cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limits of the dual-strategy hypothesis in an isometric plantar flexion contraction

Movements have been described as being governed by a speed-sensitive (SS) or speed-insensitive (SI) strategy. The SS strategy is used when the subject controls, either explicitly or implicitly, movement speed or time. In contrast, the SI strategy is utilized when there is no intention or requirement to control movement speed. The different strategies demonstrate a specific relationship between torque trajectories and muscle activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of accuracy and force level on strategy selection. Ten healthy adults were instructed to generate isometric pulse contractions of the right soleus at 20%, 40%, and 60% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) to reach five target sizes of percentage MVC (4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%). The following results were observed: (1) there was no difference in time to peak force, peak dF/dt, slope of force, and electromyographic (EMG) measures between the 12%, 16%, and 20% target sizes; (2) differences were noted, however, between the 12%, 16%, and 20% targets and the smaller targets; (3) for the dependent measures there were significant differences between each force level. No difference between the larger targets implies that subjects do not need to implement a strategy and suggests an upper limit to the dual-strategy hypothesis. The difference between the smaller and larger targets and the difference between the force levels is indicative of an SS strategy. When asked to use different force levels, subjects controlled the rate of rise of force and regulated time to peak force. Between target sizes, force and time were modulated equally.
Map matching: facts and myths

Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) based map matching - that matches a sequence of location samples to a road network - has received a lot of traction in recent years. In this paper we revisit the basic assumption underlying HMM-based map matching algorithms, namely, the hypothesis that the true mobility is Markovian. We use the Chapman-Kolmogorov test and argue that mobility is non-Markovian (especially when the moving object has an intent to reach a specific destination) using thousands of real taxicab mobility datasets spanning several weeks. Based on these observations we present an alternate approach to the map matching problem that relies exclusively on shortest path computations, which are at most linear in the number of road segments, and thus avoids expensive complexity of HMM-based map matching algorithms (e.g., using a Viterbi decoder). We present extensive experimental results to show that our approach vastly outperforms HMM-based approaches in terms of both computational complexity and accuracy.
Effect of Crossmatching on Outcome in Organ Transplantation

The complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) crossmatch and the flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) are both used prospectively in renal transplantation, and their use is under evaluation in other types of major organ transplantation. The FCXM is the more sensitive method and better predicts outcome in second and subsequent renal allografts. Improved survival has unmasked the detrimental effect of a positive crossmatch on outcome in liver transplantation. Because of the urgent need of liver transplant candidates, it is unrealistic to defer transplantation until a crossmatch-negative donor is found; however, additional therapeutic measures may be taken to improve outcome for crossmatch-positive liver recipients. Some reports suggest that prospective crossmatching may improve outcome for sensitized heart recipients, and, additionally, recent studies have demonstrated that HLA compatibility between donor and recipient is an independent variable affecting survival after heart transplantation, prompting a reassessment of the current practice of transplanting hearts without consideration of the HLA match.
Amphoteric trap modeling of multidielectric scaled SONOS nonvolatile memory structures

Abstract We have characterized multidielectric scaled SONOS nonvolatile memory structures with the quasi-static linear voltage ramp (LVR) technique and dynamic pulse measurements. We have formulated physically-based ERASE/WRITE and retention methods with deep level amphoteric traps which capture and emit carriers to the bands in the silicon nitride film. Amphoteric trap parameters are extracted by the LVR technique. ERASE/WRITE and retention amphoteric trap model simulations agree well with the experimental dynamic pulse measurements. Experimental scaled SONOS structures have been fabricated with tunnel oxide XOT=20 A, nitride XN=30 A and blocking oxide XOB=55 A and demonstrated a static flatband shift of 3.6 V with ±5 V programming voltages. These structures may be used as the nonvolatile memory element in high density VLSI circuits.
Trace elements in marine waters by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Abstract Trace elements of interest in sea water fall into two well-defined categories. Strontium, lithium, and rubidium are ideally suited to determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry since minimal sample preparation is required and standard equipment may be utilized; standardization of techniques by which large batches of samples may be rapidly and accurately processed, is important. The transition elements are present in significantly lower concentrations and in complex, and largely unknown, chemical forms; pre-concentration is vital, Solvent extraction can also provide a crude differentiation between total and extractable fractions.
Cancer Care, Money, and the Value of Life: Whose Justice? Which Rationality?

