cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining image derived spectra and physics based models for hyperspectral image exploitation

This paper addresses a conceptual approach to hyperspectral image assessment that uses physics-based models to constrain multiparameter inversion algorithms aimed at quantitative measurement of material properties. Sensing approaches include use of a single hyperspectral image with many spectral samples, a sequence of images acquired over time, and widely different types of measurements from a range of sensor types. We propose a conceptual approach for merging these data into a common framework to allow simultaneous exploitation of these multiparameter data sets. Physics-based models predict or constrain the range of observable parameters associated with a target or material condition, then model matching or optimization methods invert a measurement set to a target type or condition. 2 examples are presented using hyperspectral data sets. The first involves characterizing atmospheric constituents using the MODTRAN Code to constrain the solutions. The second uses a radiation propagation model to drive an inversion of hyperspectral data to multiple water quality parameters. Finally, we discuss how more involved 3D physics-based synthetic image models may hold a key to image exploitation algorithms.
A Wideband Compact Model for Integrated Inductors

This letter presents a compact inductor model that is accurate beyond the inductor's self-resonance frequency. The inductor is represented as a short-circuited transmission line, whose impedance is a hyperbolic tangent function. This function is expanded to its third-order continued fractions approximation. The approximation results in a compact equivalent circuit model with frequency independent parameters that can be extracted directly from S-parameter measurements. No optimization is necessary in this process. The developed compact wideband inductor model is extremely useful for accurate transient and harmonic balance simulations where out of band response is important
Characterizing wireless indoor communications: measurements in the ISM bands with a directional antenna

The measurements presented here characterize the effectiveness of a directional antenna in indoor radio environments. The authors made wideband measurements at the ISM bands, which are centered around 910 MHz, 2.44 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. An omnidirectional antenna is used at the transmitting end, and a horn antenna with a 3 dB beamwidth of about 45 degrees is used at the receiving end. The envelope of the received complex impulse response was recorded for each of the eight directions the receiver antenna was turned to. The environments examined are: a partitioned office area, an open layout office area, an auditorium, and a library. It is found that the received power decreases with frequency, while the delay spread is relatively independent of frequency. At the frequency of 5.8 GHz, both the received power and a performance indicator (power received/delay spread) are strongly dependent on direction. This effect is observable to a lesser extent at 2.44 GHz, and is a weak effect at 910 MHz. >
Urinalysis is more specific and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is more sensitive for early detection of acute kidney injury

Background. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) protein is a promising biomarker to detect acute kidney injury (AKI). Earlier detection of AKI could facilitate evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies. Methods. Random and 24-h urine samples were prospectively obtained from 125 normal volunteers for analytic validation of a urinary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for NGAL. For clinical validation of the test, urine from 363 emergency department patients admitted to the hospital was obtained for NGAL enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and urinalysis and AKI was determined by the use of Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. Results. NGAL was stable in urine for 7 days when ambient, 4� C or frozen (� 20 or � 70� C). The assay was linear between 0.24 and10 000 ng/mL with a limit of quantitation of 0.24 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-assay precision were excellent (coefficient of variation <5%); however, urinary white blood cells were associated with increased NGAL levels. The 95th percentile reference value for NGAL in females is � 65.0 and � 23.4 ng/mL in males. Urinary NGAL levels increased with AKI stage but had only fair sensitivity (65%) and specificity (65%) to differentiate no AKI versus Stages 1, 2 or 3 (area under the curve 0.70). Urinalysis with microscopy was very specific (91%) but not very sensitive (22%) with an area under the curve of 0.57. Conclusions. NGAL can be reliably measured in clinical urine samples, although pyuria is an important potential confounder. In our cohort, increased urinary NGAL was associated with AKI by the AKIN criteria; however, the sensitivity and specificity were only fair, in part because patients with pre-renal causes are not excluded by AKIN criteria. Conversely, findings on microscopic urinalysis are very specific for AKI.
Expression of fibroblast growth factor family during postnatal skeletal muscle hypertrophy

The potential role of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family during stretch-induced postnatal skeletal muscle hypertrophy was analyzed by using an avian wing-weighting model. After 2 or 11 days ...
Thermal radiance observations of an active lava flow during the June 1984 eruption of Mount Etna

The thermal budget of an active lava flow observed on 20 June 1984 from the Southeast crater of Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy, was analyzed from data taken by the Landsat Thematic Mapper. The Thematic Mapper images constitute one of the few satellite data sets of sufficient spatial and spectral resolution to allow calibrated measurements on the distribution and intensity of thermal radiation from active lava flows. Using radiance data from two reflective infrared channels, we can estimate the temperature and areas of the hottest parts of the active flow, which correspond to hot (>500 °C) fractures or zones at the flow surface. Using this technique, we estimate that only 10%-20% of the total radiated thermal power output is emitted by hot zones or fractures, which constitute less than 1% of the observed surface area. Generally, it seems that only where hot fractures or zones constitute greater than about 1% of the surface area of the flow will losses from such features significantly reduce internal flow temperatures. Using our radiance observations as boundary conditions for a multicomponent thermal model of flow interior temperature, we infer that, for the parts of this flow subject to analysis, the boundary layer and flow thickness effects dominate over radiant zones in controlling the depression of core temperature.
Regulation of Melanogenesis in Melanocytes

