cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A proposed non-procedural programming language for structured system development

The principles of top-down programming (15) and step-wise refinement (28, 29) can be used to represent structured system development as a natural extension to structured programming. The proposed non-procedural language is based on a set of structural and procedural information system (IS) specification standards (22, 24). When refined to a precise level of detail, a non-procedural specification of a desired information system results. This is due to the facts that the IS specification standards (1) define what pieces are needed for the desired IS, (2) include descriptive and prescriptive elements for the combination of the pieces, and (3) collect the pieces of the IS design to form program specifications at a functional level and to specify program algorithms.
Arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase expression in green sunfish, bluegill, and their reciprocal interspecific hybrids.

Fish arylsulfatases (arylsulfate sulfohydrolase; EC 3.1.6.1) were resolved into cationic arylsulfatase A-like (ARSA) and anionic arylsulfatase B-like (ARSB) fractions by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Green sunfish (GSF) hepatic ARSA was more acidic and more thermostable than bluegill (BG) ARSA. GSF × BG interspecific hybrids preferentially expressed GSF ARSA, while BG × GSF hybrids appeared to produce a dimeric enzyme consisting of both GSF and BG ARSA polypeptides. GSF hepatic betaglucuronidase (GUS) also proved to be more thermostable than BG GUS. Thermostabilities of GUS produced by reciprocal interspecific hybrids were very similar to that of GSF GUS. Either GSF GUS is preferentially expressed in both interspecific hybrids or both the GSF and BG GUS polypeptides are synthesized in comparable amounts, and the GSF GUS polypeptide sufficiently stabilizes the heterotetramers produced by the hybrids to produce denaturation profiles closely approximating that of the GSF enzyme.
Tandem double-intramolecular [4+2]/[3+2] cycloadditions of nitroalkenes. Studies toward a total synthesis of daphnilactone B: piperidine ring construction.

Two model studies in support of a total synthesis of the complex polycyclic alkaloid daphnilactone B have been completed. The objectives of the models studies were to demonstrate the use of a tandem double-intramolecular [4+2]/[3+2] nitroalkene cycloaddition for the stereocontrolled construction of four of the rings in the core of the natural product. The first model study established the ability to create a pyrrolidine ring corresponding to ring A of daphnilactone B through a modification of the dipolarophile and subsequent functional group manipulations. The second model study required the modification of the dienophile in the [4+2] cycloaddition to accommodate the formation of a piperidine ring (ring B of daphnilactone B). Nitroalkene 26 containing a diene as the dienophile served well in the tandem cycloaddition to afford the nitroso acetal 38a in 77% yield. Subsequent functional group manipulations allowed for the high-yielding conversion to the core of daphnilactone B.
Runoff Curve Numbers form Partial Area Watersheds

A previously observed relationship between runoff curve numbers and storm rainfall is further examined. Under some wildland conditions the runoff curve numbers have been observed to decrease with increasing storm size. The existence of a relatively constant runoff source area is hypothesized to produce this relationship. For the high elevation wildland watershed studied this hypothesis appears valid.
Metallic polyacetylene is a soliton lattice

Abstract We present a series of calculations which suggest that a soliton lattice persists into the metallic phase of polycetylene and can account for the onset of the Pauli susceptibility at a doping level of 5%. The starting point for analysis is the continuum version of the SSH Hamiltonian. We solve exactly for the single-particle states that arise when n-doped electrons are added to a single polymer chain. The role of on-site ( U ), nearest-neighbor ( V ) and bond repulsion ( W ) Coulomb interactions are then obtained from a first-order perturbative calculation with the exact single-particle states. We minimize the total energy and hence are able to assess the relative stability of soliton and polaron configurations. We show that as the doping level approaches metal concentrations, the critical values of U and V at which a soliton lattice converts to a polaron lattice increase significantly beyond experimentally accepted estimates. W is also shown to favor solitons. In fact, we estimate that a doping level corresponding polaron lattice. We then show that the bound-state soliton levels merge to fill the gap sufficiently that the Pauli susceptibility becomes non-zero and comparable to the corresponding experimental values.
RELATIONSHIP OF VITAMIN A AND ESTROGENS

IN THE MAY ISSUE of this journal Burrill and Greene1 reported that administration of relatively large doses of vitamin A to rats produces no effect on the normal estrous cycle nor does it modify the action of estrogens upon the vaginal epithelium of castrate rats. These findings stand in opposition to those of Sherwood and collaborators2 who found that feeding large amounts of carotene suppressed the normal estrous cycle. Last year we conducted experiments similar to those of Burrill and Greene but circumstances prevented their completion. However, they were carried to a point where we can state that wearrived at tentative conclusions similar to those of Burrill and Greene. In one set of rats(Sherman strain), after castration we maintained the animals in continuous estrus with minimal amounts of estradiol benzpate, injected subcutaneously. Then, simultaneous daily subcutaneous injection with vitamin A in sesame oil, 10,000 to 40,000 i.u. per day for 1 weeks, had no demonstrable effect upon the vaginal smear.
Vasopressin receptor-mediated endocytosis in cells transfected with V1-type vasopressin receptors

