cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of estrogens on canine renal allografts

Abstract Immunosuppressive effect of estrogens is unsettled. Our studies, however, have demonstrated that in canine renal allografts they affect the integrity of the capillaries resulting in a decrease in interstitial infiltration and edema, associated with fibrinoid vascular alterations and glomerular changes. Renal plasma flow in estrogen-treated subjects was better than in the untreated control groups. However, a synergic effect with azathioprine (Imuran) was not observed. Except for the decrease in interstitial cellular infiltration associated with administration of estrone and estradiol, other changes were not found in groups treated with various estrogens.
Thermal Lensing of Edge-pumped Slab Lasers-I

We present realistic calculations of thermal lensing in edge-pumped, Yb3+ doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), slab lasers for both straight-through and zigzag propagation. Using ray tracing and finite element analysis we simulate the distributions of absorbed pump power, temperature, and stress. From these results we numerically calculate the induced lensing due to thermal and stress gradients. Effects on induced lensing of gaps in the diode pump source array and due to bonding undoped host crystal to the slab edges are presented.
Impact of cross-anisotropy on embedded sensor stress–strain and pavement damage

The effects of cross-anisotropy on asphalt pavement responses and damage are investigated in this study. As a part of this investigation, a dynamic Finite Element Model (FEM) of a pavement section at interstate I-40 (Mile Post 141) in New Mexico is developed in ABAQUS. This section has recently been instrumented with strain gauges, moisture probes and pressure cells. The dynamic FEM has been simulated to determine pavement responses under Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and truckload. Pavement response (i.e. stress, strain and deflection) from the instrumented section are then compared to the FEM predicted values. To study the effect, a total of five combinations of cross-anisotropy are considered. The first combination considers cross-anisotropy of modulus in every layers of the pavement. The rest of the combinations considers it in each of the individual layers such as surface (Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)), base (Granular aggregate), sub-base (PPC) and subgrade (Fine soil), respectively. Time-deflection hi...
Empirical bayes shrinkage estimation of reliability in the exponential distribution

In this paper we propose two empirical Bayes shrinkage estimators for the reliability of the exponential distribution and study their properties. Under the uniform prior distribution and the inverted gamma prior distribution these estimators are developed and compared with a preliminary test estimator and with a shrinkage testimator in terms of mean squared error. The proposed empirical Bayes shrinkage estimator under the inverted gamma prior distribution is shown to be preferable to the preliminary test estimator and the shrinkage testimator when the prior value of mean life is clsoe to the true mean life.
Rhodium(I) catalyzed decomposition of formic acid

Abstract Rh(C 6 H 4 PPh 2 )(PPh 3 ) 2 catalyzes the decomposition of formic acid to CO 2 and H 2 . The initial step is the oxidative addition of formic acid to produce the intermediate Rh(HCO 2 )(PPh 3 ) 3 , which probably is followed by β-hydride elimination, to produce CO 2 and RhH(PPh 3 ) 3 . The latter reacts with formic acid to produce H 2 and to reform Rh(HCO 2 )(PPh 3 ) 3 .
Finite Domain Constraints Based Delay Aware Placement Tool for FPOAs

FPOAs are reconfigurable devices similar to FPGAs but offer a much higher level of abstraction than the gate level. The main advantage of FPOAs is their deterministic on chip network, which guarantees that an application executes at the design frequency. Mathstar's current toolflow requires constant manual guidance to place and route a design. In this paper we propose a finite domain Constraint Satisfaction (CS) based approach, which considers the communication delay between hardware resources to ensure that they meet the design's timing requirement. We tested our Placement tool using a parameterized design test generator, and a 48-tap FIR filter. The tool reported a feasible solution for problems with known solutions, typically within a few seconds.
Cloning and functional characterization of a folate transporter from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Two putative orthologs to the human reduced folate carrier (hRFC), folt-1 and folt-2, which share a 40 and 31% identity, respectively, with the hRFC sequence, have been identified in the Caenorhabd...
Socioeconomic factors differentiating healthcare utilization of cyclone survivors in rural Bangladesh: a case study of cyclone Sidr

