cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culturally diverse attitudes and beliefs of students majoring in speech-language pathology

Purpose Academic education in speech-language pathology should prepare students to provide professional services that mirror current knowledge, skills, and scope of practice in a pluralistic society. This study seeks to examine the impact of speech-language pathology (SLP) students prior multicultural experiences and previous formal education on attitudes and beliefs toward language diversity. Methods A survey to investigate SLP students attitudes toward language diversity was applied. After the research study and instructions to complete the consent form questionnaire was presented by a research assistant, an announcement was given by a graduate student who speaks English as a second language with an accent. The participants then completed a questionnaire containing questions related to attitudes about the presentation of the announcement in particular and toward language diversity in general. Results Responses suggested a relationship between self-reported cultural bias and ability to concentrate on speech with an accent, and the extent of interaction with individuals from a cultural and linguistic diverse (CLD) background. Additional outcomes revealed that cultural bias may be predicted by factors related to amount of CLD exposure. Conclusion Results of this study indicated critical areas that need to be considered when developing curricula in speech-language pathology programs. The results will be useful in determining procedures applicable in larger investigations, and encourage future research on attitudes and beliefs toward aspects of cultural diversity.
Gravestone decay and the determination of deciduous bulk canopy resistance to acid deposition

Abstract Gravestone decay and atmospheric concentrations of SO 2 are used to determine deposition velocities in two adjacent cemeteries in the Birmingham, UK, Jewellery Quarter. Warstone Lane cemetery is essentially open to the environment with only a limited number of trees. Key Hill Cemetery, located within 100 m, has a continuous canopy of 100 + year-old London plane; gravestone decay at Key Hill is 50% less than at Lane for the period after 1960. This difference is used to calculate canopy resistance as a residual term assuming that aerodynamic and quasilaminar resistances are generally similar at both sites. Calculated resistances range from approximately 300 to 900 sm − 1 and are consistent with estimated and calculated values from a wide variety of studies.
Dynamic X‐ray diffraction sampling for protein crystal positioning

A sparse supervised learning approach for dynamic sampling (SLADS) is described for dose reduction in diffraction-based protein crystal positioning. Crystal centering is typically a prerequisite for macromolecular diffraction at synchrotron facilities, with X-ray diffraction mapping growing in popularity as a mechanism for localization. In X-ray raster scanning, diffraction is used to identify the crystal positions based on the detection of Bragg-like peaks in the scattering patterns; however, this additional X-ray exposure may result in detectable damage to the crystal prior to data collection. Dynamic sampling, in which preceding measurements inform the next most information-rich location to probe for image reconstruction, significantly reduced the X-ray dose experienced by protein crystals during positioning by diffraction raster scanning. The SLADS algorithm implemented herein is designed for single-pixel measurements and can select a new location to measure. In each step of SLADS, the algorithm selects the pixel, which, when measured, maximizes the expected reduction in distortion given previous measurements. Ground-truth diffraction data were obtained for a 5 µm-diameter beam and SLADS reconstructed the image sampling 31% of the total volume and only 9% of the interior of the crystal greatly reducing the X-ray dosage on the crystal. Using in situ two-photon-excited fluorescence microscopy measurements as a surrogate for diffraction imaging with a 1 µm-diameter beam, the SLADS algorithm enabled image reconstruction from a 7% sampling of the total volume and 12% sampling of the interior of the crystal. When implemented into the beamline at Argonne National Laboratory, without ground-truth images, an acceptable reconstruction was obtained with 3% of the image sampled and approximately 5% of the crystal. The incorporation of SLADS into X-ray diffraction acquisitions has the potential to significantly minimize the impact of X-ray exposure on the crystal by limiting the dose and area exposed for image reconstruction and crystal positioning using data collection hardware present in most macromolecular crystallography end-stations.
Antagonistic Effect of C/EBPα and Pax5 in Myeloid or Lymphoid Lineage Choice in Common Lymphoid Progenitors.

Lymphoid lineage committed progenitors, such as common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), maintain a latent myeloid differentiation potential, which can be initiated by stimulation through exogenously expressed cytokine receptors including IL-2 receptors. The transcription factor C/EBPa is promptly upregulated in CLPs upon ectopic IL-2 stimulation. We show that enforced C/EBPa expression is sufficient to initiate myeloid differentiation from CLPs, as well as from proT and proB cells, even though proB cells do not give rise to myeloid cells following ectopic IL-2 stimulation. Expression of Pax5, a B lymphoid affiliated transcription factor, is completely suppressed by enforced C/EBPa but not by ectopic IL-2 stimulation in proB cells. Introduction of Pax5 blocks ectopic IL-2 receptor-mediated myeloid lineage conversion in CLPs. These data suggest that C/EBPa is a proximal target of cytokine induced lineage conversion in lymphoid progenitors. Furthermore, complete loss of Pax5 expression triggered by upregulation of C/EBPa is a critical event for lineage conversion from lymphoid to myeloid lineage in CLPs and proB cells.
Information Transfer and Conformation Change in Network of Coupled Oscillator

Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the problem of conformation change in a network of coupled oscillator system with double well internal potential. Conformation change refers to the phenomena where all the oscillators in the network make a transition from one potential well to another potential well under the influence of external perturbation. We propose a novel approach based on information transfer in network dynamical systems to understand this phenomenon. We consider a heterogeneous network system where the internal dynamics of the oscillators are assumed to be nonidentical and the interconnecting Laplacian can also be asymmetric. The objective is to determine which of the network oscillator is most influential in driving the conformation dynamics. We show that the net information transfer of individual oscillators can be used to determine the most influential oscillator which can drive the entire network from one well to another well of the potential. We use three different network topologies to verify our proposed framework.
Treatment Feasibility and Social Validity

This is the sixth chapter in the section on client variables, values, and preferences. Evidence-based practitioners recognize that a treatment may be supported by many well-controlled studies and all parties may agree it is the ideal treatment, but a treatment cannot be considered appropriate for implementation if there are obstacles to accurate implementation that cannot be overcome. Treatment feasibility may be problematic due to resource constraint and environmental supports, such as lack of training, impact on other family members, barriers to sustainability, etc. Evidence-based practitioners may address problems with feasibility in numerous ways. Brainstorming sessions can resolve obstacles to feasibility. In addition a dual treatment selection process may emerge. Specifically a feasible short-term treatment is immediately implemented while a long-term plan to build systematic capacity for a preferable treatment is developed and activated.
Attempting to restore mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) four years after fire

Restoration of shrubs is needed throughout the world because of altered fire regimes, anthropogenic disturbance, and overutilization. The native shrub mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle) is a restoration priority because of its value to wildlife in western North America. One of the principal threats to mountain big sagebrush is encroachment by western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Hook) and other conifers. Fire is frequently applied to control juniper; however, sagebrush recovery after fire can be variable. Seeding sagebrush postfire can hasten sagebrush recovery; however, seeding is not always necessary. Therefore, it may be advantageous to monitor postfire recovery to determine if seeding is needed. The effect of seeding sagebrush several years after fire is unknown. We evaluated the efficiency of seeding mountain big sagebrush four years after fire-controlled junipers at five sites. Sagebrush cover (<0.5%) and density (<0.07 plants/m2) was low in seeded plots and did not differ from unseeded controls in the three postseeding years. We conclude that seeding sagebrush four years after fire did not accelerate sagebrush recovery. We speculate that seeded sagebrush failed to establish because of competition from herbaceous vegetation that had four years to recover after fire. Although it would be beneficial to seed sagebrush only when needed, our results suggest postponing seeding until monitoring has determined that recovery is inadequate may not be advisable. We suggest researchers investigate methods to improve predicting sagebrush recovery to allow for seeding, when needed, before the first postfire growing season.
Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of anisole: an insight into the role of metals in transalkylation reactions in bio-oil upgrading

Alkylbenzene was observed during continuous hydrodeoxygenation of anisole in toluene. Besides acidic compositions, metals in catalysts play an important role in the transalkylation reaction during the HDO of anisole. Some metals (e.g. NiMo) that enabled partial hydrogenation could temporarily destroy aromaticity, resulting in a high yield of alkylated products. In addition, a high temperature facilitated transalkylation, while temperatures over 400 °C caused severe aromatic condensation.
Exposure to the Pope's Climate Change Message Activated Convinced Americans to Take Certain Activism Actions.

Many people who are concerned about the issue of climate change do not engage in the collective action behaviors that are most likely to lead to societal-scale solutions. Such attitude-behavior inconsistency is a well-documented phenomenon. This study investigates whether exposure to an effectively framed message from a highly credible source can increase the consistency between attitudes and activism behaviors among people with pre-existing strong attitudes, particularly for behaviors that are less difficult. The release of Pope Francis' climate change encyclical, Laudato Si, and subsequent visit to the United States provide an opportunity to test this research question in a natural field setting. A nationally representative, within-subject panel survey was conducted two months prior to the release of the encyclical and again four months later, after the release and papal visit, to assess the impact of the Pope's message on Americans' climate change consumer and political advocacy behaviors. Among people who are already concerned about climate change, higher exposure to the Pope's climate change message is associated with increases in attitude-behavior consistency for less difficult activism behaviors. The findings suggest that sustained exposure to compelling climate messages from trusted sources can increase the performance of activism behaviors.
Genetic Counseling for Couples Who are First Cousins

It is general knowledge that parents should not be related to each other. This is based in part on hearsay information which suggests that related parents are more likely than unrelated couples to have mentally retarded offspring. The legislatures in most states in the United States have passed laws which prohibit marriage between first cousins (1). Consanguinity is rare in the United States; less than 1 in 1,000 couples are first cousins. Yet, each year several couples who are first cousins come to our Genetics Clinic for information about their risks of having abnormal or handicapped children. These consultations have prompted us to review the data available for defining the magnitude of the risk faced by these couples. While several studies have been conducted on the effects of inbreeding (2), it is difficult to translate this data to information useful to these couples.
Dietetic interns' perceptions and use of evidence-based practice: an exploratory study.

