cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Degaussing of Cylinders Magnetized in Earth's Magnetic Field - a Two-Dimentional Model of Degaussing of Submarine

As a prelude of three-dimensional modeling of a submarine, an analysis of degaussing of a two-dimensional magnetic cylinder is presented in this paper. The cylinder is of infinite length and may be of arbitrary cross section. As the first step of determining the degaussing current needed for minimizing the magnetic field of the cylinder, a free surface current is assumed on the cylinder surface. Under the influence of the magnetic field produced by the assumed surface current, the cylinder is magnetized and a magnetization current is induced on its surface. An integral equation is formulated for the unknown magnetization current, with the magnetic field due to the assumed surface current as the forcing function. The integral equation is solved numerically employing the moment method. Then, based on knowledge of the magnetization current, the magnetic field produced by the cylinder is calculated. The magnetic field of the cylinder which is magnetized by the assumed surface current is compared with the fiel...
Cycling hypoxia and free radicals regulate angiogenesis and radiotherapy response

Hypoxia and free radicals, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, can alter the function and/or activity of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1). Interplay between free radicals, hypoxia and HIF1 activity is complex and can influence the earliest stages of tumour development. The hypoxic environment of tumours is heterogeneous, both spatially and temporally, and can change in response to cytotoxic therapy. Free radicals created by hypoxia, hypoxia-reoxygenation cycling and immune cell infiltration after cytotoxic therapy strongly influence HIF1 activity. HIF1 can then promote endothelial and tumour cell survival. As discussed here, a constant theme emerges: inhibition of HIF1 activity will have therapeutic benefit.
NON-PHOSPHORYLATED INTERMEDIATES IN OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Abstract 1. 1. This paper is concerned with the study of the formation of non-phosphorylated intermediates in digitonin particles prepared from rat-liver mitochondria. 2. 2. Digitonin particles were preincubated with either β-hydroxybutyrate, sucinate or ferrocytochrome c for a short time at 20°. After cooling the preincubated mixture was incubated at 1° with 32 P i and ADP. Under these conditions, the time course of [ 32 P]ATP synthesis is represented by a biphasic curve. The initial portion corresponds to a high rate of [ 32 P]ATP synthesis whereas the second portion corresponds to a slower rate. 3. 3. The rapid initial [ 32 P]ATP synthesis is maximal for pH values ranging from 6.5 to 7.3. It is increased by compounds which increase the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in digitonin particles such as EDTA and serum albumin and is inhibited by inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation such as 2,4-dinitrophenol or azide. It is delayed or considerably depressed when unlabeled P i is added during the preincubation time prior to the addition of 32 P i and ADP but is not affected by atractylate, a compound which is capable of specifically inhibiting the ATP-P i exchange in digitonin particles without interfering with the ATP synthesis linked to respiration. Finally it is enhanced by low concentrations of oligomycin which at 1° have little effect on the rate and the yield of oxidative phosphorylation. 4. 4. The effect of 32 P i concentration on the initial rate of [ 32 P]ATP synthesis was determined: K m = 1.7·10 −3 M. 5. 5. The experimental findings have been interpreted as follows: non-phosphorylated intermediates accumulate in digitonin particles during the oxidation of β-hydroxybutyrate, succinate or ferrocytochrome c . These intermediates are discharged upon addition of P i and ADP, the net result of the reaction being the synthesis of ATP.
Fusing the carboxy-terminal peptide of the chorionic gonadotropin (CG) beta-subunit to the common alpha-subunit: retention of O-linked glycosylation and enhanced in vivo bioactivity of chimeric human CG.

The hCG beta-subunit contains a carboxy-terminal extension bearing four serine-linked oligosaccharides [carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP)], which is important for maintaining its longer half-life compared with the other glycoprotein hormones. Previously, we enhanced the in vivo half-life of FSH by fusing the CTP to the carboxy end of FSH beta coding sequence. The alpha-subunit is common to the glycoprotein family. We constructed alpha-subunit CTP chimeras, since such analogs with the appropriate O-linked glycosylation and conformation would increase the in vivo stability of the entire glycoprotein hormone family. Two chimeras were constructed using overlapping polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis: a variant with CTP at the carboxy end and another analog with the CTP at the N-terminal region of the subunit, between amino acids 3 and 4. The latter design was based on models showing that the amino-terminal region of alpha is not involved in assembly with the beta-subunit, nor is it essential for receptor bindi...
The Rio Grande fracture zone in the western South Atlantic and its tectonic implications

Abstract A broad zone of linear, mappable basement structures is observed north and northeast of the Rio Grande Rise in the South Atlantic Ocean. These structures lie along the same flow line as the Sa˜o Paulo Ridge, the Florianopolis High, and onshore lineaments, suggesting that they all comprise the same tectonic trend: the Rio Grande fracture zone. The morphology developed along this fracture zone during the early opening of the South Atlantic Ocean formed a barrier to open ocean circulation during the Aptian and allowed the formation of extensive evaporite deposits to the north of it.
Modeling Metal Removal onto Natural Particles Formed during Mixing of Acid Rock Drainage with Ambient Surface Water

