cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on AFB1 pharmacokinetics in human subjects

500 We have previously shown that chlorophyll and its derivative chlorophyllin strongly reduce carcinogen bioavailability, biomarker damage, and tumorigenicity in trout and rats. These findings were partially extended to humans, where chlorophyllin was found to reduce urinary excretion of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-DNA repair products in rural Chinese unavoidably exposed to dietary AFB1 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:14601-14606). However, no AFB1 pharmacokinetic data were gathered in that study, and chlorophyll was not included. To address this, a small un-blinded crossover pilot study examined AFB1 pharmacokinetic parameters in human volunteers, and the effects of chlorophyll or chlorophyllin co-treatment on those parameters. Fasted subjects received an IRB-approved dose of 14C-AFB1 (30 ng, 5 nCi) by gelatin capsule with 100 ml water, alone or with 150 mg chlorophyllin or highly purified chlorophyll. Blood and total urine samples were collected at specified intervals over 72 hr, and 14C-AFB1 equivalents were determined by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Each treatment was repeated 3 times for each volunteer. Total 72-hr urine aflatoxin equivalents among the three subjects ranged from 8.5-10.2 ng, and were reduced significantly by chlorophyll (range 3.9 - 6.7 ng; P
Optimal asset replacement: Profit maximization under varying technology

Abstract The paper analyzes a profit-maximizing serial replacement problem under variable asset productivity, operating cost, and replacement cost that depend on asset age and installation time. The majority of modern asset replacement models minimize costs. The authors examine and highlight essential differences between profit-maximizing and cost-minimizing replacement strategies in the infinite-horizon framework. Next, they construct and analyze an effective multi-cycle replacement algorithm that approximates the infinite-horizon solution with non-equal asset lifetimes. Numeric simulation illustrates theoretic outcomes and demonstrates a good performance of the constructed algorithm under different patterns of changing technology.
Osteochondral Lesions of the Talar Dome

Osteochondral lesion of the talar dome (OCLT) can be a devastating injury that affects mobility. Etiology of these lesions is debated but trauma seems the most supported etiology. Diagnosis of lesions is based on imaging. Conservative management, including weight-bearing restrictions, physical therapy, and supportive measures, often is first-line treatment. Nonsurgical modalities have mixed results and surgical measures often are necessitated for symptom relief. Surgical treatments vary in invasiveness and often are dictated by OCLT size. Studies show patient satisfaction increases substantially after having these procedures performed after failing nonsurgical measures. Results are encouraging, although thorough work-up and discussion should be undertaken.
Underwater implosion pressure pulse interactions with submerged plates

Abstract An experimental and analytical investigation is conducted to study the underwater interaction of implosion pressure pulses with large plates. Two plates with stiffnesses significantly apart are investigated experimentally in a large-diameter pressure vessel for their Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) phenomena during proximal implosions of thin metallic shells. High-speed photography, in conjunction with 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) measurements, is employed to obtain full-field displacements of the plates. Local dynamic pressure histories are also simultaneously recorded to investigate the incident, reflected and transmitted fluid pressures across the plates during dynamic loading. The lesser stiffness plate showed higher deflection, allowed a weaker reflected pressure pulse and allowed a stronger transmitted pressure pulse as compared to the higher stiffness plate. The peak deflections of the plates occurred during the underpressure phase of the implosion event. Four analytical modeling iterations with increasing complexities starting from Taylor's FSI model are considered to assess the response of water backed plates to dynamic pressure pulse loadings. Each iteration is analyzed individually in an experimental context to understand its role as a building block in a final analytical model. The final model developed is based on the classical plate-bending equation and fluid velocity corrected for ‘afterflow’ effects and performed better than Taylor's original model in predicting pressure-time history of the plates’ reflected pressure and transmitted pressure. The plates’ mid-point deflection profiles are also better predicted using this model. Furthermore, the model showed that the response of a plate during a dynamic implosion pressure pulse interaction is weakly dependent on its bending stiffness. Instead, it is observed that for a large plate, its areal mass density is the dominant factor in determining the reflected pressure, the transmitted pressure and the plate mid-point deflection profiles.
Training and Testing of Smartphone-Based Pavement Condition Estimation Models Using 3D Pavement Data

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) laser scanners have become a mainstream technology for the automatic assessment of pavement condition. The objective of this study is to leverage highly accurate 3D p...
Limitations of traditional tools for beyond design basis external hazard PRA