Objective: This study explored dietetic interns’ perceptions and knowledge of evidence-based practice (EBP), their use and observation of EBP principles during their clinical rotations, and their intentions to use EBP in their careers. Methods: A mixed methods design combining a survey and focus group was employed. Dietetic interns (n=16) from a large Midwestern university were recruited in person and via email to participate in the survey, focus group, or both. Perceptions and experiences of EBP were analyzed through the focus group (qualitative), and EBP knowledge and clinical practice behaviors were analyzed through the survey (quantitative). The focus group discussion was recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Four major themes emerged from the focus group data: (1) observations of EBP in clinical practice, (2) use of EBP during clinical rotations, (3) barriers to EBP, and (4) perceived use of EBP as future registered dietitians. Interns considered EBP important for their profession and future careers. They struggled, however, with the discrepancies between current research and practice, and highlighted differences that they observed and barriers that they experienced across different clinical settings. Conclusions: This exploratory study is the first to examine dietetic interns’ perceptions of and experiences with EBP in the clinical setting. Future research is needed to identify how dietetics educators, librarians, and preceptors can address the barriers that interns perceive in applying EBP in their internships.
Socialization in the Family: Implications for Music Education.

Socialization in the family commonly is considered a process by which children acquire self-understanding and learn to successfully interact with others in a specific cultural context. At one time,...
Standardized methods must be used to compare the properties of botulinum toxin serotypes.

With little doubt, our knowledge about different types of botulinum toxin (BoNT), especially the numerous subtypes, has expanded significantly in recent times. As more subtypes are found, these must be studied in detail and characterised in comparison to the main members of each group. Their pharmacological properties are especially important since any changes, especially in biological activity/potency, need to be identified.
Aeromagnetic and spectral expressions of rare earth element deposits in Gallinas Mountains area, Central New Mexico, USA

AbstractThe Gallinas Mountains, located at the junction of Lincoln and Torrance Counties, New Mexico, USA, are a series of alkaline volcanic rocks intruded into Permian sedimentary rocks. The Galli...
Design of a facility for the in situ measurement of catalytic reaction by neutron scattering spectroscopy

Catalysis is a critical enabling science for future energy needs. The next frontier of catalysis is to evolve from catalyst discovery to catalyst design, and for this next step to be realized, we must develop new techniques to better understand reaction mechanisms. To do this, we must connect catalytic reaction rates and selectivities to the kinetics, energetics, and dynamics of individual elementary steps and relate these to the structure and dynamics of the catalytic sites involved. Neutron scattering spectroscopies offer unique capabilities that are difficult or impossible to match by other techniques. The current study presents the development of a compact and portable instrumental design that enables the in situ investigation of catalytic samples by neutron scattering techniques. The developed apparatus was tested at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) in Oak Ridge National Laboratory and includes a gas handling panel that allows for computer hookups to control the panel externally and online measure...
Brain Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Imaging plays an important role in elucidating many of the aetiologies of cerebral palsy in children. Magnetic resonance imaging is a particularly powerful tool in the evaluation of the causes of cerebral palsy, both in the acute and chronic phases. We will review the role of MRI in assessment of various aetiologies contributing to cerebral palsies. These categories include congenital malformations, intracranial haemorrhage, hypoxic-ischaemic injury, periventricular leukomalacia and white matter injury of prematurity, perinatal ischaemic stroke and a number of other neonatal encephalopathies. In this chapter, we will review the utility of MRI in the evaluation of cerebral palsy in the young child.
Incentivizing Deep Fixes in Software Economies

An important question in a software economy is how to incentivize deep rather than shallow fixes. A deep fix corrects the root cause of a bug instead of suppressing the symptoms. This paper initiates the study of the problem of incentive design for open workflows in fixing code. We model the dynamics of the software ecosystem and introduce subsumption mechanisms . These mechanisms only make use of externally observable information in determining payments and promote competition between workers. We use a mean field equilibrium methodology to evaluate the performance of these mechanisms, demonstrating in simulation that subsumption mechanisms perform robustly across various environment configurations and satisfy important criteria for market design.
Nature of Surface Films

