cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supra-arcade Downflows in Long-Duration Solar Flare Events

This report seeks to introduce the reader to a set of observations made during the decay phase of long-duration event (LDE) flares on the Sun. In a number of events, the soft X-ray images from Yohkoh SXT indicate a downward-directed flow field in the region immediately above the flare arcade. The prototypical event is the M5 flare of 20 January 1999, presented by McKenzie and Hudson (1999); since the time that paper was completed, eleven more events, all related to coronal mass ejections, have been found in the interval 1 January 1998 to 8 May 1999. As in the 20 January event, the speeds of downflow are 45–500 km s−1, lower than both the free fall speed and the typically assumed Alfven speed. A comparison is drawn between the SXT observations and the EUV and Hα data, where such are available. Important additions to our knowledge since the first paper are: (i) the motion is evidenced by both dark and bright (i.e., X-ray emitting) features, some of which may have a loop-like morphology; (ii) no cool counterparts have been detected in Hα or EUV observations. The data are compared to the expected appearance according to two likely (and opposing) interpretations: an `above-the-arcade coronal rain' interpretation and a `shrinking magnetic flux tube' interpretation. In the current standard explanation of the formation of post-CME arcades, motion of the latter type may be related to outflow from a reconnection site. Movies depicting some of the flare events are on the accompanying CD-ROM.
Promotion of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation of Procathepsin D by Human Herpesvirus 8-Encoded Viral Interleukin-6

ABSTRACT The interleukin-6 homologue (viral interleukin-6 [vIL-6]) of human herpesvirus 8 is implicated in viral pathogenesis due to its proproliferative, inflammatory, and angiogenic properties, effected through gp130 receptor signaling. In primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells, vIL-6 is expressed latently and is essential for normal cell growth and viability. This is mediated partly via suppression of proapoptotic cathepsin D (CatD) via cocomplexing of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized CatD precursor, pro-CatD (pCatD), and vIL-6 with the previously uncharacterized ER membrane protein vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 variant 2 (VKORC1v2). vIL-6 suppression of CatD occurs also during reactivated productive replication in PEL cells and is likely to contribute to proreplication functions of vIL-6. Here, we report that vIL-6 suppresses CatD through vIL-6, VKORC1v2, and pCatD association with components of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery. In transfected cells, expression of vIL-6 along with CatD led to proteasome-dependent (inhibitor-sensitive) decreases in CatD levels and the promotion of pCatD polyubiquitination. Depletion of particular ERAD-associated isomerases, lectins, and translocon components, including ERAD E3 ubiquitin ligase HRD1, diminished suppression of CatD by vIL-6. Coprecipitation assays identified direct or indirect interactions of VKORC1v2, vIL-6, and pCatD with translocon proteins (SEL1L and/or HRD1) and ERAD-associated lectins OS9 and XTP3-B. Endogenous CatD expression in PEL cells was increased by depletion of ERAD components, and suppression of CatD by vIL-6 overexpression in PEL cells was dependent on HRD1. Our data reveal a new mechanism of ER-localized vIL-6 activity and further characterize VKORC1v2 function. IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6), unlike cellular IL-6 proteins, is secreted inefficiently and sequestered mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), from where it can signal through the gp130 receptor. We have recently reported that vIL-6 also associates with a novel membrane protein termed vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 variant 2 (VKORC1v2) and mediates suppression of VKORC1v2-cointeracting cathepsin D, a stress-released proapoptotic protein negatively impacting HHV-8 latently infected primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell viability and reactivated virus productive replication. Here, we have examined the mechanistic basis of the VKORC1v2–vIL-6 interaction-dependent suppression of cathepsin D and have found that this novel activity of vIL-6 is mediated through coassociation of VKORC1v2, procathepsin D, and vIL-6 with components of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery. Our findings provide information of significance for potential antiviral and therapeutic targeting of VKORC1v2-mediated vIL-6 activities and also indicate the nature of VKORC1v2 function in normal cell biology.
Continuous monitoring system for fetal electrocardiography

Abstract A system for the continuous visual monitoring of the fetal electrocardiogram is described. Six labor rooms were instrumented and connected to the central monitor recording room by cables. The signals may be observed on six oscilloscopes mounted in a central console. Provision is made for recording on a standard paper recorder. A remote six oscilloscope unit is located in the physicians' staff room that simultaneously displays the signals. Early experience with the monitor is described briefly. We have demonstrated that the instrumentation described provides an ideal approach to the continuous monitoring of the fetal heart throughout labor and delivery and for the study of the fetal-maternal circulation.
Cristianas sabias, arquetipo femenino en el mundo tardoantiguo. Una aproximación historiográfica

