cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Democratization as liberation: competing African perspectives on democracy

Do Africans tend to view democracy in more procedural or more substantive terms? This article argues that African endorsements of liberal and procedural understandings are not as pervasive as much of the literature on democratization suggests. Drawing upon Afrobarometer survey results as well as extensive fieldwork and interviews conducted over the past decade in South Africa, it demonstrates both the historical development and significance of these definitional understandings. By employing a substantive approach and thereby bringing questions of poverty and material inequality to the centre of the analysis, this article seeks to offer a perspective on democratization that helps to explain many of the challenges to the institutionalization of democratic regimes that procedural understandings fail to capture.
Red blood cell mechanics and capillary blood rheology

Blood contains a high vol fraction of erythrocytes (red blood cells), which strongly influence its flow properties. Much is known about the mechanical properties of red cells, providing a basis for understanding and predicting the rheological behavior of blood in terms of the behavior of individual red cells. This review describes quantitative theoretical models that relate red cell mechanics to flow properties of blood in capillaries. Red cells often flow in single file in capillaries, and rheological parameters can then be estimated by analyzing the motion and deformation of an individual red cell and the surrounding plasma in a capillary. The analysis may be simplified by using lubrication theory to approximate the plasma flow in the narrow gaps between the cells and the vessels walls. If red cell shapes are assumed to be axisymmetric, apparent viscosities are predicted that agree with determinations in glass capillaries. Red cells flowing in microvessels typically assume nonaxisymmetric shapes, with cyclic "tank-treading" motion of the membrane around the interior. Several analyses have been carried out that take these effects into account. These analyses indicate that nonaxisymmetry and tank-treading do not significantly influence the flow resistance in single-file or two-file flow.
Dual DNA methylation patterns in the CNS reveal developmentally poised chromatin and monoallelic expression of critical genes.

As a first step towards discovery of genes expressed from only one allele in the CNS, we used a tiling array assay for DNA sequences that are both methylated and unmethylated (the MAUD assay). We analyzed regulatory regions of the entire mouse brain transcriptome, and found that approximately 10% of the genes assayed showed dual DNA methylation patterns. They include a large subset of genes that display marks of both active and silent, i.e., poised, chromatin during development, consistent with a link between differential DNA methylation and lineage-specific differentiation within the CNS. Sixty-five of the MAUD hits and 57 other genes whose function is of relevance to CNS development and/or disorders were tested for allele-specific expression in F1 hybrid clonal neural stem cell (NSC) lines. Eight MAUD hits and one additional gene showed such expression. They include Lgi1, which causes a subtype of inherited epilepsy that displays autosomal dominance with incomplete penetrance; Gfra2, a receptor for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor GDNF that has been linked to kindling epilepsy; Unc5a, a netrin-1 receptor important in neurodevelopment; and Cspg4, a membrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan associated with malignant melanoma and astrocytoma in human. Three of the genes, Camk2a, Kcnc4, and Unc5a, show preferential expression of the same allele in all clonal NSC lines tested. The other six genes show a stochastic pattern of monoallelic expression in some NSC lines and bi-allelic expression in others. These results support the estimate that 1–2% of genes expressed in the CNS may be subject to allelic exclusion, and demonstrate that the group includes genes implicated in major disorders of the CNS as well as neurodevelopment.
Characterization of spherulites as a lipidic carrier for low and high molecular weight agents.

Purpose To develop spherulite formulations to achieve high entrapment efficiency for both small and macromolecules as well as cell-type specific delivery.
Analysis of powertrain design on effective waste heat recovery from conventional and hybrid electric vehicles

Abstract The growing need for efficient vehicles has led many researchers to explore various ways to utilize waste heat from the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) to improve vehicle fuel economy. Past efforts in Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) have focused primarily on recovering waste heat from Conventional Vehicles (CV), which dissipate more than two-thirds of the fuel energy as waste heat. In general, WHR has always been considered as a secondary component to the vehicle powertrain and as a result it has had little success, particularly in light-duty vehicles. This investigation explores WHR from a broader perspective to better understand the possibilities and limits of WHR from CVs to future highly hybridized vehicles. Fuel energy distribution in the ICE is used to evaluate the sources of waste heat and identify exhaust energy recovery as the most promising method for improving ICE thermal efficiency. Fundamental analysis of conventional and hybrid powertrain design is used to investigate how they impact the availability of exhaust energy from the ICE. Models and simulations of several engines and vehicles are used to validate the theory presented for effective WHR from light-duty vehicles. The analysis focuses on how available exhaust energy changes for different vehicles, how it varies with drive cycles, and how the induced back pressure from an exhaust energy recovery system affects ICE performance. The results indicate that effective WHR is difficult to achieve in light-duty conventional vehicles, but is viable in a highly hybridized vehicles, where ICE thermal efficiency can be increased by at least 15 percent over various drive cycles.
Lateral Neck Lymph Node Characteristics Prognostic of Outcome in Patients with Clinically Evident N1b Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Purpose To identify lateral lymph node (LN) characteristics predictive of outcome in papillary thyroid cancer patients with clinically evident nodal disease.
Neural progenitors and stem cells: mechanisms of progenitor heterogeneity

Heterogeneity among progenitor cells in the vertebrate nervous system has been documented with increasing frequency over the past few years. It has become clear that differences in progenitor cells help to determine when and how they respond to environmental signals. More recent studies have begun to elucidate the molecular basis of the differences in progenitor cell subpopulations that control their developmental potential and responsiveness to environmental signals.
Amplification of arachidonic acid metabolism in rat liver cells (the C-9 cell-line) by tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone and phenylmethyl-sulfonyl fluoride.

