cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proton Stability in Six Dimensions

We show that Lorentz and gauge invariance explain the long proton lifetime within the standard model in six dimensions. The baryon-number violating operators have mass dimension 15 or higher. Upon TeV-scale compactification of the two universal extra dimensions on a square ${T}^{2}{/Z}_{2}$ orbifold, a discrete subgroup of the six-dimensional Lorentz group continues to forbid dangerous operators.
Heterophily in rural Malawi: A small-area observational study of social interaction

BACKGROUND A rich layer of empirical research detailing the effects of social networks on attitudes and behavior has accumulated in demography over the last 20 years. But there is limited data on social interaction in general, and odd inconsistencies between network data and observational data in terms of the level of heterophily. OBJECTIVE To document actual social interaction and identify covariates of two types of heterophilous interaction – with a person of the opposite sex and a member of a different extended family. METHODS Over a nine-hour period, all social interaction of a sample of 48 adult men and women in a single village in Malawi’s Central Province was logged (N=1811), along with interactant characteristics. Analysis focuses on heterophilous interaction across gender and kin lines. Two-level mixed models explore covariation between types of interaction and characteristics of interactants and setting. RESULTS There is heterogeneity in interactional patterns across individuals, lengthier interactions with kin (than non-kin) and unrelated confidants, a crowding-out effect of large families on interaction with non-kin, fewer but longer interactions among men than women, and more frequent cross-gender than same-gender interaction. CONCLUSIONS Differences between reported social networks and observed social interaction raise questions about how well standard conversational network data capture actual patterns of social interaction, whether observed patterns may analytically substitute for, modify, or interact with conversational network effects. The collection of actual interactional data should be scaled up to address these questions. 1 University of Texas at Austin, U.S.A. E-Mail: aweinreb@prc.utexas.edu. Weinreb: Heterophily in rural Malawi: A small-area observational study of social interaction 1478 http://www.demographic-research.org
Ultrasound-guided needle biopsy of the breast.

Abstract Background: To determine the role of office-based ultrasound in the early clinical evaluation of breast masses, a consecutive series of diagnostic and interventional breast ultrasounds performed in the surgeon's office were prospectively studied. Methods: A series of 1028 diagnostic ultrasounds were performed in 662 patients over 2 years. The clinical-pathologic data from those patients undergoing ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB; n = 267 patients) and/or core needle biopsy (CNB; n = 210 patients) were reviewed. Results: Of the 267 patients undergoing initial FNAB, 179 cysts were identified; 25 patients underwent no additional intervention, and 63 patients with apparently solid lesions underwent subsequent CNB. Core needle biopsy was the initial interventional approach in 147 cases. Of the 210 total patients in whom a CNB was performed, needle biopsy pathologic findings included: fibroadenoma, 57 patients; fibrocystic breast change, 82 patients; carcinoma, 53 patients; abscess/cyst, 12 patients; and other, 6 patients. Operative excision was performed in 106 of these 210 patients. There was a significantly higher false-negative rate among those patients who underwent an initial FNAB (20%; 2/10 patients) as compared with those patients undergoing CNB (3.6%; 2/55 patients; P Conclusion: Office-based diagnostic ultrasound and interventional ultrasound that uses core needle biopsy is an effective adjunct to the early clinical evaluation of breast masses. (Surgery 1999:126:629-35.)
Laminar flow through ducts of arbitrary cross-section

Abstract An analytical solution for the velocity of steady incompressible laminar fluid flow through ducts of constant area, but having an arbitrary cross-section, is developed. The technique used to obtain the solution is demonstrated by considering flow through a long rectangular duct with three fixed walls and one wall which is given an arbitrary velocity opposite to the direction of flow caused by the imposed pressure drop. Fluid near the moving wall must flow in the same direction that the wall is moving to satisfy the non-slip boundary condition, while fluid further from the moving wall flows in the direction of the pressure drop. Between these two regions of oppositely directed flow a surface of zero velocity exists which satisfies the non-slip boundary condition for a fixed wall at this location. Experimental verification of the theory was achieved by constructing a test duct with dimensions of a zero velocity surface predicted from the theory by an assumed wall velocity function. The experimentally determined velocity profiles agreed with the theoretical velocity profiles with a difference of less than the maximum expected experimental error over the entire cross-section of the duct.
Toy selection for children: Personality and toy request influences

