cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of cytotoxic injury to gastric parietal cells by trypan blue exclusion test followed by hematoxylin-eosin counterstaining of fixed smears.

A modification of a trypan blue exclusion technique for detection of cyto-toxicity is described with the use of a trypan blue exclusion test followed in sequence by hematoxylin-eosin counterstaining of smears permanently fixed. This technique, as applied to the suspension of parietal cells, permits the distinction between intact, moderately damaged, and severely damaged cells, determination of their ratio to each other, and an insight into the interrelations of aggressive cells (sensitized lymphocytes) to target cells (parietal cells) in the permanently fixed gastric cells suspension.
Outcomes of Primary and Secondary Treatment of Pericardial Effusion in Patients With Malignancy

Objective To evaluate the treatment strategies for primary and secondary management of malignancy-related pericardial effusions. Patients And Methods Retrospective review of Mayo Clinic Rochester charts and external records of patients with pericardial effusion associated with malignant disease who required treatment between February 1979 and June 1998 was performed. Telephone interviews with patients, their families, or their physicians were conducted to determine the outcomes of treatment. Recurrence of pericardial effusion and survival were the main outcome measures. Results Of 1002 consecutive pericardiocenteses performed during the period under study, 341 were performed in 275 patients with confirmed malignant disease. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 190 days, unless death occurred first. Of 275 patients, recurrence of pericardial effusion or persistent drainage necessitated secondary management in 59 (43 of 118 simple pericardiocenteses, 16 of 139 pericardiocenteses with extended catheter drainage, and 0 of 18 pericardial surgery following temporizing pericardiocentesis). Recurrence was strongly and independently predicted by absence of pericardial catheter for extended drainage, large effusion size, and emergency procedures. Recurrence after secondary management occurred in 12 patients; 11 underwent successful pericardiocentesis with extended catheter drainage, and 1 had pericardial surgery. Median survival of the cohort was 135 days, and 26% survived the first year after diagnosis of pericardial effusion. Male sex, positive fluid cytology for malignant cells, lung cancer, and clinical presentation of lamponade or hemodynamic collapse were independently associated with poor survival. Conclusion Echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis with extended catheter drainage appears to be safe and effective for both primary and secondary management of pericardial effusion in patients with malignancy.
Gene polymorphisms of epidermal growth factor receptor and its downstream effector, interleukin-8, predict oxaliplatin efficacy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

Abstract Background Researchers have recently reported an association between the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway and platinum-chemotherapy sensitivity in cancer patients. The (CA) n repeat polymorphism in intron 1 of the EGFR gene has been identified and found to alter EGFR expression in vitro as well as in vivo. A higher number of these CA repeats is associated with lower EGFR levels, whereas a low number of repeats is associated with higher EGFR levels. A second key polymorphism within the EGFR pathway (HER1 R497K) is a single nucleotide change (G→A) in codon 497 of the EGFR gene, which leads to an arginine→lysine substitution in the extracellular domain of subdomain IV. Furthermore, interleukin-8 (IL-8), recently identified as an EGFR downstream effector, plays a vital role in tumor angiogenesis and progression. Three other polymorphisms, each related to the IL-8 gene, have also been identified as playing a pivotal role in the EGFR pathway: T-251A in the promoter region of the IL-8 gene, G+2607C in exon 2 of the IL-8 receptor CXCR1 gene, and C+785T in exon 11 of the IL-8 receptor CXCR2 gene. Patients and Methods In this study, we employed a 5′-end 33P-γATP–labeled polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol as well as the PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism method in order to determine the genotypes for the previously mentioned polymorphisms in 105 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Tests were conducted to establish whether these polymorphisms could predict clinical outcome to 5-flourouracil/oxaliplatin chemotherapy. Results Among all patients assessed, those possessing P = 0.019; log-rank test). Also, patients with the CXCR1 GC genotype were found to have an increased relative risk of time to tumor progression that was 1.55 (95% CI, 0.8–3.0) times that of patients with the homozygous GG genotype ( P = 0.17; log-rank test). Conclusion Overall, our data suggest that gene polymorphisms active in the EGFR pathway may be associated with the sensitivity of colorectal cancer patients to platinum-based chemotherapy.
The arts in prehistoric Greece

