cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children Who are Cruel to Animals: A Review of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychopathology

The relation between childhood cruelty toward animals and interpersonal aggression has long been of interest to developmental psychology, psychiatry, and related disciplines but the empirical study of this relation is relatively recent. This review highlights existing quantitative and qualitative research on childhood animal cruelty, organized according to four areas: (1) the relation between childhood cruelty to animals and concurrent and later antisocial behavior; (2) the significance of cruelty to animals as a specific symptom in the DSM-III-R classification Conduct Disorder; (3) the implication of cruelty to animals in various forms of family and community violence, including child physical and sexual abuse and wife battering; and (4) suggestions for research in the areas of definition, prevention, and intervention.
A preliminary evaluation of the Super-Scan meat analyser for the analysis of poultry meat

Summary The Super-scan meat analyser measures protein, fat and moisture on an homogenate of the sample by infrared absorption in the transmittance rather than the reflectance mode. A preliminary evaluation of the instrument using fifty-two samples of chicken or turkey meat indicated that the instrument gave reliable results for fat but not for protein and moisture. Regression equations were obtained from the combined data and used to correct the protein and moisture results. These equations were tested on a further twenty-eight samples of turkey meat and the results obtained demonstrated that the instrument could be used for the rapid analysis of poultry meat.
Relationship between phosphorylation and synthesis of goldfish optic nerve proteins during regeneration

After intraocular injection of radiolabeled phosphate and 3H-proline, the labeling of goldfish optic nerve proteins was monitored over a 7 week period of regeneration following a lesion to the optic tract. Labeled phosphate incorporation into total nerve protein increased to a peak value about twice that in normal nerve at 3 weeks after injury, then declined to slightly above normal by 7 weeks. Incorporation of 3H- proline showed a higher rise and a steeper decline, with values still significantly above normal at 7 weeks. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that almost all the individual proteins examined underwent an increase in 3H-proline incorporation with a peak at about 3 weeks. However, only 4 proteins showed an increase in incorporation of 32P correlated with the increase in 3H-proline. The closest correlation was seen for protein 4, the equivalent of the growth-associated protein GAP-43; for the other 3 proteins (15, 31, and 38) 32P incorporation remained elevated even when 3H-proline incorporation had declined. Two other proteins (24e and 48) showed increased 32P incorporation not correlated with 3H-proline changes. Several proteins showed a decrease in 32P incorporation, even though 3H- proline incorporation was increased. For example, the phosphorylation of ON2, a neuronal intermediate filament protein, showed a long-lasting decline, which was already evident at 1 week and had not yet returned to normal by 7 weeks. Other proteins in this group (33, 37, and 46) showed a faster recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Equity Prices, Bond Spreads, and Credit Default Swaps in Emerging Markets

This paper examines equilibrium price relationships and price discovery between credit defaul swap (CDS), bond, and equity markets for emerging market sovereign issuers. Findings suggest that CDS and bond spreads converge despite various pressures that arise in the market. In most countries, however, we do not find any equilibrium price relationship between the bond and CDS markets and the equity markets. As for price discovery, our results are mixed. This stands in contrast to the empirical findings on corporate issuers in the United States and Europe.
On the Road to Paran: Toward a Christian Perspective on Hagar and Ishmael:

Some notable and common interpretations of Hagar’s and Ishmael’s story are Christian in origin, but fall short of higher Christian ideals of faith, hope, and charity. This essay contains evaluation...
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

This article, the fourth in a continuing education update series on hematology, reviews paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), a clonal marrow stem cell disorder that involves erythroid, myeloid, megakaryocytic, and some lymphoid lineage. The disorder is sometimes classified as a chronic myeloproliferative syndrome because of its potential to transform into acute leukemia or one of the myelodysplastic syndromes. Clinically, the disorder manifests and is sometimes classified as a chronic hemolytic anemia. The disorder expresses itself as chronic hemolytic anemia, variable cytopenias, and venous thrombosis. Paroxysms of nocturnal hemoglobinuria occur in a minority of patients. The disorder is strongly associated with aplastic anemia, which may precede, develop concurrently with, or appear after the diagnosis of PNH.
Human frataxin is an allosteric switch that activates the Fe-S cluster biosynthetic complex.

