cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalizing the Kantorovich Metric to Projection Valued Measures

Given a compact metric space X, the collection of Borel probability measures on X can be made into a compact metric space via the Kantorovich metric (Hutchinson in Indiana Univ. Math. J. 30(5):713---747, 1981). We partially generalize this well known result to projection valued measures. In particular, given a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$, we consider the collection of projection valued measures from X into the projections on $\mathcal{H}$. We show that this collection can be made into a complete and bounded metric space via a generalized Kantorovich metric. However, we add that this metric space is not compact, thereby identifying an important distinction from the classical setting. We have seen recently that this generalized metric has been previously defined by F. Werner in the setting of mathematical physics (Werner in J. Quantum Inf. Comput. 4(6):546---562, 2004). To our knowledge, we develop new properties and applications of this metric. Indeed, we use the Contraction Mapping Theorem on this complete metric space of projection valued measures to provide an alternative method for proving a fixed point result due to P. Jorgensen (see Adv. Appl. Math. 34(3):561---590, 2005; Operator Theory, Operator Algebras, and Applications, pp. 13---26, Am. Math. Soc., Providence, 2006). This fixed point, which is a projection valued measure, arises from an iterated function system on X, and is related to Cuntz Algebras.
Neural anatomy of the glenohumeral ligaments, labrum, and subacromial bursa

The neural histology of the human shoulder ligaments, glenoid labrum, and subacromial bursae were studied using a modified gold chloride stain. Two morphological types of mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings were found in the ligaments. Slow adapting Ruffini end organs and rapidly adapting Pacinian corpuscles were identified in the superior, middle, inferior, and the posterior glenohumeral ligaments. These specialized proprioceptive nerve endings were also found in the coracoclavicular, and coracoacromial ligaments. Only free nerve endings were found in the glenoid labrum and these were located in the peripheral half. Scattered free nerve endings were found throughout the subacromial bursae. This is the first histological evidence of neural receptors in the human shoulder ligaments, glenoid labrum, and the subacromial bursae. Any disruption of the labrum or these ligaments by trauma or surgery can deprive the shoulder of mechanical stability, and may cause a decrease in proprioception because of the loss of these afferent neural receptors. Removal of symptomatic, inflamed bursae may decrease pain signals from this area of the shoulder.
Ruthenium-catalyzed C-C bond forming transfer hydrogenation: carbonyl allylation from the alcohol or aldehyde oxidation level employing acyclic 1,3-dienes as surrogates to preformed allyl metal reagents.

Under the conditions of ruthenium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation, commercially available acyclic 1,3-dienes, butadiene, isoprene, and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, couple to benzylic alcohols 1a−6a to furnish products of carbonyl crotylation 1b−6b, carbonyl isoprenylation 1c−6c, and carbonyl reverse 2-methyl prenylation 1d−6d. Under related transfer hydrogenation conditions employing isopropanol as terminal reductant, isoprene couples to aldehydes 7a−9a to furnish identical products of carbonyl isoprenylation 1c−3c. Thus, carbonyl allylation is achieved from the alcohol or the aldehyde oxidation level in the absence of preformed allyl metal reagents. Coupling to aliphatic alcohols (isoprene to 1-nonanol, 65% isolated yield) and allylic alcohols (isoprene to geraniol, 75% isolated yield) also is demonstrated. Isotopic labeling studies corroborate a mechanism involving hydrogen donation from the reactant alcohol or sacrificial alcohol (i-PrOH).
Structure control within poly(amidoamine) dendrimers: size, shape and regio-chemical mimicry of globular proteins

Abstract This work describes the syntheses of a new poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer family possessing a disulfide function (cystamine) in its core. Traditional redox-chemistry associated with the disulfide core in these dendrimer structures, provides a versatile strategy for designing unique sizes, shapes and controlling the regio-disposition of chemical groups on the surface of these dendrimers. Various single site, sulfhydryl functionalized dendron reactants may be generated in situ, under standard reducing conditions (i.e. dithiothreitol (DTT)). Facile control of size, shape and chemical functionality placement involves covalent hybridization of these single point, sulfhydryl reactive dendron components. This is accomplished by re-oxidation in the presence of air, to yield generation/surface chemistry differentiated cross-over products which may be isolated by preparative thin layer or column chromatography. Differentiated cystamine core dendrimers derived from combination and permutation of lower generation (i.e. Gen.=0–3) sulfhydryl functionalized dendrons possessing amino, hydroxyl, acetamido or dansyl surface groups, were synthesized and isolated. They were characterized by a variety of methods including; 13C NMR, capillary electrophoresis (CE), gel electrophoresis (PAGE), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and electrospray (ES) or matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. This general strategy has broad implications for the systematic size, shape and regio-chemical control of a wide range of dendritic nanostructures, many of which may be designed to mimic the sizes, shapes and regio specific chemo-domains observed for globular proteins.
Perturbations in the wall region using flush mounted piezoceramic actuators

