cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rural, urban, and teaching hospital differences in hip fracture mortality.

Abstract Introduction Hip fractures remain one of the most prevalent and deadly conditions afflicting those 65 years and older. For other health conditions (e.g. myocardial infarction), hospital location is associated with poorer health outcomes. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the relationship between hip fracture morality rate in the United States between urban and rural hospital settings. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted to examine differences in in-hospital mortality between groups treated in rural, urban-teaching, and urban-non-teaching hospitals, as well as public and private hospitals. Mortality rates were also compared for variances between surgical treatment, sex, insurance, patient location, race, and income. Discharge data was collected for 256,240 inpatient stays from the 2012 National Inpatient Sample (NIS), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Results Odds of mortality were 14.6% greater in rural hospital hip fracture patients compared to Urban/Non-Teaching centers (p Conclusions Results from this study lend support to necessitate further research investigating prospective barriers to care of those in rural settings. This may point to limitations in resources and trained medical and surgical specialists in rural hospitals and need for continued research to mitigate such findings.
Formation and Accretion of Supercooled Water Droplets and Their Effect on Aircraft

MIL-STD-81D currently has no procedure to test equipment that will be exposed to supercooled fog and the resultant ice accretion. Supercooled fog icing is one of the most difficult conditions to simulate. Thus, when a piece of equipment must be subjected to this type of icing, the Program Manager or Test Engineer must design a custom icing test with no formal Military Standard guidance. These conditions can be especially hazardous to helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft that must fly through icing conditions. This paper discusses several technical aspects of the icing process, including such topics as the supercooling process, nucleation and freezing of water droplets, ice type definition, types of problems to be expected during flight through icing conditions, and what icing parameters are important for an icing simulation. This paper can be used as an introduction to the icing phenomenon and will equip the reader with enough basic information to begin a discussion on icing test requirements.
Mechanistic analysis of enhancer sequences in the Estrogen Receptor transcriptional program

Background: Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) is a major lineage determining transcription factor (TF) in mammary gland development, orchestrating the expression of thousands of genes. Dysregulation of ERα-mediated transcriptional program results in abnormal cell proliferation and cancer. Transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of breast cancer cell lines has revealed large numbers of enhancers involved in this regulatory program, but how these enhancers encode function in their sequence remains poorly understood. Results: A subset of ERα-bound enhancers are transcribed into short bidirectional RNA (enhancer RNA or eRNA), and this property is believed to be a reliable marker of active enhancers. We therefore analyze thousands of ERα-bound enhancers and build quantitative, mechanism-aware models to discriminate eRNAs from non-transcribing enhancers based on their sequence. Our thermodynamics-based models provide insights into the roles of specific TFs in ERα-mediated transcriptional program, many of which are supported by the literature. We use in silico perturbations to predict TF-enhancer regulatory relationships and integrate these findings with experimentally determined enhancer-promoter interactions to construct a gene regulatory network. We also demonstrate that the model can prioritize breast cancer-related sequence variants while providing mechanistic explanations for their function. Finally, we experimentally validate the model-proposed mechanisms underlying three such variants. Conclusions: We modeled the sequence-to-expression relationship in ERα-driven enhancers and gained mechanistic insights into the workings of a major transcriptional program. Our model is consistent with the current body of knowledge and its predictions are confirmed by experimental observations. We believe this to be a promising approach to analysis of regulatory sequences and variants.
Swallowing dysfunction following radiation to the rat mylohyoid muscle is associated with sensory neuron injury.

Radiation based treatments for oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers result in impairments in swallowing mobility, but the mechanisms behind the dysfunction are not clear. The purpose of this st...
Experience counts in the malaria response

A systems immunology analysis of controlled human malaria infections in Africans who were malaria experienced and Europeans who were malaria naive yields new insights into old questions of malaria immunity.
Effect of Auditory Task Type on Physiological and Subjective Measures of Listening Effort in Individuals With Normal Hearing.

Purpose Listening effort has traditionally been measured using subjective rating scales and behavioral measures. Recent physiological measures of listening effort have utilized pupil dilation. Using a combination of physiological and subjective measures of listening effort, this study aimed to identify differences in listening effort during 2 auditory tasks: sentence recognition and word recognition. Method Pupil dilation and subjective ratings of listening effort were obtained for auditory tasks utilizing AzBio sentences recognition and Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 words recognition, across 3 listening situations: in quiet, at +6 dB signal-to-noise ratio, and at 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Task accuracy was recorded for each of the 6 conditions, as well as peak pupil dilation and a subjective rating of listening effort. Results A significant impact of listening situation (quiet vs. noise) and task type (sentence recognition vs. word recognition) on both physiological and subjective measure...
Encourage Students to Eliminate the Brown M&Ms from Their Legal Writing