Melanogenesis refers to the biosynthesis of melanin pigment in pigment cells called melanocytes. Melanins are mixed biopolymers formed during a series of oxidation/reduction reactions that are initiated by the enzymatic hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to L-dopa. In living cells, melanogenesis is limited to melanosomes, the membrane bounded microscopic secretory granules of melanocytes. Melanosomes may be secreted into the environment as, for example, from the squid's ink gland; or be transferred to neighboring cells, such as the keratinocytes in human skin and hair; or they may remain within the pigment cell and change only their subcellular localization, as in the rapidly color-changing dermis of lower vertebrates. Regulation of the melanocytic phenotype involves synthesis of the biosynthetically active subcellular apparatus of melanogenesis, premelanosomes and tyrosinase, and the utilization of the final product, melanized melanosomes, in the translocation and secretory processes mentioned above. Genetic information for this regulation is stored in the nuclear genome whose expression is controlled by the intra- and extracellular environment. As premelanosomes become biosynthetically active, they mature into melanosomes by fusing with vesicles derived from the trans-Golgi network and the plasmalemma, thereby internalizing and incorporating contents and membrane components from inside the cell and the cell surface. In the process, melanosomes become acidified. The thesis pursued in this review explores the importance of the melanosome as the final common pathway of regulation of melanin biosynthesis.
The 3 Rs of Stroke Biology: Radial, Relayed, and Regenerative

Stroke not only causes initial cell death, but also a limited process of repair and recovery. As an overall biological process, stroke has been most often considered from the perspective of early phases of ischemia, how these inter-relate and lead to expansion of the infarct. However, just as the biology of later stages of stroke becomes better understood, the clinical realities of stroke indicate that it is now more a chronic disease than an acute killer. As an overall biological process, it is now more important to understand how early cell death leads to the later, limited recovery so as develop an integrative view of acute to chronic stroke. This progression from death to repair involves sequential stages of primary cell death, secondary injury events, reactive tissue progenitor responses, and formation of new neuronal circuits. This progression is radial: from the tissue that suffers the infarct secondary injury signals, including free radicals and inflammatory cytokines, radiate out from the stroke core to trigger later regenerative events. Injury and repair processes occur not just in the local stroke site, but are also triggered in the connected networks of neurons that had existed in the stroke center: damage signals are relayed throughout a brain network. From these relayed, distributed damage signals, reactive astrocytosis, inflammatory processes, and the formation of new connections occur in distant brain areas. In short, emerging data in stroke cell death studies and the development of the field of stroke neural repair now indicate a continuum in time and in space of progressive events that can be considered as the 3 Rs of stroke biology: radial, relayed, and regenerative.
One Size Does Not Fit All: A Cliché or a Hard Fact in Cardiac Chamber Quantification?

Despite the pivotal role that echocardiography plays in the evaluation of cardiac size and function, visual assessment, which has long been the standard in clinical practice, is known to be fraught by considerable variability due to its subjective nature and experience dependency. This limitation
Differentiation of two cardiovascular regions within caudal ventrolateral medulla

The caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) plays a significant role in the regulation of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial pressure; however, the use of lesions to examine its role in mediating baroreceptor reflex control of SNA has yielded discrepant results. We hypothesize that this may have arisen from anatomic segregation of neurons within the CVLM that subserve different functions in sympathetic control. Thus we used microinjections of the excitotoxic agent kainic acid (200 pmol in 20 nl) to determine the effects of inactivation of neuronal cell bodies in a rostral and a caudal subregion of the CVLM on SNA, arterial pressure, and baroreceptor reflex function in urethan-anesthetized rats. Interruption of neuronal activity in the rostral CVLM (sites from 0.6 mm caudal to 0.5 mm rostral to the rostral border of the lateral reticular nucleus) elevated SNA (post-kainic acid 214% of control) and arterial pressure (+34 mmHg) and eliminated the inhibition of splanchnic SNA evoked by either aortic nerve stimulation or the pressor response to intravenous norepinephrine. In addition, the cardiac-related component of spontaneous SNA was abolished as judged from post-R wave averages and from power spectral analysis. In contrast, although a similar disruption of neuronal activity in the caudal CVLM (sites 0.0-0.6 mm rostral to the caudal border of the lateral reticular nucleus) produced a comparable increase in spontaneous SNA (post-kainic acid 196% of control) and arterial pressure (+20 mmHg), it was without effect on the ability of the baroreceptor reflex to inhibit SNA, and it enhanced the synchronization of the spontaneous bursts in SNA to the cardiac cycle. Our results suggest an organization of the CVLM in which neurons in its rostral portion are required for an effective baroreceptor reflex, whereas those in the caudal CVLM serve to limit SNA and blood pressure independent of the baroreceptor reflex.
Community Discovery: Simple and Scalable Approaches

