cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Andon Type Transfer Production Lines: A Quantitative Approach

In this paper, analytical models to study the performance of Andon type transfer production lines are presented. In addition to provide the calculation formulas to evaluate the good job production rates, we show that when repair time is short, introducing Andon to stop the line and solve the problems (or defects) is a better way to achieve high throughput of good quality jobs.
Visuospatial dysfunction following unilateral brain damage: Dissociations in hierarchical and hemispatial analysis

Unlike the aphasias, visuospatial dysfunction has resisted fractionation into meaningful spared and impaired component functions. In this study, we show that unilateral brain damage results in pronounced dissociations in both hierarchical and hemispatial processing. Patients with left-hemisphere damage showed the greatest impairment in drawing forms at the lower level of hierarchical stimuli presented in right hemispace, whereas patients with right-hemisphere compromise displayed the opposite pattern. We discuss implications of these results for research in visuospatial function and clinical assessment of visuospatial dysfunction.
Mechanisms of Functional Hypoconnectivity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Mecp2 Null Mice

Frontal cortical dysfunction is thought to contribute to cognitive and behavioral features of autism spectrum disorders; however, underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study sought to define how loss of Mecp2, the gene mutated in Rett syndrome (RTT), disrupts function in the murine medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using acute brain slices and behavioral testing. Compared with wildtype, pyramidal neurons in the Mecp2 null mPFC exhibit significant reductions in excitatory postsynaptic currents, the duration of excitatory UP-states, evoked population activity, and the ratio of NMDA:AMPA currents, as well as an increase in the relative fraction of NR2B currents. These functional changes are associated with reductions in the density of excitatory dendritic spines, the ratio of vesicular glutamate to GABA transporters and GluN1 expression. In contrast to recent reports on circuit defects in other brain regions, we observed no effect of Mecp2 loss on inhibitory synaptic currents or expression of the inhibitory marker parvalbumin. Consistent with mPFC hypofunction, Mecp2 nulls exhibit respiratory dysregulation in response to behavioral arousal. Our data highlight functional hypoconnectivity in the mPFC as a potential substrate for behavioral disruption in RTT and other disorders associated with reduced expression of Mecp2 in frontal cortical regions.
Bias temperature instability in silicon carbide

Low mobility and oxide instability have hindered SiC MOSFETs from commercial introduction. A potential reliability problem for such MOS devices is bias-temperature instability (BTI). BTI, especially negative bias-temperature instability (NBTI) — an increase in the absolute V T and D it , a degradation of μ eff , I D , and g m — is a major reliability problem in Si p-MOSFETs. MOSFET mobility, already low in SiC devices, is further degraded by increased interface trap density. With continued SiC technology development, it is only a question of time until BTI reliability concerns arise. BTI in SiC is especially important as one application is at high temperatures where this effect occurs. Our initial data indicate that BTI is a problem in SiC MOS devices.
Pregnancy Following Treatment with Human Gonadotropins in Primary Unexplained Infertility

Six patients with primary unexplained infertility of 2 to 9 years duration, and who failed to conceive after repeated trials of clomiphene treatment, were treated with human gonadotropins; 3 of them became pregnant following one or two courses of treatment. Three patients failed to conceive in spite of 3 courses of human gonadotropins, 2 of them had high titers of sperm-agglutinating antibodies found in their sera, which may explain their infertility. None of the 13 treatments resulted in hyperstimulation syndrome or multiple births. This preliminary result seems encouraging but awaits further study.
Indoor Charcoal Smoke and Acute Respiratory Infections in Young Children in the Dominican Republic

The authors investigated the effect of charcoal smoke exposure on risks of acute upper and lower respiratory infection (AURI and ALRI) among children under age 18 months in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (1991-1992). Children living in households using charcoal for cooking (exposed, n = 201) were age-matched to children living in households using propane gas (nonexposed, n = 214) and were followed for 1 year or until 2 years of age. Fuel use and new episodes of AURI and ALRI were ascertained biweekly through interviews and medical examinations. Household indoor-air concentration of respirable particulate matter (RPM) was measured in a sample of follow-up visits. Incidences of AURI and ALRI were 4.4 and 1.4 episodes/child-year, respectively. After adjustment for other risk factors, exposed children had no significant increase in risk of AURI but were 1.56 times (95% confidence interval: 1.23, 1.97) more likely to develop ALRI. RPM concentrations were higher in charcoal-using households (27.9 microg/m(3) vs. 17.6 microg/m(3)), and ALRI risk increased with RPM exposure (10-microg/m(3) increment: odds ratio = 1.17, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.34). Exposure to charcoal smoke increases the risk of ALRI in young children, an effect that is probably mediated by RPM. Reducing charcoal smoke exposure may lower the burden of ALRI among children in this population.
The role of surface and extracellular phosphatases in the phosphorus requirement of Ochromonas1

Acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (PME) activity of phosphorus-depleted Ochromonas danica could be partially but not completely repressed by exogenous inorganic phosphate (Pi). Acid and alkaline PME activities were found in the plasma membrane as well as the cytosol and acid PME was secreted in the cell’s environment. The extracellular and surface PME could provide the necessary phosphate for the growth of phosphorus-depleted algae in the presence of organic phosphates; specific organic phosphates, glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), supported growth with small inocula, other organic phosphates were inactive. G-1-P and G-6-P induced almost double the normal PME secretion, and this extra secretion is shown to be sufficient to provide for the growth of phosphorus-depleted cells inoculated in relatively small numbers.
Age, Race, Self‐Interest, and Financing Public Schools Through Referenda

Using a sample of 628 white, black, and Hispanic voters in a large urban school district, we test a series of hypotheses about voting in a school bond election. We find that there is a core of similar results across racial/ethnic groups. All three groups show strong, directly measured, self-interest effects. We also find some distinct group differences. Symbolic values played a limited role for white voters, but a stronger role for minorities. In addition, for white voters we find a substantial drop in support for the bond across age cohorts, but no such drop among black and Hispanic voters.
The virtues of assessing software reliability early

Software reliability is one of the few software quality attributes with a sound mathematical definition: the probability of a software failure's occurrence within a given period and under specific use conditions. By this definition, reliability is a strictly operational quality attribute. A reliability prediction method that integrates quality information from such sources as architectural system descriptions, use scenarios, system deployment diagrams, and module testing lets managers identify problem areas early and make any necessary organizational adjustments.
Maintenance and Loss of Duplicated Genes by Dosage Subfunctionalization

Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) have contributed to gene-repertoire enrichment in many eukaryotic lineages. However, most duplicated genes are eventually lost and it is still unclear why some duplicated genes are evolutionary successful whereas others quickly turn to pseudogenes. Here, we show that dosage constraints are major factors opposing post-WGD gene loss in several Paramecium species that share a common ancestral WGD. We propose a model where a majority of WGD-derived duplicates preserve their ancestral function and are retained to produce enough of the proteins performing this same ancestral function. Under this model, the expression level of individual duplicated genes can evolve neutrally as long as they maintain a roughly constant summed expression, and this allows random genetic drift toward uneven contributions of the two copies to total expression. Our analysis suggests that once a high level of imbalance is reached, which can require substantial lengths of time, the copy with the lowest expression level contributes a small enough fraction of the total expression that selection no longer opposes its loss. Extension of our analysis to yeast species sharing a common ancestral WGD yields similar results, suggesting that duplicated-gene retention for dosage constraints followed by divergence in expression level and eventual deterministic gene loss might be a universal feature of post-WGD evolution.
Attendance at religious services, interleukin-6, and other biological parameters of immune function in older adults

Objective:First, to examine and explain the relationship between religious service attendance and plasma Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and second, to examine the relationship between religious attendance and other immune-system regulators and inflammatory substances.Methods:During the third in-person interview (1992) of the Establishment of Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) project, Duke site, 1718 subjects age sixty-five or over had blood drawn for analysis of immune regulators and inflammatory factors, including IL-6 measurements. IL-6 was examined both as a continuous variable and at a cutoff of 5 pg/ml. Information on attendance at religious services was available from the 1992 interview and two prior interviews (1986 and 1989).Results:Religious attendance was inversely related to high IL-6 levels (> 5 pg/ml), but not to IL-6 measured as a continuous variable. Bivariate analyses revealed that high religious attendance in 1989 predicted a lower proportion of subjects with high...
Effect of long-acting and short-acting calcium antagonists on cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients.

Summary Background Short-acting calcium antagonists may increase coronary artery morbidity, mortality, and non-cardiovascular complications in hypertensive patients. We assessed whether this association was also true for long-acting calcium antagonists. Methods We did a case-control study, which was nested within a systematic hypertension control programme for a prospective cohort of 4350 people (first seen 1981–94). Cases (n=189) were hypertensive patients who had had a first cardiovascular event, including all cardiovascular deaths and hospitalisations, between 1989 and 1995. Controls (n=189) were individually matched to cases for sex, ethnic origin, age, type of previous antihypertensive treatment, year of entry into the study, and length of follow-up. We collected data on any prescribed drug regimen that was being taken on the event date for cases and on the same date for matched controls. Calcium antagonists were classified by duration of action. Findings Compared with those on β-blocker monotherapy, patients on long-acting calcium antagonists (n=136) had no increased risk of a cardiovascular event (adjusted odds ratio 0·76 [95% CI 0·41–1·43]), whereas patients on shortacting calcium antagonists (n=27) were at significantly greater risk (adjusted odds ratio 3·88 [1·15–13·11], p=0·029). Among 38 matched pairs who were both on calcium antagonists, the adjusted risk ratio for short-acting versus long-acting was 8·56 (1·88–38·97), p Interpretation Long-acting and short-acting calcium antagonists differ in cardiovascular outcomes. Consistent with earlier findings, the use of short-acting calcium antagonists was associated with increased risk of a cardiovascular event. This finding highlights the need to complete on-going clinical trials so that the relative cardiovascular impact of various antihypertensive agents can be assessed.
Methodology for Deriving Clear-Sky Erythemal Calibration Factors for UV Broadband Radiometers of the U.S. Central UV Calibration Facility