The use of triangular shaped piezoceramic actuators in the near-wall region of turbulent shear flows is described. These actuators are very thin so that they can be flush mounted on the wall which greatly simplifies their application. The piezoceramic material was driven by an oscillating voltage that produced a mechanical deformation of the actuator. The magnitude of the deformation, and thus the amplitude of the disturbance, depended upon the voltage and geometry of the actuator. The forcing frequency was sufficiently high that the temporal aspect of the disturbance was rapidly dissipated. Measurements of the streamwise velocity component document the spatial extent of the perturbation.
Magnetoelectrics for magnetic sensor applications: status, challenges and perspectives

The magnetoelectric (ME) effect, with cross-correlation coupling between magnetic and electric degrees of freedom, is associated with two promising application scenarios: magnetic field sensors and electric-write magnetic-read memory devices. In this review, we highlight recent progress in ME laminates for sensor applications, in particular with regards to the most difficult technical obstacle to their practical use (i.e. reduction of equivalent magnetic noise), while presenting an evolution of ME materials. The challenges and perspectives for the technical obstacles that would enable ME composites for sensor applications are emphasized.
Transcranial ultrasound focus reconstruction with phase and amplitude correction

Therapeutic and diagnostic ultrasound procedures performed noninvasively through the skull require a reliable method for maintaining acoustic focus integrity after transmission through layered bone structures. This study used a multiple-element, phased-array transducer to reconstruct ultrasound foci through the human skull by amplitude and phase correction. It was previously demonstrated that adaptive phase correction using a multiple-element, focused transducer array yields a significant correction to an acoustic field that has been distorted by the heterogeneities of the skull bone. The introduction of amplitude correction, in a regime in which acoustic pressures from individual transducer array elements are adjusted to be normalized at the focus, has demonstrated a 6% (-0.27 dB) average decrease in acoustic sidelobe acoustic intensity relative to the focal intensity and a 2% (-0.09 dB) average decrease in the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of the acoustic intensity profile at the focus. These improvements come at the expense of significant ultrasound intensity loss - as much as 30% lower (-1.55 dB) - at the focus because the amplitude correction method requires that, at constant power, a larger proportion of energy is absorbed or reflected by regions of the skull that transmit less energy. In contrast, a second correction method that distributes pressure amplitudes such that the sections of the skull which transmit more ultrasound energy are exposed with higher ultrasound intensities has demonstrated an average sidelobe intensity decrease of 3% (-0.13 dB) with no change in the FWHM at the focus. On average, there was a 2% (0.09 dB) increase in the acoustic intensity at the focus for this inverse amplitude correction method. These results indicate that amplitude correction according to the transmission properties of various segments of the skull have a clear effect on ultrasound energy throughput into a target site within the brain parenchyma.
Spectroscopic Observations of Hot Lines Constraining Coronal Heating in Solar Active Regions

Extreme-ultraviolet observations of warm coronal loops suggest that they are bundles of unresolved strands that are heated impulsively to high temperatures by nanoflares. The plasma would then have the observed properties (e.g., excess density compared with static equilibrium) when it cools into the 1-2MK range. If this interpretation is correct, then very hot emission should be present outside of proper flares. It is predicted to be very faint, however. A critical element for proving or refuting this hypothesis is the existence of hot, yet faint plasmas which should be at amounts predicted by impulsive heating models. We report on the first comprehensive spectroscopic study of hot plasmas in active regions (ARs). Data from the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer on Hinode were used to construct emission measure (EM) distributions in quiescent ARs in the 1-5 MK temperature range. The distributions are flat or slowly increasing up to approximately 3 MK and then fall off rapidly at higher temperatures. We show that AR models based on impulsive heating can reproduce the observed EM distributions relatively well. Our results provide strong new evidence that coronal heating is impulsive in nature.
Instrumenting computer systems and their programs

Considering the high cost and sophistication of data processing equipment, it is almost incredible that techniques for computer system measurement and evaluation have lagged so far behind. While it is true that computer technology has advanced at a rapid rate during the past 20 years, it is surprising that instrumentation for displaying system efficiency has only recently been given exposure in the literature; and even that literature is sparse.
Pt-based composite nanoparticles for magnetic, catalytic, and biomedical applications

This feature article highlights the recent advances in the synthesis of Pt-based binary alloy and core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) for magnetic, catalytic and biomedical applications. These composite NPs are made by thermal decomposition and reduction of metal precursors in a high boiling point organic solvent with their size, shape, composition and shell thickness controlled by metal precursor concentrations, surfactant concentrations and reaction temperatures. The as-synthesized alloy NPs adopt typically the face centered cubic (fcc) structure and can be further converted into the face centered tetragonal (fct) structure upon high temperature annealing. The NP size, shape, composition and structure dependent magnetism and catalysis are further illustrated. The studies show that the fct structured NPs are ferromagnetic and are promising components for magnetic data storage media, and that the core–shell NPs are better catalysts for fuel cell reactions with much enhanced activity and durability, and that the fcc structured FePt NPs have great potential for multimodality imaging and for therapeutic applications.
Explorations in Quantum Computing

