cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronic acid receptor for endocytosis (HARE)-mediated endocytosis of hyaluronan, heparin, dermatan sulfate, and acetylated low density lipoprotein (AcLDL), but not chondroitin sulfate types A, C, D, or E, activates NF-κB-regulated gene expression.

The hyaluronan (HA) receptor for endocytosis (HARE; Stab2) clears 14 systemic ligands, including HA and heparin. Here, we used NF-κB promoter-driven luciferase reporter assays to test HARE-mediated intracellular signaling during the uptake of eight ligands, whose binding sites in the HARE ectodomain were mapped by competition studies (Harris, E. N., and Weigel, P. H. (2008) Glycobiology 18, 638–648). Unique intermediate size Select-HATM, heparin, dermatan sulfate, and acetylated LDL stimulated dose-dependent HARE-mediated NF-κB activation of luciferase expression, with half-maximal values of 10–25 nm. In contrast, chondroitin sulfate types A, C, D, and E did not stimulate NF-κB activation. Moreover, degradation of endogenous IkB-α (an NF-κB inhibitor) was stimulated only by the signaling ligands. The stimulatory activities of pairwise combinations of the four signaling ligands were additive. The four nonstimulatory chondroitin sulfate types, which compete for HA binding, also effectively blocked HA-stimulated signaling. Clathrin siRNA decreased clathrin expression by ∼50% and completely eliminated NF-κB-mediated signaling by all four ligands, indicating that activation of signaling complexes occurs after endocytosis. These results indicate that HARE not only binds and clears extracellular matrix degradation products (e.g. released normally or during infection, injury, tumorigenesis, or other stress situations) but that a subset of ligands also serves as signaling indicator ligands. HARE may be part of a systemic tissue-stress sensor feedback system that responds to abnormal tissue turnover or damage as a danger signal; the signaling indicator ligands would reflect the homeostatic status, whether normal or pathological, of tissue cells and biomatrix components.
Balancing Cancer Risk and Efficacy of Using Cyclophosphamide to Treat Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy

In 1950, Coons and Kaplan described a technique for labeling antibodies with fluorescent probes to detect antigens in tissue ([1][1]). Using this technique, it was possible to classify glomerulopathies according to their appearance by immunofluorescence staining. One distinct entity, membranous
The planar cell polarity gene strabismus regulates convergence and extension and neural fold closure in Xenopus.

Abstract We cloned Xenopus Strabismus (Xstbm), a homologue of the Drosophila planar cell or tissue polarity gene. Xstbm encodes four transmembrane domains in its N-terminal half and a PDZ-binding motif in its C-terminal region, a structure similar to Drosophila and mouse homologues. Xstbm is expressed strongly in the deep cells of the anterior neural plate and at lower levels in the posterior notochordal and neural regions during convergent extension. Overexpression of Xstbm inhibits convergent extension of mesodermal and neural tissues, as well as neural tube closure, without direct effects on tissue differentiation. Expression of Xstbm(ΔPDZ-B), which lacks the PDZ-binding region of Xstbm, inhibits convergent extension when expressed alone but rescues the effect of overexpressing Xstbm, suggesting that Xstbm(ΔPDZ-B) acts as a dominant negative and that both increase and decrease of Xstbm function from an optimum retards convergence and extension. Recordings show that cells expressing Xstbm or Xstbm(ΔPDZ-B) fail to acquire the polarized protrusive activity underlying normal cell intercalation during convergent extension of both mesodermal and neural and that this effect is population size-dependent. These results further characterize the role of Xstbm in regulating the cell polarity driving convergence and extension in Xenopus.
Effective treatment of cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin: review

Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia in adults. It is characterized by involuntary contraction of neck muscles, causing abnormal posture and movements of the head. Pain is present in about 75% of patients and usually considered the major cause of disability in these patients. Botulinum toxin injection into the dystonic neck muscles is considered the treatment of choice for patients with cervical dystonia. Botulinum toxin binds presynaptically to cholinergic nerve terminals causing decreased release of acetyl choline and reduction in muscle tone. It is important to precisely identify the sites of pain and the muscles responsible for the abnormal posture to have better success. The incidence of complications can be reduced by the proper choice of dose for specific muscles. In this article, the authors review the clinical features, course, and pathophysiology of cervical dystonia. Also reviewed are the chemistry, pharmacology, mechanism of action of botulinum toxin along with practical aspects of its use and complications associated with its use in the treatment of cervical dystonia.
SAM/SAH Analogs as Versatile Tools for SAM-Dependent Methyltransferases

