cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dislocation and grain boundary interactions in metals

Abstract The passage of dislocations through grain boundaries in face centered cubic and body centered cubic polycrystalline metals was studied using dynamic in situ high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM), static transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and anisotropic elastic stress analysis. Several conclusions were reached: (1) when dislocations propagate across grain boundaries, the activated slip system can be predicted from pile-up properties and grain boundary orientation using a combined criterion based on boundary geometric factors and internal stresses; (2) different grain boundaries impede dislocation slip propagation to different degrees, the calculated value of the pile-up obstacle stress varying from 280 to 870 MPa for dislocation transmission through a grain boundary in 304 stainless steel; (3) dynamic in situ straining of miniature tensile specimens reveals additional modes of dislocation and grain boundary interactions that were hidden from static TEM observations. In connection with the last conclusion, simultaneous dislocation transmission and reflection was activated by a stressed pile-up and a complex mechanism involving coordinated movements of four sets of dilocations in and near a grain boundary was observed.
A crustal origin for eclogites and a mantle origin for garnet peridotites: Strontium isotopic evidence from clinopyroxenes

Strontium isotopic data suggest that the classic eclogite-facies rocks of western south Norway described by Eskola (1921) formed from several parental materials in a variety of environments. Mineral separates from essentially basic, bi-minerallic (clinopyroxene and garnet) eclogites that occur as lens-shaped masses within high grade gneisses (country rock eclogites) have Sr87/Sr86 values that range from 0.704 for fine-grained varieties to 0.716 for coarse-grained, orthopyroxene-bearing varieties. These high, varied ratios contrast with the very low, restricted ratios (0.701 to 0.704) of similar minerals from ultrabasic, garnet-clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-olivine assemblages (garnet peridotites) that occur as lenses within large peridotite bodies. The eclogite-facies metamorphism that generated the garnet peridotites may have occurred in the mantle. However, the metamorphism that generated at least the more radiogenic country-rock eclogites must have occurred in the crust. The high Sr87/Sr86 ratios of these eclogites could be generated either by forming them from crustal parental rocks or by contaminating mantle-derived parental rocks with radiogenic strontium from the country rocks. If this contamination occurred after intrusion and before eclogite-facies metamorphism, a rather contrived history must be postulated that involves intrusion, contamination accompanied by hydration, subsequent dehydration, and finally eclogite-facies metamorphism. These processes could have occurred within the long, complicated history of the enclosing country rocks. Alternatively, if the contamination occurred during eclogite-facies metamorphism, the presence of some hydrous fluid appears to be required to transport the radiogenic strontium from the enclosing country rocks. The eclogites with the highest Sr87/Sr86 ratios are also the most coarse-grained and it is possible that the presence of some intergranular fluid enabled these eclogites to recrystallize to a much larger grain size than would have been possible in a totally anhydrous environment. The garnet peridotites and fine-grained country rock eclogites may have formed from mantle material in the crust but escaped contamination by radiogenic strontium as a result of their position in a dry environment in the crust.
THE USE OF CONTINUOUS‐FORM STATIONERY FOR LIBRARY LOAN RECORDS

For the past five years loans from the Kodak Research Library have been recorded on continuous‐form stationery, the use of which has become an accepted part of the library routine. During this time visiting librarians have often shown an interest in the equipment and a number of other special libraries have adopted it. Some account of our experience may therefore be of wider interest.
Army Space Systems For Terrestrial Applications

Army combat forces involved in global military operations require knowledge of the terrain and accurate positioning and navigation capability to effectively perform their missions. Combat critical data from satellite-based systems to augment ground and airborne data collection, processing, and dissemination systems are crucial for the delivery and use of the needed information and intelligence in near-real time. The Army is developing ground-based testbed systems to utilize terrain and weather data collected from space-based platforms to enhance Army commanders' battlefield capabilities, and is researching new applications for the NAVSAT Global Positioning System and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency-sponsored (DARPA) LIGHTSAT program that are unique to the Army. In addition, the Army is designing experiments to be conducted on the Space Shuttle.
A New Horizontal Gradient, Continuous Flow, Ice Thermal Diffusion Chamber

Abstract A continuous-flow, horizontal gradient, ice thermal diffusion chamber has been developed and tested for heterogeneous ice nucleation of aerosol particles under accurately controlled supersaturations and supercooling in the absence of a substrate. The chamber consists of preprocessing, main, and crystal settling sections. In the preprocessing and main sections, top and bottom plates are coated with clear, smooth ice by a new method. The main section maintains a range of supersaturations across the sample flow. Sample air is sandwiched with filtered and predried air to avoid wall effects and transient supersaturations. Nucleated crystals are received on Mylar copy film in the settling section and processed for analysis based on their temperatures and supersaturations at nucleation. Two numerical models are developed and used to evaluate transient supersaturation development in the shear flow and wall effects in the vertical plane across the flow. Stability of sample flow is confirmed with smoke tests.
You’re Fired!: The Impact of Race on the Firing of Black Head Coaches in Major College Football