By the year 2020, the basic memory components of a computer will be the size of individual atoms. At such scales, the current theory of computation will become invalid. A new field called "quantum computing" is emerging that is reinventing the foundations of computer science and information theory in a way that is consistent with quantum physics - the most accurate model of reality that is currently known. Remarkably, this new theory predicts that quantum computers can perform certain tasks breathtakingly faster than classical computers, and, better yet, can accomplish mind-boggling feats such as teleporting information, breaking supposedly "unbreakable" codes, generating true random numbers, and communicating with messages that betray the presence of eavesdropping. "Explorations in Quantum Computing" explains these burgeoning developments in simple terms, and describes the key technological hurdles that must be overcome in order to make quantum computers a reality. This book draws upon the very latest research and uses executable software simulations to help explain the material and allow the reader to experiment with the ideas behind quantum computers. This is the ideal text for anyone wishing to learn more about the next, perhaps "ultimate," computer revolution.
Acoustics and Unsteady Flow of Telescope Cavity in an Airplane

The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy consists of a 2.5-m aperture Cassegrain telescope housed in an open cavity onboard a Boeing 747-SP aircraft cruising at around 13 km altitude. The open cavity of this airborne observatory presents many aerodynamic and aeroacoustic challenges that are being resolved for its design using results from computational and experimental investigations. Results are reported from one such Navier-Stokes computational fluid dyanamics (CFD) investigation on an overset grid system at wind-tunnel and cruise flight conditions. Numerical results of sound pressure levels, spectra of unsteady pressures on the telescope and bulkheads, spectra of telescope moments, and time-averaged surface pressures on the empennage show fair comparisons with experiments. An acoustic tone at 440 Hz has been identified for this cavity from CFD calculations at wind-tunnel conditions, and this acoustic tone is in agreement with experimental observation. The good agreement of scaled wind-tunnel results with computational results at cruise conditions indicates the scaling relations used are accurate. The open cavity produces a drag increase of less than 2% of the aircraft drag and is found to have negligible effect on the aircraft controls in cruise flight.
Is information risk priced for NASDAQ-listed stocks?

Easley et al. (J Finance 57:2185–2221, 2002), building upon the asset pricing model of Fama and French (J Finance 47:427–465, 1992), show that the probability of informed trading (PIN) is a determinant of asset returns for NYSE-listed securities. We extend this work by examining whether the PIN is a predictive factor for NASDAQ stocks, as many studies document significant differences between NYSE and NASDAQ listed securities. In the process we examine whether the use of PIN is appropriate for NASDAQ-listed securities. We find that PIN and certain stock characteristics correlate differently for our sample of NASDAQ stocks than that of Easley et al. sample of NYSE stocks. We also determine that the risk of informed trading is only weakly priced for NASDAQ stocks. Contrary to Easley et al. we do not find evidence that excess returns increases as PIN increases.
ADAPTING THE FINITE ELEMENT PROBLEM TO A VECTOR PROCESSOR

Finite element programs were executed on scalar machines and a vector processor to evaluate the differences in machines and the effect of writing the code to take the maximum advantage of vector processing. The vector processor ran the original models 17.7 times faster than the scalar machine, and the vectorized code ran 12.0 times faster than the scalar code.
Three-year measured weight change in the African American health study

Objective: This study examines 3-year weight change in African Americans. Method: Nine hundred and ninety-eight participants 49 to 65 years old were assessed at baseline and 3 years later. Weight w...
Direct Functionalization of Nitrogen Heterocycles via Rh-Catalyzed C−H Bond Activation

Nitrogen heterocycles are present in many compounds of enormous practical importance, ranging from pharmaceutical agents and biological probes to electroactive materials. Direct functionalization of nitrogen heterocycles through C−H bond activation constitutes a powerful means of regioselectively introducing a variety of substituents with diverse functional groups onto the heterocycle scaffold. Working together, our two groups have developed a family of Rh-catalyzed heterocycle alkylation and arylation reactions that are notable for their high level of functional-group compatibility. This Account describes our work in this area, emphasizing the relevant mechanistic insights that enabled synthetic advances and distinguished the resulting transformations from other methods. We initially discovered an intramolecular Rh-catalyzed C-2 alkylation of azoles by alkenyl groups. That reaction provided access to a number of di-, tri-, and tetracyclic azole derivatives. We then developed conditions that exploited mic...
Structure in middle and upper atmospheric infrared radiance