The increasing size and complexity of online social networks have brought distinct challenges to the task of community discovery. A community discovery algorithm needs to be efficient, not taking a prohibitive amount of time to finish. The algorithm should also be scalable, capable of handling large networks containing billions of edges or even more. Furthermore, a community discovery algorithm should be effective in that it produces community assignments of high quality. In this chapter, we present a selection of algorithms that follow simple design principles, and have proven highly effective and efficient according to extensive empirical evaluations. We start by discussing a generic approach of community discovery by combining multilevel graph contraction with core clustering algorithms. Next we describe the usage of network sampling in community discovery, where the goal is to reduce the number of nodes and/or edges while retaining the network’s underlying community structure. Finally, we review research efforts that leverage various parallel and distributed computing paradigms in community discovery, which can facilitate finding communities in tera- and peta-scale networks.
Big Data and consumer behavior: imminent opportunities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess how the study of consumer behavior can benefit from the presence of Big Data. Design/methodology/approach – This paper offers a conceptual overview of potential opportunities and changes to the study of consumer behavior that Big Data will likely bring. Findings – Big Data have the potential to further our understanding of each stage in the consumer decision-making process. While the field has traditionally moved forward using a priori theory followed by experimentation, it now seems that the nature of the feedback loop between theory and results may shift under the weight of Big Data. Research limitations/implications – A new data culture is now represented in marketing practice. The new group advocates inductive data mining and A/B testing rather than human intuition harnessed for deduction. The group brings with it interest in numerous secondary data sources. However, Big Data may be limited by poor quality, unrepresentativeness and volatility, among oth...
Encoding for Synthesis

The following optimal encoding problems may be defined: (A) Optimal encoding of inputs of a logic function. A problem in class A is the optimal assignment of opcodes for a microprocessor. (B) Optimal encoding of outputs of a logic function. (C) Optimal encoding of both inputs and outputs (or some inputs and some outputs) of a logic function. (D) Optimal encoding of both inputs and outputs (or some inputs and some outputs) of a logic function, where the encoding of the inputs (or some inputs) is the same as the encoding of the outputs (or some outputs). Encoding the states of a finite state machine (FSM) is a problem in class D since the state variables appear both as input (present state) and output (next state) variables. Another problem in class D is the encoding of the signals connecting two (or more) combinational circuits.
ADMM for sparse semidefinite programming with applications to optimal power flow problem

This paper designs a distributed algorithm for solving sparse semidefinite programming (SDP) problems, based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). It is known that exploiting the sparsity of a large-scale SDP problem leads to a decomposed formulation with a lower computational cost. The algorithm proposed in this work solves the decomposed formulation of the SDP problem using an ADMM scheme whose iterations consist of two subproblems. Both subproblems are highly parallelizable and enjoy closed-form solutions, which make the iterations computationally very cheap. The developed numerical algorithm is also applied to the SDP relaxation of the optimal power flow (OPF) problem, and tested on the IEEE benchmark systems.
Human Development and the Fertility Reversal: A Spatially Centered Sub-national Examination in the US

Recent research has highlighted a profound reversal in the well-documented relationship between increasing development and falling fertility at a global scale. This reversal shows that the total fertility rates of the most developed nations in the world are actually increasing. The trend means different things. In some cases, it is simply a data product of the slowing average age at first birth for women in highly developed areas. For others, it is a cultural shift towards larger families in response to a surplus of economic resources. Using multiple data sources, this research examines this shift in the United States by examining levels of relative sub-national human development at the county level and associated relationships to county total fertility rates. Results highlight a non-linear relationship that suggests sub-national human development is related to sub-national variations in fertility behaviors similar to recent research on a global scale. The policy implications of such a reversal in fertility are very important for government officials and public policy makers as they move forward in addressing future issues associated with population aging, labor force turnover, and in the providing of services to youth.
Benchmark calculations with correlated molecular wave functions XII. Core correlation effects on the homonuclear diatomic molecules B2-F2

Using systematic sequences of the newly developed correlation consistent core-valence basis sets from cc-pCVDZ through cc-pCV6Z, the spectroscopic constants of the homonuclear diatomic molecules containing first row atoms, B–F, are calculated both with and without inclusion of 1s correlation. Internally contracted multireference configuration interaction (IC-MRCI) and singles and doubles coupled cluster (CCSD) theory with a perturbational estimate of connected triple excitations, CCSD(T), have been investigated. By exploiting the convergence of the correlation consistent basis sets, complete basis set (CBS) limits have been estimated for total energies, dissociation energies, equilibrium geometries, and harmonic frequencies. Based on the estimated CBS limits the effects of 1s correlation on D e (kcal/mol), r e (A), and ω e (cm−1) are: +1.1, −0.0070, +10 for B2; +1.5, −0.0040, +13 for C2; +0.9, −0.0020, +9 for N2; +0.3, −0.0020, +6 for O2; and −0.1, −0.0015, +1 for F2.
Anti-hypercholesterolemic action of scleroglucan and pectin in chickens.

