cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serological Identification of Animal Proteins.

SUMMARY— Specific antibodies were developed against skeletal muscle from horse, pork, lamb and beef. The antigenic protein material evaluated for antibody production included actomyosin, serum-alum precipitate, muscle extract-alum precipitate, saline extract of muscle and freeze-dried water extract of muscle. The method of injection into the rabbits included intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular with and without Freund complete adjuvant. Of the antigenic protein material and route of injection evaluated, the intramuscular injection of 150 mg of freeze-dried water extract of muscle with Freund complete adjuvant resulted in the highest titers which were observed as the titer increased and with time after injection as indicated by ring and gel diffusion tests. However, these cross-reactions could be-removed by absorption with small amounts of the freeze-dried protein extracts of the cross-reacting species. A specific antiserum for each animal specie could be obtained which would react with 0.4–0.5 mg/ml of protein in a saline extract of skeletal muscle. Overall, multiple intramuscular injections of freeze-dried water extracts of skeletal muscle emulsified in Freund complete adjuvant resulted in the highest titers which would react specifically with each animal species.
Low-Density Materials for Use in Inertial Fusion Targets

Low-density polymer foams have been an integral part of targets used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. Target designs are unique in the ICF program, and targets are made on an individual basis. Costs for these targets are high due to the time required to machine, assemble, and characterize each target. To produce targets in high volume and at low cost, a polymer system is required that is amenable to scale up. High internal phase emulsion (HIPE) polystyrene is a robust system that offers great flexibility in terms of tailoring the density and incorporating metal dopants. Emulsions used to fabricate HIPE foams currently are made in a batch process. With the use of metering pumps for both the water and oil phases, emulsions can be produced in a continuous process. This not only makes these foams potential candidates for direct-drive capsules, but high-Z dopants can be metered in making these foams attractive for hohlraum components in indirect-drive systems. Preparation of HIPE foams are discussed for both direct-drive and indirect-drive systems.
A Model of Authoritarianism, Social Norms, and Personal Values: Implications for Arizona Law Enforcement and Immigration Policy

The enforcement of Arizona's new immigration law (Senate Bill 1070) requires police officers to make countless everyday judgments about whether individuals they encounter might be illegal immigrants. Understanding officers’ attitudes about immigrants, therefore, as well as the social and personal factors that influence these attitudes, will be important to predicting the consequences of enforcing this new law. Our program of research examines the role of authoritarianism, personal values, and descriptive social norms in determining attitudes about immigrants. Given the current social and political climate, as reflected in recent Arizona and national-level polls, coupled with research on psychological predispositions, our model suggests that Arizona police officers are likely to hold negative attitudes about immigrants, and that these negative attitudes may in turn influence how officers choose to enforce Senate Bill 1070 (SB 1070). To reduce improper enforcement of SB 1070, our model suggests that police training interventions would be better informed by taking into consideration (1) the general ambiguity surrounding Americans' attitudes toward immigrants, and (2) the American tradition of egalitarianism.
Patterns of Community Structure in Colombo, Sri Lanka: An Investigation of Contemporary Urban Life in South Asia

Growth of the Capital City and the Socio-Economic Setting of the Community Resource Structure of the Community Migration and Kinship The Neighbourhood Relationship Political Behaviour Community Conflicts and Politics Religion and Politics - Behavioural Manifestations Patterns of Mobility and Community Integration.
Cryptococcal antigen detection from the urine of AIDS patients

Cryptococcal disease occurs in CSF > urine, with ranges of 1: 64-65000; 1: 64-6250; and 1: 2-512, respectively. Pronase treatment did not affect CSF titers, but 14 of 23 titers from urine treated with pronase were at least one dilution higher than those without treatment. No false-positive reactions were observed during the study. CSF cultures were positive from seven of eight, and urine cultures were positive from five of eight patients with CAg. These results indicate that urine can be used as a specimen for detection of CAg in AIDS patients and that use of pronase may increase its sensitivity.
Strategy Instruction in Mathematics.

Mathematics performance is conceptualized as a problem-solving situation consisting of cognitive and metacognitive processes associated with (a) representing the problem, (b) planning a solution, (...
Selectivity of an acoustic detector in a turbulent stream

Relationships obtained for piezoelectric systems are extended to an arbitrary kind of electroacoustic transducers. Expressions are obtained for the pulsation of transducers with an arbitrary distribution of oscillations over the detector surface.
Black American women and work: Historical and contemporary strategies for empowerment—II

Abstract The American historical record shows that Black women heve been part of the American work force longer than any other group of women in the United States. Though consistently undereducated, underemployed, and underpaid, these women have endured and, in doing so, have created strategies for survival and change that have given them ‘cultural flexibility’ in the areas of socialization patterns for male and female children; interpersonal, kinship and marital relations; and professional and community involvement. The effects of both institutionalized racism and sexism on women's economic and personal choices are explored as well as the long range effect of labor market participation on family and community life.
Ocular surface expression and in vitro activity of antimicrobial peptides.