It is well known that the hiring rate of black head coaches in major college football is not representative of the number of student-athletes that are black. However, less obvious is the fact that black head coaches may be treated unfairly when decision-makers decide whether to retain or fire their institution’s current head coach. In this paper, I use a rich dataset of National Collegiate Athletic Associate football coaches from 1990 to 2012, containing measures of coaching performance and school expectations, as well as information on each coach’s race and whether he was fired or retained in each season. Using this data, I estimate a discrete-time hazard model of the probability that a head coach is fired, allowing the hazard rate of black head coaches and white head coaches to differ, and find that black head coaches are 5.28 percentage points more likely to be fired than their white counterparts. Additionally, I find that black head coaches are more likely to be fired in the initial 3 years of tenure, and again in their seventh and eighth years, but that the difference in the probability of release between black and white head coaches in the fourth through sixth years of tenure is small and statistically insignificant.
Market implications of reliability unit commitment formulations for Day-Ahead scheduling

Reliability Unit Commitment (RUC) is a process by which Independent System Operators (ISOs) commit generation capacity to ensure reliability is maintained for forecasted demand levels. Typically, this process is performed sequentially, where the RUC follows a Day-Ahead Market (DAM) closing to procure additional capacity when the total system demand in the market closing is below forecasted levels. The RUC stage of this process chooses generation commitment decisions that minimize the startup and minimum-load cost components necessary to meet the additional demand requirements. This two-stage approach produces suboptimal solutions for this forward market. An alternative approach is to integrate the DAM and RUC processes such that resources are procured and scheduled simultaneously. In this paper, a model has been developed to compare the two stage (DAM-RUC) formulation and an integrated approach in order to investigate market impacts associated with each structure.
Station-keeping strategy for multiple-spacecraft interferometry

The feasibility of multiple spacecraft stationkeeping for submillimeter and optical interferometry is examined. A condition for interferometry is that two or more spacecraft must control their relative positions with better than 1 mn accuracy indefinitely in both radial and transverse directions although separated by as much as 1 Km in LEO and 100 Km in GEO. They must also maneuver through a useful area of the U-V plane of an arbitrary astronomical source. The problem is first outlined and a solution which utilizes gravity gradient forces to do most of the work and ion thrusters for additional maneuvering is proposed. All the perturbing forces are shown to be small compared to the ion thruster requirements. An inertial position and attitude control strategy is suggested which utilizes existing or soon to be available sensors and actuators. Finally, the fuel and power system mass requirements are estimated and found to be within reason for a 10 year mission.
NEMS-Based Functional Unit Power-Gating: Design, Analysis, and Optimization

In order to combat the exponentially growing leakage power in modern microprocessors, researchers have proposed the use of alternative power-gating structures that can yield higher leakage savings with a much lower performance impact. A prime contender is an emerging CMOS-compatible power-gating device, the nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) switch. Compared to transistors, NEMS switches have zero off-state leakage, so for very long periods of sleep, their effectiveness is unparalleled. For systems with periods of faster on/off rates, however, their slower switching speed, high activation energy, and finite device lifetime become drawbacks. This motivates an exploration to determine whether NEMS switches are capable of fast, fine-grained power-gating. In this article, we provide an accurate energy model of functional-unit power-gating that allows us to effectively compare transistors and NEMS switches. It is also fast enough to support the optimization of a wide variety of circuit- and system-level parameters, including supply voltage, threshold voltage, and power-gating scheduler aggressiveness. Using this framework, we show that NEMS switch power-gates along with an ideal oracle power-gating policy can achieve an average 29.5% drop in total functional unit energy, compared to only 23.5% with transistor power-gates. A more realistic hardware-based policy for NEMS switches yields a 28.9% drop, compared to a 23.0% drop with transistors.
Van der Waals Epitaxial Growth of α-Alumina Nanocrystals on Mica

Lattice mismatch stresses, which severely restrict heteroepitaxial growth, are greatly minimized when thin alumina films are grown by means of van der Waals forces on inert mica substrates. A 10-nanometer-thick epitaxial film exhibits crystallographic sixfold symmetry, a lattice constant close to that of the basal plane [0001] of α-alumina (sapphire), and an aluminum: oxygen atomic ratio of 1:1.51 ± 0.02 (measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), again the same as for bulk sapphire. The film is free of steps and grain boundaries over large areas and appears to be an ideal model system for studying adhesion, tribology, and other surface phenomena at atomic scales.
Lost branches on the tree of life.

