cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitosis and the Cell Cycle in the Metamorphic Moult of the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus Fasciatus.: A Radioautographic Study

A simple method of whole-mount radioautography is devised to investigate aspects of the cell cycle during metamorphosis in the epidermis of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus . Tritiated thymidine is used to indicate DNA synthesis. As the label only lasts in the insect for about 2 h, a wave of labelled cells passes through the different phases of the cell cycle. The S period is found to overlap with an exceptionally long prophase and there is thus no G 2 period. The length of prophase (408±10 min) is estimated from a plot of the fraction of labelled prophases against time after injection of label. By an equivalent method the length of the S period is found to be 289±12 min. No labelled cells divide again until about 24 h after the previous mitosis, when some cells embark on a second mitosis. The minimum interphase ( G 1 period is approximately 16 h. In the area studied, the cell number more than doubles during the proliferative mitoses; and it is thus possible, but not certain, that every cell divides at least once. Fifth-stage larvae injected during the differentiative divisions (which are involved in the development of dense hairs) show that each of the three kinds of differentiative divisions has its own peculiar timing. The timing of the very first division, that of the epidermal cell which will become the hair mother cell, suggests that the cell is already different from its progenitors prior to prophase. Department of Genetics, Milton Road, Cambridge.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Activity in the Hippocampal Region during Recognition Memory

Neuroimaging studies have often failed to observe activity in the hippocampal region during memory retrieval. Recently, two functional magnetic resonance imaging studies reported activity in the hippocampal region associated with recollective success. In both, participants studied pictures of objects and were given a recognition memory test with words that either did or did not name the studied objects. The recognition test was therefore cross-modal or associative in nature. These findings raise the question of what circumstances are required to observe activity in the hippocampal region during memory retrieval. Here, we report that robust hippocampal activity for targets relative to foils occurred during retrieval in a recognition memory task when single words were used at both study and test, as well as when pictures of single nameable objects were used at both study and test. The hippocampal region is involved not just in overtly associative tasks but more broadly in the recollection of recently occurring facts and events.
Some integral theorems relating to the oscillations of bubbles

Two integral theorems are proved which are applicable to the motion of an incompressible fluid in three dimensions. From either of these theorems one can derive the monopole component of the pressure fluctuation at infinity when a bubble undergoes non-spherical oscillations. The results confirm and generalize some recent calculations of this effect (Longuet-Higgins 1989 a ). They also provide a basis for a physical discussion of the origin of the monopole terms.
An Overview of Preoperative Glucose Evaluation, Management, and Perioperative Impact

Perioperative hyperglycemia is a common phenomenon affecting patients both with and without a known prior history of diabetes. Despite an exponential rise in publications and studies of inpatient hyperglycemia over the last decade, many questions still exist as to what defines optimal care of these patients. Initial enthusiasm for tight glycemic control has waned as the unanticipated reality of hypoglycemia and mortality has been realized in some prospective studies. The recent dramatic modification of national practice guidelines to endorse more modest inpatient glycemic targets highlights the dynamic nature of current knowledge as the next decade approaches. This review discusses perioperative hyperglycemia and the categories of patients affected by it. It reviews current recommendations for ambulatory diabetes screening and its importance in preoperative patient care. Finally, it concludes with a review of current practice guidelines, as well as a discussion of future direction and goals for inpatient perioperative glycemic control.
Non-destructive evaluation of quality and ammonia content in whole and fresh-cut lettuce by computer vision system

The paper describes the developed hardware and software components of a computer vision system that extracts colour parameters from calibrated colour images and identifies non-destructively the different quality levels exhibited by lettuce (either whole or fresh-cut) during storage. Several colour parameters extracted by computer vision system have been evaluated to characterize the product quality levels. Among these, brown on total and brown on white proved to achieve a good identification of the different quality levels on whole and fresh-cut lettuce (P-value<0.0001). In particular, these two parameters were able to discriminate three levels: very good or good products (quality levels from 5 to 4), samples at the limit of marketability (quality level of 3) and waste items (quality levels from 2 to 1). Quality levels were also chemically and physically characterized. Among the parameters analysed, ammonia content proved to discriminate the marketable samples from the waste in both product's typologies (either fresh-cut or whole); even the two classes of waste were well discriminated by ammonia content (P-value<0.0001). A function that infers quality levels from the extracted colour parameters has been identified using a multi-regression model (R2=0.77). Multi-regression also identified a function that predicts the level of ammonia (an indicator of senescence) in the iceberg lettuce from a colour parameter provided by the computer vision system (R2=0.73), allowing a non-destructive evaluation of a chemical parameter that is particularly useful for the objective assessment of lettuce quality. The developed computer vision system offers flexible and simple non-destructive tool that can be employed in the food processing industry to monitor the quality and shelf life of whole and fresh-cut lettuce in a reliable, objective and quantitative way.
Rupture Resemblance Score (RRS): toward risk stratification of unruptured intracranial aneurysms using hemodynamic???morphological discriminants