Vasopressin receptor-mediated endocytosis in cells transfected with V 1 -type vasopressin receptors. We examined the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis in A-9 lung fibroblast and chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the recently cloned vasopressin V 1a receptor (51). We used a fluorescent labeled vasopressin analog (rho-damine-mercaptopropionic acid lysine vasopressin) and radiolabeled vasopressin to examine this process in the two transfected cell lines. Both A-9 and CHO cells internalize vasopressin in a manner consistent with receptor-mediated endocytosis. A-9 cells internalize vasopressin more rapidly than CHO cells. The process is inhibited by vasopressin and by specific vasopressin V 1 receptor antagonists but not by specific V 2 receptor antagonists. Hypertonic sucrose inhibits endocytosis in both cell types suggesting a role of clathrin coated pits in the endocytosis of receptor in these cells. These cells are excellent models in which to examine the effect of receptor mutations on vasopressin receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Efficient Opportunistic Multicast via Tree Backbone for Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper, we propose a new opportunistic multicast protocol to improve multicast throughput in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN). It builds upon opportunistic routing (OR) strategies that have been designed to improve unicast throughput in wireless networks. The key concept in our multicast protocol is a tree backbone. Our tree backbone protocol represents a tradeoff between traditional structured multicast protocols where a complete multicast tree is constructed and unstructured protocols where multicast is treated as a collection of unicasts. Tree backbone selects multiple nodes as intermediate nodes. Each pair of upstream and downstream nodes may be multiple hops away, and packet delivery between them takes advantage of OR. For single-rate WMNs, we show that constructing an efficient tree backbone that minimizes the number of transmissions is NP-hard, and we devise one effective heuristic algorithm for it. For multi-rate WMNs, we investigate the inherent rate-distance tradeoff and propose a Euclidean opportunistic multicast protocol by devising a Euclidean tree backbone as well as an efficient rate selection scheme to minimize the number of transmissions. In our simulations, our tree backbone multicast protocols outperform both the completely structured traditional multicast protocols and the completely unstructured unicast-based protocols augmented with OR in both throughput and delay.
Quantitative aspects of harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) play

Harbour seal play behaviour was investigated from pupping through mating seasons using videotaping techniques which permitted more refined data acquisition than in our earlier study. Calculation of age class play rates confirmed a large proportion of adult play, but showed that juveniles played only marginally more frequently than adults. Adults increased their playing during the weaning/mating season, whereas that of juveniles and subadults declined over the observation period. Play between mothers and pups increased as weaning drew near, and weaners played at a consistently high rate thereafter. As in our earlier study, solitary play proved to be far more frequent than social play, with adults playing socially only during the mating season, and weaners never doing so. The implication of our earlier report and of the literature, that mothers, pups and weaners play rarely, was proven incorrect. Females played more often than males, and the type of playing displayed by each sex differed. Summary The play behaviour of harbour seals was analysed on videotape, which allowed the determination of rates of play per age class relative to the population of seals of the same age, and sex of the player in 190 episodes. The majority of the results of our earlier study were confirmed in that adult play was unusually common, and most play was solitary rather than social. However, the reason for the apparent predominance of juvenile play in our 1986 study was most likely because of a large number of juvenile seals present in the herd at that time. Similarly, mothers, pups and weaners proved to play at high rates when population size was taken into account. Adults' playing increased during the weaning/mating period, whereas juveniles and subadults played progressively less over time. Mothers and pups played more near weaning, after which time the youngsters played at a steady high rate, though never socially. Adult social play was only evident during the mating period. The play of males and females differed qualitatively and quantitatively.
Expanding the Role of NHERF, a PDZ-domain Containing Protein Adapter, to Growth Regulation

NHERF (Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor or NHERF-1) and E3KARP (NHE3 kinase A regulatory protein or NHERF-2) are structurally related protein adapters that are highly expressed in epithelial tissues. NHERF proteins contain two tandem PDZ domains and a C-terminal sequence that binds several members of the ERM (ezrin-radixin-moesin) family of membrane-cytoskeletal adapters. Although identified as a regulator of NHE3, recent evidence points to a broadening role for NHERF in the function, localization and/or turnover of G-protein coupled receptors, platelet-derived growth factor receptor and ion transporters such as CFTR, Na/Pi cotransporter, Na/HCO3 cotransporter and Trp (calcium) channels. NHERF also recruits non-membrane proteins such as the c-Yes/YAP-65 complex, members of the phospholipase Cbeta family and the GRK6A protein kinase to apical surface of polarized epithelial cells where they regulate or respond to membrane signals. While two distinct models have been proposed for NHERF's role in signal transduction, the common theme is NHERF's ability to bring together membrane and non-membrane proteins to regulate cell metabolism and growth. NHERF overexpression in human breast cancers and mutations in NHERF targets, such as CFTR and merlin, the product of Neurofibromatosis NF2 tumor suppressor gene, that impair NHERF binding suggest that aberrant NHERF function contributes to human disease.
An improved method of sequential alcian blue and ammoniacal silver staining of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in polyacrylamide gels

