cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalytic oxidation of para-substituted phenols with cobalt–Schiff base complexes/O2—selective conversion of syringyl and guaiacyl lignin models to benzoquinones

Abstract Models of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) subunits in lignin have been catalytically oxidized to their corresponding p -quinones in the presence of molecular oxygen. The oxidation of syringyl-like phenols readily occurred with 5-coordinate cobalt catalysts on which one of the ligands is a monodentate pyridine or imidazole base that coordinates axially to the metal. Formation of p -quinones with this system depends on the coordination of the axial base to the metal as influenced by its p K a and its size. The yield of p -quinones from guaiacyl models was markedly improved by the addition of a sterically hindered aliphatic nitrogen base that does not coordinate to the catalyst. A mechanism involving deprotonation of the phenol substrate by the bulky base is proposed.
Mixing rates in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota, sediments as determined from 106Ru profiles

Abstract Rates of surficial sediment mixing and sediment burial are measured in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota, using radionuclide tracers. Based on 106 Ru profiles in 16 cores, mixing rates average 13 cm 2 /yr within the upper 9 cm of sediment. Two other nuclides, 210 Pb and 137 Cs, provide further evidence for calculation of mixing rates. In addition, 210 Pb profiles estimate sediment burial rates (about 0.4 cm/yr). Mixing estimates are shown to be fairly insensitive both to uncertainties in sediment burial rates and to temporal patterns of 106 Ru deposition.
Matching the 6-MV photon beam characteristics of two dissimilar linear accelerators

A new prototype 6‐MV flattening filter was designed by the manufacturer for use in a popular dual energy linear accelerator. To satisfy the contract demands, this filter was designed to produce a beam whose characteristics matched precisely with those of the 6‐MV beam produced from a single photon peak energy unit from the same manufacturer and already in operation in the department. A single set of 6‐MV dosimetric files for both units can now be maintained. The new filter has forced percent depth values over a wide clinical range of field sizes and depths to agree within 1.3%. Beam profiles now agree to within 1% over the useful area. For wedges with similar wedge angles, transmission factors now agree to within 1%. Standard acceptance testing performance specifications provided by the manufacturer were not adequate for clinical beam matching. The purchase contract for these units included our own specifications, which were more rigid and pertinent to our goal. Details of the effort are discussed.
Motivation to inflate performance ratings: Perceptual bias or response bias?

In a laboratory experiment support was found for the idea that inflated performance evaluations may be due to a self-serving bias — the tendency for raters to highly evaluate subordinates' performance so that they may themselves appear to be successful. Two hundred sixteen students evaluating another's work gave higher ratings of performance quantity and quality to employees they counseled about their work than to others with whom they had either only social contact or no contact at all. This effect remained even when raters were not being evaluated by an authority figure, suggesting that the inflated ratings were the result of an interest in enhancing one's own self-image (a perceptual bias) rather than cultivating the favorable impression of another (a response bias). The conceptual and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Theoretical Treatment of Diffusional Transport into and through an Oil-Water Emulsion with an Interfacial Barrier at the Oil-Water Interface

The transport of solute into and through a hetero-geneous system involving interfacial barriers was theoretically investigated. The system consisted of a “donor” bulk aqueous phase, the aqueous diffusion layer, and a matrix in which oil droplets of uniform size were dispersed. The theoretical method employed was able to account quantitatively for the barriers existing at the oil droplet-water interface, and the technique should have general applicability to all situations involving a heterogeneous medium in which the local interface equilibrium is achieved slowly. Computations were carried out using the interfacial barrier permeability coefficient, the volume fractions of the phases, and the particle size of the oil droplet as the parameters.
Cloning the bovine Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter gene and characterization of an osmotic responsive promoter.

Abstract Hyperosmotic-induced enhancement of myo-inositol accumulation in cultured bovine lens epithelial cells stems from increased uptake activity due to upregulation of Na + /myo-inositol cotransporter mRNA and de novo synthesis in myo-inositol carrier protein. The molecular mechanism of osmoregulation of Na + /myo-inositol cotransporter gene transcription was further investigated. The effect of hypertonicity on transcription initiation of the Na + /myo-inositol cotransporter gene was examined by use of the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. 5″-RACE analysis revealed that one hypertonic and two isotonic (i.e. physiologic) transcription start sites are present in the Na + /myo-inositol cotransporter gene of cultured bovine lens epithelial cells. Moreover, the bovine Na + /myo-inositol cotransporter gene was cloned and its promoters were characterized by transient transfection assay using luciferase reporter constructs of various fragments of the 5″-flanking regions upstream of the individual transcription start sites. Among its promoters, only one was osmotically responsive and showed approximately a 3-fold induction of activity subsequent to hypertonic insult. Transient transfection assays revealed that the region between -398 and -331 bp, upstream of this hypertonic transcription start site, contains the putative osmotic response element. Preferential utilization of this osmotically responsive promoter contributes to the elevation of Na + /MI cotransporter mRNA abundance and increased myo-inositol uptake activity as initiated by osmotic stress.
Quadratic, cubic and quartic potential energy constants for the SiH+, SiH, CH+ and CH molecules☆

