cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristic ion distributions in the dynamic auroral transition region

A Dynamic Fluid Kinetic (DyFK) simulation is conducted to study the H + /O + flows and distribution functions in the high-latitude dynamic transition region, specifically from 1000 km to about 4000 km altitude. Here, the collisional-to-collisionless transition region is that region where Coulomb collisions have significant but not dominant effects on the ion distributions. In this study, a simulation flux tube, which extends from 120 km to 3 R E altitude, is assumed to experience a pulse of auroral effects for approximately 20 minutes, including both soft electron precipitation and transverse wave heating, and then according to different geophysical circumstances, either to relax following the cessation of such auroral effects or to be heated further continuously by waves with power at higher frequencies. Our principal purpose in this investigation is to elicit the characteristic ion distribution functions in the auroral transition region, where both collisions and kinetic processes play significant roles. The characteristics of the simulated O + and H + velocity distributions, such as kidney bean shaped H + distributions, and O + distributions having cold cores with upward folded conic wings, resemble those observed by satellites at similar altitudes and geographic conditions. From the simulated distribution function results under different geophysical conditions, we find that O + -O + and O + -H + collisions, in conjunction with the kinetic and auroral processes, are key factors in the velocity distributions up to 4000 km altitude, especially for the low speed portions, for both O + and H + ions.
Dipolar magnetic order with large quantum spin fluctuations in a diamond lattice

We report the first observation of dipolar magnetic order in a diamond lattice, in the RPO 4 -(MoO 3 ) 12 -30H 2 O compounds (R=Gd, Dy, Er). Theory predicts antiferromagnetic order for a diamond lattice of dipoles, with a susceptibility at T=0 depending only on lattice symmetry and spin. We present experimental susceptibilities for ions with different effective spin which are consistent with these predictions, and which confirm the existence of unusually large quantum spin fluctuations in these materials. The fluctuations substantially exceed those of the Heisenberg antiferromagnet
Full abstraction and limiting completeness in equational languages

This paper introduces a notion of full abstraction for equational languages under which each language has a unique fully abstract model which can also be characterized as the $na/ object in a category of coherent computable models for the language. We describe two potentially different approaches to limiting completeness with respect to the fully abstract model-a traditional one based on normal forms and a new one based on the usable data content of terms. The former is used to prove limiting completeness for the language of regular .~~xtem.s (5) which includes as subsets and restrictions the equational parts of many other languages. The latter is used to define an abstract version of limiting completeness based on information .yJ'stem.s ( 171 which allows us to derive a set of sufficient conditions for an equational language to be limiting complete for its fully abstract semantics. We discuss cases where the two notions coincide-as they do for regular systems-and cases where they do not. We believe that limiting completeness based on observable data content accurately reflects programming intuition. If this thesis is accepted, the appropriate- ness of the corresponding definition of approximant can be seen as a design principle to test the mutual suitability of the parameters defining a language.
Dietary self-selection in diabetic rats: An overview

Abstract The literature concerning dietary self-selection patterns of diabetic rats is reviewed and compared with new data. There is agreement among the various investigators as to the dietary choices observed following induction of diabetes, regardless of the diabetogenic treatment used. That is, moderately diabetic rats select a high fat, low carbohydrate diet, whereas more severely diabetic animals consume high protein, low carbohydrate diets with little change in fat consumption relative to nondiabetic controls. Even very mildly diabetic rats reduce carbohydrate intake. Evaluation of metabolic status of diabetics suggests that with severe diabetes, the beneficial reduction of plasma glucose seen with consumption of a high fat diet may be offset by extreme elevations in ketone and triglyceride levels. Moreover, the hypothesis that diabetic rats are insensitive to carbohydrate calories seems weakened by evidence of reduced food intake following carbohydrate consumption either in solutions or as a gastric load. These findings are discussed in terms of “dietary wisdom” as first proposed by Richter.
Gene by environment interactions and the development of asthma and allergy

Abstract Asthma is the most common chronic disease during childhood in modern societies. Prevalence rates differ between countries, but on an average, 10–20% of the children in Western Europe and the US are affected. While the true cause of the disease is not yet known, it is common perception that genetic alterations and environmental factors act together in the development of atopic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema. Numerous studies have reported an association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and respiratory diseases: maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood is associated with impaired lung growth and diminished lung function, and in asthmatic children parental smoking increases symptoms and the frequency of asthma attacks. Recent studies have shown that the capability of ETS to induce asthma and asthma symptoms may be modified by genetics. Linkage studies, which took smoking and passive smoking status of study subjects into account, came to different results than those studies based on unstratified samples. These analyses indicated that some chromosomal regions (e.g. 5q) might harbor genes that exert their effects predominantly in combination with ETS exposure. Some of the genes modifying the effect of ETS and air pollution on the body may have been identified. When these detoxification enzymes are genetically defect or missing the capability of the lung to metabolize hazardous substances is dramatically diminished. As a consequence, pulmonary inflammation may occur and the barrier function of the lung may be compromised allowing allergens to penetrate and asthma to start. Knowledge of these interactions may be the key in understanding the complex nature of the disease. It may allow for prediction and an earlier diagnosis of the disease as well as better and more efficient prevention. In the long run, it may contribute significantly to the development of new and better-tailored drugs for one of the major diseases of the 21st century.
Effects of luteinizing hormone on steroidogenesis by thecal tissue from human ovarian follicles in vitro.

