cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous recording of maternal behaviour in Rattus norvegicus

Summary It was assumed that the time a lactating rat spends with its litter can be taken as a reflection of maternal behaviour. This was measured continuously in a dual-chambered apparatus which permitted the female to be with or away from its litter for any amount of time at any time of the day. It was found that the total time and the duration of each period that the mother spends with its litter shows an orderly decrease over the 21 days post-partum. Further analyses of these data indicated that there is a 24-hr rhythm in maternal behaviour. The rhythm appears to be inversely related to and may be a direct reflection of the rat's characteristic 24-hr activity cycle. A comparison of the time spent with the litter with data obtained from a modified version of Seitz's maternal-behaviour scale yielded similar changes over time for those tests of the scale which did not involve any disruption of the ongoing behaviour of the mother or litter. Otherwise, there was no consistent relationship between these two measures or within the scale itself. Administration of the maternal-behaviour scale to females rearing litters in a single cage indicated that the above findings could be attributed to the use of the dual-chambered apparatus. These data further suggested that some aspects of the maternal-behaviour scale may be artifacts of the conditions of housing or method of administration, and may reflect emotional reactivity rather than maternal behaviour, per se. The continuous recording of maternal behaviour was also found to differentiate between females rearing large and small litters. The time spent with the litter over the 21-day post-partum period decreased more rapidly in females rearing litters of twelve than in females rearing litters of four animals. The data are interpreted as support for the assumption that the time that a lactating rat spends with its litter can be taken as a reflection of maternal behaviour. The main advantages of this procedure are that it provides a continuous recording that is not subject to sampling error or experimenter bias, and it takes advantage of the ongoing mother-litter interactions which are initiated by the animals themselves rather than forced by the proximity of a single cage or by the intervention of an experimenter.
Development of partial rock veneers by root throw in a subalpine setting

Rock veneers stabilize hillslope surfaces, occur especially in areas of immature soil, and form through a variety of process sets that includes root throw. Near Westcliffe, Colorado, USA, data were collected from a 20 × 500 m transect on the east slope of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Ages of pit/mound complexes with rock fragments exposed at the surface by root throw ranged from recent (freshly toppled tree) to unknown (complete tree decay). Calculations based on dimensions of the pit/mound complexes, estimated time of tree toppling, sizes of exposed rock fragments, and percentage rock covers at pit/mound complexes, as well as within the transect area, indicate that recent rates of root throw have resulted in only partial rock veneering since late Pleistocene deglaciation. Weathering of rock fragments prevents development of an extensive rock veneer and causes a balance, achieved within an estimated 700 years, between the rates of rock-fragment exposure by root throw and clast disintegration by chemical reduction. The estimated rate of rock-fragment reduction accounts for part of the fluvial sediment yields observed for forested subalpine areas of western North America. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Federalist No. 51: Is Liberty Guaranteed by Structures?

Federalist No. 51 can be read as a statement of the national government’s dual responsibility to serve the public interest and to preserve liberty. It is built on James Madison’s belief in checks and balances as a method for keeping government’s parts in their proper places. This essay asks whether this gridlock has gone too far in rendering the constitutional design obsolete. Drawing on previously unpublished fragments of Federalist No. 51, the author argues that Madison fully anticipated these problems, and he offers the unpublished text as a salutary appendix to this iconic defense of liberty.
Modulation of cyclic AMP metabolism by protein kinase C in PC18 cells

The present study examined the effect of protein kinase C (PKC) on cyclic AMP metabolism in PC18 cells, a recently developed model of the adrenal medullary chromaffin cell. Activation of PKC with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) significantly potentiated cAMP accumulation in response to the adenosine analog N6-R-phenyl-isopropyl adenosine (PIA) and to forskolin. The degree of potentiation of both PIA and forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels was significantly reduced but not completely eliminated when cells were incubated in the presence of the cAMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) inhibitor Ro20-1724. PMA pretreatment had no detectable effect on either cytosolic or membrane-bound low Km cAMP-PDE activity, but did significantly potentiate PIA-dependent adenylate cyclase activity. We conclude that the potentiation of agonist-dependent cAMP accumulation by PKC in intact PC18 cells is due to both an enhancement of cAMP biosynthetic capacity, as well as a suppression of cAMP catabolic activity.
Effect of Flow Rate on the Partial Oxidation of Methane and Ethane

