cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Generation of Cis or Trans Olefins from the RuCl2(PPh3)3-Catalyzed Diazo Coupling of Ethyldiazoacetate

The RuCl2(PPh3)3-catalyzed diazo coupling of ethyl diazoacetate was manipulated to generate either diethyl fumarate (DEF) or diethyl maleate (DEM) with high stereoselectivity. A mechanism was proposed which contained separate pathways for DEM and DEF formation and explained how reaction conditions were controlled to favor either pathway.
When a uniquely effective drug is teratogenic. The case of isotretinoin.

Isotretinoin is a uniquely effective oral agent for the treatment of severe cystic acne.1 Typically a patient uses the medicine for 20 weeks, and in most cases enters a prolonged remission. First m...
7SL RNA Is Retained in HIV-1 Minimal Virus-Like Particles as an S-Domain Fragment

HIV-1 is known to package several small cellular RNAs in addition to its genome. Previous work consistently demonstrated that the host structural RNA 7SL is abundant in HIV-1 virions but has yielded conflicting results regarding whether 7SL is present in minimal, assembly-competent virus-like particles (VLPs). Here, we demonstrate that minimal HIV-1 VLPs retain 7SL RNA primarily as an endoribonucleolytic fragment, referred to as 7SL remnant (7SLrem). Nuclease mapping showed that 7SLrem is a 111-nucleotide internal portion of 7SL, with 5' and 3' ends corresponding to unpaired loops in the 7SL two-dimensional structure. Analysis of VLPs comprised of different subsets of Gag domains revealed that all NC-positive VLPs contained intact 7SL while the presence of 7SLrem correlated with the absence of the NC domain. Because 7SLrem, which maps to the 7SL S domain, was not detectable in infected cells, we propose a model whereby the species recruited to assembling VLPs is intact 7SL RNA, with 7SLrem produced by an endoribonuclease in the absence of NC. Since recruitment of 7SL RNA was a conserved feature of all tested minimal VLPs, our model further suggests that 7SL's recruitment is mediated, either directly or indirectly, through interactions with conserved features of all tested VLPs, such as the C-terminal domain of CA.
Multiple micronutrient deficiencies among patients with intestinal failure during and after transition to enteral nutrition.

Objectives To determine the prevalence of deficiencies of specific micronutrients (iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, copper, folate, and vitamins A, D, E, and B12) in children with intestinal failure (IF), and to identify risk factors associated with developing these deficiencies. Study design This study was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data from 178 children with IF managed by the Intestinal Care Center of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center between August 1, 2007, and July 31, 2012. Transition to full enteral nutrition (FEN) was defined as the period during which the patient received between 20% and 100% of estimated required nutrition enterally. FEN was defined as the patient's ability to tolerate 100% estimated required nutrition enterally for >2 weeks. Results Necrotizing enterocolitis was the most common cause of IF (27.5%). Iron was the most common micronutrient deficiency identified both during (83.9%) and after (61%) successful transition to FEN, with a significant reduction in the percentage of patients with iron deficiency between these 2 periods ( P = .003). Predictors of micronutrient deficiency after successful transition to FEN included birth weight ( P = .03), weight percentile ( P = .02), height percentile ( P = .04), and duration of parenteral nutrition (PN) ( P = .013). After multivariate adjustments, only duration of PN remained statistically significant ( P = .03). Conclusion Micronutrient deficiencies persist in patients with IF during and after transition to FEN. These data support the need for routine monitoring and supplementation of these patients, especially those on prolonged PN.
Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Propionate or Glucose on Bovine Milk Composition

Abstract Six Jersey cows were employed in an experiment in which propionate and glucose were infused singly at two levels as supplements to a basal ration of hay and concentrates. Both of these metabolites depressed the per cent fat and increased the per cent lactose in milk. On an equicaloric basis glucose was more effective than propionate in reducing fat test.
Economic growth: should policy focus on investment or dynamic competition?

Purpose – Societies highly value economic growth because economic growth results in increase in societal standards of living. This paper addresses the issue of why economies grow and what public policy makers should favor in order to increase economic growth.Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews and contrasts the two major, rival ways to account for economic growth: the neoclassical model, which maintains that growth results from increases in investment, and the dynamic competition model, which maintains that growth results from the innovations that stem from the process of competition.Findings – The paper finds that the dynamic‐competition model, as represented by resource‐advantage (R‐A) theory, best explains economic growth.Practical implications – Public policy should focus on promoting R‐A competition in order to foster economic growth.Originality/value – This issue of which approach best accounts for economic growth is important because the two approaches imply very different decisions in...
Digitalis in Pulmonary Heart Disease (Cor Pulmonale)

