cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electroencephalographic sleep profiles in single-episode and recurrent unipolar forms of major depression: II. Comparison during remission.

Abstract Background: Previous studies indicate that recurrent forms of depression are associated with greater biological disturbances as compared to single-episode cases. This study examines whether the observed differences in the sleep patterns during recurrent and single-episode depression persist into remission following nonpharmacologic treatment. Methods: Two groups of patients (27 single episode [SE] and 53 recurrent unipolar [RU]) with major depression underwent sleep studies before and after nonpharmacologic treatment. Groups were equated for age, severity, and proportion of men and women. Groups were compared using multivariate analyses of covariance and/or analyses of covariance to examine six sets of sleep measures. Results: The differences observed between the SE and RU groups during the index episode persisted into early remission. The findings of greater disturbances of sleep continuity, rapid eye movement sleep and diminished slow wave sleep in the RU group supports the hypothesis that recurrent depression is associated with a more severe neurophysiological substrate than clinically comparable SE cases. Conclusions: Although these observations are consistent with an illness progression model, the possibility that recurrent affective illness is associated with a more virulent, stable phenotype cannot be ruled out. Resolution of this issue requires longitudinal and family studies.
Sociological Functionalism, Exchange Theory and Life-Cycle Analysis: A Call for More Explicit Theoretical Bridges:

There has been a notable lack of articulation between mainstream sociological theory and the work of social gerontologists. This paper suggests four reasons for this, and reviews the basic assumpti...
An Evaluation of Multiple Single-Case Outcome Indicators Using Convergent Evidence Scaling.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the consistency of five single-case outcome indicators, used to assess response-to-intervention data from a pilot Tier 2 reading intervention that was implemented at an elementary school. Using convergent evidence scaling, the indicators were converted onto a common interpretive scale for each case (N = 5). None of the quantitative effect size measures converged with summary visual inspection ratings. Lack of convergence was also observed between parametric and nonparametric effect size estimates. Within this study, indicator selection had a significant impact on individual treatment evaluations. Implications for professional practice and program evaluation are discussed.
Conformal mapping analysis of infection mold filling

A conformal mapping analysis of the mold filling behavior in rectangular cavities is developed. The polymer melt is assumed to behave as a purely viscous Generalized Newtonian Fluid. The shape of the advancing flow front, the pressure distribution in the mold cavity, streamlines, constant temperature lines, and the required filling time may be readily determined using the techniques described. The theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental data previously reported in the literature.
Local magnetic events associated with displacement along the San Andreas fault (California)

Abstract The piezomagnetic properties or stress-dependence of the magnetic susceptibility and remanent magnetization of rock indicates that there should be a 1% decrease in the net magnetization in the direction of an applied compressive stress of 100 kg/cm 2 . Through proper observation of the local geomagnetic field, it may be possible to utilize these effects for the remote observation of changes in tectonic stress. In an attempt to observe such phenomena, a telemetering array of five rubidium magnetometers was set up in a differential manner and has been operating for over two years on the San Andreas fault in California. Local events in the geomagnetic field were indeed observed having occurred 10 to 20 h before local creep displacements of the fault and at no other time.
Lowered Aortic Impedance as Therapy for Severe Mitral Regurgitation

Sodium nitroprusside was administered intravenously to a patient critically ill with severe mitral insufficiency caused by leakage around a prosthetic mitral valve. Cardiac index increased (1.3 to 3.2 liters/min/sq m) and regurgitant fraction and volume decreased (0.93 to 0.74 for regurgitant fraction, and 16.1 liters/min/sq m to 9.8 liters/min/sq m for regurgitant volume), in association with dramatic clinical improvement. It is suggested that nitroprusside therapy, by decreasing impedance to forward left ventricular output, may be of particular benefit to patients with severe mitral regurgitation. ( JAMA 230:1011-1013, 1974)
Direct Introduction of Aqueous Samples into a Low-Powered Microwave-Induced Plasma for Atomic Emission Spectrometry

The direct introduction of aqueous samples into a low-power microwave plasma is achieved with the use of a highly efficient TM010 microwave plasma. A toroidal plasma is sustained in the cavity solely by the Ar gas output of the nebulizer. Samples from a concentric glass nebulizer/Scott type spray chamber are fed directly into the cavity with no desolvation apparatus. A toroidal plasma can be sustained from the output of the nebulizer while 1 mL/min water is being aspirated at power levels of 36 W. This plasma is characterized as an atom cell by the study of emission profiles, working curves, and limits of detection. Also, ionization and vaporization interferences that occur with the use of this plasma are discussed.
Morphology of cat phrenic motoneurons as revealed by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase

The morphology of phrenic motoneurons (PMs) of adult cat was examined by utilizing the technique of intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. Twenty-one cells were reconstructed from serial sections in transverse, sagittal, and horizontal planes. The cell bodies were ellipsoid, with the major diameter oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord. The dendrites of PMs are not distributed in a radially symmetric fashion, but rather project to four separate fields. The field containing the greatest number of dendrites extends rostrocaudally within the phrenic motor column. This collection of dendrites forms a rostrocaudal bundle in which the dendrites from neighboring PMs lie in close association with one another. The remaining dendrites project dorsolaterally, dorsomedially, and to a lesser extent, ventrally. The dorsolaterally directed dendrites from bundles upon entering the lateral funiculus with the dendrites from other PMs. Several of the dorsomedially directed dendrites cross to the contralateral spinal cord via the anterior commissure or central gray. A wide variety of dendritic spines and appendages was observed. There were not instances in which axon collaterals were observed for the 11 well-stained axons examined. The length of the initial segment of the axon was a function of the distance of the cell body from the ventral funiculus.
Characterization of microsatellite polymorphisms DXS691 and DXS692: Genetic mapping to Xq26. 2-Xq27 and Xq25-Xq26. 2

Simple sequence repeat microsatellite polymorphisms are extremely useful markers for resolutional enhancement of human genetic linkage maps due to the existence of multiple alleles and a high degree of heterozygosity. The authors have identified and characterized two polymorphic CA-dinucleotide repeats and have determined their positional assignment on the X chromosome by genetic and physical mapping. 14 refs., 1 tab.
Estimation of Diffusion Coefficient of Chromium in Colloidal Silica Using Digital Photography

In order to study the effectiveness of using colloidal silica, NYACOL DP5110, to stabilize chromium-contaminated soil, the diffusion of chromium in colloidal silica gel was estimated from laborator...
Developments in superconductor solenoids

Two of the major problems foreseen in the design of large superconducting solenoids were studied: (1) field collapse and (2) the achievement of usabie current densities. Four model magnets were fabricated from 0.010-in. Nb-25 at.% Zr and tested at liquid He temperatures. It was shown that a Cu secondary circuit effectively absorbs a major portion of the field energy and protects the NbZr from both excessive heating and from high voltages generated during field collapse. At least two methods of magnet construction showed promise of increasing current densities: (1) use of Cu- or Inconel-covered NbZr, and (2) use of the Cu secondary with the magnet cast in epoxy. A preliminary design for a 12-in, ID split solenoid with Cu secondary suitable for a bubble chamber is described briefly, and field plots for it are shown. (A.G.W.)
Novel Analogues of the Nucleoside Antibiotics Coroyepin

Abstract The syntheses of novel compounds of the cordycepin family Including stereochemlcally modlfled analogues are described. Hypoxanthlne counterparts of these compounds have also been obtained.
Spatiotemporal evolution of conversion and selectivity for simultaneous noncatalytic gas-solid reactions in a compact of particles

A simple model for simultaneous isothermal noncatalytic gas-solid reactions, occurring in spherical particles either shrinking or growing with reaction, is developed. The particles are assumed to be packed following the hexagonal close-packed model and allowed to overlap. The model predicts how the surface area and porosity of the compact vary with reaction and describes the spatiotemporal evolution of solid reactant conversion as well as product selectivity. The influence of physicochemical variables on product uniformity is studied.
Confining spin-polarized hydrogen in an azimuthal field

A comprehensive discussion of the properties of atomic hydrogen polarized in the magnetic field generated by a current circulating in a superconducting wire is presented. The characteristics of the quantum states and the influence of the nonuniformity in the field are studied in detail. The total and superfluid density profiles are calculated and their main features discussed. The ideas developed here can also be applied to study the effects that other nonuniformities in the magnetic field have on atomic hydrogen.
Use of audio biofeedback to reduce tibial impact accelerations during running

Visual biofeedback of tibial peak positive acceleration (PPA) during running has been used successfully as a method of gait retraining to reduce PPAs. Audio biofeedback generated from PPA may present a novel, portable alternative. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using PPA-generated audio biofeedback to reduce PPAs while running. Nine runners were fitted with a wireless accelerometer on their left tibia. PPAs were recorded and a custom LabVIEW program was used to emit a single beep once the PPA reached a preset threshold. The numerical difference between this threshold and peak PPA during running was scaled to the pitch of the beep, such that a foot strike with greater PPA would result in a beep with higher pitch. Subjects were then instructed to (1) run without any beeps, and/or (2) keep the pitch of the beep as low as possible. Subjects participated in a single testing session that included a five minute warm-up and two rounds of biofeedback, which consisted of five minutes of running with biofeedback followed by five minutes of running without biofeedback. Subjects were able to significantly reduce PPAs during exposure to audio biofeedback. In addition, two rounds of biofeedback were sufficient for subjects to retain a reduction in PPAs without biofeedback. PPA-generated audio biofeedback therefore appears to be a feasible method of gait retraining to reduce PPAs in runners.
Cascade contribution to the H 2 Lyman band system from electron impact

