cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety and Security Are Two Sides of the Same Coin

Whether safety and security overlap depends on how one defines each of these qualities. Definitions are man-made and the definer can include or exclude anything they want. The question really is what the definitions imply for the solution of the problems being defined and which definitions lead to the most effective achievement of the property or properties being defined. This chapter starts by proposing an inclusive definition that combines safety and security and then discusses the practical implications of this definition for solving our safety and security problems. These implications include (1) recognizing that safety and security are not equivalent to reliability, (2) broadening the focus in security from information security and keeping intruders out, and (3) creating new integrated analysis methods based on system theory.
Impacts of commingling cattle from different sources on their physiological, health, and performance responses during feedlot receiving.

This experiment compared physiological, health, and performance responses of beef heifers assigned to different commingling schemes (one, two, or four sources per pen) during a 56-d feedlot receiving period. Ninety-six recently weaned Angus-influenced heifers were obtained from an auction facility. Heifers originated from four cow-calf ranches, and were reared in the same herd within each ranch since birth. Heifers were loaded into two livestock trailers at the auction yard (two sources per trailer; d -2), arranged in two sections of each trailer according to source, and transported for 10 h to stimulate the stress of a long-haul. Heifers were not mixed with cohorts from other sources prior to and at the auction yard. Upon arrival (d -2), shrunk body weight (BW) was recorded and heifers were maintained in four paddocks by source with ad libitum access to a complete starter feed and water for 36 h. On d 0, heifers were ranked by source and shrunk BW and allocated to 1 of 24 drylot pens (four heifers per pen) containing: 1) heifers from a single source (1SRC, n = 8), 2) heifers from two sources (2SRC, n = 8), or 3) heifers from four sources (4SRC, n = 8). From d 0 to d 55, heifers had free-choice access to the complete starter feed and water. Heifers were assessed daily for symptoms of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and feed intake was recorded from each pen daily. Blood samples were collected on d 0, d 6, d 13, d 27, d 41, and d 55, and shrunk BW (after 16 h of water and feed withdrawal) was recorded on d 56 for average daily gain (ADG). No treatment differences were noted (P ≥ 0.56) for heifer ADG (mean ± SE = 0.853 ± 0.043 kg/d), final shrunk BW, feed intake, and feed efficiency. No treatment differences were noted (P ≥ 0.27) for plasma concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin, and serum concentrations of antibodies against BRD viruses and Mannheimia haemolytica. No treatment differences were noted (P ≥ 0.17) for incidence of BRD (mean ± SE = 59.3 ± 5.0%) or mortality. The proportion of heifers diagnosed with BRD that required three antimicrobial treatments to regain health increased linearly (P = 0.03) according to the number of sources (0.0, 12.3, and 20.8% of 1SRC, 2SRC, and 4SRC heifers, respectively; SEM = 7.0). Hence, commingling heifers from different sources did not impact performance, physiological responses, and BRD incidence during a 56-d receiving period, although recurrence of BRD after the second antimicrobial treatment increased according to commingling level.
Highly multiplexed imaging of biosensors in live cells

Fluorescent biosensors allow for real-time monitoring of biochemical activities in cells, but their multiplexing capacity is severely limited by the availability of spectral space. We overcome this problem by developing a set of barcoding proteins that are spectrally separable from commonly used FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer)-based and single-fluorophore biosensors. Mixed populations of barcoded cells expressing different biosensors can be concurrently imaged and computationally unmixed to achieve highly multiplexed tracking of biochemical activities in live cells.
Snapshot observations demonstrate within- and across-year weather related changes in butterfly behavior

Abstract Climate change impacts animal abundances, distributions, and behaviors, frequently at the detriment to individuals. However, for many animals, including butterflies, current research focuses primarily on estimating abundance and distribution without observing behavior. Because behaviors often respond to climate change before other metrics, understanding behavioral change is critical for future climate change research and projections. Therefore, we investigated weather related changes in adult butterfly behavior using snapshot behavioral observations taken as part of a four year study of butterfly abundance throughout North Dakota, USA. Across 1,107 site-visits, we categorized adult butterfly behavior using 146,610 observations while also recording local weather variables with each site visit. We found patterns in butterfly behavior within years, including more flying and less resting at sites that were warmer during that site visit. We also observed differences across years, including more flying overall and a weaker behavioral response to temperature in a year that was particularly cool and wet. Further incorporating such behavioral observations into abundance surveys can help lead to better insights about weather-related variation in behavioral patterns and their consequences for animals facing climate change.
An Intensive Professional Development in Family Child Care: A Promising Approach.

