cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser cooling in solids: Demonstration of 115K all-solid-state cryocooler

Optical refrigeration is based on anti-Stokes fluorescence, a process in which a material absorbs light near one frequency and then fluoresces at a higher mean frequency. In a solid this process removes phonons to furnish the energy difference between the absorbed and emitted light and thereby cools the material. The best optical refrigeration results have been achieved by using transparent solids doped with rare earth ions such as ytterbium, thulium and erbium. The cooling cycle is illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows the ground state and first excited state energy manifolds of a dopant ion. To produce cooling, laser light tuned to the energy difference between the top of the lower manifold and the bottom of the upper manifold pumps the cooling element and excites ions to the upper manifold. The excited ions absorb thermal energy from the solid thereby raising their excitations to somewhere in the middle of the upper manifold. These ions then radiatively decay to the middle of the lower-energy manifold, emitting photons with mean energies greater than that of the pump radiation. The cycle concludes when the ions in the ground state manifold absorb additionally lattice energy to re-establish a thermal distribution of excitations.
Adsorption of selenite to goethite in a flow-through reaction chamber

Adsorption of selenite on goethites in NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 solutions was performed in a newly designed flow-through reaction chamber as well as in a traditional batch system. Six goethites with different morphologies were used as adsorbents. For the experiments the goethite was placed in the chamber prior to flushing with the salts. Introduction of the NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 solutions only, and in combination with selenite, resulted in different responses with respect to the pH. The pH changes were explained by means of anion-binding energies, with Cl − < SO 4 2− < SeO 3 2− . Neither the morphological characteristics of the adsorbents nor the electrolyte anion influenced the amount and the rate of selenite adsorption. The mixing mode in the reactor chamber affected the selenite adsorption density, as indicated by higher densities in the batch experiments
Measurement of the DNA bend angle induced by the catabolite activator protein using Monte Carlo simulation of cyclization kinetics.

A Monte Carlo simulation method for studying DNA cyclization (or ring-closure) has been extended to the case of protein-induced bending, and its application to experimental data has been demonstrated. Estimates for the geometric parameters describing the DNA bend induced by the catabolite activator protein (CAP or CRP) were obtained which correctly predict experimental DNA cyclization probabilities (J factors), determined for a set of 11 150 to 166 bp DNA restriction fragments bearing A tracts phased against CAP binding sites. We find that simulation of out-of-phase molecules is difficult and time consuming, requiring the geometric parameters to be optimized individually rather than globally. A wedge angle model for DNA bending was found to make reasonable predictions for the free DNA. The bend angle in the CAP-DNA complex is estimated to be 85 to 90 degrees, in agreement with estimates from gel electrophoresis and X-ray co-crystal structures. Since the DNA is found to have a pre-existing bend of 15 degrees, the change in bend angle induced by CAP is 70 to 75 degrees, in a agreement with an estimate from topological measurements. We find evidence for slight (approximately 10 degrees) unwinding by CAP. The persistence length and helical repeat of the unbound portion of the DNA are in accord with literature-cited values, but the best-fit DNA torsional modulus C is found to be 1.7 (+/- 0.2) x 10(-19) erg. cm, versus literature estimates and best-fit values for the free DNA of 2.0 x 10(-19) to 3.4 x 10(-19) erg.com. Simulations using this low value of C predict that cyclization of molecules with out-of-phase bends proceeds via undertwisting or overtwisting of the DNA between the bends, so as to align the bends, rather than through conformations with substantial writhe. We present experiments on the topoisomers formed by cyclization with CAP which support this conclusion, and thereby rationalize the surprising result that cyclization can actually be enhanced by out-of-phase bends if the twist required to align the bends improves the torsional alignment of the ends. The relationship between the present work and previous studies on DNA bending by CAP is discussed, and recommendations are given for the efficient application of the cyclization/simulation approach to DNA bending.
On the Origins of Speech as a Discipline: James A. Winans and Public Speaking as Practical Democracy

This article argues that the history of the speech field is best understood by examining the primary sources for its institutional and pedagogical origins, and that public speaking instruction originates in a complex understanding of the civic implications of speech pedagogy.
PV bus modeling in a holomorphically embedded power-flow formulation

This paper introduces a PV bus model, compatible with the holomorphic embedding (HE) approach, for solving the power-flow bus-power-equilibrium equations (BPEE's). Because the BPEE's in traditional form are nonanalytic due to the presence of the complex-conjugate operator, many powerful tools applicable to the analytic functions cannot be used. Holomorphism is obtained by embedding the BPEE's into a bigger problem in such a way as to render the embedded problem analytic. The effect of the holomorphic embedding is to perform a type of curve following, but the curve followed is that of the embedded function, not the PV curve which is followed by traditional continuation methods. The primary advantage of HE is that it leads to an algorithm that is guaranteed to solve for the stable equilibrium point solution, regardless of starting point and without iteration. In the published literature on the HE approach, there is presently no model for a PV bus. This paper introduces such a model and suggests a remedy for the precision problems that arises with HE in modeling the PV bus.
Surface current effects on the fetch‐limited growth of wave energy

