cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary biochemical effects of inhaled phosgene in rats

Three exposure regimens were used to study the time course of indicators of lung damage and recovery response to single or repeated exposures to phosgene (COCI 2 ). Rats were sacrificed (1) immediately or throughout a 38‐d recovery period after inhalation of 7 ppm COCI 2 for 4 h, (2) at intervals during a 7‐h exposure to 1 ppm phosgene, or (3) at several time points throughout a 17‐d exposure to 0.125 and 0.25 ppm COCI 2 (4 h/d, 5 d/wk) and during a 21‐d recovery period. Regimen 7 revealed significantly elevated lung wet weight, lung nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content, and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity that stayed elevated for up to 14 d. A significant decrease in body weight and food intake was observed 7 d after exposure. Regimen 2 caused a slight depression in NPSH content but did not affect G6PD activity. Regimen 3 animals showed sustained elevations in lung wet weight, NPSH content, and G6PD activity after 7 d of exposure. No significant changes in these endpoints were observed ...
The Signal Peptide Peptidase Is Required for Pollen Function in Arabidopsis

The Signal Peptide Peptidases (SPP) are members of the Intramembrane Cleaving Proteases, which are involved in an array of protein-processing and intracellular signaling events in animals. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has six genes encoding SPP-like proteins, the physiological functions of which are unknown. As a first step in defining the roles of the SPPs in plants, we examined the distribution and activities of Arabidopsis SPP (AtSPP; accession no. At2g03120), the SPP-like gene with the highest degree of similarity to human SPP. The protease is expressed at low levels throughout the plant, with the highest levels in emerging leaves, roots, and floral tissues. Homozygous plants carrying a T-DNA insertion mutation in AtSPP, spp-2, could not be recovered, and transmission of the mutant allele through pollen was reduced to less than 2% in reciprocal cross experiments. Although viable, pollen from spp-2 heterozygous plants exhibited a 50% reduction in germination rate and a disruption in male germ unit organization. These data demonstrate that AtSPP is required for male gametophyte development and pollen maturation in Arabidopsis.
Astronomical apology for fractal analysis: spectroscopy's place in the cognitive neurosciences

Fractal structure offers new leverage for understanding cognition (Dixon et al., 2012; Kelty-Stephen and Dixon, 2012, 2013). A minority in neuroscience feels very strongly about this point, finding it either crucial (Friston et al., 2012; Van Orden et al., 2012) or patently absurd (e.g., Wagenmakers et al., 2012). The majority remain understandably mystified or bored by opaque math and ponderous debate. I propose to re-present the point through analogy to a field far removed from neuroscience, namely, astronomy, in the hopes of making the common threads clearer and less threatening. One field gazes deep into the brain; the other gazes up and away from anything on Earth. However, both kinds of scientists seek physicochemical accounts of comparably high-dimensional systems (Mesulam, 2008). They must take imperfect measurements and use elegant strategies to probe these measurements for what is not plainly obvious to the naked eye.
Viral vaccines: various cell substrates and long-term prospective studies.

We will attempt to give an overview of the developments in the use of various cell substrates for the production of viral vaccines that has led to the present thinking of the regulatory agency of the United States, the Division of Biologics Standards (DBS), concerning such substrates. As such, it is a synthesis of information previously presented by many others and, also, of data derived from studies performed by others under contract funds from DBS. It is hoped in this way to make you aware of the practicalities that face a regulatory agency in the decision-making processes.
All-Inclusive Concurrent Antibiotic Usage Review: A Way to Reduce Misuse Without Formal Controls

During an 11-week period, all antibiotic usage on a 113-bed medical teaching service was reviewed concurrently in weekly sessions between house staff and a review team. Recommendations for change, based on accepted criteria, were communicated by the house officer to the attending physician. In one-half of the patients no change was suggested; in one-third, a recommended change was made; and in only one-sixth was a recommendation not followed. Cost savings were conservatively estimated to approach $10,000 in this pilot study; this extrapolates to almost $300,000 per year for the 714-bed medical center, or more than 18% of the antibiotic expenditures. This program achieves its objective in a nonthreatening, noncontrolling manner, provides continuing education, and contributes to improved patient care. [Infect Control 1986; 7(3):168-171.]
Mechanism of Fibrosis

Fibrosis is characterized by replacement of normal tissue architecture with stiff collagen-rich connective tissue. Fibrosis is the hallmark of scleroderma, as well as a large and heterogeneous group of human diseases. In these conditions, fibrosis represents the end result of a complex series of vascular and immune-mediated responses to injury in a genetically predisposed individual (Varga J, Abraham DJ, Systemic sclerosis: paradigm multisystem fibrosing disorder. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(3):557–67). As illustrated in Fig. 21.1, injured or activated vascular, epithelial and immune cells produce soluble mediators, autoantibodies and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce the activation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells, leading to excessive matrix deposition and increasing stiffness and ultimately irreversible remodeling, and fibrosis.
Separation anxiety in dogs: What progress has been made in our understanding of the most common behavioral problems in dogs?