We conducted two studies to determine whether college students select toys that match children's personalities and toy requests. Students (primarily Caucasian) selected toys for one child described as masculine, feminine, or gender-neutral (Study 1), or for six children with masculine, feminine, or androgynous personalities (Study 2). Students' gender-typed behaviors and traits were assessed in Study 1; egalitarian child-rearing attitudes were assessed in Study 2. Most students chose toys that were consistent with the descriptions read. Many cross-gender toys were selected for children, especially girls, with cross-gender personalities. Students with toy requests selected more cross-gender and fewer gender-typed toys than did students without requests. Students' behaviors, traits, and attitudes about what toys are appropriate for boys and girls also influenced their decisions. The ramifications of these data with regard to adult socialization practices are discussed.
Physical and Electrical Analysis of Post- $ \hbox{HfO}_{2}$ Fluorine Plasma Treatment for the Improvement of $\hbox{In}_{0.53}\hbox{Ga}_{0.47}\hbox{As}$ MOSFETs' Performance

Notable improvements in the HfO2/In0.53 Ga0.47As gate stack have been achieved by a post- HfO2 fluorine plasma treatment, including excellent interface quality of low equivalent oxide thickness HfO2 (1.4 nm) directly on In0.53Ga0.47As without using an interface passivation layer, ~ 5× reduction in interface trap density from 2.8 ×1012 to 4.9 ×1011 cm-2eV-1, ~ 10× reduced border traps from 1.6 ×1019 to 1.6 ×1018 cm-3, and ~ 40% less charge-trapping centers. As a result, improved electrical performances have been obtained. Frequency dispersion in capacitance-voltage characteristics has been reduced. Subthreshold swing has been improved from 127 to 109 mV/dec. Effective channel mobility has been enhanced from 826 to 1067 cm2/Vs. An improved drive current of 123 mA/mm at Vd = 2.5 V and Vg - Vth = 2 V (5- μm channel length) has been also presented.
Substance Use on School Property among Students Attending Alternative High Schools in the United States.

We analyzed nationally representative data from the 1998 National Alternative High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to determine the prevalence of substance use on school property among alternative high school students in the United States, to describe the characteristics of students who use substances on school property, and to examine the interrelationships of substance-use behaviors. During the 30 days preceding the survey, nearly 48 percent of students used at least one substance on school property and 17 percent used more than one substance on school property. Males were more likely than females and white students were more likely than black or Hispanic students to have used substances on school property. The results of this and other studies suggest that school administrators, public health practitioners, and policy makers should work to improve strategies for reducing substance use in this heterogeneous, hard-to-reach population.
A simple method of meniscus repair.

Abstract Current understanding of knee meniscus pathology and the known consequences of meniscal loss dictate preservation of tissues wherever feasible. Surgical approaches to meniscal repair include open and combined arthroscopic-open or arthroscopic-percutaneous procedures. A variety of needles, guides, sutures, and retractors have been marketed. Over a 2 year period, we used these techniques in the repair of 19 medial and 5 lateral meniscus tears, with no known retears and no complications. We used an 180gauge, 6-inch spinal needle and a strand of number one nonabsorbable suture.
Prevalence of Personality Disorders at Midlife in a Community Sample: Disorders and Symptoms Reflected in Interview, Self, and Informant Reports.

This report is concerned with the prevalence of symptoms of specific personality disorders in a representative community sample and draws attention to the importance of different sources of diagnostic information. We recruited a sample of 1,630 people between the ages of 55 and 64 to participate in a study regarding personality and health. Using careful recruitment methods, our participation rate was 43 %. Participants completed the SIDP-IV interview as well as a questionnaire (self-report MAPP). Informants completed the same questionnaire (informant MAPP), describing the participant’s maladaptive personality characteristics. According to the diagnostic interview, 7 % of participants met criteria for exactly one PD, 1 % met criteria for 2 or 3 PDs, and 2 % met criteria for PD NOS (defined as 10 or more miscellaneous criteria). Avoidant and obsessive compulsive PDs were the most common types. Correlations between the three sources of information indicated significant agreement among these measurement methods, but they are not redundant. In comparison to interview and self-report data, informants reported more symptoms of personality pathology (except for avoidant PD). Symptoms of personality pathology are continuously distributed, and subthreshold features may have an important impact on health and social adjustment. In this community sample, rates of co-morbidity among PDs and the proportion of PDNOS diagnoses are substantially lower than reported from clinical samples. Future research must evaluate the validity of diagnostic thresholds and competing sources of diagnostic information in relation to important life outcomes.
Assembly of nitrogenase MoFe protein.

Assembly of nitrogenase MoFe protein is arguably one of the most complex processes in the field of bioinorganic chemistry, requiring, at least, the participation of nifS, nifU, nifB, nifE, nifN, nifV, nifQ, nifZ, nifH, nifD, and nifK gene products. Previous genetic studies have identified factors involved in MoFe protein assembly; however, the exact functions of these factors and the precise sequence of events during the process have remained unclear until the recent characterization of a number of assembly-related intermediates that provided significant insights into this biosynthetic “black box”. This review summarizes the recent advances in elucidation of the mechanism of FeMoco biosynthesis in four aspects: (1) the ex situ assembly of FeMoco on NifEN, (2) the incorporation of FeMoco into MoFe protein, (3) the in situ assembly of P-cluster on MoFe protein, and (4) the stepwise assembly of MoFe protein.
Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction in thin wires.