Abstract The steroidogenic responsiveness of human thecal tissue to different doses of LH was investigated in vitro in relation to the health of the follicle and to the responsiveness of stromal tissue. The results show that small incremental increases in LH, over a low range of concentrations (1 to 10 ng/ml), markedly increased the thecal output of androstenedione from healthy and/or atretic follicles. Theca from healthy follicles were also stimulated to increase their output of progesterone and estradiol in response to small increases in LH whereas theca from atretic follicles produced more variable amounts of progesterone and were unable to generate estradiol. In contrast, relatively high concentrations of LH (50 ng/ml) reduced the total steroid output from the theca of both healthy and atretic follicles while ‘switching on’ a low level of steroidogenesis in stromal tissue. These data suggest that the steroidogenic response of thecal tissue is related to the mass of tissue (i.e., the size of the follicle), the health of the follicle and the amount of LH to which it is exposed.
Ceramide Kinase Regulates TNFα-Stimulated NADPH Oxidase Activity and Eicosanoid Biosynthesis in Neuroblastoma Cells

A persistent inflammatory reaction is a hallmark of chronic and acute pathologies in the central nervous system (CNS) and greatly exacerbates neuronal degeneration. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of inflammatory processes provoking oxidative stress, eicosanoid biosynthesis, and the production of bioactive lipids. We established in neuronal cells that TNFα exposure dramatically increased Mg2+-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) activity thus generating the bioactive lipid mediator ceramide essential for subsequent NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation and oxidative stress. Since many of the pleiotropic effects of ceramide are attributable to its metabolites, we examined whether ceramide kinase (CerK), converting ceramide to ceramide-1-phosphate, is implicated both in NOX activation and enhanced eicosanoid production in neuronal cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that TNFα exposure of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma caused a profound increase in CerK activity. Depleting CerK activity using either siRNA or pharmacology completely negated NOX activation and eicosanoid biosynthesis yet, more importantly, rescued neuronal viability in the presence of TNFα. These findings provided evidence for a critical function of ceramide-1-phospate and thus CerK activity in directly linking sphingolipid metabolism to oxidative stress. This vital role of CerK in CNS inflammation could provide a novel therapeutic approach to intervene with the adverse consequences of a progressive CNS inflammation.
A new classification rule for incomplete doubly multivariate data using mixed effects model with performance comparisons on the imputed data

A mixed effects model, enhanced by a Kronecker product structure for the residual variance-covariance matrix, is used in conjunction with a discriminant analysis technique, to devise a new statistical classification method on incomplete doubly multivariate data. The proposed method is efficient in small scale clinical trials that use relatively few patients. The new classification method is also applied to multiply imputed data sets. The misclassification error rates (MERs) are compared in order to investigate the effectiveness of the new classification rule on an incomplete data set. The classification method is applied to a real data set. The error rates on the incomplete data set are found to be much less than the median error rate on the multiply imputed data sets. Non-parametric methods, such as kernel method and k-nearest neighbourhood method, are also applied to multiply imputed data sets. Results illustrating the advantages of the new classification method over classic non-parametric classification methods are presented.
Production of human surfactant protein C in milk of transgenic mice

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), caused by lack of pulmonary surfactant, affects 65 000 infants annually in the USA. Surfactant replacement therapy reduces the morbidity and mortality associated with RDS. Human surfactant protein C (SP-C) is an important component of pulmonary surfactant. To produce human SP-C, a construct using the rat whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter and 3′ untranslated regions to target expression of the human SP-C gene to the mammary gland of transgenic mice was created. WAP/SP-C mRNA expression was detected in all transgenic lines analysed. SP-C was expressed in a copy-number-dependent and integration-site-independent fashion, with levels of expression ranging from 0.01% to 36.0% of the endogenous mouse WAP mRNA, and WAP/SP-C mRNA expresison levels were greater than those of the endogenous mouse lung SP-C mRNA. Expression at the RNA level was specific to the mammary gland and paralleled the endogenous WAP expression pattern during mammary gland development. Expression and secretion of the SP-C protein in the lactating mammary gland was demonstrated by western blots performed on whole milk using an anti-SP-C polyclonal antibody. Immunoreactive proteins of MW 22 and 12–14 kDa appeared only in transgenic milk. The 22 kDa protein represents the proprotein, and the 12–14 kDa is a processed form of SP-C.
Ion-exchanged glass waveguides with low birefringence for a broad range of waveguide widths

