cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Mixture Model-based Clustering Method for Fundamental Diagram Calibration Applied in Large Network Simulation

In traditional methods, fundamental diagrams (FDs) were calibrated offline with a limited number of links. Although few recent studies have paid attention to employing cluster techniques to calibrate link FDs for network level analysis, they were mainly focused on heuristic clustering methods, such as k-means and hierarchical clustering algorithm which might lead to poor performance when there are overlaps between clusters. This paper proposed a mixture model-based clustering framework to calibrate link FDs for network level simulation. This method can be applied to discover a relatively small number of representative link FDs when simulating very large networks with time and budget constraints. In addition, the proposed method can be used to investigate the spatial distribution of links with similar FDs. The proposed method is tested with 567 links using one year’s data from the Northern California.
A Scale to Measure School Leaders’ Use of Twitter for Professional Development and Learning:

The purpose of this research was to develop and test an instrument to measure school leaders’ use of Twitter for professional development (PD) and learning. Findings from an exploratory factor anal...
Application of adverse outcome pathway networks to integrate mechanistic data informing the choice of a point of departure for hydrogen sulfide exposure limits.

Acute exposure to hydrogen sulfide initiates a series of hallmark biological effects that occur progressively at increasing exposure levels: odor perception, conjunctivitis, olfactory paralysis, “k...
The association of atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude a high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, hyperchromatic crowded groups and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions involving endocervical glands

Background Hyperchromatic crowded groups (HCGs) are often classified as atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude a high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) on ThinPrep Pap tests. This study reports on the association of HCG's with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) involving endocervical glands. Methods Over a 3-year period (January 1, 2018-December 31, 2020), 115 (0.2%) of 63,817 Pap tests were diagnosed as ASC-H. Histologic follow-up was available in 76 (66%) cases; 42 (55%) cervical biopsies; and 34 (45%) cervical cones/LEEPs. Results Based on the histologic results, 49 ASC-H cases showed HSIL/CIN 3 and form the basis of this study. ThinPrep Pap tests showed two cell patterns; atypical immature squamous metaplastic cells and HCGs, each of which was difficult to distinguish from HSIL. On histologic correlation all 10 ASC-H Pap Tests with individual atypical immature squamous metaplastic cells showed HSIL/CIN 3 without endocervical gland involvement and 37 (95%) of the 39 Pap Tests with HCGs showed HSIL/CIN 3 with endocervical gland involvement. Conclusion The results of this study support the premise that a subset of HCGs represent endocervical gland involvement by HSIL as opposed to a glandular lesion; in particular endocervical adenocarcinoma in-situ.
On the inefficiency of perfect price discrimination

Abstract In a general equilibrium model with at least three goods, a perfectly price-discriminating monopoly (PDM) selects an inefficient production plan even if consumers are homogeneous, their preferences are representable by quasi-linear utilities, and their characteristics are known to the monopolist. In the same setting, regulation via a two-part tariff induces an efficient equilibrium allocation.
Development of De Novo Aortic Insufficiency in Patients with HeartMate 3.

Abstract Background De novo aortic insufficiency (AI) is a common adverse event following continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement and is associated with morbidity and mortality. This study aims to compare the development of de novo AI between HeartMate 3 and HeartMate II LVAD recipients. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of clinical characteristics and serial echocardiograms (1 month, 6 months, and 1 year post-implantation) of HeartMate 3 patients implanted between November 2014 and March 2019, and of HeartMate II patients implanted between April 2004 and December 2015 at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Patients (n=122) were excluded from analysis for a history of aortic valve surgery, concomitant aortic valve surgery with LVAD implant, or more than trace preoperative AI left untreated. De novo AI was defined as development of more than mild AI following LVAD implant. Results There were 121 HeartMate 3 patients and 270 HeartMate II patients included in the study. After accounting for competing risks of death and transplantation, there was no significant difference in the development of de novo AI by 1 year post-implantation between HeartMate II and HeartMate 3 patients (p = 0.68). There was no significant difference in severity between HeartMate II and HeartMate 3 among those patients who developed AI up to 1 year post-implantation. Conclusions Development of de novo AI is comparable between HeartMate 3 and HeartMate II patients. There is no significant difference in severity of AI between HM II and HM 3 patients.
New Analytical Method for Quantifying Flavoring Chemicals of Potential Respiratory Health Risk Concerns in e-Cigarette Liquids