Abstract The applicability of the Morse Potential Function has been assumed for the SiH+, SiH, CH+ and CH molecules. The values of the force constants in a Taylor's series expansion of the potential energy using the Morse Function have been obtained. In addition, the rotational constant αe has been calculated. Further, a comparison of these values with the experimental values has been made where such information was available. Finally, potential energy curves for SiH+, SiH and CH+ have been obtained for the three-constant Morse function.
Penetration of insecticides through the foregut of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)

Abstract The rates of penetration of 14 C-labeled insecticides (parathion, carbaryl, and dieldrin) through the foregut of the honeybee ( Apis mellifera L.) were measured in vitro and in vivo . Uptake of the insecticides from the lumen of the foregut into foregut tissue was directly proportional to insecticide lipophilicity, but penetration through the foregut was not. Of the three insecticides studied, parathion appeared to possess the optimal physicochemical characteristics required for penetration. The uptake of carbaryl and release of dieldrin by the foregut tissues may limit their respective penetration rates. Insecticide penetration was found to be inversely proportional to the sucrose concentration in the lumen of the foregut in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The oral toxicity of carbaryl showed a similar dependence on the sucrose concentration of the solution in which the insecticide was fed. The data presented indicate that the honeybee foregut is permeable to lipophilic compounds and strongly suggest that this permeability may contribute substantially to the toxicity of orally ingested insecticides in this insect.
Peak metamorphic temperatures in type 6 ordinary chondrites: An evaluation of pyroxene and plagioclase geothermometry

Quantifying the peak temperatures achieved during metamorphism is critical for understanding the thermal histories of ordinary chondrite parent bodies. Various geothermometers have been used to estimate equilibration temperatures for chondrites of the highest metamorphic grade (type 6), but results are inconsistent and span hundreds of degrees. Because different geothermometers and calibration models were used with different meteorites, it is unclear whether variations in peak temperatures represent actual ranges of metamorphic conditions within type 6 chondrites or differences in model calibrations. We addressed this problem by performing twopyroxene geothermometry, using QUILF95, on the same type 6 chondrites for which peak temperatures were estimated using the plagioclase geothermometer (Nakamuta and Motomura 1999). We also calculated temperatures for published pyroxene analyses from other type 6 H, L, and LL chondrites to determine the most representative peak metamorphic temperatures for ordinary chondrites. Pyroxenes record a narrow, overlapping range of temperatures in H6 (865-926 °C), L6 (812-934 °C), and LL6 (874-945 °C) chondrites. Plagioclase temperature estimates are 96-179 °C lower than pyroxenes in the same type 6 meteorites. Plagioclase estimates may not reflect peak metamorphic temperatures because chondrule glass probably recrystallized to plagioclase prior to reaching the metamorphic peak. The average temperature for H, L, and LL chondrites (~900 °C), which agrees with previously published oxygen isotope geothermometry, is at least 50 °C lower than the peak temperatures used in current asteroid thermal evolution models. This difference may require minor adjustments to thermal model calculations.
(M)othering Loss: Telling Adoption Stories, Telling Performativity

This piece explores how telling adoption stories—to and of birth mothers, adoptive mothers, and their children—perform both the failures of language and the pleasures of repeating and rewriting tales of birth and placement, of the fictions of families. I consider how adoption stories spin not only tales of loss and fractured identities but also open-ended narratives of self and parent-child relationships. I use the languages of adoption, feminist and poststructural theories of subjectivity and performativity, and my own experience of adoption and family to tell and tell on the adoption story. And I wonder an adoption story's potential to (m)other loss and speak other narratives about adoption, its subject(s), and the force and possibility of storytelling.
Regulation of Follow-on Biologics

The first generation of biopharmaceuticals has begun to lose patent protection. Richard Frank writes that there is concern that without new U.S. regulations, patent expirations may not be accompanied by the introduction of competing, lower-cost biologic agents, or that imitator products might be approved without sufficient proof of efficacy and safety. Senator Orrin Hatch discusses his current bill for the regulation of follow-on biologic agents and the ways in which it must differ from laws governing traditional generic pharmaceuticals. Senator Hatch is a Republican from Utah.
Relationship of bursal anti-steroidogenic peptide (BASP) and histone H1.

