cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Posttreatment Maturation of Medulloblastoma into Gangliocytoma: Report of 2 Cases.

Introduction We report 2 cases of medulloblastoma maturing into gangliocytoma after receiving multimodal therapy. Here we present 2 cases of diagnosed medulloblastoma which on re-resection were noted to be gangliocytoma without heterogeneity, which is an extremely rare occurrence. Case presentation The first patient, an 11-year-old boy diagnosed with high-risk (non-WNT, non-SHH) medulloblastoma, was treated with near-total surgical resection followed by craniospinal radiation therapy with weekly vincristine. He then received maintenance chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and cisplatin. On surveillance MR imaging studies residual tumor in the lateral aspect of the tumor bed was noted to be slowly growing, eliciting gross-total resection of the residual tumor. Histopathology showed benign gangliocytoma without residual medulloblastoma. The second patient, a 3-year-old girl, was diagnosed with medulloblastoma, desmoplastic nodular variant. She was initially treated with gross total resection and chemotherapy with etoposide, carboplatin, and high-dose methotrexate. At 4 months off therapy, she was noted to have local recurrence along the resection cavity. Second-line therapy was started with irinotecan and temozolomide, but MRI assessment during treatment showed further disease progression. She then received craniospinal radiation. Eleven months off therapy, further radiographic progression was noted, and the patient underwent second-look surgery, with pathology showing gangliocytoma and treatment-related gliosis. Discussion/conclusion The maturation of medulloblastoma into a ganglion cell-rich lesion is very rare, with few well-characterized previous reports. Given the rare nature of this entity, it would be of great value to understand the process of posttreatment maturation and the genetic and treatment factors which contribute to this phenomenon.
InAs/InAsSb Type-II Strained-Layer Superlattice Infrared Photodetectors

The InAs/InAsSb (Gallium-free) type-II strained-layer superlattice (T2SLS) has emerged in the last decade as a viable infrared detector material with a continuously adjustable band gap capable of accommodating detector cutoff wavelengths ranging from 4 to 15 µm and beyond. When coupled with the unipolar barrier infrared detector architecture, the InAs/InAsSb T2SLS mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) focal plane array (FPA) has demonstrated a significantly higher operating temperature than InSb FPA, a major incumbent technology. In this brief review paper, we describe the emergence of the InAs/InAsSb T2SLS infrared photodetector technology, point out its advantages and disadvantages, and survey its recent development.
The brain clock portal system: SCN-OVLT

Abstract Vascular portal systems are key structures, necessary for transporting products directly from the capillary bed of one region to the capillary bed of another region in high concentrations, without first returning to the heart. The only known portal systems in the brain is the hypophyseal-pituitary portal system, a structure necessary for survival and reproduction. Secretions from specific populations of hypothalamic neurons travel into fenestrated capillaries of the median eminence (ME) and thence drain into portal veins which break up into the secondary capillary plexus of the anterior pituitary. Neurons of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), locus of the brain’s master clock, also produces secretions deeply implicated in health and survival (Karatsoreos, 2019; Musiek & Holtzman, 2016). Here we describe a portal system connecting the SCN and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) - a circumventricular organ (CVO). CVOs lie around ventricles and lack a blood-brain barrier, enabling communication between the blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid. This “clock portal system” points to entirely new routes and targets for secreted signals, restructuring our understanding of brain communication pathways. Whether any of the remaining six CVOs in the mammalian brain bear portal systems is yet to be determined.
Perclose ProGlide embolization as a complication: case report and review of literature.

Background: Vascular closure devices have replaced mechanical compression for closure of femoral access sites after endovascular procedures. Case: We present an 87-year old male with symptomatic infrarenal aortic aneurysm measuring 4.8 cm presenting for elective endovascular repair of the aortic aneurysm. A Perclose ProGlide Suture-Mediated Closure was used for closure. The closure was complicated by a separation of the ProGlide device resulting in the migration of the footplate to the descending aorta. Correction required snare retrieval via radial access, and the patient recovered without complications. Discussion: We highlight an important complication of the Perclose ProGlide Suture-Mediated Closure device that is rare but important to know when performing endovascular closures with this device.
How much energy can we harvest daily for wearable applications

Emerging flexible and stretchable devices open up novel and attractive applications beyond traditional rigid wearable devices. Since the small and flexible form-factor severely limits the battery capacity, energy harvesting (EH) stands out as a critical enabler of new devices. Despite increasing interest in recent years, the capacity of wearable energy harvesting remains unknown. Prior work analyzes the power generated by a single and typically rigid transducer. This choice limits the EH potential and undermines physical flexibility. Moreover, current results do not translate to total harvested energy over a given period, which is crucial from a developer perspective. In contrast, this paper explores the daily energy harvesting potential of combining flexible light and motion energy harvesters. It first presents a multi-modal energy harvesting system design whose inputs are flexible photo-voltaic cells and piezoelectric patches. We measure the generated power under various light intensity and gait speeds. Finally, we construct daily energy harvesting patterns of 9593 users by integrating our measurements with the activity data from the American Time Use Survey. Our results show that the proposed system can harvest on average 0. 6mAh @ 3. 6V per day.
Improving Diversity in Engineering: A Data-Driven Approach to Support Resource Mobilization and Participation in Hashtag Activism Campaigns