Optical communications networks require integrated photonic components with negligible polarization dependence, which typically means that the waveguides must feature very low birefringence. Recent studies have shown that waveguides with low birefringence can be obtained, e.g., by use of silica-onsilicon waveguides or buried ion-exchanged glass waveguides. However, many integrated photonic circuits consist of waveguides with varying widths. Therefore low birefringence is consequently required for waveguides having different widths. This is a difficult task for most waveguide fabrication technologies. We present experimental results on waveguide birefringence for buried silver‐sodium ion-exchanged glass waveguides. We show that the waveguide birefringence of the order of 10 6 for waveguide mask opening widths ranging from 2 to 10 m can be obtained by postprocessing the sample through annealing at an elevated temperature. The measured values are in agreement with the values calculated with our modeling software for ion-exchanged glass waveguides. This unique feature of ion-exchanged waveguides may be of significant importance in a wide variety of integrated photonic circuits requiring polarizationindependent operation. © 2005 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 130.0130, 230.7380, 260.1440.
PHOTOLYSIS OF DIBENZYLKETONES IN SUPERCRITICAL ETHANE and CARBON DIOXIDE

The Norrish Type I photofragmentation of two dibenzylic ketones (l,3-diphenyl-2-pro-panone and l-(4-methylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propanone) in supercritical ethane and carbon dioxide proceeds without evidence for cage recombination of the photogenerated radical pair. A statistical mixture of the bibenzyls formed by random coupling of benzyl and p-xylyl radicals was observed and the first order rate constant for the depletion of the reactant was independent of pressure. These results indicate that solvent cage effects are not operative in these low viscosity supercritical fluids even in the near critical region where solute-solvent clustering is presumably maximal.
I, Pronoun: A Study of Formality in Online Content:

This article presents the results of a study that investigated readers' perceptions of tone formality in online text passages. The study found that readers perceived text passages to be less formal when they contained personal pronouns, active voice verbs, informal punctuation, or verb contractions. The study reveals that professional communicators can impact their readers' perceptions of tone in online passages. This study provides useful guidance for writers who wish to understand the impact of their stylistic decisions on audience perceptions of passage formality.
Observations on Manganese Dioxide As a Catalyst in the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide: A Safer Demonstration

Concerns have surfaced regarding the safety of several online demonstrations on the decomposition of H2O2. In the demonstrations, a H2O2 decomposition reaction happens rapidly followed by a plume o...
Face predilections and friendship solidarity

This study explores the role of managing relationship‐specific face concerns in the context of friendship. We predicted that wanting positive face support and partner providing positive face suppor...
Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans

The high mortality and widespread impact of malaria have resulted in this disease being the strongest evolutionary selective force in recent human history, and genes that confer resistance to malaria provide some of the best-known case studies of strong positive selection in modern humans. I begin by reviewing JBS Haldane's initial contribution to the potential of malaria genetic resistance in humans. Further, I discuss the population genetics aspects of many of the variants, including globin, G6PD deficiency, Duffy, ovalocytosis, ABO and human leukocyte antigen variants. Many of the variants conferring resistance to malaria are ‘loss-of-function’ mutants and appear to be recent polymorphisms from the last 5000–10 000 years or less. I discuss estimation of selection coefficients from case–control data and make predictions about the change for S, C and G6PD-deficiency variants. In addition, I consider the predicted joint changes when the two β-globin alleles S and C are both variable in the same population and when there is a variation for α-thalassemia and S, two unlinked, but epistatic variants. As more becomes known about genes conferring genetic resistance to malaria in humans, population genetics approaches can contribute both to investigating past selection and predicting the consequences in future generations for these variants.
Secure rural supply chain management using low cost paper watermarking

Supply chain systems in rural developing regions are extremely fragile and are vulnerable to a wide range of security threats including theft, fraud and counterfeit goods. In this paper, we propose the design of a secure, low cost supply chain management system that leverages cheap cellphones and a low-cost paper watermarking system that can authenticate and verify the integrity of goods in a supply chain. Unlike many sophisticated solutions which have deployment problems due to the harsh ground realities in rural regions, our system is easy to use, deploy and does not require significant changes to the existing operational model. In addition, our system relies only on paper and cellphones, both of which are ubiquitously used in rural developing regions.
Preschoolers' reasoning about density: will it float?

