cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement procedures in the control of encopresis: a case study.

A student and his problems were pin-pointed, recorded, and changed. The first 3 wk. were used to establish a base rate. S defecated in class, once every few days. After he was programmed with reinforcers (charting and coupons toward book purchases), he may have had one accident, only, for the remainder of the school year (8 wk.). Follow-up through the seventh month of the next school year (the time of this writing) indicates one accident only. During this 7-mo. period, he was not programmed with book coupons or any other specific reinforcer. He had internalized a previous external model of control.
Catalytic function of the conserved hydroxyl group in the protein tyrosine phosphatase signature motif

Burst kinetics is observed with the Yersinia protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase). This provides direct kinetic evidence for a phosphoenzyme mechanism and suggests that the breakdown of the phosphoenzyme intermediate is the rate-limiting step. Burst kinetics is a powerful tool for mechanistic studies of PTPase catalysis since functional roles of active site residues can be evaluated by studying their effects on the individual elementary steps associated with the formation and the breakdown of the intermediate. In order to investigate the role of Thr410, a conserved residue that is present in the PTPase signature motif, this residue was altered by site-directed mutagenesis to serine and alanine. The effects of these mutations, as observed in both steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetic experiments with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) as a substrate, demonstrated that the hydroxyl group of Thr410 is directly involved in catalysis. The hydroxyl group at residue 410 plays an important role in facilitating the breakdown of the phosphoenzyme intermediate.
On the mereology of Boethian eternity

In a recently published book, Brian Leftow joints the ranks of those who attribute to Boethius the view that eternity is some sort of atemporal duration.1 Because he finds fault with previous accounts of atemporal duration, Leftow undertakes the task of working out an account of his own. He offers us a conception of Quasi-Temporal Eternality (QTE). Among the claim he makes about QTE are the following: (1) QTE is an extension that has no proper parts (2) QTE is an extension that is indivisible and
APM History in Canada

In 1971, the Premier of Ontario, William Davis, stated that "cities were built for people and not cars" as he announced that the Toronto Spadina Expressway plan would be stopped and that the government would help develop new mass transit systems. During the following year, plans were announced for new transit networks (known as GO-Urban) in Toronto, Hamilton, and Ottawa in which intermediate capacity automated guideway transit (AGT) systems were to be used. Several systems were evaluated, one was selected, and plans were put in place to build a test track in Toronto. A government crown corporation, the Urban Transportation Development Corporation (UTDC), would lead this undertaking. Although the GO-Urban project was abandoned, UTDC AGT systems were built in Scarborough (a Toronto suburb), Vancouver (the SkyTrain), and downtown Detroit (DPM) in the 1980s. In the late 1980s, the UTDC was sold to Lavalin and then in the early 1990s, the company was bought by Bombardier to be part of their transportation division. Through several acquisitions, the transportation division has since become one of the largest suppliers of rail equipment in the world. This paper traces the history and development of automated people movers (APMs) in Canada and includes descriptions of the Scarborough Rapid Transit (RT) and Vancouver SkyTrain, as well as systems at the Toronto Zoo, the Toronto International Airport, Expo'67 (Montreal), and Expo'86 (Vancouver), and people mover studies in Niagara Falls.
Individual nucleotide bases, not base pairs, are critical for triggering site-specific DNA cleavage by vaccinia topoisomerase

Vaccinia DNA topoisomerase forms a covalent DNA-(3′-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate at a specific target site 5′-C+5C+4C+3T+2T+1p↓N-1 in duplex DNA. Here we study the effects of abasic lesions at individual positions of the scissile and nonscissile strands on the rate of single-turnover DNA transesterification and the cleavage-religation equilibrium. The rate of DNA incision was reduced by factors of 350, 250, 60, and 10 when abasic sites replaced the -1N, +1T, +2T, and +4C bases of the scissile strand, but abasic lesions at +5C and +3C had little or no effect. Abasic lesions in the nonscissile strand in lieu of +4G, +3G, +2A, and +1A reduced the rate of cleavage by factors of 130, 150, 10, and 5, whereas abasic lesions at +5G and -1N had no effect. The striking positional asymmetry of abasic interference on the scissile and nonscissile strands highlights the importance of individual bases, not base pairs, in promoting DNA cleavage. The rate of single-turnover DNA religation by the covalent topoisomerase-DNA complex was insensitive to abasic sites within the CCCTT sequence of the scissile strand, but an abasic lesion at the 5′-OH nucleoside (-1N) of the attacking DNA strand slowed the rate of religation by a factor of 600. Nonscissile strand abasic lesions at +1A and -1N slowed the rate of religation by factors of ∼140 and 20, respectively, and strongly skewed the cleavage-religation equilibrium toward the covalent complex. Thus, abasic lesions immediately flanking the cleavage site act as topoisomerase poisons.
Hospital emergency room simulation: object oriented design issues for CS2