[1] To study the fetch-limited growth of wind wave energy over a region with significant lateral shear of the current field, this study exploited data obtained from two linear phased-array High Frequency (HF) radar systems. Both the near-surface currents and wave energy and period were mapped over the highly sheared inshore boundary of the Florida Current. The wave energy growth during two periods when the winds were steady for >12 hours and were directed offshore was computed over a range of fetches from 5 to 45 km. The observed energy growth rates were significantly (∼50 %) lower than predicted by the Donelan et al. (1992) empirical formulation over the high vorticity region. The reduced growth rate was consistent with a shift of the wind stress direction into the current direction due to refraction of the wave field. Dimensionless wave energy increased by as much as 100% over neighboring values when the vertical component of the surface current vorticity was a global minimum. While trapping and enhancement of wave energy is predicted by wave ray theory, it has never before been confirmed within the Florida Current with coincident wave and current measurements.
A molecular chaperone from a thermophilic archaebacterium is related to the eukaryotic protein t-complex polypeptide-1

There is evidence to suggest that components of archaebacteria are evolutionarily related to cognates in the eukaryotic cytosol. We postulated that the major heat-shock protein of the thermophilic archaebacterium, Sulfolobus shibatae, is a molecular chaperone and that it is related to an as-yet unidentified chaperone component in the eukaryotic cytosol. Acquired thermotolerance in S. shibatae correlates with the predominant synthesis of this already abundant protein, referred to as thermophilic factor 55 (TF55). TF55 is a homo-oligomeric complex of two stacked 9-membered rings, closely resembling the 7-membered-ring complexes of the chaperonins, groEL, hsp60 and Rubisco-binding protein. The TF55 complex binds unfolded polypeptides in vitro and has ATPase activity-features consistent with its being a molecular chaperone. The primary structure of TF55, however, is not significantly related to the chaperonins. On the other hand, it is highly homologous (36-40% identity) to a ubiquitous eukaryotic protein, t-complex polypeptide-1 (TCP1). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TCP1 is an essential protein that may play a part in mitotic spindle formation. We suggest that TF55 in archaebacteria and TCP1 in the eukaryotic cytosol are members of a new class of molecular chaperones.
Disproportional expression of proteolipid protein and DM-20 in the X-linked, dysmyelinating shaking pup mutant.

The shaking pup is an X-linked canine mutant with a severe hypomyelination of the CNS. Proteolipid protein (PLP) and the related DM-20 protein were examined in this mutant by densitometric scanning of Western blots stained with PLP antiserum. In the spinal cord of 4-week-old mutants, PLP was reduced to less than 1 % of the control level, which is a greater deficiency than was found for other myelin proteins. On Western blots of control spinal cord, PLP stained much more intensely than DM-20. However, on Western blots of the mutant spinal cord, a component with the electrophoretic mobility of DM-20 stained slightly more intensely with PLP antiserum than PLP itself. This component was shown to be DM-20 by its lack of reactivity with an antiserum raised to a synthetic peptide corresponding to part of the PLP sequence that is missing in DM-20. Thus PLP and DM-20 are expressed in approximately equal and greatly reduced amounts in the mutant spinal cord. Although PLP or DM-20 could not be detected in brain from the 4-week-old mutant, similar disproportional expression of these two proteins was demonstrated in both spinal cord and brain from a 10-week-old mutant pup. Immunostaining of tissue sections showed that the small amounts of PLP and/or DM-20 synthesized in the mutant are present in the thin myelin sheaths. The results suggest that the shaking pup could have a primary defect in the PLP gene leading to a severe deficiency of PLP and DM-20 as well as disproportional expression of these two proteins.
Localized ablation of olfactory receptor neurons induces both localized regeneration and widespread replacement of neurons in spiny lobsters

The peripheral olfactory system of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus—located on paired antennules— undergoes continual postembryonic development. This process includes continuous addition of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) related to indeterminate growth, continuous replacement, and regeneration when necessitated by damage. We have shown previously that new olfactory tissue is continually added to the proximal margin of these populations, called the proximal proliferation zone (PPZ). Here, we show that focal damage to mature portions of the olfactory system causes localized degeneration of ORNs over 1–10 days after damage. Studies using the cell proliferation marker 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine show that localized degeneration was followed by rapid and localized regeneration of olfactory tissue. Rapidly dividing cells were recorded up to 40 days after damage, with regeneration of ORN clusters complete within 80 days. Focal damage appeared to stimulate widespread cell replacement (cell death and proliferation) within mature, undamaged ORN clusters. This response was observed in ORN clusters outside the damaged zone, including mature clusters in the contralateral antennule. The degree of widespread cell replacement was less than local repair after local damage, but it increased with more extensive damage. However, changes in on-going proliferation in the PPZ were not detected, at least not 20 days or longer after damage, suggesting damage-induced widespread proliferation may be specific to mature populations of ORNs. We speculate that localized regeneration involves activity of resident precursor cells not destroyed by the ablation and that unidentified regulatory signals released in response to localized damage induce widespread ORN replacement. J. Comp. Neurol. 471:72– 84, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
From Fine Grained Code Diversity to JIT-ROP to Execute-Only Memory: The Cat and Mouse Game Between Attackers and Defenders Continues