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a sulfonium molecule with a structural hybrid of methionine and adenosine. As the second largest cofactor in the human body, its major function is to serve as methyl donor for SAM-dependent methyltransferases (MTases). The resultant transmethylation of biomolecules constitutes a significant biochemical mechanism in epigenetic regulation, cellular signaling, and metabolite degradation. Recently, numerous SAM analogs have been developed as synthetic cofactors to transfer the activated groups on MTase substrates for downstream ligation and identification. Meanwhile, new compounds built upon or derived from the SAM scaffold have been designed and tested as selective inhibitors for important MTase targets. Here, we summarized the recent development and application of SAM analogs as chemical biology tools for MTases.
Serum amyloid A is present in the capillaries and microinfarcts of hypertensive monkey brain: an immunohistochemical study.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major inducible acute phase protein characterized as a transient injury specific constituent of high density lipoprotein. We investigated whether the acute phase SAA (A-apoSAA), as a marker of inflammation, is present in the brain of monkeys with surgically induced hypertension of 39 months duration. Sections from brains of normotensive monkeys (systolic blood pres-sure 185 mmHg) were processed for immunohis-tochemistry with a rabbit polyclonal antiserum to human A-apoSAA. We found that A-apoSAA was present in hypertensive but not in normotensive brain sections. Staining was localized to capillary endothelial cells and occasionally to the entire vessel wall of the prefrontal cortex. Staining was also observed in the capillaries and in medium size vessels of the corona radiata, the head of the caudate and, to a smaller extent, in theputamen. Additionally, the A-apoSAA was present in cells forming a circular configurati...
Prostate biopsy culture findings of men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome do not differ from those of healthy controls.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Previous reports have identified bacteria in the prostate of men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. To examine whether prostatic bacteria are more prevalent among patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome than among those without pelvic pain, we compared 4-glass urine test and prostate biopsy results.Materials and Methods: A total of 120 patients with types IIIa and IIIb chronic pelvic pain syndrome and 60 asymptomatic controls underwent a standard 4-glass urine test, examination of expressed prostatic secretion leukocytes by hemocytometer and transperineal, digitally guided prostate biopsies. Tissue was cultured for aerobes, anaerobes, Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus. Skin cultures were performed on a subset of patients and controls.Results: Positive prostate biopsy cultures were obtained from patients and controls. Bacteria were found in 45 of 118 pain patients (38%) and in 21 of 59 controls (36%) (p = 0.74). Older men were more likely to have posi...
Three-Dimensional Imaging of Lipid Gene-Carriers: Membrane Charge Density Controls Universal Transfection Behavior in Lamellar Cationic Liposome-DNA Complexes

Cationic liposomes (CLs) are used worldwide as gene vectors (carriers) in nonviral clinical applications of gene delivery, albeit with unacceptably low transfection efficiencies (TE). We present three-dimensional laser scanning confocal microscopy studies revealing distinct interactions between CL-DNA complexes, for both lamellar L(alpha)(C) and inverted hexagonal H(II)(C) nanostructures, and mouse fibroblast cells. Confocal images of L(alpha)(C) complexes in cells identified two regimes. For low membrane charge density (sigma(M)), DNA remained trapped in CL-vectors. By contrast, for high sigma(M), released DNA was observed in the cytoplasm, indicative of escape from endosomes through fusion. Remarkably, firefly luciferase reporter gene studies in the highly complex L(alpha)(C)-mammalian cell system revealed an unexpected simplicity where, at a constant cationic to anionic charge ratio, TE data for univalent and multivalent cationic lipids merged into a single curve as a function of sigma(M), identifying it as a key universal parameter. The universal curve for transfection by L(alpha)(C) complexes climbs exponentially over approximately four decades with increasing sigma(M) below an optimal charge density (sigma(M)(*)), and saturates for at a value rivaling the high transfection efficiency of H(II)(C) complexes. In contrast, the transfection efficiency of H(II)(C) complexes is independent of sigma(M). The exponential dependence of TE on sigma(M) for L(alpha)(C) complexes, suggests the existence of a kinetic barrier against endosomal fusion, where an increase in sigma(M) lowers the barrier. In the saturated TE regime, for both L(alpha)(C) complexes and H(II)(C), confocal microscopy reveals the dissociation of lipid and DNA. However, the lipid-released DNA is observed to be in a condensed state, most likely with oppositely charged macro-ion condensing agents from the cytoplasm, which remain to be identified. Much of the observed bulk of condensed DNA may be transcriptionally inactive and may determine the current limiting factor to transfection by cationic lipid gene vectors.
A replacement for the srss method in seismic analysis

It is well-known that the application of the Square-Root-of-Sum-of-Squares (SRSS) method in seismic analysis for combining modal maxima can cause significant errors. Nevertheless, this method continues to be used by the profession for significant buildings. The purpose of this note is to present an improved technique to be used in place of the SRSS method in seismic analysis. A Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method is proposed which reduces errors in modal combination in all examples studied. The CQC method degenerates into the SRSS method for systems with well-spaced natural frequencies. Since the CQC method only involves a small increase in numerical effort, it is recommended that the new approach be used as a replacement for the SRSS method in all response spectrum calculations.
OCT Imaging with Discrete-frequency Fourier Domain Mode-locked Laser

