cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is there a bilingual advantage? the effects of non-English language skills on occupational attainment among immigrants and natives

There is a considerable number of studies that analyze the benefits of language(s) in the labor market. It is a sensitive topic because of its relevance for language maintenance, and therefore, for the selective acculturation of immigrants in host societies. In this paper, the effect of non-English language fluency on the occupational attainment of immigrants and natives is analyzed, both in terms of occupational wages and socio-economic status. Results indicate that there is no advantage associated with non-English language fluency, either for natives or immigrants. Rather, a penalty for the specific case of Spanish fluency among immigrants was found. Three explanations from previous literature regarding the benefits of bilingualism in the labor market – human capital, devaluation and discrimination— are discussed in relation to the obtained results. The paper concludes with some recommendations about the recognition of language diversity in the labor market and policies aimed at the integrative acculturation of immigrants.
Osteoarthritis Progression: Mitigation and Rehabilitation Strategies

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and is a substantial burden for patients with the disease. Currently, there is no cure for osteoarthritis, but many emerging therapies have been developed to aid in the mitigation of disease progression. When osteoarthritis reaches the end-stage of disease many patients undergo total joint arthroplasty to improve quality of life, yet some experience persistent pain and mobility limitations for extended periods following surgery. This review highlights recent therapeutic advancements in osteoarthritis treatment consisting of pharmacologics, nutraceuticals, biologics, and exercise while emphasizing the current state of post-arthroplasty rehabilitation.
Nucleotide excision repair in humans

The demonstration of DNA damage excision and repair replication by Setlow, Howard-Flanders, Hanawalt and their colleagues in the early 1960s, constituted the discovery of the ubiquitous pathway of nucleotide excision repair (NER). The serial steps in NER are similar in organisms from unicellular bacteria to complex mammals and plants, and involve recognition of lesions, adducts or structures that disrupt the DNA double helix, removal of a short oligonucleotide containing the offending lesion, synthesis of a repair patch copying the opposite undamaged strand, and ligation, to restore the DNA to its original form. The transcription-coupled repair (TCR) subpathway of NER, discovered nearly two decades later, is dedicated to the removal of lesions from the template DNA strands of actively transcribed genes. In this review I will outline the essential factors and complexes involved in NER in humans, and will comment on additional factors and metabolic processes that affect the efficiency of this important process.
Immunological Paralysis Against Type VIII and Immunity Against Type III Diplococcus pneumoniae Induced by the Soluble Specific Substance of Type VIII

Brooke, Marcus S. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge). Immunological paralysis against type VIII and immunity against type III Diplococcus pneumoniae induced by the soluble specific substance of type VIII. J. Bacteriol. 90:1296–1303. 1965.—Mice injected with relatively large quantities of the soluble specific substance of type VIII Diplococcus pneumoniae (SVIII) are, on the basis of challenge experiments, paralyzed against type VIII but immune against type III D. pneumoniae. Their sera contain antibodies which react with sheep cells coated with SIII. Unfortunately, it was not possible to develop an in vitro test with SVIII. When the SVIII was treated with a specific SVIII depolymerase before injection into mice, the sera still contained antibodies against SIII and some protection was afforded these mice against type III but not against type VIII challenge. When the SVIII was treated with a specific SIII depolymerase, antibodies were not detectable and the mice were not protected against type III or type VIII challenge. On the basis of these results it is suggested that either the SVIII strain is a hybrid forming both SVIII and SIII molecules or that part of the SVIII chain is altered to consist of repeating units of cellobiuronic acid rather than alternating units of cellobiuronic acid and the disaccharide galactose-glucose. The quantity of SIII in some preparations of SVIII is calculated to be of the order of 0.01%. It is not clear whether all type VIII strains at all times possess the capacity to elicit antibodies which react specifically against SIII, or if this is the property of only some strains and some preparations of these strains.
Rebuilding the Damaged Heart : The Potential of Cytokines and Growth Factors in the Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease

Cytokine therapy promises to provide a noninvasive treatment option for ischemic heart disease. Cytokines are thought to influence angiogenesis directly via effects on endothelial cells or indirectly through progenitor cell-based mechanisms or by activating the expression of other angiogenic agents. Several cytokines mobilize progenitor cells from the bone marrow or are involved in the homing of mobilized cells to ischemic tissue. The recruited cells contribute to myocardial regeneration both as a structural component of the regenerating tissue and by secreting angiogenic or antiapoptotic factors, including cytokines. To date, randomized, controlled clinical trials have not reproduced the efficacy observed in pre-clinical and small-scale clinical investigations. Nevertheless, the list of promising cytokines continues to grow, and combinations of cytokines, with or without concurrent progenitor cell therapy, warrant further investigation.
Restructuring and taxation in transition economies

