cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palladium-catalyzed annulation of alkynes and ADMET polymerization of soybean oil

A novel synthetic methodology for 9-alkylidene-9H-fluorenes by the palladiumcatalyzed cascade reaction of aryl iodides and internal alkynes has been developed. This methodology has been extended to a number of aryl iodides and internal alkynes. The synthesis of a 9-alkylidene-9H-fluorene has also been achieved from a vinylic iodide. It has been demonstrated that this unusual cascade migration/coupling process also provides an efficient synthetic route to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We have also investigated the palladium-catalyzed reaction of internal alkynes and (2-iodophenyl)acetonitrile or 2-iodobenzonitrile. (2-Iodophenyl)acetonitrile reacts with diphenylacetylene in the presence of a palladium catalyst to afford 2-amino-3.4diphenylnaphthalene in 83% yield. This is the first example of a cyano group actually participating in an organopalladium addition reaction. An unusual product 2-amino-3-{(£')l-propenyl }-4-propylnaphthalene has been obtained as the sole product in the reaction of 4octyne. The formation of this unusual product has been rationalized by a mechanism similar to the palladium-catalyzed cyclization of enynes. The reaction of 2-iodobenzonitrile and diphenylacetylene affords 2.3-diphenylindenone in 30% yield. The acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of soybean oil has been studied in this thesis. The polymerization of ethylene glycol dioleate afforded the isomerized E,£-dioleate (27%), dimer (18%), trimer (13%), tetramer (7%), pentamer (5%), hexamer (4%), heptamer (4%) and 9-octadecene (21%). Only a trace amount of the intramolecular cyclized compound (0.1 %) was formed in the reaction. Under the same conditions, glyceryl trioleate undergoes ADMET polymerization to produce dimer, trimer. tetramer, pentamer and monocyclic oligomers, with monocyclic oligomers predominating. A variety of materials, from sticky oils to mbbers, have been prepared from the ADMET
Fibrocytes and Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling: The Good, the Bad, and the Progenitors

Pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR) is a definitive characteristic of diseases associated with physiological and pathobiological changes that present themselves in the lung vasculature(s). The primary diseases associated with PVR are pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension (PH), which is a prevalent disease of many etiologies. The lymphatic system is important in maintaining tissue homeostasis and its vasculature provides a means of interface between the immune cells and the external lung environment. The discussion of PVR leads into proximal and distal vessel remodeling in a miscellany of disease contexts. Along with an in-depth look into the topics outlined above, the chapter further provides insight into fibrocytes: their history, phenotypic description, their functional role in inflammation, and differentiation. We conclude the chapter by posing an important question: “Fibrocytes, a bone-marrow derived cell population, are they stem cells, or progenitor cells?” and provide evidence for and against whether fibrocytes modulate and contribute to PVR.
Sex toys and aids

Sex toys have formed part of global material culture for more than 12,000 years. They are evident in documents and archaeology from ancient Greece and Rome, northern Europe, China, Japan, and the Americas. Traditional genres include dildos and other penetrative devices, merkins (artificial vaginas), penis rings, bondage and discipline gear, and sex furniture, including swings. In the nineteenth century vibrators entered the marketplace, first powered by steam and later by electricity. In the twentieth century the global market for sex toys has grown steadily as cultural stances on sexuality have liberalized, and the proportion of women consumers has increased, especially since the 1970s. The world market for sex toys is expected to reach $60 billion by 2020. Keywords: sex toys; dildos; vibrators
The integrated activities of IRF-2 (HiNF-M), CDP/cut (HiNF-D) and H4TF-2 (HiNF-P) regulate transcription of a cell cycle controlled human histone H4 gene: mechanistic differences between distinct H4 genes

Maximal transcription of a prototypical cell cycle controlled histone H4 gene requires a proliferation-specific in vivo genomic protein/DNA interaction element, Site II. Three sequence-specific transcription factors interact with overlapping recognition motifs within Site II: interferon regulatory factor IRF-2 (HiNF-M), the putative H4 subtype-specific protein H4TF-2 (HiNF-P), and HiNF-D which represents a complex of the homeodomain protein CDP/cut, CDC2, cyclin A and pRB. However, natural sequence variation in the Site II sequences of different human H4 genes abolishes binding of specific trans-acting factors; the functional consequences of these variations have not been investigated. To address the precise contribution of H4 promoter factors to the level of H4 gene transcription, we performed a systematic mutational analysis of Site II transcriptional motifs. These mutants were tested for ability to bind each of the Site II cognate proteins, and subsequently evaluated for ability to confer H4 transcriptional activity using chimeric H4 promoter/CAT fusion constructs in different cell types. We also analyzed the effect of over-expressing IRF-2 on CAT reporter gene expression driven by mutant H4 promoters and assessed H4 transcriptional control in cells nullizygous for IRF-1 and IRF-2. Our results show that the recognition sequence for IRF-2 (HiNF-M) is the dominant component of Site II and modulates H4 gene transcription levels by 3 fold. However, the overlapping recognition sequences for IRF-2 (HiNF-M), H4TF-2 (HiNF-P) and CDP/cut (HiNF-D) together modulate H4 gene transcription levels by at least an order of magnitude. Thus, maximal activation of H4 gene transcription during the cell cycle in vivo requires the integrated activities of multiple transcription factors at Site II. We postulate that the composite organization of Site II supports responsiveness to multiple signalling pathways modulating the activities of H4 gene transcription factors during the cell cycle. Variations in Site II sequences among different H4 genes may accomodate differential regulation of H4 gene expression in cells and tissues with unique phenotypic properties.
TEV GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY,TECHNIQUES

