cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resonances in Multichannel Systems

In the present chapter we discuss resonances in scattering processes from an initial state into several possible final states, where the internal quantum numbers of the resonances are, in general, different from the quantum numbers of the initial state and the final states. In Section XX.2 we first discuss, in detail, the case of a single multichannel resonance and then the case of a double multichannel resonance (which occurs if there are two resonances with different internal quantum numbers in the same partial wave, with both the resonances coupling to initial and final states). In Section XX.3 the Argand diagrams for inelastic resonances are described.
CARE: Overview of an Adaptive Multithreaded Architecture

This paper presents the CARE (Compiler Aided Reorder Engine (CARE)) execution and architecture model. CARE is based on a decentralized approach for high-performance microprocessor architecture design – a departure from the mainly centralized control paradigm that dominated the traditional microprocessor architecture evolution. Under CARE, a processor is powered by a large number of fine-grain threads (called strands), each enabled by individual events – such as those due to control dependency or data dependencies with unpredictable and/or long latencies. As a result, the CARE architecture consists of a large grid of small processing cells and their local memories. We outline the CARE architecture design as well as the related issues in strand chaining and synchronization support. Some experimental results are also presented.
Purification and properties of bovine phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.

Abstract Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1) was isolated and purified approximately 60-fold from bovine adrenal medullae. The final product appears homogeneous by column chromatography, electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation. The enzyme gave a s20,w of 3.0 S with a molecular weight by Sephadex chromatography of 38,000. No cofactors were needed for the reaction. The pH optimum was 7.9 in either Tris or borate buffers. Titration with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate showed that 8.5 moles of sulfhydryl were titrated per mole of enzyme of 38,000 molecular weight and that activity was lost on titration of 2 moles of sulfhydryl groups per mole of enzyme. Kinetic measurements indicated a complex reaction mechanism which is best described as a random binding of substrates with S-adenosylmethionine being kinetically preferred as the first substrate bound.
5 Pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7: A model for emerging infectious diseases

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 model for emerging infectious diseases. The evolution and emergence of new bacterial pathogens is fundamentally a two-stage process. The first stage is the creation of genetic variation in virulence among strains in a population of bacteria by the processes of mutation, lateral gene transfer, or recombination. The second stage is where natural selection dominates' the new virulent strain must spread and increase in frequency relative to other less virulent strains. Escherichia coli O157:H7 exemplifies this two-stage process of evolution and emergence. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a newly emerged pathogen, first incriminated in infectious disease in 1982, and is recognized as a major cause of large-scale epidemics and thousands of sporadic cases of gastrointestinal illness in North America, Europe, and Japan. The first characteristic of E. coli 0157:H7 implicated in pathogenesis was a potent cytotoxic effect produced by the bacteria on Vero cells in tissue culture—an effect that could be neutralized by polyclonal antisera to the Shiga toxin. Escherichia coli O157:H7 often produces two antigenically distinct types of Shiga toxins, Stxl and Stx2, which have about 60% sequence similarity. The Stx genes of O157:H7 are encoded by bacteriophages and have been transferred to nontoxigenic strains in laboratory conditions.
Coparenting in Diverse Family Systems

Excerpt only. Published in J. P. McHale & K.M. Lindahl (Eds.). Coparenting: A conceptual and clinical examination of family systems. (pp.15-37). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/12328-000 For full access, check out the book through the USF St. Petersburg Library (HQ755.8 .C663 2011), request it on interlibrary loan, or order it through a book dealer. Members of the USF System may access the full-text of the article through the authenticated link provided below.
Queen Victoria's Irish Soldiers: Quality of Life and Social Origins of the Thin Green Line

This essay examines the social background of men enlisting in thearmy in mid-nineteenth century Ireland. A data set of 1,032 recruits is presented, and their county origins are explored through development of an index of quality of life (QUALEIRE).Height data are presented as well as the process of recruitment.Topics include home background, census information, literacy, officers, politics, and health with reference to tuberculosis.
The Occurrence of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Human Tissues Other than Brain

Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid was found in the kidney and in some other tissues in six children. The material obtained was characterized by chromatography on cation exchange columns and on thin layer chromatography, by electrophoresis, and by the synthesis of the trimethylamino derivative, the chromatographic and electrophoretic behavior, melting point, and crystal structure of the AuCl3 salt of which were identical with those of the derivative synthesized from authentic γ-aminobutyric acid. It is concluded that in man, unlike the animals reported, γ-aminobutyric acid is not a unique constituent of the central nervous system.
The Datacon Master-renovation of a Datacon field bus communications system for accelerator control

The Datacon Master (V110) is a custom-designed VME-bus SEC event driven serial communications engine featuring a superscaler RISC 32-bit Intel i960 CPU. The V110 and a commercial VMEbus host CPU running vxWorks with an Ethernet LAN connecting UNIX workstation consoles, make up the real time control system. Five V110 and three host CPUs will replace and upgrade PDP10 and PDP8 Datacon AGS front end computers. Five V110s will support twenty Datacon field busses with some 2600 devices. The V110 firmware is written in C. An accelerator event time link interface and /spl mu/S timestamp are built-in. Each Datacon field bus supports up to 256 devices on a multidrop RG62A/U coaxial cable with up to 2000 feet between repeaters. Each V110 drives up to four full Datacon field busses at 1 MHz bandwidth.
Personal choice in dress for emergency nurses.