Objective We have previously developed three logistic regression models for discriminating intracranial aneurysm rupture status from 119 aneurysms based on hemodynamic–morphological parameters. In this study we exploit their use as a tool for predicting the risk of rupture of aneurysms with a defined Rupture Resemblance Score (RRS). Methods We collected three-dimensional images of 85 consecutive aneurysms, applied the three regression models and compared model performance at predicting rupture status against anecdotal metrics (aneurysm size and aspect ratio). We then reinterpreted the model-predicted probability as RRS, where the higher the score the closer the resemblance to previously known rupture components, and applied the RRS prospectively to four unruptured aneurysms with borderline treatment decisions. Results All three models yielded excellent sensitivity (0.78–0.83) and specificity (0.78–0.84) at a cutoff score of 50%, whereas aneurysm size and aspect ratio showed poor sensitivities (0.28 and 0.33, respectively). Lowering the cutoff score to 30% improved sensitivity to 0.90. The RRS identified most of the ruptured aneurysms and also some unruptured ones that closely resembled ruptured aneurysms hemodynamically and/or morphologically. The prospective application of the RRS to unruptured aneurysms shows that it could provide additional insights for treatment decisions. Conclusions Previous regression models based on hemodynamic–morphological parameters are able to discriminate rupture in a new cohort in the same population. A higher probability of rupture is associated with larger size ratio, lower normalized wall shear stress and higher oscillatory shear index. The RRS could potentially stratify rupture risk and assist in treatment decision-making for unruptured aneurysms.
Ontogeny of pituitary GnRH receptors in the rat.

Developmental changes in pituitary GnRH receptors were evaluated by longitudinal analysis of GnRH binding sites, and compared with pituitary and serum gonadotropins and serum sex steroid hormones from birth to sexual maturity. In male rats, the pituitary concentration of GnRH receptors increased in early life to a maximum of 260 fmol/mg protein between 15 and 30 days of age, then decreased gradually to reach 65 fmol/mg protein at 60 days of age. However, the total number of pituitary GnRH receptors increased progressively with age and pituitary weight, reaching a plateau of 110 fmol/gland at 40 days of age. These changes in GnRH binding reflect the number of receptor sites rather than altered binding affinity, which remained constant during development (Ka equals 3.3 ± 0.4 × 109 M-1 in males and 2.6 ± 0.6 × 109 M-1 in females). The initially high GnRH receptor concentrations in the male were associated with elevated serum LH levels (60 ng/ml) and a peak in serum FSH on day 30. During the pubertal rise in ...
The Isolation and Characterization of the Tribe Mimeae in Foodstuffs

SUMMARY—Mima and Herellea organisms, which have been reported to be members of the tribe Mimeae and to have pathogenic properties, were isolated from 25 of 96 retail food samples investigated. Mima were isolated from 16% of the samples; Herellea were found in 9%. Fresh and prepared meats, seafoods, dairy products, and vegetables contained these organisms, but dehydrated foods were free of Mimeae. Because of certain similarity to the Neisseriaceae and the pseudomonads and their relatively limited biochemical activity, these organisms are often difficult to identify. The morphological and physiological characteristics of Mima and Herellea are described and their possible significance in foods discussed.
Decapod Crustaceans from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation

Examination of all known specimens of decapod crustaceans from the Fox Hills Formation has resulted in recognition of five species and three distinctly different forms of pereiopods that cannot be assigned to a recognized taxon with certainty. Callichirus waagei n. sp. is proposed for a callianassid claw preserved within an Ophiomorpha burrow. Hoploparia sp. and Raninella oaheensis Bishop, 1978, are reported from the formation for the first time, and the cheliped of the latter species is noted, also for the first time. Latheticocarcinus shapiroi Bishop, 1988, the most common species of decapod in the formation, is re-described; the lateral flanks of this homolid crab are recognized for the first time, and the carapace is reconstructed. Necrocarcinus siouxensis Feldmann, Awotua and Welshenbaugh, 1976, is noted, but no new specimens were studied. All the decapods were preserved within concretions and all but one specimen of Hoploparia were disarticulated elements, suggesting that they may have been molted remains. Cuticle was well preserved and thin section examination of the lamellar structure of Hoploparia cuticle confirmed that, although thoroughly altered chemically, details of lamellar structure are retained.
Lactobacilli with probiotic potential in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster)

