cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Process recovery of biohydrogenation in a pilot plant from methanogens invasion

The study evaluated a proper strategy for recovering hydrogen production in a pilot plant from methanogen invasion. The pilot biohydrgoen reactor with a working volume of 1 m3 was constructed and a stream of gluten manufacturing wastewater was used as the major substrate. When the gluten wastewater was introduced into the reactor, methane appeared in the biogas and hydrogen decreased to zero accumulation. By increasing the organic loading rate from 6.7 to 13.4 kg-COD/m3/d and reducing the hydraulic retention time from 1.5 to 1 day spontaneously, methanogens can be suppressed in 7 days. Besides, the total volatile fatty acids increase after the adjustment. However, high ethanol concentration in the influent revealed that only limited carbohydrate was available for biohydrogenation. The sugar content in the gluten wastewater can be degraded drastically in 5 days under both acidifying and alkalizing preservation conditions. 5 g/L ethanol and 3 g/L lactate was accumulated in the substrate storage tank resulting in limit carbohydrate for biohydrogenation under acidifying preservation condition. On the other hand, alkalizing preservation condition is a better approach and can preserve 80% of the carbohydrate within 2 days but various volatile fatty acids also accumulated without ethanol production. It is suggested that the gluten wastewater should be fed into the biohydrogen reactor as soon as possible and supplement such as solid organic wastes can also be introduced to maintain a proper organic loading rate and sustain bioactivity of biohydrogenation.
Tagged library approach facilitates forward chemical genetics

Forward chemical genetics has been highlighted as a new method for the study of various biological pathways using exogenous ligands. However, limited success in the field has demonstrated that, in many cases, it is not feasible to determine the protein targets of small-molecule probes. Identifying protein targets is an integral part of forward chemical genetics and is also the most challenging. Over the past decade, several biochemical and genetic methods have been developed to facilitate target identification processes. Even so, one of the major difficulties is that these methods require the chemical modification of active compounds, with a significant amount of structure-activity relationship (SAR) study to ensure that the small-molecule tags do not compromise bioactivity. In this article, we will highlight a new strategy for small molecule libraries that have built-in linkers in order to avoid this well-known problem and demonstrate their successful use in forward chemical genetics.
Representation, Subjectivity and Ethics in Urban Gay Ethnography

IN EXPLORING ISSUES of ethics and subjectivity stemming from two ongoing studies of urban gay life, our purpose is to describe some of the constraints influencing process and product in urban gay ethnography. Often, our status as members of the communities we study forces us to confront problems of responsibility and ethics, and we use both our anthropological training as well as our gay sensibility to mediate professional and personal considerations. Some of the constraints are the potential danger to lesbian and gay communities in disseminating research findings, the loss of a distinctly private gay sphere, and our responsibilities to lesbian and gay cultures.
An alternating focused ultrasound system for thermal therapy studies in small animals.

Purpose: To develop an alternating focused ultrasound system (AFUS) for preclinical studies of thermal and acoustic responses of tumors in small animal models. This work was motivated by the need of noninvasively creating relatively small spheroidal thermal lesions in small targets (e.g., a murine tumor) without damaging the surrounding tissues. Methods: The AFUS consists of two lead zirconate titanate (PZT-4) spherically curved ultrasound transducers with focal zones crossing each other at a 90° angle. The transducers were independently powered following a programed alternating firing scheme. Before the device design and construction, an acoustic and biothermal model was developed to simulate the ultrasound pressure field and the resulting temperature and thermal dose distributions. A shape factor, sphericity, to quantify the roundness of the lesions was calculated based on the 240 equivalent minutes at 43 °C thermal dose contours. A prototype of the AFUS was constructed with two identical transducers of an operating frequency of 2.25 MHz, 38 mm in diameter, and F-number equal to 1.33. To evaluate the performance of the AFUS experimentally, a series of heating in polyacrylamide phantoms, ex vivo porcine liver tissues, and in implanted mouse tumors fibrosarcoma (FSaII) in vivo was conducted. In these experimental cases, the sphericity was calculated and compared based on the visible lesion (a marked change in coloration). Results: As shown in the simulations, the lesions induced in polyacrylamide phantoms, ex vivo porcine liver tissues, and in vivo mouse tumors, the sphericities of the lesions yielded by AFUS heating were approximately 50% higher than those of single focused ultrasound heating as long as moderate intensities were used and the duty cycle pulses were distributed equally among the transducers. Conclusions: The AFUS is a device capable of noninvasively creating spheroidal thermal lesions in small targets such as murine tumors.
Complete Path Planning for Closed Kinematic Chains with Spherical Joints

