cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental studies of copper anode passivation during electrorefining: Part II. Surface morphology

Passivation of commercial copper anodes and pure copper has been previously analyzed by performing electrochemical measurements. Chronopotentiometry results revealed four characteristic regions involving I—active dissolution, II—prepassivation, III—passivation onset, and IV—passivation, for commercial copper anodes, while only active dissolution was observed for pure copper under the conditions employed. In order to establish the relationship between surface morphology and passivation response, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were applied to characterize morphology of the product layers formed on a commercial copper anode surface for the distinctive electrochemical regions. The morphology studies suggested that the formation and stability of copper oxide surface films are critical to the onset and development of passivation. The structure and porosity of the slimes layer present in the outer layer of the anode influence the stability of copper oxide surface films which dominantly control the passivation response.
Does Environmental Variability Limit Niche Overlap

Abstract A stochastic theory of limiting similarity is presented that attempts to quantify the relationship between tolerable niche overlap among competing species and the degree of environmental fluctuation. The theory is based on a heuristic analytical approximation that provides conditions under which a rare invading species can increase in the presence of a community of established competitors. The major qualitative conclusion, derived from investigating two symmetric, discrete-time, stochastic analogs of the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, is that weak to moderate stochastic variation does not appear to limit significantly the similarity of competing species. This result is in sharp contrast to the conclusions of May and MacArthur's pioneering study of stochastic limiting similarity. A possible reason for this discrepancy is explored.
Fast 2D inversion of large-borehole EM induction data sets with a domain-decomposition method

Inversion methods have become increasingly important to estimate formation resistivity from borehole electromagnetic (EM) measurements. Recent advances in hardware computer resources as well as the formulation of new minimization algorithms make it feasible to approach the nonlinear inversion of large data sets in an efficient and reliable manner. When the number of formation beds and radial zones is large, the difficulty of the inverse resistivity problem significantly increases due to the increasing demand of computer resources. This situation has hampered the routine application of inverse methods by the borehole geophysics community to estimate spatial distributions of electrical resistivity in the near-borehole region. Several methods have been advanced to approach this problem with relative success. We develop and successfully validate a new inversion method to estimate 2D spatial distributions of electrical resistivity from array-induction measurements acquired in a vertical well. The inversion is approached with a domain-decomposition method coupled with approximate calculation of measurement sensitivities. Examples of application with noisy synthetic and field data sets confirm the efficiency and reliability of the inversion method introduced in this paper.
Oxidative Addition of Phosphine-Tethered Thiols to Iron Carbonyl: Binuclear Phosphinothiolate Complexes, (μ-SCH2CH2PPh2)2Fe2(CO)4, and Hydride Derivatives

The mononuclear complex Fe(CO)4(PPh2CH2CH2SH), 1, is isolated as an intermediate in the overall reaction of PPh2CH2CH2SH with [Fe0(CO)4] sources to produce binuclear bridging thiolate complexes. Photolysis is required for loss of CO and subsequent S−H activation to generate the metal−metal bonded FeI−FeI complex, (μ-SCH2CH2PPh2)2Fe2(CO)4, 2. Isomeric forms of 2 derive from the apical or basal position of the P-donor ligand in the pseudo square pyramidal S2Fe(CO)2P coordination spheres. This position in turn is dictated by the stereochemistry of the μ-S−CH2 bond, designated as syn or anti with respect to the Fe2S2 butterfly core. Addition of strong acids engages the FeI−FeI bond density as a bridging hydride, [(μ-H)-anti-2]+[SO3CF3]- or [(μ-H)-syn-2]+[SO3CF3]-, with formal oxidation to FeII−H−FeII. Molecular structures of anti-2, syn-2, and [(μ-H)-anti-2]+[SO3CF3]- were determined by X-ray crystallography and show insignificant differences in distance and angle metric parameters, including the Fe−Fe bond d...
Modular microfluidic interconnects using photodefinable silicone microgaskets and MEMS O-rings

Fully-integrated microgaskets and MEMS o-rings made of SU8 and photosensitive silicone are described and tested under varying conditions of compressive stress. An analytical theory of microgasket sealing behavior is also presented. The theory shows the critical importance of device surface flatness. The microgasket is found to be capable of deforming approximately 25% of its initial thickness and forming leakfree fluidic seals at inlet pressures below 50 psi. The microgasket is incorporated into a modular microfluidic system that exhibits system leak rates lower than 2.3 nL/min for working pressures up to 250 psi. The microgaskets and O-rings prove reusable under practical operating conditions. Fabricated chip-to-chip interconnects exhibit a low dead volume of approximately 9 nL while further optimization reduced the dead volume per interconnect to about 1 nL.
Neural-tube defects caused by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in chicks.

