cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical identification of antigen presenting cells in rat salivary glands

Mucosal dendritic cells affect immune responses through secretion of cytokines and exposure of naive B- and T-lymphocytes to foreign matter as antigen presenting cells (APCs). APC in oral tissues may play a role in the development of local and secretory immune responses [Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 7 (1996) 36]. Previous studies have shown that APC are present in the interstitial tissues of rat salivary glands [Arch. Oral Biol. 40 (1995) 1015]. This study sought to further define the distribution of APC in salivary glands. The major glands and ducts of male Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and prepared for immunofluorescence and pre- and post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy. Monoclonal antibodies to the dendritic cell marker Ia antigen (OX-6 antibody), monocyte lineage cytoplasmic antigen (ED-1), and resident tissue macrophage antigen (ED-2) were visualized with FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies for light microscopy and HRP- and gold-labelled secondary antibodies for electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed numerous OX-6-positive cells with branching processes in the epithelium of striated and excretory ducts of both rat strains, as well as in the connective tissue stroma. ED-1-positive cells had a similar distribution but exhibited a more compact shape with fewer processes. ED-2-positive cells were found only in the connective tissue. Acinar and duct epithelial cells were unreactive. Electron microscopy confirmed that both OX-6-positive and ED-1-positive, non-epithelial cells were present within the duct epithelium. The presence of APC in the duct epithelium suggests that these ducts may be exposed to antigens, possibly by retrograde access from the oral cavity, and that APC located in the salivary gland epithelium may participate in local immune responses.
African American Parents’ Educational Orientations: The Importance of Social Class and Parents’ Perceptions of Schools

Research on race, social class, and parent involvement in education often implies that parents’ educational orientations result directly from their social class or racial group backgrounds. In this article, the authors study the involvement of working-class and middle-class African American parents. They argue that these parents’ educational orientations are informed by the educational environments they navigate, their resources for negotiating these environments, and their prior social class and race-based educational experiences. Middle-class African American parents studied were more likely to select their children’s schools, assess them favorably, and adopt supportive orientations toward them. In contrast, working-class African American parents studied were assigned to schools, tended to assess them less favorably, and adopted more reform-based orientations toward them. The article extends prior work by studying social class and parent involvement within the African American community and by highlight...
Modification of impulsive cognitive style: a survey of the literature.

Summary.--Cognitive style, in particular, the dimension of reflection-impulsivity, is a significanc characteristic of subjects in learning. Previous investigations suggest that learners of an impulsive cognitive style are at a seeming disadvantage in problem-solving situations. Surveyed are investigations of procedures designed to alter an impulsive problem-solving disposition. Among the conclusions are: (1) reinforcement techniques induce short-term change in an impulsive cognitive style; (2) reflective modeling significantly modifies impulsive behavior; (3) instruction in scanning strategies alters impulsiveness on problem-solving tasks; and, (4) training in discrimination of distinctive features aids impulsive learners. As an alternative to modifying impulsiveness in learners, the authors propose that explorations of how the environment may be made compatible with the child be undertaken.
On the inhibition of deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate.

Abstract Studies were performed to determine whether 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-monophosphate (FdCMP) is an inhibitor of deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase and whether it could form an isolable covalent complex with the enzyme and the cofactor, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The results showed that although FdCMP is a competitive inhibitor of dCMP hydroxymethylase, it does not cause time-dependent inhibition of the enzyme in the presence of cofactor. Further, although uv difference spectral evidence was found for a FdCMP-cofactor-enzyme complex, the complex was not sufficiently stable to isolate on nitrocellulose filters. We conclude that FdCMP is not a mechanism-based inhibitor of dCMP hydroxymethylase.
Performance Analysis of Sequential Probability Ratio Test

Abstract The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is a fundamental tool for sequential analysis. It forms the basis of numerous sequential techniques for different applications; for example, the truncated SPRT and Page's cumulative sum test (CUSUM). The performance of SPRT is characterized by two important functions—operating characteristic (OC) and average sample number (ASN), and CUSUM's performance is revealed by the average run length (ARL) function. These functions have been studied extensively under the assumption of independent and identically distributed log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) with constant bounds, which is too stringent for many applications. In this article, inductive integral equations governing these functions are developed under very general settings—the bounds can be time-varying and the LLRs are assumed independent but nonstationary. These inductive equations provide a theoretical foundation for performance analysis. Unfortunately, they have nonunique solutions in the general case...
CT imaging of mass-like renal lesions in children

