cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of culture, multiplex, and 5' nuclease polymerase chain reaction assays for the rapid detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in swine and pork products.

Bacteriological culture was compared with multiplex and fluorogenic (TaqMan) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of attachment invasion locus (ail)-bearing Yersinia enterocolitica in market weight swine, chitterlings, and ground pork. The TaqMan assay detected 1 pg of purified Y. enterocolitica DNA, whereas conventional gel-based PCR detected 1 ng of the same. The presence of ail-bearing Y. enterocolitica was tested in pork and feces artificially inoculated with Y. enterocolitica strain NADC 5561. The sensitivity limits of culture, multiplex, and TaqMan PCR assays were 4 × 103, 4 × 102, and 0.4 CFU/g, respectively, for the artificially inoculated pork. The sensitivity limits were 4 × 102, 4 × 102, and 0.4 CFU/g, respectively, for feces after a 48-h enrichment in a Yersinia selective broth. By the culture method, Y. enterocolitica was not detected in any of the swine specimens (n = 2,403) examined. By contrast, it was detected in 48 (2%) of the swine samples screened using the multiple...
Thalassornectes dendrocygnae new species (Acari:Hypoderatidae) from the black-bellied whistling-duck (Aves:Anseriformes; Dendrocygnidae).

A new species of hypoderatid deutonymph is described from the subcutaneous adipose tissues of the black-bellied whistling-duck. Dendrocygna autumnalis (L.), from Texas, Thalassornectes dendrocygnae n. sp. is most similar to Thalassornectes rwandae Fain from the white-backed duck, Thalossornis leuconotos Eyton, in Africa. The new species is distinguished by a complete genital apodeme, the interrupted pattern of midventral cuticular selerotization between coxal fields II and III, the dense cuticular sclerotization of the posterior idiosoma, and the long filiform seta d 5 , which is longer than the other idiosomal setae. In T. rwandae, the anterior and posterior parts of the genital sclerite are separated in the middle, the pattern of midventral cuticular sclerotization is continuous in the midventer, there is no dense sclerotization in the posterior idiosomal and seta d 5 is not figured (broken or absent ?). There also are minor differences in chaetotaxy and solenidiotaxy of legs I and III of these 2 species. T dendrocygnae is only the 2nd species of hypoderatid described from the host order Anseriformes. The 2 Thalassornectes spp. are described exclusively from each of the 2 genera in the host family Dendrocygnidae, respectively. Reevaluation of the suite of characters used to differentiate subgeneral in the genus Thalassornectes indicates that Thalassornectes Fain, Rallidectes Fain, and Alcidectes Pence & Hoberg should be considered invalid.
The Effects of Seeding on the Formation of High-Tc Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Compounds

The effect of adding of Bi 1.80 Pb 1.33 Sr 1.87 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 2 seeds(the 37A phase) to the polycrystalline and glassy Bi-(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O materials was studied using XRD and SEM. The seeding effect was observed at 835 °C, 855 °C, and 870 °C in several compositions. Adding pre-synthesized 37A phase powder to a mixture of unreacted starting materials accelerates the formation of additional 37A phase.
Effects of Vitamin E-Deficiency On Guinea Pig Lysosomes

SummaryThe specific activities of cathepsins in whole homogenates, cell particles, or soluble fractions of muscle or liver were the same in guinea pigs given vitamin E-deficient diets as those on control diets. The proportion of total cathepsin activity in supernatant fractions (70,000g for 45 min) was not affected in animals given the deficient diet for 15 days. The proportion of total cathepsin activity in the supernatant fraction of liver was increased in animals given the deficient diet, compared with the supplemented diet, for 21 days. The sum of the activities found in the soluble plus particulate fractions of muscle from animals maintained on vitamin E-deficient diets for 21 days was greater than activity found in whole homogenates. An inhibitor of cathepsin activity may be present in muscle from the vitamin E-deficient animals.
Recent Research in Applied Studio Instruction: Evaluation and Assessment

