cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recharge from glacial meltwater is critical for alpine springs and their microbiomes

The importance of glacier meltwater as a source of mountain-block recharge remains poorly quantified, yet it may be essential to the integrity of alpine aquatic ecosystems by maintaining baseflow in streams and perennial flow in springs. We test the hypothesis that meltwater from alpine glaciers is a critical source of recharge for mountain groundwater systems using traditional stable isotopic source-identification techniques combined with a novel application of microbial DNA. We find that not only is alpine glacier meltwater a critical source of water for many springs, but that alpine springs primarily supported by glacial meltwater contain microbial taxa that are unique from springs primarily supported by seasonal recharge. Thus, recharge from glacial meltwater is vital in maintaining flow in alpine springs and it supports their distinct microbiomes.
Proximity to Major Roads and Risks of Childhood Recurrent Wheeze and Asthma in a Severe Bronchiolitis Cohort.

Air pollution exposures have been suggested as risk factors for childhood respiratory diseases. We investigated proximity to major roads, an indicator of air pollution exposure, and its associations with childhood recurrent wheeze and asthma. We used data from a multicenter prospective cohort study of 921 infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis and recruited from 14 U.S. states. Primary exposure was residential proximity to the nearest major road at birth through age 3 years. Residential distance from nearest major road was divided into four categories: 300 m. Outcomes were parent-reported recurrent wheeze by age 3 years and asthma by age 5 years. Associations between residential proximity to major roads and respiratory outcomes were investigated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling and logistic regression, adjusted for confounders. Out of 920 participants with home address data, pooled estimates identified 241 (26%) participants resided within 300 m of a major road, 296 (32%) developed recurrent wheeze by age 3, and 235 out of 858 participants (27%) developed asthma by 5 years. Participants who resided close to a major road had the highest risk of recurrent wheeze (adjusted hazards ratio for 300 m from a major road. Proximity to major roads is associated with increased risks of recurrent wheeze and asthma in young children.
“Dear Future Me”: Connecting College L2 Writers’ Literacy Paths to an Envisioned Future Self Through a Multimodal Project

This study investigated how 78 ESL students responded to an assignment to create a multimodal video addressing their future selves, in five sections, of a freshman composition course at US universities. Content and multimodal analyses of the multimodal videos were conducted. The findings suggest that students reflected on how they had increasingly become academically literate selves and envisioned their future selves, especially in relation to their career goals. The students employed multiple modes (i.e., language, sound, and image), language as a primary mode, and language-image intermodal relations. This chapter concludes with suggestions for future L2 research and writing pedagogy.
Potential Roles for Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Signaling in Bacterial Communities

It is now established that the gut microbiome influences human neurology and behavior, and vice versa. Distinct mechanisms underlying this bidirectional communication pathway, termed the gut-brain axis, are becoming increasingly uncovered. This review summarizes recent interkingdom signaling research focused on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a human neurotransmitter and ubiquitous signaling molecule found in bacteria, fungi, plants, invertebrates, and mammals. We detail how GABAergic signaling has been shown to be a crucial component of the gut-brain axis. We further describe how GABA is also being found to mediate interkingdom signaling between algae and invertebrates, plants and invertebrates, and plants and bacteria. Based on these emerging results, we argue that obtaining a complete understanding of GABA-mediated communication in the gut-brain axis will involve deciphering the role of GABA signaling and metabolism within bacterial communities themselves.
A one month old infant misdiagnosed with parietal bone fracture and child abuse (922.3)

INTRODUCTION. A month-old female infant was brought to the emergency room because she would not take in fluids. Her mother indicated the infant had a birth history of a traumatic brain injury stemm...
2. Bellow’s Spiritual Quest

All of his life Bellow sought the “strange truth” of what might lie behind the appearances of life. His immersions in such thinking began with his mother, Lescha Bellow, who carefully chose Hebrew teachers and charged him with memorizing the Torah in the original language. By age of four he had already committed large portions of it to memory. However, the New Testament was originally given to him by a missionary who visited him during a long lonely childhood stay in a Montreal hospital. He was instantly enchanted by it and described himself as having fallen in love with the figure of Jesus. Feeling guilty about this he studied it secretly, fearing discovery by the family. This began Bellow’s lifelong study of the Bible. James Wood, Bellow’s teaching companion at Boston University, reported that shortly before Bellow died in April 2005, there was a very worn-out copy of the New Testament on his bedside table. 1
Toward an Ethical Model of Effective Crisis Communication

The goal of this study was to develop and demonstrate a new ethical model for crisis communication. This article examined the crisis communication practices as well as literature and found essential elements—what, how, and when—for ethical and effective crisis communication. Based on these three variables, a new three-part model, the TTR Test, was proposed, utilizing three principles: Transparency (what), Two-way symmetrical communication (how), and Right time (when). To investigate how the test can be applied to the real world, this article examined BP's crisis communication during the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill.
Optical imaging array design with multiple sources and detectors