Today's software monoculture creates asymmetric threats. An attacker needs to find only one way in, while defenders need to guard a lot of ground. Adversaries can fully debug and perfect their attacks on their own computers, exactly replicating the environment that they will later be targeting. One possible defense is software diversity, which raises the bar to attackers. A diversification engine automatically generates a large number of different versions of the same program, potentially one unique version for every computer. These all behave in exactly the same way from the perspective of the end-user, but they implement their functionality in subtly different ways. As a result, a specific attack will succeed on only a small fraction of targets and a large number of different attack vectors would be needed to take over a significant percentage of them. Because an attacker has no way of knowing a priori which specific attack will succeed on which specific target, this method also very significantly increases the cost of attacks directed at specific targets. Unfortunately, attackers have now started assembling their attacks on the target itself, circumventing diversity. In order to prevent this, we need to make all executable code on the target platform unreadable by the attacker. We present a solution that keeps randomized executable code completely hidden from the attacker, preventing even the latest class of dynamically assembled code reuse attacks ('JIT-ROP'). We will also report on a set of new software diversity techniques that can additionally also defend against side-channel attacks by dynamically and systematically randomizing the control flow of programs. Previous software diversity techniques transform each program trace identically. Our new technique instead transforms programs to make each program trace unique. This approach offers probabilistic protection against both online and off-line side-channel attacks, including timing and cache-based attacks. In particular, we create a large number of unique program execution paths by automatically generating diversified replicas for parts of an input program. At runtime we then randomly and frequently switch between these replicas. As a consequence, no two executions of the same program are ever alike, even when the same inputs are used. Our method requires no manual effort or hardware changes, has a reasonable performance impact, and reduces side-channel information leakage significantly when applied to known attacks on AES.
Ion Transport in Nanochannels

Two kinds of nanochannels have been fabricated and ion transport in these nanochannels has been measured. Silica nanotube arrays have been fabricated from Si nanowire templates. The silica nanotubes can be more than 20 μm long with an inner diameter from 10 to 200 nm. A nanofluidic device based on individual silica nanotubes has been fabricated by placing the nanotube on a glass substrate and patterning with respect to individual nanotubes. A similar nanofluidic device with SiNx as the channel wall material has also been fabricated. The cross-section of the SiNx nanochannel is 40 nm high and 1 μm wide, while the channel length extends up to more than 24 μm. Ion transport though these nanochannels has been studied with different concentration KCl solutions to investigate the effects of electric double layer thickness on ion transport. Results show that for high concentration solutions, the measured current fit the theoretical prediction based on the bulk concentration. However, for low concentration solutions, the measured current was larger than that calculated with the bulk concentration, indicating that for low concentration solutions, the ion concentration within the channel was decided not only by the bulk solutions, but also by the surface charge density.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The pain state arising from the laminitic horse: insights into future analgesic therapies.

LAMINITIC HOOF AND PAIN Displacement of the pedal bone within the hoof capsule occurs because of disruption of the dermo-epidermal laminar bond within the hoof. The initiating changes leading to such degenerative responses are not known, but as reviewed in this research workshop, some have argued for local vascular disturbances and perhaps a precipitating local physical stress. The sequelae of these changes in hoof biology is associated with a persistent nociception as evidenced by resistance to weight bearing on that hoof (shifting back and forth between hooves) and increased manifestation of indices of stress, including autonomic responses (heart rate variability and hypertension) and release of adreno pituitary hormones. The severity of this pain state is of such enormity that animals may be euthanized for humane considerations. The mechanisms of this equine pain state are poorly understood, but as will be seen later in the text, it shows remarkable parallels to other mammalian systems which have been studied in detail, such as for the innervation of skin, joints, and tooth pulp.
Teacher cognitive functioning as a factor in observed variety and level of classroom teaching behavior

