cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant properties of selected Oriental non-culinary/nutraceutical herb extracts as evaluated in raw and cooked meat

Abstract Ethanol extracts of white peony (WP), red peony (RP), sappanwood (SW), Moutan peony (MP), rehmania (RE) or angelica (AN) were individually added to ground goat meat at 0.5–2.0% (g dry extract/100 g final meat sample), and raw and cooked samples were aerobically refrigerated for 0, 3 or 6 days. These extracts and rosemary extract (RO) were also individually added to salted or unsalted ground beef at 0.01–0.25% and refrigerated as raw or cooked patties. WP, RP, RE, SW and MP markedly reduced ( P P P
Size dependence of the lifetime of metastable states in the kinetic one-spin-flip Ising model

Abstract For large square Ising systems, the lifetime of metastable states is size independent. For small systems, however, the reciprocal relaxation time is proportional to the probability for the occurence of a cluster covering the half system. In an intermediate range, this inverse relaxation time grows with the number of spins.
On Program Placement in a Directly Executable Hierarchy of Memories

The efficient utilization of a two-level directly executable memory system is investigated. After defining the time and space product resulting from static allocation of the most often referenced pages, from paging, and from an optimal algorithm when the amount of primary memory is constrained, we introduce a learning algorithm. Its basic feature is to monitor references in such a way that it prevents seldom accessed pages to be brought into primary memory. The additional hardware requirements are not extensive. Simulations attest to the validity of the concept, and show that results are comparable with those obtained from the static allocation (the latter being impractical since it requires the knowledge of the whole reference stream) and superior to those obtained with paging. In the case of application programs, contributions to the learning algorithm can be made at compile time. Algorithms and data stuctures necessitated in an optimizing phase of the compiler are described.
A directed continuum model of micro- and nano-scale thin films

Abstract As is well known, classical continuum theories cease to adequately model a material’s behavior as long-range loads or interactions begin to have a greater effect on the overall behavior of the material, i.e., as the material no longer conforms to the locality requirements of classical continuum theories. It is suggested that certain structures to be analyzed in this work, e.g., columnar thin films, are influenced by non-local phenomena. Directed continuum theories, which are often used to capture non-local behavior in the context of a continuum theory, will therefore be used. The analysis in this work begins by establishing the kinematics relationships for a discrete model based on the physical structure of a columnar thin film. The strain energy density of the system is calculated and used to formulate a directed continuum theory, in particular a micromorphic theory, involving deformations of the film substrate and deformations of the columnar structure. The resulting boundary value problem is solved analytically to obtain the deformation of the film in response to applied end displacements.
Review of generic software for environmental engineering applications

Abstract Generic software such as spreadsheet and data base programs provide utilities that can be used to construct routines for various applications. The specific used is determined by the user. Generic software allows interactive programming and data manipulation. These programs have dramatically changed the everyday use of microcomputers by creating an easy and flexible interace ofr inexperienced computer users to create their own user defined routines without requiring any formal programming skills. Data entry and retrieval are extremely easy, as well as transfer of data between different software packages. This paper review some of the commonly used generic software packages, focusing on spreadsheets, data base programs, and integrated software packages for IBM PC compatible microcomputers. Several commercial programs, varying in price and capability, are evaluated to determine their applicability in environmental engineering calculations Evaluations were made in terms of the potential use in engineering calculations and other applications, the mathematical capacity, speed of calculations, versatility, and user friendliness. Data transfer between different programare extremely crucial for engineering applications. It is achieved by using “standard” file formats, such as SIF and DIF files.
Physiological activity and detection: The effects of attentional requirements and the prediction of performance

Abstract Cardiac and electromyographic measures were taken from 10 human subjects while they performed a total of 1800 detection trials over 15 sessions. Subjects indicated their judgment on a four-point rating scale as to whether a deflection occurred in the beam of an oscilloscope. On deflection trials, the beam always deflected at the same place, 6 sec after a warning tone. Task difficulty was manipulated by using three different deflection durations. Cardiac deceleration was related to task difficulty in accordance with Lacey's intake-rejection hypothesis. Averaged electromyographic activity did not show this relationship, although it showed similar within-task trends to heart rate. Heart rate level predicted both the accuracy and confidence of the subjects' judgments, and may reflect fluctuations in the subjects' motivational state. There was an inverted-U relationship between performance measures and heart rate variability, and this relationship showed some of the changes with task difficulty predicted from the Yerkes-Dodson law.
Microcapsules for new animal drugs.