Failure to archive published data can impede reproducibility and inhibit downstream synthesis. Alarmingly, we estimate that ∼70% of existing DNA sequence alignments/phylogenetic trees, representing much of the underpinning of modern phylogenetic analysis, are no longer accessible. The evolutionary biology community needs to adopt policies ensuring that data are publicly archived upon publication.
SUMMA: subgraph matching in massive graphs

Graphs can represent a large number of data types, e.g., online social networks, internet links, procedure dependency graphs, etc. The need for indexing massive graphs is an urgent research problem of great practical importance. The main challenge is the size. Each graph may contain at least tens of millions vertices. The working memory may not be able to store the database graph due to its large size, which increases the processing time significantly. We propose a novel index based subgraph matching scheme, namely SUMMA, for graph querying in massive graphs. We devise two novel indices which capture both local and global information of the database graph. SUMMA is further optimized by the use of a matching scheme to reduce redundant calculations and disk accesses. Last but not least, a number of synthetic datasets are used to evaluate the efficiency and scalability of our proposed method.
Cartesian hidden Markov models with applications

The author introduces the concept of a Cartesian hidden Markov model (CHMM), which consists of a Markov chain assuming values in the Cartesian product of a finite number of elementary state sets. The states are observed via a multivariable probabilistic mapping, again assuming values in a Cartesian product of finite sets of observables. The CHMM can be reduced to an ordinary (i.e., scalar) HMM by conventional nonlinear techniques. The forms of the forward-backward algorithm which gives the fixed-interval smoothed maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of the states and the Viterbi algorithm which gives the MAP fixed-interval sequence are straightforward generalizations of the scalar case. Two applications of CHMMs in the area of frequency tracking are briefly indicated. >
Accessing the Deep Web Using Ontology

Ontologies act like a bridge between user expressions and raw data. Hence, they can play an important role in assisting the users in their search for Web pages. Different users use different queries according to their knowledge and intuition to find the results. The numbers of relevant Web pages returned to users differ depending on the terms entered into the search box of traditional search engines. Many Web pages returned to users may be completely irrelevant, and it takes too long for users to identify the relevant Web pages by going through too many results. It is necessary to develop a methodology such that the number of returned Web pages becomes smaller while the overall number of relevant Web pages becomes bigger. This paper proposes a novel approach that combines Deep Web information, which consists of dynamically generated Web pages and cannot be indexed by the existing automated Web crawlers, with ontologies built from the knowledge extracted from Deep web sources. Here, Ontology based search is divided into different modules. The first module constructs attribute-value ontology. Second module constructs the attribute-attribute ontology. Third module formulate the user query, fills the search interface using domain ontology, extract results by looking into the index database.
Applications of a model for scale‐invariant pattern formation in developing systems

Abstract A fundamental problem in developmental biology concerns the proportioning of the developing tissue of a morphallactic system into different cell types in a way that is independent of the overall size of the tissue. The two main models for positional, information in pattern formation, the source-sink models and the Turing reaction-diffusion models, have shortcomings that limit their applicability. In a previous paper, we described a model that can produce perfectly scale-invariant spatial patterns and analyzed some of its mathematical properties. In the present paper, we demonstrate some of the shortcomings of the standard reaction-diffusion models and discuss the applicability of our model to developmental systems.
Post-operative Endoscopic Surveillance of Rectal Pouch following Total Abdominal Colectomy with Ileorectal Anastomosis (IRA) and Total Proctocolectomy with Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis (IPAA) in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) are the two most common forms of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRCA), representing approximately 5% of all CRCA. Endoscopic surveillance of at-risk colorectal mucosa is one of the key issues in the management of each of these diseases. In patients with FAP who are treated with total abdominal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis, the risk of a metachronous rectal cancer is 4% to 10% at 10 years and increases with the duration of follow-up. After proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis, both the ileal pouch and the anal transition zone are at risk for adenomas and invasive adenocarcinoma. Patients with FAP need yearly proctoscopy or pouchoscopy, performed with a flexible endoscope. Increasing adenoma numbers, sizes, and dysplasia are indications to consider proctectomy or chemoprevention (in patients with a pouch). In patients with HNPCC who undergo segmental or subtotal colectomy, the risk for a second cancer developing in the remaining colon or rectum is in the range of 4% to 15%. These patients need yearly colonoscopy or proctoscopy (in patients with an IRA). In this chapter, details of technique and the management of metachronous neoplasia are discussed.
Pulmonary fat embolism after pelvic and long bone fractures in a trauma patient

Fat embolism is a common complication of pelvic and long bone fractures. Macroscopic fat emboli in the pulmonary arteries on computed tomography have been reported postoperatively after fixation of long bone fractures for trauma, however the quantification of attenuation values of fat emboli have been infrequently reported in the literature. We present a case of pulmonary fat embolism in a 52-year-old female after acute bony trauma sustained during a motor vehicle accident. To the authors' knowledge however, pulmonary fat embolism has not been described on the initial trauma CT scan.
Medial and lateral hypothalamic oxygen consumption as a function of age, starvation and glucose administration in rats.

