cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic zygomatic fracture repair

Traditionally, the transcoronal incision has been used to approach the zygomatic arch in zygomatic fracture with segmental fractures or telescoping of the zygomatic arch. The disadvantages of the transcoronal approach include frontal branch palsy, increased blood loss, loss of sensation posterior to the incision, alopecia, and hollowing of the temporal fossa. Based on the principle of aesthetic endoscopic face-lift, the zygomatic fracture can be repaired with endoscopic visualization through a minimal temporal incision. Indications for endoscopic repair procedure are moderate-velocity injuries with displaced zygomatic body and segmental fractures of the zygomatic arch. Complex zygomatic fractures that require bone-graft reconstruction and internal orbital exploration, and are associated with skull-base fracture or sagittal fracture dislocation at the root of the zygomatic arch are contraindications for the endoscopic method. The main advantages of endoscopic zygomatic fracture repair are the minimization of scars and avoidance of undesirable risks and sequelae of the traditional open method.
Repeat temperature measurements in Borehole GC-1, northwestern Utah: Towards isolating a climate-change signal in borehole temperature profiles

Temperature-depth profiles in borehole GC-1, northwestern Utah, were measured in 1978, 1990, and 1992. Borehole temperatures below 80 m depth are highly reproducible over the 14 year period indicating long term thermal stability. A slowly changing temperature field above 80 m depth has similiar characteristics to synthetic temperature profiles computed from a 100 year record of air temperature changes at Park Valley weather station 50 km northeast of the borehole site.
Undergraduate medical education in obstetrics and gynaecology in the USA and Canada, 1985.

Summary Many factors have led to a movement from the emphasis of the 1960s and 1970s on departmental expansion towards an emphasis on cost-effective undergraduate medical education emphasizing the ‘art’ as well as the ‘science’ of medicine. In January 1985 a questionnaire was sent under the auspices of the Undergraduate Education Committee of the Association of Professors of Obstetrics and Gynecology to all chairmen of departments of obstetrics and gynecology in the USA and Canada seeking their opinions about these trends and information about the educational programmes in their departments. The information from this study indicates that the chairmen are awarc of and responding to this new direction in medical education. A stabilization of teaching staff and clerkship sizes and the emphasis on clinical as well as cognitive evaluation, despite recognition of the cost of the former, shows active interventions towards these ends. An emphasis on education in ‘basic’ as compared to ‘subspecialty’ areas which is independent of the subspecialty of the academic chairman also supports this trend.
Dimensionality of space and the pulsating universe

It is shown that, when the dimensionality of the kinetic-energy term is increased in Einstein’s field equations for the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric inn dimensions, in the absence of a pressure term, stable bound states of the Universe are only found forn=2, 3 and 4. With the further assumption that space is closed, together with a suitable application of Mach’s principle, the casesn=2, 4 can be excluded, so that one has a cosmological approach to deriving the three-dimensionality of space. A speculative way to resolve the «short age» problem of a Ω>1 Universe is also described.
Tomosynthesis reconstruction using an accelerated expectation maximisation algorithm with novel data structure based on sparse matrix ray-tracing method

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) is a novel imaging technology to improve early breast cancer detection. It provides three-dimensional information of the breast to overcome the critical issues of overlapping anatomical structures of the breast. Among current available DBT reconstruction algorithms, Maximum Likelihood Expectation-Maximisation (MLEM) is a time-consuming iterative method to reconstruct three-dimensional image of the breast. In this paper, we proposed an accelerated MLEM algorithm with novel data structure based on sparse matrix ray-tracing method for DBT reconstruction. Compared with the standard MLEM, the proposed algorithm is effective to generate relative fast-speed tomosynthesis reconstruction and maintain the same image quality.
Designing and implementing an intelligent database application: A case study

Abstract The past few years have witnessed an increasing interest in both academia and industry to integrate database management systems and expert systems technologies to develop more intelligent applications. Conventional fourth-generation languages coupled with relational databases provide an attractive environment for designing and implementing database-driven applications that incorporate expert system techniques. This article describes such an application, ARCHES (American Red Cross Health Education System). This application was developed by the author and is currently in use at several Red Cross chapters in the New England region.
Encephalitogenic activity of poly-L-lysine.

