cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of filling gases on the backscatter from contrast microbubbles: theory and in vivo measurements.

Two surfactant-based contrast agents, ST44 and ST68, were produced according to US Patent # 5,352,436 and filled with either air, C4F10 (perfluorobutane) or SF6 (sulfur hexaflouride). Ten rabbits received IV injections of each agent/gas combination with 5 repetitions of each dose (range: 0.005–0.13 mL/kg). A custom-made 10-MHz cuff transducer was placed around the surgically exposed distal aorta and audio Doppler signals were acquired in vivo. Quantitative in vivo dose responses were calculated off-line using spectral power analysis and compared to a theoretical model of microbubble dissolution and enhancement. For qualitative comparisons, 10 rabbits were imaged pre- and postcontrast administration (dose: 0.1 mL/kg) in gray-scale and colour. All agent/gas combinations produced marked Doppler enhancement with air bubbles enhancing least of all (p < 0.0001) and ST68-SF6 best of all (maximum: 27.6 ± 2.04 dB; p < 0.012). There were no significant differences between other agent/gas combinations (0.30 < p < 0.70). Theoretical enhancement was within 1 order of magnitude of the experimental observations (i.e., deviations of up to 10 dB). The duration of contrast enhancement was 1–2 min for air-filled bubbles, 3–5 min for SF6-filled bubbles and more than 7 min for C4F10-filled bubbles. In conclusion, ST68-SF6 microbubbles produced most in vivo enhancement of the agent/gas combinations studied. Theory matched the measurements within an order of magnitude.
Pigmented vulvar macules as a presenting feature of the Carney complex.

A 27-year-old woman was referred by her gynecologist for asymptomatic pigmented vulvar lesions first noted 2 years previously. Medical history was significant for a personal history of atrial myxoma, diagnosed due to a systolic murmur, along with a family (maternal) history of atrial myxoma. The patient also reported irregular menses, increasing and darkening of body and facial hair, and an increase in shoe size. Physical examination revealed multiple 2-5 mm dark brown to black macules on the labia majora and minora. (Fig. 1) Faint scattered light brown macules were noted on the chest and face. A 2-mm brown scleral macule was present adjacent to the iris, and scattered small pigmented macules were present on the vermilion border of the lips. A 4-mm blue-black papule was found on the upper back, and several firm, 2 mm flesh-colored papules were found on the abdomen and thigh. Hypertrichosis of both forearms was present, and enlargement of the jaw and hands was noted. Figure 1. Multiple dark brown to black macules on the labia majora and minora Download figure to PowerPoint Histopathologic evaluation of the blue-black papule was consistent with a blue nevus, with elongated pigmented spindle cells. Although polygonal cells were noted in the main part of the lesion, these did not meet the criteria for the epithelioid variant of blue nevus, as they were smaller. Histopathologic evaluation of the abdominal lesion (Fig. 2) revealed spindle-shaped fibroblasts and a mucinous stroma within the upper dermis consistent with a cutaneous myxoma. Figure 2. Hematoxylin-eosin stain at 112× magnification reveals spindle-shaped fibroblasts and a mucinous stroma Download figure to PowerPoint Endocrinologic evaluation revealed normal serum levels of prolactin, free and total testosterone, DHEA-S, and AM cortisol as well as normal thyroid function tests. A 24- h urine collection for 17-ketosteroids and cortrosyn stimulation tests were also within normal limits. Both somatomedin C and growth hormone levels, however, were elevated, at 970 ng/mL (114-942 ng/mL) and 41.3 ng/mL (0-10 ng/mL), respectively, consistent with acromegaly. MRI revealed a focal pituitary mass, compatible with a primary pituitary neoplasm. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor, which was found to be a growth hormone-producing pituitary adenoma. The diagnosis of Carney complex was made, due to cutaneous and mucosal lentigines, cutaneous myxomas, blue nevus, atrial myxoma, pituitary neoplasm with acromegaly, and a positive family history.
Extensions of the interfacial pinning method and application to hard core systems

The precise estimation of the location of phase transitions is an essential task in the study of many condensed matter systems. A recently developed technique denoted interface pinning (IP) [U. R. Pedersen, F. Hummel, G. Kresse, G. Kahl, and C. Dellago, Phys. Rev. B. 88, 094101 (2013); U. R. Pedersen, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 104102 (2013)] can accurately estimate the location of fluid-solid transition using the NP(z)T ensemble for single-component systems by computing the free energy difference between a solid and a fluid. The IP method is extended here to be applicable to different ensembles for both single-component systems and binary mixtures. A more general scheme is also proposed for the extrapolation of properties targeting coexistence conditions. This framework is used to estimate the coexistence pressure for the isotropic-rotator phase transition for three single-component polyhedral systems and to estimate isotropic-crystal coexistence compositions for a binary mixture of hard cubes and spheres. In addition, by exploring various choices for the order parameter used to distinguish between the isotropic and ordered phases, it is found that volume provides a reasonable alternative to translational order parameters which can be either more expensive to calculate or unable to pin a two-phase interfacial state.
Fe content in pyroxenes from a calc-alkalic volcanic suite, New Mexico, U.S.A.