Resumen : Se analizan en este trabajo las lineas de investigacion y los estudios mas destacados desde el punto de vista historiografico dedicados a las cristianas sabias en el mundo tardoantiguo. Tambien se presentan los principales campos de estudio, los objetivos y metodologia empleada, los debates teoricos desde su evolucion en los anos noventa hasta el momento presente. Palabras clave : Genero, mujeres, elite intelectual, Cristianismo, Historiografia. Abstract : This paper analyses the most representative lines and studies that have determined the historiographical advances about learned christian women in Late Antiquity as well as its main fields of research, its focus and theoretical debates and its methodological tools throughout its evolution from the 90’s to the present. Key words : Gender, Women, Intellectual Elite, Christianity, Historiography.
Will the Real Elena Kagan Please Stand Up? Conflicting Public Images in the Supreme Court Confirmation Process

What images of judging did the Kagan confirmation process project? My response to this question begins with a brief overview of existing public perceptions of the Supreme Court. I argue that a large portion of the public sees the justices as impartial arbiters who can be trusted to rule fairly. At the same time, a large portion of the public also sees the justices as political actors who are wrapped up in partisan disputes. Given these prevailing public views, we should expect the Kagan confirmation process to transmit contradictory images of judicial decision-making, with a portrait of judging as a matter of reason and principle vying for attention with a picture of judging as a political enterprise.Second, I identify the different appearances of judicial action actually at play in the Kagan confirmation process by assessing all confirmation-related news articles, editorials, opinion pieces, and blog posts published in the Washington Post, the New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times. I find that the confirmation coverage in the three newspapers conveys a contradictory mix of images that closely corresponds to the contradictory views of the Court already held by large numbers of Americans. Finally, I consider the significance of the Janus-faced public beliefs about the Supreme Court. I acknowledge the ways in which political perceptions can chip away at judicial legitimacy, but I also argue that the public’s competing views may ultimately have a stable co-existence. If we believe that individuals generally place contradictory demands on the courts, calling for an objectively fair system and at the same time seeking a guarantee that their own side will prevail, then a judiciary that appears at once to be governed by impartial principle and by partisan preference may cohere.
Small Aircraft Transportation System, Higher Volume Operations Concept: Normal Operations

This document defines the Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS), Higher Volume Operations (HVO) concept for normal conditions. In this concept, a block of airspace would be established around designated non-towered, non-radar airports during periods of poor weather. Within this new airspace, pilots would take responsibility for separation assurance between their aircraft and other similarly equipped aircraft. Using onboard equipment and procedures, they would then approach and land at the airport. Departures would be handled in a similar fashion. The details for this operational concept are provided in this document.
Fault links: exploring the relationship between module and fault types

Fault links represent relationships between the types of mistakes made and the type of module being developed or modified. The existence of such fault links can be used to guide code reviews, walkthroughs, allocation of verification and validation resources, testing of new code development, as well as code maintenance. We present an approach for categorizing code faults and code modules, and a means for examining relationships between the two. We successfully applied our approach to two case studies.
A time interleaved DAC sharing SAR Pipeline ADC for ultra-low power camera front ends

The growing need for ultra-low power cameras for sensors, surveillance and consumer applications has resulted in significant advances in compressed domain data acquisition from pixel arrays. In this paper we present a novel 64-input Successive Approximation (SAR) Pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) suitable for compressed domain data acquisition in camera front-ends. The proposed architecture features a time interleaved capacitive digital-to-analog converter (DAC) shared between column parallel ADCs for area savings (2.28X); and a shared amplifier stage for power savings (60%). Simulations on a 130nm foundry process shows that the proposed SAR Pipeline ADC draws 31µW at 2MS/s having a target Figure-of-Merit (FOM) of 87fJ/conv. per step at Nyquist rate.
Dynamics of RNA-protein interactions in the HIV-1 Rev-RRE complex visualized by 6-thioguanosine-mediated photocrosslinking

