cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irreversible Renal Failure Following Right Nephrectomy and Left Renal Vein Ligation

AbstractLigation of the left renal vein has been advocated in certain clinical situations and venous outflow then is dependent on an adequate collateral venous system. We report on a child who suffered complete renal failure after ligation of the left renal vein in association with right nephrectomy and, subsequently, died. The left renal vein should be repaired in the presence of a solitary left kidney to prevent renal vein thrombosis and subsequent renal failure. This is particularly true in children in whom venous collateral circulation of the left kidney may not be well developed.
The University of Texas Inequality Project Global Inequality Data Sets, 1963–2008: Updates, Revisions and Quality Checks

The UTIP-UNIDO data set of industrial pay inequality is a panel comprised of the between-groups component of Theil’s T statistic measured in different countries and years across a stable and consistent set of industrial sectors. The Theil method is described in full elsewhere (Conceicao, Ferreira and Galbraith 1999). Initially computed by Galbraith, Lu and Darity (1999) and updated by Galbraith and Kum (2004), the UTIP-UNIDO data set has the virtue of providing dense, consistent, accurate measures, and it has the limitation of being restricted to the inequality of inter-industrial pay. Its principal direct interest for economists is the study of common trends and of common factors affecting inequality, such as interest rates, debt crises, changing financial regimes, technology and trade. It has also proved to be a sensitive measure of major political events. Perhaps most important, the UTIP-UNIDO measures prove to be an effective instrument for estimating Gini coefficients for gross household income inequality, and this permits the construction of a dense and consistent panel of such estimates, complementing and extending the direct measurements available from other sources.
Cortical Folding Pattern and its Consistency Induced by Biological Growth

Cortical folding, characterized by convex gyri and concave sulci, has an intrinsic relationship to the brain’s functional organization. Understanding the mechanism of the brain’s convoluted patterns can provide useful clues into normal and pathological brain function. In this paper, the cortical folding phenomenon is interpreted both analytically and computationally, and, in some cases, the findings are validated with experimental observations. The living human brain is modeled as a soft structure with a growing outer cortex and inner core to investigate its developmental mechanism. Analytical interpretations of differential growth of the brain model provide preliminary insight into critical growth ratios for instability and crease formation of the developing brain. Since the analytical approach cannot predict the evolution of cortical complex convolution after instability, non-linear finite element models are employed to study the crease formation and secondary morphological folds of the developing brain. Results demonstrate that the growth ratio of the cortex to core of the brain, the initial thickness, and material properties of both cortex and core have great impacts on the morphological patterns of the developing brain. Lastly, we discuss why cortical folding is highly correlated and consistent by presenting an intriguing gyri-sulci formation comparison.
A hardware-in-the-loop testbed for distributed energy generation penetration analysis

This paper presents a real-time hardware-in-the-loop testbed to analyze the impact of distributed generations distribution level system. The IEEE 15-bus node distribution feeder has been developed in MATLAB and is connected to two real time inverter based distributed generators through the dSPACE hardware interface. The power flow outputs of the inverters are controlled by local decentralized TI C2000 modular microprocessor boards. The proposed hardware setup is designed so that it can easily be modified to a new distribution system infrastructure without making any changes in the hardware setup. The results of power flow control for distribution level lines, power loss reduction and voltage profile improvements as well as reactive power compensation from the actual distributed generators are compared for the different level of penetrations. The experimental results are compared with the simulation results to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the decentralized controller on the proposed test bed.
Individual Differences in Expectancies for Change in Depression: Associations with Goal Pursuit and Daily Experiences

More optimistic expectations for change in patients entering treatment often predict more favorable outcomes. However, our understanding of the nature and function of those expectancies is limited. The current study tested the proposal that optimistic expectancies among patients seeking outpatient psychotherapy for major depressive disorder may be explained in part by having a more adaptive self-regulatory style. A sample of 56 adults (78.6% female; mean age 36.5) completed measures of expectancies, depressive symptoms, and aspects of self-regulation. Participants also completed a week of experience sampling using a cell phone system that signaled them 8 random times per day for 7 days. Results were largely consistent with hypotheses. Depressed participants with more optimistic expectancies had a stronger promotion goal orientation, higher goal re-engagement, and reported greater progress on their most important personal goals; daily positive affect and positive situational appraisals were also higher. Findings may suggest a possible self-regulatory mechanism underlying optimistic expectancies for change.
Spatial dynamics of SIRT1 and the subnuclear distribution of NADH species

Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase that functions as metabolic sensor of cellular energy and modulates biochemical pathways in the adaptation to changes in the environment. SIRT1 substrates include histones and proteins related to enhancement of mitochondrial function as well as antioxidant protection. Fluctuations in intracellular NAD+ levels regulate SIRT1 activity, but how SIRT1 enzymatic activity impacts on NAD+ levels and its intracellular distribution remains unclear. Here, we show that SIRT1 determines the nuclear organization of protein-bound NADH. Using multiphoton microscopy in live cells, we show that free and bound NADH are compartmentalized inside of the nucleus, and its subnuclear distribution depends on SIRT1. Importantly, SIRT6, a chromatin-bound deacetylase of the same class, does not influence NADH nuclear localization. In addition, using fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy in single living cells, we reveal that NAD+ metabolism in the nucleus is linked to subnuclear dynamics of active SIRT1. These results reveal a connection between NAD+ metabolism, NADH distribution, and SIRT1 activity in the nucleus of live cells and pave the way to decipher links between nuclear organization and metabolism.
The Impact of Efficient Transport Blocks Management on the Downlink Power in MIMO Spatial Multiplexing of LTE-A

Radio spectrum for mobile operators is an expensive resource that should be wisely provisioned to meet users’ demands. In long term evolution-advanced, the number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) are used to gauge the users’ needs. Accordingly, there is a time in the network when it is beneficial to gain the advantages of consuming the unused PRBs in the transport block (TB) context to operate at a significantly lower power cost per PRB. The novelty of the letter is that the $3\text{rd}$ generation partnership project (3GPP) standard tables are used with multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) spatial multiplexing mode, to control the transport block size (TBS) index. This can be done by setting more PRBs and hence changing the modulation order that leads to reducing the transmitted power. In addition to that, MIMO layers, the prerequisite throughput, the intercell interference as well as the channel conditions of each user are considered as constraints to improve the downlink power efficiency. To describe the abovestated problem, an optimization problem is formulated as binary integer nonlinear program, which is very difficult to solve. Thus, a reformulation linearization technique based on a branch-and-bound framework is used to simplify the aforementioned BINLP.
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) After Weight Loss Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgery is a major tool for treating medically complicated obesity. Commonly utilized bariatric procedures can restrict dietary intake alone or in combination with the development of an element of malabsorption. There is growing evidence that subclinical thiamine deficiency is common in obese individuals, while thiamine stores can be depleted in as little as 2–3 weeks. Thiamine deficiency has been reported both after restrictive bariatric procedures as well as after malabsorptive bariatric procedures; thus, individuals are at risk after vertical sleeve gastrectomy. The most common clinical subtypes of thiamine deficiency after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass are cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric (neuro-psych) manifestations. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth appears to be a major mechanism for development of symptomatic thiamine deficiency after bariatric surgery. Treatment of bacterial overgrowth with an oral antibiotic can improve oral absorption of thiamine after bariatric surgery. Wernicke’s disease is a potentially devastating complication of thiamine deficiency that should be managed with immediate intravenous infusions of high doses of thiamine.
The significance of pore liquid pressure and disjoining pressure on the desiccation shrinkage of cementitious materials

There are several conflicting opinions in the literature concerning the significance and role of bulk pore liquid pressure and disjoining pressure on the desiccation shrinkage of cementitious materials. While the applicability of the Kelvin–Laplace equation in fine pores (due to the unstable nanosized meniscus) has been questioned by some, disjoining pressure has been advocated to be the primary mechanism driving desiccation shrinkage in cementitious materials. In order to elucidate the proper contribution and understanding of these two mechanisms, a thermodynamics-based mechanistic approach has been utilized here to derive expressions for both the bulk liquid pressure and the disjoining pressure. The validity of the poromechanical approach to modeling shrinkage of a porous body has also been examined. It has been concluded that the determination of pore liquid pressure via the Kelvin–Laplace equation does not require the presence of a stable meniscus and is applicable to nanosized pores. As such, the pore liquid pressure is found to be the primary mechanism associated with the desiccation shrinkage of cementitious materials. While disjoining pressure does not induce any change in the bulk liquid stress during drying, it plays a significant role in counterbalancing the liquid pressure in the thin film separating the vapor phase from the pore wall, which justifies poromechanical shrinkage models that consider pressurization to occur only in the portion of the pores containing bulk pore liquid.
Ethical and Medicolegal Considerations

