cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intersensory Redundancy Guides the Development of Selective Attention, Perception, and Cognition in Infancy:

That the senses provide overlapping information for objects and events is no extravagance of nature. This overlap facilitates attention to critical aspects of sensory stimulation, those that are redundantly specified, and attenuates attention to nonredundantly specified stimulus properties. This selective attention is most pronounced in infancy and gives initial advantage to the perceptual processing of, learning of, and memory for stimulus properties that are redundant, or amodal (e.g., synchrony, rhythm, and intensity), at the expense of modality-specific properties (e.g., color, pitch, and timbre) that can be perceived through only one sense. We review evidence supporting this hypothesis and discuss its implications for theories of perceptual, cognitive, and social development.
Sliding mode control of one-dimensional heat exchange processes

This paper deals with control of contact evaporation heat transfer processes that are common in refrigeration applications. First, an open loop control technique is developed for the system described by the infinite dimensional heat equation. Finally, a feedback control strategy is provided that only utilizes the knowledge of output temperature. Analysis is confined for heat transfer in a single dimension alone.
Comments on "a variant pattern of Calretinin immunohistochemistry on rectal suction-biopsies is fully specific of short-segment Hirschsprung's disease".

With regard to the paper ‘‘A variant pattern of Calretinin immunohistochemistry on rectal suction-biopsies is fully specific of short-segment Hirschsprung’s disease’’ by Guinard-Samuel et al. [1] as mentioned by the authors the variant pattern of Calretinin staining (termed P? by the authors) had previously been described by Barshack et al. [2] and Alexandrescu et al. [3] to be present in the transitional zone of the bowel in patients with Hirschsprung’s disease. The authors hypothesised that P? staining pattern indicated short-segment Hirschsprung’s disease; this theory was based on a single case out of 131 cases in their previous work [4] which happened to have such a staining pattern and a 2 cm length of aganglionosis. These findings raise several questions. Why is the incidence of P? staining pattern so different from their earlier work (1/131) compared to this study (18/44)? Could it be that such variant staining patterns were previously not recognised and, therefore, classified wrongly? If the incidence of such a variant staining pattern was what their first paper found, the power of their current study would not be sufficient to conclude on its specificity as a diagnostic tool. Kapur had previously cautioned on the possibility of type II errors (false negative) when using Calretinin staining as a diagnostic tool in patients with very shortsegment Hirschsprung’s disease [5]; this is attributed to the proximal segment of aganglionic bowel also staining positive with Calretinin. Instead of the P? staining pattern indicating short-segment disease, could it instead be that the transitional zone is more likely to be biopsied in shortsegment disease? Therefore, leading to an erroneous interpretation that short-segment disease presents with a variant staining pattern. The possibilities presented in this paper are new and exciting. However, these current findings are not likely to affect the decision making for primary/single stage pull through as surgeons will continue to depend on the availability of intraoperative frozen section on the table for two reasons: viz. the low sensitivity of the above finding and need for 24–48 h before Calretinin reports can be made available. Further work, perhaps with prospective studies, could help in addressing some of the concerns above.
Correlation-induced resonances in differential absorption of semiconductors

Summary form only given. Extensive recent studies have provided valuable understanding on the role of correlations between excitons in optical interactions in semiconductors. Few experimental and theoretical studies, however, have addressed the effects of correlations when a semiconductor is excited above the band gap. In this paper, we report studies of 4-particle correlations by using differential absorption (DA) at low excitation levels with well-defined initial energies of excited e-h pairs and excitons. We show that these correlations can lead to an induced resonance in DA spectra immediately after excitation of e-h pairs. The origin and dynamics of this correlation-induced resonance (CIR) is discussed.
Genetics of phytate phosphorus bioavailability: heritability and genetic correlations with growth and feed utilization traits in a randombred chicken population

The current study was undertaken to estimate variance components for phytate P bioavailability (PBA) and the genetic correlations among PBA with growth and feed utilization (or intake) traits in an unselected random mating chicken population. Pedigreed data from 901 Athens-Canadian randombred chickens hatched from 26 sires, 71 dams, and 105 grandparents were used for estimation of genetic parameters. Birds were individually housed in metabolic cages at 4 wk of age and fed a 0.35% P diet. After 3 d of acclimatization, excreta produced for 3 consecutive d were collected and feed consumed (FC) was measured. Individual 4-wk BW and BW gain (BWG) during the 3-d excreta collection period were also measured. Feed conversion ratios (FCR) were calculated. Phytate P bioavailability was estimated from the disappearance of phytate during the passage of feed through the gastrointestinal tract. The restricted maximum likelihood method with the average information matrix algorithm was used for the estimation of variance components. The heritability estimate for PBA was about 0.10. Genetic correlations between PBA and BW, BWG, and FC were moderate and negative, indicating that improving PBA utilization would moderately affect growth. The genetic correlation between PBA and FCR was negligible and suggested that selection for PBA will not adversely affect FCR. The economic implications of genetically modifying poultry to improving phytate P utilization and the subsequent elimination or reduction of the amount of phytase used in poultry diets are yet to be determined.
National technology roadmap for semiconductors: an analysis and perspective

