cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maxwell Equations in the Spinning Cosmic String Spacetimes

Maxwell equations are explicitly written in spin weighted form by using NP formalism in general flat spacetimes. Corresponding Maxwell equations are obtained in spinning and straight cosmic string backgrounds.
Chemoprevention: general perspective.

Abstract Chemoprevention is the use of natural or synthetic compounds to block, reverse, or prevent the development of invasive cancers. Cellular carcinogenesis forms the biologic basis for the identification of chemopreventives, assessment of their activity, and ultimately the success or failure of a chemopreventive. Chemopreventive agents undergo multistep evaluations to assess efficacy that are similar in concept but vastly different in practice to standard ablative oncologic therapeutics. In vitro assessments of potential anticarcinogenesis efficacy include measurements of an agent’s antioxidant activity, induction of phase II metabolizing enzymes and effects upon cellular proliferation and apoptotic control pathways. In vivo efficacy is assessed primarily in rodent models of carcinogenesis that are specific for a given organ target. The role of genetically modified animal models in the in vivo assessment of chemoprevention agents remains unclear. Clinical assessment of chemopreventive agent efficacy consists of a multistep process of identification of an optimal chemopreventive agent (phase 1), demonstration of efficacy in humans through the modulation of reversal of a tissue, biochemical, and molecular surrogates for neoplastic transformation and invasion (phase 2) and cancer risk reduction in large cohort trials (phase 3). Opportunities and future needs include the development of reliable, predictive in vivo models of carcinogenesis, careful exploration of the preventive pharmacology of therapeutic agents being used for non-cancer prevention indications, and the incorporation of genetic risk cohorts to define cancer chemopreventive efficacy.
Does the Merci Retriever Work? For

Section Editors: Geoffrey A. Donnan MD, FRACP Stephen M. Davis MD, FRACP Technically, it works. And remarkably so. The Merci Retriever is a mechanical embolectomy device designed to reopen occluded vessels by extracting occlusive thrombi from the cerebral vasculature. In the Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) trial (parts I and II combined), among 151 patients enrolled in the intention-to-treat group; partial or complete recanalization by use of the device alone was achieved in 46%.1 This rate substantially exceeded that in the prespecified comparator group—patients enrolled in the control arm of the Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism (PROACT-II) trial (18%). The associated probability value of <0.0001 indicates a less than 1 in 10 000 chance that this result occurred by chance. The Merci Retriever indeed works. And it works well where we most need it to work: on proximal occlusions for which there was previously no good therapy. Proximal carotid terminus and M1 middle cerebral artery thrombi respond poorly to IV or intra-arterial fibrinolytic therapy, likely attributable in large part to the sheer volume of the clot burden requiring enzymatic digestion. The average volume of carotid terminus thrombi (0.4 ml) is more than an order of magnitude larger than that of M2 middle cerebral artery division thrombi …
The effect of lattice spacing change on cross-bridge kinetics in chemically skinned rabbit psoas muscle fibers. I. Proportionality between the lattice spacing and the fiber width

Chemically skinned rabbit psoas muscle fibers/bundles were osmotically compressed with a macromolecule dextran T-500 (0–16%, g/100 ml) at 20 degrees C, 200 mM ionic strength, and pH 7.0. The lattice spacing of psoas bundles was measured by equatorial x-ray diffraction studies during relaxation and after rigor induction, and the results were compared with the fiber width measurements by optical microscopy. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether fiber width is a reliable measure of the lattice spacing, and to determine the available spacing for myosin cross-bridges between the thick and thin filaments. We observed that both the lattice spacing and the fiber width decreased with an increase in the dextran concentration during relaxation or after rigor induction, and that the spacing and the fiber width were proportionately related. We further observed that, in the absence of dextran, the lattice spacing (and the fiber width) shrank on a relax-to-rigor transition, whereas in the presence of 16% dextran, the spacing expanded on a relax-to-rigor transition. The cross-over of these plots occurred at the 4–7% dextran concentration. During Ca activation, the fiber width shrank in the absence of dextran, and it slightly expanded in the presence of 14.4% dextran. The degree of expansion was not as large as in the relax-to-rigor transition, and the cross-over occurred at about 11% dextran concentration. We also carried out experiments with dextran T-40 and T-10 to determine the upper limit of the molecular weight that enters the lattice space. We found that the upper limit is about 20 kD.
Isolation and identification of human fetal adrenal medullary cells in vitro.