We study the path planning problem, without obstacles, for closed kinematic chains with n links connected by spherical joints in space or revolute joints in the plane. The configuration space of such systems is a real algebraic variety whose structure is fully determined using techniques from algebraic geometry and differential topology. This structure is then exploited to design a complete path planning algorithm that produces a sequence of compliant moves, each of which monotonically increases the number of links in their goal configurations. The average running time of this algorithm is proportional to n3. While less efficient than the O(n) algorithm of Lenhart and Whitesides, our algorithm produces paths that are considerably smoother. More importantly, our analysis serves as a demonstration of how to apply advanced mathematical techniques to path planning problems.Theoretically, our results can be extended to produce collision-free paths, paths avoiding both link—obstacle and link—link collisions. An...
Video display terminals and vision of workers Summary and overview of a symposium

Abstract This summary discusses issues raised at a National Research Council symposium on vision and VDT work, held at the request of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Symposium participants critically reviewed laboratory studies of visual function and field surveys of visual complaints of VDT operators to determine what conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence, severity, causes of, and possible remedies for reported difficulties. Although speakers' perspectives differed, a number of points appeared to gain consensus: (i) properly designed epidemiologies) studies comparing the incidence of visual problems in VDT operators with that in non-VDT workers are needed, (ii) Visual issues are closely interrelated with ergonomic and job design variables, and use of multivariate statistical analysis is necessary to determine what specific aspects of work involving VDTs may contribute to visual and other complaints, (iii) No scientifically valid study has established that VDT use causes...
Managing Congenitally Missing Lateral Incisors. Part II: Tooth‐Supported Restorations

Three treatment options exist for the replacement of congenitally missing lateral incisors: canine substitution, a tooth-supported restoration, or a single-tooth implant. Selecting the appropriate treatment option depends on the malocclusion, the anterior relationship, specific space requirements, and the condition of the adjacent teeth. The ideal treatment is the most conservative alternative that satisfies individual esthetic and functional requirements. This article closely examines the three options when replacing a missing lateral incisor with a tooth-supported restoration. These options are a resin-bonded fixed partial denture, a cantilevered fixed partial denture, and a conventional full-coverage fixed partial denture. The specific criteria that must be evaluated for each option is addressed to illustrate the importance of interdisciplinary treatment planning to achieve optimal esthetics and long-term predictability. This article is the second of a three-part series discussing the three treatment alternatives for replacing congenitally missing lateral incisors.
Crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene oxide) in the presence of Na+ montmorillonite fillers

The crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was studied in the presence of an inorganic filler surface (sodium montmorillonite) with DSC, as well as isothermal cross-polarization optical microscopy. Crystallization of PEO is found to be inhibited, exhibiting a decrease of spherulite growth rate and crystallization temperature. However, the overall crystallization rate increases with silicate loading as a result of extra nucleation sites, which occur in the bulk PEO matrix (i.e., far from the silicate surfaces). PEO differs from other systems, where crystallinity is typically enhanced next to such surfaces, in that the polymer is amorphized near the montmorillonite surfaces. This behavior is attributed to the specific way that PEO interacts with Na+ montmorillonite, where strong coordination of PEO to the surface Na+ cations promotes noncrystalline (ether crown) PEO conformations.
Cost-effectiveness of care for very low birth weight infants.

Objective . Very low birth weight (VLBW)infants (those with birth weights <1500 g) account for only 1.2% of births but 46% of infant deaths. Large improvements in neonatal technology in the last 2 decades have significantly improved survival prospects for infants with low birth weights, but at a high cost. Due largely to a lack of data, the costs of medical care during the period in which infant mortality is measured (the first year of life), as well as the cost-effectiveness of that care for VLBW infants, have not been quantified. Despite this fact, public policies both toward providing insurance coverage for their care, as well as denying payment for their treatment, have either been proposed or implemented on cost-effectiveness grounds. Patients . The study includes all VLBW single live births in the state of California during 1986 and 1987 that were continuously eligible (through traditional channels) for the state's Medicaid program. Main Outcome Measures . Treatment costs were measured for all medical care received during the first year of life, including all inpatient and outpatient care received. The cost-effectiveness of care is measured by aggregate treatment costs for all singleton VLBW liveborns divided by the number of first-year survivors. Results . Average treatment costs per first-year survivor for infants <1500 g was $93 800 (in 1987 constant dollars). Treatment costs per survivor were twice as high for infants <750 g ($273 900) as for the next highest birth weight group 750 to 999 g ($138 800) which was itself almost twice as high as for the 1000 to 1249 g group ($75 100). The gradient in cost-effectiveness with birth weight then drops off to $58 000 per survivor for infants with birth weights between 1250 and 1499 g. Conclusion . Public policies aimed at improving birth outcomes by providing insurance coverage for pregnant women and children, such as the recent Medicaid expansions, can potentially be very cost-effective. Although maternal interventions such as prenatal care are relatively inexpensive, each normal birth that results instead in a VLBW birth saves $59 700 in first year medical expenses. However, cost savings attributable to increased birth weights depend on where in the birth weight distribution the increase occurs as well as the size of the birth weight increase. For infants with birth weights >750 g, significant gains can accrue from even a small shift in the birth weight distribution. A shift of 250 g at birth saves an average of $12 000 to $16 000 in first year medical costs and a shift of 500 g generates $28 000 in savings. However, there is a threshold effect on birth weight. For infants <750 g, increases in birth weight may increase medical expenditures. For instance, a shift in birth weight to the 750 to 999 g range increases costs by $29 000.
Mechanistic aspects of photocycloaddition chemistry. An interesting relationship between substituent effects on 1,4-biradical closure-to-cleavage ratios and photocycloaddition regioselectivity