Mass-like renal lesions in children occur in a diverse spectrum of conditions including benign and malignant neoplasm, infection, infarction, lymphatic malformation, and traumatic injury. Although mass-like renal lesions can sometimes be suspected on plain radiographs and evaluated with US in children, subsequent CT is usually performed for the confirmation of diagnosis and further characterization. The purpose of this pictorial essay was to review the CT imaging findings of both common and uncommon mass-like renal lesions in pediatric patients. Understanding the characteristic CT appearance of mass-like renal lesions in children enables an accurate diagnosis and optimizes patient management.
Failure of angiography to accurately depict the extent of coronary artery narrowing in three fatal cases of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

The angiographic and pathologic findings are described in three patients who died less than 24 h after failed percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. In two of the three patients, coronary angiography performed before angioplasty disclosed apparently focal lesions in the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries. In these two patients quantitative angiographic analysis disclosed a minimal lumen cross-sectional area of 1.82 and 0.47 mm2, respectively, at the sites of apparently focal stenoses before angioplasty; corresponding percent lumen area narrowing measured 84% and 91%, respectively, by quantitative angiography at these two sites. In the third patient, coronary angioplasty was undertaken when the patient developed spontaneous occlusion of the right coronary artery several hours after diagnostic angiography. Retrospective quantitative angiographic analysis of the right coronary artery revealed a minimal lumen cross-sectional area of 1.14 mm2, with 85% lumen area narrowing at the site of subsequent total occlusion and angioplasty. In each of these three patients, necropsy examination disclosed that the distribution of coronary narrowing in the artery treated by angioplasty was in fact not focal; rather, in each of these three patients, the artery treated by angioplasty, as well as the extramural coronary arteries not treated by angioplasty, were severely narrowed by diffusely distributed atherosclerotic plaque. The angiographic and necropsy findings in these three patients document that coronary narrowing that remains occult by virtue of diffuse distribution may complicate evaluation of patients being considered for coronary angioplasty.
The therapeutic value of hypertonic saline in acute bronchiolitis remains unclear.

Commentary on : Wu S, Baker C, Lang ME, et al. Nebulized hypertonic saline for bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168:657–63[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] and Florin TA, Shaw KN, Kittick M, et al. Nebulized hypertonic saline for bronchiolitis in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168:664–70.[OpenUrl][5][CrossRef][6][PubMed][7][Web of Science][8] Bronchiolitis is common in children below 2 years of age and is a leading cause of infant hospitalisation, accounting for $1.73 billion in hospital charges in the USA annually.1 The putative effect of hypertonic saline (HTS) in bronchiolitis is to absorb mucosal water, hydrate the airway–surface liquid in the bronchioles and enhance mucociliary clearance.2 However, the therapeutic value of HTS in acute bronchiolitis remains unclear. Both randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted in urban, tertiary level, paediatric emergency departments (ED) in the USA. They excluded children with significant comorbidity, and compared the effect of nebulised 3% HTS with normal saline (NS) controls. Both studies used albuterol, given either just prior to or within 90 min of HTS. Florin and colleagues enrolled 31 patients in each group, concluding that improvement in Respiratory Assessment Change Score (RACS; primary outcome) 1 h after intervention was less … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%2BPediatr%26rft.volume%253D168%26rft.spage%253D657%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjamapediatrics.2014.301%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24862623%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.301&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24862623&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F1%2F24.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000339492400015&link_type=ISI [5]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%2BPediatr%26rft.volume%253D168%26rft.spage%253D664%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjamapediatrics.2013.5306%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24862342%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.5306&link_type=DOI [7]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24862342&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F1%2F24.atom [8]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000339492400016&link_type=ISI
The derivative absorption spectra of chlorophyll in algae and leaves at low temperatures.

Abstract Chlorophyll a in live plants is found in several spectroscopically distinct combinations which are difficult to recognize because their absorption bands strongly overlap. These spectral bands can be distinguished, however, through derivative spectrophotometry, especially at low temperatures which sharpens the bands and makes possible the detection of smaller amounts of minor components than is possible with measurements at room temperature. The derivative absorption spectra of a number of algae and leaves were measured at room temperature and at about — 180°. For example, at low temperature, in the spectra of Porphyridium cruentum, Phormidium persicinum , and lettuce leaf, a shoulder appeared with maximum probably near 655 mμ which belonged to an unidentified component.
Experiences gathered and lessons learned from 20 years of RNA structure.