IT has recently been reported that a water-soluble protein extracted from brain tissue has encephalitogenic activity1. The method of extraction of this water-soluble protein is very similar to that used by Dounce and Monty for the extraction of histones from rat liver nuclei2. Lederer3 has reported that killed cells of the H 37 RV strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can produce allergic encephalomyelitis in rabbits. A basic protein from this same strain has been shown to induce a positive tuberculin reaction4. To determine whether a synthetic basic polypeptide might influence the production of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis we examined the effect of polylysine on this experimental disease in rabbits.
Oxidative coupling of methane on fluorite-structured samarium–yttrium–bismuth oxide

Abstract The catalytic properties of dense fluorite-structured Bi 1.5 Y 0.3 Sm 0.2 O 3– δ (BYS) pellets for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to ethane and ethylene (C 2 products) were studied in a packed-bed reactor in co-feed mode. The effects of temperature, feed flow rate, CH 4 /O 2 and He/(CH 4 +O 2 ) ratios on the OCM performance over BYS were systematically investigated. The appropriate operating conditions were found to be: temperature, 900–1000°C; total flow rate, 90–150 ml (STP)/g min; CH 4 /O 2 ratio, 2–3.5; He/(CH 4 +O 2 ) ratio, 0.75–1.75. Under these conditions, C 2 yields of 20–27%, C 2 selectivities of 50–62% and C 2 space–time yield of up to 6.9 μmol/g s were achieved. The good OCM catalytic properties of BYS are believed to be related to its fluorite-type phase structure and large oxygen ion mobility at high temperatures. OCM kinetics of BYS oxide was studied with the assumption that no C 2 products were converted to CO x under low to medium methane conversion range. Lumped rate equations for C 2 and CO x formation were obtained as functions of temperature, O 2 and CH 4 partial pressures. The solid phase oxygen ions are responsible for the C 2 formation, while the gas phase oxygen molecules enhance the CO x formation.
Small Satellite Operations Model to Assess Data and Energy Flows

This paper introduces a mathematical model describing the energy and information systems for small satellite mission architectures. We introduce an analytic satellite model, represented by realistic constraints on the available energy, link characteristics, and data and energy storage capacity on-board a small spacecraft. This paper aims to identify the interaction of energy and information flows through the data collection, data processing, and data downlinking modes of operation across the satellite subsystems. Our work augments existing models and tools which quantify network capacity, defined as the information exchange between collections of ground stations and satellites. These models and analyses lay the groundwork for our future goal, to develop optimal scheduling algorithms to maximize the data transfer capacity, where data is transferred from satellites to ground stations within a network. This work develops a toolkit based on analytic modeling to enable network communication analysis using engineering software and a simulation environment. Simulations analyze these exchanges using a representative CubeSat mission with a dedicated science objective. In this initial assessment we aim to quantify the sensitivity of the model to the parameter inputs, and how the satellite design and operation decisions influence the ability to transfer data for small satellites.
Comparison of PASCAL and FORTRAN for solving problems in the physical sciences

The paper compares PASCAL and FORTRAN for problem solving in the physical sciences, due to requests NASA has received to make PASCAL available on the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulator (scheduled to be operational in 1986). PASCAL disadvantages include the lack of scientific utility procedures equivalent to the IBM scientific subroutine package or the IMSL package which are available in FORTRAN. Advantages include a well-organized, easy to read and maintain writing code, range checking to prevent errors, and a broad selection of data types. It is concluded that FORTRAN may be the better language, although ADA (patterned after PASCAL) may surpass FORTRAN due to its ability to add complex and vector math, and the specify the precision and range of variables.
The foraging behavior of honeybees on hairy vetch foraging methods and learning to forage

The honeybee can reach the nectar from the mouth of the hairy vetch blossom by tripping it, or she can insert her tongue between the petals at the base of the corolla tube and reach the nectar. These non-trippers are called base workers. The foraging method is learned and becomes fixed through success at foraging from a very few blossoms in one manner during almost random attempts to reach the nectar. A slightly larger percentage of trippers reached the nectar by inserting the tongue to their right than to their left of the sexual column. There were never many bees in the field that foraged some blossoms as trippers and others as base workers, nor were there many that foraged for pollen only. When there was a good nectar flow early in the season there were few bees foraging as base workers, and the number of trippers foraging for nectar only was about equal to the number gathering both pollen and nectar. After a few days with a poor nectar flow the percentage of tripping bees gathering nectar only decreased sharply, the percentage gathering both nectar and pollen increased slightly, and the percentage of base workers increased sharply. There was a larger proportion of base workers in vetch with scattered blossoms than in vetch with numerous blossoms, and also a larger proportion of base workers in vetch with a heavy aphid infestation than in vetch in which these insects were controlled. During a poor nectar flow base worker gathered larger loads of nectar than trippers. To explain these observations, it is proposed that bees prefer to gather nectar which yields the greatest return in sugar per unit expenditure of energy, and that base workers expend less energy in foraging from blossoms than trippers. It is believed that base workers are more sensitive than trippers to competing foragers, and thus are more likely to be forced into areas with the least competition, that as the nectar flow deteriorates more trippers than base workers cease to forage, and that most of the bees that normally trip blossoms but have had some experience as base workers, and possibly some other trippers, begin to forage exclusively as base workers.
Range-Energy Relations for Protons in Be, C, Al, Cu, Pb, and Air

