cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autopsy Techniques in Patients With History of Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation.

CONTEXT.— Esophageal fistula formation is one of the most feared complications of radiofrequency catheter ablation. This procedure and its many variations, such as the "maze," are becoming the mainstream treatment for atrial fibrillation owing to limitations of antiarrhythmic drugs. The incidence of this complication rate has been reported to be from 0.01% to 1%. OBJECTIVE.— To delineate the importance of using the en bloc Letulle method of dissection for identifying esophageal fistulas for cases with a history of radiofrequency catheter ablation. DESIGN.— Six autopsy cases with a history of radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation were selected from 1736 autopsies performed between 2009 and 2020. RESULTS.— The initial presenting symptoms included neurologic symptoms, chest pains, epigastric discomfort, and sepsis. Transesophageal echocardiogram of 4 cases showed no evidence of thrombus or vegetation, however, 2 cases had evidence of atrial esophageal fistula. The autopsy findings included 5 atrial esophageal fistulas and 1 esophagopericardial fistula. Atrial esophageal fistulas were small and could be detected without difficulty when the en bloc Letulle technique was used and would have been easily missed by the Virchow method. The immediate causes of the deaths were myocardial ischemia, septic emboli to brain and heart, hypovolemic shock secondary to exsanguination, stroke, and coagulopathy. CONCLUSIONS.— To date, this is the largest collection of autopsy cases showing esophageal fistula associated with prior radiofrequency catheter ablation. The Letulle dissection method is preferable in this setting.
Nanoparticles for cancer treatment.

mediciNe & HealtH/RHode iSlaNd partICleS Can be engIneered to nanometer-size (nm) which are only 1/1,000 the width of a single human hair. Nanoparticles made of gold display strong optical absorption. A special type of gold nanoparticle called hollow gold nanoparticle has a core-shell nanostructure with unique characteristics, including small particle size (~40 nm in diameter), which is an ideal range for particles to be incorporated into living cells; hollow interior, which allows for higher drug loading capacity; and pure gold composition, which is associated with less toxicity. 3 The hollow gold nanoparticles have been proven to convert optical energy into thermal energy, leading to overheating of the local environment around the light-absorbing species. This phenomenon is known as photothermal effect. We have developed a variety of applications of hollow gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics, including photothermal ablation therapy, photoacoustic tomography, and light-controlled drug release.
Influence of trap color on collection of the recently introduced Bean Plataspid, Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae).

Large numbers of the exotic bean plataspid, Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). were first collected from several northeast Georgia counties beginning in October 2009 (Suiter and Ames 2009, Statewide Pest Alert). How this insect arrived in the United States and where it came from is still not known. The native range of M. cribraria is reported to be throughout Asia and the Indian Subcontinent (Hosokawa et at 2007 t Proc. R. Soc. B. 274: 1979 -1984; Srinivasaperumal et aI. 1992, Proc.lndian Natn. Sci. Acad. 6: 333 - 340; Hua 2000, List of Chinese Insects. Vol. 1, Zhong-shan Univ. Press. Guangzhou. 251 pp.). It is similar to other Plataspidae in having a somewhat unusual symbiotic relationship with its gut bacteria. Before laying eggs, females deposit particles containing the symbiont which are then eaten by newly-hatched nymphs under natural conditions. Nymphs experimentally deprived of access to the symbiont exhibited slower growth, smaller body sizes, and higher mortality. Thus, presence of the obligate symbiont was predictive of the insect's status as a pest (Hosokawa at al. 2007). Preliminary testing of M. cribraria in Georgia showed that all individuals evaluated contained the symbiont (Jenkins et a1. 2010, J. Entomol. Sci. 45: 62 - 63).
Statistics Research at Bell Labs in the Regulated Monopoly Era

Resume L'essor et le developpement de la recherche industrielle aux Etats-Unis couvrent une grande partie du 20e siecle. Les Bell Labs, composante du Bell System, en sont peut-etre le meilleur exemple. La periode qui s'etend de leur creation en 1925 a leur demantelement en 1984—suite a des poursuites judiciaires relatives aux lois anti-trust—est d'un interet tout particulier. Le systeme, pendant cette epoque, a en effet ete gerea la maniere d'un monopole, les abonnes soutenant reellement, au travers de leurs factures telephoniques mensuelles, les activites de recherche et developpement, procurant ainsi aux Bell Labs une grande stabilite financiere. La statistique figure parmi les domaines de recherche les plus florissants des Labs, pour le plus grand benefice du Bell System, de ses clients, et de la science statistique. Le but de cet article est de passer en revue, d'expliquer et d'illustrer les circonstances de ce succes, tout en s'interrogeant sur la facon dont les entreprises modernes, dans le contexte concurrentiel qui est le leur, pourraient s'assurer le meme type d'avantages.
Expression of indian hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein 6 and gli during skeletal morphogenesis.

