cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abdominal near-infrared spectroscopy in a piglet model of gastrointestinal hypoxia produced by graded hypoxia or superior mesenteric artery ligation.

Abdominal near-infrared spectroscopy (aNIRS) may detect gastrointestinal hypoxia before necrotizing enterocolitis develops. We sought to validate aNIRS during splanchnic hypoxia and hypoperfusion in neonatal piglets. Anesthetized piglets underwent systemic hypoxia or 3 h superior mesenteric artery (SMA) ligation with aNIRS monitoring. During progressive hypoxia, gastrointestinal tissue oxyhemoglobin saturation measured by aNIRS decreased linearly with oxyhemoglobin saturation measured directly in the portal vein. Correlation coefficients were 0.94–0.99 in each of 10 piglets, the average regression slope of 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.57, 0.89) differed from one (P<0.004), and the intercept on the aNIRS axis of 9.5% (4.4, 14.6) differed from zero (P<0.0025). Umbilical venous oxyhemoglobin saturation also correlated strongly with the portal vein oxyhemoglobin saturation (r=0.83–0.99), with a slope not different from one. SMA ligation caused ileal blood flow to decrease by ~50%, and produced a sustained decrease in aNIRS oximetry from approximately 60 to 30%. aNIRS can detect abrupt and sustained gastrointestinal hypoperfusion associated with arterial occlusion in a neonatal model. The highly linear relationship of portal venous oxyhemoglobin saturation with aNIRS and umbilical vein saturation during graded hypoxia implies that these measures can accurately track tissue oxygenation trends over a wide range in individual subjects.
Affective Responses to Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise, Mindfulness Meditation, and Combinations of Exercise and Meditation: A Randomized Controlled Intervention:

Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to induce positive affect. In a novel experimental paradigm, we sought to examine the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise an...
Pathophysiology of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Putting It All Together

This chapter aims to amalgamate the various intermediate phenotypes involved in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to explain the clinical expression of the disease: habitual snoring, obstructive hypoventilation, upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS), and OSA. Understanding the individual determinants of the pathophysiology of the pediatric OSA may lead to a more personalized approach to therapy and improved outcomes in the future.
Evaluation and Benchmarking of Operational Short-Range Ensemble Mean and Median Streamflow Forecasts for the Ohio River Basin

AbstractThis study presents findings from a real-time forecast experiment that compares legacy deterministic hydrologic stage forecasts to ensemble mean and median stage forecasts from the NOAA/NWS...
Characterization of uraninite using a FIB–SEM approach and its implications for LA–ICP–MS analyses

Focused ion beam (FIB) coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations were performed on pristine and altered areas of two uraninite samples in order to better understand their 3-dimensional mineralogical and chemical nature, and their impact on trace element abundances obtained by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) analyses. Trace element contents determined by both LA- and solution mode (SM)–ICP–MS analyses together with FIB results identify Pb as the optimal internal standard for LA–ICP–MS analyses of uraninite since it is a major chemical constituent, part of the structure, and similar in abundance to the trace elements of interest.
StanceComp: Aggregating Stances from Multiple Sources for Rumor Detection

With the rapid development of the Internet, social media has become a major information dissemination platform where any users can post and share information. Although this facilitates the share of breaking news, it also becomes the fertile land for the spread of malicious rumors. On the contrary, online news media might lag behind on reporting breaking news but their articles are more reliable since the journalists often go to verify the information before they report it. Intuitively, when users try to decide whether to trust a claim they saw on the social media, they would want to check stances of the same claim on social media and news media. More specifically, they want to know the opinions of other users, i.e., whether they support or against the claim. To facilitate such a process, we develop StanceComp(https://stancecomp.herokuapp.com), which aggregates the relevant information about a claim and compares the stances of the claim for both social media and news media. The developed system aims to provide a summary of the stances for the claim so that users can have a more comprehensive understanding of the information to detect potential rumors.
Intermediate accounting and auditing: Does course delivery mode impact student performance?

Abstract This research examines two senior-level accounting courses taught in three different delivery modes (face-to-face, hybrid, and online) by the same instructor in each course with consistent curriculum in the three delivery modes. Multiple-regression results found significant effects for delivery mode and found the interaction between delivery mode and past student achievement on student performance on examinations in both courses to be significant. Intermediate Accounting III students in the online and hybrid modes significantly outperformed students in the face-to-face mode. Auditing students in the online mode significantly outperformed students in the hybrid and face-to-face modes. The findings lend support for the legitimacy of online accounting education.
Objective Comparison of Nasojugal Fold Depth and Lower Eyelid Length After Fat Excision Versus Fat Transpositional Lower Blepharoplasty.