The use of digitalis in pulmonary heart disease has been a topic of great interest for a number of years. The physician's decision to use or not to use digitalis in pulmonary disease has often been an emotional rather than a reasoned one. The diagnostic difficulties from a clinical point of view in separation of pulmonary from cardiac symptoms and findings have also been confusing. The fact that small doses of digitalis may have an inotropic effect on the cardiac muscle has been a difficult concept for many physicians to adopt. On the other hand, the larger doses of digitalis that are often necessary to control the ventricular response in supraventricular arrhythmias sometimes gives rise to confusion. We shall attempt to review the subject in detail and examine indications, contraindications, toxicity, dosage, assessment of benefit, and role of digitalis serum levels in patient management.
Distributed Estimation and Detection With Bounded Transmissions Over Gaussian Multiple Access Channels

A distributed inference scheme which uses bounded transmission functions over a Gaussian multiple access channel is considered. When the sensor measurements are decreasingly reliable as a function of the sensor index, the conditions on the transmission functions under which consistent estimation and reliable detection are possible is characterized. For the distributed estimation problem, an estimation scheme that uses bounded transmission functions is proved to be strongly consistent provided that the variances of the noise samples are bounded and that the transmission function is one-to-one. The proposed estimation scheme is compared with the amplify-and-forward technique and its robustness to impulsive sensing noise distributions is highlighted. In contrast to amplify-and-forward schemes, it is also shown that bounded transmissions suffer from inconsistent estimates if the sensing noise variance goes to infinity. For the distributed detection problem, similar results are obtained by studying the deflection coefficient. Simulations corroborate our analytical results.
A State Machine Controller for the Autonomous Guidance of a Trained Canine

This work demonstrates the autonomous command of a trained search canine to multiple waypoints using a novel state machine control algorithm. A hardware system is utilized in order to interface with the Global Position Satellite (GPS) system and with a tone and vibration generator for the purpose of accurately navigating and commanding the canine. An operational control algorithm for autonomous guidance of the canine is described in detail. Empirical results of an autonomously commanded canine are demonstrated with an 73% mission success rate for simple paths and a 62% mission success rate for complex paths. This work demonstrates a novel way to expand the capabilities of canines in a wide variety of missions, including search and detection.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
TYPHOON observations of the Lindsay-Shapley Ring

We present the first results of the TYPHOON program on the ring galaxy AM 0644-741. TYPHOON is a program for producing highly resolved spectrophotometric data cubes with wavelength coverage ranging from [OII] 3727A to 7000A. Using the first results of TYPHOON we will show its efficacy in producing images and from that we will create velocity maps, one of the many uses of TYPHOON results. From this program we will deduce the motion of gas in the ring structure of AM 0644-741 to better understand how the galaxy has evolved to its present state.
Monitoring Uptake of Ellipticine and Its Fluorescence Lifetime in Relation to the Cell Cycle Phase by Flow Cytometry

Ellipticine (5,11-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole) is a green fluorescent plant alkaloid that inhibits DNA topoisomerase II activity and possesses pharmacologic activity toward both murine and human leukemias in vivo. In this flow cytometric study, the uptake of ellipticine was monitored as a function of cell volume and cell cycle phase in viable human promyelocytic (HL-60) cells costained with the DNA fluorochrome Hoechst 33342. Uptake of ellipticine was time and dose dependent; however, drug content was quantitatively similar in all phases of the cell cycle when normalized for DNA content or similar to cell size when correlated with cell volume. The fluorescence lifetime values of ellipticine in HL-60 cells, as analyzed by novel flow cytometric analysis, reached a plateau when the intra-cellular ellipticine intensity was still rising with increasing drug concentration. Since the free drug and the different subcellular ellipticine complexes, including DNA and RNA, had different lifetime values, the changes in the lifetime values appear to reflect differing proportions of unbound drug to that bound to different cellular constituents in the cells. Further development of phase-sensitive flow cytometry will provide for multiple lifetime determinations so that quantitation of drugs bound to the different cellular components can be performed along with the simultaneous determination of total drug uptake and cell cycle position. Such analyses should provide useful information for the design of drugs with greater affinity for cytotoxic targets.
Lasing on the Balmer-α line of shock tube generated plasma ions

Abstract Lasing on the Balmer-α line of hydrogen-like ions is shown to be possible in a shock tube generated plasma. The specific cases of hydrogen-like helium (lasing at 1640 A) and lithium (729 A) are considered in detail.
Classification of style-constrained pattern-fields

In some classification tasks, all patterns in a field, such as digits in a ZIP-code image, originate from the same, but unknown, source (writer/print style). The class-conditional feature distributions depend on the source of the patterns. Several sources may share the same distribution, or style. The style-conditional distributions are estimated from the training set. The optimal field-classifier computes the class-conditional field-feature-probabilities as the sum of class-and-style-conditional field-feature-probabilities, weighted by the prior probabilities of the styles. We compare the decision regions and error rates of style-weighted classification with both conventional singlet and top-style classification in a minimal family of examples, and discuss some related practical considerations.
Conceptualization and Utility of University Mattering: A Construct Validity Study:

The purpose of this study was to gather validity evidence for the University Mattering Scale. Theoretically based factor structures were tested, resulting in the four-factor conceptualization of ma...
Excretion of B virus in monkeys and evidence of genital infection

3 different types of observation all demonstrated that B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) infection of monkeys was not confined to the mouth but was also a genital infection. (1) Latent B virus was reactivated in a seropositive female monkey, which was immunosuppressed with antilymphocyte globulin, and infectious virus was excreted in the genital tract. (2) During an epizootic in a breeding colony, B virus was isolated from 4 genital and 3 oral sites as well as from a skin lesion. (3) In cultures of sensory nerve ganglia taken from seropositive monkeys, B virus was recovered more frequently from ganglia subserving the genital region than the oral region.
THE EFFECTS OF ISOPROPYL N-PHENYL CARBAMATE ON THE GREEN ALGA OEDOGONIUM CARDIACUM I. Cell Division

Cell division in vegetative filaments of the green alga Oedogonium cardiacum is presented as an experimental system. We report on how we have used this system to study the effects of isopropyl N-phenylcarbamate (IPC) on the mitotic apparatus and on the phycoplast, a planar array of cytokinetic microtubules. Polymerization of microtubules was prevented when filaments, synchronized by a light/dark regime and chilled (2 degrees C) while in metaphase or just before phycoplast formation, were exposed to 5.5 x 10(-4) M IPC and then returned to room temperature. Spindles reformed or phycoplasts formed when these filaments were transferred to growth medium free of IPC. However, the orientation of both microtubular systems was disturbed: the mitotic apparatus often contained three poles, frequently forming three daughter nuclei upon karyokinesis; the phycoplast was often stellate rather than planar, and it sometimes was displaced to the side of both daughter nuclei, resulting in a binucleate and an anucleate cell upon cytokinesis. Our results suggest that IPC (a) prevents the assembly of microtubules, (b) increases the number of functional polar bodies, and (c) affects the orientation of microtubules in O. cardiacum. High voltage (1,000 kV) electron microscopy of 0.5-microm thick sections allowed us to visualize the polar structures, which were not discernible in thin sections.
Exploring the affective toxicity of commonly prescribed medications in the elderly

Adverse effects of medications that occur at low frequency or low severity are often not detected in the current framework of drug approval and monitoring. Of particular concern are potential behavioral consequences such as depression or cognitive dysfunction that may occur from commonly prescribed medications. This study explores the use of measuring daily affect, both positive and negative, as a method for detecting clinically relevant affective toxicity from medications commonly prescribed to older adults. Findings from this study suggest that metoclopramide may have the potential for causing significant changes in affect among healthy elderly adults. This may suggest that more vulnerable or disabled adults may be at even greater risk for affective changes related to this medication.
Limitations of crosscorrelation radiometer performance

Conventional analyses of the crosscorrelation radiometer are based on an ideal assumption of a perfectly correlated signal, and Gaussian noise that is uncorrelated between the sensors. In the present work, the author predicts crosscorrelation radiometer performance under less ideal assumptions: non-Gaussian noise, nonzero noise correlation, and imperfect signal correlation. Using a noise model that accounts for uncertainty in the noise and signal parameters, he shows that the crosscorrelation radiometer is sensitive to uncertainty in the noise correlation coefficient. Moreover, even if the noise correlation coefficient is known exactly, detection performance degrade when there is uncertainty in the noise power. >
DNA cloning: A personal view after 40 years

In November 1973, my colleagues A. C. Y. Chang, H. W. Boyer, R. B. Helling, and I reported in PNAS that individual genes can be cloned and isolated by enzymatically cleaving DNA molecules into fragments, linking the fragments to an autonomously replicating plasmid, and introducing the resulting recombinant DNA molecules into bacteria. A few months later, Chang and I reported that genes from unrelated bacterial species can be combined and propagated using the same approach and that interspecies recombinant DNA molecules can produce a biologically functional protein in a foreign host. Soon afterward, Boyer’s laboratory and mine published our collaborative discovery that even genes from animal cells can be cloned in bacteria. These three PNAS papers quickly led to the use of DNA cloning methods in multiple areas of the biological and chemical sciences. They also resulted in a highly public controversy about the potential hazards of laboratory manipulation of genetic material, a decision by Stanford University and the University of California to seek patents on the technology that Boyer and I had invented, and the application of DNA cloning methods for commercial purposes. In the 40 years that have passed since publication of our findings, use of DNA cloning has produced insights about the workings of genes and cells in health and disease and has altered the nature of the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries. Here, I provide a personal perspective of the events that led to, and followed, our report of DNA cloning.
Regulation of angiogenesis by oxygen sensing mechanisms

