cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of patient-controlled analgesia in adolescents with sickle cell pain crisis: A preliminary report

Abstract A pilot study using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in adolescents in pain crisis associated with sickle cell disease was undertaken in preparation for a randomized controlled clinical trial. The three patients in this pilot study all were capable of appropriately using the PCA machine. Our preliminary experience revealed that higher than expected doses of morphine were required for pain control but that morphine requirements decreased on successive days as the pain crisis resolved, implying that the drug was not being abused. Because the infuser was not developed for a pediatric population, there were limitations on the precision with which a four-hour maximum dose could be set. Finally, we encountered such deeply entrenched attitudes in the medical staff about the addiction proneness of adolescents with sickle cell disease that the study was rejected by one of the hospitals involved. A formal study is in preparation to assess the efficacy of PCA as compared with other forms of treatment for sickle cell pain crises.
Boosting native promoter activities with non-adjacent response-element multimers

Effective gene therapy requires regulated gene expression and vector safety. We developed a strategy to exponentially increase native promoter activity while retaining inherent regulation by inserting multi-copy response elements (REs) into non-adjacent locations. For the hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4α-dependent Hnf1a (MODY3) gene, HNF4α stimulation increased from 5- to 90-fold by inserting 3 additional HNF4α REs (H4REs). Constructing a promoter with two 4xH4REs 0.25kb apart by duplicating the 4xH4RE fragment increased stimulation to >1000-fold. HNF4α-induced protein expression by the duplicate 4xH4RE Hnf1a promoter was comparable to a viral promoter. Converting the two Apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3) H4REs spaced 0.61kb apart to 4xH4REs achieved a similar result. Increasing spacing to 2.1kb with non-promoter DNA abolished the augmentation. Finally, converting the HNF1α RE of the HNF4A (MODY1) P2 promoter to 4xH1RE and adding a second 4xH1RE 0.84kb upstream increased HNF1α stimulation from 26- to >200-fold. Deleting intervening DNA to produce 0.23-kb spacing increased stimulation to >500-fold. Spaced multi-copy RE motifs is a novel strategy for engineering promoters that boosts activity far beyond other techniques. Augmentation of three promoters suggests that this approach is potentially applicable to other promoters for gene therapy and might obviate the need for viral promoters.
The Health and Social Functions of Black Midwives on the Texas Brazos Bottom, 1920–1985

Abstract This paper concerns black midwives who practiced traditional medicine in six central Texas counties, mostly located on the Brazos River. During the years of hospital segregation following the Civil War, the black midwife performed two major functions. Through formal connections with white physicians who taught them the basics of obstetrical care, black midwives were able to provide a better level of health care for black women than otherwise would have been available. The same ties enabled the black midwife to secure assistance from whites for the rural black community. These arrangements improved the health and productivity of rural black families and lessened the severity of the caste system. A sharp decline in the use of black midwives occurred when desegregation reduced training opportunities and the market for their services.
4 × 4 Matrix formalisms for optics in stratified anisotropic media

The 4 × 4 matrix formalisms developed respectively by Berreman [ D. W. Berreman , J. Opt. Soc. Am.62, 502 ( 1972)] and by Yeh [P. Yeh , J. Opt. Soc. Am.69, 742 ( 1979)] for the description of the ellipsometric properties of planar multilayer anisotropic media are compared. Features of both are used to provide a framework that is applicable to the calculation of ellipsometric properties of, e.g., stratified media that incorporate magnetic materials.
Determination of optimal resource allocation for software development—an application of a software equation

Abstract In every development project, software development managers face the problem of efficiently and effectively allocating scare resources to meet organizational needs. Previous work by Putnam and Boehm focused on the development of software cost models that measured the amount of development effort and the development time committed for a particular project. However, neither model provides a clear mechanism for determining whether a particular combination of development effort and development time are at the maximum productivity level or at the minimum cost. The purpose of this article is extend previous work by proposing a process that allows the software manager to determine the trade off between development effort and development time that will maximize productivity or minimize cost for a given software system.
Soft X-ray emission from 2A 0311-227, an AM Herculis-type system

The low-energy detectors on board the HEAO 1 satellite have observed a variable soft X-ray source consistent with the location of 2A 0311-227. The maximum observed intensity is about 2 x 10 to the -11th erg/sq cm-sec. (0.18-0.43 keV) and the temperature must be less than 10 million K. The source is interpreted as a member of the AM Herculis class on the basis of the optical identification with a magnetic binary system.
Role of lubrication oil in particulate emissions from a hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine.

