cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust Control for Unstart Recovery in Hypersonic Vehicles

In this work, preliminary results concerning the development of a fault-tolerant control scheme for hypersonic vehicles are presented to provide stable tracking of a suitable trajectory that may allow recovery from inlet unstart conditions. The fault-tolerant module is integrated in a previously developed ight control architecture that comprises a robust adaptive inner-loop controller and a self-optimizing guidance scheme. First, the performance of the baseline robust adaptive controller during the mode transition from start to unstart regime is analyzed. It is shown that the inner-loop controller succeeds in maintaining level ight in unstart regime until the limits of performance of the vehicles are reached. The selection of reference trajectories that maximize the endurance of the vehicle is obtained as a solution of an optimal control problem. The design of an adaptive tracking controller to follow a sub-optimal modication of these reference trajectories and its implementation in the ight controller is presented and simulation results are discussed.
Transfer of Escherichia coli O157: H7 from equipment surfaces to fresh-cut leafy greens during processing in a model pilot-plant production line with sanitizer-free water

Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination of fresh-cut leafy greens has become a public health concern as a result of several large outbreaks. The goal of this study was to generate baseline data for E. coli O157:H7 transfer from product-inoculated equipment surfaces to uninoculated lettuce during pilot-scale processing without a sanitizer. Uninoculated cored heads of iceberg and romaine lettuce (22.7 kg) were processed using a commercial shredder, step conveyor, 3.3-m flume tank with sanitizer-free tap water, shaker table, and centrifugal dryer, followed by 22.7 kg of product that had been dip inoculated to contain ~106, 104, or 102 CFU/g of a four-strain avirulent, green fluorescent protein–labeled, ampicillin-resistant E. coli O157:H7 cocktail. After draining the flume tank and refilling the holding tank with tap water, 90.8 kg of uninoculated product was similarly processed and collected in ~5-kg aliquots. After processing, 42 equipment surface samples and 46 iceberg or 36 romaine lettuce samples (25 g e...
Comparative Perspectives on Adoption of Children by Cohabiting, Nonmarital Couples and Partners

This article examines the Arkansas Adoption Act through five different perspectives. It first reviews the history of the Act and places it in proper context. The Act is then compared to adoption laws throughout the United States and how they treat same-sex and other unmarried couples. The article then reviews the stances taken around the globe with regards to adoption. The policy and legal arguments for and against adoption by same-sex and other unmarried couples are examined, and then the social science evidence is reviewed. The article concludes that prohibiting adoption by all cohabiting couples, regardless of sexual orientation, is a socially responsible, legally well-accepted, and scientifically well-justified public policy.
Underwater Robot Teleoperation System Based on Virtual Reality in Nuclear Power Plant

According to the control complexity and the peculiar working environment of the nuclear power plant underwater robot,a set of ground remote control system based on Pro/E and OpenGL is designed.This system can make the underwater robot semiautonomously set course and navigate with constant depth.Meanwhile,the system accepts,storages and playbacks the video shot by underwater robot.Combined the virtual 3Dreconstruction model of underwater robot with the environment images acquired by scanning sonar,the moving posture,location and operation condition of the underwater robot can be displayed in real time.Finally,the system realizes the small underwater robot BVR remote control with direct and reliable performance.
The role of the primary care physician in reducing work absenteeism and costs due to back pain.

In many cases, the primary physician may best serve his or her patient's interests by encouraging an early return to work and avoidance of adversarial proceedings. Though data are fragmentary, it seems likely that these goals will be promoted by reassuring patients about the good prognosis of acute back pain and by avoiding alarming terminology (e.g., "injury," "ruptured disc"). Patients have a great need for explanation of their symptoms, but this can usually be met by brief, clear explanations from the physician and need not require extensive diagnostic testing. In most cases, a parsimonious diagnostic approach is appropriate, and this may reinforce the message that the illness is not serious and should be self-limited. For patients without neurologic deficits, very brief if any bed rest is necessary, and an early (if gradual) return to work is usually feasible. Many faddish treatments are widely promoted but rarely tested in a rigorous way. Anti-inflammatory drugs and intervention with adverse lifestyles (sedentariness, smoking, and obesity) provide important therapeutic and preventive opportunities.
The HCV particle and its life cycle

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) belongs to the Hepacivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family of viruses.
Instructional Activities in a Discussion Board Forum of an e-Leaning Management System

This study was primarily interested in dynamic interactions between instructors and an e-learning Management System (Blackboard) with specific focus on the discussion board forum. We examined how instructors seek information to assess students’ input in an e-learning discussion board forum and determined which pedagogical features need to be improved to facilitate instructional activities. The findings suggest that the ability to easily track and respond to students’ post is the most important instructional activity to instructors while reading student posts and replying to students are the most frequent instructional activities. Interacting with students and facilitating group discussion are the most difficult instructional activities. Therefore, this study indicated that Blackboard discussion board designers may need to improve discussion board pedagogical features to make interaction with students and facilitating group discussion more convenient and accessible for instructors who must now forage for the information they need to assess student contributions.
Flow cytometry what you see matters: Enhanced clinical detection using image-based flow cytometry

