cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of anisotropic elastoresistivity of two-dimensional extremely strongly correlated metals

There is considerable recent interest in the phenomenon of anisotropic electroresistivity of correlated metals. While some interesting work has been done on the iron-based superconducting systems, not much is known for the cuprate materials. Here we study the anisotropy of elastoresistivity for cuprates in the normal state. We present theoretical results for the effect of strain on resistivity and additionally on the optical weight and local density of states. We use the recently developed extremely strongly correlated Fermi liquid theory in two dimensions, which accounts quantitatively for the unstrained resistivities for three families of single-layer cuprates. The strained hoppings of a tight-binding model are roughly modeled analogously to strained transition metals. The strained resistivity for a two-dimensional $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}{t}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model are then obtained, using the equations developed in recent work. Our quantitative predictions for these quantities have the prospect of experimental tests in the near future, for strongly correlated materials such as the hole-doped and electron-doped high-${T}_{c}$ materials.
Hydrocarbon Molecules Separation using Nanoporous Materials

Abstract Over the past decade, investigations into industrial hydrocarbon applications have produced advancements in methane storage for alternative energy, energy-intensive olefin/paraffin separation, sequestration of heavy hydrocarbons, and removal of toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Nevertheless, separation and storage of hydrocarbons by traditional techniques, such as cryogenics, induce high operating costs which must be reduced. Efforts to address this problem have led to the investigation of more efficient and cost-effective technologies such as membrane and adsorption. In this chapter, we provide a detailed description of solid adsorbents and membrane materials and summarize their potential in hydrocarbon molecules separation applications.
The Horse Gut Microbiome Responds in a Highly Individualized Manner to Forage Lignification.

Although contributions of the equine gut microbiome to forage utilization are well recognized, the impact of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) lignification on the equine gut microbiome remains unknown; thus, we characterized microbial communities in the equine gut when feeding reduced lignin (RL) and conventional (CON) alfalfa hays to adult stock-type horses. Dietary treatments were fed to six horses in a crossover study. Experimental periods consisted of a 9-day dietary adaptation phase followed by a 5-day total fecal collection phase, during which horses were housed in individual box stalls and manure was removed on a continuous 24-hour basis. At 12-hour intervals, manure was mixed, frozen, and processed for V4, 16S rRNA amplicon MiSeq sequencing. Reduced lignin alfalfa did not shift microbiome composition equally across all horses; however, each subject's microbiome responded to hay lignin content in an individualized manner, mostly, in terms of beta diversity. Amplicon sequence variants affiliated to Akkermansia, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Treponema, and Paludibacter fluctuated significantly when RL alfalfa was fed, with abundance patterns unique to each horse. Horse-specific associations between individual gut microbiome traits and characteristics of the digested CON or RL alfalfa were also observed, mainly in regards to dry matter digestibility and mean fecal particle size. These results indicate that the horse gut microbiome responds in an individualized manner to changes in the amount of acid detergent lignin in alfalfa hay, potentially impacting several feed digestibility characteristics. The implications of these horse-specific responses to hay lignification, for metabolic health and performance, remain to be elucidated.
Retrospective metamemory monitoring of semantic memory in community-dwelling older adults with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment

In neurodegenerative conditions, better memory/cognitive awareness, indexed by greater “metamemory monitoring accuracy”, is linked to stronger cognitive remediation outcomes. Differences in metamem...
Gaussian-process based modeling and optimal control of melt-pool geometry in laser powder bed fusion

Studies have shown that melt-pool characteristics such as melt-pool size and shape are highly correlated with the formation of porosity and defects in parts built with the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Hence, optimizing process parameters to maintain a constant melt-pool size during the build process could potentially improve the build quality of the final part. This paper considers the optimal control of laser power, while keeping other process parameters fixed, to achieve a constant melt-pool size during the laser scanning of a multi-track build under L-PBF. First, Gaussian process regression (GPR) is applied to model the dynamic evolution of the melt-pool size as a function of laser power and thermal history, which are defined as the input features of the GPR model. Then a constrained finite-horizon optimal control problem is formulated, with a quadratic cost function defined to minimize the difference between the controlled melt-pool size and its reference value. A projected gradient descent algorithm is applied to compute the optimal sequence of laser power in the proposed control problem. The GPR modeling is demonstrated using simulated data sets, a mix of simulated and experimental data sets, or pure experimental data sets. Numerical verification of the control design of laser power is performed on a commercial AM software, Autodesk’s Netfabb Simulation. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed GPR modeling and model-based optimal control in regulating the melt-pool size during the scanning of multi-tracks using L-PBF.
Tectonic subsidence analysis of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains from the interior to the southern margin