Over the past three decades, the story of how Van Halen banned brown M&Ms has gone from backstage to boardroom. For legal writing instructors, this same tale provides a convenient metaphor for students about why failing to sweat the small stuff can undermine the reader's confidence in their legal writing.
Stratified Self Calibration from Screw-Transform Manifolds

This paper introduces a new, stratified approach for the metric self calibration of a camera with fixed internal parameters. The method works by intersecting modulus-constraint manifolds, which are a specific type of screw-transform manifold. Through the addition of a single scalar parameter, a 2-dimensional modulus-constraint manifold can become a 3-dimensional Kruppa-constraint manifold allowing for direct self calibration from disjoint pairs of views. In this way, we demonstrate that screw-transform manifolds represent a single, unified approach to performing both stratified and direct self calibration. This paper also shows how to generate the screw-transform manifold arising from turntable (i.e., pairwise-planar) motion and discusses some important considerations for creating a working algorithm from these ideas.
The Value of Mortgage Assumptions: An Empirical Test

This study provides an empirical test of the two main techniques for calculating the financing premium for assumption financed sales, cash equivalence adjustment (CEA) and financed-fee valuation ad...
Abstract 1595: Human mammary tumor virus (HMTV) detection in surgical specimens and metastases of human breast cancer by the Nanostring nCounter system and FISH analysis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The purpose of this investigation was to confirm previous PCR studies that showed the presence of Human Mammary Tumor Virus (HMTV) in human breast cancer. HMTV a retrovirus 90-98% homologous to Mouse Mammary tumor Virus (MMTV), the etiological agent of murine mammary cancer, has been detected by PCR in 40% of American women's breast cancers, but not in healthy tissues of the same breast (Cancer Research 1995, 55:5173-79). A complete 9.9kb HMTV proviral sequence has been detected from breast cancer genomic DNA and found to be inserted at different chromosomes (Cancer Res 2001,61:1754-9). HMTV viral particles with betaretrovirus characteristics and RNA sequence 85-95% homologous to MMTV have been isolated from primary cultures of metastatic breast cancer established from pleural and ascitic effusions of patients (MSSM cells). Expression of HMTV proteins has been detected in MSSM cells but not in normal mammary epithelial cells by western blot, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and immunofluorescence assays (J Virol Methods 2010, 163(1): 157-61). PCR is a sensitive molecular technique susceptible of contamination, which due to amplification, can result in false positive detection. Although our samples were tested for cox2 sequences indicative of murine mitochondrial DNA and Intracisternal A type Particle (IAP) sequences characteristic of mouse genomic DNA, the possibility still exists that laboratory contamination accounted for mistaken HMTV detection. This possibility of contamination has led to doubt that murine-like viruses exist as human pathogens. We now report two new methods for HMTV detection to reinforce previous findings. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays with a HMTV probe, HMTV proviral DNA has been visualized in the nuclei of surgical samples of breast cancer as well as MSSM cells. The Nanostring nCounter system, a new technology using specific 100mer HMTV oligonucleotides as probes bound to reporter molecules, detected HMTV gag, env and LTR sequences in the absence of cox2 and IAP in a single reaction without amplification. Results from FISH analysis and Nanostring nCounter reactions show the presence of HMTV DNA in surgical cancer specimens and in MSSM metastatic cells. The data exclude contamination and confirm the authenticity of HMTV in human breast cancer. Studies are being pursued to determine if HMTV, like MMTV, plays a role in causation. Citation Format: Stella M. Melana, Polly Etkind, Teiko Nartey, Yetunde Agbaje, James F. Holland, Beatriz G-T Pogo. Human mammary tumor virus (HMTV) detection in surgical specimens and metastases of human breast cancer by the Nanostring nCounter system and FISH analysis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1595. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1595
Suicidal insulin poisoning with nine day survival: recovery in bile at autopsy by radioimmunoassay

The discovery of insulin fifty years ago enabled doctors to successfully treat an eleven year old boy dying from diabetes mellitus and thereby ushered in a new medical era. While millions of subsequent patients were thus able to lead productive lives, others tunred this miraculous substance into self-destructive purposes, while a few attempted (and possibly succeeded in) carefully concealed homicidal undertakings. The first “murder by insulin” case, prosecuted with a conviction in Great Britain fifteen years ago, employed a laborious bioassay method to demonstrate the hormone at the site of injection [1]. A recent series of insulin poisonings in California was dependent on pathologi changes in the brain from anoxia (hypoglycemia) coupled with history and investigation rather than chemical measurements, although an immunoassay method was used for confirmation in the final case [2]. Instances of suicidal attempts by self-administered insulin have been reported with analyses performed by radioimmunoassay, now employed in clinical laboratories to measure many hormonal and therapeutic substances [3]. We have applied this principle from pathologic and toxicologic aspects in an effort to enhance the diagnostic capability of the forensic pathologist, who must examine and properly certify such deaths.
An Improved Visual and Photographic Orbit for Sirius