Recent studies suggest that trace metals emitted by internal combustion engines are derived mainly from combustion of lubrication oil. This hypothesis was examined by investigation of the formation of particulate matter emitted from an internal combustion engine in the absence of fuel-derived soot. Emissions from a modified CAT 3304 diesel engine fueled with hydrogen gas were characterized. The role of organic carbon and metals from lubrication oil on particle formation was investigated under selected engine conditions. The engine produced exhaust aerosol with log normal-size distributions and particle concentrations between 105 and 107 cm-3 with geometric mean diameters from 18 to 31 nm. The particles contained organic carbon, little or no elemental carbon, and a much larger percentage of metals than particles from diesel engines. The maximum total carbon emission rate was estimated at 1.08 g h-1, which is much lower than the emission rate of the original diesel engine. There was also evidence that less ...
The Suicidal, Terminally Ill Patient with Depression

The suicidal, terminally ill patient presents the clinician with a number of complex clinical issues. Six such cases are described, and their presentation, treatment, and outcome are discussed in light of the relevant literature. In this sample, suicidal behavior was associated with depression that responded to treatment in a predictable way.
Developmental abnormalities and DNA-protein crosslinks in sea urchin embryos exposed to three metals

Abstract Two sublethal responses were used to investigate the effects of genotoxic metals on embryos of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In addition to the standard measurement of developmental success, we used a novel genotoxic response, DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) induction, to assess the effects of embryo exposure to pentavalent arsenate (As), nickel (Ni) and hexavalent chromate (Cr). The procedure for sea urchin embryo DPC measurement was adapted from a mammalian cell assay using potassium-SDS precipitation and a DNA fluorochrome to quantify relative amounts of free and protein-bound DNA. Developmental abnormality and DPCs increased after a 48-h exposure to each of the three metals. Lowest observable effect concentrations (LOECs) for development were 0.011 mg l−1 As, 0.40 mg l−1 Ni, and 2.5 mg l−1 Cr. LOECs calculated for the DPC response to these same three metals were 0.023, 8.0, and 10.0 mg l−1, respectively. DPCs were transiently high in control embryos through the blastula stage, which is prior to the dramatic increase in transcription of the embryonic genome. By the gastrula and prism stages (subsequent to embryo gene transcription), there was a significant decrease in DPCs. Ni-exposed embryos exhibited the greatest magnitude of adverse effect in embryos exposed through the blastula stage, as compared to those exposed from blastula through late gastrula stage. We hypothesize that stage-sensitivity to Ni in sea urchin embryos may be related to the induction of persistent DPCs, and the prevention of normal transcription of the embryonic genome.
The Construct Validity of the Wallach-Kogan Creativity Test for Inner-City Children

Summary The construct validity of the Wallach-Kogan (W-K) creativity test was investigated through an hierarchical factor analysis of intercorrelations among intelligence, creativity, control, and criterion variables for 73 Ss enrolled in grades 3 and 4 of an inner-city parochial school. The results provided considerable support for W-K's theoretical formulations. Creativity and intelligence assessors defined separate domains and remained totally resilient to merger into a superordinate factor. The creativity domain, which was defined by W-K subtests and criterion ratings, included the following factors: general, visual, and verbal creativity plus a weak methods factor for crayon drawings. The intelligence domain, which was defined by WISC subtests, included a relatively strong g factor and the following four primary factors: verbal precision, freedom from distractibility, perceptual organization, and quasi-specific.
Does a year make a difference? Changes in physician satisfaction and perception in an increasingly capitated environment.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Although capitation has become an increasingly common method of payment for heath care, little is known about changes in physician satisfaction as they become more experienced working in a capitated environment. METHODS: We surveyed the members of a physician hospital organization at an urban teaching hospital in the summers of 1996 and 1997. In 1996, fully capitated contracts covered RESULTS: In 1996, we surveyed 587 physicians with direct patient care responsibilities, of whom 62% responded; 51% of 520 physicians responded in 1997. Overall satisfaction was 57% in 1996 and 71% in 1997. Among physicians who responded in both years, overall satisfaction was unchanged, but increases in satisfaction were noted for patient load (an increase of 0.5 points on a five-point scale, P P P = 0.02). In a direct comparison between fee-for-service and capitation, physicians were more satisfied with both methods of payment in 1997 than they were in 1996, but they were much more satisfied with fee-for-service in both years. For many individual indicators, the difference in satisfaction between fee-for-service and capitation increased between 1996 and 1997. CONCLUSION: When introduced to capitation, physicians had strong negative perceptions about it. After a year's experience, satisfaction with capitation improved, but perceived differences between capitation and fee-for-service grew even larger. Thus, physicians have serious concerns about capitation that may not be alleviated by experience with it.
SYMMETRIES FOR STRONGLY INTERACTING HEAVY PARTICLES

Strongly interacting theories with heavy particles can exhibit symmetries that are not manifest in the Lagrangian. Two examples are discussed. The first is Wigner spin–isospin symmetry for the strong interactions of nuclei. The second is heavy quark symmetry for the strong interactions of bottom and charm quarks.
Residence and quality of life determinants for adults with tetraplegia of traumatic spinal cord injury etiology.