The intensity of UV resonance transitions excited by electron impact is determined by both direct excitation and cascade processes. The lifetime for decay by spontaneous emission from a resonant state is short (typically 10 ns). Using a pulsed electron gun technique established to separate these two effects we report a laboratory study of the UV spectrum of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ attributed to cascade. We utilize the longer lifetimes (g 30 ns) for cascade channels to measure the intense spectrum of the Lyman band system $(B{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}--X{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+})$ of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ populated by cascade from higher lying $({\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{K},\mathrm{H}}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+})$ states.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN AMERICAN SERVICE SECTORS: SOURCE COUNTRY CONTRASTS AND LOCATIONAL DETERMINANTS

Foreign direct investment in United States service sectors is an essential component of the competition among global industrial core regions. European, Canadian, and Japanese firms generate most foreign services jobs. Acquisition is the favored mode of entry and foreign establishments are generally larger and pay higher wages than their domestic counterparts. Though the surge of foreign investment in the 1980s was sectorally extensive, jobs in foreign services firms grew much faster than those in manufacturing. This paper reports a regression analysis of the location of foreign employment in six disaggregated sectors across U.S. states in 1987. The results show that foreign and domestic interstate locational patterns of employment strongly correlate. Because acquisition is the most common mode of entry, this empirical finding suggests that the supply of acquisition candidates primarily decides foreign investors' locational choices. Additional influences on location include the concentration of jobs in foreign business and professional services firms in localized areas of production, a general attraction of foreign investors in most service sectors to states with skilled labor forces, and an avoidance of Rocky Mountain and Great Plains states. I found little evidence that foreign investors in services avoid high-wage states more than their domestic counterparts.
Biomarker classification derived from finite growth mixture modeling with a time-varying covariate: an example with phosphorus and glomerular filtration rate

Finite growth mixture modeling may prove extremely useful for identifying initial pharmacotherapeutic targets for clinical intervention purposes in chronic kidney disease. The primary goal of this research is to demonstrate and describe the process of identifying a longitudinal classification scheme to guide timing and dose of treatment in future randomized clinical trials. After discussing the statistical architecture, we describe the model selection and fit criteria in detail before choosing and selecting our final 4-class solution (BIC = 1612.577, BLRT of p < .001). The first class (highly elevated group) had an average starting point of 3.969 mg/dl of phosphorus at Visit 1, and increased 0.143 every two years until Visit 4. The second, elevated class had an average starting point of 3.460 mg/dl of phosphorus at Visit 1, and increased 0.101 every two years until Visit 4. The normative class had an average starting point of 3.019 mg/dl of phosphorus at Visit 1, and increased 0.099 every two years until ...
Fluorescence in situ hybridization for detecting urothelial carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study.

BACKGROUND: Because urothelial carcinoma (UC) is associated with a significantly high risk of disease recurrence and progression, patients with UC require long-term surveillance. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been shown to be more sensitive than cytology in the detection of UC. The current study evaluated the use of FISH for detecting UC. METHODS: A pathology database was used to identify patients who had urine cytology and FISH performed at the study institution between 2004 and 2006. Urinary specimens were analyzed using UroVysion FISH probes for abnormalities in centromeric chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and locus-specific 9p21. FISH results were correlated with cytologic findings and a minimal clinical follow-up of 24 months. RESULTS: A total of 1006 consecutive urinary specimens from 600 patients (448 men and 152 women) who were monitored for recurrent UC (915 specimens) or evaluated for urinary symptoms (91 specimens) were identified. On FISH analysis, 669 specimens were found to be negative for UC and 272 specimens were positive for UC. Sixty-five (6%) specimens were insufficient for FISH analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of FISH for UC were 58% and 66%, respectively, and 59% and 63%, respectively, when FISH and cytology results were combined. Factors contributing to decreased FISH sensitivity included the paucity or absence of tumor cells, low-grade tumors, degenerated cells, method of specimen collection, type of specimen, and obscuring inflammatory cells or lubricant. CONCLUSIONS: UroVysion FISH appeared to have good sensitivity and specificity for detecting UC in urinary specimens. It is important to correlate the FISH results with the cytologic findings. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease: pathogenesis, monitoring, and therapy.