Methods A systematic random sample of 384 heads of household was interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. This study used multivariate logistic analyses to examine post-cyclone healthcare utilizations. Healthcare utilization is defined as the process of seeking professional healthcare and submitting oneself to the application of available health services, with the purpose to prevent or treat health problems. Results Over half (58%) of Cyclone Sidr survivors suffered from some type of illness occurring during the 15 days preceding the survey. The most common healthcare choices among survivors to address illnesses were seeking assistance from paraprofessionals (37%), qualified allopaths (26%) and drug store salespersons (17%). A principal finding was that a household’s socioeconomic status, as reflected by wealth quintiles, was a major determinant in healthcare utilization. The household heads in the higher wealth quintile were significantly more likely to seek modern allopathic providers for healthcare than those in the poorest quintile (Odds ratio (OR) ¼ 2.89, Confidence interval (CI): 1.92–5.87). The household heads who listened to health risk communications were 2.55 times more likely to seek any healthcare (CI: 1.35–5.11) and 1.77 times to seek modern allopathic care (CI: 1.62–5.09) than those who did not. Other significant predictors of healthcare utilization were education, listening to radio, distance to healthcare facility and perceived susceptibility to water-borne diseases. Conclusions Para-professionals, qualified allopath and drugstore salespeople are the primary vehicles for providing healthcare services to population at risk of cyclone. Therefore, there is a need for more medical training for these primary healthcare providers in rural Bangladesh.
A Load-Based Multiple-Partial Unloading Micro-Indentation Technique for Mechanical Property Evaluation

A load-based multiple-partial unloading micro-indentation technique has been developed for evaluating mechanical properties of materials. Comparing to the current prevailing nano/micro-indentation methods, which require precise measurements of the indentation depth and load, the proposed technique only measures indentation load and the overall indentation displacement (i.e. including displacement of the loading apparatus). Coupled with a multiple-partial unloading procedure during the indentation process, this technique results in a load-depth sensing indentation system capable of determining Young’s modulus of metallic alloys with flat, tubular, or curved architectures. Test results show consistent and correct elastic modulus values when performing indentation tests on standard alloys such as steel, aluminum, bronze, and single crystal superalloys. The proposed micro-indentation technique has led to the development of a portable load-depth sensing indentation system capable of on-site, in-situ material property measurement.
Sensing and recognition of rigid objects using structured light

Word directed toward the development of a vision system for bin picking of rigid 3D objects is reported. Any such system must have components for sensing, feature extraction, modeling, and matching. A structured light system which attempts to deliver a rich 2/sup 1///sub 2/D representation of the scene is described. Surface patches are evident as connected sets of stripes whose 3D coordinates are computed by means of triangulation and constraint propagation. Object edges are detected by the intersection of surface patches or by backprojecting image edges to intersect with the patches. Two matching paradigms are given for drawing correspondence between structures in the scene representation and structures in models. Three major contributions are reported: a method for sensing object surface patches without having to solve uniquely for stripe labels; the use of both an intensity image and a striped image, allowing scenes to be represented by detected edges along with 3D surface patches; and a pose-clustering algorithm, a uniform technique to accumulate matching evidence for recognition while averaging out substantial errors of pose. >
State-and-transition models for assessing grasshopper sparrow habitat use.

The combination of ecological site descriptions and state-and-transition models (STMs) describes potential vegetation, plant composition, and plant community dynamics and thus can be used to classify and understand dynamics of wildlife habitats across landscapes or home ranges. Numerous studies have evaluated effects of plant community dynamics on diversity and abundance of wildlife populations, but we could find no studies that examined changes in wildlife populations with respect to STMs. We compared abundance of grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) across 5 community phases representing 2 different ecological states in the Columbia Basin, Oregon, USA, to evaluate utility of STMs for understanding and predicting potential changes in habitat use by wildlife species. We measured grasshopper sparrow abundance in 165 100-m fixed-radius point counts distributed across 17 study plots within 5 plant community phases: native perennial grassland, sagebrush-steppe, depleted sagebrush-steppe, sagebrush-steppe with an annual grass understory, and annual grassland. We used a general estimating equation with a Poisson distribution to model relative abundance and estimate differences in this abundance index between linked pairs of community phases. Grasshopper sparrows showed clear differences in abundance among community phases and were most numerous in perennial grasslands and least abundant in depleted sagebrush and sagebrush annual grass community phases. As a management tool, STM provides information that predicts the direct and indirect cumulative impacts of various management actions on vegetation composition and structure (and thus habitat). Ecological site descriptions and STMs enable land managers and scientists to assess potential and current wildlife habitat suitability and to predict potential response of wildlife populations to vegetation dynamics based on the ecological potential of the site.
Molecular Epidemiology of the Global and Temporal Diversity of Candida albicans