Chick embryos were explanted at HH stage 4 and cultured for 24 h on thin albumen with 10 μg/ml 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). BrdU inhibited closure of the neural tube in over 90% of the embryos. Mitotic figures were found throughout adversely effected neuroepithelium, suggesting that interkinetic nuclear migration had been inhibited. Electron microscopic studies of BrdU-treated neural-tube cells showed fewer and more amorphous cytoplasmic extensions, microfilaments, and desmosomal (functional) tonofibrils than in controls, but micro-tubules were unaffected.
Operative outcomes of minimally invasive saphenous vein harvest.

background The longest incision used in surgery is the standard incision for harvesting the greater saphenous vein for arterial grafting. This long incision is associated with significant pain and morbidity. We present a comparative study between two relatively less invasive techniques: the standard bridge technique (BT) and the endoscopic saphenous vein harvest (ESVH). patients and methods This is a prospective, nonrandomized, case-matched study of contemporaneous minimally invasive saphenous vein harvest in patients undergoing multiple vessel coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Data points include operative time, total wound length, length of vein harvested, intraoperative complications, conversions to open, injury to the graft, postoperative complications and hospital length of stay. Follow-up continued for 8 weeks postdischarge. results Within a 10-month period (July 1996 to May 1997), 60 saphenous vein harvests were performed, with 29 by BT and 31 by ESVH. Patient demographics were well matched, except for a larger number of patients with peripheral vascular disease in the ESVH group. ESVH only required 2.3 incisions versus 5 for the BT (P = 0.000001), whereas ESVH produced on average longer veins of 53.9 cm versus 47.7 cm for BT (P = 0.05). Harvest times were comparable in the two groups. However, mean vein preparation times, incision closure times, and total vein operative times for the BT were, respectively, 18.5 minutes, 35.1 minutes, and 94 minutes versus significantly less times of 11.3 minutes (P = 0.009), 10.6 minutes (P = 0.000001), and 73 minutes (P = 0.0001), respectively, for ESVH. The early, minor wound complication rate was 32% for the ESVH group versus 3% for the BT group (P = 0.0048). However, excluding small wound hematomas, the wound complication rate in the ESVH group fell to 13%. Graft quality was acceptable in both groups. conclusions ESVH was demonstrated to be a useful procedure to harvest saphenous veins for CABG surgery. The ESVH technique allowed the harvesting of a longer vein, via shorter and fewer incisions and in less time. However, for maximum operating room efficiency with the new technology, staff education is essential. There was a greater incidence of minor wound complications in the ESVH group; however, the majority of these ESVH complications were small wound hematomas, which did not occur as surgeon experience with the technique increased.
Early-Universe thermal production of not-so-invisible axions.

It is found that, for Peccei-Quinn symmetry-breaking scales of less than about 4 x 10 to the 8th GeV (corresponding to axion masses of greater than about 0.03 eV) thermal production of axions in the early universe (via the Primakoff and photoproduction processes) dominates coherent production by a factor of about 1200/m sub a/(1 eV)/ exp 2.175. The photon luminosity from the decays of these relic axions leads to an upper limit to the axion mass of order 2-5 eV. If the axion mass saturates this bound, relic axion decays may well be detectable.
Procollagen alpha 1 type I: A potential aide in histopathological grading of glioma

Collagen type I production has been shown to play a role in malignant transformation. We examined procollagen type I expression in brain tumors and with histopathological grading. Expression levels of procollagen alpha 1 type 1 were determined in 5 glioma cell lines by RT-PCR, Northern, and Western blot analysis. In addition, 41 primary brain tumors and 2 metastatic lung cancers to the brain were examined by PCR. Of the 5 glioma cell line analyzed, 3 (glioma 1, SW-1783 and U-118) expressed procollagen alpha 1 type I and were sensitive to vitamin D3 (VD3). In contrast, 2 of the cell lines (U-373 and T-98G) lacked procollagen alpha 1 type 1 expression. In patients' samples, 14 of 15 anaplastic and low grade gliomas expressed procollagen alpha 1 type I, and 12 of the 14 expressed high levels. In contrast, only 12 of 21 high grade gliomas from patients expressed procollagen alpha 1 type1 and among these, only 4 of the 12 expressed high levels. Thus, there is an inversed correlation between procollagen alpha 1...
Good Lives: Prolegomena

A philosophical essay under this title faces severe rhetorical challenges. New accounts of the good life regularly and rapidly turn out to be variations of old ones, subject to a predictable range of decisive objections. Attempts to meet those objections with improved accounts regularly and rapidly lead to a familiar impasse — that while a life of contemplation, or epicurean contentment, or stoic indifference, or religious ecstasy, or creative rebellion, or self-actualization, or many another thing might count as a good life, none of them can plausibly be identified with the good life, or the best life. Given the long history of that impasse, it seems futile to offer yet another candidate for the genus “good life” as if that candidate might be new, or philosophically defensible. And given the weariness, irony, and self-deprecation expected of a philosopher in such an impasse, it is difficult for any substantive proposal on this topic to avoid seeming pretentious.
Coupling from Multimode to Single-Mode Linear Waveguides Using Horn-Shaped Structures