SummaryPectin and the polysaccharide scleroglucan reduced dietary hypercholestero-lemia in chicks; this reduction was accompanied by an increased excretion of chloroform-methanol extractable lipid, including cholesterol. The chemical dissimilarity of pectin and scleroglucan suggests that the anti-hyper-cholesterolemic activity of the two materials may be due to their physical rather than to their chemical properties.
ACCELERATED IMMUNE RESPONSE INDUCED BY D-L PENICILLAMINE.

SummaryRabbits treated with D-L penicillamine for 28 days prior to intravenous injection of I131 labeled human serum albumin showed accelerated elimination of the antigen and correspondingly earlier appearance of free antibody, as compared with control animals. Graphic analysis of the radioactive clearance data indicates that the length of the induction period preceding antibody synthesis was shortened. Once immunity commenced, the slopes of the disappearance curves of both experimental and control group were parallel, suggesting no change in the rate of antibody production.
Ignition Delay and Time-Resolved Temperature Measurements in Nanosecond Pulse Hydrogen-Air and Ethylene-Air Plasmas at Elevated Initial Temperatures 1

Ignition time is measured in premixed, preheated hydrogen-air and ethylene-air flows excited by a repetitive nanosecond pulse discharge in a plane-to-plane geometry. ICCD images of the plasma and the flame demonstrate that mild preheating of the fuel-air flow greatly improves plasma stability and precludes filament formation. At the initial temperatures of T0=100-200 0 C, hydrogen-air plasmas remain stable and uniform up to at least P=150 torr, and ignition occurs in a large volume. Preheated ethylene-air plasmas appear less uniform. Even at T=200 0 C, ethylene-air ignition begins near the electrode edges, with flame propagating toward the center of the plasma. Ignition time in hydrogen-air and ethylene-air mixtures is measured at initial temperatures of T0=100-200 0 C, pressures of P=40-150 torr, equivalence ratios of �• =0.5-1.2, and pulse repetition rates of �� =10-40 kHz. In hydrogen-air, ignition time is reduced as the initial temperature or the pressure of the mixture is increased. At high discharge pulse repetition rates, ignition time is nearly independent of the equivalence ratio. At low pulse repetition rates, near ignition threshold, ignition time in fuel-rich mixtures increases considerably. Ignition time exhibits a minimum at a certain optimum pulse repetition rate, which shifts toward lower values at higher initial temperatures and pressures. In ethylene-air mixture, similar trends are observed, except that ignition time exhibits a weaker dependence on equivalence ratio.
Analytic Productions in Post-Intentional Phenomenological Research:

In this article, we explore through a series of productions our analytic relationships with an interview with Iris—a fourth-grade student who participated in a post-intentional phenomenological stu...
Application of Some Rules of Propositional Calculus to the Design of Digital Systems: Introduction and Elimination Rules

Rules of introduction and elimination of the propositional calculus are discussed in their application to the design of digital systems. The application of the rules results in a deduction, and a path of values of ones is established through the circuit by way of the deduction process. At the same time, its existence is proven in the sense of propositional calculus.
Transient relative motion of two cells in a channel flow

The hydrodynamic interaction of a red blood cell and a white blood cell in microvessels is studied, by use of a two-dimensional numerical model. The red blood cell, modeled as a small rigid circular cylinder, and the white blood cell, modeled as a larger rigid circular cylinder, are immersed in an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a two-dimensional channel. It is assumed that no external force or moment acts on the model cells, and the effect of inertia forces on the motion of the fluid and the cells is neglected. The velocity field of the suspending fluid and the instantaneous velocities of the two model cells are computed by the finite element method. Using the translational velocities of the model cells obtained, the trajectories of their relative motion are determined, for various initial positions. It is shown that the cells may or may not pass each other or separate, depending on the initial positions. The present results compare well to the experimental results.
An assessment of the nutrition education of students in grades 3 to 12

A proportionally stratified sample of Louisiana students was surveyed to determine their nutrition knowledge as influenced by selected variables. The 3,309 students in grades 3 to 12 were interviewed individually. A pretested questionnaire was used. Nutrition knowledge was assessed by a test of 15 selected nutrition concepts and the identification of the basic food groups needed daily. A majority of students judged the study of nutrition in school to be important. However, only 40.5% of the sample reported currently studying this science, with 15% studying it as a separate subject. Home and television were most frequently named as informal sources of nutrition information. The mean score on the test of nutrition concepts was 10.3. The number of subjects studied in which nutrition was included did not affect scores. A positive relationship existed between scores and grade division (3 to 6, 7 to 8, 9 to 12), correct identification of food groups needed daily, and number of sources and activities used to learn about nutrition. Thus, nutrition instruction which is varied, innovative, and includes student participation does improve knowledge of this science.
Conceptualizing and Describing Social Anxiety and Its Disorders