A standardized, uniformed appearance has long been a part of the hospital nurse’s image. Although nursing professionals are generally concerned about the image they project, different interpretations of the dress code have generated problems. At the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Emergency Medicine Center, as at many other emergency departments across the country, some clinical nurses believed that they were being treated like children and resented restrictions on their choice of dress. Challenging the need to wear a uniform, they pointed out that the only other employees with narrow uniform requirements at our institution were the cleaning staff. Other clinical nurses enjoyed uniform dress for reasons of convenience and decreased expense. They also felt proud of the traditional image of nurses in uniform-a symbol they had worked toward and gained respect from. The nurse management group here believed that high standards of professional dress are essential for good public relations but that this belief did not automatically mean that uniforms should be required. In 1982 we decided to reevaluate our existing policy and to examine the possibility of change. We hypothesized that selective use of alternative dress, as long as it was appropriate and professional, would be acceptable to patients and co-workers, as well as to the various nurses involved.
Elastic constants of KMnF3 as functions of temperature and pressure.

We have measured the single-crystal elastic constants of ${\mathrm{KMnF}}_{3}$ and their first pressure derivatives from 200 to 430 K at a frequency of 20 MHz by means of the ultrasonic-pulse-superposition method. Both sets of data show cusplike anomalies above the improper ${O}_{h}$-${D}_{4h}$ ferroelastic transition at 186 K that extend up to 350 K. Above 350 K the temperature dependence is linear, making it possible to determine the bare harmonic and anharmonic constants by means of linear extrapolation to T=0. At room temperature the second pressure derivatives of the elastic constants were also measured. Analysis of the data on the basis of a model with Coulomb and short-range central force interactions indicates anomalously large fourth derivatives of the Mn-F and F-F pair potentials. A calculation of the temperature dependence of the elastic Gr\"uneisen parameter is consistent with models for the acoustic anomaly according to which coupling between strains and order-parameter fluctuations is limited to frequencies less than the relaxation rate of the soft ${R}_{25}$ mode.
Identifiability of PBPK models with applications to dimethylarsinic acid exposure

Any statistical model should be identifiable in order for estimates and tests using it to be meaningful. We consider statistical analysis of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in which parameters cannot be estimated precisely from available data, and discuss different types of identifiability that occur in PBPK models and give reasons why they occur. We particularly focus on how the mathematical structure of a PBPK model and lack of appropriate data can lead to statistical models in which it is impossible to estimate at least some parameters precisely. Methods are reviewed which can determine whether a purely linear PBPK model is globally identifiable. We propose a theorem which determines when identifiability at a set of finite and specific values of the mathematical PBPK model (global discete identifiability) implies identifiability of the statistical model. However, we are unable to establish conditions that imply global discrete identifiability, and conclude that the only safe approach to analysis of PBPK models involves Bayesian analysis with truncated priors. Finally, computational issues regarding posterior simulations of PBPK models are discussed. The methodology is very general and can be applied to numerous PBPK models which can be expressed as linear time-invariant systems. A real data set of a PBPK model for exposure to dimethyl arsinic acid (DMA(V)) is presented to illustrate the proposed methodology.
Evaluation and clinical use of an intraoral inferior alveolar nerve block in the horse

SummaryReasons for performing study Local anaesthesia is often required to facilitate invasive procedures in equine dental patients under standing sedation. Objectives To show that an intraoral approach can be used to desensitise the inferior alveolar nerve in horses and report complications seen with this technique. Methods The distance of the mandibular foramen from the distal (caudal) edge of the mandibular third molar tooth, rostral edge of the mandibular ramus and ventral margin of the mandible were measured in 26 adult equine skulls of various ages and breeds. Computed tomography (CT) was used to verify the placement of the local anaesthetic with a custom-made device on 4 equine cadaver heads. The technique was applied in 43 clinical cases having procedures performed on the mandibular quadrants using the delivery device. Results Computed tomography demonstrated that the intraoral approach provided deposition of the local anaesthetic at the mandibular foramen and anatomical localisation of mandibular foramen indicated that anaesthetic solution could be delivered with a 38 mm needle. Clinical patients to lerated invasive dental procedures following the inferior alveolar nerve block with a 5 ml dose of local anaesthetic, without evidence of self-inflicted lingual trauma. Conclusions The inferior alveolar nerve was successfully desensitised with the intraoral approach with minimal complications. The reduced volume of local anaesthetic and ability to deposit the local anaesthetic in close proximity to the nerve compared with an extraoral technique may decrease the complication of self-inflicted lingual trauma.
Studies of a Strain of Herpes Virus Isolated from a Case of Upper Respiratory Disease