Recent research suggests integration of the intestinal microbiota in gut-brain communication which could lead to new approaches to treat neurological disorders. The highly social prairie voles are an excellent model system to study the effects of environmental factors on social behavior. For future studies on the role of probiotics in ameliorating disorders with social withdrawal symptoms, we report the characterization of intestinal Lactobacillus isolates with probiotic potential from voles. 30 bacterial strains were isolated from the vole intestine and found to be distinct but closely related to Lactobacillus johnsonii using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA fingerprinting. In vitro characterizations including acid and bile tolerance, antimicrobial effects, antibiotic susceptibility, and adherence to intestinal epithelial cells were performed to assess the probiotic potential of selected strains. Since previous studies revealed that mercury ingestion triggers social deficits in voles, mercury resistance of the probiotic candidates was evaluated which could be an important factor in preventing/treating these behavioral changes. This study demonstrates that lactobacilli with probiotic potential are present in the vole intestine. The Lactobacillus isolates identified in this study will provide a basis for the investigation of probiotic effects in the vole behavioral model system.
Problems and solutions for the analysis of somatic CAG repeat expansion and their relationship to Huntington's disease toxicity

Huntington's Disease is caused by inheritance of a single disease-length allele harboring an expanded CAG repeat, which continues to expand in somatic tissues with age. Whether somatic expansion contributed to toxicity was unknown. From extensive work from multiple laboratories, it has been made clear that toxicity depended on length of the inherited allele, but whether preventing or delaying somatic repeat expansion in vivo would be beneficial was unknown, since the inherited disease allele was still expressed. In Budworth et al., we provided definitive evidence that suppressing the somatic expansion in mice substantially delays disease onset in littermates that inherit the same disease-length allele. This key discovery opens the door for therapeutic approaches targeted at stopping or shortening the CAG tract during life. The analysis was difficult and, at times, non-standard. Here, we take the opportunity to discuss the challenges, the analytical solutions, and to address some controversial issues with respect to expansion biology.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among First-Generation Latino Youths in an English as a Second Language School.

First-generation Latino youths and their families may encounter significant challenges as they experience changes in their culture after migrating to a new country. Some Latino youths enter the United States having experienced trauma through premigration, migration, and postmigration stages of their transition. Many symptoms and behaviors associated with their traumatic experiences will emerge in schools, directing first-generation Latino youths into the mental health system. Identifying factors that mitigate the intensity of these symptoms are critical for youths' adjustment. This article describes a study that examined the relationship between various factors that promote psychological and social well-being among a sample (N = 56) of first-generation Latino youths in an English as a Second Language school. FINDINGS indicate that emotional regulation and social integration negatively relate, whereas environmental mastery positively relates, to posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among Latino youths. Language: en
Measurement of Viscoelastic Loss Tangent with Contact Resonance Modes of Atomic Force Microscopy

We show how atomic force microscopy techniques based on contact resonance (CR) can be used to measure the viscoelastic loss tangent tan δ of polymeric materials. The method does not require interme...
In the Eye of the Beholder? Parental Ratings of Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms

Variations in ratings of externalizing and internalizing symptoms may contain a trait (i.e., shared view) component when behavioral symptoms that generalize across context are perceived and an individual view component when they are misperceived or when each informant has access to different symptoms. Using a LISREL model, we estimated the trait and the informant-specific, individual view components in parental ratings of externalizing and internalizing symptoms of adolescent siblings. The model demonstrated that mothers' and fathers' ratings contained a substantial individual view component (from 21% to 50% of total rating variance, depending on rater and trait). Except for fathers' ratings of internalizing symptoms (13%), parental ratings also contained a substantial trait component (42% to 58%). Mother's, father's, and child's ratings may be averaged to estimate a trait of externalizing. To estimate an internalizing trait, it may be best to combine just the mother's rating with the child's self-rating.
Flower Diversity and Angiosperm Diversification

The flower itself, which comprises most of the evolutionary innovations of flowering plants, bears special significance for understanding the origin and diversification of angiosperms. The sudden origin of angiosperms in the fossil record poses unanswered questions on both the origins of flowering plants and their rapid spread and diversification. Central to these questions is the role that the flower, and floral diversity, played. Recent clarifications of angiosperm phylogeny provide the foundation for investigating evolutionary transitions in floral features and the underlying genetic mechanisms of stasis and change. The general features of floral diversity can best be addressed by considering key patterns of variation: an undifferentiated versus a differentiated perianth; elaboration of perianth organs in size and color; merosity of the flower; and phyllotaxy of floral organs. Various models of gene expression now explain the regulation of floral organization and floral organ identity; the best understood are the ABC(E) model and its modifications, but other gene systems are important in specific clades and require further study. Furthermore, the propensity for gene and genome duplications in angiosperms provides abundant raw material for novel floral features--emphasizing the importance of understanding the conservation and diversification of gene lineages and functions in studies of macroevolution.
Phase 1 clinical trials

