cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging and Miniature Swine Heart and Liver Plasma Membranes

Age related changes in heart and liver plasma membranes were assessed over a wide age range, prepubertal, < 0.5 yr; young, 0.5 to 2.5 yr; middle aged, 5.9 to 10 yr; and old, 11.5 to 13.9 yr, in male and female Hormel-Hanford miniature swine fed the same energy restricted, low fat, cholesterol free, stock diet continuously post weaning. Mid bilayer heart plasma membrane fluidity, by diphenylhexatriene (DPH) polarization, was increased in old pigs, but fluidity in polar membrane domains was not increased in the old pigs. Age had no effect on fluidity by DPH in liver cell membranes, but surface domains were influenced by age. Liver cell membrane fluidity, by polar probes, followed a U shaped pattern with age and reached a maximum in the middle aged minipig group. In heart, middle aged pigs were reduced in total n-6 polyunsaturates, especially 18:2, and increased in saturates. Conversely, liver plasma membranes in middle aged pigs were elevated in unsaturated and reduced in saturated fatty acids. Heart membrane lipid peroxidation tended to be increased in middle aged and elderly pigs, perhaps due to increased membrane vitamin E in middle aged and old pigs. Thus, lipid peroxidation tended to increase over the lifespan of miniature swine, even when they were food restricted.
Messaging And Formality: Will IM Follow in the Footsteps of Email?

One virtue of instant messaging is informality. As messaging is used more in work settings, being able to consult an exchange later can be beneficial. However, archived communication often becomes more formal. We describe a case study of IM use that illustrates such a transition. In this and some other respects, messaging seems to be paralleling the history of email use. This points to an ongoing tension between our need for informal interaction, even in workplaces, and the ease and occasional benefits of archiving digital information.
36-OR: ENDOTHELIAL CELL GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE IN RESPONSE TO EXPOSURE WITH ENDOTHELIAL CELL ANTIBODIES

Aim To determine the changes in gene expression in Endothelial Precursor Cells (EPC) exposed to Anti Endothelial Cell Antibodies (AECA) that are Non-HLA-specific. Methods Magnetic-bead column isolation followed by XM-One crossmatch procedure using reagents from Absorber Inc. was employed to identify serum samples with non-HLA AECA. For Gene expression assays, EPCs were obtained from T and B cell depleted PBL using reagents from Absorber Inc. The endothelial cell gene expression was performed on total RNA using Real-Time RT-PCR profiler reagents from QIAGEN Inc. Results EPCs exposed to a combination of IgM and IgG AECAs, affected the expression of more endothelial cell genes than EPCs exposed to IgM or IgG alone. Exposure of EPCs to IgM AECA alone caused changes in a few genes while exposure to IgG AECA alone did not significantly alter expression of any endothelial cell genes. In all, the genes which were up-regulated (ANXA5; APOE; BAX; BCL2L1; CALCA; CFLAR; COL18A1; EDN1; EDN2; EDNRA; FLT1; HIF1A; HMOX1; ICAM1; ITGAV; ITGB1; KDR; OCLN; PF4; SELE; THBS1) were those associated with pro-apoptotic, thrombocytic and or hemolytic events. One of the highly down-regulated genes was the Tissue inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase (TIMP) that inhibit the matrix metalloproteinases which leads to increased extracellular protein deposition resulting in excessive extracellular connective tissue deposition, which is a hallmark of fibrosis which in turn is associated with chronic allograft rejection. Conclusions Human EPCs seem to respond to non-HLA antibodies by altering the gene expressions of endothelial cell biology which might be associated with events leading to allograft injury in a complement independent way. More detailed gene expression studies with organ specific endothelial cells and IgM/IgG specific non-HLA endothelial cell antibodies are needed to assess the full significance of AECA in allograft rejection.
Factors influencing estrus and ovulation in weaned sows as determined by transrectal ultrasound.

Characterization of factors influencing estrus and ovulation in sows may facilitate development of procedures for improving reproductive performance. The experiment was conducted in confinement during 1997 to 1999 using 174 Large White x Landrace sows. After weaning, sows were checked for estrus twice daily. In the 1st yr, transrectal ultrasound was performed once daily and in the 2nd yr twice daily at estrus and on every day until ovulation. The effects of lactation length ( or = 32 d), parity (1, 2, or > or = 3), season (winter, spring, summer, or fall) and weaning-to-estrus interval (3, 4, 5, or 6 to 8 d) and their interactions on estrual and ovulatory responses were studied. There was no effect of frequency of ultrasound on any response variable, so data across years were pooled. Percentage of sows expressing estrus within 8 d of weaning was influenced by lactation length (P or = 17 d (94%). A parity x season interaction was observed (P or = parity 3 sows (98.1%). No explanatory variable had a significant effect on weaning-to-estrus interval (4.4 d) or on follicle size at estrus (8.1 mm). Ovulation hour after onset of estrus was affected by weaning-to-estrus interval (P or = 17 d (> 92%). Sows that returned to estrus in 3 d were also less likely to ovulate (79.5%) than sows returning > or = 4 d after weaning (> 92%). A parity x season interaction was also observed on ovulation (P < 0.001), with parity 1 and 2 sows less likely to ovulate after expressing estrus in fall and spring compared with parity 3 and greater sows. The data suggest lactation length, early return to estrus, and parity by season effects are associated with risk of failure to express estrus and ovulate.
Regulation of KIF1A motility via polyglutamylation of tubulin C-terminal tails