Abstract In the presence of the protease inhibitors phenylmethyl-sulfonyl fluoride and N -tosyl- l -phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) production by rat liver cells treated with epidermal growth factor, platelet-activating factor, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and TPA-type tumor promoters (teleocidin and aplysiatoxin) or 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol is amplified. The PGI2 production stimulated by thapsigargin or exogenous arachidonic acid is not amplified. N -Tosyl- l -phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone also amplifies TPA's release of radioactivity from cells isotopically labeled with [ 3 H]arachidonic acid. Indomethacin inhibits the amplification of PGI 2 production but not the release of radioactivity. The presence of the protease inhibitors is not required for the amplification of PGI 2 production. Prior incubation of the cells with these inhibitors, followed by their removal, still results in amplified PGI 2 production by cells subsequently treated with TPA, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, or platelet-activating factor but not that stimulated by exogenous arachidonic acid. While phenylmethyl-sulfonyl fluoride's amplification of PGI 2 production by cells treated with TPA was blocked by prior incubation with TPA for 20 h, a similar block of amplification in EGF-treated cells was not observed.
Uncertainty Due to Unsteady Fluid/Structure Interaction for the Ares I Vehicle Traversing the Transonic Regime

Rapid reduced-order numerical models are being investigated as candidates to simulate the dynamics of a flexible launch vehicle during atmospheric ascent. There has also been the extension of these new approaches to include gust response. These methods are used to perform aeroelastic and gust response analyses at isolated Mach numbers. Such models require a method to time march through a succession of ascent Mach numbers. An approach is presented for interpolating reduced-order models of the unsteady aerodynamics at successive Mach numbers. The transonic Mach number range is considered here since launch vehicles can suffer the highest dynamic loads through this range. Realistic simulations of the flexible vehicle behavior as it traverses this Mach number range are presented. The response of the vehicle due to gusts is computed. Uncertainties in root mean square and maximum bending moment and crew module accelerations are presented due to assumed probability distributions in design parameters, ascent flight conditions, gusts. The primary focus is on the uncertainty introduced by modeling fidelity. It is found that an unsteady reduced order model produces larger excursions in the root mean square loading and accelerations than does a quasi-steady reduced order model.
A wind-tunnel study of sea breeze effects

A wind-tunnel simulation of the diffusion patterns in a sea breeze has been attempted. No attempt was made to reproduce the recirculation that characterizes a sea breeze, but the results indicate that the low-level onshore flow was well simulated for neutral, stable, unstable, and elevated inversion conditions. Velocity, turbulence, shear stress, and temperature data were taken, and the spread of emissions from ground-level sources was investigated. Comparison is made with theoretical predictions by Inoue (1960) and with the open, countryside results of Pasquill. Agreement with the predictions by Inoue is good. The comparison with Pasquill's results shows that the wind-tunnel flows are shifted two categories towards more stable. The discrepancy may be explained as a lack of mesoscale turbulence in the wind tunnel.
Biosynthesis, characterization and inhibition of leukotriene B4 in human whole blood

We have evaluated the biosynthesis, characterization and inhibition of Leukotrien (LT) B4 in unstimulated and in A23187-stimulated human whole blood. LTB4 was assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) both in unextracted serum and after extraction and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Unstimulated human whole blood allowed to clot at 37°C for 60 min produced only trace amounts of LTB4 (0.16±0.05 ng/ml, mean±SD, n=3). LTB4-like immunoreactivity (ir-LTB4) detectable in unstimulated serum samples was largely overestimated by direct RIA, most likely because of interfering substance(s) unrealed to cyclooxygenasep or lipoxygenase activity. Incubation of human whole blood with A23187 (2–10 μM) resulted in a concentration-dependent stimulation of LTB4 production. At 10 μM A23187, ir-LTB4 was 18±2.4 ng/ml (mean±SEM, n=28). In A23187-stimulated serum samples, LTB4 concentrations measured by direct RIA correlated in a statistically significant fashion with those measured after extraction and TLC. Nafazatrom added in vitro caused a dose-dependent inhibition of A23187-stimulated ir-LTB4 production with an IC50 of 17 μM.
The molecular heterogeneity and diversity of reptilian keratins.

