cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infant reactions to natural and manipulated temporal patterns of paternal communication

This study examined 3- and 5-month-old infants' reactions to typical patterns of paternal play and to patterns in which the temporal pacing of play was manipulated. Twenty-four father-infant pairs were videotaped in a laboratory setting for four, 2-minute play periods. The first and third play phases represented natural temporal patterns of father-infant play. During the second and fourth play phases, fathers were asked to increase or decrease the overall pace of their play participation. Order of presentation of these phases of manipulated temporal patterning was counterbalanced across subjects within infant age groups. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that the changes in temporal patterning affected several variables. Infant age, sex, and counterbalancing of temporal conditions did not significantly affect the dependent measures. Fathers vocalized less and were less facially expressive during the slow play phase than during the other play phases. Infants were less visually attentive and less facially expressive during the period of slower play than during the other play phases. Generally, the phase of slow play reflected depressed levels of infant, father, and interactive involvement.
Reaction coordinates and rates from transition paths

The molecular mechanism of a reaction in solution is reflected in its transition-state ensemble and transition paths. We use a Bayesian formula relating the equilibrium and transition-path ensembles to identify transition states, rank reaction coordinates, and estimate rate coefficients. We also introduce a variational procedure to optimize reaction coordinates. The theory is illustrated with applications to protein folding and the dipole reorientation of an ordered water chain inside a carbon nanotube. To describe the folding of a simple model of a three-helix bundle protein, we variationally optimize the weights of a projection onto the matrix of native and nonnative amino acid contacts. The resulting one-dimensional reaction coordinate captures the folding transition state, with formation and packing of helix 2 and 3 constituting the bottleneck for folding.
Bootstrapping impulse responses in VAR analyses

Because the parameters of vector autoregressive processes are often difficult to interpret directly, econometricians use quantities derived from the parameters to disentangle the relationships between the variables. Bootstrap methods are often used for inference on the derived quantities. Alternative bootstrap methods for this purpose are discussed, some related problems are pointed out and proposals are presented to overcome the difficulties at least partly. Some remaining problems are presented.
Pharmacological and clinical impact of the unique molecular structure of a new plasminogen activator

Thrombolytic therapy has been recognized as a significant improvement in the management of acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolytic agents however have been limited by short half-lives that necessitate complex administration protocols and by the potential for bleeding complications. The native t-PA molecule has since been modified in an attempt to achieve improved lytic characteristics with less risk of bleeding. Reteplase is a third-generation recombinant mutant of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) that is expressed in Escherichia coli cells and consists of the kringle 2 and the protease domains of t-PA. Compared with t-PA, reteplase has a lower fibrin binding, which may translate to improved clot penetration. As well as a longer half-life and a more rapid initiation of thrombolysis. Preclinical pharmacology studies have indicated that reteplase has potent in vivo thrombolytic activity and leads to rapid reperfusion; these findings have been confirmed by promising results obtained in large-scale clinical trials. Other new agents developed by modifying the native t-PA molecule include the n-PA and the TNK mutants of t-PA. These novel, genetically modified thrombolytic agents all lyse clots better than the native t-PA; however, they differ with respect to their half-lives and fibrin-binding activity. Although all the third-generation thrombolytic agents have shown considerable potential in improving the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy, their risk of intracranial bleeding remains problematic and is still somewhat uncertain.
Quantifying the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal weight and race on birthweight via quantile regression.

Background Quantile regression, a robust semi-parametric approach, was used to examine the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) across birthweight quantiles with a focus on maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG). Methods Using linked birth certificate, inpatient hospital and prenatal claims data we examined live singleton births to non-Hispanic white (NHW, 135,119) and non-Hispanic black (NHB, 76,675) women in South Carolina who delivered 28–44 weeks gestation in 2004–2008. Results At a maternal BMI of 30 kg/m2 at the 90th quantile of birthweight, exposure to GDM was associated with birthweights 84 grams (95% CI 57, 112) higher in NHW and 132 grams (95% CI: 104, 161) higher in NHB. Results at the 50th quantile were 34 grams (95% CI: 17, 51) and 78 grams (95% CI: 56, 100), respectively. At a maternal GWG of 13.5 kg at the 90th quantile of birthweight, exposure to GDM was associated with birthweights 83 grams (95% CI: 57, 109) higher in NHW and 135 grams (95% CI: 103, 167) higher in NHB. Results at the 50th quantile were 55 grams (95% CI: 40, 71) and 69 grams (95% CI: 46, 92), respectively. Summary Our findings indicate that GDM, maternal prepregnancy BMI and GWG increase birthweight more in NHW and NHB infants who are already at the greatest risk of macrosomia or being large for gestational age (LGA), that is those at the 90th rather than the median of the birthweight distribution.
Galaxy Evolution in High Density Environments