This paper presents a review and critique on the 1997 edition of the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. The '97 roadmap provides more details and is more comprehensive than the 94-roadmap in many ways. However, there are areas where even more details and better definitions of terminologies are needed. This is especially important when one has to make comparative evaluations among the new generation of lithographic machines based upon their specification. There are also questions of the extent to which lithography could be and should be pushed in order to achieve smaller features; since at some stage the smaller features may reach their point of diminishing return due to RC delays in interconnects. The question is then what challenges lithography will face at 0.01 micrometers nodes and beyond.
Identification of candidate biomarkers in ovarian cancer serum by depletion of highly abundant proteins and differential in-gel electrophoresis

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death for women in the U.S., yet survival rates are over 90% when it is diagnosed at an early stage, highlighting the need for biomarkers for early detection. To enhance the discovery of tumor-specific proteins which could represent novel serum biomarkers for ovarian cancer, we depleted serum of highly abundant proteins which can mask the detection of proteins present in serum at low concentrations. Three commercial immunoaffinity columns were used in parallel to deplete the highly abundant proteins in serum from 60 patients with serous ovarian carcinoma and 60 non-cancer controls. Medium and low abundance serum proteins from each serum pool were then evaluated by the quantitative proteomic technique of Differential-In-Gel-Electrophoresis (DIGE). The number of protein spots that were elevated in ovarian cancer sera by at least 2-fold ranged from 36 to 248, depending upon the depletion and separation methods. From the 33 spots picked for MS analysis, nine different proteins were identified, including the novel candidate ovarian cancer biomarkers leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein-1 and ficolin 3. Western blotting validated the relative increases in serum protein levels for three of the proteins identified, demonstrating the utility of this approach for the identification of novel serum biomarkers for ovarian cancer.
A mixed sensitivity optimization design for a benchmark control problem

This paper explores a numerical approach of a mixed H2 sensitivity optimization technique to re-design a robust controller for the Grumman F-14 aircraft, one of the IEEE Control Systems Society's benchmark control problems. By operating in the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) domain, we convert the H2 control problem into a constrained vector minimization problem in the l2-space. A two-stage solution approach is detailed and the controller is then constructed. The advantage of using the proposed method is that the l2-space solution can be analytically expressed and efficiently calculated via existing multichannel algorithms due to the partially block circular structure of the matrices involved in the DFT domain. The approximation can be made arbitrarily close to the original H2 control problem if the number of the DFT points is large. The simulation results are presented to demonstrate the proposed method.
Influence of spatial variation in precipitation on artificial neural network rainfall-runoff model

Modeling rainfall-runoff processes is a very challenging task due to data collection, time, money, and technology constraints. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are modeling tools that can quickly adapt and learn input-output relationships for many different engineering prob- lems. An Elman-type recurrent ANN was trained to simulate observed streamflow for Fountain Creek at Pueblo, CO, using varying amounts of spatial precipitation information. Nine zones were originally delineated within the watershed draining to Fountain Creek at Pueblo based on estimated overland flow travel time. Five different spatially varying scenarios were modeled: scenarios con- taining 9 zones, 6 zones, 3 zones, 2 zones, and 1 zone. Each scenario was trained and simulated 100 times, each with randomly generated initial weights. Spatial variability in precipitation data al- lows the ANN to achieve better performance when simulating the training dataset. However, when applied to the validation and testing time periods, ANN performance generally decreases with addi- tional spatially variability. In addition to exploring results of the ANN rainfall-runoff model, the application of geographical information systems to rainfall-runoff input processing is demonstrat- ed.
Consumption of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in yogurt reduced expression of TLR-2 on peripheral blood-derived monocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in young adults.