Abstract Partially deglycosylated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) or peptide fragments obtained from CSPG are not readily detectable in gels by staining with Alcian blue 8GX or ammoniacal silver using the technique of Oakley et al. ( B. Oakley, D. Kirsh, and N. Morris (1980) Anal. Biochem. 105 , 361). Sequencial staining with both reagents allows visualization of intact CSPG or peptides derived from proteoglycans in polyacrylamide gels at protein concentrations as low as 2 ng/mm 2 , or glucuronic acid and galactosamine concentrations of 1 ng/mm 2 or less. This method is significantly more sensitive and has broader applicability than that described by H. Min and M. Cowman ((1986) Anal. Biochem. 155 , 275) for staining glycosaminoglycan fragments in polyacrylamide gels.
Correction to the RUN DAP for conjunctive RAS presented in "Polynomial-complexity deadlock avoidance policies for sequential resource allocation systems"

This note first identifies a problem with the correctness of the RUN DAP for conjunctive RAS, presented in the above paper by Reveliotis et al. (1997), and subsequently proceeds to the problem correction through an appropriate policy modification.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF UVRA

The sequence of Escherichia coli UvrA protein suggests that it may fold into two functional domains each possessing DNA binding and ATPase activities. We have taken two approaches to physically isolate polypeptides corresponding to the two putative domains. First, a 180 base pair DNA segment encoding multiple collagenase recognition sequences was inserted into UvrA's putative interdomain hinge region. This UvrA derivative was purified and digested with collagenase, and the resulting 70-kDa N-terminal and 35-kDa C-terminal fragments were purified. Both fragments possessed nonspecific DNA binding activity, but only the N-terminal domain retained its nucleotide binding capacity as evidence by measurements of ATP hydrolysis and by ATP photo-cross-linking. Together, the two fragments failed to substitute for UvrA in reconstituting (A)BC excinuclease and, therefore, were presumed to be unable to load UvrB onto damaged DNA. Second, the DNA segments encoding the two domains were fused to the beta-galactosidase gene. The UvrA N-terminal domain-beta-galactosidase fusion protein was overproduced and purified. This fusion protein had ATPase activity, thus confirming that the amino-terminal domain does possess an intrinsic ATPase activity independent of any interaction with the carboxy terminus. Our results show that UvrA has two functional domains and that the specificity for binding to damaged DNA is provided by the proper three-dimensional orientation of one zinc finger motif relative to the other and is not an intrinsic property of an individual zinc finger domain.
SU-FF-J-36: Dosimetric Evaluation of MV Portal Imaging Methods for Localization of the Prostate During 3D Conformal Radiotherapy

This study was done to determine the dosimetric consequences to the PTV and rectum of different portal image guided methods to localize prostate patients with gold markers during 3D conformal radiotherapy. Three treatment plans were generated for five patients illustrative of three treatment scenarios A) a 6‐field treatment (RL/LL/LAO/LPO/RAO/RPO) where weekly portal imagedose was ignored, B) the same plan as scenario A that included daily portal dose was cumulated for an initial and verification images and C) treatment plan for a 7‐field method (AP/RL/LL/LAO/LPO/RAO/RPO) that included using 6 MU from the AP and RL treatment fields to generate positioning images.Dosimetry from each of these was compared for dose distributions, max and average dose to the PTV and rectum. Comparisons of the scenario A to B indicated mean dose differences on the order of 10% to the PTV with the former being greater. Average rectal doses were comparable between the two plans but hot spots were (∼10% greater) seen with the inclusion of portal dose. In contrast, the 7‐field plan demonstrated comparable dosimetry to the plan for scenario A. Differences were on the order of <1% for the PTV and ⩽2.5% to the rectum due to differences in the number of beams, beam orientations and beam weighting. Inclusion of the dose accumulated from daily portal imaging can significantly increase the dose to the patient and should be accounted for. Positioning using daily MV portal images can be done using a 7‐field treatment plan where an AP and a LAT field with 6 MU can result in treatments that are dosimetrically comparable to a traditional six field treatment.
Functional importance and caffeine sensitivity of ryanodine receptors in primary lymphocytes

