cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS OF VIRAL RNA IN CELLS INFECTED BY AVIAN SARCOMA VIRUSES

ABSTRACT. Cells infected with avian sarcoma virus synthesize viral RNA by transcribing an integrated DNA provirus. Transcription is catalyzed by an RNA polymerase of the host and may initiate outside of the provirus, generating a precursor which must be further processed in order to produce mature viral genome and messengers. Infected cells contain small amounts of RNA complementary to the viral genome, but the principal stable products of viral RNA synthesis are molecules with polarity identical to that of the viral genome. The production of viral messengers can be interrupted by the antibiotic cordycepin without major effect on primary transcription. Avian cells producing virus contain at least two separate classes of viral messenger RNA (mol. wts. ca. 3 & times; 10 6 and 1.3 & times; 10 6 ) which could permit independent expression of different viral genes. Mammalian cells transformed by avian sarcoma virus but not producing virus probably transcribe provirus into a large nuclear RNA (mol. wt. ca. 3 & times; 10 6 ), but only the smaller class of viral messenger (1.3 & times; 10 6 ) is detectable in cytoplasm and at least one viral gene (envelope glycoprotein) may not be represented in the messengers. Avian sarcoma virus-infected hamster cells which have reverted to a normal phenotype retain provirus and generate messenger for the viral transforming gene, but the amount of this message is substantially smaller than in the parental transformed cells; we can account for the revertant phenotype only by attributing it to a reduction in dose for the product of the viral transforming gene.
A Mortgage on the House of God

No one can deny that managed care has had a profound impact on the US health care system, especially in areas of high penetration. Patients are now referred to as “members,” “covered lives,” or even “units of service.” Physicians are simply “providers.” Few outside the medical education community, how-ever, are even aware of the impact of managed care on physician training programs, especially those based in community hospitals. The impact of managed care on graduate medical education is multidimensional. That is, it affects many very different aspects of a training program. These include the patient base itself, the fiscal status of the training program, the viability of the sponsoring institution and the resources available to support physician clinical education. In some cases, that impact can be positive. In others it is clearly negative. The priorities of contract populations, clinical guidelines and pathways, capitation, outcomes monitoring and information systems often collide with those of continuity of care, clinical problem solving, patient advocacy and professional collaboration. Significantly, the impact of managed care is also temporally unreliable, in that the patient population of hospitals, clinics and other clinical settings are at risk for major change with minimal advance warning. When coupled with the stresses inherent in residency training, for example, this “instability” of the environment can bring with it substantial challenges for both faculty and housestaff.
Nanoparticles in modern medicine: state of the art and future challenges.

Nanoparticles are materials with overall dimensions in the nanoscale, ie, under 100 nm. In recent years, these materials have emerged as important players in modern medicine, with clinical applications ranging from contrast agents in imaging to carriers for drug and gene delivery into tumors. Indeed, there are some instances where nanoparticles enable analyses and therapies that simply cannot be performed otherwise. However, nanoparticles also bring with them unique environmental and societal challenges, particularly in regard to toxicity. This review aims to highlight the major contributions of nanoparticles to modern medicine and also discuss environmental and societal aspects of their use.
Using available memory to transform Graphplan's search

We present a major variant of the Graphplan algorithm that employs available memory to transform the depth-first nature of Graphplan's search into an iterative state space view in which heuristics can be used to traverse the search space. When the planner, PEGG, is set to conduct exhaustive search, it produces guaranteed optimal parallel plans 2 to 90 times faster than a version of Graphplan enhanced with CSP speedup methods. By heuristically pruning this search space PEGG produces plans comparable to Graphplan's in makespan, at speeds approaching state-of-the-art heuristic serial planners.
Left ventricular function after a Fontan operation in patients with pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum

Objectives In patients with pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS), there are no reports about the impact of sinusoidal communication (SC) on left ventricular (LV) performance after a Fontan operation; therefore, the purpose of this study was to fill this gap in the literature. Methods We performed a single-centre, retrospective study of 46 patients with PA/IVS. Nineteen patients who underwent the Fontan procedure were enrolled and divided into 2 groups: those with SC (SC group) and those without SC (N group). The 2 groups were compared in terms of postoperative cardiac function. Results Thirteen patients were in the SC group (4 patients with right ventricle-dependent coronary circulation) and 6, in the N group. Although 2 of the patients with right ventricular (RV)-dependent coronary circulation showed focal asynergy of the LV wall, others showed no findings of myocardial infarction. The patients' preoperative age and age during the observation period after the Fontan operation did not differ. There was no difference in LV ejection fraction, cardiac index and RV and pulmonary artery pressure before and after the Fontan operation. Preoperative RV volume in the N group was greater than that in the SC group. Brain natriuretic peptide levels were higher in the SC group after the Fontan operation. On ventricular efficacy analysis, contractility was lower (1.8 ± 0.32 vs 2.5 ± 0.40 mmHg/ml/m2, P = 0.001) and ventricular efficacy was worse (1.0 ± 0.15 vs 0.86 ± 0.11, P = 0.046) in the SC group during the postoperative period. Conclusions Compared to patients with PA/IVS without SC, patients with PA/IVS with SC had a low cardiac contractility and decreased cardiac output efficiency after the Fontan procedure.
Decentralized Adaptive Control for Collaborative Manipulation

