cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ignition and surface temperatures of double base propellants at low pressure. I - Thermocouple measurements

5 Faeth, G. M., "Flame Zone Development of Monopropellant Droplets," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 12, No. 5, Oct. 1968, pp. 411-416. 6 Williams, F. A., Combustion Theory, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1965, Chap. 1. 7 Tarifa, C. S. and Larrazabel, J. M. S., "Combustion of Monopropellant Droplets," TN 57-671, July 1957, Air Force Office of Scientific Research. 8 Freidman, R. and Macek, A., "Ignition and Combustion of Aluminum Particles in Hot Gases," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 1962, pp. 9-19. 9 Jones, W. H. (Chairman), "JANAF Thermo chemical Tables," Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 10 Phillips, L., "Thermal Decomposition of Organic Nitrates," Nature, Vol. 160, No. 4074, Nov. 1947, pp. 753-754. 11 Levy, J. B., "The Thermal Decomposition of Nitrate Esters, I. Ethyl Nitrate," The Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 76, June 1954, pp. 3254-3257. 12 Adams, G. K. and Bawn, C. E. H., "Homogeneous Decomposition of Ethyl Nitrate," Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 45, 1949, pp. 484-499. 13 Benson, S. W., The Foundations of Chemical Kinetics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960, Chap. 12. 14 Faeth, G. M., "The Kinetics of Droplet Ignition in a Quiescent Air Environment," Ph.D. thesis, 1964, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. 15 Beltran, M. R. et. al., "Analysis of Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion Instability," TR-65-254, Jan. 1966, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Lab. 16 Hottel, H. C., Williams, G. C., and Simpson, H. C., "Combustion of Droplets of Heavy Liquid Fuels," Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold, New York, 1955, pp. 101-129. 17 Williams, F. A., "On the Assumptions Underlying Droplet Vaporization and Combustion Theories," Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 33, No. 1, July 1960, pp. 133-144.
The role of the small intestine in gastric hypersecretion following portacaval shunt

Summary Resection of either the jejunum or ileum does not alter gastric hypersecretion following portacaval shunt. Ileectomy increases the susceptibility of a dog with portacaval shunt to meat intoxication.
PROVING A DISTRIBUTION-FREE GENERALIZATION OF THE CONDORCET JURY THEOREM*

Abstract We provide a proof for a result due to Grofman, Owen and Feld (1982), a distribution-free generalization of the Condorcet Jury Theorem (1785). In proving this result we show exactly what distribution of individual competence maximizes/minimizes the judgmental accuracy of group majority decision processes.
Recent Legal Developments of Interest to Special Educators

An overview is provided of five recent legal developments that merit special attention of special educators: (a) the amended Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) regulations concerning parental consent, including subsequent agency interpretations concerning their practical application; (b) the IDEIA provisions and resulting state laws and implementation issues for response to intervention; (c) the IDEIA provision for basing the individualized education program statement of special education on peer-reviewed research to the extent practicable and subsequent case law applying this provision; (d) the case law on behalf of students with autism spectrum disorder, including the issues of eligibility and free appropriate public education or least restrictive environment; and (e) the IDEIA revisions concerning discipline, with special attention to suspensions/expulsions, disproportionality, and the corresponding Section 504 requirements.
The new populist campaign for economic democracy: A rhetorical exploration

This essay explores the New Populism as a developing form of political action. Focusing on the rhetoric of the Campaign for Economic Democracy, it analyzes the relationships between radical opposition and electoral commitments.
Learning from the Spirits: Candomblé, Umbanda, and Kardecismo in Recife, Brazil

Brazilian spiritistic religions have developed along elaborate historical and cultural trajectories with spirit mediumship as a central feature of ritual practice in Candomble, Umbanda, Kardecismo, and similar groups. In these studies, several Brazilian spiritistic practitioners who worked as mediums were interviewed and, in some cases, tested with psychological measures for dissociation using the Dissociative Experiences Scale, for absorption using the Tellegen Absorption Scale, and for sexual orientation using the Kinsey Scale. Few significant gender differences were noted in these measures. In two cases, psychophysiological measures were employed including electroencephalography, heart rate, skin conductance, and electromyography. In general, the research participants scored highly on measures of dissociation while scoring in the average range on absorption (using U.S. norms). The psychophysiological results indicated that for the two spiritistic practitioners investigated overall peripheral autonomic nervous system activation was negatively associated with sympathetic cortical level deactivation. The data suggested a psychophysiological incongruence between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system functioning on the part of the two practitioners. However, the two variables were positively associated and congruent in data obtained from a control subject. Interview data identified five ways in which mediums received their “call to heal,” visions, dreams, and unexpected incorporations being the most frequent factors cited. One medium who engages in surgical procedures was observed; tissues were collected from ten clients and were found to be consistent with the site of the surgery. In conclusion, it is apparent that mediumship is a complex phenomenon, one deserving of further investigation by anthropologists, psychologists, and sociologists interested in human consciousness, in indigenous health care, and in the psychophysiology of practitioners who claim to work under the direction of spirit entities.
FSR/E: Shifting the intersection between research and extension

