cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thoracic surgery outcomes for patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Abstract Objective As the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic continues, appropriate management of thoracic complications from Coronavirus Disease 2019 needs to be determined. Our objective is to evaluate which complications occurring in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 require thoracic surgery and to report the early outcomes. Methods This study is a single-institution retrospective case series at New York University Langone Health Manhattan campus evaluating patients with confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 infection who were hospitalized and required thoracic surgery from March 13 to July 18, 2020. Results From March 13 to August 8, 2020, 1954 patients were admitted to New York University Langone Health for Coronavirus Disease 2019. Of these patients, 13 (0.7%) required thoracic surgery. Two patients (15%) required surgery for complicated pneumothoraces, 5 patients (38%) underwent pneumatocele resection, 1 patient (8%) had an empyema requiring decortication, and 5 patients (38%) developed a hemothorax that required surgery. Three patients (23%) died after surgery, 9 patients (69%) were discharged, and 1 patient (8%) remains in the hospital. No healthcare providers were positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 after the surgeries. Conclusions Given the 77% survival, with a majority of patients already discharged from the hospital, thoracic surgery is feasible for the small percent of patients hospitalized with Coronavirus Disease 2019 who underwent surgery for complex pneumothorax, pneumatocele, empyema, or hemothorax. Our experience also supports the safety of surgical intervention for healthcare providers who operate on patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019.
What Is Your Estimand? Defining the Target Quantity Connects Statistical Evidence to Theory

We make only one point in this article. Every quantitative study must be able to answer the question: what is your estimand? The estimand is the target quantity—the purpose of the statistical analy...
Fetal growth, high altitude, and evolutionary adaptation: a new perspective

Residence at high altitude is consistently associated with low birthweight among placental mammals. This reduction in birthweight influences long-term health trajectories for both the offspring and mother. However, the physiological processes that contribute to fetal growth restriction at altitude are still poorly understood, and thus our ability to safely intervene remains limited. One approach to identify the factors that mitigate altitude-dependent fetal growth restriction is to study populations that are protected from fetal growth restriction through evolutionary adaptations (e.g., high altitude-adapted populations). Here, we examine human gestational physiology at high altitude from a novel evolutionary perspective that focuses on patterns of physiological plasticity, allowing us to identify 1) the contribution of specific physiological systems to fetal growth restriction and 2) the mechanisms that confer protection in highland-adapted populations. Using this perspective, our review highlights two general findings: first, that the beneficial value of plasticity in maternal physiology is often dependent on factors more proximate to the fetus; and second, that our ability to understand the contributions of these proximate factors is currently limited by thin data from altitude-adapted populations. Expanding the comparative scope of studies on gestational physiology at high altitude and integrating studies of both maternal and fetal physiology are needed to clarify the mechanisms by which physiological responses to altitude contribute to fetal growth outcomes. The relevance of these questions to clinical, agricultural, and basic research combined with the breadth of the unknown highlight gestational physiology at high altitude as an exciting niche for continued work.
Thermal analytical characterization of mixtures of antipsychotic drugs with various excipients for improved drug delivery

Antipsychotics are a class of psychiatric medication that is primarily effective at reducing psychosis symptoms, particularly in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. This study aims to formulate mixtures of the antipsychotic drugs quetiapine fumarate (QUE), nortriptyline (NOR), propranolol (PROP) and haloperidol (HAL) with excipients urea, niacin (NIA) and niacinamide (NIM) to obtain an enhanced bioavailability and therapeutic effect. The mixtures were prepared by the solvent method and are characterized by various analytical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, wide angle X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and dissolution studies. Out of the various mixtures that have been prepared and tested, five of them showed eutectic behavior and their eutectic points are as follows: quetiapine fumarate–urea (QUE–UREA) 20–80, w/w; nortriptyline–niacin (NOR–NIA) 70–30, w/w; propranolol–niacin (PROP–NIA) 80–20, w/w; propranolol–niacinamide (PROP–NIM) 40–60, w/w; and haloperidol–niacinamide (HAL–NIM) 20–80, w/w. DSC investigation has revealed the formation of an eutectic system and the phase diagrams and Tamman’s triangle construction along with the hot-stage microscopy confirmed their melting points. PXRD study indicated no chemical interaction between either of the mixtures, while SEM study showed the size reduction in these mixtures that has been achieved. In vitro studies of the five mixtures showed an appreciable increase in the dissolution rate compared to that of the drug alone. In conclusion, five simple eutectic mixtures have been formulated by the solvent method and were found to show better dissolution rates than that of the pure form of the drugs, thus improving the bioavailability of these poorly water-soluble drugs.
ACTA as a new kind of international IP lawmaking

