cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXPERIENCES WITH DYNAMIC TESTING METHODS AT THE MOLTEN-SALT REACTOR EXPERIMENT.

A series of reactivity-to-power frequency response measurements was made on the Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment. This was done for 233U and 235U fuels, for a range of operating power levels, at several points in the system operating history, and for several different test procedures. A comparison of experimental results with prior theoretical predictions confirmed the validity of the theoretical predictions. The test program included measurements using the pseudorandom binary sequence, pseudorandom ternary sequence, n-sequence, and the multifrequency binary sequence.
Can Cognitive Style Predict Adoption of an Emerging Technology?: A Study of Cognitive Style and Its Influence on the Perception of a New Technology

Understanding how individuals recognize an emerging technology can have a profound impact on how successfully the technology is adopted. The authors look into how people with different cognitive styles interpret a new technology and arrive at different beliefs of the same technology, which influences the recognition and acceptance of the technology. An experiment was conducted to test whether an individual's cognitive style impacts their beliefs and intention to use RFID, an emerging technology. The study suggests that a person's cognitive style does influence how he/she perceives the usefulness and ease of the technology, as well as his/her attitude and intention to use it. People with introversion, thinking and judging cognitive styles tend to perceive higher ease of use of RFID than those with extroversion, feeling and perceiving cognitive styles. Also, judging types are more likely to better perceive higher usefulness of RFID. The authors also provide discussion on the managerial and theoretical implications of our findings.
Syringe access and health harms: Characterizing "landscapes of antagonism" in California's Central Valley.

Abstract Background Sterile syringe access reduces injection-related health harms, yet access in the U.S. remains grossly inadequate. In California, syringe services programs (SSPs) are authorized mainly at the local level, and many communities remain underserved. State law also allows, but does not require, non-prescription syringe sales at pharmacies, but participation is low. We draw on the theoretical concept of “landscapes of antagonism” to examine how discordance between state and local decision-making contributes to uneven syringe access and health harms in California's Central Valley, where injection rates are high. Methods Our study took place in Fresno and Kern counties. We draw on participant observation and qualitative interviews with individuals who inject drugs and key informants to examine issues around syringe access. Results Overall, 8 key informants represented harm reduction, medical, and faith-based organizations. Among 46 people who inject drugs, mean age was 39 (range: 20–65), 37% were female, and 37% self-identified as Latino. About half of individuals at each site had ever successfully purchased from pharmacies, but limited locations and perceived judgement from pharmacy staff posed common barriers. There was no SSP in Kern County due to political opposition; Fresno's SSP has been run by volunteers for more than 20 years despite opposition, and recently gained authorization. Reflecting this disparity, all but two individuals in Fresno accessed syringes from the SSP, whereas only one person in Kern had ever been to an SSP. To fill gaps in access in both sites, individuals obtained syringes that were often already used from diabetics, friends, and people on the street, sharing and reusing syringes at dangerously high rates. Conclusion Landscapes of antagonism create syringe access inequities that threaten to exacerbate disease transmission and other health harms. Our study raises questions about accountability for the health of people who use drugs and suggests a need for political action.
Weakening Relation Algebras and FL\(^2\)-algebras

FL\(^2\)-algebras are lattice-ordered algebras with two sets of residuated operators. The classes RA of relation algebras and GBI of generalized bunched implication algebras are subvarieties of FL\(^2\)-algebras. We prove that the congruences of FL\(^2\)-algebras are determined by the congruence class of the respective identity elements, and we characterize the subsets that correspond to this congruence class. For involutive GBI-algebras the characterization simplifies to a form similar to relation algebras.
Breaking translational symmetry via polymer chain overcrowding in molecular bottlebrush crystallization.

One of the fundamental laws in crystallization is translational symmetry, which accounts for the profound shapes observed in natural mineral crystals and snowflakes. Herein, we report on the spontaneous formation of spherical hollow crystals with broken translational symmetry in crystalline molecular bottlebrush (mBB) polymers. The unique structure is named as mBB crystalsome (mBBC), highlighting its similarity to the classical molecular vesicles. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments show that the mBBC formation is driven by local chain overcrowding-induced asymmetric lamella bending, which is further confirmed by correlating crystalsome size with crystallization temperature and mBBʼs side chain grafting density. Our study unravels a new principle of spontaneous translational symmetry breaking, providing a general route towards designing versatile nanostructures. One of the fundamental laws in crystallization is translational symmetry but breaking translational symmetry can be used as a general route towards the design of nanostructures. Here the authors show that overcrowding in molecular bottlebrush polymers allows for spontaneous formation of spherical hollow crystals with broken translational symmetry.
MAGICACT: A tool for predicting transcription factors and cofactors driving gene lists using ENCODE data