A review of the literature suggests a relationship between life-long development of formal reasoning schema and performance in professional education careers. The study investigated implications of cognitive development of preservice teachers as it relates to their classroom teaching performance. Ninety-one seniors involved in a field-oriented teacher education program were given classroom responsibilities which included teaching a science unit. Formal thinking abilities were assessed using two types of developmental level tasks, performance on traditional type Piagetian tasks and recognition of formal thought approaches in solving educational tasks. Professional behaviors were assessed using observational ratings of classroom instructional and planning activities. Subjects assessed as formal operational, 30% of sample, using Piagetian performance tasks, had significantly higher facility in performing model classroom teaching behaviors than transitional or concrete subjects. Higher recognition ability of formal thought approaches to teaching was not related to facility in performing classroom teaching when compared to performance on Piagetian tasks. The relationship held up in seven of eight broad teaching behavior categories observed in classroom instruction. The results supported a general portrait of teaching behavior specifically related to teachers of differing cognitive functional levels. Implications for professional training programs are discussed.
The random vibration effects on dissolution testing with USP apparatus 2.

Dissolution testing is of primary importance for optimization of drug formulation and quality control, but test results typically show large variability. Vibration is one of the factors that can increase variability of dissolution testing. In this study, a Distek USP Apparatus 2 was used to perform dissolution testing using disintegrating 10 mg prednisone tablets at 50 rpm in 500 mL of 37°C degassed water medium. A controllable vertical random vibration was applied to the dissolution apparatus during the dissolution testing. Real-time vibration waveforms were recorded using accelerometers placed at various locations on the vessel plate and on the dissolution vessels. Preliminary results showed a strong correlation between induced vibration and dissolution results. The vibration measured on the vessel plate correlates well with that measured within nearby vessels. The observed dissolution profiles suggest that vibration affects the disintegration and dissolving processes by different mechanisms, leading to high or low results depending upon during which phase of the dissolution process the vibration occurs. This study also presents a method capable of measuring vibration in a meaningful manner and how to determine where best to measure it. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:297–306, 2009
Factors influencing classification results from multiple discriminant analysis

Abstract In recent years the use of multiple discriminant analysis has gained wide acceptance in applied business research. This increasing utilization is due, in part, to the availability of discriminant analysis routines in a variety of statistical packages (see Appendix). However, few applied business studies using discriminant analysis are completely free of methodological and statistical problems. These problems have been caused by 1) the lack of in-depth knowledge by business researchers of the statistical properties of discriminant analysis; 2) problems associated with the data typically employed in business studies; and 3) the lack of complete answers by statisticians to many problems associated with discriminant analysis. The purpose of this paper is to provide a partial solution to the first of these problems—the lack of understanding by business researchers of the many statistical considerations associated with classification when discriminant analysis is employed. Specifically, ten factors or items (in two groups) that may directly influence the reported classification results will be investigated. Factors in the first group are those that arise from the variables and/or sample employed. The second group of factors encompasses itmes that are directly under the control of the researcher (and, hence, require explicit consideration) when classification is undertaken. These ten items are those that a) Arise from the variables and/or sample 1. 1. multivariate normality 2. 2. number and independence of predictor variables 3. 3. sample size 4. 4. missing values 5. 5. initial misclassification b) Require classification decisions 1. 1. error rates 2. 2. equal versus unequal dispersion matrices 3. 3. a priori probabilities 4. 4. costs of misclassification 5. 5. reduced (or discriminant) space. Implicitly or explicitly every applied researcher addresses these ten items; the purpose of this paper is to focus specific attention on these factors so further research will not suffer some of the statistical and methodological problems that have plagued many recent research efforts. This paper is written from the viewpoint of an applied researcher who has to be concerned about the practical problems associated with using multiple discriminant analysis with sample-based data.
Evaluation of energy saving and CO2 emission reduction technologies in energy supply and end‐use sectors using a global energy model

Keywords: global warming mitigation; iron and steel sector; cement sector; energy systems model; energy saving
Experiment design through dynamical characterisation of non-linear systems biology models utilising sparse grids

The sparse grid-based experiment design algorithm sequentially selects an experimental design point to discriminate between hypotheses for given experimental conditions. Sparse grids efficiently screen the global uncertain parameter space to identify acceptable parameter subspaces. Clustering the located acceptable parameter vectors by the similarity of the simulated model trajectories characterises the data-compatible model dynamics. The experiment design algorithm capitalises on the diversity of the experimentally distinguishable system output dynamics to select the design point that best discerns between competing model-structure and parameter-encoded hypotheses. As opposed to designing the experiments to explicitly reduce uncertainty in the model parameters, this approach selects design points to differentiate between dynamical behaviours. This approach further differs from other experimental design methods in that it simultaneously addresses both parameter- and structural-based uncertainty that is applicable to some ill-posed problems where the number of uncertain parameters exceeds the amount of data, places very few requirements on the model type, available data and a priori parameter estimates, and is performed over the global uncertain parameter space. The experiment design algorithm is demonstrated on a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade model. The results show that system dynamics are highly uncertain with limited experimental data. Nevertheless, the algorithm requires only three additional experimental data points to simultaneously discriminate between possible model structures and acceptable parameter values. This sparse grid-based experiment design process provides a systematic and computationally efficient exploration over the entire uncertain parameter space of potential model structures to resolve the uncertainty in the non-linear systems biology model dynamics.
Susceptibility of the parasitoidMicroplitis croceipes [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] to field rates of selected cotton insecticides

Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), a parasitoid ofHeliothis spp., was treated topically with field rates of 5 formulated insecticides commonly used in cotton to controlHeliothis spp. Treatment with the pyrethroid fenvalerate, a mixture of the formamidine chlordimeform plus fenvalerate, and the carbamate thiodicarb resulted in nearly 100% survival at both the lowest and highest field rates recommended for these insecticides. The organophosphate acephate and the carbamate methomyl were extremely toxic to adultM. croceipes, causing 100% mortality at the lowest recommended field rates.
PGE2 receptor EP2 mediates the antagonistic effect of COX-2 on TGF-β signaling during mammary tumorigenesis

The molecular mechanisms that enable cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to inhibit transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling during mammary tumorigenesis remain unknown. We show here that TGF-β selectively stimulated the expression of the PGE2 receptor EP2, which increased normal and malignant mammary epithelial cell (MEC) invasion, anchorage-independent growth, and resistance to TGF-β-induced cytostasis. Mechanistically, elevated EP2 expression in normal MECs inhibited the coupling of TGF-β to Smad2/3 activation and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1) expression, while EP2 deficiency in these same MECs augmented Smad2/3 activation and PAI expression stimulated by TGF-β. Along these lines, engineering malignant MECs to lack EP2 expression prevented their growth in soft agar, restored their cytostatic response to TGF-β, decreased their invasiveness in response to TGF-β, and potentiated their activation of Smad2/3 and expression of PAI stimulated by TGF-β. More important, we show that COX-2 or EP2 deficiency both significantly decreased the growth, angiogenesis, and pulmonary metastasis of mammary tumors produced in mice. Collectively, this investigation establishes EP2 as a potent mediator of the anti-TGF-β activities elicited by COX-2/PGE2 in normal and malignant MECs. Our findings also suggest that pharmacological targeting of EP2 receptors may provide new inroads to antagonize the oncogenic activities of TGF-β during mammary tumorigenesis.—Tian, M., Schiemann, W. P. PGE2 receptor EP2 mediates the antagonistic effect of COX-2 on TGF-β signaling during mammary tumorigenesis.
Cardiovascular effects and pharmacokinetics of the carboxylic ionophore monensin in dogs and rabbits.

Abstract Monensin, a carboxylic ionophore, produces strong pressor, positive chronotropic effects and elevates the blood glucose level when injected intravenously (100 μg/kg) into pentobarbital anesthetized dogs or administered orally (2 mg/kg) to conscious dogs. Intravenously administered monensin disappeared from the blood rapidly with a t 1 2 of ca. 2.5 min and, in the conscious dogs, ingested monensin showed a peak plasma level 90 min after feeding; this coincided with the time of maximum increase in arterial blood pressure and blood glucose. In conscious rabbits, although higher doses of monensin were administered, 200 μg/kg intravenously and 10 mg/kg orally, its cardiovascular effects were less than observed in the dog and were slower in onset. This correlated with slower clearing of injected monensin from the blood ( t 1 2 = 8 min ) and slower entry of ingested monensin from the gut into the blood. Rabbit plasma and tissue levels were higher 17 hr after oral ingestion of monensin than six hr after ingestion.
Parallel developments in programming languages and operating systems

Three stages of the development of programming languages are examined and compared with similar stages in the development of operating systems. It is noted that not only do these stages agree but particular developments within these stages also have remarkable similarities; some of these are superficial while others are deeper. The parallels are used to note that certain developments have yet to occur in operating systems. Finally, the essential identity of purpose of programming languages and operating systems is discussed.
Chromosomal mapping and nucleotide sequence of a human DNA autonomously replicating sequence

Abstract A 1.1-kb human DNA fragment (ARSH1) capable of functioning as a putative origin of replication in yeast cells has been characterized both by in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes and by DNA sequencing. Our hybridization studies show a preferential localization of ARSH1 in chromosome regions 1p34–36 and 2q34–37. DNA sequence analysis indicates that in addition to the consensus sequence required for ARS function in yeast cells, nuclear matrix-associated DNA motifs are also present in the 1.1-kb fragment. These results suggest that ARSH1 sequences may serve as points of anchorage to the nuclear matrix for chromosomes 1 and 2.
Cystic Fibrosis and Embryonal Carcinoma of the Testis

