cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incentive contracts for environmental services and their potential in REDD

Implementation arrangements for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation can be seen as contracts that could address some of the inherent problems with forest carbon credits that often lead to high transaction costs -- measuring, monitoring, and verification. Self-enforcing contracts, where it is in the best interest of the environmental service providers to comply with the contracts, may be one way to reduce these costs if providers have incentives to uphold their end of the contract. While the literature on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation is extensive, there is little information available to guide policy makers or investors on what form such contracts should take. After providing an overview of the current status of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and its role as a tool for reducing carbon emissions on an international scale, the paper describes key issues regarding implementation and reviews the literature on contracts from the related area of Payments for Ecosystem Services programs, which face similar challenges. The remainder of the paper reviews various contractual mechanisms from agricultural and forestry related projects that have been proposed or are being used in practice and discusses the various implications associated with their design and implementation.
An improved atomistic simulation based mixed-mode cohesive zone law considering non-planar crack growth

Abstract A novel and improved atomistic simulation based cohesive zone law characterizing interfacial debonding is developed which explicitly accounts for the non-planarity of the crack propagation. Group of atoms in the simulation constituting cohesive zones which are used to obtain local stress and crack opening displacement data are determined dynamically during the non-planar crack growth as they cannot be determined apriori . The methodology is used to study the debonding of Σ5 (2 1 0)/[0 0 1] symmetric tilt grain boundary interface in a Cu bicrystal under several mixed mode loading conditions. Simulations show that such bicrystalline specimen exhibits three types of energy dissipative mechanisms – shear coupled GB migration (SCM) away from the crack-tips, change in spacial orientation of GB structural units rendering highly disordered grain boundary near the crack tips and brittle intergranular fracture. Which combination of these three deformation mechanism will be active influencing the degree of non-planarity of the crack propagation at various stages of loading depends on the loading mode-mixity. As the ratio of shear component of the loading parallel to the GB plane and normal to the tilt axis with respect to the normal loading increases (thereby increasing the mode-mixity), overall strain-to-failure also increases and SCM tends to become the dominant deformation mechanism. Through this framework, analytical functional forms and parameters describing cohesive laws for both normal and shear traction as a function of the mode-mixity of the loading and crack opening displacement are predicted.
A continuity equation for cell populations

A continuity equation for cell-number density in a population of cells is derived, and a system of equations for eliminating parameters between the general solution and the initial distribution obtained.
Spatial and temporal feeding patterns of copepods from the North Pacific centra gyre

Spatial and temporal feeding patterns (determined from an index of gut fullness) are described for 10 typical species of calanoid copepods collected from the North Pacific central gyre (September 1968 to June 1977), an area where the zooplankton is food limited and there were a-priori reasons to suspect that feeding and competition for food were important in regulating zooplankton community structure. Over 100 samples from 11 cruises to the eastern part of the gyre were examined, and patterns of gut fullness were related to environmental variables and the copepod species structure. The copepods studied all tended to be omnivores and food generalists. Males had lower indices of gut fullness than females but both males and females of a species had similar spatial and temporal feeding patterns. Guts were usually fuller at night than during the day, even in nonmigrating species; however, within nighttime depth distributions, no depths were preferred for feeding. There were also differences between species in mean gut fullness, but different species tended to have similar spatial and temporal feeding patterns. There was considerable spatial variability, and locales could be identified in which most species had higher indices of gut fullness. The copepods were not necessarily more abundant in these locales, nor did these tend to be areas of above average chlorophyll concentration. These patterns were consistent with relatively nonselective feeding, and there was no evidence that these species separate their niches by feeding at differing places or times.
Capacitance of a Circular Disk Placed Over a Grounded Substrate

The electrostatic problem of a conducting circular disk resting over a grounded dielectric slab is formulated in terms of dual integral equations. Following Sneddon [9] the dual integral equations are replaced by a more manageable inhomogeneous Fredholm integral equation of the second kind in which the unknown represents the charge density. The solution of the latter equation is expressed in terms of Neumann series whose integral yields the capacitance. For values of slab thickness small compared to the radius of the disk convergence of the series is very slow and numerical evaluation became so tedious that one could not proceed beyond the sixth term. However, by applying Shank and Aitken acceleration methods to the partial sums very accurate results have been realized. Yet another powerful method of solution is based on calculus of variations. A lower bound for the capacitance in terms of charge density has been obtained. Trial function for the charge density consists of two terms, a constant plus one wi...
THE SIZE OF STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIO-PHAGES AS DETERMINED BY X-RAY INACTIVATION.

