cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ROSE: An Optimizing Transformation System for C++ Array-Class Libraries

Object-oriented software design and C++ implementation has proven to be a powerful, expressive, and extensible paradigm for general computing, as evidenced by its explosive growth and near-universal embracement by the computing industry. Large, sophisticated, and powerful object-oriented frameworks— groups of related libraries—have been implemented in C++ to address the complexities of large-scale scientific computing, especially on parallel architectures. Experience with these frameworks is making the case that these merits are equally realizable for scientific computing. The A++/P++, OVERTURE, POOMA, and DOE 2000 Scientific Template Library frameworks have become established in the development of complex parallel numerical applications at Los Alamos National Laboratory and elsewhere. These applications include multimaterial hydrodynamics, adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), and modelling combustion and incompressible flows within the complex geometries associated with internal combustion engines; each of these represents current work in ASCI and/or DOE Grand Challenge projects at LANL. The advantages of these frameworks are two-fold: they provide significant simplification by encapsulating the complexities associated with the distribution of data and parallel computation on that data, and they provide portability between serial and parallel environments. The scalability of the object-oriented C++ approach to software engineering is such that as yet there appears to be no obstacle ot its use in considerably larger and more complex future frameworks and applications.
Life Support Systems Microbial Challenges

Many microbiological studies were performed during the development of the Space Station Water Recovery and Management System from1990-2009. Studies include assessments of: (1) bulk phase (planktonic) microbial population (2) biofilms, (3) microbially influenced corrosion (4) biofouling treatments. This slide presentation summarizes the studies performed to assess the bulk phase microbial community during the Space Station Water Recovery Tests (WRT) from 1990 to 1998. This report provides an overview of some of the microbiological analyses performed during the Space Station WRT program. These tests not only integrated several technologies with the goal of producing water that met NASA s potable water specifications, but also integrated humans, and therefore human flora into the protocols. At the time these tests were performed, not much was known (or published) about the microbial composition of these types of wastewater. It is important to note that design changes to the WRS have been implemented over the years and results discussed in this report might be directly related to test configurations that were not chosen for the final flight configuration. Results microbiological analyses performed Conclusion from the during the WRT showed that it was possible to recycle water from different sources, including urine, and produce water that can exceed the quality of municipally produced water.
História da educação a partir da perspectiva de etnia: reflexões introdutórias

Este estudo pretende refletir sobre as condicoes de possibilidade e sobre as implicacoes de uma leitura da historia da educacao a partir da perspectiva de etnia. Quer-se compreender os agentes educacionais na sua diferenca, enquanto individuos que possuem urna historicidade. E a etnia e um dos componentes desencadeadores desta historicidade que nao permite tratar generica e abstratamente de alunos e professores. Palavras-chave: etnia, historia da educacao. Abstract This study intends to present a reflection upon the possibilities and implications of reading of the history of education based on the ethnic perspective. We want to understand the difference among educational agents, as individuals that have a historicity. By the way, the ethnic is one of the starting components of this historicity that doesn’t allow us to consider students and teachers in a generic and abstract way Keywords: ethny, history of education.
The Identity of a Hydroxylamine-sensitive Bond in the α1 Chain of Rat Skin Collagen

Abstract A peptide obtained by treatment of the α1 chain of rat skin collagen with cyanogen bromide, α1-CB3 (149 amino acids), was cleaved with hydroxylamine. Partial characterization of the products indicated that the cleavage was at two sites near the COOH terminus of the peptide. Comparative amino acid analyses of one of these products and of peptides isolated from a tryptic digest of α1-CB3 have allowed the identification of a small peptide (12 amino acids) from the trypsin hydrolysate with an intact hydroxylamine-sensitive bond. Edman degradation of the appropriate peptides provided evidence that at least one hydroxylamine-sensitive bond of collagen is a peptide (Asn-Gly) bond.
The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of pyrazines—II : The influence of side-chain alkyl substitution on the benzylic coupling constants

Abstract The benzylic coupling constants 5 J m and 6 J p for a series of 2-alkyl-3-methoxypyrazines, in which the size of the 2-alkyl group is progressively increased, are reported and discussed. 5 J m remains virtually constant, while 6 J p falls steadily with increasing alkyl group size. These effects are largely attributed to variations in the time-averaged orientation of the benzylic protons and are consistent with the generally accepted mechanisms for meta and para benzylic coupling. The results illustrate the importance of taking conformational aspects into account when attempting to use benzylic coupling constants derived from substituted side-chains in making structural assignments.
Tiny split data-caches make big performance impact for embedded applications

This paper shows that even very small data caches, when split to serve data streams exhibiting temporal and spatial localities, can improve performance of embedded applications without consuming excessive silicon real estate or power. It also shows that large block sizes or higher set-associativities are unnecessary with split cache organizations. We use benchmark programs from MiBench to show that our cache organization outperforms other organizations in terms of miss rates, access times, energy consumption and silicon area.
Explosion bonding of titanium and zirconium

