cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Practical Face Recognition System: Robust Alignment and Illumination by Sparse Representation

Many classic and contemporary face recognition algorithms work well on public data sets, but degrade sharply when they are used in a real recognition system. This is mostly due to the difficulty of simultaneously handling variations in illumination, image misalignment, and occlusion in the test image. We consider a scenario where the training images are well controlled and test images are only loosely controlled. We propose a conceptually simple face recognition system that achieves a high degree of robustness and stability to illumination variation, image misalignment, and partial occlusion. The system uses tools from sparse representation to align a test face image to a set of frontal training images. The region of attraction of our alignment algorithm is computed empirically for public face data sets such as Multi-PIE. We demonstrate how to capture a set of training images with enough illumination variation that they span test images taken under uncontrolled illumination. In order to evaluate how our algorithms work under practical testing conditions, we have implemented a complete face recognition system, including a projector-based training acquisition system. Our system can efficiently and effectively recognize faces under a variety of realistic conditions, using only frontal images under the proposed illuminations as training.
A Comparison of Positive Reinforcement Training Techniques in Owl and Squirrel Monkeys: Time Required to Train to Reliability

Positive reinforcement training (PRT) techniques enhance the psychological well being of nonhuman primates by increasing the animal's control over his or her environment and desensitizing the animal to stressful stimuli. However, the literature on PRT in neotropical primates is limited. Here PRT data from owl monkeys and squirrel monkeys are presented, including the length of time to train subjects to target, present hand, and present foot, important responses that can be used to aid in health inspection and treatment. A high percentage of the squirrel and owl monkeys were successfully trained on target and present hand. Present foot, a less natural response, was harder to train and maintain. Although squirrel monkeys did learn to target significantly faster than owl monkeys, the 2 genera did not differ on time to train on subsequent behavior. These data demonstrate that although owl monkeys may require slightly more time to acclimate to a PRT program, it is still possible to establish a PRT program with ...
Comparison of Factors Influencing Time-Dependent Strength Gain in Recently Disturbed Sand Deposits

The study presented here investigates factors causing time-dependent strength gain in recently disturbed granular materials, a phenomenon commonly referred to as "sand aging." Sand aging has been recorded following earthquakes, deposition of fill, and soil improvement projects. Its manifestation includes an increase in cone penetration test (CPT) tip resistance (qc), standard penetration test (SPT) blow count (N), and small strain shear wave velocity (Vs) with time. While there is still no consensus on the dominate mechanism, several hypotheses have been proposed for the causative mechanism. These include a chemical mechanism (i.e. precipitation of a cementing agent), a mechanical mechanism (i.e. asperity shearing and particle rotation), and dissolution of air bubbles. Because of the expanding database of sand aging case histories, it is now possible to compare recorded aging effects to the proposed mechanisms influencing sand aging . Towards this end, data from 26 case histories, including three field scale experiments conducted by the authors at two different sites, were used to investigate the magnitude of sand aging as a function of the factors hypothesized to be responsible for the aging. From this study, disturbance method, pore fluid composition, mean grain size, qc1N,fresh (as a proxy for Dr), and σ'v were found to influence aging, while the influence of the soil's chemical composition, temperature, coefficient of uniformity, grain shape, and aeration of the pore fluid were inconclusive.
Intragroup genetic relatedness in two howler monkey species (Alouatta pigra and A. palliata): Implications for understanding social systems and dispersal

The degree of genetic relatedness among group members is influenced by dispersal, group formation and composition, mating systems, and other socioecological factors. Making inferences about differences between species in their socio-genetic structure is difficult because studies rarely compare multiple species. In this study, we use multilocus microsatellite genotype data to analyze intragroup genetic relatedness in two howler monkey species (Alouatta palliata and A. pigra). We test the prediction that their patterns of intragroup genetic relatedness will be distinct based on expectations derived from their distinct social systems. Alouatta palliata is expected to have low levels of intragroup relatedness, given that both males and females are reported to disperse from their natal groups, and to join groups with no close kin. Levels of relatedness among A. pigra group members are expected to be variable according to the history of group formation, with new groups formed by unrelated individuals and well-established groups having close kin due to female nepotism and sometimes by takeovers by coalitions of related males. Our results indicate that in both species, most groups contain closely related same-sex and/or inter-sex dyads. This suggests that philopatry in A. palliata may be more common than reported or that individuals are using alternative strategies to reside with close kin. We found greater variation among groups in female-female relatedness in A. palliata than in A. pigra, implying that these species have distinct socio-genetic structures. Further studies including both long-term observational and genetic data are necessary to understand the mechanisms that determine the degree of variation in intragroup genetic relatedness within and among populations for both species. Ecological and demographic data are also necessary to determine the importance of other factors, especially habitat loss and fragmentation, in determining the degree of relatedness in howler monkey groups.
Biofilms and Marine Invertebrate Larvae: What Bacteria Produce That Larvae Use to Choose Settlement Sites