I was honored to be asked to contribute to this issue. My own entry into the RNA world occurred close in time to the appearance of RNA (the journal, not the molecule), and I have been privileged to have had a front-row seat to several remarkable advances. While I don't classify myself as “only” an RNA structural biologist, RNA structure has defined much of my career. In what follows, I'll offer a few personal observations of how I've seen the RNA structure field grow and change and how these changes influenced my career. I'll also mention to interested students and post-docs that none of my career decisions involved any true planning or strategy. I was pretty clueless; I just did what was scientifically exciting to me. Maybe I was lucky, but I think if you do what you love, and pursue it passionately, you will be successful.
To Dismantle an Idle Past: Using Historiography to Construct a Digital Learning Environment

In this article, the authors describe how they used primary and secondary sources related to the Indian Removal Act to develop a learning activity in which students analyze, corroborate, and synthesize primary sources. Using the free, online authoring tool, UDL Book Builder, they were able to develop on-demand digital scaffolds that temper an engaging and challenging approach to critical thinking with instructional support. A key aspect of this program is the digital agents that educators can program to model critical thinking about primary sources. The authors include the text they developed for the agents’ think-alouds learners can access. Finally, the authors end with ideas for resources teachers can use to access historical arguments for additional history topics.
Traces and related chemical changes in a Late Ordovician paleosol, Glossifungites ichnofacies, southern Appalachians, USA

Traces interpreted as Skolithos sp. in a Glossifungites ichnofacies occur in the upper part of the Beans Gap Claystone paleosol, in association with a Late Ordovician marine erosional surface. Paleosol color and whole‐rock chemistry are distinctly different in the vicinity of burrows, which are enveloped by olive gray mottles, 1 to 10 cm in diameter, in which total iron (measured as Fe2O3) is 30% lower than in grayish red, “unaltered”; claystone. Post‐pedogenic bioturbation increased permeability locally and permitted the introduction of marine fluids and coarser sediment into the top of the paleosol. Anaerobic microbial decay of organic matter in the burrows and surrounding claystone permitted reduction (and mobilization) of formerly oxidized iron, which then combined with marine‐derived sulfate to form pyrite, both within burrows and along oxidation‐reduction fronts in the claystone proximal to burrows. Pyrite was later converted to hematite as a result of outcrop‐related oxidation by meteoric water. Pa...
A 12b 22.5/45MS/s 3.0mW 0.059mm 2 CMOS SAR ADC achieving over 90dB SFDR

CMOS technology scaling has opened a pathway to high-performance analog-to-digital conversion in the nanometer regime, where switching is preferred over amplifying. Successive-approximation-register (SAR) is one of the conversion architectures that rely on the high switching speed of process technology, and is thus distinctively known for its superior energy efficiency, small chip area, and good digital compatibility. When properly implemented, a SAR ADC also benefits from a potential rail-to-rail input swing, 100% capacitance utilization during input sampling (thus low kT/C noise), and insensitivity to comparator offsets during the conversion process. The linearity-limiting factors for SAR ADC are capacitor mismatch, sampling switch non-idealities, as well as the reference voltage settling issue due to the high internal switching speed of the DAC. In this work, a sub-radix-2 SAR ADC is presented, which employs a perturbation-based digital background calibration scheme and a dynamic-threshold-comparison (DTC) technique to overcome some of these performance-limiting factors.
The role of sexuality and sex equity in the education of minority adolescents

(1987). The role of sexuality and sex equity in the education of minority adolescents. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 64, Sex Equity and Sexuality in Education, pp. 183-197.
Disorders of Consciousness and Disordered Care: Families, Caregivers, and Narratives of Necessity

By their nature, care decisions for patients with severe disorders of consciousness must involve surrogates. Patients, so impaired, have lost their decision-making capacity and the ability to direct their own care. Surrogates-family members, friends, or other intimates-must step in and make decisions about ongoing care or its withdrawal. This article shares the narrative experiences of these surrogate decision makers as they encounter the American health care system and accompany patients from injury through rehabilitation. Through their perspectives, the article considers challenges to ongoing care and rehabilitation that are a function of a prevailing medical infrastructure and reimbursement framework better suited to patients with acute care needs. Specific attention is paid to the ethical challenges posed by reimbursement strategies such as "medical necessity" as well as those proposed for the Affordable Care Act. The argument concludes that when it comes to care for a disorder related to consciousness, its provision is not discretionary, and its receipt is not an entitlement but a civil right.
SU‐E‐T‐14: Predicted Biological Effectiveness of Treatments Delivered Using Dynamic MLC IMRT versus VMAT