Shortly after arriving in the United States, Luria was able to secure a position in a lab at Columbia University, where he worked primarily with Frank Exner. At the time, Exner was building a million-volt x-ray machine for use in his research. This article was a result of the collaboration between the two scientists in which they utilized Exner's machine to analyze bacteriophages.
Cu, Pb and Zn contamination in Nuuanu watershed, Oahu, Hawaii

Trace metal contamination in urban aquatic ecosystems in Hawaii is a significant problem, especially in terms of Cu, Pb, and Zn. These trace metals are linked to automobile usage. An in-depth study was designed to determine the influence of road sediments and storm sewers on bioavailable (0.5 M HCl) trace metal concentrations in bed sediments of Nuuanu stream, Oahu. Lead was the most enriched trace metal in the watershed. Compared to baseline Pb concentrations of <3 mg/kg, road sediments averaged 186 mg/kg, with a maximum value of 3140 mg/kg. Stream bed sediments had average Pb values of 122 mg/kg, with a maximum of 323 mg/kg. Al-normalized enrichment ratios (ERs) for the <63 microm fraction indicated that the watershed was significantly polluted in the lower, urbanized reaches, with maximum ER values of 560 and 94 for Pb in road sediments and stream sediments, respectively. Median ER values for Cu, Pb, and Zn in stream sediments were 2, 36, and 5, respectively. Rainfall events prior to sediment sampling masked any influence that storm sewer outlets might have had on the localized spatial distribution of metals associated with bed sediments. However, there was a general pattern of increasing trace metal concentrations downstream as the fluvial network traversed residential areas and commercial, highly trafficked areas in the lower portions of the watershed.
Limits on the photon mass

An upper limit is found for the photon mass by exploiting the gravitational deflection of electromagnetic radiation.
Increased Vancomycin Dosage Requirements in Young Burn Patients

Vancomycin dosage requirements were studied in six young burn patients, in whom initial doses ordered by house officers were monitored using peak and trough vancomycin serum concentration measurements. Dosage regimens were adjusted to produce peak and trough levels within the recommended range of 30
Epidemiology of prolonged testicular infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus.

Abstract Previously, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) had been found in prolonged testicular infections following acute infection of immunocompetent bulls. The primary purpose of this research was to evaluate the production and maintenance of prolonged testicular infections after exposure to BVDV of seronegative bulls in varying circumstances. The secondary objective was to initiate assessment of the potential for transmission of BVDV via semen of bulls exhibiting a prolonged testicular infection. In total, 10 research trials were conducted. The first trial examined the duration of detectable virus in semen after intranasal inoculation of peri-pubertal bulls. The second to fifth trials examined the potential for prolonged testicular infections resulting from natural exposure of seronegative bulls to persistently infected heifers. In the last five trials, the potential for viral transmission from bulls exhibiting prolonged testicular infections to a small number of exposed animals ( n = 28) was evaluated. Results of this research demonstrated that prolonged testicular infections could result in detection of viral RNA in semen for 2.75 years with infectious virus grown from testicular tissue 12.5 months after viral exposure. A type 1b strain of BVDV caused prolonged testicular infection after natural exposure of seronegative bulls to a persistently infected heifer. However, transmission of BVDV to susceptible animals was not detected in the final five trials of this research. In conclusion, BVDV can persist in testicular tissue after acute infection for several years, but the potential for viral transmission from these prolonged testicular infections appears to be low.
Effects of acute or chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence on behavioral inhibition and efficiency in a modified water maze task.

Ethanol is well known to adversely affect frontal executive functioning, which continues to develop throughout adolescence and into young adulthood. This is also a developmental window in which ethanol is misused by a significant number of adolescents. We examined the effects of acute and chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence on behavioral inhibition and efficiency using a modified water maze task. During acquisition, rats were trained to find a stable visible platform onto which they could escape. During the test phase, the stable platform was converted to a visible floating platform (providing no escape) and a new hidden platform was added in the opposite quadrant. The hidden platform was the only means of escape during the test phase. In experiment 1, adolescent animals received ethanol (1.0g/kg) 30min before each session during the test phase. In experiment 2, adolescent animals received chronic intermittent ethanol (5.0g/kg) for 16 days (PND30 To PND46) prior to any training in the maze. At PND72, training was initiated in the same modified water maze task. Results from experiment 1 indicated that acute ethanol promoted behavioral disinhibition and inefficiency. Experiment 2 showed that chronic intermittent ethanol during adolescence appeared to have no lasting effect on behavioral disinhibition or new spatial learning during adulthood. However, chronic ethanol did promote behavioral inefficiency. In summary, results indicate that ethanol-induced promotion of perseverative behavior may contribute to the many adverse behavioral sequelae of alcohol intoxication in adolescents and young adults. Moreover, the long-term effect of adolescent chronic ethanol exposure on behavioral efficiency is similar to that observed after chronic exposure in humans.
Abnormal Sensory Findings Secondary to Monocular Cataracts in Children and Strabismic Adults