One challenge in transition economies has been to avoid being caught between overrapid restructuring (harmful to the private sector) and gradual change (can undermine robust private sector emergence). Empirical evidence suggests that in most of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, insiders, by exerting decision making control, have materially affected the restructuring rate. Still, shocks to firms have generally led to sharp rises in unemployment. Unemployment benefits, initially generous, combined with lost payroll taxes substantially increased fiscal costs. In the former Soviet Union, both restructuring and unemployment have remained limited and firm subsidies remained high. The private sector expanded, but chiefly in the gray (untaxed) part of the economy. The authors examine the implications of various restructuring speeds, explicitly introducing probabilities of closure and restructuring. They find that when the probability of closure is small, unemployment will peak at a lower level than when the probability of closure is high, although the transition speed will be much slower. They also find that widespread private sector tax avoidance can stimulate that sector's growth and result in a speedier transition. Thus, while a private sector low tax burden can drive unemployment up rapidly by increasing the state sector closure probability, it can also help speed up the transition by provoking a quicker private sector response. The authors show that while the state sector restructuring speed is sensitive to the tax burden, (dependent on unemployment and the ability to tax the private sector) it is also true that the private sectors growth depends on the tax burden it faces. In particular, capturing the private sector in the tax net early in the transition can lead to collapse and hence to the failure of restructuring.
Tai Chi Chuan in the management of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (ALZ) represent later-life onset neurodegenerative disorders that gradually rob those afflicted of their quality of life. Purpose: This c
Growth suppression of a tumorigenic rat liver cell line by the anticancer agent, ET-18-O-CH 3 , is mediated by inhibition of cytokinesis

This study was undertaken to elucidate the potential mechanism of the antitumor activity of ET-18-O-CH3, a synthetic analogue of lysophosphatidyl choline, and a known antitumor agent and specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PI-PLC). A normal rat liver epithelial "oval" cell line (WB-F344) was neoplastically transformed by the H-ras oncogene (WB-ras2) and treated with a series of ET-18-O-CH3 concentrates for a number of days. Cell growth, morphological "differentiation", cell cycle regulation, karyotypic changes, growth in soft agar (anchorage-independent growth) and the expression of cdk2, cdc2 and ERK genes were studied to determine the effect of ET-18-O-CH3 on these neoplastic cells. ET-18-O-CH3 at 5 and 10 μg/ml was found to cause an increase in cell size, suppress cell growth, reduce the colony-forming efficiency and inhibit the anchorage-independent growth of the WB-ras2 cells. Significantly, flow-cytometric analysis revealed that while control cells and cells treated with concentrations of ET-18-O-CH3 below 5 μg/ml were diploid, cell populations treated with 5 and 10 μg/ml ET-18-O-CH3 comprised 33–37% diploid cells and over 60% tetraploid cells (4n–8n cycle cells). ET-18-O-CH3 was found to induce aberrant cytokinesis as evidenced by the presence of a high frequency of enlarged cells, which were binucleated or multinucleated and mitotic cells with 4n and 8n numbers of chromosomes. ET-18-O-CH3 was also capable of inhibiting both the expression of cdk2 and cdc2 and the activation of ERK1/2, while no effect was found on the expression of p21 ras. The effect of ET-18-O-CH3 on neoplastically transformed H-ras rat liver cells has been interpreted as the result of an altered phenotype characterized by an enlarged and flattened cell morphology with ploidy changes caused by inhibition of cytokinesis.
Roughness effects on boundary-layer transition in a nozzle throat

A boundary-layer transition study was carried out in the throat region of the DeLaval nozzle of a supersonic wind tunnel. The study was motivated equally by the need to find thresholds for laminar boundary-layer flow in the tunnel walls when roughness is present and by the desire to simulate transition on roughened blunt bodies in supersonic and hypersonic flow. Detailed inviscid and viscous flow measurements were done from the low subsonic to the supersonic regions of the nozzle throat. The roughness was caused by attaching distributed roughness overlays on the nozzle surface. Transition, detected by hot-film anemometers, was found to move upstream as the flow Reynolds number and/or the roughness height increased. Cast in the coordinates of some of the empirical blunt-body transition correlations currently in use, the present transition data agree with the available blunt-body data when the nondimensional roughness exceeds unity and support the concept of a constant roughness Reynolds number for transition in that regime. At the lower roughness heights, the results show that the transition Reynolds number departs from the aforementioned correlations and approaches a limit insensitive to roughness but characteristic of the experimental facility.
The Decomposition of Human-Written Book Summaries

In this paper, we evaluate the extent to which human-written book summaries can be obtained through cut-and-paste operations from the original book. We analyze the effect of the parameters involved in the decomposition algorithm, and highlight the distinctions in coverage obtained for different summary types.
Theorizing Self in Samoa: Emotions, Genders, and Sexualities

Theorizing Self in Samoa: Emotions, Genders, and Sexualities. Jeannette Marie Mageo. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998. 292 pp.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-mediated ICAM-1 gene transfer abrogates tumorigenicity and induces anti-tumor immunity.