This paper presents a design for a decentralized adaptive controller that allows a team of agents to manipulate a common payload in $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ or $\mathbb{R}^{3}$. The controller requires no communication between agents and requires no a priori knowledge of agent positions or payload properties. The agents can control the payload to track a reference trajectory in linear and angular velocity with center-of-mass measurements, in angular velocity using only local measurements and a common frame, and can stabilize its rotation with only local measurements. The controller is designed via a Lyapunov-style analysis and has proven stability and convergence. The controller is validated in simulation and experimentally with four robots manipulating an object in the plane.
Initial on-orbit radiometric calibration of the NOAA-20 VIIRS Reflective Solar Bands

The NOAA-20 Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) includes several on-board calibration sources for on- orbit radiometric calibration. In the Visible/Near Infrared (VISNIR) and Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) bands, the on- orbit radiometric calibration is carried out by using a reference called Solar Diffuser (SD). The degradation of the SD surface reflectance is measured by another independent radiometer called Solar Diffuser Stability Monitor (SDSM). These two on-board calibrators provide a degradation-free reference to monitor degradation of the Reflective Solar Band (RSB) detectors. In this study, we describe the characterization and evaluation procedures of SD degradation from the SDSM observations, related on-orbit VIIRS Post Launch Testing (PLT) activities and events within the 100 days of since launch (DSL). The prelaunch version of the SDSM Sun screen transmittance and SDSM SD Bidirectional Reflectance Function (BRF) showed abnormally high oscillations in the H-factors, yaw maneuver derive LUTs were used for version 1 H-factors. The version 2 H-factor was derived from the yaw maneuver data and on-orbit SDSM data sets to fill the gaps between the yaw maneuvers to update the SDSM Sun transmittance LUT. By adding SDSM data set, H-factor versions were mitigated but SDSM detector 6, 7 and 8 showed abnormally high degradation rate compared to the SNPP case. It was caused by the SDSM detector gain changes in these detectors and they were corrected by a ratio approach. Finally, the NOAA-20 VIIRS H-factor results are compared to performance of the near-identical Suomi-NPP VIIRS to identify the best practices for the NOAA-20 VIIRS RSB calibration.
Finite Element Modelling of Heat and Moisture Transfer through Cross Laminated Timber Panels

The primary objective of this research was to assess and to model the hygrothermal properties of CLT panels made from three distinct combinations of spruce lumber and laminated strand lumber (LSL). The hygrothermal performance of these materials both individually and in conjunction in CLT has not been investigated before and is an important indicator of CLT building wall performance. CLT panels consisting of spruce as a face layer absorbed moisture more rapidly when that face layer was exposed to higher moisture concentration compared to CLT panels consisting of LSL as a face layer. The accumulation of moisture between layers increased with placement of the LSL as a core layer. Based on the smaller diffusion coefficient, moisture transport through the CLT panels made of LSL was slower. Modelling with a finite element-based program showed that the temperature in the panels when exposed to a severe gradient equilibrated within two days, as shown by both experimental and simulated results. For moisture transfer, the diffusion coefficient variation with moisture content and temperature based on the Arrhenius equation produced simulation results in agreement with experimental results but the moisture transfer was much slower than the heat transfer.
Rapid determination of the electroporation threshold for bacteria inactivation using a lab-on-a-chip platform.

Electroporation based locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT) is an emerging bacteria inactivation technology for drinking water disinfection. Nevertheless, the lethal electroporation threshold (LET) for bacteria has not been studied, partly due to the tedious work required by traditional experimental methods. Here, a lab-on-a-chip device composed of platinum electrodes deposited on a glass substrate is developed for rapid determination of the LET. When voltage pulses are applied, an electric field with a linear strength gradient is generated on a channel between the electrodes. Bacterial cells exposed to the electric field stronger than the LET are inactivated, while others remain intact. After a cell staining process to differentiate dead and live bacterial cells, the LETs are obtained by analyzing the fluorescence microscopy images. Staphylococcus epidermidis has been utilized as a model bacterium in this study. The LETs range from 10 kV/cm to 35 kV/cm under different pulsed electric field conditions, decreasing with the increase of pulse width, effective treatment time, and pulsed electric field frequency. The effects of medium properties on the LET were also investigated. This lab-on-a-chip device and the experimental approach can also be used to determine the LETs for other microorganisms found in drinking water.
Development of molecular and pharmacological switches for chimeric antigen receptor T cells