Background:In the United States, drug development and approval is a complex process regulated by the Food and Drug Administration under the authority outlined in the Code of Federal Regulation. The...
Phase measurement approaches for a multi-tier weak radio signal detection process with N simultaneous signals having continuous phase

This paper presents a generalization of Tsui's phase measurement approach to detection of N − 1 weak signals to situations in which the weak signals have a phase that is continuous at any point in time. Examples are provided for the situation in which N = 2 and for four cases in which φ2 takes on each of the values {0, Π/2, Π, −Π/2}. This approach provides the capability for accurate identification of zero crossings and extraction of signal parameters. The capability for N ≤ 4 simultaneous signals is desired for electronic warfare (EW) receivers.
Correlation of frontal sinus recess anatomy with ethnicity, gender, and pathology

Abstract Purpose Research on frontal sinus cells has been conflicting regarding relationship between frontal sinus cells and frontal sinus disease. There are no published studies regarding gender differences in frontal sinus disease. No comparisons between African Americans and Caucasians and frontal sinus disease have been published. This study attempts to define the above relationships as well as the relationship between number and types of cells and disease. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on sinus CT scans done from 2003 to 2011 at an academic medical center. Exclusion criteria included previous frontal sinus surgery, sinus malignancy, obvious trauma, congenital anomalies, and poor quality of scan. Number and type of frontal cells were recorded for 602 scans. Statistical analysis performed demographic comparisons and compared number and types of cells to evidence of disease. Results Males were more likely than females to have frontal sinus disease. Patients with Type 3 and Type 4 cells were more likely to have disease. No significant ethnic related differences in disease were found using a multivariate logistic regression model. Total number of cells did not significantly affect likelihood of disease. Conclusions This is one of the largest collections of data on frontal sinus cells as predictors of frontal sinus disease. These results suggest that gender and certain types of cells affect likelihood of disease. This study is the first to demonstrate a lack of difference in disease in African Americans and Caucasians. These results are significant regarding gender, race, number and type of cells as predictors of disease.
Reducing noise in computed correlation functions using techniques from signal processing

Time correlation functions invariably suffer from random noise, especially at longer time intervals for which fewer data pairs are available. This noise is particularly of concern when calculating correlations that cannot be averaged over per-molecule contributions, such as stress in molecular simulations. In this work, a set of methods based in signal processing has been developed to reduce the inherent noise that is present in time- and frequency-domain representations of correlation functions. The stress time autocorrelation function, which leads to stress relaxation modulus and complex modulus, is used as an example. The difference between initial and final values of a time correlation function over a finite time domain is found to create so-called ‘leakage’ of noise from disallowed into harmonic frequencies during fast Fourier transformation. Decreasing this leakage effect through reflection to negative time and through applying a window function reduces noise levels significantly. Removing frequency...
CF2H, a Hydrogen Bond Donor

The CF2H group, a potential surrogate for the OH group, can act as an unusual hydrogen bond donor, as confirmed by crystallographic, spectroscopic, and computational methods. Here, we demonstrate the bioisosterism of the OH and CF2H groups and the important roles of CF2–H···O hydrogen bonds in influencing intermolecular interactions and conformational preferences. Experimental evidence, corroborated by theory, reveals the distinctive nature of CF2H hydrogen bonding interactions relative to their normal OH hydrogen bonding counterparts.
Rotational diffusion of magnetic nanoparticles in protein solutions.

Abstract The rotational diffusion of polyethylene glycol coated magnetic nanoparticles in serum albumin solutions was investigated in a range spanning 0 mg mL−1 to 200 mg mL−1. Rotational diffusivities were determined from dynamic magnetic susceptibility measurements, which provide a non-optical means to probe rotation of nanoparticles in small volume samples. Experimental rotational diffusivities were compared to those estimated using the Stokes-Einstein relation and macroscopic measurements of the viscosity of the protein solutions. Excellent agreement was found between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions for serum albumin solutions buffered at physiological pH and for serum albumin solutions at acidic pH prepared using simple acids at physiological ionic strengths. For serum albumin solutions prepared using citrate buffer at acidic pH, we observed a discrepancy between the experimental rotational diffusivity and that predicted from the Stokes-Einstein relation. In contrast, when the pH was adjusted with a simple acid and salt at physiological ionic strength we observed agreement between the experimental rotational diffusivity and that predicted from the Stokes-Einstein relation. Because of the role of citrate ions in causing protein aggregation, we believe these observations suggest that dynamic magnetic susceptibility measurement of the rotational diffusivity of the nanoparticles is sensitive to gelation/crosslinking of proteins.
Texting Motivational Interviewing: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Motivational Interviewing Text Messages Designed to Augment Childhood Obesity Treatment