Costimulatory and cellular adhesion molecules are thought to be essential components of antigen presentation in the immune response to cancer. The current studies examine gene transfer utilizing herpes viral amplicon vectors (HSV) to direct surface expression of adhesion molecules, and specifically evaluate the potential of a tumor-expressing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) to elicit an anti-tumor response. The human ICAM-1 (hICAMI) gene was inserted into an HSV amplicon vector and tested in a transplantable rat hepatocellular carcinoma and in a human colorectal cancer cell line. Cell surface ICAM-1 expression was assessed by flow cytometry. Lymphocyte binding to HSV-hICAM1-transduced cells was compared with that to cells transduced with HSV not carrying the ICAM gene. Tumorigenicity of HSV-hICAM1-transduced tumor cells were tested in syngeneic Buffalo rats. Additionally, immunization with irradiated (10,000 rads) HSV-hICAM1-transduced tumor cells was performed to determine its effect on tumor growth. A 20-min exposure of tumor cells at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 resulted in high-level cell surface expression of human ICAM in approximately 25% of tumor cells. Transduced rat or human tumor cells exhibited significantly enhanced binding of lymphocytes (p < 0.05). HSV-hICAM1-transduced cells elicited an increase in infiltration by CD4+ lymphocytes in vivo and exhibited decreased tumorigenicity. Immunization with irradiated HSV-hICAM1-transduced cells protected against growth of subsequent injected parental tumor cells. HSV amplicon-mediated gene transfer is an efficient method for modifying the cell surface expression of adhesion molecules. Increased tumor expression of ICAM-1 represents a promising immune anti-cancer strategy.
Leopold II and the Selectorate: An Account in Contrast to a Racial Explanation

Leopold II. und die Selectorate-Theorie: Eine Untersuchung in Abgrenzung zu rassismusbasierten Erkl? rungsans?tzen?. From 1885 until 1908 Leopold II was not only the King of Belgium but also the personal owner of the Congo Free State. The policy outcomes during his reign turned out to be fundamentally different in the two coun tries: Whereas in Belgium he improved living conditions, in the Congo he established a brutal tyranny. This paper analy ses the reasons for these different leadership styles of Leo pold II by means of the 'selectorate theory'. The selectorate theory explains policy outcomes as a function of govern ance institutions. It assumes that the ruler maximizes his own utility which means first of all to sustain himself in power. Under Belgium's governmental institutions Leopold II required broad support from the general public but in the Congo he only needed a very small group of supporters. To reduce the possibility that Leopold's different leadership styles were caused mainly by racism his period is compared to the reign of the Congolese leader Mobutu Sese Seko.
Characterization of Small Absorptions in Optical Coatings

Probably the main causes of laser damage in thin films used as optical coatings are impurities and non-stoichiometry, especially at interfaces. This paper considers the problems of identifying absorbing species, locating them in the optical structure and measuring the amount of absorbing species present. The importance of an absorbing species at a given location in the structure is directly proportional to the relative electromagnetic field squared at that location. This fact is used both to avoid absorption when it isn't wanted and to enhance absorption when it is wanted, such as during analysis. Versatile and sensive spectroscopic procedures for locating and characterizing small absorptions are discussed. Our approach makes use of Poynting's theorem, viz., that the rate of conversion of electromagnetic to joule energy at any point in a medium is proportional to at that point. Emphasis in this paper is on thorium fluoride, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, and silicon monoxide films on silver, germanium, and zinc selenide substrates. Effects of field placement and intensity are illustrated. Significant absorbing foreign species were found in all films tested.
High performance digital volume correlation

We develop speed, efficiency, and accuracy improvements to a three-dimensional (3D) digital volume correlation (DVC) algorithm, which measures displacement and strain fields throughout the interior of a material. Our goal is to perform DVC with resolution comparable to that achieved in 2D digital image correlation, in time that is commensurate with the image acquisition time. This represents a significant improvement over the current state-of-the-art available in the literature. Using an X-ray micro-CT scanner, we can resolve features at the 5 micron scale, generating 3D images with up to 36 billion voxels. We utilize linear and quadratic shape functions with tricubic spline interpolation to achieve high accuracy. We improve the algorithm’s speed and robustness through an improved coarse search, efficient implementation of spline interpolation, and using smoothing splines to address noisy image data. For DVC, the volume of data, number of correlation points, and work to solve each correlation point all grow cubically. We therefore employ parallel computing to handle this tremendous increase in computational and memory requirements. We study how various parameters affect the accuracy of the solution, and how to refine the solution to achieve improved accuracy at reduced computational cost. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our improved DVC implementation using simulated deformations of 3D micro-CT scans of polymer and ceramic foam samples.
Multiplicity Reactivation of Vaccinia Virus Particles Treated with Nitrogen Mustard