A critical barrier facing engineering is inclusiveness of women in the profession. In recent years, engineering diversity advocates have taken to social media platforms to raise awareness of the issue and redress this problem. A recurring challenge for their initiatives though is attracting and mobilizing participants efficiently. For a successful mobilization campaign, organizers need real-time information about their users and also need to understand what messaging works to attract and mobilize them. We hypothesize that participants in any given campaign related to engineering diversity will also be interested in other campaigns related to that issue. Furthermore, since the primary signal for a social media campaign is a hashtag, by using clustering patterns of various co-occurring hashtags along with relevant topics and relatable sentiments, we can better understand participation and also mobilize users for the target campaign. To empirically examine our hypothesis, we study two diversity hashtag activism campaigns on Twitter (#ILookLikeAnEngineer and #WomenInEngineering) using a real-time predictive analytics framework. We design and evaluate the framework with a set of novel features that uses retweetability as an indicator of participation. Our result analysis for topical features found that monetary gain and advertisement-oriented content were less likely to be propagated in the campaigns whereas messaging aligned directly with the issue at hand such as breaking stereotypes in engineering was deemed more retweetable and engaging. In terms of sentiments, informal tone in the messages were considered desirable whereas short-form messaging were not very popular in either movements. These analytical insights can inform activists in effective resource mobilization through message content design, in order to expand the reach of an activism campaign. Our work shows how data-driven techniques can assist in increasing the participation of women in engineering education and the workforce.
Outcomes of pregnant broodmares treated for colic at a tertiary care facility.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate, following colic admission during pregnancy, (1) broodmare survival; (2) the frequency of recurrent colic in broodmares and its associated variables, and (3) pregnancy outcome and the variables associated with a negative pregnancy outcome. STUDY DESIGN Ambidirectional observational cohort study. ANIMALS One hundred and four client-owned broodmare admissions. METHODS Admissions of pregnant mares from June 2010 until October 2016 were included. Data were collected until November 2017. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to evaluate variables associated with broodmare survival. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the variables associated with recurrent colic and pregnancy outcome. RESULTS Broodmares from 73/104 (70.2%) admissions were discharged alive. Lesion category, admission hyperlactatemia (hazard ratio (HR) 3.24, 95%, CI 1.28-8.22, P = .013), and admission high packed cell volume (HR 2.89, 95% CI 1.29-6.47, P = .010) were associated with reduced survival. Recurrent colic was observed in broodmares from 33/70 admissions (47.1%). The final multivariable model for recurrent colic included Thoroughbred breed (OR 5.09, 95% CI 1.58-16.4, P = .006) and age (OR .876, 95% CI .747-1.03, P = .105). Overall, negative pregnancy outcome was 14/65 (21.5%). Lesion category, evidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in hospital (OR 31.2, 95% CI 2.09-466.5, P = .013), and diarrhea in hospital (OR 379.3, 95% CI 97.1-1482.0, P < .001) were associated with increased negative pregnancy outcome. Altrenogest administration was inversely associated with negative pregnancy outcome (OR 0.029, 95% CI .004-.222, P = .001). CONCLUSION Pregnant broodmares admitted for colic had lower survival than anticipated and were at risk of recurrent colic. Markers of broodmare disease severity were associated with pregnancy outcome. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Lesion category, hematologic variables (packed cell volume and l-lactate concentration), evidence of SIRS, and diarrhea were useful for predicting broodmare and pregnancy outcomes.
Temporal Trends in Ischemic Stroke Rates by Ethnicity, Sex, and Age 2000-2017: The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project.

OBJECTIVE To compare 18-year (2000-2017) temporal trends in ischemic stroke rates by ethnicity, sex, and age. METHODS Data are from a population-based stroke surveillance study conducted in Nueces County, Texas, a geographically isolated, biethnic, urban community. Active (screening hospital admission logs, hospital wards, intensive care units) and passive (screening inpatient/emergency department discharge diagnosis codes) surveillance were used to identify cases aged ≥45 (n = 4,875) validated by stroke physicians using a consistent stroke definition over time. Ischemic stroke rates were derived from Poisson regression using annual population counts from the US Census to estimate the at-risk population. RESULTS In those aged 45-59 years, rates increased in non-Hispanic Whites (104.3% relative increase; p < 0.001) but decreased in Mexican Americans (-21.9%; p = 0.03) such that rates were significantly higher in non-Hispanic Whites in 2016-2017 (p for ethnicity-time interaction < 0.001). In those age 60-74, rates declined in both groups but more so in Mexican Americans (non-Hispanic Whites -18.2%, p = 0.05; Mexican Americans -40.1%, p = 0.002), resulting in similar rates for the 2 groups in 2016-2017 (p for ethnicity-time interaction = 0.06). In those aged ≥75, trends did not vary by ethnicity, with declines noted in both groups (non-Hispanic Whites -33.7%, p = 0.002; Mexican Americans -26.9%, p = 0.02). Decreases in rates were observed in men (age 60-74, -25.7%, p = 0.009; age ≥75, -39.2%, p = 0.002) and women (age 60-74, -34.3%, p = 0.007; age ≥75, -24.0%, p = 0.02) in the 2 older age groups, while rates did not change in either sex in those age 45-59. CONCLUSION Previously documented ethnic stroke incidence disparities have ended as a result of declining rates in Mexican Americans and increasing rates in non-Hispanic Whites, most notably in midlife.
Interactions between Brucella abortus and phagocytic leukocytes

