cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Order Rectangular Shallow Shell Finite Element

The stiffness matrix for a high order shallow shell finite element is presented explicitly. The element is of rectangular plan and possesses three constant radii of curvature: two principal ones and a twist one. Each of the three displacement functions is assumed as the product of one-dimensional, first-order Hermite interpolation formulas. An eigenvalue analysis performed on the element stiffness matrix shows that the six rigid-body displacements are included. Convergence studies are carried out for a cylindrical shell, a translational shell with two constant principal radii of curvature, and a hyperbolic paraboloidal shell with a constant twist radius of curvature. Excellent agreements are found when comparing the present results with the alternative series and finite difference solutions. A review of the previously developed shell finite elements shows that the present element is highly efficient in terms of convergence rate or computational effort.
Colonial twilight: Italian settlers and the long decolonization of Libya

Italian decolonization has often been described as precocious, given Italy's loss of effective control over its colonies as a result of military defeat in the Second World War. In Libya, however, t...
Essential Qualitative Inquiry in the Development of a Cancer Literacy Measure for Immigrant Women

In this article, we describe the development of a comprehensive measure of breast and cervical cancer literacy for immigrant populations. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use a health literacy framework in this endeavor. Using qualitative strategies, we (a) developed an understanding of the experiences of Mexican and Filipina immigrant women with low health literacy through individual interviews, (b) conducted focus groups to obtain feedback from experts and participants to determine the adequacy of items included in the measure, and (c) refined the set of items to create an empirically based measure. The final measure included 129 items that assess beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, emotions, and contextual factors related to breast and cervical cancer. Processes for adapting the measure for use with other immigrant groups are discussed.
Experiments with chloroform, administered by intratracheal insufflation, in strychnine poisoning:

Soon after the introduction of the method of intratracheal insufflation, experiments were begun to study the control of strychnine poisoning by means of this method. So far three series of investig...
Fish oil diet decreases prostacyclin and increases resistance in isolated rat kidneys.

The mechanisms whereby diet-induced alterations in fatty acids may affect renal structure and function are unknown. Kidneys from rats fed chow supplemented with 18% (wt/wt) coconut oil (CO, n = 8), sunflower seed oil (SO, n = 7), or fish oil (FO, n = 8) were isolated from systemic influences of the diets and perfused with a cell-free medium. The FO diet caused a twofold reduction in prostaglandin (PG) I2 (urine excretion of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha) compared with SO and CO. Urine PGE2 and thromboxane (Tx) B2 were similar in the three diet groups. There was a 22% reduction in perfusate flow associated with the decrease in PGI2 in the FO group (42 +/- 6 ml.min-1.g-1) compared with the CO (54 +/- 7 ml.min-1.g-1) and SO (54 +/- 8 ml.min-1.g-1) groups (mean +/- SD, P less than 0.05). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was similar in the three groups during the initial base-line determination but subsequently declined to a greater degree in the FO group. Morphologically, tubular injury was most extensive in the FO group, and the distribution of the injury indicated that it was caused, at least in part, by ischemia. The decline in GFR and the degree of histological injury were more closely linked to the diminished PGI2 production. Thus dietary FO supplementation caused decreased renal PGI2, increased renal vascular resistance, and an increased susceptibility to ischemic tubular cell injury in the isolated kidney.
THE EFFECTS OF SOLIDS ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CHARACTERISTICS

Performance tests of three centrifugal pumps conducted on aqueous mixtures containing up to 20 percent concentrations of chip-shaped plastic particles are summarized. Characteristic curves plotted with reduced variables show that the head developed by one of the pumps was 1.5 percent greater for a mixture containing 20 percent solids than that for clear water at the same discharge rates. The tests indicate a 2 to 8 percent decrease in the efficiencies of the pumps which causes an increase in the brake horsepower.
The Old Guard Retires

The six-year Intelsat management contract that had been negotiated for Comsat as part of the 1971 Definitive Agreements expired on February 11, 1979. Comsat had had several years, probably a decade, to plan for life without the Intelsat management contract. Comsat began several new enterprises over this period, as described in Chapters 5–8. Satellite Business Systems (SBS) and Satellite Television Corporation (STC) were unmitigated disasters, costing Comsat hundreds of millions of dollars. Inmarsat effectively began with Comsat’s MARISAT program, but eventually became an international organization based in London. As with Intelsat after 1979, Comsat’s role in Inmarsat was to “sell” satellite communications services; it did not provide overall management or engineering. There were several Comsat technology initiatives—most originating in Comsat Labs—but some were unprofitable and none replaced the income lost after February 1979. Nonetheless, Comsat had profits exceeding $30 million every year from 1973 to 1985. In 1985, the year the last of the “old guard” retired, Comsat lost over $40 million. After a major slip in 1986–1987, Comsat revenues grew steadily through 1996. Revenues in 1996 were $1 billion. In 1997, when the sell-off of non-core businesses was in full swing, revenues fell to $563 million. Comsat was able to recover from its unprofitable businesses, but the company was looking for a new direction.
The Dynamics of Bureaucracy in the U.S. Government: Information, Bureaucracy, and Government Problem Solving