Despite the fact that physicians seek to provide excellent clinical care for their patients, issues of medical malpractice may arise for even the most conscientious and well-trained physician. Urologists face an 11% annual risk of being involved in a malpractice claim, with about 3% of urologists per year facing a claim that results in a payment to a plaintiff. As such, it is important for urologists to be informed about medical malpractice. This chapter seeks to inform urologists about the medical malpractice system in the United States, provide data about malpractice claims in urology, educate readers about the malpractice claim process, and review strategies for preventing malpractice claims, as well as provide an overview on malpractice insurance and tort reform. In addition, we discuss medicolegal considerations in new surgical technology and techniques, as well as inform urologists about ethical considerations that they should be knowledgeable about in their practice, such as the principles of medical ethics, informed consent, conflicts of interest, expert witness testimony, and in-office ancillary procedures.
Nonrandom Risk: The 1970 Draft Lottery

The 1970 draft lottery for birthdates is reviewed as an example of a government effort at randomization whose inadequacy can be exhibited by a wide variety of statistical approaches. Several methods of analyzing these data – which were of life-and-death importance to those concerned – are given explicitly and numerous others are cited. In addition, the corresponding data for 1971 and for 1972 are included, as are the alphabetic lottery data, which were used to select draftees by the first letters of their names. Questions for class discussion are provided. The article ends with a survey of primary and secondary sources in print.
Closed Groups of Automorphisms of Products of Hyperbolic Riemann Surfaces

In this paper, we provide the complete list of all closed groups G of automorphisms of a product R of hyperbolic Riemann surfaces such that the order of any element in $$\textit{G/G}_e$$ , where $$G_e$$ is the identity component of G, is finite. In particular, if X is an analytic subvariety of R then the identity component of the stabilizer of X in $${\text {Aut}}R$$ is on this list. In its turn, it allows us to state that the identity component of the group $${\text {Aut}}X$$ must contain a group from this list.
Intellectual, Institutional, and Technological Transitions: Central European History, 2004–2014

Volumes 38 to 47 of Central European History, which appeared from July 2004 to June 2014, represented years of fundamental transition in the life of the journal and of its sponsoring society: then the Conference Group for Central European History, now the Central European History Society. This fundamental transition manifested itself in three forms: institutional formality, both of the journal and of the Conference Group/Society; publishing organization and technology—from the ways in which the editor produced the journal to the ways in which the audience consumed the scholarship it published; and, last but not least, the intellectual focus and content of the history of German-speaking Central Europe that Central European History presented to scholars and students alike. Although the decade presented some unexpected and surprising challenges, all these transitions were already visible in July 2002 when I presented my proposal to become editor of Central European History to the Editor Search Committee, which consisted of Konrad Jarausch, Kees Gispen, and then-editor Kenneth Barkin.
Lectio Divina in the Evangelical Tradition

The practice of “lectio divina”–-devotional reading of the biblical text–-is popular these days. While people have explored this practice within Roman Catholic history, little research has been con...
Celestial Jukebox: The Paradox of Intellectual Property

Intellectual property law is both stronger than ever before and weaker than ever before. This article examines some recent works in the field and argues that a complete picture of the field can only emerge when scholars take an ecological, global look at it.
Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis: Uric Acid or Urine pH?

The prevalence of uric acid nephrolithiasis in the general US population is approximately 8 %. However, the prevalence of uric acid stones among diabetic and obese populations has been reported to be significantly high, approaching 3.5-fold greater than the general population. Although three main etiologic factors, including low urine volume, hyperuricosuria, and unduly urine acidity, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis, abnormal urine pH has been shown to play a key pathogenic role in uric acid precipitation and uric acid stone formation. Uric acid is a weak organic acid with an ionization constant (pKa = 5.5); hence, at a urinary pH ≤ 5.5 the urinary environment becomes supersaturated with highly insoluble undissociated uric acid, which greatly imposes the risk of uric acid development and precipitation. Under normal circumstances, uric acid solubility is limited to 96 mg/L; thus, humans with urinary uric acid excretion of approximately 600–800 mg/day must be at risk for uric acid precipitation. However, urinary pH plays a dominate role in keeping uric acid in the solution. Careful studies have demonstrated that at urinary pH between 6.2 and 6.4, the urinary environment becomes undersaturated with respect to undissociated uric acid content. Such an environment has been shown to be associated with a significantly reduced risk of uric acid stone formation. Given this predominate role of urinary pH, urinary uric acid must exceed 1,100 mg/day in order to promote uric acid precipitation. This condition rarely occurs in the majority of patients with idiopathic nephrolithiasis in whom urinary acid excretion was reported to be normal. Uric acid-lowering drugs must only be tried in some patients with primary gout, with genetic abnormalities in uric acid pathways including inborn errors in metabolism, uric acid metabolism, and those with accelerated tissue turnover.
Buddhadeva: Materials Toward an Assessment of His Philosophy