Microencapsulation techniques have been developed and refined for many years. However, in recent years, great strides have been made in controlling the microcapsule size down to the nanometer range when necessary. Progress has also been made in controlling the ratio of wall/capsule and the distribution of microcapsule diameter size in the batching of the capsules.
Recessing reduces oxygen sensitivity of the antimony pH microelectrode (physiology application)

The electromotive force (EMF) of antimony pH microelectrodes is oxygen-dependent, which degrades their performance. Oxygen sensitivity was experimentally determined for a factorial combination of (a) recessing the electrode tip, (b) saturating the medium with antimony oxide, and (c) buffering the medium with phosphate. After the baseline pH sensitivity in phosphate buffers was established, the EMF was measured while the equilibrating gas was varied selectively from 5% to 21% oxygen. Oxygen sensitivity of unrecessed electrodes was larger than that of recessed electrodes. The effects of saturating the medium with antimony oxide and of buffering on oxygen sensitivity were not significant. Loss of electroplated antimony from the tip of the electrode was associated with a positive shift in E/sub 0/. >
Critical Petiole Nitrate‐Nitrogen for Lint Yield and Enhanced Maturity in Pima Cotton

Petriole NO 3 -N concentration (PNN) has been recommended as an indicator of midseason N deficiency in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Its use in Pima cotton (G. barbadense L.) management. A 3-yr study evaluated PNN as an indicator of N status in Pima cotton in order to identify a critical minimum PNN level for yield and early maturity. Treatments were five preplant applied N rates of 0 to 180 kg ha -1 in 1990 and 0 to 269 kg ha -1 in 1991 and 1992. The PNN was measured throughout boll development, starting 2 wk before or at first flower. Applied N significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected PNN in 1991 and 1992, when residual soil N was low, but not in 1990, when residual N was high; differences among treatments in 1991 and 1992 were largtest during early flowering. PNN was a good indicator of plant N status within but not across seasons. Based on early-flowering samples, the critical PNN level for lint yield was 3.84g kg -1 in 1991 and only 1.75 g kg -1 in 1992; in 1990, residual soil N alone resulted in PNN much higher than the critical levels in other years. PNN < 2 g kg -1 in 1991 and < 1 g kg -1 in 1992 resulted in earlier maturity, but also resulted in less lint yield. Pima cotton PNN did not exceed an average of 11 g kg -1 , in contrast to 24 to 30 g kg -1 reported for upland cotton. Plant growth or petiole anatomical variables that cause year-to-year variation in PNN should be identified and the necessary normalization made before PNN can be used as a midseason diagnostic tool in Pima cotton
Politico-Economic Limitations and the Fall of the Militry-Authoritarian Government in Bangladesh

This article discusses the reasons for the fall in December 1990 of the Bangladeshimilitary-authoritarian government of Lt. Gen. H. M. Ershad that came to power in 1982.The inability of the government to implement its economic and political projects undercutits credibility and legitimacy. Its failures to legitimize itself and implement IMF/Donors-prescribed economic measures had reinforcing adverse effects on each other. Thegovernment's economic failures engendered resistance among various sectors of civil soci-ety, and exogenous forces also were disappointed with its poor economic performance. Itsfailure to legitimize itself also resulted in a fracture within the ruling coalition and achallenge to the government by opposition parties. In this context, the rise of a group ofapolitical officers in the military hierarchy in the late 1980s, the end of the Cold War, andthe surge of civil society brought down Ershad's authoritarian government.
Application of group theory to the calculation of the configurational entropy in the cluster variation method

Abstract The counting and classification of clusters, required for the entropy calculation in the cluster variation method, is systematically carried out for general crystal structures. The approach explicitly uses the symmetry properties of both the set of clusters and the crystal structure, in conjunction with simple group-theoretical considerations. As an illustration of the method, several new configurational entropy expressions are calculated for HCP, diamond cubic and spinel structures. For each approximation, the critical temperature of the corresponding Ising ferromagnet has been calculated.
The photosynthetic response of a high-altitude spruce forest to nitrogen amendments with implications for gross primary productivity

Characterizing the capacity of the terrestrial biome to absorb CO 2 is one of the most pressing topics in climate science. One of the key players in this arena is also one of the most poorly understood: the role of nitrogen deposition. While N deposition seems to fertilize some forests, in others it has been blamed for forest decline and tree mortality. In order to further understand the role of N deposition in forest primary productivity, an in situ N-amendment study was conducted in a relatively high N deposition region of the CO Rocky Mountains over 3 yr. Chlorophyll fluorometry is a non-invasive technique that allows for the characterization of photosynthetic efficiency and photoinhibition in plants. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorometry data showed that in this tree line forest, moderate amounts of additional N significantly lower the photosynthetic efficiency of individual branches when compared to control branches, while significantly improving the non-photochemical dissipation of excess absorbed energy. This suggests that in high-altitude spruce forests receiving relatively high N inputs, GPP may be impaired by continued chronic additions of N. One potential cause of this is an increase in the light harvesting capacity of N amended branches without a concurrent increase in photosynthesis. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00447.x
Generation of the Precursor (Lyso-PAF) of Platelet-Activating Factor via a CoA-Dependent Transacylase

