cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Police civil liability under section 1983: When do police officers act under color of law?

When law enforcement personnel are sued in civil court pursuant to Title 42 of the United States Code, Section 1983, before a court can assess whether a police officer violated a plaintiff's federally guaranteed rights, the court must first determine that the officer acted under color of law. Although previous researchers have focused extensively on police civil liability, there is a dearth of research on the color of law issue, an essential element of Section 1983. Using ninety-six law enforcement cases, this article attempts to fill that void by identifying the circumstances under which law enforcement officers act under color of law. After briefly describing the history of the color of law issue, the article divides the analysis into six parts: (1) officers who intimidate citizens from exercising their rights, (2) officers who settle personal disputes with police powers, (3) officers who act pursuant to state statutes or municipal ordinances, (4) officers who perform police functions, (5) officers who identify themselves as law enforcement officials, and (6) officers who act pursuant to departmental customs and policies. The article concludes by dichotomizing the factors courts consider when holding that officers act and do not act under color of law.
Recent Advances In Optical Pattern Recognition

Optical pattern recognition has always offered the advantages of high speed and parallel processing with the basic linear system operations of Fourier transformation and correlation being its hallmark. Recent years have considerably broadened this repertoire of operations to include optically-generated features, distortion-invariant correlators, space-variant processors, optically-produced local operators, increased use of digital post-processing al-gorithms, more extensive tests on large multi-class image databases, various real-time architectures, etc.
Efficacy and safety of Fenwal CS-3000 plateletpheresis performed at a rapid donor blood flow rate: rapid plateletpheresis with Fenwal CS-3000.

Results of 3,214 plateletpheresis procedures, using the Fenwal CS-3000 cell separator, were reviewed to determine the effects on performance when the donor blood flow rate was increased by 30% (i.e., to 65 ml/min instead of 50 ml/min). Ninety-two percent (2,962 of 3,214) of procedures completed the rapid flow protocol, and results were compared with those reported by others using the more conventional blood flow rates of 32-55 ml/min. When the rapid flow procedure was used, mean platelet yields (4.07 x 10(11)) and leukocyte contamination (2.65 x 10(8)) were satisfactory, and major donor reactions were infrequent (0.6% of procedures). Thus, CS-3000 plateletpheresis can be performed at a relatively rapid, donor blood flow rate of 65 ml/min to shorten the procedure and make it more appealing to donors.
Applications of Language Modeling in Speech-To-Speech Translation

This paper describes various language modeling issues in a speech-to-speech translation system. These issues are addressed in the IBM speech-to-speech system we developed for the DARPA Babylon program in the context of two-way translation between English and Mandarin Chinese. First, the language models for the speech recognizer had to be adapted to the specific domain to improve the recognition performance for in-domain utterances, while keeping the domain coverage as broad as possible. This involved considerations of disfluencies and lack of punctuation, as well as domain-specific utterances. Second, we used a hybrid semantic/syntactic representation to minimize the data sparseness problem in a statistical natural language generation framework. Serious inflection and synonym issues arise when words in the target language are to be determined in the translation output. Instead of relying on tedious handcrafted grammar rules, we used N-gram models as a post-processing step to enhance the generation performance. When an interpolated language model was applied to a Chinese-to-English translation task, the translation performance, measured by an objective metric of BLEU, improved substantially to 0.514 from 0.318 when we used the correct transcription as input. Similarly, the BLEU score improved to 0.300 from 0.194 for the same task when the input was speech data.
A search for sulfide-bearing areas using LANDSAT-1 data and digital image-processing techniques

Two experiments were conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey using LANDSAT-1 multi-spectral scanner (HSS) data to identify ground features that are indicators of sulfidebearing rock; a nearby known sulfide deposit was used as a "training area" (control). The first experiment used visual examination of false-color composites to locate possibly favorable areas; the second employed classification by digital computer processing.
Feeding after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: experience of early versus delayed feeding.

Background Multiple studies have demonstrated that feeding ≤4 hours after placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube is a reasonable option. Many physicians, however, continue to delay feedings until the next day or 24 hours; therefore, we evaluated the safety and effect of early feeding (≤4 hours) after PEG placement in our tertiary care center. Methods A retrospective study of 444 patients who underwent PEG between June 2006 and December 2011 was performed. Early feeding was defined as feeding ≤4 hours and delayed feeding was defined as feeding >4 hours. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test and the Student t test. Results A total of 444 patients underwent PEG between June 2006 and December 2011. A majority of PEGs were performed on inpatients by gastroenterologists. The mean time of feeding after PEG was 3.2 ± 0.9 hours for the early group (n = 197) and 17.0 ± 10.0 hours for the delayed group (n = 247). No statistically significant differences were noted between the early (≤4 hours) feedings versus the delayed (>4 hours) feedings for overall morality within 30 days (P = 0.72) and overall complications (P = 1.00). Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were noted between early versus delayed feeding for 24-hour mortality (P = 1.00), 24- to 72-hour mortality (P = 0.20), and 3-30 days mortality (P = 0.86). For each complication, there were no statistically significant differences noted between the two groups for wound infection (P = 0.52), melena (P = 0.26), vomiting (P = 0.42), leakage (P = 0.41), stomatitis (P = 0.13), aspiration pneumonia (P =1.00), and other complications (P = 0.47). Conclusions Feeding ≤4 hours after PEG appears to be as safe as delayed feeding. Based on this study and the literature, strong consideration for the majority of patients should be undertaken to begin feeding within 4 hours after PEG.
Still Another Look at the Effects of Fit and Novelty on the Salience of Social Categories