Communities of microorganisms form thin coats across solid surfaces in the sea. Larvae of many marine invertebrates use biofilm components as cues to appropriate settlement sites. Research on the tube-dwelling polychaete worm Hydroides elegans, a globally common member of biofouling communities, is described to exemplify approaches to understanding biofilm bacteria as a source of settlement cues and larvae as bearers of receptors for bacterial cues. The association of species of the bacterial genus Pseudoalteromonas with larval settlement in many phyla is described, and the question of whether cues are soluble or surface-bound is reviewed, concluding that most evidence points to surface-bound cues. Seemingly contradictory data for stimulation of barnacle settlement are discussed; possibly both explanations are true. Paleontological evidence reveals a relationship between metazoans and biofilms very early in metazoan evolution, and thus the receptors for bacterial cues of invertebrate larvae are very old and possibly unique. Finally, despite more than 60 years of intense investigation, we still know very little about either the bacterial ligands that stimulate larval settlement or the cellular basis of their detection by larvae.
Reduction of electromigration in aluminum films by copper doping

We have found that the lifetime of aluminum films subjected to high current densities at elevated temperatures can be increased by the addition of copper. Previous studies have indicated that the failure mechanism is a combination of electromigration-induced phenomena, including nucleation and growth of voids, which are gated primarily by material transport along grain boundaries. On the basis of the present study, it appears that the presence of copper causes an appreciable retardation in the rate at which this overall combination of processes takes place, thereby producing a considerable increase in lifetime.
Regional anesthesia for shoulder surgery

Anesthetic options for shoulder surgery include general anesthesia, regional anesthesia with or without sedation, and a combination of regional and general anesthesia. In the latter case, the addition of regional anesthesia will result in reduced general anesthetic requirements and postoperative analgesia of varying duration. The use of regional anesthesia, in the form of interscalene brachial plexus blockade, is gaining popularity because of the numerous benefits that have been attributed to this type of anesthesia. Because shoulder surgery frequently results in severe postoperative pain, the preemptive and intense intraoperative analgesia provided by interscalene blockade, as well as the use of a long-acting block or a continuous catheter technique for postoperative analgesia is of significant benefit to the patient. Whenever a regional anesthetic technique is used, a thorough knowledge of anatomy (with respect to nerve blockade as well as the surgical procedure), and meticulous care of the patient intraoperatively, are essential prerequisites for a successful outcome.
Illicit use of buprenorphine in a community sample of young adult non-medical users of pharmaceutical opioids.

Abstract Background There is growing evidence about illicit use of buprenorphine in the U.S. The study aims to: (1) identify prevalence and predictors of illicit buprenorphine use in a community sample of 396 young adult (18–23 years old) non-medical users of pharmaceutical opioids and (2) describe knowledge, attitudes and behaviors linked to illicit buprenorphine use as reported by a qualitative sub-sample ( n = 51). Methods Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling. Qualitative interview participants were selected from the larger sample. The sample ( n = 396) was 54% male and 50% white; 7.8% reported lifetime illicit use of buprenorphine. Results Logistic regression analysis results indicate that white ethnicity, intranasal inhalation of pharmaceutical opioids, symptoms of opioid dependence, and a greater number of pharmaceutical opioids used in lifetime were statistically significant predictors of illicit buprenorphine use. Qualitative interviews revealed that buprenorphine was more commonly used by more experienced users who were introduced to it by their “junkie friends.” Those who used buprenorphine to self-medicate withdrawal referred to it as a “miracle pill.” When used to get high, reported experiences ranged from “the best high ever” to “puking for days.” Participants reported using buprenorphine/naloxone orally or by intranasal inhalation. Injection of buprenorphine without naloxone was also reported. Conclusion Our findings suggest that illicit buprenorphine use is gaining ground primarily among whites and those who are more advanced in their drug use careers. Continued monitoring is needed to better understand evolving patterns and trends of illicit buprenorphine use.
Of intellectual monocultures and the study of IPE

ABSTRACT The intellectual monoculture that we currently observe in American IPE, based upon an allegiance to liberalism, rationalism and quantitative methodology, is a misguided departure from the pluralism that once defined the discipline. This monoculture is evident in the way we currently train graduate students in IPE and in the gatekeeping practices of the leading international relations journals. Fortunately, there is a continued diversity of work appearing in other fora from that surveyed by Maliniak and Tierney, primarily in book form and in alternative journals. The absence of cross-fertilization from these alternative outlets to the high status journals and graduate syllabi portends poorly for the future of the field. Like agricultural crops susceptible to devastating collapse for lack of diversification, an intellectual monoculture in IPE may be unable to effectively respond to the dramatic changes and critical emerging issues in the world economy today.
Visualization and calculation of polarized light. I. The polarization ellipse, the Poincaré sphere and the hybrid polarization sphere.

