cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of Hydrophobic Solvation Depends on Solute Radius

We model the aqueous solvation of a nonpolar solute as a function of its radius. We use a simplified statistical mechanical model of water, the Mercedes Benz (MB) model, in NPT Monte Carlo simulations. This model has previously been shown to predict qualitatively the volume anomalies of pure water and the free energy, enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, and volume change for inserting a nonpolar solute into water. We find a very different mechanism for the aqueous solvation of large nonpolar solutes (much larger than a water) than for smaller solutes. Small solute transfer involves a large hydrophobic heat capacity; its disaffinity for cold water (room temperature or below) is due to the ordering of the neighboring waters (entropic), while its disaffinity for hot water is due to the breaking of hydrogen bonds among the neighboring waters (enthalpic). In contrast, transferring large nonpolar solutes into water involves no such large changes in heat capacity or entropy. In this regard, large nonpolar solutes ...
Prospective validation of threshold criteria for intervention in infrainguinal vein grafts undergoing duplex surveillance

Although color flow duplex surveillance (CFDS) of infrainguinal vein grafts has gained wide acceptance, definitive criteria mandating graft revision remain to be established. We prospectively evaluated 101 infrainguinal vein grafts undergoing CFDS in order to validate threshold duplex criteria for intervention which were derived from our previous experience and that reported by others. Complete CFDS of the bypass conduit and adjacent inflow and outflow arteries and Doppler-derived ankle brachial indices (ABI) were obtained every 3 months x 4 and every 6 months thereafter. The following threshold criteria mandating further evaluation and intervention to prevent graft occlusion were applied: high-velocity criteria (HVC) defined as peak systolic velocity (PSV) > 300 cm/sec and velocity ratio (Vr) > 3.5; low-velocity criteria (LVC) defined as PSV 0.15. Fifty-one grafts had normal serial CFDS and ABI; none subsequently occluded or required revision. Stenosis was detected by CFDS in 43 grafts (PSV > 180 cm/sec, Vr > 1.5). Within this subgroup, 54% of grafts subsequently required revision (20/43) or occluded (3/43). All grafts in this subgroup with stenoses progressed to PSV > 300 or Vr > 3.5 prior to revision or occlusion. Ten lesions (23%) regressed spontaneously without intervention (mean PSV 252 cm/sec, mean Vr 3.2); 10 lesions (23%) are stable, non-progressive, and remain under surveillance. Two grafts were abnormal by LVC; one was successfully revised, the other occluded prior to intervention. Five grafts had normal CFDS and ABI decrease > 0.15. Four were revised (three inflow lesions, one outflow lesion) and one occluded (missed lesion by CFDS). Only five graft occlusions occurred in the entire series: three grafts met HVC and occluded prior to intervention; one developed an ABI drop of 0.4 due to graft stenosis missed by CFDS and uncovered following thrombolysis, and the other graft met LVC and occluded prior to intervention. Infrainguinal vein grafts with normal serial CFDS and ABI are at minimal risk of spontaneous graft occlusion. When CFDS is abnormal (PSV > 180 cm/sec, Vr > 1.5), over 50% of grafts will ultimately require revision or progress to occlusion. Grafts with such lesions can be safely monitored by CFDS until progression to lesions meeting HVC occurs with minimal risk of graft occlusion. A decrease in ABI > 0.15 with normal CFDS mandates arteriography to identify inflow and outflow lesions or a missed graft stenosis. The present study prospectively validates threshold intervention criteria for graft lesions meeting HVC (PSV > 300 cm/sec, Vr > 3.5), LVC (PSV 0.15.
COX-2 inhibitors modulate IL-12 signaling through JAK-STAT pathway leading to Th1 response in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune disease model of multiple sclerosis (MS). IL-12 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of EAE/MS and inhibition of IL-12 production or IL-12 signaling was effective in preventing EAE. Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) is a key enzyme promoting inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and tumor induced angiogenesis. Recent studies have shown that COX-2 inhibitors prevent EAE, however, their mechanism of action is not fully understood. In this study, we show that in vivo treatment (i.p.) with 100 μg COX-2 selective inhibitors (LM01, LM08, LM11, and NS398), on every other day from day 0 to 30, significantly reduced the incidence and severity of EAE in SJL/J and C57BL/6 mice. Further analyses showed that the COX-2 inhibitors reduced neural antigen-induced IL-12 production, T cell proliferation and Th1 differentiation ex vivo and in vitro. The COX-2 inhibitors also decreased IL-12-induced T cell responses through blocking tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, TYK2, STAT3, and STAT4 proteins in T cells. These results demonstrate that COX-2 inhibitors ameliorate EAE in association with the modulation of IL-12 signaling through JAK-STAT pathway leading to Th1 differentiation and suggest their use in the treatment of MS and other Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Nonsteady penetration of longs rods into semi-infinite targets