For democratic systems like the United States, the Elmore problem means that legitimacy and authority reside at the top of the governing system, whereas the expertise to monitor and define problems originates from below. Much has been written in scholarly disciplines and elsewhere about the problem posed by unelected officials who skirt the public will. But this is perhaps democracy's easier problem. After all, power resides with the people or their elected representatives by definition in a democracy. This power, sometimes ill informed and wielded awkwardly, brackets the ability of the larger governing system to address problems that are important to citizens and politicians alike. In fact, the argument laid out here takes congressional direction of the policy process as a given, as something so innate to the process of addressing problems and making policy that it occurs at the earliest stages of the process, even absent well-defined incentives or policy goals. Although elections are often a handy redress for correcting wayward officials, they also sometimes act as an inefficiency on government information processing. Democratic systems are unparalleled in representing and aggregating preferences, but are far less adept at aggregating and synthesizing expertise. The system does respond to information, but slowly and/or sporadically. How does the system cope at the juncture of authority and expertise? For the answer, we must examine the earliest stages of the policy process. At the point where the Elmore problem introduces tremendous stress on the system of government, the dual dynamics of congressional prioritization and bureaucratic problem solving create a two-way flow of information about the problems facing government. This two-way flow of information offers both members of Congress and bureaucrats an opportunity to influence the direction of public policy, even when they disagree on strategies for dealing with the problems. FOUNDATIONS OF THE ARGUMENT The conceptualization of information in the policy process lies at the core of the theory of dual dynamics. Information has three characteristics important for understanding the influence of bureaucracy in the policy process.
Greenhouse Gas Fluxes Vary Between Phragmites Australis and Native Vegetation Zones in Coastal Wetlands Along a Salinity Gradient

The replacement of native species by invasive Phragmites australis in coastal wetlands may impact ecosystem processes including fluxes of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). To investigate differences in daytime CH4 and CO2 fluxes as well as vegetation properties between Phragmites and native vegetation zones along a salinity gradient, fluxes were measured via cavity ringdown spectroscopy in 3 New England coastal marshes, ranging from oligohaline to polyhaline. While daytime CH4 emissions decreased predictably with increasing soil salinity, those from Phragmites zones were larger (15 to 1254 μmol m−2 h−1) than those from native vegetation (4–484 μmol m−2 h−1) across the salinity gradient. Phragmites zones displayed greater daytime CO2 uptake than native vegetation zones (−7 to −15 μmol m−2 s−1 vs. -2 to 0.9 μmol m−2 s−1) at mesohaline-polyhaline, but not oligohaline, sites. Results suggest that vegetation zone and salinity both impact net emission or uptake of daytime CO2 and CH4 (respectively). Future research is warranted to demonstrate Phragmites-mediated impacts on GHG fluxes, and additional measurements across seasonal and diel cycles will enable a more complete understanding of Phragmites' net impact on marsh radiative forcing.
Zeros, factorizations and least common multiples of quaternion polynomials

It is known that quaternion polynomials may have spherical zeros and isolated left and right zeros. These zeros along with appropriately defined multiplicities form the zero structure of a polynomial which can be alternatively described in terms of left and right spherical divisors of a polynomial as well as in terms of its left and right indecomposable divisors. These alternative descriptions are used to construct a polynomial with prescribed zero structure and more generally, to construct the least common multiple of given polynomials. Similar questions are discussed in the context of quaternion power series and particularly, finite Blaschke products.
Oligomeric form of C‐terminal‐binding protein coactivates NeuroD1‐mediated transcription

The mechanism underlying transcriptional coactivation by the corepressor C-terminal-binding protein (CtBP) is not established. We previously found that CtBP co-occupies several actively transcribed endocrine genes with the transcription factor NeuroD1 to paradoxically increase transcription by recruiting KDM1A and CoREST. While the importance of the oligomeric form of CtBP for corepression is well established, the role of oligomerization in transcriptional coactivation has received little attention. Here, we examined the importance of the oligomeric state of CtBP for coactivation of NeuroD1-dependent transcription by expressing a CtBP dimerization mutant in cells depleted of endogenous CtBP. Dimerization mutants failed to increase transcription or to associate with KDM1A and CoREST, suggesting that oligomeric, but not monomeric CtBP is required to recruit other proteins needed to activate transcription.
Patterns of c-q hysteresis loops and within an integrative pollutograph for selected inorganic and organic solutes and E. coli in an urban salted watershed during winter-early spring periods