The purpose of this paper, the third in what has become a three-part series, is to examine recently published research in the area of assessment and present findings across an international platform in the context of the applied studio. In keeping with Kennell’s (2002) work, previous research can still be grouped across several broad categories: the roles of student and teacher, their behaviors, their interactions, and evaluation. Research conducted in the 21st century can still be categorized loosely into these strands which, for the purposes of this series, have been clustered into three papers. The first paper (Parkes, 2009) examined characteristics of the applied setting and shared the work of several researchers (eg, Burwell, 2006; Colprit, 2000; Duke, 1999/2000; Duke & Simmons, 2006; Fredrickson, 2007; Gaunt, 2008; Kurkul, 2007; Laukka, 2004; Mills & Smith, 2003). The second paper, (Parkes, 2010a) focused on the use of practice in the applied studio (eg, Barry & Hallam, 2002; Byo & Cassidy, 2008; Jorgensen, 2002; Jorgensen & Lehmann, 1997; Kostka, 2002; Lehmann & Davidson, 2006; Madsen, 2004; Maynard, 2006; Miksza, 2006; Nielsen, 2001, 2008). This third and final paper examines a body of research concerning the use of assessment and evaluation in the applied studio. Additionally, several authors (Bennett & Stanberg, 2006; Fallin & Garrison, 2005; Parncutt, 2007; Sinsabaugh, 2007) have recently highlighted a more collaborative approach to the current modus operandi of the applied studio. There has been some interest (Parkes, 2011, in press) in the dual roles that applied teachers undertake as performers and/or teachers which will also be explored in this paper in summary of the applied studio setting. Recommendations for the future of applied studio research will also be given. In preparing this extensive literature review for the three articles, relevant works published in English language journals were chosen to be represented, along with salient dissertations, and many databases were utilized, for example but not limited to; Academic Search Complete, Cambridge Journals Online, EBSCOhost, JSTOR, and SAGE.
Mole Ratio Dependence of the Mutual Deliquescence Relative Humidity of Aqueous Salts of Atmospheric Importance.

The response of the mutual deliquescence relative humidity (MDRH) of several mixed salt systems to changes in mole ratio is presented here. The MDRH values of NH4Cl–NaCl, NH4Cl–(NH4)2SO4, and, for the first time, the NaCl–NaBr systems were acquired as a function of mole ratio. These changes were studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The MDRH values of 1:1 salt mixtures were consistently found to be lower than the values of the individual deliquescence relative humidity (iDRH) of NH4Cl–NaCl and NH4Cl–(NH4)2SO4. The exception was the MDRH of the NaCl–NaBr system, which was found to be higher than the iDRH of NaBr particles, but lower than the iDRH of NaCl particles. When the mole ratio of the mixed system was varied, the MDRH of the mixtures showed a slight dependence on the mole ratio.
354 NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF CORTICAL ACTIVITY DURING MENTAL TASK PERFORMANCE

This study examines the use of a nonlinear measure to quantitate and differentiate cortical activity during performance of three mental tasks. Specifically, an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during task performance and analyzed using the correlation dimension (D2). The correlation dimension quantifies the nonlinearity and complexity of a signal, and when applied to an EEG may serve as an index of cortical activation. Larger absolute values of D2 suggest greater signal complexity. EEG signals were recorded while subjects performed three mental tasks: graphical reasoning, mental arithmetic, and vocabulary association. For each task, twenty to thirty seconds of EEG signal were chosen for analysis. The correlation dimension increased from resting values during performance of all mental tasks. When compared between the three tasks, D2 values were greatest during graphical reasoning, suggesting greater EEG signal complexity and stronger cortical activation during its performance. Mental arithmetic exhibited D2 increases primarily in the left temporal regions, while vocabulary association displayed increases in both hemispheres of the brain. Application of D2 values to EEG electrode location generated a map of cortical activation specific for each mental task, and illustrated the differences in activation associated with task performance.
Boehmians of Lp - growth

ABSTRACTSpaces of Boehmians having Lp-growth (1≤p≤∞) are constructed and studied. For 1≤p≤2, the Fourier transform is defined and properties are established. An inversion formula and an uncertainty principle are given for Boehmians.
Practice patterns in the management of acute intervertebral disc herniation in dogs.

Objectives Acute intervertebral disc herniation is commonly managed by veterinary neurologists and surgeons. Anecdote suggests that patterns of management vary considerably and there is controversy surrounding many aspects of treatment. The goal of this study was to document patterns in management of acute spinal cord injury caused by acute intervertebral disc herniation among these two groups to aid in future discussions on best practices. Methods A survey querying diagnostic, medical and surgical practices for dogs with acute intervertebral disc herniation was distributed to diplomates on the databases of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons and the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Neurology). Results Responses were received from 314 board-certified veterinary surgeons and neurologists. Both groups handled timing of decompression, surgical approach, and most postoperative recommendations in a similar fashion. Case volume differed between groups, with 77% of neurologists and 18% of surgeons managing e50 cases of acute intervertebral disc herniation per year. MRI was used most frequently as a diagnostic tool by neurologists (75%), while CT was used most commonly by surgeons (58%). Corticosteroids were routinely administered as a neuroprotective strategy by 34% of surgeons and 11% of neurologists. Disc fenestration was performed “always” or “most of the time” by 69% of neurologists and 36% of surgeons. Clinical Importance Understanding the common practices in the management of canine acute intervertebral disc herniation can provide a springboard for future discussions regarding the best practices in diagnosing and treating this disease.
Standardizing terms for clinical pharmacogenetic test results: consensus terms from the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC)

