cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on Discourse Practices During Professional Development on the Learning Cycle

While much is known about K-12 teachers’ participation in professional development (PD) on inquiry-based science instruction, how professors facilitate such PD is not as well documented. This reflective, descriptive study documents the pedagogical practices of three professors during a two-week summer PD program on inquiry-based science instruction. Twenty teachers of fourth- through ninth-grade students in a Midwestern city engaged in lessons based on the learning cycle (Lawson in Science teaching and the development of thinking. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, Lawson 1995). Data sources included video-recorded observations with transcripts, video-recorded post-observation interviews with transcripts, and audio-recorded follow-up interviews with transcripts. Data were analyzed to create descriptive narratives around excerpts of discourse from PD sessions and interviews. Analyses indicated that implementation of the learning cycle lessons varied among the professors. These findings led to further questions concerning the professors’ beliefs about the learning cycle and the ways that teachers were positioned as learners during PD.
Use of Fluorescent Dyes for Observing Bovine Spermatozoa in Opaque Media

Summary A method for staining sperm with fluorescent dyes and examination with ultraviolet light is presented. By using this method with semen diluted with opaque media, the spermatozoa were made clearly visible with no interference from fat globules or other extraneous material, and evaluation of sperm motility was readily made. These dyes in concentrations of 1:10,000 to 1:40,000 were nontoxic to the spermatozoa during the 15-min. incubation at 37° C. and caused only a slight reduction in motility after storage at 5° C. for 24 hr. The staining of sperm so that they fluoresce in ultraviolet light was found to make the sperm clearly visible for evaluation of motility in whole milk, yolk-phosphate, or other diluents in which white light illumination does not allow good discrimination between sperm and media. Other possible uses of this procedure also are discussed.
A ratio model for discriminant analysis using linear programming

Abstract The innovative hybrid model for discriminant analysis via linear programming, was introduced along with the β normalization, which was subsequently replaced by a new normalization. The primary weakness of the β normalization, and the reason for replacing it with the new normalization, is that it distorts solutions and consequently does not always find the best solution. It is shown here, that unfortunately, both normalizations are affected by distance distortion. In addition, whether a model finds the best solution is highly dependent on the criterion or criteria by which “best solution” is defined. A ratio criteria and associated ratio model are proposed, which avoid the problems associated with distance distortion. The nonlinear ratio may be linearized in much the same way that Data Envelopment Analysis is linearized.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 229

Abstract Nuclear structure information from decay and reaction experiments pertaining to nuclei with mass number A = 229 is compiled, evaluated, and compared with theory where possible. The level schemes which seem best in the light of the data and theoretical ideas available at this time are presented and discussed. Arguments for spin, parity, and Nilsson state assignments for the levels are given. Additional experiments are needed to confirm some tentative spin assignments and placements of γ -transitions in 229 Th. Experiments are also needed to construct decay schemes of Ra, Ac, Pa, U, and Np. The adopted level and decay properties are based on data received prior to March 1971.
Appearance and Size of Micelles from Bovine Milk

Abstract Electron micrographs of a number of milks from individual cows were prepared by a replica method technique, and average micelle diameters determined by appropriate calculations based on visual counts of the number of micelles in various size ranges. The milks were also analyzed for several inorganic constituents and proteins, and their stability at 140C determined. Results indicate that the major factors influencing micelle size were total soluble calcium and κ-casein (as a per cent of total casein). Citrate concentration was also related to micelle diameter, but this is thought to be an indirect effect, as citrate was the major factor influencing the concentration of soluble calcium. Ionic calcium was not significantly related to average micelle diameter. Heat stability (140C) was not significantly related to average micelle diameter. The appearance of replicas prepared from cold milk and from milk chilled and rewarmed to 35C suggested that the β-casein which dissolved from micelles of cooled milk did not re-enter the micelles as the milk was rewarmed but merely deposited on the surface of the micelles.
Vitamin Requirements of the Cockroach Blatella Germanica (L.)

The nutrition of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), was first studied by Zabinski (1928, 1929) who observed that these insects required “vitamin B” but that they could grow fairly well on diets inadequate for vertebrates. Somewhat later McCay (1933) suggested that this species be used as an assay animal for certain “vitamin B” fractions. Semi-synthetic diets were employed by Melampy and Maynard (1937) in a general survey of the requirements of this species. Recently a method of rearing the German cockroach has been developed which enables it to be used for quantitative studies of dietary requirements (Noland et al , 1949). By use of this procedure, it has become possible to determine specific requirements of the cockroach for various dietary components. The present paper describes a synthetic diet on which the growth rate of B. germanica equals or exceeds that on the best crude diet known. By suitable variations of this diet the effects of 11 single vitamin deficiencies on the growth of B. germanica have been determined. Preliminary comparisons have also been made of the growth responses of Periplaneta americana (L.) and Blatta orientalis (L.) when fed a synthetic diet and a crude diet.
A STUDY OF THE FLIGHTS HABITS OF THE EUROPEAN CHAFER