We have studied the effects of probe parameters upon reconstructed optical properties, such as the optimal number of sources and detectors necessary for reconstructing optical properties within certain accuracy, effects of source and detector position errors. A frequency domain model with 140 MHz modulation frequency is used in computer simulations. The results based on linear perturbation theory within Born approximation have showed that the reconstructed optical properties are within 10% if the total number of detectors deployed over 9 cm by 9 cm area is greater than 13 while the total number of sources varies between 40 and 16. These simulation results will be verified by measurements.
A pulse width modulated AC link unified power flow controller

This paper proposes a new FACTS device: the /spl Gamma/-controller. Based on the vector switching converters, the /spl Gamma/-controller offers functional capabilities similar to the unified power flow controller, in the sense that it can independently control the active and reactive power flow through a transmission line. The control function, however, is realized by direct AC/spl harr/AC conversion without frequency change, adopting the strategy of pulse width modulation. Operating principles, equivalent circuits, and design considerations are discussed. A detailed computer simulation is used to validate the approach.
Stepwise management of asthma

Background Stepwise management of asthma remains an area of evolving research. Asthma is one of the most expensive chronic diseases in the United States; stepwise management is an important area of focus, with several recent guidelines recommending management. Methods This is a review of published English language literature, focusing on management guidelines for asthma in adult and pediatric patients. Results Asthma is a chronic disease whose assessment of severity allows for therapeutic goals to match the impairment noted. Good evidence exists to aid risk reduction, leading to decreased emergency room visits, preventing loss of lung function in adults and lung growth in children, and optimizing pharmacotherapy with reduced side effects profile. Conclusion Recent asthma management guidelines incorporate 4 components of asthma care including: monitoring of severity, patient education, controlling external triggers, and medications, including recent attention to medication adherence. Asthma is an expensive chronic disease with preventive measures leading to reduced healthcare costs. Future targeted cytokine therapy to decrease serum and blood eosinophils may become an integral part of asthma management.
Neurochemically defined cell types in the claustrum of the cat.

Abstract The claustrum is a subcortical structure reciprocally and topographically connected with all sensory and motor domains of the cerebral cortex. Previous anatomical and electrophysiological data suggested that most cells in the claustrum are large neurons that both receive cortical input and project back to cortex, forming excitatory connections with their cortical targets. These data have been interpreted to imply a relay function for the claustrum, with information from different functional cortical domains remaining segregated. The possibility that the claustrum might mediate a more “global” function has been recently been developed by Crick and Koch [Crick, F. C., Koch, C., 2005. What is the function of the claustrum? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B Biol. Sci. 360, 1271–1279]. We have reexamined the anatomical substrate for information processing in the claustrum of the cat by analyzing the patterns of immunoreactivity to calcium-binding proteins, GAD, serotonin, nNOS and the glutamate transporter EAAC1. We found multiple neurochemically defined cell types, suggesting multiple classes of projection neurons and interneurons. Each class was found throughout the entire claustrum, in all functionally defined subdivisions. Many neurons in the claustrum were surrounded by parvalbumin, calretinin, GAD or nNOS immunoreactive terminals, suggesting that many neurons of the claustrum make extensive intraclaustral connections. The entire claustrum also receives a serotonergic input. The identification of multiple neurochemical cell classes, their distribution and the extent of their dendritic arborizations relative to functional compartments suggest a substrate for information processing in the claustrum that may allow integration of information across functional subdivisions.
Evidence of individual solar proton events in Antarctic snow

The high-resolution nitrate analyses of a snow sequence in Antarctica reveals clear evidence that the snow contains a chemical record of ionization from charged particles incident upon the upper atmosphere of the Earth. The Antarctic continent acts as a cold trap that effectively freezes out this signal and retains it in the stratigraphy of the ice shelves and the continental ice sheet. The signal that we measure results from the ionization of nitrogen and oxygen, the two primary constituents of the Earth's atmosphere, which subsequently react to form oxides of nitrogen. A large portion of the nitrogen oxides produced are ultimately oxidized to nitric acid and incorporated in snow crystals together with nitrates from tropospheric sources that also contribute to the general background. The nitrate concentration in a firn core was measured in Antarctica by ultraviolet spectrophotometry under tightly controlled experimental procedures. Based on uninterrupted, high-resolution sampling, variations in nitrate concentration were found to average about 53% (one standard deviation) of the mean concentration for the entire core. Short pulses of high nitrate concentration were found to show a variance of up to 11 standard deviations above the mean. At the series mean, the precision of analysis is better than 2%.
Effect of curriculum change on exam performance in a 4-week psychiatry clerkship.