The quality of early care and education affects a wide range of children’s experiences and developmental outcomes. Family Child Care (FCC) is no exception, and attention to increasing the quality o...
The Budget Act at Forty: Time for Budget Process Reform

The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act was enacted 40 years ago. It was not designed to address the core fiscal challenge of today's economy, which is the rapid rise in spending for federal entitlement programs. Moreover, the current budget process does not provide for the enactment of stable, multiyear budget plans that could then facilitate executive-legislative agreements on other budgetary adjustments. A budget process reform that allowed for joint budget resolutions to be passed by Congress and signed by the president could open up new possibilities for compromise and agreement. The reformed budget process should also include a new focus on long-term spending commitments.
FACTOR COPULA MODEL FOR PORTFOLIO CREDIT RISK

A critical aspect in the valuation and risk management of multi-name credit derivatives is the modeling of the dependence among sources of credit risk. The dependence modeling poses difficulties in...
Preoperative Immunotherapy in the Multidisciplinary Management of Oral Cavity Cancer

Despite advances in multimodal treatment for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, recurrence rates remain high, providing an opportunity for new therapeutic modalities that may improve oncologic outcomes. Much recent attention has been paid to the molecular interactions between the tumor cells with the adjacent peritumoral microenvironment, in which immunosuppressive molecular changes create a landscape that promotes tumor progression. The rationale for the introduction of immunotherapy is to reverse the balance of these immune interactions in a way that utilizes the host immune system to attack tumor cells. In the preoperative setting, immunotherapy has the advantage of priming the unresected tumor and the associated native immune infiltration, supercharging the adaptive anti-tumor immune response. It also provides the basis for scientific discovery where the molecular profile of responders can be interrogated to elucidate prognostic markers to aid in future patient selection. Preoperative immunotherapy is not without limitations. The risk of surgical delay due to immune adverse events must be carefully discussed by members of a multidisciplinary treatment team and patient selection will be critical. One day, the discovery of predictive biomarkers may allow for algorithms where pre-surgical immunotherapy decreases the size of surgical defect and impacts the intensity of adjuvant therapy leading to improved patient survival and decreased morbidity. With further study, immunotherapy could become a key component of future treatment algorithm.
Should Postoperative Radiation for Long Bone Metastases Cover Part or All of the Orthopedic Hardware? Results of a Large Retrospective Analysis.

Abstract Purpose For patients with long bone metastases who undergo orthopedic stabilization surgery followed by radiotherapy (RT), it is unclear what extent of hardware coverage by the radiation field is needed for optimal tumor control. Methods and Materials Long bone metastases treated with surgical intervention followed by radiation between August 2011 to May 2019 from a single institution were reviewed. Local recurrence, defined as any in-bone recurrence, was identified by chart review. Accompanying demographic and treatment characteristics were recorded. Statistical analysis to evaluate factors associated with tumor recurrence included univariate analysis, multivariate analysis, and propensity score matching. Results Among 138 patients with 145 long bone metastases undergoing postoperative RT with a median follow-up of 29.5 months, 36 bone metastases experienced a local recurrence. Most patients (92%) were treated with conventional RT and the median delivered dose was 30 Gy (interquarile range, 20-30 Gy). On univariate analysis, whole hardware RT field coverage and higher dose (biologically effective dose 10 ≥39 Gy) were associated with reduced local recurrence (0.44 hazard ratio [HR]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22%-0.86%; P = .017; 0.5 HR; 95% CI, 0.26%-0.96%; P = .038, respectively). Covariates of time from surgery to RT start, histology of primary tumor (categorized as resistant vs sensitive), intramedullary hardware placement, reaming procedure, and margin status did not reach statistical significance. To adjust for confounding effects, we also conducted a propensity score matched analysis which confirmed that whole hardware coverage was statistically associated with a decreased risk of recurrence on the matched dataset (0.24 HR; 95% CI, 0.07%-0.84%; P = .026). Conclusions In this analysis of mostly patients undergoing conventional radiation, coverage of the whole hardware was associated with reduced local recurrence for patients with long bone metastases, consistent with prior reports. Investigation of approaches to further reduce local recurrence, such as preoperative stereotactic radiation, may be warranted.
Optical Density Variations Induced by an Optical Vortex

We demonstrate the steady-state reduction of optical density along the path of vortex beams. The adjustable properties of the external field control the temporal and spatial scales of this radial transport of mass.
A Clinical Prediction Tool for MRI in Emergency Department Patients with Spinal Infection.

