cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of static and dynamic response of the Green Building at the MIT campus to insolation and wind

Static and dynamic response of a 20-story concrete building (the Green Building at MIT, Cambridge, Mass.) to solar heating and wind was measured by means of a diamagnetic tiltmeter. Insolation of the front of the building causes a temporary tilt northwards of approximately 30 arc sec (measured on the 19th floor). Wind causes both tilting leewards and vibration of the building. The natural frequency of the cantilever mode of vibration of the building is 0.77 c/s. The bending stiffness of the building was determined both from the vibrations and from the steady tilt due to the average wind loading.
Establishment of eosinophilic sublines from human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells: demonstration of multipotentiality and single- lineage commitment of HL-60 stem cells

Recent observations indicating that the HL-60 human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line contains a minor eosinophil population in addition to neutrophil and mononuclear phagocyte progenitors suggest the multipotentiality of HL-60 stem cells. In order to clarify multilineage differentiation and commitment to single-lineage progenitors we analyzed HL-60 colonies formed in methylcellulose. In an HL-60 parent line with a relatively high eosinophil content (5.5%), 36% of the spontaneous colonies consisted partly or wholly of eosinophilic cells. After two rounds of subcloning in methylcellulose, two eosinophilic sublines and two neutrophilic sublines were established. These lines have been in continuous liquid culture for more than four months, and they show stable single-lineage differentiation. Purified biosynthetic GM-CSF, which stimulates normal CFU-GM and CFU-EO, induced monocytic differentiation but no eosinophilic differentiation in the neutrophilic sublines and no neutrophilic or monocytic differentiation in the eosinophilic sublines. These observations indicate that HL-60 stem cells are multipotent and capable of spontaneous commitment to single-lineage progenitors. The eosinophilic HL-60 sublines should facilitate studies on the production and function of human eosinophils and the single-lineage sublines will allow further analysis of leukemic cell differentiation and stem cell commitment.
Spatial and temporal variation in microcystin occurrence in wadeable streams in the southeastern United States.

Despite historical observations of potential microcystin-producing cyanobacteria (including Leptolyngbya, Phormidium, Pseudoanabaena, and Anabaena species) in 74% of headwater streams in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina (USA) from 1993 to 2011, fluvial cyanotoxin occurrence has not been systematically assessed in the southeastern United States. To begin to address this data gap, a spatial reconnaissance of fluvial microcystin concentrations was conducted in 75 wadeable streams in the Piedmont region (southeastern USA) during June 2014. Microcystins were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (limit = 0.10 µg/L) in 39% of the streams with mean, median, and maximum detected concentrations of 0.29 µg/L, 0.11 µg/L, and 3.2 µg/L, respectively. Significant (α = 0.05) correlations were observed between June 2014 microcystin concentrations and stream flow, total nitrogen to total phosphorus ratio, and water temperature; but each of these factors explained 38% or less of the variability in fluvial microcystins across the region. Temporal microcystin variability was assessed monthly through October 2014 in 5 of the streams where microcystins were observed in June and in 1 reference location; microcystins were repeatedly detected in all but the reference stream. Although microcystin concentrations in the present study did not exceed World Health Organization recreational guidance thresholds, their widespread occurrence demonstrates the need for further investigation of possible in-stream environmental health effects as well as potential impacts on downstream lakes and reservoirs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2281-2287. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Mechanisms and functions of GABA co-release

The long-held doctrine that an individual neuron releases only one type of small molecule neurotransmitter has been challenged in recent years. In this Progress article, Sabatini and colleagues discuss recent evidence suggesting that co-release of GABA occurs in several neuronal populations in the adult mammalian CNS and the implications of such co-release for neuronal signalling. The 'one neuron, one neurotransmitter' doctrine states that synaptic communication between two neurons occurs through the release of a single chemical transmitter. However, recent findings suggest that neurons that communicate using more than one classical neurotransmitter are prevalent throughout the adult mammalian CNS. In particular, several populations of neurons previously thought to release only glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine or histamine also release the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Here, we review these findings and discuss the implications of GABA co-release for synaptic transmission and plasticity.
Conditional probability and integrated pest management: Using a nonlinear Kriging technique to predict infectious levels of Verticillium dahliae in Michigan potato fields

A recent survey of potato (Solanum tuberosum) growers in the state of Michigan identified that soilborne pathogens were causing concerns as to whether growers would be able to continue to meet the high demands for marketable potatoes. Of these soilborne pathogens, Verticillium dahliae is one of the most concerning due to its direct correlation with yield decline and its persistence in the soil. Following the survey a statewide soil study was conducted to study soilborne pathogens and their interactions with multiple abiotic and biotic factors. The use of geostatistics and geographical information systems (GIS) were incorporated into this study to assess the spatially distribution of colonies of V. dahliae across a field and to use geostatistical methods to determine V. dahliae inoculum levels throughout the entire field from 20 soil samples. Furthermore, the research team incorporated the use of a nonlinear indicator Kriging method to create conditional probability maps of soilborne pathogen inoculum levels and predict where inoculum levels would be high enough to result in infection. The methods presented in this paper evaluated conditional probability mapping of soilborne plant pathogens for the potential to become a practical crop management tool for commercial potato growers.
Culture of leucocytes from rabbit blood and lymph: effect of phytohemagglutinin and growth of macrophages.