Abstract The nitrogen mustard bis(β-chloroethyl)methylamine, a radiomimetic alkylating agent, is known for its ability to inactivate viruses in general and poxvirus in particular. These experiments show that vaccinia virus is rapidly inactivated by it. They show, in addition, that the treated virus exhibits multiplicity reactivation in L cells, closely resembling that experienced with the same virus after exposure to ultraviolet rays. These findings have come from observations of plaque titer, on the one hand, and virus particle aggregation (measured in the electron microscope), on the other. The titer of the treated virus is very sensitive to particle aggregation, increasing and decreasing in a reversible manner as the degree of clumping among the particles is changed. The magnitude of these changes is such that they must be considered in any situation involving plaque assay of the fraction of virus surviving treatment with nitrogen mustard.
A hybrid user model for news story classification

We present an intelligent agent designed to compile a daily news program for individual users. Based on feedback from the user, the system automatically adapts to the user’s preferences and interests. In this paper we focus on the system’s user modeling component. First, we motivate the use of a multi-strategy machine learning approach that allows for the induction of user models that consist of separate models for long-term and short-term interests. Second, we investigate the utility of explicitly modeling information that the system has already presented to the user. This allows us to address an important issue that has thus far received virtually no attention in the Information Retrieval community: the fact that a user’s information need changes as a direct result of interaction with information. We evaluate the proposed algorithms on user data collected with a prototype of our system, and assess the individual performance contributions of both model components.
Alkaline stability of poly(phenylene)-based anion exchange membranes with various cations

Anion exchange membranes comprised of a poly(phenylene) backbone and one of five different cationic head-groups are prepared, briefly characterized, and tested for stability in 4 M KOH at 90 °C. The two membranes with resonance-stabilized cations (benzyl pentamethylguanidinium and benzyl N-methylimidazolium) show large (>25%) decreases in both conductivity and ion exchange capacity (IEC) after just one day of testing. The membrane with benzyl trimethylammonium cations shows a 33% loss of conductivity (14% decrease in IEC) after 14 days while the membrane with trimethylammonium cations attached by a hexamethylene spacer shows the least degradation: a 5% loss of conductivity over 14 days with no accompanying loss in IEC. A similar membrane which has a six-carbon spacer and a ketone adjacent to the phenyl ring shows much lower stability, suggesting that the ketone takes part in degradation reactions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1736–1742, 2013
Forty-seven years experience with gold therapy in 1,019 rheumatoid arthritis patients.

T HIS REVIEW was derived from a survey of 7,750 patient records from 1933 to 1979. Much of the data concerns a special group of 1,019 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with gold salts, many of whom have been referred to in previous publications.’ ” The 1,019 patients with classical or dehnite RA according to the American Rheumatism Association criteria’ were treated with disodium (thiomalate-S) aurate (I) (Myochrysine Merck Sharp & Dohme, West Point, Pa) and followed prospectively. Of this group 3 I7 were men and 702 were women (median ages 46 and 47 years, respectively). Their age at onset of RA is detailed in Table I. The decision to start Myochrysine was based on the progression 01 active RA unresponsive to therapy with aspirin. later phenylbutazone and indomcthacin. and then by newer nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and agents. Myochrysine was given initially as a IO-mg test dose, followed by :I 25-rng test dose one week later. If no adverse reaction occurred, then weekly injections of 40 mg intramuscularly (IM) were administered until at least 800 mg had been given. Then maintenance therapy of 40 mg IM was given ever!’ two to four weeks. The same dosage schedule was followed throughout the course. Efficacy was monitored by ;I moditication similar to the assessment of functional class and radiographic staging after the criteria of Steinbrocker et al.” Considering that some of these patients predated this criteria. all were reviewed for the sake of consistency. None of the patients ToxIcit! ML{\ monItored using ;I clc)‘rc mouitilr ing \\btem \lmil:lr to that recentI\ de\crlbcti Skin toxicit! \\:I\ :in! event of ~~thcrMi\~ unc~ plained skin ra\h. dermatitis. ;ind/or ItchIn? Buccal irritation W;I~ ;In> Llphthous-like u/ccr\ II> the mouth. or :tn\ burning sensaticjrt of the bucc,li mcmbranc\. Ren;tl toxicit! consisted 01 the prc“cncc of hcmaturl;i. red cell and/cx an\ h!alinc GlSl\. ;L\ hell ;I\ t hc prcscnce 01 protein 3 n 1 hc urine ;i> mea\urcd b! x~lvcyl-sulphonic acid IC\I arid/c>>> dipstick 1.o~ platelet count v.;I~ a~cs~d
A computational method of solving free-boundary problems in vortex dynamics

Abstract A general method for computing two-dimensional and axisymmetric three-dimensional solutions of the steady Euler equations is developed. The method is based upon variational principles which are formulated entirely in terms of the natural conserved quantities for the unsteady Euler equations. The vorticity fields considered have a free-boundary and may be defined either in a domain with boundary or in free space; moreover, the common restriction to the case of constant vorticity regions is not imposed. The global convergence of the resulting iterative solver is established. The numerical implementation of the method is discussed and several computational examples are given.
Delayed treatment with nerve growth factor improves acquisition of a spatial task in rats with lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis: evaluation of the involvement of different neurotransmitter systems.