Expression of the structural proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires the direct interaction of multiple copies of the viral protein Rev with its target RNA, the Rev response element (RRE). RRE is a complex 351-nt RNA that is highly structured and located within the viral env gene. During initial Rev-RRE recognition, Rev binds with high affinity to a bubble structure located within the RRE RNA stem-loop II. We have used a site-specific photocrosslinking method based on 6-thioguanosine (6-thioG) photochemistry to probe the conformation of the high-affinity binding site of RRE RNA and its interactions with Rev protein under physiological conditions. A minimal duplex RNA containing the bubble region of RRE and 12 flanking base pairs was synthesized chemically. Two different RRE constructs with a single photoactive nucleoside (6-thio-dG or 6-thioG) at position 47 or 48 were synthesized. Upon UV irradiation, 6-thioG at both positions formed interstrand covalent crosslinks in RRE RNA. Mapping of crosslink sites by RNA sequencing revealed that 6-thioG at position 47 or 48 crosslinked to A73. In the presence of Rev, both RNA-RNA and RNA-protein crosslinks were observed, however, the RNA-RNA crosslink site was unchanged. Our results provide direct evidence that, during RNA-protein recognition, Rev is in close proximity to O6 of G47 and G48 in the major groove of RRE RNA. Our results also show that the bubble region of RRE RNA has a biologically relevant structure where G47 and G48 are in close proximity to A73 and this RNA structure is not changed significantly upon Rev binding. We propose that Rev protein recognizes and binds to specific structural elements of RRE RNA containing non-Watson-Crick base pairs and such structures could be a determinant for recognition by other RNA-binding proteins. Our site-specific crosslinking methods provide a general approach to capture dynamic states of biologically relevant RNA structures that are otherwise missed by NMR and X-ray crystallographic studies.
A spherical model of the clark electrode in a flowing liquid medium

Abstract A spherical model has been developed for a Clark electrode immersed in a flowing liquid medium. This model relates the sensitivity of the electrode to cathode radius, to electrolyte layer permeability and thickness, to membrane permeability and thickness and to the concentration boundary-layer thickness established by the flowing medium. The model was tested with sensitivity values obtained from a 1.3 cm diameter Teflon-covered electrode assembly which was placed in a 2.5 cm i.d. flow loop such that the centerline streamline stagnated at the cathode. The data set spanned a range of cathode radii from 65 to 677 μm, membrane thicknesses of 6 μm and 76 μm and a range of mean axial tube velocities (V) from 0.5 to 62 cm s−1 corresponding to tube Reynolds numbers of 125–16,000. The boundary-layer thickness was assumed to be of the form (γV −n) and the constants γ and n were determined by a non-linear least-squares regression of the sensitivity data to the spherical model. For the purposes of this regression, the sensitivity values were grouped into a laminar and a turbulent data set and (γ, n) values were determined for each set separately. The parameters Pe/Pm (electrolyte to membrane permeability ratio) and ωe (electrolyte layer thickness) were treated as constants, with their values set at the regressed values previously obtained from fitting the gas-phase sensitivity values. Here, γ and n were both treated as free parameters. The spherical model fits the experimental current values in the laminar and turbulent regions with average relative errors of 8.74% and 13.1% respectively. Residuals were randomly distributed over the range of cathode radii and the two membrane thicknesses used. The final regressed values of γ and n were 0.0307 and 0.518 respectively for the laminar region, and 0.0317 and 0.451 respectively for the turbulent region. The n value for the laminar region is in reasonable agreement with the theoretically predicted value of 0.5. For comparison, a one-dimensional planar model was used to correlate the laminar and the turbulent data sets. Here again the parameters Pe/Pm and ωe were assigned those values previously obtained from fitting gas-phase sensitivity values by the planar model. The relative average errors, 34.7% and 37.6% for the laminar and turbulent regions respectively, were excessively large and the final regressed value of n, 0.387 for the laminar data set, was unrealistic with respect to the theoretical prediction.
A study of core domains, and the core domain-domain interaction of cytochrome c fragment complex.

Abstract To gain insight into the folding mechanism of the cytochrome c complex, we prepared a complete set of homologous and hybrid two-fragment ferric complexes of four different types and related complexes from horse, tuna, yeast iso-1, and Candida cytochromes c. The complexes were characterized for structural properties. Apparent equilibrium constants of the complexes were determined to calculate Δ G 0 for binding. The results have allowed us to assign four core domains of the complex. A core domain is a structural region containing a hydrophobic core and the surrounding shell which folds and unfolds as a unit. Core domain 1 folds by itself and consists essentially of the right channel structure, found by R. E. Dickerson and colleagues, and a part of the heme. Core domains 2, 3, and 4, respectively, are assigned based on the cores located on the left (the FeS bond) and right sides and at the bottom of heme. Evidence of the core domain-domain interaction to stabilize the FeS bond, combined with the kinetic studies by G. R. Parr and H. Taniuchi, has led to a model of two alternative folding orders of the core domains for the horse type I complex: domain 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 or 1 → 2 → 3 → 4. Furthermore, Δ G 0 variation between the complexes has shown nonadditive behavior, indicating the existence of a residue-residue interaction between the heme- and apofragments in the complex. Evidence suggests that this interaction in most cases occurs within or through the core groups of the ordered interface between the heme- and the apofragments formed by folding of core domains 1, 2, and 3. Evidence also suggests that such core group interaction manifests itself in the interaction to stabilize the FeS bond and may be manifested in the core domain-domain interaction.
Endometriotic Epithelial Cell Response to Macrophage-Secreted Factors is Dependent on Extracellular Matrix Context

