were examined to assess the state of the art in GSGG: Cr,Nd crystal growth. Measurement techniques included spectrophotometry (for absorption loss), interferometry (for distortion), polarimetry (for birefringence), and laser resonator insertion. Free running laser efficiency measurements were also performed. The level of losses characteristic of currently available GSGG:Cr,Nd laser rods was generally found to be much higher than that of commercially grown YAG:Nd. The intrinsic lasing efficiency of the co-doped GSGG rods, however, was typically found to exceed that of the YAG:Nd rods by more than a factor of 2.
The pit-trapping foraging strategy of the ant lion, Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)

Larvae of Myrmeleon immaculatus in large pits captured both large and samll prey, while larvae in small pits captured only the small prey. Larvae in small pits did not respond to large ants, although they always responded by sand-flinging to small ants. Larvae in medium-sized pits often captured large ants only after prolonged and vigorous sand-flipping. Larvae in large pits usually captured large ants with relatively little sand-flipping. Pit enlargement and pit relocation in the laboratory were not significantly correlated with reduction of rations in the first 3 weeks after a pit was built. However, after a month without food, larvae on the average moved once every 10 days, built successively smaller pits, and moved longer distances before building a new pit. In the field pits were dug primarily in response to microclimatological factors and possibly edge-effects. The presence or absence of suitable prey at a site, per se, had no effect on whether or not a larva would dig a pit there. We conclude that these sit-and-wait predators have a relatively large repertoire of behavior that enhances their foraging success, and we contrast it with previously made optimal foraging models relating to pit locations, pit relocations, pit size and ant lion responses.
397: A novel KISS-1 related peptide as indicator of murine pregnancy and potential prenatal diagnostic marker

POTENTIAL PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC MARKER NIMA GOHARKHAY, HUAIZHI YIN, ESTHER TAMAYO, PHYLLIS GAMBLE, FANGXIAN LU, ANCIZAR BETANCOURT, KARINA VILLARREAL, GARY D.V. HANKINS, GEORGE R. SAADE, MONICA LONGO, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Galveston, Texas OBJECTIVE: The KISS-1 gene produces several peptides known to play important roles in reproduction, including the regulation of gonadotropin secretion. KISS-1 has also been described in the placenta. A recent study in humans has shown increasing levels of the secretory form of KISS-1 in blood with advancing gestation. No marker for early detection of mouse pregnancy is currently available, and the presence of gestation in mice can only be detected empirically. The determination of pregnancy in mice and other laboratory animals is important for the planning of studies relating to various aspects of reproduction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a secreted form of KISS-1 was present in the blood of mice and if it could be utilized as a marker for pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Mice from the CD1 strain were bred under standardized conditions. The presence of sperm plugs was recorded as day 1 of gestation. Nonpregnant mice were used as controls. Blood samples were collected on days 7 and 14 of gestation and Western blot was performed using a polyclonal antibody to KISS-1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA). Peptide levels were determined by densitometric analysis. RESULTS: We were able to demonstrate the presence of a peptide with specific reactivity to a polyclonal KISS-1 antibody in mouse serum. The levels increased significantly from day 7 to day 14 of gestation and were almost undetectable in nonpregnant animals (p 0.0001) (figure). The immunoreactive peptide identified was larger than any previously described KISS-1 related protein.
CONCENTRATION OF EXPORTS AND EXPORT EARNINGS INSTABILITY: THE CASE OF JORDAN

Instability in the export proceeds of developing countries has been discussed and lamented for many years in the general literature on economic development. It is relatively recently, however, that detailed empirical research has been undertaken to illuminate the causes and effects of export earnings instability in both developing and developed countries.
Abstract 4679: Integrin and FAK signaling regulate ARHI-induced autophagy

