cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Filial Norms, Co‐Residence, and Intergenerational Exchange in Japan

Objective We examine the effects of filial norms and co-residence as well as patterns of social exchange on support that adult children give to their parents and in-laws in Japan. Methods We estimate ordered logit models with data from the Japanese General Social Survey. Results Children who receive money from their parents are more likely than those who receive no such support to give their parents nonmonetary support, while children who receive nonmonetary support from their parents are more likely to assist their parents financially. Receiving money from in-laws is reciprocated with nonmonetary and monetary support. Filial norms increase the level of monetary support to parents and in-laws, especially for men. Co-residence increases monetary and nonmonetary support from children to parents and in-laws, while the positive effect of co-residence on nonmonetary support from children to in-laws is limited to women. Conclusion Notions of social exchange as well as filial norms and co-residence encourage intergenerational support in Japan.
Multi-pulse based approach to study dynamics of molecular assemblies with subwavelength resolution (Conference Presentation)

The long standing unmet need of optical microscopy has been imaging subcellular structures with nanometer precision with speed that will allow following physiological processes in real time. Herein we presenting a new approach (multi-pulse pumping with time-gated detection; MPP-TGD) to increase image resolution and most importantly to significantly improve imaging speed. Alternative change from single pulse to multiple-pulse excitation within continuous excitation trace (in interleave excitation mode) allows for the instantaneous and specific increase (many-folds) in the intensity of subwavelength sized object labeled with long-lived probes. This permits for quick localization of the object. Such intensity change (blinking) on demand can be done with MHz frequency allowing for ultrafast point localization several hundred folds faster than localization based on single molecule blinking. Much higher speed for super-resolution imaging will pave the way for obtaining real time functional information and probing structural rearrangements at the nanometer scale in-vitro and in-vivo. This will have a critical impact on many biomedical applications and enhance our understanding of many cellular functions. We use the microtubules as a model biological system with our new approach to studying microtubule dynamics in real time. The recent work based on single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) (Mikhaylova et al., 2015) clearly indicates that microtubules are ~25 nm diameter hollow biopolymers that are organized in a closely spaced (about 20-70 nm apart) microtubule bundles. These structures are organized differently between axons and dendrites and their precise organization in different cell compartments is not completely understood.
Coil Design Optimization of Power Pad in IPT System for Electric Vehicle Applications

The proper magnetic design is one of the most difficult and critical phases in developing an inductive power transfer system, especially for electric vehicle charging. In this communication, a fast and an efficient improved Tabu search algorithm coupled with 2-D finite-element analysis (FEA) was used to determine the optimum design parameters of power pads. A two-objective optimization problem was investigated considering the magnetic coupling, misalignment (horizontal, vertical, and rotational), as well as the cost. The double-D power pad structure was considered as a case of study, and the most effective design parameters were obtained. The 2-D FEA was utilized to calculate the coupling factor at different misalignment conditions. For verification purposes, the system coupling performance and cost are analyzed using the optimum design parameters and compared with three other designs presented in the literature. The proposed optimized design shows the best coupling performance with moderate cost. The results proved the validity and advantages of the proposed design methodology.
Methods matter: A multi-trait multi-method analysis of student behavior.

Abstract Reliable and valid data form the foundation for evidence-based practices, yet surprisingly few studies on school-based behavioral assessments have been conducted which implemented one of the most fundamental approaches to construct validation, the multitrait-multimethod matrix (MTMM). To this end, the current study examined the reliability and validity of data derived from three commonly utilized school-based behavioral assessment methods: Direct Behavior Rating – Single Item Scales, systematic direct observations, and behavior rating scales on three common constructs of interest: academically engaged, disruptive, and respectful behavior. Further, this study included data from different sources including student self-report, teacher report, and external observers. A total of 831 students in grades 3–8 and 129 teachers served as participants. Data were analyzed using bivariate correlations of the MTMM, as well as single and multi-level structural equation modeling. Results suggested the presence of strong methods effects for all the assessment methods utilized, as well as significant relations between constructs of interest. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Science, Technology, and Story: Implementing the Voyage of the Mimi

For several years, educators in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development have aimed to stimulate and improve work in science, mathematics, and technology. In the American context, an area of special interest has been the middle school curriculum (grades 5–8). Promising projects have been designed, field tested, and carried out—unfortunately, however, usually leaving few tracks for us to study closely in their wake. Although some of these projects are still in operation, the memory of their adoption and the keys to explain the success of some and the demise of others are missing.
On the Cracking in Concrete and Fiber-Reinforced Cements

The results of an extensive series of observations on details of cracking in pastes, mortars, concretes, and steel- and glass-fiber reinforced cement composites are reported and interpreted. The specimens were specially-prepared materials loaded while under observation in a scanning electron microscope equipped with a system permitting observation of saturated specimens maintained in a wet environment. The results bear on the adequacy of current fracture mechanics approaches in modeling these systems, and certain areas are suggested where modifications of current ideas and experimental practices may be in order.
Bis{2-[(2-hy-droxy-2-methyl-prop-yl)imino-meth-yl]-4-nitro-phenolato}nickel(II) dimethyl-formamide monosolvate.