Abstract Rats received bilateral lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis by infusion of ibotenic acid. Fourteen days later, osmotic minipumps releasing human recombinant nerve growth factor (0.3 μg/day) were implanted subcutaneously. Starting one month after the lesion, spatial learning of the animals was tested using the Morris water maze. Acquisition of the task was impaired by the lesion, but treatment with nerve growth factor reduced the average latency to find the platform by approximately 9 s, which represents 28% of the lesion-induced behavioral deficit. Retention of this task and spatial acuity, tested in a trial in which the platform was not present, did not show a statistically significant improvement. Lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis reduced the choline acetyltransferase activity in the neocortex, but not in the hippocampus. Treatment with nerve growth factor increased the choline acetyltransferase activity in the neocortex but not in the hippocampus. There was no significant difference in the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin or their metabolites in the cortex or hippocampus between nerve growth factor-treated animals and lesioned control animals. There was no significant correlation between any of these neurochemical changes and behavioral performance (acquisition and spatial acuity). Treatment with nerve growth factor did not increase the number or the size of nerve growth factor receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. These data suggest that delayed treatment with nerve growth factor results in an improvement of spatial learning in rats with lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. A possible role for cholinergic mechanisms in this effect is discussed.
Continuing to Care: Black and Latina Daughters' Assistance to Their Mothers in Nursing Homes

Interviews with Black and Latina daughters who were caregivers for their mothers in a nursing home revealed the daughters' tasks, motivations, and emotional responses to caregiving. These tasks, motivations, and emotional responses are discussed from the perspective of racial-ethnic feminist theories and prior research on caregiving, gender, and ethnicity.
Model checking the Java metalocking algorithm

We report on our efforts to use the XMC model checker to model and verify the Java metalocking algorithm. XMC [Ramakrishna et al. 1997] is a versatile and efficient model checker for systems specified in XL, a highly expressive value-passing language. Metalocking [Agesen et al. 1999] is a highly-optimized technique for ensuring mutually exclusive access by threads to object monitor queues and, therefore; plays an essential role in allowing Java to offer concurrent access to objects. Metalocking can be viewed as a two-tiered scheme. At the upper level, the metalock level, a thread waits until it can enqueue itself on an object's monitor queue in a mutually exclusive manner. At the lower level, the monitor-lock level, enqueued threads race to obtain exclusive access to the object. Our abstract XL specification of the metalocking algorithm is fully parameterized, both on the number of threads M, and the number of objects N. It also captures a sophisticated optimization of the basic metalocking algorithm known as extra-fast locking and unlocking of uncontended objects. Using XMC, we show that for a variety of values of M and N, the algorithm indeed provides mutual exclusion and freedom from deadlock and lockout at the metalock level. We also show that, while the monitor-lock level of the protocol preserves mutual exclusion and deadlock-freedom, it is not lockout-free because the protocol's designers chose to give equal preference to awaiting threads and newly arrived threads.
False-positive exercise test in the presence of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Abstract Twenty-three patients with electrocardiographic findings typical of the WPW syndrome, but no evidence of heart disease, were exercised, utilizing a double two-step Master's exercise test. Twenty of these had positive changes. In the presence of the WPW syndrome the electrocardiographic exercise test is of no value in view of the frequent false-positive changes.
Effect of Habitual Physical Activity on Regulation of Insulin-stimulated Glucose Disposal in Older Males

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of differences in habitual level of physical activity on insulin action in healthy males between 60 and 75 years of age. The study population consisted of 20 non-obese individuals with normal glucose tolerance: 13 older subjects (68 +/- 4 years) not exercising regularly and 7 older subjects (66 +/- 3 years) who exercised regularly. Measurements were made of body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat by underwater weighing, maximal O2 consumption by bicycle ergometry (VO2max), and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal by the insulin clamp technique. The results demonstrated that insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) in the normal older subjects who exercised regularly. Furthermore, a direct relationship (r = 0.74, P less than 0.001) existed between maximal aerobic capacity and in vivo insulin action, which was independent of either BMI or percentage body fat. These data are consistent with the view that the extensive variation previously noted in in vivo insulin-stimulated glucose disposal of older subjects is related to differences in habitual physical activity.
Abstract 4090: Epigenetic profiling identifies differentially methylated loci in metastatic vs. non-metastatic primary squamous and basal cell skin cancers

Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. Over 2 million new cases of these cancers are diagnosed each year, and incidence rates are increasing worldwide. Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin are generally considered less aggressive than melanomas, which is reflected in their lower relative mortality rates. Despite this, a clinically relevant subgroup of both of these cancers will metastasize and develop an aggressive disease phenotype. In order to characterize the molecular pathways that may be involved in the development of metastatic disease in these common cancers, we measured DNA methylation profiles at 1505 CpG sites associated with 807 related to cancer using the Illumina Goldengate Methylation Cancer Panel BeadArray in BCCs and SCCs isolated from patients treated at the University of Michigan. DNA methylation was measured in metastatic (n=9) and non-metastatic (n=19) primary SCCs and in metastatic (n=3) and non-metastatic (n=9) primary BCCs. Due to the known divergent mechanisms of carcinogenesis of basal and squamous cell carcinomas, separate analyses were conducted for these tumor types. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering was used to identify overall differences in DNA methylation patterns between metastatic and non-metastatic disease. Gene specific analyses using linear modeling coupled with an empirical Bayes method of variance estimation were conducted to identify if methylation at individual CpG sites is associated with metastatic potential. SCCs were not found to cluster based on metastasis, however, metastatic BCCs were found to cluster together, suggesting that metastatic BCCs may share common mechanisms of pathogenesis. In gene specific analyses, FRZB was found to be statistically significantly hypermethylated in metastatic compared to non-metastatic primary SCCs (median methylation: 54.2% vs. 4.7%; p=3.8x10-5). Two sites in MYCL2 were found to be significantly hypomethylated in metastatic vs. non-metastatic BCCs (3.7% and 4.0% vs. 77.9% and 53.5%; p=1.87x10-6 and 3.69x10-5 respectively). The results from this pilot study give insight into the molecular mechanism of metastasis for nonmelanoma skin cancers and identify the divergent characteristics of BCCs and SCCs. The differentially methylation regions identified in this study may be useful epigenetic biomarkers of metastatic potential for nonmelanoma skin cancers to be examined in an extended patient population in future studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4090. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4090
Two‐Dimensional Vortex Crystalsa

: Magnetically confined pure electron columns evolve as nearly inviscid, incompressible two-dimensional (2-D) fluids. Experiments on these columns have found that the decay of 2-D turbulence leads to spontaneous formation of “vortex crystals,” which are symmetric arrays of strong vortices within a background of lower vorticity. These vortex crystals can be described as maximum fluid entropy states for a system with an ergodically mixed background and a conserved number of strong vortices.
Parents Appraise Schools: A Study of Counter-narratives

Abstract We examine the counter-narratives parents tell about their children's literacy development and their involvement with schools. Situated in the contested terrain of parental involvement, we ask: When parents tell counter-narratives, what structure and topic do they take? We conducted interviews with thirty-one parents whose children struggled with reading or writing. Drawing on the tools of narrative analysis and critical discourse analysis, we identified five different kinds of counter-narratives. The counter-narratives are diverse in thematic focus and grammatical structure. They vary in how they couple critique with action, alternate vision, acceptance or an emerging counter-narrative. We define each type of counter-narrative, give a representative example and identify the discursive features associated with each type. In the discussion we present an expanded notion of counter-narratives that foregrounds the epistemic privilege of parents.
Creep-Fatigue Interaction in a Cobalt-Base Aligned Eutectic

The effects of microstructure, test temperature and frequency on the high cycle fatigue behavior of two cobalt-base aligned eutectics and a cobalt-base solid solution alloy have been determined. Fatigue resistance of the composites improved when interfiber spacing was reduced or post-solidification heat treatments were performed. Removal of chromium caused a reduction in fatigue life, especially at high stresses. Vacuum environment caused a significant improvement in fatigue endurance limit at 25 °C but not at 825 °C. Reducing test frequency in vacuum reduced fatigue lives at 825 °C, indicating a creep-fatigue interaction was occurring. Additional evidence for a creep-fatigue interaction is discussed.
Injective Polynomial Maps Are Automorphisms

(1995). Injective Polynomial Maps Are Automorphisms. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 102, No. 6, pp. 540-543.
953-33 Modified Venovenous Ultrafiltration in Infant Cardiac Surgery