The use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell technology as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment blood-born human cancers has delivered outstanding clinical efficacy. However, this treatment modality can also be associated with serious adverse events in the form of cytokine release syndrome. While several avenues are being pursued to limit the off-target effects, it is critically important that any intervention strategy has minimal consequences on long term efficacy. A recent study published in Science Translational Medicine by Dr. Hudecek’s group proved that dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, can serve as an on/off switch for CD19-CAR-T cells in preclinical models by limiting toxicities while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. In this editorial, we discuss the recent strategies for generating safer CAR-T cells, and also important questions surrounding the use of dasatinib for emergency intervention of CAR-T cell mediated cytokine release syndrome.
Trace Amines and Trace Amine-Associated Receptors: A New Frontier in Cell Signaling

Trace amines, including β-phenylethylamine, p-octopamine, p-tyramine, and tryptamine, are produced in high levels in invertebrates where they play major roles in homeostasis regulation in a manner similar to that of adrenergic systems in mammals (Rutigliano et al. in Front Pharmacol 8:987, 2017; Gainetdinov et al. in Pharmacol Rev 70(3):549-620, 2018; Nagaya et al. in Neurosci Lett 329(3):324-328, 2002). In mammals, however, their levels are very low, initially prompting these molecules to be termed "trace" or "minor" amines in mammals with only a secondary role in the regulation of more abundant biogenic amines including catecholamines and serotonin (Gainetdinov et al. in Pharmacol Rev 70(3):549-620, 2018). The more recent discovery of trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) revealed major, previously unsuspected roles of the trace amines and has led to increasing interest within the scientific community. For example, TAARs have been proposed to modulate signaling through dopamine (Schwartz et al. in Expert Opin Ther Targets 22(6):513-526, 2018). Furthermore, these receptors are implicated in both numerous physiological functions including regulation of sleep, olfaction, metabolism, and immunity as well in disease (e.g., substance abuse, neuropsychiatric disorders) (Gainetdinov et al. in Pharmacol Rev 70(3):549-620, 2018; Rutigliano et al. in Front Pharmacol 8:987, 2017). Consequently, trace amine and TAAR research is rapidly growing and is of great translational relevance. In this Special Issue, leaders in trace amine and TAAR research offer both reviews and original research papers that cover a wide range of topics from involvement of TAAR signaling in metabolic regulation and neurophysiology to implications of this signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases including substance abuse and schizophrenia. While a diverse range of topics is covered by these works, the common theme running through all of them is the increasing awareness that trace amine and TAAR signaling represent novel signaling mechanisms in the brain and periphery. These topics are both highly timely and of considerable importance not only for those working in the field but also for the neuroscience community at large.
Chapter 22 – Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic chemistry is a broad area that includes many types of compounds. Metal alkyls frequently have structures that involve multiple center bonds. Lithium alkyls are tetramers, dimethylberyllium is polymeric, and aluminum alkyls are dimers. Solubility parameters are sometimes useful for analyzing the extent of aggregation. Metal alkyls are used to transfer alkyl groups to another metal, and Grignard reagents have long been employed in this way. Ferrocene, Fe(C5H5)2, has cyclopentadienyl rings on either side of the iron. It and other metallocenes undergo “organic” reactions on the rings. Other unsaturated molecules such as benzene, cycloheptatriene, and cyclooctatetraene also form complexes in which different numbers of electrons are donated to the metal. Metal carbonyls are compounds in which CO molecules are bound to metals. In some cases (e.g., Ni(CO)4, Fe(CO)5, and Cr(CO)6) all carbonyl groups are in terminal positions. In other molecules such as Fe2(CO)9, some CO groups are in terminal positions whereas others form bridges. The composition and structures of these compounds provide insight into bonding in transition metal complexes.
Microcystic lymphatic malformation localized within the diaphragm

Abstract Localization of a microcystic lymphatic malformation within the diaphragm is an extremely rare vascular anomaly of the lymphatic system. We report the case of a 3-year-old boy who had a localized intrathoracic mass that was detected after birth. As the feeding artery to the mass was detected on computed tomographic images before surgery, we suspected the mass to be an extralobar pulmonary sequestration. Thoracoscopic findings indicated that the mass was localized within the left diaphragm and had an indiscrete margin with the diaphragm. An excisional biopsy was performed to avoid resection of the diaphragm itself. The mass was diagnosed as a microcystic lymphatic malformation based on pathological findings. When an accurate diagnosis of the mass within the diaphragm cannot be made preoperatively, a biopsy under thoracoscopic surgery may be an effective method to diagnose microcystic lymphatic malformations.
Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release: One-Portal Technique.