Abstract In the United States, there are several federal agencies interested in the effects of UV radiation, which has resulted in the establishment of UV monitoring programs each with their own instrumentation and sites designed to address their specific needs. In 1993, participating agencies of the U.S. Global Change Research Program organized a UV Panel for coordinating the different agencies’ programs in order to ensure that UV data are intercalibrated, have common quality assurance and control procedures, and that the efforts among agencies are not duplicated. In order to achieve these goals, in 1994 the UV Panel recommended formation of the U.S. Central UV Calibration Facility (CUCF), which is operated by the Surface Radiation and Research Branch of the Air Resources Laboratory of National and Oceanic Atmospheric Administration. The CUCF is responsible for characterizing and calibrating UV measuring instruments from several U.S. federal agencies. Part of this effort is to calibrate UVB broadband rad...
Ethanol Injection of Prostate

Ethanol injection for chemoablation of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia is a concept first described in the early 1900s and one that garnered considerable excitement in the last 15 years. Dehydrated ethanol delivered via transperineal, transurethral, or transrectal approaches can have severe pathologic effects on prostate tissue and serves to atrophy the gland. However, injections result in highly uneven lesions and extraprostatic leakage can have devastating consequences. Studies initially showed promising results, but variable outcomes and lack of standard techniques have hindered the widespread adoption of ethanol ablation. Common adverse effects included dysuria, urinary retention, and hematuria, and rare cases of bladder necrosis have been reported. In this chapter, we will review the techniques and evidence for this approach.
Using a Person-Oriented Approach in Nursing Research

The purpose of this article was to provide an overview of the person-oriented approach, describe empirical examples of its use, and discuss how the approach may be used in nursing research. The person-oriented approach consists of theoretical and methodological components and provides a way to explore the heterogeneity of populations related to phenomena of interest. For analytic purposes, the person-oriented approach views the person as a holistic unit rather than a sum of his or her characteristics, and thus, it provides an alternative or complementary approach to the more traditional, variable-oriented approaches most commonly used to study health phenomena. Although the person-oriented approach has not been used extensively in nursing research, it offers promise for nursing scholars who study complex problems within heterogeneous populations and who seek to develop targeted interventions to more effectively promote desired health outcomes.
The microflora of frozen passionfruit nectar base.

Abstract A considerable and varied microflora is introduced into passionfruit nectar base under present methods of production. In spite of the great acidity of the nectar base (pH range: 2.8 to 3.2), the high sucrose concentration (approximately 50%), and storage at -20 C, remnants of the microflora persist for a year or longer. During storage, however, there is a steady and gradual decrease, until after about 18 months the microflora is near to extinction. Sample regression lines show straight-line slopes for this diminution in numbers. A battery of nine media was used to grow a representative aerobic flora. Purified cultures of isolates were identified to genera. Yeasts were the most numerous organisms in all samples, followed by molds, bacteria, and streptomycetes. The bacteria were the first group to disappear during storage. No fecal streptococci or gram-negative bacilli were found in any samples.
Using electron microscopy to study plant pathogenic fungi

(1991). Using Electron Microscopy to Study Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Mycologia: Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 1-19.
The effects of selected barbituric acid analogues on glycemic responses in mice.

SummaryStructure-activity relationship studies on the BA molecule were conducted utilizing glycemic responses in mice. Substitutions on the ureido group decreased both the hyperglycemic response and glucose intolerance which BA normally elicits. These results indicate that the unsubstituted ureido moiety is required for the molecule to exert its effects on these parameters of carbohydrate metabolism.
Gyrodon lividus in California