Abstract Background: Text messages improve health outcomes for adults engaged in weight management. Little is known about whether text messaging parents of children enrolled in obesity treatment will improve child health. Methods: We conducted a 2-group randomized controlled study among 101 children aged 5–12 and their parent/guardian enrolling in tertiary-care obesity treatment. Participants were randomized to standard care or standard care plus daily motivational interviewing-based text messages. The primary outcome was change in child BMI at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included feasibility, health behaviors, attrition, motivation, and parent BMI. Results: We enrolled 101 parent–child dyads and retained 81% to 3-month follow-up. Child participants had a mean age of 9.9 years, and baseline BMI of 30.5 kg/m2. Half (48%) of participants were Black, and 64% of parent participants had a high school equivalent education or less. Ninety-nine percent of parents owned a mobile device with unlimited text messagi...
Absent from School: Educational Policy and Comprehensive Reform.

State and federal policy constitutes a significant component of the educational environment. School leaders stand at the intersection of policy and practice in attempting to implement systemic school reform. This report begins with a brief overview of (1) recent federal policy alignment initiatives, (2) the Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration (CSRD) grants program, and (3) the general policy environment in North Carolina. We then draw on evaluation data from North Carolina schools receiving CSRD grants to suggest that initial school efforts are marked by two significant absences, chiefly, the absence of comprehensive design perspectives to guide improvement efforts and the absence of critical analysis during application of improvement models. We close by offering suggestions for school leaders engaged in systemic reform efforts.
Interaction of words and nonwordal stimuli in programed sequences of concept-formation tasks

This study suggests that nonwordal sequences can be employed advantageously in teaching certain concepts; trials to criterion, time, and accuracy all favor nonwordal sequences and, in some cases, successive treatment as well.
Estimating Shallow Water Bottom Geo-Acoustic Parameters Using Ambient Noise

Knowing bottom geo-acoustic parameters is of great importance for using sonar systems effectively in shallow waters. In this paper, ambient noise data recorded on a vertical hydrophone array taken in the frequency range of 1000 to 3000 Hz were used. Forward modeling and model/data comparison show that the energy ratio of down-looking and up-looking beams, after proper average over time and frequency, is the energy reflection coefficient of the bottom. From the reflection coefficient, critical parameters of the sediments, the sound speed, density and attenuation coefficient, are obtained. Core data taken at the experimental site support the inversion results.
Participant Satisfaction and Perceptions About Program Impact in the Medicaid Incentives for Prevention of Chronic Disease Pilot Program.

Purpose:Evaluate the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Incentives for Prevention of Chronic Diseases (MIPCD) program in terms of participant satisfaction and self-reported program impact.Design:Parti...
From Scattering Amplitudes to Classical Potentials in the Post-Minkowskian Expansion

We combine tools from effective field theory and generalized unitarity to construct a map between on-shell scattering amplitudes and the classical potential for interacting spinless particles. For general relativity, we obtain analytic expressions for the classical potential of a binary black hole system at second order in the gravitational constant and all orders in velocity. Our results exactly match all known results up to fourth post-Newtonian order, and offer a simple check of future higher order calculations. By design, these methods should extend to higher orders in perturbation theory.
Small Cell Lung Cancer with Pituitary Metastasis Presenting as Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Case Report and Literature Review

BACKGROUND Pituitary gland metastasis is rarely the initial presentation of metastatic cancer. Most cases of pituitary gland metastasis are asymptomatic with diabetes insipidus being the most common symptomatic presentation. It can rarely present with symptoms of hormone underproduction such as secondary adrenal insufficiency. Although pituitary gland metastasis is rare, it is underestimated, as it is commonly misdiagnosed with pituitary gland adenoma due to the lack of clear radiological criteria differentiating between both. CASE REPORT We present a case of a 62-year-old male who presented with weakness, blurry vision, and persistent hypoglycemia despite intravenous dextrose infusion and having discontinued taking his diabetes medications. Chest x-ray showed a left hilar mass, while computed tomography scan demonstrated a left superior hilar mass and hilar lymphadenopathy with bilateral adrenal nodules and a T6 vertebral lesion suspicious for metastasis. Further workup showed secondary adrenal insufficiency with a low adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level. Vertebral biopsy was performed and confirmed the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the lung. This was followed by a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which showed multiple metastatic lesions with an enhancing mass involving the right clivus, sella, and suprasellar cistern with mass effect on the optic chiasm and involvement of the cavernous sinus supporting the diagnosis of pituitary gland metastasis of small cell lung cancer. The patient received brain radiation, and repeated MRI showed regression of the previous MRI findings. CONCLUSIONS Secondary adrenal insufficiency is an unusual presentation of pituitary gland metastasis. Physicians should take into consideration both radiological findings and presentation to differentiate between pituitary gland metastasis and pituitary adenoma.
Consumption of 100% Tart Cherry Juice Reduces Serum Urate in Overweight and Obese Adults.

