cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital image processing of earth observation sensor data

This paper describes digital image processing techniques that were developed to precisely correct Landsat multispectral Earth observation data and gives illustrations of the results achieved, e.g., geometric corrections with an error of less than one picture element, a relative error of one-fourth picture element, and no radiometric error effect. Techniques for enhancing the sensor data, digitally mosaicking multiple scenes, and extracting information are also illustrated.
The production of chimeric rats and their use in the analysis of the hooded pigmentation pattern

New, improved media and procedures for making rat chimeric embryos and culturing them in vitro have been developed. We have produced 27 rat chimeras: 20 males and 7 females. This ratio of males to females is consistent with that seen in mouse chimeras, suggesting that rat sex chimeras develop as phenotypic males. By aggregating embryos containing appropriate genetic markers for pigment cell differentiation, it is possible to produce chimeras that elucidate the site of action of the hooded gene. The coat color patterns of black black hooded chimeras display a white belly spot. In black albino hooded chimeras, small patches of white hair appear on the head and a large white spot occurs on the belly. Black agouti hooded chimeras display both agouti and nonagouti pigmentation over the entire surface of the chimera. These animals are fully pigmented with no white spots. In black albino non-hooded chimeras, rather small irregular patches of black and white hairs are distributed throughout the pelage. Histological examination of sections of hair follicles obtained from the white areas in the head of black albino hooded chimeras revealed amelanotic melanocytes. On the other hand, hair bulbs from the white belly spots do not contain any such melanocytes. Thus the white hairs of the head are due to the presence of albino melanocytes, but the white hairs of the belly are due to the total absence of melanocytes. All these observations are consistent with the conclusion that the hooded gene acts within melanoblasts, probably to retard their migration from the neural crest and/or to prevent their entrance into the hair follicles of the white areas of hooded rats.
Music Piracy--Differences in the Ethical Perceptions of Business Majors and Music Business Majors.

In this study, the author investigated the ethical perceptions of business majors and music business majors from a private university and observed whether the taking of a business ethics course affected students' perceptions regarding the ethical aspects of downloading, sharing, copying, and selling copyrighted music from Internet and non-Internet sources. The author found that students who had never engaged in such activities were more likely to perceive them as unethical. Results also revealed that music business majors who had never downloaded music and had not taken an ethics course believed more strongly that such behavior was unfair to the music industry than did those who had not downloaded but had taken an ethics course. These findings have important implications for the music industry and educational institutions involved in ethics instruction.
Secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 by human uterine epithelium directs monocyte migration in culture.

Objective To determine whether primary human uterine epithelial cells in culture are able to influence monocyte chemotaxis and to establish whether the causal agent of chemotaxis is monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)–1. Design Tissue culture study. Setting University medical center. Patient(s) Women aged 23 to 53 years who were undergoing hysterectomy (n=7). Intervention(s) Primary human endometrial epithelial cells were acquired from surgical specimens and grown to confluence and high transepithelial resistance. Conditioned media from epithelial cultures were analyzed for the presence of MCP-1 and for capacity to affect monocyte chemotaxis using the THP-1 monocyte line. Antibody neutralization of conditioned media was used to establish the role of MCP-1 in chemotaxis. Main Outcome Measure(s) Assay of conditioned media for MCP-1, quantitative measurement of monocyte chemotaxis to conditioned media, and inhibition of chemotaxis by antibody neutralization of MCP-1. Result(s) Primary endometrial epithelial cells in monolayer culture secrete MCP-1 to both the apical and basolateral compartments. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was identified as the primary agent of monocyte chemotaxis by antibody neutralization. Conclusion(s) These findings suggest that biologically active MCP-1 is secreted into both the uterine lumen as well as the underlying stroma and that it mediates the presence of monocytes, macrophages, and other immune cells in the uterine endometrium.
On Lagrangian Catenoids

Recently I. Castro and F. Urbano introduced the Lagrangian catenoid. Topologically, it is {mathbb R} \times Sn - 1 and its induced metric is conformally flat, but not cylindrical. Their result is that if a Lagrangian minimal submanifold in {mathbb C}n is foliated by round (n - 1)-spheres, it is congruent to a Lagrangian catenoid. Here we study the question of conformally flat, minimal, Lagrangian submanifolds in {mathbb C}n. The general problem is formidable, but we first show that such a submanifold resembles a Lagrangian catenoid in that its Schouten tensor has an eigenvalue of multiplicity one. Then, restricting to the case of at most two eigenvalues, we show that the submanifold is either flat and totally geodesic or is homothetic to (a piece of) the Lagrangian catenoid.
Gallstone pancreatitis: when is the optimal time for intervention?