We report a discrete-frequency Fourier domain mode-locked (DF-FDML) laser with uniform k-space distribution for OCT imaging. The uniform-k discrete frequencies were generated by incorporating a Fabry-Perot interferometer inside a conventional FDML cavity. OCT imaging of biological tissues was demonstrated using a prototype FD-FDML with 10mW output power, 20 kHz scanning rate, −110dB sensitivity and 12 µm axial resolution. The sensitivity exhibited no degradation throughout a ranging depth of 6 mm.
Publication Patterns in Entomology: An Example Based on Aquatic Insects

A biosis previews literature search was made for citations published between 1981–1985 on five groups of aquatic insects (Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Chironomidae). Number of citations for each group ranged from 406–887, and these appeared in 148–300 different journals. Nineteen—32 journals (8.3–14.9% of journals containing citations to a group) produced 50% of a group's citations. However, 55.0–64.3% of journals contained only a single citation. Core lists (i.e., those journals containing ≥ 1% of total citations) were most similar for Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera; Odonata differed most from the others. About one-half of citations for Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Chironomidae were taxonomic studies; almost one-quarter of Odonata citations were faunal lists and distributional records. Fifty-percent of taxonomic papers were concentrated in from 5 to 16 journals (8.5–24.6% of journals containing taxonomic citations to a group). Bibliographic scattering can be reduced by publishing taxonomic articles in these journals. A combination of computer searches and perusal of core journals is the best approach for maintaining literature awareness.
RATE AND PREDICTORS FOR LIMB REVASCULARIZATION AND AMPUTATION AFTER DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE: A COMMUNITY-BASED STUDY

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with impaired ambulatory function, diminished quality of life and high health care costs. Rates of adverse limb outcomes in PAD in a community-based setting are not known. We aimed to assess rates and predictors of incident limb revascularization (
Biological activity of blood insulin complexes examined by rat diaphragm tissue assay.

SummaryInsulin complexes prepared from human blood showed no significant insulin activity when such preparations were examined by the rat diaphragm tissue assay. After dissociation of insulin from its complex(es) at pH 9.8 insulin-like activity could be demonstrated by this assay. Identical preparations examined by the rat adipose tissue assay showed that this tissue could manifest insulin-like activity in the presence of the insulin complex itself. A difference is thus evident in the mechanism of utilization of the insulin complex(es) by these 2 different tissues.
Lipid metabolism by rat lung in vitro. Effect of starvation and re-feeding on utilization of [U-14C]glucose by lung slices

Abstract 1. The incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into several lipid components of lung and liver slices, and the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), malic'enzyme(EC1.1.1.40)andNADP–isocitratedehydro≥nase(EC1.1.1.42)ofthecellcy→solwereexamined∈∥a∥l,⋆vedandre−fedrats.2.Lipo≥≠sisandtheactivitiesoftheseenzymes∈liverweredecreasedmarkedly∈rats⋆vedfor72h.Re−feed∈g⋆vedratsonafat−eedietfor72hrest–ed∈thewelldocumentedhyperlipo≥nicresponse∈liver,partica––rly∈itsability→convertglucose∫o≠utralliπd,and∈creasedactivitiesofglucose6−phospˆedehydro≥nase,malic′enzyme(EC1.1.1.40)andNADP–isocitratedehydro≥nase(EC1.1.1.42)ofthecellcy→solwereexamined∈∥a∥l,⋆vedandre-fedrats.2.Lipo≥≠sisandtheactivitiesoftheseenzymes∈liverweredecreasedmarkedly∈rats⋆vedfor72h.Re-feed∈g⋆vedratsonafat-eedietfor72hrested∈thewelldocumentedhyperlipo≥nicresponse∈liver,particarly∈itsability→convertglucose∫o≠utralliπd,and∈creasedactivitiesofglucose6-phospe^dehydro≥nase,malic' enzyme and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase to values approx. 700, 470 and 250% of controls respectively. 3. Approx. 70% of the total label in lung lipids was present in the phospholipid fraction. Hydrolysis of lung phospholipids revealed that lipogenesis from glucose was considerable, with approx. 40% of the total phospholipid radioactivity present in the fatty acid fraction. 4. Incorporation of glucose into total lung lipids was decreased by approx. 40% in lung slices of starved rats and was returned to control values on re-feeding. Although phospholipid synthesis from glucose was decreased in lung slices of starved rats, the decrease proportionally was greater for the fatty acid fraction (approx. 50%) as compared with the glycerol fraction (approx. 25%). 5. The activities of lung glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP–isocitrate dehydrogenase were not affected by the dietary alterations. `Malic' enzyme activity was not detected in lung cytosol preparations. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the surface-active lining layer (surfactant) of the lung.
Fatigue Crack Growth Under Mode I And II Loading