Introduction: Patients with pyogenic spinal Infection (PSI) are often not diagnosed at their initial presentation, and diagnostic delay is associated with increased morbidity and medical-legal risk. We derived a decision tool to estimate the risk of spinal infection and inform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) decisions. Methods: We conducted a two-part prospective observational cohort study that collected variables from spine pain patients over a six-year derivation phase. We fit a multivariable regression model with logistic coefficients rounded to the nearest integer and used them for variable weighting in the final risk score. This score, SIRCH (spine infection risk calculation heuristic), uses four clinical variables to predict PSI. We calculated the statistical performance, MRI utilization, and model fit in the derivation phase. In the second phase we used the same protocol but enrolled only confirmed cases of spinal infection to assess the sensitivity of our prediction tool. Results: In the derivation phase, we evaluated 134 non-PSI and 40 PSI patients; median age in years was 55.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 38-70 and 51.5 (42-59), respectively. We identified four predictors for our risk score: historical risk factors; fever; progressive neurological deficit; and C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 50 milligrams per liter (mg/L). At a threshold SIRCH score of ≥ 3, the predictive model’s sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value were, respectively, as follows: 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 100-100%); 56% (95% CI, 48-64%), and 40% (95% CI, 36-46%). The area under the receiver operator curve was 0.877 (95% CI, 0.829-0.925). The SIRCH score at a threshold of ≥ 3 would prompt significantly fewer MRIs compared to using an elevated CRP (only 99/174 MRIs compared to 144/174 MRIs, P <0.001). In the second phase (49 patient disease-only cohort), the sensitivities of the SIRCH score and CRP use (laboratory standard cut-off 3.5 mg/L) were 92% (95% CI, 84-98%), and 98% (95% CI, 94-100%), respectively. Conclusion: The SIRCH score provides a sensitive estimate of spinal infection risk and prompts fewer MRIs than elevated CRP (cut-off 3.5 mg/L) or clinician suspicion.
Managerial Overconfidence and the Informativeness of Dividend Changes

It is well-known that financial policy decisions communicate information to the market and recent evidence suggests that managerial overconfidence may affect financial policies. Given this evidence, I ask: does the stock market associate greater information content with dividend changes announced by overconfident managers than with those announced by rational managers? I address this question by developing a model in which an overconfident manager overestimates the precision of a private signal about future earnings, and as a result announces a dividend change that is more dependent on her private signal than the dividend change of an otherwise identical rational counterpart. The model predicts that when the market does not know overconfident managers exist or simply cannot distinguish perfectly between overconfident and rational managers, it will associate greater information content with dividend changes announced by overconfident managers, and hence, will react more strongly. This stronger reaction is not driven by overconfident managers announcing greater dividend changes. I find supporting empirical evidence: using Malmendier and Tate's (2005, 2006) overconfidence measures, I find that three-day cumulative abnormal returns are significantly higher when overconfident managers announce a dividend increase than when their rational counterparts announce such an increase. This result holds even after controlling for the size of the dividend change, the payout ratio, earnings growth, earnings volatility, financial constrainedness, the dividend yield, and stock and unexercised vested option ownership. I find that alternative explanations based on differences in asymmetric information and agency problems among firms do not drive my results. I furthermore show that despite the larger announcement effect, the post-announcement earnings for overconfident managers are not higher than those for rational managers. Thus, my findings offer a possible interpretation of the stylized fact that there are significant announcement effects associated with dividend increases and yet these increases seem to not be very informative about post-announcement earnings.
Molecular Underpinnings of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Heterogeneity

Neuronal communication relies on chemical synaptic transmission for information transfer and processing. Chemical neurotransmission is initiated by synaptic vesicle fusion with the presynaptic active zone resulting in release of neurotransmitters. Classical models have assumed that all synaptic vesicles within a synapse have the same potential to fuse under different functional contexts. In this model, functional differences among synaptic vesicle populations are ascribed to their spatial distribution in the synapse with respect to the active zone. Emerging evidence suggests, however, that synaptic vesicles are not a homogenous population of organelles, and they possess intrinsic molecular differences and differential interaction partners. Recent studies have reported a diverse array of synaptic molecules that selectively regulate synaptic vesicles' ability to fuse synchronously and asynchronously in response to action potentials or spontaneously irrespective of action potentials. Here we discuss these molecular mediators of vesicle pool heterogeneity that are found on the synaptic vesicle membrane, on the presynaptic plasma membrane, or within the cytosol and consider some of the functional consequences of this diversity. This emerging molecular framework presents novel avenues to probe synaptic function and uncover how synaptic vesicle pools impact neuronal signaling.
Conformational Changes in FmetHbS Probed with UV Resonance Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopic Methods

The tertiary and quaternary structure of HbS has been investigated using UV resonance Raman (UVRR) and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. This well-characterized Hb mutant (β6 Glu → Val), which forms polymers under deoxygenating conditions, was studied in the tetrameric form as the fluoromet derivative and compared with HbA under the same conditions. The excitation wavelengths employed in this study preferentially probe the Tyr and Trp residues in the protein. Comparison of UVRR and fluorescence difference spectra generated between the T and R states of FmetHbA and FmetHbS are indicative that the α1β2 intersubunit contacts, monitored through the β37 Trp and the α42 Tyr residues, are essentially the same for the two hemoglobins. (The abbreviations used are the following: Hb, hemoglobin; FmetHbA, FmetHbS, the fluoromet derivatives of hemoglobin A and hemoglobin S; UVRR, ultraviolet resonance Raman, IHP, inositol hexaphosphate.) The tertiary conformation of FmetHbS, however, is perturbed relative to that o...
A secondary structural model of the 28S rRNA expansion segments D2 and D3 from rootworms and related leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae)

