cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 30 – Label-Retaining Cells and Progenitor Cells in Renal Epithelial Homeostasis and Regeneration

Initial studies on stem cells in many adult organs found them to be slow-cycling. When exposed to a DNA label (e.g., bromodeoxyuridine or iododeoxyuridine) during a period of cycling, all cells will incorporate it, but cells that continue cycling (in the absence of the label) will lose it whereas only the slow-cycling cells will retain it. Thus, these label-retaining cells (LRCs) have been found to be progenitor cells in many adult organs. The kidney contains LRCs, largely in the papilla, and these cells can proliferate in response to kidney injury in a specific zone in the upper papilla. The cells can then migrate in a manner depending on the SDF1/CXCR4 pathway and replace damaged cells in the cortex. Isolation of these cells has allowed a gene expression study that should facilitate lineage tracing of the fate of their progeny. Recent studies in other organs have shown that each organ contains many pools of progenitor cells, each with a specific function. Several of these pools, including LRCs, interconvert among themselves, which suggests a previously unappreciated complexity in the biology of these cell populations in response to normal homeostasis or repair.
WAY-318068: a novel, potent and selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor with activity in rodent models of pain and depression.

Background and purpose: Antidepressants, which raise the CNS concentrations of 5-HT and noradrenaline, are frequently used in the treatment of chronic pain; however, it is not known if increasing CNS noradrenaline levels alone is sufficient for efficacy, in part resulting from a lack of small molecules with sufficient selectivity.
Nutrition in the Critical Care Setting of Renal Diseases

Acute catabolic events during the course of renal dysfunction lead to exacerbation of nutritional abnormalities often present in these patients. Whether the renal failure is acute or chronic, the nutritional management of these patients is extremely challenging. Traditional methods of nutritional assessment must be extrapolated to include the effects of the renal dysfunction and renal replacement therapy being used. Cases of patients with acute renal failure, chronic renal failure with an acute insult, pancreas-kidney transplant recipient with delayed graft function, and a liver transplant recipient who developed renal failure are reviewed with emphasis on the nutritional management during the course of illness. Monitoring techniques are reviewed, and comparisons are made to other nutrition support protocols.
A neural net approach to speech recognition

Artificial neural networks are of interest because algorithms used in many speech recognizers can be implemented using highly parallel neural net architectures and because new parallel algorithms are being development that are inspired by biological nervous systems. Some neural net approaches are resented for the problem of static pattern classification and time alignment. For static pattern classification, multi-layer perceptron classifiers trained with back propagation can form arbitrary decision regions, are robust, and train rapidly for convex decision regions. For time alignment, the Viterbi net is a neural net implementation of the Viterbi decoder used very effectively in recognition systems based on hidden Markov models (HMMs). >
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate Induces Apoptosis in Renal Epithelial Cells through a Growth Signal Conflict Which Is Prevented by Activated ras1

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced apoptosis in the pig renal epithelial cell line LLC-PK1 after 24 h of treatment as assessed by caspase 3 activation. Cotreatment of the cells with bryostatin markedly reduced the apoptotic effects of TPA. Okadaic acid, another tumor promoter, also induced apoptosis. Expression of an activated ras gene prevented TPA-induced apoptosis, while a dominant negative ras retarded the process. Taken together, these results suggest that TPA-induced apoptosis in LLC-PK1 may be analogous to TPA-induced tumor promotion in the two-stage model of skin carcinogenesis. Mechanistically, TPA-induced apoptosis seemed to be the result of a conflict of the growth-promoting affects of serum and the growth-retarding effects of TPA. This was manifested by a pronounced hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product, pRb, which was prevented by activated ras. Apoptosis and pRb hypophosphorylation were associated with a reduction in cyclin D1 levels, suggesting that the growth-retarding effects of TPA were produced by modulation of this cell cycle protein. Interestingly, the mechanism of protection by activated ras did not seem to result from downstream activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) as has been implicated in other systems. Additional analysis revealed that TPA-induced apoptosis was associated with the downregulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-x and Mcl-1 and dependent on the activity of the transcription factor Jun.
Neuroimaging of Stroke and Ischemia in Animal Models

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has dramatically changed our ability to diagnose and treat stroke as well as follow its evolution and response to treatment. Early stroke and ischemia can be visualized using diffusion-weighted imaging that utilizes water diffusion within tissues as a reporter for evolving neuropathology that reflects cytotoxic edema, particularly during the first several days after injury. T2-weighted imaging is used for evaluation of vasogenic edema but also is a reliable indicator of the volume and regional distribution of injured tissues. Perfusion-weighted imaging can be used to assess vascular function and also to evaluate potential tissues that might be rescued using therapeutic interventions (core vs. penumbra). Other imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, and susceptibility-weighted imaging are also being used to assist in rapid diagnosis of injured tissues following stroke. While visual analysis of MR data can provide some information about the evolution of injury, quantitative analyses allow definitive and objective evaluations of the injury and could be used to assess novel therapeutic strategies. We review here the basic uses of neuroimaging, focusing on MR approaches to assess stroke and ischemic injury in animal models.
Magnetic resonance imaging in a dog with a choroid plexus carcinoma.