Reporting and sharing pharmacogenetic test results across clinical laboratories and electronic health records is a crucial step toward the implementation of clinical pharmacogenetics, but allele function and phenotype terms are not standardized. Our goal was to develop terms that can be broadly applied to characterize pharmacogenetic allele function and inferred phenotypes. Terms currently used by genetic testing laboratories and in the literature were identified. The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) used the Delphi method to obtain a consensus and agree on uniform terms among pharmacogenetic experts. Experts with diverse involvement in at least one area of pharmacogenetics (clinicians, researchers, genetic testing laboratorians, pharmacogenetics implementers, and clinical informaticians; n = 58) participated. After completion of five surveys, a consensus (>70%) was reached with 90% of experts agreeing to the final sets of pharmacogenetic terms. The proposed standardized pharmacogenetic terms will improve the understanding and interpretation of pharmacogenetic tests and reduce confusion by maintaining consistent nomenclature. These standard terms can also facilitate pharmacogenetic data sharing across diverse electronic health care record systems with clinical decision support. Genet Med 19 2, 215–223.
Complications of turbinate reduction surgery in combination with tonsillectomy in pediatric patients

Objectives/Hypothesis To examine whether the addition of turbinoplasty to tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) increases the risk of postoperative complications. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of children (18 years old and younger) who underwent tonsillectomy and/or turbinoplasty between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2015 using the 2016 Pediatric Health Information System administrative database Methods Patients were divided into three groups: 1) T&A and turbinoplasty, 2) T&A alone, and 3) turbinoplasty alone. Postoperative revisit, hemorrhage requiring cautery, and blood transfusion rates were compared between groups. Results A total of 75,761 patients met inclusion criteria: 3,079 underwent both TA P = .11). The revisit rate after turbinoplasty alone was 1.4%. Indications for revisits did not differ between the TA P = .64). Twenty-one patients who underwent TA no cases in the other two groups required blood transfusion. Conclusions Turbinoplasty and T&A performed together do not increase the risk of postoperative revisit or hemorrhage requiring cauterization, and can therefore be considered as a combined procedure. Pediatric patients will benefit from avoiding the additional risk of multiple anesthetics and repeated intubation. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 127:1920–1923, 2017
Neutron resonance radiography for security applications

Fast Neutron Resonance Radiography (NRR) has been devised as an elemental imaging method, with applications such as contraband detection and mineral analysis. In the NRR method, a 2-D elemental mapping of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and the sum of other elements is obtained from fast neutron radiographic images taken at different neutron energies chosen to cover the resonance cross section features of one or more elements. Images are formed using a lens-coupled plastic scintillator-CCD combination. In preliminary experiments, we have produced NRR images of various simulants using a variable energy neutron beam based on the Li(p,n)Be reaction and a variable energy proton beam. In order to overcome practical limitations to this method, we have studied NRR imaging using the D-D reaction at a fixed incident D energy and scanning through various neutron energies by using the angular variation in neutron energy. The object-detector assembly rotates around the neutron source and different energy (2-6 MeV) neutrons can be obtained at different angles from a D-D neutron source. The radiographic image provides a 2-D mapping of the sum of elemental contents (weighted by the attenuation coefficients). Transmission measurements taken at different neutron energies (angles) form a set of linear equations, which can then be solved to map individual elemental contents.
Decomposition of NO on clean Pt near atmospheric pressures: I. Steady state kinetics

A high pressure cell inside an ultrahigh vacuum chamber has been used to measure rates of NO decomposition on polycrystalline Pt for pressures between 10−3 and 30 Torr and surface temperatures between 550 and 1700 K. Surfaces were cleaned before reaction as determined by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and coverages after reaction were determined by AES and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). It is found that a single Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) rate expression correlates all rate data within ±20% at all temperatures and pressures. The reaction activation energy is 13.5 kcalmole, and heats of adsorption of NO and O2 are 8.2 and 9.5 kcalmole respectively. These are significantly lower than heats of chemisorption of NO and atomic oxygen on clean Pt, and this suggests that the reactive species is a weakly bound state of NO which is strongly inhibited by molecular oxygen. Corroboration of this comes from AES which shows that the surface after reaction contains a stoichiometric layer of strongly bound N and O after cooling NO. Effects of sulfur and chlorine on the reaction are also examined.
Abstract WP322: Inability to Identify Physician is Associated With Medication and Care Plan Knowledge Gaps Ii Stroke Patients

Introduction: Patient dissatisfaction and medication non-compliance correlate with patient misunderstanding of their medications and care plan. We aimed to assess the degree of these gaps and their associations in hospitalized stroke patients. Methods: A 5-question survey was administered to patients hospitalized on the neuroscience ward of a comprehensive stroke center. Patient understanding of their condition leading to admission, care plan, medications, primary attending physician, and follow-up plan was assessed. If the patient was unable to communicate, then their health care representative was interviewed. Results: A total of 146 patients (55 stroke and 91 general neurology and neurosurgery (non-stroke) patients) or their representatives were interviewed. Stroke patients were less likely to properly identify their primary attending physician (33/55 (60.0%) stroke patients versus 35/91 (38.5%) non-stroke patients; p=0.011). Inability to identify the attending physician was associated with lack of medication and care plan knowledge and was more common in stroke patients, (23/33 (69.7%) stroke patients versus 14/35 (40.0%) non-stroke patients; p=0.014). Conclusion: Despite sharing a common pool of providers, the inability to identify the primary attending physician was significantly more common in stroke patients and was associated with patient knowledge deficits regarding their medication regimen and care plan. This correlation was significantly higher in stroke patients and suggests that stroke patients may require different, extra or more robust communication and education than the general neurology and neurosurgery population. Additionally, emphasis on attending physician identification may improve patient satisfaction and medication compliance.
Partner Preferences for Cooperative and Competitive Tasks: The Effect of Self-Esteem