We describe the historical and mathematical development of the polarization ellipse and the Poincare sphere. We point out the limitations of the Poincare sphere in its present use. To overcome these limitations we describe a new polarization sphere that we call the hybrid polarization sphere. This name is used because phase shifting and rotation of polarization components are described by small circles. Furthermore, longitudinal and latitudinal great circles are introduced so that the coordinates of a point on the sphere can be read. The hybrid polarization sphere is described and applied to polarizers, wave plates, and rotators. As a result, the hybrid polarization sphere can be used for both visualization and calculation and enables the difficulties associated with the Poincare sphere to be overcome.
Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Vascular Function and Disease: A Review of Current Research and Animal Models

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), long assumed to be nothing more than vessel-supporting connective tissue, is now understood to be an important, active component of the vasculature, with integral roles in vascular health and disease. PVAT is an adipose tissue with similarities to both brown and white adipose tissue, although recent evidence suggests that PVAT develops from its own precursors. Like other adipose tissue depots, PVAT secretes numerous biologically active substances that can act in both autocrine and paracrine fashion. PVAT has also proven to be involved in vascular inflammation. Although PVAT can support inflammation during atherosclerosis via macrophage accumulation, emerging evidence suggests that PVAT also has antiatherosclerotic properties related to its abilities to induce nonshivering thermogenesis and metabolize fatty acids. We here discuss the accumulated knowledge of PVAT biology and related research on models of hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Improved prediction of heart motion using an adaptive filter for robot assisted beating heart surgery

Robot assisted heart surgery allows surgeons to operate on a heart while it is still beating as if it had been stopped. The robot actively cancels heart motion by closely following a point of interest (POI) on the heart surface -- a process called active relative motion canceling (ARMC). Due to the high bandwidth of the POI motion, it is necessary to supply the controller with an estimate of the immediate future of the POI over a prediction horizon. In this paper, a prediction algorithm, using an adaptive filter to generate future position estimates, is implemented and studied. The effects of predictor parameters on tracking performance are studied. Finally, the predictor is evaluated using a 3 degrees of freedom test-bed and prerecorded heart motion data.
Inward rectifier potassium conductance regulates membrane potential of canine colonic smooth muscle

1. The membrane potential of gastrointestinal smooth muscles determines the open probability of ion channels involved in rhythmic electrical activity. The role of Ba2+-sensitive K+ conductances in the maintenance of membrane potential was examined in canine proximal colon circular muscle. 2. Application of Ba2+ (1-100 microM) to strips of tunica muscularis produced depolarization of cells along the submucosal surface of the circular muscle layer. Significantly higher concentrations of Ba2+ were needed to depolarize preparations from which the submucosal and myenteric pacemaker regions were removed. 3. Elevation of extracellular [K+]o (from 5.9 to 12 mM) brought membrane potentials closer to EK (the Nernst potential for K+ ions), suggesting activation of a K+ conductance. This occurred at potentials much more negative than the activation range for delayed rectifier channels (Kv). 4. Forskolin (1 microM) caused hyperpolarization and a leftward shift in the dose-response relationship for Ba2+, suggesting that forskolin may activate a Ba2+-sensitive conductance. 5. Patch-clamp recordings from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) revealed the presence of a Ba2+-sensitive inward rectifier potassium conductance. Far less of this conductance was present in smooth muscle cells. 6. Kir2.1 was expressed in the circular muscle layer of the canine proximal colon, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Kir2.1 mRNA was expressed in greater abundance along the submucosal surface of the circular muscle layer in the colon. 7. These results demonstrate that ICC express a Ba2+-sensitive conductance (possibly encoded by Kir2.1). This conductance contributes to the generation and maintenance of negative membrane potentials between slow waves.
Treatment of hyperhidrosis with microwave technology.

Hyperhidrosis is the production of sweat above and beyond normal physiological needs, regardless of the ambient temperature, and it affects >4% of the population. In addition, a poll showed up to 21% of the population is bothered on a daily basis by their amount of underarm sweating. Despite the large number of patients who suffer from hyperhidrosis, there are relatively few effective nonsurgical treatment options. A new, nonsurgical, lasting treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis has now been developed using microwave technology to eliminate sweat glands. Semin Cutan Med Surg 32:2-8 © 2013 Frontline Medical Communications
Second Language Sentence Processing in Reading for Comprehension and Translation.