A typical herpes virus was isolated from a human case of acute undifferentiated upper respiratory tract disease. The virus infected human respiratory mucosa in culture and human volunteers to whom it was given by the nasal route. There was no evidence that it caused respiratory disease.
Effective group work in the schools

(2000). Effective group work in the schools. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 131-132.
The role of ethics and social responsibility in achieving organizational effectiveness: Students versus managers

This paper investigates the differences in perceptions between business students and service-sector managers regarding the role that ethics and social responsibility serve in determining organizational effectiveness. An organizational effectiveness instrument containing business ethics and social responsibility items served as a questionnaire for a sample of 151 senior business undergraduates and 53 service-sector managers. The results indicated that while students acting as managers rate some social responsibility issues as more important than do managers, they also rate ethical conduct and a few dimensions of social responsibility lower than do managers. The findings have direct implications for both business practitioners and educators.
Open charm measurements at STAR

We report on the measurements of D0 meson production via direct reconstruction through the hadronic decay channel D0→Kπ in minimum bias d+Au and Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200\mathrm{GeV}\) with pT up to ∼3 GeV/c. We derive the charm production total cross-section per nucleon–nucleon collision from a combination of three measurements: the D0 meson spectra, the non-photonic electron spectra from charm semi-leptonic decays obtained in p+p, d+Au, and Au+Au collisions, and the charm-decayed single muon (prompt muon) spectra at low pT in Au+Au collisions. The cross-section is found to follow binary scaling, which is a signature of charm production exclusively at the initial impact. The implications of charm quark energy-loss and thermalization in the strongly interacting matter are discussed.
Effect of freezing and thawing on choline dehydrogenase.

Abstract 1. 1. The freezing of rat liver caused a marked decrease in choline dehydrogenase activity of homogenates and particulate fractions. 2. 2. The addition of diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) to homogenates from frozen-thawed livers restored most of the activity lost. An equal stimulation of activity occurred upon the addition of DPN to particulate matter from fresh and frozen tissue. This stimulation was greater than that shown with fresh liver homogenates. 3. 3. Inhibition of choline dehydrogenase activity was noted when adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was added to preparations from fresh liver. This inhibitory effect was reduced in liver that was frozen. A stimulation by ATP occurred with particulate matter from frozen liver. 4. 4. In no case did ATP restore the choline dehydrogenase activity of the frozen tissue to that found when DPN was added. 5. 5. The possible action of ATP is discussed.
Comparison of succinate dehydrogenase activity and soma size relationships among neurons in dorsal root ganglia of rats and cats

Abstract Compared to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons at L 5 in rats, DRG neurons at L 7 in cat have a larger mean soma size, a bimodal rather than unimodal distribution of sizes and lower succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities for neurons of all sizes. In contrast to spinal motoneurons in both cats and rats, the larger DRG neurons have the higher SDH activities. The 10–20% higher SDH activity of DRG cells in rats than in cats may reflect, in part, a species difference of about 40% in metabolic rates.
Regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism in the rat in vivo: Effect of a synthetic fat-free diet on sterol synthesis and low-density lipoprotein transport

A synthetic fat-free diet, previously shown to decrease hepatic cholesterol synthesis, was utilized to manipulate cholesterol balance in vivo in female Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant 65% decrease of hepatic cholesterol synthesis compared to controls was shown after 1 week of treatment, which remained constant during the following 3 weeks. The inhibitory effect of the diet was completely abolished by cholestyramine supplementation. At week 3 of the experimental diet, bile acid synthesis was reduced by 63%, this reduction being correlated with decreased recycling frequency of the bile acid pool. Hepatic clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was slightly decreased, with no changes in plasma cholesterol, hepatic LDL-cholesterol uptake and whole body LDL-cholesterol production. When cholesterol and saturated fatty acids were supplemented to the diets in the attempt to disclose alteration in LDL transport, LDL clearance was unaffected; plasma LDL-cholesterol and hepatic LDL-cholesterol uptake were increased, as a consequence of increased LDL-cholesterol production. On the other hand, hepatic cholesterol synthesis was further suppressed; bile acid synthesis was increased by cholesterol supplementation in the fat-free group, even if to subnormal levels. These findings suggest that: (1) bile acid synthesis is decreased by feeding a synthetic fat-free diet, probably due to slower recirculation of bile acids along the entero-hepatic axis in conditions of reduced functional need; (2) consequently, a significant reduction of hepatic cholesterol synthesis is observed with no changes in LDL-cholesterol uptake; (3) further supplementation of dietary cholesterol and saturated fats is compensated for by changes in the rates of cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, but not of LDL transport. The data confirm the existence of independent regulation for hepatic sterol synthesis and LDL transport in this species.
Cyclohexene as a substrate probe for the nature of the high-valent iron-oxo oxidant in Fe(TPA)-catalyzed oxidations