With the 1-portal technique for endoscopic carpal tunnel release, the incision is less tender and patients have less postoperative need for analgesics, and return to activities of daily living and work seems to be earlier. The literature also confirms an earlier return to work. Surgical time can be shorter as less time is spent in making and closing the incision. Description The 1-portal technique, as described by Agee et al., is performed with the patient under general anesthesia, supplemented with only a small amount of local anesthesia in the beginning to blunt the pain response during the incision. Then, once the patient is fully anesthetized, the endoscope is inserted, and the carpal ligament is visualized and incised. The incision is closed and the dressing is applied. Alternatives Another surgical alternative is open carpal tunnel release. Nonsurgical alternatives include corticosteroid injection, splinting, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and ergonomics. Rationale The incision is smaller and less painful than the incision utilized during open carpal tunnel release. There is less need for analgesia. Unlike the incision utilized during open carpal tunnel release, the incision in this procedure is not made in a weight-bearing surface of the hand and generally is not firm and tender. Studies also show an earlier return to work with this technique. The endoscopic technique is only for a primary release. Surgical intervention for recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome needs to be performed with the open technique. Because of the need for deep sedation, only patients who are healthy enough for general sedation are candidates for the 1-portal technique. The risk of nerve injury with this technique is higher than with open carpal tunnel release. Expected outcomes Generally, the patient will have very rapid resolution of the preoperative paresthesia. The incision typically heals very well; however, when closing the 1.5-cm incision with skin glue and Steri-Strips (3M), there may be cases of delayed wound-healing if the patient is overly physically active in the first 2 weeks after the procedure. Important tips Make sure that the endoscope is properly set up and that the patient is supine and the arm is abducted 90° at the shoulder with the hand and forearm fully supinated. Seating of the surgeon and assistant(s) and placement of the monitor are important.Make sure that the patient is fully anesthetized, particularly when the endoscope is being used. If the patient moves during the endoscopic incision of the ligament, other structures (i.e., vessels, nerves, and tendons) could be injured.Difficulty with the insertion of the scope can result in injuries. The carpal ligament must be visualized with the scope prior to any attempts at cutting the ligament. Convert to an open procedure if there are any difficulties with endoscope insertion or visualizing the carpal ligament.
The Interplay Between Upstream and Downstream Price Floors in Preventing Exclusionary Conduct

This paper integrates two separate branches of the law and economics literature to demonstrate the two-sided risk of market exclusion by a vertically-integrated firm (VIF) with upstream and downstream market power. The ratio of retail to wholesale price-cost margins is key. A margin ratio that is “too low” results in a vertical price squeeze, whereas one that is “too high” creates incentives for the VIF to engage in non-price discrimination. Displacement ratios delineate the range of safe harbor margin ratios within which neither form of market exclusion arises. The admissible range of these margin ratios is decreasing in the degree of product substitutability and reduces to a single ratio in the limit as the competing products become perfect substitutes. The challenge for policymakers is to apply these pricing constraints judiciously to prevent market exclusion in accordance with a consumer-welfare standard while recognizing the risk that these protections can be appropriated and used strategically in the errant pursuit of a competitor-welfare standard.
Addressing trauma and empowering students through school-based mindfulness practices

This article defines mindfulness and trauma, and explores the benefits of a mindfulness practice in classroom settings to empower students socially, emotionally, and physically. More specifically, ...
Mayday Music: Response and Renewal Amid the Pandemic Lockdown

As the music industry continued its adjustment to the disruptions of cybertechnology, musicians took an additional hit in the spring of 2020: The pandemic lockdown put concert and club performances...
Arthroscopic Repair of Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries

Injury to the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) can be a complex problem in the adolescent as well as the adult athlete. Early recognition and treatment are paramount in giving the athlete the best chance to return to sport. Individuals who have sustained trauma to the elbow, particularly elbow dislocation, are at high risk of developing posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) as a result of injury to the LUCL. Arthroscopic and open repair in the acute or subacute setting has been shown to be effective in stabilizing the elbow and allowing athletes to return to pre-injury levels of performance. Additionally, arthroscopic plication with repair as well as open reconstruction have shown promising results as a surgical option in patients with chronic PLRI.
Does Albanian have a Third Person Personal Pronoun? Let’s have a Look at the Corpus…

The reference grammar of the Albanian language (Dhrimo et al. 1986) states that the personal pronoun paradigm includes a third person filled by the distal demonstrative pronoun ai formed by the distal prefix a- and the pronominal root -i. Besides the deictic prefix a- which is used in the formation of all distals, the Albanian language makes use of the complementary prefix k(e)- used in the formation of the proximals. Attached to pronouns and adverbs, they form a full deictic system. Separating a subset of the deictic system to fill a slot in a different paradigm appears strained at best. In addition to an etymological and descriptive overview, the paper offers a quantitative analysis of ai ‘that one’ and ky ‘this one’ which are part of this system. A corpus of Albanian language texts is defined and built. After verification in the nine million word corpus, discrimination tests offered by the reference grammar fail to establish any distinction between the demonstrative and personal pronoun uses. An analysis of the collocations generated by applying MI and T-scoring on data from the corpus provides a new view. The analyzed words, associating with their respective deictic paradigms and filling the same syntactic roles, are unified under only one monolithic category, that of demonstratives.
Effect of hyperosmolar mannitol on convection-enhanced delivery into the rat brain stem.