Magnetic resonance imaging was used ante mortem to confirm the anatomic location of an intracranial lesion in a dog with neurological signs. Necropsy revealed the lesion to be a choroid plexus carcinoma with thalamic invasion. A review of the literature on choroid plexus carcinomas in the dog is included.
SU-GG-T-524: Evaluation of RapidArc vs. Static Intensity-Modulated Radiosurgery in the Single-Isocenter Approach for Multiple Brain Metastases

Purpose: RapidArc has the advantage of reducing the MUs in dose delivery. This study reports the comparison of the beam arrangement and MU reductions of RapidArc (RA) and IMRT based radiosurgery (IMRS) for the treatment of multiple intracranial metastases. Method and Materials: Twelve patients with multiple brain metastases treated with IMRS were re‐planned with RapidArc. All the IMRS were delivered in a single fraction, single‐isocenter approach using 8–11 static beams. The prescribed dose was 18–20 Gy and the normalization as 100% of prescription dose covering 98% of PTV. Across patients, all the RA‐plans used 2‐coplanar arcs and followed systematic strategies in optimization objectives and MU limits. For each patient, two or more RapidArc plans were generated, and the plan with lower MU and higher conformity was chosen for comparison. Results: It is found that the MU reduction by RapidArc is more predominant for larger number of brain lesions, as the MU‐ratio of RA and IMRS was reduced from 92% to 39% as lesion number increased from 2 to 12. Also, the strategy of using only two coplanar arcs was based on the realization that it has a better dose conformity with comparable amount of total MUs as compared with a single‐arc approach. The 2‐coplanar‐arcs is also favorable as compared to more arcs as adding vertical or oblique arcs actually increases the dose to the normal brain and brainstem with little benefit to the PTV dose conformity. Conclusion: The MU reduction of RapidArc is more significant in intracranial radiosurgery. RapidArc uses much fewer MUs in radiosurgery as compared to those in the static 9‐beam IMRS treatment. The total treatment time is reduced even more, as two co‐planar arcs with zero couch position further reduced the beam setup time as compared to 6–9 couch positions normally used in the IMRS treatment..
Model Calculations of Magnetic Band Structure

Simple model effective Hamiltonians are used to examine the structure of magnetic sub-bands. The positions of the discrete Landau levels are shown to be accurately predicted by the first-order correction to the Onsager quantization rule given by Roth, even for strong magnetic fields. The influence of the rational field condition, occuring when $\frac{l}{N}$ flux quanta pass through a unit cell, is investigated. The effect is pronounced when intraband or interband tunneling occurs. In this case the broadened sub-bands split into a cluster of $l$ smaller sub-bands. This fine structure may be roughly accounted for by use of an effective Hamiltonian based on the sub-band energy function $E(\mathbf{q})$.
Ten-year seed bank and vegetation dynamics of a tidal freshwater marsh

A decade-long examination was made of recruitment and establishment in a tidal freshwater high marsh along the Delaware River. Over the 10 yr of the study, seed bank, field seedlings, and vegetation showed variable patterns and significant year-to-year fluctuations. Patterns of each species were unique, perhaps the result of specific germination and/or establishment requirements and seedling morphology. For a given species there was little correlation among seed bank, seedling, and vegetation patterns, and germination success did not guarantee establishment. Species diversity showed significant year-to-year fluctuation, but there was no trend, and perennials did not change in importance during the 10-yr period. Because four annual species (Bidens laevis, Cuscuta gronovii, Impatiens capensis, and Polygonum arifolium) composed over 90% of the seed bank and field seedlings, and 58-89% (x = 70 ? 4) of the cover, community dynamics were dependent on seedling recruitment. For a given species life history stages (seed bank, field seedlings, and vegetation) were not predictable over the temporal scale of a decade. It is predicted, however, that if hydrology remains unchanged, the same suite of species will persist. The importance of the parasite Cuscuta gronovii is noteworthy.
Deletion analysis of domain independence in the TRP1 gene product of Neurospora crassa.

The trifunctional TRP1 gene from Neurospora crassa (N-TRP1) was subcloned into the yeast-Escherichia coli shuttle vector YEp13 and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The three activities of the N-TRP1 gene product were detected in yeast mutants that lacked either N-(5′-phosphoribosyl) anthranilate (PRA) isomerase or both the glutamine amidotransferase function of anthranilate synthase and indole-3-glycerol phosphate (InGP) synthase. The protein was detected on immunoblots only as the full length 83 kda product indicating that the trifunctional gene product was expressed in yeast primarily in a fully active, undegraded form. By placing the subcloned N-TRP1 gene under the control of the inducible PHO5 promoter from yeast, the expression of all three activities was increased to more than ten fold that of wild-type yeast and the overproduced protein could be visualized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude extract and Coomassie Blue staining. Using the expression system described the effect of selective deletion of regions of the coding sequence of the N-TRP1 gene on expression of the three activities was tested. Expression of either the F- or C-domains, catalyzing respectively the PRA isomerase or InGP synthase activities, did not depend on the presence of the other domain in the active polypeptide. Furthermore, normal dimer formation occurred with a protein active for InGP synthase in a deletion derivative lacking most of the PRA isomerase domain, ruling out the hypothesis that interaction between the active site regions for PRA isomerase and InGP synthase accounted for dimer formation in the trifunctional product.
Calculation of the Outcomes of Adaptive and Maladaptive Remodeling of Arteries Subjected to Sustained Hypertension Using a 3D Two-Layered Model