BACKGROUND Lower blepharoplasty is one of the most commonly performed aesthetic surgeries in the world. However, there are no studies to directly compare patients who had fat excision vs fat transposition. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to compare and contrast aesthetic results of fat excisional and fat transpositional lower blepharoplasty. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of 60 patients (120 eyelids) who underwent transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty, either with fat excision or fat transposition into a preperiosteal plane. Marginal reflex distance-2, lower eyelid length, nasojugal fold depth, and pretarsal orbicularis definition were measured. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 5.6 months. Mean marginal reflex distance-2 did not significantly differ after either fat excision or fat transposition. Mean lower lid length decreased after fat excision only (P < 0.001), and postoperative fat excision patients had a shorter lower eyelid length than patients who underwent fat transposition (13.5 ± 2.1 mm vs 16.1 ± 1.9 mm, P < 0.0001). Pretarsal orbicularis definition increased after both surgeries (P < 0.001), and the groups did not differ (1.0 ± 0.8 vs 1.1 ± 0.9, not significant). Mean nasojugal fold depth was effaced after surgery in both groups (P < 0.001), although the nasojugal fold was significantly more effaced after fat transposition (1.5 ± 0.7 vs 0.48 ± 0.6, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In lower blepharoplasty, fat excision resulted in a shorter lower eyelid, and fat transposition resulted in a more effaced lid-cheek junction. Surgeons should be able to balance both techniques to deliver a customized aesthetic result. Level of Evidence: 3.
Product Measurement: Code

Developing measures of software (code) quality has been a long-term challenge in computer science and software engineering. A survey of articles in the literature reveals that many metrics are available for measuring software. Some well documented metrics include Halstead’s Elements of Software Science (1977), McCabe’s Cyclomatic Number (1976) and Henry and Kafura’s “Software structure metrics based on information flow” (1981). A major criticism of using any one of these metrics in isolation is that it provides a snapshot of only one particular aspect of code quality. For example, McCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity reports the number of paths through a program. While this particular characteristic is certainly related to program quality, it says nothing about the many other contributors to code quality, e.g. intermodule coupling, the use of structured programming constructs, code commenting, and so forth. Even if one employs a collection of existing metrics, each developed in relative isolation and narrowly focused on particular characteristics, drawing a conclusion from disparate measures is indeed difficult.
Towards Large-Scale Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have the goal of gathering data from the environment. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) drastically changed WSN's vision that, as never before, needs to expand and include hundreds or thousands of sensors. But to follow the current IoT trends new techniques need to be implemented since orders of thousands of sensor nodes are not manageable by today's WSNs systems that often rely on manual configuration and hence are not practical. As an example, the replacement of batteries of thousand of nodes could be extremely arduous or even impossible for structural health monitoring of civil infrastructures (i.e. bridges, towers). Hence, the solution to the growing burden of the system manager is automation, allowing the system to check its own status, to re-configure itself and fix the major problems in the network whenever it is possible. In this paper, we present and discuss the main features needed to achieve an autonomous large scale WSN. Furthermore, we compare these features with the state of the art of real-world large scale WSN deployments showing that further solutions are needed to drastically reduce human intervention while guaranteeing the main functionalities of the system.
Lying in early modern English culture: from the oath of supremacy to the oath of allegiance

Presiding over a profane Eucharist of cake and ale in a tavern somewhere between London and Canterbury, Chaucer’s Pardoner launches into a spirited recreation of his homily against avarice, a shame...
Oral Tolerance and Prognosis in Food Allergy

Many children with IgE-mediated food allergies will naturally develop tolerance as they age, whereas others have lifelong allergy. Prognosis and development of tolerance vary according to age of diagnosis, type of food allergen, skin prick and serum IgE test results, and several other factors. The oral food challenge is the only method that can determine whether someone with IgE-mediated food allergy is still allergic, but this is labor and time intensive and imposes risk of potential reaction. Monitoring children with food allergies over time and knowing when to consider an oral food challenge are important concepts for primary care clinicians and allergists to understand and apply to clinical practice. In addition, parents of food-allergic children need to be counseled regarding their child’s prognosis and potential to one day “outgrow” their allergies. This chapter addresses the issues surrounding the natural development of oral tolerance and prognosis of children with various food allergies.
Discovering Causalities from Cardiotocography Signals using Improved Convergent Cross Mapping with Gaussian Processes