Endometriosis is a chronic disease in which epithelial and stromal cells that resemble the eutopic endometrium are found in ectopic lesions. In order to examine how microenvironmental factors such as extracellular matrix (ECM) and macrophages influence disease progression, 12Z (an immortalized ectopic epithelial cell line) were cultured on tissue culture plastic or in gels of recombinant basement membrane (rBM) or collagen I. Unlike cells in other conditions, cells in rBM formed multi-cellular structures in a 67 kDa non-integrin laminin receptor (67LR)-dependent manner. To examine the impact of macrophage-secreted factors on cell behavior, 12Z cells on all three substrates were treated with conditioned media from differentiated THP-1 (an immortalized monocytic cell line). Significant proliferation and invasion was observed only with cells cultured in rBM, indicating that ECM cues help dictate cell response to soluble signals. Cells cultured on rBM were then treated with individual cytokines detected in the conditioned media, with increased proliferation observed following exposure to interleukin-8 (CXCL8/IL-8) and both increased proliferation and invasion following treatment with heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). This study suggests that rBM gels can be used to induce in vitro lesion formation in order to identify soluble factors that influence proliferation and invasion.
Customer lifetime value: an application in the rural petroleum market.

As building long term customer relationships becomes paramount to the success of agricultural input marketers, a question of focus is raised: Which customers should the firm attempt to build such relationships with? Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is a concept some marketers have employed to better understand the long-term profit potential of specific customers or groups of customers. CLV is the net present value of the cash flow stream a customer is expected to generate for a firm over time. In this study, the CLV concept was employed to better understand the profitability of customers in the rural petroleum market. Findings suggest that customers in this market vary dramatically in the level of profits they generate for a firm. In addition, customer retention is important in this market with small reductions in customer retention rates leading to large reductions in CLV. A framework and modeling approach is also developed that marketers in other agribusiness industries may find useful as they attempt to measure and use customer lifetime value. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adaptive mesh refinement for hyperbolic partial differential equations

We present an adaptive method based on the idea of multiple, component grids for the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations using finite difference techniques. Based upon Richardson-type estimates of the truncation error, refined grids are created or existing ones removed to attain a given accuracy for a minimum amount of work. Our approach is recursive in that fine grids can themselves contain even finer grids. The grids with finer mesh width in space also have a smaller mesh width in time, making this a mesh refinement algorithm in time and space. We present the algorithm, data structures and grid generation procedure, and conclude with numerical examples in one and two space dimensions.
Factors affecting the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation of rabbit adrenal 17α-hydroxylase activity

Abstract Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated 17α-hydroxylase activity of rabbit adrenal tissue has been shown to be associated with the subcellular fractions sedimented from 0.25 M sucrose at 33 000 × g for 60 min and at 105 000 × g for 60 min. The fraction sedimenting at 9000 × g for 20 min (mitochondria) contained the majority of the 11β-hydroxylase activity but also had a significant amount of 17α-hydroxylase activity. All subcellular 17α-hydroxylase activity showed an apparent preference for pregnenolone over progesterone. A 1 : 1 mixture of wholehomogenates of adrenal tissue from control and ACTH-stimulated rabbits incubated with[4- 14 C]pregnenolone synthesized as much 17α-hydroxylated corticosteroids as homogenate from the ACTH-stimulated tissue alone. However, the mixed homogenate synthesized only 1/4th–1/5th as much 17-deoxycorticosteroids as control, non-stimulated tissue, suggesting that the control tissue contained no inhibitor of 17α-hydroxylation, whereas ACTH-stimulated tissue may contain an inhibitor of 17-deoxycorticoid formation. 24-h dialysis of whole homogenates and subcellular fractions of adrenal tissue from control and ACTH-stimulated animals showed that 17α-hydroxylation was not activated in control tissue and somewhat inactivated in ACTH-stimulated tissue by this treatment. On the other hand, dialysis activated 17-deoxycorticoid formation by whole homogenates, but not in subcellular fractions, of both ACTH-stimulated and control adrenal tissue. Injection of 5 mg/kg cycloheximide prior to the first of 2 daily ACTH injections caused an average of 270 g body weight loss while not affecting the increase in adrenal weight effected by the ACTH. Adrenal tissue homogenates from cycloheximide injected animals produced only 50% as much 17α-hydroxycorticosteroids as homogenates of tissue from animals injected with ACTH alone and produced an amount of17-deoxycorticoids intermediate between homogenates of control and ACTH-stimulated tissue, suggesting the requirement of protein synthesis for 17α-hydroxylation stimulating activity of ACTH.
Group communication and conflict management in an electronic medium

