cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survey of Src activity and Src-related growth and migration in prostate cancer lines

2505 Prostate cancer (CaP) often develops androgen independence (AI) and proliferates uninhibited despite anti-androgen therapy. Src kinase is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates a variety of cellular functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that neuropeptide and IL-8 can activate Src kinase and stimulate AI growth in CaP cells. However, a role for Src in prostate cancer is not yet defined. We evaluated Src activation in the most commonly used CaP cell lines and the effect of a Src kinase inhibitor on proliferation and migration. Src activation and basal Src expression levels were profiled in CaP cell lines CWR22Rv1, LNCaP, PC3, DU145, and LAPC-4 in serum-free (SF), charcoal-stripped serum with minimal androgen and small molecules (CS), and regular serum (RS) conditions. CaP cell lines were treated with 62.5nM to 12μM of AZD0530, a novel Src kinase inhibitor in RS and its effects on cell growth were examined. PC3 and DU145 cell migration were assayed in Boyden Chamber in the presence of 5μM AZD0530 with laminin (LMN) and fibronectin (FN) as chemoattractants. Src expression level was found to be about the same in the CaP cell lines examined. In SF media, CWR22Rv1 has the highest relative amount activated Src, followed by DU145 and PC3. Under CS conditions, Src was activated in LNCaP, DU145, and CWR22Rv1. In RS, activated Src was observed in PC3, DU145, and LNCaP. All CaP cells treated with AZD0530 demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth in MTT proliferation assays. IC50s for growth in LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, DU145, and PC3 were 3 to 6μM, 6 to 9μM, 3 to 6μM, and 0.5 to 3μM, respectively. Cytostatic or cytostatic growth curves were observed in LNCaP treated with greater than 9μM of AZD0530. Treatment with FN and LMN increased PC3 cell migration to 246 and 225% respectively over basal levels and the addition of AZD0530 to FN and LMN decreased cell migration to 68 and 64% respectively. FN treatment increased cell migration in DU145 to 402% while adding AZD0530 to FN treatment decreased cell migration to 66%. We therefore conclude that Src may be important mediator of cell growth and migration in CaP. Rationale exists for the inhibition of Src in the treatment of androgen-independent CaP.
Application of Novel PCR Strategies to Amplify and Sequence Glucose Transporters in Canine Brain

The transport of glucose in the brain of mammalian species is extremely important, not only for growth and development, but to provide energy for functional activity. Glucose is transported across plasma membranes in mammalian tissues in part by members of a family of glucose transporters. Five highly conserved isoforms of this family (Glutl-Glut5) have been identified in various species and tissues, and all five members are believed to be integral membrane proteins that facilitate glucose diffusion.1,2 The Glutl and Glut3 isoforms have been detected in brain in several species, 3-8 but a question arises as to whether or not other glucose transporter family members are also expressed. Also, the possibility exists that an as yet unidentified family member may be expressed in brain. Therefore, a rapid and reliable method of determining which glucose transporter isoforms are expressed in various species and tissues is desirable.
Hijacked evidence-based medicine: stay the course and throw the pirates overboard

The article discusses a number of criticisms that have been raised against evidence-based medicine, such as focusing on benefits and ignoring adverse events; being interested in averages and ignoring the wide variability in individual risks and responsiveness; ignoring clinician-patient interaction and clinical judgement; leading to some sort of reductionism; and falling prey to corruption from conflicts of interest. I argue that none of these deficiencies are necessarily inherent to evidence-based medicine. In fact, work in evidence-based medicine has contributed a lot towards minimizing these deficiencies in medical research and medical care. However, evidence-based medicine is paying the price of its success: having become more widely recognized, it is manipulated and misused to support subverted or perverted agendas that are hijacking its reputation value. Sometimes the conflicts behind these agendas are so strong that one worries about whether the hijacking of evidence-based medicine is reversible. Nevertheless, evidence-based medicine is a valuable conceptual toolkit and it is worth to try to remove the biases of the pirates who have hijacked its ship.
Modeling Rye and Hairy Vetch Residue Decomposition as a Function of Degree-Days and Decomposition-Days

Temperature and precipitation affect crop residue decomposition rate. Degree-days (DGD) and decomposition-days (DCD) are used to account for the effect of temperature and precipitation, but little information is availableabout winter cover crop (WCC) residue decomposition as a function of DCD or DGD. This study was conducted to model the decomposition of rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) residues and the subsequent release of C and N under field conditions using DGD and DCD. Rye and hairy vetch WCCs were planted during the fall either in monoculture or biculture and killed before corn (Zea mays L.) planting. Grab samples of WCC residues were taken six times during the corn growing season. A single-pool exponential decay function was used to model biomass decomposition and C and N release. Most decay models showed coefficients of determination (r 2 ) larger than 0.7. Both DGD and DCD were equally effective as time scales. Winter cover crops differed in their initial biomass and C content and in their biomass decomposition and C and N release rates. At corn V6 stage, 33 and 75% of the initial N content had been released from rye and hairy vetch residues, respectively. At the end of the growing season, hairy vetch had almost completely decomposed while 5% of the initial biomass of rye remained undecomposed. Decomposition dynamics of hairy vetch residue indicate that it is a potential source of N while decomposition dynamics of rye indicate that it is more useful in soil conservation.
Response by Zuflacht et al to Letter Regarding Article, "Psychiatric Hospitalization Increases Short-Term Risk of Stroke".