Cellular depletion of the human protein frataxin is correlated with the neurodegenerative disease Friedreich’s ataxia and results in the inactivation of Fe−S cluster proteins. Most researchers agree that frataxin functions in the biogenesis of Fe−S clusters, but its precise role in this process is unclear. Here we provide in vitro evidence that human frataxin binds to a Nfs1, Isd11, and Isu2 complex to generate the four-component core machinery for Fe−S cluster biosynthesis. Frataxin binding dramatically changes the KM for cysteine from 0.59 to 0.011 mM and the catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of the cysteine desulfurase from 25 to 7900 M−1 s−1. Oxidizing conditions diminish the levels of both complex formation and frataxin-based activation, whereas ferrous iron further stimulates cysteine desulfurase activity. Together, these results indicate human frataxin functions with Fe2+ as an allosteric activator that triggers sulfur delivery and Fe−S cluster assembly. We propose a model in which cellular frataxin l...
Research Note: Restriction Enzymes MspI, HpaII, HaeIII, and HinfI Applied to Chicken Mitotic Chromosomes

Abstract The restriction enzymes Msp I, Hpa II, Hae III, and Hinf I were applied in situ to chicken metaphase chromosomes to determine if they denatured specific regions to produce banding patterns. Human metaphase chromosomes were treated simultaneously to serve as controls. The Msp I, Hpa II, and Hae III enzymes produced no visible banding patterns in chicken chromosomes. There was slight banding on a few chromosomes in Hinf I preparations, which was similar to the occasional spontaneous banding observed in chicken chromosome preparations. The results indicate that these four enzymes do not denature C-band regions in sufficient magnitude to be detected in chicken metaphase chromosomes.
Mechanistic Discussion of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at undoped and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs and N-CNTs, respectively) was studied by cyclic voltammety, rotating disk electrode voltammetry, and gasometric analysis in neutral and alkaline aqueous solutions. At undoped CNTs, the ORR proceeds by two successive two-electron processes with hydroperoxide (HO2–) as the intermediate. At N-CNTs, the ORR occurs through a “pseudo”-four-electron pathway involving a catalytic regenerative process in which hydroperoxide is chemically disproportionated to form hydroxide (OH–) and molecular oxygen (O2). The ORR mechanism at both undoped and N-doped varieties is supported by steady state polarization and gasometric measurements of hydroperoxide disproportionation rates. An enhancement of over 1000-fold for hydroperoxide disproportionation is observed for N-CNTs, with rates comparable to the best known peroxide decomposition catalysts. A positive correlation between nitrogen content and ORR activities is observed where the ORR...
Determination of Residual Epoxyethane in Medical Injection Instruments by Headspace Capillary Gas Chromatography

Objective To explore the determination of residual epoxyethane in medical injection instruments using headspace capillary gas chromatography.Methods An HP-5 capillary column(30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm) and an FID detector were used in the determination.The oven temperature was kept at 120 ℃ for 8 minutes.The example inlet temperature was kept at 200 ℃,while the temperature of the detector was kept at 250 ℃.Results The method had a linear range between 5~50 μg(r=0.994).The detection limit was 1 μg/g,and the standard deviations were 1.7%~5.6%.Conclusions The method has been proved to be convenient,sensitive and accurate.It meets the requirement for the determination of residual epoxyethane in medical injection instruments.
The Affaire des placards , Polemical Humour, and the Sardonic Laugh

Working with Erasmus’s exploration of the sardonic laugh, this article begins with the placard of the notorious Affaire des placards of 17–18 October 1534. The aim is to uncover uses of polemical humour in pamphlets produced during the early years of religious conflict in France. Starting with Antoine Marcourt, the likely author of the placard, the article investigates Marcourt’s first known satirical pamphlet, the Livre des marchans. This is followed by a study of Jerome Hangest’s response to the affaire. Hangest was not only the person designated by the Sorbonne to produce a response to the placards, but also one of the first Catholics to attempt to counteract the effects of Protestant propaganda in France. Finally, this article examines Marcourt’s enigmatic co-religionist, Marie Dentiere, whose work also contains illuminating examples of the sardonic laugh. In all of this, the goal is to uncover connections between humour and violence, as well as growing suspicions about the uses and dangers of laughter. As new, more vicious forms of satire are developed, suspicions about these also intensify, and, in an increasingly polarized society, there is little room left for laughter other than the sardonic laugh.
Numerical Fixed Point Approximation in Banach Space

As we have seen in the preceding chapters, the drift-diffusion model of a steady-state semiconductor device is formed by a system of three coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) for which discrete and continuous maximum principles exist. This system of PDEs is solved by a solution vector of three function components. Moreover, a fixed point mapping T can be defined. Although the definition of T is not unique, and various decouplings are possible, as was rigorously analyzed in Chap. 4, it is possible to achieve complete decoupling, via gradient equations, when the recombination term satisfies monotonicity properties, or is taken to be zero. This is carried out by solving each of these PDEs for its corresponding component, and substituting these components in successive PDEs in a Gauss-Seidel iterative fashion. Fixed points of such a mapping then coincide with solutions to the drift-diffusion model. Iteration with this mapping T defines an algorithm for the solution of the drift-diffusion model, typically termed Gummel iteration in the literature. It is really Picard iteration for the map T. The Lipschitz constant has been examined in detail in Chap. 4.
A ‘master status’ or the ‘final straw’? Assessing the role of immigration status in Latino undocumented youths’ pathways out of school