Part 1 Historical summary: Neolithic early Bronze Age (c. 3000-2000 B.C.) middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-1450 B.C.) - the shaft grave period on the mainland (c. 1575-1475 B.C.), the eruption of Thera, and the conquest of Crete c. 1450 B.C. later Bronze Age (c. 1450 B.C. onwards). Part 2 Pottery: Neolithic - Crete, the Cyclades, the mainland early Bronze Age (c. 3000-2000 B.C.) - Crete, the Cyclades, the mainland middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-1450 B.C.) - Crete, the Cyclades, the mainland later Bronze Age (c. 1450 B.C. onwards) coffins and bathtubs. Part 3 Painting: Crete and the Cyclades - miniature frescoes, relief frescoes the mainland technique. Part 4 Sculpture: Neolithic earlier Bonze Age (c. 3000-1700 B.C.) - Crete, the Cyclades, the mainland later Bronze Age (c. 1700-1100 B.C.) - Crete, the mainland, clay statues and figurines, bronze figurines. Part 5 Wood, shell, bone and ivory - faience - glass: wood, shell, bone, and ivory - early and middle Bronze Age (until c. 1450 B.C.) - Crete, the mainland, later Bronze Age (c. 1450 B.C. onwards) faience - early middle and Bronze Age (until c. 1450 B.C.) - the temple repositories, the Mycenae shaft graves, later Bronze Age (c. 1450 B.C. onwards) glass. Part 6 Stone vases: materials, methods of manufacture, lamps. Part 7 Metal vases: early Middle Bonze Age (until c. 1450 B.C.) later Bronze Age (c. 1450 B.C. onwards) copper and bronze vessels technique. Part 8 Arms: early and middle Bronze Age (until c. 1450 B.C.) - Crete, the mainland, the Mycenae shaft graves later Bronze Age (c. 1450 B.C. onwards). Part 9 Jewellery: Neolithic early Bronze Age (c. 3000-2000 B.C.) - Crete, the Cyclades, the mainland middle Bonze Age (c. 2000-1450 B.C.) - Crete, the Cyclades, the mainland, the Mycenae shaft graves later Bronze Age (c. 1450 B.C. onwards) technique. Part 10 Seals and gems: early Bronze Age (c. 3000-2000 B.C.) - Crete, the Cyclades, the mainland middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-1450 B.C.) - Crete, the Cyclades, the mainland later Bronze Age (c. 1450 B.C. onwards) materials and techniques. Part 11 Conclusion: the early Bronze Age koine in the Aegean the Minoan art of Crete Mycenaean art end of the Bronze Age (from c. 1200 B.C. onwards).
Peptide conformational changes induced by tryptophan-phosphocholine interactions in a micelle.

Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles are often used to mimic the membrane- or receptor-bound states of peptides in NMR studies. From the present examination of a 26-residue analog of exendin-4 (TrEX4) by NMR and CD in water, aqueous 30% trifluoroethanol (TFE), and bound to both SDS and DPC micelles, it is clear that these two lipid micelles can yield very different peptide structures. The Trp-cage fold (also observed in 30% TFE) is present when TrEX4 is bound to SDS micelles; however, tertiary structure is absent in the presence of DPC micelles. The loss of tertiary structure is attributed to an energetically favorable interaction (estimated as 2-3 kcal/mol) of the tryptophan side chain with the phosphocholine head groups. These dramatic structural differences suggest that care must be taken when using either SDS or DPC to mimic the membrane- or receptor-bound states.
Serotonin 1A receptor messenger RNA regulation in the hippocampus after acute stress.

Abstract Background: When rats are subjected to chronic stress for 2 weeks, a significant decrease in hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) 1A messenger RNA (mRNA) is observed. We wanted to investigate whether stress, administered for shorter periods of time, would result in decreases in 5-HT 1A gene expression in hippocampus. Methods: In one experiment, rats were either stressed daily for 1 week or implanted with two corticosterone pellets to produce elevated corticosterone levels. In another experiment, rats were subjected to a severe acute stressor and sacrificed 1 day or 1 week after the stressor. Results: We found that 24 hours after the acute stress, rats showed a significant decrease in 5-HT 1A mRNA levels in CA1 and the dentate gyrus compared to controls. No significant changes in 5-HT 1A mRNA levels were detected in any of the other groups. Conclusions: Although 1 week of chronic stress is not sufficient to cause significant decreases in hippocampal 5-HT 1A mRNA levels, a severe and prolonged acute stress is capable of down-regulating, at least transiently, 5-HT 1A mRNA gene expression in hippocampus.
Analyzing individual status and change with hierarchical linear models: Illustration with depression in college students.

A recently developed class of multilevel or hierarchical linear models (HLM) provides an intuitive and efficient way to estimate individual growth or change curves. The approach also models the between-subjects variation of the individual change curves with treatment factors and individual attributes. Unlike other repeated measures analysis methods common in the behavioral sciences, HLM allows the fit of data with unequal numbers of repeated observations for each subject, variable timing of observations, and missing data, features which are often characteristic of data from field studies. The application of HLM for the analysis of repeated psychological measures is discussed and illustrated here with depression data for college students. Strengths and limitations of the approach are discussed.
Characterization of the peptide-bound flavin of a bacterial sarcosine dehydrogenase