Density is a complex concept found to appear late in development. However, density has a readily apparent empirical consequence--buoyancy. Early scientific understanding of density arose through Archimedes' discovery of water displacement as a function of density, and young children have experience playing with objects in water. Therefore, a buoyancy prediction task was developed in order to access preschoolers' early understanding of density. 3-5-year-old children from 2 preschool classes, as well as adults, made buoyancy predictions for a set of objects that varied systematically in density, weight, and volume. 4-5-year-olds (from the older class) and adults were shown to demonstrate similar patterns in their judgments. Objects much more or much less dense than water were more accurately judged than objects with densities closer to the density of water. Weight and volume were found to "interfere" in these judgments in systematic ways for the older class of children and the adults. Children in the younger class (3-year-olds) showed a mean proportion correct performance of .53; they all passed a pretest, however, and no child refused to make judgments.
Characterization of the Aerosol Generated During Abrasive Blasting with Copper Slag

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that substitute materials be used for silica sand in abrasive blasting operations. Copper slag is commonly used as a substitute for silica sand. These slags have been reported to contain heavy metals. Our research aims were to identify exposure-related differences between slag sources, quantify health-related aerosol fractions for comparison with occupational exposure limits and correlate total and inhalable aerosol with metal concentrations. Two commercially available copper slags were used to perform indoor and outdoor abrasive blasting. Personal samples were collected using 37 mm cassettes and a Respicon sampler and analyzed for total, inhalable, thoracic and respirable aerosol and heavy metals. Lead and arsenic concentrations exceeded applicable OELs in 37 and 15 min, respectively. Inhalable and respirable aerosol concentrations exceeded applicable OELs in 15 min. Statistically significant differences between slag sources were found for arsenic, lead, chromium and titanium concentrations in the total, inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions. Total and inhalable aerosol regressions with selected metals showed r2 values of 0.91–0.98. The results of this study raise questions concerning the efficacy of using copper slag as a substitute abrasive based solely on the premise that it contains <1% free silica.
The Effect of a Low Protein Diet on the Response of Rat Colonic and Hepatic Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity to Sodium Deoxycholate and Thioacetamide Treatment

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats fed ad libitum AIN-76A diet with 5% casein for 10 days had the same basal level of colonie ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) as rats fed 20% casein, but showed a higher level following induction of the colonie enzyme by sodium deoxycholate. Total colonie ODC activity was more respon sive than holo-ODC activity to the regimen of induction, which suggested to us that functional (i.e., holoenzyme) levels of the decarboxylase may not be as sensitive to dietary modulation as total enzyme levels. Contrary to the results observed for the colon, the basal level of hepatic ODC was decreased in rats fed 5% casein, and the level following induction of the hepatic enzyme by thioacetamide was also diminished compared with induced enzyme levels in animals fed 20% casein. Additionally, there was no difference in the degree of response between holoenzyme and total hepatic enzyme to dietary treatment and a regimen of enzyme induction. J. Nutr. 114: 574-580, 1984.
Speciation and Host Relationships of Parasites

In recent years the speciation of parasites as related to their host relationships has presented some of the most interesting and at the same time most difficult problems in the field of parasitology. These problems are by no means of purely academic interest but are of prime importance in connection with the control and prophylaxis of a number of important infections of man and domestic animals.
On the Computational Complexity of Tile Set Synthesis for DNA Self-Assembly

DNA self-assembly has been advocated as a bottom-up manufacturing technology to supersede photolithography technology at nanometer scale. However, the issue of designing a DNA tile set for an arbitrary target pattern of finite size (as to ensure periodic repetition in its assembly) has not been fully addressed in the technical literature. This paper considers the synthesis of tile sets for DNA self-assembly and analyzes it as a combinatorial optimization problem to establish its computational complexity. This problem is referred to as PATS (pattern assembling tile-set synthesis). A proof is provided for the NP-completeness of PATS.
Deep Brain Stimulation: Technology at the Cutting Edge

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery has been performed in over 75,000 people worldwide, and has been shown to be an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, tremor, dystonia, epilepsy, depression, Tourette's syndrome, and obsessive compulsive disorder. We review current and emerging evidence for the role of DBS in the management of a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, and discuss the technical and practical aspects of performing DBS surgery. In the future, evolution of DBS technology may depend on several key areas, including better scientific understanding of its underlying mechanism of action, advances in high-spatial resolution imaging and development of novel electrophysiological and neurotransmitter microsensor systems. Such developments could form the basis of an intelligent closed-loop DBS system with feedback-guided neuromodulation to optimize both electrode placement and therapeutic efficacy.
Discourse Bootstrapping: Preschoolers Use Linguistic Discourse to Learn New Words.

When children acquire language, they often learn words in the absence of direct instruction (e.g. ‘This is a ball!’) or even social cues to reference (e.g. eye gaze, pointing). However, there are few accounts of how children do this, especially in cases where the referent of a new word is ambiguous. Across two experiments, we test whether preschoolers (2- to 4-year-olds; n = 239) can learn new words by inferring the referent of a new word from the surrounding linguistic discourse. Across two experiments, we show that children as young as 2 can learn a new word from the linguistic discourse in which it appears. This suggests that children use the linguistic discourse in which a word appears to learn new words.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION AT THE EXIT OF A DIRECT INJECTED ABRASIVE WATERJET NOZZLE