The Sirius system possesses one of the best determined orbits of any visual binary system. The last major determination of the relative Sirius A/B orbit was that of van den Bos (1960). Recently, Ruymaekers (1999) and Benest & Duvent (1995) have redetermined the visual orbit. Subtle but significant differences exist between these two results; both of which relied primarily on the very large set of visual positions. In addition to these measurements, there also exist a substantial set of published photographic observations. Sirius B is one of just a few white dwarfs for which we can determine a reasonably accurate astrometric mass. A new determination of the relative orbit is a prerequisite for an improved estimate of the dynamical mass of Sirius B.
Flip chip CPU package technology at Intel: a technology and manufacturing overview

CPU evolution in performance/cost continues to drive the packaging technology. The limitations of wire bonded interconnects and traditional C4/Ceramic flip chip have resulted in development of a new paradigm for CPU packaging involving area array solder bump connections to a high density organic multi layer LGA package. This paper describes some of the key reasons behind this transition. It introduces the key aspects of the new assembly process architecture, associated process flows and key yield/reliability issues addressed during the development.
The fate of inorganic phosphate and pH in regional myocardial ischemia and infarction: A noninvasive 31P NMR study

To determine the characteristic appearance of phosphorus (31P) nuclear magnetic resonance spectra in acute and chronic myocardial infarction in situ. cardiac-gated depth-resolved surface coil spectroscopy (DRESS) at 1.5 T was used to monitor 31P NMR spectra from localized volumes in the left anterior canine myocardium for up to 5 days following permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Coronary occlusion initially produced regional ischemia manifested as significant reductions in the phosphocreatine (PCr) to inorganic phosphate (Pi) ratios and intracellular pH (P < 0.05, Student's t test) in endocardially displaced spectra acquired in periods as short as 50 to 150 s postocclusion. Spectra acquired subsequently revealed either (i) restoration of near-normal phosphate metabolism sometime between 10 and about 50 min postocclusion or (ii) advancing ischemic phosphate metabolism at about an hour postocclusion, and/or (iii) maintenance of depressed PCI/P1 ratios for up to 5 days postocclusion with a return of the apparent pH to near normal values between 6 and 15 h postocclusion. Postmortem examination of animals exhibiting the first type of behavior revealed the existence of coronary collateral vessels. The last type of behavior indicates that P1 remains substantially localized in damaged myocardium for days following infarction. The location and size of infarctions were determined postmortem by staining excised hearts. The smallest infarctions detected by 31P DRESS weighed 4.9 and 7.5 g. The most acidic pH measured in vivo was 5.9 ± 0.2. Infarctions aged 1/2 day to 5 days were characterized by elevated but broad P1 resonances at 5.1 ± 0.2 ppm relative to PCr and significantly depressed PCr/P1 ratios (P < 0.002, Student's t test) relative to preocclusion values. Contamination of P1 resonances by phosphomonoester (PM) components is a significant problem for preocclusion P1 and pH measurements. These results should be applicable to the detection and identification of human myocardial infarction using 31P NMR and DRESS. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
New evidence on racial and ethnic disparities in homeownership in the United States from 2001 to 2010.

Abstract Using 2001–2010 homeownership data for the United States we analyze changes in racial and ethnic disparities between whites and blacks, Asians, Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans and other Hispanics. We employ Integrated Public Use Microdata (IPUMS) combined with local credit scores and house price to income ratios. Controlling for demographic, income, wealth, employment, and housing characteristics, we find no significant differences between whites and Asians, Mexicans, or Cubans. Conversely, blacks and Puerto Ricans remain substantially disadvantaged. We conduct further analysis for the 2001–2003, 2004–2007, and 2008–2010 periods of the housing boom and collapse. Blacks and Puerto Ricans experienced decreased disparities during the peak years of the boom. Puerto Rican parity with whites continued to improve during the crash while gains among blacks eroded. The results suggest the homeownership differences between whites, Asians, Mexicans, and Cubans are apparently explained by socioeconomic status while racial disparities among blacks and Puerto Ricans evolved but continue to persist.
The mannose receptor and other macrophage lectins

The macrophage expresses a variety of cell surface lectins with activities that support specific functional roles and correspond to various differentiation states characteristic of this cell type. Recently, research has been carried out to investigate the mannose receptor, the advanced glycosylation end products receptor, the mannose-6-phosphate-receptor, the beta-glucan receptor, sialoadhesin and several galactose-specific binding proteins.
Aortic Regurgitation Caused by Behçet's Disease: Surgical Experience during an 11‐Year Period