Studies have examined partitioning of trace metals onto natural particles to better understand the fate and transport of trace metals in the environment, but few studies have compared model predictions with field results. We evaluate the application of an empirical modeling approach, using surface complexation parameters available in the literature, to complex natural systems. In this work, the equilibrium speciation computer program PHREEQC was used along with the diffuse double-layer surface complexation model to simulate metal removal onto natural oxide particles formed during the mixing of acid rock drainage with ambient surface water. End-member solutions sampled in the Coeur d'Alene (CdA) Mining District in September 1999 from the Bunker Hill Mine and the South Fork Coeur d'Alene (SFCdA) River were filtered and mixed in several ratios. Solution chemistry was determined for end-members and mixed solutions, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the mineralogy of precipitate phases. Predicted amounts of Fe precipitates were in good agreement with measured values for particulate Fe. Surface area and reactive site characteristics were used along with surface complexation constants for ferrihydrite (Dzombak, D. A.; Morel, F. M. M. Surface Complexation Modeling: Hydrous Ferric Oxide; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1990) to predict ion sorption as a function of mixing fraction. Comparisons of model predictions with field results indicate that Pb and Cu sorption are predicted well by the model, while As, Mo, and Sb sorption are less well-predicted. Additional comparisons with particulate metal and Fe data collected from the CdA Mining District in 1996 and 1997 suggest that sorption on particulate Fe, including amorphous iron oxides and schwertmannite, may be described using universal model parameters.
Nucleotide sequence and expression of the human gene encoding apolipoprotein H (β2-glycoprotein I)

Abstract Human apolipoprotein H (ApoH), also called β2-glycoprotein I, is a 50-kDa serum glycoprotein whose function is not clearly defined. We have cloned and sequenced ApoH cDNAs both from human liver and from a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). Both cDNA sequences predict a protein 345 amino acids (aa) in length. This sequence includes a 19-aa hydrophobic, N-terminal signal sequence which is not present in the mature protein [Lozier et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984) 3640–3644]. It differs from this previously reported aa sequence at two positions, both of which strengthen the conservation among the four short consensus repeats within the ApoH molecule. COS-1 cells transiently transfected with the ApoH cDNA in a eukaryotic expression vector produced a single species of ApoH mRNA and secreted in the ApoH protein. The level of ApoH mRNA expressed by HepG2 cells is downregulated by incubation with inflammatory mediators, implying that ApoH is a negative acute-phase protein.
SURVIVAL‐JUST ANOTHER WORD FOR NOTHING LEFT TO LOSE

(1975). SURVIVAL‐JUST ANOTHER WORD FOR NOTHING LEFT TO LOSE. The Review of Education: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 87-89.
Phylogeny of the Rodent Genus Isothrix (Hystricognathi, Echimyidae) and its Diversification in Amazonia and the Eastern Andes

Efforts to clarify the affinities of the toros or brush-tailed rats (Isothrix) and document the radiation of these distinctive echimyids have been limited. The discovery of a new Andean species prompted a reanalysis of Isothrix and its relatives. Prior morphological analyses of skulls, mandibles, teeth, and external characters permitted robust diagnosis but offered little resolution of within- or between-group relationships. Analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences (798 bp), which are available for numerous echimyids, confirm the monophyly of recognized genera, including Isothrix, and resolve a number of interspecific relationships. Strikingly, the Andean toro (Isothrix barbarabrownae) is consistently recovered as sister to the remaining species. These are allied into three clades: I. sinnamariensis + I. pagurus in the lower Amazon Basin and Guianan Shield, I. orinoci + I. negrensis in the Rio Negro and Rio Orinoco drainages, and I. bistriata across much of the western and southern Amazon Basin. However, the addition of a new basal taxon does not aid in identifying the sister taxon of Isothrix. These relationships are confirmed in combined analyses of cyt-b with sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region (D-loop; 450 bp) and in the nuclear RAG1 gene (1,072 bp). Analyses identify the Andes, or proto-Andes, as an important theater for the group’s evolution and may offer an explanation for the luxuriant fur of this genus. However, neither the biogeographic history of Isothrix nor the remarkable pelage evolution of the Echimyidae can be understood until the deeper nodes within the arboreal spiny rats (Echimyinae) are more fully resolved.
PATHOGENIC POTENTIAL OF ASPERGILLUS AND PENICILLIUM SPECIES.