Purpose: Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy(IMRT) is an effective method of maximizing dose conformity while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. The spatial effects of IMRT are commonly used as a technique to evaluate treatment quality. However, the use of spatial information alone neglects that cell survival is directly related to the temporal dose deposition. This study uses the linear quadratic (LQ) model, with the Lea‐Catcheside dose protraction factor in order to investigate the change in biological effectiveness between IMRT modalities, including sliding window (DMLC) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Methods: The dose‐time relationship was measured using Lucite phantom and an ion chamber. Measurements were taken for both prostate and head/neck plans. A specific coordinate was chosen in the tumor and the dose rate was measured as a function of time. The temporal dose deposition was used to calculate the dose protraction factor and the effective total dose (ETD) with varying repair half‐times and &#945;/&#946; ratios. The biological effectiveness was further studied using a Poisson model of tumor control probability (TCP). Results: Switching from VMAT to DMLC, for both the prostate and head/neck treatments, revealed a drop in the biological effects. A comparison of the DMLC and VMAT techniques showed a percentage loss of ETD for both anatomical sites. Differences in the protraction factor for DMLC and VMAT also contributed to a shift in the TCP model. The tumor control results revealed an overall increase in tumor control probability for VMAT compared to DMLC Conclusions: Comparing DMLC and VMAT techniques demonstrates that temporal dose deposition is an important characteristic in determining the biological effects from different treatment modalities. Although uncertainties in biological parameters prevents clinical application of these results this study still illustrates that the shorter treatment times characteristic of VMAT plans is preferable to the longer DMLC plans.
The MiSink Plugin

Summary: The MiSink Plugin converts Cytoscape, an open-source bioinformatics platform for network visualization, to a graphical interface for the database of interacting proteins (DIP: http://dip.doe-mbi.ucla.edu). Seamless integration is possible by providing bi-directional communication between Cytoscape and any Web site supplying data in XML or tab-delimited format. Availability: MiSink is freely available for download at http://dip.doe-mbi.ucla.edu/Software.cgi Contact: lukasz@mbi.ucla.edu
A Dual-Wavelength Radar Method to Measure Snowfall Rate

A dual-wavelength radar method to estimate snowfall rate has been developed. The method suggests taking simultaneous and collocated reflectivity measurements at two radar wavelengths. Snowfall backscattering at one of these wavelengths should be in the Rayleigh regime or sufficiently close to this regime, while backscattering at the other wavelength should be substantially outside this regime for typical snowflake sizes. Combinations of Ka-band (for a shorter wavelength) and X-, C-, or S-band (for a longer wavelength) radar measurements satisfy this requirement. The logarithmic difference between reflectivities at these two wavelengths provides an independent estimate of snowflake median size Dm, which exhibits a very low sensitivity to snowflake density and details of the size distribution. The estimates of Dm and radar reflectivities Ze at the longer wavelength are then used to obtain snowfall rate R from the Ze‐R‐D m relationships, which have a snowflake effective density r e as a ‘‘tuning’’ parameter. The independent information about snowflake characteristic size accounts for much of the improvement of the dual-wavelength method over traditional, singleparameter Ze‐R relationships. The paper also presents experimental data collected during January‐March 1996, near Boulder, Colorado, with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s K a- and X-band radars. The radar data were supplemented by simultaneous ground measurements of snow accumulation. Comparisons of the ground and dual-wavelength radar measurements indicate that a tuning value r e of about 0.03‐0.04 g cm23 provides a good match with surface-observed snow accumulations. Differences in dual-wavelength radar estimates of accumulation for r e between 0.03 and 0.04 g cm23 are usually within 25%, while existing X-band, singleparameter Ze‐R relationships yield accumulations that differ by as much as a factor of 4.
Further progress in robot juggling: the spatial two-juggle

A spatial two-juggle is discussed. The device has the ability to bat two freely falling balls into stable periodic vertical trajectories with a single three degree-of-freedom robot arm using a real-time stereo camera system for sensory input. After a brief review of a previously-reported one-juggle, the author's initial approach to the two-juggle planning and control problem is described. A number of important refinements to their initial strategy are given. Data from typical two-juggle runs in the laboratory are given. >
Micrometer resolution silane-based patterning of hippocampal neurons: critical variables in photoresist and laser ablation processes for substrate fabrication

Toward the goal of creating patterns of primary hippocampal neurons in low density culture, the authors investigated techniques to fabricate microminiature grids of organofunctional silanes on glassy surfaces. A new photoresist (PR) process, Selective Silane Removal (SSR), was developed and compared to two previously developed techniques which use PR and laser patterning. The grid patterns consisted of 27 combinations of path width, length, and intersection (node diameter). The background consisted of squares bounded for the paths. The best neuron patterning was observed on substrates produced by the SSR process where cytophilic aminosilane is uniformly deposited and selectively removed from the background. Controlling water during aminosilane deposition was critical to good neuronal growth and patterning. Oxygen plasma etching of background regions prior to cytophobic phenylsilane binding significantly reduced off-pattern cell growth. Up to 90% of somata grown on these substrates complied to the pattern, and an average of 77% of background regions were free of neurites or cells connected to the pattern. The highest laser energy density, 120 mJ/cm/sup 2/, produced the best compliance on lased substrates, with an average of 35% of background regions free of connected cells and neurites, but considerable variation across the surface. On substrates with excellent patterning, compliance to nodes was found to be dependent on pattern dimensions, with 20-/spl mu/m node diameters and 80-/spl mu/m internodal path lengths increasing compliance.
Program-and service-level costs of seven screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment programs