A rapid method for the partial separation of human fetal adrenal medullary cells is described. Enzymatically dissociated human fetal adrenal cells were centrifuged on a preformed gradient of colloidal Silica particles (Percoll) in isotonic Earle's balanced salt buffer. This procedure leads to the formation of five fractions containing nonviable cells and debris, predominantly fetal zone cells, predominantly definitive zone cells and clumps of medullary cells, isolated medullary cells, and red blood cells. The medullary cells were then pooled and plated on plastic culture dishes coated with an extracellular matrix produced by cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells. Medullary cells plated on extracellular matrix demonstrated extensive neurite formation, facilitating their identification. Further identification of the cells as medullary in origin was confirmed using a specific catecholamine fluorescence technique. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55: 1143, 1982)
A cross-sectional study of docosahexaenoic acid status and cognitive outcomes in females of reproductive age with phenylketonuria

Diet therapy for phenylketonuria (PKU) requires restricted phenylalanine (Phe) intake, with the majority of protein and other nutrients coming from synthetic medical food. The fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important in brain development and function; however, there are reports of low blood DHA concentrations in people treated for PKU. Although the implications of this low blood DHA are unclear, subtle cognitive deficits have been reported in those treated early and continuously for PKU. For this study, we investigated the relationship between DHA status and cognitive performance in 41 females 12 years and older with PKU. Participants were attending the baseline visit of a research-based camp or a supplementation trial. We assessed the domains of verbal ability, processing speed, and executive function using standardized tests, and the proportions of DHA in plasma and red blood cell (RBC) total lipids using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Percent plasma and RBC total lipid DHA were significantly lower in the participants compared with laboratory controls (P < .001), and participants consumed no appreciable DHA according to diet records. Plasma and RBC DHA both negatively correlated with plasma Phe (P < .02), and performance on the verbal ability task positively correlated with RBC DHA controlling for plasma Phe (R = .32, P = .03). The relationship between DHA and domains related to verbal ability, such as learning and memory, should be confirmed in a controlled trial. Domains of processing speed and executive function may require a larger sample size to clarify any association with DHA.
Electrostatically doped WSe 2 CMOS inverter

In this article we report a fully complementary CMOS inverter using multi-layer WSe 2 as the channel material in dual gated transistor geometry. We have employed electrostatic doping and contact work function engineering in order to experimentally demonstrate the logic inverter. The maximum inverter gain was found to be ~12. The noise margin (NM) was ~ 2.0V. Semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) like MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , WSe 2 and many others are being investigated as potential candidates for beyond Si nanoelectronics owing to their ultra-thin body that allow aggressive channel length scaling (1-4) . In this context, it is important to demonstrate simple logic circuits like the inverter with these novel 2D crystals in order to justify their true potential. An inverter should ideally comprise of a PFET and an NFET with similar drive current capabilities. This requires that the channel material should provide easy access to both the electron in the conduction band and holes in the valence band. In Si CMOS this feature is easily achieved through substitutional doping. However, in case of the TMDs, due to the absence of a controllable and sustainable doping scheme, one has to rely on electrostatic doping (adjustment of threshold voltage through gating) and the position of contact Fermi level determined by the work function of the contact metal to enable electron or hole conduction.
Vital pulp therapy with bipolar electrocoagulation after intentional pulp exposure of fixed prosthodontic abutments: A clinical report

A clinical protocol is described for the treatment of intentional and unavoidable exposed pulps during crown preparation. The protocol includes a definitive cavity preparation to create space in the exposed dentin for an adhesive pulp barrier; procedures to develop the highly desirable hybrid zone to prevent microleakage; the use of a specific resinous material that serves as a long-term pulp barrier with a relatively neutral and biocompatible impact on the pulp; and the use of precise bipolar electrocoagulation to provide durable hemostasis for restoration of the pulp wall and a relatively clot-free surgical wound to facilitate healing. The protocol involves the application of gentle surgical and restorative procedures to support the inherent healing process to restore the health of the pulp. The patient presented was part of a larger investigation and was selected in an attempt to identify a fixed prosthodontic application of the proposed pulp therapy protocol.
Heterogenous inhibition of platelet aggregation by monoclonal antibodies binding to multiple sites on GPIIIa.

Summary. Six monoclonal IgGl-k antibodies (LK2, LK3r, LK4-55, LK5, LK6-55, LK7r) were raised against platelet membrane GPIIIa in order to study the structure-function relationship of this molecule. Antibodies were selected on their ability to react with GPIIIa by ELISA on adherent platelets, by immunoblot on platelet lysates and by fluorescence flow cytometry on intact platelets. Fluorescence reactivity varied from 3- to 202-fold greater than isotype control fluorescence. Two MoAbs reacted on immunoblot under reduced conditions (LK7r and LK3r). Two reacted with a 55 kD chymotrypsin/subtilisin digest of GPIIIa which is likely to exclude amino acids 121-348 (LK4-55 and LK6-55). Four of the MoAbs (LK5, LK3r, LK2 and LK4-55) inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of one to four distinct bands on immunoblot. LK4-55 reacted with an N-terminal 66 amino acid fusion protein of GPIIIa near the PLA epitope (Leu 33). LK7r reacted with a 212-222 peptide reported to be an RGD fibrinogen binding site. LK2 reacted near a disintegrin-RGD binding site. Except for LK5, all inhibited ADP, collagen and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a heterogenous fashion. Percentage inhibition of 125I-fibrinogen binding to platelets varied from 18% to 98%. No correlation was noted between inhibition of fibrinogen binding, location of MoAb binding on GPIIIa, reactivity of MoAb binding with GPIIIa, inhibition of thrombin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation or inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen or thrombin. Thus MoAbs, binding to platelet GPIIIa at different sites, inhibit platelet aggregation in a heterogenous manner.
Surface processes in MEMS technology