By using a large cage in the field and a system of marking, the flight activities of 36 females and 49 males of the European chafer were followed during June and July, 1954. It was found that the beetles made one to 11 flights during their life span with males averaging five flights and females 4.5. More males made eight to 11 flights than did females, and males made more flights on consecutive evenings. The average longevity of the males was found to be six days while the females lived on the average for 6.5 days. The main flight period of the European chafer lasts about one month though some beetles can be observed flying in the evenings for about two months after the main flight has ended. The populations observed in the field are composed of successive groups of beetles which emerge, fly for several days then die. These groups overlap each other so that high numbers of beetles are present in the trees each evening during the main flight period. Variations in the physical characteristics of the soil habitat could be responsible for the differences in the time of maturity of the larvae and the subsequent “first-time” emergence of the adults. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Studien uber die Fluggewohnbeiten von Amphimallon majalis (Razoumowsky) Im Juni und Juli 1954 wurde die Flugtatigkeit von 36 weiblichen und 49 mannlichen Tieren von Amphimallon majalis (Razoumowsky) unter Zuhilfenahme eines grossen Kafigs im freien Felde und eines geeigneten Bezeichnungssystems der Tiere verfolgt. Es zeigte sich, dass die Kafer wahrend ihrer Lebensdauer ein bis elf Fluge unternehmen und zwar betrug der Durchschnitt fur mannliche Tiere funf, fur weibliche 4,5 Fluge. Mehr Mannchen als Weibchen flogen 8 bis 11 mal und die Mannchen flogen haufiger an aufeinanderfolgenden Abenden. Fur mannliche Kafer war die durchschnittliche Lebensdauer 6 Tage, wahrend die weiblichen einen Durchschnitt von 6,5 Tagen erreichten. Die Hauptflugperiode von Amphimallon majalis erstreckt sich uber etwa einen Monat, obwohl man auch 2 Monate lang nach der Hauptflugzeit des abends noch einige Kafer fliegen sehen kann. Die Gesamtzahl der im Versuchsfeld beobachteten Insekten setzt sich aus auf einander folgenden Gruppen von Kafern zusammen, die nach einander ausschlupfen, mehrere Tage fliegen und dann sterben. Diese Gruppen uberschneiden sich, so dass wahrend der Hauptflugzeit abends eine grosse Anzahl von Kafern in den Baumen zu finden ist. Es ist sehr wohl moglich, dass Unterschiede in der physikalischen Beschaffenheit des Bodens fur die Lange der Reifezeit der Larven verantwortlich sind und somit auch fur den Zeitpunkt des Erstfluges der entwr***-kelten Kafer.
Pleiotrophin transforms NIH 3T3 cells and induces tumors in nude mice.

Abstract The pleiotrophin (PTN) gene (Ptn) encodes an 18-kDa protein that is highly conserved among mammalian species and that functions as a weak mitogen and promotes neurite-outgrowth activity in vitro. To further investigate the role PTN plays in regulating cell growth, we overexpressed the bovine PTN cDNA and now show that PTN phenotypically transforms NIH 3T3 cells, as evidenced by increased cell number at confluence, focus formation, anchorage-independent growth, and tumor formation in the nude mouse. The results demonstrate that the Ptn gene has the potential to regulate NIH 3T3 cell growth and suggest that PTN may influence abnormal cell growth in vivo.
Fast cache and bus power estimation for parameterized system-on-a-chip design

We present a technique for fast estimation of the power consumed by the cache and bus sub-system of a parameterized system-on-a-chip design for a given application. The technique uses a two-step approach of first collecting intermediate data about an application using simulation, and then using equations to rapidly predict the performance and power consumption for each of thousands of possible configurations of system parameters, such as cache size and associativity and bus size and encoding. The estimations display good absolute as well as relative accuracy for various examples, and are obtained in dramatically less time than other techniques, making possible the future use of powerful search heuristics.
Interaction of apoHDL with HDL and with other lipoproteins

Abstract Ultracentrifugation at a density of 1.21 of mixtures of apoHDL and HDL in which one component was labeled with 125 I showed that interchange of labeled protein took place. Since no evidence of intermediates was obtained it seems more probable that these results are explained by interchange of the relatively small protein subunits (mol.wt. approx. 15,000) between apoHDL and the large HDL complex (mol.wt. approx. 200,000) than that lipids move from HDL to apoHDL, as has been previously suggested. The top fraction obtained by centrifuging a mixture of [ 125 I]apoHDL and HDL at d 1.21 lost less than 20% of the labeled protein when it was recentrifuged at the same density. The fraction of [ 125 I]apoHDL which floated at d 1.21 in the presence of HDL was larger than the fraction of [ 125 I]HDL which sedimented to the bottom in the presence of apoHDL, indicating the occurrence of some complex formation between HDL and [ 125 I]apoHDL in addition to the interchange of labeled protein subunits. Similar results were obtained on electrophoresis; [ 125 I]HDL after incubation with apoHDL gave zones corresponding to HDL and to apoHDL both of which contained 125 I. Complex formation between [ 125 I]apoHDL and LDL was demonstrated by ultracentrifugation of a mixture. A small fraction of the labeled protein floated at d 1.063 but on recentrifugation half of the labeled protein sedimented. When trace amounts of [ 125 I]apoHDL were mixed with serum and the lipoprotein fractions separated by ultracentrifugation, 60% of the label was recovered in the HDL fraction and only 1.5% in the LDL fraction.
Prospective study of attitudinal and relationship predictors of sexual risk in the multicenter AIDS cohort study.

