cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social relationships among adult male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): variation in the strength and quality of social bonds

Socioecological environments that promote frequent interaction and social tolerance have favored the evolution of strong and equitable social bonds, which facilitate cooperation and confer fitness benefits. In most species, kinship is the primary predictor of bond strength and quality, but it does not adequately explain partner choice among adult male chimpanzees. Instead, most bonds and cooperative interactions occur among unrelated individuals, likely because of a lack of brothers among available partners. To identify what factors drive partner choice when kinship does not, we investigated the strength and quality of social bonds among adult male chimpanzees (N = 26) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Maternal brothers, when present, formed stronger bonds than other dyads, and maternal brothers who were close in age or rank formed the strongest bonds. Among dyads that were not maternal brothers, however, the strength of social bonds was not associated with either age difference or rank difference. Additionally, dyads with stronger bonds groomed more equitably than other dyads, as did maternal brothers and dyads close in rank. Bonds were stable, community-wide, for 2 years on average, while lasting up to 13 years. Overall, there remains no clear-cut explanation for partner choice among male chimpanzees. Demographic constraints limit the impact of kinship, and the effects of age and rank difference are small or nonexistent, suggesting that bond strength results from a more complex process than a simple accounting of basic characteristics. Instead, dyads may possess some distinct quality that engenders strength and stability, such as compatible personalities. Strong social ties are associated with increased fitness in several species, including humans, baboons, feral horses, and dolphins. Although close kin typically form the strongest bonds, kinship explains only a limited number of bonds (and associated cooperation) among adult male chimpanzees. To identify what factors influence partner choice when kinship does not, we examined social bonds among adult male chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Males formed strong, stable bonds and groomed more equitably with strong bond partners. Nevertheless, kinship, age difference, and rank difference did not fully explain male partner choice. These results contrast with findings in other species, where stronger and more equitable bonds are typically formed by kin as well as those that are close in age and rank. Instead, male chimpanzee dyads may possess some distinct quality that promotes strength and stability, such as compatible personalities.
Approach to Pulmonary Embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially life-threatening condition that can be challenging to diagnose. This teaching script will help the learner to identify risk factors for pulmonary embolism, to recognize the common signs and symptoms associated with it, and to utilize a systematic approach to evaluate and diagnose PE. We emphasize the importance of determining the pre-test probability of PE in order to guide further work-up as well as the role of D-dimer testing to reduce the need for CT imaging.
Learning to listen: how empathetic engagement with patients can help overcome reproductive injustice.

Dialogue for paper: Anti-Mullerian Hormone in African American Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Reproductive justice stands at the intersection of social justice and reproductive health, where it focuses attention on the reproductive health and rights of women who suffer social injustices. Although a pilot study of a hormone may seem an unlikely springboard for a serious discussion about this subject, I believe that the watershed events of 2020 suggest that adding such a lens is essential to the health and lives of our patients. It is possible that relatively few rheumatologists view themselves at the forefront of this movement. However, by working empathetically and using the recent American College of Rheumatology’s Reproductive Health Guidelines, rheumatologists can help black women overcome some of the reproductive injustice they currently suffer. This pilot study by Angley and colleagues,1 published in this issue of Lupus Science & Medicine , demonstrates that black women with SLE, both without and especially with prior cyclophosphamide (CYC) therapy, have significantly lower levels of antimullerian hormone (AMH) than black women without SLE. AMH is steadily generated by existing ovarian follicles, which means that measuring its levels can provide a rough estimate of ovarian reserve, or the number of potential eggs a woman has left to produce. It can be predictive of early menopause; in addition, women with lower levels of AMH are less likely to conceive.2 3 A recent …
Intermediated Bargaining in Networks with a Matchmaker

I study intermediation in a buyer-seller network with sequential bargaining. An intermediary matches traders connected in a network to bargain over the price of heterogeneous goods and has the freedom to charge each side commission. A profit-maximizing middleman can help eliminate trading delays but limits trades executed that are not profit maximizing. When the middleman competes with the buyers and sellers being matched through an exogenous search process, she matches buyer and seller pairs that are selected less often by the exogenous search process.
Giant Prolactinoma Presenting With Facial Nerve Palsy and Hemiparesis.

