cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pay for the Option to Pay? The Impact of Improved Scientific Information on Payments for Ecosystem Services

The scientific information needed to precisely link land use changes to changes in ecosystem service provision is often unavailable, particularly for hydrological ecosystem services. Potential buyers of ecosystem services must weigh the risk of paying to induce conservation that fails to deliver valuable ecosystem services against the risk that land is developed before its value is known. This paper uses a two period model to assess when expected future improvements in scientific information should substantially impact payments for conservation today. Optimal current payments increase, often substantially, as the quality of expected future information increases, but the gain from increasing payments to account for the expected degree of improved information is small in many cases. Larger values occur when the buyer believes that the land whose private development value is the highest also provides the highest ecosystem service value, when the buyer faces relatively more uncertainty about ecosystem service provision than about the cost of inducing conservation, and when the buyer believes land is highly likely to be developed absent incentive payments.
Overhead Requirements for Stateful Memristor Logic

Memristors are being explored as a potential technology to replace CMOS for logic-in-memory systems that exploit the memristive non-volatility. Memristors are two-terminal, non-volatile device that exhibit a variable resistance that is dependent on the applied voltage history of the device, providing the capability to store and process information within the same structure. The ability of memristors to perform logic has been previously demonstrated, but previous analyses of memristor logic efficiency have not included the overhead CMOS circuitry that is required to control memristor logic operations. In this paper, the required overhead CMOS circuitry for implementing logic with memristors is evaluated for standard logic gates and a one-bit full adder to enable an analysis of the overall system efficiency. The results show that the number of CMOS devices in the overhead circuitry can be upwards of 50 times that of a conventional CMOS implementation, and that the power-delay product of the memristor logic with overhead circuitry is roughly one billion times greater than for conventional CMOS circuits. These results enable the conclusion that the overhead circuit requirements for stateful memristor logic threaten to negate any efficiency improvements that are achieved by the memristors themselves.
An image-based Accurate Alignment for Substation Inspection Robot

The precision of SLAM navigation positioning algorithm based on laser ranging, especially in complex scenes, is not satisfied to meet the accuracy requirements for automatic meter reading and isolating switch status reading. A method of PTZ accurate alignment for substation inspection robot is based on monocular vision camera is proposed. The desired position of robot and orientation of PTZ(Pan Tilt Zoom) camera are defined by the pre-capture reference image. The Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm is applied to extract the visual feedback information by matching the current view and the reference image. A Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm is used to solve the affine transform between the current and reference image. The Jacobian matrix, representing the mapping relationship, is created by processing control signal of the PTZ control platform and feature space for the image. Besides this, PTZ accurate alignment is realized combined with the image multi-scale transformation. The experiment results of a realistic outdoor substation environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the processed method.
Reducing Opioid Prescriptions in Outpatient Pediatric Urological Surgery.

Purpose:We assessed the impact of a 2-phase Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle to decrease opioid prescriptions following pediatric urological surgery.Materials and Methods:Parents of children undergoing outp...
Neurotoxin Adverse Reactions

The International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons reports that botulinumtoxin type A treatments (BoNT/A) are the most popular noninvasive cosmetic dermatology treatment performed globally. However, there are a few adverse reactions that can occur. These include medication side effects, pain or infection at injection site, erythema, swelling, or unexpected outcomes related to technique. Aseptic technique during the treatment is paramount to avoid potential local infection and is the foundation for appropriate and safe treatment. However, just as important is knowledge and understanding of the facial musculature and function to achieve excellent outcomes and avoid potential undesired effects. BoNT/A mechanism of action causes relaxation of muscles; therefore, eyelid ptosis, lip asymmetry, or brow ptosis are problematic and commonly feared adverse effects by both practitioners and patients. Complications or adverse effects can be described as related to the medication, technique, and/or skin infection. This chapter will focus on common adverse effects and the options for correction.
Response to Letter Regarding ‘Dimensions of Elongated Mineral Particles: A Study of More Than 570 Fibers From More Than 90 Cases with Implications for Pathogenicity and Classification as Asbestiform vs. Cleavage Fragments’

Dr. Finkelstein criticizes our paper concerning ‘Dimensions of Elongated Mineral Particles: A Study of More Than 570 Fibers From More Than 90 Cases with Implications for Pathogenicity and Classific...
Put PEP in your step with a Podiatric Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol in the outpatient adult population: a best practice implementation project.