Abstract Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is being used increasingly by the nuclear industry for safety during normal operations as well as for the protection against external hazards. Computation of total risk in an external hazard PRA is dependent on hazard assessment, fragility assessment, and systems analysis. A systems analysis for propagation of component fragilities is conducted using event and fault trees. The event and fault trees for an actual power plant can be fairly large in size, which imposes computational challenges. Hence, certain assumptions are employed for computational efficiency. These assumptions typically represent the conditions imposed during the design basis (DB) scenario. The traditional PRA tools based on these assumptions are also widely applied to perform risk assessment in the context of beyond design basis (BDB) scenarios. However, some of these assumptions may not be valid for certain BDB scenarios. In addition, the probability of dependent failures also increases in BDB scenarios due to common cause failures (CCF) which usually results from design modifications, human errors, etc. In this manuscript, a simple and a relatively more complex illustrative examples are used to show the limitation of these assumptions in the numerical quantification of risk for the case of BDB conditions. Case studies with CCF events across multiple fault trees are also presented to illustrate the effect of these assumptions when traditional approach is used in BDB risk assessment. It is shown that the assumptions are valid for the case of DB conditions but may lead to excessively conservative risk estimates in the case of BDB conditions. A Bayesian network based top-down algorithm is proposed as an alternative tool for accurate numerical quantification of total risk in systems analysis.
G-Quadruplexes as pathogenic drivers in neurodegenerative disorders

G-quadruplexes (G4s), higher-order DNA and RNA secondary structures featuring guanine-rich nucleic acid sequences with various conformations, are widely distributed in the human genome. These structural motifs are known to participate in basic cellular processes, including transcription, splicing, and translation, and their functions related to health and disease are becoming increasingly recognized. In this review, we summarize the landscape of G4s involved in major neurodegenerative disorders, describing the genes that contain G4-forming sequences and proteins that have high affinity for G4-containing elements. The functions of G4s are diverse, with potentially protective or deleterious effects in the pathogenic cascades of various neurological diseases. While the studies of the functions of G4s in vivo, including those involved in pathophysiology, are still in their early stages, we will nevertheless discuss the evidence pointing to their biological relevance. A better understanding of this unique structural element in the biological context is important for unveiling its potential roles in the pathogenesis of diseases such as neurodegeneration and for designing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Perceptions of a Remote Learning Pathology Elective for Advanced Clinical Medical Students

In mid-March 2020, our institution removed most medical students from in-person clinical clerkships due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Department of Pathology responded by transitioning a fourth-year clinical elective to an all-remote format composed of synchronous didactics, daily clinical sign-out utilizing digital microscopy, and asynchronous learning materials. Thirty-seven medical students completed 2- or 4-week anatomic pathology electives tailored to meet their career goals and allowing them to progress toward graduation. Institutional Review Board approval was granted to survey students' perceptions of engagement in the remote learning environment. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using a standardized school-wide end-of-rotation survey, an online survey developed by the authors, and students' self-directed learning goals. End-of-rotation data showed the remote pathology course performed well (4.88 of possible 5) when compared to all advanced clinical clerkships (4.51, n = 156 courses), all elective rotations (4.41, n = 50 courses), and the traditional in-person pathology elective (4.73). Core strengths in the virtual environment included high educational value, flexibility of content and schedule, organization, tailoring to an individual's learning goals, and a positive education environment. Deficits included the inability to gross surgical specimens, inadequate observation or feedback about students' skills, and impaired social connections. Areas for improvement included requests for in-person experiences and development of themed tracks for career exploration. Many aspects of anatomic pathology appear well-suited to the remote learning environment. While the remote model may not be sufficient for students pursuing careers in pathology, it can be adapted to increase nonpathologists' understanding of interdisciplinary clinical collaboration with pathologists.
High density of strong yet deformable intermetallic nanorods leads to an excellent room temperature strength-ductility combination in a high entropy alloy

Abstract This paper introduces a new microstructural template for high entropy alloys (HEAs), where the face centered cubic (FCC) complex concentrated solid solution is reinforced with a high density of strong, yet deformable, nanorods of an ordered multi-component intermetallic L12 compound. Thermodynamic modeling has been employed to design this HEA with a large L12 volume fraction. Thermo-mechanical processing by isothermal annealing of the conventionally processed bulk cold-rolled alloy directly at precipitation temperatures, has been applied to produce a high density of uniformly distributed L12 nanorods within refined FCC grains, resulting from concomitant recrystallization and discontinuous precipitation processes. The nanorod morphology of the discontinuous L12 product has been established from three-dimensional atom probe tomography. The refined grains result in a complete coverage of the microstructure with discontinuously precipitated intermetallic nanorods. This nanorod strengthened HEA exhibits an exceptionally high room temperature yield strength of ∼1630 MPa, good tensile ductility of ∼15%, and an ultimate tensile strength of ∼1720 MPa. Furthermore, a single L12 phase alloy, melted based on the precipitate composition in the two-phase FCC + L12 HEA, exhibits very high compressive deformability and strain hardenability, unusual for ordered intermetallic compounds. These results open a new strategy for design of fine-grained microstructures strengthened via ordered intermetallic phases, exploiting the beneficial effects of discontinuous precipitation, for achieving very high room temperature tensile strengths while maintaining good ductility.
Failure Is Not an Option: The SBRA in a Time of COVID