This paper describes a project suitable for students in CS2 that combines the classical implementation of basic data structures (priority queues, lists, arrays) with the design and implementation of several interesting interacting classes. In addition, students can follow up with analysis of simulation results.
Drug Abuse History and Treatment Needs of Jail Inmates

ABSTRACTThe current study evaluates the extent of prior drug use and psychosocial dysfunction related to drug use among 499 jail inmates referred to the Hillsborough County Sheriffs Office Substance Abuse Treatment Program. Results indicate that inmates were involved with drugs for an average of more than 7 years, and with cocaine for almost 5 years. The majority of inmates reported extremely heavy use of drugs in the month prior to the last arrest, including 83% that had used cocaine. Many drug-dependent inmates reported a shift over time from intranasaf to freebase cocaine use. Half of all referrals indicated a pattern of regular use within a year of involvement with drugs. The need for lengthy, heavily structured, and intensive treatment approaches for drug-dependent jail inmates is underscored by a history of chronic cocaine and polydrug abuse, a compulsive pattern of drug use, few successful periods of voluntary abstinence, and severe disruption in vocational, social, and psychological functioning. T...
CtIP promotes microhomology-mediated alternative end joining during class-switch recombination

Mammalian protein CtIP processes DNA double-stranded breaks during homologous recombination and possibly for repair via alternative nonhomologous end joining (alt-NHEJ). Now CtIP is shown to promote alt-NHEJ during class switch recombination in murine B cells.
An empirical examination of the effects of the U.S. dollar depreciation on the United States-Japan trade balance, with a control for auto quality diffe

Abstract This paper models the effect on the U.S. — Japan trade balance in manufactures of the shift during the 80's from a strong to a weak dollar regime, while controlling for the effects of changes in auto quality across U.S. and Japanese new passenger autos. U.S. auto imports are broken out from other manufactures, and auto prices adjusted to control for quality by means of a quasi-hedonic equation. Limited empirical evidence does suggest that using a quality-adjusted auto relative price, in place of a relative price term with no quality adjustment, increases the ability to explain variations of auto import demand. Changes in the U.S. dollar/yen rate give rise to a J-curve effect from 1985 to 1987, and a similar but more negative pattern holds when quality is not controlled for. The effect of positive U.S. auto quality change, ceteris paribus, is also investigated, and is found to have a substantial deficit reducing effect.
Sexualitv in the Phvsician-Patient Relatioiship

Medical school training in sexuality focusses primarily on the problems of the patient. This paper describes a learning module designed to provide the medical student with learning activities which enable him/her to cope with personal sexual attitudes and feelings in regard to the patient. Anecdotes illustrating how students have responded to their increased awareness are included. A questionnaire survey indicated that 93 per cent of the students found the module helpful.
The CD40, CTLA-4, thyroglobulin, TSH receptor, and PTPN22 gene quintet and its contribution to thyroid autoimmunity: Back to the future

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are common autoimmune diseases, affecting up to 5% of the general population. Thyroid-directed autoimmunity is manifested in two classical autoimmune conditions, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, resulting in hypothyroidism and Graves' disease resulting in hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune thyroid diseases arise due to an interplay between environmental and genetic factors. In the past decade significant progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic contribution to the etiology of AITD. Indeed, several AITD susceptibility genes have been identified. Some of these susceptibility genes are specific to either Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, while others confer susceptibility to both conditions. Both immunoregulatory genes and thyroid specific genes contribute to the pathogenesis of AITD. The time is now ripe to examine the mechanistic basis for the contribution of genetic factors to the etiology of AITD. In this review, we will focus on the contribution of non-MHC II genes.
Why do Shelter Conditions Differ in Ecuadoran Cities and How Do We Know That They Do?: A Comparative Locality Study

This paper is an examination of forces operating at geographical scales from global to local which help to explain the shelter conditions of the working class in Quito and Guayaquil, Ecuador. To achieve such an empirical understanding, it is necessary to employ concepts and interpretations which themselves are social products and require close scrutiny. Considerable attention is therefore devoted to influences such as regional tension and perspective bias on interpretations of the cities by urban and housing experts. The principal sources of evidence are a household-level survey of shelter in Quito and Guayaquil, and a survey of housing professionals with regard to the interpretation of the shelter conditions and differences. Geographically based biases are prominent in the survey of housing experts, suggesting that research should examine these more carefully than in the past. The study concludes with a richer understanding of both the empirical reality of urban Ecuador and the frameworks and concepts us...
Inconsistencies in students' approaches to solving problems in Engineering Statics