OBJECTIVE The goal of this implementation project was to improve postoperative outcomes in the Day Surgery Podiatric patient population with the implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol at a large urban health system in the northeastern United States. We aimed to improve postoperative patient pain scores and reduce patient length of stay (LOS) with the implementation of the podiatric ERAS protocol (PEP). INTRODUCTION ERAS provides an evidence-based interdisciplinary approach to the preparation and care of surgical patients. The core goals of ERAS promote accelerated patient recovery after surgery by incorporating broad patient education with strategies to reduce the physiologic stress associated with surgery and anesthesia. This strategy has been applied to many major surgical specialties but has not been established in podiatric patients. METHODS The PEP evidence implementation initiative integrates two Joanna Briggs Institute tools: the Getting Research into Practice audit and feedback tool, and Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System, by incorporating proactive planning and data analyses. Baseline electronic health record data were collected in July 2019, followed by interdisciplinary PEP review, revision, implementation, and three data collection cycles. Strategic education was provided to stakeholders throughout data collection cycles. RESULTS This use of ERAS in the outpatient podiatric surgery population demonstrated excellence in compliance with best practice recommendations. The proactive multimodal approach of PEP revealed improvement in four measures of patient pain, with improvement from 83 to 100% of patients having a pain goal higher than their admission postoperative pain score. Patient pain goal greater than discharge pain score was also found but not sustained. Baseline data collection established that 29% of podiatric patients had a LOS less than 90 min, which improved to 42% with PEP. This finding was also not sustained in the third cycle of audit data. Missing data may have influenced these results, reinforcing the need for further study. CONCLUSION The use of ERAS in orthopedic patients has an established empirical basis for use, demonstrating a reduction in both postoperative pain and LOS. This novel use of ERAS in a podiatric surgery outpatient population has similar findings but was not sustained in all audit criteria. PEP demonstrated promising reductions in postoperative pain and LOS; however, further implementation replication is needed to confirm this expansion of ERAS and the promising results.
An Estate Plan for Kanye West

One inventory item in megastar Kanye West’s vast portfolio merits particular care – his right of publicity. The right of publicity, a property interest, represents the commercial value of a celebrity’s name, image, and likeness. In some states, the right survives the celebrity’s death and is freely alienable. Postmortem use and transferability restrictions on property with particular importance to the testator are often pursued by means of a trust. A noncharitable purpose trust as a means by which West’s right of publicity can be safeguarded and utilized appropriately is proposed here. After framing hypothetical estate planning objectives for Kanye West, and disposing of several alternative possibilities, a noncharitable purpose trust which accomplishes those objectives is described.
Study Protocol: Seven vs. 14 days treatment for afebrile men with urinary tract infection.

Abstract The optimal treatment duration for men with urinary tract infection (UTI) is poorly defined. Observational data suggests that shorter-duration therapy may perform as well as longer-duration therapy, but trial data are lacking. We present the protocol and methods for a Department of Veterans Affairs-funded trial of seven vs. 14 days of antimicrobial therapy for afebrile men with UTI, with the primary outcome of symptom resolution 14 days after completing active antimicrobial treatment. An optional sub-study will investigate the effect of treatment duration on the intestinal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. Subjects are enrolled after their UTI is diagnosed and treatment initiated, using a combination of in-person and mail enrollment to maximize participation and minimize resource utilization. This trial will provide high-quality evidence to guide the management of a common infectious disease and potentially limit unnecessary antimicrobial use.
Galaxies Associated with z ∼ 4 Damped Lyα Systems. I. Imaging and Photometric Selection

This paper describes the acquisition and analysis of imaging data for the identification of galaxies associated with z ~ 4 damped Lyα systems. We present deep BRI images of three fields known to contain four z ~ 4 damped systems. We discuss the reduction and calibration of the data, detail the color criteria used to identify z ~ 4 galaxies, and present a photometric redshift analysis to complement the color selection. We have found no galaxy candidates closer to the QSO than 7'' that could be responsible for the damped Lyα systems. Assuming that at least one of the galaxies is not directly beneath the QSO, we set an upper limit on this damped Lyα system of L < L/4. Finally, we have established a Web site to release these imaging data to the public.
Rydberg Atom Electric Field Sensors for Communications and Sensing

