cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low genetic diversity of the putatively introduced, brackish water hydrozoan, Blackfordia virginica (Leptothecata: Blackfordiidae), throughout the United States, with a new record for Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana

Abstract Despite first being described from Virginia, the widely distributed brackish water hydrozoan Blackfordia virginica is often hypothesized to have been introduced from the Black Sea to the United States. However, the alternative view that B. virginica was introduced to the Black Sea also persists in the literature. This study investigates the population structure of B. virginica in the United States to assess the directionality and/or the number of introduction events. During 2009 and 2010, estuaries were sampled from Delaware to Louisiana for brackish water hydromedusae. Nineteen samples of Blackfordia virginica were collected from four localities, including a channel running between St. Catherines Island and Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, a region for which it had not been reported prior to this study. We PCR amplified and sequenced two mitochondrial markers (COI & 16S), and one nuclear marker (ITS1). We compared data from individuals collected on the east coast of the United States with individu...
Ancestry of An Isolated Subspecies of Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Lowe: the Evolutionary Significance of Hybridization

Abstract Most phylogenetic systematists assume speciation results in dichotomously branching phylogenies. Hybridization that gives rise to a new Lineage can produce character homoplasy that might obscure a species′ true history. We report the results of a restriction-enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in three tiger salamander subspecies (Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, and Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi) and compare the results to studies of morphological and allozymic variation in these taxa. Allozymically, A. t. mavortium and A. t. nebulosum share most of their genomes (although each has several unique alleles), yet color pattern and mtDNA haplotypes are distinct. Color pattern and allozyme data suggest that A. t. stebbinsi shares a common ancestor with A. t. mavortium, while the A. t. stebbinsi mtDNA haplotype is derived from an A. t. nebulosum haplotype. Thus, our data suggest that A. t. stebbinsi originated through hybridization between A. t. mavortium and A. t. nebulosum. That hybridization can produce recognizably distinct evolutionary entities has long been recognized for plants, but the evolutionary significance of hybridization in animals should be examined more closely. Conservation agencies must recognize that hybrids and hybrid tars are not necessarily evolutionary "mistakes," and they might have significant importance in the production of natural biodiversity.
Determination of AlGaN/GaN HEMT Reliability Using Optical Pumping as a Characterization Method

By pumping AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with below band-gap light we observe changes in drain current that correspond to the trapping and detrapping of carriers within the band-gap. These changes in drain current are indicators of trap density, since the energy from a specific wavelength of light pumps traps whose activation energies are less than or equal to that of the light source. AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on SiC with dual submicron gates with widths of 125nm, 140nm, or 170nm, are DC-stressed under three different conditions along a load line: V GS =0, V DS =5 (on-state), V GS =-2, V DS =9.2 and, V GS =-6, V DS =25 (off-state). The stress tests are interrupted at 20% degradation and the optically pumped comparisons to the baseline are measured. This paper describes the optical pumping technique and results from experiments of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs under the three DC stress biases along a load line.
Simple relaxed conditional likelihood

When the data are sparse but not exceedingly so, we face a trade-off between bias and precision that makes the usual choice between conducting either a fully unconditional inference or a fully conditional inference unduly restrictive. We propose a method to relax the conditional inference that relies upon commonly available computer outputs. In the rectangular array asymptotic setting, the relaxed conditional maximum likelihood estimator has smaller bias than the unconditional estimator and smaller mean square error than the conditional estimator.
DIFFERENT SIDES OF THE SAME STORk INVESTORS' AND ISSUERS' VIEWS OF RATING AGENCIE

Do investors and issuers agree on the meaning and role of bond ratings? To answer this question, the CFOs of investor-owned utilities and a random sample of institutional fixed-income investors were both surveyed about their views of the major rating agencies. While the two groups shared some opinions, there were a number of interesting differences. For example, while a large majority of investors only require one rating, usually from Moody's or S&P, most issuers say they obtain ratings from three or more agencies. The most likely reason for this dichotomy seems to be that issuers are keenly anxious to avoid the possibility of receiving an unsolicited rating, a practice of some rating agencies which has inspired considerable controversy. Investors feel that ratings tend to understate the riskiness of issuers, while issuers feel that their riskiness is overstated by ratings. Investors, unlike issuers, would like to see ratings updated immediately to reflect all relevant information, even if the change is likely to be reversed in the near future. The many differences disclosed by this survey suggest that ratings are not necessarily seen in a universally accepted light, and that the agencies need to pay attention to their clienteles by providing more timely updates and not generating unsolicited ratings.
Global Equality of Opportunity and National Integrity