This paper examines the costs of delivering screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) services within the first seven demonstration programs funded by the US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Service-level costs were estimated and compared across implementation model (contracted specialist, inhouse specialist, inhouse generalist) and service delivery setting (emergency department, hospital inpatient, outpatient). Program-level costs were estimated and compared across grantee recipient programs. Service-level data were collected through timed observations of SBIRT service delivery. Program-level data were collected during key informant interviews using structured cost interview guides. At the service level, support activities that occur before or after engaging the patient comprise a considerable portion of the cost of delivering SBIRT services, especially short duration services. At the program level, average costs decreased as more patients were screened. Comparing across program and service levels, the average annual operating costs calculated at the program level often exceeded the cost of actual service delivery. Provider time spent in support of service provision may comprise a large share of the costs in some cases because of potentially substantial fixed and quasifixed costs associated with program operation. The cost structure of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment is complex and discontinuous of patient flow, causing annual operating costs to exceed the costs of actual service provision for some settings and implementation models.
UV absorption of the in-bore plasma emission from an EML using polycarbonate insulators

The in-bore continuum emission spectrum, laced by absorption lines, is observed to be completely cut off for wavelengths shorter than about 3000 AA. This cut off wavelength is seen to occur at longer wavelengths as the plasma armature moves down the launcher bore. A mechanism for the absorption of shortwave radiation by ablated and evaporated bore materials is given. >
Mucosal stimulation evokes vasodilation in submucosal arterioles by neuronal and nonneuronal mechanisms

The effects of mechanical stimulation of intestinal mucosa on submucosal arterioles of guinea pig ileum were examined using video microscopy of in vitro preparations consisting of submucosal plexus with adjacently attached mucosa. Mucosal stimulation did not alter the diameter of relaxed vessels but dilated arterioles preconstricted with phenylephrine or the prostaglandin analogue U-46619. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) or muscarinic receptor antagonists inhibited the vasodilation evoked by mucosal stimulation in 60% of preparations examined from normal and extrinsically denervated animals. The TTX-sensitive vasodilation to mucosa stimulation was partially inhibited by the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist ICS 205930. The TTX-insensitive vasodilation was largely prevented when the histamine receptor antagonists cimetidine and pyrilamine and the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin were applied. This study has demonstrated a reflex vasodilation to mucosal stimulation in an isolated submucosal plexus preparation that involves both neuronal and nonneuronal pathways. The neuronal pathway converges on cholinergic vasodilator neurons in the submucosal ganglia. The nonneuronal pathway involves the release of 5-HT, histamine, and prostaglandins from mucosal elements; 5-HT excites cholinergic vasodilator neurons, whereas histamine and prostaglandins dilate submucosal arterioles directly.
Triggered Surface Slips in the Coachella Valley Area Associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes

The Coachella Valley area was strongly shaken by the 1992 Joshua Tree (23 April) and Landers (28 June) earthquakes, and both events caused triggered slip on active faults within the area. Triggered slip associated with the Joshua Tree earth- quake was on a newly recognized fault, the East Wide Canyon fault, near the south- western edge of the Little San Bernardino Mountains. Slip associated with the Land- ers earthquake formed along the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley. Surface fractures formed along the East Wide Canyon fault in association with the Joshua Tree earthquake. The fractures extended discontinuously over a 1.5-km stretch of the fault, near its southern end. Sense of slip was consistently right-oblique, west side down, similar to the long-term style of faulting. Measured offset values were small, with right-lateral and vertical components of slip ranging from 1 to 6 mm and 1 to 4 mm, respectively. This is the first documented historic slip on the East Wide Canyon fault, which was first mapped only months before the Joshua Tree earthquake. Surface slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake most likely de- veloped as triggered slip given its 5 km distance from the Joshua Tree epicenter and aftershocks. As revealed in a trench investigation, slip formed in an area with only a thin (3 m thick) veneer of alluvium in contrast to earlier documented triggered slip events in this region, all in the deep basins of the Salton Trough. A paleoseismic trench study in an area of 1992 surface slip revealed evidence of two and possibly three surface faulting events on the East Wide Canyon fault during the late Quaternary, probably latest Pleistocene (first event) and mid- to late Holocene (second two events). About two months after the Joshua Tree earthquake, the Landers earthquake then triggered slip on many faults, including the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley. Surface fractures associated with this event formed discontinuous breaks over a 54-km-long stretch of the fault, from the Indio Hills southeastward to Durmid Hill. Sense of slip was right-lateral; only locally was there a minor (1 mm) vertical component of slip. Measured dextral displacement values ranged from 1 to 20 mm, with the largest amounts found in the Mecca Hills where large slip values have been measured following past triggered-slip events.
Adaptive bandwidth selection in the long run covariance estimator of functional time series