The spin polarization in the vicinity of a magnetic impurity (the origin of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction between two spins) is calculated for a quasi-one-dimensional wire. It is found that at zero temperature the polarization depends on the distance as 1/r. It is strongly enhanced compared with a three-dimensional sample
The metabolic effect of fluoride inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis during hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Sodium fluoride, a metabolic inhibitor which blocks an essential step in anaerobic glycolysis, was administered to cats prior to hemorrhage. Lower serum lactate (P = .01) in the animals receiving NaF indicates that anaerobic glycolysis was effectively suppressed. No significant differences in survival, pH, PO2, PCO2, or arterial and venous pressures were noted in a similar group of animals which did not receive NaF. These data suggest that anaerobic glycolysis accompanying hemorrhage merely reflects the presence of cellular hypoxia and is in itself of little or no metabolic significance.
Normal-phase high performance liquid chromatographic separation and characterization of short- and long-chain triacylglycerols

Short- and long-chain triacylglycerols (SLCT) are a family of lipids prepared by chemical or enzymatic interesterification of triacetin, tripropionin and/or tributyrin, and long-chain (C16!18) hydrogenated vegetable oils. In this study, a normal-phase cyanopropyl high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the separation and quantification of SLCT. The method is capable of separating SLCT mixtures, free fatty acids and the neutral lipid classes of saturated long-chain triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols. To characterize the specific SLCT classes, a normal-phase HPLC procedure using a non-modified silica column was developed to separate the SLCT into individual isomers based on total carbon number and position of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone. Online coupling with a mass detector (LC/MS) allowed the identification of the individual triacylglycerol structures.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF DUODENAL JUICE IN RICKETS DUE TO VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY

Summary Duodenal juice alkaline phosphatase activity of 17 children with rickets was assayed and not found to be different from the control values. Malnutrition did not seem to affect this activity.
Average Shear Rates in the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) Mixing System

ABSTRACT The principle of mixer viscometry was utilized to determine the average shear rate in the mixing system (impeller-cup combination) of the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). A relationship between the impeller Reynolds number and the power number was established with Newtonian standards. Using the matching viscosity technique and non-Newtonian fluids consisting of various aqueous solutions of guar gum and methylcellulose, the average value of the mixer viscometer constant (k′) was 20.1/rev over speeds of 1.0–3.5 rev/sec (60–210 rpm). Hence, the average shear rate in the RVA can be estimated as 20.1 multiplied by the angular velocity given in revolutions per second. Results show the RVA system has very good potential for characterizing the rheological properties of various non-Newtonian fluid foods.
Evaluation of the Performance Characteristics of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell With Multifuels

Direct methanol fuel cells are one of the alternate power sources for the field of power electronics because of their high energy density. The benefits of a fuel cell toward the environment can be greatly improved if the fuel used for its application comes from renewable sources. In this study, the performance of a direct methanol fuel cell was investigated under five different methanol concentrations. The effect of methanol concentration on the cell operating temperature is studied. Impedance spectroscopy was conducted to measure the ohmic, activation, and mass transport losses for all concentrations. The cell performance was evaluated using methane and ethanol fuels and this was compared with methanol operation.
Theory of microwave losses of one-dimensional conductors in the skin effect regime: Application of TTF-TCNQ

Abstract Solutions for the microwave cavity losses due to a long isotropic or anisotropic conducting crystal oriented parallel to the maximum cavity E field are reported. The results are used to study the temperature dependent microwave conductivity of TTF-TCNQ along the principal conducting b-axis.
Optimization of metabolic pathways under stability considerations

Metabolic networks are often approached through steady-state optimization formulations that are solved to interpret and predict the behavior of the network subject to changes in external fluxes or internal enzyme activity. The major question addressed in this paper is how to ensure that solutions to these steady-state optimization models for metabolic networks are implementable from a stability point of view. The stability of a dynamic system is closely related to matrix stability. Hence, it can be determined through the computation of the largest eigenvalue of a coefficient matrix. While it is straightforward to analyze the stability of a given system, the challenge is to redesign a metabolic network in a way that guarantees that the system will be stable around the new steady-state. For this purpose, we propose to model metabolic networks through classical optimization formulations, such as the classical S-system representation, with an additional constraint to enforce stability within a prespecified neighborhood of the solution point. The proposed formulation is a bilevel optimization problem that is very difficult to solve. We develop a suitable global optimization algorithm to solve this problem after transforming it to a semi-infinite optimization problem. Computational results are presented, including application to tryptophan biosynthesis in bacteria and anaerobic fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
UV inactivation of Adenovirus Type 4 measured by integrated cell culture qPCR