In fed rats, in vitro oxygen consumption of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) was found to be reliably higher than that of the lateral hypothalamus (LHA), and this differential effect was abolished by prior food deprivation. Neither body weight (236–569 g) nor age (50–180 days old) was important in determining the magnitude of differential respiration of these hypothalamic subareas. VMH respiration was found to be especially responsive to intragastric administration of glucose—oxygen consumption increasing 94% above baseline levels in VMH, with only a 28% increment occurring in the LHA. Using various delays between loading of glucose and testing, the VMH-LHA ratio in oxygen consumption was found to be inversely related to food intake. Implications of these findings to the nature of hypothalamic control of feeding are discussed.
THz vacuum electronics

The US Department of Defense Research and Engineering Enterprise funds leading-edge research that continually expands the boundaries of human capability. Over the past several years, a number of US DoD research programs have focused on creating vacuum electronic devices capable of operating in the THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically defined as 300 GHz to 3,000 GHz. This paper will place these research programs in context, describe the program goals, and highlight selected breakthroughs.
A heuristic model of turbulent mixing applied to blowout of turbulent jet diffusion flames

Abstract A phenomenological study has been conducted on jet flames near blowout for the purpose of determining the blowout mechanism. The authors show the successful blowout correlation of Broadwell et al. [ Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion , 1984, p. 303] can be derived from the assumptions of Vanquickenborne and van Tigglen [ Combust. Flame 10:59 (1966)], namely, that blowout is a competition between the local premixed turbulent flame speed and the local flow velocity. The authors argue that the role of coherent, large-scale, rotational structures found in jet turbulence is to enhance the turbulent flame speed near blowout. Experiments were conducted which show that nearly the entire cross-section of the jet is combusting in a premixed flame near blowout. This is distinct from a lifted flame that combusts only near the outer edge of the jet. The length and time scales used in the derivation of the blowout mechanism are compared with those observed in the experiments and found to be consistent with the data.
A cognitive-behavioral model for the treatment of chronic vomiting.

The treatment approaches for chronic vomiting have primarily utilized behavior conditioning models and have largely focused on hospitalized infants, retarded patients, or trauma patients. A substantial number of patients who exhibit the symptoms of vomiting could be diagnosed as neurotic vomiters or “bulimics,” and there is a dearth of information on the treatment of these patients. This paper presents a case study of a 26-year-old woman diagnosed as suffering from bulimia of 10 years' duration. The treatment program involved three basic components: self-monitoring, stimulus control, and cognitive restructuring. The treatment components were instituted sequentially. The treatment program was successful, and a 1-year follow-up found that the patient has maintained her progress and not vomited in over 5 months. The discussion focuses on the advantages of this treatment model in dealing with bulimia, which is conceptualized as a habit-type behavior disorder.
Variational inverse method for study of oceanic circulation

Abstract The determination of absolute ocean currents by the inverse method is formulated as a problem in the calculus of variations for a closed region of ocean bounded by a coast and a transect along which layers have prescribed thickness, h i . The integral of the mean square of the barotropic velocity, b , is minimized subject to constraints imposed on the transport of the layers. The solution yields b as a linear combination of the h i , with the coefficients determined by the transport constraints. Satisfying the condition that total mass be conserved yields an essentially uniform distribution of b along the transect. Adding constraints on the individual layers leads to a relatively poorly conditioned problem with an induced barotropic field that has much larger amplitude. The transport imbalancesare adjusted for by small differences of much larger transports. The simple form of the variation solution shows that b has its largest amplitude in regions of extreme values of the thickness, thus helping to explain results obtained with real data. A simple interpretation is also provided for the resolution matrix used in discrete formulations and the part of the solution that is independent of the assumed level of no motion is shown to be related simply to the representation by the h i . The study points to the need for formulating the inverse problem so that a more suitable set of functions is available to obtain a physically more acceptable solution.
Fourth census of dental conditions in University of Minnesota freshmen

Decennial dental examinations of fresh­ men at the University of Minnesota, started in 1929, show that the percent­ ages of teeth affected by caries were as follows: 1929, 34.8 per cent; 1939, 39.6 per cent; 1949, 49.1 per cent, and 1959, 49.3 per cent. In 1929, 1.8 per cent of the freshmen had caries-free teeth; in 1959, the percentage was 1.3 per cent. The number of filled teeth has increased sharply and significantly in the past 30 years. Freshmen examined in 1959 typi­ cally had more teeth filled, or had seen their dentist at more frequent intervals, than those students examined previously.
Mechanisms for interstitial-mediated transient enhanced diffusion of N-type dopants

As silicon transistor dimensions scale down, transient enhanced diffusion of n-type dopants has become a major barrier toward achieving required junction depths for transistors. In this paper, we use density functional calculations to identify a pathway by which silicon interstitials can mediate As and P diffusion. We show that As-silicon interstitial and P-silicon interstitial pairs in the neutral and negative charge states diffuse via a mechanism in which the dopant is bond-centered at energy minima and threefold coordinated at the high energy saddle point during dopant migration. For both As-silicon interstitial and P-silicon interstitial pairs, we conclude that the neutral pairs will dominate under intrinsic conditions while the neutral and negatively charged pairs will both contribute under heavily doped extrinsic conditions.
Management of the patient with primary (essential) hypertension.