The choices for blood vessels to undergo angiogenesis or stay quiescent are mostly determined by the status of tissue oxygenation. A major link between tissue hypoxia and active angiogenesis is the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-alpha subunits which play a major role in the transcriptional activation of genes encoding angiogenic factors. HIF-alpha abundance is negatively regulated by a subfamily of dioxygenases referred to as prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHDs) which use O(2) as a substrate to hydroxylate HIF-alpha subunits and hence tag them for rapid degradation. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-alpha subunits accumulate due to reduced hydroxylation efficiency and form transcriptionally active heterodimers with HIF-1ss to activate the expression of angiogenic factors and other proteins important for cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Angiogenesis is regulated by a combination of at least two different mechanisms. The paracrine mechanism is mediated by non-endothelial expression of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, which in turn interact with endothelial cell surface receptors to initiate angiogenic activities. In the autocrine mechanism, endothelial cell themselves are induced to express VEGF-A, which collaborate with the paracrine mechanism to support angiogenesis and protect vascular integrity. Because of critical roles of PHDs and HIFs in regulating angiogenic activities, studies are underway to assess their candidacy as targets for angiogenesis therapies.
Reliability of cluster-based multiprocessor systems

The reliability of a cluster-based multiprocessor system is analytically evaluated using modeling techniques. The results indicate that the cluster-based system has low reliability relative to the crossbar and multiple-bus systems. The weaknesses of the cluster-based system architecture, as far as reliability is concerned, are identified and a slight modification of the system architecture is proposed as a remedy. Using the same analytical modeling techniques, the reliability of the modified cluster-based systems's reliability is close to that of crossbar and multiple-bus systems. >
Properties of Wired Logic

When we design networks with NOR or NAND gates which are implemented with bipolar and MOS transistors, wired logic is usually allowed. The usage of wired logic reduces the network cost and possibly improves the speed because of shorter delays on wired logic than on a gate. Typical logic functions performed by wired logic are AND and OR, which are called wired-AND and wired-OR, respectively. Properties of networks with NOR gates and wired-AND (or wired-OR) are discussed. Some of these properties are used in developing synthesis procedures of optimum networks by the integer programming logic design method. For all three-variable functions, the optimum networks with NOR gates and wired-OR's, designed by this synthesis approach, are shown.
Secrets in secretions: genes that control nematode parasitism of plants

The most evolutionary advanced adaptations for plant parasitism by nematodes are the products of parasitism genes expressed in their esophageal gland cells and secreted through their stylet into host tissue to control the complex process of parasitism. Molecular analyses of nematode parasitism genes are revealing the complexity of the tools a nematode possesses that enable it to attack plants and paints a more elaborate picture of host cellular events under specific control by the parasite than previously hypothesized. Interestingly, the majority of the nematode parasitism genes discovered encodes proteins unique to plant parasites. Identifying the complete profile of parasitism genes expressed throughout the parasitic cycle of a nematode is the key to understanding the molecular basis of nematode parasitism of plants and identifying vulnerable points in the parasitic process that can be interfered with to achieve nematode control to limit nematode-induced yield losses in crops.
Intrathecal morphine reduces breakthrough pain during labour epidural analgesia

Background When using the combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique for labour analgesia, parturients often experience breakthrough pain after the spinal medication has receded. We tested the hypothesis that a small dose of intrathecal morphine would reduce breakthrough pain. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects were randomized to receive either 100 µg of morphine (MS) or placebo (PLCB) with the spinal injection of bupivacaine and fentanyl. Assessments included need for supplementation during labour analgesia, use of pain medications for 24 h after delivery, and side-effects. The primary end-point was the rate of breakthrough pain. Results Sixty subjects were enrolled, 55 subjects completed the trial. The MS group had a significantly lower rate of breakthrough pain than the PLCB group [0.6 (0.6) vs 1.1 (0.8) episodes per patient; P Conclusions The addition of small dose of morphine to the spinal component of the CSE technique improved the effectiveness of epidural labour analgesia and reduced the need for pain medications over 24 h, but resulted in a small increase in nausea.
Evaluation of fault-tolerant policies using simulation