In the title compound, [Ni(C11H13N2O4)2]·C3H7NO, the NiII ion is octa­hedrally coordinated in an N2O4 environment by two identical Schiff base ligands. The Ni—O bond lengths range from 2.004 (2) to 2.106 (2) A, while the Ni—N bond lengths are 2.038 (2) and 2.0465 (19) A. The cis bond angles range from 78.64 (8) to 97.30 (8)°, with the former being due to the small bite of the amino­alcohol ligand, while the trans bond angles range from 167.86 (8) to 171.23 (8)°. One of the alcohol H atoms forms a hydrogen bond with the dimethyl­formamide (DMF) solvent mol­ecule, while the other links mol­ecules into chains along the b axis through inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. There are bifurcated C—H⋯O inter­actions involving one of the nitro groups between parallel stacks of mol­ecules in the b-axis direction.
TCT-802 Effects of Pulmonary Hypertension on Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair Outcomes: Analysis of The STS/ACC TVT Registry

Pulmonary hypertension (pHTN) is associated with increased mortality after mitral valve surgery for mitral regurgitation. However, its prognostic impact on patients undergoing transcatheter mitral valve repair with MitraClip is unknown. We sought to assess the impact of pHTN on 1-year all-cause
Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndrome: a Review of Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Treatment

Iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (IWS) is the direct result of sedative agents utilized to facilitate pediatric intensive care. The purpose of this review is to overview how sedative agents result in IWS and overview the assessment tools, prevention strategies, and treatments for the condition. Since the development of validated withdrawal assessment tools, there has been a focus on identifying IWS risk. The most significant IWS risk factors are duration of exposure to sedatives and total cumulative doses of these agents. Given these risk factors, there has been an effort to develop strategies to prevent IWS, which have not proven to be efficacious thus far. The utilization of these risk factors in the development of sedation tapering protocols has been successful in reducing the amount of exposure children have to sedative agents. Iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome is common and is a necessary consequence of sedation needed in order to safely and effectively care for critically ill children. Newly identified risk factors may be helpful in expeditious tapering of sedatives without inducing withdrawal symptoms.
Prostate cancer and subsequent nutritional outcomes: the role of diagnosis and treatment.

To comprehensively explore the role of a prostate cancer diagnosis and its treatment to several outcomes including diet, Hemoglobin A1c, and weight status, in a large, nationally representative, cross-sectional study. This analysis used five cross sections from the publicly available National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2010. A sample of 289 men with a history of prostate cancer was matched to a comparison group of 655 men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (> 4 ng/mL) but no reported diagnosis of prostate cancer. Analyses were stratified by diabetic or pre-diabetes status and treatment including surgery, radiotherapy, or both. Outcomes of interest included several broad macronutrient categories, HbA1c, body mass index, and obesity status. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to clarify the associations of a prostate cancer diagnosis with these outcomes. Demographic and socioeconomic factors, including age, education, race, income, and marital status, were controlled for in all models. The clinical and demographic characteristics were relatively well balanced between the “at risk” comparison group and the group of men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Diabetic or pre-diabetic men diagnosed with prostate cancer were more likely to be obese (p < 0.05) and have a higher BMI (p < 0.10). On multivariate analysis, compared to controls, men with prostate cancer treated with surgery and radiation therapy were predicted to have a higher BMI (p < 0.01) and were more likely to be obese (p < 0.05). These findings were largely driven by the diabetic and pre-diabetic sample. Further diabetics and pre-diabetics with prostate cancer treated with both radiation and surgery were predicted to consume an average of 72 and 59 more daily grams of carbohydrates and sugar, respectively, compared to controls (p < 0.05). Men with prostate cancer report fewer behaviors and outcomes consistent with optimal glycemic management including a higher BMI, and in diabetics and pre-diabetics, increased carbohydrate sugar consumption. Men with more intense treatment including surgery and radiotherapy appeared to be more likely to be obese and make poorer dietary carbohydrate and sugar choices compared to men without prostate cancer. Men treated for prostate cancer have, on average, very long survivorship periods and are susceptible to diabetes and its complications. Interventions designed to improve diabetes awareness and self-management, especially weight and dietary sugar control, may be useful in this population.
Teacher Evaluation and Differentiated Instructional Supervision: A Tiered Approach to Promote Teacher Growth