36 INTRODUCTION 37 MATERIALS AND METHODS 39 RESULTS 44 DISCUSSION 50 REFERENCES 54 PART III; IN VITRO INTERACTION OF BOVINE MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES AND UPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM BRUCELLA ABORTUS 57 ABSTRACT 59 INTRODUCTION 60 MATERIALS AND METHODS 6259 INTRODUCTION 60 MATERIALS AND METHODS 62
The Epidemiology of Smallpox

Smallpox is caused by a virus which is transmitted only between humans. There is no known reservoir for the disease among other species of animals.2 Consequently, if an isolated region is smallpox free, the only way for the disease to occur is by importation. Specifically, someone susceptible to smallpox must contract it in a region where the disease is found and then travel to the smallpox free region. Unfortunately, as with most viral diseases, there is a period of time between initial infection and the appearance of externally observable symptoms. As a result, an infected individual can innocently transmit the disease to susceptible individuals before the disease is identified.
Introduction of the Tryptamine and Tryptophan Side-Chains

A procedure developed by Specter and Anthony involves acylation by oxalyl chloride followed by reaction with an amine to give an indol-3-ylglyoxamide. The glyoxamides are then reduced to tryptamines. In the original procedure LiAlH 4 was used, but alternative methods using diborane and alane are also successful. The borane reductions generate amine-borane complexes, from which the amine is liberated using CsF or acidic hydrolysis. 5-Benzyloxygramine (28.0 g, 0.10 mol) and ethyl nitromalonate (20.5 g, 0.10 mol) were dissolved in toluene (225 ml). The solution was heated at reflux with a vigorous stream of nitrogen passing through the solution. During the heating, precipitation of a solid occurred, which made stirring difficult, but it disappeared on continued heating. The reaction was continued until evolution of dimethylamine was complete (about 4 h). The cooled solution was washed with 2 N HCl (2 x 100 ml), 1 N NaOH (2 x 100ml) and water. The solution was dried (MgSO 4 ) and decolorized with Magnesol. Ethyl 2-nitro-3-(5-benzyloxyindol-3-yl) propanoate (3.7 g, 0.01 mol) was dissolved in abs. ethanol (50 ml) and hydrogenated over PtO catalyst (1.0 g) until H 2 uptake ceased (about 1.75 h). The solution was purged with nitrogen and 20% aq. NaOH solution (4.0g) was added.
Lumped parameter and distributed parameter approaches in RF amplifier design

Advantages and disadvantages of the lumped parameter and distributed parameter approaches in UHF RF amplifier design are comparatively studied. In the UHF range of RF up to 1000 MHz, RF amplifiers are designed and fabricated using lumped parameter and distributed parameter approaches. The lumped parameter approach is advantageous due to cost effectiveness and suitability for small quantity production. This approach suffered larger discrepancies with regard to amplifier performance at the first iteration. This is mainly due to uncountable spurious responses. The distributed parameter approach offers consistent performance in RF amplification, and is suited for large quantity production. Iteration and fabrication takes more time, and are more expensive for small quantity production. The amount of discrepancy between the design and the performance at about 1000 MHz of both approaches at the first iteration is documented. >
FRC 2001: A white paper on FRC development in the next five years

This document expresses the consensus of a worldwide community of fusion energy researchers on directions for research on the field-reversed configuration (FRC) over the next 5 yr.The FRC, a variet...
EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT AND ACTIVE LABOR ACT—ONE OF THESE THINGS IS NOT LIKE THE OTHER: THE ERROR OF APPLYING STATE MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LIMITS TO DAMAGES AWARDED UNDER THE EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT AND ACTIVE LABOR ACT

This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Review & Student Publications at Digital Commons @ Western New England University School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western New England Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Western New England University School of Law. For more information, please contact pnewcombe@law.wne.edu. Recommended Citation
DEVELOPING LEADERS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: UNIVERSITY FACULTY EXPLORE SELF-MENTORING™

In higher education, where new faculty may lack assurance to lead in the university setting and where it is critical for faculty to learn how to lead successfully in this environment, self-mentoring can provide a means for faculty to build confidence through self-developmentto which all faculty, new and existing, can become leaders in any setting. Faculty in higher education is akin to other systems when it comes to providing a strong program of support for newly hired instructors. Brightman (2005) suggests there are three components for teaching to improve at the college level. The first two factors are a valid and reliable student evaluation instrument accompanied by a norming report for comparative and diagnostic information. The third, and what is believed to be the most significant, is a mentoring process. The purpose of this paper is to review practices of support that are available to new faculty with focus on a study applying self-mentoring, a new program that has recently gained international attention.
Afterload reduction governs improvement in RV systolic function and ventriculo-arterial adaptation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) undergoing rapid dose escalation of treprostinil