The ACTA negotiations are important not only for the potential impact of the treaty itself, but for what they can teach us about the dynamics of intellectual property law-making and the structure of the IP treaty framework. This paper draws two broad lessons from the progress of the ACTA to date which, while not entirely new, can be understood in a new light by looking at the detailed development of the ACTA text: (1) that the global IP 'ratchet' is not inexorable; and (2) that the international IP treaty framework is very poorly adapted to developing exceptions. The relevance of these lessons for negotiators, scholars and advocates is also discussed. 1 At the time this paper was researched and written, the July 1, 2010 draft of ACTA was the most recent draft of the text. Any references to “the most recent text” and related analysis refer to the July 1, 2010 draft. After this paper was submitted for publication, a new draft of ACTA was leaked on Aug. 25, 2010. This paper may be revised by the author to reflect changes made in the Aug. 25, 2010 draft text. 2 Senior Lecturer in Law, TC Beirne School of Law, The University of Queensland. 2 ACTA as a New Kind of International IP Lawmaking WWW.WCL.AMERICAN.EDU/PIJIP ABSTRACT 1
Musical Improvisation: Art, Education, and Society

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2009 Pages: 376 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 978-0-252-03462-6 (hard cover).
Theory of Spin‐transfer Torque

In magnetic multilayers, the spin-polarized currents flowing between the magnetic layers can exert torques on the magnetizations of the layers when the magnetizations are not collinear. The theory of these spin-transfer torques is developed in terms of semiclassical transport calculations coupled with quantum-mechanical calculations of the behavior of spins at interfaces. The result is an expression for the torque in terms of the geometry of the devices and the magnetic configuration. Keywords: magnetic multilayers; giant magnetoresistance; spin transfer torque; exchange interaction; spin-dependent transport; spin-dependent resistance; micromagnetics; precession; point contacts; nanopillars; spin diffusion; spin accumulation; spin-flip scattering; spin pumping
Summary of an Ongoing Population Study of Parnassius ClodiusButterflies

Global and regional climate patterns suggest that future conditions in the western United States will be warmer and drier. Changing climatic conditions are predicted to impact ecosystems on many levels including at a population level. Decreases in population distribution and sizes have the potential to disrupt community and species diversity. Insects are particularly useful organisms to study because of their shorter life spans and sensitivity to changes environmental conditions. We expanded on previous population studies of a butterfly species, Parnassius clodius, located in Grand Teton National Park using mark-recapture techniques. We collected data to assess population size and sex ration on one particular population located in the park. Using mark-recapture techniques, we were able to collect data to assess population numbers, total number of males and females, sex rations and number of mated versus unmated females throughout the flight season. Here we compiled information about this population to provide benchmark information for this species and its population dynamics. The combined population data will be further used to study how changing climatic conditions have affected this population throughout the study years. The results will be valuable for understanding the population and also for understanding potential climate-related impacts on butterfly populations in other locations.
Digit-Pipelined Arnthmetic as Illustrated by the Paste-Up System: A Tutorial

Data transmission in bit- or digit-serial fashion results in efficient communication both within and between VLSI chips. A comparison of the two methods requires only one communication wire per data item, but requires 2p cycles to transmit the data across that wire (where 2p is the precision in bits). Digit-serial transmission requires only O(log b) communication wires per data item, and only 2p/(log b) cycles to transmit the data (where b is the base). Limiting transmission between VLSI chips is desirable because of pin limitations. Limiting transmission within each VLSI chip is important so that the chip area needed for interconnections will be minimal. The possible penalty, of course, in using bit- or digit-serial transmission is slow processing speed, since several cycles are required to transmit a full data word. However, this speed limitation can be overcome by using pipelining to its fullest extent-that is, pipelining at the digit level.
Measuring futures in action: projective grammars in the Rio + 20 debates

While there is an extensive subfield in sociology studying the sources, content, and consequences of collective memory, the study of future projections has been much more fragmentary. In part, this has to do with the challenge of measurement; how do you measure something that has not happened yet? In this article, I argue that future projections can be studied via their externalizations in attitudes, narratives, performance, and material forms. They are particularly evident in what I call “sites of hyperprojectivity,” that is, sites of heightened, future-oriented public debate about possible futures. As a pilot project, I examine contending narratives about possible futures in the online documents of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and the accompanying “People’s Summit,” held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012. I propose a framework for studying how public interventions into debates about “sustainable futures” and the “green economy” differ on various dimensions of projectivity, including their temporal reach, attention to contingency and causality, and network mapping of future actors. I present a preliminary analysis at the level of narrative and grammar, by analyzing the use of predictive, imperative, and subjunctive verb forms in both programmatic and oppositional texts. I close with a discussion of how different genres of future projection might be put to analytical use in studying processes of interest to social scientists, such as coalition formation, institution building, political mobilization, and policy change.
The MIT ATIS system: February 1992 progress report