A self-paced reading and translation task was used with learners of English as a second language (L2) to explore what sorts of information L2 learners use during online comprehension compared to native speakers, and how task (reading for comprehension vs. translation) and proficiency affect L2 comprehension. Thirty-six Korean native speakers of English and 32 native English speakers read plausible and implausible subject relative clauses and object relative clauses. Reading times, comprehension accuracy, and translations were analyzed. Results showed that L2 learners were able to use syntactic information similarly to native speakers during comprehension, and that online L2 processing and offline comprehension were modulated by reading goals and proficiency. Results are interpreted as showing that L2 processing is quantitatively rather than qualitatively different from first language processing, i.e. strategically “good enough”.
Mechanistic studies of acid evoked coughing in anesthetized guinea pigs

Experiments carried out in conscious guinea pigs suggest that citric acid-evoked coughing is partly mediated by transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor-dependent activation o...
Resistance of Neisseria meningitidis to the Toxic Effects of Heme Iron and Other Hydrophobic Agents Requires Expression of ght

Several genetic systems that allow the use of iron-protoporphyrin IX (heme) have been described for the pathogenic bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. However, many questions about the process of heme acquisition and utilization remain to be answered. To isolate and analyze unidentified genes that play a role in heme iron uptake and utilization, a Himar1 transposon mutant library was screened in N. meningitidis serogroup A strain IR4162. One locus identified by transposon mutagenesis conferred protection against heme toxicity. A mutant with a deletion in a gene termed ght (gene of hydrophobic agent tolerance) within this locus was susceptible to heme and other hydrophobic agents compared to the parental strain. Transcriptional analysis indicated that ght is cotranscribed with an upstream open reading frame NMA2149. Uncharacterized orthologues of ght were identified in many other gram-negative bacteria. We present genetic evidence for the importance of ght in resistance to hydrophobic agents and its potential role in interaction with other hydrophobic agent resistance mechanisms within N. meningitidis.
Investigations of catecholamine metabolism using high-performance liquid chromatography: analytical methodology and clinical applications.

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography, particularly in its reversed-phase mode, coupled with electrochemical or fluorometric detection, is becoming increasingly popular as an analytical tool for metabolic profiling of substances of neurochemical interest, such as catecholamines and their metabolites. During the last decade, a continued effort has been made to improve and simplify the analytical methodology for routine use in clinical laboratories where this technique is tremendously needed. New developments in column technology, reliable detectors, simplified sample cleanup procedures, and particularly better understanding of the complex physicochemical phenomena underlying the operation of electrochemical detection, have resulted in a steady and encouraging progress. The purpose of this review was to describe the current analytical methodology and recent applications of HPLC in the field of catecholamine metabolism. Although this discussion is by no means detailed and complete, it, at least, hints at the impact of this technique on biochemical investigations and its future potential in clinical laboratories.
Developing the Best 2.4 GHz Propagation Model from Active Network Measurements

As the deployment of outdoor WLAN networks continues to accelerate, it has become clear that network planning is an essential step in the deployment process. This paper outlines a study of the established 802.11g outdoor WiFi network deployed at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Analysis of measured data has shown that predictive planning for network coverage is possible without the need for overly complicated modeling techniques such as ray tracing. The proposed direct-ray, single path loss exponent, Seidel-Rappaport propagation model performs with accuracy comparable to other published models and is offered as a balance between model complexity and prediction accuracy.
Analysis and Anomalies in Philosophy of Education

(1971). Analysis and Anomalies in Philosophy of Education* Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 37-50.
Perceived purposes of performance appraisal: Correlates of individual‐ and position‐focused purposes on attitudinal outcomes

Performance appraisals have traditionally been directed at individuals, serving either an administrative or developmental purpose. They may serve a role definition purpose as well. This study sought to identify and more broadly define the purposes of performance appraisals to include this role definition purpose. Furthermore, this study examined purposes of performance appraisals as perceived by the role incumbent, as opposed to the stated organizational purposes. The relationships between these perceived purposes with several attitudinal outcomes, including satisfaction with the performance appraisal, job satisfaction, affective commitment, and role ambiguity, are reported. Data from 599 retail service employees were used to test the hypothesized relationships. Results suggested support for a model consisting of three performance appraisal purposes having differential relationships with the outcomes examined, suggesting the purpose of the performance appraisal may influence ratees' perceptions of and attitudes toward their jobs.
An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 4th edition.