The microsomal fraction from rat spleen was shown to possess a CoA-dependent transacylase activity that produced 1-[3H]alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine ([3H]lyso-PAF), the immediate precursor of PAF in the remodeling pathway of biosynthesis, from 1-[3H]alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. This CoA-dependent transacylase did not require ATP or metal ions for activity making it unlikely that either acyl-CoA-synthetase or a Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase A2 were involved in the generation of [3H]lyso-PAF. Albumin, in addition to CoA, was required to demonstrate the formation of [3H]lyso-PAF from 1-[3H]alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. It appeared that a major function of albumin in the incubations was to complex the [3H]lyso-PAF formed, thus removing this end-product from the reaction.
Correlation of fluorescence intensity and carcinogenic potency of synthetic and natural petroleums in mouse skin.

After standardized topical exposure of mouse skin to synthetic and natural petroleums, the penetration and persistence of the fluorescent components have been quantitated. Carcinogenicity of the same materials was determined by repeated skin application followed by a period without treatment to allow expression of malignantly transformed epidermal cells. No simple correlation was found for the materials between total specific fluorescence in either tissue or the test tube and their observed capacity to elicit skin necrosis or malignancy. The number of test materials was insufficient to allow generalization; however, the results do suggest that before fluorescence can be effectively employed as a tool for assessing potential occupational exposure to complex hydrocarbon mixtures, considerable refinement of the methodology will be required.
Physical behavior functional properties: Relationship between surface rheology and foam stability of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase

Abstract The relationship between the surface rheology and foam stability of spinach leaf ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RUBISCO) or fraction-1 protein was investigated. The surface viscosity and surface yield stress of RUBISCO solutions were pH dependent with peak values occurring at pH 5.5. The film hysteresis of RUBISCO, determined from dynamic surface tension analysis of protein films, was also maximum at pH 5.5. The rate of liquid drainage (half-life) from RUBISCO foams was monitored as an index of foam stability and was found to exhibit strong pH, ionic strength and temperature dependencies. Foam stability was maximum near the protein's isoelectric point, pH 5.5, and at low temperatures, ⩽ 30°C. These data indicate that the rheological properties of RUBISCO films affect the protein's ability to stabilize foams.
Prediction of oxygen transport rates in blood flowing in large capillaries.

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed to predict oxygen transport to and from blood flowing in tubes of the diameter of arterioles and larger (∼20 μm and larger). The resistance to oxygen transport in red cell suspensions is much higher than that of a comparable homogeneous hemoglobin solution. The increased resistance is associated with encapsulation of the hemoglobin in the red cells. Yet, somewhat paradoxically, for large capillaries relatively little resistance is within or in the immediate vicinity of the red cells. The great majority of the resistance is shown to be distributed in the plasma. Predictions of oxygen uptake and release are shown to be in excellent agreement with results of measurements taken on red cell suspensions flowing in capillaries of 27- and 100-μm diameter. The model seems to be the first for oxygen transport in flowing blood that is validated by detailed comparison with experimental results. It is a predictive model in that all parameters in the model are determined from independent measurements or from the literature.
Trans-lamina terminalis approach to third ventricle using supraorbital craniotomy: technique description and literature review for outcome comparison with anterior, lateral and trans-sphenoidal corridors.

The trans-lamina terminalis approach has been described to remove third ventricular tumors. Various surgical corridors for this approach include anterior (via bifrontal craniotomy), anterolateral (via supra-orbital craniotomy), lateral (via pterional craniotomy) and trans-sphenoidal corridors. Supra-orbital craniotomy offers a minimally invasive access for resection of third ventricular tumors. The trans-lamina terminalis technique through a supra-orbital craniotomy is described. Also, a literature review of clinical outcome data was performed for the comparison of different surgical corridors (anterior, antero-lateral, lateral, and trans-sphenoidal). The operative steps and anatomic landmarks for supra-orbital craniotomy are discussed, along with 3 representative cases and respective outcomes. Gross total resection was achieved in 2 patients, and one patient required reoperation for recurrence. Based on the current literature, the clinical outcomes after supra-orbital craniotomy for trans-lamina terminalis approach are comparable to other surgical corridors. The supra-orbital craniotomy for trans-lamina terminalis approach is a valid surgical choice for third ventricular tumors. The major strengths of this approach include minimal brain retraction and direct end-on view; however, the long working distance is a major limitation. The clinical outcomes are comparable to other surgical corridors. Sound understanding of major strengths, limitations, and strategies for complication avoidance is necessary for its safe and effective application.
Putting Psychology Back into Psychological Contracts