Abstract As in the case of the succinate and sarcosine dehydrogenases of liver mitochondria, the flavin prosthetic group of the bacterial sarcosine dehydrogenase can be released from the enzyme by proteolytic digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin. The flavin, isolated in the dinucleotide form and covalently bound to a peptide fragment, is converted to the mononucleotide and purified by sequential chromatography on Sephadex G-25, DEAE-Sephadex A-25, followed by preparative paper chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis. The absorption maxima of the purified flavin at pH 7 are found at 268, 350, and 447 nm, with 268:447 nm and 350:447 nm ratios of 3.08 and 0.79, respectively. The fluorescence excitation and emission maxima, 450 and 530 nm, respectively, are similar to those of flavin mononucleotide. The fluorescence of the flavin-peptide is maximal at pH 3.0–3.1. Amino acid analysis of the flavin-peptide (riboflavin form) gave the following molar ratios of amino acids to flavin: Lys(1), Asp(2), Thr(1), Ser(1), Glu(1), Gly(1), and Ala(1). Aspartic acid was the N-terminal amino acid. Upon more extensive hydrolysis, histidine was obtained in 71–84% yields. Employing aminopeptidase M, the partial sequence of amino acids in the flavin-peptide was determined to be as follows: Flavin -Asp-Lys-Ser-Glu-Gly-His-(Asp,Ala,Thr)-Evidence is presented that the isoalloxazine ring is linked covalently via its 8 α-methyl group to N-3 of histidine.
Motor speed modulation of air conditioning and heat pump systems

Resume The overall potential for variable speed air conditioning and heat pumps is discussed along with some specific information on various major components of the electric drive systems. Results of a system simulation are first presented. This shows the output and energy consumption advantages of the variable speed system and develops some alternatives for size, fan speed, and efficiency. There follows the summary of a paper which presented the general design characteristics and requirements of two speed single phase and three phase hermetic motors, that are presently being used. The third paper's discussion shows results found in the operation of an air conditioning system with a specific variable frequency inverter development system. The final summary considers the characteristic of various types of variable speed fan motors that are generally available to the air conditioner manufacturer.
Hodgkin's disease presenting with a bronchoesophageal fistula

Bronchoesophageal fistula is a rare complication of Hodgkin's disease. We report a case of Hodgkin's disease presenting with a bronchoesophageal fistula that was successfully treated with bipolar esophageal exclusion and substernal gastric bypass. Direct invasion from mediastinal lymph nodes was the probable cause. Although bronchoesophageal fistula can result as a complication during the course of treatment for Hodgkin's disease, it rarely occurs as the presenting feature. Early recognition and surgical treatment are key aspects of management.
Biosynthesis and degradation of acetylcholine receptors in rat skeletal muscles. Effects of electrical stimulation.

Abstract Synthesis and degradation of acetylcholine receptors in rat skeletal muscles were measured in organ culture. The rate of de novo biosynthesis and incorporation of acetylcholine receptors into extrajunctional membranes of denervated muscles was measured by determining the rate of appearance of [1] [ 2 H, 13 C, 15 N]-acetylcholine receptors when muscles were cultured in medium containing [1] [ 2 H, 13 C, 15 N]-amino acids. Denervated extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles were found to synthesize new receptors for several days in organ culture at an average rate of 1.4%/h. The degradation rates for extrajunctional and junctional acetylcholine receptors were estimated by irreversibly labeling acetylcholine receptors on muscles with radioactive iodinated α-bungarotoxin and measuring the rate of release into the culture medium of mono- and di-iodotyrosine, breakdown products of the radioactive α-bungarotoxin. The rates of this proteolytic process yielded average lifetimes of 22 h and 13 days for [ 125 I]α-bungarotoxin bound to extrajunctional and junctional receptors, respectively, probably reflecting the average lifetimes of the acetylcholine receptors. Electrical stimulation at 100Hz for 1 s every 80s, producing visible contraction, but not maximal tetanic tension, barely altered the rate of incorporation of new acetylcholine receptors into the extrajunctional plasma membrane of extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles, even when the stimulation continued for 5 days. Supra-maximal stimulation, resulting in maximal tetanic tension, with the same stimulation pattern produced a rapid decline of 10–20% in the rate of new receptor production and a corresponding decline in overall protein synthesis. Stimulation beyond 18–24 h (up to 68 h) resulted in a further decrease in new receptor production to about 30% of the control rate, but not more. Stimulation for longer than 16 h produced less than a 5–10% decrease in overall protein synthesis, compared with control muscles. The same pattern of electrical stimulation, producing maximal tetanic tension, had no effect on the apparent degradation rate of extrajunctional receptors in denervated muscles. Our results show that denervated adult muscle can be maintained in organ culture for at least 1 week, and that the muscles in culture will continue to degrade acetylcholine receptors and to synthesize new receptors, even when electrically stimulated for 5 days. The significance of this study is that electrical stimulation, producing frequent tetanic contractions, can affect extrajunctional acetylcholine receptor metabolism by selectively decreasing de novo synthesis, the receptor degradation remaining unchanged. The precise control point in the biosynthetic process has yet to be determined. However, our results indicate that electrically induced activity does exert a regulating influence, relatively rapidly, on extrajunctional acetylcholine receptor metabolism on muscles maintained in vitro .
Clinical and biochemical effects of stanozolol therapy for hereditary angioedema