Abstract This review focuses on the problem of adhesion in microelectromechanical systems and on the application of the principles and techniques of surface science to understand and manipulate, at the atomic level, the interfacial forces which are responsible for strong adhesion in microdevices. Various approaches developed for reducing both release and in-use adhesion are discussed. They include surface roughening and chemical passivation. Results of ultrahigh vacuum studies on well-characterized surfaces are compared to experiments on test structures, such as cantilever beam arrays, which are specifically designed to study the surface properties of real micromechanical devices under normal operating conditions.
Regulation of nucleic acid synthesis in Lactobacillus acidophillus R-26

Abstract Lactobacillus acidophillus R-26 has been used to study the regulation of chromosome replication. RNA synthesis in this organism is stringent in that when amino acids are removed, RNA synthesis is drastically reduced. Synthesis can be restored by the addition of chloramphenicol. Actinomycin D inhibits RNA synthesis completely in concentrations above 2 μg/ml. DNA synthesis proceeds in the absence of all amino acids resulting in an overall increase of 40–50 % in the DNA content per cell. This synthesis can be further increased by the addition of either glutamic or aspartic acids. Thymine or deoxyribose starvation results in a 150 % increase in DNA content upon subsequent restoration of these compounds and incubation in the absence of amino acids. This increase can be inhibited by the presence of actinomycin D or chloramphenicol during the period of deoxyriboside starvation. These results are similar to those observed previously for Escherichia coli and have been explained by assuming that: (a) chromosome replication is completed in the absence of all amino acids; (b) thymine or deoxyriboside starvation induces an extra cycle of chromosome replication. It has been found that actinomycin D will inhibit the extra cycle of DNA replication, if present at concentration of 5 μg/ml. This concentration is much higher than that necessary to inhibit RNA synthesis, but much lower than that necessary to inhibit normal DNA synthesis. It is proposed that actinomycin is, in this case, acting directly upon the initiation of DNA replication.
Influence of nucleosome structure on the three-dimensional folding of idealized minichromosomes

Abstract Background: The closed circular, multinucleosome-bound DNA comprising a minichromosome provides one of the best known examples of chromatin organization beyond the wrapping of the double helix around the core of histone proteins. This higher level of chain folding is governed by the topology of the constituent nucleosomes and the spatial disposition of the intervening protein-free DNA linkers. Results: By simplifying the protein–DNA assembly to an alternating sequence of virtual bonds, the organization of a string of nucleosomes on the minichromosome can be treated by analogy to conventional chemical depictions of macromolecular folding in terms of the bond lengths, valence angles, and torsions of the chain. If the nucleosomes are evenly spaced and the linkers are sufficiently short, regular minichromosome structures can be identified from analytical expressions that relate the lengths and angles formed by the virtual bonds spanning the nucleosome-linker repeating units to the pitch and radius of the organized quaternary structures that they produce. Conclusions: The resulting models with 4–24 bound nucleosomes illustrate how a minichromosome can adopt the low-writhe folding motifs deduced from biochemical studies, and account for published images of the 30 nm chromatin fiber and the simian virus 40 (SV40) nucleohistone core. The marked sensitivity of global folding to the degree of protein–DNA interactions and the assumed nucleosomal shape suggest potential mechanisms for chromosome rearrangements upon histone modification.
Meta‐analysis of the effect of scaling and root planing, surgical treatment and antibiotic therapies on periodontal probing depth and attachment loss

Objective: This paper reports a meta-analysis of studies that have investigated the effect of scaling and root planing on periodontal probing depth and attachment loss. Material and methods: The criteria used for inclusion of studies were as follows: root planing and scaling alone was one of the primary treatment arms; patients or quadrants of each patient were randomly assigned to study groups; 80% of patients enrolled were included in first year follow-up examinations; periodontal probing depth and attachment loss were reported in mm; the sample size of each study and substudy was reported. Sample size was used to weight the relative contribution of each study since standard errors were not reported by many studies and sample size is highly correlated with standard error and therefore statistically able to explain a substantial portion of the standard error on studies that use similar measures. Results: The meta-analysis results show that periodontal probing depth and gain of attachment level do not improve significantly following root planing and scaling for patients with shallow initial periodontal probing depths. However, there was about a 1-mm reduction for medium initial periodontal probing depths and a 2-mm reduction for deep initial periodontal probing depths. Similarly, there was about a 0.50-mm gain in attachment for medium initial periodontal probing depth measurements and slightly more than a l-mm gain in attachment for deep initial periodontal probing depth measurements. Surgical therapy for patients with deep initial probing depths showed better results than scaling and root planing in reducing probing depths. When patients were followed up over 3 years or more, these differences were reduced to less than 0.4 mm. Antibiotic therapy showed similar results to scaling and root planing. However, a consistent improvement in periodontal probing depth and gain of attachment is demonstrated when local antibiotic therapy is combined with root planing and scaling.
Effects of Autoionizing Levels in Highly Ionized Atoms