Through a qualitative case study, the authors explored the work of practicing principals and coaches at a university charter school in East Texas. The goal of the study was to understand how educators use teacher observations to inform their efforts of developing teachers and how they strategically individualize the development of teachers through job-embedded professional development. Through the tiered system examined, the school leaders can prioritize time and resources based on the needs of the teacher, as determined by data. The obstacles and challenges these principals have faced can inform policy and practice by reiterating the importance of understanding the difference between evaluation and supervision while, understanding the practices that promote individualized teacher support to enhance teaching and learning.
Trust, Distrust, and the Rule of Law

The rule of law is about the law’s ruling. Law rules when it provides protection and recourse against the arbitrary exercise of power through the distinctive instrumentalities, powers and capacities of law; but law can rule in a political community only when its members, official and lay members alike, take responsibility for holding each other accountable under the law. An ethos of fidelity is fundamental to the vitality of the rule of law. However, it is often argued that a culture of accountability generates a culture of suspicion and distrust. Accountability, they say, drives out trust. The demand for accountability stems from and publicly expresses distrust. But, then, if accountability is at the heart of the rule of law, and distrust is the condition and consequence of accountability, we cannot look to the rule of law to underwrite a robust program of controlling the exercise of ruling power. This the “trust challenge” to the rule of law. In this paper, I argue that the trust challenge can be met, that accountability does not depend on or express distrust. On the contrary, I argue, accountability is a key component of trust-supporting moral and social relationships. Fidelity and trust are compatible and mutually supporting.
Secondary Frequency Support to Weak Grids Through Coordinating Control of Hybrid HVDC System

A recently proposed Hybrid-High Voltage DC (HVDC) system comprising a Capacitor Commutated Converter connected in series with a 2-stage Voltage Source Converter called ‘Vernier’ on the DC side and in parallel on the AC side is considered to transfer power from onshore wind farms (WFs) to the load centers. The flexible DC voltage polarity of the Vernier gives rise to circulating power. Although the circulating power leads to unwanted losses, it can be leveraged as an additional degree of freedom. This extra degree of freedom is used to provide secondary frequency control in the inverter-side grid by extracting power from the rectifier without any communication of signals while maintaining constant margin angle and firing angle at the respective ends. Moreover, to improve the rectifier-side grid frequency, the WFs provide primary frequency support while operating under deloaded condition. Analytical insight into this complex system is developed to damp frequency oscillations and increase utilization of Vernier capacity.
Extensible Markup Language: An Enterprise Integration Web Delivery System

This study investigates XML technology as a standard format for data transfer on the Web. It describes several compelling reasons why XML is a particularly useful technology for representing structured systems management information. XML is a markup language used for data structure in a textual form. A specific goal of XML is to keep most of the descriptive power of SGML, while removing as much of the complexity as possible. XML is similar in concept to HTML, but whereas HTML is used to convey graphic information about a document, XML is used to represent structured data in a document. It is no wonder, global businesses are rushing to implement XML technology. INTRODUCTION Web information systems are revolutionizing commerce. For starters, the Web reduces to nearly nothing many marginal costs of doing business, such as communication and customer service. Companies such as Amazon.com and CDNow have outperformed leading national chains by exploiting the advantages of e-commerce. Web-based banks, stock traders, insurance sectors hare achieved competitive advantage through the deployment of XML technologies. According to Dodds [2000], the Web has placed in the hands of businesses, the potential to communicate with each other in real time. Many companies believe that the use of XML will enable businesses to realize many of the benefits in the area of data exchange that HTML provided for thin client, platform independent end user interface as described by Agile [2001]. Holland [2001], and Ravis and Dick [2000] noted that some early misconceptions in the industry had XML replacing HTML; however most industry leaders see them as complementary technologies. For B2B businesses to fully utilize the potentials of Web technologies, the Web will depend on widespread use of standards, because, as with the telephone, this communication medium is based on numerous layers of interoperating technology. Chang and Harkey [1998], Dick [2000], Didie [2000], Holland [2000], among others noted that such important layer is necessary because of its
Improvement of diagnostic accuracy of Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (TTR-CA) with 99mTechnetium pyrophosphate SPECT imaging