Residence and quality of life determinants for adults with tetraplegia of traumatic spinal cord injury etiology
Explicit Lie-Poisson integration and the Euler equations

We give a wide class of Lie-Poisson systems for which explicit, Lie-Poisson integrators, preserving all Casimirs, can be constructed. The integrators are extremely simple and have widespread applicability. Examples are the free rigid body, a moment truncation, and a new, fast algorithm for the sine-bracket truncation of the 2D Euler equations.
Molecular cloning and DNA binding characterization of DAF-16 orthologs from Ancylostoma hookworms

Infective hookworm L3s encounter a host-specific signal during infection that re-initiates a suspended developmental pathway, resulting in development to the adult stage. This resumption of development in the host is analogous to recovery of developmentally arrested Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae in response to favorable environmental signals. Dauer recovery in C. elegans dauers and hookworm L3s is mediated by insulin-like signaling (ILS). A key output of ILS in C. elegans is the forkhead transcription factor DAF-16, which controls the expression of genes required for maintenance of the dauer stage. The similarity between recovery pathways of L3s and dauers suggests that DAF-16 functions similarly in hookworm L3 activation. To test this, orthologs of Ce-DAF-16 were isolated from the hookworms Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. The protein sequences of hookworm DAF-16 DNA binding domains were identical, and shared 94% identity with the b and c isoforms of Ce-DAF-16. Ac-DAF-16 expressed in HEK293 kidney cells bound strongly to the conserved DAF family binding element (DBE), but not to a random DNA sequence. Ac-DAF-16 was able to drive transcription of a reporter gene located downstream of six copies of the DBE in NIH3T3 cells under starved conditions. Addition of serum caused a decrease in reporter gene expression, indicating that DAF-16 is negatively regulated by growth factor stimulation. These data confirm the presence of DAF-16 orthologs in hookworms, and demonstrate that Ac-DAF-16 binds to and drives transcription from a conserved DAF-16 family DNA binding element.
Status and trends of the ashy storm-petrel on southeast Farallon Island, California, based upon capture-recapture analyses

We conducted a capture-recapture study on the population size and trends of the Ashy Storm-petrel (Oceanodroma homochroa) on Southeast Farallon Island (SEFI), California, based upon data collected in 1971, 1972, and 1992. From March through August, birds were lured to fixed-site sampling locations using taped vocalization playback. Using program JOLLY, we estimated population size and evaluated statistical models using goodness-of-fit and Likelihood Ratio tests. On the southwestern slope of Lighthouse Hill, amidst prime breeding habitat, numbers of breeding birds decreased from 1,271 ± 140 (x ± SE) in 1972 to 710 ± 117 in 1992, a decline of 44% (approximate 95% CI = 22-66% decline; λ = -2.8% per annum); for a variety of reasons, we consider this to be the most reliable indicator of population change. In 1971, on a portion of SEFI relatively disjunct from the sampling area in 1972, 2,131 ± 322 breeding birds were estimated. To produce an overall early 1970s estimate with which to compare to 1992, we summed population estimates from 1971 and 1972. An overall value of 6,461 birds, of which 3,402 (53%) were breeders, was obtained for the early period. In 1992, the overall population in roughly the same area was estimated at 4,284 ± 409 birds, of which 1,990 ± 408 (46%) were presumed breeders. These results, encompassing peripheral as well as more centrally located storm-petrel habitat, indicate an overall population decline of 34% and a comparable decline in breeding birds of 42% over the past two decades. However, oceanographic conditions varied between 1971-1972 and 1992, and reduced food availability in 1992 may have influenced colony attendance and breeding effort. Nonetheless, the apparent population decline over the past 20 years suggests that the species warrants management and/or additional protective status.
Advances in Routing Technologies and Internet Peering Agreements

Spurred by improvements in routing technology, the architecture of the Internet is evolving. Until recently, nearly all routing took place through parallel hierarchies, in which each core Internet service provider (ISP) at the top of its own hierarchy provided other core ISP’s with routes to its own customers and customers of non-core ISP’s in its hierarchy. Based partly on the ability and incentives of some core ISP’s to deny or degrade service to others, antitrust authorities required the divestiture of internetMCI as a condition for the MCI–WorldCom merger and blocked the proposed merger of Sprint and MCI-WorldCom. Recent changes in routing standards have enabled a wider range of routing arrangements, and these evidently reduce the market power of the core ISP’s vis-a-vis their customers. We argue here that those new standards also reduce the incentives of core ISP’s with large market shares to refuse or degrade service to ones with smaller market shares. Our analysis is based on a bargaining model, which provides a means to assess how the short-run bargaining positions of various core ISP’s are affected by the new routing arrangements.
Reflections on Consumerism in a Global Era