Bien qu'aucun des traites rediges par Buddhadeva ne soit disponible completement en traduction chinoise ou sanskrite, il est possible de reconstruire a partir d'informations dispersees les traits majeurs de sa pensee. Elle se revele etre un systeme particulier et conservateur de la philosophie Abhidharma. Dans un sens, Buddhadeva pourrait etre conserve comme un lien potentiel et original entre les premiers traitements matrka des dharmas qu'on trouve dans les sutras et les analyses Mahayana Abhidharmika. Chez Buddhadeva, il y a poursuite des courants Mahayanistes de la pensee bouddhiste, notamment le Yogacara
Calculating Planetary Temperatures from Radiation, Albedo, and Greenhouse Effect in a Descriptive Astronomy or Conceptual Physics Laboratory

Providing exposure to the process and methods of science is a fundamental goal of any general education college science course. This is largely because most students taking such courses are generally not science majors, so they are likely to take few, if any, other science courses. Meeting this goal can be a challenge in courses such as descriptive astronomy or conceptual physics that often have lower level, if any, mathematical prerequisites. Such courses, however, usually still do have a laboratory component, since completion of a laboratory science course is normally a general education requirement for graduation. The difficulty lies largely in the fact that actual science experiments, those that truly employ the scientific method, usually involve quantitative components such as taking numerical data and/or making calculations. Students with limited mathematical skills or backgrounds often find this very difficult. Many are easily overwhelmed by and get lost in calculations that, to them, seem to be a purely mathematical procedure that they will often resort to simply following by rote. As a result, they can lose any physical sense or meaning of what the experiment is meant to teach them and end up learning very little or nothing.
Engineering Standards in Geotechnical Investigations

Abstract This chapter is a discussion of geotechnical engineering in the forensic area. Geotechnical engineering is a specialty of civil engineering concerned with rock and soil and their behavior as materials of construction. Knowledge from the fields of geology, materials science, testing, mechanics, and hydraulics is applied by engineers to safely and economically design foundations, retaining walls, dams, and highways. When there are environmental concerns, studies of groundwater and waste disposal bring biology and chemistry into the case. Cases in geotechnical engineering are most often the result of the variability and properties of soil. The boundary conditions of a model for soil are often not well defined. The material properties and behavior of soil are also difficult to predict because of the horizontal and vertical variability of soil and the result of a necessarily limited engineering investigation. Soil mechanics, the study of the behavior of soil, is complex because of stress-dependent material properties such as volume change, stress–strain relationship, and strength. Changes in moisture content can have a profound effect on soil behavior. This chapter presents a summary of the technology followed by case studies that illustrate the work and problems of a forensic geotechnical engineer. Much of that work involves explaining and commenting on prima facie cases.
Attitudes about smoking cessation treatment, intention to quit, and cessation treatment utilization among young adult smokers with severe mental illnesses

Abstract Significance Young adults with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other severe mental illnesses (SMI) have high rates of smoking, but little research has evaluated predictors of cessation activity and treatment utilization in this group. Methods We assessed attitudes, beliefs, social norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, quit attempts, treatment utilization, and cessation among 58 smokers with SMI, age 18–30, enrolled in a randomized pilot study comparing a brief interactive/motivational vs. a static/educational computerized intervention. Subjects were assessed at baseline, post intervention, and 3-month follow-up. Results Over follow-up, one-third of participants self-reported quit attempts. Baseline measures indicating lower breath CO, greater intention to quit, higher perceptions of stigma, higher perceptions of psychological benefits of smoking, and greater symptom distress were associated with quit attempts, whereas gender, diagnosis, social support, attitudes about smoking, and use of cessation treatment were not. In the multivariate analysis, lower breath CO, higher intention to quit and symptom distress were significantly related to quit attempts. Only 5% of participants utilized verified cessation treatment during follow-up. Consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior, attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioral control regarding cessation treatments correlated significantly with intention to use treatment. Norms and beliefs about treatment were somewhat positive and some improved after intervention, with a pattern significantly favoring the interactive intervention, but intentions to use treatments remained low, consistent with low treatment utilization. Conclusions Perceptions of traditional cessation treatments improved somewhat after brief interventions, but most young adult smokers with SMI did not use cessation treatment. Instead, interventions led to quit attempts without treatment.
Mining error-handling specifications for systems software

This paper presents a technique for mining error-handling specifications from systems software. It presents a static analysis for detecting error handlers in low-level code, and it shows how function synonyms can be used to mine for error-handling specifications with only a few supporting examples.
The Development of Literacy Coaches' Self-Efficacy Beliefs in a Dual-Role Position.