Three children between the ages of 4 and 6 years had untreated monocular traumatic cataracts, for several years. Although amblyopia did not develop, there was a disruption of fusion that resulted in horror fusionis after cataract surgery. Two adults with strabismus and amblyopia since childhood developed cataracts as adults. The occlusion caused by these long-standing cataracts appeared to eliminate suppression and resulted in horror fusionis.
Complexity reduction during interruption analysis in a flexible manufacturing system using knowledge-based on-line simulation

Abstract One of the major challenges for a supervisory controller in aflexible manufacturing system (FMS) is to react quickly to a problem and provide decisions in the shortest possible time using the most accurate and reliable information obtained from the shop floor. The response time of the controller depends upon the complexity of the control problem, number of alternative policies considered, and the methodology to arrive at the best decision, among several others. In this paper, the complexity during the on-line analysis of interruptions caused by machine breakdowns and rush orders in an FMS are discussed. These enterruptions affect the manufacturing plan and require changes in the loading and scheduling decisions. Even if the number of machines and part types in an FMS is small, the complexity is extremely high. An integrated decision support system using a knowledge-based on-line simulation (KBOLS) architecture is developed to perform the interruption analysis. Using an emulated FMS, several experiments were conducted to examine the impact of the KBOLS architecture in reducing the complexity problem. The results from these experiments, along with response time studies are reported.
Recipient hypertension potentiates chronic functional and structural injury of rat renal allografts.

Background. Systemic hypertension affects many allograft recipients, is an important risk factor for chronic graft dysfunction, and is linked to reduced graft survival. The condition may up-regulate the expression of inflammatory host cells and their products. These, in turn, may significantly injure vascular endothelium and other components of allografted kidneys. Methods. Lewis rats received orthotopic F344 renal allografts, a standard model of chronic rejection. Renovascular hypertension was produced by placing a silver clip (0.25 mm) on the renal artery of the retained contralateral native kidney 4 weeks after transplantation. Sham-clipped rats served as normotensive controls. Four recipient groups (Gp) were studied: Gp 1, rats with an allograft plus a clipped native kidney; Gp 2, those with an allograft and a sham-clipped native kidney; Gp 3, isografted animals with a clipped native kidney; and Gp 4, those bearing an isograft and a sham-clipped native kidney. Systolic blood pressure and proteinuria were measured every 2 weeks for 24 weeks. Grafts were assessed serially for morphologic and immunohistologic changes. Results. Systemic blood pressure rose to hypertensive levels in Gps 1 and 3 within a week of clipping but never increased in Gps 2 and 4. Proteinuria developed in hypertensive animals but remained at baseline in normotensive controls. Intimal thickening of allograft arteries progressed to luminal obliteration with extensive perivascular and interstitial fibrosis by 24 weeks. In contrast, vascular changes in isografts of hypertensive hosts were restricted to medial hypertrophy. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), endothelin, Il-6, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, and B7 were up-regulated in allografts in hypertensive hosts. Vascular deposition of immunoglobulin (IgG) was increased. These changes were markedly less pronounced in Gp 3 isografts and minimal in the kidneys of the normotensive animals of Gps 2 and 4. Conclusions. An experimental model is presented that examines the influence of recipient hypertension in the pathogenesis of chronic dysfunction and injury developing in rat renal allografts over time.
A Mo–Cu superconducting transition-edge microcalorimeter with 4.5 eV energy resolution at 6 keV ☆

We describe a superconducting transition-edge microcalorimeter with an energy resolution of 4.5±0.1 eV full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) for Mn Kα X-rays from an source. The thermometer consists of a photolithographically patterned Mo–Cu superconducting proximity bilayer with a 93 mK transition temperature. The device is fabricated on a Si3N4 membrane patterned as a “flyswatter” to control the thermal conductance to the heat bath. The sensor is voltage biased with an on-chip shunt resistor, and the current is measured by a two-stage SQUID amplifier consisting of a single first-stage SQUID and a series-array second-stage SQUID.
Simulations of the static friction due to adsorbed molecules

The static friction between crystalline surfaces separated by a molecularly thin layer of adsorbed molecules is calculated using molecular dynamics simulations. These molecules naturally lead to a finite static friction that is consistent with macroscopic friction laws. Crystalline alignment, sliding direction, and the number of adsorbed molecules are not controlled in most experiments and are shown to have little effect on the friction. Temperature, molecular geometry, and interaction potentials can have larger effects on friction. The observed trends in friction can be understood in terms of a simple hard sphere model.
A Note on Choking Cavitation Flow Past Bluff Bodies

A model is developed to predict the choking cavitation number for sharp edged bluff bodies subject to wall interference effects. The fact that the forebody pressure distribution under cavitating conditions essentially resembles the values obtained in noncavitating flows is made use of in the development of the model. The model is verified using experimental results from present and previous studies for a specific case of choking flow past a two-dimensional prismatic body.
Survey of Striped Bass Hatchery Management in the Southeastern United States