Probiotic bacteria modulate immune parameters and inflammatory outcomes. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the matrix used to deliver probiotics may influence the efficacy of probiotic interventions in vivo. The aims of the current study were to evaluate (1) the effect of one species, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 at a dose of log10 ± 0.5 CFUs/day on immune responses in a randomized, partially blinded, 4-period crossover, free-living study, and (2) whether the immune response to BB-12 differed depending on the delivery matrix. Healthy adults (n = 30) aged 18–40 years were recruited and received four treatments in a random order: (A) yogurt smoothie alone; smoothie with BB-12 added (B) before or (C) after yogurt fermentation, or (D) BB-12 given in capsule form. At baseline and after each 4-week treatment, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, and functional and phenotypic marker expression was assessed. BB-12 interacted with peripheral myeloid cells via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2). The percentage of CD14+HLA-DR+ cells in peripheral blood was increased in male participants by all yogurt-containing treatments compared to baseline (p = 0.0356). Participants who consumed yogurt smoothie with BB-12 added post-fermentation had significantly lower expression of TLR-2 on CD14+HLA-DR+ cells (p = 0.0186) and reduction in TNF-α secretion from BB-12- (p = 0.0490) or LPS-stimulated (p = 0.0387) PBMCs compared to baseline. These findings not only demonstrate a potential anti-inflammatory effect of BB-12 in healthy adults, but also indicate that the delivery matrix influences the immunomodulatory properties of BB-12.
Ultrahigh speed variable focus lenses for simultaneous multiplane and high depth of field imaging

An ultra-high speed variable focus element is used to provide simultaneous real-time imaging of multiple and selectable focal planes in a bulk specimen. This novel approach offers promising perspectives in several relevant areas including 3-D microfabrication, and advanced imaging.
Catch and Release DNA Decoys: Capture and Photochemical Dissociation of NF-κB Transcription Factors

Catch and release DNA decoys (CRDDs) are a new class of non-natural DNA probes that capture and dissociate from DNA-binding proteins using a light trigger. Photolytic cleavage of non-natural nucleobases in the CRDD yields abasic sites and truncation products that lower the affinity of the CRDD for its protein target. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of the first-generation CRDD to bind and release NF-κB proteins. This platform technology should be applicable to other DNA-binding proteins by modification of the target sequence.
Emily Dickinson’s Republic of Suffering

In her critical biography of Emily Dickinson, Cynthia Griffin Wolff describes “a new Voice [that] emerges in the poetry after 1862 or 1863”: a voice that “recognizes the needs of others” and “reveals a philosophical turn of mind”; one that “speaks with the authority of one who can comprehend extremities of suffering” (479). It is, she adds, a voice “whose time of war has passed” (497). Alfred Habegger may be hearing the same voice when he says Dickinson’s later poems show a “mature and detached perspective” (501). Neither biographer, however, sees this other-oriented detachment as having any sort of public motivation. Critics suppose the change must be personal. In the opening essay to Wider than the Sky: Essays and Meditations on the Healing Power of Emily Dickinson, Polly Longsworth suggests that although Dickinson had pronounced as early as 1862 that “My business is to love” (L269), her mature voice of condolence did not develop until the death of her father (2, 4). Edward Dickinson’s death followed soon after Thomas Wentworth Higginson’s final visit to Amherst in December 1873, the event that Dickinson marked, Mary Loeffelholz argues, by sending him the poem “Because that you are going / And never coming back” (Fr1314). Both events, Edward Dickinson’s death and Higginson’s farewell, suggest that the change in Dickinson’s poetic voice
Design on Intelligent Diversion & Alarm System of High Pressure Syringe

The leakage of high-pressure syringe is usually happened during the course of clinical applications due to its rapid injection speed and high pressure.Based on Texas Instrument(TI)'s microcontroller MSP430F449 and Measurement Specialties Inc(MEAS)'s pressure sensor FS2050,an intelligent diversion alarm system is designed to prevent the leakage of high-pressure syringe designed.The system can offer real-time monitoring for the full injection process,and start sound light alarm,switch diversion immediately once the leakage is monitored.The intelligent system can not only overcome the shortcomings of easy to loose on mechanical designs,but also increase the switching function which can effectively reduce the pain of patients.Animal experimental results show that the intelligent diversion alarm system is reliable and sensitive and can effectively prevent the leakage of high-pressure syringes.
The Early Life of John Burr Williams

John Burr Williams was the founding father of a new field of corporate finance. This seems somehow appropriate since his ancestors founded a new nation, and he wore their names like a badge.
Case X: Hand Pain

A 70-year-old diabetic male complains of pain and numbness in the lateral three fingers of both hands for a few months. Symptoms are worse at night and he has to shake his hands. He did a lot of typewriting and electrical work in the past. He now spends a considerable amount of time on his motorcycle. PMH significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea.
Learning Disability Subtypes in Neurofibromatosis 1

An analysis of neuropsychological data for 72 children, aged 6 to 18 years, with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1) and academic deficiencies is reported from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
An evaluative review of the evidence supporting idiopathic basal ganglia calcification for inclusion in the compassionate allowances intitiative