Introduction: Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) can safely achieve high local infusate concentrations within the rat brain stem with predictable distribution volumes. The authors investigated the effects of co-infusion or systemic administration of hyperosmolar mannitol on distribution parameters for infusions into the rat brain stem.
Cardinality Arguments Against Regular Probability Measures

Cardinality arguments against regular probability measures aim to show that no matter which ordered field ℍ we select as the measures for probability, we can find some event space F of sufficiently large cardinality such that there can be no regular probability measure from F into ℍ. In particular, taking ℍ to be hyperreal numbers won’t help to guarantee that probability measures can always be regular. I argue that such cardinality arguments fail, since they rely on the wrong conception of the role of numbers as measures of probability. With the proper conception of their role we can see that for any event space F, of any cardinality, there are regular hyperreal-valued probability measures.
Nitric oxide in liver diseases

Nitric oxide (NO) and its derivatives play important roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver. Despite its diverse and complicated roles, certain patterns of the effect of NO on the pathogenesis and progression of liver diseases are observed. In general, NO derived from endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) is protective against disease development, while inducible NOS (iNOS)-derived NO contributes to pathological processes. This review addresses the roles of NO in the development of various liver diseases with a focus on recently published articles. We present here two recent advances in understanding NO-mediated signaling – nitrated fatty acids (NO 2 -FAs) and S-guanylation – and conclude with suggestions for future directions in NO-related studies on the liver.
Abstract 14877: Native T1-based Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for Characterizing Chronic Myocardial Infarctions: Proof-of-Concept Study in Canines

Introduction: Gadolinium infusion required for Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging is contraindicated in nearly 20% of myocardial infarction (MI) patients due to chronic end-stage kidney disease. Hypothesis: Using a canine model of MI, we investigated whether native T1 mapping at 3T could be an alternative to LGE CMR for characterizing chronic MIs (CMIs). Methods: Canines (n=29) were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Native T1 maps, native T2 maps and LGE images were acquired at 7 days (acute, AMI) and 4 months (CMI) post-MI at 1.5T and 3T. Infarct location, size and transmurality, measured using Mean + 5 Standard Deviations criterion, were compared between T1 maps and LGE images. Native T2 maps were used to examine the resolution of edema between AMI and CMI. Following the CMR studies, animals were euthanized and ex-vivo histology was performed. Results: T1 maps and LGE images were not different for measuring infarct size (p=0.61) and transmurality (p=0.81) in CMI at 3T. In AMI at 3T, T1 maps overestimated both infarct size (p=0.007) and transmurality (p=0.007) relative to LGE images. At 1.5T, T1 maps underestimated both infarct size and transmurality relative to LGE images in both AMI and CMI (p Conclusions: Native T1 mapping at 3T can characterize CMIs with high diagnostic accuracy. T1 elongations in CMI appear to arise predominantly from replacement fibrosis.
Overview of Radar and LiDAR Extended Detection Technologies

This article provides an overview of the issues, and variables security system designers should consider when selecting radar and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies for fixed-site security applications. Available technologies and operational principles are described, and an examination of the variables affecting technology selection, deployment, and installation is provided. Keywords: radar; LiDAR (light detection and ranging); FMCW (frequency modulated continuous wave); pulsed-doppler radar; integrated assessment; NAR (nuisance alarm rate); MTI (moving target indication); phased array; range bin; resolution cell
Circumventing Concepcion: Conceptualizing Innovative Strategies to Ensure the Enforcement of Consumer Protection Laws in the Age of the Inviolable Class Action Waiver

In the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision in AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion, class action waivers have become seemingly invulnerable to attack. Class action attorneys have become dispirited that consumer rights seem impossible to enforce. While the Federal Arbitration Act has been written about at length, this Note adds to that scholarship by proposing several new solutions to the problems posed by class action waivers. In addition, this Note seeks to consolidate other proposals, respond to major objections to these proposals, and in its conclusion, compare the effectiveness of these various proposals to settle on one preferred solution. Ultimately, the solutions to the problem of class action waivers fall into three broad categories: (1) methods that would allow consumers to viably pursue their claims individually in arbitration, (2) methods that would allow consumers to escape from their arbitration agreements and pursue class litigation in court, and (3) methods that bypass the class action device entirely by instead relying on government enforcement of consumer protection laws. After proposing and evaluating several solutions in each category, this Note concludes that the latter category—improved government enforcement of consumer protection laws—is likely to be the most effective.
Determining asynchronous acyclic pipeline execution times