The day that Martha Stewart, the stylist of classy consumption for the masses, was found guilty, her company lost twenty-three percent of its value on the stock market. It even lost more before it made its surprising recovery. Corporations are like churches; they are hard to kill (although they can be bought out more easily). Now, after her release, sales of her household goods continue to flourish, television shows sponsored by the corporation are developing further the kinds of products she offers, and she has become the pop-heroine of entrepreneurial capitalism. In the long run, people want what she offers: a sense of style in the ordinary things of life?food, home d?cor, gardening, entertaining, and business opportunity. Now here is a question: Did her corporation create that desire by ad vertising, or did she build her fame and fortune by serving the unarticulated wants of the general population? Advertising can help define new wants and articulate new desires; but as I understand it, advertising campaigns do not always work. They have to connect with a latent range of desires already present among the populace. Think of Christmas as a time of massive buying. It was not always the case that purchases were so high for that holiday that they equaled another fiscal month for merchants, so that the overall earnings for the season determined whether profits for the year went up or down. There are studies of these things. Leigh Eric Schmitt, in his
Analytical calibration of the two-geometry method for uranium enrichment verification in a gas centrifuge

Abstract The two-geometry method is an approved technique to verify the uranium enrichment of UF 6 in centrifuge cascade header pipes. Two analytical calculations, Monte Carlo and numerical integration of expressions derived from geometrical arguments, have been applied to determine the detector geometry constants to simplify optimizing the pair of detector collimator geometries. Comparisons are presented for two pairs of collimators: an uncollimated and a collimated geometry; and a parallel collimated and a perpendicular collimated geometry. Both Monte Carlo and numerical integration techniques qualitatively predict the characteristics of this enrichment measurement.
Magnetic resonance diagnosis of congenital hypopituitarism in children with optic nerve hypoplasia.

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether structural abnormalities of the neurohypophysis, as detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can be used to diagnose hypopituitarism in children with optic nerve hypoplasia. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 67 children with optic nerve hypoplasia who had MRI and pediatric endocrinologic evaluation at Arkansas Children's Hospital from 1989 to 1999. Results: A total of 26 children with optic nerve hypoplasia had pituitary hormone deficiency. MRI disclosed posterior pituitary ectopia in 16 of these cases, absence of the pituitary infundibulum and posterior pituitary bright spot in 7 of these cases, and a normal neurohypophysis in 3 of these cases. All 41 children with optic nerve hypoplasia and normal endocrinologic function had a normal neurohypophysis. Conclusion: MRI of the neurohypophysis can predict when congenital hypopituitarism will be associated with optic nerve hypoplasia. (J AAPOS 2001;5:275-80)
Using mean first passage times to quantify equilibrium resilience in perturbed intraguild predation systems

Regime shift inducibility depends on equilibrium resilience, which depends on species interactions. When species interactions include intraguild predation (IGP), integrated pest management may induce regime shifts because enhancing the abundance of intraguild predators simultaneously increases competition with, and predation on, invasive prey. To explore the dynamical consequences of such manipulations, we use a bistable, deterministic IGP model with stochastic removals that perturb invader density from the high-density equilibrium. We quantify the combined effects of IGP and such perturbations in terms of mean first passage times (MFPTs) to target invader densities such as thresholds between regimes. Analytical MFPTs compare favorably with those generated by Monte Carlo numerical solutions of the stochastically perturbed IGP model. MFPTs can therefore usefully quantify equilibrium resilience in terms of perturbation schedules.
Nitrogen excretion is enhanced during urine recycling in two species of terrestrial crab

Terrestrial crabs confront the problems of salt and water balance and nitrogen excretion in a terrestrial environment with organ systems evolved to function while immersed in an aquatic environment. Their antennal glands produce urine that is essentially isosmotic to the blood, and contains very little nitrogenous waste, yet terrestrial crabs are excellent iono- and osmoregulators in nature. Because voided urine is passed to the branchial chamber for reclamation of ions, the gills, the major organ for ion regulation in aquatic crabs, are still able to perform their ion-regulating role even in air-exposed individuals. The present study demonstrates that, during urine recycling, the gills retain their function as the major avenue for nitrogen excretion as well. In two species of terrestrial crab, Gecarcinus lateralis and Cardisoma guanhumi, the concentration of ammonia increases more than 10-fold in urine during recycling at the gill, greatly enhancing the amount of nitrogen that can be excreted for a given volume of water lost in the urine. Additional results show that without the ability to reclaim ions from the urine by recycling it at the gills, G. lateralis would be unable to remain in osmotic equilibrium.
Induction and cleavage of Salmonella typhimurium UmuD protein.

SOS mutagenesis in prokaryotes is dependent upon the inducible activity of the chromosomally encoded UmuDC proteins, or homologous proteins such as MucAB or ImpCAB which are found on naturally occurring plasmids. Relative to Escherichia coli, however, Salmonella typhimurium is much less responsive to the mutagenic effects of DNA-damaging agents, despite the fact that it possesses both chromosomally and plasmid encoded umu-like operons. In E. coli, activation of the UmuD mutagenesis protein to UmuD′ via RecA-mediated proteolysis is a critical step in the mutation fixation pathway. We have used a polyclonal antiserum raised against the E. coli UmuD and UmuD′ proteins to show that S. typhimurium expresses cross-reacting material only after treatment with the DNA-damaging agent mitomycin C. The S. typhimurium umuDC operon, therefore, appears to be regulated by mechanisms similar to the E. coli umuDC operon. After induction, the S. typhimurium UmuD protein was processed to UmuD′ in both S. typhimurium and E. coli. However, the S. typhimurium UmuD protein appears to be cleaved more efficiently than the E. coli UmuD protein under similar conditions. The data suggest that conversion of UmuD to the mutagenically active UmuD′ is not the rate-limiting factor accounting for the weakly mutable phenotype of S. typhimurium.
Molecular weights of maize mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomal RNAs under denaturing conditions.