Recent changes to water quality regulations may increase the prevalence of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection in water treatment applications. Adenoviruses currently pose a tremendous challenge to UV disinfection due to the high dose requirements for inactivation. This study validates a strategy combining cell culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for direct quantification of infectious adenoviruses in disinfection studies. Using primary liver carcinoma cell monolayers grown in well trays or flasks, post-infection washing, and a 24-hr incubation period, the time and material requirements for the infectivity assays were reduced significantly in comparison to traditional assays based on cytopathogenic effects. With this integrated cell culture quantitative PCR (ICC-qPCR) strategy, a standard curve was used to quantify infectious adenoviruses and ultimately determine relative inactivation for a disinfection study. Using ICC-qPCR, UV doses of approximately 10, 34, 69, and 116 mJ/cm2 corresponde...
Apolipoprotein EBethesda: A New Variant of Apolipoprotein E Associated with Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is associated with plasma lipoproteins and is important in modulating the catabolism of remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. ApoE is a polymorphic protein, and homozygosity for the E2 allele is associated with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. A variant of apoE, apoEBethesda, was found that migrates in the E1 position on isoelectric focusing. Evaluation of the proband and her family showed that both individuals with apoEBethesda had type III hyperlipoproteinemia, and the analysis was consistent with the concept that apoEBethesda was coded by a new E allele and that this allele was expressed in a codominant fashion. The discovery of apoEBethesda and its association with type III hyperlipoproteinemia provides additional evidence for the genetic heterogeneity of the E allele and suggests that a number of different structural mutations of the E apolipoprotein may be associated with the type III phenotype.
Fiducial mark and nanocrack zone formation during thin-film delamination

Abstract Carbon fiducial marks are formed during thin-film local delamination processes induced either by superlayer indentation forming circular blisters, or by residual stress relief through telephone cord blister formation. Hydrocarbons are sucked into the crack tip during the delamination process, outlining the crack-tip-opening angle, which can be used to back calculate thin-film adhesion using either elastic or plastic analyses presented here. Fiducial marks have been observed in two different thin-film systems, namely Cu/SiO2 and TiW x N y /GaAs. Cu/SiO2 delamination blisters have been cross-sectioned using the focused-ion-beam method, and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy of the cross-sections revealed crack renucleation ahead of the original crack tip. This is attributed to the stress redistribution process due to the dislocation shielding mechanism. At stress intensity levels of 0.33 MPa m½, it is found that four emitted dislocations can account for crack arrest, with renucleation of ...
High versus low intensity acupuncture analgesia for treatment of chronic pain: effects on platelet serotonin.

Abstract The 26 chronic pain patients were tested in a baseline plus cross-over design. Half of the subjects were first treated with high intensity acupuncture; then they were treated with low intensity acupuncture. For the other 13 subjects the treatment order was reversed. In the first treatment sequence subjects reported lower pain estimates and engaging in more activities of daily living during treatment with high intensity acupuncture — but not with low intensity acupuncture. In addition, under high intensity acupuncture (i.e. with low pain levels), subjects had higher levels of platelet serotonin; this last finding is consistent with recent research which implicates central serotonin in pain control. The results of the second treatment sequence were ambiguous.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF STEROIDS IN RELATION TO PROMOTION OF GROWTH OF THE VAGINA AND UTERUS OF THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT

In the hypophysectomized albino rat which is protected from contact with steroids in the ration and environment the uterus and vagina are highly atrophic but are sensitive indicators of activity of substances which promote their growth. Both the pituitary growth hormone and certain steroids have the common property of inducing growth of these tissues. The vaginal epithelium consists of 2 layers of cells which differ profoundly in their growth in response to steroids, depending on the molecular structure of these compounds. The differential response to modifications of chemical structures of steroids permits evaluation of the importance of the intramolecular components for the process of growth. The number and site of functional groups, the geometry of the molecule and the state of oxidation are of high importance in determining physiologic activity of steroids in the androstane series; these features are less specific in the estrane series. Side groups at positions C3 and C17 are of importance in the promotion of growth by steroids in the androstane series, but these active centers are not equivalent in their physiological influence. As a generalization, hydrogenation of the oxygen function at C17 (but not at C3) and dehydrogenation at critical areas of the ring structure increase the quantitative efficacy of steroids in promoting growth. The position of double bonds and the state of oxidation at both C3 and C17 determine the qualitative type of growth—cellular pattern, which a compound in the androstane series induces in the vaginal epithelium.
A dynamic view of the portfolio efficiency frontier

Abstract Three aspects of the portfolio efficiency frontier are analyzed here: its determination in an intertemporal optimization setting, its convergence and stability properties and its econometric estimation. Besides presenting an overview of the current literature, it discusses some important issues of robustness in terms of Kalman filters and the problems of nonlinear estimation in terms of James-Stein estimator and the Box-Cox transformation. Some empirical estimates of the efficiency frontier show that the nonlinear specification provides in many respects a better fit than the linear frontier.
What do quantifier particles do