ABSTRACT Transcriptomic profiling is an immensely powerful hypothesis generating tool. However, accurately predicting the transcription factors (TFs) and cofactors that drive transcriptomic differences between samples represents a challenge and current approaches are limited by high false discovery rates. This is due to the use of TF binding sequence motifs that, due their small size, are found randomly throughout the genome, and do not allow discovery of cofactors. A second limitation is that even the most advanced approaches that use ChIPseq tracks hosted at sites such as the Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE) assign TFs and cofactors to genes via a binary designation of ‘target’, or ‘non-target’ that ignores the intricacies of the biology behind transcriptional regulation. ENCODE archives ChIPseq tracks of 169 TFs and cofactors assayed in 91 cell lines. The algorithm presented herein, Mann whitney Analysis of Gene Cohorts for Associated Cofactors and Transcription factors (MAGICACT), uses ENCODE ChIPseq data to look for statistical enrichment of TFs and cofactors in gene bodies and flanking regions in gene lists. When compared to 2 commonly used web resources, o-Possum and Enrichr, MAGICACT was able to more accurately predict TFs and cofactors that drive gene changes in 3 settings: 1) A cell line expressing or lacking single TF, 2) Breast tumors divided along PAM50 designations and 3) Whole brain samples from WT mice or mice lacking a single TF in a particular neuronal subtype. In summary, MAGICACT is a standalone application that runs on OSX and Windows machines that produces meaningful predictions of which TFs and cofactors are enriched in a gene list.
A Primer on Gels (with an Emphasis on Molecular Gels)

This chapter describes structural, kinetic, thermodynamic and viscoelastic aspects of how dispersions of small molecules (essentially 0-dimensional objects) aggregate into thermally reversible or thixotropic networks that immobilize large volumes of a liquid. When possible, the different properties of these molecular gels are correlated. The data are considered at different time and distance scales during the lives of the gels. A short history of molecular gels and challenges to advancing the field are also presented. The properties of some molecular gels with simple gelator structures, including long n-alkanes and derivatives of them, are described as well.
Willingness and ability of oral health care workers to work during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic continues to disrupt dental practice in the United States. Oral health care workers play an integral role in societal health, yet little is known about their willingness and ability to work during a pandemic. Methods Oral health care workers completed a survey distributed on dental-specific Facebook groups during an 8-week period (May 1-June 30, 2020) about their willingness and ability to work during the COVID-19 pandemic, barriers to working, and willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Results Four hundred and fifty-nine surveys were returned. Only 53% of dentists, 33% of dental hygienists, 29% of dental assistants, and 48% of nonclinical staff members would be able to work a normal shift during the pandemic, and even fewer (50%, 18%, 17%, and 38%, respectively) would be willing to work a normal shift. Barriers included caring for family, a second job, and personal obligations, and these were faced by dental assistants and hygienists. Dentists were more likely than hygienists (P Conclusions Oral health care workers have a decreased ability and willingness to report to work during a pandemic, and dentists are significantly more able and willing to work than hygienists and assistants. Dentists are more likely than staff to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Practical Implications The results of this study may help inform future initiatives of dental workforce readiness during a pandemic. Dentists should be prepared to discuss alterations to standard operating procedures to allay staff members’ fears and improve retention rates during pandemics, allowing for improved access to oral health care.
Influence of dry period plane of energy on peripartal concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose and insulin

Exacerbated postpartum negative energy balance (NEB) in dairy cows leads to downstream negative health events, poor reproductive performance, and production loss. Different feeding strategies during the dry period have the potential to affect peripartal energy metabolism. The objective of this study was to describe the concentration of markers of negative energy balance (non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)), as well as glucose and insulin in cows being fed different dry period planes of energy.
Chest X-Ray Image Preprocessing for Disease Classification

Abstract Research has proven that images with blur, low contrast or other deficiencies are detrimental to accuracy of classification models. Working with a dataset of blurry, hard-to-see images creates an uncertainty in whether the machine learning model is able to accurately identify objects. These hard to identify images require the use of metadata on the image to be able to truly understand and classify the image accuracy within a model. To overcome the necessity of metadata for classification of hard to identify images, we propose a method of identifying the unfit images for purposes of cleaning the dataset prior to neural network training. In our work, we use Sobel and Scharr operators-based edge detectors to produce an image with detected boundaries among the elements of the original X-Ray. The resulting images are used to train a shallow CNN to classify the image as clear or lacking in quality. Our proposed method identifies the clear, quality images with 95% accuracy and can be utilized in future disease classification models. We define the proposed approach as image preprocessing aiming to weed out infit, blurry, low/high intensity X-Rays and create a dataset suitable for disease identification.
Anticoagulation for percutaneous coronary intervention: a contemporary review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Optimal anticoagulation is needed to prevent ischemic complications during percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). The efficacy and safety of new anticoagulants to support PCI in different clinical scenarios have been evaluated in large clinical trials. This review summarizes the major issues and current practices for anticoagulation during PCI. RECENT FINDINGS It is known that thrombotic events during PCI correlate with poor prognosis. However, the prognostic impact of bleeding is similar or even worse compared with ischemic complications. Therefore, the use of more predictable anticoagulants and safe practices in the catheterization laboratory to balance ischemia and bleeding is an important goal. Mindful of this notion, new anticoagulants with a safer profile, such as bivalirudin, have become popular to avoid bleeding. However, this paradigm shift has resulted in increased rates of acute stent thrombosis after primary PCI. SUMMARY Individual factors associated with increased bleeding risk should be considered in the choice of anticoagulants during PCI. It is now known that the higher bleeding risk observed with heparin-based regimens can be attributed to excessive doses or concomitant use of glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors. In addition to the right anticoagulant choice, operators can avoid bleeding by implementing transradial access and ultrasound-guided and fluoroscopic-guided vascular access.
Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900