This paper focuses on the point of intersection between research and extension, and the necessity to shift this point as a farming systems research (FSR) approach is adopted. The first section of the paper briefly outlines FSR and discusses how it can be used to develop more appropriate technology. The following section explores the role of extension in FSR and emphasizes critical organizational changes that must be made in order to make the transition to a farming systems research and extension process (FSR/E). To illustrate these relationships, the case of Zambia is used to detail the importance of organizational changes. Throughout the paper it is stressed that extension and research must co-evolve if FSR/E is to be successfully implemented.
Convergence rate of the excess-free-energy functional expansion of a solid about a coexisting liquid.

A recently derived free-energy model for the inhomogeneous hard-sphere fluid yields analytic, easily calculable expressions for the three-particle direct-correlation functions, in good agreement with extensive Monte Carlo simulations near freezing densities. This enables one to perform a systematic study of the convergence rate of the first terms in the density-functional expansion from a reference uniform fluid state to solidlike density distributions. We find that the convergence is too slow to provide a rationale for a density-functional theory of freezing based on the truncated second-order expansion.
The impact of breast reduction surgery on low-back compressive forces and function in individuals with macromastia.

Background Macromastia can be a morbid condition causing affected women to endure shoulder pain, back pain, intertrigo, and shoulder grooving from the bra straps. Subjective symptoms are effectively relieved by reduction mammaplasty surgery. Reliable objective evidence is limited in evaluating benefits for this patient population. Methods Eleven women undergoing reduction mammaplasty were evaluated before surgery and 3 months after surgery. Evaluation modeled maximal compressive forces at the low back during an unconstrained lifting task using inverse dynamics and measured the subjective level of disability using the Functional Rating Index. Results The analysis of the kinematic and kinetic data demonstrated no significant difference in ankle, knee, and hip joint angles between pretests and posttests. In addition, the average maximum low-back compressive forces decreased 35 percent for the unconstrained lifting task, and the Functional Rating Index scores improved 76 percent following surgery. Greatest improvement was reported for the frequency of pain and travel. Conclusion Reduction mammaplasty surgery produced objective improvement in low-back compressive forces and patients' reported level of functional disability.
The existence of polymeric complexes in dilute solutions of aluminium and orthophosphate

The presence of soluble polymeric complexes in dilute solutions (10–30 μM) of aluminium and phosphate at 25°C was demonstrated by paper electrophoresis and confirmed by chemical analyses and measurements of 32 P specific activities. Complexed aluminium and phosphate were not determined by colorimetric procedures without preliminary hydrolysis in 1 N HCl at 80–90°C. The formation of aluminophosphate complexes was maximal around pH 5 when, at an initial P/Al mole ratio of 1.6, 3 moles of P were complexed with 4 moles of Al. At pH 6.9, however, only 1 mole of P was removed for every 10 of Al, suggesting that hydroxyaluminium polymers predominated at higher ratios of OH-ions to H2PO4-ions. re]19750523
An Unusual Method to Manage A Rare Blood Dyscrasia

uterus below the round ligament. Menstrual suppression with the continuous oral contraceptive pill achieved symptom control. There were no associated renal or congenital anomalies in any patients. Surgical exploration in all 4 cases confirmed normal uteri with normal patent tubal and round ligament attachments. Definitive surgery has been undertaken for 3 of the cases, revealing unilocular cavities, lined by endometrium and smooth muscle. No communicating channel between the mass and the uterus was seen histologically. Two cases had small foci of adenomyosis in the adjacent myometrium. There was no endometriosis seen. Comments: Likely diagnosis in these patients was cystic adenomyoma. Adenomyomas are uncommon uterine tumors, usually occurring in women with a median age of 47 years (range 26e64). The cystic unilocular form is even more rare. They likely arise from metaplasia from endometrial stromal or mutipotential cells. Differential diagnoses that need consideration are leiomyoma, focal adenomyosis, other uterine tumors with mixed epithelial and stromal elements and endomyometriosis. Congenital anomalies that require consideration include rudimentary uterine horn, hematocolpos associated with obstructed hemivagina and renal agenesis, and mullerian duplication. The identical location in all four of these patients and their young age raises the question of a mullerian duplication. The authors note a similar case in a 13 year old reported in 2005, reported as a cystic adenomyoma, also located on the left side of the uterus. Clues to differentiating the diagnosis may be the presence of associated congenital anomalies particularly renal or spinal, the presence of adenomyosis or endometriosis, positive immunohistochemical staining for actin or CD-10, and the presence of myofilaments on ultrastuctural studies. There are ten report of mullerian duplication in the English literature since 1938, and these may arise due to a segmental lack of fusion of one of mullerian ducts, or pinching off of a diverticulum from one of the ducts We conclude that supernumerary cavities attached to the uterus are likely to be heterogeneous in origin, and may arise from metaplastic differentiation or a mullerian anomaly. We propose that the term ‘accessory uterine cavity’ be restricted to those that are due to mullerian duplication to allow standardization of terminology and better comparison between cases. It is likely that metaplastic differentiation was the underlying aetiology in our cases, which highlights that this process may begin at a younger age than generally recognized.
Reduction of LH-RH pituitary and estradiol uterine binding sites by a superactive analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

