cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irrigation Storage Probabilities of Small Reservoir

Supplemental irrigation systems using a reservoir for water supply storage can be designed with a known risk of having inadequate storage to satisfy the yearly irrigation requirements. The relationships between irrigation demand, reservoir capacity, and reservoir failure probability were determined for a gaged reservoir watershed by applying a Markov Chain reservoir storage probability model. Twenty-seven years of observed and modeled reservoir budget data for a 97 acre-ft (120,000- m³) reservoir and a 154 acre-ft (623,000-m³) watershed were used to develop the demand-capacity-probability relationships for demands ranging from 0 to 100 acres (0 to 405,000 m²) of irrigated corn, reservoir capacities from 40 to 200 acre-ft (49,000 to 247,000 m³), and failure probability of 1 to 50%. The effect of varying irrigation efficiency on these relationships was also examined.
Expression of the chromatin remodeling factor Rsf-1 in breast carcinoma effusions predicts poor survival

B129 Objective: We recently identified Rsf-1, a chromatin-remodeling gene, as a potential oncogene that is frequently amplified and overexpressed in ovarian serous carcinoma, and demonstrated that its expression in carcinoma cells in effusions is associated with poor prognosis. In the present study, we assessed the clinical significance of Rsf-1 overexpression in breast carcinoma effusions. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from 52 effusions were analyzed for Rsf-1 expression using immunohistochemistry. Matched primary tumors (n=30) and solid metastases (=26) from 30 patients were additionally studied. Rsf-1 expression in tumor cells in effusions was analyzed for possible association with clinicopathologic parameters and survival. Results: Rsf-1 protein expression was found in carcinoma cells in 38/52 (73%) effusions, 24/30 (80%) primary carcinomas and 24/26 (92%) metastases. Rsf-1 immunoreactivity in effusions showed no association with HER-2 or hormone receptor status. Rsf-1 expression level was significantly lower in effusions compared to primary tumors (p=0.013 and p=0.011 for extent and intensity, respectively) and lymph node metastases (p=0.037 and p=0.02 for extent and intensity, respectively). However, higher staining extent in cancer cells in effusions was associated with poor overall (p=0.037) and disease-free (p=0.031) survival in univariate survival analysis. In Cox analysis, Rsf-1 expression independently predicted shorter disease-free survival (p=0.02). Conclusions: Rsf-1 expression is downregulated in breast carcinoma cells in effusions. However, conserved expression of this chromatin-remodeling protein in tumor cells at this site is associated with aggressive clinical course. Rsf-1 may be a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target in advanced breast cancer.
The Bacteriostatic Action of Indole on Gram-Negative Enteric Bacilli and on Certain Cocci

The inhibition of bacterial growth by small amounts of indole was reported in 1926 by Gordon and M'Leod.1 These workers found that indole exerted an antiseptic action which was from two to ten times as potent as that of phenol, the effect depending upon the species of bacteria employed. Their results suggested to them that "indole production may well be the mechanism by which B. coli maintains its dominant position in the faecal flora/' Kilborn, Pierce and Tittsler2 likewise reported a marked retardation of bacterial reproduction by indole, and found further an actual killing of several species of enteric bacilli. Of the species studied, Salmonella paratyphi was the most susceptible, while Escherichia coli was the most resistant. Kulp3 showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus had a sufficiently greater tolerance for small amounts of indole than did Lactobacillus bulgaricus to permit differentiation by this means of these closely related species. He suggested that "the very slight tolerance of L. bulgaricus for indole and phenol in vitro experiments may help to explain why L. bulgaricus is not able to survive passage through the digestive tract." Curran, Rogers and Whittier4 also found that L. acidophilus was more resistant in general than L. bulgaricus, but that all strains of either species were not equally sensitive. Finally, Mitolo5 demonstrated that the vapor from 5 to 10 mgm. of indole prevented the growth of bacteria seeded on the surface of agar. These reports have revealed clearly that indole possesses definite antibacterial properties. Except for the findings relative to L. acidophilus and L. bulgaricus, however, no facts have been available concerning the concentrations of indole which are necessary to prevent the growth of different strains of a bacterial species, or the relative activity of the substance against various species and genera. Such information seemed desirable, since it has been
Studies on Anthrax ImmunityIi. The Immunization of Sheep by Means of Anthrax Bacilli Attenuated with Sodium Chloride

A previous publication1 has described a method of attenuating cultures of B. anthracis to an extent which permits of their use as a vaccine on rabbits. The method of attenuation consists of growing anthrax bacilli through a series of six subcultures made at weekly intervals on agar slants; the agar used is of the same composition as standard agar, except that it contains 5jc NaCl. The sixth subculture of virulent B. anthracis grown on such media was found to be practically avirulent for guinea pigs and rabbits. A group of four rabbits inoculated with two successive doses of the attenuated culture withstood, 14 days later, an injection of virulent anthrax bacilli; the same dosage of virulent bacilli proved fatal in 22 to 40 hours for control animals. This paper presents results secured in using the same strain of attenuated culture as a vaccine for sheep.
Laparoscopic liver biopsy in patients with coagulopathy, portal hypertension, and ascites.