Background Gout is a frequently occurring, complex rheumatologic form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the accumulation of serum uric acid (sUA) and deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints and tissues of the body. Hyperuricemia is also a significant independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and is associated with hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and osteoarthritis. However, patient adherence to prescribed urate-lowering therapies ranges from 20% to 70%, suggesting that other additional strategies, such as dietary intervention with specific, efficacious foods or beverages, may be necessary to mitigate the risk of arthritis, as well as other comorbidities. Tart cherry juice (TCJ) has been used for decades by some for gout based largely on anecdotal evidence of its efficacy and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives We designed this study to test the effect of TCJ on uricemia, lipidemia, glycemia, and inflammation in at-risk overweight and obese humans with a specific hypothesis that TCJ consumption would reduce sUA concentrations. Methods In this randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study, we recruited overweight and obese participants with body mass index (BMI) >25.0 kg/m2 (n = 26, 18 women/8 men, 41 ±11 y; BMI 31.3 ± 6.0; 12 obese, 14 overweight) to consume 240 mL/d (8 oz/d) of either TCJ or placebo beverage, for 4 wk each with a 4-wk intervening washout period followed by 4 wk of the alternate beverage. Results TCJ significantly reduced sUA concentration by 19.2% (P < 0.05) and reduced by 19.4% (P = 0.09) and 6.3% (P = 0.08) proinflammatory high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, respectively. The participants in this study displayed risk ratios indicating increased cardiovascular disease risk and insulin resistance but no differences in the pre- and postintervention groups of either placebo or TCJ groups. Conclusion Collectively, the data suggest that 100% TCJ reduces sUA concentrations, mitigating hyperuricemia associated with gouty arthritis. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03636529.
Realizing a Human Viewpoint

This chapter details the overall system architecting process that aligns with the Department of Defense Architecture Framework. It also describes in detail the Human Viewpoint methodology. This five stage methodology includes understanding the context, collecting the data, designing the models and performing analyses. It also describes the Fit for Purpose concept and its use in rendering Human Views to address specific stakeholder concerns at the last stage. The methodology is aligned with a sequenced development of the individual views and results in a complete Human Viewpoint.
No Established Link between Repeated Transient Chokes and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Related Effects. Comment on Lim, L.J.H. et al. Dangers of Mixed Martial Arts in the Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 254.

This letter to the editor is in response to “Dangers of Mixed Martial Arts in the Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy” by authors Lim, Ho, and Ho, which was published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2019; 16: 254). This communication clarifies some potentially misleading word choices by the authors and addresses the insinuated, but not established, link between repeated transient choking episodes during martial arts training and a gradual decline in neuropsychiatric testing in the patient presented in the report.
Amyloid β-Peptide(1-42), Oxidative Stress, and Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) a progressive, age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, cognition, and speech, is present in more than 4 million persons. The number of cases of AD will significantly elevate, because the mean population in the United States is increasing [1]. AD is characterized pathologically by the presence of extracellular senile plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and synapse loss. Senile plaques are composed of an amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) core surrounded by dystrophic neurites.
Reduced-order model-based convergence acceleration of reverse mode discrete adjoint solvers

Abstract This work presents a new technique to reduce the computational cost of sensitivities calculated using a discrete adjoint solver developed via reverse mode automatic differentiation. A fixed-point iterative method is built for the discrete adjoint sensitivity equations by employing the primal time-stepping adjoint approach. The fixed-point sensitivity solution is then accelerated by building a reduced-order model (ROM) that maps the relationship between the sensitivity solution and its corresponding residual. This model is then used to approximate the converged solution, corresponding to a zero residual. While the approximation might not produce the fully converged solution, it typically provides an improved solution that the fixed-point solver can be re-initialized with, which is one of the novel aspects of the present work. After re-initializing the solution, the ROM acceleration technique can be reapplied until the desired convergence criterion is reached. A key feature of the proposed ROM is that it is formed on the fly during a single sensitivity solution. Additionally, its implementation requires only minor modifications to an existing fixed-point iterative solver. The ROM projection technique is evaluated by considering design optimization of horizontal wind turbine blade profiles and cost reductions of 57 to 80% were achieved.
Cross-Country Comparison of School Neighborhood Food Environments in Houston, Texas and Guadalajara, Mexico