Numerous flavoring chemicals are added to e-cigarette liquids to create various flavors. Flavorings provide sensory experience to users and increase product appeal; however, concerns have been raised about their potential inhalation toxicity. Estimating potential health risk of inhaling these chemicals has been challenging since little is known about their actual concentrations in e-cigarette products. To date, a limited number of analytical methods exist to measure the concentrations of flavoring chemicals in e-cigarette products. We have developed an analytical method that accurately and precisely measures the concentrations of 20 flavoring chemicals of potential inhalation risk concerns: 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, acetoin, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, butanoic acid, dl-limonene, ethyl maltol, ethyl salicylate, ethyl vanillin, eucalyptol, eugenol, furaneol, isovanillin, l-menthol, maltol, methyl salicylate, pulegone, trans-cinnamaldehyde, triacetin, and vanillin. Calibration and QC solutions were prepared in 50:50 propylene glycol (PG):vegetable glycerin (VG) and 5% H2O and flavoring concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 10.00 mg/ml. Samples of commercial e-cigarette liquids, calibration and QC solutions were combined with 30 µL of an internal standard mix (benzene-d6, pyridine-d5, chlorobenzene-d5, naphthalene-d8 and acenaphthene-d10; 1 mg/ml each) and were diluted 100-fold into methanol. Analysis was performed on an Agilent 7890B/7250 GC/Q-TOF using a DB-624UI column (30 m x 0.25 mmID x 1.4 μm film thickness), with a total runtime of 13.5 min. Calibration curves were fit using a weighted quadratic model and correlations of determination (r 2) values exceeded 0.990 for all chemicals. Bias and precision tests yielded values less than 20% and lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) ranged from 0.02 to 0.63 mg/ml. Over 200 commercially available products, purchased or collected from adult e-cigarette users and spanning a range of flavor categories, were evaluated with this method. Concentrations of pulegone, a suspected carcinogen, varied from below limit of quantitation (BLOQ) to 0.32 mg/ml, while acetoin and vanillin, known precursors to more cytotoxic byproducts, ranged from BLOQ to 1.52 mg/ml and from BLOQ to 16.22 mg/ml, respectively. This method features a wide dynamic working range and allows for a rapid routine analysis of flavoring additives in commercial e-cigarette liquids.
Modeling of Wet Scavenging and Subgrid-Scale Vertical Transport by Clouds in a Tropospheric Chemical Model

Several observations (e. g. Dickerson et al., 1987) and theoretical studies (Thompson, 1984; Chatfield and Crutzen, 1984; Gidel, 1983) have demonstrated that radiative and dynamic cloud processes strongly influence distributions of tropospheric trace gases.
BLOOD PROGESTERONE LEVEL DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN GAROLE EWES AND THE LUTEOLYTIC EFFECT OF OXYTOCIN ADMINISTERED ON DIFFERENT DAYS OF ESTRUS CYCLE, PREGNANCY AND DICLOFENAC SODIUM MEDIATED EXTENDED LUTEAL PHASE

The effect of exogenous oxytocin injected on different days of estrus cycle and pregnancy on uterine PGF2a mediated luteal regression in Garole ewes and compared it with physiological pattern of luteal growth and regression was investigated. Three consecutive days progesterone concentration was measured after intravenous injection of oxytocin to non-mated ewes on day 5 (n=5), on day 8 (n=5), on day 13 (n=4), on day 18 to pregnant ewes (n=4) and diclofenac treated ewes (days 11 to 15) with extended luteal phase. All ewes were detected for heat twice daily by a vasectomized ram. In Garole ewes blood progesterone level starts increasing from day 3, reaches a maximum level on day 9, stays steady till day 12 and thereafter starts declining from day 13 onwards. Oxytocin injection on day 5, on day 8 and on day 18 (pregnant) had nonsignificant (P>0.05) effect on estrus cycle length as well as two successive day progesterone concentration compared to control unlike in ewes injected with oxytocin on day 13 and on day 18 (diclofenac treated). The results indicated that the endometrium of Garole ewes was insensitive to a luteolytic dose of oxytocin during the diestrous period but as the sensitivity was regained on day 13 of estrous, it persisted thereafter. The presence of conceptus rendered the endometrium insensitive to oxytocin during and after the time of normal luteolysis.
Catching the brass ring [software engineering professional]

Eventhough most senior executives in the larger software firms boast engineering, marketing, legal, and business school backgrounds, most engineering organizations aren't led by the software people. We discuss about the factors that govern such selections and what software engineering professionals can do about it. We also discuss about why the software professionals often aren't tapped for top corporate leadership positions and about their role in the business organisations.
Eliminating Child Marriage in India: A Backdoor Approach to Alleviating Human Rights Violations

Despite its illegality, child marriage occurs throughout the Indian landscape. In her book, Child Marriage in India: Socio-legal and Human Rights Dimensions, Jaya Sagade examines the prevalence of child marriage among India’s various cultures and its impact on the human rights of young women. Sagade asserts that, notwithstanding minimal legislative efforts, the Indian government has not met the obligations set forth in the international human rights conventions that the country has ratiaed. Sagade asserts that the Indian government must not only work diligently to change the nation’s views on child marriage, but must also legislate more cohesively to prohibit the practice. This Book Review takes Sagade’s human-rights-based proposals a step further and suggests that, in a country reluctant to release longstanding traditions, addressing the Indian tax system and dowry laws will provide a more practical, anancial incentive for eliminating the practice of child marriage. People in [India] take great pleasure in [child] marriage. . . . The little bit of a woman, the [child] bride, clad in red silk. Drums are beating and men, women and children are running in order to have a glimpse of that lovely face. From time to time she breaks forth into little ravishing smiles. She looks like a lovely doll.1 * Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal (2005–2006). 1 Charting Cultural Nationalism, Hindu, Aug. 19, 2001, available at www.thehindu. com/thehindu/2001/08/19/stories/1319017k.htm (discussing how 19th Century “cultural nationalists invested the institution of child marriage with both beauty and sentiment”).
A current perspective on the role of AGCVIII kinases in PIN-mediated apical hook development