Axonal transport is a highly regulated cellular process responsible for site-specific neuronal cargo delivery. This process is mediated in part by KIF1A, a member of the kinesin-3 family of molecular motors. It is imperative that KIF1A9s highly efficient, superprocessive motility along microtubules is tightly regulated as misregulation of KIF1A cargo delivery is observed in many neurodegenerative diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms responsible for KIF1A9s motility, and subsequent proper spatiotemporal cargo delivery, are largely unknown. One potential regulatory mechanism of KIF1A motility is through the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of axonal microtubules. These PTMs, often occurring on the C-terminal tails of the microtubule tracks, act as molecular "traffic signals" helping to direct kinesin motor cargo delivery. Occurring on neuronal microtubules, C-terminal tail polygutamylation is known to be important for KIF1A cargo transport. KIF1A9s initial interaction with microtubule C-terminal tails is facilitated by the K-loop, a positively charged surface loop of the KIF1A motor domain. However, the K-loop9s role in KIF1A motility and response to perturbations in C-terminal tail polyglutamylation is underexplored. Using single-molecule imaging, we present evidence of KIF1A9s previously unreported pausing behavior on multiple microtubule structures. Further analysis revealed that these pauses link multiple processive segments together, contributing to KIF1A9s characteristic superprocessive run length. We further demonstrate that KIF1A pausing is mediated by a K-loop/polyglutamylated C-terminal tail interaction and is a regulatory mechanism of KIF1A motility. In summary, we introduce a new mechanism of KIF1A motility regulation, providing further insight into KIF1A9s role in axonal transport.
Updated results on the galaxy–halo connection from satellite kinematics in SDSS

We present new results on the relationship between central galaxies and dark matter haloes inferred from observations of satellite kinematics in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR7. We employ an updated analysis framework that includes detailed mock catalogues to model observational effects in SDSS. Our results constrain the colour-dependent conditional luminosity function (CLF) of dark matter haloes, as well as the radial profile of satellite galaxies. Confirming previous results, we find that red central galaxies live in more massive haloes than blue galaxies at fixed luminosity. Additionally, our results suggest that satellite galaxies have a radial profile less centrally concentrated than dark matter but not as cored as resolved subhaloes in dark matter-only simulations. Compared to previous works using satellite kinematics by More et al., we find much more competitive constraints on the galaxy-halo connection, on par with those derived from a combination of galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing. We compare our results on the galaxy-halo connection to other studies using galaxy clustering and group catalogues, showing very good agreement between these different techniques. We discuss future applications of satellite kinematics in the context of constraining cosmology and the relationship between galaxies and dark matter haloes.
Emerging Technologies to Increase the Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs

The need for novel processes and formulation-based techniques to enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs has increased substantially in recent years. This is primarily due to the limitations of traditional techniques such as physical and chemical stability of the drug substance or the need for toxic solvents that some techniques require. Alternative solubility-enhancement techniques have emerged in recent years to mitigate issues such as these. The purpose of this chapter is to describe emerging technologies for solubility enhancement, allowing the reader to gain an understanding of their utility.
A Growth Mindset Intervention: Enhancing Students’ Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Career Development:

Despite mounting interest in growth mindset interventions, this approach has yet to be applied to the domain of entrepreneurship. In the present research, we developed and tested if a growth mindse...
Effects of Freezing on Mesenchymal Stem Cells Labeled with Gold Nanoparticles.

Stem cell therapies are a promising treatment for many patients suffering from diseases with poor prognosis. However, clinical translation is inhibited by a lack of in vivo monitoring techniques to...
Shock-Tube Laser Absorption Measurements of CO and H2O during Iso-Octane Combustion

The oxidation of iso-octane was studied in two different shock tubes by recording mole fraction time histories of CO and H2O at various equivalence ratios (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) at around 1.5 atm, bet...
Diversity Without Disagreeability: A Multi-National Examination of Social Networks and Participation in Political Dialog