In the analysis of functional time series an object which has seen increased use is the long run covariance function. It arises in several situations, including inference and dimension reduction techniques for high dimensional data, and new applications are being developed routinely. Given its relationship to the spectral density of finite dimensional time series, the long run covariance is naturally estimated using a kernel based estimator. Infinite order "flat-top" kernels remain a popular choice for such estimators due to their well documented bias reduction properties, however it has been shown that the choice of the bandwidth or smoothing parameter can greatly affect finite sample performance. An adaptive bandwidth selection procedure for flat-top kernel estimators of the long run covariance of functional time series is proposed. This method is extensively investigated using a simulation study which both gives an assessment of the accuracy of kernel based estimators for the long run covariance function and provides a guide to practitioners on bandwidth selection in the context of functional data.
Aggressive behaviour observed within a neurobehavioural rehabilitation service: utility of the OAS-MNR in clinical audit and applied research

The Overt Aggression Scale-Modified for Neurorehabilitation (OAS-MNR) has been proposed as a means of standardizing descriptions of post-acute aggressive behaviour disorders amongst people with acquired brain injury. Single cases in the literature have illustrated its clinical utility. In this paper, its contribution to clinical audit and applied research is explored. The scale was used to record all aggressive behaviour exhibited by 46 patients participating in a neurobehavioural programme during a 14 day period. Data for 3914 acts of aggression were captured. Whilst most was verbal, 443 comprised physical assaults on others. Results suggest the OAS-MNR can be usefully employed to audit practice, and has a role to play in resource allocation: however, efficacy remains best judged at the single case level. Regarding clinical research, it was found that patients with low language function were more likely to physically assault others in the absence of identifiable antecedents. Furthermore, this was more severe and required more intrusive interventions to manage it than aggression shown by the same patients which had identifiable antecedents, or any aggression exhibited by patients whose language was better preserved. It is argued that poor language function creates significant barriers to the treatment of aggression, and, whilst intervention methods with good outcome have previously been described, these are no longer routinely available in the UK. An appeal to reverse this is made.
Autism genes keep turning up chromatin

Autism-spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex genetic disorders collectively characterized by impaired social interactions and language as well as repetitive and restrictive behaviors. Of the hundreds of genes implicated in ASD, those encoding proteins acting at neuronal synapses have been most characterized by candidate gene studies. However, recent unbiased genome-wide analyses have turned up a multitude of novel candidate genes encoding nuclear factors implicated in chromatin remodeling, histone demethylation, histone variants, and the recognition of DNA methylation. Furthermore, the chromatin landscape of the human genome has been shown to influence the location of de novo mutations observed in ASD as well as the landscape of DNA methylation underlying neurodevelopmental and synaptic processes. Understanding the interactions of nuclear chromatin proteins and DNA with signal transduction pathways and environmental influences in the developing brain will be critical to understanding the relevance of these ASD candidate genes and continued uncovering of the "roots" of autism etiology.
A Review of Sonographic Evaluation of Renal Transplant Complications

In this article, we present an overview of renal transplantation with its complications and discuss the abilities and limitations of ultrasound in evaluating these complications. We included renal transplants performed at our institution between 1993 and 2006 and gathered data on more than 1,000 patients who developed graft dysfunction. We analyzed the ultrasound findings in different posttransplant complications and compared our findings with those in published literature. We present this review article that elaborates and categorizes various transplant complications from an ultrasound perspective. Based on imaging evaluation, the complications of renal transplantation can be divided into four major categories: peri-renal, renal parenchymal, renal collecting system, and renal vascular complications. Common complications included acute tubular necrosis, graft rejection, drug nephrotoxicity, hematoma, lymphocele, urinoma, hydronephrosis, and vascular complications. Ultrasound has a key role in identification and management of most of these complications. However, some parenchymal complications may only be diagnosed on renal biopsy. Ultrasound is a very powerful screening tool to assess renal transplant dysfunction and has a primary role in early diagnosis and management of structural and vascular complications, which may need surgical intervention to save the graft.
The Business Cycles of Currency Speculation: A Revision of The Mundellian Framework

