cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Illiac IV system

The reasons for the creation of Illiac IV are described and the history of the Illiac IV project is recounted. The architecture or hard-ware structure of the Illiac IV is discussed--the Illiac IV array is an array processor with a specialized control unit (CU) that can be viewed as a small stand-alone computer. The Illiac IV software strategy is described in terms of current user habits and needs. Brief descriptions are given of the systems software itself, its history, and the major lessons learned during its development. Some ideas for future development are suggested. Applications of Illiac IV are discussed in terms of evaluating the function f(x) simultaneously on up to 64 distinct argument sets x i . Many of the time-consuming problems in scientific computation involve repeated evaluation of the same function on different argument sots. The argument sets which compose the problem data base must be structured in such a fashion that they can be distributed among 64 separate memories. Two matrix applications: Jacobi's algorithm for finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of real symmetric matrices, and reducing a real nonsymmetric matrix to the upper-Hessenberg form using Householder's transformations are discussed in detail. The ARPA network, a highly sophisticated and wide ranging experiment in the remote access and sharing of computer resources, is briefly described and its current status discussed. Many researchers located about the country who will use Illiac IV in solving problems will do so via the network. The various systems, hardware, and procedures they will use is discussed.
Changes in Children’s Sleep Duration on Food Intake, Weight, and Leptin

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of experimental changes in children’s sleep duration on self-reported food intake, food reinforcement, appetite-regulating hormones, and measured weight. METHODS: Using a within-subjects, counterbalanced, crossover design, 37 children, 8 to 11 years of age (27% overweight/obese) completed a 3-week study. Children slept their typical amount at home for 1 week and were then randomized to either increase or decrease their time in bed by 1.5 hours per night for 1 week, completing the alternate schedule on the third week. Primary outcomes were dietary intake as assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls, food reinforcement (ie, points earned for a food reward), and fasting leptin and ghrelin. The secondary outcome was child weight. RESULTS: Participants achieved a 2 hour, 21 minute difference in the actigraph defined sleep period time between the increase and decrease sleep conditions ( P P P P CONCLUSIONS: Compared with decreased sleep, increased sleep duration in school-age children resulted in lower reported food intake, lower fasting leptin levels, and lower weight. The potential role of sleep duration in pediatric obesity prevention and treatment warrants further study.
Risk Assessment and Withdrawal Behavior by Two Species of Aposematic Poison Frogs, Dendrobates auratus and Oophaga pumilio, on Forest Trails

Many chemically defended prey advertize toxicity to predators by aposematic coloration. When aposematic prey are approached, they often move slowly or not at all, allowing predators to evaluate their unprofitability. Poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are toxic, aposematically colored, forage openly and diurnally, and are much easier to capture than many palatable frogs. Although protected against diverse predators, they are sometimes attacked and are subjected to injury by large animals without predatory intent. We predicted that they have limited escape behavior, but retain ability to assess and respond to risk. When we approached Dendrobates auratus and Oophaga pumilio on forest trails, both species hopped by the shortest route to the nearer forest edge and stopped there. When approached, D. auratus moved after shorter latency at an angle closer to perpendicular to the forest edge, were more likely to leave the trail, and left the trail sooner with fewer changes in direction after moving a shorter distance than when not approached. In agreement with predictions of optimal escape theory based on risk, flight initiation distance by D. auratus was greater when approached directly than indirectly and rapidly than slowly, and was greater when frogs were in the open than partially concealed. Frogs neither attempted rapid escape nor entered refuges. Both species hopped leisurely and remained visible after stopping. They exhibit the diminished escape behavior of aposematic prey, yet retain the capacity to assess risk and adjust behavior accordingly. Their behavior demonstrates continued need for escape behavior by highly toxic aposematic prey.
Area-Based Estimation of the Initial Volume of Distribution and Elimination Rate Constant following Intravenous Bolus Injection

Abstract We evaluate here an area term, the area under the rate of change of concentration-time curve (AURC), which allows the determination of the initial or central volume of distribution (V 1 ). It has previously been shown that AURC is equal to the sum of the coefficients of a multiexponential equation and, therefore, V 1 = dose/AURC. It is also shown that the normalized moment, AURC/AUC, is equal to the elimination rate constant, k 10 , where AUC is the area under the concentration–time curve. This area-based method to estimate V 1 and k 10 has been evaluated with simulation of three model equations and compared with nonlinear regression analysis of the same data. Random errors of 10 and 15% were introduced into the concentration values. The AURC method provides values of both parameters that are similar to those obtained from nonlinear regression analysis and which are reasonably accurate estimates of the theoretically correct values. The potential limitations of this area method are discussed. Good correlations were also observed for values of V 1 , and k 1 10 obtained by AURC and regression methods for data obtained from the literature for 13 different drugs.
Efficient smoothing of digitized measurements in a large real-time system