Purpose – This study aims to explore the use of a Computer‐mediated Communication (CMC) system in‐group conflict management, with specific attention directed toward analyzing the task effect on conflict management patterns of groups in CMC interaction.Design/methodology/approach – Two tasks are used in experimental design to analyze interactions and conflict management patterns within e‐mail communication environment. Group composition and communication medium were kept constant. The group working relations coding system (GWRCS) was used to examine group interaction patterns that characterize the conflict management process.Findings – The results demonstrate that task type influences the group conflict management process and the extent to which a group employs different levels of confrontiveness strategy in its interaction and conflict management patterns. Specifically, intellective task conflict is best handled by a high confrontiveness while cognitive task conflict is best handled by a moderate confront...
Design of studies to test the effectiveness of stereo imaging truth or dare: is stereo viewing really better?

To determine the effectiveness of stereo imaging in aiding the detection of objects in a scene, we are conducting experiments in which subjects are shown computer-generated stereo and mono images and are asked to determine if there is an object with particular characteristics in the image. The experimental data are analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) approaches to determine which types of objects may be easier to detect using stereo viewing. In this paper, issues that rise in the design of ROC studies to determine the statistical effectiveness of stereo imagery are discussed. These include traps and pitfalls such as varying viewing conditions, image intensity differences, ghosting, flicker, the speed/accuracy tradeoff, subjects' stereo acuity, and degree of difficulty in the discrimination task. Our experimental results show that when these problems are properly addressed, stereo viewing increases the sensitivity and specificity of observer performance in detecting subtle features in simulated x- ray transmission images.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Evaluation of 4-S-Methyl-2-Keto-Butyric Acid as an Intermediate in the Biosynthesis of Ethylene

Stimulation of ethylene production by cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) tissue in buffer solution containing 4-S-methyl-2-keto-butyric acid is not due to activation of the natural in vivo system. Increased ethylene production derives from an extra-cellular ethylene-forming system, catalyzed by peroxidase and other factors, which leak from the cauliflower tissue and cause the degradation of 4-S-methyl-2-keto-butyric acid. This exogenous ethylene-forming system is similar to the ethylene-forming horseradish peroxidase system which utilizes methional or 4-S-methyl-2-keto-butyric acid as substrate. We conclude that 4-S-methyl-2-keto-butyric acid is probably not an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway between methionine and ethylene.
Diurnal modulation effects in cold dark matter experiments

Abstract The effects of elastic scattering of cold dark matter (CDM) candidate particles on the constituent nuclei of the earth are predicted. The geology, nuclear physics, the earth's orientation, rotation, and trajectory through the galactic halo are included, as well as the isotropic maxwellian velocity distribution of CDM in the rest-frame of the halo. Observable modulations of detection rates and energy spectra are predicted for some interesting theoretical and experimental scenarios.
Optimization of capillary electrophoresis conditions for in-capillary enzyme-catalyzed microreactions

This paper describes the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to relate electrophoresis conditions of in-capillary enzyme-catalyzed microreactions to product distribution profiles. Migrating in a capillary under electrophoresis conditions, plugs of substrate and enzyme are injected separately, and allowed to react. A mathematical relation is obtained whereby the electrophoresis parameters, voltage (V), enzyme concentration [E], and mixing time of reaction (M) at the applied voltage, are correlated to product ratios. This concept is demonstrated using as a model system the conversion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH) in the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate (glc-6-P) to 6-phosphogluconate by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49). The simulated results are shown to be in good quantitative agreement with experimental data. These procedures provide a direct relationship between electrophoretic conditions and product distribution of microscale reactions using CE. This technique offers a new and versatile approach to analyzing enzymatic reactions on a microscale.
Evaluation and Search of Assembly Sequences in Large Systems