Abstract Previous in vitro research from our laboratory has demonstrated the existence of a protein purified from the chicken bursa of Fabricius, with potent antisteroidogenic and antiproliferative action on granulose cells and lymphocytes, respectively called Bursal anti-steroidogenic peptide (BASP). This protein is heat-labile, basic, and amino- and carboxy-terminus blocked. In highly purified form, the protein presents as a doublet on SDS–PAGE electrophoresis with an apparent MW of ∼29 and ∼32 kDa. Recently, Nanoflow Q–TOF Mass Spectrometry amino acid sequencing allowed determination of a convincing partial amino acid sequence, strongly suggesting a probable relationship of BASP with histone H1. Bursal cDNA expression library screening, using an antibody produced against BASP, also identified a clone with a sequence matching histone H1. Presently, we have demonstrated that SDS–PAGE electrophoresis of highly purified and bioactive BASP, and commercially-available calf thymus derived histone H1, produced similar doublets at approximately the same apparent MW, and that the electrophoretic profile of these 2 preparations were strikingly similar following 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis. The BASP doublet produced on SDS–PAGE was recognized by a commercially available monoclonal antibody recognizing a highly conserved region of histone H1. Furthermore, calf thymus histone H1 was found to suppress mitogen-stimulated chicken B-cell proliferation in a concentration-related manner, similar to the action of BASP. These data indicate that BASP shares substantial structural homology with, and may be identical to, histone H1.
DSM‐5 and the Family Therapist: First‐order Change in a New Millennium

Family therapists have struggled to find a place in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and the fifth edition of the manual will provide no relief. Small first-order changes in DSM-5 continue the same paradigm in place since DSM-III wherein mental disorders are defined as occurring only in an individual. This was not always the case, however, as DSM-I viewed mental disorders as a reaction between the environment and biology while DSM-III through DSM-IV-TR utilised a multiaxial system of evaluation (eliminated in DSM-5). Many proposals were made for both DSM-IV and DSM-5 to allow for an inclusion of relational processes in diagnosis but were met with limited success. The DSM approach now, however, is being attacked from a new direction. Neuroscientists have exposed limitations in the validity of the DSM categories and have proposed an entirely new system called the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project, which offers new hope for systemically oriented practitioners and researchers.
Waging Peace through Improvisational Action: Track-Two Diplomacy in the Sudan-Uganda Conflict

In 1999 former President Carter and The Carter Center (TCC) negotiated the Nairobi Agreement restoring diplomatic relations between Sudan and Uganda. This study examined the track-two diplomatic activities undertaken by TCC to implement the Nairobi Agreement from 2000 to 2004. We seek to stimulate new thinking about the communicative dimensions of peacemaking in complicated hostile environments. Based on our analysis of TCC's involvement in the peace implementation process in Sudan and Uganda, we found that the implementation of a peace agreement required significant use of improvisational action, which was displayed in six ways: (a) organizational renewal, (b) reworking precomposed materials, (c) acting on uncharted ground, (d) orchestrating activities of multiple organizations, (e) negation of past practices, and (f) organizationally mandated.
Alcoholic liver disease and the gut-liver axis

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the leading causes of liver diseases and liver-related death worldwide. Of the many factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of ALD, gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a central role in induction of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which alcohol contributes to increased gut permeability, the activation of Kupffer cells, and the inflammatory cascade by LPS. The role of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex in LPS recognition and the importance of the TLR4-induced signaling pathways are evaluated in ALD.
Atrial flutter ablation in a patient with Marfanoid syndrome and anomalous cavotricuspid isthmus.

An 18-year-old man, with a Marfanoid connective tissue disorder, presented with atrial flutter ( Panel C ). He was referred for electrophysiology study and ablation. Entrainment manoeuvres confirmed the presence of typical counterclockwise cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent atrial flutter ( Panel D ). On intracardiac echocardiography (ICE; AcuNav, Biosense …
Measurement of transient sputtering of Mo and W by Al and B ions injected by laser ablation in PISCES-A

Abstract The development of a transient sputtering technique in PISCES-A plasmas is reported. A Nd:YAG laser is used to ablate impurities from a sample placed outside the plasma column, delivering a short (∼10 μs) pulse of impurities into the plasma. The injected impurity ions travel down the plasma column and cause a brief (∼10–100 μs) pulse of line emission from sputtered target material. This technique offers some advantages over steady-state sputtering experiments: a wide range of impurity ions can be injected, and incoming impurity ion and sputtered atom velocities can be inferred from time of flight measurements. Measurements of Mo and W sputtering by Al2+ and B+ ions are presented. The Mo sputtering yields are found to be about 5–10 times lower than expected, consistent with steady state measurements of sputtering of Mo by He+ under the same conditions. W sputtering is also lower than predicted.
Model for Consolidation-Induced Solute Transport with Nonlinear and Nonequilibrium Sorption

A numerical model, called CST2, is presented for coupled large strain consolidation and solute transport in saturated porous media. The consolidation and solute transport algorithms include the capabilities of a previous model, CST1, with the addition of a variable effective diffusion coefficient during consolidation and nonlinear nonequilibrium sorption. The model is based on a dual-Lagrangian framework that tracks separately the motions of fluid and solid phases. Verification checks of CST2 show excellent agreement with analytical and numerical solutions for solute transport in rigid porous media. A parametric study illustrates that, for the test cases considered, variation of effective diffusion coefficient during consolidation has an important effect on solute transport, whereas nonlinearity of the sorption isotherm has a less important effect. Additional simulations show that nonequilibrium sorption can have a strong effect on consolidation-induced solute transport and that this effect becomes more important as the rate of consolidation increases. The simulations also corroborate previous findings that consolidation can have a lasting effect on solute migration because transient advective flows change the distribution of solute mass which then becomes the initial condition for subsequent transport processes.
Standardized scheduled desensitization: some unstable results and an improved program.

