cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tibialis anterior tendinosis: Clinical characterization and surgical treatment.

Abstract Background Tibialis anterior (TA) tendinosis is rarely reported on in the literature. It is seen in patients older than 45 and causes weakness in dorsiflexion. This paper aims to describe surgical treatment and clinical outcomes. Methods Between 2015 and 2018, nine patients (six females, three males) with severe TA tendinosis with no tear (2), partial (1), or complete (6) underwent operative treatment. Patients underwent debridement and direct repair without augmentation, direct repair with fiber tape augmentation, tibialis posterior tendon (PTT) transfer, or tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) augmentation with a tendon autograft (n = 4). Autografts consisted of extensor digitalis longus (EDL) tendon, plantaris tendon, or both. Results Mean postoperative follow-up was 21.3 (range 8–31) months. All patients had a concomitant gastrocnemius recession, and three had hindfoot arthrodesis. Preoperative dorsiflexion strength was 0/5 for all and improved to 5/5 postoperatively in seven. The only current smoker developed wound dehiscence 2 weeks postoperatively and healed by 4. One developed marginal skin necrosis 3 weeks postoperatively and was treated successfully with casting. Conclusion Surgery reestablished function in individuals with TA tendinosis and allowed high level of satisfaction. Direct repair is possible. If the tendon gap is too large an autograft of EDL and plantaris tendon can be utilized. Level of evidence: Level III Retrospective Comparative Study
Contact line advection using the geometrical Volume-of-Fluid method

Abstract We consider the interface advection problem by a prescribed velocity field in the special case when the interface intersects the domain boundary, i.e. in the presence of a contact line. This problem emerges from the discretization of continuum models for dynamic wetting. The kinematic evolution equation for the dynamic contact angle (Fricke et al., 2019) expresses the fundamental relationship between the rate of change of the contact angle and the structure of the transporting velocity field. The goal of the present work is to develop an interface advection method that is consistent with the fundamental kinematics and transports the contact angle correctly with respect to a prescribed velocity field. In order to verify the advection method, the kinematic evolution equation is solved numerically and analytically (for special cases). We employ the geometrical Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method on a structured Cartesian grid to solve the hyperbolic transport equation for the interface in two spatial dimensions. We introduce generalizations of the Youngs and ELVIRA methods to reconstruct the interface close to the domain boundary. Both methods deliver first-order convergent results for the motion of the contact line. However, the Boundary Youngs method shows strong oscillations in the numerical contact angle that do not converge with mesh refinement. In contrast to that, the Boundary ELVIRA method provides linear convergence of the numerical contact angle transport.
Crowdsourcing Coordination: A Review and Research Agenda for Crowdsourcing Coordination Used for Macro-tasks

Crowdsourcing has become a widely accepted approach to leveraging the skills and expertise of others to accomplish work. Despite the potential of crowdsourcing to tackle complex problems, it has often been used to address simple micro-tasks. To tackle more complex macro-tasks, more attention is needed to better comprehend crowd coordination. Crowd coordination is defined as the synchronization of crowd workers in an attempt to direct and align their efforts in pursuit of a shared goal. The goal of this chapter is to advance our understanding of crowd coordination to tackle complex macro-tasks. To accomplish this, we have three objectives. First, we review popular theories of coordination. Second, we examine the current approaches to crowd coordination in the HCI and CSCW literature. Finally, the chapter identifies shortcomings in the literature and proposes a research agenda directed at advancing our understanding of crowd coordination needed to address complex macro-tasks.
Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma: Visual Outcome in the Pre-Photodynamic Therapy Era versus Photodynamic Therapy Era in 458 Cases.

Purpose To analyze visual outcomes after treatment of choroidal hemangioma in the pre-photodynamic therapy (PDT) era versus PDT era. Design Retrospective, comparative case series. Participants A total of 458 patients with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. Methods Comparison of hemangioma managed in the pre-PDT (1967–2001) era versus PDT (2002–2018) era. Main Outcome Measure Visual acuity outcome. Results A total of 458 tumors were treated over this 51-year period. A comparison (pre-PDT [n = 220 cases] vs. PDT [n = 238 cases]) revealed PDT era patients were of older mean age (48.9 vs. 53.8 years, P = 0.002) and were more likely to have systemic hypertension (17.7% vs. 33.8%, P Conclusions Management of choroidal hemangioma in the PDT era has allowed for significantly better visual outcome compared with the pre-PDT era, with mean final visual acuity of 20/400 (pre-PDT era) versus 20/63 (PDT era).
“The Poor Stay Poor”: Household Asset Poverty Traps in Rural Semi-Arid India

Summary Although identifying household-level poverty dynamics would have important implications for poverty reduction policies empirical evidence is still scant. This paper employs a novel semiparametric panel data estimator that combines the advantages of estimation methods in the existing literature and applies it to a uniquely long panel data set to examine poverty dynamics in three villages in rural semi-arid India. Structural immobility is pervasive. The currently poor are likely to remain poor, suggesting a structural poverty trap. While all households face static asset holdings, higher castes, larger landholders, and more educated households are significantly less likely to be poor.
Chapter 3 Three centuries of inequality in Britain and America