Abstract A complex signaling pathway involving members of the Hedgehog, Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) and Gli families regulates early patterning events in fetal skeletogenesis ( Hui and Joyner, 1993 . A mouse model of Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome: the extra-toes mutation contains an intragenic deletion of the Gli3 gene. Nat. Genet. 3, 241–246; Bitgood and McMahon, 1995 . Hedgehog and Bmp genes are coexpressed at many diverse sites of cell–cell interaction in the mouse embryo. Dev. Biol. 172, 126–138; Lanske et al., 1996 . PTH/PTHrP receptor in early development and Indian hedgehog-regulated bone growth. Science 273, 663–666; Vortkamp et al., 1996 . Regulation of rate of cartilage differentiation by Indian hedgehog and PTH-related protein. Science 273, 613–622). Hedgehog genes encode secreted proteins that mediate patterning and growth through the induction of secondary signals (reviewed in Hammerschmidt et al., 1997 . The world according to hedgehog. Trends Genet. 13, 14–21). Two potential targets of Ihh are bmp6 and gli ( Johnson et al., 1995 . Patched overexpression alters wing disc size and pattern: transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects on hedgehog targets. Development 121, 4161–4170; Dominguez et al., 1996 . Sending and receiving the hedgehog signal: control by the Drosophila Gli protein Cubitus interruptus. Science 272, 1621–1625; Marigo et al., 1996 . Sonic hedgehog differentially regulates expression of GLI and GLI3 during limb development. Dev. Biol. 180, 273–283). We investigated the molecular similarities and differences between fetal and postnatal skeletal development by analyzing the coincident and complimentary expression domains of indian hedgehog (ihh), bmp6 and gli in adjacent sections throughout the process of skeletogenesis. In almost all of the skeletal tissues examined, the expression domains of ihh and bmp6 were adjacent to one another and this region was surrounded by gli-expressing cells. These observations are in keeping with the proposed function of gli as a negative regulator of Ihh signaling and the induction of Bmps by Hedgehog proteins ( Roberts et al., 1995 . Sonic hedgehog is an endodermal signal inducing Bmp-4 and Hox genes during induction and regionalization of the chick hindgut. Development 121, 3163–3174; Kawakami et al., 1996 . BMP signaling during bone pattern determination in the developing limb. Development 122, 3557–3566). By puberty, ihh, bmp6 and gli transcripts were no longer detected in the growth plate, despite the fact that physeal chondrocytes continued to hypertrophy and differentiate. Although bmp6 was expressed, ihh transcripts were not found in primordia of intramembranous bones, nor in cells lining the future articular surfaces. Collectively our findings suggest that ihh participates in, but is not required for chondrocyte hypertrophy.
Newer methods of evaluating fetal maturity

Abstract The range of the values determined from single random samples of amniotic fluid from 43 patients analyzed by spectrophotometry, Nile blue stain, creatinine concentration, color, and turbidity are presented. The results were correlated to evaluate the ability to determine the fetal maturity by each of the four methods used. It is suggested by correlating creatinine concentration with Nile blue staining of the amniotic fluid that accuracy in determining fetal maturity is improved over a single parameter.
CHOLINE FERMENTATION BY DESULFOVIBRIO DESULFURICANS

Baker, F. D. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio), H. R. Papiska, and L. Leon Campbell. Choline fermentation by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. J. Bacteriol. 84:973–978. 1962—Hayward and Stadtman pointed out that the organism they described as Vibrio cholinicus is closely related to Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. We have established that some strains of D. desulfuricans carry out the same fermentation of choline as does V. cholinicus. We have also shown that V. cholinicus carries out the sulfate-linked fermentation of lactate identical with that of D. desulfuricans. Both organisms have identical reduced cytochrome spectra, with peaks at 417 to 420, 525, and 553 mμ. V. cholinicus also contains the green pigment desulfoviridin, characteristic of D. desulfuricans, which in alkaline solution gives a red fluorescence at 365 mμ. Immunological data from cross-agglutination and absorption tests show that the two organisms have similar antigenic properties. Morphological, cultural, and biochemical studies have also demonstrated that V. cholinicus is indistinguishable from D. desulfuricans. Therefore, V. cholinicus should be regarded taxonomically as a strain of D. desulfuricans.
Growth of methanogens under defined hydrogen conditions.

Hydrogen (H2) is a primary electron donor for methanogenesis and its availability can have profound effects on gene expression and the physiology of energy conservation. The rigorous evaluation of the effects of hydrogen conditions requires the comparison of cultures that are grown under hydrogen limitation and hydrogen excess. The growth of methanogens under defined hydrogen conditions is complicated by the dynamics of hydrogen dissolution and its utilization by the cells. In batch culture, gassing and agitation conditions must be carefully calibrated, and even then variations in growth rate and cell density are hard to avoid. Using chemostats, continuous cultures can be achieved whose nutritional states are known, while growth rate and cell density are invariant. Cultures whose growth is limited by hydrogen can be compared to cultures whose growth is limited by some other nutrient and are therefore under hydrogen excess.
Lossless and lossy image compression algorithms for on-board processing in spacecrafts

This paper discusses the results of a survey on various lossless and lossy image compression algorithms for on-board processing in spacecrafts. Three performance metrics are used to evaluate image compression algorithms and choose the most suitable one: compression ratio, computational requirements, and memory requirements. For evaluation of lossy compression algorithm, a fourth metric is also considered: transmission error susceptibility. Furthermore, a scenario involving spacecraft application of these algorithms is discussed. Alternative on-board processing architectures for such a spacecraft application are explored. >
The developmental regulation of mass cultures of free-living conchocelis for commercial net seeding of Porphyra leucosticta from Northeast America