Convergent cross mapping (CCM) is designed for causal discovery in coupled time series, where Granger causality may not be applicable because of a separability assumption. However, CCM is not robust to observation noise which limits its applicability on signals that are known to be noisy. Moreover, the parameters for state space reconstruction need to be selected using grid search methods. In this paper, we propose a novel improved version of CCM using Gaussian processes for discovery of causality from noisy time series. Specifically, we adopt the concept of CCM and carry out the key steps using Gaussian processes within a non-parametric Bayesian probabilistic framework in a principled manner. The proposed approach is first validated on simulated data, and then used for understanding the interaction between fetal heart rate and uterine activity in the last two hours before delivery and of interest in obstetrics. Our results indicate that uterine activity affects the fetal heart rate, which agrees with recent clinical studies.
Distinct evolutionary paths in chronic lymphocytic leukemia during resistance to graft-versus-leukemia

Resistance to the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect remains the major barrier to successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for aggressive hematologic malignancies. The basis of GvL resistance for advanced lymphoid malignancies remains incompletely understood. We hypothesized that for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with allo-HSCT, leukemic cell-intrinsic features shape GvL outcomes by directing the evolutionary trajectories of CLL cells. Integrated genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses of CLL cells from 10 patients revealed that the clinical kinetics of post-HSCT relapse are shaped by distinct molecular dynamics and suggest that the selection pressures of the GvL bottleneck are unlike those imposed by chemotherapy. No selective advantage for HLA loss was observed, even when present in pre-transplant subpopulations. Regardless of post-transplant relapse kinetics, gain of stem cell modules was a common signature associated with leukemia relapse. These data elucidate the biological pathways that underlie GvL resistance and post-transplant relapse.
Neuroenhancement for sale: assessing the website claims of neurofeedback providers in the United States

Although electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback is a technique that has been in existence for many decades, it has remained controversial, largely due to questions about efficacy. Yet neurofeedback is being widely offered to the public, often at great expense. To date, however, there has not been empirical data on which providers are utilizing neurofeedback, what they are offering it for, and how they are advertising the technique. The present study aimed to fill that gap by systematically analyzing the websites of neurofeedback practitioners in the USA. To that end, we obtained data from four directories of neurofeedback providers, extracting practitioner names, geographical locations, professional training, and website URLs. Only websites offering neurofeedback services (N = 371) were included in the next step, wherein two coders independently coded the websites based on a codebook developed from preliminary analyses. We found that nearly all websites (97.0%) contained claims about at least one clinical indication, most commonly anxiety, ADHD/ADD, and depression; however, only 36.0% of providers had either a medical degree (MD) or a doctoral-level degree in psychology. The majority of websites advertised neurofeedback for cognitive (90.0%) or performance (67.9%) enhancement, and roughly three-quarters utilized language related to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). In sum, there is a considerable divergence between the scientific literature on neurofeedback and the marketing of neurofeedback services to the general public, raising concerns regarding the misrepresentation of services and misleading advertising claims.
A Functional Vegetable Option: An Exploratory Study Testing Kimchi Variation for Acceptance among Consumers

This pilot study aimed to potentially increase the consumption of cancer-preventative sulforaphane, available in broccoli, by introducing this vegetable in novel kimchi products. A panel of mostly ...
Public perceptions of police behavior during traffic stops: logistic regression and machine learning approaches compared

Prior research on citizen perceptions of police has taken a wide-angle lens approach to the topic, with only a few studies investigating public perceptions of particular types of citizen–police encounters. In the current study, we make use of archival data on police traffic stops drawn from four waves of the BJS police–public contact surveys (PPCS) conducted in 2005, 2008, 2011, and again in 2015. In addition to employing conventional logistic regression, we make use of random forest classification to analyze survey data from a machine learning perspective. We use conventional logistic regression as a tool of explanation and random forest classification as a tool of prediction. We compare the findings generated by these two distinct analytical approaches. Substantive findings are quite similar for the explanatory and forecasting approaches. Driver’s belief that a traffic stop is legitimate is a major factor in how he or she evaluates police behavior in traffic stops, and whether the police use or threaten force during traffic stops may be the second most important factor. We draw out the implications of our work for our understanding of traffic stop dynamics, for the theory of procedural justice, for the theory of negativity bias, and for the enhanced use of machine learning in criminal justice.
Avoiding a 'No Deal' Scenario: Free Trade Agreements, Citizenship and Economic Rights