In many languages, the same particles that form quantifier words also serve as connectives, additive and scalar particles, question markers, roots of existential verbs, and so on. Do these have a unified semantics, or do they merely bear a family resemblance? Are they aided by silent operators in their varied roles―if yes, what operators? I dub the particles “quantifier particles” and refer to them generically with capitalized versions of the Japanese morphemes. I argue that both MO and KA can be assigned a stable semantics across their various roles. The specific analysis I offer is motivated by the fact that MO and KA often combine with just one argument; I propose that this is their characteristic behavior. Their role is to impose semantic requirements that are satisfied when the immediately larger context is interpreted as the meet/join of their host’s semantic contribution with something else. They do not perform meet/join themselves. The obligatory vs. optional appearance of the particles depends on whether the meet/join interpretations arise by default in the given constellation. I explicate the proposal using the toolkit of basic Inquisitive Semantics.
Multielectron chemistry of zinc porphyrinogen: a ligand-based platform for two-electron mixed valency.

The synthesis, electronic structure, and oxidation−reduction chemistry of a homologous series of Zn(II) porphyrinogens are presented. The fully reduced member of the series, [LZn]2-, was prepared in two steps from pyrrole and acetone. The compound undergoes consecutive two-electron, ligand-based, oxidations at +0.21 and +0.63 V vs NHE to yield [LΔZn] and [LΔΔZn]2+, which also have been independently prepared by chemical means. X-ray diffraction analysis of the redox intermediary, [LΔZn], shows that the partly oxidized macrocycle is composed of a methylene-bridged dipyrrole that is doubly strapped to a two-electron oxidized dipyrrole bridged by a cyclopropane ring (LΔ). The localization of two hole equivalents on the oxidized side of the porphyrinogen framework is consistent with a two-electron mixed valency formulation for the [LΔZn] species. Electronic structure calculations and electronic spectroscopy support this formalism. Density functional theory computations identify the HOMO to be localized on the...
Fate of Fresh and Aged Soil Residues of the Insecticide [14C]-N-2596 in a Soil-Corn-Water Ecosystem

The persistence, translocation, metabolism and movement of freshly deposited and 6-months-aged insecticide soil residues of the insecticide Stauffer [14C]-N-2596 (O-ethyl-S-(p-chlorophenyl) ethylphosphonodithioate) were studied in a soil-plant-water ecosystem. The effects of percolating water on the fate of the insecticide in Plainfield sand and corn plants were also investigated. Data indicated that under the described laboratory conditions [14C]-N-2596 had a half life of 6–7 months and that its mobility in soils was comparatively insignificant. This latter property could be of advantage from an environmental point of view since contamination of water or plants grown in these soils is rather limited. In comparison to freshly treated soils, studies with 6-month-old residues of [14C]-N-2596 showed that no qualitative differ ences in the insecticide metabolism were evident. Only an increase in the amounts of water-soluble and bound soil residues, coupled with a decrease of benzene-soluble compounds, was noticed after 6 months. This, however, had no effect on the penetration, translocation and metabolism of the insect or its metabolites in corn plants, except that roots and in particular corn leaves contained more water-soluble 14C-compounds. It appears that the translocation and metabolism of the insecticide in the plant are primarily governed by internal, physiological factors. Percolation of water through these soils resulted in a reduction of noninsecticidal water-soluble 14C-compounds in comparison to nonpercolated moist soil.
Identifying critical materials for photovoltaics in the US: A multi-metric approach

Abstract There are increasing concerns that physical material constraints threaten energy security and the growth of emerging technologies. Traditional approaches to quantify material criticality utilize single-score metrics which are narrowly focused on physical scarcity and often lead to command-and-control policies. However, a broader definition of criticality that goes beyond physical scarcity to include sustainability metrics e.g. embodied energy, political instability, economic value can provide policymakers with a more comprehensive perspective of the complex and highly interconnected relationships between indicators. We use the case of solar photovoltaic materials to demonstrate the challenges and opportunities in critical materials policy and indicator choices. For silicon-based and thin-film photovoltaics in particular, Ge, Pt, As, In, Sn and Ag were found to be the most critical relative to the 17 materials studied. Multi-metric analysis for these materials reveals tradeoffs that suggest friction between sustainable economics, political stability of supply, and environmental quality objectives.
Tumour-derived exosomes or microvesicles: another mechanism of tumour escape from the host immune system?

Tumour-derived exosomes or microvesicles: another mechanism of tumour escape from the host immune system?
Reappraisal of endoscopic tissue diagnosis in secondary gastric lymphoma.