This paper describes the status of the MIT ATIS system as of February 1992, focusing especially on the changes made to the SUMMIT recognizer. These include context-dependent phonetic modelling, the use of a bigram language model in conjunction with a probabilistic LR parser, and refinements made to the lexicon. Together with the use of a larger training set, these modifications combined to reduce the speech recognition word and sentence error rates by a factor of 2.5 and 1.6, respectively, on the October '91 test set. The weighted error for the entire spoken language system on the same test set is 49.3%. Similar results were also obtained on the February '92 benchmark evaluation.
DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORETICAL STUDY OF MONO-NITRATED FLUORANTHENES

The molecules 1-, 2-, 3-, 7-, and 8-nitrofluoranthenes are well-known mutagens and carcinogens. These environmental pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere via anthropogenic activities including diesel combustion emissions, residential home heating and reactions of nitrogen oxide (NO x ) gases with fluoranthene. The differential mutagenic potency between nitrated fluoranthenes has been proposed to emanate from the orientation of the nitro group relative to the aromatic plane. To establish the validity of the structure-function correlations requires specific crystal structures, which are unavailable. Fortunately, electronic structure calculations can be done. In this report, the structures of fluoranthene and its mono nitrated derivatives were investigated with the density functional theoretical theory at B3LYP/6-311+G∗∗ level. The structure-function correlations were examined by comparing reported mutagenicity data with calculated bond lengths, angles and dihedral angles. The relationships between the ...
Report on the VIIth International Symposium on Heat Shock Proteins in Biology & Medicine

This seventh symposium in a series on heat shock proteins in biology and medicine was held November 1–5, 2014, at the Hilton Hotel in Old Town Alexandria, Virginia. Approximately 70 participants including principal investigators, postdoctoral fellows, and graduate students were in attendance. The major themes were: new properties of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and heat shock factor (HSF) and role in the etiology of cancer, molecular chaperones in aging, extracellular HSPs in inflammation and immunity, role of heat shock and the heat shock response in immunity and cancer, protein aggregation disorders and HSP expression, and Hsp70 in blood cell differentiation. The next meeting is planned for the fall of 2016 in the same venue.
A constitutive model for the Mullins effect with changes in material symmetry

Abstract When an unfilled or particle reinforced rubber is subjected to cyclic loading–unloading with a fixed amplitude from its natural reference configuration, the stress required on reloading is less than on the initial loading for a deformation up to the maximum value of the stretches achieved. The stress differences in successive loading cycles are largest during the first and second cycles and become negligible after about 4–6 cycles. This phenomenon is known as the Mullins effect. In this paper new experimental data are reported showing the change in material symmetry for an initially undamaged and isotropic material subjected to uniaxial and biaxial extension tests. The effect of preconditioning in one direction on the mechanical response when loaded in a perpendicular direction is discussed. A simple phenomenological model is derived to account for stress softening and changes in material symmetry. The formulation is based on the theory of pseudo-elasticity, the basis of which is the inclusion of scalar variables in the energy function. When active, these variables modify the form of the energy function during the deformation process and therefore change the material response. The general formulation is specialized to pure homogeneous deformation in order to fit the new data. The numerical results are in very good agreement with the experimental data.
Analysis of NASA/NSO Spectromagnetograph Observations for Comparison with Solar Irradiance Variations

The NASA/NSO Spectromagnetograph (SPM) at the National Solar Observatory/Kitt Peak Vacuum Telescope (NSO/KPVT) has produced daily full-disk solar images of line-of-sight (LOS) magnetic flux, LOS velocity, continuum intensity, equivalent width, and central line depth in either Fe I 550.7 nm or Fe I 868.8 nm since 1992 April. Internally, these five images are strictly cospatial and cotemporal. This paper describes reduction techniques for removing spurious effects (principally from clouds and optical vignetting) from the images and presents summary statistics from the first 2 years of operation. Pairs of bivariate histograms as well as five-dimensional histograms are formed from the "cleaned" images. Factor analysis of various summary statistics from the histograms shows that mixed-polarity magnetic elements of weak to moderate strength; unipolar magnetic features, including active regions and strong enhanced network; and sunspots are the most important sources of variance in the SPM data. Multiple regressions of spacecraft measurements of bolometric solar irradiance on the dominant factors, however, yield strong correlations with only unipolar regions and sunspots; the weak and mixed-polarity features that account for most of the SPM variance are only weakly correlated with the spacecraft measurements.
Multiple methods of research: Possibilities for the study of music teaching and learning