Abstract Electron microprobe analyses of clinopyroxene, both phenocrysts and groundmass, in the calc-alkalic suite (basalt-basaltic andesite-andesite-latite) of the Mogollon Plateau, New Mexico, show little variation in Fe content. The clinopyroxene averages approximately Wo 40 En 42 Fs 18 in composition and does not vary more than about 7 percent Fs content throughout a suite of rocks that range from 50 to 65 percent in SiO 2 content. Orthopyroxene, on the other hand, is restricted to basaltic andesites and andesites and shows slightly greater variation in Fe content than the clinopyroxenes. It is suggested that the factors limiting concentration of Fe in calc-alkalic magmas, such as high oxygen pressures, are reflected in the clinopyroxenes crystallizing in these magmas by their limited range in Fe content.
Analysis of a Hypercube-Based Social Feature Multipath Routing in Delay Tolerant Networks

Social behavior plays a more and more important role in delay tolerant networks (DTNs). In this paper, we present an analytical model for a hypercube-based social feature multipath routing protocol in DTNs. In this routing protocol, we use the internal social features of each node (individual) in the network for routing guidance. This approach is motivated from several real social contact networks, which show that people contact each other more when they have more social features in common. This routing scheme converts a routing problem in a highly mobile and unstructured contact space (M-space) to a static and structured feature space (F-space). The multipath routing process is a hypercube-based feature matching process where the social feature differences are resolved step-by-step. A feature matching shortcut algorithm for fast searching is presented where more than one feature difference is resolved at one time. The multiple paths for the routing process are node-disjoint. We formally analyze the delivery rate and latency by using hypercube-based routing. The solutions for the expected values of latency and delivery rate are given under different path conditions: single-/multipath and feature difference resolutions with/without shortcuts. Extensive simulations on both real and synthetic traces are conducted in comparison to several existing state-of-the-art DTN routing protocols.
IkappaB kinase alpha is essential for development of the mammalian cornea and conjunctiva.

PURPOSE To determine the requirement of IkappaB kinase alpha (Ikkalpha) for differentiation of the mammalian cornea and conjunctiva. METHODS Newborn mice or surgically removed embryonic day (E)18 to E19 fetuses of wild-type and IKK:alpha(-/-) mice were analyzed by light microscopy and electron microscopy or immunocytochemistry using anti-keratin (K)12, K4, K5, IkappaB, or nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB (p50) antibody. RESULTS In the IKKalpha(-/-) eyes, the epithelium of the cornea and the conjunctiva consisted of poorly differentiated cells with round nuclei. K5 was much stronger in the conjunctiva of the IKKalpha(-/-) mice. Expression of K12 in the cornea and K4 in the conjunctiva was impaired in the IKKalpha(-/-) mice. IkappaB expression was low in epithelium of the cornea and conjunctiva of the wild type mice but was very strong in that of the IKKalpha(-/-) mice. During normal development of the conjunctiva, nuclear localization of p50 was seen in areas where basal undifferentiated cells give rise to differentiated cell types, marked by expression of cK4. However, in the IKK++alpha(-/-) tissues, no nuclear p50 staining was detected. CONCLUSIONS IKKalpha is specifically required for formation of cornea and conjunctiva. This function may be exerted through an effect on NF-kappaB activity.
MarketNet: market-based protection of information systems

This paper describes novel market-based technologies for systematic, quantifiable and predictable protection of information systems against attacks. These technologies, incorporated in the MarketNet system, use currency to control access to information systems resources and to account for their use. Clients wishing to access a resource must pay in currency acceptable to the domain that owns the resource. An attacker must thus pay to access the resources used in an attack. Therefore, the opportunities to attack and the damage that can be caused are strictly limited by the budget available to the attacker. A domain can control its exposure to attacks by setting the prices of critical resources and by limiting the currency that it makes available to potential attackers. Currency carries unique identifiers, enabling a domain to pinpoint the sources of attacks. Currency also provides a resource-independent instrumentation to monitor and correlate access patterns and to detect intrusion attacks through automated, uniform statistical analysis of anomalous currency flows. These mechanisms are resource-independent, and admit unlimited scalability for very large systems consisting of federated domains operated by mutually distrustful administrations. They uniquely establish quantifiable and adjustable limits on the power of attackers; enable verifiable accountability for malicious attacks; and admit systematic, uniform monitoring and detection of attacks.
Cardiovascular screening in adolescents and young adults: a prospective study comparing the Pre-participation Physical Evaluation Monograph 4th Edition and ECG