ABSTRACTPrevious research on undocumented youth and young adults in the United States asserts that immigration status is a ‘master status’, wherein undocumented status overshadows the impact of other social locations. Drawing primarily on interviews with 45 Latina/o undocumented immigrant youth who stopped out of school, I assess whether the ‘master status’ explanation accurately characterises how immigration status shapes undocumented youths’ pathways out of school. Using an intersectional lens, I argue that multiple social locations disrupt educational pathways and set the stage for immigration status to emerge as the ‘final straw’ that pushes undocumented youth to leave school. Specifically, I show how race, class, gender, and first-generation college student status heavily shape undocumented youths’ educational journeys. I find that their resistance to these other forms of marginalisation is weakened by the emerging salience of undocumented status as a severe, relatively insurmountable legal barrier. ...
Motivations for market restructuring: Evidence from U.S. electricity deregulation

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine whether electricity restructuring was brought about due to the Public Interest Theory (that regulatory changes are undertaken to benefit society) or the Interest Group Theory (that groups hoping to gain from deregulation lobby for regulatory changes). From 1996 to 2002 eighteen states developed restructuring programs targeted at improving efficiency through the use of increased wholesale trading, abolition of ‘cost of service’ regulation, measures to open electricity production to non-utility entities, and the unbundling of transmission and distribution. Results indicate some evidence of the Public Interest Theory and strong evidence of the Interest Group Theory.
The Role of the Moral Emotions in Our Social and Political Practices

In this article, I address problems associated with ‘Modernity’ and those encountered at the impasse of post-modernity and the newly named phenomenon of ‘post-secularism’. I consider more specifica...
A tachykinin-like neuroendocrine signalling axis couples central serotonin action and nutrient sensing with peripheral lipid metabolism.

Serotonin, a central neuromodulator with ancient ties to feeding and metabolism, is a major driver of body fat loss. However, mechanisms by which central serotonin action leads to fat loss remain unknown. Here, we report that the FLP-7 neuropeptide and its cognate receptor, NPR-22, function as the ligand-receptor pair that defines the neuroendocrine axis of serotonergic body fat loss in Caenorhabditis elegans. FLP-7 is secreted as a neuroendocrine peptide in proportion to fluctuations in neural serotonin circuit functions, and its release is regulated from secretory neurons via the nutrient sensor AMPK. FLP-7 acts via the NPR-22/Tachykinin2 receptor in the intestine and drives fat loss via the adipocyte triglyceride lipase ATGL-1. Importantly, this ligand-receptor pair does not alter other serotonin-dependent behaviours including food intake. For global modulators such as serotonin, the use of distinct neuroendocrine peptides for each output may be one means to achieve phenotypic selectivity. Serotonin is a potent stimulator of fat loss and energy expenditure in several species, includingC. elegans. Here, Palamiuc et al. identify the neuropeptide, FP-7, and its receptor in the intestine, NRP-22 as mediators of serotonergic body fat loss in worms.
Modular specification and verification of a cache-coherent interface

We consider the problem of constructing a modular specification for a cache coherence protocol implementing a weakly consistent shared memory model. That is, we wish to specify the interface between components in a way that, if all components locally satisfy their interface specifications, the components collectively implement the desired memory semantics. The problem we face is that the semantics involves an existential quantifier over memory orderings that cannot be witnessed locally. We solve this problem using a specification idiom based on reference objects and circular assume-guarantee reasoning. The specification is written using a language and a tool called Ivy. We use Ivy to specify the TileLink coherent memory interface protocol and to prove compositionally that interconnections of TileLink components implement the memory semantics correctly. The specification is also used for modular specification-based testing of RTL components.
Locomotive: Optimizing mobile web traffic using selective compression

Mobile web traffic and application data demands are growing at a rapid rate and are at odds with resource-constrained, data-capped, wireless mobile devices. Data compression can be used to reduce web traffic, save energy, and make network transfers faster. Compression can, however, hurt performance if not used judiciously. We propose Locomotive, a library that improves the performance of network transfers in wireless mobile networks by employing selective compression based on data type and network conditions. We demonstrate that Locomotive improves performance of web transfers by roughly 12–24% while reducing data usage by 39%.
Using the 2011-16 Tours de France to refine prediction model and elicit racing strategies:

Every year our research group predicts winning times of all 21 Tour de France stages using a model that treats each stage as a series of inclined planes. We report here on our most recent modificat...
Antipsychotics for aggression in adults: A meta-analysis

