cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An examination of the hexane extract of flue-cured tobacco involving gel permeation chromatography☆

Abstract Techniques have been investigated for separating the hexane extract of flue-cured tobacco into classes based on polarity and molecular size. The method developed, which depends upon counter-current distribution for polarity separation and gel permeation chromatography for molecular size separation, is reproducible, non-destructive, and permits quantitative recovery. Its applicability has been demonstrated by the isolation and identification of several compounds and classes of compounds by following it with conventional chromatographic techniques (column, thin-layer, and gas/liquid chromatography). Among the substances isolated were glycerides, solanesol esters, sterol esters (including cholesterol esters), solanochromene (plastochromenol-8), solanesol, α-tocopherol, β-amyrin, and sterols (including cholesterol). Molecular weight determinations indicated that 70 per cent of the non-basic hexane extract was below 800 in molecular weight.
A fast tour design method using non-tangent v-infinity leveraging transfer

The announced missions to the Saturn and Jupiter systems renewed the space community interest in simple design methods for gravity assist tours at planetary moons. A key element in such trajectories are the V-Infinity Leveraging Transfers (VILT) which link simple impulsive maneuvers with two consecutive gravity assists at the same moon. VILTs typically include a tangent impulsive maneuver close to an apse location, yielding to a desired change in the excess velocity relative to the moon. In this paper we study the VILT solution space and derive a linear approximation which greatly simplifies the computation of the transfers, and is amenable to broad global searches. Using this approximation, Tisserand graphs, and heuristic optimization procedure we introduce a fast design method for multiple-VILT tours. We use this method to design a trajectory from a highly eccentric orbit around Saturn to a 200-km science orbit at Enceladus. The trajectory is then recomputed removing the linear approximation, showing a Δv change of <4%. The trajectory is 2.7 years long and comprises 52 gravity assists at Titan, Rhea, Dione, Tethys, and Enceladus, and several deterministic maneuvers. Total Δv is only 445 m/s, including the Enceladus orbit insertion, almost 10 times better then the 3.9 km/s of the Enceladus orbit insertion from the Titan–Enceladus Hohmann transfer. The new method and demonstrated results enable a new class of missions that tour and ultimately orbit small mass moons. Such missions were previously considered infeasible due to flight time and Δv constraints.
Glottographic measures before and after levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease.

Objectives: Investigate the usefulness of acoustic and glottographic measures for detecting effects of levodopa (L-dopa) treatment on vocal function of individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Study Design: Compare recordings of vowels sustained at a target comfortable loudness level obtained before and after L-dopa treatment from 15 individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease showing signs of tremor. Methods: A simultaneous acoustic, airflow, and electroglottographic recording technique was employed to record vowels phonated by subjects before and after L-dopa treatment. Algorithms were developed to derive from the recorded signal measures of fundamental frequency, SPL, airflow rate, speed quotient (ratio of glottal opening to closing time time), and short- and long-term phonatory instability. A series of paired Student t tests or signed rank tests were performed to compare the pretreatment and posttreatment groups on these measures. Results: Measures of speed quotient, acoustic shimmer (cycle-to-cycle amplitude perturbation), and the extent of tremor derived from acoustic intensity contours were found to significantly decrease after medication. Sound pressure level tended to increase after medication. The acoustic jitter (cycle-to-cycle frequency perturbation) and the extent of tremor derived from airflow signals did not significantly differentiate between premedication and postmedication voices. Conclusions: Objective measures of acoustic and electroglottographic signals are useful in monitoring the pharmacologic response of Parkinson's disease, reflecting decrease of laryngeal rigidity and short- and long-term acoustic amplitude fluctuation after L-dopa treatment.
Could Taking Antioxidants Become a Concern to Good Health

Abstract With all the hype surrounding antioxidants and vitamins in general, many important facts have been overlooked. Some vitamins can be toxic in large quantities, and therapeutic doses of vitamins may provide no greater effect than eating healthy food or taking regular supplement doses. Although there are positive studies regarding supplementation, some of the best and most recent research is showing lack of positive effect and possible detrimental effict of mega doses of vitamins. The industry of “vitamin pushers” would have the public believe that not only are vitamins necessary for normal health, but they also cure and prevent ailments as serious as cancer. Is it true? Some of the new and most disturbing facts about antioxidants include some discoveries such as: vitamin E, vitamin A, and beta carotene may actually promote cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Vitamin C has been shown to promote kidney stones, destroy vitamin B12, and worsen diabetes and diabetic cataracts. Vitamin C also is linked to...
Effects of membrane lipids and -proteins and cytoskeletal proteins on the kinetics of cholesterol exchange between high density lipoprotein and human red blood cells, ghosts and microvesicles.