Abstract The developmental regulation of mass cultures of “free-living” conchocelis (suspension cultures) of Porphyra leucosticta from Groton, CT (USA) has been studied in laboratory culture. The conchocelis filaments were vegetatively propagated and maintained in 15 l volumes at 15 °C, 40 μmol m− 2 s− 1 and 16 L:8 D. Conchosporangia formation was induced after four weeks by increasing the temperature up to 20 °C, maintaining a photon fluence rate of 40 μmol m− 2 s− 1 and decreasing the photoperiod to 8 L:16 D. Conchosporangial filaments were vegetatively propagated and maintained at these conditions for up to 24 weeks. Suspension cultures of conchosporangial filaments were induced to form and release conchospores (after 6–10 days) by decreasing the temperature to 15 °C, increasing the photon fluence rate to 60–100 μmol m− 2 s− 1 and lengthening the photoperiod to 12 L:12 D. Conchosporangial formation was found at all photoperiods, however, the ratio of conchosporangia to vegetative conchocelis increased as the photoperiod decreased. With higher photon fluence levels, conchospore release time was decreased, whereas at a temperature of 25 °C spore germination decreased. At their peak release, the quantity of conchospores increased from 7.14 to 18.3 million per gram of conchosporangia with a decrease in conchosporangia density from 1.582 to 1.125 mg ml− 1, respectively. On the average, one gram (dw) of free conchosporangia could release about 20 million conchospores at the peak period. These released conchospores were able to attach, germinate and develop into juvenile blades on the synthetic twine (3–5 mm in diameter) of standard nori nets (1.5 × 18 m). A total of 16 standard nets and eight small nets (2.0 × 2.5 m) were seeded by fixing the culture nets over a rotary wheel in a 2.5 × 2.5 × 0.5 m− 3 tank containing the mature conchospore inoculum from the free-living conchosporangia cultures. Four seeded standard nori nets were transferred to the sea for nursery culture in Long Island Sound (USA). Conchosporeling densities from 255 to 325 conchosporelings cm− 1 were produced. After 43 days of nursery culture, the blades grew to 1.49 ± 0.14 cm in length. Our results indicate that the use of “free-living” conchocelis suspension cultures may be an effective alternative technology in the commercial production of the Porphyra.
STUDIES OF RADIATION-INDUCED CHANGES IN CELLULAR PROLIFERATION, USING A DOUBLE LABELLING AUTORADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE.

An analysis was made (over an extended period of time) of the changes in the kinetics of and asynchronous cell population following a low dose of x rays. A double-labeling technique and staminal hairs produced within the flowers of a diploid clone of a variety of Tradescantia occidentalis were used to allow a more critical evaluation of the changes. The changes are described. (P.C.H.)
Slice models in general purpose modeling systems: An application to DEA

Slice models are collections of mathematical programs with the same structure but different data. Because they involve multiple problems, slice models tend to be data-intensive and time consuming to solve. However, by incorporating additional information in the solution process, such as the common structure and shared data, we are able to solve these models much more efficiently. In addition because of the efficiency we achieve, we are able to process much larger real-world problems and extend slice model results through the application of more computationally-intensive procedures. In this article, we focus on slice models arising from Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In DEA problems, slice models are used to evaluate the efficiency of production units. Using a smoothed bootstrap technique, confidence intervals can be obtained for the resulting efficiency measurements, however at such a high computational cost that often this analysis cannot be done. Under the techniques that we describe for improving the...
Magnetic Flare Origin of X-Rays in Active Galactic Nuclei: Photoionization Evidence

We present full-disk X-ray reflection spectra for two currently popular accretion flow geometries for active galactic nuclei (AGNs): (1) the lamppost model, which is frequently used to discuss the iron-line reverberation in AGNs, and (2) the model in which X-rays are produced in magnetic flares above a cold accretion disk. The lamppost spectra contain several spectroscopic features that are characteristic of highly ionized material that is not seen in the X-ray spectra of most AGNs. The magnetic flare model, on the other hand, produces reflected spectra that are roughly a superposition of a power law and a neutral-like reflection and an iron Kα line; thus, these spectra are more in line with typical AGN X-ray spectra. Furthermore, because of the difference in the ionization structure of the illuminated material in the two models, the line equivalent width increases with the X-ray luminosity LX for the lamppost and decreases with LX for the flare model. In light of these theoretical insights, the recent iron-line reverberation studies of AGNs, the X-ray Baldwin effect, and the general lack of X-ray reflection features in distant quasars all suggest that, for high accretion rates, the cold accretion disk is covered by a thick, completely ionized Thomson skin. Because the latter is only possible when the X-rays are concentrated in small emitting regions, we believe that this presents strong evidence for the magnetic flare origin of X-rays in AGNs.
Attitudes towards Doula Support during Pregnancy by Clients, Doulas, and Labor-and-Delivery Nurses : A Case Study from Tampa, Florida