Virtually all electrode processes are affected by the films that exist or form on the surfaces of electrodes. Consequently, the nature of these surface films play a critical role in affecting the electrochemistry taking place at a surface. The properties to be discussed that determine the nature of surface films are the following: (a)thickness, (b) composition, (c) structure, (d) defects, (e) electronic, optical, and magnetic properties, and (f) mechanical properties.
Exterior Algebra and Grassmannians

We saw in Chapter 1 that a p × 1 system could be represented by a morphism form ℙ1 into ℙ p and we indicated in I.Chapter 23 how a 2 × 2 system could be viewed as a morphism of ℙ1 into a projective variety Gr(2, 4) representing the two-dimensional subspaces of 4-space. Here we wish to develop the ideas we need to represent an F(z) ∈ Rat(n; p, m) by a morphism of ℙ1 into the projective variety representing the m-dimensional subspaces of m + p-space.
The Future of Interconnects: Challenges and Enabling Technologies

Enabling resistance and capacitance scaling are key to delivering interconnect performance for future technology nodes [1]. Copper interconnects become less advantageous at smaller dimensions due to the large mean free path of Copper and the need for a diffusion barrier. In addition, electromigration (EM) limits the current density of copper interconnects at small dimensions [2]. Novel barriers for copper may be used to increase the copper volume fraction of an interconnect line, and alternate metals with shorter mean-free-paths (MFP) may offer barrier-free solutions for future technology nodes [3]. To improve capacitance, carbon-doped silicon dioxides (CDO) has been implemented in modern technologies [1]. However, it has been difficult to integrate porous low-K inter-layer dielectrics (ILD) into interconnect systems [1]. This talk presents opportunities with using pore stuffing to improve patterning to enable low-K integration [4], [5] and the simulated capacitance and performance benefits using pore stuffing technologies.
A Preliminary Study of Ice-Relative Underwater Vehicle Navigation Beneath Moving Sea Ice

This paper addresses the problem of underwater robotic vehicle navigation relative to moving or stationary sea ice. A brief review of previously-reported under-ice navigation methods is given, as well as a brief motivation for the use of under-ice robotic vehicles with precision navigation capabilities. We then describe our proposed approach, which employs two or more satellite navigation beacons atop the sea ice along with other precision vehicle and ship mounted navigation sensors to estimate vehicle, ice, and ship states by means of an Extended Kalman Filter. Navigation results for a simulated 7.6 km under ice survey are presented for varying satellite beacon separation. Preliminary analysis suggests that for the simulated sensors, vehicle trajectory, and ice velocities, the proposed method can accurately estimate vehicle position up to 1.2 km from the deployment ship given sufficient satellite beacon separation. Decreased beacon separation results in divergence of the vehicle's position estimate at large standoff distances from the ship. We conclude with suggestions for future improvements.
A New Adaptive Reconfigurable Bandpass Filter with Flexible Resonance Control

A new adaptive reconfigurable bandpass filter (BPF) has been proposed in this paper. It has the frequency tuning capability of a normal reconfigurable filter, as well as the ability to change the filter order and bandwidth. The proposed filter structure is divided into two parts; the core filter and the adaptive resonators. The core filter, whose resonant frequencies are always in the filter's passband, is analyzed using an even-odd mode method. The resonant frequencies from the adaptive resonators are then compared to the ones from the even-odd modes in the core filter. It is found that when the resonant frequencies of the adaptive resonators match those of the even and odd modes, the filter order is two and a narrow bandwidth is obtained. If both the adaptive resonator frequencies are far removed from the even-odd mode frequencies of the core filter, a forth order wide band response is observed. In between these two cases, a third order filter with an intermediate bandwidth can be obtained. Another advantage of the proposed BPF is that its response contains two transmission zeroes on either side of the passband, improving out-of-band rejection. This mechanism is a result of the adaptive resonators creating a bandstop structure in the rejection band. To verify the discussion, a prototype filter has been experimentally implemented. It demonstrates flexibility in frequency tuning, filter order switching and bandwidth control.
A Monographic Revision of the Genus Hoplopyga Thomson, 1880 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini)

Abstract A comprehensive revision of the genus Hoplopyga Thomson, 1880 is presented. Eighteen species are redescribed, and two new species are described. A key for identification, distribution maps, and images of the 20 species are provided. Hoplopyga ruteri Antoine is removed from the genus and placed in junior synonymy with Macrocranius similis Schurhoff. Lectotypes are designated for Hoplopyga brasiliensis (Gory and Percheron), Hoplopyga corumbana Schurhoff, and Hoplopyga multipunctata (Gory and Percheron). The following new synonymies are established: Hoplopyga lucidiventris (Thomson) is Hoplopyga foeda (Schaum); Hoplopyga spurca (Janson) is Hoplopyga liturata (Olivier); Hoplopyga monacha (Gory and Percheron) and Hoplopyga rubida (Gory and Percheron) are Hoplopyga singularis (Gory and Percheron). Hoplopyga pseudomiliaris Shaughney and Ratcliffe from Guatemala and Hoplopyga riparia Shaughney and Ratcliffe from Peru and Brazil are described as new species.
Gene-Environment Interactions and the Risk of Barrett's Esophagus in Three US Cohorts