Abstract The ability of the Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LH-RH) analogs to displace LH-RH from its pituitary receptors was evaluated in vitro . The two superactive analogs tested showed higher potency than the antagonists and LH-RH itself, D-Trp6-LH-RH being the most potent. The LH-RH specific binding activity in the pituitary fluctuated throughout the age of the rats. The highest number of LH-RH binding sites were seen on day 35 of age (276 fmol × 10−2/pit) and an increment was induced by 0.05 μg D-Trp6-LH-RH (400 fmol × 10−2/pit). However, 1 μg D-Trp6-LH-RH reduced the binding of LH-RH at all the times studied. In the control animals the number of estradiol binding sites increased on day 42 of age, and 0.05 μg D-Trp6-LH-RH augmented them on day 35 of age. On the contrary, 1 μg D-Trp6-LH-RH diminished the estradiol uterine receptors at all the times studied. Similar results were obtained in the ovariectomized-hypophysectomized rats on day 35 of age. Our studies demonstrated a biphasic action of D-Trp6-LH-RH on LH-RH pituitary receptors and a direct effect on uterus which could be mediated through the uterine estradiol receptors.
Adenocarcinoma Arising from the Epithelium of the Ciliary Body

Abstract The clinical and pathologic findings of a patient with an adenocarcinoma of the ciliary body epithelium are presented. We compare the features of this unusual tumor with those of similar lesions reported in the literature. A differential diagnosis for tumors of the ciliary body is included.
Application of Multi-Response Permutation Procedures for Examining Seasonal Changes in Monthly Mean Sea-Level Pressure Patterns

Abstract This paper considers the examination of possible differences in monthly sea-level pressure patterns, The satisfactory examination of such differences requires appropriate multi-response parametric methods based on unknown multivariate distributions (i.e., an appropriate parametric technique is probably non-existent). In order to avoid the likely insurmountable difficulties involving parametric methods, the application of multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP) is suggested as an appropriate approach for the examination of such differences.
The economies of scale of fuel-grade ethanol plants

Abstract Understanding the economies of scale of a commercially sized, fuel-grade ethanol plant can assist planners in determining the optimum size for projected facilities. We have surveyed several operating and projected commercial scale ethanol plants to determine their cost structures. These cost structures were used to create an econometric model for calculating economies of scale based on the lowest cost per gallon of fuel-grade ethanol.
Gender Differences in High School Students' Decisions to Study Computer Science and Related Fields (Abstract Only)

Increasing women's participation in Computer Science (CS) is a critical workforce and equity concern. The technology industry has committed to reversing negative trends for women in CS, engineering, and related fields. Building on previous research, we surveyed 1,739 high school students and recent college graduates to understand factors influencing decisions to pursue CS-related college degrees. Results indicate social encouragement, career perception, academic exposure, and self perception are the leading factors for women, while the influence of these factors is different for men. These factors are actionable, and understanding differences in their influence on men and women will inform our approaches to achieving gender parity in tech.
Surface plasmon resonance due to the interface of a metal and a chiral sculptured thin film

Multiple surface plasmon resonances are experimentally observed for p-polarized as well as s-polarized incident light at the planar interface of a metal and a chiral sculptured thin film. These experimental results confirm that four surface plasmon resonances can be supported at the interface of metal-chiral sculptured thin film. Multiple surface plasmon resonances may allow for multiple simultaneous measurements by devices that utilize surface plasmon resonance for detection.
Molecular and Cytogenetic Characterization of Plexiform Leiomyomata Provide Further Evidence for Genetic Heterogeneity Underlying Uterine Fibroids