Cyclohexene is shown to be a versatile substrate probe in shedding light on the nature of the high-valent oxidant generated by bio-inspired nonheme iron catalysts. Cyclohexene provides the oxidant a choice to attack an allylic C–H bond or a CC bond, and the selectivity observed should depend on the electronic properties of the oxidant. Allylic oxidation products are predominantly observed in the reaction with [FeIV(O)(TPA)(NCCH3)]2+ (TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine), while epoxide and cis-diol are the major products found in the [FeII(TPA)(NCCH3)2]2+-catalyzed reaction with H2O2. This difference suggests that the oxidant generated in the latter case must be distinct from [FeIV(O)(TPA)(NCCH3)]2+ and supports an oxoiron(V)-hydroxo species that has been proposed as the oxidant.
Student Perceptions of Satisfaction and Opportunities for Critical Thinking in Distance Education by Interactive Video

Abstract Critical thinking is an important component of learning, yet it has received little attention in distance education literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate graduate students' satisfaction and perception of opportunities for critical thinking in distance education courses that utilized a two‐way audio/video system.
Region of support in 3D vascular reconstruction

The 3D reconstruction of an opacified vasculature from a set of subtracted 2D x-ray projections is an ill-posed problem for which prior information must be taken into account in order to stabilize the solution. The high contrast and sparseness characteristics of opacified blood vessels may be used through the introduction of a region of support (ROS) of the object to be reconstructed. This paper compares different techniques to build and use an ROS in 3D vascular reconstruction. The ROS is obtained either by segmenting the 2D projections or by segmenting in 3D a coarse estimate of the reconstructed object. The conclusion is that the use of an ROS does not improve the quality of the reconstruction, although it does dramatically reduce its computational requirements. Another conclusion is that the 3D segmentation approach seems to be more robust than the 2D segmentation one.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Factors influencing gastroduodenal mucosal prostaglandin concentrations: roles of smoking and aging.

Abstract ▪Objective:To evaluate behavioral, demographic, clinical, and histologic variables that independently influence gastroduodenal mucosal prostaglandin concentrations. ▪Design:Prospective stu...
Unprecedented erosion of the upper Texas coast: Response to accelerated sea-level rise and hurricane impacts

The upper Texas coast is an ideal location to examine coastal response to global change over geologic and historic time. Here we quantify the long-term sequestration for sand eroded from an island into two main sinks, offshore Galveston Island and San Luis Pass Tidal Delta, in order to compare long-term and short-term erosion. We determine the average storm-related offshore sand fl ux for the middle part of the Holocene (ca. 5240–5040 [2σ] cal yr B.P. to present) to be ~4200–4400 ± 670 m 3 /yr, with a decrease in the offshore sand fl ux to ~920–970 ± 270 m 3 /yr during the latter part of the Holocene (ca. 2730–2610 [2σ] cal yr B.P. to present). The tidal delta initially formed ca. 2100 (1σ median) cal yr B.P., when the rate of sealevel rise slowed from 2.0 mm/yr to 0.60 mm/yr. We calculate the sand fl ux from Galveston Island into San Luis Pass from ca. 2100 (1σ median) cal yr B.P. to 200 yr ago to be ~4700 m 3
Genetic determinants of virulence in the group B coxsackieviruses

The group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are well-studied human enteroviruses that are established causes of numerous serious human diseases. Characterized differences in CVB genomes of different strains affect the ability with which specific strains induce disease in the mouse host and, by inference, in humans as well. The first hurdle is to define specific examples of CVB genetic changes that are associated with pathogenic phenotypes. Such differences have been mapped both to coding and noncoding genomic regions. Many studies have used laboratory-derived strains to identify genetic differences that are essential to phenotype expression, work that is valuable but requires confirmation from studies of wild-type isolates. Rapid viral replication is closely associated with acute disease, indicating a key role for viral damage to the host, while host-mediated responses to the viral infection and viral persistence over a longer period of time indicate other roles for the virus in pathogenesis.
Dietary fatty acids regulate the expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in hamsters

Abstract We previously reported that dietary stearic acid increased endogenous (biliary) cholesterol excretion in hamsters [Schneider et al, J. Nutr. 130:1232-1238, 2000]. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for this observation, we established a hypothesis that dietary stearic acid induces the gene expression of ATP binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5) and G8 (ABCG8) in the liver, consequently increasing biliary cholesterol secretion. To test this hypothesis, male Syrian hamsters (F 1 B hybrid) were fed a modified version of the NIH-07 open formula, cereal-based rodent diet enriched in one of the following 5 dietary fatty acids: palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), trans fatty acids (18:1 t ), oleic acid (18:1 c ), or linoleic acid (18:2). Hamsters fed 18:0 had significantly lower liver cholesterol concentrations compared with the other treatment groups and significantly lower plasma total cholesterol compared with hamsters fed 16:0 and 18:1 t . Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that both ABCG5 and ABCG8 were expressed mainly in hamster liver and small intestine. Hepatic ABCG5 and ABCG8 mRNA levels, measured by RNase protection assay, showed hamsters fed 18:1 t and 18:2 had significantly higher ABCG5 mRNA levels in liver compared with the other groups. Hepatic ABCG8 mRNA levels were significantly higher in 18:1 t compared with 18:0 and 18:1 c . These data indicate that the expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 are responsive to specific dietary fatty acids, but that dietary 18:0 did not increase their expression as expected. Therefore, the increase in biliary cholesterol excretion by 18:0 as previously reported is most likely mediated by pathways independent of ABCG5 and ABCG8.
t Haplotypes in the Mouse Compromise Sperm Flagellar Function