Abstract The conditions under which striped bass are cultured were characterized based upon a survey of 57 hatchery managers in the southeastern United States and the subsequent analysis of water samples collected from those hatcheries. Regression analysis of water quality variables indicated that salinity of 0.5‰ or greater was the single most important factor influencing striped bass production. Surface waters comprised the primary water source on two-thirds of the hatcheries, whereas wells provided ground water on one-third of the hatcheries. Contaminants, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, phthalates, and heavy metals, were commonly detected in all water sources, but at levels generally considered safe. Most broodfish were collected by either electroshocking or by gill nets. Gametes were manually stripped from the fish at 61% of the hatcheries. Normally fewer than 50% of the resulting eggs were viable. Sixty-two percent of the managers stocked 5- to 10-day-old fry in ponds and harvested them after 34...
Storage optimization for a peer-to-peer video-on-demand network

This paper explores requirements for efficient pre-seeding of video-on-demand (VoD) movie data onto numerous customer set-top boxes in a cable ISP environment. The pre-seeded content will then be distributed to other set-top boxes in the same cable community using a peer-to-peer (P2P) network protocol such as BitTorrent. The challenges and solutions required for P2P VoD provided by a fixed provider such as a cable company are fundamentally different from those seen in traditional P2P networks or client-server VoD solutions.Our work pre-positions data into set-top boxes using a mathematical programming algorithm. The objective of the algorithm is to minimize uplink traffic, given a popularity model for various pieces of content and information about storage and bandwidth capacity constraints at the customer nodes. Given the complex non-linear nature of P2P interactions, these mathematical programs are solved using non-linear optimization approaches. Using a BitTorrent-like peer-to-peer data delivery system, we show through extensive simulations that our mathematical model for pre-seeding data based on object popularity and node bandwidth availability leads to noticeably greater reductions in uplink traffic and VoD server load than a weighted-random pre-seeding scheme that only considers object popularity.
Risk in international lending: A dynamic factor analysis applied to France and Mexico

Abstract A dynamic factor analysis is employed to construct a monthly index of country risk for mexico and France. The risk index for France is found to be positively related to French inflation. The Mexican index was found to depend on the ratio of imports to reserves, the debt-export ratio, and inflation. There is a strong autoregressive factor present in the index for both France and Mexico. The estimated risk indexes for both countries reflect important announcements and policy changes. the preliminary evidence suggests that country risk analysis is more revealing when applied to developing countries.
Rhythmic gene expression in a purple photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Circadian rhythms are known to exist in all groups of eukaryotic organisms as well as oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria. However, little information is available regarding the existence of rhythmic behaviors in prokaryotes other than cyanobacteria. Here we report biological rhythms of gene expression in a purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides by using a luciferase reporter gene system. Self-bioluminescent strains of Rb. sphaeroides were constructed, which produced a bacterial luciferase and its substrate, a long chain fatty aldehyde, to sustain the luminescence reaction. After being subjected to a temperature or light entrainment regime, the reporter strains with the luciferase genes driven by an upstream endogenous promoter expressed self-sustained rhythmicity in the constant free-running period. The rhythms were controlled by oxygen and exhibited a circadian period of 20.5 h under aerobic conditions and an ultradian period of 10.6–12.7 h under anaerobic conditions. The data suggest a novel endogenous oscillation mechanism in purple photosynthetic bacteria. Elucidation of the clock-like behavior in purple bacteria has implications in understanding the origin and evolution of circadian rhythms.
The analytical work of the Office of Technology Assessment

The Office of Technology Assessment had a controversial beginning amid charges of politicization and poor-quality work. But during the 1980s a better assessment process, including broader participation by client groups and greater oversight by technical experts, led to radically improved studies.
Mechanisms of p53-mediated Apoptosis

p53-mediated apoptosis of cells with DNA damage or oncogene overexpression is a major mechanism for its function as a tumor suppressor. Both transcriptionally dependent and transcriptionally independent activities of p53 can play a role in mediating cell death. It appears that p53 can induce apoptosis by multiple pathways in a manner which is regulated in a cell type and signal-specific fashion. Understanding the biochemical mechanisms of p53-dependent apoptosis holds a promise of manipulating these pathways in cancer therapy.
Statistical analysis of freezing temperatures in Central and Southern Florida

The probability distributions of the number of freezing periods per year, their timing and severity are examined at 25 stations in southern and central Florida. The proposed distributions, derived from stochastic crossing theory, provide adequate fits with the exception of three variables at different stations. The estimated parameter values reflect the changing geography of the freeze hazard. The freeze variable that exhibits the greatest variability over the area appears to be the number of periods, while the average severity of freezes and their timings are fairly homogeneous. The theoretical basis of the method permits estimation of the distribution of the dates of first and last freezes and the distribution of the coldest temperature likely to be encountered during any period of interest. The risks of periods of extremely cold temperatures, rarely observed in the historic records, may also be obtained from those at the more commonly encountered level. The technique provides a thorough yet easily interpreted summary of cold-spell risks at any location.
Haciendas and economic change in Yucatán: Entrepreneurial strategies in the Parroquia de Yaxcabá, 1775–1850