With today's high prices and severely corrosive environments, explosion bonding offers the strength and economy of one metal and the corrosion resistance of another. It is the only known process for obtaining a metallurgical bond between dissimilar metals such as titanium and steel, and it does not significantly alter the properties of either metal. Clad plates have been hot and cold formed successfully by conventional shop techniques, and weld designs have been established for both compatible and non-compatible metal systems. Detaclad has found wide acceptance in many industries, including the petroleum, petrochemical, and chemical processing industries, where it meets specific requirements for high temperatures and pressures, vacuum service, thermal cycling, and high heat transfer.
The Library Mobile Experience: Practices and User Expectations. Library Technology Reports: Expert Guides to Library Systems and Services by Bohyun Kim

Library Technology Reports is a bimonthly journal published by ALA Techsource, a publishing unit of the American Library Association. This particular issue addresses how people use mobile technolog...
ASP.NET Web Services

This chapter focuses on ASP.NET related topic – ASP.NET Web Services and their components. It helps the user to understand the structure and components of ASP.NET Web Services, such as Simple Object Access Protocol, Web Services Description Language and Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI). Essentially the Web services can be considered as a set of methods installed in a Web server and can be called by computer programs installed on the clients through the Internet. Those methods can be used to locate and return the target information required by the computer programs. The chapter concentrates on developing the ASP.NET Web services using the Visual Basic.NET. It discusses how to insert data into sample database through a Web service developed in Visual Studio.NET. The chapter also explains how to update and delete a record against the Student table in sample database via the Web services.
Light field layer matting

In this paper, we use matting to separate foreground layers from light fields captured with a plenoptic camera. We represent the input 4D light field as a 4D background light field, plus a 2D spatially varying foreground color layer with alpha. Our method can be used to both pull a foreground matte and estimate an occluded background light field. Our method assumes that the foreground layer is thin and fronto-parallel, and is composed of a limited set of colors that are distinct from the background layer colors. Our method works well for thin, translucent, and blurred foreground occluders. Our representation can be used to render the light field from novel views, handling disocclusions while avoiding common artifacts.
Ionic conductivity of organosulfur melts for advanced storage electrodes

Organosulfur melts show promise as positive electrodes for advanced storage batteries. The attainable energy efficiency and power density of a secondary battery is directly related to polarization losses in the cell under load. One of the contributing factors to polarization of an organosulfur electrode is the rate of ionic transport in the melt. Among the sodium/organosulfur batteries under investigation in this laboratory is the sodium/beta"‐alumina/(tetraethylthiuram disulfide) cell, in which the product of cell discharge is the thiolate salt, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDEDC). Accordingly, the ionic conductivity of NaDEDC and related electrolytes in molten tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETD) has been studied as a function of composition and temperature. The ionic conductivity of a NaDEDC/TETD melt of composition corresponding to 2% discharge of a Na/TETD battery was determined to be at 130°C which increases to for a melt corresponding to 28% discharge. The discharge data for Na/TETD batteries indicates that ionic conductivity of the positive electrode melt contributes negligible polarization after a few percent of cell discharge, indicating that ionic conductivity in the above range is acceptable for energy‐efficient operation of these cells over nearly the entire compositional domain. The relationship between the equivalent conductivity of these melts and concentration is also discussed, as well as the implications of the measured viscosity of the pure TETD melt.
Project Balances as Division Coefficients and Implications for Rate of Return Analysis

Project balances are shown to be the coefficients resulting from division of the future worth polynomial by a simple monomial and are used in representations of the future worth polynomial and its derivative. Those representations are used to provide elementary proofs for some rate of return analysis results making use of our project balance framework. We develop a convenient method to determine the existence of a root of multiplicity from the derivative of the future worth polynomial using project balances. This article incorporates a useful, unified collection of results that previously have been dispersed throughout the literature that should be of interest to technical economic analysts.
Using induced human pluripotent stem cells to study Diamond-Blackfan anemia: an outlook on the clinical possibilities.

The recent development of induced human pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) from differentiated adult cells has been heralded as potentially a major advance in medicine. iPS cells can be genetically manipulated and differentiated into a variety of adult tissues. The technology can be used to model disease pathogenesis, to screen for drugs that may be used to treat diseases and, perhaps one day, to produce healthy tissues to replace those affected by disease. Here we discuss these possibilities in the bone marrow failure syndrome Diamond Blackfan Anemia.
Magnetic and structural characteristics of pulsed laser deposited epitaxial Y/sub 3/Fe/sub 5/O/sub 12/ films