We thank Drs Liberman, Prabhakaran, and Newman-Toker for their thoughtful response to our article Psychiatric Hospitalization Increases Short-Term Risk of Stroke. Their primary critique of our analysis—that some patients receiving the diagnosis of a psychiatric condition who had a subsequent stroke were misdiagnosed at the index visit—represents an important limitation to our study. However, although we appreciate the authors highlighting this alternative hypothesis, it is unlikely to account for the magnitude of the association between psychiatric hospitalization and stroke risk seen in our study. Drs Liberman, Prabhakaran, and Newman-Toker cite 2 articles to support their claim that “altered mental status as well as acute confusional states and psychiatric conditions are common initial (incorrect) diagnosis given to hospitalized patients with missed ischemic strokes (false negatives) …
Sharing the Prize: The Economics of the Civil Rights Revolution in the American South, G. Wright. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA/London, UK (2013), 353 pp.

This book profoundly contributes to our understanding of the causes and consequences of the Civil Rights Movement in the American South. Gavin Wright, a professor of economics at Stanford Universit...
Mitochondria and Alzheimer's Disease: the Role of Mitochondrial Genetic Variation

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affects an increasing number of people worldwide, has a rapidly increasing incidence, and is fatal. In the past several years, significant progress has been made towards solving the genetic architecture of AD, but our understanding remains incomplete and has not led to treatments that either cure or slow disease. There is substantial evidence that mitochondria are involved in AD: mitochondrial functional declines in AD, mitochondrial encoded gene expression changes, mitochondria are morphologically different, and mitochondrial fusion/fission are modified. While a majority of mitochondrial proteins are nuclear encoded and could lead to malfunction in mitochondria, the mitochondrial genome encodes numerous proteins important for the electron transport chain, which if damaged could possibly lead to mitochondrial changes observed in AD. Here, we review publications that describe a relationship between the mitochondrial genome and AD and make suggestions for analysis approaches and data acquisition, from existing datasets, to study the mitochondrial genetics of AD. Numerous mitochondrial haplogroups and SNPs have been reported to influence risk for AD, but the majority of these have not been replicated, nor experimentally validated. The role of the mitochondrial genome in AD remains elusive, and several impediments exist to fully understand the relationship between the mitochondrial genome and AD. Yet, by leveraging existing datasets and implementing appropriate analysis approaches, determining the role of mitochondrial genetics in risk for AD is possible.
Effects of TiO2 nanoparticle size and concentration on dielectric properties of polypropylene nanocomposites

Polymer nanocomposites are promising materials for dielectric waveguides in high-data-rate communications, where extremely low loss is required. In this paper, we study the effect of titania (TiO2) nanoparticle size (30–300 nm) and concentration on the effective permittivity (eeff) and dielectric loss (tan δ) of polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites in two different frequency ranges: 100 Hz–300 kHz and 140 GHz–220 GHz. To aid the dispersion of TiO2 in the PP matrix, polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) is added. Using this approach, an eeff of 6.84 with tan δ of 0.0049 at 220 GHz is achieved in a 21.5 vol% 100 nm TiO2/PP nanocomposite. We find that eeff is insensitive to nanoparticle size in both frequency ranges while tan δ appears to depend on the filler size at the low frequency range. By using complex permittivity in Lichtenecker’s model, we are able to separate the loss contribution of the polymer matrix from that of the TiO2 nanoparticles. Our results provide insight into the choice of nanoparticle size and the effects of compatibilizer on millimeter-wave dielectric properties.
Early Language Development in Context: Interactions Between Infant Temperament and Parenting Characteristics

Research Findings: This study considered the interplay between infant temperament and maternal caregiving behaviors in relation to early language. A total of 118 mother–infant dyads participated in...
Reliable Transport for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) over Negative-Acknowledgment Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM)

In this paper, we leverage the well-known Californium CoAP code set maintained by the Eclipse Foundation, as well as the Negative-Acknowledgment Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) code set implemented by the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and propose a reliable MANET transport protocol denoted CoAP over NORM (CoNORM). Our protocol design introduces three distinct transport types to CoAP: Data Object Transport, File Transfer Transport, and Stream Transport. The proposed scheme also provides for reliable multicast transport. To validate our designed protocol, we conduct a performance evaluation in an emulation environment with Hardware-In-The-Loop (HITL) implementation. Our performance results demonstrate that CoNORM outperforms CoAP over UDP with respect to hop counts, mobility patterns, and packet loss, in addition to providing reliable multicasting, file transferring, and streaming capabilities.
Electronic structure of yttrium aluminum garnet ( Y 3 Al 5 O 12 )