The spectrum of transplant-related lymphoproliferative diseases is expanding to include a variety of neoplasias that typically occur late after transplant including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative B- and T-cell lymphomas, EBV-positive T-cell lymphoma, myeloma, plasmacytoma, and Hodgkin’s disease. New approaches to diagnosis and monitoring based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction for EBV DNA are being explored. What exactly is being measured (the source and character of the viral DNA) remains to be determined, as does the compartment that should be assayed (whole blood, serum, plasma, or lymphocytes). These questions not withstanding, there is an emerging consensus that these technologies will facilitate rapid diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring in the future. A myriad of therapeutic interventions are or will become available. Rituximab, alone or in addition to other therapies, promises a profound change in the landscape with regard to the treatment and perhaps the prevention of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. New approaches to adoptive cellular immunotherapy, including use of EBV-specific products from unrelated donors, nonspecifically activated autologous products, and genetically engineered T cells, are all being explored.
Pythagorean-hodograph quintic transition curves of monotone curvature

Abstract Walton and Meek [Walton, D.J. and Meek, D.S., A Pythagorean-hodograph quintic spiral. Computer Aided Design , 1996, 28 , 943–950] have recently advocated the use of Pythagorean-hodograph quintics of monotone curvature, or “PH spirals” for short, as transitional elements that give G 2 connections of linear and circular arcs in applications such as layout of highways and railways—in which context PH curves provide the important advantage of rational offsets and exact rectifications . They construct a PH quintic, interpolating an initial point and tangent and a final tangent, with monotone curvature variation from zero to a given (extremum) final value. We show that using the complex representation for PH curves greatly simplifies this problem and also reveals that the method of Walton and Meek yields a special instance among a one-parameter family of solutions. The additional degree of freedom of PH spirals identified herein relaxes constraints otherwise required to guarantee their existence, and offers the designer precise control over their total length and/or the ability to fine-tune their curvature distributions.
Evidence for changes in greenhouse gases in the mesosphere

Abstract The signal of global change through greenhouse gas increases, is undoubtedly much larger in the middle atmosphere than at the Earth's surface. Yet even this potentially large signal may have only recently become observable at these levels. Only within the past decade have global measurements of suitable accuracy and improved theoretical models given us the opportunity to enhance this important study. In this atmospheric region, composition, photochemistry, energetics, and dynamics are delicately interconnected. Polar Mesospheric Clouds (Noctilucent Clouds), which are sensitive to all of these factors may well be the clearest signal of global change tied to the greenhouse gas build up.
Dental microwear texture as a proxy for diet in xenarthrans

Abstract Most dental microwear texture studies to date have focused on enamel surfaces. However, for xenarthran microwear we must, in effect, “reinvent the wheel,” because adult xenarthrans lack enamel. Dentin is softer than enamel and may record microwear differently. Thus, we aim to determine if dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA, which quantifies microwear in 3 dimensions) of dentin can yield biologically meaningful results by asking: do dentin and enamel in other eutherians record microwear texture the same way; and can DMTA differentiate between extant xenarthrans with different diets? We analyzed the carnassials of Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi, n = 14), which have functional dentin and enamel, and found differences in texture fill volume and heterogeneity, suggesting that enamel and dentin DMTA cannot be directly compared. Next, we analyzed the teeth of sloths (Bradypus variegatus, n = 12; Choloepus hoffmanni, n = 9) and the 9-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, n = 12), which diff...
Relative Mitochondrial Priming of Myeloblasts and Normal HSCs Determines Chemotherapeutic Success in AML

Despite decades of successful use of cytotoxic chemotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), the biological basis for its differential success among individuals and for the existence of a therapeutic index has remained obscure. Rather than taking a genetic approach favored by many, we took a functional approach to ask how differential mitochondrial readiness for apoptosis ("priming") might explain individual variation in clinical behavior. We found that mitochondrial priming measured by BH3 profiling was a determinant of initial response to induction chemotherapy, relapse after remission, and requirement for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Differential priming between malignant myeloblasts and normal hematopoietic stem cells supports a mitochondrial basis to the therapeutic index for chemotherapy. BH3 profiling identified BCL-2 inhibition as a targeted strategy likely to have a useful therapeutic index. BH3 profiling refines predictive information provided by conventional biomarkers currently in use and thus may itself have utility as a clinical predictive biomarker. PAPERCLIP:
Mechanisms in the ion beam synthesis of SiC layers in silicon

Abstract Single-crystalline buried 3C-SiC layers with rectangular carbon concentration profiles can be formed in silicon by ion beam synthesis using high-dose carbon implantation at constant or intentionally varied target temperatures and subsequent annealing at 1250°C. Layer formation during annealing starts from a box-shaped depth distribution of equally sized SiC nanocrystals present after implantation. In this paper, some of the mechanisms involved in the evolution of this precipitate depth distribution, including the nucleation, the growth and the ballistic destruction of precipitates as well as the carbon mediated amorphization induced by the release of high concentrations of carbon atoms from destroyed precipitates are described on the basis of cross-sectional TEM and high-resolution TEM investigations as well as Monte-Carlo simulations.
Analysis of Biomass Composition Using High-Resolution Thermogravimetric Analysis and Percent Bark Content for the Selection of Shrub Willow Bioenergy Crop Varieties