The atmospheric Cherenkov technique has been used to study TeV gamma-ray sources for over 30 years; it is still the only viable technique in the energy band from 0.1 to 10 TeV.
7 – Linguistic Aspects of Lexical Retrieval Disturbances in the Posterior Fluent Aphasias

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the lexical retrieval disturbances which occur secondary to pathological involvement of the posterior language zones of the dominant hemisphere of the human brain. Close linguistic analysis reveals different types of aphasic responses in different types of posterior fluent aphasics or in the same patient over a period of recovery—all suggest word-finding problems. Lexical items are coded in lexical memory in various ways. One way is in terms of a semantic feature hierarchy composed of a set of semantic primitives such as human, animate, abstract, and the like. Nouns are usually coded in terms of these types of primitives. Verbs, on the other hand, are often coded with respect to the types of noun phrases with which they can occur. All lexical items are bonded together into different similarity matrices based on shared properties.
Cyhexatin resistance and enhancement with calcium chloride in Washington State populations of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on pome fruit.

The enhancement of calcium salts, primarily calcium chloride, to the efficacy of cyhexatin in Washington populations of twospotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, McDaniel spider mite (MSM), Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor and European red mite (ERM), Panonychus ulmi (Koch) was evaluated in the laboratory and in commercial apple orchards. Laboratory techniques used to test the 50WP, 5F and technical 85% cyhexatin were the slide-dip, leaf disk and leaf spray bioassays. Bioassay responses by various spider mite populations to cyhexatin and calcium salts indicated that the leaf spray method was most appropriate on apple foliage and that calcium chloride increased cyhexatin 50WP toxicity 6-fold for ERM and 31-fold for TSSM. The toxicity of formetanate 92SP, propargite 30WP, dicofol 1.6EC and fenbutatinoxide 4L was not increased by combining with CaCl2. Under field conditions, efficacy trials with ERM and MSM to cyhexatin and cyhexatin + CaCl2 indicated that differences between treatment means wer...
A New Core Tetrasaccharide Component from the Lipopolysaccharide of Rhizobium trifolii ANU 843

A second core oligosaccharide fragment has been isolated and characterized from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Rhizobium trifolii ANU 843. The oligosaccharide is a tetrasaccharide composed of galactose, galacturonic acid, mannose, and 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid. The mannose residue is alpha-linked to the 4-position of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid and the galacturonic acid residue is alpha-linked to the 6-position of mannose. The galactose residue, which is acetylated at the 4-position, is attached to the 4-position of mannose by an alpha-linkage. All of the aldoses are in the pyranose form. The composition of the tetrasaccharide was determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the alditol acetate derivatives of the component monosaccharides. The configuration of anomeric linkages was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) was performed on acetylated, per(trideutero)acetylated and underivatized tetrasaccharide giving sequence information in addition to information on the residue which was acetylated. Similar studies were performed on the oligosaccharide after reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride and peracetylation with labeled and unlabeled acetic anhydride as before. Further linkage and sequence analysis was obtained from methylation analysis, and from electron impact mass spectrometry of the per(trideutero)acetylated oligosaccharide and from collision-induced dissociation fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry using linked scans at constant B/E on the cyanoborohydride-reduced, per (trideutero)acetylated oligosaccharide. The exact location of the acetyl group was deduced from 1H NMR double resonance experiments in conjunction with mass spectrometric data.
Human ova in the Fallopian tube

CURRENT INTEREST in processes of human reproduction has emphasized the paucity of our knowledge of the preimplantation development of the human ovum. Dickmann and his colleagues,1 having recovered from the human oviduct a fertile ovum in the pronuclear stage, could find reports of only two other unquestionably fertile human ova, one two-celled, the other in the pronuclear stage. We have found ova in the Fallopian tubes of 2 women. Our first attempt to recover a human ovum was made in a 42-year-old multigravida with intramural myomas. Abdominal hysterectomy was scheduled for day 17 of her menstrual cycle, estimated according to the basal body temperature shift to be 2 days after ovulation. The patient was asked to have sexual intercourse at the expected time of ovulation. At operation a fresh corpus luteum was found in the right ovary. Ligatures were placed around the proximal and distal ends of each Fallopian tube, and the uterus and tubes were removed en bloc. Immediately thereafter, the tubes were separated from the uterus proximal to the utero-
Behavioral treatment of obesity