Acknowledgements 1. Legal regimes and colonial cultures 2. Law in diaspora: the legal regime of the Atlantic world 3. Order out of trouble: jurisdictional tensions in Catholic and Islamic empires 4. A place for the state: legal pluralism as a colonial project in Bengal and West Africa 5. Subjects and witnesses: cultural and legal hierarchies in the Cape Colony and New South Wales 6. Constructing sovereignty: extra-territoriality in the Oriental Republic of Uruguay 7. Culture and the rule(s) of law Bibliography Index.
Role of Quorum-Sensing Regulation in Pathogenesis of Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii

A glimpse into the disease biology of Pantoea stewartii comes from early biochemical and ultra-structural studies of the organism in culture and in the infected maize tissues. The promoter region of esaR features a wellconserved lux box-like element, the esaR box, which spans a putative -10 hexameric σ70 promoter element. The authors focused initially on this promoter to define the functional role of EsaR as a transcription factor and DNA-binding protein. EsaR showed functional attributes that were essentially the reverse from that of the LuxR and TraR functional paradigms and other orthologous proteins that are acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent quorum-sensing activators. The observation that P. stewartii expresses the major EPSST virulence factor in a cell-density-dependent manner suggests a key role for the EsaI/EsaR quorum-sensing system in managing the transition between distinct phases of bacterial/biofilm development, which may be key to pathogen fitness during host colonization. In addition, other surface localized functions will be characterized to identify components that initiate the contact between the bacterium and the xylem wall, as seen in infections with the AHL mutant strain ESN51. Finally, it might be of interest to know that P. stewartii was initially selected as an experimental organism for quorum-sensing control because of its capacity to synthesize high amounts of AHL.
Preparing Leaders in Public Health for Success in a Flatter, More Distributed and Collaborative World

In a world that is rapidly changing, what are the challenges for which leaders in public health in the future need to be prepared, what are the qualities and skills they will need for success, and where will they get the training they require? Addressing each of these questions in succession, this article contends that success in a flatter, more distributed and collaborative world will require a new generation of leaders in public health with new mindsets, an appetite for innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration and a strong dose of political savvy. Faculty, curricula and competencies in academic centers play an important role in this equation.
The impact of inspector's cognitive style on performance in various visual inspection display tasks

Three aspects of visual inspection were considered in this study. The three aspects considered to effect inspection performance are (1) cognitive styles, (2) feedforward training (job aid), and (3)...
The S10 (V) unit of surface brightness

A source for some of the discrepancies among reported zodiacal light measurements is suggested, and a plea is made for more uniformity in the choice of units used to report zodiacal light results.
Effect of ZnCl2 on the spontaneous copolymerization of methyl acrylate with substituted 1,3-dienes

The reactions of the mildly electron-poor olefin methyl acrylate (MA) with three electron-rich substituted hydrocarbon 1,3-dienes, namely 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene (DMB), 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene (MPD) and isoprene (IP) were investigated in 1,2-dichloroethane in the presence of various amounts of zinc chloride at different temperatures-ZnCl 2 complexes with the ester group of MA and increases the MA's electron-poor character and therefore its tendency towards reactions with electron-rich dienes. In the absence of ZnCl 2 , no reaction occurs between the investigated dienes and MA under the used reaction conditions. Both alternating copolymers and [4+2] cycloadducts formed spontaneously in the presence of ZnCl 2 even at room temperature. The structure of the diene and its nucleophilicity control the product distribution. For the DMB and IP systems, raising the reaction temperature and increasing the ZnCl 2 concentration enhance the overall reaction rate and in most cases also favor the cycloaddition over the copolymerization. IP is less reactive than DMB. With MPD only copolymer is formed because the two terminal methyl groups retard the concerted [4+2] cycloaddition. These results are in agreement with a postulated mechanism involving competition between the formation ofa π-allyl 2-hexene-1,6-diradical, capable of initiating free radical copolymerization, and concerted [4+2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition.
Policy-Based Information Sharing with Semantics