This paper looks at students' responses to two concept questions: one on equilibrium and one on equivalence, which is an equilibrium problem from a different perspective. Student responses were from final exam questions that included explanations and from national Statics Concept Inventory (SCI) data. Examination of students' explanations to these two questions shows that students are not consistent in their assessment of force and moment equilibrium, and a mapping of the explanations onto the answer distributions implies the same result is true for the national SCI data. The conclusion of this study is that most students are influenced by context when assessing equilibrium.
Apolo: making sense of large network data by combining rich user interaction and machine learning

Extracting useful knowledge from large network datasets has become a fundamental challenge in many domains, from scientific literature to social networks and the web. We introduce Apolo, a system that uses a mixed-initiative approach - combining visualization, rich user interaction and machine learning - to guide the user to incrementally and interactively explore large network data and make sense of it. Apolo engages the user in bottom-up sensemaking to gradually build up an understanding over time by starting small, rather than starting big and drilling down. Apolo also helps users find relevant information by specifying exemplars, and then using a machine learning method called Belief Propagation to infer which other nodes may be of interest. We evaluated Apolo with twelve participants in a between-subjects study, with the task being to find relevant new papers to update an existing survey paper. Using expert judges, participants using Apolo found significantly more relevant papers. Subjective feedback of Apolo was also very positive.
Quantitative teased-fiber and histologic studies of human sural nerve during postnatal development.

Quantitative histologic and teased-fiber measurements were made on specimens of sural nerves of man in the first two decades of life, thus providing normal data not previously availabel. As previously reported for nerves from adults, there was a linear relationship between diameter and length of internodes: large fibers had long internodes and small fibers had short internodes. The slopes of the regression lines calculated for this relationship for each of these nerves became steeper with increasing age. In the second decade the slope became similar to that of nerves of adults. The transverse fascicular area increased particularly during the first five years of life. The number of myelinated fibers per nerve varied from approximately 4,000 to 12,300, the lowest value occurring in the nerve of the newborn. The frequency distribution of the myelinated fibers was unimodal in the newborn and was already bimodal by the seventh month. Whereas the peak of the small fiber group remained in the 2.0 to 2.9–μ size group in all nerves, the peak of the large fiber group shifted to larger size categories with increasing age, reaching adults values just after the age of five years. This correlates well with the age at which maximal conduction velocities are attained in the ulnar nerve. The diameter of the axis cylinder bore a linear relationship to the diameter of the whole myelinated fiber: small fibers had thin myelin sheaths and large fibers had thick ones. The value of the ratio of the diameters incresed progressively from small to large fibers, a result which is probably spurious. The slope of the regression lines for the relationship of diameter of axis cylinder to diameter of the whole fiber was the same for nerves of persons of different ages.
A game theoretic approach to measuring efficiency

Abstract Correspondence with a new mathematical programming definition for efficiency as proposed by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) is established by means of game theoretical models. Contact with all of the CCR results is also maintained so that their results extend to our new game theoretic interpretations. The latter proceeds by means of a family of games related to a linear programming problem. The games-to-programming relations which we establish also open new possibilities for further relations between families of games and linear programs.
Aerodynamic characteristics of biplanes with winglets

This paper examines, both theoretically and experimentally, the possibility of improving the aerodynamic characteristics of a biplane configuration by adding winglets. Theoretical calculations show good agreement with experiment in predicting inviscid drag due to lift. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that the addition of winglets to an optimized biplane configuration can increase the ideal efficiency factor by up to 13%, as well as increasing the lift-curve slope and maximum lift coefficient. A theoretical analysis comparing the biplane with an optimized winglet to an equivalent monoplane indicates that the biplane has the potential for a 6.4% increase in L/Dmsa[ and a 13% increase in CL/CD, the classical endurance parameter.
The effect of mercuric chloride on thyroid function in the rat

Oral administration of 3 mg of mercuric chloride for 6 consecutive days increases thyroid function as noted by an increase in thyroid 131 I release rate. Administration of 2.5 mg of mercuric chloride daily for 40 days enhanced thyroid weight, thyroidal 125 I uptake, and serum PB 125 I. Chromatographic analysis of thyroid pronase hydrolysates of mercury-treated rats displayed a pattern of distribution in thyroid labeling which demonstrated an increased percentage of labeled monoiodotyrosine (MIT), no alteration in percentage of labeled diiodotyrosine (DIT) or T 4 , but a significant reduction in percentage of labeled T 3 indicating perhaps a coupling defect in synthesis of T 3 exerted by mercury. Administration of mercuric chloride at 100 ppm for 3 months results in a decrease in thyroidal 131 I uptake and depression in the thyroidal 131 I release rate which were permanent and irreversible. These findings indicate that the influence of mercuric chloride ingestion on thyroid function probably reflects the quantity of mercuric chloride administered and the length of time during which exposure to mercury persists.
Algorithm 840: computation of grid points, quadrature weights and derivatives for spectral element methods using prolate spheroidal wave functions---prolate elements