Background Giant prolactinomas are an exceedingly uncommon type of pituitary adenomas that usually occur in men, and cause extremely high prolactin levels and mass-related symptoms. Rarely, patients may experience neurological deficits resembling ischemic events. Methods We describe an unusual case of a young man who presented with stroke-like symptoms and was found to have a giant prolactinoma. Clinical case A 25-year-old man presented with left facial droop and gradually progressing upper and lower extremity weakness for evaluation of stroke. He reported recent weight gain and erectile dysfunction. Physical examination revealed left homonymous hemianopsia, left VII nerve palsy, and left hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed an enormous mass in the sella turcica, which invaded the sphenoid sinus and right side of the skull base. Prolactin level was elevated at 13 580 ng/mL, and the testosterone level was low. The patient was started on cabergoline and had marked improvement in his symptoms in a few months. Fifteen months after starting treatment, he has had more than 90% reduction in tumor volume and a 93% reduction in prolactin level. Conclusion Giant prolactinomas are uncommon and present with compressive symptoms that can be mistaken for a stroke. Our case is a unique report of a facial nerve palsy and hemiparesis secondary to giant prolactinoma in the absence of stroke or pituitary apoplexy.
Addressing Pediatric Mental Health Using Telehealth During Coronavirus Disease-2019 and Beyond: A Narrative Review.

The pediatrician continues to serve as a frontline provider addressing patients' medical and mental health needs, yet COVID-19 is reshaping the way physicians deliver such care. Pediatricians are increasingly faced with the challenge of delivering healthcare, including mental health care, remotely. Given the rapidly evolving literature, we performed a narrative review of the use of telehealth for mental health care for pediatric populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Areas of focus included 1) pediatric primary care settings, 2) special pediatric populations (e.g., eating disorders, autism), 3) access and engagement in telehealth care, and 4) training opportunities available for mental health providers. Themes that emerged across studies included the importance of meeting patients' needs (e.g., access to technological resources) to optimize success in using telehealth tools and challenges around provider access to evidence-based tools for use during telehealth. Thus, we offered evidence-based tools (including COVID-19 specific resources) for improving the delivery of mental health care by pediatricians via telehealth. We also reviewed future directions including trials currently underway that will enhance understanding of future telehealth applications for pediatric mental health care.
Discovery of double helix of screw dislocations: a perspective

We discuss the conversion of a pure screw dislocation into a helical (single helix) dislocation through absorption of vacancies. These helical dislocations having some edge and mostly screw charact...
A History of Prejudice: Race, Caste, and Difference in India and the United States

1. Introduction 2. Prejudice as difference 3. Dalit conversion: the assertion of sameness 4. Double V: the everyday of race relations 5. An African-American autobiography: re-locating difference 6. Dalit memoirs: re-scripting the body 7. The persistence of prejudice.
Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Bone Tumors

As with lesions of any other organ system, many bone tumors are easy to diagnose, but a few will be difficult. Careful attention to clinical features and roentgenograms should make most bone tumors straightforward. The plain film is the most important image which is helpful in diagnosis. Bone tumors are classified depending on the kind of matrix produced or the cytology of the tumor cells in cases without matrix production. The cases are then divided into benign and malignant counterparts. The staging system uses two criteria: the histological grade and extent of the tumor, i.e., where it involved only one compartment or more than one. The grading system is similar to the one proposed by Broders.
Stimulated terahertz emission from intraexcitonic transitions in Cu2O.

We report the first observation of stimulated emission of terahertz radiation from internal transitions of excitons. The far-infrared electromagnetic response of Cu{sub 2}O is monitored via broadband terahertz pulses after ultrafast resonant excitation of three-dimensional 3p excitons. Stimulated emission from the 3p to the energetically lower 2s bound level occurs at a photon energy of 6.6 meV, with a cross section of {approx} 10{sup 14} cm{sup 2}. Simultaneous excitation of both exciton levels, in turn, drives quantum beats which lead to efficient terahertz emission sharply peaked at the difference frequency.
John Bishop: Believing by Faith: An Essay in the Epistemology and Ethics of Religious Belief

John Bishop articulates and defends a modest fideism that builds upon that of William James. It is modest in that it endorses going beyond the evidence but never counter to it, it does so only when acting on some belief or another is unavoidable, it justifies only "highest-order framing principles" held in a non-doctrinaire spirit, and it permits passional belief yet does not mandate it (or might not mandate it; 225). Chapter 1 provides a glossary and overview of the book, and it conveniently distinguishes between epistemic evidentialism and moral evidentialism. Against evidentialism, fideism holds that some religious beliefs can be both morally and epistemically justified in the absence of decisive evidence. Chapter 2 emphasizes that the state of holding a proposition true is distinct from the action of taking a proposition to be true in one's practical reasoning. By focusing on the latter, Bishop poises himself for subsequently arguing that faith is under voluntary control; that accepting a proposition may enjoy epistemic value where holding it does not; that whether to have faith is a moral question; and that whether to have faith is a "forced option." Chapter 3 motivates the ambiguity thesis, the claim that rational and empirical considerations regarding the existence of God are inconclusive. While the ambiguity thesis is questionable, Bishop is right to recognize its popularity and he is right to consider its implications. Chapter 4 rejects two theistic responses to the ambiguity thesis, Wittgensteinian isolationism and Reformed epistemology. Chapter 5 argues that it is conceptually and psychologically possible to accept propositions without evidence. These preliminary chapters all work quite successfully, in my view. Chapter 6, the heart of the book, formulates basic conditions for fideistic belief: a subject S is morally permitted and epistemically permitted, it should be noted to accept a proposition of theistic faith, p, while recognizing that p is unsupported by
Dynamic Palmitoylation and the Role of DHHC Proteins in T Cell Activation and Anergy