Despite their sessile lifestyle, seed plants are able to utilize differential growth rates to move their organs in response to their environment. Asymmetrical growth is the cause for the formation and maintenance of the apical hook-a structure of dicotyledonous plants shaped by the bended hypocotyl that eases the penetration through the covering soil. As predicted by the Cholodny-Went theory, the cause for differential growth is the unequal distribution of the phytohormone auxin. The PIN-FORMED proteins transport auxin from cell-to-cell and control the distribution of auxin in the plant. Their localization and activity are regulated by two subfamilies of AGCVIII protein kinases: the D6 PROTEIN KINASEs as well as PINOID and its two closely related WAG kinases. This mini-review focuses on the regulatory mechanism of these AGCVIII kinases as well as their role in apical hook development of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Robust Controller Design for Linear Stochastic Systems with Uncertain Parameters

In this paper we address the problem of robust control of linear time-invariant stochastic systems with parametric uncertainties under two different approaches namely minimum sensitivity and minimax. We first develop the necessary mathematical framework for such an analysis, and then conduct a comparative study of performance attained by controllers of different orders, derived under these two approaches. Finally. we illustrate the approach on a numerical example.
Rabies Virus Pathogenicity

Cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in pathogenicity of rabies virus infection, and is probably also involved in the mechanism of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. Live-attenuated rabies virus vaccines (ERA, HEP, Kelev) induce a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated response following i.c. inoculation. This reaction is a result of virus replication, since it is not dose-dependent. Similar levels of CTL response are generated by a wide range of virus dilutions. Conversely, infection with pathogenic rabies viruses does not result in generation of CTL and induces a total suppression of this T cell subpopulation. Other immune reactions and induction of interferon production are the same in animals infected with pathogenic and non-pathogenic viruses.
Long-term Survival and Reproduction in a North American River Otter ( Lontra canadensis ) with an Intraperitoneal Radio-Transmitter

Intraperitoneal implantation of radio-transmitters is a useful method of monitoring free-ranging aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals; however, some researchers are concerned about the physiological effects of such implants. Few studies have investigated the long-term consequences of intraperitoneal implants on survival or reproductive performance. An adult female North American River Otter ( Lontra canadensis ) surgically equipped with an intraperitoneal radio-transmitter and released in northwestern Pennsylvania in June 1990 as part of a reintroduction project was killed in March 1999. The North American River Otter was estimated to be 10 years old and was pregnant with two fetuses at the time of her death. Our observation suggests that wild North American River Otters surgically equipped with intraperitoneal radio-transmitters can live long after implantation of the radio-transmitter and continue to reproduce successfully.
The influence of passage repetition and presentation time on the learning of connected discourse

Subjects learned a 25-word passage of connected discourse. The learning conditions consisted of a factorial combination of three total presentation times (30, 45, and 60 sec) and three conditions of repetition (one, two, and three repetitions). For both learning time and trials to criterion, only the main effect of repetitions was significant.
Narrative Identities: The Employment of the Mexican on the U.S.-Mexican Border

On the U.S.-Mexican border, the label “Mexican” refers simultaneously to both nationality and ethnicity. Playing with the multiple meanings of the word, border actors construct narratives about the...
Some Effects of Hard Limiting in Adaptive Antenna Systems

Adaptive antennas are often implemented with the Applebaum-Howells-type adaptive processor usually include a hard limiter between each antenna port and its correlation mixer, primarily for dynamic range compression. Brennan and Reed [3] analyzed the effects of hard limiting, and their conclusions suggest that it does not degrade the steady-state performance of the adaptive processor. Standard and hard-limited processors are compared and it is shown that when the two types of processor have the same sensitivity threshold, the hard-limited one can fail to provide sufficient interference cancellation when the correlation matrix of input signals has two or more eigenvalues of differing magnitudes. The consequence of hard limiting is that (depending on the processor design parameters) the larger of two or more signals can capture the hard limiter, allowing the smaller signals to pass through the processor essentially unattenuated. It is also shown that when a hard-limited processor is designed to provide the same cancellation as a standard one, it must have essentially as large a dynamic range as the standard, processor; therefore, it offers no advantage of dynamic range compression. Moreover, the hard-limited processor lacks a constant sensitivity threshold, which can be a desirable feature of a standard processor. Specific examples are presented for identical-element array antennas and for multiple-beam antennas.
Reflections on Gergen's "Social Psychology as History" in Perspective