Abstract To better understand the effectsof plasma membrane lipids and proteins and the cytoskeleton on the kinetics of cellular cholesterol efflux, the effects of (1), selectively depleting either sphingomyclin (SM) or phosphatidylcholine (PC); (2), cross-linking the cytoskeleton, and (3), removing certain cytoskeletal and integral membrane proteinson radiolabelled cholesterol efflux from red blood cells (RBC) have been studied. When RBC were treated with either phospholipase A2 or sphingomyelinase C to hydrolyze either 30–40% of the PC or 40–50% of the SM, respectively, the halftimes (t 1 2 ) for cholesterol efflux to excess HDL3 were not significantly altered, with the values being 4.4 ± 0.9 h or 3.7 ± 0.4 h, respectively, compared to 4.6 ± 0.6 h for control RBC. To investigate the effects of the cytoskeleton on the rate of free cholesterol (FC) desorption from the plasma membrane, the cytoskeletal proteins were cross-linked by either heat-treatment or exposure to diamide and cholesterol efflux from ghosts of these cells was measured. Cross-linking the cytoskeletal proteins by diamide treatment resulted in no significant change in t 1 2 for treated (3.6 ± 0.6 h) compared to control (4.2 ± 0.4 h) ghosts: this suggest that the cytoskeleton does not play a large role in modulating cholesterol efflux. To investigate the effects of membrane proteins on cholesterol efflux. RBC microvesicles, containing mainly band 3 and 4 proteins and little of the cytoskeletal proteins, such as spectrin (bands 1,2) or actin (band 5), were obtained by incubation with the ionophore A23187. With excess HDL3 present, microvesicles exhibited a t 1 2 of 4.2 ± 1.9 h (compared to the t 1 2 of 4.2 ± 0.4 h for control ghosts). The results described in this paper suggest that neither changing the SM/PC ratio in the membrane nor cross-linking the cytoskeletal proteins nor removing the cytoskeleton changes the t 1 2 for cholesterol efflux to excess HDI3. Presumably, the cholesterol-phospholipid interactions are insensitive to these perturbations in membrane structure.
Effect of Chronic Poisoning by Emetine on Oxidative Process in Rat Heart II: Effects on Oxidation of Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Metabolism

An investigation of the effects of chronic emetine poisoning on certain oxidative processes in rat heart and liver was conducted. Conventional manometric techniques were employed to study the respiration of the tissue preparations in the presence of various citric acid cycle intermediates. In addition, the effect of chronic emetine poisoning on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels in rat myocardium was studied utilizing a spectrophotometric assay. In animals chronically poisoned by emetine, the oxygen uptake by heart homogenates respiring in the presence of citrate, malate, or α-ketoglutarate was lower than that obtained with homogenates prepared from sham-injected control animals. With succinate as the substrate, however, this effect was not observed. Liver homogenates prepared from emetinepoisoned rats did not show an impaired ability to oxidize any of the substrates, including succinate, which were employed in the experiments with heart homogenates. Since succinate is not considered to be a prime substrate in the synthesis of high-energy phosphate intermediates by heart muscle, it is possible that the inhibition of the oxidation of certain metabolites, other than succinate, which have a greater potential for the synthesis of these energy rich compounds, may contribute to the apparent hypersensitivity of this organ to emetine. A considerable amount of experimental evidence indicates that in the oxidation of citrate, malate, or α-ketoglutarate electron transport involves the nicotinamide adenine nucleotides. With succinate, however, the electrons enter the transport system at the flavin nucleotide step. Under the conditions of this experiment, no changes were noted in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels in heart homogenates prepared from emetine-poisoned rats when compared to sham-injected control animals.
Hypopituitarism after stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas.

BACKGROUND Studies of new-onset Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)-induced hypopituitarism in large cohort of pituitary adenoma patients with long-term follow-up are lacking. OBJECTIVE We investigated the outcomes of SRS for pituitary adenoma patients with regard to newly developed hypopituitarism. METHODS This was a retrospective review of patients treated with SRS at the University of Virginia between 1994 and 2006. A total of 262 patients with a pituitary adenoma treated with SRS were reviewed. Thorough endocrine assessment was performed immediately before SRS and in regular follow-ups. Assessment consisted of 24-hour urine free cortisol (patients with Cushing disease), serum adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, testosterone (men), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and free T(4). RESULTS Endocrine remission occurred in 144 of 199 patients with a functioning adenoma. Tumor control rate was 89%. Eighty patients experienced at least 1 axis of new-onset SRS-induced hypopituitarism. The new hypopituitarism rate was 30% based on endocrine follow-up ranging from 6 to 150 months; the actuarial rate of new pituitary hormone deficiency was 31.5% at 5 years after SRS. On univariate and multivariate analyses, variables regarding the increased risk of hypopituitarism included suprasellar extension and higher radiation dose to the tumor margin; there were no correlations among tumor volume, prior transsphenoidal adenomectomy, prior radiation therapy, and age at SRS. CONCLUSION SRS provides an effective and safe treatment option for patients with a pituitary adenoma. Higher margin radiation dose to the adenoma and suprasellar extension were 2 independent predictors of SRS-induced hypopituitarism.
Suitability of UMTS to Act as an Ad Hoc Network Gateway for VoIP Services