The ability of a fungus to invade the deep organs of animals is related in part to the potential of a morphologic transformation to a parasitic stage, often yeast-like. This phenomenon delineates most fungal infections of man into the superficial dermatophytoses and the systemic mycoses of the dimorphic fungi (Ainsworth, 1955). Between these well marked groups are numbers of occasional pathogens that may be called the subcutaneous mycoses (Ajello, 1963). The species included are generally soil saprophytes or plant pathogens with limited invasive ability for animal tissue. They usually gain entrance by traumatic implantation and manifest themselves as chromoblastomycosis, maduramycosis, or simply as "mycotic granuloma" (Rippon and Scherr, 1959; Rippon, 1959). In the rare mycoses caused by Absidia, Mucor, Aspergillus, etc., usually complicating some underlying physiologic disease, mycelial elements are most often seen in tissue section (Conant et al, 1954) sometimes described as "distorted" (Lie-Kien et al, 1957), "bulbous swelling" (Binford et al, 1952), and "swollen spherical fungus cells" (Emmons et al, 1957). In fungus infectio s c used by Penicillium marneffei the parasite is described as "yeastlike forms" (Segretain, 1962). In studying the factors affecting dimorphism in fungi causing systemic mycoses, Histoplasma capsulatum (Scherr, 1957) and Blastomyces dermati idis (Levine and Ordal, 1946), it was found that environmental temperature and, with H. capsulatum, oxidation-reduction potential were of the greatest importance in inducing the yeast-like growth phase. Apparently no host factors are necessary beyond provision of an environment favoring the yeastlike phase (Scherr and Rippon, 1959). Both yeast and mycelial elements are found in lesions caused by Candida albicans. However, it appears that in order to initiate a disease process the yeast phase is necessary, as a mycelial mutant of C. albicans is not pathogenic. This mutant lacks a reductase enzyme (Nickerson, 1954) which apparently is necessary for yeast-like growth. The same organism grown in the presence of free sulfhydryl provided by cysteine regains both the yeast form and pathogenicity (Winsten and Murray, 1956). Fungi causing subcutaneous infections have been studied by Silva (1957) who noted nutritional factors in addition to
Chromatographic evidence for murein from the bacteroid symbiotes ofPeriplaneta americana (L)

Papierchromatographisch wurde Murein in symbiontischen Bakteroiden derPeriplaneta americana nachgewiesen. Die Murein-Komponente Glukosamin und der Murein-Anzeiger Muramic-Saure wurden mittels Bakteroid-Hydrolysaten identifiziert. Das Vorhandensein von α-e-Diaminopimelic-Saure jedoch konnte nicht einwandfrei festgestellt werden.
Distinguishing true coagulase-negative Staphylococcus infections from contaminants in the neonatal intensive care unit

To characterize true coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) infections in infants receiving neonatal intensive care. Retrospective cohort study of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) infants with clinical sepsis and CoNS isolated from ⩾2 blood cultures (BCs) or one BC and a sterile site (proved infection) or CoNS isolated from one BC and deemed significant after blinded data review (probable infection). In all, 98% of 40 proved and 96% of 55 probable infections occurred in infants with birth weight (BW) 2000 g and gestation >34 weeks. Total CL required for care, lethargy and gastric residuals predicted true CoNS infection.
The paramenstruum and negative moods in normal young women

Abstract The present study investigated the effects of depressogenic statements on 154 normal young women, in relation to the late luteal phase of the female monthly cycle (paramenstruum). The women were allocated to a depressive-induction group or to either of two non-treatment groups. Multivariate ANOVAs indicated that paramenstrual women given the depressogenic statements reported more negative post-induction mood states than did other women. Four of the 12 mood states measured by the Differential Emotions Scale (DES-IV) were significantly elevated for the paramenstrual women in the depressive-induction group only (viz. Sadness, Hostility, Fear and Shame subscales). It was concluded that paramenstrual women appear to be more sensitive to depressive stimuli, and therefore, more prone to experience negative mood states than women at other stages in their monthly cycles.
Common Opportunistic Routing and Forwarding

Most of the existing routing schemes for opportunistic forwarding either rely on a priori known topology information, or provide explicit protocol information in the data packet header. In this paper, we present a routing protocol for opportunistic forwarding that dynamically create candidate priority forwarding lists without the need for any explicit control information in data packet headers, and determines and distributes link probability information. The routing protocol is both modular and powerful enough to be used as the routing information creating entity for most existing opportunistic schemes, as well as future new schemes. These properties makes our protocol an ideal candidate for a common opportunistic forwarding reference framework. We use our framework to develop a Multi-Rate Opportunistic Routing with Congestion Diversity (MORCD) protocol for routing packets in congested networks and utilize availability of multiple rates to further improve throughput. We show that the type of routing scheme optimal for a certain scenario depends on how much diversity the network topology is able to provide, the amount of fading, and the amount of traffic as well as interference that exists in the network. By having a modular routing protocol, it is therefore possible to configure the protocol to use the most appropriate scheme and make it work efficiently under many different situations and scenarios.
Effect of Growth Conditions on Serotonin Content of Tetrahymena pyriformis