We examined the influence of attitudes concerning HIV transmission, safe sex, and sexual sensation seeking, as well as negotiated risk reduction with primary partners, on the proportion of unprotected sexual partners (%UASP) among men who have sex with men (MSM). Participants were 263 HIV-seropositive and 238 HIV-seronegative MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study between 1999 and 2003 who completed a 20-item attitude survey twice. Behavioral data were collected concurrently and 6–12 months after each survey. Among seropositives, decreased HIV concern and increased safer sex fatigue were associated with higher %UASP at 6 and 12 months. Among seronegatives, increased %UASP at 12 months was associated with safer sex fatigue. At 6 months and 12 months, risk reduction agreements were associated with increased %UASP among seronegatives in seroconcordant monogamous relationships, reflecting their abandonment of condoms in such partnerships. We conclude that HIV prevention efforts should target modifiable attitudes (reduced concern about HIV and safer sex fatigue) and increases in sexual risk-taking of MSM, particularly among HIV+ men having sex with serodiscordant partners.
Interactive optimization of plate girder bridges subjected to moving loads

Abstract A robust and efficient optimization algorithm based on the generalized geometric programming technique has been developed for minimum-weight design of multispan steel plate girders used in highway bridges. Plate girders can be of homogeneous or hybrid construction, using high-strength flange plates and low-strength web plate. The basis of the design is the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications. The plate girders are subjected to live (moving) loads according to AASHTO specifications. The algorithm has been implemented in an interactive FORTRAN -77 program with graphic capabilities.
Influence of Interfacial Mixing on Thermal Boundary Conductance Across a Chromium/Silicon Interface

The thermal conductance at solid-solid interfaces is becoming increasingly important in thermal considerations dealing with devices on nanometer length scales. Specifically, interdiffusion or mixing around the interface, which is generally ignored, must be taken into account when the characteristic lengths of the devices are on the order of the thickness of this mixing region. To study the effect of this interfacial mixing on thermal conductance, a series of Cr films is grown on Si substrates subject to various deposition conditions to control the growth around the Cr/Si boundary. The Cr/Si interfaces are characterized with Auger electron spectroscopy. The thermal boundary conductance (h BD ) is measured with the transient thermoreflectance technique. Values of h BD are found to vary with both the thickness of the mixing region and the rate of compositional change in the mixing region. The effects of the varying mixing regions in each sample on h BD are discussed, and the results are compared to the diffuse mismatch model (DMM) and the virtual crystal DMM (VCDMM), which takes into account the effects of a two-phase region of finite thickness around the interface on h BD . An excellent agreement is shown between the measured h BD and that predicted by the VCDMM for a change in thickness of the two-phase region around the interface.
A comparison of three methods of glycogen measurement in tissues.

Abstract Three methods have been used for analysis of glycogen in tissue homogenates: hydrolysis of the tissue in acid and followed by enzymic analysis of the resulting glucose; enzymic hydrolysis with amylo-α-1,4-α-1,6-glucosidase, again followed by enzymic measurement of glucose; and degradation of the glycogen with phosphorylase and debrancher complex coupled to measurement of the resulting glucose-1- P . The two enzymic procedures yielded equivalent results with all tissues examined (brain, liver, muscle and polymorphonuclear leucocytes). Acid hydrolysis of the tissues resulted in higher values for brain tissue only, presumably due to the hydrolysis of the gangliosides and cerebrosides present in brain.
COMPARISON OF STUDER ILEAL NEOBLADDER AND ILEAL CONDUIT URINARY DIVERSION WITH RESPECT TO PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOME AND LATE COMPLICATIONS

AbstractPurpose: We compare the perioperative and long-term morbidity of a cohort of patients who had undergone Studer ileal neobladder urinary diversion with that of a similar cohort who had undergone ileal conduit urinary diversion during the same interval and by the same surgeons.Materials and Methods: Between 1990 and 1996 we performed Studer ileal neobladder urinary diversion in 62 men and 4 women, and ileal conduit urinary diversion in 66 men. Mean age of the neobladder and conduit patients was 62 and 69 years, and mean followup was 17 and 20 months, respectively.Results: Of 66 neobladder cases (18%) 12 had a total of 16 perioperative complications and a 5% reoperation rate, whereas 12 of 66 conduit cases (18%) had a total of 17 perioperative complications and a 6% reoperation rate. Mean hospital stay was 13 days for each group. Of the neobladder cases 14 (21%) had 14 late complications and an 11% reoperation rate, whereas 8 conduit cases (12%) had 9 late complications and an 8% reoperation rate.Con...
Development of a multivariable auxostat

Auxostat operation was extended to two set points in an aerobic yeast fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The concentration of NH4+ was controlled directly with an on-line NH3 probe and control of pH indirectly fixed the glucose concentration, thus demonstrating an NH4+:pH-auxostat. Multivariable control in the auxostat was superior to a chemostat for studying nutrient interaction and exploring multisubstrate limitations on metabolism.
Distinct tilting behaviours with power tilt-in-space systems.