There exists by now almost unequivocal evidence that there has been strong evolution of the population of galaxies in clusters over the relatively short span of the last third of the age of the universe (z ≈ 0.5), and what data there is suggests strongly that even much more marked effects occur between then and z = 1. We discuss the mechanism for this strong evolution, and argue that large galaxies were very much more gas-rich even a relatively short time ago than now. There is hope that some galaxies in clusters have evolved sufficiently “passively” that their formation can be dated, but the relevance of the derived ages to the epoch of galaxy formation in general is clouded by statistical considerations.
Mode of Action of Colicin A

Colicin A acting on sensitive cells of Escherichia coli inhibits a number of energy-requiring cellular functions. It appears to act similarly to colicins E1 and K.
Life-Cycle Welfare Costs of Social Security

One-period models predict that a substantial welfare gain would result from removing the social security earnings test. In this article, we show that such models overestimate the size of potential gains. If one uses instead a two-period model, which captures intertemporal effects, the net result of removing the earnings test is ambiguous. In the presence of a personal income tax, workers who reduce their labor supply in the first period create a welfare loss which must also be considered. We use a present value model to estimate the change in lifetime welfare. We find that the net potential gain from removing the earnings test is probably small, especially when compared to the alternative of an increased personal income tax.
Why & How Governments Support Renewable Energy

Many countries have adopted comprehensive policy frameworks to support renewable energy, but the United States has not adopted any consistent and stable policies at the national level to foster the use of renewable energy. This essay explores why some nations (Germany, China, and Denmark) and certain U.S. states (Colorado, Texas, and Ohio) have developed robust policies for the deployment of renewable energy. My aim is not to evaluate the specific policy mechanisms that countries and states have chosen, but rather to shed light on the underlying societal factors that contributed to each government's decision to enact the policies in the first place. I explore four factors that could influence a government's decision to adopt favorable policies for renewable energy: (1) economic motives; (2) a high endowment of renewable resources and/or a low endowment of nonrenewable sources; (3) the political system; and (4) cultural factors and attitudes.
Quest for understanding of natural sciences

An understanding of scientific principles generates many other benefits besides being a recruiting tool. Comprehension of fundamentals is the key to creativity. It is highly unlikely that an individual without a command of basic principles will be the author of scientific breakthroughs. It is also difficult to diagnose a problem if one does not understand the principle of operation of the object under analysis. The problem solving ability is highly dependent on a proper diagnosis and consequently on understanding. Finally, the understanding of principles is a perfect starting point for development of the relevant mathematical model which ultimately is the daily tool of the scientist and the engineer. The computer can evaluate numerically these models and present the results in the form of tables.
Hingeless Helicopter Rotor Response with Nonuniform Inflow and Elastic Blade Bending

A generalized harmonic balance theory for the steady-state, linear, response characteristics of a hingeless rotor in forward flight is presented and evaluated with the aid of recent experimental data. Comparisons of several approximate representations for the rotor blade revealed that the simple rigid hinged blade is inadequate except at very low advance ratios, or high flap frequencies. For typical values of flap frequency the first two elastic flap bending modes are required for accurate response predictions. Simplified models of the nonuniform induced inflow were derived, using momentum arid vbrtex theory, and found to be the most important factor in improving correlation with the data. An empirical inflow model was developed from the experimental data by obtaining an inverse solution of the present theory. This inflow model was found to be in reasonable agreement with the simple inflow theories for low advance ratios but revealed large unexpected variations in the induced inflow of the rotor for advance ratios near 0.8. a B b c CT d Cm e epc El J [L] m [M] [N] n p r, R U v'i v0 w
Professional Caregiving: Working Together to Provide Quality, Comprehensive, Coordinated Care—A Call to Action

In the introductory chapter, we encouraged readers to critique the individual chapters by thinking about the contributions each discipline has made to caregiving and the potential for continued maturation, leadership, and innovation over time. We suspect this was not an easy task because of the vastly different conceptual lenses used by each author to report the activity of his or her discipline and the freedom each author was given to develop the chapters. Thus, our call to action in this concluding chapter has two parts. First, we used themes gleaned from the chapters in each section to construct a framework for describing disciplinary participation in caregiving related activity, as presented by the authors in their chapters. Second, we used this framework to identify strengths across the disciplinary activities that are desirable and are likely to be maintained and areas that need attention in order to move forward with quality, comprehensive, coordinated care in the twenty-first century.
The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and the Law

Emerging technologies are developing at an ever accelerating pace, whereas legal mechanisms for potential oversight are, if anything, slowing down. Legislation is often gridlocked, regulation is frequently ossified, and judicial proceedings are sometimes described as proceeding at a glacial pace. There are two consequences of this mismatch between the speeds of technology and law. First, some problems are overseen by regulatory frameworks that are increasingly obsolete and outdated. Second, other problems lack any meaningful oversight altogether. To address this growing gap between law and regulation, new legal tools, approaches and mechanisms will be needed. Business as usual will not suffice.
Upland Sandpiper: A Flagship for Jack Pine Barrens Restoration in the Upper Midwest?