The effects of loading history (transient torque and cyclic bending) on failure modes and crack growth rates in, turbo-generator shafts are investigated. The results show that failure mode is Mode III fatigue crack growth and fracture. The effect of variable Mode III amplitude on Mode III fatigue crack growth rates and their subsequent effects on Mode I (cyclic bending) crack growth rates was investigated. It was found that such a transient Mode III gives rise to crack growth acceleration in Mode I. Fractography analysis of Mode III fatigue crack growth revealed elongated voids in the crack front. These cavities may be responsible for subsequent Mode I crack growth acceleration.
Efficient Syntheses of Star-Branched, Multifunctional Mesogens

Star-branched molecular architectures lend themselves to convergent synthesis strategies for creating materials that combine three or more functional modalities, but these approaches require a core moiety with several reactive groups that are orthogonal to one another. The direct synthesis of three-arm, star-branched mesogens has been investigated via the Passerini three-component reaction to demonstrate how multicomponent reactions circumvent the need to identify and synthesize specialized branched core molecules.
Trade Shows as an Industrial Promotion Tool: a Review and a Research Agenda

Although trade show participation represents an important part of the industrial marketing mix, the subject has been largely Ignored in the literature Little has been written to shed light on the marketers’ trade show objectives, method of selection of shows for participation, special selling techniques used at trade shows, or measures of overall effectiveness Even more significant is the virtual absence of research into the buyers’ perspective of trade shows This article reviews the literature, identifies the major gaps, and sets forth a classification scheme for future research
Issues in the Monopoly Problem

IN reading the very able country papers which came to me before this conference, I was struck by two difficulties that confront us.
Protoplasmic streaming inAcetabularia

A compilation of characteristics of the two different systems of intracellular transport inAcetabularia (Koop andKiermayer 1980 a and b) is given. The presence of microfilaments-presumably F-actin-in the cytoplasm ofAcetabularia is demonstrated by electron microscopy. The evidence for an involvement of microtubules in streaming is strengthened by the induction of birefringent vinblastine crystals in the stalk of vegetative cells. Isolated portions of cytoplasm formin vitro more than 100 μm long filopodium-like processes, which are highly birefringent. The processes show intensive immunofluorescent staining with both, anti-actin and anti-tubulin as a primary antibody. A perfusion buffer is presented, which after replacing the vacuolar sap does not lead to a change in cytoplasmic morphology or streaming pattern and velocities.
The National Dimension I: Constructing an Image of Protest

The student uprisings that swept the world in the late 1960s quickly achieved widespread notoriety due in large part to the power of the media to disseminate words and create images that kindled strong emotions among the general population. Perhaps at no time in modern history had scattered protest groups received the attention of so many forms of media, so quickly, and with such widespread circulation. Media theorist Kathrin Fahlenbrach has noted the importance of this media attention in the development and promulgation of the student movements’ goals: “The student and youth movement of the 1960s is the first protest movement that staged its forms of public protest theoretically and practically for the conditions of the mass media.”1 Such staging of demonstrations is epitomized by the violent encounters between protesters and police at Rome’s Valle Giulia, Paris’s Latin Quarter, and Chicago’s Grant Park where the activists knew that their encounters with the forces of order would make for dramatic viewing. Not only were these spectacles broadcast on television but the most provocative images were captured by photojournalists and appeared in newsstands the following morning.
Interconnection with Optics

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the necessary building blocks of the board-level guided wave optical interconnection. To make optical interconnects acceptable to computer companies, it is important to make the insertion of optics compatible with the standard PC board fabrication process so that technology improvement can be achieved in a cost-effective manner. The elements involved in providing high-speed optical communications within one board include a vertical cavity-surface emitting laser (VCSEL), surface-normal waveguide couplers, a polyimide-based channel waveguide functioning as the physical layer of optical bus, and a photoreceiver. The polymer-based optical bus can be employed to upgrade interconnection speed and distance. The driving electrical signal to modulate the VCSEL and the demodulated signal received at the photoreceiver are all through electrical vias connecting to the surface of the PC board. The board-level optical interconnection layers can be sandwiched between electrical interconnection layers. Assurance of the flatness and compatibility of the insertion of optical layers is crucial to ensure a technology transferable to the computer industry. Compatible optical-to-electrical and electrical-to optical conversions are very important for system packaging.
Shelterin Telomere Protection Protein 1 Reduction Causes Telomere Attrition and Cellular Senescence via Sirtuin 1 Deacetylase in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Lung cellular senescence and inflammatory response are the key events in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) when cigarette smoke (CS) is the main etiological factor. Telomere dysfunction is induced by either critical shortening or disruption of the shelterin complex, leading to cellular senescence. However, it remains unknown whether disruption of the shelterin complex is responsible for CS-induced lung cellular senescence. Here we show that telomere protection protein 1 (TPP1) levels are reduced on telomeres in lungs from mice with emphysema, as well as in lungs from smokers and from patients with COPD. This is associated with persistent telomeric DNA damage, leading to cellular senescence. CS disrupts the interaction of TPP1 with the Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) complex, leading to increased TPP1 acetylation and degradation. Lung fibroblasts deficient in Sirt1 or treated with a selective Sirt1 inhibitor exhibit increased cellular senescence and decreased TPP1 levels, whereas Sirt1 overexpression and pharmacological activation protect against CS-induced TPP1 reduction and telomeric DNA damage. Our findings support an essential role of TPP1 in protecting CS-induced telomeric DNA damage and cellular senescence, and therefore provide a rationale for a potential therapy for COPD, on the basis of the shelterin complex, in attenuating cellular senescence.
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) value changes before and after shock wave lithotripsy.