Background This study compares the accuracy of cardiovascular screening in active adolescents and young adults using a standardised history, physical examination and resting 12-lead ECG. Methods Participants were prospectively screened using a standardised questionnaire based on the Pre-participation Physical Evaluation Monograph 4th Edition (PPE-4), physical examination and ECG interpreted using modern standards. Participants with abnormal findings had focused echocardiography and further evaluation. Primary outcomes included disorders associated with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Results From September 2010 to July 2011, 1339 participants underwent screening: age 13–24 (mean 16) years, 49% male, 68% Caucasian, 17% African-American and 1071 (80%) participating in organised sports. Abnormal history responses were reported on 916 (68%) questionnaires. After physician review, 495/916 (54%) participants with positive questionnaires were thought to have non-cardiac symptoms and/or a benign family history and did not warrant additional evaluation. Physical examination was abnormal in 124 (9.3%) participants, and 72 (5.4%) had ECG abnormalities. Echocardiograms were performed in 586 (44%) participants for abnormal history (31%), physical examination (8%) or ECG (5%). Five participants (0.4%) were identified with a disorder associated with SCA, all with ECG-detected Wolff-Parkinson-White. The false-positive rates for history, physical examination and ECG were 31.3%, 9.3% and 5%, respectively. Conclusions A standardised history and physical examination using the PPE-4 yields a high false-positive rate in a young active population with limited sensitivity to identify those at risk for SCA. ECG screening has a low false-positive rate using modern interpretation standards and improves detection of primary electrical disease at risk of SCA.
Online Coming-Out Communications Between Gay Men and Their Religious Family Allies: A Family of Choice and Origin Perspective

Gay men use social networking sites and blogs more than heterosexual men (Harris, 2010). However, little is known about how they communicate online while coming out. Yet, coming out often results in a loss of social support for gay youths from religious backgrounds, suggesting that alternative supports such as families of choice and online networks may be particularly beneficial (Saltzburg, 2007). The present study addresses this gap by focusing on how gay emerging adults (N = 23) and their religious family allies (N = 15) utilize Facebook to make sense of their experiences by communicating with families of choice and origin. Narrative analysis suggests that gay participants primarily make sense of familial and religious challenges by developing online peer supports (i.e., families of choice) in contrast to their family allies’ focus on strengthening existing family-of-origin relationships via online information exchanges. Participants’ reported online sociorelational benefits largely contradict recent re...
Sockeye salmon retain immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells throughout their spawning journey and post-spawning

Antibody-producing plasma cells are a major source of protective immunity in vertebrates, including salmon. During the spawning phase, salmon undergo drastic, hormonally driven changes in their physiology, including elevated levels of cortisol, which are known to suppress the immune system. As adult fish need to survive their long journey to the spawning grounds, we hypothesized that humoral immunity, in the form of IgM-secreting plasma cells, remains functional until post-spawning. This was investigated by measuring changes in membrane and secreted immunoglobulin heavy chain mu and Pax5 transcripts in spleen and kidney from migrating sockeye salmon, using real-time qPCR. As an additional measurement, the abundance of developing B, mature B, and plasma cells was determined in spawning fish, using flow cytometry. Immune tissue samples were collected from fish from the Kenai River drainage and Main Bay, Prince William Sound. Our results reveal that spawning fish express high levels of secreted heavy chain mu transcripts in their spleen and anterior kidney throughout the spawning journey. Furthermore, we show that IgM-secreting PCs (HCmu++/Pax5−) remain abundant in anterior kidney and spleen of post-spawning sockeye salmon, with a concomitant loss in developing B cells (HCmu−/Pax5+). This suggests that successful spawners retain their PCs throughout the spawning journey and post-spawning.
Platelet activity during acute myocardial infarction treated with tissue plasminogen activator.

Le but de cette etude est de rechercher le metabolisme plaquettaire chez les malades atteints d'infarctus myocardial aigu, traites avec l'activateur du plasminogene type tissu (+-PA). Apres administration du t-PA, l'activation plaquettaire estimee par les taux de β thromboglobuline (BTG) est restee relativement stable excepte chez un malade ayant recu, en plus du t-PA, la streptokinase ou les taux de BTG ont augmente
Surgical Treatment of H-Type Tracheoesophageal Fistula Diagnosed in an Adult

A new method is described for the repair of a congenital tracheoesophageal fistula in an adult. This technique uses a fiberoptic bronchoscope and passes a flexible vascular guidewire across the tracheoesophageal fistula. This maneuver then simplifies the intraoperative identification of the tracheoesophageal fistula, which is exposed and repaired through a left transcervical approach.
Experimental support for a unified physical picture: Narrow multiplicity distribution for e+e− and wide multiplicity distribution for pp collisions

Abstract Recent experimental results for 29 GeV e+e− collisions confirm some earlier predictions which follow from a unified physical picture for e+e− and p p collisions. The cluster size k, however, poses an unexpected puzzle.
Magnetic resonance imaging characterization of circumferential and longitudinal strain under various coronary interventions in swine.