Fire-dependent ecosystems have been altered across much of North America, and their restoration has the potential to affect many wildlife species, including those of regional conservation priority such as the upland sandpiper (UPSA, Bartramia longicauda ). In the Upper Midwest, fire-dependent jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ) barrens were once common and are now a focus of restoration by state, federal, and non-government agencies and organizations. Given UPSA’s association with terrestrial ecosystems such as pastures, hayfields, and barrens, we determined the location of UPSA-occupied areas across multiple states, with special focus on Michigan, to illustrate distributional relationships with specific ecoregions, soils, and land covers while considering what role the species may have as a flagship for barrens restoration. With the exception of Michigan, UPSA-occupied areas in all states studied had greater proportions of agricultural land (National Land Cover Data: pasture/hay and cultivated crops) than other openland cover types. In Michigan, 66% of long-term occupied areas were found in the northern Lower Peninsula, and most often consisted of anthropogenic grasslands providing stable habitat on higher-quality soils. In contrast, short-term occupied areas had a greater proportion of native openlands that were often located on poorer, xeric soils associated with jack pine ecosystems that succeed to closed-canopy forests or shrublands in the absence of fire. Openlands with no UPSA breeding evidence were characterized by intensive agriculture (row crops). Our data suggest that UPSA would be an appropriate flagship species for the restoration of jack pine barrens, as well as the conservation of anthropogenic grasslands.
A discriminative model for understanding natural language route directions

To be useful teammates to human partners, robots must be able to follow spoken instructions given in natural language. However, determining the correct sequence of actions in response to a set of spoken instructions is a complex decision-making problem. There is a "semantic gap" between the high-level symbolic models of the world that people use, and the low-level models of geometry, state dynamics, and perceptions that robots use. In this paper, we show how this gap can be bridged by inferring the best sequence of actions from a linguistic description and environmental features. This work improves upon previous work in three ways. First, by using a conditional random field (CRF), we learn the relative weight of environmental and linguistic features, enabling the system to learn the meanings of words and reducing the modeling effort in learning how to follow commands. Second, a number of long-range features are added, which help the system to use additional structure in the problem. Finally, given a natural language command, we infer both the referred path and landmark directly, thereby requiring the algorithm to pick a landmark by which it should navigate. The CRF is demonstrated to have 15% error on a held-out dataset, when compared with 39% error for a Markov random field (MRF). Finally, by analyzing the additional annotations necessary for this work, we find that natural language route directions map sequentially onto the corresponding path and landmarks 99.6% of the time. In addition, the size of the referred landmark varies from 0m 2 to 1964m 2 and the length of the referred path varies from 0 m to 40.83 m .
Spin transport with dispersive traps: Narrowing of the Hanle curve

We study theoretically the spin transport in a device in which the active layer is an organic film with numerous deep and widely dispersed in energy in-gap levels serving as traps. A carrier, diffusing between a magnetized injector and detector, spends a considerable portion of time on the traps. This feature of transport does not affect the giant magnetoresistance, which is sensitive only to the mutual orientation of magnetizations of the injector and detector. By contrast, the presence of traps strongly affects the sensitivity of the spin transport to an external magnetic field perpendicular to the magnetizations of the electrodes (the Hanle effect). Namely, the Hanle curve narrows dramatically and develops a flat background. The origin of such a narrowing is that the spin precession takes place during the entire time of the carrier motion between the electrodes, while the spin relaxation takes place only during diffusive motion between the subsequent traps. If the resulting width of the Hanle curve is smaller than the measurement resolution, observation of the Hanle peak becomes impossible. This would explain why the Hanle effect is missing in experiments on organic spin valves, where the giant magnetoresistance is unambiguously detected.
Prospects for a Compact Radiation Source Using Dielectric Laser Accelerators

We review recent experimental progress in developing nanofabricated dielectric laser-driven accelerators and discuss the possibility of utilizing the unique sub-femtosecond electron pulses these accelerators would provide to create ultra-compact radiation sources.
The Enlightenment in Spain: Influences Upon New World Policy

The Enlightenment in Spain defies definition. In certain respects it was a viable force opening up new vistas of knowledge and understanding, while in others it was a mild breeze rustling some leaves of insight into the possibility of human equality. For certain of Spain's royal officials, the ideas of the eighteenth century philosophes were refreshing and undeniably sound; for others even the gathering of knowledge in the new encyclopedias was a dangerously democratic trend. In some areas of national life, reforms gained immediate acceptance, in others the old ways remained entrenched. Spain has always been a country of extremes, of absolute alternatives. Spaniards strive to achieve impossible goals or they remain incredibly inert. With the discovery of America their ambitious undertakings excelled those of England or France, but subsequent neglect brought about failures of equal magnitude. In the sixteenth century they thought to conquer the world; in the next their weakened Hapsburg monarchs squandered the wealth of the New World while the country fell into economic ruin.
Enterobacter Sakazakii in Infant Food in Sichuan,Market