Abstract Southwestern Laurentia experienced intraplate deformation during the Pennsylvanian and early Permian, an orogenic event termed the Ancestral Rocky Mountains (ARM). Deformation consisted of uplifted Precambrian-cored basement blocks separated from adjacent basins by high-angle faults. The tectonic drivers of this orogen are debated, which is likely in part due to significant changes to the chronostratigraphy of the geologic time scale since many of the models have been proposed. To better understand the orogen, we assess spatial subsidence patterns with 1-D backstripped tectonic subsidence curves from eight ARM basins across the orogen using the 2020 Geologic Time Scale for temporal calibration. These patterns indicate the following: 1) basins largely initiated in the late Morrowan—early Atokan (Bashkirian); 2) most subsidence curves suggest flexure from a fixed-load foreland basin that steadily increased until the Missourian (Kasimovian) where most basins reached peak subsidence; 3) diminished subsidence occurred in most basins in the Late Pennsylvanian and shut off across most of the orogen by the end of the Wolfcampian (Asselian—early Artinskian); and 4) basin subsidence renewed in the southern basins during the Leonardian (late Artinskian—Kungurian). The synchronous start to basin subsidence is coeval to the initiation of highly oblique convergence between the Laurentia and Panthalassan plates along the southwestern margin. Influences from the Ouachita-Marathon margin are best reflected by Late Mississippian subsidence of the Anadarko Basin and transpressional deformation in the Orogrande Basin during the Late Pennsylvanian. The decrease in early Permian subsidence is coeval to the cessation of movement on most ARM faults and burial of Precambrian-cored highlands indicating that classical ARM tectonics is mostly a Pennsylvanian event. The increase in subsidence observed during the Leonardian (late Artinskian—Kungurian) in the southern basins may reflect renewed oblique convergence along the southwestern margin.
The Riemann Integral

The Riemann integral is defined in terms of lower and upper step functions. The major theorems are concerned with characterizations of integrability, the integrability of monotone and continuous functions, the algebra of integrable functions, and the two versions of the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Nondestructive and Semidestructive Methods for Residual Stress Measurement

The effect of residual stresses on the fatigue life in metallic components has long been recognized. However, the most commonly employed methods for its measurement are destructive or at least partially so. This has led to an active interest in nondestructive methods for residual stress measurement. A review and evaluation has recently been published that describes the essence of the principles of nearly all the applied and proposed methods for nondestructive and semidestructive residual stress measurement. This review is summarized herein.
Novel solver for dynamic surfaces

Physics-based modeling integrates dynamics and geometry. The standard methods to solve the Lagrangian equations use a direct approach in the spatial domain. Though extremely powerful, it requires time consuming discrete-time integration. In this paper, we propose to use an indirect approach using the Transformation Theory. In particular, we use z-transform from the digital signal processing theory, and formulate a general, novel, unified solver that is applicable for various models and behavior. The convergence and accuracy of the solver are guaranteed if the temporal sampling period is less than the critical sampling period, which is a function of the physical properties of the model. Our solver can seamlessly handle curves, surfaces and solids, and supports a wide range of dynamic behavior. The solver does not depend on the topology of the model, and hence supports nonmanifold and arbitrary topology. Our numerical techniques are simple, easy to use, stable, and efficient. We develop an algorithm and a prototype software simulating various models and behavior. Our solver preserves physical properties such as energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum. This approach will serve as a foundation for many applications in many fields.
Scientific uses and technical implementation of a variable gravity centrifuge on Space Station Freedom

The potential need and science requirements for a centrifuge to be designed and flown on Space Station Freedom are discussed, with a focus on a design concept for a centrifuge developed at NASA Ames. Applications identified for the centrifuge include fundamental studies in which gravity is a variable under experimental control, the need to provide a 1-g control, attempts to discover the threshold value of gravitation force for psychological response, and an effort to determine the effects of intermittent hypergravity. Science requirements specify the largest possible diameter at approximately 2.5 m, gravity levels ranging from 0.01 to 2 g, a nominal ramp-up rate of 0.01 g/sec, and life support for plants and animals. Ground-based studies using rats and squirrel monkeys on small-diameter centrifuges have demonstrated that animals can adapt to centrifugation at gravity gradients higher than those normally used in ground-based hypergravity studies.
“Contacting” the Fundamentals: A New Paradigm for Pedagogy

Contact improvisation can serve as a way to access new understandings of Bartenieff Fundamentals. Inherent elements of contact improvisation such as thinking and feeling bodily in the moment, sensi...
Does Party Cue Amplification Result from Priming or Learning? How Low Information Election Campaign Communication Affects Voting Behavior

While much research shows that citizens can come to a vote choice in a low information election environment by using cues, this literature does not consider the role of campaign communication. This paper extends the theory of cues by arguing that campaign communication serves as a vehicle that delivers surface level information to voters, thereby inviting them to employ certain cognitive shortcuts – a phenomenon which termed cue amplification. Using an experiment conducted during the 2007 Pennsylvania judicial elections, the analysis tests whether exposure to Supreme Court candidates’ ads affected voting behavior, specifically looking at the predictive power of party identification in vote choice. The results show that party can become more predictive of vote choice when exposed to low information campaign communication. Additionally, when amplification of the party cue occurred, it was due to learning of a candidate’s ideology.
A search for positronium Lyman-α radiation