Aggressive behavior complicates the presentation of many psychiatric illnesses, and is associated with significant morbidity. Antipsychotic medications are used to treat this symptom dimension across multiple diagnoses. In this meta-analysis we sought to identify the effect size of antipsychotic medications for the treatment of reactive-impulsive aggression in adults, and identify differences across underlying diagnosis and specific agent. A search was conducted of four databases, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Embase and the Cochrane Library to end date of August 10, 2016. The search terms included "aggression", "irritable mood", "anger", "hostility" and "antipsychotic agents" or "dopamine antagonists". 505 results were found, of which 47 were reviewed in detail and 21 ultimately included in the analysis. Antipsychotics were broadly effective for the treatment of aggression, but with effect sizes similar to those for non-pharmacologic interventions (standard mean difference=0.29, 95% confidence interval 0.22-0.36, z=8.5, p<0.001). There was no evidence for differences according to choice of agent (χ2=2.7, df=6, p=0.85), or conclusive evidence as to the importance of the underlying diagnosis (χ2=3.2, df=3, p=0.36). A small but significant dose effect was identified (β=0.0002, 95% CI 0.0001-0.0004, p=0.038). Although antipsychotics appear to be effective for treatment of aggression, their small effect sizes in the context of their significant side-effects should be taken into account when making clinical decisions about their use.
Pharmacist's Role in Improving Medication Adherence in Transplant Recipients With Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders.

Medication nonadherence rates are high in both the transplant and psychiatric populations. The consequence of medication nonadherence posttransplant is graft rejection and psychiatric decompensatio...
High-level synthesis of key based obfuscated RTL datapaths

Reverse engineering (RE) a register transfer level (RTL) description allows an attacker to counterfeit intellectual property (IP) as well as introduce hardware trojans. To mitigate this risk, RTL obfuscation can be employed. Most of the existing obfuscation methods are targeted at gate-level and layout-level. In this work, we propose key based RTL obfuscation scheme at an early design phase during high-level synthesis (HLS). Given a control data flow graph (CDFG), obfuscation points are identified during scheduling and obfuscation logic is inserted during the datapath generation phase. In order to keep performance overhead low, such insertion is done only on noncritical paths. We implemented the proposed obfuscation technique in an in-house HLS system and the obfuscated RTL designs were synthesized to gate-level with Synopsys Design compiler targeting 90nm CMOS technology library. Based on the experimental results on four datapath intensive benchmarks, we demonstrate that proposed approach obfuscates the design with extremely low probability of reverse engineering. For a 32-bit obfuscation key, the average area, delay, and power overheads are 2.45%, 2.65%, and 2.61% respectively, which are reasonable.
Multiple Imputation for Missing Values in Homicide Incident Data: An Evaluation Using Unique Test Data:

Incident-level homicide datasets such as the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) commonly exhibit missing data. We evaluated multiple imputation methods (that produce multiple completed datasets, ...
Methodology for an Integrative Assessment of China's Ecological Restoration Programs

While research projects have been conducted to examine the impacts and effectiveness of China's ecological restoration programs, few of them represent integrated, systematic efforts. The objective of this chapter is thus to articulate and outline a methodology for an integrative assessment, which, we believe, should embrace both the environmental and socioeconomic changes and engage investigations at multiple scales. Further, these investigations should be pursued through interdisciplinary collaboration with expertise from ecology, economics, hydrology, and geospatial, climate, and land change sciences. We argue that the deployment of geospatial capability, the use of longitudinal data, and the connection between science and policy should be the hallmarks of an integrative assessment. We also describe our general approach and specific models to quantify the environmental and socioeconomic impacts induced by implementing the restoration programs, and address the issue of how to overcome the challenges in generating the data needed for executing various empirical tasks. We hope that the adoption and application of this methodology will make a valuable contribution to a more robust and timely assessment as well as implementation of the ecological restoration programs in and outside of China.
Multiple Atmospheric-Window Techniques for Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperatures

The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the TIROS-N generation of NOAA’s polar-orbiting satellites detects emitted radiation in the window channels 3.55–3.93 and 10.5–11.5 µm, and later instruments will add a third at 11.5–12.5 µm. Atmospheric corrections using various combinations of brightness temperatures from all the AVHRR channels have been simulated by use of atmospheric transmittance models. These calculations employed a large set of seasonally and geographically diverse atmospheric profiles of temperature and moisture from radiosondes. The results of preliminary tests of a two-window method using AVHRR measurements from NOAA-6 were verified against buoy and XBT temperatures and yielded root mean square differences of about 1.1 K. High resolution, contoured charts of absolute sea surface temperature are presented.
Stag3D: A code for modeling thermo-chemical multiphase convection in Earth's mantle

Publisher Summary Modeling convection in Earth's 2900 km deep mantle is challenging because of the multi-rheological and multi-compositional nature of mantle materials. For studying long-term evolution, viscous creep is the most important deformation mechanism, but viscosity is strongly dependent on temperature, pressure, and often strain rate, varying by many orders of magnitude over 100 km thick boundary layers and convective upwellings and downwellings. Realistic modeling of convection in Earth's mantle requires treatment of strong viscosity variations, solid-solid phase changes, and compositional differentiation. The chapter discusses the implementation of these features into a 3-D finite volume code, and presents sample results. The resulting model appears very promising for studying Earth's thermochemical evolution. The chapter further discusses the implementation of two processes: melting and differentiation, and multi-mineralogical phase transitions. Treatments of melting-induced compositional differentiation and multiple-phase transitions have been successfully implemented in the code Stag3D and are being used to improve the understanding of Earth's interior dynamics and evolution.
Chapter 14 – Synurophyte Algae*