The concept of psychological contracts has become detached from its historical grounding in clinical psychology. The current emphasis on economic transactions and justice elements in transgressions has led to the neglect of psychological and developmental needs of employees and organizations in managing dependence, emotional distance, mutual coping with change, and forming adult occupational identities. Managers and academics need to take psychological needs into account in understanding psychological contracts and resistance to changing work roles and relationships.
Sedimentary records of late holocene floods along the fitzroy and margaret rivers, Western Australia

Slackwater sediments and palaeostage indicators record floods occurring prior to discharge gauging along the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. In upper Geikie Gorge along the Fitzroy River, preserved sequences record six floods ranging from 5000 to 30 000 m3s‐1 during the last 2000 years. Approximately 13 floods between 2000 and 20 000 m3s‐1 are recorded in an unnamed gorge along the upper Margaret River during the last 4000 years. These floods are at the upper limit of world‐wide discharge‐drainage area curves. The length and resolution of the flood record preserved in slackwater deposits depend on the exposure of flood sediments to post‐depositional weathering, the nature of flood sedimentation, channel geometry and stability, and the frequency of floods. Conditions along the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers are well‐suited to preserving long, fairly accessible sedimentary flood records, in comparison to sedimentary records described from similar bedrock channels in the tropical regions of Queensland and the Nort...
HYPOVISCOSITY OR HYPERVISCOSITY IN FULLTERM AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT NEONATES

Whole blood viscosity is determined by hematocrit, plasma viscosity, red cell deformation, and red cell aggregation. Hyperviscosity is thought to be prevalent in neonates due to polycythemia and diminished red cell deformation. Recent studies in animals and full term infants have demonstrated decreased blood viscosity related to lower plasma viscosity. Extending these observations, we examined hemorheologic paramters in a group of low birth weight neonates (500-1500gms) compared to pregnant and nonpregnant females and full term neonates measuring whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, red cell deformation, and red cell aggregation. A new capillary microviscometer based on Poiseuille's law was developed, providing viscosity measurements on 0.2ml samples. Blood from low birth weight and full term neonates is significantly hypoviscous when compared to that of adults. This hypoviscosity is related to low plasma viscosity due to lower plasma proteins and fibrinogen in neonates. Assessment of red cell deformation by filtration through 2.6um and 6.9um pores revealed that red cell deformation is comparable in neonates and adults in the 6.9um pore, but significantly lower when the larger neonatel red cell filtered through the 2.6um pore. The full term neonate, in spite of polycythemia and larger red cells, is hypoviscous compared to adults with the same Hct. The low birth weight infant is even more hypoviscous than adults and full term infants due to lower plasma viscosity, proteins and Hct. This could be considered another adaptive mechanism protecting the neonate during its transition from the intrauterine to extrauterine environment.
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity associated with sexual differentiation in embryos of the turtle Trachemys scripta.

Many turtles exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination. We have examined the hypothesis that incubation temperature causes a differential expression of steroidogenic enzymes in embryonic turtles. The activities of three steroidogenic enzymes were studied histochemically in turtle (Trachemys scripta) embryos at different developmental stages: sexually undifferentiated (Stage 15), differentiating (Stage 17), and differentiated (Stage 26; i.e., hatchling). Steroidogenic enzymes were detected in several tissues prior to, during, and after gonadal differentiation in embryos incubated at both male-producing and female-producing temperatures. In all embryos, ene-5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) was detected only in adrenal tissue. 3 alpha-HSDH was localized in adrenal tissue, as well as in the mesonephros and liver. 17 beta-HSDH was evident in mesonephric, hepatic, and gut tissues. In hatchlings, ene-5-3 beta-HSDH and 3 alpha-HSDH were evident in the adrenal gland, whereas 3 alpha-HSDH and 17 beta-HSDH were present in the mesonephros and liver. While there was some variation in the activities of these enzymes during development, no temperature-specific pattern was apparent. At no stage were the enzymes observed in genital ridge/gonad. Our results show that T. scripta embryos possess enzymes necessary for steroid hormone synthesis. The segregated distributions of the enzymes suggest that a multi-organ regulatory system may mediate embryonic steroidogenesis. Our results do not indicate the genital ridge/gonad the principle site of steroid synthesis, although it may possess other enzymes that influence steroidogenesis.
Algorithmic Game Theory

A new era of theoretical computer science addresses fundamental problems about auctions, networks, and human behavior.
Removal of GABAergic inhibition in the mediodorsal nucleus of the rat thalamus leads to increases in heart rate and blood pressure

The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) has connections with central autonomic centers involved in cardiovascular control and undergoes severe degeneration in fatal familial insomnia, a human disease characterized by progressive dysautonomia. Microinjections of the GABAA antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) into the medial and central portion of the MD lead to significant, dose-dependent increases in both heart rate and blood pressure. Similar injections into surrounding regions elicited little to no change. The data suggest that the medial and central portion of the MD plays a role in central cardiovascular regulation. Neurons of the MD may be under tonic GABAergic inhibition, and disruption of circuits at this level may underlie dysautonomia in many neurological diseases.
Interaction of Quality and Finance in the Intensive Care Unit