Abstract Some findings casting doubt on the stability of a previously published program of scheduled desensitization were briefly reviewed. Extensive pilot work leading to the development of two schedules, of which one in particular seems highly stable and rather immune to Ss motivational variables, was described. A table outlining the details of the former and the new schedules is presented for ease of comparison and adaptation.
Genetic and environmental influences on nutrient intake

The relationship between genetic and the environment represents a pathway to better understand individual variations in nutrition intake and food preferences. However, the present literature is weakened somewhat by methodological flaws (e.g., overreliance on self-report questionnaires), discrepancies in statistical approaches, and inconsistent findings. Little research on this topic to date has included examination of micronutrient intake. The purpose of this study is to improve the existing literature on genetic and environmental influences on energy and nutrient intake by addressing these gaps. Twin pairs (N = 358; age 11–13 years) provided 3-day food intake diaries, which were assessed for intake of total energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients. Structural equation modeling revealed that genetic influences accounted for a significant portion of the total variance in total energy (48 %), macronutrients (35–45 %), minerals (45 %), and vitamins (21 %). Consistent with previous studies, the shared environment appeared to contribute little to nutritional intake. Findings on vitamin and mineral intake are novel and are particularly beneficial for further research on the contribution of micronutrients to individual physical health status. Better understanding of the linkage between genes, environment, and nutritional intake and deficiencies can clarify behavioral and physical outcomes, potentially informing risk reduction, primary prevention, and intervention strategies.
In Vitro Activation of the Rhesus Macaque Myeloid α-Defensin Precursor proRMAD-4 by Neutrophil Serine Proteinases

α-Defensins are mammalian antimicrobial peptides expressed mainly by cells of myeloid lineage or small intestinal Paneth cells. The peptides are converted from inactive 8.5-kDa precursors to membrane-disruptive forms by post-translational proteolytic events. Because rhesus myeloid pro-α-defensin-4 (proRMAD-4(20–94)) lacks bactericidal peptide activity in vitro, we tested whether neutrophil azurophil granule serine proteinases, human neutrophil elastase (NE), cathepsin G (CG), and proteinase-3 (P3) have in vitro convertase activity. Only NE cleaved proRMAD-4(20–94) at the native RMAD-4 N terminus to produce fully processed, bactericidal RMAD-4(62–94). The final CG cleavage product was RMAD-4(55–94), and P3 produced both RMAD-4(55–94) and RMAD-4(57–94). Nevertheless, NE, CG, and P3 digests of proRMAD4 and purified RMAD-4(62–94), RMAD-4(55–94), and RMAD-4(57–94) peptides had equivalent in vitro bactericidal activities. Bactericidal peptide activity assays of proRMAD-4(20–94) variants containing complete charge-neutralizing D/E to N/Q or D/E to A substitutions showed that (DE/NQ)-proRMAD-4(20–94) and (DE/A)-proRMAD-4(20–94) were as active as mature RMAD-4(62–94). Therefore, proregion Asp and Glu side chains inhibit the RMAD-4 component of full-length proRMAD-4(20–94), perhaps by a combination of charge-neutralizing and hydrogen-bonding interactions. Although native RMAD-4(62–94) resists NE, CG, and P3 proteolysis completely, RMAD-4(62–94) variants with disulfide pairing disruptions or lacking disulfide bonds were degraded extensively, evidence that the disulfide array protects the α-defensin moiety from degradation by the myeloid converting enzymes. These in vitro analyses support the conclusion that rhesus macaque myeloid pro-α-defensins are converted to active forms by serine proteinases that co-localize in azurophil granules.
Finite element computations for second-order hyperbolic equations with non-smooth solutions

Computed discrete negative norm errors for the approximate solution of second-order hyperbolic equations with non-smooth solutions are presented. The numerical approximations are based on a finite element discretization in the space variable and a two-step cosine method in the time variable. The approximate solution develops large oscillations when, for example, the solution has jump discontinuities. The error in some negative norms is small and this suggests that good accuracy may be obtained (where the solution is smooth) if smoothing operators are applied to the approximate solution. The results of applying several smoothing operators are presented.
Poetry, Recognition, and Redistribution: The September 11 Chronocanon