Arteries respond to long-term alterations in arterial pressure and blood flow by changing geometry, structure, and composition. This response is termed as remodeling and plays an important role in normal arterial physiology and in the genesis and progression of certain vascular disorders. In healthy mature arteries, remodeling represents an adaptive process that tends to restore the local mechanical environment of vascular cells to baseline levels and thereby to preserve the optimal performance of the arterial function. The objective of this study is twofold — to develop a general method for calculation the remodeling outputs of an artery considered as a two-layered tube; and to provide results for adaptive and maladaptive remodeling of a coronary artery.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Adsorption, desorption, and reaction of a gallium nitride precursor, (H2GaNHNMe2)2, on HfO2

The adsorption, desorption, and reaction of a dimeric gallium nitride precursor, (H2GaNHNMe2)2, on amorphous HfO2 are studied using TPD, AES, isothermal reaction spectroscopy (IRS), and temperature-programmed reaction (TPR). When dosed below 120 K, (H2GaNHNMe2)2 adsorbs and desorbs molecularly and TPD results are consistent with a phase-transition model involving a low-temperature phase (phase A) that transforms irreversibly, between 190 and 215 K in competition with desorption, to a slightly more stable phase (B). The IRS, TPR, and AES data show that the dimers dissociate to monomers during dosing at 355 K, that GaN starts to form at 550 K, and that film-forming reactions become fast at 575 K. The results are consistent with monomer N−N bond cleavage to form hydrides, H2GaNH and HGaNH, that eliminate hydrogen to produce GaN. The GaN films are examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Mass spectral investigations on trichothecene mycotoxins. V. Direct analysis of satratoxins by tandem mass spectrometric techniques.

Under chemical ionization conditions, satratoxins preferentially produce negatively charged molecular ions (M−˙) over the positively charged protonated molecules. Collisionally activated dissociation of the M−˙ ions resulted in daughter ions and neutral losses which were characteristic of the macrocyclic ester bridges. Direct tandem mass spectrometric methods of analyses wee developed and applied for the detection and quantification of satratoxins in Stachybotrys atra fermentation broths. Minimum detectable levels for satratoxin standards were 5 pg. A synthetically modified macrocyclic trichothecene, 8-ketoverrucarin A, was used as an internal standard for the quantification of satratoxins in fermentation samples.
CFD modeling of slurry bubble column reactors for Fisher–Tropsch synthesis

Abstract Industrial bubble column reactors for Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis include complex hydrodynamic, chemical and thermal interaction of three material phases: a population of gas bubbles of different sizes, a liquid phase and solid catalyst particles suspended in the liquid. In this paper, a CFD model of FT reactors has been developed, including variable gas bubble size, effects of the catalyst present in the liquid phase and chemical reactions, with the objective of predicting quantitative reactor performance information useful for design purposes. The model is based on a Eulerian multifluid formulation and includes two phases: liquid–catalyst slurry and syngas bubbles. The bubble size distribution is predicted using a Population Balance (PB) model. Experimentally observed strong influence of the catalyst particles concentration on the bubble size distribution is taken into account by including a catalyst particle induced modification of the turbulent dissipation rate in the liquid. A simple scaling modification to the dissipation rate is proposed to model this influence in the PB model. Additional mass conservation equations are introduced for chemical species associated with the gas and liquid phases. Heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction rates representing simplified FT synthesis are taken from the literature and incorporated in the model. Hydrodynamic effects have been validated against experimental results for laboratory scale bubble columns, including the influence of catalyst particles. Good agreement was observed on bubble size distribution and gas holdup for bubble columns operating in the bubble and churn turbulence regimes. Finally, the complete model including chemical species transport was applied to an industrial scale bubble column. Resulting hydrocarbon production rates were compared to predictions made by previously published one-dimensional semi-empirical models. As confirmed by the comparisons with available data, the modeling methodology proposed in this work represents the physics of FT reactors consistently, since the influence of chemical reactions, catalyst particles, bubble coalescence and breakup on the key bubble–fluid drag force and interfacial area effects are accounted for. However, heat transfer effects have not yet been considered. Inclusion of heat transfer should be the final step in the creation of a comprehensive FT CFD simulation methodology. A significant conclusion from the modeling results is that a highly localized FT reaction rate appears next to the gas injection region when the syngas flow rate is low. As the FT reaction is exothermal, it may lead to a highly concentrated heat release in the liquid. From the design perspective, the introduction of appropriate heat removal devices may be required.
Palliative techniques for hepatic cancer.

Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer death. Worldwide, more than half a million new cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are diagnosed each year [1]. In China, HCC is the second leading cause of cancer mortality, accounting for approximately 137,500 annual deaths [2]. Despite an increase in surveillance programs, curative resection remains possible in only a minority of patients. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States [3]. Of the estimated 146,940 patients with newly diagnosed CRC in 2004, approximately half will develop either synchronous or metachronous liver metastases [4]. Although the liver is the most common site of metastatic disease, less than 20% of these lesions are suitable for complete surgical resection. Reports of the natural history of CRC have demonstrated that liver metastases are the most important determinant of overall survival [5]. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) account for less than 5% of gastrointestinal cancers. Islet cell and carcinoid tumors are often slow growing and asymptomatic in early stages of the disease. Consequently, at the time of diagnosis, most patients have advanced disease with hepatic metastases. Functional NETs release peptide hormones and vasoactive amines, which can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, flushing, bronchoconstriction, altered glucose metabolism, and ulcer syndromes. Although medications can provide some relief, these symptoms often become debilitating in advanced stages of the disease. Although most of these hepatic NET metastases are incurable by resection, debulking and ablative methods can improve the quality of life for many patients by attenuating their symptoms and may prolong survival [6].
Flavor ordering of elliptic flows at high transverse momentum.

Based on the quark coalescence model for the parton-to-hadron phase transition in relativistic heavy ion collisions, we relate the elliptic flow (${v}_{2}$) of high ${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$ hadrons to that of high ${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$ quarks. For high ${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$ hadrons produced from an isospin-symmetric and quark-antiquark--symmetric partonic matter, magnitudes of their elliptic flows follow a flavor ordering as $({v}_{2,\ensuremath{\pi}}={v}_{2,N})g({v}_{2,\ensuremath{\Lambda}}={v}_{2,\ensuremath{\Sigma}})g{v}_{2,K}g{v}_{2,\ensuremath{\Xi}}g({v}_{2,\ensuremath{\phi}}={v}_{2,\ensuremath{\Omega}})$ if strange quarks have a smaller elliptic flow than light quarks. The elliptic flows of high ${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$ hadrons further follow a simple quark counting rule if strange quarks and light quarks have the same high ${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$ spectrum and coalescence probability.
The politics of emotion in everyday life: Appropriate emotion and claims on identity

Emotions have a political dimension in that judgments regarding when and how emotion should be felt and shown are interpreted in the interests of regulating the organization and functioning of soci...
Evaluation of Cross-borehole Resistivity Tomography

In this paper, model calculations evaluate the usefulness of tomographic image reconstruction from cross-borehole resistivity measurements. The model has two resistive layers with a conductive anomaly imbedded in the lower layer. We calculated the potential distributions along the borehole resulting from a dipole current source located at various places in each borehole. From these data a resistivity map (tomograph) is constructed. For many different cases these tomographs were good representations of both spatial distribution and magnitude of the model resistivity. 6 refs., 4 figs.
Enantioselectivities in Electron-Transfer and Excited State Quenching Reactions of a Chiral Ruthenium Complex Possessing a Helical Structure

The outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions between diastereomers of Ru(menbpy)3•+ (menbpy = 4,4‘-di{(1R,2S,5R)-(−)-menthoxycarbonyl}-2,2‘-bipyridine) and enantiomers of Co(acac)3 and Co(edta)- have been studied by pulse radiolysis. Δ-Ru(menbpy)3•+ rapidly reduces Co(acac)3 in 85% EtOH/H2O (1 mM NaH2PO4) with second-order rate constants of (2.1 ± 0.1) × 107 and (7.8 ± 0.2) × 106 M-1 s-1 for the Δ- and Λ-Co(acac)3 enantiomers, respectively, and an enantioselectivity factor (ketΔ/ketΛ) of 2.7. Λ-Ru(menbpy)3•+ preferentially reduces Λ-Co(acac)3 with an enantioselectivity factor (ketΔ/ketΛ) of 0.8. Activation volume data (ΔV‡) suggest that the association between the Δ−Δ isomers in the encounter complex allows closer interaction of the metal centers than between the other isomer combinations. The value of ketΔ/ketΛ for the reaction of Δ- and Λ-Co(edta)- with Δ-Ru(menbpy)3•+ is 1.2. Electron-transfer reactions of seven racemic Ru(L)3•+ (L = substituted phenanthroline) complexes with Co(acac)3 were also studie...
Application of a new informatics tool in heterogeneous catalysis: Analysis of methanol dehydrogenation on transition metal catalysts for the production of anhydrous formaldehyde