Purpose: Human ocular surface epithelia express four antimicrobial peptides (APs): β -defensin (hBD) 1-3 and LL-37. Here the expression of additional APs (hBD 4-6, HE2β 1; histatin-1, -3; liver expressed antimicrobial peptide-1, -2; macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3α, and thymosin (T)β -4) was sought and activity against common ocular pathogens studied. Methods: AP expression was determined in human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells (HCEC, HCjEC) by RT-PCR and in corneal sections by immunostaining. Antimicrobial assays were performed to assess peptide (hBD 1-3, LL-37, MIP-3α, and Tβ 4) activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) in the presence of NaCl or tears. Results: HCEC and HCjEC expressed MIP-3α and Tβ 4. hBD 1-3, MIP-3α, and Tβ 4 showed activity against PA. hBD-3 had potent activity against SA and SE, whereas hBD-2, MIP-3α and Tβ 4 had moderate activity and hBD-1 had none. NaCl markedly attenuated, and tears almost com...
Retinal Hexokinase: Kinetic Properties and the Effect of Cyclic 3′,5′‐Adenosine Monophosphate

We measured hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) activity in particulate and soluble fractions isolated from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) retinas. Seventy-three percent of the hexokinase (HK) activity was associated with the particulate fraction, 27% with the soluble fraction. Both HK fractions could phosphorylate fructose, glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and mannose, but not galactose. The Km for glucose was 0.14 mM, for 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 3.6 mM. With glucose as substrate, the Vmax for particulate HK was 125-148 microM retina-1 min-1, for soluble HK, 37 microM retina-1 min-1. Product inhibition of particulate HK activity by glucose 6-phosphate was marked, whereas 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate did not inhibit the activity. Cyclic AMP stimulated the HK activity of both retinal fractions nearly twofold at concentrations of 0.2-0.8 mM; AMP was much less effective in this regard.
Commentary on: Four-dimensional breast imaging, parts I and II.

Objectively measuring and accurately counseling patients on breast size and shape is a challenge for aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgeons alike but is particularly important when discussing potential outcomes in patients who wish to undergo cosmetic breast augmentation. For years, surgeons have relied on existing two-dimensional photographs of pre- and postoperative cases, with the hope that information could be extrapolated by the current patient from cases of women with similar breast or body habitus who underwent a similar procedure. Other crude measures include having the patient place different implants in her bra or test specially-designed bras with built-in sizers. While these methods have been considered sufficient in the past, we now live in a technology-savvy, data-driven, information-heavy society. Patients seeking breast surgery are accustomed to having easy access to a virtually unlimited amount of information at any time. There are even smart phone applications that model how a woman would look with a particular size of breast implant (PerfecT, SPATAPS, LLC, Birmingham, Alabama; iAugment, Touch Studios, New Orleans, Louisiana). However crude it may be, the fact that these applications exist (and that there is more than one) further highlights the obvious demand and importance of simulated modeling of potential surgical results. Being able to provide legitimate information of this sort during the consultation—in an accurate, controlled, and more scientific fashion—is therefore a welcome addition to our consultation options. In two articles describing the development of a four-dimensional (4D) imaging tool, …
Effect of selected psychological characteristics upon choice-shift patterns found within hierarchical groups of public accountants.

Szrrnmary.-The goals of this study were to examine, First, the relationship between choice shift and three psychological varinbles (social desirability, locus of control, and moral reasoning) and, second, the influence of these and subjects' employment position on the choice-shift phenomenon within the context of a professional accounting setting. The sample o€ 60 subjects (four auditors per group, each holding different employment ranks wirhin their firms, yielding 15 groups, each from a different small to medium size CPA firm), participated in three group decision-making tasks related to common accounting and auditing risk-assessment issues. The exercise consisted of three iteradons of' a standard choice-shift exercise followed by chree standardized resrs to measure the selected psychological characteristics. Analysis indicated that choice shifts were not significantly affecred by subiects' psychological characteristics. Instead, subjects' position in an organization influenced choice shift, and the higher the position, the less absolute shift shown. The practice of professional public accounting has seen considerable change within the past few decades. Two of the most significant changes include (a) redesigning the role that risk management plays within the audit function and (b) placing a greater emphasis on groups within the aud~t teams. Ln general, it has been shown that over time groups become more competent in making decisions in organizational settings (Watson, Michaelsen, & Sharp, 1991), and certainly there has been more reLance on group decision-making in many organizational settings includrng public accounting. Thus, ~t is reasonable to examine various aspects of group dynamics as those dynamics apply to risk assumption and risk management within the accounting profession. The specific goal of this study was to examine the relationship between selected psychological characteristics and the dynamics of the group decision risk phenomenon known as "choice shift" within the practice of public accounting. This phenomenon is the tendency for a group's decision to be Address corres ondence to Rudy V. Nyde get, Larnont House Graduate Center, Union Col;cge, ~chenecta$, NY 12308 or e-mail (~~~~e&union.edu l.
Effect of lowland rice culture on subsequent soybean response to phosphorus fertilization