Coupling from a multimode to a single-mode linear waveguide using horn-shaped structures is investigated. The approximate coupling efficiency is found by numerical solution of coupled-mode equations that apply to the reciprocal problem, i.e., to the problem of propagation in an expanding horn. A coupling efficiency in excess of 90 percent is calculated when coupling is from the principal mode of a sample 50-mu m-wide multimode waveguide to a 3-mu m-wide single-mode guide (lambda = 0.63mu m). This efficiency results from a uniformly tapered horn whose length is on the order of 2 mm. The length can be decreased by using a shaped coupling region. One such region is found to result in a coupling length of approximately 1.6 mm.
WCET code positioning

Some processors incur a pipeline delay whenever an instruction transfers control to a target that is not the next sequential instruction. Compiler writers attempt to reduce these delays by positioning the basic blocks within a function to minimize the number of unconditional jumps and taken conditional branches that occur. Such a code positioning algorithm is traditionally driven by profile data representing typical program executions where pairs of blocks are placed in contiguous order when the transitions between these blocks occur most frequently. In this paper we describe an approach to perform code positioning without profiling in an attempt to reduce WCET instead of ACET. Our compiler interacts with a timing analyzer to obtain WCET path information to guide the block positioning. The results show over a 9% average reduction in WCET is achieved after code positioning is performed and our greedy WCET code positioning algorithm always achieves optimal results for our benchmark suite.
Pricing and Distributed Power Control for Relay Networks

In this paper, we consider a wireless amplify-and- forward relay network with one relay node and multiple source-destination pairs/users and propose a compensation framework such that the relay has incentives to forward the users' signals. Specifically, depending on the quality of the received signals, the relay sets the prices to maximize its revenue and correspondingly charges the users utilizing the relay for their transmissions. Given the specified price, the users competitively employ the relay node to forward their signals. We model each user as a strategic player, which aims at maximizing its own net utility through power allocation, and apply non-cooperative game theory to analyze the competition among the users. It is shown that, in the game played by the users, there always exists a unique Nash equilibrium point that can be achieved through distributed iterations. Then, subject to the availability of complete information about the users at the relay, we propose a low- complexity uniform pricing algorithm and an optimal differentiated pricing algorithm, in which the relay charges the users at a sub-optimal uniform price and at different prices, respectively.
The E Perpendicular Polarization Response of a Two-Dimensional Heterogeneous Layer Modeled by Two Thin Sheets in a Horizontally Stratified Half-Space

The thin sheet approximation is a useful tool for modeling heterogeneous geoelectric structures that are large in horizontal extent as compared with their vertical extent. The primary restriction introduced by the thin-sheet method is the requirement that the anomalous region being modeled with a thin sheet must be electrically thin at the frequency of operation. I have expanded the flexibility of the thin-sheet technique to model two-dimensional structures by analyzing the response to E perpendicular polarization, also known as the transverse magnetic (TM) mode, when a heterogeneous Earth is modeled by two thin sheets over a horizontally stratified half-space. Numerical results are obtained for a representative model using both one and two thin sheets, and the results are compared. At frequencies where the anomalous layer is no longer electrically thin, the percentage phase error in the magnetotelluric impedance that results from the single thin sheet model is much more severe than the percentage magnitude error. If the contribution of the induced vertical current density to the horizontal electric field is neglected, the additional computational effort required by the addition of a second thin sheet can be significantly reduced. Numerical results are obtained using this approximation and compared to the results obtained when the vertical contribution is not neglected. The error generated by this approximate technique is very small except near sharp conductance boundaries.
Developing a Latino Mentoring Program: Project MALES (Mentoring to Achieve Latino Educational Success).

This chapter highlights the development of Project MALES (Mentoring to Achieve Latino Educational Success). At the center of Project MALES is a mentoring program that aims to cultivate an engaged support network for males of color at the University of Texas at Austin and across surrounding communities. Specifically, there is a discussion of the theories and framework that guided the creation of this mentoring program and its ongoing development.
Cosmogenic ^3He production rates in apatite, zircon and pyroxene inferred from Bonneville flood erosional surfaces