Image-based flow cytometry combines the throughput of traditional flow cytometry with the ability to visually confirm findings and collect novel data that would not be possible otherwise. Since image-based flow cytometry borrows measurement parameters and analysis techniques from microscopy, it is possible to collect unique measures (i.e. nuclear translocation, co-localization, cellular synapse, cellular endocytosis, etc.) that would not be possible with traditional flow cytometry. The ability to collect unique outcomes has led many researchers to develop novel assays for the monitoring and detection of a variety of clinical conditions and diseases. In many cases, investigators have innovated and expanded classical assays to provide new insight regarding clinical conditions and chronic disease. Beyond human clinical applications, image-based flow cytometry has been used to monitor marine biology changes, nano-particles for solar cell production, and particle quality in pharmaceuticals. This review article summarizes work from the major scientists working in the field of image-based flow cytometry.
Book reviewRally ‘Round the Flag Boys!: South Carolina and the Confederate Flag, K. Michael Prince, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia (2004), 291 pages

The battles fought over the flying of the confederate flag atop the statehouse dome in Columbia, South Carolina are the subject of concern for K. Michael Prince in Rally ‘Round the Flag Boys. On th...
Surveying the forest: A meta-analysis, moderator investigation, and future-oriented discussion of the antecedents of voluntary employee turnover

Recent narrative reviews (e.g., Hom, Mitchell, Lee, and Griffeth, 2012; Hom, Lee, Shaw, and Hausknecht, 2017) advise that it is timely to assess the progress made in research on voluntary employee turnover so as to guide future work. To provide this assessment, we employed a three-step approach. First, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of turnover predictors, updating existing effect sizes and examining multiple new antecedents. Second, guided by theory, we developed and tested a set of substantive moderators, considering factors that might exacerbate or mitigate zero-order meta-analytic effects. Third, we examined the holistic pattern of results in order to highlight the most pressing needs for future turnover research. The results of Step 1 reveal multiple newer predictors and updated effect sizes of more traditional predictors, which have received substantially greater study. The results of Step 2 provide insight into the context-dependent nature of many antecedent–turnover relationships. In Step 3, our discussion takes a bird's-eye view of the turnover “forest” and considers the theoretical and practical implications of the results. We offer several research recommendations that break from the traditional turnover paradigm, as a means of guiding future study.
A New Species of Endopachys (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) from the Miocene of Florida

The genus Endopachys includes several species of Cenozoic and Recent solitary ahermatypic tropical corals characterized by their free, compressed cuneiform coralla, porous dendrophylliid structures, and septal insertion following the Pourtales plan. The type species is E. maclurii (Lea) from the middle and upper Eocene of the Gulf Coastal Plain (Figs. 4 ,5). Other species from the same terrain were described by Vaughan (1900) as E. lonsdalei, E. shaleri, and E. minuta. None are yet known from the later American Cenozoic with the exception of the subject of the present note, and the genus is extinct in America. However, it is still wide-spread in the indo-Pacific on sandy or mud bottoms in depths of 40 to 350 meters with the species E. grayi Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1848, which includes, according to Umbgrove (1950): E. japonicum Yabe & Eguchi, E. oahense Vaughan, and E . vaughani Durham-Recent of the Persian Gulf, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Hawaii, Gulf of California; and Neogene of J ava, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan. E. grayi lacks the distinctive paracostal ridges of the American forms, to which it can only be distantly related.
Therapeutic efficacy of statins and AICAR in mitochondrial dysfunction in EAE

Studies from various laboratories have provided evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of the CNS pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recently, we described that RhoA-ROCK-PPAR mediated activity of statins as well as activation of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) protect oligodendrocytes against inflammatory insults in EAE. EAE disease decreased the activation of AMPK whereas combination of lovastatin and AICAR, a specific activator of AMPK, improved the efficacy against clinical disease of EAE. As expected, mitochondrial activities of electron transport chain complexes and thus levels of ATP were decreased in the CNS of EAE as compared to control animals whereas treatment with combination of lovastatin and AICAR corrected the EAE induced mitochondrial dysfunctions while individual these drugs were partially effective. The loss of mitochondrial functions in EAE paralleled the decrease in decreased biogenesis of mitochondria as decreased in mitochondrial biogenesis proteins (PGC1α, SIRT1, and NRF1). Treatment of EAE animals with combination of AICAR and lovastatin corrected the expression of these proteins as well as increased the expression of PPARα/γ. These corrections of mitochondrial dysfunctions paralleled the levels of myelin proteins. These finding suggest that simultaneous targeting of RhoA-ROCK-PPAR signaling mechanisms by lovastatin and AMPK/PGC1α signaling mechanisms with AMPK activator AICAR provides greater neuroprotection, neurorepair, and hence improved efficacy. These findings highly relevant to improve the efficacy of statins observed in a recent study of patient with progressive MS (Chataway et al., Lancet 383:2213, 2014).
Does alignment of the limb and tibial width determine relative narrowing between compartments when planning mechanically aligned TKA