Pipeline execution is a form of parallelism in which sub-computations of a repeated computation, such as statements in the body of a loop, are executed in parallel. A measure of the execution time of a pipeline is needed to determine if pipelining is an effective form of parallelism for a loop, and to evaluate alternative scheduling choices. We derive a formula for precisely determining the asynchronous pipeline execution time of a loop modeled as iterated execution of an acyclic task graph. The formula can be evaluated in a time that is linear in the number of tasks and edges in the graph. We assume that computation and communication times are fixed and known, the interprocessor communication and buffering capability are unbounded, and each task is assigned to a distinct processor.
Electronic Health Records and Transgender Patients—Practical Recommendations for the Collection of Gender Identity Data

Transgender (Trans, Trans*) persons may have a gender identity and a preferred name that differ from those assigned at birth, and/or those listed on their current legal identification (Gender ID, Birth-assigned Sex, Legal Sex). Transgender people who are referred to in a clinical setting using the wrong pronoun or name may suffer distress, ridicule or even assault by others in the waiting area, and may not return for further care. Furthermore, failure to accurately document (and therefore count) transgender identities has negative implications on quality improvement and research efforts, funding priorities and policy activities. The recent announcement that gender identity data may be included in Meaningful Use Stage 3 has accelerated the need for guidance for both vendors and local implementation teams on how to best record and store these data. A recent study demonstrated wide variation in current practices. This manuscript provides a description of identifiers associated with gender identity, and makes practical and evidence based recommendations for implementation and front-end functionality.
Determination of the defective function in two mutants of Rous sarcoma virus.

Abstract LA 335 and LA 337 are two temperature-sensitive mutants of the Prague strain of Rous sarcoma virus (subgroup C) which are unable to initiate infection at the nonpermissive temperature (41°). The virions of LA 335 and LA 337 are shown to possess a reverse transcriptase activity which is more heat labile than that of the wild type. Genetic studies are described which indicate that the inability of LA 335 or LA 337 to initiate infection at 41° is due to this temperature-sensitive enzyme. The genetic markers for reverse transcriptase of LA 335 and LA 337 undergo high-frequency recombinations with markers for host range, and possibly transformation.
Modeling distribution of temporal sampling errors in area-time-averaged rainfall estimates

In this paper, the authors examine models of probability distributions for sampling error in rainfall estimates obtained from discrete satellite sampling in time based on 5 years of 15-min radar rainfall data in the central United States. The sampling errors considered include all combinations of 3, 6, 12, or 24 h sampling of rainfall over 32, 64, 128, 256, or 512 km square domains, and 1, 5, or 30 day rainfall accumulations. Results of this study reveal that the sampling error distribution depends strongly on the rain rate; hence the conditional distribution of sampling error is more informative than its marginal distribution. The distribution of sampling error conditional on rain rate is strongly affected by the sampling interval. At sampling intervals of 3 or 6 h, the logistic distribution appears to fit the conditional sampling error quite well, while the shifted-gamma, shifted-weibull, shifted-lognormal, and normal distributions fit poorly. At sampling intervals of 12 or 24 h, the shifted-gamma, shifted-weibull, or shifted-lognormal distribution fit the conditional sampling error better than the logistics or normal distribution. These results are vital to understanding the accuracy of satellite rainfall products, for performing validation assessment of these products, and for analyzing the effects of rainfall-related errors in hydrological models.
Delaying in vivo exposure to a tarantula with very brief exposure to phobic stimuli.

Abstract Background and objectives Research has documented the very brief exposure (VBE) effect: the reduction of phobic fear by continuous presentation of masked phobic pictures. In prior studies, phobic participants approached a live tarantula immediately after the masked stimuli were presented. This study tested the hypothesis that VBE would reduce phobic avoidance of the tarantula 24 h later. Method 86 spider-phobic participants were identified with a fear questionnaire and Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT) with a live tarantula indicative of a DSM-IV diagnosis of Specific Phobia. One week later, they were randomly assigned in double-blind fashion to presentation of a continuous series of 25 trials of masked images of either spiders or flowers (33-ms each), i.e., to VBE or control exposure. The participants gave subjective distress ratings just before and after these exposures. Then they engaged in the BAT again either immediately thereafter or 24 h later to measure changes in avoidance of the tarantula. Results Masked images of spiders reduced avoidance of the tarantula both immediately after exposure and 24 h later without causing subjective distress. The effect sizes at these two time points did not significantly differ from each other. Limitations We did not manipulate awareness of the spider images by presenting them unmasked to a third group. Conclusions about the effect of awareness of the stimuli cannot be drawn. Conclusions VBE induces a process of fear reduction before phobic individuals engage in in vivo exposure, which is more distressing. Thus, VBE may help phobic-resistant individuals start treatment more gradually.
ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF CHONDROMUCOPROTEIN BY CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF HUMAN CARTILAGE.