A review is given of the contribution of autoionizing levels to photoionization, collisional ionization, dielectronic recombination, and collisional excitation, all based on a simple approach involving only perturbation-theory calculation of autoionization and radiative transition probability rates. Numerical examples are treated for dielectronic-recombination contributions to observed 2p-3d spectra in Mo29+ to Mo32+, and for resonance contributions to 2s-3s and 2p-3s collision strengths in O5+.
Extending the quasi-steady state concept to analysis of metabolic networks

A means is proposed for evaluating enzyme effectiveness in vivo via a simplified dynamic description of the metabolic reaction network within which the enzyme operates. The basis of the method is application of sensitivity analysis to a quasi-steady approximation of a complete dynamic model, and its implementation centers on interpreting the transient relations of selected intermediates following a perturbation to the system of interest: for many important situations such relations can be simply interpreted to give a useful global measure of enzyme effectiveness. This method is found to be successful for estimating phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase activity in the human red cell, and it appears promising as a basis for developing a means for detecting enzyme abnormalities caused by environmental or genetic factors. This method may also prove useful for comparative studies of glycolysis in different types of cells. The analysis presented is based on available models of red cell glycolysis, but the results are not highly sensitive to ambiguities in the system model. The approach suggested appears to provide an effective means for describing system dynamics and determining the behavior of an individual enzyme in an intact system by making a first-order allowance for interaction with the system as a whole. Requirements for success of this approach remain to be identified in detail, but effective time-scale separation is probably the key.
Dry deposition of particles to a pine plantation

There has been some controversy concerning the rate of deposition of particles having diameters near 1.0 μm to vegetated surfaces. In this size range, the processes of Brownian diffusion and inertial impaction are not effective and deposition to smooth surfaces reaches a minimum. However, most measurements of deposition of micrometer diameter particles to vegetated surfaces indicate a greater deposition than extrapolation of the results from less rough surfaces would suggest. In this study, the aerodynamic profile method was used to estimate deposition to a pine plantation. The deposition velocities were found to be sensitive to the displacement height and the form of the profile stability correction used in the calculations. An analysis of a limited set of Bowen ratio data, collected over the same forest, suggests that the data are reasonably described by using a displacement height of 7.9 m and the stability correction proposed by Raupach (1979). The average deposition velocities, measured over a 9-month period were 0.0043, 0.0078, and 0.0092 m/s for the three diameter classes 0.5\2-1.0, 1.0\2-2.0 and 2.0\2-5.0 \gmm. These deposition velocities are lower than the corresponding aerodynamic conductance for the same periods, indicating that the deposition rate is limited by surface phenomena. Average surface conductances calculated for the three size classes of particles were 0.0060, 0.0141, and 0.0276 m/s, respectively. A multiple regression analysis showed high correlation between deposition velocity and wind speed. No other measured environmental factor or linear combination of factors was significantly correlated with deposition velocity.
Rheo‐optical properties of polymers. VI. Dynamic birefringence

In previous papers we have presented data on the dynamic birefringence and light scattering from polyethylene. New studies of the dynamic birefringence of polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone rubber, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and polyethylene as a function of frequency and temperature have been made. The results are presented and interpreted in terms of various proposed theories. The relationships between the mechanical and optical relaxation spectrum are discussed.
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in yaks (Bos grunniens).

An epizootic of hemorrhagic disease associated with Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 (EHDV-2) infections in yaks from 5 herds occurred in Colorado between August 21 and October 3, 2012. Affected yaks presented with fever, lethargy, anorexia, dyspnea, and swollen conjunctivae. Ulcerated dental pads, mucoid sanguineous nasal discharge, petechial hemorrhages in multiple organs, pulmonary edema, and serosanguinous fluid in the thorax, abdomen, and pericardial sac were observed at necropsy. Blood and tissue samples from 8 yaks with similar clinical signs and necropsy findings were positive for EHDV-2 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and 5 yaks were seropositive for EHDV. Tests for malignant catarrhal fever (Ovine herpesvirus 2), Bovine viral diarrhea virus, Bovine herpesvirus 1, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, and Vesicular stomatitis virus were negative. The findings indicate that yaks are susceptible to infection with EHDV-2 and exhibit the clinical signs, and gross and histolog...
T wave alternans in an in vitro canine tissue model of Brugada syndrome