Abstract A search was made for positronium Lyman-α radiation from positrons stopped in liquid helium. We conclude that less than 1 in 30 000 of the positrons yields a Lyman-α photon. This represents a reduction in the upper limit for Lyman-α emission by a factor of 15.
Interprofessional Participation in a Statewide Collaborative to Recognize and Treat Hypertension in Pregnancy

Poster Presentation Objective To standardize the identification and treatment pregnant/postpartum women presenting with blood pressures ≥ 160 and/or ≥ 105 within 30 minutes of validated elevated blood pressure. Design Plan‐do‐study‐act cycles (PDSA) were used to implement the evidence‐based guidelines from the California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative (CMQCC) Preeclampsia Toolkit. Physician, pharmacy, and nursing staffs were educated on the guidelines and the acute hypertensive order set developed by the Memorial Care Women's Best Practice Team. The team actively participated in the CMQCC Preeclampsia Collaborative. Sample All pregnant/postpartum women presenting perinatal care areas with elevated blood pressures. Methods Initial elevated blood pressures are reevaluated within 15 minutes using a manual sphygmomanometer and appropriate size cuff. Physicians are contacted, the acute hypertensive order set is initiated, and labetalol or hydralazine are immediately administered. Blood pressures are reassessed every 15 to 20 minutes and medication treatment is continued until blood pressures reach values less than threshold. Upon event completion, a debrief is conducted. Implementation Strategies Perinatal nursing staff were educated on the use of a manual sphygmomanometer and choice of appropriate cuff. A self‐learning module with competency evaluation was required. Postpartum nurses were taught to administer intravenous hydralazine. Physicians were provided written communication of the new protocol and order set. The pharmacist assured that the necessary level of drugs was in stock. Rolling manual blood pressure kits with assorted cuffs and guidelines were distributed. Electronic message boards were used to continually educate staff. Debrief forms provided feedback to the implementation team to complete PDSA cycles, enhance adherence to the guidelines, and improve feedback to staff. Results The baseline data from April 2013 indicate that 14.3% of women with blood pressures meeting the criteria were treated. By June 2014, 84.2% were treated within 30 minutes and 89.5% were treated within 60 minutes. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice Understanding the potential for maternal morbidity and mortality has increased the recognition of care providers and enhanced the treatment of acute hypertension. Methodology and implementation strategies were effective in achieving the standardized identification and treatment of pregnant/postpartum women presenting with hypertension. Unanticipated challenges included providing training in the basic fundamentals of blood pressure measurement and obtaining institutional approval for intravenous hydralazine to become standard practice for postpartum nurses. Next steps in nursing practice include evaluation of hypertensive patient within one week of hospital discharge and implementation in the emergency department.
Renegotiating the land covenant

ABSTRACT Locating Marlene van Niekerk's novel, Triomf, within a tradition of female responses to the plaasroman, I explore how she uses her novel set on the verge of the 1994 elections to rethink Afrikaners’ relationship with the land. Concentrating on the gendering of relation to the land while attending to intersections of race, gender and class, I analyse her critiques of covenant ideology and mechanised concepts of nature as relations to the land that sanction domination. Invoking Aldo Leopold's concept of a land community, I argue that Van Niekerk points the way to a new land covenant that includes men, women, non-human animals and land as part of an interrelated community. Based on ideals of community, this new land covenant respects difference rather than trying to order it into a hierarchy, and thus it paves the way for a re-imagining of Afrikaner identity for a changing South Africa.
Blumer's Theory of Collective Behavior: The Development of a Non-Symbolic Interaction Explanation

The development of a transformation explanation for collective behavior is traced from LeBon's theory of crowd mind, through Park's dissertation on rational and critical discussion in publics versu...
Status of nutrition education in medical schools

Background: Numerous entreaties have been made over the past 2 decades to improve the nutrition knowledge and skills of medical students and physicians. However, most graduating medical students continue to rate their nutrition preparation as inadequate.
X-ray diffraction from microtubules.

Abstract X-ray diffraction patterns from sperm-tail microtubules indicate that subunits with a 40 to 50 A packing diameter form filaments, alternately half-staggered, parallel to the tubule axis. A 12- or a 13-stranded structure fits best with the X-ray diagram. The strongest bonding is that between units within a longitudinal filament; the weaker lateral interactions are disrupted by drying.
Breast cancer-derived M543V mutation in helix 12 of estrogen receptor α inverts response to estrogen and SERMs