Modified arteriovenous ultrafiltration has been used in pediatric cardiac surgery to reduce tissue edema and improve organ function. Arteriovenous filtration may be problematic in hemodynamically unstable patients and those with univentricular cardiac anomalies. To avoid problems that may occur during arteriovenous filtration, a technique of modified venovenous ultrafiltration (MVU) has been developed. From May through August, 1994, 20 neonates and infants (mean age 61 days, mean weight 4.5 kg) underwent open cardiac surgical procedures followed by 20 minutes of MVU after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. Diagnoses included ventricular septal defect (4), complete atrioventricular septal defect (3). transposition of the great arteries (3), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (3), tetralogy of Fallot (2), total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (2), truncus arteriosus (1), and anomalous left coronary artery (1). MVU removed a mean volume of 98 ml/kg body weight and increased the hematocrit from 24 to 33% (p = 0.0001). Effects of MVU on systolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP, MAP) and on echocardiographic measurements of left ventricle wall thickness (LVT) and mitral velocity-time integral during the first third of diastole (VTI 1/3) are shown: Prefilter Postfilter SAP MAP LVT VTI 1/3 SAP MAP LVT VTI 1/3 Mean 62 45 6.0 2.7 76 57 4.8 4.7 S.D. 11 9 1.7 1.7 17 12 1.3 2.0 P vs. Prefilter: 0.0002 0.0001 0.001 0.014 Filtered patients were compared to age- and diagnosis-matched controls operated on by the same surgeon within the same year. Days ventilated (Vent), days in intensive care (ICU), and postoperative hospital days (Hosp) were analyzed: MVU Control Vent ICU Hosp Vent ICU Hosp Mean 3 5 9 7 10 15 S.D. 2 3 4 8 9 11 P vs. MVU: 0.086 0040 0.067 MVU results in improved hemodynamics and a more rapid recovery in infants undergoing open heart operations. MVU can be used in a wide range of patients, including those with univentricular cardiac malformations.
Thermal degradation of amino acid salts in CO2 capture

Abstract The resistance of amine-based CO2 capture solutions to thermal degradation is a critical characteristic that helps to determine their potential for use as a post-combustion CO2 capture solvent. In this research, sodium salts of glycine, sarcosine, alanine and β-alanine were thermally degraded at 125 °C, 135 °C and 145 °C, respectively, to discover the structural reasons for their thermal stability. These four amino acids have enhanced thermal degradation rates compared to reference monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent. The stability order for amino acid salts tested to date is: sarcosinate > alaninate > β-alaninate. Steric hindrance at the amine group plays a positive role in protecting the amino acid against degradation. Calculated activation energies for the degradation processes are lower than that of MEA. β-Alaninate (β-Ala) thermal degradation generates β-Ala dimer (major degradation product), β-Ala dimer carbamate and tetrahydro-1,3-oxazin-6-one. The relative yields of these three β-alanine degradation routes are discussed.
Neuroleptic-associated autoantibodies a prevalence study

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antiphospholipid antibodies (APA), rheumatoid factor (RF), and immunoglobulin (Ig) M levels were determined in 184 male chronic psychiatric patients on long-term therapy with neuroleptics, and in 35 age-matched normal male controls. The prevalence of one or more of these autoantibodies was 70% in the neuroleptic-treated patients and 9% in the normal controls. Polyclonal IgM elevation was frequently seen among patients treated with phenothiazines. There was a significant correlation between the presence of ANA, APA, and RF; ANA and APA were more frequently associated with CPZ therapy, but the prevalence of RF was high in all treatment groups. These findings suggest that antibodies against the Fc fragment of IgG are the most common autoantibody associated with neuroleptics. Alternatively, the presence of RF could be a common finding in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.
Oxygen diffusion in perovskite-related oxides

Abstract Investigation of the system BaZr1−xInxO3−0.5x has revealed that above 500 °C Ba2In2O5 has an oxide-ion conductivity σo analogous to that of Bi2O3 and the Zr-substituted compounds a σo analogous to that of the stabilized zirconias; at lower temperatures both neutral oxygen and water can be reversibly inserted into or extracted from the oxygen vacancies to give an enhanced ionic conduction.
A simple photogrammetric method of measuring anterior chamber volume.

Several methods have been described for calculating the volume of the anterior chamber from the dimensions of a photographically recorded optical section of the eye. Heim 1 reported a method whereby the true dimensions of the optical section could be determined by graphic conversion and the volume determined by planimetry. Jones and Maurice 2 described a much simpler version of this otherwise tedious method. They used an optically distorted grid to simplify the process of graphic conversion and a special balance to eliminate the need for planimetry. Brown 3 reported some methods of improving the quality of the photograph and of using a transparent optically distorted grid overlay to simplify measurement of true dimensions inside the anterior chamber. Johnson, Passmore, and Brubaker 4 have described a simplification of the method of Jones and Maurice and applied the method to the determination of fluorescein dilution volume of the anterior chamber in the monkey eye. We report herein the method as applicable to the human eye.
Prostate specific antigen: the past, present and future.