Objective To investigate the contamination situation of Enterobacter sakazakii in the infant food in Sichuan province,and to provide scientific basis for food security pre-warning as well as the prevention of food-borne disease.Methods Random samples were collected from infant foods in Sichuan province for Enterobacter sakazakii detection,and the positive strains were analyzed with the Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoreses method(PFGE),after which the patterns were analyzed with BioNumerics5.10 software.Results Totally 13 strains of Enterobacter sakazakii were detected from 94 infant food samples,and 10 PFGE patterns were ascertained with restriction endonucleases.Conclusion Contamination of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant food in Sichuan province is ascertained;further pertinent surveillance work on infant food should be strengthened.
PI3King the right partner: unique interactions and signaling by p110β

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are central regulators of cellular responses to extracellular stimuli, and are involved in growth, proliferation, migration, and metabolism. The Class I PI3Ks are activated by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) or G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), and their signaling is commonly deregulated in disease conditions. Among the class I PI3Ks, the p110β isoform is unique in being activated by both RTKs and GPCRs, and its ability to bind Rho-GTPases and Rab5. Recent studies have characterized these p110β interacting partners, defining the binding mechanisms and regulation, and thus provide insight into the function of this kinase in physiology and disease. This review summarizes the developments in p110β research, focusing on the interacting partners and their role in p110β-mediated signaling.
Cilia gene mutations cause atrioventricular septal defects by multiple mechanisms

Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs) are a common severe form of congenital heart disease (CHD). In this study we identified deleterious non-synonymous mutations in two cilia genes, Dnah11 and Mks1, in independent N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mouse mutant lines with heritable recessive AVSDs by whole-exome sequencing. Cilia are required for left/right body axis determination and second heart field (SHF) Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, and we find that cilia mutations affect these requirements differentially. Dnah11avc4 did not disrupt SHF Hh signaling and caused AVSDs only concurrently with heterotaxy, a left/right axis abnormality. In contrast, Mks1avc6 disrupted SHF Hh signaling and caused AVSDs without heterotaxy. We performed unbiased whole-genome SHF transcriptional profiling and found that cilia motility genes were not expressed in the SHF whereas cilia structural and signaling genes were highly expressed. SHF cilia gene expression predicted the phenotypic concordance between AVSDs and heterotaxy in mice and humans with cilia gene mutations. A two-step model of cilia action accurately predicted the AVSD/heterotaxyu phenotypic expression pattern caused by cilia gene mutations. We speculate that cilia gene mutations contribute to both syndromic and non-syndromic AVSDs in humans and provide a model that predicts the phenotypic consequences of specific cilia gene mutations.
The Triumph of Etiquette

In espousing the sincere behaviour code, conduct book writers were seeking to preserve social and moral order with ways suitable for traditional villages and family gatherings. They were backward looking, grappling with change by resisting it. The eclipse of the conduct by the etiquette book in the nineteenth century suggests that the latter’s fashionable behavioural code was, in some fundamental way, more compatible with England’s highly competitive, commercial society than was the sincere behaviour code. In order to understand this compatibility and hence the rise and success of etiquette books, it is essential to recognise that the more urban, industrialising social order shared certain basic similarities with the court and fashionable ‘Society’ where etiquette had always been practised.
Law's Enchantment: The Cinematic Jurisprudence of Krzysztof Kieslowski

Mythos begets nomos. In myth begins the normative universe in which we live. Law emerges to maintain that universe, and to foreclose others. Law polices the normative reality through the official stories that it tells, for these are the stories whose meanings are backed by the force of the state. But law's stories are often shaped and informed by popular narratives from the culture at large. This shared process of narrative production, adaptation, and critique attests to law's deep entanglement in the meaning-making function of culture.
Dicer Regulates the Balance of Short-Lived Effector and Long-Lived Memory CD8 T Cell Lineages