Members of the class Synurophyceae are unicellular or colonial motile flagellates, with one or two golden-colored plastids and a cell covering of siliceous scales. The scales are highly organized on the cell and form species-specific designs used to identify each taxon. Informally, the organisms are often referred to as scaled chrysophytes. There are more than 220 recognized species or sub-specific taxa, the vast majority belonging to Mallomonas and Synura. Synurophyceae are common euplanktonic organisms found in ponds, lakes, bogs, and wetlands, as well as in slowly flowing streams and rivers. Habitats supporting the richest floras are generally slightly acidic; are low in specific conductance, alkalinity, and nutrient content; and have moderate concentrations of humic substances. Because numerous species have limited distributions along various environmental gradients, synurophytes are excellent bioindicators and are often used in paleolimnological studies. This chapter provides a classification of the Synurophyceae, with descriptions of their morphology, reproduction, ecology, and distribution.
Gene expression of TMEM178 , which encodes a negative regulator of NFATc1, decreases with the progression of asthma severity

In two independent microarray studies involving primary airway epithelial cells, the relative gene expression of TMEM178 decreases with the progression of asthma severity. Our manuscript creates a paradigm for future studies dissecting the role of Tmem178 in the pathogenesis of severe asthma.
Teaching NeuroImages: Frontal lobe Streptococcus abscess

A 21-year-old woman presented with a generalized tonic-clonic seizure, followed by 2 days of worsening headache. She was afebrile with normal serology and normal funduscopic and neurologic examination. CT head showed a frontal mass with surrounding edema concerning for primary brain tumor, demyelination, metastases, or infection. MRI brain revealed a ring-enhancing lesion characteristic for brain abscess.1 CSF cultures grew Streptococcus intermedius and the source was presumed to be from dental cleaning 2 weeks prior.2 Review of original scans revealed a faint hyperdense ring (figure, B), highlighting this pertinent radiologic finding and importance of considering abscess in patients with frontal lobe lesion, even in the absence of infectious findings.
Tailgating Risk-Aware Beacon Rate Adaptation for Distributed Congestion Control in VANETs

Vehicular safety applications require vehicles to maintain a high awareness level of the local neighborhood through broadcasting safety beacons on the control channel. However, the existing 10-MHz control channel in the IEEE 802.11p based Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) standard can be easily congested by frequent beaconing in a dense environment which therefore degrades the performance of network and safety level of vehicles. Existing congestion mitigation approaches aim to fairly distribute the channel resources based on channel load measurements, but fail to incorporate the road safety requirements of vehicles. In this paper, we model the congestion control problem of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) as a utility maximization problem leveraging i) the contribution of every vehicle to channel load with respect to its location, and ii) a car-following risk factor which is defined as the rear-end crash risk perceived by each vehicle. A distributed game-theoretic rate adaptation mechanism is then proposed to address the problem. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme dominates IEEE 802.11p CSMA/CA based beaconing mechanism in terms of packet loss, packet delivery rate and aggregate throughput.
Discovery of Pulsed X-ray Emission from the SMC Transient RX J0117.6-7330

We report on the detection of pulsed, broad-band, X-ray emission from the transient source RX J0117.6-7330. The pulse period of 22 seconds is detected by the ROSAT/PSPC instrument in a 1992 Sep 30 - Oct 2 observation and by the CGRO/BATSE instrument during the same epoch. Hard X-ray pulsations are detectable by BATSE for approximately 100 days surrounding the ROSAT observation (1992 Aug 28 - Dec 8). The total directly measured X-ray luminosity during the ROSAT observation is 1.0E38 (d/60 kpc)^2 ergs s-1. The pulse frequency increases rapidly during the outburst, with a peak spin-up rate of 1.2E-10 Hz s-1 and a total frequency change 1.8%. The pulsed percentage is 11.3% from 0.1-2.5 keV, increasing to at least 78% in the 20-70 keV band. These results establish RX J0117.6-7330 as a transient Be binary system.
Reservation Return and Asset Pricing Inference

We utilize a novel data about households’ reservation returns to reexamine the limited stock market participations and the equity premium puzzles, where instead of asking why households are too averse to risk, we ask why households exhibit greater reservation returns (which reflect the instantaneous price of deferring consumption) than what the standard finance theory suggests. We employ theoretical model that utilizes the psychology Maslow theory about basic needs (minimum consumption) to explain the discrepancy of reservation return between the theory and data. Empirically, we find that the reservation return varies across households and is higher for women and minorities as well as investor’s with great experience and overconfidence level. Furthermore, the reservation return influences the propensity to participate in the stock market and most importantly does not co-vary with households’ risk tolerance levels. Collectively, the reservation return is a critical determinant for stock market participation and asset pricing in general.
Story-Making and Photography: The Visual Essay and Migration