We determined (1) the range of the hip–knee–ankle (HKA) angle in the native or pre-arthritic limbs of patients with a contralateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA); and when mechanical alignment is planned (2) the relationships between the HKA angle and the tibial width, and the relative narrowing between the medial and lateral compartments and (3) the effect of tibial width on the range of narrowing. The HKA angle, distal lateral femoral angle (DLFA), and proximal medial tibial angle (PMTA) were measured on the native limb of 102 subjects (53 female) treated with contralateral TKA. The sine of the angle of the resection gap (PMTA minus 90° subtracted from the DLFA minus 90°) multiplied by the tibial width and by narrow (59 mm), average (75 mm), and wide (91 mm) tibias computed relative narrowing. The HKA angle ranged from 8° varus to − 7° valgus; 20% had constitutional varus (≥ 3°) and 11% constitutional valgus (≤ − 3°). The HKA angle strongly predicted (r 2 = 0.87) and tibial width weakly predicted (r 2 = 0.06) relative narrowing. For narrow, average, and wide tibias, the maximum medial narrowing was 9, 11, 14 mm and maximum lateral narrowing was 7, 9, and 11 mm, respectively (p < 0.0001). When mechanical alignment is planned, there is greater relative narrowing between compartments when the pre-arthritic limb greatly deviates from a 0° HKA angle and the tibia is wide. These limbs may need soft-tissue releases until neutral postoperative limb alignment of 0° and negligible varus–valgus laxity are achieved. IV, therapeutic study.
Calculated cross-sections for neutrino production of the intermediate boson

Cross-sections for neutrino production of the (hypothetical) intermediate boson of weak interactions, the W-boson, are calculated. The W-boson production reaction\(v_\ell + {\mathcal{N}} \to \ell + W + {\mathcal{N}}^ * \) and\(v_\ell + {\mathcal{N}} \to \ell + W + \Gamma \), where l is a charged lepton (electron or muon) andvl, its corresponding neutrino;\({\mathcal{N}}\), a nucleon;\({\mathcal{N}}^ * \), a nucleon resonance; and Γ, a nonresonant nucleon state, are considered in addition to the reactions\(v_\ell + {\mathcal{N}} \to \ell + W + {\mathcal{N}}\), andvl+Z+l+W+Z, where Z is a nucleus of chargeZ. The cross-sections are calculated up to large incident-neutrino energies,i.e. to regions where these (nonasymptotic) cross-sections increase ≈ proportional toEν, the incident-neutrino energy. Cross-sections up to this energy region are necessary for deducing a reliable lower limit onMw, the W-boson mass, from the observation of a horizontal flux of muons deep undergound.
“Cheerfulness and a Sense of Justice”: Dionysus, Nympholepsy, and the Religion of Joy

Barnett addresses a question posed by her previous chapter: if eighteenth-century England defined “pagan” as, essentially, “anti Christian,” what are the ideological and rhetorical implications of the second-generation romantics’ adoption of pagan imagery? Towards that end she analyzes appearances of such quintessentially pagan figures as Dionysus/Bacchus and his maenads, nymphs, Pan, and the Delphic pythia in the works of William Godwin and the Marlow society of “Athenians”—the Shelleys, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Love Peacock, John Hamilton Reynolds, and Horace Smith—and argues that paganism was for them both a beautiful nature-worship that had been crushed under the heel of Christianity’s sin and gloom and an expression of joy and freedom in the face of governmental control, conservative repression, and Tory disapproval.
Stochastic approximation for learning rate optimization for generalized relevance learning vector quantization

Herein the authors apply the stochastic approximation method of Kiefer and Wolfowitz to optimize learning rate selection for Generalized Relevance Learning Vector Quantization — Improved (GRLVQI) neural networks with application to Z-Wave cyber-physical device identification. Recent work on full factorial models for GRLVQI optimal settings has shown promise, but is computationally costly and not feasible for large datasets. Results using stochastic optimization illustrate show fast convergence to high classification rates.
Development of Improved, Radiation-Resistant Plastic and Liquid Scintillators for the SSC