The partial oxidation of CH4over rhodium coated monoliths and C2H6over platinum coated monoliths was examined in the fuel rich regime at space velocities up to 4 × 106h−1(∼200 μs), a variation by a factor of 50. For CH4, the conversion drops from 90% at 5 × 104h−1to 20% at 1 × 106h−1, while for C2H6, the conversion and the selectivity to C2H4remain nearly constant up to 4 × 106h−1. For CH4, the O2conversion drops below 100% at 5 × 105h−1but remains complete in the oxidation of C2H6. As the space velocity increases in CH4oxidation, the temperature of the leading edge of the monolith decreases from 900°C at 1 × 105h−1to 60°C at 1 × 106h−1. The cool region of the monolith promotes the formation of total oxidation and also the production of CH3radicals which lead to the formation of C2coupling products in the gas phase. A maximum in coupling selectivity of 10% is observed at 5.5 × 105h−1and 270°C preheat.
A round robin evaluation of differential scanning calorimetry to measure transition enthalpy and temperatures

Twelve laboratories participated in a thermal analysis study to determine onset and peak transition temperatures and enthalpy, for both starch gelatinization and tristearin melting and crystallization. The reproducibility of these results was compared for three types of Differential Scanning Calorimeters (DSC). The transition temperatures and enthalpy results for starch were similar between labs, as were the melting and crystallization temperatures for tristearin. Enthalpy values for tristearin were consistent among most labs, however significant differences existed between DSC types. From this data it appears that some differences between laboratories do exist, but reliable comparisons can usually be made when the DSC is used to evaluate the thermal properties of foods.
A proposed quasi-Newton method for parameter identification in a flow and transport system

Abstract A quasi-Newton algorithm allied with the adjoint state equation method is proposed to solve the inverse problem of parameter estimation. The proposed method utilizes the information from both groundwater flow and solute transport in parameter estimation. It is capable of identifying parameters which control both flow and transport simultaneously. It also avoids the calculation of sensitivity coefficients, which normally requires much computational effort. The BFGS (Broyden, 2 Fletcher, 10 Goldfarb, 13 and Shanno 21 ) formula is used to approximate the Hessian matrix required in the optimization procedure. The proposed inverse procedure is applied to a two-dimensional flow-transport problem. Two dimensionless numbers, the Peclet number and the Damkoehler number, are used to characterize the behavior of the transport processes. Numerical experiments which were conducted demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed methodology and show good results in practical application.
Deeply incised submarine glacial valleys beneath the Greenland ice sheet

The bed topography beneath the Greenland ice sheet controls the flow of ice and its discharge into the ocean. A combination of sparse radar soundings of ice thickness and high-resolution ice motion data suggest that many submarine ice-covered valleys extend significantly deeper below sea level and farther inland than thought.
Successful use of spinal anesthesia in a patient with severe Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome associated with upper airway abnormalities and chronic Kasabach–Merritt coagulopathy

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the triad of capillary or cavernous hemangiomas, venous varicosities or malformations, and soft tissue or bone hypertrophy. Neuraxial anesthesia in patients with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome has been infrequently described and has not been previously reported when accompanied by consumptive coagulopathy with thrombocytopenia (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome). The authors describe their clinical management of a 23 year-old woman with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome who presented for elective total knee arthroplasty. Her past medical history was notable for chronic Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, hypersplenism with pancytopenia, and intermittent lower gastrointestinal bleeding resulting from colonic hemangiomas. The physical examination revealed several large cavernous hemangiomas located on her right face, neck, chest, arm, and leg. No hemangiomas were noted within the dermatomal levels innervated by the upper lumbar spine. The neck hemangioma was very large and filled with blood when the patient assumed a supine position, making it almost impossible for her to breathe. The oropharynx revealed markedly hypertrophied soft tissue, pharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal hemangiomas, and a Mallampati class IV airway. Spinal and epidural hemangiomas were excluded based on a magnetic resonance imaging study before surgery. Kasabach-Merritt coagulopathy was corrected preoperatively by administration of cryoprecipitate. These interventions allowed the authors to safely perform a spinal anesthetic for the operation. The current case illustrates that major conduction anesthesia may be safely performed in patients with Klippel-Trenaunay disease provided that preoperative imaging studies exclude neurovascular involvement and coexisting coagulopathy is appropriately corrected.
Pseudo-Gaucher histiocytes identified up to 1 year after transplantation for CML are BCR/ABL -positive