The mechanism of vasoactive therapy in PAH on ventriculo-arterial interaction is not well established. Thus, we prospectively investigated the effect of treprostinil (TRE) on pulmonary vascular elastance (Ea), right ventricular (RV) systolic (Ees) and diastolic (s) elastance in PAH patients. Methods and Results: Single-beat RV pressure-volume analysis was performed in 9 functional class IV PAH patients before and after inpatient dose escalation, and gradual outpatient dose increase of TRE. Data are presented as mean+SEM. TRE dose was 12.8+0.46 ng/kg/min at discharge and 44.2+4.34 ng/kg/min by 3 months (mo.). TRE was associated with a decrease in Ea (2.44+0.26 mmHg/ml baseline, 1.95+0.49 mmHg/ml discharge, and 1.38+0.28 mmHg/ml 3 mo. Ees was decreased slightly at discharge (1.62+0.35 mmHg/ml baseline vs. 1.49+0.3 mmHg/ml) and then reduced further by 3 mo. (0.85+0.18 mmHg/ml). s was high but unaffected by TRE. Although Ees decreased at 3 mo., there was 906+530 mmHg*ml stroke work reserve with exercise and a 139+45 M increase in 6 minute walk distance. Baseline β was related to Ea (R 2 =0.35) but not Ees (R 2 =0.01). RV end-diastolic volumes (RVEDV) however remained elevated (218+24.5 ml) at 3 mo. Conclusions: Treprostinil primarily exerts its effects by lowering RV afterload (Ea). This effect governs the improvement in RV systolic pump failure and contractile reserve. RV stiffness is related to afterload but unaffected by treprostinil. Thus, small improvements in RVEDV are likely related to a decrease in high baseline preload dependent (heterometric) autoregulation.
Modeling the ionospheric impact of tsunami-driven gravity waves with SAMI3: Conjugate effects

The Naval Research Laboratory first-principles ionosphere model SAMI3 is used to study the ionospheric effects associated with tsunami-driven gravity waves. Specifically, the Tohoku-Oki tsunami of 11 March 2011 is modeled. It is shown that gravity wave-induced variations in the neutral wind lead to plasma velocity variations both perpendicular and parallel to the geomagnetic field. Moreover, the electric field induced by the neutral wind perturbations can map to the conjugate hemisphere. Thus, electron density variations can be generated in both hemispheres which impact the total electron content (TEC) and 6300 A airglow emission. It is found that the TEC exhibits variations of ≲±0.1 total electron content unit (1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) and the 6300 A airglow emission variation is up to ∼±2.5% relative to the unperturbed background airglow.
Spondylolisthesis and tight hamstrings.

1. Ten cases of spondylolisthesis with hamstring tightness are reported. 2. The clinical appearance as well as the roentgenographic findings are described, and the associated findings of scoliosis and spina bifida occulta are stressed. 3. Myelograms were available for eight of the ten patients. A complete block was present in five patients and partial obstruction was seen in the remaining three. 4. In seven of the ten patients, the posterior elements of the fifth lumbar vertebra were loose, and a defect in the pars interarticularis was demonstrated at surgery. 5. Satisfactory immediate results were obtained in all patients following laminectomy of the fifth lumbar vertebra and spine fusion (plus sacral osteoplasty in five patients and excision of the disc between the fifth lumbar and first sacral vertebrae in two patients). In one patient there was recurrence of back pain three years after surgery.
The coping behavior of Nazi concentration camp survivors.

This study of coping strategies reports on interviews with 19 survivors of Nazi concentration camps. The subjects, relatively healthy survivors who were not severely psychiatrically disabled, were interviewed in Jerusalem and the San Francisco Bay area. The author presents a classification of coping strategies in extreme stress situations and discusses the long-term effectiveness of certain of these strategies.
On a Two-Stage Procedure Having Second-Order Properties with Applications

Under a fairly general setup, we first modify the Stein-type two-stage methodology in order to incorporate some partial information in the form of a known and positive lower bound for the otherwise unknown nuisance parameter, 0(> 0). This revised methodology is then shown to enjoy various customary second-order properties and expansions for functions of the associated stopping variable, under appropriate conditions. Such general machineries are later applied in different types of estimation as well as selection and ranking problems, giving a sense of a very broad spectrum of possibilities. This constitutes natural extensions of these authors' earlier paper (Mukhopadhyay and Duggan (1997a, Sankhya Ser. A, 59, 435 448)) on the fixed-width confidence interval estimation problem exclusively for the mean of a normal distribution having an unknown variance.
The use of monoreassortants and reverse genetics to map reovirus lysis of a ras-transformed cell line