669 Objectives: 99mTechnetium pyrophosphate (PYP) planar imaging has excellent sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (TTR-CA)1,2. Assessment of scans involves semi-quantitative visual scoring of 0-3 and a quantitative ratio of heart-to-contralateral regions-of-interest. Moderate visual scores (1-2) represent a subset of scans more difficult to assess definitively with only planar images. Here we seek to show that SPECT imaging presents an opportunity for more granular information, including presence of blood pool, regional uptake and potential presence of myocardial damage. Methods: 53 PYP scans were retrospectively analyzed. Each adhered to a standard protocol: 8-12mCi PYP administered at rest, with planar and SPECT images acquired 60 minutes post-injection. An experienced nuclear cardiologist blinded to diagnosis analyzed each scan. Planar images were assessed using semi-quantitative visual scores and quantitative heart-to-contralateral ratios. SPECT images were assessed semi-quantitatively for regional PYP uptake using a 5-choice Likert-type scale and the American Heart Association 17-Segment Model, as well as qualitatively for overall presence of blood pool and myocardial PYP uptake. 5 scans were excluded for study quality. Results: Presence of blood pool was found in 36% (CI 95%, 11-61%) of scans with moderate visual scores (n=14). Overall 17% (CI 95%, 6-27%) of scans contained blood pool. Of these, 25% met criteria for TTR-CA [4% (CI 95%, 0-10%) of total]. Presence of myocardial PYP uptake without blood pool was identified in all other scans meeting planar TTR-CA criteria (n=18), as well as in 6 scans not meeting criteria (12.5% - CI 95%, 3-22%). These were another 36% (CI 95%, 11-61%) of scans with moderate visual scores. Two positive, diffuse planar scans were focal on SPECT (4% - CI 95%, 0-10%). Regional assessment did not show a significant difference in apical regions as compared to mid regions (p=0.24) nor basal regions (p=0.30). Conclusions: SPECT imaging can improve the diagnostic accuracy of planar scans. Blood pool increases visual score and heart-to-contralateral ratio on planar images. This could be responsible for a large portion (36%) of questionable visual scores and result in possible false positives (4%). Future studies should investigate the ability of delayed imaging to clear blood pool in these cases. Another 36% of questionable visual scores showed presence of PYP on SPECT not evident on planar, which may implicate expanded use of PYP imaging. Focal uptake of PYP can represent prior myocardial damage, which SPECT can better identify. TTR-CA apical sparing shown in echocardiography3 was not confirmed in this study.
A Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Framework for the Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Multiphase Flows

Interfacial multiphase flows are challenging to simulate because they involve many spatio-temporal scales and discontinuous fluid properties. This chapter describes a new framework for simulating interfacial flows (with an emphasis on sprays) that is consistent and conservative. The framework is based on the coupling of point mass particles (PMPs) with an Eulerian grid. Three different simulation methods are derived by enforcing different levels of coupling between the PMPs and the Eulerian grid. We first develop an expression that relates the PMP velocity to the fluid velocity, and use this expression to define a methodology for tracking an arbitrary number of phases and scalars. Performance of this approach is demonstrated in the context of heated air blast atomization. Next, we derive a governing equation for the fluid velocity in the context of the PMP, and present a consistent and conservative framework for solving the multiphase Navier-Stokes equations. The chapter concludes with the development of a formulation for consistent and conservative large eddy simulation, with particular attention paid to the importance of closure models.
Cutaneous pleomorphic fibromas arising in patients with germline TP53 mutations

Pleomorphic fibromas are rare benign cutaneous neoplasms associated with deletion/loss of chromosomes 13q and 17p, where RB1 and TP53 are located, respectively. Herein, we report five cases of pleomorphic fibroma arising in patients with germline TP53 mutations, suggesting a potential link with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. All three patients were female and young (mean age 27) with a strong personal and/or family oncologic history and confirmed pathogenic germline TP53 mutations. In two patients, multiple pleomorphic fibromas were diagnosed. Clinically, the lesions arose at various cutaneous sites and were small (≤2 cm) and raised (4/5). Histopathologically, the tumors were paucicellular, composed of atypical spindled to stellate cells with hyperchromatic and variably pleomorphic nuclei. Mitotic activity was exceedingly low, although rare atypical mitotic figures were seen in one case. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for p16 (3/3) and showed loss of Rb expression (5/5). All cases showed aberrant p53 expression (overexpression in 4, complete loss in 1). The tumors have followed a benign clinical course with no evidence of progression or recurrence. In conclusion, the development of multiple pleomorphic fibromas in a young patient may be a clue to an underlying genetic cancer syndrome involving TP53.
Getting outside the box: exploring role fluidity in interprofessional student groups through the lens of activity theory

Health professionals' roles and scopes often overlap, creating a need for role clarity in interprofessional teamwork. Yet, such clarity does not mean roles are fixed within teams and some literature suggests role flexibility can enhance team functioning. Interprofessional practice competencies and learning activities often emphasize knowledge and definition of roles, but rarely attend to the dynamic nature of roles and influential contextual factors. This study explores role fluidity in interprofessional student groups using an activity theory framework. Using a collective instrumental case study approach, the authors examine the fluidity of one physical therapy (PT) student's role within 3 different interprofessional (medical, pharmacy, PT) student groups completing nursing home patient care plans. Field notes, group debriefing interviews, and care plans were collected and coded from all care planning sessions. Codes mapped to group-specific activity systems that compared role-influencing interactions and tensions. The PT student's role fluidity varied in each group's activity system, influenced primarily by system tensions from implicit rules (e.g., encouraging questions), division of labor (e.g., rigid profession-based task assignment), and tool use (e.g., computers). Attention to modifiable system elements, such as tool use and explicit rules of inclusivity, could foster role fluidity and improve interprofessional teamwork and learning environments.
Methanogen Abundance Thresholds Capable of Differentiating In Vitro Methane Production in Human Stool Samples.