The results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis after transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are difficult to interpret clinically. Positive findings for BCR/ABL can be seen not only in patients who go on to relapse but also in patients who, after years of follow-up, remain in complete remission. The cause for the lack of concordance between PCR findings and relapse is not clear. We identified two patients with CML who had rare pseudo-Gaucher cells in their bone marrow aspirate specimens prior to, and at 1, and 6 or 12 months following syngeneic or allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation. After the transplant, the patients obtained clinical remission and were shown to be cytogenetically normal and to have germline MBCR in blood or bone marrow by Southern analysis. One patient was PCR-positive for BCR/ABL in the marrow at 12 months. In order to determine whether the pseudo-Gaucher histiocytes were BCR/ABL-positive, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization and probes for MBCR and ABL and analyzed Wright-stained smears to correlate molecular cytogenetic findings with cell type. On three aspirate smears from each patient (at 6 or 12 months post-transplant), all of the pseudo-Gaucher cells studied (10/10 in one patient and 12/12 in the other) showed the fusion for BCR/ABL. Other cells analyzed randomly (erythroid precursors, granulocytes and rare monocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells) did not. Our cases provide the first proof that pseudo-Gaucher cells carry the BCR/ABL fusion. Furthermore, they illustrate that these cells can be found in the marrow for up to 12 months following transplantation. Our results permit speculation that pseudo-Gaucher cells or other long-lived histocytes may be one cause of persistent PCR positivity after transplantation that is not predictive of disease relapse.
Study of Mechanism of Initial Crud Formation on Fuel Cladding in Subcooled Boiling Region in PWR

A hemispherical vapor bubble model has been constructed, and thermocapillary flow driven by surface tension gradient, due to temperature difference, around bubble attached to a plane heated surface, and it has been examined using numerical methods. LiOH solute concentration distribution around the bubble has been obtained. Some parameters under PWR operating conditions have been discussed: bubble size, mass diffusion coefficient and vapor heat transfer coefficient. Effects of some important parameters, such as heat flux and bubble size, have been examined. The study shows that the thermocapillary flow around a static hemispherical vapor bubble can not generate sufficient solute concentrations to initialize crud formation under PWR operating condition.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Effects of supplements with increasing glucogenic precursor content on reproduction and nutrient utilization in young postpartum range cows

Abstract Altering nutrient utilization in young postpartum beef cows from milk production to body weight gain has potential to improve reproductive performance. A 2-year study conducted at the Corona Range and Livestock Research Center from February to July in 2003 (n = 33) and 2004 (n = 26) evaluated responses of 2- and 3-year-old postpartum beef cows grazing native range to 2 supplements with increasing glucogenic potential (GP). Supplements were fed at 1135 g∙cow − 1 ∙ day − 1 twice weekly for approximately 70 days postpartum and provided 1) 341 g CP, 142 g ruminally undegradable protein, 57 g GP (GP57), or 2) 341 g CP, 151 g RUP + 80 g propionate salt (NutroCAL, Kemin Industries, Inc.), 121 g GP (GP121). Supplement × year interactions were observed for days to first estrus ( P = 0.04) and 24-h milk production at ~ 60 days postpartum ( P = 0.04). Cows fed GP57 took longer to return to estrus in 2004 than in 2003, while cows fed GP121 returned to cyclicity in similar days postpartum regardless of year. Cows fed GP57 produced more milk in 2004 than 2003, but cows fed GP121 produced similar amounts of milk regardless of year. Cows had similar ( P = 0.61) glucose half-lives after glucose tolerance test at ~ 55 day postpartum (77 and 68 ± 12 min for GP57 and GP121, respectively). Young cows fed GP121 exhibited consistent milk production and return to estrus regardless of the effects of year.
Potential Energy Surface Including Electron Correlation for F + H2 → FH + H: Refined Linear Surface

A priori quantum mechanical calculations have been carried out at about 150 linear geometries for the fluorine plus hydrogen molecule system. An extended basis set of Gaussian functions was used, and electron correlation was treated explicitly by configuration interaction. Comparison with the experimental activation energy and exothermicity suggests that the theoretical potential surface is quite realistic.
An Analysis of Gender Differences in the Factor Structure of the Career Decision Scale

The factor structure of the Career Decision Scale, but not total scores, showed gender differences in a sample of undergraduate college students. The factor structure of the CDS tended to be more stable for females than males over a six-week interval. The only item on the CDS that describes an interpersonal reason for being undecided was omitted from the factor structure for females, but not males. Reliance on total scores remains the most useful option because of the instability of the factor structure over time and across samples. In the search for variables which contribute to our understanding of career indecision, those which differentiate between the indecision experienced by males and females are still undetermined and are a useful area for further research.
A discourse analysis of master's theses across disciplines with a focus on introductions

Abstract There have been a growing number of discourse studies in recent years on written academic genres produced by students. However, the master's thesis has not received as much attention as the PhD dissertation. This investigation of master's theses from three disciplines, biology, philosophy and linguistics, employs both discourse analysis and interviews with subject specialists. An analysis of the overall organization of the thesis with a focus on the structure of introductions reveals discourse features that distinguish this genre from research articles and also points to disciplinary variation within this genre. An analysis of the use of citations and the first person pronoun in the introductions shows that philosophy students create a much stronger authorial presence but establish weaker intertextual links to previous research than the biology students do in these texts. The linguistics students occupy a more central position in terms of these dimensions.
Development and Characterization of a Color 2F Alignment Method for the Advanced Dish Development System