In order to build a comprehensive automated assembly planning tool, three important tasks must be accomplished: generating feasible assembly sequences, evaluating the quality of a sequence, and the search method for finding the optimal plan. This paper describes a novel approach to the latter two. The evaluation approach combines empirical data and geometric reasoning techniques to arrive at estimates of assembly time for any generic assembly model. The evaluation is constantly invoked from a tree-search method that only searches amongst valid assembly operations. The algorithm has been tested on a variety of examples ranging from simple to complex assemblies.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Political ideology of pro‐ and anti‐ERA women

Abstract This study explored political ideology, religiosity and attitudes toward women among six pro‐ERA and six anti‐ERA women, all of whom are politically active. In‐depth interviews were used to assess multi‐dimensionality of political ideology in our sample. Standardized inventories were used to assess religiosity and attitudes toward women. Predicted differences were found between pro‐ and anti‐ERA women in this sample in religiosity as well as attitudes toward women. In‐depth interview techniques allowed a comparative analysis of political ideologies in these two groups which confirmed broad‐based ideological differences.
“To Erect a Collonie of Scottish Subjects in Aney Pairt of America”: The Quest for a Scottish Colony in North America in the 1680s

In the 1680s Scots attempted to found new settlements within the colonies of Carolina and East Jersey. Though these efforts failed, they are important. The efforts of the 1680s were challenged by the fact that king Charles II of England and Scotland refused to grant new proprieties. Undaunted, Scots devised plans to establish autonomous settlements within Carolina and East Jersey, hoping to swamp the proprieties with new settlers and to sustain effective sovereignty of the settlements. To gain effective sovereignty, Scots tried to establish geographic exclusivity, economic viability, constitutional security, and some measure of political power. On the ground in East Jersey and Carolina, Scots tried to effect their plans.
Asset prices, asset stocks and rational expectations

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between asset return covariances and the impact of asset stock changes on asset prices. In the process the paper reconciles recent contradictory results on the effect of changes in the stock of government debt on equity prices. A solution for asset prices in a rational expectations equilibrium is also derived. This solution has the property that at the prices implied by the solution the demand for each asset equals its supply and the distribution of future asset prices implied by the solution is identical to the distribution upon which asset holders base their demands.
Mean free paths for inelastic electron scattering in silicon and poly(styrene) nanospheres.

Abstract The mean free paths for inelastic electron scattering, λin, in silicon [Si] and poly(styrene) [PS] have been measured using off-axis electron holography in a field-emission transmission electron microscope (FEG TEM). The holographic imaging method determines both quantitative wave phase information as well as elastic energy-filtered wave amplitude information. Using the energy-filtered amplitude data, two-dimensional t/λin images are reconstructed. The present work uses spherical nanoparticles as samples, so the sample thickness at any point in a two-dimensional image can be calculated knowing the center and radius of the projected nanosphere. The thickness contribution to t/λin is removed to obtain quantitative λin values. This work finds values of λiSi=53.8±5.5 and 88.6±6.9 nm, and λiPS=78.1±3.4 and 113.0±5.9 nm for 120 and 200 keV incident electron energies, respectively.
Adaptive image sequence coding with neural network vector quantization

Summary form only given, as follows. A novel method for encoding an image sequence, termed adaptive neural net vector quantization (ANNVQ), has been devised. It is designed for use in encoding image sequences and based on Kohonen's self-organizing feature maps, a neural-network-type clustering algorithm. It differs from it in that a modified form of adaptation resumes, after training the initial codebook, in order to respond to scene changes and motion. The main advantages are high image quality with modest bit rate and effective adaptation to motion and or scene changes, with the capability to quickly adjust the instantaneous bit rate in order to keep the image quality constant. This is a good match to packet-switched networks where variable bit rate and uniform image quality are highly desirable. Simulation experiments have been carried out with 4*4 blocks of pixels from an image sequence consisting of 20 frames of size 112*96 pixels each. With a codebook size of 512, ANNVQ results in high image quality upon image reconstruction, with peak signal-to-noise ratios of about 36-37 dB, at coding bit rates of about 0.50 b/pixel. This compares quite favorably with classical vector quantization of similar bit rates. >
High Temperature Measurement System Design for Thermoelectric Materials In Power Generation Application

Recent interest in thermoelectric materials for power generation applications has initiated the development of a measurement system in our laboratory for characterization of materials in the 80K to 800K temperature range. This system has been specifically designed for measuring thermoelectric power and electrical conductivity as needed for determining the power factor of the measured samples. This is a single sample measurement system based on a continuous flow cryostat. Significant effort has gone into the computer controlled data acquisition and PID controlled temperature stabilization. Investigation of the influence of temperature stability on the measured data will be presented along with important aspects of the system design, development, and testing. Data collected on reference materials and new thermoelectric materials of interest will be presented.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis after passive immunization and natural measles infection Role of antibody in persistence of measles virus