Range-energy relations for protons have been obtained for six substances (Be, C, Al, Cu, Pb, and air). The calculations of the energy loss $\frac{\mathrm{dE}}{\mathrm{dx}}$ include the shell corrections at low energies and the density effect which becomes important in the high-energy region. The present results can also be used to determine the range of $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons up to \ensuremath{\sim}10 Bev. Besides the calculated values of the ranges, tables of the ionization loss $\frac{\mathrm{dE}}{\mathrm{dx}}$ are also presented.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Women of Childbearing Age: Results from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth

Objective To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among U.S. women of childbearing age. Methods Our study population was drawn from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and consisted of non-pregnant female respondents aged 20–44 years with a valid body mass index (BMI) (N = 5,958). Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted to document variations in the prevalence of overweight and obesity by age, race and Hispanic origin, and socioeconomic status. Results Overall, 24.5% of women 20–44 years of age were overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) and 23.0% were obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2). Among those who were obese, 10.3% met the criteria for class II or III obesity (BMI ≥ 35.0 kg/m2). Non-Hispanic black and women were 2.25 times more likely to be overweight or obese compared to non-Hispanic white women (95% CI: 1.87–2.69). This disparity in risk between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white women declined and no longer achieved statistical significance after adjustment for education, household income, and health insurance coverage. Conclusions Nearly one in two U.S. women of childbearing age are either overweight or obese. The racial/ethnic disparity in prevalence rates may be due in part to variability in educational attainment, household income, and stability of health insurance coverage.
Calibration of ocean color scanners: how much error is acceptable in the near infrared?

Abstract We simulate vicarious calibration (VC) of a Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS)-like ocean color sensor relative to its longer near infrared (NIR) spectral band (865 nm) to understand the influence of calibration error at 865 nm, which is difficult to assess in orbit. We show that as long as the calibration error at 865 nm less than ∼10% in magnitude, the post-vicarious-calibration-corrected radiances are sufficiently accurate to retrieve useful water-leaving reflectances at moderate aerosol optical depths. This is completely independent of the initial calibration error in the shorter-wave bands, but assumes an atmospheric correction approach similar to that currently used with SeaWiFS. Retrievals are only slightly improved by reducing the magnitude of the error at 865 nm below ∼5%. The simulations immediately suggest that pre-launch calibration is necessary only to the extent required to set the sensitivity of the instrument in the desired range. Rather than trying to achieve a highly accurate pre-launch calibration, e.g., uncertainty
Exploring the duality between skip lists and binary search trees

Although skip lists were introduced as an alternative to balanced binary search trees (BSTs), we show that the skip list can be interpreted as a type of randomly-balanced BST whose simplicity and elegance is arguably on par with that of today's most popular BST balancing mechanisms. In this paper, we provide a clear, concise description and analysis of the "BST" interpretation of the skip list, and compare it to similar randomized BST balancing mechanisms. In addition, we show that any rotation-based BST balancing mechanism can be implemented in a simple fashion using a skip list.
Linear Estimates of Heritability and Genetic Correlation for Egg Production, Body Weight, Conformation and Egg Weight of Turkeys

Abstract Data from several commercial flocks of turkey breeder hens were used to calculate estimates of heritability and genetic correlation. Estimates were made by two methods which were 1) based on variance components and 2) based on selection components derived from selection differentials. The latter permitted evaluation of asymmetry in expected response to selection of different intensities and in different directions. Estimates of heritability and genetic correlation derived from variance components were of about the same magnitude as those previously published, namely 0.42 for body weight, 0.60 for egg weight, 0.17 for egg number and 0.28 for conformation score. Estimates of genetic correlation were: Conformation-body weight, 0.58; body weight-egg number −0.07; egg number-egg weight, −0.42 and egg number-conformation, −0.14. Estimates of predicted response indicated that conformation would improve about as quickly with selection for body weight as it would with direct selection for conformation. Linear heritability estimates revealed that egg production has a lower heritability in the top or bottom 10 percentiles of the population than in the adjacent 10 percentiles. Less of a decrease in egg numbers was predicted with selection of the poorest 10% than with selection of the adjacent 10%. Possible genetic explanations of this observation are discussed. No other consistent non-linearities in either the estimates of heritability or genetic correlation were found.
STRUCTURE OF UNDEREXPANDED ROUND AIR JETS SUBMERGED IN WATER

Abstract The structure and mixing properties of round turbulent air jets submerged in still water were studied experimentally, considering subsonic and sonic jet exit conditions with underexpansion ratios as high as 8: 1. Measurements included the following mean properties: static pressure distributions along the axis, void-fraction distributions and entrainment rates. Confirming earlier findings, static pressure measurements showed the presence of a shock-wave-containing external-expansion region for underexpanded air jets in water, similar to the external-expansion region of underexpanded air jets in air. Increasing underexpansion ratios tended to stabilize large-scale unsteadiness observed for subsonic conditions, however, enhanced mixing near the jet exit, attributed to unsteadiness, persisted to the highest underexpansion ratios tested. The fully-developed portion of the flow exhibited widths based on void fractions that were roughly twice as large as widths based on scalar properties in single-phase jets; this behavior is caused by the strong sensitivity of void fractions to mixing levels, due to the large density ratio of the flow. Measurements were compared with predictions based on the locally-homogeneous-flow approximation of multiphase flow and the equivalent-adapted jet approximation for underexpanded jets. Predictions were encouraging but were sensitive to the specification of initial conditions and effects of enhanced mixing due to unsteadiness close to the jet exit.
There Is No Efimov Effect for Four or More Particles