In a recently developed system, involving extensive real-time measurement and digital computation subsystems, each measurement is quality checked to establish reasonableness, edited to remove "bad" samples, and filtered to attenuate noise. These functions are achieved under severe restrictions on computer time and storage. The quality of a sample is determined by comparison with a simple prediction, which is used in editing the sample if the original sample is deemed "bad." A five-point recursive filter having optimally selected coefficients for each measurement is employed. Comprehensive tests have proven the acceptability of the smoothing process.
Considering Culture One Client at a Time: Maximizing the Cultural Exchange

Cultural competency is a process that requires knowledge, diligence, and availability of resources. For the individual practitioner, it may be unfeasible to expect expert-level knowledge of any more than a few cultural groups. This commentary provides a general approach that clinicians can use to become oriented to a culture, make use of evidence-based frameworks, and treat the therapy as an ongoing cultural exchange. Using this approach a clinician may be able to flexibly adapt his or her individual case formulation approach to match the needs of a diverse set of clientele. Examples from the case of TC are used to illustrate the model and to highlight the cultural competence of the therapist.
Planning for verification, validation, and accreditation of modeling and simulation applications

A comprehensive and detailed verification, validation and accreditation (VV&A) plan and its proper execution are crucially important for the successful accreditation of a modeling and simulation (M&S) application. We provide guidance in developing and executing such a plan throughout the entire M&S application development life cycle. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) is the largest sponsor and user of modeling and simulation applications in the world. DoD uses many different types of M&S applications, consisting of a combination of software, hardware, and humanware, under diverse objectives including acquisition, analysis and training.
Human TLRs 10 and 1 Share Common Mechanisms of Innate Immune Sensing but Not Signaling

TLRs are central receptors of the innate immune system that drive host inflammation and adaptive immune responses in response to invading microbes. Among human TLRs, TLR10 is the only family member without a defined agonist or function. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that TLR10 is most related to TLR1 and TLR6, both of which mediate immune responses to a variety of microbial and fungal components in cooperation with TLR2. The generation and analysis of chimeric receptors containing the extracellular recognition domain of TLR10 and the intracellular signaling domain of TLR1, revealed that TLR10 senses triacylated lipopeptides and a wide variety of other microbial-derived agonists shared by TLR1, but not TLR6. TLR10 requires TLR2 for innate immune recognition, and these receptors colocalize in the phagosome and physically interact in an agonist-dependent fashion. Computational modeling and mutational analysis of TLR10 showed preservation of the essential TLR2 dimer interface and lipopeptide-binding channel found in TLR1. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicate that, similar to TLR2/1, TLR2/10 complexes recruit the proximal adaptor MyD88 to the activated receptor complex. However, TLR10, alone or in cooperation with TLR2, fails to activate typical TLR-induced signaling, including NF-κB–, IL-8–, or IFN-β–driven reporters. We conclude that human TLR10 cooperates with TLR2 in the sensing of microbes and fungi but possesses a signaling function distinct from that of other TLR2 subfamily members.
Arts and Crafts: Critical to Economic Innovation

Governments, schools, and other nonprofit organizations are engaged in critical budget decisions that may affect our economic development success. The assumption is that arts and crafts are dispensable extras. Research suggests, however, that disposing of arts and crafts may have negative consequences for the country’s ability to produce innovative scientists and engineers who invent patentable products and found new companies. A study of Michigan State University Honors College science and technology graduates (1990-1995) yielded four striking results: (a) graduates majoring in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects are far more likely to have extensive arts and crafts skills than the average American; (b) arts and crafts experiences are significantly correlated with producing patentable inventions and founding new companies; (c) the majority believe that their innovative ability is stimulated by their arts and crafts knowledge; and (d) lifelong participation and exposure in th...
Characterization of viral genomes in the liver and serum of chimpanzee long-term hepatitis B virus carriers: A possible role for supercoiled HBV-DNA in persistent HBV infection

In chimpanzee hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers, the molecular mechanism for viral persistence has been examined by analyzing the properties of viral DNA molecules in liver and serum. Two extrachromosomal HBV-DNA molecules migrating on Southern blots at 4.0 kb and 2.3 kb were observed in chimpanzee liver DNA. There was no evidence for integration of HBV sequences into the host genome. The HBV-DNA molecule which migrated at 4.0 kb position represents a full-length "nicked," relaxed circular form, and the DNA molecules migrating at 2.3 kb position represents a supercoiled form of the HBV genome. Evidence for supercoiled HBV-DNA in serum was obtained by production of the relaxed circular intermediate upon digestion of Dane particle DNA with specific nucleases S1 and Bal 31. A possible role of these two extrachromosomal HBV-DNA molecules in the biology of hepatitis B virus infection and the mechanism for viral persistence are discussed.
Two-photon excited fluorescence imaging of endogenous contrast in a mouse model of ovarian cancer