In this sequential mixed-methods study, we examined literacy coaches’ self-efficacy development in 21 secondary schools over the course of a 4–year literacy initiative. Teacher efficacy surveys rev...
Convergent evolution of brain morphology and communication modalities in lizards

Animals communicate information within their environments via visual, chemical, auditory, and/or tactile modalities. The use of each modalityis generally linked to particular brain regions, but it is not yet known whether the cellular morphology of neurons in these regions has evolved in association with the relative use of a modality.We investigated relationships between the behavioral use of communication modalities and neural morphologies in six lizard species. Two of these species ( Anolis carolinensis and Leiocephalus carinatus ) primarily use visual signals to communicate with conspecifics and detect potential prey, and two ( Aspidoscelis gularis and Scincella lateralis ) communicate and forage primarily using chemical signals. Two other species ( Hemidactylus turcicus and Sceloporus olivaceus ) use both visual and chemical signals. For each species, we performed behavioral observations and quantified rates of visual and chemical behaviors. We then cryosectioned brain tissues from 9–10 males of each species and measured the soma size and density of neurons in two brain regions associated with visual behaviors (the lateral geniculate nucleus and the nucleus rotundus) and one region associated with chemical behaviors (the nucleus sphericus). With analyses conducted in a phylogenetic context, we found that species that performed higher rates of visual displays had a denser lateral geniculate nucleus, and species that used a higher proportion of chemical displays had larger somas in the nucleus sphericus. These relationships suggest that neural morphologies in the brain have evolved convergently in species with similar communication behaviors.
Role of cuticular hydrocarbons in German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) aggregation behavior.

Aggregation can be adaptive by providing protection from predators, facilitating thermoregulation, and expediting the location of food, shelter, and mates. German cockroaches Blattella germanica L. (Blattodea: Ectobiidae), are obligatory commensals in human-built structures, where they aggregate in crevices during the day. The source of the aggregation pheromone that drives this behavior and its chemical identity remain unclear. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in feces have been proposed to serve as aggregation pheromone, but this function has not been investigated in relation to visual and tactile cues that mediate aggregation. Our objective was to delineate how CHCs in the feces and on the cockroach body operate in conditions that reflect the German cockroach's ecology-either applied to shelters, representing fecal deposition, or to previously extracted cockroaches, representing shelter co-habitation with other cockroaches. Cockroaches and feces-conditioned filter papers were extracted, CHCs were purified by flash chromatography, and two-choice behavior assays were performed with first instar nymphs. Our results confirmed that nymphs preferred to rest within feces-conditioned shelters. However, purified CHCs did not elicit more aggregation than solvent-treated control shelters. Nymphs significantly preferred to rest in shelters that contained a CHC-free dead female, but the addition of CHCs to the female did not enhance aggregation. Nymphs preferred to aggregate with the CHC-free female over CHC-treated shelters. Finally, a methanol extract of feces was highly effective at eliciting aggregation, contesting previous reports that fecal CHCs serve as aggregation pheromone. We assert that CHCs play a minor, if any, role in the aggregation behavior of German cockroaches.
Fluorescence studies and consequences of amino acid substitutions with Escherichia coli adenylosuccinate synthetase

9 INTRODUCTION 10 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 12 RESULTS 16 DISCUSSION 26 REFERENCES 31 SECTION II: FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER STUDIES AND SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI ADENYLOSUCCINATE SYNTHETASE 33 ABSTRACT 34 INTRODUCTION 3634 INTRODUCTION 36 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 41 THEORY 47
A heuristic method to optimize generic signal phasing and timing plans at signalized intersections using Connected Vehicle technology

Abstract This paper develops a flexible, real-time traffic signal control algorithm to optimize both phase durations and phase sequences at four-approach intersections with conflicting left-turns, based on information obtained from connected vehicles. Vehicle-to-infrastructure communications are assumed to provide the location of all connected vehicles near the signalized intersection at regular time intervals and this information is used to identify the presence of non-connected vehicles that are stopped at the intersection. All detected and identified vehicles are used to identify naturally occurring platoons in the traffic stream. The signal control algorithm then selects the optimal sequence that these platoons should discharge through the intersection to minimize average delay of all identified vehicles. Since all possible departure sequences for platoons of vehicles are considered, the problem is computationally difficult. Hence, several heuristic methods are proposed to determine optimal platoon departure sequences. These heuristics include an intelligent tree search and multiple types of genetic algorithms, including a newly developed genetic algorithm that perserves phase order sequence that is vital to this problem. Comparisons between these heuristics and the global optimal solution suggest that the heuristics are able to provide similar operational performance with significant reductions in total computation time required, such that the algorithm can be applied in real-time. In general, the intelligent tree search appears to outperform the genetic algorithm approaches in terms of operational performance but has computational requirements that increase exponentially with the number of platoons identified at the intersection. Meanwhile, the genetic algorithm methods tend to be more scalable but slightly less efficient. Overall, the results are promising for the application of the proposed flexible signal control algorithm at real intersections.
Seed germination of selected crop and graminoid species in response to treatment with sodium chloride and oil-field brine solutions