Contrary to previously held views, gastric lymphomas often are amenable to tissue diagnosis at endoscopy. The authors succeeded in defining a diagnosis in 10 of 14 cases even through a majority of lesions were infiltrative in type. Biopsy and brush cytology were of complementary value. Cytologic washings did not add to the diagnostic yield.
Home Monitoring for Heart Failure Management

With a prevalence of 5.8 million in the United States alone, heart failure (HF) is a common syndrome associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditures. Close to 1 million HF hospitalizations occur annually in the United States, with the majority of these resulting from worsening congestion in patients previously diagnosed with HF. An estimated $37.2 billion is spent each year on HF in the United States. These statistics emphasize the need to develop and implement more effective strategies to assess, monitor, and treat HF. It has also become increasingly apparent that interventions geared toward identifying and monitoring subclinical congestion would be of value in the home management of chronic HF. Earlier identification and treatment of congestion together with improved care coordination, management of comorbid conditions, and enhanced patient self-management may help to prevent hospitalizations in patients with chronic HF. Such home monitoring extends from the promotion of self-care and home visitations to telemedicine and remote monitoring of external or implantable devices. This paper discusses the challenges in monitoring patients with HF, reviews clinical trials testing different monitoring strategies in HF, and highlights ongoing investigations into the optimal approaches to home monitoring for HF.
Community characteristics and the recording of crime: Police recording of citizens' complaints of burglary and assault

Police decisions to record or not record incidents as crimes are an important but neglected aspect of discretionary decision making in the criminal justice system. This study examines the effects of neighborhood characteristics on the extent to which police do not record citizens' complaints of burglaries and assaults. The findings show that poverty increases nonrecording of burglaries, while increases in the percentage foreign-born and in the mobility rate, decrease nonrecording. Demand for service also increases nonrecording, but only when neighborhoods with extremely high demand are included. There is considerably less evidence for effects of neighborhood characteristics on the recording of assaults. The findings have important implications for understanding both police decision making and potential biases in the distribution of official counts of recorded crime.
Ethanol modulation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in rat and monkey dentate granule neurons.

Background: The physiological mechanisms underlying the behavioral and cognitive effects of ethanol are not fully understood. However, there is now compelling evidence that ethanol acts, at least in part, by modulating the function of a small group of proteins that mediate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. For example, intoxicating concentrations of ethanol have been shown to enhance GABAergic synaptic inhibition and depress glutamatergic excitatory neurotransmission in a number of brain regions. Because all of these electrophysiological studies have been performed in rodent brain slice or neuronal culture preparations, direct evidence that ethanol exerts similar effects on synaptic transmission in the primate central nervous system is lacking. Methods: We have therefore developed methods to perform patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings from neurons in acutely prepared monkey (Macaca fascicularis) hippocampal slices. We have used these methods to compare the acute effects of ethanol on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in rat and monkey dentate granule neurons. Results: Under our recording conditions, ethanol significantly potentiated γ-aminobutyric acid type A inhibitory postsynaptic currents in both rat and monkey neurons. In addition, ethanol significantly inhibited NMDA, but not AMPA, excitatory postsynaptic currents in dentate granule neurons from both species. Notably, no significant differences were observed in any of the pharmacological properties of inhibitory or excitatory synaptic responses recorded from rat and monkey neurons. Conclusions: These data suggest that the differences in the behavioral effects of ethanol that have been observed between rats and higher-order mammals, such as monkeys and humans, may not reflect differences in the sensitivity of some of the major synaptic sites of ethanol action. Moreover, our results provide empirical evidence for the use of rodent brain slice preparations in elucidating synaptic mechanisms of ethanol action in the primate central nervous system.
THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE AND CUSTODY ARRANGEMENTS ON CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR, DEVELOPMENT, AND ADJUSTMENT

A group of experts from developmental and clinical psychology, sociology,social welfare, and law met at a conference centre in Middleburg, Virginiaon December 1-4, 1994, under the sponsorship of the U.S. National Instituteof Child Health and Human Development. The group's mandate was to evaluateexisting knowledge regarding the ways in which children are affected bydivorce and the varying custody arrangements that follow it. Many of thediscussions also addressed the ways in which the adverse effects of divorcemight be ameliorated by changes in policy or practice. This documentrepresents a statement co-signed by most of the participants summarizingareas of agreement regarding the current status of knowledge in this areaand outlining topics in need of further research. The report is designed toguide various legislatures, the judiciary, the bar, and the various mentalhealth professionals who are involved in counselling or educating familiesexperiencing separation or divorce, as well as those who mediate oradjudicate the disputes regarding the custody of minor children. Thepreliminary draft of this consensus document was prepared by Michael E. Lamband Kathleen J. Sternberg following the three-day conference, withadditional redrafting by Ross A. Thompson. The draft was reviewed andrevised by the other participants over the ensuing months. This report,revised in accordance with the participants' comments, is a product of this process.
Sans and Osmotic Stress Approach to Study Protein Preferential Hydration and Association