Information sharing is not strictly a technical problem. But, we believe that a reasoned technical approach can address the technical concerns, and also ameliorate the non-technical issues. We have designed and prototyped key components of an information sharing system that uses semantic web standards for description of information available and needed, uses a broker that accepts profiles for information available and needed, and uses policy rules to approve any brokered information exchanges. We compare this approach to related work and discuss possible future research.
Revisiting America's Occupation of Japan

This essay surveys and evaluates the last decade of English-language scholarship on the Occupation of Japan, locating it within American history, Japanese history, post-colonial studies, and the new international history, noting how new work in each field affects our interpretations.
Adenosine Agonists and Antagonists

This chapter reviews the evidence for blockade of Na + channels by phenytoin and evidence for neuroprotection in animal models by phenytoin. Experimental evidences indicate that the nucleoside adenosine may function as an endogenous neuroprotective substance against ischemic damage to the central nervous system. Adenosine could potentially interfere with many of the steps in the pathological cascade underlying ischemic injury, and there is experimental evidence that manipulation of endogenous levels of adenosine can provide an effective neuroprotective strategy for the ischemic brain. It appears that through an action at A 1 receptors adenosine exerts a protective influence by reducing the release of excitotoxic amino acids, hyperpolarizing neurons, and blocking calcium channels, thus preventing an excessive accumulation of intracellular Ca 2+ . Experimental results show that via an action at A 2 receptors, adenosine is able to promote excitotoxic amino acid release and may enhance ischemia-induced injury. This chapter discusses adenosine levels in the extracellular space in detail and presents a speculative scheme of the biochemical events leading to neuroprotective action. The chapter concludes that the acceptance of a purely cerebroprotective contribution of receptor activation by endogenously released adenosine in cerebral ischemic injury may no longer be tenable.
Virtual reality, augmented reality…I call it i-Reality

The new term improved reality (i-Reality) is suggested to include virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). It refers to a real world that includes improved, enhanced and digitally created features that would offer an advantage on a particular occasion (i.e., a medical act). I-Reality may help us bridge the gap between the high demand for medical providers and the low supply of them by improving the interaction between providers and patients.
Patch‐burn grazing management, vegetation heterogeneity, and avian responses in a semi‐arid grassland

Anthropogenic changes to disturbance regimes in grasslands, and associated homogenization of vegetation structure, have been implicated as factors contributing to declines in populations of grassland birds in North America. We examined the influence of patch-burn grazing management, which employs spatiotemporal interactions between fire and livestock grazing guided by historical disturbance patterns, on vegetation structure and bird abundance in shortgrass steppe in northeastern Colorado, USA. All study pastures were grazed by cattle at moderate stocking rates from May to October each year. In the patch-burn treatment, we burned 25% of each pasture in autumn (Oct or Nov) each year during 2007–2010; control pastures were not burned. Patch-burn grazing management increased vegetation heterogeneity by generating short (<4 cm), sparse vegetation on recent burns. Although cattle selectively grazed recent burns, this did not alter vegetation structure in unburned portions of patch-burned pastures relative to controls. Of the 6 grassland bird species we examined, mountain plovers (Charadrius montanus) occurred exclusively on recent burns, whereas grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) occurred exclusively in grassland not burned for ≥3 years. Two species (lark bunting [Calamospiza melanocorys] and western meadowlark [Sturnella neglecta]) were 2–3 times less abundant on recent burns compared to controls, whereas densities of horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) and McCown's longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii) were unaffected by burning. Lark bunting, western meadowlark, and grasshopper sparrow densities varied substantially among years. In the years when they were abundant, all 3 species increased in density across the time-since-burning gradient. Consistent with this pattern, patch-burn grazing management reduced the abundance of all 3 species at the whole-pasture scale. We found no evidence that unburned patches within the patch-burned pastures differed from unburned pastures in terms of the abundance of any bird species. Patch-burn grazing management was an effective strategy to create breeding habitat for mountain plovers. However, our findings suggest that in the shortgrass steppe, additional strategies that generate taller, more dense vegetation than occurs under moderate cattle grazing need to be considered in combination with patch-burn grazing management to sustain breeding habitat for the full suite of native grassland birds. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
mu-Opioid agonists inhibit spinal trigeminal substantia gelatinosa neurons in guinea pig and rat.