Cost-containment in oncology is a moral issue. While economists use the word "rationing" to describe all limitations on resource utilization that result from human choice, the ordinary language distinction between allocation and rationing is morally meaningful and can help oncologists to determine their proper moral role in cost-containment. It is argued that oncologists should not be required to ration at the bedside, nor should they be given financial incentives to practice frugally, nor should they be subjected to a variety of bureaucratic mechanisms to control costs indirectly. In addition, it is argued that the fact that treatments have a price does not logically imply that patients have a price. Cost-effectiveness analysis is often suggested as a means of deciding how best to allocate resources, but some of its many ethical limitations are discussed. The alternative is an open, public, participatory process about how to ration care, abandoning the formulaic pretenses of cost-effectiveness analysis, but with a commitment to reason, good will, and common sense. Oncologists would then be free to advocate for their patients within the constraints imposed by this public process.
Ultrafast photo-triggered field emission cathodes using massive, uniform arrays of nano-sharp high-aspect-ratio silicon structures

We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of a novel ultrafast optical field emission cathode comprised of a large and dense array of nano-sharp high-aspect-ratio single-crystal silicon columns (>100,000 tips, 4.6-million tips.cm-2). The cathode emits electrons with as little as 25 nJ and can produce up to 2.54 pC electron bunches per laser pulse when interacting with 35 fs 800 nm laser pulses with a 765 μm by 80 μm elliptical spot size. This is the first report of current measurements from Si tip arrays using photo-field emission; in addition, this is the first demonstration of a photocathode array that, depending on the energy of the laser pulses, can emit in the multi-photon or the tunnelling regime.
Calcium channels in PDGF-stimulated A172 cells open after intracellular calcium release and are not voltage-dependent.

Abstract Using laser image cytometry and indo-1 fluorescence, we investigated the intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) of confluent A172 human glioblastoma cells stimulated by the BB homodimer of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). The shape of the calcium transients and the delay time between stimulation and the beginning of the transient varied considerably. The percentage of responsive cells, the peak [Ca 2+ ] i and the duration of the response were directly related to PDGF-BB dose, while the delay time was inversely related; the maximal response occurred at a PDGF-BB concentration of 20 ng/ml. Studies with EGTA and inorganic calcium-channel blockers (Ni 2+ , La 3+ ) showed that the increase of [Ca 2+ ] i resulted from initial release of intracellular stores and subsequent calcium influx across the plasma membrane. Opening of calcium channels in the plasma membrane, monitored directly by studying Mn 2+ quenching of indo-1 fluorescence, was stimulated by PDGF-BB and blocked by La 3+ ; the opening occurred 55 ± 10 s after the initial increase in [Ca 2+ ] i . Therefore, in these tumor cells, intracellular release always occurs before channel opening in the plasma membrane. Depolarization of cells with high extracellular [K + ] did not generally induce calcium transients but did decrease calcium influx. L-type calcium-channel blockers (verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem) had little or no effect on the calcium influx induced by PDGF-BB. These results indicate that PDGF-BB induces calcium influx by a mechanism independent of voltage-sensitive calcium channels in A172 human glioblastoma cells.
Structural and Stereochemical Analysis of a Modular Polyketide Synthase Ketoreductase Domain Required for the Generation of a cis-Alkene

Summary The formation of an activated cis -3-cyclohexylpropenoic acid by Plm1, the first extension module of the phoslactomycin polyketide synthase, is proposed to occur through an L-3-hydroxyacyl-intermediate as a result of ketoreduction by an A-type ketoreductase (KR). Here, we demonstrate that the KR domain of Plm1 (PlmKR1) catalyzes the formation of an L-3-hydroxyacyl product. The crystal structure of PlmKR1 revealed a well-ordered active site with a nearby Trp residue characteristic of A-type KRs. Structural comparison of PlmKR1 with B-type KRs that produce D-3-hydroxyacyl intermediates revealed significant differences. The active site of cofactor-bound A-type KRs is in a catalysis-ready state, whereas cofactor-bound B-type KRs are in a precatalytic state. Furthermore, the closed lid loop in substrate-bound A-type KRs restricts active site access from all but one direction, which is proposed to control the stereochemistry of ketoreduction.
Gene action analysis by inheritance and quantitative trait loci mapping of resistance to root‐knot nematodes in cotton

With 2 figures and 5 tables Abstract Host–plant resistance is highly effective in controlling crop loss from nematode infection. In addition, molecular markers can be powerful tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS), where they reduce laborious greenhouse phenotype evaluation to identify root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Chitwood) resistant genotypes. To better understand host–plant interactions, we investigated gene action and genomic locations of RKN resistance genes in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L). Twelve parents, 17 intraspecific (G. hirsutum × G. hirsutum) and four interspecific (G. hirsutum ×G. barbadense L.) F1, and 11 F2 populations were investigated by examining different RKN resistance backgrounds. The F1 and F2 generation means and distributions, and differences between F1 and mid-parent values for Galling Index (GI) indicated that allelic interaction, epistasis and heterosis operated in these crosses. Genetic and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses in crosses NemX × SJ-2 and SJ-2 × Clevewilt revealed resistance because of at least one major recessive QTL with strong additive effect, while in PS 7 × NemXresistance was because of at least one major QTL with strong dominant effect. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers CIR316 and MUCS088 on chromosomes 11 and 21 showed the association of two different chromosomes with the RKN resistance. This also supported the two-gene model of observed resistant : susceptible ratios in F2 and F3 (PS 7 × NemX) populations. Selection success rate for MAS was >85% for identifying resistant genotypes with GI < 3 from these crosses with SSRS CIR316, BNL1231 and MUCS088, and CAPS (GHACC1). QTL analyses validated the importance of a major genome-telomeric region on chromosome 11, harbouring RKN resistance genes from different backgrounds. We conclude that breeding for optimal resistance must be based on selection of progeny with combinations of genes homozygous for resistance.
Communicating About Cancer in Families and Clinics