Philosophers have long distinguished various interpretations of the principle of equal opportunity and argued over their implications and justifications. But they have almost always tacitly assumed that the context was a national one. They have not, in particular, considered whether some interpretation of the principle could apply and be justified globally, that is, to all people without regard to their nationality or citizenship. Yet, such an investigation is clearly demanded. The leading moral theories seem to support a case for at least some interpretation of the equal opportunity principle, and it is not obvious that they can support it only domestically.Consider, first, those moral theories which place great value on negative liberty, for example, libertarianism. Libertarianism supports a standard interpretation of the equal opportunity principle – “formal” equality of opportunity; formal equality of opportunity requires that legal restrictions j on the taking of opportunities be lifted, and such restrictions diminish negative liberty. But libertarianism would also seem to support a global. version of formal equality of opportunity, for example, that laws be rescinded which require that candidates for jobs in a country be citizens of that country, or which restrict emigration or immigration. Such laws also diminish negative liberty.Or consider those moral theories which place great value on efficiency, for example, utilitarianism. Utilitarianism probably supports formal equality of opportunity because legal restrictions on the taking of opportunity not only diminish negative liberty, but also often prevent talent and skill from going where it can best be used and thus reduce efficiency.
The University Experience Course: A Longitudinal Study of Student Performance, Retention, and Graduation

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between participation in an extended orientation course and student academic performance, student retention, and student graduation. Ten...
A standard for automated ECG analysis-are we ready?

An international standard for electrocardiographic recording, measurements, and analyses is under consideration. The standard would prescribe minimum performance for ECG interpretation accuracy using records from the well documented CSE database. Questions arise regarding the value that this would have for users. It is recommended that the standard not require minimum performance but instead require disclosure only of the performance of an automated program using well documented databases.
Structure of the cytochrome c oxidase dimer. Electron microscopy of two-dimensional crystals.

Abstract We have studied the structure of beef heart mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase dimers by image-processing of electron micrographs of the vesicle crystal form. Specimens were prepared by different procedures, which contrast different features of the crystals. Heavy-atom shadowing of freeze-dried crystals contrasts the exterior or M-side surface (mitochondrial matrix-side) and reveals a 100 A long ellipsoidal dimer oriented with its long axis in the (−1, 1) direction of the 95 A × 125 A rectangular unit cell. The M-side surface structure correlates well with the intra-bilayer structure revealed by contrast matching extra-bilayer protein with glucose. Frozen suspensions of vesicle crystals fracture predominantly along hydrophilic surfaces revealing the interior C-side (mitochondrial cytoplasm-facing surface) of vesicle crystals. The C-side surface revealed in shadowed replicas of fracture surfaces shows the ends of the dimers furthest from the bilayer surface; they consist of two structural domains separated by 70 to 80 A. We present a new interpretation of the structure of the cytochrome oxidase dimer based on these data and on the y-shaped monomer structure described by Fuller et al. (1979). A cytochrome oxidase dimer is formed from two y-shaped monomers joined along one set of identical M-domain arms with the other arms approximately 70 A apart along a unit cell diagonal in the (−1, 1) direction. The arms of the monomers lie within and perpendicular to the phospholipid bilayer, and they protrude approximately 25 A beyond the bilayer surface on the M-side. The y tails represent the C-side domains, which are closely apposed across the dimer 2-fold axis near the C-side bilayer surface. Further away from the bilayer surface, C-side domains split away from one another forming a large cleft.
Multivariate analysis of low-dose radiation–associated changes in cytokine gene expression profiles using microarray technology

Objective The availability of microarray technology, which permits evaluation of the entire cellular transcriptome in a single experiment, has provided new insights on the function of the genome under normal and pathological conditions, as well as in response to genotoxic stimuli, including ionizing radiation. The aims of this study were to: 1) determine whether specific cytokine gene expression profiles can be delineated in individuals exposed to chronic, low-dose radiation; and 2) compare analyses from three multivariate analytic methodologies, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and projection pursuit (PP), in evaluating transcriptional responses in human mononuclear cells to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR), as determined by cDNA microarrays. Materials and Methods Total RNA isolated from mononuclear cells of 19 apparently healthy adult individuals exposed to low doses of IR ranging from 0.18 mSv to 49 mSv over a period of 11 to 13 years, as a result of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant catastrophe, was reverse transcribed in the presence of radioactive dATP to generate radiolabeled complementary cDNA. Target cDNA was hybridized to human cytokine and receptor arrays and mRNA transcriptional patterns were evaluated using HCA, PCA, and PP. Results Statistical analyses of the data generated from 19 microarrays revealed distinct gene expression patterns in mononuclear cells of individuals exposed to radiation doses of greater than 10 mSv or less than 10 mSv. Genes encompassed within clusters discerned by HCA, PCA, and PP varied depending on the methodology used to analyze the microarray data. The most frequently expressed genes across all radiation doses were serine/threonine protein kinase receptor (11/19), transforming growth factor (TGF) receptor (11/19), EB13 (10/19), and CD40 ligand. Conclusions Although our findings suggest that it may be possible to assign gene expression profiles to low-dose-irradiated individuals, we show that gene expression profiles vary, depending on the statistical method used to analyze the data. Since there is, as of yet, no consensus regarding the best method to analyze a multivariate dataset, and since discarding the raw data and repeating the experiment at a later date constitutes an unwarranted expenditure, it is important to submit microarray data to public databases where these data can be reevaluated and interpreted by investigators holding expertise in various fields within the scientific community, including radiation biology, statistics, and bioinformatics.
Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing periodontal disease