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) developed in a patient in whom natural measles infection was anteceded by immunization with measles immune serum globulin (ISG). This observation prompted experimental studies of the role of antibody in viral persistence. When Balb/c mice were infected with the hamster neurotropic measles virus, acute encephalopathy was fatal in 80% of the animals. When measles antibody was administered 3 days after virus inoculation, the acute disease was abolished and subacute encephalitis had a 30% mortality. The subacute disease was characterized by the presence of neuronal viral antigen, meningitis, and encephalitis. Induction of viral persistence was therefore a consequence of antibody transfer during viral infection. Caution is advised in human prophylaxis with immune globulin.
Endovascular Treatment of Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm

The use of endovascular modalities for the treatment of simple descending thoracic aneurysms has become standard of care. Expanding endovascular techniques for the treatment of thoracoabdominal aneurysms is now possible with the evolution of branched and fenestrated grafts.
Palladium-catalyzed intermolecular allylic arylation of cyloalkenes

Abstract Aryl halides and cycloalkenes undergo palladium-catalyzed, intermolecular, allylic cross-coupling in excellent yields under exceptionally mild reaction conditions.
Changes in the Helping Behaviors of Adult Children as Caregivers

This research uses data from the longitudinal file of the 1982-1984 National Long-Term Care Survey to (a) describe changes in the caregiving responsibilities of adult children over time and (b) estimate the effect of adult child, impaired elder, and sibling participation characteristics on changes in the participation of adult children as providers of ADL and IADL assistance. The results show that 5.2% of adult children who did not provide ADL help and 12.6% of those who did not provide IADL help at Time 1 were helping with these tasks at Time 2. Conversely, 50.7% of adult children who provided ADL assistance and 29.9% of those who provided IADL assistance at Time 1 had stopped providing such care by Time 2. Logit models used to predict changes in the helping behaviors of adult children indicate that there are both differences and similarities in the factors that affect the likelihood of becoming a caregiver and of discontinuing assistance over time.
Targeted in vitro and in vivo gene transfer into T Lymphocytes: potential of direct inhibition of allo-immune activation

Successful inhibition of alloimmune activation in organ transplantation remains one of the key events in achieving a long-term graft survival. Since T lymphocytes are largely responsible for alloimmune activation, targeted gene transfer of gene of cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 into T cells might inhibit their aberrant proliferation. A number of strategies using either adenoviral or lentiviral vectors linked to mono or bispecific antibodies directed against T cell surface markers/cytokines did not yield the desired results. Therefore, this study was designed to test if a CD3promoter-p21 chimeric construct would in vitro and in vivo transfer p21 gene to T lymphocytes and result in inhibition of proliferation. CD3 promoter-p21 chimeric constructs were prepared with p21 in the sense and antisense orientation. For in vitro studies EL4-IL-2 thyoma cells were used and for in vivo studies CD3p21 sense and antisense plasmid DNA was injected intramuscularly in mice. Lymphocyte proliferation was quantified by 3H-thymidine uptake assay; IL-2 mRNA expression was studied by RT-PCR and using Real Time PCR assay, we monitored the CD3, p21, TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA expression. Transfection of CD3p21 sense and antisense in mouse thyoma cell line (EL4-IL-2) resulted in modulation of mitogen-induced proliferation. The intramuscular injection of CD3p21 sense and antisense plasmid DNA into mice also modulated lymphocyte proliferation and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results demonstrate a novel strategy of in vitro and in vivo transfer of p21 gene to T cells using CD3-promoter to achieve targeted inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and immune activation.
Self-evaluation in the pastorate

In the absence of resources, then, for adequately supervised and continuous in-course training for the parish minister, it is suggested that he become his own supervisor for self-evaluation in the pastorate. Certain methods and disciplines have been proposed for such a venture. Nothing herein is intended to offer this kind of self-evaluation as a substitute for other resources, either clinical or devotional, available to aid the minister in appraising his vocational involvements. This proposal is simply set forth as another tried and perhaps more readily accessible way of improving that service to which the parish minister feels himself called.
Underuse of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in elderly patients with diabetes.