We show that the existence of a zero-energy ($n\ensuremath{-}1$)-body bound state will not produce an infinite number of $n$-body bound states for $n\ensuremath{\ge}4$. We show this in particular for $n=4$, and sketch the proof for $ng4$.
For Want of a Nail

In “Modern Moral Philosophy,” Elizabeth Anscombe charged that Sidgwick's failure to distinguish intended from merely foreseen consequences of an action counted as a very bad degeneration of thought. Sidgwick's failure is endemic to contemporary normative models of decision and choice. There are three components to rational decision making on these models: what the agent wants the prospective actions or policies under consideration and what the agent expects will happen as a result of taking specific action or adopting specific policy measures. The prospective actions are often modeled as lotteries across possible outcomes. Choice on any lottery-based model or representation is choice among probability distributions. Participants in contemporary risk assessment studies do not make decisions in the way suggested by these models. Instead, the participants deploy a distinctive form of estimating the future. I advance a series of considerations meant to motivate the claim that the form of estimating the future at issue for participants of risk assessment studies may be sound, even when the content of their practical judgment is dubious. The form belongs equally to ethics and to practical reason and tracks Anscombe's remarks about moral responsibility.
The Accreditation Process: A Site Visit Encounter

This column provides an overview of the process of a site visit by appraisers from the American Nurses Credentialing Center Commission on Accreditation. Various components of the accreditation process are discussed.
Design and optimization of high-performance 1.3-μm VCSELs

This paper discusses the design and the internal device physics of novel high-performance vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) emitting at 1.32 µm wavelength. Our VCSEL design features intra-cavity ring contacts, strain-compensated AlGaInAs quantum wells, and an AlInAs/InP tunnel junction. The tunnel junction is laterally confined forming an aperture for current injection and wave guiding. Undoped AlGaAs/GaAs mirrors are bonded on both sides to the InP-based active region. These devices have recently demonstrated continuous-wave (CW) lasing at stage temperatures up to 134°C, the highest temperature reported thus far for any long-wavelength VCSEL. In order to increase the single mode output power at high temperatures, we simulate, analyze, and optimize our VCSEL using advanced numerical software tools. The two-dimensional model self-consistently combines electrical, optical, thermal and gain calculations. It gives good agreement with measurements after careful calibration of material parameters. Design optimization promises single mode output power of 2mW in CW operation at 80°C ambient temperature.
Midline Foci of Epileptiform Activity in Children and Neonates

We report the clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of focal potentially epileptogenic discharge arising from midline sagittal vertices (Fz, Cz, Pz) in 21 children prospectively identified from among 7,051 consecutive EEGs recorded during a 27-month period. The patients range in age from neonates to 13 years. EEGs were obtained during evaluations for solitary or recurrent seizures (17/21), attention deficit disorder (2/21), psychomotor retardation (1/21), and headache (1/21). Clinical seizure types were diverse and included simple partial (5/17), complex partial (2/17), generalized tonic-clonic (4/17), mixed (2/17), and neonatal (4/17). The majority (13/21) of patients had an identifiable etiology for their disorder; CT scans verified mass lesions in two patients. Midline epileptogenic foci were present during wakefulness in 14 of 17 older children and restricted to sleep in the others. Sleep states were indeterminate in the four neonates. Midline foci were exquisitely confined to Fz, Cz, and/or Pz in 6 of 17 older children and would have been entirely missed by a recording montage that did not include vertex electrodes. In five other children, midline foci spread preferentially to the adjacent central-parietal regions and closely resembled the appearance of benign rolandic foci in the longitudinal EEG montages, a potentially serious cause of EEG misinterpretation in view of the high incidence of neuropathology in this patient group.
SCM2, a tryptophan permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , is important for cell growth