Abstract:The interaction between quality and finance in the intensive care unit (ICU) is complicated. While efforts to improve financial performance may inadvertently lead to reduced quality and safety, the converse is not necessarily true. Research is beginning to show that although more costly in
Thoracic vertebral osteomyelitis with paraspinous mass and intraspinal extension: An atypical presentation of cat-scratch disease

Children with cat-scratch disease (CSD) commonly present with fever and tender lymphadenopathy. The disease is mild and manifestations of infection resolve spontaneously within several weeks. However, some children with CSD have unusual features that present diagnostic challenges. Children with atypical CSD may present with prolonged fever, hepatosplenic disease or ocular disease. We performed an MRI on a child who presented with persistent back pain. The MRI demonstrated a paravertebral mass with intraspinous extension and the collapse of T7 vertebral body. A biopsy was reported to show a small round blue cell tumor. An evaluation for malignancy was negative, but Bartonella henselae DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction on the biopsy specimen. We present this case because it is a rare but important radiological presentation of CSD.
Regional distribution of soluble calcium activated proteinase activity in neonatal and adult rat brain

Abstract Calcium dependent proteolytic activity in the soluble fraction of various rat brain regions was assayed using 14 C-radiolabelled denatured casein as a substrate. Two forms of activity, distinguishable by their calcium requirement for half maximal activation (5 and 80 μM), were found; both were blocked by sulfhydryl alkylating agents and thiol proteinase inhibitors. Preincubation at 58 °C for 10 min also eliminated the high threshold activity. These characteristics are identical to those reported for calcium activated neutral proteinases (‘calpains’) found in other tissues. Calpain activity varied markedly across brain regions. The greatest values for the high threshold enzyme were found in pons-medula followed by cerebellum/mesencephalon and finally the telencephalon. The low threshold enzyme had low levels of activity throughout the brainstem and diencephalon and was barely detectable in telencephalic structures. In contrast, a previously described endogenous inhibitor of calpain, ‘calpastatin’, was found not to vary in its activity across brain regions. Calpain activity was high in the prenatal brain, but while the hindbrain maintained high levels of activity into adulthood, the activity in the forebrain dropped 80% during the early postnatal period. The differences between forebrain and hindbrain activity levels were evident during the first 5 days of the neonatal period, suggesting that glial cell differentiation is not responsible for the regional variations found in the adult. These results are discussed with regard to the possibility that the turnover of anatomical structures differs between brain regions.
Experimental method to distinguish column dead time from system dead time for the accurate determination of gas chromatographic void volumes: simultaneous pre- and post-column injection

A new experimental technique for the accurate determination of the dead time of a chromatographic column is described. The technique involves simultaneous pre- and post-column injections of an unretained probe solute. The method allows the accurate determination of the column void volume as opposed to the system void volume which includes extracolumn volumes. The procedure also eliminates the uncertainties in void volume measurements caused by splitters, multiple flow paths, or auxiliary gas flows required for some detectors or certain types of chromatography such as supercritical fluid chromatography.
In vivo PDGF β receptor activation in the dorsocaudal brainstem of the rat prevents hypoxia-induced apoptosis via activation of Akt and BAD

Abstract Activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFR) within the caudal brainstem modulates the hypoxic ventilatory response. Since hypoxia does not induce apoptosis in the caudal brainstem, PDGFR could underlie such protective mechanism via a PI3 kinase-dependent phosphorylation of both Akt and BAD pathways. To further study this issue, caudal brainstem lysates were harvested from Sprague–Dawley rats during hypoxia (10% O 2 ) after treatment with either vehicle or CGP 57148B (100 mg/kg), a selective blood–brain barrier-permeable PDGFR antagonist. Time-dependent increases in phosphorylated Akt occurred during hypoxia, peaking at 45′ and lasting for up to 6 h, without parallel changes in total Akt protein. CGP 57148B attenuated Akt activation at all time points. Similarly, phosphorylation of BAD at serine136 but not at serine 112 occurred in the caudal brainstem as early as 15′ of hypoxia, and was completely blocked by CGP 57148B. Furthermore, CGP 57148B treatment elicited significant increases in single-stranded DNA, caspase-like activity, and cleaved caspase 3 after 24 h of hypoxia that were absent in the caudal brainstem of hypoxic vehicle-treated animals. We conclude that PDGFR-dependent in vivo activation of both Akt and BAD during hypoxia prevents induction of apoptosis, and may contribute to the increased hypoxic tolerance of brainstem neurons.
Log-based architectures: using multicore to help software behave correctly