Plastic scintillators available on the market suffer from radiation damage at doses much lower than the ones expected at the SSC. The two major effects are induced transmission losses and damage to the scintillating fluors. The dominant radiation-induced absorption effects in the blue part of the transmission spectrum can be remedied by the use of large Stokes shift fluors emitting in the green region above 500 nm. With these fluors, the newly produced scintillators based on polyvinyltoluene and polystyrene have greatly enhanced radiation resistance. In cases when even the improved plastic scintillators will fail, liquid scintillators can be used. When damaged, the active material can be replaced without dismounting detector modules. Contrary to expectations, our tests showed that standard liquid formulations are damaged at rather low radiation doses of 1–5 Mrad. Newly developed formulations are significantly more radiation resistant.
Data Analysis on Location-Based Social Networks

The rapid growth of location-based social networks (LBSNs) has greatly enriched people’s urban experience through social media, and attracted increasing number of users in recent years. Typical location-based social networking sites allow users to “check in” at a physical place and share the location with their online friends, and therefore bridge the gap between the real world and online social networks. The availability of large amounts of geographical and social data on LBSNs provides an unprecedented opportunity to study human mobile behavior through data analysis in a spatial–temporal–social context, enabling a variety of location-based services, from mobile marketing to disaster relief. In this chapter, we first introduce the background and framework of location-based mobile social networking. We next discuss the distinct properties, data analysis and research issues of location-based social networks, and present two illustrative examples to show the application of data mining to real-world location-based social networks.
Exploration of Additive Manufacturing for HTS Cable Components for Electric Aircrafts

High temperature Superconducting (HTS) technology has the potential to deliver the required power densities necessary for electric aircrafts. A promising HTS cable design for electric aircraft applications that we have been investigating is the Superconducting Gas-Insulated Transmission Line (S-GIL). The S-GIL requires insulator spacers that are compatible with cryogenic temperatures as well as the high electrical and mechanical stresses. One of the major mechanical stresses currently limiting the design options is the compatibility of insulation materials and designs for cryogenic temperatures and associated thermal shocks. This paper discusses the investigation of using various 3D printed materials to fabricate prototype insulator spacer designs for the S-GIL and evaluate their compatibility with the required cryogenic operating conditions. The studies demonstrated that several materials and designs selected show suitability to operate at cryogenic temperature and we plan to proceed with further mechanical and electrical characterization of the 3D printed components.
Hepatitis C Virus Manipulates Humans as its Favorite Host for a Long-Term Relationship

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection-associated liver disease is a global health problem. HCV often causes silent disease, and eventually progresses to end-stage liver disease. HCV infects hepatocytes; however, initial manifestation of liver disease is mostly displayed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), causing fibrosis/cirrhosis, and is believed to occur from inflammation in the liver. It remains unclear why HCV is not spontaneously cleared from infected liver in the majority of individuals and develops chronic infection with progressive liver disease. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) show excellent results in controlling viremia, although beneficial consequence in advanced liver disease remains to be understood. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge that has contributed to our understanding of the role of HCV in inflammation, immune evasion, metabolic disorders, liver pathogeneses, and efforts in vaccine development.
Assessing and minimizing the risk of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly present in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). These patients frequently present with more complex coronary artery d...
Private authentication

Frequently, communication between two principals reveals their identities and presence to third parties. These privacy breaches can occur even if security protocols are in use; indeed, they may even be caused by security protocols. However, with some care, security protocols can provide authentication for principals that wish to communicate while protecting them from monitoring by third parties. We discuss the problem of private authentication and present two protocols for private authentication of mobile principals. Our protocols allow two mobile principals to communicate when they meet at a location if they wish to do so, without the danger of tracking by third parties. We also present the analysis of one of the protocols in the applied pi calculus. We establish authenticity and secrecy properties. Although such properties are fairly standard, their formulation in the applied pi calculus makes an original use of process equivalences. In addition, we treat identity-protection properties, thus exploring a formal model of privacy.
Mass Shooting Films: Myths, Academic Knowledge, and Popular Criminology

The author compares cinematic constructions of mass shooting perpetrators, victims, and social factors against academic knowledge and news media to determine how films perpetuate myths, reinforce a...
Extension of Scalar to Vector Propagation Tomography — A Computer Numerical Approach

The basis for developing projection tomographic reconstruction algorithms has been the assumption of straight-line ray path propagation. But, in the case in which propagation occurs within discretely inhomogeneous media at wavelengths of the order of the size of the scatterer, phenomena such as refraction, reflection and diffraction can no longer be neglected and a straight-line projection tomographic approach fails. This is especially evident when a large difference in refractive index occurs, such as that encountered with electromagnetic dm-to-mm wave propagation in inhomogeneous media, representing hydrometeorite distributions, the marine ocean boundary layer, the ground surface underburden [23,25], or bone and soft layers within soft tissue [7,8]. In an effort to decrease the amount of energy imparted to the object, a long wavelength analysis was developed and applied to ultrasound tomography and diffraction tomography most recently. These extensions to ultrasonic projection tomography represented scalar diffraction along spherical wavefronts using Green’s functions. In an effort to increase the applicability of these methods to the electromagnetic case, it is natural to extend this scalar diffraction approach to the more general vector diffraction approach. An exact solution for the general vector scattering case which strictly requires a polarimetric radiative transfer approach, is not available. However, in this paper, the assumption is made that the medium is weakly diffracting so that an iteration scheme can be introduced which will converge in one iteration using the Born/Rytov first approximation. To compare with existing methods in diffraction tomography, we shall use a 1inear iteration scheme involving Green’s dyadic functions.
Producing Curved Surfaces in the Octahedron: Enrichment for Junior High School Students.