Macroscopic T wave alternans (TWA) associated with increased occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias has been reported in patients with Brugada syndrome. However, the mechanisms in this syndrome are ...
Limits on the complexity of empirical models of magnetic storm phenomena

[1] We explore the statistical limits on the complexity of data-derived models of magnetic storm phenomena, including magnetic indices, plasmapause evolution, and outer radiation belt dynamics. Specifically, we estimate the limits on the number of free parameters justifiable by application of Occam's razor, or the rule of parsimony. These limits arise from the strong intercorrelation of geomagnetic phenomena, which decimates the effective sample size of independent observations of magnetic storm phenomena. We show that the resulting paucity of distinct magnetic storms over the history of magnetic indices and satellite observations severely limits the justifiable complexity of data-derived models. Our analysis applies to a wide variety of models with a finite number of constant free parameters but not to models with time-varying parameters nor to nearest-neighbors models.
Maximality, duplication, and intrinsic value

In this paper, I develop an argument for the thesis that ‘maximality is extrinsic’, on which a whole physical object is not a whole of its kind in virtue of its intrinsic properties. Theodore Sider has a number of arguments that depend on his own simple argument that maximality is extrinsic. However, Peter van Inwagen has an argument in defence of his Duplication Principle that, I will argue, can be extended to show that Sider's simple argument fails. However, van Inwagen's argument fails against a more complex, sophisticated argument that maximality is extrinsic. I use van Inwagen's own commitments to various forms of causation and metaphysical possibility to argue that maximality is indeed extrinsic, although not for the mundane reasons that Sider suggests. I then argue that moral properties are extrinsic properties. Two physically identical things can have different moral properties in a physical world. This argument is a counterexample to a classical ethical supervenience idea (often attributed to G.E. Moore) that if there is identity of physical properties in a physical world, then there is identity in moral properties as well. I argue moral value is ‘border sensitive’ and extrinsic for Kantians, utilitarians, and Aristotelians.
Muscle fatigue and dyspnoea in chronic heart failure: two sides of the same coin?

The pathogenesis of the limiting symptoms in patients with chronic heart failure, shortness of breath and fatigue on exercise, are poorly understood. We analysed data from 222 incremental symptom limited exercise tests to determine whether there were differences between patients stopped by breathlessness or fatigue. One hundred and sixty patients were stopped by breathlessness and 62 by fatigue. There was no differences between the two groups in underlying diagnosis or in exercise performance (peak oxygen consumption 15.66 (+/- 5.62) ml.kg-1.min-1 in the fatigue group, 15.13 (+/- 4.64) in the breathless group). The ventilatory response as assessed by ventilatory response to carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2 slope) was not different between the two groups (2.61 (+/- 0.96) in the fatigue group, 3.03 (+/- 1.23) in the breathless group: P = ns). There were no differences between the two groups in left ventricular dimensions, left ventricular ejection fraction or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The limiting symptoms of breathlessness and fatigue in chronic heart failure are two sides of the same coin. Any pathophysiological explanation of exercise limitation in chronic heart failure must unify these two symptoms.
Bacillus rigiliprofundi sp. nov., an endospore-forming, Mn-oxidizing, moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from deep subseafloor basaltic crust.

A facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain 1MBB1T, was isolated from basaltic breccia collected from 341 m below the seafloor by seafloor drilling of Rigil Guyot during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 330. The cells were straight rods, 0.5 μm wide and 1–3 μm long, that occurred singly and in chains. Strain 1MBB1T stained Gram-positive. Catalase and oxidase were produced. The isolate grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.5, and could grow with up to 12 % (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content was 40.5 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were C16: 1ω11c (26.5 %), anteiso-C15: 0 (19.5 %), C16: 0 (18.7 %) and iso-C15: 0 (10.4 %), and the cell-wall diamino acid was meso-diaminopimelic acid. Endospores of strain 1MBB1T oxidized Mn(II) to Mn(IV), and siderophore production by vegetative cells was positive. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that strain 1MBB1T was a member of the family Bacillaceae, with Bacillus foraminis CV53T and Bacillus novalis LMG 21837T being the closest phylogenetic neighbours (96.5 and 96.2 % similarity, respectively). This is the first novel species described from deep subseafloor basaltic crust. On the basis of our polyphasic analysis, we conclude that strain 1MBB1T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which we propose the name Bacillus rigiliprofundi sp. nov. The type strain is 1MBB1T ( = NCMA B78T = LMG 28275T).
HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION FROM FREEZE‐DRIED MEATS

The possibility of utilizing hydrocarbon measurement to follow lipid oxidation in freezedried foods was explored. In freeze-dried meats, TBA reactive substances (a common indicator of lipid oxidation) and hydrocarbons were analyzed during storage of control and phosphate treated meats. TBA numbers were initially much higher in control than in phosphate-treated meats, but decreased steadily during storage, presumably from reactions with other food components. Malonaldehyde added directly to meat also decreased. Unexpectedly, methane was the major hydrocarbon from both the control and the phosphate treated meats with significant amounts of ethane and propane and traces of butane and pentane. Further evidence is needed on the origin of methane and any relationship between its production and the overall quality of freezedried meats.
On the Use of a Class of Algebraic Mappings Techniques for Some Problems in Complex Analysis