Abstract Soybeans ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) are primarily grown in rotation with rice ( Oryza sativa L.) in southwest Louisiana. A typical rotation program consists of rice and soybeans grown in alternate years, or 1 year of rice followed by 2 years of soybeans. Phosphorus (P) deficiency induced by drainage following soil submergence has been reported in crops grown following rice. Field studies were conducted in 1980 and 1981 on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualf) soil to determine if P deficiency occurs in soybeans following 1 year of rice and to determine the most efficient method of P fertilization in this rotational system. Phosphorus fertilizer at rates of 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 kg/ha was either banded 2.5 cm below the seed or broadcast and incorporated. Soybean grain yields over the two growing seasons were not affected by method of P placement. Grain yields averaged over years increased 527 kg/ha when the P rate was increased from 0 to 48 kg/ha. Maximum yield response to P fertilization was obtained when P was applied at rates of between 24 and 36 kg/ha. The 100-seed weight increased with increasing P the 2nd year. Method of P placement had no effect on any of the other parameters measured. The number of pods per plant and leaf P and nitrogen (N) concentration increased with increasing P rates in 1980. Plant population, plant height, and whole plant dry matter production measured at R2 growth stage were similar for all P treatments in 1981. Even though P deficiency symptoms occurred early in the growing season, the similarity in plant height and dry matter production among P treatments indicated that plants had recovered by flowering. Phosphorus deficiency did not appear to be a major problem in soybeans when grown following rice in a 2-year soybean—1-year rice rotation. Soybeans may be less sensitive to P deficiency than other crops and/or transformations during flooding of rice that reduce soil P availability may have been reversed with time. Furthermore, infrequent flooding for rice in this rotation may not have been sufficient to induce P deficiency in the subsequent soybean crop. The experimental areas used in these studies were planted to rice only 1 year prior to soybeans. Flooding- and drainage-induced P fixation should be less severe in this rotation than when soybeans follow more frequently planted rice.
Late infectious complications after cord blood stem cell transplantation

The slower engraftment kinetics and impaired immune reconstitution of cord blood stem cell transplant recipients increase the risk of infectious complications. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent cord blood stem cell transplantation at Roswell Park Cancer Institute for hematological malignancies and who survived beyond day 100 for late infectious events. Among 15 patients who were included in the study, there were 18 episodes of bacteremia, 5 cases of bacterial pneumonia, 9 viral, 4 fungal, and 1 nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Overall mortality was 60%, with infections contributing in 44% of cases. In conclusion, survival beyond day 100 following cord bloodstem cell transplantation is associated with a considerable risk of infections in our single center experience.
Cognitive situation and threat assessments of ground battlespaces

Abstract We develop an integrated multi-phase approach to middle and high level data fusion with an application to situation and threat assessments. The method first builds a feature vector for each detected ground target that includes time, position and target class in a particular rectangular geographical area of the battlespace. It then clusters the feature vectors by position using a new robust clustering algorithm and makes an inventory of each cluster as to target classes, counts and posture parameters. Situation assessment is done next via a three-tiered cascaded process of case-based reasoning on cluster attribute records to infer the unit types, sizes, and purposes. These are then fed into our fuzzy belief network that performs inferencing via heuristic belief propagation for threat assessment, that is, it infers the actions and intentions of the enemy. A simple synthetic example demonstrates the process.
Dipole threshold laws for single and double detachment from negative ions.

The threshold behavior of the cross section when electron detachment leaves behind a neutral atom (or molecule) with an electric dipole moment is derived through the formalism of quantum-defect theory. The cross section is a constant with a superimposed modulation with energy which has negligible amplitude for realistic situations such as the photodetachment of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ accompanied by excitation. The threshold behavior for double detachment is also derived on the basis of a Coulomb-dipole description of the two electrons. It is shown that no oscillations will be observed in the cross section for this process.
Equivalent dioptric power asymmetry relations for thick astigmatic systems.