The safety, reliability, and technique of laparoscopic liver biopsy were evaluated in 22 consecutive patients with coagulation abnormalities who were considered high risk for standard percutaneous liver biopsy. Fifty-eight biopsies were performed in 15 men and seven women. All patients had a prolonged prothrombin time (> 13.5 seconds), bleeding time (> 9 minutes), or thrombocytopenia ( 2.5 seconds or or = 1 gm per cent occurred in four patients. One patient required laparotomy for postoperative bleeding and was the only patient requiring transfusion of red blood cells. Other complications included two minor ascitic leaks, one small subcapsular hematoma, and one wound infection. In conclusion, laparoscopic liver biopsy can be performed safely and reliably in patients with conditions contraindicating percutaneous biopsy.
Growth Pattern of Tall and Short Lines of Rice and their Response to Gibberellin

The growth pattern of two types of dwarfness in rice was studied. The difference in height of the tall and short Peta plants was apparent even at the seedling stage. In the dwarf and in the normal Century Patna 231 the difference in height was apparent only after panicle initiation. The four lines had the same number of elongated internodes, with the taller lines having longer internodes. The application of gibberellin resulted in increased plant height, longer internodes, blades and kaf sheaths, and decreased tiller number. Century Patna23 1-dwarf showed the least, and short Peta the greatest, response to gibberellin application.
Effect of Twisted Fiber Anisotropy in Cardiac Tissue on Ablation with Pulsed Electric Fields

Background Ablation of cardiac tissue with pulsed electric fields is a promising alternative to current thermal ablation methods, and it critically depends on the electric field distribution in the heart. Methods We developed a model that incorporates the twisted anisotropy of cardiac tissue and computed the electric field distribution in the tissue. We also performed experiments in rabbit ventricles to validate our model. We find that the model agrees well with the experimentally determined ablation volume if we assume that all tissue that is exposed to a field greater than 3 kV/cm is ablated. In our numerical analysis, we considered how tissue thickness, degree of anisotropy, and electrode configuration affect the geometry of the ablated volume. We considered two electrode configurations: two parallel needles inserted into the myocardium ("penetrating needles" configuration) and one circular electrode each on epi- and endocardium, opposing each other ("epi-endo" configuration). Results For thick tissues (10 mm) and moderate anisotropy ratio (a = 2), we find that the geometry of the ablated volume is almost unaffected by twisted anisotropy, i.e. it is approximately translationally symmetric from epi- to endocardium, for both electrode configurations. Higher anisotropy ratio (a = 10) leads to substantial variation in ablation width across the wall; these variations were more pronounced for the penetrating needle configuration than for the epi-endo configuration. For thinner tissues (4 mm, typical for human atria) and higher anisotropy ratio (a = 10), the epi-endo configuration yielded approximately translationally symmetric ablation volumes, while the penetrating electrodes configuration was much more sensitive to fiber twist. Conclusions These results suggest that the epi-endo configuration will be reliable for ablation of atrial fibrillation, independently of fiber orientation, while the penetrating electrode configuration may experience problems when the fiber orientation is not consistent across the atrial wall.
LTE/WWAN monopole antenna for laptop computer applications

A promising monopole antenna suitable to be placed in the hinge slot of the laptop computer with metal covers is presented. By integrating the metal covers and hinges, the proposed monopole antenna can excite several resonant modes of the monopole antenna and the hinge slot to cover the eight-band LTE/WWAN operation (LTE700/GSM850/900 and GS M1800/1900/UMTS/LTE2300/2500 bands). The antenna comprises a feeding strip and a matching strip to form a two-branched monopole structure. The antenna has a small area of only 35 mm × 8 mm. The proposed antenna can be integrated with the surrounding metal structures (metal covers) to enhance the operating bandwidth to cover LTE/WWAN band with good radiation efficiency. The antenna efficiency is about 68–88% in the lower band and is about 52–78% in the upper band.
Hydrogel as a bioactive material to regulate stem cell fate

The encapsulation of stem cells in a hydrogel substrate provides a promising future in biomedical applications. However, communications between hydrogels and stem cells is complicated; various factors such as porosity, different polymer types, stiffness, compatibility and degradation will lead to stem cell survival or death. Hydrogels mimic the three-dimensional extracellular matrix to provide a friendly environment for stem cells. On the other hand, stem cells can sense the surroundings to make the next progression, stretching out, proliferating or just to remain. As such, understanding the correlation between stem cells and hydrogels is crucial. In this Review, we first discuss the varying types of the hydrogels and stem cells, which are most commonly used in the biomedical fields and further investigate how hydrogels interact with stem cells from the perspective of their biomedical application, while providing insights into the design and development of hydrogels for drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine purpose. In addition, we compare the results such as stiffness, degradation time and pore size as well as peptide types of hydrogels from respected journals. We also discussed most recently magnificent materials and their effects to regulate stem cell fate.
Chloride transport by the cortical and outer medullary collecting duct.