This essay engages the mass publication of poetry—ranging from W. H. Auden’s “September 1, 1939” to Lorna Dee Cervantes’s “Palestine” and Amiri Baraka’s “Somebody Blew Up America”—in the months after September 11, 2001. I label this set of texts linked together by near-simultaneous (re)publication a chronocanon. The chronocanon, I argue, can serve as a means by which an oppositional group articulates its position to a broadly construed public and, in so doing, deploys literature in an attempt to produce a new hegemonic formation. In particular, I focus on the way this chronocanon put forth antiracist and anti-imperialist arguments in an era when racist violence and imperialist tendencies were widely deployed, both by the US government and by many of its citizens. More broadly, I argue that for critics interested in the politics of literature, more attention to mass republication can help ground such claims in praxis.
Three theorems concerning principal AFLs

o(1)If every set in @? is a subset of a^* and the empty word belongs to one of them, then . One consequence is that is always principal for . (2)On the other hand, there is a language such that is not principal. (3)There are subsets J and K of a^* such that is not principal.
Study of a rare-gas transverse fast discharge

Results of an experimental and analytical study of a Blumlein‐type transverse fast discharge operating with He and Xe are presented. An electro‐optical voltage probe was used to measure the discharge voltage. The measured voltages were in good agreement with the computed voltages. The analytical model was used to predict the dependence of the discharge efficiency for producing metastables and ions on the important plasma and external circuit parameters. In He the ion efficiency is greater than the metastable efficiency, whereas in Xe the opposite is true. Much larger ion efficiencies (η+∼0.12) occur in He than in Xe, whereas much larger metastable efficiencies (η+∼0.20) occur in Xe than in He. The large dissociative recombination rate of Xe compared to He accounts for the differences in performance between Xe and He.
Several Microstrip-Based Conductor/Thin Film Ferroelectric Phase Shifter Designs Using (YBa2Cu3O(7 - Delta), Au)/SrTiO3/LaAlO3 Structures

We have designed, fabricated, and tested several novel microstrip-base YBa2Cu3O7-delta/SrTiO3/LaAlO3 (YBCO/STO/LAO) and Au/SrTiO3ALO3 (Au/STO/LAO) phase shifters. The first design consists of eight coupled microstrip phase shifters (CMPS) in series. This design using YBCO achieved a relative insertion phase shift (Delta f) of 484 degrees with a figure of merit of 80 degrees/dB at Vdc = 375 V, 16 GHz, and 40 K. A Delta f of 290 degrees was observed while maintaining the insertion loss below 4.5 dB. At 77 K, a Delta of 420 degrees was obtained for this phase shifter at the same bias and frequency. Both results correspond to an effective coupling length of 0.33 cm. A second compact design, consisting of an Au meander line and a CMPS section was also tested. Of the two samples tested, the best showed a figure of merit of 43 degrees/dB with Delta f = 290 degrees and 6.8 dB loss, at 40 K, 10 GHz and 400 V. Experimental and modeling results on these circuits will be discussed in the context of potential applications.
Cerebral evoked potentials to noxious dental stimulation: relationship to subjective pain report.

The relationship between subjective pain report and dental evoked potentials (DEP) was evaluated in 11 subjects. Brief electrical shocks were delivered to healthy, unfilled teeth and evoked potentials were recorded at three levels of pain intensity. Amplitude of major components increased with increasing pain report. Latency of major components did not change with pain report. Since intradental nerve endings consist mainly of high-threshold fibers generally associated with nociception, these results suggest that the DEP may be a useful physiological index of the acute pain experience in man.
The microwave spectrum, dipole moment, and molecular conformation of 2-cycloheptene-1-one

Abstract The microwave spectrum of 2-cycloheptene-1-one, an unsaturated cyclic ketone, has been studied in the regions 26.5–40 and 7.0–12.4 GHz. An analysis of the ground-state “ a ”-type transitions yielded the rotational constants (in MHz): A = 2997.27, B = 2049.24, C = 1399.76. The “ a ”-type transitions of an excited vibrational state were also assigned, giving A = 3000.51, B = 2046.65, C = 1398.88. The centrifugal distortion constants, D J and D JK , were needed to fit the data adequately. A study of the Stark effect yielded the dipole moment components (in debye) μ a = 3.63 ± 0.023 and μ c = 0.882 ± 0.040. The μ b component could not be determined from the Stark effect data. These data are used to discuss the molecular conformation of cycloheptene-1-one.
Epoch, Entertainment and Ethics: On the Hyperreality of Everyday Life

In this essay, I argue that popular entertainment can be understood in terms of Husserl's concepts of epoch?, reduction and constitution, and, conversely, that epoch?, reduction and constitution can be explicated in terms of popular entertainment. To this end I use Husserl's concepts to explicate and reflect upon the psychological and ethical effects of an exemplary instance of entertainment, the renowned Star Trek episode entitled "The Measure of a Man." The importance of such an exercise is twofold: (1) to demonstrate, once again, the fecundity of the methodological procedures Husserl bequeathed to us; more than any other philosopher, he tapped into the fundamental manners in which we lose, make and remake the meanings of our lives; and (2) to demonstrate how popular entertainment, similarly, plays a central role in the making and remaking of the meanings of our lives. If my zig-zag procedure between Husserl's philosophy and popular entertainment is productive and cogent, in addition to elucidating Husserl's philosophy, it will demonstrate the reality-generating potency and the constitutive power of entertainment in the contemporary world. Entertainment, via ourselves, has become the primary producer of the meanings via which consciousness constitutes the world.
LISP: An introduction and some great programs