The function of biological macromolecules necessarily depends on their hydration and interactions. However, it can be challenging to appropriately and directly measure these forces. We are using a combined small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and osmotic stress approach to directly correlate protein structure and structural transitions with the associated hydration and energetics. We performed SANS experiments on hexokinase (HK) to investigate protein preferential hydration by solute molecules, called osmolytes, and the interactions responsible for HK dimer formation. The HK monomer-dimer equilibrium plays a regulatory role but its importance to function is not entirely clear. With SANS, three regions of scattering contrast are created upon osmolyte addition: protein, protein-associated water, and bulk water/osmolyte solution. Changes in the zero-angle scattering intensity, I(0), and the apparent radius of gyration, Rg, with increasing osmolyte concentration are used to quantify the number of osmolyte-excluding water molecules associated with protein. We observe the preferential hydration of HK monomer and dimer states to depend on the osmolyte chemistry and size but find the calculated hydration change accompanying the monomer-dimer transition to be independent of the osmolyte used. By experimentally exploring the forces that are important for guiding protein association, we hope to address critical questions concerning protein structure, hydration, and interactions.
Recommended practices for storage and archiving of exploration data

The Archiving Subcommittee of the Standards Committee recognized that SEG members had a growing need for guidance in the use of emerging storage technology, not only for archiving, but also for operational purposes. Its new name is the Storage and Archiving Subcommittee.
Interseeding novel cool-season annual legumes to improve bermudagrass paddocks

Interseeding nontraditional, cool-season legumes into bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] paddocks was evaluated as an approach to increasing the quality and duration of forage production and replacing a portion of the N fertilizer required in the southern Great Plains. We compared the effects of interseeding either grass pea (Lathyrus sativa L. 'AC-Greenfix') or lentil (Lens culinaris Med. 'Indianhead') with N fertilizer rates of 0, 45, or 90 kg ha -1 N. All plots received 60 kg P 2 0 5 ha -1 in early March. The legume and fertilizer treatments were imposed in mid-March during 2001, 2002, and 2003. Forage samples were clipped from 0.25 m -2 quadrats on five sampling dates between 1 May and 15 July each year. Yield, N concentration, species composition, and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) were determined. Year, sampling date, and treatment showed significant (P < 0.05) effects, as did the two-way interactions between all three factors. Total end-of-season standing dry matter of bermudagrass and grass pea was 5550 ± 423 (SEM) kg ha -1 , which was similar to biomass production with 45 kg ha -1 N (5305 ± 570 kg ha -1 ) and less than that produced with 90 kg ha -1 N (7785 ± 725 kg ha -1 ). Forage N and IVDDM concentrations for the grass pea treatment were 34 and 6% higher than for bermudagrass, but N and IVDDM concentrations of the forage mixture were intermediate between the higher N rates. Although additional studies are needed to optimize management for the interseeded legumes, we conclude that this practice can improve the quality and duration of bermudagrass forage production in this region.
Age-Related Adaptation of Bone-PDL-Tooth Complex: Rattus-Norvegicus as a Model System

Functional loads on an organ induce tissue adaptations by converting mechanical energy into chemical energy at a cell-level. The transducing capacity of cells alters physico-chemical properties of tissues, developing a positive feedback commonly recognized as the form-function relationship. In this study, organ and tissue adaptations were mapped in the bone-tooth complex by identifying and correlating biomolecular expressions to physico-chemical properties in rats from 1.5 to 15 months. However, future research using hard and soft chow over relevant age groups would decouple the function related effects from aging affects. Progressive curvature in the distal root with increased root resorption was observed using micro X-ray computed tomography. Resorption was correlated to the increased activity of multinucleated osteoclasts on the distal side of the molars until 6 months using tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Interestingly, mononucleated TRAP positive cells within PDL vasculature were observed in older rats. Higher levels of glycosaminoglycans were identified at PDL-bone and PDL-cementum entheses using alcian blue stain. Decreasing biochemical gradients from coronal to apical zones, specifically biomolecules that can induce osteogenic (biglycan) and fibrogenic (fibromodulin, decorin) phenotypes, and PDL-specific negative regulator of mineralization (asporin) were observed using immunohistochemistry. Heterogeneous distribution of Ca and P in alveolar bone, and relatively lower contents at the entheses, were observed using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. No correlation between age and microhardness of alveolar bone (0.7 ± 0.1 to 0.9 ± 0.2 GPa) and cementum (0.6 ± 0.1 to 0.8 ± 0.3 GPa) was observed using a microindenter. However, hardness of cementum and alveolar bone at any given age were significantly different (P<0.05). These observations should be taken into account as baseline parameters, during development (1.5 to 4 months), growth (4 to 10 months), followed by a senescent phase (10 to 15 months), from which deviations due to experimentally induced perturbations can be effectively investigated.
Systematic management of chyle fistula: The Southwestern experience and review of the literature