We analysed the secondary structure of two expansion segments (D2, D3) of the 28S rRNA gene from 229 leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), the majority of which are in the subfamily Galerucinae. The sequences were compared in a multiple sequence alignment, with secondary structure inferred primarily from the compensatory base changes in the conserved helices of the rRNA molecules. This comparative approach yielded thirty helices comprised of base pairs with positional covariation. Based on these leaf beetle sequences, we report an annotated secondary structural model for the D2 and D3 expansion segments that will prove useful in assigning positional nucleotide homology for phylogeny reconstruction in these and closely related beetle taxa. This predicted structure, consisting of seven major compound helices, is mostly consistent with previously proposed models for the D2 and D3 expansion segments in insects. Despite a lack of conservation in the primary structure of these regions of insect 28S rRNA, the evolution of the secondary structure of these seven major motifs may be informative above the nucleotide level for higher-order phylogeny reconstruction of major insect lineages.
Progressive Compositional Change of Metamorphic Minerals

The chemical compositions of solid-solution minerals in metamorphic rocks are controlled by equilibria not only of exchange reactions but also of net-transfer reactions among coexisting minerals. In rocks with a variance of 2, the compositions of solid-solution minerals are functions of temperature and pressure alone as is illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3, and so can be used as a measure of the P-T condition under which the rocks were recrystallized. In rocks with a variance of 3 or greater, on the other hand, the compositions of solid-solution minerals vary not only with temperature and pressure but also with the bulk-rock composition (Fig. 4). The growth of zoned crystals causes fractional crystallization, resulting in a change of composition of the reacting system. If the variance of the system is 3 or greater, the change of the composition of the reacting system causes a change in the composition of the crystallizing mineral.Pelitic metamorphic rocks are commonly simplified as belonging to the 6-component system : Al2O3-FeO-MgO-K2O-SiO2-H2O. In this case the mineral assemblages may be shown on the THOMPSON AFM diagram. Any 3-AFM phase assemblage in the diagram has a variance of 2, whereas any 2-AFM phase assemblage has a variance of 3.In the paragenetic relations of garnet, MnO commonly plays an essential role, and so garnet-bearing metapelites are commonly treated as belonging to the 7-component system : Al2O3-FeO-MgO-MnO-K2O-SiO2-H2O. Most metapelites with MnO-rich garnet have a variance of 3 or greater. Garnets in low- and middle-grade metamorphic rocks are usually strongly zoned. Hence, the composition (or the MnO content) of garnet is strongly influenced by the initial bulk-rock composition and fractional crystallization. SPEAR (1988) has calculated the progressive compositional change of garnet that grows not only under complete equilibrium condition but also with fractional crystallization for garnet-bearing 3-AFM phase assemblages that are observed in the Barrovian sequence.In the Sanbagawa high P/T ratio metamorphic belt, progressive metamorphism is represented by a sequence of the chlorite zone, garnet zone (with no biotite), and biotite zone (with garnet) for metapelites. In other words, garnet begins to occur at a considerably lower temperature than biotite. In the garnet zone, garnet probably forms by reaction involving Tschermak exchange component like (4), whereas in the biotite zone, garnet forms by the same reactions as in the garnet zone of the Barrovian sequence. Such a change in the garnet-producing reactions between the two zones may cause a break in the MnO and FeO curves in the composition profile of zoned garnets. Some of the observed features of the compositional trends of garnets could be ascribed to the effect of a variation in bulk-rock composition.The average composition of zoned garnets in metapelite shows a progressive decrease of the MnO content with increasing metamorphic grade. This is probably related mainly to a progressive increase of the amount of garnet. Higher pressure tends to increase the amount of garnet, and to decrease its MnO content.
Direct three-dimensional patterning using nanoimprint lithography

We demonstrated that nanoimprint lithography (NIL) can create three-dimensional patterns, sub-40 nm T-gates, and air-bridge structures, in a single step imprint in polymer and metal by lift-off. A method based on electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching was developed to fabricate NIL molds with three-dimensional protrusions. The low-cost and high-throughput nanoimprint lithography for three-dimensional nanostructures has many significant applications such as monolithic microwave integrated circuits and nanoelectromechanical system.
Review: the dynamics of the nuclear lamins during the cell cycle-- relationship between structure and function.

The nuclear lamins are members of the intermediate filament (IF) family of proteins. The lamins have an essential role in maintaining nuclear integrity, as do the other IF family members in the cytoplasm. Also like cytoplasmic IFs, the organization of lamins is dynamic. The lamins are found not only at the nuclear periphery but also in the interior of the nucleus, as distinct nucleoplasmic foci and possibly as a network throughout the nucleus. Nuclear processes such as DNA replication may be organized around these structures. In this review, we discuss changes in the structure and organization of the nuclear lamins during the cell cycle and during cell differentiation. These changes are correlated with changes in nuclear structure and function. For example, the interactions of lamins with chromatin and nuclear envelope components occur very early during nuclear assembly following mitosis. During S-phase, the lamins colocalize with markers of DNA replication, and proper lamin organization must be maintained for replication to proceed. When cells differentiate, the expression pattern of lamin isotypes changes. In addition, changes in lamin organization and expression patterns accompany the nuclear alterations observed in transformed cells. These lamin structures may modulate nuclear function in each of these processes.
Effect of Heat Straightening on Material Properties of Steel