Purpose. To characterise the use of tilt-in-space systems and to form recommendations for tilt prescription and training based upon its use.Method. Wheelchair occupancy and seat position of 45 full-time power wheelchair users were monitored for 1–2 weeks using an accelerometer, occupancy switch and data logger. Demographics, pressure ulcer history, functional and physical presentations of their disability, and sensation were also documented.Results. Participants spent 12.1 h in their wheelchairs daily, with a median typical position of 8° (0°–47°). The median participant tilted every 27 min (0.1–16.6 tilts per occupancy hour). Pressure-relieving tilts (i.e. a tilt ≥30° for ≥1 min) were performed, on average, once every 10 h (0–2.2/h). Participants spent 19% of their seated time tilted past 15°. Seventeen participants utilised the tilt feature frequently and spent >20% of the time in multiple positions. The remaining participants sat in a single tilt range for >80% of the time.Conclusions. Given the limite...
Retention of rapid onset of maternal behavior during pregnancy in primiparous rats

Possible inhibitory effects of pregnancy upon the retention of maternal responsiveness in primiparous rats were examined by measuring behavioral latencies to respond to foster young in pregnant primiparous, nonpregnant primiparous, and virgin female rats. While high serum titers of progesterone associated with pregnancy are reported to inhibit rapid onset of maternal behavior in primigravid rats, findings in the present study demonstrate that the physiological state associated with a second pregnancy did not disrupt rapid reestablishment of maternal behavior. Specifically, 30–36 days after last exposure to their own young the median latencies to respond maternally to foster young ranged from 0.43 to 1.25 days for pregnant and nonpregnant primiparous rats. In contrast, virgin female rats with no prior maternal experience responded maternally significantly slower (median latencies: 4.33–4.75 days) than did primiparous females. These data suggest that after hormonal activation maternal responsiveness is retained independent of hormonal state.
Call market efficiency with simple adaptive learning

Abstract This paper shows that the call market institution's rules are powerful enough to generate efficient outcomes when traders follow simple, minimally-rational learning rules. The learning rules generate market outcomes that are qualitatively consistent with behavior of laboratory call markets.
The mating system and parental behaviour of the green June beetle (Cotinis nitida Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are exploited by avian predators

Males of the green June beetle (Cotinis nitida) search for females emerging from lawns. Upon detecting the female sex pheromone, a male will eventually drop down close to his potential mate. He then walks rapidly through the grass until he locates the female at which time he mounts his partner. If two or more males arrive more or less simultaneously, the first male to reach the female becomes her mate. The fight pattern of searching males makes them vulnerable to predatory common grackles (Quiscalus quiscala) and blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), which attack flying or recently landed beetles. Later in the flight season, females flying low in a search for oviposition sites in the lawn are also targeted by grackles and blue jays, demonstrating that both sexually selected behaviour and naturally selected parental behaviour carry fitness costs for green June beetles.
Research ethics in nutrition education.

Abstract Public and professional concern about ethical issues in research is increasing, and oversight and control over research activities are expanding. Relatively little attention has been specifically devoted to research ethics in nutrition education, which is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary field that uses research methods primarily from the social sciences. Existing ethical frameworks provide theories, principles, and rules applicable to nutrition education. Important ethical concepts and issues include informed consent, deception, privacy, anonymity, confidentiality, and randomization. Research misconduct has not been a major issue in nutrition education. No code of ethics exists specifically for nutrition education research, although ethical guidance may be sought from the codes of other organizations. Awareness and training in research ethics is important to insure high quality research and to prevent ethical problems in the future. Nutrition educators can benefit from increased consciousness about ethical issues in research, greater knowledge about basic ethical theories and practices, and obtaining, disseminating and developing ethical resources useful to nutrition education research activities.
Novel excitation schemes for the microstrip ring resonator with lower insertion loss

Perturbations not affecting the intrinsic resonance of a microstrip ring are introduced to increase the coupling periphery between the feedline and the resonator. Compared to conventional excitation, the authors demonstrate an average improvement of ~6 dB in the insertion loss.
Influence of light on nuclear size and deoxyribonucleic acid content of stored bovine spermatozoa.