Abstract Income and wealth inequality rose over the first 150 years of US history. They rose in Britain before 1875, especially 1740–1810. The first half of the 20th century equalized pre-fisc incomes both in Britain and in America. From the 1970s to the 1990s inequality rose in both countries, reversing most or all of the previous equalization. Government redistribution explains part but not all of the reversals in inequality trends. Factor-market forces and economic growth would have produced a similar timing of rises and falls in income inequality even without shifts in the progressivity of redistribution through government. Redistribution toward the poor tends to happen least in those times and polities where it would seem most justified by the usual goals of welfare policy.
LABORS OF LOVE: On the Political Economies and Ethics of Bovine Politics in Himalayan India

This essay asks how conceptualizing love as work might provide a fresh perspective on love’s politics. In offering an ethnographic account of how love for Gau-Mata, the Cow-Mother of the idealized Hindu nation, fuels a right-wing Hindu nationalist politics of cow-protection in India’s central Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, I suggest that the specific arrangements of labor through which affective attachments are organized critically shape the ethics and politics of love. More specifically, I depict how different kinds of situated labor produced varied kinds of love in the conjoined social worlds of right-wing gau-rakshaks (cow-protectionists) and rural women dairy farmers in Uttarakhand. For these social actors, genuine love for the cow manifested in a willingness to labor for her. Yet their understandings of what this loving labor entailed differed starkly. This article examines three distinct kinds of work—protection, service, and care-labor—that these actors variously undertook out of love for the cow. It traces how these different labors produced a varied set of relationships, affiliations, and obligations that crucially shaped the ethics and politics of love. Ultimately, I show, attending to the varied labors of love in situated social worlds reveals how love can condition a variety of often conflicting political and ethical possibilities, working simultaneously as a force of transcendence, fascist violence, and repair.
An Aristocracy of Critics: Luce, Hutchins, Niebuhr, and the Committee that Redefined Freedom of the Press: by Stephen Bates, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 2020, 312 pp.

The story usually told about the Hutchins Commission often goes like this: Henry Luce, owner of Time, Life, and Fortune magazines, paid $200,000 in 1943 for some of the greatest intellectuals of th...
A Comprehensive Review of Complications and New Findings Associated with Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a complex and deadly psychiatric disorder. It is characterized by a significant degree of both co-occurring psychiatric diseases and widespread physiological changes which affect nearly every organ system. It is important for clinicians to be aware of the varied consequences of this disorder. Given the high rate of mortality due to AN, there is a need for early recognition so that patients can be referred for appropriate medical and psychiatric care early in the course of the disorder. In this study, we present a comprehensive review of the recent literature describing medical findings commonly encountered in patients with AN. The varied and overlapping complications of AN affect pregnancy, psychological well-being, as well as bone, endocrine, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and pulmonary systems.
Combined CTLA-4 and PD-L1 blockade in patients with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is associated with increased myeloid and neutrophil immune subsets in the bone microenvironment.

Background Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has low response rates in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), in part due to few T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) promotes intratumoral T cell infiltration but induces upregulation of PD-1 and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) within the prostate TME. Combined anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1 can partly overcome this adaptive resistance and was recently shown to augment responses in patients with mCRPC with measurable disease. Although bone is the most common site of metastasis in prostate cancer, patients with bone-predominant disease are frequently excluded from trials because they lack measurable disease, which limits assessment of disease progression and tissue sampling. We therefore designed this study to investigate combined ICT in mCRPC to bone. Hypothesis Combined anti-CTLA-4 (tremelimumab) plus anti-PD-L1 (durvalumab) is safe and well tolerated in patients with chemotherapy-naive mCRPC to bone. Patients and methods In this single-arm pilot study, men with chemotherapy-naive mCRPC to bone received tremelimumab (75 mg intravenous) plus durvalumab (1500 mg intravenous) every 4 weeks (up to four doses), followed by durvalumab (1500 mg intravenous) maintenance every 4 weeks (up to nine doses). The primary endpoint was incidence of adverse events. Secondary endpoints included serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), progression-free survival (PFS), radiographic PFS (rPFS), and maximal PSA decline. Results Twenty-six patients were treated between August 8, 2017 and March 28, 2019. Grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 11 patients (42%), with no grade 4 or 5 events. TRAEs leading to discontinuation occurred in three patients (12%). PSA decline ≥50% occurred in three patients (12%). Six patients (24%) achieved stable disease for >6 months. At a median follow-up of 43.6 months, median rPFS was 3.7 months (95% CI: 1.9 to 5.7), and median overall survival was 28.1 months (95% CI: 14.5 to 37.3). Post-treatment evaluation of the bone microenvironment revealed transcriptional upregulation in myeloid and neutrophil immune subset signatures and increased expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints. Conclusions Tremelimumab plus durvalumab was safe and well tolerated in patients with chemotherapy-naive mCRPC to bone, with potential activity in a small number of patients as measured by rPFS. Combination of CTLA-4 and PD-L1 blockade with therapies targeting the myeloid compartment or other inhibitory immune receptors may be necessary to overcome mechanisms of resistance within prostate bone microenvironment. Trial registration number NCT03204812.
Time-dependent decrease in Ca(2+)-sensitivity in "phasic smooth muscle".