Abstract This paper describes a new one-dimensional theory of nonsteady penetration of long rods into semi-infinite targets. The target is viewed as a “finite mass” that resides within the semi-infinite target space. Thus, an equation of motion for the target was constructed so that together with erosion and penetrator deceleration equations, expressions for penetration rates and depths were obtained. Forces acting on the target and penetrator are defined in terms of only ordinary strength levels usually associated with dynamic properties or work-hardened material states. Also, the concept of critical impact velocity was used to establish the onset of penetration in this formulation. This penetration equation corresponds in exact form to hydrodynamic theory in the limits of small strengths and/or high impact velocity. Results for penetration rates agree well with hydrocode calculations, and predicted penetrations agree with experimental data over an impact velocity range of 0–5,000 m/s.
Estimating the air emissions of chemicals from hazardous waste landfills

Abstract This paper sets out to develop a comprehensive landfill cover vapour transport model capable of assessing the diffusive and convective transport mechan magnitude of the environment impact of an insecure chemical waste landfill on the surrounding air quality. An algorithm is presented for obtaining crud
Dynamic phase transition in the three-dimensional kinetic Ising model in an oscillating field

Using numerical simulations, we investigate the properties of the dynamic phase transition that is encountered in the three-dimensional Ising model subjected to a periodically oscillating magnetic field. The values of the critical exponents are determined through finite-size scaling. Our results show that the studied nonequilibrium phase transition belongs to the universality class of the equilibrium three-dimensional Ising model.
Mothers who abuse alcohol and drugs: Health and social harms among substance-abusing mothers of small children in three child cohorts

AIMS – The study looks at the prevalence and register-based indicators of substance abuse-related harms among mothers of small children. We examined the living conditions, various health and social...
Androgen Excess Disorders in Women: The Severe Insulin-Resistant Hyperandrogenic Syndrome, HAIR-AN

HAIR-AN syndrome (hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans) is a subset of the polycystic ovary syndrome, where the patients demonstrate severe insulin resistance. It is theorized that both genetic and environmental factors, such as obesity, give rise to the development of HAIR-AN. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, with laboratory values lending further support. Treatment is aimed at decreasing insulin resistance, regulating ovulation, and decreasing acne, acanthosis nigricans, and hirsutism.
Liver Mitochondrial Function in Acute vs. Chronic Hyperthyroidism

Mitochondrial changes in the liver of acute, toxic vs. chronic, nontoxic triiodothyronine (T3) treated rats have been examined. Acute, toxic treatment, characterized by an 18% loss of body weight, entailed the subcutaneous injection of 10 μg/100 μg/day of T3 for 6–14 days. Chronic, nontoxic treatment consisted of the ad lib. feeding of T3 in the drinking water (25 or 50μg/ 100 ml for 15–60 days with no loss of body weight, and only a slight reduction in the growth rate. The effects on the functional and structural integrity of isolated mitochondria varied with the dose and duration of treatment. Acute treatment with toxic doses produced a 33% reduction in the P/O ratio, measured polarographically, and was found to be due to both a decreased rate of phosphorylation and an increased rate of oxygen uptake. On the other hand, chronic treatment with nontoxic doses produced the same net reduction in P/O ratio but did so by a marked increase in oxygen uptake only, while the rate of phosphorylation remained norma...
[(IgG)2 protein A]2 complex stimulates cytosine arabinoside incorporation into DNA and inhibits L cell proliferation.

Abstract A Mr = 716 000 complex, [(IgG)2 Protein A]2, formed when Protein A is mixed with a molar excess of IgG anti-L cell antibody, augmented [3H]thymidine incorporation in DNA and growth of a murine transformed L cell line. It was also possible to augment the incorporation of [3H]cytosine arabinoside (2.3-fold) in DNA by the binding of this complex to L cells. A synergistic inhibition of L cell proliferation was produced using the complex and certain concentrations of cytosine arabinoside. By binding the complex to L cells, a 5-fold lower concentration of cytosine arabinoside (0.050 μg/ml) was an effective in inhibiting cell replication as the higher dose of the drug (0.25 μg/ml) with cells bound by IgG antibody alone, and a 20-fold lower concentration compared to the effects of the drug itself (1.0 μg/ml). Addition of 10 μM thymidine to the complex permitted the use of an even lower dose of cytosine arabinoside (0.004 μg/ml) for inhibition of cell growth. Thymidine caused this effect by producing an even greater incorporation of drug into the DNA of complex-stimulated cells. Thus, by stimulating the cell with the immune [(IgG)2 Protein A]2 complex it was possible to stimulate uptake of a chemotherapeutic nucleoside and selectively inhibit cell replication at non-toxic doses of nucleoside.
The Optimum Reject Allowance Problem

The problem of specifying an allowance for defects in a production lot is that of balancing the cost of producing too many items against the risk of not having enough to meet requirements. A model of these costs is here proposed. Sufficient conditions are developed on the probability distribution of defectives for total cost to have a single minimum with respect to the allowance. A sequential algorithm is investigated and shown to produce an optimum allowance if certain further conditions on the probability are met. Next, it is shown for a special class of probability distributions that the above conditions are satisfied. This class is that for which the probability of an item being defective is independent of previous defects in the lot, and includes the binomial distribution. Finally some computational aspects of this algorithm are discussed, and an easily computable starting value is given.
Molecular structures and vibrational spectra of selenoketene and its thio- and oxo-analogs by second-order Møller—Plesset theory