Behavioral treatment is an approach used to help individuals develop a set of skills to achieve a healthier weight. It is more than helping people to decide what to change; it is helping them identify how to change. The behavior change process is facilitated through the use of self-monitoring, goal setting, and problem solving. Studies suggest that behavioral treatment produces weight loss of 8-10% during the first 6 mo of treatment. Structured approaches such as meal replacements and food provision have been shown to increase the magnitude of weight loss. Most research on behavioral treatment has been conducted in university-based clinic programs. Although such studies are important, they tell us little about the effectiveness of these approaches in settings outside of specialized clinics. Future research might focus more on determining how these behavioral techniques can be best applied in a real-world setting.
Interstellar polarization and the position-angle orientations of type 1 Seyfert galaxies

We comment on recent spectropolarimetric studies that compare the observed polarization position angles (PAs) of type 1 Seyfert galaxies near Hα with the observed orientations of their radio-source axes on the sky. For a Seyfert galaxy in which scattering occurs mainly in an equatorial scattering region, the polarization PA is expected to be parallel to the radio axis, while for a case in which light scatters predominantly in the polar regions, the Hα polarization PA should be perpendicular to the radio axis. In practice, these correlations are difficult to establish because a Galactic interstellar polarization contribution can introduce a significant uncertainty into the polarization PA determination, even when the magnitude of interstellar polarization is small. We show how such uncertainties may affect the analysis of PA alignments, and present spectropolarimetric observations of a probe star along the line of sight to the type 1 Seyfert galaxy Mrk 871 that allow us to assess the intrinsic Hα polarization and PA of Mrk 871. These results suggest that spectropolarimetric observations of such probe stars should form an integral part of future polarization studies of Seyfert galaxies.
Intravenous thrombolysis outcomes in patients presenting with large vessel acute ischemic strokes--CT angiography-based prognosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To establish outcome rates for patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis based on vascular occlusion site. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of 225 patients who had received intravenous-rt-PA for anterior circulation strokes. The occlusion-site was prospectively determined on the admission computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and divided into: large vessel occlusion (LVO) including patients with an internal carotid artery terminus or middle cerebral artery (M1/proximal M2) occlusions and no large vessel occlusion (No-LVO; distal M2/M3/ACA) including patients with either distal or no occlusions. The primary outcome was the modified Rankin score (mRS) at 90-days with a good outcome defined by mRS of 0-2.000. RESULTS There were 114 (50.7%) patients in the LVO and 111 (49.3%) in the No-LVO group. A good outcome was seen in 28 (24.6%) patients in the LVO and 77 (69.4%) patients in the No-LVO group (OR .14; 95% CI: .08-.26; P < .0001). Mortality was observed in 13 (11.7%) patients in the No-LVO group and 48 (42.1%) patients in the LVO group (OR .18; 95% CI: .09-.36; P < .0001). Significant hemorrhage was seen in 14 (12.5%) patients in the LVO and 0 (0%) patients in the No-LVO group (P < .0001). Older age (OR .96; 95% CI: .93-.98; P = .002) and presence of LVO (OR .29; 95% CI: .12-.68; P = .004) were significant independent predictors of poor outcome. CONCLUSION CTA identification of proximal occlusions is associated with significantly poor outcomes in patients receiving intravenous stroke thrombolysis.
Aurora B is enriched at merotelic attachment sites, where it regulates MCAK.

Summary Kinetochores often form merotelic attachments, in which a single kinetochore is attached to microtubules from both spindle poles. These attachments can result in improper chromosome segregation and are a significant source of aneuploidy [1, 2], a hallmark of cancer [3–5]. Aurora B kinase and the kinesin-13 microtubule depolymerase mitotic-centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) are required to release improper microtubule attachments [6–9]. Aurora B regulates MCAK's activity and localization [10–12]. We set out to understand why MCAK and Aurora B are more abundant at some metaphase-aligned centromeres but are present at low amounts on most others. We found that members of the Aurora B complex are specifically enriched at merotelic attachment sites. We also found that Aurora B does not require its activity to become enriched at these sites; however, inhibition of Aurora B activity causes a significant increase in the number of merotelic attachments per cell. Aurora B activity enriches MCAK at merotelic attachments and phosphorylates MCAK on residues that regulate its microtubule depolymerase activity. These data demonstrate that proteins that resolve the defect are specifically localized to merotelic attachments, where their enzymatic activities are regulated.
Multi-satellite aerosol observations in the vicinity of clouds