The authors describe a patient with cystic fibrosis and a stage III testicular embryonal cell cancer. Because cystic fibrosis occurs in approximately 1 of 2,500 births and embryonal carcinoma in 3 of 100,000, the likelihood of concurrence for both disorders in the same patient is approximately 1 in 80 million. Involvement of the vas deferens in cystic fibrosis raises the possibility of a fundamental embryologic basis that explains the pathogenesis of this association.
Private practice experience with radical surgical treatment of cancer of prostate

Abstract This private practice series of 255 men with adenocarcinoma of the prostate was evaluated with regard to the efficacy of radical prostatectomy in controlling disease. Sixty-seven men underwent radical prostate surgery: 77 per cent are surviving longer than ten years post-operatively with several of these individuals now in their fifteenth year, 9 per cent died of their disease, and 10 per cent are totally incontinent. The survival rates in this series are compared with those of other series and the differences discussed.
Sporicidal action of ozone and hydrogen peroxide: a comparative study

Elimination of contaminating spores on packaging materials and food-contact surfaces remains a challenge to the food industry. Hydrogen peroxide and chlorine are the most commonly used sanitizers to eliminate these contaminants, and ozone was recommended recently as an alternative. Hence, we compared the sporicidal action of ozone and hydrogen peroxide against selected foodborne spores of Bacillus spp. Under identical treatment conditions, 11 microg/ml aqueous ozone decreased spore counts by 1.3 to 6.1 log10 cfu/ml depending upon the bacterial species tested. Hydrogen peroxide (10%, w/w), produced only 0.32 to 1.6 log10 cfu/ml reductions in spore counts. Thus, hydrogen peroxide, at approximately 10,000-fold higher concentration, was less effective than ozone against Bacillus spores. Resistance of spores to ozone was highest for Bacillus stearothermophilus and lowest for B. cereus. Therefore, spores of B. stearothermophilus are suitable for testing the efficacy of sanitization by ozone. Electron microscopic study of ozone-treated B. subtilis spores suggests the outer spore coat layers as a probable site of action of ozone.
Formation of an Inclusion Complex of a New Transition Metal Ligand in β-Cyclodextrin

The inclusion complex of a new transition metal ligand, 2,4,9-trithia-tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane-7-carboxylic acid (2,4,9-trithia-adamantane-7-carboxylic acid, TPCOOH) in β-cyclodextrin was studied by 1H NMR, 2D NOESY NMR spectroscopy, host-induced CD spectroscopy, and tandem mass spectrometry. 1H NMR, MS–MS and NOESY data show that the TPCOOH guest forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with the host β-cyclodextrin. The NOESY experiments also show that TPCOOH is oriented in the complex with the thioketal end preferentially located at the larger opening of β-cyclodextrin. The orientation of the guest in the host molecule is also confirmed by the induced CD of the ligand, which shows a positive Cotton effect. An association constant of 660±20 M−1 was determined by 1H NMR titration for the complex at room temperature in D2O.
Light field video camera

We present the Light Field Video Camera, an array of CMOS image sensors for video image based rendering applications. The device is designed to record a synchronized video dataset from over one hundred cameras to a hard disk array using as few as one PC per fifty image sensors. It is intended to be flexible, modular and scalable, with much visibility and control over the cameras. The Light Field Video Camera is a modular embedded design based on the IEEE1394 High Speed Serial Bus, with an image sensor and MPEG2 compression at each node. We show both the flexibility and scalability of the design with a six camera prototype.
Conceptual design of the first level trigger for the SDC experiment

Abstract We report on a conceptual design of the first level trigger for the SDC experiment at the SSC. Level 1 algorithms employ barrel and intermediate trackers, and electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters. Results of simulations of background rates and efficiencies are presented together with a discussion of the simulation method. Tracking and calorimetric triggers are discussed in detail.
When relationships estimated in the past cannot be used to predict the future: using mechanistic models to predict landscape ecological dynamics in a changing world

Researchers and natural resource managers need predictions of how multiple global changes (e.g., climate change, rising levels of air pollutants, exotic invasions) will affect landscape composition and ecosystem function. Ecological predictive models used for this purpose are constructed using either a mechanistic (process-based) or a phenomenological (empirical) approach, or combination. Given the accelerating pace of global changes, it is becoming increasingly difficult to trust future projections made by phenomenological models estimated under past conditions. Using forest landscape models as an example, I review current modeling approaches and propose principles for developing the next generation of landscape models. First, modelers should increase the use of mechanistic components based on appropriately scaled “first principles” even though such an approach is not without cost and limitations. Second, the interaction of processes within a model should be designed to minimize a priori constraints on process interactions and mimic how interactions play out in real life. Third, when a model is expected to make accurate projections of future system states it must include all of the major ecological processes that structure the system. A completely mechanistic approach to the molecular level is not tractable or desirable at landscape scales. I submit that the best solution is to blend mechanistic and phenomenological approaches in a way that maximizes the use of mechanisms where novel driver conditions are expected while keeping the model tractable. There may be other ways. I challenge landscape ecosystem modelers to seek new ways to make their models more robust to the multiple global changes occurring today.
Microfabricated multispectral MRI agents: A brief overview