Background and Objective Ovarian cancer has an extremely high mortality rate resulting from poor understanding of the disease. In order to aid understanding of disease etiology and progression, we identify the endogenous fluorophores present in a mouse model of ovarian cancer and describe changes in fluorophore abundance and distribution with age and disease. Study Design/Materials and Methods A mouse model of ovarian cancer was created by dosing with 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide, which induces follicular apoptosis (simulating menopause), and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, a known carcinogen. Imaging of ovarian tissue was completed ex vivo with a multiphoton microscope using excitation wavelength of 780 nm and emission collection from 405 to 505 nm. Two-photon excited fluorescence images and corresponding histologic sections with selective stains were used to identify endogenous fluorophores. Results The majority of collected fluorescence emission was attributed to NADH and lipofuscin, with additional contributions from collagen and elastin. Dim cellular fluorescence from NADH did not show observable changes with age. Changes in ovarian morphology with disease development frequently caused increased fluorescence contributions from collagen and adipose tissue-associated NADH. Lipofuscin fluorescence was much brighter than NADH fluorescence and increased as a function of both age and disease. Conclusions Our finding of NADH fluorescence patterns similar to that seen previously in human ovary, combined with the observation of lipofuscin accumulation with age and disease also seen in human organs, suggests that the findings from this model may be relevant to human ovarian disease. Increased lipofuscin fluorescence might be used as an indicator of disease in the ovary and this finding warrants further study. Lasers Surg. Med. 45: 155–166, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal use of the Child Health Questionnaire in childhood cerebral palsy.

This study sought to describe change and stability in health-related quality of life (HRQL) over time in a cross-section of children with cerebral palsy (CP) using the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) through repeated surveys of the children's parents/caregivers. A total of 177 children with CP (98 males, 79 females); age range 3 to 18 years (mean age 8y 6mo, [SD 4y 2mo]; Gross Motor Function Classification System: Level I 40%, Level II 14%, Level III 14%, Level IV 16%, and Level V 17%) were enrolled as a convenience sample from the outpatient clinics at a tertiary-care children's hospital. The main outcome measure was HRQL as determined by the CHQ — Parent Form 50. Parents reported reduced HRQL for their children with CP relative to norms for the CHQ. Although Role — Physical functioning (reflecting how physical impairment interferes with daily activity) declined with time, all other subscales of the CHQ were stable over the course of 1 year. CHQ scores were not measurably affected by common medical interventions. Children with CP have lower CHQ scores than other children that are, on average, stable over the course of 1 year.
Organized Labor's Global Problems and Local Responses

From the 1980s to the 2000s around much of the world, organized labor scrambled to adjust to two international regimes, both propelled by the hegemo nic United States and its allies: neoliberal economies and neoliberal democra cies. The first framework undercut the power of unions by discouraging interference with market mechanisms from either social actors or governments. The second code of conduct hampered labor by prescribing low-intensity democracies with little mass mobilization or socioeconomic redistribution. The second model sustained the first. Thus weakened working-class movements wrestled with the dilemma of being largely unable to use democratic mechan isms to alter prejudicial economic policies.1 Neoliberalism devastated labor movements by reducing their time honored structural, institutional, and political sources of strength. Capitalists became more powerful, workers less so. In terms of economic structures, the globalization of trade, investment, production, and competition left laborers reeling. The opening of previously protected economies to foreign trade and investment forced workers to compete with their counterparts abroad and inca pacitated them to bargain with mobile international capital. In some countries, the growth of the formal and informal service sector over manufacturing gutted the historical strongholds of unionists. Austere monetary and fiscal policies curbed state programs for labor and wage increases. Monetary stabilization removed inflation as a generator of working-class activism. The shrinkage of the state and its budget pruned workers' leverage with government agencies and slashed their welfare safety nets. Privatization drove many unions out of former state enterprises. Redistribution of income to the upper and middle classes also hurt laborers. At the workplace, mechanization, flexibilization, subcontracting, informa lization, insecurity, and deteriorating working conditions pushed laborers toward reliance on individual survival tactics rather than collective action. In
Convergences and divergences and thin layer formation and maintenance

The formation and maintenance of thin layers in the presence of turbulent diffusion is considered through the development of a formal framework that evaluates the balance between convergence mechanisms and the diffusive effects of turbulence. Turbulent diffusion acts to broaden layers, thus a convergence is required to produce a persistent and stable layer structure. Convergence mechanisms considered here include straining by a sheared velocity profile, organism motility, and particle buoyancy. The balance between each of these convergences and turbulent diffusion results in a scale estimate for the layer thickness that depends on local conditions. Comparison of these layer thickness scales for each of the three mechanisms enables us to evaluate which mechanism is likely to be dominant in particular situations. An example application of the framework is based on observations of thin layers in East Sound, Washington, for which we conclude that either the buoyancy or straining mechanism could contribute to the maintenance of the layer. Finally, the analytic framework itself provides insights into thin layer dynamics, including the prediction of a finite layer lifetime for shear-driven layers and the effects of mixing events on the convergence mechanisms acting to maintain the layers.
Alignment talk in the job interview