The correct timing of surgery in cases of gallstone pancreatitis is debatable. To delineate more clearly the influence of the timing of surgery in the treatment of the disease, a prospective randomized clinical study of early surgery (less than 48 hours after admission) and delayed surgery (more than 48 hours after admission) was conducted in 165 patients. Ranson's prognostic signs of severity of disease were used to classify the patients into two risk groups: mild pancreatitis (three or fewer positive signs) and severe pancreatitis (more than three positive signs). In patients with three or fewer positive Ranson's signs, the time of surgery appeared to have little effect on the outcome, whereas in patients with more than three positive signs, early surgery resulted in a significant increase in rates of morbidity and mortality. Controlled randomization showed that in patients with gallstone pancreatitis, edematous or hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis can develop, with or without impacted stones, early or late in the progression of the disease, during early or delayed surgery. These findings suggest that (1) although a gallstone initiates a bout of pancreatitis, it does not cause the progression of the disease; (2) the fate of the progression of pancreatitis is decided early by the amount of digestive enzymes being activated; (3) early removal of an impacted stone does not ameliorate the progression of pancreatitis; and (4)surgery should be performed during the initial hospital admission after the pancreatitis has subsided.
Improved sampling of thermal transients using focal plane array infrared imagers

Quantitative thermal diffusivity and thickness images can be obtained by minimizing the squared difference between the data and a thermal model. This requires the transient portion of the thermal response to be adequately sampled. For fixed infrared camera frame rates (typically 60 hertz) this may be difficult for very fast thermal transients. The focus of this work is to investigate a technique where the application of the flash heat is controlled by a variable delay. By cycling the flash heating and implementing a linearly increasing delay, thermal transients faster than the frame rate of the thermal camera can be successfully sampled. Detection of subsurface defects with improved defect contrast and spatial resolution on samples with fabricated defects is presented.
Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor through the induction of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Rho/ROCK and c-Myc.

The induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential feature of tumor angiogenesis. Hypoxia is a potent stimulator of VEGF expression, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is considered to be critical for this induction. However, we have previously demonstrated that induction of VEGF by hypoxia was preserved when HIF-1α was silenced. We sought to better define the molecular basis of this HIF-1-independent regulation. In colon cancer cells, hypoxia stimulated multiple K-ras effector pathways including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. VEGF promoter deletion studies identified a novel promoter region between –418 and –223 bp that was responsive to hypoxia in a PI3K/Rho/ROCK-dependent manner. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified a fragment between –300 and –251 bp that demonstrated a unique shift only in hypoxic conditions. Inhibition of PI3K or ROCK blocked the formation of this complex. A binding site for c-Myc, a target of ROCK, was identified at –271 bp. A role for c-Myc in the hypoxic induction of VEGF was demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis of the VEGF promoter and silencing of c-Myc by small interfering RNA. Collectively, these findings suggest an alternative mechanism for the hypoxic induction of VEGF in colon cancer that does not depend upon HIF-1α but instead requires the activation of PI3K/Rho/ROCK and c-Myc.
Band structure and optical absorption of GaN nanowires grown along the c axis

We study the optical properties of wurtzite GaN nanowires in which the geometrical axis coincides with the $c$ axis of the crystal. The band mixing is typically very strong for the valence subbands and this results in rather complicated behaviors of the dispersion curves. However, in a very thin nanowire, the top valence subband is found to contain mostly $\ensuremath{\mid}z⟩$ components near the zone center; this is in contrast to bulk GaN where the top state has $\ensuremath{\mid}x⟩$ and $\ensuremath{\mid}y⟩$ components only. A particularly interesting feature of bandmixing is that the nearest-to-band-edge valence state can be either optically dark or bright, depending on the radius of the nanowire. We show that near the band edge, the optical absorption is greater when the optical field is polarized along the wire and this polarization anisotropy becomes stronger as the radius decreases; above the band edge, the transverse component of absorption may dominate. This absorption dependence is again in contrast to that in bulk GaN where the band edge absorption is much greater for the optical polarization perpendicular to the $c$ axis. The absorption properties are also directly relevant for the polarization of luminescence and laser emission in GaN nanowires.
A RATIONAL-EXPECTATIONS REVISION OF MAKADOK'S RESOURCE/CAPABILITY SYNTHESIS

Makadok has recently developed a mathematical model aimed at synthesizing the resource-based and dynamic-capabilities views of the rent creation process. One unstated implicit assumption in that model is that each bidding firm in the resource market is ignorant not only of the content of rival firms' private information, but also of the quality (i.e., the noisiness or reliability) of that information. Consequently, that model does not qualify as a rational-expectations Bayesian Nash equilibrium—a fact that both generates questionable results (e.g., the possibility of negative expected profits) and impedes any effort to extend the model. The rational-expectations critique in economics points out that this sort of nonrational assumption becomes increasingly implausible as economic actors learn more about each other's patterns over time through repeated interactions (in this case, as bidders repeatedly compete against each other to buy different resources over time). So, over the long run, the only truly stable, viable, and robust assumption would be rational-expectations behavior. The primary purpose of this paper is to put Makadok's model on the firmer methodological footing of rational-expectations Bayesian Nash equilibrium, so that it will no longer generate questionable results, and so that future researchers can more easily extend it. The secondary purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that this shift to rational-expectations assumptions has little substantive impact on the testable hypotheses generated by Makadok's original model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Daminozide Residues in Apple Orchards: Concentrations in Fruit, Trees, and Soil