Postoperative cervical chyle fistula after neck dissection is a complication with potentially serious morbidity. Once it is recognized, treatment decisions to optimize patient care can be difficult. Different management strategies have been advocated on the basis of institutional and personal experience. In this study we comprehensively review the published protocols and retrospectively review our experience in the management of 15 patients with chyle fistula. All patients in this study were given a trial of nonoperative management with nutritional modification, pressure dressings, and closed drainage. Medical management ultimately failed in 3 patients (20%). Two patients had prolonged courses of medical management with associated complications. An analysis of our data supports early operative intervention if the peak 24-hour drainage is greater than 1000 mL without a prompt response to medical management. Persistent low-output drainage after 10 days is associated with a prolonged management course and treatment-related complications. Optimal treatment of these patients is unclear.
Cytokines and the lung.

Cytokines are signal molecules that induce movement, differentiation, growth and death of many cell types. Cytokines generate these effects through interactions with receptors, which relay a signal into the cell triggering a response. Cytokine-receptor interactions are promiscuous; a combining site of any receptor can bind many ligands. Promiscuity allows for the generation of agonists, alternative ligands that activate a receptor in a way similar to the normal ligands and antagonists, ligands that bind to a receptor, but neutralize the effects of an agonist. Cytokine-receptor interactions induce many diverse (pleiotropic) effects. Cytokine-receptor interactions are redundant; several cytokines can perform the same function. Mammalian hosts use cytokines to maintain homeostasis and to provide signals crucial to host responses to invading microbes and other injurious agents. Cytokines are the molecular messages, which: 1) initiate and amplify inflammatory and immune responses by recruiting and activating cells; 2) regulate the activation and differentiation of T‐ and B‐lymphocytes, whose functions are crucial to specific cell-mediated immunity; and 3) initiate and regulate local repair processes critical to the resolution of inflammatory responses. Further studies of cytokines and their receptors should provide a framework for therapeutic interventions in patients with dysregulated inflammatory responses.
Using a lessons learned process to develop and maintain institutional memory and intelligence

The process of collecting, disseminating, and applying lessons learned (LL) is critical to the development and maintenance of any organization's institutional memory and intelligence, perhaps its most important resource. This is especially true for the NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), a research and development organization that develops systems meant to operate in high risk environments. However, the ARC environment being extremely diversified posed several challenges for implementing this process. These included; limited resources, employee turn over, many diverse communities of practice using unique sets of nomenclature, and employee anxiety over identifying problems or criticizing their organization. Thus, the Center developed a LL process based on interviews that successfully addressed these challenges and increased its LL submittal rate from two to thirty per year. In particular, it was found that the key to a successful LL program was the process of decomposition and re-integration of tacit (as represented by the anecdotal and contextual) with explicit information throughout the collection and dissemination steps. Furthermore, it was found that interviewers possessing corporate and technical experience/knowledge/access and excellent writing abilities were necessary for success. This combination of skills enabled the interviewer to accurately capture the LL explicit information while maintaining as much of the tacit as possible. In addition, by choosing interviewers that were involved in Center wide activities, the propagation of the tacit information was ensured. These findings in addition to the tools used to manage both the process and the LL will be described in his paper.
Effects of desiccation on the physiology and biochemistry of Quercus alba acorns

Seeds that lose viability when dried to a water content of less than 12% are said to be recalcitrant. We subjected acorns of Quercus alba L., a species with recalcitrant seeds, to desiccation to determine the effects of drying on lipids, proteins and carbohydrates of the embryonic axis and cotyledon tissues. Samples of fresh seed and seed dried for selected intervals were analyzed for water content and germination, and for lipids, proteins and carbohydrates by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Carbohydrates were further analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The FT-IR analysis revealed that membrane lipid structure initially exhibited reversible shifts between gel and liquid crystalline phases in response to drying and rehydration; however, reversibility declined as viability was lost. Changes in carbohydrate concentration were observed based on peak height comparisons; sucrose concentration in the embryonic axis increased dramatically after 5 days of drying. The most sensitive indicator of desiccation damage was the irreversible change in protein secondary structure in embryonic axes and cotyledon tissue. These changes were illustrated by shifts in amide absorbance near 1650 cm(-1). Gas chromatography indicated an abundance of sucrose in both the embryonic axes and the cotyledon tissue. Although sucrose concentrations in these tissues were initially similar, sucrose concentration in the embryonic axes became significantly greater than in the cotyledons as the acorns dried. We hypothesize that, in drying acorns, increased concentration of sucrose does not prevent loss of viability, but acts as a glycoprotectant against cell collapse and cell wall membrane damage as water stress increases.