SCM2, a novel gene encoding a yeast tryptophan permease, was cloned as a high-copy-number suppressor of cse2-1. The cse2-1 mutation causes cold sensitivity, temperature sensitivity and chromosome missegregation. However, only the cold-sensitive phenotype of cse2-1 cells is suppressed by SCM2 at high copy. SCM2 is located on the left arm of yeast chromosome XV, adjacent to SUP3 and encodes a 65 kDa protein that is highly homologous to known amino acid permeases. Four out of five disrupted scm2 alleles (scm2Δ1-Δ4) cause slow growth, whereas one disrupted allele (scm2Δ5) is lethal. Cells with both the scm2Δ1 and trp1-Δ101 mutations exhibit a synthetic cold-sensitive phenotype and grow much more slowly at the permissive temperature than cells with a single scm2Δ1 or trp1-Δ101 mutation. A region of the predicted SCM2 protein is identical to the partial sequence recently reported for the yeast tryptophan permease TAP2, indicating that SCM2 and TAP2 probably encode the same protein.
Current implementation and practice of educational policy for HIV-positive children: A national study

Policy development for HIV-positive children in the public schools has been delayed. Difficulties with problem definition, indecisiveness, and conflict regarding which policy-making body is responsible for policy development and implementation, and complacency about the need for policy, appear to be the reasons that have hampered policy development. This article presents further findings of a national study regarding state-level policy for HIV-positive children and focuses on current implementation and practice of such policy (or lack thereof), as well as the states' perceptions of improvements that are needed in current policy. Forty-nine of fifty-one states and the District of Columbia responded to the study. The responses are analyzed as part of a model that specifies state experience, perceived need, and degree of state centralization of decision making as possible predictors of policy content and implementation.
TH-D-350-06: A Web Based Physics Teaching File for Radiology Residents

Purpose: To describe a web‐based digital teaching file of imaging physics for Radiology residents. Method and Materials: The RSNA R&E Foundation supported the development of a web‐based physics teaching file for Radiology residents. This RSNA Physics Teaching File was completed at the end of 2007 and is freely available to any computer with internet access. Modalities that employ x‐rays in the image formation process are described, including radiography,mammography,fluoroscopy,angiography, and computed tomography. There are also sections on general characteristics of digital images and image processing, which has become ubiquitous in digital imaging.Results: The website is hosted at SUNY Upstate Medical University and may be viewed at http://www.upstate.edu/radiology/rsna. Each section contains digital images generated with appropriate phantoms on the various modalities, as well as a selection of clinical images. Illustrated are important technical issues related to image quality (i.e. contrast, resolution, and noise) and how these are affected by parameters associated with image acquisition. Effect of changing tube voltage, tube current, field of view, image matrix size, and scatter reduction techniques are illustrated. Special sections were included to explain dual‐energy imaging and other image processing techniques in radiography.Conclusion: The teaching file web site is a valuable resource for teaching the physics of x‐ray imaging to radiology residents.
Evidence for Differential Absorption of Zeacarotene, Cryptoxanthin, and Lutein in Young Broiler Chickens,

Abstract The intestinal tracts of young chicks, fed a yellow corn-soy-based diet from hatching until 3-weeks-old, were excised and divided into five segments equal in length. The contents of the segments were removed and analyzed for content of zeacarotene, cryptoxanthin (monohydroxycarotenoid), and lutein (dihydroxycarotenoid) by high pressure liquid chromatography. Cryptoxanthin, which is poorly absorbed by young chickens, served as a nonabsorbed reference material. The ratios of zeacarotene to cryptoxanthin were not reduced significantly (P
HPV DNA is associated with a subset of Schneiderian papillomas but does not correlate with p16(INK4a) immunoreactivity.

This study investigated the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Schneiderian papillomas (SPs) to determine whether HPV is associated with the pathogenesis of particular histologic subtypes and whether p16INK4a can be used as a surrogate marker for HPV detection. Twenty-seven papilloma specimens (19 inverted [IPs], 6 exophytic [EPs], 1 oncocytic [OP] and 1 mixed) were collected from 23 patients. Purified SP DNA extracts were tested for HPV by PCR using GP5 +/GP6 + primers; HPV genotyping was performed by dot blot hybridization. PCR positive specimens were screened for HPV by biotinyl-tyramide-based chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Immunohistochemsistry (IHC) for the HPV L1 capsid protein and for p16INK4a was performed on all specimens. HPV was detected by PCR in 16/27 (59.3%) SPs; 9/19 (47.4%) IPs; 6/6 (100%) EPs [p = 0.051], and 1/1 (100%) mixed SP. HPV was not detected in the single OP. High risk genotypes were detected in 4/9 IPs (44.4%) and 0/6 EPs (0%) [p = 0.10]. Seven of 16 PCR positive SPs were also CISH positive for HPV: 5/6 EPs (83.3%) and 1/9 IP (11.1%) [p = 0.01]. IHC for the L1 capsid protein was positive in 2 SPs (1 EP and 1 mixed). p16INK4a staining was seen in 14/16 (87.5%) PCR positive SPs and in 10/11 (90.9%) PCR negative SPs (p = 1.00). In summary, this study demonstrates a strong association between HPV and EPs, however, its role in IPs remains less well-defined. Further, p16INK4a is not a useful surrogate marker for HPV detection across the various SPs.
Prospecting genomes for lasso peptides