Abstract Ab initio second-order Moller—Plesset calculations were carried out on ketene and its thio- and seleno-analogs. Equilibrium geometries of the species were located at the MP2 level using a triple-ζ valence basis set with d and p polarization functions (TZP). The predicted molecular parameters, dipole moments, and rotational constants agree well with the available experimental data. IR harmonic vibrational frequencies and intensities calculated at the MP2/TZP level for ketene and thioketene agree well with their experimental IR parameters. Thus the same level of prediction for selenoketene presumably furnishes accurate theoretical data to assist experimental studies on its elusive spectrum.
Developmental Transitions in Youth Behavioral Opposition and Maternal Beliefs in Social Ecological Context

We investigated age-based changes in mothers’ complaints about offspring behavioral opposition, and offspring reports of opposition in a prospective longitudinal design (N = 821). Maternal complaints declined from pre-adolescence to early adulthood, but more slowly in low socioeconomic status (SES) and single-parent families. Mothers complained more about first- than later-born children, but showed no average differences for offspring gender, race, SES, or single parent status. Complaints covaried with youth-reported opposition, but effects involving SES, single-parent status, and birth order remained significant after opposition was controlled; this finding is interpreted to reflect social contextual differences in maternal beliefs. Youth opposition was stable to age 16, then decreased; higher levels were associated with earlier birth order and low SES among European-Americans. Our results have implications for parenting interventions, indicating that parents may benefit from education about the normative, gradual increase in concordance between their own expectations and their child’s behavior from early to late adolescence. Further, parenting interventions may be strengthened by actively attending to social contextual factors that shape parental belief systems and values.
Left Ventricular Form and Function Revisited : Applied Translational Science to Cardiovascular Ultrasound Imaging

Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) and DTI-derived strain imaging are robust physiologic tools used for the noninvasive assessment of regional myocardial function. As a result of high temporal and spatial resolution, regional function can be assessed for each phase of the cardiac cycle and within the transmural layers of the myocardial wall. Newer techniques that measure myocardial motion by speckle tracking in gray-scale images have overcome the angle dependence of DTI strain, allowing for measurement of 2-dimensional strain and cardiac rotation. DTI, DTI strain, and speckle tracking may provide unique information that deciphers the deformation sequence of complexly oriented myofibers in the left ventricular wall. The data are, however, limited. This review examines the structure and function of the left ventricle relative to the potential clinical application of DTI and speckle tracking in assessing the global mechanical sequence of the left ventricle in vivo.
The remodeling of the edentulous mandible.

In a sample of mandibles having complete or nearly complete loss of dentition, the left half of each mandible was serially sectioned. The entire perimeter of each section was analyzed for the distribution of resorptive and depository periosteal surfaces, and from this information, the fields of remodeling were mapped for the mandible as a whole. The most common patterns of combined resorption-deposition and the range of variations were then determined. The over-all distribution of remodeling fields in the edentulous mandible differs markedly from that in the young, growing mandible. In most of the edentulous specimens, the surface of the basal bone on both the medial and lateral sides of the corpus is of a depository nature. The overlying alveolar regions on both the lingual and buccal sides, however, are characteristically resorptive. Significantly, the placement of the reversal line between the alveolar resorptive and the basal depository areas is much lower (i.e., at the level of the mental foramen) on the buccal side. Except for its inferior part, the lateral side of the ramus tends to be largely resorptive in character, and the posterior half of the lingual side also tends to be resorptive. Unlike the child's mandible, the posterior border of the ramus is resorptive, and the posteroanterior dimension of the ramus (not the whole mandible) becomes reduced and narrowed in conjunction with resorption along the anterior border. However, the amount removed from the anterior ramus is actually added to the dimension of the corpus, which becomes longer. Further, removal from the posterior ramus border does not affect the over-all length of the mandible unless condylar reduction is also involved. Also, over-all arch length is not decreased, because the surface of the mental protuberance is retained as a depository type of field (or at least does not become actively resorptive). The corpus-ramus angle (not gonial angle) is increased in the antegonial region. Because of the opening of this angle, over-all mandibular length as well as arch length is increased. In about half of the specimens, arch width was not decreased, because the lateral side of the corpus is usually of a depository nature. Notching of the anterior side of the condylar neck and the inferior part of the anterior ramus border is associated with resorptive fields in these regions, changes that are presumed to be a consequence of pressure contacts made with the articular tubercle and the maxillary tuberosity, respectively, in conjunction with a forward rotation of the whole mandible. The inferior direction of corpus realignment relative to the basal part of the ramus also increases the notching effect in the antegonial region, an effect augmented by the presence of the resorptive field in the notch itself. Certain specific variations commonly occur in several major regions of the mandible on both the lateral and medial sides...
‘Two Opposite Things Placed Near Each Other, are the Better Discerned’: Philosophical Readings of Cavendish's Literary Output