Intestinal methane (CH4) gas production has been associated with a number of clinical conditions and may have important metabolic and physiological effects. In this study, taxonomic and functional gene analyses and in vitro CH4 gas measurements were used to determine if molecular markers can potentially serve as clinical tests for colonic CH4 production. We performed a cross-sectional study involving full stool samples collected from 33 healthy individuals. In vitro CH4 gas measurements were obtained after 2-h incubation of stool samples and used to characterize samples as CH4 positive (CH4+) and CH4 negative (CH4–; n = 10 and 23, respectively). Next, we characterized the fecal microbiota through high-throughput DNA sequencing with a particular emphasis on archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota. Finally, qPCR analyses, targeting the mcrA gene, were done to determine the ability to differentiate CH4+ versus CH4− samples and to delineate major methanogen species associated with CH4 production. Methanobrevibacter was found to be the most abundant methane producer and its relative abundance provides a clear distinction between CH4+ versus CH4− samples. Its sequencing-based relative abundance detection threshold for CH4 production was calculated to be 0.097%. The qPCR-based detection threshold separating CH4+ versus CH4− samples, based on mcrA gene copies, was 5.2 × 105 copies/g. Given the decreased time-burden placed on patients, a qPCR-based test on a fecal sample can become a valuable tool in clinical assessment of CH4 producing status.
Conservation and diversification of HAIRY MERISTEM gene family in land plants.

The shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of land plants are crucial for plant growth and organ formation. In several angiosperms, the HAIRY MERISTEM (HAM) genes function as key regulators that control meristem development and stem cell homeostasis. To date, the origin and evolutionary history of the HAM family in land plants remains unclear. Potentially shared and divergent functions of HAM family members from angiosperms and non-angiosperms are also not known. In constructing a comprehensive phylogeny of the HAM family, we show that HAM proteins are widely present in land plants and that HAM proteins originated prior to the divergence of bryophytes. The HAM family was duplicated in a common ancestor of angiosperms, leading to two distinct groups: type I and type II. Type-II HAM members are widely present in angiosperms, whereas type-I HAM members were independently lost in different orders of monocots. Furthermore, HAM members from angiosperms and non-angiosperms (including bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns and gymnosperms) are able to replace the role of the type-II HAM genes in Arabidopsis, maintaining established SAMs and promoting the initiation of new stem cell niches. Our results uncover the conserved functions of HAM family members and reveal the conserved regulatory mechanisms underlying HAM expression patterning in meristems, providing insight into the evolution of key stem cell regulators in land plants.
Predictive resilience of interdependent water and transportation infrastructures: A sociotechnical approach

Abstract Infrastructures are interdependent systems and their interdependency can influence their resilience to routine failures and extreme events. Even though infrastructure resilience has been widely explored, few studies have considered physical, spatial, and social dimensions simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a resilience assessment framework for interdependent water and transportation infrastructures. The framework incorporates the physical network of these infrastructures, social vulnerability indicators, and predictive analytics for a sociotechnical resilience assessment. It enables us to measure the impact of random failures due to aging infrastructures, natural disasters, and their cascading failures. We applied the proposed framework to the City of Tampa, FL. The results indicated that areas with higher social vulnerability are more prone to cascading failures caused by both random breakdowns and natural disasters. While natural disasters affect all land use classes similarly, random failures have a greater impact on residential and institutional land use. The findings of this study highlight that infrastructure interdependency and the consequences of cascading failures should be taken into account in a coordinated infrastructure resilience assessment and planning. Further, socioeconomic factors and land use features should be incorporated in interdependent resilience assessment for a more comprehensive and equitable resilience planning.
Incidence of placenta previa during a ten-year period at Cleveland Maternity Hospital (1931–1940)