Abstract Concentration – discharge (c-q) hysteresis loops are used to qualitatively understand solute transport pathways to streams. The majority of c-q studies involve non-urban areas in environmental settings such as the subtropics, mountains, and high latitude rivers. Only a few involve urban or urban salted watersheds. In this study, we explore c-q hysteresis plots and pollutographs for a variety of inorganic solutes (Cl−, Na+, K+, SiO2, NO3−), dissolved organic carbon and an indicator of the aromatic fraction (SUVA254), and a microbiological indicator (E. coli) in an urban salted watershed. The major hydrologic events are snow melts. The overarching hypothesis is that the hysteresis behavior can be explained by extending the pathway analysis (i.e., relative importance of storm event water, CSE; groundwater CG; and soil water, CSO) from the Evans-Davis classification scheme that describes six behaviors to account for differences in source locations and the biogeochemical behavior of the solutes along these pathways. Data sets for the years 2013, 2014, and 2015 were assembled from a series of undergraduate and graduate research projects performed over this period. The results of these studies indicate that: 1) Cl− and Na+ exhibit a combination of C2 (CSE > CSO > CG) and C3 (CG > CSE > CSO) behavior during salting season and A1 (CSO > GG > CSE) and A2 (CSO > CSE > CG) behavior in non-salting times; 2) SiO2 shows A3 (CG > CSO > CSE) behavior in all events, 3) K+ changes from C2 to C1 (CSE > CG > CSO) with concentration depletion over subsequent events; 4) NO3− changes from A2 to C1 or C2 with concentration depletion over subsequent events; 5) DOC and SUVA254 exhibit C2 and A1 behavior, respectively; 6) E. coli changes from C2 to A2 over subsequent storms; 7) Cl−and Na+ peak before the rising limb with a slight lag in the Na+ peak and 8) E. coli does not exhibit first-flush behavior. An integrative pollutograph for a snow melt event shows, 1) K+ and DOC peak together three times, unrelated to any additional event such as rain; 2) DOC becomes more aliphatic at its first peak, and 3) NO3− has a concentration decrease at the second DOC/K+ peak and peaks on the declining limb after the third DOC/K+ peak. These observations can be explained in terms of the c-q plots (e.g., importance of event water), environmental behavior (e.g., conservative solute), the nature of the urban landscape (e.g., pavement), and season (e.g., damped microbial activity). We interpret the multiple concentration peaks to indicate water masses originating from different compartments in the watershed are reaching the stream at different times and with different chemistries. These results extend the work of previous studies and may serve to help develop a fingerprint of solute behavior that can be used to more fully explore early season biogeochemical dynamics in an urban, salted, snow-melt dominated watershed.
Applying Restorative Justice Models in the Correctional Process

The concept restorative justice implies that the criminal offender, the victim, and the community should all be involved in the offender’s rehabilitation process. The offender must be held responsible for the harm caused to an individual and the community and compensate the victim and the community in a manner that is reasonable and just. The victim of crime has an opportunity to participate in the criminal justice process by providing input during the offender’s trial and sentencing and also by being compensated for physical, psychological, or property harm. The community participates in the restorative justice process by assisting in integrating the offender back into the community as a functioning member. In this chapter, several of the models used in restorative justice, including mediation, diversion, family counseling, and the application of restorative justice in community and institutional corrections, will be described.
Effects of Stress and Chronic Alcohol Exposure on Emotional Behavior and Alcohol Consumption

Abstract This chapter’s primary emphasis is on stress and alcohol-related neurobehavioral outcomes including alcohol drinking and anxiety and their possible interplay. This chapter reviews select contemporary investigations of the effects of chronic ethanol exposure and/or stress. Included in the discussion are studies of investigational drugs, brain regions of hypothesized relevance, and neurobiological processes thought to be involved including corticotropin releasing factor and the neuroimmune system. Clinical perspectives and clinical research as well as animal research are considered with the goal of elaborating select research areas in alcohol use disorders (AUDs) that have been and will likely remain research foci for the foreseeable future and yet pose translational challenges on the way toward effective therapeutic intervention in AUDs.
Toward a Physical (Synergetic) Theory of Biological Coordination

In spite of, or perhaps because of, the successes of modern molecular biology, the great unresolved problem of all biology remains: the manner by which complex biological systems are coordinated to produce functionally-specific ordered behavior or spatiotemporal patterns. Eaced with complexity (in terms of the number of potential degrees of freedom), a conventional approach is to unravel the material substrate, component by component, to find the cause of pattern generation at an ever smaller scale. Witness, for example, neurobiology’s search for the command neuron in “simple” invertebrate preparations, the role of which is to evoke or trigger a pattern stored in the neural structure (e.g., [2]). Or the apparently self-evident existence of central pattern generators — patterned neuronal activities that can persist independent of afferent feedback influences — whose neurophysiological mechanisms are currently the subject of much investigation. The noun form “generator” expresses the material reductionist’s hope that the circuitry can be completely identified and isolated. One is reminded of POINCARE [3] in this regard, that “…the aim of science is not things themselves, as the dogmatists in their simplicity imagine, but the relations among things; outside these relations there is no reality knowable.” It is the quest for laws and principles of pattern generation, rather than particular neural mechanisms or instantiations of those laws, that spurs the present approach.
Modelling the Variability in the Somali Current