Abstract The blood pressure of many patients with primary hypertension may be lowered by low-sodium diets, antihypertensive drugs, or sympathectomy. Some of these patients treated with such measures are benefited. The physician must base and evaluate his treatment on an understanding of the natural history of primary hypertension in untreated patients. The possible benefits of treatment must be weighed against the disadvantages and dangers peculiar to each regimen in the various stages of the disease. The choice of treatment represents an experiment in each patient. Neither the antihypertensive effect nor the disadvantageous effects of any treatment can be predicted with confidence before trial in the individual. The choice of which agent to try first is made principally on an evaluation of the rapidity of progression of the disease process and on the patient's ability and willingness to follow the necessary regimen. Emphasis is placed on avoiding, when possible, the more complex and hazardous forms of therapy until the simpler and less hazardous ones have been found inadequate. Current experience permits certain generalizations: 1. 1. No specific treatment other than education is recommended for the patient in the asymptomatic uncomplicated phase. Symptoms, in the absence of demonstrable organ involvement, are treated conservatively. The alkaloids of Rauwolfia are sometimes useful. 2. 2. Progression of essential hypertension into the complicated phase implies the existence of atherosclerosis. All induced reductions in blood pressure in such patients carry the risk of significant local alterations in arterial blood supply. Changes are therefore made as slowly as possible. 3. 3. In the complicated phase of essential hypertension, even asymptomatic cardiac enlargement or any degree of decompensation justifies an attempt to lower the blood pressure. The possible hazards of the various forms of treatment and of lowered pressure are a limiting factor. 4. 4. Renal damage, without uremia, is considered an indication for antihypertensive therapy; the potential benefit far outweighs the disadvantages of treatment. The rate of progression of the disease determines the choice of therapeutic agents and the rapidity of pressure change desired. 5. 5. Acute hypertensive encephalopathic crises call for immediate lowering of the blood pressure by parenterally administered methonium compounds, if the facilities for their controlled administration are available. 6. 6. The value of prolonged antihypertensive therapy for most patients with cerebral damage has not been demonstrated. It is now sometimes possible to help patients with hypertension. It is more possible than ever before to hurt them.
Gender Bias in Cardiovascular Testing Persists after Adjustment for Presenting Characteristics and Cardiac Risk

Objectives:Previous studies have found that female patients receive fewer invasive tests for cardiovascular disease than male patients. The authors assessed whether different clinical characteristics at emergency department presentation account for this gender bias. Methods:Patients with potential acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who presented to a university hospital were prospectively identified. A structured data instrument that included demographic information, chest pain description, history, physical examination, chest radiography, and electrocardiogram (ECG) data was completed. Hospital course was tracked daily. Patients received 30-day telephone follow-up. The main outcome was whether the patients received objective evaluation for coronary artery disease after adjustment for cardiac risk, including race, age, total number of risk factors, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) score, ECG, and whether the patient sustained an acute myocardial infarction on index hospitalization. Results:There were 3,514 women (58%) and 2,547 men (42%) studied. They had similar presenting characteristics: chest pain quality (pressure/tightness: female 60% vs. male 59%, p = 0.6), location (substernal: female 82% vs. male 80%; p = 0.2), radiation (female 27% vs. male 26%; p = 0.3), and most associated symptoms. Men had more cardiac risk factors (mean 1.5 vs 1.4; p < 0.001), more abnormal ECGs (59% vs. 48%; p < 0.001), and a higher TIMI risk score (p < 0.001). With respect to the main outcome, men received more cardiac catheterizations (12.6% vs. 6.0%; odds ratio [OR], 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.88 to 2.70) and more stress tests (14.7% vs. 12.3%; OR, 1.22; 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.42). After adjustment for age, race, cardiac risk factors, ECG, and TIMI risk score, men still received more cardiac catheterizations (adjusted OR, 1.72; 95% CI = 1.40 to 2.11) and stress tests (adjusted OR, 1.16; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.33). Models adjusting for acute myocardial infarction or death, high-risk initial clinical impression, or emergency department disposition found similar results for increased likelihood of cardiac catheterization in men but no difference in stress testing between men and women. Conclusions:Female patients with potential ACS receive fewer cardiac catheterizations than male patients, even when presenting complaint, history, ECG, and diagnosis are taken into account. The gender bias cannot be explained by differences in presentation or clinical course.
Practitioner Research Instruction: A Neglected Curricular Area in Technical Communication Undergraduate Programs