Two ongoing investigations focus on audio recordings of how family members talk through cancer on the telephone, from diagnosis through death of a loved one, and video recordings of the organizatio...
Exercise and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Infection

The human immune system is highly efficient and remarkably protective when functioning properly. Similar to other physiological systems, it functions best when the body is maintained with a balanced diet, sufficient rest and a moderately stress-free lifestyle. It can be disrupted by inappropriate drug use and extreme emotion or exertion. The functioning of normal or compromised immune systems can be enhanced by properly prescribed moderate exercise conditioning regimens in healthy people, and in some human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected patients but not in others who unable to complete an interval training program. Regular exercise conditioning in healthy people reduces cardiovascular risk factors, increases stamina, facilitates bodyweight control, and reduces stress by engendering positive feelings of well-being. Certain types of cancer may also be suppressed by appropriate exercise conditioning. Various exercise regimens are being evaluated as adjunct treatments for medicated patients with the HIV-1 syndrome. Limited anecdotal evidence from patients suggests that moderate exercise conditioning is per se responsible for their survival well beyond expectancy. HIV-1-infected patients respond positively, both physiologically and psychologically, to moderate exercise conditioning. However, the effectiveness of any exercise treatment programme depends on its mode, frequency, intensity and duration when prescribed o complement the pathological condition of the patient. The effectiveness of exercise conditioning regimens in patients with HIV-1 infection is reviewed in this article. In addition, we discuss mechanisms and pathways, involving the interplay of psychological and physiological factors, through which the suppressed immune system can be enhanced. The immune modulators discussed are endogenous opioids, cytokines, neurotransmitters and other hormones. Exercise conditioning treatment appears to be more effective when combined with other stress management procedures.
Effective Mass Approximation for Acceptor States in Silicon

The effective mass equations for acceptors in silicon have been solved approximately for a large number of excited states. The variational approach used by Schechter was followed, but with more general trial functions that allow the treatment of a larger number of excited states. More recently measured valence band parameters were also used. Energies and wave functions were calculated for all of the lower excited states. Several energy levels were found between the levels treated by Schechter. The energy values obtained from the new valence band parameters do not agree as well with experiment as those obtained with the older parameters. However, the new distribution of levels does yield a better agreement between the theoretical and experimental symmetries of the excited state wave functions.
Spontaneous corneal rupture in Noonan syndrome a case report

Purpose/methods: A variety of ocular and periocular manifestations have been described in Noonan syndrome. Collagen abnormalities have been described; however, to our knowledge spontaneous corneal rupture has not been reported. A forty-three-year-old female who presented with spontaneous corneal rupture was later diagnosed as having Noonan syndrome. Results/conclusions: Collagen abnormalities have been described with Noonan syndrome and this is likely the cause of corneal rupture in this patient.
Localization of ATP-dependent calcium transport activity in mouse pancreatic microsomes

Electron-dense deposits representing calcium oxalate crystals which results from ATP-dependent calcium uptake have been localized within vesicles of a heavy microsomal fraction prepared from mouse pancreatic acini. In the absence of either ATP or oxalate, no electron-dense deposits could be observed. By subfractionation of microsomes on discontinuous sucrose gradients, it could be shown that the highest energy-dependent calcium transport activity was associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In rough microsomes, the45Ca2+-uptake measured was 7 times greater than that of smooth microsomes in the presence of ATP and oxalate and about 3 times greater in the presence of ATP alone. When ribosomes were released from the rough endoplasmic reticulum vesicles by treatment with KCl in the presence of puromycin, the stripped microsomes showed a 40% increase in the specific45Ca2+-uptake activity measured in the presence of ATP and oxalate and an increase of 80 to 90% in the presence of ATP alone. From these results it can be concluded that the calcium transport activity of microsomes prepared from mouse pancreatic acini is located predominately in the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Embolization of a giant arterioportal fistula requiring multiple Amplatzer vascular plugs