Reptile keratins produce complex electrophoretic patterns, contain a number of size classes, and contain protein fractions analogous to the fractions found in other keratins. Thus, reptile keratins are similar to the heterogenous keratins of birds and mammals, and quite different from amphibian epidermal keratins. This heterogeneity may be related to the multiple functions performed by the epidermis of these organisms. The chemical diversity of reptile keratins seems to depend on the morphological differences between the tissues in which they occur. This situation is also found among these proteins in mammals and birds suggesting that keratin diversity is related to the morphological and presumably functional differentiation of epidermal tissues. The distribution of the keratin fractions in each tissue contributes to this diversity but the significance of these fractional differences is uncertain. A comparison of the half-cystine and glycine content of vertebrate alpha and o keratins suggests that the alpha and o proteins of reptiles may be related to the soft alpha keratins of mammals and amphibians. Mammalian hard keratins probably represent a uniquely derived group of proteins which are unlike the other vertebrate keratins. The presence of a "high sulphur" matrix component in both hard mammalian alpha and reptilian o keratins may represent some form of molecular convergence which provides these distantly related proteins with similar physical or organizational properties.
Anatomy of a subduction complex: architecture of the Franciscan Complex, California, at multiple length and time scales

The Franciscan Complex of California records over 150 million years of continuous E-dipping subduction that terminated with conversion to a dextral transform plate boundary. The Franciscan comprises melange and coherent units forming a stack of thrust nappes, with significant along-strike variability, and downward-decreasing metamorphic grade and accretion ages. The Franciscan records progressive subduction, accretion, metamorphism, and exhumation, spanning the extended period of subduction, rather than events superimposed on pre-existing stratigraphy. High-pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks lack a thermal overprint, indicating continuity of subduction from subduction initiation at ca. 165 Ma to termination at ca. 25 Ma. Accretionary periods may have alternated with episodes of subduction erosion that removed some previously accreted material, but the complex collectively reflects a net addition of material to the upper plate. Melanges (serpentinite and siliciclastic matrix) with exotic blocks have sedimenta...
Liberals Ate My Genes

Steven Pinker presents his readers with a contemporary, science-based vision of human nature and the implications of that vision for three cherished dogmas. The three dogmas serve as ‘the official theory’ – one accepted by most western intellectuals (and major institutions) over the course of the last century. The most important of these dogmas is represented in the book’s title. The ‘blank slate’ is the belief that the human mind is, at birth, essentially contentless in terms of dispositions, drives, and motives – a virgin chalkboard onto which anything might be written by the environment, acting via formal and informal life experiences. The other two dogmas are the ‘noble savage’ – a belief that humans are born good but that societies can make them bad, and the ‘ghost in the machine’ – the view that something like a traditional soul animates each human body. These dogmas do not divide in any simple fashion along political lines, though they do tend to cluster on the more liberal side of the spectrum. Liberals favour a view that all human drives are malleable and all talents are nurturable in everyone, the extreme versions of which would be a new ‘socialist man’ and ‘no child left behind.’ Liberals, and I suppose anarchists as well, also trust in the basic goodness of humankind – a variant of the noble savage view. But it tends to be conservatives that favor the existence of souls – especially of the immortal kind that are instilled at conception, that are the responsible choosers of actions, and may be judged in an after-life. By systematically characterising and then attacking each of these three dogmas, Pinker has gained considerable attention for his book. The book seems to outrage many, since many of its arguments are directed against currently academically revered scholars. Pinker also identifies a series of what he calls ‘hot buttons’ – four of which are especially contentious: politics, violence, gender, and children. The last topic treats of the fractious subject of behavioural genetics, as well as arguing a strong thesis
Maximum likelihood analysis of disinfection kinetics

Abstract Disinfection kinetics may be ascertained from experiments using plate-count (or analogous plaque-count) assays using sequential linear regression, nonlinear least squares regression, or maximum likelihood estimation (assuming Poisson replication errors). In this paper it is demonstrated that the latter procedure produces estimates of inactivation parameters of lesser bias and variance than the other two procedures even when the true between-replicate errors are distributed with variances in excess of the Poisson distribution.
Oscillator strengths for N II lines, including intersystem lines, and tests of the spectroscopic coupling scheme

We have measured the relative line strengths for a fairly large number of lines of the 3s-3p and 3p-3d transition arrays of N II with a wall-stabilized arc source in order to test the quality of recent advanced atomic structure calculations. We have observed significant deviations from LS coupling for weaker 3p-3d lines and have found that our measurements agree much better with recent intermediate coupling results. Also, fairly strong intersystem, or spin-forbidden, lines occur for the N II ion due to a near coincidence of the 3s${\mathrm{}}^{1}$${\mathit{P}}^{\mathit{o}}$ and 3s${\mathrm{}}^{3}$${\mathit{P}}^{\mathit{o}}$ levels. We provide experimental comparison data for two recent calculations that differ by a factor of 2 for these intersystem lines. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
First 25 years of quantum optics at Optics Sciences Center