Abstract The influence of β-substituents on closure-to-cleavage ratios of triplet 1,4-biradicals has been recorded and compared with how these substituents influence the regiochemistry of photocycloaddition of isobutylene and 5-substituted uracils.
Structure of the human p53 core domain in the absence of DNA.

The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a key role in cell-cycle regulation by triggering DNA repair, cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis when the appropriate signal is received. p53 has the classic architecture of a transcription factor, with an amino-terminal transactivation domain, a core DNA-binding domain and carboxy-terminal tetramerization and regulatory domains. The crystal structure of the p53 core domain, which includes the amino acids from residue 96 to residue 289, has been determined in the absence of DNA to a resolution of 2.05 A. Crystals grew in a new monoclinic space group (P21), with unit-cell parameters a = 68.91, b = 69.36, c = 84.18 A, β = 90.11°. The structure was solved by molecular replacement and has been refined to a final R factor of 20.9% (Rfree = 24.6%). The final model contains four molecules in the asymmetric unit with four zinc ions and 389 water molecules. The non-crystallographic tetramers display different protein contacts from those in other p53 crystals, giving rise to the question of how p53 arranges as a tetramer when it binds its target DNA.
Optimal choice and assignment of the best m of n randomly arriving items

Abstract A total of n items arrive at random. The decision maker must either select or discard the current item. Ranks must be assigned to items as they are selected. The decision maker's goal is to follow a procedure that maximises the probability of selecting the m best items and assigning them according to their rank order. For m=1 this is the classical secretary problem. Rose (1982) solved the m=2 case. Key mathematical properties for the general m out of n problem are developed: functional equations expressing the general problem in terms of lower dimensional problems and theorems regarding the structure of optimal strategies are provided. A key optimal stopping result for the general problem is provided. Using these results a procedure for solving the above problem for any given m and n is developed. Using this algorithm, explicit formulas—similar in form to those for the well known m=1 and m=2 cases—can be derived. As an example, explicit formulas for the previously unsolved m=3 finite secretary problem are provided.
Endothelial infection with KSHV genes in vivo reveals that vGPCR initiates Kaposi's sarcomagenesis and can promote the tumorigenic potential of viral latent genes

The Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) has been identified as the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), but initial events leading to KS development remain unclear. Characterization of the KSHV genome reveals the presence of numerous potential oncogenes. To address their contribution to the initiation of the endothelial cell-derived KS tumor, we developed a novel transgenic mouse that enabled endothelial cell-specific infection in vivo using virus expressing candidate KSHV oncogenes. Here we show that transduction of one gene, vGPCR, was sufficient to induce angioproliferative tumors that strikingly resembled human KS. Endothelial cells expressing vGPCR were further able to promote tumor formation by cells expressing KSHV latent genes, suggestive of a cooperative role among viral genes in the promotion of Kaposi's sarcomagenesis.
Calculation of the hyperfine splitting constants for diatomic molecules using numerical wavefunctions

Abstract Isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine splitting constants have been calculated for the 2 Σ states of BeH, MgH, CN, and CP. All wavefunctions were calculated numerically using our partial-wave procedure. Spin polarization has been introduced with selected single excitations from the restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) wavefunctions, followed by complete or partial orbital optimization. For comparison the results of spin-unrestricted Hartree-Fock (SUHF) calculations are presented. Comparison is also made with RHF results as well as with available configuration interaction (CI) and experimental results.
Preference and the conversation analytic endeavor