The authors investigated whether curriculum change could produce improved performance, despite a reduction in clerkship length from 8 to 4 weeks. The exam performance of medical students completing a 4-week clerkship in psychiatry was compared to national data from the National Board of Medical Examiners’ Psychiatry Subject Examination and the United States Medical Licensure Examination Step 2 CK psychiatry and mental disorders subtests. Curriculum change and restructuring to a 4-week psychiatry clerkship resulted in above-average and sustained improvement on nationally standardized assessment measures. Examination performance can be optimized despite a 50% reduction in the duration of a psychiatry clerkship.
Indirect Laryngoscopy using Fiber Optics

Attachment of a fiber optic instrument to an indirect laryngeal mirror with a spring clip permits the practitioner to examine the region of the epiglottis and larynx effectively.
Pump/probe transmission measurements of corneal tissue during excimer laser ablation

Transient changes in the transmission of a 355 nm probe pulse through corneal tissue during 193 nm ArF laser ablation have been examined. A significant decrease in collimated transmission of the probe beam was observed for time delays between 10 ns and 1 ms after the 193 nm laser pulse. At 10 ns delay the collimated probe transmission was 70% of the preablation level. Minimum collimated transmission (40%) was observed at 30 μs delay. Transmitted probe examination by both diode array and integrating sphere measurements indicate the observed attenuation is due to scattering of the incident probe beam and not due to absorption. The significant scattering at nanosecond delay times suggests onset of the ablation process during the ArF pulse. Scattering therefore may affect the deposition of the 193 nm radiation in the ablation target. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Production of slow responses in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers exposed to reduced pH

Abstract Isolated canine papillary muscle-false tendon tissue preparations were exposed to reduced pH at a level of 6.0 or 5.2. Effects on the transmembrane potential of Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle fibers were recorded. Ventricular fibers were not significantly altered by these levels of pH relative to the changes observed in Purkinje fibers. In Purkinje fibers acid perfusion initially caused decreases in maximum diastolic potential, rising velocity and overshoot and an increase in duration of the action potential. Subsequently in many fibers these effects progressed and resulted in an action potential with all of the characteristics of what has been termed the “slow response.” The maximum diastolic potential was 50 ± .9 mV, the overshoot was 20 ± 1.1 mV and the action potential duration was 322 ± 11 ms. Phase 4 depolarization of variable degree usually became evident with the onset of slow responses. In a number of experiments the preparation escaped from the drivestimulus and discharged spontaneously at a more rapidrate. In other experiments suspension of drive stimulation resulted in spontaneous discharge of action potentials generated by the mechanism of phase 4 depolarization. Such excitation propagated and caused excitation of other Purkinje fibers as well as ventricular muscle fibers. At times disturbances of conduction were noted and ranged from simple slowing in conduction of excitation to partial or complete block of conduction between regions of the preparation. Agents known to block the slow response were tested for their ability to block pH-induced responses. MnC1 2 or verapamil depressed the upstroke and overshoot of the slow response and slowed or stopped the spontaneous discharge of action potentials in acid medium. The possible role of pH-induced slow responses in causing cardiac arrhythmias, especially those arising secondary to cardiac ischemia, was considered.
Ricin toxin B subunit enhancement of rotavirus NSP4 immunogenicity in mice.

A 90–amino acid peptide from the simian rotavirus SA-11 nonstructural protein, NSP4 was linked to the N-terminus of the Ricinus communis A-B toxin B subunit protein (RTB) and synthesized in Escherichia coli. Recombinant RTB and the NSP490::RTB fusion protein bound artificial receptor glycoprotein asialofetuin in an in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), demonstrating biological activity of the recombinant protein. Mice co-inoculated with purified recombinant RTB plus NSP490 peptide proteins or heat denatured NSP490::RTB fusion protein generated higher titers of serum anti-NSP490 IgG antibodies than mice immunized with NSP490 peptide alone, indicating the presence of adjuvant functions for N-terminal linked RTB. Serum anti-NSP490 IgG titers were highest in mice immunized with native recombinant NSP490::RTB fusion protein, confirming the immunostimulatory function of RTB. Results of experiments described here demonstrate the feasibility of using RTB mediated adjuvant functions for stimulation o...
Social Change for Social Betterment: African Americans in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia, PA

This study, undergirded by social change theory, resulted in an acknowledgement of the names of individuals and organizations and a deeper understanding of the roles and positions they assumed as social change agents in Philadelphia during the Progressive Era as they struggled to fight for social rights, human rights, and social and humanitarian service delivery for freed slaves and Blacks in Philadelphia. African American liberation and social change is rooted in social conflict, and while many may consider that it is the one of the most prevailing and long-lasting conflicts that exists in American society—the struggle between African Americans and Caucasian Americans—it is a conflict that, at this point in American history, had not yet reached a resolution. Blacks in Philadelphia and throughout America were forced to rely on their personal abilities, strength, and resiliency to move through the process of fighting for social change.
Electrocardiogram pattern in stab wound of the heart; case report

Abstract An electrocardiographic study following successful surgical repair of a stab wound of the heart and extending over a period of about ten months is reported.
Binge cocaine administration in adolescent rats affects amygdalar gene expression patterns and alters anxiety-related behavior in adulthood