^3He concentrations were measured in zircon, apatite and pyroxene separates from rhyolite surfaces along the Snake River near Twin Falls, Idaho. These fluted and potholed surfaces were presumably scoured by the Bonneville outburst flood ~17.5 ka. Several of the samples contain inherited ^3He from prior exposure, reflecting the complex incision history of the Snake River canyon and suggesting earlier flood events. Each individual mineral from the remaining surfaces yielded ^3He concentrations that are within error of each other. ^3He produced by neutron capture on ^6Li was established from shielded samples and a simple neutron production model. The remaining ^3He is spallogenic and was used to calibrate the production rate of cosmogenic ^3He in zircon, apatite and pyroxene by assuming minimal erosion since the Bonneville flood. In all three phases the resulting production rates are ~7–12% lower than previous ^3He production rate estimates obtained by reference to various production rates for ^(10)Be in quartz. This disagreement is partially reconciled here by recalculating previous results with a ^(10)Be production rate of 4.51 at g^(−1) a^(−1) in quartz. Adopting this revised rate brings three independent ^3He production rate estimates for zircon and apatite into agreement within 5%, with grand means of 103 ± 3 at g^(−1) a^(−1) in zircon and 133 ± 6 at g^(−1) a^(−1) in apatite. The major source of uncertainty in cosmogenic ^3He dating of these phases is now correction for ^3He produced by neutron capture on ^6Li. Calculations are presented for assessing the amount of uncertainty introduced by this correction as a function of Li concentration, cosmic-ray exposure age, and He closure age.
A Revision of the Neotropical GenusDesicastaThomson (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini)

Abstract The genus Desicasta Thomson, 1878 is comprehensively reviewed, and the formerly eight species are reduced to three. Redescriptions of previously known species, a key for identification, and illustrations of the three species are provided. Desicasta sculptilis Thomson, 1878, Moscheuma sebosum Neervoort van de Poll, 1886, and Moscheuma opaca Kraatz, 1898 are placed as new junior synonyms of Desicasta lobata (Olivier, 1789). Desicasta laevicostata (Neervoort van de Poll, 1886) is a new junior synonym of Desicasta reichei (Thomson, 1860). Desicasta nonfriedi Schoch, 1896 is a new junior synonym of Amithao erythropus (Burmeister, 1842).
8 Maya Polychrome Vessels as Inalienable Possessions

During the Late Classic period in the Maya Lowlands (C.E. 650–800), polychrome serving vessels were produced and circulated in restricted exchange systems. The production and circulation of these vessels has traditionally been understood in terms of prestige good economy. In this chapter, I use Annette Weiner's concept of inalienable possessions to extend analysis of Late Classic–period polychromes beyond the tenets of prestige goods to: (1) discuss how value came to be embedded in specific polychrome vessels; (2) identify previously overlooked ceramic social valuables; and (3) discuss how these vessels were used to simultaneously promote social hierarchy and integrate communities.
The Southern Kalahari: a potential new dust source in the Southern Hemisphere?

Most sources of atmospheric dust on Earth are located in the Northern Hemisphere. The lower dust emissions in the Southern Hemisphere in part limit the supply of micronutrients (primarily soluble iron) to the Southern Ocean, thereby constraining its productivity. Climate and land use change can alter the current distribution of dust source regions on Earth. Can new dust sources be activated in the Southern Hemisphere? Here we show that vegetation loss and dune remobilization in the Southern Kalahari can promote dust emissions comparable to those observed from major contemporary dust sources in the Southern African region. Dust generation experiments support the hypothesis that, in the Southern Kalahari, aeolian deposits that are currently mostly stabilized by savanna vegetation are capable of emitting substantial amounts of dust from interdune areas. We show that dust from these areas is relatively rich in soluble iron, an important micronutrient for ocean productivity. Trajectory analyses show that dust from the Kalahari commonly reaches the Southern Ocean and could therefore enhance its productivity.
Human steroidogenic factor-1 (hSF-1) regulates progesterone biosynthesis and growth of ovarian surface epithelial cancer cells.

Abstract The majority of cancers derived from ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells are lethal. Estrogens promote proliferation of OSE cells, whereas progesterone inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of OSE cells. Human steroidogenic factor-1 (hSF-1) induction of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ( StAR ) gene, and the steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 is central to progesterone biosynthesis. Whereas hSF-1 and StAR are expressed in human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) cells, hSF-1 and StAR protein were not expressed in a panel of malignant ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3, BG-1, and Caov-3), and in human OSE cells immortalized by SV40 large T antigen (IOSE-121). Transient expression of hSF-1 in SKOV-3 cells activated the expression of StAR, p450scc and 3βHSD-II mRNAs, and induced progesterone biosynthesis. Additionally, hSF-1 suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis of SKOV-3 cells and suppressed SKOV-3 cell growth induced by ERα and estradiol. These findings suggest that hSF-1 is central to progesterone biosynthesis in OSE cells. Human SF-1 may decrease OSE cancer cell numbers directly by apoptosis, and indirectly by opposing estradiol-induced proliferation. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis, that down-regulation of hSF-1 contributes to progression of ovarian epithelial cancers.
Surface plasmon dynamics in an isolated metallic nanoslit