There are at least three published studies in the Journal of Research in Music Education using techniques from several methods of research. First, all three use historiography techniques to complete a review of literature. Then both qualitative and quantitative methodologies are used to answer the research questions posed. These studies are examples of the use of multiple methods of research in music education. The purpose of this essay is to show how this is not only appropriate, but desirable, in answering research questions about music teaching and learning. Moreover, I suggest that graduate students must develop skills in all methodologies. The three major research methods in music education are the focus of discussion in this article. These methods are historical, quantitative, and qualitative. Following brief definitions of each method, philosophical issues concerning the choice of method for research are examined. Third, research techniques for each method are compared. Finally, the advantages and ...
An Examination of the Impact of Formerly Incarcerated Persons Helping others

Abstract This study builds upon theory and research concerning the helper therapy principle, mutual-help groups, wounded healers, and retroflexive reformation to examine the possible benefits of helping others in a sample of 228 formerly incarcerated persons in prisoner reintegration programs. A 4-item helper/wounded healer orientation scale was developed. OLS regression analysis was used to determine if this orientation is related to psychological well-being and/or acts as a sort of buffer against criminality. The results indicate that the helper/wounded healer orientation has a positive relationship with higher self-esteem and greater satisfaction with life, and a negative relationship with having a criminal attitude and the forecast of rearrest. The finding that helping helps the helper suggests that this principle should be recognized for its potential in facilitating the recovery and reintegration of formerly incarcerated persons.
The Temple University Reading Clinic

The Psychology of Reading Department and the Reading Clinic at Temple University provide a Diagnostic Division and a Laboratory School. They serve two main functions: training of graduate students in education and meeting the needs of children with reading problems through evaluation and remediation. How these functions are served is described here.
Matroids with No (q+2)-Point-Line Minors

It is known that a geometry with rankrand no minor isomorphic to the (q+2)-point line has at most (qr?1)/(q?1) points, with strictly fewer points ifr>3 andqis not a prime power. Forqnot a prime power andr>3, we show thatqr?1?1 is an upper bound. Forqa prime power andr>3, we show that any rank-rgeometry with at leastqr?1points and no (q+2)-point-line minor is representable overGF(q). We strengthen these bounds toqr?1?(qr?2?1)/(q?1)?1 andqr?1?(qr?2?1)/(q?1) respectively whenqis odd. We give an application to unique representability and a new proof of Tutte's theorem: A matroid is binary if and only if the 4-point line is not a minor.
Fast unsupervised alignment of video and text for indexing/names and faces

We propose a novel way of combining weakly associated video/audio and text steams in an unsupervised manner which is faster than conventional speech recognition. The technique aligns audio/video and text streams which will enable video search using the associated text. Multimedia of this form includes news broadcast with summaries, parliament proceedings and court trials with transcripts, sports telecast with text commentary, etc. We also show how we can annotate the video with the names of the person appearing in the video which will allow name based indexing/search. We test the technique on a 80 minute video segment downloaded from the website of the International Court of the Former Yugoslavia, with the corresponding transcripts. The proposed technique achieves 88.49% accuracy on sentence level alignments and 95.5% accuracy on the task of assigning names to faces.
Revelation and Reason

ANY adequate investigation of the relations of faith and reason must deal with the more limited but quite basic question of the bearing on each other of revelation and reason. Indeed, Emil Brunner goes so far as to maintain that "the problem of Christian philosophy is the problem of the interpenetration of the two spheres, of the secular and knowable, and the supernatural and revealed .... Here we need to do some more fundamental thinking."' Whether or not the present paper evidences fundamental thinking on this problem, it represents at least an effort to think truly about fundamentals. By revelation is meant the total activity by which God discloses his character, purpose, and will to men in order to lead them into fel-
Project to transcribe old ship logs provides important weather data

Kathy Wendolkowski is a citizen scientist. It's a term that Wendolkowski considers far too lofty for what she claims is simply a happy addiction that she and others have for transcribing old logs from naval ship and other vessels. They perform this task to glean the regularly recorded weather data from those logs for the benefit of science. For Wendolkowski, though, greater satisfaction comes from reading what the logs also reveal about the daily lives of the sailors as well as any accompanying historical drama.
Advanced Probability Theory for Biomedical Engineers

This is the third in a series of short books on probability theory and random processes for biomedical engineers. This book focuses on standard probability distributions commonly encountered in biomedical engineering. The exponential, Poisson and Gaussian distributions are introduced, as well as important approximations to the Bernoulli PMF and Gaussian CDF. Many important properties of jointly Gaussian random variables are presented. The primary subjects of the final chapter are methods for determining the probability distribution of a function of a random variable. We first evaluate the probability distribution of a function of one random variable using the CDF and then the PDF. Next, the probability distribution for a single random variable is determined from a function of two random variables using the CDF. Then, the joint probability distribution is found from a function of two random variables using the joint PDF and the CDF. The aim of all three books is as an introduction to p obability theory. The audience includes students, engineers and researchers presenting applications of this theory to a wide variety of problems—as well as pursuing these topics at a more advanced level. The theory material is presented in a logical manner—developing special mathematical skills as needed. The mathematical background required of the reader is basic knowledge of differential calculus. Pertinent biomedical engineering examples are throughout the text. Drill problems, straightforward exercises designed to reinforce concepts and develop problem solution skills, follow most sections.
Structural properties of fd coat protein in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles

Abstract Natural abundance 13 C and high field 1 H NMR spectroscopy are used to characterize the major coat protein of the filamentous bacteriophage fd in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Chemical shift dispersion of protein resonances, slow and differential exchange rates of amide protons, and relaxation parameters of the alpha carbons of the protein indicate that the detergent solubilized coat protein has a stable native conformation. The structure of the coat protein in micelles differs from that found for typical globular proteins in solution in that parts of the peptide backbone exhibit rapid segmental motion.
Visual disturbances in tur reaction

Visual disturbances during transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate are described and possible causes of this phenomenon are discussed. Awareness of this unusual manifestation of the TUR reaction may offer the first clue to excessive systemic absorption of irrigation fluid.
An introduction to the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS)

This article provides an introductory overview of the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard, better known as METS. It will be of most use to librarians and technical staff who are encountering METS for the first time. The article contains a brief history of the development of METS, a primer covering the basic structure and content of METS documents, and a discussion of several issues relevant to the implementation and continuing development of METS including object models, extension schemata, and application profiles.
Global existence of generalized solutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein-scalar equations in the large

In this paper we study the global initial value problem for the spherically symmetric Einstein-scalar field equations in the large. We introduce the concept of a generalized solution of our problem, and, taking as initial hypersurface a future light cone with vertex at the center of symmetry, we prove, without any restriction on the size of the initial data, the global, in retarded time, existence of generalized solutions.
On dynamic efficiency in a growth model with increasing returns

Abstract The production externality at the heart of the knowledge-based growth literature reverses the standard analysis of efficient capital accumulation. If the competitive equilibrium involves underinvestment relative to the social optimum, moving to the social optimum requires sacrifice by some in the standard decreasing returns case but requires no such sacrifice when there are knowledge spillovers.
What can we learn from the Hoover Dam project that influenced modern project management

Abstract The Hoover Dam was completed two years ahead of schedule and under budget despite political, economical, technical, and organizational obstacles. Previous literature regarding the Hoover Dam project focused primarily on the aspects of design, engineering, and construction, with minimal analysis or discussions on project and program management techniques unique to this undertaking. This paper examines project and program management practices applied to the building of the Hoover Dam, and discusses how these factors contributed to the establishment and evolution of modern project management principles, tools, and techniques. A historical review of the Hoover Dam project reveals that the project team implemented a number of innovative strategies and practices that are comparable to critical success factors for today's megaprojects to overcome monumental project challenges and obstacles. This paper conveys the organizational and managerial best practices and presents lessons learned associated with the planning and construction of the Hoover Dam project.
Studies of ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol on blood glucose and plasma insulin II. Twelve month oral glucose tolerance test

Abstract Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test in sixty-seven women. Each was tested before and after twelve months of using a combination type oral contraceptive containing ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol. The fasting blood glucose values were unchanged. At one year there were significant elevations of the glucose and insulin levels during the test in the “normal” women but not for those with an initial abnormal glucose curve. In the “normal” subgroup, 40.7% of the tolerances deteriorated after one year as 29.6% became “borderline abnormal” and 11.1% became “abnormal”.
Research Review: Two pathways toward impulsive action: an integrative risk model for bulimic behavior in youth

Background This study provides an integrative review of existing risk factors and models for bulimia nervosa (BN) in young girls. We offer a new model for BN that describes two pathways of risk that may lead to the initial impulsive act of binge eating and purging in children and adolescents. Scope We conducted a selective literature review, focusing on existing and new risk processes for BN in this select population. Findings We identify two ways in which girls increase their risk to begin engaging in the impulsive behavior of binge eating and purging. The first is state-based: the experience of negative mood, in girls attempting to restrain eating, leads to the depletion of self-control and thus increased risk for loss of control eating. The second is personality-based: elevations on the trait of negative urgency, or the tendency to act rashly when distressed, increase risk, particularly in conjunction with high-risk psychosocial learning. We then briefly discuss how these behaviors are reinforced, putting girls at further risk for developing BN. Conclusions We highlight several areas in which further inquiry is necessary, and we discuss the clinical implications of the new risk model we described.
More on the determinants of the fertility transition.