An analytical evaluation of the ability for a node containing both 802.11b and UMTS radios to act as a gateway for real-time data applications between an 802.11b ad hoc network and an UMTS system is presented. Capacity estimates, characterized in terms of the number of VoIP streams that one node can relay simultaneously, along with throughput and delay characteristics are presented and evaluated. Factors limiting each portion of the network are also identified and potential solutions are presented where applicable.
A Counselor's Guide to the Assessment of Depression

This article discusses various methods and procedures for assessing depression in clients. The following eight clinician rating and client self-report measures of depression are reviewed on the basis of their psychometric properties and applied pragmatic utility: the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Scale 2 (Depression), the Depression Adjective Checklists, the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90, and the Children's Depression Inventory.
Interspecific size regularities in tropical felid assemblages.

I extend an earlier analysis of size relationships in Neotropical cats to felid assemblages in tropical Africa and Asia. Jaw length is the size measure, which apparently correlates well with modal prey size. Each assemblage contains two species (“convergents”) that are indistinguishable in jaw length. When, the convergent species are treated as separate entities, there is little evidence of even ratios, but there is a tendency for ratios to be larger on average than expected by random assembly, especially among the larger species. This tendency may reflect greater prey size variance for the large species or fewer alternatives to prey size as a basis for niche segregation among large species. Extreme evenness in size ratios observed among the larger Neotropical cats is not repeated in the other assemblages. Because demonstration of strong size ratio evenness depends on merging the convergents, the significance of such regularity must await greater knowledge of the habits of the convergent species. Differences between the convergent species in habitat use or predatory behavior are suggested by the fact that in each convergent pair, one species has dappled (striped or spotted) coat coloration and the other a plain coat.
Blunt versus sharp uterine incision expansion during low transverse cesarean delivery: A metaanalysis

Objective We sought to review and update available evidence regarding outcomes after cesarean delivery (CD) using blunt vs sharp expansion of the uterine incision. Study Design We queried the database of PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, 1946 through December 2013), the Cochrane Library Database of Systematic Reviews, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Web of Science. All relevant bibliographies were reviewed. Randomized controlled trials comparing blunt with sharp expansion of the lower segment during CD were evaluated for inclusion and methodological quality. The primary outcome was occurrence of unintended extensions. Secondary outcomes were drop in hematocrit or hemoglobin and estimated maternal blood loss, need for transfusion, operative time, use of uterotonics, rate of endometritis, and neonatal outcomes. Data extraction, analysis, and results were based on the preferred reporting items for systematic review and metaanalysis guidelines. Results Six randomized controlled trials (2908 patients) were included. Blunt expansion technique was associated with lower drop in postoperative hematocrit (weighted mean difference [WMD], –1.07%; P = .05) and hemoglobin (WMD, –0.64 g/dL; P P P P > .05). There were no differences in the rates of blood transfusion, endometritis, use of uterotonics, and neonatal outcomes between both techniques. Conclusion Blunt expansion of uterine incision during CD is associated with less unintended extensions and favorable maternal outcomes. Although the drop in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and operative times were in favor of blunt expansion, the degree of reduction may not be clinically relevant.
Lifetime Exergy Consumption as a Sustainability Metric for Enterprise Servers

As the use of information technology becomes more ubiquitous, the need for data processing and storage capabilities increases. This results in the construction and operation of large data centers—facilities that house thousands of servers and serve as the backbone for all types of computational processes. Unfortunately, as processing power and storage capacity increases, so does the corresponding power and cooling requirements of the data centers. Several studies have examined the efficiency of data centers by focusing on server and cooling power inputs, but this fails to capture the data center’s entire impact. To accomplish this, the use of a lifetime exergy (available energy) analysis is proposed. This study first details the development of a lifetime exergy consumption model designed specifically for data center analysis. To create a database of computer components, a disassembly analysis was performed, and the results are detailed. By combining the disassembly analysis of a server with the aggregation of energy and material data, a more rigorous and useful assessment of the server’s overall impact is demonstrated. The operation of the lifetime exergy consumption model is demonstrated by case studies examining the effects of variance in transportation and cooling strategies. The importance of transportation modes and material mass, which are greatly affected by supply chain parameters, is shown. The impact of static and dynamic cooling within data centers is also demonstrated.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Lessons from characterizating the input/output behavior of parallel scientific applications