Gyrodon lividus (Bull. ex Fr.) Sacc. (Agaricales, Boletaceae) is a rather widely distributed bolete occurring throughout most of Europe (1) including the British Isles (4) and was recently found in Japan (Hongo, pers. comm.). To the best of our knowledge, however, this species has never been reported from the United States or from the North American continent. This fungus was recently discovered in southern California where it was apparently mycorrhizally associated with alder (Alnus rhombifolia Nutt). Three species of Gyrodon Opat. have been reported from North America, two of which, G. merulioides (Schw.) Singer and G. proximus Singer, occur in the United States (2). These two species, considered by some to belong to the genus Boletinellus Murr., are not likely to be confused with G. lividus because they have much darker pilei, large, often lamelloid pores, and considerably larger spores. In addition, neither has been found associated with alders. Both species have been reported only from the eastern portion of the United States. The third species, G. monticola Singer (3), is, as far as we can determine, known only from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, on the North American continent. For purposes of comparison a detailed description of the California material is given below. Gyrodon lividus (Bull. ex Fr.) Sacc, Sylloge Fungorum 6: 52. 1888. Fig. 1. Pileus 3-9 cm broad, convex to plano-convex to occasionally shallow and broadly depressed on the disc and somewhat arched on the margin; margin incurved, usually becoming decurved with age, entire and typically glabrous; surface when young slightly viscid to viscid, becoming dry with age or remaining only slightly viscid or "tacky," fibrillose to obscurely so, unchanging or appearing glabrous or subtomentose with age, reddish brown to straw to buffor pale brown, often appearing darker brown with age, typically becoming dull, dingy reddish brown after bruising (15-30 min); context up to 5 mm thick, pale lemon yellow, bruising weakly to blue when exposed; taste and odor not distinctive. Tubes very short, 2-3 mm long, strongly decurrent, more or less radially arranged, yellow; pores yellow, becoming discolored to dingy reddish brown after bruising, large, often radially elongate, no bluish discoloration after bruising. Stipe 3-7 cm long, 7-15 mm broad at the apex, equal or tapering toward the base; surface dry, glabrous to somewhat innately fibrillose or interwoven, no evidence of an annulus, dark reddish brown, darker at the base; tough, solid; context yellow except rust colored at the base. Spores brown in KOH, subellipsoid to subovoid, not dextrinoid or amyloid, walls smooth, relatively thick, apiculus slightly eccentric, 5.5-7 x 3.8-5.7 jiim; basidia 1-4-spored, often appearing highly atypical with the sterigmata varying
Adventures in China Research

(1981). Adventures in China Research. Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 7-14.
A Hint and The Incapacity

A HINT & THE INCAPACITY By Jake Anthony Reller, MFA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2016 Major Director: Javier Tapia, Associate Professor, Painting and Printmaking My paintings are a mediated autobiography focusing on fragmented, cropped or collaged elements derived from photographic sources. Banal scenes based on my experience growing up in rural Washington state are charged with multivalent interpretations via close ups, veiling and intentional obfuscation. Through these means, altered color and expressionistic paint handling, they subtly point outside of their beginnings as the photographic and personal and into a dialogue with historical and social sites such as punk music, abstract expressionism and existential literature.
Textual Infatuation, True Infatuation

In order to really know a literary text, or a loved person, one must risk a sustained raptnesss of attention that transgresses the boundaries of the moderate and seemly, of common sense. This chapter’s principal aims, therefore, are twofold. The first is to rethink and rehabilitate two forms of intensive scrutiny that regularly draw skepticism and even scorn: what is called “overreading” in literary criticism, and what is termed “infatuation” in romantic and affectional life. In both spheres, I argue, a particular kind of attention, even hyperattentiveness, enables forms of knowing both valuable and legitimate (that is, objective). The sec- ond, related aim is to question traditional allegiance to the concepts of wholeness, unity, and generality in literary criticism — not in order to reject them, but to liberate the minute attention to parts that is inhibited by what Adorno calls “this passing-on and being unable to linger, this tacit assent to the primacy of the general over the particular.”11 explore and advocate a conscious, New Formalist fetishizing of parts — of textual elements — to a point at which the whole they constitute recedes almost to vanishing, or is bracketed almost to the point of annihilation. Such an effort does not represent an ultimate denigration of textual or other artistic wholes, but it enables a realization of individual elements that would otherwise be impossible — a realization that can redeem both the charge of critical overreading and that of romantic infatuation.
Tumor-Derived CCL2 Mediates Resistance to Radiotherapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Purpose: Local tumor growth is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in nearly 30% of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Radiotherapy is commonly used for local disease control in PDAC, but its efficacy is limited. We studied the impact of selectively intervening on radiotherapy-induced inflammation as an approach to overcome resistance to radiotherapy in PDAC. Experimental Design: PDAC cell lines derived from primary pancreatic tumors arising spontaneously in KrasLSL-G12D/+;Trp53LSL-R172H/+;Pdx-1 Cre mice were implanted into syngeneic mice and tumors were focally irradiated using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP). We determined the impact of depleting T cells and Ly6C+ monocytes as well as inhibiting the chemokine CCL2 on radiotherapy efficacy. Tumors were analyzed by flow cytometry and IHC to detect changes in leukocyte infiltration, tumor viability, and vascularity. Assays were performed on tumor tissues to detect cytokines and gene expression. Results: Ablative radiotherapy alone had minimal impact on PDAC growth but led to a significant increase in CCL2 production by tumor cells and recruitment of Ly6C+CCR2+ monocytes. A neutralizing anti-CCL2 antibody selectively inhibited radiotherapy-dependent recruitment of monocytes/macrophages and delayed tumor growth but only in combination with radiotherapy (P Conclusions: PDAC responds to radiotherapy by producing CCL2, which recruits Ly6C+CCR2+ monocytes to support tumor proliferation and neovascularization after radiotherapy. Disrupting the CCL2–CCR2 axis in combination with radiotherapy holds promise for improving radiotherapy efficacy in PDAC. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 137–48. ©2016 AACR.
The emotional aftermath of incivility: anger, guilt, and the role of organizational commitment