Whilst the legal and economic challenges presented by Brexit are gradually becoming more evident, observations and recommendations are already being drawn from consequences of a “ no deal scenario” and particularly the possibilities of entering into a variant of a Free Trade Agreement which should, prevent a “no deal” situation. Such a Free Trade Agreement existing between the current 28 EU Member States and the three EEA European Free Trade Association (EFTA) States Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway (EEA Internal Market). This paper, amongst other objectives, is aimed at highlighting such proposals which have been put forward to avert a “no deal scenario”. It is obvious that change – and more specifically, fundamental legislative, regulatory overhauls, will require not only the incorporation of expertise from different fields, but also time consuming and costly resources to address the demands of the transitional and implementation periods of such legislatively transformed landscapes. Certainly, a gradual process of incorporating and adapting to new regulatory and legislative changes and environments – and particularly in respect of economically sensitive related matters, would require not only thorough and dedicated observatory and monitoring periods, but also one which facilitates and encourages a process of greater democratic accountability and transparency to be incorporated into the legislative processes. Even though Brexit has generated a great degree of economic uncertainty – which has in turn presented challenges – as well as consequences, it also presents opportunities for new actors to engage and influence vital decision making aspects in areas which particularly revolve around information technology, sustainable development, innovation – as well hybrid financial instruments and volatile mediums which are embodied and personified by crypto currencies, derivatives and other complex financial instruments and mediums of exchange - all of which are reflective of a rapidly changing and evolving financial environment. The challenges now involve to a larger extent, the manner and the degree of relevance to which vital and dominating actors and institutions will be accurately represented and impact future legislations – particularly those which focus around issues relating to trade, environment and sustainable development policies.
Anatomy of the External Ear

The external ear consists of the auricle which collects sound, the external acoustic meatus, and the tympanic membrane. Elastic cartilage provides the framework for the auricle and is difficult to repair because of the lack of a direct blood supply to the chondrocytes. The extensive sensory nerve supply to the ear is described. The arterial supply from branches of the external carotid artery is also outlined. The external auditory canal transmits sound to the tympanic membrane. The external third of the tube has a cartilaginous framework and the internal two thirds are within the temporal bone. The tympanic membrane separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear.
An Intellectual Journey: The Path from Creativity in Context to a Social Network Perspective of Creativity

The chapter by Jill Perry-Smith chronicles her intellectual journey which was strongly shaped by her advisor Christina Shalley—both of whom were inspired by Teresa’s componential model. In early research Jill and Christina examined Teresa’s idea that intrinsic motivation and resulting creativity might be undermined by evaluation—research which began her focus on examining the “social side of creativity.” Today, inspired by Teresa’s work, Jill has expanded our understanding of how network and social interaction can help and hinder creative efforts.
Reply: Interim PET Assessment of Advanced Hodgkin Lymphoma: Is It Sufficient?

REPLY: Mesguich et al. ([1][1]) commented on our publication, which reported the long-term outcome of patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma undergoing interim 18F-FDG PET (after 2 cycles of chemotherapy; PET2) and PET2 response-adapted change in therapy in the SWOG S0816 trial ([2][2],[3][3
Proteomic discovery in sickle cell disease: Elevated neurogranin levels in children with sickle cell disease.

PURPOSE Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobinopathy that causes stroke and silent cerebral infarct (SCI). Our aim was to identify markers of brain injury in SCD. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Plasma proteomes were analyzed using a sequential separation approach of hemoglobin (Hb) and top abundant plasma protein depletion, followed by reverse phase separation of intact proteins, trypsin digestion, and tandem mass spectrometry. We compared plasma proteomes of children with SCD with and without SCI in the Silent Cerebral Infarct Multi-Center Clinical Trial (SIT Trial) to age-matched, healthy non-SCD controls. RESULTS From the SCD group, 1172 proteins were identified. Twenty-five percent (289/1172) were solely in the SCI group. Twenty-five proteins with enriched expression in the human brain were identified in the SCD group. Neurogranin (NRGN) was the most abundant brain-enriched protein in plasma of children with SCD. Using a NRGN sandwich immunoassay and SIT Trial samples, median NRGN levels were higher at study entry in children with SCD (0.28 ng/mL, N = 100) compared to control participants (0.12 ng/mL, N = 25, p < 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE NRGN levels are elevated in children with SCD. NRGN and other brain-enriched plasma proteins identified in plasma of children with SCD may provide biochemical evidence of neurological injury.
Leading a Healthier Company: Advancing a Public Health Model of Ethics and Compliance

This article advances a public health model of ethics and compliance. It argues that corporate leaders should draw from the successful lessons of public health to promote ethical behavior more effectively in their companies. With its attention to data-driven risk mitigation and behaviorally cognizant processes, a public health model can move compliance from the faulty assumption on which it is based, i.e., that organizational wrongdoing can be deterred solely through appeals to the rational decision-making processes of employees, to a more accurate understanding of the situational and social influences that foster noncompliance. The article supports its thesis in three parts. It begins by explaining the evolution of compliance and its transition from overly legalistic to behaviorally aware. Next it draws on behavioral ethics and network research to make the connection between public health and compliance. Third, it explores how corporate leaders can meld the insights from these two disciplines, offering a new way of approaching ethics and compliance that is focused on behavioral ethics conduct risk and the practical application of behavioral science within the firm—the best way to improve the legal, ethical, and financial health of companies.
Production Planning and Control — A Hierarchical Framework and Technology Structure

Abstract Production Planning and Control is becoming increasingly important as production companies strive for world-class status. This paper explores a planning and control decision hierarchy, describes an integrated decision framework via examples, and calls for proper focus of efforts versus an over-reliance on technology and automation.
Effects of dehydration upon physical working capacity of wrestlers under competitive conditions.