For optical systems consisting of separated obliquely crossed toric interfaces, the equivalent dioptric power has principal meridians that are not necessarily orthogonal to each other. In this case it takes four parameters to specify the equivalent power. A set of parameters convenient for ophthalmic optics consists of three traditional spherocylindrical parameters S C x θ together with a dioptric asymmetry parameter g. The parameter g has been described as so far being entirely mathematical in nature. The purpose of this paper is to develop further optical knowledge about the equivalent power asymmetry g. The method was a theoretical and numerical study involving optics and the dioptric power matrix theory. Among the results of this study are a number of new equations involving g that clarify the relationships between the nonorthogonal principal meridians and the power and axis meridians of S C x θ, as well as explicitly illustrating the parameters that can increase or decrease g. It is also pointed out that the asymmetry g is formally identical to the circular astigmatism that has previously been presented in discussions of ray vector deflection fields (and is used in the Humphrey Lens Analyzer measurements). In conclusions, the theoretical relations presented here provide optical insight into the equivalent dioptric power asymmetry and the parameter g. The relations and insight can assist further developments.
On the determination of the long period tidal perturbations in the elements of artificial earth satellites

In the present article we develop the theory of the long period tidal effects in the motion of artificial satellites assuming the variability of elastic parameters of the Earth (Love numbers) across the parallels. The dependence of Love numbers on the longitude produces perturbations of the period of one day or less and hence is neglected in the present theory. In this respect we follow in the footsteps of Kaula (1969). If the deviations ofk 2 andk 3 from pure constants are not taken into consideration, then the perturbations caused by the variability ofk 2 andk 3 across the parallels will be misinterpreted as the perturbations caused byk 4...-terms, and the spurious values ofk 4... will be deduced. It is extremely doubtful, however, that the real effects caused byk 4,k 5,..., are significant enough to be detected. The short period effects with the period of the revolution of the satellite, or less, were removed from the differential equations for the variation of elements of the satellite by the averaging over the orbit of the satellite. These differential equations are in the form convenient for numerical integration over a long interval of time and also suitable for developing the tidal effects into trigonometric series with the arguments ω, Ω of the satellite andl, l′, F, D, Γ of the Moon. The numerical integration can be performed using some simple quadrature formula, without resorting to a predictor-corrector system.
Agent-based modeling of endotoxin-induced acute inflammatory response in human blood leukocytes.

Background Inflammation is a highly complex biological response evoked by many stimuli. A persistent challenge in modeling this dynamic process has been the (nonlinear) nature of the response that precludes the single-variable assumption. Systems-based approaches offer a promising possibility for understanding inflammation in its homeostatic context. In order to study the underlying complexity of the acute inflammatory response, an agent-based framework is developed that models the emerging host response as the outcome of orchestrated interactions associated with intricate signaling cascades and intercellular immune system interactions.
Intrauterine factors and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current evidence

Summary Background Emerging evidence suggests an association between female prenatal experience and her subsequent risk of developing breast cancer. Potential underlying mechanisms include variation in amounts of maternal endogenous sex hormones and growth hormones, germ-cell mutations, formation of cancer stem-cells, and other genetic or epigenetic events. We reviewed and summarised quantitatively the available data on intrauterine exposures and risk of breast cancer. Methods We systematically searched for studies that assessed association between perinatal factors and risk of breast cancer. We reviewed separately each of the perinatal factors, including birthweight, birth length, parental age at delivery, gestational age, intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol, twin membership, maternal pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, and other factors. Findings We identified 57 studies published between Oct 1, 1980, and June 21, 2007. Increased risk of breast cancer was noted with increased birthweight (relative risk [RR] 1·15 [95% CI 1·09–1·21]), birth length (1·28 [1·11–1·48]), higher maternal age (1·13 [1·02–1·25]), and paternal age (1·12 [1·05–1·19]). Decreased risk of breast cancer was noted for maternal pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (0·48 [0·30–0·78]) and twin membership (0·93 [0·87–1·00]). No association was noted between risk of breast cancer and gestational age at birth (0·95 [0·71–1·26]) or maternal diethylstilbestrol treatment (1·40 [0·86–2·28]). Interpretation The intrauterine environment contributes to the predisposition of women to breast cancer in adulthood. The in-utero mechanisms responsible for such predisposition need to be elucidated.
Multidetector computed tomography of nonosseous thoracic trauma.

the patient's immediate course (as in the setting of acute aortic injury or blunt cardiac injury). Even when not life threatening, the presence of thoracic injury may affect management. A pneumothorax, for example, may require emergent thoracostomy tube placement before surgical correction of a pelvic fracture. Chest radiography remains a frequently used screening tool owing to its low cost and portability. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) continues to make inroads in the evaluation of radiographic abnormalities and in the exclusion of significant injury in the setting of an appropriate mechanism (high-speed collision or high fall) in the posttrauma patient. The increase in the use of computed tomography (CT) has been driven by its ready availability at all hours, its ability to detect subtle disease missed by radiography, and its ability to change management in almost one-fifth of trauma patients. 2,3 Most often, CT is performed to evaluate abnormal findings on chest radiograph,butoccasionally MDCT maybeusedas a firstline tool. The goal of this article is to highlight the features of blunt and penetrating thoracic traumatic conditions, including aortic and cardiac injury, on MDCT images. Occasionally, these conditions may be encountered in isolation, but more often, they are seen in conjunction with other injuries (both intrathoracic and extrathoracic). Technique Unlesscontraindicated basedonallergy orrenalfailure,MDCT in the setting of trauma should be performed with the use of intravenous contrast. The potential benefit of visualizing direct signs of vascular injury or an area of blush (indicative of active extravasation or pseudoaneurysm formation) far outweighs anytheoreticalrisks.MDCTofthethoraxshouldbeperformed using a technique that allows high-quality multiplanar reconstructions (MPRs) and provides source images that allow volume-rendered images as well. At our institution, we scan using a pitch of 1 with 3-mm reconstructions at 2-mm intervals. The 33% overlap allows for high-quality MPRs and yet, 3-mm images do not result in an inordinate number of images. The balance between a manageable image burden and thin sections has become harder in the MDCT era. We only scan once in the setting of trauma. We have not found precontrast images of any help.
Autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in human neonatal lymphocytes.