Stanozolol, an inexpensive anabolic steroid with a 30:1 anabolic:androgenic ratio, was administered to 12 male and 15 female patients with biochemically proven hereditary angioedema over a 2-yr period to obtain a systematic assessment of the relationship between drug dosage and clinical response, incidence of side effects, and amelioration of complement abnormalities. All 27 patients attained the minimal effective dose, ranging from 0.5 to 2 mg daily, which controlled the frequency and intensity of symptoms with minimal side effects. At daily maintenance doses of 2, 1, and 0.5 mg the frequencies of attacks per weeks of therapy were 1/14.6, 1/7.2, and 1/8.2 wk, respectively. Side effects with maintenance therapy included menstrual abnormalities and virilization in four females and elevation of serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) in five males. In six patients on maintenance doses of stanozolol, serum levels of testosterone, free thyroxin (T4), and thyroxin binding globulin (TBG) (four males), and of estradiol, progesterone, T4, and TBG (two females) were normal. Slightly low serum levels of progesterone and TBG were found in two females who had normal menstrual cycles. Statistically significant elevations above pretherapy levels of serum inhibitor to the activated first component of complement function and C4 protein and function occurred when patients were on maintenance therapy, but these measurements remained below the lower limit of normal range. Higher doses of stanozolol (4 mg/day), which caused greater immunochemical responses, were unnecessary for control of clinical disease and were unjustified for chronic therapy because of more frequent side effects.
The Construct Validity of a Scale of Acquiescence

Three independent measures of acquiescence response set, Cattell's 16 PF and the Couch and Keniston short acquiescence scale, OAS(s), were administered to 263 United States airmen. All variables except the OAS(s) were intercorrelated and factored. Estimated correlations were obtained between the factors and the OAS(s) total score and items. Results indicated that the variance of the OAS(s) is determined predominantly by a broad questionnaire factor of anxiety and to a much lesser extent by acquiescence response set, a questionnaire factor of extroversion, and low intelligence. It was concluded that a simple acquiescence interpretation of scores on this measure is not supportable.
Polymers for Nonlinear Optics

Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials provide the basis for an array of active optical devices under development throughout several high technology industries. Applications would include communications, data storage, and computing. Active optical devices can be used to alter light in order to encode or direct information in a number of ways. While the applications of optical technology such as fiber optics, optical storage and optical displays have identified a need for such devices, material properties have so far limited their introduction. Intensive, world-wide, development of specifically designed polymers appears to offer the most attractive solution.
Bilateral serous cystadenofibromas clinically simulating hyperreactio luteinalis following controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and in vitro fertilization

We report a case of bilateral serous cystadenofibromas clinically simulating hyperreactio luteinalis during a normal pregnancy resulting from controlled ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilization. Incomplete regression at 2-year follow-up prompted surgical intervention. This case demonstrates that the clinical and sonographic features that have been associated with hyperreactio luteinalis are not specific for this condition and emphasizes the need for close clinical follow-up in all presumptive cases for which a histologic diagnosis has not been established.
The Diffusional Growth of a Scale with Variable Composition, Diffusivity, and Molar Volume

Equations are presented to modify the classical theoretical expressions for the parabolic rate constant for the case in which the scale has a large composition range and a large variation in molar volume. The modifications appear as simple averages, together with a factor f.Evaluation of f for some hypothetical cases shows that it is near unity unless the composition gradient has an extreme deviation from linearity.
Atomistic simulations of the interaction between lipid bilayers and substrates

Many modern biological applications involve the interaction of lipid bilayers with a substrate. Although free bilayers in solution have been studied extensively, the influence of a substrate on the complex dynamic behavior of a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is not fully understood. We present fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of a lipid bilayer supported on α-quartz substrates with explicit water molecules. The results show an equilibrium separation distance of 33–35 A between the lipid and substrate for both bare and hydroxylated quartz substrates, in excellent agreement with experimental measurements. The bilayer adhesion energy is found to be 30 mN/m on a hydroxylated α-quartz surface and 50 mN/m on a bare α-quartz surface, higher than experimental measurements of both free and fixed bilayers.
On the effectiveness of anonymizing networks for web search privacy