The research reported here describes aligning talk in simulated employment interviews. Alignment talk is used metacommunicatively by speakers to bracket, transform, or qualify other talk, hence it assumes great importance in how communicators define and evaluate situations. Four features of alignment talk appear both in the scholarly literature and in the speech of interview participants in our data: accounts, meta‐talk, formulations, and qualifiers. Each of these features are described in the present report, and their uses in job interviews are explored. It is concluded that these devices serve to accentuate role differences between interviewer and applicant, and to enforce rather stringent norms of how one talks in the job interview. Implications for interviewing practice are discussed.
Chondrosarcoma of the scapula of an 8-month-old Holstein steer

Malignant neoplasms occur commonly in cattle, with lymphosarcoma being the most common. Chondrosarcoma rarely has been described and only in mature cattle. The present report describes a chondrosarcoma of the left scapula of an 8-month-old Holstein steer. Histologic examination of the mass revealed an unencapsulated, multilobular neoplasm composed of neoplastic spindle cells embedded in irregular islands of chondroid matrix, consistent with a diagnosis of chondrosarcoma.
Approximation By Functions of Nonclassical Form

This paper summarizes four expository lectures on these topics: (1) Interpolation on the circle, (2) Interpolation on higher-dimensional spheres, (3) Interpolation on Euclidean spaces, and (4) Ridge functions.
Interfaith Dialogue at Peace Museums in Kenya.

This paper makes a case for further studies on the contribution of peace museums to interfaith dialogue debate. Based on our experiences as museum curators, teachers and peace researchers and a review of published materials, we argue that there is a lacuna in the study on the contribution of peace museums to the interfaith dialogue debate. The development of community peace museums in Kenya,, in predominantly Christian communities, and the use of traditional religio-cultural artefacts in peace education and peace building is a case of interfaith dialogue worth documenting. With religious conflict threatening to tear the fabric of society apart, the question of interfaith dialogue is now paramount in the search for sustainable peace and development.
Non-Flagellar Swimming in Marine Synechococcus

Certain marine unicellular cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus exhibit a unique type of swimming motility characterized by the absence of flagella and of any other obvious organelle of motility. Although the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon remains mysterious, recent advances have included the development of testable models as well as the identification of a cell-surface polypeptide that is required for the generation of thrust. These developments, as well as the future research directions they suggest, are discussed.
Test–Retest Reliability of a Preadolescent Environmental Access to Physical Activity Questionnaire

Background: Physical activity behavior is an important aspect of overall health, and it is important to understand determinants of physical activity in order for children to accumulate the recommended levels. The ecological-systems theory describes the relationship between individuals and their contexts, suggesting that environment affects physical activity behaviors. Researchers should measure children’s access to physical activity to determine environmental influences. At the time of data collection, however, no reliable questionnaires had been created for measuring children’s access to physical activity. Methods: Students from grades 4 and 5 completed a physical activity environmental-access questionnaire on 2 occasions, approximately 7 to 10 days apart. Results: The questionnaire appeared appropriate for children age 9 to 12. The lowest reliability was found with items located in the school environment. Conclusions: This questionnaire is a suitable tool for examining children’s physical activity suppo...
Having Sex and Making Love : The Search for Morality in Eros

Sexuality engenders moral problems because it serves radically different kinds of goals. Reproductive sexuality focuses on bearing children and involves moral concerns about their healthy birth, as well as their successful physical, emotional, and social development. Societies have different, well-developed social institutions for reproductive sexuality and its consequences, usually ensconced within special social roles such as those of being a parent, a guardian, or a child. Sexuality also plays an important social role. Many have argued that the character of homo sapiens was influenced by the tendency of members of the species to form fairly stable and enduring male-female dyads marked by numerous non-reproductive acts of intercourse [5; 10; 12; 16]. Unlike many other species of primates, large harems are not the rule and complex social relations usually develop between one male and one female human. Sex makes a significant contribution to this pair bonding [22]. Finally, sexuality plays a recreational role. This is attested by the age-old presence of bordellos, catamites, and gigolos. Human males and females have sought sexual recreation apart from their commitments either to reproductive sex or to enduring social bonds.
Sexual orientation and first-year college students' nonmedical use of prescription drugs