The processes by which chloride is transported by the cortical and outer medullary collecting tubule have been most extensively studied using in vitro microperfusion of rabbit tubules. Chloride app...
Use of steric encumbrance to develop conjugated nanoporous polymers for metal-free catalytic hydrogenation

The design and synthesis of metal-free heterogeneous catalysts for efficient hydrogenation remains a great challenge. Here we report a novel approach to create conjugated nanoporous polymers with efficient hydrogenation activities toward unsaturated ketones by leveraging the innate steric encumbrance. The steric bulk of the framework as well as the local sterics of the Lewis basic sites within the polymeric skeleton result in the generation of the putative catalyst. This approach opens up new possibilities for the development of innovative metal-free heterogeneous catalysts.
Smartphones in the Classroom: University Faculty Members’ Experiences

The need for people to connect with others frequently is apparent in our society (Turkle, 2006). People use cellphones or smartphones in theaters, restaurants, airplanes, at ball games, and rest rooms to call friends, text friends, surf the Web, visit social sites, and so forth. People attach themselves to their communication devices at all times (Turkle, 2006).This study examined one aspect of this multifaceted much larger societal theoretical concept of technological connectivity; namely, students need to connect with others during class time. Students' need to keep in touch with friends using smartphones during class time hinders the learning experience. Some students text, visit social sites, and surf the Web during class time. Contact may also occur during examinations. It is important to understand professors' experiences with students using smartphones during class time in order to gain insight into this phenomenon.
Initial Selection: Weighing and Integrating Information

This is the first chapter in the section on professional judgment. Evidence-based practitioners begin by gathering the best available evidence, information about relevant client variables, and evaluating target, stakeholder, and leader client values, and preferences. Yet the great challenge is to weigh and integrate these sources of evidence and information in order to select a treatment that is most likely to produce a positive outcome for the client. This chapter describes the six-step evidence-based practice process that results in meaningful outcomes for target clients. The process includes facilitating a discussion among target, stakeholder, and leader clients to initially select the treatment, to test the effectiveness of the treatment and its “goodness of fit” with the client and the culture in which treatment is provided, and finally determining if the treatment should be retained, adapted, or rejected.
Potential impact of a volume pledge on spatial access: A population-level analysis of patients undergoing pancreatectomy

Background A minimum-volume policy restricting hospitals not meeting the threshold from performing complex operation may increase travel burden and decrease spatial access to operation. We aim to identify vulnerable populations that would be sensitive to an added travel burden. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the database of the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development for patients undergoing pancreatectomy from 2005 to 2014. Number of hospitals bypassed was used as a metric for travel. Patients bypassing fewer hospitals were deemed to be more sensitive to an added travel burden. Results There were 13,374 patients who underwent a pancreatectomy, of whom 2,368 (17.7%) were nonbypassers. On unadjusted analysis, patients >80 year old travelled less than their younger counterparts, bypassing a mean of 10.9 ± 9.5 hospitals compared with 14.2 ± 21.3 hospitals bypassed by the 35–49 year old age group ( P P P Conclusion In patients undergoing pancreatectomy, the elderly, racial minorities, and patients with self-pay or Medicaid payer status were associated with an increased sensitivity to an added travel burden. This vulnerable cohort may be affected disproportionately by a minimum-volume policy.
Jurisprudence for Hedgehogs

The aims of this essay are, first, to present the jurisprudential position that Ronald Dworkin set out in his penultimate book, Justice for Hedgehogs (2011); and, secondly, to elaborate it a little further than Dworkin himself was able to. The position is a distinctive and interesting one. Although Professor Dworkin argued in all his earlier work that moral facts (about rights and justice) were among the truth conditions of legal propositions, now in Justice for Hedgehogs he argued that law is itself a branch of morality. This is a bolder and more radical claim and it requires some quite careful exposition to see how it might be made plausible.
Governing Foreign Direct Investment: Post-Enron Initiatives in India:

Since the initiation of the New Economic Policy in 1991, India’s power policy illustrates the crystallization of a form of situated rationality that relies on capitalist competitiveness and foreign...
Not So Golden After All: The Complexities of Chronic Low Back Pain in Older Adulthood.