Background and Aim of the Study: Aortic regurgitation (AR) caused by Behcet's disease is a rare clinical condition and surgical experience is limited. Many patients undergoing simple aortic valve replacement (AVR) required a second or third operation as a result of prosthetic valve dehiscence. We analyze our experience with surgical management for AR in Behcet's disease during an 11-year period. Methods: From April 1997 through December 2008, 10 male patients (mean age, 38.4 ± 6.9 years) with AR caused by Behcet's disease underwent surgical treatment. The primary procedures were AVR in seven cases and aortic root replacement in three (two Bentall, one Cabrol). The duration of follow-up was 5.3 ± 3.6 years. Results: In the seven patients with simple AVR, valve dehiscence occurred in six after an interval of 2.9 ± 1.7 months, necessitating 11 reoperations (four redo AVRs, one redo redo-AVR, four aortic root replace- ments, and two heart transplants) with one early death. In aortic root replacement patients, two Bentall patients survived and required no reintervention, and the Cabrol patient died from electromechanical uncou- pling one year postoperatively. Of the seven survivors, the definite procedure was aortic root replacement in four cases, heart transplantation in two, and AVR in one. Conclusions: The rate of valve dehiscence was high after isolated AVR in patients with AR caused by Behcet's disease. At the first operation, aortic root re- placement should be the procedure of choice, preferably with a homograft. Heart transplantation might be a feasible alternative to aortic root replacement in selected patients. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2011.01392.x (J Card Surg 2012;27:39-44)
Dependence of the production rate on the relative retention of two components in preparative chromatography

Abstract The maximum possible production rate which can be obtained with a given chromatographic system, under optimized conditions, increases approximately as the third power of (α − 1)/α. The optimum conditions themselves depend also on the relative retention. In contrast, the production rate of a given column (constant column length, L , and particle size, d p ) increases more slowly, nearly in proportion to the square of (α − 1)/α when the ratio d 2 p / L is lower than its optimum value. These relationships are valid under both touching band and overlapping band conditions.
Psychotherapy training and theoretical orientation in clinical psychology programs: A national survey

A survey of the instructors of the initial psychotherapy course in APA accredited clinical psychology programs investigated the relationship between theoretical orientation and 33 items assessing metatheoretical assumptions, operating constructs, and active components emphasized in psychotherapy instruction. Factor analysis of the 33 items yielded the following factors: Professional Behaviors/Attending Skills, Problem Focused, and Dynamic Constructs. Analysis of variance of the three factors by orientation revealed that only Factor 3 (Dynamic Constructs) was significant with regard to orientation. Significant differences were found between teachers with dynamic and cognitive behavioral orientations and between those with dynamic and behavioral orientations. With the exception of Dynamic Constructs, the assumptions, constructs and components emphasized in psychotherapy training in these courses appear to be similar regardless of the orientation of the instructor. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 91–96, 1998.
Hydroxyproline arabinosides from suspension-cultured tobacco cell wall.

Hydroxyproline tri- and tetra-arabinosides were isolated from suspension-cultured tobacco cell wall preparation by Ba(OH)2 treatment followed by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Methylation analysis showed that they consisted of terminal, 1,2-linked and 1,3-linked arabinofuranosyl residues in molar ratios of 1: 2: 0 and 1:2: 1, respectively. A part of trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline in the arabinosides was revealed to have been isomerized into cis-4-hydroxy-d-proline during the alkaline hydrolysis.
Fabrication of silicon nanowire devices for ultrasensitive, label-free, real-time detection of biological and chemical species

Detection and quantification of biological and chemical species are central to many areas of healthcare and the life sciences, ranging from diagnosing disease to discovery and screening of new drug molecules. Semiconductor nanowires configured as electronic devices have emerged as a general platform for ultra-sensitive direct electrical detection of biological and chemical species. Here we describe a detailed protocol for realizing nanowire electronic sensors. First, the growth of uniform, single crystal silicon nanowires, and subsequent isolation of the nanowires as stable suspensions are outlined. Second, fabrication of addressable nanowire device arrays is described. Third, covalent modification of the nanowire device surfaces with receptors is described. Fourth, an example modification and measurements of the electrical response from devices are detailed. The silicon nanowire (SiNW) devices have demonstrated applications for label-free, ultrasensitive and highly-selective real-time detection of a wide range of biological and chemical species, including proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules and viruses.
Effects of cyclic nucleotides on estradiol binding in human endometrium.

The addition of molybdate to intact or homogenized cells of the endometrial adenocarcinoma line HEC-1 during incubation with [3H]estradiol ([3H]E2) at 4 C causes substantial increases in cytoplasmic E2 binding levels. A similar effect can be observed in homogenates of normal human endometrium. These effects of molybdate appear to involve activation of E2- binding sites. Fractionation of the homogenates and recombination of different fractions revealed that activation of specific E2-binding sites by MoO4- requires cytosolic factors as well as factors associated with the cell membrane. In homogenates of neoplastic cells (HEC-1) and normal endometrium, the addition of ATP, GTP, or cGMP was also found to increase E2 binding to levels as high as those obtained by the addition of MoO4-. In contrast, the addition of cAMP was found to lower specific E2 binding levels and to counteract the effects of MoO4-, ATP, GTP, and cGMP. Levels of intracellular cAMP and cGMP can change rapidly in cells in culture. Since cGMP...
Local Newforms with Global Applications in the Jacobi Theory