Calcium signaling patterns are important for the specific regulation of activation and effector function in lymphocytes. Studies of [Ca2+]i regulation in lymphocytes, including the involvement of ryanodine receptors (RyR) and the importance of caffeine-sensitive pools, have been carried out mainly in lymphocyte cell lines and the presence and functional importance of these pools in primary lymphocytes has not been addressed. Here we show by confocal microscopy that caffeine caused a prompt but transitory increase of [Ca2+]i in primary lymphocytes, an effect that was inhibited by pre-treatment with ryanodine. Furthermore, the increase of [Ca2+]i in CD4+ and CD8+ MLR T lymphocytes stimulated by 5 microg/ml concanavalin A was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with caffeine. In functional studies, caffeine decreased cytotoxicity against myocyte target cells which is probably related to an altered calcium signaling in CD8+ MLR lymphocytes. Caffeine also terminated spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and induced a rise in [Ca2+]i in CD4- and CD8- MLR lymphocytes probably of B cell origin. These results demonstrate that caffeine alters Ca2+ signaling in primary lymphocytes, and suggest that RyR, probably the skeletal muscle receptor (RyR-1) and brain receptor (RyR-3), are involved in mediating this effect. It is also possible that blocking of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptors is involved in the effects of caffeine on lymphocyte activation.
A theoretical study of triatomic carbon-silicon mixed clusters. Relative energies and binding energies

Abstract The Gaussian-2 (G2) theoretical procedure, based on ab initio molecular orbital theory, is used to calculate the energies of mixed triatomic clusters of carbon and silicon. The G2 energies are used to derive accurate binding energies which are compared with experimental values.
A new device for measuring intrauterine temperature.

Abstract Objective: We evaluated a new device that uses the intrauterine pressure catheter to measure the maternal temperature in patients who are in labor. Study Design: The study was conducted at two medical centers, Christiana Hospital in Newark, Delaware, and Saint Louis University/St Mary's Health Center in St Louis, Missouri, from September 1, 1997, to May 2, 1998. An intrauterine pressure catheter with a thermistor sensor in the tip was placed into the uterus after spontaneous rupture of membranes. The intrauterine, oral, and tympanic temperatures were simultaneously obtained immediately after insertion of the intrauterine pressure catheter and then hourly until delivery or the initiation of amnioinfusion. Results: The study comprised 97 patients and 404 temperature readings with a temperature range of 34.7°C to 40.7°C. The normal mean ± SD for the oral, tympanic, and intrauterine temperatures was 36.7°C ± 0.5°C, 36.8°C ± 0.5°C, and 37.3°C ± 0.4°C, respectively. There was a linear relationship among the oral, tympanic, and intrauterine temperatures. All three methods showed a significant increase in mean body temperature after epidural anesthesia. Conclusion: The new device, the intrauterine pressure-temperature catheter, provides a convenient and accurate means of continuously measuring uterine temperature in patients who are in labor and require intrauterine monitoring. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1431-5.)
Generational mass generation and symmetry breaking.

A BCS theory of quark and lepton mass generation leads to a nonlinear self-interaction term in the Lagrangian whose natural representation is the "democratic" basis. We show, within the BCS framework, how the original ${\mathrm{U}(3)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{U}(3)}_{R}$ symmetry of the massless ur quarks and ur leptons is systematically broken so as to lead to the observed quark and lepton spectra, consistent with their mass hierarchies, and the additional hierarchy of weak mixing angles manifested in the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix. Experiment cannot currently distinguish between such symmetry breaking as proposed by Fritzsch and Plankl, by us, or by others.
For the Last Time: Civilizations

This article is a critique of the development of civilizational thinking contemporaneous with the growth in power of the globalizing empire of capital. The central proposition is that the arguments developed by Samuel Huntington, Francis Fukuyama, Alan Bloom and others are a defense mechanism in reaction to the speed of demographic change in the USA, itself a barometer for universal changes caused by migration of labor around the world. Such migration radically altered the presumed stability of national cultures and their putative civilizational borders. A reaffirmation of civilizational thinking today is not only conservative but retrograde, the result of the clash between ideological power and seismic changes in the material basis of cultural formations.
Primary B-cell response to neuropeptide Y and bovine pancreatic polypeptide.

An analysis of the murine primary response to protein epitopes has been made with two small highly structured proteins, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), both of 36-amino acid residue length and containing helical structures. A group of cell lines producing monoclonal IgM antibody have been prepared consisting of six anti-NPY and two anti-BPP. The VH nucleotide sequences have been determined and characterized as germ-line either by identity to established germ-line sequences or by inference from the germ-line character of the D and JH segments. The intrinsic association constants for the homologous ligands have been estimated to range from 104 to 107M−1 based on competitive ELISA. No severe restriction in the utilization of VH families, D segments or JH segments appears to be involved in this response. Among the eight cell lines, three VH families were represented as well as all three families of D segments and all of the JH segments, although some preference for JH3 was indicated. The length of the N(D)N sequences was also not subject to restriction, ranging from 9 to 29. Two unusual features of the CRD3s were noted, one involving the utilization of an uncommon DSP2 segment and the other the apparent occurrence of a D-D fusion.
Treatment options for uncomplicated community-acquired skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: oral antimicrobial agents.