The global pandemic sparked by the proliferation of the COVID-19 virus created an economic crisis of an unprecedented nature in the United States, particularly among small businesses. Many of these small businesses were required by law or circumstances to temporarily close, limit hours or capacity, and/or invest in expensive measures intended to protect the safety of their patrons. The financial consequences of these protective measures were devastating. Fortunately, the law seemed primed for just such a crisis. Mere weeks prior to the national shutdowns caused by the virus, a new bankruptcy law intended to facilitate the reorganization of small businesses went into effect. The Small Business Reorganization Act of 2019 created subchapter V of Chapter 11, which permitted small businesses to reorganize with greater speed and less cost than ever before. In response to the COVID-19 crisis, Congress expanded the use of this provision to a larger number of businesses. However, despite the apparent advantages presented by the bankruptcy law and the economic devastation caused by the pandemic, small businesses declined to file for bankruptcy. Although it is too early to draw definitive conclusions as to why, evidence suggests that small business owners see bankruptcy as a tool of “last resort,” which may neuter the ability of bankruptcy laws to preserve value as intended pursuant to broader bankruptcy policy.
Refinements in phase fraction determination of textured alloys from transmission diffraction data

The use of high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction sources has become increasingly common for high-quality phase fraction measurements and microstructural evolution experiments. While the high flux, large volume illuminated and large number of diffraction vectors should reduce common sources of uncertainty and bias, the distribution of the diffraction vectors may still cause bias in the phase fraction measurement. This hypothesis of bias was investigated with example experimental data and synthetic data. The authors found that there may be bias depending on the sample texture, the distribution of diffraction vectors and the hkl planes used in the phase fraction measurement, even for nearly complete coverage of a pole figure. The authors developed a series of geometry-based correction values that reduced the measurement bias due to sampling scheme and texture in the phase fraction measurement by an order of magnitude. The efficacy of these corrections was demonstrated with application to both experimental and synthetic data.
Fundamentals of Nanoparticle Flow and Heat Transfer

Nanofluids are suspensions of nano-size particles (typically 2–100 nm) in liquids, which are called base fluids. Several research projects of the late 1990s and the first decade of the twenty-first century indicated that the addition of very small amounts of nanoparticles in commonly used base fluids, such as water and ethyl glycol, increased significantly the effective thermal conductivity of these mixtures. Choi et al. (Appl Phys Lett 79:2252–2254, 2001) used a dilute suspension of carbon nanotubes in water and observed that the conductivity of the resulting nanofluid more than doubled. Some experiments on the mass transfer coefficients with nanofluids reported more dramatic results: Olle et al. (Ind Eng Chem Res 45(12):4355–4363, 2006) detected mass transfer enhancements with ferromagnetic nanoparticle suspensions as high as six times the corresponding coefficients of the base fluid alone. The significantly enhanced transport properties of the nanofluids brand these suspensions as ideal media for heat and mass transfer with widespread applications including the cooling of very small electronic components, which will comprise the next generation of computer chips; absorption of gases by liquid carriers; increase of the rate of gas–liquid chemical reactions; electricity generation; cooling of smaller internal combustion engines; space applications under microgravity; advanced nuclear reactor cooling; and biomedicine.
Lower Eyelid Lesion.

An 11-month-old boy presented to the clinic with a papule on his right lower eyelid that had doubled in size since it first appeared 3months earlier (Figure 1). He had been born at full term and was otherwise healthy. His medication regimen included a pediatric multivitamin. There was no history of trauma to the area. On examination, the patient’s pupils were equal in diameter and reactive to light, his ocular motility was full, and the lesion did not obstruct his vision. Findings from external examination were significant for a single 3 × 2 × 2–mm, red-brown, raised, solid, fixed papule at the center of the lower eyelid margin. There was nomadarosis and no evidence of epiphora or conjunctivitis. The lesion was initially diagnosed as a hemangioma and the decision was made to monitor it. On examination 1 month later, the papule had grown slightly, with a 1 × 1–mm area of ulceration. It also appeared to encroach on the visual axis in the downgaze position. The parents reported that the patient had started to rub his eyelid intermittently, causing irritation and a minimal amount of associated bleeding. Figure 1. Lesion on the right lower eyelid of an 11-month-old patient.
Changing dynamics of the overseas marketplace for TV programming: The rise of international co-production

Abstract This article examines the recent strategy adopted by the US television production industry in coping with the changing worldwide media environment. Developments in the USA include the commercial networks' declining audience share, the increasing penetration of cable TV, and spiralling production costs; abroad, the coming of age and increased sophistication of the televesion industry and the strengthening of programme import regulations are significant. Access to foreign markets is becoming critical to the financial equation of US producers and distributors of high-budget TV programmes. International co-production is the response to the new dynamics of world-wide television programming and a product of economic necessities.
HF-VHF-UHF IQ mixer with a single SPDT switch