A numerical model of the wind driven circulation in the Indian Ocean is used to study the variability of the circulation on seasonal and interannual time scales. The model is a nonlinear reduced gravity model driven by observed winds. Model simulations use a monthly mean climatology of ships' winds as forcing and the 23 year long monthly mean Cadet and Diehl winds as forcing. The model is very successful in simulating the observed features of the circulation in this region, such as the formation and decay of the two-gyre system in the Somali Current during the southwest monsoon and the formation of the eddies off the coasts of Oman and Yemen. Examination of model statistics from many years of simulation using climatological monthly mean winds shows that the model fields are exactly repeating from one year to the next over most of the basin, even in the highly nonlinear eddies like the great whirl. Exceptions occur in the smaller scale eddies that form in the strong shear zones around the great whirl and in the southern gyre recirculation region, where the flow field exhibits a more chaotic nature, but even these features are nearly repeating from one year to the next. When observed, interannually varying winds are used to drive the model, the variability from year to year increases dramatically. This indicates that interannual variability in the model fields is due solely to variability in the winds and not due to inherent variability in the model physics, as is seen in mid-latitude models of the oceanic general circulation.
Learning and using our base ten place value number system: theoretical perspectives and twenty-first century uses

This paper makes a proposal, from the perspective of a research mathematician interested in mathematics education, for broadening and deepening whole number arithmetic instruction, to make it more relevant for the twenty-first century, in particular, to enable students to deal with large numbers, arguably an essential skill for modern citizenship. It suggests that, rather than being content with accurate calculation for numbers with few digits, arithmetic instruction should develop understanding of the overall structure of the base ten place value system (including decimal fractions), and develop comfort with large (and small) numbers that are known only approximately. This would include emphasizing the role of the constituent parts (here called place value parts) into which place value notation decomposes any decimal number. Beyond this, understanding large numbers, and how numbers function in the real world, entails approximation. The notion of relative error (and its variant, percent error) is presented as a useful way to think about error. Relative error behaves in manageable ways under addition and multiplication, and any real number can be well approximated (i.e., with small relative error) by a base ten number with a small number of (non-zero) place value parts. Examples are given of using approximate computation with large numbers to clarify interesting questions.
Combustion waves with reactant depletion

A simple model for the propagation of a combustion wave is proposed and the speed of propagation is predicted. It is assumed that the reactant ignites at a specified temperature and then burns until depleted with reaction rate dependent on temperature and reactant concentration. The exact solution and linear stability are determined in the case of constant heat generation and a numerical scheme is developed to generate traveling wave solutions in the more general case. This numerical method is applied to the case where the temperature dependence of the reaction rate is modeled by the Arrhenius function.
Efficacy of institutional interventions on the attainment profile of African-Americans at a regional predominately white institution: Questions of will, effort, competence and responsibility

The nature of access to higher education at predominately white institutions for African-Americans has been focused largely on the post secondary preparation and the ability of the student to adapt to the college milieu. Little attention has been placed on the quality of institution's interaction with the student in terms of standard institutional practices and procedures. While retention, persistence, achievement and graduation rates are examined. ±e purpose of this study is to examine the gain in the aforementioned factors when AfricanAmerican students receive interventions which are either standard services available to all students versus those which are developed for students in a subpopulation. African-American students attending a Midwestern regional comprehensive university between 1985 1990 are the bases of the study. Each entry class was introduced to increasing levels of intervention, ranging from none to four interventions. The interventions were either institutional or specialized. The study examines two categories of intervention: institutional adjustments (academic standards, residential life programs, financial aid and advisement) and specialized programs (pre-matriculation bridge program, ethnic specific social programs, and academic assistance). The students are followed from entrance to exit to find if significant differences exist based on the source of the interventions received.
Urban Planning and Operations Research: A Review and Critique