We have isolated from human breast cancers several mutations in the Helix 12 component of activation function 2 (AF-2) in the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). We used a novel approach to detect changes in the hormone-binding domain of ERα, based on the evidence that antiestrogens, such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen (ZOHT) and ICI 182,780, block the function of ERα by binding and folding the AF-2 transcriptional domain in a way that inhibits its association with coactivator proteins. We have identified a Helix 12 mutation, M543V, which leads to greater ERα transcription with ZOHT and other antiestrogens (including 1,1-dichloro-2,2,3-triarylcyclopropanes, DTACs) than with 17-β estradiol (E2). We also found an independent mutation at the same position, M543I, which did not show this inverted ligand phenotype. In comparison to further Helix 12 mutations made in vitro, it appears that relative hydrophobicity of the amino acid side chains on the inner face of Helix 12 is key to maintaining the transcriptionally active, agonist conformation with bound E2. This active conformation can be induced, resulting in increased transcription, by adding excess p160 coactivator AIB1 in transcriptional assays with E2-bound receptors, while the ZOHT-bound receptors were not further activated by AIB1. Other experiments show that the cross talk between ERα and AP-1 protein from AP-1-binding sites is not dependent on Helix 12 integrity. We show that two alleles containing a proline substitution in Helix 12 that inactivate AF-2 function of ERα at EREs have little negative effect on function through AP-1 elements, supporting a prominent role for the N-terminal AF-1 of ERα in AP-1/ERα transcriptional cross talk.
Inflammation and iron deficiency in the hypoferremia of obesity.

Obesity is associated with hypoferremia, but it is unclear if this condition is caused by insufficient iron stores or diminished iron availability related to inflammation-induced iron sequestration. To examine the relationships between obesity, serum iron, measures of iron intake, iron stores and inflammation. We hypothesized that both inflammation-induced sequestration of iron and true iron deficiency were involved in the hypoferremia of obesity. Cross-sectional analysis of factors anticipated to affect serum iron. Outpatient clinic visits. Convenience sample of 234 obese and 172 non-obese adults. Relationships between serum iron, adiposity, and serum transferrin receptor, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and iron intake analyzed by analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression. Serum iron was lower (75.8±35.2 vs 86.5±34.2 g/dl, P=0.002), whereas transferrin receptor (22.6±7.1 vs 21.0±7.2 nmol/l, P=0.026), C-reactive protein (0.75±0.67 vs 0.34±0.67 mg/dl, P<0.0001) and ferritin (81.1±88.8 vs 57.6±88.7 μg/l, P=0.009) were higher in obese than non-obese subjects. Obese subjects had a higher prevalence of iron deficiency defined by serum iron (24.3%, confidence intervals (CI) 19.3–30.2 vs 15.7%, CI 11.0–21.9%, P=0.03) and transferrin receptor (26.9%, CI 21.6–33.0 vs 15.7%, CI 11.0–21.9%, P=0.0078) but not by ferritin (9.8%, CI 6.6–14.4 vs 9.3%, CI 5.7–14.7%, P=0.99). Transferrin receptor, ferritin and C-reactive protein contributed independently as predictors of serum iron. The hypoferremia of obesity appears to be explained both by true iron deficiency and by inflammatory-mediated functional iron deficiency.
An Immunological Investigation of Human Pituitary Growth Hormone

Growth hormone isolated from human pituitaries has been demonstrated to be a good antigen in the rabbit. With the rabbit antiserum to human somatotropin, it is possible to detect as little as 0.1 µg of the hormone by precipitin test. The antiserum was also capable of neutralizing the growth-promoting activity of human somatotropin.
Estimation of cell nuclei cut at the surface of tissue sections.

Abstract A simple method is described for estimating the number of nuclei in a tissue section which are cut and exposed at one of the section surfaces. These can be calculated easily when section thickness and nuclear diameter are known. The method is most usefu when percentage nuclei labelled by tritiated precursors are to be compared among various cell populations with differing nuclear diameters.
Guest Editorial/Microelectronic Systems Education

Th 15 papers in this special issue focus on microelectronic systems education. The papers were first reviewed and presented at the IEEE Microelectronics Systems Education (MSE) Conference. Authors of the top papers were invited to write an expanded version, with an emphasis on the educational component and assessment of that component, for submission to this special issue.
EFFECT OF A Ca++ CHANNEL BLOCKER ON CEREBRAL REFLOW PHENOMENON IN THE DOG

The no reflow phenomenon after cerebral ischemia has been described by Ames et al. (1968). Though this phenomena was initially thought to be due to capillary endothelial edema, there is evidence now that arterial spasm is involved (Hart and Sokoll 1978). Vasodilators are therefore suggested as Part of the regime of treatment for patients after cerebral vascular accidents (Wilins 1980). One of the effects of Ca++ channel blockers is vasodilation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of one ++ channel blocker (Verapamil) on cerebral blood flow after ischemic injury.
Manual for the Measurement of Symbiosis in Human Relationships

A manual for the measurement of the degree of symbiosis in interpersonal relationships is presented. Symbiosis is divided into six component variables: differentiation, intrusiveness, dependency, separation difficulty, disapproval of other relationships, and injunctions. The scoring system is bifurcated into two sections for the measurement of both projective test and interview data. A brief introduction presents a theoretical rationale for the manual, an explanation of its uses, and reliability and validity data.
Stimulation of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in mice by 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and 3,4-benzpyrene.