Genome mining has unlocked a veritable treasure chest of natural compounds. However, each family of natural products requires a genome-mining approach tailored to its unique features to be successful. Lasso peptides are ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified products with a unique three-dimensional structure. Advances in the understanding of these molecules have informed the design of strategies to identify new members of the class in sequenced genomes. This review presents the bioinformatic methods used to discover novel lasso peptides and describes how such analyses have afforded insights into the biosynthesis and evolution of this peptide class.
Mechanism of bubble formation in the drying of polymer films

A common problem in making thin polymer films by solution processing is the undesirable formation of bubbles during the drying process. These bubbles appear well below the boiling point of the solvent. Experience indicates, however, that the degassing of the polymer solutions reduces bubble formation, indicating a relationship with the presence of air. This work is based on a hypothesis that if the solubility of air in the polymer solution increases with solvent concentration, then the solution can become supersaturated with air as the concentration of the solvent is reduced during the drying process. To test this hypothesis the system poly(vinyl acetate)-toluene-nitrogen was chosen. Previously published data on the solubility and diffusion of nitrogen in the polymer-solvent system were used. Different diffusion models based on the friction coefficients and free-volume model were then used to correlate the diffusivity data so that the diffusion behavior of the ternary system can be predicted over a broad range of conditions. Finally, the thermodynamic and diffusivity correlations were incorporated into a multicomponent drying model which included main and cross-diffusion terms to predict saturation behavior in the polymer solution during the drying process. The model without the cross-diffusion terms represents the ideal system in which the diffusion of one component does not affect the diffusion of others. The drying model did not predict supersaturation of nitrogen when cross-diffusion terms were neglected. Supersaturation of nitrogen was predicted, however, when the cross-diffusion terms are included. Therefore, the cross-diffusion terms in the mass transfer model are essential for the development of nitrogen supersaturation. Also different diffusion models based on the friction coefficients led to qualitatively similar predictions for the supersaturation of nitrogen. The simulation's results supported our experimental observations regarding bubble formation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Incorporation of a micronucleus study into a developmental toxicology and pharmacokinetic study of L-selenomethionine in nonhuman primates.

Concomitant to a developmental toxicology study of selenium in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), a transplacental bone marrow micronucleus assay was conducted in the fetuses of treated animals. Selenium was administered as L-selenomethionine by nasogastric intubation at 0, 150 or 300 [mu]g/kg-day to pregnant macaques daily throughout organogenesis (gestation days 20-50). Pregnancy was terminated on gestation day 100 [+-] 2 and fetuses were obtained by hysterotomy. Selenium concentrations in maternal blood were monitored throughout pregnancy and selenium concentrations in fetal blood were measured at hysterotomy. Maternal circulating selenium did not exceed 4 ppm in plasma or 3.7 ppm in erthrocytes. Selenium in cord blood was [<=] 0.1 ppm in plasma and [<=] 1.1 ppm in erthrocytes at 300 [mu]g/kg-day. Fetal bone marrow smears were prepared from the humerus and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes were scored. No increase of micronucleus frequency was detected in any dose group, although signs of maternal selenosis were obvious. This finding is compared to the previous observation that micronuclei were induced in the bone marrow of adult nonpregnant macaques treated at 600 [mu]g/kg-day, a lethal dose yielding blood selenium levels to 7.3 ppm in plasma and 5.7 ppm in erthyrocytes after 15 days of daily treatment, when deathmore » occurred. These data demonstrate that measurement of circulating xenobiotics can be useful for the interpretation of genetic toxicology results. 32 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.« less
The Supreme Court and the South

The work of the Supreme Court does not lend itself well to territorial division. The Court does not concern itself with the South as such or with any other region of the country. Even though the statement may have an element of triteness, the task of the Court is the equal applic4tion of equal laws. Without regional differentiation it interprets and applies the Constitution and federal statutes in the cases and controversies which are brought before it. Yet the work of the Court does in numerous instances have profound local import. Because of the peculiar economic and social problems of the South, certain groups of constitutional and statutory issues are raised primarily in cases which arise in that environment. In other words, certain constitutional and statutory provisions which are strictly general in phraseology bear in peculiar fashion on the South because of the conditions which prevail therein. It can be said, in brief, that the guarantees of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and of certain other constitutional provisions as they apply particularly to negroes, while applicable everywhere, bring cases to the Supreme Court primarily from the South. From that area come most of the cases involving discrimination against negroes in the selection of juries and grand juries; those dealing with coerced confessions of guilt; those involving the right of defendants to counsel; those dealing with the rights of negroes to equal education and equal facilities in public transportation; and those having to do with excluding negroes from the polls. It is also true that certain general regulatory acts of Congress have borne with peculiar heaviness upon the economy of the South or have peculiarly affected the sen-
Development of 2-2 piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites by direct-write technique