Abstract We respond to Oakes′ contention that data reported in Biernat and Vescio (1993) are more consistent with her perspective on category salience than with that of Taylor and Fiske. In a reexamination of our findings regarding trait-based evaluations of Black and White targets, we continue to find evidence of evaluative extremity toward Black targets in solo rather than balanced conditions, as predicted by Taylor and Fiske. We do acknowledge that our memory data are quite consistent with Oakes′ perspective; however, these data do not provide a critical test between the two models for these models make the same memory error predictions. We suggest means of integrating the two perspectives by emphasizing their shared interest in the social meaning of categories.
Octocoral gardens in the Gulf of Maine (NW Atlantic)

Octocorals had been considered a common component of the seafloor fauna in the Gulf of Maine, but it appears a century of impacts have reduced coral distribution to small refugia. Here we provide a preliminary report of a recent expedition that discovered dense coral garden communities at two sites >200 m depth.
Visibility queries in a polygonal region

In this paper, we consider the problem of computing the region visible to a query point located in a given polygonal domain. The polygonal domain is specified by a simple polygon with m holes and a total of n vertices. We provide two bounds on the complexity of this problem. One approach constructs a data structure with space complexity O(n^2) in time O(n^2lgn) and yields a query time of O((1+min(m,|V(q)|))lg^2n+m+|V(q)|). Here, V(q) represents the set of vertices of the visibility polygon of a query point q, and |E| denotes the number of edges in the visibility graph. The other approach provides a data structure with space complexity O(min(|E|,mn)+n) in time O(T+|E|+nlgn) with the query time of O(|V(q)|lgn+m). Here, T is the time to triangulate the given polygonal region (which is O(n+mlg^1^+^@em) for a small positive constant @e>0). In both of these approaches, O(m) additive factor in the query time is eliminated with an additional O((min(|E|,mn))^2) space and an additional O(m(min(|E|,mn))^2) preprocessing time.
A method for solving the balance equation using vector alterations to geostrophic winds

Nondivergent winds that conform to geostrophic winds according to the balance equation are obtained by applying a method of “vector alterations.” The spherical coordinate form of the balance equation (Houghton, 1968) is used. The initial data are expressed as geostrophic wind vectors that may be obtained directly from a grid-point analysis of pressure-height observations. The geostrophic field is used as a first guess that is altered in an iterative manner to give the nondivergent wind field. The method is analogous to the usual solution of the balance equation in terms of a stream function, but does not require boundary conditions. Nondivergent wind fields are illustrated for a strong anticyclonic jet stream, and for a more normal upper-tropospheric flow pattern. The numerical procedure is believed to be relatively accurate since the initial geostrophic fields may be recovered by a reverse calculation. Experimentation indicates that computational convergence occurs for values of geostrophic vorticity somewhat less than ?0.5 f. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb00530.x
Analysis of the sulfur-regulated control of the cystathionine γ-lyase gene of Neurospora crassa

Cystathionine γ-lyase plays a key role in the transsulfuration pathway through its primary reaction of catalyzing the formation of cysteine from cystathionine. The Neurospora crassa cystathionine γ-lyase gene (cys-16 + ) is of particular interest in dissecting the regulation and dynamics of transsulfuration. The aim of this study was to determine the regulatory connection of cys-16 + to the Neurospora sulfur regulatory network. In addition, the cys-16 + promoter was characterized with the goal of developing a strongly expressed and regulatable gene expression tool. The cystathionine γ-lyase cys-16 + gene was cloned and characterized. The gene, which contains no introns, encodes a protein of 417 amino acids with conserved pyridoxal 5’-phosphate binding site and substrate-cofactor binding pocket. Northern blot analysis using wild type cells showed that cys-16 + transcript levels increased under sulfur limiting (derepressing) conditions and were present only at a low level under sulfur sufficient (repressing) conditions. In contrast, cys-16 + transcript levels in a Δcys-3 regulatory mutant were present at a low level under either derepressing or repressing conditions. Gel mobility shift analysis demonstrated the presence of four CYS3 transcriptional activator binding sites on the cys-16 + promoter, which were close matches to the CYS3 consensus binding sequence. In this work, we confirm the control of cystathionine γ-lyase gene expression by the CYS3 transcriptional activator through the loss of cys-16 + expression in a Δcys-3 mutant and through the in vitro binding of CYS3 to the cys-16 + promoter at four sites. The highly regulated cys-16 + promoter should be a useful tool for gene expression studies in Neurospora
African Theology: Inculturation and Liberation