Abstract Conversation analysis (CA), as currently practiced, comprises two approaches – action-oriented and meaning-oriented. I use CA treatments of ‘preference’ as a case in point. In current discussions of preference, the emphasis is on action, on what interactants do. Action is grounded in psychological mechanisms, which CA is not equipped to handle. So discussions of preference turn toward a more quantified notion of what people usually do. I argue that attempts at quantification raise problems that are not soluble within the confines of CA methodology. I then turn to the broadest and most discussed preference, the supposed preference for agreement, arguing that it is context sensitive in ways that produce multiple exceptions. Using a gross, transcontextual average, even if that were possible, would be unenlightening. I focus, using an extended example, on one of the exceptions, the case of accusations. I suggest that we drop the action-oriented approach and attend instead to meaning. This approach is grounded in a conception of evidence which does not rely on either falsification criteria or statistical measures. Its generalizations pertain not to what interactants normally do but to the resources they have and the methods they employ in producing meaning and social organization.
Commentary: Political epidemiology, Republican presidents and dog food

CBS News, 4 March 2013. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-204_ 162-57572460/life-expectancy-falling-for-some-u.s-women/ (4 Febraury 2013, date last accessed). 8. Shaw M, Dorling D, Davey Smith G. Editorial: Mortality and political climate: how suicide rates have risen during periods of Conservative government, 1901–2000. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002;56:722–27. 9. Torjesen I. Unexpected rise in deaths among older patients leaves experts guessing over the likely cause. BMJ 2013. doi: http://dx. doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f4795. 10. Ramesh R. UK population to rise by 9.6 m in 25 years, ONS predicts. Guardian, 6 November 2013. http://www.theguardian. com/uk-news/2013/nov/06/uk-population-rise-ons (4 Febraury 2013, date last accessed). 11. Stuckler D, McKee M. Why are death rates rising in people aged over 85? Better Health for All Blog of the Faculty of Public Health. 2013. http://betterhealthforall.org/2013/08/23/why-aredeath-rates-rising-in-people-aged-over-85/ (4 Febraury 2013, date last accessed). 12. BBC. Southern Cross set to shut down and stop running homes, 11 July 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business14102750 (4 Febraury 2013, date last accessed). 13. Watt N, Traynor I. Tories head new rightwing fringe group in Europe. Guardian, 22 June 2009. http://www.theguardian.com/ politics/2009/jun/22/tories-rightwing-group-europe (4 Febraury 2013, date last accessed).
Effect of Various Concentrations and Frequency of Application of Gibberellic Acid on Growth and Formation of Metabolic Products of Datura stramonium

In a 2 × 4 × 5 factorial experiment employing 320 plants in randomized blocks with eight replications the following salient points were noted from a statistical analysis of the data: the greatest increase in height was induced with the 192-mcg. dosage of giberellic acid (GA). All treated plants at the 12, 48, and 192-mcg. dosages of GA grew more rapidly than controls. Height increases were significantly different at each dosage level. The most favorable response on height was between the 12-mcg. and 48-mcg. levels. The total dry weights of treated plants were significantly affected by dosage and age. The growth rate varied with the dose of GA used. The frequency of application (whether one or two installments were given weekly) did not significantly affect the aforementioned variables. Analyses of pooled samples of treated plants indicated the following general trends: reduced concentration of alkaloids in the plant organs, greatest reductions usually noted at the higher dosage levels, decreased per cent of chlorophyll, marked increases in the total sugars and starch content of the leaf-tops, considerable decreases in the petroleum ether extract of the leaf-tops, and qualitative differences in the ether extract of the leaf-tops.
Modeling of ductile fragmentation that includes void interactions

Abstract The failure and fragmentation of ductile materials through the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids is important to the understanding of key structural materials. In this model of development effort, ductile fragmentation of an elastic–viscoplastic material is studied through a computational approach which couples these key stages of ductile failure with nucleation site distributions and wave propagation, and predicts fragment spacing within a uniaxial strain approximation. This powerful tool is used to investigate the mechanical and thermal response of OFHC copper at a strain rate of 105. Once the response of the material is understood, the fragmentation of this test material is considered. The average fragment size as well as the fragment size distribution is formulated.
The advanced glycation end product, Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine, is a product of both lipid peroxidation and glycoxidation reactions.