Arterioportal fistulas (APFs) are rare vascular communications between the mesenteric arterial tree and the portal vein. The causes and presentations of this entity are varied. APFs related to tumor, infection, and trauma have been described. Patients may be asymptomatic or present with hemobilia, portal hypertension, or mesenteric steal syndrome. Small APFs require no intervention, with treatment indicated for large or symptomatic APFs. The treatment has shifted from surgical ligation or hepatic resection to an endovascular-first approach. We describe an endovascular treatment option for the management of an acquired extrahepatic (type 2) APF and present a review of the literature.
Understanding the Russian Health Crisis: a Sociological Perspective

This essay applies a sociological perspective to the health crisis in Russia by delving increasingly deeper into the layers of causes. The major characteristic of this crisis is the decline in life expectancy among men and the relative stagnation of longevity among women. The primary cause is increased cardiovascular disease and alcohol-related poisoning and accidents. However, in order to determine the ultimate cause, it is necessary to examine secondary level factors to explain what is responsible for the rise in heart disease and alcohol-based afflictions. Several secondary factors were considered, including infectious disease, poor medical care, environmental pollution, policy, and stress, but the strongest evidence supported negative health lifestyles. The next step is find what is causing a lifestyle harmful to male health in particular and while stress is likely important – the best tertiary level cause is the deeply embedded working-class style of heavy drinking that is normative in Russia.
Female gender increases the risk of death during hospitalization for pediatric cardiac surgery.

Objectives The study objective was to determine whether gender is a determinant of in-hospital mortality after surgery to repair congenital heart disease in patients aged 20 years or less. Secondary objectives were to determine other factors associated with increased risk of death and whether female gender is associated with increased length of stay or total charges. Methods The study included a retrospective cohort consisting of all records indicating cardiac operations within the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database for the year 2000. Logistic regression was used to simultaneously evaluate the effect of gender on the risk of death while adjusting for all other factors being considered. Logistic regression was then used to evaluate possible differences in length of stay or total charges. Results Female gender was associated with increased risk of in-hospital death when all of the other measured factors were taken into consideration (odds ratio 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.69). Other factors that were significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery included the number of days between admission and operation; African American race; young age (neonates and infants compared with children aged ≥1 year); pulmonary hypertension; and the Norwood operation. There were no significant gender differences in risk-adjusted length of stay or total charges. Conclusions In-hospital mortality after pediatric cardiac surgery seems to be associated with patient gender but not with the type of insurance or ability to access higher-volume pediatric facilities or teaching hospitals.
Reproductive function in human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the resultant decline in mortality rate associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1) has allowed patients and clinicians to consider other important health issues beyond short-term survival. Included among these issues is the maintenance of normal gonadal function, as well as ethical and practical considerations for those individuals who wish to conceive and have children. Here, we review the pathophysiology and treatment of abnormalities in gonadal and sexual function and consider some of the challenges surrounding reproductive health among HIVinfected men and women.
Establishing an institutional model for the administration of tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab.

Abstract Radioimmunotherapy with radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies is a promising new treatment approach for low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, the administration of radiolabeled antibodies presents some added complexity. At the University of Nebraska Medical Center (Omaha, NE), an institutional model has been developed that ensures the efficient and safe delivery of tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab (Bexxar; Corixa Corp, South San Francisco, CA and GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA). An integrated, multidisciplinary treatment team is responsible for managing all aspects of treatment. Using this model, it is possible to administer tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab safely and effectively in the outpatient setting. Patients can usually be released immediately after treatment. Guidelines and instructions for patient release have been developed and validated and are provided herein. These instructions ensure that radiation exposure of family members and caregivers who are exposed to the patient is maintained as low as reasonably achievable and well within regulatory limits. Semin Oncol 30 (suppl 4):39-49. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Analysis and design of low-phase-noise ring oscillators

This paper presents a framework for CMOS ring oscillator phase noise analysis for given power consumption specifications. This model considers both linear and nonlinear operations. It indicates that fast rail-to-rail switching has to be achieved for low phase noise and that the up-conversion of low-frequency noise from the current bias/control circuit can be significant. Our phase noise model is validated via simulation and measurement results. We also present a coupled-ring oscillator whose phase noise is -114 dBc/Hz at a 600 kHz offset from the 960 MHz carrier frequency.
ENAMEL EROSION RESULTING FROM HYDROCHLORIC ACID TABLETS

This article documents a case of severe enamel erosion caused by chewing hydrochloric acid tablets over a five-year period. Dentists must be aware that highly erosive acids are obtainable without a prescription, in this case from a health food store. They must also be alert for signs of dental erosion and identify the source of the acid.
Pulmonary complications of tonsillectomy as originally described by Samuel J. Crowe, M.D.