Various mechanisms for fault-tolerance (FT) are used today in order to reduce the impact of failures on application execution. In the case of system failure, standard FT mechanisms are checkpoint/restart (for reactive FT) and migration (for pro-active FT). However, each of these mechanisms create an overhead on application execution, overhead that for instance becomes critical on large-scale systems where previous studies have shown that applications may spend more time checkpointing state than performing useful work. In order to decrease this overhead, researchers try to both optimize existing FT mechanisms and implement new FT policies. For instance, combining reactive and pro-active approaches in order to decrease the number of checkpoints that must be performed during the application's execution. However, currently no solutions exist which enable the evaluation of these FT approaches through simulation, instead experimentations must be done using real platforms. This increases complexity and limits experimentation into alternate solutions. This paper presents a simulation framework that evaluates different FT mechanisms and policies. The framework uses system failure logs for the simulation with a default behavior based on logs taken from the ASCI White at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. We evaluate the accuracy of our simulator comparing simulated results with those taken from experiments done on a 32-node compute cluster. Therefore such a simulator can be used to develop new FT policies and/or to tune existing policies.
Direct pulp capping treatment: a long-term follow-up

This study of 149 cases of teeth that had been pulp capped in the past 25 years indicates that criteria for pulp capping procedures are in need of revision. In reviewing 356 instances of pulp capping during the past 25 years, 149 cases were recalled with posttreatment intervals greater than five years. One hundred thirty teeth (87.3%) were still vital and functioning with an average posttreatment interval of 11.7 years. The criteria for pulp capping procedures are in need of revision. Restrictions based on tooth size and age of the patient are unfounded.
Comprehension Monitoring: Identifying and Coping with Text Confusions

Comprehension monitoring was investigated by asking college students to read and answer probed recall questions about passages that contained intentional- ly introduced confusions. Subjects were then told that confusions had been present and were asked to describe them and comment on how they affected comprehension. Subjects faile'd to report a surprisingly large proportion of the confusions. Confusions involving main points were detected more frequently than those involving details and confusions of inconsistent information and unclear reference were more often reported than inappropriate connectives. Retrospective reports revealed that failures to report confusions were often not due to failures to monitor comprehension but rather to the use of repair stategies to resolve the potential problems. A renewed interest in the cognitive processes underlying reading has stimulated much speculation about comprehension monitoring (e.g., Anderson, in press; Baker, Note 1; Brown, in press; Deese, 1969; Flaveli, 1978, Note 4; Markman, 1977, 1979, Note 5; Miller, 1976;-Rumelhart, in press). Comprehension monitoring involves the evaluation and regulation of one's own ongoing comprehension processes. To evaluate is to keep track of the success with which comprehension is proceeding, and to regulate is to ensure that the process continues smoothly, including taking remedial action when comprehension fails. Readers who successfully monitor their comprehension of text know when they understand, when they don't understand, and when they partially understand. In addition, they know to test whether their understanding is adequate for the purpose at hand and how to deal with comprehen- sion difficulties. Comprehension monitoring has been studied indirectly by asking people to reflect on their comprehension processes, either as they were reading a passage (Olshavsky, 1976-77; Olson, Duffy & Mack, Note 6), or after they had finished reading it (Collins, Brown, & Larkin, in press; Smith, 1967; Strang & Rogers, 1965). These experiments support Thorndike's (1917) view of reading as a problem solving process and, further, suggest that poor readers do not monitor their comprehension as effectively as good readers.
Evaluation of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with chronic liver disease

BACKGROUND The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients has been reported to be 0.5% to 6.3%. Studies report the use of thromboprophylaxis in CLD patients as suboptimal, with at least 75% of patients receiving no prophylaxis. OBJECTIVE To describe the use of VTE prophylaxis in CLD patients. DESIGN A retrospective review. SETTING Tertiary-care academic medical center. PATIENTS Inpatient admissions from August 2009 through July 2011 with CLD diagnosis. INTERVENTION None. MEASUREMENTS Initiation and type of thromboprophylaxis, incidence of VTE, bleeding events, hospital length of stay, in-hospital mortality, 30-day readmission for VTE. RESULTS Of the 410 patients included, 225 (55%) patients received thromboprophylaxis. For patients with international normalized ratio (INR) >2.0, a significant decrease in overall thromboprophylaxis use and pharmacologic prophylaxis use was seen compared to those with INR 1.4 to 2.0 (P = 0.013 and P 2.0 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION The use of thromboprophylaxis in CLD patients is higher in our study than previous reports but remains suboptimal. Use of VTE pharmacologic prophylaxis does not appear to increase bleeding in CLD patients with INR ≤2.0. Further studies are needed to provide additional safety data. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:569–573. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Role of Serotonin in the Development of the Retinotectal Projection