Abstract Human neonatal mononuclear cells were examined to determine their ability to participate in an autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR). Stimulator cells were isolated by plastic adherence and nylon wool adherence. The nylon wool-nonadherent cells were used as responder cells. In 10 of 10 neonatal samples and 6 of 7 adult samples, a significant AMLR was present when plastic-adherent cells were used as stimulators. Neonatal blood showed a mean increase in proliferation of 7.6 (3.6–14.9), while adult cultures showed a mean stimulation index of 11.8 (1.0–39.0). When nylon wool-adherent cells were used as stimulator cells, only 2 of 7 neonatal blood samples and 1 of 5 adult blood samples showed a significant AMLR. When recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2) was added to AMLR cultures of plastic-adherent cells and nylon wool-nonadherent cells, a mean augmentation of 12.0 was seen in the neonatal AMLR, while the adult cultures were augmented by a mean response of 4.1. Addition of IL-2 to nylon wool-nonadherent cells alone produced a 5.9-fold increase in adult cells, while neonatal cells showed an 85.8-fold mean increase in proliferation. The results suggest that autoreactive T cells are present in neonatal blood and that these cells can be activated by plastic-adherent autologous cells. However, neonatal and adult nylon wool-adherent cells do not consistently activate autoreactive T cells.
Effects of Dietary Sucrose Levels on Extracellular Polysaccharide Metabolism of Human Dental Plaque

The effects of increased and low dietary sucrose levels on the biochemical activities and composition of 4- and 12-day plaque were investigated in eight young men. The subjects were fed supervised, nutritionally adequate diets. Dextran hydrolase, levan hydrolase, and total carbohydrate content were increased during a sucrose-rich diet while invertase activity was decreased. Base-extractable carbohydrate was decreased in four-day plaque during the sucrose-rich diet. Glucosyltransferase and fructosyltransferase activity, buffer-soluble carbohydrate, and buffer-soluble protein were also determined.
Position constancy and binocular convergence

The position constancy during head movement of a luminous spot in a dark room depends in part on the convergence state of the eyes. This supports a modified form of the theory that an optical-motion/head-motion comparator contributes to constancy. By incorporating convergence information, the comparator can allow [or the effect of parallax on the optical-motion/body-motion ratio.
Evolution of altruism under group selection in large and small populations in fluctuating environments

Abstract A continuous, graded form of group selection which does not involve extinction of demes can effectively oppose selection on the individual level against an altruistic allele under fluctuating environments in infinitely large demes among which uniform mixing occurs every generation. Although group selection cannot alter the conditions necessary for the initial increase of altruistic alleles, group selection can significantly influence the stationary distribution of gene frequency which is attained once stochastic forces have allowed theirintroduction. Drift is a more effective source of variation than fluctuations in selection when the variance in selection is moderate to small. High numbers of demes promote polymorphism under both graded group selection and extinction group selection.
Adult neurological function following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in a mouse model of the term neonate: water maze performance is dependent on separable cognitive and motor components

Abstract Background and purpose: Hypoxic–ischemic injury in term neonates remains a significant cause of long-term neurological morbidity. The post-natal day 10 (P10) mouse is accepted as a model for the term human. This study was designed to assess the relationships between the duration of hypoxia–ischemia (HI) on P10 and the structural and functional neurological deficits that appear in the adult mouse as a consequence. Methods: Post-natal day 10 129T2×C57Bl/6 F1 hybrid mice were subjected to 0, 45, 60 or 75 min of hypoxia–ischemia using the Rice–Vannucci model. Beginning on P50 these mice were tested over the next 8 weeks using zero maze, locomotor activity, novel object recognition, cued, hidden and reduced Morris water mazes, delayed probe trials and response to apomorphine injection. Brain weights and histology were obtained at the end of testing. Results: The degree of structural and behavioral abnormalities in adult mice correlated with the duration of hypoxia–ischemia on P10. Useful behavioral tests for separating adult mice according to duration of hypoxia–ischemia on P10 include locomotor activity, the Morris water mazes and response to apomorphine. We found cued “learning” persisted, although latencies increased, with increasing HI time while spatial learning decayed as a function of HI time. Severe HI injury involving the ventral hippocampus resulted in excessive locomotor activity. Conclusions: After correcting for motor deficits, there is evidence for persistence of “cued” learning but not spatial learning with increasing hypoxia–ischemia time on P10 in this model system.
The Economics of Change in Rural America