We present an analytical study of the dynamic interplay among surface plasmon polarization charges, electromagnetic fields, and energy flow in the metal/dielectric interface and metal nanoslit structure. Particular attention is given to the regime where the energy flow in the metal side is significant compared to that in the dielectric side. The study reveals that a vortex-like circulation of energy is an intrinsic feature of surface plasmon propagation supported by a metal/dielectric interface, and, in general, a vortex can form when the permittivity and permeability values of the materials involved satisfy the following condition: {(em/ed) -1} or {(em/ed)>-1 and (µm/µd)<-1}.
Declining Odds: Kinship, Women's Employment, and Political Economy in Rural Mexico

Some women in San Cosme Mazatecochco, a rural community in central Mexico, whose families have more diverse networks and a slight economic advantage, use the community's flexible kinship system to get more secure employment. But their ability to do so is limited by the larger political economy. As the Mexican economy deteriorates for working-class Mexicans and the class system becomes more closed, more women participate in the labor force and more women have marginal employment, [political economy, kinship, women, class, Mexico]
Genetic Variation in an Asexual Species, the Garden Strawberry

genetic variation, like other attributes, of a population is a product of tem of the organism. WRIGHT (1956) discussed selection in terms of the concept, outlined by him in various earlier papers, of multiple “adaptive peaks” in the potential array of genotypes of a species. In the process he drew a contrast between populations in which reproduction is exclusively biparental and ones in which it is ordinarily asexual but occasionally biparental. He indicates that with biparental reproduction and continuous selection of a constant sort in a relatively stable environment, the expectation in any single panmictic population is a set of coadapted genotypes. These genotypes would all be associated with a single adaptive peak (not necessarily the h’ghest) and coadapted in the sense that new genotypes derived by random intercrossing would have average value about equal to that of the parent genotypes. On the other hand, he pointed out that asexual reproduction allows strong selection among clones (individual genotypes) so that the emphasis is shifted from coadaptation to the excellence (fitness) of the single genotype in its own right. Thus surviving genotypes (clones) are more likely to be associated with different adaptive peaks and to exhibit less coadaptation. The suggested contrast in coadaptation can be illustrated in terms of economic plants. Random intercrossing in an open-pollinated variety of corn yields a new generation about equal in value to the parental generation. However, random crosses among clones of strawberries, potatoes, sugar cane, etc. that have survived as commercial varieties yield progenies of markedly lower value than the parents. The existence of multiple adaptive peaks is not absolutely dependent on presence of epistasis, but it is usually assumed that interactions of nonallelic genes will be a significant feature of any multiple peak system of genotypes. On this assumption WRIGHT’S hypothesis suggests that a population obtained from random crossing among selected clones of an asexual species should exhibit (1) relatively large amounts of genetic variances, and (2) considerable epistatic variance. This manuscript reports and discusses evidence on the genetic variance THE evolutionary forces. These forces are shaped in part by the reproductive sys
Multiple Studies and Evidential Defeat

You read a study in a reputable medical journal in which the researchers report a statistically significant correlation between peanut butter consumption and low cholesterol. Under ordinary circumstances, most of us would take this study to be at least some evidence that there is a real causal connection of some sort (hereafter: a real connection) between peanut butter consumption and low cholesterol. Later, you discover that this particular study isn’t the only study that the researchers conducted investigating a possible real connection between peanut butter consumption and some health characteristic. In fact, their research is being funded by the Peanut Growers of America, whose explicit goal is to find a statistical correlation between peanut butter consumption and some beneficial health characteristic or other that they can highlight in their advertising. Though the researchers would never falsify data or do anything straightforwardly scientifically unethical,1 they have conducted one thousand studies attempting to find statistically significant correlations between peanut butter consumption and one thousand different beneficial health characteristics including low incidence of heart disease, stroke, skin cancer, broken bones, acne, gingivitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, poor self-esteem, and so on. When you find out about the existence of these other studies, should that at least partially undermine your confidence that there is a real connection between peanut butter consumption and low cholesterol? In other words, does the existence of the other studies at least partially defeat the evidence that the study provides for a real connection between peanut butter consumption and low cholesterol? That is the question that this paper will address. Call a defender of an answer of “yes” to this kind of question a Defeatist, and call a defender of the opposite view an anti-Defeatist. A few clarifications: First, there is the familiar point that A correlating with B isn’t the same as A causing B, so it isn’t obvious that the original study ever gives us any reason to think that eating peanut butter causes people to have low cholesterol; perhaps having low cholesterol causes people to eat peanut butter, or perhaps some other characteristic (like being tall) causes people both to eat peanut butter and to have low cholesterol.2 So let’s just focus on the question of whether there is some real causal connection or other3 between peanut butter consumption and low cholesterol. It’s very plausible that the study is evidence that there is such a real connection, whatever its nature might be.
Low pressure drop micro preconcentrators with cobweb Tenax-TA film for analysis of human breath