Abstract The physical working capacity (PWC-170) of nine college wrestlers was measured under three conditions during the competitive season: (a) in the normal state at the beginning of the week; (b) after a 4.8% weight reduction within 4 days; (c) after 5 hours of voluntary partial rehydration just before an intercollegiate meet. Significant impairments in the PWC-170 were observed following dehydration and rehydration, although significant but partial recovery occurred following rehydration (P < .01). A decrement in performance was only moderately related to a given weight deficit (r = .47), indicating that the degree of impairment incurred by a wrestler through a specific weight reduction cannot be accurately predicted.
Twists, Turns, and Tears on the Path to the Cycle of Violence

When I was growing up, I thought I would become a lawyer, having been influenced by the Perry Mason television series that I watched as a child. However, I attended Cornell University on a full scholarship and found that majoring in prelaw did not seem an option. I majored in “Child Development and Family Relationships” and was exposed to Urie Bronfenbrenner’s “ecological model” of development and to research. I was also taking courses in the School of Industrial and Labor Relations and designed a couple of studies as part of social psychology course requirements. I began to think about graduate school and decided to pursue social psychology.
The Effect of Aqueous Humor Ascorbate on ultraviolet-B-induced DNA Damage in Lens Epithelium

PURPOSE. High levels of ascorbic acid are known to be present in the aqueous humor of many diurnal species, whereas nocturnal animals have low concentrations of the compound. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the high concentration of aqueous ascorbate in diurnal animals protects the lens against ultraviolet (UV)-induced damage to the eye. This study compares the effect of UV-B-induced DNA strand breaks on the lens epithelia of guinea pigs and rats after depletion or elevation of aqueous humor ascorbate, respectively. METHODS. Eyes of guinea pigs and rats were exposed to UV-B radiation (0.25-0.75 J/cm 2 on the cornea) for 10 minutes, and DNA strand breaks in lens epithelium were measured by single-cell gel electrophoresis. Ascorbic acid concentration in the aqueous humor, lens, and lens-capsule epithelium were assayed by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. For depletion of aqueous humor and lens ascorbate in guinea pigs, the animals were maintained on an ascorbate-deficient diet. Aqueous ascorbic acid was elevated in the rat by intraperitoneal injections of sodium ascorbate (1 g/kg). RESULTS. The ascorbate concentration in the aqueous humor of the normal rat was approximately 3% that of the guinea pig, whereas the concentration of the compound in the lens of the normal rat was 10% that of the guinea pig. Guinea pigs fed an ascorbate-deficient diet showed a dramatic drop of more than 80% in aqueous humor ascorbate in the first week, whereas lens ascorbate decreased by approximately 25% during this time period. After a single intraperitoneal injection of sodium ascorbate in the rat, aqueous humor ascorbic acid increased nearly 30 times that in the control, whereas lens ascorbate increased by approximately 30%. The extent of DNA damage in the lens epithelium of a normal rat exposed to UV-B was significantly greater than that occurring in lenses of normal guinea pigs after exposure to the same dose of radiation. Lenses from ascorbatedeficient guinea pigs showed 50% more DNA damage than those from normal guinea pigs after UV exposure, whereas the lenses in ascorbate-injected rats exhibited significant protection against UV-induced DNA strand breaks. CONCLUSIONS. High levels of ascorbic acid in the aqueous humor had a protective effect against UV-induced DNA damage to lens epithelium. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that high ascorbic acid in diurnal animals protects the lens against the cataractogenic effect of UV radiation in sunlight. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Set. 1998;39:344-35O)
Improving activity discovery with automatic neighborhood estimation

A fundamental problem for artificial intelligence is identifying perceptual primitives from raw sensory signals that are useful for higher-level reasoning. We equate these primitives with initially unknown recurring patterns called motifs. Autonomously learning the motifs is difficult because their number, location, length, and shape are all unknown. Furthermore, nonlinear temporal warping may be required to ensure the similarity of motif occurrences. In this paper, we extend a leading motif discovery algorithm by allowing it to operate on multidimensional sensor data, incorporating automatic parameter estimation, and providing for motif-specific similarity adaptation. We evaluate our algorithm on several data sets and show how our approach leads to faster real world discovery and more accurate motifs compared to other leading methods.
Incorporating business concepts into a computer science curriculum: a multi-tiered approach