Abstract As both processor and interprocessor communication hardware is evolving rapidly with only moderate improvements to file system performance in parallel systems, it is becoming increasingly difficult to provide sufficient input/output (I/O) performance to parallel applications. I/O hardware and file system parallelism are the key to bridging this performance gap. Prerequisite to the development of efficient parallel file systems is the detailed characterization of the I/O demands of parallel applications. In the paper, we present a comparative study of parallel I/O access patterns, commonly found in I/O intensive scientific applications. The Pablo performance analysis tool and its I/O extensions is a valuable resource in capturing and analyzing the I/O access attributes and their interactions with extant parallel I/O systems. This analysis is instrumental in guiding the development of new application programming interfaces (APIs) for parallel file systems and effective file system policies that respond to complex application I/O requirements.
Patterning-induced surface chirality and modulation of director twist in a nematic cell

A substrate coated with a polyimide alignment layer is scribed bidirectionally with the stylus of an atomic force microscope to create an easy axis for liquid-crystal orientation. The resulting noncentrosymmetric topography breaks two-dimensional inversion symmetry and results in a spatial amplitude modulation of an imposed twisted nematic state. This is observed optically as spatially periodic light and dark stripes. When the alignment layer is scribed unidirectionally the centrosymmetric topography maintains inversion symmetry, and no stripes are observed. The appearance of the twist modulation is consistent with a chiral term in the free energy.
An active cochlear model showing sharp tuning and high sensitivity

Recent in vivo measurements of cochlear-partition motion indicate very high sensitivity and sharp mechanical tuning similar to the tuning of single cochlear nerve fibers. Our experience with mathematical models of the cochlea leads us to believe that this type of mechanical response requires the presence of active elements in the cochlea. We have developed an active cochlear model which incorporates negative damping components; this model produces partition displacement in good agreement with many of the mechanical and neural tuning characteristics which have been observed in vivo by other researchers. We suggest that the negative damping components of our model may represent an active mechanical behavior of the outer hair cells, functioning in the electromechanical environment of the normal cochlea.
Effects of Vacuum and Pulsation Ratio on Udder Health

Effects of vacuum and pulsation ratio on udder health were studied for 36 first parity animals in a 60-day trial. Treatments consisted of vacuum at 33.3, 41.6, and 50 kPa at pulsation ratios of 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30 at 60 pulsations per min. All teats were exposed to a culture broth of Staphylococcus aureus after machine removal. Numbers of intramammary infections and somatic cells were determined. Analysis for number of intramammary infections indicated no significant differences among treatments for number of infected available quarters. Trend for intramammary infections was that as pulsation ratio widened, the number of infected available quarters increased, especially at the ratio 70:30. As vacuum increased, number of infected available quarters increased. Least squares means of Wisconsin Mastitis Test scores were 6.29, 5.57, and 6.68 for 33.3 kPa; 12.18, 3.82, and 7.86 for 41.6 kPa; and 9.11, 6.40, and 15.02 for 50 kPa at pulsation ratios 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30. There were significant differences among treatments for vacuum and pulsation ratio. Wisconsin Mastitis Test data indicated an interaction between vacuum and pulsation ratio. Optimum predicted vacuum and pulsation ratio based on Wisconsin Mastitis Test data were 27.2 kPa and 62:38.
ON THE REPORTED SOLUBILIZATION OF CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF DNA.

Boyland & Green (1962 b ) , as well as Liquori, DeLerma, Ascoli, Botre & Trasciatti (1962) , have reported the solubilization of 3,4-benzpyrene and related compounds by dilute solutions of DNA and the former authors have interpreted their results as providing evidence for the intercalation of the planar hydrocarbon between the base pairs in the double helical molecule of DNA. These workers ground solid hydrocarbon with dilute aqueous solutions of DNA and measured the absorption spectrum of the supernatant solution from a centrifugation (Boyland & Green) or of a filtrate through a sintered glass filter (Liquori et al. ), and concluded that this was a measure of the solubilization of the hydrocarbons by DNA. We have shown clearly that under these conditions an aqueous colloidal suspension of the hydrocarbon is formed that can be sedimented completely with high-speed centrifugation or filtered completely by Millipore niters of uniform pore size. The only role the DNA plays in this phenomenon is to stabilize the colloid to some extent. This effect can be duplicated with the use of soap instead of DNA. Thus the above cited evidence for the in vitro , non-enzymic interaction of carcinogenic hydrocarbons with DNA, and the interpretation of intercalation, are invalid.
ODTLES simulations of wall-bounded flows

ODTLES is a novel multi-scale model for 3D turbulent flow based on the one-dimensional-turbulence model of Kerstein [“One-dimensional turbulence: Model formulation and application to homogeneous turbulence, shear flows, and buoyant stratified flows,” J. Fluid Mech. 392, 277 (1999)]. Its key distinction is that it is formulated to resolve small-scale phenomena and capture some 3D large-scale features of the flow with affordable simulations. The present work demonstrates this capability by considering four types of wall-bounded turbulent flows. This work shows that spatial profiles of various flow quantities predicted with ODTLES agree fairly well with those from direct numerical simulations. It also shows that ODTLES resolves the near-wall region, while capturing the following 3D flow features: the mechanism increasing tangential velocity fluctuations near a free-slip wall, the large-scale recirculation region in lid-driven cavity flow, and the secondary flow in square duct flow.
The dimensions of reference and instructional services and the challenge of “keeping up”