N∊-(Carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) is an advanced glycation end product formed on protein by combined nonenzymatic glycation and oxidation (glycoxidation) reactions. We now report that CML is also formed during metal-catalyzed oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the presence of protein. During copper-catalyzed oxidation in vitro, the CML content of low density lipoprotein increased in concert with conjugated dienes but was independent of the presence of the Amadori compound, fructoselysine, on the protein. CML was also formed in a time-dependent manner in RNase incubated under aerobic conditions in phosphate buffer containing arachidonate or linoleate; only trace amounts of CML were formed from oleate. After 6 days of incubation the yield of CML in RNase from arachidonate was ∼0.7 mmol/mol lysine compared with only 0.03 mmol/mol lysine for protein incubated under the same conditions with glucose. Glyoxal, a known precursor of CML, was also formed during incubation of RNase with arachidonate. These results suggest that lipid peroxidation, as well as glycoxidation, may be an important source of CML in tissue proteins in vivo and that CML may be a general marker of oxidative stress and long term damage to protein in aging, atherosclerosis, and diabetes.
Actinobaculum Bacteremia: a Report of 12 Cases

Actinobaculum species are anaerobic Gram-positive rods that have previously been associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) in the elderly. We report 12 patients with Actinobaculum bacteremia. Only 40% of blood cultures were clinically considered significant by the treating physicians, but most patients were treated for UTI, suggesting a possible urinary source of bacteremia. Clinicians should be aware of the pathogenic potential of Actinobaculum spp.
Two algorithms arising in analysis of polynomial models

Algorithms for testing observability and forward accessibility of discrete-time polynomial systems are presented. The algorithms are based on symbolic computation packages-the Grobner basis method and QEP-CAD. The observability test checks observability of general polynomial systems in finite time. Forward accessibility test is applicable to a large class of polynomial systems and also stops in finite time.
Regulation of Axon Guidance by Slit and Netrin Signaling in the Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord

Netrin and Slit signaling systems play opposing roles during the positioning of longitudinal tracts along the midline in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila embryo. It has been hypothesized that a gradient of Slit from the midline interacts with three different Robo receptors to specify the axon tract positioning. However, no such gradient has been detected. Moreover, overexpression of Slit at the midline has no effect on the positioning of these lateral tracts. In this article, we show that Slit is present outside of the midline along the longitudinal and commissural tracts. Sli from the midline, in a Robo-independent manner, is initially taken up by the commissural axon tracts when they cross the midline and is transported along the commissural tracts into the longitudinal connectives. These results are not consistent with a Sli gradient model. We also find that sli mRNA is maternally deposited and embryos that are genetically null for sli can have weaker guidance defects. Moreover, in robo or robo3 mutants, embryos with normal axon tracts are found and such robo embryos reach pupal stages and die, while robo3 mutant embryos develop into normal individuals and produce eggs. Interestingly, embryos from robo3 homozygous individuals fail to develop but have axon tracts ranging from normal to various defects: robo3 phenotype, robo phenotype, and slit-like phenotype, suggesting a more complex functional role for these genes than what has been proposed. Finally, our previous results indicated that netrin phenotype is epistatic to sli or robo phenotypes. However, it seems likely that this previously reported epistatic relationship might be due to the partial penetrance of the sli, robo, robo3 (or robo2) phenotypes. Our results argue that double mutant epistasis is most definitive only if the penetrance of the phenotypes of the mutants involved is complete.
Dispersion Number Studies in CMP of Interlayer Dielectric Films

Understanding the fluid dynamics, specifically the extent of flow nonidealities during chemical mechanical polishing ~CMP! is essential for maintaining a stable and predictable process especially as film thicknesses continue to decrease and wafer sizes continue to increase in accordance with the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). 1 Previous research indicates that slurry distribution under the wafer significantly influences the process. 2-4 Despite a wide consensus that slurry transport is a critical parameter, limited experimental research has been performed on slurry flow under the wafer. The purpose of this study is to develop a greater understanding of fluid dynamics using lubrication theory and the residence time distribution ~RTD! technique to determine the vessel dispersion number at a variety of operating parameters. By employing classical RTD techniques coupled with well-defined vessel dispersion models for nonideal reactors, this study quantifies the extent of axial dispersion ~and therefore flow nonideality ! as functions of slurry flow rate, wafer pressure, and pad-wafer velocity. The dispersion model is used to describe nonideal reactors, where the axial dispersion is superimposed on the plug flow of a fluid. The dispersion number is defined as
Microstructural Examination of Extended Crystal Defects in Silicon Selective Epitaxial Growth (SEG)

Selective epitaxial growth has been used to produce electronically isolated devices on patterned-oxide Si substrates. The oxide / silicon interfaces in such materials are often associated with regions of poor device performance. In this study, the extended defects at the interfacial regions are examined by transmission electron microscopy, and the defects observed are correlated to electronic behavior of diodes fabricated in the selectively grown Si region. Process modifications were made to reduce the density of these defects. The nature of the successful techniques for defect reduction suggests that a large portion of the defects were due to thermal expansion mismatch, and may be avoidable.
TOWARD AN APPLIED NEUROANTHROPOLOGY OF PSYCHOSIS: THE INTERPLAY OF CULTURE, BRAINS, AND EXPERIENCE