We review the need to incorporate elements into the computer-science/information-technology curriculum that address the development of "soft" skills (e.g. communication and leadership) and promote an understanding of technology's role in business. We recommend that this infusion take place on many levels - from occasional assignments in courses which otherwise have a different focus, to courses in which it is a prominent theme, to curricular tracks in which it is a major component. The multi-tiered approach makes these elements a significant part of the curriculum and allows all faculty members to find a level of comfort in incorporating them.
Revolt on the Nile: : Economic shocks, religion, and political power

Using centuries of Nile flood data, I document that during deviant Nile floods, Egypt's highest-ranking religious authority was less likely to be replaced and relative allocations to religious structures increased. These findings are consistent with historical evidence that Nile shocks increased this authority's political influence by raising the probability he could coordinate a revolt. I find that the available data provide support for this interpretation and weigh against some of the most plausible alternatives. For example, I show that while Nile shocks increased historical references to social unrest, deviant floods did not increase a proxy for popular religiosity. Together, the results suggest an increase in the political power of religious leaders during periods of economic downturn. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Revolution in Math Education

This chapter is important for every parent and educator who wants their child to excel in math. It is possible to master difficult math and not just pass a standardized test. The goal is to have the children really understand and not simply solve some problems by rote. The chapter describes the revolution in math education through the math+music (M+M) program, which can allow children to “speak algebra.” The trion music game is an innovative computer program that can enable all children to play the piano keyboard. It teaches music through an ST approach in contrast to the language of the standard music score. The trion music game focuses on patterns and symmetries within pieces of music in a simpler manner. The trion music game enhances the brain's hardware for spatial-temporal reasoning, whereas math education software, STAR, uses a spatial-temporal approach that allows children to understand difficult math concepts. Together, S.T.A.R. and the trion music game forms landmark M+M program.
Fossil Bivalve Shells indicate Longer Month and Year in Cretaceous than Present

ALTHOUGH Wells1 and Scrutton2 suggested methods of studying fossils to determine probable changes in day length, few studies have followed these suggestions. We have examined fossil bivalve shells to try to determine whether the obvious growth lines on the shells are related to tidal or other environmental phenomena. Although the study is continuing, some of the results already obtained are significant.
Immunology of viral hepatitis

So far, five major forms of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, have been identified. There appears to be at least one other form of enterically transmitted and one other parenterally transmitted hepatotropic virus, but characterization of these viruses is still preliminary. The five hepatotropic viruses have unique structures, yet all the share the property of inducing hepatocellular damage, whether through direct cytotoxicity or through induction of immune mechanisms that lead to hepatocellular necrosis. Advances in molecular biology in the past decade have enabled researchers to understand much about the structure, mechanisms of replication, and viral life cycle of each of these viruses, and successful vaccines have been developed for hepatitis A and B. However, many problems remain unsolved, including which immune system factors are important defenses against these viral infections, which components of the immune system are necessary for a successful vaccine, and what allows some viruses, such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus, to become persistent and lead to chronic liver disease.
Histopathologic Features of Alopecia Areata: A New Look

Background A peribulbar lymphocytic infiltrate is the expected histologic feature of alopecia areata, but it is absent in many scalp biopsy specimens. Other diagnostic criteria are needed. Objective To establish the histologic features of alopecia areata in scalp biopsy specimens taken from different types of alopecia areata, using follicular counts to relate biopsy findings to stages of the disease. Methods Fifty consecutive new patients with alopecia areata were studied. Four-millimeter punch biopsy specimens were taken from the scalp in areas of recent, active hair loss; old, inactive hair loss; or recent hair regrowth. Specimens were sectioned horizontally. Terminal and vellus-like hairs were counted. Inflammation and fibrosis around lower and upper follicles were rated. Results The histopathologic features of alopecia areata were not significantly affected by the sex, age, and race of the patient or by the type, percentage of hair loss, total duration, or regression of alopecia areata. The major factor affecting the histopathologic features was the duration of the current episode of alopecia areata. In the acute stage, bulbar lymphocytes surrounded terminal hairs in early episodes and miniaturized hairs in repeated episodes. In the subacute stage, decreased anagen and increased catagen and telogen hairs were characteristic. In the chronic stage, decreased terminal and increased miniaturized hairs were found, with variable inflammation. During recovery, increasing numbers of terminal anagen hairs from regrowth of miniaturized hairs and a lack of inflammation were noted. Conclusions The histopathologic features of alopecia areata depend on the stage of the current episode. Alopecia areata should be suspected when high percentages of telogen hairs or miniaturized hairs are present, even in the absence of a peribulbar lymphocytic infiltrate.
The dangers of dental devices as reported in the Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database