Seventeenth-century philosopher Margaret Cavendish wrote not only several philosophical treatises, but also many fictional works. I argue for taking the latter as serious objects of study for historians of philosophy, and sketch a method for doing so. Cavendish's fiction is full of conflicting viewpoints, and many authors have argued that this demonstrates that she did not intend her literary works to serve serious philosophical purpose. But if we consider philosophers more central to the canon, such as Plato or Kierkegaard, who sometimes used literary forms to do serious philosophy, we see that these arguments are unfounded. Like those philosophers, Cavendish had several philosophical motivations for pursuing value-theoretic issues through the flexible formats of literary genres. This suggests that Cavendish's literary corpus may be fruitful and largely unexplored ground for the history of philosophy.
On the relation of economic factors to recent and projected fertility changes

Este trabajo estuvo dirigido a analizar detalladamente las edades, de acuerdo a la muestra anual del Survey de los Estados Unidos, con el proposito de buscar cualquier aparente asociacion—desde 1940—entre la fertilidad y las circunstancias economicas de jovenes adultos—15 a 29 anos—cuya conducta domina la rata total de fertilidad. El proposito es el and lisis a largo plazomas que de cambios de fertilidad de ano en ano, haciendo enfasis en la notable declinacion ocurrida desde 1957. p ]Observando las condiciones economicas, nos damos cuenta que desde la decada del 50, los ingresos de las personas jovenes han crecido en una forma vacilante y sus ratas de desempleo se han incrementado. Esta situacion ha sido mas severa entre los segmentos de poblacion de menores ingresos dentro de esie grupo. La casa propia es menos usual entre las familias conjefes entre 18–24 ano: el porcentaje de cargos importantes ha disminuido para esie grupo debido a la fuerte presion de sus obligaciones: muchos de los beneficioe especiales asociados con el status de veterano de guerro ya no estan disponibles: finalmente, los jovenes adultos de recientes anos proceden de un medio ambiente mas rico que el de sus predecesores de la decada del 40 y llegan seguramente el tiempo de gestacion con gustos mas costosos y consecuentemente deben comprar bienes de mayor precio. Este desarrollo contrasta bruscamente con las desusualmente favorables circunstancias economicas de los jovenes adultos de las decadas anteriores a 1950 y son consistentes con la hipotesis de que los factores economicos han sido, al menos en parte, responsables de la estabilidad de la rata de nacimientos y la subsecuente declinacion de la fertilidad. Mirando las proyecciones sobre fertilidad de la Oficina de Censos para 1975, este trabajo sugiere quela serie “C” de los Censos es mas consistente conel probable curso de las condiciones economicas de los jovenes adultos, aunque mas tarde se hara necesario un estudio mas profundo. Una especulacion. ulterior, basada en la reciente declinacion de las ratas de fertilidad, presagia una declinacion en el tamano total de la familia, como puede suponerse en base a los actuales datos sobre esperanza del tamano de la familia de los jovenes adultos.
The infrared spectra of propionaldehyde and propionaldehyde-d1

Abstract The infrared spectra of C 2 H 5 CHO and C 2 H 5 CDO from 4000 to 450 cm −1 have been observed and a tentative assignment of the observed bands has been made.
Structural stability, alternate descriptions and information.

Abstract Biology, and indeed any science involving a study of complexity, deals with systems which can be described in many distinct ways. The basic question then is: how do such distinct descriptions of the same system relate to each other? More specifically, we may ask when two apparently distinct descriptions of a system are equivalent: i.e. convey the same “information”. To investigate these questions, we take as the basic ingredient of system description a single system observable, which we regard as a real-valued mapping defined on the states of the system. We show how different descriptions place different topologies on the set of states, and in particular, provide us with different notions of when two states are close to each other. Given two such descriptions, we can consider the set of all states such that a perturbation which is “small” in one of the descriptions is not small in the other. The bifurcation sets considered in the theory of structural stability are shown to be simple examples of this general phenomenon arising from alternate descriptions; in our framework, then, a bifurcation point is one at which two descriptions are conveying essentially different information. We then proceed to regard a statistical mechanical description of a system as an alternate to a purely microscopic description, and argue that there must, in this sense, be bifurcation points of each description with respect to the other.
Verification for fault tolerance of the IBM system z microprocessor

IBM System z∗ processors are known for their industry leading Reliability, Availability and Serviceability (RAS). The hardware is designed to support a high resilience against errors and the ability to recover from errors maintaining a valid architectural state. This paper describes the thorough verification effort required to prove that the fault tolerance of the IBM System z processor core matches the high expectations prior to design tape-out. This paper proposes a multifaceted verification methodology to cover the various aspects of verifying correct error detection, isolation and recovery. Soft errors enlarge the state space of a design significantly. This provides a significant challenge to the functional verification environment in order to tolerate the fails and to expect architectural compliance. Several fault injection mechanisms are discussed. A special focus is on the novel methodology of Comprehensive Fault Injection (CFI) used to validate and improve the dependability characteristics of the processor core, providing improved Soft Error Resilience (SER). Feedback of the results and measurements of the efficiency and functional coverage are an integral part of the overall methodology, allowing the smart use of the available compute resources.
Comparative Study on Microwave Plasma-Assisted Combustion of Premixed and Nonpremixed Methane/Air Mixtures