This paper provides an introductory overview of recent microfabricated, as opposed to traditional chemically synthesized, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. As a specific example of the enhanced agent functionality that top-down micro-engineering allows, the paper focuses on recently demonstrated magnetic microstructures that provide multispectral MRI contrast.
A Direct Photometric Method for Chloride in Biological Fluids, Employing Mercuric Thiocyanate and Perchloric Acid

The reagent described is 5.5 M in perchloric acid and 3.3 M in urea. It contains ferric ions, mercuric thiocyanate, mercuric ions (from mercuric perchlorate), and mercuric chloride. Serum dissolves directly in this reagent to yield a clear, reddish solution. When chloride ions are added, they combine first with the free mercuric ions, and then with some of the mercuric ions from the mercuric thiocyanate. Liberated thiocyanate combines with ferric ions to yield red ferric thiocyanate. The color is much more intense in the presence of strong perchloric acid than in other aqueous acid mixtures, Its intensity can be regulated at will by changing the concentration of the ferric iron. The presence of mercuric chloride in the reagent improves linearity between absorbance and chloride concentration. After the total absorbance is determined, compensation for absorbance by other substances is secured by adding mercuric ions to the photometer tube to reverse the color-producing reaction of chloride, reading the residual absorbance, and subtracting it from the total absorbance, to give a net absorbance produced by chloride alone.
A Quantitative, Experimental Approach to Measuring Processor Side-Channel Security

User inputs tend to change the execution characteristics of applications including their interactions with cache, network, storage, and other systems. Many attacks have exploited the observable side effects of these execution characteristics to expose sensitive information. In response, researchers have proposed countermeasures to protect against these attacks. However there is currently no systematic, holistic methodology for understanding information leakage. As a result, it is not well known how design decisions affect information leakage or the vulnerability of entire systems to side-channel attacks. The authors propose a metric for measuring information leakage called the Side-channel Vulnerability Factor (SVF). The SVF is based on the observation that all side-channel attacks - ranging from physical to microarchitectural to software - rely on recognizing leaked execution patterns. The SVF quantifies patterns in attackers' observations and measures their correlation to the victim's actual execution patterns and in doing so captures systems' predisposition to leak information. Thus, the SVF provides a quantitative approach to securing computer architecture.
New data supporting the software project costing formulas

Halstead's Software Science formulas and the Air Force's Rome Air Development Center software effort data base are used to derive a software project effort estimator. This estimator is: T = 94S/sup 2/ and T =381/sup 2/ where T =total programmer and software engineer months charged to the project S = thousands of statements of source Fortran, excluding comments I = thousands of assembly language source statements, excluding comments Overall project effort is obtained by applying the estimator on a subroutine by subroutine basis and adding the results. On a data base of 21 projects, ranging in size from 5, 000 to 164, 000 delivered machine instructions, a correlation coefficient of 0. 64 was obtained between data and estin-,Lator. Grouping projects together in twos and threes raised the corre3aAion coefficient to 0. 91 .
Solar system tests do rule out 1/R gravity

Shortly after the addition of a 1/R term to the Einstein-Hilbert action was proposed as a solution to the cosmic-acceleration puzzle, Chiba showed that such a theory violates Solar System tests of gravity. A flurry of recent papers have called Chiba's result into question. They argue that the spherically-symmetric vacuum spacetime in this theory is the Schwarzschild-de Sitter solution, making this theory consistent with Solar System tests. We point out that although the Schwarzschild-de Sitter solution exists in this theory, it is not the unique spherically-symmetric vacuum solution, and it is not the solution that describes the spacetime in the Solar System. The solution that correctly matches onto the stellar-interior solution differs from Schwarzschild-de Sitter in a way consistent with Chiba's claims. Thus, 1/R gravity is ruled out by Solar System tests.
Application of the lattice filter to robust estimation of AR and ARMA models

A method for estimating the parameters of an autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) model is proposed. A (p+q)-stage lattice whitening filter is used to obtained consistent estimates of the AR parameters of an ARMA (p,p) model. It is shown that a set of MA parameter estimates can also be obtained using this approach with little added computation. The method is used for estimation of the AR parameters of an ARMA process in additive white noise. It is shown that the lattice filter is also useful in robust estimation of the AR parameter on an ARMA process with additive outliers. >
Social Game for Building Energy Efficiency: Utility Learning, Simulation, and Analysis