This paper demonstrates the utility of a new tool for mapping out the activities and selectivities of transition metals for catalytic reactions. A database of reaction and activation energies has recently been made available to the public via a web-based application called “CatApp”. Combined with microkinetic modeling, CatApp allows researchers to gain insights into the energetics and mechanisms of a given catalytic reaction. This paper illustrates this utility using the anhydrous dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde as an example. There are presently no stable catalysts for this potentially important process. The model developed in this paper presents possible explanations for this observation and suggests certain properties that would be needed to design a good catalyst.
Modes of reduction of nitrogenase in heterocysts isolated from Anabaena species

Abstract N 2 fixation (acetylene reduction) has been studied with heterocysts isolated from Anabaena cylindrica and Anabaena 7120. In the presence of ATP and at very low concentrations of sodium dithionite, reducing equivalents for activity of nitrogenase in these cells can be derived from several compounds. In the dark, d -glucose 6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate and dl -isocitrate support acetylene reduction via NADPH. In the light, reductant can be generated by Photosystem I.
Reliable discrimination of high explosive and chemical/biological artillery using acoustic UGS

The Army is currently developing acoustic overwatch sensor systems that will provide extended range surveillance, detection, and identification for force protection and tactical security on the battlefield. A network of such sensors remotely deployed in conjunction with a central processing node (or gateway) will provide early warning and assessment of enemy threats, near real-time situational awareness to commanders, and may reduce potential hazards to the soldier. In contrast, the current detection of chemical/biological (CB) agents expelled into a battlefield environment is limited to the response of chemical sensors that must be located within close proximity to the CB agent. Since chemical sensors detect hazardous agents through contact, the sensor range to an airburst is the keylimiting factor in identifying a potential CB weapon attack. The associated sensor reporting latencies must be minimized to give sufficient preparation time to field commanders, who must assess if an attack is about to occur, has occurred, or if occurred, the type of agent that soldiers might be exposed to. The long-range propagation of acoustic blast waves from heavy artillery blasts, which are typical in a battlefield environment, introduces a feature for using acoustics and other disparate sensor technologies for the early detection and identification of CB threats. Employing disparate sensor technologies implies that warning of a potential CB attack can be provided to the solider more rapidly and from a safer distance when compared to that which conventional methods allow. This capability facilitates the necessity of classifying the types of rounds that have burst in a specified region in order to give both warning and provide identification of CB agents found in the area. In this paper, feature extraction methods based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and multiresolution analysis facilitate the development of a robust classification algorithm that affords reliable discrimination between conventional and simulated chemical/biological artillery rounds using acoustic signals produced during detonation. Distinct characteristics arise within the different airburst signatures because high explosive warheads emphasize concussive and shrapnel effects, while chemical/biological warheads are designed to disperse their contents over large areas, therefore employing a slower burning, less intense explosive to mix and spread their contents. The ensuing blast waves are readily characterized by variations in the corresponding peak pressure and rise time of the blast, differences in the ratio of positive pressure amplitude to the negative amplitude, and variations in the overall duration of the resulting waveform. We show that, highly reliable discrimination (> 98%) between conventional and potentially chemical/biological artillery is achieved at ranges exceeding 3km. A feedforward neural network classifier, trained on a feature space derived from the distribution of wavelet coefficients found within different levels of the multiresolution decomposition yields.
Unusual Fallopian Tube Neoplasm in a 10-Year-Old Patient with Proteus Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We report a case of fallopian tube and peritoneal lesions resected from a 10-year-old girl with Proteus syndrome. The papillary fallopian tube tumor expressed CA-125 and demonstrated negative staining for CEA, CD15, calretinin, and CK 5/6. Nondilated portions of fallopian tube exhibited evidence of an in situ component. This patient was also found to have peritoneal mesothelial hyperplasia as well as cystic peritoneal lesions of mesothelial origin, with positive calretinin staining. This case provides direct evidence of both Mullerian and mesothelial lesions arising concurrently in a patient with Proteus syndrome and represents the 1st documented fallopian tube neoplasm. Previously reported lesions involving the female and male genital tracts in patients with Proteus syndrome are reviewed.
Atomic Structure of Ag/Ni Interfaces

While in heterophase systems of small lattice parameter differences, misfit dislocations are often formed at the interface, it is not known, whether and in which form, misfit localization occurs when the misfit is very large. The atomic structure of Ag/Ni interfaces (misfit 14%) was studied by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). A special technique was developed to prepare interface specimens suitable for HREM observations. Lattice statics calculations, using embedded-atom potentials, were performed to determine the structure and energies of Ag/Ni interfaces. The lowest interfacial energy was found for the cube-on-cube orientation and (111) interfaces. This is in agreement with the experimental observation, that all interfaces are strongly faceted with (111)Ag/(111)Ni facets. Misfit localization was found by HREM and computer simulation. The HREM observations will be compared to images derived from image simulations, based on model structures obtained from embedded atom calculations.
The effects of carbon dioxide concentration on oxygen evolution and fluorescence transients in synchronous cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