String art on an octahedron provides a viable way to teach and illustrate geometric concepts to junior high school students. This learning experience also furnishes an opportunity to correlate mathematics and art. Furthermore, artistic geometric constructions often stimulate junior high school students, particularly those who do not fare well in other areas of mathematics. After completing the following construction, students and teachers should agree that learning can be fun.
PlanetLab: nifty tools

PlanetLab is a set of two labs during which students build a planetary motion simulator. They are intended to serve as a fun end-of-the-semester review for CS 1. During the first lab, students use basic concepts (expressions, conditionals, loops, and arrays) to implement a simple simulator. During the second lab, students review more advanced topics by adding file I/O and/or inheritance.
Comparison of amplification via the acousto-electric effect of Rayleigh and Leaky-SAW modes in a monolithic surface InP:InGaAs/lithium niobate heterostructure

This paper demonstrates a monolithic surface acoustic wave amplifier fabricated by state-of-the-art heterogenous integration of a III-V InGaAs-based epitaxial material stack and LiNbO3. We compare ...
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) targeted Auger emitter is highly cytotoxic across a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines

1402 Objectives: Small molecule inhibitors of the nuclear enzyme PARP-1 constitute an emerging class of therapy for ovarian cancer. PARP-1 is also an attractive target for specific delivery of radionuclides directly to DNA (1). Such radiotherapeutic strategy was examined in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro using [125I]KX1, a novel small molecule PARP-1 inhibitor labeled with the Auger electron-emitting radionuclide iodine-125 (2). Methods: Seven ovarian cancer cell lines were each treated with various concentrations of [125I]KX1, non-radioactive PARP-1 inhibitor talazoparib, and non-DNA-targeting Auger emitter ([125I]MIBG) ± equimolar KX1. The survival fraction post-treatment was quantified with ATP bioluminescence assay. For each cell line and treatment condition, the effective drug concentration for 50% cell death (EC50) was calculated using a sigmoidal dose response curve. Dosimetry was then performed on four cell lines based on radiopharmacology and cellular geometry properties specific to each cell line. With Monte Carlo simulation using MIRDCell V2.1 (3), the radiation dose to the cell nucleus at 50% cell death (D50) was calculated. Results: The EC50 for [125I]KX1 for the seven cell lines ranged from 20 pM to 930 pM. [125I]KX1 caused cell death at concentrations 102-103 times lower than talazoparib and 101-102 times lower than [125I]MIBG ± equimolar KX1, demonstrating no cell kill by biochemical inhibition of PARP-1 at therapeutic doses. The sensitivity to [125I]KX1 was positively correlated with sensitivity to talazoparib (R2=0.64, p<0.05). Compared to EC50, the D50 values for [125I]KX1 for the four cell lines were relatively uniform at 1.5 - 4.4 Gy, with 63% less variability than EC50. The reduction in variability was mainly due to differences in target binding rather than cellular geometry. Sensitivity to [125I]KX1 was relatively unaffected by BRCA1 status: when BRCA1 was restored in UWB1.289 cell line, D50 and EC50 increased only by a factor of 1.3 and 2.1 respectively (p<0.01). Conclusions: In ovarian cancer cell lines, delivery of an Auger emitter to the cell nucleus by the radiolabeled PARP-1 inhibitor [125I]KX1 results in enhanced cytotoxicity without requiring enzymatic inhibition of PARP-1. Variable sensitivity to [125I]KX1 is explained by differential target binding rather than intrinsic radiosensitivity. This promising efficacy in vitro has potential to be examined in vivo in both BRCA mutant and wild-type tumors.
A Heuristic UTD Solution for Scattering by a Multilayer Anisotropic Slab

The previously developed heuristic uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) corner and wedge diffraction coefficients for a thin lossless anisotropic slab are generalized and applied for predicting electromagnetic scattering by a lossy/lossless multilayer anisotropic slab. The effective reflection and transmission coefficients of a multilayer slab are used in the heuristic formulation to determine the scattered fields. The heuristic coefficients derived for a thin slab are applied to a multilayer slab with a finite thickness. Numerical results are provided for various scattering problems that demonstrate validity of the heuristic formulations for a multilayer structure.
Is (your) database research having impact