Using archaeological and historical data from eighteenth- and nineteenth-century haciendas in theParroquia de Yaxcaba, Yucatan, this paper demonstrates how documentary records can be employed to create diachronic archaeological explanations. Both the organization of production on the hacienda and the entrepreneurial strategies pursued by the estate owners. contribute to the form of the hacienda. The following analysis suggests quantitative and qualitative explanations for variation in hacienda size and architectural elaboration. The archaeological interpretations offer a reconsideration of processes of economic change in central Yucatan prior to the Caste War of 1847.
On the allochthonous nature of auriferous greenstones, Guayana shield, Venezuela

Abstract The tectonic style of Paleoproterozoic orogeny in the Guayana shield has been considered by most workers to be similar to those commonly invoked for the development of Archean greenstone belts, in which diapirs of granitoid magma (Supamo complex) rose and deformed 2.1–2.0 Ga volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Pastora supergroup to form keel-like greenstone belts. In this model, subsequent collision with the dominantly granulite-grade Imataca complex to the north deformed the greenstone belts during what is known as the Trans-Amazonian orogeny. However, more recent geological mapping demonstrated that the base of the greenstone belts is marked by a major mylonitic shear zone that placed rocks of the belts atop a regional unit of quartzite that sits unconformably upon granitic gneisses and plutons of both the Imataca and Supamo complexes. These relations were interpreted to indicate that the greenstone belts are allochthonous with respect to the Imataca and Supamo complexes, and as the quartzite oversteps the contact between the Imataca and Supamo complexes, juxtaposition of the two complexes predated deposition of the quartzite. New U–Pb zircon results show that volcanic rocks of the Pastora supergroup are older than the quartzite beneath them and confirm the hypothesis, based entirely upon field relations, that rocks of the greenstone belts were thrust upon the quartzite and its granitic and gneissic basement. At least two subsequent periods of deformation refolded rocks of the region. Similar structural relationships are common in Archean cratons of southern Africa, Australia, and the Canadian shield.
Predictors of adherence to screening mammography among Korean American women

Abstract Background. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Korean American women (KAW). Many KAW are not aware of the importance of regular screening. This research estimates the rates of regular breast cancer screening and examines the predictors and barriers to obtaining regular mammograms. Methods. Face-to-face surveys were conducted with 459 KAW residing in Maryland. Study participants were recruited through Korean churches and senior housing. Results. About 33% had regular mammograms. In multiple logistic regression analyses, the strongest correlate of regular mammograms was knowledge of screening guidelines. Age, spoken English proficiency, and physician recommendations were associated with regular mammograms. Employment interacted with insurance: Employed women without insurance had lower rates of mammograms than those employed with insurance. The most frequent reason for not having regular mammograms was a woman's belief that she was at low risk for breast cancer. Conclusions. Results indicate that knowledge of screening guidelines and physician recommendations for screening are important in this minority population. Culturally relevant educational programs about breast cancer screening should be developed for less acculturated women and recent immigrants.
E8 × E8 small instantons in matrix theory

Abstract A formulation of new six-dimensional theories with (1, 0) supersymmetry and E 8 global symmetry is proposed. The model is based on the large- n theory describing n D-strings interacting with parallel D-fivebranes in Type I string theory.
Collective memory and dyadic relations: The different qualities of power in the interaction of democratic states and civil societies∗

Abstract Relations between—and among—countries that share democratic attributes, practice capitalism, exhibit high degrees of economic integration with each other, and have a significant understanding of each other's culture and history may nevertheless remain conflictual, even antagonistic. The source of this continued lack of empathy lies in the very factors ignored by contemporary liberal and realist theorists alike: the lenses of perception through which both elites and masses operate, lenses that we label “collective memory” and that link history (as objective reality) to ideology (as subjective world view). The acuity of this collective memory is analyzed and described in the dyadic relationship between Germany and the Netherlands on the one hand, and Germany and Austria on the other.
Permian Marine Sand Wave Complex in Central Arizona: ABSTRACT