Reovirus has been shown to lyse most transformed cells while establishing a persistent or abortive infection in non-transformed cells. Developing methods to identify the reovirus genes associated with oncolysis is an important step toward understanding the mechanisms involved. This report is the first to develop and apply the use of monoreassortants and reverse genetics to identify an individual reovirus gene associated with reovirus oncolysis. Infection with reovirus serotypes 1/Lang, 2/Jones or 3/Dearing of cells transformed with a normal copy of c-Ha-RAS (N1 cells) or with a normal copy of c-Myc (Myc-3 cells), produces large amounts of progeny virus of all three serotypes and results in lysis of both these cell lines. Infection of cells transformed with a mutant c-Ha-RAS gene (T1 cells) with either serotype 1/Lang and 2/Jones results in the production of large amounts of virus and lysis of the cells. In sharp contrast, serotype 3/Dearing virus infection of these cells produced small amounts of virus and resulted in limited lysis of these cells. Using monoreassortants and reverse genetics we exploited this phenotypic difference between the three serotypes to identify a single reovirus gene linked to the preferential lysis of the T1 cells, the S4 gene.
Nutrient Content of Whole Cottonseed

The objective of this study was to determine if the nutrient and gossypol contents and in vitro digestibility of 3 types of genetically modified whole cottonseed differed from traditional whole cottonseed. Samples of seed from traditional (no genetic modifications) and genetically modified varieties of cotton grown in 1999 and 2000 were analyzed. Genetic modifications included the insertion of genes to protect cotton from insect pests (Bt), and damage from glyphosate herbicides (RR), and from both (Bt/RR). Year effects were significant for in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility, gossypol, DM, crude protein (CP), fat, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and ash. Higher rainfall resulted in higher CP, fat, and ash and lower NDF and gossypol. There were no differences among seed types for ground or whole seed digestibility, DM, CP, fat, NDF, ADF, ash, lignin, net energy for lactation, amino acids, total fatty acids, or seed index. Overall, the nutrient content and digestibility of varieties of genetically modified seed were similar to that of varieties of traditional whole cottonseed.
From ‘the’ Precautionary Principle to Precautionary Principles

The precautionary principle has been widely discussed in the academic, legal, and policy arenas. This paper argues, however, that there is no single precautionary principle and we should stop referring to ‘the’ precautionary principle. Instead, we should talk about ‘precaution’ and ‘precautionary approaches’ more generally and identify and defend distinct precautionary principles of limited scope. Drawing on the vast literature on ‘the’ precautionary principle, this paper further argues that the challenges of decision making under conditions of uncertainty necessitate taking a precautionary approach to decision making that will enable us to understand what particular precautionary principles require of us on a case-by-case basis.
Lateral Excitation within the Olfactory Bulb

Lateral inhibition is a common feature of cortical networks, serving such functions as contrast enhancement. In the olfactory bulb, inhibition is imbedded in the local connectivity at dendrodendritic synapses between mitral cells and interneurons. However, there is also evidence for excitatory interactions between mitral cells despite the lack of direct synaptic connections. This lateral excitation, although a less well recognized feature of the circuit, provides a potentially powerful mechanism to enhance coordinated activity. We examined lateral excitation in paired recordings between mitral cells projecting to the same glomerulus. Trains of action potentials in one mitral cell evoked autoexcitation in the stimulated cell and a prolonged depolarization in the second cell. This lateral excitation was absent in connexin36−/− mice, which lack mitral–mitral cell gap junctions. However, spillover of dendritically released glutamate contributed to lateral excitation during concerted mitral cell excitation or by single-cell activity if glutamate uptake was blocked. Our results suggest that electrical coupling and spillover create a lateral excitatory network within the glomerulus, thus markedly amplifying the sensitivity of each glomerulus to incoming sensory input.
On Lateral Dispersion Coefficients as Functions of Averaging Time

Abstract Plume dispersion coefficients are discussed in terms of single-particle and relative diffusion, and are investigated as functions of averaging time. To demonstrate the effects of averaging time on the relative importance of various dispersion processes, an observed lateral wind velocity spectrum is used to compute the lateral dispersion coefficients of total, single-particle and relative diffusion for various averaging times and plume travel times. The results indicate that for a 1 h averaging time the dispersion coefficient of a plume can be approximated by single-particle diffusion alone for travel times <250 s and by relative diffusion for longer travel times. Furthermore, it is shown that the power-law formula suggested by Turner for relating pollutant concentrations for other averaging times to the corresponding 15 min average is applicable to the present example only when the averaging time is less than 200 s and the travel time smaller than about 300 s. Since the turbulence spectrum used i...
Adaptive Data Migration in Multi-tiered Storage Based Cloud Environment

Multi-tiered storage systems today are integrating Solid State Disks (SSD) on top of traditional rotational hard disks for performance enhancement due to the significant IO improvements in SSD technology. It is widely recognized that automated data migration between SSD and HDD plays a critical role in effective integration of SSD into multi-tiered storage systems. Furthermore, effective data migration has to take into account of application specific workload characteristics, deadlines, and IO profiles. An important and interesting challenge for automated data migration in multi-tiered storage systems is how to fully release the power of data migration while guaranteeing the migration deadline is critical to maximizing the performance of SSD-enabled multi-tiered storage system. In this paper, we present an adaptive look ahead data migration model that can incorporate application specific characteristics and I/O profiles as well as workload deadlines. Our adaptive data migration model has three unique features. First, it incorporates a set of key factors that may impact on the performance of look ahead migration efficiency in our formal model develop. Second, our data migration model can adaptively determine the optimal look ahead window size, based on several parameters, to optimize the effectiveness of look ahead migration. Third, we formally and experimentally show that the adaptive data migration model can improve overall system performance and resource utilization while meeting workload deadlines. Through our trace driven experimental study, we compare the adaptive look ahead migration approach with the basic migration model and show that the adaptive migration model is effective and efficient for continuously improving and tuning of the performance and scalability of multi-tier storage systems.
An adaptation of the lattice gas to the water problem