Recent studies using the Ca2+-indicators, aequorin and fura-2, support the concept that increased intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i) leads to force development in smooth muscle (for reviews, see Karaki, 1989; Somlyo and Himpens, 1989). For example, in guinea-pig taenia caecum a close correlation exists between [Ca2+]i and muscle tension (Ozaki et al., 1988; Mitsui and Karaki, 1990). However, in some smooth muscles, the relationship between [Ca2+]i and force development appears to depend upon the method of stimulation. For a given increase in [Ca2+]i, agonists such as norepinephrine, histamine, prostaglandins, and endothelin in vascular smooth muscle (Morgan and Morgan, 1984; DeFeo and Morgan, 1985; Sato et al., 1988; Sakata et al., 1989; Mori et al., 1990; Ozaki et al., 1990a), and carbachol in trachea (Gerthoffer et al., 1990; Ozaki et al., 1990b) induce greater contractions than simple depolarization with elevated external K+. These findings suggest that the Ca2+-sensitivity of the contractile elements may be increased by certain agonists. Although the mechanism of Ca2+-sensitization has not been clarified, the agonist-induced activation of protein kinase C and subsequent phosphorylation of specific protein(s) may be involved.
Recent Advances in Bound Constrained Optimization

A new active set algorithm (ASA) for large-scale box constrained optimization is introduced. The algorithm consists of a nonmonotone gradient projection step, an unconstrained optimization step, and a set of rules for switching between the two steps. Numerical experiments and comparisons are presented using box constrained problems in the CUTEr and MINPACK test problem libraries.
Moire deflectometry in aero-optics analysis

The authors propose the use of the Moire deflectometry technique to determine quantitatively the refractive index distribution through a turbulent flow field. Gradient index axial symmetric phase objects are considered. Deflectogram data reduction techniques were introduced and applied to determine the index of refraction distribution for the objects under consideration. Approximate methods were tested and compared to the standard Abel inversion method. Moire deflectometry was used to measure the density distribution of a candle flame as a phase object. Both theoretical and experimental results are presented. >
Ultrasonic evaluation of the palmar circulation

Summary A means for evaluation of the palmar circulation using the Doppler ultrasonic velocity detector is described. The test was applied to a population of 70 normal volunteers (140 hands). Our investigation showed that between 4.8 and 12.8 patients per 1,000 can be expected to have acute ischemia of the hand after cannulation of the radial artery. An additional 25 to 50 patients per 1,000 would have to rely on poor collateral circulation for continued viability of the hand. Routine clinical use of this test in patients who may require cannulation of the radial artery is recommended.
Classics in East European Ethnography Series: "Magical Sitting" By Veselin Cajkanovic

If the protean figure of self educated language reformer Vuk Karadzic accomplished the larger part of collecting materials on Serbian mythology, religion and folklore, Veselin Cajkanovic was the one who brought the latest philological, historical, ethnological and comparative methodologies of inter war Europe to bear on his life project of reconstructing from that vast material the pre Christian, pagan Serbian mythology and religion. Born in 1881 in Belgrade, he graduated in classical philology from the Great School (precursor to Belgrade University), and continued his studies in Leipzig and Munich where he obtained his Doctorate in 1908.
The electrocardiogram in the presence of myocardial infarction and intraventricular block of the left bundlebranch block type. A clinical pathologic study.

Abstract On the basis of a study of the pathologic, electrocardiographic, and clinical data in 39 cases in which there was a confluent myocardial infarct in the presence of left bundle-branch block, the following observations are made: 1. 1. Substantial evidence of transmural anteroseptal myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block would appear to be afforded (a) by a Q deflection in Lead I or (b) by a Q deflection or Q-wave equivalent in Precordial Lead V 6 . 2. 2. Supportive evidence of anteroseptal myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block would appear to be afforded (a) by an R wave in Lead V 3 or Lead V 4 , or both, that is, lower in amplitude than an R wave in Lead V 1 or Lead V 2 , or both, or (b) by a notch or slur with a duration of 0.05 second or more in the terminal portion of the QRS complex in precordial leads that shows an rS or QS form. 3. 3. Supportive evidence of infarction involving the posterior wall of the left ventricle in the presence of left bundle-branch block would appear to be afforded by a Q deflection in Standard Leads II and III. 4. 4. Equivocal evidence of anteroseptal infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block would appear to be afforded by a Q deflection in Lead a V L . 5. 5. In two of three instances in which electrocardiograms showing left bundle-branch block were recorded both before and after myocardial infarction, the height of the R waves in the standard leads decreased markedly. 6. 6. Changes in S-T segments and T waves of a degree to be considered suggestive of myocardial infarction occurred in a minority of cases in which myocardial infarcts were recent. 7. 7. The weight of every heart was more than the weight expected for the height, body weight, and sex of the patient. The mean increase in the weight of the heart over the expected weight was 100 per cent.
Dividend Signaling: Evidence from Bank IPOs