Epitaxial Y,FqO, films were grown on (111) gadolinium gallium garnet substrates using the pulsed laser deposition technique. The results demonstrated that epitrusial YIG fiims could be prepared under a wide range of deposition conditions, but narrow linewidth (AH ii 1 Oe) films were produced only at low oxygen partial pressuresand relatively hih substrate temperatures. In addition, the fh exhibited a uniaxiial magnetic anisotropy parameter which changed sign from negative to positive with increasing oxygen partial pressure. I. INTRODUCXION Epitaxial Y$esO,z films were grown in order to determine if pulsed laser deposition (PLD) can produce high quality ferrite thin films. Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is an ideal system to deposit for calibration purposes, since an abundant amount of information is available in the literature including data on liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) films and bulk single crystals. In addition, the linewidth, AH, of YIG is dominated by impurities and surface and/or volume defects. Thus, linewidth measurements can be used as a practical means to determine the quality of PLD YIG films and consequently the potential of the PLD technique for preparing high quality ferrite films in general. 11. EXPERIMENTAL
The effect of fiber recruitment on the swelling of a pressurized anisotropic non-linearly elastic tube

Abstract We study the effect of fiber recruitment on the mechanical response of a fiber reinforced non-linearly elastic tube that is both swollen and pressurized. Attention is restricted to cylindrically symmetric tube deformation. The constitutive model permits fibers to support tension, but not compression. While many combinations of pressure and swelling cause all of the fibers to be recruited for load support, both large swelling and large deswelling can give rise to fiber derecruitment at certain locations in the tube. This leads to less channel opening than would be the case if the fibers provided support while contracted. The transition between mechanically active and mechanically inactive fibers can be described in terms of the quasi-static motion of a fiber recruiting interface.
Dietary protein intake and risk of osteoporotic hip fracture in elderly residents of Utah.

The role of protein intake in osteoporosis is unclear. In a case-control study in Utah (n = 2501), increasing level of protein intake was associated with a decreased risk of hip fracture in men and women 50–69 years of age but not in those 70–89 years of age. Protein intake may be important for optimal bone health. Introduction: Protein is an important component of bone, but the role of dietary protein intake in osteoporosis and fracture risk remains controversial. Material and Methods: The role of dietary protein intake in osteoporotic hip fracture was evaluated in a statewide case-control study in Utah. Patients, 50–89 years of age, with hip fracture (cases) were ascertained through surveillance of 18 Utah hospitals during 1997–2001. Age- and gender-matched controls were randomly selected. Participants were interviewed in their place of residence, and diet was assessed using a picture-sort food frequency questionnaire previously reported to give a useful measure of usual dietary intake in the elderly Utah population. The association between protein intake and risk of hip fracture was examined across quartiles of protein intake and stratified by age group for 1167 cases (831 women, 336 men) and 1334 controls (885 women, 449 men). Results: In logistic regression analyses that controlled for gender, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use, calcium, vitamin D, potassium, physical activity, and estrogen use in women, the odds ratios (OR) of hip fracture decreased across increasing quartiles of total protein intake for participants 50–69 years of age (OR: 1.0 [reference]; 0.51 [95% CI: 0.30–0.87]; 0.53 [0.31–0.89]; 0.35 [0.21–0.59]; p < 0.001). No similar associations were observed among participants 70–89 years of age. Results from analyses stratified by low and high calcium and potassium intake did not differ appreciably from the results presented above. Conclusion: Higher total protein intake was associated with a reduced risk of hip fracture in men and women 50–69 years of age but not in men and women 70–89 years of age. The association between dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture may be modified by age. Our study supports the hypothesis that adequate dietary protein is important for optimal bone health in the elderly 50–69 years of age.
Endometrial response to endogenous hormones after pelvic irradiation for genital malignancies

Two cases are presented which demonstrate histologically an endometrial response to endogenous hormones after pelvic teletherapy and brachytherapy in patients who have undergone lateral ovarian transposition. Reasons for such a response are briefly discussed.
Extending the XNAT archive tool for image and analysis management in ophthalmology research

In ophthalmology, various modalities and tests are utilized to obtain vital information on the eye’s structure and function. For example, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is utilized to diagnose, screen, and aid treatment of eye diseases like macular degeneration or glaucoma. Such data are complemented by photographic retinal fundus images and functional tests on the visual field. DICOM isn’t widely used yet, though, and frequently images are encoded in proprietary formats. The eXtensible Neuroimaging Archive Tool (XNAT) is an open-source NIH-funded framework for research PACS and is in use at the University of Iowa for neurological research applications. Its use for ophthalmology was hence desirable but posed new challenges due to data types thus far not considered and the lack of standardized formats. We developed custom tools for data types not natively recognized by XNAT itself using XNAT’s low-level REST API. Vendor-provided tools can be included as necessary to convert proprietary data sets into valid DICOM. Clients can access the data in a standardized format while still retaining the original format if needed by specific analysis tools. With respective project-specific permissions, results like segmentations or quantitative evaluations can be stored as additional resources to previously uploaded datasets. Applications can use our abstract-level Python or C/C++ API to communicate with the XNAT instance. This paper describes concepts and details of the designed upload script templates, which can be customized to the needs of specific projects, and the novel client-side communication API which allows integration into new or existing research applications.
Binary codes from rectangular lattice graphs and permutation decoding