Magnetic resonance imaging characterization of circumferential and longitudinal strain under various coronary interventions in swine
Application of microcomputers to the interpretation of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides: evaluation of high-mannose structures

A microcomputer program for determining primary oligosaccharide structures by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance is reported. The program uses the data base obtained from spectra of model compounds reported in the literature. A number of high-mannose-type asparagine-linked glycopeptide spectra containing tabulated chemical shifts measured at room temperature were tested to determine the ability of the computer to correctly assign carbohydrate units into a complete structure. High-mannose structures ranging from five to nine oligomannosyl units were completely and unambiguously analyzed to give complete structural assignments. The computer program will also resolve glycopeptide mixtures. The method provides investigators with a useful tool for accurately evaluating nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and should greatly facilitate the complicated and time-consuming evaluation of microheterogeneity in samples commonly isolated from biological systems.
Reversal of a calcium-mediated vasoconstrictor component in patients with congestive heart failure.

The influx of calcium into vascular smooth muscle cells is a major determinant of vasoconstriction, yet this concept has not been explored in congestive heart failure (CHF). We therefore used an “isolated” forearm model to assess the direct effects of the inhibition of calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle in 11 patients who had CHF, with use of the soluble dihydropyridine, nicardipine. Nicardipine produced a dose-dependent increase of forearm blood flow and a reduction of resistance, without producing a systemic hemodynamic effect. Patients with the lowest baseline forearm blood flow levels had the greatest percentage increases in forearm blood flow (r = − 0.729, p < 0.01), and a favorable metabolic effect was documented by a reduction in oxygen extraction across the forearm. This study demonstrated the importance of vascular smooth muscle intracellular calcium as a determinant of vasoconstriction in patients who have CHF. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1989) 46, 291–296; doi:10.1038/clpt.1989.140
Bilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation in toilet trained children: Is 1-day hospitalization without urinary retention possible?

Purpose: Bilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation has been associated with urinary retention. We developed a critical pathway and modification of surgical technique to determine whether the bilateral extravesical procedure could be performed in toilet trained children with patients discharged home after a 1-day hospitalization and without urinary retention. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 consecutive toilet trained children were evaluated after undergoing bilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation using a modified technique that limits ureteral dissection, ureteral mobilization and detrusor dissection to as distally as possible so that a 5:1 ratio of tunnel length to ureteral diameter can be accomplished. No surgical dissection occurs in proximity to the obliterated umbilical artery, nor is the artery ligated. Patients follow a strict postoperative critical pathway, and parents receive extensive preoperative and postoperative education. A child is required to fulfill 5 strict criteria to be discharged from the hospital. Results: Patient age ranged from 1.9 to 12.8 years (mean 4.9), with 37 girls and 13 boys participating. All patients were discharged home on postoperative day 1. All patients were able to void postoperatively without any instances of urinary retention. None of the children had acute urinary tract infections or required rehospitalization. All patients had radiographic resolution of the vesicoureteral reflux on postoperative voiding cystourethrogram. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate that bilateral extravesical ureteroneocystostomy can be performed in selected patients without postoperative urinary retention and with uniform hospital discharge in 1 day. The critical pathway and limited dissection extravesical approach are essential for this success.
Asymptotic theory for analyzing dose-response survival data with application to the low-dose extrapolation problem

Abstract A model of the form P(t, d)=1−;exp{-ʌ(t)σ K i =0q i d i }, q i ⩾ 0 , is proposed for analyzing dose-response survival data with right censoring. The qi's in the dose polynomial are estimated by maximizing the Cox partial likelihood, and given these estimates. Λ(t) is estimated nonparametrically by an estimator proposed by Breslow. Large-sample properties of these estimators are established. Estimates and related large-sample properties are provided for the “virtually safe dose” and other parameters for assessing low-dose carcinogenic risk as a function of age, using data from animal carcinogenesis experiments.
Does the direction and magnitude of cognitive change depend on initial level of ability

Longitudinal change in five cognitive abilities was investigated to determine if the direction or magnitude of change was related to the individual's ability level. Adults between 18 and 97 years of age performed three versions of 16 cognitive tests on two occasions separated by an average of 2.7 years. In order to control for influences associated with regression toward the mean, level of ability was determined from scores on the first version of the cognitive tests on the first occasion, and across-occasion change was examined on the second and third versions. Change in every cognitive ability was significantly more negative with increased age. However, there was little indication of ability-dependent change in any of the five cognitive abilities, either in differences between composite scores, or in estimates of latent change. Although there are reasons to expect cognitive change to be less negative at either high or low levels of ability, these data suggest that neither the direction nor magnitude of change is related to initial ability when influences of regression toward the mean are controlled.
The Manned Space Platform as an evolutionary means to achieve a permanent manned orbital operations facility