Abstract 1. 1. The steady-state fluorescence yield of Chlorella pyrenoidosa is strongly affected by CO2 concentration: the yield is approximately 2-fold higher in the presence than in the absence of CO2. During induction, in the presence of saturating CO2, accelerating oxygen evolution is paralleled by rising fluorescence (M2-P3 transient); in the absence of CO2, fluorescence yield remains at the low M2 level. 2. 2. Both illumination and CO2 content are important in determining the steady-state fluorescence yield: at lower illuminations, lower concentrations of CO2 are required to obtain a maximum fluorescence yield. 3. 3. The slow fluorescence transients are not affected directly by pH but only indirectly through the CO2 concentration. 4. 4. The CO2-dependent fluorescence rise (M2-P3 transient) is most readily observed in cells harvested early in the light period of a synchronous culture, but it can also be elicited in cells harvested during the dark period. 5. 5. Addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU) to CO2-deprived cells raises the fluorescence yield approximately 4-fold, that is to the same high level as cells supplied with CO2 and DCMU. 6. 6. The effects of CO2 provide a new example of a marked parallelism between photosynthetic electron transport and fluorescence. To explain such parallelism, it seems necessary to postulate large changes in the de-excitation processes within Photosystem II units or in the distribution of excitation between Photosystems I and II.
The catalytic reactions of CO and H2O over supported rhodium

Abstract Reactions of CO with H2O over supported rhodium to form H2, CH4, and CO2 were studied. The formation of methane appears to occur via the water gas shift reaction, followed by the hydrogenation of surface carbon. By operating at sufficiently small contact times it was possible to follow only the water gas shift reaction. The turnover frequency for this reaction was a function of the type of support, resulting in the turnover frequency sequence: Rh Al 2 O 3 > Rh Y zeolite > Rh SiO 2 > RhNaY zeolite. This sequence correlates with the activity of supported rhodium in the formation of surface carbon. On the basis of this relationship and kinetic data it appears that surface carbon is an important intermediate in the water gas shift reaction. By contrast, a previous study indicated that over supported ruthenium the principal reaction mechanism involved molecular rather than dissociated CO. The turnover frequencies observed with supported Rh were more than an order of magnitude less than those observed with supported Ru.
Complications of Pulmonary Resection

The following complications of pulmonary resection are discussed with reference to their frequency of occurrence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment: pulmonary insufficiency, arrhythmias, residual intrapleural air spaces, prolonged air leaks, postpneumonectomy empyema, bronchopleural fistula, cardiac herniation, lobar gangrene, esophagopleural fistula, pulmonary embolism, and tumor embolism.
Cooperation and competition in modeling the dynamics of gross-domestic products of nations

In this paper two major models of the gross-domestic product of four interacting nations are derived. One is an ordinary differential game of pursuit. The other is a hereditary one which utilizes the principle of rational expectations. A theory of interactions via net export is postulated. The UN and IMF data for a group of nations are used to validate it, and test for competition and cooperation MATLAB and MAPLE programs are used. The consequences of cooperation and competition are studied.
Digital particle image velocimetry in flows with nearly closed pathlines: the viscoelastic Taylor-Couette instability

Abstract We describe a novel technique for applying digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) in steady or slowly varying flows with nearly closed pathlines in which the flow of interest is small relative to the primary flow and the primary flow is normal to the plane of illumination. Despite the fact that in-plane particle displacements are negligible during video-rate image capture, DPIV can be used by implementing extremely low levels of seeding and using long ‘exposure’ times. An ‘exposure’ for subsequent DPIV processing corresponds to the image formed by taking the minimum of each pixel position from each of the frames captured during the exposure time. Here, we have used a grey scale in which a pixel value of zero corresponds to white so a bright particle that appears in any of the frames captured during the exposure time will appear in the composite exposure. Preliminary results for a viscoelastic fluid in Taylor-Couette flow (flow between concentric rotating cylinders) are shown. As long as the cylinders are adequately aligned, there is no difficulty in resolving the main features of the secondary flow. Secondary flows four to six orders of magnitude weaker than the base flow can be resolved by this method in the present experiment. This technique would be equally successful in other flows such as flow between rotating parallel disks or between a cone and plate, both of which are important for rheological characterization of fluids. Through the use of co-rotation of fixtures, this technique could also be extended to higher temporal resolution and higher secondary velocities relative to the base flow.
A LIFE-HISTORY BASED STUDY OF POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE: SEED BANK TO ADULTS IN PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA.