SYNOPSIS The serotonin content of Tetrahymena was measured under several growth conditions and after exposure to drugs. Serotonin was maximal during stationary phase, then declined to a level typical of logarithmically growing cells. Addition of 5-hydroxytryptophan to the culture increased cellular serotonin content, but neither L-tryptophan, reserpine, p-chlorophenylalanine, nor desmethylimipramine altered the serotonin content.
Moonlighting proteins: old proteins learning new tricks

Recently, several laboratories identifying proteins involved in the complex processes of replication, transcription and tumor suppression found that the 'new' protein they discovered had another, previously identified, function. A single protein with multiple functions might seem surprising, but there are actually many cases of proteins that 'moonlight', or have more than one role in an organism. As well as adding to the number and types of proteins that are known to moonlight, these new examples add to our understanding of the potential importance of moonlighting proteins.
New directions for ZD1839 in the treatment of solid tumors

Among molecular mechanisms of tumor growth and progression, activated epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase is remarkable for its prevalence and impact on many different solid tumor types, as well as its link to diverse stages of disease. ZD1839, (Iressa; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE) an oral epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is also being explored for its potential in the treatment of other common solid tumors, including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clinical trials include studies of ZD1839 as monotherapy and in combination with various chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy regimens. ZD1839 is also being studied in conjunction with other targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab. In addition to advanced and refractory disease, ZD1839 may also be applicable for use in earlier stage cancers. Chemoprevention trials have been initiated to assess the potential of ZD1839 to delay or prevent the progression of common solid tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer.
Order parameter and interfacial tension of a colloid-polymer system

The order parameter and interfacial tension of a colloid-polymer system consisting of grafted silica particles in cyclohexane in the presence of the soluble polymer polydimethylsiloxane are determined experimentally in the entire liquid-liquid coexistence region, from the liquid-solid boundary to the critical point. The renormalized critical exponents of the order parameter and interfacial tension are found to be, respectively, beta(*)=0.371+/-0.026 and m(*)=1. 30+/-0.08, and are discussed in the light of theoretical predictions.
Localization of repetitive DNA in the chromosomes of Microtus agrestis by means of in situ hybridization.

Heterochromatin in the European field vole, Microtus agrestis, was studied using a special staining technique and DNA/RNA in situ hybridization. The heterochromatin composed the proximal 1/4 of the short arm and the entire long arm of the X chromosome, practically the entire Y chromosome and the centromeric areas of the autosomes. By using the DNA/RNA in situ hybridization technique, repeated nucleotide sequences are shown to be in the heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes.
All roads lead to FoxO

Stress-activated kinases control metabolism by antagonizing the early steps of insulin signal transduction. Two papers now demonstrate that Jnk, the prototypical stress-activated kinase, controls life span in Drosophila and C. elegans by promoting phosphorylation of the forkhead protein FoxO (Oh et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005). The findings provide yet another mechanism by which metabolic and stress responses are integrated via phosphorylation of FoxO proteins.
Diet's role in the toxicity of inorganic arsenic (iAs): A journey from soil to children's mouth

Abstract Arsenic is widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil. Absorption of arsenic and other metalloids from soil can alter the nutritional composition of some foods such as rice and vegetables. Rice has been found to contain a high amount of inorganic arsenic (iAs) that the plant accumulates from soil. A diet enriched of rice and rice based foods, such as in the case of children affected by celiac disease, can be therefore a toxicological issue. Vegetables are rich in antioxidants and folic acid that contribute to minimize some arsenic-induced toxic effects. Therefore, diet appears as a crucial determinant in the axis soil–food–human health. We preliminarily investigated the As exposure effects in in vitro models and we identified the principal interactors (mainly genes) involved in As-induced toxicity linked to specific metabolic pathways. We suggested that As-exposure and toxicity are more generally linked to diet and that diet can have a role in modulating and mitigating these toxic effects. In conclusion, we suggested that a more integrated view of ‘exposure’ to toxic elements should also include other factors, such as the diet contribution, other than environmental and toxicological data.
Effect of Turbidity Duration on Culture of Walleye Larvae

Abstract Although turbid water is an essential environmental requirement for intensive larviculture of walleyes Sander vitreus on formulated feed, research has not determined the duration of turbidity required to achieve optimal benefits for survival and growth while reducing cannibalism. We conducted a replicated, single-factor analysis to determine the effect duration of turbidity on these performance indicators at 28 d posthatch (dph). Four treatments, each with three replicate 150-L tanks, involved culture of larvae in turbid water (84–125 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]) from 3 dph to 7, 14, 21, or 28 dph. After culture under turbid conditions for the specified period, the fish were then cultured in clear water until 28 dph (i.e., fish in the 28-dph treatment received no clear-water culture). At 28 dph, substantial differences were observed in survival and growth among treatments. Fish survival for the 7- and 14-dph treatments (1% and 2%, respectively) was significantly less than that for the 21-...
When a lie becomes the truth: the effects of self-generated misinformation on eyewitness memory.