Autophagy selectively degrades cellular proteins, protein aggregates and organelles, providing energy in a nutrient deprived environment. We have reported that re-expression of ARHI, a maternally imprinted Ras-related tumor suppressor gene that is down regulated in more than 60% of ovarian cancers, induces autophagy. Persistence for ARHI-induced autophagy for several days is lethal for ovarian cancer cells in culture. In xenografts, however, ARHI-induced autophagy does not kill ovarian cancer cells, but rather is required to maintain a dormant state in the absence of a vascular supply. When ARHI is downregulated in vivo, previously dormant xenografts grow promptly and outgrowth of cancers is inhibited by treatment of dormant cancer cells with chloroquine. Growth factors (IGF-1, IL-8, VEGF) and ECM components (fibronectin) in the cancer microenvironment can rescue ovarian cancer cells from ARHI-induced autophagic death in cell culture. Rescue was associated with partial reversal of ARHI-mediated inhibition of PI3K signaling and AKT and mTOR activity. Consequently, we have hypothesized that both autophagy and survival factors (IGF-1, fibronectin) are required to maintain dormancy, where autophagy provides energy for avascular xenografts and survival factors prevent autophagic death by partially reversing inhibition of PI3K signaling. Here, we show that re-expression of ARHI in SKOv3 ovarian cancer cells inhibited integrin β1 expression and decreased FAK activation, stimulated by fibronectin and growth factors (IGF-1). Consistent with the importance of ECM, addition of fibronectin, a receptor for αvβ1 integrin, induced FAK activity and diminished ARHI-induced autophagy; whereas addition of neutralizing antibody against integrin β1 decreased FAK and Akt activities, enhancing autophagy. Autophagy induced by ARHI is dramatically reduced in cells that overexpress FAK and knockdown of FAK by RNA interference enhances ARHI-induced autophagy in ovarian cancer cells cultured on fibronectin. Our results suggest that the ECM and growth factors in the tumor microenvironment function to coordinate the activities of integrin β1, FAK and Akt to regulate ARHI-mediated autophagy, contributing to the survival of dormant ovarian cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4679.
Taction thresholds for short pulses

Absolute taction thresholds for short pulses are determined for different pulse-repetition rates and sizes of contactor. It is shown that cutaneous mechanoreceptors summate energy increments resulting from an increase in repetition rate and in the size of the contactor. Discrepancies between measurements obtained using short pulses and sine waves are discussed. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a duplex mechanism of mechanoreception exists over most of the body surface.
Characterization of the Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 29050 genes encoding doxorubicin polyketide synthase

Abstract The dps genes of Streptomyces peucetius , encoding daunorubicin (DNR)-doxorubicin (DXR) (p)olyketide synthase (PKS), are largely within an 8.7-kb region of DNA that has been characterized by Southern analysis, and gene sequencing, mutagenesis and expression experiments. This region contains nine ORFs, many of whose predicted products are homologous to known PKS enzymes. Surprisingly, the gene encoding the DXR PKS acyl carrier protein is not in this region, but is located about 10 kb distant from the position it usually occupies in other gene clusters encoding type-II PKS. An in-frame deletion in the dpsB gene, encoding a putative subunit of the DXR PKS, resulted in loss of production of DXR and the known intermediates of its biosynthetic pathway, confirming that this gene and, by implication, the adjacent dps genes are required for DXR biosynthesis. This was verified by expression of the dps genes in the heterologous host, Streptomyces lividans , which resulted in the production of aklanonic acid, an early intermediate of DXR biosynthesis.
The effects of an anxiety sensitivity intervention on anxiety, depression, and worry: Mediation through affect tolerances

Recently there has been increased interest in emotional and physical tolerance risk factors for mood and anxiety disorders. Three tolerance risk factors that have been shown to be related are anxiety sensitivity (AS), distress tolerance (DT), and discomfort intolerance (DI). Although previous research has demonstrated these constructs are malleable, no research has investigated the effects of an AS intervention on DT or DI. Further, no studies have investigated whether changes in DT or DI play a role in mood and anxiety symptom amelioration due to an AS intervention. Participants (N = 104), who were selected for elevated levels of AS, completed a single-session computer-assisted AS intervention or a control intervention and follow-up assessments at 1-week and 1-month post intervention. Results revealed that the intervention reduced AS and increased DT, but did not affect DI at the 1-week follow-up. Mediation analyses revealed that changes in AS and DT both mediated changes in symptoms (depression, anxiety, worry) due to the intervention at 1-month follow-up, however, when AS and DT were considered in the same model only the effect via AS remained significant. These results have important implications for the nature of the relationships between AS, DT, and DI as well as the specific mechanistic pathways through which an AS intervention ameliorates symptoms.
Malignant pineocytoma with prominent papillary features

A pineal gland tumor in a 57-year-old man proved to be lethal within six months despite radiotherapy. The tumor was demonstrated to be a pineocytoma at autopsy but it was unusual is that papillary structures constituted a prominent component of it. We report that papillary features may be a component of pineocytic neoplasms and that they may have prognostic significance. Papillary pineal parenchymal neoplasms should be distinguished from other benign and malignant papillary neoplasms which also occur in the pineal region.
Effects of low salinity media on growth, condition, and gill ion transporter expression in juvenile Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis

The Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, is a euryhaline teleost which has important ecological roles in the brackish-water marshes of its native range as well as commercial value as live bait for saltwater anglers. Effects of osmoregulation on growth, survival, and body condition at 0.5, 5.0, 8.0 and 12.0‰ salinity were studied in F. grandis juveniles during a 12-week trial. Relative expression of genes encoding the ion transport proteins Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (NKA), Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter(NKCC1), and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel was analyzed. At 0.5‰, F. grandis showed depressed growth, body condition, and survival relative to higher salinities. NKA relative expression was elevated at 7 days post-transfer but decreased at later time points in fish held at 0.5‰ while other salinities produced no such increase. NKCC1, the isoform associated with expulsion of ions in saltwater, was downregulated from week 1 to week 3 at 0.5‰ while CFTR relative expression produced no significant results across time or salinity. Our results suggest that Gulf killifish have physiological difficulties with osmoregulation at a salinity of 0.5‰ and that this leads to reduced growth performance and survival while salinities in the 5.0-12.0‰ are adequate for normal function.
Tuning Electrical and Optoelectronic Properties of Single Cadmium Telluride Nanoribbon

Cadmium telluride nanoribbons were synthesized electrochemically and formed into nanodevices using lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) that integrated synthesis and device fabrication together. By controlling the composition of the CdTe nanoribbons via adjusting the electrodeposition potential, electrical properties (i.e., electrical resistivity and field-effect transistor (FET) mobility) and optoelectronic property (photocurrent) were tuned and compared. Electrical resistivity of CdTe nanoribbons was strongly dependent on the Te content as higher Te content provided higher carrier concentration. Electrical conduction was limited by grain boundary traps due to polycrystalline structure. FET mobility was correlated to electrical resistivity and photocurrent, and annealed samples showed improved FET mobility, electrical resistivity, and photocurrent response.
RF Energy Harvesting

This paper presents the results of a project in RF Energy Harvesting for scavenging energy from the ubiquitous radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves. Such a device can be very useful to charge mobile phone in jungles and in remote areas or where the electric utility is not available or not reliable. In comparison to other methods of energy harvesting, RF has the smallest energy density and therefore poses big challenges. Based on the experiments, we find that the most efficient range of operation lies in the medium wave frequency band: 531-1,611 kHz. The experiment uses an antenna, LC tuning circuit, 5-stage of Villard voltage multiplier circuit and super-capacitor as energy storage. The experiment could harvest a RF signal from 1-mile distant transmitter that generates a field-strength of 103.724 dBu at the location of the receiver. The maximum charge on storage capacitor achieved was recorded 2.8V. A limitation of using this band of frequency is the large size of antenna that limits its portability.
Cerebrovascular Histopathology after Intracarotid Infusion of Gelfoam in the Rat

To evaluate the histopathology of Gelfoam on the cerebral vasculature, 42 Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 to 300 g received internal carotid artery infusions of 0.3 ml of Gelfoam solution (5 mg/ml) or normal saline (0.9%). The animals were killed at 1 hour, 5 hours, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after the infusion. The brains were removed, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Examination of brain sections revealed Gelfoam emboli lodged primarily in the small leptomeningeal arteries. At 5 hours after infusion, inflammatory cells were noted in the arterial walls with vessel occlusion. Further canalization of vessels was noted at 1 week. At 4 weeks, Gelfoam was not seen in the specimens. This study suggests that Gelfoam acts as an embolic agent in vessels over short periods of time with no residual inflammatory activity postinfusion.
Fingertip contact influences human postural control

Touch and pressure stimulation of the body surface can strongly influence apparent body orientation, as well as the maintenance of upright posture during quiet stance. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between postural sway and contact forces at the fingertip while subjects touched a rigid metal bar. Subjects were tested in the tandem Romberg stance with eyes open or closed under three conditions of fingertip contact: no contact, touch contact (< 0.98 N of force), and force contact (as much force as desired). Touch contact was as effective as force contact or sight of the surroundings in reducing postural sway when compared to the no contact, eyes closed condition. Body sway and fingertip forces were essentially in phase with force contact, suggesting that fingertip contact forces are physically counteracting body sway. Time delays between body sway and fingertip forces were much larger with light touch contact, suggesting that the fingertip is providing information that allows anticipatory innervation of musculature to reduce body sway. The results are related to observations on precision grip as well as the somatosensory, proprioceptive, and motor mechanisms involved in the reduction of body sway.
Troubling Ethical Lapses: The Treatment of Contingent Faculty

In an important study of Ford Motor Company's unwillingness to recall the defective Pinto, which resulted in numerous deaths, Dennis Gioia (1992) demonstrated how organizations reinforce the schema...
Semi-Active Vibration Isolation Using Fluidic Flexible Matrix Composite Mounts