A computational fluid dynamics method has been used to predict the likely concentration distribution at the exit of a direct injected abrasive waterjet nozzle. Particle trajectories were simulated and the concentration at the nozzle exit is obtained by simulating a statistically significant large number of particles. The study takes into consideration the effect of the tapered nozzle inlet angle and the randomness in flow fluctuation and particle size distribution. No published experimental data appear to be available. Validation of predictions is by comparison with experimental data for free air jets.
High-speed transportation via magnetically supported vehicles. A study of the magnetic forces

THE PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE MAGNETIC BUOYANCY AND RESISTANCE FORCES WERE ANALYZED FOR A VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH SUPPORTING MAGNETS WHICH IS SUSPENDED ON A CONDUCTING TRACK-BED. IN PARTICULAR THE EFFECT OF A TRACK-BED OF FINITE WIDTH WAS INVESTIGATED. THE MEASUREMENTS EXTENDED TO THE FORCES ACTING ON A PERMANENTLY EXCITED SUPERCONDUCTING COIL, THE COIL BEING SUSPENDED OVER A ROTATING ALUMINIUM WHEEL WITH PERIPHERAL SPEEDS UP TO 480 KM/H. CALCULATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS SHOWED THAT THE IMPORTANT PARAMETER IS THE REYNOLDS NUMBER LAMBA = VH (MU) (SIGMA), WHERE MU AND SIGMA REPRESENT THE PERMEABILITY AND CONDUCTIVITY OF THE TRACK-BED, V THE VELOCITY OF THE VEHICLE AND H THE OPERATIONAL HEIGHT OF THE MAGNET OF THE VEHICLE. THE EFFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM, EXPRESSED AS THE RATIO OF THE BUOYANCY TO THE RESISTANCE, IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE SQUARE ROOT OF LAMBA. /TR/
Milking the Evidence: Diet Does Matter

Dietary risks now rank number one among 17 leading risk factors contributing to the number of deaths and percentage of disabilityadjusted–life-years for both sexes combined in the United States. 1 The aggregate of the 14 subcomponents of diet (ie, diet low in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and seeds, milk, fiber, calcium, seafood omega-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids; diet high in red meat, processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, trans-fatty acids, sodium 2 ) assessed by the US Burden of Disease Collaborators surpasses the impact of tobacco smoking on the nation’s morbidity and mortality and does not include high body mass index and physical inactivity (ranking fourth and fifth in contributing to overall deaths). It has been estimated that as many avoidable malignancies are related to diet as tobacco (30% to 35%), again not accounting for the significant addi
The relationship of subarachnoid hemorrhage and the need for postoperative shunting

The incidence of chronic hydrocephalus requiring shunting after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is not precisely known. The authors investigated whether the need for ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting can be predicted by initial Hunt and Hess grade or Fisher computerized tomography score. One hundred eight patients who presented with SAH and underwent 116 surgical procedures for aneurysm clipping were evaluated retrospectively to determine the incidence of chronic hydrocephalus. Chronic hydrocephalus was defined as clinically and radiographically demonstrated hydrocephalus that lasted 2 weeks or longer after the original hemorrhage and that required shunting. All SAH patients were managed in a similar fashion with induced hypervolemia, relative hemodilution, and hypertension complemented by a course of calcium channel blockers. The majority of patients underwent perioperative extracranial ventricular drainage to allow intraoperative brain relaxation and to assist intracranial pressure management. The overall mortality rate of the study group was 17%. Of the surviving patients, 20% underwent VP shunt placement secondary to chronic hydrocephalus. There were no statistically significant relationships between chronic hydrocephalus and patient age or gender, aneurysm type and size, or use of a perioperative drain. There was a high clinical correlation between chronic hydrocephalus and admission Hunt and Hess grades and Fisher grades (p < 0.05). All of the patients who survived a second bleeding episode and almost 46% of the patients who presented with intraventricular hemorrhage required placement of a VP shunt. The authors present predictive tables of chronic hydrocephalus based on the patient's admission Hunt and Hess grade and Fisher classification.
Enzootic Transmission of Anaplasma bovis in Nantucket Cottontail Rabbits

Serological studies of cottontail rabbits sampled from Nantucket Island, Mass., have suggested exposure to at least two ehrlichiae. The agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) is intensely enzootic in rabbits there, but the identity of the other ehrlichial infection remains undescribed. We sampled rabbits over five transmission seasons and tested their blood and tissues for evidence of infection using PCR targeting an Ehrlichia genus-wide 16S rDNA target. Sequence analysis of positive amplicons revealed the presence of Anaplasma bovis, an agent not known to be present in North America. The average annual prevalence of A. bovis within rabbits, as determined by PCR of blood samples, was 18%. Haemaphysalis leporispalustris appears to serve as vector. The public health (human or veterinary) significance of this finding remains speculative.
Dietary Patterns Using the Food Guide Pyramid Groups Are Associated with Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