This research investigated whether generating misinformation impairs memory for actual information. After watching a videotaped robbery, some witnesses were interviewed about it, but others did not...
Intracoronary Streptokinase Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction

A randomised trial evaluating intracoronary streptokinase versus conventional therapy for the treatment of myocardial infarction has been carried out in 14 community and teaching hospitals. Over a period of 19 months, 134 patients were assigned to streptokinase and 116 to conventional therapy following angiographic demonstration of total or partial thrombotic occlusion of the infarct vessel. During the first 30 days there were 5 deaths (3–7%) in the treatment group and 13 deaths (11·2%) in the control group, (P = 0·02). Over the next 5 months there were 4 additional deaths in the control group (14–7%) and none in the treatment group (3·7%) (P = 0·002). The radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction performed at 4–8 weeks in a central laboratory in 206 patients was a mean of 45·9% for the streptokinase group and 46·1% for the controls (P = NS). We conclude that intracoronary streptokinase therapy reduces early and 6-month mortality from myocardial infarction but fails to increase 4–8-week ejection fraction in survivors.
Estimates for the parametrix of the Kohn Laplacian on certain domains

Soit le demi-espace superieur degenere generalise dans C 3 D p ={w 1 , w 2 , w):Imw>P(w 1 )+|w 2 | 2 } ou P∈C ∞ , P(0)=0, P est reel, ΔP≥0, ΔP(0)=0, Δ k P(0)¬=0 pour k¬=2. On etudie la taille de la solution fondamentale de □ b sur des formes (0,1) sur la frontiere de D p
Heart specialists' art of care

Primary care physicians who encourage patients to interact in the medical interview receive high ratings of patient satisfaction with art of care. To determine if this finding holds true in specialty medicine, we designed a two-factor [art of care (high/low); heart specialty (cardiology/cardiovascular surgery)] four-group analogue study. Videotapes for each of the four conditions depicted the first interview between (actor) patient with coronary artery disease and (actor) specialist. The high art of care physicians elicited the patient's story in his own words and encouraged questions and feedback during the interview; the low art of care physicians did not encourage patient interaction. The cardiologists discussed medical treatment and the cardiovascular surgeons discussed surgical treatment. A pilot study of the instrument we developed indicated that the Art of Care Scale, Technical Quality of Care Scale, and Willingness to be Treated Scale demonstrated high internal consistency and that the Art of Care Scale and the Technical Quality of Care Scale defined two dimensions. In the final study, 124 graduate students in education in a midwestern United States university each viewed one videotape and used the instrument to evaluate the physician. Subjects rated the specialists who encouraged patients to interact higher on the Art of Care Scale than specialists who did not encourage interaction. Art of Care Scale Scores predicted subjects' willingness to be treated by the physician they viewed on the videotape. No significant differences in ratings of Art of Care could be attributed to specialty.
Serotonergic drugs do not substitute for clozapine in clozapine-trained rats in a two-lever drug discrimination procedure.

The atypical neuroleptic clozapine has been shown to have cue properties in two-lever drug discrimination procedures. Although it has been demonstrated that clozapine acts at several types of receptors in vitro and in vivo, including dopamine, serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)], and acetylcholine receptors, the mechanism of action for its discriminative stimulus properties has not yet been determined. The present study examined the effects of haloperidol (D2 dopamine antagonist), ritanserin (5-HT2 antagonist), 1-αH,3-α,5-αH-tropan-3yl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate (MDL 72222) (5-HT3 antagonist), and buspirone (5-HT1A agonist) in stimulus substitution tests with rats trained to discriminate clozapine (5.0 mg/kg, IP) from vehicle in a two-lever drug discrimination procedure under a fixed ratio 30 schedule of food reinforcement. Analysis of the results revealed that, while clozapine produced dose-dependent responding on the clozapine lever, haloperidol and the three serotonin drugs failed to produce full substitution for clozapine at any of the doses tested. These results suggest that the discriminative stimulus properties are not mediated by D2 dopamine receptor blockade, antagonism at 5-HT2 or 5-HT3 receptors, or agonistic activity at 5-HT1A receptors. The neural basis of clozapine's discriminative stimulus properties has not yet been determined.
Standardized RT-PCR Conditions for Detection and Identification of Eleven Viruses of Potato and Potato spindle tuber viroid

Standardized RT-PCR procedures were developed and validated for detection of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), Potato mop top virus (PMTV), Potato virus A (PVA), Potato virus M (PVM), Potato virus S (PVS), Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus Y (PVY), and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). Under the same conditions the O, N, NTN, and N:O strains of PVY could be differentiated using previously published multiplex primers.
Different Responses of Two Mouse Strains to 650 Rads and Protection by Surgical Stress