Contrasting opinions about Gergen's (1973) article, "Social Psychology as History, "have continued since its publication. Relatively extreme early reactions to -the article appear to have given way to a consensus within mainstream social psychology that discounts the radical import of Gergen's message, places its significance in a historical context, and asserts that Gergen's pessimism is no longer warranted and the revolution he proclaimed no longer needed. The history of this controversy can be understood using concepts of assimilation/contrast and reactions to deviance. At the same time, the implicit historical embeddedness of reactions, including negative ones, and the value of a contextual approach to that history lend credence to Gergen's original radical thesis.
Ultrastructural evidence for co‐localization of dopamine D2 and μ‐opioid receptors in the rat dorsolateral striatum

Previous studies have shown significant changes in dopamine and opioid receptors in the basal ganglia following administration of cocaine. Cocaine administration results in a significant increase in the number of opioid receptors in dopamine-enriched brain regions. The aim of this study was to determine if dopamine D2 receptors (D2r) and μ-opioid receptors (μOr) are localized to the same neurons in the dorsolateral striatum. Immunoperoxidase and immunogold-silver labeling combined with electron microscopy was used to examine the ultrastructural localization of both receptors in the dorsolateral striatum. Approximately half of the μOr-labeled somatodendritic processes showed immunolabeling for the D2r. Similarly, about half of the D2r-labeled dendrites and cell bodies showed immunolabeling for the μOr. In conclusion, our results indicate that individual neurons in the rat dorsolateral striatum may be directly modulated by both dopaminergic and opioid ligands. These data also suggest that the molecular mechanism responsible for the up-regulation of μOrs in the caudate and putamen following cocaine exposure may depend, in part, on the co-existence of D2rs and μ-Ors in these cells. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Freeze Drying Versus Oven Drying of Excreta in True Metabolizable Energy, Nitrogen-Corrected True Metabolizable Energy, and True Amino Acid Availability Bioassays

Abstract The effect of excreta drying procedure on resulting true amino acid availability (TAAA), true metabolizable energy (TME), and nitrogen-corrected TME (TMEn) values was investigated using two high-protein feedstuffs. The TAAA and TME assays were based on those of Likuski and Dorrell (1978) and Sibbald (1976), respectively. Twenty-five grams of either dehulled soybean meal (SBM) or poultry offal meal (POM) was administered to White Leghorn roosters. Excreta samples were divided, one portion being freeze dried and the other dried in a forced air oven at 60 C. The TAAA, TME, and TMEn values, based on the excreta samples from the different drying procedures, were compared. No significant differences (P≤.05) in the TME or TMEn of either ingredient could be attributed to drying technique. It is concluded that the capability to freeze dry excreta is not a prerequisite to the successful use of the TME and TMEn bioassays. The availability of the total of amino acids in the test ingredient was similarly unaffected by drying technique; however, for several individual amino acids, including lysine and arginine in both ingredients, methionine in SBM and valine in POM, values were significantly higher when excreta were oven dried. This suggests either a limited destruction or irreversible binding of these amino acids during oven drying.
Steady potential correlates of intracranial reinforcement.

Abstract Self-stimulation and escape behavior was tested in 13 rats with stimulating electrodes implanted in caudal hypothalamus and rostral midbrain. Recording electrodes were then attached so that the steady potential (SP) could be recorded from the cortical surface using a reference electrode on nasal periosteum. A surface-negative SP shift followed the first several stimulations during either self-stimulation or escape and was interpreted as reflecting an increase in arousal similar to the shifts previously reported to occur during the sleep-wakefulness cycle. This shift was not consistently observed and was unrelated to the reinforcing effect of the stimulation. With computer-averaging of responses following 100 stimulations, a second SP shift of smaller amplitude and shorter duration was identifiable. This shift appeared to be associated with the reinforcing effect of the stimulation since the stimulus current required to produce behavioral effects and SP shifts was similar, and since points producing neither self-stimulation nor escape also produced no SP shifts. There was a tendency for a negative shift to be associated with self-stimulation at high rates and a positive shift with escape. Polarity of the SP shift could also be varied by changing the position of the recording electrode.
Creative destruction and labor's options

New technology, the fall of Eastern European socialism, new international trade agreements, and a resurgence of classical liberalism have greatly augmented the pace of capitalism's creative destruction. The principal benefits of this process have come in the form of new, better, and less-expensive consumer goods. But this process also generates a generalized sense of insecurity that most afflicts labor. Yet, the dominant ideology that has accompanied this latest burst of creative destruction has not been terribly sympathetic to labor's plight. After analyzing the character of this most recent burst of creative destruction, this paper explores the various options available to labor within a generally hostile ideological climate. The principle focus is on how labor's most promising options may not be found primarily in restablishing constrants upon markets, but rather in gaining greater control over production in the form of greater participation in both firm decision-making and ownership.
Size heterogeneity of human prolactin in plasma and pituitary extracts.