Past research has demonstrated that everyday disrespect on the job (i.e., incivility) is a stressor that undermines personal and professional wellbeing. However, it remains unclear how incivility interferes with target wellbeing, and for whom. To shed light on this process, we investigate how emotio
Outcomes of sentinel lymph node-positive breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy without axillary therapy.

53 Background: Early-stage breast cancer patients with minimal axillary disease identified by sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) have a low rate of regional recurrence when treated with breast conserving surgery and radiation. Patients who fit criteria for the ACOSOG Z0011 trial are candidates to avoid completion axillary lymph node dissection (CLND). As the incidence of total mastectomy (TM) has increased, it has become important to characterize which TM patients with a positive SLN may not benefit from further axillary treatment, including CLND and/or radiation therapy (XRT). Methods: We utilized an institutional database to identify patients who were treated with a TM for invasive breast cancer and had a positive SLN from 1994-2010. CLND was defined as removal of 10 or more lymph nodes. Clinicopathologic factors were analyzed and the rate of regional recurrence as well as overall and disease-free survival were determined. Results: A total of 730 patients with invasive breast cancer and a positive SL...
The evolution of the Federal Reserve’s Term Auction Facility and FDIC-insured bank utilization

Abstract The Term Auction Facility (TAF) was designed by the Federal Reserve during the financial crisis to inject emergency short-term funds into banks, as a supplement to the lender of last resort discount window offerings. We describe how the Federal Reserve altered the design of the Term Auction Facility (TAF) over the course of the financial crisis and examine the utilization of this stand-alone facility. Most specifically we detail the impact of the greatly increased offering amounts in all auctions after October 2008, which resulted in the facility no longer auctioning scarcely available funds. We also document significantly different usage of the facility by FDIC-insured community and non-community banks, consistent with the notion of a two-tiered banking system in the U.S. Community banks were far less likely to use the facility than larger, non-community banks.
Platelet Dysfunction and Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Patient Treated with Empiric Piperacillin-Tazobactam in the Neurocritical Care Unit.

Background Piperacillin–tazobactam is common empiric antibiotic therapy. Hematologic laboratory test abnormalities were documented but rare in premarketing studies, and whether these alterations are of clinical significance has been studied little. Very few cases of piperacillin-induced bleeding, thrombocytopenia, or both have been reported; aberrations in platelet function have not been implicated. Case Description A 55-year old Vietnamese man with hypertension presented for treatment of an Intracranial hemorrhage. Platelet function assays (PFAs) at the time of external ventricular drain and quad-lumen bolt placement were normal, and imaging showed no hemorrhage after placement. The patient was later started on empiric piperacillin–tazobactam due to high suspicion for aspiration pneumonia. After removal of the quad-lumen bolt and external ventricular drain on separate days, both follow-up computed tomography scans showed new hematomas in the devices' tracts, with significant intraventricular hemorrhage. Repeat PFAs were abnormally prolonged, representing a distinct change from baseline. A trend toward normalization of PFAs was observed 6 hours after discontinuation of piperacillin–tazobactam with progression toward baseline thereafter. Conclusions This is unique in that the significant bleeding that occurred was attributable to platelet dysfunction rather than thrombocytopenia. This is the first reported case of intracranial (periprocedural) hemorrhage potentially related to piperacillin–tazobactam; further research into this drug's impact upon qualitative platelet function is needed.
Cissexism (Genderism or Binarism)

The chapter is added for this edition as a result of increased diversity and fluidity of trans people’s gender identity. The chapter introduces a brief history of trans people and a multiplicity of transgender identities which challenge social categorization theory. Its contribution in expanding our thinking, refining research variables to represent human beings in real life.
Nutritional Support in the Surgical Critical Care Patient