The use of heat straightening to repair damaged steel structures has gained popularity in recent years. However, applications have been limited because of concerns related to degradation of material properties after repair. Most research has been limited to small undamaged plate specimens where only one to three heats were applied. The purpose of this paper is to report on a study in which structural members were damaged and completely repaired by heat straightening, after which material properties were investigated. The research data indicate that heat straightening does affect mechanical properties of steel. Yield stress may increase by as much as 20%, especially in the vicinity of the apex of vee heats. Tensile strength also increases but at only half the rate of yield stress. The ductility as measured by percent elongation may decrease by one-third, and the modulus of elasticity may decrease by over 25% in some heated regions. Damage with maximum strains up to 100 times the yield strain were repaired, and material properties were compared to members damaged with much smaller strains. The degree of damage had a minimal effect on the material properties of heat-straightened steel. Some members were damaged and completely heat straightened more than once to evaluate the effect of repetitive damage on the material properties of heat-straightened steel. Changes in material properties were small after two cycles of damage and repair. However, additional cycles produced a more brittle material and, in some cases, resulted in fracture of the material. In summary, heat straightening is a viable alternative for the repair of damaged structural steel. However, the user should be aware that some material properties will be changed during the process.
Novel Drug Combinations for the Management of Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma

The outcomes and management of multiple myeloma (MM) in the United States have changed dramatically over the past 15 years with the approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of 6 new drugs (thalidomide, lenalidomide, bortezomib, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin [Doxil], carfilzomib, and pomalidomide). Despite these advances, a majority of patients with MM relapse, requiring subsequent lines of therapy to manage their disease as a chronic condition. Even though oncologists recognize the heterogeneity in the biology and clinical presentation of patients with newly diagnosed MM, clinical investigations still approach MM in a one-size-fits-all manner. The clinical management becomes even more challenging for relapsed/refractory MM, in which the clinician is balancing disease biology, disease burden, host factors, and financial limitations. There are several new drug targets and antibodies making their way through clinical development, but clinical trials remain an important avenue for patients with relapsed/refractory MM. The present review highlights some of the novel agent combinations in clinical trials that include the 2 most recently approved anti-MM agents, carfilzomib and pomalidomide, and looks ahead toward new drugs and targets in myeloma.
308-nm excimer laser for the treatment of localized vitiligo.

Background and Objective Vitiligo is commonly treated with PUVA, and more recently, narrow-band UVB (NBUVB) phototherapy. Given the proximity of the wavelengths of NBUVB (311 nm) and the excimer laser (308 nm), we undertook a clinical trial to test the efficacy of this device. Methods Twice-weekly 308-nm UV-B radiation was given to selected vitiligo lesions for a maximum of 60 treatments. These lesions had been unsuccessfully treated previously with at least one other method of treatment. Initial doses were 100 mJ/cm2 with increments of 10–25%. Improvement was assessed on a visual scale via serial photographs. Results Subjects tolerated the treatment well. Improvement varied with body site. After 60 treatments, lesions on the hands and feet showed grade 2 improvement in 2/10 subjects and grade 1 in 8/10. For the axillae, there was grade 4 improvement in 1/3 subjects and grade 2 improvement in 2/3 by treatment 60. The face demonstrated the most rapid repigmentation with grade 4 repigmentation seen in 3/5 subjects by 40 treatments and grade 3 in 2/5 by 30 treatments. There were no adverse effects. Conclusions The user-friendly 308-nm excimer laser allows targeted treatments of localized vitiligo.
Plasmid DNA of the chromatically adapting cyanobacteriumFremyella diplosiphon

The filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteriumFremyella diplosiphon contains an unusually complex set of high copy-number plasmids. One major plasmid, pFDA 18.5 kb, was isolated and cloned, and a detailed restriction map was prepared. Electron microscopy of isolated plasmid DNA indicated that plasmids of 20 and 39 kb were also present in high copy number number in the cells. The 20-kb plasmid may be related to pFDA. Other minor plasmid classes were also seen, by both electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis.
Osteoporosis: Its pediatric causes and prevention opportunities

Abstract Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease in western societies, and is characterized by a reduction of bone mass leading to the increased susceptibility to fractures. With increases in life expectancy and in the number of elderly people, bone loss and fractures are becoming more common in the United States and throughout the world. As a consequence, an epidemic of bone fractures among the elderly is expected. In this respect, it is obvious that the emphasis should be on the development of strategies for maximizing bone gain and preventing bone loss and subsequent osteoporosis. This paper discusses the concepts that are the foundation for primary prevention of osteoporosis: the measures that should be implemented during childhood and adolescence, with the goal of optimizing bone mass in young adulthood. Some important concepts, such as peak bone mass and calcium intake threshold, as well as the original studies of adolescent females and their bone mass acquisition are presented. It becomes clear that osteoporosis could have its roots during growth, and it should be treated as such. Teenagers should therefore be targeted as a population at risk, and preventive measures should be implemented by means of adequate calcium intake, proper diet, and exercise programs aimed at increasing peak bone mass.
Reduced left ventricular compliance in human mitral stenosis. Role of reversible internal constraint.