Normal and fibrillated human articular cartilage contains significant levels of an agent which reduces the viscosity of cartilage protein-polysaccharides. This agent is cyanide and heat sensitive and has typical enzyme behavior. It splits the mucoprotein at or near the P-P bond. This enzyme may initiate the degradation of ground substance seen in early osteoarthritis. Normal e fibrillate cartilagine articular de humanos contine nivellos significative de un agente que reduce le viscositate de proteino-polysaccharidos de cartilagine. Iste agente es sensibile pro calor e cyanido e manifesta un comportamento typicamente enzymatic. Illo finde le mucoproteina in o proxime ad le ligamine P-P. II es possible que iste enzyme initia le degradation de substantia de base que es a observar in osteoarthritis precoce.
The Solution-Focused School: An Exceptional Model.

Solution-focused counseling represents a positive and competency-based perspective on the problems experienced by individuals and by organizational systems. Rather than looking for what is wrong and how to fix it, this approach looks for what is already working and investigates how to use it.
Gyrosynchrotron radiation and its transfer in a magnetoactive plasma.

Gyrosynchrotron radiation fields from mildly relativistic electrons in a magnetoactive plasma are asymptotically calculated by using the Green tensor and the Fourier transformation. These fields consist of the two components which correspond to the ordinary and extraordinary modes. Taking into account these fields, the emissivities and the absorption coefficients from an arbitrary distribution of electrons are calculated in order to discuss the intensity, spectrum, and polarization of gyrosynchrotron radiation. In general, the transfer of electromagnetic energy takes place along a direction different from that of the wave normal since the radiation fields have a nonvanishing component along the direction of the wave normal. A consideration is given on the problem of radiative transfer in relation to the Stokes parameters.
Pathology quiz case

A 28-YEAR-OLD Hispanic woman presented with a 12-month history of a slowly enlarging, nontender mass in the left side of her neck. She was otherwise healthy and denied any associated upper aerodigestive tract symptoms. She had been referred from an outside institution, where a computed tomographic scan had revealed a 2.5 2.3-cm enhancing mass in the left side of level III. A fine-needle aspirate of the mass demonstrated a wellto moderately well–differentiated adenocarcinoma with papillary features. Immunohistochemical staining was weakly positive for thyroglobulin and cytokeratin and negative for chromogranin. The patient was taken to the operating room for excision of the mass and a possible thyroid lobectomy. Intraoperative examination revealed a well-encapsulated, firm mass measuring approximately 3.0 2.0 cm. The mass abutted the superior pole of the thyroid lobe, but a definitive connection between the mass and the thyroid gland could not be confirmed. No other thyroid nodules or enlarged lymph nodes were palpable. The mass and the left thyroid lobe were removed without difficulty. Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the histopathologic features of the mass. What is your diagnosis?
The relationship between freezing and desiccation tolerance in the marine snail Ilyanassa obsoleta (Stimpson)

Temperature acclimation influenced the desiccation tolerance of the marine snail Ilyanassa obsoleta (Nassarius obsoletus). I. obsoleta acclimated to 35‰ seawater at 18°C could survive for 116 hours, and tolerate a 57% loss of body water when desiccated at 15 °C in air with a relative humidity of 35%. In contrast, I. obsoleta acclimated to 3°C seawater survived for only 76 hours, and could not tolerate more than a 37% loss of body water. These results were used to support the proposition that freezing and desiccation tolerance are closely related in I. obsoleta.
Pilot prospective evaluation of counterpulsation with different intra-aortic balloon volumes on cardiac performance in humans.

Smaller intra-aortic balloons (IAB) may minimise Peripheral vascular complications. To determine the influence of different IAB valumes on cardiac performance, we studied 20 hemodynamically stable patients on IAB counterpulsation. Variables were measured with either a 40cc or 32cc IAB displacement, at an assist ratio of 1:1 or 1:8 Heart rate, Ao and PA pressures, and Fick cardiac output. By echo-Doppler, the velocity time integral (VTI) across the LV outflow track, a measure of stroke volume was also calculated. The mean age was 60 yr (range 18–77), height (5′2″–5′11″), and body surface area 1.9M2 (1.5-2.3). Results presented as mean values were: Table . IAB/Vol AR VTI* Ao (sys) PA (mean) HR (bpm) CO * * p < 0.005 1:1 vs. 1:8 for both 40 and 32cc IAB. 40cc 1:1 17.4 111 26 93 5.7 32cc 1:1 17.4 109 26 93 5.9 40cc 1:8 13.7 118 29 98 5.2 32cc 1:8 14.1 118 29 97 5.4 Conclusion: IAB pumping at 1:1 with either 40cc or 32cc volumedisplacement yields similar degrees of improvement in cardiac performance. A larger cohort is required to determine if smaller balloons may decrease complications without compromising efficacy. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of the pituitary-adrenal system in the footshock-induced increase of [3H]lysine incorporation into mouse brain and liver proteins.