It is widely understood that individuals think and act differently depending on the real or perceived political views of their discussion network. At the same time, there is a growing concern that self-selection and algorithmic selection into similarly minded imbalanced social networks are forming political discussion silos and echo chambers, where only one opinion is heard. As such, many are calling for social network providers to develop algorithms that filter messages, not only for veracity, but to provide a balance of viewpoints. While there is a growing consensus that a diversity of viewpoints is necessary for a healthy a democracy, the impact of exposure to opposing points of view on political expression and participation remain unclear (Boulianne, 2015). This study is based on a 2017 web-survey of over 14,000 internet users from 7 countries to examine cross-national variations of the user’s social media political discussion networks and the potential impacts on political participation. Even though participation in agreeable networks is high, as would be expected, we find that social media users who find themselves in the minority in a diverse social media network still participate and engage, especially those with higher online skills. The result of this analysis are discussed in terms of cross-national differences and the potential implications of forcing or filtering differing opinions within a network. These findings can lend insights into policy decisions related to algorithmic filtering and related attempts aimed at increasing exposure to diversity of viewpoints within social networks.
Thirty-day outcomes of open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair by proximal clamp level in patients with normal and impaired renal function.

Abstract Objective Open surgical repair (OSR) of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) has often been reserved in contemporary practice for complex aneurysms requiring a suprarenal or supraceliac proximal clamp level. The present study investigated the associated 30-day outcomes of different proximal clamp levels in OSR of complex infrarenal/juxtarenal AAA in patients with normal renal function and those with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Methods All patients undergoing elective OSR of infrarenal and juxtarenal AAA were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program–targeted AAA database from 2012 to 2018. The patients were stratified into two cohorts (normal renal function [estimated glomerular filtration rate, ≥60 mL/min] and CRI [estimated glomerular filtration rate, Results A total of 1284 patients with normal renal function and 524 with CRI were included in the present study. The proximal clamp levels for the 1808 patients were infrarenal for 1080 (59.7%), inter-renal for 337 (18.6%), suprarenal for 279 (15.4%), and supraceliac for 112 (6.2%). In the normal renal function cohort, no difference was found in 30-day mortality with any clamp level. Increased 30-day acute renal failure was only observed in the supraceliac vs infrarenal clamp level comparison (5.9% vs 1.5%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-5.18; P = .044). In the CRI cohort, supraceliac clamping was associated with an increased rate of renal composite complications (22.7% vs 5.6%; aOR, 8.81; 95% CI, 3.17-24.46; P Conclusions In elective OSR of infrarenal and juxtarenal AAAs for patients with CRI, this study found a heightened mortality risk with supraceliac clamping and increased renal morbidity with suprarenal clamping, though these effects were not present for patients with normal renal function. Every effort should be made to keep the proximal clamp level as low as possible, especially in patients with CRI.
Overdiagnosis and Risks of Breast Cancer Screening

Since its widespread introduction 30 years ago, screening mammography has contributed to substantial reduction in breast cancer-associated mortality, ranging from 15% to 50% in observational trials. It is currently the best examination available for the early diagnosis of breast cancer, when survival and treatment options are most favorable. However, like all medical tests and procedures, screening mammography has associated risks, including overdiagnosis and overtreatment, false-positive examinations, false-positive biopsies, and radiation exposure. Women should be aware of the benefits and risks of screening mammography in order to make the most appropriate care decisions for themselves.
The role of spirituality in symptom experiences among adults with cancer.

Adults with cancer experience symptoms such as pain, fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbance, which can impede quality of life. Research suggests that addressing spirituality may be one route to support holistic symptom management. The purpose of this study is to explore how spirituality relates to common cancer-related symptoms (including severity, distress, and interference) among a sample of adults with cancer. This is a secondary analysis of data from N = 200 solid tumor cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Symptom experiences were assessed with a modified version of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale and the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory—Interference Subscale. Spirituality was assessed using a subset of items from the Fox Simple Quality of Life Scale. A series of ordinal and linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between spirituality and symptom severity, symptom-related distress, and symptom interference across four cancer-related symptoms (pain, fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbance). Higher spirituality trended toward an association with lower pain severity, although results were not significant (p < .058). Higher spirituality was significantly associated with lower severity of fatigue (p < .003), depression (p < .006), and sleep disturbance (p < .004). Spirituality was not significantly associated with any of the four symptom-related distress outcomes. Higher spirituality was significantly associated with lower overall symptom interference (p < .004). This study highlights the role of spirituality in the experience of cancer-related symptoms. Additional research is needed among more diverse samples of people with cancer. This foundational work could lead to the development of symptom management interventions that incorporate aspects of spirituality.
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections and Cor Triatriatum

Congenital anomalies of the pulmonary venous connections are a heterogeneous group of malformations consisting of anomalous connections of some (partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections) or all of the pulmonary veins (total anomalous pulmonary venous connections) or consisting of a membrane separating the left atrium into two chambers, an accessory atrial chamber receiving the pulmonary venous drainage and the left atrium proper. Surgical repair remains the definitive treatment for these lesions, although follow-up is needed to monitor for complications, such as recurrent or residual obstruction. Cardiac CT is increasingly used to elucidate pulmonary venous anatomy for diagnosis and as part of post-operative monitoring.
Contrast Solution Properties and Scan Parameters Influence the Apparent Diffusivity of Computed Tomography Contrast Agents in Articular Cartilage