Abstract Feulgen-positive material, assumed to be deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), was determined by microspectrophotometry for 790 spermatozoa from 17 bulls stored in Cornell University Extender (CUE) at 5C in sealed ampules. Factorially arranged treatments included light and dark, air and N 2 gassing, and addition of β-mercaptoethylamine (MEA). Light was associated with reduced motility and increased nuclear area, the correlation between the two variables being −0.51 (P 2 was more effective in preserving sperm motility than in preventing a decrease in DNA in sperm exposed to light. Bulls differed in size of the sperm nuclei (range 24.9 to 31.5 μ 2 ), and in DNA content, but there was no significant relationship between either variable and fertility. Addition of 0.5 m MEA was toxic to spermatozoa and caused complete disappearance of the nuclei exposed to light in an air atmosphere. In N 2 many nuclei were shrunken. Other nuclei in the presence of MEA were swollen or ruptured, or both, as were the nuclei of spermatozoa stored in the dark with air or N 2 .
Tetradentate ligands for the MoMo quadruple bond from cis-coordinated phosphonites

Abstract Deprotonated cis-[M(CO)4(PhPO2)2H3]− (M = Cr, Mo, W) are tetradentate ligands capable of displacing two carboxylate bridges each in Mo2(acetate)4 to give mixed-valent tetrametallic complexes of the type MO2[M(CO)4(PhPO2)2]24− (M = Cr, Mo, W). The molecular structure of (n-Bu4N)2H2MO2[Mo(CO)4(PhPO2)2]2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca, with cell parameters a = 20.858(1), b = 17.131(1), c = 21.072(1) A, V = 7529.14 A3 and Z = 4. A total of 3262 reflections were considered significant and used in the refinement, yielding final Rf = 0.056 and Rw = 0.063. The tetraanion has a centre of symmetry and features a MoIIMoII bond of 2.186(2) A spanned by two cis-Mo(Co)4(PhPO2)2 metallo-ligands. Chemically, only weak interactions are found between this tetraanion and potential axial ligands like tertiary amines, pyridine, phosphine and isonitrile. Its iodination occurred at the molybdenum(0) tetracarbonyl sites with CO loss to give Mo2[Mo(CO)3I2(PhPO2)2]24−.
Do research payments precipitate drug use or coerce participation

Providing high-magnitude cash incentives to substance abuse clients to participate in research is frequently viewed as unethical based on the concerns that this might precipitate new drug use or be perceived as coercive. We randomly assigned consenting drug abuse outpatients to receive payments of $10, $40, or $70 in either cash or gift certificate for attending a 6-month research follow-up assessment. At the 6-month follow-up, participants received their randomly determined incentive and were then scheduled for a second follow-up appointment 3 days later to detect new instances of drug use. Findings indicated that neither the magnitude nor mode of the incentives had a significant effect on rates of new drug use or perceptions of coercion. Consistent with the contingency management literature, higher payments and cash payments were associated with increased follow-up rates. Finally, the results suggest that higher magnitude payments may be more cost-effective by reducing the need for more intensive follow-up efforts.
Laboratory Clinical Effectiveness: Pathologists Improving Clinical Outcomes

This article calls on pathologists to take a larger role in improving the performance of the American health care system. To improve outcomes for populations and individuals require that pathologists increase their activities outside of the traditional laboratory in interdisciplinary collaborations, outcomes research, health care systems development, and clinical care.
Optimizing memory accesses for spatial computation

In this paper we present the internal representation and optimizations used by the CASH compiler for improving the memory parallelism of pointer-based programs. CASH uses an SSA-based representation for memory, which compactly summarizes both control-flow-and dependence information.In CASH, memory optimization is a four-step process: (1)first an initial, relatively coarse, representation of memory dependences is built; (2) next, unnecessary memory dependences are removed using dependence tests; (3) third, redundant memory operations are removed (4)finally, parallelism is increased by pipelining memory accesses in loops. While the first three steps above are very general, the loop pipelining transformations are particularly applicable for spatial computation, which is the primary target of CASH.The redundant memory removal optimizations presented are: load/store hoisting (subsuming partial redundancy elimination and common-subexpression elimination), load-after-store removal, store-before-store removal (dead store removal) and loop-invariant load motion.One of our loop pipelining transformations is a new form of loop parallelization, called loop decoupling. This transformation separates independent memory accesses within a loop body into several independent loops, which are allowed dynamically to slip with respect to each other. A new computational primitive, a token generator is used to dynamically control the amount of slip, allowing maximum freedom, while guaranteeing that no memory dependences are violated.
Factors Affecting Sex Ratio at Eight Weeks in Rhode Island Reds

Abstract THE proportion of male and female chicks at the age of eight weeks is very important economically since this is the usual age at which the sexes are separated in the medium breeds. Sex ratio at eight weeks means the percentage of males at that age in each family. Previous studies on this flock indicate that female embryos die at a higher rate than male embryos (Hays, 1949; Hays and Spear 1950), and that, during the first eight weeks of life female chicks may die at a faster rate than males (Hays, 1951). Aged breeding stock also tend to give higher sex ratios because of a somewhat higher embryonic death rate (Hays and Spear, 1952; Hays, 1952). In pedigree breeding, very abnormal sex ratios often appear in families. Jull (1932) and Thornton (1944) found no evidence that abnormal sex ratios depend on inheritance. This study is a further attempt to …
Women with Co-Occurring Substance Abuse Disorders and PTSD: How Women Understand their Illness