Abstract Objectives The Social Security Administration created the Compassionate Allowances List (CAL) as a mechanism for expedited review and delivery of disability benefits. An evaluative review examined the suitability of Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC) for inclusion in the CAL. Methods Using guidance from the Cochrane methodology, a systematic review of the literature was undertaken utilizing nine major databases. Articles (n = 451) which met inclusion criteria were coded and severity thresholds were examined to determine if IBGC “invariably” met CAL inclusion criteria. Results IBGC does not invariably meet the criteria for inclusion in the CAL as the presentation is too variable to universally recommend inclusion. Discussion Given that differentiating between those who are symptomatic and those who are not may include citation of medical evidence, the Quick Disability Determination process may be a more applicable expedited review procedure. For those who are clinically symptomatic inclusion is recommended.
Heart Development in Ciona

Abstract Ciona intestinalis is an important model for studying the genetic and cellular basis of heart development. In this article we summarize the anatomy, physiology, and formation of the heart in developing Ciona embryos. We also review recent studies characterizing the gene network encoding Ciona cardiogenesis and how cellular processes interface with this network. Additionally, we discuss how insights into Ciona heart development inform vertebrate cardiogenesis. More broadly, we consider the potential for Ciona heart research to shed light on the morphogenetic circuitry regulating cell identity and behavior in developing embryos, stem cells, and tumors.
Quantitation of levodopa and carbidopa in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS: The key role of ion-pairing reversed-phase chromatography

A simple and selective bioanalytical method was developed for simultaneous determination of levodopa and carbidopa in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS. Levodopa and carbidopa are small polar molecules, posing challenges in the development of selective and efficient chromatography conditions. Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPA), a volatile ion-pairing agent, was utilized to enhance chromatographic characteristics of both compounds in the reversed-phase mechanism. The ion-pairing chromatography played an essential role in mitigating matrix effects and achieving adequate separation between interfering background peaks and those of the analytes of interest, especially for levodopa. A 96-well based, automated liquid-liquid extraction, via the use Hamilton NIMBUS liquid handlers, was developed. Butyl alcohol, when mixed with ethyl acetate, greatly increased the recovery of both levodopa and carbidopa. The addition of PFPA further enhanced recovery for both analytes. Sodium metabisulfite, an antioxidant, was used to stabilize levodopa and carbidopa in rat plasma. The method was validated in the ranges of 50-10,000ng/mL and 25-5000ng/mL for levodopa and carbidopa, respectively, using levodopa-d3 and carbidopa-d3 as internal standards. The validated method was successfully applied to analyze rat plasma samples from in-life studies.
Energy finance data warehouse: Tracking revenues through the power sector

Abstract Reliable data is needed to understand financial relationships in the power sector. However, relevant data acquisition and visualization can be a challenge due to the fragmented nature of the power sector. The US DOE and ORNL leveraged a Sankey prototype to elucidate the ‘big picture’ of financial flows to understand the complex relationships between specific actors within the power sector. The continued incorporation of high quality data can improve the fidelity of such an approach and lead to an increasingly detailed understanding of financial relationships in the power sector and their implications for policymakers.
Modeling flow in porous media with double porosity/permeability: A stabilized mixed formulation, error analysis, and numerical solutions

Abstract The flow of incompressible fluids through porous media plays a crucial role in many technological applications such as enhanced oil recovery and geological carbon-dioxide sequestration. The flow within numerous natural and synthetic porous materials that contain multiple scales of pores cannot be adequately described by the classical Darcy equations. It is for this reason that mathematical models for fluid flow in media with multiple scales of pores have been proposed in the literature. However, these models are analytically intractable for realistic problems. In this paper, a stabilized mixed four-field finite element formulation is presented to study the flow of an incompressible fluid in porous media exhibiting double porosity/permeability. The stabilization terms and the stabilization parameters are derived in a mathematically consistent manner, and the computationally convenient equal-order interpolation of all the field variables is shown to be stable. A systematic error analysis is performed on the resulting stabilized weak formulation. Representative problems, patch tests and numerical convergence analyses are performed to illustrate the performance and convergence behavior of the proposed mixed formulation in the discrete setting. The accuracy of numerical solutions is assessed using the mathematical properties satisfied by the solutions of this double porosity/permeability model. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed framework can perform well under transient conditions and that it can capture well-known instabilities such as viscous fingering.
Universal Entropie Response of Nonlinear Multimode Optical Systems

We show that the mode occupancies in nonlinear multimode optical systems follow a universal behavior that tends to maximize the system's entropy at steady-state. This thermodynamic response occurs irrespective of the type of nonlinearities involved.
Algae, Bubbles, Coagulants, and Dissolved Air Flotation