In the Spring of 1989 considerable public attention was focussed on daminozide (Alar n) residues found in apple products. Daminozide is manufactured by the Uniroyal Chemical Company (Naugatuck, CT) and is used as a growth retardant on fruit trees, peanut vines, and ornamental plants, and to a lesser extent on tomatoes, grapes, and brussels sprouts. In apple orchards it is applied as a foliar spray from mid-July to mid-August to improve color development in red varieties and to maintain quality during the cold storage of all apple varieties. One objective of the current study is the determination of carry-over levels of daminozide in apple orchards from one growing season to the next. We sought to determine if daminozide lingers as a xenobiotic when the chemical is used in normal agricultural practice rather than in carefully controlled studies. Previous field studies of daminozide residues in apple trees were carried out at well-regulated application levels
Biomass and nutrient distribution in a 15.5 year old forest growing on a rehabilitated bauxite mine

Above-ground biomass and its nutrient content were measured in a 15.5 year old rehabilitated bauxite mine in the jarrah forest of southwest Australia. The litterfall and its nutrient content was also measured on the same site, 4-6 years and 8-10 years after rehabilitation. The total mass of the vegetation and litter was 103 t ha -1 , 25% of that in a nearby jarrah forest. The mass of the trees was 58 t ha -1 , approximately 22% of that in the jarrah forest. The amount of nitrogen in the soil, in the litter and in the understorey, and in the total system, exceeded that in the nearby jarrah forest. Annual litterfall in the rehabilitated area was comparable to that measured in the jarrah forest and other dry sclerophyll forests. The nitrogen content of the litterfall in the rehabilitated area was around three to four times that in other dry sclerophyll forests.
Uptake and transport of intestinal macromolecules and microorganisms by M cells in Peyer's patches— a personal and historical perspective

Dr Kenzaburo Kumagai identified dome epithelium of intestinal lymphoid tissues as a site of uptake for mycobacteria in 1922, but he saw this only as a possible initiation point for intestinal tuberculosis and abandoned even that premise as non-specific, after finding that sheep red blood cells were also taken up. When development of ultrastructural techniques in 1972 permitted identification of M cells with phagocytic capabilities, harboring migrating lymphoid cells in the specialized epithelium over Peyer's patches, these patches remained anatomic curiosities with no recognized physiologic role. These structural observations of M cells and of intestinal lymphoid tissues stimulated functional, structural and molecular biologic investigations which now provide the basis for many of our current concepts of mucosal immunology and the roles of M cells in initiation of defensive immune responses.
An overview of TEDIUM

Abstract TEDIUM was developed to manage the entire life cycle of a software application from initial analysis through final retirement. In this sense, TEDIUM is different from a Programming Support Environment (PSE), which applies automated tools to aid in program implementation and project control within the context of an established process model. In the case of the PSE, computer technology is used to aid in the management of large, complex software projects. TEDIUM, on the other hand, uses its own software process model and is constrained to moderate-sized information system applications. After a brief history of the environment, the author offers an evaluation of TEDIUM, and some observations that may be of value for other development paradigms or application classes.
Single-scan rest/stress imaging 18F-labeled flow tracers

Purpose: The authors report a novel measurement strategy to obtain both rest and stress blood flow during a single, relatively short, scan session. Methods: Measurement of rest-stress myocardial blood flow with long-lived tracers usually requires separate scan sessions to remove the confounding effects of residual radioactivity concentration in the blood and tissue. The innovation of this method is to treat the rest-stress scan as a single entity in which the flow parameters change due to pharmacological challenge. With this approach the fate of a tracer molecule is naturally accounted for, no matter if it was introduced during the rest or stress phase of the study. Two new dual-injection kinetic models are considered that represent the response to pharmacological stress as a transitional or transient increase of myocardial blood flow. The authors present the theory of the method followed by the specific application of the theory to18F-Flurpiridaz, a new myocardial flow-imaging agent. Results: Myocardial blood flow was accurately and precisely estimated from a single-scan rest/stress study for the long half-lived tracer18F-Flurpiridaz. By accounting for the time-dependence of the kinetic parameters, the proposed models achieved good accuracy and precision (5%) under different vasodilators and different ischemic states. Conclusions: Detailed simulations predict that accurate and precise rest-stress blood flow measurements can be obtained in 20–30 min.
OPTICAL NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION FOR TURBOFAN ENGINES' ABRADABLE LINERS