Oil and gas development is often associated with the production of produced water or “brine”, which is a solution of dissolved salts (NaCl ≈ 90%) exhibiting electrical conductivity (EC) upwards of ...
Confirmation for and Predictability of Distinct U.S. Impacts of El Niño Flavors

AbstractWhether distinct wintertime US climate conditions exist for Central-Pacific (CP) versus Eastern-Pacific (EP) El Nino events is explored using atmospheric and coupled ocean-atmospheric model...
Rapture-ready darters: sequence capture outperforms whole-genome data regardless of reference genome in Etheostoma

Researchers studying non-model organisms have an increasing number of methods available for generating genomic data. However, the applicability of different methods across species, as well as the effect of reference genome choice on population genomic inference, are still difficult to predict in many cases. We evaluated the impact of data type (whole-genome vs. reduced representation) and reference genome choice on data quality and on population genomic and phylogenomic inference across several species of darters (subfamily Etheostomatinae), a highly diverse radiation of freshwater fish. We generated a high-quality reference genome and developed a hybrid RADseq/sequence capture (Rapture) protocol for the Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini). Rapture data from 1900 individuals spanning four darter species showed recovery of most loci across darter species at high depth and consistent estimates of heterozygosity regardless of reference genome choice. Loci with baits spanning both sides of the restriction enzyme cut site performed especially well across species. For low-coverage whole-genome data, choice of reference genome affected read depth and inferred heterozygosity. For similar amounts of sequence data, Rapture performed better at identifying fine-scale genetic structure compared to whole-genome sequencing and showed promise for detection of loci under selection. Rapture loci also recovered an accurate phylogeny for the study species and demonstrated high phylogenetic informativeness across the evolutionary history of the genus Etheostoma. Low cost and high cross-species effectiveness regardless of reference genome suggest that Rapture and similar sequence capture methods may be worthwhile choices for studies of diverse species radiations.
Posttraumatic Growth Impacts Views of Others’ Trauma: The Roles of Shared Experience and Gender:

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) may foster skills that allow one to understand traumatic experiences in others. The primary aim of this study is to determine the relationship between an individual’s PTG...
Studies of C–H activation and functionalization: Combined computational and experimental efforts to elucidate mechanisms, principles, and catalysts

For many years, the development of new methods and catalytic processes for the functionalization of C–H bonds has been among the primary challenges in the field of synthetic chemistry. The selective functionalization of light alkanes offers the possibility of expanded and more efficient use of natural gas, as the functionalization of larger hydrocarbons (e.g., long chain alkanes or arenes) could afford less expensive processes that are more environmentally benign as well as access to entirely new compounds, and the selective C–H functionalization of more complex organic compounds offers strategies for improved routes to prepare high-value fine chemicals.
Symmetry-protected self-correcting quantum memory in three space dimensions

Whether self-correcting quantum memories can exist at nonzero temperature in a physically reasonable setting remains a great open problem. It has recently been argued [S. Roberts and S. D. Bartlett, Phys. Rev. X 10, 031041 (2020)] that symmetry-protected topological (SPT) systems in three space dimensions subject to a strong constraint---that the quantum dynamics respect a 1-form symmetry---realize such a quantum memory. We illustrate how this works in Walker-Wang codes, which provide a specific realization of these desiderata. In this setting we show that it is sufficient for the 1-form symmetry to be enforced on a subvolume of the system. This strongly suggests that the SPT character of the state is not essential. We confirm this by constructing an explicit example with a trivial (paramagnetic) bulk that realizes a self-correcting quantum memory. We therefore show that the enforcement of a 1-form symmetry on a measure-zero subvolume of a three-dimensional system can be sufficient to stabilize a self-correcting quantum memory at nonzero temperature.
A protocol for detecting elemental calcium signals (Ca2+ puffs) in mammalian cells using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy

Summary This protocol outlines steps to visualize and detect Ca2+ puffs following photo-liberation of caged inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) from HEK-293 cells expressing only the native IP3R type 1 receptor using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. TIRF microscopy offers high axial resolution and allows imaging at high speed, with a higher signal-to-background ratio. Additionally, we shed light on commonly encountered pitfalls, which should be considered while recording Ca2+ puffs using TIRF microscopy. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Emrich et al. (2021) and Lock et al. (2015a) .
Cognitive Profile of Patients with Late-Onset Unexplained Epilepsy (2530)