Post-IPO banks are far more likely to initiate dividends than nonfinancial firms. Moreover, dividend initiation has a major impact on the ultimate disposition of a newly public bank, increasing its likelihood of subsequent acquisition by around 40 percent and reducing the expected time until acquisition by 92 percent. Further, conditional on being acquired, dividend initiation significantly increases the takeover premium. Average premiums for post-IPO dividend initiators exceed those on non-dividend payers by about 50 percent of the market value of the bank in the month prior to the takeover announcement. Positive associations between bank performance and dividend initiation and between dividend initiation and both takeover likelihood and premium appear consistent with a signaling role for dividends. Dividend initiation seems to speed up and amplify the rewards to owners that may be reaped through an ultimate sale of the institution.
Prevalence of domestic violence among trauma patients

IMPORTANCE: Domestic violence is an extremely underreported crime and a growing social problem in the United States. However, the true burden of the problem remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess the reported prevalence of domestic violence among trauma patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A 6-year (2007-2012) retrospective analysis of the prospectively maintained National Trauma Data Bank. Trauma patients who experienced domestic violence and who presented to trauma centers participating in the National Trauma Data Bank were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis codes (995.80-995.85, 995.50, 995.52-995.55, and 995.59) and E codes (E967.0-E967.9). Patients were stratified by age into 3 groups: children ( DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: ≤18 years), adults (19-54 years), and elderly patients (≥55 years). Trend analysis was performed on April 10, 2014, to assess the reported prevalence of domestic violence over the years. PARTICIPANTS: Trauma patients presenting to trauma centers participating in the National Trauma Data Bank. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: To assess the reported prevalence of domestic violence among trauma patients. RESULTS: A total of 16 RESULTS: 575 trauma patients who experienced domestic violence were included. Of these trauma patients, 10 224 (61.7%) were children, 5503 (33.2%) were adults, and 848 (5.1%) were elderly patients. The mean (SD) age was 15.9 (20.6), the mean (SD) Injury Severity Score was 10.9 (9.6), and 8397 (50.7%) we RESULTS: re male patients. Head injuries (46.8% of patients) and extremity fractures (31.2% of patients) were the most common injuries. A total of 12 515 patients (75.1%) were discharged home, and the overall mortality rate was 5.9% (n = 980). The overall reported prevalence of domestic violence among RESULTS: trauma patients was 5.7 cases per 1000 trauma center discharges. The prevalence of domestic violence increased among children (14.0 cases per 1000 trauma center discharges in 2007 to 18.5 case per 1000 trauma center discharges in 2012; P = .001) and adults (3.2 cases per 1000 discharges in 2007 RESULTS: to 4.5 cases per 1000 discharges in 2012; P = .001) over the 6-year period and remained unchanged for elderly patients (0.8 cases per 1000 discharges in 2007 to 0.96 cases per 1000 discharges in 2012; P = .09). On subanalysis of adults and elderly patients, the prevalence of domestic violenc RESULTS: e increased among both female (4.6 cases per 1000 discharges in 2007 to 5.3 cases per 1000 discharges in 2012; P = .001) and male patients (1.5 cases per 1000 discharges in 2007 to 2.8 cases per 1000 discharges in 2012; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Domestic violence is prevalent among trauma patients. Over the years, the reported prevalence of domestic violence has been increasing among children and adults, and continues to remain high among female trauma patients. A robust mandatory screening for evaluating domestic violence among trauma patients, along with a focused national intervention, is warranted. Language: en
4 – THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

This chapter discusses the central problem of equilibrium thermodynamics—that is, the conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium. In particular, the conditions under which an isolated composite system returns to a state of equilibrium after lifting of an internal constraint. An extremum principle minimizes or maximizes the fundamental equation subject to certain constraints. The principle of maximum entropy and its equivalent and the principle of minimum internal energy are the fundamental principles of equilibrium thermodynamics. Upon the removal of an internal barrier in an isolated composite system, the extensive parameters of the system assume values that maximize the entropy manifold of equilibrium states consistent with the remaining constraints. The extremum principles for the internal energy and for the entropy express the condition of equilibrium of the isolated thermodynamic system in the entropy representation and in the energy representation, respectively. They are thus equivalent and may be used interchangeably.
BBVA Compass: Marketing Resource Allocation

BBVA Compass, the 15th largest commercial bank in the U.S., is a part of the BBVA Group of Spain, the second largest bank in Spain with $755 billion in assets. In December 2010, Frank Sottosanti, Chief Marketing Officer of BBVA Compass, was reviewing the marketing performance of the company and deciding how to allocate next year's marketing budget across various offline and online channels.Learning Objective: To highlight the challenges involved in allocating marketing resources between (a) offline and online advertising, (b) display and search advertising, and (c) various display ad networks.
Modular domain specific languages and tools