Introduction: This study evaluated the supportive role of doulas provided by The Central Hillsborough Healthy Start (CHHS) Program to inner city women during pregnancy and delivery and assessed the reaction of labor and delivery (L&D) nurses to the presence of the doulas. The personal benefits of being a doula are also reported. Through surveys with 142 doula clients at the two participating hospitals and interviews with 18 doula clients, 9 doulas, and 10 L&D nurses from both hospitals, the authors found that 91 percent of women credited doulas with enhancing their birth experience and 87 percent reported that they would use a doula again. Women found the doula experience positive, although lack of doula continuity reduced the level of satisfaction. Doulas themselves reported both increased personal self-esteem and confidence as parents. L&D nurses reported that doulas were competent, helpful, and able to fit into the hospital environment. Doulas were found to provide four kinds of support including physical comfort, physical assistance, socioemotional support, and verbal support.
Small wins matter in advocacy movements: giving voice to patients.

In this article, the various players are delineated in a story of a contested illness and patient advocacy, played out within the corridors of federal power. It is suggested that the mistreatment and negative attitudes that health care providers and others have towards those with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is possibly due to the social construction of this illness as being a “Yuppie flu” disease. Institutional factors are identified that created these norms and attributions, as well as the multiple stakeholders and constituent groups invested in exerting pressure on policy makers to effect systemic change. This article also provides examples of how the field of Community Psychology, which is fundamentally committed to/based on listening to and giving voice to patients, is broadly relevant to patient activism communities. This approach focused, over time, on epidemiological studies, the name, the case definition, and ultimately the change in CFS leadership at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Keys to this “small wins” approach were coalition building, use of “oppositional experts” (professionals in the scientific community who support patient advocacy goals) to challenge federal research, and taking advantage of developing events/shifts in power. Ultimately, this approach can result in significant scientific and policy gains, and changes in medical and public perception of an illness.
Pulmonary Malacoplakia Associated With Rhodococcus equi Infection in a Patient With AIDS

An AIDS patient with a cavitary lung lesion was found to have pulmonary malacoplakia associated with Rhodococcus equi infection. The diagnosis was based on the typical histologic features of transbronchial biopsy and a positive bacterial culture. All 13 reported cases of AIDS patients with pulmonary malacoplakia were associated with R equi. The recognition of this unique entity is important because of its responsiveness to therapy.
Glycomic profiling of tissue sections by LC-MS.

Because routine preparation of glycan samples involves multiple reaction and cleaning steps at which sample loss occurs, glycan analysis is typically performed using large tissue samples. This type of analysis yields no detailed molecular spatial information and requires special care to maintain proper storage and shipping conditions. We describe here a new glycan sample preparation protocol using minimized sample preparation steps and optimized procedures. Tissue sections and spotted samples first undergo on-surface enzymatic digestion to release N-glycans. The released glycans are then reduced and permethylated prior to online purification and LC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS analysis. The efficiency of this protocol was initially evaluated using model glycoproteins and human blood serum (HBS) spotted on glass or Teflon slides. The new protocol permitted the detection of permethylated N-glycans derived from 10 ng RNase B. On the other hand, 66 N-glycans were identified when injecting the equivalent o...
Urolithiasis After Ileal Conduit Urinary Diversion: A Comparison of Minimally Invasive Therapies

Purpose: We report our experience with ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and shock wave lithotripsy for symptomatic stone disease in patients with ileal conduit urinary diversion.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients treated with cystectomy and ileal conduit urinary diversion from 1982 to June 2010 in whom urolithiasis subsequently developed.Results: We identified 77 patients with urolithiasis requiring surgical intervention after ileal conduit urinary diversion. Average age at treatment was 62.5 years (range 30 to 82). Mean followup was 7.1 years (range 0.1 to 24.3). The primary therapy mode was percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 48 patients (62.3%), extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in 20 (26.0%) and ureteroscopy in 9 (11.6%). Average stone size was greater in the nephrolithotomy group than in the ureteroscopy and lithotripsy groups (2.1 vs 0.9 and 1.0 cm, respectively, p <0.0001). Total complication rates were similar, including 29% for nephrolithotomy,...
Intraductal papilloma with “comedo-like” necrosis, a diagnostic pitfall

Necrosis in the breast is more frequently associated with malignancies than benign conditions. In the latter, it may be diffuse as seen in infarcts, postpartum changes, and after anticoagulant therapy, or focal as in florid adenosis and juvenile papillomatosis. The goal of this study was to find other benign entities associated with necrosis. Using our pathology database from January 1994 to March 2003, we identified 10 cases of florid duct hyperplasia associated with luminal necrosis. Clinical information was collected and all slides were reviewed. The age of the patients ranged from 36 to 94 years (mean, 53.2 years). All patients underwent an initial excisional biopsy except for one who had a core biopsy. Patients presented with a palpable mass (6 cases) a radiographic density (3 cases), or nipple discharge (1 case). Findings correlated with the presence of an intraductal papilloma with adjacent or associated florid duct hyperplasia. Within the central luminal spaces of the florid duct hyperplasia, cellular debris associated with necrosis was present and was morphologically identical to that seen in comedo intraductal carcinoma. In fact, in two of the four consultation cases, these lesions were initially diagnosed as comedo carcinoma. Re-excision performed in three cases showed no atypia or malignancy. It is important to recognize the presence of comedo-like necrosis in florid duct hyperplasia associated with or adjacent to intraductal papillomas of the breast and not to misinterpret these findings as intraductal carcinoma. The necrosis may be secondary to reactive changes within the intraductal papilloma.
Some chemical structural features of coals of differing maceral distributions and stratigraphy