ABSTRACT Two discrete components of circulating human prolactin have been identified by immunoassay after gel filtration of Sephadex G-100 in all plasma samples so far examined. The major peak, termed “little” prolactin, eluted coincident with purified 131I-prolactin. The less retarded second peak, termed “big” prolactin, emerged between human serum albumin and ovalbumin. “Big” and “little” prolactin fractions were indistinguishable immunologically when assayed at multiple dilutions. “Big” prolactin constituted 8–20% of the total immunoreactivity in plasma samples from normal subjects, patients with chromophobe adenomas, and idiopathic galactorrhea. Neither TRH stimulation nor l-dopa suppression produced major changes in the plasma ratios of “big” to “little” prolactin, which were similar in normals and tumor patients. The highest amounts of “big” prolactin (range 16–31%) were seen in plasmas from pregnant subjects. Both components also appear to be present in pituitary extracts and pituitary culture medi...
Excited states of photosynthetic reaction centers at low recox potentials.

Abstract In preparations of photochemical reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides R-26, lowering the redox potential so as to reduce the primary electron acceptor prevents the photochemical transfer of an electron from bacteriochlorophyll to the acceptor. Measuring absorbance changes under these conditions, we found that a 20-ns actinic flash converts the reaction center to a new state, P F , which then decays with a half-time that is between 1 and 10 ns at 295 °K. At 25 °K, the decay half-time is approx. 20 ns. The quantum yield of state P F appears to be near 1.0, both at 295 and at 15 °K. State P F could be an intermediate in the photochemical electron-transfer reaction which occurs when the acceptor is in the oxidized form. Following the decay of state P F , we detected another state, P R , with a decay half-time of 6 μs at 295 °K and 120 μs at 15 °K. The quantum yield of state P R is approx. 0.1 at 295 °K, but rises to a value nearer 1.0 at 15 °K. The kinetics and quantum yields are consistent with the view that state P R forms from P F . State P R seems likely to be a side-product, rather than an intermediate in the electron-transfer process. The decay kinetics indicate that state P F cannot be identical with the lowest excited singlet state of the reaction center. One of the two states, P F or P R , probably is the lowest excited triplet state of the reaction center, but it remains unclear which one.
New approach to the electron-muon mass ratio

A class of models is devised which, while respecting electron-muon universality in the Lagrangian, results naturally in a small value of $\frac{{m}_{e}}{{m}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$, and which does not involve the introduction of exotic new gauge interactions. [The gauge group is SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) and the model is a relatively simple extension of the Weinberg-Salam model.] This is achieved by repeated applications of discrete symmetry. The model requires the existence of heavy leptons, and the precise value of $\frac{{m}_{e}}{{m}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$ depends upon the masses of these leptons.
The British Boy Scout migration plan 1922–1932

Abstract During the years 1922–1932 the British Boy Scout Association promoted a number of schemes for empire migration. Under the terms of the Empire Settlement Act of 1922, the Association became one of many voluntary religious and philanthropic organizations for empire migration with the establishment of a formal Migration Department at Imperial Scout Headquarters. Most of the Scouts went to Australia with a smaller number going to Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and Rhodesia. The work of the Scout Migration Department had almost ceased by 1931, when depression and high unemployment forced the dominions to look out for themselves. Also the increasing autonomy sought by these dominions worked against the Scout migrations schemes.
Research Notes. Stakeholders and Corporate Boards: Institutional Influences on Board Composition and Structure

This study examined the relationships between institutional influences and stakeholder representation on boards of directors. Data from 224 companies over the period 1984–94 were employed. Results indicate that variations in legal environments, industry regulation, and firm size are associated with stakeholder representation on boards but do not influence stakeholder representation on key board committees. Legal environments and firm size are associated with the adoption of stakeholder-oriented board committees.
Grüneisen parameter of cesium and rubidium at high pressure and the nature of the isostructural electronic transition

The Grueneisen parameter (..gamma..) for cesium has been measured in the solid to 43 kbar at 22 /sup 0/C and in the liquid to 20 kbar at 200 /sup 0/C. This parameter decreases in value with increasing pressure and demonstrates a dramatic decrease prior to the isostructural electronic transition at 42 kbar. After the transition, ..gamma.. increases. ..gamma.. for liquid Cs to 20 kbar is essentially the same as that for the solid. These results support the suggestion of Gloetzel and McMahan that an anomaly in the lattice vibrations is responsible for this transition. For Rb, ..gamma.. approaches an asymptotic value of 0.5 at 35 kbar. The melting temperatures of these substances have been reinvestigated to 30 kbar.
Assumptions underlying two models of collective nuclear motion

The assumptions underlying the liquid drop model and the interacting boson model are compared. These two models are inequivalent. However, only minor modifications in the original assumptions are required to make these models different representations of the same underlying physical processes.
Use of a Constant Time Delay Procedure in Teaching Preschoolers in a Group Format

The primary purpose of this Investigation was to evaluate the effects of constant time delay (a near-errorless teaching strategy) in teaching preschoolers sight word reading in a group. A secondary purpose was to assess the effects of two attentional responses, specific (repeating the letter names) and general (looking at the stimulus cards) on observational and related, nontarget learning. A multiple probe design across pairs of words was used to evaluate the procedure. The results of the investigation indicate that (a) constant time delay was reliably implemented in a group setting, (b) constant time delay was effective in teaching all targeted stimuli in near-errorless fashion, (c) observational and related, nontarget learning (expressive labeling of words, receptive identification of words, matching words to pictures and pictures to words, and receptive spelling of words) occurred across students, and (d) the specific attending response resulted in greater expressive labeling, receptive identification...
Synthesis of a polyolefin–polystyrene graft terpolymer