Quantum Optics at the Optical Sciences Center is traced from a gleam in Steve Jacobs’ eyes to a world class set of endeavors. The people involved include Jacobs, Scully, Sargent, Lamb, Hopf, Shoemaker, Meystre, Chow, Rogovin, Franken, Gibbs, Khitrova, Peyghambarian, Wright, Moloney, Lindberg, Koch and their students. The research areas include a wide variety of nonlinear interactions of electromagnetic radiation with atomic, molecular, and solid state matter. The theories in these investigations range from classical to semiclassical to fully quantal.
Fabrication of a micromachined magnetic X/Y/Z scanner for parallel scanning probe applications

Abstract This paper presents the fabrication and characteristics of a magnetically actuated micromechanical scanner/stage with five degrees of freedom ( X,Y,Z, and tilt about the X and Y axes) intended for use as a compact positioning device in parallel scanning probe applications. The entire scanner has a volume of 30×30×2 mm 3 . It shows a DC displacement amplitude to drive current ratio of 330 nm/mA along the X and Y axes, of 50 nm/mA along the Z axis, and has a resonant frequency in the X/Y plane of 61 Hz.
High-throughput screening for Hsp90 ATPase inhibitors

Abstract Recently, we reported a useful assay for the determination of yeast Hsp90 ATPase activity. Using this assay, high-throughput screening of ∼10,000 compounds was performed to determine the feasibility of this assay on large scale. Results from high-throughput screening indicated that the assay was reproducible (av Z -factor = 0.80) and identified 0.57% of the compounds as Hsp90 inhibitors that exhibited IC 50 s less than 20 μM. The structures of several of these inhibitory scaffolds are reported along with their IC 50 values.
Ice logging with light and sound

Polar ice may well be the purest solid substance on Earth, and yet the impurities it contains—gases, dust, and micro-organisms—provide a rich record of Earth's past climate, volcanism, and one-celled life going back ˜400,000 years. Until recently detailed records had been deciphered mostly in chemical and biological laboratories from meter-long ice cores removed by drills capable of coring to bedrock thousands of meters down. Now, borehole instruments are adding a new dimension to the study of ice sheets. They can rapidly log records of past climate, volcanism, c-axis ice fabric, and soon, even microbial life and grain size. Gary Clow, a pioneer in borehole logging, has been measuring temperature profiles that provide information on climate and ice flow [Dahl-Jensen et al., 1998]. From sonic velocity profiles, Kendrick Taylor and Gregg Lamorey are able to infer c-axis fabrics, which record the history of ice flow Robert Hawley and Ed Waddington have developed a video logger that detects annual layers in firn ice.
The Son's Entrance into the Heavenly World: The Soteriological Necessity of the Scriptural Catena in Hebrews 1.5-14

Hebrews 1.5-14 has proved difficult to integrate within the author's larger literary project. More recent scholarship has emphasized rightly that the catena centers upon the Son of God's royal enthronement, but the question as to why the author should begin his argument this way has yet to be answered. In this essay I argue that the event which the catena describes, namely the Son's enthronement to the heavenly world, is critical for the entire logic of the author's argument regarding how humanity's salvation is accomplished. The likelihood of this conclusion is bolstered by the rarely recognized inclusio between 1.5-14 and 12.18-29. Finally, I briefly examine four texts which suggest that the author envisions the Son's narrative, particularly his entrance into God's heavenly realm as described in 1.5-14, as a soteriological necessity, and pattern, for humanity.
Naphthylphthalamic acid is enzymatically hydrolyzed at the hypocotyl-root transition zone and other tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings

Abstract During prolonged storage, solid naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) turns purple due to the formation of the dye, 1,1'-azonaphthylene (ANA). ANA forms oxidatively from two molecules of the NPA degradation product, α-naphthylamine (αNA). At concentrations ≥ 30 μM, solutions of `purple NPA' stained Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings specifically at the hypocotyl-root transition zone and other regions. Staining was caused by the aggregation of ANA and could be reconstituted using undegraded NPA and either αNA or ANA. Studies with [3H]-NPA confirmed that NPA is localized at sites of staining. Genestein, curcumin and quercitin inhibited the staining reaction. Liquid chromatography-mass spectral (LC-MS) analysis of the ANA in the stained tissue indicated that ANA is synthesized at sites of staining. It was postulated that the amide bond of NPA is enzymatically cleaved, producing αNA. The αNA combines to form ANA, which aggregates to yield an insoluble precipitate. Consistent with this hypothesis, NPA amidase activity was detected in purified plasma membranes. The NPA amidase activity was activated by 500 μM MnCl2 and inhibited by phloretin, genestein, quercitin, bestatin and EDTA.
Ammonia loading in cell culture systems.