Most technical communication practitioners conduct research throughout their careers. Yet, a survey of the Web sites of 114 undergraduate technical communication programs between September 2006 and April 2007 revealed that 65% (about two thirds) of these programs are providing minimal or no exposure to research instruction and therefore are not sufficiently preparing students to handle the types of research they will encounter in their upcoming careers. Given the disconnect between the centrality of research in the work that technical communicators do and the low presence of research instruction at the undergraduate level, academics need to look for ways to overcome institutional and other constraints in order to give research training greater priority in their undergraduate programs.
Silicone-coated polymeric membrane for separation of hydrocarbons and nitrogen at sub-ambient temperatures

Abstract Permeation performances of pure and mixed nitrogen, ethylene, ethane, propylene and propane were investigated using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated polysulfone composite membrane in the temperature range of −20 to 40 °C. The permeances and selectivities strongly depended on the temperature and feed composition at a constant pressure. Propylene and propane plasticized the PDMS coating with decreasing temperature and increasing hydrocarbon concentrations, which led to significantly high permeances for all mixed hydrocarbons. It also caused positive coupling effects for ethane, ethylene and nitrogen in the presence of propylene and propane. Moreover, pure nitrogen permeances or nitrogen permeance as a mixture component always decreased considerably by lowering the temperature. Consequently, all selectivities for the hydrocarbons to nitrogen increased significantly with the decrease of temperature and increase of total hydrocarbon concentration in feed. A systematic analysis of apparent activation energies to verify the experimental results was also presented.
Carbon nanotube enhanced membrane distillation for online preconcentration of trace pharmaceuticals in polar solvents.

Carbon nanotube enhanced membrane distillation (MD) is presented as a novel, online analytical preconcentration method for removing polar solvents thereby concentrating the analytes, making this technique an alternate to conventional thermal evaporation. In a carbon nanotube immobilized membrane (CNIM), the CNTs serve as sorbent sites and provide additional pathways for enhanced solvent vapor transport, thus enhancing preconcentration. Enrichment using CNIM doubled compared to membranes without CNTs, while the methanol flux and mass transfer coefficients increased by 61% and 519% respectively. The carbon nanotube enhanced MD process showed excellent precision (RSD of 3–5%), linearity, and the detection limits were in the range of 0.001 to 0.009 mg L−1 by HPLC analysis.
Study of oxide-based catalysts for the oxidative transformation of acetonitrile to acrylonitrile with CH4

Various oxides and metal-supported oxides were studied for the oxidative transformation of acetonitrile to acrylonitrile with methane in the range 550 to 730°C. This reaction requires the activation of both methane and the α-carbon of the acetonitrile. Surprisingly, it was found that the effective coupling of the reactants to acrylonitrile does not occur over all the catalysts that are effective for oxidative coupling of methane reactions. Among all the catalysts tested, only Li/MgO with nominal composition of lithium in the range 15 to 30 wt% was effective in forming acrylonitrile. This was probably due to the maximum concentration of [Li+O−] surface centers which catalyze the abstraction of hydrogen from the reactants and simultaneously disfavor the undesired oxidation of the nitriles. It was concluded that the efficiency of Li/MgO could not be attributed to its basicity characteristics. Other oxides such as Sm2O3, La2O3, Bi2O3, and CaO either individually or loaded with monometallic and/or bimetallic combinations of alkali metals are not effective catalysts and oxidize acetonitrile to CO and CO2. Individual magnesia and MgO-loaded with alkali metals (other than lithium) are not effective for the coupling of methane and acetonitrile to form acrylonitrile and propionitrile. We also found that the decrease in the acrylonitrile selectivity for extented periods of operation is associated with the loss of lithium from the Li/MgO catalysts. Undoped samaria and lanthana at elevated temperatures (>680°C) oxidize acetonitrile completely to CO and CO2. For the latter oxides, if the oxygen fed into the reactor is the limiting reactant, then lattice oxygen is used for the complete oxidation of acetonitrile. The loading of samaria or lanthana with an alkali metal decreases the extent of oxidation reactions. This behavior is inversed when CaO is used as support. FT-IR and temperature-programmed desorption experiments indicate that the increase in the number and strength of the basic sites of the catalysts plays a negative role in the coupling of methane and acetonitrile to acrylonitrile.
Environmental and pharmacological modulations of cellular plasticity: Role in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression

Atrophy of neurons and gross structural alterations of limbic brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, have been reported in brain imaging and postmortem studies of depressed patients. Preclinical findings have suggested that prolonged negative stress can induce changes comparable to those seen in major depressive disorder (MDD), through dendritic retraction and decreased spine density in PFC and hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Interestingly, recent studies have suggested that environmental and pharmacological manipulations, including antidepressant medication, exercise, and diet, can block or even reverse many of the molecular changes induced by stress, providing a clear link between these factors and susceptibility to MDD. In this review, we will discuss the environmental and pharmacological factors, as well as the contribution of genetic polymorphisms, involved in the regulation of neuronal morphology and plasticity in MDD and preclinical stress models. In particular, we will highlight the pro-depressive changes incurred by stress and the reversal of these changes by antidepressants, exercise, and diet.
Giant pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery—CT demonstration case report