A graft polymer was prepared attaching the macromer, polystyrene end-capped with benzocyclobutene, to the carbon–carbon double bonds in poly-1-hexene-co-7-methyl-1,6-octadiene through thermally induced Diels–Alder reactions. The branches per backbone were determined by additive molecular weights and NMR spectroscopy to be 0.8, 1.6, and 2.7, for levels of polystyrene of 40, 60, and 80%, respectively. Grafting efficiencies were high, varying from 84–95%. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cytochromes c1 of kinetoplastid protozoa lack mitochondrial targeting presequences

We have used the polymerase chain reaction to amplify cDNA fragments that encode the amino-terminal sequences of cytochrome c1 from two distantly related kinetoplastid species, Crithidia fasciculata and Bodo caudatus. Cloning and sequencing of these fragments have revealed that these proteins lack conventional mitochondrial targeting presequences.
Regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Part 4. Further characterization of postrecovery suppressor cells.

Abstract Suppressor cells that regulate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) are present in lymph nodes of Lewis rats that have recovered from the disease, as demonstrated by adoptive transfer of suppression for at least 108 days following challenge of donor rats with myelin basic protein (BL) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). These suppressor lymph node cells (LNC) inhibit the occurrence of active, but not passive EAE in recipients, suggesting that they function early in the inductive phase of the response to BP. The suppressor cells are nylon-adherent, and suppression can be partially abrogated by depletion of B cells with anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) and complement (C). Serum from recovered donors has, at best, only a modest suppressive effect when transfused into syngeneic recipients. These findings suggest that the B cells do not mediate suppression of EAE via production of blocking antibody, but may function directly, perhaps by triggering T cells to become suppressors cells.
A Study of Meprobamate-Curare Interaction

Since both meprobamate and curare working through different sites and modes of action can produce the same gross effect of skeletal muscular relaxation, the possibility of synergistic interaction was investigated. The existence of such syner has been demonstrated as an increaser effectiveness and/or toxicity of curare in guinea pigs, rats, and mice pretreated with meprobamate.
Lapped-transform-based video coding

Standard video compression algorithms share one common coding framework based on the hybrid block-based motion-compensated DCT structure. Recently, video compression at low bit-rates has become the focus of research in the signal processing community due to the expanding applications in video conferencing, video over telephone lines, streaming video over the Internet, multimedia and wireless video communications. Unfortunately, in these situations, the notorious blocking artifacts resulting from block DCT and block-based motion estimation/compensation set a severe limit on the achievable bit-rate with acceptable quality. To avoid blocking artifacts and to improve video coding efficiency, this paper presents a novel video compression algorithm based on the lapped transform and overlapping block motion estimation/compensation. Our long-term focus is to develop a complete integrated framework for lapped-transform-based video coding, ranging from theory, design, fast implementations, to practically desirable features for video streaming and delivery over communication networks. In this paper, we are mainly concerned with fundamental theoretical issues. The goals of the proposed video coding technique are to eliminate blocking artifacts and to improve coding efficiency while maintaining a minimal complexity overhead and retaining the flexibility that block-based methods possess. Preliminary coding results confirm the validity of the proposed theory.
The tell-tale tasks: A review of saccadic research in psychiatric patient populations

This review focuses on saccade research with adult psychiatric patients. It begins with an introduction of the various types of saccades and the tasks used to evoke them. The functional significance of the different types of eye movements is briefly discussed. Research findings regarding the saccadic performance of different adult psychiatric patient populations are discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on findings regarding error rates, response latencies, and any specific task parameters that might affect those variables. Findings regarding the symptom, neurocognitive, and neural correlates of saccadic performance and the functional significance of patients’ saccadic deficits are also discussed. We also discuss the saccadic deficits displayed by various patient groups in terms of circuitry (e.g. cortical/basal ganglia circuits) that may be implicated in the underlying pathophysiology of several of these disorders. Future directions for research in this growing area are offered.
Anodized Macroporous Silicon Anode for Integration of Lithium-Ion Batteries on Chips

Macroporous silicon membranes were investigated as anodes for potential integration of lithium-ion batteries on chips. Free-standing and partially etched porous silicon membranes were fabricated from a p-type silicon wafer by using electrochemical anodization. Free-standing porous membranes were achieved with high aspect ratio of 40, average pore size of 1 μm, porosity around ~70%, and wall thickness of less than 0.1 μm. Lithium storage capacity was quantified by galvanostatic discharge/charge measurements, showing specific capacity of 1425 mAh/g with Coulombic efficiency of 81% in the first discharge/charge cycle. The discharge/charge capacity was reduced as the charge rate increased, and the capacity fading was much less pronounced at high charge rate. Morphological analyses showed an increase of surface roughness and reduction of porosity after lithiation/delithiation cycling.
Quantitative assessment of future development of copper/silver resources in the Kootenai National Forest, Idaho/Montana: Part II—Economic and policy analysis