Objectives Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with Barrett's esophagus (BE) risk. In addition, environmental factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, and heartburn increase BE risk. However, data on potential interactions between these genetic and environmental factors on BE risk are scant. Understanding how genes and environmental risk factors interact may provide key insight into the pathophysiology of BE, and potentially identify opportunities for targeted prevention and treatment. The objectives of this study were to examine the main effects and the potential effect modification between known genetic loci (SNPs) and established environmental risk factors for BE. Methods We performed a nested case-control study using data on 401 incident BE cases and 436 age-matched controls from the Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study II, and Health Professionals Follow-up Study cohorts, who gave blood and completed biennial questionnaires. Overall, we genotyped 46 SNPs identified in previous BE genome-wide association studies as well as SNPs in candidate genes related to BE susceptibility (i.e., related to excess body fat, fat distribution, factors associated with insulin resistance, and inflammatory mediators). A genetic risk score (GRS) was constructed to evaluate the combined effect of the selected SNPs on BE risk. Interactions between SNPs and BE risk factors were also assessed. Results We observed a suggestive, but not statistically significant, association between our GRS and BE risk: a one-allele increase in the unweighted GRS increased the risk of BE by a factor of 1.20 (95% confidence interval = 1.00-1.44; P = 0.057). We did not observe any meaningful multiplicative interactions between smoking, alcohol consumption, or heartburn duration and BE genotypes. When we assessed the joint effect of weighted GRS and BE risk factors, we did not observe any significant interaction with alcohol and heartburn duration, whereas smoking showed a significant multiplicative interaction (P = 0.016). Conclusions Our results suggest that SNPs associated with BE at genome-wide significant levels can be combined into a GRS with a potential positive association with BE risk.
Damped interfacial oscillation of a particle-embedded viscous drop

This article describes how a drop with an embedded particle exhibits interfacial waves with transient decay due to the interplay between capillary and viscous effects. To reveal the damped oscillation of the system properly, the deformation and pressure fields inside the domain are described in terms of complete sets of basis functions. Such representation leads to a matrix formulation which enforces no-slip condition at the solid-liquid interface and ensures correct discontinuity in normal stress due to surface tension at the drop periphery. The resulting characteristic equation involving the natural frequencies and the decay constants is solved numerically to determine these quantities. The matrix expression implies a block-diagonalized structure with two uncoupled blocks corresponding to two distinctly different dynamics. The first of these is related to pure rotational velocities on spherical surfaces which monotonically decay in time without any fluctuation in the absence of any peripheral deformation. By contrast, the second block is associated with the undulation in shape. Due to the restoring features of surface tension, the latter can exhibit underdamped oscillatory modes, if the capillary number Ca is below a critical value. However, even these waves would become overdamped if the critical number is exceeded. These values of Ca for a few most relevant modes are plotted in this paper as functions of particle-to-drop size ratio. Also, the natural frequencies for the underdamped cases as well as the damping constants for all considered modes are presented for different size ratios and capillary numbers. The findings are verified by matching the computed results to a novel boundary layer theory under low capillary number limit. Under the limiting condition, both sets of independent calculations yield the same decay constants and natural frequencies providing mutual validations.This article describes how a drop with an embedded particle exhibits interfacial waves with transient decay due to the interplay between capillary and viscous effects. To reveal the damped oscillation of the system properly, the deformation and pressure fields inside the domain are described in terms of complete sets of basis functions. Such representation leads to a matrix formulation which enforces no-slip condition at the solid-liquid interface and ensures correct discontinuity in normal stress due to surface tension at the drop periphery. The resulting characteristic equation involving the natural frequencies and the decay constants is solved numerically to determine these quantities. The matrix expression implies a block-diagonalized structure with two uncoupled blocks corresponding to two distinctly different dynamics. The first of these is related to pure rotational velocities on spherical surfaces which monotonically decay in time without any fluctuation in the absence of any peripheral deformatio...
Functional disability, depression, and suicidal ideation in older prisoners.