Communities' perceptions of economic development prospects and alternatives are conditioned by previous experiences and anecdotal success stories. Thus, small towns in traditionally agricultural regions equate economic development with prosperity in agriculture and the agricultural development program of the day (sustainable agriculture, value-added enhancement, alternative crops). Prosperity in nonmetro manufacturing centers is linked with industrial retention and recruitment and small business development. And rural areas with natural, historic, or climatic amenities associate development with expanded tourism activity and the attraction of retirees.
A simulation study on Nei and Li's model for estimating DNA divergence from restriction enzyme maps.

A simulation study has been conducted to check the accuracy of Nei and Li's (1979) formulas for the mean and variance of the proportion (S) of identical restriction sites between two DNA sequences and for estimating the mean and variance of the number (δ) of base substitutions per nucleotide site between two DNA sequences. The results show that these formulas are quite accurate as long as the probability of S becoming zero is negligibly small. In addition to the simulation, approximate formulas have also been obtained for the probability for S to become zero at time t and for the contribution to S due to parallel mutation.
Pancreatic anastomotic leak after pancreaticoduodenectomy : incidence, significance, and management

Anastomotic leak at the panereaticojejunostomy remains a common and dreaded complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Our aim was to determine the incidence, presentation, methods of management, and preoperative and postoperative factors that influence the clinical outcome. We reviewed our collective experience with 375 consecutive patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy from 1980 to 1992 for a variety of pathologic indications. Clinical, biochemical, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were reviewed in an attempt to determine prognostic factors. Sixty-six patients (18%) developed a pancreatic anastomotic leak as determined by increased amylase in drainage fluid (44%), radiographic documentation (41%), operative re-exploration (9%), or percutaneous drainage of a peripancreatic, amylase-containing fluid collection (6%). Most leaks (73%) were clinically insignificant and were managed by simple maintenance of intraoperatively placed drains. Active intervention was required in 18 patients (27%) and included percutaneous drainage in 8, completion pancreatectomy in 7, and reoperative drainage with or without anastomotic repair in 3. Although octreotide was used therapeutically in 13 patients (20%), a significant, objective response was noted in only 1 patient. Five (8%) of the 66 patients died, all related directly to the pancreatic leak. The overall operative mortality was lower, 15 (4%) of 375 patients. Of the clinical, biochemical, intraoperative, and postoperative factors reviewed to determine prognostic factors, only postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage predisposed the patient to mortality as a result of the pancreatic anastomotic leak. We conclude that most anastomotic leaks at the pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodencetomy can be managed conservatively. Use of octreotide to aid in closure of the pancreatic leak was disappointing, whereas patients with postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage or those requiring completion pancreatectomy to manage the anastomotic leak have increased mortality.
A simple, accurate method of correcting for unresolved hyperfine broadening in the EPR of nitroxide spin probes to determine the intrinsic linewidth and heisenberg spin exchange frequency

Abstract A method of correcting the EPR linewidth of a nitroxide that is inhomogeneously broadened by unresolved hyperfine structure is presented. Two simple equations are presented which allow the accurate deduction of the intrinsic linewidth and the Heisenberg spin exchange frequency, respectively, from the measured linewidths. The method allows correction for the inhomogeneous broadening in practically all cases in which the nitroxide tumbles in the motional narrowing region by using only a hand-held programmable calculator, thus eliminating the need for calibration libraries. The accuracy of the two equations is demonstrated for three nitroxides.
Cognition and Hemodynamics.

The relationship between cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive performance has increasingly become recognized as a major challenge in clinical practice for older adults. Both diabetes and hypertension worsen brain perfusion and are major risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, stroke, and dementia. Cerebrovascular reserve has emerged as a potential biomarker for monitoring pressure–perfusion–cognition relationships. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, microvascular disease, and mascrovascular disease affect cerebral hemodynamics and play an important role in pathohysiology and severity of multiple medical conditions, presenting as cognitive decline in the old age. Therefore, the identification of cerebrovascular vascular reactivity as a new therapeutic target is needed for prevention of cognitive decline late in life.
Effect of the fluctuations in electron density within a globular protein on the excess small-angle X-ray scattering