Although protein S-palmitoylation was first characterized >30 years ago, and is implicated in the function, trafficking, and localization of many proteins, little is known about the regulation and physiological implications of this posttranslational modification. Palmitoylation of various signaling proteins required for TCR-induced T cell activation is also necessary for their proper function. Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is an essential scaffolding protein involved in T cell development and activation, and we found that its palmitoylation is selectively impaired in anergic T cells. The recent discovery of the DHHC family of palmitoyl acyl transferases and the establishment of sensitive and quantitative proteomics-based methods for global analysis of the palmitoyl proteome led to significant progress in studying the biology and underlying mechanisms of cellular protein palmitoylation. We are using these approaches to explore the palmitoyl proteome in T lymphocytes and, specifically, the mechanistic basis for the impaired palmitoylation of LAT in anergic T cells. This chapter reviews the history of protein palmitoylation and its role in T cell activation, the DHHC family and new methodologies for global analysis of the palmitoyl proteome, and summarizes our recent work in this area. The new methodologies will accelerate the pace of research and provide a greatly improved mechanistic and molecular understanding of the complex process of protein palmitoylation and its regulation, and the substrate specificity of the novel DHHC family. Reversible protein palmitoylation will likely prove to be an important posttranslational mechanism that regulates cellular responses, similar to protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
The role of water in atmosphertc dynamics and climate

Abstract From its beginnings nearly 2000 years ago until the end of the nineteenth century, the science of meteorology focused strongly on the role of water and its change of phase; indeed the very word “meteorology” betrays this focus. As synoptic observation networks began to reveal rotary weather systems and fronts, however, the conceptual picture of large-scale atmospheric dynamics changed dramatically to one in which water and its change of phase were considered embellishments on a world view of dry, adiabatic dynamics. This view persists today, even to some degree in the Tropics, where phase change of water is a dominant physical process. After reviewing this historical progression, I will highlight both the advances made possible by this dry, adiabatic world view, and the roadblocks to a more complete understanding that this has created. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of water in the climate system, and the need for scientists better trained in thermodynamics to solve many outstanding problems in weather and climate.
Assessing Relevance with Extensionally Defined Principles and Cases

Expert decision-makers often explain decisions by citing general principles. In some domains, however, it is nearly impossible to define principles intensionally so that they may be applied deductively. After investigating hundreds of professional ethics case opinions, we hypothesized that the decision-makers’ explanations extensionally defined principles over time, in effect, operationalizing them. To model this phenomenon computationally, we constructed SIROCCO, a system for retrieving principles and past cases. This paper presents empirical evidence that operationalization information can be leveraged to predict relevant principles and past cases more accurately than competing approaches that do not use such information.
Systematic HRAS Amplification in Ovary-independent Mammary Tumors: Correlation with Progressively Anaplastic Phenotypes

Progression of well differentiated rat mammary adenocarcinomas to very anaplastic phenotypes was found to correlate with a systematic and significant amplification of a mutant HRAS allele. Tumors with high amplification levels of this oncogene were analyzed by chromosomal in situ hybridization; in four of the cases the amplified sequences did not reside at the native chromosome 1 locus but were localized in a novel marker chromosome. The model described has potential as a reproducible system for the study of the chromosomal and cellular mechanisms operative "in vivo" for oncogene amplification.
VLSI design of inner-product computers using distributed arithmetic

Methods for designing custom VLSI implementations of distributed arithmetic architectures are studied. Inner product computations where one vector is fixed form the basis of many digital signal processing algorithms. The bit- and word-level partitioning of the inner product allows a mapping to a distributed arithmetic computation which uses table-accumulator structures instead of multipliers. The distributed arithmetic computation can be expressed as a regular iterative algorithm which can be mapped to space-time coordinates producing a regular VLSI implementation. The partitioning and mapping of the inner product computation provide a systematic method for searching a large design space for optimal architectures. Optimality is defined in terms of cost expressions and constraints that are functions of area, latency, period and precision. >
Developing PWR Aging‐Management Strategies for Reactor Vessel Internals