Noninvasive imaging studies, particularly computed tomography (CT), are the first step in evaluation of patients with suspected hepatic trauma. Iatrogenic injury, accounting for up to one-third of cases, may commonly result in hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm formation. We present a case in which a giant hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm was misinterpreted as an intrahepatic hematoma on sequential CT scans due to the failure to employ dynamic contrast-enhanced scan techniques.
A Longitudinal Study of Off-Target Verbosity

This study reports a follow-up examination of the speech of 175 subjects, aged 65 and over, who had participated in an initial evaluation of the cognitive and psychosocial correlates of Off-Target Verbosity (OTV). OTV speech showed significant stability across the 15 months of the study. The pattern of relationships among age, cognitive function, psychosocial variables, and OTV scores was similar for the two test occasions. Subjects who had experienced more frequent and less desirable life changes and had lower verbal fluency scores were more verbose. An association between age and OTV appeared due to age-related inhibition and psychosocial functioning. The results were interpreted within a conceptual model framework illustrating causal and other links among variables.
Effect of sterculic acid upon aflatoxicosis in rats fed diets containing saturated and unsaturated fat.

Investigations on trout have shown that the cyclopropenoid fatty acids, which occur naturally in small amounts in unrefined cottonseed oil, may act as powerful cocarcinogens when fed in conjunction with aflatoxin. Attempts at confirming these findings in mammals, i.e. rats, have been inconclusive. In this study, the effects of sterculic acid and aflatoxin upon lipid metabolism and tumor formation in male rats have been examined using basal diets containing either saturated or unsaturated fat to which the following additions were made: (A) basal diet (no supplements); (B) aflatoxin B1 at 1.7 ppm; (C) sterculic acid at 210 ppm; and (D) aflatoxin B1 at 1.7 ppm, plus sterculic acid at 210 ppm. The rats consumed these diets for 3 months and, thereafter, were fed the unsupplemented basal diet until sacrifice 9 months later. Growth was depressed in rats in groups B, C, and D, but no synergistic inhibition was observed, regardless of the fat source. Liver wt doubled in response to aflatoxin; however, only when the diet contained unsaturated fat did sterculic acid, in combination with aflatoxin, exaggerate the increase in liver wt (a reflection of the more severe liver pathology observed in these rats). In the animals fed the saturated fat diet, aflatoxin administration to animals fed the control or sterculic acid supplemented diets resulted in marked increases in plasma cholesterol levels; the unsaturated fat diets, supplemented with aflatoxin, evoked a slight increase in plasma cholesterol content which was nullified by sterculic acid supplementation.
Site-specific interaction between α-synuclein and membranes probed by NMR-observed methionine oxidation rates.

α-Synuclein (αS) is an intrinsically disordered protein that is water-soluble but also can bind negatively charged lipid membranes while adopting an α-helical conformation. Membrane affinity is inc...
When Two Isn’t Better Than One: Predictors of Early Sexual Activity in Adolescence Using a Cumulative Risk Model

This study explored factors that may be associated with early initiation of sexual activity among adolescents. Using the cumulative risk model, we hypothesized that as exposure to risk factors increases, so does the likelihood of early sexual debut. A sample of 273 (53% girls, 90% European American) adolescents was followed longitudinally from age 13 to 15. The results indicate that, for girls, increased television viewing, low self-esteem, poor parental relationships, living in a non-intact household, higher levels of externalizing behavior (ADHD symptomology), low academic achievement, and parents with low education levels were associated with earlier sexual debut. For boys, advanced pubertal development, increased television viewing, higher rates of externalizing behaviors (ADHD and ODD symptoms), and poor parental relationships were associated with earlier sexual debut. As hypothesized, predictive power increases with the accumulation of these risks; girls are 1.56 times more likely to become sexually active with an increase of only one risk and boys are 1.90 times more likely.
Protein antifouling mechanisms of PAN UF membranes incorporating PAN-g-PEO additive

The antifouling mechanism of a novel polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane incorporating the amphiphilic comb copolymer additive, polyacrylonitrile-graft-polyethylene oxide (PAN-g-PEO), has been investigated using a laboratory-scale cross-flow test unit and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In fouling tests with a bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution, PAN UF membranes incorporating 20% PAN-g-PEO possessed excellent antifouling characteristics, whereas a commercial PAN UF membrane showed severe pore blocking that followed with surface cake formation. The PAN-g-PEO/PAN blend membranes also exhibited fouling reversibility and constant BSA retention, which indicate their ability to separate macromolecules without altering the molecular weight cut-off. An AFM analysis with a model carboxylated colloid-probe measured no adhesion force with the blend membrane, while the commercial PAN membrane exhibited strong adhesion to the probe, consistent with the fouling properties of the membranes. The antifouling character of the blend membrane is attributed to the surface segregation and local orientation of PAN-g-PEO molecules at the membrane surface and pore walls during membrane casting, creating a dense PEO brush layer that provides a steric barrier to protein adsorption.
Overview of NASA research in fiber optics for aircraft controls