Choice of personality characteristics in a partner for a cooperative or competitive interaction was studied as a function of manipulated self-esteem levels. Individuals low in self-esteem differentiated sharply between the two situations, seeking a desirable partner in cooperation and a less desirable partner for competition, while high-esteem individuals responded similarly in the 2 situations. The results suggest that when the situation permits, low-esteem individuals will seek success rather than confirm their negative self-image by choosing to fail.
‘Glocalizing’ Counterterrorism Law and Policy in the Caribbean: Between State Vulnerability and Independence

This chapter advances a two-fold argument on the centrality of state vulnerability as a conceptual framework in counterterrorism (CT) theory. First, that CT as a global and transnational phenomenon has been premised on a limited construction of the vulnerability of the state that is difficult to universalize substantively. Second, that the specific vulnerabilities of small states, such as those grouped in member states of the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), illustrate the need to situate state vulnerability as a key concept in CT discourse. At the level of international instrumentation, CT has been driven by assumed shared characteristics of statehood – states that command tremendous global economic leverage and the rule of law, and whose vested security interests allow them to police immediate territorial and extraterritorial borders. It is not impossible to map particular types of CT measures to anxieties about failed or weak states, susceptibility to religious extremism, internal radicalization and ethnic conflict, to name a few. What will be made clear in this chapter is that, as the “third border” of the United States, CARICOM’s role in CT has been determined by a paradoxical oversight-turned-preoccupation with the region’s specific vulnerabilities. The chapter seeks to frame this discursive space of CT as paradigmatic of a more expansive concept of state vulnerability, evident in the reception, application and creolization of international and extra-regional legal instruments and models.
Improving Development Visibility and Flow in Large Operational Organizations

In large operational systems, understanding the status of evolutionary capability development is often difficult. This is particularly true where capabilities depend on significant software components that are managed and operated as interacting subsystems. Schedules are rarely stable due to significant external drivers, thus integrated master schedules are hard to maintain and update. On-demand (pull) scheduling methods have been shown to smooth flow and maximize value across a process. The mechanics of these methods enhance visibility by forcing informed discussions on value, capability, and priority and by providing timely, relevant information to higher-level engineering organizations. This paper uses a notional information management system supporting a large health care system as an illustration of a management architecture that supports such an approach. The architecture includes a network of kanban-based scheduling systems, enhanced visualization, and employs a services approach to systems engineering that allows its work to be quantized as part of the overall development flow.
Western Oregon Districts, Bureau of Land Management, United States of America

The Oregon Office of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) revised its Western Oregon Districts’ Resource Management Plans (RMPs) in 2008 to reflect a growing divergence in planned outcomes from the RMPs that were tied to the 1990s-era Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP). The new plans were completed under the title: The Western Oregon Plan Revisions. The plan revisions were initiated partially in response to a settlement agreement in a long-standing lawsuit filed by the timber industry and western Oregon counties. The BLM developed the plans with cooperating agencies including representatives from a tribe, counties, state, and other federal agencies. The RMPs used knowledge gained from years of monitoring implementation of the NWFP resulting in a robust array of spatial resource data used to drive science-based analytical models in a “data-driven” planning process. Using the Federal Land Policy and Management Act’s land-use planning processes and associated National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analyses to resolve an issue with deep-seated polarized positions is not automatic and can fail without consistent support of political and agency leadership. The current structure of federal laws puts agencies trying to implement their various laws and direction at odds with one another. A clearer understanding of how the various agencies’ mandates interact with one another may help with interagency collaboration under the NEPA processes. If land management plans are to be tied to Endangered Species Act recovery plans, both need to be managed as dependent, interrelated efforts. The failure of one affects the other. The success of both is required.
Automated Playlist Generation from Personal Music Libraries

Manual creation of music playlists is a time consuming task that is typically characterized by an individual listening for similar audio features among a number of songs. The goal of this project is to reduce the time spent in performing this task by achieving the following: given an arbitrary collection of digital music recordings, automatically sort songs with similar musical qualities into playlists. This problem statement can essentially be reduced to a clustering problem, and this is the approach that we take. In this project, we accomplish the automatic generation of playlists by combining the use of music analysis tools and clustering algorithms from the field of machine learning. Additionally, we incorporate various visualization tools into the application user interface in order to give users an intuitive representation of the resultant playlists.
The Recurrent Instability of the Patella Score: A Statistically Based Model for Prediction of Long-Term Recurrence Risk After First-Time Dislocation