This article reports the findings of a qualitative study that explored women's understanding about their “illness” co-occurring substance use disorders (SUD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The findings are part of a larger study that investigated the effectiveness of “Seeking Safety Treatment” within a therapeutic community among women with SUD and PTSD co-morbidities.Seventy-eight women in treatment, who met the diagnostic criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, participated in the study. Typical study participants were Caucasian, heterosexual, single women between 25 and 38 years old, with 2 children, a high school level education, unemployed, and had annual incomes of less than $10,000.This study summarized responses to a questionnaire given to the women when they entered treatment. Responses are summarized according to question. The following represents a general summary: Drugs or addiction caused the illness that brought me to treatment, and it was largely the result of my family li...
Repression of IL-2 Promoter Activity by the Novel Basic Leucine Zipper p21SNFT Protein

IL-2 is the major autocrine and paracrine growth factor produced by T cells upon T cell stimulation. The inducible expression of IL-2 is highly regulated by multiple transcription factors, particularly AP-1, which coordinately activate the promoter. Described here is the ability of the novel basic leucine zipper protein p21SNFT to repress AP-1 activity and IL-2 transcription. A detailed analysis of the repression by p21SNFT repression on the IL-2 promoter distal NF-AT/AP-1 site demonstrates that it can bind DNA with NF-AT and Jun, strongly suggesting that it represses NF-AT/AP-1 activity by competing with Fos proteins for Jun dimerization. The importance of this repression is that p21SNFT inhibits the trans-activation potential of protein complexes that contain Jun, thereby demonstrating an additional level of control for the highly regulated, ubiquitous AP-1 transcription factor and the IL-2 gene.
Differential expression of the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein in bovine ciliary epithelium.

Abstract Differential expression of the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP), a likely component of the visual cycle, has been observed in the ocular ciliary epithelium, a bilayer of neurepithelial cells involved in the active transport of aqueous humor. Antibody probes raised to bovine ciliary epithelium were used to isolate a cDNA encoding CRALBP from a bovine ciliary epithelium cDNA expression library. Northern analysis of poly A+ RNA isolated from three different regions of the neonate ciliary epithelium revealed a three-fold higher level of CRALBP expression in the most anterior portion of the pars plicata region relative to the posterior pars plana region. Western blot analysis using CRALBP-specific antibodies also demonstrated that the level of CRALBP expression was higher in the most anterior portion of the ciliary epithelium and gradually decreases toward the posterior region in both neonate and adult bovine eyes. Using indirect immunofluorescence and frozen-sectioned bovine ciliary epithelium, CRALBP was localized to the pigmented ciliary epithelial cell layer along the entire ciliary epithelium. In the nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cell layer, CRALBP was only detected in the pars plana region. Pigmented ciliary epithelial cells have also been cultured and CRALBP expression demonstrated for several continuous passages by Northern and Western analysis. These results raise questions regarding the physiological role of CRALBP in the ciliary epithelium and the involvement of the protein in defining regional and functional boundaries within this tissue.
Dietary Copper Deficiency Increases the Mast Cell Population of the Rat

Mast cell-released histamine has been implicated in the enhanced acute inflammatory response of copper-deficient rats. The present study examined possible changes in the copper-deficient mast cell which may account for increased macromolecular leakage and edema formation. Mast cell populations were determined in the cremaster muscle of copper-adequate and copper-deficient rats. Total histamine content, unstimulated histamine release and concentration-dependent histamine release with the mast cell secretagogue compound 48/80 were also determined in isolated peritoneal mast cells. A significantly higher number of mast cells were found in the cremaster muscle of the copper-deficient rats (78 +/- 7 cells/5 microns section) than in the copper-adequate controls (51 +/- 4). Total histamine content per cell as well as unstimulated and stimulated release of the inflammatory mediator per cell were not different between the groups. The results suggest that dietary copper deficiency increases the mast cell population but does not alter the mast cell histamine content or sensitivity to degranulation in the rat. This increase in the number of mast cells may be a mechanism by which acute inflammation is enhanced in copper deficiency.
Evidence for Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilites contributing to the sterility of hybrids between Mimulus guttatus and M. nasutus.

Abstract Both chromosomal rearrangements and negative interactions among loci (Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities) have been advanced as the genetic mechanism underlying the sterility of interspecific hybrids. These alternatives invoke very different evolutionary histories during speciation and also predict different patterns of sterility in artificial hybrids. Chromosomal rearrangements require drift, inbreeding, or other special conditions for initial fixation and, because heterozygosity per se generates any problems with gamete formation, F1 hybrids will be most infertile. In contrast, Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities may arise as byproducts of adaptive evolution and often affect the segregating F2 generation most severely. To distinguish the effects of these two mechanisms early in divergence, we investigated the quantitative genetics of hybrid sterility in a line cross between two members of the Mimulus guttatus species complex (M. guttatus and M. nasutus). Hybrids showed partial male and female ...
Role of the Airway Epithelium in Defense Against Inhaled Invaders