The electronic structure of yttrium aluminum garnet $({\mathrm{Y}}_{3}{\mathrm{Al}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{12})$ is studied by means of first-principles local-density calculations. Results on band structure, density of states, partial density of states, effective charges, bond order, charge-density distributions, equilibrium lattice constant, bulk modulus, and pressure coefficient as well as the pressure dependence of the band gap are presented. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data. The differences in chemical bonding for Al ions at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites are clearly delineated and their implications discussed.
Stability of Delaunay surface solutions to capillary problems

The stability of rotationally symmetric solutions to capillary problems is examined, with applications to three specific problems.
The effect of video game experience and the ability to handle workload and workload transitions

Dynamic and complex domains, like those found in the military and healthcare require operators to experience and cope with changes in task demands, i.e. workload transitions. The literature has sho...
Culture and Positionality: Academy and Mentorship

AbstractLiterature suggests that mentors play a unique role in individuals’ personal and career development. In this article, I highlight how a feminist mentoring style has influenced my academic a...
Symmetry Abstractions for Hybrid Systems and their Applications

A symmetry of a dynamical system is a map that transforms one trajectory to another trajectory. We introduce a new type of abstraction for hybrid automata based on symmetries. The abstraction combines different modes in a concrete automaton A, whose trajectories are related by symmetries, into a single mode in the abstract automaton B. The abstraction sets the guard and reset of an abstract edge to be the union of the symmetry-transformed guards and resets of the concrete edges. We establish the soundness of the abstraction using a forward simulation relation (FSR) and present several examples. Our abstraction results in simpler automata, that are more amenable for formal analysis and design. We illustrate an application of this abstraction in making reachability analysis faster and enabling unbounded time safety verification. We show how a fixed point of the reachable set computation of B can be used to answer reachability queries for A, even if the latter visits an infinite and unbounded sequences of modes. We present our implementation of the abstraction construction, the fixed point check, and the map that transforms abstract reachable sets to concrete ones in a software tool. Finally, we show the advantage of our method over existing ones, and the different aspects of our abstraction, in a sequence of experiments including scenarios with linear and nonlinear agents following waypoints.
A Pilot, a Meme and a Quiz Walk into a Bar: Three Student Outreach Initiatives at the UMass Law Library

This newsletter piece describes outreach programs designed to enhance student engagement with the law library. Research Cafe is an initiative where a librarian answers reference questions in the law school cafe to expand library reach by relocation. The Meme Contest encourages students to create unique, law school memes to cultivate good humor and a sense of community. The Quiz Show is an interactive, trivia game that showcases library resources and services. This article presents these three efforts as a way to embrace innovation and promote the law library.
ATR Inhibitor M6620 (VX-970) Enhances the Effect of Radiation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis Patient-Derived Xenografts.

M6620, a selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of the ATM and RAD3-related (ATR) kinase, is currently under investigation with radiation in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases. We evaluated the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway profile of NSCLC and assessed the radiosensitizing effects of M6620 in a preclinical NSCLC brain metastasis model. Mutation analysis and transcriptome profiling of DDR genes and pathways was performed on NSCLC patient samples. NSCLC cell lines were assessed with proliferation, clonogenic survival, apoptosis, cell cycle, and DNA damage signaling and repair assays. NSCLC brain metastasis patient-derived xenograft models were used to assess intracranial response and overall survival. In vivo IHC was performed to confirm in vitro results. A significant portion of NSCLC patient tumors demonstrated enrichment of DDR pathways. DDR pathways correlated with lung squamous cell histology; and mutations in ATR, ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK1, and CHEK2 correlated with enrichment of DDR pathways in lung adenocarcinomas. M6620 reduced colony formation after radiotherapy and resulted in inhibition of DNA DSB repair, abrogation of the radiation-induced G2 cell checkpoint, and formation of dysfunctional micronuclei, leading to enhanced radiation-induced mitotic death. The combination of M6620 and radiation resulted in improved overall survival in mice compared with radiation alone. In vivo IHC revealed inhibition of pChk1 in the radiation plus M6620 group. M6620 enhances the effect of radiation in our preclinical NSCLC brain metastasis models, supporting the ongoing clinical trial (NCT02589522) evaluating M6620 in combination with whole brain irradiation in patients with NSCLC brain metastases.
Are you being served? Embracing servant leadership, trusting library staff, and engendering change

It is self-evident that academic libraries and librarianship are changing in substantive ways, ranging from the types of material we collect, the way we approach information literacy instruction, to our positions within college and university organizational charts. In response to a rapidly changing environment, library administrators may try to quickly bring about changes in library policies, structure, and more. However, in the process, library administrators may inadvertently adopt rigid top-down approaches that can disenfranchise and disengage library workers, resulting in outcomes that serve neither students or workers. A servant leadership approach to authority and influence may be a means to reverse this frustrating trajectory. Servant leadership requires that administrators focus on the existing expertise and the development potential of library workers as the means for ensuring fulfillment of the library’s mission in an environment of constant change. Furthermore, this approach requires administrators to begin by accepting library workers’ perspectives as their reality, instead of dismissing those perspectives. This approach shares the same foundations of two central practices of librarianship: reference and instruction. Librarians must believe users’ information needs, listen to their experiences and with this information, consider ways to aid the user in progressing toward their goal. A challenge to this approach is that it requires more work for library administrators and library workers through consideration of different types of information and looking closely at voices of disagreement and resistance. While servant leadership appears more complex with slower progress, the end result of sincere engagement and effort by everyone in the library has the potential to aid in achieving the changes needed to keep academic libraries thriving.
Investigation of occupational hazard of 750 kV extra high voltage substations