Managing materials’ aging degradation issues is of high importance to the long-term safety and reliability of major components as current PWRs age. Many U.S. utilities have completed the process of renewing their operating license for an additional twenty years. While doing so, they committed to develop aging-management programs and inspection plans.
Urban ANTs: A Review Essay

Author reviews: Urban Assemblages: How Actor-Network Theory Changes Urban Studies. Ignacio Farias and Thomas Bender (Eds.). New York: Routledge. 2010. ISBN 0415486629. 333 pages, $150.00 (cloth)
A Twitch Upon the Thread: Levinas, the Conscience of Teaching, and the Teaching of Conscience

INTRODUCTION The history of educational and social thought echoes with cries of moral and social decline. Such laments have been voiced by writers as far back as Hesiod and still maintain a place on the nation’s front pages. Many call for students to learn “the difference between right and wrong,” so that they will know when they are tempted to err, and have it on their conscience. The nature of conscience itself, however, remains little examined within the debate of moral education.
Pixelated designs of high pressure xenon gamma-ray spectrometers and position sensing

The energy resolution and position sensing with two types of pixelated anode designs of high pressure xenon gamma-ray spectrometer were investigated. The first design is composed of a single planar cathode and four anode pixels embedded in the center of a "non-collecting" anode plate. The second design is composed of a cylindrical surface cathode and seven pixelated central cylinder anodes. These designs remove the Frisch grid which can suffer from excessive micro-phonics in real-world applications. The distribution of electron cloud created by interaction between gamma-rays and Xe was obtained with Monte Carlo (GEANT4) simulations and shows the dimension of electron clouds increasing from approximately 0.1 mm to ~100 mm for gamma-ray energy range from 50 keV to 10 MeV in Xe at ~50 atm pressure (~0.5g/cm 3 density). The charge collecting efficiency and waveform of induced charge on each anode were obtained by tracking electron cloud drifting. The position sensing based on both position dependence of weighting potential and the distribution of induced charge among anode pixels were also probed.
Small echogenic foci in the ovaries: correlation with histologic findings.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the histologic correlate of small echogenic foci in the ovary and to assess for any association with endometriosis or endosalpingiosis. Methods. Women planning to have a normal ovary surgically removed were scanned preoperatively with transvaginal sonography. If echogenic foci were present in either normal ovary on the preoperative scan, the removed ovary was scanned in a saline bath, and the surface was marked with india ink over an echogenic focus. Histologic sections were then obtained at the marked site. Results. Echogenic foci were detected in 23 ovaries of 16 women. Possible causes were found in 17 of the 23 ovaries: hemosiderin in 6 cases, calcification in 5 cases, hemosiderin and calcification in 2 cases, clusters of inclusion cysts in 2 cases, 1 of which also had hemosiderin, and dense cortical nodules in 2 cases. Histologic findings were benign in all cases except in 1 patient who had primary peritoneal carcinoma unrelated to the echogenic foci. One ovary in another patient had both endosalpingiosis and endometriosis. One other patient had endometriosis involving a fallopian tube but not the ovary. There were no other cases of endometriosis or endosalpingiosis. Conclusions. Small echogenic foci in the ovaries are most frequently due to hemosiderin or calcification. A few small echogenic foci in the ovaries are associated with benign histologic changes and do not appear to be reliable indicators of endosalpingiosis or endometriosis.
An Improved Method to Measure Slow Compressional Wave in Fluid-Saturated Porous Plates by Using Lamb Modes

The theory of elastic wave propagation in fluid-saturated porous solids was established by Biot in 1956 [1,2]. Biot predicted the existence of three bulk modes: fast compressional wave, slow compressional wave, and shear wave. However, experimental confirmation of Biot’s theory at ultrasonic frequencies was not achieved until 1980 when Plona [3] observed slow compressional waves on fluid-saturated synthetic porous solids by using mode conversion technique. Since that time, Plona’s method has been adopted as a major approach to measure slow compressional wave in fluid-saturated porous media.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: histopathology.

Abstract Context.—The classic histopathology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HSP) is well known but variations do occur and at times the diagnosis can be difficult. This is particularly true in the chronic stage of the disease. Objective.—To review the wide variety of histopathologic changes that can be seen in HSP and to offer a practical approach to diagnosis, including the diagnosis of recently described variants of HSP such as the so-called hot tub lung. Data Sources.—This review draws from the author's own experience and a concurrent search of national and international literature. Conclusions.—The diagnosis of HSP can be made with confidence only in light of clinical, serologic, and radiographic data. A particular challenge for pathologists is the recognition of the disease in its chronic stage. In this stage, the identification of poorly formed granulomas in association with (1) a pattern of homogeneous linear fibrosis and (2) irregular fibrosis in a partially peribronchiolar distribution would fa...
ALUMINA SCALE ADHERENCE TO CoCrAl ALLOYS AND COATINGS