Background and Objectives The study objective was to understand how Chronic low back pain (CLBP) impacts key aging concepts such as retirement, housing, health, and independence. Research Design and Methods Twenty-one pain clinic patients (66-83 years old) with CLBP engaged in 23 in-depth semistructured interviews, which were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Guided by van Manen's phenomenological method, researchers used line-by-line thematic coding to analyze data through an iterative process. Results Participants' accounts illustrate the interplay between aging and living with CLBP. Under the larger theme "Not so golden after all," results are reflected in five subthemes: (a) Falling apart; (b) Pain stigmatizes aging; (c) Hurting slowly, aging quickly; (d) Pain threatens independence; (e) The reality of unrealized futures. Discussion and Implications This study improves our understanding of how CLBP complicates growing older with regard to tarnished retirements and stigmatization. Findings highlight the importance of coordinated care and recognition of pain-related loss.
Talking to Cells: Semiconductor Nanomaterials at the Cellular Interface

The interface of biological components with semiconductors is a growing field with numerous applications. For example, the interfaces can be used to sense and modulate the electrical activity of single cells and tissues. From the materials point of view, silicon is the ideal option for such studies due to its controlled chemical synthesis, scalable lithography for functional devices, excellent electronic and optical properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Recent advances in this area are pushing the bio-interfaces from the tissue and organ level to the single cell and sub-cellular regimes. In this progress report, we will describe some fundamental studies focusing on miniaturizing the bioelectric and biomechanical interfaces. Additionally, many of our highlighted examples involve freestanding silicon-based nanoscale systems, in addition to substrate-bound structures or devices; the former offers new promise for basic research and clinical application. In this report, we will describe recent developments in the interfacing of neuronal and cardiac cells and their networks. Moreover, we will briefly discuss the incorporation of semiconductor nanostructures for interfacing non-excitable cells in applications such as probing intracellular force dynamics and drug delivery. Finally, we will suggest several directions for future exploration.
L’autonomie collective en action: Du Centre Social Autogéré de Pointe-Saint-Charles au Bâtiment 71

Des mouvements sociaux partout sur la planete se revoltent contre la democratie liberale et le capitalisme tout en experimentant des manieres d’etre, de penser et de faire basees sur l’autonomie, le respect de la diversite et l’aide mutuelle. Dans cet article, les pratiques politiques, culturelles et economiques du Centre social autogere de Pointe-Saint-Charles deployees durant la lutte pour l’appropriation collective du Bâtiment 7 sont examinees a l’aune du concept d’autonomie collective. En rendant visibles ces pratiques subversives, l’analyse permet de saisir la portee revolutionnaire de cette initiative libertaire situee en marge de l’economie sociale au Quebec.
The Rise of Powerful Geography

The Grosvenor Center for Geographic Education and National Center for Research in Geography Education propose a new framework for geography called Powerful Geography, which revolutionizes the tradi...
A Comparative Look at Failing Firms and Failing Industries

The United States has pursued an ad hoc strategy in dealing with dying firms, dying industries, and industrial rationalization from an antitrust perspective. While formal antitrust doctrine does not permit consideration of factors other than the impact on competition, prosecutorial discretion has permitted from time to time a consideration of more general public interest factors. The foreign treatment of failing firms and failing industries is a particularly important area to consider given that the US approach is so different from that of the rest of the world. Most foreign systems permit the consideration of more general social and public-interest factors in deciding the legality of an agreement or acquisition that has some effect on competition. The European Union and New Zealand stand out as two reasonably successful foreign legal systems that permit the explicit consideration of non-antitrust concerns as part of a public interest authorization process. This article examines how the US, the EU, and New Zealand operate in exempting agreements and acquisitions that injure competition, but nonetheless serve other important societal goals. Each of these systems can be praised for serving the important legal, historical, and cultural interests of its own society. However, for better or worse, relatively little of this experience can be transferred to the US in a way that would be an improvement over the narrowly drawn failing firm doctrine in US antitrust law.
Towards fishery-independent biomass estimation for Hawaiian Islands deepwater snappers

Abstract The Hawaiian deep-slope (75–400 m) Deep7 bottomfish fishery consists of seven (i.e., six snappers and one grouper) species. This study developed a sampling survey and modeling methodology for estimating biomass for this complex in the Main Hawaiian Islands. The island-wide fishery-independent sampling survey using two gears (commercial fishers with hook-and-line, 3D stereo camera) was conducted to generate estimates of relative abundance- and biomass-at-length for the complex. A length-based modeling approach was applied to the opakapaka fishery and survey size-structured abundance data, life history demography, and total fishery catches to estimate a feasible range of effective sampling area for the standard survey gear (i.e., cameras). These sampling area estimates were then used to expand survey estimates of relative biomass to population total biomass. The longer-term focus of this effort is to improve stock assessments of the Deep7 complex. The survey and modeling methods developed in this study provide the underpinnings of an integrated information and modeling system for assessment that enables multiple levels of comparison and validation with respect to data sources (fishery-dependent and fishery-independent) and modeling approaches (biomass-dynamic and cohort-structured).
Being too good for your own good: A stakeholder perspective on the differential effect of firm‐employee relationships on innovation search