SummaryRadiation survival of C57B1/6J mice after 650 rads improved from 1.7% to 66% when mice were stressed surgically one week before irradiation. Surgical stress one or three weeks before irradiation increased endogenous CFUs and decreased exogenous CFUs in C57B1/6J and DBA/1J mice. Survival may be related to the proportion of stem cells in different phases of the cell cycle, which was abnormal in C57B1/ 6J mice and compensated for by a greater number of nucleated cells per femur.The technical assistance of Judith Brown, Roz Shapiro, Mary Stone, Jane Lyons, and the editorial assistance of Mary Smith and Marianna Cavill, is gratefully acknowledged.
Changing trends in human papillomavirus–associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) continues to be a significant disease with varying rates of incidence and mortality worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated that human papillomavirus (HPV) is etiologically linked with a subset of HNSCC, independent of tobacco and alcohol use. This subset of tumor shows increased sensitivity to radiation therapy and association with better outcomes. The study aims to determine the HPV burden and trend among patients with HNSCC in the southern region of the United States over the past 10 years. Of 142 cases from 2000 to 2004, 18 (13%) were positive for high-risk HPV. Nine of these were oropharyngeal tumors, including 4 cases from the tonsil. These constitute 38% (9/24) of all oropharyngeal tumors and 57% (4/7) of tonsillar tumors. Of 35 cases from 2009 to 2010, 14 (40%) were positive for high-risk HPV. Thirteen of these were oropharyngeal tumors, including 9 cases from the tonsil. These constitute 59% (13/23) of oropharyngeal tumors and 64% (9/14) of tonsillar tumors. When data from the 2 periods are combined, the results show that African American patients are less likely to have HPV-associated disease compared with white patients (9% vs 22%). Human papillomavirus-positive and oropharyngeal HNSCC are more likely to be nonkeratinizing (P < .0001). In conclusion, the HPV detection rate in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma increased from 38% to 59% between the 2000-to-2004 and 2009-to-2010 periods.
A comparison of the classical and the linear programming approaches to the classification problem in discriminant analysis

Several mathematical programming approaches to the classification problem in discriminant analysis have recently been introduced. This paper empirically compares these newly introduced classification techniques with Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (FLDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), logit analysis, and several rank-based procedures for a variety of symmetric and skewed distributions. The percent of correctly classified observations by each procedure in a holdout sample indicate that while under some experimental conditions the linear programming approaches compete well with the classical procedures, overall, however, their performance lags behind that of the classical procedures.
A one-point quadrature eight-node brick element with hourglass control

Abstract An efficient and accurate eight-node brick element is developed for linear static and dynamic structural analyses. In the element formulation, one-point quadrature is used so that computational time is substantially reduced without adversely effecting the accuracy. Hourglass control is provided to suppress spurious modes, and the stabilization parameters which must be specified by users in many other one-point quadrature elements are not required. An effective procedure to eliminate volumetric and shear locking is also developed. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of this element.
Assuring and evolving concurrent programs: annotations and policy

Assuring and evolving concurrent programs requires understanding the concurrency-related design decisions used in their implementation. In Java-style shared-memory programs, these decisions include which state is shared, how access to it is regulated, the roles of threads, and the policy that distinguishes desired concurrency from race conditions. These decisions rarely have purely local manifestations in code.In this paper, we use case studies from production Java code to explore the costs and benefits of a new annotation-based approach for expressing design intent. Our intent is both to assist in establishing "thread safety" attributes in code and to support tools that safely restructure code---for example, shifting critical section boundaries or splitting locks. The annotations we use express "mechanical" properties such as lock-state associations, uniqueness of references, and encapsulation of state into named aggregations. Our analyses revealed race conditions in our case study samples, drawn from open-source projects and library code.The novel technical features of this approach include (1) flexible encapsulation via aggregations of state that can cross object boundaries, (2) the association of locks with state aggregations, (3) policy descriptions for allowable method interleavings, and (4) the incremental process for inserting, validating, and exploiting annotations.
Effect of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on myocardial blood flow and performance in anaesthetized dogs

The effects of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on haemodynamics, coronary blood flow, and lactate metabolism were evaluated in anaesthetized closed chest dogs. Coronary flow increased with increased pCO2 and oxygen consumption and left ventricular performance were well maintained. Hypocapnia reduced coronary flow, oxygen consumption, and left ventricular functional performance.
Mn-oxides and sequestration of heavy metals in a suburban catchment basin of the Chesapeake Bay watershed