The epidemiology of Candida albicans has changed with the rise in immunocompromised patients and the pressures of antifungal treatment and prophylaxis. We assessed the genotype distribution of recently obtained, globally diverse isolates in comparison with isolates recovered in the United States and United Kingdom before 1985, in order to determine temporal and geographic differences. We used EcoRI digestion of cellular DNA to generate restriction fragment length polymorphisms, dividing the isolates into 4 groups. From 15 diverse geographic areas, 439 isolates obtained over 20 years were divided into 121 genotypes within groups A (289 isolates), B (85), C (56), and D (9). Differences in genotype distribution existed among the localities (P<.0001) and between isolates obtained before 1990 versus those recovered since then (P=.009). Comparison of pre-1985 United States/United Kingdom isolates with post-1994 United States isolates revealed a trend toward a changing genotype distribution (P=.057). Global post-1985 isolates were different in genotype distribution from United States/United Kingdom isolates (P<.0001). The distribution of isolates from Israel was unique (P<.0001). These differences could be due in part to the increasing prevalence of group C strains worldwide.
The Microbiological Contamination of Egg Shells and Egg Packing Materials

Abstract THE microbiology of egg shells and egg packing materials has received inadequate attention. In England, Haines (1938) found levels of bacterial contamination ranging from 1.30×104—8.0×106 (incubation, 20°C.) and 3.5×104–1.6×106 (incubation, 37°C.) on the shells of 130 eggs, the majority of which were procured from a farm. Rosser (1942) reported average counts of 7.0×104 organisms per shell of Canadian market eggs and 1.03×105 per shell of eggs obtained from a farm. Forsythe et al. (1953) found an average of 6.3×104 (range, 1.0×104—1.0×106) microorganisms on the shells of eggs produced on an experimental poultry farm. Haines (1938) examined 100 isolates from shells and found that gram-negative bacteria (38%), bacilli (30%), and gram-positive cocci (25%) were the most prevalent contaminants. He concluded that eggs were exposed to contamination from a wide variety of sources, the chief ones being feces, manure, and soil. The present study was undertaken with the object…
Clay accumulation and argillic-horizon development as influenced by aeolian deposition vs. local parent material on quartzite and limestone-derived alluvial fans

Abstract Where precipitation is ample (udic moisture regimes) and evidence of illuviation clear, argillic-horizon genesis is often easily understood. In drier climates (aridic to ustic), argillic horizons are often interpreted as relict features of the Pleistocene. However, in high montane, western landscapes where climate falls in between these two extremes, the role of aeolian clay inputs vs. in-situ weathering contributing to clay formation is of debate. Two mollisols, one developed in quartzite alluvium (Charkiln series — 3 pedons) and one in limestone alluvium (Troughspring series — one pedon) were examined to determine whether atmospheric dust or local geologies contribute to their development, and whether Bt horizons in both pedons were argillic horizons. We hypothesize that both soils have argillic horizons and that clays are derived from site parent materials. Thin-section specimens of Bt horizons, and sand and silt fraction grains were prepared and examined using a petrographic microscope. Regional dust XRD mineralogic data were compared to XRD rock fragment and soil mineralogic data. Clay films, while seen in all field pedons, were very few and faint in the Troughspring series. Illuviation of clays was evident in thin sections of the Charkiln pedons but not the Troughspring pedon. In the Charkiln series, illuviation is observed as clay-depleted A horizons, clay-accumulating B horizons, clay bridging, clay films on grains and in channels. In the Troughspring pedon, clay-depleted A horizons and clay-accumulating B horizons, very few clay films on grains and some pressure features in packing voids are seen, but grain bridging and coatings on channels are not observed. While local geologies influence soil mineralogy in both series, aeolian dust deposition is as significant and its affect is further enhanced by organic-acid weathering from an overlying pinyon-juniper woodland and the current ustic climate regime. While evidence of an argillic horizon is seen in the Charkiln series, excess Ca in soils is believed to be inhibiting illuviation in the Troughspring series and thus preventing argillic-horizon development.
Bioreactors mediate the effectiveness of tissue engineering scaffolds

We hypothesized that the mechanically active environment present in rotating bioreactors mediates the effectiveness of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Cartilaginous constructs were engineered by using bovine calf chondrocytes in conjunction with two scaffold materials (SM) (benzylated hyaluronan and polyglycolic acid); three scaffold structures (SS) (sponge, non-woven mesh, and composite woven/non-woven mesh); and two culture systems (CS) (a bioreactor system and petri dishes). Construct size, composition [cells, glycosaminoglycans (GAG), total collagen, and type-specific collagen mRNA expression and protein levels], and mechanical function (compressive modulus) were assessed, and individual and interactive effects of model system parameters (SM, SS, CS, SM*CS and SS*CS) were demonstrated. The CS affected cell seeding (higher yields of more spatially uniform cells were obtained in bioreactor-grown than dish-grown 3-day constructs) and subsequently affected chondrogenesis (higher cell numbers, wet weights, wet weight GAG fractions, and collagen type II levels were obtained in bioreactor-grown than dish-grown 1-month constructs). In bioreactors, mesh-based scaffolds yielded 1-month constructs with lower type I collagen levels and four-fold higher compressive moduli than corresponding sponge-based scaffolds. The data imply that interactions between bioreactors and 3D tissue engineering scaffolds can be utilized to improve the structure, function, and molecular properties of in vitro-generated cartilage.
Some wavelet analyses of point process data