An evolutionary approach to permanently manned on-orbit facilities is discussed, and it is noted that the Science and Applications Manned Space Platform, which is the first step in this evolution, can be based primarily on existing and currently planned hardware. It is shown how by upgrading the systems capabilities of the Spacelab modules, the platform can be reconfigured to provide a permanent manned research and operations facility. The facility can grow in size and capability to accommodate increases in user requirements, more experiment modules, and larger crews and to provide additional power and heat rejection. It is noted that the Growth-Permanently Manned Facility can be used for science activities and/or to support various operations functions such as space construction, servicing and maintaining space systems, and vehicle assembly.
Estimation of grossly detectable isoproterenol-induced myocardiopathies in rats using the ridit transformation

Abstract This study illustrates an application of the ridit (Relative to an Identified Distribution) transformation in analyzing subjective data in the form of cardiac necrosis scores obtained from rats treated with large multiple doses of isoproterenol. Animals treated with isoproterenol (80 mg/kg, s.c.) administered twice daily for 2 days served as the reference class, and ridit values were calculated from the gross cardiac necrosis scores obtained from this group. A relationship between the dose of isoproterenol and the severity of cardiac damage (expressed in terms of average ridit values) was demonstrated. The interpretation of the data after ridit transformation is discussed. Cardiac enlargement was also observed as a function of isoproterenol dose, but the maximal enlargement occurred with a dose of isoproterenol which induced only minimal cardiac damage. Possible mechanisms responsible for the cardiac toxicity of isoproterenol in rats are discussed.
Radioactivity in man, beast, and food.

The complexity of the radioactivity of living beings, especially man, is illustrated by the results obtained in recent work on the radium content of soft human tissues; total alpha activity of men, other animals, and foodstuffs; and radium-poisoning and -treatment victims still living from the early "twenties and "thirties. The results cast doubts for the first time on the distribution of naturally incorporated radium in the body, maintaining that only about one-fourth of the total radium content of the body is deposited in the skeleton and approximately threequarters in the soft tissues of man. Heretofore, 75% was believed to be cumulated in the skeleton and 25% in the soft tissues. The new findings confirm the fact that in addition to radium-226 other alpha-emitting elements play a significant part in the total radioactivity of man, animal, and food, leading to much higher radiation doses and higher daily-intake activities than previously assumed. The results also show that individuals who have incorporated radium and thorium into their bodies in the early twenties and thirties are still alive carrying up to 40 microcuries of radium in the body. (N.W.R.)
Rheology and sensory texture of biopolymer gels

Sensory texture perception is based on food structure and the mastication process. Real-time observations of crack growth and rheological measurements have shown different patterns of microstructural fracture. This has allowed for a reductive approach in consolidating a range of gels into characteristic microstructures and fracture patterns that can be linked to sensory texture.
Creating "maybe make some change"

"maybe make some change" is an interactive fiction incorporating video, audio, and animated text to explore a frozen battlefield moment from six violently conflicting perspectives. Inspired by a true story of Adam Winfield, a US soldier accused in 2010 of war crimes in Afghanistan, the piece was first exhibited in the spring of 2011 as part of the author's MFA exhibition in Digital Arts & New Media.
Differential airway reactivity to carbachol and physostigmine sulfate in rhesus monkeys with and without reagin-mediated respiratory responses.

Bronchial airway reactivity to carbachol (CAR) and physostigmine (PHY) was individually measured in three rhesus monkeys with and three rhesus monkeys without reagin-mediated respiratory responses (RR
Androgen increases protein synthesis within the avian brain vocal control system

Amino acid autoradiography combined with hormonal manipulation shows that increased rates of protein synthesis in the brain vocal control areas precede the induction of song by androgen in female song birds. These biochemical and behavioral responses are androgen specific. The method also reveals that the vocal control as well as some other brain areas maintain higher rates of protein synthesis than does the surrounding tissue without exogenous androgen.
Zonal circulation across 52°W in the North Atlantic

[1] In July–August 1997, a hydrographic/Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)/tracer section was occupied along 52°W in the North Atlantic as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment Hydrographic Program. Underway and lowered ADCP (LADCP) data have been used to reference geostrophic velocities calculated from the hydrographic data; additional (small) velocity adjustments provided by an inverse model, constraining mass and silicate transports in 17 neutral density layers, yield the absolute zonal velocity field for 52°W. We find a vigorous circulation throughout the entire section, with an unusually strong Gulf Stream (169 Sv) and southern Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC; 64 Sv) at the time of the cruise. At the northern boundary, on the west side of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, we find the westward flowing Labrador Current (8.6 Sv), whose continuity from the Labrador Sea, east of our section, has been disputed. Directly to the south we identify the slopewater current (12.5 Sv eastward) and northern DWBC (12.5 Sv westward). Strong departures from strictly zonal flow in the interior, which are found in the LADCP data, make it difficult to diagnose the circulation there. Isolated deep property extrema in the southern portion, associated with alternating bands of eastward and westward flow, are consistent with the idea that the rough topography of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, directly east of our section, causes enhanced mixing of Antarctic Bottom Water properties into overlying waters with distinctly different properties. We calculate heat and freshwater fluxes crossing 52°W that exceed estimates based on air-sea exchanges by a factor of 1.7.
Emotional Regulation at Walt Disney World: An Impression Management View