In his seminal 1960 study on the dynamics of alternative exchange rate regimes, Robert Mundell proposed a theory of balance-of-payments crises in which speculators base their actions on the observed holdings of central bank foreign reserves. We examine the quantitative implications of this view from the perspective of an equilibrium business cycle model in which rational expectations of a devaluation are conditioned on foreign reserves. The model explains some of the empirical regularities of the business cycle associated with temporary fixed-exchange-rate regimes. In turn, these cyclical dynamics validate the agents' expectations by producing devaluation probabilities that resemble those estimated from the data. The model thus aims to explain both the real effects and the collapse of exchange-rate-based stabilizations in an unified framework.
Uses and Abuses of Tuskegee

The Tuskegee syphilis study has come to symbolize the most egregious abuse on the part of medical researchers. It also stands as a point of reference for African Americans suspicious of the motivations of scientific investigators. The invocation of Tuskegee in public debate over research involving vulnerable populations can help to illuminate the risks of exploitation. But when used incautiously--when abused--the legacy of Tuskegee can thwart serious and sustained discussion of the unique dilemmas posed by contemporary research under conditions of social deprivation. In this article we examine the uses and abuses of Tuskegee in three highly visible AIDS-related debates spanning the last decade.
Long-term jitter reduction through supply noise compensation

The reduction of timing jitter has become a primary goal in the design of Phase Locked Loops (PLLs) and Delay Locked loops (DLLs) for high data rate systems. Timing jitter causes a decrease in timing margin and reduces the maximum achievable frequency of operation for digital circuits. This paper proposes a capacitor compensation scheme to reduce accumulated jitter in PLLs. The focus of this investigation is on the reduction of power supply induced noise to the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). For a 250MHz PLL designed in 0.13um CMOS technology the long term accumulated jitter was simulated at 1.3ns peak to peak which reduced to 750ps peak to peak after the addition of our compensation scheme.
Performance of linear-space search algorithms

Abstract Search algorithms that use space linear in the search depth are widely employed in practice to solve difficult problems optimally, such as planning and scheduling. In this paper, we study the average-case performance of linear-space search algorithms, including depth-first branch-and-bound (DFBnB), iterative-deepening (ID), and recursive best-first search (RBFS). To facilitate our analyses, we use a random tree T(b,d) that has mean branching factor b , depth d , and node costs that are the sum of the costs of the edges from the root to the nodes. We prove that the expected number of nodes expanded by DFBnB on a random tree is no more than bd times the expected number of nodes expanded by best-first search (BFS) on the same tree, which usually requires space that is exponential in depth d . We also show that DFBnB is asymptotically optimal when BFS runs in exponential time, and ID and RBFS are asymptotically optimal when the edge costs of T ( b , d ) are integers. If bp 0 is the expected number of children of a node whose costs are the same as that of their parent, then the expected number of nodes expanded by these three linear-space algorithms is exponential when bp o d 4 ) when bp 0 = 1, and at most quadratic when bp 0 > 1. In addition, we study the heuristic branching factor of T ( b , d ) and the effective branching factor of BFS, DFBnB, ID, and RBFS on T ( b , d ). Furthermore, we use our analytic results to explain a surprising anomaly in the performance of these algorithms, and to predict the existence of a complexity transition in the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem.
Identification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Primary Isolates Resistant to Interferon-α and Correlation of Prevalence to Disease Progression

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) primary isolates, derived from donors at various stages of HIV infection, were assayed for their sensitivity to interferon (IFN)-alpha 2 in vitro. These isolates displayed a broad range of sensitivity to IFN-alpha 2. The prevalence of IFN-alpha 2 resistance was low in the absence of AIDS but dramatically increased once HIV infection progressed to AIDS. Although there was no linear correlation between the percentage of IFN-alpha 2 inhibition in vitro and the CD4 cell number in vivo or the level of endogenous IFN-alpha, serum IFN-alpha levels were higher in donors with AIDS and were associated with low CD4 cell numbers. Thus, circulating IFN-alpha appeared to either promote resistance or favor survival of IFN-alpha resistant variants. IFN-alpha 2 resistance was neither limited to a particular cell tropism nor enhanced by therapy with zidovudine. Sequential analysis indicated that reversion to IFN-alpha 2 sensitivity could occur during the course of infection.
The Psa fimbriae of Yersinia pestis interact with phosphatidylcholine on alveolar epithelial cells and pulmonary surfactant