The actions of opioid agonists in the substantia gelatinosa are important for their antinociceptive effects. In order to identify possible mechanisms underlying opioid actions in the substantia gelatinosa, the pre- and postsynaptic effects of opioid agonists on neurons of the substantia gelatinosa were examined using a brain slice preparation. Intracellular recordings were made from neurons of the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis in guinea pig and rat. To correlate morphology and electrophysiology, neurons were filled with biocytin and visualized using HRP. The majority of neurons (86%) were hyperpolarized by [Met]5enkephalin (ME), and this was mimicked by the mu-opioid agonist (D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5- ol)enkephalin (DAMGO) but not the delta-opioid agonist (D- Pen2,5)enkephalin (DPDPE). Naloxone (300 nM) shifted the DAMGO dose- response 213-fold to the right, giving an estimated KD of 1.4 nM. Under voltage clamp, the ME current reversed polarity at the potassium equilibrium potential, indicating the hyperpolarization was due to an increase in potassium conductance. EPSPs mediated by glutamate were evoked by stimulating the spinal trigeminal tract, which contains the primary afferent fibers that synapse in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The excitation produced by stimulating the spinal trigeminal tract was greatly enhanced in the presence of glycine and GABAA receptor antagonists, indicating that local inhibitory circuitry is activated by exciting the primary afferents. The EPSPs were reduced by mu- but not delta-opioid receptor activation. The degree of inhibition varied from 0 to 100%. These results indicate that opioid agonists cause inhibition in the substantia gelatinosa by both pre- and postsynaptic actions.
A sweet sensor for size-conscious bacteria

Bacteria, like eukaryotic cells, regulate their size by coordinating cell growth and division, growing faster and becoming larger when nutrients are more plentiful. Weart et al. (2007) now identify an enzyme in a glucolipid pathway that inhibits assembly of the key cell division protein FtsZ, but only during high nutrient conditions. Delaying cell division during rapid growth allows bacterial cells to become larger.
An air-cooled solar collector using all-cylindrical elements in a low-loss body

Abstract A novel IX air-cooled solar collector has a phenolic polymer structural foam body, a black painted fiberglass mat absorber and a coplanar, parallel, close-packed array of evacuated cylindrical glass tubes for a cover. Modeling suggests, and measurements confirm, high efficiency performance as well as a substantial dispersion of performance characteristic arranged so that the specific temperature difference increases as the radiant intensity decreases. This dispersion suggests greatly improved cloudy weather performance. In a steady state simulation at full sun under northern midwinter conditions this collector can deliver a minimum of 1.9 times more heat per day to Glauber's Salt storage than can a IX double glazed water-cooled collector with a non-selective black flat absorber plate. Under cloudy conditions this advantage ratio rises to 12.1 at 5 13 sun. Effective heat collection continues at intensities as low as 3 13 sun. Under summertime conditions the collector can operate an absorption air conditioner at 6 13 sun.
How Tautological Are Interspecies Correlations of Carcinogenic Potencies

Crouch and Wilson demonstrated a strong correlation between carcinogenic potencies in rats and mice, supporting the extrapolation from mouse to man. Bernstein et al., however, show that the observed correlation is mainly a statistical artifact of bioassay design. Crouch et al. have a comeback. This paper will review the arguments and present some new data. The correlation is largely (but not totally) tautological, confirming results in Bernstein et al.
Induction of Estrus in Mice: Hypophyseal-Adrenal Effects'

Abstract P -Chlorophenylalanine ( p -ChPhe) was found to induce estrus in estrogen-primed ovariectomized C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice but not in adrenalectomized females. α-Methyltyiosine had no such effects. It was concluded that serotonergic pathways are involved in reserpine- or p -ChPhe-induced estrus. Both p -ChPhe and reserpine were found to be ineffective in induction of estrus in hypophysectomized female mice. It appears that pituitary ACTH released by these drugs causes release of an adrenal hormone (probably progesterone) which is of functional significance in estrus.
Selective enrichment for temperature-sensitive secretion mutants of mammalian cells using plant lectin, concanavalin A.

The use of conditional mutants as a genetic approach to study protein secretion in mammalian cells requires the isolation of a large number of mutants. Because a procedure for the direct selection of mutants with secretion defencts is not available, their isolation depends upon the selective enrichment of mutant phenotypes in a cell population. We have devised an enrichment strategy in which rat hepatoma cells unable to replace surface membrane receptors of a plant lectin, concanavalin A, are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of this lectin when administered at a nonpermissive temperature. This treatment yields a population highly enriched in cells that demonstrate temperature-sensitive secretion. Therefore, this selection strategy has important application in isolating temperature-sensitive mutants for use in the study of the mammalian cell secretion pathway.
Gifts of money and gifts of time estimating the effects of tax prices and available time

Abstract We develop a model that recognizes interdepence between individuals' charitable cash donations and volunteer labor. Using survey data, we estimate giving functions jointly, allowing a binding non-negativity constraint in one giving equation to affect the form of the other. The tax price of money giving is significant in all equations, with estimated elasticities of -1.7 for money giving, - 2.1 for women's time, and -1.1 for men's time. The complementarity between volunteer labor and cash donations suggests that the effect of tax policy on philanthropy is understated by considering monetary donations alone.
Challenges and Applications for Network-Processor-Based Programmable Routers