Objective: To understand the current status of major occupational hazards in 750 kV extra high voltage (EHV) substations. Methods: In July 2019, through investigating and detecting the sulfur hexafluoride, power frequency electric field and noise occupational hazards of 750 kV EHV substations in substation 1, substation 2, substation 3, substation 4, substation 5, substation 6 and substation 7, the exposure intensity of the sulfur hexafluoride, power frequency electric field and noise intensity that the operators are exposed to during the inspection process were analyzed. Results: The qualified rate of 358 sulfur hexafluoride test results was 100.0% of the seven 750 kV EHV substations. The qualified rate of 8 h time-weighted average of the power frequency electric field of those 750 kV EHV substations contacted by operators was 100.0%. Among the 847 power frequency electric field detection points, the exceeding standard rate of power frequency electric field was 64.3%, and the differences in the power frequency electric field detection exceeding standard rates of different substations and inspection areas were statistically significant (χ2=87.52, 50.86, P<0.01) . The highest exceeding standard rate of power frequency electric field was the circuit breaker inspection area (94.4%, 34/36) . The noise intensity test results of the seven EHV substations were 41.1-79.7 dB (A) , and the qualified rate was 100.0%. Conclusion: The sulfur hexafluoride, power frequency electric field and noise that the operators contacted in 750 kV EHV substations meet the requirements of occupational exposure limits. The inspection areas of main transformers, capacitors, reactors, bus bars and switches have high power frequency electric field radiation, should be select equipment iand give priority to robot inspection, and reasonably adjust the inspection time to reduce the intensity level of substation operators' exposure to power frequency electric field.
Environmental policy: Legislation left out in the cold

Mark Carey examines the cautionary tale of Argentina's struggle to pass the world's first glacier-protection law.
An Objective Classification System for Spiral Galaxies and Its Relationship to the [N II]/[S II] Ratio

In a poorly understood physical system such as a spiral galaxy, it is not generally obvious what the most important observational parameters are. As observational techniques improve, and the number of different types of measurements increase, the apparent complexity of the problem also grows. However, it is possible that the n different observational properties are all controlled by only m fundamental parameters, with m ≪ n. The parameter space would then be m-dimensional, so that only the m fundamental properties need to be known to completely describe the system.
An audit of obstetric liaison psychiatry in 1984

Abstract An account of the inauguration of a psychiatric obstetric liaison service, together with an audit of one year's referrals. Details of treatment and proposals for improvement of the service are discussed.
Synthesis of Virus-Specific Ribonucleic Acid in KB Cells Infected with Type 2 Adenovirus

Abstract By using the technique of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-ribonucleic acid (RNA) hybridization, virus-specific RNA (cRNA) was detected 6 hr after infection in preparations of total RNA from cells infected with type 2 adenovirus in the presence of 2 μm 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. In the absence of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, there was a continuous increase in the incorporation of 3H-uridine into viral cRNA until 20 hr after infection, at which time approximately 40% of the 3H-uridine entering RNA was found in virus-specific RNA. When RNA was prepared from polyribosome fractions obtained from cytoplasmic extracts of infected cells, virus-directed transcription was detected at 3 hr after infection (i.e., 3 to 4 hr before the initiation of viral DNA synthesis). Viral cRNA species synthesized at different times after infection were compared by the technique of DNA-RNA hybridization-inhibition (“presaturation” hybridization-competition). Three hybridization-inhibition techniques were compared. The techniques differed in the manner in which the DNA-RNA complex was isolated after the first hybridization reaction. Depending on the procedure employed, various degrees of inhibition were measured. The variation could be essentially eliminated if prior to hybridization the inhibitory RNA species were alkali-degraded to a uniform size of about 4S. Undegraded RNA could be used if the DNA-RNA complex was isolated by using a procedure involving rigorous washing (preferably including ribonuclease treatment) before the second hybridization with labeled RNA. When a rigorous hybridization-inhibition procedure was used, three classes of virus-specific RNA species could be distinguished: (i) early RNA class I whose synthesis began prior to viral DNA replication and stopped at some time after the initiation of viral DNA replication—it comprised about 70% of the early RNA species and was apparently degraded by 18 hr after infection; (ii) early RNA class II whose synthesis began prior to viral DNA replication and apparently continued at an enhanced rate late in infection; and (iii) late RNA whose synthesis began after the initiation of viral DNA synthesis.
Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Disease in Heterosexuals