A simplified speckle interferometer setup was shown to be a viable means to test for hidden defects within 3M Scotch-Weld Void Filling and Edge Sealing Compound EC-3524 B/A. A relatively inexpensive setup made of a laser, CCD camera, light-scattering plate, and microscope optics was sufficient to indentify both void and thinning defects within the material. Stressing by a heat gun, similar to that which has been used in prior NDI speckle interferometry investigations, proved to be both a fast and effective means to provide the out-of-plane displacement necessary to observe faults within the compound. Such stressing provided adequate fringe patterns in the recorded images of the samples, and aberrations to these concentric patterns were shown to correlate to hidden defects in the material. The defects were most apparent during the initial cooling of the specimen and gradually became less evident as the secondary cooling came into effect. Different amounts of heat stressing were needed for the cut-away engine casing than for the stand-alone liner samples. The testing showed that voids as small as 1 mm in diameter were able to be detected by an experienced technician.
Births averted by contraception: An approach through renewal theory

Of critical interest to family planning administrators are estimates of births averted per segment of contraception. By a “segment” of contraception is meant the period of usage of a method between its initiation (or resumption after a period of nonuse) and its next interruption owing to accidental pregnancy, switch to another method, or stopping contraception. Several attempts to estimate births averted per IUD inserted have been pub1ished.l These analyses have been too tailored to specific data and too empirical to provide an ideal vehicle for clarifying the conditions under which births averted per segment of contraception is high or low. Nevertheless, these applied analyses have served to establish some of the factors that deserve place in a theory of family planning impact. Because they provide such efficient protection against pregnancy, modern contraceptives such as the IUD or the antiovular pills have an impact that is limited less by accidental pregnancy than by high discontinuation rates for other reasons. Another qualifying factor is the amount of overlap between practice of the contraceptive and the anovulatory period following childbirth when the woman is protected anyway. Even when all these factors are held
Annulate lamellae in giant cells surrounding nematode parasites (Thelazia) of the face fly, Musca autumnalis

Abstract Annulate lamellae were found in giant cells produced by the face fly, Musca autumnalis , in response to parasitization by the nematode Thelazia sp. These membranous organelles were not found in giant cells 3 or 9 days postinfection, but appeared at 6 days when there was a concommitant increase in rupturing of the nuclear envelope of host nuclei located within the syncytium. Electron micrographs showed direct continuity between annulate lamellae and both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula. Also, numerous polyribosomes and mitochondria were always associated with this membranous organelle.
A Novel Early Antigen Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus Productive Cycle

Abstract A murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 92A recognized a 48-kilodalton Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen (EA). The mAb stained nuclei of EBV-activated P3HR-1, B95-8 and Akata cells in a distinctive, microgranular immunofluorescence pattern. The 92A antigen was sensitive to methanol-fixation. Expression of the 92A antigen in those cells paralleled diffuse (EA-D) and restricted (EA-R) components of EA, and viral DNA (vDNA) replication. Phosphonoacetic acid did not inhibit expression of the 92A antigen. The colocalization of 92A antigen, EA-D, and vDNA was observed in viral replication compartments of B95-8 cells. On the other hand, in P3HR-1 virus-superinfected Raji cells the percentages of 92A antigen-positive cells were at much lower levels than were EA-D and -R positive cells. I mmunofluorescence staining with 92A mAb was blocked by pretreatment with EBV-positive human sera, but not with EBV-negative sera. We conclude that 92A mAb recognizes a novel EA which may function in vDNA replication.
Screening Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer: What Should We Advocate to Our Patients?

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Several medical societies have provided formal guidelines recommending various modalities for average-risk populations. These recommendations universally support the use of high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy for screening. However, there are differences in the support for fecal DNA stool testing and CT colonography. Regardless of the test, it is imperative that physicians and their patients be aware of the characteristics, benefits, and limitations of each modality. This review discusses the recommendations and provides an up-to-date review of the literature for colorectal cancer screening.
TV Hybridity: Genre Mixing and Narrative Complexity in M*A*S*H

“Television stories may be formulaic, but the ways in which they are told can vary considerably.” – Sarah Kozloff, “Narrative Theory and Television” (59) “A producerly text combines the televisual ...
Cloning of a rat cDNA encoding a protein with high homology to mouse phospholipase A2-activating protein

A complementary DNA (2510 bp) encoding a protein with high homology to mouse phospholipase A2-activating protein (PLAP) was cloned from rat hepatocytes by differential screening of a subtractive (normoxic minus hypoxic) lambda GEM-2 cDNA library. This cDNA clone, denoted as HCW9, encodes a 647-amino-acid (aa) protein with 96.1% identity in the N-terminal portion (255 aa) to mouse PLAP [Clark et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 5418-5422]. Four cDNA clones were further isolated by screening a primary normoxic lambda GEM-2 cDNA library with a fragment of the HCW9 clone as probe. Partial sequencing of these clones revealed that all of the four clones were identical to clone HCW9. Northern blotting analysis of total RNA extracted from normoxic or hypoxic rat hepatocytes, with two different fragments of clone HCW9 as probes, demonstrated a single band with a mobility corresponding to a size of 2.5 kb, whose level was significantly decreased during chemical hypoxia.
Simulations of boron doping in a-Si:H