Abstract The study of spherical representations of the Jacobi group begun in (R. Schmidt, 1998, Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg68, 273–296) is continued. Using certain index shifting operators, the notion of age of such a representation is introduced, as well as the notion of a local newform. The precise structure of the space of spherical vectors, in particular its dimension, is determined in terms of the age. The age of the spherical principal series representations is computed, and the local newforms amongst these are determined. Restricting to the classical situation, it is shown that the local index shifting operators essentially coincide with well-known Hecke operators on classical modular forms. This leads to some global applications of the local results.
Moving Toward Evidence-Based Complementary Care

79. Nakamura Y, Lipschitz DL, Kuhn R, Kinney AY, Donaldson GW. Investigating efficacy of two brief mind-body intervention programs for managing sleep disturbance in cancer survivors: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;7(2):165-182. 80. Omidi A, Mohammadkhani P, Mohammadi A, Zargar F. Comparing mindfulness based cognitive therapy and traditional cognitive behavior therapy with treatments as usual on reduction of major depressive disorder symptoms. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(2):142-146.
Civil War, Ethnicity, and the Migration of Skilled Labor

We investigate the impact of civil war on high skilled emigration to the OECD over the period 1975–2000. Controlling for source country characteristics, we find that civil war increases high skilled emigration by 3–6 percentage points. Further, the nature of conflict matters: While brain drain from countries with ethnic conflict is about 5–8 percent greater than from non-conflict countries, the effect of non-ethnic conflict is less, and is not statistically significant. Duration also matters: Each additional year of ethnic conflict worsens the brain drain by 0.4–0.7 percent, whereas the duration effect from non-ethnic conflict is small and insignificant.
An update on the next-to-leading order Monte Carlo MCFM

The current status of the parton level, next-to-leading order Monte Carlo program MCFM is described.
The Influence Of Calcium And Phosphorus In The Feed On The Milk Yield Of Dairy Cows...

Summary 1. Feeding cows for several years according to the commonly accepted standards with little or no additional pasture, may result in their milk yield being reduced much below the optimum. The condition of reduced milk yield so brought about may be corrected by giving the animal a dry period of two months, and feeding during that period a ration containing legume hay and grain with a high phosphorus content and with three or four times the amount of protein required for maintenance, and two or three times the total nutriment. The milk yield in the subsequent lactation period may sometimes be doubled by this treatment. 2. In the case of cows of which the milk yield has been reduced by several years’ standard feeding, a greatly increased yield can be brought about by feeding “alternated rations with phosphate” during the dry period. This is taken to mean that the ordinary rations are more likely to be deficient in one or both of the principal bone-building elements than in any other constituent. In conclusion we wish to acknowledge the valuable services of Messrs. H. J. Nedrow, H. T. Converse, and W. E. Benscoter. Messrs. Nedrow and Converse were the herdsmen at the Beltsville farm during the period when the experiments were carried out and supervised the feeding and care of the experimental animals. Mr. Benscoter was responsible for the feeding in a number of cases, and carried out this part of the work with unusual care and accuracy.
The Youth Demographic: Opportunity and Challenge for Developmental Planning: A Zimbabwe Case Study

Education and job creation are key instruments for facilitating the transition of youth and young adults to productive roles. This poses particular challenges in developing countries because they have relatively high population growth rates. The demographic pattern associated with high birth rates and low child mortality has been called the ‘youth buldge’ because it is characterized by large gains in the lower half of the population pyramid. Zimbabwe (previously known as Rhodesia) is presented as a case study where developmental priorities have not adequately supported the transition of youth to productive adult roles. The policy shortcomings originated in the colonial period and have continued after independence. The study is presented to make the case that countries that do not adequately support the transition of the young generation to productive adult roles risk debilitating social, political and economic instability. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n6p119
Chemical Composition of Leachate of Dairy Manure Mixed with Fluidized Bed Combustion Residue

This study was initiated to investigate the hypothesis that using fluidized bed combustion (FBC) residue to stabilize a dairy feedlot surface (DFS) could enhance element attenuation and minimize the environmental impact on water quality. The laboratory leaching experiment included FBC, dairy manure (DM), and DM/FBC treatments. The leaching process consisted of 10 weekly additions of distilled water, each of 460 mL. Using FBC with DM decreased the concentration of most elements (e.g., P, N, K, Ca, Al, Si, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, As, and Se) in the leachate. A decrease ranging from 5.6 to 100% was obtained. The presence of high concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is believed to enhance element attenuation by FBC minerals (e.g., Fe-, and Al-oxides). Several mechanisms involved in this process are proposed: (i) formation of insoluble metal-organic complexes; (ii) sorption of soluble organic and inorganic species on mineral surfaces; and (iii) precipitation of soluble inorganic species. These mechanisms are discussed in relation to each of the measured elements. On the other hand, using FBC with DM appeared to increase the concentration of B (235%), S (47.3%), and Mg (36.5%) in the leachate. Reactions of DOM with FBC minerals to form soluble organic complexes were suggested to explain B and S increases. The increase in leached Mg could be attributed to the presence of SO 4 2- . Our results provide evidence that using FBC to stabilize DFS has the advantage of immobilizing a large portion of most elements present in DM leachate.
Galactosyltransferase activity of intact neural retinal cells from the embryonic chicken.