There are two essential requirements for alloys or coatings which are designed to withstand degradation by oxidation during high temperature exposure. First, they must form a surface oxide which thickens only at a slow rate, and secondly this oxide layer must remain adherent to the alloy surface under all conditions. A12O3 is generally regarded as the best protective oxide: diffusion through A12O3 is relatively slow in comparison with most other oxides, and since it is also stable, relatively little difficulty exists in selecting a composition which contains sufficient aluminium to provide, by selective oxidation, a protective A12O3 scale under various service environments. Typically, these will contain at least 5% A1 (by mass) and usually substantial amounts of Cr.
Visualization of Compartmentalized Kinase Activity Dynamics Using Adaptable BimKARs

The ability to monitor kinase activity dynamics in live cells greatly aids the study of how signaling events are spatiotemporally regulated. Here, we report on the adaptability of bimolecular kinase activity reporters (bimKARs) as molecular tools to enhance the real-time visualization of kinase activity. We demonstrate that the bimKAR design is truly versatile and can be used to monitor a variety of kinases, including JNK, ERK, and AMPK. Furthermore, bimKARs can have significantly enhanced dynamic ranges over their unimolecular counterparts, allowing the elucidation of previously undetectable kinase activity dynamics. Using these newly designed bimKARs, we investigate the regulation of AMPK by protein kinase A (PKA) in the plasma membrane, and demonstrate that PKA can both negatively and positively regulate AMPK activity in the same cell.
Analysis of the future potential of index insurance in the West African Sahel using CMIP5 GCM results

Weather based index insurance is considered to be a potentially promising means of financial adaption to the challenges of climate change and variability; particularly for the agricultural sector in the developing world. However, comparatively little attention has been devoted to the analysis of the long-term viability of this adaptation mechanism in light of the interaction between changes in climate and the frequency of extreme events. Such changes in the frequency of extreme events are expected to have significant implications for the viability and pricing of index insurance over time. This question is analyzed in the context of hypothetical drought and flood index insurance contracts proposed for the West African Sahel using data from five Global Climate Models (GCMs) that were part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) 5th Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5). GCM derived trends in the mean and variance of the regional precipitation are integrated into a Monte Carlo simulation of the frequency of extreme seasonal drought and rainfall. Expected payout risk and the probability of 10 or more payouts in a 30-year window are modeled. The model results presented show significant pricing sensitivity to climate model parameters; particularly changes in the mean precipitation and strong multi-decadal variability. Further, within the Sahel region, there is a significant spatial heterogeneity between sub-regions. These findings imply that the utility and affordability of such index insurance contracts over time will be complex and heterogeneous over time and space.
Characteristics of patient–doctor relationships with somatizing patients

Abstract Patients who somatize are perhaps the most difficult challenge for the primary care physician. Physicians who are trained essentially in the biomedical model feel ill-equipped to diagnose, manage or treat these patients. In some practices, they may constitute more than 50% of the physician's burden. They also have been shown (by Katon, R. Smith, and others) to be excessively high utilizers of all medical services, including hospitalization. Because physician and patient bring discordant expectations to the clinical encounter, frustration is fostered on both sides of the patient–doctor equation, the outcome is unsatisfactory, and both participants search for ways to deal with their ensuing anger. This presentation will discuss the dynamics of such encounters, report on a pilot study of patient and doctor expectations and the way they affect communication, and will outline guidelines for physicians to more effectively and therapeutically manage the somatizing patient.
Major Hugh Pollard, MI6 and the Spanish Civil War

The recently released Special Operations Executive (SOE) personal file of Major Hugh Bertie Campbell Pollard (HS 9/1200/5) sheds new light on the man who helped fly General Franco from the Canary Islands to Morocco, leading ultimately to the overthrow of the democratically elected republican government and thirty-six years of brutal dictatorship. Contrary to the previous portrayal of Pollard, a genial, rough-and-ready gung-ho ‘adventurer’ who flew the future Caudillo to Morocco on a whim, the files reveal Pollard to have been an experienced British intelligence officer, talented linguist, and firearms expert with considerable firsthand experience of wars and revolutions in Mexico, Morocco, and Ireland, where he had served as a police adviser in Dublin Castle during the ‘stormy days’ of the Black and Tans in the early 1920s. Pollard, who listed his hobbies in Who's Who as ‘hunting and shooting’, was the sporting editor of Country Life and a member of Lord Leconfield's hunt. He was also a renowned and passionate firearms expert having written numerous books on the subject including the section on ‘small arms’ for the official war office textbook. His friend Douglas Jerrold, who himself later served in British intelligence, recalled that Pollard ‘looked and behaved, like a German Crown Prince and had a habit of letting off revolvers in any office he happened to visit’. Once Jerrold plucked up the courage to ask Pollard if he had ever killed anybody.
Specific molecular interaction sites on factor VII involved in factor X activation