It can be argued that migrants express their own agency, via spatial practices, to change the meanings of the spaces and places they occupy and use. Although they are not the most powerful agents in our glocalized world, they nevertheless sometimes consciously and more often unconsciously, compete with others to visually define their micro-worlds for themselves and, therefore, for more powerful others as well (Krase & Shortell, 2015). Of course, migrants move, but they also settle and can establish more or less permanent enclaves. As students of mid- to large-scale urban change, we focus on commercial neighborhood vernacular landscapes which we argue have the greatest visual impact on observers. As we argue here, special attention should be paid to the visible products of their settlement which are enacted in local vernacular landscapes. For example, markets, places of worship, and even the patterns of dress of people on the street can serve as powerful semiotics or “markers” of change due to migration. It must be noted at the outset that social scientist, like ordinary observers, must avoid the common tendency to essentialize these visible signs that contribute to the problem of stereotyping social groups.
Perceived patient-centered communication, quality of life, and symptom burden in individuals with ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective To describe perceptions of patient-centered communication (PCC); assess whether physician specialty, patient characteristics, or health system characteristics are associated with PCC; and identify associations between PCC, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and symptom burden among individuals with ovarian cancer. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive survey of English-speaking adults with ovarian cancer. PCC, HRQoL, and ovarian cancer symptom burden were assessed with the PCC-Ca-36, the FACT-G, and the FOSI-18, respectively. PCC-Ca-36 scores were summarized using descriptive statistics. Predictors of PCC-Ca-36, FACT-G, and FOSI-18 scores were identified using multiple linear regression. Results Participants (n = 176) had a mean age of 59.4 years (SD = 12.1). The majority (65.9%) had advanced-stage disease, while 42.0% were receiving treatment. The mean PCC-Ca-36 total score was 4.09 (SD = 0.78) out of a possible 5, indicating participants often perceived that clinicians engaged in PCC. Among the PCC functions, participants reported that clinicians least often enabled patient self-management (M = 3.65, SD = 0.99), responded to emotions (M = 3.84, SD = 1.04), and managed uncertainty (M = 3.91, SD = 0.93). In multivariable analyses, neither physician specialty nor patient and health system characteristics were significantly associated with overall PCC. Greater overall PCC predicted better overall HRQoL; better social/family, emotional, and functional well-being; and lower overall and physical symptom burden (all p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Greater PCC is significantly associated with better HRQoL and lower symptom burden among individuals with ovarian cancer. Practice implications Promotion of PCC is a promising strategy to improve patient-reported outcomes in the ovarian cancer care setting.
Sixteen Million Angry Men: Reviving a Dead Doctrine to Challenge the Constitutionality of Excluding Felons from Jury Service

While conceding that precedent and contextual factors prohibit the characterization of jury service as a fundamental right and pose insurmountable barriers to establishing felons as a class worthy of special protection, this Article contends that under the equal protection model, jury service is an important right, the burden of which mandates intermediate constitutional scrutiny. Moreover, this Article asserts that felon jury exclusion statutes warrant the application of the irrebuttable presumption doctrine because they overinclusively presume felons to be unsuitable for jury service while preventing them from taking part in voir dire, an established, individualized process for determining juror fitness.
The Relationship of APOE ε4, Race, and Sex on the Age of Onset and Risk of Dementia.

Objective: To investigate whether APOE e4 genotype — an established risk factor for dementia — is associated with earlier age at diagnosis in addition to increased risk overall, and in secondary analysis by race and sex. Methods: We followed 13,782 dementia-free individuals (n=10,137 White, n=3,645 Black, baseline age 60-66 years) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study for up to 30 years. Dementia was operationalized using standardized algorithms incorporating longitudinal cognitive change, proxy report, and hospital or death certificate dementia codes. We used a mixture of generalized gamma distributions to simultaneously estimate time-to-dementia, time-to-dementia-free-death, and the proportion of individuals with dementia, by APOE e4 status (≥ 1 vs. no alleles). Results: Median age of dementia onset among APOE e4 carriers was 81.7 years (Blacks) and 83.3 years (Whites) compared to 82.6 years (Blacks) and 85.7 years (Whites) in non-APOE e4 carriers (p>0.05 Blacks; p<0.01 Whites). Age of dementia diagnosis did not differ by sex in e4 carriers, but among non-carriers average age was earlier in males than females regardless of race. APOE e4 carriers had on average a higher proportion of diagnoses; results did not differ by race or sex. Conclusions: APOE e4 carrier status is associated with earlier age of dementia diagnosis with differences across race and sex. These findings clarify the causal role of APOE in dementia etiology, could help better identify at-risk subgroups, and may help facilitate better research trial recruitment and design.
Social Distancing and Adolescent Psychological Well-Being: The Role of Practical Knowledge and Exercise.