Two major strands of theology have developed in Africa - inculturation and liberation - each in response to different needs. Emmanuel Martey's African Theology provides a clear, scholarly examination of these two basic approaches, solidly based on Martey's understanding of contemporary theology and his first-hand knowledge of Africa. Martey first examines the historical background of each of these theological developments, especially relating to cultural and political movements enveloping the continent in the 1970s. In sub-Saharan Africa, struggles for independence from colonizers have resulted in inculturation theology. The defining aspect of this theology is that it pushes its roots firmly in African culture and traditions. In South Africa, on the other hand, Black Africans struggling against the oppressive systems of apartheid have turned to liberation theology. Martey shows how the real hope for African theology lies in the dialectical encounter between these two approaches and in their potential for convergence. "The two foci (of liberation and inculturation), " Martey says, "are not contradictory, but complement each other." African Theology concludes by challenging African theologians to weld together the praxis of inculturation with that of liberation, in order to achieve an integrative vision for the continent.
Clinical child psychology programs: Where and what are they? 1

This paper examines the types of training available in the fifteen university‐based clinical child psychology programs available in the United States and Canada. Four basic training patterns or models are presented in terms of training philosophies, coursework, research, and clinical experiences. The models include: (a) general clinical training with later subprogram specialization; (b) specific, specialized degree program of training; (c) clinical emphases within a developmental psychology program; (d) clinical child training in conjunction with school psychology. The distinctiveness of the models appears to be in terms of philosophies, unique approaches, and emphases. There is, as yet, no definitive evidence regarding differences in the product of the training.
Factors Affecting the Postrelease Dispersal of Anaphes flavipes (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), with Notes on its Postrelease Development, Efficiency, and Emergence

The dispersals of Anaphes flavipes (Foerster), an egg parasite of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), possessed characteristic patterns and areas. As the number of females released increased, so did the dispersal area, but as the density of the hosts increased, the dispersal area decreased. In a single-factor analysis, host density accounted for nearly 67% of the observed variation for 14 releases, and a mathematical model is presented which includes a combined analysis of the effects of host and crop density and number of females released on dispersal area. A detailed analysis of 15 releases of A. flavipes indicated that predominant wind conditions during the first 2- or 3-day postrelease period were the major factors in determining the postrelease pattern, although temperatures of 16°C and below tended to delay and negate such influences. The direction of skewness corresponded with the direction of the prevailing winds, and the degree of skewness with the velocity of these winds. The number of eggs parasitized per parasite released varied from about 1 egg for every 2 females to nearly 5 eggs per female, and the number of eggs parasitized per released female tended to increase as the density of the hosts increased. The impact of predation on these results was demonstrated by the application of carbaryl at 2 additional release sites, where the number of eggs parasitized per parasite was estimated to be 6.6 and 15.3. The number of days required for the development of A. flavipes under field conditions in 1966 and 1967 ranged from a minimum of 9–10 days at an average hourly developmental temperature of about 21.5°C to a maximum of 30 days at an average hourly developmental temperature of 13°C. The evidence provided from these results indicates that the number of generations per year which can easily be detected on ova of O. melanopus in northern Indiana is 2 (although as many as 4 may develop), and for 2 generations per year to be the case, the F1 generation must develop in the first ova laid on winter wheat if there is to be parental material for an F2 generation to develop in the ova laid on oats. Under field conditions, males tended to emerge before females, and emergence for both sexes was usually confined to early morning (0300–0600 hours).
José Pinto Peixoto (1922–1996)

Jose Pinto Peixoto, one of the most prominent Portuguese scientists of this century, died on December 6, 1996, in Lisbon, Portugal. He was professor of physics and director of the Geophysical Institute at the University of Lisbon, and president of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, the main scientific academy in Portugal.
Prospective cohort study of symptom resolution outside of the ulnar nerve distribution following cubital tunnel release.

Background Resolution of symptoms including pain, numbness, and tingling outside of the median nerve distribution has been shown to occur following carpal tunnel release. We hypothesized that a similar effect would be found after release of the ulnar nerve at the elbow.
The Sf1-related nuclear hormone receptor Hr39 regulates Drosophila female reproductive tract development and function.