The incidence of pulmonary complications of tonsillectomy is very low today in comparison to the early part of the 20th Century. Much of the credit belongs to Samuel Crowe and his colleagues who demonstrated that pulmonary complications could be prevented by the use of improved instrumentation and techniques which were based upon sound scientific principles. A historical review of anesthesia and the mouth gags of the early 1900's is included with a brief history of the development of the Crowe-Davis mouth gag. A review of the recent literature reveals few published papers about pulmonary complications. Those that are available show incidence figures similar to those of Dr. Crowe.
The Apollo 14 Regolith: Petrology of cores 14210/14211 and 14220 and soils 14141, 14148, and 14149

New modal data are presented for continuous polished thin sections from double drive tube 14210/14211, and single drive tube 14220, and for polished grain mounts of four soils from the double drive tube, one from the single drive tube, and the soils 14148 (trench top), 14149 (trench bottom), and 14141 (Cone Crater). Modal data show that the Cone Crater soil is immature, whereas the 'smooth plains' soils are mature and rich in agglutinates and breccias. Neither core exhibits any major variations with depth. Microprobe analyses of mineral and glass fragments are consistent with derivation of the soils predominantly from the local rocks, with about 5-11% exotic mare component indicated by the modal data. About 4% of the glasses are SiO2- and K2O-rich granitic glasses which are comminuted mesostasis from the local melt rocks. The soils are depleted in feldspar relative to the source rocks. The preferred explanation for this depletion is that feldspar is concentrated in the less than 10 microns fines and is consumed in the formation of agglutinates, regolith breccias, and feldspathic glass.
Food from genetically modified organisms and potential for food allergy

Crops produced through genetic modification are beginning to reach the market and many genetically-modified crops are under development. Since genetic modification results in the introduction of new proteins into the food plant the safety of the newly introduced proteins must be assessed. The potential allergenicity of the newly introduced protein is a major consideration in that safety assessment. All allergens are proteins but only a few of the many proteins found in foods are allergenic. The assessment of the allergenicity of the newly introduced proteins should focus on the source of the gene, the sequence homology of the newly introduced protein to known allergens, the immunochemical reactivity of the newly introduced protein with IgE from the blood serum of individuals with known allergies to the source of the transferred genetic material, and the physicochemical properties of the newly introduced protein.
Helper T-cell responses in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Helper T-cell function was evaluated in 34 children infected with human immunodeficlency virus type 1, by assessing interleukin-2 production after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with recall antigens (influenza virus, tetanus toxoid), allogeneic HLA, and phytohemagglutinin. In addition, helper T-cell function was correlated retrospectively with the incidence of opportunistic and bacterial infections. Four patterns of helper T-cell function were observed: (1) 7 (21%) of the 34 children responded to all stimuli, (2) 7 (21%) of them responded to alloantigens and phytohemagglutinin but not to recall antigens, (3) 7 (21%) responded to phytohemagglutinin but not to recall antigens or alloantigens, and (4) 13 (37%) did not respond to any of these stimuli. There were no significant differences related to different routes of acquisition among patients. Patients with functional helper T-cell defects had a history of more opportunistic ( p =0.03) and bacterial ( p
Constituent Influence on International Trade Policy in the United States, 1987–2006

The debate on whether class-based or industry-based coalitions are politically salient in American trade politics has illuminated domestic sources of international trade policy but remains unresolved. In particular, the literature offers contradictory evidence on the dominance in recent years of class-based or industry-based trade politics. This contradiction is mainly due to selective use of congressional votes. This article contributes to this debate by applying a multilevel item-response-theory model to the entire universe of trade-related votes since 1987. This study finds that class-based coalitions are politically salient in current U.S. trade politics. Furthermore, while this study confirms the significance of party influence on trade voting, it finds little support for the view that political parties have dyadic relationships with particular groups of constituents.
Metal-Mediated Affinity and Orientation Specificity in a Computationally Designed Protein Homodimer

Computationally designing protein-protein interactions with high affinity and desired orientation is a challenging task. Incorporating metal-binding sites at the target interface may be one approach for increasing affinity and specifying the binding mode, thereby improving robustness of designed interactions for use as tools in basic research as well as in applications from biotechnology to medicine. Here we describe a Rosetta-based approach for the rational design of a protein monomer to form a zinc-mediated, symmetric homodimer. Our metal interface design, named MID1 (NESG target ID OR37), forms a tight dimer in the presence of zinc (MID1-zinc) with a dissociation constant <30 nM. Without zinc the dissociation constant is 4 μM. The crystal structure of MID1-zinc shows good overall agreement with the computational model, but only three out of four designed histidines coordinate zinc. However, a histidine-to-glutamate point mutation resulted in four-coordination of zinc, and the resulting metal binding site and dimer orientation closely matches the computational model (Cα rmsd = 1.4 A).
Development of PML absorbing boundary conditions for computational aeroacoustics: A progress review