Separation anxiety has long been recognized as an anxiety-related disorder in dogs that is only observed in the owner's real absence or perceived absence. Over the past four decades, this condition has been the most commonly discussed disorder in published studies, but etiology, treatment, and prevention remain elusive. A review of the literature indicates a lack of comparative studies. Little progress has been made to build a new understanding beyond the clinical symptomology. Future research employing more rigorous designs and systematically building upon a clearly defined research questions is needed to advance our knowledge of this most common behavioral problem in dogs.
Toxicologic disease of the digestive tract.

Numerous toxic agents affect the digestive tract. These can be divided into those that have primary effects on the digestive tract and those that secondarily affect the digestive system. This article discusses only the most commonly encountered toxins with primary effects. These include a diverse number of plants, toxins derived from insects, nonprotein nitrogen, heavy metals, and petroleum products. The toxins selected for discussion in this article also have secondary effects on other organ systems. These are highlighted and, for each toxin, the clinical signs, toxic principle, lesions, and methods for diagnostic confirmation are addressed.
The Cost and Effectiveness of Alternative Space Radar Constellations

The United States Air Force, National Reconnaissance Office, and National GeospatialIntelligence Agency are jointly developing a new radar reconnaissance satellite known as Space Radar. A constellation of these satellites will perform reconnaissance, surveillance, and geospatial intelligence gathering missions for military and Intelligence Community users, with the first launch around 2015. CBO conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of four alternative Space Radar constellations. The Space Radar Integrated Program Office (IPO) has selected neither a prime contractor nor an architecture for the system, so CBO developed notional alternative architectures using open sources. CBO estimated the research and development, acquisition, and operations costs for its alternatives using a combination of standard Cost Estimating Relationships, industry studies, analogies, and IPO data. CBO analyzed the capabilities of the alternative architectures at performing the Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging and Ground Moving Target Indication missions.
Analysis of Partial Discharge Test of UHV Transformer

1000 kV Jindongnan-Nanyang-Jingmen ultra-high voltage(UHV) AC Pilot Project is the highest power transmission voltage level in China.It is also the first time to carry out partial discharge test with 1000 kV and 1000 MVA UHV AC power transformer in China.The test is very difficult due to the high voltage and strict demand in partial discharge level.In this paper,the ODFPS-1000000/1000 UHV transformer made by TBEA,which is locating at Jingmen substation,is taken for an example to analyze its pre-delivery partial discharge test.Partial discharge test types for bushing "1000 kV Jindongnan-Nanyang-Jingmen UHV AC Pilot Project Electrical Apparatus Hand-over Test Standard" from State Grid Corporation of China and hand-over test.The characteristics of UHV transformer partial discharge are summarized and special requests for UHV transformer test are put forward.
Sublayer Sedimentary Fades in Section 10th of Yan'an Formation of Mating Oilfield

Through analyzing the type of Y10 sublayer sedimentary facies in Maling Oilfield is developed into braided stream sediment with wandering nature from previous filled fluvial sedimentary system of confined trenches in the mid-late Y10, and to braided stream delta of late Y10.
Solution of RS232-CAN Converter Based on MCF52259

The paper proposes to use integrated CAN controller and MCF52259 chip of serial asynchronous transceiver to obtain solution and the software and hardware design based on RS232-CAN converter of the chip.The paper then elaborates on flow control and error control technology in the process of communication.It is tested by multi-function data communication converter system.Results show that the converter has a good performance with real-time communication and error control function.
Mechanism of changes in hepatic sinusoidal and biliary glutathione efflux with age in rats