Research Summary: A firm's stakeholder orientation toward its employees is argued to be beneficial for firm outcomes. However, this orientation may also have disparate impacts on particular behaviors and outcomes, such as local versus distant search, which impose contradictory firm requirements. We find that while a strong firm–employee relationship leads to increasingly higher levels of local search (exploitation), it also leads to increasingly lower levels of distant search (exploration). In additional supplementary analyses, we find similar disparate effects on the productivity of innovation and its market value, as well as a moderating effect of the firm's relationship with other stakeholders which exacerbates both the positive and negative impacts of firm–employee relationships. We discuss the implications of these findings for both the innovation and the instrumental stakeholder literatures. Managerial Summary: Motivating employees toward generating new ideas and innovations is an important challenge for most firms. Establishing the firm as a trustful and good partner for employees may engender in them the commitment and willingness to invest in such activities. However, questions remain as to how “well” the firm should “treat” its employees, and the potential adverse consequences from over‐investing in such relationships. This paper examines these important practical questions and finds that establishing strong relationships with employees can be simultaneously beneficial and harmful for the firm depending on the type of new ideas it seeks. We find that such strong relationships helps with motivating employees to build on and perfect existing knowledge, but is harmful with respect to bringing in new and unfamiliar knowledge.
Every Little Bit Counts: Experiences and Lessons Learned Building a Community Outreach Program from the Ground Up

Large scale efforts, such as CS4All and Hour of Code, have made significant progress in attracting more students to computing as well as attracting underrepresented groups. However, even with these large efforts, there is still work to be done to help increase diversity and ensure computing jobs are not left unfilled. The authors will present their experiences in creating a Community Outreach program known as CS+ at Baldwin Wallace University. They will share the model that was created for CS+ to ensure continuity and scalability in the program. Even with a small team, CS+ has made significant progress towards their mission in providing opportunities for students to learn computing that have limited access to similar programs. The poster will include organizational details of the group including recruitment of students, positions they hold, and the vision and mission of the program. The poster will also share experiences in partnering with teachers at local school districts, attracting students to the program, and partnering with the education department as well as community organizations. The poster will include sample content that is used in camps and clubs as well as a site where all of the content can be accessed. While our efforts alone may not have the same impact as large organizations, by inspiring other institutions to start similar programs, we can reach underrepresented groups and those that lack confidence in computing to help bridge the gap in diversity and meet the demand of computing jobs that are available.
Root Branching and Nutrient Efficiency: Status and Way Forward in Root and Tuber Crops

Plants are immobile organisms that require roots to efficiently and cost-effectively exploit their habitat for water and nutrients. Plant root systems are dynamic structures capable of altering root branching, root angle, and root growth rates determining overall architecture. This plasticity involves belowground plant-root mediated synergies coupled through a continuum of environmental interactions and endogenous developmental processes facilitating plants to adapt to favorable or adverse soil conditions. Plant root branching is paramount to ensure adequate access to soil water and nutrients. Although substantial resources have been devoted toward this goal, significant knowledge gaps exist. In well-studied systems such as rice and maize, it has become evident that root branching plays a significant role in the acquisition of nutrients and other soil-based resources. In these crop species, specific root branching traits that confer enhanced nutrient acquisition are well-characterized and are already being incorporated into breeding populations. In contrast, the understanding of root branching in root and tuber crop productivity has lagged behind. In this review article, we highlight what is known about root branching in root and tuber crops (RTCs) and mark new research directions, such as the use novel phenotyping methods, examining the changes in root morphology and anatomy under nutrient stress, and germplasm screening with enhanced root architecture for more efficient nutrient capture. These directions will permit a better understanding of the interaction between root branching and nutrient acquisition in these globally important crop species.
Problems Related to the Protein-Eliciting Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. The compound responsible for the condition is a basic protein and derives from the CNS myelin. This has been established by localization of the encephalitogen through immunofluorescent studies of Rauch and Raffel(41) and by actual isolation of the encephalitogenic protein(s) from the myelin.(13,18,27,29)
Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity Mediates the Relationship Between Military Sexual Trauma and Tension Reduction Behaviors in Male and Female Veterans