The inability to detect early degenerative changes to the articular cartilage surface that commonly precede bulk osteoarthritic degradation is an obstacle to early disease detection for research or clinical diagnosis. Leveraging a known artifact that blurs tissue boundaries in clinical arthrograms, contrast agent diffusivity can be derived from computed tomography arthrography (CTa) scans. We combined experimental and computational approaches to study protocol variations that may alter the CTa-derived apparent diffusivity. In experimental studies on bovine cartilage explants, we examined how contrast agent dilution and transport direction (absorption vs. desorption) influence the apparent diffusivity of untreated and enzymatically digested cartilage. Using multiphysics simulations, we examined mechanisms underlying experimental observations and the effects of image resolution, scan interval and early scan termination. The apparent diffusivity during absorption decreased with increasing contrast agent concentration by an amount similar to the increase induced by tissue digestion. Models indicated that osmotically induced fluid efflux strongly contributed to the concentration effect. Simulated changes to spatial resolution, scan spacing and total scan time all influenced the apparent diffusivity, indicating the importance of consistent protocols. With careful control of imaging protocols and interpretations guided by transport models, CTa-derived diffusivity offers promise as a biomarker for early degenerative changes.
Combined Influences of Emotion States and Individual Characteristics on Appetite and Eating

The present study was designed to investigate emotion-induced variations in food consumption for individuals with different eating-related characteristics. The study was motivated in part by findings reported in Chapter 8 showing that appetite varied as a function of emotion state (e.g., distress, relaxation, boredom, anger). Results from that study showed that across all subjects, the main effect of arousal-nonarousal (Le., level of mental alertness and/or physical activity) was the most powerful determinant, being negatively related to appetite. The main effect of dominance-submissiveness (feeling in control of one’s actions, social relationships, and environments versus feeling controlled and influenced by external forces and others) also was significant and strong, with appetite being a positive correlate of dominance. Further, the three factors of emotion interacted in determining appetite and some noteworthy findings were as follows. High-arousal states associated with distress, discomfort, or pain (displeasure, high arousal, submissiveness) resulted in the lowest levels of appetite, whereas low-arousal states of relaxation (pleasure, low arousal, dominance), disdain or contempt (displeasure, low arousal, dominance), and boredom or depression (displeasure, low arousal, submissiveness) resulted in the highest levels of appetite.
siRNA for p53R2 inhibits increases in p53R2 expression following exposure to DNA damaging agents.

5509 Gemcitabine (2′, 2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine, dFdCyd) is a clinically effective chemotherapeutic agent and radiation sensitizer. These properties require intracellular phosphorylation of dFdCyd to its di- and triphosphate metabolites. dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA and is primarily responsible for cytotoxicity, whereas inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by dFdCDP correlates strongly with radiosensitization. Ribonucleotide reductase is the enzyme responsible for converting ribonucleotide diphosphates to their corresponding deoxynucleotide forms. It is the rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of DNA. It is a tetrameric protein consisting of two regulatory (R1) and two catalytic (R2) subunits. Recently, a novel ribonucleotide reductase subunit, p53R2, was discovered. p53R2 is a homologue of the R2 subunit, and it has been shown to be activated in a p53-dependent fashion following DNA damage and combine with R1 to provide deoxynucleotides for DNA repair. In this study, we wished to examine the effects of inhibition of p53R2 on other proteins. Since there are no specific inhibitors of p53R2 that do not inhibit R2 activity, we utilized the siRNA approach to specifically decrease p53R2 expression. MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with dFdCyd at concentrations ranging from 10 nm to 300 nm exhibited a significant increase in p53R2 expression within 2 hr after drug addition as demonstrated by Western blot analysis, and p53R2 expression remained elevated for at least 72 hr. Transfection of p53R2 siRNA inhibited p53R2 activity following a 24 h exposure to dFdCyd as early as 48 h post-transfection. p53R2 expression was inhibited following a 24 h exposure to dFdCyd for at least 120 h post-transfection. There was no change in p53R2 expression following the use of non-specific siRNA, or through mock transfection. Importantly, the siRNA transfection did not decrease R2 expression. Also, no there were no observed chances in p53 expression. Thus, the siRNA approach provides an excellent mechanism for determining the contribution of p53R2 separately from that of R2, and may provide important information on the roles of these proteins in the cytotoxicity and radiosensitization by dFdCyd.
A three-phase reactive current measurement technique suitable for automation

The author describes a technique for measuring the reactive current in three-phase circuits. The clock frequency for synchronizing and timing is produced from supply voltage signals. The line current is sensed with the help of Hall effect transducers. The analog value of the reactive current is measured at the zero crossing of the voltage wave using a sample-and-hole circuit. The signal is then converted into digital information at appropriate timings, using an A/D (analog-to-digital) converter and a latch circuit on every cycle, and a digital output is obtained. The technique has been implemented, and the typical waveforms from a laboratory prototype are presented. The various sources of error are identified, and the usefulness of the circuit in various applications is outlined. >
Post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in mouse pituitary melanotroph tumors induced by a POMC-simian virus 40 large T antigen transgene.