Point processes may be described by conditional intensity functions and moments. Wavelet analysis provides a means of parameterizing such quantities in the nonstationary case. The parameters of the wavelet expansion may themselves be estimated by the method of moments or likelihood analysis. These ideas are illustrated for data sets arising from nerve cells firing and earthquakes occurring. In particular wavelet parameterized rate, autointensity and conditional intensity functions are estimated.
A high performance frequency standard and distribution system for Cassini Ka-band experiment

This paper provides an overview and update of a specialized frequency reference system for the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) to support Ka-band radio science experiments with the Cassini spacecraft, currently orbiting Saturn. Three major components, a hydrogen maser, stabilized fiber-optic distribution assembly (SFODA), and 10 Kelvin cryocooled sapphire oscillator (10K CSO) and frequency-lock-loop, are integrated to achieve the very high performance, ground based frequency reference at a remote antenna site located 16 km from the hydrogen maser. Typical measured Allan deviation is 1.6times10-14 at 1 second and 1.7times10-15 at 1000 seconds averaging intervals. Recently two 10K CSOs have been compared in situ while operating at the remote DSN site DSS-25. The CSO references were used operationally to downconvert the Ka band downlink received from the Cassini spacecraft in a series of occultation measurements performed over a 78 day period from March to June 2005
A simple mass-spring model with roller feet can induce the ground reactions observed in human walking.

It has previously been shown that a bipedal model consisting of a point mass supported by spring limbs can be tuned to simulate periodic human walking. In this study, we incorporated roller feet into the spring-mass model and evaluated the effect of roller radius, impact angle, and limb stiffness on spatiotemporal gait characteristics, ground reactions, and center-of-pressure excursions. We also evaluated the potential of the improved model to predict speed-dependent changes in ground reaction forces and centerof-pressure excursions observed during normal human walking. We were able to find limit cycles that exhibited gait-like motion across a wide spectrum of model parameters. Incorporation of the roller foot R 0.3 m reduced the magnitude of peak ground reaction forces and allowed for forward center-of-pressure progression, making the model more consistent with human walking. At a fixed walking speed, increasing the limb impact angle reduced the cadence and prolonged stance duration. Increases in either limb stiffness or impact angle tended to result in more oscillatory vertical ground reactions. Simultaneous modulation of the limb impact angle and limb stiffness was needed to induce speed-related changes in ground reactions that were consistent with those measured during normal human walking, with better quantitative agreement achieved at slower speeds. We conclude that a simple mass-spring model with roller feet can well describe ground reaction forces, and hence center of mass motion, observed during normal human walking. DOI: 10.1115/1.3005147
Evidence of successful modulation of brain activation and subjective experience during reappraisal of negative emotion in unmedicated depression

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine cognitive regulation of negative emotion in 12 unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 24 controls. The participants used reappraisal to increase (real condition) and reduce (photo condition) the personal relevance of negative and neutral pictures during fMRI as valence ratings were collected; passive viewing (look condition) served as a baseline. Reappraisal was not strongly affected by MDD. Ratings indicated that both groups successfully reappraised negative emotional experience. Both groups also showed better memory for negative vs. neutral pictures 2 weeks later. Across groups, increased brain activation was observed on negative/real vs. negative/look and negative/photo trials in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), rostral anterior cingulate, left parietal cortex, caudate, and right amygdala. Depressive severity was inversely correlated with activation modulation in the left DLPFC, right amygdala, and right cerebellum during negative reappraisal. The lack of group differences suggests that depressed adults can modulate the brain activation and subjective experience elicited by negative pictures when given clear instructions. However, the negative relationship between depression severity and effects of reappraisal on brain activation indicates that group differences may be detectable in larger samples of more severely depressed participants.
On the calculation of closure-free fatigue crack propagation data in monolithic metal alloys

Abstract A computational method is described for the determination of ΔK b , corresponding to a fatigue crack growth rate of b/cyc, where b is the Burgers vector for a monolithic metal alloy. ΔK b is found to be numerically equal to E √ b for the case of closure-free crack growth behavior. Given that the closure-free FCP rate of many monolithic metals varies with ΔK 3 , the growth rate of metal alloys at ΔK ⩾ ΔK b is given by d a /d N = (Δ K/E ) 3 (1/√ b . Excellent agreement is found between experimental and computed FCP data for the case of monolithic metal alloys. The limits of these relations for metal-matrix composites and ceramics are discussed.
Blind channel tracking for long-code WCDMA with linear interpolation model