In this article, the authors conceptually analyze the emotional regulation strategies used by Walt Disney World onstage employees as a way to fulfill requirements set forth by the corporation. Emotional regulation refers to the regulation of employees' emotions to fulfill occupational or organizational standards. The authors' framework for emotional regulation is inspired by Goffman's (1959) impression management, a type of performance in which individuals engage in activities in the presence of observers (i.e., an audience). A major finding is that most Walt Disney World onstage employees engage in “surface acting,” which has, for some of them, led to emotional exhaustion. Surface acting occurs when employees display emotions dictated by their job description—these emotions are not genuinely felt. This contrasts with “deep acting,” whereby employees actually feel the emotions that they are required to express. Another important finding is that similar workplaces worldwide have embraced Disney's norms, pr...
Common Reasons for “For-Cause” Inspections in Bioequivalence Studies Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration

“For-cause” inspections are initiated during the review of bioequivalence (BE) data submitted to Abbreviated New Drug Applications when possible scientific misconduct and study irregularities are discovered. We investigated the common reasons for initiating “for-cause” inspections related to the clinical, analytical, and dissolution study sites associated with BE studies. This information may help the pharmaceutical industry to understand the root causes of compliance failures in BE studies and help them to improve compliance with FDA’s regulations, thereby facilitating more rapid approval of safe and effective generic drugs.
A New SAS Procedure for Latent Transition Analysis: Transitions in Dating and Sexual Risk Behavior

The set of statistical methods available to developmentalists is continually being expanded, allowing for questions about change over time to be addressed in new, informative ways. Indeed, new developments in methods to model change over time create the possibility for new research questions to be posed. Latent transition analysis, a longitudinal extension of latent class analysis, is a method that can be used to model development in discrete latent variables, for example, stage processes, over 2 or more times. The current article illustrates this approach using a new SAS procedure, PROC LTA, to model change over time in adolescent and young adult dating and sexual risk behavior. Gender differences are examined, and substance use behaviors are included as predictors of initial status in dating and sexual risk behavior and transitions over time.
Managing for Coexistence of Kokanee and Trophy Lake Trout in a Montane Reservoir

AbstractKokanee Oncorhynchus nerka and Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush are stocked for sportfishing in lakes and reservoirs throughout the western United States and Canada. However, where the two species co-occur, unsustainable levels of predation by Lake Trout can lead to declines in kokanee abundance and declines in Lake Trout growth and body condition. Such declines occurred in Blue Mesa Reservoir, Colorado. In 2009, managers began removing Lake Trout (<740 mm TL) in an attempt to sustain the hatchery-dependent kokanee population while still providing a trophy Lake Trout fishery. To evaluate this and other strategies for achieving the dual management goals, we developed age-structured kokanee and Lake Trout population models and linked them to a bioenergetics model of Lake Trout predation. We found that the existing level of Lake Trout removal (0.23; ages 4–9) is insufficient to prevent further decline and ultimately the extirpation of the kokanee population. If removal of age-4–9 Lake Trout is intensi...
Designs for Estimating the Slope of a Second Order Linear Model

The design problem considered in this paper involves the selection of three settings of the independent variable and the allocation of the sample observations to these settings for near optimal estimation of the slope of a second order linear model.
Gynecologic Oncologic Imaging With PET/CT

FDG-PET/CT has been evaluated in a variety of gynecologic malignancies in a variety of settings and is approved by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for the initial and subsequent treatment strategies of these malignancies. Cervical cancer is typically very FDG avid, and FDG-PET/CT appears to be most valuable for initial staging, radiation therapy planning, and detection of recurrent disease. For ovarian cancer, the most value of FDG-PET/CT appears to be for detecting recurrent disease in the setting of rising CA-125 level and negative or equivocal anatomical imaging studies. Initial studies evaluating response to therapy are promising and further work in this area is needed. FDG uptake in both nonmalignant and physiological processes in the pelvis can make interpretation of FDG-PET/CT in this region challenging and knowledge of these entities and patterns can avoid misinterpretation. Some of the most common findings relate to the cyclic changes that occur as part of the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women. Mucinous tumors and low-volume or peritoneal carcinomatosis are causes of false-negative results on FDG-PET/CT studies. As new tracers are developed, comparisons with patient outcomes and standards of care (eg, FDG-PET/CT) will be needed.
De novo monomorphic and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia following coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract In conclusion, after CABG surgery, de novo monomorphic VT represents an underlying arrhythmogenic substrate and requires aggressive management, frequently with an internal cardiovertor defibrillator. Polymorphic VT is more likely related to transient perioperative abnormalities, although the possibility of an underlying electrophysiologic substrate cannot be ruled out in patients with significant ventricular dysfunction and a history of myocardial infarction; their care should be individualized and high-risk patients treated aggressively.
Abstract IA7: Somatic genome alterations in human lung cancers