Our aim was to determine short and medium-term changes of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the urine of patients undergoing shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). In patients with kidney stones, serum urea and creatinine (Cr), urine Cr and NGAL levels were determined immediately before and at 3, 24 h and 30 days after SWL. Urine NGAL concentrations were normalized to urinary Cr ruling out the confounding effect of variable hydration states. Thirty-five patients with a single renal stone were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were: first SWL treatment for each patient, single radiopaque renal stone 30 kg/m2, recent episodes of renal colic (less than 3 months), the presence of radiolucent stones, renal impairment, upper urinary tract obstruction or malignancy, acute pyelonephritis, patients who consumed potentially nephrotoxic drugs within 4 weeks before the evaluation. Geometric means of urinary NGAL/Cr ratio measured 3 h after SWL were significantly higher than baseline values (difference 7.56 ng/mg, 95% confidence interval 1.61, 13.51; p value = 0.013). No changes were found for urinary NGAL/Cr measured at 24 h (p value = 0.92) and at 30 days (p value = 0.13) after SWL compared with baseline values. Urinary NGAL levels increase soon after SWL (3 h) and quickly return to and maintain basal levels (1 and 30 days). Further studies are necessary to understand the hypothetical role of NGAL as a guide to the degree of tissue injury after SWL.
Successful Aging from the Viewpoint of Older Adults: Development of a Brief Successful Aging Inventory (SAI)

Objective: Researcher-defined criteria for successful aging (SA) have been criticized for their limited perspective and failure to acknowledge subjective percepti
Abstract IA02: Regulation of growth by the mTOR pathway

mTOR is the target of the immunosuppressive and anti-cancer drug rapamycin and the central component of a nutrient- and hormone-sensitive signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and proliferation. We now appreciate that this pathway becomes deregulated in many human cancers and has key roles in the control of metabolism, cell and organ size, and aging. We have identified two distinct mTOR-containing proteins complexes, one of which regulates growth through S6K and another that regulates cell survival and metabolism through Akt. These complexes, called mTORC1 and mTORC2, define both rapamycin-sensitive and insensitive branches of the mTOR pathway. Over the last few years we have focused on how nutrients, particularly amino acids, regulate mTORC1. We have identified a complex signaling pathway that relays amino acid availability to mTORC1 through the heterodimeric Rag GTPases. We recently discovered several of the amino acid sensors for the pathway. I will discuss new results from our lab on the regulation and functions of mTORC1. Citation Format: David M. Sabatini. Regulation of growth by the mTOR pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translational Control of Cancer: A New Frontier in Cancer Biology and Therapy; 2016 Oct 27-30; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(6 Suppl):Abstract nr IA02.
The Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) in girls and women: Developing a conceptual framework for a prevention research agenda.

Author(s): Brady, Sonya S; Bavendam, Tamara G; Berry, Amanda; Fok, Cynthia S; Gahagan, Sheila; Goode, Patricia S; Hardacker, Cecilia T; Hebert-Beirne, Jeni; Lewis, Cora E; Lewis, Jessica B; Kane Low, Lisa; Lowder, Jerry L; Palmer, Mary H; Wyman, Jean F; Lukacz, Emily S; Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium | Abstract: AIMS:The Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium was established by the National Institutes of Health in 2015 to expand research beyond the detection and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) to the promotion and preservation of bladder health and prevention of LUTS in girls and women. While many multi-disciplinary scientific networks focus on pelvic floor dysfunction and LUTS, the PLUS Consortium stands alone in its focus on prevention. This article describes the PLUS approach to developing a conceptual framework to guide the Consortium's initial prevention research agenda. METHODS:The conceptual framework was informed by traditional social ecological models of public health, biopsychosocial models of health, Glass and McAtee's Society-Behavior-Biology Nexus, and the World Health Organization's conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. RESULTS:The PLUS conceptual framework provides a foundation for developing prevention interventions that have the greatest likelihood of promoting and preserving bladder health among diverse populations. CONCLUSIONS:PLUS Consortium work is premised on the notion that programs, practices, and policies designed to promote health will have optimal impact if the conceptual foundation upon which efforts are based is comprehensive and informed by multiple disciplines. The PLUS conceptual framework is broadly applicable to domains of health that have historically focused on the treatment of illness and symptoms rather than the promotion of health. It is also applicable to domains of health that have been examined from a predominantly biological or social ecological perspective, without integration of both perspectives.
Biomass and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Grain Sorghum with Nitrogen and Supplemental Irrigation