Abstract Background The population of older prisoners (age ≥50), a group with high suicide rates, is growing. We sought to explore the associations among functional disability, depression, and suicidal ideation (SI) among older prisoners, focusing on the mediating role of depression. Methods Study participants were 220 sentenced male inmates age ≥50 who were incarcerated in 8 prisons. Face-to-face interviews were conducted following consent. Functional disability was assessed objectively, using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and via self-report by asking participants their level of difficulty climbing stairs and completing activities necessary for daily living in prison (PADLS) such as standing in line for medications. The PHQ-9 and the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale assessed depressive symptoms and SI, respectively. Data were analyzed using linear regression models and causal mediation models. Results Participants were racially diverse and ranged from age 50 to 79 years. Whereas each functional disability measure was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, difficulty climbing stairs and PADL disability, but not SPPB score, were independently associated with SI. Depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between functional disability, assessed both objectively and via self-report, and SI. Limitations Cross-sectional study design; possible under-sampling of participants with depressive symptoms and SI. Conclusions Our findings have implications for suicide prevention in older prisoners. As this population continues to grow, prevention efforts should target those with depression, including but not limited to those with functional disability. Furthermore, assessing functional disability may offer a means of identifying those who should be screened for depression and suicidal ideation.
Diffusion of Complex Information Systems across Organizations

Organizations deal with complex information systems innovations such as enterprise resource planning systems to enable and support their operations. While there is considerable research on organizations’ adoption, implementation, and use of such complex information systems, prior literature has not dwelt as much on the diffusion or the spread of such complex information systems across a population of organizations. A limited number of studies have shown different information sources such as external, internal, and mixed influences to drive diffusion, and found variations in the diffusion patterns of different complex information systems. These findings, however, belong to different populations and do not account for organizational or technology characteristics that may be influential in diffusion. This study seeks to expand our understanding by examining the diffusion of several complex information systems within the same population of S&P-500 organizations between 1990 and 2008 by modeling different influence mechanisms and employing event-history analysis.
Refinement of cg05575921 demethylation response in nascent smoking

The initiation of adolescent smoking is difficult to detect using carbon monoxide or cotinine assays. Previously, we and others have shown that the methylation of cg05575921 is an accurate predictor of adult smoking status. But the dose and time dependency of the demethylation response to smoking initiation in adolescents is not yet well understood. To this end, we conducted three consecutive annual in-person interviews and biological samplings of 448 high school students (wave 1 (W1)-wave 3 (W3)). At W1 (n = 448), 62 subjects reported using tobacco and 72 subjects reported using cannabis at least once in their life-time with 38 and 20 subjects having a positive cotinine and cannabinoid levels, respectively, at W1 intake. At W3 (n = 383), 67 subjects reported using tobacco and 60 subjects reported using cannabis at least once with 75 and 60 subjects having positive cotinine and cannabinoid levels, respectively, at W3. Subjects with undetectable cotinine levels at all three-time waves had stable levels of cg05575921 methylation throughout the study (88.7% at W1 and 88.8% at W3, n = 149), while subjects with positive cotinine levels at all 3 time points manifested a steady decrease in cg05575921 methylation (81.8% at W1 and 71.3% at the W3, n = 12). In those subjects with an affirmative smoking self-report at W3 (n = 17), the amount of demethylation at cg05575921 was correlated with time and intensity of smoking. We conclude that cg05575921 methylation is a sensitive, dose-dependent indicator of early stages of smoking, and may help to identify smokers in the early stages of smoking.
Evidence for Age-Equivalent and Task-Dissociative Metacognition in the Memory Domain

Research suggests that metacognitive monitoring ability does not decline with age. For example, judgments-of-learning (JOL) accuracy is roughly equivalent between younger and older adults. But few studies have asked whether younger and older adults' metacognitive ability varies across different types of memory processes (e.g., for items vs. pairs). The current study tested the relationship between memory and post-decision confidence ratings at the trial level on item (individual words) and associative (word pairs) memory recognition tests. As predicted, younger and older adults had similar metacognitive efficiency, when using meta-d'/d', a measure derived from Signal Detection Theory, despite a significant age effect favoring younger adults on memory performance. This result is consistent with previous work showing age-equivalent metacognitive efficiency in the memory domain. We also found that metacognitive efficiency was higher for associative memory than for item memory across age groups, even though associative and item recognition memory (d') were statistically equivalent. Higher accuracy on post-test decision confidence ratings for associative recognition relative to item recognition on resolution accuracy itself (meta-d') and when corrected for performance differences (meta-d'/d') are novel findings. Implications for associative metacognition are discussed.
Abstract P254: Decompressive Hemicraniectomy and Functional Outcomes After Malignant Cerebral Infarction: Real World Experience From a Comprehensive Stroke Center

Background: Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC), performed in select patients with malignant infarction (MCI), reduces mortality. However, there is conflicting evidence surrounding the use of DHC i...
FinFET based SRAMs in Sub-10nm domain