Abstract The economic approach to fertility is an application of the economics theory of consumer behavior. It is assumed that consumers of children are utility‐maximizers with stable preferences over time. Thus, changes in fertility are related to changes in household income and the “price” of children. One concern in this approach is that demographic changes are a product of changes in tastes rather than exogenous changes in economic factors such as the earning ability of women. In this paper, the effect of economic variables on the demand for children in the United States in 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980 is examined. Support is provided for the hypothesis that the earning ability of women is an important determinant of fertility.
STUDIES OF DEVELOPMENT IN LONG SHOOTS AND SHORT SHOOTS OF GINKGO BILOBA L. III. AUXIN PRODUCTION IN SHOOT GROWTH

THE LONG and short shoots characteristic of Ginkgo are of considerable interest because the type of shoot expression is capable of reversal, either spontaneously in nature or as a result of various treatments. It was observed each spring that opening buds, terminal or lateral, initially form short shoots; that is, as the buds open, the developing leaves which were laid down the previous fall enlarge with little or no internodal elongation. It is only after a week or more that certain of the shoots add more leaves and undergo internodal elongation, giving rise to long shoots. Developmental studies on Ginkgo by Foster (1938), which have been confirmed and extended by Gunckel and Wetmore (1946a, b) showed that there is no fundamental difference in the cellular organization of the apical meristems in the long and short shoots. The seasonal variations in shoot expression mentioned above are reflected in the derivatives from the apex and not in the structure or configuration of the apex itself. In general, the development of a bud and elongation of the shoot below it are known to be closely connected with the production of auxin by the bud. Although the details of the relationship are by no means clear, there is an evident correlation at least between the first flush of spring growth and the amount of diffusible auxin which can be obtained from the growing bud. In an herbaceous plant the terminal bud is the main source of diffusible auxin, and lateral buds which are inhibited from developing yield practically none (Thimann and Skoog, 1934). In woody plants several authors have shown that rapidly developing buds in the spring yield auxin in easily measurable amounts (Czaja, 1934; W. Zimmermann, 1936; Avery et al., 1937; Soding 1937). It is clear, particularly from the very numerous diffusions carried out by Zimmermann, and the closely agreeing results of S6ding, that the period during which auxin can be obtained from the buds of woody plants is quite short. Within a period of about 4 weeks the auxin yield rises rapidly from negligible values to a maximum and falls back almost to zero. In the more basal parts of elongating shoots, however, the diffusible auxin yield may be higher than that from the bud; similar phenomena will be described below. In view of the lack of any morphological differentiation in the early stages of bud development in
Modeling the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Pacific Salmon Culture Programs: An Example at Winthrop National Fish Hatchery

Hatcheries have long been used in an attempt to mitigate for declines in wild stocks of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), though the conservation benefit of hatcheries is a topic of ongoing debate. Irrespective of conservation benefits, a fundamental question is whether hatcheries will be able to function as they have in the past given anticipated future climate conditions. To begin to answer this question, we developed a deterministic modeling framework to evaluate how climate change may affect hatcheries that rear Pacific salmon. The framework considers the physiological tolerances for each species, incorporates a temperature-driven growth model, and uses two metrics commonly monitored by hatchery managers to determine the impacts of changes in water temperature and availability on hatchery rearing conditions. As a case study, we applied the model to the US Fish and Wildlife Service's Winthrop National Fish Hatchery. We projected that hatchery environmental conditions remained within the general physiological tolerances for Chinook salmon in the 2040s (assuming A1B greenhouse gas emissions scenario), but that warmer water temperatures in summer accelerated juvenile salmon growth. Increased growth during summer coincided with periods when water availability should also be lower, thus increasing the likelihood of physiological stress in juvenile salmon. The identification of these climate sensitivities led to a consideration of potential mitigation strategies such as chilling water, altering rations, or modifying rearing cycles. The framework can be refined with new information, but in its present form, it provides a consistent, repeatable method to assess the vulnerability of hatcheries to predicted climate change.
A comparison of simple sequence repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism marker technologies for the genotypic analysis of maize (Zea mays L.)