Serotonin (5-HT)-containing axons and 5-HT receptors are present in the hamster superior colliculus (SC) before birth and are coincident with the development of retinal ganglion cell axon terminals in this nucleus (retinotectal projection). Neural activity in the SC is suppressed by 5-HT presynaptically at receptors located on retinotectal axons. Elevation of 5-HT levels in the SC postnatally, by subcutaneous injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine or by direct release of 5-HT within the SC, prevents refinement of the retinotectal terminal field and maintains it in an immature state. Retinal ganglion cell number and density remain normal in such animals. The persistence of a poorly differentiated retinotectal projection following 5-HT elevation may be a consequence of reduced retinotectal activity.
HbA1c After a Short Period of Monotherapy With Metformin Identifies Durable Glycemic Control Among Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To determine whether clinically accessible parameters early in the course of youth-onset type 2 diabetes predict likelihood of durable control on oral therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS TODAY was a randomized clinical trial of adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Two groups, including participants from all three treatments, were defined for analysis: 1 ) those who remained in glycemic control for at least 48 months of follow-up and 2 ) those who lost glycemic control before 48 months. Outcome group was analyzed in univariate and multivariate models as a function of baseline characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, BMI, waist circumference, Tanner stage, disease duration, depressive symptoms) and biochemical measures (HbA 1c , C-peptide, lean and fat body mass, insulin inverse, insulinogenic index). Receiver operating characteristics curves were used to analyze HbA 1c cut points. RESULTS In multivariate models including factors significant in univariate analysis, only HbA 1c and insulinogenic index at randomization remained significant ( P P = 0.0002, respectively). An HbA 1c cutoff of 6.3% (45 mmol/mol) (positive likelihood ratio [PLR] 3.7) was identified that optimally distinguished the groups; sex-specific cutoffs were 6.3% (45 mmol/mol) for females (PLR 4.4) and 5.6% (38 mmol/mol) for males (PLR 2.1). CONCLUSIONS Identifying youth with type 2 diabetes at risk for rapid loss of glycemic control would allow more targeted therapy. HbA 1c is a clinically accessible measure to identify high risk for loss of glycemic control on oral therapy. Adolescents with type 2 diabetes unable to attain a non–diabetes range HbA 1c on metformin are at increased risk for rapid loss of glycemic control.
Identification of red rice, rice, and hybrid populations using microsatellite markers

Abstract Red rice is a major weed in rice production in the southern United States. Red rice and rice intercross because they are the same species. Our objectives were to determine the genetic diversity represented by accessions of red rice and to identify DNA markers that might be useful in identifying hybrids between red and cultivated rice. Red rice accessions were collected from Arkansas and other rice-producing states. Seventy-nine red rice accessions, 10 known or putative hybrid derivatives of red rice and cultivated rice (RC hybrids), and seven rice cultivars were analyzed using microsatellite DNA markers developed for cultivated rice. Microsatellite markers differentiated awned and awnless red rice accessions, six of the seven rice cultivars, and all 10 RC hybrids tested. Thus, these markers were useful in identifying red rice types and RC hybrids. Nomenclature: Red rice, Oryza sativa L. ORYSA; rice, Oryza sativa L.
What Should We Protect? Defining Differential Privacy for Social Network Analysis

Privacy of social network data is a growing concern that threatens to limit access to this valuable data source. Analysis of the graph structure of social networks can provide valuable information for revenue generation and social science research, but unfortunately, ensuring this analysis does not violate individual privacy is difficult. Simply anonymizing graphs or even releasing only aggregate results of analysis may not provide sufficient protection. Differential privacy is an alternative privacy model, popular in data-mining over tabular data, that uses noise to obscure individuals’ contributions to aggregate results and offers a very strong mathematical guarantee that individuals’ presence in the data-set is hidden. Analyses that were previously vulnerable to identification of individuals and extraction of private data may be safely released under differential-privacy guarantees. We review two existing standards for adapting differential privacy to network data and analyze the feasibility of several common social-network analysis techniques under these standards. Additionally, we propose out-link privacy and partition privacy, novel standards for differential privacy over network data, and introduce powerful private algorithms for common network analysis techniques that were infeasible to privatize under previous differential privacy standards.
Schizotypal personality questionnaire – brief revised (updated): An update of norms, factor structure, and item content in a large non-clinical young adult sample

This study updates and provides evidence for the dimensionality, reliability, and validity of a standard instrument for detection and measurement of schizotypy in non-clinical young adults. Schizotypy represents a set of traits on which both nonclinical and schizophrenia-spectrum populations vary meaningfully. These traits are linked to biological, cognitive, and social dimensions of serious mental illness (SMI), to clinical and subclinical variation in personal and social functioning, and to risk for SMI. Reliable and valid identification of schizotypal traits has important implications for clinical practice and research. Four consecutive independent samples of undergraduates were administered the SPQ-BR (N=2552). Confirmatory factor analyses suggested a minor item wording change improved reliability, and this Updated questionnaire was implemented for three-quarters of the sample (SPQ-BRU). A, single-order, nine-factor structure had acceptable psychometric properties. The best fitting second-order structure included four higher-order factors that distinguished Social Anxiety and Interpersonal factors. This differentiation was supported by differential relationships with treatment history. The Disorganized factor had the greatest unique relationship with personal and family treatment history. With few exceptions, factor loadings showed stability across samples. Overall, the higher-order and lower-order factors of schizotypy demonstrated reliability and convergent and discriminant validity; detailed psychometric data are presented in a supplement.
ENL, the gene fused with HRX in t(11;19) leukemias, encodes a nuclear protein with transcriptional activation potential in lymphoid and myeloid cells