To delineate the kinetic mechanism(s) of declining sinusoidal reduced glutathione (GSH) efflux with age, we perfused livers of male rats ages approximately 1-1.5, approximately 2-3, and approximately 3.5-6 mo old and measured sinusoidal and biliary GSH and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) effluxes. Our results showed declining GSH transport to be solely due to a falling maximum transport rate (Vmax) and not an increasing Michaelis constant (Km)(Vmax = 24.2 +/- 2.95, 15.8 +/- 1.51, and 8.61 +/- 0.75 nmol. min-1.g-1; Km = 3.0 +/- 0.42, 2.6 +/- 0.31, and 2.6 +/- 0.43 mumol/g for the three age groups, respectively). Because hepatocyte membrane potential was earlier implicated as a driving force for GSH efflux and hepatocytes of female rats were reported to be less polarized than those of males, we likewise studied the kinetics of sinusoidal GSH efflux from livers of female rats of three age groups comparable to our males. Vmax in females tended to be lower than in males. This was more pronounced in the youngest group but was diminished in the older groups. Vmax was again the only parameter declining with age in the female livers, from 19.1 +/- 2.25 to 15.0 +/- 0.95 and 7.83 +/- 0.99 nmol.min-1.g-1, whereas Km remained unchanged at 3.0 +/- 0.45, 3.1 +/- 0.35, and 3.2 +/- 0.72 mumol/g, respectively. Age-dependent changes in GSH efflux were not due to a changing membrane potential. There was no appreciable change in the paracellular permeability with age either.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transforming growth factor beta 1 directly and reversibly inhibits the initial cell divisions of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells.

Hematopoiesis appears to be regulated, in part, by a balance between extracellular positive and negative growth signals. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta 1) has been shown to be a negative regulator of primitive hematopoietic cells. This study examined the direct effect of TGF-beta 1 on the proliferation and differentiation of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LTR-HSC) in vitro. We previously reported a cell fractionation approach that includes the selection of low Hoescht 33342/low Rhodamine 123 (low Ho/Rh) cell fractions that are highly enriched for long-term repopulating cells (LTR-HSC) and also clone to a very high efficiency in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF) + interleukin-3 (IL-3) + IL-6: 90% to 100% of individually cultured low Ho/Rh cells formed high proliferative potential clones. This high cloning efficiency of an LTR-HSC enriched cell population enabled proliferation inhibition studies to be more easily interpreted. In this report, we show that the continuous presence of TGF-beta 1 directly inhibits the cell division of essentially all low Ho/Rh cells (in a dose-dependent manner) during their 0 to 5th cell division in vitro. Therefore, it follows that TGF-beta 1 must directly inhibit the proliferation of LTR-HSC contained within these low Ho/Rh cells. The time required for some low Ho/Rh cells to undergo their first cell division in vitro was also prolonged in the presence of TGF-beta 1. Furthermore, when low Ho/Rh cells were exposed to TFG-beta 1 for varying lengths of time before neutralization of the TGF-beta 1 by monoclonal antibody, the ability to form macroclones was markedly decreased after approximately 4 days of TGF-beta 1 exposure. In addition, 1 to 10 ng/mL of TGF-beta 1 resulted in a maintenance of high proliferative potential-colony-forming cell (HPP-CFC) during 8 days of culture compared with loss of HPP-CFC in cultures with no added TGF- beta 1. In conclusion, this study shows that TGF-beta 1 directly inhibits the initial stages of proliferation of LTR-HSC and appears to slow the differentiation of daughter cells of low Ho/Rh cells.
Large Translocation t(3q−;4p+) as Probable Cause for Semisterility *

A couple with one phenotypically normal son and two recorded abortions complained of apparent inability to have more children. The father, and also his son, proved to be carriers of the translocation t(3q−;4p+). Almost certainly, the length of the translocated segment, practically the whole 3q, would cause either translocation chromosome by itself to lead to prenatal death. Furthermore, the fertility of the carrier father may be considerably decreased if in a sufficient number of spermatocytes the meiotic orientation of the chain or, less probably, the ring formed by 3, 3q−, 4p+, and 4 is such that the two 3-centromeres go to one pole and the two 4-centromeres to the other, not to mention an even more abnormal 1:3 segregation.
Beyond Inclusion: Reconsidering Policies, Curriculum, and Pedagogy for Roma Students.

This paper investigates the policies and politics of including European Roma students in mainstream educational systems within the context of two European Union (EU) policies: the Decade of Roma Inclusion (2005-2015) and EU National Roma Integration Strategies (2013-2020). Drawing on the scholarship about inclusion and its practical achievements, we examine the tensions between policy planning and policy implementation. We conclude that there is a discrepancy between what inclusion represents in current educational discourse and how inclusive efforts are working (or not) for Roma students. Normal 0 false false false EN-GB X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
Learning About Therapy

Modern medicine has blessed us with a number of highly effective treatments. We can control, cure, prevent, or alleviate a wide variety of conditions and diseases. Infectious diseases that were once the major cause of mortality have been controlled or eradicated by vaccines and antibiotic drugs. We can treat myocardial blockages with surgery and replace worn out or broken body parts with human or mechanical ones. Specific and useful therapies have been developed for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, ulcers, and many neurological and psychological problems.
Conclusion: ontotheology, negative theology, and the theology of the cross