Employing a novel microwave plasma-assisted combustion (PAC) facility, we conducted a comparative study on PAC of premixed and nonpremixed methane/air mixtures. Results showed that three different reaction zones (plasma zone, hybrid plasma-flame zone, and flame zone) exist, regardless of the fuel injection patterns of the premixed or nonpremixed. Different fuel injection patterns had different optical emission spectra for the hybrid zones and flame zones, with a major difference being the presence or absence of emissions from CH and C2. A U-shaped ignition curve of plasma power versus fuel equivalence ratio was observed in the premixed PAC, whereas an approximately linear increasing line was in the nonpremixed PAC. Pulsed cavity ringdown spectroscopy was also utilized to measure absolute number densities of the ground state OH(X) radicals in the flame zones for both fuel patterns. Results showed different number density profiles along the flame propagation direction between the premixed and nonpremixed PAC.
WHAT ARE TRANSCELLULAR STRANDS

The transcellular strands described byThaine (1961, 1962) and interpreted by him as providing the structural basis for a transcellular cytoplasmic streaming are merely lines caused by diffraction of light from walls out of focus. These lines are as clearly visible in dead cells as in living.
Understanding Software Patching: Developing and deploying patches is an increasingly important part of the software development process.

Software patching is an increasingly important aspect of today’s computing environment as the volume, complexity, and number of configurations under which a piece of software runs have grown considerably. Software architects and developers do everything they can to build secure, bug-free software products. To ensure quality, development teams leverage all the tools and techniques at their disposal. For example, software architects incorporate security threat models into their designs, and QA engineers develop automated test suites that include sophisticated code-defect analysis tools.
The relationship of the medullary catecholamine containing neurones to the vagal motor nuclei

We have re-examined in the rat the nuclear localization of the medullary catecholamine-containing cell groups (A1 and A2) and their relation to the vagal motor nuclei using a double labeling method. The vagal nuclei were defined by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase applied to the cervical vagus, and noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons were stained with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method using an antibody to dopamine beta-hydrolase. The method allows visualization of both labels within single neurons. The neurons of the A2 group are primarily distributed in both the nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in a complex interrelationship that depends on the rostrocaudal level. Caudal to the obex, cells of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus are scattered among cells immunoreactive for dopamine beta-hydroxylase in the area considered to be the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract. At levels near and slightly rostral to the obex, the dopamine beta-hydroxylase-positive cells are largely confined to nucleus of the solitary tract. However, the rostral third of the A2 group lies predominantly within dorsal motor nucleus, as defined by horseradish peroxidase labeled cells, with only a few cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract. A subset of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase positive cells within the rostral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus are also vagal efferents. Our results suggest that a second population of dopamine beta-hydroxylase positive vagal efferents may exist ventrolaterally where neurons of the AI cell group intermingle with those of nucleus ambiguus.
Effect of partial jejunectomy and colectomy on the disposition of hexachlorobenzene in rats treated or not treated with hexadecane.

Abstract The disposition of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was studied in partially jejunectomized (middle section) or colectomized (excision of cecum and proximal colon) rats after iv or ip dosage (1.5 to 2.0 mg/kg). Excision of about 50% of the jejunum had no effect on body weight, feed intake, volume of urine, weight of feces, or urinary and fecal excretion of HCB as demonstrated by a comparison of sham-operated and jejunectomized animals. Similarly, colectomy did not affect body weight, feed intake, volume of urine, or urinary excretion of HCB. However, the wet weight of feces was significantly higher and the amount of HCB in feces significantly lower in colectomized than in sham-operated rats. Hexadecane increased fecal excretion of HCB about two- to threefold without affecting its urinary excretion. The effect of jejunectomy and colectomy was similar in hexadecane-treated animals to that seen in untreated rats. Concentration of HCB in adipose tissue was significantly higher in colectomized rats than in sham-operated controls. Data represent in vivo evidence that the major site of nonbiliary, intestinal excretion of HCB is the large intestine.
The bonding in the low-lying states of MgO + 2

Abstract The 2 A 2 ground state of MgO + 2 is of Mg 2+ O − 2 character with an Mg + −O 2 binding energy of 23.3 kcal/mol. The linear 4 Σ − state, which is bound by a charge—quadrupole interaction, has a significantly smaller binding energy (5.9 kcal/mol). Unlike many Mg + -ligand systems, there are no observable bound—bound transitions for MgO + 2 below 35000 cm −1 .
Competing D'yakonov―Perel' and Elliott―Yafet spin relaxation in germanium