Abstract The molecular weights of maize cytoplasmic and mitochondrial rRNAs were determined by gel acrylamide electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. The molecular weights of mitochondrial rRNAs (0.76 · 106 and 1.25 · 106) exceeded those of cytoplasmic rRNAs (0.67 · 106 and 1.19 · 106) when electrophoresed in 8 M urea at 60°C. Electrophoresis in 1.1 M formaldehyde resulted in similar values except for heavy mitochondrial rRNA, which exhibited a higher molecular weight than observed in 8 M urea. The observed values for cytoplasmic rRNAs, especially the heavy component, represent a decrease from estimates obtained under non-denaturing conditions. This is the first report of the electrophoretic examination of higher plant rRNAs under denaturing conditions.
Synthesis of uranium-ligand multiple bonds by cleavage of a trityl protecting group.

Addition of KSCPh3 to [U(NR2)3] (R = SiMe3) in tetrahydrofuran, followed by addition of 18-crown-6, results in formation of the U(IV) sulfide, [K(18-crown-6)][U(S)(NR2)3] (1) and Gomberg’s dimer. Similarly, addition of KOCPh3 to [U(NR2)3] in tetrahydrofuran, followed by addition of 18-crown-6, results in formation of the U(IV) oxide, [K(18-crown-6)][U(O)(NR2)3] (3). Also observed in this transformation are the triphenylmethyl anion, [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2][CPh3] (5), and the U(IV) alkoxide, [U(OCPh3)(NR2)3] (4).
Steady state adaptation in the ground squirrel retina: PIII and B-wave intensity-response functions.

Abstract A mammalian cone response was isolated for mass recording by injecting sodium l -aspartate solution into the vitreous of the nearly all-cone eye of the ground squirrel. The best isolations were obtained immediately after injections of large amounts of aspartate; after 3–4 hr, some recovery partially reversed the isolation. Measurements of peak cone responses yielded intensity-response functions that were shape-invariant as the adaptive state was varied. In contrast, the b-wave intensity-response functions steepen with light adaptation.
Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia: A rare cause of a myelophthisic anemia

Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia syndrome (GHDD) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by increased bone density and a severe, myelophthisic anemia. Few cases have been reported worldwide and there are no detailed descriptions of the associated hematologic abnormalities and long-term clinical outcomes after treatment. Here, we report two siblings with GHDD who were successfully treated with chronic, low dose, corticosteroid therapy. Although GHDD is uncommon, these cases illustrate the need to consider GHDD in patients with anemia and bone dysplasia and the use of chronic, low-dose steroid therapy.
Aggrecan Synthesis and Secretion A PARADIGM FOR MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR COORDINATION OF MULTIGLOBULAR PROTEIN FOLDING AND INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING

Each globular domain of exported multiglobular proteins putatively undergoes chaperone surveillance in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. It is difficult to visualize how surveillance of multiple globular domains might be orchestrated and regulated. Aggrecan core protein has been used as a prototype for this problem by examining transfection of informative constructs into Chinese hamster ovary cells. The salient results are as follows: 1) aggrecan's N-terminal G1 domain is minimally secreted, and its flanking Golgi reporter sites are not decorated with glycsoaminoglycan chains; in contrast, its C-terminal G3 domain is readily secreted with flanking GAG chains, and G3 also facilitates G1 secretion; 2) G3 but not G1 can be intracellularly cross-linked to chaperone Hsp25; 3) G3 and Hsp25 remain noncovalently bound and are secreted together when G3 is situated N-terminal to its normal location; 4) exon 15, which encodes the center of G3's C-lectin subdomain, is necessary and sufficient for G3 secretion. A model is proposed in which Hsp25 piggybacks onto nascent G3 in the cytosol during a translocational pause and enters the ER lumen with G3, and once G3 properly folds, Hsp25 releases G3 and recycles to the nucleus while G3 continues to the Golgi stacks, providing passage for the entire core protein.
Serotonin enhances excitability in neostriatal neurons by reducing voltage-dependent potassium currents.