BACKGROUNDThe mechanisms of depressed left ventricular (LV) pump performance in human mitral stenosis (MS) remain poorly understood, because reduced filling alone affects many hemodynamic measurements. Therefore, pressure-volume relations were examined in nine subjects with MS and compared with eight age-matched normal controls.METHODS AND RESULTSData were obtained by conductance catheter/micromanometer technique with transient inferior vena cava occlusion used to alter load and generate pressure-volume relations. In a subset of patients (n = 5), data were obtained both acutely and at 3 months (n = 4) after balloon valvuloplasty. MS patients had reduced cardiac output (3.3 +/- 0.9 versus 5.6 +/- 1.7 l/min) and end-diastolic volume (68.0 +/- 6.9 versus 115 +/- 31 ml) versus controls (p less than 0.001), with a mean transvalvular gradient of 14 +/- 6 mm Hg and estimated valve area of 0.6 +/- 0.2 cm2. Systolic function as assessed by the end-systolic pressure-volume relation was virtually the same in MS and ...
Perceived Size in Virtual Environments: The Role of Pictorial Depth Cues

Virtual two-dimensional environments attempt to represent accurate spatial information by employing redundant sources of information (e.g., linear perspective, foreshortening, aspect ratio, texture gradient, interposition, and height relative to the horizon). Under certain conditions, size constancy maintains in these displays. However, more understanding is needed about the differential effects of these cues and how they combine to support size constancy. Experiment I explored the role of linear perspective and foreshortening on size constancy by having observers make height and width judgments of objects on a receding flat “perspective” surface in which one, both, or neither cue was present. Experiment II explored the role of several different combinations of pictorial depth cues on size constancy. Overall, height judgments were more accurate than width judgments. Foreshortening was identified as an especially important cue for maintaining size constancy. However, increasing the number of pictorial dept...
Linking Belowground Carbon Allocation to Anaerobic CH4 and CO2 Production in a Forested Peatland, New York State

Heterotrophic soil microorganisms rely on carbon (C) allocated belowground in plant production, but belowground C allocation (BCA) by plants is a poorly quantified part of ecosystem C cycling, especially, in peat soil. We applied a C balance approach to quantify BCA in a mixed conifer-red maple (Acer rubrum) forest on deep peat soil. Direct measurements of CH4 and CO2 fluxes across the soil surface (soil respiration), production of fine and small plant roots, and aboveground litterfall were used to estimate respiration by roots, by mycorrhizae and by free-living soil microorganisms. Measurements occurred in two consecutive years. Soil respiration rates averaged 1.2 bm μmol m− 2 s− 1 for CO2 and 0.58 nmol m− 2 s− 1 for CH4 (371 to 403 g C m− 2 year− 1). Carbon in aboveground litter (144 g C m− 2 year− 1) was 84% greater than C in root production (78 g C m− 2 year− 1). Complementary in vitro assays located high rates of anaerobic microbial activity, including methanogenesis, in a dense layer of roots overly...
X-Ray Photoemission Measurements of the Valence-Band Density of States of Sb and InSb

The valence-band density of states has been measured for both crystalline Sb and InSb by X-ray induced photoemission using 1253.6 eV Kα X-rays of Mg. The results are compared with theoretically determined band structure and density-of-states calculations. A peak observed in the InSb curve at −6 eV is interpreted as being due mostly to s—p-like bands of the Sb. Die totale Zustandsdichte des Valenzbandes von kristallinem Sb und InSb wurde unter Benutzung von 1253,6 eV-MgKα-Rontgenstrahlen gemessen. Die Ergebnisse werden mit berechneten Zustandsdichten verglichen. Das Maximum, das in der InSb-Kurve bei −6 eV liegt, wird dem Sb zugeschrieben (mit s—p-Charakter).
Lorentz invariance violation in top-down scenarios of ultrahigh energy cosmic ray creation

The violation of Lorentz invariance (LI) has been invoked in a number of ways to explain issues dealing with ultrahigh energy cosmic ray (UHECR) production and propagation. These treatments, however, have mostly been limited to examples in the proton-neutron system and photon-electron system. In this paper we show how a broader violation of Lorentz invariance would allow for a series of previously forbidden decays to occur, and how that could lead to UHECR primaries being heavy baryonic states or Higgs bosons.
Supporting entity search: a large-scale prototype search engine