Variable modulus fluidic flexible matrix composites (F2 MC) are investigated for vibration isolation mounts. The fluidic flexible matrix composites are based upon flexible matrix composite tubes containing a high bulk modulus internal fluid. By tailoring the fibers (orientation, number of layers, material, etc.) and the choice of the matrix material, the F2 MC tube can obtain significant changes in stiffness by simply opening or closing an inlet valve to the tubes. The objective in this research is to investigate the F2 MC variable modulus system for semi-active vibration isolation. A nonlinear analytical model of an isolation mount based on the F2 MC tube with a proportional valve is developed. Analysis results indicate that the F2 MC based isolation mount is effective for reducing the transmission from a disturbance source to a mass. Simulation studies demonstrate that the resonant frequencies and the damping can be controlled through simple valve control, which can be effective for vibration isolation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Effects of duration of ischaemia during preconditioning on mechanical function, enzyme release and energy production in the isolated working rat heart.

Abstract Repeated brief episodes of ischaemia “precondition” the myocardium and protect it during a subsequent period of sustained ischaemia. We subjected isolated rat hearts to sustained ischaemia with or without reperfusion after different schedules of preconditioning. We demonstrated that preconditioning with three 5 min periods of ischaemia separated by 10 min periods of reperfusion permits better functional recovery than preconditioning with three 2 min ischaemic periods separated by 10 min of reperfusion. Preconditoned hearts had creatine phosphate and adenine nucleotide levels comparable to those in the aerobically perfused controls, and showed good functional recovery. Although the mechanisms by which preconditioning protects the heart from subsequent ischaemic damage are unclear, we speculate that preservation of mitochondrial function and oxidative energy production is involved.
A shear-restricted pathway of platelet procoagulant activity is regulated by IQGAP1.

Circulating blood platelets regulate the initial phase of the hemostatic response through adhesive and aggregatory events and by providing the necessary procoagulant surface for prothrombinase complex assembly and thrombin generation. The signaling pathway(s) that regulate platelet procoagulant activity are largely unknown, although they are distinct from platelet aggregatory signals linked to fibrinogen ligation to the conformationally active αIIBβ3 integrin. We describe a novel intracellular signaling mechanism involving platelet IQGAP1 that specifically regulates the development of platelet procoagulant activity under conditions of mechanical shear stress. Murine platelets that are deficient in IQGAP1 demonstrate increased prothrombinase activity compared with wild-type littermate controls when activated by a physiological shear stress of 16 dynes/cm2 (shear rates of 1600 s-1) (p
Assessing genetic technologies. Two ethical issues.

Assessment of the impact of genetic technologies requires an understanding of the ethical issues that such technologies raise, which in turn requires an understanding of the social context of genetics. This article discusses 10 factors that characterize the social context of contemporary genetics, and considers two presumptions that usually are unquestioned -first, that more choice is always better, second, that what can be improved should be improved. Recent experience with genetic screening and testing to increase reproductive choice indicates that it is sometimes an ambiguous good. Prenatal testing, which has been guided by an ideology of nondirective counseling, will become increasingly problematic as the menu of possible genetic tests grows longer, because nondirectiveness offers no way to distinguish between significant disease and parental whim. In the realm of reproduction, more choice may also come to mean increasing parental responsibility to have genetically «healthy» offspring. Technologies intended to improve health outcomes may also be used for non-health-related goals ― such as to increase athletic performance or to capitalize on social prejudices. Genetic technologies increasingly will challenge the troubled distinction between therapy and enhancement
Method of flow graph simplification for the 16-point discrete Fourier transform

An efficient method for the realization of the paired algorithm for calculation of the one-dimensional (1-D) discrete Fourier transform (DFT), by simplifying the signal-flow graph of the transform, is described. The signal-flow graph is modified by separating the calculation for real and imaginary parts of all inputs and outputs in the signal-flow graph and using properties of the transform. The examples for calculation of the eight- and 16-point DFTs are considered in detail. The calculation of the 16-point DFT of real data requires 12 real multiplications and 58 additions. Two multiplications and 20 additions are used for the eight-point DFT.
Arch reconstruction without circulatory arrest: Scientific basis for continued use and application to patients with arch anomalies