The doping efficiency of B in a-Si:H is usually explained by the argument that almost all of the B is incorporated into three-fold coordinated sites and that B is inert or non-doping in this configuration. Using ab initio molecular dynamics (MD), we have computed the energetics and doping (electronic structure) consequences of B incorporation into a-Si:H both with and without H passivation. Our results indicate that the conventional view is in error and that the doping efficiency is primarily due to H passivation. Studies of P in a-Si:H show that the conventional view of that dopant is correct.
A REFINEMENT OF RAMANUJAN'S CONGRUENCES MODULO POWERS OF 7 AND 11

Ramanujan's famous congruences for the partition function modulo powers of 5, 7, and 11 have inspired much further research. For example, in 2002 Lovejoy and Ono found subprogressions of 5jn + β5(j) for which Ramanujan's congruence mod 5j could be strengthened to a statement modulo 5j+1. Here we provide the analogous results modulo powers of 7 and 11. We require the arithmetic properties of two special elliptic curves.
Reliability of polysilicon thin film transistors on stainless steel foil substrates

We have successfully fabricated polysilicon thin film transistors on a flexible stainless steel foil substrate. Both - and p-channel devices have been subjected to DC and AC voltage stressing, in order to provide for a basic measurement of their performance. We have compared these characteristics with results obtained from devices we have previously fabricated on quartz substrates, and have found no evidence that the stainless steel substrate has affected the reliability of the transistors. We therefore believe that polysilicon devices and circuits on steel present an attractive alternative to transistors fabricated on more expensive substrates, without any reliability compromise.
Targeting opioidergic pathways as a novel biological treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a fatal malignancy with no known cause or cure, and treatment modalities that are marginal at best [1,2]. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common pancreatic ne...
Fate and effect of benzalkonium chlorides in a continuous-flow biological nitrogen removal system treating poultry processing wastewater

The fate and effect of the antimicrobial compounds benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) on the biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes for a continuous-flow, three-stage laboratory-scale BNR system were modeled. Three kinetic sub-models, corresponding to each reactor, were developed and then combined in a comprehensive ASM1-based model. Kinetic parameters for the three sub-models were evaluated using experimental data obtained from independent batch assays. The biodegradation of BACs was modeled with a mixed-substrate Monod equation. The inhibitory effect of BACs on the utilization of degradable COD and denitrification was modeled as competitive inhibition, whereas non-competitive inhibition was used to model the effect of BACs on nitrification and inhibition coefficients were evaluated. The model simulated well the long-term performance of the BNR system treating a poultry processing wastewater with and without BACs. Enhanced BAC degradation by heterotrophs and increased resistance of nitrifiers to BACs, reflecting acclimation/enrichment over time, is a salient feature of the model.
GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE-COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF): POSSIBLE REGULATOR OF SURFACTANT TURNOVER DURING PERINATAL PERIOD. † 1948

GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE-COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF): POSSIBLE REGULATOR OF SURFACTANT TURNOVER DURING PERINATAL PERIOD. † 1948
The Success of Tree Breeding in the Southern US

Nowhere in the world have tree improvement and silviculture had a bigger impact on forest productivity and value to landowners than in the southern US. The economic impact from almost 60 years of tree improvement in the southern United States has been staggering. For example, over 300,000 hectares are planted each year with seedlings from the breeding efforts with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) by members and staff of the North Carolina State University Cooperative Tree Improvement Program. The present value of continued genetic gains from traditional tree improvement efforts is estimated to be $2.5 billion USD to landowners and citizens in the southern US.
OPERANT COMPONENTS OF CONDITIONED LICKING IN DESERT RODENTS

water is freely available (Sigmodon hispidus and Rattus norvegicus). (a) Domesticated Norway rats showed superior conditioning over wild Norway rats and E. quadrivittatus, the only other groups to show continued improvement during the 10 daily sessions, and (b) species most inferior in conditioning showed the least apparent need for water and the lowest operant level of licking during initial sessions. The chief difference in th: different types of learning is that in some cases activities already organized are modified by experience, while in others the activities are organized by experience (Kirkpatrick, 1909, p. 286). Conventional classical conditioning is operant to the extent that the CR is specified to the momentary CS and not to the stimulus complex in general (Denny & Adelman, 1955) and to the degree that the CR modifies the UCS (Kirnmel, 1966). Significant in the trend to cond~c~on response systems with a greater operant component (e.g., Van Bergeijk, 1967) are attempts to classically condition the licking response in rats (Miller & B Boice & Denny, 1965). Depending on the procedure used, conditioned licking may be primarily operant in its early stages. Basically, a high incidence of licking during the IT1 diminishes only with extended training (Boice, 1966) whereas IT1 responding in conventional classical conditioning is normally negligible from the onset of acquisition. Rats in [he conditioned licking situation begin by licking frequently and indiscriminately as though responding to a fixed inrerval schedule. Later, licking becomes almost exclusively specified to the UCS to the exclusion of the ITI. Discriminatory responding, as such, is established operantly but becomes respondent in the sense of reliability and stereotypy. Hulse (1967) supports the notion that licking within bursts is respondent but that the parterning of lick bursts is primarily emitted or operant. Within bursts the rac's licking response is impressively "unconditioned." Lick race in laboratory rats is constant at a mean of six or seven licks per second independent of age, sex, deprivation state, or type of sol~~tion (Keehn & Arnold, 1960; Schaeffer & Premack, 1961). Reflexive qualities of rate consistency and
Heat shock protein 70 in the retina of Xenopus laevis, in vivo and in vitro: effect of metabolic stress.