Abstract Six North American bituminous coals (four Carboniferous and two Cretaceous) and eight maceral concentrates from Carboniferous British seams have been heated with tetralin and hydrogen to 400°C. The hexane-soluble parts of the products were separated by column chromatography and the fractions were then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In all cases the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction was a very complex mixture containing a number of alkylated biphenyls, diphenylmethanes and -ethanes, and polycyclic compounds. However single ioncchromatography (m/z = 142) showed that, in addition to these, the products from five of the six American coals contained homologous series of long chain n-alkylnapththalenes with alkyl groups extending to C16. In other fractions from the American coals, homologous series of n-alkylfurans and alkylphenols were found to be major components, as also were many alkylcyclohexenones related to isophorone. Extensive homologous series of n-alkyl aromatics were not detected in products from any of six vitrinites from British seams, though series of n- and iso-alkylphenols were found in the products from two sporinite concentrates. A number of polycyclic ketones apparently related to sterols were found in the products from the British vitrinites but not from any American coals. Reasons for what appear to be systematic structural differences between the American and British coals are discussed. Differences in stratigraphy are noted and it seems not impossible that differences in source vegetation are significant.
Critical dynamics of the staggered magnetization in uniaxial antiferromagnets

We present an equation for the dynamic longitudinal staggered susceptibility of a uniaxial antiferromagnet which is appropriate for analysing inelastic neutron scattering data in the vicinity of the Neel point. A tentative interpretation of the recent results of Schulhof and coworkers for MnF2 is outlined.
First test of the Siberian snake magnet arrangement to overcome depolarizing resonances in a circular accelerator.

We studied the G\ensuremath{\gamma}=2 imperfection depolarizing resonance at 108 MeV, both with and without a Siberian snake, by varying the resonance strength while storing beams of 104- and 120-MeV polarized protons at the Indiana University Cooler Ring. We used a cylindrically symmetric polarimeter to simultaneously study the effect of a depolarizing resonance on both the vertical and radial components of the polarization. AT 104 MeV we found that the Siberian snake eliminated the effect of the nearby G\ensuremath{\gamma}=2 depolarizing resonance.
Scheduling in a Spectrum-Sharing Cognitive Environment Under Outage Probability Constraint

This article investigates a multiuser cognitive environment where secondary users compete to communicate over a channel licensed to a primary user using spectrum sharing. In this environment, both the primary and secondary users transmit to the same receiver unit, and the transmission power of the scheduled secondary user should satisfy the outage probability requirement of the primary user. Secondary users are ranked according to their channel strength, and performance measures are derived as a function of a generic channel rank. Bit error rate, channel capacity, and generated interference are investigated as performance measures. In addition, the performance of the proportional fair, random selection, and round-robin scheduling algorithms are investigated. Numerical results are presented to verify the theoretical analysis and investigate the effects the parameters of the communication environment have on the performance measures and the transmission power of the cognitive users.
SEX CHROMOSOME DEPENDENT SEGREGATION FREQUENCY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The segregation frequency of the stw3 second chromosome in the male, when made heterozygous with second chromosome of the cn bw stock, was found to be dependend upon the sex chromosome constitution. This finding argues for a critical re-examination of previous viability estimations which used D. melanogaster as the experimental organism.
An Analytical Study of Web Application Session Management Mechanisms and HTTP Session Hijacking Attacks

The HTTP protocol is designed for stateless transactions, but many Web applications require a session to be maintained between a Web browser and a server creating a stateful environment. Each Web application decides how its session is managed and needs to be able to trust the session identifier. However, it is possible for sessions to be hijacked, and an intruder can gain unauthorized access to the hijacked session. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of current session management mechanisms and examine various hijacking techniques. The primary issues that will be addressed pertain to session management and the importance of securing the creation, deletion, and transmission of a session token. We provide a broader view of the session hijacking threat environment by analyzing existing Web application implementations to help demonstrate the need for session hijacking prevention. We will identify the session management areas that are targeted by attackers and will identify and examine various attacks that can lead to a session being hijacked.
Sarcomere length dependence of the force-velocity relation in single frog muscle fibers