Abstract Background: In the United States, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and toxin-producing community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains are becoming the leading cause of SSTIs presenting to emergency departments and outpatient settings. Many of these infections can be treated with oral antibiotics. This review is intended to delineate the types of SSTIs that require antibiotic treatment and to explain which CA-MRSA SSTIs can be treated with oral antibacterial agents. Methods: Review of the literature related to the treatment of CA-MRSA SSTIs with oral antibacterial agents. Results: Oral antimicrobial agents are available for the treatment of MRSA infection, and most SSTIs caused by CA-MRSA can be treated with these oral agents in an outpatient setting. Variable susceptibilities have been observed for CA-MRSA vs. hospital-acquired MRSA, pointing up the need for clinicians to be vigilant in determining susceptibility patterns. ...
A review of factors affecting the population dynamics of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman).

Jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Free.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a native insect that periodically defoliates areas of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in the subboreal forests of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Outbreaks of jack pine budworm generally occur at 6- to 12-year intervals and collapse after 2–4 years. Periodicity of outbreaks varies and is associated with site-related factors. Survival of early-instar larvae during spring dispersal is tied to the abundance of pollen cones (microsporangiate strobili), which provide a refuge for larvae until current-year needles expand. Jack pine trees that have been heavily defoliated produce few pollen cones in the following year, often resulting in high mortality of early-stage larvae. A diverse guild of generalist parasitoids attack jack pine budworm, but only a few species account for most mortality in any area. Collapsing jack pine budworm populations are characterized by sharp declines in early instar survival, coupled with an increased rate of parasitism in the late larval and pupal stages. The reciprocal interaction between heavy defoliation and low pollen cone production, and increased parasitism of late-stage larvae or pupae, are consistent with second-order density dependence factors identified in analysis of a long-term population data set. Since the 1950s, several jack pine budworm outbreaks have been roughly synchronous over a large geographic area, suggesting that Moran effect processes, as well as moth dispersal or other factors, may be involved in jack pine budworm dynamics. Although the short duration of outbreaks enables most trees to recover, over time dead trees and top-killed trees accumulate in jack pine stands. Jack pine is well adapted to fire and when fires ignite, the accumulation of dead trees and woody debris often leads to intense wildfires followed by prolific regeneration. The three-way interaction of jack pine, jack pine budworm, and fire ultimately serves to maintain vigorous stands and ensures continued hosts for jack pine budworm.
Contralateral reflux after unilateral ureteral reimplantation in patients with a history of resolved contralateral reflux.

AbstractPurpose: We determined the risk of contralateral reflux after unilateral ureteral reimplantation in patients with a history of resolved contralateral reflux.Materials and Methods: We reviewed our experience with 53 children who underwent unilateral ureteral reimplantation for primary vesicoureteral reflux.Results: Postoperative contralateral reflux occurred in 5 of 11 children (45 percent) with a history of bilateral reflux that had resolved preoperatively on the contralateral side and 4 of 42 (10 percent) with no history of contralateral reflux.Conclusions: Strong consideration should be given to performing bilateral ureteral reimplantation in children with unilateral reflux and a history of resolved contralateral reflux.
The Changing Institution of Marriage: Adolescents’ Expectations to Cohabit and to Marry

Cohabitation has become part of the pathway toward marriage. Prior work focuses on expectations to marry and has ignored cohabitation. Although most young adults are not replacing marriage with cohabitation, but instead cohabit and then marry, it is important to study adolescents’ joint expectations to cohabit as well as marry. Our analyses draw on recently collected data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (N = 1,293). We find that adolescents are less certain about their cohabitation than marriage expectations. Dating and sexual experience, traditional values, prosocial activities, and parents influence adolescents’ union formation expectations. The findings from this work suggest that adolescents are including cohabitation as part of their future life trajectories but rarely envision cohabitation as substituting for marriage.
Optical waveguide formed by aluminum nitride thin film on sapphire

We have investigated an optical waveguide formed by aluminum nitride (AlN) thin film on sapphire. A good quality AlN thin film on sapphire substrate was prepared by metal organic chemical vapor deposition in this laboratory. A rutile prism coupler was employed to display the waveguide modes with the wavelength of 632.8, 532.1, 514.5 and 488.0nm. The refractive index and thickness of the waveguide material is obtained by prism-coupler measurement. The dispersion curve of AlN film is given and the dispersion equation is derived. The attenuation in waveguide is evaluated using scattering loss measurements by using a fiber probe in this experiment. The attenuation coefficient alpha is 1.5-2.1 cm-1 various with different sample and the different modes of waveguide. The accuracy of the measurement is discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differentiated mammalian cell lines immortalized by temperature-sensitive tumor viruses.