Purpose – For front‐line reference and instruction librarians, for public service managers and administrators, “keeping up” today is indeed a tall order. The purpose of this paper is to present the broad dimensions of reference and instructional services in today's academic, public and special libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents the articles in this issue of RSR as reflecting the multifaceted dimensions of reference and instructional services in libraries of all sizes and types.Findings – Experienced academic librarians know that staying abreast of what is happening in academe, of developments in information technology, and of current events in related fields, constitutes one of the critical (and often vexing) challenges facing one's peers and colleagues. A myriad resources exist to help one to keep up with change, new developments, technology, and trends, including, for example, Weblogs, listservs, web sites, e‐mail, newspapers, scholarly journals in library and information science...
Colocolonic intussusception after colonoscopy.

cortex, but no pneumocephalus was seen. The working diagnosis was systemic air embolism (AE) complicated by cerebral ischemia in the setting of a PFO. AE is a rare complication of ERCP1; a recent review dentified 20 cases reported in the medical literature beween 1988 and 2010.2 This is the first case in the literature f AE occurring with the intraductal balloon system. AE may be asymptomatic as it often occurs with regional mbolism3 (ie, portal venous gas) or may present with cariac arrest,4 hypoxia, shock, or cerebral ischemia.5 For sysemic embolization of air to occur, there are 2 requirements: 1) entry of air into the circulation and (2) the presence of a Figure 2. CT of the brain reveals trace pneumocephalus.
Fouling surface finish evaluation

Abstract Fouling of a surface takes place as the result of a series of complex reactions that cause deposits to form on process surfaces. For many conditions, fouling can be reduced but not necessarily eliminated. The materials considered here are: carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminium with typical finishes. Sample plates were placed vertically in tanks and exposed to untreated lake water for various time periods. Results are presented that compare surface roughness over time, for the materials/surfaces considered. The progressive change in surface appearance with increasing immersion times is also presented. Stainless steel samples showed a relatively small change in surface appearance for most periods of immersion, with a small increase in surface deterioration for increasing immersion times. Brite aluminum, an aluminium alloy with an anodized surface film, performs similar to stainless steels. Cold rolled carbon steel has the largest variation of surface appearance over time. This review includes observations on fouling and process surface materials/finishes. Conclusions and observations regarding the materials that are commonly used in designs when fouling may be a concern are presented here. Photographs of material frontal surfaces and transient surface roughness are given for a variety of surfaces.
Resolution of matrix effects on analysis of total and methyl mercury in aqueous samples from the Florida Everglades

Aqueous samples from the Florida Everglades present several problems for the analysis of total mercury (HgT) and methyl mercury (MeHg). Constituents such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and sulfide at selected sites present particular challenges due to interferences with standard analytical techniques. This is manifested by 1) the inability to discern when bromine monochloride (BrCl) addition is sufficient for sample oxidation for HgT analysis; and 2) incomplete spike recoveries using the distillation/ethylation technique for MeHg analysis. Here, we suggest ultra-violet (UV) oxidation prior to addition of BrCl to ensure total oxidation of DOC prior to HgT analysis and copper sulfate (CuSO4) addition to aid in distillation in the presence of sulfide for MeHg analysis. Despite high chloride (Cl-) levels, we observed no effects on MeHg distillation/ethylation analyses.
Job Perception–Job Satisfaction Relations: An Empirical Comparison of Three Competing Theories

Abstract Alternative conceptions of the relationship between job perceptions and job satisfaction were tested using survey responses from 450 engineers. One model, based on Job Characteristics Theory (JCT) (e.g., Hackman & Lawler, 1971), predicted that job perceptions lead to job satisfaction (JP → Sat). A second model, based on Social Information Processing (SIP) theory (e.g., Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978) and Zajonc′s (1980) theory, predicted that job satisfaction leads to job perceptions (Sat → JP). A third model, which specified a reciprocal relationship between perceptions and satisfaction (JP ↔ Sat), was developed based on James′ theory (e.g., James, Hater, Gent, & Bruni, 1978). Supervisors′ ratings of departmental characteristics were used as contextual variables along with individual difference measures as antecedents of job perceptions and job satisfaction. Model contrasts performed using LISREL VII yielded clear support for the reciprocal model based on James′ theory, in contrast to the unidirectional models based on JCT and on SIP and Zajonc′s theory. The magnitudes of the two reciprocal paths linking job perceptions and job satisfaction did not differ significantly. Directions for future research and application were offered.
Structural Synthesis by Combining Approximation Concepts and Dual Methods