An I Q mixer topology using passive components and a single SPDT switch is described with simulations and measurements at 7 MHz and 144 MHz. A test fixture permits experiments with a variety of switch candidates. Results are presented for MOSFET switches and an SPDT switch using a hybrid coil and ring of Schottky diodes. SSB conversion loss is near 6 dB. Measured IIP3 is +16 dBm for a MOSFET switch and +6 dBm for the diodes. The Schottky version exhibits much better 2nd order performance and stability of amplitude and phase differences between I and Q ports. Results at VHF using surface mount components suggest that the Schottky diode/hybrid coil switch is a promising candidate for low power near-zero IF applications.
Properties that characterize Gaussian periods and cyclotomic numbers

Let q = ef + 1 be a prime number, (q a q-th primitive root of 1 and ,70.. ,,e-1 the periods of degree e of Q(,q). Write 77077i = Ej_ aij with aij E Z. Several characterizations of the numbers r7i and aij (or, equivalently, of the cyclotomic numbers (i,j) of order e) are given in terms of systems of equations they satisfy and a condition on the linear independence, over Q, of the r7i or on the irreducibility, over Q, of the characteristic polynomial of the matrix [ai,j]o<i,J<e-. Let q be an odd prime number, e and f positive integers such that q = ef + 1, s a primitive root modulo q, (q a primitive q-th root of 1 and 77o0I, ii ..., ie-1 the Gaussian periods of degree e in Q((q) defined by f-i
Measurement of receptor desensitization and internalization in intact cells.

Abstract Epitope tagged a2-AR subtypes have been used to address a variety of cell biological questions, and the strategies used are readily applicable to all GPCR as well as other cell surface proteins. We have provided detailed protocols for successful utilization of the epitope-tagged receptor in the studies of protein localization and trafficking in epithelial cells, and the mechanisms by which this is achieved. We have also described reversible biotinytion strategies to examine agonist-dependent (and independent) receptor turnover at the cell surface.
Outcomes Associated with Opioid Use in the Treatment of Chronic Noncancer Pain in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

This systematic review summarizes existing evidence regarding the efficacy, safety, and abuse and misuse potential of opioids as treatment for chronic noncancer pain in older adults. Multiple databases were searched to identify relevant studies published in English (1/1/80-7/1/09) with a mean study population age of 60 and older. Forty-three articles were identified and retained for review (40 reported safety and efficacy data, the remaining 3 reported misuse or abuse outcome data). The weighted mean subject age was 64.1 (mean age range 60-73). Studies enrolled patients with osteoarthritis (70%), neuropathic pain (13%), and other pain-producing disorders (17%). The mean duration of treatment studies was 4 weeks (range 1.5-156 weeks), and only five (12%) lasted longer than 12 weeks. In meta-analyses, effect sizes were -0.557 (P<.001) for pain reduction, -0.432 (P<.001) for physical disability reduction, and 0.859 (P=.31) for improved sleep. The effect size for the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Health Survey was 0.191 (P=.17) for the physical component score and -0.220 (P=.04) for the mental component score. Adults aged 65 and older were as likely as those younger than 65 to benefit from treatment. Common adverse events included constipation (median frequency of occurrence 30%), nausea (28%), and dizziness (22%) and prompted opioid discontinuation in 25% of cases. Abuse and misuse behaviors were negatively associated with older age. In older adults with chronic pain and no significant comorbidity, short-term use of opioids is associated with reduction in pain intensity and better physical functioning but poorer mental health functioning. The long-term safety, efficacy, and abuse potential of this treatment practice in diverse populations of older persons remain to be determined.
The adaptor protein Nck links receptor tyrosine kinases with the serine-threonine kinase Pak1

Nck is an adaptor protein composed of a single SH2 domain and three SH3 domains. Upon growth factor stimulation, Nck is recruited to receptor tyrosine kinases via its SH2 domain, probably initiating one or more signaling cascades. In this report, we show that Nck is bound in living cells to the serine-threonine kinase Pak1. The association between Nck and Pak1 is mediated by the second SH3 domain of Nck and a proline-rich sequence in the amino terminus of Pak1. We also show that Pak1 is recruited by activated epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. Moreover, Pak1 kinase activity is increased in response to EGF in HeLa cells transfected with human Pak1, and the kinase activity was enhanced when Nck was co-transfected. It is concluded that Nck links receptor tyrosine kinases with Pak1 and is probably involved in targeting and regulation of Pak1 activity.
Current Practice and Policy Realities Revisited: Undertrained Nursing Home Social Workers in the U.S.