Some of the advantages of LISP and some of its unsavory reputation are discussed. Some LISP programs in a variety of areas (chemistry, medicine, question answering, natural language, mathematics, airline tariffs, etc.) are briefly described.
Generating Future Land-Use and Transportation Plans for High-Growth Cities Using a Genetic Algorithm

: An elitist genetic algorithm was used to find a diverse non-dominated set of optimal future zoning and street plans for two high-growth cities in the United States of America. Plans were judged with regard to housing capacity, employment capacity, greenspace, traffic congestion, and change from the status quo. A multiobjective fitness function was used. The genetic algorithm offers the possibility of efficiently searching over tens of thousands of plans for a trade-off set of non-dominated plans. The trade-off set ranged from a minimum change plan, where undeveloped farmland was rezoned as commercial or residential land, to a minimum traffic congestion plan where commercial and residential usage were spread throughout the cities rather than concentrated in one or two areas. The algorithm is general enough to be applied to other cities and metropolitan regions.
Anesthetic Concerns in Patients with Known Cerebrovascular Insufficiency

This review outlines the perioperative anesthesia considerations of patients with vascular diseases of the central nervous system, including occlusive cerebrovascular diseases with ischemic risks and various cerebrovascular malformations with hemorrhagic potential. The discussion emphasizes perioperative management strategies to prevent complications and minimize their effects if they occur. Planning the anesthetic and perioperative management is predicated on understanding the goals of the therapeutic intervention and anticipating potential problems.
Nonlinear feedback control of highly manoeuvrable aircraft

This paper describes the application of nonlinear quadratic regulator (NLQR) theory to the design of control laws for a typical high-performance aircraft. The NLQR controller design is performed using truncated solutions of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation of optimal control theory. The performance of the NLQR controller is compared with the performance of a conventional P + I gain scheduled controller designed by applying standard frequency response techniques to the equations of motion of the aircraft linearized at various angles of attack. Both techniques result in control laws which are very similar in structure to one another and which yield similar performance. The results of applying both control laws to a high-g vertical turn are illustrated by nonlinear simulation.
ANTHOCYANIN COMPOSITION OF TARO

Anthocyanins were extracted from taro with 50% methanol, isolated by adsorbtion on insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone, and purified by thinlayer chromatography. The pigments were identified by chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods as pelargonidin 3-glucoside, cyanindin 3-rhamnoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside. Levels of anthocyanins were highest in the skin of the corm, 16.0% mg%, with equal amounts, 4.29 mg%, in both corm and petiole. Anthocyanogens also were present.
Combining visual information from the two eyes: The relationship between isthmotectal cells that project to ipsilateral and to contralateral optic tectum using fluorescent retrograde labels in the frog, Rana pipiens

The frog nucleus isthmi (homolog of the mammalian parabigeminal nucleus) is a visually responsive tegmental structure that is reciprocally connected with the ipsilateral optic tectum; cells in nucleus isthmi also project to the contralateral optic tectum. We investigated the location of the isthmotectal cells that project ipsilaterally and contralaterally using three retrograde fluorescent label solutions: Alexa Fluor 488 10,000 mw dextran conjugate; Rhodamine B isothiocyanate; and Nuclear Yellow. Dye solutions were pressure-injected into separate sites in the superficial optic tectum. Following a 6-day survival, brains were fixed, sectioned, and then photographed. Injection of the different labels at separate, discrete locations in the optic tectum result in retrograde filling of singly labeled clusters of cells in both the ipsilateral and contralateral nucleus isthmi. Generally, ipsilaterally projecting cells are dorsal to the contralaterally projecting cells, but there is a slight overlap between the two sets of cells. Nonetheless, when different retrograde labels are injected into opposite tecta, there is no indication that individual cells project to both tecta. The set of cells that project to the ipsilateral tectum and the set of cells that project to the contralateral tectum form a visuotopic map in a roughly vertical, transverse slab. Our results suggest that nucleus isthmi can be separated into two regions with cells in the dorsolateral portion projecting primarily to the ipsilateral optic tectum and cells in the ventrolateral nucleus isthmi projecting primarily to the contralateral optic tectum. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:38–54, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An examination of domestic partner violence and its justification in the Republic of Georgia.