High order domain decomposition methods using a basis of Legendre polynomials, known variously as “spectral elements” or “p-type finite elements,” have become very popular. Recent studies suggest that accuracy and efficiency can be improved by replacing Legendre polynomials by prolate spheroidal wave functions of zeroth order. In this article, we explain the practicalities of computing all the numbers needed to switch bases: the grid points xj, the quadrature weights wj, and the values of the prolate functions and their derivatives at the grid points. The prolate functions themselves are computed by a Legendre-Galerkin discretization of the prolate differential equation; this yields a symmetric tridiagonal matrix. The prolate functions are then defined by Legendre series whose coefficients are the eigenfunctions of the matrix eigenproblem. The grid points and weights are found simultaneously through a Newton iteration. For large N and c, the iteration diverges from a first guess of the Legendre-Lobatto points and weights. Fortunately, the variations of the xj and wj with c are well-approximated by a symmetric parabola over the whole range of interest. This makes it possible to bypass the continuation procedures of earlier authors.
An experimental study to develop a suitable polymer to float over fresh water for energy collection and storage

Abstract Solar gel is an alternate solar pond technology which overcomes the shortcomings of a conventional salt‐gradient solar pond. In this study, experimental results on the development of a suitable gel for the gel pond application are presented. The research is focused on developing a gel which can float on fresh water and to study ways of eliminating bubbles in a gel. A careful review of literature revealed many potential monomers, cross linking agents, catalysts, inhibitors and solvents which can be tested for making a gel. It can be concluded that a gel made with polyacrylamide polymers and an aqueous methanol solution (7% or more by volume) as a solvent can float on fresh water.
An in situ electron microscopy technique for the study of thermally activated reactions in multilayered materials

A novel in situ transmission electron microscopy technique for the observation of reaction processes in multilayered materials is reported. The technique involves constant heating rate experiments of multilayered materials in image and diffraction modes. Because the fine scale microstructure of multilayered materials is typically a small fraction of the TEM specimen thickness, realistic comparison of the microstructural evolution with that of similarly processed thick foil samples is possible. Such experiments, when well designed, can provide rapid characterization of phase transformations and stability of nano-structured materials. The results of these experiments can be recorded in both video and micrograph format. The results and limitations of this technique will be shown for the Al/Zr and Al/Monel multilayered systems.
Increasing evidence for and regulation of a human placental endogenous digitalis-like factor.

Endogenous digitalis-like factors (EDLFs) appear to be hypertensiogenic and increased in the serum and placenta of women with preeclampsia (PE), a complication of pregnancy. Digibind, an anti-digoxin antibody Fab fragment, reverses in vitro effects of EDLF and in vivo features of PE. We used Digibind in a radioimmunoassay to measure EDLF and compared this to a bio-functional assay of EDLF with good agreement. These methods confirmed that human placenta was a source of EDLF, synthesizing and releasing EDLF into the media of cultured human placental tissue. Ketoconazole, a steroid synthesis inhibitor, and 17-OH progesterone, a possible substrate of steroid synthesis, were shown to inhibit or increase EDLF release respectively, suggesting overlap of synthetic pathways. Abnormalities of PE such as placental hypoxia, increased reactive oxygen species and increased proinflammatory cytokines were demonstrated to increase placental EDLF release. These findings strongly support placental production of EDLF with increased release due to features of PE.
Effect of experimental diabetes on rat prostate endothelin receptors.

Abstract We studied the properties of endothelin receptors in the prostate of 8-week streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats. The density of endothelin receptors, as determined by saturation experiments with [ 125 I]endothelin-1, were 95.8 ± 5.4 and 171.3 ± 16.7 fmol/mg of protein in control and diabetic rat prostates, respectively. The pharmacological profile of the endothelin receptors was similar in both groups and was consistent with the predominance of the endothelin ET A receptor subtype in the prostate. Thus, the induction of diabetes upregulates the expression of endothelin receptors in the rat prostate, but does not alter the pharmacological profile of the receptors in these tissues.
Thermal-mechanical strain characterization for printed wiring boards