We have, in this preliminary study, investigated the use of optical coherence tomography for diagnosis of periodontal disease. We took in vitro OCT images of the dental and periodontal tissues from a young pig and compared them to histological sections. These images distinguish tooth and soft tissue relationships that are important in diagnosing and assessing periodontal disease. We have imaged the attachment of gingiva to the tooth surface and located the cemento-enamel junction. This junction is an important reference point for defining attachment level in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. the boundary between enamel and dentin is also visible for most of the length of the anatomical crown, allowing quantitation of enamel thickness and character.
A unified statistical mechanical description of a rigid-rod fluid

The van Kampen analysis of condensation in a fluid of hard spheres with long-range attractions is extended to investigate the statistical mechanics of a fluid of rigid rod-like molecules which interact through both short-range repulsive and long-range attractive forces and which assume only a restricted set of three mutually orthogonal orientations. The thermodynamic properties are derived for the fluid near the liquid-gas critical point and at the nematic-isotropic transition. The model predicts that both isotropic and anisotropic attractive and repulsive interactions contribute to the stabilization of the nematically ordered fluid when a density change accompanies the transition. However, when the transition occurs at constant density, only the anisotropic contributions of the long-range dispersion energy and short-range repulsions are found to stabilize the transition in partial accord with the Maier-Saupe theory. Numerical results for a rigid-rod fluid with length-to-breadth ratio 3 at various packing...
Laparoscopy and the Management of the Impalpable Testis

Summary— We describe the technique of laparoscopy when seeking to locate an impalpable testis. The procedure was used in 86 boys with unilateral or bilateral undescended testes; of the 103 testes which were sought, 64 were present, 39 were absent and 53 were intra-abdominal. Laparoscopy is useful in the management of the impalpable testis. The information gained from the study is valuable when advising parents of the significance of an impalpable testis. For example, there is a 39% chance it will be absent, a 29% chance that it will be easily placed in the scrotum and a 38% chance that a staged procedure may be necessary.
Evaluating High Performance Computing on the Windows Azure Platform

Using the Cloud Computing paradigm for High-Performance Computing (HPC) is currently a hot topic in the research community and the industry. The attractiveness of Cloud Computing for HPC is the capability to run large applications on powerful, scalable hardware without needing to actually own or maintain this hardware. Most current research focuses on running HPC applications on the Amazon Cloud Computing platform, which is relatively easy because it supports environments that are similar to existing HPC solutions, such as clusters and supercomputers. In this paper, we evaluate the possibility of using Microsoft Windows Azure as a platform for HPC applications. Since most HPC applications are based on the Unix programming model, their source code has to be ported to the Windows programming model in addition to porting it to the Azure platform. We outline the challenges we encountered during porting applications and their resolutions. Furthermore, we introduce a metric to measure the efficiency of Cloud Computing platforms in terms of performance and price. We compared the performance and efficiency of running these benchmarks on a real machine, an Amazon EC2 instance and a Windows Azure instance. Results show that the performance of Azure is close to the performance of running on real machines, and that it is a viable alternative for running HPC applications when compared to other Cloud Computing solutions.
No Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Corn and Bacillus thuringiensis on the Predator Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

Abstract Laboratory feeding studies were conducted to determine the effects on Orius insidiosus nymphs of feeding on 1-d-old European corn borer, Ostrina nubilalis (Hubner), larvae that had ingested a diet containing Bt toxins. A commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki (Dipel ES) was incorporated into a meridic diet used to feed European corn borer larvae; they then were offered as food to O. insidiosus nymphs. Immediately after adult eclosion, O. insidiosus sex was determined, body weight and length were measured, and developmental time was calculated. Another feeding study was conducted to determine the effect of Bt corn silk on mortality of immature O. insidiosus. Fresh silks of Bt and non-Bt corn plants were offered to O. insidiosus nymphs until they reached adulthood. Mortality counts were made daily. Finally, visual counts of O. insidiosus were made on Bt and non-Bt corn in fields at three locations in Kansas. The numbers of O. insidiosus nymphs and adults were recorded on 40...
On the problem of routing in mobile ad hoc wireless networks with directional antennas

The problem of routing in mobile ad hoc wireless networks that employ directional antennas is contrasted with the more familiar problems of routing in conventional wired networks and routing in wireless networks that employ omni-directional antennas. An example is developed to highlight novel aspects of the network routing problem that come into play when directional antennas are introduced. A game theoretic analysis of this example, which interprets routing as a strategy adopted by message flows, sheds some light on how the kind of routing that best serves directional networks is fundamentally different from conventional routing.
Sexual orientation of adolescent girls.