Cancer is a disease of the genome. High-throughput genome analysis tools now enable the detection of somatic alterations in cancer cells including point mutations, copy number alterations, translocations, and infections. Our approaches include next-generation sequencing of cancer genomes, exomes, and transcriptomes as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) array analysis of copy number. As part of “The Cancer Genome Atlas” or TCGA project of the National Institutes of Health, which aims to characterize the genomes of 10,000 human cancers, we are performing genomic analysis of lung carcinomas. In this presentation, I will discuss analysis of the genomes of squamous cell lung carcinomas. New results regarding mutations, genomic structure, and classification will be presented.
Program assessment and program improvement: closing the loop

Engineering Criteria 2000 (EC 2000), the recently revised set of accreditation criteria for engineering programs in the USA, places considerable stress on outcomes assessments. EC 2000 requires the assessment results to be used to identify program improvements and for such usage and the resulting improvements to be documented. While numerous assessment instruments have been developed and discussed in the literature, less attention has been paid to the question of how to use these to improve the programs or to document this usage. In this paper, we present an approach that serves both to identify possible improvements based on the results of assessments, as well as to provide high quality documentation. As an added bonus, it also helps incoming students and new faculty to get a good understanding of the structure and evolution of the program.
Surface hardness comparison of resins polymerized by argon, xenon, and conventional light sources

A great deal of discussion has taken place regarding how to properly polymerize light activated resins. Claims are made that effective testing can be made by using surface hardness tests on samples with various dental instruments. Although these tests would probably identify a material that had been very poorly polymerized it would not identify materials that were properly polymerized. The lack of consistent, reproducible forces and evaluation of the results make these test practically worthless. Surface hardness which is important clinically has value when combined with evaluation of the surface immediately adjacent to the light source and the surface adjacent to the tooth. Also immediate and 24 hour testing to allow for continued polymerization is helpful in determining how to achieve best results for our patients. A variety of new light sources have been introduced to dentistry with claims of faster and better polymerizations. The visible light units are also undergoing improvements to include built in meters to monitor light output. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the top and bottom surface hardness of a composite resin using the following light sources: argon, xenon, and two visible light sources.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Site-specific incorporation of nucleoside analogs by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the template grip mutant P157S. Template interactions influence substrate recognition at the polymerase active site.

Studies of drug-resistant reverse transcriptases (RTs) reveal the roles of specific structural elements and amino acids in polymerase function. To characterize better the effects of RT/template interactions on dNTP substrate recognition, we examined the sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RT con- taining a new mutation in a "template grip" residue (P157S) to the 5*-triphosphates of (2)-b-2*,3*-dideoxy-3*- thiacytidine (3TC), (2)-b-2*,3*-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3*-thia- cytidine (FTC), and 3*-azido-3*-deoxythymidine (AZT). A primer extension assay was used to monitor quantita- tively drug monophosphate incorporation opposite each of multiple target sites. Wild-type and P157S RTs had similar catalytic activities and processivities on hetero- polymeric RNA and DNA templates. When averaged over multiple template sites, P157S RT was 2-7-fold resistant to the 5*-triphosphates of 3TC, FTC, and AZT. Each drug triphosphate inhibited polymerization more efficiently on the DNA template compared with an RNA template of identical sequence. Moreover, chain termination by 3TC and FTC was strongly influenced by template sequence context. Incorporation of FTC and 3TC monophosphate varied up to 10-fold opposite 7 different G residues in the DNA template, and the P157S mutation altered this site specificity. In summary, these data identify Pro 157 as an important residue affecting nucleoside analog re- sistance and suggest that interactions between RT and the template strand influence dNTP substrate recogni- tion at the RT active site. Our findings are discussed within the context of the HIV-1 RT structure.
Heterogeneous dynamics in liquids: fluctuations in space and time

The disordered nature of glass-forming melts gives rise to non-Arrhenius and non-exponential behaviour of their dynamics. With respect to the microscopic details involved in the structural relaxation, these materials have remained an unsolved puzzle for over a century. The observation of spatial heterogeneity regarding the dynamics provides an important step towards understanding the relation between the macroscopic properties of soft condensed matter and the molecular mechanisms involved. On the other hand, dynamic heterogeneity is the source of several new questions: What is the length scale and persistence time associated with such clusters of relaxation time? What is the signature of heterogeneity at high temperatures and in the glassy state? How do these features depend on the particular material and on the correlation function used for probing these heterogeneities? This work attempts to review the various approaches to heterogeneous dynamics and the generally accepted results, as well as some controversial issues. Undoubtedly, heterogeneity has provoked a number of novel experimental techniques targeted at studying glass-forming liquids at the molecular level. It will be emphasized that the picture of heterogeneity is a requirement for rationalizing an increasing number of experimental observations rather than just an alternative model for the dynamics of molecules.
A transmission electron microscope study of deformed and fractured commercial grade beryllium