Poor rainfall distribution and poor soil fertility in the humid coastal plain region may affect grain crop production. Nitrogen insufficiency and water stress can both reduce crop yield, but little information is available on whether supplemental irrigation (SI) and N fertilization can alleviate both water stress and nutrient deficiency in humid regions. A field sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] study was conducted under a variable-rate center pivot. The objective of our study was to determine the combined effects of N fertilization (0, 85, and 170 kg N ha–¹) and SI (0, 50, and 100% of the full irrigation rate) on aboveground biomass (AB), nitrogen uptake (NU), and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) of two varieties (VAR) of grain sorghum in coastal plain region of the United States. Aboveground biomass and NU varied with SI (p ≤ 0.001) and levels of N (p ≤ 0.001). In irrigated treatments, the rates of 85 and 170 kg N ha–¹ resulted in significantly higher AB, NU, and NUE. Averaged across years, VAR, N and SI, grain sorghum applied with 170 kg N ha–¹ and 100% SI had the greatest AB of 3997 kg ha–¹. Sorghum with 85 and 170 kg N ha–¹ and 100% SI treatment had the greatest NUE of 60.5 and 57.1%, respectively. Our results support our hypothesis that negative impacts of water stress and nutrient deficiency could be mitigated by SI and N fertilization. Effective water use in irrigation and maintaining a sufficient amount of N will improve the AB, NU, and NUE of grain sorghum.
Establishing the linkages among watershed threats, in-stream alterations and biological responses remains a challenge: Fayetteville Shale as a case study

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas can alter the biological integrity of small streams. Persistent and stable community composition and ecological function define integrity that can change in response to alterations. An inherent challenge is identifying ecological indicators supported by adequate data prior to ecosystem alterations, unknown interactions among alterations, and the appropriate scale to measure indicators. Oil and gas extraction has increased in the last decade in density and geographic expanse across the U.S. in regions without a history of extraction. Disturbances associated with extraction are land clearing for supporting infrastructure, freshwater withdrawals, and possible chemical and wastewater water spills during drilling/fracturing, reuse, transport, and treatment. The well and pipeline density along with violations in a watershed are often used as indicators of biological risk at the reach (100 m) and small (
Borderline Personality Disorder and DSM-5: New Directions and Hopes for the Future

In DSM-5, there are two classification frameworks presented for diagnosing borderline personality disorder (BPD). The first is in Section II of the manual and presents the historical, medical-categorical diagnostic criteria, unchanged from DSM-IV. In Section III of the DSM-5, which presents Emerging Measures and Models, there is a novel, trait-based model for diagnosing personality disorders (PDs), and a trait-based diagnostic criteria-set for BPD. This hybrid model represents a transition from the traditional, categorical diagnosis to a dimensional model of classification. In this chapter, we discuss the motivations for these changes in diagnosing PDs, and specifically, the impact that such changes could have for how we conceptualize, research, and treat BPD. In particular, moving toward a more dimensional model could have positive repercussions for how we provide services to children and adolescents who are suffering from BPD or BPD traits.
Management of Radiation Wounds

Radiation wounds caused by newer high-voltage radiotherapy techniques are very difficult to manage. Recent developments in flap design and transfer aid the surgeon in successfully treating these difficult problems.
India in Afghanistan and Beyond: Opportunities and Constraints

This report outlines India’s current interests in Afghanistan, how it has sought to achieve these aims, and the consequences of these actions for India, Pakistan, and the international efforts to stabilize Pakistan. It argues that India’s interests in Afghanistan are not only Pakistan-specific but also, equally, if not more important, tied to India’s desire to be, and to be seen, as an extra-regional power moving toward great power status. This argument is elaborated in several parts. First, the report contextualizes India’s interests in Afghanistan within the larger canvas of India’s security interests in its extended strategic neighborhood. Second, it details India’s specific interests in Afghanistan, and third, it draws out the various means by which India has sought to achieve its objectives. The final section draws out the implications for Afghanistan’s future and, by extension, regional security.
Random Telegraph Noise Read Instability Characteristics in a Megabit RRAM Array

Random telegraph noise (RTN) read instability of high-resistance state (HRS) in hafnium–based resistive random access memory (RRAM) is investigated using megabit array statistical analytics. It is found that the RTN read current fluctuation decreases along with the resistance of HRS; this is attributed to the small quantity of perturbation sources in tunnel gap between the conductive filament and the bottom electrode. Our experiment shows that maximum current fluctuation for the HRS tail bit of the megabit array is less than $1~\mu \text{A}$ during 106 successive read operations, and should eliminate the potential RTN-related obstacles for embedded RRAM technology development.
Phase II study of pembrolizumab in advanced, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.