This paper like Ken Ives9 PhD research comments upon algae and their removal from drinking water. Specifically, algal properties, difficulties in removing algae by conventional treatment, and dissolved air flotation (DAF) as a treatment method are emphasized. The stability of algal suspensions may be due to surface charge, hydrophilic effects, or steric effects. Coagulation is required as a pretreatment step in DAF to destabilize algal particles relative to the microbubbles, and thus ensure particle-bubble attachment The air supplied in DAF may be expressed fundamentally as mass, volume, and number concentrations of air bubbles. Calculations show high bubble volume concentrations compared to suspended particle volumes. The effectiveness of flotation is examined in terms of dimensionless products and compared to other particle processes. DAF is compared to settling for algal separation in experiments with DAF operating at higher overflow rates and smaller flocculation times. DAF produced clarified waters with lower turbidities and algal counts.
Performance of an X-ray Microcalorimeter with a 240 μm Absorber and a 50 μm TES Bilayer

Superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters are being developed for a variety of potential astrophysics missions, including Athena. The X-ray integral field unit instrument on this mission requires close-packed pixels on a 0.25 mm pitch, and high quantum efficiency between 0.2 and 12 keV. In this work, we describe a new approach with 50 μm square TESs consisting of a Mo/Au bilayer, deposited on silicon nitride membranes to provide a weak thermal conductance to a ~ 50 mK heat bath. Larger TESs usually have additional normal metal stripes on top of the bilayer to reduce the noise. However, we have found that excellent spectral performance can be achieved without the need for any normal metal stripes on top of the TES. A spectral performance of 1.58 ± 0.12 eV at 5.9 keV has been achieved, the best resolution seen in any of our devices with this pixel size.
Coupled Quantum Wells for Optical Modulation

The use of quantum wells in semiconductor materials to confine carriers in one dimension has led to the creation of many optoelectronic devices; among these are quantum well lasers and modulators.1,2 Within quantum wells, the lowest energy optical absorption edge is associated with an extended state consisting of extended election and hole states which are correlated through coulombic attraction, In semiconductors, such as GaAs, these are referred to as Wannier excitons. The electrostatic confinement imposed by the ‘barriers’ of the quantum well compress the radial extent of the exciton wavefunction in one dimension. If quantum confinement energies are much larger than the coulomb binding energies, then exciton absorption is roughly proportional to the overlap of electron and hole wavefunctions. Simply put, the confined system enhances this overlap through the compression of the electron and hole wavefunctions, thus increasing absorption. This large resonant absorption is typically modulated through the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) in which an applied electric field shifts all of the quantized electron and hole states and moves the resonant absorption edge to lower energies (referred to as a red-shift). A region which was initially below the absorption edge (at a wavelength λ1) and had low absorption will have a larger absorption as the exciton energy is red-shifted from its zero bias wavelength (λ0) toward λ1. Simultaneously, the electric field creates a spatial separation of the electrons and holes. This spatial separation decreases the electron-hole envelope wavefunction overlap and reduces peak absorption. Hence, the total absorption change (Δα) at λ1 is a fraction of the maximum absorption at λ0 with zero applied field.
Screening for impaired visual acuity in older adults.

Case study: A 68-year-old black man presents for a routine checkup and refill of his hypertension medication. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for more than 45 years. He asks if he should be screened for cataracts, which his father developed in his 60s. The patient reports no difficulty with his vision and no problem driving at night.
Issues in Rural Special Education That Affect Students with Severe Disabilities

Rural special education teachers of students with severe disabilities and the institutions that prepare them often are faced with unique challenges. This article discusses the need for these teache...
Differentiating Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) is an innovative metabolomics approach that primarily focuses on the gas-phase analyte detection. In this study, we developed a secondary electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (SESI-MS/MS) method with a homemade SESI-MS front end, for sensitive, reproducible and selective detection of headspace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from bacterial culture. The optimized SESI-MS/MS was applied to examine the VOC metabolome of a pair of isogenic methicillin-susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA) strains. From the headspace of bacterial culture, twelve organic acids, and eight amino acids with the mass range of 40–300 Da were specifically targeted with two selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions. Our results indicated that MSSA and MRSA strains can be clearly differentiated via partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) based on their headspace metabolic profiles. Furthermore, we studied the ...
Ultracompact Nanotheranostic PEG Platform for Cancer Applications

We present a new targetable nanoconstruct (NC) capable of simultaneously serving as a therapeutic platform for photodynamic therapy (PDT) as well as a magnetic resonance (MR) molecular imaging agent, free of heavy metal atoms. PDT has seen much interest with the introduction of NC-assisted cell-specific targeting of the photosensitizer (PS). The previously reported ultrasmall 8-arm polyethylene glycol amine (8PEGA) NC, with an attached chlorin e6 (Ce6) PS, yielded promising results for PDT of heart arrhythmia, in vivo and ex vivo, on live rat and sheep hearts, respectively, when using targeting peptides for cell-specific ablation of cardio-myocytes. Here we explore the extension of this NC-based PDT to cancer. For this purpose, we switched the targeting peptide from CTP-cys to F3-cys. Notably, the 8PEGA-Ce6 NCs have a superior reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared to traditional Ce6 encapsulated polyacrylamide (PAAm) NCs, which should be advantageous for PDT. This NC is also cyto-compatible an...
Depth dependence of coherent hemodynamics in the human head.