Background Little research on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and social perceptions toward this behavior has been disseminated from Eastern Europe. This study explores the prevalence and risk factors of IPV and the justification of this behavior among women in the Republic of Georgia. It seeks to better understand how IPV and IPV justification relate and how social justification of IPV differs across socio-economic measures among this population of women.
IκB kinases: key regulators of the NF-κB pathway

The nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway is important for the expression of a wide variety of genes that are involved in the control of the host immune and inflammatory response, and in the regulation of cellular proliferation and survival. The constitutive activation of this pathway is associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, in addition to atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cancer and diabetes. One of the key steps in activating the NF-kappaB pathway is the stimulation of the IkappaB (inhibitor of kappaB) kinases. Recent data indicate that these kinases activate the NF-kappaB pathway through distinct steps that are operative in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. A better understanding of the mechanisms that activate this pathway provides the potential for defining new therapeutic targets that might prevent the aberrant activation of NF-kappaB in a variety of human diseases.
5-HT3 receptors mediate inflammation-induced unmasking of functional tachykinin responses in vitro

Exogenously applied tachykinins produce no measurable electrophysiological responses in the somata of vagal afferent neurons [nodose ganglion neurons (NGNs)] isolated from naive guinea pigs. By con...
A transformation instance-based approach to traceability

Although traceability is often a suggested requirement for general software development, there are areas such as airborne systems, where traceability is a compulsory part of the development process. This paper describes a tool chain that is able to generate and to follow traceability links across model-to-model and model-to-code transformations, and capable of providing navigability support along these traceability links. We elaborate on the conceptual design of our tool chain and provide details on its realization in a DSML environment underpinned by graph rewriting-based model transformation.
Persistent worsening of epilepsy associated with pregnancy

Abstract Pregnancy can be associated with an increased seizure frequency, often explained by altered pharmacokinetics and poor anticonvulsant medication compliance during the pregnancy. It is generally assumed that seizures revert to their prior frequency following delivery, but there is little information available on the subsequent course of epilepsy. We reviewed the long-term course of epilepsy after pregnancy in women referred to an epilepsy center. Five patients (of 31 reviewed) are described with a major and prolonged deterioration in their epilepsy at the time of pregnancy. All had clinical and EEG evidence of seizures of partial onset. The exacerbations persisted for many years despite therapeutic levels of anticonvulsants. We conclude that some women have protracted worsening of their epilepsy associated with pregnancy unexplained by anticonvulsant compliance problems. Elevation of estrogen levels during pregnancy may play a role in the long-lasting deterioration.
Effect of Metal Ions and Compounds on the Rheological Properties of a Drag-Reducing Cationic Surfactant Solution Exhibiting Shear-Induced Structure Formation

Abstract The effect of various metal ions and compounds on the viscoelasticity of a 12.5/5 mMsodium salicylate (NaSal)/tris(2-hydroxyethyl) tallowalkyl ammonium acetate (TTAA) surfactant solution has been studied phenomenologically. This solution normally exhibits shear-induced structure formation and strong drag reduction properties. The viscosity andN1buildup times under a constant shear rate increase monotonically with the concentration of added Zn(OH)2, Cu(OH)2, or Fe(OH)3. The magnitude ofN1and the viscosity do not change significantly with the addition of Zn(OH)2, but decrease dramatically with increasing Cu(OH)2, Cu2(OH)2CO3, and Fe(OH)3concentrations. The effect is believed to be due to adsorption on insoluble particulates and to reaction between copper compounds and NaSal. Mg2+and Cu2+do not change the steady-state viscosity andN1, whereas Na+, Zn2+, and Ca2+decrease these quantities significantly at low shear rates. The loss of viscoelasticity in the NaSal/TTAA solution due to Cu(OH)2and Cu2(OH)2CO3can be recovered, however, by adding the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate to the contaminated solution. The rheological results are consistent with drag reduction experiments. The results show that chemical contamination may be an important issue for drag-reducing cationic surfactant additives used in industrial applications where such contaminants are present.
Modification of parylene AF-4 surfaces using activated water vapor

In this study, we investigate the addition of oxygen functionalities to parylene AF-4 using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Subsequent reactions with trimethylaluminum (TMA) were also studied by XPS. Samples were exposed to water vapor that was passed over a heated W filament, and comparison is made with similarly exposed polystyrene. Oxygen incorporation occurred in both polymers and was substantially greater in polystyrene. Defluorination occurred in the parylene sample, and X-ray photoelectron spectra indicate that the oxygen is chemically bound to the polymer surface. TMA was dosed at room temperature onto the parylene samples, and prior modification of the AF-4 surface resulted in enhanced reactivity toward TMA. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to characterize the surfaces and demonstrates that no significant surface roughness occurred due to the modification process.
Mediation as Parallel Seminars: Lessons from the Student Takeover of Columbia University's Hamilton Hall

The author and a colleague served as co-mediators of the 1996 student takeover of a Columbia University building. The building takeover was the culmination of a year-long debate at Columbia over the inclusion of Ethnic Studies in the curriculum. The student protestors and university administration agreed to a settlement folllowing four days of mediation. Among the lessons learned in this case, the author cites: mediation is a process that generally involves a series of “parallel seminars” involving the parties and their constituents that takes place throughout the process; trust building isa task of singular importance for the mediator; a mediator sometimes may have a personal stake in the outcome that pushes the process toward settlement; it is crucial to consider the role of the media, particularly in high-profile cases; and food (or the lack of it) often affects the performance of the mediation participants.
Interpretation of EUV emissions observed by Mills et al.