Abstract. Improved characterization of aerosol properties in the vicinity of clouds is important for better understanding two critical aspects of climate: aerosol–cloud interactions and the direct radiative effect of aerosols. Satellite measurements have provided important insights into aerosol properties near clouds, but also suggested that the observations can be affected by 3-D radiative processes and instrument blurring not considered in current data interpretation methods. This study examines systematic cloud-related changes in particle properties and radiation fields that influence satellite measurements of aerosols in the vicinity of low-level maritime clouds. For this, the paper presents a statistical analysis of a yearlong global dataset of co-located MODIS and CALIOP observations and theoretical simulations. The results reveal that CALIOP-observed aerosol particle size and optical thickness, and MODIS-observed solar reflectance increase systematically in a wide transition zone around clouds. It is estimated that near-cloud changes in particle populations – including both aerosols and undetected cloud particles – are responsible for roughly two thirds of the observed increase in 0.55 μm MODIS reflectance. The results also indicate that 3-D radiative processes significantly contribute to near-cloud reflectance enhancements, while instrument blurring contributes significantly only within 1 km from clouds and then quickly diminishes with distance from clouds.
ON THE SPIN-DOWN AND MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE X-RAY PULSAR 1E 1207.4-5209

We analyze all of the archival X-ray timing data from the years 2000-2008 on the weakly magnetized central compact object (CCO) pulsar 1E 1207.4?5209 in an attempt to measure its dipole magnetic field strength via spin-down. because most of these observations were not planned for the purpose of phase-coherent timing, the resulting ephemeris is not unique, but is restricted to two comparably good timing solutions that correspond to Bs = 9.9 ? 1010 G or 2.4 ? 1011 G, respectively, assuming dipole spin-down. One of these should be the correct value and the other one an alias. There are no spinning-up solutions. The smaller value of Bs is close to the surface field of 8 ? 1010 G that is measured independently from the unique absorption lines in the X-ray spectrum of 1E 1207.4?5209, assuming that the lowest-energy line at 0.7?keV is the electron-cyclotron fundamental. We suggest that 1E 1207.4?5209 has the strongest magnetic field among CCOs, which would account for the unique presence of its cyclotron absorption spectrum, while other CCOs likely have even weaker fields for which the cyclotron fundamental falls below the observable soft X-ray band.
The Emergency Medical Services for Children Program: Accomplishments and Contributions

For 20 years, the Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMSC) program has raised awareness about the importance of providing emergency medical care to children that is matched to their physiological and psychological development, targeting healthcare professionals, emergency medical services (EMS) and trauma system planners, and the public. Since 1984, the EMSC program has provided federal funding to states and university schools of medicine to establish EMSC programs in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 5 US territories to help improve the EMS system for children. Other EMSC program grant funding has been used to establish national resource centers, develop model products and resources, and support the infrastructure for a pediatric emergency care research network. The EMSC program also established partnerships with national organizations and federal agencies to improve awareness of children's special needs and integrate pediatric emergency care into the larger EMS system.
Probing DNA shape and methylation state on a genomic scale with DNase I

DNA binding proteins find their cognate sequences within genomic DNA through recognition of specific chemical and structural features. Here we demonstrate that high-resolution DNase I cleavage profiles can provide detailed information about the shape and chemical modification status of genomic DNA. Analyzing millions of DNA backbone hydrolysis events on naked genomic DNA, we show that the intrinsic rate of cleavage by DNase I closely tracks the width of the minor groove. Integration of these DNase I cleavage data with bisulfite sequencing data for the same cell type’s genome reveals that cleavage directly adjacent to cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides is enhanced at least eightfold by cytosine methylation. This phenomenon we show to be attributable to methylation-induced narrowing of the minor groove. Furthermore, we demonstrate that it enables simultaneous mapping of DNase I hypersensitivity and regional DNA methylation levels using dense in vivo cleavage data. Taken together, our results suggest a general mechanism by which CpG methylation can modulate protein–DNA interaction strength via the remodeling of DNA shape.
American Religion: Contemporary Trends

American Religion: Contemporary Trends MARK CHAVES, 2011 Princeton: Princeton University Press xiii + 139 pp., US$22.95 (hb) ISBN 978–0–691–14685–0 Mark Chaves writes that “this book is for those w...
A 25-kDa Protein Is Associated with the Envelopes of Occluded Baculovirus Virions

Abstract Antiserum produced against preoccluded virions of the Orgyia pseudotsugata multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV) was used to screen an OpMNPV λgt11 expression library. One of the immunoreactive clones contained an insert that hybridized to a portion of the OpMNPV Hin dIII-P fragment. A 2-kb region of Hind III-P was sequenced and found to contain three open reading frames, each preceded by a late promoter element. The insert from the λgt11 clone was derived from the third open reading frame, which encodes a predicted protein of 25 kDa. The λgt11 insert was cloned into a pMALcR1 bacterial expression vector and the fusion protein was expressed, isolated, and used for antibody production. This antiserum detected a doublet of approximately 25 kDa on Western blots of a time course of OpMNPV-infected Lymantria dispar cells. The protein was first detected at low concentration by 18 hr p.i.; by 36 hr p.i., the protein concentration had increased significantly and remained at this level for the duration of the time course. Similar results were seen on Western blots of Autographa californica MNPV (AcMNPV)-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells. No evidence of O- or N-linked glycosylation of the OpMNPV p25 was found. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that p25 was present in the nuclei of OpMNPV-infected cells and localized to the envelopes surrounding polyhedron-derived virions.
Racial Differences in Body Image Perception and Preference among Urban Fourth Graders