According to current statistics 1 out of every 10 adolescent girls is not heterosexual. In addition 1 of every 4 girls will know someone who is not heterosexual: a friend teacher neighbor parent or other relative. Nevertheless the complex topic of sexual orientation is often not dealt with in schools or by healthcare providers. However it can have a profound effect on the individuals involved. Differing sexual orientation does not in itself cause pathology but societal reactions to such persons can have devastating effects. Stigma harassment and violence can lead to extreme isolation for nonheterosexual girls and can severely interfere with their ability to develop into emotionally and socially healthy adults. Healthcare providers need to have a clear understanding of sexual orientation and how it fits in with the development of an adult sexual identity. Awareness of the behavioral risks that these girls often have will allow identification and intervention before more serious problems develop. As for all adolescents risky sexual behaviors need to be identified and treated properly: it is the sexual behaviors and not specifically sexual orientation that lead to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV and unwanted pregnancy. Finally healthcare providers can be leaders in their communities to educate and dispel myths and to ensure proper treatment for all adolescents. (excerpt)
Decision Making for Couples

Few of us make job-selection decisions or career moves without considering and discussing issues with someone important in our lives. How do you and your partner make career decisions? Is it based on family location, quality of the job offer, size of salary offered, how much your children like their schools, or ... what? The manner in which you reach career decisions can usually be related to how you describe and value your social relationships vis-a-vis your work. Learning a decision-making process to manage the relationship between career and family will lead to fewer relationship dilemmas.
Probability Maps

A map method, similar to Boolean-algebra-type truth maps, is presented for solving probability combinatorial problems. This map technique is shown to be of universal application and simplicity, being equally useful for both series-parallel and nonseries-parallel types of probability combinations. Moreover, it is extendable, in two dimensions, to any finite number of variables.
Living in wealthy neighborhoods increases material desires and maladaptive consumption

Despite the presumed national economic benefits that result from high levels of discretionary spending, past studies suggest that material consumption decreases individual economic and subjective w...
The Morphs of Pemphigus populitransversus: Allocation Methods, Morphometrics, and Distribution Patterns,

A dimorphism in the gall-forming aphid, Pemphigus populitransversus Riley, is due primarily to differences in time of gall initiation. The elongate galls form during 1st bud break in spring, the globular galls are initiated 4–6 wk later. Differences in aphid and gall morphometrics and in life history stage distribution within galls are significant, but their ranges overlap sufficiently to make these criteria unreliable for distinguishing the morphs. A procedure used for identifying a large number of galls in which time of gall initiation was not known is described. A combination of statistical approaches served to allocate most of the galls to the correct morph. The 2 morphs are now shown to be sympatric over their entire range. This aphid appears to occur in North America largely east of the Continental Divide. West of the Divide it is quite rare and occasional infestations may be only local introductions. Earlier reports of its occurrence as far as California may be in error.
Application of spatial autocorrelation analysis to explore disease 'hot spots' regions

Objective To explore the 'hot spot' regions of disease spatial distribution based on spatial autocorrelation analysis,so as to provide evidence for disease control and prevention.Methods ArcGIS9.3 was used for data management and analysis,applying global spatial autocorrelation analysis and 'hot spot' analysis to reflect characters of the disease spatial distribution based on spatial statistical section.Results The incidence of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in 2010 was clustered in Liaocheng City.The global spatial autocorrelation Moran′s I index=0.69,u=11.46,and P0.01.Under the generalized G statistics,the G index=0.01,u(G) score=9.51,and P0.01.Local G statistics revealed high clustering of disease distribution in the Dongchangfu district and Gaotang county.Conclusion In spatial statistics,spatial autocorrelation analysis could effectively detect the 'hot spot' regions.
Analysis of 102 ADR Cases Occurred from 2005 to 2007 in Our Hospital

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the characteristics of adverse drug reactions(ADR)occurrred in our hospital.METHODS:102 ADR cases collected from 2005 to 2007 in our hospital were analyzed in respect of the patients' age and sex,route of administration,drug species and clinical manifestation etc.RESULTS:In 102 ADR cases,67(65.69%)were female,92(90.20%)were induced by intravenous drop infusion,86(84.31%)were related to anti-infectives,and 76 cases(74.51%)manifested as lesion of skin and its appendants.CONCLUSION:ADR monitor work should be strengthened to avoid or reduce the incidence of ADR.
Abstract B48: Intratumor ploidy heterogeneity as a chemoresistance mechanism in triple-negative breastcancer