Rydberg atom electric field sensors are projected to enable novel capabilities for resilient communications and sensing. This quantum sensor is small-size, highly sensitive, and broadly tunable, and it has the potential for performing precision vector electric field and angle-of-arrival measurements. While these atomic electric field sensors will not replace traditional receivers in commodity applications for RF signal reception, these sensors could be an enabling technology in niche application spaces. This review outlines the principles of operation of atomic electric field sensors and compares their performance capabilities to traditional RF receivers. It also highlights recent research and development efforts in atomic electric field sensing and identifies applications for which these sensors are projected to impact communications and remote sensing.
Cephalometric evaluation of changes in vertical dimension and molar position in adult non-extraction treatment with clear aligners and traditional fixed appliances.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Orthodontists have been using clear aligners to treat malocclusions, and one potential effect of treatment with orthodontic aligners is the intrusion and/or resists extrusion of the posterior teeth. This “bite-block effect” is primarily anecdotal due to the frequent occurrence of posterior open bites in patients after clear aligner therapy. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare changes promoted by clear aligners and traditional fixed appliances in cephalometric measurements of the vertical dimension and molar position in adult patients with Class I malocclusion treated with non-extraction. Methods: Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of adult patients treated with either clear aligners (n=44) or traditional fixed appliances (n=22) were selected for retrospective analysis. Eight interval measurements and one nominal measurement were evaluated: anterior overbite (OB), mandibular plane angle related to cranial base (SN_MP) and related to Frankfort (FMA), lower molar height (L6H) and upper molar height (U6H), palatal plane to mandibular plane angle (PP_MP), lower facial height (LFH), total facial height (TFH), and posterior open bite (Posterior_OB). A single evaluator traced all cephalographs, and changes in select measures of the vertical dimension were compared within and between groups. Results: OB decreased (1.15 mm) and L6H increased (0.63 mm) in the traditional fixed appliance group. Mandibular plane angles (related to cranial base and to Frankfort) increased (0.43° and 0.53°, respectively) in the clear aligner group, but just FMA showed significant difference between groups (difference of 0.53°). LFH and TFH increased (ranging from 0.52 mm to 0.80 mm) in both groups, with no differences between treatment modality. Presence of visible posterior open bite significantly increased over the course of treatment. OB, FMA and L6H exhibited an interaction between treatment stage (pre- and post-treatment) and modality (clear aligner therapy and traditional fixed appliances), but no interaction among these three variables was found. Conclusions: The evidence does not support the theory that clear aligner therapy produces better vertical dimension control than traditional fixed appliances. Traditional fixed appliance therapy slightly extruded the lower molar, and clear aligner therapy produced a slightly mandibular backward rotation.
Sequence Matters: The Influence of Basepair Sequence on DNA-protein Interactions

The sequencing of the human genome, along with the 200-odd other genomes that have been sequenced, does not represent the solution to a puzzle but rather the necessary introduction to a bigger puzzle. That puzzle is how all the 30,000-odd some genes in the human genome are expressed and controlled in a proper sequence for a cell to function. We can hardly address this enormous problem in this brief review, but instead wish to concentrate on one very small but very important aspect of this problem: physical aspects to how proteins are able to achieve base-pair specific recognition. By “physical aspects” we mean that the proteins distort (strain) the DNA helix when they bind, and if this strain is a function of the sequence of the distorted region then the basepair dependent free energy associated with the strain provides a way to discriminate amongst the basepairs.
Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model

Providing a comprehensive introduction to quantum field theory, this textbook covers the development of particle physics from its foundations to the discovery of the Higgs boson. Its combination of clear physical explanations, with direct connections to experimental data, and mathematical rigor make the subject accessible to students with a wide variety of backgrounds and interests. Assuming only an undergraduate-level understanding of quantum mechanics, the book steadily develops the Standard Model and state-of-the-art calculation techniques. It includes multiple derivations of many important results, with modern methods such as effective field theory and the renormalization group playing a prominent role. Numerous worked examples and end-of-chapter problems enable students to reproduce classic results and to master quantum field theory as it is used today. Based on a course taught by the author over many years, this book is ideal for an introductory to advanced quantum field theory sequence or for independent study.
Kinetics of three substrate enzyme systems. Treatment of partially random mechanisms using equilibrium assumptions.

Abstract There are three partially random kinetic mechanisms which may be visualized for enzymes that catalyze reactions involving three substrates. The steady-state rate equation for these mechanisms can be reduced to the form derived by assuming equilibrium kinetics from consideration of inequality relationships among rate constants alone. The validity of these assumptions and of the resulting rate laws is considered.
Radial artery avulsion—A rare complication of transradial catheterization

Transradial access is becoming the default mode of catheterization in a growing number of centers in the United States. The increasing utilization of transradial access has led to significant reduction in access site complications especially bleeding complications. We report a rare complication of transradial catheterization of radial artery avulsion, which was successfully treated in an endovascular fashion during the index procedure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anick’s spaces and the double loops of odd primary Moore spaces

Several properties of Anick’s spaces are established which give a retraction of Anick’s ΩT∞ off Ω2P 2np+1(pr) if r ≥ 2 and p ≥ 5. The proof is alternate to and more immediate than the two proofs of Neisendorfer’s.
Automated fault diagnosis using a discrete event systems framework

Automated fault diagnosis for a complex system is often a very difficult task. Before proceeding with fault diagnosis, we need to make sure that the given sensor configuration has the capability of assisting the diagnostician perform the fault diagnosis in an efficient manner. In this paper, we present some results on the testability of a system whose fault behavior is modeled by a nondeterministic automaton. We discuss the issues pertaining to testability such as optimal sensor configuration and the infimal partition of the fault space. We also present a manufacturing process example to illustrate the application of the results presented in the paper. >
Two-Parameter Log-Logistic Distribution