The lattice-gas approach is generalized to incorporate features of the configurational problem posed by the randomly hydrogen-bonded “gel” model for liquid water. Because it possesses sublattices characterized by tetrahedral angles associated with triads of sites, a body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice is used. Each water molecule is allowed 12 orientations with respect to the bcc lattice. When two nearest neighbors have relative orientations which permit hydrogen bonding, they are assigned a hydrogen bond energy. When hydrogen bonding is not permitted the pair is assigned one of two weaker interaction energies. Like the simple lattice gas, this model displays a “vapor-liquid” phase transition. The critical site density proves to be less than 1/2. The model should also exhibit a transition to a solid phase as a result of the possibility of complete hydrogen bonding associated with exclusive occupation of one sublattice. Excellent agreement is obtained with the observed temperature dependence of the second virial coefficient. The agreement in the case of the third virial coefficient is poor, however. The mean field approximation is shown to be inadequate for quantitative description of the vapor-liquid transition and the properties of the liquid phase.
Empirical evaluation of the factorial structure of attention in adolescent psychiatric patients.

Abstract Adolescent psychiatric inpatients (N = 278) were examined with a structured battery of measures of attentional functioning. The factorial structure of the attentional performance was then examined through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Two conceptually related models of attentional functioning were compared to null and unifactorial comparison models. One of the conceptual models, previously described in a series of studies by Mirsky, separates attentional functions into four factors and the other conceptual model, developed by the present authors, collapses two of Mirsky's factors into one. Both of the substantive models fit the data with the four-factor model failing to improve substantially on the simpler three-factor model. These data provide support for the validity of the Mirsky model of attention and suggest that these factors merit further research to validate the brain localization hypotheses that underlie them.
Extracellular DNA: The tip of root defenses?

This review discusses how extracellular DNA (exDNA) might function in plant defense, and at what level(s) of innate immunity this process might operate. A new role for extracellular factors in mammalian defense has been described in a series of studies. These studies reveal that cells including neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells produce 'extracellular traps' (ETs) consisting of histone-linked exDNA. When pathogens are attracted to such ETs, they are trapped and killed. When the exDNA component of ETs is degraded, trapping is impaired and resistance against invasion is reduced. Conversely, mutation of microbial genes encoding exDNases that degrade exDNA results in loss of virulence. This discovery that exDNases are virulence factors opens new avenues for disease control. In plants, exDNA is required for defense of the root tip. Innate immunity-related proteins are among a group of >100 proteins secreted from the root cap and root border cell populations. Direct tests revealed that exDNA also is rapidly synthesized and exported from the root tip. When this exDNA is degraded by the endonuclease DNase 1, root tip resistance to fungal infection is lost; when the polymeric structure is degraded more slowly, by the exonuclease BAL31, loss of resistance to fungal infection is delayed accordingly. The results suggest that root border cells may function in a manner analogous to that which occurs in mammalian cells.
Gene structure, localization and role in oxidative stress of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) in the monkey retina

MSRA (EC 1.8.4.6) is a member of the methionine sulfoxide reductase family that can reduce methionine sulfoxide (MetO) in proteins. This repair function has been shown to protect cells against oxidative damage. In this study we have assembled the complete gene structure of msrA and identified the presence of two distinct putative promoters that generate three different transcripts. These transcripts were cloned by 5'RACE and code for three MSRA isoforms with different N-termini. The different forms of MSRA target to distinct intracellular regions. The main MSRA transcript (msrA1) had been previously shown to target the mitochondria. MsrA2 and 3 originate from a second promoter and target the cytosol and nuclei. In the monkey retina msrA message was detected mainly in the macular RPE-choroid region while its activity was measured mainly in the soluble fractions of fractionated neural retina and RPE-choroid. The MSRA protein is found throughout the retina but is especially abundant at the photoreceptor synapses, ganglion and Muller cells. Interestingly, MSRA was not detected in the mitochondria of the photoreceptor inner segments. The RPE in the peripheral retina shows very low levels of expression but the RPE in the macular region is strongly labeled. Targeted silencing of msrA message rendered cultured RPE cells more sensitive to oxidative damage suggesting a role for MSRA in RPE protection against oxidative stress. Collectively these data suggest MSRA may play an important role in protecting macular RPE from oxidative damage.
Charged Bose Gas