Aortic arch hypoplasia is a common constituent of congenital heart disease. While repair of these lesions has been performed routinely during deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest, new approaches are emerging. One such approach, regional low-flow perfusion, will be described here. This technique exploits the anticipated modified Blalock-Taussig shunt as a perfusion conduit. With control of the brachiocephalic vessels and the descending thoracic aorta, circulatory support can be provided to the neonate with exposure identical to that obtained by circulatory arrest. While first applied to children undergoing the Norwood operation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, this technique has recently been applied to children requiring complex arch surgery in the setting of biventricular repair. To date, 36 neonates requiring arch reconstruction (27 Norwood operations, 9 biventricular repairs) have been supported with regional low-flow perfusion. Thirty-day and hospital discharge survival has been 74% (20/27) for neonates undergoing Norwood operation, and 88% (8/9) for those undergoing biventricular repair. We will review the operative technique, methodologies, and clinical studies that led us to conclude that regional low-flow perfusion provides cerebral, as well as somatic, circulatory support to the neonate undergoing arch reconstruction. Copyright © 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company
Backing into the system: from the marketing concept to human factors in product design

Perceiving products as tangible representations of essentially intangible services, consumer satisfaction can be said to come from the consumption of services rather than products. The needs for such services are backed into the organization through a network of internal clients while managing the unique characteristics of intangible services. The effectiveness of the organization in meeting the ultimate market needs depends on its ability to service these internal clients. This process can be facilitated by managing the internal marketing mix composed of the variables service, cost, structure, and communication. Economists are clients before they can be good service providers. In order to market ergonomics effectively, ergonomists must be in a position of responsibility and authority. Only then can they provide their clients with expertise that is critical to the development and marketing of superior service packages. Marketing of ergonomics is not an isolated question of ergonomics in product design. It...
The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis

Although the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, epidemiologic studies support both genetic and environmental components of susceptibility. Reports of clusters, small "epidemics," geographic variation in prevalence, and alteration of MS susceptibility by migration support an environmental factor (or factors). The higher risk for MS in Europeans and in relatives of patients and the existence of MS-resistant ethnic groups support genetic predisposition. Findings from epidemiologic studies are most consistent with an environmental influence occurring on a background of genetic susceptibility as the cause of MS. Currently, there is little evidence for a single or unique environmental cause of MS.
The Thyroxine Secretion Rate of Growing Turkey Poults

Abstract MIXNER et al. (1944) developed a method for the estimation of the mean thyroxine secretion rate of groups of growing birds by modifying the technique of Dempsey and Astwood (1943) used in determining the influence of temperature upon the thyroxine secretion rate of rats. It is based upon the observation that thiouracil and other goitrogenic chemicals depress the thyroxine secretion of the thyroid gland and thus upset the equilibrium of endogenous thyroxine and thyrotropin secretion. The pituitary immediately increases the thyrotropin secretion rate and causes hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (goiter). The daily injection of exogenous thyroxine to such birds sufficient to prevent thyroid hyperplasia was considered to represent the mean daily thyroxine secretion rate of the group of birds. The thyroxine secreted by the thyroid gland is in the 1- or levo-form, whereas the form of injected thyroxine in the past has usually been of the racemized d, 1-form… .
The role of impurities during creep and superplasticity at very low stresses

It is well documented that impurities play an important role in the deformation and fracture of polycrystalline materials. For example, the results of a number of studies have demonstrated that the presence of a very small of amount of impurities in polycrystalline materials can explain many phenomena such as temper embrittlement in steels, creep embrittlement, and enhancement of ductility in the intermetallic compound Ni3Al. This article reviews the details of two high-temperature deformation phenomena whose characteristics are, according to very recent experimental evidence, influenced or controlled by impurities. The first phenomenon, micrograin superplasticity, deals with the ability of fine-grained materials (d<10 µm, where d is the grain size) to exhibit extensive neck-free elongations during deformation at elevated temperatures above 0.5 Tm, where Tm is the melting point. The second phenomenon, Harper-Dom creep, refers to the anomalous creep behavior of large-grained materials at very low stresses and temperatures near the melting point. It is shown that while these two phenomena are different in terms of the conditions of occurrence and the characteristics of deformation, they share three common features: (1) stresses applied to produce deformation are very small; (2) impurities control the deformation characteristics such as the shape of the creep curve, the value of the stress exponent, and the details of the substructure; and (3) boundaries play a key role during deformation.
Membrane and bending stresses in shallow spherical shells

Abstract The exact solutions of the stress and displacement boundary value problem for a shallow spherical thin elastic shell of constant thickness subject to self-equilibrating edge loads are obtained. The asymptotic behavior of these exact solutions delineates the dependence of the interior and edge zone stress state on the applied loads. Relations between these results and previous results obtained by a direct asymptotic analysis of these boundary value problems are established.
Quantitative Assessment of Endoscopic Images for Degree of Villous Atrophy in Celiac Disease