Approximation concepts and dual methods are combined to create an efficient procedure for minimum weight sizing of structural systems. Approximation concepts convert the basic mathematical programming statement of the structural synthesis problem into a sequence of explicit primal problems of convex and separable form. These problems are solved by constructing explicit dual functions which are maximized subject to non-negativity constraints on the dual variables. A specially devised Newton type maximization algorithm called DUAL 2 operates in a sequence of dual subspaces, with gradually increasing dimensionality, such that the maximum dimensionality of the dual subspace never exceeds the number of strictly critical constraints by more than one. The power of the method presented is demonstrated by giving numerical results for several example problems, including a metallic swept wing and a thin delta wing with fiber composite skins.
Breast Blisters (Keel Cysts) of Poultry

The cystic structure commonly called "breast blister" occurs on the ventral aspect of the sternal crest of the keel bone of chicken and turkeys. The cyst is usually filled with a viscious, clear fluid which may appear dark in color in advanced cases. Blisters vary in size and prominence from those detectable only by careful palpation of the area to those involving the entire sternal crest.
Rietveld refinement and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic study of the dickite structure at low temperature

The full structure of dickite from St. Claire, Pennsylvania, including hydrogen atoms, was refined in space group Cc using time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction data obtained at 12 K and Rietveld refinement/difference-Fourier methods (R,~ = 2.62%, reduced x 2 = 1.915, 113 variables, a = 5.1474(6)/~, b = 8.9386(10).~, c = 14.390(2)~, and B = 96.483(1)*). The non-hydrogen structure is essentially identical to published structures for dickite, but the hydrogen positions are distinct. The inner hydroxyl group is approximately parallel to the (001) plane, inclined by 1.3 ~ towards the tetrahedral sheet. Contrary to published low-temperature infrared (IR) spectra, there is no evidence that dickite possess lower symmetry at low temperatures although there is tentative evidence for statistical occupancy of H3 on more than one site. Low-temperature IR spectra of St. Claire and Wisconsin dickites do not show evidence for more than four hydroxyl groups and are consistent with the reported structure. Upon cooling from 300 to 15 K, the position of the OH3 stretching band increased from 3710 to 3731 cm -1. This large, positive shift in frequency was attributed to the increase in the internuclear O-H3-.-O distance upon cooling. The frequency of the 3655 cm-~ band initially decreased by 2 cm-~ to 3653 cm-~ upon cooling from 300-125 K; however, the band increased in frequency by 1 cm -t upon further cooling to 15 K. This unusual change in frequency upon cooling is consistent with the assignment of this band to OH2 and OH4. The position of the OH1 stretching band decreased from 3622 to 3620 cm -l upon cooling, which was attributed, in part, to the observed increase in the A1-O(H1)-AI angle at low temperature.
The application of a thermal bridge to increase light output of a T12 fluorescent fixture system

Fluorescent lamps can lose 10-20% in light output and 5-10% in efficacy enclosed and thermally constricted multilamp fixtures. The authors present two thermal bridge concepts that increase the performance of a T12 lamp/fixture under typical operating conditions. The first bridge utilizes the conformable and convective properties of a liquid heat sink. The second bridge utilizes the semiridged and conductive properties of aluminum and copper. The results indicate that a potential 10-20% increase in light output can be maintained by applying a thermal bridge system to cool a small section of the lamp's surface. This corresponds to a recovery of 300-600 lumens per lamp. Additional advantages of using the thermal bridge systems are small size, minimal optical losses, no dust factor that is associated with vented fixture designs, and potentially low integration cost. >
Riparian vegetation, Colorado River, and climate: Five decades of spatiotemporal dynamics in the Grand Canyon with river regulation

Documentation of the interacting effects of river regulation and climate on riparian vegetation has typically been limited to small segments of rivers or focused on individual plant species. We examine spatiotemporal variability in riparian vegetation for the Colorado River in Grand Canyon relative to river regulation and climate, over the five decades since completion of the upstream Glen Canyon Dam in 1963. Long-term changes along this highly modified, large segment of the river provide insights for management of similar riparian ecosystems around the world. We analyze vegetation extent based on maps and imagery from eight dates between 1965 and 2009, coupled with the instantaneous hydrograph for the entire period. Analysis confirms a net increase in vegetated area since completion of the dam. Magnitude and timing of such vegetation changes are river stage-dependent. Vegetation expansion is coincident with inundation frequency changes and is unlikely to occur for time periods when inundation frequency exceeds approximately 5%. Vegetation expansion at lower zones of the riparian area is greater during the periods with lower peak and higher base flows, while vegetation at higher zones couples with precipitation patterns and decreases during drought. Short pulses of high flow, such as the controlled floods of the Colorado River in 1996, 2004, and 2008, do not keep vegetation from expanding onto bare sand habitat. Management intended to promote resilience of riparian vegetation must contend with communities that are sensitive to the interacting effects of altered flood regimes and water availability from river and precipitation.
Teaching UX: designing programs to train the next generation of UX experts