A domain specific language (DSL) allows one to develop software for a particular application domain quickly and effectively, yielding programs that are easy to understand, reason about, and maintain. On the other hand, there may be a significant overhead in creating the infrastructure needed to support a DSL. To solve this problem, a methodology is described for building domain specific embedded languages (DSELs), in which a DSL is designed within an existing, higher-order and typed, programming language such as Haskell or ML. In addition, techniques are described for building modular interpreters and tools for DSELs. The resulting methodology facilitates reuse of syntax semantics, implementation code, software tools, as well as look-and-feel.
Basic Computational Algorithms

Numbers are the lifeblood of statistics, and computational statistics relies heavily on how numbers are represented and manipulated on a computer. Computer hardware and statistical software handle numbers well, and the methodology of computer arithmetic is rarely a concern. However, whenever we push hardware and software to their limits with difficult problems, we can see signs of the mechanics of floating point arithmetic around the frayed edges. To work on difficult problems with confidence and explore the frontiers of statistical methods and software, we need to have a sound understanding of the foundations of computer arithmetic. We need to know how arithmetic works and why things are designed the way they are.
A year of evaporation from a natural land-surface

The evaporation-station situated on the Experimental Farm at Arlington, Virginia, has been in continuous operation for more than a year. The station is designed to measure the evapo-transpiration losses from a natural land-surface and has been described elsewhere [see 1, 2, 3 of “References” at end of paper]. The observations of precipitation, evaporation, and condensation at Arlington are summarized by months for 1939 in Table 1. The data for February and September are missing because of the interruption of the observations by instrumental failure and the installation of new equipment. The values for evapo-transpiration and condensation are based upon continuous records of the moisture-gradient in the atmosphere and the coefficient of turbulent exchange. Using these parameters the vapor-transport to and from the ground is determined by hourly intervals and then summed to obtain the value for the day. (In all the evaporation-determinations the value 0.38 has been used for von Karman's universal turbulence-coefficient. Since there are no atmospheric data to corroborate this dimensionless constant, the actual values for evapo-transpiration and condensation may be somewhat in error. There is some evidence indicating that the value 0.40 should be used. This would increase the amounts of evapo-transpiration and condensation by a constant amount, approximately ten per cent, since the universal constant enters into the computation as a squared quantity.) The total precipitation for the ten months amounted to 26.34 inches. The moisture-contribution to the ground by condensation of dew or frost was 1–77 inches. The return of moisture to the atmosphere due to combined evaporation and transpiration was 11.88 inches. By subtracting the evapo-transpiration from the sum of the precipitation and condensation a value of 16.23 inches is obtained for runoff and increase in ground-storage.
Synthesis and odor of optically active 2-n-hexyl- and 2-n-heptylcyclopentanone and the corresponding δ-lactones

Abstract Enantiomeric 2-n-hexyl- and 2-n-heptylcyclopentanones ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) have been synthesized by asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-n-hexylidene and 2-n-heptylidenecyclopentanones ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) with Ru2Cl4[p-tolyl-binap]2NEt3 complexes. The differences in odor qualities between enantiomeric pairs of the ketones 3 and 4 have been found to be small, and the same odor threshold values have been observed between the enantiomeric pairs, although the corresponding δ-undeca- and δ-dodecalactones ( 6 ) and ( 7 ), synthesized by Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of the chiral ketones 3 and 4 , showed a fairly large difference in the threshold values between the enantiomeric pairs.
Nonpeptide alphavbeta3 antagonists. Part 11: discovery and preclinical evaluation of potent alphavbeta3 antagonists for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

3-(S)-Pyrimidin-5-yl-9-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-nonanoic acid (5e) and 3-(S)-(methylpyrimidin-5-yl)-9-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-nonanoic acid (5f) were identified as potent and selective antagonists of the αvβ3 receptor. These compounds have excellent in vitro profiles (IC50 = 0.07 and 0.08 nM, respectively), significant unbound fractions in human plasma (6 and 4%), and good pharmacokinetics in rat, dog, and rhesus monkey. On the basis of the efficacy shown in an in vivo model of bone turnover following once-daily oral administration, these two compounds were selected for clinical development for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Majorana Fermions in Spin-Singlet Nodal Superconductors with Coexisting Noncollinear Magnetic Order

Realizations of Majorana fermions in solid state materials have attracted great interest recently in connection to topological order and quantum information processing. We propose a novel way to create Majorana fermions in superconductors. We show that an incipient noncollinear magnetic order turns a spin-singlet superconductor with nodes into a topological superconductor with a stable Majorana bound state in the vortex core, at a topologically stable magnetic point defect, and on the edge. We argue that such an exotic non-Abelian phase can be realized in extended $t\ensuremath{-}J$ models on the triangular and square lattices. It is promising to search for Majorana fermions in correlated electron materials where nodal superconductivity and magnetism are two common caricatures.
Cloud Based Secure and Privacy Enhanced Authentication & Authorization Protocol