Multilayer printed wiring boards are widely used in electronic packaging assemblies. One critical reliability concern is the thermal-mechanical strains induced by temperature change. For example, the in-plane strain affects the thermal fatigue life of surface mount solder interconnections, while the out-of-plane strain affects the mechanical integrity of the plated-through holes of the printed wiring boards. For this paper, a systematic study of the thermal-mechanical strain of epoxy-glass printed wiring boards, below and above the glass transition temperatures of the epoxies, has been carried out. The study includes measurements of properties of basic constituent materials (epoxy, glass fabric, copper), of intermediate building blocks in the fabrication process, and of final products. The study has led to a quantitative engineering model that predicts the average in-plane thermal-mechanical strain for use in modeling surface mount components on a printed wiring board, as well as the average out-of-plane thermal-mechanical strain for determining plated-through-hole reliability in thermal shock processes. The model was verified by two experimental techniques (measurement by thermomechanical analyzer, and moire interferometry) applied to two epoxy resins and three glass fabrics, with and without copper planes. For thermal shock below the glass transition temperatures of the epoxy resins, the in-plane and out-of-plane strains are described by a modified rule-of-mixtures theory and a biaxial plane stress model, respectively. For temperatures above the glass transition temperatures, the in-plane strains are governed by the copper and glass fabric, whereas the out-of-plane strains are dominated by the incompressible fluid behavior of the epoxy resins. The nonuniform pattern of thermal expansion in regions populated with plated-through holes was examined. The reliability of surface mount solder interconnections and plated-through holes is discussed.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Peritoneal Metastasis Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery plus Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

Peritoneal carcinomatosis from hepatocellular carcinoma is well regarded as a poorly treatable malignant disease with rapid decline. Over the past decade, new modalities that combine cytoreductive surgery with perioperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy have been shown to be aggressive local-regional treatments with improved survival. We present a case of a 67-year-old non-cirrhotic woman with peritoneal metastases from hepatocellular caracinoma who was treated with cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Consideration remains individualized, but it can be considered in patients with adequate preservation of liver function, management of their primary hepatocellular caracinoma as well as the localized nature of their peritoneal metastases.
The Effect of Feedback Schedule Manipulation on Speech Priming Patterns and Reaction Time

Speech priming tasks are frequently used to delineate stages in the speech process such as lexical retrieval and motor programming. These tasks, often measured in reaction time (RT), require fast and accurate responses, reflecting maximized participant performance, to result in robust priming effects. Encouraging speed and accuracy in responding can take many forms, including verbal instructions and feedback, and often involves visually displayed RT feedback. However, it is uncertain how manipulation of the schedule of this RT feedback influences speech RT speed and, ultimately, the priming effect. This experiment examined the effect of visually presented RT feedback schedules on priming patterns in 20 older healthy adults. Results suggested that feedback schedule manipulation had a differential effect on reaction time, depending on the interstimulus interval between the prime and the target, but no effect on response priming patterns.
Crystallography and interfacial structure of proeutectoid α grain boundary allotriomorphs in a hypoeutectoid TiCr alloy

Abstract The interphase boundary structure of grain boundary allotriomorphs of proeutectoid α formed at β grain faces in a Ti-6.62 at.% Cr alloy was studied with TEM. Allotriomorphs were shown to have a near-Burgers orientation relationship with respect to one β grain and usually an irrational orientation relationship with respect to the “opposite” β grain. Two types of ledges were observed on both interfaces of α allotriomorphs. One type is growth ledges, with irregular paths and interledge spacings; the other is misfit compensating ledges, lying along a well-defined direction with a uniform spacing. The latter ledge has an effective Burgers vector of either a c-type or (c+a)-type near-edge dislocation. These results provide direct support for the proposal that the interfaces of face-nucleated grain boundary allotriomorphs should be partially coherent during growth with respect to both bounding matrix grains.
Micro-imaging of articular cartilage: T2, proton density, and the magic angle effect

Rationale and Objectives. This study was designed to determine the relative influences of proton density versus collagen fiber orientation (through its influence on T2) in defining the layers of articular cartilage as seen in long-repetition-time magnetic resonance (MR) images. The authors mapped the T2 and proton densities of articular cartilage at 0° and 55° with respect to the main magnetic field (B 0 ) to determine the influence of T2 and water content on the normal laminar appearance of hyaline cartilage. Materials and Methods. Six patellae of white-tailed deer were imaged at 7 T. T2 and proton densities were calculated from echo time versus signal intensity plots obtained with a multiecho, composite pulse sequence. Regions of interest in the radial and transitional zones were compared with the articular facets at 0° and 55° relative to B 0 . Transmission electron microscopy was performed for correlation. Results. At 0°, T2 was longer in the transitional than in the radial zone (29 vs 11 msec). At 55°, T2 increased in both radial and transitional zones, although the difference between the zones decreased (37 vs 29 msec). There was no difference in proton density between the two layers. Conclusion. Collagen fiber orientation, through T2 effects, is the dominant influence on the appearance of layers in hyaline cartilage in long repetition-time MR images; proton density is not a major factor, and the collagen fiber orientation in the transitional zone is not totally random.
Neurological Work-Up for Urge Urinary Incontinence: When and in Whom?