Psychotic disorders emerge from the interplay between culture, brains, and experience. Understanding psychotic disorders and intervening effectively to prevent them or alleviate their effects requires a rich understanding of all three, which may best be captured by the transdisciplinary methods and theory of an applied neuroanthropology. Neuroanthropology investigates the ways that cultural context interacts with vulnerable people's brains to both encourage and inhibit the neurodevelopmental processes that lead to a psychotic disorder like schizophrenia. Culturally grounded investigations enable us to investigate the ways a person's lived experiences perpetuate neural changes in the brain that may shape the onset and course of psychotic disorders. This article presents an ethnographic case study of a young man diagnosed with a psychotic disorder after spending 80 days in solitary confinement. Building on his narrative, this article explores his development of a psychotic disorder from an ethnographic and neuroscience perspective. Future transdisciplinary, neuroanthropological studies could rigorously investigate issues that his narrative highlights, including the seemingly inhumane use of solitary confinement and the paucity of meaning-making efforts in biomedical treatment for psychotic disorders. Applied neuroanthropological research on the interplay of culture, brains, and experience in psychotic disorders can contribute to clinical and policy recommendations that improve the lives of people diagnosed with a psychotic disorder around the globe in ways that are locally meaningful for them.
Control of Lacustrine Phytoplankton by Nutrients: Erosion of the Phosphorus Paradigm

Control of lacustrine phytoplankton biomass by phosphorus is one of the oldest and most stable paradigms in modern limnology. Even so, evidence from bioassays conducted by multiple investigators at numerous sites over the last three decades shows that N is at least as likely as P to be limiting to phytoplankton growth. A number of important flaws in the evidence supporting the phosphorus paradigm have contributed to an unrealistic degree of focus on phosphorus as a controlling element. These include insufficient skeptism in interpretation of: 1) the phosphorus: chlorophyll correlation in lakes, 2) the results of whole-lake fertilization experiments, and 3) stoichiometric arguments based on total N:total P ratios for inland waters. A new paradigm based on parity between N and P control of phytoplankton biomass in lakes seems more viable than the P paradigm. The new paradigm renews interest in the degree to which plankton communities are molded in composition by small differences in relative availability of N and P, the mechanisms that lead to a high frequency of N limitation in oligotrophic lakes, and the failure of aquatic N-fixers to compensate significantly for N deficiency under most conditions. A new N/P paradigm still must acknowledge that suppression of P loading often will be the most effective means of reducing phytoplankton biomass in eutrophic lakes, even if N is initially limiting. From error to error one discovers the entire truth Sigmund Freud (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Visitation, effectiveness, and efficiency of 15 genera of visitors to wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae)

Plant-pollinator interactions are one of the most important and variable mutualisms in nature. Multiple pollinators often visit plants and can vary in visitation rates, pollen removal and deposition, and spatial and temporal distribution, altering plant reproduction and patterns of pollinator-mediated selection. Although some visitors may not be effective pollinators, pollinator effectiveness is rarely estimated directly as seed set resulting from a single visit by each taxon visiting generalist plants. For two years, effectiveness of visitors to wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, was quantified by counting seeds set and pollen grains removed as a result of a single visit. We calculated a pollinator's importance to plant reproduction as the product of visitation rate and single-visit seed set, and regressed pollinator body size on pollen-removal and on seed set effectiveness. Although pollinators differed in effectiveness and visitation rates, pollinator importance was primarily determined by visitation rates. In contrast to similar 2-yr studies, pollinator assemblage composition varied little, suggesting pollinator-mediated selection can be consistent across years for this generalist. Larger pollinators were more effective than smaller at effecting seed set, but body size was a poor predictor of pollen removal ability. Instead, pollen-removal effectiveness may be more influenced by foraging behavior than size.
Langmuir monolayer characterization of metal chelating lipids for protein targeting to membranes.

Abstract Targeting and organization of proteins on lipid membranes led to applications in both biological and materials sciences. Coordination of membrane-bound metal ions by surface histidine residues provides a general method for targeting of proteins to membrane surfaces. Here we report the Langmuir monolayer properties of a new class of metal-chelating lipids. The lipids utilize the metal chelator iminodiacetate (IDA) as the hydrophilic headgroup, allowing display of divalent transition metal ions on the aqueous side of the membrane. Changes in surface pressure-molecular area isotherms were used to observe metal binding, and an association constant for Cu2+ binding to the IDA lipids of 107–8 M−1 was estimated. The ability to control binding site density is important for many applications. The IDA lipid was found to be miscible with both distearoylphosphocholine (DSPC) and 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphocholine (SOPC) at most compositions and surface pressures.
Verification condition generation for conditional information flow