ABSTRACTObjective: To examine differences between heterosexual and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning students' nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD). Participants: First-year university students between October 2009 and October 2013 who self-identified as heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning. Methods: Students completed questionnaires on demographic variables and NMUPD. Any NMUPD was examined, as were stimulants, anxiolytics, and painkillers. Hierarchical regression was used to examine differential NMUPD based on sexual orientation, gender, and race. Results: For any NMUPD and painkillers, bisexual and questioning students reported higher rates of nonmedical use than heterosexual students and gay men. When compared with heterosexual females, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning females reported higher any NMUPD and nonmedical painkiller use. For stimulants and anxiolytics, bisexual students reported the highest nonmedical use, followed by gay and lesbian students. Conclusions: T...
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company: Follow-On Equity Issue

This case explains marketing process for follow-on equity offerings, the direct and indirect costs of issue, and the long-run performance of equity issuers. Students use analysts’ projections from which to estimate the intrinsic value of the company’s share -- including the cost savings from the VEBA and financial improvements over the next several years. It is appropriate for use in corporate finance courses covering the topics of capital raising, equity financing, capital structure, costs of financing, funding alternatives, investment banking, and valuation. It presents the classic profile on an equity issuer -- a firm whose stock price has risen to new heights in recent months. Will the issue lead to additional value that creates opportunities for shareholders, or is it a sign the firm is overvalued? The case explores the thinking of a prominent investment manager who had accumulated a large stake in Goodyear and who did not see the need for Goodyear to make an equity issue at this time. The company’s position was that the high stock would allow it to further strengthen its balance sheet and pursue international growth opportunities. Students are asked to decide what the investor should do with respect to the current offer -- buy, sell, or hold.
Abstract IA21: The MYC-microRNA pathway in B-cell neoplasms

MYC is a noncanonical transcription factor that binds to thousands of genomic loci and affects over 15% of the human transcriptome, with surprisingly little overlap between MYC-bound and MYC-regulated genes. This discordance raises the question whether MYC chooses its targets based on their individual biological effects (“a la carte”) or by virtue of belonging to a certain group of genes (on a “prix fixe” basis). Over the last few years, we have developed a model wherein MYC initially deregulates a select number of microRNAs. These microRNAs then target a broad spectrum of genes based solely on the presence in their 39 UTRs (untranslated regions) of distinct “seed” sequences. Existing evidence suggests that there are significant microRNA components to all key MYC-driven phenotypes, including cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, metabolism, angiogenesis, metastasis, stemness, and last but not least – hematopoiesis (1). For example in a human B-lymphoid cell line, Myc-repressed genes are significantly enriched for predicted binding sites of Myc-regulated miRNAs, primarily those comprising the Myc-activated miR-17-92 cluster. Notably, gene set enrichment analysis demonstrates that miR-17-92 is a major regulator of B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway components. Many of them are immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibitory motif (ITIM)-containing proteins, and ITIM proteins CD22 and FCGR2B were found to be direct targets of miR-17-92. Consistent with the propensity of ITIM proteins to recruit phosphatases, either MYC or miR-17-92 expression is necessary to sustain phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and the B-cell linker protein (BLNK) upon ligation of the BCR. Further downstream, stimulation of the BCR response by miR-17-92 resulted in the enhanced calcium flux, activation of the CD19-PI3K axis, and elevated levels of Myc itself (2). Notably, inhibition of the miR-17-92 cluster in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell lines diminished the BCR response as measured by SYK and BLNK phosphorylation. Conversely, human DLBCLs of the BCR subtype express higher Myc and mir17hg transcript levels than other subtypes. Hence, the Myc-miR-17-92-BCR axis, frequently affected by genomic rearrangements, constitutes a novel lymphomagenic feed-forward loop (3). References: (1) Psathas JN, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. MYC and the Art of MicroRNA Maintenance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014;4:a014175. (2) Chung EY, Psathas JN, Yu D, Li Y, Weiss MJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. CD19 is a major B cell receptor-independent activator of MYC-driven B-lymphomagenesis. J Clin Invest 2012;122:2257-66. (3) Psathas JN, Doonan PJ, Raman P, Freedman BD, Minn AJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. The Myc-miR-17-92 axis amplifies B-cell receptor signaling via inhibition of ITIM proteins: a novel lymphomagenic feed-forward loop. Blood 2013;122:4220-9. Citation Format: Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko. The MYC-microRNA pathway in B-cell neoplasms. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Myc: From Biology to Therapy; Jan 7-10, 2015; La Jolla, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2015;13(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA21.
Risk of Seizure Recurrence with Neurocysticercosis

The risk of seizure recurrence after a first seizure due to neurocysticercosis (NC) was evaluated in a prospective study of 77 patients at the School of Medicine and Research Institute, University of Cuenca, Ecuador, and Columbia University, New York.
Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma in the Elderly: What Nondermatologists Need to Know