Abstract The physiological effects of serotonin (5-HT) on rat neostriatal neurons were investigated using current-clamp techniques in neostriatal slices and voltage-clamp techniques in acutely dissociated adult neostriatal neurons. In most neurons (35/51), bath-applied 5-HT (10–60 gmM) decreased the first spike latency and increased the evoked firing frequency. Membrane input resistance was also increased in most neurons (35/35) but could not explain the enhanced responsiveness. Tetrodotoxin, at concentrations sufficient to block spike production, did not block the ability of 5-HT to enhance the slow ramp-like voltage trajectory produced by depolarizing current injection. The role of potassium currents in the 5-HT effect was examined using whole cell voltage-clamp; in 6 of 9 neurons, 5-HT reversibly decreased inactivating potassium currents activated by depolarization. These experiments suggest that 5-HT's effect on the ramp trajectory may be mediated by a reduction of potassium currents activated by sub-threshold depolarization.
Influence of the Hostile Neck on Restenosis after Carotid Stenting

Background Carotid artery stenting (CAS) for carotid stenosis is favored over carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with a hostile neck from prior CEA or cervical irradiation (XRT). However, the restenosis rate after CAS in patients with hostile necks is variable in the literature. The objective of this study was to quantify differences in the in-stent restenosis (ISR)/occlusion and reintervention rates after CAS in patients with and without a hostile neck. Here we hypothesize that patients with hostile necks have an increased ISR, and that this increase may add morbidity to these patients. Materials and Methods All patients undergoing CAS from 2007 to 2013 for carotid artery stenosis with follow-up imaging at our institution were queried from our carotid database ( n = 236). Patients with hostile necks, including both CAS after prior CEA ( n = 65) and prior XRT ( n = 37), were compared with patients who underwent CAS for other reasons including both anatomical ( n = 46) and medical comorbidities ( n = 88). The primary end points were ISR, repeat intervention, and stent occlusion. Secondary end points of the study were stroke/myocardial infarction (MI)/death at 30 days, perioperative cardiovascular accident, transient ischemic attack, MI, groin access complications, hyperperfusion syndrome, and periprocedural hypotension or bradycardia. Results Despite the hostile neck cohort being younger and having lower incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, and renal insufficiency, they had a greater incidence of ISR (11% vs. 4%; P = .03) and required more reinterventions (8% vs. 2%; P = .04). Stent occlusion and periprocedural morbidity/mortality were not different between groups. Conclusions Patients with hostile necks have increased risk of restenosis and need for reinterventions after CAS compared with patients without a hostile neck. However, they do not appear to have higher rates of stent occlusion or per-procedural events.
Spectral behavior of capillary waves in gas–liquid flows

An equation which expresses the behavior of the frequency spectrum for capillary waves occurring in horizontal gas–liquid flows is derived using a dynamic energy balance. This balance assumes that the energy source for these waves is nonlinear interactions between the dominant gravity–capillary waves and that, in the same manner as for single waves, the dissipation of energy is caused by viscosity. Experimental measurements for both water and a water–glycerin solution with a viscosity of 2 cP in an air flow are described well by the theory over a frequency range of 40–100 Hz.
Urologic microsurgery--current perspectives: I. Vasovasostomy.

Abstract Microsurgical procedures are receiving increased attention in urology, and claims of improved results of vasovasostomy performed with operating microscope have been made. This review examines the available results, sometimes conflicting, of both macro- and microsurgical methods of vasovasostomy. The weight of the data leads to the conclusion that improved results of vasovasostomy will occur with use of the operating microscope regardless of the type of anastomosis performed because increased appreciation of the detail of the small vasal lumen is afforded by optical magnification.
Epoxide—Nucleophile interactions: Acid‐catalyzed reaction of ethylene oxide with water

We have studied the acid-catalyzed ring-opening interaction of ethylene oxide with water, a nucleophile. Ethylene oxide was selected as an initial model for the metabolically produced epoxides that may be the ultimate carcinogenic forms of some of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and are believed to undergo ring-opening interactions with a nucleophilic site (or sites) on DNA. We used an ab initio scf procedure (GAUSSIAN 70) to compute structures, energies, and charge distributions for the reacting system at several possible intermediate stages and in the final state, ethylene glycol. The initial protonation (due to the acidic conditions) facilitates ring opening both by weakening the C—O bonds and also by changing the charges on the carbons from negative to positive. For this gaseous phase interaction, a cis mode of attack (the water approaching from the oxygen side of the C—C bond) was found to be preferred over a trans attack. This may be due to internal hydrogen bonding, which also appears to play an important role at some other stages of the reaction.
Neural Network Output Feedback Control of Robot Formations

In this paper, a combined kinematic/torque output feedback control law is developed for leader-follower-based formation control using backstepping to accommodate the dynamics of the robots and the formation in contrast with kinematic-based formation controllers. A neural network (NN) is introduced to approximate the dynamics of the follower and its leader using online weight tuning. Furthermore, a novel NN observer is designed to estimate the linear and angular velocities of both the follower robot and its leader. It is shown, by using the Lyapunov theory, that the errors for the entire formation are uniformly ultimately bounded while relaxing the separation principle. In addition, the stability of the formation in the presence of obstacles, is examined using Lyapunov methods, and by treating other robots in the formation as obstacles, collisions within the formation are prevented. Numerical results are provided to verify the theoretical conjectures.
Performance Limits of Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Transistors

The performance limits of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide ( MX2) transistors are examined with a ballistic MOSFET model. Using an ab initio theory, we calculate the band structures of 2-D transition MX2. We find the lattice structures of monolayer MX2 remain the same as the bulk MX2. Within the ballistic regime, the performances of monolayer MX2 transistors are better compared with those of the silicon transistors if a thin high-κ gate insulator is used. This makes monolayer MX2 promising 2-D materials for future nanoelectronic device applications.
Ability of newly emerged adult Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes to exit belowground stormwater treatment systems via lateral conveyance pipes.