We formulate an intraprocedural information flow analysis algorithm for sequential, heap manipulating programs. We prove correctness of the algorithm, and argue that it can be used to verify some naturally occurring examples in which information flow is conditional on some Hoare-like state predicates being satisfied. Because the correctness of information flow analysis is typically formulated in terms of noninterference of pairs of computations, the algorithm takes as input a program together with two-state assertions as postcondition, and generates two-state preconditions together with verification conditions. To process heap manipulations and while loops, the algorithm must additionally be supplied "object flow invariants" as well as "loop flow invariants" which are themselves two-state, and possibly conditional.
Simple recursive implementation of fast multipole method

Abstract In this paper we present an implementation of the well known “fast multipole” method (FMM) for the efficient calculation of dipole fields. The main advantage of the present implementation is simplicity—we believe that a major reason for the lack of use of FMMs is their complexity. One of the simplifications is the use of polynomials in the Cartesian coordinates rather than spherical harmonics. We have implemented it in the context of an arbitrary hierarchical system of cells—no periodic mesh is required, as it is for FFT (fast Fourier transform) methods. The implementation is in terms of recursive functions. Results are given for application to micromagnetic simulation. Complete source code is provided for an open-source implementation of this method, as well as an installer for the resulting program.
Bioactive Peptide Design Based on Protein Surface Epitopes A CYCLIC HEPTAPEPTIDE MIMICS CD4 DOMAIN 1 CC′ LOOP AND INHIBITS CD4 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION

The interaction between CD4 and major histocompatibility complex class II proteins provides a critical co-receptor function for the activation of CD4+ T cells implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune diseases and transplantation responses. A small synthetic cyclic heptapeptide was designed and shown by high resolution NMR spectroscopy to closely mimic the CD4 domain 1 CC′ surface loop. This peptide effectively blocked stable CD4-major histocompatibility complex class II interaction, possessed significant immunosuppressive activity in vitro and in vivo, and strongly resisted proteolytic degradation. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this peptide as a novel immunosuppressive agent and suggest a general strategy of drug design by using small conformationally constrained peptide mimics of protein surface epitopes to inhibit protein interactions and biological functions.
Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, and Nanoscale Deformation Fields of MEMS Materials

The mechanical properties of hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous diamond-like carbon have been investigated in connection with its elastic and failure properties. Micro-tension specimens of gage thickness of 1.2–1.8 μm and widths of 10 μm or 50 μm have been fabricated by the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). The mechanical characterization has been conducted via in situ AFM measurements and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) data strain analysis and the local deformation fields of (a) uniform and (b) internally notched tension specimens with acute notches (K=27) have been experimentally obtained. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were measured for the first time directly from such small specimens and averaged 750 GPa and v=0.16 respectively, while the tensile strength was found to be very consistent averaging 7.1 GPa. Stressed material domains with smaller dimensions in the vicinity of micronotches exhibited even higher failure strengths reaching 11.5 GPa with limited data scatter. AFM images of in situ tested specimens have indicated sp 3 to sp 2 phase transformations on the film surface that was subject to ultra-high tensile stresses (>6 GPa). This is the first time these phase transformations are observed during tensile tests of brittle materials.
Digitized Heat Transfer Using Electrowetting on Dielectric

This paper proposes the use of electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) as the driving force for digitized heat transfer (DHT), a novel approach to microscale thermal management in which system cooling is actively achieved via the manipulation of an array of discrete microdroplets. Galinstan, a nontoxic, readily available, inexpensive liquid alloy with 65 times less thermal resistance than water, is proposed as a viable DHT coolant. The nature of the EWOD driving force and the velocity of EWOD-actuated droplets are presented, along with an analysis demonstrating the advantages of DHT over some other methods of microscale heat control.
Model Generation for Horn Logic with Stratified Negation

Model generation is an important formal technique for finding interesting instances of computationally hard problems. In this paper we study model generation over Horn logic under the closed world assumption extended with stratified negation. We provide a novel three-stage algorithm that solves this problem: First, we reduce the relevant Horn clauses to a set of non-monotonic predicates. Second, we apply a fixed-point procedure to these predicates that reveals candidate solutions to the model generation problem. Third, we encode these candidates into a satisfiability problem that is evaluated with a state-of-the-art SMT solver. Our algorithm is implemented, and has been successfully applied to key problems arising in model-based design.
Capturing and Reusing Functional and Non-functional Requirements Knowledge: A Goal-Object Pattern Approach