Abstract Galactosyltransferase activity was measured on intact embryonic chicken neural retinal cells in a new assay which includes the following: use of [3H]UDP-galactose concentrations above the Km; optimization of Mn2+ and N-acetyl- d -glucosamine concentrations; analysis of the stability of UDP-galactose and N-acetyl- d -glucosamine; control of nucleotide sugar hydrolysis; examination of the effects of serum and trypsin on enzyme activity; product identification; and optimization of cellular health as evidenced by dye-exclusion tests and transmission and scanning electron micrographs. This assay system permits the quantitative comparison of galactosyltransferase activity on different populations of intact embryonic cells. It has been proposed that this enzyme is involved in cellular adhesion, cellular recognition, and differentiation of the cell surface during development. Therefore, enzyme activity was examined as a function of embryonic age, of mitosis versus postmitotic differentiation, and of position along the dorsoventral or nasotemporal axis of the retina. Major findings include: The enzyme activity per cell is twofold higher in the mitotically active margin than in the more differentiated (postmitotic) fundus of the retina; the enzyme activity per cell decreases during the development of the retina; there are no quantitative differences in enzyme activity on cells from nasal, temporal, dorsal, or ventral quadrants or halves of the retina. Possible relationships of these enzyme measurements to cell adhesion, differentiation, and neuronal specification are discussed.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors Represent the Major Carbohydrate Modification in Proteins of Intraerythrocytic Stage Plasmodium falciparum

The nature and extent of carbohydrate modification in intraerythrocytic stage Plasmodium falciparum proteins have been controversial. This study describes the characterization of the carbohydrates in intraerythrocytic P. falciparum proteins and provides an overall picture of the nature of carbohydrate modification in the parasite proteins. P. falciparum strains were metabolically labeled with radioactive sugar precursors and ethanolamine at different developmental stages. The individual parasite proteins separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and whole parasite cell lysates were analyzed for the carbohydrate moieties. The results established the following: 1) glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors represent the major carbohydrate modification in the intraerythrocytic stage P. falciparum proteins; 2) in contrast to previous reports, O-linked carbohydrates are either absent or present only at very low levels in the parasite; and 3) P. falciparum contains low levels of N-glycosylation capability. The amount of N-linked carbohydrates in whole parasite proteins is ∼6% compared with the GPI anchors attached to proteins based on radioactive GlcN incorporated into the proteins. The glycan cores of multiple parasite protein GPI anchors are all similar, consisting of protein-ethanolamine-phosphate-(Manα1-2)6Manα1-2Manα1-6Manα1- 4GlcN. The fourth Man residues distal to GlcN of the GPI anchor glycan cores contain unidentified substituents that are susceptible to conditions of nitrous acid deamination. This unusual structural feature may contribute to the reported pathogenic properties of the P. falciparum GPI anchors.
Global environmental engineering

All the signs are that global ozone depletion is increasing. Ideas to mitigate the problem that at first glance may seem far-fetched deserve more serious consideration and a scientific process of evaluation.
The distribution of homocarnosine in mammals

Abstract Homocarnosine (γ-aminobutyrylhistidine), like its precursor, γ-aminobotyric acid, was found to be present exclusively in the central nervous system. Concentrations ranged from
Vapor-pressure study of the melting of two-dimensional argon adsorbed on BN

We have measured monolayer adsorption isotherms of Ar on BN and obtained the compressibility of the Ar films. A small substep in the isotherm is present at melting. Two peaks are present in the compressibility: a sharp one associated with the substep, and a broader one that occurs at lower pressures. We compare our results to those of a recent study of Ar on graphite.
Breast implant procedures under conscious sedation: a 6-year experience in 461 consecutive patients.

Background:Breast implant procedures are commonly performed using general anesthesia; however, patient apprehension, the potential for improved safety, lower costs, and faster recovery times have increased interest in the use of conscious sedation in plastic surgery. The authors examined the safety
Sensor Scheduling for Multiple Parameters Estimation under Energy Constraint

We consider a sensor scheduling problem for estimating Gaussian random variables under an energy constraint. The sensors are described by a linear observation model, and the observation noise is Gaussian. We formulate this problem as a stochastic sequential decision problem. Due to the Gaussian assumption and the linear observation model, the stochastic sequential decision problem is equivalent to a deterministic one. We present a greedy algorithm for this problem, and discover conditions sufficient to guarantee the optimality of the greedy algorithm. Furthermore, we present two special cases of the original scheduling problem where the greedy algorithm is optimal under weaker conditions. We illustrate our result through numerical examples.
Synthesis of a tetracyclic, conformationally constrained analogue of Δ8-THC