Summary1. Rabbit blood or mesenteric lymph leucocytes cultured in vitro for 72 hours with PHA show blast forms and mitoses. 2. Spontaneous blastogenesis and mitosis of such cells takes place at the end of the fifth day. 3. Macrophages develop in 5-day blood cultures whether or not phytohemagglutinin is present. Macrophages do not arise from leucocyte cultures of monocyte-free blood or from lymph. This supports the view that macrophages arise from monocytes in the peripheral blood, and not from lymphocytes.
Serum progesterone levels following vaginal administration of progesterone during the luteal phase

We measured serum progesterone (P) levels after administration of 400 mg P vaginal suppositories to women during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Blood samples were obtained before suppository insertion and at five intervals up to 8 hours after insertion. On the first day of treatment with P suppositories, there was a substantial elevation in serum P above baseline after insertion. However, on subsequent days of administration a smaller increment in serum P was observed. In 4 women studied on days 1 and 8 of the same treatment cycle in the luteal phase, a smaller rise in serum P following suppository administration on day 8, compared with day 1, was found. Overall, a highly significant negative correlation between change in serum P from baseline and duration of vaginal suppository treatment was found. This observation does not appear to be related to the achievement of a pharmacokinetic steady state. Possible mechanisms for this observation are discussed.
An Analysis of Testing Requirements for Fluoride Salt Cooled High Temperature Reactor Components

This report provides guidance on the component testing necessary during the next phase of fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactor (FHR) development. In particular, the report identifies and describes the reactor component performance and reliability requirements, provides an overview of what information is necessary to provide assurance that components will adequately achieve the requirements, and then provides guidance on how the required performance information can efficiently be obtained. The report includes a system description of a representative test scale FHR reactor. The reactor parameters presented in this report should only be considered as placeholder values until an FHR test scale reactor design is completed. The report focus is bounded at the interface between and the reactor primary coolant salt and the fuel and the gas supply and return to the Brayton cycle power conversion system. The analysis is limited to component level testing and does not address system level testing issues. Further, the report is oriented as a bottom-up testing requirements analysis as opposed to a having a top-down facility description focus.
Wavelet analysis for microprocessor design: experiences with wavelet-based dI/dt characterization

As microprocessors become increasingly complex, the techniques used to analyze and predict their behavior must become increasingly rigorous. We apply wavelet analysis techniques to the problem of dl/dt estimation and control in modern microprocessors. While prior work has considered Bayesian phase analysis, Markov analysis, and other techniques to characterize hardware and software behavior, we know of no prior work using wavelets for characterizing computer systems. The dl/dt problem has been increasingly vexing in recent years, because of aggressive drops in supply voltage and increasingly large relative fluctuations in CPU current dissipation. Because the dl/dt problem has natural frequency dependence (it is worst in the mid-frequency range of roughly 50-200 MHz) it is natural to apply frequency-oriented techniques like wavelets to understand it. Our work proposes (i) an offline wavelet-based estimation technique that can accurately predict a benchmark's likelihood of causing voltage emergencies, and (ii) an online wavelet-based control technique that uses key wavelet coefficients to predict and avert impending voltage emergencies. The offline estimation technique works with roughly 0.94% error. The online control technique reduces false positives in dl/dt prediction, allowing, voltage control to occur with less than 2.5% performance overhead on the SPEC benchmark suite.
Sacral nerve stimulation allows for decreased antegrade continence enema use in children with severe constipation.