The growth in ubiquity, performance, and commercial and academic use of computer networks continues to demand more performance and flexibility from the underlying network infrastructure. The lack of security, quality of service, and manageability in the current Internet poses a significant challenge and highlights the importance of considering other network designs. Programmable routers provide a vehicle for experimenting with new architectures that allow the dynamic deployment of new protocols and services. To achieve the necessary throughput performance, programmable routers employ network processors, which are embedded system-on-a-chip multiprocessors. This paper discusses the challenges that such systems pose in terms of system architecture, programming abstraction, and deployment. The potential applications highlight the benefits of making router programmability a first-class networking function.
Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Alaska Native Ways of Knowing

Drawing on experiences across Fourth World contexts, with an emphasis on the Alaska context, this article seeks to extend our understandings of the learning processes within and at the intersection of diverse worldviews and knowledge systems. We outline the rationale for a comprehensive program of educational initiatives closely articulated with the emergence of a new generation of Indigenous scholars who seek to move the role of Indigenous knowledge and learning from the margins to the center of educational research, thereby confronting some of the most intractable and salient educational issues of our times.
Significance of intraoperative ureteral evaluation at radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer

BACKGROUND. Patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial cancer are at increased risk for upper tract recurrence and anastomotic recurrence. In an attempt to reduce this recurrence risk, urologists employ intraoperative frozen sections to achieve an uninvolved ureteral margin. The utility of this surgical approach was examined. METHODS. A retrospective review identified 1330 bladder cancer patients from 1990 to 2004 with pathologic evaluation of their ureters. Using pathologic findings on permanent section as the reference standard, the accuracy of ureteral frozen sections was examined. Ureteral involvement and margin status were examined as risk factors for upper tract and anastomotic recurrence and overall survival. RESULTS. Of 2579 ureteral margins evaluated in 1330 patients, ureteral involvement was noted in 9% of ureters (13% of patients). The sensitivity and specificity of frozen section analyses were approximately 75% and 99%, respectively. The 5-year probability of anastomotic and upper tract recurrences was low: 2% and 13%, respectively. Evidence of involvement of the ureter or at the ureteral anastomotic margin was associated with higher likelihood of upper tract recurrence but not anastomotic recurrence or overall survival. Furthermore, sequential resection of ureters to reach a negative anastomotic ureteral margin did not eliminate the risk of anastomotic or upper tract recurrence. CONCLUSIONS. Patients with involved ureters and/or ureteral anastomotic margins have a higher risk of upper tract recurrence. However, the overall risk of recurrence is low and is not clearly associated with overall survival. The data do not support routine intraoperative frozen sections to assess ureteral involvement. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Hyperbranched Polymer Layers as Multifunctional Interfaces

We suggest a simple, one-step procedure to prepare a homogeneous functional polymer layer grafted to a silicon oxide substrate. We demonstrate that robust and uniform nanoscale layers can be fabricated from the functionalized hyperbranched polymer with dual nature of terminal branches: alkyl chains combined with epoxy-functionalized chains. A branched chemical architecture with multiple epoxy groups provides the grafting capability inducing surface functionality along with simultaneous hydrophobization of the surface. We suggest the monolayer structure of these grafted films. These hyperbranched monolayers are thicker than conventional alkyl-chain self-assembling monolayers (SAMs) and demonstrate elastic properties typical for cross-linked polymer layers. The surface is composed of epoxy groups randomly distributed within alkyl peripheral branches. Grafted hyperbranched polymer layers are homogeneous on a nanoscale without signs of the microphase separation and heterogeneous domain surface structures usu...
Insights from Role Theory: Understanding Golf Tourism

Abstract Role theory is one of the oldest perspectives used in the social sciences to describe and explain behavior. In this paper we draw upon role theory as it has typically been articulated in sociology. We examine the two traditional approaches to role theory, namely functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives, and we discuss the call for an integrated role theory (e.g., Biddle, 1986; Turner, 1979/80). We suggest that role theory and its applications in tourism studies might provide a framework to aid in the classification and explanation of different types of sport tourists. To illustrate this potential application, one form of active sport tourism, the golf tourist, is examined. Using data from a Canadian Tourism Commission study (Coopers & Lybrand, 1995) 492 respondents who indicated that golf was an important part of their travel were analyzed. Cluster analysis and discriminant analysis revealed four distinct types of golf tourist: the sport tourist; the discerning tourist; the resort t...
Hypertrophic olivary degeneration after surgical removal of cavernous malformations of the brain stem: report of four cases and review of the literature.

Background. Hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) is a pathological phenomenon that occurs after injury to the dentato-olivary pathway. Its hallmarks include hypertrophy of the olive with increased T2 signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging, and it often manifests with palatal tremor and oscillopsia clinically. Method. We report the cases of four patients who developed delayed HOD after surgical resection of pontine lesions. Findings. We discuss the anatomical and pathological details of this disease and review the few other reported cases of HOD after resection of lesions within the brainstem. Conclusions. HOD should be recognized as a possible complication of surgery within the brainstem and must be diagnosed promptly so that patients can be appropriately counseled and symptoms can be treated.
Solution NMR characterization of an unusual distal H-bond network in the active site of the cyanide-inhibited, human heme oxygenase complex of the symmetric substrate, 2,4-dimethyldeuterohemin.