Web search has emerged as one of the most important applications on the internet, with several search engines available to the users. There is a common practice among these search engines to log and analyse the user queries, which leads to serious privacy implications. One well known solution to search privacy involves issuing the queries via an anonymizing network, such as Tor, thereby hiding one's identity from the search engine. A fundamental problem with this solution, however, is that user queries are still obviously revealed to the search engine, although they are "mixed" among the queries issued by other users of the same anonymization service.In this paper, we consider the problem of identifying the queries of a user of interest (UOI) within a pool of queries received by a search engine over an anonymizing network. We demonstrate that an adversarial search engine can extract the UOI's queries, when it is equipped with only a short-term user search query history, by utilizing only the query content information and off-the-shelf machine learning classifiers. More specifically, by treating a selected set of 60 users --- from the publicly-available AOL search logs --- as the users of interest performing web search over an anonymizing network, we show that each user's queries can be identified with 25.95% average accuracy, when mixed with queries of 99 other users of the anonymization service. This average accuracy drops to 18.95% when queries of 999 other users of the anonymization service are mixed together. Though the average accuracies are not so high, our results indicate that few users of interest could be identified with accuracies as high as 80--98%, even when their queries are mixed among queries of 999 other users. Our results cast serious doubts on the effectiveness of anonymizing web search queries by means of anonymizing networks.
Histamine release following intrathecal administration of morphine for cesarean section.

Abstract We present a case of unusually profound, prolonged hypotension after induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. The patient, a healthy parturient at 26 weeks gestation, received 0.75% bupivacaine, 15 mg and morphine, 0.15 mg by subarachnoid injection. Systolic blood pressure rapidly fell to below 80 mmHg despite left uterine displacement, 10 l of balanced saline solution, ephedrine 210 mg and phenylephrine 1000 μg. At the end of the operation we noted a pruritic, erythematous, circumscribed, raised rash, consistent with urticaria, over the patient's trunk, legs, arms and face. This rash persisted for 2 days. We postulate that the excessive hypotension following spinal anesthesia in this parturient was the result of intrathecal morphine induced histamine release.
Endoscopic management of familial colonic neoplasia.

Although the major risk factors for sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) are advancing age and environmental exposures, approximately 20% to 25% of cases occur in younger individuals or in those with a personal or family history of cancer, suggesting a heritable susceptibility [1]. The genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer falls into two major groups: (1) common familial colorectal cancer (15% to 20% of CRC) and (2) hereditary colorectal cancer (5% of CRC) [2]. In common familial CRC, first-degree relatives of persons with CRC or adenomatous polyps have an approximately twofold risk of developing colorectal cancer, and the risk increases with the number of relatives affected and the earlier the age of onset in the family [3]. A family history of extracolonic cancers (eg, uterine) or the presence in individual family members of multiple colorectal or other cancers also increases the risk. Increased risk for CRC in common familial CRC is conveyed by the inheritance of one or more of likely many possible low-penetrance susceptibility alleles, most of which have yet to be identified [4]. Carriage of these susceptibility alleles increases the risk of acquiring CRC, but the development of CRC is not certain. In the large majority of allele carriers, CRC does not occur. Common familial CRC are discussed in greater detail in a subsequent part of this article. Nearly 5% of colorectal cancers are hereditary in etiology, meaning that they are caused by carriage of a highly penetrant, dominantly inherited, susceptibility allele. Hereditary colorectal cancer is conventionally divided between the polyposis syndromes and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Box 1) [2]. The polyposis syndromes are defined by the presence of multiple polyps in
Overweight in children and adolescents in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a national sample.

OBJECTIVE As the prevalence of childhood obesity increases, identifying groups of children who are at increased risk of overweight is important. The current study estimated the prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and medication use. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 62 887 children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years from the 2003-2004 National Survey of Children's Health, a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents in the United States. Attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was determined by response to the question "Has a doctor or health professional ever told you that your child has attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder, that is, ADD or ADHD?" Children and adolescents were classified as underweight, normal weight, at risk of overweight, or overweight according to BMI for age and gender. RESULTS After adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and depression/anxiety, children and adolescents with attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder not currently using medication had approximately 1.5 times the odds of being overweight, and children and adolescents currently medicated for attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder had approximately 1.6 times the odds of being underweight compared with children and adolescents without either diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides heightened awareness for pediatric providers about the relationship between attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, medication use, and weight status. Future work is needed to better understand the longitudinal and pharmacologic factors that influence the relationship between attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and weight status in children and adolescents.
A dual criteria sequencing problem with earliness and tardiness penalties

We consider the problem of sequencing n jobs on a single machine, with each job having a processing time and a common due date. The common due date is assumed to be so large that all jobs can complete by the due date. It is known that there is an O(n log n)-time algorithm for finding a schedule with minimum total earliness and tardiness. In this article, we consider finding a schedule with dual criteria. The primary goal is to minimize the total earliness and tardiness. The secondary goals are to minimize: (1) the maximum earliness and tardiness; (2) the sum of the maximum of the squares of earliness and tardiness; (3) the sum of the squares of earliness and tardiness. For the first two criteria, we show that the problems are NP-hard and we give a fully polynomial time approximation scheme for both of them. For the last two criteria, we show that the ratio of the worst schedule versus the best schedule is no more than . © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 422–431, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10020
Interactions of O2 with Pd Nanoparticles on α-Al2O3(0001) at Low and High O2 Pressures