Abstract Attitudinal and behavioral differences have been reported between African American and white adolescents and adults regarding body image. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships of body image perception and preference by race among a group of urban fourth graders. The study group consisted of 166 African American and 55 white students from eight urban public schools selected to represent the demographic profile of Baltimore, Maryland. Body image data were collected by questionnaire and employed Collins' pictorial body image scale (numbered 1-7 to correspond with increasing body size, with 4 being the healthy figure). Overweight was defined as ⩾ 85th percentile of body mass index (BMI=Weight (kg)/Height (m) 2 ). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 8. When we did not divide the sample by gender, white students were more likely than African Americans (59% versus 37%) to choose a small Fig. (1-3) as ideal while African Americans were more likely (19% versus 4%) to choose a larger Fig. (5-7) as ideal. When the sample was limited to girls, the same pattern emerged; 68 % of whites versus 40 percent of African Americans chose an ideal figure of 1-3. For larger figures, 20 percent of African American girls versus 4 % of white girls selected these as ideal. It is noteworthy that in both cases, the African American children were more likely to choose the healthy figure (figure 4) as ideal. Further study is needed to shed light on what factors influence very young children's body size preference and how these selections can influence the epidemic of overweight/obesity as well as eating disorders among children.
Changes in desmosine and pyridinoline crosslinks during rapid synthesis and degradation of elastin and collagen in the rat uterus

Abstract The wet weight of the rat uterus increased 8-fold during pregnancy and fell by 70% within 5 days postpartum. Uterine collagen increased about 5-fold during pregnancy and also fell by 70% within 5 days. The crosslink pyridinoline remained constant at 0.28 mole/mole collagen at every time point, with the possible exception of 11–12 days of pregnancy. The pyridinoline link can therefore form within the short time span of a few days, a feature presumed to be necessary to maintain the full mechanical strength of the uterus during labor. Uterine elastin increased about 8-fold during pregnancy, but the desmosines did not keep pace and fell from a normal value of 1.43 mole/mole elastin to a low of 0.89 at term. Moreover, elastin content reached a maximum several days prior to parturition and then declined continuously to 5 days postpartum. During this decline there was a selective loss of the poorly crosslinked elastin. The desmosines cannot be used as a direct measure of uterine elastin content, because of their continuously changing levels. Desmosines and pyridinoline were measured both by ELISA and by the amino acid analyzer. The two methods gave almost identical results when elastin and collagen were first separated from each other.
The immunopharmacology of immunotherapy

In the future, the development of an effective immunopharmacology will service clinical immunotherapy by removing the current empiricism in which the latter is steeped. By dissection of critical features of the cell targets of action and intracellular mechanisms of action and relating these to primary effects to modify host immune responses, in a predictable, consistent manner, the primary goal will be achieved. Once achieved and appropriate nonimmunologic aspects of host resistance and status are taken into account, the second goal of effective delivery of a restored or enhanced immune system to combat the invading tumor or pathogen can be made. Finally, by overcoming the resistance and suppressor mechanisms derived from the pathogen or tumor, immunotherapy will achieve an efficacy and safety which will ultimately justify a more general use. To date, cyclic nucleotide pharmacology and in vitro analysis of cellular targets and function have provided important first steps towards achieving these goals. Once achieved, the clinical potential for therapeutic benefit in cancer, immunodeficiency, aging, chronic infections, and autoimmune disorders seems great.
Cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in working-age cancer patients

BACKGROUND. Despite recommendations to immunize all patients at an increased risk of influenza complications, the vaccine utilization among high-risk nonelderly adults remains low and its cost-effectiveness is unclear. In the current study, the authors analyzed the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in working-age (ages 20–64 years) cancer patients. METHODS. The authors developed a decision-analytic model, from the societal perspective, using epidemiologic, vaccine effectiveness, resource utilization, cost, survival, and utility data from published sources, supplemented with data collected from the authors' own institutional accounting system. Two strategies were compared: influenza vaccination of working-age cancer patients and no vaccination. The base-case patient was assumed to be a 51-year-old cancer patient (the mean age for the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] population of working-age patients within 5 years of cancer diagnosis). RESULTS. The effectiveness of the influenza vaccine was 6.02 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) at a cost of $30.10. The effectiveness of the no vaccination strategy was 6.01 QALYs at a cost of $27.86. Compared with the no vaccination strategy, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of vaccinating working-age cancer patients would be $224.00 per QALY gained. Using the benchmark of $50,000 per QALY, the model was only sensitive to changes in cancer survival (threshold of 2.8 months). CONCLUSIONS. The influenza vaccine is cost-effective for working-age cancer patients with a life expectancy of ≥3 months. All working-age cancer patients who are within 5 years of cancer diagnosis and have a life expectancy of at least 3 months should be vaccinated against influenza. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
The invariant polynomials characterizing U(n) tensor operators ‹p, q,..., q, 0,..., 0› having maximal null space