Christian theology must think of God's being in suffering and dying and finally in the death of Jesus, if it is not to surrender itself and lose its identity … the controversy between Christian theology and the philosophical concept of God must now be taken further … the time has finally come for differentiating the Father of Jesus Christ from the God of the pagans and the philosophers (Pascal) in the interest of Christian faith. Moltmann, The Crucified God: The Cross of Christ as the Foundation and Criticism of Christian Theology DENIALS: NEGATING/NEGATIVE THEOLOGY God encounters the soul as “either-or”; and this involves acceptance or rejection, affirmation or denial. (Karl Barth, The Epistle to the Romans ) It is clear that Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Derrida all reject metaphysical theology. I have tried to show that this rejection of metaphysical theology, or ontotheology, implies for each of these thinkers a similar rejection of Christian theology. I have also attempted to demonstrate that biblical theology – Christian theology based upon the revelation of Jesus Christ and articulated through the conceptuality of the Hebraic scriptures – should be distinguished from the Christian theology which these thinkers claim to have revalued, destroyed or deconstructed. Biblical theology can and should be disengaged from ancient and modern ontotheologies. Kevin Hart, in his recent work on deconstruction and theology, The Trespass of the Sign , argues that negative theology is the only theological discourse which resists deconstruction.
A Structured Analysis of Modeling

This chapter presents a structured analysis of modeling. It describes a paradigm and terminology to be applied to modeling, based upon two canonical ways of viewing models: (1) abstraction-representation-implementation (ARI) structure for extant models, and (2) progressive decomposition for the creation of models. These constructs provide the framework for the discussion of issues such as design methodologies, communication of models, and the use of computers as modeling tools. The ARI structure of a model gives a succinct overview and encapsulation of the model. Identifying the abstraction, representation, and implementation of a model is an important aid in understanding the model's makeup and function.
Soft drinks consumption and child behaviour problems: the role of food insecurity and sleep patterns.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the association between soft drinks consumption and child behaviour problems differs by food security status and sleep patterns in young children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), which collected information on food insecurity, soft drinks consumption, sleep patterns and child behaviour problems. Bivariate and multivariate ordinary least-squares regression analyses predicting child behaviour problems and accounting for socio-economic factors and household characteristics were performed. SETTING: Twenty urban cities in the USA with a population of 200 000 or more. SUBJECTS: Parental interviews of 2829 children who were about 5 years old. RESULTS: Soft drinks consumption was associated with aggressive behaviours, withdrawn and attention problems for children aged 5 years. However, the association differed by food security status. The association was mostly statistically insignificant among food-secure children after accounting for socio-economic and demographic characteristics. On the other hand, soft drinks consumption was associated with behaviour problems for food-insecure children even after accounting for these factors. However, after accounting for child sleep patterns, the association between soft drinks consumption and child behaviour problems became statistically insignificant for food-insecure children. CONCLUSIONS: The negative association between soft drinks consumption and child behaviour problems could be explained by sleep problems for food-insecure children. Since about 21 % of households with children are food insecure, targeted efforts to reduce food insecurity would help improve dietary (reduce soft drinks consumption) and health behaviours (improve sleep) and reduce child behaviour problems. Language: en
Cloud-super-computing virtual colonoscopy with motion-based navigation for colon cancer screening

A novel cloud-super-computing-based diagnostic system for colon cancer based on laxative-free virtual colonoscopy examination has been developed. The virtual colonoscopy images are post-processed by computationally intensive algorithms such as real-time computer-assisted bowel preparation for increased patient adherence to the screening program, and real-time computer-assisted detection for improved sensitivity in the detection of colonic polyps. A highresolution mobile display system is connected to the cloud-super-computing virtual colonoscopy system to allow for visualization of the entire colonic lumens and diagnosis of colonic lesions at anytime, anywhere. The navigation through the colonic lumen is driven by a motion-based natural user interface based on a Kinect sensor for easy navigation and localization of colonic lesions. Preliminary results show that the cloud-super-computing-based virtual colonoscopy system with motion-based navigation improves the workflow and efficiency of the interpretation of virtual colonoscopy images for screening of colorectal cancers.
The timing and prevalence of intraoperative hypotension in infants undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy at a tertiary pediatric hospital