4086Background: Recently, checkpoint inhibitors have shown modest activity in patients (pts) with advanced, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In multicenter trials with nivolumab and pem...
Stress Management and Prevention: Applications to Daily Life

Stress Management and Prevention, Second Edition offers a fun and exciting way to learn about stress, its causes, and ways to deal with and prevent it. Not only will you enjoy reading it, but you’ll also find yourself motivated to continue incorporating what you learn into your life long after your class is over. You’ll explore both Western and Eastern views of stress to learn about its nature, what can trigger it, and the impact it can have on your body and your life. Numerous coping strategies are explored, including problem solving and time management skills, psychological and spiritual relaxation methods, and healthy nutritional and lifestyle choices. Self-reflection and self-awareness exercises, activities, and hands-on techniques will show you how to effectively and easily manage your stress and, most importantly, prevent it from reoccurring. A collection of 17 videos to accompany the text are available here: www.youtube.com/user/routledgetherapy.
Parenting and Centrality: The Role of Life Meaning as a Mediator for Parenting and Language Broker Role Identity.

Language brokering is a prevalent phenomenon in ethnic minority immigrant populations. Although accruing evidence points to the beneficial impacts of healthy role identity development, research investigating the formation of a language broker role identity in language brokering adolescents is lacking in the literature. In a sample of 604 Latinx adolescents (54.3% female; Mage at Time 1 = 12.41, SD = .97), structured equation modeling was conducted with maternal warmth and hostility examined as antecedents and adolescents’ life meaning as a mediator for language broker role identities. Results revealed that life meaning mediated the positive association from maternal warmth to language broker role identity. However, the negative association from maternal hostility to language broker role identity was no longer significant when accounting for maternal warmth. Corroborating extant findings, reciprocal relations were observed between maternal parenting practices, life meaning and language broker role identity. The results attest to the importance of investigating culturally specific role identity development in immigrant populations and demonstrates the role of maternal parenting practices in affecting adolescents’ role identity formation, albeit with contrasting gender effects.
Beak abnormality hinders provisioning ability and reduces body condition of a female House Wren (Troglodytes aedon)

Beak abnormalities have been reported in a wide range of species but typically affect only a small portion (<1%) of wild bird populations. Most research has focused on the prevalence, morphology, and causes of beak deformities, resulting in relatively little information on the consequences of these deformities for individual birds. Birds with abnormal beaks likely struggle to feed themselves, a situation that can only be exacerbated during the breeding season when they must provide food for not only themselves but also their offspring. We captured a female house wren (Troglodytes aedon) with abnormal mandibles during the 2016 breeding season. The female was lighter and smaller than normal, and her clutch size smaller and incubation and nestling periods slightly longer than normal. Using video recordings at the nest, we found that early in the nestling period the female's provisioning rate was lower and her time spent brooding greater than normal, yet she succeeded in rearing a smaller-than-average brood. We conclude that the female's abnormal beak was a severe handicap negatively affecting both her condition and her provisioning ability; however, it did not preclude her from raising a brood of nestlings.
Perceptions of the Peer Review Process in Hospitality and Tourism

The peer review process is an important part of the academic research process; yet, little is known about the perceptions of the process held by those who participate in it, including within the ho...
Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification

Ultrasonic neuromodulation has the unique potential to provide non-invasive control of neural activity in deep brain regions with high spatial precision and without chemical or genetic modification. However, the biomolecular and cellular mechanisms by which focused ultrasound excites mammalian neurons have remained unclear, posing significant challenges for the use of this technology in research and potential clinical applications. Here, we show that focused ultrasound excites neurons through a primarily mechanical mechanism mediated by specific calcium-selective mechanosensitive ion channels. The activation of these channels results in a gradual build-up of calcium, which is amplified by calcium- and voltage-gated channels, generating a burst firing response. Cavitation, temperature changes, large-scale deformation, and synaptic transmission are not required for this excitation to occur. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of specific ion channels leads to reduced responses to ultrasound, while over-expressing these channels results in stronger ultrasonic stimulation. These findings provide a critical missing explanation for the effect of ultrasound on neurons and facilitate the further development of ultrasonic neuromodulation and sonogenetics as unique tools for neuroscience research.
Striving to Meet Global Health Competencies Without Study Abroad.

Introduction:The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic has radically changed the future of study abroad, yet students require the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to provide care for diverse...
Investigation of a 24-Hour Culture Step to Determine the Viability of Streptococcus equi Subspecies equi Via Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction in Nasal Secretions From Horses With Suspected Strangles.