The t haplotypes are variant forms of the proximal portion of chromosome 17 in the mouse. The t haplotypes alter spermatogenesis and many also contain lethal factors. Although the lethal factors vary between t haplotypes, all t haplotypes have the same effect on sperm, that of altering sperm function in fertilization. It is not clear, however, whether the nature of the sperm dysfunction is the same in all t haplotypes. Studies to date have focused on only one or two aspects of sperm function or have not examined sperm from males carrying different t haplotypes. In addition, factors within the t haplotypes interact with the genetic background, so that comparisons to sperm from t/+ or +/+ mice having different alleles at loci outside the t haplotypes may not be valid. To determine the nature of the sperm dysfunction caused by the t haplotypes, we have studied sperm from mice of the same genetic strain carrying none, one, or two t haplotypes. Sperm from tw32/+, tw5/+, and tw32/tw5 mice exhibited premature hyperactivation, a type of vigorous but nonprogressive motility correlated with fertility, while their rates of capacitation (the ability to undergo the acrosome reaction in response to zona proteins) and spontaneous acrosome reaction were similar to those of wild-type sperm. In addition, sperm flagellar curvature was abnormal: flagella from heterozygotes had an acute bend in the midpiece, giving the sperm a "fishhook" appearance, while the entire flagellum of sperm from tw32/tw5 mice was curled. Also, fewer sperm from tw32/tw5 mice were initially motile. Since all of these motility defects were dependent on exogenous calcium, the t haplotypes could specify an abnormal, calcium-sensitive component of the flagellum. The motility defects could also contribute to the dysfunction of these sperm by inhibiting their passage to the site of fertilization in vivo.
Applicability of solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR analysis in Spodosols: chemical removal of magnetic materials

The presence of magnetic species, Fe in particular, decreases the effectiveness of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of soil organic matter (SOM), especially in Spodosols. This study was conducted to evaluate the utility of dithionite, stannous chloride, and hydrofluoric acid (HF) extraction for Fe removal and solid-state 13C NMR spectral enhancement in forested Spodosols. Extraction with 2% HF resulted in the greatest removal of Fe (45%–99%), while 4% (w/v) dithionite extraction was the least effective in removing Fe from the same soils (8%–54%). The 2% HF treatment also removed the largest proportion of total C (12%–67%) and total N (19%–66%). In five of the 10 mineral horizon soils studied, the C/N ratios changed more than 25% after HF treatment, suggesting that some alteration of bulk chemical composition occurred. The treatment had little effect on low-Fe samples because the quality of NMR spectra was similar between untreated and chemically treated organic horizon (Oa) soil samples. For soils high in Fe, as is typical in Spodosol mineral horizons, the 2% HF and the 0.05 M SnCl2 treatment showed some spectral improvement but the results were inconsistent. 13C NMR spectra for soil HF extracts indicated that carbohydrate and carboxyl C groups were preferentially removed in the extraction. Some quantitative changes of C distribution among various structures were observed after HF treatment, possibly indicating the alteration of organic matter during extraction. Several factors may contribute to the differences in the determination of various C groups by 13C NMR spectroscopy before and after chemical treatment, including poor signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios, interactions between paramagnetic ions and different C moieties, preferential removal of some C groups by different chemicals, sideband interference, mass loss, and perhaps other factors. Based on our results, it seems premature to recommend routine chemical pretreatment as a means of improving 13C NMR spectral quality.
Mental Health of Rural Young Adults: Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders, Comorbidity, and Service Utilization

Few studies estimate rural psychiatric disorder rates. No study has reported either DSM-III-R or DSM IV disorder prevalence and mental health service use among US rural young adults. This paper reports psychiatric disorder prevalence, comorbidity, service utilization, and disorder correlates in a community sample of 536 young adults, aged 19 to 23 years, living in the rural Midwestern US. More than 60% of the sample met criteria for a lifetime disorder. Substance use disorders were most prevalent. Results indicate that young adults living in the rural Midwest demonstrate substantial rates of psychiatric disorder that are comparable to other population groups.
Space vector and carrier-based PWM modulation schemes for maximum utilization of voltage sources of a nine-switch converter