Abstract We have observed that the ammonia levels in mammalian cell culture media are 10 to 100 times the mean level found in the blood of normal humans. At the moment of formulation of culture medium, the major source of ammonia is the serum component. Ammonia levels exceeding 5,000 μg/dl of NH 3 -N have been detected in stored serum samples. Upon storage, of complete culture media, significant quantities of ammonia were generated by the decomposition of glutamine and serum. The rates of generation of ammonia, in stored culture media, ranged from 0 to 89 μg/dl/day of NH 3 N depending on the temperature of storage (−80 °C to 37 °C).
Extremal theorems on divisors of a number

For every positive integer N, we determine the maximum sizes of collections C and C' of divisors of N subject to the following restrictions. I any two numbers in C are coprime, then their least common multiple must be N. If any k numbers (k arbitrary) in C� have the greatest common divisor 1, then their least common multiple must be N. For the special case that N is square free, the maximum sizes of C and C' have previously been determined. Since every number can be thought of as a multiset of primes, this work can be regarded as an extension of theorems on families of finite sets to families of multisets.
Multivariate Uncertainty Analysis of an Integrated Land Use and Transportation Model: MEPLAN

Error and uncertainty can be found in every stage of travel and land use modeling. Data errors and uncertainties in socioeconomic forecasts are largely ignored in many model calibration and validation exercises. Uncertainty in these models is passed from submodel to submodel and across model years thus producing a propagation of error over time. The practice of reporting the outputs of these models’ as point estimates ignores uncertainty and can portray a level of accuracy far beyond the models’ actual abilities. The purpose of this study is to interject uncertainty into the inputs of a fully integrated land use and transportation forecasting model, monitor the impacts of uncertainty on model’s outputs, and determine which sources of uncertainty have the largest impact on these outputs. Of the several sources of uncertainty examined here, the commercial trip generation rates have the largest impact on model outputs.
Influence of heparin on interactions between C-reactive protein and polycations

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a trace serum protein which elevates up to 1000-fold in concentration in association with inflammation and tissue necrosis. CRP binds with phosphocholine and phosphate esters; initiates reactions of agglutination, opsonization and complement consumption; and precipitates with protamine and synthetic polymers of lysine and arginine, and these reactivities are modulated by calcium and phosphocholine. We now report on the interactions of heparin with these polycations in the absence and presence of CRP, which show marked similarities to reactions between antigen and antibody. Heparin optimally precipitated with the polycations over a narrow range of reactant ratios, peaking at slight anion charge excess. The complexes formed did not dissociate in excess heparin: however, complex formation was significantly depressed when heparin was added in a single dose in excess of the amount required for optimal precipitation. Calcium did not affect the precipitation of heparin with polycation, and heparin did not precipitate with CRP. However, heparin did induce a rapid and efficient dissociation of CRP-polycation precipitates preformed at equivalence, with total release of CRP. Small amounts of heparin augmented precipitation under conditions of polycation excess of CRP, but as heparin levels were increased to amounts needed to reach equivalence with polycation, CRP was resolubilized in favor of the preferred heparin-polycation complexes. Chondroitin sulfate was similar to heparin in its effects upon the CRP-poly-L-arginine (PLA) interaction, while hyaluronic acid enhanced CRP-PLA precipitation at all concentrations tested and DNA had neither augmenting nor solubilizing effects. These data indicate that CRP-polycation interactions are significantly and selectively influenced in the presence of small amounts of heparin and certain other polyanions. This modulatory reactivity may be of importance in the biological reactivities of CRP during episodes of acute inflammation.
Diabetogenic effects of somatostatin in maturity-onset diabetes and normal man: primacy of insulin deficiency rather than glucagon excess in the pathogenesis of diabetes.

Abstract Somatostatin inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion 1 while lowering fasting blood glucose concentration in normal and diabetic man. 2,3 On the basis of these findings it has been suggested that glucagon is necessary for the development of hyperglycemia and that somatostatin might have a therapeutic role in the management of diabetes. 3,4 However, we recently demonstrated that the hypoglycemic effects of somatostatin in normal man are transitory. 5 After prolonged somatostatin infusion, fasting hyperglycemia develops due to insulin lack despite ongoing suppression of glucagon secretion. 5 These findings raised the following questions: (1) would somatostatin aggravate rather than improve diabetic control in patients with residual insulin secretion? and (2) would glucagon replacement intensify the late hyperglycemic effects of somatostatin in normal man?
Alterations of rx1 and pax6 expression levels at neural plate stages differentially affect the production of retinal cell types and maintenance of retinal stem cell qualities

rx1 and pax6 are necessary for the establishment of the vertebrate eye field and for the maintenance of the retinal stem cells that give rise to multiple retinal cell types. They also are differentially expressed in cellular layers in the retina when cell fates are being specified, and their expression levels differentially affect the production of amacrine cell subtypes. To determine whether rx1 and pax6 expression after the eye field is established simply maintains stem cell-like qualities or affects cell type differentiation, we used hormone-inducible constructs to increase or decrease levels/activity of each protein at two different neural plate stages. Our results indicate that rx1 regulates the size of the retinal stem cell pool because it broadly affected all cell types, whereas pax6 regulates more restricted retinal progenitor cells because it selectively affected different cell types in a time-dependent manner. Analysis of rx1 and pax6 effects on proliferation, and expression of stem cell or differentiation markers demonstrates that rx1 maintains cells in a stem cell state by promoting proliferation and delaying expression of neural identity and differentiation markers. Although pax6 also promotes proliferation, it differentially regulates neural identity and differentiation genes. Thus, these two genes work in parallel to regulate different, but overlapping aspects of retinal cell fate determination.
The safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of intraocular celecoxib.