This paper reports the design, simulation, and experimental evaluation of high performance low pressure drop (&#60;100Pa/cm) micropreconcentrator (µPC) chips (12mm×12mm×1mm) for handheld breath analyzers. The µPC's high performance is attributed to the multiple inlets/outlets, novel high-aspect-ratio (360µm) parabolic reflectors, and cobweb configuration of adsorbent films, all of which promote the adsorption of chemical species. Flow pattern simulations were used to verify the underlying concept of the design. The performance of the new design was compared with solid phase microextraction (SPME), a commonly used sample preparation method in breath analysis.
On representing variation

Although primarily studied in the context of product lines, variability is a key fact about most systems and therefore a concern for the architectures of those systems. Thus it is essential for the Architect to have suitable tools for representing, managing and reasoning about variation. Most work on product line variation has focused on the variability of components and their connectors within an architecture. Meanwhile, Architects today often use multiple viewpoints to frame diverse stakeholders' concerns for an architecture. How can variation be expressed within the representational paradigm of multiple viewpoints? This paper uses a simplified model of variation reflecting current practice and explores the consequences of that model for the representation of variation as a part of architecture description, using the conceptual foundation of ISO/IEC 42010 (the revision of IEEE 1471:2000) and poses a number of questions for discussion at the VARI-ARCH workshop.
Monocultures and Their Pairwise Combinations when Responses Are Available for Each Member of the Combination

In the previous chapters we were mainly concerned with comparative procedures for intercropping experiments. The intercropping system in this chapter could be handled by any one of a number of statistical procedures, such as, e.g., multiple comparisons. Since goals of mixture experiments vary, interest could center on biological modeling response equations as well as comparative procedures. In the diallel crossing genetic treatment design, interest centers upon how well a line performs on the average with all the other n - 1 lines (general combining ability), as well as how well a particular cross performs (specific combining ability). For example, a mixture of soybeans and maize has a higher yield than could be obtained from equal acreage of sole crop maize and soybeans. In this chapter, we concentrate on similar types of modeling considerations to assess quantitatively how well a line (or cultivar) mixes or competes with other lines in mixtures of two lines (general mixing or competing ability), and how well or poorly the line performs when in combination with a particular line (specific mixing or competing ability). The response model equations are formulated for the situation wherein responses are available for each member of the mixture. When only one combined response is available for a mixture, different response model equations are necessary; these are dealt with in Chapter 7.
Preservice teachers respond to And Tango Makes Three: deconstructing disciplinary power and the heteronormative in teacher education

This study employs Foucualdian concepts to analyse macro and micro contexts of publicly spoken and silent discourses describing ‘homosexuality,’ ‘education’ and ‘teacher’ in order to identify teacher subject positions available to preservice teachers. The macro context is analysed by tracing heteronormative discourses found in newspaper stories involving teachers and public schools that address conflicting views of homosexuality. The macro context analysis indicates two binary teacher subject positions: martyred (unemployed) teacher/silent (employed) teacher and sophisticated teacher/unsophisticated teacher. The micro context analysis is of preservice teachers' responses to And Tango Makes Three, a picture book by Richardson and Parnell. This analysis demonstrates how preservice teachers take up and negotiate teacher subject positions found in the macro analysis. Combined, the analyses allow the researchers to consider how preservice teachers' performances of teacher subjectivity open up possibilities for...
Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A Survey of the Families. Cleridae Latreille, 1802

Diversity: 7 subfamilies, 27 genera, 92 species. Introduction: The most recent catalog of the Cleridae enlists 3366 species (Corporaal, 1950). This number is certainly outdated, as several species have been described and catalogued since. Until 1960, many author extensively worked with the clerid fauna of South America, including Peru. Among these, we can mention authors such as Johan C. Fabricius, Maurice Pic, Sigmund Schenkling, Edward A. Chapin and Johann B. Corporaal. Later on, surveys of the Cleridae in South America diminished considerably. It was not until recently that, people like Weston Opitz and Jaime Solervicens resumed work in this region. Thanks to the efforts of these scientists, it is possible to assert that, currently, the clerid fauna of Peru records 92 species classified into 27 genera and 7 subfamilies. Much work remains to be done in this exceptionally diverse Andean country, and many species are yet to be described and classified. This work has the sole purpose of giving a brief description of what the clerids are, how they are classified, and finally, provide a checklist of the species inhabiting the Peruvian territory. General recognition: Members of the Cleridae, commonly referred to as checkered beetles, comprise a group of beetles of moderate dimensions, ranging in size from less than 5 mm to more than 30 mm. They are moderately broad to elongate, almost always covered with erect and sub-erect setae. Coloration ranges from conspicuously bright to dull or almost black. The eyes are of variable size, may be bulging laterally or not, slightly to strongly emarginate. The antennae are greatly variable in shape and length. The elytra almost always fully cover the abdomen, and rarely up to two abdominal segments may be exposed. The tibiae are typically armed with two spurs. The tarsi possess pulvilli or tarsal pads which are heavily vested. The abdomen has six visible segments, the last abdominal segment of males may be conspicuously modified from that of females or not. Diagnosis: Clerid members can be recognized by the presence of the following combination of characters: possession of a postgular plate or postgular projection (Opitz, 2010b), this projection is absent in remaining families within Cleroidea. The lateral portion of the lacinia is enlarged, ranging in size from greatly expanded to a lacinial folding. Finally, the protarsus is ventrally dilated, either in the form of tarsal pulvilli or setiferous extensions. The size and number of tarsomeres bearing pulvilli or setiferous extensions can vary among genera. Habitat: Little is known about the biology and ecology of the Cleridae. As a general rule, both larvae and adults are primarily predaceous of other insects; however, a small number of species are anthophillic (feeding on pollen). The ecological preferences of these beetles are markedly variable. Some species are associated with flowers and grasses, among these, various member of the genus Trichodes Herbst; others are found
Military Geology and Geograpy in the American Civil War