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 4th edition. Ronald Wardhaugh. Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 2002. viii. 408 pp.
Algorithmic applications of propositional proof complexity

This thesis explores algorithmic applications of proof complexity theory to the areas of exact and approximation algorithms for graph problems as well as propositional reasoning systems studied commonly by the artificial intelligence and formal verification communities. On the theoretical side, our focus is on the propositional proof system called resolution. On the practical side, we concentrate on propositional satisfiability algorithms (SAT solvers) which form the core of numerous real-world automated reasoning systems. There are three major contributions in this work. (A) We study the behavior of resolution on appropriate encodings of three graphs problems, namely, independent set, vertex cover, and clique. We prove lower bounds on the sizes of resolution proofs for these problems and derive from this unconditional hardness of approximation results for resolution-based algorithms. (B) We explore two key techniques used in SAT solvers called clause learning and restarts, providing the first formal framework for their analysis. Formulating them as proof systems, we put them in perspective with respect to resolution and its refinements. (C) We present new techniques for designing structure-aware SAT solvers based on high-level problem descriptions. We present empirical studies which demonstrate that one can achieve enormous speed-up in practice by incorporating variable orders as well as symmetry information obtained directly from the underlying problem domain.
Observations on bound ascorbic acid in guinea pig liver.

SummaryStudies with C14 labeled L-ascorbic acid have yielded further evidence for the presence of a bound form of the vitamin in guinea pig liver. About 19% of the liver L-ascorbic acid is bound in normal and 28% in vit. C deficient animals. When D-ascorbic acid, the enantiomorph of L-ascorbic acid, is administered to vit. C-deficient guinea pigs, it was found in a bound form to about the same extent as L-ascorbic acid.
On the Lifetime of Non-Coalescent Levitated Droplets

It is shown that a droplet will levitate over the liquid surface for 50–700 ms when released from a critical height 1.5–4 times the droplet diameter. While releasing a droplet out of this range will lead to direct submersion. Additionally, it is shown that by applying a temperature difference between the liquid pool and droplet it is possible to elongate the levitation time of that droplet as it pulls the surrounding air molecules between the drop and the pool surface. Lastly, the thickness of the air gap is calculated theoretically for a range of temperatures and compared with experiments. Surprisingly, larger temperature difference between droplet and surface causes an increase in the thickness of the air gap. It is also found that the size of droplet and type of fluid can significantly affect the lifetime of non-coalescent drops.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
History of U.S. Military Contributions to the Study of Respiratory Infections

ABSTRACT History reveals a tremendous impact of respiratory pathogens on the U.S. military, dating back to the time of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars, during which 90% of casualties were for nonbattle injury, including several respiratory illnesses such as measles, whooping cough, and complicated pneumonia. The devastating impact of the influenza pandemic at the end of World War I led to a more proactive approach to research into the etiologies and potential preventive measures for such diseases. The development of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, with its subordinate commissions, coincided with the massive mobilization for World War II. Efforts of the board during and after the war led to significant progress against many common pathogens, such as the landmark studies of group A Streptococcus among young trainees at Warren Air Force Base, which led to the development of highly effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to prevent rheumatic fever. Military pediatricians contributed greatly...
The Physiology and Energetics of Bat Flight

1. The energetics and physiological responses to flight of the echolocating bat Phyllostomus hastatus were studied to determine the energy requirements and physiological adaptations for mammalian flight. 2. The metabolic cost of bat flight is approximately comparable to that of bird flight and requires a metabolic rate appreciably greater than has been reported for terrestrial mammals during exercise. During flight P. hastatus consumed between 24.7 and 29.1 ml O2 (g h)-1, which is about four times its metabolic rate immediately prior to flight and more than 30 times its oxygen consumption while resting with a TR of 36.5 °C in a small chamber. 3. The onset of flight is accompanied by an abrupt increase in both the heart rate, from about 8.7 to 13 beats/sec, and the respiratory rate, from 3 to about 9.6/sec. Rectal temperature is elevated during flight and maintained at about 41.8 °C. The respiratory quotient, which averages 0.83 in a quietly resting bat, rises to a little over 1.0 during the first few minutes of flight. 4. The minimum estimated tidal volume during flight is about 1.4 ml. One respiratory cycle occurs with each wingbeat, corresponding to an estimated minute volume of 840 ml, which is comparable to that reported for the flying budgerigar. The amount of oxygen extracted by P. hastatus from a given volume of tidal air is also comparable to the efficiency of ventilation reported for this bird. 5. High hematocrit values of about 60%, and a high oxygen capacity of 27.5 vol % of P. hastatus blood, must represent important adaptations for enabling the flying bat to maintain such a high metabolic rate.
The preparation and clinical application of the child bicarbonate dialysis liquid system

Objective: To explore for blood dialysis liquid system applicable to acute renal failure (ARF) in children. Methods: Carbonic acid hydrogen salt dialysate without sugar was prepared for the child inpatients in our hospital with their kidney function crocked up. Result: The patients with ARF, after dialysis, showed a decrease their blood BUN and Cr. At the same time, the sour poisoning and the electrolyte mess got rectified or improved. Conclusion: The product for the ARF has an accurate curative effect, worthy of clinic expansion.
NLog-like Inference and Commonsense Reasoning