Some general aspects of the log-logistic distribution (LLD) are discussed in Chapter 17. The three-parameter log-logistic distribution (LLD3) is a generalization of the two-parameter log-logistic distribution. The LLD3 has been applied to frequency analysis of precipitation and streamflow data. Ahmad, et al. (1988) employed it for flood frequency analysis of annual maximum series for part of Scotland, and compared its performance with the generalized extreme value, three-parameter log-normal and Pearson-type 3 distributions. They found LLD3 to consistently perform better than these three distributions. In a comparative study on statistical modeling of annual maximum flows of 112 Turkish rivers, Haktanir (1991) observed that LLD3 and log-Pearson type 3 distribution provided better fits than log-normal, Gumbel, SMEMAX, log-Boughton, and Pearson-type 3 distributions. He concurred with the findings of Ahmad, et al. (1988) as far as Turkish rivers were concerned.
CAF1 plays an important role in mRNA deadenylation separate from its contact to CCR4

The CAF1 protein is a component of the CCR4–NOT deadenylase complex. While yeast CAF1 displays deadenylase activity, this activity is not required for its deadenylation function in vivo, and CCR4 is the primary deadenylase in the complex. In order to identify CAF1-specific functional regions required for deadenylation in vivo, we targeted for mutagenesis six regions of CAF1 that are specifically conserved among CAF1 orthologs. Defects in residues 213–215, found to be a site required for binding CCR4, reduced the rate of deadenylation to a lesser extent and resulted in in vivo phenotypes that were less severe than did defects in other regions of CAF1 that displayed greater contact to CCR4. These results imply that CAF1, while affecting deadenylation through its contact to CCR4, has functions in deadenylation separate from its contact to CCR4. Synthetic lethalities of caf1Δ, but not that of ccr4Δ, with defects in DHH1 or PAB1, both of which are involved in translation, further supports a role of CAF1 separate from that of CCR4. Importantly, other mutations in PAB1 that reduced translation, while not affecting deadenylation by themselves or when combined with ccr4Δ, severely blocked deadenylation when coupled with a caf1 deletion. These results indicate that both CAF1 and factors involved in translation are required for deadenylation.
Choosing and Using Tools: Capuchins (Cebus apella) Use a Different Metric Than Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).

Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) selected canes positioned so that a straight inward pull brought food within reach (M. D. Hauser, 1997; see also record 1997-41347-003). Tamarins failed to retrieve food with canes in other positions, and they did not reposition these canes. In this study, tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) preferred canes they could pull straight in when these were present, but they also repositioned canes in individually variable ways, and their success at obtaining food with repositioned canes improved with practice. In accord with predictions drawn from ecological psychology, capuchins discovered affordances of canes through exploratory actions with these objects, whereas tamarins did not. Ecological theory predicts these differences on the basis of species-typical manipulative activity, and it provides a useful approach for the study of species differences in tool-using behavior.
Recognition of interspecific familiar versus unfamiliar odours among bank voles and yellow-necked mice

Two experiments (laboratory and field-laboratory) were designed to determine whether individual bank volesClethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) and yellow--necked miceApodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) could distinguish heterospecific odour cues from familiar and unfamiliar individuals. In the laboratory experiment each male bank vole was familiarized for 24 h with odour (cotton wool impregnated with urine and faeces) of male yellow-necked mice and yellow-necked mice were familiarized with odour of male bank voles. In the field-laboratory experiment the individual bank voles and yellow-necked mice captured at the same point were considered familiar and transfered to the laboratory. In laboratory, these individuals were tested in a box (for 5 h) affording them the choice between the odours of familiar and unfamiliar heterospecific males. Bank voles discriminated between familiar and unfamiliar yellow--necked mouse odours. Male yellow-necked mice seemed to have a similar ability to recognise odours of familiar bank voles. It is proposed that interactions between these two species occur not only on the species level, but also on the level of individual. This phenomenon (probably asymmetric) can play an important role in spatial orientation, and influence direct contacts between individuals of these species.
Instructional Design Models for Well-Structured and Ill-Structured Problem-Solving Learning Outcomes

Although problem solving is regarded by most educators as among the most important learning outcomes, few instructional design prescriptions are available for designing problem-solving instruction and engaging learners. This paper distinguishes between well-structured problems and ill-structured problems. Well-structured problems are constrained problems with convergent solutions that engage the application of a limited number of rules and principles within well-defined parameters. Ill-structured problems possess multiple solutions, solution paths, fewer parameters which are less manipulable, and contain uncertainty about which concepts, rules, and principles are necessary for the solution or how they are organized and which solution is best. For both types of problems, this paper presents models for how learners solve them and models for designing instruction to support problem-solving skill development. The model for solving well-structured problems is based on information processing theories of learning, while the model for solving ill-structured problems relies on an emerging theory of ill-structured problem solving and on constructivist and situated cognition approaches to learning.
A program to reduce use of physical restraint in psychiatric inpatient facilities.