Studies in the U.S. and Mexico have observed the clustering of food resources around schools, which may promote the use of these resources. Our study characterized and compared school neighborhood food environments in Guadalajara, Jalisco, and Houston, Texas, and examined socioeconomic disparities in food resource availability across school neighborhoods. We used the Goods and Services Inventory to document the frequency and type of resources within each school neighborhood. School neighborhoods in Guadalajara had significantly more food resources than those in Houston. We found that convenience stores and table service restaurants were the most prevalent food resources in school neighborhoods in both cities. Guadalajara school neighborhoods had a higher prevalence of supermarkets and grocery stores than Houston. Low-income school neighborhoods in Guadalajara with poorly educated residents had significantly more food carts than high-income neighborhoods with more educated residents. In Houston, we found significantly more fast food restaurants and convenience stores in school neighborhoods with more educated residents than school neighborhoods with less educated residents. The influence of food resources within school neighborhoods on the dietary habits of schoolchildren should be further explored in both the U.S. and Mexico. The characterization of school neighborhood food environments can inform policymakers, city planners, and school officials who seek to implement policies to create healthier food environments.
Combined Modeling of Acceleration, Transport, and Hydrodynamic Response in Solar Flares

Acceleration and transport of high-energy particles and fluid dynamics of atmospheric plasma are interrelated aspects of solar flares, but for convenience and simplicity they were artificially separated in the past. We present here self consistently combined Fokker-Planck modeling of particles and hydrodynamic simulation of flare plasma. Energetic electrons are modeled with the Stanford unified code of acceleration, transport, and radiation, while plasma is modeled with the Naval Research Laboratory flux tube code. We calculated the collisional heating rate directly from the particle transport code, which is more accurate than those in previous studies based on approximate analytical solutions. We repeated the simulation of Mariska et al. with an injection of power law, downward-beamed electrons using the new heating rate. For this case, a -10% difference was found from their old result. We also used a more realistic spectrum of injected electrons provided by the stochastic acceleration model, which has a smooth transition from a quasi-thermal background at low energies to a non thermal tail at high energies. The inclusion of low-energy electrons results in relatively more heating in the corona (versus chromosphere) and thus a larger downward heat conduction flux. The interplay of electron heating, conduction, and radiative loss leads to stronger chromospheric evaporation than obtained in previous studies, which had a deficit in low-energy electrons due to an arbitrarily assumed low-energy cutoff. The energy and spatial distributions of energetic electrons and bremsstrahlung photons bear signatures of the changing density distribution caused by chromospheric evaporation. In particular, the density jump at the evaporation front gives rise to enhanced emission, which, in principle, can be imaged by X-ray telescopes. This model can be applied to investigate a variety of high-energy processes in solar, space, and astrophysical plasmas.
Changes in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) usage for hypogammaglobulinemia (HG) after implementation of a stewardship program.

e19225Background: IVIG is used to replenish immunoglobulins in HG due to hematologic malignancies (HM) or their treatment (stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell ther...
Diabetes Leads to Alterations in Normal Metabolic Transitions of Pregnancy as Revealed by Time-Course Metabolomics

Women with diabetes during pregnancy are at increased risk of poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Despite this, the effects of pre-gestational (PGDM) or gestational diabetes (GDM) on metabolism during pregnancy are not well understood. In this study, we utilized metabolomics to identify serum metabolic changes in women with and without diabetes during pregnancy and the cord blood at birth. We observed elevations in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, carbohydrates, ketones, and lipids, and a decrease in amino acids across gestation in all individuals. In early gestation, PGDM had elevations in branched-chain amino acids and sugars compared to controls, whereas GDM had increased lipids and decreased amino acids during pregnancy. In both GDM and PGDM, carbohydrate and amino acid pathways were altered, but in PGDM, hemoglobin A1c and isoleucine were significantly increased compared to GDM. Cord blood from GDM and PGDM newborns had similar increases in carbohydrates and choline metabolism compared to controls, and these alterations were not maternal in origin. Our results revealed that PGDM and GDM have distinct metabolic changes during pregnancy. A better understanding of diabetic metabolism during pregnancy can assist in improved management and development of therapeutics and help mitigate poor outcomes in both the mother and newborn.
Trends in screening breast magnetic resonance imaging use among US women, 2006 to 2016