We examine the binary codes obtained from the row span over the field F2 of an adjacency matrix of the rectangular lattice graphs L2(m, n) for 3 ≤ m < n and show that permutation decoding can be used for full error-correction for these codes by finding explicit information sets and PD-sets for these information sets.
Half-life and specific activity of 99Tc

Abstract The half-life and specific activity of 99Tc were redetermined by measuring the activity of a known weight (determined coulometrically) of 99Tc by a liquid scintillation method and found to be 2·14(±0.·05) × 105 years and 3·75(±0·11) × 104 disintegration/min per μg respectively. These results are in excellent agreement with previous values.
Adaptive beamforming with augmentable arrays in non-stationary environments

This paper introduces a near-field reduced rank adaptive beamforming method for nulling more interferers than sensors using fully augmentable arrays in wide sense stationary interference. Augmentable arrays, such as minimally redundant or co-prime, can exploit additional degrees of freedom beyond the number of sensors in spatially stationary fields in order to increase array gain. However, near-field targets result in spatial non-stationarity due to range dependent wavefront curvature. Additionally, source or array motion limits the number of available snapshots. Adaptive near-field beamforming with far-field interference suppression is considered by nulling in the augmented, or co-array, dimensions but steering in the near-field with sensors in their physical locations. A reduced rank processing scheme is used that requires fewer snapshots than full rank methods. The proposed technique is shown to increase array gain when the number of interferers exceeds the number of sensors in both high and low snapshot support regions.
Understanding Obesity in Women

Abstract Obesity is a complex health problem and, because of the incidence of obesity in women, a common concern for providers of women's health care. For many women, obesity becomes an obsession that leads to physiologic, psychologic, and social problems. To address the needs of the obese client better, nurses must acquire a comprehensive, research-based understanding of obesity. To develop a nursing care plan, the nurse must assess the client's diet history, level of motivation to effect a change in life-style, self-image, and self-esteem.
Conformationally Defined Retinoic Acid Analogues. 5. Large-Scale Synthesis and Mammary Cancer Chemopreventive Activity for (2E,4E,6Z,8E)-8- (3‘,4‘-Dihydro-1‘(2‘H)-naphthalen-1‘-ylidene)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatrienoic Acid (9cUAB30)

Retinoids that activate the nuclear retinoid X receptors (RXRs) display potential for chemoprevention of breast cancer. We previously reported that 9cUAB30 (1) is an RXR-selective retinoid. To explore its in vivo chemopreventive activity, multigram quantities of 1 were needed. Here, we describe a modified synthesis that yields up to 100 g of 1. We further demonstrate that 1 is very effective in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced mammary cancers in rats without signs of toxicity.
Ligand binding on ladder lattices

The ligand binding problems on two-dimensional ladders, which model many important binding phenomena in molecular biology, are studied in details. The model is represented by four parameters, the interactions between ligands when bound to adjacent sites on opposite legs of the ladder (tau), the interactions between bound ligands in the longitudinal direction of the ladder (sigma), the number of binding sites that are covered by a bound ligand (m), and the intrinsic binding constant (K). The partition functions of ring ladders are approached with the transfer matrix method. A general relation is derived which connects the partition function of a linear ladder with that of a ring ladder. The results obtained apply to the general situation of multivalent binding, in which m>1. Special attention is paid to the case where the ligand covers one site (m=1). In this case explicit formulas are given for the partition functions of ring and linear ladders. Closed-form expressions are obtained for various properties of the system, including the degree of binding (theta), the midpoint in the binding isotherm (1/square root(tau sigma)), the initial and end slopes of the Scatchard plots (2sigma + tau - 4 and -sigma2 tau, respectively). From these closed-form formulas, sigma and tau may be extracted from experimental data. The model reveals certain features which do not exist in one-dimensional models. Using the general method discussed in [1], the recurrence relation is found for the partition functions. The analytical solution found for this model provides test cases to verify the numerical results for more complex two-dimensional models.
The Kyoto Protocol, market power, and enforcement

The Kyoto Protocol aims to limit aggregate carbon emissions by participating countries to 1990 emissions levels in aggregate. It also allows for the creation of a permit market in which countries will be able to buy and sell the right to emit carbon dioxide. This paper investigates how market power, held by the countries of the former Soviet Union, and enforcement of the carbon emission limits might affect the abatement and the cost of compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. To do so, it uses a modified version of the van Egteren–Weber (1996) model to investigate a permit market in the presence of both market power and enforcement difficulties. It then simulates the model, finding that if meeting abatement targets is the goal, regulating the supply side of the market and convex fine schedules are the most effective tools.
Responses of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons to GABA and SKF 38393 in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats are differentially affected by continuous and intermittent levodopa administration.