Purpose To describe the clinical history of a series of primary, lateral patellar dislocations and determine long-term predictors of recurrent instability while accounting for patients undergoing early operative management. Methods A large geographic database of more than 500,000 patients was used to identify patients who sustained a first-time lateral patellar dislocation between 1990 and 2010. Charts were individually reviewed to document demographics, radiographic measures including tibial tubercle to trochlear groove distance (TT-TG) and patellar length (PL), recurrent episodes of instability, and patellar stabilization surgery. A risk score that accounted for early surgical management was calculated using Fine and Gray competing risk regression, and its ability to stratify patients was examined using cumulative incidence curves. Results Eighty-one patients (mean age 19.9 ± 9.4 years, 38 male, 43 female) were identified and followed for a mean of 10.1 years (range 4.1-20.2). Thirty-eight patients (46.9%) experienced an episode of recurrent instability and 30 (37.0%) underwent patellar stabilization surgery, including 7 who did so before recurrent dislocation. A multivariate, statistically derived scoring system, the Recurrent Instability of the Patella Score (RIP Score), that employed age, skeletal maturity, trochlear dysplasia, and TT-TG/PL ratio to predict recurrent instability while accounting for patients managed surgically, was generated. The resulting RIP score stratified patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk categories, with 0.0%, 30.6%, and 79.2% 10-year recurrent instability rates, respectively (P = .000004), and an area under the curve of 0.875 (P = .00002). Conclusions Patients who sustain a first-time, lateral patellar dislocation can be readily classified into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk categories employing the RIP score based on age, skeletal maturity, trochlear dysplasia, and TT-TG/PL ratio. This long-term risk stratification holds significant potential clinical utility for determination of patients who are at high risk for recurrent instability after primary patellar dislocation. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Abstract 2490: HighAXLpromotes migration in non-MYCNamplified neuroblastoma cell lines

Background: Neuroblastomas (NBL) are tumors with a high rate of metastases (50% of patients). In general, in NBL MYCN amplification (NMA) is the most important prognostic factor. However NMA is infrequent and 70% of NBL are non-NMA tumors and not much is known about the driving oncogenic event. Recently, we identified among 17 NBL cell lines a group of non-NMA NBL cell lines with a distinct gene expression profile (HU133plus2.0 arrays, Affymetrix) and high expression of the AXL gene. AXL is a tyrosine kinase receptor, associated with the metastatic process of several cancers. We hypothesized that AXL contributes to metastsizing potential in non-NMA neuroblastomas and tested if AXL silencing diminishes malignant properties of high AXL expressing cell lines. Results: High expression of AXL was detected in G-IM-EN, SK-N-AS and two subclonal cell lines SH-EP-2 and SH-EP-21N. AXL was silenced (lentiviral AXL shRNA expression plasmids, pLKO.1_shAXL, Sigma-Aldrich) in GI-M-EN and SH-EP-2 with an infection efficiency of >90% and 80-85% AXL-mRNA knockdown. We examined the silencing effect on migration and invasion. A significant reduction of migration (74.7%) and invasion (99.8%) was achieved in GI-M-EN. In the intermediate AXL expressing expressing cell line SH-EP-2 migration reduction was less (41.9%). Furthermore, GI-M-EN and SH-EP-2 were compared for cytoskeletal, morphological changes after silencing. Cells became rounded with small lamellipodia and filopodia and F-actin fluorescent staining showed induction of F-actin positive stress-fibers (17.3%), both most prominent in high AXL expressing GI-M-EN. In SH-EP-2 the number of cells with stress fibers was increased (9.9%). Expression of, matrix metalloproteinase 9 frequent down-stream target of EMT-like processes, was not changed upon silencing of AXL. Also, we observed no effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis or downstream pathways (PI3K-AKT, MAPK-ERK pathway). Conclusion: The AXL gene is highly expressed in a subset of non-NMA NBL cell lines and seems involved in migratory and invasion properties. AXL is a possible mediator of NBL metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2490. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2490
STS implementation: what does it say?

L'A. presente les resultats d'une enquete menee aux Etats-Unis afin de connaitre la position des differents Etats sur la mise en place dans les programmes d'etudes d'un enseignement Science-Technologie-Societe
CHAPTER 6 – Functional Programming

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses those features that help qualify Mathematica as a functional programming language. A functional programming language is a language in which functions can be defined and applied to arguments and in which arguments of a function can themselves be other functions applied to other arguments. Mathematica belongs to the category of languages that have a pure functional component. It has the advantage over Scheme and ML of having many built-in mathematical functions that can be combined with each other to create new functions. Mathematica shares features with several other programming languages, such as C, Pascal, Lisp, and APL, but it has extended and modified these features and has added its own original constructs. In mathematica, there are a number of built-in operations that take arbitrary functions as arguments. Functions are represented within this in four forms: expressions, named pure functions, nameless pure functions with bound variables, and anonymous functions. Functional programs in Mathematica are essentially nested sequences of button pushes, that is, they are single expressions made up solely from built-in commands and built-in constants and are sometimes called one-liners, thus making it possible to do many intricate operations just using such one-liners. Writing such functional programs is an important part of Mathematica programming.
Identifying non-identical-by-descent rare variants in population-scale whole genome sequencing data