Background Administration of cocaine during adolescence alters neurotransmission and behavioral sensitization in adulthood, but the effect on the acquisition of fear memories and the development of emotion-based neuronal circuits is unknown. Methods We examined fear learning and anxiety-related behaviors in adult male rats that were subjected to binge cocaine treatment during adolescence. We furthermore conducted gene expression analyses of the amygdala 22 hours after the last cocaine injection to identify molecular patterns that might lead to altered emotional processing. Results Rats injected with cocaine during adolescence displayed less anxiety in adulthood than their vehicle-injected counterparts. In addition, cocaine-exposed animals were deficient in their ability to develop contextual fear responses. Cocaine administration caused transient gene expression changes in the Wnt signaling pathway, of axon guidance molecules, and of synaptic proteins, suggesting that cocaine perturbs dendritic structures and synapses in the amygdala. Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, a kinase in the Wnt signaling pathway, was altered immediately following the binge cocaine paradigm and returned to normal levels 22 hours after the last cocaine injection. Conclusions Cocaine exposure during adolescence leads to molecular changes in the amygdala and decreases fear learning and anxiety in adulthood.
A Probabilistic Analysis of the Switchgrass Ethanol Cycle

The switchgrass-driven process for producing ethanol has received much popular attention. However, a realistic analysis of this process indicates three serious limitations: (a) If switchgrass planted on 140 million hectares (the entire area of active U.S. cropland) were used as feedstock and energy source for ethanol production, the net ethanol yield would replace on average about 20% of today's gasoline consumption in the U.S. (b) Because nonrenewable resources are required to produce ethanol from switchgrass, the incremental gas emissions would be on average 55 million tons of equivalent carbon dioxide per year to replace just 10% of U.S. automotive gasoline. (c) In terms of delivering electrical or mechanical power, ethanol from 1 hectare (10,000 m 2 ) of switchgrass is equivalent, on average, to 30 m 2 of low-efficiency photovoltaic cells. This analysis suggests that investing toward more efficient and durable solar cells, and batteries, may be more promising than investing in a process to convert switchgrass to ethanol.
Let's Rethink Roe v. Wade—And Overturn It

I agree with Bertha Manninen in her admirably clear argument (2010) that we should rethink Roe v. Wade, though I would have us do so for different reasons. Before beginning, I want to note that I a...
Revolutionary Nationalism ‘Versus’ Cultural Nationalism Dimensions of the Black Power Movement

The introduction and subsequent widespread use of the slogan 'Black Power' added a new dimension to the philosophy and strategy of black protest. As the activist civil rights movements gradually lost their interracial character and increasingly became black organizations, the long sought after goal of integration was either deemphasized in importance or altogether rejected. The changing mood of black activists ushered in a new goal-the acquisition of sufficient power resources in the black community to protect black people's interest in the vital institutions economical, educational and political?of human life (cf. Wilson, 1970). This new mood has been characterized in part by an increased sense of dissatisfaction with the role and status of black people, a stronger feeling of hostility towards whites, and a greater tendency to reject non-violence both as a technique of protest and as a way of life. Several arguments have been advanced to explain these recent developments in the black protest movement. Although unable to account for some of the specific changes in the direction of the movement, probably the most fundamental and general contention is that blacks continue to cumulate and take advantage of power resources. More specifically, the early legal victories of the N.A.A.C.P., the successful feats of non-violent resistance, and the violent confrontations of ghetto revolts, have had the combined effect of altering many of the structural relations between blacks and whites and of increasing the vulnerability of the white power structure and various "gatekeepers" of discrimination to certain kinds of pressure tactics. In short, the activities of black activists have helped to both weaken the control of the white majority, and increase the will of the black minority, who, while developing a
Three-dimensional observations on the intranuclear structure

Abstract The interphase nuclei of living mesothelial cells of the rat omentum were examined on their superficial and interior levels. Then, comparative observations were undertaken on serial sections of the nuclei of these cells, prepared from the same preparation and stained by Feulgen-light green staining. The nucleus contained threads which were dark in the fresh nucleus, Feulgen-positive in the stained nucleus, and each type was similar in form and distribution to the other. Their fine structure was comparable to that of stretched mitotic chromosomes. A few of them were attached at their subterminal regions to the nucleolus, corresponding to the special chromosomes with SAT-like zones, previously reported.
Anisotropy in solar particles incident on polar regions during July 1961

Neutron monitor data are presented for Thule, Greenland (geomagnetic latitude 88 deg N) and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (geomagnetic latitude 79 deg S) for the two sudden cosmic ray intensity increases on July 18 and 20, 1961. Comparisons are made with other stations, and the solar flares and other cosmic ray events associated with the increases are discussed. (D.L.C.)
Advanced Oxidation Resistant Iron-Based Alloys for LWR Fuel Cladding