Abstract Systemic administration of the selective D1 agonist, SKF 38393, to rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway induces contralateral turning and reduces firing rates of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. Previous studies have shown that chronically administered levodopa diminishes the contralateral turning induced by SKF 38393 in these animals. The present study demonstrates that twice daily injections (45–50 mg/kg, i.p.) of levodopa for 19 days also diminishes the effects of SKF 38393 on substantia nigra pars reticulat activity. Concomitant with this change, chronic levodopa injections reversed the lesion-induced supersensitivity of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons to iontophoresed GABA. Neither of these effects were produced by the continuous infusion of levodopa (90–100 mg/kg/day, i.p. by osmotic pump) for 19 days, a treatment that produces average daily blood levodopa levels similar to those produced by chronic levodopa injection. These results suggest that large variations in circulating levodopa levels in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats may desensitize the behavioral responses to D1 dopamine agonist administration by down-regulating D1 and GABA receptor-mediated mechanisms of basal ganglia output through the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
Stochastic forecasting of labor force participation rates

Abstract Forecasts of labor force participation rates are important components of government projections of social insurance as well as projections of other aspects of a nation’s economy. However, the current practice is to provide only deterministic projections. In contrast, this paper shows how to model the uncertainty of labor participation and provide stochastic projections. To accommodate a wide variety of applications, labor force participation rates are highly disaggregated; this paper considers rates separated by age, sex, marital status and the presence of young children in the family. Instead of using traditional multivariate time series models, this paper introduces hierarchical and longitudinal data models to forecast labor force participation rates. Forecasting based on longitudinal data models gives desirable results. Not only are the forecasts comparable to those produced by government projections but we can also supplement these projections with prediction intervals. These prediction intervals help users understand the forecast uncertainty, thus more completely portraying the reliability of the projections.
Direct and indirect treatment approaches for addressing short-term or working memory deficits in aphasia

Background: A growing literature has documented that aphasia is frequently accompanied by deficits of short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM), and that such memory impairments may negatively influence language abilities and aphasia treatment outcomes. Consequently, treating STM and WM impairments in individuals with aphasia should not only remediate these memory impairments but also positively affect their response to language therapy programmes. Aims: This paper critically reviews the aphasia literature pertaining to remediating, directly or indirectly, STM and WM deficits. Memory treatment protocols developed for other disordered as well as healthy populations are also discussed as possible therapy approaches to consider in future aphasia research. Main Contribution: Findings from a limited set of studies suggest that STM and WM impairments in individuals with aphasia do respond to treatment, and further that these treatments may also positively affect the language abilities of individuals with ...
A Microeconomic Analysis of Homelessness: An Empirical Investigation Using Choice-Based Sampling

Abstract This study estimates a structural model of the probability of homelessness by drawing data from two sources. The observations on the housed come from the American Housing Survey and the data on the homeless come from a separate study dealing exclusively with the homeless. Since the survey on the homeless targeted a larger fraction of that population, the sample is choice-based. The results suggest that older males with low incomes and high levels of depression are more likely to be homeless. Improvement in the number and quality of homeless shelters is expected to increase substantially the number of homeless. The policy simulations provide support for cash transfers to the very poor to reduce their likelihood of becoming homeless and for a weakening of housing codes to increase the availability of inexpensive, low-quality rental housing.
The identity of nest-site scouts in honey bee swarms

On sait peu de choses concernant les individus qui dans les essaims d'abeilles font oeuvre d'eclaireuses a la recherche d'un site de nidification (RSN), mais il a ete suggere que ce pourrait etre des abeilles qui ont ete auparavant butineuses dans la colonie mere. L'identite des eclaireuses d'un essaim depend de deux facteurs : a) dans la colonie, quelles abeilles essaiment, b) dans l'essaim, quelles abeilles partent en reconnaissance. Cette etude identifie les eclaireuses RSN en repondant aux trois questions suivantes : a) les abeilles des differentes classes d'âge de la colonie sont-elles toutes egalement susceptibles d'essaimer ? b) les abeilles des differentes classes d'âge de l'essaim sont-elles toutes egalement susceptibles d'etre eclaireuses ? c) toutes les eclaireuses RSN ont-elles ete auparavant butineuses ? On a obtenu les reponses en determinant a) si la repartition de l'âge des abeilles de la colonie correspondait a celle des abeilles de l'essaim, b) si la repartition de l'âge des eclaireuses correspondait a celle des abeilles de l'essaim et c) si la repartition de l'âge des eclaireuses correspondait a celle des butineuses. Les quatre repartitions d'âge ont ete obtenues en introduisant des abeilles d'âge connu dans chacune des cinq colonies et en les laissant essaimer naturellement. Quatre essaims primaires et deux essaims secondaires ont ete obtenus (tableau I). Des differences statistiques entre les repartitions d'âge ont ete trouvees dans les trois cas. L'âge median des abeilles de l'essaim est inferieur a celui des abeilles de la colonie (figure 1), ce qui peut etre une adaptation a fonder une colonie avec plus de succes. Ce resultat est en accord avec ceux des etudes precedentes. L'âge median des eclaireuses est superieur a celui des abeilles de l'essaim (figure 2), ce qui suggere que les jeunes abeilles ne remplissent pas cette tâche aussi bien que les vieilles. L'âge median des eclaireuses est semblable a celui des butineuses en un peu moins eleve (figure 3). Ces resultats suggerent que les eclaireuses a la recherche d'un site de nidification sont principalement des abeilles moyennement âgees qui possedent une experience de butinage ou au moins de vol.
STUDIES ON THE ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIC INFECTION : I. NEUTROTROPIC INFECTION OF THE PERIPHERAL GANGLIA IN APPARENTLY HEALTHY MONKEYS FOLLOWING CASUAL EXPOSURE

In rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys without signs or symptoms of poliomyelitis, a comparison of the incidence, numbers, size, and character of lesions in certain peripheral ganglia (gasserian, nodose, superior cervical sympathetic, and celiac) was made between 9 "new" animals sacrificed 1 to 3 days after arrival in a laboratory devoted exclusively to poliomyelitis research, and 17 "old" animals housed there without special isolation precautions for periods ranging from 17 days to 10(1/2) months. The comparison showed that the "old" animals had more infiltrative lesions of various sizes than the "new" and that neuronophagia occurred in 65 per cent of the "old" animals as compared with none in the "new." The heaviest and most frequent involvement occurred in the gasserian and superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, while that of the nodose (vagal afferent) ganglia was somewhat less, and that of the celiac ganglia was still less and without neurophagia. The ganglia of the VII and IX cranial nerves were also examined and showed no lesions of note. Reasons are presented for believing that the lesions were of centripetal and not of centrifugal origin. The lesions, while not positively identified as poliomyelitic, were of similar morphology, were presumably due to an infective neurotropic agent, and were acquired under conditions of potential exposure to poliomyelitis virus. The possibility is suggested that the asymptomatic acquisition of neurotropic lesions in this group of casually exposed monkeys can be comparable to the acquisition of "subclinical" poliomyelitis in man.
Splicing of Effector Cell Protease Receptor-1 mRNA Is Modulated by an Unusual Retained Intron

Effector cell protease receptor-1 (EPR-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor for factor Xa that contributes to cell surface assembly of proteolytic activities and leukocyte mitogenesis. It is now shown that membrane expression of EPR-1 is dynamically modulated by mRNA splicing. Northern hybridization analysis of EPR-1-expressing cells and genetically engineered transfectants demonstrates that this mechanism involves removal of a 451 bp intervening sequence retained in 70-90% of mature mRNA, as quantitated by polymerase chain reaction amplification and ribonuclease protection studies. Splicing of the intervening sequence occurs in a cell type-specific fashion, as judged by the constitutive membrane overexpression of EPR-1 in certain leukemic B lymphocytes and monocytic cells. Furthermore, phenotypic analysis of cell lines stably transfected with functionally spliced or unspliced EPR-1 constructs suggests a potential role of intron cis-acting sequence(s) in splicing regulation. Instead of a transmembrane receptor for factor Xa (EPR-1a), the most prevalent unspliced EPR-1 transcript generates a novel truncated protein of 110 amino acids (EPR-1b), in which a unique intron-encoded -COOH terminus carries a potential nuclear targeting signal PPQHRAKS. An antibody generated against the intron-encoded sequence of EPR-1b demonstrates prominent nuclear localization of this variant isoform in indirect immunofluorescence staining of permeabilized cells. These findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism based on high efficiency intron retention modulating factor Xa-dependent cellular effector functions.
A hematoma detector—a practical application of instrumental motion as signal in near infra-red imaging

Abstract: In this paper we discuss results based on using instrumental motion as a signal rather than treating it as noise in Near Infra-Red (NIR) imaging. As a practical application to demonstrate this approach we show the design of a novel NIR hematoma detection device. The proposed device is based on a simplified single source configuration with a dual separation detector array and uses motion as a signal for detecting changes in blood volume in the dural regions of the head. The rapid triage of hematomas in the emergency room will lead to improved use of more sophisticated/expensive imaging facilities such as CT/MRI units. We present simulation results demonstrating the viability of such a device and initial phantom results from a proof of principle device. The results demonstrate excellent localization of inclusions as well as good quantitative comparisons.
Accounting for Individual Effort in Cooperative Learning Teams