Abstract Background Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) can be beneficial for children with constipation, but no studies have focused on children with constipation severe enough to require antegrade continence enemas (ACEs). Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of SNS in children with constipation treated with ACE. Methods Using a prospective patient registry, we identified patients Results Twenty-two patients (55% male, median 12years) were included. Median ACE frequency decreased from 7 per week at baseline to 1 per week at 12months ( p p =0.02). Six (27%) children experienced complications after SNS that required further surgery. Conclusions In children with severe constipation dependent on ACE, SNS led to a steady decrease in ACE usage with nearly half of patients receiving cecostomy/appendicostomy closure within 2years. Level of evidence IV.
Which Patients with Fecal Incontinence Require Physiologic Workup

Anal physiology testing is part of the initial diagnostic workup used in patients presenting with fecal incontinence (FI) but the value in defining the disease severity, predicting and assessing treatment outcomes has been debated [1]. This chapter will present the available evidence in the literature to define the role of anal physiology testing for FI.
URINE ANALYSIS FOR METHADONE PROGRAMS: A CLIENT-CENTERED COMPUTER- BASED AUTOMATED TECHNIQUE

Urine surveillance of opiate addicts in methadone treatment programs is an important feature of contemporary treatment techniques. The purposes of urinalysis were defined by Nightingale, Michaux and Platt (1972): To yield clinical information to the counselor. To encourage the client’s abstinence from illicit use. To symbolize the counselor’s interest in the client’s progress.
Intermediate decision trees

Intermediate decision trees are the subtrees of the full (unpruned) decision tree generated in a breadth-first order. An extensive empirical investigation evaluates the classification error of intermediate decision trees and compares their performance to full and pruned trees. Empirical results were generated using C4.5 with 66 databases from the UCI machine learning database repository Results show that when attempting to minimize the error of the pruned tree produced by C4.5, the best intermediate tree performs significantly better in 46 of the 66 databases. These and other results question the effectiveness of decision tree pruning strategies and suggest further consideration of the full tree and its intermediates. Also, the results reveal specific properties satisfied by databases in which the intermediate full tree performs best Such relationships improve guidelines for selecting appropriate inductive strategies based on domain properties.
Power Supply Decoupling

The number one root cause of system related problems is due to inadequate power supply decoupling around the DSP and or other surrounding circuits such as DDR, clocks, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters etc. The most challenging task for designers is to determine the best decoupling techniques to achieve low noise and high performance. In general, component manufactures provide a conservative recommendation for power supply decoupling, but in many cases, it is not practical to follow this recommendation because of PCB space availability, power consumption, EMI or safety requirements. Also, component manufactures always provide development platforms for designers to evaluate and these platforms typically are a lot larger than the actual design and are not required to be FCC certified, so copying what was done on the development platform is not a guaranteed that the design will be successful. This chapter will discuss three important topics for designers: 1. a general rule-ofthumb decoupling method, 2. an analytic decoupling method and 3. how to make design tradeoffs to achieve the best noise performance possible.
The Coordination and Redox Chemistry of Vanadium in Aqueous Solution

With the recent discoveries of the first two naturally occurring vanadium-containing enzymes, the bromoperoxidase and nitrogenase, the coordination chemistry and reactivity of vanadium is receiving renewed attention. One of the most intriguing features of vanadium is the number of stable oxidation states in which vanadium is known and the relative ease of interconversion between many of these states. Vanadium complexes in the oxidation states, - 3, - 1, 0, 1 +, 2 +, 3 +, 4 + and 5 + have been well characterized, although, only the 2 + through 5 + states are well known in aqueous solution and the 3 + through 5 + are the oxidation states in which vanadium is found in biological systems.
Effects of UV-B Radiation on Photosynthesis

Several component reactions of photosynthesis, and net CO2 assimilation rates have been shown to be detrimentally affected by UV-B radiation levels equal to or above those presently received at various locations on the earth’s surface. Many of these studies, however, were completed under environmental conditions that deviated from ambient field conditions to such an extent that extrapolation of results for predictive purposes would probably overestimate the harmful effects of reduced atmospheric ozone levels and the concomitant increases in UV-B radiation. Nevertheless, the photosynthetic process has been shown to be sensitive to UV-B radiation and, therefore, warrants further study. The ability of plants to tolerate increased levels of UV-B radiation, relative to photosynthetic capacity, may be dictated by acclimation processes that would intensify UV-B attenuation prior to its absorbance by sensitive components or reactants of photosynthesis.
Introduction, Clinical and Technical Aspects

The three major cavities in the body, that is, pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal, are lined by the serous (or serosal) membrane (and hence the name “serous cavity”). The basic integral component of serosal membrane is a mesothelial cell which loosely rests on submesothelial stromal matrix tissue. These three cavities normally contain a small amount of thin fluid (serous fluid), which helps lubricate the membranes when they rub against each other, such as during breathing, etc. However, in pathologic states, the serous cavities develop spontaneous effusions due to a variety of etiologies. This provides a clinically useful specimen for cytologic evaluation to diagnose the underlying pathologic process, such as infections, inflammation, neoplasia, etc.
Anpassungs- und Impedanzmessung