Abstract Social anxieties and fears exist along continua of intensity, ranging from the helpful and adaptive (e.g., keeping one on one’s “social toes” in uncertain social situations) to the disabling and impairing (e.g., being unable to develop or maintain close relationships in spite of loneliness). Unpleasant emotional states and maladaptive behaviors associated with social situations can be significant, life-affecting problems for many people. Given the social nature of human beings, and the functional nature of social relationships (e.g., social support), discomfort associated with interacting with others is particularly difficult, as socialization cannot easily be avoided on a consistent basis. Revisions to the SAD definition and diagnostic criteria in DSM-5 represent a shift toward more accurately portraying the disorder. Nevertheless, additional changes are needed in the DSM and ICD diagnostic systems toward dimensional categorizations.
Photoluminescence Lifetimes Exceeding 8 μs and Quantum Yields Exceeding 30% in Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films by Ligand Passivation

We study the effects of a series of post-deposition ligand treatments on the photoluminescence (PL) of polycrystalline methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite thin films. We show that a variety of Lewis bases can improve the bulk PL quantum efficiency (PLQE) and extend the average PL lifetime, ⟨τ⟩, with large enhancements concentrated at grain boundaries. Notably, we demonstrate thin-film PLQE as high as 35 ± 1% and ⟨τ⟩ as long as 8.82 ± 0.03 μs at solar equivalent carrier densities using tri-n-octylphosphine oxide-treated films. Using glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that the ligands are incorporated primarily at the film surface and are acting as electron donors. These results indicate it is possible to obtain thin-film PL lifetime and PLQE values that are comparable to those from single crystals by control over surface chemistry.
Geometric Constraints for Hypothesis Generation

As Chapter 3 illustrated, vanishing points serve as useful tools for qualitative and quantitative descriptions of edge geometry. Quantitatively, they provide estimates of line orientation in object space; qualitatively, they can be employed to constrain the search for primitives in hypothesis space. The techniques developed in Chapter 3 exploited the primitive geometry to hypothesize plausible 3D orientations, or labels, for each line segment in the image.
Reduction of central neuropathic pain with ketamine infusion in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a case report.

Objective Ehlers–Danlos syndrome frequently causes acute and chronic pain because of joint subluxations and dislocations secondary to hypermobility. Current treatments for pain related to Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and central pain syndrome are inadequate. This case report discusses the therapeutic use of ketamine intravenous infusion as an alternative.
Conflicts Between Non-Directive Counseling and Unbiased Patient Care: the Influence of Medical Students’ Personal Beliefs on Proposed Huntington’s Disease Genetic Testing Recommendations

Non-directive counseling is a key component of physician-patient interactions, yet adequate education on this topic is limited in medical education. In this study, we examined whether students would have bias or instead would use non-directive counseling in the specific example of genetic testing for Huntington’s disease. First-year medical students were surveyed if they would personally obtain genetic testing and how they would counsel patients in the following three clinical genetic testing scenarios: pre-symptomatic, diagnostic, and prenatal. Student recommendations were analyzed for how many students picked the standard practice of care extrapolated from the technical standards of the Huntington’s Disease Society of America. Fifty-one of ninety-two students (55.4 %) correctly remained neutral for their counseling of patients regarding pre-symptomatic testing. Sixty-eight of ninety-one students (73.9 %) correctly encouraged genetic testing in the diagnostic clinical scenario. Twenty-nine of ninety-two students (31.5 %) correctly remained neutral for counseling on prenatal testing when the patient would terminate her pregnancy if the fetus were found to have HD. Twenty-two of ninety-two students (23.9 %) correctly discouraged testing when the patient would not terminate her pregnancy. The results suggest that students may lack the expertise needed to appropriately counsel patients for genetic testing. This may possibly be due to personal bias, which was especially evident in the prenatal testing scenario. Students would benefit from further training to understand how to analyze a variety of commonly encountered clinical scenarios in order appropriately provide non-directive counseling that preserves patient autonomy.
Tunneling in Electron Transport