The plexiform variant of uterine leiomyomata (UL) is named for its ribbons or nests of smooth muscle cells that have a rounded, epithelioid shape caused by their entrapment in abundant extracellular matrix. Plexiform UL are currently classified as epithelioid smooth muscle tumors alongside the less predictable, “true” epithelioid tumors (ie, leiomyoblastomas). Karyotypes of six plexiform UL cases were studied, and their abnormalities were found to differ from those of leiomyoblastomas. Analyses using real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated elevated mRNA and protein levels of the architectural factor HMGA2 and, in some cases, increased DNA copy number. Four of these plexiform UL were profiled with Affymetrix human U133 plus 2.0 expression arrays. Cluster analysis using genes previously shown to discriminate benign and malignant uterine smooth muscle tissues revealed that the plexiform tumors form an isolated group in the benign branch. This is in contrast to an earlier finding in which another variant, cellular UL characterized by loss of a portion of the short arm of chromosome 1, clustered with malignant leiomyosarcomas. These results provide additional evidence of genetic heterogeneity underlying UL of various histological types. We further suggest that plexiform UL should be classified among tumors with extensive hyalinization rather than with “true” epithelioid smooth muscle neoplasms.
Whole Grain Gluten-free Vegetable Spicy Snacks

Four kinds of spicy snacks (gluten-free, whole grains with fresh vegetables, low in fat and salt) were evaluated. Composition of the base mix was brown rice flour 45%, sorghum flour 20%, tapioca flour 17%, mashed potato 8%, canola oil 6%, guar gum 2%, baking powder 1.5%, salt 0.5% and cayenne pepper 0.25%. Fresh vegetables (broccoli, spinach, carrots and red onion) were chopped and 10% fresh minced garlic was added to broccoli, spinach and carrots. Snack dough was prepared using 100 mL water for 100 g of (1:1) base mix and vegetables. About 20 g of snack dough was placed in two portions on the preheated KrumKake Baker and cooked for 2 minutes. Sixty two in-house volunteers judged that broccoli snacks as significantly higher in color/appearance than spinach snacks. Red onion snacks had significantly better odor/aroma than spinach snacks. Texture/mouth feel of carrot, broccoli and spinach snacks were similar and significantly higher than red onion snacks. Acceptance and Taste/flavor of carrot snacks were ju...
How to mitigate product safety risks proactively? Process, challenges and opportunities

As the total number of product recalls hit an all-time high in 2007, Gallup Poll reported that public confidence in the ability of the US companies and the federal government to ensure product safety has declined from 85% in 2004 to 71% in 2007. What are the underlying reasons for this trend? How should companies and the government restore consumer confidence? What can companies do to proactively mitigate product safety risks? In this paper, we propose a framework that can help companies to develop a process for preparing for, responding to, and recovering from product safety issues. We also highlight various challenges that companies must overcome and suggest some new opportunities for improving product safety.
Prevalence and Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Objective: Recently, we have noticed that a large number of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) are also infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). A review of the literature has revealed no published studies examining this association. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and epidemiology of HCV infection in patients with SCCHN. Study Design: A retrospective chart review. Methods: Patients diagnosed with SCCHN were analyzed to determine whether they were screened for HCV. Patients were then stratified into two groups (HCV positive and HCV negative). The patient's age at onset, site and stage of the tumor at presentation were determined, and statistical analysis was performed. Results: Ninety-nine (26%) patients were screened, and 21 (21.2%) were HCV positive. This incidence was increased when compared with previously published data (9.9%) (P < .0038). HCV-positive patients presented at an earlier age (51 years) versus the HCV-negative group (60 years) (P < .0002). There were no significant differences in the site or stage at presentation. Conclusions: In this study, 21% of patients diagnosed with SCCHN were found to be infected with HCV. These patients presented at an earlier age but had similar presentation with respect to site and stage. More research is needed to determine the significance of HCV infection in this patient population.
Impact of 2-D bubble dynamics on the selectivity of fast gas-liquid reactions

The impact of mass transfer and bubble-wake dynamics on the selectivity of fast gas–liquid reactions was studied for a parallel-consecutive reaction network using numerical simulations. Depending on bubble size and shape, the bubble wake can be closed or open. Spherical bubbles have only closed wakes without recirculation, while all other bubble types can exhibit recirculation or vortex shedding depending on their shape and the Reynolds number. Although the importance of local mixing on the selectivity of complex reactions was studied by many research groups, there exist no studies addressing the effect of local mixing patterns (bubble-wake dynamics) close to single bubbles on fast gas–liquid reactions, that is, reactions that occur close to the gas–liquid interface. To study this class of reactions, a 2-D bubble model was developed, which accounts for liquid flow around the bubble, mass transfer, and reactions. It was found that different residence times in the bubble wake and at the bubble roof can lead to the formation of different products; recirculation in the bubble wake acts as a transport barrier for the liquid-phase reactants; and vortex shedding causes a qualitatively different mixing pattern than that of a closed wake, leading to a different product distribution in the case of mixing-sensitive reactions. Since bubble shapes and sizes can be controlled by changing operating conditions or design parameters, this analysis can be applied to actual reaction systems to enable a rational design, control, scale-up, and optimization of existing and new processes.
Personalized pharmacotherapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Genome-wide linkage and association studies have been applied to Type 2 diabetes in order to discover common genetic variation that contributes to disease risk. While there has been progress in understanding how genetic variation predisposes to diabetes, there is less of an understanding of how genetics can alter drug response. The hope is that in the future, pharmacogenetics can help guide the treatment of diabetes, thereby improving control while minimizing side effects in a large group of patients.
Forensic feature extraction and cross-drive analysis