An extensive database on spatial structure in the infrared radiance of the middle and upper atmosphere has been collected by the Mid-Course Space Experiment (MSX). The observed radiance contains spatial structure down to the scale of hundreds of meters. This spatial structure results from local fluctuations in the temperature and densities of the radiating states of the emitting molecular species as well as fluctuations in radiation transport from the emitting regions to the observer. A portion of this database has been analyzed to obtain statistical parameters characterizing stochastic spatial structure in the observed radiance. Using simple models, the observed statistics have been shown to agree with prior observations and theoretical models of stochastic spatial structure generated by gravity waves for special viewing geometries. The SHARC model has been extended to predict the statistics of stochastic fluctuations in infrared radiance from the statistics characterizing temperature fluctuations in the middle and upper atmosphere for arbitrary viewing geometries. SHARC model predictions have been compared with MSX data and shown to be in generally good agreement. Additional work is in progress to account for the statistics characterizing small spatial scale fluctuations.
Millimeter-Wave Aperture Synthesis Imaging of Vega: Evidence for a Ring Arc at 95 AU

We present the first millimeter-wave aperture synthesis map of dust around a main-sequence star. A 3'' resolution image of 1.3 mm continuum emission from Vega reveals a clump of emission 12'' from the star at a position angle (P.A.) of 45°, consistent with the location of maximum 850 μm emission in a lower resolution James Clerk Maxwell Telescope/Submillimeter Common-User Bolometric Array (SCUBA) map. The flux density is 4.0 ± 0.9 mJy. Adjacent 1.3 mm peaks with flux densities of 3.4 ± 1.0 and 2.8 ± 0.9 mJy are located 14'' and 13'' from the star at P.A.'s of 67° and 18°, respectively. An arclike bridge connects the two strongest peaks. There is an additional 2.4 ± 0.8 mJy peak to the southwest, 11'' from the star at P.A. = 215°, and a marginal detection, 1.4 ± 0.5 mJy, at the stellar position, consistent with photospheric emission. An extrapolation from the 850 μm flux, assuming F1.3-0.85 mm ∝ λ-2.8, agrees well with the total detected flux for Vega at 1.3 mm and implies a dust emissivity index β of 0.8 We conclude that we have detected all but a very small fraction of the dust imaged by SCUBA in our aperture synthesis map and that these grains are largely confined to segments of a ring of radius 95 AU.
Design of efficient reversible logic-based binary and BCD adder circuits

Reversible logic is gaining significance in the context of emerging technologies such as quantum computing since reversible circuits do not lose information during computation and there is one-to-one mapping between the inputs and outputs. In this work, we present a class of new designs for reversible binary and BCD adder circuits. The proposed designs are primarily optimized for the number of ancilla inputs and the number of garbage outputs and are designed for possible best values for the quantum cost and delay. In reversible circuits, in addition to the primary inputs, some constant input bits are used to realize different logic functions which are referred to as ancilla inputs and are overheads that need to be reduced. Further, the garbage outputs which do not contribute to any useful computations but are needed to maintain reversibility are also overheads that need to be reduced in reversible designs. First, we propose two new designs for the reversible ripple carry adder: (i) one with no input carry c0 and no ancilla input bits, and (ii) one with input carry c0 and no ancilla input bits. The proposed reversible ripple carry adder designs with no ancilla input bits have less quantum cost and logic depth (delay) compared to their existing counterparts in the literature. In these designs, the quantum cost and delay are reduced by deriving designs based on the reversible Peres gate and the TR gate. Next, four new designs for the reversible BCD adder are presented based on the following two approaches: (i) the addition is performed in binary mode and correction is applied to convert to BCD when required through detection and correction, and (ii) the addition is performed in binary mode and the result is always converted using a binary to BCD converter. The proposed reversible binary and BCD adders can be applied in a wide variety of digital signal processing applications and constitute important design components of reversible computing.
Heterodyne coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering for spectral phase retrieval and signal amplification

We study interference between a local oscillator and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering signal fields by controlling their relative phase and amplitude. This control allows direct observation of the real and imaginary components of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility (chi((3))) of the sample. In addition, we demonstrate that the heterodyne method can be used to amplify the signal.
A Convenient Preparation of Benzyl 4-(R1)-3-(R2)Pyrrole-2-carboxylates

Abstract The class of title pyrroles, important intermediates in porphyrin synthesis, have been prepared via the Barton and Zard method. The benzyl isocyanoacetate used in the synthesis was in turn prepared in an efficient and inexpensive 3-step piocedure from glycine.
When crossings count — approximating the minimum spanning tree

In the first part of the paper, we present an (1+\mu)-approximation algorithm to the minimum-spanning tree of points in a planar arrangement of lines, where the metric is the number of crossings between the spanning tree and the lines. The expected running time is O((n/\mu^5) alpha^3(n) log^5 n), where \mu > 0 is a prescribed constant. In the second part of our paper, we show how to embed such a crossing metric, into high-dimensions, so that the distances are preserved. As a result, we can deploy a large collection of subquadratic approximations algorithms \cite im-anntr-98,giv-rahdg-99 for problems involving points with the crossing metric as a distance function. Applications include matching, clustering, nearest-neighbor, and furthest-neighbor.
A PROFIT-CENTER GAME WITH INCOMPLETE INFORMATION