Objective: To characterize the cognitive profile of patients with late-onset unexplained epilepsy (LOUE) Background: Approximately 25–50% of epilepsy cases with elderly-onset do not have a clear etiology. Large database studies have identified LOUE as a risk factor for dementia, however the cognitive profile and trajectory of LOUE have not been well-described. Design/Methods: Patients were recruited from Brigham and Women’s Hospital and affiliated hospitals. Inclusion criteria: new onset seizures >60yo, onset Results: We enrolled 25 patients. Mean (±SD) age was 69 ± 5.79 years and educational years was 18 ± 2.16 years. 44% were male. Global CDR scores were 0.0 (n=17) and 0.5 (n=8); CDR sum-of-boxes ranged from 0.0–3.5. Ambulatory EEG findings included bi-temporal (n=9), left-temporal (n=9), and right-temporal (n=3) epileptiform abnormalities, and normal EEG (n=4). 17 subjects were on antiseizure medicine monotherapy. The mean z-score for global cognition was −0.51 (range 3.75, 1.01), delayed verbal recall −0.74 (−3.64, 1.17), processing speed −0.37 (−6.45, 1.67), and executive function −1.055 (range, −7.78, 1.67). Conclusions: Patients with LOUE exhibit mild deficits across multiple cognitive domains around the time of epilepsy diagnosis. Our future directions include characterization of the underlying factors and the natural history of LOUE. Disclosure: Mallika Purandare has nothing to disclose. Mallika Purandare has nothing to disclose. The institution of Dr. Pennell has received research support from NIH. Dr. Pennell has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. Dr. Marshall has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Eisai. Dr. Marshall has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Grifols. Dr. Marshall has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Dr. Marshall has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Harvard Health Publications. Dr. Sarkis has nothing to disclose.
Capacitance-voltage characteristics of gamma irradiated Al2O3, HfO2, and SiO2 thin films grown by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition

Radiation-hardened electronics used in space, nuclear energy and radiation medicine applications require robust dielectric materials to be used as passivation layers and gate insulators. Thus, there is a need to understand the response of these materials under radiation exposure (e.g., gamma, neutron and proton) to develop radiation-tolerant and reliable electronic systems. In addition, as the size of transistors continues to scale down there is a need to have physically thicker dielectric layers with similar capacitance values to ultra-thin SiO2. High permittivity (high-k) dielectrics lend themselves well to this task as they have capacitance values similar to ultra-thin SiO2 while not facing issues of high leakage current and power dissipation as ultra-thin SiO2. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of thin films has gained interest in the development of radiation-hardened electronics as this process results in high quality (continuous and pinhole-free) and conformal gate dielectric thin films with precise thickness control to the angstrom level. Here, we examine the impact of gamma-irradiation on plasma-enhanced ALD dielectric layers using metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors. In this work, three ALD gate dielectric films: Al2O3, HfO2 and SiO2 (between 22 and 24 nm thick) are utilized. The capacitance-voltage (C-V) response of plasma-enhanced ALD-based MOS capacitors upon gamma irradiation (Co-60) up to 533 krad without any shielding is observed. It is shown that ALD grown HfO2 films are resistant to gamma irradiation based on the negligible shift in flat band voltage and hysteresis characteristics. Additionally, ALD grown Al2O3 films exhibited minimal generation of mobile traps but generation of trapped charges was observed. Furthermore, the flat band and hysteresis of ALD grown SiO2 films showed development of both trapped and mobile charges which may suggest that this material lends itself to radiation dosimetry applications. These initial findings support the use of plasma-enhanced ALD grown films in the development of radiation-hardened electronics and sensors.
Melting and spheroidization of hexagonal boron nitride in a microwave-powered, atmospheric pressure nitrogen plasma

We have developed a method for producing spherically-shaped, hexagonal phase boron nitride (hBN) particles of controlled diameter in the 10–100 micron size range. Specifically, platelet-shaped hBN particles are passed as an aerosol through a microwave-generated, atmospheric pressure, nitrogen plasma. In the plasma, agglomerates formed by collisions between input hBN particles, melt and form spheres. We postulate that this unprecedented process takes place in the unique environment of a plasma containing a high N-atom concentration, because in such an environment the decomposition temperature can be raised above the melting temperature. Indeed, given the following relationship (V. L. Vinogradov and Kostanovskii, Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur29 (1991) 1112): BN(condensed) ↔ B(gas) + N(gas). Standard equilibrium thermodynamics indicate that the decomposition temperature of hBN is increased in the presence of high concentrations of N atoms. We postulate that in our plasma system the N atom concentration is high enough to raise the decomposition temperature above the (undetermined) melting temperature.
The paradox of lead poisoning prevention.