Abstract Cloud computing is an emerging computing model which facilitates organizations and the IT industry. It helps them to multiply or lessen their resources according to their operational requirements. However, the organizations are reluctant to store their sensitive information on the cloud due to various privacy and identity tracking threats. In the past few years, a lot of research and development efforts have been made to define centralized and federated security mechanisms for the protection of identity information in a cloud environment. However, to the best of our knowledge none of the systems have been designed keeping anonymity as the key component. This paper describes an authentication and authorization protocol which outlines the main features of anonymous communication in the cloud. The solution is an extension of existing standards making it easy to integrate and compatible with existing standards.
SiCl3+ and SiCl+ affinities for pyridines determined by using the kinetic method with multiple stage mass spectrometry: Agostic effects in the gas phase

Cluster ions, Py1SiCl3+Py2 and Py1SiCl+Py2, where Py1 and Py2 represent substituted pyridines, formed upon reactive collisions of mass-selected SiCl3+ or SiCl+ cations with a mixture of pyridines, are shown to have loosely bound structures by multiple stage mass spectrometry experiments in a pentaquadrupole mass spectrometer. The fragment ion abundance ratio, ln([Py1SiCln+]/[Py2SiCln+]) (n=1 or 3) is used to estimate the relative SiCl3+ or SiCl+ affinities of the constituent pyridines by the kinetic method. In the case of clusters comprised of meta- and/or para-substituted pyridines (unhindered pyridines), the SiCl3+ and SiCl+ affinities are shown to display excellent linear correlations with the proton affinities (PAs). On the assumption that the effective temperatures of the SiCl3+- and SiCl+-bound dimers are 555 K (i. e., the same as those of the corresponding Cl+-bound dimers), SiCl3+ and SiCl+ affinities of the substituted pyridines, relative to pyridine, are estimated to be 3-MePy (2.1 kcal/mol), 4-MePy (3.2 kcal/mol), 3-EtPy (3.7 kcal/mol), 4-EtPy (4.2 kcal/mol), 3,5-diMePy (4.8 kcal/mol), and 3,4-diMePy (5.4 kcal/mol). The SiCl3+ and SiCl+ cation affinities are related to the proton affinities by the expressions: relative (SiCl3+) affinity = 0.95 ΔPA and relative (SiCl+) affinity = 0.60 ΔPA. The smaller constant in the relationship between the relative SiCl affinity and the relative proton affinity is the result of weaker bonding.
The Spithead Mutiny and Urban Radicalism in the 1790s

Wordsworth remarks on the French National Assembly and the Jacobin club, ‘I saw the revolutionary power / Toss like a ship at anchor, rocked by storms’. These lines, where Wordsworth compares revolutionary power to ‘a ship at anchor’, question the relevance of nautical signifiers to revolution. One answer lies in exploring how naval mutiny came to indicate a revolutionary trope during the Romantic era. In the 1790s, mutiny became the focus of public debate, not only surrounding the French Revolution, but also on issues of English national identity and the right of rebellion. In the case of the Bounty mutiny in April 1789, the crew suffered under the sadistic Captain Bligh, spontaneously arose in violence to overthrow him and his officers, and commandeered the ship back to an island paradise in Tahiti. As James McKusick has noted, the Bounty mutiny ‘came to be widely regarded as a British equivalent of the Fall of the Bastille, endowed with all the attendant hopes and anxieties of those who witnessed that dramatic event and its turbulent aftermath’. After the publication of Lieutenant Bligh’s account of the mutiny, the brother of lead mutineer Fletcher Christian composed an answer, sparking a pamphlet war of no small scale. As Geoffrey Sanborn reports, Wordsworth’s interest in the Bounty mutiny had a personal as well as political dimension: he wrote to the editor of the Weekly Entertainer newspaper on 23 October 1796 in defense of Fletcher Christian, who was a family friend of the Wordsworths. But beyond the Bounty, the 1797 uprisings at Spithead and the Nore proved the most important naval uprisings of the period as they clearly illustrate the ideological, rhetorical, and poetical correlation of naval mutiny and revolution, not between England and France, but between the British Navy and English radical organizations. This essay will investigate the political engagement and discursive aspirations of mutinous sailors within the context of 1790s radicalism. This aim entails, first, a claim that a connection exists between organized radicalism and naval mutiny and, second, a reciprocal framing of mutiny as a way to read radicalism, and of radicalism as a way to read mutiny. Although a mutiny usually arises when a ship’s crew violently and spontaneously overthrows its captain and officers, the mutinies at Spithead and the Nore (April–June 1797) inaugurated mutiny as a planned event: these occurred at anchor in domestic waters with two fleets acting in accord, were largely non-violent, and were spurred by no immediate external prompting. In a manner befitting the influence of the radical organization the London Corresponding Society and the United Irishmen, the crews elected delegates and negotiating committees, took oaths of loyalty, Frank Mabee
Fringe formation in incoherent light with a two-grating interferometer