Abstract Background and Objectives: This intensive longitudinal study investigated (a) the extent to which engaging in social distancing predicted adolescents’ same- and next-day stress and positive affect and (b) whether COVID-19-related knowledge and exercise moderated these links during statewide stay-at-home orders that mandated schools and nonessential businesses to close during the coronavirus pandemic. Methods: Over the course of 28 days at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a nationwide sample of 349 adolescents (Mean age = 15.0; 40% male; 44% Black, 39% White, 9% Latinx, 6% Asian American, 2% Native American) completed daily surveys about their social distancing behaviors, knowledge about the coronavirus, and exercise habits. Analysis was conducted on a total of 9,372 assessments using longitudinal multilevel modeling approaches. Results: Daily engagement in social distancing predicted increases in adolescents’ stress and decreases in their positive affect. Practical knowledge about COVID-19 and daily exercise moderated these links. Specifically, practical knowledge and exercise weakened the positive link between social distancing and stress as well as the negative link between social distancing and positive affect. Conclusions: Adolescents’ practical knowledge and exercise have the potential to buffer against the adverse effects of social distancing on stress and positive affect. However, it is critical for healthcare providers to recognize that youth are experiencing significant stress due to the disruption of developmentally normal patterns of social interaction. Pediatricians should focus on explaining the rationale behind social distancing while encouraging exercise as an adaptive coping mechanism that has benefits for psychological well-being.
The Gait Workbook: A Practical Guide to Clinical Gait Analysis

This workbook is designed to provide a basic understanding of normal and pathological gait. The text begins with basic concepts, such as terminology and pathological mechanisms, and proceeds to a regional analysis of normal and pathological function. Later chapters discuss gait through life span, gender differences, cultural variations, changes seen in aging populations and clinical examples. Thought questions are provided for each chapter with answer keys and bibliographic references at the end of the book. Features include: a structured format for learning observational gait analysis; a regional approach to gait analysis including - the foot and ankle complex, the knee, the hip, the pelvic girdle, the trunk, neck, arms and head; reviews of basic anatomy, kinesiology and deformities of each lower extremity region; and a solid understanding of normal and pathological gait.
The Association of Alpha-Blockers and 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia With Fractures

Abstract Background Alpha-blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors are common drugs used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a prevalent problem in older men associated with significant morbidity and cost. Data regarding how these medications affect skeletal health and fracture risk remain scarce. Methods Studies were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge. studies involving BPH patients that reported odds ratio (OR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between fractures and exposure to 5-alpha reductase inhibitors or alpha-blockers were included. Pooled ORs were calculated using the random-effects model. Results Three studies addressed fracture risk in patients exposed to 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (21,366 fracture cases). Four studies addressed fracture risk in patients exposed to alpha-blockers (22,051 fracture cases). The pooled OR for fractures with 5-alpha reductase inhibitor use was 0.9 (95% CI = 0.7–1.1). For hip/femur fractures with 5-alpha reductase inhibitor use, the pooled OR was 0.8 (95% CI = 0.7–1.0). The pooled OR for fractures with alpha-blockers was 1.1 (95% CI = 0.9–1.3). There was significant statistical heterogeneity among studies for alpha-blockers. Conclusions In patients with BPH, exposure to 5-alpha reductase inhibitors was not associated with change in fracture risk. The 5-alpha reductase inhibitors may have a small protective effect against hip/femur fractures although this was not statistically significant. Although alpha-blockers were not associated with change in fracture risk, caution is required when interpreting the results as significant heterogeneity was present.
Yicesä2.2

Yices is an SMT solver developed by SRI International. The first version of Yices was released in 2006 and has been continuously updated since then. In 2007, we started a complete re-implementation of the solver to improve performance and increase modularity and flexibility. We describe the latest release of Yices, namely, Yices 2.2. We present the tool's architecture and discuss the algorithms it implements, and we describe recent developments such as support for the SMT-LIBa2.0 notation and various performance improvements.
Testing proper mitigation in safety-critical systems: An aerospace Launch application

In the aerospace domain, defects in mitigating failures can have very high costs. This makes it imperative to have systematic testing approaches for making sure that failure mitigations work properly. This paper describes a model-based testing approach that targets mitigations of system failures. It includes models of the system, of possible failures, and required mitigations. It uses all three to construct a mitigation test suite. We apply the approach to a Launch vehicle.
Semimetallic behavior in Fe 2 VAl: NMR evidence

We report the results of a ${}^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ and ${}^{51}\mathrm{V}$ nuclear magnetic resonance study of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}$ at temperatures between 4 and 550 K. This material has been a subject of current interest due to indications of possible heavy fermion behavior. The low-temperature NMR relaxation rate follows a Korringa law, indicating a small density of carriers at the Fermi level. At elevated temperatures, the shifts and relaxation rates go over to a thermally activated response, a semiconductorlike behavior, consistent with separate low-lying bands removed from the Fermi-level. These results are consistent with recent electronic structure calculations, and can explain both the reported activated resistivity as well as the Fermi cutoff exhibited in photoemission studies. While we observe nonstoichiometric samples of $({\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{V}}_{x}{)}_{3}\mathrm{Al}$ to be magnetic, the $x=0.33$ composition is nonmagnetic, with narrow NMR linewidths.
FF-Type Multivariate Models in an Enforced Regression Paradigm