The Lower Permian Rancho Rojo Member of the Schnebly Hill Formation exhibits unusual large-scale compound or intraset cross-stratification near Sedona, Arizona. The very fine-grained, moderately sorted subfeldspathic to quartzarenite, is divided into four facies. The lowermost tabular-planar foreset facies comprises giant foresets that dip westward at 13-19°, with foreset bundles of planar, wavy, and minor intraset cross-strata separated by surfaces of erosion. The intraset cross-stratified facies consists of giant foresets arranged in bundles that contain compound cross-stratification including tabular-planar herringbone pattern and complex trough sets separated by planar and trough erosion surfaces. The westerly dipping master sets have superimposed intrasets that display widely varying current vectors. Both facies were deposited in a marine sand wave complex following rapid transgression across underlying fluvial-estuary deposits. The erosion surfaces that bound the master sets were likely formed during storms. The intraset planar and trough sets were formed by migrating tidally driven megaripples on the westerly dipping surfaces of the sand wave. Documentation is provided by close similarities with other reported ancient sand waves and the newly proposed Allen sand wave model. These two facies are overlain by the ripple-laminated and homogeneous sand facies that developed during the waning stages of sand wave deposition. The former was probably produced by shoaling waves and the latter by bioturbation. The well-exposed Rancho Rojo will help advance the study of these controversial sand bodies and aid in the paleogeographical interpretation of the Permian in central Arizona. End_of_Article - Last_Page 903------------
John Donne's People: Explaining Differences between Rational Actors and Altruists through Cognitive Frameworks

Most social and political theory since Hobbes is constructed on the norm of self-interest. Yet even in the most vicious of Darwinian worlds, altruism and selfless behavior continue to exist. Why? The work described below examines altruism to answer three specific questions. Are there systematic sociocultural predictors of altruism and related forms of selfless behavior? Are there corresponding systematic similarities in cognitive schema among altruists with respect to their self-perception and identity? And, finally, how can we explain differences between altruists and the self-interested rational actors of economics and rational choice theory? The research described here analyzes entrepreneurs as paradigmatic rational actors and contrasts them with philanthropists, heroes, and rescuers of Jews in Nazi-Europe. Findings from in-depth interviews suggest none of the traditional sociocultural factors predicts altruistic behavior. Explanations from social psychology work no better for selfless individuals than...
Flow cytometric and chromosome analysis of softshell clams, Mya arenaria, with disseminated neoplasia

Studies were carried out to determine the DNA content and genomic characteristics of abnormal cells in the hemolymph of the softshell clam, Mya arenaria, affected with disseminated neoplasia (DN). Normal clam cells had a model chromosome number of 34 with a range of 26–39, whereas DN cells had chromosome numbers ranging from 44 to 80 with a mode of 69. Chromosome spreads of hemolymph cells from DN clams contained acrocentric and telocentric chromosomes which were absent from normal cells. By flow cytometric analysis, the quantity of DNA in normal clam hemocytes was 3.2 pg cell−1 based on comparisons to human lymphocyte and trout erythrocyte standards. The circulating cells of all clams with DN intensities greater than 10% examined by flow cytometry showed distinct DNA aneuploidy. Normal cells were assigned a DNA index (DI) of 1.0; the DN cells had a mean DI of 1.76 with a range from 1.25 to 2.05. There was no evidence of a pentaploid population as seen in the mussel, Mytilus edulis, affected with DN. A significantly higher proportion of the DNA aneuploid cells were in the S phase of the cell cycle than normal cells. Aneuploid cells in GO/G1 were also larger in size than their diploid counterparts. Both the flow cytometry and the chromosome analysis indicate that there is a quantitative difference in the DNA content of DN cells compared to normal cells.
The effect of repeated torque on the ultimate tensile strength of slotted gold prosthetic screws

Abstract Statement of Problem. Repeated torque may alter the mechanical properties and fracture resistance of certain prosthetic retaining screws. Purpose. This study evaluated the effect of repeated torque and salivary contamination on the ultimate tensile strength of one type of slotted gold prosthetic retaining screw. Material and Methods. Forty-five slotted gold prosthetic screws from the same manufacturer (Implant Innovations) were divided randomly into 9 groups of 5 screws each, with group 0X being an unused control. Groups 1XL, 5XL, 10XL, and 20XL were lubricated with human saliva, tightened to 10 Ncm, and removed 1, 5, 10, and 20 times, respectively. This procedure was performed in an unused stack of implant components consisting of an implant, an abutment cylinder and screw, and a gold cylinder. Groups 1XN, 5XN, 10XN, and 20XN were not lubricated. A custom load cell, load frame, and strain gauge torque wrench with associated electronics were used to apply torque; ultimate tensile strength was measured on a universal testing machine. Fracture load values were analyzed against torque cycles with 1-way analysis of variance and a Tukey test ( P t test ( P Results. Mean fracture load values ranged from 97.6 ± 2.2 kg (group 0X) to 102.0 ± 2.1 kg (group 5XN). Analysis of variance and Tukey's test revealed no significant differences between the lubricated and nonlubricated conditions for all groups and no significant reduction of tensile strength. For 2 of the nonlubricated groups, 5XN and 20XN, a significant increase in fracture load values was recorded ( P =.02 and P =.03, respectively). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the slotted gold prosthetic screw tested can be tightened and removed up to 20 times without any effect on its ultimate tensile strength. The use of human saliva as a lubricant during torquing also had no apparent effect on ultimate tensile strength. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;88:176-82.)
Effects of Rapid Processing on the Chemical and Sensory Properties of Restructured Steak Made From Bull and Steer Meat