Numerous studies attest to the prevalence and complex negative consequences associated with military sexual trauma (MST). However, relatively less is known about male survivors and about the interaction of psychological problems such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and emotion management difficulties following MST. The current study examined the path of psychological distress following MST in both male and female veterans. We predicted that (a) history of MST would predict more severe PTSD symptoms, which in turn would predict greater use of dysfunctional emotion management strategies (specifically, tension reduction behaviors) and that (b) PTSD symptoms would mediate the relationship between history of MST and tension reduction behaviors. Finally, we explored whether the indirect (i.e., mediating) effect was moderated by gender. Data were obtained from pretreatment paper and pencil assessments administered as part of standard clinical care from 338 veterans seeking treatment at a Veterans Affairs (VA) mental health specialty clinic. Veterans who endorsed MST experienced more severe PTSD symptoms and greater reported use of tension reduction behaviors. Bootstrapping testing the indirect effect revealed that PTSD symptoms mediated the relationship between history of MST and tension reduction behaviors. An exploratory moderated mediation analysis found that the indirect effect did not differ as a function of gender. PTSD symptoms appear to mediate the relationship between MST and tension reduction behaviors in veterans, regardless of gender. While previous research has suggested that civilian men report a greater number of tension reduction behaviors following a sexual assault compared to civilian women, we did not find the same gender differences among veterans. These results may provide support for using trauma-focused treatment even when MST survivors are reporting high-risk tension reduction behaviors.
Transformational Development and Social Capital: Jaipur Rugs and Gram Vikas on Both Sides of the Threshold

Transformational development occurs on both sides of the domestic threshold at two Indian social enterprises using constitutive communication practices that leverage social capital rooted in tradit...
Video for Active and Remote Learning

The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused the canceling of in-person lectures on a massive scale. Rapid movement of education to online platforms will eventually lead to innovations in remote education. At the moment, however, instructors lack guidance. This short article describes approaches for producing video for remote and active learning.
“Necessary Compromises”: A Qualitative Exploration of the Influence of Burnout on Resident Education

Objective Burnout is prevalent among resident physicians and has a negative impact on their well-being and effectiveness at work. How burnout shapes residents' educational experiences, attitudes, habits, and practices is not well understood. There is also a lack of research regarding self-identified mitigation strategies for residents. The authors qualitatively explored burnout's role in the educational experiences of resident physicians. Methods Qualitative data were generated from a sample of 29 emergency medicine residents through four semistructured focus groups across four institutions in January and February 2019. The authors employed a constructivist approach to thematic analysis. Transcripts were coded and organized into major and minor themes. Results Residents reported that a misalignment of their individual versus institutional priorities and a lack of agency were significant contributors to their burnout. Residents described how burnout affected multiple aspects of their education, including their motivation and curiosity to learn, engagement in scholarly activity, and teaching of others. Residents identified several ways of building a sense of community that they explained was most useful in mitigating their experiences with burnout. Conclusion Burnout had a negative influence on many facets of residents' educational experiences during training. Program directors and educators can take resident-identified steps to moderate its detrimental role on trainee education.
Flag on the Play: How the NCAA’s Principle of Amateurism Allows for the Exploitation of College Athletes and How It Should Implement Players’ Name, Image, and Likeness Policy

This article explores the negative implications of the current NCAA model on college athletes. The article also provides different ways in which the new name, image, and likeness policy should be implemented to best suit all parties.
The participant effects of private school vouchers around the globe: a meta-analytic and systematic review

School voucher programs are scholarship initiatives – frequently government funded or incentivized – that pay for students to attend private schools of their choice. This study is the first formal ...
Multi-phase, large-strain constitutive models of cartilage for finite element analyses in 3-D

Finite element (FE) modeling plays a well-established and increasingly significant role in analyses of articular cartilage at the organ, tissue, and cell scales: for example understanding the functional relationships among constituents, microstructure, and tissue function in diarthrodial joints. A constitutive model, the crux of an accurate FE model, formalizes the functional dependencies among physical variables (e.g., strain, stress, and energy), thereby providing the missing equations to close the system generated by the classical balance principals, while accounting for the specific behavior of cartilage. In the future, fully 3-D FE modeling of cartilage could provide clinical diagnostic tools for patient-specific analyses. Computational analyses of full, patient-specific knee joints under load, especially before and after surgical intervention, would facilitate: (1) investigating fundamental research questions, e.g., structure-function relationships, load support, and mechanobiological cellular stimuli; (2) assessing individual patients, e.g., assessing joint integrity, preventing damage, and prescribing therapies; and (3) advancing tissue engineering, i.e., building replacement materials for cartilage. Approaches to computational modeling generally aim to adopt the simplest possible formulation that can describe experimental data, yet the complexity of articular cartilage mechanics demands similarly complex models. This review discusses extant multi-phase, large-strain (i.e., finite-deformation) constitutive models for cartilage which have been implemented in 3-D nonlinear finite elements. These have paved the way toward 3-D patient-specific clinical tools and along with advances in the underlying continuum theories and computational methods provide the foundations of improved constitutive models for 3-D FE modeling of cartilage in the future.
POMDPs for Safe Visibility Reasoning in Autonomous Vehicles