Background: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive, heterogeneous tumors, and currently lack targeted therapies. Chemotherapy is the mainstay treatment, but tumor recurrence is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Chemotherapy may select for resistant subclones that have a survival advantage over the bulk population of cancer cells and cause tumor relapse. DNA aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes) is a common genetic feature in breast cancer and has been frequently associated with poor prognosis. Although, aneuploid or polyploid cancer cells can contribute to intratumor ploidy heterogeneity, their functional role in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance is largely undefined. Traditionally, polyploid cells were thought to arise due to defects in cell division and were considered to be senescent. However, recent reports have shown that polyploid cells represent a viable and proliferating subpopulation within a tumor and may have a direct role in regulating chemoresistance. Methods: In this study, we isolated and functionally characterized the diploid and polyploid sub-populations derived from TNBC cell lines. DNA ploidy was assessed in Hoechst 33342 stained cells using flow cytometry. Cells with greater than 4N DNA content were considered as polyploid. Next, we analyzed cell proliferation in HCC1937 cells using CFSE and DNA labeling. Live-cell imaging was performed on flow-sorted diploid and polyploid cells using IncuCyte Zoom to monitor cell proliferation in the absence and presence of mitotic inhibitor (docetaxel). Results: DNA ploidy analysis identified presence of polyploid cells in HCC1395 and HCC1937 cell lines at a frequency of 6.7% and 5.8% respectively. Polyploid cells have higher forward-scatter than diploid cells suggesting that they are larger in size. In addition, nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342 showed that giant polyploid cells contain enlarged and/or multiple nuclei. Time-lapse microscopy in polyploid cells revealed mitotic structures suggestive of multipolar cell division. Carboxyﬂuorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling showed that polyploid cycle slower than the predominant diploid population. Further, the IncuCyte cell proliferation assay also confirmed that sorted polyploid cells divide slower than the diploid cells and displayed resistance to docetaxel. Concusions: These findings indicate that there are functional differences between diploid and polyploid sub-populations. In our future studies, we will examine the isolated diploid and polyploid cells for differences in their tumorigenic potential and role in tumor recurrence. Citation Format: Rekha Gyanchandani, Adrian Lee. Intratumor ploidy heterogeneity as a chemoresistance mechanism in triple-negative breastcancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr B48.
The Na+/Ca2+, K+ exchanger 2 modulates mammalian cone phototransduction

Calcium ions (Ca2+) modulate the phototransduction cascade of vertebrate cone photoreceptors to tune gain, inactivation, and light adaptation. In darkness, the continuous current entering the cone outer segment through cGMP-gated (CNG) channels is carried in part by Ca2+, which is then extruded back to the extracellular space. The mechanism of Ca2+ extrusion from mammalian cones is not understood. The dominant view has been that the cone-specific isoform of the Na+/Ca2+, K+ exchanger, NCKX2, is responsible for removing Ca2+ from their outer segments. However, indirect evaluation of cone function in NCKX2-deficient (Nckx2−/−) mice by electroretinogram recordings revealed normal photopic b-wave responses. This unexpected result suggested that NCKX2 may not be involved in the Ca2+ homeostasis of mammalian cones. To address this controversy, we examined the expression of NCKX2 in mouse cones and performed transretinal recordings from Nckx2−/− mice to determine the effect of NCKX2 deletion on cone function directly. We found that Nckx2−/− cones exhibit compromised phototransduction inactivation, slower response recovery and delayed background adaptation. We conclude that NCKX2 is required for the maintenance of efficient Ca2+ extrusion from mouse cones. However, surprisingly, Nckx2−/− cones adapted normally in steady background light, indicating the existence of additional Ca2+-extruding mechanisms in mammalian cones.
Zur N-reduzierten Fütterung von Mastschweinen bei Einsatz freier Aminosäuren

Abstract. Title of the Paper: Investigation on N-reduced feeding and use of free amino acids in fattening pigs The aim of the present study was to investigate the N-reduced feeding by fattening pigs feed by cereals rieh feedmixture supplemented with the free amino-acids L-lysine, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-tryptophane, Lleucine, L-isoleucine, L-histidine and L-valine. It was to test extreme low crude protein content by requirement sufficient supply on amino-aeid. The reaction of the animals in growth, carcass quality and the reduction of Nexeretion was to investigate. The pigs were divided in two groups (control and experimental group) with 24 animals per group (12 females and 12 castrates). The experiment was divided into three periods (25–60, 60–85 and 85–110 kg body weight). The protein content of the feedmixture was by the control group 18.3, 15.6 and 13.6% and by the experimental group 14.0, 11.8 and 10.7%, respectively. The lysine-energy ratio of the feedmixture was by all three feeding periods by 0.72 or 0.74, 0.61 or 0.62 and 0.55 or 0.57 g lysine per MJ ME in control feedmixture or experimental feedmixture, respectively. By a high Performance are the average daily life weight gain (control group 869 and experimental group 863 g) and the lean meat rate (control group 55.2 and experimental group 55:0%) not influenced by the high of crude protein supply. The calculated N-excretion were by the control group 4.16 kg (as 100%) and by experimental group 2.60 kg (62.5%) per 100 kg body weight gain.
Classification and Management of Pediatric Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries

Appropriate management of subaxial spine injury in children requires an appreciation for the differences in anatomy, biomechanics, injury patterns, and treatment options compared with adult patients. Increased flexibility, weak neck muscles, and cranial disproportion predispose younger children to upper cervical injuries and spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality. A majority of subaxial cervical spine injuries can be treated nonoperatively. Surgical instrumentation options for children have significantly increased in recent years. Future studies of outcomes for children with subaxial cervical spine injury should focus on injury classification and standardized outcome measures to ensure continued improvement in quality of care for this patient population.
The Centrosome, a Multitalented Renaissance Organelle

The centrosome acts as a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) from the G1 to G2 phases of the cell cycle; it can mature into a spindle pole during mitosis and/or transition into a cilium by elongating microtubules (MTs) from the basal body on cell differentiation or cell cycle arrest. New studies hint that the centrosome functions in more than MT organization. For instance, it has recently been shown that a specific substructure of the centrosome-the mother centriole appendages-are required for the recycling of endosomes back to the plasma membrane. This alone could have important implications for a renaissance in our understanding of the development of primary cilia, endosome recycling, and the immune response. Here, we review newly identified roles for the centrosome in directing membrane traffic, the immunological synapse, and the stress response.
Variation of cytopathologists' use of the indeterminate diagnostic categories "atypical" and "suspicious for malignancy" in the cytologic diagnosis of solid pancreatic lesions on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirates.

Indeterminate cytologic diagnoses in endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) of solid pancreatic lesions include the diagnostic categories “atypical” (ATY) and “suspicious for malignancy” (SUSP), which are used at variable rates and are associated with variable underlying risk of malignancy. The aim of this study was to determine individual cytopathologists' rates of indeterminate diagnoses in EUS-FNA of solid pancreatic lesions and their relationship to cytopathologists' experience and volume of pancreatic EUS-FNA examined, as well as the potential impact of departmental consensus review on indeterminate diagnoses. Design The diagnostic rates of ATY and SUSP and their underlying risk of malignancy were calculated for six cytopathologists who diagnosed 1,114 of 1,225 EUS-FNA of solid pancreatic lesions from 1/1/2001 to 9/15/2014, and were then compared for the periods before and after the implementation of departmental consensus review during 2009. Results The six cytopathologists diagnosed 10% of cases as indeterminate; 82 (7.4%) as “atypical” and 29 (2.6%) as “suspicious”. The individual cytopathologists' indeterminate diagnosis rates varied twofold (6.67–12.80%) and did not correlate with their experience, total or annual volume of EUS-FNAs. Of the 56/99 (56.57%) cases with follow-up, the underlying rate of malignancy was 47% (35/75; for “atypical” and 87.5% (21/24); for “suspicious”). The underlying rates of malignancy were 33–67% for “atypical” and 80–100% for “suspicious” diagnoses made by individual cytopathologists. The rate of indeterminate diagnoses decreased from 11.55 to 7.88% after the implementation of departmental consensus review. Conclusion Individual cytopathologists' rates of indeterminate diagnoses and their significance vary; however, consensus review is helpful in reducing these rates. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Erratum: Internal extinction in spiral galaxies in the near-infrared (vol 126, pg 158, 2003)

Corrections to the sign of the intercept in the luminosity dependence of the parameter ϒ were not carried faithfully to the published version of the article.
Inaugural address of the Incoming President

Good morning, and thank you for that warm welcome! I would like to begin by acknowledging you—our members. I want to personally thank all of the members who have participated in ASHP’s state societies. ASHP could not ful-fill its mission without the support and inspired leadership of our
Self-consistent perturbed equilibrium with neoclassical toroidal torque in tokamaks

Toroidal torque is one of the most important consequences of non-axisymmetric fields in tokamaks. The well-known neoclassical toroidal viscosity (NTV) is due to the second-order toroidal force from anisotropic pressure tensor in the presence of these asymmetries. This work shows that the first-order toroidal force originating from the same anisotropic pressure tensor, despite having no flux surface average, can significantly modify the local perturbed force balance and thus must be included in perturbed equilibrium self-consistent with NTV. The force operator with an anisotropic pressure tensor is not self-adjoint when the NTV torque is finite and thus is solved directly for each component. This approach yields a modified, non-self-adjoint Euler-Lagrange equation that can be solved using a variety of common drift-kinetic models in generalized tokamak geometry. The resulting energy and torque integral provides a unique way to construct a torque response matrix, which contains all the information of self-co...
The Effects of Internal Career Orientation on Multiple Dimensions of Work-Family Conflict