Abstract In most technologically important semiconductors, the two main spin relaxation mechanisms are the D’yakonov–Perel’ (DP) and the Elliott–Yafet (EY) modes. In the former, the spin relaxation rate increases, while in the latter it decreases, with increasing carrier mobility. Accordingly, the DP mode should dominate in high-mobility samples and the EY mode in low-mobility ones. We have carried out experiments in high-mobility bulk and low-mobility nanowire samples of germanium and found that indeed the DP mode dominates in the high-mobility samples and the EY mode in the low-mobility ones. The DP relaxation time was found to be three orders of magnitude shorter than the EY relaxation time. This suggests that low-mobility samples may be preferable for some spintronic applications.
Solid state preparations and reactions of ternary alkaline-earth osmium oxides

Abstract The preparation of CaOsO 3 , SrOsO 3 , and BaOsO 3 was accomplished by solid state methods at autogenous- and high-pressure. Thermal studies of these derivatives were conducted under argon, and their reactions with air or oxygen at elevated temperature were investigated. The crystallographic properties of all the stoichiometric products were determined from powder diffraction studies and, in certain cases, single crystal investigations. The physical properties of several decomposition products were determined and are reported. Infrared data were obtained for most of the new derivatives.
Absorption technique for OH measurements and calibration.

An absorption technique is described which utilizes a stabilized frequency-doubled tunable dye laser and a long-path White cell with high mirror reflectivities both in the red and UV. In laboratory conditions it has been possible to routinely obtain a detection sensitivity of 3 parts in 1,000,000 over absorption paths less than 1 m in length and a detection sensitivity of approximately 6 parts in 100,000 over an absorption path of the order of 1 km. The latter number corresponds to 3,000,000 OH molecules/cu cm, and therefore the technique should be particularly useful for calibration the fluorescence instrument for OH measurements. However, the presence of atmospheric fluctuations coupled with intensity variation accompanying frequency scanning appears to degrade the detection sensitivity in outdoor ambient conditions, thus making it unlikely that this technique can be employed for direct OH monitoring.
Phenomenology as a philosophical orientation for understanding the transformative experience of disabling illness.

Kaufman’s ground-breaking work in the 1980s introduced the phenomenology of disability. In my commentary, I describe phenomenology as a philosophy of understanding the world around us and as a methodology for understanding the lived experiences of patients with life-changing disabilities. Like Kaufman, my focus for the use of phenomenology in health care is to capture the existential and transformative experience of illness. As such, I agree with Kaufman that phenomenology can help health care professionals expand their understanding of patient experiences to provide a fuller and richer, holistic response to care.
The amino acid composition of proteins: a method of analysis.

Four quasiloglinear models are proposed for describing relationships between the amino acid composition of proteins and the structure of the genetic code. The models allow estimation of base frequencies in all three codon positions and can be used to investigate “interactions” between any two codon positions. The estimation procedure proposed by Ohta and Kimura (Genetics 64 (1970), 387–395) is discussed and using two of the proposed quasiloglinear models an analysis of the amino acid composition of human cytochrome c is presented. The analysis suggests that of the six codons which code for leucine (CUU, CUC, CUA and CUG) do not occur in human cytochrome c.
A functional neuropeptide system in vertebrate gonads: Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and its receptor in testes of field-caught house sparrow (Passer domesticus).

Abstract Previously, the expression and action of GnIH (Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone) has been characterized in the hypothalamus and pituitary, respectively. The action of this neurohormone is to inhibit the synthesis and secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Several hormone systems identified in the vertebrate brain and classified as neurohormones are synthesized in and have a localized action on the gonads as well. Here we present several lines of evidence for the expression and action of GnIH and its receptor (GnIHR) in the testis of house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ). Expression Transcripts for GnIH and GnIHR isolated from house sparrow testis were initially identified by PCR, then sequenced and found to be homologous to transcripts from European starling (96% to GnIH, 98% to GnIHR), Gambel’s white-crowned sparrow (94% to GnIH) and Japanese quail (90% to GnIHR) brains. Further investigation using in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of GnIH precursor mRNA in the interstitium of the testis and GnIHR mRNA in the interstitium and on spermatocytes. Action The effect of this system on the secretion of testosterone by the testis was investigated using gonadal culture. Testosterone secretion was significantly decreased by 1 μM and 10 μM GnIH in gonadotropin-stimulated testis cultures. In summary, these results indicate the GnIH/GnIHR system is expressed in the testis of house sparrows and its function is to reduce gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone production.
A novel family of Ca2+/calmodulin-binding proteins involved in transcriptional regulation: interaction with fsh/Ring3 class transcription activators.