We present solutions for autonomous vehicles in limited visibility scenarios, such as traversing T-intersections, as well as detail how these scenarios can be handled simultaneously. The approach models each problem separately as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). We propose an approach for integrating limited visibility within a POMDPs and implementing them on a physical robot. In order to address scalability challenges, we use a framework for multiple online decision-components with interacting actions (MODIA). We present the novel necessary architectural details to deploy MODIA on an actual robot. The entire approach is demonstrated on a fully operational autonomous vehicle prototype acting in the real world at two different T-intersections.
Optimal Bandwidth Choice for the Regression Discontinuity Estimator

We investigate the problem of optimal choice of the smoothing parameter (bandwidth) for the regression discontinuity estimator. We focus on estimation by local linear regression, which was shown to be rate optimal (Porter, 2003). Investigation of an expected-squared-error-loss criterion reveals the need for regularization. We propose an optimal, data dependent, bandwidth choice rule. We illustrate the proposed bandwidth choice using data previously analyzed by Lee (2008), as well as in a simulation study based on this data set. The simulations suggest that the proposed rule performs well.
Pattern separation and tuning shift in human sensory cortex underlie fear memory

ABSTRACT Animal research has recognized the role of the sensory cortex in fear memory and two key underlying mechanisms—pattern separation and tuning shift. We interrogated these mechanisms in the human sensory cortex in an olfactory differential conditioning study with a delayed (9-day) retention test. Combining affective appraisal and olfactory psychophysics with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) multivoxel pattern analysis and voxel-based tuning analysis over a linear odor-morphing continuum, we confirmed affective and perceptual learning and memory and demonstrated associative plasticity in the human olfactory (piriform) cortex. Specifically, the piriform cortex exhibited immediate and lasting enhancement in pattern separation (between the conditioned stimuli/CS and neighboring non-CS) and late-onset yet lasting tuning shift towards the CS, especially in anxious individuals. These findings highlight an evolutionarily conserved sensory cortical system of fear memory, which can underpin sensory encoding of fear/threat and confer a sensory mechanism to the neuropathophysiology of anxiety.
TO THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT

The world is too big and complex for any individual to see it from all directions and with total comprehension of its physical, metaphysical, and even theoretical contents. Fortunately, for scientific communication, a common environment of natural phenomena and common techniques for defining empirical behaviors in that environment make it relatively easy for persons from different cultures to communicate about science. However, for students coming to the United States from other cultures, it is impossible to separate communication that is related to one's entire experience in this country from that which focuses on scientific papers and presentations. This chapter discusses some cultural issues that impact writing, speaking, body language, and even opinions on what should be communicated, and how to communicate effectively. Communication is closely associated with personality of the individual, but that personality is often steeped in unique cultural and environmental backgrounds. In the United States, the individual is often the focus, and allegiance to a group typically does not take precedence over self-interests. This attitude can be interpreted as selfish and arrogant, or as cold and too assertive. Most U.S. citizens see it as independence, freedom of choice, and respect for the worth of the individual. Whatever the cultural differences and goals of the human spirit, academic goals and human motivations and desires are relatively the same worldwide.
1 Basic Concepts in Cognition and Aging

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the basic concepts in cognition and aging. For a broad range of cognitive skills the authors explore the evidence for age-related changes in functioning, and provide some ideas about remediation in some cases where there is evidence of cognitive decline. The present chapter sets the stage for those explorations by providing some historical context and a cursory overview of basic theoretical concepts and models of cognitive functioning, as well as some of the major issues in aging research. While the primary audience of this volume is those scholars working in the area of cognitive aging, the readership is assumed to extend beyond that group. With the intent of making the book accessible to that wider audience, this introductory chapter provides basic concepts in cognition and aging. This chapter provides a conceptual framework and research methodologies which underlie the material. The information processing framework has borrowed heavily from the terminology and concepts of the rapidly developing computer technology for the storage and processing of information. The processes by which people take in information and make an internal record of it are commonly called encoding and storage processes.
Stent Longitudinal Integrity: Bench Insights Into a Clinical Problem