The nine-switch converter (NSC) has been used in power quality conditioners and AC motor drives. However, it has not attracted much attention because of its amplitude, frequency and phase-shift limitations primarily due to the constraint on the modulation index of the converter. To satisfy the modulation constraint and correctly synthesize the desired voltages, ‘appropriate’ DC offsets must be added to the phase voltage commands. This study proposes space vector (SV) and carrier-based (CB) modulation schemes for the NSC that enable the realization of the converter full capacity. The mathematical formulation of the SV and CB pulsed-width modulation schemes are supported by MATLAB/Simulink simulations and validated with experimental results.
tKp -saturated graphs of minimum size

A graph G is H-saturated if G does not contain H as a subgraph but for any nonadjacent vertices u and v, G+uv contains H as a subgraph. The parameter sat(H,n) is the minimum number of edges in an H-saturated graph of order n. In this paper, we determine sat(H,n) for sufficiently large n when H is a union of cliques of the same order, an arbitrary union of two cliques and a generalized friendship graph.
Financial incentives to improve quality: skating to the puck or avoiding the penalty box?

Wayne Gretzky once explained how he became a hockey player of genius: “I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.” Since the Affordable Care Act (ACA) enacted the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program, hospitals have been ever more focused on playing to the puck to avoid financial penalties for high rates of early readmission. This Viewpoint examines the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program as an example of similar initiatives by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and discusses the increasing use of financial penalties for changing the behavior of hospitals.
Activating the damaged basal forebrain cholinergic system: tonic stimulation versus signal amplification

The hypothesis that the cognitive decline in senile dementia is related to the loss of cortical cholinergic afferent projections predicts that pharmacological manipulations of the remaining cholinergic neurons will have therapeutic effects. However, treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors or muscarinic agonists has been, for the most part, largely unproductive. These drugs seem to disrupt the normal patterning of cholinergic transmission and thus may block proper signal processing. An alternative pharmacological strategy which focuses on the amplification of presynaptic activity without disrupting the normal patterning of cholinergic transmission appears to be more promising. Such a strategy may make use of the normal GABAergic innervation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in general, and in particular of the inhibitory hyperinnervation of remaining cholinergic neurons which may develop under pathological conditions. Disinhibition of the GABAergic control of cholinergic activity is assumed to intensify presynaptic cortical cholinergic activity and to enhance cognitive processing. Although the extent to which compounds such as the benzodiazepine receptor antagonistβ-carboline ZK 93 426 act via the basal forebrain GABA-cholinergic link is not yet clear, the available data suggest that the beneficial behavioral effects of this compound established in animals and humans are based on indirect cholinomimetic mechanisms. It is proposed that an activation of residual basal forebrain cholinergic neurons can be achieved most physiologically via inhibitory modulation of afferent GABAergic transmission. This modulation may have a therapeutic value in treating behavioral syndromes associated with cortical cholinergic denervation.
THE RATIO OF NITROGEN TO PHOSPHORUS RESUPPLIED BY HERBIVORES: ZOOPLANKTON AND THE ALGAL COMPETITIVE ARENA

The influence of pelagic herbivores on the competitive arena of their prey is examined in three models of herbivore physiology. One hallmark of pelagic herbivory is the rapid and fight cycling of nutrients among algae, herbivores,and the dissolved phase. An implication of this cycling is that the ratio of elements released by the herbivore is a "supply ratio" as defined in resource-competition theory. The nitrogen (N)-to-phosphorus (P) supply ratio depends on the assumptions made regarding grazer physiology. Three alternative models are considered: (1) a constant, mass-specific basal metabolic release of N and P; (2) a constant efficiency of accumulating N and P in grazer biomass; and (3) an adjusting efficiency of N and P accumulation that maintains a homeostatic ratio of N to P (N:P) in the bodies of the grazers. All three models predict a positive correlation between the N:P in the algal pool and that released by the animals. Previously published data provided strong supportive evidence for this relati...
Notes on praetors in Spain in the mid-second century B.C

This article reassesses the ancient evidence on the praetors who fought in the Spains in the 150s and 140s, and argues against some recent reconstructions of the fasti praetorii for these years. In particular, two new possibilities are offered: L. Mummius, pr. in Hispania Ulterior 155 and prorogued through (at least) 154; and C. Laelius, pr. in a city jurisdiction in 145, and sent ex praetura to Citerior in 144, when his friend Scipio Aemilianus secured the removal of the Spains from the consular sortition for that year. If correct, this example of a city praetor setting out after the year of the magistracy for an overseas province would provide an early precedent for what was later to be a common practice, which Sulla as dictator finally was to institutionalize.
Three Revolutions in Cosmical Science from the Telescope to the Sputnik

The changes in astronomy brought about by the telescope, the radio telescope, and the Sputnik are discussed. The concept of the plasma universe introduced by the development of the Sputnik is explained and compared to previous concepts of the universe. The possibility of a fourth revolution in our concept of the universe is addressed. 17 refs.
Recent experimental results from GaAs TUNNETT diodes above 100 GHz