We report a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) study of coherent hemodynamic oscillations measured on the human forehead at multiple source-detector distances (1 to 4 cm). The physiological source of the coherent hemodynamics is arterial blood pressure oscillations at a frequency of 0.1 Hz, induced by cyclic inflation (to a pressure of 200 mmHg) and deflation of two thigh cuffs wrapped around the subject's thighs. To interpret our results, we use a recently developed hemodynamic model and a phasor representation of the oscillations of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and total hemoglobin concentrations in the tissue (phasors O, D, and T, respectively). The increase in the phase angle between D and O at larger source-detector separations is assigned to greater flow versus volume contributions and to a stronger blood flow autoregulation in deeper tissue (brain cortex) with respect to superficial tissue (scalp and skull). The relatively constant phase lag of T versus arterial blood pressure oscillations at all source-detector distances was assigned to competing effects from stronger autoregulation and smaller arterial-to-venous contributions in deeper tissue with respect to superficial tissue. We demonstrate the application of a hemodynamic model to interpret coherent hemodynamics measured with NIRS and to assess the different nature of shallow (extracerebral) versus deep (cerebral) tissue hemodynamics.
Effective Approaches for Pain Relief in Older Adults

The world’s population is increasingly older. Much attention has been paid to this phenomenon in recent years, especially in developed countries. In 2011, the first of the baby boomers began to reach 65. By 2030 an estimated 20% of the population of adults age 80 and above will have tripled.
A pilot study of Counsel to Quit®: Evaluating an Ask Advise Refer (AAR)-based tobacco cessation training for medical and mental healthcare providers.

Abstract Introduction Despite tobacco use as the largest preventable cause of premature death in the US, many healthcare providers continue to lack the knowledge and confidence in employing the Ask, Advise, Refer (AAR) model in tobacco cessation treatment delivery. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of a novel AAR-styled training program, Counsel to Quit®, across a range of healthcare providers and disciplines (i.e., medical, mental health, other). The Counsel to Quit® training program primarily targeted publically-funded settings that serve communities with high smoking rates. Methods Pre- and post-training surveys were administered to medical, mental health, and other professionals (N = 297) to evaluate the effectiveness of the 60–90 minute Counsel to Quit® counselor training program for improving confidence in the ability to discuss approved tobacco cessation interventions and address the current state of knowledge about the role of electronic cigarettes in tobacco cessation. The trainings were held across 14 different non-profit institutional settings in Chicago, IL. Results The Counsel to Quit® program improved AAR beliefs, the confidence and ability to discuss smoking cessation, and knowledge on the role of electronic cigarettes in tobacco cessation among medical, mental health, and other providers (ps Conclusions Counsel to Quit® is a feasible and effective training for improving AAR beliefs across multiple healthcare provider domains and at different types of publicly-funded healthcare institutions. Further, this training increased provider preparedness to discuss the lack of evidence for e-cigarette use as a form of tobacco cessation.
Association of PIK3CA mutations (mut) with immune engagement and clinical benefit from immunotherapy in microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (pts).

3604Background: PI3K pathway alterations, PIK3CA mut or PTEN loss, are known to modulate anti-tumor immune microenvironment. MSS CRC pts respond infrequently to immunotherapy, suggesting the presen...
Impact of Cover Cropping on Non-Target Arthropod Pests of Red Maple Trees in Nursery Production

Cropping practices can affect the complement of arthropod pests present in production. The impact of cover cropping on key red maple (Acer rubrum [L.]) (Sapindaceae) nursery pests was evaluated. Cover cropping has been identified as a sustainable management method for a key maple pest, flatheaded appletree borer (Chrysobothris femorata [Olivier]) (Buprestidae), but the impact of the cover crop on other non-target arthropod pests in maple production also must be taken into account when determining the usefulness of cover cropping as a pest management tool. In addition to flatheaded appletree borer, other important arthropod pests of red maple in the southeastern United States include maple shoot borer (Proteoteras aesculana [Riley]) (Tortricidae), maple leaftier (Episimus tyrius [Henrich]) (Tortricidae), potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae [Harris]) (Cicadellidae), ambrosia beetles (e.g., Xylosandrus crassiusculus [Motschulsky]) (Curculionidae), and spider mites (Oligonychus aceris [Shimer] and Tetranychus urticae [Koch]) (Tetranychidae). In the fall of 2015, 400 red maple trees were transplanted into a cover cropped field of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum [L.]) (Fabaceae) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum [L.]) (Poaceae). Four nursery tree row management treatments were evaluated: (1) cover crop, (2) cover crop + insecticide, (3) no cover crop, and (4) no cover crop + insecticide. Treatment plots consisting of 25 trees were replicated 4 times in a 2 × 2 factorial design. All trees were evaluated annually in 2016 and 2017 for damage by the previously mentioned arthropod pests. Overall, the cover crop did not increase damage by the common suite of red maple pests. However, the cover crop did compete with trees for nutrients, water, and space, thereby reducing tree growth and the formation of new maple shoots. The low number of new shoots on maple trees in the cover crop rows, and subsequent availability and suitability of host material was the main driver of pest damage differences among treatments.
DImplementing First-order Optimization Methods: Algorithmic Considerations and Bespoke Microcontrollers