Dish/Stirling systems rely on accurate mirrors and alignment. Inaccuracies in alignment can lead to flux “hotspots” that can reduce performance and even damage the solar receiver. To improve the alignment process a procedure that can be used to align solar dish concentrator facets was developed on the second-generation (Mod 2) Advanced Dish Development System (ADDS) at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, NM. The previously used facet alignment method was based on the distant light source technique and required the dish to be pointed near the horizon while an observer located approximately 100 meters away views the image of a target and calls in adjustments to an aligner. At high sun elevation angles structural deflections inherent in any dish concentrator result in facet misalignments. To address these issues while allowing improved access to facet adjustments, an alignment technique that permits alignment at any elevation angle was developed and evaluated. This technique utilized a video camera and color target affixed on a lightweight tower at a distance near twice the dish focal length (2f) from the vertex of the dish, hence the name “color 2f”. The camera and target are centered on the optical axis of the concentrator. During the initial evaluation of the color 2f facet alignment procedure on the ADDS Mod 2 concentrator, no facet adjustments were made. Instead concentrator facet deflections were measured by taking and evaluating images of the dish reflecting the target while the dish was pointed at the horizon, 45 degrees elevation, and vertical. These images were compared to each other, to determine gravity induced pointing errors as the dish changes in elevation. Future implementations of the color 2f system could be used to align the system rather than simply diagnose it. The proposed approach has the potential to accurately align concentrators without large open land spaces, and to account for elevation-induced structural deflections. In this paper, the color 2f alignment technique is described along with the results from the gravity induced structural deflection study. Issues and recommendations for improvement of the 2f alignment system are also presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The characteristics of small gas-filled voids in electrodeposited gold

Abstract The unique observation of small gas-filled voids (∼50 A in diameter) in electrodeposited gold is reported. The plating parameters necessary for void formation were not determined. Gas entrapment in these voids was confirmed by outgassing and growth of the voids on annealing. The presence of gas in the voids supports previous work indicating that gaseous impurities promote void formation. Outgassing data indicate that hydrogen is entrapped in the voids; the density of the voids is quite high—∼4×10 16 voids/cm 3 . Densities of this order can be shown to have a significant effect on the yield point of the material. Annealing experiments conducted at 200°C have shown that in many areas voids are observed in grain boundaries. Void growth in the boundary is probably a result of increased diffusion due to local recrystallization in grain boundary areas. Frequency distributions of the void size as a function of annealing time (30 hours and 102 hours) were also determined; however, owing to the small size of the voids, it was difficult to determine if any faceting did occur. Most of the larger voids observed (200 to 300 A) do not appear faceted.
On weight dependence of net growth efficiency and specific respiration rates among field populations of invertebrates

Annual net growth efficiency (NGE) is approximated here by 100 Pa/(Pa+Ra), Pa and Ra being the annual production and respiration rates of populations per unit area. Published NGE values for 15 temperate invertebrate populations range from 13 to 55%. Contrary to the literature on NGE among speices, the dependence of NGE on species size (as body weight at the onset of sexual maturity, Ws) is not yet determined although the ranges of Pa and Ra, divided by the mean biomass \(\left( {\bar B} \right)\), approach two orders of magnitude. The \(R_{\text{a}} /\bar B\) rates of 13 of these populations decline with a -0.35 power of Ws rather than the -0.25 power of comparative physiology. A possible reason may be a trend towards larger specimens (relative to Ws or full size) in populations of larger species. Among species, a significant dependence of NGE on Ws (or full size) is not demonstrable for laboratory populations of unicellular organisms and field populations of mammals so that the cost per unit of production might generally be independent of the rate of production by the population.
Converting Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase into an Enhancer-Responsive Enzyme: Role of an NH2-Terminal Leucine Patch in σ54

The protein σ54 associates with Escherichia coli core RNA polymerase to form a holoenzyme that binds promoters but is inactive in the absence of enhancer activation. Here, mutants of σ54 enabled polymerases to transcribe without enhancer protein and adenosine triphosphate. The mutations are in leucines within the NH2-terminal glutamine-rich domain of σ54. Multiple leucine substitutions mimicked the effect of enhancer protein, which suggests that the enhancer protein functions to disrupt a leucine patch. The results indicate that σ54 acts both as an inhibitor of polymerase activity and as a receptor that interacts with enhancer protein to overcome this inhibition, and that these two activities jointly confer enhancer responsiveness.
Electrochemical investigation of microemulsions