As the population ages and incidence of basal cell carcinoma continues to increase, we will be faced more frequently with difficult treatment decisions for basal cell carcinoma in the elderly. Different treatment options, including surgical excision, electrodessication and curettage, cryosurgery, imiquimod, photodynamic therapy, 5-fluorouracil, radiation therapy, vismodegib, combination therapy, and observation, may be considered on the basis of tumor characteristics. Given the wide range of therapeutic options, treatments can be tailored to achieve patients' goals of care within their anticipated life expectancy.
Native defects in second-generation topological insulators: Effect of spin-orbit interaction on Bi 2 Se 3

Native defects in pnictogen chalcogenides are currently a great barrier toward the realization of the exotic properties of this class of topological insulators. Previous first-principles results of low-energy defects in Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{3}$ and Sb${}_{2}$Te${}_{3}$ are in qualitative agreement with experiments. However, for Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ the calculated low-energy defects are antisites, opposed to the Se vacancy (${V}_{\mathrm{Se}}$) as observed experimentally. We find that the inclusion of spin-orbit interaction drastically shifts the band-edge energies of the bulk states with respect to defect transition energies. It turns the Bi antisite (Bi${}_{\mathrm{Se}}$) from an acceptor to a donor and makes ${V}_{\mathrm{Se}}$ more stable than Bi${}_{\mathrm{Se}}$. This brings the calculated results for native defects in pnictogen chalcogenides into agreement with experiments.
Preservation mechanisms of propolis and its application On food preservation

Propolis,which is a natural,safe resinous,collected by bees,has many bioactivity ingredients.Compositions of propolis have multifunction,such as antibacterial,antiseptic and food preservation.The compositions of propolis and its mechanisms of keeping fresh mechanism were introduced in this paper.Its applying prospect in keeping fresh industry was also discussed.
Antigen processing and presentation by epidermal Langerhans cells. Induction of immunity or unresponsiveness

The seminal observation made 30 years ago that T cells do not discriminate between native and denatured proteins, whereas B cells generally do, can now be explained by the fact that T cells never see antigens in their native conformation and that intact proteins cannot associate simultaneously with MHC molecules and the TCR. This difference in the ability to recognize antigen based on conformational specificity appears to be a consequence of the fact that the T cell sees antigen not free in solution, but on the surface of an APC in association with MHC molecules. The metabolic events that protein antigens undergo within APC, prior to their presentation in an appropriately processed form to T cells, are called antigen processing. The end-product of antigen processing for CD4+ T cells is a relatively short peptide fragment bound to class II MHC molecules on the surface of an APC that can be recognized by the TCR on the T cells. Because this event is difficult to monitor directly, antigen processing can only be assayed in conjunction with the temporally distal event of T-cell activation, manifested ultimately as proliferative responses or lymphokine secretion. In addition to occupancy of the TCR by the peptide/class II complex, several other antigen-nonspecific receptor-ligand interactions between APC and T cells are required for optimal T-cell activation. M phi, B cells, and LC/DC comprise the principal APC for CD4+ T cells. M phi and B cells have been studied extensively with respect to their antigen processing and presenting capacities. Only recently, however, have such capacities been investigated in LC and DC; these studies now indicate freshly isolated LC (but not cultured LC and DC) to possess efficient antigen processing capabilities. In this respect, LC have been proposed to represent evolving (or "maturing") forms of DC: Freshly isolated LC (which retain morphologic and functional properties of epidermal LC in situ) are the equivalent of tissue forms of DC, whereas cultured LC resemble lymphoid or circulating DC. Cultured LC and DC appear to be the sole effective APC for inducing primary T-cell responses in vitro. Possibly underlying this property is the ability of cultured LC and DC (but not M phi, B cells, or freshly isolated LC) to induce formation of T-cell clusters during the course of such responses. The capacity of accessory cells to function as APC varies depending upon the type of APC and T cells examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Super-resolution imaging of nuclear import of adeno-associated virus in live cells

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been developed as a promising human gene therapy vector. Particularly, recombinant AAV vector (rAAV) achieves its transduction of host cells by crossing at least three physiological barriers including plasma membrane, endosomal membrane, and nuclear envelope (NE). So far, the AAV transduction mechanism has not been explored thoroughly at the single viral particle level. In this study, we employed high-speed super-resolution single-point edge-excitation sub-diffraction (SPEED) microscopy to map the events of single rAAV2 particles infecting live human cells with an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution of 9–12 nm and 2–20 ms. Data reveal that rAAV2 particles are imported through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) rather than nuclear membrane budding into the nucleus. Moreover, approximately 17% of the rAAV2 molecules starting from the cytoplasm successfully transverse the NPCs to reach the nucleoplasm, revealing that the NPCs act as a strict selective step for AAV delivery. This study lastly suggests a new pathway to improve AAV vectors for human gene therapy.
The Role of Cultural Context in the Implementation of Market Orientation: Insights from the Cumulative Evidence