Abstract Application of advanced oxidation-resistant iron alloys as light water reactor fuel cladding is proposed. The motivations are based on specific limitations associated with zirconium alloys, currently used as fuel cladding, under design-basis and beyond-design-basis accident scenarios. Using a simplified methodology, gains in safety margins under severe accidents upon transition to advanced oxidation-resistant iron alloys as fuel cladding are showcased. Oxidation behavior, mechanical properties, and irradiation effects of advanced iron alloys are briefly reviewed and compared to zirconium alloys as well as historic austenitic stainless steel cladding materials. Neutronic characteristics of iron-alloy-clad fuel bundles are determined and fed into a simple economic model to estimate the impact on nuclear electricity production cost. Prior experience with steel cladding is combined with the current understanding of the mechanical properties and irradiation behavior of advanced iron alloys to identify a combination of cladding thickness reduction and fuel enrichment increase (∼0.5%) as an efficient route to offset any penalties in cycle length, due to higher neutron absorption in the iron alloy cladding, with modest impact on the economics.
Magnetic alignment of Mn12-ac micro-crystals

Abstract Several orientations of Mn 12 -ac micro-crystals in a suspension sample, ranging from random orientation to very good alignment, have been prepared by applying external magnetic fields 0 T⩽ H ⩽1 T. DC magnetization has subsequently been measured on warm up for each prepared orientation state in the temperature range 2 K⩽ T ⩽300 K. The degree of relative orientation in DC magnetization data is consistent with previous results from hysteresis loops. Below 100 K, the magnetization for the aligned state is higher than the randomly-oriented state. Above 100 K, where alignment occurs, no difference in magnetization was observed.
IMPACT OF A PAID URBAN FIELD EXPERIENCE ON TEACHER CANDIDATES' WILLINGNESS TO WORK IN URBAN SCHOOLS

This article describes a paid field experience designed to investigate teacher candidates' willingness to teach in urban schools. Seventy-three teacher candidates each participated in an urban field experience including 90 hours of tutoring and 12 hours of training. Data from pre and post surveys indicated no significant difference as the number of previous field hours increased, from the beginning to the conclusion of field experience, on ratings of field experience and willingness, and between ethnic and SES groups. Significant differences (p < .05) were found on willingness based on ratings of previous urban field experiences, and between candidates who had and had not attended urban schools (p < .05). Implications of these findings for teacher preparation programs are discussed and suggestions for future research are shared.
Action potentials and underlying voltage-dependent currents studied in cultured spiral ganglion neurons of the postnatal gerbil

Abstract The excitability of cultured spiral ganglion (SG) neurons from early postnatal gerbil (P0–P1) was examined with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The role of voltage-gated currents in shaping the kinetics of action potentials (APs) was analyzed. Cultured SG neurons displayed spontaneous APs with a low rate (
Nitrogen Mineralization of Cover Crop Residues in Calcareous Gravelly Soil

Tropical legumes like sunn hemp (Crotolaria juncea L.) and aeschynomene (Aeschynomene evenia L.) have potential as alternative cover crops in tropical regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the N mineralization rates of three cover crops [aeschynomene (AE), sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense L.), and sunn hemp (SH)] residues used to amend a calcareous gravelly soil in order to predict nitrogen (N) availability for uptake by subsequent crops. The soil amended with cover crop residues was incubated in columns under ambient and controlled temperatures. Mineralization rates were determined with a leaching/incubation method. The mineral N ratios between ambient and controlled temperature ranged from 1.39 to 2.8 with an average of 2.1. The measured cumulative mineral-N indicated that legumes were far more effective than non-leguminous cover crops in increasing N availability in the soil. The maximum values of mineral N recovered were 19, 7, and 8% of added N for AE, SH, and sorghum sudan (SS), ...
Analysis of Multiple Partially Ordered Responses to Belief Items with Don't Know Option.

Understanding beliefs, values, and preferences of patients is a tenet of contemporary health sciences. This application was motivated by the analysis of multiple partially ordered set (poset) responses from an inventory on layman beliefs about diabetes. The partially ordered set arises because of two features in the data—first, the response options contain a Don’t Know (DK) option, and second, there were two consecutive occasions of measurement. As predicted by the common sense model of illness, beliefs about diabetes were not necessarily stable across the two measurement occasions. Instead of analyzing the two occasions separately, we studied the joint responses across the occasions as a poset response. Few analytic methods exist for data structures other than ordered or nominal categories. Poset responses are routinely collapsed and then analyzed as either rank ordered or nominal data, leading to the loss of nuanced information that might be present within poset categories. In this paper we developed a general class of item response models for analyzing the poset data collected from the Common Sense Model of Diabetes Inventory. The inferential object of interest is the latent trait that indicates congruence of belief with the biomedical model. To apply an item response model to the poset diabetes inventory, we proved that a simple coding algorithm circumvents the requirement of writing new codes such that standard IRT software could be directly used for the purpose of item estimation and individual scoring. Simulation experiments were used to examine parameter recovery for the proposed poset model.
A Generalized Theorem for Joint-Ventures and Licensing Negotiations