Abstract In the ten-year period from 1931 through 1940, there were 160 cases of placenta previa in 20,498 patients admitted to our hospital (0.8 per cent). The greatest number were between 20 and 29 years of age, and one-third of them were primiparas. All of these patients showed bleeding upon admission and 67 (42 per cent) had pain. Twenty-one (13 per cent) were admitted in profound shock. Forty-four (27.5 per cent) required transfusions before, during, or immediately following delivery. Sixty-seven per cent were delivered by cesarean section. In the first few years the classical section was commonly performed, but since 1935 the transverse types of laporatrachelotomy has been utilized more and more. Braxton Hicks' version was used only in one case in which the child was not viable. The Willetts clamp was never used. The gross maternal morbidity was 37.5 per cent, and the uncorrected fetal mortality was 25 per cent, and there were two maternal deaths (1.25 per cent).
Complex Litigation: Issues of Adequacy

Commentary and analysis of the Rule 23(a)(4) requirement to certify a proposed class action that the proponents establish that the class representatives and class counsel are adequate to represent the interests of absent class members. The article discusses how the 1966 amendment to Rule 23 revitalized the importance of the threshold adequacy requirement, and the Supreme Court’s refocused attention on the adequacy requirement in Amchem Prods. Inc. v. Windsor (1997) and Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp. (1999). The article discusses the Supreme Court’s articulation of adequacy doctrine and the varying standards for assessing adequacy developed by the lower state and federal courts. The article examines the criteria used to assess adequacy of class counsel, including the quality, experience, and resources of class counsel, and the possibility for conflicts-of-interest with the class. The article also surveys the various factors courts have developed to assess the adequacy of proposed class representatives, from minimalist standards to detailed lists of requirements, such as the Sixth Circuit’s list of eight factors to assess adequacy in shareholder derivative litigation.
Relation of Cell Size to Effects of Sleep in Pyramidal Tract Neurons

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relation between effects of sleep and cell size (as inferred from antidromic response latency). Sleep is not a state in which there is a generalized reduction of discharge of cerebral neurons. Recordings of single unit activity in a number of regions of the brain have shown that natural sleep (in contrast to anesthesia) is associated with increased discharge frequency in certain neurons and decreased discharge frequency in others. The relation between cell size and change of discharge frequency with sleep may be viewed either teleologically or because of the differing discharge patterns and functional roles of large and small cells during wakefulness. For pyramidal tract neurons, it is possible to estimate axonal conduction velocity from the latency of the antidromic response to stimulation of the medullary pyramid. Conduction velocity is closely related to axonal diameter, and axonal diameter is closely related to cell size. Because of these relations, it is possible to infer relative neuronal size from relative antidromic response latency: the smallest pyramidal tract neurons have the longest antidromic response latencies, and the largest pyramidal tract neurons (the Betz cells) have the shortest antidromic response latencies.
Collagen: Relatively Invariant (Helical) and Variable (Nonhelical) Regions

The structural identity of certain helical regions of collagen from human and rat skin equals or exceeds that of other homologous proteins. In contrast, the short nonhelical sequences in the two proteins, although homologous, differ appreciably in structure. The requirements of the collagen helix and the numerous intermolecular interactions characteristic of collagen may restrict the number of functionally acceptable amino acid replacements occurring during evolution.
X-ray solution scattering of squid heavy meromyosin: strengthening the evidence for an ancient compact off state.

The overall conformations of regulated myosins or heavy meromyosins from chicken/turkey, scallop, tarantula, limulus, and scorpion sources have been studied by a number of techniques, including electron microscopy, sedimentation, and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance. These studies have indicated that the binding of regulatory ions changes the conformation of the molecule from a compact shape found in the “off” state of the muscle to extended relationships between the tail and independently mobile heads that predominate in the “on” state. Here we strengthen the argument for the generality of this conformational change by using small angle X-ray scattering on heavy meromyosin from squid. Small angle X-ray scattering allows the protein to be visualized in solution under mild and relatively physiological conditions, and squid differs from the other species studied by at least 500 million years of evolution. Analysis of the data indicates that upon addition of Ca2+ the radius of gyration increases. Differences in the squid “on” and “off” states are clearly distinguishable as bimodal and unimodal pair distance distribution functions respectively. These observations are consistent with a Ca2+-free squid heavy meromyosin that is compact, but which becomes extended when Ca2+ is bound. Further, the scattering profile derived from the current model of tarantula heavy meromyosin in the “off” state is in excellent agreement with the measured “off” state scattering profile for squid heavy meromyosin. The previous and current studies together provide significant evidence that regulated myosin's compact off-state conformation is an ancient trait, inherited from a common ancestor during divergent evolution.
STEM Professionals Entering Teaching: Navigating Multiple Identities

In this qualitative study, we identify the complexity of the transitioning identities of four STEM career changers to better inform teacher education programs on how to be more mindful of the needs of this population as they return to the life of a student again on their path toward a new career in teaching. Findings suggest the career changers relied upon their identities from their previous careers to engage students in science; however, support is needed, both in terms of the coursework and returning to be a student again. Additionally, support is necessary for intervening in difficult placements and work situations as these STEM career changers make the transition to their newly chosen career of teaching science.
FARM-RELATED INJURY MORTALITY IN NEW MEXICO, 1980-91