Purpose. To determine safety, pharmacokinetics, and anti-inflammatory effects of intraocular celecoxib.
Perceptions of Vested Adults on the Effects of a Trauma Affect Regulation Curriculum at a Children’s Partial Hospitalization Program

This article reports on a qualitative process evaluation aimed at elucidating and understanding the internal dynamics of program operation—the incorporation of a developmental, sensory-motor, trauma affect regulation curriculum into a children and adolescent partial hospitalization program. Through focus groups and individual interviews, data was collected from those who support the young people at home and within the program. The perceptions of these adults indicated that the intervention had produced positive outcomes in the children and adolescents. We attended to children and adolescents with trauma-related issues to ensure that their support systems at home and in the program were appropriately informed so as to provide optimal support and treatment.
Attractors of non-autonomous stochastic lattice systems in weighted spaces

Abstract We study the asymptotic behavior of solutions to a class of non-autonomous stochastic lattice systems driven by multiplicative white noise. We prove the existence and uniqueness of tempered random attractors in a weighted space containing all bounded sequences, and establish the upper semicontinuity of random attractors as the intensity of noise approaches zero. We also construct maximal and minimal tempered random complete solutions which bound the attractors from above and below, respectively. When deterministic external forcing terms are periodic in time, we show the random attractors are pathwise periodic. In addition, we exhibit a non-autonomous stochastic lattice system which possesses an infinite-dimensional tempered random attractor.
Compression of the Inferior Vena Cava by the Right Iliac Artery: A Rare Variant of May–Thurner Syndrome

May-Thurner syndrome is known as compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery. We describe a case of an atypical compression of the inferior vena cava by the right common iliac artery secondary to a high aortic bifurcation. Despite an extensive collateral network, there was a significant venous gradient between the iliac veins and the inferior vena cava above the compression. After stenting the venous pressure gradient disappeared. Follow-up 4 months later revealed a good clinical response with a patent stent.
DENSITY AND PATTERN IN SUBURBAN FRINGES

ABSTRACT The usual summary measures derived from cell frequency counts of settlement distributions are defined on the basis of areal units rather than on the elements of the distribution. Other summary measures which refer to the number of settlements within a fixed distance of each individual settlement express the degree of clustering. Computation of these indices on a sequence of suburban fringe settlement maps for nine metropolitan centers in the Middle West reveals that exponential growth in density is accompanied by changes in patchiness; by a spatially non-random process of growth; and by a slackening in the rate of increase in mean crowding after density has reached a level of roughly fifty dwellings per square mile (20 per km2).
Augmented or admented reality? The influence of marketing on augmented reality technologies

As mobile and wearable devices that enable digital content to be displayed over physical surroundings continue to develop, scholars are increasingly interested in these ‘augmented reality’ (AR) technologies. While much of the focus has either been on the technological development of these devices and their potential for changing user perception, there has been less attention paid to the stakeholders and companies developing these technologies. This study examines developments in the industry itself, where companies are finding resources and structuring their businesses, and how this has created a momentum toward marketing and advertising. The intricate link between marketing and AR is one that has implications for how the technology is developing, what experiences are possible through the technology, and the future contexts in which AR is deployed.
Eight Years of Surveillance of Patients Hospitalized with Hepatitis: Interpretation of Data in Light of Epidemic Parenteral Dmg Abuse and Availability of Testing for Hepatitis-associated Antigen

As part of a continuing program of surveillance, 370 patients hospitalized with acute viral hepatitis were grouped epidemiologically and tested for hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) by a modified immunodiffusion method. HAA was detected in the serum of 54% of the 104 patients believed to have acquired hepatitis through admitted parenteral drug abuse. Patients unaware of (or denying) suspected parenteral exposures were HAA-positive significantly less often (P = .02), although the rate of detection was 40%. Among patients who had had transfusions, two of nine with incubation periods of less than 45 days were HAA-positive, but the average incubation period of HAA-positive cases, 92 days, was 21 days longer than that of HAA-negative cases (P < .005). Hospital personnel accounted for 7% of the hospitalized cases, and although few could identify a specific parenteral exposure, 65% were HAA-positive. The proportion of all patients hospitalized with hepatitis who acknowledged parenteral drug abuse rose from an average of 4% in the years 1963-1966 to 30% in 1967-1971, a striking increase that may have contributed to urban endemicity of HAA-positive hepatitis.
Using Alzheimer’s disease as a model for genetic risk disclosure: Implications for personal genomics