Chromosome band 11q23 is the site of recurring translocations with a variety of partner chromosomes in myeloid and lymphoid acute leukemias, infant leukemias, and treatment-induced secondary acute myelogenous leukemia. The translocation breakpoints cluster in a restricted region of the HRX gene resulting in fusion genes that encode an N-terminal portion of Hrx fused to various partner proteins. We have characterized the transcriptional transactivation properties of Enl, a protein that is fused to Hrx in t(11;19) leukemias. Enl is a nuclear protein that is capable of activating transcription from synthetic reporter genes in both lymphoid and myeloid cells, as well as in yeast. Deletion mutagenesis demonstrated that the minimal portion of Enl required for activation of transcription was localized to its C-terminal 90 amino acids. This region is highly conserved between Enl and the t(9;11) fusion partner Af-9 and is retained in all Hrx-Enl and Hrx-Af9 fusion proteins. Thus, the leukemogenic contribution and transcriptional activation potential of Enl colocalize to its highly conserved carboxy terminus, suggesting that Hrx-Enl chimeric proteins mediate alterations in the transcription program of t(11;19)-bearing cells.
Is modesty a subdomain of humility

Although many scholars have sharply distinguished humility from modesty, several research teams recently conceptualized modesty as a subdomain of humility. In the present study, we compare these competing conceptualizations using confirmatory factor analyses. In Study 1, a model with general humility (i.e. second-order factor) predicting the subscales of the Relational Humility Scale (RHS) and the Modesty facet of the HEXACO-PI showed adequate fit; and modesty showed one of the stronger factor loadings on the higher order factor. In Study 2, we used a set of items designed to sharpen the potential distinction between modesty (i.e. interpersonal behavior involving moderating attention to self) and humility. Then, we tested a model with a general humility factor (i.e. second-order factor) predicting subscales of the RHS and modesty items. Once again, modesty items loaded strongly on the higher order factor.
Hybrid Multi-Objective Combinatorial Optimization Technique with Improved Compatibility between GA and Gradient-Based Local Search

*† This paper presents a hybrid multi-objective algorithm and demonstrates the algorithm’s ability to find solutions for a constrained multi-objective mixed discrete non-linear programming problem. The hybrid algorithm uses a Genetic Algorithm as a global search tool with a gradient based Sequential Quadratic Programming algorithm for local search in a way that seems to overcome the demerits of these two algorithms when used independently. The approach here addresses some of the issues that current state-ofthe-art optimization techniques face. Handling constraints is a primary concern for most of the global optimization algorithms that seek to address mixed discrete non-linear programming problem. In general, hybrid optimization algorithms tend to outperform their individual counterparts. Often, the enhanced performance of the hybrid approach leverages the computational efficiency of the gradient-based search and the design space exploration of the global search. The approach used here adds to the expected improvements along with a mechanism to address mixed discrete, nonlinear problems with the global search and to address strict constraint enforcement with the local search. Hybridizing two algorithms has proven to outperform their individual counterparts. However, not much is exploited from the process of hybridizing two algorithms other than the computational efficiency of the gradient-based algorithm and exploring capability of the global search algorithms. The work here presents a compatible hybridization between GA and SQP with improved information sharing between the two algorithms. The hybrid approach first solves a set of test problems to demonstrate its abilities and shortcomings; then the hybrid approach solves a greener aircraft design problem posed as a mixed discrete non-linear programming problem. The results of the greener aircraft design problem present the trade-offs that exist between the various environmental, economic and the performance metrics.
Modelling and Suboptimal Trajectory Generation for a Symmetric Flapping Wing Vehicle

The authors presents a method for designing a wing stroke for a flapping wing vehicle. A flapping wing vehicle is a vehicle such as a bird or an insect that uses its wings for propulsion instead of a conventional propeller or a jet engine. The intent of this research is to design a wing stroke that the wings can follow which will maintain the vehicle at a desired longitudinal flight path angle and velocity. The cost function is primarily a function of the flight path angle error. The goal is to achieve a trim condition similar to a conventional fixed wing aircraft.
Structure of a Story-Telling Performance Among Carpatho-Rusyns in Zakarpats'ka Oblast' of Ukraine: A Case Study