Culex quinquefasciatus Say mosquitoes flourish in belowground stormwater systems in the southern United States. Recent evidence suggests that oviposition-site-seeking females may have difficulties locating, entering, and ovipositing inside permanent water chambers when surface entry through pickholes in manhole covers are sealed. It remains unknown, however, if newly emerged adults are able to detect cues necessary to exit these partly sealed systems via lateral conveyance pipes or if they perish belowground. Fourth instar Cx. quinquefasciatus were placed within proprietary belowground stormwater treatment systems to determine the percentage of newly emerged adults able to escape treatment chambers via a single lateral conveyance pipe. Overall, 56% of deployed mosquitoes were captured in adult exit traps with an ≈1:1 male:female ratio. The percentage of adults captured varied significantly among chambers, but was not associated with structural site characteristics such as the chamber depth or the length and course of conveyance pipe to the exit trap. Empirical observations suggested that longbodied cellar spiders, Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin), ubiquitous in these structures, may have reduced adult trap capture. Findings demonstrate that newly emerged Cx. quinquefasciatus can exit subterranean chambers under potentially difficult structural conditions but suggest that a portion may perish in the absence of surface exit points in manhole shafts.
A temperature-stable mems oscillator on an ovenized micro-platform using a PLL-based heater control system

In this work, an oxide-refill process is used to null the first-order temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) of silicon MEMS resonators and to achieve high thermal resistance isolation structures. The technology enables fabrication of a low-power ovenized micro-platform on which multiple MEMS devices can be integrated. The intrinsic frequency-temperature characteristic of two resonators is utilized for temperature sensing, and closed-loop oven control is realized by phase-locking two MEMS oscillators at a specific temperature. PLL-based control circuitry is implemented in 0.18 µm CMOS to interface with the MEMS resonators. The ovenized MEMS oscillator exhibits an overall frequency drift of ± 5.5 ppm over −40 °C to 70 °C. The MEMS oscillator exhibits near zero phase noise degradation in closed-loop operation.
Economic implications of replacing synthetic nitrogen with clovers in a cool-season annual pasture production system 1

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to determine the effects of white clover additions to wheat-ryegrass pastures on steer performance and pasture production economics. Over 4 yr, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and annual ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] pastures were established either with white clover (WRG + CL) or with commercial N fertilizer (WRG + N). Each fall steers (243 ± 14.3 kg) were placed on pastures at a stocking density of 3.7 steers/ha. In the spring, a second set of steers (243 ± 20.8 kg) was placed on pasture with stocking density adjusted as necessary to maintain equivalent forage mass across pastures. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with year as the block and pasture as the experimental unit. In the fall ADG (0.99 ± 0.13 kg/d) and total BW gain per calf (54.7 ± 6.4 kg) did not differ (P ≥ 0.16) by treatment. Spring BW gain per steer (80.8 ± 9.9 kg) did not differ (P = 0.37) between WRG + N and WRG + CL, although steers grazed WRG + CL pastures 10 d longer (P
X-ray computed microtomography of sea ice – comment on "A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow" by Bartels-Rausch et al. (2014)

Abstract. This comment addresses a statement made in "A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow" by Bartels-Rausch et al. (Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1587–1633, doi:10.5194/acp-14-1587-2014 , 2014). Here we rebut the assertion that X-ray computed microtomography of sea ice fails to reveal liquid brine inclusions by discussing the phases present at the analysis temperature.
A simple, focused, computerized query to detect overutilization of laboratory tests.

Abstract Context.—Although there is nearly universal agreement that laboratory tests are overutilized, the degree of overutilization in a given institution is difficult to quantify and monitor across time. Objective.—To detect and clearly document repetitive daily ordering of a commonly ordered laboratory test (serum sodium) by employing a simple, focused, computerized query of a test result database followed by chart review and validation. Design.—A retrospective computerized query of our clinical data repository was performed to find inpatients who displayed normal serum sodium test results on 4 or more consecutive days, without any abnormal values during the same admission. The search was limited to a 1-month period. A subset of these patients was selected for chart review. Results.—One hundred sixteen patients met our criteria, and the tests ordered for those patients comprised 5.1% of the monthly volume of serum sodium tests ordered in our institution. Chart review revealed a consistent lack of docum...
Distance and throughput measurements in mobile WiMAX test bed