Roberts JS, Christensen KD, Green RC. Using Alzheimer’s disease as a model for genetic risk disclosure: implications for personal genomics. Clin Genet 2011: 80: 407–414. © John Wiley & Sons A/S, 2011 Susceptibility testing for common, complex adult-onset diseases is projected to become more commonplace as the rapid pace of genomic discoveries continues, and evidence regarding the potential benefits and harms of such testing is needed to inform medical practice and health policy. Apolipoprotein E (APOE ) testing for risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) provides a paradigm in which to examine the process and impact of disclosing genetic susceptibility for a prevalent, severe and incurable neurological condition. This review summarizes findings from a series of multi-site randomized clinical trials examining psychological and behavioral responses to various methods of genetic risk assessment for AD using APOE disclosure. We discuss challenges involved in disease risk estimation and communication and the extent to which participants comprehend and perceive utility in their genetic risk information. Findings on the psychological impact of test results are presented (e.g. distress), along with data on participants’ health behavior and insurance purchasing responses (e.g. long-term care). Finally, we report comparisons of the safety and efficacy of intensive genetic counseling approaches to briefer models that emphasize streamlined processes and educational materials. The implications of these findings for the emerging field of personal genomics are discussed, with directions identified for future research. Conflict of interest The authors report no conflicts related to the work presented herein.
Osteoporosis: prevention, diagnosis, and management

Osteoporosis is a public health scourge that is usually eminently preventable. Some risk factors, such as low calcium intake, vitamin D deficiency, and physical inactivity, are amenable to early interventions that will help maximize peak bone density. Other risk factors subject to modification are cigarette smoking and excessive consumption of protein, caffeine, and alcohol. Hip fractures are the most serious outcome of osteoporosis, with enormous personal and public health consequences. The ongoing Study of Osteoporotic Fractures has identified additional independent predictors of hip fracture risk, including maternal hip fracture, absence of significant weight gain since age 25, height, hyperthyroidism, use of long-acting benzodiazepines or anticonvulsants, spending
A Study of Certain Factors Involved in Changes of Opinion

(1942). A Study of Certain Factors Involved in Changes of Opinion. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 63-88.
Analysis of interaction sites in homo- and heteromeric complexes containing Bcl-2 family members and the cellular prion protein.

Abstract The cellular prion protein (PrP) binds to the C-terminus of Bcl-2 but not Bax. Therefore, we examined whether the C-terminus of Bcl-2 was important for other homomeric and heteromeric protein-protein interactions. Using the yeast two hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation, three sites of homomeric interactions were identified within Bcl-2. The carboxy terminal 37 amino acids selectively homodimerized. Two additional regions of Bcl-2 (residues 1–129 and 126–200) interacted with each other, but not themselves permitting both intra- and intermolecular association. In addition, we analyzed heteromeric interactions of Bcl-2 with PrP and two Bcl-2 related proteins, Bax and A1. The domain requirements for binding of those three proteins to Bcl-2 were different from one another. Bax binding required almost the entire Bcl-2 molecule, while A1 bound to the amino terminal region (residues 1–82). PrP associated with the carboxy terminus of Bcl-2 (amino acids 200–236). These data suggest configurational models for Bcl-2 containing complexes. First, Bcl-2 may exist as both heterodimers and heteromultimers. Second, molecules such as Bax and A1 may serve to cap chains of Bcl-2 homodimers by interacting with dimerization domains in the extramembrane region. PrP may disrupt chains of Bcl-2 molecules at the homomeric association site in the transmembrane region.
Utility of Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Conservative Management of Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis

Prosthetic valve endocarditis is a formidable complication following cardiac valve replacement. Surgical intervention has resulted in a significant reduction in mortality when certain complications prevail. We report two such cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis in which the use of transesophageal echocardiography permitted close surveillance during medical therapy and thus avoided the need for surgical intervention. Therefore, with the improved ability to monitor disease progression with transesophageal echocardiography, nonsurgical management of prosthetic valve endocarditis remains an option.
Chemiluminescence arising from the interaction of rubrene with intermediates derived from hydrogen peroxide and bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate (DNPO): quantum yield and carbondioxide yield

Abstract The reaction at room temperature of 0.25 M hydrogen peroxide with 12.3 mM bis)2,4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate (DNPO) in tetrahydrofuran solvent in the presence of the fluorophore rubrene and 13.6 mM tetrabutylammonium perchlorate yields a burst of chemiluminescence in which the intensity rises rapidly and decays more slowly, as in many analogues systems. Double-reciprocal plots of quantum yield as a function of rubrene concentration (0–1.03 mM) are linear with a saturation constant of about 0.5 mM, similar to that found under other conditions. The decay in intensity of chemiluminescence was approximately exponential with a time constant of about 5 × 10 −2 s −1 , independent of the rubrene concentration. The DNPO concentration fell with a time constant of about 3 × 10 −2 s −1 , also independent of the rubrene concentration. Information on the final yield of carbon dioxide in this system was obtained by measurement of the infrared absorption intensity at 2336 cm − . The absorbance is linear in quantum yield at rubrene concentrations from 0.02 to 1 mM, the absorbance approximately doubling as the quantum yield rises from zero to 0.013. The results indicate that a common intermediate generates both carbon dioxide and photons in a fluorophore-dependent manner.
The enzymatic basis of information processing in the living cell