We utilized the frog eyecup as an in vitro model to compare heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) synthesis in untreated retinas and in hyperthermia-, arsenite-, or glutamate-treated retinas. Hsp70-like immunoreactivity in vivo was concentrated in the photoreceptors in a pattern that was basically unchanged throughout the light/dark cycle. Retinas from eyecups in culture displayed the same immunoreactivity pattern as those in vivo except for a rapid, transient increase in immunoreactivity surrounding the photoreceptor nuclei. The immunoreactivity pattern in heat-treated retinas was similar to that of controls, but overall intensity was greatest in the outer plexiform layer. Arsenite-treated retinas displayed hsp70-like immunoreactivity in a pattern that was also like that of control retinas. Glutamate exposure resulted in increased hsp70-like immunoreactivity not only in the inner segments and outer plexiform layer, but also in photoreceptor nuclei. Gel fluorography of 35S-methionine-labeled proteins from heat- and arsenite-stressed retinas demonstrated increased synthesis of one or two proteins of ∼70 kD and one protein of ∼90 kD. Exposure of eyecups to glutamate did not result in detectable changes in protein synthesis. Following exposure to heat or glutamate, the retinas displayed swelling of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) as well as pyknotic nuclei in the inner nuclear layer. Exposure of eyecups to arsenite caused clumping of the melanin granules of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) but not IPL swelling or pyknotic nuclei. We have shown that the stress response can be manipulated successfully in the in vitro Xenopus retina and that the pattern of the response depends on the nature of the stressor.
Identification of surface autoantigens which appear during spermatogenesis

Autoantigens that appear during spermatogenesis in the rabbit were identified using immunoadsorbent chromatography and SDS-PAGE. To identify cell-surface proteins, samples of freshly isolated, staged cells were labeled by the lactoperoxidase or Iodo-Gen iodination procedure and run on SDS-PAGE. Autoradiograms of the stained, dried gels were prepared. By correlating the band patterns in the SDS gels of immunocolumn and surface-labeled samples with the band patterns in the autoradiograms, it was possible to show when the autoantigenic proteins appeared on the cell surface. To further support the identification of membrane autoantigens, surface-labeled, staged cell samples were lysed in Triton X-100 and immunoprecipitated with antitestis cell autoantisera. Three types of autoantigens have been identified: (1) late class antigens that are present only on late spermatids and epididymal spermatozoa, but are intracellular in early stages, (2) early class antigens which occur on the surface of pachytene spermatocytes and are present throughout subsequent stages of development, and (3) early class, transient antigens, which appear on spermatogenic cells but are not present on epididymal spermatozoa.
A Rose by Any Other Name? The Potential Consequences of Microglial Heterogeneity During CNS Health and Disease

Microglial activation and macrophage infiltration into the CNS are common features of CNS autoimmune disease and of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Because these cells largely express an overlapping set of common macrophage markers, it has been difficult to separate their respective contributions to disease onset and progression. This problem is further confounded by the many types of macrophages that have been termed microglia. Several approaches, ranging from molecular profiling of isolated cells to the generation of irradiation chimeric rodent models, are now beginning to generate rudimentary definitions distinguishing the various types of microglia and macrophages found within the CNS and the potential roles that these cells may play in health and disease.
Evolution of structural properties and formation of N-N split interstitials in GaAs 1 − x N x alloys

Using first-principles total energy calculations, we have studied the structural properties of the large lattice mismatched ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x}$ alloys. We first discuss the validity of Vegard's law, which assumes a linear variation of the alloy concentration with both the lattice constant and the volume. In the dilute-N limit, the calculated lattice constant coincides with Vegard's law for the lattice constant, but not for the volume variation. This deviation implies that using Vegard's law for the volume variation overestimates the N concentration. In the dilute-As limit, the calculated lattice constant is larger than that suggested by the Vegard's law for both the volume and the lattice constant, implying that using Vegard's law overestimates the As concentration. The calculated bulk moduli for ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{N}}_{x}$, however, show almost linear behavior in the two region, increase monotonically with N concentration. We have also studied the effect of the split interstitial defect ${(\mathrm{N}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{N})}_{\mathit{spl}}$, on the electronic and structural properties of the alloy. We find that the split interstitial is an amphoteric defect with $(+∕0)$ transition at 0.2 eV and $(0∕\ensuremath{-})$ transition at 0.3 eV above the valence band maximum. The concentration of the split nitrogen interstitial [N-N] is relatively small compared to the substitutional nitrogen [N], but it would be large if the system could be grown at the As-rich limit and the sample were doped $n$-type.
Compositional and molecular weight analysis of polyether macromonomers by chromatographic techniques