As the Web has evolved into a data-rich repository, with the standard page view," current search engines are increasingly inadequate. While we often search for various data "entities" (e.g. phone number, paper PDF, date), today's engines only take us indirectly to pages. Therefore, we propose the concept of entity search, a significant departure from traditional document retrieval. Towards our goal of supporting entity search, in the WISDM project at UIUC we build and evaluate our prototype search engine over a 2TB Web corpus. Our demonstration shows the feasibility and promise of a large-scale system architecture to support entity search.
Relation of occlusion to temporomandibular joint dysfunction: the orthodontic viewpoint

Evidence points to genetically or iatrogenically caused imbalance of the dentition as one etiologic factor in TMJ dysfunction. The orthodontist, who treats incipient causes of TMJ dysfunction, should work to achieve not only retention but also functional integrity of the dentition.
A Bayesian Multinomial Model for Analyzing Categorical Habitat Selection Data

Modeling the number of uses of discrete habitat types by animals with a multinomial distribution, we illustrate the use of Bayesian methods to estimate selection. An advantage of this approach in assessing selection is the construction of credibility intervals that do not rely on large sample normal theory. In addition, credibility intervals for ranked selection of habitats are easily obtained. Bayes factors and Bayesian p values (posterior predictive values) are used to test the hypothesis of selection for each animal, test selection across all animals and for multiple comparisons among habitats. We compare our method to alternative methods for a real dataset. Freely available WinBUGS software is used to fit the model and test hypotheses.
Chronic leukopenia associated with carbamazepine and other antiepileptic drugs

Abstract We wished to provide data, collected usually for a decade, up to a maximum of 18 years, on chronic or persistent leukopenia associated with carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy as compared with that associated with other antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. For the study, 131 adults receiving CBZ and 131 patients receiving other AEDs were reviewed: 21.4% treated with CBZ and 13.7% treated with other AEDs showed leukopenia at some time, especially those receiving polytherapy. All the major AEDs may be associated with leukopenia, but most often CBZ is. The most common finding was an inverse relationship between a peak level of the AED and of the white blood cells (WBC), at times after a 50% increase in the CBZ plasma level above the previous level. Other relationships were those between a decrease in the level of leukopenia and a relatively low pretreatment WBC and a chronic condition caused by the introduction or reintroduction of CBZ. Persistent leukopenia (for at least 3 years) was occasionally noted, representing only 17% of those in the group with WBC
Predicting the frequency of water quality standard violations: a probabilistic approach for TMDL development.

To address the impaired condition of the water bodies listed under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, over 40 000 total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for pollutants must be developed during the next 10−15 years. Most of these will be based on the results of water quality simulation models. However, the failure of most models to incorporate residual variability and parameter uncertainty in their predictions makes them unsuitable for TMDL development. The percentile-based standards increasingly used by the EPA and the requirement for a margin of safety in TMDLs necessitate that model predictions include quantitative information on uncertainty. We describe a probabilistic approach to model-based TMDL assessment that addresses this issue and is suitable for use with any type of mathematical model. To demonstrate our approach, we employ a eutrophication model for the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, and evaluate compliance with the state chlorophyll a standard. Any observed variability in chlorophyll a t...
Synergistic inhibitory effects of vanillic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids on radish and grain sorghum

Radish and grain sorghum germination and sorghum growth were inhibited in a synergistic manner by combinations of vanillic andp-hydroxybenzoic acids. At threshold inhibition levels, 2.5 × 10−3 M vanillic acid-treated radish seeds had 71 % of control germination after 24 hr and 2.5 × 10−3 Mp-hydroxybenzoic acid-treated radish yielded 95% germination. A mixture of 2.5 × 10−3 M of each of these two phytotoxins showed 52% germination after 24 hr. Equimolar mixtures of 5 × 10−3 M vanillic andp-hydroxybenzoic acids allowed sorghum germination of 60% of untreated seeds after 24 hr, whereas separate treatments of individual phenols had 93% and 96% of control seed germination. Sorghum root and shoot elongation and total seedling growth were more sensitive than germination to vanillic andp-hydroxybenzoic acid treatments, and synergistic effects also were apparent. A combination of 5 × 10−3 M vanillic with 5 × 10−3 Mp-hydroxybenzoic reduced root length more than either did individually, and a mixture of 5 × 10−4 M vanillic with 5 × 10−4 Mp-hydroxybenzoic acid reduced sorghum seedling growth to approximately that resulting from a 10−3 M concentration of either phenol alone. Phytotoxin levels inhibitory to sorghum growth caused small increases in lower leaf surface diffusive resistance, but did not close stomates, and this effect was not judged to be the cause of reduced sorghum growth.
Taking the Distinction between Persons Seriously

Rawls criticizes utilitarianism for not taking the distinction between persons seriously, and suggests that his own theory: justice as fairness, does. I argue that justice as fairness aims to take the distinction seriously at four levels, ranging from the content of its principles to its conception of political philosophy, and that doing so at each stage is of fundamental importance in working out the basis of a conception of justice for a democratic society. Understanding Rawls’s theory in this way points to a clearer understanding of how to go on doing political philosophy after Rawls.
The Human Lagging Strand DNA Polymerase δ Holoenzyme Is Distributive