The vertebrate nuclear hormone receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1; NR5A1) controls reproductive development and regulates the transcription of steroid-modifying cytochrome P450 genes. We find that the SF1-related Drosophila nuclear hormone receptor HR39 is also essential for sexual development. In Hr39 mutant females, the sperm-storing spermathecae and glandular parovaria are absent or defective, causing sterility. Our results indicate that spermathecae and parovaria secrete reproductive tract proteins required for sperm maturation and function, like the mammalian epididymis and female reproductive tract. Hr39 controls the expression of specific cytochrome P450 genes and is required in females both to activate spermathecal secretion and repress male-specific courtship genes such as takeout . Thus, a pathway that, in vertebrates, controls sex-specific steroid hormone production, also mediates reproductive functions in an invertebrate. Our findings suggest that Drosophila can be used to model more aspects of mammalian reproductive biology than previously believed.
Hunting and Gathering: The Human Sexual Division of Foraging Labor

Among human foragers, males and females target different foods and share them. Some view this division of labor as a cooperative enterprise to maximize household benefits; others question men's foraging goals. Women tend to target reliable foods. Men tend to target energy-dense foods that are difficult to acquire and are shared widely outside the household, perhaps to advertise their phenotypic quality to potential mates and allies via a costly, and thus hard to fake, signal. An analysis of variation in sex-specific foraging was conducted to investigate its causes and origins. There is less division of labor in less seasonal, more productive habitats where males do more gathering. This suggests males respond more as optimal foragers than maximal signalers. The division of labor likely evolved after pair bonds, and after gathering technology became efficient enough to provision others, allowing males to specialize in foods with the greatest trade value with females.
Sublimation and Symbolization: The Case of Dental Anxiety and the Symbolic Meaning of Teeth

In a previous article (Capps and Carlin 2009) we discussed Freud’s visit to the United States in 1909 and the occasion it afforded for James Putnam to meet him and become an advocate of psychoanalysis. We focused on their subsequent correspondence on the concept of sublimation and argued that this correspondence reflected the fact that friendship may be a form of sublimation. In this article we focus on Isador H. Coriat, an advocate of psychoanalysis from the same time period (1910s). We show that his early psychoanalytic writings (Coriat 1917, 1920) not only support our earlier argument but also make a strong case for the role of symbolization in the process of sublimation. We also note his emphasis on the potential role of living religion in the sublimation process. We then discuss his later article on dental anxiety (Coriat 1946) and writings by other psychoanalytic authors to make the case that the patient’s conscious understanding of the meaning of the symbols—in this case, teeth-related symbols—is essential, for otherwise the energies invested in maintaining the repression will be unavailable to the sublimation process. This leads to a consideration of the role that living religion may play in the sublimation of teeth-related anxieties. We conclude that humor may also serve as a proxy for religion in this regard.
On the implications of confinement

We consider some implications of confinement starting from the basic observation that cross-sections for the production of colored asymptotic states, such as free quarks and gluons, from color singlet initial states must be zero if QCD is to be confining. We discuss two pictures of confinement: the failure of the cluster decomposition property and the absence of a pole at timelike momenta in the propagator of a confined particle. We use QCD-based models as a framework to relate the failure of the cluster decomposition property to other ideas, such as the role of a nonzero gluon condensate. Our primary interest is to address the question of the absence of a mass pole through a study of model Schwinger-Dyson equations. These equations contain some of the dynamical information that is present in the study of the cluster decomposition property. We discuss the problems with this idea and its study using the Schwinger-Dyson equations.
Access to Mental Health Services: Implementing an Integrated Solution

The Surgeon General’s report 2 on mental health called national attention to the public health relevance of pediatric mental disorders, citing encouraging news of an increasing number of evidence-based treatments, as well as the discouraging news that most youth struggling with mental disorders receive no mental health services and that even when services are accessed, they are often inadequate in quality and/or quantity. More than a decade later, still less than half of young people with a mental disorder obtain treatment. 3 Given that mental health and substance use disorders are risk factors for several leading and potentially remediable causes of death, such as accidents, violence, and suicide, this disturbing reality likely has serious consequences for morbidity and mortality in the pediatric- and transitional-aged population. For example, a growing body of evidence indicates that improving access to effective mental health care can reduce suicide risk in young people. 4
Case of the season

A 20-YEAR-OLD healthy woman presented with a 6-week history of gradually enlarging left posterior shoulder mass. She denied pain or functional problems associated with the mass. She denied history of trauma or of any other lesions. On physical examination, there was a large, nontender, mobile soft-tissue mass measuring 5 × 2 cm in size lateral to the upper thoracic spine and just medial to the superior scapula. The overlying skin was normal without erythema or warmth. No lymphadenopathy was appreciated. The neurovascular examination in the left upper extremity was normal. Shoulder had full range of motion. Ultrasound examination is shown in Figure 1, and magnetic resonance imaging (MR1) is shown in Figure 2.
TAUTOMERIC REARRANGEMENTS IN MONO- AND DICHALCOGENIDE ANALOGS OF FORMIC ACID, HC(X)YH (X, Y = O, S, SE, TE) : A THEORETICAL STUDY