We describe a social game that we designed for encouraging energy efficient behavior amongst building occupants with the aim of reducing overall energy consumption in the building. Occupants vote for their desired lighting level and win points which are used in a lottery based on how far their vote is from the maximum setting. We assume that the occupants are utility maximizers and that their utility functions capture the tradeoff between winning points and their comfort level. We model the occupants as non-cooperative agents in a continuous game and we characterize their play using the Nash equilibrium concept. Using occupant voting data, we parameterize their utility functions and use a convex optimization problem to estimate the parameters. We simulate the game defined by the estimated utility functions and show that the estimated model for occupant behavior is a good predictor of their actual behavior. In addition, we show that due to the social game, there is a significant reduction in energy consumption.
Effect of Dipolar Aprotic Permeability Enhancers on the Basal Stratum Corneum

The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl acetamide on the basal stratum corneum of excised nude mouse skin was investigated. All of these dipolar aprotic solvents caused a swelling of the basal stratum corneum cells and a disruption of the normal keratin pattern. This behavior suggests that dipolar aprotic solvents might alter the barrier properties of the basal stratum corneum cells. To test this hypothesis, the distribution of topically applied, electron-dense divalent metal ions (Hg2+ and Ni2+) was studied in excised nude mouse skin which had been perturbed by the application of dipolar aprotic solvents, and in controls which had not been so treated. In control skin membranes, Hg2+ and Ni2+ were located almost exclusively in the intercellular space of the stratum corneum. However, with the application of a dipolar aprotic solvent, Hg2+ and Ni2+ were found in the intercellular spaces and inside the basal stratum corneum cells, where they appeared to be primarily associated with the cytoplasmic filaments. Sulfide precipitation allowed for the localization of Hg2+ and Ni2+, and subsequent chemical identification by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The spatial resolution of X-ray microanalysis studies was ∼0.5–0.75 μm. The spatial alteration in mercury and nickel precipitate distribution, which occurs when the skin is pretreated with a dipolar aprotic solvent, is consistent with the hypothesis that the pathway of Hg2+ and Ni2+ diffusion through the basal stratum corneum has also been modified.
The ethics of competition in liver transplantation.

The behavior of people in the presence of scarce resources has long been a source of ethical concern and debate. Many of the responses, ranging from outright brutality and cheating on the one hand to altruism, nobility, and sacrifice on the other, were most recently demonstrated in the movie Titanic . It should come as no surprise, then, that rational efforts to allocate the very scarce life-saving resource of organs are sometimes circumvented by these natural human impulses and sheer human creativity. This is especially true when the organs in question are required for continued life and cannot be temporarily or permanently replaced by technology. Thus the focus of this paper will be on the competition for livers.
How to Make Research a Rewarding Experience in your Department

Nurses working in radiology departments have a variety of nursing roles and responsibilities. One of those roles may include collecting data for clinical research. And while nurses practicing in larger institutions or universities may see more research study subjects than those at smaller suburban or rural facilities, there is disparity regarding the research process itself among nurses. Departments that participate in clinical research may experience scheduling problems, delays prior to procedures, longer procedure times, and extended recovery requirements. Giving radiology department staff the opportunity to learn the history, regulatory requirements, and outcomes of research may allow them to more fully participate in the collection of data and improve patient care. Understanding the roles of the FDA, study sponsors, contract research organizations, coordinators, and investigators provides the framework of study design and implementation. The 1-page consent form that a patient signs for a procedure that then transforms into a 6-page research study consent form begins to make sense. The staff also needs to realize what the consequences to their department and institution can be when research is not conducted in accordance to the code of federal regulations. With information presented in a practical and entertaining way, the radiology nurse as well as other staff won't dread those seven words—“The patient is a potential research subject.”
Statically Determinate Truss Structures

We begin this chapter by reviewing the historical development of truss structures. Trusses have played a key role in the expansion of the highway and railroad systems during the past two centuries. From a mechanics perspective, they are ideal structures for introducing the concepts of equilibrium and displacement. We deal first with the issues of stability and static determinacy, and then move on to describe manual and computer-based techniques for determining the internal forces generated by external loads. A computational scheme for determining the displacements of truss structures is presented next. Given a structure, one needs information concerning how the internal forces vary as the external live load is repositioned on the structure for the design phase. This type of information is provided by an influence line. We introduce influence lines in the last section of this chapter and illustrate how they are constructed for typical trusses. This chapter focuses on linear elastic structural analysis. Nonlinear structural analysis is playing an increasingly more important rule in structural design. However, we believe an understanding of linear analysis is essential before discussing the topic of nonlinear analysis.
Wrist and Hand

This course will emphasize the general principles for approaching a variety of lesions of the hand and wrist. An approach to analysis of wrist and hand bones will be provided, followed by applications of these principles with respect to trauma, infection, neoplasia, arthritis and metabolic bone disease. Obviously it is impossible to cover all of musculoskeletal imaging and pathology in a short course such as this; however, some major points will be emphasized in each of these different areas, with most emphasis placed on complex carpal trauma.