Is your research having real impact? The ultimate test of the research done by this community is how it impacts society. Perhaps the most important metric of this impact is acceptance in the marketplace, i.e. incorporation into products that bring value to the purchaser. Merely publishing papers and getting them referenced has no intrinsic value unless the ideas therein are eventually used by someone. So let us ask ourselves candidly – is (my) database research having (positive) impact? Concisely: Are they buying my stuff? Have the “hot topics” of the past withstood the test of time by actually being used in products that sold? If so, what characteristics were instrumental in their success? And if not, why did something that got so many people excited fail to gain traction with users? Perhaps more importantly, what can we learn from our track record of the past in order to have better impact in the future? How can we better serve our user community by solving their real problems, not the ones we may imagine?
The role of credible commitments in state finance

Margaret Levi's Of Rule and Revenue raises a host of important problems in the theory of the state. It provides an important step in the development of a theory that combines economic and political institutions into the same framework, potentially allowing scholars to address important issues such as the divergent economic paths taken by various states. It will therefore be an important book, and warrants attention. This approach holds much promise for the development of a theory of institutional development of the state from the middle ages onward. I have tried to sketch some additional directions for the theory to develop, pointing toward the answer of questions not directly faced by Levi — or for that matter, by much of the public choice literature: How do we explain the evolution of a predatory state into one with explicit limits on its powers? How do we explain the rise of representative institutions? Answering these questions often requires looking beyond the individual state to its international context. Competition among states, especially in the form of war, plays a key role here, and has two consequences. First, a major consequence of large-scale wars was fiscal stress. At such times, even a preditory state might agree to exchange limitations on its own powers for revenue. Second, the brief discussion of early modern Europe suggests that states with limited government might have had a financial advantage over those which were not so limited. The latter played a major role in the successful Dutch revolt against Spain and in the English defeat of France.
A Valence Model of Elections and The Median-Crossing Property:A Diagrammatic Exposition

Voters value candidate characteristics such as honesty and competence. These are known as valence issues. In this paper, we consider the situation where candidates may have more than one valence characteristic of importance to the voters. At the same time we introduce a new concept "the median-crossing property" which differs from single-peakedness and is less restrictive than the single-crossing property. If indifference curves satisfy the median-crossing property, then voting is transitive and the majority's preference rankings coincide with those of the median voter; if the indifference curves violate the median-crossing property, then intransitivity may arise.
Tracking antigen- specific CD4+ T cells throughout the course of chronic Leishmania major infection in resistant mice

Primary Leishmania major infection typically produces cutaneous lesions that not only heal but also harbor persistent parasites. While the opposing roles of CD4(+) T-cell-derived IFN-γ and IL-10 in promoting parasite killing and persistence have been well established, how these responses develop from naive precursors has not been directly monitored throughout the course of infection. We used peptide:Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (pMHCII) tetramers to investigate the endogenous, parasite-specific primary CD4(+) T-cell response to L. major in mice resistant to infection. Maximal frequencies of IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) T cells were observed in the spleen and infected ears within a month after infection and were maintained into the chronic phase. In contrast, peak frequencies of IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells emerged within 2 weeks of infection, persisted into the chronic phase, and accumulated in the infected ears but not the spleen, via a process that depended on local antigen presentation. T helper type-1 (Th1) cells, not Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, were the chief producers of IL-10 and were not exhausted. Therefore, tracking antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells revealed that IL-10 production by Th1 cells is not due to persistent T-cell antigen receptor stimulation, but rather driven by early antigen encounter at the site of infection.
Independent associations of sodium intake with measures of body size and predictive body fatness.

Objective Observational studies highlight a possible relationship between sodium intake and obesity. This investigation explores the cross-sectional relationships between sodium intake and measures of body size and fatness (body mass index [BMI], weight, waist circumference, predictive body fatness). Methods Analyses were performed using data from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-10 with two 24-h dietary recalls and measures of body size and fatness (n = 4,613). Regression analyses assessed the relationships of sodium (1,000 mg/day) with outcomes, adjusting for caloric intake. Analyses are presented overall and by sex; data were weighted to be representative of the non-institutionalized US adult population. Results Positive associations between sodium intake and measures of body size and predictive body fatness were observed, and the magnitude of association was larger in women than in men. For each 1,000 mg/day higher sodium intake, BMI was 1.03 kg/m2 higher; weight was 2.75 kg higher; waist circumference was 2.15 cm higher; and predictive body fatness was 1.18% higher after adjustment for energy intake. Conclusions Longitudinal analyses examining associations between sodium intake and measures of body size and body fatness are needed.
Microwave Cooling of an Artificial Atom

Quantum computers need to be isolated from environmental disturbances including the effects of thermal noise. A method has been found to cool a quantum computing element to low temperatures relative to its surroundings.
Developmental Psychopathology from Family Systems and Family Risk Factors Perspectives: Implications for Family Research, Practice, and Policy