SummaryBackground Intraoperative hypotension may be associated with adverse outcomes in children undergoing surgery. Infants and neonates under 6 months of age have less autoregulatory cerebral reserve than older infants, yet little information exists regarding when and how often intraoperative hypotension occurs in infants. Aims To better understand the epidemiology of intraoperative hypotension in infants, we aimed to determine the prevalence of intraoperative hypotension in a generally uniform population of infants undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. Methods Vital sign data from electronic records of infants who underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomy with general anesthesia at a children's hospital between January 1, 1998 and October 4, 2013 were analyzed. Baseline blood pressure (BP) values and intraoperative BPs were identified during eight perioperative stages based on anesthesia event timestamps. We determined the occurrence of relative (systolic BP <20% below baseline) and absolute (mean arterial BP <35 mmHg) intraoperative hypotension within each stage. Results A total of 735 full-term infants and 82 preterm infants met the study criteria. Relative intraoperative hypotension occurred in 77%, 72%, and 58% of infants in the 1–30, 31–60, and 61–90 days age groups, respectively. Absolute intraoperative hypotension was seen in 21%, 12%, and 4% of infants in the 1–30, 31–60, and 61–90 days age groups, respectively. Intraoperative hypotension occurred primarily during surgical prep and throughout the surgical procedure. Preterm infants had higher rates of absolute intraoperative hypotension than full-term infants. Conclusions Relative intraoperative hypotension was routine and absolute intraoperative hypotension was common in neonates and infants under 91 days of age. Preterm infants and infants under 61 days of age experienced the highest rates of absolute and relative intraoperative hypotension, particularly during surgical prep and throughout surgery.
Understanding and Learning-to-explain by Representing Mathematics: Epistemological Dilemmas Facing Teacher Educators in the Secondary Mathematics ``Methods'' Course

Building on the work of Ball and McDiarmid,this study provides an equivalent at thesecondary level to the work of Liping Ma at theelementary level in that it provides a betterunderstanding of the conceptual knowledge ofschool mathematics held by prospectivesecondary teachers, along with examples of thesorts of knowledge needed to teach forunderstanding within the domain of integersubtraction. Part of an eight-yearlongitudinal study of secondary teachercandidates' conceptions of instructionalexplanations, this analysis of interaction inthe author's methods course and its discussionof epistemological obstacles and changescombines subject-matter and interactionistperspectives. The author concludes thatsecondary teacher candidates can deepen theirrelational knowledge of secondary mathematicswithin a methods course by focusing oninstructional explanations.
Explicit topology management for continental-scale airborne networks

Large-scale high-capacity communication networks among airborne platforms are quickly becoming a reality. Today, both Google and Facebook are seeking to form networks between high flying balloons and drones in an effort to provide Internet connections from the upper atmosphere to users on the ground. These airborne networks, that will likely use directional communication links between nodes to achieve high rates over long distances, present new networking challenges. One such challenge is the fact that the topology of these networks must be explicitly and constantly managed, ensuring that each directional data link is always pointed at and connected with the appropriate neighbor to yield an acceptable global topology. In this work we present several topology generation algorithms that can be used by a topology management framework to manage the topology of a continental-scale airborne network in a distributed manner. We give a detailed analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these algorithms, based on their performance on numerous sets of nodes of various densities. We then simulate the topology management and routing with a geographic routing protocol in a network made up of hundreds of commercial aircraft in the continental United States, utilizing actual aircraft position data.
Vibrational Energy Relaxation: A Benchmark for Mixed Quantum-Classical Methods

We investigate the ability of mixed quantum–classical methods to capture the dynamics of vibrational energy relaxation. Several methods, including surface hopping, and Ehrenfest and symmetrical quasiclassical (SQC) dynamics, are benchmarked for the exactly solvable model problem of a harmonic oscillator bilinearly coupled to a bath of harmonic oscillators. Results show that, very often, one can recover accurate vibrational relaxation rates and detailed balance using simple mixed quantum–classical approaches. A few anomalous results do appear, however, especially regarding Ehrenfest and SQC dynamics.
An Invariance Principle for Additive Functionals of Semi-Markov Processes

We consider a class of additive functionals of ergodic semi-Markov processes and prove that their associated Markov renewal processes have a martingale decomposition representation. This leads to two main results, a functional central limit theorem for the additive functionals of semi-Markov processes and a functional almost sure limit theorem for their corresponding empirical processes, called an almost sure functional central limit theorem.
Modular supervisory control of computer based preventing electric mal-operation system for multiple bays in substation

In the framework of discrete-event systems and based on state tree structures, modular supervisory control of computer based preventing electric mal-operation system is studied. For a substation with multiple bays, the plant and total specification are modeled as state tree structures. According to different bays, we decompose the total specification into several sub-specifications. Then, we design a separate optimal nonblocking supervisor (control logic) for each sub-specification, which is called sub-supervisor. If the sub-supervisors are conflicting, according to the modular supervisory control theory we introduce a coordinator to solve it. It is shown that modular supervisor is feasible and the closed behavior of the modular supervisory controlled system is both optimal and nonblocking.
Temperature dependent noise in quantum frequency conversion (Conference Presentation)