While application performance and power-efficiency are both important, application correctness is even more important. In other words, if the application is misbehaving, it is little consolation that it is doing so quickly or power-efficiently. In the Log-Based Architectures (LBA) project, we are focusing on a challenging source of application misbehavior: software bugs, including obscure bugs that only cause problems during security attacks. To help detect and fix software bugs, we have been exploring techniques for accelerating dynamic program monitoring tools, which we call "lifeguards". Lifeguards are typically written today using dynamic binary instrumentation frameworks such as Valgrind or Pin. Due to the overheads of binary instrumentation, lifeguards that require instructiongrain information typically experience 30X-100X slowdowns, and hence it is only practical to use them during explicit debug cycles. The goal in the LBA project is to reduce these overheads to the point where lifeguards can run continuously on deployed code. To accomplish this, we propose hardware mechanisms to create a dynamic log of instruction-level events in the monitored application and stream this information to one or more software lifeguards running on separate cores on the same multicore processor. In this paper, we highlight techniques and features of LBA that reduce the slowdown to just 2%--51% for sequential programs and 28%--51% for parallel programs.
Evaluating faculty work: expectations and standards of faculty performance in research universities

Expectations and the way they are communicated can influence employees’ motivation and performance. Previous research has demonstrated individual effects of workplace climate and individual differences on faculty productivity. The present study focused on the characteristics of institutional performance standards, evaluation processes and performance‐responsive measures of academic departments in research universities, as articulated in institutional and departmental annual evaluation and promotion‐tenure specifications. The faculty performance evaluation standards and review processes of 62 academic departments in 23 research universities in 13 US states were examined for clarity, consistency and performance‐relevant elements. These characteristics were analysed through the lens of theories demonstrated as influential by previous workplace research. The similarities and differences of faculty performance standards, and the explicit and implicit messages they communicate, are discussed.
Prompt determination of evacuee radiation dose from a nuclear event

In anticipation of a nuclear detonation, techniques to quickly assess the radiation exposure of evacuees should be developed. Based on experience relating neutron radiation exposures to activation products, measurement of activation products can be performed in a few minutes. Personal items exposed to significant levels of radiation allows neutron dose assessment via the activation products. This approach allows prompt collection of important data on human exposure following a nuclear attack. Data collected will facilitate triage decisions for emergency medical treatment to ameliorate the radiation effects on exposed individuals. Activation experiments with everyday items exposed to a neutron source are presented.
The Occupational Identity of In-Service Secondary Music Educators: Formative Interpersonal Interactions and Activities

In order to explore the factors that inform the occupational identity development of in-service music educators and to compare the identities of in-service teachers with those of preservice music e...
Squamous‐cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth

Among the histologic parameters described by Jakobsson, only the stage (depth) of invasion appears to be of value in predicting lymph node metastases. Early carcinomas of the FOM examined in our institution (T1 and some T2) grew in a superficial or horizontal manner and none developed metastases or local recurrence. Larger neoplasms (some T2 and all T3 and T4) had extensive submucosal and deep soft tissue infiltration and a corresponding high frequency of regional lymph node metastases. T1 and T2 neoplasms with only superficial or microinvasion of the submucosa have little or no propensity for lymph node metastases while T2 cancers with nodular or vertical in filtration into the submucosa have a substantial frequency of metastatic disease (44%). If the biopsy sites are carefully selected, these growth patterns can be identified by the pathologist. In addition, our experience is that clinical assessment of cervical lymph nodes for the presence of metastatic disease is often erroneous. Rates of 56% false positives and 24% false negatives were observed, which were similar to rates reported in other series. Biopsy evaluation of the extent and growth pattern of the primary neoplasm is as important as physical examination in determining the type of surgery to be done and whether lymph node dissection should be performed.
Honey Encryption: Encryption beyond the Brute-Force Barrier

Honey encryption (HE) addresses the challenge of encrypting messages using keys that are vulnerable to guessing attacks, such as the passwords selected by ordinary users. HE creates a ciphertext that, when decrypted with an incorrect key or password, yields a valid-looking but bogus message. So, attackers can't tell when decryption has been successful. Counterintuitively, HE enables the encryption of a message using a weak password such that even a strong attacker--one with unlimited computing power--can't decrypt the message with certainty. You can use HE to encrypt the list of passwords in a password manager, credentials used in SSH (Secure Shell), and so on. HE fuses the creative use of honey objects and decoys in system security with the rigor and principled application imparted by cryptography.
On Relating Thermodynamic Work of Adhesion to Interfacial Fracture Toughness