Author(s): Cowan, PA; Pape Cowan, C | Abstract: This chapter reviews family systems and developmental psychopathology, noting some aspects of the political /policy/practice context about the role of families in the development of psychopathology. To provide a focused account of family systems theory, it illustrates examples drawn primarily from the United States. After a brief historical look at how these theories have changed over time, the chapter illustrates how family systems and family risk factors approaches can be applied to the understanding of developmental psychopathology. It examines how family processes are implicated in explaining what happens when nonclinical families go through major life transitions, both expected and unexpected. The chapter then shows how formulations from a family systems or family risk factor perspective can provide value-added information, both in predicting the trajectories people follow in their journeys toward or away from diagnosed disorders, and in planning interventions for those at risk or distressed.
Introduction to special section on paratransit

Over the past few years, private taxi, jitneys, and other paratransit services have blossomed in cities around the world. Scholars have noticed. Two things stand out immediately. First, we don’t know very much about how taxi and paratransit services affect travel behavior and mode choices. Second, we know even less about who uses these systems. Because these services tend to serve niche populations, it is difficult to assess who an “average” rider is. What we do know about taxi services and paratransit is that they are important complements of—and occasional substitutes for—conventional fixed-route transit. This special section of the Journal of Transport and Land Use presents three articles in which the authors examine complementary travel modes to conventional public transit systems. Together these three papers provide evidence of how informal and nontraditional transit operates in conjunction with established transit services as well as competes with certain types of services.
Similar efficacy of 6 and 18 months of therapy with four drugs (COMP) for localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of children: a report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group.

Successful treatment of localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in childhood with 18 months of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate (MTX), and prednisone (COMP) prompted a randomized clinical trial to determine whether a 6-month course of the same therapy was as effective as an 18-month course when combined with local irradiation. Two successive Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG) protocols (CCG 551 and CCG 501) entered 232 eligible patients from October 1979 until April 1986. Initially, all children with localized disease were considered eligible, but by a subsequent amendment, those with lymphoblastic (LB) histology were excluded. Hence, the study population consisted of 211 patients with nonlymphoblastic (NLB) and 21 with LB disease. Early relapses (before 6 months) occurred in 13 patients with NLB histology. Late relapses were seen in seven patients, three with LB histology. Among the 104 randomized patients who followed the prescribed therapy, there were four recurrences and no differences betw...
Measurement of capillary filtration coefficient in a solid tumor.

The net transvascular filtration rate, JF (ml/min/100 g), in an isolated, RBC-free perfused R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma tumor was measured using a gravimetric method whereby changes in tissue weight over time were monitored. From the gravimetric measurements of JF following changes in venous pressure, the capillary filtration coefficient (ml/min/mm Hg/100 g) was found to be 2.2 (range, 0.8-2.8), i.e., 10 to 1000 times higher than those found in several normal tissues and within the range of those reported for glomerular capillaries. These measurements of capillary filtration coefficient are consistent with elevated tumor interstitial fluid pressure, interstitial fluid flow, and peritumor edema.
Potential changes in weed competitiveness in an agroecological system with elevated temperatures

Abstract Increases in temperature due to global climate changes could significantly impact weed competitiveness and crop–weed interactions. Factors contributing to the responsiveness of a plant species to increasing temperature include the inherent genetic limitations of the species and the ability to acquire water and nutritional resources. The purpose of this study was to examine the temperature responses of selected species from a model agronomic system in the Southeastern U.S.: soybean ( Glycine max ), sicklepod ( Senna obtusifolia ) and prickly sida ( Sida spinosa ). We also determined temperature effects on mycorrhizal colonization and development of the soybean N 2 -fixation system, two below-ground associations critical for resource acquisition. The species were grown at 42/37 (day/night), 36/31, 32/27, 28/23, or 23/18 °C for 30 days in a field soil with naturally low fertility. Growth of the weed species was maximized at a higher temperature than that for soybean, 36/31 °C versus 32/27 °C, probably reflecting different geographical origins. At the optimal temperature, weeds had higher root:shoot mass ratios (1.3–1.5 versus 0.9) than soybean, and greater mycorrhizal colonization. In soybean, nodule weights, numbers, and total nitrogenase activity were highest at the growth temperature optimum but decreased considerably at higher temperatures. The results collectively indicate that increases in aerial temperatures above ∼32 °C would enhance weed competitiveness. Increased interference with soybean growth and yields should be expected.
Wetting front instability as a rapid and far-reaching hydrologic process in the vadose zone