Abstract Two electrochemical techniques, cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk voltammetry, were successfully applied to characterize oil-in-water microemulsions. Diffusion coefficients of microemulsion droplets were determined using ferrocene as the hydrophobic electroactive probe. Microemulsions containing n-octane as the oil, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the surfactant, n-butanol as the cosurfactant, and NaBr as the electrolyte were investigated. The diffusion coefficients are compared with values obtained from quasielastic light scattering measurements. The differences observed between electrochemical and light scattering measurements are due to the different modes of diffusion probed by these techniques. The electrochemical techniques yield values of the self-diffusion coefficients, whereas light scattering techniques yield mutual-diffusion coefficients. The diffusion coefficients are strongly affected by interactions between the microemulsion droplets. Compared to light scattering, the electrochemical approach provides a faster and less expensive tool for characterizing microemulsions. Electrochemical techniques do not require any prior information of physical properties except viscosity, and are also applicable to opaque systems.
Overview of statistical models of fracture for nonirradiated nuclear-graphite components

Abstract Nuclear-grade (low-impurity) graphite for the fuel element and moderator material for Next Generation (Gen IV) Reactors displays large scatter in strength and a nonlinear stress–strain response from damage accumulation. This response can be characterized as quasi-brittle. In this review, relevant statistical failure models for various brittle and quasi-brittle material systems are discussed with regard to strength distribution, size effect, multiaxial strength, and damage accumulation. This includes descriptions of the Weibull, Batdorf, and Burchell models as well as models that describe the strength response of composite materials, which involves distributed damage. Results from lattice simulations are included for a physics-based description of material breakdown. Consideration is given to the predicted transition between brittle and quasi-brittle damage behavior versus the density of damage (level of disorder) within the material system. The literature indicates that weakest-link-based failure modeling approaches appear to be reasonably robust in that they can be applied to materials that display distributed damage, provided that the level of disorder in the material is not too large. The Weibull distribution is argued to be the most appropriate statistical distribution to model the stochastic strength response of graphite.
Effects of value, affect, security, and web content on informational and transactions usage of the internet

The often cited potential benefits of the Internet have been its informational (communication) and transactional (distribution channels) use as marketing tools. This exploratory study developed and...
Maternal verbal responsiveness with language-impaired, stage-matched, and age-matched normal children

Abstract The verbal responsiveness of mothers of language-impaired (Ll) children was compared to mothers of two groups of normal children: stage-matched and age-matched. The interactions between the mothers and their children were coded using Schachter's (1979) analysis. Mothers of the Ll children were generally less responsive to their children's utterances than the mothers in the control groups. The mothers of the Ll children also revealed an increased level of ignoring and topic shifting of their children's utterances. Explanations for these differences included parent-based and child-based reasons. The implications of the results are discussed from an applied developmental perpective.
Visual cerebral lateralization over phases of the menstrual cycle: a preliminary investigation.

Abstract This study investigated whether visual cerebral asymmetries would change in phase with hormonal variations during the menstrual cycle. Lexical decision and line orientation tasks were administered during follicular, luteal, and menstrual phases of each woman's cycle. These tasks were also administered to a reference group of male subjects. Signal detection analyses indicated an unvarying RVF advantage in word/nonword discriminability (d′) throughout the menstrual cycle, but a phase-dependent shift in left hemisphere response criterion (log β). Gender differences were present for discriminability of line orientation, and female performance on this task varied over the cycle. The results imply that the neural systems subserving some cognitive functions are sensitive to fluctuations in gonadal steroids and suggest a hormonal basis for gender differences in some visual-Spatial functions.
Supernatants from culture of type I collagen-stimulated PBMC from patients with cutaneous systemic sclerosis versus localized scleroderma demonstrate suppression of MMP-1 by fibroblasts

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic fibrosing disease characterized by vasculopathy, autoimmunity, and an accumulation of collagen in tissues. Numerous studies have shown that compared to healthy or diseased controls, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with SSc produce a variety of cytokines or proliferate when cultured with solubilized type I collagen (CI) or constituent α1(II) and α2(I) polypeptide chains. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PBMC isolated from patients with SSc and cultured in vitro with soluble CI elaborated soluble mediators that inhibit the production of collagenase (i.e., matrix metalloproteinase, MMP-1) by fibroblasts. Supernatants of CI-stimulated PBMC from juvenile and adult diffuse cutaneous (dc)SSc patients significantly reduced MMP-1 production by SSc dermal fibroblasts, while supernatants of CI-stimulated PBMC from patients with localized scleroderma (LS) did not. CI-stimulated PBMC culture supernatants from patients with dcSSc in contrast to patients with LS exhibited increased levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, PDGF-BB, TNF-α, IL-13, and EGF. Prolonged culture of SSc dermal fibroblasts with recombinant PDGF-BB or IL-13 inhibited the induction of MMP-1 in response to subsequent TNF-α stimulation. These data suggest that therapies aimed at reducing these cytokines may decrease collagen accumulation in SSc, preventing the development of chronic fibrosis.
Visual field bias in hearing and deaf adults during judgments of facial expression and identity.