Abstract Recent advances in the development of perfectly matched layer (PML) as absorbing boundary conditions for computational aeroacoustics are reviewed. The PML methodology is presented as a complex change of variables. In this context, the importance of a proper space–time transformation in the PML technique for Euler equations is emphasized. A unified approach for the derivation of PML equations is offered that involves three essential steps. The three-step approach is illustrated in details for the PML of linear and non-linear Euler equations. Numerical examples are also given that include non-reflecting boundary conditions for a ducted channel flow and mixing layer roll-up vortices.
Cerebrovascular complications of cardiac transplantation

Abstract Cardiac transplantation is recognized treatment for many patients with end-stage heart failure. As the transplant patient’s survival has dramatically increased over the past 30 years, neurologic sequelae of cardiac transplantation have come to be recognized as a common and often feared complication of the cardiac transplantation process. We review many of the cerebrovascular complications of cardiac transplantation in adults with a focus on ischemic brain syndromes, intracerebral hemorrhage, infections of the central nervous system, and seizure as they pertain to the cardiac transplant patient.
A comparison of the uniaxial tensile and pure bending strength of SiC filaments

The uniaxial and bend strengths of AVCO-SCS-6 SiC filaments were experimentally determined to be 3250 and 4320 M Pa, respectively, at room temperature. Using Weibull statistics, a relationship between the uniaxial and bend strength of the fibres was derived and was found to compare favourably with experimentally determined strength values. The elastic modulus of the filaments was also determined, using a gauge length extrapolation technique.
PRETERM LABOR AND PRETERM PREMATURE RUPTURE OF THE MEMBRANES Diagnosis and Management

Preterm delivery due to preterm labor and pPROM is responsible for most infant morbidity and mortality in the United States. The patient who presents with suspicious symptoms should undergo a thorough evaluation to confirm the diagnosis of either entity and identify a treatable cause. Determination of gestational age, fetal well-being, and the presence of intrauterine infection is a crucial step in subsequent management. Corticosteroid therapy has been demonstrated to be one of the most effective antenatal interventions to reduce infant morbidity and should be administered to patients with preterm labor, if feasible, when fetal pulmonary maturity is absent or undocumented. We recommend a similar protocol regarding gravidas with pPROM remote from term but recognize the need for further study in this area. Acute tocolytic therapy has been demonstrated to offer short-term benefit to enhance corticosteroid effect. However, all of the available tocolytic agents carry significant risks to the mother and fetus. As such, administration of these agents should be given only when the potential benefits outweigh the risks of administration. Evaluation for fetal pulmonary maturity and intrauterine infection, in concert with evaluation of gestational age-dependent risks of prematurity, may be helpful in determining whether tocolysis should be attempted. Adjunctive antibiotic administration has not been shown to reduce maternal or infant morbidity in the face of preterm labor. However, such treatment offers a reduction of chorioamnionitis, prolongation of latency, and a possible reduction of neonatal infectious and gestational age-dependent morbidity in the setting of pPROM remote from term. Finally, current guidelines recommend the administration of intrapartum GBS prophylaxis when preterm birth or prolonged membrane rupture is anticipated if GBS carrier status is unknown or positive. Intrapartum treatment with intravenous penicillin or ampicillin is appropriate.
Neuron Function Inferred from Behavioral and Electrophysiological Estimates of Refractory Period

The refrcactory period of neurons mediating an electrically elicited behavior (self-stimulation) was estimated by varying the intrapair pulse separation in a stimulating train made up of pulse pairs and measuring the intensity of the elicited behavior. Two neuronal systems with different refractory periods were indicated. Single-unit recording in acute preparations stimulated through self-stimulation electrodes revealed primarily two classes of units. Each class gave refractory period estimates characteristic of one of the behaviorally indicated systems. The experiments illustrate a technique for establishing functional relations between single units in the brain and gross behavior.
Perturbation theory in large order for some elementary systems

Reasons for understanding the general problem of perturbation theory in large order are discussed. It is shown that the behavior of perturbation theory in larger order is generally very simple because it reflects just the semiclassical content of the theory. Many simple examples are given, including some graph-counting problems. The behavior of mass-renormalized perturbation series for some very simple field-theory models is examined. It is shown that mass renormalization hardly affects the large-order behavior of a weak-coupling perturbation series. However, in a strong-coupling perturbation series mass renormalization has a dramatic effect.
Multiphase adhesive coacervates inspired by the Sandcastle worm.