During the American Civil War, geology and physiography figured prominently in military activities in southwestern Virginia. In this region, strategic mineral operations and the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, all crucial to the Confederate war effort, drew the interest of Union commanders throughout the war. In the spring of 1864, Union Major General George Crook and his Army of the Kanawha conducted a campaign against the railroad that resulted in the Battles of Cloyds Mountain and the New River Bridge. Terrain profoundly impacted this expedition, both at the operational and tactical levels. Simply to reach and return from its targets, Crook's army had to cross the rugged mountains of the Appalachian Plateaus and Valley and Ridge. At the tactical scale, geologic formations and structures created the topography over which the troops fought, and local terrain elements such as ridges and valleys, drainage, and karst features were important factors in the battles.
Standards for Archival Information Management Systems

In order to assess the potential utility of establishing a standard for archival information management systems, the author analyzes seven functional requirements statements written either as general instruments or to implement specific systems in particular institutional or network settings. He acknowledges the importance of the different environments in which archival information systems must operate and describes the components of an information system that a standard would need to address. He concludes that guidelines could be effective as a model for vendors to use as a baseline for system design and could serve as a foundation for other descriptive standards.
The use of color Doppler ultrasound in exercise testing

Vigorous exercise of the large skeletal muscles produces an increase in myocyte oxygen demand which must be satisfied by an increase in cardiac output of up to, or even exceeding, 500% in normal individuals. Since this is accomplished by a combination of increased heart rate and contractile force, myocardial oxygen demand also rises, and this demand, in turn, is satisfied by an increase in blood flow in the coronary arteries. In patients with ischemic heart disease, this increased flow produces a pressure drop distal to any narrowed coronary arterial segment. If this pressure drop is high enough, transient myocardial ischemia will result. Such ischemia causes changes in both electrical and functional properties of the heart muscle, and since these changes may be detected non-invasively in various ways, exercise stress testing has been useful in the detection and assessment of ischemic heart disease since 1931 [1].
Political Parties in Transitions: The Kenyan Experience

Political parties, as the sole organs that rule the state, must understand, advance, and defend the country’s national interests. Although political parties will differ in ideology and philosophy, they nevertheless must espouse and abide by core national interests. Many East African states, including Kenya, lack a progressive-or even a clear unambiguous – political party’s law that would set strict and fair criteria to govern political parties. The lessons to be drawn from the Kenyan experience are several and include the observation that political parties in East Africa are generally fragile, lack a national outlook, are not driven by clearly differing ideologies in the context of the same state, and woefully lack a viable resource base. But in general, even with these debilitating factors, political parties seem to be committed, at least rhetorically, to the creation of liberal democratic, open market states. This orientation represents the consensus of elites in the region. The problem has been the inability of the elites to translate these aspirations into reality because of the countervailing interests entrenched in corruption, ethnic politics, narrow personal agendas, and underdeveloped economies.
Two models of normative frameworks for human rights during emergencies

This essay explores two models of emergency frameworks within human rights law and theory.The paper suggests that the emergency frameworks in contemporary human rights treaties are early efforts with many shortcomings. It also proposes an extended effort to improve existing emergency frameworks. A central idea is that different types of emergencies require somewhat different responses, even in regard to which human rights can be limited or suspended. Beyond this, the paper attempts to describe some key features of more elaborate and determinate emergency frameworks, and urges gradual movement towards hybrid frameworks that make greater of use of type-orientation.
Rearing the House Cricket, Aeheta domesticus, on Commercial Feed

The house cricket ( Acheta domesticus (L.)) is a good laboratory species which may well replace the American cockroach in physiological and toxicological studies. Its advantages include: A life cycle of 4 to 6 weeks, ready adaptation to living in captivity, freedom from disease, moderately large size, and social acceptability of escapees among secretarial personnel. It is also an insect of commercial interest as a fish bait. The most common recommendations for feeding these insects include: dog food, chick mash, and rabbit food. In this study, growth and development were compared using seven commercially available animal feeds with the object of determining the most desirable in terms of nutritional sufficiency and cost.
Use of bioelectrical impedance to predict leanness of Boston butts.