The presence of variable static hemin orientational disorder about the α-γ-meso axis in the substrate complexes of mammalian heme oxygenase, together with the incomplete averaging of a second, dynamic disorder, for each hemin orientation, has led to NMR spectra with severe spectral overlap and loss of key two-dimensional correlations that seriously interfere with structural characterization in solution. We demonstrate that the symmetric substrate, 2,4-dimethyldeuterohemin, yields a single solution species for which the dynamic disorder is sufficiently rapid to allow effective and informative 1H NMR structural characterization. A much more extensive, effective, and definitive NMR characterization of the cyanide-inhibited, symmetric heme complex of human heme oxygenase shows that the active site structure, with some minor differences, is essentially the same as that for the native protohemin in solution and crystal. A unique distal network that involves particularly strong hydrogen bonds, as well as inter-aromatic contacts, is described that is proposed to stabilize the position of the catalytically critical distal helix Asp-140 carboxylate (Liu, Y., Koenigs Lightning, L., Huang, H., Moe¨nne-Loccoz, P., Schuller, D. J., Poulos, T. L., Loehr, T. M., and Ortiz de Montellano, P. R. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 34501–34507). The potential role of this network in placing a water molecule to stabilize the hydroperoxy species and as a template for the condensation of the distal helix upon substrate binding are discussed.
Enhanced neuronal activation in central autonomic network nuclei in aged mice following acute peripheral immune challenge

Infection is associated with activation in central autonomic nuclei involved in mediating coordinated host defense responses. Aged mice showed exaggerated sickness behavior following peripheral injection of pro-inflammatory bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but is unknown whether central autonomic network responses are concomitantly increased. To assess whether aged mice exhibit enhanced neural response to LPS, we compared neural responses using c-Fos immunohistochemistry in aged BALB/c mice (22-24 months) with those of young adult peers (3-6 months). Intraperitoneal LPS challenge induced robust expression of c-Fos protein in central autonomic regions, including catecholaminergic neurons in the pons and brainstem, as well as in barrier-associated areas including the circumventricular organs. The numbers of c-Fos positive neurons were significantly greater in the aged compared to the young adult mice. These findings show age-associated enhancement of response to inflammation in the blood-brain chemosensory interfaces as well the central autonomic pathways involved in the elaboration of sickness symptoms, which may contribute to exaggerated sickness and poorer outcomes of infectious disease in the elderly.
The Free Market Approach to Comparable Worth

The issue of comparable worth exemplifies the imperfection of market effects. The argument made by proponents of comparable worth is that women earn between 59% to 65% of men's earnings because they are systematically segregated into jobs which are traditionally held by women and traditionally underpaid. Champions of comparable worth argue that each job has an inherent value irrespective of the market, that the market thus is imperfect in its valuation of females in these positions, and that the law should create a hierarchy of job positions which are comparable worth and set wages accordingly. They refuse to accept that an employee's economic worth is determined by his or her salary. Due to this flawed approach, they fail to recognise the incomparable wages derive not from faulty wage‐value scales but from the supply and demand curves that are formed.
Inhibition of urease by hydroxyurea

Abstract Hydroxyurea was shown to be a potent inhibitor of urease; 50% inhibition occurred at a concentration of approximately 5 × 10−5 M. Preincubation of the enzyme with the inhibitor prior to addition of substrate yielded inhibition which progressed with time, whereas simultaneous addition of inhibitor and substrate to the enzyme reduced the degree of inhibition markedly. Reciprocal plots of velocity against substrate concentration, with and without inhibitor, showed the kinetics of inhibition to be predominantly noncompetitive after preincubation of enzyme with inhibitor. A small increase in apparent Km in the presence of inhibitor indicated, however, a mixed inhibitory component. Inhibition was partially overcome by dialysis of enzyme-inhibitor mixtures. A tentative mechanism of inhibition was suggested, which involves hydrolysis of hydroxyurea by urease to form the actual inhibitory agent.
Every community has a story: The impact of the bilingual history fair on teaching and student learning

Abstract This study examined academic and instructional effects of history fair participation on English Language Learners (ELLs). The exhibition preparation process included inquiry-based pedagogy to increase bilingual students' social studies knowledge. The Bilingual History Fair required recent immigrant, 4th–12th grade students to explore community and immigration through oral history research projects. The mixed-methods data collection process involved a survey of 37 teacher participants, two teacher focus group interviews, and pre- and post-data collected from 149 student participants. Student involvement in the history project expanded student learning and understanding of historical concepts. Through this initiative, teachers validated the students' languages, cultures, and life experiences of their families. The student-to-teacher interactions and the employed targeted instructional strategies were “key methods to moving ELLs toward a stage of historical thinking that will have a measurable impact on student progress in the social studies” ( Salinas, Franquiz, & Guberman 2006, p. 207 ). The findings demonstrate that “teaching social studies that matters to ELLs is an achievable goal” ( Cruz & Thornton, 2009, p. 274 ). The process enhanced the self-concept and efficacy of the students and their sense of place in their schools and communities.
UVB light upregulates prostaglandin synthases and prostaglandin receptors in mouse keratinocytes