Providing dental care to patients demands the use of a dizzying range of devices: endodontic files, endosseous implants, orthodontic brackets, handpieces, and fluoride varnish, just to name a few. These items are essential to the practice of dentistry but are accompanied by the risk for adverse events (AEs), which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines as “any undesirable experience associated with the use of a medical product in a patient.” 1 To uphold our pro
The Magnetic Susceptibilities of Lead, Silver and Their Alloys

The magnetic susceptibilities of lead, silver and their alloys have been determined by a modified Curie balance. They may be expressed by ${10}^{9}\ensuremath{\chi}=(116.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.68)+(0.764\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012)P$, $P$ being the weight percent of silver. The anomalous results reported previously by Spencer and John in regard to the magnetic behavior of these alloys are not confirmed.
Are Researcher Development Interventions, Alone or in Any Combination, Effective in Improving Researcher Behavior? A Systematic Review:

Academic institutions funded by the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Program of the National Institutes of Health were challenged recently by the Institute of Medicine to expand traditional mentoring of graduate and postdoctoral scholars to include training and continuing education for faculty, professional staff, and community partners. A systematic review was conducted to determine whether researcher development interventions, alone or in any combination, are effective in improving researcher behavior. PubMed, CINAHL, and Education Research Complete databases and select journals were searched for relevant articles published from January 2000 through October 2012. A total of 3,459 papers were identified, and 114 papers were retrieved for in-depth analysis. None included randomization. Twenty-two papers reported subjects with professional degrees, interventions, and outcomes. Interventions were meetings, outreach visits, colleague mediation, audit and feedback, and multifaceted interventions. Most studies reported multifaceted interventions (68.2%), often involving mentored learning experiences, and meetings. All studies reported a change in performance, including numbers of publications or grant applications. Nine studies reported changes in competence, including writing, presentation, or analytic skills, and performance in research practice (40.9%). Even as, the quality of evidence was weak to establish causal linkages between researcher development and improved researcher behavior, nearly all the projects (81.8%) received funding from governmental agencies, professional societies, or other organizations. Those who design researcher development activities and those who evaluate the programs are challenged to develop tools and conduct studies that measure the effectiveness, costs, and sustainability of researcher development in the CTSA Program.
Targeting of AMSH to Endosomes Is Required for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Degradation

To reach the lysosomes, down-regulated receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor must first be sorted into internal vesicles of late endosomes (multivesicular bodies), a ubiquitin-dependent event that requires the coordinated function of the endosome sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins. Here we report that CHMP3, an ESCRT-III complex component, and associated molecule of SH3 domain of STAM (AMSH), a deubiquitinating enzyme, interact with each other in cells. A dominant-negative version of CHMP3, which specifically prevents targeting of AMSH to endosomes, inhibits degradation but not internalization of EGFR, suggesting that endosomal AMSH is a functional component of the multivesicular body pathway.
Using attributional style to predict academic performance: how does it compare to traditional methods?

Research investigating the relationship between attributional style and performance has documented the effects of a negative explanatory style in a variety of settings. However, the literature on the nature of a negative explanatory style and academic performance has not shown such a consistent pattern. The present study was designed to compare the predictive value of attributional style to more traditional predictors, such as scores on the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and high school grade point average, in a sample of American undergraduate students. The Attributional Style Questionnaire was administered to 127 students enrolled in introductory psychology at a large research university during the third week of a 15-week semester. Among the traditional predictors of university performance, only SAT scores were related to performance on subsequent course-based objective examinations; attributional style and the other traditional predictors were not. These findings contradict much of the attribution literature, and suggest that despite their limitations, SAT scores may still be one of the most effective tools possessed by colleges and universities to anticipate academic achievement in undergraduate students.
99 MYOCARDIAL NECROSIS IN STRESSED NEWBORNS

The recent association of transient tricuspid insufficiency of the newborn with papillary muscle necrosis prompted a detailed retrospective clinical and histologic analysis of all autopsied infants to find sites of myocardial necrosis. In a four year period, 19 of 80 autopsied infants who died within 7 days of birth were found to have one or more sites of significant myocardial damage. None of the 80 had congential heart disease. 10/19 pregnancies were classified as high risk. All were singleton births. Of 9/19 monitored during labor, 7 had abnormal monitor patterns. Seven infants had tricuspid insufficiency (TI) murmurs and one had the murmur of mitral insufficiency (MI). All those with the TI murmurs had distinct necrotic foci in the tricuspid valve papillary muscles. The infant with the MI murmur had moderate to severe damage of the mitral valve papillary muscles. Six of seven with TI murmurs were term infants. Thirteen of 19 had suffered asphyxia, 6 of them had had massive aspiration of meconium stained amniotic fluid. Six of nineteen infants had creatine phosphokinase studies and 5 of 6 had significant elevation of the MB fraction. The occurrence of a severe asphyxial episode or abnormal monitor pattern associated with the development of TI or MI murmurs and elevated CPK-MB fraction suggests that the infant has suffered a papillary muscle or other myocardial necrosis.
Multi-instrument comparison of top-of-atmosphere reflected solar radiation