Abstract Mice harboring a transgene composed of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene promoter sequences (nucleotides -706 to +64) ligated to the simian virus (SV) 40 early gene encoding large T antigen developed large POMC-expressing pituitary tumors. Histologically the tumors arose from the intermediate lobe, contained nuclear SV40 T antigen and POMC peptides, but did not express other pituitary hormones. POMC processing in the pituitary tumors was indistinguishable from normal mouse intermediate lobe melanotrophs and was characterized by high proportions of acetylated and carboxyl-terminal shortened beta-endorphins, and amino-terminal acetylated alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and virtually no adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)(1-39), beta-lipotropin, or POMC. The tumors contained abundant levels of mRNA for the prohormone convertase PC2 and undetectable levels of PC1. Normal mouse neurointermediate lobe also has a high ratio of PC2/PC1 expression that is distinct from the relative abundance of PC1 in anterior lobe and AtT-20 corticotroph cells. In contrast, extracts from tumors transplanted subcutaneously in nude mice contained predominantly nonacetylated forms of beta-endorphin(1-31) and -(1-27), very little ACTH(1-39), almost no corticotropin-like intermediate peptide or alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and higher proportions of intact POMC. Surprisingly, despite the less efficient proteolytic cleavage, a transplanted tumor expressed both PC1 and PC2. These studies are the first biochemical documentation of a melanotroph pituitary tumor in a rodent species and provide a new model for the investigation of pituitary oncogenesis and the molecular basis of tissue-specific prohormone post-translational processing.
Real-time, automated echocardiographic measures of ventricular area and area change: comparison with radionuclide technique.

Echocardiography now permits tracking of the blood-endocardial border and automatic measurement of ventricular area throughout the cardiac cycle. To determine the accuracy of this technique, we compared echocardiographic measurements of area with similar measurements made by radionuclide technique in 19 children, ages 4–24 years (mean 13 years). The blood-endocardial border was tracked from the apical two-chamber view and radionuclide measurements were made from the left anterior oblique view. We measured echocardiographic end-diastolic area, end-systolic area, and fractional area change from the average of five cardiac cycles. The radionuclide area measurements were made from a gated blood pool study incorporating 700–1200 cardiac cycles. Results were compared by bias analysis. The mean differences (± 1 SJD.) between left ventricular area measurements were: end-diastole 1.13 ± 2.3 cm2, end-systole –0.90 ± 1.33 cm2, and fractional area change 7.4 ± 9.3 (%). Differences between the measurements were within the limit of agreement (mean ±2 S.D.) in 55 of 57 measurements. The area measurements were not free from bias; the mean differences of area measurements were significantly different from zero for end-diastolic area (P ≤ 0.05), end-systolic area (P ≤ 0.01), and fractional area change (P ≤ 0.002). Echocardiography tended to underestimate end-diastolic area and fractional area change and it tended to overestimate end-systolic area. Realtime tracking of the blood-endocardial border is possible and allows accurate measurement of ventricular area. echocardiography, radionuclide, tissue characterization
Emily’s song: a case study of egocentric speech

Learning to be a competent language user may be the most complex task human beings undertake, yet the one most taken for granted. This paper examines a song spontaneously created and sung by a 44-month-old child. The song, an element of bath-time play, weaves a chapter in her ongoing self-narrative, disclosing not only her sense of herself as a developing person, but also revealing her struggle with this development. Examination of the relation of the structure and functions of the song demonstrates that it is a variation of egocentric speech clearly connected to her thinking and not merely a tuneful accompaniment to her imaginative play. Early childhood educators and care-givers often witness similar episodes of language use among children engrossed in play in school settings. Observation of the form and content of such language use can provide the early childhood teacher or caregiver with information about a child's language development, sense of self, and readiness for formal and informal literacy experiences, which presume a developing facility and competence in thinking through language.
Partner support and changes in relationships during life-threatening illness : Women's perspectives

Abstract This study examined the role of the primary partnered relationship as a factor in women's adjustment to cancer. Data from semistructured interviews with 40 women, in combination with their scores on a standardized measure of the mutuality of the relationship, allowed for an investigation of the following questions: How do women with cancer perceive the effect of their illness on their primary partnered relationship? What types of support do women receive from their partners during the illness experience? Is this support adequate? What is the relationship between the mutuality of the primary partnered relationship and the support provided by the partner? The results indicated that the type of support the partner provides as well as the mutuality of the relationship contribute positively to women's coping. Thus, the mutuality of women's primary partnered relationships should be assessed routinely, and psychosocial interventions should sensitize couples to the benefits of enhanced mutuality during t...
Boundary value estimates for harmonic forms

We prove a bound for the L2-norm of harmonic forms in terms of certain LP-norms of their normal and tangential components. In turn, this is used to show the L2-norm equivalence of the normal and tangential components of harmonic forms on manifolds.
EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN MONKEYS OF CUTANEOUS RESISTANCE TO REINFECTION WITH RICKETTSIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI.