Polymerase δ is widely accepted as the lagging strand replicative DNA polymerase in eukaryotic cells. It forms a replication complex in the presence of replication factor C and proliferating cell nuclear antigen to perform efficient DNA synthesis in vivo. In this study, the human lagging strand holoenzyme was reconstituted in vitro. The rate of DNA synthesis of this holoenzyme, measured with a singly primed ssM13 DNA substrate, is 4.0 ± 0.4 nucleotides. Results from adenosine 5′-(3-thiotriphosphate) tetralithium salt (ATPγS) inhibition experiments revealed the nonprocessive characteristic of the human DNA polymerase (Pol δ) holoenzyme (150 bp for one binding event), consistent with data from chase experiments with catalytically inactive mutant Pol δAA. The ATPase activity of replication factor C was characterized and found to be stimulated ∼10-fold in the presence of both proliferating cell nuclear antigen and DNA, but the activity was not shut down by Pol δ in accord with rapid association/dissociation of the holoenzyme to/from DNA. It is noted that high concentrations of ATP inhibit the holoenzyme DNA synthesis activity, most likely due to its inhibition of the clamp loading process.
On Centrioles, Microtubules, and Cellular Electromagnetism

This paper describes the inner workings of centrioles (a pair of small organelles adjacent to the nucleus) as they create cell electropolarity, engage in cell division (mitosis), but in going awry, also promote the development of cancers. The electropolarity arises from vibrations of microtubules composing the centrioles. Mitosis begins as each centrioles duplicates itself by growing a daughter centriole on its side. If during duplication more than one daughter is grown, cancer can occur and the cells divide uncontrollably. Cancer cells with supernumerary centrioles have high electropolarity which can serve as an attractor for charged therapeutic nanoparticles.
Pyruvate Formate-lyase and Its Activation by Pyruvate Formate-lyase Activating Enzyme

The activation of pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) by pyruvate formate-lyase activating enzyme (PFL-AE) involves formation of a specific glycyl radical on PFL by the PFL-AE in a reaction requiring S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). Surface plasmon resonance experiments were performed under anaerobic conditions on the oxygen-sensitive PFL-AE to determine the kinetics and equilibrium constant for its interaction with PFL. These experiments show that the interaction is very slow and rate-limited by large conformational changes. A novel AdoMet binding assay was used to accurately determine the equilibrium constants for AdoMet binding to PFL-AE alone and in complex with PFL. The PFL-AE bound AdoMet with the same affinity (∼6 μm) regardless of the presence or absence of PFL. Activation of PFL in the presence of its substrate pyruvate or the analog oxamate resulted in stoichiometric conversion of the [4Fe-4S]1+ cluster to the glycyl radical on PFL; however, 3.7-fold less activation was achieved in the absence of these small molecules, demonstrating that pyruvate or oxamate are required for optimal activation. Finally, in vivo concentrations of the entire PFL system were calculated to estimate the amount of bound protein in the cell. PFL, PFL-AE, and AdoMet are essentially fully bound in vivo, whereas electron donor proteins are partially bound.
The effects of flocculation and bed erodibility on modeling cohesive sediment resuspension

[1] Flocculation and bed erodibility are two main processes causing the transport of cohesive sediments to be more complicated than typical noncohesive sediments. Earlier flocculation models assume a constant fractal dimension and/or a constant floc yield strength. However, recent studies have shown that considering both the fractal dimension and the floc yield strength to be variable is critical to the prediction of temporal evolution of floc size. Due to consolidation, it is also well established that critical bed shear stress of a mud bed cannot be parameterized as a constant. This study further investigates how flocculation models with different degrees of complexity and bed erodibility can affect the resulting cohesive sediment resuspension driven by tidal flows. A one-dimensional vertical numerical model for sediment transport is revised to incorporate modules for flocculation and bed erodibility. Model results are compared with data measured in the Ems/Dollard estuary. Model study suggests that it is important to incorporate variable critical shear stress in order to properly model the supply of sediment from the bed. When flocculation is neglected or incorporated incompletely, numerical model predicts nearly zero sediment concentration during slack water and very steep concentration gradient, which are inconsistent with the observed data. When the fractal dimension and the floc yield strength are both considered to be variable, the numerical model predicts much smaller settling velocity and hence captures the more well-mixed condition consistent with field observations.
Strategic Marketing of Library Resources and Services

The development of marketing activities for an academic library as an outgrowth of an overall library strategic plan can assist in clarifying which key resources and services should be promoted and in developing the optimal activities for communicating their benefits. Marketing as an ancillary process to strategic planning can increase awareness and use of library resources and services among targeted user groups and can present a clear, consistent image to students, faculty, and administration as to what the library offers to the life of the university community and validate its continued funding. A permanent library marketing committee is the best means for coordinating library marketing activities.