The Micropen™ direct-write technique was used to fabricate ceramic skeletal structures to develop piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites with 2–2 connectivity for medical imaging applications. A lead zirconate titanate PZT paste with ∼35 vol.% solids loading was prepared as a writing material and the paste’s rheological properties were characterized to evaluate its feasibly for Micropen deposition. A serpentine pattern was designed and deposited in AutoCAD and with a 100 μm pen tip, respectively. After debinding and sintering, the microstructural analysis showed that the ceramic structures were fully densified, with good bonding among layers. Typical single-layer thickness was ∼50 μm, and sintered line width was ∼120 μm. The composites containing 30–45 vol.% PZT were fabricated within 1 cm2 area, with thicknesses ranging from 350 to 380 μm. Their electromechanical and dielectric properties were measured and found similar to that of composites fabricated by other techniques. The k t was ∼0.61, d 33 was 210–320, with Q m of ∼6 and dielectric constant of 650–940.
The Unexplored Redshift Survey

Redshift surveys remain an important constraint on cosmological parameters and a key to characterizing the nature and evolution of the large‐scale distribution of galaxies. I discuss redshift surveys as a route to exploration of other issues associated with large‐scale structure including the low surface brightness universe and the links between star formation and the galaxy distribution.
Interaction of polyadenylic acid with methylated xanthines.

Polyadenylic acid forms both 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 complexes with 3-methylxanthine under appropriate conditions. While the binding isotherms for formation of these complexes are typical of strongly cooperative processes, their melting profiles are anomalous and indicate that intermediate species are present during the thermal dissociation process. Theobromine and theophylline do not form complexes with polyadenylic acid under similar conditions, and they do not hydrogen-bond very strongly with 9-ethyludenine in chloroform solution.
What do we really know about witness preparation

Witnesses often meet with an attorney or witness preparation specialist before trial to review, discuss, and sometimes modify the substance and delivery of their anticipated testimony. This process is commonly referred to as witness preparation. During witness preparation, witnesses are taught to use effective testimony delivery skills (e.g., verbal and nonverbal communication skills) so that they will be perceived as being credible and persuasive in the courtroom. Although social scientists know much about communication skills, credibility, and persuasion, few published studies have attempted to determine whether or not these factors can be modified through witness preparation training. The present article reviews the psychological literature pertaining to witness preparation and makes recommendations for needed witness preparation research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public-Private Collaborations: The Case of Atlanta Metro Community Improvement District Alliance

Globally business improvement districts have proliferated as the most influential public-private mechanisms for revitalizing business districts and promoting infrastructure improvement projects. Community improvement districts in Georgia share the same characteristics of business improvement districts (BIDs) as in other states or countries. The Georgia constitution enables the state legislature to create BIDs, called community improvement districts (CIDs) in Georgia, in any city or county or any combination thereof to deliver public services. This analysis explores the CIDs' governance structures, financing mechanisms, and promotion strategies through CIDs' provision in various projects and their impacts in the Atlanta metropolitan area. The paper begins with a historical synopsis, followed by a discussion of governance, intergovernmental relations, accountability, and effectiveness as these pertain to the informal coalition of 13 CIDs in the Atlanta Metro Alliance that represent the heart of Georgia's hi...
Creation of 4D imaging data using open source image registration software

4D images (3 spatial dimensions plus time) using CT or MRI will play a key role in radiation medicine as techniques for respiratory motion compensation become more widely available. Advance knowledge of the motion of a tumor and its surrounding anatomy will allow the creation of highly conformal dose distributions in organs such as the lung, liver, and pancreas. However, many of the current investigations into 4D imaging rely on synchronizing the image acquisition with an external respiratory signal such as skin motion, tidal flow, or lung volume, which typically requires specialized hardware and modifications to the scanner. We propose a novel method for 4D image acquisition that does not require any specific gating equipment and is based solely on open source image registration algorithms. Specifically, we use the Insight Toolkit (ITK) to compute the normalized mutual information (NMI) between images taken at different times and use that value as an index of respiratory phase. This method has the advantages of (1) being able to be implemented without any hardware modification to the scanner, and (2) basing the respiratory phase on changes in internal anatomy rather than external signal. We have demonstrated the capabilities of this method with CT fluoroscopy data acquired from a swine model.
The inhibitory action of ketamine HCl on [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine accumulation by rat brain synaptosomal-rich fractions: Comparison with [3H]catecholamine and [3H]γ-aminobutyric acid uptake