Discussion and summaryThese findings provide evidence that immunity factors were active in the skin in the immunologic defense of rhesus monkeys experimentally infected by the intradermal route with scrub typhus rickettsiae, 6 days after exposure to the rickettsiae and several days before circulating antibodies had reached levels high enough to rid the blood of organisms. In 3 groups of monkeys, development of specific dermal lesions was completely suppressed at sites of the second, third, and fourth injections of scrub typhus rickettsiae when an interval of 6 days separated the first from subsequent injections, while in a single group of monkeys (Group 1) given 3 injections at a 3-day interval, lesions occurred at 2 injection sites. Although the role of circulating antibodies in the state of resistance to superinfection in the skin is unknown, the fact that presence of the immune state in the skin of a single monkey was established at the time this animal was circulating rickettsiae in the blood favors t...
Is the human amygdala specialized for processing social information

Abstract: A number of studies in humans and other animals has confirmed the amygdala's role in modulating cognition and behavior on the basis of a stimulus' motivational, emotional, and social atttributes. This raises the question of how these attributes are related: is social information processing reducible to motivational processing? Some recent data suggest the possibility that the amygdala's primitive function may be motivational processing that is domain-general, but that its function in primates, and especially humans, may have evolved to process social information specifically. While the issue is unresolved, future experiments could provide additional support.
Urban Disamenities, Dark Satanic Mills, and the British Standard of Living Debate

What were the economic costs of the disamenities that the British worker incurred when migrating to the city in the last century? How important were these costs in accounting for the higher nominal wages for unskilled work in the cities? How much of the rise in wages during the Industrial Revolution might therefore be spurious mismeasurement? This paper supplies some answers. Like the results on mid-twentieth-century growth by contemporary economists, the nineteenth-century estimates also suggest the disamenities' effects to be trivial.
Human genome: end of the beginning.

Just over three years ago, it was announced that a first draft of the human genome sequence had been completed. Gaps and errors remained, but the job of fixing those problems is now largely done.
A mathematical model for suppression subtractive hybridization.

Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) is frequently used to unearth differentially expressed genes on a whole-genome scale. Its versatility is based on combining cDNA library subtraction and normalization, which allows the isolation of sequences of varying degrees of abundance and differential expression. SSH is a complex process with many adjustable parameters that affect the outcome of gene isolation.We present a mathematical model of SSH based on DNA hybridization kinetics for assessing the effect of various parameters to facilitate its optimization. We derive an equation for the probability that a particular differentially expressed species is successfully isolated and use this to quantify the effect of the following parameters related to the cDNA sample: (a) mRNA abundance; (b) partial sequence complementarity to other species; and (3) degree of differential expression. We also evaluate the effect of parameters related to the process, including: (a) reaction times; and (b) extent of driver excess used in the two hybridization reactions. The optimum set of process parameters for successful isolation of differentially expressed species depends on transcript abundance. We show that the reaction conditions have a significant effect on the occurrence of false-positives and formulate strategies to isolate specific subsets of differentially expressed genes. We also quantify the effect of non-specific hybridization on the false-positive results and present strategies for spiking cDNA sequences to address this problem.
The Consequences of the Military Revolution in Muscovy: A Comparative Perspective

What has been called the early modern military revolution may be described most simply as the replacement of small cavalry forces by huge gunpowder infantry armies. The revolution was a diffusionary process with a relatively well-understood chronology and geography. The innovations at its core began in northern Italy in the later fifteenth century and spread throughout central, northern, and eastern Europe in the three centuries that followed. Seen in this way, it was a unique and unitary phenomenon. Thus we speak of the military revolution, an episode in world history, instead of several different revolutions in the constituent parts of Europe. Nonetheless, the course and impact of the revolution were different in the regions it eventually affected.
Exfoliation and blistering of Cd0.96Zn0.04Te substrates by ion implantation