The brains of mice subjected to electric footshocks took up more free [3H]lysine and incorporated more [3H]lysine into protein than did the brains of undisturbed mice, suggesting that footshocks caused increased cerebral protein synthesis. The possible mediation of these effects by hormones of the pituitary-adrenocortical system was investigated. Despite adrenalectomy, footshock treatment still elevated the pool-corrected [3H]lysine incorporation into cerebral protein. Pretreatment with dexamethasone, which greatly suppressed the pituitary-adrenal response to footshocks, prevented the increase in [3H]lysine incorporation. It is suggested that ACTH itself may mediate this stress-induced change in cerebral metabolism. Adrenalectomy did prevent the shock-induced increase in net free [3H]lysine uptake. Although the lysine uptake response thus appeared to depend upon the presence of the adrenal glands, the response was not mimicked by injection of corticosterone. The response of liver [3H]lysine metabolism was studied in the same experiments. Footshock treatment decreased the net uptake and increased the incorporation into protein, in normal, adrenalectomized and dexamethasone-pretreated mice. Corticosterone did not mimic these effects. Thus, the metabolic response to footshock of liver, unlike that of brain, appeared to be independent of the pituitary-adrenal system.
Analog number representations in mongoose lemurs (Eulemur mongoz): evidence from a search task.

A wealth of data demonstrating that monkeys and apes represent number have been interpreted as suggesting that sensitivity to number emerged early in primate evolution, if not before. Here we examine the numerical capacities of the mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz), a member of the prosimian suborder of primates that split from the common ancestor of monkeys, apes and humans approximately 47–54 million years ago. Subjects observed as an experimenter sequentially placed grapes into an opaque bucket. On half of the trials the experimenter placed a subset of the grapes into a false bottom such that they were inaccessible to the lemur. The critical question was whether lemurs would spend more time searching the bucket when food should have remained in the bucket, compared to when they had retrieved all of the food. We found that the amount of time lemurs spent searching was indicative of whether grapes should have remained in the bucket, and furthermore that lemur search time reliably differentiated numerosities that differed by a 1:2 ratio, but not those that differed by a 2:3 or 3:4 ratio. Finally, two control conditions determined that lemurs represented the number of food items, and neither the odor of the grapes, nor the amount of grape (e.g., area) in the bucket. These results suggest that mongoose lemurs have numerical representations that are modulated by Weber’s Law.
Transcranial direct current stimulation augments perceptual sensitivity and 24-hour retention in a complex threat detection task.

We have previously shown that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improved performance of a complex visual perceptual learning task (Clark et al. 2012). However, it is not known whether tDCS can enhance perceptual sensitivity independently of non-specific, arousal-linked changes in response bias, nor whether any such sensitivity benefit can be retained over time. We examined the influence of stimulation of the right inferior frontal cortex using tDCS on perceptual learning and retention in 37 healthy participants, using signal detection theory to distinguish effects on perceptual sensitivity (d′) from response bias (s). Anodal stimulation with 2 mA increased d′, compared to a 0.1 mA sham stimulation control, with no effect on s. On completion of training, participants in the active stimulation group had more than double the perceptual sensitivity of the control group. Furthermore, the performance enhancement was maintained for 24 hours. The results show that tDCS augments both skill acquisition and retention in a complex detection task and that the benefits are rooted in an improvement in sensitivity (d′), rather than changes in response bias (s). Stimulation-driven acceleration of learning and its retention over 24 hours may result from increased activation of prefrontal cortical regions that provide top-down attentional control signals to object recognition areas.
A rational approach to cervical neuroblastoma

The excellent prognosis for patients with localized cervical neuroblastoma is demonstrated by the long-term survival of six patients over 23 years. Surgical resection was accomplished in all patients with minimal residual tumor in five. Five patients received irradiation. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with node metastases developed in two of these patients 11 and eight years after treatment. This high incidence of secondary thyroid carcinoma has prompted reevaluation of the management of cervical neuroblastoma.
Formation of ground state ozone on pulse radiolysis of oxygen

Abstract The rate of formation of ground-state ozone ( 1 A 1 ) in the fast electron pulse radiolysis of oxygen has been followed using the 253.7 nm Hg resonance line, and a monochromator set for 1.1 nm bandpass. Under these conditions the rate of formation of vibrational ground state O 3 is essentially third order with a rate constant of 2.64 × 10 -34 cm 6 molec -2 s -1 . It is formed direct combination, from collisional quenching of vibrationally excited ozone and from an electronically excited ozone precursor, probably O 3 ( 3 B 2 ). Computer modeling suggests that the latter can decay either to vibrationally excited or vibrational ground-state 1 A 1 ozone. Decrease of the optical density at 253.7 nm indicated that most of the ozone formed disappeared from the system within 0.2–0.5 sec. This process is probably due to diffusion out of the optical path as well a slow collisional decomposition following absorption of the monitoring light by ground state ozone.