Subclinical lead toxicity, defined as a blood lead level of 10 micrograms per deciliter or higher, is estimated to affect 1 in every 20 children in the United States. The results of numerous studies argue that efforts to prevent neurocognitive impairment associated with lead exposure should emphasize primary prevention--the elimination of residential lead hazards before a child is unduly exposed. These data contrast, paradoxically, with current practices and policies that rely almost exclusively on secondary prevention efforts--attempts to reduce a child9s exposure to residential lead hazards only after a child has been unduly exposed. There is also a paucity of data demonstrating the safety or benefits of lead hazard controls for children with blood lead levels below 25 mg/dl. Despite a strong federal commitment to children9s health, it is unlikely that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency9s final residential lead standards will adequately protect urban children from undue lead exposure. The author argues it is time to establish a scientifically based strategy to eliminate subclinical lead toxicity resulting from residential lead hazards.
Simplified Method for Interruption of Conjugation in Escherichia coli

A simplified procedure is described in which interruption of mating and recombinant selection both take place on plates containing selective medium plus nalidixic acid.
On the Performance of Lateral SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors With Partially Depleted Base

This paper discusses improvements to a lateral bipolar device capable of integration into the existing CMOS process flow. With the help of simulations, we demonstrate that the emitter transit time limits the cutoff frequency of a lateral bipolar device. We show that with the introduction of a heterojunction and a partially depleted base, we can decrease the emitter transit time and increase the current gain and the cutoff frequency ( $f_{t})$ of the device. For a balanced design, our simulations indicate an n-p-n device with an $f_{t}$ of 812 GHz and an $f_{\rm max}$ of 1.08 THz; and a p-n-p device with an $f_{t}$ of 635 GHz and an $f_{\rm max}$ of 1.15 THz. The collector current at cutoff frequency for both n-p-n and p-n-p devices is $\sim 0.03$ mA—roughly 100 times lower than commercial vertical heterojunction bipolar transistors.
Harmaline-induced impairment of Pavlovian conditioning in the rabbit

In this study we examined the effects of harmaline on Pavlovian conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. The acquisition of conditioned responses was determined during a single session consisting of 120 pairings of a tone-conditioned stimulus with a corneal air puff unconditioned stimulus. Harmaline severely retarded (5 mg/kg) or completely blocked (10 and 20 mg/kg) acquisition of conditioned responses. The blocked or retarded acquisition of conditioned responses could still be detected when the rabbits were tested 2 d after cessation of drug injections, suggesting that harmaline was affecting acquisition and not the motoric expression of conditioned responses. Control experiments established that harmaline (5 mg/kg) did not affect (1) baseline levels of responding, (2) the level of non-associative responding to the conditioned stimulus, (3) the amplitude or any of the temporal characteristics of the unconditioned response, (4) the development of habituation to the unconditioned stimulus, and (5) the threshold of the unconditioned stimulus for eliciting the unconditioned response. However, harmaline did produce a 12 dB increase in the intensity threshold of the conditioned stimulus for eliciting conditioned responses. We concluded that the primary effect of harmaline was to impair stimulus processing within brainstem circuits such as to reduce the excitatory properties of the conditioned stimulus, thus retarding its entry into associative learning. The results were discussed with respect to the possible role of the inferior olive in associative learning.
A Conceptualization of the Functions and Roles of Formalized Selling and Buying Teams

In today's ever-changing business environment, teamwork has emerged as a requirement for success. As industry faces this paradigm shift, a formal team structure is emerging that goes beyond that proposed by previous selling/buying center researchers. Accordingly, a conceptualization of the functions and roles of these formalized selling and buying teams is proposed as a starting point for future investigations. The movement toward formal self-directed teams is explored, updated definitions of the selling and buying teams are proposed, and the functions and roles of each team are reviewed. Key constructs and organizational implications also are discussed.
Solving XOR with a single layered perceptron by supervised self-organization of multiple output labels per class

Popular neural network learning algorithms such as Kohonen's LVQ handle nonlinearity by assigning multiple codebook vectors per class. However, the architectural constraint requires the output units to activate in a winner-take-all fashion. In this paper, clustering of output projections developed with traditional discriminant analysis networks is achieved by allowing multiple output labels for every class: the key to such a formulation lies in the supervised self-organization algorithm which enables conventional feedforward networks to self-organize their own output labels given class information. The idea of supervised self-organization of multiple output labels has been demonstrated by implementing the XOR problem with a single layer perceptron network.