In computer algebra, there are two predominant classes of constructive techniques useful for a large variety of algebraic problems, particularly in the multivariate case. Both rely on a projection mapping technique to cast the problem into a simpler domain, by computing residues (or modular images). The difference between the two techniques lies mainly in their method of lifting the solution from the simpler domain back up to the original domain of concern. The class based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem utilizes multiple images for reconstruction, while the one based on the Hensel Lemma relies on a single modulus. In this paper, we concentrate on the former technique. We give a general description of the technique and offer a perspective that unifies two other well known (algebraic) techniques in complex numerical analysis — fast Fourier transform and polynomial evaluation and interpolation. The essential supporting algebraic operations, such as polynomial multiplication, division with remainder, and the extended Euclidean computation, are also discussed to give them the proper algebraic setting. This leads to another unification to two important problem areas of numerical analysis — rational approximation and solving Toeplitz equations. These problems are given an asymtotically fast yet practically realizable algorithmic solution. Finally, this class of techniques is further demonstrated by applying them to derive algebraic identities that underly even faster algorithms, such as FFT and the multiplication of complex numbers.
Transient tachypnea of the newborn: what is new?

An infant born by cesarean delivery is at risk of having excessive pulmonary fluid which makes predisposition to transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), because fetal thorax compression during labor leads to the loss of large volumes liquid from the lungs. At birth, the pulmonary epithelium switches from predominantly facilitated Cl⁻ secretion to predominantly active Na+ reabsorption with the increase expression epithelial Na+ -channels (ENaC). Diminished activity or immaturity of this process may contribute to the development of TTN. Familial clustering of some TTN cases shows a genetic predisposition in the developing of this disorder. Antenatal glucocorticoids induce lung Na+ reabsorption by increasing the number and activity of channels even in hypoxia. Since a large release of fetal adrenaline occurs late in labor stimulating ENaC to start reabsorbing lung fluids, aerolized s-agonists may be used in the treatment. Genetic predisposition for s-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness may cause TTN in newborn period, and asthma/wheezing in older age groups. Although furosemide accelerates lung fluid resorption and cause pulmonary vasodilatation, oral or aerosolized furosemide cannot be recommended as treatment for TTN unless additional data become available.
Bacterial diversity in an industrial wastewater bioreactor

Industrial wastewater bioreactors are potentially important sources of novel biocatalysts. However, the microbial populations in these bioreactors are not well characterized. The microbial community in an industrial wastewater bioreactor was surveyed by extracting DNA from a sample of activated sludge, followed by PCR amplification and sequencing of cloned 16S rRNA genes. A total of 407 cloned 16S rRNA gene sequences were compared with 88 bacterial isolates cultured from the same sample of sludge using a variety of standard media. Most of the bacteria detected by the PCR-based approach were β-subdivision Proteobacteria, whereas most of the cultured bacteria were γ-subdivision Proteobacteria. Only a few types of bacteria were detected by both approaches. These observations indicate that multiple techniques are necessary to characterize the microbial diversity in any complex ecosystem.
Radiofrequency tissue volume reduction: multilesion vs single-lesion treatments for snoring.

Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of single-lesion and multilesion radiofrequency tissue reduction (RFTR) of the soft palate for the treatment of snoring. Design Prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial. Setting University hospital outpatient clinic. Patients Nonrandomized patients undergoing RFTR to treat socially unacceptable snoring. Of 47 patients, 16 received single-lesion treatments and 31 received multilesion treatments. Intervention Soft-palate RFTR was performed using a radiofrequency generator. Patients required 1 to 3 treatments based on improvement or withdrawal from the study, and each received 1, 3, or 4 lesions per treatment. Patients who received single-lesion therapy did not cross over into the multilesion group; however, 5 patients in the multilesion group received 4-lesion therapy after a treatment with 3 lesions. Main Outcome Measures Outcome measures were determined using visual analog scale questionnaires assessing level of snoring (snoring index) and level of pain (pain index) associated with the procedure. Adverse events and complications during treatment were cataloged. Data were collected before the procedure, 6 weeks after each treatment, and an average of 16 months after the last procedure. Results Single-lesion and multilesion groups showed significant improvement in snoring after RFTR treatments ( P P = .05) and was more than twice as likely to be cured after 2 treatments (61% vs 25%; P = .02). A trend toward improved clinical outcomes with increased number of lesions and total energy per treatment was observed when patients treated with 1, 3, or 4 lesions were compared. The 4-lesion group had the most pronounced improvement in snoring index score per treatment, the lowest number of treatments required for cure, and the greatest percentage of patients cured after 2 treatment sessions. Follow-up demonstrated minimal relapse of snoring in the multilesion group at a mean of 16 months. Although there was a statistically significant increase in pain in the multilesion group vs the single-lesion group, this increase did not increase narcotic use or time off work and was considered minimal by reporting patients. Conclusion Multilesion RFTR using higher energy levels per treatment is safe and has increased efficacy without increased complications relative to single-lesion therapy.
Molecular Pathways: Extracting Medical Knowledge from High-Throughput Genomic Data