Traditional theory has viewed direct investment, licensing and trade mainly as foreign market-entry alternatives. However, a growing number of overseas ventures are being formed as a mix of the 3 methods, where a joint venture partner may be compensated by a package involving some return on equity investment, plus royalties, plus margins on components or finished product traded with the joint venture corporation. This paper presents an algebraic model for the negotiations position of each partner in a prospective venture. The trade-offs between the 3 compensation types are complex as they involve non-zero-sum games. The methodology is extended to enable a host government to calculate for each alternative arrangement, the foreign exchange cost, tax revenues, or other national costs and benefits. The model makes some unconventional recommendations for corporate strategy and government policy.
River basin flood potential inferred using GRACE gravity observations at several months lead time

Whether a precipitation event leads to flooding depends on the watershed’s wetness. A case study of the 2011 Missouri River floods demonstrates that the predisposition of a river basin to flooding can be inferred from satellite-based gravity data months in advance.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME STATEMENTS AND EXPERIMENTS ON THE ADHERENCE OF SHEET-STEEL GROUND COATS*

A review and discussion are presented of the developments in the study of enamel adherence, notably in the publications of Kautz, Staley, and King.
Bullous pemphigoid: using animal models to study the immunopathology.

Bullous pemphigoid was first described by Lever in 1953 as a subepidermal blistering disease. Its immunohistological features include dermal–epidermal junction separation, an inflammatory cell infiltrate in the upper dermis, and basement membrane zone–bound autoantibodies. These autoantibodies show a linear staining at the dermal–epidermal junction, activate complement, and recognize two major hemidesmosomal antigens, BP230 (BPAG1) and BP180 (BPAG2 or type XVII collagen). An IgG passive transfer mouse model of BP was developed by administering rabbit antimurine BP180 antibodies to neonatal mice. This model recapitulates the key features of human bullous pemphigus. Using this in vivo model system, several key cellular and molecular events leading to the bullous pemphigus disease phenotype were identified, including IgG binding, complement activation, mast cell degranulation, and neutrophil infiltration and activation. Proteinases and reactive oxygen species released by neutrophils work together to damage the basement membrane zone, causing dermal–epidermal junction separation. Recent experimental data from human bullous pemphigus studies suggest that human bullous pemphigus and its mouse IgG passive transfer model counterpart may well share not only common immunohistological features but also pathological mechanisms underlying the development of this antibody-mediated disease.
The ral exchange factor rgl2 promotes cardiomyocyte survival and inhibits cardiac fibrosis.

Cardiomyocytes compensate to acute cardiac stress by increasing in size and contractile function. However, prolonged stress leads to a decompensated response characterized by cardiomyocyte death, tissue fibrosis and loss of cardiac function. Identifying approaches to inhibit this transition to a decompensated response may reveal important targets for treating heart failure. The Ral guanine nucleotide disassociation (RalGDS) proteins are Ras-interacting proteins that are upregulated by hypertrophic stimuli. The Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator-like 2 (Rgl2) is a member of the RalGDS family that modulates expression of hypertrophic genes in cardiomyocytes. However, the pathophysiologic consequence of increased Rgl2 expression in cardiomyoctyes remains unclear. To evaluate the effect of increasing Rgl2 activity in the heart, transgenic mice with cardiac-targeted over-expression of Rgl2 were generated. Although Ral activation was increased, there were no apparent morphologic or histological differences between the hearts of Rgl2 transgenic and nontransgenic mice indicating that increased Rgl2 expression had no effect on basal cardiac phenotype. To determine if Rgl2 modulates the cardiac response to stress, mice were infused with the s-adrenergic receptor agonist, isoproterenol. Isoproterenol infusion increased heart mass in both Rgl2 transgenic and nontransgenic mice. However, unlike nontransgenic mice, Rgl2 transgenic mice showed no morphologic evidence of cardiomyocyte damage or increased cardiac fibrosis following isoproterenol infusion. Increased Rgl2 expression in cultured cardiomyocytes stimulated Ral activation and inhibited staurosporine-induced apoptosis via increased activation of PI3-kinase. Activation of the PI3-kinase signaling pathway was confirmed in hearts isolated from Rgl2 transgenic mice. Increased expression and function of Rgl2 in cardiomyocytes promotes activation of the PI3-kinase signaling cascade and protects from carciomyocyte death and pathologic cardiac fibrosis. Taken further, these results suggest that Rgl2 upregulation in hypertrophic hearts may be a protetive mechanism, and that Rgl2 may be a novel therapeutic target in treating heart disease.
Use of an electromechanical infusion pump for transfusion of platelet concentrates

To determine whether platelet concentrates can be administered safely through electromechanical infusion devices, we studied stored platelet concentrates passed through one pump system (Abbott). We measured in vitro changes in platelet count and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) release which occurred after passing the concentrates through the pump system. To compare in vivo survival, five normal volunteers were given an injection of autologous Indium-111-labeled platelet concentrates at two different times, once using platelets which had been passed through the pump system (test group) and once using platelet concentrates which had not (control group). In vitro studies showed no significant changes (p greater than 0.05) in platelet count, or in LDH or beta-TG release after passage through the pump system. In vivo platelet recovery at 2 hours was 39.8 +/- 4.7 percent (mean +/- 1 SD) for the control platelets and 40.7 +/- 9.3 percent for the platelets passed through the pump system (p greater than 0.05; n = 5). There was no significant difference in platelet survival measured in days between the control group and the test group using a linear (8.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 7.2 +/- 0.3), exponential (3.7 +/- 0.7 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.5), or multiple hit (5.4 +/- 2.3 vs. 4.8 +/- 1.0) (p greater than 0.05; n = 5) model. We conclude that this pump system is acceptable for use in clinical practice when control over volume and rate of platelet transfusion is important.
Representations of solutions to linear integral equations with difference kernels