A tetracyclic, conformationally constrained analogue of delta8-THC (2) has been synthesized in which a two carbon bridge exists between C2 and C2'. Two conceptually related syntheses of 2 are described, both of which employ 5,7-dimethoxy-4-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthoic acid (11) as starting material. This substrate was converted to 5,7dimethoxy-2-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (7) and its 4-keto derivative (18). Demethylation of 11 and 18 provided the corresponding resorcinols, which were condensed with trans-p-menthadienol to afford cannabinoid 2, and a keto derivative (20). LiA1H4/A1C1(3) reduction of 20 provided 2. Cannabinoid 2 has relatively low affinity for the cannabinoid brain receptor (Ki = 703+/-98 nM).
TerraServer and the Russia adventure...

Jim Gray made many friends and few enemies in his career. Many of the projects he worked on were inspired by one or more of his friends and collaborators in industry and academia.The original idea for an "image server" happened in the early 1990s when Jim was at Digital. Jim had met Jeff Dozier while working on the National Research Council's "Computing the Future" committee [NRC 1994]. Jeff became Dean of the Bren School of Environmental Sciences and chair of UC Santa Barbara's Alexandria Digital Library advisory board. Jeff asked Jim to serve on the board.During an Alexandria board meeting, Jeff and Jim discussed the idea for a "geospatial image server". All they needed was a lot of accessible imagery, someone that wanted it done, and someone foolish enough to load a few tera-bytes of data. The cold war ended enabling the high resolution imagery marketplace. Microsoft SQL Server wanted a scalability internet demonstration. And I walked into Jim Gray's lab looking for a reason to move back to San Francisco. And that's where my 10 year project with Jim Gray and TerraServer begins...
Controversy in Bristol Bay: Coexistence, Mitigation, and Common Ground Over the Pebble Mine

On February 28, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sent a letter to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the State of Alaska, and the Pebble Partnership. That letter explained the U....
Time-delay interferometry for LISA

LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is a mission to detect and study low-frequency cosmic gravitational radiation through its influence on the phases or frequencies of laser beams exchanged between three remote spacecraft. We previously showed how, with lasers of identical frequencies on stationary spacecraft, the measurement of twelve time series of Doppler shifts could be combined to cancel exactly the phase noise of the lasers and the Doppler fluctuations due to noninertial motions of the six optical benches, while preserving gravitational wave signals. Here we generalize those results on gravitational wave detection with time-delay interferometry to the expected LISA instrument. The six lasers have different center frequencies (in the nominal LISA configuration these center frequencies may well differ by several hundred megahertz) and the distances between spacecraft pairs will change with time (these slowly varying orbital Doppler shifts are expected to be up to tens of megahertz). We develop time-delay data combinations which, as previously, preserve gravitational waves and exactly cancel the leading noise source (phase fluctuations of the six lasers); these data combinations then imply transfer functions for the remaining system noises. Using these, we plot frequency and phase power spectra for modeled system noises in the unequal Michelson combination X and the symmetric Sagnac combination $\ensuremath{\zeta}.$ Although optical bench noise can no longer be cancelled exactly, with the current LISA specifications it is suppressed to negligible levels. It is known that the presently anticipated laser center frequency differences and the orbital Doppler drifts introduce another source of phase noise, arising from the onboard oscillators required to track the photodetector fringes. For the presently planned mission, our analysis indeed demonstrates that noise from current-generation ultrastable oscillators would, if uncorrected, dominate the LISA noise budget. To meet the LISA sensitivity goals either achievable improvements in oscillator stability must be combined with much stricter requirements on the allowed laser center frequency differences and on the allowed Doppler shifts from orbital drifts or, as has been previously suggested, additional calibrating interspacecraft data must be taken, by modulating the laser beams and considerably increasing system complexity. We generalize prior schemes for obtaining the required oscillator instability calibration data to the case of six proof masses, six lasers, and three onboard oscillators. For this realistic configuration we derive appropriate time-delayed combinations of the calibrating data to correct each of the laser-noise-free data combinations.
Pair research: matching people for collaboration, learning, and productivity

To increase productivity, informal learning, and collaborations within and across research groups, we have been experimenting with a new kind of interaction that we call {em pair research}, in which members are paired up weekly to work together on each other's projects. In this paper, we present a system for making pairings and present results from two deployments. Results show that members used pair research in a wide variety of ways including pair programming, user testing, brainstorming, and data collection and analysis. Pair research helped members get things done and share their expertise with others.
Correlations among tumor types in mouse cancer bioassays: liver adenomas, liver carcinomas, leukemias and lymphomas.