Abstract An exponential rise in transistor count, have increased the power consumption of the modern digital system. Moreover, at lower technology node, the performance of conventional CMOS designs degrades because of the short channel effects (SCEs). In sub-10 ​nm technologies, FinFET devices have good gate control and achieve superior performance than CMOS designs. FinFET devices possess high ION current and improved scalability compared to conventional CMOS. Among numerous double gate (DG) devices, the quasiplanar FinFET structure gained huge attention because of the simple fabrication process [4]. However, FinFET based designs have a major width quantization issue. The width of FinFET device varies only in quanta of silicon fin height (HFIN) [4]. This is a critical issue for ratioed designs like Static Random-Access Memory (SRAMs), where proper sizing of transistors is essential for correct functionality. With process variations, this issue becomes even worse and affect the performance of SRAM cell. The SRAM has a significant performance impact on current nanoelectronics systems. Next-generation devices overcome the short-channel effects (SCE) of CMOS technology and can be used to improve the efficiency of SRAM designs. FinFETs are promising emerging devices, which can improve the performance of SRAM designs at lower technology nodes. This review paper presents different types of SRAM bitcells and memory system architectures. It also discusses the detailed analysis of SRAM bitcells based on various highly explored FinFET devices in sub-10nm domain. The read stability and write ability of SRAM cells are determined using Static Noise Margin (butterfly) and N-curve methods. Moreover, this manuscript presents a benchmarking between the Underlapped FinFET based SRAM and Design Technology Optimized FinFET Based SRAM. In addition to this, Monte Carlo simulations are performed on the SRAM cells to evaluate process variations to determine the robustness of SRAM designs. Simulations were done in HSPICE using 7 ​nm technology.
Torn-Paper Coding

We consider the problem of communicating over a channel that randomly “tears” the message block into small pieces of different sizes and shuffles them. For the binary torn-paper channel with block length $n$ and pieces of length ${\mathrm{ Geometric}}(p_{n})$ , we characterize the capacity as $C = e^{-\alpha }$ , where $\alpha = \lim _{n\to \infty } p_{n} \log n$ . Our results show that the case of ${\mathrm{ Geometric}}(p_{n})$ -length fragments and the case of deterministic length- $(1/p_{n})$ fragments are qualitatively different and, surprisingly, the capacity of the former is larger. Intuitively, this is due to the fact that, in the random fragments case, large fragments are sometimes observed, which boosts the capacity.
Recognizing and Mitigating Canine Stress during Animal Assisted Interventions.

Animal-assisted Interventions (AAI) proliferated rapidly since clinicians and researchers first noted the positive effects animals have on people struggling with physical and mental health concerns. The intersection of AAI with the field of animal welfare evolved from considering animals’ basic needs, such as freedom from pain, to recognition that animals experience nuanced emotions. Current conceptualizations of the various roles of companion animals as an adjunct to treatments for humans emphasize not only the animals’ physical comfort and autonomy, but also their mental well-being and enjoyment of AAI activities. However, numerous challenges to effective monitoring of animals involved in AAI exist. This article focuses specifically on dogs, highlighting factors that may lead handlers and therapists to miss or ignore canine stress signals during human-animal interactions and offers strategies to recognize and ameliorate dogs’ distress more consistently. The primary goals of this discussion are to summarize the current thinking on canine well-being and to highlight practical applications of animal welfare principles in real-world AAI settings. The paper highlights contextual factors (e.g., physical setting, patient demand), human influences (e.g., desire to help), and intervention characteristics (e.g., presence or absence of a dog-specific advocate) that may promote or inhibit humans’ ability to advocate for therapy dogs during AAI activities. Deidentified examples of each of these factors are discussed, and recommendations are provided to mitigate factors that interfere with timely recognition and amelioration of canine distress.
Characterization of C/EBP Binding Sites Downstream of the Transcriptional Start Site in the HIV-1 LTR

Previous studies have shown that at least one upstream CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) site was necessary for HIV-1 LTR activity in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. However, no investigation has been performed to date on C/EBP sites downstream (DS) of the start of transcription. Analyses of 115 clade B LTRs indicated there are three potential C/EBP sites within the downstream LTR region. Electrophoretic mobility shift (EMS) analyses demonstrated one of the three sites (DS3) was able to bind members of the C/EBP family. Analyses of clade A, C, and D LTRs indicated this site was highly conserved among different clades, suggesting the presence of a functionally important cis-acting element. In comparison to the clade B consensus DS3 element, EMS analysis demonstrated the DS3 7A variant exhibited a relative high affinity for C/EBP factors, while the 3C and 7G configurations exhibited lower affinities. Additional studies demonstrated specific DS3 variants exhibited differences in relative affinity for full-length and truncated C/EBPb. Transient transfection studies utilizing parental LTRs derived from LAI, YU.2, and 89.6 molecular clones containing the DS3 7A, 3C, or 7G variants exhibited altered LTR activity compared to their parental strains. These results have suggested that DS3 plays a role in regulating HIV-1 transcription. from 2005 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology Baltimore, USA, 29 August – 2 September 2005
Self versus Others/Self-Regulation†