Abstract In previous reports from this laboratory it was shown that DDT or benzpyrene apparently did not stimulate hepatic drug metabolism in mice. Other investigators have recently reported that mice can respond to DDT or benzpyrene treatment by exhibiting increased levels of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. We reinvestigated the effect of DDT or benzpyrene on the strain of mice we had previously used. We found that apparent resistance of mice to hepatic microsomal enzyme induction by DDT or benzpyrene was related to the doses of the DDT or benzpyrene used, the duration of treatment with these inducers, and the short-lived duration of the induction.
Basic neurochemistry of central sensitization

Abstract Peripheral inflammation or injury can often result in enhanced transmission of sensory input through the spinal cord dorsal horn, this is termed central sensitization. This phenomenon, which results in pain responses from uninjured tissue, is a major clinical problem. Pharmacologic treatments must address neurochemical events in the spinal cord that contribute to central sensitization and resultant pain. This study reviews injury-induced glutamate receptor activation, changes in Ca2+ flux, and induction of calcium-dependent second messenger cascades occurring within central nociceptive afferent terminals and spinal nociceptive neurons in an attempt to explain and predict some of the relevant clinical pharmacology.
Mercury dynamics of a northern hardwood canopy

Abstract Atmospheric emissions have led to widespread concern over mercury (Hg) contamination in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Plant litter is an important pathway of Hg inputs to forest ecosystems. We investigated the role of the canopy in Hg accumulation, transport and deposition in an upland forest ecosystem. The total Hg content of leaf tissue increased approximately 10-fold over the growing season across all species, from 4.4 ± 2.7 to 37.3 ± 12.4 ng g−1, with estimated average linear Hg accumulation rates of 0.22, 0.23, and 0.35 ng g−1 day−1 for yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia), respectively. This linear concentration relationship suggests that the accumulation is regulated by mass transfer processes between the atmosphere and leaf tissue. Conversely, the methyl Hg content (0.17 ± 0.18 ng g−1) and accumulations were low. Concentrations of total Hg were also 42% higher in understory (∼1 m), compared to overstory (∼10 m), beech. Such disparities in leaf Hg content may result from within-canopy variation in environmental variables, a canopy Hg0(g) concentration gradient, or species-specific growth strategies. Annual Hg litterfall was 17.9 and 16.4 mg m−2 yr−1 for 2004 and 2005, respectively, representing the largest input of Hg to this forest ecosystem. Methyl Hg litter input was
The viscosity and viscoelasticity of blood in small diameter tubes.

Abstract Both steady and oscillatory flow of blood are studied in small rigid tubes having radii from 0.02 to 0.2 cm. This is done for rates of flow extending from higher values where nonlinear effects are evident down to very low values where the pressure to flow relations are linear. The data are analyzed using the parameters of Poiseuille theory for steady tube flow and of the linear, viscoelastic theory for oscillatory tube flow. In the low flow, linear region the apparent values of the steady flow viscosity and the oscillatory flow viscosity at 2 Hz are dependent upon the tube radius, this being in contraction with the assumptions of the theories. Another theoretical analysis is then made assuming that the blood in a boundary zone at the tube wall has modified viscous and viscoelastic properties. The measurements are in good agreement with this analysis. For low rates of flow, the steady flow is pluglike, the blood in the core moving as a solid. The pressure to flow relation is then controlled by the boundary zone for all tube radii. In this case of oscillatory flow, the core undergoes viscoelastic deformation and thus flow occurs in both the core and the boundary zone. For larger tubes, the boundary zone effects became insignificant. Under this condition the oscillatory pressure to flow relation may be used to obtain the viscoelasticity of the blood, free from the boundary layer artifacts which dominate the steady flow.
Source locations for impulsive electric signals seen in the night ionosphere of Venus

A mapping of the rate of occurrence of impulsive VLF noise bursts in Venus' dark low altitude ionosphere, which increases rapidly with decreasing altitude, as a function of latitude and longitude indicates enhanced occurrence rates over Atla. In a 30-sec observing period, there are impulsive signals 70 percent of the time at 160 km in the region of maximum occurrence; the occurrence rates, moreover, increase with decreasing latitude, so that the equatorial rate is of the order of 1.6 times that at 30 deg latitude. These phenomena are in keeping with lightning-generated wave sources.
Psychiatry, the law and cultural determinants of behavior.