The dominance of the right hemisphere during face perception is associated with more accurate judgments of faces presented in the left rather than the right visual field. Previous research suggests that the left visual field bias typically observed during face perception tasks is reduced in deaf adults who use sign language, for whom facial expressions convey important linguistic information. The current study examined whether visual field biases were altered in deaf adults whenever they viewed expressive faces, or only when attention was explicitly directed to expression. Twelve hearing adults and 12 deaf signers were trained to recognize a set of novel faces posing various emotional expressions. They then judged the familiarity or emotion of faces presented in the left or right visual field, or both visual fields simultaneously. The same familiar and unfamiliar faces posing neutral and happy expressions were presented in the two tasks. Both groups were most accurate when faces were presented in both visual fields. Across tasks, the hearing group demonstrated a bias toward the left visual field. In contrast, the deaf group showed a bias toward the left visual field during identity judgments that shifted marginally toward the right visual field during emotion judgments. Two secondary conditions tested whether these effects generalized to angry faces and famous faces and similar effects were observed. These results suggest that attention to facial expression, not merely the presence of emotional expression, reduces a typical left visual field bias for face processing in deaf signers.
Teacher Leadership and Professional Development: Examining Links between Two Concepts Central to School Improvement.

Teacher leadership has gained attention in recent years as a plausible means by which educational reform and instructional improvement can be accomplished through ongoing, site-based professional development for teachers. This article reviews and draws conclusions across the research literature on professional development and teacher leadership to examine a conceptual connection: professional development leads to teacher leadership, which leads to further professional development for the teachers enacting leadership and their colleagues. The article draws heavily on recent work done in the United States, but also includes international perspectives. Insights on the literature and implications for professional development policy are also discussed.
Understanding counselors' implementation of tobacco cessation services with patients

This study aimed to understand substance use disorder counselors' implementation of evidence-based tobacco cessation services (TCS) with their patients who smoke. Drawing from an established adoption of innovations framework, we investigated the association between counselors' perceptions of the availability of TCS (both pharmacotherapies and behavioral treatments) in their treatment program and the implementation of TCS (both pharmacotherapies and behavioral treatments) with their patients who smoke and whether this association is moderated by the strength of an organization's climate for implementation and the fit of the innovation with users' values. Data were collected in 2010 from 682 counselors working in 239 treatment programs across the U.S. that offer evidence-based TCS. Mixed-effect models showed that perceived availability of TCS was related with greater TCS implementation. This relationship was moderated by several indicators of climate for implementation but not by the fit of the innovation with users' values.
Production of anti-idiotypic and anti-class specific antibody using micro amounts of myeloma serum

Abstract Anti-class specific and anti-idiotypic antibodies have been raised in rabbits by immunization with monoclonal immunoglobulins isolated by agar gel-electrophoresis. Approximately 20 μl of myeloma serum is used as the starting material and rabbits so immunized have produced precipitating antibodies as soon as one week after immunization.
Spinal norepinephrine release from nitric oxide species is not increased following peripheral nerve injury in rats.

α2-Adrenergic agonists increase the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in the spinal cord in both in vitro slice perfusion and in vivo microdialysis. In the normal condition, inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) has little effect on antinociception from α2-adrenergic agonists. However, following peripheral nerve injury, NOS inhibitors completely block the antihypersensitivity effects of α2-adrenergic agonists. It is possible that this increased reliance on NO may reflect a positive feedback release of norepinephrine (NE) stimulated by NO conjugates. For example, both S-nitroso-l-cysteine (SNC) and 6-NO2-norepinephrine (6-NO2-NE) release NE in rat spinal synaptosomes in a concentration-dependent manner and both are formed in spinal cord in vivo. In the current study, we tested whether SNC and 6-NO2-NE induced spinal NE release is increased in animals with peripheral nerve injury compared to normals. Crude spinal cord synaptosomes were prepared from nerve ligated and normal rats, loaded with [3H]NE and incubated with SNC or 6-NO2-NE. In a separate experiment, spinal cords from both groups were sonicated and the amount of NE measured using HPLC. NE release stimulated by SNC or 6-NO2-NE in lumbar dorsal spinal cord tissue did not differ between normal and nerve ligated groups. This suggests that increased spinal NE release from locally produced SNC or 6-NO2-NE is not the mechanism underlying the reliance of α2-adrenergic agonists on NO following peripheral nerve injury. Increased NE content and trend towards greater NE uptake in nerve injured spinal cord are consistent with increased noradrenergic innervation density of the spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury.
Observability of Josephson pair-quasiparticle interference in superconducting interferometers