1 The Social Brain 2 Summary Keywords: self-regulation; social brain; social neuroscience; stigma; theory of mind; mentalizing; self reflection; self-relevant memory; social threat; medial prefrontal cortex; theory of mind; amygdale; threat detection; social emotions
Evolved gas detection techniques: II. Volume—Temperature

Abstract A simple constant pressure-variable volume evolved gas detection apparatus is described. It consists of a glass system in which the pressure change activates a motor-driven variable-volume gas syringe. A slidewire and contact on the syringe plunger permits the recording of the change in volume of the system. Use of the apparatus is illustrated by the thermal dissociation reactions of KHCO 3 , HgO, CaC 2 O 4 ·H 2 O, BaO 2 , and Cd, Cu, Co, Ni and Mg carbonates.
Spatial Statistics of a Turbulent Random Multiplicative Branching Process

Random multiplicative branching processes serve as empirical models for fully developed turbulence. It is necessary to discuss their spatial statistics in terms of a generating functional, so that a rigorous comparison with data can be performed. Some possible links to a Navier-Stokes dynamics are indicated.
Photography: Making every photon count

Improving the sensitivity of photographic emulsions requires much chemical processing, which increases the risk of fogging. A new way of increasing emulsion sensitivity without introducing fog has the potential to improve high-speed films, which may suffer from poor image quality.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF YBa2Cu3O7: s-WAVE INTERPRETATION

Previous interpretations of the thermal conductivity data of YBa2Cu3O7 in terms of d-wave superconductivity have created the impression that this experiment can only be successfully explained in terms of a d-wave model. Here we show that thermal conductivity data can be (better) explained in terms of s-wave hole-pairing, which also handles some outstanding problems with the d-wave interpretation, namely, muon spectra that are s-wave and specific heat data that exhibit a zero-field linear-T term. The basic notion is that a high-temperature superconductor such as YBa2Cu2O7 contains both superconducting and non-superconducting bands. The main superconducting bands are associated with BaO, and the CuO2 bands are non-superconducting.
Asia and the Reform of Global Governance

Asia's growing economic weight in the world economy is unlikely to produce substantial changes in global economic governance. National economic capabilities are not easily translated into influence over governance outcomes or institutions. Governments must deploy strategies of engagement with key institutions; incumbent powers will attempt counterstrategies. Coalition-building within and outside the region confronts substantial obstacles that reduce Asia's bargaining leverage. Asian preferences over institutional design and policies are unlikely to diverge from the status quo. A more pessimistic scenario includes resistance to global surveillance, spillover from other issue-areas, and defensive regionalism that undermines global institutions.
Towards highly efficient photocatalysts using semiconductor nanoarchitectures

The search for clean renewable energy sources is of central importance to address the ever-increasing challenges of diminishing fossil fuels and global warming. Photocatalytic processes can mimic natural photosynthesis to directly convert solar energy into chemical energy, and represent an attractive strategy for renewable energy generation and environmental remediation. Nanostructured semiconductors can play an important role in photocatalysis due to their unique structures, and chemical and physical properties. Here we present a brief overview of the recent progress in the development of semiconductor nanostructure based photocatalysts. In particular, we focus our discussions on four essential problems that dictate the performance of a photocatalyst material: visible light absorption for efficient solar energy harvesting, efficient charge separation and transportation, effective cocatalysts for efficient charge utilization, and photoelectrochemical stability for robust photocatalysis. Challenges, potential solutions, and recent efforts to address each one of these problems are discussed. Lastly, we finish the perspective with the discussion of a recent concept of using freestanding photoelectrochemical nanodevices as a potential solution to a new generation of highly efficient and stable photocatalysts.
Hedonic Pricing of Atlantic Cod: Effects of Size, Freshness, and Gear

ABSTRACT Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) has been culturally important in the northeast United States (US) for hundreds of years. This research estimates a hedonic model of cod prices in the Northeast US from 2005–2011. While large fish typically receive premium prices, the largest cod receive prices that are approximately $0.20 per pound lower than fish in the next largest market category. A moderate premium for freshness is found: cod caught on trips that last four days receive $0.04 less per pound than fish that is caught on shorter trips. This discount rises to nearly $0.15 per pound for trips lasting 10 days or longer. A similar discount exists for fish that are stored for two or more days after landing. The premia estimated by the hedonic price model are quite different from the group mean premia, suggesting that bioeconomic models that incorporate price heterogeneity should consider more sophisticated price models. JEL Codes: Q22, Q50, D40.