This paper critically examines the scope and limitations of state-of-the-art chromatographic techniques (GPC, GC, HPLC) for separating and analyzing the composition, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of acrylate and styrene based polyether macromonomers. Of the three chromatrographic techniques investigated, HPLC is found to be the most useful technique for macromonomer analysis, being applicable over a wide molecular weight range and having favorable selectivities towards the many macromonomer components. Macromonomer purity, n-mer distribution, and molecular weight can be derived from a single chromatographic run. In addition, conformational information can be obtained.
Proteomic profiling reveals that rabies virus infection results in differential expression of host proteins involved in ion homeostasis and synaptic physiology in the central nervous system

To understand how rabies virus (RV) infection results in neuronal dysfunction, the authors employed proteomics technology to profile host responses to RV infection. In mice infected with wild-type (wt) RV, the expression of proteins involved in ion homeostasis was altered. H(+) ATPase and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase were up-regulated whereas Ca(2+) ATPase was down-regulated, which resulted in reduction of the intracellular Na(+) and Ca(2+) concentrations. Furthermore, infection with wt RV resulted in down-regulation of soluble NSF attachment receptor proteins (SNAREs) such as alpha-synaptosome-associated protein (SNAP), tripartite motif-containing 9 (TRIM9), syntaxin, and pallidin, all of which are involved in docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles to and with presynaptic membrane. As a consequence, accumulation of synaptic vesicles was observed in the presynapses of mice infected with wt RV. These data demonstrate that infection with wt RV results in alteration of host protein expression, particularly those involved in ion homeostasis and docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles to presynaptic membrane, which may lead to neuronal dysfunction. On the other hand, attenuated RV up-regulated the expression of proteins involved in the induction of apoptosis, explaining why apoptosis is observed only in cells or animals infected with attenuated RV in previous studies.
Blurring the Ocean Zones: The Effect of the Proliferation Security Initiative on the Customary International Law of the Sea

The United States has recently implemented its “Proliferation Security Initiative” (PSI), a brand of “understanding” that unites “like-minded states” in a program of ship-boarding and information sharing, with the aim of combating the proliferation of nuclear weapons among so-called “rogue states.” This article interrogates the realities underlying the literal text of the PSI and seeks to understand how the United States can be expected to utilize the PSI in practice. The article concludes that the PSI will blur the jurisdictional boundaries between the ocean zones, and otherwise affect the customary international law of the sea.
Correlation of cilofungin in vivo efficacy with its activity against Aspergillus fumigatus (1,3)‐β‐d‐glucan synthase*

Abstract (1,3)-β- D -Glucan synthase is a cell wall synthesis enzyme that is the target of cilofungin, an antifungal agent of the lipopeptide class. Cilofungin's glucan synthase inhibitory activity, MIC, and effective dose 50% in a systemic infection mouse model tend to correlate for Candida albicans . This correlation is not seen in Aspergillus fumigatus . MICs for cilofungin against A. fumigatus were consistently > 125 μg/ml while the effective dose 50% in a systemic aspergillosis model was determined to be 20.6 mg/kg. To begin to understand this discrepancy, we examined the A. fumigatus glucan synthase. This cell wall enzyme was prepared and its activity was measured by [ 14 C]-glucose incorporation from UDP-[U- 14 C]glucose into an acid insoluble polymer formed in the presence of α-amylase. Enzyme activity in crude membrane preparations was measured in the presence of several antifungal agents. Enzyme inhibition results showed that 1 μg/ml of papulacandin B, echinochandin B, aculeacin A and cilofungin all inhibited A. fumigatus glucan synthase activity (40–71%) while 1 μg/ml of amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole and nikkomycin did not affect enzyme activity. A correlation was therefore established between the inhibitory effect of cilofungin on the A. fumigatus glucan synthase and the effective dose 50% obtained in a systemic aspergillosis mouse model.
A Self-Supervised Approach to Comment Spam Detection Based on Content Analysis

This paper studies the problems and threats posed by a type of spam in the blogosphere, called blog comment spam. It explores the challenges introduced by comment spam, generalizing the analysis substantially to any other short text type spam. The authors analyze different high-level features of spam and legitimate comments based on the content of blog postings. The authors use these features to cluster data separately for each feature using K-Means clustering algorithm. The authors also use self-supervised learning, which could classify spam and legitimate comments automatically. Compared with existing solutions, this approach demonstrates more flexibility and adaptability to the environment, as it requires minimal human intervention. The preliminary evaluation of the proposed spam detection system shows promising results.
Cyclic flow stress and microstructural changes during multiple step testing at elevated temperatures