Rapid determination of biomass composition is critical for the selection of shrub willow varieties with optimized biomass properties for conversion into fuels or chemicals. In order to improve the process for identifying and selecting shrub willow clones with distinct biomass composition, high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HR-TGA) was developed as a rapid, low-cost method for analyzing large numbers of willow biomass samples. In order to validate the HR-TGA method, bulk biomass collected from 2-year-old stems of a selected set of 25 shrub willow clones was analyzed using traditional wet chemistry techniques in addition to HR-TGA. The results of the wet chemistry and the HR-TGA method were compared using regression analysis resulting in R-squared values above 0.7 for the three main wood components, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Bark was removed from duplicate stem samples of the same clones, the proportion of bark was determined, and the debarked wood was used for HR-TGA analysis of composition. While there were significant differences in the proportions of lignin and cellulose in debarked wood compared to bulk biomass, as well as significant differences in bark percentage among clones, there was no correlation between bark percentage and bulk biomass component analysis. This work validates the effectiveness, precision, and accuracy of HR-TGA as a reasonably high-throughput method for biomass composition analysis and selection of shrub willow bioenergy crop varieties.
Adverse reactions associated with simultaneous administration of multiple vaccines to travelers

Objective: To determine the frequency of local and systemic adverse reactions following the simultaneous administration of multiple vaccines.
Hetero-interface modification in thin film ZnO/Si solar cells

Thin film ZnO/Si heterojunction solar cells were explored for their potentially low cost application. Microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) deposited by metal induced growth (MIG) demonstrated viable photo response as a thin film base layer. Modeling using AMPS-1D was performed on various heterostructures. In thin film devices, Interface defects of 8.8×1011 1/cm{su2-eV were shown to significantly reduce fill factor and efficiency, while the addition of an a-Si interlayer diminished these effects and increased spectral response and the value of efficiency. Experimentally, the interlayer was implemented as sequential a-Si/nc-Si layers deposited by electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD). This was shown to improve conduction in μc-Si photodiodes and ZnO/p-Si heterojunctions. Upon a preliminary trial of implementing the complete thin film heterostructure, a diode behavior was observed despite a high keakage current that negated photo response.
Hierarchical Classes Analysis (HICLAS): A novel data reduction method to examine associations between biallelic SNPs and perceptual organization phenotypes in schizophrenia

The power of SNP association studies to detect valid relationships with clinical phenotypes in schizophrenia is largely limited by the number of SNPs selected and non-specificity of phenotypes. To address this, we first assessed performance on two visual perceptual organization tasks designed to avoid many generalized deficit confounds, Kanizsa shape perception and contour integration, in a schizophrenia patient sample. Then, to reduce the total number of candidate SNPs analyzed in association with perceptual organization phenotypes, we employed a two-stage strategy: first a priori SNPs from three candidate genes were selected (GAD1, NRG1 and DTNBP1); then a Hierarchical Classes Analysis (HICLAS) was performed to reduce the total number of SNPs, based on statistically related SNP clusters. HICLAS reduced the total number of candidate SNPs for subsequent phenotype association analyses from 6 to 3. MANCOVAs indicated that rs10503929 and rs1978340 were associated with the Kanizsa shape perception filling in metric but not the global shape detection metric. rs10503929 was also associated with altered contour integration performance. SNPs not selected by the HICLAS model were unrelated to perceptual phenotype indices. While the contribution of candidate SNPs to perceptual impairments requires further clarification, this study reports the first application of HICLAS as a hypothesis-independent mathematical method for SNP data reduction. HICLAS may be useful for future larger scale genotype-phenotype association studies.
Circulating resistin in lean, obese, and insulin-resistant mouse models: lack of association with insulinemia and glycemia

Resistin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone proposed to link obesity with insulin resistance and diabetes, but no previous study has performed a joint quantitative evaluation of white adipose tissue ...
The use of biocultural data in interpreting sex differences in body proportions among rural Amazonians.

Variation in height and body proportions is relatively well-understood at the inter-population level, but less is known about intra-population variation. This study explores intra-population variation in body proportions among 172 (88 female; 84 male) adult rural Amazonians. We test the hypotheses that: (1) stunting is associated with changes in proportions and fatness; (2) the sexes express different proportions in response to similar environmental stress; and (3) female growth is negatively affected by the costs of reproduction. We examined height, sitting height, and total leg length in subsamples based on sex and nutritional status (stunted/nonstunted) in relation to biocultural factors including access to food and healthcare and female reproductive history parameters. Differences in proportions were examined using the Quick-Test (Tsutakawa and Hewett: Biometrics 33 (1977) 215–219); correlation analyses were used to detect associations between anthropometric data and body fatness, and female reproductive history parameters. We found significantly higher rates of stunting among females (X2 = 5.31; P = 0.02; RR = 1.4). Stunted individuals exhibited relatively shorter legs than nonstunted individuals (P = 0.02), although this was not found in within-sex analyses. A significant negative correlation was found between leg length index and fatness (P < 0.01). Lastly, females exhibited relatively shorter legs than males (P = 0.0003) and, among females, height and leg length were significantly positively correlated with age-at-first-birth (P < 0.02) suggesting that adolescent pregnancy may negatively affect growth in this population. Our findings provide insights for the study of intra-population variation in body proportions and highlight the importance of biocultural data in interpreting the pattern of variation observed in living and past populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A laboratory study of dissolved noble gas anomaly due to ice formation