Optimal nutritional support is fundamental to modern intensive care unit (ICU) care, as critically ill patients often exhibit a catabolic stress state that is associated with significant loss of lean body mass and increased morbidity and mortality. Historically one of the main problems with providing high-quality ICU nutrition was the lack of a robust and high-quality evidence base, with very few large randomized trials conducted. However, over the past two decades, there has been an explosion of outstanding nutrition research including multiple large and multicenter randomized trials. The problem faced by the modern ICU physician now is not the lack of an evidence base, but rather the difficulty in parsing the continually increasing body of literature on this topic. In addition, despite the recent decades of experience and research, the evidence for deciding who needs support, how much and when to deliver it, the optimal route and contents, and the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms remain heavily debated. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a concise and clinically focused review of the current data for nutritional support in the ICU patient, to outline suggested practices and procedures, and to identify key differences or alterations that should be applied in select subgroups of surgical or trauma ICU patients.
Higher-Order Beliefs and the Undermining Problem for Bayesianism

Jonathan Weisberg has argued that Bayesianism’s rigid updating rules make Bayesian updating incompatible with undermining defeat. In this paper, I argue that when we attend to the higher-order beliefs we must ascribe to agents in the kinds of cases Weisberg considers, the problem he raises disappears. Once we acknowledge the importance of higher-order beliefs to the undermining story, we are led to a different understanding of how these cases arise. And on this different understanding of things, the rigid nature of Bayesianism’s updating rules is no obstacle to its accommodating undermining defeat.
Unpopular Opinions on Legal Scholarship

An ambitious symposium orchestrated by Loyola University Chicago Law Journal asked keynote speaker Judge Richard Posner, “What is the future of legal scholarship?" He replied, “None.” Even a full-throttle critique by one of the most cited legal judge-scholars does not render all of the underlying product and labor of legal academics, lawyer-writers, and law students meaningless. Rather, legal scholarship — and law schools themselves — are worth saving. In this essay, I argue that there is a vital future for legal scholarship, though we must be nimble in refining what we write and where we publish. We must re-calibrate our own valuations of proxies for merit rather than merit itself. It is possible to foster creativity and deep analysis. Why do we write at all? Whom do we hope to reach with our words, research, and thoughts? Can we balance social media and teaching with scholarly rigorous goals? Is it possible to be true to yourself and meet institutional requirements? In answering these and other questions, I provide 21 unpopular opinions on legal scholarship. You definitely don’t want to miss number 4, so download away.
How well do N95 respirators protect healthcare providers against aerosolized influenza virus

N95 respirator masks are recommended for protection against respiratory viruses. Despite passing fit-testing 10% of N95 respirator users encountered breakthroughs with exposure to influenza virus compared to full protection provided by a powered air purifying respirator. The current recommendation of N95 respirators should be evaluated for endemic and emerging scenarios.
Repurposing Nonheme Iron Hydroxylases To Enable Catalytic Nitrile Installation through an Azido Group Assistance.

Three mononuclear nonheme iron and 2-oxoglutarate dependent enzymes, l-Ile 4-hydroxylase, l-Leu 5-hydroxylase and polyoxin dihydroxylase, are previously reported to catalyze the hydroxylation of l-...
Endoscopic Lesion Recognition and Advanced Imaging Modalities

Lesion recognition and characterization is one of the most important tasks during endoscopic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has been facilitated in the last few decades by the explosive growth of optical, cross-sectional, and molecular methods. Several advanced imaging modalities (AIMs) have been studied extensively to achieve the following goals: improve detection of neoplastic lesions, predict histology, and guide endoscopic therapies. In this chapter, we will review the basic principles of advanced imaging modalities and their applicability in Barrett’s esophagus (BE), gastric and duodenal cancer, colon polyps, and inflammatory bowel disease. Additional aims include providing guidance regarding optimal utilization of these modalities in clinical practice, as well as training and competency based on published guidelines and quality indicators in endoscopy.
Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis: Doppler Findings

To review the echo-Doppler findings in effusive-constrictive pericarditis (ECP). ECP corresponds to the coexistence of a hemodynamically significant pericardial effusion and markedly reduced compliance of the pericardium, manifested by constrictive physiology post-pericardiocentesis. We summarize herein the recent observations regarding the prevalence of ECP based on echocardiography as well as the pre- and post-pericardiocentesis echo-Doppler features of ECP. ECP diagnosed by echocardiography was seen in approximately 15% of patients with ECP pre- and post-pericardiocentesis echo-Doppler findings sharing features with both cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis. ECP post-pericardiocentesis is common but its natural history in the current era might be better than previously reported. Further studies and (particularly simultaneous echocardiography-cardiac catheterization) are still critically needed to better understand the underlying hemodynamics of ECP. Moreover, it remains to be determined whether pre- and post-pericardiocentesis echo-Doppler findings can be used to prognosticate or to guide therapy of those undergoing pericardiocentesis.
Potential influences of forest mesophication on corticolous arthropods as a food base for insectivores in eastern deciduous forests