Factor VII, a serine-protease zymogen, and tissue factor, the cellular receptor/coenzyme, are the protein components of the macromolecular complex which initiates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. Previous studies were directed to the identification of functional sites on factor VII which mediate factor X activation, employing a series of potentially inhibitory synthetic peptides representing the primary structure of factor VII and antibodies to selected peptides. The involvement of at least four high-affinity interactive regions [factor VII (44–50), (196–229), (285–305) and (376–396) peptides] on the surface of factor VII was clearly demonstrated. The minimal sequences for the expression of inhibitory activity of these four molecular recognition domains on factor VII were identified using short and overlapping peptides. The short factor VII-(206–218)-peptide (most inhibitory peptide in the sequence 196–229 on factor VII) inhibited the binding of factor VII to the tissue-factor-expressing J82 cell line. Furthermore, radiolabeled [Tyr201] factor VII-(199–221)-peptide, with a tyrosine substituted for the normal tryptophan residue, was specifically bound to J82 cells, and also the binding of the radiolabeled peptide to this cell line was specifically inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to tissue factor, confirming that the interaction site for tissue factor on factor VII is present within the peptide sequence 196–229. Kinetic analyses suggested that the regions represented by factor VII-(285–305)- and factor VII-(376–396)-peptides are involved in factor X recognition and the chemical cross-linking of the radiolabeled peptides resulted in specific binding to factor X, confirming that these two regions on factor VII represent the substrate-recognition site. Furthermore, these radiolabeled peptides specifically interact with the heavy chain of factor X, suggesting that the complementary binding region for the substrate-recognition site on factor VII are present on the heavy chain of factor X.
Study of deuterium transfer, isotope effects and structural distributions of products of reactions of coals in deuterated tetralin using 2H and 13C FT-n.m.r. and solid-state 13C FT-n.m.r.

Abstract Four coals (bituminous, subbituminous, lignite and canneloid) are treated with tetralin-1,1,4,4,-d4 or — 1,1 -d2 or mixtures of tetralin-d4 and tetralin-d0 at 427 °C in degassed Pyrex vessels for times between 5 and 60 min. Deuterium depletion and scrambling in solvent-derived products are determined for degassed and air-saturated experiments. Deuterium distributions are determined for preasphaltene and asphaltene fraction (A + P) and light oils (LTO) by 2H FT-n.m.r., and solid coals and products are characterized by 13C CP/MAS and 13C FT-n.m.r. Illinois No. 6, PSOC 837 and PSOC 531 coals selectively consume tetralin-d0 over tetralin-d4 and exhibit isotope effects in the scrambling of deuterium from 1 — to 2-positions. Intersite deuterium scrambling in recovered tetralin is negligible at 10 min or shorter reaction times, but deuterium depletion from tetralin is significant at all reaction times. Deuterium is detected predominantly at benzylic-type and secondary aliphatic positions and to a lesser extent at aromatic positions of A + P and LTO fractions at reaction times of 5 min. The presence of air significantly enhances both the extent of deuterium scrambling and the rearrangement of tetralin to 1-methylindan at reaction times of 30–60 min.
Rethinking Boundary Ambiguity from an Ecological Perspective: Stress in Protestant Clergy Families

Family researchers have virtually ignored the families of clergy as a population of interest. Their unique social ecology, however, can offer a profitable case study in family stress. The genesis of Boss's (1977, 1987) boundary ambiguity construct will be reviewed and critiqued. Bronfenbrenner's (1979) approach will then be applied to the boundary problems of clergy families. It is argued that an ecological analysis of boundary ambiguity in clergy families will lead to a higher-order understanding of the construct itself.
Neutral oxygen in comets

MEASUREMENTS of the strength of permitted spectral lines from neutral oxygen in comets should provide both a better understanding of gas dynamics in comets and an assessment of whether the production ratio of oxygen to hydrogen in comet atmospheres is close to a half. If this ratio is confirmed, it would provide strong support for the growing evidence1 that the ‘parent’ molecules which make up the solid comet nucleus are dominantly H2O.
Numerical Considerations In Integrated Functions

The harmonic analysis of binary approximations to trigonometric reference functions employed in digital signal processing functions is described. An analytic representation of the decomposition of sine or cosine functions into elementary rational binary functions is suggested which permits a direct solution to the problem of calculating the harmonics of the error of approximation. For applications, such as ROM based frequency-syn-thesizers, angle-encoders, and discrete Fourier transformations, the approach illustrated provides a convenient method of relating the precision of functional implementation of microelectronically integrated functions to the harmonic content of the functional error.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The evolution of new structures: clues from plant cytoskeletal genes