Abstract Observations from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), and Sea-Viewing Wide-Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) between 2000 and 2005 are analyzed in order to determine if these data are meeting climate accuracy goals recently established by the climate community. The focus is primarily on top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflected solar radiances and radiative fluxes. Direct comparisons of nadir radiances from CERES, MODIS, and MISR aboard the Terra satellite reveal that the measurements from these instruments exhibit a year-to-year relative stability of better than 1%, with no systematic change with time. By comparison, the climate requirement for the stability of visible radiometer measurements is 1% decade−1. When tropical ocean monthly anomalies in shortwave (SW) TOA radiative fluxes from CERES on Terra are compared with anomalies in Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) from SeaWiF...
Changes in the spleen of the channel catfish Ictalurus punetatus Rafinesque indueed by infection with Aeromonas hydrophila

. A virulent, 2,3-butanediol positive culture of Aeromonas hydrophila, subspecies hydrophila, was fed or injected intraperitoneally into channel catfish. The positive infection and tissue involvement were monitored by the 2,3-butanediol test with tissue homogenate enriched with a buffered nutrient broth containing dextrose. The results revealed that the fish infected orally showed very little or no spleen involvement. Fish infected intraperitoneally, however, showed spleen involvement in a very short time, accompanied by the rapid onset of an acute systemic infection. Light and electron microscope studies of the spleen revealed that the pathogenic bacteria were mainly located within the reticular sheath of the ellipsoids and only sparsely in the surrounding regions, and that intense phagocytic activity of macro-phages had taken place in the ellipsoids. It was also observed that the phagocytized bacteria divide extracellularly, and probably intracellularly, resulting in the destruction of the endothelial and reticular cells of the ellipsoids. This finding substantiates the cytolytic and fibrolytic capacities of A. hydrophila for destroying host defence systems and may contribute to its invasive powers. Other cytological changes in cells in spleen after infection are described, and the resistance of A. hydrophila to intracellular enzymatic digestion by the macrophages is discussed.
Atomic Processes in Astrophysics

We review the atomic processes responsible for astrophysical emission line spectra, paying particular attention to the reliability of the rates used to determine the physical conditions in the emitting gas. We discuss particular cases where often-neglected processes play important roles.
The influence of synaptic connectivity on the pattern of bursting behavior in model pyramidal cells

Abstract Epileptic events observed in humans and animals are associated with synchronized bursting activity in cortical neurons. Recent studies have suggested that a reduced neuron model of synaptically connected neurons can produce repetitive bursting activity. We hypothesize that a reduced model of multicompartment pyramidal neurons can also produce burst activity by changing the synaptic connectivity represented by the synaptic weight and delay. We build a simple pyramidal neuron model of two synaptically connected neurons. Simulations show that a reduced pyramidal neuron model can accurately replicate bursting behavior. The pattern of bursting activity is dependent on the synaptic weight and delay in several locations of excitatory synaptic connections between neurons in this model.
Intrauterine pregnancy and aortic valve replacement

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) does not appear to cause excessive maternal risk, but the potential for fetal complications is of great concern. In general, operative intervention should be delayed until at least the second trimester. When this is not possible, ethical issues arise and a clash of maternal autonomy versus "fetal rights" ensues. This conflict is further complicated by maternal status changes that may accompany valvular disease or develop after CPB. The case described herein summarizes and discusses these conflicts.
QN-ACES: Integrating Queueing Network and ACT-R, CAPS, EPIC, and Soar Architectures for Multitask Cognitive Modeling

Comprehensive and computational models of human performance have both scientific and practical importance to human–machine system design and human-centered computing. This article describes QN-ACES, a cognitive architecture that aims to integrate two complementary classes of cognitive architectures: Queueing network (QN) mathematical architecture and ACT–R, CAPS, EPIC, and Soar (ACES) symbolic architectures. QN-ACES represents the fourth major step along the QN architecture development for theoretical and methodological unification in cognitive and human–computer interaction modeling. The first three steps—QN architecture for response time, QN-RMD (Reflected Multidimensional Diffusions) for response time, response accuracy, and mental architecture, and QN-MHP (Model Human Processor) for mathematical analysis and real time simulation of procedural tasks—are summarized first, followed by a discussion of the rationale, importance and specific research issues of QN-ACES.