A new technique for tracking of fast fading channels in long code CDMA is proposed, exploiting multipath diversity of mobile channels. Based on linear interpolation model, the proposed method blindly estimates the channel coefficients at the selected positions within a slot up to a scale factor and tracks the time-varying channel using an interpolation. The unknown scale factor can be resolved using only one pilot symbol that increases the bandwidth efficiency. The proposed method can be implemented using several front-ends including the conventional matched filter, decorrelator, and regularized decollerator. A new identifiability condition is established and the performance of the proposed method is assessed through the mean square error and bit error rate.
Analysis of a blow-molded HDPE bottle that failed by brittle fracture

Abstract A blow molded high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle [volume 1 US gallon (3.79 l)] failed due to cracks in its bottom surface. The bottle had contained a solution used for cleaning heat exchanger coils that contained, among other chemicals, hydrofluoric acid. Failure of the bottle destroyed a set of steel shelves and some associated equipment and necessitated an expensive cleanup. The bottle was examined in order to determine the cause of failure. Failure was attributed to an abnormally high level of crystallinity in the failed bottle, which caused the HDPE to be brittle and crack under a light impact load.
Severe parainfluenza pneumonia in a case of transient hypogammalobulinemia of infancy

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) infection, largely known to cause self-limiting bronchiolitis and pneumonia in immune competent patients, can lead to severe to fatal pulmonary disease in immune disorders, such as primary or acquired-immune deficiencies. We report the case of a 1-year-old child who developed an acute respiratory distress syndrome. Because of a progressive respiratory failure unresponsive to conventional treatment extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was rapidly started. HPIV-3 infection was diagnosed on the rhinopharyngeal fluid and immunological examinations revealed a hypogammaglobulinemia. A combination therapy with ribavirin, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and steroid under ECMO support was started with considerable improvement. Subsequent analysis and more specific immunological assessment resulted normal confirming the diagnosis of transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy (THI). This case highlights the importance of prompt therapy with early ECMO support in combination with ribavirin, IVIG and steroids in patients affected by severe HPIV-3 pneumonia and THI.
On the whereabouts and identity of the place called ‘K'ung-Sang’ (Hollow Mulberry) in early Chinese mythology

Dans onze textes le nom « K'ung-sang » apparait avec un sens, une association differente : il s'agit d'un nom de montagne, d'un endroit attaque par un demon, de la capitale de divers Ti ou d'une cythare. L'A. demontre par une analyse etymolgique que ce nom serait en fait directement lie d'un mythe selon lequel un frere et une soeur (Fu-hsi et Nu-kua) sauves d'une inondation grace a un arbre creux (« K'ung-sang ») repeuplerent le monde en commettant l'inceste. L'A. lie aussi les noms K'un-lun, K'ung-t'ung, K'ung-sang et Ch'iung-sang
Big biomedical data as the key resource for discovery science

Modern biomedical data collection is generating exponentially more data in a multitude of formats. This flood of complex data poses significant opportunities to discover and understand the critical interplay among such diverse domains as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, including imaging, biometrics, and clinical data. The Big Data for Discovery Science Center is taking an "-ome to home" approach to discover linkages between these disparate data sources by mining existing databases of proteomic and genomic data, brain images, and clinical assessments. In support of this work, the authors developed new technological capabilities that make it easy for researchers to manage, aggregate, manipulate, integrate, and model large amounts of distributed data. Guided by biological domain expertise, the Center's computational resources and software will reveal relationships and patterns, aiding researchers in identifying biomarkers for the most confounding conditions and diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
Reliability of self-reported awareness measures based on eye tracking

Participants in a usability evaluation are often asked whether they noticed certain elements after some level of interaction with a design. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of self-reported awareness measures using eye tracking data. Participants were shown 20 popular homepages for 7 seconds each and then asked afterwards if they saw 2 particular elements on each page. The results showed that self-reported awareness measures are reliable, but can vary depending on question structure and object type. These findings have implications for how usability practitioners ask questions about object awareness, and how that information is used in the design process.
Addressing the Challenges of Emerging Infectious Diseases: Implementation of the Strategy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