A novel CaM-binding protein was isolated through protein–protein interaction based screening of an Arabidopsis cDNA expression library using a 35S calmodulin (CaM) probe. There are four additional homologs in the Arabidopsis genome with similar structures: a BTB domain in the N-terminus and a Zf-TAZ domain in the C-terminus. Hence, they were designated as AtBT1-5 (A rabidopsis t haliana BTB and TAZ domain protein). CaM-binding experiments revealed that all five AtBTs are CaM-binding proteins, and their CaM-binding domains were mapped to the C-terminus. AtBT homologs are also present in rice, but are not present in human, animal, yeast or other organisms, suggesting that the BTB and TAZ domain proteins are plant-specific. The AtBT1-smGFP fusion protein expressed in tobacco BY-2 cells showed that AtBT1 targets the nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid screening using an AtBT1 fragment as bait identified two interacting proteins (AtBET10 and AtBET9) belonging to the family of fsh/Ring3 class transcription regulators. The BTB domain of the AtBTs is required for the interaction, and this protein–protein interaction was confirmed by GST pull-down. AtBET10 also interacts with AtBT2 and AtBT4, and exhibited a transcriptional activation function in yeast cells. AtBTs exhibit varying responses to different stress stimuli, but all five genes responded rapidly to H2O2 and salicylic acid (SA) treatments. These results suggest that AtBTs play a role in transcriptional regulation, and signal molecules such as Ca2+, H2O2, and SA affect transcriptional machinery by altering the expression and conformation of AtBTs which interact with transcriptional activators such as AtBET10.
Lead acetate: toxicity without effcts on the locomotor activity of the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque

The concentration of lead acetate which caused 50% mortality of bluegill in 96 h (96 h LC50) is approximately 400 ppm. Sublethal concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 200 and 300 ppm lead acetate did not produce any effects on the locpmotor activity of the bluegill. The observation that lead can reach concentrations which are lethal without sublethal effects on locomotor activity at lower concentrations is unusual and in sharp contrast to studies with other metals (Ellgaard et al.. 1978).
Family Adaptability among Urban African-American Women with Hypertension

Abstract African-American women are at greater risk than other women for complications related to hypertension. This study examined relationships between hypertension, pulse pressure, body mass index, family adaptability, family cohesion, and social support among 146 urban African-American women. Significant relationships were found between family adaptability and systolic blood pressure (P = .03) and between adaptability and pulse pressure (P ≤ .01). Based on study results, practitioners should routinely assess family functioning, specifically family adaptability, in African-American women who are at risk for or diagnosed with hypertension to minimize complications.
Approaching near real-time biosensing: Microfluidic microsphere based biosensor for real-time analyte detection

In this study we describe a simple lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensor approach utilizing well mixed microfluidic device and a microsphere-based assay capable of performing near real-time diagnostics of clinically relevant analytes such cytokines and antibodies. We were able to overcome the adsorption kinetics reaction rate-limiting mechanism, which is diffusion-controlled in standard immunoassays, by introducing the microsphere-based assay into well-mixed yet simple microfluidic device with turbulent flow profiles in the reaction regions. The integrated microsphere-based LOC device performs dynamic detection of the analyte in minimal amount of biological specimen by continuously sampling micro-liter volumes of sample per minute to detect dynamic changes in target analyte concentration. Furthermore we developed a mathematical model for the well-mixed reaction to describe the near real time detection mechanism observed in the developed LOC method. To demonstrate the specificity and sensitivity of the developed real time monitoring LOC approach, we applied the device for clinically relevant analytes: Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α cytokine and its clinically used inhibitor, anti-TNF-α antibody. Based on the reported results herein, the developed LOC device provides continuous sensitive and specific near real-time monitoring method for analytes such as cytokines and antibodies, reduces reagent volumes by nearly three orders of magnitude as well as eliminates the washing steps required by standard immunoassays.
Pain Attenuating Effects of Preferred Versus Non-preferred Music Interventions

This study investigated effects of preferred and non-preferred music in alleviating cold-pressor pain. Pre-(i.e. baseline measurement) and posttest ice-water hand immersions were experienced by 80 participants. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. Group I listened to their preferred music, group II was exposed to non-preferred music, group III received no music intervention in the presence of an experimenter (control I), and group IV experienced an absence of music intervention in the absence of an experimenter (control II). Univariate repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) and planned comparisons indicated that preferred music was effective in increasing pain tolerance. Non-preferred music and controls did not show an increased pain tolerance. Further, the absence of the experimenter heightened participants' experienced pain. Other groups (group I, II and III) did not experience significant changes in their subjective reports of pain from preto posttests.
Competition and intraguild egg predation among freshwater snails: re‐examining the mechanism of interspecific interactions