Background Supplemental breast cancer screening with breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended for women at high risk of breast cancer. To the authors' knowledge, recent national trends in breast MRI use are unknown. Methods The authors used claims data from a large national insurer to calculate screening breast MRI rates from 2006 to 2016 in a US cohort of 10 million women aged 20 to 64 years. Use was stratified by subgroups of women with a BRCA mutation, family history of breast cancer, and prior breast cancer history and stratified by age. Joinpoint regression evaluated annual changes in trends. Results The total sample included 37,447 screening breast MRI examinations in 25,617 women. Overall screening breast MRI rates were low and increased from 2.9 to 12.1 examinations per 10,000 women from 2006 to 2016. MRI use in women with a BRCA mutation increased by 21% on average annually from 210.8 per 10,000 women to 1562.0 per 10,000 women from 2006 to 2016. By 2016, women aged 50 to 64 years who had a BRCA mutation had the highest use of breast MRI (1669.6 MRI examinations per 10,000 women) compared with younger women (1198.4 MRI examinations per 10,000 women, 1519.1 MRI examinations per 10,000 women, and 1567.2 MRI examinations per 10,000 women, respectively, among women aged 20‐29 years, 30‐39 years, and 40‐49 years). Women with a BRCA mutation comprised <1% of the current study population but received approximately 9% of screening breast MRI examinations. Breast MRI rates among women with a family history of breast cancer or prior breast cancer history initially increased from 2006 to 2008, but then stabilized or decreased. Conclusions The increases in breast MRI use observed in the current study have indicated improvements in concordance with breast imaging guidelines. However, women with BRCA mutations remain underscreened, particularly younger women, thereby identifying a clear gap with which to enhance access.
Sporulation Potential of Phytophthora ramorum Differs Among Common California Plant Species in the Big Sur Region

Sudden oak death (SOD), caused by the generalist pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, has profoundly impacted California coastal ecosystems. SOD has largely been treated as a two-host system, with Umbell...
Optical analog of valley Hall effect of 2D excitons in hyperbolic metamaterial

The robust spin and momentum valley locking of electrons in two-dimensional semiconductors makes the valley degree of freedom of great utility for functional optoelectronic devices. Owing to the difference in optical selection rules for the different valleys, these valley electrons can be addressed optically. The electrons and excitons in these materials exhibit the valley Hall effect, where the carriers from specific valleys are directed to different directions under electrical or thermal bias. Here we report the optical analog of valley Hall effect, where the light emission from the valley-polarized excitons in a monolayer WS2 propagates in different directions owing to the preferential coupling of excitonic emission to the high momentum states of the hyperbolic metamaterial. The experimentally observed effects are corroborated with theoretical modeling of excitonic emission in the near field of hyperbolic media. The demonstration of the optical valley Hall effect using a bulk artificial photonic media without the need for nanostructuring opens the possibility of realizing valley-based excitonic circuits operating at room temperature.
Early Mitral Valve Repair Failure in the Setting of Endocarditis: When to Reoperate?

Surgery is recommended for endocarditis complicated by annular abscess or destruction of the native valve. Guidelines also recommend valvular repair over replacement for endocarditis when feasible. Guidance on management of early repair failure is not well described. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Polymer-Grafted Low-K and High-K Nanoparticles for Dielectric and Electronic Applications.

The synthesis of polymer-grafted nanoparticles (PGNPs) or hairy nanoparticles (HNPs) by tethering of polymer chains to the surface of nanoparticles is an important technique to obtain nanostructured hybrid materials that have been widely used in the formulation of advanced polymer nanocomposites. Ceramic-based polymer nanocomposites integrate key attributes of polymer and ceramic nanomaterial to improve the dielectric properties such as breakdown strength, energy density and dielectric loss. This review describes the “grafting from” and “grafting to” approaches commonly adopted to graft polymer chains on NPs pertaining to nano-dielectrics. The article also covers various surface initiated controlled radical polymerization techniques, along with templated approaches for grafting of polymer chains onto SiO2, TiO2, BaTiO3, and Al2O3 nanomaterials. As a look towards applications, an outlook on high-performance polymer nanocomposite capacitors for the design of high energy density pulsed power thin-film capacitors is also presented.
Filament rheological characterization for fused filament fabrication additive manufacturing: A low-cost approach

Abstract Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is a widely used Additive Manufacturing technology with a growing user base. Unfortunately, users of FFF have limited resources for easily and cost-efficiently characterizing the materials from the ever-expanding polymer filament market. To address this issue, we constructed a low-cost device and measuring procedure based on the pressure drop in the polymer melt flow through an FFF nozzle which is used to compute the filament material rheological properties. In this approach, an analytical pressure drop model based on the Generalized-Newtonian-Fluid power-law model is employed where the consistency and power-law indices are determined from the measured pressure drop and volumetric flow rate through a nonlinear regression curve fit. The applicability of our device was demonstrated with six commercially available FFF filaments (four unfilled polymers and two carbon fiber polymer composites) by comparing the predicted viscosity model parameters to those obtained from measurements using a commercial rotational rheometer. A Filament Flow Index (FFI) capable of characterizing the flow of melted filament similar to Melt Flow Index is also proposed to assess the extrusion of materials used in FFF part fabrication.