A well established selective etching technology for GaAs IMPATT diodes was employed to fabricate GaAs TUNNETT diodes on diamond heat sinks. The improved heat dissipation led to significantly higher dc to RF conversion efficiencies and doubled the available RF output power of diodes on diamond heat sinks compared to diodes from the same MBE-grown material on integral heat sinks. An RF output power of more than 80 mW with a corresponding dc to RF conversion efficiency of 5.25% was measured at 106.9 GHz. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first successful demonstration of GaAs TUNNETT diodes on diamond heat sinks, and the dc to RF conversion efficiencies and RF power levels are the highest reported to date from any single device made of group III-V materials (GaAs, InP, etc.) at this frequency. A free-running TUNNETT diode oscillator at 107.7 GHz showed an excellent phase noise of less than -94 dBc/Hz, measured at a frequency off-carrier of 500 kHz and an RF power of 40 mW. Phase-locking of TUNNETT diode oscillators has been demonstrated in a setup with a EIP 578 frequency counter and external down-conversion.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Submicrometer Particle Formation and Control in a Bench-Scale Pulverized Coal Combustor

Experimental studies were performed to investigate the formation mechanisms of submicrometer particles during combustion of a pulverized Ohio bituminous coal. Elemental compositions of total and submicrometer ash and particle size distributions were measured at different operating conditions. The submicrometer ash particles were formed by means of a vaporization−nucleation−condensation mechanism. A decreasing collection efficiency in a cylindrical electrostatic precipitator was observed for ash particles smaller than 100 nm due to insufficient charging. A vapor-phase sorbent injection methodology was used in the coal combustion system, and was shown to suppress the nucleation mode of the ash particles.
Dietary input of microbes and host genetic variation shape among-population differences in stickleback gut microbiota

To explain differences in gut microbial communities we must determine how processes regulating microbial community assembly (colonization, persistence) differ among hosts and affect microbiota composition. We surveyed the gut microbiota of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from 10 geographically clustered populations and sequenced environmental samples to track potential colonizing microbes and quantify the effects of host environment and genotype. Gut microbiota composition and diversity varied among populations. These among-population differences were associated with multiple covarying ecological variables: habitat type (lake, stream, estuary), lake geomorphology and food- (but not water-) associated microbiota. Fish genotype also covaried with gut microbiota composition; more genetically divergent populations exhibited more divergent gut microbiota. Our results suggest that population level differences in stickleback gut microbiota may depend more on internal sorting processes (host genotype) than on colonization processes (transient environmental effects).
Human β-Defensin-2 Production in Keratinocytes is Regulated by Interleukin-1, Bacteria, and the State of Differentiation

Intact human epidermis resists invasion by pathogenic microbes but the biochemical basis of its resistance is not well understood. Recently, an antimicrobial peptide, human β-defensin-2, was discovered in inflamed epidermis. We used a recombinant baculovirus/insect cell system to produce human β-defensin-2 and confirmed that at micromolar concentrations it has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, with the striking exception of Staphylococcus aureus . Immunostaining with a polyclonal antibody to human β-defensin-2 showed that the expression of human β-defensin-2 peptide by human keratinocytes required differentiation of the cells (either by increased calcium concentration or by growth and maturation in epidermal organotypic culture) as well as a cytokine or bacterial stimulus. Interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β, or live Pseudomonas aeruginosa proved to be the most effective stimuli whereas other bacteria and cytokines had little or no ability to induce human β-defensin-2 synthesis. In interleukin-1α-stimulated epidermal cultures, human β-defensin-2 first appeared in the cytoplasm in differentiated suprabasal layers of skin, next in a more peripheral web-like distribution in the upper layers of the epidermis, and then over a few days migrated to the stratum corneum. By semiquantitative Western blot analysis of epidermal lysates, the average concentration of human β-defensin-2 in stimulated organotypic epidermal culture reached 15–70 µg per gram of tissue, i.e., 3.5–16 µM, well within the range required for antimicrobial activity. Because of the restricted pattern of human β-defensin-2 distribution in the epidermis, its local concentration must be much higher. Defensins and other antimicrobial peptides of inflamed epidermis are likely to play an important antimicrobial role in host defense against cutaneous pathogens.
Anti-CD20 multivalent HPMA copolymer-Fab' conjugates for the direct induction of apoptosis.