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV infection is gaining increased use among MSM (men who have sex with men), but HIV infection among heterosexuals is also a significant problem. Currently, one medication is FDA approved for PrEP and others are in trials. The current review will focus on the specific issues among heterosexuals as well as review the use and effectiveness of PrEP in general.
Scheduling and processor allocation for parallel execution of multijoin queries

The authors deal with two major issues to exploit inter-operator parallelism within a multijoin query: join sequence scheduling and processor allocation. For the first issue, they propose and evaluate by simulation several methods to determine the general join sequences, or the bush execution trees. Despite their simplicity, the proposed heuristics can lead to the general join sequences which significantly outperform the optimal sequential join sequence. In addition, several heuristics to determine the processor allocation, categorized by bottom-up and top-down approaches, were derived and evaluated by simulation. As confirmed by the simulation, by first using the join sequence heuristics to build a busy tree and then applying the concept of synchronous execution time to the busy tree for processor allocation, an efficient two-step approach to schedule and execute multijoin queries in a multiprocessor system can be obtained. >
MeV silver ion implantation induced changes in optical properties of MgO (100)

Abstract The implantation of 1.5 MeV Ag ions at 1.2 × 10 17 ion/cm 2 into MgO(100) single crystals produces optical absorption color centers which can be reduced by heat treatment at temperatures above 1000°C. We observed the formation of both F-centers and V-centers. We observed optical absorption due to the formation of silver nanoclusters at heat treatment temperatures above 550°C and due to F-center aggregates at heat treatment above 800°C. Upon further heat treatment, the color centers diminish while absorption due to the Ag nanoclusters is enhanced. Using Mie's theory we confirmed that Ag is in the form of nanoclusters and by using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and ion channeling, we confirmed that these Ag metallic clusters have, in fact, orientations similar to that of the host substrate, MgO. The measured optical absorption due to Ag nanocrystals, 430 nm, is in agreement with the theoretical prediction.
Heritable differences in turning behavior of rats

An attempt was made to breed strains of strongly and weakly rotating rats. A strain difference in rotation parameters was limited to females and developed gradually over eight generations before asymptoting. Unexpectedly, a left-sided population bias developed in both male and female rats bred for weak rotation. It is suggested that testosterone modulates several aspects of the inheritance of cerebral lateralization.
Duration of induced thermal tolerance and tissue-specific expression of hsp/hsc70 in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica and the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

Abstract We compared thermotolerance and the heat shock response of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), both are very valuable commercial species. The former were much more resistant to high temperature, reaching maximum induced thermotolerance (IT) by 2 days after a sublethal heat shock (SHS) and lasting for at least 3 weeks, a possible record for the duration of IT in any animal. Two constitutive isoforms of 77 and 72kD, and an inducible 69kD protein were detected in both oysters, their amounts and time course after SHS varied, depending on the tissue examined. Synthesis of these three proteins in gills (ctenidia) of C. gigas was reduced to control levels within 2 days after SHS as judged by 14C-amino acid incorporation. However, western blotting showed that the levels of these stress proteins in tissues from heat shocked C. gigas remained higher than those in controls, suggesting a reduction in protein degradation after SHS. Variable patterns of these three isoforms were detected in gills, mantle, adductor muscle and digestive gland before and after SHS. The general features described for C. gigas tissues were also observed in adductor muscle, gill and mantle of C. virginica, although some differences were also noted. We discuss the difficulties and importance associated with the use of commercially-available antibodies in the study of these stress proteins in oysters.
Principles for Developing Competency-Based Education Programs

In the twenty-first century, a high-quality, affordable postsecondary education is the key to both national competitiveness and individual success. So not surprisingly, public policymakers, student...
Substituted Tetralins III: Synthesis and Analgesic Activities of Some Substituted 2-Methyl- and 2-Benzyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-aminotetralins

The synthesis of five 2-methyl- and 2-benzyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-aminotetralins is described and their analgesic potencies are reported. The introduction of methyl or benzyl substituents in the 2-position does not appear to significantly affect analgesic potency in the 2-aminotetralin series.
Solutions to an inverse problem in radiative transfer with polarization—II

Abstract The equation of transfer for a plane-parallel medium is used to derive two independent sets of algebraic equations that can be used to determine the basic parameters that define the phase matrix for L th degree anisotropic scattering of polarized light. The equations require that the four Stokes parameters be measured only on the surfaces of the medium that can be optically thick. There are (3 L + 2) equations in each set for a general source distribution.
Gabapentin Toxicity in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Preventable Cause of Morbidity