This experience report describes core values and approaches to teaching and developing programs in User Experience (UX). What binds these values and approaches together is a deep engagement with ongoing trends and best practices in the field of UX over the past several decades. Examples offered are contextually embedded, yet each expression is consistent with underlying core competencies gleaned from a ten-plus year history of teaching and practicing UX design, information architecture and information design, visual rhetoric, ethics, and usability in the technical communication classroom. The best practices we articulate below are applicable in the context of corporate training, team building and preparation, and consulting, in addition to academic contexts.
Real-Time On-Board Airborne Demonstration of High-Speed On-Board Data Processing for Science Instruments (HOPS)

The project called High-Speed On-Board Data Processing for Science Instruments (HOPS) has been funded by NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST) program since April, 2012. The HOPS team recently completed two flight campaigns during the summer of 2014 on two different aircrafts with two different science instruments. The first flight campaign was in July, 2014 based at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, VA on the NASA's HU-25 aircraft. The science instrument that flew with HOPS was Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) CarbonHawk Experiment Simulator (ACES) funded by NASA's Instrument Incubator Program (IIP). The second campaign was in August, 2014 based at NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC) in Palmdale, CA on the NASA's DC-8 aircraft. HOPS flew with the Multifunctional Fiber Laser Lidar (MFLL) instrument developed by Excelis Inc. The goal of the campaigns was to perform an end-to-end demonstration of the capabilities of the HOPS prototype system (HOPS COTS) while running the most computationally intensive part of the ASCENDS algorithm real-time on-board. The comparison of the two flight campaigns and the results of the functionality tests of the HOPS COTS are presented in this paper.
Instituting the science of mind: intellectual economies and disciplinary exchange at Harvard's Center for Cognitive Studies

Focusing on Harvard's Center for Cognitive Studies as a case, this article uses economies of research tool exchange to develop a new way of characterizing cross-disciplinary research. Throughout its life from 1960 to 1972, the Center for Cognitive Studies hosted scholars from several disciplines. However, there were two different research cultures at the Center. With its directors and patrons committed to a philosophy that equated creative science with eclectic search for and invention of new tools, the Center's initial interdisciplinary research culture emphasized the exchange of ideas and methods. Several years later, once its work was well under way, the Center's culture became multidisciplinary. Rather than emphasizing the sharing, invention, location, discussion and stabilization of new research techniques, the Center's multidisciplinary economy involved researchers working in parallel.
Jihad in West Africa: early phases and inter-relations in Mauritania and Senegal

The tradition of religious revolution directed against partially Muslim rulers is traced to the religious reform movement among the zwāya of Mauritania in the 1660s, and to the jihad that brought them briefly into control of Futa Toro, Cayor, Walo, and Jolof in the 1670s. In spite of the reconquest of these states by their secular rulers and the re-establishment of Hassānī control in southwestern Mauritania, the tradition of religious revolt and the aim of establishing an imamate under religious leadership lived on, to reappear in other Fulbe states. It came a generation later, with the jihad of Malik Sy in Bundu during the 1690s, and direct connexions can be traced between the leadership in Bundu and the leadership in the later jihad in Futa Jallon. The jihad in Futa the 1770s and 1780s followed in the same tradition. This evidence suggests that the external influence of the mid-eighteenth-century revival of Islam in Arabia and the Middle East has been overemphasized in West African religious history. Forces working for the reform of Islam based in Africa itself were already at work.
Photon Echoes in Multilevel Systems

We describe, via a study of the photon echo phenomenon, both formal and conceptual bridges between the strong field behavior of two-level systems and of two electronic state systems in the Born-Oppenheimer representation. The multiplicity of vibrational levels characteristic of the latter is taken into account implicitly via the description of wavepacket propagation on each of the two potential surfaces. Various coherent optical effects are examined. Wavepacket motion on the excited Born-Oppenheimer surface leads to free induction decay. A π-pulse exchanges the wavepackets of the two potential surfaces, subject to a constraint defined by the Franck-Condon principle. A photon echo results when and if the excited electronic state wavefunction and ground electronic state wavefunction overlap.
A Survey of Binary Covering Arrays

Binary covering arrays of strength $t$ are 0–1 matrices having the property that for each $t$ columns and each of the possible $2^t$ sequences of $t$ 0's and 1's, there exists a row having that sequence in that set of $t$ columns. Covering arrays are an important tool in certain applications, for example, in software testing. In these applications, the number of columns of the matrix is dictated by the application, and it is desirable to have a covering array with a small number of rows. Here we survey some of what is known about the existence of binary covering arrays and methods of producing them, including both explicit constructions and search techniques.
Origin of prostanoids in human amniotic fluid: the fetal kidney as a source of amniotic fluid prostanoids