Pair-quasiparticle interference current has a measurable effect on the tuning characteristics of a superconducting interferometer operating in the nonhysteretic regime: $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\equiv}(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}}){L}_{R}{I}_{c}l1$ where ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}=\frac{h}{2e}$, ${L}_{R}$ is the inductance of the interferometer ring, and ${I}_{c}$ is the critical current of the interferometer's weak link. In the limit $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ the interferometer will have a zero crossing in its magnetic flux sensitivity versus frequency characteristic that is above, on, or below resonance depending whether the coefficient of the interference current term is positive, zero, or negative, respectively. For larger $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, screening currents will also shift the zero crossing. Results for the magnitude of this additional shift are presented and discussed.
Isolation of an infectious, ribonuclease-sensitive fraction from tobacco leaves recently inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract When infectious ribonucleic acid prepared from tobacco mosaic virus was mixed with macerates from healthy leaves, the nucleic acid could be recovered provided the leaves were ground in sodium chloride solutions buffered at pH 9–10. The infectious nucleic acid could be concentrated and partially repurified by differential centrifugation followed by density-gradient centrifugation. When the same procedure was used to extract tobacco leaves 2 to 3 days after inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus, an infectious fraction was recovered from the nucleic acid zones of the density-gradient columns. Only traces of infectivity were found in these zones when healthy leaves to which tobacco mosaic virus had been added prior to extraction were processed identically. Leaves extracted 3 weeks after inoculation yielded little infectivity in the nucleic acid zones. Evidence is presented to show that the activity detected in the nucleic acid zones is due neither to tobacco mosaic virus contamination nor to infectious nucleic acid split from the virus during extraction.
Spectral effects of water in the 10,000 to 8000 cm 1 (1000 to 1250 nm) near infrared spectral region. And, can they explain previously seen effects of water in the spectral region from 14,000 to 11,500 cm 1 (714 to 870 nm)?

The spectral region from 10,000 to 8000 cm−1 (1000 to 1250 nm) is often used for high moisture samples and fibre optic systems. The first objective of this work was to determine the effects of water on the spectra of various types of materials in this spectral region. The second objective was to determine the origin/nature of spectral effects/artifacts seen in the spectral region from 14,000 to 11,500 cm−1 (714 to 870 nm) when water was added to gums and proteins (increases in peak intensities and shifts in position due to the presence of water). Spectra were obtained by diffuse reflectance and transmission using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The results showed that the effects seen in the mid-infrared and near infrared from 8000 to 4000 cm−1 (1250 to 2500 nm) were also common in this part of the near infrared (i.e. peak shifts, loss of spectral features etc). Thus, the spectra of crystalline glucose and sucrose, while distinctively different as crystalline solids, were very similar when in solution a...
Relationship between the stiffness of the dental implant-bone system and the duration of the implant-tapping rod contact

The physical basis of the Periotest percussion diagnosis is theoretically studied by modelling the dental implant-bone system as a simple lumped parameter system. An expression of the effective stiffness k(eff) is derived as a function of the contact time tau. The validity of k(eff) obtained is verified by a comparison with experimental values estimated from other methods. Relationships between k(eff) and the pure stiffness for the Kelvin-Voigt and Maxwell models are also derived. It is suggested that an increase of viscosity as well as stiffness will decrease tau.
Perturbations by norm attaining operators

Click on the link to view the abstract. Keywords: Norm attaining, Hilbert space, perturbation, porous, dense, Fredholm Operators Quaestiones Mathematicae 30 (2007), 27–33
Post operative performance of racing Standardbreds treated arthroscopically for carpal chip fractures: 176 cases (1986–1993)

A retrospective study of 176 Standardbred horses that had arthroscopic surgery for carpal chip fractures over a 7 year period was done in order to determine fracture location and post operative performance. Chip fractures of the proximal third carpal bone and the distal radiocarpal bone occurred with equal frequency (49.2 and 49.6% respectively), and chip fractures involving the antebrachiocarpal joint were rare. Trotters had significantly more third carpal bone lesions than radiocarpal bone lesions when compared to pacers (P = 0.0304). Seventy-four per cent of horses made at least one start following surgery. Pacers were significantly more likely to have at least one start after surgery than were trotters (P = 0.0009). Median earnings per start significantly decreased after surgery (P = 0.0081), while median race mark significantly increased after surgery (P = 0.0100). It is concluded that the majority of Standardbreds will be useful racehorses following carpal arthroscopy; however, most earn less money per start and many race at a lower class.
Infections and the compromised immune status in the chronically critically ill patient: prevention strategies.