The Chesapeake Bay is greatly impacted by numerous pollutants including heavy metals and understanding the controls on the distribution of heavy metals in the watershed is critical to mitigation and remediation efforts in controlling this type of pollution. Clasts from a stormwater catchment basin draining a subdivision near George Mason University, Fairfax VA (38°50.090°N 78°19.204°W) were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microcopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to determine the nature of Mn-oxide coatings and relationship to bound heavy metals. Mn-oxides are poorly crystalline and occur as subhedral to anhedral platy particles and more rarely as euhedral plates. Micronodules are a commonly observed texture. Chemical compositions of coatings are variable with average major constituent concentrations being Mn (33.38 wt%), Fe (11.88 wt%), Si (7.33 wt%), Al (5.03 wt%), and Ba (0.90 wt%). Heavy metals are found in the coatings with Zn being most prevalent, occurring in approximately 58% of analyses with an average concentration of (0.66 wt%). Minor amounts of Co, Ni, Pb, and Cl are observed. Heavy metals and Cl are interpreted as being derived from road pollution. Mn-oxides can serve as a sequestration mechanism for pollution but may also release heavy metals. Field and laboratory observations indicate Mn-oxides occurring on the surface of the clasts can be mechanically mobilized. This is a mechanism for transporting heavy metals into the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Deicing agents may serve as a mechanism to release heavy metals through cation exchange and increased ionic strength. This is the first detailed mineralogical investigation of Mn-oxides and the roles they may play in pollution in the Chesapeake Bay.
Communication and Structured Correlation

Philosophers and social scientists have recently turned to Lewis sender–receiver games to provide an account of how lexical terms can acquire meaning through an evolutionary process. However, the evolution of meaning is contingent on both the particular sender–receiver game played and the choice of evolutionary dynamic. In this paper I explore some differences between models that presume an infinitely large and randomly mixed population and models in which a finite number of agents communicate with their neighbors in a social network. My results show that communication with neighbors is more conducive to the evolution of meaning than communication with strangers. Additionally, I show that the behavior of the system is highly dependent on the topological structure of the social network. I argue that a specific class of networks—small world graphs—is especially conducive to the evolution of meaning. This is because small world graphs have a short characteristic path length while still maintaining a high degree of correlation between neighbors. Since many actual social networks, such as friendship networks and nervous systems, are conjectured to be small world structures, these results indicate that these networks are quite hospitable to the efficient evolution of meaning.
Careers, social context and interdisciplinary thinking

Scholars have engaged in studies of careers, individuals’ work experiences over time, since the early 20th century. Although much has been written about the need for interdisciplinary research, limited work exists. This article presents a comparative technique that facilitates interdisciplinary thinking. Using data from a large organization, three stories are applied to the associations between social context and career outcomes: a different disciplines story, a multiple disciplines story and an interdisciplinary story. The results suggest that the best career satisfaction outcome results from the multiple disciplines story, whereas the best performance and salary outcomes result from the interdisciplinary story.
The Secretory System of Arabidopsis

Over the past few years, a vast amount of research has illuminated the workings of the secretory system of eukaryotic cells. The bulk of this work has been focused on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or on mammalian cells. At a superficial level, plants are typical eukaryotes with respect to the operation of the secretory system; however, important differences emerge in the function and appearance of endomembrane organelles. In particular, the plant secretory system has specialized in several ways to support the synthesis of many components of the complex cell wall, and specialized kinds of vacuole have taken on a protein storage role-a role that is intended to support the growing seedling, but has been co-opted to support human life in the seeds of many crop plants. In the past, most research on the plant secretory system has been guided by results in mammalian or fungal systems but recently plants have begun to stand on their own as models for understanding complex trafficking events within the eukaryotic endomembrane system.
On the deposition mechanism of Al2O3 in the CVI process for forming ceramic composites

Chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) is a relatively new fabrication method for forming ceramic composites. The vapor deposition mechanism is determined by the reaction pressure and temperature, as well as the concentration and composition of the reactants. This commentary discusses two mechanisms for the deposition of alumina from AlCl3–H2–CO2 gas mixtures, and it explains that the reaction of the gas reactants on the substrate surface is a highly feasible deposition mechanism of the CVI process for forming alumina matrix composites. Comments are also made regarding a recent publication of Middleman in the Journal of Materials Research.
Ser-322 is a critical site for PKC regulation of the MDCK cell taurine transporter (pNCT)

Previous studies have shown that the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell taurine transporter (pNCT) is downregulated by protein kinase C (PKC) activation. In this study, it is hypothesized that the highly conserved serine-322 (Ser-322) located in the fourth intracellular segment (S4) may play an important role in the function of taurine transporter, which is modulated by PKC phosphorylation. It is demonstrated that Ser-322 is the critical site of PKC phosphorylation, as determined by site-directed mutagenesis. When Ser-322 of pNCT was changed to alanine (S322A) and this mutant was evaluated in an oocyte expression system, taurine transport activity increased threefold compared with control (wild-type pNCT). Activation of PKC by the active phorbol ester 12-myristate 13-acetate did not influence taurine transport by mutant S322A. Kinetic analysis showed that the mutation of Ser-322 essentially changed the Vmax, rather than the Km, of the transporter. Mutation of all other PKC consensus sites did not affect transporter activity when expressed in the oocyte system. Western blot analysis showed that expression of taurine transporter protein was similar in oocytes injected with either wild-type or mutant pNCT cRNA, indicating that the enhanced taurine transport activity by mutant S322A was not caused by a greater amount of transporter expressed in the oocyte. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the taurine transporter was phosphorylated after PKC activation, and this effect was not observed in mutant S322A. In conclusion, Ser-322 is critical in PKC regulation of taurine transporter activity. The steady-state taurine transporter activity is tightly controlled by endogenous PKC phosphorylation of Ser-322, which is located in the fourth intracellular segment of the taurine transporter.
Toward simpler and faster genome-wide mutagenesis in mice