While inquiry in Operations Research (OR) modeling of urban planning processes is long-standing, on the whole, the OR discipline has not influenced urban planning practice, teaching and scholarship at a level of other domains such as public policy and information technology. Could an OR approach which focuses on the complex, emergent nature of cities and the institutional environment in which these urban planning models are implemented enable urban planning to better meet challenges that are complex, multi-stakeholder, data-intensive and ill structured in nature? Based on a review of research and practice in OR and urban planning, we argue that a prospective and prescriptive approach to planning that embraces soft OR can help researchers and practitioners develop effective interventions that are equitable and which reflect community concerns. We show that trends and developments within urban planning highlight the benefits of embracing an OR modeling approach both in the framing of the model and in its implementation, while emphasizing two cautionary themes. First, a mechanistic application of decision modeling principles rooted in stylized representations of institutions and systems using mathematics and computational methods may not adequately capture the central role that human actors play in developing neighborhoods and communities. Second, as innovations such as the mass adoption of automobiles decades ago led to auto-centric city design show, technological innovations can have unanticipated negative social impacts. Therefore, we emphasize the important role of critical approaches, community engagement and diversity, equity and inclusion in planning approaches that incorporate decision modeling.
The ManRay project: Initial development of a web-enabled ontology for nuclear medicine

1431 Objectives: The semantic web extends the original web with technologies that provide syntactic structure (XML) and semantic meaning (RDF) permitting the development of taxonomies and inference rules (Berners-Lee et al, 2001). These technologies together with the Web Ontology Language (OWL) enable the compilation of knowledge representations or collections of information known as ontologies. Biomedical ontologies have benefited from significant development in the bioinformatics and clinical informatics communities (Pinciroli et al, 2005). In contrast, there appears to be a relative dearth of progress in the specialty fields of nuclear medicine and radiopharmaceutics. With the exception of some work on a radiopharmaceutical information database (Blaine et al, 1999) which did not involve any semantic web technologies nor any internet technologies, extensive literature searches have not found any other nuclear medicine informatics projects. The ManRay project attempts to fill this gap. Methods: Ontologies for the ManRay project are constructed adhering to (1) the specifications for XML, RDF, and OWL recommended by the World Wide Web Consortium (www.w3.org), (2) the usage paradigm advocated by Lacy (see diagram on page 144 of his 2005 book on OWL), and (3) general software engineering principles of hierarchical modularity, flexibility, and extensibility. Development is guided by the “ontology steward” paradigm in which the steward hosts and manages the ontology standard but does not necessarily provide a database distributing data compliant with the standard. Thus, the steward’s web server publishes the ontology as a *.owl file while other publishers distribute their data as compliant *.rdf files that reference the ontology steward’s *.owl file. Results: The ManRay project implements an ontology for nuclear medicine, radiopharmaceutics, and molecular imaging structured as a hierarchy of *.owl files with manray.owl as the top level and separate *.owl files for imaging protocols, pharmaceuticals, and radionuclides as the lower levels. The website www.nucmedlib.org hosts the ManRay project and its ontology. Conclusions: Development and promotion of a nuclear medicine ontology as an open standard for the exchange of data constitutes the most important goal of the ManRay project. Establishment of this ontology will enable the subsequent development of informatics applications capable of performing inference, such as automated meta-analyses, on data published according to the standard. Individuals and/or organizations interested in contributing to the ManRay project are encouraged to contact the authors.
Pioneers of psychedelic art: an appreciation of Bonnie MacLean and Wes Wilson

The worlds of psychedelic posters, the history of art, and the counterculture suffered a major blow early this year with the passing, within just days of one another, of two of the formative and su...
EVIDENCE FOR DOORWAY STATES IN $sup 207$Pb, $sup 208$Pb, AND $sup 57$Fe FROM THRESHOLD PHOTONEUTRON CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENTS.

The proposed doorway state in $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ seen by neutron total cross-section measurements on $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$ also has been observed in the ($\ensuremath{\gamma},n$) reaction. Both the envelope of the strength and the correlation between fine structure in the two channels support the doorway-state interpretation. The width for $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray decay of the doorway state to the ground state ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}0}^{D}$ is found to be 36.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3.5 eV. Other possible doorway states in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray channel in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ at 500 keV, $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ at 125 keV, and $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ at 50 and 250 keV above threshold are discussed. An attempt is made to produce a correlation between neutron and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray widths; no significant correlation was observed for these nuclei.
The effect of using activity workstations on heart rate variability during complex cognitive tasks.

Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of using an activity workstation on the physiological stress response as measured by heart rate variability while completing ...
The Pegasus workflow management system: Translational computer science in practice

Abstract Translational research (TR) has been extensively used in the health science domain, where results from laboratory research are translated to human studies and where evidence-based practices are adopted in real-world settings to reach broad communities. In computer science, much research stops at the result publication and dissemination stage without moving to the evaluation in real settings at scale and feeding the gained knowledge back to research. Additionally, there is a lack of steady funding and incentives to broadly promote translational computer science (TCS) in practice. In this paper, we present how, throughout its lifespan, the Pegasus workflow management system project has incorporated the principles of translational computer science. We report on our experience on building a strong, long-term engagement with a broad range of science communities to establish mutually beneficial relationships between the core R&D team and these communities.
Nursing Home Transfers for Behavioral Concerns: Findings from the OPTIMISTIC Demonstration Project

Objectives To characterize pretransfer on-site nursing home (NH) management, transfer disposition, and hospital discharge diagnoses of long-stay residents transferred for behavioral concerns. Design This was a secondary data analysis of the Optimizing Patient Transfers, Impacting Medical Quality, Improving Symptoms: Transforming Institutional Care project, in which clinical staff employed in the NH setting conducted medical, transitional, and palliative care quality improvement initiatives and gathered data related to resident transfers to the emergency department/hospital setting. R software and Microsoft Excel were used to characterize a subset of transfers prompted by behavioral concerns. Setting NHs in central Indiana were utilized (N = 19). Participants This study included long-stay NH residents with behavioral concerns prompting transfer for acute emergency department/hospital evaluation (N = 355 transfers). Measurements The measures used in this study were symptoms prompting transfer, resident demographics and baseline characteristics (Minimum Data Set 3.0 variables including scores for the Cognitive Function Scale, ADL Functional Status, behavioral symptoms directed toward others, and preexisting psychiatric diagnoses), on-site management (e.g., medical evaluation in person or by phone, testing, and interventions), avoidability rating, transfer disposition (inpatient vs emergency department only), and hospital discharge diagnoses. Results Over half of the transfers, 56%, had a medical evaluation before transfer, and diagnostic testing was conducted before 31% of transfers. After transfer, 80% were admitted. The most common hospital discharge diagnoses were dementia-related behaviors (27%) and altered mental status (27%), followed by a number of medical diagnoses. Conclusion Most transfers for behavioral concerns merited hospital admission, and medical discharge diagnoses were common. There remain significant opportunities to improve pretransfer management of NH transfers for behavioral concerns.
Prenatal Neighborhood Ethnocultural Context and the Mental Health of Mothers and Children in Low-Income Mexican American Families.

Socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods increase the risk for poor mental health among residents, yet protective factors may operate alongside risk. This study evaluated the influence of the prenatal neighborhood ethnocultural context on child behavior problems and maternal depressive symptoms. Prenatal maternal role expectations, prenatal culture-specific stress, and postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms were evaluated as mediators. Participants included 322 low-income, Mexican American mother-child dyads. Women (Mage = 27.8) reported on proposed mediators, maternal depressive symptoms, and child behavior problems at 4.5 years. Neighborhood Latinx concentration was obtained from census data. Higher Latinx concentration predicted fewer maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems, mediated through role expectations and PPD symptoms. Results suggest prenatal neighborhood context to impact later maternal and child mental health.
The risk of serious opioid-related events associated with common opioid prescribing regimens in the postpartum period after cesarean delivery.

BACKGROUND Opioid analgesics are commonly prescribed to women after cesarean delivery. There is a growing effort to prescribe opioids judiciously; however, the risk of serious opioid-related events associated with specific prescribing patterns after cesarean delivery remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between the dosage of the first opioid prescription filled after cesarean delivery and the risk of serious opioid-related events. STUDY DESIGN We identified opioid-naive women with a cesarean delivery enrolled in Tennessee Medicaid (2007–2014). Pharmacy prescription fill data characterized opioids filled within 5 days after delivery. Patients were followed up from day 5 after delivery to the earliest of the following: serious opioid-related event (persistent opioid use, evidence of opioid use disorder [diagnosis or methadone or buprenorphine fill], overdose, or opioid-related death), non–opioid-related death, enrollment loss, or 365th day. We estimated the adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the serious opioid-related event outcomes based on the dosage (morphine milligram equivalents) of the first filled opioid prescription, adjusting for baseline sociodemographic characteristics, delivery complications, multiple deliveries, comorbidities, and medication use. Secondary analyses examined the role of commonly prescribed opioid strengths and quantities. RESULTS The overall incidence rate of serious opioid-related events among women after cesarean delivery was 3.0 per 100 person-years. Compared with women who did not fill an opioid prescription, the rate of serious opioid-related events was higher among women who filled an opioid prescription, although only significantly higher among women who filled a total dosage of ≥100 morphine milligram equivalents (97.1% of opioid prescriptions). In the secondary analyses, women with a low prescribed daily opioid dosage and women with a low prescribed number of oxycodone (5 mg) tablets ( CONCLUSION Opioid-naive women who filled a postpartum opioid prescription at commonly prescribed doses after cesarean delivery had an increased risk of serious opioid-related events compared to women who did not fill a postpartum opioid prescription. Low opioid doses were not associated with a significant increase in the risk of serious opioid-related events.
A Rare Presentation of Intraosseous Sarcoidosis of the Mandible Presenting as Peri-Implantitis: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract Title A Rare Presentation of Intraosseous Sarcoidosis of the Mandible Presenting as Peri-Implantitis: A Case Report and Literature Review Purpose We describe a rare case of intraosseous sarcoidosis initially presenting as peri-implantitis, perform a review and analysis of 27 cases of intraosseous sarcoidosis, and provide a clinical review of this condition. Methods We searched the literature for patients presenting with intraosseous sarcoidosis of the jaw through June 2020 using key phrases. Additional papers were included via a search of references and citing papers. Data including patient demographics and diagnostic tests were manually extracted from the cases and then qualitatively coded by the authors. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to elucidate general themes and characteristics. Results A total of 27 cases, dating as early as 1943 and as recent as this case, were identified in the literature, including our case. The average age of these patients was 39 years old, with a range of 16 to 75 years. Eighteen (67%) were identified as female and nine (33%) as male. Fourteen cases were reported with localized mandibular involvement. Ten had maxillary disease; 3 cases were generalized to both regions. Nine cases presented anteriorly, 12 posteriorly, and 6 extended across both regions. Eight patients received surgical interventions, such as tooth extractions or lesion removal. Five patients received non-surgical interventions, such as steroids. Ten patients received combination therapy, often involving surgical intervention and steroid therapy. Conclusion Our patient had an unusual presentation of intraosseous sarcoidosis mimicking peri-implantitis. To our knowledge, no case in the English literature describes a patient with sarcoidosis presenting with peri-implantitis. Based on the literature review and analysis of our patient’s experience, sarcoidosis should be considered on the differential diagnosis for patients with persistent, non-healing bony lesions in the maxillofacial region, particularly when patients have not been exposed to osteoclast inhibitory therapy or radiation. Pathologic analysis of bone and surrounding tissue in these scenarios is essential.
Planar Uncertainty Propagation and a Probabilistic Algorithm for Interception