Abstract Background Gabapentin is frequently used as an analgesic in patients with chronic kidney disease. Although gabapentin is well known for its favorable pharmacokinetics, it is exclusively eliminated renally, and patients with chronic kidney disease are at risk for toxicity. Existing literature on such risk is lacking. Methods We examined the Mayo Clinic Rochester database from 1998 to 2007 in patients with serum gabapentin measurements and known medical outcomes. A total of 729 patients were stratified according to their estimated glomerular filtration rate: group I, 126 individuals with estimated glomerular filtration greater than 90 mL/min/1.72 mm 3 ; group II, 594 individuals with estimated glomerular filtration less than 90 mL/min/1.72 mm 3 without dialysis; group III, 9 individuals with chronic dialysis. Results Patients in groups II and III had higher serum gabapentin levels (8.39±0.32 μL/mL and 58.8±10.22 μL/mL, respectively) than in group I (5.52±0.32 μL/mL, P Conclusion Gabapentin toxicity in patients with chronic kidney disease is underrecognized. Patients with chronic kidney disease often receive inappropriately high gabapentin dosage for their kidney function, occasioning overt toxicity; advanced age and comorbidity predispose these patients for toxicity. Heightened awareness of such preventable risk, amid the chronic kidney disease epidemic, would be cost-effective and improve healthcare quality.
Temperature and pressure effects on CO2 and CH4 permeation through MFI zeolite membranes

Abstract Single gas and mixture permeances of CO 2 and CH 4 were measured as functions of pressure and temperature through three MFI zeolite membranes that have different fractions of their permeances through non-zeolite pores. The effect of pressure on CO 2 permeance, which was different for each membrane, was fit by a modified surface diffusion model. The differences in the pressure behavior of the membranes are attributed to pores with viscous and Knudsen flow. Membranes with the largest permeation through non-zeolite pores have the lowest CO 2 /CH 4 mixture selectivity. The highest CO 2 /CH 4 mixture selectivity is 5.5 at room temperature and decreases with temperature because of a decrease in competitive adsorption. Although increasing pressure at constant pressure drop increases the apparent CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity, the ratio of the CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes decreases.
Glucose-dependent regulation of osteoclast H(+)-ATPase expression: potential role of p38 MAP-kinase.

Bone resorption is glucose concentration dependent. Mechanisms regulating glucose-dependent increases in bone resorption have not been identified. Glucose activates p38 MAP-kinase in other cells and since MAP kinases activate transcription factors, we hypothesized that glucose-stimulated bone resorption may be modulated by increased expression of the vacuolar H+-ATPase. Glucose activates osteoclast p38 MAP-kinase in a time and concentration-dependent manner as determined by Western analysis with phospho-specific p38 antibody while total p38 levels are unchanged. The K0.5 for glucose-dependent activation of p38 MAP-kinase is ∼7 mM, activation is maximal at 30 min and is elevated but returning to basal levels by 60 min. The concentration-dependent increase in H+-ATPase expression was confirmed by Northern analysis. The specific inhibitor of p38 MAP-kinase, SB203580, inhibited glucose transport in osteoclasts, as well as glucose concentration-dependent increases in bone resorption and expression of H+-ATPase A and B subunits. Glucose had no effect on calmodulin expression levels that are regulated in response to other environmental changes. The glucose-stimulated increase in H+-ATPase mRNA expression is a specific response to glucose since glucose has little effect on G3PDH mRNA levels. We conclude that glucose regulates osteoclast H+-ATPase expression by a mechanism likely to involve p38 MAP-kinase. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 75–84, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Linear theory of thermal blooming in turbulence

In this paper we show how the electric field spectrum for a high energy laser beam propagating through a uniform atmosphere can be calculated using the linear theory of small fluctuations. The beam is modeled analytically as an infinite plane wave which propagates through a medium with constant absorption and no transverse wind. Return-wave phase compensation is modeled as a filter in the transverse Fourier domain. The linear theory describes the growth of small fluctuations on the beam and accurately predicts the evolution of the electric field spectrum until the magnitude of the fluctuations approach the original beam irradiance. The accuracy is tested by comparing with the spectrum calculated using ORACLE, a full wave optics thermal blooming code.
The development of the Bergmann fiber palisades in the cerebellum of the normal rat and in the weaver mouse

Abstract The development of the Bergmann fiber palasades in the rat cerebellum was investigated by PAP immunocytochemistry using an anti-GFAP antibody. The Bergmann fibers are organized in parallel palisades as early as the second postnatal day and probably even earlier. This observation suggests that the organization and orientation of the palisades precedes the orientation of the parallel fibers in the same direction. Some Bergmann fiber palisades were also found in the adult homozygous weaver mouse, although it was more difficult to find palisades in these mutants than in the heterozygous or normal animals. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that during the early stages of cerebellar development the Bergmann fiber palisades organize the orientation of the parallel fibers in the longitudinal plane of the folium.
PREDICTING ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE MCCARTHY SCALES