We consider the stochastic dependence of a given random variable Y on a set of its explanatory variables. Using our earlier method of parameter dependence we obtain a description of this dependence in the form of a conditional probability distribution of Y, given any realization of the explanatory variables. We obtain a wide class of conditional distributions, including most of the important non-Gaussian cases, in an explicit, tractable, analytical form which, basically, is not known in the current literature. This fact automatically prompts one to extend the existing regression models, which usually are given in form of conditional expectations, to models based on the corresponding conditional probability distributions, given the same values of the data. The latter models, obviously, contain more statistical information and thus are expected to give better predictions. We also included some, related to the conditional, multivariate probability densities.
Beyond Atomic Sizes and Hume-Rothery Rules: Understanding and Predicting High-Entropy Alloys

High-entropy alloys constitute a new class of materials that provide an excellent combination of strength, ductility, thermal stability, and oxidation resistance. Although they have attracted extensive attention due to their potential applications, little is known about why these compounds are stable or how to predict which combination of elements will form a single phase. In this article, we present a review of the latest research done on these alloys focusing on the theoretical models devised during the last decade. We discuss semiempirical methods based on the Hume-Rothery rules and stability criteria based on enthalpies of mixing and size mismatch. To provide insights into the electronic and magnetic properties of high-entropy alloys, we show the results of first-principles calculations of the electronic structure of the disordered solid-solution phase based on both Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker coherent potential approximation and large supercell models of example face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic systems. We also discuss in detail a model based on enthalpy considerations that can predict which elemental combinations are most likely to form a single-phase high-entropy alloy. The enthalpies are evaluated via first-principles “high-throughput” density functional theory calculations of the energies of formation of binary compounds, and therefore it requires no experimental or empirically derived input. The model correctly accounts for the specific combinations of metallic elements that are known to form single-phase alloys while rejecting similar combinations that have been tried and shown not to be single phase.
Algorithms to Estimate the Temperature and Effective Irradiance Level over a Photovoltaic Module using the Fixed Point Theorem

The purpose of this paper is to present four algorithms to calculate the effective irradiance level, E i and temperature, T, of operation for a photovoltaic module, PVM. The main reasons to develop these algorithms are for monitoring climate conditions, the elimination of temperature and solar irradiance sensors, reductions in cost for a photovoltaic inverter system, and development of new algorithms to be integrated with maximum power point tracking algorithms. The first three algorithms use only the short circuit current, open circuit voltage, the operating current and voltage for the PVM, avoiding the use of pyranometers and thermocouples. The last algorithm can estimate the irradiance level using only the open circuit voltage and the PVM temperature of operation. Finally, simulations and experimental results are presented in the paper.
Perspectives in adolescent risk-taking through instrument development☆

Understanding the high-risk adolescent's perception of risk taking is essential for health professionals to determine appropriate interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the revised Adolescent Risk-Taking Instrument (ARTI) designed to measure the high-risk adolescent's perception of risk taking. This study also examined the variables that are most predictive of social adaptation and risk taking. An ex post facto design was used to standardize data collection and to assess the psychometric properties of the revised ARTI. The nonprobability sample consisted of 167 adolescents attending school in an urban, health-underserved area. Exploratory factor analysis supported construct validity, and Chronbach's Coefficient Alpha supported internal consistency reliability. The reliability coefficient for the risk taking and social adaptation constructs were .80 and .77, respectively. Current perspectives on adolescent risk taking and implications for the use of the ARTI in clinical practice are addressed.
ASAP: the Alternative Splicing Annotation Project

Recently, genomics analyses have demonstrated that alternative splicing is widespread in mammalian genomes (30-60% of genes reported to have multiple isoforms), and may be one of their most important mechanisms of functional regulation. However, by comparison with other genomics data such as genome annotation, SNPs, or gene expression, there exists relatively little database infrastructure for the study of alternative splicing. We have constructed an online database ASAP (the Alternative Splicing Annotation Project) for biologists to access and mine the enormous wealth of alternative splicing information coming from genomics and proteomics. ASAP is based on genome-wide analyses of alternative splicing in human (30 793 alternative splice relationships found) from detailed alignment of expressed sequences onto the genomic sequence. ASAP provides precise gene exon-intron structure, alternative splicing, tissue specificity of alternative splice forms, and protein isoform sequences resulting from alternative splicing. Moreover, it can help biologists design probe sequences for distinguishing specific mRNA isoforms. ASAP is intended to be a community resource for collaborative annotation of alternative splice forms, their regulation, and biological functions. The URL for ASAP is http://www.bioinformatics.ucla.edu/ASAP.