The force-velocity relation of single frog fibers was measured at sarcomere lengths of 2.15, 2.65, and 3.15 microns. Sarcomere length was obtained on-line with a system that measures the distance between two markers attached to the surface of the fiber, approximately 800 microns apart. Maximal shortening velocity, determined by extrapolating the Hill equation, was similar at the three sarcomere lengths: 6.5, 6.0, and 5.7 microns/s at sarcomere lengths of 2.15, 2.65, and 3.15 microns, respectively. For loads not close to zero the shortening velocity decreased with increasing sarcomere length. This was the case when force was expressed as a percentage of the maximal force at optimal fiber length or as a percentage of the sarcomere-isometric force at the respective sarcomere lengths. The force-velocity relation was discontinuous around zero velocity: load clamps above the level that kept sarcomeres isometric resulted in stretch that was much slower than when the load was decreased below isometric by a similar amount. We fitted the force-velocity relation for slow shortening (less than 600 nm/s) and for slow stretch (less than 200 nm/s) with linear regression lines. At a sarcomere length of 2.15 microns the slopes of these lines was 8.6 times higher for shortening than for stretch. At 2.65 and 3.15 microns the values were 21.8 and 14.1, respectively. At a sarcomere length of 2.15 microm, the velocity of stretch abruptly increased at loads that were 160–170% of the sarcomere isometric load, i.e., the muscle yielded. However, at a sarcomere length of 2.65 and 3.15 microm yield was absent at such loads. Even the highest loads tested (260%) resulted in only slow stretch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Distribution of peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase immunoreactivity in the brain, pituitary and islet organ of the anglerfish ( Lophius americanus )

Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM; EC 1.14.17.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes conversion of glycine-extended peptides to alpha-amidated bioactive peptides. Two peptides that are processed at their carboxyl-termini by this enzyme are neuropeptide Y and anglerfish peptide Y, both of which possess a C-terminal glycine that is used as a substrate for amidation. Results from previous reports have demonstrated that neuropeptide Y-like and anglerfish peptide Y-like immunoreactivities are present in the brain of anglerfish (Lophius americanus). Furthermore, neuropeptide Y-like peptides, namely anglerfish peptide Y and anglerfish peptide YG (the homologues of pancreatic polypeptide) are present in the islet organ of this species. Neuropeptide Y has also been localized in the anterior, intermediated and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland in a variety of species. In order to learn more about the distribution of the enzyme responsible for alpha amidation of these peptides in the brain and pituitary and to specifically investigate the relationship of this enzyme to peptide synthesizing endocrine cells of the anglerfish islet, we performed an immunohistochemical study using several antisera generated against different peptide sequences of the enzyme. PAM antisera labeled cells in the islet organ, pituitary and brain, and fibers in the brain and pituitary gland. The PAM staining pattern in the brain was remarkably similar to the distribution of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity reported previously. Clusters of cells adjacent to vessels in the anterior pituitary displayed punctate PAM immunoreactivity while varicose fibers were observed in the pituitary stalk and neurohypophysis. Endocrine cells of the islet organ were differentially labeled with different PAM antisera. Comparison of the staining patterns of insulin, glucagon, and anglerfish peptide Y in the islet organ to PAM immunoreactivity suggests a distribution of forms of PAM enzyme in insulin and anglerfish peptide Y-containing cells, but no overlap with glucagon-producing cells. The results also indicate that PAM immunoreactivity is widely distributed in the brain, pituitary and islet organ of anglerfish in cells that contain peptides that require presence of a C-terminal glycine for amidation.
Anesthetic properties of a series of fluorinated compounds. I. Fluorinated hydrocarbons.

Abstract 1. 1. Several halogenated hydrocarbons containing from one to three carbon atoms were screened for anesthetic activity in dogs. 2. 2. The compounds containing one carbon atom were frequently excitant but appear also to have some depressant properties. Complete substitution of hydrogen was associated with convulsant activity. 3. 3. Several compounds containing tow carbon atoms pcssessed useful anesthetic action. Complete substitution of hydrogen in this series also resulted in convulsant properties. 4. 4. One fluorinated chlorinated propane, CF3CHClCH2Cl, was tested and appeared to be a satisfactory anesthetic agent. 5. 5. The best anesthetic tested thus far is CF3CFClH. This met all desirable requisites except for depression of the blood pressure in the dog. It appears to be genign and its action is rapidly reversed. 6. 6. On the basis of the above work, it is thought that a nonflammable gaseous anesthetic agent of approximately 40% potency can probably be synthesized for future study.
A compressed primal-dual method for generating bivariate cubic L1 splines

In this paper, we develop a compressed version of the primal-dual interior point method for generating bivariate cubic L"1 splines. Discretization of the underlying optimization model, which is a nonsmooth convex programming problem, leads to an overdetermined linear system that can be handled by interior point methods. Taking advantage of the special matrix structure of the cubic L"1 spline problem, we design a compressed primal-dual interior point algorithm. Computational experiments indicate that this compressed primal-dual method is robust and is much faster than the ordinary (uncompressed) primal-dual interior point algorithm.
Effect of firing rate on the performance of shock wave lithotriptors

OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanism that underlies the effect of shock wave (SW) rate on the performance of clinical lithotripters. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of firing rate on the pressure characteristics of SWs was assessed using a fibre-optic probe hydrophone (FOPH 500, RP Acoustics, Leutenbach, Germany). Shock waves were fired at slow (5-27 SW/min) and fast (100-120 SW/min) rates using a conventional high-pressure lithotriptor (DoLi-50, Dornier MedTech America, Inc., Kennesaw, GA, USA), and a new low-pressure lithotriptor (XX-ES, Xi Xin Medical Instruments Co. Ltd, Suzhou, PRC). A digital camcorder (HDR-HC3, Sony, Japan) was used to record cavitation fields, and an ultrafast multiframe high-speed camera (Imacon 200, DRS Data & Imaging Systems, Inc., Oakland, NJ, USA) was used to follow the evolution of bubbles throughout the cavitation cycle. RESULTS Firing rate had little effect on the leading positive-pressure phase of the SWs with the DoLi lithotriptor. A slight reduction ( approximately 7%) of peak positive pressure (P+) was detected only in the very dense cavitation fields (approximately 1000 bubbles/cm(3)) generated at the fastest firing rate (120 SW/min) in nondegassed water. The negative pressure of the SWs, on the other hand, was dramatically affected by firing rate. At 120 SW/min the peak negative pressure was reduced by approximately 84%, the duration and area of the negative pressure component was reduced by approximately 80% and approximately 98%, respectively, and the energy density of negative pressure was reduced by >99%. Whereas cavitation bubbles proliferated at fast firing rates, HS-camera images showed the bubbles that persisted between SWs were very small (<10 microm). Similar results were obtained with the XX-ES lithotriptor but only after recognizing a rate-dependent charging artefact with that machine. CONCLUSION Increasing the firing rate of a lithotriptor can dramatically reduce the negative pressure component of the SWs, while the positive pressure remains virtually unaffected. Cavitation increases as the firing rate is increased but as the bubbles collapse, they break into numerous microbubbles that, because of their very small size, do not pose a barrier to the leading positive pressure of the next SW. These findings begin to explain why stone breakage in SWL becomes less efficient as the firing rate is increased.
Development of a clinical instrument to record sexual aggression in an inpatient psychiatric setting

While there are a number of instruments that assess historical factors related to sexual aggression for the purposes of risk assessment, there is a notable absence of measures that assess change in ongoing, sexually aggressive behaviours engaged in by people who reside in psychiatric hospitals. The purpose of this report is to describe the development and implementation of a clinical instrument designed to facilitate the recording of sexually aggressive behaviours in an inpatient psychiatric setting. The scale was used with a sample of 18 male inpatients with severe mental illness who resided in a large state psychiatric hospital. The findings revealed that two individuals (11%) engaged in at least 57 incidents of sexually aggressive behaviour within a four-month time-frame. Medical record reviews revealed that most of these behaviours were not otherwise noted. The clinical implications, potential utility with other populations and limitations of this report are discussed.
A PROCESS FOR THE PURIFICATION OF LUTEIN‐FATTY ACID ESTERS FROM MARIGOLD PETALS

A process for the purification of lutein-fatty acid esters from marigold petals based on isopropanol precipitation is described. This procedure removed over 65% of the lipids from marigold extracts. The precipitated fraction contained 51.3% lutein esters, and a second precipitation from isopropanol-petroleum ether (80 + 20) gave a product over 65% pure. The precipitated lutein esters were soluble in vegetable oil to the extent of 20% (w/w) at 60°C and were miscible with vegetable oil above 80°C. Lutein esters produced yellow to orange color in foods (Model system), and hue range can be extended to red by the addition of synthetic FDA-approved carotenoids.
Immersion and realism in video games - The confused moniker of video game engrossment

Video games have dramatically increased in realism over the past several years. With an increase in both graphical fidelity and gameplay realism, this increase has been used to further immersion in video games on many levels. Video games have been subject to the term “immersion” for many years now, used in both the context of entertainment and marketing. This paper explores the effects of realism on immersion in video games, as well as considering what immersion means to a video game and gameplay in general.
Developmental consequences of the lack of myosin heavy chain in Dictyostelium discoideum

Two different Dictyostelium discoideum cell lines that lack myosin heavy chain protein (MHC A) have been previously described. One cell line (mhcA) was created by antisense RNA inactivation of the endogenous mRNA and the other (HMM) by insertional mutagenesis of the endogenous myosin gene. The two cell lines show similar developmental defects; they are delayed in aggregation and become arrested at the mound stage. However, when cells that lack myosin heavy chain are mixed with wild-type cells, some of the mutant cells are capable of completing development to form mature spores. The pattern of expression of a number of developmentally regulated genes has been examined in both mutant cell lines. Although morphogenesis becomes aberrant before aggregation is completed, all of the markers that we have examined are expressed normally. These include genes expressed prior to aggregation as well as prespore genes expressed later in development. It appears that the signals necessary for cell-type differentiation are generated in the aborted structures formed by cells lacking MHC A. The mhcA cells have negligible amounts of MHC A protein while the HMM cells express normal amounts of a fragment of the myosin heavy chain protein similar to heavy meromyosin (HMM). The expression of myosin light chain was examined in these two cell lines. HMM cells accumulate normal amounts of the 18,000-D light chain, while the amount of light chain in mhcA cells is dramatically reduced. It is likely that the light chains assemble normally with the HMM fragment in HMM cells, while in cells lacking myosin heavy chain (mhcA) the light chains are unstable.
Antioxidant effectiveness of ground roasted coffee in raw ground top round beef with added sodium chloride