Zur Fortleitung von Hochfrequenzenergie uber kurze Entfernungen und fur den Zusammenschlus verschiedener Bauteile werden auf dem Mikrowellengebiet hauptsachlich Koaxialleitungen und Hohlleiter verwendet. Abb. 4.1 und Tab. 4.1 zeigen Daten einiger Standard-Leitungen. In dem niederfrequenten Bereich werden wegen einfacherer Herstellung der Bauteile und groserer Breitbandigkeit Koaxialleitungen vorgezogen. Bei hoheren Frequenzen finden Hohlleiter Verwendung, welche fur die verschiedenen Frequenzbereiche verschiedene Dimensionen haben. Der Anwendungsbereich eines Typs mit bestimmter Dimension ist in Richtung hoher Frequenzen durch das Auftreten hoherer Wellenformen begrenzt und hat eine untere Grenze bei der Grenzfrequenz.
Fusing Heterogeneous Data: A Case for Remote Sensing and Social Media

Data heterogeneity can pose a great challenge to process and systematically fuse low-level data from different modalities with no recourse to heuristics and manual adjustments and refinements. In this paper, a new methodology is introduced for the fusion of measured data for detecting and predicting weather-driven natural hazards. The proposed research introduces a robust theoretical and algorithmic framework for the fusion of heterogeneous data in near real time. We establish a flexible information-based fusion framework with a target optimality criterion of choice, which for illustration, is specialized to a maximum entropy principle and a least effort principle for semisupervised learning with noisy labels. We develop a methodology to account for multimodality data and a solution for addressing inherent sensor limitations. In our case study of interest, namely, that of flood density estimation, we further show that by fusing remote sensing and social media data, we can develop well founded and actionable flood maps. This capability is valuable in situations where environmental hazards, such as hurricanes or severe weather, affect very large areas. Relative to the state of the art working with such data, our proposed information-theoretic solution is principled and systematic, while offering a joint exploitation of any set of heterogeneous sensor modalities with minimally assuming priors. This flexibility is coupled with the ability to quantitatively and clearly state the fusion principles with very reasonable computational costs. The proposed method is tested and substantiated with the multimodality data of a 2013 Boulder Colorado flood event.
Community Participation: Present and Future Patterns:

Community participation in the public schools has been a commonly accepted tenet in American education. In recent decades, social events have increased the attention given to community participatio...
The influence of T-shirt graphics on perceptions and behavioral intentions.

ABSTRACTDo graphics on clothing drive perceptions? We used a between group design to test if athletic, academic, or suggestive graphics on clothing differentially influence perceptions and behavioral intentions. In study 1, participants (N = 199) rated five female t-shirt models, and in study 2 and 3, participants rated five male t-shirt models (N = 120) or university students (N = 50). Analyses of variance controlling for sex (ANCOVA) showed participants were least likely to want to interact with models/students wearing sexually suggestive graphics: Study 1, F(3,165) = 30.263, p < .001, ηp2 = .30, power = 1.00; Study 2, F (3,119) = 11.630, p < .000, ηp2 = .234, and Study 3, F(1, 42) = 12.578, p < .000. Participants did not rate models in the academic and athletic graphic shirts differently from models with plain white shirts. Results support the concept that people form different perceptions based upon the clothing a person wears, changing behavioral intentions. Neither sex role ideation (Study 1) or sex...
Perceived Barriers to Antepartum HIV Medication Adherence in HIV Infected Pregnant Women

Introduction. Although rare, perinatal HIV transmission still occurs in the United States and most transmissions are preventable. We aim to identify patient barriers to antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence during pregnancy and assess patient understanding of perinatal transmission. Methods. This cross-sectional survey recruited HIV positive postpartum women at a large safety net hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, between January 2016 and February 2018. Survey questions included demographic characteristics, HIV history, knowledge of perinatal transmission, and ART adherence. Perinatal and HIV outcomes were assessed using chart abstraction. Results. Of the 70 HIV infected postpartum women delivered at a large safety net hospital in Atlanta, GA, 45 women were eligible and consented to participate. Participating women were aged 18 to 40 years with an average age of 29 years old, 93% of participants were African-American, and 68% had ≥3 pregnancies. The majority of participants (75%) reported daily ART adherence. “Forgetting” was the most frequent reason for missing pills (57%). Thirteen women had a detectable viral load at the time of delivery and nine of those women had a viral load greater than 1000 copies/mL. Approximately 85% of women who correctly stated ART medications decrease perinatal transmission risk reported daily adherence compared with 50% of women without that knowledge (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.17, 26.7). Almost half of women (40%) either did not know or believed a vaginal delivery, regardless of viral load, would increase their risk of perinatal transmission. Conclusion. Overall, women who were diagnosed with HIV during the current pregnancy, those with planned pregnancies, and those who were on medications prior to pregnancy were more likely to report daily ART adherence. Detectable viral load at delivery is the greatest risk factor for perinatal transmission; therefore strategies to increase ART adherence are needed.
Tailoring SBS thresholds using OAM fiber modes (Conference Presentation)