High-throughput genomic data that measures RNA expression, DNA copy number, mutation status, and protein levels provide us with insights into the molecular pathway structure of cancer. Genomic lesions (amplifications, deletions, mutations) and epigenetic modifications disrupt biochemical cellular pathways. Although the number of possible lesions is vast, different genomic alterations may result in concordant expression and pathway activities, producing common tumor subtypes that share similar phenotypic outcomes. How can these data be translated into medical knowledge that provides prognostic and predictive information? First-generation mRNA expression signatures such as Genomic Health9s Oncotype DX already provide prognostic information, but do not provide therapeutic guidance beyond the current standard of care, which is often inadequate in high-risk patients. Rather than building molecular signatures based on gene expression levels, evidence is growing that signatures based on higher-level quantities such as from genetic pathways may provide important prognostic and diagnostic cues. We provide examples of how activities for molecular entities can be predicted from pathway analysis and how the composite of all such activities, referred to here as the “activitome,” helps connect genomic events to clinical factors to predict the drivers of poor outcome. Clin Cancer Res; 19(12); 3114–20. ©2013 AACR .
Dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis ) reduce microzooplankton and macrozooplankton biomass in thermally stratified lakes

We conducted a survey of 50 thermally stratified lakes with similar nutrient concentrations and morphometries in Michigan to examine the direct and indirect effects of dreissenid mussels on the biomass and community composition of microzooplankton and macrozooplankton. Twenty-five lakes were infested with dreissenid mussels (invaded), while 25 lakes were dreissenid free (uninvaded). In invaded lakes, phytoplankton biomass was 24% lower, and water clarity was 21% greater. Total microzooplankton biomass was 44% lower, with ciliate and rotifer biomass 39% and 45% lower, respectively, in invaded lakes. Total macrozooplankton biomass was 33% lower, largely driven by a 40% lower biomass of Daphnia spp. in invaded lakes. In contrast, dreissenid status had no significant influence on total copepod biomass, calanoid biomass, or cyclopoid biomass. Our microzooplankton results are similar to those of previous studies conducted in shallow, well-mixed systems, although the magnitude of the dreissenid influence in our study was smaller, as might be expected in thermally stratified systems. On the other hand, ours is the first study to document lower biomass of Daphnia spp. and reduced rotifer diversity in invaded lakes. In contrast, we found no difference in macrozooplankton community structure. Dreissenids likely affected zooplankton directly through predation (microzooplankton) and indirectly through resource competition (micro- and macrozooplankton). Understanding how dreissenid mussels affect both microand macrozooplankton will help us to identify the potential mechanisms by which higher trophic levels (e.g., fish) are influenced by these invaders.
Species richness and complementarity of beetle faunas in a mediterranean-type biodiversity hotspot

Regions of mediterranean-type climate represent most extra-tropical biodi- versity hotspots, being both highly diverse and highly endangered. Though renowned for their plant richness, these regions' insects constitute the bulk of their alpha diversities. Data on insect distribution and rarity are generally lacking for such regions, and are often considered unattainable. Intensive field inventories combined with statistical extrapolation methods can provide a sufficient understanding of alpha, beta, and gamma diversity components for application to conservation planning. These are essential to assessing the adequacy of a regional reserve network for the conservation of insect diversity. Here the beetle faunas of three protected areas spanning three major ecoregions in the California Floristic Province were inventoried and analyzed for species richness, complementarity, and uniqueness. These surveys produced collectively nearly 1,200 species from all three sites, estimated to be about 80% of their total faunas. Diversity was highly partitioned among sites, no one site containing more than 60% of the species. Dissimilarity was moderate to high for all comparisons, and all sites contained >40% unique species. Comparison of these results with those based on species of co-occurring plants reveal incongruent species richness but congruent similarities among sites. These results provide quantitative support to the perception that mediterranean insect faunas show high spatial variability. Along with online specimen level data on distribution, rarity, and seasonality, these results will help speed the incorporation of insect data into serious conservation planning.
Addressing Structural and Environmental Factors for Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

A deeper understanding of how structure and environment shape the sexual and reproductive health vulnerabilities of youths across a range of outcomes has implications for the development of successful policies and programs. We have discussed some of the key structural and environmental factors that influence the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and the importance of engaging adolescents in identifying solutions. We have highlighted 2 case studies that describe structural or environmental approaches to improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health and made recommendations to more systematically incorporate attention to structure and environment to improve global adolescent health.
FLOW BEHAVIOR OF REGULAR AND PEANUT‐FORTIFIED IDLI BATTERS