The relationship of internal career orientations with 3 forms of work-family conflict (time-based, strain-based, and behavior-based) is examined in this study. In addition, work-family conflict is considered bi-directionally, using both work interference with family and family interference with work. A sample of 247 Executive MBAs with multiple demands was used to study this complex relationship. The findings suggest that those with a getting free internal career orientation experienced the greatest levels of strain-based work interference with family and both behavior-based forms of conflict. Furthermore, those that were getting high experienced the most time-based work interference with family conflict.
Rules vs. Discretion Under Computability Constraints

I describe a class of models for monetary policy in which rationality is bounded by the requirement of algorithmic computability. Essentially, I add a computability constraint to the canonical model of Barro and Gordon (1983b). Discretionary policy increases uncertainty for the public and makes it difficult for the policymaker to anticipate the publicâ€™s reactions to policy. With discretionary policy and computability-constrained agents the public and the policymaker are unable to outguess one another, and there is no rational procedure that ensures the convergence of expectations. When the policymaker follows a rule, however, expectations converge and uncertainty is reduced for both the public and the policymaker.
Psychological Studies of Chronic Cerebellar Stimulation in Man

The structure, afferent and efferent pathways, and functions of the cerebellum have been the subject of numerous experimental studies in the past decades, and several reference sources, including recent textbooks, are readily available with respect to current data in this area (Dow & Moruzzi, 1958; Brookhart, 1960; Crosby, Humphrey, & Lauer, 1962; Eccles, Ito, & Szentagothai, 1967; Fox & Snider, 1967; Truex & Carpenter, 1969; Larsell & Jansen, 1972). Furthermore, other reports in the present symposium will consider such material in further detail (cf Snider, Dow, & Fernandez-Guardiola). Consequently, it is the purpose of this introduction to present only a brief summary of certain relevant factors with respect to cerebellar functions with particular implications for psychological studies.
Efficacy, cost effectiveness, and sustainability of a pediatric high risk asthma clinic

AIM At our institution, a pediatric High Risk Asthma clinic has been in operation for over 15 years, targeting children with poorly controlled, and difficult to treat asthma. This study evaluates the outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the High Risk Asthma clinic from 2000 through 2014. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients entering High Risk Asthma clinic from 2000-2014, and total hospitalizations and Emergency Department visits were tallied for the year prior to entering clinic and the year after. Costs incurred, and reimbursements obtained from payors were tallied to determine cost-effectiveness and sustainability. RESULTS Consistent decreases in hospitalizations (51.2% decrease, P < 0.001) and Emergency Department visits (23.0% decrease, P = 0.048) were seen for patients entering High Risk Asthma clinic, with commensurate significant decreases in related costs. Reimbursements received for outpatient services were sufficient to offset operational costs of the High Risk Asthma clinic, when both clinic visit, and pulmonary function testing charges were included. CONCLUSIONS A pediatric High Risk Asthma clinic model is efficacious in decreasing hospitalizations and Emergency Department visits for a difficult to treat population, and such a model can be cost-effective and sustainable.
Inequality, Education, Workforce Preparedness, and Complex Problem Solving

Economic inequality has been described as the defining challenge of our time, responsible for a host of potential negative societal and individual outcomes including reduced opportunity, decreased health and life expectancy, and the destabilization of democracy. Education has been proposed as the “great equalizer” that has and can continue to play a role in reducing inequality. One means by which education does so is through the development of complex problem solving skills in students, skills used to solve novel, ill-defined problems in complex, real-world settings. These are highly valued in the workforce and will likely continue to be so in the future workforce. Their importance is evident in results from employer surveys, as well as by their inclusion in large scale international and domestic comparative assessments. In this paper, I review various definitions of complex problem solving and approaches for measuring it, along with findings from PISA 2003, 2012, and 2015. I also discuss prospects for teaching, assessing, and reporting on it, and discuss the emerging importance of collaborative problem solving. Developing and monitoring complex problem solving skills, broadly defined, is a critical challenge in preparing students for the future workforce, and in overcoming the negative effects of inequality and the diminishment of individual opportunity.
The Need for Critical Thinking and the Scientific Method

The book exposes many of the misunderstandings about the scientific method and its application to critical thinking. It argues for a better understanding of the scientific method and for nurturing critical thinking in the community. This knowledge helps the reader to analyze issues more objectively, and warns about the dangers of bias and propaganda. The principles are illustrated by considering several issues that are currently being debated. These include anthropogenic global warming (often loosely referred to as climate change), dangers to preservation of the Great Barrier Reef, and the expansion of the gluten-free food market and genetic engineering.
ACRS’ Enduring Legacy Contributing to Reactor Safety