We make use of the ''path sum'' function to prove that the family of stretched operator functions characterized by the operator irrep labels satisfy a pair of general difference equations. This family of functions is a generalization of Milne's functions for U(n) and Biedenharn and Louck's functions for U(3). The fact that this family of stretched operator functions are polynomials follows from a detailed study of their symmetries and zeros. As a further application of our general difference equations and symmetry properties we give an explicit formula for the polynomials characterized by the operator irrep labels .
Partial melting observed in Tibetan Plateau crust

In the Tibetan Plateau, which formed millions of years ago as a result of the collision between the Eurasian and Indian plates, scientists have investigated the presence of crustal melt to understand how the region evolved. Previous seismic studies of the Tibetan Plateau led scientists to believe that the center of the plateau is partially melted.
Intracellular Metal Detectors

Metal ions play numerous crucial roles in biology, and there is great interest in obtaining an accurate measurement of the intracellular concentrations of both tightly bound and exchangeable metal ions. Measuring the concentration of readily exchangeable transition metal ions in a cell has been particularly difficult because of the extremely small concentrations involved, interference from other metal ions and biomolecules, and the challenge of introducing probes into the cell with minimal perturbations. Recent work has made quantification of the intracellular exchangeable zinc pool possible for the first time using a cell-permeable, ratiometric, fluorescence resonance energy transfer based zinc biosensor.
Post-treatment regret among young breast cancer survivors.

Objective The study addresses: (1) what women regret about their breast cancer treatment five years later, and (2) what characteristics of disease and treatment predict post-treatment regret.
A rapid method for the isolation of human peripheral null lymphocytes

Abstract We describe here a new technique for the isolation of human peripheral null lymphocytes: cells lacking detectable surface immunoglobulin as well as receptors for sheep erythrocytes. The double rosette technique described employs a combined negative selection for Ig+ cells by specific anti-Ig-coated sheep erythrocytes and E rosette selection for T cells. This singlestep procedure facilitates the isolation of null cells from large cell populations and can be completed in less than 2 hr. The isolated null subpopulation represents less than 5% of the total peripheral mononuclear cells and is at least 85–90% pure by sensitive surface marker analysis. The null subpopulation is shown to be highly enriched for effectors of both antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against autologous lymphocytes and spontaneous cytotoxicity against the K562 leukemia blast cell line. Application of this technique will allow further characterization of the effector populations for ADCC and NK as well as differentiation of T and B cell precursors.
Creation of optical vortices in femtosecond pulses

We experimentally created a femtosecond optical vortex using a pair of computer-synthesized holographic gratings arranged in a 2f - 2f optical setup. We present measurements showing that the resulting donut mode is free of spatial chirp, and support this finding with an analysis of the optical wave propagation through our system based on the Kirchhoff-Fresnel diffraction integral. An interferogram confirms that our ultrashort vortex has topological charge 1, and a conservative experimental estimation of its duration is 280 fs. We used 25-fs radiation pulses (bandwidth approximately 40 nm) produced by a Ti:sapphire laser oscillator.
Vagally induced second degree A-V block Mobitz type I, and the hyporeactive SA node.

Second degree A-V block Mobitz type I was produced in three patients by reflex vagal stimulation. The basis for this effect appeared to be a failure of the vagal activity to depress the discharge rate of the sinoatrial node.
Čerenkov Counter Flux Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Alphas at 41°

A \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counter inside a Geiger counter telescope was flown by balloon to a residual atmospheric depth of 16 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The purpose of the experiment was to measure the flux of cosmic-ray alpha particles and to investigate the usefulness of a \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counter for flux measurements on the more heavily charged cosmicray components. A \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counter was used because of its inherent discrimination against slow secondary particles. The pulse height distribution obtained showed a partially resolved peak at approximately 4 ${h}_{0}$, where ${h}_{0}$ is the mean pulse height corresponding to a fast proton. This is experimental confirmation of the ${Z}^{2}$ dependence for \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov radiation. There were 3024 events which gave pulse heights corresponding to alphas. There is evidence that 451 were due to side showers, 651 were due to nuclear interactions, an additional 478 were due to either side showers or interactions, and 1444 were due to primary alphas. This leads to the value 99\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}16 particles/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$-steradian-second, as the extrapolated flux at the top of the atmosphere. There is also an indication of peaks corresponding to carbon and oxygen. There is evidence that the geometry factor of the telescope was appreciably increased for the heavy components due to the action of delta rays.
A study of eighty-five cases of Strongyloides stercoralis infection, with special reference to abdominal pain