In the present issue, there are two excellent articles on mechanisms of airway hypersecretion. This editorial discusses some of the investigated issues of mucous hypersecretion. It is useful to understand the development that led to problems of hypersecretion. When animals from the sea migrated to land, the apparatus for the exchange of O2 and CO2 moved from superficial gills utilized by fish to the development of lungs located deep within the organism in land animals. The required ‘‘plumbing’’ connection between the atmosphere and the lungs was provided by air tubes. Atmospheric air passing through these tubes is contaminated with foreign irritants (e.g., bacteria). Thus, the luminal surface of the airway epithelium has become the battlefront where contact with foreign organisms (e.g., bacteria) occurs and where attempts to prevent their invasion are initiated. Mechanisms have evolved at this surface to intercept signals from these bacteria and to provide defensive action against invasion. An important mechanism for airway epithelial defense is provided by the secretion of mucus into the airway lumen. Secreted mucus spreads over the airway epithelium, trapping deposited foreign materials and clearing them from the airway, thus preventing them from invading. Mucus is a complex mixture of proteins, lipids, and a sol phase composed of water and electrolytes. Key elements in mucus are mucins, which are high molecular weight mucous glycoproteins that form the mucous gel. The gel spreads over the airway luminal surface and provides the viscoelastic sheet that normally permits effective mucociliary and cough clearance. Mucins are produced by submucosal glands in the large conducting airways and by surface epithelial cells in both
Fracture Behavior of Surface-Cracked Tension Elements

The crack length dimension is used as the principal measure of surface flaw severity to model fracture behavior in the elastic-plastic range of material behavior. Using the results of previous observations, it is shown that a single, continuous stress-crack length curve can be created for flaw shape ratios, a/2c, between 0.25 and 0.50, which are those most commonly encountered in structural service. The technique is verified by graphical displays of data on steel and titanium materials from several investigators.
Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys, and Iapetus oceans

1. Prologue 2. Paleopoles and paleomagnetic directions 3. Megaplates, microplates, blocks, terranes, accreted slivers, thrusts and olistostromes 4. Paleomagnetic information - what makes a paleopole valuable? 5. The major continents and Pangea 6. The opening of the Atlantic Ocean 7. The Tethyan blocks 8. The Paleozoic terranes of Iapetus 9. Epilogue 10. Appendices 11. References 12. Index.
The Thief and the Anthropologist: A Story of Ethics, Power, and Ethnography

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN privilege, power, and ethnography is the subject of much critical contemporary anthropology. While this focus is long overdue, it remains extremely narrow. The product of anthropology— our texts—receives close scrutiny, but the process of ethnography—our fieldwork—is rarely examined. Based upon an encounter with a would-be thief, this article makes the case that just as our writing techniques are politicized, our research techniques are also politicized. The face-to-face encounter between the ethnographer and her respondent is politically constituted. Research cannot be separated from real life, and to believe that it can raises many ethical issues.
High-throughput mutational analysis of the human cancer genome

Cancer is essentially a genetic disease. Recent high-throughput mutational analyses of gene families in human colorectal, breast and lung cancer, myeloproliferative disorders, and other tumor types have identified a number of kinases and phosphatases that are mutated in the human cancer genome. This approach has been proven to be an efficient way to catalog tumor-specific mutations in human cancers. Although there are still some technical hurdles to overcome, it is not a far-reaching goal to perform genome-wide mutational analysis in all different tumor types. Systematic cataloging of tumor-specific mutations in the human cancer genome not only will lead to new insights into the mechanisms of tumorigenesis, but also provide unprecedented opportunities in the design of novel therapeutics for cancer patients. Personalized cancer therapy based on tumor-specific mutations will be a realistic goal in the near future.
A Longitudinal Study of Recreational Sport Participation and Constraints

Knowledge of what encourages and limits recreational experiences is essential to an overall healthy lifestyle and promotion of long term wellness. Findings from 1857 surveys in this longitudinal study suggest students enrolled at a midsize, Southeastern university experience limited constraints to their recreational sport participation, and identify with many positive benefits of regular recreational sport and fitness participation. Most respondents identified highly with the benefits of recreational sports participation. Notably, they identified with improved fitness (73.3%), development of healthy lifestyle habits (66.4%), enhanced mood (71.5%), and improved attitude toward fitness (69.4%). The respondents did not identify with many limits, or constraints to participation with the exception of time. 54% agreed or strongly agreed they did not have enough time to participate. Only 12% agreed or strongly agreed that their participation was due to lack of a support network.
PREVALENCE OF SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SALMONELLA ENTERICA IN ROCK PIGEONS CAPTURED IN FORT COLLINS, COLORADO

The potential role of rock pigeons (Columba livia) in the epidemiology of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella enterica is unclear. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of STEC and S. enterica in pigeons at urban and dairy settings as a function of season. Prevalence of STEC and S. enterica was estimated by bacteriologic culture of cloacal swabs collected from pigeons trapped at urban and dairy locations in and around Fort Collins, Colorado from January to November 2003. Presumptive E. coli isolates were tested for the presence of virulence genes SLT-1, SLT-2, eae, hlyA, K1, CNF-1, CNF-2, and LT using polymerase chain reaction. Shiga toxins were not isolated from any of 406 samples from pigeons, but virulence genes typically associated with disease in humans were identified in isolates from 7.9% (95% CI: 5.5% to 10.9%) of captured pigeons. S. enterica were detected in 3.2% of 277 samples from pigeons, with all positive samples originating from dairy locations (nine of 106 [8.5%]; 95% CI: 4.0-15.5%). The results suggest that although pigeons may acquire S. enterica from cattle and play a role in recirculation and persistence of the microorganism at dairies, pigeons are not important carriers of STEC.
Anti-Americanism in Asia? Factors shaping international perceptions of American influence