Abstract Despite a nearly 20-year-old legislation to strengthen social work (SW)coverage within nursing homes and decades of literature exploring the need for SW training, untrained and undertrained social workers dominate American nursing homes. Many persons who call themselves social workers are not educated as such, but nevertheless, must work in complex, conflict-ridden nursing homes without assessment and advocacy skills essential to address the symptoms and to fully respond to subjugated residents' needs. The call for more qualified social workers to be employed in nursing homes is a recognition that the residents' psycho-social needs are not being met. We examine how inconsistent national requirements, inadequate professional educational preparation, and work overload are all symptoms of a general societal unwillingness to recognize residents' needs. The authors utilize a morphogenic systems perspective to describe the open interaction between all disciplines, which can be unduly strained without p...
Multiscale Modeling of Discontinuous Precipitation in U-Nb

Discontinuous precipitation (DP) was experimentally observed in the uranium-niobium nuclear fuel. The reaction is undesirable as it degrades the fuel’s corrosion resistance and ductility. To minimize the impacts, it is important to understand the fundamental thermodynamics and kinetics of DP. In this work, we proposed to study the microstructure evolution of DP using a multiscale approach. In particular, three combinatorial methodologies including (1) first-principles calculations, (2) CALPHAD and (3) phase-field modeling were practiced. Initially, first-principle calculations were carried out to calculate for the ground-state formation energy of U-Nb’s bcc phase. The ab initio energetic data were then used in CALPHAD assessment to achieve for a self-consistent thermodynamic description of U-Nb system. Next, atomic mobilities and diffusivities of the bcc phase was estimated also in the framework of CALPHAD. Finally, phase-field simulation was carried out to model the microstructure evolution of DP’s lamellae, using the achieved thermodynamic and kinetic information. Results show good agreements with experiments.
Driver Response to Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses in a Real-World Setting: Study of a Northern California Transit Bus Fleet

This study examined bus drivers’ acceptance of fuel cell electric buses in Alameda–Contra Costa Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Of the 145 surveys issued, 47 drivers completed a written survey, for a 32% response rate. The study focused on a key attribute for potential success of alternative urban bus technology: the driver acceptance factor. Technology performance flaws that are undesirable or annoying to the bus drivers may also be disruptive to passengers. Furthermore, because of using the buses throughout their full duty cycle, drivers are in a unique position to identify key opportunities to improve the new technology options as they emerge and evolve. The study found that drivers, in general, rated the hydrogen fuel cell buses to be at the same or better performance than diesel buses for handling, ride quality, acceleration, and braking. For quiet operation, the drivers rated the new buses as excellent. When asked how they liked the experimental hydrogen fuel cell buses, drivers...
Tangential shave removal of basal cell carcinoma.

ObjectiveTo determine the outcome of tangential shave removal (TS) of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the trunk and extremities.DesignCohort study of patients with multiple truncal BCC treated using TS in an academic dermatologic surgery practice.SettingAcademic institution referral practice.PatientsI
Effects of Ethylnitrosourea on Expression of Proto-Oncogene pp60c-src and High-Molecular-Weight Neurofilament Protein in Rodent Embryo Central Nervous System Cells in Vitro

Abstract Effects of exposure to ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on expression of proteins that play a role in neuronal differentiation were examined in central nervous system (CNS) micromass embryo cell cultures. ENU is a known developmental toxicant which affects neuronal development. The proteins selected were the protein product of the src proto-oncogene (pp60 c-src ) and high-molecular-weight neurofilament protein (NF). pp60 c-src has marked increases in amount and kinase activity in neurons at the time of differentiation and NF is found in differentiated neurons. CNS micromass cultures are primary cells from Day 12 rat embryo midbrains which are plated at high density and differentiate into neurons during 5 days in culture. Proteins were quantitated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation of equal amounts of total cell protein followed by transfer to membranes, immunoblotting, and densitometric scanning of blots. Dose-dependent decreases in cell growth and differentiation were confirmed using endpoints of cell number, protein content of cultures, neutral red uptake, hematoxylin staining of differentiated cells, and levels of binding of the neurotransmitter [ 3 H]γ-aminobutyric acid. Concentrations,which inhibited response by 50% compared to controls ranged from 232 to 455 μM ENU. Dose-related decreases in amounts of pp60 c-src and NF proteins relative to total protein were seen in CNS cultures treated with ENU. Results confirm the usefulness of the micromass cultures in following chemical effects on neuronal differentiation. The effects of ENU on specific proteins associated with neuronal differentiation were shown.
Federal Acid Rain Games