The authors describe a program to reduce the use of physical restraint on three psychiatric units of a university hospital. One component of the program involved interviewing patients to determine their stress triggers and personal crisis management strategies. The second consisted of training staff members in crisis deescalation and nonviolent intervention. During the first two quarters after implementation of the program, physical restraint rates declined significantly and remained low on all three units for the remainder of the year after implementation. Hospitals should consider instituting comprehensive staff training that encourages adaptive patient behaviors and nonviolent staff intervention to reduce the physical and mechanical restraint of children and adults in inpatient facilities.
Synthesis, Enantioselective Separation, and Identification of Racemic Tetralin, Indan, and Benzosuberan Derivatives

Forty chiral substituted tetralins, indans, and benzosuberans were synthesized and resolved by gas chromatography using a chiral stationary phase. The substituent groups include hydroxy, keto, methyl, and methoxy moieties. These types of compounds are known to be biological markers in fossil fuels as well as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Total ion current mass spectrometry was used to detect and identify the separated analytes. Two different derivatized cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases (having somewhat different enantioselectivities) were used. The ring size of the analyte appears to affect enantioresolution. The MS relative ion abundance and/or fragmentation patterns can be used to distinguish between enantiomeric and diastereomeric analytes.
Computer-Assisted Instruction with Interactive Videodisc Versus Textbook for Teaching Radiology

Rationale and Objectives. We compared computer-assisted instruction with interactive videodisc (CAI-videodisc) with a textbook to study differences in educational efficacy, time spent, and subjective preferences. Methods. Two modules of CAI-videodisc, one concerning the radiology of arthritis and the other skeletal trauma, were prepared specifically for advanced medical students and junior house staff. Because the modules were derived from an actual textbook, we were able to conduct a controlled comparison. Our participants were 103 third- and fourth-year medical students taking a required 2-week clerkship in diagnostic radiology. They were assigned as part of their coursework the CAI-videodisc version of one module and the textbook version of the other. Pre- and posttests were administered. Results. The mean scores improved from pre- to posttest after students used both modules in either version ( P P P P Conclusion. Medical students learned more radiology using a CAI-videodisc program than reading a textbook, but spent more time doing so. Their subjective preferences were equally split.
Frequency dependence of modal noise in multimode optical fibers

Under certain conditions a changing speckle pattern exists at the output plane of a multimode fiber, resulting in modal noise which can degrade the error performance of a fiber data link. Fiber motion is the usual cause of such speckle change, and Daino et al. have studied the first-order statistics of such modal noise, assuming a single frequency source. But source frequency variation can also cause modal noise; and source frequency diversity has been shown effective in its reduction. In this paper we use a speckle theory approach to study the frequency dependence of modal noise. We have measured and analyzed the correlation of two speckle patterns as a function of source frequency difference, and the speckle spatial frequency distribution as a function of fiber parameters. We have also measured the speckle contrast as a function of fiber length for several sources and fiber types. Such information permits the prediction of the modal noise statistics, from which corresponding changes in error rates can be derived.
Biogeochemistry of acetate in anoxic sediments of Skan Bay, Alaska

Abstract The role of acetate in the biogeochemical cycling of organic matter in contemporary marine anoxic sediments of Skan Bay, Alaska was investigated with inhibition and quasi in situ turnover experiments. The turnover time for acetate oxidation in the upper 30 cm of the sediment column is ca . 1 hr. A molybdate inhibition experiment indicated that sulfate reducing bacteria were responsible for more than 95% of acetate oxidation. However, measured acetate oxidation rates exceeded sulfate reduction rates indicating that acetate oxidation rates are overestimated. Values for acetate concentration calculated from sulfate reduction rates (0.3–3.4 μM) were considerably lower than directly measured acetate concentrations (3.1–10.8 μM). Much of the chemically measured acetate may be microbially unavailable, perhaps in the form of a soluble or colloidal complex. A sorption experiment indicates that 10% to 40% of added acetate associates with Skan Bay sediment particles. Production of methane from acetate was detected only at 2 m depth.
Risk assessment of code injection vulnerabilities using fuzzy logic-based system