Abstract For linear integral equations with difference kernels, we give a formula for the inverse in terms of the solutions to two specific problems. If the equation is self-adjoint, these solutions are simply related.
Weak mass mixing, CP violation, and the decay of b-quark mesons

Weak mixing and $\mathrm{CP}$ parameters for the ${B}_{d}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{B}}_{d}$ and ${B}_{s}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{B}}_{s}$ systems are computed in the Kobayashi-Maskawa (KM) model and found to exceed previos estimates. New values for the KM angles are presented. Explicit calculation of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{B}$ from the absorptive part of the ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{B}}^{0}$ mixing amplitude and a formalism for large $\mathrm{CP}$ violation are included.
Reactions of polyoxomolybdates with oximes. The crystal and molecular structures of [(C4H9)4N]2[Mo2O5C6H4(O)CHNO2] · CH2Cl2 and [(C4H9)4N]2[Mo2O5C6H5CH(O)C(NO)C6H52]

Abstract The reactions of [(C4H9)4N]2[Mo2O7] with the oximes benzoinoxime and salicylaldoxime yielded the complexes [(C4H9)4N]2[Mo2O5C6H4(O)CHNO2] · CH2CI2(7) and [(C4H9)4N]2[Mo2O5C6H5CH(O)C(NO)C6H52] (8). The structures of 7 and 8 exhibit the [Mo2O5]2+ core with the oximato moieties of the ligands functioning as μ2-O,N bridging donors. The metrical parameters are consistent with the sp2 hybridization of the oximato nitrogen with double bond character localized on the C N bond. Crystal data: Compound 7, monoclinic space group, P21/c, a = 16.271(6), b = 14.010(4), c = 25.390(8) A, β = 101.34(2)°, V = 5672.9(19) A3, Dcalc = 1.30 g cm−3 for Z = 4. Structure solution and refinement based on 4718 reflections with Fo ⩾ 6σ(Fo)(Mo-Kα, λ = 0.71073 A) converged at a conventional residual of 0.064. Compound 8, rhombohedral space group (hexagonal setting) R 3 ¯ , a = b = 47.188(14), c = 15.766(3) A, V = 30403.4(27) A3, Dcalc = 1.19 g cm−3 for Z = 18. Structure solution and refinement based on 3015 reflections with Fo ⩾ 6σ(Fo) converged at a value of 0.069 for the conventional R factor. Reaction of the related salicylhydroxamic acid with [(C4H9)4N]2[Mo2O7] in methanol yielded the complex [(C4H9)4N][MoO2C6H4(OH)C(O)NOC6H4(OH)C(O)NHO] (11), a species exhibiting both hydroximato(2−) and hydroxamato(1−) forms of the ligand. Crystal data: Compound 11, monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 10.261(2), b = 17.864(4), c = 18.270(3) A, β = 91.98(1)°, V = 3347.0(10) A3, Dcalc = 1.34 g cm−3 for Z = 4. Structure solution and refinement based on 3406 reflections converged at a value of 0.049 for the conventional R factor.
The effect of thermal treatment on the corrosion properties of vapor deposited magnesium alloyed with yttrium, aluminum, titanium, and misch metal

Abstract The corrosion susceptibility of magnesium often limits the use of this important metal. Efforts to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium through alloying are hindered by the limited solid solubility of most metals in magnesium. Moreover, the relatively high melting temperature of most of the less-common metals makes conventional alloying difficult. Vapor deposition has been used in this research to alloy magnesium with nonequilibrium concentrations of normally incompatible metals in an attempt to improve corrosion performance. Aluminum, titanium, yttrium, and misch metal were chosen as candidates likely to impart passivity on vapor deposited magnesium alloys. Although all of these metals afford some degree of corrosion resistance to magnesium, behavior is highly dependent on the thermal history of the alloys. Thermal effects, both during and after alloy deposition, alter the stress state of the alloys, precipitation of second phases, and the mechanical stability of the passive film. An optimal thermal treatment has been developed to maximize the corrosion resistance of vapor deposited magnesium–yttrium–titanium alloys.
Cytoplasmic pH of maize scutellum cells

Abstract The cytoplasmic pH of scutellum cells from 3-day-old maize seedlings was estimated from the distribution of 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) between scutellum
The Nature of IgG Complexes in Alcoholic Liver Disease