This preliminary study determined the extent to which the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities ( I ) , the McCarthy Screening Test ( 2 ) , and a McCarthy shorr form ( 3 ) predict achievement scores after a year for 50 kindergarren students from a predominantly white, middle-class community who were ~ n d ~ v ~ d u a l l y administered the hicCarthy Scales in March 1978. About a year later in March 1979, 23 students of the initial 50 were administered the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. The large attrition was accounted for by absences or conflict of schedules on test days. Scores for the McCarthy Screening Test, which includes the right-left orientation, verbal memory, draw-a-design, numerical memory, conceptual grouping, and leg coordination subtests, and the McCarthy Short Form, which includes rhe counting and sorting, pictorial memory, number questions, verbal fluency, numerical memory, and tapping sequence subtests, were also obtained. The Pearson correlations of the full McCarthy Scales and two abbreviated forms with the scores from the Peabody appear in Table 1.' Correlations of the General Cognitive Index with various Peabody achievement scales ranged from .48 ( p < .05) to .76 ( p < .01). The verbal scale correlated .58, .56, and .61 with Spelling, General Information, and Total score. Quantirative and memory scores correlated .58 and .16 respectively with Reading recognition. The McCarthy short form scores correlated .58, .57, and .63 with Peabody scores on Mathematics, Reading recognition and Total.. These values should be considered preliminary data as the sample size is small. Given moderate correlations yielded by the McCarthy Scales and the McCarthy short form with achievement, these instruments might effectively be used for screening and readiness. If other studies yield similar results, one might administer the short form first and continue with the rest of the McCarthy if the shorr form score is lower than a predetermined cut-off point. Information might be useful for those in need of further evaluation.
Consciência virtual e imaginário

Nas discussoes contemporâneas acerca de "realidade virtual", "ciberespaco" e "mundos virtuais" falta frequentemente uma reflexao filosofica substancial sobre a funcao da imaginacao sem a qual a realidade virtual nao seria nem virtual nem realidade. Neste artigo, eu ensaio um tratamento fenomenologico da realidade virtual e do imaginario ao desenvolver algumas ideias-chave nas reflexoes fenomenologicas de Husserl sobre a imaginacao, consciencia de imagem, encarnacao e "irrealizacao" da subjetividade por meio do imaginario.
EDITORIAL COMMENT: GUEST COMMENTARY TEACHERS'THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONS AND THE REAL CLASSROOM

A four year‐study of teacher beliefs and conceptions about reading is reported. Teacher beliefs were determined outside the classroom context and while conducting instruction. It was determined that classroom teachers can articulate theories of reading outside the classroom but that their actual instructional practice is governed by a complex set of contextual factors. It is concluded that reading educators must not only teach reading theory but must also help teachers apply theory to the complex instructional context of classrooms.
Children who get worse at understanding the passive: A replication of Bever

Children 3 and 4 years old were tested for their competence in understanding three full passives as a pretest for another experimental task. The proportion of those failing two or more of three passives was found to rise significantly in the age periods 3, 8,3, and 11, replicating findings reported by Bever. The present results are discussed in this light, and a comment is made on Bever's outline of the general sequence of language acquisition in the child.
Mortality rate and confidence interval estimation in humanitarian emergencies

Surveys are conducted frequently in humanitarian emergencies to assess the health status of the population. Most often, they employ complex sample designs, such as cluster sampling. Mortality is an indicator commonly estimated in such surveys. Confidence limits provide information on the precision of the estimate and it is important to ensure that confidence limits for a mortality rate account for the survey design and utilise an acceptable methodology. This paper describes the calculation of confidence limits for mortality rates from surveys using complex sampling designs and a variety of software programmes and methods. It contains an example that makes use of the SAS, SPSS, and Epi Info software programmes. Of the three confidence interval methods examined—the ratio command approach, the modified rate approach, and the modified proportion approach—the paper recommends the ratio command approach to estimate mortality rates with confidence limits.
Cleavage of (3-chloro-2-methylenecycloalkyl)palladium chloride dimers: formation of olefins and α-methoxyolefins

Abstract The cleavage of the title compounds ( 7 ) in methanolic potassium hydroxide gives mixtures of olefins and α-methoxyolefins in good yields. The ratio of the products is dependent on the size of the carbocydic ring. The mechanism proposed involves cleavage of 7 to the corresponding allylic chloride ( 8 ). Solvolysis of the chloride gives the α-methoxyolefin. Alternatively, oxidative addition of 8 to Pd(0) generates a new π-allyl complex which affords the olefin product upon subsequent cleavage.
The interaction of hormonal and environmental factors in leaf senescence

The work concerns the senescence of isolated young leaves of oats (Avena sativa) floated on water or solutions. Senescence is rapid in darkness but slow in white light; the effect of light is not due to photosynthesis, but is paralleled by stomatal opening. Closure of the stomata by osmotic or chemical means makes senescence in light proceed as fast as in darkness, while opening the stomata in darkness by cytokinins, fusicoccin,etc., delays senescence to rates typical of light. The osmotic closure in light is mediated by abscisic acid, and since this also accumulates in darkness it appears as a major factor controlling senescence. Efflux of ions into the solution; indicating increased permeability, occurs almost in parallel with senescence. Senescence in light is accelerated by 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) and inhibited by cobalt, silver or aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG) which interfere with ethylene production or action; however, ethylene’s role is unclear because some reagents, including kinetin, that delay senescence, actually increase ethylene production. At the endogenous level, therefore, ethylene may not be a limiting factor. Finally, a new ethylene-generating system is described in which the dehydrogenation of linoleic acid is coupled through manganese to the oxidation of ACC; it is probably activein vivo.
On Viscous and Wind-Tunnel Wall Effects in Transonic Flows Over Airfoils.