A hybrid biomimetic system comprising high-molecular-weight, linear copolymer of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) grafted with multiple Fab′ fragments of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization followed by attachment of Fab′ fragments via thioether bonds. Exposure of human non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) Raji B cells to the multivalent conjugates resulted in crosslinking of CD20 receptors and commencement of apoptosis. Five conjugates with varying molecular weight and valence (amount of Fab′ per polymer chain) were synthesized. One of the copolymers contained enzyme degradable peptide sequences (GFLG) in the backbone. The multivalency led to higher avidity and apoptosis induction compared to unconjugated whole mAb. Time-dependent studies showed that the cytotoxicity of conjugates exhibited a slower onset at shorter exposure times than mAb hyper-crosslinked with a secondary Ab; however, at longer time intervals the HPMA copolymer conjugates achieved significantly higher biological efficacies. In addition, study of the relationship between the structure of conjugates and Raji B cell apoptosis revealed that both valency and polymer molecular weight influenced biological activities, while insertion of peptide sequences into the backbone was not a factor in vitro.
Drug-Absorption Analysis from Pharmacological Data I: Method and Confirmation Exemplified for the Mydriatic Drug Tropicamide

A theoretical basis is developed for the performance of drug-absorption analysis from data obtained from the observation of the time course of pharmacological response intensity following single, multiple, or continuous dosing of a drug by any route of administration. The results of such analyses permit an evaluation of the physiological availability characteristics of drugs from dosage forms and the elucidation of the kinetics and mechanisms operative in the passage of drugs across biological barriers. It is demonstrated that through the suitable use of intravenous dose-effect curves, the postulation of hypothetical models for pharmacon-receptor site interaction is obviated. The dose-effect curve graphically provides the relationship between the quantity of drug in body compartments (biophase) and the observed intensity of drug response. The use of pharmacological data in contrast to the use of time course of drug level in body fluid data has the advantage, in addition to not requiring a method of direct assay for the drug, of being applicable to cases where the drug first penetrates from a local site of administration to a vicinal site of action prior to reaching the systemic circulation. The method is confirmed and illustrated for tropic-amide, with results derived from the slow intravenous infusion of the drug to rabbits and the measurement of pupillary diameters. Agreement was observed between the quantities of drug known to be infused at any time and the amounts calculated wholly from pharmacological data on the basis of an assumed single-compartment model. The rapid appearance of the maximum mydriatic response following rapid intravenous dosing allows approximation of the biophase as a compartment kinetically indistinguishable from the central systemic compartment.
A Gas-Surface Interaction Model for Spatial and Time-Dependent Friction Coefficient in Reciprocating Contacts: Applications to Near-Frictionless Carbon

A closed-form time- and position-dependent model for coverage, based on the adsorptionof environmental contaminants and their removal through the pin contact, is developedfor reciprocating contacts. The model employs an adsorption fraction and removal ratioto formulate a series expression for the entering coverage at any cycle and location on thewear track. A closed-form solution to the series expression is presented and compared toother coverage models developed for steady-state coverage for pin-on-disk contacts, re-ciprocating contacts, or the time-dependent center-point model for reciprocating contacts.The friction coefﬁcient is based on the average coverage under the pin contact. The modelis compared to position- and time-dependent data collected on near-frictionless carbonself-mated contacts on a reciprocating tribometer in a nitrogen atmosphere. There aremany similarities between the model curves and the data, both in magnitude and trends.No new curve ﬁtting was performed in this paper, with all needed parameters coming fromprevious models of average friction coefﬁcient behavior.@DOI: 10.1115/1.1829719#
SYMMETRIES AND THE NOTION OF ELEMENTARITY IN HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

Abstract The insights we have acquired about symmetries during the past 25 years have not only contributed to the construction of successful explanatory schemata in elementary particle physics, they have also modified the conceptual framework within which a series of philosophical and methodological issues of elementary physics are discussed. The atomistic paradigm of high energy physics cannot any more be dismissed because the proposed elementary particles are too many (and, hence, it is claimed, they do not provide a simple account of nature) or because it is not possible to observe quarks in an isolated manner. The developments in particle physics have brought about radical changes to our notions of simplicity and observability, and in this paper we elaborate on these changes. It is as a result of these changes that the present situation in elementary particle physics justify us to claim that we have indeed reached a level of explanation where the constituent particles (quarks, leptons, gluons and intermediate bosons) used for the explanation of the various phenomena considered to be delineating a particular level in the descriptive framework of the physical phenomena and a specific stratum in the organization of nature, can be regarded as elementary.
Energy advantage of counter-current oxygen transfer in fish gills

A steady-state, one-dimensional mathematical model for oxygen transfer in fish gills suggests that under conditions permitting adequate oxygen uptake, the uptake advantage of a counter-current configuration over a co-current configuration is small, given otherwise identical gills, fluid fluxes, and afferent fluid oxygen tensions. The in vivo uptake advantage of a counter-current fish, compared to a hypothetical co-current fish, is estimated from published data on oxygen uptake of three fish species (Chaenocephalus aceratus, Salmo gairdneri, Scyliorhinus stellaris) and found to range from 3 to 17%. However, heuristic calculations assuming Poiseuille flow suggest that a co-current fish would expend more than 46% additional power for respiration to compensate for a 10% uptake advantage enjoyed by an otherwise identical counter-current fish. Thus the importance of counter-current oxygen transfer may lie primarily in its energy economy rather than in the magnitude of the uptake advantage.
Development of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Based Load Transducers

In this paper, FBG sensor based load transducers utilizing three different sensing mechanisms (plate, diaphragm and ring-uralite) which may provide a uniform strain are developed.