A higher-order analysis is made for the formation of point-source and extended-source polychromatic fringes in a two-grating interferometer. Various conclusions result. For best fringes, a polychromatic point source should be on-axis, and the second grating should be twice the spatial frequency of the first.
Fundamentals of thin film growth

Abstract Early studies of the epitaxial growth of thin films were frequently largely empirical. A thermodynamic basis for interpreting growth results was the first to be developed; however, many aspects of epitaxy are governed by kinetics. Unfortunately, the kinetic phenomena are extremely complex and tools have not existed for the detailed kinetic studies required. During recent years, the difficult area of the exploration of kinetic phenomena occuring during epitaxy has progressed significantly. This paper will review significant recent advances in the areas of the kinetics of precursor reactions in the gas phase and on the surface. This will include examination of the surface structure and surface processes such as step motion, pyrolysis and atomic attachment during growth. The use of both in-situ and ex-situ tools to study these phenomena during organometallic vapor phase, molecular beam and chemical beam epitaxy will be discussed.
Fracture mechanics of delamination defects in multilayer dielectric coatings

During the fabrication of multilayer-dielectric (MLD) thin-film-coated optics, such as the diffraction gratings used in OMEGA EP’s pulse compressors, acid piranha cleaning can lead to the formation of chemically induced delamination defects. We investigate the causes of these defects and describe a mechanism for the deformation and failure of the MLD coating in response to hydrogen peroxide in the cleaning solution. A fracture mechanics model is developed and used to calculate the crack path that maximizes the energy-release rate, which is found to be consistent with the characteristic fracture pattern observed in MLD coating delamination defects.
An evaluation of heat exchange in small birds

Equations are derived that quantify the component thermal resistances to heat transfer in small birds and account explicity for the effects of variation in these resistances. Heat transfer theory is used to quantify external resistances, and an experiment was conducted to estimate body resistance (rb, plumage plus tissues) as a function of external temperature and wind speed. The value ofrb decreased with wind speed, and decreased as air temperature approached 0°C. Heat transfer from small birds is shown to be relatively independent of external resistances and mainly dependent onrb. The predictions of the new theoretical equations are shown to agree well with existing empirical data.
Tetratic order in the phase behavior of a hard-rectangle system

Previous Monte Carlo investigations by Wojciechowski et al. have found two unusual phases in two-dimensional systems of anisotropic hard particles: a tetratic phase of fourfold symmetry for hard squares [Comput. Methods Sci. Tech. 10, 235 (2004)], and a nonperiodic degenerate solid phase for hard-disk dimers [Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 3168 (1991)]. In this work, we study a system of hard rectangles of aspect ratio two, i.e., hard-square dimers (or dominos), and demonstrate that it exhibits phases with both of these unusual properties. The liquid shows quasi-long-range tetratic order, with no nematic order. The solid phase we observe is a nonperiodic tetratic phase having the structure of a random tiling of the square lattice with dominos with the well-known degeneracy entropy 1.79k{sub B} per particle. Our simulations do not conclusively establish the thermodynamic stability of this orientationally disordered solid; however, there are strong indications that this phase is glassy. Our observations are consistent with a two-stage phase transition scenario developed by Kosterlitz and co-workers with two continuous phase transitions, the first from isotropic to tetratic liquid, and the second from tetratic liquid to solid. We obtain similar results with both a classical Monte Carlo method using true rectangles and a novelmore » molecular dynamics algorithm employing rectangles with rounded corners.« less
Effect of vasoconstrictor agents on diacylglycerol content of normal and vasospastic canine basilar arteries in vitro.

A causal or supportive relationship between 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) content and the maintenance of tonic vasoconstriction was sought in carbine basilar arteries treated in vitro with various agents reported to increase DAG levels in other tissues (platelet-derived growth factor, vasopressin, angiotensin II, and endothelin-1) and, conversely, with agents known to activate sustained constriction (high K + , phorbol ester,hemolysate, and endothelin-1). Multiple segments from individual isolated arteries were prepared. Some segments were immediately frozen as controls and others incubated in physiological saline solution at 37 o C for either 5 minutes or 30 minutes in the presence or absence of different concentrations of the test materials. Segments were then quickly frozen until homogenized for lipid extraction and DAG assay. The DAG content of samples incubated up to 2 hours in physiological saline solution alone did not significantly differ from that of immediately frozen control samples. Resting DAG content expressed relative to total protein measured in each sample averaged 3.82±0.26 (standard error of the mean) pmol DAG/μg of protein (74 samples from 37 arteries). Endothelin at 2×10 -7 mol/L led to a statistically significant increase in DAG content of approximately 40% of basal content at 5 and 30 minutes. A smaller increase in DAG attributable to hemolysate (∼25%) was statistically significant at 30 minutes, whereas vasopressin provoked a notable decrease in DAG content. The other agents had no effect. No differences in these results were noted between normal canine basilar arteries and arteries constricted in vivo by subarachnoid blood clot before isolation. The observed increases in DAG content with endothelin and hemolysate may be large enough to play a role in promoting sustained vasoconstriction
Production of cytokines by epithelial tissues. A new model for cutaneous inflammation.