Abstract Decreased disturbance has allowed plant communities in some landscapes to transition from early- and mid-successional communities to later successional communities. In eastern deciduous forests, this process has been termed mesophication because of the transition from a xeric to a more mesic environment. Mesophytic trees tend to produce foliage that is less palatable than xerophytic trees, supporting fewer arthropods that provide an important food source for higher trophic organisms such as insectivorous birds and mammals. An additional characteristic that differs between xerophytic and mesophytic trees is bark texture. Xerophytic tree species tend to produce more deeply furrowed bark that protects trees from overheating. To better understand the potential impact of continued mesophication of eastern deciduous forest on forest dwelling insectivores, we tested the hypothesis xerophytic trees support a greater abundance, biomass, diversity, and richness of arthropods in the Shawnee National Forest of southern Illinois. More specifically, we tested the prediction we would catch a greater number and more diverse community of arthropods on the trunks of white oak (Quercus alba) and pignut hickory (Carya glabra) trees than on the trunks of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) trees, with tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), a species with an intermediate level of bark roughness and found in both mesic and xeric conditions having an intermediate number of arthropods. Consistent with our prediction, we found the model that included tree species to be most parsimonious when describing variation in arthropod diversity, total arthropod length (as a surrogate for biomass), and arthropod abundance, but not arthropod richness. Differences in arthropod abundance and total length among tree species were driven by the greater total length and abundance of arthropods found on pignut hickory, while the difference in arthropod diversity among tree species was driven by lower Shannon diversity observed on pignut hickory. These results suggest that continued mesophication of eastern deciduous forests may be detrimental to branch and trunk gleaning insectivores, primarily due to the loss of pignut hickory in the forest community. Because both oak and hickory trees support more abundant and diverse foliage dwelling arthropod communities than more mesophytic species, because at least some species of hickory trees support greater total length and abundance of arthropods on their trunk bark, and because species of both genera are most frequently found in more xeric conditions, we recommend forest managers implement management activities that reset succession and maintain a more xerophytic tree community.
Out-of-clinic measurement of sweat chloride using a wearable sensor during low-intensity exercise.

Wearable sensors have the potential to enable measurement of sweat chloride outside the clinic. Here we assess the feasibility of mild exercise as an alternative to pilocarpine iontophoresis for sweat generation. The results from this proof-of-concept study suggest that mild exercise could be a feasible approach to obtain reliable measurements of sweat chloride concentration within 20–30 min using a wearable sensor.
A MACROECONOMIC STUDY ON THE FUTURE OF GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE1

This paper presents an advanced computer-aided global macro-economic modelling on the interdependent world economy. The model divides the world into 62 countries/regions; it has 12,700 equations and 25,000 software steps. Special attention has been given to envisage the future of global interdependence where each national economy is incorporated into an integral part of the world economy through international economic linkages. Based on alternative simulations, the model shows future images of the interdependent world economy through changes in economic growth rates, employment, wages, prices, money supply, interest rates, public finance, trade, private capital movement, official development assistance, international balance of payment and foreign exchange rates, etc., in each country or region. It forecasts that the world economic growth in the 1980s will likely be around 2.9 percent annual rate according to the Baseline projection.
Flow battery production: Materials selection and environmental impact

Abstract Energy storage systems, such as flow batteries, are essential for integrating variable renewable energy sources into the electricity grid. While a primary goal of increased renewable energy use on the grid is to mitigate environmental impact, the production of enabling technologies like energy storage systems causes environmental impact. Thus, understanding the impact of producing energy storage systems is crucial for determining the overall environmental performance of renewable energy from a systems perspective. In this study, the environmental impact associated with the production of emerging flow battery technologies is evaluated in an effort to inform materials selection and component design decisions. The production of three commercially available flow battery technologies is evaluated and compared on the basis of eight environmental impact categories, using primary data collected from battery manufacturers on the battery production phase including raw materials extraction, materials processing, manufacturing and assembly. In the baseline scenario, production of all-iron flow batteries led to the lowest impact scores in six of the eight impact categories such as global warming potential, 73 kg CO2 eq/kWh; and cumulative energy demand, 1090 MJ/kWh. While the production of vanadium redox flow batteries led to the highest impact values for six categories including global warming potential, 184 kg CO2 eq/kWh; and cumulative energy demand, 5200 MJ/kWh. Production of zinc-bromine flow batteries had the lowest values for ozone depletion, and freshwater ecotoxicity, and the highest value for abiotic resource depletion. The analysis highlight that the relative environmental impact of producing the three flow battery technologies varies with different system designs and materials selection choices. For example, harmonization of the battery system boundary led to freshwater eutrophication and freshwater ecotoxicity values for vanadium redox flow batteries lower than the values for zinc-bromine flow batteries. Regarding alternative material use strategies, we conclude that vanadium redox flow batteries exhibit the lowest potential in four of the eight impact categories including global warming potential at 61 kg CO2 eq/kWh. In zinc-bromine flow batteries, the titanium-based bipolar plate contributes higher environmental impact compared to carbon-based materials, and the polymer resins used in all-iron flow batteries could be replaced with material with lower potential for ecotoxicity. Overall, the analysis reveals the sources of potential environmental impact, due to the production of flow battery materials, components and systems. The findings from this study are urgently needed before these batteries become widely deployed in the renewable energy sector. Furthermore, our results indicate that materials options change the relative environmental impact of producing the three flow batteries and provide the potential to significantly reduce the environmental impact associated with flow battery production and deployment.
Efficient GPU Memory Management for Nonlinear DNNs