Dietary patterns have been used to identify typical combinations of foods that may be associated with disease risks. We defined dietary patterns among 195,298 participants of the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles in 1993-1996. Intakes of Food Guide Pyramid groups were calculated from a quantitative FFQ for subjects of 5 ethnic groups (African Americans, Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and whites). Three distinct dietary patterns, "Fat and Meat," "Vegetables," and "Fruit and Milk," were identified by exploratory factor analysis with a varimax rotation and validated by confirmatory factor analysis. Similar factor loadings were found for each of 10 ethnic-gender groups in stratified analyses. The odds ratios (OR) for being above the median scores for each factor were calculated. Age, gender, and ethnicity had relatively strong associations with dietary patterns whereas education showed only weak associations. BMI > or = 30 was strongly positively associated with the Fat and Meat pattern (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 2.08-2.20, vs. BMI < 25). Current smokers showed a positive association with the Fat and Meat pattern (OR = 1.67, CI: 1.62-1.72, vs. nonsmokers) and inverse associations with the Vegetables (OR = 0.66, CI: 0.64-0.68) and Fruit and Milk patterns (OR = 0.53, CI: 0.52-0.55). Physical activity was positively associated with the Vegetables and Fruit and Milk patterns but not with the Fat and Meat pattern. These findings support the hypothesis that dietary patterns are influenced by interrelated sociocultural, demographic, and other lifestyle factors and may be useful in investigations of diet-disease relations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT INTERVIEWS: REPLICATION AND EXTENSION

Eight performance review interview characteristics were related to 7 interview outcomes. Several of these individual variables had been examined in previous research. Two hundred seventy nursing personnel described their last review interview. Five of the interview characteristics were related to most of the outcomes, replicating earlier research as well as adding new findings. Implications for improving the conduct of appraisal interviews in organizations are offered.
Solution of relativistic quantum optics problems using clusters of graphical processing units

Numerical solution of relativistic quantum optics problems requires high performance computing due to the rapid oscillations in a relativistic wavefunction. Clusters of graphical processing units are used to accelerate the computation of a time dependent relativistic wavefunction in an arbitrary external potential. The stationary states in a Coulomb potential and uniform magnetic field are determined analytically and numerically, so that they can used as initial conditions in fully time dependent calculations. Relativistic energy levels in extreme magnetic fields are recovered as a means of validation. The relativistic ionization rate is computed for an ion illuminated by a laser field near the usual barrier suppression threshold, and the ionizing wavefunction is displayed.
The academic achievement of elementary and junior high school students with behavior disorders and their nonhandicapped peers as a function of motivational orientation

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the relationship of motivational orientation (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation) on the reading comprehension and mathematics achievement of elementary and junior students with behavior disorders and on their regular education peers (N = 309). A 2 (BD or Nonhandicapped Group) × 2 (IM or EM Motivational Orientation multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with IQ, Age, and Sex as covariates was used with reading comprehension and mathematics achievement as dependent measures. The results showed a main effect for Group indicating both higher mathematics and reading achievement for the nonhandicapped students compared to the students with behavior disorders. There also was a main effect for Motivational Orientation indicating that IM students had higher reading comprehension than did EM students. More importantly there was an interaction between Group and Motivational Orientation indicating that BD students exhibit significantly greater academic performance differences due to motivational orientation compared to their nonhandicapped peers. IM BD students have both higher mathematics and reading achievement than do EM BD students, whereas there is no difference between the IM and EM nonhandicapped students' mathematics and reading achievement. Individual differences in motivational orientation appear to effect the academic performance of BD students to a greater extent compared to their nonhandicapped peers.
Compound-specific D/H ratios of lipid biomarkers from sediments as a proxy for environmental and climatic conditions

Hydrogen isotope ratios (D/H) of lipid biomarkers extracted from aquatic sediments were measured to determine whether they can be used as a proxy for D/H of environmental water. Values of δD were determined by using a recently developed isotope-ratio-monitoring gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system (irmGCMS) and were confirmed by conventional hydrogen isotopic measurements (i.e., combustion followed by reduction) on individual compounds isolated by preparative capillary gas chromatography. Diverse lipids (alkanes, n-alkanols, sterols, and pentacyclic triterpenols) were analyzed to examine hydrogenisotopic controls on lipids of varying origin and biosynthetic pathway. For algal sterols (24-methylcholest- 3β-ol, 24-ethylcholest-5,22-dien-3β-ol, and 4,23,24-trimethylcholesterol, or dinosterol), the fractionation between sedimentary lipids and environmental water was -201 ± 10‰ and was similar in both marine and freshwater sites. In a sediment from a small lake in a forested catchment, triterpenols from terrestrial sources were enriched in D by 30‰ relative to algal sterols. Apparent fractionation factors for n-alkyl lipids were smaller than those of triterpenols and were more variable, probably reflecting multiple sources for these compounds. We conclude that hydrogen-isotopic analyses of algal sterols provide a viable means of reconstructing D/H of environmental waters. Results are less ambiguous than reconstructions based on analyses of kerogen or other operationally defined organic matter fractions.
Montengón's El Mirtilo in its Eighteenth-Century Context