South Devon cattle (10 bulls, 10 steers) were slaughtered to determine effects of sex condition and postmortem temperature conditioning on the chemical and sensory properties of restructured beefsteak. Chucks from each left side were boned following a 4 hr delayed chill (DC, 13°C) period, while chucks from right sides were boned following a 48 hr conventional chill (CC. 2°C). Chucks were mechanically tenderized and formulated into restructured steaks. Bulls produced restructured steaks less prone to oxidative rancidity. Restructured steaks from bulls exhibited higher (P<0.01) cooking losses and Kramer Shear values. There were no differences between treatments in tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and connective tissue residue ratings; however, DC restructured steaks had lower (P<0.05) bind values than CC restructured steaks.
Marketing to Older Adults: an Overview and Assessment of Present Knowledge and Practice

Summarizes the topics, challenges and existing knowledge on marketing to older consumers. Discussescontradictory beliefs about older consumers and how to market to them, explaining reasons for these contradictions and stereotypes. Suggests a method for aiding decision makers evaluating information in this market and for formulating strategies. Notes that the field of older consumer behaviour and marketing is still developing.
Long Wavelength Fluorescence Lifetime Standards for Front-Face Fluorometry

With the increased development and use of fluorescence lifetime-based sensors, fiber optic sensors, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), and plate and array readers, , calibration standards are essential to ensure the proper function of these devices and accurate results. For many devices that utilize a “front face excitation” geometry where the excitation is nearly coaxial with the direction of emission, scattering-based lifetime standards are problematic and fluorescent lifetime standards are necessary. As more long wavelength (red and near-infrared) fluorophores are used to avoid background autofluorescence, the lack of lifetime standards in this wavelength range has only become more apparent . We describe an approach to developing lifetime standards in any wavelength range, based on Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). These standards are bright, highly reproducible, have a broad decrease in observed lifetime, and an emission wavelength in the red to near infrared making them well suited for the laboratory and field applications as well. This basic approach can be extended to produce lifetime standards for other wavelength regimes.
Hydrogen permeability of the hollow fibers used in H2-based membrane biofilm reactors

Abstract We developed and used steady-state permeation tests and a mathematical model to determine the H2 permeabilities of three hollow fibers (composite, polyester, and polypropylene) commonly used in the H2-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). The H2 permeabilities spanned a wide range: 1.6 × 10−6, 1.8 × 10−7, and 6.6 × 10−8 m3 H2 @ standard temperature and pressure m membrane thickness/m2 hollow fiber surface area d bar for the composite, polypropylene, and polyester hollow fibers, respectively; this represents a ratio of the maximum H2 flux for composite:polypropylene:polyester hollow fibers = 32:3.3:1. The H2 permeabilities were then used to correlate hollow-fiber type to contaminant-removal flux in previous MBfR experiments. Only the experiments with composite hollow fibers were not routinely limited by H2 delivery, although fouling by mineral precipitates lowered the H2 flux in some cases. Since existing contaminant-removal data for the polyester hollow fibers were not adequate, we did special experiments to investigate the effect of H2 pressure on contaminant removal in the MBfR with the polyester hollow fibers. We confirmed that this hollow fiber was operated at its maximum H2-delivery capacity based on its H2 permeability.
A simple, effective method for determining the bulk density of stony soils

Abstract A new technique of determining bulk density based upon the excavation method is especially useful in stony soils and surface mine spoils. The technique involves determining the volume of an excavated hole using an expanding urethane foam which solidifies to form a perfect cast of the hole. Volume of the cast is determined by water displacement. Comparison of this method with the sand method of volume determination in a surface mine spoil showed no difference in calculated values of bulk density. However, bulk densities determined by driving a steel core of known volume into the stony surface mine spoil were consistently 12–17% lower than those determined by excavation. The new technique may be applied to sloping soil surfaces and may be used for bulk density determinations at depth in the exposed vertical face of a soil pit.
Calculation of phonon spectrum and thermal properties in suspended 〈100〉 In X Ga 1-X As nanowires

The phonon spectra in zinc blende InAs, GaAs and their ternary alloy nanowires (NWs) are computed using an enhanced valence force field (EVFF) model. The physical and thermal properties of these nanowires such as sound velocity, elastic constants, specific heat (C v ), phonon density of states, phonon modes, and the ballistic thermal conductance are explored. The calculated transverse and longitudinal sound velocities in these NWs are ~25% and 20% smaller compared to the bulk velocities, respectively. The C v for NWs are about twice as large as the bulk values due to higher surface to volume ratio (SVR) and strong phonon confinement in the nanostructures. The temperature dependent C v for InAs and GaAs nanowires show a cross-over at 180°K due to higher phonon density in InAs nanowires at lower temperatures. With the phonon spectra and Landauer's model the ballistic thermal conductance is reported for these III---V NWs. The results in this work demonstrate the potential to engineer the thermal behavior of III---V NWs.
Honey-bee abdomen assays of hemolymph from stressed and externally poisoned American cockroaches