This paper introduces Forensic Feature Extraction (FFE) and Cross-Drive Analysis (CDA), two new approaches for analyzing large data sets of disk images and other forensic data. FFE uses a variety of lexigraphic techniques for extracting information from bulk data; CDA uses statistical techniques for correlating this information within a single disk image and across multiple disk images. An architecture for these techniques is presented that consists of five discrete steps: imaging, feature extraction, first-order cross-drive analysis, cross-drive correlation, and report generation. CDA was used to analyze 750 images of drives acquired on the secondary market; it automatically identified drives containing a high concentration of confidential financial records as well as clusters of drives that came from the same organization. FFE and CDA are promising techniques for prioritizing work and automatically identifying members of social networks under investigation. We believe it is likely to have other uses as well.
Numerical investigation of wave attenuation by vegetation using a 3D RANS model

Abstract Vegetation has been recognized as an important natural shoreline protection against storm surges and waves. Understanding of wave–vegetation interaction is essential for assessing the ability of vegetation patches, such as wetlands, to mitigate storm damages. In this study the wave attenuation by vegetation is investigated numerically using a 3-D model which solves the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) by means of a finite-volume method based on collocated hexahedron mesh. A mixing length model is used for turbulence closure of the RANS equations. The water surface boundary is tracked using the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method with the Compressive Interface Capturing Scheme for Arbitrary Meshes (CICSAM) to solve the VOF advection equation. The presence of vegetation is taken into account by adding the vegetation drag and inertia forces to the momentum equations. The model is validated by several laboratory experiments of short wave propagation through vegetation over flat and sloping beds. The comparisons show good agreement between the measured data and calculated results, but the swaying motion of flexible vegetation which is neglected in this study can influence the accuracy of the wave height predictions. The model is then applied to one of the validation tests with different vegetation properties, revealing that the wave height attenuation by vegetation depends not only on the wave conditions, but also the vegetation characteristics such as vegetation height and density.
Subdivision techniques in applying the bartlett—kendall test for equal variances

In applying the Bartlett-Kendall test for equal variances, an arbitrary decision must be made as to how samples should be divided into subsamples. Since this decision is not always clear-cut, the purpose of this study was to compare nine different procedures which the researcher might employ in accomplishing the aforementioned purpose. Since previous research studies have answered this question for equal sample sizes, this study dealt only with unequal sample sizes. Six different sample size conditions were considered in the investigation, three of which involved large absolute differences among sample sizes and three of which involved small absolute differences. Each of the nine procedures was first applied in the circumstance in which variances were homogeneous as a means of determining each procedure's ability to control Type I error rates. Then four conditions under which the variances were heterogeneous to different degrees were included so as to provide estimates of each procedure's power at a given...
Subjective nature of lower limb radicular pain.

Background Lumbar pathologies may cause the perception of leg pain, but the character of this pain has not been described. Diagnosis is often based on dermatomal charts, but observations reveal that the pain is not typically perceived on the skin. Objective To document the incidence of superficial versus deep pain localization among patients with lumbar radicular pain. Methods Twenty-five patients with lower limb radicular pain were questioned to determine the specific localization of their pain. The investigator categorized the pain location into general areas (eg, posterior thigh or anterior leg). Patients were asked if their pain was perceived as being on the skin or deep, as a forced choice question. These data were gathered in 2 conditions: at rest (spontaneous pain) and during a straight leg raise test (mechanically evoked pain). Data were recorded using a standardized form for later analysis. Results In all cases, symptoms were reported to be in deep structures. Pain was typically reported at sites correlated with multiple spinal levels. Conclusion Because radicular pain symptoms are perceived in deep structures rather than on the skin, the diagnostic value of dermatomal charts is questioned. Clinicians are advised to be specific when questioning patients with radicular pain symptoms and to refer to myotomal and sclerotomal charts when making diagnoses.
Image compounding based on independent noise constraint

Image restoration has been extensively studied in the past. But multi-image based restoration/compounding is still surprisingly primitive. It usually starts with weighted averaging of the multiple images followed by single-image based restoration methods, which discards the abundant information hinted in the multiple images that can help the restoration process. In this paper, we utilize the fact that the images are corrupted by independent noise and design a new independence measurement based on the properties of independent random variables. The new independence measurement can be efficiently evaluated and imposed as an energy term into the traditional maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework, compensating to the generative models of signal and noise. It can effectively prevent the signal from being smoothed out as noise and hence dramatically improve the restoration quality and robustness, especially when accurate noise/signal models are difficult to obtain. Experiments on real medical images show very promising results.
Detection Performance Considerations for Direct-Sequence and Time-Hopping LPI Waveforms