Pedro Montengon's pastoral novel, El Mirtilo o los pastores trashumantes, bears so much similarity to its predecessors in the sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries that it is difficult to believe that virtually a hundred-and-fifty years intervened before it came off the Madrid presses of Antonio de Sancha in 1795.1 We find the familiar figure of a young man of good family, Mirtilo, leaving for the countryside because he will no longer tolerate the injustices that society fosters. He takes up with two shepherds, Silvanio and the head herdsman, Montano, who are leading their flock to Extremadura. After several encounters, interpolated tales, many songs and dances, the group reaches its destination. Mirtilo then goes on to discover an idyllic valley where, in complete seclusion, the widowed Melania lives with her innocent daughter, Melanira. As the novel ends, Mirtilo has found his wife and his future in an earthly paradise.
The neo.nEURO.network Hypothermia Randomized Controlled Trial

In this issue of Pediatrics , Simbruner et al1 report results of the neo.nEURO.network study of hypothermia for infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). They enrolled infants of ≥36 weeks' gestational age with clinical and electrophysiological evidence of HIE and randomly assigned them to targeted temperature reduction (33.5°C rectal temperature [range: 33°C–34°C]) or a control group (37°C rectal temperature [range: 36.5°C–37.5°C]). The study design shared features with previously published trials of this intervention; entry criteria were those of the CoolCap trial,2 target temperature was identical to that of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)3 and Total Body Hypothermia (TOBY)4 trials, and a manually controlled-cooling blanket (Tecotherm TS 200 [Tec-Com, Munich, Germany]) was used as it was in the TOBY trial. All the trials, including the neo.nEURO.network trial, maintained targeted temperature for 72 hours followed by rewarming at a rate of ≤0.5°C/hour. The neo.nEURO.network used morphine in both study arms; the TOBY trial used sedation for distressed infants, but the percentage of infants so treated was not reported.4 The primary outcome of death or … Address correspondence to Abbot R. Laptook, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, 101 Dudley St, Suite 1100, Providence, RI 02905. E-mail: alaptook{at}wihri.org
Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase: their relationship with HDL subspecies Lp(A-I) and Lp(A-I,A-II).

HDL subspecies Lp(A-I) and Lp(A-I,A-II) have different anti-atherogenic potentials. To determine the role of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) in regulating these particles, we measured these enzyme activities in 28 healthy subjects with well-controlled Type 1 diabetes, and studied their relationship with Lp(A-I) and Lp(A-I,A-II). LPL was positively correlated with the apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), cholesterol, and phospholipid mass in total Lp(A-I), and with the apoA-I in large Lp(A-I) (r ≥ 0.58, P ≥ 0.001). HL was negatively correlated with all the above Lp(A-I) parameters plus Lp(A-I) triglyceride (r ≥ −0.53, P ≤ 0.003). No correlation was detected between LPL and Lp(A-I,A-II). However, HL was inversely correlated with total Lp(A-I,A-II) phospholipid, and with large Lp(A-I,A-II) (r ≥ 0.50, P ≤ 0.006). Similar studies were performed with phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP). Only total Lp(A-I) triglyceride in women (not men) (r = 0.71, P = 0.009) was significantly correlated with PLTP activity. These observations indicate that LPL and HL play major roles in determining the level and composition of plasma Lp(A-I), particularly large Lp(A-I), but not with Lp(A-I,A-II) level. Furthermore, select correlations of LPL and/or HL with the apoA-I, cholesterol, and triglyceride of Lp(A-I) but not Lp(A-I,A-II) imply that the apoA-I and lipid of Lp(A-I) and Lp(A-I,A-II) are not fully equilibrated.
Misidentification of sex among harvested bobcats

Sex and age data are fundamental vital statistics used to characterize wildlife populations, often integral to models used to assess population responses to harvest or make other management decisions. Misidentification errors could ultimately result in poor management decisions by misrepresenting harvest or population structure. We compared field examination and genetic identification of sex of bobcats (Lynx rufus; n = 248) collected during the 2009–2010 harvest season in Oregon, USA. Furtaker-reported sex assignment and genetics analysis mismatched for 51 (20.6%) cases. In 31 (12.5%) cases, bobcats reported as females were classified as males by genetic analysis, and vice versa for the remaining 20 individuals. Quantification of errors in sex assignment allows for acknowledgment of technique and data limitations and may allow for adjustments to be considered during decision-making processes. State agencies may consider providing formal training in field identification techniques and subsampling harvested bobcats for genetic sex assignment in an effort to more accurately reflect sex ratios in the harvest. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Gastrointestinal bleeding as a complication of serial transverse enteroplasty