Optimization problems are commonplace across energy, manufacturing, and communication industries. Efforts across academia are largely centered on theoretical properties and solution algorithms for optimization problems. Limited attention has been paid to systematically address challenges involved in implementing algorithms on end-use hardware platforms that are typically resource and power constrained. Through this paper, we seek to uncover the link between algorithmic considerations (e.g., convergence, precision) and hardware resources (e.g., memory utilization, gate usage) when optimization problems are deployed on general-purpose microcontrollers: a class of embedded systems with low power consumption and high configurability. Without loss of generality, we focus our attention on first-order optimization methods implemented on the popular MSP430 microcontroller architecture. We outline a strategy to architect bespoke microcontrollers that are optimized to improve cost, power, and other performance metrics for a particular algorithm. In so doing, we take a critical step in bridging the gap between theoretical properties of optimization problems, algorithmic considerations in algorithms, and design goals for computer architecture.
A Roadmap for Institutionalizing Collaborative Care for Depression in a Large Integrated Healthcare System.

Collaborative models for depression have not been widely adopted throughout the USA, possibly because there are no successful roadmaps for implementing these types of models. To provide such a roadmap through a case study of the institutionalization of a depression care management (DCM) initiative for adult depression in a large healthcare system serving over 300,000 adults with depression. A retrospective observational program evaluation. Program evaluation results are presented for those patients enrolled in the initiative from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018. Over a 4-year period, 17,052 patients were treated in the DCM program. In general, participants were women (76%), were Hispanic (47%), spoke English (84%), and were 51.1 ± 18.3 years old, the majority of whom were 30–64 years old (57%). The collaborative care portion of the DCM initiative (DCM program) was implemented by a collaborative care team containing a treatment specialist, an assessment specialist, administrative staff, a primary care physician, and a psychiatry physician. The main outcome measures were total score on the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Outcomes were improvement (defined as at least 50% reduction in symptoms) and remission (defined as a PHQ-9 less than 5) of depression symptoms. Follow-up of depression symptoms was also collected at 6 months following discharge. The average course of treatment in 2018, after full implementation, was 4.6 ± 3.0 months; 62% of patients experienced improvement in symptoms, and 45% experienced remission of their depression at the time of discharge. These rates were maintained at the 6-month follow-up. Collaborative care for depression can be institutionalized in large healthcare systems and be sustained with a specific, detailed roadmap that includes workflows, training, treatment guidelines, and clear documentation standards that are linked to performance metrics. Extensive stakeholder engagement at every level is also critical for success.
Abstract 14093: High-Sensitivity C-reactive Protein Modifies the Effect of Lipoprotein (a) on Cardiovascular Risk: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Introduction: Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) and inflammation, as represented by elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration, are both considered as risk-enhancers in the 2018 AHA/A...
Liberty and Democracy Through the Administrative State: A Critique of the Roberts Court’s Political Theory

The values of liberty and democracy repeatedly arise in recent Supreme Court opinions on administrative law. The conservative Justices have argued that the power vested in government agencies threatens individual freedom and collective self-government. This Article critiques these Justices’ use of political theory. It shows that the Justices’ do not faithfully and even-handedly apply the complex tradition of American political thought on which they rely. They invoke several different and competing aspects of liberty and democracy to criticize the administrative state. But because the conservative Justices do not disentangle the various aspects of these two values from one another, they draw faulty inferences about how best to protect them. Furthermore, they do not acknowledge the ways in which properly structured administrative power promotes liberty and democracy. They thereby aggrandize judicial power at the expense of the elected branches without effectively promoting individual autonomy. This Article argues for a more rigorous, tailored, and nuanced application of the values of liberty and democracy in public law. It demonstrates that the Court should not rely on these values to justify constitutional rules concerning the balance between legislative and executive power or to demarcate the boundary between governmental authority and individual freedom. Because liberty and democracy each have multiple and competing dimensions, it is impossible in these contexts for the Court to draw firm, generalizable conclusions about how these values on the whole will best be advanced. Even where certain liberty or democracy interests may be put at risk by legislative delegation to the executive or by legislative insulation of agencies, such arrangements at the same time promote other aspects of these same values. Given the stress the Court’s jurisprudence places on democracy, the elected branches are better qualified to order and balance the complex of liberal and democratic interests in the structure of the administrative state. The Court would, however, be justified in tailoring judicial deference so as to protect procedural fairness, which falls within the judiciary’s core institutional competence.
Neuro-Robotics: Rehabilitation and Restoration of Walking Using Exoskeletons via Non-invasive Brain–Machine Interfaces