Abstract To compare the epidemiology of farm with non-farm occupational injury deaths, we reviewed state medical examiner data for all occupational injury deaths in New Mexico from 1980 to 1991. We identified 53 farm-related injury deaths for a rate of 21.3 per 100,000 worker-years. Farm workers were four times more likely than non-farm workers to die from occupational injury. American Indians had the highest farm injury death rate. Farm decedents were older than non-farm decedents ( t 498 = 6.29, p
High temperature rare earth-boron-carbon studies—III LnB2C2 and the ternary phase diagram☆

Abstract The identification and characterization of a rare earth diboride dicarbide phase, LnB 2 C 2 , and the phase relationships in the ternary LnBC systems have been established by chemical and X-ray diffraction analysis of samples prepared by arch-melting techniques. The five ternary phases shown in the phase diagram are different from the ternary phases in the actinide systems. Precise tetragonal lattice parameters for the phase LnB 2 C 2 , which had been designated LnB χ by previous workers, show approximately a 13 per cent decrease in c 0 but only a 1 per cent decrease in a 0 throughout the rare earth series. These variations suggest a structure consisting of tightly bound atoms in sheets loosely bound to one another and separated by metal atoms.
Stage-specific expression of a Plasmodium falciparum protein related to the eukaryotic mitogen-activated protein kinases.

Abstract We have identified a putative protein kinase gene from both Plasmodium falciparum cDNA and genomic DNA libraries. The nucleotide sequence contains an open-reading frame of 2646 bp, which codes for a predicted protein of 882 amino acid residues. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence with those in GenBank suggests that this gene codes for a protein similiar to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase of other organisms. This MAP kinase-related protein, named PfMRP, contains the TDY dual phosphorylation site upstream of the highly conserved VATRWYRAPE sequence in subdomain VIII. PfMRP contains an unusually large and highly charged domain within its carboxyl-terminal segment, which includes two repetitive sequences of either a tetrapeptide or octapeptide motif. PfMRP gene is located on chromosome 14. Northern blot analysis of total RNA reveals the presence of a single mRNA transcript ∼4.2 kb in length, which is predominantly expressed in gametocytes and gametes/zygotes.
Self-compatibility in hybrids between Phureja and haploid Andigena clones ofSolanum tuberosum

A high frequency of “self-compatible” (“SC”) plants occurred in Andigena haploid—Phurejahybrids, ranging form 43–77% among five different families. Self seed sets ranged from 2–143 seeds/fruit with family means ranging from 45–118 seeds/fruit. All of the parental clones are self-incompatible. Successful use of pollen from several “SC”-plants in sib-matings suggests that germination and growth of such pollen would not be inhibited byS allele interactions in similar crosspollinations. Analysis ofS allele constitution using tester pollen on groups of SI and “SC” full sibs gave anomalous results. It has not been possible to explain on a simple scheme either this deviation from expectation or the occurrence of “self-compatibility” itself. A logical scheme to explain the occurrence of “SC”-plants must take into account pollen and ovule fertility and the ability to recognize clones which are quasi-compatible or parthenocarpic.
SU‐E‐T‐482: Measuring Planned and Delivered Dose Discrepancies of Gated IMRT

Purpose: Respiration‐gated radiation therapy restricts delivery to a window around a specific phase or amplitude of the external breathing trace. In planning, the computed doses assume no motion within the gating window and ignores the residual motion within the gating window. We deliverIMRT to a torso phantom while (1) stationary and (2) undergoing 2 cm superior‐inferior motion, measure the resulting dose distributions using gafchromic film, and compare the delivered and the planned doses. Methods: A respiration‐gated treatment planned in Eclipse was delivered to a Quasar torso phantom on a 1D motion stage under two situations; non‐gated delivery to the stationary phantom and gated delivery while the phantom underwent sinusoidal translation. The resulting dose depositions were measured using gafchromic film, scanned, and quantified. The delivereddose distributions were compared to one another and the planned distribution and the dosimetric dependence caused by residual motion within the gating window was analyzed.Results: The static delivereddose matched the planned gated dose within 5%. The largest dose discrepancies occur primarily in the regions where high dose derivative (quick dose falloff) are perpendicular to the direction of movement. With up to 0.6 cm translation during the gating window, the static delivered and gated delivereddoses showed differences as high as 0.4 Gy or 20% of the PTV prescribed dose. Much of the significant under‐dosing occurs within the PTV, while the overdosed areas of 0.2 Gy and higher occur outside of the PTV in the ipsilateral lung. Conclusions: Residual motion may lead to large dosimetric discrepancies from the gated treatment plan generated on the static patient model corresponding to the gating phase, and an effective way to mitigate this should be developed in the future for accurate gated planning and dosedelivery.
Testing hypotheses for the evolution of long-term monogamy in Neotropical Buff-breasted Wrens (Cantorchilus leucotis)