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely applied in the field of artificial intelligence, e.g., natural language processing, computer vision, etc. Researchers and industry practitioners typically use GPU to train complex hundred-layers deep networks. However, as the networks going wider and deeper, the limited GPU memory becomes a significant bottleneck, restricting the size of networks to be trained. In the training of DNNs, the intermediate layer outputs are the major contributors to the memory footprint. Offloading and prefetching feature maps is one of the crucial techniques to overcome the GPU memory shortage by utilizing the CPU DRAM as an external buffer for the GPU. However, we find that the layer-by-layer asynchronous approach cannot be effectively applied to the overlap between communication and computation, particularly for nonlinear networks. Furthermore, the default memory management policy could cause high GPU memory fragmentation for the networks with complex nonlinearities. Based on these observations, we adopt an efficient graph analysis and exploit the layered dependency structures to improve the overlap ratio. To achieve minimal memory fragmentation, we design a Group Tensors By Mobility (GTBM) placement policy to allocate tensors on the proposed unified memory pool for data structures with varied data sizes and dynamic dependencies. We implement and evaluate our system, Dymem, on several linear and nonlinear networks. Compared with vDNN and SuperNeurons, our proposed approach can achieve memory cost reduction by up to 31%. The dependency-aware strategy can improve the end-to-end throughput for nonlinear networks by up to 42%.
Differential Transcript Profiles in Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes Originating from Pre-Ovulatory Follicles of Varied Physiological Maturity in Beef Cows.

Small dominant follicle diameter at induced ovulation, but not at spontaneous ovulation, decreased pregnancy rate, fertilization rate, and day seven embryo quality in beef cows. We hypothesized that the physiological status of the follicle at GnRH-induced ovulation has a direct effect on the transcriptome of the Cumulus-Oocyte complex, thereby affecting oocyte competence and subsequent embryo development. The objective of this study was to determine if the transcriptome of oocytes and associated cumulus cells (CC) differed among small (≤11.7 mm) and large follicles (≥12.7 mm) exposed to a GnRH-induced gonadotropin surge and follicles (11.7–14.0 mm) exposed to an endogenous gonadotropin surge (spontaneous follicles). RNA sequencing data, from pools of four oocytes or their corresponding CC, revealed 69, 94, and 83 differentially expressed gene transcripts (DEG) among oocyte pools from small versus large, small versus spontaneous, and large versus spontaneous follicle classifications, respectively. An additional 128, 98, and 80 DEG were identified among small versus large, small versus spontaneous, and large versus spontaneous follicle CC pools, respectively. The biological pathway “oxidative phosphorylation” was significantly enriched with DEG from small versus spontaneous follicle oocyte pools (FDR < 0.01); whereas the glycolytic pathway was significantly enriched with DEG from CC pools obtained from large versus small follicles (FDR < 0.01). These findings collectively suggest that altered carbohydrate metabolism within the Cumulus-Oocyte complex likely contributes to the decreased competency of oocytes from small pre-ovulatory follicles exposed to an exogenous GnRH-induced gonadotropin surge.
Posterior expression of a homeobox gene in early Xenopus embryos

The homeobox containing transcript Xhox-36 is expressed exclusively in the posterior mesoderm and ectoderm of early Xenopus embryos. Therefore, the transcript shows region-specific rather than tissue-specific expression in the gastrula and neurula, a time when cells are becoming committed to defined fates. Exposure of early embryos to LiCl, which shifts posterior cells to more anterior fates, reduces the abundance of this posterior-specific transcript. In contrast, embryos ventralized by u.v. treatment express normal levels of the transcript, implying that expression of the gene is not absolutely linked to dorsal cell identity. The sequence of a full-length cDNA corresponding to this transcript predicts a homeodomain-containing protein of 209 amino acids.