We report stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) measurements in orbital angular momentum (OAM) carrying modes of an optical fiber. The additional degree of freedom afforded by angular momentum selectivity leads to new possibilities to control SBS gain. We find that, depending on the OAM value in relation to the polarization state of the launched pump light, the SBS threshold can vary by as much as 2.6 dB, even when normalized for mode area. Combined with their inherently large mode areas and naturally polarization maintaining behavior, OAM fiber modes may offer an alternative means for scaling power in narrow-linewidth fiber lasers.
A Simple Pediatric Heart Failure Symptom Score for Children Hospitalized with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Purpose Currently there are no simple tools to evaluate heart failure (HF) symptoms in children hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). We sought to describe our institutional experience developing a simple, standardized symptom score (HFSS) to capture HF symptom severity in hospitalized children. Methods From 2015 to 2018, all children hospitalized with ADHF at a single center were assigned a daily HFSS, a mandatory element for EPIC note completion. The score includes 3 domains: feeding intolerance, respiratory failure, and inactivity rated on an ordinal severity scale: 0 (no symptoms), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), 3 severe, 4 (life-threatening) (table 1). Results The HFSS was recorded daily by the on-call HF cardiologist typically taking several seconds to calculate. The HFSS was iteratively modified in response to feedback from the cardiologists, dietitians and physical therapy to make it robust across all age groups and HF syndromes [(HF with reduce ejection fraction (HFrEF), HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), cardiomyopathy, and CHD (including 1- and 2-circulations)]. Figure 1 summarizes the HFSS trajectory of a 13 y/o boy hospitalized with ADHF who underwent LVAD implantation and eventually transplant. Conclusion This simple standardized pediatric HF symptom tool may be a useful way to quantify and track HF symptoms in children hospitalized with ADHF across a range of HF syndromes. Although the tool may be useful across the age and HF severity spectrum, its utility may be greatest in smaller and/or sedated children where direct patient-reported outcome measures are difficult to ascertain.
Organizational Theory From an Afrocentric Perspective

Although possessing widely differing assumptions about organizational and human nature, organizational theories all have one thing in common: They reflect the conceptual frameworks of Western social science, which are derivatives of Western ideology and thought. By exclusively reflecting the values and notions of Western society, these theories are circumscribable and biased and omit different conceptualizations of human beings and society found in other cultures. To this extent-and because Western social science has negated the worldview of African people (Akbar, 1984; Asante, 1987; Carruthers, 1989; Karenga, 1982)-some have argued for development of an alternative social science model reflective of the cultural background and cultural reality of African people (Akbar, 1984, 1985; Asante, 1980a, 1988; Baldwin, 1986; Baldwin & Bell, 1985; Dixon, 1976; Nobles, 1978, 1980; Semmes, 1981; Williams, 1981). This alternative model is known as the Afrocentric model. To date, most work along these lines has applied the Afrocentric model to individual and group behavior, but its application to organizational theory has been neglected. The purpose of this article is to reconceptualize organizational theory by employing the Afrocentric paradigm. Drawing from some of the tenets of the Afrocentric paradigm, this article will identify and discuss some of the characteristics of an Afrocentric organization and the extent to which these characteristics are congruent or incongruent with Western theories of organizations. Hence this article will offer an alternative conceptual paradigm for the study of formal organizations in general, but human service organizations in specific.'
Moisture Effects on Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Graphite Fiber Thermoplastic Matrix Composite

Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness was determined for a high-temperature thermoplastic matrix, intermediate modulus graphite fiber composite laminate. Interlaminar fracture toughness and fracture energy were determined for a unidirectional layup, continuous-fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite by using a nonconventional specimen. A short bar hybrid test specimen (HTS) was developed and used in this investigation to determine the effect of moisture on mode I delamination fracture toughness and critical strain energy release rate. Exposure of the thermoplastic composite laminate in a water bath for over 400 h had an insignificant effect on delamination fracture toughness. Moreover, a fractographic examination did not reveal effects of absorbed moisture on fracture surface morphology and failure processes. Fracture was characterized primarily by matrix decohesion and fiber pullout. There was, however, clear evidence of fracture mechanisms that contributed significantly to mode I fracture energy of the composite. Crack bridging by isolated, single fibers and fiber bundles was prevalent, particularly after a considerable degree of crack extension in the laminate. Translaminar, secondary microcracking was observed in the vicinity of the primary crack tip.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE AND MEMORY CONTROL BELIEFS IN OLDER ADULTS