We explored the extent to which the soil seed bank differed genetically and spatially in comparison to two actively growing stages in a natural population of Plantago lanceolata. All seed-bank seeds, seedlings, and adults of P. lanceolata within eight subunits in a larger population were mapped, subjected to starch gel electrophoresis, and allozyme analysis in 1988. Gel electrophoresis was also used to estimate the mating system in two years, 1986 and 1988. The spatial distributions of seeds, seedlings, and adults were highly coincident. Allele frequencies of the dormant seeds differed significantly from those of the adults for four of the five polymorphic loci. In addition, a comparison of the genotype frequencies of the three life-history stages indicated that the seed bank had an excess of homozygotes. Homozygosity, relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations, decreased during the life cycle (for seed bank, seedlings, and adults respectively: Fit = 0.19, 0.09, 0.01; Fis = 0.14, 0.04, -0.12). Spatial genetic differentiation increased sixfold during the life cycle: (for seed bank, seedling and adults: Fs1 ∗∗∗ = 0.02, 0.05, 0.12). The apparent selfing rate was 0.01 in 1986 and 0.09 in 1988. These selfing rates are not large enough to account for the elevated homozygosity of the seed bank. Inbreeding depression, overdominance for fitness, and a "temporal Wahlund's effect" are discussed as possible mechanisms that could generate high homozygosity in the seed bank, relative to later life-history stages. In Plantago lanceolata, the influence of the mating system and the "genetic memory" of the seed bank are obscured by the time plants reach the reproductive stage.
Identity Salience, Identity Acceptance, and Racial Policy Attitudes: American National Identity as a Uniting Force

Political science has paid a great deal of attention to sources of intergroup conflict, but the discipline has focused less on forces that bring people together and lead them to transcend group boundaries. This study presents evidence that attachment to a shared superordinate identity can improve intergroup relations by reducing the social distance between people of different racial groups. Using a survey experiment, this research shows that making a superordinate identity salient increased support for a tax increase. The effects of the identity salience treatment are compared to a policy particularism treatment in terms of effect size and their interaction with each other. The size and direction of the identity salience effect is affected by the degree of respondents' acceptance of the proffered identity. Implications for social identity theory, racial policy attitudes, and American national identity are discussed.
Analytical inverse supercritical fluid extraction of polar pharmaceutical compounds from cream and ointment matrices

Abstract It has been shown that inverse supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) can be used to analytically isolate a polar analyte from its matrix even at low concentrations (0.016%). Inverse SFE has been shown to be successful not only for the semi-solid Neosporin® ointments, but also for the semi-liquid Neosporin® creams as well. The technique has been shown to be superior to solid-phase extraction in both cases and affords the analytical chemist a quicker and safer method of sample preparation of analytes from both creams and ointments.
The two-dimensional superconductor-insulator transition

Abstract Superconductor-to-insulator transitions in ultrathin films can be brought about either by the variation of film properties such as sheet resistance, thickness, and carrier concentration in zero magnetic field, or by the application of a magnetic field. Interest in this problem has been heightened by the prospect that the transitions are zero-temperature quantum phase transitions, which can be described by a Boson-Hubbard model. Variants of this model are relevant to aspects of systems as diverse as helium films, quantum Hall systems, and high temperature superconductors with columnar defects. Ultrathin superconducting films, depending on their properties or the value of the applied magnetic field, exhibit either insulating or superconducting behavior in the limit of zero temperature. However, for films described by certain parameters, or at critical values of the magnetic field, there appears to be a finite, nonzero resistance in the zero temperature limit which has been identified as the resistance at the quantum critical point. The Boson-Hubbard model predicts this resistance to be universal. In the case of the zero-field transition the value of the limiting resistance may indeed be universal and close to the value h 4e 2 , or 6450 Ω.
General Quantitative Structure−Property Relationship Treatment of the Refractive Index of Organic Compounds

A general five parameter quantitative structure−property relationship (QSPR) model (R2 = 0.945, s = 0.0155) is described for the refractive index of a structurally diverse data set of 125 organic compounds. The model, developed with the CODESSA program, involves quantum chemical, topological, and constitutional descriptors.
"Credit Constraints, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation: Evidence from Venture Capital Exits"

This paper examines how the supply of financing impacts entrepreneurial innovation. I present two key findings: First, private-sector funding drives researchers to transition from academia to the p...
Effect of manganese and amino acids on proteolytic inactivation of beef liver arginase.

Abstract When beef liver extracts were incubated with Mn2+ or Co2+, arginase ( l -arginine amidinohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.1) was activated and its susceptibility to proteolytic inactivation was increased. Mg2+, which did not activate, did not affect proteolytic susceptibility. Increasing concentrations of Mn2+ from 1 to 50 mM increased the extent of both activation and tryptic susceptibility. Trypsin and chymotrypsin were much more effective than pronase or subtilisin in inactivating Mn2+-treated arginase. The chromatographic behavior of arginase on Sephade G-200 before and after activation with Mn2+ was the same. Amino acids protected purified preparations of arginase against tryptic inactivation. The most effective protection was afforded by cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, valine and alanine. Isoleucine protected at concentations as low as 0.38 mM, which is in the physiological range.
Factors affecting the labeling yield of F‐18‐labeled AS1411