Theoretical calculations are reported at the Hartree-Fock (HF), MP2, and Becke3LYP (B3LYP) levels on a complete series of 16 chalcogenic derivatives of formic acid HC(X)YH (X, Y = O, S, Se, Te) using all-electron basis sets. The periodic variations observed on substituting the chalcogens are discussed. The transition structures for the tautomeric rearrangement of these formic acid derivatives are also characterized. The variations in relative energies corrected for zero-point vibrations show that the barrier for tautomerism is reduced as the electronegativity of chalcogens is decreased. The trends of natural charges on atoms of chalcogenides are described. At the correlated level of calculations both MP2 and B3LYP methods give comparable results. The solvent effects on tautomeric equilibrium are assessed by performing self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) calculations at the HF level. A comparative study is provided for two solvation models: the electrostatic solvation model based on Onsager's reaction field theory and the self-consistent isodensity polarized continuum model (SCI-PCM). The latter is shown to be a better model for solvation. The solvents with dielectric constants 2.0, 7.6, and 35.9 are shown to be less effective on the thermodynamic stabilities of these reactions. The dipole moments show significant variations between solvents of lower dielectric medium, while the variations are insignificant between solvents of higher dielectric media. A comparison of thermodynamic preferences for keto and enol forms in monochalcogeno acetc acids with the solvent model SCI-PCM at the HF and B3LYP levels is also provided. Chemical shifts calculated using the GIAO method (at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2D,P)//B3LYP/6-31G(D) level) correlate well with the experimental results. However we conclude from these results that the thion form of CH 3 C(S)OH is less predominant.
Response: Heller's “In Praise of Amateurism: A Friendly Critique of Moje's ‘Call for Change’ in Secondary Literacy”

Elizabeth Birr Moje responds to Heller's critique. [Notes. Find Moje's original commentary, along with a link to an explanatory podcast, at http:dx.doi.org10.1598JAAL.52.2.1. See also Heller's critique at http:dx.doi.org10.1598JAAL.54.4.4 and continuing discussion on Heller's blog at http:literacyforamateurs.blogspot.com.]
Estimating the determinant factors of container dwell times at seaports

Numerous options are being considered in practice, and have been captured in theoretical research, for increasing container terminal capacity. These include new stacking and handling technologies, optimizing yard space allocation and creating empty container depots outside of terminals to mention a few. Among these, reducing the amount of time a container spends at the terminal, container dwell time (CDT), may prove to be one of the least costly solutions. For this strategy to be successful, it is essential that terminal operators be able to define factors impacting the CDT and estimate how long a container remains in the yard. This article attempts to identify determinant factors of CDT and delineates appropriate computational tools for estimating CDT based on a set of such factors on which terminal operators typically collect relevant data. The article compares the performance of three data mining algorithms to estimate CDT: Naive Bayes, decision tree and a NB-decision tree hybrid. Using the best performing model, sample terminal data is used to measure how changes in CDT determinant factors impact CDT, yard capacity and terminal revenue. The outcomes reveal that the impacts of changes in CDT determinant factors can be fairly considerable in order to affect terminal's capacity and revenue earned from demurrage fees.
The effects of systematic stroking versus tickling and poking on infant behavior

Effects of contingent stroking were compared to effects of contingent tickling and poking on infant eye contact (attention) and affect during face-to-face interactions with an adult female. Twelve 2-to 4.5-mo-old infants participated in a within-subjects alternating-treatments design. Each subject received the two touch conditioning treatments in alternation within each of four consecutive sessions. In each session, three 2-min conditioning periods were implemented. Compared to tickling and poking treatment, during the systematic-stroking treatment all infants spent a greater proportion of time making eye contact with the experimenter, smiled and vocalized more and frowned and cried less.
Theoretical Issues Concerning the Evolution and Development of Behavior in Social Insects

The major theoretical contributions concerning the behavior of social insects reflect a dichotomous predilection, in that most studies have been approached from either an ontogenetic perspective or from an evolutionary perspective. Wheeler and, to a greater extent, Schneirla have concentrated on an analytic and developmental approach, aimed at explicating how processes of reciprocal stimulation among all members of the colony serve to keep the individuals together and functioning as an integrated unit. Hamilton, by contrast, has emphasized the evolutionary approach, by considering the adaptive value of the genetic mechanism of sex determination that occurs in the insect order Hymenoptera. Attempting to explain the occurrence of any behavior pattern only in terms of its adaptive value is, in a sense arguing from hindsight, because there is no way of predicting in advance whether any particular adaptive characteristic will indeed evolve. Furthermore, evolution selects for reproductively adaptive outcomes, and not for any particular set of mechanisms and processes tint produce the adaptive phenotype. As a result, an understanding of these mechanisms and processes can only come from developmental studies of behavior. It is concluded, therefore, that ontogenetic and phylogenetic approaches are complementary and that both are necessary for a complete understanding of the evolution and development of behavior.
Foreign Students, Immigrants, Domestic Minorities and Admission to Texas' Selective Flagship Universities Before and After the Ban on Affirmative Action.