Abstract Two commercial of beryllium (S-200E hot-rolled sheet and S-200F hot-pressed block) were deformed to fracture in tapered beam deflection and tensile testing modes respectively. Sections were extracted from failed samples in various geometries and at various distances from the fracture surfaces, then thinned to electron transparency, and examined in an analytical transmission electron microscope. While microstructural differences were observed between the as-received (undeformed) specimens and the failed beryllium specimens, there were no dramatic differences at various locations within the failed specimens, even at the primary fracture surface. The most prominent residual, deformation-related microstructures were associated with the grain boundaries where very prominent strain-field diffraction contrast was observed in association with grain boundary ledges. Grain boundary ledge features also characterized the as-processed materials. These observations, together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of primarily brittle, transgranular fracture, and extremely limited strain and elongation, point to the need to alter commercial beryllium process strategies to emphasize alterations of the grain boundaries (the interfacial structure and energy) rather than the grain interiors (or grain matrix) in a classical sense.
MULTICULTURAL CAMPUSES: THE CHALLENGE FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGE COUNSELORS

Community colleges nationwide are faced with the challenge of programming initiatives that will allow them to adequately meet the needs of a rapidly growing multicultural student population. This article addresses the need for multicultural counseling and provides a framework for community college counselors working on multicultural campuses.
Monte Carlo simulations of radiative heat exchange in a street canyon with trees

Abstract Land surface energy balance in a built environment is widely modelled using urban canopy models with representation of building arrays as big street canyons. Modification of this simplified geometric representation, however, leads to challenging numerical difficulties in improving physical parameterization schemes that are deterministic in nature. In this paper, we develop a stochastic algorithm to estimate view factors between canyon facets in the presence of shade trees based on Monte Carlo simulation, where an analytical formulation is inhibited by the complex geometry. The model is validated against analytical solutions of benchmark radiative problems as well as field measurements in real street canyons. In conjunction with the matrix method resolving infinite number of reflections, the proposed model is capable of predicting the radiative exchange inside the street canyon with good accuracy. Modeling of transient evolution of thermal filed inside the street canyon using the proposed method demonstrate the potential of shade trees in mitigating canyon surface temperatures as well as saving of building energy use. This new numerical framework also deepens our insight into the fundamental physics of radiative heat transfer and surface energy balance for urban climate modeling.
The United States and Somoza, 1933-1956: A Revisionist Look

Preface Introduction A U.S. Policy Dilemma: Conflict Between Non-Intervention and the Preservation of Constitutional Government The Struggle for Constitutionalism in Nicaragua Somoza and Roosevelt (I) Somoza and Roosevelt (II) Somoza and Washington: The War Years Discord in U.S.-Nicaraguan Relations From Welles to Braden: Policy Changes Affecting U.S. Relations with the Somoza Regime The United States Moves to End the Somoza Regime: 1945 to the 1947 Elections The United States Attempts to Oust Somoza: The Year of Non-Recognition, May 1947-May 1948 U.S. Relations with the Somoza Regime: The Last Years, 1948 to 1956 The Myth of Somoza as Washington's Favorite Son: A Conclusion Epilogue Bibliography Index
Observations on model based predictions for memristor power dissipation

Comparison is made between memristor linear, nonlinear drift models with Hewlett Packard (HP) experimental data using MATLAB mathematical model analysis. Average power predictions indicated that the experiment with 0.58mW and linear model with 0.86mW showed better agreement in comparison to nonlinear model with 1.17mW. Instantaneous power profile comparisons between both linear and nonlinear models with experimental data indicate that further modeling efforts are needed to capture details in instantaneous power profile for experimental data. Average power model-based predictions are nominally on the same order as the physical device.
Parsing Silhouettes without Boundary Curvature

We describe a new decomposition algorithm for two-dimensional, polygonal shapes. The algorithm first finds a set of overlapping ribbon-like subshapes ("ribbons") by grouping skeleton fragments into long smooth spines. The parts are then obtained by cutting the ribbons along lines of mutual intersection. With this approach we find part cuts that obey heuristic rules of early vision (M. Singh et a., 1999) without using boundary curvature.
Modeling human-robot interaction for intelligent mobile robotics

The focus of this paper is the design of a system for human-robot interaction that allows the robot(s) to interact with people in modes that are common to them. The results are a designed architecture for a system to support human-robot interaction. The structure includes a monitoring agent for detecting the presence of people, an interaction agent to handle choosing robot behaviors that are used for interacting, both socially and for task completion, and a capability agent which is responsible for the robot's abilities and actions.