Forensic psychiatry is always accompanied by a set of cultural attitudes. These attitudes represent an anthropology concerning the nature of man and the nature of culture, which can be recognized only on close scrutiny of the unexpressed presuppositions of the discipline. Although we consider ourselves far removed from our primitive antecedents and our primitive contemporaries, those who study cultures have demonstrated that primitive “science” is not without its empirically verifiable scientific aspects (Levi-Strauss, 1966, p. 1% 22), and that modern thought systems of our professions are not without ritual, magic, belief in incantations, and a certain amount of liturgy (RomanucciRoss, Moerman, & Tancredi, 1983, p. 347-348). What are some of the fundamental characteristics of primitive societies that might be contrasted with the complexities of our own? Such characteristics have been noted and accepted as absolute. Are they? Primitive societies appear to rest on a communalistic economic base. However, their members usually do own something in excess of their needs; their possessions include songs, myths, manufacturing processes, fishing rights, rights to the produce of trees, etc. These things are of great value, so the communal aspect of property, for example, might be misleading. Functions of leadership are traditional and communal, not usually political or secular. But politics often creeps into choice of succession, and power may often be achieved through skill or situation as well as through rank, status or age. Laws in the form we know them do not exist, but laws in the form of custom and informal sanctions are more than adequate in these population isolates. Deviance, therefore, is of much more serious consequence because of reliance on custom. The major institutions of a society are indistinguishable: religion, social structure and technology are integrated. An individual is always participating in a larger segment or social construct of the society; and if something goes wrong, all look for “error” in every part of the system: within kin groups, in forest and field, in the heavens, and in the universe of all living things through which social groups are linked in totemic relationships.
Metabolism of l-β-lysine by a Pseudomonas: Purification and properties of 3-keto-6-acetamidohexanoate cleavage enzyme

Abstract Extracts of Pseudomonas B4 grown with l -β-lysine (3,6-diaminohexanoate) as the main energy source are shown to contain a 3-keto-6-acetamidohexanoate cleavage enzyme that converts 3-keto-6-acetamidohexanoate and acetyl · CoA reversibly to 4-acetamidobutyryl · CoA and acetoacetate. The enzyme catalyzes the third step in β-lysine degradation. In unfractionated extracts cleavage enzyme activity is generally assayed spectrophotometrically by coupling the forward reaction with excess 4-acetamidobutyryl · CoA thiolesterase, derived from the same organism, and measuring the rate of CoASH formation by reaction with 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Enzyme freed of thiolesterase is conveniently assayed by using 4-acetamidobutyryl · CoA and acetoacetate as substrates and measuring acetyl · CoA formation by means of citrate synthase reaction in the presence of 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The cleavage enzyme has been purified 38-fold to a specific activity of 237 mU/mg. The stoichiometry, equilibrium constant, molecular weight, and various kinetic properties of the enzymatic reaction have been determined. The substrate specificity of the Pseudomonas enzyme differs markedly from that of the analogous 3-keto-5-aminohexanoate cleavage enzyme of Clostridium subterminale strain SB4 and is broader. In the forward reaction 3-ketohexanoate can replace 3-keto-6-acetamidohexanoate, and propionyl · CoA can replace acetyl · CoA as a substrate. In the backward reaction, 4-acetamidobutyryl · CoA can be replaced by any of several CoA thiolesters including the butyryl, valeryl, 4-propionamidobutyryl, 3-acetamidopropionyl, and β-alanyl derivatives, and acetoacetate can be replaced by 2-methylacetoacetate. The products of these reactions have been characterized. Unlike the cleavage enzyme of Clostridium subterminale strain SB4, the Pseudomonas enzyme is not stimulated by Co 2+ or Mn 2+ and is not inhibited by EDTA, 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), or p -chloromercuribenzoate. Tracer experiments indicate that carbon atoms 1 and 2 of acetoacetate are derived from carbon atoms 1 and 2 of 3-keto-6-acetamidohexanoate, and carbon atoms 3 and 4 of acetoacetate are derived from the acetyl group of acetyl · CoA. The cleavage enzyme is not formed in detectable amounts when Pseudomonas B4 is grown in a peptone-yeast extract medium.
Synthesis, structure and reactivity of FeII/III–NH3 complexes bearing a tripodal sulfonamido ligand

Complexes [MnMST(NH3)]n−3 (Mn = FeII, FeIII, GaIII) were prepared and each contains an intramolecular hydrogen bonding network involving the ammonia ligand. Deprotonation of the FeIII–NH3 complex afforded a putative [FeIIIMST(NH2)]− species whose reactivity has been explored.
In Memoriam: Walter Rotman, Antenna Pioneer

W alter Rotman, an outstanding engineer and Chief of the VVPlasma Electromagnetics Branch of the Air Force Camnbridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL) for many years, died Sunday, May 20, 2007, at the age of 84. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1922, he served in the Army Air Force Signal Corps where he worked on radar equipment from 1942 through 1945. He received the BS and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering from MIT in 1947 and 1948, respectively. While at MIT, he worked as a research assistant in the Research Laboratoiy for Electronics. He joined AFCRL in 1948, and held many supervisory positions until he retired in 1980. He then became a Staff Member at MIT Lincoln Lab, where he contributed to their antenna development program until he retired again in 1990. Walter was not only an extremely creative engineer, he was also a compassionate and deeply religious human being who was truly respected by all of his colleagues.
On the physiological disposition and possible mechanism of the antihypertensive action of debrisoquin.