A growing body of research examines the effects of state affirmative action bans on domestic minority students’ application and admission rates. This study expands previous research, considering how Texas's implementation of a race-neutral percent plan influenced admission opportunities for two understudied groups: foreign students and in-state Black and Hispanic immigrants. Using a census of all applicants to Texas's flagship universities—University of Texas-Austin (UT) and Texas A&M (A&M)—between 1992 and 2002, descriptive analysis and logistic regressions help examine how the passage of the Top Ten Percent Plan influenced selectivity in terms of observed admission rates and counterfactual admission probabilities for students of varying SAT scores and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) versus non-STEM-proposed majors for foreign students compared to a variety of in- and out-of-state Black and Hispanic immigrants and domestic minorities. Findings point to salient institutional diffe...
Multi-block Poisson grid generator for cascade simulations

High quality computational grids can greatly enhance the accuracy of turbine and compressor cascade simulations especially when time-dependent results are sought where vortical structures are convected through the computational domain. A technique for generating periodic structured grids for cascade simulations based on the Poisson equations is described. To allow for more complex geometries, the grid can be divided into individual zones or blocks. The grids are generated simultaneously in all blocks, assuring continuity of the grid lines and their slopes across the zonal boundaries. Simple geometric rules can be employed for enforcing orthogonality at block boundaries. The method results in grids with low grid distortion by allowing both, block boundaries and grid points on physical boundaries, to move freely. Results are presented for a linear turbine and a linear compressor cascade.
Comparison of APACHE III, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and SOFA Score for Prediction of Mortality Following Acute Lung Injury

Abstract SESSION TYPE: New Insights into ARDS/Lung InjuryPRESENTED ON: Monday, October 22, 2012 at 04:00 PM - 05:30 PMPURPOSE: Severity of illness scores are used in predicting the ICU outcomes, however limited data is available on the performance of comorbidity scores in predicting the outcomes of acute lung injury (ALI). We assessed and compared the performance of three most commonly used prediction scores i.e. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), APACHE III and SOFA score in predicting mortality as an outcome following ALI.METHODS: In a historical cohort design, from July 01, 2004 to December 31, 2010 all adults (≥ 18 years) admitted consecutively to Mayo Clinic hospital ICUs, from Olmsted County, Minnesota were included. ALI cases were ascertained during their hospital stay according to the American European Consensus Criteria (AECC) definition criteria. Patients who denied research authorization were excluded from the study. APACHE III, SOFA and CCI scores were computed from the patients' electronic medical records. The area under Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the performance of three scores in predicting hospital and one year mortality, the difference in AUC was analyzed using z-statistics by DeLong et al's method.RESULTS: Out of 7594 adults admitted to the ICUs, 555 met the AECC definition criteria for ALI. The median age was 70 yrs (IQR 54-81), 295 (53%) males and 481 (87%) were Caucasians. The median (IQR) scores for APACHE III, SOFA day one and CCI among ALI patients were 81 (61-103), 6 (4-9), and 5 (3-7) respectively. The AUC for predicting the hospital mortality for APACHE III, SOFA and CCI was 0.67 (0.63 - 0.71), 0.63 (0.59 - 0.67) and 0.61 (0.57 - 0.65) respectively. There was significant difference in the AUC for predicting hospital mortality between APACHE III and SOFA scores (P value = 0.039). The AUC for predicting the one year mortality for APACHE III, SOFA and CCI was 0.65 (0.60 - 0.69), 0.57 (0.53 - 0.61) and 0.69 (0.65 - 0.73) respectively. Both APACHE III and CCI significantly predicted the one year mortality as compared to SOFA (P value alt;0.001). However, there was marginal advantage for APACHE III as compared to CCI at hospital discharge (P value = 0.049), which was inconsequential at long term (P value = 0.12)CONCLUSIONS: All the three models moderately predicted hospital mortality for ALI patients; APACHE III was superior to SOFA in predicting hospital and one year mortality, whereas CCI was superior to SOFA only in predicting one year mortality.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Need for combined or new models for better prediction of mortality for ALI patients.DISCLOSURE: The following authors have nothing to disclose: Balwinder Singh, Adil Ahmed, Michelle Biehl, Pablo Franco, Guangxi LiNo Product/Research Disclosure InformationMayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
Modeling the Relative Effects of Biofouling, Fibrous Encapsulation and Microvessel Density on Implanted Glucose Sensor Performance

The formation of a foreign body capsule around implanted sensors is purported as a key contributor to sensor failure. A number of different processes during the wound healing sequence not only decrease the vascular density proximal to sensor but also provide diffusive and bioactive barriers to the transport of analytes from the few remaining vessels that are near the implanted sensor. While a number of surface treatments have mediated this response, the relative contributions of the different stages of wound healing to the attenuation of sensor response have yet to be elucidated. A 1D partial differential equation model was constructed to examine glucose transport through the interstitium and assess the effects that different results of the inflammatory and wound healing processes will have on glucose transport to the sensor surface. By incorporating the effects of biofouling, macrophage adhesion, and fibrous encapsulation, we have been able to recreate subcutaneous glucose traces with attenuated signals and delayed responses that mimic those seen in previous experiments. Such a tool will allow us to probe the characteristic traits of the foreign body capsule (avascularity, dense fibrous matrix, inflammatory cell presence, etc.) to gain a better understanding of what aspects of the wound healing process contribute most to sensor failure. With a more thorough knowledge of the relative contributions of the wound healing process to the decrease of sensor effectiveness, researchers can more rationally address issues of biocompatibility in the design of subcutaneous sensors.
Developing and validating a diabetes database in a large health system