Quantitative assessments and analyses of mineral resources can provide important input to decisions affecting public lands. This article, a companion article to Spanski, 1992, presents an application of resource assessment and analysis tools developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey to U.S. Forest Service lands in northwest Montana. The analytical system described here integrates mineral deposit models, mine and mill cost-estimation models, and relevant economic and policy assumptions to estimate potential mineral production and the associated direct and indirect mineral-related economic impacts that could follow development of minerals. Finally, the impacts of land-use policies are estimated using the model.
ON THE SELECTION OF RANDOM SAMPLING SCHEMES FOR THE SPECTRAL ESTIMATION OF CONTINUOUS TIME PROCESSES

. Let X={X(t), -∝<t<∝} be a continuous time stationary process with spectral density φx(Λ) and {φk} be a stationary point process independent of X. The problem of selecting the sampling point process {τk} for the estimation of φx(Λ) based on the discrete time observations {X(τk), τk} is considered. Sufficient conditions are established for the admittability of a broad class of delayed renewal point processes. Examples are given for delayed renewal point processes {τk} which have a mixture of Gamma densities for their inter-arrival times. Guidelines are given for the selection of specific point processes in the estimation of broadband and narrowband spectral density functions.
Random access to a random number sequence

We have expanded the method in a recent note by Koniges and Leith [ 1 ] for a direct jump to any desired k th element κk of the standard linear congruential random number generator specified by Eqs. (1) and (2). The digits of k (base b) in Eq. (6) are indices for selecting elements from two precalculated arrays, P and S, Eqs. (6) and (7). These elements are combined in Eqs. (10) and (11) to give the addends of κk = κk + Ωk. The choice of the base b determines the number of digits in k (base b). For each nonzero digit, the evaluation of Eqs. (10) and (11) require two multiplications (mod m), and one add. The larger the choice for b, the fewer the digits in k (base b), and the less the arithmetic needed to evaluate Eqs. (10) and (11). For modulus m = 248, values of b = 2, 8, and 256 require at most 48, 16, and 6 multiplications, respectively, to evaluate Eq. (10). The expected number of multiplications is somewhat less. As noted above, only the nonzero digits of k lead to modular arithmetic calculations (zero digits imply the addition of zero and/or multiplication by unity). For a random k, base b, the probability that a random bit is nonzero is (b − 1)b. Thus we find that the expected number of multiplications to evaluate Eq. (10) for b = 2, 8, or 256 drops to 24, 14, or 5.98, respectively. The drawback for very large base b is the storage needed for the precalculated P and S arrays, Eqs. (8) and (9). Each has b(J+ 1) elements, where J+ 1 is the maximum number of digits in k (base b). For m = 248, and b = 2, 8, 256, there are respectively 2 × 48 = 96, 8 × 15 = 120, and 256 × 6 = 1536 elements in P and in S. If b is further increased, then each array size b(J+ 1) grows rapidly. On the other hand, the J+ 1 number of multiplications (mod m) needed to evaluate Eq. (10) decreases slowly. We suggest that for a 48-bit machine word length b = 256 is a good compromise between table size and achievable speedup. For a standard generator with zero additive term using base 256 reduces the overall operations count from 48 if tests, 48 register shifts, 24 multiplies, and 72 logical ands to 6 register shifts, 5.98 multiplies, and 11.98 logical ands, yielding more than a fourfold increase in speed over the base 2 case.
Neutrophil chemotaxis in the presence of antibiotics: a re‐evaluation using an agarose technique

SUMMARY Neutrophil chemotaxis in the presence of tetracycline and clindamycin was evaluated using an agarose technique. No significant inhibition of chemotaxis by these antibiotics could be demonstrated, in contrast to previously reported findings using the Boyden chamber technique for measurement of chemotaxis. Both agents caused a minor increase in movement towards a P. acnes derived chemotactic factor. Some reduction of chemokinesis by high concentrations of tetracycline was noted. No effect of the drugs upon generation of chemotactic activity from whole serum could be demonstrated. Normal cell movement occurred in the absence of extracellular calcium and magnesium, in contrast to reported findings using the Boyden chamber.
Local helioseismology in the SDO HMI/AIA data analysis pipeline

Local helioseismology techniques will play a principal role in the pipeline processing of data from HMI to produce standard data products suitable for scientific analysis. Many of these techniques are undergoing rapid development, and it is expected that new or enhanced algorithms and models will be contributed by members of the community. We describe the design and implementation of the data analysis environment of the SDO Joint Science Operations Center for the benefit of potential contributors and users. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Equationally Complete Semigroups with Involution