Urge urinary incontinence (UUI) is a chronic disorder affecting 12 million men and women in the United States alone, and is characterized by involuntary loss of urine associated with urgency. UUI may be associated with detrusor overactivity (DO), which is the occurrence of involuntary detrusor contractions during a urodynamics evaluation. When DO occurs in the setting of known neurologic disease, it is referred to as neurogenic DO. The presence of DO by urodynamics warrants neurological evaluation in patients without known neurologic disease when there is subjective or objective evidence of neurologic disease, or if there is a high index of suspicion for an occult neurologic disorder.
A heuristic for cyclic stochastic sequencing of tasks on a drum-like storage system

Abstract Stochastic cyclic sequencing of tasks in auxiliary drum-like storage systems is a frequently encountered problem. It occurs in automated storage and retrieval systems, tool magazines of machining centers, turret lathes, and multi-spindle drill presses. In this paper we model the problem as a quadratic assignment problem and introduce heuristic procedures for sequencing these types of systems. Numerical results show that the developed heuristic procedures yield satisfactory estimates for the optimal solution.
Barefoot running survey: Evidence from the field

Abstract Background Running is becoming an increasingly popular activity among Americans with over 50 million participants. Running shoe research and technology has continued to advance with no decrease in overall running injury rates. A growing group of runners are making the choice to try the minimal or barefoot running styles of the pre-modern running shoe era. There is some evidence of decreased forces and torques on the lower extremities with barefoot running, but no clear data regarding how this corresponds with injuries. The purpose of this survey study was to examine factors related to performance and injury in runners who have tried barefoot running. Methods The University of Virginia Center for Endurance Sport created a 10-question survey regarding barefoot running that was posted on a variety of running blogs and Facebook pages. Percentages were calculated for each question across all surveys. Five hundred and nine participants responded with over 93% of them incorporating some type of barefoot running into their weekly mileage. Results A majority of the participants (53%) viewed barefoot running as a training tool to improve specific aspects of their running. However, close to half (46%) viewed barefoot training as a viable alternative to shoes for logging their miles. A large portion of runners initially tried barefoot running due to the promise of improved efficiency (60%), an attempt to get past injury (53%) and/or the recent media hype around the practice (52%). A large majority (68%) of runners participating in the study experienced no new injuries after starting barefoot running. In fact, most respondents (69%) actually had their previous injuries go away after starting barefoot running. Runners responded that their previous knee (46%), foot (19%), ankle (17%), hip (14%), and low back (14%) injuries all proceeded to improve after starting barefoot running. Conclusion Prior studies have found that barefoot running often changes biomechanics compared to shod running with a hypothesized relationship of decreased injuries. This paper reports the result of a survey of 509 runners. The results suggest that a large percentage of this sample of runners experienced benefits or no serious harm from transitioning to barefoot or minimal shoe running.
β-Amyloid-(1–42) Impairs Activity-dependent cAMP-response Element-binding Protein Signaling in Neurons at Concentrations in Which Cell Survival Is Not Compromised

Cognitive impairment is a major feature of Alzheimer's disease and is accompanied by beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposition. Transgenic animal models that overexpress Abeta exhibit learning and memory impairments, but neuronal degeneration is not a consistent characteristic. We report that levels of Abeta-(1-42), which do not compromise the survival of cortical neurons, may indeed interfere with functions critical for neuronal plasticity. Pretreatment with Abeta-(1-42), at sublethal concentrations, resulted in a suppression of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, induced by exposure to either 30 mm KCl or 10 microm N-methyl-d-aspartate. The effects of Abeta-(1-42) seem to involve mechanisms unrelated to degenerative changes, since Abeta-(25-35), a toxic fragment of Abeta, at sublethal concentrations did not interfere with activity-dependent CREB phosphorylation. Furthermore, caspase inhibitors failed to counteract the Abeta-(1-42)-evoked suppression of CREB activation. Abeta-(1-42) also interfered with events downstream of activated CREB. The Abeta-(1-42) treatment suppressed the activation of the cAMP response element-containing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) exon III promoter and the expression of BDNF exon IIII mRNA induced by neuronal depolarization. In view of the critical role of CREB and BDNF in neuronal plasticity, including learning and memory, the observations indicate a novel pathway through which Abeta may interfere with neuronal functions and contribute to cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's disease before the stage of massive neuronal degeneration.
The effect of zinc on the stability of pollen tannate

Abstract 1.1. Zinc chloride to a concentration of 0.1 per cent added to pollen extract before tannic acid prevents dissociation and discoloration of the precipitated pollen tannate. 2.2. In the preparation of zinc pollen tannate, the extracting and diluting fluids should contain only electrolytes, such as sodium chloride, which do not form insoluble zinc salts.
Mixed-phenotype acute leukemia relapse in the iris