Recent implementations of Natural Logic (NLog) have shown that NLog provides a quite direct means of going from sentences in ordinary language to many of the obvious entailments of those sentences. We show here that Episodic Logic (EL) and its Epilog implementation are well-adapted to capturing NLog-like inferences, but beyond that, also support inferences that require a combination of lexical knowledge and world knowledge. However, broad language understanding and commonsense reasoning are still thwarted by the “knowledge acquisition bottleneck”, and we summarize some of our ongoing and contemplated attacks on that persistent difficulty.
Modeling of the effect of washing solution flow conditions on Escherichia coli O157:H7 population reduction on fruit surfaces.

Washing produce with sanitizing solutions is an important step in reducing microbial populations during postharvest handling. Little information exists regarding the effects of washing solution flow conditions on the efficacy of pathogen reduction during washing. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of washing conditions such as flow velocity, agitation rate, and contact time on the reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations from the surfaces of cantaloupe rind and cut apples. Top surfaces of cylindrical samples were spot inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and treated with peroxyacetic acid (POAA; 80 mg/liter) solution under different flow velocities and agitation rates and with different washing modes. Test results indicate that the reduction rate of E. coli O157:H7 increased with the increase in flow velocity and agitation rate under the testing conditions. In a 3-min treatment in the flow-through chamber, the E. coli O157:H7 count reduction on cantaloupe rind and cup apples reached ...
Dexamethasone Induced Apoptotic Mechanisms in Myeloma Cells by Analysis of Mutant Glucocorticoid Receptors.

Although glucocorticoids (GC) like dexamethasone (dex) are very effective in Multiple myeloma (MM), it is still unknown how they induce MM cell apoptosis. To investigate this issue, we studied the MM1S and MM1R cell lines. The MM1S cells are sensitive to dex-mediated apoptosis, while the MM1R cells are resistant due to lack of expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The latter resistant cells were exploited by the stable lentiviral-mediated expression of wild type (wt) or mutant GRs. Initial experiments demonstrated that infection of the MM1R cells with wt GR lentiviral vector resulted in stable expression of the wt GR and GC-induced reporter expression through the GR response element (GRE). These infected cells were now sensitive to GC-mediated apoptosis, although slightly less than MM1S cells. Nevertheless, this indicated that GR expressing MM1R cells could be used as a model to study the effectors of dex mediated apoptosis. MM1R cells were also similarly infected with lentiviral vectors expressing four different mutant GRs, that are either deficient in mediating GC-induced transactivation through the GRE or deficient in the ability to transrepress NF-KB activity. A GR mutant that transactivated through the GRE but was deficient in NF-KB transrepression did not induce apoptosis indicating that GRE transactivation was not sufficient for apoptosis. Further support for this notion was found when MM1S cells were treated with a concentration of cycloheximide which prevented GRE reporter expression but did not induce apoptosis by itself. This concentration did not affect GC-induced apoptosis supporting the finding that GC-induced transactivation is not required for apoptosis. In contrast, there was a correlation between the ability of mutant GRs to transrepress NF-KB and induce apoptosis. To test if GC-induced transactivation could participate in apoptosis in the setting of NF-KB transrepression, MM1R cells expressing a mutant GR which activates through GRE but does not transrepress NF-KB and is deficient in GC-induced apoptosis was infected with an adenoviral vector expressing the IKB super repressor to inhibit NF-KB. With abrogation of NF-KB, these cells underwent apoptosis at a higher level as compared to infection with a control adenoviral vector. Also, the addition of dex to these cells expressing IKB super repressor significantly enhanced apoptosis suggesting that transactivation through GRE can participate in apoptosis if the NF-KB survival factor is paralyzed.
Text mining for security threat detection discovering hidden information in unstructured log messages

The exponential growth of unstructured messages generated by the computer systems and applications in modern computing environment poses a significant challenge in managing and using the information contained in the messages. Although these data contain a wealth of information that is useful for advanced threat detection, the sheer volume, variety, and complexity of data make it difficult to analyze them even by well-trained security analysts. While conventional Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems provide some capability to collect, correlate, and detect certain events from structured messages, their rule-based correlation and detection algorithms fall short in utilizing the information within the unstructured messages. Our study explores the possibility of utilizing the techniques for data mining, text classification, natural language processing, and machine learning to detect security threats by extracting relevant information from various unstructured log messages collected from distributed non-homogeneous systems. The extracted features are used to run a number of experiments on the Packet Clearing House SKAION 2006 IARPA Dataset, and their prediction capability is evaluated. In comparison with the base case without feature extraction, an average of 16.73% performance gain and 84% time reduction was achieved using extracted features only, and a 23.48% performance gain was attained using both unstructured free-text messages and extracted features. The results also show a strong potential for further increase in performance by increasing size of training datasets and extracting more features from the unstructured log messages.
Legionella pneumonia associated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage - A rare association