Abstract Federal environmental policy, designed to control acid rain, is shaped after the hierarchy of the system, and is controlled simultaneously by regional and central governments. Each governmental level controls one of two policy instruments: pollution abatement production and pollution tax. In a two-stage game where regional governments are Stackelberg leaders and control pollution taxes, the subgame perfect equilibrium is socially efficient. But, the subgame perfect equilibrium for a two-stage game where the central government is the Stackelberg leader and controls pollution taxes is inefficient; it corresponds to the Nash equilibrium for a game where regional governments control both policy instruments.
Associations of symptoms of sleep apnea with cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and mortality among older Japanese-American men.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between symptoms of sleep apnea and prevalent cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and subsequent 3-year mortality. DESIGN: A longitudinal study. SETTING: Participants lived in the community on Oahu, Hawaii PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2905 older Japanese-American men participating in the fourth examination of the Honolulu Heart Program cohort study from 1991–1993, which is the baseline for the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study of dementia. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported snoring, daytime sleepiness, and breathing pauses; diagnosed cardiovascular disease and dementia; cognitive functioning and vital status approximately 3 years later. RESULTS: More than 12% of the participants reported that they often or always snored loudly, and 8% reported being sleepy most of the day. Fewer than 2% reported that they stop breathing when sleeping, and this was found more frequently among habitual snorers (7%, P < .001) and those sleepy during the day (5%, P < .001). The prevalence of habitual snoring declined in the older age groups, was higher among those with greater Body Mass Index scores, and was not associated with the reporting of daytime sleepiness, diagnosis of heart disease, stroke, dementia, or cognitive impairment. Daytime sleepiness was more prevalent at older ages and was associated with a higher prevalence of heart disease and with cognitive impairment and dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes. Self-reported apnea was associated only with a history of pneumonia. Three-year mortality was not associated with these symptoms after adjusting for prevalent heart disease and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: Symptoms of sleep apnea are reported less frequently in older Japanese-American men. Excessive day-time sleepiness is associated with poor cognition and dementia, but whether it also is an indicator for sleep apnea in this age group remains unclear. Epidemiologic studies of sleep apnea in older adults will require polysomnography to determine accurately the correlates and consequences of this condition. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:524–528, 1999.
Platelet involvement in experimental immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in the nonhuman primate

Platelet involvement in experimental immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in the nonhuman primate. Abundant glomerular platelet deposition is a hallmark of certain animal models of immune complex (IC)-mediated glomerulonephritis (GN). By contrast, conspicuous platelet deposition is uncommon in the IC-GN seen in humans. This could result from intrinsic differences between human and animal platelets, which are known to be present. To assess whether abundant glomerular platelet deposition can occur in humans with IC-GN, the present studies were undertaken in nonhuman primates (cynomolgus monkeys, CYN), with active experimental IC-GN induced by 12 weeks of daily intravenous infusion of bovine gamma globulin (BGG). CYN are appropriate for these studies because, like humans, CYN platelets do not express the C3b receptor but do express receptors for the Fc region of IgG (FcRγII). Furthermore, in this model of IC-GN, which is indistinguishable from IC-GN seen in humans, it is possible to time the biopsy to coincide with a period of peak activity of the GN. The present studies proceeded as follows: ten CYN were studied before and after intravenous infusion of BGG sufficient to achieve conditions near antigen/antibody equivalence for circulating precipitating antibody to BGG. The infusion of BGG, which was given over 10 minutes, resulted in an acute reduction in circulating platelets (mean 43% ± 5 SE, P 111 In and reinfused into the CYN just prior to the BGG infusion. These studies confirmed the paucity of platelet deposition in kidney but showed major uptake of the 111 Inlabeled platelets by liver and spleen (mean ± SE 111 In CPM/mg of tissue: kidney cortex 18 ± 8, liver 132 ± 42, and spleen 808 ± 127, P=0.038, comparing kidney to liver or spleen by paired t-test). Thus, the platelets removed from the circulation were taken up at the sites which are also the principal sites of IC uptake (liver and spleen), and over the time interval that coincides with the period of maximum uptake of IC by liver and spleen, after BGG infusion. In vitro studies, discussed herein, showed that BGG anti-BGG IC bind to CYN platelets via FcRγII. Thus, we suggest that, in vivo , circulating IC become bound to platelet FcRγII and the platelet-IC complex is cleared from the circulation, mainly by uptake by liver and spleen. Such a mechanism would divert platelets, activated by ligation of IC, from sites of IC-mediated injury such as the kidney. Such a mechanism would spare the kidney from platelet-induced injury. In primates with an active experimental IC-GN, which is comparable to GN seen in humans, platelets show little tendency to lodge in glomeruli. Instead, primate platelets appear to be primarily involved in the clearance of IC from the circulation. These observations suggest that, with respect to the pathogenesis of IC-GN, primate platelets may play a role that is different from that of rodent platelets.
Microphysical simulations of sulfur burdens from stratospheric sulfur geoengineering