Let S be a semigroup. An involutorial anti-isomorphism on S is a map f : S ~ S such that f f ( x ) = x and f ( x y ) = f ( y ) f ( x ) . An algebra (S, xy, 2) will be called a semigroup with involution if (S; xy) is a semigroup and 2 is an involutorial antiisomorphism. Our aim is to describe the varieties of equationally complete semigroups with involution. (For semigroups this was done by Kalicki and Scott [2].) Since semigroups with trivial involution (i.e. semigroups satisfying 2 = x for every x) are commutative, it follows immediately from the results of [2] that the only equationally complete varieties of semigroups with trivial involution are zero semigroups, semilattices, and Zp (i.e. varieties of additive abetian groups satisfying the identity px=O, p prime). This last class for p r may also be treated as a class of semigroups with involution 2 = x . Obviously this class is also equationally complete. There are only two other classes of equationally complete semigroups with involution. First is the class of 2-dimensional dice, 3 , introduced and described in [1]. ~D is the class of semigroups with involution satisfying identities
The influence of obesity and diabetes on the risk of cesarean delivery

Objective To determine the influence of pregravid obesity and diabetes on cesarean delivery (CD) risk. Study design Women with singleton pregnancies of 23 weeks or more estimated gestational age who were undergoing a trial of labor January 1997 through June 2001 were categorized by pregravid body mass index (underweight [ 2 ], normal [19.8-25 kg/m 2 ], overweight [25.1-30 kg/m 2 ], obese [>30 kg/m 2 ]). Diabetes (DM) was divided into categories of gestational, treated with diet modification (A1GDM) or insulin (A2GDM), and pregestational (PDM). Prior CDs were excluded. CD rates for each group were compared in univariate analyses stratified by estimated gestational age (term, preterm, total). Other variables examined included DM, macrosomia (birth weight 4500 g or more), induction, and parity. Multiple regression included significant variables to predict the influence of diabetes and obesity on CD risk. Results Records for 12,303 deliveries were evaluated (obese: 2828 [22.9%]; overweight: 2605 [21.2%]; A1GDM: 270 [2.2%]; A2GDM: 93 [0.8%]; PDM: 126 [1%]). Obese and overweight subjects had a higher risk for CD, compared with normal subjects (13.8% and 10.4% versus 7.7%, P P P P =.01]; [adjusted OR obese: 2.4, P P =.0002]). Conclusion Pregravid obesity and diabetes independently increase the risk for CD. Given the disparate prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the United States, body habitus has a significantly larger impact on CD risk.
Error analysis and performance estimation of two different mathematical methods for image registration

This paper discusses the error analysis and performance estimation between two different mathematical methods for registering a sequence of images taken by an airborne sensor. Here both methods use homography matrices to obtain the panoramic image, but they use different mathematical techniques to obtain the same result. In Method-I, we use Discrete Linear Transform and Singular Value Decomposition to obtain the homographies and in Method-II we use the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm as iterative technique to re-estimate the homography in order to obtain the same panoramic image. These two methods are analyzed, compared based on reliability and robustness of registration. We also compare their performance using an error metric that compares their registration accuracies with respect to ground truth. Our results demonstrate that Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm clearly outperforms Discrete Linear Transform algorithm.
Approximate parallel controllers for discrete stochastic weakly coupled linear systems

The global Kalman filter of linear weakly coupled discrete systems is exactly decomposed into separate reduced-order local filters via the use of a decoupling transformation. The approximate parallel controllers, up to an arbitrary degree of accuracy, are derived by approximating coefficients of the optimal control law. The proposed method allows parallel processing of information and reduces both off-line and on-line computational requirements. A real-world example demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method.
Maturation of Xenopus oocytes is not accompanied by electrode-detectable calcium changes☆

Abstract Ca2+-sensitive microelectrodes were used to study changes in cytoplasmic free calcium during progesterone-induced meiotic maturation in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In contrast to previous reports, no changes were detected during the maturation process, although a large activation pulse of Ca2+ was seen when in vitro matured eggs were parthenogenetically activated. The resting level of Ca2+ in the oocytes was 0.14 μM ± 0.05.
Microemulsions: Formation and stabilization

The influence on the formation of water-in-oil microemulsions of the chain length and cation of the surfactant and the nature of the solvent were studied. From NMR and free energy of adsorption of the alcohol, it was concluded that the alcohol-surfactant interaction is weak. Measurement of the change in the water-oil interfacial tension (..gamma../sub i/) while alcohol was injected into one of the phases was recorded. It was found that ..gamma../sub i/ may be temporarily lowered to zero while the alcohol diffused through the interface. Therefore, it would be possible for a dispersion to occur spontaneously (while ..gamma../sub i/ = 0). The role of the surfactant would be to lower ..gamma../sub i/ and stabilize the system against coalescence. (21 refs.)
You Can Eat Your Cake and Have It, Too

Many critics argue that trade agreements the United States enters into should demand more worker rights among the trading partners. Ideally, such worker rights should benefit the citizens of the trading partner and also U.S. trading companies, which would then compete on a more level playing field. But is this the way it works in real life? The author has done interesting analysis suggesting just that. In a time when there are many trade imbalances in the world, demanding worker rights may well lead to more balanced trade.