An estimated 2-3% of all hospitalized patients become critically ill. These patients are in a state of relative immune exhaustion, which cripples their response to infections. Patients are sicker, have many comorbidities, and undergo complex procedures. This clinical picture, combined with increasing technologies and improved survival, presents unique challenges and demands a high level of services and expertise over a prolonged period of time. Long-term acute care hospitals provide these services, and the migration of chronically critically ill patients to these institutions facilitates defining (and quantifying) the spectrum of disease and how to best manage them. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant organism colonization and infection upon arrival to long-term acute care hospitals is high. Admission screening, and appropriate isolation and infection control practices can prevent transmission of these organisms. The implementation of ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention protocols, blood stream infection prevention protocols, and minimizing Foley urinary catheter use can decrease hospital-acquired infection rates and keep them low. In addition, specific attention is required to environmental services and surface and equipment cleaning. A well organized infection control program and an antimicrobial stewardship program have become indispensable to achieve these goals. All of these key principles and recommendations are also relevant to the chronically ill patient in acute care hospital ICUs and step-down units.
Determining HPGe total detection efficiency using γ–γ coincidence

Both the peak and total detection efficiencies are generally needed in order to calculate sample activity from a gamma spectroscopic measurement, except in the case of isotope specific calibration. This is particularly true when the sample is in close proximity to the detector and corrections for cascade summing effects are required to avoid significant inaccuracy in the result. These corrections use the total detection efficiency to correct for summing-in and summing-out events, and the extent of the correction depends on both the geometry and the gamma cascade for the isotope in question. Experimentally determining the total efficiency is a labor intensive endeavor requiring multiple measurements with a set of single-gamma-emitting standards. Modeling the total efficiency vs. energy may be less time consuming, but is also likely to produce less confidence in the final result. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s Radiation Detection and Nuclear Sciences group has constructed a low background 14-crystal HPGe array for sample measurement; in all measurements, samples will be in close proximity to the germanium crystals. This close geometry and the sheer number of efficiency calibrations required for the system have led us to investigate methods to simplify the efficiency calibration procedure. One method we are developing uses the γ–γ coincidence plane to isolate Compton scattering event populations, allowing experimental determination of total detection efficiency values from the measurement of a single mixed isotope standard. A description of the analysis and experimental results of this method are presented.
A chemical reaction model for physical vapor deposition of compound semiconductor films

A model for the physical vapor deposition of compound semiconductor films that describes film growth from component molecular beams is presented. Constitutive relationships are used in the model to account for incomplete adsorption from the incident molecular beams, emission of adsorbed components into vacuum, and surface reactions of the elemental species. The model predicts film composition and growth rate as a function of incident fluxes and substrate temperature. It is applicable for important binary and ternary alloy semiconductors including the II-VI and III-V compounds over the range of deposition conditions yielding both stoichiometric and two-phase films. In this paper the model equations and the behavior predicted by the model are described for a number of material systems including (CdHg)Te, (CdZn)S, and CuInSe2.
Sintering high performance semicrystalline polymeric powders

Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is a high performance semicrystalline thermoplastic with a glass transition temperature of 143°C. The melting point (Tm) is quoted as 334°C. Because of its high thermal transitions, PEEK, requires high temperatures for processing, at least 370-400°C. It has been determined that under the recommended processing conditions PEEK can undergo branching and eventually crosslinks. An alternative to melt processing PEEK is to apply the powder metallurgy technique of sintering. This involves cold (room temperature) compaction of the polymeric powder, followed by pressure free sintering of the resultant green body. We have reported a process for preparing submicron PEEK particles, and the focus here is on the free sintering of these particles with emphasis on the effects of particle size, sintering temperature, and compaction pressure. The data is evaluated using the two particle model developed by Frenkel as well as the crack healing theory developed by Wool.
Origin of the tooth-replacement pattern in therian mammals: evidence from a 110 Myr old fossil

Living placental and marsupial mammals (therians) use distinctive tooth-replacement patterns that have not yet been traced back fully to their time of divergence in the Early Cretaceous (>100 Myr ago). Slaughteria eruptens, a small 110 Myr old fossil mammal from Texas, USA, is near the base of that divergence. Using ultra-high-resolution X-ray CT analysis we demonstrate that Slaughteria preserves an unrecognized pattern of tooth replacement with simple posterior premolars replacing molariform precursors. Differing from both placentals that have a more complex posterior adult premolar, and from marsupials, in which only one premolar is replaced, Slaughteria provides the first direct evidence of a tooth-replacement pattern that is plausible for the common ancestor of all therians. By our interpretation Slaughteria has only one adult molar in place and contains two mental foramina in the jaw, thus changing characters that are critical to reconstruction of mammalian relationships and to species discrimination and interpretations of diversity for Early Cretaceous mammals.
Faster rate of initial fluid resuscitation in severe acute pancreatitis diminishes in-hospital mortality.

Background/Aims: We evaluated the impact of the initial intravenous fluid resuscitation rate within the first 24 h of presentation to the emergency room on important outcomes in sev