The present study was designed to investigate the origin of prostanoids that are present in amniotic fluid. We evaluated the concentration of prostaglandins in fetal urine that was obtained from newborn infants immediately after delivery either before or after the onset of spontaneous labor or after oxytocin-induced labor. We found that the levels of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2α, 6-keto-PGF1α and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α in the fetal urine of newborn infants delivered after the spontaneous onset of labor and after oxytocin-induced labor were significantly greater than the levels in the fetal urine of newborn infants delivered before the spontaneous onset of labor. We conclude that one source of the prostanoids present in amniotic fluid is fetal urine, and, thence, fetal kidneys, and that labor, whether spontaneous or induced, caused increased excretion of prostanoids in fetal urine.
Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis

With advancing therapeutic options, achieving a state of remission has become the treatment goal in rheumatoid arthritis. Agreeing on what constitutes remission and what measures should be used to assess disease activity has remained a challenge. Multiple remission criteria have been devised and modified, all with different strengths and limitations. A consensus definition of remission will need to be achieved if we are to be able to evaluate outcomes of clinical trials and establish treatment targets for practice. Remission defined as the complete absence of disease currently may not be a realistic therapeutic goal.
X-ray diffraction and vibrational-spectroscopy study of the structure of La2Ti2O7

The compound La2Ti2O7 was prepared by a liquid mix technique and examined at room temperature by x-ray diffraction, infrared absorption, and Raman spectroscopy. The examinations confirm and supplement the earlier observation by x-ray diffraction that La2Ti2O7 crystallizes in the monoclinic structure without an inversion symmetry. The energy-shifts (cm−1) that were observed in the vibrational spectra may be explained by a sixfold coordination for the titanium and a ninefold coordination for the lanthanum in the structure. This type of coordination satisfies Pauling’s electrostatic valence rule regarding the electrostatic bond strengths at the shared anions.
Field Cancerization: Are Multiple Primary Cancers Monoclonal or Polyclonal?

Second primary cancers are a difficult problem in the upper aerodigestive tract and in several other organ sites. Among patients with early stage head and neck cancers, second primary tumours are a primary cause of death. It has been postulated that such second cancers represent new tumours developing from carcinogen-damaged cells in the same epithelial surface as the original tumour. An alternative hypothesis is that second primary tumours are the result of micrometastatic foci that have migrated from the original primary site or that have floated away and reimplanted in a secondary site. New methods of examining genetic changes in tumours have made it possible to test this hypothesis. Experimental results obtained from analysis of p53 mutations, the inactive X chromosome as a clonal marker, and specific chromosome markers are discussed and analysed. There are contradictions in the data obtained by different assays, but there are also alternative interpretations for some of the experiments that may resolve these apparent contradictions. The strongest evidence shows that second primary cancers contain genetic markers identical to the original tumour. If additional study confirms that many or most second primary cancers are really metastases then a major shift in how we treat patients with epithelial carcinogen-induced cancers is indicated.
Identification of GAPDH as a protein target of the saframycin antiproliferative agents

Saframycin A (SafA) is a member of a class of natural products with potent antiproliferative effects in leukemia- and tumor-derived cells. This activity is frequently conjectured to derive from the ability of saframycins to covalently modify duplex DNA. We used a DNA-linked affinity purification technique to identify GAPDH as a protein target of DNA-small molecule adducts of several members of the saframycin class. Nuclear translocation of GAPDH occurs upon treatment of cancer cells with saframycins, and depletion of cellular GAPDH levels by small interfering RNA transfection confers drug resistance. Roeder and coworkers have recently suggested that GAPDH is a key transcriptional coactivator necessary for entry into S phase. Our data suggest that GAPDH is also capable of forming a ternary complex with saframycin-related compounds and DNA that induces a toxic response in cells. These studies implicate a previously unknown molecular mechanism of antiproliferative activity and, given that one member of the saframycin class has shown efficacy in cancer treatment, suggest that GAPDH may be a potential target for chemotherapeutic intervention.
Geographic origin of species: The temperate-tropical interchange

The tropics are often evoked as a center for species origination. Foraminifera are one of the few groups of organisms with a fossil record sufficient to establish the geographic origin of species. The modern foraminiferal biota on the Atlantic continental margin of North America contains 259 species with a fossil record. The worldwide geographic origin of these species was documented using museum collections. Only 14% of these species originated in the subpolar regions, whereas nearly equal proportions originated in the temperate regions (46%) and tropical regions (40%). Moreover, the majority (76%) of species originating in the temperate regions now also occur in the modern tropical biota. These foraminiferal data suggest that, in contrast to the center of origin hypothesis, the biota of temperate and tropical latitudes act in concert with a substantial species interchange between them.