Abstract Rosemary extracts are commonly utilized in the meat industry to control oxidation. Roasted coffee, a source of antioxidants, was investigated for its utility as a less costly rosemary replacement for meat. Ground beef with 0–2 g salt/100 g was treated with rosemary extract (0.1 mL/100 g, positive control), light roasted, medium roasted or dark roasted coffee (0.1 g/100 g) and stored for 7 days at 4 °C. Coffee was characterized by melanoidins, chlorogenic acid content, and metal chelation. Ground beef was evaluated for CIE L * (lightness), a * (redness), and b * (yellowness) values and lipid oxidation products. Increasing roast degree increased melanoidins and decreased chlorogenic acids. Salt treated samples developed higher thiobarbituric reactive substances values. Dark roasted coffee showed the greatest antioxidant capacity in salted beef after 7 days. Rosemary maintained the highest a * for all salt levels. Of all antioxidants, dark roast coffee showed the greatest % aldehyde inhibition for pentanal (86%), hexanal (90.3%), octanal (74.8%), and nonanal (60.3%) after 7 days in 2 g/100 g salted beef compared to control without added antioxidants. These results suggest that roasted coffee could act as an effective natural antioxidant in beef, extending its shelf-life, even in the presence of NaCl, which typically increases lipid oxidation levels.
The Rearrangement Route to 3-CH2X-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. Substituent Control of Neighboring Group Participation

The stereocontrolled synthesis of a functionalized 3-hydroxymethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane synthon for a variety of methano-bridged pyrrolidines has been effected. The key step in an electrophilic addition−rearrangement route uses a 3-nosyloxymethyl group in the 2-azabicyclo[2.2.0]hex-5-ene precursor in order to suppress unwanted competitive oxygen neighboring group participation.
Diminished transcription of chromosome arm 4q is inversely related to local spreading of hepatocellular carcinoma

To identify transcriptional features associated with local spreading of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), regional expression biases were determined from the gene expression profiles of solitary HCC tumors and of HCC tumors associated with additional intrahepatic lesions and/or portal vein involvement. Regional expression biases are genetic intervals in which gene expression is coordinately changed. Often, but not always, a regional expression bias indicates an underlying chromosomal aberration. This study demonstrated that the presence or absence of a regional expression bias on chromosome arm 4q can predict the presence or absence of intrahepatic spread/portal vein involvement in 83% of cases analyzed (n = 40). These results suggest that the transcriptional state of 4q may be a marker for local spreading of HCC and that a more detailed genetic/epigenetic characterization of this locus may provide additional insights into HCC development. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Utility of chest CT for differentiating primary and secondary achalasia

Aim To determine the computed tomography (CT) findings of primary and secondary achalasia and to assess the utility of CT for differentiating these conditions. Methods A computerized search revealed 13 patients with primary achalasia and 15 with secondary achalasia who underwent chest CT during a 10-year period. The images were reviewed to determine whether there was distal oesophageal narrowing (including the length/contour of narrowing), oesophageal dilation, oesophageal wall thickening (including degree/symmetry/pattern of thickening), a soft-tissue mass at the gastro-oesophageal junction, mediastinal adenopathy, or other findings of malignant tumour. Results Eleven (85%) of 13 patients with primary achalasia had distal oesophageal narrowing at CT that was smooth in all patients; four (31%) had oesophageal wall thickening that was smooth and symmetric in all patients; none had a soft-tissue mass at the gastro-oesophageal junction or mediastinal lymphadenopathy; and two (15%) had pulmonary metastases from unrelated lung cancers. In contrast, 12 (80%) of 15 patients with secondary achalasia had distal oesophageal narrowing at CT; 11 (73%) had distal oesophageal wall thickening that was nodular/lobulate and asymmetric in seven (64%) and smooth and symmetric in four (36%); six (40%) had a soft-tissue mass at the gastro-oesophageal junction; seven (47%) had mediastinal lymphadenopathy; and all 15 had other findings of malignant tumour. Conclusion CT is a useful technique for differentiating primary and secondary achalasia. Distal oesophageal wall thickening that is nodular/lobulate and asymmetric, a soft-tissue mass at the gastro-oesophageal junction, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and pulmonary, hepatic, or osseous metastases are findings that favour secondary achalasia.
Disassembly Technology and Disassembly Process of Waste Printed Circuit Boards:a State-of-the-art

The research status and progress in the field of disassembling unit technologies,processes and equipment of printed circuit boards(PCBs) are reviewed According to the disassembly process order,the technical status and progress in five unit technologies are described,i.e.identification and location of components,unsoldering technology,mode of disassembling force application,separation of component and tin solder,collection and classification.On the basis of analysis of various disassembling processes and equipment,according to different goals and disassembly methods,four kinds of disassembly process and equipment are classified and discussed in detail,i.e.selective disassembling,simultaneous disassembling for material recycling,simultaneous disassembling for component function reuse,and hybrid disassembling.Finally it is pointed out that further research and development should be carried out in aspects of adopting new methods for disassembling unit technologies,analysis of PCB disassembly mechanism,and developing more economical,practical,environment-friendly and quick disassembling process and equipment.