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based detection assays for Streptococcus equi subspecies equi often overestimate the prevalence of samples containing viable organisms. The objective of this study was to determine if viability could be determined using genome quantitation and detection of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts for the SeM gene of S. equi in pre- and post-cultured samples. Nasal secretions collected from 42 horses with suspected strangles were tested by culture and by quantitative PCR (qPCR) before and 24 hours after a culture step. Viable S. equi was determined based on the detection of S. equi via culture, the detection of mRNA transcripts for the SeM gene of S. equi by qPCR, and/or an increase in absolute number of SeM target genes of S. equi between pre- and post-cultured samples. Viability was determined in 28/42 samples based on isolation of S. equi (11 samples), the presence of mRNA transcripts for the SeM gene of S. equi (25), and/or an increase in absolute quantitation of the SeM gene of S. equi between pre- and post-culture (17). The overall agreement between culture alone and the three criteria to determine viability was 59%. The overall agreement for the detection of mRNA transcripts and increase in absolute target genes was 88% and 74%, respectively. The combination of mRNA transcripts and increase in absolute target genes was able to determine the viability status in all 42 samples. In the absence of a culture-positive result for S. equi, the determination of viability can be achieved by using molecular strategies applied to samples undergoing a 24-hour culture step.
HyCoR: Fault-Tolerant Replicated Containers Based on Checkpoint and Replay.

HyCoR is a fully-operational fault tolerance mechanism for multiprocessor workloads, based on container replication, using a hybrid of checkpointing and replay. HyCoR derives from two insights regarding replication mechanisms: 1) deterministic replay can overcome a key disadvantage of checkpointing alone -- unacceptably long delays of outputs to clients, and 2) checkpointing can overcome a key disadvantage of active replication with deterministic replay alone -- vulnerability to even rare replay failures due to an untracked nondeterministic events. With HyCoR, the primary sends periodic checkpoints to the backup and logs the outcomes of sources of nondeterminism. Outputs to clients are delayed only by the short time it takes to send the corresponding log to the backup. Upon primary failure, the backup replays only the short interval since the last checkpoint, thus minimizing the window of vulnerability. HyCoR includes a "best effort" mechanism that results in a high recovery rate even in the presence of data races, as long as their rate is low. The evaluation includes measurement of the recovery rate and recovery latency based on fault injection. On average, HyCoR delays responses to clients by less than 1ms and recovers in less than 1s. For a set of eight real-world benchmarks, if data races are eliminated, the performance overhead of HyCoR is under 59%.
Nutritional and Bioactive Components of Pomegranate Waste Used in Food and Cosmetic Applications: A Review

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit that is rich in bioactive compounds that has a biowaste (rind and seed) with the potential to be converted into value-added products in a wide variety of applications. Recent studies have demonstrated the potent antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of using pomegranate rind and seed as natural food additives, thus making researchers incorporate them into bioplastics and edible coatings for food packaging. Additionally, these components have shown great plasticizing effects on packaging materials while extending the shelf life of food through active packaging. Even within skin health applications, pomegranate seed oil and its bioactive compounds have been particularly effective in combating UV-induced stresses on animal skin and in-vitro models, where cells and microorganisms are separated from the whole organism. They have also aided in healing wounds and have shown major anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-bacterial properties. This review highlights all of the relevant and recent food and skin health applications found in the value-added conversion of pomegranate biowaste. The lack of research in particular areas and future outlook are also discussed.
Rapid Project Management in a Time of Crisis: Lessons from a Global COVID-19 Registry-VIRUS.

Background The rapid emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic globally collapsed healthcare organizations worldwide. Incomplete knowledge of best practices, progression of the disease, and its impact could result in fallible care. Data on symptoms and advancement of the SARS-CoV-2 virus leading to critical care admission has not been captured or communicated well between international organizations experiencing the same impact from the virus. This led to the expedited need for establishing international communication and data collection on the critical care patients admitted with COVID-19. Objective Developing a global registry to collect patient data in the critical care setting was imperative to analyze and ameliorate outcomes. Methods A prospective, observational global registry database was put together to record extensive de-identified clinical information for hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Results Project management was crucial for prompt implementation of the registry for synchronization, improving efficiency, increasing innovation, and fostering global collaboration for valuable data collection. Basing the Society of Critical Care Discovery VIRUS: COVID-19 Registry would compile data for crucial longitudinal outcomes for disease, treatment, and research. Agile project management approach expedited establishing the registry in 15 days and submission of IRB agreement for 250 participating sites. There has been enrollment of sites every month with a total of 306 sites from 28 countries and 64114 patients enrolled (as of June 7, 2021). Conclusions This article addresses project management lessons in a time of crisis which can be a precept for rapid project management for a large-scale health care data registry. We aim to discuss the approach and methodology for establishing the registry, the challenges faced, and the factors contributing to successful outcomes.
Family and the American Civil War

This chapter, Family and Civil War. Commentary by Edwin Fussell, Josephine Miles, Denis Donoghue on Whitman’s pre-war poems. His rationales for his work, particularly his letter to Emerson and his essay, “The Eighteenth Presidency!” Isenberg and Lawson on class in relation to slavery and insurrection.