MicroRNAs constitute a major post-transcriptional mechanism for controlling protein expression, and are emerging as key regulators during T cell development and function. Recent reports of augmented CD8 T cell activation and effector differentiation, and aberrant migratory properties upon ablation of Dicer/miRNAs in naive cells have established a regulatory role of miRNAs during priming. Whether miRNAs continue to exert similar functions or are dispensable during later stages of CD8 T cell expansion and memory differentiation remains unclear. Here, we report a critical role of Dicer/miRNAs in regulating the balance of long-lived memory and short-lived terminal effector fates during the post-priming stages when CD8 T cells undergo clonal expansion to generate a large cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) pool and subsequently differentiate into a quiescent memory state. Conditional ablation of Dicer/miRNAs in early effector CD8 T cells following optimal activation and expression of granzyme B, using unique dicerfl/fl gzmb-cre mice, led to a strikingly diminished peak effector size relative to wild-type antigen-specific cells in the same infectious milieu. Diminished expansion of Dicer-ablated CD8 T cells was associated with lack of sustained antigen-driven proliferation and reduced accumulation of short-lived effector cells. Additionally, Dicer-ablated CD8 T cells exhibited more pronounced contraction after pathogen clearance and comprised a significantly smaller proportion of the memory pool, despite significantly higher proportions of CD127Hi memory precursors at the effector peak. Combined with previous reports of dynamic changes in miRNA expression as CD8 T cells differentiate from naive to effector and memory states, these findings support distinct stage-specific roles of miRNA-dependent gene regulation during CD8 T cell differentiation.
Developing Character at the Frontier of Human Knowledge

The US military service academies have both a mission and a mandate to develop character in the future officers they train and educate. This paper uses a real-world case (in which names, dates and locations have been changed) to re-frame character development in terms of character’s function during ethical dilemmas. We propose that the character that will be required in the professional lives of future officers is necessarily a combination of virtue cultivation and ethics education. Further, we propose a novel pedagogical concept for motivating students to pursue the rigors of character education, offering the concept of “awe” as a means of instilling the internal drive necessary to develop character. Ethics education, indeed all forms of education, then are propelled by a sense of “awe” at the frontier of knowledge, the threshold between that which we know and that which we do not. Approaching character in this way is of particular importance for military members because war creates the space in which ethical dilemmas are more frequent, and often more consequential, than in civilian life. It is because military officers are likely to face unscripted ethical circumstances that their character development must include training in navigating frontiers of ethics knowledge.
Nutrient delivery in mechanically ventilated surgical patients in the pediatric critical care unit

Abstract Purpose Inadequate nutrient intake is associated with poor outcomes in critically ill children. We examined macronutrient delivery in surgical patients in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods In a prospective international cohort study of mechanically ventilated children (1month to 18years), we recorded adequacy of cumulative nutrient delivery in the PICU. Surgical patients enrolled in this study were included in the current analysis. Protein intake Results Five hundred nineteen surgical patients, 45% female, median age 2years (IQR 0.5, 8), BMI z score −0.26, with 9-day median PICU stay and 60-day mortality 5.8% were enrolled. Three hundred forty-one (66%) patients received enteral nutrition (EN), and median time of initiation was PICU day 2. EN delivery was interrupted in 68% of these patients for a median duration of 9hours. Median enteral protein delivery was p p Conclusion Enteral protein delivery in critically ill pediatric surgical patients is inadequate. Early EN initiation and minimizing interruptions may increase protein delivery and potentially improve outcomes in this population. Level of evidence I. Type of study Prospective study.
A Primary Health-Care System Approach to Improving Quality of Care and Outcomes in People with Diabetes: The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Experience

Although substantial evidence exists demonstrating the efficacy of interventions for controlling risk factors for diabetes complications, dissemination into community practice is not widespread; for example, in the USA, only 18 % of people with diabetes are achieving goals for HbA1c, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol. In order to address quality of care and outcomes in people with diabetes, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) began adopting the elements of the Chronic Care Model using risk stratification, provider incentives, integration of care managers, travelling diabetes educators, population management, and collaboration with a single health insurer. This integrated model of care, tested in several initiatives, resulted in improved patient and provider outcomes. Over the 15-year period covered by this chapter, UPMC implemented innovative approaches that continue to respond to the needs of the rapidly growing population of people with diabetes in a dynamic health-care environment.
Testing of Power Electronic Modules for Distributed Systems at the National Center for Reliable Electric Power Transmission

Testing of new technologies before field deployment is crucial to gain acceptance by electric utilities, in particular, of distributed generation based on high power electronic modules. The NCREPT 13.8 kV 6 MVA Test Facility at the University of Arkansas offers an advanced test platform designed to meet the needs of complex high power electronics testing for several distributed energy applications. NCREPT could be also employed as a test platform for compliance of IEEE 1547 and UL 1741 standards. This paper describes the center capabilities and some potential test applications such evaluation of grid-connected inverters supporting energy storage systems.
Urea, a true uremic toxin: the empire strikes back