The labeling of AS1411, a guanine (G)-rich oligonucleotide (ON), conjugated with [18F]SFB was evaluated at different experimental conditions: ON concentration, base composition (G-rich [AS1411] vs cytosine-rich [CRO]), ON purity (desalted vs high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-purified) and buffers (tris-HCl, sodium borate, and potassium phosphate (PBK)). The labeling yield, defined as % F-18 incorporated into the ON, of HPLC-purified AS1411 was significantly improved with increasing concentration – 7±3, 12±2, and 25±5% (n=5) at 56, 93, and 160 nmol/100 µL, respectively. The labeling yields, however, were much higher if guanines of AS1411 were completely replaced by cytosines – 22±1, 41±2, and 59±3% (n=3), respectively, at the same corresponding concentration (p<0.05). The specific activity of 18F-AS1411 and 18F-CRO was 4.2–12.6 and 4.2–25 mCi/µmol, respectively, after alcohol precipitation. If desalted grade of AS1411 and CRO was used instead for the conjugation, the yields were dropped to only 0–5 and 0–1 (n=5), respectively, regardless of the concentration used. The labeling yields were 5±2, 12±3, and 31±4 (n=3) at 200 nmol/100 µL of AS1411; and 30±2, 45±3, and 68±4 (n=3) at 200 nmol/100 µL of CRO for tris-buffer, sodium borate, and PBK, respectively, at pH of 8.5 (p<0.05). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localization of immunoreactive prolactin in ependyma and circumventricular organs of rat brain.

Immunoreactive prolactin (IMP) has been localized in the male rat brain using the soluble peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) technique. In normal untreated animals, reaction product was seen in choroid plexus (CP) and in ependymal cells of the ventricular lining with heaviest concentrations of positively staining cells in the 3rd ventricle near the subcommisural organ (SCO), in the lateral ventricles near the subfornical organ (SFO), and in the 4th ventricle near the area postrema (AP). IMP was also present in numerous ependymal cells resembling tanycytes in the cerebral aqueduct, central canal of the spinal cord at the level of the AP, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the floor of the infundibular recess. Immunoreactive cells resembling neurons were localized within the substance of the AP, SCO, and OVLT. IMP was also present in fibers of the zona externa of the median eminence and infundibular stalk; a few cells of the pars tuberalis contained reaction product. Hypophysectomized rats and bromocriptine-treated rats exhibited a similar staining pattern except that bromocriptine treatment eliminated IMP from most CP cells. Hypophysectomy, bromocriptine or estrogen treatment enhanced staining for IMP in cells of the pars tuberalis; estrogen treatment or hypophysectomy produced an increase in the number and distribution of immunoreactive cells as well as increased density of reaction product in cells of the medial habenular nucleus. The functional relevance of prolactin in these locations in the brain, the possible routes of transport of prolactin from the pituitary gland to the central nervous system, and the strong suggestion of extra-pituitary sites of synthesis of a prolactin-like hormone are discussed.
Background Selection Using DNA Markers in Backcross Breeding Program for Potato Virus Y Resistance of Tobacco.

The suitability of background selection using DNA markers was assessed in a tobacco backcross breeding program for introgression of a potato virus Y (PVY) resistance gene (va/va) derived from a novel resistant source, Kerti No. 1, into the genome background of a commercial variety, Coker319. Ten randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 76 amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers specific to the Kerti No. 1 genome background (background markers) were identified based on the polymorphism analysis with Coker319 and they were used for background selection at loci not linked to va. Two markers flanking va on each side (linkage markers) were used for background selection of the va-carrying chromosome. In each backcross generation, 200 plants were developed and surveyed with only the background markers, while 300 plants were similarly treated with both the background and linkage markers in the BC3S 1 generation. One plant, where all the 86 randomly extracted background marker loci and 2 linkage marker loci were recovered in the recipient genotype, was obtained through only 3 backcrossings and 1 selfing. CKM1 (BC3S2) derived from this BC3S1 plant did not display any significant differences from Coker319 in terms of characters (e.g., yield, number of leaves, length and width of leaves, leaf-color change during the maturation period, yellowing rate in the curing process). In addition, CKM1 was similar to Coker319 in terms of aroma, taste and low smoke quality. These results demonstrated that the genomic background of CKM1 was almost identical with that of Coker319 and that background selection on both a carrier and noncarrier chromosome(s) by DNA markers significantly accelerated the progress of a backcross program in tobacco. CKM1 did not display any adverse effects on the line introgressing the PVY resistance derived from other sources. Therefore, Kerti No. 1 appears to be the most suitable source of PVY resistance for tobacco breeding programs.
From Escalator to Hourglass: Changes in the U.S. Occupational Wage Structure 1949–1989

Abstract In this article we test whether the United States has evolved an “hourglass economy” characterized by a proliferation of jobs at the top and the bottom of the wage distribution for those with high and low educations, but few jobs in the middle for those with modest educational attainments. Rather than considering the distribution of actual wages, we examine the distribution of occupational wages: the average wages attached to detailed occupational categories. Using data from the 1950, 1970, and 1990 PUMS files, we compare distributions of occupational wages for men and women in 1949, 1969, and 1989. We find that the experience of men generally conforms to the hourglass metaphor: after 1969, the structure of male occupational wages polarized and began to assume the shape of an hourglass, with one's position in the hierarchy depending largely on education. For women, however, the hourglass metaphor fails. The distribution of occupational wages in 1989 remains pyramidal in shape, and position is not as strongly connected to schooling as among men.