The implementation and performance of wide-band detectors for direct-sequence and time-hopping spread-spectrum waveforms in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise are considered in this paper. Of interest here is the performance penalty incurred when going from optimal to suboptimal detector structures. In both cases, performance is quantified by appropriately defined distance measures and is ultimately compared to that of the simplest hypothesis-discriminating device, namely, the energy detector (radiometer).
Geodetically Accurate InSAR Data Processor

We present a new interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) processing approach that capitalizes on the precise orbit tracking that is available with modern radar satellites. Our method uses an accurate orbit information along with motion-compensation techniques to propagate the radar echoes to positions along a noninertial virtual orbit frame in which the location and focusing equations are particularly simple, so that images are focused without requiring autofocus techniques and are computed efficiently. Motion compensation requires two additional focus correction phase terms that are implemented in the frequency domain. If the images from an interferometric pair or stack are all computed along the same reference orbit, flat-Earth topographic correction is not needed, and image coregistration is simplified, obviating many difficulties that are often encountered in InSAR processing. We process several data sets collected by the ALOS PALSAR instrument and find that the geodetic accuracy of the radar images is 10-20 m, with up to 20 m of additional image distortion needed to align 100 km × 100 km scenes with reference digital elevation models. We validated the accuracy by using both known radar corner reflector locations and by the registration of the interferograms with digital maps. The topography-corrected interferograms are free from all geometric phase terms, and they clearly show the geophysical observables of crustal deformation, atmospheric phase, and ionospheric phase.
The homespun museum: computers, fabrication,and the design of personalized exhibits

The traditional view of the "home computer" is as a self-contained appliance: computation, on this view, is something that takes place within a desktop box, and that produces interesting visual effects only on a screen. In this paper, we argue that one can alternatively view "the computer" through its tangible effects on larger settings: that is, the computer can be imagined as the heart of a creative workshop centered within the home or classroom. The advent of accessible fabrication devices, as well as small computers that can be embedded in craft items, permits users to think of the room at large as a place in which computationally-enriched or computationally-designed "exhibits" of various types may be displayed. We illustrate this idea with a variety of projects undertaken within our laboratory.
Use of Standardized Patients for Teaching And Assessing Clinical Skills

Among other significant findings, Elstein, Shulman, & Sprafka (1978) demonstrated that diagnostic expertise is content-specific, tending to be limited to clinical problems with which a physician ha...
Practical guide to the use of enzalutamide.

INTRODUCTION We summarize the development, definitive trials, and practical use of enzalutamide for practicing urologists and medical oncologists. The care paradigm for patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a changing landscape, with the ongoing discovery of drivers of cancer progression yielding actionable targets for drug development. Since 2010, sipuleucel-T, cabazitaxel, abiraterone with prednisone, radium 223 and enzalutamide have been Food and Drug Administration approved based upon improvement in overall survival in men with mCRPC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A MEDLINE search for "enzalutamide or MDV3100" yielded 258 results. Prospective trials were reviewed. Abstracts from ASCO (American Society of Clinical Oncology) meetings and press release information were included where applicable. RESULTS Enzalutamide, an oral inhibitor of the androgen receptor pathway, was approved in 2012 based upon improvement in overall survival of 4.8 months in men with mCRPC following docetaxel versus placebo. Measures of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and radiographic response, and clinically significant endpoints such as quality of life improvement and toxicity parameters favored enzalutamide. Toxicity is modest with asthenia and fatigue being most common, with a 1% incidence of seizure reported, though patients can be selected to decrease this risk. CONCLUSION Enzalutamide is an effective oral therapy for mCRPC, with an overall survival benefit before and following chemotherapy. Toxicity is mild, and seizure risk can be mitigated by careful patient selection. Ongoing studies will help determine the best sequence of novel agents for prostate cancer, along with safe and effective combinations of therapies. Better understanding of tumor characteristics, particularly reliance on the androgen receptor pathway, will lead to personalized approaches to prostate cancer therapy.
Proteomic analyses of male contributions to honey bee sperm storage and mating

Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queens mate early in life and store sperm for years. Male bees likely contribute significantly to sperm survival. Proteins were extracted from seminal vesicles and semen of mature drones, separated by electrophoresis, and analysed by peptide mass fingerprinting. Computer searches against three databases, general species, honey bees and fruit flies, were performed. Spectra were used to query the recently generated honey bee genome protein list as well as general species and fruit fly databases. Of the 69 unique honey bee proteins found, 66 are also in Drosophila melanogaster. Two proteins only matched honey bee genes and one is a widespread protein lost from the fly genome. There is over-representation of genes implicated in the glycolysis pathway. Metabolism-associated proteins were found primarily in the seminal vesicle. Male accessory gland proteins as identified in Drosophila rarely had orthologs among proteins found in the honey bee. A complete listing of gel spots chosen including honey bee genome matches and Mascot searches of MALDI-TOF results with statistics is in the Supplementary table. MALDI-TOF spectra and more complete Mascot peptide mass fingerprinting data are available on request. Supplementary figs 1-3 show the stained protein gels.
Pediatric Injury Prevention Counseling Priorities