Hybrid quantum networks will be based on nodes that operate at different wavelengths, requiring quantum channel standardization via quantum frequency conversion (QFC). QFC is typically based on highly efficient sum- or difference-frequency generation in second-order nonlinear materials, such as periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides. The presence of the strong pump beam in such a nonlinear medium leads to unwanted nonlinear processes that produce noise. One of these noise processes is spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS). Typically, the pump is chosen to be the longest wavelength in the second-order nonlinear mixing process so that noise photons at the signal wavelength are produced by the less efficient anti-Stokes Raman scattering process rather than the Stokes scattering process. Since SRS is a temperature-dependent process, lowering the temperature reduces the Raman-scattered photons. We discuss the theory of temperature-dependent Raman scattering and present experimental results of the temperature dependence of dark count rates in a guided-wave QFC device.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptors in the Brain

A growing body of evidence now indicates that the central nervous system (CNS) is a target of peptides from the gut and pancreas. Insulin from the pancreatic islets, for example, enters the brain from the periphery and influences the physiology of the CNS (review by Baskin et al., 1987). The recent appreciation that insulin-like growth factors (IGF’s), peptides with insulin-like structure and biological activity, are also present in the CNS has stimulated a great deal of current interest in brain IGF’s and their possible functions in the CNS. The present article reviews the status of the IGF’s as regulatory peptides in the CNS, and emphasizes recent developments concerning the anatomical location of receptors for IGF’s in the brain.
More on "Discounts" Under New York's Banking Law: Antiquarian Research Inspired by Contemporary Legislation

PRACTITIONERS and professors of corporate law have frequent occasion to observe, with varying degrees of irritation, resignation and, sometimes, amusement, that the corporation laws of a number of states resemble patchwork quilts of antique scraps-here a swatch of Uncle Eben's red flannels, there a snippet of great-grandmother's bridal gown, yonder a section of Cousin Prudence's bloomers. Perhaps an old house (usually dating from about 1840) makes a better simile, an edifice to which improvements, extensions and excrescences have been periodically added, without any attempt at basic structural change. Occasionally, one of the modern improvements blows the wiring or brings down part of the roof. The inmates promptly bawl for the legislative carpenters and repairmen, and, after a spell of furious and frequently unskilled tinkering, business life goes on more or less normally, until the next catastrophe. These venerable and crazy structures are by no means confined to the backwoods; the corporation laws of the greatest of all commercial states, New York, constitute an outstanding example.' A particularly instructive instance of the alarming manner in which an ancient and partially forgotten contrivance can suddenly heave and tremble, and of the dubious value of hastily improvised repair, is furnished by the history of a New York decision, Miller v. Discount Factors, Inc.,2 and its legislative aftermath. In that case, the state's highest court, construing a statute enacted in the infancy of the Republic for the principal purpose of protecting chartered banks from competition, applied the law in such a way as to tarnish the gilt edges of several billion dollars' worth of entirely modern securities.
ASSESSMENT OF THE DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION POTENTIAL OF ANIONIC COMPONENTS IN THE DIET AND HERBAL MEDICINES ON ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS (SLC22 FAMILY)

ASSESSMENT OF THE DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION POTENTIAL OF ANIONIC COMPONENTS IN THE DIET AND HERBAL MEDICINES ON ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS (SLC22 FAMILY)
Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is incredibly common. Increasing longevity ensures its prevalence will rise even further. Ongoing efforts to understand AD pathogenesis reveal numerous tantalizing leads. Formulating a comprehensive AD pathogenesis theory capable of incorporating these disparate leads, though, has proven difficult. This review discusses current attempts to formulate a comprehensive AD pathogenesis theory. In doing so, it focuses on clinical and molecular relationships between AD and aging. A better understanding of these relationships could inform and impact future development of AD-directed treatment strategies.
Is Autogenous Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation Common

The goal of this chapter is to provide evidence and justification for the hypothesis that autogenous, posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression is common. Several examples are known, mostly from bacteria, bacteriophage, and yeast species. Each was identified either by accident or by a concerted effort to understand the regulation of specific genes. The paucity of examples from higher eukaryotes may be due to the difficulty of identifying them using common approaches for uncovering regulatory interactions. An alternative approach is proposed that can fill the gap.
Status Report: An Airline-university Cooperative Pilot Career Program