This article analyses the transcript of the story-telling session with two participants, an 89-year-old woman and a 54-year-old man, that I audio-recorded in August of 2014 in the village of Novoselytsia in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. Although Western krainian and Rusyn folk stories have been extensively collected since 1880-s (Hnatiuk 1897, 1898, 1900, Rozdol's'kyi 1899, 1900, etc.), entire story-telling sessions in these region have not been studied. My transcript reflects certain features of story-telling performance's macro- and micro-structure that either do not get recorded or get edited out in publications of folk texts, such as interaction between participants, discourse markers for organizing performance, repetitions, and digressions into everyday reality. After analyzing these features using Hymes' approach to linguistic and discourse markers in folk performance, I foreground the precise mechanism through which the collective creation of folklore [Jakobson and Bogatyrev 1980 [1929]] takes place.
Urban infrastructure is not a tree: Integrating and decentralizing urban infrastructure systems:

In his original 1965 article, Christopher Alexander argued that master planned cities ultimately failed because the designs elaborated followed a tree structure as opposed to a more desirable semilattice structure present in organic cities. In this article, I argue that a similar claim can be made with urban infrastructure systems planning. As cities expanded and became increasingly complex in the 20th century, the responsibility to plan and design urban infrastructure was distributed to separate agencies that seldom communicate and coordinate with one another. In the global context to make cities more sustainable and resilient, a better integration of infrastructure systems may hold much potential. After recalling Alexander’s main concepts, I examine how current infrastructure systems are naturally interdependent. I then discuss the role of integration, by notably proposing an integration-decentralization matrix, with four quadrants, illustrated by using practical examples. The quadrants are current para...
Some Aspects of Automated Quality Control

In the mass production of small industrial parts at a rapid rate, quality control is a critical issue. An automated quality control system can replace the cumbersome tasks of manual testing and visual inspection. The current trend in automation is towards distributed quality control.
The Communicative Accomplishment of Collaboration Failure

This study develops a communicative model of collaboration failure to address one of the key challenges of collaboration theory and practice: the discrepancy between the promise of collaboration and the reality of persistent failure. A theoretical framework is developed based on notions of dialogue, discourse, and coorientation, which informs three key aspects of collaboration: knowledge production, shared identity, and collective agency. This theoretical framework is then combined with analytic themes from an empirical case study of a failed civil society collaboration. Themes of communication practice that constitute collaborative failure are detailed, while also contrasting these with alternative practices that can enable more successful collaboration. Further implications are discussed, specifically in terms of rethinking common collaboration dualisms of structure/process and talk/action.
ChIP-seq for genome-scale analysis of bacterial DNA-binding proteins

Protein-DNA interactions are central to many basic biological processes, including transcription regulation, DNA replication, and DNA repair. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used to determine the position and strength of protein-DNA interactions in vivo. Coupling ChIP with microarrays (ChIP-chip), and more recently with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq), has allowed genome-wide profiling of DNA binding events in vivo. In this chapter we outline the steps to generate ChIP-seq libraries from bacterial samples and briefly discuss basic analysis of the data.
An Atypical Presentation of a Male with Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome Type 1 Related Ciliopathy.

Background. Oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1 (OFD1) is a rare condition with X-linked dominant inheritance caused by mutations in the Cxorf5 (OFD1) gene. This gene encodes the OFD1 protein located within centrosomes and basal bodies of primary cilia. Approximately 15–50% of patients with OFD1 progress to end-stage kidney disease following development of polycystic changes within the kidneys. This condition almost always causes intrauterine lethality in males. Description of Case Diagnosis and Treatment. A Caucasian male aged 9 years and 9 months presented with increased urinary frequency, increased thirst, and decreased appetite. Physical examination demonstrated short stature, hearing loss, photophobia, murmur, and hypogonadism. He had no other dysmorphic features. Laboratory results revealed anemia, renal insufficiency, and dilute urine with microscopic hematuria but no proteinuria. Ultrasound showed small kidneys with increased echogenicity but no evidence of cystic changes. A Ciliopathy Panel showed a novel and likely pathogenic deletion, approximately 7.9 kb, in the OFD1 gene encompassing exons 16, 17, and 19 (c.1654+833_2599+423del). Brain MRI did not demonstrate typical OFD1 findings. He is currently on chronic hemodialysis awaiting transplant from a living donor. Conclusions. We present a male patient with OFD1 mutation who lacks the classic OFD1 phenotype who presented with end-stage renal disease without evidence of polycystic changes within the kidneys.
Worth the time

The most interesting problems in mathematics are those that any intelligent person, be they poet or physicist, can immediately understand. Examples abound, with the four-colour planar map problem and Fermat's last theorem being perhaps the two most famous. Both are easy to state, and even those without any mathematical training beyond a little algebra can "play around" with them. They are seriously difficult on a technical level, however, with the first being supposedly "solved" by a computer programme, the details of which nobody but the programmers would claim to fully understand, and the second by an extraordinarily deep analysis that only a few mathematicians have actually gone through from start to finish.