In studies with older adults, future time perspective (FTP) is most frequently assessed using the Carstensen and Lang FTP scale. However, it has been proposed that that this scale is actually compo...
Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Is Associated with Unfavorable Functional Outcome in Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract Background/objective: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating neurologic event for which markers to assess poor outcome are needed. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein may result from inflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption that occurs during SAH. We sought to determine if CSF protein level is associated with functional outcome after SAH. Methods: We prospectively collected single-center demographic and clinical data for consecutive patients admitted with spontaneous SAH. Inclusion required an external ventricular drain and daily CSF protein and cellular counts starting within 48 hours of symptom onset and extending through 7 days after onset. Seven-day average CSF protein was determined from daily measured values after correcting for contemporaneous CSF red blood cell (RBC) count. Three-month functional outcome was assessed by telephone interview with good outcome defined as modified Rankin score 0-3. Variables univariately associated with outcome at P less than .25 and measures of hemorrhage volume were included for binary logistic regression model development. Results: The study included 130 patients (88% aneurysmal SAH, 69% female, 54.8 ± 14.8 years, Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] 14 [7-15]). Three-month outcome assessment was complete in 112 (86%) patients with good functional outcome in 74 (66%). CSF protein was lower in good outcome (35.3 [20.4-49.7] versus 80.5 [40.5-115.5] mg/dL; P
Tracking Terrorism: The Role of Technology in Risk Assessment and Monitoring of Terrorist Offenders

Intelligence is a critical aspect of countering violent extremism, and technology is increasingly used to help expand the amount of information collected about potential terrorist threats. However, it is clear that an equally important (if not more important) part of these efforts is the ability to separate, within the mass of individuals (or data) identified, those individuals who will conduct acts of terrorism (the minority) from those who will not (the majority). Thus, a core challenge is how information is handled, interpreted, analyzed, and used to inform decisions. In this chapter we discuss the dynamic interplay between the collection of intelligence (including technology-assisted surveillance) and decision-making. Specifically, we focus on how issues in our understanding of “the terrorist” interact with and impact the use of technology within counterterrorism. In addition to this, and in support of future research in this area, we highlight some innovative areas for growth and new avenues to facilitate the integration of technology within counterterrorism.
An Algebraic-Topological Approach to Processing Cross-Blockchain Transactions.

The state-of-the-art techniques for processing cross-blockchain transactions take a simple centralized approach: when the assets on blockchain $X$, say $X$-coins, are exchanged with the assets on blockchain $Y$---the $Y$-coins, those $X$-coins need to be exchanged to a "middle" medium (such as Bitcoin) that is then exchanged to $Y$-coins. If there are more than two parties involved in a single global transaction, the global transaction is split into multiple local two-party transactions, each of which follows the above central-exchange protocol. Unfortunately, the atomicity of the global transaction is violated with the central-exchange approach: those local two-party transactions, once committed, cannot be rolled back if the global transaction decides to abort. In a more general sense, the graph-based model of (two-party) transactions can hardly be extended to an arbitrary number of parties in a cross-blockchain transaction. %from why to how In this paper, we introduce a higher-level abstraction of cross-blockchain transactions. We adopt the \textit{abstract simplicial complex}, an extensively-studied mathematical object in algebraic topology, to represent an arbitrary number of parties involved in the blockchain transactions. Essentially, each party in the global transaction is modeled as a vertex and the global transaction among $n+1$ ($n \in \mathbb{Z}$, $n > 0$) parties compose a $n$-dimensional simplex. While this higher-level abstraction seems plausibly trivial, we will show how this simple extension leads to a new line of modeling methods and protocols for better processing cross-blockchain transactions.
Exploring the effects of algorithm-driven news sources on political behavior and polarization

Abstract Do algorithm-driven news sources have different effects on political behavior when compared to non-algorithmic news sources? Media companies compete for our scarce time and attention; one way they do this is by leveraging algorithms to select the most appealing content for each user. While algorithm-driven sites are increasingly popular sources of information, we know very little about the effects of algorithmically determined news at the individual level. The objective of this paper is to define and measure the effects of algorithmically generated news. We begin by developing a taxonomy of news delivery by distinguishing between two types of algorithmically generated news, socially driven and user-driven, and contrasting these with non-algorithmic news. We follow with an exploratory analysis of the effects of these news delivery modes on political behavior, specifically political participation and polarization. Using two nationally representative surveys, one of young adults and one of the general population, we find that getting news from sites that use socially driven or user-driven algorithms to generate content corresponds with higher levels of political participation, but that getting news from non-algorithmic sources does not. We also find that neither non-algorithmic nor algorithmically determined news contribute to higher levels of partisan polarization. This research helps identify important variation in the consequences of news consumption contingent on the mode of delivery.
Homocysteine – what is it good for?