In an examination of rodent bioassays Young and Gries [Young S.S., and Gries C.L. Exploration of the negative correlation between proliferative hepatocellular lesions and lymphoma in rats and mice—...
Experimental and numerical investigation on the influence of temporal fuel/air unmixedness on NOx emissions of lean premixed catalytically stabilized and non-catalytic combustion

Abstract The influence of temporal fuel/air unmixedness on NO x emissions in lean premixed catalytically stabilized and non-catalytic combustion of propane is experimentally and numerically investigated. Experiments are performed in a tubular, adiabatic flow reactor with catalytically active and inactive honeycomb structures inserted at the inlet to the combustion chamber. Catalytically stabilized combustion is performed as “hybrid” catalytic combustion, where only a fraction of the fuel is consumed within the catalyst and the remaining fuel is burned downstream in a homogeneous combustion zone. A special mixing section is used which allows variation of frequency and magnitude of temporal fuel fluctuations while maintaining spatially uniform conditions over the cross-section. Numerical investigations are performed by coupling a transient catalyst model with a PFR model for hybrid catalytic combustion and a PFR model for non-catalytic combustion. The catalyst model comprises a 2D model for the gas phase and a 1D model for the catalyst substrate, including one-step surface kinetics for propane oxidation. The PFR model uses a detailed reaction mechanism to model NO x formation in the homogeneous combustion zone. It is shown experimentally that NO x emissions from catalytically stabilized combustion are much less sensitive to temporal fuel/air unmixedness than non-catalytic combustion. The catalyst model reveals (1) that the catalyst lowers the mean fuel concentration and the magnitude of the fluctuations prior to the homogeneous combustion zone downstream of the catalyst and (2) that the catalyst’s thermal inertia acts as a buffer for the fluctuating heat release on the surface, i.e., it prevents the development of large temperature fluctuations in the gas phase. Comparison of modeled NO x emissions with experimental data shows good agreement for non-catalytic combustion, but poor agreement for hybrid combustion. These findings are discussed in detail and improvements are suggested to improve agreement between experiment and prediction for the hybrid combustion case.
The effect of polycations on cell membrane stability and transport processes.

The interaction of poly-l-lysines of different molecular weights (PL) with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was studied experimentally with respect to cell surface binding, cell electrophoresis, cytotoxicity and membrane permeability. Although they decrease the net negative charge of Ehrlich ascites cells similarly at low PL concentrations, low molecular weight PL was less cytotoxic and less damaging to the potassium transport mechanism than was high molecular weight PL. At certain PL concentrations, membrane damage was reversible on reincubation in PL-free media. The amount of bound polylysine as determined with fluorescent labeled polylysine was compared by electrophoresis to the amount of polylysine expressed on the electrokinetic surface. The results indicated that only a small fraction of polylysine bound to Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was electrokinetically detectable. The adsorption of polylysine to Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was not describable by the usual adsorption isotherms. It is suggested that the same number of monomeric lysine units of high and low molecular weight PL are adsorbed at the cell electrokinetic surface, but cytotoxicity is dependent on molecular weight. Although the negative charge of human red blood cells could be reversed at low PL concentrations, no such effect could be observed for ELD (a subline of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma) cells even at high PL concentrations. The relationship of PL binding to the stimulation of macromolecular uptake is discussed.
Glenohumeral Biomechanics of Physical Therapy Mobilization Techniques

Physical therapists employ mobilization techniques for restoring range of motion. The objective was to develop a protocol for quantifying and comparing glenohumeral (GH) joint mobilization techniques performed by physical therapists in a human cadaveric model. Two different GH joint positions were investigated using grade IV non-oscillatory mobilizations. One right human cadaveric shoulder (Age:52, MALE) was procured. The scapula was mounted in an upright neutral position to a 6 axis load cell with the humerus freely suspended. GH motion was recorded in three dimensions. Rotator cuff muscle tone (subscapularis, supraspinatus, and teres minor/infraspinatus) was simulated using static 5 N loads. Two experienced physical therapists performed three sets of posterior (P), anterior (A) and inferior (I) glides from neutral and resting positions. Force and displacement measurements were collected at 20Hz and 10Hz, respectively, and used to determine GH three-dimensional stiffness. The mean three-dimensional stiffness values (N/mm) in neutral and resting positions were: Therapist One: A:1.87/2.28, P:1.43/3.62, I:0.83/1.08 and Therapist Two: A:1.87/1.81, P:1.24/6.66, I:0.98/0.71). Most notable differences between joint position and therapists occurred during posterior glide mobilization. In addition to studying other GH mobilization techniques the protocol can be used to determine structural tissue properties and/or measure effects of shoulder injuries on GH biomechanics.
A knowledge-based approach to network and module diagnosis

Abstract With the ever increasing complexity of high energy physics experiments and the increasing number of component parameters in detectors and their associated data-acquisition systems, it is important to transfer human expertise into computer programs such that they exhibit human reasoning, but react more quickly and more consistently to rapidly changing stimuli. This paper describes how knowledge-based systems are being used at Fermilab to diagnose networks and modules.