Aim: To review current data available on use of prostate specific antigen for screening healthy men for prostate cancer. Methods: Literature was reviewed and the guidelines from, American cancer Society, American Urologic Association was reviewed. Results: Current screening protocols lead to over diagnosis of prostate cancer. This often results in unnecessary biopsy procedures and treatments. Conclusion: We must consider the benefit of screening and treatment with the harms of over diagnosis and over treatment. Newer imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging have to be evaluated further.
MiR-221 promotes the development of androgen independence in prostate cancer cells via downregulation of HECTD2 and RAB1A

Hormone-sensitive prostate cancer typically progresses to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after the androgen deprivation therapy. We investigated the impact of microRNAs (miRs) in the transition of prostate cancer to CRPC. MiR-221/-222 was highly expressed in bone metastatic CRPC tumor specimens. We previously demonstrated that transient overexpression of miR-221/-222 in LNCaP promoted the development of the CRPC phenotype. In current study, we show that stably overexpressing miR-221 confers androgen independent (AI) cell growth in LNCaP by rescuing LNCaP cells from growth arrest at G1 phase due to the lack of androgen. Overexpressing of miR-221 in LNCaP reduced the transcription of a subgroup of androgen-responsive genes without affecting the androgen receptor (AR) or AR-androgen integrity. By performing systematic biochemical and bioinformatical analyses, we identified two miR-221 targets, HECTD2 and RAB1A, which could mediate the development of CRPC phenotype in multiple prostate cancer cell lines. Downregulation of HECTD2 significantly affected the androgen-induced and AR-mediated transcription, and downregulation of HECTD2 or RAB1A enhances AI cell growth. As a result of the elevated expression of miR-221, expression of many cell cycle genes was altered and pathways promoting epithelial to mesenchymal transition/tumor metastasis were activated. We hypothesize that a major biological consequence of upregulation of miR-221 is reprogramming of AR signaling, which in turn may mediate the transition to the CRPC phenotype.
Should multicentric disease be an absolute contraindication to the use of breast-conserving therapy?

Abstract Purpose: Multicentric cancer is present in a large proportion of mastectomies performed as treatment of breast cancer; it has been considered a contraindication to breast conservation. Methods and Materials: We reviewed the records of our patients with Stage I or II breast cancer treated with breast conserving surgery and radiation therapy over a 13-year period. Twenty-seven patients had two or more nodules of grossly visible cancer separated by histologically normal breast tissue. All patients had grossly negative margins of excision; however, four patients had microscopically positive margins. Nine patients had positive axillary nodes. All patients received radiation therapy to the breast postoperatively, with a median dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions; 11 patients also received a boost dose of 6–20 Gy to the tumor bed. Eleven patients were given adjuvant chemotherapy and one patient was given adjuvant tamoxifen. Results: With a median follow-up of 53 months, only one patient has relapsed in the breast (3.7%); that patient relapsed in multiple distant sites at the same time. Three patients have died of disseminated disease; the actuarial survival and disease-free survival rates at 4 years are 89%. Conclusion: Breast conservation may be considered for patients with multicentric breast cancer discovered at the time of histologic examination. For patients with multicentric disease detected prior to surgery, breast conserving therapy may be appropriate as long as: (1) all clinically and radiographically apparent abnormalities are removed, (2) clear margins of resection are achieved, and (3) there is no extensive intraductal component. Breast cancer, Radiation therapy, Multicentric breast cancer.
Modeling the nuclear magnetic resonance behavior of lung: from electrical engineering to critical care medicine.

The present article reviews the basic principles of a new approach to the characterization of pulmonary disease. This approach is based on the unique nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of the lung and combines experimental measurements (using specially developed NMR techniques) with theoretical simulations. The NMR signal from inflated lungs decays very rapidly compared with the signal from completely collapsed (airless) lungs. This phenomenon is due to the presence of internal magnetic field inhomogeneity produced by the alveolar air-tissue interface (because air and water have different magnetic susceptibilities). The air-tissue interface effects can be detected and quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques using temporally symmetric and asymmetric spin-echo sequences. Theoretical models developed to explain the internal (tissue-induced) magnetic field inhomogeneity in aerated lungs predict the NMR lung behavior as a function of various technical and physiological factors (e.g., the level of lung inflation) and simulate the effects of various lung disorders (in particular, pulmonary edema) on this behavior. Good agreement has been observed between the predictions obtained from the mathematical models and the results of experimental NMR measurements in normal and diseased lungs. Our theoretical and experimental data have important pathophysiological and clinical implications, especially with respect to the characterization of acute lung disease (e.g., pulmonary edema) and the management of critically ill patients.
Optimal file allocation and report assignment in distributed information networks

Distributed database systems is a current design practice in database architecture. These systems are used by corporations that are served by a network of computers. In this research, we model the problem of allocation of copies of files and the assignment of reports to sites in a distributed computer network. This is a 0-1 integer programming problem, and we present optimal and heuristic solution procedures in this article