Abstract After injection of debrisoquin into rats, the drug was rapidly taken up into several organs, especially the heart. The drug levels then declined rapidly in most tissues for about 4 hr, followed by a period of much slower decline. Low concentrations could be detected in several organs 16 hr after injection. By the use of radioactive debrisoquin, metabolic products of the drug could be found in the heart, liver and intestine 6 hr after drug injection, but at 16 hr, metabolic products were found only in the intestine, urine and feces. About two-thirds of the drug underwent biotransformation. Distinct adrenergic neuronal blocking action, as revealed by inhibition of the physostigmine-induced pressor response, persisted for only about 1 1 2 hr after injection of 5 mg kg of debrisoquin. This short duration of sympatholytic action in the face of prolonged antihypertensive action in man and the hypertensive rat, coupled with the finding that the low residual amounts of debrisoquin are sufficient to inhibit adrenergic neuronal monoamine oxidase (MAO), suggests that the antihypertensive action of debrisoquin and other neuronal blocking agents may lie, in part, in inhibition of neuronal MAO.
Economic and environmental impacts of interstate water transfers in the Colorado River basin

Mathematical programming models of agricultural production in the Colorado River Upper Basin were integrated with a hydrology model of the Colorado River to assess the impacts of transferring water from irrigation uses in the Upper Basin to urban users in the Lower Basin. Two types of strategies were examined and discussed with regards to the changing institutional structure allocating Western water. One strategy involved a long term lease of irrigation water on an annual basis. The other assessed a lease-option strategy by the Lower Basin to take Upper Basin water only when needed. The economic impacts measured were changes in regional income, agriculturally generated income, crop production, land use, and input expenditures. Environmental impacts considered were changes in river salinity levels and increased hydropower production resulting from increased intervening flows;Results indicated that, for an annual lease strategy, up to 400,000 acre feet (AF) of water transferred from agriculture had minimal impacts on Upper Basin land and input usage, and could potentially raise total basin income dramatically. Transferring this amount of water results in significant decreases in salinity and increases in hydropower--so significant that, according to valuations of these variables from other studies, they have possibly many times the value of the water in agriculture;Results of a lease option strategy indicated that, in the near term, it may be less expensive alternative for urban users to acquire agricultural water. However, in the longer term, its relative expense and environmental impacts are difficult to ascertain since the amount of water to be transferred is largely unknown.
Redistribution of Biosolids-Derived Total Phosphorus Applied to a Mollisol

The amount of P applied to land with biosolids is generally more than plants need when the application rate is based on the potentially available N. The subsequent accumulation of P is of environmental rather than agronomic concern, because it could lead to eutrophication of water bodies if P is carried off-site in surface runoff, subsurface drainage water, or eroded soil. In a large-scale field study with three biosolids application rates (approximately 0, 7A, and 13.0 Mg dry matter ha -1 ), we investigated the redistribution of P derived from surface-applied biosolids in soil under poplars and switchgrass. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0-5 cm and 5-25 cm), and total P was determined by colorimetry after strong acid digestion. Total P in mobile soil water samples collected by zero-tension lysimeters was determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. After 6 yr of continuous biosolids application to poplar tree (Populus sp.) plots, total P in soil increased significantly (α = 0.05) at both the 0- to 5- and 5- to 25-cm depths under poplars. Also at both depths, a linear relationship between total P in soil and the amount of P applied with biosolids (α = 0.05) was found. Under switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), total P increased significantly (α = 0.05) at only the 0- to 5-cm depth. A linear relationship between total P in soil and the amount of P applied with biosolids (α = 0.05) was found at the 0- to 5-cm depth under switchgrass but not at the 5- to 25-cm depth. The amount of P taken up annually by switchgrass was estimated to be five times more than that taken up by poplars. The amount of P leached in mobile soil solution of switchgrass plots was estimated to be twice that leached in soil solution of poplar tree plots. Phosphorus that accumulated in the upper 5 cm of the soil accounted for ≥45% or more of the total P applied with hiosolids, except for the low biosolids application rate to switchgrass plots where the value was 28%.
NCAA conference realignment and football game day attendance

Between the 2004 and 2005 football seasons, 17% of the college football programs competing in the NCAA's Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) changed conference affiliation. Football represents nearly half of the revenue generated by athletic departments competing at the FBS level and is thus critical to their financial success. The objective of this study is to estimate the impact a change in conference affiliation has on football game day attendance. The results indicate teams that changed conferences enjoyed an increase in attendance even after controlling for the increase in quality of competition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision Models for Individual Scientists Involved in Basic Research

Management science has not produced useful operational models for managers of basic research. This paper attempts to model the decision process of individual scientists. A number of models are developed and their applicability discussed, including their ability to generate insights and testable hypotheses. In order to increase the model's applicability, an alternative specification of behavior is recommended---a behavioral conceptualization of die scientist as a REMM a Resourceful, Evaluative, Maximizing Man.
Male Mating Interest Varies with Female Fecundity in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii of Kanyawara, Kibale National Park