Legionella pneumophila is a common, usually underreported and undiagnosed cause of community acquired pneumonia which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage rarely have been associated with legionella infection. We present a 61-year-old man with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity admitted with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. He was found to have Legionella pneumonia with associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage diagnosed with bronchoscopic sequential bronchoalveolar lavage. He was successfully managed with antibiotics, lung protective strategies and intravenous pulse dose steroids. This patient highlights the unusual association of Legionella infection and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Additionally, the case re-enforces the need for early and aggressive evaluation and management of patients presenting with pneumonia and progressive hypoxia despite adequate treatment.
Model-based predictive control for biomass production in advanced life support

Abstract A model-based predictive control (MBPC) algorithm for crop production in a biomass production component of an Advanced Life Support System (ALSS) is introduced. The MBPC adjusts light intensity, air temperature, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration setpoints so that crop growth (total and yield biomass) follows pre-determined production schedules. Mathematical models developed for wheat, soybean, and white potato using multivariate polynomial regression (MPR) are used as the feed-forward models in the control. The control algorithm is evaluated for its ability to compensate for simulated environmental disturbances and sensitivity to modeling and measurement errors. A 24-hour time increment is utilized
Academic salary compression across disciplines and over time

Abstract Academic salary compression occurs when professors of lower professorial rank earn salaries close to—or even higher than—salaries of more senior faculty. We present a modified maximum likelihood method for fitting flexible Dagum distributions to limited data that provide only the minimum, maximum, mean, and sample size, and we use this method to study salary compression across 15 academic disciplines over the past 22 years. After examining mean-based compression ratios, we estimate salary percentiles and explore stochastic dominance relationships between estimated salary distributions for different disciplines and professorial ranks. Although salary compression is not seen in most academic disciplines, it is prevalent in business-related disciplines, is increasing in these disciplines, and exhibits examples of stochastic dominance. In addition, salary compression increases as competing nonacademic salaries increase. Finally, we evaluate our methodology, showing that it would likely be useful in a variety of settings.
Benchmarking sensor fusion capabilities of an integrated instrumentation package

Abstract Quantifying and mitigating environmental risks presented by marine energy conversion systems requires a variety of sensors (active acoustic, passive acoustic, and optical). The operation of these sensors must satisfy three directives to be effective: (1) do not alter the environment through operation of sensors; (2) capture rare events; and (3) do not accrue unmanageable volumes of low-value data. This requires integrating sensors into a single package, rather than operating them independently. The Adaptable Monitoring Package is an integrated instrumentation package that combines a multibeam sonar, acoustic camera, current profiler, optical cameras, and an array of hydrophones. The capabilities and limitations of the AMP sensors were benchmarked using cooperative targets, and real-time target tracking and detection was used to detect opportunistic targets (e.g., diving birds, seals). During an initial deployment, automatic detection of opportunistic targets achieved a 58% true positive rate and a 99% true negative rate (100% corresponding to an ideal system in both cases). In post-processing, target tracking data were used to evaluate automatic target classification capabilities using a k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Results suggest that real-time target classification should be possible and enable integrated instrumentation systems to meet the monitoring needs of marine energy deployments.
Growth of N-polar GaN by ammonia molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract The homoepitaxial growth of N-polar GaN was investigated by ammonia molecular beam epitaxy. Systematic growth studies varying the V/III flux ratio and the growth temperature indicated that the strongest factor in realizing morphologically smooth films was the growth temperature; N-face films needed to be grown approximately 100 °C or greater than Ga-face films provided the same metal flux. Smooth N-face films could also be grown at temperatures only 50 °C greater than Ga-face films, albeit under reduced metal flux. Too high a growth temperature and too low a metal flux resulted in dislocation mediated pitting of the surface. The unintentional impurity incorporation of such films was also studied by secondary mass ion spectroscopy and most importantly revealed an oxygen content in the mid 10 17 to the mid 10 18 cm −3 range. Hall measurements confirmed that this oxygen impurity resulted in n-type films, with carrier concentrations and mobilities comparable to those of intentionally silicon doped GaN.
Electrical and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Graphene-Reinforced Epoxy