Water-borne, underwater adhesives were created by complex coacervation of synthetic copolyelectrolytes that mimic the proteins of the natural underwater adhesive of the sandcastle worm. To increase bond strengths, we created a second polymer network within cross-linked coacervate network by entrapping polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-dA) monomers in the coacervate phase. Simultaneous polymerization of PEG-dA and cross-linking of the coacervate network resulted in maximum shear bond strengths of ∼1.2 MPa. Approximately 40% of the entrapped PEG-dA polymerized based on attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The monomer-filled coacervate had complex flow behavior, thickening at low shear rates and then thinning suddenly with a 16-fold drop in viscosity at shear rates near 6 s−1. The microscale structure of the complex coacervates resembled a three-dimensional porous network of interconnected tubules. The sharp shear thinning behavior is conceptualized as a structural reorgani...
Determinants of box products of paths

Suppose that G is the graph obtained by taking the box product of a path of length n and a path of length m. Let M be the adjacency matrix of G. In 1996, Rara showed that, if n=m, then det(M)=0. We extend this result to allow n and m to be any positive integers, and show that det(M)={0if gcd(n+1,m+1) 1,(-1)^n^m^/^2if gcd(n+1,m+1)=1.
Testing the Equality of Two Alpha Coefficients

This paper reviews and illustrates statistical tests of the equality of two values of Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient. Tests for independent and dependent coefficients are considered. Poss...
Resolving Ethical Challenges for Psychological Practice in Long‐Term Care

Psychological practice in geriatric long-term care settings, which range from community-based services to skilled nursing facilities, can present ethical dilemmas. The context for practice in long-term care consists of a complicated structure of clients, services, payers, and disciplines, and as a result is extremely complex. Ethical codes and principles are useful in resolving dilemmas. In addition, familiarity with recent legal reform such as the patient self-determination movement and the guardianship reform movement, and attention to issues of race and ethnicity are important in guiding practice.
Work in progress — Achieving student-centered learning through scalable instructional academic support resources

Our past ten years of experience in undergraduate academic support programs have taught us that understanding student-centered learning requires new perspectives. Whether it is in a traditional lecture or in a newly designed non-traditional course, how well teaching and learning goals are aligned is the key. To further promote student-centered learning for our engineering undergraduates, we have produced online-video modules to strengthen the instructional component of a peer-led problem-solving workshop, the Supplementary Instruction Program. The newly created teaching modules facilitate learning of difficult concepts in traditionally challenging physics and engineering mechanics courses. New understanding of students' learning challenges has helped peer instructors craft and deliver these modules that reinforce the spirit of true student-centered learning and at the same time make our academic support resources more scalable.
Hájek–Inagaki representation theorem, under a general stochastic processes framework, based on stopping times

Abstract Let the random variables (r.v.’s) X 0 , X 1 , … be defined on the probability space ( X , A , P θ ) and take values in ( S , S ) , where S is a measurable subset of a Euclidean space and S is the σ -field of Borel subsets of S , and suppose that they form a general stochastic process. It is assumed that all finite dimensional joint distributions of the underlying r.v.’s have known functional form except that they depend on the parameter θ , a member of an open subset Θ of R k , k ≥ 1 . What is available to us is a random number of r.v.’s X 0 , X 1 , … , X ν n , where ν n is a stopping time as specified below. On the basis of these r.v.’s, a sequence of so-called regular estimates of θ is considered, which properly normalized converges in distribution to a probability measure L ( θ ) . Then the main theorem in this paper is the Hajek–Inagaki convolution representation of L ( θ ) . The proof of this theorem rests heavily on results previously established in the framework described here. These results include asymptotic expansions–in the probability sense–of log-likelihoods, their asymptotic distributions, the asymptotic distribution of a random vector closely related to the log-likelihoods, and a certain exponential approximation. Relevant references are given in the text.
Concerning the order approximation of periodic continuous functions by trigonometric interpolation polynomials II

Letxkn=2θk/n,k=0,1 …n−1 (n odd positive integer). LetRn(x) be the unique trigonometric polynomial of order 2n satisfying the interpolatory conditions:Rn(xkn)=f(xkn),Rn(j)(xkn)=0,j=1,2,4,k=0,1…,n−1. We setw2(t,f) as the second modulus of continuity off(x). Then we prove that |Rn(x)-f(x)|=0(nw2(1/nf)). We also examine the question of lower estimate of ‖Rn-f‖. This generalizes an earlier work of the author.
The inhibition of T cell proliferative responses by crosslinking CD7 and IgM-Fc receptors

Previous work from our laboratory described a human T cell soluble ligand that inhibited T cell proliferative responses to mitogen and alloantigen by interacting with CD7 and/or the receptor for the IgM-Fc portion (FcR mu) on T cells. In this report, we used mouse anti-human CD7 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and purified human IgM (HIgM) to substitute for the human ligand and examined the possible involvement of these receptors in the inhibition of T cell proliferation. Preincubation of human T cells with mouse anti-CD7 mAb, HIgM, mouse anti-human IgM (MAH IgM) alone, or any of these combinations as a primary antibody did not inhibit mitogen- or alloantigen-induced T cell replication. Similar effects were seen with the pretreatment of T cells with an irrelevant negative control primary mAb or a secondary-step goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin (GAM Ig), goat anti-human IgM-Fc (GAH Fc mu), or both. In contrast, the pretreatment of T cells with anti-CD7 and/or HIgM followed by the appropriate secondary-step crosslinking antibody significantly reduced their proliferative responses to mitogen and alloantigen. Similarly, crosslinking of CD7 and FcR mu on human transformed T cell lines inhibited their spontaneous proliferation. The inhibitory effect of crosslinking CD7 and FcR mu was not due to cytotoxic effects of these antibodies and appears to be temperature sensitive. These findings suggest that crosslinking CD7 and/or FcR mu appears to have a novel role in down-regulating T cell proliferation.
Ethics, success, and job satisfaction: A test of dissonance theory in India