A descriptive study of the United Airlines--Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Cooperative Agreement in Aviation Flight and Aviation Management was accomplished in order to detail the selection, training, and hiring results of the agreement. This study showed that there have been over 100 SIUC student participates since 1987 in the short and long internships that were provided for in this agreement. The 93 short intemship participants had the following average inteming qualifications: 445 total flight hours, 30.0 multi-engine hours, and a 3.32 grade point average on a 4.0 scale. Furthermore, of the 93 short internships, 41 or 44.1 percent were selected to proceed on to a semester-long internship at various United Airlines Flight operation locations around the nation. Of those SIUC students successfully completing the internship, a total of 19 have been hired by United Airlines as Flight Officers since such hires began in 1989. Most of those hired are worl<ing as Boeing 727 Flight Engineers. Some have already upgraded to Boeing 737 First Officer positions. While the agreement is successful in many ways, the reasons for United not hiring successful long internships should be carefully studied in future research efforts. Also, the characteristics of a successful SIUC long internship (for example, of those hired by United) should be more completely identified by United at the time of employment.
Understanding the Ventilator Screen

Interpreting ventilator screens may be intimidating for beginners, but the data are actually fairly simple despite being presented slightly differently on the screens of each mechanical ventilator brand. There are a few key points to remember when reviewing ventilator screens. (1) The values set by clinicians are found on the bottom of the screen. The patient’s response is located at the top of the screen. (2) Data are provided in both numerical and graphical contexts on the screen. (3) Ventilators provide three types of tracings: flow, pressure, and volume. All values are readily labeled directly on the ventilator screens.
Perceived Sex Education and Its Association with Consent Attitudes, Intentions, and Communication

A greater understanding of how sexual consent is learned may be important in informing interventions to decrease sexual assault and ensure pleasurable sexual experiences. This study explored the ro...
Alkaline-Stable Anion Exchange Membranes: A Review of Synthetic Approaches

Abstract In honor of the 100th anniversary of Staudinger’s “Polymer Hypothesis”, we write this trend review to describe some key developments in the synthesis of cationic polymers. Cationic polymers provided early evidence in support of the Polymer Hypothesis and have been recognized for their tremendous potential in various sub-disciplines of chemistry and biology. This article is focused on a specific class of cationic polymers that conduct hydroxide anions, namely alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEMs). These polymers are essential components in anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) energy conversion devices that can operate with zero-emission fuels (H2 and O2) and do not require precious metals (e.g. platinum) as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. One of the critical considerations for AAEMs is their long-term stability to alkaline media, and as such, a wide range of polymer backbones and appended cations have been evaluated as potential constructs for this purpose. Herein, an overview of the different classes of cations is presented, along with a description of the typical synthetic methods for the preparation of AAEMs. By organizing the review according to the synthetic strategies, we hope to inspire the design and preparation of new cationic materials that are suitable for AEMFCs.
Comparing quality of care in medical specialties between nurse practitioners and physicians.

Background The American health care system is facing a growing health care provider shortage in primary and specialty care settings. Research has established that nurse practitioners (NPs) match or exceed their physician colleagues in providing quality care in primary care settings. Objective This systematic review aimed to compare the quality of NP versus physician-led care in outpatient specialty care setting for clinical outcomes patient satisfaction. Data sources The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guided the literature search (CINAHL, PubMed, and Cochrane Library) and interpretation of findings. Of the 228 articles that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 11 were selected for further review. Conclusions Studies were conducted from 1995 to 2016 across four countries and spanned 10 distinct medical specialties. As a whole, these studies demonstrated that NPs in specialty settings perform as well as physicians terms of clinical safety and positive patient outcomes. Nurse practitioners matched or exceeded their physician counterparts in patient education and satisfaction. Implications for practice Nurse practitioners are a feasible option for addressing specialty care shortages. Further research should investigate whether NPs and physicians are equally prepared to provide equivalent care immediately following their respective postbaccalaureate programs. If not, studies should explore specific training duration and elements NPs require to provide equivalent care.
Study of the Impact Between a Triple Junction Space Solar Cell and the Antenna Integrated on Top of It

Solid and meshed patch antennas integrated on the cover glass of a commercial space solar cell were examined. The effect of the solar cell on the antenna was analyzed and validated. The impact of the antenna on the efficiency of the solar cell was quantified through experiments. It has been found that while the active semiconductor junction in a solar cell severely reduces the gain of the antenna in many space communication bands, the electrode lattice in the solar cell can potentially act as an isolation between the solar cell and the antenna, preventing the gain worsening. The effect of the lattice also promises a potential application in lab-grown solar cells such that one may carefully design the size and number of the electrodes to ensure the best gain for the integrated antenna. The main factor that impacts the efficiency of the solar cells was found to be the cover glass rather than the shadow from the antenna. These results can serve as design guidelines when integrating optically transparent antennas on solar panels of small satellites to reduce payload and to achieve reliable communication link. One may balance the selection of solar cells, cover glass, and antenna geometry to achieve the optimal link budget.
Mindfulness-Based College: A Stage 1 Randomized Controlled Trial for University Student Well-Being

OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of a mindfulness-based program, adapted to the young adult life course stage (age, 18-29 years), named Mindfulness-Based College (MB-College). The primary outcome was a young adult health summary score, composed of key health risk factors: body mass index, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, stress, loneliness, and sleep duration. Secondary outcomes were hypothesized self-regulation mechanisms, including attention control, interoceptive awareness, and emotion regulation. METHODS This was a stage 1 randomized controlled trial of the 9-week MB-College program (n = 47) versus enhanced usual care control (n = 49) including students from three universities. Assessments were at baseline, during the beginning of the college term when stress is typically lower, and at MB-College completion (3-month follow-up), when term-related stress is typically higher. Intention-to-treat, linear regression analyses estimated the marginal effects of MB-College versus control on the outcomes. RESULTS MB-College participants (mean age = 20 years, 68% female, 37% racial minorities) demonstrated improved health summary scores at follow-up compared with control participants whose health summary scores worsened (marginal effect for MB-College versus control = 0.23; p = .004). Effects on loneliness were pronounced (marginal effect = -3.11 for the Revised University of Los Angeles Loneliness Scale score; p = .03). Secondary analyses showed significant impacts of MB-College on hypothesized self-regulation mechanisms (e.g., Sustained Attention to Response Task correct no-go percent, p = .0008; Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, p < .0001; Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Findings of this early stage clinical trial suggest that MB-College may foster well-being in young adults.Trial Registration: NCT03124446.
An Aristocracy of Critics: Luce, Hutchins, Niebuhr, and the Committee that Redefined Freedom of the Press: Stephen Bates. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020, 336 pp., ISBN No. 9780300111897 (hardcover).

Between 1943 and 1946, The Commission on Freedom of the Press gathered together a cluster of intellectual luminaries and asked them to rethink the philosophy of press freedom. Paid for by Henry Luc...
Mood alterations in mouse models of Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 1

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by abnormal expansion of glutamine-encoding CAG repeats in the Ataxin-1 (ATXN1) gene. SCA1 is characterized by progressive motor deficits, cognitive decline, and mood changes including anxiety and depression, with longer number of repeats correlating with worse disease outcomes. While mouse models have been very useful in understanding etiology of ataxia and cognitive decline, our understanding of mood symptoms in SCA1 has lagged. It remains unclear whether anxiety or depression stem from an underlying brain pathology or as a consequence of living with an untreatable and lethal disease. To increase our understanding of the etiology of SCA1 mood alterations, we used the elevated-plus maze, sucrose preference and forced swim tests to assess mood in four different mouse lines. We found that SCA1 knock-in mice exhibit increased anxiety that correlated with the length of CAG repeats, supporting the idea that underlying brain pathology contributes to SCA1-like anxiety. Additionally, our results support the concept that increased anxiety is caused by non-cerebellar pathology, as Purkinje cell specific SCA1 transgenic mice exhibit decreased anxiety-like behavior. Regarding the molecular mechanism, partial loss of ATXN1 may play a role in anxiety, based on our results for Atxn1 haploinsufficient and null mice.
Investigation of Application-Specific Bias Conditions and Dose Rate Dependency in Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Response

This paper investigates flight circuit application bias and irradiation dose rate dependencies ("test as you fly" conditions) in the total ionizing dose (TID) response of various electronic components considered for use in a space radiation environment.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality in Patients Using Clopidogrel With Proton Pump Inhibitors After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or Acute Coronary Syndrome”

To the Editor: Drs Potter and Le Lorier note that a large number of patients in our study had no recorded clopidogrel use within 7 days of hospital discharge.1 We believe the primary cause of the low use of clopidogrel is the fact that the study covered the period between 2001 and 2005. The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) and Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation (CREDO) trials were published in 2001 and 2002, respectively, and other relevant trials (Clopidogrel as Adjunctive Reperfusion Therapy [CLARITY], Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial [COMMIT], PCI-CLARITY) were not published until 2005. As a result, the guidelines in place during most of our study period did not recommend the routine use of …
Clubhouse: yet another social network?

Clubhouse is the new social networking app that was first launched in April 2020. Envisioned as a live streaming audio chat without the familiar nuisance of video calls, text messaging or monetization options, it started positioning itself as an “alternative” social network and quickly gained worldwide popularity. However, one might wonder whether Clubhouse offers anything novel after all. Viewed through the prism of the frequent social network users, it features a mixture of audio podcasting, talk radio, and conference call all wrapped in one package. Moreover, it is difficult to believe it would have achieved such a popularity without the COVID-19 pandemic that introduced social distancing and lockdowns.