In controlled laboratory experiments on the growth of frazil and columnar ice from sea water, we found that with the exception of helium, the dissolved noble gases were enriched in the water. Approximately 10% of neon, 45% of argon, 60% of krypton, and 50% of xenon were excluded from the ice while helium was enriched by 26% in the ice.
Tunability of the Refractive Index of Gold Nanoparticle Dispersions

Alkanethiol-capped gold nanoparticles dispersed in n-dodecane were studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry and were modeled using Mie scattering theory. The refractive index in the visible and near-infrared depended on the volume fraction of gold nanoparticles, in good agreement with the theoretical expectation that such dispersed plasmonic nanoparticles can act as low or tunable refractive index materials at specific optical wavelengths.
Visual processing of informative multipoint correlations arises primarily in V2

Using the visual system as a model, we recently showed that the efficient coding principle accounted for the allocation of computational resources in central sensory processing: when sampling an image is the main limitation, resources are devoted to compute the statistical features that are the most variable, and therefore the most informative (eLife 2014;3:e03722. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.03722 Hermundstad et al., 2014). Building on these results, we use single-unit recordings in the macaque monkey to determine where these computations—sensitivity to specific multipoint correlations—occur. We find that these computations take place in visual area V2, primarily in its supragranular layers. The demonstration that V2 neurons are sensitive to the multipoint correlations that are informative about natural images provides a common computational underpinning for diverse but well-recognized aspects of neural processing in V2, including its sensitivity to corners, junctions, illusory contours, figure/ground, and ‘naturalness.’ DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06604.001
The methionine-rich low-molecular-weight chloroplast heat-shock protein: Evolutionary conservation and accumulation in relation to thermotolerance

The evolutionary conservation of the low-molecular-weight chloroplast-localized heat-shock protein (LMW chlpHsp) in vascular plants was examined using immunological methods. An antibody (Abmet) specific to the LMW chlpHsp was produced using a synthetic 28-residue peptide containing the most conserved elements of its unique "methionine-rich domain" as an antigen. This antibody detected a heat-inducible low-molecular-weight chloroplast protein in plants of six divergent Anthophyta species, including C3, C4, CAM, monocot, and dicot species. Abmet also detected a LMW chlpHsp in species from the Divisions Psilotophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta, and Ginkgophyta. A preliminary examination of the relationship between accumulation of the LMW chlpHsp and habitat was also conducted. Seven Anthophyta species originating from both warm- and cool-temperature habitats were grown at 28C and then heat stressed at 40C. A positive qualitative relationship between the accumulation of the LMW chlpHsp and organismal thermotolerance in these species was observed; similar results were obtained separately with four nonAnthophyta species. The strong evolutionary conservation of this LMW Hsp and its localization to the chloroplast, and the correlation between production of this protein and plant thermotolerance, suggest that the LMW chlpHsp plays an important role in adaptation to heat stress.
A theory of property: Persons and their bodies

BODY RIGHTS This chapter addresses two main issues. One is the status of the body and of body rights. It is easy to suppose that, if one had a theory of property that adequately covered rights in land, chattels, and intangibles, then one would have a complete theory of property. Yet this supposition is too hasty, for it fails to consider whether there are property rights in the human body. The other issue is the relation between body rights and rights to other things in the world. If body rights turned out to be property rights, they might then be a springboard for justifying property rights as usually understood. Here is how to resolve these issues. As to the former, some hold that the body should be thought of as property, and emphasize that each person owns or has title to himself or herself. Others maintain that the body ought not to be thought of as property at all, and indeed that it demeans human beings to think of them or their bodies as property. In contrast, the position advocated here suggests that, insofar as one takes an overall view, people do not own, but have some limited property rights in, their bodies (§ 3.2). One should, however, combine this broad view with a finer-grained classification, and recognize a division of body rights into personal rights and property rights and, in the case of the latter, a further division into weak and strong property rights (§ 3.3).
Natural selection on protein polymorphism in the rodent genus Peromyscus: evidence from interlocus contrasts.