A report developed by an expert committee under the leadership of Joshua Lederberg and Robert Shope highlighted many of the infectious diseases that have been identified during the past 25 years and identified six major factors that contribute to disease emergence and reemergence. Over half of the 15 recommendations were targeted at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and most of those were directed at the National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID). The CDC strategic plan contains four goals. The first goal stresses the need to strengthen surveillance and response capacity, the second identifies a number of research priorities, the third focuses on the need to strengthen prevention and control programs at the local, state, and national level, and the fourth focuses on the need to repair the public health infrastructure required to prevent and control infectious diseases, which has deteriorated over the past 20 to 30 years. A CDC extramural research program was expanded in 1997 to address the epidemiology of hepatitis C and the need for improved diagnostic tests for a number of emerging infectious diseases. This research program is complementary to the research agenda of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
The Longitudinal Impact of Distal, Non-Familial Relationships on Parental Monitoring: Implications for Delinquent Behavior.

An extensive body of work shows that parental monitoring reduces the likelihood of risky behaviors among youth, yet little attention has been given to the factors compelling parents to engage in mo...
The Effect of Network Formation on the Rheological Properties of SBR Modified Asphalt Binders

Abstract Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was used to modify asphalt binders. The rheological and thermo-mechanical properties of the binders were investigated using rotational viscometry, dynamic shear rheometry, and thermal mechanical analysis. The optimum SBR content and mixing procedure were determined based on the rheological properties of the asphalt/SBR blends. The addition of 3–5% (w/w) SBR resulted in enhanced high temperature performance of the binders. The SBR progresses from a dispersed polymer to local networks to a global network with increasing SBR content. This phenomenon is exhibited in rheological properties such as complex modulus and melt viscosity. It is also verified visually by using a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope. Because of this network formation, the binders showed a large increase in the complex modulus which indicates resistance to rutting.
Haltere mechanosensory influence on tethered flight behavior in Drosophila

In flies, mechanosensory information from modified hindwings known as halteres is combined with visual information for wing-steering behavior. Haltere input is necessary for free flight, making it difficult to study the effects of haltere ablation under natural flight conditions. We thus used tethered Drosophila melanogaster flies to examine the relationship between halteres and the visual system, using wide-field motion or moving figures as visual stimuli. Haltere input was altered by surgically decreasing its mass, or by removing it entirely. Haltere removal does not affect the flies' ability to flap or steer their wings, but it does increase the temporal frequency at which they modify their wingbeat amplitude. Reducing the haltere mass decreases the optomotor reflex response to wide-field motion, and removing the haltere entirely does not further decrease the response. Decreasing the mass does not attenuate the response to figure motion, but removing the entire haltere does attenuate the response. When flies are allowed to control a visual stimulus in closed-loop conditions, haltereless flies fixate figures with the same acuity as intact flies, but cannot stabilize a wide-field stimulus as accurately as intact flies can. These manipulations suggest that the haltere mass is influential in wide-field stabilization, but less so in figure tracking. In both figure and wide-field experiments, we observe responses to visual motion with and without halteres, indicating that during tethered flight, intact halteres are not strictly necessary for visually guided wing-steering responses. However, the haltere feedback loop may operate in a context-dependent way to modulate responses to visual motion.
Impact of Repeated Human Introductions and the Allee Effect on Invasive Species Spread

Abstract A strong Allee effect, or density dependent growth, has been proposed as a justification for early control of some spreading invasive species. A strong Allee effect implies that if the invader can be caught early in a low density area, then the invasive species will not be able to establish in the new environment and will die off. Yet, economic activity is often responsible for repeated human introductions, and can increase the density of the invader thereby allowing establishment. In this paper, we examine the implications of repeated human introduced invasive species and determine the benefits of policies that reduce introductions. We use the emerald ash borer (EAB) in Ohio as an example and model the relationship between this invasive species with the native environment, as well as economic activity in Ohio. We show that when accounting for a strong Allee effect, the population of the EAB can be managed to remain below endemic levels; we can slow ash tree decline. Understanding the interaction between human activity, repeated introductions, and the Allee effect can assist policymakers in effectively reducing the establishment and spread of invasive species.
TOOTH DEVELOPMENT AND WEAR IN MYOTIS