Profit centers in a firm in multidivisional form agree in the ex ante stage upon a plan about their joint production and profit imputation. The plan is executed in the subsequent two periods of the interim stage: the setup period and the manufacturing period. In the setup period, each center has its private information, but a part of its information is revealed to the other centers through its action. Based on the information endogenously pooled this way, the centers take another round of actions in the manufacturing period. A core plan is defined as a Bayesian incentive-compatible plan of the grand coalition of profit centers, upon which no coalition can improve using its Bayesian incentive-compatible plan. A core plan is called full-information revealing if each center fully reveals its private information in the setup period. Three existence theorems for a full-information revealing core plan are established. The first two theorems impose alternative conditions on returns to scale: (1) the neoclassical convex technology, and (2) increasing returns to scale. In case (2), a stronger condition than Scarf's distributiveness is imposed on the total production set. The third theorem is based on a specific supplier-customer relationship among the divisions.
A Probabilistic Approach to Classifying Supernovae Using Photometric Information

This paper presents a novel method for determining the probability that a supernova candidate belongs to a known supernova type (such as Ia, Ibc, IIL, etc.), using its photometric information alone. It is validated with Monte Carlo, and both space- and ground-based data. We examine the application of the method to well-sampled as well as poorly sampled supernova light curves and investigate to what extent the best currently available supernova models can be used for typing supernova candidates. Central to the method is the assumption that a supernova candidate belongs to a group of objects that can be modeled; we therefore discuss possible ways of removing anomalous or less well understood events from the sample. This method is particularly advantageous for analyses where the purity of the supernova sample is of the essence, or for those where it is important to know the number of the supernova candidates of a certain type (e.g., in supernova rate studies).
Heterotic little string theories and holography

It has been conjectured that little string theories in six dimensions are holographic to critical string theory in a linear dilaton background. We test this conjecture for theories arising on the worldvolume of heterotic fivebranes. We compute the spectrum of chiral primaries in these theories and compare with results following from type-I-heterotic duality and the AdS/CFT correspondence. We also construct holographic duals for heterotic fivebranes near orbifold singularities. Finally we find several new little string theories which have Spin(32)/Bbb Z2 or E8 × E8 global symmetry but do not have a simple interpretation either in heterotic or M-theory.
Implicitization of rational surfaces using toric varieties

Abstract A parameterized surface can be represented as a projection from a certain toric surface. This generalizes the classical homogeneous and bihomogeneous parameterizations. We extend to the toric case two methods for computing the implicit equation of such a rational parameterized surface. The first approach uses resultant matrices and gives an exact determinantal formula for the implicit equation if the parameterization has no base points. In the case the base points are isolated local complete intersections, we show that the implicit equation can still be recovered by computing any non-zero maximal minor of this matrix. The second method is the toric extension of the method of moving surfaces, and involves finding linear and quadratic relations (syzygies) among the input polynomials. When there are no base points, we show that these can be put together into a square matrix whose determinant is the implicit equation. Its extension to the case where there are base points is also explored.
Winning to Learn, Learning to Win: Evaluative Frames and Practices in Urban Debate

Sociologists of (e)valuation have devoted considerable attention to understanding differences in evaluative practices across a number of fields. Yet, little is understood about how individuals learn about and navigate multivalent valid group styles within a single setting. As a social phenomenon, many accept how central processes of evaluation are to everyday life. Accordingly, scholars have attempted to link research on evaluation to processes of inequality. Nevertheless, the sociology of evaluation only has tenuous, often implicit connections to literature on inequality and disadvantage. This article addresses these two gaps. Drawing on over two-hundred hours of ethnographic fieldwork in an urban high school debate league, twenty-seven semi-structured interviews with league judges, and archival data, we illustrate how high school policy debate judges employ evaluative frames and link them to the implementation of evaluative practices in a disadvantaged setting. We show that the cultural meanings that emerge within the evaluation process—in this case, urban uplift and competition—stem from the conflicted context in which evaluation is occurring. We also make a first step toward applying the conceptual tools within the sociology of evaluation to a disadvantaged setting, and more broadly, suggest that micro-processes of evaluation are important to the study of urban inequality.
N2O Reduction by the μ4‐Sulfide‐Bridged Tetranuclear CuZ Cluster Active Site

Nitrous oxide (N2O) reduction is a chemical challenge both in the selective oxidation of organic substrates by N2O and in the removal of N2O as a green-house gas. The reduction of N2O is thermodynamically favorable but kinetically inert, and requires activating transition-metal centers. In biological systems, N2O reduction is the last step in the denitrification process of the bacterial nitrogen cycle and is accomplished by the enzyme nitrous oxide reductase, whose active site consists of a micro4-sulfide-bridged tetranuclear CuZ cluster which has many unusual spectroscopic features. Recent studies have developed a detailed electronic-structure description of the resting CuZ cluster, determined its catalytically relevant state, and provided insight into the role of this tetranuclear copper cluster in N2O activation and reduction.
Cosmological helium production simplified