An “autorating” (peer rating) system designed to account for individual performance in team projects was used in two sophomore-level chemical engineering courses in which the students did their homework in cooperative learning teams. Team members confidentially rated how well they and each of their teammates fulfilled their responsibilities, the ratings were converted to individual weighting factors, and individual project grades were computed as the product of the team project grade and the weighting factor. Correlations were computed between ratings and grades, self-ratings and ratings from teammates, and ratings received and given by men and women and by ethnic minorities and non-minorities. Incidences of “hitchhikers” (students whose performance was considered less than satisfactory by their teammates), “tutors” (students who received top ratings from all of their teammates), dysfunctional teams, and teams agreeing on a common rating were also determined. The results suggest that the autorating system works exceptionally well as a rule, and the benefits it provides more than compensate for the relatively infrequent problems that may occur in its use.
A state-space approach to adaptive filtering

The authors describe a unified square-root-based derivation of adaptive filtering schemes that is based on reformulating the original problem as a state-space linear least-squares estimation problem. In this process one encounters rich connections with algorithms that have been long established in linear least-squares estimation theory, such as the Kalman filter, the Chandrasekhar filter, and the information forms of the Kalman and Chandrasekhar algorithms. The RLS (recursive least squares), fast RLS, QR, and lattice algorithms readily follow by proper identification with such well-known algorithms. The approach also suggests some generalizations and extensions of classical results. >
Effect of resistive discontinuities on waveshape and velocity in a single cardiac fibre.

A computer model of a one-dimensional cardiac fibre of resistively coupled cells is used to investigate the influence of the junction resistance on the nature of conduction. The results of the simulations are presented and indicate that the effect of the junction on both intracellular and extracellular waveshape and on the velocity of propagation depends on the size and frequency of the coupling resistance and the kinetics of the active membrane. Significant changes in these factors are not observed without the generation of prepotentials in the action potential upstroke. The absence of this ‘signature’ in microelectrode recordings of activity in ventricular muscle suggests that under normal conditions cardiac tissue behaves as a functional syncytium.
Temporary Ponds, a Neglected Natural Resource*

NATURAL pools which contain water for a few months in spring, and are dry for the remainder of each year, are found in many parts of the world. I have examined them in Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden, Siberia1, Canada2, Australia and Africa. In the past little attention has been paid to ponds of this kind, except by specialists. Since they are potentially useful to man a short account of them may be of interest.
Glutamate dehydrogenase in Reye's syndrome Evidence for the presence of an altered enzyme in serum with increased susceptibility to inhibition by GTP

Abstract The glutamate dehydrogenase activity found in the serum of patients with Reye's syndrome is shown to be inhibited about 1000-fold more potently by GTP than is the normal human enzyme. 1 mM ADP, which with the normal enzyme effectively reverse GTP inhibition, has no effect in the GTP inhibition of the Reye's syndrome serum activity.
Ferromagnetic correlations in quasi-one-dimensional conducting channels

We propose a model that explains the experimental observation of spontaneous spin polarization of conducting electrons in quasi-one-dimensional ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}/\mathrm{GaAs}$ channels [K. J. Thomas, J. T. Nicholls, M. Y. Simmons, M. Pepper, D. R. Mace, and D. A. Ritchie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 135 (1996); K. J. Thomas, J. T. Nicholls, M. J. Appeyard, M. Y. Simmons, M. Pepper, D. R. Mace, W. R. Tribe, and D. A. Ritchie, Phys. Rev. B 58, 4846 (1998)]. We show that a ferromagnetic order is a generic property of a quasi-one-dimensional conducting channel embedded in a Wigner crystal. We also discuss gate voltage, magnetic field, and temperature dependences of the channel's conductance.
Subrecursiveness : Machine-independent notions of computability in restricted time and storage

This paper deals with computability of recursive functions in restricted time and storage. Section 1 introduces some terminology, including the notion of an arithmetization of a computing machine. Section 2, extending previous work of Ritchie [11] and Cobham [2], characterizes classes of functions computable with limited rate of growth of storage, which are stable under variations in the type of computing machine allowed. Section 3 provides a similarly machine-independent characterization of the class of functions computable in linear bounded storage with polynomial bounded time (the bounds being in terms of the length of the argument), examines the conjecture that it is a proper subclass of the functions computable in linear bounded storage, and shows that it is the smallest subrecursive class with certain stability and adequacy properties. Attempts to deal with sharper bounds on computation time, in particular, to characterize computability in linear time and storage in a suitably machineindependent fashion, require more detailed considerations of machine structure and will be discussed in a future publication. Many of the results below appeared in Chapter 1 of the author's thesis [14]; some exceptions include Theorems 7 and 8, Corollary 8, and Examples 5 and 7.
An Optical Device For Path-Averaged Measurements Of C n 2