Using meta-analytic research techniques and an existing theoretical framework based on Kirca and Hult (2009), this study examines systematically the contingent nature of relationships involving market orientation and its antecedents. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of the drivers of market orientation depend on the cultural characteristics of the environment in which firms are embedded since firms from different cultural settings can be expected to react differently to specific mechanisms that explain the effects of the various drivers on the market orientation of firms.
The “force in the thing”: Mauss’ nonauthoritarian sociality in The Gift

In this essay, I argue that Mauss’ pivotal Essai sur le don has been misunderstood since Claude Levi-Strauss’ famous introduction to it. Mauss’ paradigms for understanding gift exchange derive from Roman law, rather than deriving from the Maori notion of hau (the “spirit of the giver in the gift”). From various Roman legal institutions, Mauss derives the ideas that obligation can be enacted through mere ritual, that certain things are part of the family, and (most importantly) that people are constantly “selling” and “redeeming” themselves through exchange. I show that Mauss retrojected to a precapitalist past an alternative sociality that lacks a vertical dimension: it is constituted by a network of horizontal relations brought about by ritual exchange.
MIMO Radar: Joint Array And Waveform Optimization

In this paper, techniques for the optimization of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar waveform correlations and array geometries are investigated. The primary focus of this study is improved angle-estimation performance. This performance can be characterized by the Cramer-Rao angle- estimation bound and by the threshold point. The threshold point indicates the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at which the angle- estimation performance of an estimation statistic deviates from the Cramer-Rao bound performance. Approximation techniques for estimating the threshold are introduced. Examples of joint waveform and array geometry optimization are presented.
Low Testosterone Levels Are Associated with Shorter Progression Free Survival in Multiple Myeloma

Abstract 4978 Introduction: Testosterone (T) is important for maintenance of bone mineral density and muscle mass, stimulation of erythropoiesis, energy level, mood, and libido. Androgen deprivation therapy, i. e. near-complete hypogonadism, for prostate cancer is associated with type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, and overall mortality. In a study of male cancer patients with prostate and germ cell tumors, the prevalence of low T was 48–78% with opioid use, obesity, and being Caucasian as statistically significant covariates. Obesity increases T in women, with an associated increased breast cancer risk, and lowers T in men while raising estradiol levels. As fatigue and depression are common in multiple myeloma, we conducted a review of T in myeloma patients. None of the published literature has looked for an association between free testosterone and either characteristics of disease biology or concrete endpoints such as age of diagnosis, performance status, progression free survival, or overall survival. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with plasma cell dyscrasias referred to Ohio State University that signed consent for the IRB-approved Ohio Myeloma Registry (www. ohiomyeloma. org). 343 patients were initially identified with either a total or free testosterone level available for evaluation, 171 patients with active myeloma. Results: 168 patients had a diagnosis of active myeloma and low or normal T – 44/171 (25%) were receiving opiates, 29/171 (17%) were taking anti-depressants, and 135/171 (79%) were male. 37/171 (22%) had type 2 diabetes and 92/171 (54%) had hypertension. The BMI median was 28. 9 (range 16. 9–53. 1) with 32 (19%) patients normal, 48 (28%) overweight, and 60 (35%) obese. The median time from diagnosis to T assessment was 49 days. In the entire cohort, the median free testosterone was 4. 17 (range 0. 11–16. 17) with 45 (26%) patients below the normal range, 123 (72%) within normal limits, and 3 (2%) with high T. In the subset of male patients (n=135), the median age was 61 y. o. (range 18–80). We designated two groups of male patients – 44 with low T and 91 with normal T. When comparing the two groups across hemoglobin, creatinine, calcium, stage, BMI, renal insufficiency, and anemia, there were no statistically significant differences. There was a difference between the presence or absence of lytic bone disease (p Conclusions: With approximately 30% of the cohort with severe hypogonadism (free testosterone below normal range) in a population predisposed to fractures, anemia, and depression, increased awareness of the prevalence of this diagnosis may change supportive care options for a population that often has a poor quality of life. There is a trend towards shorter PFS in patients with low free T. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Topology optimization of structures with gradient elastic material

Topology optimization of structures and mechanisms with microstructural length-scale effect is investigated based on gradient elasticity theory. To meet the higher-order continuity requirement in gradient elasticity theory, Hermite finite elements are used in the finite element implementation. As an alternative to the gradient elasticity, the staggered gradient elasticity that requires C 0-continuity, is also presented. The solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) like material interpolation schemes are adopted to connect the element density with the constitutive parameters of the gradient elastic solid. The effectiveness of the proposed formulations is demonstrated via numerical examples, where remarkable length-scale effects can be found in the optimized topologies of gradient elastic solids as compared with linear elastic solids.
Implementation in a Changing Landscape: Provider Experiences During Rapid Scaling of Use of Evidence-Based Treatments