Abstract 1. 1. An analysis of eighty-five cases of Strongyloides stercoralis infection is presented. Diagnosis was proved in each case by stool examination. 2. 2. Among etiological factors studied it was found that there was a marked predominance in the male sex, in the white race, and in the second, third and fourth decades of life. Seasonal distribution and occupation appear to be of some significance. 3. 3. The most frequent presenting complaint was abdominal pain. Diarrhoea was less common. 4. 4. The history revealed that in addition to abdominal distress and diarrhoea nausea and vomiting, headache, anorexia, loss of weight, weakness, malaise, constipation, distension and flatulence were frequent symptoms. 5. 5. Physical examination revealed localized abdominal tenderness in 34·1 per cent. of the cases. Fever above 101°F. was infrequent. 6. 6. Laboratory studies showed three of the thirteen cases with hypochlorhydria, a moderate secondary anemia, rarely leucocytosis, and an average of 8·6 per cent. eosinophils in forty-seven cases. 7. 7. The diagnosis of Strongyloides infection must be considered in all cases presenting abdominal distress, vague dyspepsia, diarrhoea or eosinophilia. Stool examination most cases will readily exclude this condition.
RESPONSIBILITY AND GLOBAL JUSTICE: A SOCIAL CONNECTION MODEL

The essay theorizes the responsibilities moral agents may be said to have in relation to global structural social processes that have unjust consequences. How ought moral agents, whether individual or institutional, conceptualize their responsibilities in relation to global injustice? I propose a model of responsibility from social connection as an interpretation of obligations of justice arising from structural social processes. I use the example of justice in transnational processes of production, distribution and marketing of clothing to illustrate operations of structural social processes that extend widely across regions of the world.The social connection model of responsibility says that all agents who contribute by their actions to the structural processes that produce injustice have responsibilities to work to remedy these injustices. I distinguish this model from a more standard model of responsibility, which I call a liability model. I specify five features of the social connection model of responsibility that distinguish it from the liability model: it does not isolate perpetrators; it judges background conditions of action; it is more forward looking than backward looking; its responsibility is essentially shared; and it can be discharged only through collective action. The final section of the essay begins to articulate parameters of reasoning that agents can use for thinking about their own action in relation to structural injustice.Thanks to David Alexander, Daniel Drezner, David Owen, and Ellen Frankel Paul for comments on an earlier version of this essay. Thanks to David Newstone for research assistance.
A comparison of medical students' written expressions of emotion and coping and standardized patients' ratings of student professionalism and communication skills.

Little is known about the relationship between medical students’ expression of emotion when confronted with a traumatic medical event and their perceived communication skills and professionalism. Method. Eighty-nine second year medical students participated in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) that included a writing exercise. Standardized patients assessed student performance on communication and professionalism. Student writing samples were analysed for emotional language and coping strategies. Results. Two kinds of written language, high positive and distancing, were related to “active” and “detached” coping methods. Standardized patients rated students who used highly positive emotional language as having poorer professionalism and communication skills. Students who endorsed “accepting” coping were perceived as more professional. Discussion. Future research should investigate whether certain emotional expressions in medical students’ writings are related to less patient-centered copi...
Negotiating the Contested Terrain of Equity-Focused Change Efforts in Schools: Critical Race Theory as a Leadership Framework for Creating More Equitable Schools

Educational leaders attempting to enact equity-focused change in their schools are frequently met with fierce opposition by politically powerful parents whose children are well served by the status quo. The purpose of this conceptual article is to: (a) explore the utility of Critical Race Theory as a framework for helping K-12 school leaders anticipate and make sense of resistance to change efforts aimed at creating greater educational equity for underserved students, and (b) suggest ways that school leaders can more effectively engage in equity reforms in their schools. To do this, we examine a highly contested public debate over a recent equity-focused change effort at Berkeley High School (BHS)—a large, racially and socioeconomically diverse public school in Northern California. Using the events at BHS as an example, we argue that change efforts could be undertaken more effectively by: (a) identifying and addressing the underlying property interests up front, (b) anticipating how majoritarian narratives rooted in “colorblindness” and deficit thinking would be employed as a means for obscuring and maintaining unequal access to scarce resources, and (c) focusing on specific areas of interest convergence.
Healthcare Utilization and Costs for Women with a History of Intimate Partner Violence.