Mixed-phenotype acute leukemia is a rare condition with no previously reported intraocular involvement. We present clinical, radiologic, and cytologic findings of leukemic intraocular relapse in a 23-month-old girl, with lineage switch presenting as conjunctivitis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. A diagnostic approach using fine needle aspiration is described.
A note on accelerating the weiszfeld procedure

Abstract An accelerated method for achieving faster convergence of the Weiszfeld procedure used in the solution of the planar Weber problem is proposed. The acceleration is based on two consecutive iterations and assumes that the differences between successive points form a geometric series. The next iterate is the limit of this geometric series. Computational experiments are reported.
Comparative Toxicities of Insecticides to House Fly Larvae and Macrocheles muscaedomestica, a Mite Predator of the House Fly.

The concentration-mortality curves for 17 insecticides were detetrmined for third-instar larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and adult female Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli), a manure-inhabiting mite predaceous on house fly eggs and first-instar larvae. The mites and fly larvae were exposed to insecticides incorporated into fly-rearing medium. Bayer 39007 ( o -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate), dichlorvos, fenthion, malathion, Ciodrin® ( alpha -methylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate), and naled were more toxic to the mites than to the fly larvae. Dimetilan and chlordane were more toxic to the mites than to the fly larvae at the LC93 level although the converse was exhibited at the LC50 level. Diazinon was about equally toxic to the mites and to the fly larvae. DDT, trichlorfon, and ronnel were slightly more toxic to the fly larvae than to the mites. Kepone® (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2 H -cyclobuta[ed] pentaien-2-one), dimethoate, lindane, GC 98 9 (4-hydroxy-2-mercaptobutyric acid, gamma -lactone, S -ester with O, O -diethyl phosphorodithioate), and coumaphos were more toxic to the fly larvae than to the mites with the first two exhibiting the greatest selectivity. Intensified efforts to identify selective chemicals for house fly control is advocated as a step in the development of a reliable integrated house fly control program for lise around animal shelters.
GUIDELINES FOR RIGHT-TURN TREATMENTS AT UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS AND DRIVEWAYS ON RURAL HIGHWAYS

Guidelines for right-turn treatments at unsignalized intersections and driveways on rural two-lane and four-lane highways are presented. Two types of treatments, full-width lane and taper, were considered over the do-nothing radius treatment. The guidelines indicate the design hourly traffic volumes for which the benefits of right-turn treatments exceed their costs. The benefits used in the economic analysis were the operational and accident cost savings provided by right-turn treatments. The costs used in the development of the guidelines were the costs of constructing full-width right-turn lanes and tapers. The operational effects were estimated in terms of delay and excess fuel consumption experienced by through traffic due to right-turning vehicles. To account for the safety effects, the relationship between speed differential and accidents was used to estimate the reduction in right-turn, same-direction, rear-end accidents that would be expected to result from the provision of a right-turn treatment....
General helicoidal shells undergoing large, one-dimensional strains or large inextensional deformations

Abstract An earlied paper showed that general helicoidal shells (which include shells of revolution and general cylindrical shells as limiting cases) admit arbitrarily large, one-dimensional strain fields. In the present paper, the associated rotation and stress function fields are found. Introduction of the Euler parameters from rigid body dynamics reduces the determination of the rotation field to a linear problem. The equilibrium and compatibility equations are shown to reduce to six coupled scalar equations involving three rotation functions, three stress functions, extensional strains, stress couples, and four constants, two measuring the gross axial displacement and twist of the shell, and two measuring the net axial force and torque. One field equation is a first integral of the compatibility equations; another, a first integral of the moment equilibrium equations. Reissner's equations for the pure bending of curved tubes and Wan's equations for the gross twisting and extension of right helicoidal shells fall out as special cases. Determination of the displacement field in large inextensional bending reduces to quadratures, generalizing Reissner's result for a slit shell of revolution.
Baring it all to software: Raw machines

The most radical of the architectures that appear in this issue are Raw processors-highly parallel architectures with hundreds of very simple processors coupled to a small portion of the on-chip memory. Each processor, or tile, also contains a small bank of configurable logic, allowing synthesis of complex operations directly in configurable hardware. Unlike the others, this architecture does not use a traditional instruction set architecture. Instead, programs are compiled directly onto the Raw hardware, with all units told explicitly what to do by the compiler. The compiler even schedules most of the intertile communication. The real limitation to this architecture is the efficacy of the compiler. The authors demonstrate impressive speedups for simple algorithms that lend themselves well to this architectural model, but whether this architecture will be effective for future workloads is an open question.
Computer simulation of structural transformations during precipitation of an ordered intermetallic phase