Circulating immune complexes have been described in most liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease, although their pathogenic significance remains unclear. Currently available immune complex assays do not distinguish immunoglobulin aggregates from antigen-antibody complexes. Immunoglobulin aggregate formation occurs in vitro at 37°C in the presence of hypergammaglobulinemia and/or hypoalbuminemia, conditions common in liver disease. To determine if hypergammaglobulinemia and/or hypoalbuminemia could predispose to immunoglobulin aggregate formation in vivo, 25 patients with alcoholic liver disease were studied. Using sucrose density gradient fractionation followed by quantitation of IgG by radioimmunoassay, high molecular weight IgG complexes (>11S) were frequently present in alcoholic liver disease sera, and correlated with the degree of hypergammaglobulinemia and/or hypoalbuminemia, and with 125I-Clq binding activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of these complexes revealed only IgG and nonspecific trapping of several normal serum proteins. A specific complex-associated antigen could not be identified. While small, undetectable quantities of true antigen-antibody complexes might also be present, our data suggest that IgG complexes in alcoholic liver disease may represent immunoglobulin aggregate formation in vivo.
Modeling Effects of Forest Cover Reduction on Larval Walleye Survival in Lake Erie Tributary Spawning Basins

An integrated modeling approach is used to link land use to river discharge, and then to survival of larval walleye that hatch in northern Ohio streams draining into Lake Erie (USA). First, to link land use and river discharge, the parameters of a simple hydrologic model are statistically related to watershed landscape attributes, including forest cover. One such relationship allows estimation of the change in daily river discharge that could result from a reduction in basin-scale forest cover. Second, to represent the river discharge-larval survival link, we reexamine a dataset from Mion and others to propose a relationship between daily flow velocity, water temperature, and walleye larval survival. Together, these linked models provide estimates of the reduction in larval survival due to reduction in forest cover, along with the uncertainty of those estimates. For the Grand River watershed, decreasing forest cover from 45.2 to 30% is projected to reduce average larval survival by about 45%. In the adjacent Chagrin River, dropping cover from 62.5 to 30% reduces survival by almost 60%. The greater rate of reduction of survival in the Chagrin River as forest levels fall is explained by a relatively greater increase in storm flows for the Chagrin, due to more frequently saturated soils. Therefore, forest preservation in the Chagrin River watershed is projected to be more effective in preserving walleye larval tributary habitat.
Local selections and local dendrites

Abstract Let X be a Peano continuum, C ( X ) its space of subcontinua, and C ( X , e) the space of subcontinua of diameter less than e. A selection on some subspace of C ( X ) is a continuous choice function; the selection σ is rigid if σ( A ) ϵ B ⊂ A implies σ( A ) = σ( B ). It is shown that X is a local dendrite (contains at most one simple closed curve) if and only if there exists e > 0 such that C ( X , e) admits a selection (rigid selection). Further, C ( X ) admits a local selection at the subcontinuum A if and only if A has a neighborhood (relative to the space C ( X )) which contains no cyclic local dendrite; moreover, that local selection may be chosen to be a constant.
Information Aggregation in Probabilistic Prediction

Probabilistic prediction generally involves the consideration of information from many different sources, and this information must be aggregated to determine a single probability (or probability distribution). This paper is concerned with the aggregation process, and although some aspects of the paper are new, much of the paper is tutorial in nature. Models of the aggregation process are discussed, with particular emphasis on the question of the conditional dependence of information, and measures of the redundancy of information are developed. In addition, a review of previous experiments concerning the aggregation process is given, along with suggestions for experiments that should provide additional insight into the nature and ``efficiency'' of this process. In view of the importance of probabilistic prediction in inferential and decision-making situations, additional investigation and experimentation concerning the aggregation process should be of considerable value.
Extracting atmospheric turbulence and aerosol characteristics from passive imagery

Obtaining accurate, precise and timely information about the local atmospheric turbulence and extinction conditions and aerosol/particulate content remains a difficult problem with incomplete solutions. It has important applications in areas such as optical and IR free-space communications, imaging systems performance, and the propagation of directed energy. The capability to utilize passive imaging data to extract parameters characterizing atmospheric turbulence and aerosol/particulate conditions would represent a valuable addition to the current piecemeal toolset for atmospheric sensing. Our research investigates an application of fundamental results from optical turbulence theory and aerosol extinction theory combined with recent advances in image-quality-metrics (IQM) and image-quality-assessment (IQA) methods. We have developed an algorithm which extracts important parameters used for characterizing atmospheric turbulence and extinction along the propagation channel, such as the refractive-index structure parameter C 2 n , the Fried atmospheric coherence width r 0 , and the atmospheric extinction coefficient β ext , from passive image data. We will analyze the algorithm performance using simulations based on modeling with turbulence modulation transfer functions. An experimental field campaign was organized and data were collected from passive imaging through turbulence of Siemens star resolution targets over several short littoral paths in Point Loma, San Diego, under conditions various turbulence intensities. We present initial results of the algorithm’s effectiveness using this field data and compare against measurements taken concurrently with other standard atmospheric characterization equipment. We also discuss some of the challenges encountered with the algorithm, tasks currently in progress, and approaches planned for improving the performance in the near future.