The degree of villous atrophy in celiac disease is difficult to assess at endoscopy. We sought to develop a quantitative technique for the evaluation of villous atrophy in endoscopic images. In ten celiac patients as identified by standard endoscopy with biopsy, and ten control patients, standard and videocapsule endoscopic images of the duodenum were digitized. Subimages 7.5 × 7.5 mm2 in area from random locations within each image were assessed by measuring the length of mucosal fissures per unit area (L), and correlating L with the histologic grade of villous atrophy as determined by modified Marsh criteria. Mean L values for standard endoscopic images were 37.8, 43.3, 64.1, and 83.5 mm for Marsh grades II, IIIa, IIIb, and IIIc, respectively. Mean L values for videocapsule images were 49.1, 50.0, 64.7, and 72.4 mm for Marsh grades II, IIIa, IIIb, and IIIc, respectively. Significant differences in the means existed between celiac images (Marsh scores II-IIIc) versus controls (p < 0.001) for both endoscopic and videocapsule images. There were no significant differences between measurements obtained from endoscopic versus videocapsule images. Quantified image analysis correlates with the histologic grade of villous atrophy, is automated, and lacks observer bias, thus lending itself to standardization.
A game theory formulation of decision making under conditions of uncertainty and risk

Abstract A game setting is developed for decision making under conditions of uncertainty and risk for a general class of problems. The methodology is illustrated using assumptions governing future oil prices and environmental degradation to evaluate long term investment alternatives.
Response by sugar beet to soil dressings and foliar sprays of manganese

Response by sugar beet to manganese in 16 field experiments on organic soils is reported. Soil applications of manganous oxide and manganese silicate “frit” were compared with foliar sprays of manganese sulphate equivalent to 9 and 18 kg/ha Mn in seven experiments (1969 to 1971); three experiments during the same period tested up to three sprays of manganese sulphate, each equivalent to 9 kg/ha Mn on severely manganese-deficient crops. Six previous experiments (1936 to 1941) compared soil applications of manganese sulphate, in the seedbed and as top-dressings, with foliar sprays of manganese sulphate in amounts up to 42 kg/ha Mn to the soil and up to 1.5 kg/ha Mn in the sprays. The manganous oxide and the silicate frit did not prevent deficiency and increased neither the concentration of manganese in the leaves during the growing season nor the sugar yield at harvest. Manganese sulphate sprays increased the concentration of manganese in the leaves, cured most of the symptoms and increased sugar yield by up to 1.5 tons/ha. On average of the ten experiments 1969 to 1971, the crop responded little to treatment when less than 20% of plants showed symptoms. When 21 to 60% of plants were affected, the sprays increased sugar yield by 5% and by 17% when more than 60% were affected. Of several extractants tested, the fraction of soil manganese extracted by normal ammonium acetate buffered to pH 7.0 and containing hydroquinone was best correlated with the concentration of manganese in the leaves. The early experiments showed that large soil dressings of manganese sulphate controlled symptoms and increased sugar yield but sprays applying much smaller quantities were equally effective.
Pergolide, a potent long‐acting dopamine‐receptor agonist

After single doses (100 to 400 microgram orally), pergolide, a synthetic ergot, reduced basal plasma prolactin levels in normal subjects in a dose-related manner. This effect persisted for more than 24 hr. Multiple doses of pergolide (150 to 250 microgram daily for 7 days) resulted in a plasma prolactin decrease of more than 80%. A single dose of pergolide (150 microgram orally) suppressed plasma prolactin and abolished the plasma prolactin diurnal rhythm, i.e., suppression of sleep-induced elevation in plasma prolactin during a 40-hr period. Perphenazine (5 mg intramuscularly)-induced plasma prolactin elevation was inhibited by pergolide; the effect was dose dependent. After single or multiple doses, pergolide had no effect on plasma follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, cortisol, growth hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Pergolide appears to have specificity at the pituitary level for the dopamine receptors that mediate prolactin secretion.
Major contribution from mesopelagic plankton to heterotrophic metabolism in the upper ocean