As part of a series of wafer bonding experiments, the exfoliation/blistering of ion-implanted Cd0.96Zn0.04Te substrates was investigated as a function of postimplantation annealing conditions. (211) Cd0.96Zn0.04Te samples were implanted either with hydrogen (5×1016 cm−2; 40–200 keV) or co-implanted with boron (1×1015 cm−2; 147 keV) and hydrogen (1–5×1016 cm−2; 40 keV) at intended implant temperatures of 253 K or 77 K. Silicon reference samples were simultaneously co-implanted. The change in the implant profile after annealing at low temperatures (<300°C) was monitored using high-resolution x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and optical microscopy. The samples implanted at the higher temperature did not show any evidence of blistering after annealing, although there was evidence of sample heating above 253 K during the implant. The samples implanted at 77 K blistered at temperatures ranging from 150°C to 300°C, depending on the hydrogen implant dose and the presence of the boron co-implant. The production of blisters under different implant and annealing conditions is consistent with nucleation of subsurface defects at lower temperature, followed by blistering/exfoliation at higher temperature. The surface roughness remained comparable to that of the as-implanted sample after the lower temperature anneal sequence, so this defect nucleation step is consistent with a wafer bond annealing step prior to exfoliation. Higher temperature anneals lead to exfoliation of all samples implanted at 77 K, although the blistering temperature (150–300°C) was a strong function of the implant conditions. The exfoliated layer thickness was 330 nm, in good agreement with the projected range. The “optimum” conditions based on our experimental data showed that implanting CdZnTe with H+ at 77 K and a dose of 5×1016/cm2 is compatible with developing high interfacial energy at the bonded interface during a low-temperature (150°C) anneal followed by layer exfoliation at higher (300°C) temperature.
Nonlinear recovery of diffused images by seeded instability

We develop a method to filter and amplify diffused images by using spatial nonlinearity to seed instability. We observe the increase of image contrast and enhancement of signal resolution in noisy environments.
Detection of locally recurrent prostate cancer after cryosurgery: evaluation by transrectal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and three-dimensional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract Objectives . To assess and compare the clinical usefulness of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI), and three-dimensional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (3-D MRSI) in detecting local recurrence of carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) in patients with detectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels after cryosurgery. Methods . In a prospective study, 25 patients who had undergone cryosurgery as primary treatment for CaPunderwent endorectal MRI and 3-D MRSI, followed by TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. At the time of study, 20 patients had detectable PSA; the remaining 5 patients served as controls. All patients had random sextant and guided prostate biopsy for correlation with imaging and MR spectroscopic findings. Results . In patients with detectable PSA, MRSI identified, location-for-location, all foci of CaP and benign prostatic tissue that were detected by prostate biopsy. MRSI identified more sites with CaP than did prostate biopsy, indicating a larger volume of cancer. In 2 patients with detectable PSA and negative prostate biopsy, MRSI identified 11 voxels with viable prostatic tissue. In patients with undetectable PSA, both MRSI and prostate biopsy showed necrosis. Ultrasound and MRI were very poor tools for identifying recurrent cancer and differentiating between viable and necrotic prostate tissue. Conclusions . 3-D MRSI is superior to TRUS and MRI in differentiating among CaP, BPH, and necrosis when local recurrence after cryosurgery is suspected. By providing chemical mapping of the prostate in contiguous voxels, the addition of spectroscopy to endorectal MRI increases the sensitivity for detection of local recurrence.
Intracoronary infusion of streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Effects of reperfusion on left ventricular performance

Abstract Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography were performed on hospital admission in 32 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction. Twenty-six patients had total occlusion of an infarct-related coronary artery and six had severe proximal stenosis with poor distal flow. In 18 of the 26 patients with total occlusion, intracoronary infusion of Streptokinase resulted in reperfusion of the distal coronary artery. Seventeen of these 18 patients had severe coronary arterial stenosis at the site of the previous total occlusion. Hemodynamic indexes of left ventricular performance and ejection fraction determined by gated cardiac blood pool imaging did not change immediately after reperfusion (p [probability]= not significant [NS]). The mean (± standard deviation) left ventricular ejection fraction increased significantly (p = 0.007) from admission (44 ± 15 percent) to hospital discharge (55 ± 7 percent) in patients evidencing reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery. It did not change (p = NS) in this time span in the patients with severe stenosis alone, in those with total occlusion not demonstrating reperfusion after administration of streptokinase or in an additional 10 control patients with acute myocardial infarction not evaluated with coronary angiography. These data suggest that (1) coronary arterial thrombus is frequent in acute myocardial infarction and can be lysed by intracoronary streptokinase; (2) reperfusion with intracoronary streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction results in improved left ventricular performance between admission and hospital discharge.
Optimization of thin-foil based phosphor screens for CCD imaging in TEM in the voltage range of 80–400 kV

Abstract The voltage dependence characteristics of thin-foil based phosphor screens in the thickness range of ∼ 10–60 μm are examined for CCD imaging in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the voltage range of 80–400 kV. The brightest screen is obtained with a P20 layer of about 12 μm at 80 kV, and a thicker screen lowers both the screen brightness and resolution. The thickness of the brightest screen is higher at higher voltages, but other considerations for a practical CCD imaging system suggest that the P20 layer should not be greater than ∼ 18 μm for the voltage range stated above.
Acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterases in motor and sensory nerves of the bull frog

Abstract Analytical procedures developed during the past few years were applied to reinvestigate the distribution of the acetylcholine system in peripheral nerve. Acetylcholine was determined by pyrolysis-gas chromatography, choline acetyltransferase by a radiometric assay using [ 14 C]acetylcoenzyme A, and cholinesterases by a colorimetric technique. The results obtained with the improved methods have unequivocally demonstrated the presence of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine, and acetylcholinesterase in motor as well as in sensory nerve fibers. Ventral roots were found to contain much higher concentrations of acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase than the dorsal root ganglia and the dorsal root fibers. Cholinesterase activity was highest in the ganglion; there was no significant difference in cholinesterase activity of ventral and dorsal root fibers.
Social transmission of fear in rats: the role of 22-kHz ultrasonic distress vocalization.