Objective Child health care providers have a unique opportunity to conduct injury prevention counseling but limited empirical evidence for choosing prevention strategies. Efficient use of time requires that prevention strategies of higher priority be discussed before lower priority strategies. Our aim was to assess consensus among experts about the prioritization of prevention strategies for office based injury prevention counseling for parents of children under age two. Design We used a modified Delphi technique with 23 childhood injury prevention experts nationwide. Participants were blinded to the identities of each other. Measures The first questionnaire, distributed via facsimile transmission, consisted of open ended questions about prevention strategies participants believe should be included and their prioritization methods. The second questionnaire was closed ended and based on the results of the first. Results Seventeen injury problems and 21 prevention strategies were suggested for counseling. Participants emphasized environmental strategies over more active, educational ones. Motor vehicle occupant injuries and car seats were given high priority scores by all participants. Smoke detectors, lowering the hot water heater temperature, and pool fencing also received high priority ratings. Participants based their decisions on the severity of the injury, the frequency with which the injury occured, and the availability of environmental strategies. However, they disagreed about the relative importance of these factors. Time constraints and parents' inability to absorb information led them to suggest limiting, to fewer than four, the number of prevention strategies addressed at any one visit. Conclusions This study illustrates areas of consensus as well as unresolved dilemmas about pediatric injury prevention counseling. A rational decision making approach to prioritizing elements of clinical counseling is needed. Meanwhile, clinicians can use the findings of this study to derive their own judgments.
Conformal Ingestible Capsule Antenna: A Novel Chandelier Meandered Design

This paper investigates a conformal antenna for the ingestible bio-telemetric capsule system. This system has the potential to provide real-time biological information from within the human body via a radio frequency link. The balanced planar meandered dipole (concept used for antenna miniaturization through space-filling) is discussed along with the offset planar meandered dipole, which facilitates better matching. The conformal chandelier meandered dipole antenna (CCMDA), which is an extension of the offset planar meandered dipole and envelopes the capsule surface, is then investigated. The return loss, input impedance, and radiation pattern characteristics of the CCMDA are discussed in detail at the operating frequency of 1.4 GHz. Additionally, electrical components (specifically the batteries) are modeled inside the capsule to investigate their effects on the conformal antenna performance in free space. The capsule antenna is then inserted into a simple box model (a simplification of the human torso) and a 4-mm precision human-body model (Ansoft) where the detuning effects are observed and discussed. Finally, a circularly polarized receiver antenna design consisting of orthogonal dipoles is suggested which provides polarization diversity and is miniaturized to fit into a personal digital assistant (PDA) for portability of the data telemetric link.
Regulatory modeling and simulation moves into the next gear in europe.

The increasing pace of investments across academia and industry in the areas of pharmacometrics and systems pharmacology has the potential to profoundly impact drug discovery and development efficiency. In addition, it is being recognized that model-based approaches have also increasingly become important in regulatory decision making.1,2,3 For example, an analysis of 198 new drug application and biological license application submissions, reviewed by the US Food and Drug Administration's Division of Pharmacometrics during the period 2000–2008, suggested an impact of the pharmacometrics analysis on drug approval and labeling decisions in ~65% of the cases. Although the potential for regulatory impact of modeling and simulation (M&S) appears to be shared by regulators across most international agencies, there are marked differences in the implementation of pharmacometric assessments during drug registration.1 For example, to date, the US Food and Drug Administration is the only regulatory agency that has a dedicated Pharmacometrics group, formed within the Office of Clinical Pharmacology in 2009,2 which not only reviews submissions but also conducts its own analyses. It now appears that regulatory M&S moves into the next gear in Europe as well, because in a recent press release, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) announced the creation of a new regulatory M&S working group being effective from the end of January 2013 (http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/). This announcement builds on the output from a joint EMA and European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) workshop on M&S,4 held at the end of 2011, at which representatives from industry, academia, and regulatory agencies discussed the current and future role of M&S in the development and registration of medicinal products. Specifically, one of the actions from the workshop was that the “EMA will aim to increase the regulatory M&S competence in Europe by coordinating the expertise across Member States to provide a consistent approach in product-related and methodology-related discussions,”4 and the recent announcement demonstrates that the European regulators have started to deliver on this commitment. Consistent with the journal's mission to be a “publication platform for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology that will contribute to further growth of the disciplines and a broader application and better integration of the model-based approaches across the research and development spectrum,”5 the current issue of CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology contains a full report of the plenary session4 and four breakout sessions6,7,8,9 of the EMA/EFPIA Workshop on M&S, coauthored by a range of discipline leaders from EMA, EFPIA, and European academic centers.
Attitudes of the Arab Elite Toward Palestine and Israel