The effects of natural selection are generally locus-specific, whereas migration, drift, and inbreeding are expected to have relatively uniform effects across the entire genome. This suggests that multilocus surveys of multiple populations can be used to distinguish selection from demographic effects. The purpose of this study was to test for evidence of selection on protein polymorphism in natural populations of mice in the genus Peromyscus. We analyzed published data from geographic surveys of allozyme variation and used a coalescent-based simulation model to identify specific loci that deviated from neutral expectations. Observed FST values generally exhibited a remarkably close fit to the expected neutral distributions, indicating that the majority of loci are simply tracking stochastic demographic processes. A smaller number of loci exhibited highly significant departures from the expectations of the neutral model and thus appear to be tracking the direct or indirect effects of selection. Most departures from neutrality were characterized by FST values that far exceeded neutral expectations and were therefore attributable to spatially varying selection. Interestingly, the albumin locus was implicated as a candidate gene for local adaptation in four different species of Peromyscus. The results also demonstrate that selection can severely bias marker-based estimates of neutral parameters.
Shear waves from a nuclear explosion in a salt cavity

ABSTRACT Shear waves have been resolved in records of acceleration and particle velocity resulting from the Sterling event which was a nuclear explosion (380 tons) within the stable cavity left by the Salmon detonation in the Tatum salt dome. These shear waves were strongest in records of vertical motion at stations in the shot-level plane, but were detectable in records from both vertical and horizontal radial gages above and below that elevation. No appreciable shear waves could be identified in records from shot-level gages oriented horizontally. All instruments involved in this study were situated within the salt dome at ranges between 166 and 660 meters from the explosive source. Shear waves carried over 95 per cent of the energy in vertical shot-level records, but they represented less than 11 per cent of the energy in horizontal radial shot-level records. Cause of the vertically polarized shear waves is considered to be vertical asymmetry at the source.
The Case for Earlier Treatment of HIV Infection

Current US guidelines advise that antiretroviral therapy for asymptomatic HIV patients should definitely be started for those who have CD4(+) cell counts of >200 cells/ microL, but antiretroviral therapy is often not started at CD4(+) cell counts much above that level. Guidelines advocating later therapy for HIV infection have been based mainly on sparse and limited cross-sectional data and have been predicated on avoiding drug-related toxicity and viral drug resistance. However, emerging data about factors that contribute to survival and the availability of newer, less toxic drugs are eroding this position. Earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy--namely, for patients with CD4(+) cell counts of >350 cells/ microL--may, in fact, be associated with lower mortality, better immune improvement, and less drug-related toxicity. These findings coincide with the introduction of antiretroviral drugs that have become more effective and less difficult to take. Earlier initiation of therapy may also reduce HIV transmission, an important public health consideration, and may be beneficial in terms of overall therapeutic cost-effectiveness. Given these accumulating data, we believe reconsideration of the "when-to-start" question is timely and justified.
Asbestos modulates thioredoxin-thioredoxin interacting protein interaction to regulate inflammasome activation

Asbestos exposure is related to various diseases including asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma (MM). Among the pathogenic mechanisms proposed by which asbestos can cause diseases involving epithelial and mesothelial cells, the most widely accepted one is the generation of reactive oxygen species and/or depletion of antioxidants like glutathione. It has also been demonstrated that asbestos can induce inflammation, perhaps due to activation of inflammasomes. The oxidation state of thioredoxin was analyzed by redox Western blot analysis and ROS generation was assessed spectrophotometrically as a read-out of solubilized formazan produced by the reduction of nitrotetrazolium blue (NTB) by superoxide. Quantitative real time PCR was used to assess changes in gene transcription. Here we demonstrate that crocidolite asbestos fibers oxidize the pool of the antioxidant, Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1), which results in release of Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP) and subsequent activation of inflammasomes in human mesothelial cells. Exposure to crocidolite asbestos resulted in the depletion of reduced Trx1 in human peritoneal mesothelial (LP9/hTERT) cells. Pretreatment with the antioxidant dehydroascorbic acid (a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger) reduced the level of crocidolite asbestos-induced Trx1 oxidation as well as the depletion of reduced Trx1. Increasing Trx1 expression levels using a Trx1 over-expression vector, reduced the extent of Trx1 oxidation and generation of ROS by crocidolite asbestos, and increased cell survival. In addition, knockdown of TXNIP expression by siRNA attenuated crocidolite asbestos-induced activation of the inflammasome. Our novel findings suggest that extensive Trx1 oxidation and TXNIP dissociation may be one of the mechanisms by which crocidolite asbestos activates the inflammasome and helps in development of MM.
On the Use of Cloud Forcing to Estimate Cloud Feedback

Abstract Uncertainty in cloud feedback is the leading cause of discrepancy in model predictions of climate change. The use of observed or model-simulated radiative fluxes to diagnose the effect of clouds on climate sensitivity requires an accurate understanding of the distinction between a change in cloud radiative forcing and a cloud feedback. This study compares simulations from different versions of the GFDL Atmospheric Model 2 (AM2) that have widely varying strengths of cloud feedback to illustrate the differences between the two and highlight the potential for changes in cloud radiative forcing to be misinterpreted.
Simulation Experiments with a 12-Layer Stratospheric Global Circulation Model. I. Dynamical Effect of the Earth's Orography and Thermal Influence of Continentality