Light excitation of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls creates strong reductants to initiate guided electron transfer through chains of redox centers, converting light energy into electrostatic and chemical redox energy and largely avoiding the threat of charge recombination unless useful. Most electron-transfer reactions of photosynthesis are single-electron transfers between well-separated redox centers via electron tunneling through the insulating intervening protein medium. Tunneling rates are dominated by an exponential dependence on the edge-to-edge distance between cofactors. There is an approximately Gaussian dependence of rate on driving force, with a peak rate at the reorganization energy, as defined by classical Marcus theory and modified to include quantum effects. Complex quantum theoretical rate dependencies are well approximated by a simple empirical expression with three parameters: distance, driving force, and reorganization energy. Natural selection exploits distance and driving force to speed desirable electron transfers or slow undesirable electron transfer. Redox centers engaged in productive electron transfer are placed less than 14 A apart. Natural photosynthetic proteins are far from ideal: they have high yields but a superabundance of cofactors and relatively large energy losses.
Location-dependent privacy

We study the problem of releasing private data where the severity of the privacy concerns depends on the data itself. As a working example, we focus on the problem where a user shares an approximation of her private GPS location with a location-based service under privacy constraints that depend on the population density at user's current location itself; in densely populated areas, less noise is required to preserve privacy. We formalize this notion by extending the definition of differential privacy to locally Lipschitz privacy, we establish a connection between differential privacy and the eikonal equation, and we propose a method for computing such privacy-preserving mechanisms. Specifically, this connection allows existing optimized solvers to be used for numerically building private mechanisms and provides a different view of differential privacy. Our approach is illustrated in the scenario where a user within the greater Philadelphia area privately reports her location, where the privacy concerns depend on the population density.
Investigating niche partitioning of ectomycorrhizal fungi in specialized rooting zones of the monodominant leguminous tree Dicymbe corymbosa

Summary Temperate ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi show segregation whereby some species dominate in organic layers and others favor mineral soils. Weak layering in tropical soils is hypothesized to decrease niche space and therefore reduce the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The Neotropical ECM tree Dicymbe corymbosa forms monodominant stands and has a distinct physiognomy with vertical crown development, adventitious roots and massive root mounds, leading to multi-stemmed trees with spatially segregated rooting environments: aerial litter caches, aerial decayed wood, organic root mounds and mineral soil. We hypothesized that these microhabitats host distinct fungal assemblages and therefore promote diversity. To test our hypothesis, we sampled D. corymbosa ectomycorrhizal root tips from the four microhabitats and analyzed community composition based on pyrosequencing of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) barcode markers. Several dominant fungi were ubiquitous but analyses nonetheless suggested that communities in mineral soil samples were statistically distinct from communities in organic microhabitats. These data indicate that distinctive rooting zones of D. corymbosa contribute to spatial segregation of the fungal community and likely enhance fungal diversity.
Privacy-preserving indoor localization via light transport analysis

We propose a system for indoor localization using intensity-controllable LED light fixtures and light sensors mounted on the ceiling. While providing accurate location estimates, our approach preserves user privacy and is robust to ambient light conditions. We develop a LASSO algorithm and a localized ridge regression algorithm for locating a single object. In synthetic experiments, our localized ridge regression algorithm achieves an average localization error ranging from 0.24in to 1.39in, for different object sizes, in a 7×12-foot room. The localized ridge regression algorithm also shows the ability to locate multiple objects in experiments with a real-world occupancy scenario.
Material design of high-capacity Li-rich layered-oxide electrodes: Li2MnO3 and beyond

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been used widely in portable electronics, and hybrid-electric and all-electric vehicles for many years. However, there is a growing need to develop new cathode materials that will provide higher cell energy densities for advanced applications. Several candidates, including Li2MnO3-stabilized LiM′O2 (M′ = Mn/Ni/Co) structures, Li2Ru0.75Sn0.25O3 (i.e., 3Li2RuO3–Li2SnO3), and disordered Li2MoO3–LiCrO2 compounds can yield capacities exceeding 200 mA h g−1, alluding to the constructive role that Li2MO3 (M4+) end-member compounds play in the electrochemistry of these systems. Here, we catalog the family of Li2MO3 compounds as active cathodes or inactive stabilizing agents using high-throughput density functional theory (HT-DFT). With an exhaustive search based on design rules that include phase stability, cell potential, resistance to oxygen evolution, and metal migration, we predict a number of new Li2MIO3–Li2MIIO3 active/inactive electrode pairs, in which MI and MII are transition- or post-transition metal ions, that can be tested experimentally for high-energy-density LIBs.
Restaurant Managers’ Adoption of Sustainable Practices: An Application of Institutional Theory and Theory of Planned Behavior

The restaurant industry uses vast amounts of resources, but only a paucity of research discusses sustainability issues from restaurant management point of views. By applying both institutional theory and theory of planned behavior, this study addresses this gap by asking casual restaurant managers what motivates them to adopt and implement sustainable practices and by examining managers’ behaviors when facing environmental pressures. The study revealed restaurant managers were most influenced by pressures from their suppliers, customers and to a lesser extent from their employees and by expectations of society at large. Future research should investigate a nationwide sample of restaurant managers.
Pulse Oximeter Waveforms From the Finger and Toe During Lumbar Epidural Anesthesia