Web applications are notoriously vulnerable to code injection attacks. Given that, practitioners need to assess the risk posed by applications due to code injection attacks to plan ahead on employing necessary mitigation approaches. This paper proposes a risk assessment approach for code injection vulnerability in web applications. We are motivated by the observation that traditional risk assessment approaches work well when quantitative values of specific parameters of the risk computation model is known in advance. In practice, they are difficult to predict correctly. Moreover, one specific code injection vulnerabilities can be exploited in different ways that may result in different types of severity level. Further, diverse types of injection vulnerabilities and their implications cannot be combined in existing approaches. To address these limitations, we propose a Fuzzy Logic-based System (FLS) to assess the risk due to different types of code injection vulnerabilities. Our further contribution is a set of proposed code-level metrics that can be used to establish the linguistic terms to express vulnerability levels and their impact subjectively. We apply nested FLS to combine risk from multiple vulnerabilities to assess a single value representing the overall risk. We evaluate our approach with three real-world web applications implemented in PHP, and apply for SQL Injection (SQLI) and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), the two most widely reported vulnerabilities in today's web applications. The initial results indicate that the proposed approach can effectively assess high risks present in vulnerable applications.
Frying quality and oxidative stability of high-oleic corn oils

To determine the frying stability of corn oils that are genetically modified to contain 65% oleic acid, high-oleic corn oil was evaluated in room odor tests and by total polar compound analysis. Flavor characteristics of french-fried potatoes, prepared in the oil, were also evaluated by trained analytical sensory panelists. In comparison to normal corn oil, hydrogenated corn oil and high-oleic (80 and 90%) sunflower oils, high-oleic corn oil had significantly (P<0.05) lower total polar compound levels after 20 h of oil heating and frying at 190°C than the other oils. Fried-food flavor intensity was significantly higher in the normal corn oil during the early portion of the frying schedule than in any of the high-oleic or hydrogenated oils; however, after 17.5 h of frying, the potatoes fried in normal corn oil had the lowest intensity of fried-food flavor. Corn oil also had the highest intensities of off-odors, including acrid and burnt, in room odor tests. High-oleic corn oil also was evaluated as a salad oil for flavor characteristics and oxidative stability. Results showed that dry-milled high-oleic corn oil had good initial flavor quality and was significantly (P<0.05) more stable than dry-milled normal corn oil after oven storage tests at 60°C, as evaluated by flavor scores and peroxide values. Although the high-oleic corn oil had significantly (P<0.05) better flavor and oxidative stability than corn oil after aging at 60°C, even more pronounced effects were found in high-temperature frying tests, suggesting the advantages of high-oleic corn oil compared to normal or hydrogenated corn oils.
INHIBITION BY URETHAN (ETHYL CARBAMATE) OF VIRUS INDUCTION OF LEUKAEMIA IN C3H MICE.

URETHAN is now known to be a multipotent carcinogenic agent1. Its leukaemogenic action in adult mice is only slight2, if at all1,4. However, it has been shown to act as an ‘incomplete’ carcinogen in adults in potentiating the leukaemogenic effects of total-body irradiation3,4, and of œstrogens and polycyclic hydrocarbons3. More recently, urethan has been shown to exert a striking leukaemogenic effect when administered to some strains of mice shortly after birth5–7.
Reduction of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in the Cars of Children With Cancer

This study examined whether an intervention designed to reduce secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) among children being treated for cancer had effects in the specific setting of a motor vehicle. The parents or guardians (n = 71) of children being treated for cancer were randomized to either a behavioral secondhand smoke (SHS) reduction program or a standard care control group. Parental reports of SHSe were collected over the course of 12 months. Younger children were exposed at baseline more than their older counterparts. The greatest initial declines in car exposure were observed among children ≤5 years old in the intervention group compared with same-aged peers in the control group. After the 3-month time point, the control group showed greater reductions in car exposure in comparison with the intervention group. Interventions that teach parents strategies to manage their smoking while driving in their personal vehicles may produce even greater reductions in child exposure and should be developed. Based on...
Transmissibility of caprine scrapie in ovine transgenic mice

Background The United States control program for classical ovine scrapie is based in part on the finding that infection is typically spread through exposure to shed placentas from infected ewes. Transmission from goats to sheep is less well described. A suitable rodent model for examining the effect of caprine scrapie isolates in the ovine host will be useful in the ovine scrapie eradication effort. In this study, we describe the incubation time, brain lesion profile, glycoform pattern and PrPSc distribution patterns in a well characterized transgenic mouse line (Tg338) expressing the ovine VRQ prion allele, following inoculation with brain from scrapie infected goats.
Semiclassical methods in curved spacetime and black hole thermodynamics

Improved semiclassical techniques are developed and applied to a treatment of a real scalar field in a D-dimensional gravitational background. This analysis, leading to a derivation of the thermodynamics of black holes, is based on the simultaneous use of (i) a near-horizon description of the scalar field in terms of conformal quantum mechanics; (ii) a novel generalized WKB framework; and (iii) curved-spacetime phase-space methods. In addition, this improved semiclassical approach is shown to be asymptotically exact in the presence of hierarchical expansions of a near-horizon type. Most importantly, this analysis further supports the claim that the thermodynamics of black holes is induced by their near-horizon conformal invariance.
Stress properties at the tip of a conical notch