A major goal of cell biologists is to have an in vitro cell model that simulates in vivo conditions. This cell model should be able to propagate in culture, express specialized tissue functions, and allow fundamental biological problems to be answered by a simple manipulation of the culture conditions. Unfortunately, normal differentiated cells generally do not proliferate in culture and often cease to express their specialized functions. As a result, studies have often been carried out on aberrant tumor cell lines that are capable of growth in culture and yet retain the ability to express the tissue-specific functions. However, because of their malignant state and in the absence of normal controls, conclusions from tumor cell studies may not be relevant to normal gene regulation. In the past decade, various attempts have been made to immortalize cells from normal tissues. Cell lines retaining differentiated functions have been established by transformation with chemical carcinogens (1), oncogenes (2, 3),...
Drivers of observed biotic homogenization in pine barrens of central Wisconsin

Fire suppression throughout the 20th century greatly altered plant communities in fire-dominated systems across North America. Our ability to assess these effects over the long term, however, is handicapped by the paucity of baseline data. Here, we used detailed baseline data from the 1950s to track changes in the over- and understory composition of pine-barrens vegetation growing on sandy, glacial lake-bed sediments in central Wisconsin. We expected fire suppression to favor succession to closed-canopy conditions, leading to decreases in shade-intolerant and fire-adapted species and consequent reductions in alpha and gamma diversity. We also expected beta diversity to decline due to increases in shade-tolerant, fire-sensitive, and exotic species. In fact, fire suppression has greatly altered the structure and composition of these pine-barrens communities over the past 54 years. Woody, wind-pollinated, and shade-tolerant species all increased in richness and abundance, as expected, with succession followi...
Differential expression of Fcγ RIIA, Fcγ RIIB and Fcγ RIIC in hematopoietic cells: Analysis of transcripts

Fc gamma receptors (Fc gamma R) are glycoproteins that function in the immune response through their ability to bind the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G. Of the three human Fc gamma R classes, Fc gamma RII is most widely distributed among hematopoietic cells and is the only Fc gamma R class present on platelets and megakaryocytes. There are three different genes coding for Fc gamma RII: Fc gamma RIIA, Fc gamma RIIB and Fc gamma RIIC. Alternative splicing of at least two of these genes results in the production of multiple transcripts. Combining Northern blot analysis with reverse transcription-PCR, we analyzed steady state levels of Fc gamma RII mRNA in the megakaryocytic, myeloid and lymphoid lineages. We determined that megakaryocytic cells predominantly contain Fc gamma RIIA mRNA; Fc gamma RIIA transcripts with and without the transmembrane exon (Fc gamma RIIa1 and Fc gamma RIIa2, respectively) are present in comparable amounts. In contrast, B lymphocytes do not express Fc gamma RIIA mRNAs, but do contain both Fc gamma RIIB transcripts, Fc gamma RIIb1 and Fc gamma RIIb2, as well as the Fc gamma RIIC transcript, Fc gamma RIIc. Myelomonocytic cells contain mRNAs from all three Fc gamma RII genes, predominantly the Fc gamma RIIa1 transcript, both Fc gamma RIIb1 and Fc gamma RIIb2 transcripts and Fc gamma RIIc. Lineage-specific expression of the Fc gamma RII genes implies both differential regulation of expression and differential function in diverse cells.
The study of the deactivation of water-pretreated Pt/γ-Al2O3 for low-temperature selective CO oxidation in hydrogen

The selective oxidation of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-rich stream is an important reaction in fuel cell technology. Fuel cells that use hydrogen produced from a combustion source contain small amounts of CO that must be removed to extremely low levels (<10 ppm), otherwise, it will poison the anode of the polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC). Our research group has developed an improved Pt catalyst on alumina using a water-pretreatment method. However, at temperatures below 100 °C, water from the hydrogen-oxidation side reaction accumulates on the catalyst causing it to deactivate. To better understand the deactivation, the water-pretreated catalyst was characterized at room temperature (28 °C) and at 50 °C with various reaction conditions (O2 and H2O concentration) by analyzing the activity of the catalyst and by measuring the reactor temperature profile using an infrared (IR) camera. The IR images clearly showed a decrease in the reactor temperature over time indicating the deactivation of the catalyst. As the catalyst became more deactivated, the reactor temperature decreased, the H2 and CO conversions decreased, while the CO selectivity increased to nearly 100%.
A rapid procedure for the isolation of drugs and drug metabolites from plasma.

Abstract A rapid procedure for the extraction of neutral and basic drugs and drug metabolites with isopropanol from diluted plasma saturated with potassium carbonate has been developed. The isopropanol extract is suitable for analysis by thin layer or gas chromatography. Recovery experiments (radioactivity) with phenobarbital and caffeine gave 100 ± 5% recovery. The absence of emulsions contributes to the high recovery.
William M. Feinberg Lecture: Stroke Therapy in the Year 2025 Burden, Breakthroughs, and Barriers to Progress

Background— More than 700 000 strokes occurred in the United States during 2002, of which approximately 500 000 are first-ever strokes and 200 000 recurrent strokes. If we would decrease the enormo...
Triaxial strength of rock materials