Background and Objectives. To determine whether lumbar epidural anesthesia affects pulse oximeter signals in the upper or lower extremity, 13 ASA I patients were studied. Methods. Temperature and pulse oximeter probes were placed on the finger and the toe. Results. After epidural injection, the amplitude of the pulse oximeter waveform on the toe increased eight-fold but declined by 50% in the finger. The increase in amplitude of the pulse oximeter waveform in the foot preceded the temperature rise. Conclusions. More reliable pulse oximeter signals may be obtained from the toe than the finger during lumbar epidural anesthesia. Furthermore, the increase in the pulse amplitude from the toe may aid in the early detection of successful epidural block.
Investigating the impact of conjugation pathway on the physical and electronic properties of benzobisoxazole-containing polymers

Six new isomeric benzobisoxazole (BBO)-containing polymers have been synthesized and characterized to elucidate structure–property relationships in the materials. In one series, the polymer backbone is connected at the oxazole rings of the BBO, while in the other series, the backbone passes directly through the central benzene ring, leaving the oxazole rings perpendicular to the polymer backbone. The impact of BBO connectivity on the optical and electronic properties of the materials was evaluated spectroscopically. Additionally, the polymers’ performance as fluorescent guest emitters in host–guest polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) was also examined. It is found that the BBO orientation in which the oxazole rings are perpendicular to the backbone reduces the optical band gap and significantly increases the efficiency of resonance energy transfer between the PLED host material and the BBO-containing light-emitting polymer guest, resulting in improved external quantum efficiencies of the PLEDs.
Ventricular Myocardial Fat: An Unexpected Biomarker for Long-term Survival?

To examine the association between myocardial fat, a poorly understood finding frequently observed on non-contrast CT, and all-cause mortality in patients with and without a history of prior MI. A retrospective cohort from a diverse urban academic center was derived from chronic myocardial infarction (MI) patients (n = 265) and three age-matched patients without MI (n = 690) who underwent non-contrast chest CT between 1 January 2005-31 December 2008. CT images were reviewed for left and right ventricular fat. Electronic records identified clinical variables. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses assessed the association between myocardial fat and all-cause mortality. The net reclassification improvement assessed the utility of adding myocardial fat to traditional risk prediction models. Mortality was 40.1% for the no MI and 71.7% for the MI groups (median follow-up, 6.8 years; mean age, 73.7 ± 10.6 years). In the no MI group, 25.7% had LV and 49.9% RV fat. In the MI group, 32.8% had LV and 42.3% RV fat. LV and RV fat was highly associated (OR 5.3, p < 0.001). Ventricular fat was not associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Myocardial fat was associated with a reduction in the adjusted hazard of death for both the no MI (25%, p = 0.04) and the MI group (31%, p = 0.018). Myocardial fat resulted in the correct reclassification of 22% for the no MI group versus the Charlson score or calcium score (p = 0.004) and 47% for the MI group versus the Charlson score (p = 0.0006). Patients with myocardial fat have better survival, regardless of MI status, suggesting that myocardial fat is a beneficial biomarker and may improve risk stratification. • Myocardial fat is commonly found on chest CT, yet is poorly understood • Myocardial fat is associated with better survival in patients with and without prior MI and is not associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors • This finding may provide clinically meaningful prognostic value in the risk stratification of patients
Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression: Function Follows Form

Chromatin by its nature presents a major obstacle to all processes occurring in the nucleus: transcription, DNA repair, and replication. At local level, intimate interactions of DNA with the core histones render it less accessible to proteins that read sequence. Higher levels of chromatin organization may act to form a barrier hindering access of large macromolecular complexes to specific sequences. In this way, the spatial organization of chromatin within the nucleus constitutes the most basic level at which gene expression is regulated. These levels of structure are impacted by multiple different systems. Histone modifications play important roles in regulating transcription by affecting local and long-range chromatin structure. Accessibility of DNA binding sites to transcription factors is modulated by ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complexes which can translocate nucleosomes over considerable distances. Here, we discuss how histone and DNA modifications affect chromatin conformation and ultimately gene expression, and we provide examples where alterations in chromatin structure impact phenotype in development, disease, and adaptation to the environment.
Using Eclipse in the classroom

Eclipse is an open-source development environment that is very popular with professional Java developers. This paper discusses the use of Eclipse in a data structures course. Students strongly liked using Eclipse in the classroom, and talked about it with their peers outside of the class. They also indicated slight agreement with statements that using Eclipse resulted in increased learning and that it made the course more interesting.
Homologous recombination is independently regulated by BRCA1 and p53