The authors present a simplified model of helium synthesis in the early universe. The purpose of the model is to explain clearly the physical ideas relevant to the cosmological helium synthesis in a manner that does not overlay these ideas with complex computer calculations. The model closely follows the standard calculation, except that it neglects the small effect of Fermi-Dirac statistics for the leptons. The temperature difference between photons and neutrinos during the period in which neutrons and protons interconvert is also neglected. These approximations permit the expression of neutron-proton conversion rates in a closed form, which agrees to 10% accuracy or better with the exact rates. Using these analytic expressions for the rates, the authors reduce the calculation of the neutron-proton ratio as a function of temperature to a simple numerical integral. They also estimate the effect of neutron decay on the helium abundance. Their result for this quantity agrees well with precise computer calculations. Their semianalytic formulas are used to determine how the predicted helium abundance varies with such parameters as the neutron lifetime, the baryon-to-photon ratio, the number of neutrino species, and a possible electron-neutrino chemical potential.
Binding of oppositely charged membranes and membrane reorganization

We consider the electrostatic interaction between two rigid membranes, with different surface charge densities of opposite sign, across an aqueous solution without added salt. Exact solutions to the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation are obtained and their physical meaning discussed. We also calculate the electrostatic contribution to the free energy and discuss the renormalization of the area per head group of the charged lipids arising from the Coulomb interaction.
Synthesis of 2-Benzylidene and 2-Hetarylmethyl Derivatives of 2H-1,4-Benzoxazin-3-(4H)-ones as Neuroprotecting Agents

A wide variety of the title compounds were synthesized by conventional and microwave methods in which the main step is a condensation of an aldehyde with a 1,4-benzoxazin-3-(4H)-one. In all cases, the Z diasteromers were the major products. Of particular importance is the synthesis of novel 2-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy) and 2-(4-acetoxy-3,5-dibromobenzylidene derivatives of 2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-(4H)-ones, four of which were shown in a previous publication to exhibit potent neuroprotecting properties. The yields of titled compounds ranged from 25 to 83%.
Free Biholomorphic Classification of Noncommutative Domains

In this paper, we develop a theory of free holomorphic functions on noncommutative Reinhardt domains , generated by positive regular free holomorphic functions f in n noncommuting variables and by positive integers m ≥ 1, where is the algebra of all bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space . Noncommutative Berezin transforms are used to study Hardy algebras H ∞ (D f, rad m ) and domain algebras A(D f, rad m ) associated with and compositions of free holomorphic functions. We obtain noncommutative Cartan type results for formal power series, in several noncommuting indeterminates, which leave invariant the nilpotent parts of the corresponding domains. As a consequence, we characterize the set of all free biholomorphic functions with F(0) = 0. We show that the free biholomorphic classification of the domains is the same as the classification, up to unital completely isometric isomorphisms having completely contractive hereditary extension, of the corresponding noncommutative domain algebras A(D f, rad m ). In particular, we prove that Ψ : A(D f, rad 1 ) → A(D g, rad 1 ) is a unital completely isometric isomorphism if and only if there is a free biholomorphic map φ ∈ Bih(D g 1 , D f 1 ) such that This implies that the noncommutative domains and are free biholomorphic equivalent if and only if the domain algebras A(D f, rad 1 ) and A(D g, rad 1 ) are completely isometrically isomorphic. Using the interaction between the theory of functions in several complex variables and our noncommutative theory, we provide several results concerning the free biholomorphic classification of the noncommutative domains and the classification, up to completely isometric isomorphisms, of the associated noncommutative domain (resp. Hardy) algebras. In particular, we characterize the unit ball of among the noncommutative domains , up to free biholomorphisms. We also obtain characterizations for the unitarily implemented isomorphisms of noncommutative Hardy (resp. domain) algebras in terms of free biholomorphic functions between the corresponding noncommutative domains.
Promises, trust, and contracts

A transaction involving a buyer and a competitive seller is studied under the hypothesis that individuals may have a certain tendency to keep promises. The parties can choose a complete contract where costly arrangements are made so that it is verifiable whether the seller has delivered a certain quality. Alternatively, they can choose an incomplete contract where the quality agreed upon by the two parties is unverifiable, and one party is given the residual right to decide whether the quality is indeed delivered. Although complete contracts are always available, it may be optimal to use incomplete contracts, and social surplus can increase in contract costs. Social surplus is higher when the buyer has the residual right if under this arrangement incomplete contracts are optimal and social surplus is higher when the seller has the residual right if only under this arrangement incomplete contracts are optimal. Copyright 2000 by Oxford University Press.
A NEW PARADIGM FOR GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: LONG-TERM ACCRETION RATE MODULATION BY AN EXTERNAL ACCRETION DISK