Almost 90 years ago, Vincent du Vigneaud, who would later win the 1955 Nobel prize in chemistry, published the first in vitro synthesis of the sulfur amino acid, homocysteine [1]. Over the next several decades, homocysteine would become recognized as an important intermediate in methionine, folate and one-carbon metabolism. In the 1960s, the pathologist Kilmer McCully proposed the homocysteine theory of atherosclerosis based on observations of thromboembolic disease in young children who suffered from homocystinurias, inborn errors of metabolism that cause extreme increases of homocysteine in the blood and urine [1].
Opioid Effects on the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Immune System: Implications for Opioid Tolerance

Opioids exert differential effects in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral immune system. Both systems may play a role in the development of opioid tolerance. This review provides a brief overview of the opioid effects on the CNS and peripheral immune system and discusses the potential roles of the connections between the two systems in opioid tolerance. Opioids induced pro-inflammatory response of the CNS immune cells through several mechanisms that involve mu-opioid receptor and Toll-like receptor 4. This neuroinflammation leads to enhanced neuron excitability and opioid tolerance and/or hyperalgesia. Opioid-exposed neuronal cells also contributed to CNS stress and inflammatory responses, further resulted in neuroinflammation. On the contrary, most studies have shown that opioids exert immunosuppressive effects in the peripheral immune system. There are, however, some evidence suggested that opioids may induce dose-, time-, and opioid agent-dependent pro-inflammatory responses. Though opioids have the opposite effects in the CNS and the peripheral immune system, newer evidence have suggested that the peripheral immune system plays a significant role in neuroinflammation and opioid tolerance. Opioid effects on the CNS and the peripheral immune system have been studied extensively; however, the integrated effects of opioids on tolerance development are yet to be explored. Further understanding of the integrated/interactive effects of opioids on peripheral immune cells and the CNS is required so that their interactions may be exploited for the identification of new therapeutics and biomarkers.
Increased pupil dilation during tip-of-the-tongue states.

Abstract Tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs) are feelings of impending word retrieval success during a current failure to retrieve a target word. Though much is known and understood about TOT states from decades of research, research on potential psychophysiological correlates of the TOT state is still in its infancy, and existing studies point toward the involvement of neural processes that are associated with enhanced attention, motivation, and information-seeking. In the present study, we demonstrate that, during instances of target retrieval failure, TOT states are associated with greater pupillary dilation (i.e., autonomic arousal) in 91% of our sample. This is the first study to demonstrate a pupillometric correlate of the TOT experience, and this finding provides an important step toward understanding emotional attributes associated with TOT states. Mean pupil dilation also increased such that instances of target identification failure that were unaccompanied by TOT states
Diffusion Limited Reactions

A diffusion limited reaction rate is one which depends solely on the rate at which solute molecules diffuse to the site of reaction such as the surface of a reactant particle. When all reaction processes at the surface of the reactant particle are so fast that surface equilibrium conditions are maintained, the effective (or net) reaction rate does not depend on the nature of the process at the site of reaction, but rather upon the rate of transport by diffusion.
Monoiodoinsulin PREPARATION, PURIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE DERIVATIVE SUBSTITUTED PREDOMINANTLY ON TYROSINE A14

Abstract The iodination of zinc-free insulin was catalyzed by lactoperoxidase, and monoiodoinsulin was purified from the reaction mixture by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex (A-25). This fraction was demonstrated to be essentially pure by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, specific radioactivity, and neutron activation analysis for iodine content. This derivative demonstrated the ultraviolet absorption characteristics expected of a monoiodotyrosyl insulin. Circular dichroic and immunological studies indicated no significant perturbations in the insulin molecule due to the attachment of iodine. Basic hydrolysis and subsequent amino acid analysis demonstrated that 85 to 90% of the total iodine was associated with 3-monoiodotyrosine, with the remaining iodine apparently associated with hydrolytic degradation products of 3-monoiodotyrosine. Oxidative sulfitolysis followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the S-sulfo A and B chains indicated that this monoiodoinsulin was substituted predominantly (76%) on the tyrosine at position 14 of the A chain. The biological activity of monoiodoinsulin was indistinguishable from that of native insulin by the criterion of blood sugar depression in alloxan diabetic mice, and was 70 to 80% relative to insulin in the mouse convulsion assay. It therefore seems likely that the absolute integrity of tyrosine A14 is not required for the expression of the biological activity of insulin. A marked effect of zinc on both the immunological reactivity and near ultraviolet circular dichroism of insulin was noted during the course of this work. In addition, the effect of pH on the position of iodine substitution was examined, and a method is presented for the characterization of iodination reaction mixtures by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Identifying Words to Explain to a Reader: A Preliminary Study