The singular behavior of a three-dimensional conical notch under torsional or torsionless loading was analyzed using the Papkovich-Neuber displacement potential method. Based on the analysis of the Legendre polynomial with complex index λn (Thompson, T. R. and Little, R. W. (1970). End effects in a truncated semi-infinite cone, Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 23, 185–196), transcendental equations to the stress order λn of a torsional or torsionless notch at the cone tip are given for various notch angles. Analytical solutions for stress distributions around the cone tip under a concentrated torque T, and around the line notch tip under an expansion source E, are derived using the Legendre polynomial expression. These solutions can be applied for the study of penetration or perforation, where a penetrator is simulated as a concentrated force and as an expansion source. Curves of the first order eigenvalues show that there exist very weak singular stresses at the three-dimensional conical notch. According to the evidence observed in the conical notch experiment (Williams, M. L. (1966). Stress singular, adhesion, and fracture. In Proc. 5th Nat. Congress for Appl. Mech. pp. 451–464), when the base of a cone is loaded, fracture occurs along its side instead of at its tip. This observation suggests that there may exist a comparatively weak singularity at the cone tip.
Determining the stoichiometry and binding constants of inclusion complexes formed between aromatic compounds and β-cyclodextrin by solid-phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The complexation of native β-cyclodextrin (CD) and seven aromatic compounds, namely, phenetole, toluene, m-xylene, naphthalene, biphenyl, fluorene and phenanthrene, has been studied for first time utilizing a solid-phase microextraction (SPME)–high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The stoichiometries of the analyte:β-CD complexes were found to be either 1:1 or 1:2. The formation of 1:2 complexes was confirmed for naphthalene, biphenyl, fluorene, and phenanthrene only when utilizing relatively high concentrations of β-CD (up to 6.6 mM). The 1:2 stoichiometries were confirmed using the classical modified Benesi–Hildebrand (BH) method. The calculated binding constants for 1:1 stoichiometries ( K 1 ) using the SPME method varied from 115.3 M −1 for toluene to 3510 M −1 for phenanthrene, whereas the corresponding values to the 1:2 stoichiometries ( K 3 ) varied from 7.30 × 10 5 M −2 for biphenyl to 9.03 × 10 6 M −2 for naphthalene.
On the mechanics of microballon-reinforced metal matrix composites

Abstract The elastic/plastic response of ceramic microballon-reinforced metal matrix composites subject to uniaxial loading are examined using finite element analysis. The microballoons are assumed to be spherical and their morphology characterized by the ratio of wall thickness, t, to radius, R. The key parameters investigated are the relative wall thickness, t/R, the modulus ratio (matrix/ceramic) and the yield and hardening characteristics of the matrix. The emphasis of the study is on the overall stress-strain response of the composite, the development of matrix plasticity and the development of stress within the microbaloon.
An iota of difference: Attitudes to

The factors controlling synizesis and hiatus in Modern Greek have long been debated. Some accounts, e.g., Kazazis (1968, 1992), suggest that a speaker’s knowledge of a word’s origin (or alternatively, its appropriateness in a formal setting) plays a role. Other accounts, e.g., Nyman (1981), discount this factor. Petrounias (1987) cites word frequency as a factor, claiming that “rarer words follow [the synizesis rule] less frequently” especially if the words seem more formal. To test the influence of frequency and perceived formality of {-ια} words on their pronunciation, two experiments were conducted, in which ten native speakers of Modern Greek heard 40 words pronounced with hiatus (e.g., σχέδια / sxeðia / “plans”) and synizesis (e.g., πόδια / poðja / “feet”). They rated these words on (1) word familiarity, (2) appropriateness of the word in informal conversation, and (3) appropriateness of the word in formal proceedings. In the first experiment, they heard the canonical pronunciations of each word. In the second they also heard non-canonical pronunciations, e.g., [sxe.ðja] and [po.ði.a]. In a third experiment, speakers produced the words in question in a sentence-reading task. The results of these experiments suggest that speakers still have an awareness of the connection between hiatus and formality ( contra Nyman 1981), and that this awareness may play a role in favoring hiatus not predicted by declensional class for less frequent items, consistent with Petrounias’ (1987) predictions.
Separation by dielectric distribution: application to the isolation and purification of soybean phosphatides and bacterial spores.