Abstract Background One component of clinical information systems is a registry of patients. Registries allow providers to identify gaps in care at the population level. Registries also allow for rapid cycle continuous quality improvement, targeted practice change and improved outcomes. Most registries are built based on membership with an insurer or other selection criteria. Little, if any data exist on registries representing demographically heterogeneous populations. Methods Administrative and clinical data for the period 1/1/2000–12/30/03 were examined. In total, 46,082,941 lab reports, 233,292,544 medical records, and 9,351,415 medical record abstracts, representing approximately 2 million unique patients were searched. The diabetes source population was identified by presence of any one of the following criteria: ICD-9 code 250 (diabetes) for inpatient, emergency room or outpatient visits; any hemoglobin A1c result; blood glucose >200 mg/dl; or diabetes medication. A diagnosis of diabetes was verified by trained chart reviewers on a sample of patients. Single indicators and combinations were examined to determine optimal identification of these cases. Results In two separate validation studies, using two or more indicators or outpatient diagnosis maximized positive predictive value (PPV) (96 and 97%) and sensitivity (99 and 100%) and identified 55,807 individuals. When all patients with a single indicator of outpatient diagnosis (which had the highest single PPV of 94 and 95%) were included together with those having ≥2 indicators, the final sample size was 65,725. Conclusion Two or more indicators or an out-patient-diagnosis identifies a sizeable and unselective diabetes database which can be used to track processes and outcomes.
Dependence of Acridine Adsorption on Ligand Hydration Enthalpy

Abstract The effect of the aqueous solution pH and ligand type (H2PO-4, HPO2-4, H2CO3, HCO-3 Cl-, and ClO-4) on acridine adsorption to silica was studied in a series of continuous-flow column experiments. The extent of acridine adsorption at solution pH's above its pKa was enhanced when H2CO3/HCO-3 was used as a buffer rather than H2PO-4/HPO2-4, due to more exothermic hydration enthalpy of the H2CO3/HCO-3 buffer. The greater polarity of the acridinium cation and/or acridinium cation/ligand complexes at solution pH's below the pKa of acridine minimized the effect of differences in ligand hydration enthalpies on acridine adsorption. These results suggest that acridine mobility in groundwater would be buffer dependent.
The test of time: Strupp and Hadley’s tripartite model of mental health (1977)

The original article by Strupp and Hadley (1977) is summarized, and its implications for practice, theory, and research are spelled out. The article anticipates constructivism in theory and practice and makes an important point about the independent value of the perspectives of the patient, the therapist, and society. However, contemporary research shows little incorporation of this valuable work.
A mathematical model to predict the size of the pellets formed in freeze pelletization techniques: Parameters affecting pellet size *

A mathematical model was developed based on the theory of drop formation to predict the size of the pellets formed in the freeze pelletization process. Further the model was validated by studying the effect of various parameters on the pellet size such as viscosity of the pellet forming and column liquids, surface/interfacial tension, density difference between pellet forming and column liquids; size, shape, and material of construction of the needle tips and temperatures maintained in the columns. In this study, pellets were prepared from different matrices including polyethylene glycols and waxes. The column liquids studied were silicone oils and aqueous glycerol solutions. The surface/interfacial tension, density difference between pellet forming and column liquids and needle tip size were found to be the most important factors affecting pellet size. The viscosity of the column liquid was not found to significantly affect the size of the pellets. The size of the pellets was also not affected by the pellet forming liquids of low viscosities. An increase in the initial column temperature slightly decreased the pellet size. The mathematical model developed was found to successfully predict the size of the pellets with an average error of 3.32% for different matrices that were studied.
Structural Aspects of Visual Art Design and Their Relation to Broader Sociocultural Contexts

This article outlines the results of a research project focused on certain cross-cultural consistencies in the visual arts and the implications of these for our understanding of art's broader sociocultural and historical contexts. The consistencies examined were for the most part structural, involving design and composition. The resulting data were used to construct a new model categorizing art styles typologically; i.e., according to specified structural features in their design behaviors and repertoires. Sorting criteria were broad enough to classify all art styles yet specific enough to strictly define categories and to be predictive for feature complexes in particular styles. The taxonomy resulting from art style categorization by design-structure corresponded to previous style groupings assembled according to art function and sociocultural context, but appeared to be more precise and quantifiable. Evidence suggested that the structural features defining such art style classes can also typologically c...
Selectivity of an oncolytic Herpes simplex virus for cells expressing the DF3/MUC1 antigen