Blood levels of urea rise with progressive decline in kidney function. Older studies examining acute urea infusion suggested that urea was well-tolerated at levels 8-10× above normal values. More recent in vitro and in vivo work argue the opposite and demonstrate both direct and indirect toxicities of urea, which probably promote the premature aging phenotype that is pervasive in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Elevated urea at concentrations typically encountered in uremic patients induces disintegration of the gut epithelial barrier, leading to translocation of bacterial toxins into the bloodstream and systemic inflammation. Urea induces apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells as well as endothelial dysfunction, thus directly promoting cardiovascular disease. Further, urea stimulates oxidative stress and dysfunction in adipocytes, leading to insulin resistance. Finally, there are widespread indirect effects of elevated urea as a result of the carbamylation reaction, where isocyanic acid (a product of urea catabolism) alters the structure and function of proteins in the body. Carbamylation has been linked with renal fibrosis, atherosclerosis and anaemia. In summary, urea is a re-emerging Dark Force in CKD pathophysiology. Trials examining low protein diet to minimize accumulation of urea and other toxins suggest a clinical benefit in terms of slowing progression of CKD.
Case B: Unsuspected Invasion and Upstaging in Lentigo Maligna Melanoma

Lentigo maligna (LM) and lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) present challenges for diagnosis and treatment due to their clinical similarity to solar lentigos and frequent development in a background of sun damaged skin. They are frequently large lesions at the time of diagnosis, located along anatomically sensitive areas, and can be difficult to sample completely for pathology given clinical size and location. We present a case illustrating the many challenges in managing LMM.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Growth-Rates of Selected Microorganisms Isolated from Black Drum ( Pogonias cromis ).

The effect of carbon dioxide (25-100%)-enriched atmospheres on growth rates of a coryneform bacterium, Micrococcus varians , a Vibrio sp., a Moraxella sp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens growing on trypticase soy agar at 4 and 25°C was investigated. Growth rates were determined by measuring the rate of increase in the diameter of colonies on plates packed in laminated plastic pouches containing the CO2-enriched environments. Carbon dioxide caused a significant decrease in the growth rates of all the organisms and the inhibitory effect was greatly enhanced by low temperatures. At 25°C, the gram-positive organisms were more resistant to CO2 than the gram-negative organisms, while at 4°C none of the organisms grew in 25% CO2, the lowest concentration tested. When exposed to air after being incubated in CO2-enriched environments, the organisms in most instances grew at normal rates indicating limited residual effect of CO2. The effect of temperature on relative CO2 inhibition was investigated in detail for the Moraxella sp. and P. fluorescens . In an atmosphere containing 25% CO2 in air at 20°C both organisms showed approximately 25% inhibition as compared to growth in air at the same temperature, while at 10°C P. fluorescens was completely inhibited and the Moraxella sp. showed 95% inhibition.
The Sudden Death Phenomena in Nonaqueous Na-O2 Batteries

Metal–air (O2) batteries have been intensely studied over the past decade as potential high-energy alternatives to current state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries. Although Li–O2 batteries possess higher theoretical specific energies, Na–O2 cells have been reported to achieve higher capacities on discharge and exhibit much lower overpotentials on charge than analogous Li–O2 cells. Nevertheless, sudden and large overpotential increases (“sudden deaths”) occur in Na–O2 cells on both discharge and charge, substantially limiting achievable capacity on discharge and increasing the average charge voltage, thereby reducing round-trip energy efficiency. In this work, we unravel the origins of these sudden death phenomena, which have been previously linked to the electrochemistry occurring at the cathode. On discharge, the maximum capacity was limited by pore clogging at low current densities and by surface passivation at high current densities, with concentration polarization playing only a small role in limiting the a...
Evaluating the development of chemistry undergraduate researchers’ scientific thinking skills using performance-data: first findings from the performance assessment of undergraduate research (PURE) instrument

National calls in science, technology, engineering, and technology education reform efforts have advanced the wide-scale engagement of students in undergraduate research for the preparation of a workforce and citizenry able to attend to the challenges of the 21st century. Awareness of the potential benefits and costs of these experiences has led to an emerging literature base outlining gains in participants’ cognitive, affective, and conative domains to support the impact of undergraduate research for students of all backgrounds; however, the majority of this work has relied on self-report data limiting inferences to the causal effects on student learning. As part of a larger project on apprentice-like undergraduate research experiences (UREs) in the physical sciences, the present exploratory study complemented indirect self-report data with direct performance data to assess the development of chemistry students’ scientific thinking skills over a research experience. Performance data were collected using the Performance assessment of Undergraduate Research Experiences (PURE) instrument, a validated tool designed to assess changes in chemistry students’ analytical and data driven decision-making skills through open-response tasks situated in real-world problems from primary literature. Twenty-four summer research students in chemistry (46% women; 50% 1st/2nd year students; 42% first time URE participant) from seven colleges and universities provided baseline and post-intervention performance data. Differences in pre/post-response task correctness provided a direct measure of individual changes in student competencies. Early study findings indicate the positive contributions of UREs to student's competencies in the areas of problem-solving, experimental design and the use of research techniques, data analysis and the interpretation of results, and the evaluation of primary literature. Survey data were also collected on students’ self-skill ratings to allow comparisons between perceived and demonstrated competencies, which were found to be weakly correlated. This work begins to offer direct evidence to the effect of UREs on student learning progressions as well as the potential use of performance test data in evaluating the success of research training interventions designed to improve scientific thinking skills.
A field analysis of lampricide photodegradation in Great Lakes tributaries

The lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) are added to Great Lakes tributaries to target the sea lamprey, an invasive parasitic fish. This study examines the photochemical behavior of the lampricides in Carpenter Creek, Sullivan Creek, and the Manistique River. The observed loss of TFM in Carpenter and Sullivan Creeks (i.e., 34 and 19%) was similar to the loss of bromide in parallel time of passage studies (i.e., 30 and 29%), demonstrating that TFM photodegradation was minimal in both tributaries during the lampricide application. Furthermore, the absence of inorganic and organic photoproducts in the Manistique River demonstrates that TFM and niclosamide photodegradation was minimal in this large tributary, despite its long residence time (i.e., 3.3 days). Kinetic modeling was used to identify environmental variables primarily responsible for the limited photodegradation of TFM in the field compared to estimates from laboratory data. This analysis demonstrates that the lack of TFM photodegradation was attributable to the short residence times in Carpenter and Sullivan Creeks, while depth, time of year, time of day, and cloud cover influenced photochemical fate in the Manistique River. The modeling approach was extended to assess how many of the 140 United States tributaries treated with lampricides in 2015 and 2016 were amenable to TFM photolysis. While >50% removal of TFM due to photolysis could occur in 13 long and shallow tributaries, in most systems lampricides will reach the Great Lakes untransformed.
The effects of different dry roast parameters on peanut quality using an industrial belt-type roaster simulator.

Abstract Peanuts roasted to equivalent surface colors at different temperature/time combinations can vary substantially in chemical and physical properties related to product quality. This study used a pilot plant scale roaster that simulates the configurations of one of the most common industrial roaster, a multi-zone belt roaster. Jumbo-size runner-type peanuts were systematically roasted at 5 temperatures (149–204 °C) to three Hunter l -values of 53, 48.5, and 43, corresponding to light, medium, and dark roasts. Moisture and tocopherol contents were more closely correlated with roast color rather than temperature, with exceptions at 149 °C. Moisture decreased with darker roast color, while the total tocopherols were greatest in peanut oils with darker colors. Yield stress of peanut pastes increased as the color darkened, indicating spreadability correspondingly decreased with darker roast colors. The overall flavor of roasted peanuts was found to be optimized at 177 °C/15 min with the medium roast color.
A personality theory of white collar criminals, near-criminals, and others involved in bad corporate actions (and what law should do about it)

Corporate actors have behaved badly in ways that have significantly harmed society. Some of the behavior is illegal - improving enforcement may help. But some of the behavior is not illegal and som...
Treatment Patterns and Overall Survival Outcomes of Octogenarians with Muscle Invasive Cancer of the Bladder: An Analysis of the National Cancer Database

Purpose: Elderly patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer can pose a therapeutic dilemma, given multiple comorbidities which may preclude surgery. In this registry based analysis we investigated treatment patterns and survival outcomes in this group of patients.Materials and Methods: We queried the National Cancer Database for muscle invasive (cT2-T4aN0M0) bladder cancer in patients 80 years old or older who were diagnosed from 2004 to 2013. Patients included in study underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor followed by radical cystectomy, radical cystectomy plus chemotherapy, radiation therapy alone, chemotherapy alone, chemoradiation or no treatment. We performed Kaplan-Meier, log rank and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression and propensity score matching.Results: A total of 9,270 patients were identified with a median followup of 12.8 months. Median overall survival in patients treated with radical cystectomy alone was 23.2 months (95% CI 19.8–26.6), which was superior to that...
Disfusión ovárica en los bovinos(