Green-function techniques are applied to the charged Bose gas at the absolute zero of temperature. The procedure permits some general remarks to be made concerning the expansions of the ground-state energy and depletion parameter in terms of ${\mathcal{r}}_{S}$, the ratio of the interparticle spacing to the Bohr radius. It is found that these series contain not only all integer powers of ${{\mathcal{r}}_{S}}^{\frac{3}{4}}$ as had been conjectured, but additional functions of ${\mathcal{r}}_{S}$ as well. The first-two terms in the expansion of the ground-state energy are calculated exactly as are the first-four terms in the expansion of the depletion parameter. The former expansion agrees with the results of Lee and Feenberg. The latter, containing a noninteger power of ${{\mathcal{r}}_{S}}^{\frac{3}{4}}$, is new. It is shown that the ground-state energy diagrams which must be summed in the Bose gas are characterized by equal numbers of variables of integration. It is emphasized that these are not the most divergent diagrams as in the electron-gas calculation of Gell-Mann and Brueckner. This difference leads us to reformulate the diagrammatic procedure so as to emphasize its self-consistency. The underlying similarity of the charged Fermi and Bose-gas calculations is then made apparent.
75 EFFECT OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE AND CATALASE ON BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER PERMEABILITY AFTER ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION IN THE NEWBORN PIG

Introduction: Transport of urea through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and superoxide anion radical production on Che brain's surface are both increased during post-ischemic reperfusion. Study objective: To see if the alteration of the BBB penetration to urea could be linked to superoxide anion generation, 20 minutes of total cerebral ischemia followed by 2 hours reperfusion was produced by increasing intracranial pressure with a hollow parietal bolt. Interventions: Newborn pigs were pretreated with systemic polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), 1000 U/kg, and polyethylene glycol-catalase (PEG-CAT), 10,000 U/kg. 14C-Urea transfer into the brain was measured in pretreated (n=5) and in control animals (n=5). Main results: Transfer of 14C-Urea into the brain is not significantly altered by pretreatment with PEG-SOD and PEG-CAT; Kin transfer constant = 37.0 ± 1.6 in treated group vs 34.0 ± 2.4 cm3·g−1·s−1·106 in control group (mean ± SEM). Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that superoxide anion generation does not directly contribute to the alteration of urea transfer through the BBB during ischemia-reperfusion in the newborn pig.
Skeletal muscle function after ischemia: “No reflow” versus reperfusion injury☆☆☆

The isometric contraction (supramaximal tetanic stimulation) of anterior tibialis muscle was studied in 32 New Zealand white rabbits after 5 hr of ischemia. Reperfusion was achieved after systemic heparinization (100 U/kg) by removal of vascular clamps (normal reperfusion, NR, N = 10); isolated pump perfusion at 15 cc/min for 30 min followed by normal reperfusion (controlled reperfusion, CR, N = 8); CR with a Sepacell 500 filter in the circuit (leukopenic, thrombocytopenic, controlled reperfusion, L/TR, N = 9); or adding 25,000 U of urokinase to the initial reperfusate (UKR, N = 5). Experimental muscle is compared to control nonischemic contralateral muscle in each animal and expressed as percentage of control function. Specimens were studied by light microscopy. No significant difference in mean function at 2 hr was seen between the four groups, with NLR having 53% of control function, CR 55% of control function, L/TR 61% of control function, and UKR 48% of control function. “No reflow,” as defined by the absence of Doppler flow signals over the muscle pedicle with no recovery of function during reperfusion and continued incidence of persistent ischemia, was seen in NLR 410 CR 58, and L/TR 69 preparations with arteriolar, capillary, and venule thrombi documented by light microscopy. In contrast, “no reflow” was not seen in UKR (0/5, P < 0.05). Peak function at any interval (potential maximal recovery) in muscles that adequately reperfused was best in CR (73%) and L/TR (73%). No difference in the degree of injury in adequately reperfused muscles was seen between the four groups. These experiments suggest that “no reflow” (poor reperfusion) is an important component of reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle after 5 hr of ischemia. It suggests that this phenomenon is likely due to microvascular thrombus formed during ischemia and may respond to fibrinolysis during early reperfusion. In the absence of “no reflow,” removing white blood cells and platelets from the initial reperfusate produced no better results than controlled reperfusion alone.
Apparent Inadequacy of l-Dopa Stimulation as a Clinical Test of Growth Hormone Release

The use of a single, oral, 500-mg dose of l-dopa has been compared to the arginineinsulin test as a stimulus for growth hormone (hGH) release in 15 patients. Whereas l-dopa induced a significant rise in hGH in 5 of 6 normals, it failed to do so in all 3 obese subjects, one patient with short stature and one with an enlarged sella, all of whom responded to arginineinsulin. The response to l-dopa in 2 hypothyroid patients was blunted. The hGH response to l-dopa appears to have limited usefulness in the clinical assessment of pituitary function.
Measuring Purchase-decision involvement

Purchase-decision involvement is distinguished from product-class involvement. Literature on consumer involvement is shown to be lacking a measure of purchase involvement. Therefore, a scale of purchase-decision involvement is developed. Two empirical studies are described and are shown to furnish tests of convergent and discriminant validities. The individual items of the proposed scale are explicitly embedded in the purchase-decision context, and the scale is simple and parsimonious, making it especially useful to practitioners.
Packed scatter tables