Replication-conditional viruses destroy tumors in a process referred to as viral oncolysis. An important prerequisite for this cancer therapy strategy is use of viruses that replicate preferentially in neoplastic cells. In this study the DF3/MUC1 promoter/enhancer sequence is used to regulate expression of gamma(1)34.5 to drive replication of a Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) mutant (DF3gamma34.5) preferentially in DF3/MUC1-positive cells. HSV-1 gamma(1)34.5 functions to dephosphorylate elongation initiation factor 2alpha, which is an important step for robust HSV-1 replication. After DF3gamma34.5 infection of cells, elongation initiation factor 2alpha phosphatase activity and viral replication were observed preferentially in DF3/MUC1-positive cells but not in DF3/MUC1-negative cells. Regulation of gamma(1)34.5 function results in preferential replication in cancer cells that express DF3/MUC1, restricted biodistribution in vivo, and less toxicity as assessed by LD(50). Preferential replication of DF3gamma34.5 was observed in DF3/MUC1-positive liver tumors after intravascular perfusion of human liver specimens. DF3gamma34.5 was effective against carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Regulation of gamma(1)34.5 by the DF3/MUC1 promoter is a promising strategy for development of HSV-1 mutants for viral oncolysis.
Spatial modeling of the geographic distribution of wildlife populations: a case study in the lower Mississippi River region

Abstract A geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial modeling approach was developed to study environmental and land use impacts on the geographic distribution of wintering northern pintails ( Anas acuta ) in the Lower Mississippi River region. Pintails were fitted with backpack radio transmitter packages at Catahoula Lake, LA, in October 1992–1994 and located weekly through the following March. Pintail survey data were converted into a digital database in ARC/INFO GIS format and integrated with environmental GIS data through a customized modeling interface. The study verified the relationship between pintail distributions and major environmental factors and developed a conceptual relation model. Visualization-based spatial simulations were used to display the movement patterns of specific population groups under spatial and temporal constraints. The spatial modeling helped understand the seasonal movement patterns of pintails in relation to their habitat usage in Arkansas and southwestern Louisiana for wintering and interchange situations among population groups wintering in Texas and southeastern Louisiana.
Tapeinostemon sessiliflorum (Gentianaceae), a new combination for a Guayana endemic

A new combination,Tapeinostemon sessiliflorum (Gentianaceae), is made forPsychotria sessiliflora (Rubiaceae).Tapeinostemon capitatum is placed into synonymy ofT. sessiliflorum. This rare species occurs in the Guayanan region of Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela.
Avionics of the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) microsat constellation

The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), which was recently selected as the Earth Venture-2 investigation by NASA's Earth Science System Pathfinder (ESSP) Program, measures the ocean surface wind field with unprecedented temporal resolution and spatial coverage, under all precipitating conditions, and over the full dynamic range of wind speeds experienced in a tropical cyclone (TC). The CYGNSS flight segment consists of 8 microsatellite-class observatories, which represent SwRI's first spacecraft bus design, installed on a Deployment Module for launch. They are identical in design but provide their own individual contribution to the CYGNSS science data set. Subsystems include the Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS), the Communication and Data Subsystem (CDS), the Electrical Power Supply (EPS), and the Structure, Mechanisms, and Thermal Subsystem (SMT). This paper will present an overview of the mission and the avionics, including the ADCS, CDS, and EPS, in detail. Specifically, we will detail how off-the-shelf components can be utilized to do ADCS and will highlight how SwRI's existing avionics solutions will be adapted to meet the requirements and cost constraints of microsat applications. Avionics electronics provided by SwRI include a command and data handling computer, a transceiver radio, a low voltage power supply (LVPS), and a peak power tracker (PPT).
Cruise ship itineraries and occupancy rates

Abstract Do the different cruise line itineraries have an effect on cruise ship occupancy rates? This paper attempts to answer this question by examining occupancy rates of almost 30,000 cruise ship voyages, that set sail on fifteen different cruise ship itineraries. All of the voyages investigated disembarked in U.S. homeports, and include voyages to the Caribbean, Bahamas, Bermuda, Alaska, Mexico, Hawaii, and even cruises to nowhere. The researchers performed a linear regression analysis of the data and reported that cruise itineraries do have a significant effect on cruise ship occupancy rates, and the regression model explained a significant proportion (23%) of the variance in occupancy rate.
Low-temperature thermal properties of ferroelectrics.

Through measurements of the low-temperature thermal conductivity and specific heat, we show that two classes of ferroelectrics can be distinguished. One class exhibits behavior typical of crystalline solids and the other displays behavior identical to that seen in structural glasses. We correlate these observations with measurements of the dielectric constant and optic index of refraction in the vicinity of the ferroelectric transition at ${T}_{c}$. Near ${T}_{c}$, those ferroelectrics with crystal-like thermal properties at low temperature exhibit normal behavior (i.e., a sharp ferroelectric transition) while those with glasslike thermal properties display a diffuse phase transition and a glassy polarization phase. The similarity to the elastic dipole glass (KBr${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$(KCN${)}_{\mathrm{x}}$ is discussed.