Triaxial Strength of Rock Materials An attempt is made to define the nature and purposes of triaxial strength criteria, also to outline some factors to be considered in their selection and use. Seven alternative empirical strength criteria are compared on the basis of their simplicity and their fit to data for some fifteen hundred rock and concrete specimens. Two of these, one linear and one curved, are then compared in detail. Use of the curved rather than the linear criterion resulted in a significant reduction in strength prediction error. Methods of fitting the criteria to strength data are described. The parameters of the two criteria are then used to compare and classify rocks on the basis of their triaxial strength behaviour. Possible alternative formulations of the two criteria are considered in an appendix.
A simple solution to the compartmental structural-indentifiability problem

Abstract The problem of structural identifiability has been considered difficult because it requires the inversion of a highly nonlinear system of equations. The problem can be formulated in terms of the Jacobian matrix J ( θ ) of the transformation from the vector of unknown parameters θ to the vector of observable parameters. A necessary and sufficient condition for structural identifiability is that the function det[ J T ( θ ) J ( θ )] is different from zero almost everywhere in the parameter domain. It is not possible to verify this criterion numerically, because the domain of θ is uncountably infinite. This paper points out an important fact which reduces the difficulty of the problem enormously, viz., if the function (given above) is different from zero at one value of θ , then it is different from zero almost everywhere.
Special article: Smallpox: Its history and reemergence as a weapon of biological warfare

Abstract Smallpox is an extremely contagious viral infection caused by the orthopoxvirus variola virus. A disease that once was “conquered,” smallpox has appeared on the scene again as a potential weapon of biological warfare. Along with anthrax, smallpox is considered one of the 2 most threatening diseases associated with bioterrorism, and an overwhelming amount of evidence indicates that contraband samples of the virus are stored in several laboratories throughout the world. Medical personnel form the nation's first line of defense. This review focuses on the history of smallpox, with an emphasis on the individuals who helped eradicate it, and presents recent developments as they relate to biological warfare. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Education, work and earnings of Peruvian women.

Abstract The paper examines the changes in the education of women in Peru and relates the rising trend in education levels to women's work and earnings. The analysis indicates that women have benefited relatively more than men from education policies in the 1950s and 1960s, and the education gap between men and women has narrowed. With the increase in schooling levels, the participation in paid work has risen for younger women. But there is also evidence that the return to schooling has been diluted, perhaps because the growth in work opportunities has not kept up with the expansion in educational attainment.
Individual Differences in Complexity Preference and Artistic Style: Neoclassical versus Expressionistic Aesthetics:

Individual differences in style and emotional content of artwork created in an expressive therapy group were correlated with individual aesthetic preferences for visual complexity in order to investigate the dichotomy between classical and expressionistic/romantic aesthetic models. Twenty-two subjects produced artwork rated according to Simon's theory of styles. A dimension varying from vivid, nonrealistic, and painterly art to muted, realistic, and linear art was found to be moderately stable across sessions and reliable across raters. This dimension further correlated with subjects' scores on the Barron-Welsh Art Scale, assessing their preference for visual complexity, as well as with ratings of anxious and angry content in their art. These results were interpreted in light of recent models of hemispheric lateralization in complex emotional/visual information processing, in particular, in terms of individual biases in right vs. left cortical arousal.
Performance Aspects of Data Transfer in a New Networked I/O Architecture

We present performance results of a new distributed I/O software architecture to support remote applications interacting with local I/O devices. The architecture emphasizes network transparency and ease of customization/extensibility in support of the vastly different needs of various applications and devices that can benefit from remote I/O. Networked I/O is achieved via a networked device driver that is split into two parts, one on each side of the network. An I/O stream that is sourced at one end and sinked at the other may be modified by a set of pipelined transformation modules. Each module comes in a pair, one on each side of the network, with one side typically applying some operation and the other side applying a corresponding one, such as encoding and decoding the format of the data or pausing and resuming the sending of messages. Because of the paired nature of transformation modules, the system is capable of supporting the modification of the I/O stream in a variety of ways to compensate for network issues, one of the key problems of remote I/O, while remaining transparent to the application. We show that even with an implementation that operates almost entirely at user level (i.e., outside the operating system), good levels of performance that are adequate for even high intensity I/O, both in terms of efficiency and throughput, can be achieved.
In-Situ Simultaneous Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Study of Poly(ether ester) during Cold Drawing

The cold drawing of a poly(ether ester) block copolymer was studied by in-situ simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering techniques in combination with a tensile stretching apparatus. The results obtained revealed three distinct regions in the stress−strain relationship. At low strains (0 80%), a further extension of the PTMO amorphous chains resulted in the fracture of the sample. The pathway of the structural changes by deformation in the present study was slightly different than those...
Observations on seasonal dynamics of age structure and reproduction of Pupilla muscorum L. (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Pupillidae)

Ovoviviparous Pupilla muscorum L. incubates 1–8 embryos throughout the year. The embryos are produced in an assembly-line fashion and released when fully formed, with a maximum in June–August. The snails reach maturity in their second or third season and probably most reproduce only during one season.
Melville, Turner, and J.E. Gray's cetology