Using wearable robotic systems that assist people in their daily activities or provide them with the needed therapeutic support is not new. Some systems are designed around microelectromechanical properties for monitoring or feedback purposes (such as smart systems that monitor heartbeat or muscle activity). Others are designed at the macroscale for various medical applications (such as prostheses and orthoses). In recent years there has been an increasing number of efforts from engineers and scientists on the uses of such systems for people with disabilities. Systems that are wearable and able to provide functionality to the lower (or upper) limb fall into the category of exoskeletons. In this chapter, we focus on the active (actuated) lower-body exoskeleton systems that are designed for compensatory and restorative purposes. Due to their repeatability, reliability, and precision, the exoskeleton systems found application areas for supporting the physical therapy practices by moving the limbs at an intensity chosen by the clinician. One major shortcoming of these systems is the lack of engagement of the users into the therapy session to promote cortical plasticity and therefore maximizing the opportunity for motor recovery, while providing them with an intuitive control interface. The field of non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) based Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) is a big leap towards this direction. Closed-loop BCI systems harness users brain activation patterns in real-time, allowing the end-users to control exoskeletons functions by their mental imagery. In this chapter, we define several key aspects of such neuro-robotic systems, and discuss major issues and suggest solutions.
Synthesis of Alkylthio Benzene Derivatives Via Simultaneous Diazotization and Nucleophilic Displacement

Abstract Alkylthio benzene derivatives were effectively synthesized by simultaneous diazotization of aromatic amines and nucleophilic displacement. The method is fairly general and proceeds in moderate yields. Product yields were comparable regardless of steric hindrance of the thiol or of the functional group present in the starting material. The newly developed procedure allowed for the incorporation of a tertiary alkylthio group, which cannot be easily introduced otherwise. The products were characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.
Isolation and characterization of nif::kanamycin and nitrogen fixation proficient Azotobacter vinelandii strain, and its implication on the status of multiple chromosomes in Azotobacter

Several lines of experimental analyses on the ploidy status of Azotobacter vinelandii genome lead to the conclusion that it contains more than 40 copies of its chromosome and therefore it is a polyploid organism. The genetic evidence argues against the existence of polyploidy in these cells since the segregation pattern of genetic markers under lack of selection pressure mimic that of haploids. However, when A. vinelandii was made Nif− by inserting a kanamycin resistance marker gene in the nifDK sequence and the cells were selected for kanamycin resistance and Nif+ phenotype, we were able to score colonies that are both kanamycin resistant and Nif+. Therefore, when the cells were subjected to forced double selection of the same locus, they behaved as if they carried at least two chromosomes, one carrying the kanamycin resistance marker in the nifDK genes and the other carrying the intact nifDK genes. These analyses suggested that at least a diploidy status can be induced in these cells under selection pressure.
Failure Analysis of Space Shuttle Orbiter Valve Poppet

The poppet failed during STS-126 due to fatigue cracking that most likely was initiated during MDC ground-testing. This failure ultimately led to the discovery that the cracking problem was a generic issue effecting numerous poppets throughout the Shuttle program's history. This presentation has focused on the laboratory analysis of the failed hardware, but this analysis was only one aspect of a comprehensive failure investigation. One critical aspect of the overall investigation was modeling of the fluid flow through this valve to determine the possible sources of cyclic loading. This work has led to the conclusion that the poppets are failing due to flow-induced vibration.
Magnetic resonance imaging in neonatal citrullinemia

Citrullinemia is a rare inborn error of urea cycle metabolism causing hyperammonemia. In the classic form, a newborn presents with poor feeding, vomiting, progressive lethargy and signs of increasing intracranial pressure 3–7 d after birth, rapidly progressing to apnea, coma and death if untreated. We found only two reported cases in the literature describing magnetic resonance imaging findings of neonatal citrullinemia. We present a case of neonatal citrullinemia with more extensive and asymmetric magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities, including evidence of both superficial and deep venous cerebral infarction.