The redistribution of particle suspensions which occurs in a nonuniform electric field was used to separate soybean phosphatide micells from crude soybean miscella. Two arrangements of the nonuniform field were used. This method provides a convenient laboratory method for isolating and concentrating polar lipids. At present the method is too slow for commercial application but this may become feasible with improvements in apparatus design.
Experience with gemtuzumab ozogamycin ("mylotarg") and all-trans retinoic acid in untreated acute promyelocytic leukemia

We administered gemtuzumab ozogamycin ("mylotarg"; 9 mg/m(2) day 1 or 5) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to 19 patients with untreated acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). There were 3 patients who also received idarubicin because of a white blood cell (WBC) count of more than 30 000/microL. In complete remission (CR), patients were to receive 8 courses of mylotarg (9 mg/m(2) every 4 to 5 weeks) and ATRA; idarubicin was added only for persistent or recurrent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity. The CR rate was 16/19 (84%). All 12 patients tested to date were PCR-negative 2 to 4 months from CR date; none of the 7 patients evaluated subsequently have reverted to PCR positivity (median follow-up in CR was 5 months, up to 14 months). Mylotarg was well tolerated. A median of 5 post-CR courses have been given to date with 3 patients having currently received 8 post-CR courses, and 4 patients receiving 7 post-CR courses. Mylotarg appears active in APL, and repeated administration is feasible.
An Interview with Richard Mayer

Richard E. Mayer is professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), where he has served since 1975. He received a Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Michigan, in 1973, and served as visiting assistant professor of psychology at Indiana Univer sity, from 1973 to 1975. He is past-president of the Division of Educational Psychology of the American Psychological Association, former editor of Educational Psychologist and former co-editor of Instructional Science, for mer chair of the UCSB Department of Psychology, and the year 2000 re cipient of the E. L. Thorndike Award for career achievement in educa tional psychology. He was ranked #1 as the most productive researcher in the field of educational psychology for 1991-2001 (Contemporary Ed ucational Psychology, Vol. 28, pp. 422-430). Prof. Mayer is the author of 18 books and more than 250 articles and chapters, including The Promise of Educational Psychology: Vols. 1 and 2 (1999, 2002), Multimedia Learning, (2001), Learning and Instruction (2003), and E-Learning and the Science of Instruction (with R. Clark, 2003). He serves on the editorial boards of 11 journals mainly in educational psychology. For the past 35 years he has conducted research on how instructional methods affect learning, and in the past 15 years, his research has focused on multimedia learning. In this interview, he discusses his current research agenda concerning multimedia learning and responds to critical questions regarding web-based instruction and the nature of educational research.
Attenuation of human leukocyte adherence to endothelial cell monolayers by tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Expression of cell adhesion molecules is controlled by various cytokines including interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. In this study, we investigated the role of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in the regulation of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. We examined the effect of genistein and herbimycin-A, selective inhibitors of tyrosine kinase, on the adherence of human blood neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes to monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Both genistein and herbimycin A significantly inhibited IL-1 and TNF alpha-induced upregulation of neutrophils (p < 0.05) and monocyte (p < 0.01) adherence. IL-1 and TNF alpha-stimulated lymphocyte adherence was diminished in the presence of herbimycin A (p < 0.05), but genistein only inhibited TNF alpha-stimulated adherence. There was no significant effect of genistein on IL-1-induced lymphocyte adherence. These novel findings reveal for the first time that tyrosine phosphorylated proteins may regulate leukocyte adherence and cell adhesion molecule expression on the endothelium.
Specification and Goldfeld money demand function

Abstract Despite intensive investigation of the temporal stability of the Goldfield formulation of the money demand function, a clear consensus on its stability has yet to emerge. This paper builds a statistical case supporting the first difference of log-levels specification, as opposed to the more commonly used log-levels specification, of the Goldfeld equation and then examines the stability of both specifications. Formal stability tests proposed by Cooley and Prescott, Farley and Hinich, and Brown, Durbin, and Evans are employed; the out-of-sample predictive performance is examined as well. These tests strongly support the first difference specification over thelog-levels specification.
Predicting the skilled use of hierarchical menus with the keystroke-level model

This article addresses a key question in the application of Card, Moran, and Newell's (1983) keystroke-level model to software in which users specify a command by working through a system of hierarchical menus. For example, to insert a row in Lotus 1-2-3®, the user makes three menu choices: W for worksheet, I for insert, and R for row. In the keystroke-level model, it is assumed that a time-consuming mental operation precedes each command. The question in the application of the keystroke-level model to hierarchical menu systems is whether the keystrokes WIR in the previous example constitute the execution of three commands and thus require three mental operations or whether WIR acts as a single command and requires only one mental operation. Data were collected from four highly experienced Lotus 1-2-3 users as they went about their day-to-day work. Strong evidence that only one mental operation is involved in choosing from a hierarchical menu system was obtained. We hypothesize that the discrepancy of our results from the data of others is due to the fact that our subjects were more experienced. The implications of our findings for the design of menus is discussed.