Objectives Standardized bench-top compression and elongation testing was undertaken to assess the longitudinal strength of contemporary stents. Insights gained may improve clinical stent choice and deployment techniques, and facilitate future stent design improvements. Background The hoops of coronary stents provide radial support, and connectors hold hoops together. Strut material, shape, and thickness, along with connector number and configuration, provide the balance between stent flexibility and longitudinal integrity. Longitudinal distortion manifests as length change, strut overlap, strut separation, malapposition, and luminal obstruction. These may predispose to restenosis and stent thrombosis, obstruct passage of devices, be misinterpreted as strut fracture, and require additional stenting. Methods The force required to compress and to elongate 7 contemporary stents was measured with an Instron universal testing machine (Norwood, Massachusetts). Stents deployed in a silicone phantom damaged by a balloon or guide catheter were imaged by microcomputed tomography to understand better the appearances and effects of longitudinal distortion. Results Stents with 2 connectors (Boston Scientific [Natick, Massachusetts] Omega and Medtronic [Santa Rosa, California] Driver) required significantly less force to be compressed up to 5 mm and elongated by 1 mm than designs with more connectors. The 6-connector Cypher Select required significantly more force to be elongated 5 mm than other designs. Conclusions Stents with 2 connectors between hoops have less longitudinal strength when exposed to compressing or elongating forces than those with more connectors. This independent, standardized study may assist stent selection in clinical situations where longitudinal integrity is important, and may aid future design improvements. Stent longitudinal strength, the resistance to shortening or elongation, appears related to the number of connectors between hoops. Using a standardized testing protocol, designs with 2 connectors were more likely to shorten or elongate than those with more connectors. Distortion may be recognized clinically as bunching or separation of struts, and may be confused with strut fracture. Without post-dilation or further stent deployment, the patient may be at increased risk for adverse clinical events. A stent design change ensuring 3 connectors, especially at the proximal end of a stent, should increase longitudinal integrity, but perhaps at the expense of stent flexibility.
Resummation of large QCD corrections to γγ→bb̄

We study the resummation of large QCD radiative corrections up to the next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy to the process $\ensuremath{\gamma}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}b\overline{b};$ i.e., we resum logarithms of the type ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{p}{\mathrm{ln}}^{2p}{m}^{2}/s$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{p}{\mathrm{ln}}^{2p\ensuremath{-}1}{m}^{2}/s$ $(m$ is the quark mass). The only source of all the logarithms to this accuracy is the off-shell Sudakov form factor included into the triangle topologies of the one-loop box diagram. We prove that any other configurations of diagrams to this accuracy either cancel in subgroups or develop a universal on-shell Sudakov exponent due to the final quark antiquark lines. We study the mechanism of cancellations between the different diagrams, which leads to the simple resummed results. We show the cancellation explicitly at three loops for the leading and at two loops for the next-to-leading logarithms. We also point out the general mechanism responsible for it, and discuss how it can be extended to higher orders.
Improving Testing Efficiency using Cumulative Test Analysis

It can be impossible to thoroughly test complex software projects with a large library of tests to be run in many environments and configurations. The Cumulative Test Analysis (CTA) technique described reduces the time to find defects by prioritising and minimising the testing. Tests are chosen to target the product areas having the highest risk of defects. Test effectiveness, test code coverage, product code changes and changes to dependencies are monitored and analysed to prioritise the testing. Test results from build to build are accumulated. Build reports clearly identify areas at risk, test results, and the tests that must be run. Experiences with a prototype tool are discussed and conclusions drawn from the use of CTA show that defects are found sooner, more time is available for writing new tests and the focus of test execution moves towards product quality instead of simply test results.
Highly efficient prism coupling to whispering gallery modes of a square /spl mu/-cavity

Summary form only given. We present the results of evanescent-wave coupling by using a prism to couple to a square-shaped /spl mu/-cavity (with 200 /spl mu/m edge fused silica, n = 1.456). We achieved greater than 75% energy transfer to the WGMs. The coupling efficiency and the WGM linewidth of the resonances were found to be dependent on the coupling gap as well as the angle and position of the incident light on the prism surface.
On Poincaré duality for orbifolds

Abstract In this paper we address the relation between the orbifold fundamental group and the topology of the underlying space. In particular, under the assumption that π 1 o r b ( O ) = π 1 ( | O | ) , we prove Poincare Duality for orbifolds of dimensions 4 and 5.
Chaotic dynamics of falling disks

The study of the motion of flat bodies falling in a viscous mediumdates back at least to Newton1 and Maxwell2, and is relevant to problems in meteorology3, sedimentology4, aerospace engineering1 and chemical engineering5,6,7,8. More recent theoretical studies9,10,11,12 have emphasized the role played by deterministic chaos, although many experimental studies1,5,6,7,8,13,14 were performed before the development of such ideas. Here we report experimental observations of the dynamics of disks falling in water/glycerol mixtures. We find four distinct types of motion, which are mapped out in a ‘phase diagram’. The apparently complex behaviour can be reduced to a series of one-dimensional maps, which display a discontinuity at the crossover from periodic to chaotic motion. This discontinuity leads to an unusual intermittency transition15, not previously observed experimentally, between the two behaviours.