The objective of this research was to make available bioelectrical impedance technol- ogy for the prediction of kilograms of lean and kilograms of fat-free muscle of Boston butts. Seventy butts were removed from 70 pork car- casses according to standard procedures (NAMP, #406), with the exception that the fat was not removed. After the weight in kilograms (BUTT) and internal temperature in degrees centigrade (TEMP) were recorded, each butt was measured for resistance (Rs, ohms), reactance NC, ohms), and distance (L, centimeters) between detector termi- nals four different ways: parallel or perpendicular to the top of the carcass and on either lean surface or fat surface of the cut. Each cut was physically separated into lean, fat, and bone. Chemical composition (moisture, protein, and fat) was deter- mined on the lean portion. Variable selection analysis was used to develop equations for predict- ing kilograms of lean and kilograms of fat-free muscle of Boston butts. Results of measurements of the four sites were quite similar; however, measuring perpendicularly on the lean surface is recommended. The prediction equation for kilo- grams of lean from measurements thus taken is as Rs + .00845 x Xc + .Of330 x L. The respective coefficients of these independent variables for predicting kilograms of fat-free muscle are .537, -.0415, .479, -.0139, .00804, and .0764. In an industry application of these coefficients, recording temper- ature would not be imperative because the temper- ature range would be sufficiently narrow to render temperature of little practical influence when separating butts according to leanness. Results showed that bioelectrical impedance is a rapid, nondestructive method for determining the amounts of lean and fat-free muscle of Boston butts. The method successfully categorized Boston butts into four categories of leanness. fOllOWS: .461 - .0304 x TEMP + .576 x BUTT - .O118 x
Implementation Research: The Fourth Movement of the Unfinished Translation Research Symphony

Highlights The translational research paradigm has had a dynamic history. We propose further evolution of the paradigm to recognize the complex iterative/recursive nature of the translational research process, the feedback loops and intersections that can occur between various steps in the process, as well as the nonlinear progression from fundamental discovery science to population health impact in real-world settings. Current evidence shows that the biomedical research enterprise has been highly successful in early translational research while much less success can be demonstrated for late phase translational research, especially T4 translation research. The stakes for T4 translation research and implementation science are very high because complete execution of all steps in the translational research spectrum is required for maximum population health impact. The welcome news is that there is an ongoing trans-NIH effort that is contributing to a growing symphony of activity within dissemination and implementation research.
Connecting Aged Parents with Their Adult Children Over Long Distances: Challenges and a Solution

Many elderly people are living apart from their children. We want to develop a system that can reinforce the connection and emotional feelings between aged parents and their children by combing new digital technologies with soft and warm leather material. Through an iterative design process that includes user interview and observation, design exploration, low-fidelity and high-fidelity prototypes, and usability testing, we present a small digital screen attached to an existing leather wallet of the aged parent to receive and display pictures or videos sent from their adult children. By attaching LINK, the old leather wallet serves as an invisible channel, sharing and connecting beautiful family memories without interrupting the private life of either side.
Endovascular Aortic Repair for Progressive Chronic Thoracoabdominal Aortic Dissections

Background Ascending and thoracic aortic dissections progress into thoracoabdominal aneurysms 20–40% of the time, due to the initial aortic injury with associated weakness of the aortic wall. The increased firmness of the intimal flap usually results in a collapsed true lumen that does not spontaneously reexpand even with progressive dilatation of the aorta. In an effort to identify a safe and effective treatment path for this complex disease process, we present 4 cases illustrating successful sequential thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (FEVAR). The treatment of these patients with endovascular techniques is less invasive than open conventional operations. However, multiple procedures are required using various complex novel techniques. Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained to identify 4 cases between January 2010 and May 2015 of patients with pretreatment hypertension, who initially presented with an aortic dissection. All patients subsequently developed a descending aortic aneurysm and were treated by TEVAR and FEVAR. Monthly and yearly outcomes were analyzed. Results All procedures concluded with branched visceral vessel patency and no type I endoleaks. One patient required extraction of the retrograde superior mesenteric artery stent placed during the acute phase for visceral reperfusion. Another patient developed acute thromboembolic occlusion of the right common femoral artery requiring emergent revascularization in the immediate postoperative period. Conclusions Aortic dissection is the most common cause of death related to aortic pathology. Treatment of type B aortic dissections has traditionally been initially medical therapy unless complications develop. The treatment of subsequent complications has been associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. However, the advent of evolving endovascular therapies has resulted in the reassessment of how these patients might be handled. This case series illustrates the treatment of expanding chronic thoracoabdominal aortic dissecting aneurysms with a total endovascular approach using various novel techniques.