Many robotics applications involve motion planning with uncertainty. In this paper, we focus on path planning for planar systems by optimizing the probability of successfully arriving at a goal. We approach this problem with a modified version of the Path-of-Probability (POP) algorithm.We extend the POP algorithm to allow for a moving target and to optimize the number of steps to reach the goal. One tool that we develop in this paper to increase efficiency of the POP algorithm is a second order closed-form uncertainty propagation formula. This formula is utilized to quickly propagate the mean and covariance of nonparametrized distributions for planar systems. The modified POP algorithm is demonstrated on a simple rolling disc example with a moving goal.
Herbicide Antidotes: Development, Chemistry, and Mode of Action

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development, chemistry, and mode of action of herbicide antidotes. Organic herbicides represent the most effective weapon available to farmers worldwide in their war against weeds. A fundamental reason for the widespread use of these chemicals in modern agriculture is their ability to control selectively a wide spectrum of weeds in a variety of crops. The concept of using herbicide antidotes offers a potential alternative for increasing the selectivity of available herbicides. A desirable herbicide antidote is a chemical agent that selectively protects crops from herbicide injury without protecting weeds. This selectivity is the result of either a very specific crop–herbicide–antidote interaction or a selective treatment such as the dressing of crop seeds with the antidote. Herbicide antidotes are developed primarily through random screening techniques that involve most combinations of important herbicides, major crops, and candidate antidotes. The timing of herbicide and antidote applications to the crop as well as differential intraspecific tolerance of crop cultivars to combinations of herbicides plus antidotes needs to be established for optimum effectiveness of herbicide antidotes in the field.
Reservoir Topography by Shoreline Plotting

Irrigation development in the 35,000 sq mile Upper Snake River Basin, above Bliss, Idaho, requires coordinated use of uncommitted ground and surface water. To use the surface water, new storage is needed; enlargement of American Falls Reservoir is a possibility. To appraise enlargement, the present (1963) capacity of the reservoir has to be known. Reservoir remapping was based on plotting the shoreline, the contact between water-line and ground-line, at selected reservoir water-surface elevations. A triangulation network of shore points extending into dewatered zones provided horizontal control. Multiple flights for aerial photography of the shoreline were used in obtaining vertical ground control. Where banks were steep, successive flights gave infinite image point elevations for vertical control, allowing conventional stereoplotting.
A Comparison of Three Parallel Algorithms for 3D Reconstruction

In this paper we report on three parallel algorithms used for 3D reconstruction of asymmetric objects from their 2D projections. We discuss their computational, communication, I/O, and space requirements and present some performance data.
Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics in the general theory of relativity II. Linear fields in a kinetic approximation