Objective To determine the healthcare utilization and medical care costs of women with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV) compared to women without a history of IPV. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Mixed-model health maintenance organization. Participants Over 3000 (3333) women aged 18 to 64 years with ≥3 year’s cumulative enrollment prior to the survey, at least 1 year of which was after the 18th birthday. Main Exposure IPV since age 18 as determined from responses to telephone interview using questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and also the Women’s Experience with Battering Scale. Outcome Measures Healthcare utilization and costs (from automated data) during the time that IPV occurred and following its cessation, compared to healthcare utilization for women who did not report IPV since age 18. Results A total of 1546 women reported IPV in their lifetime; at the time of interview, IPV had ceased in 87% of women, on average 16.0 years prior to interview. Healthcare utilization was higher for all categories of service during IPV compared to women without IPV, and decreased over time after cessation of IPV. However, healthcare utilization was still 20% higher 5 years after women’s abuse ceased compared to women without IPV. Adjusted annual total healthcare costs were 19% higher in women with a history of IPV (amounting to $439 annually) compared to women without IPV. Based on prevalence for IPV of 44%, the excess costs due to IPV are approximately $19.3 million per year for every 100,000 women enrollees aged 18–64. Conclusions Women with a history of IPV had significantly higher healthcare utilization and costs, continuing long after IPV ended. Given its high prevalence, IPV has a major impact on medical care resource utilization and efforts to prevent its occurrence and consequences are clearly indicated.
Identifying sources of respirable quartz and silica dust in underground coal mines in southern West Virginia, western Virginia, and eastern Kentucky

Prior research has suggested that the source of respirable silica dust in underground coal mines is typically the immediate top or bottom lithology adjacent to the mined seam, not mineral matter bound within the mined coal bed. Geochemical analyses were applied in an effort to identify the specific source rock of respirable quartz dust in coal mines. The analyses also demonstrate the compositional changes that take place in the generation of the respirable dust fraction from parent rock material. All six mine sites were mining coal with relatively low mineral matter content, although two mines were operating in the Fire Clay coal bed which contains a persistent tonstein. Interpretations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, and K concentrations strongly suggest that the top strata above the mined seam is the primary source of mineral dust produced during mining. One site indicates a mixed or bottom source, possibly due to site specific conditions. Respirable dust compositional analyses suggest a direct relationship between the quantity of mineral Si and the quantity of quartz Si. A similar relationship was not found in either the top or bottom rocks adjacent to the mined seam. An apparent loss of elemental Al was noted in the respirable dust fraction when compared to potential parent rock sources. Elemental Al is present in top and bottom rock strata within illite, kaolinite, feldspar, and chlorite. A possible explanation for loss of Al in the respirable dust samples is the removal of clays and possibly chlorite minerals. It is expected that removal of this portion of the Al bearing mineral matter occurs during rock abrasion and dust transport prior to dust capture on the samplers.
Plane Contact of an Elastic Layer Supported by a Winkler Foundation

The elastic layer has a finite depth and infinite in-plane dimensions. The upper surface of the layer is in plane contact with a rigid indenter
A Compositional Semantics for Verified Separate Compilation and Linking

Recent ground-breaking efforts such as CompCert have made a convincing case that mechanized verification of the compiler correctness for realistic C programs is both viable and practical. Unfortunately, existing verified compilers can only handle whole programs---this severely limits their applicability and prevents the linking of verified C programs with verified external libraries. In this paper, we present a novel compositional semantics for reasoning about open modules and for supporting verified separate compilation and linking. More specifically, we replace external function calls with explicit events in the behavioral semantics. We then develop a verified linking operator that makes lazy substitutions on (potentially reacting) behaviors by replacing each external function call event with a behavior simulating the requested function. Finally, we show how our new semantics can be applied to build a refinement infrastructure that supports both vertical composition and horizontal composition.
Psychological reactions to infertility: implications for nursing in resolving feelings of disappointment and inadequacy.

Research on patients' psychological reactions to infertility indicates responses of disappointment and despair over the inability to reproduce. An initial response of denial of these feelings may occur because of their overwhelming nature. The patient may be able to recognize the reality of the feelings of disappointment and despair only after an adjustment has been made to nonparenthood or after parenthood has been achieved through adoption. Nursing personnel can serve as mental-health change agents through their relationships to patients involved in diagnostic and treatment procedures for infertility. A nurse can provide a climate in which the patient can recognize the normality of the emotional response to infertility rather than engage in a process of suppression and denial of these feelings.
On structural shifts and stationarity of the ex ante real interest rate

Abstract New evidence supporting the Fisher effect is obtained from tests for long-run reversion in the ex ante real interest rate, constructed using the Michigan Survey data on inflation expectations. This study finds that the real interest rate may appear nonstationary when in fact it is stationary and a process shift is responsible. Interestingly, the allowance for simply a mean shift is adequate to reject the unit-root hypothesis for both real pre- and after-tax interest rates. The mean shift coincides with the dramatic reversal of inflation psychology around late 1980 or early 1981. The timing and the cause of the structural shift identified for ex ante real rates differ from that for ex post real rates discussed in previous studies.