Excess small angle X-ray scattering in solvents of differing electron density has been calculated from the crystal structures obtained for rubredoxin, trypsin inhibitor, myogen, ferricytochrome c2, ribonuclease S, lysozyme, nuclease, myoglobin, α-chymotrypsin, elastase, subtilisin, carboxypeptidase A, thermolysin, methemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and a single polypeptide chain of M4 lactate dehydrogenase. The scattering curves for each protein can be reproduced by the sum of three curves, with the weighting of the three curves depending on the electron density of the solvent. The radius of gyration obtained from the small angle X-ray scattering by globular proteins in aqueous solution will usually exceed the values defined by the shape of the macromolecule. Deviations for certain of the proteins cited are calculated to be as large as 6%. These deviations arise from the tendency for the amino acid residues with low electron density to be situated closer to the center of the protein than the amino acid residues of high electron density. An upper limit of 19% is obtained for the discrepancy between the radius of gyration defined by the shape of a spherical globular protein of typical amino acid composition and the apparent radius of gyration measured for that protein in water by small angle X-ray scattering.
A Survey of African Material in the Libraries and Archives of Protestant Missionary Societies in England

The libraries and archives of mission societies provide rare, often unique, source material concerning the last two centuries of African history. The following survey of Protestant mission societies in England is based on a survey done in 1970. In 1978 letters were written to all societies listed in order to update the material. Replies were received from twenty-one. When no information was received in 1978 this has been indicated in the text. Bibliographical and reference material has also been updated. Included for each of the societies covered is a list of the areas where the society worked in Africa, the types of material held, the mission periodicals produced and notes about access.There are two guides available which cover some of the groups considered. Rosemary Keen's A Survey of the Archives of Selected Missionary Societies (1968) describes the archives of nineteen societies. It is very uneven in coverage and includes a number of inaccuracies. A Guide to Manuscripts and Documents in the British Isles Related to Africa compiled by Noel Matthews and M. Doreen Wainwright was published in 1971 based on a survey done in 1965. It covers eleven of the societies listed here and the extent of coverage is indicated in the individual sections.Early in this century a South African writer attempted to cover all of African missions south of the Sahara. Du Plessis' A History of Christian Missions in South Africa (1911) and his Evangelization of Pagan Africa (1929) are carefully done, detailed accounts from the South African viewpoint. In 1958 Gerdener continued the coverage of South African work with his Recent Developments in the South African Mission Field.
Light-activated self-generation and parametric amplification for MEMS oscillators

High-frequency microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS) are proposed as active devices for radio frequency signal processing. Parametric amplification (PA), generation, frequency modulation and frequency conversion on the micromechanical level were demonstrated at MHz range by microfabricated single-crystal silicon mechanical resonators. A focused laser beam was used to pump energy into the motion of the oscillator, to control the frequency response and to provide a carrier signal for the frequency up-conversion. Laser light interaction with the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) was realized through the stress pattern induced within the microfabricated structure by the focused laser beam. Stress-induced stiffening of the oscillator provides control over the effective spring constant and leads to a parametric mechanism for amplification of mechanical vibrations. Periodic modulation of the laser intensity synchronized with the driving force allowed us to demonstrate a degenerate (phase-sensitive) PA scheme with gain in access of 30dB. Design of the oscillator as a part of the built-in Fabry-Perot cavity provides auto-modulation of the effective spring constant as a result of the position-dependent absorption of the light by the oscillator. The auto-modulation mechanism allows a parametric self-excitation induced by continuous wave (CW) laser beam. Self-sustained generation was observed when laser power exceeded a threshold of few hundred microWatts. Nonlinear effects cause frequency dependence vs. laser power, providing a mechanism for frequency modulation of the self-generated vibrations. The same type of optical scheme can also work as an ideal frequency mixer, which combines the self-generated response with an external high-frequency modulation of the laser intensity.
The structure of cloned hemolysin DNA from plasmid pHly185

Abstract The complete DNA segment coding for hemolysis on Escherichia coli plasmid, pHly185, on to the vector pBR322 has been cloned. The recombinant plasmid, pJS204, coded the production of externalized hemolysin and contained four contiguous Eco RI fragments from the original plasmid. A restriction map of pJS204 was generated with six endonucleases. Deletion mutations were constructed from the recombinant plasmid by excision with either Bam HI and Pst I and religation. The Bam HI deletion removed a 3680-bp portion from the recombinant plasmid and prevented the synthesis of active hemolytic activity. The Pst I-generated deletion removed 7800 bp from the opposite end of the Hly sequence and resulted in a plasmid coding for the production of active intracellular hemolytic activity but contained no information for the export of hemolysin. We examined the ability of the deletion mutants of pJS204 to complement each other, and Tn5 insertion mutations in the hly region of the parent plasmid, pHly185. The complementation studies indicated the presence of three separate cistrons able to complement in trans in a rec A E. coli host. Two cistrons were found to be required for synthesis and one cistron for export of the hemolysin. The presence of two promoters and the directions of transcription for the synthesis of the hly gene products was also inferred from the complementation studies.
Surfaces in a pseudo-euclidean space with planar normal sections

A pseudo-Riemannian surface M in a pseudo-Euclidean space Esm is said to have planar normal sections if normal sections of M are planar curves. In the present paper we give some classification theorem concerning surfaces in Ems with planar normal sections.
Exploration of hydrocyclone designs using computational fluid dynamics