Abstract A computer the simulation of kinetics of precipitationof an ordered intermetallic phase from a disordered solid solution in a model binar two-dimensional alloy is considered. All diffusion processes, the concentrational delamination (clustering), ordering, antiphase domain boundary movement and coarsening, are described by the microscopic kinetic equations. The ordering transition of the first and second kinds are considered. It is shown that the conventional precipitation mechanism through nucleation and growth of an equilibrium ordered phase occurs only in a very narrow “strip” of the two-phase field in the phase diagram. In the remaining part, the decomposition always starts from a congruent ordering, which produces a transient nonstoichiometric ordered single-phase state with the same composition as the parent disordered phase and the same symmetry as the product intermetallic phase. Decomposition of the transient ordered phase occurs predominantly at the antiphase domain boundaries (APBs), which results in a two-phase morphology with layers of disordered films separating antiphase domains of the ordered phase. This decomposition is a result of a concentration instability on APBs, which is more substantial than the conventional homogeneous spinodal instability. Further morphological evolution after decomposition is controlled by coarsening, which reduces the order/disorder interfacial area. The predicted precipitation mechanism through a formation of a single-phase transient ordered state is general. It is expected in the most part of a two-phase field of a phase diagram of any alloy systems with intermetallic precipitates related to the parent one by ordering.
Simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in chicken muscle using HPLC with fluorescence detection.

Abstract A multiresidue method has been developed which allows for the simultaneous determination of both fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in chicken muscle. Samples were extracted with a mix of acetonitrile and 0.1 M citrate, 150 mM MgCl2, pH 5.0. After centrifugation and evaporation, the extracts could be analyzed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Good recoveries (63–95%) were obtained from samples fortified with a mix of five fluoroquinolones and three tetracyclines, with satisfactory relative standard deviations. Limits of detection were 0.5 ng/g (danofloxacin), 1 ng/g (oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin), 1.5 ng/g (tetracycline), 2 ng/g (difloxacin) and 5 ng/g (sarafloxacin, chlortetracycline). Enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin, as well as oxytetracycline were determined in enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline incurred chicken muscle using this method.
CAPP-calmodulin: A potent competitive inhibitor of calmodulin actions

A covalent adduct of norchlorpromazine (CAPP) and calmodulin is a very potent antagonist of calmodulin activation of several enzymes. The phenothiazine-calmodulin complex (CAPP-calmodulin) acts as a pure antagonist with phosphodiesterase and myosin kinase or a partial agonist with the phosphoprotein phosphatase, calcineurin. Because of its potency and the selectivity inherent to its calmodulin moiety, CAPP-calmodulin should be a uniquely useful probe of calmodulin actions.
Exploring the desires and sexual culture of men who have sex with male-to-female transgender women.

Men who have sex with transgender women (MSTW) currently constitute a gap in the research community’s understanding of male sexuality and sexual desire. In an effort to address this lack of knowledge, an ethnographic study of MSTW in New York City was conducted between December 2005 and May 2007, including in-depth interviews with MSTW (n = 15), key informant interviews (n = 13), and ethnographic observation of semi-private “tranny” parties held at various venues throughout New York City. The specific objectives were to: (1) describe the sex marketplaces and the sexual experiences of an ethnographic sample of MSTW in New York City and (2) describe the ways MSTW construct their sexual partnering practices and the meanings attributed to those practices in relation to varying social contexts (in and outside the sex marketplace). In this analysis, we described the MSTW sex market landscape in New York and identified three major recurrent themes in the ways that MSTW organized their sexual desire for TW transitioning from sex marketplaces to social spaces in their lives: (1) phallus-centric trade sex market focus; (2) relational-companionship market focus; and (3) specialized market focus. Although the findings from the study are not representative of the broader MSTW population, they represent an important step in amassing a body of knowledge about an understudied and underserved sex market upon which future research is needed.
Crystallization of Zr―Ni metallic glasses

The crystallization of Zr-Ni metallic glasses of composition between 55 and 70 at % Zr has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The samples were prepared by splat quenching in an arc-hammer device. Transformation temperatures, effective activation energies, and enthalpy changes are reported as a function of composition. Results of XRD patterns obtained as a function of annealing temperature in the DSC are presented. A high temperature exothermic DSC peak and XRD patterns indicate the presence of a metastable phase which occurs between 57 and 63.5 at % Zr. The results tend to support suggestions of a connection between the short range structure of the glass and the crystalline phase to which it transforms. It was found that the metastable phase, whose presence is strongest at 57 to 59 at % Zr, and the process of phase separation around the eutectic composition (63.5 at % Zr) play important roles in the crystallization process.