We report on the comparative utilities of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for characterizing maize germplasm in terms of their informativeness, levels of missing data, repeatability and the ability to detect expected alleles in hybrids and DNA pools. Two different SNP chemistries were compared; single-base extension detected by Sequenom MassARRAY®, and invasive cleavage detected by Invader® chemistry with PCR. A total of 58 maize inbreds and four hybrids were genotyped with 80 SSR markers, 69 Invader SNP markers and 118 MassARRAY SNP markers, with 64 SNP loci being common to the two SNP marker chemistries. Average expected heterozygosity values were 0.62 for SSRs, 0.43 for SNPs (pre-selected for their high level of polymorphism) and 0.63 for the underlying sequence haplotypes. All individual SNP markers within the same set of sequences had an average expected heterozygosity value of 0.26. SNP marker data had more than a fourfold lower level of missing data (2.1–3.1%) compared with SSRs (13.8%). Data repeatability was higher for SNPs (98.1% for MassARRAY SNPs and 99.3% for Invader) than for SSRs (91.7%). Parental alleles were observed in hybrid genotypes in 97.0% of the cases for MassARRAY SNPs, 95.5% for Invader SNPs and 81.9% for SSRs. In pooled samples with mixtures of alleles, SSRs, MassARRAY SNPs and Invader SNPs were equally capable of detecting alleles at mid to high frequencies. However, at low frequencies, alleles were least likely to be detected using Invader SNP markers, and this technology had the highest level of missing data. Collectively, these results showed that SNP technologies can provide increased marker data quality and quantity compared with SSRs. The relative loss in polymorphism compared with SSRs can be compensated by increasing SNP numbers and by using SNP haplotypes. Determining the most appropriate SNP chemistry will be dependent upon matching the technical features of the method within the context of application, particularly in consideration of whether genotypic samples will be pooled or assayed individually.
Peltier-actuated microvalves: performance characterization

Valves for microfluidic systems have, for various reasons, proven to be difficult to fabricate, cumbersome to operate, and/or unreliable. We have explored the performance of a novel microfluidic valve formed by creating a flow channel past a Peltier junction. Using the Peltier junction as a thermoelectric cooler causes the fluid in the valve to freeze, forming a plug that blocks flow through the valve. Reversing the current in the Peltier junction causes the fluid to melt, reopening the valve. This type of valve is fundamentally leak-free, has no moving parts, and is electrically actuated. We have fabricated an experimental prototype capable of closing in less than one second, and of opening substantially faster. We have also developed a finite-element thermal model of the valve, and exercised it to optimize valve design. An optimized valve is predicted to have a cycle time on the order of 10 ms.
An xps study of the interaction of SO2 with CaO(100): Effect of temperature and metal adsorbates (Fe, Na)

Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the chemisorption of SO2 on CaO(100) has been studied in the temperature range from 25 to 400° C. The chemical state of sulfur has been identified as that of sulfate. The kinetics of SO2 chemisorption on CaO are discussed. The binding states of Fe and Na on CaO were determined to be Fe2+ and Na+ respectively. The effect of the metal adsorbates (Fe, Na) on the chemisorption of SO2 was also studied. In the presence of Fe (coverage ⩾ 0.5 monolayer), both sulfate and sulfide were observed; in the presence of Na, however, only sulfate was observed. The saturated amount of sulfate formed depends on the Fe coverage, but it is independent of the Na coverage. At low Fe coverages (< 0.5 monolayer), there is a large increase in the rate of sulfate formation at low SO2 exposures (< 3 L). This increase is explained by the “activation” of SO2 chemisorption sites by Fe adatoms. At increased Fe coverage, the rate of sulfate formation decreases due to the blocking effect of the Fe islands formed on the surface. Similarly, the effect of Na adatoms on SO2 uptake can also be explained by the same mechanism. However, the inability of the Na islands to block the SO2 chemisorptive sites and the lack of chemisorptive bond formation between SO2 and Na are explained by the diffusion of SO2 through the Na adlayer.
Stages of structural ordering leading to stress induced crystallization of peek films: A mechano-optical study on deformation, relaxation and retraction

Influence of rubbery state large uniaxial deformation followed by relaxation and retraction stages on the mechano-optical behavior of cast amorphous poly(ether ether ketone) films was investigated. At early stage of stretching the birefringence remains linearly proportional to stress. In this linear optical regime, the material remains amorphous. Beyond a critical stress level, a deviation from linearity is observed where a small fraction of the material exhibit extreme preferred orientation with substantial translational disorder resembling nematic-like order. The onset of this deviation also coincides with the onset of strain hardening. Stretching beyond this transition leads to stress induced crystallization. Films stretched to deformation levels well below the onset of strain hardening, remain amorphous before and after the relaxation stages. The entropy reduction gained through deformation of the polymer chains is not sufficient to form crystalline order at short time scales. Once the initial deformation increased beyond the onset of strain hardening, a long-range network of connected crystallites establishes itself.
Spelled Speech as an Output for Computers and Reading Machines for the Blind