Scatter tables for open addressing benefit from recursive entry displacements, cutoffs for unsuccessful searches, and auxiliary cost functions. Compared with conventional methods, the new techniques provide substantially improved tables that resemble exact-solution optimal packings. The displacements are depth-limited approximations to an enumerative (exhaustive) optimization, although packing costs remain linear—O(n)—with table size n. The techniques are primarily suited for important fixed (but possibly quite large) tables for which reference frequencies may be known: op-code tables, spelling dictionaries, access arrays. Introduction of frequency weights further improves retrievals, but the enhancement may degrade cutoffs.
Neutrophil Dysfunction in a Family With a SAPHO Syndrome-like Phenotype

SAPHO syndrome (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis) is an inflammatory disorder of the bone, skin, and joints. We describe a family with multiple affected members who segregate a SAPHO syndrome-like phenotype, and we report the results of neutrophil studies and candidate gene analysis. We obtained written informed consent and a family history and reviewed medical records. We collected DNA and sequenced candidate genes, and we performed functional studies on neutrophils isolated from the proband and her mother. The pedigree segregated chronic osteomyelitis and cutaneous inflammation in a pattern that suggested an autosomal-dominant disorder. No coding sequence mutations were detected in PSTPIP1, PSTPIP2, LPIN2, SH3BP2, or NCF4. Analysis of neutrophil function in the proband, including nitroblue tetrazolium tests, myeloperoxidase assays, neutrophil chemotaxis, and neutrophil chemotaxis assays, revealed no identifiable abnormalities. However, an abnormality in the luminol, but not the isoluminol, respiratory burst assays following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was detected in neutrophils isolated from the affected proband. Internal oxidant production was also reduced in the proband and her mother when neutrophils were treated with fMLP with or without platelet-activating factor, PMA alone, or tumor necrosis factor alpha alone. This family segregates a disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the skin and bone. Functional differences in neutrophils exist between affected individuals and controls. The biologic significance of this defect remains unknown. Identification of the gene defect will help identify an immunologic pathway that, when dysregulated, causes inflammation of the skin and bone.
Homopteran chemical signatures reduce aggression of tending ants

Because generalist ants are aggressive towards foreign insects, the recognition of homopterans by tending ants is critical in ant/homopteran trophobiosis. Herein we report experimental evidence indicating that Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) learn to associate the production of honeydew with the chemical characteristics of homopteran cuticle, suppressing ant aggression and allowing the ants to tend homopterans. Although chemically-mediated associative learning is well understood in honeybee foraging, to our knowledge, it has not been reported before in ant/homopteran trophobiosis.
Are the Conclusions of Z11 Relevant to Community Practice

Abstract Background Findings of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z11 trial have proven controversial, leaving physicians divided over which patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes (+SLNs) benefit from axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). We reviewed our experience at our institution with Z11-eligible patients who did not undergo ALND and explored factors that predicted for positive lymph nodes (+LNs) on ALND after 1 to 2 +SLNs to determine which patients benefit from adjuvant therapy. Materials and Methods All breast cancer pathology reports from our institution containing the word "sentinel" between July 1998 and December 2001 were reviewed. We obtained follow-up information on patients meeting Z11 eligibility criteria who did not undergo ALND. We also compared pathological characteristics between patients with 1 to 2 +SLNs and +LNs on ALND to those with no further +LNs. Results Of the 432 pathology reports reviewed, 38 were from patients meeting Z11 criteria who did not undergo ALND. At a median follow-up of 11.9 years, these patients had 5-year overall survival (OS) of 93.3% and 10-year OS of 79.3%. No patient had recurrent disease in the axilla. Of the 80 patients with 1 to 2 +SLNs who underwent ALND, tumors with +LNs on ALND were generally larger, nonductal histology, more likely to be estrogen receptor positive (ER + ) and progesterone receptor positive (PR + ), and less likely to be HER2 + . Conclusion Our institution's 5-year OS (93.3%) for Z11-eligible patients closely resembled those from the Z11 trial (92.5%) and our 10-year data provide evidence of what to expect for Z11-enrolled patients with continued follow-up. Larger tumor, nonductal, ER + , PR + , and HER2− were predictive for further +LNs on ALND, which might reflect surgical bias.
The application of modeling techniques to film-coating processes.

Background: The modeling of the processes for film coating of solid dosage forms can aid in the prediction and troubleshooting of coating operations. Aim: A review of the existing approaches to modeling the coating phenomena was undertaken with the aim of identifying key assumptions and limitations of each approach. Method: Models are categorized into macrolevel and microlevel approaches. Macrolevel models can predict mass coating uniformity for a batch of solids. On the other hand, microlevel models consider phenomena at the scale of the liquid droplets sprayed into the process. Macrolevel models consist either of phenomenological approaches, whereby the inherent variabilities in the coating process are described by probability distributions. Alternatively, first-principle models based on rigorous descriptions of solid and gas-phase motion can be used to describe the multiphase flow behavior in coating equipment. Result: The advantages of the rigorous macrolevel approach are that extrapolation of results...