The refractive index structure parameter (Cn2), a statistical measure of refractive index fluctuation in the atmosphere, is useful in predicting the intensity of atmospheric effects upon optical propagation. It can be derived from point measurements of high-speed temperature probes, but in many cases it is better to have a path-averaged measurement. Earlier optical techniques needed corrections for the inner scale of turbulence and were severely limited by the saturation of scintillation. This paper discusses an optical system developed at NOAA that is free of these problems, and makes path-averaged measurements of Cn2 over path lengths from 100 to 500 meters.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interfacial and mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced calcium phosphate cement composites☆

Abstract One basic drawback of hydrothermally synthesized calcium phosphate cements (CPC) is that they are brittle and fragile. To solve this problem, we investigated the interfacial chemistry, microstructure development, and toughness-related physical properties of CPC composites reinforced with strong fibrous materials (carbon fiber, glass fiber, and Kevlar). The most ideal interfacial structures between fiber and CPC were observed in carbon-fiber-reinforced composites, i.e., intermediate layers that were created by a moderate interfacial interaction of carbon with CPC promoted cross-linking, which tightly interconnects the fibers and thereby significantly improves ductility and toughness. In contrast, an undesirable interfacial mode was identified in Kevlar- and glass-fiber-reinforced CPC composites that were autoclaved at 250°C: the alkali-catalyzed hydrolysis of Kevlar in the composite prevented adherence to the CPC, and an extensive interaction between CPC and glass fiber resulted in the formation of porous intermediate layers. These negative factors were correlated directly to a lack of toughness and to catastrophic failure.
Which elderly depressed patients remain well on maintenance interpersonal psychotherapy alone?: report from the Pittsburgh study of maintenance therapies in late-life depression.

The aim of this study was to identify elderly depressed patients who can remain well on maintenance Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) alone, after discontinuation of antidepressant medication. Using Cox proportional hazards models, increased severity of depression at pretreatment was associated with increased recurrence rates, to an extent greater in patients maintained on monthly IPT than in those maintained on nortriptyline. The long-term response to maintenance IPT was correctly identified in 20/25 cases by a pretreatment Hamilton score of≥ 20. Fourteen of sixteen patients with pretreatment scores of≥ 20 experienced recurrence of major depression on maintenance IPT, while 6/9 patients with pretreatment scores of less than 20 did not. (Fisher exact P=.01). The same pattern of recurrence in relation to severity was not evident in maintenance placebo, nortriptyline, or combination treatment. In addition, Hamilton scores during continuation treatment were lower (≤ 7) among those who remained well on maintenance IPT than among those who had recurrences. Elderly patients whose depressions are milder at baseline and who show excellent symptomatic remission during acute and continuation therapy may be good candidates for monthly maintenance IPT after initial successful treatment with antidepressant medication and psychotherapy. Depression and Anxiety 10:55–60, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Pulmonary function in children of school age is related to the number of siblings in their family

It has been suggested that the number of siblings in a family is a surrogate variable for exposure to early infections. Since there may be an association between early respiratory infections and impaired lung function in later life, the aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the number of siblings and pulmonary function. We analyzed pulmonary function data from 677 schoolchildren living in 431 nuclear families. Our results show that forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) expressed as a percentage of deviation from the predicted values (FVC%, FEV(1)%) increase significantly in line with the number of siblings in a family (FVC%: no sibling = reference, 1 sibling = +1.3%, 2 siblings = +1.9%, 3 siblings = +4.0%, 4 or more siblings = +5.1%; P-value for trend = 0.01; FEV(1)%: no sibling = reference, 1 sibling = +1.6%, 2 siblings = +2.0%, 3 siblings = +4.3%, 4 or more siblings = +6.5%; P-value for trend = 0.007). Pulmonary function values were no more strongly related to the number of older siblings than to the number of younger siblings (difference between the trend for older and younger siblings for FCV%: P = 0.7; FEV(1)%: P = 0.9). The association between pulmonary function and number of siblings can be explained neither by the child's atopic status, prevalence of asthma, or history of pneumonia, nor by former or current cigarette smoke exposure. This suggests that pulmonary function status of the child appears to be related to the number of siblings, and is unlikely to be explained solely by exposure to infections early in life. Our data therefore adds strength to the hypothesis that factors which cause the size of a sibship to influence a child's respiratory health have not yet been adequately explained.
Why are elderly people not using advance directives

Although advance directives for health care are widely advocated, usage rates among the elderly are low. Reported is a study testing comparative educational strategies to increase the use of advance directives among elderly persons ages 65 to 93. Follow-up interviews (n = 293) with intervention participants and controls showed that only 1 of 6 different strategies increased use. Neither lack of information nor simple procrastination were found as primary barriers to completion of advance directives. Most intervention participants preferred to defer to family surrogates and avoid executing advance directives. Level of education was a factor in use. Proposed is a restructuring of the advance directives process to accommodate elderly persons' wishes to authorize family members for surrogate health decision making, a policy that would assist the majority of people, including those who either wish to avoid or fail to execute advance directives.