We present a new way of looking at the very long-term evolution of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in which the disk of material surrounding the putative black hole powering the GRB jet modulates the mass flow, and hence the efficacy of the process that extracts rotational energy from the black hole and inner accretion disk. The pre-Swift paradigm of achromatic, shallow-to-steep "breaks" in the long-term GRB light curves has not been borne out by detailed Swift data amassed in the past several years. We argue that, given the initial existence of a fall-back disk near the progenitor, an unavoidable consequence will be the formation of an "external disk" whose outer edge continually moves to larger radii due to angular momentum transport and lack of a confining torque. The mass reservoir at large radii moves outward with time and gives a natural power-law decay to the GRB light curves. In this model, the different canonical power-law decay segments in the GRB identified by Zhang et al. and Nousek et al. represent different physical states of the accretion disk. We identify a physical disk state with each power-law segment.
The Digital Imaging Workstation

Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are expected to convert film-based radiology into a computer-based digital environment, with associated cost savings and improved physician communication. The digital workstation will be used by physicians to display these “soft-copy” images; however, difficult technical challenges must be met for the workstation to compete successfully with the familiar viewbox. Issues relating to image perception and the impact on physicians’ practice must be carefully considered. The spatial and contrast resolutions required vary according to imaging modality, type of procedure, and class of user. Rule-based software allows simple physician interaction and speeds image display. A consensus appears to be emerging concerning the requirements for the PACS workstation. Standards such as the American College of Radiology/National Electrical Manufacturers’ Association Digital Imaging and Communication Standard are facilitating commercial applications. Yet much careful study is needed before PACS workstations will be fully integrated into radiology departments.
Johannes Kepler and the Rudolphine Tables

When he became an astronomer in the closing years of the 16th century, Kepler found a science in which planetary predictions typically erred by several degrees on the sky; the legacy of the Rudolphine Tableswas a prediction scheme nearly 50 times more accurate. For Kepler these tables were the proof of the pudding, the substantiation of his laws of planetary motion. He called them “my chief astronomical work.”
A theory for nonlinear transverse vibrations of a partially filled elastic tank.

Linear shell theory for nonlinear transverse coupled vibrations of partially filled circular cylindrical elastic tank
Ferrocene containing copolymers with improved electrostatic dissipation properties for advanced applications

Polyurethane (PU) and polyimide (PI) copolymers containing a ferrocene oligomer (FcOlig) in the backbone were synthesized and characterized. PU materials with the FcOlig in the chain (PU-FcOlig) demonstrated improved electrostatic dissipation properties and decreased electrical resistance in comparison to the unmodified PU parent material. The surface resistance decreased nearly 30 times and the volume resistance decreased nearly 12 times with a 3.5% FcOlig reacted in with Rubinate® 9272. The same 3.5% PU-FcOlig material exhibited an average surface potential resulting from charge deposited of 130 ± 4 V down from 1600 ± 65 V for the unmodified PU. The charge dissipation time to 1/e (initial voltage divided by e) was also decreased to 81 ± 7 msec for 1.5% PU-FcOlig materials from an average of 934 ± 62 msec for the parent PU. Incorporating the FcOlig into the backbone of a PI (BPDA-ODA PI FcOlig) had no significant effects on the electrical properties in comparison to the unmodified parent PI (BPDA, 3,3′, 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride; ODA, 3,3′-oxydianiline). The difference in electrical properties between the ferrocene containing PUs and PIs is the lack of FcOlig blocks on or near the surface of the PI. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms that on the surface of the ferrocene containing PUs iron in the form of ferrocene is detected, but even after etching the PIs to a depth of 50, 100, 500 A, and finally scraping the surface with a scalpel no iron was observed. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bacterial resistance: a worldwide problem.

Abstract The therapeutic crisis produced by emerging antimicrobial resistances has compromised the chemotherapy of hospitalized patients with serious infections. For the most prevalent resistance problems, meropenem, a new carbapenem, appears to provide a potency and spectrum for: 1) extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae; 2) Bush-Jacoby-Merdeiros group 1 enzyme-producing ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, and some Serratia spp.; 3) ceftazidime- and imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and 4) some Streptococcus spp. with elevated penicillin MICs. Documented in vitro study results using 1997 Gram-negative blood stream infection isolates indicate a wider spectrum and a two- to fourfold greater potency for meropenem compared with imipenem. This was especially true for P. aeruginosa where 93.4% of strains were susceptible to meropenem (84.1% for imipenem). Also among over 30,000 reported in vitro meropenem results from the United States and Europe, 90.6% of Gram-positive cocci and 99.1% of anaerobes were inhibited at ≤4 μg/ml. Over 90% of ceftazidime-resistant blood stream infection strains were meropenem susceptible, a rate greater than those of imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin. As the clinical utility of many contemporary antimicrobial agents is challenged by emerging resistance, the carbapenems (meropenem, imipenem) appear positioned for a greater role in the treatment of infections in hospitalized patients.
Optimal Collective Investment in Generic Advertising, Export Market Promotion and Cost‐of‐Production‐Reducing Research