(1989). Melville, Turner, and J.E. Gray's cetology. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 151-175.
A Quantitative Analysis of Palliative Care Decisions in Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia

With the increasing incidence of cancer in elderly patients, decisions to adopt palliative care become particularly relevant to this patient population. In order to define characteristics of decisions to adopt palliative care, including those factors influencing whether a particular patient received palliation, the frequency of this therapeutic posture, and the duration of this treatment period, we performed a retrospective analytical survey of all patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) treated at Duke University Medical Center over the past ten years. Logistic regression analysis identified several potentially significant variables influencing the decision to adopt palliative care. Using a stepwise logistic model, the only independent variable associated with adoption of palliative therapy was initial treatment off a research protocol (P = 0.0001). Initial treatment off a research protocol was itself associated with older age (P = 0.0002), nonspontaneous onset of leukemia (P = 0.005), female sex (P = 0.003), and the absence of dependent children (P = 0.01) when examined by multivariate logistic regression. The palliative treatment interval was defined as the time between the discontinuation of aggressive treatment and the patient's death. Fifty-one percent, 119 of 235 patients, received palliative care; of these, 47% were palliated from the time of diagnosis and 53% were palliated only after receiving remission induction therapy. The median duration for the palliative care period was 46 days (50 days for the initially palliated group, 24 days for the group receiving aggressive therapy). Overall survival was greater for the 119 patients who received palliative therapy (P = 0.03) than for the 116 who did not, though the difference was small. We observed: 1) decisions to adopt palliative care are based predominantly on factors defined at the onset of disease; 2) a majority of patients receive some palliative care; 3) palliation is not associated with decreased survival once disease has recurred.
QoS technologies on AV/CE-oriented wireless home network

This document explains several QoS (quality of service) requirements for AV/CE applications, and technologies to satisfy some of these requirements in a wireless network environment. Further items for establishing a wireless home network are also discussed.
Gender differences in work-related injury/illness: analysis of workers compensation claims.

Background Risk of work-related injuries/illnesses among females has not been well documented. This study compares compensable work-related injuries/illnesses between females and males across all major industrial sectors and occupations using a state-managed Workers Compensation database. Methods Incidence rates were calculated by dividing the number of compensable injuries/illnesses among West Virginia Workers Compensation claimants by the total number of female and male workers in each specific industry class (based on SIC codes). Gender-specific denominators for occupations were estimated using 1990 U.S. Census data. Results The overall injury/illness rate was significantly lower in females than males (5.5 vs. 11.5 per 100 employees), a trend that extended to all major industrial classes with the exception of service and agricultural sectors. The distribution of types of injury/illness varied by gender, occupation, and industry with significantly higher risk of carpal tunnel syndrome, burn, sprain, and fracture in females compared to males. Conclusions Female workers have a greater risk of specific injury/illness compared to males in various industries. Further research will be needed to understand the role of differential job-tasks within each occupation in explaining the risk difference. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:84–91, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Logit Models for Affiliation Networks

Once confined to networks in which dyads could be reasonably assumed to be independent, the statistical analysis of network data has blossomed in recent years. New modeling and estimation strategies have made it possible to propose and evaluate very complex structures of dependency between and among ties in social networks. These advances have focused exclusively on one-mode networks—that is, networks of direct ties between actors. We generalize these models to affiliation networks, networks in which actors are tied to each other only indirectly through belonging to some group or event. We formulate models that allow us to study the (log) odds of an actor's belonging to an event (or an event including an actor) as a function of properties of the two-mode network of actors' memberships in events. We also provide illustrative analysis of some classic data sets on affiliation networks.
The heat capacity of NH4Br from 265 to 550 K the II-to-I transition

The heat capacity of NH,Br has been measured from 265 to 550 K by precision adiabatic calorimetry. The results of these measurements were combined with existing low-temperature results to give thermodynamic functions up to 550 K. The nearly isothermal II-to-I transition at (412.66t0.03) K has an entropy change of (8.710~0008) J K-’ mol.-‘. The thermodynamic measurements of this study and existing sublimation pressures were used to determine an enthalpy of sublimation for NH,Br of 189.0 kJ mol-’ at 298.15 K.
Compliance‐resistance in the college classroom

Instruction in the college classroom is commonly, but inaccurately described as “easy to manage”; simply because students are supposed to have outgrown aggravating behaviors unique to adolescents. In fact, what college instructors face are new types of student resistance to their attempts to motivate on‐task learning behavior. Examining student resistance to teacher compliance‐gaining efforts, this investigation inductively derived a typology of students’ compliance‐resistance strategies that are frequently used in the college classroom. A sample of 574 college students constructed messages resisting one of four teacher compliance‐gaining scenarios. The unitizing and subsequent coding of 2,916 messages resulted in 19 separate categories which were then labeled. Research questions probed the impact of teacher immediacy and type of strategy employed by teachers on student message generation and whether likelihood of resistance was related to the number of messages generated.