For over 60 years the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards (ACRS) has had a continuing statutory responsibility for providing independent reviews of, and advising on, the safety of proposed or existing reactor facilities and the adequacy of proposed reactor safety standards in the United States. This paper discusses the role of the Committee as it has evolved during its more than 60 years of history, noting some of its significant contributions to reactor safety.
Design and Performance Evaluation of High-Capacity Mobile Troposcatter Links Under Mobility, Frequency Selectivity, and Antenna Pointing Errors

This paper presents a new approach to the design of spectrally-efficient mobile troposcatter links that are robust to mobility, frequency-selectivity, and non-ideal transmit/receive antenna pointing beams. Leveraging a well-established ITD troposcatter stationary path loss model, we introduce models for antenna pointing error and demonstrate that antenna pointing errors induce an error in the path loss that can be modeled as either log-normal or log-Laplacian. Next, we employ a single-carrier block modulation along with a pseudo-random diversity transform to create a fading resistant transmit waveform intended to exploit the channel delay and Doppler diversity. We introduce rapid physical layer retransmission protocols that adapt the modulation and coding schemes to overcome the pointing-error induced path-loss fluctuations. Via numerical and simulation results, we show that it is possible to achieve peak data rates in excess of 70 Mbps over link distances greater than 150 km on mobile troposcatter channels with a single transmit antenna, two receive antennas, and with 20 MHz transmission bandwidth.
Streamlining Computer Science Curriculum Development and Assessment using the New ABET Student Outcomes

Recent updates to the ABET accreditation body's Criteria for Accrediting Computing Programs provide opportunities for program design and assessment efficiency and effectiveness improvements. An exploration of these opportunities resulted in a re-examination of our Computer Science program design. The resulting changes streamlined the program's management and assessment process while improving its effectiveness in maintaining a robust and relevant program. This paper documents the recent ABET changes and describes how the results of these changes further improved an already successful Computer Science program.
Proteins in assemblages formed by phase separation possess properties that promote their transformation to autoantigens: Implications for autoimmunity

Abstract Autoantibodies in systemic autoimmunity are directed against only ~5% of the proteome. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the properties of assemblages (also known as Membraneless Organelles and Biological Condensates) and their protein constituents partly explain the immunological selectivity of autoimmunity. Assemblages arise from phase separation of their protein components, akin to partitioning of oil droplets in water. We obtained from a prediction algorithm (Vernon et al., elife 7, 2018) the propensity scores (PScores), i.e., likelihood, for phase separation of autoantigens and non-autoantigens. We then compared autoantigens with the highest PScores to identify shared structural properties. The mean PScores for autoantigens (n = 1050) and the entire human proteome of non-autoantigens (n = 17,532) were 1.46 and 1.09 (p = 1.2E-08). To varying extents, the 25 autoantigens with the highest phase separation propensities shared additional features such as compositional bias, repeated domains, coiled coil regions, nucleic acid binding, and disorder. Most of these properties were present with greater frequencies than their frequencies in the non-autoantigens. We conclude that, on average, autoantigens have a higher predisposition to undergo phase separation, thus, they are more likely to exist in assemblages compared with the average non-autoantigen. We suggest that assemblage formation and the greater than average presence of certain structural features are key factors in selection of a portion of the autoimmune repertoire. Other properties of assemblage proteins, such as high concentration and tendency to form novel complexes with other proteins, may partially explain why assemblages are potent sources of autoantigens.
Diving Deep into Deep Learning: an Update on Artificial Intelligence in Retina

In the present article, we will provide an understanding and review of artificial intelligence in the subspecialty of retina and its potential applications within the specialty. Given the significant use of diagnostic imaging within retina, this subspecialty is a fitting area for the incorporation of artificial intelligence. Researchers have aimed at creating models to assist in the diagnosis and management of retinal disease as well as in the prediction of disease course and treatment response. Most of this work thus far has focused on diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinopathy of prematurity, although other retinal diseases have started to be explored as well. Artificial intelligence is well-suited to transform the practice of ophthalmology. A basic understanding of the technology is important for its effective implementation and growth.
Supporting everyday functioning of people living with dementia: The role of care partners

Abstract Functional decline is a hallmark of dementia regardless of etiology. Care partners are typically at the forefront of addressing functional decline by providing hands-on care, assisting with daily activities and assuring safety and quality of life. Care partners are for the most part, responsible for implementing proven nonpharmacological approaches that address functional challenges. Using a multidimensional framework, the Good Life Model adopted for dementia, we examine the impacts of functional decline on the well-being of people living with dementia and their care partners. We identify proven nonpharmacological strategies that optimize function and quality of life including activities, care partner interventions, exercise, music, art, and pet therapies. The role of care partners in supporting and providing these interventions to the person with dementia is described.