The development of a speech display system for the blind built around the TX-0 and PDP-1 computers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is described. The system, dubbed ``SPANC,'' was designed to permit the application of a variety of sound compression techniques to be used. Spelled-speech alphabets and displays were developed. An investigation of the letter sounds was carried out for the purpose of revealing the positions where cuts could be made so as to achieve high reading rates yet retain smooth coalescence. Identification of the positions of these cuts could be made with gross features of the acoustic waveform. Cuts of more than 50-ms duration could be made in the region of the articulatory transitions for the consonants, and very acceptable representations of the letter sounds could be obtained by preserving this region for the vowels. Finally, the overlapping of letter utterances as a compression technique was accomplished with subjects experiencing very little difficulty for overlaps corresponding to reading rates of 90 and 120 words per minute.
Lawyers in Corporate Chief Executive Positions A Historical Analysis of Careers

The backgrounds and careers of lawyer-corporate chief executive officers in each of three historical populations of corporate chief executive officers are examined. Contrary to Newcomer (1955), the proportion of lawyer-chief executives now appears to be increasing. Data also indicate that the backgrounds of lawyer-chief executives frequently include attendance at prestigious undergraduate educational institutions and law schools, and initial positions in large, prestigious law firms. Career paths toward top corporate positions differ, but include organizational, professional, and interlocking governmental-corporate paths. These results are discussed.
Planar Be-implanted GaAs junction formation using swept-line electron beam annealing

Comparative studies of swept-line electron beam annealing and furnace annealing of Be implanted in n-GaAs doped with Si are presented. Electron beam annealing causes less Be redistribution and results in fewer traps than furnace annealing, but causes site mixing Of amphoteric Si. Planar Be-implanted junctions result in a p+-v-n structure for the electron beam annealed samples, similar to thermally quenched samples. We believe that this is caused by the incorporation of amphoteric Si on Ga and As sites during transient annealing, which produces results similar to thermal quenching.
Biomechanical Analysis of Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Grafts of the Elbow

Background:There are no biomechanical studies evaluating different tendon grafts for elbow medial collateral ligament reconstruction.Hypothesis:Using a larger tendon for the graft will yield greater resistance to valgus load for medial collateral ligament docking technique reconstructions. The type of graft used for a medial collateral ligament docking technique reconstruction will have a significant effect on the resistance to valgus loads.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Cadaveric elbows from male donors were cyclically loaded to 3 and 5 mm elongation, both intact and after a docking technique medial collateral ligament reconstruction using palmaris longus, gracilis, semitendinosus, and patellar tendon grafts.Results:There was no significant difference in load to 3 or 5 mm elongation, number of cycles to failure, or stiffness between any tendon graft studied. Every tendon graft reconstruction tested was significantly weaker and less stiff than was the native medial collateral ligament.Co...
The measurement of self-efficacy in persons with spinal cord injury: psychometric validation of the moorong self-efficacy scale.

Purpose. The factorial and concurrent validity of the Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) was examined using a sample of Americans with spinal cord injury.Methods. One hundred sixty-two participants were recruited with the assistance of the Florida Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Program and the Florida Spinal Cord Injury Resource Centre. Mean age of participants was 45.8 years (SD = 13.4), and 68.5% were men. The participants completed a survey containing a demographic questionnaire, the MSES, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Personal Resources Questionnaire – 2000 (PRQ-2000), and the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale – 10 item version (CES-D-10).Results. Factor analysis yielded two factors (Interpersonal Self-Efficacy and Instrumental Self-Efficacy) similar to the original MSES. In addition, the MSES factors and total score in the present study were significantly correlated in the predicted directions with specified psychosocial variables, as well as hours of paid employment.Conc...
BPH: Predicting TWOC failure in acute urinary retention

Acute urinary retention (AUR) remains one of the greatest challenges faced by a clinician when treating BPH and bladder outlet obstruction. Most importantly, bladder outlet obstruction can be extremely distressing for the patient. A number of therapeutic options are available.
Assessment of a multibeam Fizeau wedge interferometer for Doppler wind lidar

The Fabry-Perot interferometer is the standard instrument for the direct detection Doppler lidar measurement of atmospheric wind speeds. The multibeam Fizeau wedge has some practical advantages over the Fabry-Perot, such as the linear fringe pattern, and is evaluated for this application. The optimal Fizeau must have a resolving power of 106 or more. As the multibeam Fizeau wedge is pushed to such high resolving power, the interference fringes of the device become complicated by asymmetry and secondary maxima. A simple condition for the interferometer plate reflectance, optical gap, and wedge angle reveals whether a set of parameters will yield simple, Airy-like fringes or complex Fizeau fringes. Tilting of the Fizeau wedge improves the fringe shape and permits an extension of the regime of Airy-like fringes to higher resolving power. Sufficient resolving power for the wind lidar application is shown to be possible with a large-gap, low-finesse multibeam Fizeau wedge. Liabilities of the multibeam Fizeau wedge in the wind lidar application include a smaller acceptance solid angle and calibration sensitivity to localized deviations of the plates from the ideal.