Regular and peanut-fortified idli batters showed shear-thinning behavior before and after fermentation. Fermentation increased batter viscosity and degree of shear thinning of regular and peanut-fortified batters. Fortification with defatted peanut flour (DPF) (up to 20%) significantly increased viscosity and the batters became more shear thinning at the 25-30% DPF fortification level.
MIMO Systems Based on Modulation Diversity

This letter proposes a new approach to achieve the maximum diversity gain in the vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) system over multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Rayleigh channels. First, we will briefly review the modulation diversity scheme based on real-valued multidimensional rotated constellations that has been proposed to obtain high diversity orders for single-input single-output (SISO) systems. Then, this letter extends the modulation diversity scheme to V-BLAST MIMO systems in order to achieve the maximum diversity gain without additional power or bandwidth consumption. The proposed method is particularly suitable for MIMO applications which employ channel codes with high rate in order to support high spectral efficiency.
Length Scales of Eddy Generation and Nonlinear Evolution of the Seasonally Modulated South Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent

Abstract The dynamical processes behind the seasonal modulation of the two-dimensional eddy kinetic energy (EKE) wavenumber spectrum in the Subtropical Countercurrent region of the South Pacific are investigated with 14 yr of satellite altimeter data and climatological hydrographic data. The authors find a seasonally modulated generation of EKE via baroclinic instability in modes with larger meridional length scales. Subsequent nonlinear eddy–eddy interactions redistribute the EKE to larger total horizontal length scales, and larger zonal scales in particular. This is confirmed by diagnosing the spectral transfer of EKE in the surface geostrophic flow, which is found to drive an anisotropic inverse cascade, being redirected in the sense consistent with the β effect, as predicted by geostrophic turbulence theory on the β plane. Because of the seasonal renewal of meridionally elongated anomalies by baroclinic instability and possibly because of the barotropization process, however, the net outcome for the f...
DEVELOPMENT OF WRINKLES IN SHEET METAL FORMING

A general formulation for the determination of the post-bifurcation behavior of wrinkles in a sheet metal forming process is developed. The membrane and bending finite deformation, workpiece-tool contact and frictional stick-slip conditions, bifurcation and post-bifurcation development of wrinkles of a sheet metal are analyzed. Based on the formulation, a finite element computer program for an incremental and numerical solution of the problem is written. As illustrations, numerical results of forming a rectangular pan with round corners are shown.
Thermodynamics of Metal-Gas Reactions

Since this conference concerns interstitial alloys, this thermodynamic review will be limited to that type of gas-metal system. The review will be divided into three sections: i. dilute solutions of gases in metals and terminal solubilities, i.e., the limiting solid solution concentrations which co-exist with the more concentrated solute phases, e.g., oxides, ii. the formation and decomposition of metal hydrides, nitrides and oxides, iii. experimental methods for obtaining thermodynamic data for gas-metal systems.
Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Directions

Low-grade gliomas are the most common brain tumor in children, accounting for 30–50% of central nervous system tumors in the pediatric age group. They can arise anywhere along the neuraxis and are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with treatments and outcomes that vary widely by age, tumor location, and extent of surgical resection. Treatment ranges from expectant observation to surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy as single or combined modality therapies. Pediatric low-grade gliomas share a unique association with several inherited genetic conditions, including neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis. Children with these genetic disorders have a markedly increased risk of developing low-grade gliomas during childhood, and the prognosis and treatment choices may differ substantially from children with identical tumors who do not carry these genetic mutations. Long-term overall survival of all children with low-grade gliomas is very good; therefore, the potential late effects of treatment must be considered carefully in making treatment decisions. As our understanding of the genetic aberrations in low-grade gliomas evolves, novel molecular targets are being identified that may allow for more precise, tumor-directed drug delivery.
Contingency Tables and Pearson-Plackett Distributions

The preceding two chapters have addressed various forms of regression analysis, topics that are among those most commonly encountered in statistical analysis of data. We turn now to the more primitive subject of categorical (qualitative, attribute) variables and their association in contingency tables.
Media and community

(1989). Media and community. Critical Studies in Mass Communication: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 326-334.
Hemodynamic effects of H2-receptor antagonists

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) often are administered to intensive care unit patients in an attempt to reduce gastric acidity and to prevent stress-related mucosal damage. These agents have an extremely low overall incidence and severity of adverse reactions; however, hemodynamically significant hypotension has been noted. Clinical studies with rapidly administered intravenous cimetidine in critically ill patients have demonstrated a depression in blood pressure in up to 75 percent of patients. Ranitidine, also studied in this setting, does not appear to induce similar hemodynamic changes. The newer H2RAs, famotidine and nizatidine, have not been evaluated in critically ill patients.