Experimental and field studies suggest that freshwater snail species have negative effects on each other's population growth rates. Because snails share similar diets, these interactions have been interpreted as the result of exploitative competition, but they could also result from intraguild predation. Here we present three experiments aimed at testing the hypothesis that interspecific interactions among three species of freshwater gastropod (Helisoma trivolvis, Physa acuta and Stagnicola elodes) are mediated by intraguild egg predation. Foraging trials, conducted in a laboratory, showed that some snails readily prey on eggs, but the extent of egg predation depended on both the identity of the snail predator and the identity of the egg mass. Of the three species considered, Stagnicola had the largest effect on egg mortality and Physa had no effect on egg mortality. Foraging trials also showed that the eggs of Physa were the most vulnerable to predators and that the eggs of Stagnicola were largely invulnerable. A study conducted in large outdoor mesocosms assessed the occurrence of egg mortality in an environment of more extensive spatial scale and complexity. The results largely mirrored those of the laboratory study, with Stagnicola being the most voracious predator and the eggs of Physa being most vulnerable to predation. The reproductive success of Physa and Stagnicola raised in sympatry and allopatry was assessed in a mesocosm study conducted over three months. Recruitment of both species was depressed in sympatry, but patterns of growth in the survivors suggest contrasting mechanisms of suppression: Physa suppressed Stagnicola via exploitative competition, but Stagnicola suppressed Physa via egg predation. These experiments support the hypothesis that freshwater snail assemblages are structured by strong interspecific interactions and that a rich interplay of egg predation and interspecific competition underlie interactions among the members of this guild.
Some effects of epistemological structure on memory.

Graph theoretical models of the epistemological structure imposed upon a set of mathematical concepts by Ss’ definitions of them were constructed. Three graphical characteristics of the models were manipulated in a series of experiments to assess their effects on recall. Experiment I showed that recall and confidence of recall were highest for concept pairs connected by short paths, next highest for those connected by long paths, and lowest for those not connected by paths. Experiment II replicated the result of Experiment I that recall and confidence of recall were greater for concept pairs connected by paths than for those not connected by paths and revealed no differences in recall between concept pairs connected by many paths and those connected by a few paths. Experiment III found no differences in recall of abstract and concrete concepts, The abstractness of a concept was quantified by the mean path length from the concept to primitive (undefined) concepts. The approach of building a model of each S’s epistemological structure was supported by the finding that, while a given. S’s definitions of the concepts remained relatively constant, there were considerable differences in definitions of the concepts between Ss.
Ex vivo hypothermic recirculatory adenoviral gene transfer to the transplanted pig heart.

BACKGROUND: To facilitate the application of adenoviral gene therapy in clinical heart transplantation, we developed an ex vivo hypothermic recirculatory adenoviral gene transfer method to the transplanted pig heart. METHODS: Experimental animals were assigned into three groups; controls, 1x10(8) plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml group and 1x10(9) pfu/ml group. During the 30 min gene transfer perfusion, 200 ml of University of Wisconsin solution containing the adenoviral vector was recirculated through the coronary vessels. The myocardial temperature was maintained below 4 degrees C and the perfusion pressure was adjusted at 50 mmHg. RESULTS: Cardiac myocyte transduction efficiencies in the 1x10(8) pfu/ml group were 0.04% and 0.07%, whereas transduction efficiencies in the 1x10(9) pfu/ml group were widely distributed from 0.45% to 22.62%. The gene transduction efficiency increased with the virus titer. Additionally, no difference in the transduction efficiency was observed between different segments of the left ventricle. The current gene transfer method at 1x10(9) pfu/ml of adenovirus titer enabled homogeneous gene transduction into the transplanted pig heart up to a maximum of 22.62%. CONCLUSIONS: This model can be applied to a large isolated heart and will greatly facilitate the investigation of gene therapy in large animal models of heart transplantation.
Screening of Anti-MUC1 Antibodies for Reactivity with Native (Ascites) and Recombinant (Baculovirus) MUC1 and for Blocking MUC1 Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes

We report the results of a panel of 56 monoclonal antibodies submitted to the ISOBM TD-4 Workshop for the study of the epithelial MUC1 mucin. We used three forms of the MUC1 as antigen. One form of mucin was the native, highly glycosylated MUC1 isolated from the ascites of breast or pancreatic cancer patients. Two other forms of the mucin were recombinantly expressed in a baculovirus expression system as either fully glycosylated, or underglycosylated. Based on the results of Western blot analysis we were able to group the antibodies into 7 clusters depending on their recognition of the MUC1 forms tested. We then selected several antibodies, representatives of each cluster, to test for the ability to block MUC1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) function. We found that antibodies ISOBM-163 and ISOBM-147 blocked cytotoxicity of MUC1-specific CTL against two tumor targets in a concentration-dependent manner.
In Between Adolescence and Adulthood: Recidivism Outcomes of a Cohort of State Delinquents

This research examines the recidivism outcomes of 2,436 serious, violent, and chronic youth released from a juvenile correctional system. This group of state delinquents was followed for 5 years after their release to parole as they made the transition to young adulthood. Results of the analysis revealed that 85% of state delinquents were rearrested at least once in the follow-up period, and nearly 80% were rearrested for a felony. Generally, males, those younger at first contact with the juvenile justice system, those with a greater number of felony adjudications, gang members, institutional dangers, those in poverty, and those with mental health issues were significantly more likely to recidivate. The analyses indicate that the factors that would explain recidivism for male state delinquents may differ for female state delinquents. This article concludes with a discussion of policy implications specific to this highly select but disproportionately problematic group of delinquent offenders.