Here we describe a practical Cre-loxP and piggyBac transposon-based mutagenesis strategy to systematically mutate coding sequences and/or the vast noncoding regions of the mouse genome for large-scale functional genomic analysis. To illustrate this approach, we first created loxP-containing loss-of-function alleles in the protocadherin alpha, beta and gamma gene clusters (Pcdha, Pcdhb and Pcdhg). Using these alleles, we show that, under proper guidance, Cre-loxP site-specific recombination can mediate efficient trans-allelic recombination in vivo, facilitating the generation of large germline deletions and duplications including deletions of Pcdha, and Pcdha to Pcdhb, simply by breeding (that is, at frequencies of 5.5%-21.6%). The same breeding method can also generate designed germline translocations between nonhomologous chromosomes at unexpected frequencies of greater than 1%. By incorporating a piggyBac transposon to insert and to distribute loxP sites randomly throughout the mouse genome, we present a simple but comprehensive method for generating genome-wide deletions and duplications, in addition to insertional loss-of-function and conditional rescue alleles, again simply by breeding.
An Eigenvector-Based Approach for Multidimensional Frequency Estimation With Improved Identifiability

This paper presents an algebraic method for two-dimensional (2-D) and multidimensional frequency estimation by exploiting eigenvector structure. The algorithm is based on multidimensional smoothing and data folding, and offers significantly improved identifiability (ID) over existing algebraic approaches, thus is termed the improved multidimensional folding (IMDF) algorithm. The ID, performance, and computational complexity of the proposed algorithm are analyzed in detail. In the 2-D case, it is shown that with the IMDF algorithm, up to approximately 0.34M1(M2+1) 2-D frequencies can be uniquely resolved with probability one from an M1 by M2 data mixture (assuming M1gesM2), while the most relaxed ID bound offered by existing algebraic approaches is approximately M1M2/4. Unlike most eigenvalue techniques that usually require an extra frequency association step, the IMDF algorithm achieves automatic frequency pairing once an eigenvalue decomposition problem is solved because frequencies are estimated from the eigenvectors instead of the eigenvalues. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate its competitive performance compared to the Crameacuter-Rao bound (CRB)
Genomes optimize reproduction : Aging as a consequence of the developmental program

Natural selection shapes genomes for reproduction, not for postreproductive survival. One hypothesis then is that the developmental program, optimized for reproduction, inadvertently regulates aging in mammals. Herein we review, revive, and refine the developmental theory of aging. Implications and experimental approaches for studying the progressive deterioration of physiological function that we call aging are also discussed.
Graphene in Layered Medium Applications

Graphene can be defined either as an infinitely thin material with an optical conductivity or as a thin layer with a finite thickness and an effective complex electrical permittivity. Layered medium Green's functions are calculated according to these two definitions for multilayered structures including a graphene layer. It is found that numerical methods show a good agreement especially in the far field. Moreover, finite thickness method requires significantly less computation time than the effective complex permittivity method. Thus, considering the computation time and accuracy, the finite thickness approach is a better alternative to analyze the electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering in multilayered media with a graphene layer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2293–2296, 2013
A 50 MHz variable gain amplifier cell in 2 mu m CMOS

A CMOS variable gain amplifier is described for possible use in disk drive read channels. The 0.9 mm/sup 2/ cell attains a 30-dB range of variable gain with a 50-MHz bandwidth, requires a single 5-V supply, and dissipates 150 mW. >
Over-Indebtedness, Predatory Lending, and the International Political Economy of Residential Home Mortgage Securitization: Comparing the United States' Subprime Home Mortgage Lending Crisis to Home Finance in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan

Following the United States, many countries around the world have increasingly turned to structured finance, also known as securitization, to fund loan portfolios. This trend has taken on troubling undertones in the wake of widespread default in the American sub-prime residential mortgage backed securities market. This essay provides a brief introduction to the business practices of, and law governing residential mortgage securitization in, the United States. Moreover, it surveys the use of securitization in three influential countries: the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan. In comparison to these countries, relatively lax regulation, poor oversight of intermediary originators, and volume-oriented underwriting have all contributed to widespread foreclosures in the United States. Private structured finance of American sub-prime mortgages has created economic incentives that promote consumer over-indebtedness as well as predatory lending. Furthermore, by drawing politically powerful financiers into aggressive and ethically questionable lending, residential mortgage backed securitization tends to empower opponents of consumer protection law. Drawing on the U.S. example, caveats for other countries are offered.