Against the backdrop of 9/11 and the Bush administration’s subsequent invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, many have argued that international perceptions of the United States are growing more negative and that ‘antiAmericanism’ is going to be a problem for American foreign policy in the decades to come. We examine the debate over anti-Americanism by using survey data collected in more than 26 countries that span East, Southeast, South, and Central Asia, with a focus on two empirical questions. First, to what extent do citizens in Asia believe that the United States has a negative (or positive) influence on their country? Second, what factors, at both the individual and national level, shape the perceptions of American influence? Although we uncover little evidence of pervasive anti-Americanism, the results of our multilevel model generally confirm the theoretical importance of three explanations for international perceptions of the United States—interest theories, cultural and political similarities, and increased information and contacts.
Acknowledging discrimination as a key to the gender pay gap.

I comment again on issues raised in my initial paper in this issue (Lips 2012, this issue) and respond to commentaries by Huffman (2012, this issue), Olson (2012), Stockdale and Nadler (2012) and Tharenou (2012). Even in the light of a large and growing body of evidence for the gender pay gap, a lack of awareness of the gap still exists. This lack of awareness may have roots in system-justification beliefs. Such beliefs can be reinforced by a human capital approach, which may appear to rationalize the gender pay gap by attributing it mainly to the choices individuals make, while downplaying the role of discrimination. Although, as commentators on my original article have pointed out, some researchers who use this model may be aware of its limitations, and some may have moved beyond it because of its limitations, such limitations may not be so obvious to consumers of the research. Thus, a continuing, careful critique of the human capital model, and attention to the impact of cultural gender stereotypes on the variables it encompasses, is warranted. However, as several commentators have also noted, there are other useful ways of analyzing the gender pay gap, such as focusing on institutional variables associated with it or examining it from the perspective of cumulative disadvantage. These too should also be vigorously pursued in the service of understanding and eliminating the gap.
Philosophy, Revelation, and Political Theory: Leo Strauss and Eric Voegeli

Strauss and Voegelin inquired whether philosophy and revelation answer the challenge of positivism. Strauss analyzed philosophy as autonomous reason's empirical and logical grasp of rational articulation in nature, and religion as indemonstrable affirmation. He thought that the former, but not the latter, overcomes the fact-value distinction. Voegelin understood philosophy and revelation as equivalent symbolizations of inner experiences of nonobjective reality. He argued that both led to a knowing-questioning that transcends the fact-value distinction. This paper clarifies Strauss and Voegelin, shows how their work points beyond positivism toward a knowable political ethics, and suggests that Voegelin's theories are truer to the historical origins of philosophy and revelation than Strauss's.
Neuro-Modulating Effects of Honokiol: A Review

Honokiol is a polyphenolic compound that exerts neuroprotective properties through a variety of mechanisms. It has therapeutic potential in anxiety, pain, cerebrovascular injury, epilepsy, and cognitive disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. It has been traditionally used in medical practices throughout much of Southeast Asia, but has now become more widely studied due to its pleiotropic effects. Most current research regarding this compound has focused on its chemotherapeutic properties. However, it has the potential to be an effective neuroprotective agent as well. This review summarizes what is currently known regarding the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective and anesthetic effects of this compound and identifies potential areas for further research.
Techniques for bandwidth-efficient prefetching of linked data structures in hybrid prefetching systems

Linked data structure (LDS) accesses are critical to the performance of many large scale applications. Techniques have been proposed to prefetch such accesses. Unfortunately, many LDS prefetching techniques 1) generate a large number of useless prefetches, thereby degrading performance and bandwidth efficiency, 2) require significant hardware or storage cost, or 3) when employed together with stream-based prefetchers, cause significant resource contention in the memory system. As a result, existing processors do not employ LDS prefetchers even though they commonly employ stream-based prefetchers. This paper proposes a low-cost hardware/software cooperative technique that enables bandwidth-efficient prefetching of linked data structures. Our solution has two new components: 1) a compiler-guided prefetch filtering mechanism that informs the hardware about which pointer addresses to prefetch, 2) a coordinated prefetcher throttling mechanism that uses run-time feedback to manage the interference between multiple prefetchers (LDS and stream-based) in a hybrid prefetching system. Evaluations show that the proposed solution improves average performance by 22.5% while decreasing memory bandwidth consumption by 25% over a baseline system that employs an effective stream prefetcher on a set of memory- and pointer-intensive applications. We compare our proposal to three different LDS/correlation prefetching techniques and find that it provides significantly better performance on both single-core and multi-core systems, while requiring less hardware cost.