Abstract The site frequency spectrum in human populations is not accurately modeled by an infinite sites model, which assumes that all mutations are unique. Despite the pervasiveness of recurrent mutations, we lack computational methods to identify these events at specific sites in population sequencing data. Rare alleles that are identical-by-descent (IBD) are expected to segregate on a long, shared haplotype background that descends from a common ancestor. However, alleles introduced by recurrent mutation or by non-crossover gene conversions are identical-by-state and will have a shorter expected shared haplotype background. We hypothesized that the expected difference in shared haplotype background length can distinguish IBD and non-IBD variants in population sequencing data without pedigree information. We implemented a Bayesian hierarchical model and used Gibbs sampling to estimate the posterior probability of IBD state for rare variants, using simulations to demonstrate that our approach accurately distinguishes rare IBD and non-IBD variants. Applying our method to whole genome sequencing data from 3,621 individuals in the UK10K consortium, we found that non-IBD variants correlated with higher local mutation rates and genomic features like replication timing. Using a heuristic to categorize non-IBD variants as gene conversions or recurrent mutations, we found that potential gene conversions had expected properties such as enriched local GC content. By identifying recurrent mutations, we can better understand the spectrum of recent mutations in human populations, a source of genetic variation driving evolution and a key factor in understanding recent demographic history.
Developing standardized titles to classify the adverse events in 7,418 cranial and spinal neurosurgical procedures

Abstract Background Neurosurgical procedures are life- and function-saving but carry a risk of adverse events (AE) which can cause permanent neurologic deficits. Unfortunately, there is lack of clearly defined AEs associated with given procedures, and their reporting is non-uniform and often arbitrary. However, with an increasing number of neurosurgical procedures performed, there is a need for standardization of AEs for systematic tracking. Such a system would establish a baseline for future quality improvement strategies. Objective To review our institutional AEs and devise standardized titles specific to the spine, tumor, functional, and vascular neurosurgery divisions. Methods A review of prospective monthly-reported morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference data within the Department of Neurological Surgery was conducted from January 2017 to December 2019. An AE was defined as any mortality, an “unintended and undesirable diagnostic or therapeutic event”, “an event that prolongs the patient’s hospital stay”, or an outcome with permanent or transient neurologic deficit. Results A total of 1096 AEs from 7418 total procedures (14.8 %) were identified. Of those, 418 (5.6 %) were in cerebrovascular, 249 (3.4 %) were in neuro-oncology and 429 (5.8 %) were in the spine & functional divisions. The most common AEs across all divisions were infection (17 %), hemorrhage (11 %) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak (7.8 %). Other AEs were indirectly related to the neurosurgical procedure, such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (2.7 %), or pneumothorax (0.3 %). Conclusion This work illustrates standardized AEs can be implemented universally across the spectrum of neurological surgery. Standardization can help identify recurring AE patterns through better tracking.
Acute and chronic bupropion treatment does not prevent morphine-induced conditioned place preference in mice.

Abstract A substantial barrier to the treatment of Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is the elevated relapse rates in affected patients, and a significant contributor to these events of relapse is exposure to cues and contexts that are intensely associated with prior drug abuse. The neurotransmitter dopamine plays a key role in reward-related behaviors, and previous studies have illustrated that dopamine hypofunction in periods of abstinence serves to prompt drug craving and seeking. We hypothesized that restoration of dopaminergic signaling could attenuate drug-seeking behaviors. Therefore, we investigated whether use of an FDA-approved drug, bupropion, an inhibitor of the dopamine transporter (DAT), or a dopamine uptake inhibitor with high affinity for DAT, JHW 007, was able to decrease preference for a drug-paired context. In these experiments, mice underwent 5 days of non-contingent morphine (10 mg/kg) exposure in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. We found that systemic injection of bupropion (20 mg/kg, i. p.) or intracranial injection of JHW 007 into the nucleus accumbens shell did not prevent the expression of morphine CPP. We then investigated whether chronic bupropion treatment (via implanted osmotic pumps) would influence morphine CPP. We observed that chronic bupropion treatment for 21 days following morphine conditioning did not attenuate the prolonged preference for morphine-paired contexts. Overall, with our dose and paradigm, neither acute nor chronic bupropion diminishes morphine CPP. Continued studies should address FDA-approved medications and their potential for recovery in OUD patients.
Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Astm A216 Grade Wca Mild Steel to Stress Corrosion Cracking in Simulated Salt Repositopy Environments