In previous work we tried to automatically annotate text with semantic assistance on words. We augmented text with short "factoids" about words such as "cheetah can be a kind of cat. Is it here?" We used WordNet (Fellbaum 1998) to retrieve synonyms (assistance is like aid), hypernyms (cheetah is a kind of cat), and antonyms (beautiful is the opposite of ugly), and focused on the "low-hanging fruit" of words with only one or two senses. During design, development and deployment of these automatic annotations, we uncovered a number of challenges to our automated approach. • Appropriate language. Comprehensive language resources aimed at adults may not be appropriate for children because of "improper" language, too-difficult words, or archaic vocabulary. • Multiple senses. We intended to skirt the problem of multiple senses by looking only at words with few senses, and presenting the remaining word sense disambiguation problem as an exercise to the reader. (In the hope that telling the difference between e.g. elephant the animal and elephant the political symbol would be easy enough to leave to the student.) Such phrases were sometimes confusing, and unfortunately the computer never gave the "answer" of what the correct sense for the word was in this context. • Textual context. For some words it may be fine to explain them the same way regardless of the textual context in which they appear (e.g. asparagus, aardvark). However, some uses of a word are better explained by one synonym rather than others. Even harder, a word may be best explained by analogy with a word that is not a synonym, but a functionally related word. For example, one teacher in one of the schools we work with explained the word slate in a story about frontier schools in early America as being like a chalkboard -you write on it in school. (In WordNet, slate and chalkboard are most closely related through artifact, fairly high up in the ontology.) Together, these problems led us to seek instead a computer-assisted (but human-controlled) solution.
Genotoxicity and Epigenetic Modifications in Response to Atmospheric and Engineered Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are of increasing interest and concern as they become more widely used in consumer products, industry and medicine. Nanoparticles differ from their ‘bulk’ materials in physiochemical properties, creating interest and further applications. In addition to being engineered, humans are constantly exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) through ambient air pollution. There is a need for toxicological assessment of these particles as humans come into contact with them every day. The toxicological mechanism and biological fate of these particles are not well known. Findings in the fields of genotoxicity and epigenetics shed light on potential mechanisms for adverse human health effects when exposed to these particles. There is still much work to be done in order to properly assess the risk of NP exposure. Key Concepts: Nanoparticles have different inherent physiochemical properties from bulk materials of the same composition. Studies show that nanoparticles at smaller dimensions induce stronger toxic effects than the same particles at larger dimensions Oxidative stress is increased when exposed to nanoparticles, more free radicals will cause more cellular and DNA damage. Nanoparticles are being investigated for use in clinical settings, specifically diagnostic procedures and drug delivery. Epigenetic modifications are those in which there is no genetic mutation or DNA damage present. Nanoparticles will be constituents of ambient particulate matter, therefore, all life is exposed to varying amounts of nanoparticles daily. Government organisations are working to increase research and development involving nanoparticles in order to better understand their mechanisms of action. Keywords: particulate matter; nanoparticles; epigenetics; DNA methylation; histone modifications; genotoxicity; oxidative stress; in vitro; in vivo
Modeling of ballistic-failure mechanisms in gas metal arc welds of mil a46100 armor-grade steel

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the recently developed multi-physics computational model for the conventional Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) joining process that has been upgraded with respect to its predictive capabilities regarding the spatial distribution of the mechanical properties controlling the ballistic limit (i.e. penetration resistance) of the weld. Design/methodology/approach – The original model consists of five modules, each dedicated to handling a specific aspect of the GMAW process, i.e.: electro-dynamics of the welding-gun; radiation-/convection-controlled heat transfer from the electric arc to the workpiece and mass transfer from the filler-metal consumable electrode to the weld; prediction of the temporal evolution and the spatial distribution of thermal and mechanical fields within the weld region during the GMAW joining process; the resulting temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the material microstructure throughout the weld region; and spatial distribution ...
NBS: Materials measurements

Measurement of materials properties and thermophysical properties is described. The topics discussed are: surface tensions and their variations with temperature and impurities; convection during unidirectional solidification: measurement of high temperature thermophysical properties of tungsten liquid and solid; thermodynamic properties of refractory materials at high temperatures; and experimental and theoretical studies in wetting and multilayer adsorption.
Jacques Rancière: Literature and Equality

Jacques Ranciere has become known for his writings both on politics and aesthetics. What ties them together is that they both concern the concept of equality. However, they address this concept in different ways. In this article, I address the concept of equality as it appears both in his political and aesthetic writings, with a focus on the latter.