5679 Both BRCA1 and p53 are tumor suppressors and are involved in a gamut of cellular processes ranging from DNA repair to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and transcriptional regulation. A direct functional link between BRCA1 and p53 was initially suggested by the observation that loss of p53 can partially rescue embryonic lethality in BRCA1 knockout mice. Recent studies suggested that BRCA1 directs a selective p53-dependent transcriptional response towards cell replication and DNA repair targets. Our previous results showed that BRCA1 was exported from the nucleus in response to DNA damage and that it was p53 dependent. Therefore, we sought to determine whether there was a direct functional link between BRCA1 and p53 in their roles in DNA repair. First we found that, in contrast to BRCA1, p53 status does not have a significant effect on IR- or MMC-induced cytotoxicity. Next, using a plasmid substrate, pDR-GFP, integrated into genome of the breast cancer cell line MCF7, we demonstrated that the frequency of homology directed recombinational repair (HR) was decreased by p53 and increased by BRCA1. The knock down of BRCA1 by siRNA decreased HR to the same extent in p53 positive and p53 negative cells suggesting that BRCA1 and p53 independently regulate the HR pathway. HR frequency was not significantly affected when p53 positive cells were treated with Leptomycin B, a nuclear export receptor (CRM1) inhibitor, which causes BRCA1 to accumulate in the nucleus. We also found that BRCA1 status regulated ionizing radiation (IR)-induced RAD51 focus formation, whereas p53 did not, again suggesting that BRCA1 regulates HR by a RAD51 dependent pathway while p53 regulates HR by a mechanism independent of the formation of RAD51 foci. In conclusion, our data suggests that BRCA1 and p53 regulate HR through independent mechanisms, which implies that the two proteins could cooperate in producing genomic instability by separate mechanisms.
Financial performance and stock prices into delisting companies in MSE

Abstract. After the adoption of new regulations in Corporate Governance practices and Transparency following the trend of international financial markets, Mexican Stock Exchange has decreased in number of public companies during the last three decades we explored a comprehensive list of delisted companies during the same period to analyze and understand the motives and reasons of the deregistration process in Mexico. Delisted companies in MSE has experienced low financial performance and unexpected stable stock prices, our results are related with systemic flaw in regulation, insider information and the opportunity to the MSE to increase in size and number of public companies. Keywords: corporate governance, financial performance, insider information, regulation transparency Resumen. Despues de la adopcion de nuevas regulaciones enfocadas a mejor gobierno corporativo y transparencia, la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores ha seguido la tendencia mundial en ambos conceptos sin embargo el numero de companias listadas ha decrecido en las ultimas tres decadas. Exploramos las razones y motivos detras del proceso de cancelacion de registro de las companias en Mexico durante ese mismo periodo para entender mejor su funcionamiento. Encontramos que dichas companias han tenido un desempeno financiero bajo y un inesperado precio de la accion estable, los resultados sugieren de que es probable que exista fuga de informacion a nivel sistema y la oportunidad de poder hacer crecer el numero y tamano de las companias publicas. Palabras clave: desempeno financiero, gobierno corporativo, informacion privilegiada, regulacion, transparencia
Surgical Approaches and Preoperative Evaluation

The majority of patients with shoulder arthritis present with pain and limited range of motion. Generally, they have failed a course of rest, NSAIDs, and physical therapy. For patients who are about to undergo total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), certain facts need to be obtained from the history and physical examination that help with preoperative planning, as well as with intraoperative and postoperative decision making. Preoperative planning is essential when considering TSA. Preoperative templating can help with proper component sizing and positioning. Diligent preoperative assessment of the glenoid is critical to determine whether a glenoid could be placed or if any special considerations are necessary for proper placement. Proper technique during the approach during TSA aids in exposure, proper positioning of components, and appropriate soft tissue balancing.
Intersections between rural livelihood security and animal pollination in Anolaima, Colombia

Abstract In the tropics, the interdependence between animal pollinators and smallholders is imperiled by the expansion of industrial agriculture. We discuss some of the intersections between animal pollination and agrarian change through an empirical case study of Anolaima, formerly considered “the fruit capital of Colombia”. The paper draws on 22 months of field research that included surveys with 320 households and more detailed interviews and participant observation with 16 focal families. Agrarian change has directly and indirectly driven the declines of animal pollinators necessary to the production of a large proportion of foods with high nutritional value, increasing the socio-ecological vulnerability of rural people. We describe an ironic and vicious cycle of inequality in Anolaima, where smallholders—especially older farmers and large families with small farms—once benefitted from nutritionally-rich, animal pollinated foods grown on their diverse agricultural plots. Now their agricultural production is threatened by pollinator declines driven by agroindustrial practices, which are conducted by wealthier households who secure food access by purchasing foods that include fruits dependent on animal pollination formerly grown locally. These dynamics leave low-income farmers surrounded by simplified, chemical-laden landscapes inhospitable to the bees upon which their agricultural livelihoods depend; and faced with food insecurity, unable to afford or access the culturally important foods they used to cultivate. We conclude with a discussion of the significance of traditional, diversified smallholder agriculture, its contribution to a large fraction of food consumed worldwide, and its role in biodiversity conservation in rural landscapes.