In current conceptual designs, a mild steel (ASTM A?16 Grade WCA) is the relerence container material for use in high level nuclear waste packages intended for emplacement in a salt repository. The resistance of the steel to stress corrosion crackinq (SCC) is being investigated as part of the effort underway to verify the suitability of the material for waste package applications. Static tests (U-bend and bolt-loaded fracture toughness specimens) and dynamic tests (slow strain rate and corrosion fatigue) were conducted on both as-cast and weldment specimens of the material, in both low-Mg and high-Mg halite-saturated brines, in the temperature range of 90 to 200°C. The investigations indicate that the steel is not susceptible to SCC under the test conditions employed.
Radiological Assessment of High Anterior Septal Deviation and Its Impact on Sinus Access.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS High anterior septal deviation (HASD) is an underreported anatomic variant that can affect the decision to perform septoplasty for access during sinus surgery and ease of postoperative debridement. This study aims to 1) describe an objective method of assessing HASD, and 2) explore its prevalence and implications for performing septoplasty. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Computed tomography scans from 2014 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Two independent observers measured the following with respect to midline: distance to septum (SDD), distance to lateral nasal wall (LNW), and septal deviation angle (SDA). RESULTS A total of 147 patients were included, with excellent interrater reliability across 99 patients (0.8-0.9). Mean measurements across all patients were SDD (2.77 mm ± 1.34), SDD/LNW (0.26 ± 0.12), and SDA (8.9° ± 4.0). Of 102 patients who underwent sinus surgery, 47 received septoplasty. Compared to the non-septoplasty cohort, the septoplasty cohort had a greater mean SDD (3.61 mm ± 1.48 vs. 2.27 mm ± 0.95; d = 1.10 [95% CI 0.67-1.51]), SDD/LNW (0.34 ± 0.13 vs. 0.21 ± 0.09; d = 1.18 [95% CI 0.76-1.60]), and SDA (11.1° ± 4.3 vs. 7.3° ± 3.4; d = 1.00 [95% CI 0.58-1.40]). Receiver operating characteristic cutoffs were SDD ≥2.43 mm, SDD/LNW ≥0.25, and SDA ≥7.6°, corresponding to a 49%-58% prevalence of HASD. CONCLUSION HASD is relatively common and the methods described herein can reliably assess its dimensions. Measurements of SDD, SDD/LNW, and SDA exceeding cutoffs determined by this study may represent clinically significant deflections prompting consideration of septoplasty. These methods may aid in preoperative planning. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Going Virtual: Objective Structured Teaching Exercises as an Innovative Method for Formative Resident Education.

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic forced residency programs to adapt teaching to the virtual arena. Objective Structured Teaching Exercises (OSTEs) are a simulation-based session we previously implemented in our in-person pediatric curriculum. We aimed to assess feasibility of and resident satisfaction with the transition to virtual learning for simulation-based OSTEs. Methods The pediatrics residency program at our hospital has a weekly academic half-day for residents where the OSTEs were held annually in person 2018 to 2019 and virtually in 2020. Surveys were collected from participating residents and faculty to compare teaching experience, feedback quality, and satisfaction with the session. Results Over 3 academic years, there were 159 total teaching sessions, 3 of which were OSTEs. The OSTE session was highly rated each year and was the second highest rated virtual session. Residents felt the OSTEs improved their teaching regardless of the virtual versus in-person platform (P = .77), and the quality of feedback as rated by the resident teacher was higher for virtual sessions (P Conclusions Transitioning the OSTE to a virtual platform was both feasible and effective when compared to the in-person OSTE. In the transition to virtual learning, educators should consider opportunities for simulation-based teaching such as OSTEs.
Perceived irrelevance and achievement goals: Two mindset variables within attitudinal experiences of life science majors in introductory physics

Students who perceive that an introductory physics course is relevant to their major will experience more expertlike shifts than students who do not.
Computer-Aided Inventory Management Using Time-Temperature Indicators

The commonly used inventory management policies, based on elapsed storage time, do not account for nonuniform deterioration within a perishable inventory. A quality-based issue criterion was postulated as an improvement for managing food inventories. Using kinetic theory, a mathematical model was derived to predict changes in food quality from the response of a full-history time-temperature indicator. The mathematical model was tested by comparing the actual changes in firmness of mature green tomatos with predicted results. The quality based inventory policy, namely, the shortest-remaining-shelf-life (SRSL) issue policy, was tested for a commercial warehouse operation and found to outperform traditional policies in terms of minimizing variations in quality attributes of issued products.
A Study of Hofstede's Culture Value Survey in a Post-Soviet Country

Abstract This research examines the four culture dimensions developed by Hofstede's 1980 and 1983 studies exploring the potential of management-employee conflict. In the present study, employee responses to Hofstede's national culture survey were performed in Belarus, formerly of the Soviet Union, in order to establish a culture score for each of Hofstede's four culture dimensions in a centrally planned economy. The results of the research run counter to some of the Stereotypie cultural characteristic expectations, and support others of the cultural values attributable to the Republic of Belarus, an autocratic political and economic state in Eastern Europe.
Superoxide-deficient macrophages exhibit an M2 phenotype to prevent autoimmune diabetes. (BA12P.105)