Abstract To evaluate the role of the earth's orography in the stratospheric general circulation, we conducted numerical experiments simulating January climate with and without mountains in a 12-layer NCAR global circulation model, with the top of the atmosphere extending to 36 km. The model has a spherical horizontal mesh increment of 5° in longitude and latitude and a vertical grid increment of 3 km. The model includes various physics: solar and terrestrial radiation, surface and planetary boundary layers, large-scale precipitation and cloud calculations in the troposphere, surface temperature calculations over land and snow-ice surfaces, convective adjustment, and subgrid-scale transport of heat, water vapor and momentum. The continentality of the earth's surface is incorporated by specifying the ocean surface temperature and a realistic earth's orography for the mountain case and a flat surface over land for the no-mountain case. Mean January conditions of simulation are specified by the declination of...
The Agentic-Communal Model of Power: implications for consumer behavior

This paper presents an Agentic-Communal Model of Power as a means to understand how power shapes and guides consumer behavior. We present theoretical arguments and review empirical data that reveal how the possession of power can produce a more agentic orientation within consumers, whereas the lack of power can produce a more communal orientation within consumers. As a consequence of either an increased agentic or communal orientation, psychological states of power and powerlessness affect a wide variety of consumer behaviors ranging from gift giving to persuasion to consumer misconduct. The Agentic-Communal Model of Power brings clarity to the full range of consumer behavior affected by power.
Imaging of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses: Anatomy and Anatomic Variations

To correctly interpret imaging studies, it is essential to understand the anatomy of the lateral nasal wall and its relationship to adjacent structures. The lateral nasal wall contains three bulbous projections: the superior, middle and inferior turbinates (conchae). The turbinates divide the nasal cavity into three distinct air passages: the superior, middle and inferior meati. The superior meatus drains the posterior ethmoid air cells and, more posteriorly, the sphenoid sinus (via the sphenoethmoidal recess). The middle meatus receives drainage from the frontal sinus (via the frontal recess), the maxillary sinus (via the maxillary ostium and subsequently the ethmoidal infundibulum) and the anterior ethmoid air cells (via the ethmoid cell ostia). The inferior meatus receives drainage from the nasolacrimal duct [1–15].
Maximum Permissible Internal Dose of Radionuclides: Recent Changes in Values

The development of dose rate standards and dosage units is briefly described. The recommendations of the April, 1956 meeting of the International Commission on Radiological Protection are summarize...
Metabolic effects of fatty acid-bearing albumin on a proximal tubule cell line

In glomerular disease, fatty acids carried on albumin are taken up by the proximal tubule with filtered albumin. We postulate that the fatty acids carried on filtered albumin could contribute to the deleterious effects of proteinuria. The effects of fatty acid-albumin complexes on lipid metabolism have been studied in opossum kidney (OK) cells, a proximal tubule cell line. OK cells transported two-thirds of [14C]palmitate-albumin (5 mg/ml) intracellularly within 16 h. [14C]palmitate-albumin was distributed into phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylinositols, and tri- and diglycerides. 14C-labeled unsaturated fatty acid albumins (oleate, linoleate, and arachidonate) showed preferential incorporation into triglycerides, with lesser incorporation into phospholipids. Studies of total lipid pools showed that fatty acid-albumin uptake produced a particularly marked increase in total triglyceride levels (approximately 10-fold). Oil red O staining of OK cells cultured with oleate-albumin showed a marked increase in intracellular lipid droplets, compared with cells cultured with delipidated albumin, consistent with triglyceride accumulation. Less than 1% of [14C]palmitate taken up was isolated as intracellular free fatty acid. Less than 5% of [14C]palmitate internalized was oxidized to 14CO2. Different fatty acids, when taken up by the OK cell, have distinct metabolic fates. Each fatty acid is incorporated in a characteristic fashion into certain complex lipids, possibly dependent on the presence or absence of double bonds. We propose that this may have functional consequences for the proximal tubule in the human nephrotic syndrome.
The action of salicylates on the isolated heart

Most of the experiments were carried out on the frog heart but turtles were also used occasionally. Sodium salicylate in different concentrations in Ringer's solution produced the following results:A solution of 1:2000 caused no effect or stimulation. When the concentration was 1:1000 and the heart was exposed to the action of the salicylate for ten to fifteen minutes considerable depression occurred. Slight improvement was sometimes noticed when the sodium salicylate was discontinued, but complete recovery was never observed. Stronger solutions produced still greater depression; 1:500 caused cessation of heart action in two minutes, but some improvement also occurred in this case when perfusion with Ringer's solution was resumed. With a concentration of 1:250 depression was still more pronounced.Marked depression of the heart also occurred when it was perfused with very weak solutions of acetylsalicylic acid (1 :4000 to 1 :2000). It was found, however, that this was due to the increased hydrogen ion conc...