Abstract Wetting front instability in the vadose zone causes the formation of fingers which can rapidly transport both water and solute to the phreatic surface. The development of the unstable flow field in laboratory experiments is described for an initially dry, two-layer sand system, in which the top layer has a finer texture than the bottom layer. The effect of repeated infiltration cycles and of initial moisture content at field capacity are presented. Fingers once formed in the dry porous media are found to not change location even after several infiltration events. Only saturation and subsequent drainage alters the finger structure within the chamber. In Eastern Long Island, New York, USA, field infiltration experiments using the combination of two dyes showed that water moved through finger-like structures.
EXPERIMENTAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : I. FIBROUS PLAQUE FORMATION IN PRIMATES, AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY

Arteriosclerotic lesions have been produced in monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) by selective removal of the vascular endothelium with an intra-arterial balloon catheter. Immediately after de-endothelialization a platelet layer covers the denuded area. This thrombus is gradually removed and by 7 days the vessel appears to be largely reendothelialized. Beginning at day 4, smooth muscle cells undergo modification and migrate through fenestrae in the internal elastic lamina into the intima where they proliferate. By 28 days, the intimal lesion consists of multiple layers of smooth muscle cells surrounded by collagen and elastic fibers and basement-like material. After 3 months the lesions are markedly hyperplastic and contain new extracellular connective tissue elements. In contrast, with no further injury after 6 months the lesion has decreased markedly in size suggesting that it may be reversible in the absence of continued endothelial injury. The importance of endothelial "injury" exposing medial smooth muscle to plasma constituents may be the principal factors associated with the migration and proliferation of the smooth muscle cells into the intima resulting in the lesion. The smooth muscle cells do not contain lipid. The similarities of this lesion to the fibromusculo-elastic lesion or preatherosclerotic intimal hyperplasia in man makes it a useful model for the further study of atherosclerosis.
Common mechanisms underlying perseverative and non‐perseverative sound and word substitutions

Background: Perseverations of sounds and words are common errors in aphasia. Understanding their mechanisms is of considerable interest to theories of word retrieval and also to treatment of anomia. Here, we explore the hypothesis that perseveration errors are generated by the same mechanisms as non‐perseverative errors: weak activation of the intended word in the context of a competition from other activated words. This research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders) R01 DC01924 to Temple University (PI: N. Martin) and R01 DC00191 to Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute (PI: M.F. Schwartz). We thank Paula Sobel and Adelyn Brecher who were responsible for patient testing, scoring, and data management. We are also grateful to Dana Bitetti, Lianne DiMarco, Stephanie Tempest, and Francine Kohen for their assistance in data organisation and analyses. Finally, we thank Myrna Schwartz for helpful discussions that contributed ...
Increased incorporation of 14C-uridine into rat brain RNA as a result of novel electroshock.

MILD electroshock is used as an aversive stimulus in many kinds of learning experiments with rats and mice. Some workers have correlated changes in brain RNA concentration with learning1–3 so it seemed of interest to isolate, as well as possible, the elements in a learning situation and to determine their contribution to the observed changes in RNA.
Can children use a verb without exposure to its argument structure

We hypothesize that canonical sentence schemas (e.g. Agent—verb-Patient) can sometimes assign argument structure to verbs. In particular, they provide a default argument structure early in learning when a verb's lexical entry may record the nature of the action but lack a specific argument structure. To test the theory and its application to causative verb errors (e.g. stay it there), novel action verbs were modelled, some as causative, some as intransitive, and some unmarked for transitivity. Spontaneous usage was recorded, along with responses to agent-questions (‘What is the [Agent] doing?’) and patient-questions (‘What is the [Patient] doing?’). Comparable data were obtained for familiar English verbs, some of fixed and some of optional transitivity. Subjects were willing to use all novel verbs both transitively and intransitively, although adults respected assigned transitivity more than children. All subjects largely respected the transitivity of familiar verbs. The discourse pressure of the agent- and patient-questions greatly affected observed transitivity. No evidence was found for the intransitive-to-causative derivational process postulated by Bowerman. We propose that the kind of causativity error observed by Bowerman is due to assignment of argument structure from canonical sentence schemas, especially under pressure of a need to make a sentence with a particular argument (Agent or Patient) as subject. The theory has the advantage of explaining errors without postulating the acquisition of erroneous lexical entries that have to be unlearned, and it can be extended to other kinds of errors in the choice and placement of arguments.
Advocacy and Accessibility Standards in the New Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors

This article addresses the changes in the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification’s 2010 Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors as they relate to Section C: Advocacy and Accessibility. Ethical issues are identified and discussed in relation to advocacy skills and to advocacy with, and on behalf of, the client; to attitudinal barriers as well as barriers to access; and to referral accessibility. Other areas of discussion include knowledge of benefit systems, physical and service accessibility in counseling practice, and confidentiality in regard to advocacy counseling.
Geographic variation in opinions on climate change at state and local scales in the USA

Action on climate change requires public support. A study of public opinion in the United States reveals substantial variation across the nation.