Organic adhesives are commonly used in the microelectronics industry to bond silicon chips to a wide variety of substrates. The substrates include copper, silver, nickel / palladium, polyimide, and glass-filled epoxies. The surfaces of these substrates are affected by the processing steps used in the manufacturing process used to produce the final package. The most common adhesives used in the assembly of microelectronic packages are epoxy-based and there are numerous grades and types to chose from. Therefore, the packaging engineer is faced with the dilemma of what criterion to use to select the best adhesive for a particular package design. At the crux of the problem is how does one predict adhesion and how does one measure it? It is proposed that the surfaces play an important role in forming the interfacial bond and that strength of the mating surfaces can be characterized in terms of the thermodynamic work of adhesion. Roughness is also a factor but will not be dealt with here. The thermodynamic work of adhesion describes the energy to reversibly separate two surfaces (elastic). Interfacial fracture mechanics may be used to quantify the strain energy release rate for separating two surfaces and contains both elastic and inelastic contributions. This talk will contain a discussion of our studies on the use of a three liquid probe method to determine the thermodynamic work of adhesion and a mixed-mode bending method to measure interfacial fracture toughness. Moreover, we will comment on the perils of relating the thermodynamic work of adhesion to the interfacial fracture toughness.
High temperature irradiation effects in selected Generation IV structural alloys

Abstract In the Generation IV Materials Program cross-cutting task, irradiation and testing were carried out to address the issue of high temperature irradiation effects with selected current and potential candidate metallic alloys. The materials tested were (1) a high-nickel iron-base alloy (Alloy 800H); (2) a nickel-base alloy (Alloy 617); (3) two advanced nano-structured ferritic alloys (designated 14YWT and 14WT); and (4) a commercial ferritic–martensitic steel (annealed 9Cr–1MoV). Small tensile specimens were irradiated in rabbit capsules in the High-Flux Isotope Reactor at temperatures from about 550 to 700 °C and to irradiation doses in the range 1.2–1.6 dpa. The Alloy 800H and Alloy 617 exhibited significant hardening after irradiation at 580 °C; some hardening occurred at 660 °C as well, but the 800H showed extremely low tensile elongations when tested at 700 °C. Notably, the grain boundary engineered 800H exhibited even greater hardening at 580 °C and retained a high amount of ductility. Irradiation effects on the two nano-structured ferritic alloys and the annealed 9Cr–1MoV were relatively slight at this low dose.
2,3-Dihydrofarnesoic acid, a unique terpene from trichomes ofLycopersicon hirsutum, repels spider mites.

Lycopersicon hirsutum, a wild relative of the tomato, is highly resistant to arthropod herbivores. Both botanic forms ofL. hirsutum, L. hirsutum f.glabratum (C.H. Mull.) andL. hirsutum f.typicum (Humb. & Bonpl.), are resistant to two-spotted spider mites,Tetranychus urticae Koch. However, leaves and trichome secretions from f.typicum repel mites more so than those from f.glabratum. We have previously demonstrated that trichome secretions from LA 1363 and LA 1927, accessions of f.typicum, repelled mites. In this paper we report the identification of the primary component of trichome secretions responsible for repellency. Leaflet washes having compositions similar to trichome secretions were collected and separated into neutral and acid fractions; repellency was mainly associated with the acid fraction, which, when applied to nonrepellent leaflets of f.glabratum, rendered them repellent. Separation of leaflet washes by HPLC allowed purification and subsequent identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance of 2,3-dihydrofamesoic acid (3,7,11-trimethyl-6, 10-dodecadienoic acid) as the primary chemical component responsible for repellency. Application of this acid to leaflets ofL. esculentum rendered them repellent. Other volatile compounds present in minor amounts in the acid fractions were farnesoic acid and 16∶0, 16∶3, 18∶0, 18∶2, and 18∶3 fatty acids. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of 2,3-dihydrofarnesoic acid.
Inhibition of nonpremixed flames by phosphorus-containing compounds

Phosphorus-containing compounds (PCCs) are proposed as viable alternatives to current, ozone-destroying, flame-inhibiting agents. An opposed-jet burner apparatus was used to study the effectiveness of two low-vapor-pressure PCCs, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and trimethyl phosphate (TMP), in extinguishing a nonpremixed methane-air flame. The global extinction strain rate was determined as a function of dopant loadings. Tests were also conducted using nitrogen as an inert additive for reference. Results demonstrate that these phosphorus-containing compounds are significant inhibitors of nonpremixed methane-air flames when introduced into the oxidizer stream, 40 times more effective than nitrogen on a molar basis. A novel technique for measuring the extinction strain rate while maintaining a constant dopant level in one gas stream was developed.
A systems approach to the management of radiation accidents.