Abstract Measurements of plankton respiration and heterotrophic bacterial abundance and production were made at seven deep water stations within the upper 500 m of the Gulf of Mexico during the summer of 1995. Bacterial abundance [(1.1–4.6)×108 1−1] and rates of bacterial production (2–19 nM C h−1) and plankton respiration (50–245 nM O2 h−1) decreased with depth by four- to nine-fold, and were similar to those reported for oligotrophic waters. Bacterial turnover times increased with depth from approximately 1 to 5 days. Bacterial growth efficiencies decreased from 15% at the surface to 8% at 500 m. Depth-integrated plankton respiration exceeded known estimates of primary production for the region, suggesting that heterotrophic utilization of previously and concurrently produced organic matter (e.g. spring phytoplankton growth, and summer blooms of Trichodesmium sp.) was occurring during the summer. Estimates for the upper 500 m showed that roughly half of the bacterial biomass (56%), bacterial production (49%), and plankton respiration (60%) occurred below the euphotic zone. Routine oceanographic studies have focused exclusively on the metabolic activity occurring within the euphotic zone. Our measurements, however, indicate that mesopelagic plankton also contribute substantially to heterotrophic metabolism and nutrient cycling in the ocean.
High density lipoprotein binding by rat Fu5AH hepatoma cells is not related to cholesterol content.

Abstract The binding of 125 I-HDL obtained from nephrotic rats (HDL ne ) containing only apo A-I and apo C, to rat hepatoma cells (Fu5AH) grown to confluency was studied under conditions which increased the free cholesterol or the cholesteryl ester content. The high affinity binding ( K d = 5nM) measured at 4°C was unchanged. This transformed cell line also exhibited greater specificity for rat HDL compared to human HDL than has been reported for other types of cultured cells. When the cells were allowed to internalize and degrade HDL ne at 37°C, the acid-soluble products were derived almost entirely from the breakdown of apo A-I. Competition experiments with an LDL fraction from nephrotic rat plasma (LDL ne ) which contained 20% of apo A-I indicated that it was as effective as other rat HDL preparations in competing for the binding of HDL ne at 4°C, based on its content of apo A-I. Control experiments indicated that labeled apo A-I in HDL ne exchanged less than 1% when incubated with a 50-fold excess of unlabeled LDL ne for 2 h at 4°C. These results point to a critical role of cell type in HDL binding. They support the view that apo A-I is a ligand. The up-regulation of high affinity HDL binding by cholesterol which has been reported with cultured human fibroblasts and Hep G2 cells does not occur in the Fu5AH rat hepatoma cell line.
Cry1F Resistance in Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda: Single Gene versus Pyramided Bt Maize

Evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes is a serious threat to the sustainability of this technology. However, field resistance related to the reduced efficacy of Bt maize has not been documented in any lepidopteran pest in the mainland U.S. after 18 years of intensive Bt maize planting. Here we report compelling evidence of field resistance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), to Cry1F maize (TC 3507) in the southeastern region of the U.S. An F2 screen showed a surprisingly high (0.293) Cry1F resistance allele frequency in a population collected in 2011 from non-Bt maize in south Florida. Field populations from non-Bt maize in 2012–2013 exhibited 18.8-fold to >85.4-fold resistance to purified Cry1F protein and those collected from unexpectedly damaged Bt maize plants at several locations in Florida and North Carolina had >85.4-fold resistance. In addition, reduced efficacy and control failure of Cry1F maize against natural populations of S. frugiperda were documented in field trials using Cry1F-based and pyramided Bt maize products in south Florida. The Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda also showed a low level of cross-resistance to Cry1A.105 and related maize products, but not to Cry2Ab2 or Vip3A. The occurrence of Cry1F resistance in the U.S. mainland populations of S. frugiperda likely represents migration of insects from Puerto Rico, indicating the great challenges faced in achieving effective resistance management for long-distance migratory pests like S. frugiperda.
Teaching Art to Teens in Public Libraries

ABSTRACT An in-depth study of the role of teaching artists in library programs, a growing and rich field for teaching artist work.
Neutron-proton and neutron-deuteron total cross sections at 4.0 and 5.7 GeV/c

Abstract The np and nd total cross sections have been measured directly with a neutron beam with momenta of 4.0 ± 0.6 and 5.7 ± 0.6 GeV/ c . The data are compared with the previous nucleon-nucleon and nucleon-deuteron results, and the deuteron screening term was also evaluated. The measured total cross section are 43.1 ± 0.6 and 80.3 ± 1.9 mb at 4.0 GeV/ c and 42 ± 0.6 and 77.8 ± 1.3 mb at 5.7 GeV/ c .
Use of maximum entropy method with parallel processing machine