Abstract The hydrocyclone has been widely used in the mineral industry for over hundred years, yet the standard geometry of hydrocyclones has remained almost unchanged. The exploration of new designs is time-consuming and costly to do by experimentation. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics tool is used to explore alternative geometries in a way to manipulate the hydrodynamics to achieve the desired classification. Fluent™ 6.0 was used to solve the governing equations. The large-eddy simulation model was used for the turbulence closure and the Lagrangian particle-tracking method was used to predict the particle classification. Six new geometries are explored and compared with the standard design. The mass balance and the classification curve are the variables used to evaluate the performance of each of the novel designs. The results show that the modification of the geometry in designs #1 and #2 did not improve the classification performance, and they are not suitable for experimental validation. Designs #4 and #5 showed a similar performance achieved with the standard designs, whereas designs #3 and #6 were the most promising configurations to create a sharper particle classification. Designs #3 and #6 will be excellent candidates for further experimental validation. The principal contribution of this paper is that the computational fluid dynamics is the right tool to study and explore novel designs of hydrocyclones.
Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Monomers by Complexes Derived from Biocompatible Metals. Production of Poly(lactide), Poly(trimethylene carbonate), and Their Copolymers

Tridentate Schiff base calcium derivatives have been prepared and shown to be very effective catalysts for ring-opening polymerization of both lactides and trimethylene carbonate to produce high molecular weight polymers with narrow polydispersity. Optimization of the calcium catalyst was achieved changing the imine backbone, initiator, and substituent on the phenolate ring of the calcium complex. Turnover frequencies were obtained up to 1124 h−1 for a melt polymerization of l-lactide carried out at 110 °C. Solution studies in CDCl3 demonstrated the polymerization reaction is first order in [monomer] and [catalyst], with k = 19.9 M−1 h−1 for lactide polymerization and k = 500.0 M−1 h−1 for trimethylene carbonate polymerization at ambient temperature. The activation parameters for the ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide using catalyst 1a were determined to be ΔH⧧ = 73.5 ± 3.8 kJ/mol and ΔS⧧ = −42.5 ± 12.6 J/(mol K), and catalyst 1a was shown to produce heterotactic polylactide from rac-lactide with a ...
The H(+)-pyrophosphatase of Rhodospirillum rubrum is predominantly located in polyphosphate-rich acidocalcisomes.

Acidocalcisomes are acidic, calcium storage compartments with a H+ pump located in their membrane that have been described in several unicellular eukaryotes, including trypanosomatid and apicomplexan parasites, algae, and slime molds, and have also been found in the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In this work, we report that the H+-pyrophosphatase (H+-PPase) of Rhodospirillum rubrum, the first enzyme of this type that was identified and thought to be localized only to chromatophore membranes, is predominantly located in acidocalcisomes. The identification of the acidocalcisomes of R. rubrum was carried out by using transmission electron microscopy, x-ray microanalysis, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Purification of acidocalcisomes using iodixanol gradients indicated co-localization of the H+-PPase with pyrophosphate (PPi) and short and long chain polyphosphates (polyPs) but a lack of markers of the plasma membrane. polyP was also localized to the acidocalcisomes by using 4′,6′-diamino-2-phenylindole staining and identified by using 31P NMR and biochemical methods. Calcium in the acidocalcisomes increased when the bacteria were incubated at high extracellular calcium concentrations. The number of acidocalcisomes and chromatophore membranes as well as the amounts of PPi and polyP increased when bacteria were grown in the light. Taken together, these results suggest that the H+-PPase of R. rubrum has two distinct roles depending on its location acting as an intracellular proton pump in acidocalcisomes but in PPi synthesis in the chromatophore membranes.
Caval backflow: a potential problem during blood sampling from the hepatic vein.

Abstract A proper measurement of splanchnic metabolism involves sampling blood from the hepatic vein without backflow contamination of blood from the caval vein. We have investigated the potential problem of caval backflow in human volunteers with an indwelling hepatic vein catheter by sampling blood with different amounts of suction on the syringe (ie, sampling speeds). We also investigated the potential problem in pigs in which a balloon catheter was inserted in the hepatic vein. Pure hepatic vein samples were obtained with the balloon inflated and compared with samples obtained from the same catheter in the conventional manner. In overnight fasted humans, drawing blood samples from the hepatic vein with minimal suction (“slow” drawing) resulted in glucose values 9.6% higher than drawing the samples with greater suction (“fast” drawing). The calculated arterial-venous balance across the splanchnic bed was 4.8 times greater with “slow” blood drawing as compared with “fast” drawing. Values obtained from the pigs showed no concentration differences between pure hepatic vein samples and “slow” drawing from the hepatic vein. The current study indicates that it is possible to obtain a “true” hepatic vein sample, but backflow from the caval vein is a potential pitfall that can have a physiologically significant impact on calculated balance data.