Abstract Blood from cockroaches stressed by having their mouthparts sealed or by being dehydrated by contact with silica aerogel, administered into the opened wounds of freshly excised honey bee abdomens, produced neuromuscular reaction that was monitored and recorded as characteristic myograms. When blood became too viscous or unobtainable during the terminal stages of stress, coxal muscle was substituted. Abdomens used for assay were also used for toxicological studies, comparing their survival time with untreated abdomens. Intact and decapitated cockroaches were equally desiccated by contact with silica aerogel to determine if presence or absence of the coordinating center had any bearing on stress. Fragments of coxal muscle from the intact cockroaches deactivated 10 bee abdomens in 15 hr while coxal muscle from the decapitated cockroaches deactivated only one out of 10 abdomens. Blood from cockroaches poisoned by oral administrations of boric acid solution was readily available, clear, and free-flowing, and produced myograms showing periods of lethargy followed by deep convulsions. Portions of these myograms resembled symptoms of lethargy and convulsions produced by boric acid solution when it was administered directly into the bee abdomens.
Leaf wetness: Measurements and models

(1990). Leaf wetness: Measurements and models. Remote Sensing Reviews: Vol. 5, Instrumentation for studying vegetation canopies for remote sensing in optical and thermal infrared regions, pp. 215-224.
Climate change and the geography of weed damage: Analysis of U.S. maize systems suggests the potential for significant range transformations

Abstract By the end of the century, climate change projections under a “business-as-usual” emissions scenario suggest a globally averaged warming of 2.4–6.4 °C. If these forecasts are realized, cropping systems are likely to experience significant geographic range transformations among damaging endemic weed species and new vulnerabilities to exotic weed invasions. To anticipate these changes and to devise management strategies for proactively addressing them, it is necessary to characterize the environmental conditions that make specific weed species abundant, competitive, and therefore damaging the production of particular crops (i.e. defining the damage niche ). In this study, U.S. maize is used as a model system to explore the implications of climate change on the distribution of damaging agricultural weeds. To accomplish this, we couple ensemble climate change projections of annual temperature and precipitation with survey data of troublesome weed species in maize. At the state scale, space-for-time substitution techniques are used to suggest the potential magnitude of change among damaging weed communities. To explore how the geography of damage for specific species may evolve over the next century, bioclimatic range rules were derived for two weed species that are pervasive in the Northern ( Abutilon theophrasti Medicus, ABUTH) and Southern ( Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., SORHA) U.S. Results from both analyses suggest that the composition of damaging weed communities may be fundamentally altered by climate change. In some states, potential changes in the coming decades are commensurate to those possible by the end of the century. Regions such as the Northeastern U.S. may prove particularly vulnerable with emerging climate conditions favoring few weed species of present-day significance. In contrast, regions like the mid-South are likely to experience fewer shifts even with a similar magnitude in climate change. By the end of the century in the U.S. Corn Belt, cold-tolerant species like A. theophrasti may be of minor importance whereas S. halepense , a predominantly Southern U.S. weed species at present, may become common and damaging to maize production with its damage niche advancing 200–600 km north of its present-day distribution.
A dataset for evaluating identifier splitters

Software engineering and evolution techniques have recently started to exploit the natural language information in source code. A key step in doing so is splitting identifiers into their constituent words. While simple in concept, identifier splitting raises several challenging issues, leading to a range of splitting techniques. Consequently, the research community would benefit from a dataset (i.e., a gold set) that facilitates comparative studies of identifier splitting techniques. A gold set of 2,663 split identifiers was constructed from 8,522 individual human splitting judgements and can be obtained from www.cs.loyola.edu/~binkley/ludiso. This set's construction and observations aimed at its effective use are described.
Inverse scattering experiments, structured matrix inequalities, and tensor algebra

This paper deals with a general matrix extension problem with structural constraints and provides a recursive solution in terms of an inverse scattering experiment. Both the stationary and nonstationary cases are considered, in addition to connections to tensor algebra.
Monitoring end-mill wear and predicting tool failure using accelerometers

Autoregressive models are fit to end-milling acceleration data and the Data Dependent Systems methodology is utilized to isolate the modal energies of the first and second multiples of the tooth pass frequency. The modal energies are shown to be closely linked to the wear curve and a detection scheme is developed that is capable of tracking the end-mill's wear and providing an early warning of impending failure. Six life tests are conducted under varying conditions to demonstrate the capabilities of the detection scheme: standard cutting conditions, extreme cutting conditions, premature catastrophic failure and accelerometer placement. In all six cases, the detection scheme was able to provide a warning of impending failure several centimeters before the failure occurred.