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease culminating in β-cell destruction by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and islet-infiltrating leukocytes. We recently demonstrated the importance of NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived ROS synthesis in T1D, as Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice unable to generate superoxide (NOD.Ncf1m1J) were highly T1D resistant. Therefore, we hypothesized that dampened ROS synthesis within NOD.Ncf1m1J mice contributes to blunted pro-inflammatory M1 and/or enhanced anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage responses. During spontaneous T1D progression, islet-resident NOD.Ncf1m1J macrophages exhibited an enhanced M2 phenotype in contrast to age-matched NOD with a significant (p < 0.01) increase in M2 macrophage transcripts (Ccl17, Retnla, Cd206, Arg1), and a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in M1 transcripts (Cxcl10, Ccl5, Nos2, and Tnfa). To confirm that redox status influenced macrophage differentiation, pre-activated diabetogenic BDC-2.5 CD4 T cells, which recruit pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages to destroy β-cells, were transferred into NOD.Rag.Ncf1m1J recipients possessing superoxide-deficient antigen presenting cells. We observed a decrease in IL-1β-expressing, islet-infiltrating M1 macrophages and enhanced Arginase-1-expressing M2 macrophages compared to NOD.Rag. Our results demonstrate the importance of ROS in M1 macrophage differentiation; thus, targeting macrophage redox status may represent a promising therapy in halting T1D.
Radiography student perceptions of clinical stressors.

Context Technological change and the increasingly rapid pace of life in the United States and globally have contributed to increased levels of stress and burnout experienced by workers and their families. Although studies are available on the levels of workplace stress and burnout affecting radiographers, little to no research has been conducted to assess the stressors encountered by radiography students in the clinical environment. Objective This study was designed to pinpoint the primary sources of stress for radiography students and to determine the most effective measures to alleviate the stress that students experience in the clinical environment. It also sought to identify the clinical activities and practices that enhance learning. Methods A convenience sample of radiography students attending an Association of Collegiate Educators in Radiologic Technology meeting was surveyed. Students were asked to rank their greatest stressors in the clinical environment, the most desired qualities in a clinical instructor and clinical environment, and the clinical practices and activities that best enhance their learning. Descriptive statistics were used to report the results. Results Data were collected for 82 first-year and second-year students. Students identified 7 primary clinical stressors: fear of making a mistake/repeat, feeling unprepared/inexperienced, intimidation by staff and by instructors, difficult/critical patients, hurtful criticism, too much supervision and negative responses to questions/requests for help. Students indicated that more frequent feedback, availability of the clinical instructor and other staff, assurance that mistakes happen and the opportunity to make mistakes were clinical practices that eased stress. The majority of students cited hands-on learning and repetition as the clinical activities that most reinforced their learning. Summary Radiography students in this survey experience some of the same clinical stressors as radiographers and other allied health workers, although the source of stress may be different. Factors that promote an optimum clinical learning environment for students include instructor availability, opportunities to practice skills and make mistakes, frequent performance feedback and assurance that mistakes happen.
THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HEMOGLOBIN

Low concentrations of hemoglobin (0.1 µg./ml. or less) exert a lethal action on some Gram-negative bacteria under certain conditions in vitro . Hemoglobins from various mammals and the distinct genetic types of human hemoglobin all manifest similar bactericidal activity. The bactericidal effect is a function of the globin moiety of the molecule; native and acid or acid-alcohol denatured globins have the same degree of activity. Hemoglobins kill enterobacteriaceae only under precisely controlled conditions. The test medium must be low in ionic concentration and acid in reaction. Various strains of Escherichia and Salmonella are susceptible to the lethal effect of hemoglobin, while the few strains of Shigella, Klebsiella , and Proteus examined were resistant. Certain acid polysaccharides and basic amines or proteins block the bactericidal effect when incorporated in the test in low concentration. Present evidence also suggests that exposure of the microorganisms to certain cations such as magnesium renders them resistant to the lethal action of globin. Hemoglobin loses its bactericidal power when complexed with haptoglobin, and serum fractions rich in free haptoglobin protect otherwise susceptible bacteria from killing by hemoglobin. The reaction appears to be a bactericidal rather than a bacteriostatic one. At 38°C. maximal killing requires approximately 30 minutes; at temperatures of 28°C. or 0°C. the bactericidal action does not take place. The minimal concentration of hemoglobin required to kill 50 per cent of the microorganisms in the test is unrelated to the size of the bacterial inoculum. Under conditions suitable for bactericidal action, hemoglobin is adsorbed onto heat-killed susceptible strains of coliform bacteria; material possessing bactericidal activity can be eluted with dilute mineral acid.