Over 90% of birds breed in socially monogamous partnerships. Among monogamous passerines, species vary from those with extra-pair copulations and short-term partnerships to others with exclusive and long-term partnerships. Study of long-term monogamy in passerines has lagged behind other forms of monogamy, and the factors favouring this extreme mating system are unclear. I investigated five hypotheses for long-term monogamy (LTM) in Neotropical Buff-breasted Wrens (Cantorchilus leucotis). Familiarity with breeding partners did not increase reproductive success relative to naive pairs, which is inconsistent with the mate familiarity hypothesis. Experienced females, and possibly males, had greater reproductive success than those breeding for the first time, supporting the hypothesis that LTM may be favoured by improved reproductive performance of individuals as they gain breeding experience. The low resource availability hypothesis was supported as territory availability was low, mates were rapidly replaced, and searching for alternative territories was costly, as birds did not always re-acquire territories following experimental removals. Evidence for territorial defence hypotheses was mixed, as pair members coordinated aggressive responses to intruders while simultaneously exhibiting sex-specific aggression. These results suggest fitness advantages, low resource availability and selection for resource monopolization by males and females may have favoured long-term monogamy in Buff-breasted Wrens.
Neuropathy secondary to pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a benign proliferative process of unknown origin that may cause extensive bone and joint destruction. Patients with this condition typically present with symptoms of mild discomfort and associated stiffness of the involved joint ; however, the spectrum of presentations is broad. Although pigmented villonodular synovitis begins in, and usually is confined within, a synovium-lined joint, it may extend beyond the joint capsule and present as a soft tissue mass. Three cases of a previously unrecognized presentation of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip joint are presented. The authors believe these to be the first reported cases in the English language literature of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip seen with femoral or sciatic neuropathy.
Optical characterization of the PALM-3000 3388-actuator deformable mirror

We describe the lab characterization of the new 3,388-actuator deformable mirror (DM3388) produced by Xinetics, Inc. for the PALM-3000 adaptive optics (AO) system1 under development by Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Caltech Optical Observatories. This square grid 66-by-66 actuator mirror has the largest number of actuators of any deformable mirror currently available and will enable high-contrast imaging for direct exoplanet imaging science at the Palomar 200" diameter Hale Telescope. We present optical measurements of the powered and unpowered mirror surface, influence functions, linearity of the actuators, and creep of the actuators. We also quantify the effect of changes in humidity.
Pretty pleases: The effects of physical attractiveness, race, and sex on receiving help

Abstract The major purpose of this study was to investigate whether favoritism for the physically attractive, a phenomenom demonstrated amost exclusively on the basis of rating scales, generalizes to nonreactive, behavioral helping responses. Four hundred and forty-two males and 162 female white adult callers in public phone booths in a large metropolitan airport found a completed graduate school application form, a photograph of the applicant, and an addressed, stamped envelope. The picture was used to convey information as to the physical attractiveness (attractive vs. unattractive), race (black vs. white), and sex of the applicant. As predicted, delivery of the application was facilitated more for attractive than unattractive persons. There was also a significant race effect, with whites receiving more help than blacks. Implications of these findings for the physical attractiveness literature are discussed.
Electrical induction of lateral transport of 3-indoleacetic acid in the Avena coleoptile.

Abstract 1. 1. Decapitated Avena coleoptiles supplied with 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) show the same type of curvature response to transversely applied direct current (20 μa. for 2 min.) as previously observed in intact coleoptiles. This supports the contention that IAA is the naturally occurring auxin in Avena . 2. 2. Curvature responses of decapitated coleoptiles to transversely applied current are IAA-requiring growth responses. 3. 3. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that these curvature responses are due to IAA redistribution brought about by lateral transport. 4. 4. Lateral transport of IAA is brought about by a state of polarity in the plant tissue and is not directly mediated by the flow of externally applied current. 5. 5. The requirements of a functional polarity in the tissue are fulfilled by the electrical polarity, which is established by the application of direct current but is not dependent on the presence of IAA in the coleoptile.
Pituitary independence of sperm storage in male snakes.

The maintenance of viable sperm in the epididymis and vas deferens during winter hibernation and spring appears to be independent of the pituitary gland in Thamnophis snakes. Highly purified ovine FSH stimulates both spermatogenesis and Leydig cells in hypophysectomized T. sirtalis, but the actions of the hormone are temperature dependent.