Abstract This study examined 133 service providers’ perspectives on a rapid shift to mandated evidence-based treatment delivery, utilizing an inductive coding process to capture themes present in their qualitative feedback. The majority of provider comments were negatively valenced, but attitudes varied considerably across response categories: comments regarding practice context and support were nearly uniformly negative, while comments regarding treatment fit and therapeutic consequences were more balanced. Treatment fit was the most commonly cited category; the fit to therapist (e.g., ease of use) subcategory was predominantly positive in contrast with the fit to client (e.g., flexibility) subcategory, which was predominantly negative. Results illustrate the intended and unintended consequences of large-scale implementation efforts on community providers, and may aid implementation researchers and system decision makers optimize the conditions under which community providers are asked to implement evidence-based treatment.
Identification of new tumor suppressor genes in triple-negative breast cancer

Although genomic sequencing has provided a better understating of the genetic landmarks in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), functional validation of candidate cancer genes (CCG) remains unsolved. In this study, we used a transposon mutagenesis strategy based on a two-step Sleeping Beauty (SB) forward genetic screen to identify and validate new tumor suppressors (TS) in this disease. We generated 120 siRNAs targeting 40 SB-identified candidate breast cancer TS genes and used them to downregulate expression of these genes in four human TNBC cell lines. Among CCG whose SB-mediated genetic mutation resulted in increased cellular proliferation in all cell lines tested, the genes ADNP, AP2B1, TOMM70A and ZNF326 showed tumor suppressor (TS) activity in tumor xenograft studies. Subsequent studies showed that ZNF326 regulated expression of multiple EMT and cancer stem cell (CSC) pathway genes. It also modulated expression of TS genes involved in the regulation of migration and cellular invasion and was a direct transcriptional activator of genes that regulate CSC self-renewal. ZNF326 expression associated with TNBC patient survival, with ZNF326 protein levels showing a marked reduction in TNBC. Our validation of several new tumor suppressor genes in TNBC demonstrate the utility of two-step forward genetic screens in mice, and offer an invaluable tool to identify novel candidate therapeutic pathways and targets.
Association Between Race, Neighborhood, and Medicaid Enrollment and Outcomes in Medicare Home Health Care.

Background/Objectives More than 3 million Medicare beneficiaries use home health care annually, yet little is known about how vulnerable beneficiaries fare in the home health setting. This is particularly important given the recent launch of Medicare's Home Health Value-Based Purchasing model. The objective of this study was to determine odds of adverse clinical outcomes associated with dual enrollment in Medicaid and Medicare as a marker of individual poverty, residence in a low-income ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA), and black race. Design Retrospective observational study using individuals-level logistic regression. Setting Home health care. Participants Fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries from 2012 to 2014. Measurements Thirty- and 60-day clinical outcomes, including readmissions, admissions, and emergency department (ED) use. Results Home health agencies serving a high proportion of dually enrolled, low-income ZCTA, or black beneficiaries were less often high-quality. Dually-enrolled, low-income ZCTA, and Black beneficiaries receiving home health care after hospitalization had higher risk-adjusted odds of 30-day readmission (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08, P < 0.001; OR = 1.03, P < 0.001; and OR = 1.02, P = 0.002 respectively) and 30-day ED use (OR = 1.20, 1.07, and 1.15, P < 0.001 for each). Those receiving home health care without preceding hospitalization had higher 60-day admission (OR = 1.06, P < 0.001; OR = 1.01, P = 0.002; and OR = 1.05, P < 0.001), and 60-day ED use (OR = 1.16, 1.03, and 1.19, P < 0.001 for each). Differences were primarily within agencies rather than between the agencies where these beneficiaries sought care. Conclusion Medicare beneficiaries receiving home health services who are dually enrolled, live in a low-income neighborhood, or are black have higher rates of adverse clinical outcomes. These populations may be an important target for quality improvement under Home Health Value-Based Purchasing.
Seamless transition of the operating zones for the extended-duty-ratio boost converter

An extended-duty-ratio (EDR) boost is a unique combination of interleaved, multiphase boost converter and switched capacitor configuration that achieves a high converter gain without increased switching losses as most of the switches experience only fractions of the output voltage depending on the number of phases M. For an M-phase EDR converter with different combinations of the operating modes, M operating zones can be identified, with each zone having distinct converter gain and current sharing properties. Inherent current sharing is possible in only one operating zone ((M − 1)/M ≤ D ≤ 1), whereas, the duty ratio modification is required to ensure the same for other operating zones. This duty ratio adjustment is unique in each zone with varying phase shift of the carrier signal. The adjustment scheme also affects the converter gain, thus making the operating zone transition a complex assignment. A controller has been designed to detect the zone transition and ensuring a smooth transition of the operating zones for a 3-phase EDR boost converter. The proposed concept is validated with simulation and experimental results from a 250 W, 3-phase EDR boost, GaN-based hardware prototype.