In this paper, we present our approach of establishing a Mobile WiMAX test bed as a part of our collaborations with the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) for studying the performance of current and upcoming broadband wireless technologies in a railroad environment. The focus is on studying the impact of mobility on the wireless system throughput for moving trains at high velocities. We describe details of our test bed and discuss test results obtained from our laboratory and test bed. Based on our measurements, we can achieve a throughput of approximately 2.9 Mbps with the most robust modulation scheme, a maximum distance of 11 kilometers, and a speed of 70 mph, making Mobile WiMAX a promising candidate for large-scale deployments in environments such as the railroad industry. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive measurement that will assist others in understanding Mobile WiMAX performance and guiding future network deployment.
Formation and Spontaneous Closure of an Arteriovenous Fistula After Transvenous Pacemaker Placement

We report the findings in a patient with the unusual complication of arteriovenous fistula formation of the subclavian vessels seven weeks following placement of a dual-chamber pacemaker. The fistula's subsequent course was equally unusual, closing spontaneously three weeks later. It is postulated that the thrombotic and fibrotic reaction elicited by the leads contributed to the fistulas closure. Two surgical procedures, correction of the fistula and reimplantation of the pacemaker, were thus avoided by careful monitoring of the patient. (Chest 1991; 100:572-74)
Decorrelated state estimation for distributed tracking using multiple sensors in cluttered environments

This paper extends a previously developed process of constructing decorrelated state estimates for distributed fusion architectures where each processor uses multiple sensors to maintain target tracks in cluttered environments. This construction removes correlation with previous intermediate updates from current intermediate state updates at each sensor stage of a sequential filter to form the decorrelated sequences. These sequences are in turn used as measurements in the joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) filter at the global processor. The algorithm to construct the decorrelated sequences is presented and applied to a proposed distributed fusion system where each local processor receives measurements from multiple sensors.
Integration of the robotic arm control system

The robotic arm control system (RACS) replaces the servo-level controller of the factory-supplied VAL controller (used with the PUMA 562 robot) for the purpose of implementing and testing advanced robot control algorithms. High-level operations can be performed either by RACS or by the VAL controller's host-level processor. Major aspects of the RACS integration effort are described including hardware modifications, arm calibration processes and routines, firmware for the VAL controller interface and the RACS system software. Effectiveness and operation of RACS are demonstrated by implementation of the PD control algorithm. >
Determining the relative permittivity of deep embedded biological tissues

Human tissue characterization, deep into the body, has been of interest for decades. X-rays are used for locating tumors. However, such surgery-free identification methods fail to verify whether tumors are benign or malignant without surgical extraction and testing of sample tissue. Moreover, X-ray scans do not allow for continuous time monitoring because frequent exposure to ionizing radiation and contrast agents is harmful to the human body. Probe methods do provide accurate approximation of the dielectric constant er but requires direct access to the specimen, making them suitable only for in-vitro applications. On the other hand, while common wearable health monitoring systems are advantageous for everyday use, they are mainly focused on simple functions such as temperature, and heart rate monitoring.
Improving the Accuracy of the Generalized Schur Algorithm

We show how to stabilize the generalized Schur algorithm for the Cholesky factorization of positive-definite structured matrices R that satisfy R-FRF T = GJG T , where J is a signature matrix, F is a stable lower-triangular matrix, and G is a generator matrix. We use a perturbation analysis to indicate the best accuracy that can be expected from any finite precision algorithm that uses the generator matrix as the input data. We then show that the modified Schur algorithm proposed in this work essentially achieves this bound for a large class of structured matrices.
Normalcy and the Contents of Philosophical Judgements

AbstractThought experiments as counterexamples are a familiar tool in philosophy. Frequently understanding a vignette seems to generate a challenge to a target theory. In this paper I explore the content of the judgement that we have in response to these vignettes. I first introduce several competing proposals for the content of our judgement, and explain why they are inadequate. I then advance an alternative view. I argue that when we hear vignettes we consider the normal instances of the vignette. If the normal instance of the vignette exhibits a counter-instance, the vignette constitutes a challenge to the target theory. I argue that this proposal shows how responses to vignettes are an ordinary, everyday judgement, and I explain how the proposal avoids the problems generated by competing theories. Finally, I argue this ‘normalcy proposal’ most naturally accords with our understanding of the method.
Microalgae as a new source of bioactive compounds in food supplements

Microalgae contain several bioactive compounds that can supplement the nutritional and energy needs of the population. The biochemical composition of microalgae can be manipulated by altering the culture conditions and environmental stress to induce the microorganisms to produce high concentrations of a biocompound of interest. In addition, microalgae do not require arable land and can be grown in regions where land use change is not a concern. Thus, the present work is a review of the biotechnological and biochemical potential of microalgae in food, wherein the main functional constituent compounds are in the biomass. The biological effects of these bioactive substances and possible applications for food products are also discussed.