The interaction of O2 with small Pd particles (2−10 nm) supported on an α-Al2O3(0001) single crystal under both ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and high-pressure conditions has been studied by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), temperature-programmed low-energy ion scattering (TP-LEIS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A low O2 exposure (30 L) at 500 K leads to surface oxygen adatoms on the Pd nanoparticles, which desorb in TPD as O2 in a peak at ∼880 K. Surface O adatoms on the smallest Pd particles move to subsurface sites starting at 400 K, and they almost all move subsurface by ∼750 K, desorbing mainly at considerably higher temperature. The dominant oxygen species above 700 K is subsurface, implying that it is more stable than oxygen adatoms on Pd. Exposures of the Pd nanoparticles to 25 Torr O2 at 373−473 K readily convert the Pd to a species whose Pd XPS peak shifts by the same amount as the binding energy difference between bulk Pd and bulk PdO. We attribute this to PdO nanoparticles (or a...
Modulation of the response of a photosensitive muscle by beta-adrenergic regulation of cyclic AMP levels.

The light-induced constriction of the irises of some vertebrates is mediated by photosensitive pupillary sphincter cells, which have rhodopsin molecules in their sarcolemmas1–6. Light-induced isomerization of these rhodopsin molecules leads to the relase of Ca2+ from an internal pool, which in turn activate the contractile proteins2,4,7. A central nervous reflex is therefore not essential for the light responsiveness of these irises, but they do appear to be innervated8–14. The photosensitive iris of the toad receives sympathetic (adrenergic) innervation. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the eye11 or application of adrenergic agonists to the iris8,14 cause pupillary dilation due to relaxation of the sphincter muscle. We show here that β-adrenergic stimulation of toad sphincter cells modulates their photoresponses by elevating the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. However, cyclic AMP does not appear to be involved in the transduction event but rather alters the availability of Ca2+ for contraction.
Effects of Insecticides on Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Populations in a Florida Citrus Grove

Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, populations were monitored in a ‘Valencia’ sweet orange on sour orange rootstock plot planted in 1997. The plot was scouted weekly and the number of psyllids, percent trees infested, and the percentage of flush infested per tree were recorded over a 3-year period. The plot was treated with 7 insect control treatments: Admire (imidacloprid) applied at 12-, 6-, 3-, or 2-month intervals; Temik applied annually; Meta-Systox R applied annually; or no insecticide control using a randomized complete block design. Psyllid infestations persisted throughout the year. The lowest populations occurred during the winter (NovemberJanuary) with peaks in the spring and fall. Annual applications of Temik, Meta-Systox R, or Admire did not reduce psyllid populations. Biannual or more frequent applications of Admire significantly reduced psyllid numbers, percentage of trees with psyllid infestations, and the percentage of flushes infested with psyllids.
Giant moments in paramagnetic Pd-Ni alloys

The magnetizations of several paramagnetic Pd-Ni alloys were measured between 2.4 and 100 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in fields up to 56 kOe. For the alloys of up to \ensuremath{\sim}1.8-at.% Ni, it is deduced from the high-field and low-field behavior that stable giant moments (\ensuremath{\sim}18${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{B}}$) are nucleated by groups of three or more nearest-neighbor Ni atoms. However, the spin number associated with each giant-moment complex is quite small (\ensuremath{\sim}2). The isolated Ni atoms and the nearest-neighbor Ni pairs simply make large exchange-enhanced contributions to a relatively temperature-independent component of the susceptibility. At a higher Ni concentration (\ensuremath{\sim}1.9 at.%), a departure from this simple situation is seen to emerge.
Atomic Force Microscopy Observations on the Structure Development during Uniaxial Stretching of PP from Partially Molten State: Effect of Isotacticity

Our main focus is to investigate the role of isotacticity on the development of morphology in PP films uniaxially deformed from the partially molten state. Polypropylene films with low isotactic index 43 exhibit crosshatched lamella. At the early stages of deformation, this morphology is first broken into small pieces and then microfibrils start to appear. As the deformation proceeds, this morphology transforms from primarily shish kebab morphology to a more fibrillar superstructure with sparse population of laterally grown lamellae along their lengths. The microfibrils 15−20 nm in diameter are observed in isotactic index 43 and isotactic index 64. Thus, a macrofibril is composed of ca. 100 microfibrils along the width of macrofibrils that are more ribbonlike with the width of the ribbons coinciding with the b-axis. A nodular superstructure that contains one or more alternating lamella−amorphous pairs was found to be promoted at lower processing temperatures, lower stretching speed, and higher isotacticit...
Triazine Resistance in Senecio vulgaris Parental and Nearly Isonuclear Backcrossed Biotypes Is Correlated with Reduced Productivity.