An explanation of the so-called hydrino continuum emissions proposed by Mills and Lu, most recently in [Eur. Phys. J. D 64, 65 (2011)], is presented using conventional atomic, plasma, and discharge physics. It is argued that the observed EUV emissions during their pulsed discharges originate from transitions in ions sputtered or evaporated from the electrodes. Such an interpretation removes their justification for the introduction of hydrino particles.
Of Model Pets and Cancer Models: An Introduction to Mouse Models of Cancer

The extraordinary endeavor to faithfully model human disorders in mice began in the early 1900s, and in the century since has delivered fundamental advances in our understanding and treatment of human disease. Although it could not be appreciated at the time, 99% of mouse protein-coding genes have an equivalent homolog in the human genome, despite the striking differences in appearance between mouse and man. This remarkable genetic similarity, together with our ability to finely engineer the murine genome, has made the mouse the ideal animal in which to model and analyze human biology and disease. Here we describe this remarkable shared journey between human and mouse, and envisage the next generation of mouse models, which will no doubt prove increasingly sophisticated and even more faithful to human disease. We also address the strategic use of mice in the fight against cancer, and the role they will play in the development of therapies to eradicate this disease.
Applications of Catastrophe Theory for Statistical Modeling in the Biosciences

Abstract Although catastrophe theory has been applied with mixed success to many problems in the biosciences, very few of these applications have used any form of statistical modeling. We present examples of the applications of statistical catastrophe theory in the analysis of experimental data. These include examples of hysteresis effects, bifurcation effects, and the full cusp catastrophe model. The methods of statistical catastrophe theory draw upon the theories of parameter estimation for multiparameter exponential families, nonlinear time-series analysis, and stochastic differential equations. We discuss the application of these methods to both canonical and noncanonical catastrophe models.
Stress Response in Critical Illness

Sepsis brings about neuroendocrine dysfunction in children that differs significantly from that of adults and can thus be difficult to interpret and manage. Aggressive treatment of sepsis with appropriate and judicious use of antibiotics remains a top priority. Strict glycemic control in children has been associated with significant risk of hypoglycemia, which may independently contribute to morbidity and mortality. Timely initiation of hydrocortisone in persistently hypotensive children with fluid-refractory, catecholamine-resistant shock is controversial, but its use in children with suspected or proven adrenal insufficiency is suggested. Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities must be corrected. Treatment of thyroid dysfunction has been shown to be beneficial in certain specific populations but cannot be extrapolated to all septic patients with the current available data.
Variable phenotypes associated with mutations in DOK7

Many patients with the limb-girdle variant of congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) possess mutations in the human Dok-7 gene (DOK7). We identified six unrelated CMS patients with DOK7 mutations. Two patients, one mildly and the other moderately affected, were homozygous for the previously described 1263insC mutation. The common 1124_1127dupTGCC mutation was detected in the other four patients, whose clinical phenotypes range from mildly to severely affected. This striking phenotypic heterogeneity found both within and between mutational classes is made more compelling by data from our electrophysiological studies and electron microscopy of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Indeed, several aspects of the physiological and morphometric data do not correlate with genotype or severity of clinical phenotype. Overall, our study corroborates the findings of others and provides an additional demonstration of the considerable phenotypic variability associated with CMS due to DOK7 mutations.
Measurement of dilute metallic impurity concentration in lead by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract The traditional method for purity determination by analysis of the peak shape of the melting transition has included fitting to a linear relation between sample temperature (T) and the reciprocal fraction molten ( 1 7 ). This technique, however, necessitates the use of a series of calibrants to determine the proper choice of limits for 1 7 as a function of purity. In this paper, a non-linear relation between T and 1 7 is developed and applied to the determination of metallic impurities in Pb in the range of a few to 1000 parts per million. The results are found to be independent of the range of 1 7 used. The use of differential scanning calorimety in this determination is discussed, and rate effects are also mentioned.
Structural Mechanisms Underlying Posttranslational Modification by Ubiquitin-Like Proteins

Covalent attachment of ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) is a predominant mechanism for regulating protein function in eukaryotes. Several structurally related Ubls, such as ubiquitin, SUMO, NEDD8, and ISG15, modify a vast number of proteins, altering their functions in a variety of ways. Ubl modifications can affect the target's half-life, subcellular localization, enzymatic activity, or ability to interact with protein or DNA partners. Generally, these diverse Ubls are covalently attached via their C termini to their targets by parallel, but specific, cascades involving three classes of enzymes known as E1, E2, and E3. Structures are now available for many protein complexes in E1-E2-E3 cascades, revealing a series of modular building blocks and providing mechanistic insights into their functions.