How large numbers of genes were recruited simultaneously to build new organ structures is one of the greatest puzzles in evolutionary biology. Here, we present data suggesting that the vegetative and reproductive classes of actins and other cytoskeletal proteins arose concurrently with the macroevolutionary divergence of leaves and reproductive structures in the earliest land plants. That the cytoskeleton is essential for physically programming the development of organs and tissues is well established. Thus, we propose that this regulatory dichotomy represents an ancient landmark event in the global regulation of hundreds of higher-plant genes, an event that is linked to the macroevolution of plant vegetative and reproductive organs. The recent availability of sequence and expression data for large numbers of plant genes should make it possible to dissect this and other major macroevolutionary events.
Supporting Hybrid MPI and OpenSHMEM over InfiniBand: Design and Performance Evaluation

Message Passing Interface (MPI) has been the defacto programming model for scientific parallel applications. However, data driven applications with irregular communication patterns are harder to implement using MPI. The Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming models present an alternative approach to improve programmability. Open SHMEM is a library-based implementation of the PGAS model and it aims to standardize the SHMEM model to achieve performance, programmability and portability. However, Open SHMEM is an emerging standard and it is unlikely that entire an application will be re-written with it. Instead, it is more likely that applications will continue to be written with MPI as the primary model, but parts of them will be re-designed with newer models. This requires the underlying communication libraries to be designed with support for multiple programming models. In this paper, we propose a high performance, scalable unified communication library that supports both MPI and Open SHMEM for InfiniBand clusters. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort in unifying MPI and Open SHMEM communication libraries. Our proposed designs take advantage of InfiniBand's advanced features to significantly improve the communication performance of various atomic and collective operations defined in Open SHMEM specification. Hybrid (MPI+Open SHMEM) parallel applications can benefit from our proposed library to achieve better efficiency and scalability. Our studies show that our proposed designs can improve the performance of OpenSHMEM's atomic operations and collective operations by up to 41%. We observe that our designs improve the performance of the 2D-Heat Modeling benchmark (pure Open-SHMEM) by up to 45%. We also observe that our unified communication library can improve the performance of the hybrid (MPI+Open SHMEM) version of Graph500 benchmark by up to 35%. Moreover, our studies also indicate that our proposed designs lead to lower memory consumption due to efficient utilization of the network resources.
Clinical characteristics influencing age at onset in psychotic disorders

Abstract Background Age at onset of psychosis may carry clinical significance across psychotic disorders and appears to be associated with specific genetic abnormalities. Methods We used the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) to examine clinical characteristics contributing to age at onset variability in patients with schizophrenia (n = 80), schizoaffective disorder (n = 61), and bipolar disorder with psychotic features (n = 92). Results Age at onset did not differ across DSM-IV diagnostic groups. Multiple regression analyses revealed that comorbid lifetime cannabis, but not alcohol, abuse/dependence was associated with a statistically significant 3 years earlier age at onset of psychosis. Patients developed cannabis abuse/dependence an additional 3 years before psychosis. Patients with comorbid lifetime panic disorder also had a 4-year earlier age at onset of psychosis. The effects of panic disorder and cannabis abuse/dependence were independent of one another. Conclusions Early onset of psychosis, regardless of the specific DSM-IV diagnosis, is characterized by differential clinical features, notably a history of lifetime cannabis abuse/dependence. Panic disorder comorbidity is also associated with earlier age at onset of psychosis. Our findings indicate that examination of clinical and biological characteristics of patients with psychosis regardless of DSM-IV diagnosis can uncover relevant information.
Immune-Mediated Inner Ear Disease

Immune-mediated inner ear disease (IMIED) is the preferred term for the syndrome involving cochlear dysfunction, leading to degrees of sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo. Although vasculitis has been inferred to be the cause of IMIED in some cases, histopathological proof of vascu-litis involving the inner ear in this condition is lacking. The condition does appear to be mediated in some fashion by the immune system; hence, the name IMIED. IMIED can occur in association with a recognized autoimmune condition such as Sjogren's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, or giant cell arteritis, or as an isolated entity in which no other organ dysfunction is evident. The onset of hearing loss in IMIED is rapid compared with other entities that lead to auditory dysfunction. Hearing loss in IMIED occurs over the course of weeks to months. Patients with IMIED-associated hearing loss have problems with both hearing acuity and word discrimination. Following conversations in noisy environments (e.g., in crowded restaurants) may be particularly challenging. For patients with IMIED, vestibular problems that result from cochlear damage can be as challenging as the auditory dysfunction, if not more so. Up to 70% of patients diagnosed with IMIED demonstrate clinical improvement following glucocorticoid treatment. Prednisone (1 mg/kg/day) is a reasonable starting dose for the treatment of rapidly progressive sensorineural hearing loss secondary to IMIED. If the patient regains significant auditory and vestibular function within 2 weeks, tapering of the prednisone dose can begin in a taper designed to discontinue the medication over 2 months. For patients with severe or recurrent audiovestibular dysfunction secondary to IMIED, it is not clear whether long-term courses of high-dose glucocorticoids and additional immunosuppressive agents are effective in restoring inner ear function. Such treatment approaches should be used cautiously.
Overview of pertussis: focus on epidemiology, sources of infection, and long term protection after infant vaccination.