Optimal investment rules are developed for a producer agency investing in domestic-market generic advertising, export market promotion, and cost-of-production-reducing research. These rules are derived assuming either maximization of producers' surplus or social surplus. The form of the optimality rules differs according to which objective is pursued. Fixed producer agency budgets are also allowed by incorporating a constraint limiting total expenditure on the three activities. Addition of such a constraint substantially alters the structure of the optimal investment rules. Differences in these rules highlight the importance of accounting for the financing mechanism when modeling optimal checkoff fund investment decisions. Optimality rules are simulated using data for the Canadian beef sector. Results suggest historic underinvestment in domestic-market generic advertising but overinvestment in export market promotion. Sensitivity of simulation results underscores the difficulty in assessing optimality of historic producer investment in cost-of-production-reducing research. L'auteur propose des regles pour calculer l'investissement optimal dans la publicite generique sur le marche interieur, la promotion des exportations et la recherche sur la reduction des couts de production. Il a derive ces regles en supposant une maximisation des excedents pour les producteurs ou pour la societe. La forme des regles varie en fonction de l'objectif recherche. Les regles permettent aussi l'etablissement d'un budget fixe pour les organismes des producteurs, par integration d'une limite aux sommes totales engagees dans les trois activites. L'addition d'une telle contrainte modifie sensiblement la structure des regles. Les variations quepresentent ces dernieres montrent qu'ilfaut tenir compte des modes de financement quand on modelise les decisions sur l'investissement optimal desfonds issus des prelevements a la production. L'auteur a verifie les regles d'optimalisation avec des donnees venant des producteurs de bœuf canadiens. Les resultats indiquent qu'on a sous-investi dans la publicite generique sur le marche interieur et surinvesti dans la promotion des exportations. La sensibilite des resultats de la simulation souligne combien il est difficile d'evaluer l'optimalisation des investissements historiques des producteurs dans la recherche sur la reduction des couts de production.
Synthesis of Hydroxyalkyl‐Substituted, Push–Pull Chromophores based on Diphenylacetylenes and 1,4‐Bis(phenylethynyl)benzenes

Abstract Six new push–pull chromophores based on phenylacetylenes were prepared: two 1,2‐diphenylacetylenes and four 1,4‐bis(phenylethynyl)benzenes. The donor amino groups have hydroxyethyl substituents, and the acceptor groups are cyano or nitro. More soluble versions were made by including two methoxy groups on the central phenyl ring.
Formation of ε-caprolactam via catalytic Beckmann rearrangement using P2O5 in ionic liquids

Abstract Catalytic Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in ionic liquids using P 2 O 5 or Eaton's reagent has been investigated. 1- n -Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmiPF 6 ) gives superior results to those noted by earlier workers.
When-issued trading in the Indian IPO market

Abstract We examine the contribution of when-issued trading to price discovery and underpricing in the Indian IPO market. Besides the when-issued trading, there exists IPO grading, analyst recommendation, group affiliation, and the subscription rates in the bookbuilding process. We examine the impact of these activities and find three sequential factors that explain the IPO underpricing. Higher grades for an IPO lead to higher when-issued premiums, which in turn leads to higher subscription rates. Then, higher subscription rates lead to higher IPO underpricing. Overall, we find that the when-issued trading plays an important role in price discovery in the Indian IPO market.
Differentially private search log sanitization with optimal output utility

Web search logs contain extremely sensitive data, as evidenced by the recent AOL incident. However, storing and analyzing search logs can be very useful for many purposes (i.e. investigating human behavior). Thus, an important research question is how to privately sanitize search logs. Several search log anonymization techniques have been proposed with concrete privacy models. However, in all of these solutions, the output utility of the techniques is only evaluated rather than being maximized in any fashion. Indeed, for effective search log anonymization, it is desirable to derive the outputs with optimal utility while meeting the privacy standard. In this paper, we propose utility-maximizing sanitization based on the rigorous privacy standard of differential privacy, in the context of search logs. Specifically, we utilize optimization models to maximize the output utility of the sanitization for different applications, while ensuring that the production process satisfies differential privacy. An added benefit is that our novel randomization strategy maintains the schema integrity in the output search logs. A comprehensive evaluation on real search logs validates the approach and demonstrates its robustness and scalability.
Structure and Bonding in Copper(I) Carbonyl and Cyanide Complexes

The coordination chemistry of copper(I) carbonyls and cyano complexes is reviewed. Primary attention is focused on structural chemistry, including coordination behavior, bridging modes, network formation, flexible coordination number, and reversible ligand binding. Additional coverage of infrared spectroscopy and orbital interactions in carbonyl and cyanide bonding and the photophysical behavior of metal cyano complexes is also included.