Aunque la disfuncion de los ovarios en el ganado vacuno probablemente es una de las causas mas comunes de infertilidad o esterilidad, muchos veterinarios a menudo relacionan erroneamente o tienden a asociar basandose en el examen rectal, las observaciones clinicas o sintomas y la mayoria de las anormalidades del ciclo estrual con la disfuncion ovarica. Los estudios de investigacion en los ultimos anos, ha demostrado que la patologia y fisiologia ovarica son en su mayor parte el resultado de factores extrinsecos; el ovario es un organo influenciado profundamente por su medio ambiente y el del huesped.ResumenLos sintomas de la disfuncion ovarica, manifestados en irregularidades en el ciclo estrual e infertilidad requieren un cuidadoso y frecuente examen rectal y vaginal para llegar a un diagnostico exacto.Cuando se llega a un diagnostico exacto se observara que la mayoria de las disfunciones ovaricas son secundarias a: 1. Falla en la liberacion de LH, del lobulo anterior de la pituitaria produciendo la degeneracion quistica de los foliculos, corpora lutea quistica, y falla o demora de la ovulacion.2. La presencia de pus, fetos momificados, o embriones generados o macerados, en el utero, impiden el estrum produciendo la persistencia del corpus luteos. 3. La ingestion de sustancias nutritivas limitadas o reducidas y la emaciacion producen fallas del ciclo estrual en las vacas adultas y demora en la pubertad en las vaquillonas. Otras disfunciones ovaricas o enfermedades, que producen infertilidad, son menos comunes y en general solo requieren el diagnostico, ya que muy poco se puede hacer para controlar las adherencias, la hipoplasia, tumores y otros defectos ovaricos congenitales. Se descarta el tratamiento en las disfunciones mas comunes que afectan el ovario. Los trabajos de investigacion recientes revelan que existe relacion estrecha neurogenica hormonal entre el utero, el ovario, la pituitaria, el hipotalamus, y el sistema nervioso central, ofreciendo asi nuevas avenidas para el avance de nuestros conocimientos de fisiologia y disfuncion ovarica. * Segundo Congreso del Caribe, Kingston, Jamaica.
The description and control of changing pictures

DALI (Display Algorithm Language Interpreter) is a special-purpose programming language extension for the creation and control of changing pictures. DALI pictures are composed of elements called picture modules. These are analogous to procedural activations or processes, and contain arbitrary event-driven procedures called daemons.
Recent Progress in XeF (C-A) Excimer Laser Technology

The development of the XeF (C-A) eximer laser has been motivated because of its broad wavelength tunability in the visible region which can be utilized for the amplification of ultrashort injection and tunable narrow spectral bandwidth laser pulses.
Addition effects of aluminum and in situ formation of alumina in MoSi2

Phase composition change and mechanical properties at room temperature of MoSi2 materials with the addition of aluminum were investigated. An explanation was given to the appearance of Mo5Si3 when hot pressing MoSi2 raw powder containing oxygen. The mechanical properties including Vickers hardness, bending strength and fracture toughness were improved with the addition of aluminum up to the limit content needed for absorbing the oxygen in MoSi2 raw powder. More aluminum addition than the limit content (in this study it is 5 wt %) will result in the formation of Mo(Si ,Al)2 and Si. The in situ formed Al2O3 could act as a crack pinning element. However, because the thermal expansion coefficients of Al2O3 and MoSi2 are near and there is a strong bonding between them, the toughening effect by such in situ formed small Al2O3 particles (less than 2 μm) is limited.
Personality, coping style, emotion and cancer: towards an integrative model

What this paper attempts, which may be different than previous reviews of the literature regarding the role of certain psychosocial factors and cancer initiation/progression, is to propose a model wherein seemingly discrepant findings may be integrated and understood. For this task, a representative but not an exhaustive review of studies was conducted, which revealed surprising consistencies, given the heterogeneity of designs, measures and cancer sites. Evidence converges on a constellation of factors that appears to predispose some individuals to develop cancer more readily or to progress more quickly through its stages. These factors include (a) certain personality traits or coping styles, which were discussed under the rubric of 'Type C'; (b) difficulty in expressing emotions; and (c) an attitude or tendency toward helplessness/hopelessness. Next, illustrative discrepancies across studies were presented. In order to make sense of these seemingly discrepant results, a process model of coping style and psychological-physiological homoeostasis was proposed. This model may be used to understand why some studies have found that Type C is associated with cancer outcome measures, while others have found that helplessness/hopelessness or emotional expression is related to outcome. We would expect that these differences are attributable to the point in the cancer and coping process at which psychological assessment was conducted.
China, Business Law, and Finance -- Accession to the World Trade Organization

China's entry into the world economy will affect not just how we act but how we think. It will affect especially what "business," "business law," and "business corporation" come to mean both in a transnational setting and in American law. The nature of American business law today still stands in the way of a wholly profit-maximizing approach to law or the world in general. But there is strong pressure, consistent with a general tendency in Western thought, to make business and corporate decision-making entirely manipulative and calculating and to eliminate the force of human value from it. This Youde Lecture traces the development of the business entity and the conception of its purpose in American business law - including late-twentieth century discussion in the American Law Institute - and describes contemporary efforts to change the legal statement of corporate purpose. It observes that the twentieth century struggle between "socialism" and "capitalism" did not end in utter elimination of the influence of the ideals that might be expressed in "socialism," including its Chinese form. The development of China's economic institutions and China's participation in world trade may have the surprising effect of blunting contemporary pressure to change American business law, and ultimately making the way we think fifty years hence more humane than it might otherwise have been.
Sweet Freedom's Plains: African Americans on the Overland Trails, 1841-1869

Review of: "Sweet Freedom’s Plains: African Americans on the Overland Trails, 1841–1869", by Shirley Ann Wilson Moore.