Background Social alarm calls alert animals to potential danger and thereby promote group survival. Adult laboratory rats in distress emit 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalization (USV) calls, but the question of whether these USV calls directly elicit defensive behavior in conspecifics is unresolved.
STABILITY OF BEHAVIOR IN RATS OVER 120 FREE-OPERANT AVOIDANCE SESSIONS

Free-operant avoidance (Sidman, 1953) baselines often are used to assess the effects of a variety of experimental conditions, e.g., response-independent shock. Typically, following initial avoidance training, an experiment consists of introducing (and oftentimes, removing) one or more experimental conditions. Such a strategy usually involves a considerable number of sessions under the original avoidance schedule. Compared to training sessions, the introduction of an experimental condition can produce changes in baseline avoidance behavior. For example, signalled response-independent shock often produces a deterioration in baseline avoidance (measures obtained during selected nonsignalled periods), compared to avoidance training (Hurwitz & Roberts, 1971a). On the other hand, improved avoidance-baselines, relative to training, have been reported when signalled avoidance-extinction ("time-out") periods are occasionally presented ( Hurwitz & Roberts, 1971 b ) . While changes in baseline avoidance have been observed when an experimental condition is introduced, the question may be raised about changes in that baseline in the absence of that condition. That is, it may be that an avoidance-baseline undergoes change (improvement or deterioration) when many avoidance-sessions are given. Information on this question is important in view of reports that a learned avoidance-behavior can deteriorate over sessions (cf. Coons, Anderson, & Myers, 1960). A cursory review of the literature indicated that only two studies have given ~nformation about long-term changes in freeoperant avoidance-baselines. Wertheim ( 1965 ) studied the avoidance-behavior of rats given daily 1-hr. sesslons over a 5-mo. period. Wertheim (1965) reported that both response and shock-rates reduced within a session (the primary focus of the paper) and noted that avoidance was generally stable over sessions. Ulrich, Brierton, Mabry, and Stachnik (1965) studied avoidance in a rat over a single 43-day ( 1000-hr. ) free-operant avoidance-session. Each response postponed shock for 5 min. (R-S interval) with a warning stimulus being given in the final 30 sec. of the R-S interval. Ulrich, et al. (1965) reported that response race was stable over the 43 days (10 to 15 per hr.) while shock rate was relatively more variable (25 to 40 per hr.).
Implementation of simultaneous memory address access in models that forbid it

Abstract Models of synchronized parallel computation in which all the processors have access to a common memory are considered. We focus on algorithms in models that allow simultaneous access to the same memory location, for both read and write instructions. Assume that such an algorithm uses p processors, d time units, and s memory space. We present a universal algorithm that implements this algorithm in models that forbid simultaneous access to the same memory location, using p processors, O ( d log 2 p ) time units, and O ( s + p ) memory space his implementation algorithm is shown to compare favorably with its conventional naive counterpart, as the extra memory space it requires is independent of the implemented algorithm.
La mayoría de edad de la potenciación de larga duración: plasticidad sináptica y diagnóstico temprano del Alzheimer

Resumen La potenciacion de larga duracion (LTP) ha sido considerada por largo tiempo como un indice de la plasticidad sinaptica. Su presencia ha sido demostrada recientemente en humanos utilizando tecnicas de potenciales evocados. Al mismo tiempo, la enfermedad de Alzheimer ha sido propuesta hace un tiempo como una falla sinaptica. Sin embargo, los nuevos criterios diagnosticos para el Alzheimer no utilizan ningun criterio picofisiologico. Teniendo en cuenta que los criterios excluyen a pacientes que no presentan deterioro de la memoria, seria de particular utilidad aplicar estas nuevas tecnicas no invasivas para establecer fallos tempranos de la plasticidad sinaptica.
Voltage control of a single phase, single-stage, isolated AC-DC converter

With the increasing interest in electric and solar vehicles, compact, efficient and cost effective power solutions are necessary. In this paper a voltage control strategy is proposed for a novel single-stage, isolated, bidirectional AC-DC converter with open loop power factor correction (PFC) for use in on-board electric vehicle (EV) chargers. The analysis presents a mathematical correlation between the modulation phase-shift and the DC component of the DC bus current. The phase-shift is used to control the DC bus voltage. A transfer function is developed for the plant and a PI controller is selected and designed. The modulation scheme is unaffected by the voltage controller therefore open loop PFC is maintained. Simulation and hardware results are presented and confirm the analysis.