The challenge of those involved in aircraft control system hardware development is to accommodate an ever-increasing complexity in aircraft control, while limiting the size and weight of the components and improving system reliability. A technology that displays promise towards this end is fiber optics. The primary advantages of employing optical fibers, passive optical sensors and optically controlled actuators are weight/volume reduction, immunity from electromagnetic effects, high bandwidth capabilities and freedom from short circuits/sparking contacts. Since 1975, NASA Lewis has been performing in-house, contract and grant research in fiber optic sensors, high temperature electro-optic switches and fly-by-light control system architecture. Passive optical sensor development is an essential yet challenging area of work and has therefore received much attention during this period. A major effort to develop fly-by-light control system technology, known as the Fiber Optic Control System Integration (FOCSI) program, was initiated in 1985 as a cooperative effort between NASA and DOD. Phase 1 of FOCSI, completed in 1986, was aimed at the design of a fiber optic integrated propulsion/flight control system. Phase 2 will provide subcomponent and system development and system testing. In addition to a summary of the benefits of fiber optics, the FOCSI program, sensor advances, and future directions in the NASA Lewis program are discussed.
Polypoid Histiocytoma (Fibroxanthoma) of the Stomach Mimicking Signet Ring Adenocarcinoma by Endoscopic Evaluation

A 3 cm polyp of the gastric greater curvature formed by a histiocytoma (fibroxanthoma) was discovered in a 62-year-old, diabetic, chronically-ill woman undergoing evalua tion for anemia. The histology of the endoscopic biopsy of this lesion mimicked a signet ring adenocarcinoma as the mucosa was infiltrated by histiocytic cells with enlarged, atypical nuclei and intracytoplasmic mucin. The patient died without clinical evidence of recurrence from staphylococcal septicemia 8 months following subtotal proximal gastrectomy. While the pathologic findings fell into the spectrum of an in flammatory fibroid polyp or histiocytoma (inflammatory pseudotumor, plasma cell granuloma) of the stomach, the predominance of foamy histiocytes was distinctive. In addition, histiocytic cells were present in the enlarged perigastric lymph nodes, the spleen, and the bone marrow. The histogenesis of this gastric polyp is obscure and not the focus of this report. This polyp mimicked an adenocarcinoma by endoscopic evaluation both...
Perspectives on International Standards for Health-Related Sampling of Airborne Contaminants

Abstract This article describes some of the broad issues that need to be considered in the setting and implementation of standards for airborne contaminants, both aerosol and gases. It goes on to discuss some international perspectives and, finally, touches on some specific problems in relation to aerosol standards. Vincent, J.H.: Perspectives on International Standards for Health-Related Sampling of Airborne Contaminants. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 8(4):233-238; 1993.
A state hospital's humanistic approach to low employee morale

This presentation addresses the problem of low morale of employees in psychiatric delivery services. The article describes an action research project that investigates the low morale of employees at the Osawatomie State Hospital, a state facility for psychiatric disabled citizens in eastern Kansas. Action research goes beyond the cognition causes identified by behavioral methods of many organizational investigations of morale. In this study, data was collected from individual in-depth interviews with a random sample of hospital employees. The employees were encouraged to discuss their reactions toward the negative morale factors that had been identified from an earlier employee morale survey. The outcome of this action research project resulted in organizational changes that provided hospital administrators with a proactive, rather than a reactive approach to employees' concerns.
Parameters of marriage in older adults: A review of the literature

Abstract Three parameters of marriage and their effects on the marital relationship in older adults are reviewed. Studies evaluating the impact of retirement on the marital relationship indicate that the retirement transition is a “generally positive” experience for older adults who are in good health, have an adequate income, and a history of marital compatibility. Maintenance of this positive transition into retirement seems to be dependent on a balance between temporal structuring, purposive activity, and a continuance of social contacts. Investigations of the impact of illness on the marital relationship indicate that the emotional or physical illness of either spouse can cause disequilibrium in the relationship. Decrements in the health of either spouse yield an adverse effect on marital quality. Additionally, the impact is greater on perceptions of marital happiness for the healthy partner than for the partner who is ill. Studies examining the impact of sexual dysfunction on the marital relationship are lacking. Scarcity of work in this area appears to be due, in part, to prevailing cultural myths that older adults are physically incapable of sex, have no sexual desire, and are physically unattractive. Yet, a few empirical efforts indicate that sexual relations are not only common among elderly persons, but that, particularly in the marital relationship, sexuality becomes an important source of gratification in a world where gratification of any sort is diminishing.