Pattern-based approach has proven to be an effective means for capturing and reusing past experience and best practices to facilitate communication and shorten the time required for software mdeling. However, current knowledge capture is limited to mostly functional knowledge. Knowledge reuse is also often manual and limited to low-scale small model fragments. This paper presents a goal-object pattern framework that captures both functional and non-functional requirements knowledge that is modeled using UML and a goal-oriented method. Patterns in this framework are a collection of model refinement methods, each defining a single model element generation step in the target model. The patterns are model-driven in that they are defined using a UML metamodel and then used as such. The framework also supports incremental knowledge capture in that large-grain patterns can be composed from finegrain ones, and also application-independent patterns can be specialized into application-specific ones. The framework is illustrated using a simplified on-line book-store application to demonstrate how large-sclae reuse may be possible.
Systems Engineering of Cyber-Physical Systems Education Program

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are increasingly relied on to provide functionality and value to products, systems, and infrastructure in sectors including transportation (aviation, automotive, rail, and marine), health care, manufacturing, and electrical power generation and distribution. [1] In this paper, we describe the critical importance of systems engineering skills for the engineers of cyber-physical systems. We describe the state of embedded/CPS development projects and the resulting educational challenge and opportunities. We then describe the process, principles, concept and content of a Systems Engineering of Cyber-Physical Systems (SE of CPS) program that we have developed to address these needs. Finally, we present the current and desired future state for the program.
The Measurement of Aircrew Task Loading during Operational Flights

In-flight observers collected task loading data during four operational flights of the Air Force's KC-135 tanker aircraft. The data were collected via a Datamyte Data Recorder which the observers used to record the occurrences of 45 different tasks performed by the pilot, copilot, and navigator. Examples of the task loading data are presented including workload profiles for each crewmember, peak workload situations, and usage data for individual aircraft systems. Language: en
Critique of Lee M. Brooks' “Some Regional Implications of Sociological Instruction”

knowledge. The educational system itself is primarily responsible, for it is the great cumulator, and within the system the teacher is focal. She in turn is dependent upon requirements of administrators and overhead bodies, upon the effectiveness of colleges and universities in preparing her with sociological knowledge. In the cycle of vision and action no educational system willbe better than what the public demands and supports by way of personnel and program that require freedom and fearlessness in facing realities. Sociology by its very nature is concerned with human betterment in these times that will not tolerate ivory-towered detachment of facts from valuations and practicality. Sociology must expect and work for fuller participation in the educational process and aim to have its research findings used for the better guiding of a confused people. Finally, it is no longer a question whether epochal changes impend, whether education is to be changed, but rather, "how can we contrive change extensive enough and rapid enough, however radical its innovations, to enable basic human values to survive?" In the region, in the nation, in the world, can democratic civilization save itself within this next generation? The ultimate test of educational adequacy, of democracy itself, involves rational value appreciation to which a dynamic sociology can contribute immeasurably. As Mannheim and others have pointed out, we cannot create a new moral world and at the same time maintain an educational system which in its essential techniques prevents the growth of social judgment.
Effect of sulfonamides on thiamine requirement of Tetrahymena geleii (H).

SummaryIt has been found that the inclusion of 5.0 mg% to 12 mg% sulfadiazine in a complete culture medium minus thiamine, supports growth of the ciliate, Tetrahymena geleii. At optimum concentrations this growth is about 50% of that in medium with added thiamine. The optimum concentration appears to be 10 mg% sulfadiazine. Cultures containing neither sulfadiazine nor thiamine but complege in every other respect show a drop in pH and an accumulation of pyruvate. Other sulfonamides gave negative results. At the present time no hypothesis is offered to account for this phenomenon pending furgther investigations.
Factors influencing the desire to provide MS patient care in clinical practice among physiatrists.

Background Rehabilitation care is an important part of care for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Little is known about factors influencing physiatrists' desire to provide MS care. Objective This study examines factors associated with physiatrists' attitudes towards providing MS care. Methods We collaborated with the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation to survey a sample of 300 U.S. physiatrists. Analyses examined the association of exposure to MS care resources during residency, physician demographic and practice characteristics with attitudes toward providing MS care. Results Physiatrists indicating negative factors limiting the number of MS patients seen in clinical practice were more likely to practice in a setting other than a major city and less likely to have interacted with MS specialists during residency. Physiatrists indicating factors having a positive influence on providing MS patient care were more likely to practice within a major city, see one or more MS patients per week, and serve as the primary physiatrist directing care for one or more MS patients. Conclusions Physiatrists indicated positive and negative attitudes towards MS care. Increasing exposure to MS patients, providing resources for MS care, and participating in continuing education on MS, may encourage physiatrists to provide MS patient care.