the end of the parturition period, it reveals the changes that occur in the deciduous dentition. The immature animals of the collection ranged in age from a few days to approximately 50 days (Stegeman, 1954). The deciduous teeth are shed during this period and the permanent dentition acquired. The number of specimens and the conditions under which they were obtained makes them meet most of the requirements set forth by Andersen (1918) for the determination of age, namely: (1) All specimens collected at one time; (2) All specimens collected from the same area; (3) A large series; and (4) Animals separated by one year of age. Since the skulls of adults were collected on a single date they can be separated into yearly groups more readily. Methods. -After the specimens were weighed, measured, and sexed the heads were severed, with the fur and flesh left on, each wrapped in a small square of cheesecloth, and a numbered tag attached. They were then dried and stored for future study. Several attempts were made to cook and clean these skulls without success. They were too fragile and came apart during the cleaning operation. A group was then exposed to dermestid larvae with no better success, since the larvae ate bones and all, particularly the immature specimens. The group was next infected with the larvae of the common clothes moth Tineola bisselliella (Hum.). These larvae were so small that they did not destroy the bones. Random samples were examined at intervals until the specimens were sufficiently clean to determine the condition of the teeth. The loosened tissues and frass were then removed and the examinations made under a binocular dissecting microscope. The deciduous teeth of each immature animal were listed and the total number recorded. The skulls were then classified on the basis of the number of milk teeth present. The skulls of mature bats were examined for tooth wear and grouped
Lateral transorbital neuroendoscopic approach to the lateral cavernous sinus.

Objective To design and assess the quality of a novel lateral retrocanthal endoscopic approach to the lateral cavernous sinus. Design Computer modeling software was used to optimize the geometry of the surgical pathway, which was confirmed on cadaver specimens. We calculated trajectories and surgically accessible areas to the middle fossa while applying a constraint on the amount of soft tissue retraction. Setting Virtual computer model to simulate the surgical approach and cadaver laboratory. Participants The authors. Main Outcome Measures Adequate surgical access to the lateral cavernous sinus and adjacent regions as determined by operations on the cadaver specimens. Additionally, geometric limitations were imposed as determined by the model so that retraction on soft tissue structures was maintained at a clinically safe distance. Results Our calculations revealed adequate access to the lateral cavernous sinus, Meckel cave, orbital apex, and middle fossa floor. Cadaveric testing revealed sufficient access to these areas using <10 mm of orbital retraction. Conclusions Our study validates not only the use of computer simulation to plan operative approaches but the feasibility of the lateral retrocanthal approach to the lateral cavernous sinus.
Neuropathological perspective on single slide

During over 50 years of my career in Neuropathology at Montefiore Medical Center in New York, I have come across certain interesting neuropathological findings. In this communication, some photographs showing macroscopic, microscopic and electron microscopic significant findings are selected to illustrate the usefulness, not only for the diagnosis but also for the understanding of the nervous system. The 11 topics presented in this paper are: (1) alteration of dura mater associated with advanced aging; (2) orderly arrangement of tumor cells in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis; (3) horizontal section of brain with border zone infarct; (4) neurofibrillary tangle formation in the nucleus basalis Meynert ipsilateral to a massive cerebral infarct; (5) extracellular spread of hematogenous edema fluid in the white matter: (6) unrolled myelin sheath: (7) unattached presynaptic terminals in cerebellar neuroblastoma: (8) unattached post synaptic terminals in agranular cerebellar degeneration: (9) neurofibrillary tangles and Lewy bodes in a single neuron: (10) Cu/Zu superoxide dismutase positive Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions in anterior horn cells in familial motor neuron disease: (11) Hirano body. Analysis of these findings are presented for an educational purpose.
Abstract 5429: Inhibition of LSD1 and HDACs causes synergistic cell death in glioblastoma cells

Glioblastoma multiforme is a particularly aggressive brain tumor and remains a clinically devastating disease. More than 90% of children diagnosed with glioblastoma die within 2 years making it among the leading causes of cancer related morbidity and mortality. Despite innovative therapies for the treatment of glioblastoma, there has not been a significant increase in patient survival over the past decade. Enzymes that control epigenetic alterations have become popular targets for cancer therapy due to their ability to control cellular processes that lead to oncogenesis. Several inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACi) have been developed and are in clinical use for cancer therapy. Histone methylation can be modulated by HDACi and here we propose to examine the effect of dually inhibiting deacetylases and demethylases. Specifically, we focused on LSD1, lysine specific demethylase 1, a demethylase known to be in complex with HDAC1/2 and implicated in several high risk cancers. We evaluated apoptosis induction upon knockdown of LSD1 in combination with HDACi in glioblastoma cell lines. Our results demonstrate a greater than two-fold increase in apoptosis in LSD1 knockdown cells treated with increasing doses (1-5 μM) of HDACi for 48 hours as compared to control as measured by DNA fragmentation by propidium iodide staining and analysis by flow cytometry. Furthermore, pretreatment of LSD1 knockdown cells with the general caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk prior to treatment with vorinostat only partially protects against DNA fragmentation suggesting that cell death proceeds through both caspase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Similar results were obtained by pharmacologically inhibiting LSD1 with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine. Treatment of LN-18 cells with combinations of tranylcypromine (100-1000 μM) and vorinostat (1-5 μM) for 72 hours demonstrate that these two agents synergize to promote cell death with 1000 μM tranylcypromine and 5 μM vorinostat showing the most synergistic effect (CI 0.313). Surprisingly, the increase in apoptosis observed upon LSD1 inhibition, by knockdown and pharmacological inhibitors, and HDACi also correlates with an increase in intracellular superoxide as measured by hydroethidum staining and analysis by flow cytometry. These data suggest that reactive oxygen species may play a role in the apoptosis induced by the combination of LSD1 and HDAC inhibition. Further studies aimed at understanding the mechanism by which LSD1 and HDAC inhibition leads to enhanced tumor cell death will substantially increase our knowledge of how epigenetic modifiers interact to control cell survival and may suggest novel options for cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5429.
On the large subgroups of O(n-1,1) and a result by Kowalsky and Witte