Abstract The multiple step test has been applied to measuring cyclic stress-strain curves in nickel as a function of temperature. One specimen with hour-glass geometry was used. By comparison with results on companion specimens tested isothermally at the same temperatures as used for the step test it is shown that the multiple step test is a poor method of measuring cyclic stress-strain curves in these circumstances. One reason for this is interference from apparent hardening which is an artefact of crack propagation and the diametral method of measuring strain. In addition microtwins were observed to form along the dislocation cell boundaries during temperature step changes. Normally such twins are not observed in continuous cycling.
cDNAs for a Chymotrypsinogen-like Protein from Two Strains of Plodia interpunctella

Gut proteinases are involved in the solubilization and activation of insecticidal toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis and may also be involved in resistance development. Approximately threefold lower chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity was observed in a Bt(entomocidus)-resistant strain of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, than that in the Bt-susceptible strain. Because chymotrypsin-like proteinases are involved in Bt protoxin activation in P. interpunctella, we compared cDNA sequences, mRNA expression levels, and genomic DNA for chymotrypsin-like enzymes in Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strains of P. interpunctella. To isolate cDNA coding for chymotrypsinogen-like proteinases, a probe was developed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a cDNA library from the Bt-susceptible strain using a vector primer and a degenerate primer corresponding to a conserved sequence in the active site of serine proteinases. This probe was used to screen cDNA libraries from resistant and susceptible strains. Predicted amino acid sequences from cDNA clones of each strain share similarity with sequences of chymotrypsin-like proteinases and are most similar to a chymotrypsin-like proteinase from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. cDNAs for putative chymotrypsinogen-like proteins, from both Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strains of P. interpunctella share an identical open reading frame of 846 nucleotides. The encoded proteins contain amino acid sequence motifs of serine proteinase active sites, disulfide-bridge cysteine residues, and both zymogen activation and signal peptides. A difference between these cDNAs was observed only in the untranslated region where a substitution of guanine for adenine occurred in the Bt-resistant strain. Southern and Northern blotting analyses indicated that there are no major differences in chymotrypsinogen-like genomic organization and mRNA expression in the two strains. These data suggest that chymotrypsinogen-like proteinase genes and their transcription are similar in the Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strains of P. interpunctella.
Emission from a slab of resonant two-level atoms induced by a delta-pulse excitation

Using eigenmode analysis I calculate in the linear regime the emission characteristics from a slab of two-level resonant atoms excited by a delta-pulse propagating normal to the surface of the slab. I show that the qualitative features of the emitted spectra in the forward and backward directions to be different from each other; I also find the effects of the total linewidth of the resonance line and of the deviation in the spatial periodicity of the initial atomic polarization from k0, where k0 = ω0/c and ω0 is the two level resonant frequency, on the spectra. The dominant spatial mode of the system is identified as the key parameter for determining the forward emission spectral width.
BioPro designer: an advanced computing environment for modeling and design of integrated biochemical processes

Abstract The scale-up and commercialization of biological products is a difficult task that requires collaboration of scientists and engineers from various disciplines. Computer-aided process synthesis and analysis tools can facilitate this task by introducing a common language of communication among the various research and development groups and by providing a total systems approach. BioPro Designer is such a software design tool that runs on personal computers and features an interactive and user friendly interface. This paper presents the architecture and the important features of BioPro Designer.
Effect of aspect ratio on sidewall boundary-layer influence in two-dimensional airfoil testing

The effect of sidewall boundary layers in airfoil testing in two-dimensional wind tunnels is investigated. The non-linear crossflow velocity variation induced because of the changes in the sidewall boundary-layer thickness is represented by the flow between a wavy wall and a straight wall. Using this flow model, a correction for the sidewall boundary-layer effects is derived in terms of the undisturbed sidewall boundary-layer properties, the test Mach number and the airfoil aspect ratio. Application of the proposed correction to available experimental data showed good correlation for the shock location and pressure distribution on airfoils.
Constructing One-Dimensional Continuous Models from Two-Dimensional Discrete Models of Medical Implants

Medically implanted devices are becoming increasingly important in medical practice. Over 4 million people in the United States have long-term biomedical implants. However, many medical implants have to be removed because of infection or because their protein coating causes excessive inflammation and decrease in the immune system response. In this work, a discrete two-dimensional model of blood cells and bacteria interactions on the surface of a medical implant is transformed into a discrete one-dimensional model. This one-dimensional model is then upscaled into a partial differential equation model. The results from the discrete two-dimensional model and the continuous one-dimensional model are then compared for different protein coating mixtures. Two medical treatment alternatives are also explored and the two models are compared again.