Isonuclear triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant Senecio vulgaris L. biotypes were developed by making reciprocal crosses between susceptible and resistant biotypes to obtain F1 hybrids and backcrossing the hybrids to the appropriate pollen parent. The electrophoretic isozyme patterns of the enzyme aconitase obtained from leaf extracts of triazine-susceptible parental (S) and backcrossed (S×RBC6) biotypes, and triazine-resistant parental (R) and backcrossed (R×SBC6) biotypes verified that the biotypes had the expected nuclear genomes. Atrazine inhibition of chloroplast whole chain electron transport from water to methyl viologen was measured to verify susceptibility or resistance to triazine herbicides. The photosynthetic rate and biomass accumulation of greenhouse grown susceptible and resistant S. vulgaris biotypes were measured 28, 35, 42, 50, 57, and 64 days after planting to determine the effect of altered chloroplast function. S and S×RBC6 biotypes had CO2 assimilation rates of 16.2 and 16.6 micromoles CO2 per square meter per second, respectively, and I50 values (herbicide concentration producing 50% inhibition) of about 0.49 micromolar atrazine. The corresponding values for the R and R×SBC6 biotypes were 14.7 and 14.6 micromoles CO2 per square meter per second with I50 values of 65.0 micromolar atrazine. The S biotype was larger and more productive than the R biotype at all harvests. At the harvest 57 days after planting, mean shoot dry weight was 33.2 and 8.7 grams for the S and R biotypes, respectively. The growth effect associated with chloroplast differences was shown in comparisons of the S biotype with the R×SBC6 biotype and of the S×RBC6 biotype with the R biotype. The R×SBC6 biotype had 72% of the shoot dry weight of the S biotype while the R biotype had 55% of the shoot dry weight of the S×RBC6 biotype. The R×SBC6 and R biotypes produced about 73 and 62% of the leaf area of the S and S×RBC6 biotypes, respectively. Relative growth rate was similar in biotypes with the same nuclear genome; however, instantaneous unit leaf rate was higher in the S compared to the R×SBC6 biotype and in the S×RBC6 compared to the R biotype. At 57 days after planting, the cumulative leaf area duration (i.e. photosynthetic opportunity) of the R×SBC6 and R biotypes was 86 and 66% of that of the S and S×RBC6 biotypes, respectively. Our data indicate that impaired chloroplast function in triazine resistant S. vulgaris biotypes limits growth and productivity at the whole plant level.
Relative rod and cone contributions in iconic storage.

Using a two-alternative forced-choice procedure, subjects were required to detect a 4’ spatial gap between two briefly presented luminous rectangles when there was a temporal delay between the offset of the first rectangle and the onset of the second. Since the rectangles were never on simultaneously, detection of the spatial gap must have involved short-term visual storage (STVS). For each condition (fixed ISI, wavelength, eccentricity), luminance was varied, and the 75% threshold for detecting the gap with STVS was estimated. The difference in the gap detection thresholds for the white and colored conditions were calculated and compared to the difference predicted from both the relative rod and cone densities of each colored filter. (This latter difference was determined experimentally with absolute and differential standard threshold procedures and was also calculated theoretically.) The results were that, for eccentricities of about 3°–10°, gap detection was done by the cones for ISIs up to roughly 100 msec but by rods for longer ISIs.
SAFE: Structure-aware file and email deduplication for cloud-based storage systems

Cloud-based storages have become considerably popular in recent years, as they enable data access from anywhere and any device at any time. Many leading cloud-based storage services including Dropbox, JustCloud, and Mozy use data deduplication techniques at a source to save network bandwidth from a user to cloud servers as well as storage space, which in turn expedites the speed of data upload. Although traditional variable-size block-level deduplication techniques tend to achieve a high data reduction rate, they require a high processing overhead due to data chunking, index processing, and data fragmentation. However, a user's device can be limited in processing capability and memory space to perform an effective client side deduplication. While, a simple file-level or a large fixed-size block-level deduplication may be able to cope with the limited source device capacity, it cannot produce a high data reduction rate. In this paper, we propose a novel Structure-Aware File and Email deduplication (SAFE) scheme that achieves both fast and effective data reduction for cloud-based storage services. SAFE efficiently deduplicates redundant objects in structured files as well as emails exploiting object-level components based on their structures. Our evaluation using real data sets of structured files and emails shows that SAFE accomplishes as good of storage savings as a variable-block deduplication, while being as fast as a file-level or a large fixed-size block-level deduplication.
What is the system failure

As a result of the increasing use of live organ donors, international conferences have been held in Amsterdam and Vancouver to address the transplant community's concern for the well-being of such donors. Congress has considered arguments to permit a regulated market of organ sales but has rejected such a proposal, in part because of a fundamental ethical principle: selling one's kidney or any other part of one's body violates the dignity of the human person. The "system failure" is not only at the doorstep of organ donation. The expansion of the waiting list for kidney transplants is heavily composed of the elderly who could have benefited by preventive medical care.
Elucidation of the mode of binding of oxygen to iron in oxyhemoglobin by infrared spectroscopy