Management of radiation accident patients should have a multidisciplinary approach that includes all health professionals as well as members of public safety agencies. Emergency plans for radiation accidents include detection of the ionizing radiation, patient evacuation, resuscitation, and decontamination. The resuscitated patient should be transported to a radiation control area located outside but adjacent to the emergency department. Ideally this area is accessed through an entrance separate from that used for the main flow of daily emergency department patients. The hospital staff, provided with protective clothing, dosimeters, and preprinted guidelines, continues the resuscitation and definitive care of the patient. This systems approach to the management of radiation accidents may be tailored to meet the specific needs of other emergency medical systems.
Observation of a negative electron affinity for boron nitride

This study reports UV‐photoemission (UPS) measurements made on boron nitride crystals and thin films. The materials examined are commercial grade c‐BN powder and thin films of BN deposited with ion beam assisted e‐beam evaporation and laser ablation. The thin film samples examined exhibited varying amounts of sp3 (cubic) and sp2 (hexagonal, amorphous) bonding as determined by FTIR measurements. The UPS measurements displayed the spectral distribution of the low energy photoemitted electrons and the total energy width of the spectra. These characteristics can be related to the electron affinity. The measurements on several of the BN powder and thin film samples revealed features in the emission spectra which are indicative of a negative electron affinity (NEA) surface.
On the Weakly Nonlinear Ekman Layer: Thickness and Flux

Abstract The first-order effects of nonlinearity on the thickness and frictionally driven flux in the Ekman layer are described for the case of an Ekman layer on a solid, flat plate driven by an overlying geostrophic flow as well as the Ekman layer on a free surface driven by a wind stress in the presence of a deep geostrophic current. In both examples, the fluid is homogeneous. Particular attention is paid to the effect of nonlinearity in determining the thickness of the Ekman layer in both cases. An analytical expression for the Ekman layer thickness as a function of Rossby number is given when the Rossby number is small. The result is obtained by insisting that the perturbation expansion of the Ekman problem in powers of the Rossby number remains uniformly valid. There are two competing physical effects. The relative vorticity of the geostrophic currents tends to reduce the width of the layer, but the vertical velocity induced in the layer can fatten or thin the layer depending on the sign of the verti...
Patronage Factors and Consumer Satisfaction with Sources of Prescription Purchases

A survey of 3,000 households yielded 1,248 (42%) usable responses. Patrons of independent pharmacies had fewer problems getting prescriptions filled than patrons of chain or discount stores and were more satisfied than patrons of most other sources. Based on multivariate analysis of an abridged set of independent variables, females and older people with lower incomes rated professional service more important than their counterparts rated it. Convenience was almost a universal patronage factor. Patrons of independents were influenced by the reliable pharmacist and credit factors, whereas patrons of chains were influenced by price and other products and services.
Sleep disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep is complex and poses many challenges in clinical practice. Recent studies have helped to elucidate the nature of the neuromodulator systems underlying the associations among sleepiness, arousal, and attention. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with academic and behavioral problems have also underscored the role that primary sleep disorders play in the clinical presentation of symptoms of inattention and behavioral dysregulation. Recent research has shed further light on the prevalence, type, risk factors for, and impact of sleep disturbances on children with ADHD. The following discussion of the multilevel and bidirectional relationships among sleep, neurobehavioral functioning, and the clinical syndrome of ADHD synthesizes current knowledge about the interaction of sleep and attention/arousal in these children. Guidelines are provided to outline a clinical approach to evaluating and managing children with ADHD and sleep problems.
Synthetic images by subspace transforms I. Principal components images and related filters

The principal component (PC) approach offers compressions of an image sequence into fewer images and noise suppressing filters. Multiple MR images of the same tomographic slice obtained with different acquisition parameters (i.e., with different T R ,T E , and flip angles), time sequences of images in nuclear medicine, and cardiacultrasoundimage sequences are examples of such input image sets. In this paper noise relationships of original and linearly transformed image sequences in general, and specifically of original, PC, and PC‐filtered images are discussed. As the spinoff, it introduces locally weighted PC transforms and filters, nonlinear PC’s, and a single‐image based filter for suppression of noise. Examples illustrate increased perceptibility of anatomical/functional structures in PC images and PC‐filtered images, including extraction of physiological functional information by PC loading curves. Generally, the more correlated the original images are, the more effective is the PC approach.
A Practical Map-Analysis Tool for Detecting Potential Dispersal Corridors

We describe the Pathway Analysis Through Habitat (PATH) tool, which can predict the location of potential corridors of animal movement between patches of habitat within any map. The algorithm works by launching virtual entities that we call `walkers' from each patch of habitat in the map, simulating their travel as they journey through land cover types in the intervening matrix, and finally arrive at a different habitat `island.' Each walker is imbued with a set of user-specified habitat preferences that make its walking behavior resemble a particular animal species. Because the tool operates in parallel on a supercomputer, large numbers of walkers can be efficiently simulated. The importance of each habitat patch as a source or a sink for a species is calculated, consistent with existing concepts in the metapopulation literature. The manipulation of a series of contrived artificial landscapes demonstrates that the location of potential dispersal corridors and relative source and sink importance among patches can be purposefully altered in expected ways. Finally, potential dispersal corridors are predicted among remnant woodlots within three actual landscape maps.