Unlike most studies of the Arab-Israeli conflict, this one attempts not only to delineate the attitudes of Arab elite (professionals and university students) at home and abroad on the issue but also and primarily, to investigate the determinants of those attitudes. The sources include the relevant political literature, especially since the 1967 war; a set of depth interviews conducted among members of the elite in the Arab world; and a more structured sample survey conducted among Arab students and professionals in the U.S. Conclusions are based on the data from all three sources. The results show that religion, sectionalism, age, and level of education are important determinants of political attitudes and behavior among Arab elite. Neither locale (urban-rural residence) nor socioeconomic background, however, is found to be a significant factor.
Social disparities in periodontitis among United States adults 1999–2004

– Objectives: To investigate whether race/ethnicity, income, and education are independently associated with periodontitis; and to investigate the effect of adjusting for income and education on the association between race/ethnicity and periodontitis in the National Health and Examination Nutrition Surveys 1999–2004. Methods: Analyses were limited to records of non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white or Mexican-American adults (n = 10 648). SUDAAN was used to estimate the strength of the association of race/ethnicity, education, and income with the prevalence of periodontitis before and after adjusting for selected characteristics and risk factors. Results: The prevalence of periodontitis was 3.6%, with Black people (7.2%) exhibiting significantly higher prevalence than Mexican Americans (4.4%) and White people (3.0%, P < 0.01). After adjusting for selected sociodemographic characteristics, black adults, those with less than a high school education and those with low income were 1.94 (95% CI 1.46–2.58), 2.06 (95% CI 1.47–2.89) and 1.89 (95% CI 1.18–3.04) times more likely to have periodontitis than White people, those with more than a high school diploma and those with high income, respectively. Conclusions: This study indicates that inequalities in periodontitis associated with race/ethnicity, education and income continue to be pervasive in the US over the years.
The 253-kb inversion and deep intronic mutations in UNC13D are present in North American patients with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 3.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, life-threatening disorder due to dysregulation of the immune system.The predominant symptoms are persistent fever, cytopenias,hepatosplenomegaly, hepatitis, sometimes associated with hyper-ferritinemia, hemophagocytosis, and NK cell dysfunction [1–4].Familial HLH (FHL) is genetically heterogeneous and inherited inan autosomal recessive manner. To date, four genes have beenidentiﬁed as causative, namely, PRF1 (FHL2, OMIM 603553),UNC13D(FHL3,OMIM608898),STX11(FHL4,OMIM603552),and STXBP2 (FHL5, OMIM 613101) [5–8]. Mutations in PRF1,UNC13D, and STXBP2 account for approximately 60% of FHLcases in North American patients [9]. Furthermore, mutations inseveral other genes such as SH2D1A (OMIM 300490), BIRC4(OMIM 300079), LYST (OMIM 606897), RAB27A (OMIM603868), and AP3B1 (OMIM 603401) have been associated withepisodes of HLH [10–14].Functionally, all of these genes encode for proteins required forthe granzyme/perforin-mediated cytotoxic pathway that regulatesNK cell and cytotoxic lymphocyte-triggered apoptosis. Theperforin (encoded by PRF1) is a pore-forming cytolytic proteinsynthesized in cytotoxic lymphocytes, along with cytotoxic cellproteinase Granzyme B, are enveloped in secretory vesicles. Ingeneral, the mutations in PRF1 (FHL2) results in absent or markeddecrease of perforin expression [5,9]. UNC13D, STX11, andSTXBP2 encode proteins that are responsible for fusion andtrafﬁcking of the granule exocytosis towards the target cells.Mutations in these genes (FHL3, 4, and 5) usually are associatedwithdefectiveexpressionofCD107ainNKcells,whilethelevelofperforin could be normal or increased [6–9]. In most of FHL andsecondaryHLH,thelevelofGranzymeBistypicallyincreased[9].In particular, UNC13D plays an essential role together withRAB27A to form a complex that primes the fusion of the lyticgranules with the plasma membrane, and mutations in either of thetwo genes prevent the formation of the complex that consequentlyabolishessecretion[15,16].Approximatelyone-hundredmutationsin UNC13D have been described to date [6,7,17,18]. Meethset al. [19] ﬁrst reported a 253-kb inversion straddling the last twoexons of the gene and downstream intergene region and adeep intronic mutation c.118–308C>T mutation in Europeanpatients affected with FHL3 [19]. Another deep intronic mutation