The pathophysiological processes responsible for the histological and clinical appearance of skin diseases characterized by inflammatory infiltrates of dermis and epidermis remain obscure. The recent explosion of knowledge about cytokines with immune and inflammatory activities, as well as the ident
Relationship between anxiety and serum cholesterol

Much information is appearing in the literature indicating that stress may be a factor in the level of serum cholestrol. This study investigated the relationship between total serum cholesterol levels in male university students, and personality anxiety as measured by standard anxiety tests. No significant relationship existed between anxiety and cholesterol. A test between the mean cholesterol level of the low anxious group and the high anxious group indicated that no significant difference between these means existed. Using a random sample of 51 students, no significant relationship was found to exist between serum cholesterol levels and scores obtained on the IP AT Anxiety Scale.
Educational transactions in large psychiatric hospitals.

The author is an Englishman, of course, and we allow him so much space for his degrees and certifications only because we are so impressed by the unusual brevity of his presentation. He sees a lot, and he tells what he sees with almost frightening candor.
Stresses of conquest: A study of Wilson bands and enamel hypoplasias in the Maya of Lamanai, Belize.

This paper examines the prevalence of Wilson bands and hypoplasias in the dental enamel of a sample of Postclassic and Historic Maya Indian remains from the archaeological site of Lamanai, Belize. Mandibular canines were removed from 23 individuals from the two periods. The surface of a polished, acid etched, longitudinal section of each canine was examined with scanning electron microscopy for the presence of enamel malformations. A large number of Wilson bands and shallow hypoplasias were identified; however, more severe macroscopic hypoplasias were rare. The two kinds of defects were found to be temporally associated in only 25-50% of instances, indicating that circumstances leading to their formation are likely distinct. The mean number of both Wilson bands and shallow hypoplasias was found to be significantly different between samples, indicating an increase in developmental stress in the Historic occupation. As dietary differences have not been detected between the occupations, the observed differences in enamel defect prevalence can be attributed to the effects of changing epidemiological patterns following the Spanish conquest.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Recognition of the Microsporidia Encephalitozoon spp. Induces Nuclear Translocation of NF-κB and Subsequent Inflammatory Responses

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that are ubiquitous in nature and have been recognized as causing an important emerging disease among immunocompromised individuals. Limited knowledge exists about the immune response against these organisms, and virtually nothing is known about the receptors involved in host recognition. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern recognition receptors that bind to specific molecules found on pathogens and signal a variety of inflammatory responses. In this study, we show that both Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis are preferentially recognized by TLR2 and not by TLR4 in primary human macrophages. This is the first demonstration of host receptor recognition of any microsporidian species. TLR2 ligation is known to activate NF-κB, resulting in inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). We found that the infection of primary human macrophages leads to the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in as early as 1 h and the subsequent production of TNF-α and IL-8. To verify the direct role of TLR2 parasite recognition in the production of these cytokines, the receptor was knocked down in primary human macrophages using small interfering RNA. This knockdown resulted in decreases in both the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the levels of TNF-α and IL-8 after challenge with spores. Taken together, these experiments directly link the initial inflammatory response induced by Encephalitozoon spp. to TLR2 stimulation in human macrophages.
Gene mutations and stroke in the young adult.

Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate the existence of the genetic mutation in the different types of cerebral and spinal strokes in previously healthy young adults. Methods We performed a retrospective study of the medical records of 35 young adults who presented to our institution with the diagnosis of acute cerebrovascular insult. We defined the localization of their stroke, specified their risk factors, defined their genetic mutation, and correlated these variables to assess their significance in the predisposition of stroke in the young. Results We found that the MTHFR and Factor V gene mutations are the most likely mutations to be associated with cerebral strokes in young adults. Spinal strokes are also associated with beta fibrinogen, factor XIII, and prothrombin II mutations. We did not find that a homozygous gene mutation is more thrombogenic than its heterozygous component. Conclusions We concluded that the major etiologies for stroke in young adults were multiple gene mutations rather than systemic illnesses. We found out that mutation of the MTHFR gene in isolation or in combination with other gene mutations is the most important risk factor for stroke in the young.
THE PHOTOREACTIONS AND FREE RADICAL INDUCED REACTIONS OF 1,3‐DIMETHYLURACIL IN METHANOL AND OTHER ALCOHOLS

— Photoexcited 1,3-dimethyluracil (DMU) reacts with methanol to give 1,3-dimethyl-6-hydroxymethyl-5-hydrouracil (1a) in addition to cyclobutane type dimers and 1,3-dimethyl-6-methoxy-5-hydrouracil (2a). Free radical induced reaction, initiated by photodecomposition of di-t-butyl peroxide with light of wavelength greater than 290nm, leads to 1a, 5,6-dihydroxymethyl-5,6-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-uracil (1d) and 6-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil as the products.