Abstract One shows that the maximal Lie subgroups of the Lorentz group O ( n − 1 , 1 ) of first and second largest possible dimensions are the groups of Lorentz transformations that leave invariant a vector hyperplane in the Minkowski space. One also shows that the only Lorentz manifolds that admit an almost simple transitive group of isometries with a noncompact stabilizer are the de-Sitter and the anti de-Sitter spaces.
The Historical Origins of America's Mortgage Laws

This paper examines the different legal frameworks for mortgage markets in different states, focusing on how and when they came into existence, including the British influence on laws in some of the older states, with a particular emphasis on foreclosures, including judicial vs. non-judicial regimes, redemption rights and deficiency judgments. The paper concludes that mortgage laws in America are a patchwork driven by path dependence, rather than a coordinated effort or a reaction to some economic event or condition.
Plasma cell leukemia mimicking acute myeloid leukemia

![Figure][1] A 62-year-old man presented with headache, dysarthria, and a right subdural hematoma. Laboratory studies were remarkable for leukocytosis (white blood cells, 29.4 × 109/L), thrombocytopenia (platelets, 87 × 109/L), and anemia (hemoglobin, 7.8 g/dL) without rouleaux. Many
STUDIES ON TGF-BETA 1 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE INTIMA OF THE HUMAN AORTA IN REGIONS WITH HIGH AND LOW PROBABILITY OF DEVELOPING ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS

Certain regions of the human aorta are at greater risk for early and more severe atherosclerotic lesions development than others. Cornhill and coworkers (Cornhill FJ et al.: Arteriosclerosis 5:415, 1985) created maps for the probability of developing atherosclerosis defining the high-probability region (HPR) in the dorsal descending thoracic aorta and the low-probability region (LPR) in the ventral descending thoracic aorta. Our study examines the hypothesis that transforming growth factor beta -1 (TGF-beta 1), a well-known suppressor of growth and function in many human cell lines, is one of the inhibitors of human atherogenesis. The present experiment analyzes the expression of mRNA for TGF-beta 1 in both the HPR and the LPR of aortas from young (age 17 to 25 y) males of black (n = 8) and white (n = 7) race. The level of TGF-beta 1 gene expression was assessed in the aortic intima in both the HPR and the LPR, using National Institutes of Health Image 1.47, an Apple Macintosh application capable of digital image processing, analysis, and morphometric measurement. There was significantly lower (P = 0.002, alpha = 0.05) TGF-beta 1 gene expression in the HPR than in the LPR in the 22- to 25-y age group. There was no significant difference in the 17- to 21-y age group and between the HPR and the LPR in the entire study group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Microfabricated sensors for biomedical applications

Biomedical sensors couple physiological variables in living and other biologic systems to electronic instrumentation for making measurements. Microfabrication technology such as used in the microelectronics industry has been applied in the fabrication of biomedical sensors. Thin- and thick-film processing is especially well-suited to fabricating physical and chemical sensors due to the special properties of these films and the relative low costs for their production compared to other microfabrication technologies. These technologies can yield reproducible, batch-fabricated, and relatively inexpensive sensors. Devices such as biopotential electrodes, chemical sensors, temperature sensors, and transducers for measuring force and displacement can be fabricated using these techniques, and their small size and relatively low cost makes them especially useful for biomedical applications. Examples of devices produced over the years by our group at Case Western Reserve University, Duke University, the University of North Carolina and the Memphis Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering include: thin-film infant biopotential electrodes, thin- and thick-film temperature sensors, ion-selective electrodes, and microcell bioanalytical sensors. The multidisciplinary, multi-university program has made it possible to study biomedical sensors from fundamental underlying principles through biomedical applications.