Abstract Analogies are drawn between the computational aspects of information processing and the enzymatic events of cellular metabolism. The origin thereof is linked to the logic-elements involved in the reaction-diffusion processes of the metabolic operation. It is shown how such function entails a ‘molecular machine’ quality when associated with organized non-equilibrium energy sources in the cell.
Formation of a miscible supramolecular polymer blend through self-assembly mediated by a quadruply hydrogen-bonded heterocomplex

A supramolecular network polymer consisting of a pair of immiscible polymers, poly(butyl)methacrylate (PBMA) and polystyrene (PS), is described. A urea of guanosine (1, UG) and 2,7-diamido-1,8-naphthyridine (2, DAN), which form an exceptionally strong quadruply hydrogen-bonding complex, are displayed at 1−10 mol % along the main backbone of PBMA and PS, respectively. 1H NMR studies show heterocomplexation between UG and DAN exclusively. This high-fidelity, high-affinity supramolecular connection of two different polymer coils at the molecular level produces a polymer blend. Blends containing different weight ratios of the polymers and mole percent of the recognition units were characterized by AFM and DSC experiments with no isolated domains observed and a single glass-transition temperature (Tg). The Tg is tunable by varying the weight ratio of the polymers in the blend. In addition, viscosity measurements, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and dynamic light-scattering (DLS) studies demonstrate the fo...
Eight supreme court cases that have changed the face of public administration

This article examines eight recent Supreme Court decisions that have important implications for public administrators. The areas examined include public personnel policy, solid waste management, budgeting and finance, taxation, privacy, and public school education.
Assessing the Economic Attractiveness of Coronary Artery Revascularization in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We compared the economic attractiveness of CAD revascularization procedures in patients with and without CKD. Our population included 6218 patients with significant CAD undergoing cardiac catheterization at Duke University between 1996 and 2001, with follow-up through 2002. We investigated the influence of CKD (creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min) upon 3-year survival and medical costs in our CAD population. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery was an economically attractive alternative vs. percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or medical therapy for all patients with left main disease, three-vessel CAD patients without CKD, and two-vessel CAD patients with CKD. Medical therapy was an economically attractive strategy vs. CABG surgery or PCI for three-vessel CAD patients with CKD, two-vessel CAD patients without CKD, and all single-vessel CAD patients.
Atrioventricular gap phenomenon associated with dual atrioventricular nodal pathway conduction in a child

A 10-year-old boy demonstrated both dual atrioventricular (A-V) nodal pathways and an A-V gap phenomenon. A fast and a slow A-V nodal pathway was identified, the faster pathway operating at the longer coupling intervals. As the coupling intervals were shortened, a critical range was reached during which distal conduction ceased but proximal conduction did not. Further shortening of the coupling interval was followed by resumption of distal conduction in association with appearance of the slower A-V nodal pathway. The gap in distal conduction occurred because the effective refractory period of the specialized ventricular conducting system was longer than the functional refractory period of the faster A-V nodal pathway. At shorter coupling intervals there was sufficient delay in the slower A-V nodal pathway to allow recovery of the distal conducting system and consequent resumption of conduction. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a child with this mechanism for the gap phenomenon.
Accelerated photo‐oxidation of polyethylene. II. Further evaluation of selected additives

A number of additives previously observed to promote photo-oxidative degradation of polyethylene films have been evaluated with respect to their relative photoinitiating effectiveness at wavelengths near 300 nm and their effects on thermal-oxidative stability of polyethylene. Depending on the nature of the additive, the photo-oxidation process may display autoretarding or autoaccelerating behavior. Thermomechanical analyses and gel content measurements on UV-exposed films containing substituted anthraquinones suggest that at short exposure times, photo-oxidative degradation is accompanied by photochemical crosslinking.
Photoreactions in Phycomyces Responses to the stimulation of narrow test areas with ultraviolet light

Equipment has been developed for ultraviolet illumination of sharply bounded test areas of the growing zone of sporangiophores of Phycomyces. The growing zone is opaque for this light and the tropic responses are negative. Periodic short narrow stimuli on alternating sides produce periodic tropic responses when applied at x > 0.5 mm, but none for x 0.1 mm. The lag between stimulus and response is 3.3 min. for any x > 0.5 mm. For smaller x the lag increases progressively. In all cases the tropic bend occurs at values of x > 0.5 mm. Sustained tropic stimuli, applied at constant height relative to ground, produce relatively sharp tropic bends. The center of the bend is at all times close to the simultaneous position of the stimulated area. The boundaries of a light-adapted zone move less than 0.1 mm in 10 min. relative to the sporangium. It is concluded that the receiving and adapting structures do not move relative to the sporangium, and that the responding system does not move relative to ground. The two systems move relative to each other with the speed of growth. The responding system does not extend above x = 0.5 mm.