The maximum entropy method (MEM) and balanced correlation method were used to reconstruct the images of low-intensity X-ray objects obtained experimentally by means of a uniformly redundant array coded aperture system. The reconstructed images from MEM are clearly superior. However, the MEM algorithm is computationally more time-consuming because of its iterative nature. On the other hand, both the inherently two-dimensional character of images and the iterative computations of MEM suggest the use of parallel processing machines. Accordingly, computations were carried out on the massively parallel processor at Goddard Space Flight Center as well as on the serial processing machine VAX 8600, and the results are compared.
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase kinetics: bovine versus recombinant human enzyme

Epinephrine (Epi) acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, but its function therein is not well understood. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of Epi and is thus a pharmacological target to investigate the function of Epi in the central nervous system. The kinetic differences between bovine adrenal PNMT and human brain PNMT for a number of substrates and inhibitors are examined and the results reported.
VALIDITY OF THE BENTON VISUAL RETENTION TEST

The Benton Visual Retention Test (1; BVRT) has been used largely in clinics to measure mental functioning, especially among the brain damaged. Administration A requires S to reproduce from memory the geometric configurations presented. Reproductions are scored for number correct (C) and errors ( E ) . The manual provides norms for transforming scores into mental ability categories. The General Aptitude Test Battery ( 2 ; G A T B ) , on the other hand, has been administered exclusively by the U.S. Employment Service (USES) in the vocational guidance of job applicants. The subtests measure vocabulary, arithmetic skill, space and form perceptions, as well as motor and manual dexterity. The purpose of the present srudy was to determine what relationships exist bew e e n BVRT and the GATB. The BVRT was administered to 116 high school dropouts (aged 16% to 19) enrolled in a U.S. Deparunent of Labor preapprentice training program in Western North Carolina. Each had received the GATB within 2 wk, of the administration of the BVRT. According to the BVRT Manual, most Ss were classified "defective" (N = 56) ; 1 3 "above average."
P1-365: A method for measuring anti-beta amyloid (Aβ) oligomer antibodies in human plasma and intravenous iimmunoglobulin

Background: We have found natural human antibodies in plasma and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) that bind to soluble A oligomers but not monomers and exhibit conformational specificity. These antibodies have a strong affinity for A oligomers 56kD in size and may be part of an innate immune response to toxic peptide oligomers. To further explore the properties of these antibodies, we have developed a sensitive assay for quantifying anti-oligomer antibodies in plasma and other fluids. Methods: There is a sub-population of natural antibodies and other proteins in humans that bind to polystyrene and other matrixes and yield signals nearly comparable to anti-A oligomer antibodies. This background binding interferes with standard ELISAs in which with A oligomers are bound to the plate. To address this issue, we mixed antibodies with biotinylated A 12mer in solution and captured the resulting antigen/antibody complexes using pre-coated streptavidin plates. The A 12-mer oligomer was made in the presence of 0.2% SDS, which promotes the formation of a globular A 12mer [Barghorn, et al. J.Neurochem. 95:834-47]. SEC and SDS:PAGE analysis demonstrated that the bulk of the A in this preparation was a stable 12mer. Biotin was coupled to the A 12mer using EZ-Link NHS-PEO12-biotin [Pierce] as specified by the manufacturer. Approximately 10 g/ml of this biotinylated 12mer was incubated with decreasing amounts of either IVIg or IgG, purified from human plasma by Protein G chromatography, for 1hr at RT and then bound to streptavidin plates for 2 hrs at RT. The amount of human antibody bound was determined using HRP-conjugated anti-human IgG secondary antibodies. Results: Although there was still detectable binding of human antibodies to the streptavidin plates in control reactions lacking the biotinylated 12mer, the signal to noise ratio was greatly improved over standard ELISA allowing meaningful comparisons of antibody levels. Signal to noise was further improved by pre-absorbing samples on glass/agarose/polystyrene beads. Conclusions: Using this newly developed method, we are now in the process of determining whether the level of anti-A 12mer antibodies varies among individuals as a function of age and AD disease state.
The lack of full correlation between the injury severity score and the resource needs of injured patients

Study objective: To determine whether the Injury Severity Score (ISS) correlates with the resource requirements of severely injured patients by studying the association of the ISS with three major interventions (fluid resuscitation, invasive central nervous system monitoring, and acute operative repair) trauma centers routinely provide severely injured patients. Design: Retrospective clinical review. Setting: Level I trauma center. Type of participants: Eight hundred fourteen adult injured patients. Measurements and main results: When an ISS of more than 9 was used as the definition of major trauma, the ISS undercorrelated 11% of the time with the need for any one procedure. When an ISS of more than 14 was used as the definition, it undercorrelated 20% of the time. Conclusion: The ISS may not be completely correlated with the resource requirements of injured patients and should not be used as the sole means by which to define major injury.