Abstract Ketamine HO was incubated with synaptosomal-rich fractions prepared from rat cerebral cortex to evaluate the effect of this agent upon the synaptosomal accumulation of [ 3 H]5-HT. Accumulation of [ 3 H]5-HT was shown to be reduced by ketamine in a concentration-related fashion. This action of ketamine was also found in synaptosomal rich fractions prepared from hypothalamus, corpus striatum, medulla oblongata and midbrain. Accumulation studies carried-out in the presence of reserpine and pargyline indicated that ketamine reduced the accumulation of [ 3 H]5-HT through a competitive action on the synaptosomal membrane high affinity transport system (neuronal reuptake system). The effect of ketamine on the high affinity transport of [ 3 H]NE, [ 3 H]DA and [ 3 H]GABA was also examined. The order of inhibition of transport by ketamine was [ 3 H]5-HT > [ 3 H ] DA = [ 3 H ] NE > [ 3 H ] GABA . These results show that ketamine is a potent and preferential inhibitor of the 5-HT neuronal reuptake system. The possible role of this action of ketamine, in the post anaesthetic excitatory response seen following the administration of ketamine, is discussed.
The effect of smoking on health using a sequential self-selection model.

We estimate a structural model of individual smoking behaviour emphasizing the role of individual risk belief on smoking choices. Our model consists of five equations: two selection equations for initiation and cessation decisions, and three switching outcome regressions for nonsmokers, ex-smokers, and current smokers. The presence of significant self-selectivity implies that the health effects of smoking based on sample proportions do not correctly indicate the true risk of cigarette smoking. Further, our evidence suggests that the self-selection in the cessation decision, but not in the initiation decision, is consistent with economic rationality. We estimate the model by full information maximum likelihood (FIML) with starting values from heteroskedasticity corrected Heckman–Lee two-step method using newly released Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why is SIMS underused in chemical and biological analysis? Challenges and opportunities.

Improvements have led to many developments in SIMS, including better 2D MS imaging, the ability to perform molecular depth profiling, and the development of 3D MS imaging. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry website at pubs.acs.org/ac.)
Small-angle Coulomb collision model for particle-in-cell simulations

We construct and investigate a set of stochastic differential equations that incorporate the physics of velocity-dependent small-angle Coulomb collisions among the plasma particles in a particle-in-cell simulation. Each particle is scattered stochastically from all the other particles in a simulation cell modeled as one or more Maxwellians. Total energy and momentum are conserved by linear transformation of the velocity increments. In two test simulations the proposed ''particle-moment'' collision algorithm performs well with time steps as large as 10% of the relaxation time - far larger than a particle-pairing collision algorithm, in which pairs of particles are scattered from one another, requires to achieve the same accuracy.
The presence and absence of the "tegmental response" in the cat. A lesion and degeneration comparison after stimulation studies.

The caudal distribution of axons undergoing degeneration after lesions produced through a single, chronically implanted bipolar electrode, was compared in two groups of cats (totaling 26) that had been trained to escape stimulation of the mesencephalic or most rostral pontine tegmentum. This investigation was prompted by the fact that all but one cat in which the mesodiencephalic junction was involved by the stimulating electrode, exhibited a “tegmental response” a consistent and pronounced flexion of the head, body, and extremities, concave to the side stimulated whereas this was absent in the ponto-mesencephalic group. Both groups of animals had considerable degeneration along the central tegmental fasciculus but, whereas the red nucleus, nucleus pontis centralis superior, and the predorsal fascicle had heavy axonal destruction in the cats with the tegmental response, there was practically none in those without such responses. The probable significance of these differences is discussed.
The syntax–semantics interface of multi-morpheme motion constructions in Chinese: An analysis based on hierarchical scalar structure

This study analyzes semantic constraints affecting the order of motion morphemes in Mandarin Chinese multi-morpheme motion constructions (MMMCs, e.g. zǒu-jin fangjiān ‘walk into the room’ (lit.) ‘walk-enter room’ vs. *jin-zǒu (lit.) ‘enter-walk’). We classify Chinese motion morphemes into four types based on recent study on “scale structure”. Then, we propose an implicational scalar hierarchy formed by the four types of morphemes that can be used to predict the order of motion morphemes in Chinese MMMCs. Our corpus studies demonstrate that the hierarchy can explain the morpheme order of MMMCs for a comprehensive range of existing natural Chinese data. We anticipate that our scalar hierarchy may be extensible to serial-verb motion constructions in other languages as well.
Comparative Susceptibilities of Salmonid Species in Alaska to Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) and North American Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV)

Abstract Juveniles of eight Alaskan salmonid species were exposed to waterborne challenges of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and North American viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) to determine individual host susceptibilities for potential disease management purposes. Challenges with each of the viruses were conducted at doses of 103 and 105 plaque-forming units (pfu) per milliliter for 1 h. Duplicate tanks were exposed at each dose level; one tank was monitored for fish mortality and the other for virus replication at 5-d intervals. Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus, Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus, and pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha were refractory to experimental infection with IHNV, whereas lake trout S. namaycush supported limited replication of the virus with associated clinical disease. Mortality of lake trout ranged 5–15% higher than mortality of fish not exposed to IHNV. Similarly exposed sockeye salmon O. nerka used as positive controls for susceptibility to IHNV sustai...