Recent developments in additive manufacturing have demonstrated the potential for thermoset polymer feedstock materials to achieve high strength, stiffness, and functionality through incorporation of structural and functional filler materials. In this work, graphene was investigated as a potential filler material to provide rheological properties necessary for direct-write three-dimensional (3D) printing and electrostatic discharge properties to the printed component. The rheological properties of epoxy/graphene mixtures were characterized, and printable epoxy/graphene inks formulated. Sheet resistance values for printed epoxy/graphene composites ranged from 0.67 × 102 Ω/sq to 8.2 × 103 Ω/sq. The flexural strength of printed epoxy/graphene composites was comparable to that of cast neat epoxy (~ 80 MPa), suggesting great potential for these new materials in multifunctional 3D-printed devices.
Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults and Oral Health Considerations: Treatment and Management

Worldwide incidences of degenerative cognitive diseases are increasing as the population ages. This decline in mental function frequently causes behavioral changes that directly affect oral health. The loss of interest and ability to complete the simple tasks of brushing and flossing can cause a rapid development of hard and soft tissue diseases that result in decreased function and increased dental pain. The challenge for the dental community is to understand and to identify the early signs of cognitive dysfunction so as to develop a rational treatment strategy that allows patients to comfortably maintain their teeth for as long as possible.
3D Endovaginal Ultrasound Imaging of the Levator Ani Muscles

The complex levator ani anatomy is perhaps best visualized with three-dimensional endovaginal ultrasonography. In this chapter we will investigate imaging of different levator ani subdivisions and their relationship to the levator plate movement and function.
Technology Leaders and Adopters

This chapter gives an overview of the nature of technology and investigates many of the other technologies which are combined for photogrammetry to emerge in its current state. From general technology theory to a brief history of photogrammetry, it investigates some of the technologies which incorporate photogrammetry technologies and are also connected to the fields of design and entertainment: Microsoft Kinect, photosynth, Weta Digital: Photospace, Autodesk 123D Catch. This chapter concludes by investigating some of the current challenges and limitations.
Vagal-induced tachycardia: release of vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide HI

The relationship between vagal-induced tachycardia (VT) and release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide HI (PHI) into cardiac lymph and coronary sinus blood was studied in 23 alpha-c...
Glucagon and Lipoprotein Regulation in Man

We have proposed that reduced glucagon activity may participate in the induction and/or maintenance of acquired as well as genetically determined endogenous hyperlipemia. To critically consider this hypothesis, the physiologic response to glucagon must be evaluated in a variety of clinical conditions in which the glucagon-lipid axis may be altered. Moreover, in this process, the critical role of free fatty acid availability, simultaneous insulin secretion, and concurrent production of the counter-regulatory hormones cortisol, growth hormone and catecholamines must be considered. Therefore, in the present review, the lipoprotein response to glucagon is examined in normal subjects, insulin-deficient diabetic subjects, insulin-resistant obese subjects and glucagon-resistant hyperlipemic subjects. In addition, the alterations in glucagon secretion induced by “estrogen hyperlipemia” and clofibrate “hypolipemia” are considered in relation to the hypothesis that glucagon deficiency may lead to hyperlipemia, while glucagon excess may reduce plasma lipids. A basic function of glucagon in augmenting free fatty acid availability to the liver while simultaneously “shifting” hepatic fatty acid metabolism into oxidative pathways of ketogenesis and away from synthetic pathways of lipoprotein production, is suggested as the critical axis of altered metabolism in the many pathologic conditions in which disturbed lipid physiology is recognized.
Range-Dependent, Normal-Mode Reverberation Model for Bistatic Geometries

An acoustic normal-mode reverberation model for bistatic source and receiver configurations in multi-layered, range-dependent underwater environments has been developed. Adiabatic normal-mode theory is used to propagate the signal field (with dispersion) to and from the scattering regions. The model is designed such that scattering from the interfaces and volume inhomogeneities may be easily included. Currently, scattering from the ocean bottom is treated by using a three-dimensional Lambert’s-law/facet reflection model. Sources and receivers may be either omnidirectional or vertical/horizontal line arrays. An explicit description of the coupling between incident and scattered modes and their contribution to reverberation is obtained.
Biochemical Mechanisms Contributing to Ischemic Membrane Dysfuncton

Myocardial ischemia results in multiple biochemical abnormalities, including alterations in intracellular hydrogen ion concentration, glycolytic flux, beta-oxidation, and is accompanied by the accumulation of several amphiphilic compounds including lysophospholipids (1–3) and long-chain acyl carnitines (4). Many experimental observations have demonstrated that amphiphilic compounds are modulators of membrane-bound enzymic activities (5,6), ligand-receptor coupling (7) and that they alter the kinetics of transmembrane ion channels (8,9). Incorporation of small amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into canine Purkinje fibers results in profound electrophysiologic alterations even when only 1–2% of sarcolemmal phospholipids are constituted by LPC (10). Taken together, a large body of evidence suggests that amphiphiles may be one biochemical mediator of membrane dysfunction during myocardial ischemia.