A survey of middle level managers in India (n=150) showed that when respondents perceived that successful managers in their organization behaved unethically their levels of job satisfaction were reduced. Reduction in satisfaction with the facet of supervision was the most pronounced (than with pay or promotion or co-worker or work). Results are interpreted within the framework of cognitive dissonance theory. Implications for ethics training programs (behavioral and cognitive) as well as international management are discussed.
Solubility and local structure around a dilute solute molecule in an aqueous solvent: From gases to biomolecules

Abstract A new approach regarding the solubility of various sparingly soluble solutes, such as proteins, drugs and gases, and the local structure around a solute molecule is presented. This approach is based on an expression for the activity coefficient derived through the Kirkwood–Buff fluctuation theory of solutions. First, an expression for the solubility of proteins in aqueous solutions in terms of the preferential binding parameter is derived and criteria for salting-out or salting-in by various cosolvents obtained. Second, the methodology developed for the solubility of proteins in water + cosolvent mixtures is extended to the solubility of sparingly soluble gases in the same kinds of solvents. The derived equation was successfully applied to the experimental data regarding the solubilities of oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane in water + sodium chloride. In addition, the excesses (or deficits) of water and sodium chloride molecules in the vicinity of a gas molecule have been calculated to conclude that the infinitely dilute solute gas molecules are preferentially hydrated.
A global comparison of the human and T. brucei degradomes gives insights about possible parasite drug targets.

We performed a genome-level computational study of sequence and structure similarity, the latter using crystal structures and models, of the proteases of Homo sapiens and the human parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Using sequence and structure similarity networks to summarize the results, we constructed global views that show visually the relative abundance and variety of proteases in the degradome landscapes of these two species, and provide insights into evolutionary relationships between proteases. The results also indicate how broadly these sequence sets are covered by three-dimensional structures. These views facilitate cross-species comparisons and offer clues for drug design from knowledge about the sequences and structures of potential drug targets and their homologs. Two protease groups (“M32” and “C51”) that are very different in sequence from human proteases are examined in structural detail, illustrating the application of this global approach in mining new pathogen genomes for potential drug targets. Based on our analyses, a human ACE2 inhibitor was selected for experimental testing on one of these parasite proteases, TbM32, and was shown to inhibit it. These sequence and structure data, along with interactive versions of the protein similarity networks generated in this study, are available at http://babbittlab.ucsf.edu/resources.html.
Challenges for MicroRNA Microarray Data Analysis

Microarray is a high throughput discovery tool that has been broadly used for genomic research. Probe-target hybridization is the central concept of this technology to determine the relative abundance of nucleic acid sequences through fluorescence-based detection. In microarray experiments, variations of expression measurements can be attributed to many different sources that influence the stability and reproducibility of microarray platforms. Normalization is an essential step to reduce non-biological errors and to convert raw image data from multiple arrays (channels) to quality data for further analysis. In general, for the traditional microarray analysis, most established normalization methods are based on two assumptions: (1) the total number of target genes is large enough (>10,000); and (2) the expression level of the majority of genes is kept constant. However, microRNA (miRNA) arrays are usually spotted in low density, due to the fact that the total number of miRNAs is less than 2,000 and the majority of miRNAs are weakly or not expressed. As a result, normalization methods based on the above two assumptions are not applicable to miRNA profiling studies. In this review, we discuss a few representative microarray platforms on the market for miRNA profiling and compare the traditional methods with a few novel strategies specific for miRNA microarrays.
Towards Sustainable “Product and Material Flow” Cycles: Identifying Barriers to Achieving Product Multi-Use and Zero Waste

Material and energy resource consumption is on the rise in both the industrialized and developing world (e.g., countries like India and China). In order to sustain this growth and provide resources for future generations, there is a need to design products that are easy to recover and recondition, thus enabling multiple use cycles. Processes are needed that can achieve this multiuse while producing zero (or very near zero) waste. There exist a number of barriers and challenges to achieving this vision of multi-use with zero waste; one such challenge is the development of a product recovery infrastructure that will minimize short-term impacts due to existing products and will be robust enough to recover products of the future. This paper identifies the barriers to developing such a recovery and reuse infrastructure. The aim is to achieve product multi-use and zero waste.