Abstract : An extensive correlation between wind-tunnel data and finite-difference solutions of the exact potential-flow equation was performed. Two procedures are compared, one using the Kutta condition and the other using the experimental lift coefficient to determine the circulation. The numerical calculations are used to extract viscous and wall interference effects from the data. The correlation results indicate that viscous effects on lift are greater than 30%, even for turbulent boundary layers and Reynolds numbers greater than 2 x 10 to the seventh power. It is shown that viscous effects can be almost completely accounted for in numerical calculations by adjusting the circulation to match the experimental lift. (Author)
Helical tomotherapy delivery of an IMRT boost in lieu of interstitial brachytherapy in the setting of gynecologic malignancy: feasibility and dosimetric comparison

Interstitial brachytherapy is an important means by which to improve local control in gynecologic malignancy when intracavitary brachytherapy is untenable. Patients unable to receive brachytherapy have traditionally received conventional external beam radiation alone with modest results. We investigated the ability of Tomotherapy (Tomotherapy Inc., Madison, WI) to replace interstitial brachytherapy. Six patients were selected. The planning CT of each patient was contoured with the planning target volume (PTV), bladder, rectum, femoral heads, and bowel. Identical contour sets were exported to Tomotherapy and Nucletron PLATO (Nucletron B.V., Veenendaal, The Netherlands). With Tomotherapy, the PTV was prescribed 31 Gy in 5 fractions to 90% of the volume. With PLATO, 600 cGy × 5 fractions was prescribed to the surface of the PTV. Dose delivered was normalized to 2 Gy fractions (EQD2) and added to a hypothetical homogenous 45-Gy pelvic dose. Tomotherapy achieved a D90 of 87 Gy EQD2 versus 86 Gy with brachytherapy. PTV dose was more homogeneous with tomotherapy. The dose to the most at-risk 2 mL of bladder and rectum with Tomotherapy was of 78 and 71 Gy EQD2 versus 81 and 75 Gy with brachytherapy. Tomotherapy delivered more dose to the femoral heads (mean 1.23 Gy per fraction) and bowel. Tomotherapy was capable of replicating the peripheral dose achieved with brachytherapy, without the PTV hotspots inherent to interstitial brachytherapy. Similar maximum doses to bowel and bladder were achieved with both methods. Excessive small bowel and femoral head toxicity may result if previous pelvic irradiation is not planned accordingly. Significant challenges related to interfraction and intrafraction motion must be overcome if treatment of this nature is to be contemplated.
Analysis of the Developmental Potential of Conditionally Immortal Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Isolated from the H-2Kb-tsA58 Transgenic Mouse

All nucleated cells from the adult transgenic mouse H-2Kb-tsA58 harbor the temperature-sensitive mutant gene for SV40 large T-antigen. Bone marrow cells from this transgenic mouse were isolated, expanded and cloned in vitro under conditions permissive to the expression of stable T-antigen. Clones of marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells were tested in vitro and in vivo for their capacity to differentiate into mature mesenchymal phenotypes of bone, cartilage, muscle, adipose, and hematopoietic support cells (termed "stromacytes"). Mono-, bi-, and tri-potential clones were identified that were able to differentiate into bone, adipose and stromacyte phenotypes. A mixed population of cells showed some chondrocytic potential in vivo, however, no evidence of cartilage matrix production was detected in vitro for any of the immortomouse clones. These results support the hypothesis that marrow contains multiple progenitor cells that are part of a mesenchymal lineage.
The direct chemical conversion of peptides to β-lactams

Abstract Appropriately protected seryldipeptides which have a relatively acidic proton (H1 of 1) on the α' C can be efficiently converted to β-lactams by reaction with azodicarboxylates and triphenylphosphine. Application of the same reaction conditions to serylamides which lack an acidic α' proton provided dehydropeptides as the major product. Model reactions and potential intermediates which rationalize these results are described.
Directional Mobility and Adhesion of Water Drops on Patterned Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Directional mobility and controlled adhesion of water drops were obtained on superhydrophobic paper surfaces by generating high surface energy ink patterns using commercial desktop printing. By changing the curvature/shapes of the ink patterns, geometrical constraints were imposed on the movement of the three-phase liquid/solid/vapor contact line. With proper design of pattern shapes, the critical sliding angle of water drops was manipulated with respect to different directions. Adhesion tunability of water drops on superhydrophobic paper was established by design of chemical heterogeneity. Printing of 'checker' ink patterns with appropriate area fraction and feature dimensions allowed variation in the critical sliding angle of water drops. The manipulation of directional mobility and adhesion of water drops on superhydrophobic paper surfaces allows the design of novel components such as 2D flow paths, gates/diodes, junctions and drop size filters for emerging 2D paper-based microfluidics technology for b...