Abstract. Recent microphysical studies suggest that geoengineering by continuous stratospheric injection of SO2 gas may be limited by the growth of the aerosols. We study the efficacy of SO2, H2SO4 and aerosol injections on aerosol mass and optical depth using a three-dimensional general circulation model with sulfur chemistry and sectional aerosol microphysics (WACCM/CARMA). We find increasing injection rates of SO2 in a narrow band around the equator to have limited efficacy while broadening the injecting zone as well as injecting particles instead of SO2 gas increases the sulfate burden for a given injection rate, in agreement with previous work. We find that injecting H2SO4 gas instead of SO2 does not discernibly alter sulfate size or mass, in contrast with a previous study using a plume model with a microphysical model. However, the physics and chemistry in aircraft plumes, which are smaller than climate model grid cells, need to be more carefully considered. We also find significant perturbations to tropospheric aerosol for all injections studied, particularly in the upper troposphere and near the poles, where sulfate burden increases by up to 100 times. This enhanced burden could have implications for tropospheric radiative forcing and chemistry. These results highlight the need to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions rather than attempt to cool the planet through geoengineering, and to further study geoengineering before it can be seriously considered as a climate intervention option.
Extension of Spectral Scales to Unbounded Operators

We extend the notion of a spectral scale to n-tuples of unbounded operators affiliated with a finite von Neumann Algebra. We focus primarily on the single-variable case and show that many of the results from the bounded theory go through in the unbounded situation. We present the currently available material on the unbounded multivariable situation. Sufficient conditions for a set to be a spectral scale are established. The relationship between convergence of operators and the convergence of the corresponding spectral scales is investigated. We establish a connection between the Akemann et al. spectral scale (1999) and that of Petz (1985).
The Importance of Accurate Life Expectancy Prediction in Men with Prostate Cancer

Life expectancy (LE) plays a central role in decisions on whether to screen men for prostate cancer and whether to treat them for disease once identified. Because prostate cancer is an indolent disease that affects older men, accurate estimation of LE is key to determining[ a man has sufficient longevity to benefit from screening or treatment that may significantly impact quality of life [1]. Guidelines universally recommend against screening or treatment for men with LE 10 yr[ maximizes the effectiveness of these interventions, since these men are most likely to live long enough to realize their delayed benefits [3]. [ avoiding screening or treatment in men with LE<10 yr[ improves health[ by preventing potentially morbid and unnecessary overtreatment with surgery or radiation therapy.
John Dean's memory: A case study

Abstract John Dean, the former counsel to President Richard Nixon, testified to the Senate Watergate Investigating Committee about conversations that later turned out to have been tape recorded. Comparison of his testimony with the actual transcripts shows systematic distortion at one level of analysis combined with basic accuracy at another. Many of the distortions reflected Dean's own self-image; he tended to recall his role as more central than it really was. Moreover, his memory for even the “gist” of conversations was quite poor except where that gist had been rehearsed in advance or frequently repeated. But while his testimony was often wrong in terms of the particular conversations he tried to describe, Dean was fundamentally right about what had been happening: the existence of a “cover-up” and the participation of various individuals in it. His testimony was accurate at a level that is neither “semantic” (since he was ostensibly describing particular episodes) nor “episodic” (since his accounts of the episodes were often wrong). The term “repisodic” is coined here to describe such memories: what seems to be a remembered episode actually represents a repeated series of events, and thus reflects a genuinely existing state of affairs.
TIME-DOMAIN FILTERING AND CONTROL WITH EMPIRICAL DATA

Abstract The transmission matrix, introduced by Friedland in 1957, can be used to characterize a linear, time invariant system having an emprically-determined impulse response. The Wiener-Kalman filter can be determined by Cholesky factorization of a covariance matrix formed from the transmission matrix. An analogous result is given for linear, quadratic control. The method is illustrated by several examples.
Illusory control as a function of the motivation to avoid randomly determined aversive outcomes

Previous research has provided evidence that the need to attain appetitive outcomes positively affects the certainty of winning that outcome in purely chance-based games. Three experiments were conducted to test the notion that the need to avoid an aversive outcome affects winning confidence in the same fashion. In Experiment 1, participants were given the opportunity to avoid having to give an introductory remark (low need) or an impromptu speech (high need) to a group of peers by winning a chance-based card-drawing game. As predicted, confidence-in-winning ratings were found to be a positive function of outcome need. In Experiment 2, participants faced a similar card-drawing procedure but this time could avoid ostensibly having their arms submersed in either room temperature water (low need) or cold water (high need) need. Again as expected, results showed that participants in the high need condition not only displayed greater winning confidence but also believed more skill was involved in playing the purely chance-based game. In Experiment 3, the methodology of Experiment 1 was replicated incorporating a skill measure. The results of this experiment mirrored those of Experiment 2. Results of these investigations are discussed in terms of control theory.
Science and social responsibility

Science in the aggregate has not lived up to its promise to work for the benefit of society as a whole. This problem stems from the narrow perspectives that basic and applied researchers typically take to their work. Among the barriers to broadening those perspectives, the most tractable is the myth that the overriding purpose of science in human affairs is prediction; that such predictions are prerequisites for major policy decisions; and that scientific inputs to these decisions are objective and value-free. This article challenges the myth from three standpoints - epistemology, the historical context, and contemporary case studies - as a step toward improving the responsibility and accountability of science to society.
Communities, Wildlife Conservation, and Tourism-based Development: Can Community-based Nature Tourism Live Up to Its Promise?