Background:Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a bacterial disease characterized by paroxysmal cough often accompanied by inspiratory whoop and posttussive emesis. Although the introduction of whole-cell pertussis vaccine in the 1940s led to a significant decline in the incidence of pertussis, there ha
Toward an understanding of the brain substrates of reward in humans.

A network of brain regions has been implicated in food-reward processing. O'Doherty et al. (2002) now provide evidence that this network is differentially modulated by anticipation versus receipt of a food reward and suggest an additional effect of valence of the stimulus.
Halley's Comet

Since 240 B.C., Chinese observers have documented a nearly unbroken record of scientifically useful observations of Periodic Comet Halley (P/Halley). Investigations of the comet's motion by Western astronomers are discussed, taking into account the first successful prediction of a cometary return by Halley (1705), computations conducted by Rosenberger (1830), and studies performed by Cowell and Crommelin (1910). Comet Halley's motion and nongravitational forces are considered along with meteor showers associated with P/Halley. The physical properties of P/Halley are examined, giving attention to the visual observations, the light curve of P/Halley, the coma, the tails, direct photographs, spectrograms, and the emission spectrum of P/Halley. Other subjects explored are related to the cometary nucleus, the mass of P/Halley, the rotation period and axial inclination, the composition, a nominal model of P/Halley's coma, and plans for investigations in connection with the coming apparition of Comet Halley.
Adsorptive stripping measurements in highly dilute electrolyte solutions

Influence de la concentration en electrolyte support sur les mesures de composes organiques par voltammetrie a impulsion differentielle a redissolution-adsorption
Social agency and the dynamics of prehistoric technology

Technology is not only the material means of making artifacts, but a dynamic cultural phenomenon embedded in social action, worldviews, and social reproduction. This paper explores the theoretical foundations for an anthropology of technology that is compatible with this definition. Because of its focus on social agency, practice theory provides an appropriate starting point for a social theory of technology. In addition, three other themes require explicit attention: scale, context, and the materiality of technology. Four case studies demonstrate how archaeologists are beginning to take technology beyond its material dimensions, and additional questions are proposed stemming from the theoretical issues raised in the paper. The purpose of this essay is to synthesize a diverse set of emerging ideas and approaches to understand better dynamic community-level social processes of prehistoric material culture production.
Molecular modeling of organophosphorous agents and their aqueous solutions.

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we modeled solvation and diffusion in aqueous solutions of organophosphorous compounds, including nerve G-agents sarin and soman (methylphosphonofluoridates) and their common simulants DMMP (dimethyl methylphosphonate) and DIFP (diisopropyl fluorophosphate). The aqueous solutions of the organophosphorous compounds were found to display complex molecular scale structures and dynamic properties due to competing interactions between strongly hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. The mixing of agents with water was proved to be exothermic with negative excess mixing volume, indicating a strongly hydrophilic solvation. This effect was confirmed in a specially performed experiment. We discuss to what extent DMMP and DIFP are suitable simulants for G-agents in experimental studies, as far as their interactions with water are concerned. We also focus on the relevance of the structural features and mobilities of agents in water to their interactions with permselective polyelectr...
Turning small snapshots into a bigger picture for sustainability

The broader scientific community is slowly coming to grips with the concept of sustainability. An inherent difficultly with this concept has been that, unlike traditional scientific investigations that seek to explain how things currently function or how previous events led to current phenomena, sustainability research is forward-looking with the goal to understand how both current, and indeterminate future, societal needs can be met. This goal is further constrained by an imperative for maintaining ecological and environmental integrity. This conference addresses several important themes pertinent to the challenge of sustainable ecosystems: data collection and monitoring of natural systems and their components, analysis of those data in the context of biophysical ecosystem models, and application of model outputs to environmental and economic issues for management and policy making. Ecological scale and systems science are two important, but often underappreciated, concepts that are critical for advancing our understanding of sustainability. New sustainability sciences, appearing at the interface of traditional disciplines, are better poised to integrate these concepts. The most important objective of our data collection and modeling efforts will be to anticipate sustainability problems and recommendation alternative courses of action, while aiding social learning by the non-scientific community.