Abstract Purpose Serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) lengthens and tapers bowel in patients with intestinal failure. Evaluation and treatment of serious late gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in three STEP patients are described. Methods Patients participating in an interdisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation program were reviewed to identify those who underwent STEP and had GIB requiring transfusion. Results Of 296 patients, 23 underwent STEP, and 3 (13%) had subsequent GIB requiring transfusion. Diagnoses were vanishing gastroschisis/atresia, malrotation/atresia, and gastroschisis.. STEP was performed at ages 3–5 months, using 5–15 stapler-firings with an increase in mean bowel length from 39 to 62 cm. GIB was diagnosed 5–30 months post-op and resulted in 1–7 transfusions per patient. Endoscopy demonstrated staple-line ulceration in two patients and eosinophilic enterocolitis in the third. All were treated with enteral antibiotics, sulfasalazine, and luminal steroids. Those with ulcers responded to bowel rest, and the patient with eosinophilic enterocolitis stabilized with luminal steroids. In all three, hemoglobin levels improved despite persistent occult bleeding. Conclusions Significant GIB is a potential late complication of STEP. Endoscopy identified the underlying source of GIB in all three patients. A combination of enteral antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and bowel rest was effective in treating post-STEP GIB, without the need for additional bowel resection.
Experiencing Another’s Anger

To the extent that anger is an interpersonal emotion, the experiences of the angry person can provide only part of the story; the experiences of the target are also important, particularly for an understanding of the possible functional significance of anger. It is, after all, primarily through the target that anger must exert its influsence. The purpose of Study II, reported in the present chapter, was therefore to explore the reactions of the target to another’s anger.
A Theory of Program Composition

Program composition is defined using a notation called Program Composition Notation (PCN). The syntax of a PCN program is that of a formula in the predicate calculus, in a normal form. Given a program specification, we manipulate the specification into a predicate in the normal form, and thus derive a PCN program. If the efficiency of the program is not adequate when executed on a target (possibly parallel) computer, the program is made more efficient by the judicious introduction of imperative programming constructs: sequential composition and mutable variables that can be assigned values arbitrarily often. Fairness is introduced, where necessary, by predicates that specify UNITY programs.
Identification of a Functional Plasmodesmal Localization Signal in a Plant Viral Cell-To-Cell-Movement Protein

ABSTRACT Our fundamental knowledge of the protein-sorting pathways required for plant cell-to-cell trafficking and communication via the intercellular connections termed plasmodesmata has been severely limited by the paucity of plasmodesmal targeting sequences that have been identified to date. To address this limitation, we have identified the plasmodesmal localization signal (PLS) in the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) cell-to-cell-movement protein (MP), which has emerged as the paradigm for dissecting the molecular details of cell-to-cell transport through plasmodesmata. We report here the identification of a bona fide functional TMV MP PLS, which encompasses amino acid residues between positions 1 and 50, with residues Val-4 and Phe-14 potentially representing critical sites for PLS function that most likely affect protein conformation or protein interactions. We then demonstrated that this PLS is both necessary and sufficient for protein targeting to plasmodesmata. Importantly, as TMV MP traffics to plasmodesmata by a mechanism that is distinct from those of the three plant cell proteins in which PLSs have been reported, our findings provide important new insights to expand our understanding of protein-sorting pathways to plasmodesmata. IMPORTANCE The science of virology began with the discovery of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Since then, TMV has served as an experimental and conceptual model for studies of viruses and dissection of virus-host interactions. Indeed, the TMV cell-to-cell-movement protein (MP) has emerged as the paradigm for dissecting the molecular details of cell-to-cell transport through the plant intercellular connections termed plasmodesmata. However, one of the most fundamental and key functional features of TMV MP, its putative plasmodesmal localization signal (PLS), has not been identified. Here, we fill this gap in our knowledge and identify the TMV MP PLS.
The Saw Blades at Leeds

This case highlights the link between type of decision and the cost information relevant to that decision. After reviewing the case, students should have a better understanding of the appropriate inclusion of different types of costs in their analyses.
A Bayesian method for simultaneous registration and clustering of functional observations

We develop a Bayesian method that simultaneously registers and clusters functional data of interest. Unlike other existing methods, which often assume a simple translation in the time domain, our method uses a discrete approximation generated from the family of Dirichlet distributions to allow warping functions of great flexibility. Under this Bayesian framework, a MCMC algorithm is proposed for posterior sampling. We demonstrate this method via simulation studies and applications to growth curve data and cell cycle regulated yeast genes.
The Other Meaning of Fluency

This research investigates how ad content influences which language should be used in advertisements targeting bilingual individuals. The authors argue that the influence of ad content on language appropriateness is due to processing fluency: Some concepts are more accessible in one language than in the other, which leads to more positive ad evaluations when the ad is written in that language. The results of three studies provide the basis for a Word Accessibility/Fluency framework to study the interaction of language and ad content with respect to ad evaluations. This framework operates at the nonconscious level. Once conscious attention is brought to language, other factors such as language schemas take over ad evaluations.