This working paper draws from research on the Makuleke Region of Kruger Park, South Africa, to analyze the opportunities and tensions generated by efforts to use conservation-based tourism as a catalyst for community development. By attending to the political economies in which effort is embedded, I seek to enrich our theorizations of community-based natural resource management. This paper represents an initial step in that direction; the Makuleke case is used to identify and think through the implications of nature tourism for participating communities. Like many other protected areas, the origins of the Makuleke Region lie in convergence of dispossession, forced removal, and conservation. The Makuleke, who consider the land their ancestral home, were forcibly removed in the late 1960s so that the land could be incorporated into Kruger National Park. They regained title in 1998, and have subsequently pursued economic development through conservation. While co-managing the Region with SANParks, the parastatal that manages all national protected areas, the Makuleke have sought to develop a tourism initiative that will produce economic self reliance and development. In adopting this strategy, the Makuleke are engaging with local, national, and international political economies over which community actors have limited room for maneuver. This case brings three factors to light. First, the legacy of fortress conservation may make it more difficult for community actors to engage with their partners on an equal basis. Second, sectoral attributes of tourism pose special challenges to CBNRM initiatives; it is not clear that tourism projects will produce substantial benefits. Third, the coincidence of the shift to CBNRM with liberalization and democratization has altered the landscape on which all conservation efforts are situated. The confluence of these factors have created an environment in which state protected areas, community controlled conservation areas, and private game parks are competing for domestic and international tourist revenue.
A user-friendly, time-efficient form for eliciting pertinent information from perimenopausal and menopausal women

Abstract We report the development and clinical application of a patient history form geared specifically toward perimenopausal and menopausal women and designed to generate detailed medical and social histories from these patients in a standardized and expedient manner.
Point-actuated aperture antenna development

Consistent changes in both commercial and military satellite needs have created the need for antennas with additional flexibility. Military surveillance may require the ability to focus the radiation pattern to increase the bandwidth or resolution in a certain area. Commercial satellites may need to change coverage area to meet evolving consumer needs or to compensate for adverse weather or atmospheric conditions. Recent studies on active antennas have shown that the far field radiation pattern can be changed by altering the shape of the sub reflector. In this research, we control the antenna far field radiation pattern by controlling the shape of the sub reflector using numerous point actuators placed perpendicular to the reflector surface. The PZT stack coupled with a stick-slip mechanism give the point actuators used in this design an advantage over similar studies using PZT bimorph or PVDF actuators to generate the actuation force in that the displacement can be maintained without the continuous application of voltage. An electromechanical model is used to describe the motion of the stack, and the stick slip mechanism is modeled similar to power screw-type actuators. A combined finite element/electromagnetic analysis code is used to determine the desired shape of the reflector, and the corresponding actuator displacements. The final shape of the reflector is verified using stereo photogrammetry.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous triplet — triplet annihilation in anthracene-doped phenanthrene crystals

Abstract Delayed and prompt fluorescence spectra and delayed fluorescence decay data for 10−5−10−6 M/M crystals of anthracene in phenanthrene are reported. It is shown that these data indicate that a heterogeneous (host-dopant) annihilation process takes place which produces the excited singlet state of the host molecule.
Effects of mean current and shear on stability of depth distributions of marine phytoplankton

Linear perturbation theory is used to examine the stability of steady-state distributions of marine phytoplankton in the presence of a mean current with shear. Solutions are obtained for the general initial-value problem and it is found that all distributions are asymptotically stable so long as the rate of shear is greater than the local production. On the other hand, the early time behavior indicates that the system can be altered, if accomplished soon enough, depending upon a relative combination of diffusion, advection and production. Quantitative assessments are made where data are available.
The impact of food advertisements on changing eating behaviors: An experimental study

This research examines how three types of food advertising (healthy food, unhealthy food, and anti-obesity) impact consumers’ purchases of lunch items. The analysis is based on an economic experiment conducted with 186 adult non-undergraduate student subjects, each of which were randomly placed into either the control group or one of four treatments: (1) healthy food advertising, (2) anti-obesity advertising, (3) unhealthy food advertising, and (4) mixed (all three food) advertising. The results indicate that healthy, anti-obesity, and mixed food advertising reduced intakes of total calories, fat, sodium, and carbohydrates. Similarly, anti-obesity, healthy, and mixed food advertising results in increasing the probability of selecting more healthy items and fewer unhealthy items from a menu. Healthy food advertising has a stronger impact than anti-obesity or mixed food advertising.