The pH 6 antigen (Psa) of Yersinia pestis consists of fimbriae with adhesive properties of potential importance for the pathogenesis of plague, including pneumonic plague. The Psa fimbriae mediate bacterial binding to human alveolar epithelial cells. The Psa fimbriae bound mostly to one component present in the total lipid extract from type II alveolar epithelial cells of the cell line A549 separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The Psa receptor was identified as phosphatidylcholine (PC) by TLC using alkali treatment, molybdenum blue staining, and Psa overlays. The Psa fimbriae bound to PC in a dose-dependent manner, and binding was inhibited by phosphorylcholine (ChoP) and choline. Binding inhibition was dose dependent, although only high concentrations of ChoP completely blocked Psa binding to PC. In contrast, less than 1 μM of a ChoP-polylysine polymer inhibited specifically the adhesion of Psa-fimbriated Escherichia coli to PC, and type I (WI-26 VA4) and type II alveolar epithelial cells. These results indicated that the homopolymeric Psa fimbriae are multimeric adhesins. Psa also bound to pulmonary surfactant, which covers the alveolar surface as a product of type II alveolar epithelial cells and includes PC as the major component. The observed dose-dependent interaction of Psa with pulmonary surfactant was blocked by ChoP. Interestingly, surfactant did not inhibit Psa-mediated bacterial binding to alveolar cells, suggesting that both surfactant and cell membrane PC retain Psa-fimbriated bacteria on the alveolar surface. Altogether, the results indicate that Psa uses the ChoP moiety of PC as a receptor to mediate bacterial binding to pulmonary surfactant and alveolar epithelial cells.
Detecting underground objects by exploiting resonant scatterers with antiresonant antennas

When utilizing an antenna over ground as a near-field probe for detecting underground conducting objects, maximizing the variation in the antenna input impedance due to the buried object is the primary concern. Using the example of a horizontal dipole and a buried cylinder, significant variation in the dipole input impedance is obtained by carefully positioning the antiresonant dipole to excite the dominant cylinder resonance.
Preparing Preschoolers for Kindergarten

In this study, we examine the nature of teacher belief systems regarding preparing children for kindergarten using teacher-level data collected for 103 diverse early education programs serving low-income and linguistic minority preschool -age children in Los Angeles County that were part of the Los Angeles: Exploring Children’s Early Learning Settings (LA ExCELS) study. Three main program types are represented: public centers, private centers, and licensed family child care homes. In addition, 57 kindergarten teachers participated in this study. We describe the range of belief systems these diverse educators have about working with this population of children at risk of school failure and preparing them for the transition into elementary school. Results indicate that early educators in preschool and kindergarten settings strongly endorse the importance of a variety of school preparation experiences for young children, but there are differences among early educators in their beliefs about appropriate approaches to guiding the education of young children.
Widmologia kolonialna. "Vita Nova" Vincenta Meessena

Polish translation of the chapter A Colonial Hauntology: Vincent Meessen's Vita Nova from T.J. Demos's book Return to the Postcolony: Specters of Colonialism in Contemporary Art (Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2013).
Predicting Remaining Driving Time and Distance of a Planetary Rover Under Uncertainty

The operations of a planetary rover depend critically upon the amount of power that can be delivered by its batteries. In order to plan the future operation, it is important to make reliable predictions regarding the end-of-discharge (EOD) time, which can be used to estimate the remaining driving time (RDT) and remaining driving distance (RDD). These quantities are stochastic in nature, not only because there are several sources of uncertainty that affect the rover’s operation but also since the future operating conditions cannot be known precisely. This paper presents a computational methodology to predict these stochastic quantities, based on a model of the rover and its batteries. We utilize a model-based prognostics framework that characterizes and incorporates the various sources of uncertainty into these predictions, thereby assisting operational decision-making. We consider two different types of driving scenarios and develop methods for each to characterize the associated uncertainty. Monte Carlo ...
‘Almost everything we do includes inquiry’: fostering inquiry-based teaching and learning with preschool teachers

ABSTRACTGiven the increased emphasis on science in early learning standards, two studies were conducted to investigate preschool teachers’ efficacy for teaching science and their inquiry-based teaching practices. Fifty-one teachers completed a survey of their efficacy for teaching science and understanding of inquiry methods. Teachers reported moderate confidence in their abilities, but only 25% of respondents indicated knowledge of most steps of the inquiry process. In a follow-up study, a small group of teachers participated in training sessions followed by in-depth interviews. Most teachers reported implementing the beginning steps of inquiry, such as observing and questioning, within an activity, but rarely reported next steps, such as making predictions and evaluating evidence. Participants identified lack of materials, scheduling, and time constraints as challenges to inquiry-based teaching. Findings highlight the need for professional development, emphasising the integrated, sequential, cyclic natu...