Abstract The first paper in this series introduced a new, manifestly covariant approach to non-equilibrium statistical mechanics in classical general relativity. The object of this second paper is to apply that formalism to the evolution of a collection of particles that interact via linear fields in a fixed curved background spacetime. Given the viewpoint adopted here, the fundamental objects of the theory are a many-particle distribution function, which lives in a many-particle phase space, and a many-particle conservation equation which this distribution satisfies. By viewing a composite N-particle system as interacting one- and (N − 1)-particle subsystems, one can derive exact coupled equations for appropriately defined reduced one- and (N − 1)-particle distribution functions. Alternatively, by treating all the particles on an identical footing, one can extract an exact closed equation involving only the one-particle distribution. The implementation of plausible assumptions, which constitute straightforward generalizations of standard non-relativistic “kinetic approximations”, then permits the formulation of an approximate kinetic equation for the one-particle distribution function. In the obvious non-relativistic limit, one recovers the well-known Vlasov-Landau equation. The explicit form for the relativistic expression is obtained for three concrete examples, namely, interactions via an electromagnetic field, a massive scalar field, and a symmetric second rank tensor field. For a large class of interactions, of which these three examples are representative, the kinetic equation will admit a relativistic Maxwellian distribution as an exact stationary solution; and, for these interactions, an H-theorem may be proved.
Solution styrene butadiene copolymers with lithium alkyl initiators

This paper is a review of the alkyllithium system of the copolymerization of butadiene and styrene. The alkyllithium system offer a very versatile tool by which a wide variety of styrene butadiene copolymers can be made to fit a particular application. Included are discussions of block and non-block copolymers of styrene butadiene, copolymers with functional groups, and copolymers with varying microstructure. In addition, wear and tractuion on a series of styrene butadiene copolymers with varying content and microstructure are presented. Hier wird ein Uberblick uber die Copolymerisation von Butadien und Styrol mit Alkyl-Lithium-Initiatoren gegeben, mit denen eine grose Vielfalt von Butadien/Styrol-Copolymeren fur spezielle Anwendungen hergestellt werden kann. So werden Block-und Nichtblock-Copolymere, Copolymere mit funktionellen Gruppen und Copolymere mit verschiedener Mikrostruktur beschrieben. Ferner werden Daten uber die Abrieb- und Zug-Eigenschaften von Styrol/Butadien-Copolymeren mit unterschiedlichem Styrolgehalt und verschiedener Mikrostruktur angegeben.
Use of a radiofrequency probe for tenoscopic‐guided annular ligament desmotomy

Summary Reasons for performing study: Annular ligament desmotomy is commonly performed in horses with chronic tenosynovitis. Previously reported tenoscopic techniques have limitations related to haemorrhage and awkward instrumentation. Radiofrequency (RF) energy affords precision and excellent haemostasis and may be a good alternative to sharp transection of the annular ligament in horses. Objective: To describe a technique for using a RF probe for tenoscopic-guided annular ligament desmotomy and to report the clinical outcome of horses in which it was performed. Methods: Cadaver specimens (n = 14) and live horses undergoing unrelated terminal procedures (n = 2) were used to optimise the tenoscopic-guided RF annular ligament desmotomy technique. Records were examined for all horses undergoing annular ligament desmotomy with an RF probe from 2003 to 2008 for which follow-up of >1 year post operatively was available. Results: The annular ligament was successfully transected in the cadaver and live horse model limbs using 2 different commercially available RF probes. Complete transection was achieved with practice and confirmed on gross dissection. Histopathology did not reveal any collateral damage to surrounding tissue. Follow-up of >1 year was available for 6 of 7 clinical cases. Four of 6 horses returned to work. Owners were satisfied with the outcome in all cases. Conclusions: Desmotomy using a RF probe allows precise tissue transection under tenoscopic guidance without damage to surrounding structures or haemorrhage. With experience, it is an easily performed technique. In clinical patients, an acceptable outcome may be expected. Potential relevance: Tenoscopic-guided RF annular ligament desmotomy offers advantages, including reliable haemostasis and precise tissue transection, over previously reported techniques and is a viable surgical alternative for treating horses with annular ligament desmitis and other complex pathology within the tendon sheath.
Gross-total resection outcomes in an elderly population with glioblastoma: a SEER-based analysis

Object There is limited information on the relationship between patient age and the clinical benefit of resection in patients with glioblastoma. The purpose of this study was to use a population-based database to determine whether patient age influences the frequency that gross-total resection (GTR) is performed, and also whether GTR is associated with survival difference in different age groups. Methods The authors identified 20,705 adult patients with glioblastoma in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry (1998–2009). Surgical practice patterns were defined by the categories of no surgery, subtotal resection (STR), and GTR. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to assess the pattern of surgical practice and overall survival. Results The frequency that GTR was achieved in patients with glioblastoma decreased in a stepwise manner as a function of patient age (from 36% [age 18–44 years] to 24% [age ≥ 75]; p < 0.001). For all age groups, glioblastoma patien...