Abstract Prostaglandins belong to a class of cyclic lipid-derived mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid via COX-1, COX-2 and various prostaglandin synthases. Members of this family include prostaglandins such as PGE 2 , PGF 2α , PGD 2 and PGI 2 (prostacyclin) as well as thromboxane. In the present studies we analyzed the effects of UVB on prostaglandin production and prostaglandin synthase expression in primary cultures of undifferentiated and calcium-differentiated mouse keratinocytes. Both cell types were found to constitutively synthesize PGE 2 , PGD 2 and the PGD 2 metabolite PGJ 2 . Twenty-four hours after treatment with UVB (25 mJ/cm 2 ), production of PGE 2 and PGJ 2 increased, while PGD 2 production decreased. This was associated with increased expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein. UVB (2.5–25 mJ/cm 2 ) also caused marked increases in mRNA expression for the prostanoid synthases PGDS, mPGES-1, mPGES-2, PGFS and PGIS, as well as expression of receptors for PGE 2 (EP1 and EP2), PGD 2 (DP and CRTH2) and prostacyclin (IP). UVB was more effective in inducing COX-2 and DP in differentiated cells and EP1 and IP in undifferentiated cells. UVB readily activated keratinocyte PI-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, JNK and p38 MAP signaling pathways which are known to regulate COX-2 expression. While inhibition of PI3K suppressed UVB-induced mPGES-1 and CRTH2 expression, JNK inhibition suppressed mPGES-1, PGIS, EP2 and CRTH2, and p38 kinase inhibition only suppressed EP1 and EP2. These data indicate that UVB modulates expression of prostaglandin synthases and receptors by distinct mechanisms. Moreover, both the capacity of keratinocytes to generate prostaglandins and their ability to respond to these lipid mediators are stimulated by exposure to UVB.
Room temperature synthesis and solid-state structure of Ni2P2O6·12H2O

Abstract The synthesis and crystal structure of Ni 2 P 2 O 6 ·12H 2 O are reported. The compound was synthesized from aqueous solutions of nickel chloride and sodium hypodiphosphate at room temperature. The space group is orthorhombic, Pnnm . Unit cell dimensions are a = 11.2418 ( 5 ) A , b = 18.5245 ( 8 ) A , and c = 7.3188 ( 3 ) A , Z = 4 . The product is unstable with respect to dehydration above room temperature.
Custom porous polyethylene implants for large-scale pediatric skull reconstruction: early outcomes.

Background and PurposeSome of the most problematic craniofacial injuries in pediatric plastic surgery are large calvarial defects in children who have passed the age of maximal dural osteogenic potential and yet are too young to yield split calvarial grafts. Porous polyethylene (Medpor; Porex) is an
Intraarterial Platelet Infusion for Patients with Intractable Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage and Severe Refractory Thrombocytopenia

Transarterial therapies used for the treatment of acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage have traditionally included vasopressin infusion and embolization. However, for patients with diffuse or multifocal hemorrhage and severe refractory thrombocytopenia, these options are suboptimal because platelet counts and coagulation parameters may not be adequate to allow for the formation of a stable clot. Herein two such patients treated with direct intraarterial (IA) infusion of platelets into the vascular territory supplying the hemorrhage are described. In both patients, after IA platelet infusion, blood product requirements were immediately reduced, bleeding from the GI tract resolved by clinical and laboratory criteria, and no significant bowel ischemia was seen.
Applications of shape-memory alloys in MOEMS and in optics

The application of shape memory alloy (SMA) thin films in optical devices is introduced and explored for the first time. Physical and optical properties of Titanium-Nickel (TiNi) SMA thin films change as these films undergo phase transformation upon heating. An optical beam can be modulated either mechanically using a TiNi actuator or by the changes that occur in TiNi's optical properties upon heating and phase transformation. Reflection coefficient of TiNi films were measured in their so called martensitic (at room temperature) and austenitic (elevated temperature) phases. The reflection coefficient of the austenitic phase were higher than those of the martensitic phase by more than 45% in the wavelength range between 550 - 850 nm. Also, a microfabricated TiNi diaphragm with a 0.26 mm diameter hole was used as a prototype light-valve. The intensity of the transmitted light through the hole was reduced by 10 - 17% when the diaphragm was heated. A novel TiNi light-valve fabricated using silicon micromachining techniques is also proposed and discussed. We present both optical data and structural data obtained using transmission electron microscopies.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.