Female chimpanzees mate promiscuously during a period of extended receptivity marked by prominent sexual swelling. Recent studies of wild chimpanzees indicate that subtle variations in swelling size could act as a reliable cue of female fertilization potential both within and between cycles (Emery and Whitten Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 54, 340–351, 2003; Deschner et al.Hormones and Behavior, 46, 204–215, 2004). Copulation rates increase during the periovulatory period and during conception cycles (Deschner et al.Hormones and Behavior, 46, 204–215, 2004; Emery Thompson American Journal of Primatology, 67, 137–158, 2005a), suggesting that males may be able to assess female fertilization potential. We asked whether facultative timing of copulation in Kanyawara chimpanzees was due to increased male mating interest or to increased female proceptivity during the most fecund days. We assessed multiple measures of male mating effort in cycles aligned relative to the day of detumescence and compared periovulatory days to other days of maximal swelling, and conception cycles to nonconception cycles. The rate and proportion of male initiative in soliciting sexual behavior increased during periods of highest fertilization potential. Males were also more likely to interrupt copulations, associate with estrous females, and compete with other males when females were most likely to conceive. Females initiated copulations more frequently during conception cycles but did not visibly shift mating behavior within cycles. Our results support the hypothesis that male chimpanzees have the ability to assess the profitability of mating attempts, a trait that may act as a counter-adaptation to female strategies to obscure paternity. We discuss potential cues and the implications for female reproductive strategies.
Tissue-Engineered Arteries Created by Directed Remodeling of Intact Arterial Segments

There is a sizable unmet demand for effective small-diameter vascular prostheses for use in coronary bypass surgery. Currently, the best replacements for occluded arteries are autologous arteries, which have a cumulative patency rate of up to 93% after 5 years [1]. In spite of recent surgical advances the use of autologous arteries, such as the internal thoracic artery, is limited by the availability of donor arteries of appropriate length and diameter. Donor veins of appropriate dimensions are more readily available and frequently used despite substantially lower patency (45% after 5 years) [1]. Many have created tissue-engineered arteries that grossly resemble native vessels, but in animal studies, their performance was inferior to that of autologous veins with about half having decreased perfusion or loss of patency within 1 month [2] whereas human saphenous vein grafts have a patency of ∼90% at early time points and 81% after 1 year [3]).Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Analytical radiative transfer modeling for coastal water quality remote sensing: inclusion of a fluorescence term

An analytical solution of the two flow irradiance equations are presented and described for exploring applications regarding the spectral response signatures of water surface reflectance due to the conversion of direct collimated light to the diffuse irradiance field by elastic and inelastic scattering and absorption processes and effects. The conversion efficiency or rate of conversion of a collimated beam is modeled and results presented in terms of model sensitivity results to describe the (1) general effects of a collimated beam due to a source function undergoing inelastic scattering, (2) model results without the collimated component and the resulting model effects on predicted sensor derived water surface reflectance. The model results indicates the important role of bottom reflectance on the returned signal in relatively shallow water where scattering and dissolved constituents are in low concentrations. In deeper water or where the constituents are at higher concentrations, the fluorescence effect on reflectance will be small, depending on the conversion rate of the collimated light to the diffuse light and collimated source intensity. The model has potential applications to near nadir viewing geometry of a water column in estuarine and coastal waters or waters overlying coral reefs. The analytical solution to the two-flow equations developed by Bostater, et al. are thus shown to have transferability to problems in fluorescence research.
The biologic bases for using hair and nail for analyses of trace elements.

Sampling of human beings for trace element content can be a complex and costly procedure. The use of hair and nails simplifies the process and it is for this reason that such samples are extensively used. The primary consideration, however, is not how easily the samples can be collected nor even how accurately trace elements can be measured in hair and nails; rather, it is what do the values mean, i.e., to what extent does the measured level reflect the concentration and/or activity of the element in other parts of the body? The structure and histogenesis of hair and nails are discussed in relation to mechanisms by which trace elements are incorporated into these tissues. Problems of contamination in vivo are also considered. A resume of current literature is presented, considering the trace elements that are appropriate for measurement in samples of human hair and nail and some of the problems involved in analysis.
Suppression of equatorial spread F by sporadic E

[1] We have examined quantitatively the influence a low-latitude, premidnight sporadic E layer might have on the daily and hourly development of equatorial spread F (ESF). In particular, we calculated changes in the flux tube–integrated Pedersen conductivity as it affects the growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, which governs the initial development of ESF. We find that the growth rate is lowered by an order of magnitude with a density of 1 × 106 cm−3 in a slab from 115 to 120 km. Since sporadic E layers observed after dusk do not regularly reach these values, they are not a likely source of the daily variability in ESF. However, even a mild enhancement in the postsunset E region could lead to a significant suppression of ESF if it also inhibits the upward plasma drift of the prereversal enhancement, a key variable in the growth rate of the equatorial spread F instability. Thus, consistent with the nature of an instability, the second-order effect (suppressed upward drift) is more important than the first-order cause (reduced F region to E region conductivity) of inhibited ESF onset.