Summary The infrared difference spectrum of packed human erythrocytes treated with 16 O 2 vs 18 O 2 or with 16 O 2 vs CO has a unique band at 1107 cm −1 assigned to 16 O- 16 O stretch for bound 16 O 2 . The frequency and intensity of this band prove non-linear end-on binding of O 2 to Fe(II) in oxyhemoglobin. An O-O bond order of ca. 1.5 is indicated. This is analagous to the change in bond order when CO, NO, and N 2 are similarly bound to iron. In consequence it seems unnecessary to use a bond description for O 2 bound to iron which is fundamentally different from that used for CO, NO, and N 2 . The preferred bonding description is . The strong covalent bonding between Fe and O 2 that results upon π-donation from Fe(II) to O 2 represents a quite sufficient reason for dioxygen to dissociate from oxyhemoglobin as O 2 rather than O − 2 and relegates the presence or absence of a nonpolar or hydrophobic environment to a minor role.
Fluoride-induced foliar injury in Solanum pseudo-capsicum: Its induction in the dark and activation in the light

Abstract The differential responses of plants exposed to hydrogen fluoride (HF) in continuous light or darkness were investigated in Jerusalem cherry Solanum pseudo-capsicum L. Plants exposed to HF in the dark develop few, if any, foliar symptoms by the end of the exposure period, but severe foliar injury develops rapidly upon transfer to the light after exposure. The results suggest that light is required for the expression of responses induced by exposure to HF in the dark.
π-cyclohexadienyliron complexes bearing exocyclic double bonds

Abstract Sodium amide and sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide abstract α protons from certain π-arene-π-cyclopentadienylixon(II) cations to produce neutral π-cyclohexadienyl complexes bearing exocyclic CC or CN bonds. Also reported are the first examples of π-arene-π-cyclopentadienyliron(II) cations of aromatic amines synthesized by direct reaction of the amine, ferrocene and AlCl 3 .
Is Income Growth in the United States Pro-Poor? A State-Level Analysis

This study uses the Current Population Survey and a decomposition method proposed by Datt and Ravallion to assess the impacts of income growth and income distribution on poverty across states in the United States. It finds that between 1992 and 2011 growth of income, rather than changes in income distribution, was the major source of poverty reduction across US states. The empirical analysis also shows that there is asymmetrical impact on poverty — via both income distribution and income growth — during recessions and economic expansions: poor people are hit harder during recessions and benefit less during economic booms.
Acute effects of phlebotomy on right ventricular size and performance in polycythemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract To assess the acute effects of phlebotomy on right ventricular size and performance, gated equilibrium radionuclide angiography was used to evaluate 10 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and erythrocytosis (hematocrtt > 55%). The mean right ventricular ejection fraction was abnormal before (0.38) but not after (0.43) phlebotomy, and the increase was highly significant (p
Aleukemic leukemia cutis: juvenile chronic granulocytic leukemia presenting with figurate cutaneous lesions.

We report a 3 {if423-1}-year-old girl who developed a figurate cutaneous eruption. Distinctive findings in her skin biopsies, as well as unusual red cell characteristics, in the presence of a normal peripheral smear and bone marrow biopsy, led us to suspect the diagnosis of preleukemic juvenile type chronic granulocytic leukemia. This is the first case we know of in which this diagnosis was suspected prior to abnormal findings in the peripheral smear or bone marrow.
Dual Extremum Principles in Finite Deformation Theory With Applications to Post-Buckling Analysis of Extended Nonlinear Beam Model

The critical points of the generalized complementary energy variation principles are clarified. An open problem left by Hellinger and Reissner is solved completely. A pure complementary energy (involving the Kirchhoff type stress only) is constructed, and a complete duality theory in geometric nonlinear system is established. We prove that the well-known generalized Hellenger-Reissner’s energy L(u ,s ) is a saddle point functional if and only if the Gao-Strang gap function is positive. In this case, the system is stable and the minimum potential energy principle is equivalent to a unique maximum dual variational principle. However, if this gap function is negative, then L(u ,s ) is a so-called ∂+ -critical point functional. In this case, the system has two extremum complementary principles. An interesting trinity theorem for nonconvex variational problem is discovered, which can be used to study nonlinear bifurcation problems, phase transitions, variational inequality, and other things. In order to study the shear effects in frictional post-buckling problems, a new second order 2-D nonlinear beam model is developed. Its total potential is a double-well energy. A stability criterion for post-buckling analysis is proposed, which shows that the minimax complementary principle controls a stable buckling state. The unilaterial buckling state is controled by a minimum complementary principle. However, the maximum complementary principle controls the phase transitions.