Background: National guidelines recommend angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy in patients with diabetes who also have hypertension and/or proteinuria to retard the progression of renal damage. However, little is known about the adequacy of adherence to these guidelines in elderly patients with diabetes and predictors of such appropriate ACE-inhibitor or ARB use. Methods: Using linked medical claims from Medicare and the Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly program, we studied a cohort of patients older than 65 years with diabetes. Baseline variables ascertained included age, sex, race, income, and several specific comorbid conditions. The outcome measure was at least 1 filled prescription for any ACE inhibitor or ARB during the quarter after the baseline year. We used multivariate logistic regression to measure predictors of use of the agents studied. Results: Of 30,750 patients with diabetes studied, 21,138 patients (68.7%) also had hypertension and/or proteinuria. Of these, only 50.7% (95% confidence interval, 50.0 to 51.4) were administered an ACE inhibitor or ARB in the quarter studied. In multivariate analyses, failure to be administered either agent was associated significantly with older age, male sex, chronic lung disease, depression, dementia, and other mental illness. Greater rates of ACE-inhibitor or ARB use were found in patients with coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure. Conclusion: Only half the elderly patients with diabetes studied received recommended treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs. This shortfall could provide an opportunity for quality-improvement interventions that could result in important benefits in clinical outcomes for these high-risk patients.
Characterizing the structure of A+B when A+B has small upper Banach density

Abstract Let A and B be two infinite sets of non-negative integers. Similar to Kneser's Theorem (Theorem 1.1 below) we characterize the structure of A + B when the upper Banach density of A + B is less than the sum of the upper Banach density of A and the upper Banach density of B.
Quark model calculations of current correlators in the nonperturbative domain

The authors study the vector-isovector current correlator in this work, making use of a generalized Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model. In their work, the original NJL model is extended to describe the coupling of the quark-antiquark states to the two-pion continuum. Further, a model for confinement is introduced that is seen to remove the nonphysical cuts that appear in various amplitudes when the quark and antiquark go on mass shell. Quite satisfactory results are obtained for the correlator. The authors also use the correlator to define a T-matrix for confined quarks and discuss a rho-dominance model for that T-matrix. It is also seen that the Bethe-Salpeter equation that determines the rho mass (in the absence of the coupling to the two-pion continuum) has more satisfactory behavior in the generalized model than in the model without confinement. That improved behavior is here related to the absence of the q{bar q} cut in the basic quark-loop integral of the generalized model. In this model, it is seen how one may work with both quark and hadron degrees of freedom, with only the hadrons appearing as physical particles. 12 refs., 16 figs., 1 tab.
Coherent and incoherent frontal patterns for multicomponent dynamics of adsorption. I: Analysis of frontal-pattern isothermal adsorption dynamics for convex mixture isotherms of adsorption

Abstract Theoretical models have been analysed taking into account all major distinctive features of the interphase mass exchange within the porous grains and their surfaces, and the conditions entailing the type of frontal patterns for various isotherms of adsorption (including Langmuir's isotherms). The essential influence of mass exchange kinetics is shown.
Structural studies of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase reveal a unique heme cofactor and a previously unidentified interaction partner.

Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) is a 24-heme homotrimeric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hydroxylamine to nitrite in nitrifying bacteria: a key reaction in the nitrogen cycle. One heme in each HAO monomer is a highly unusual heme P460 that is the site of catalysis. This was proposed to be a c-type heme that contained an additional porphyrin–tyrosine cross-link. Here, we report the crystal structure of HAO from Nitrosomonas europaea to 2.1 A resolution that defines a different model compatible with the crystallographic and biochemical data. The structure reveals that heme P460 contains two covalent cross-links between the porphyrin and a Tyr residue. In addition, the enzyme was purified from source, and an unknown physiological HAO binding partner was present within the crystal (annotated in the genome as hypothetical protein NE1300). NE1300 may play a structural role in the ternary complex with cytochrome c554, the physiological electron acceptor of HAO.
End-user training methods: what we know, need to know

End-User Training (EUT) has enjoyed a rich tradition of research in Information Systems. However, with the growing pace of change in technology and the dynamic nature of business, organizations are spending an increasing amount of money on end-user training. Training methods are also changing with little research to support new approaches. Thus, extensive research is required in the future. To be credible, end-user training research should preserve and build upon the significant literature that exists, both in IS and Education. This paper provides a review of EUT literature focusing on training methods. It summarizes research findings, while pointing out key future research issues.
Transition from quasivibrational to quasirotational structures in hot rotating 158Yb nuclei.

The properties of /sup 158/Yb are calculated for a path which begins at spin 60/h bar/ with a temperature of 1.0 MeV, and cools down to join the yrast line at spin 10/h bar/. The moment of inertia /ital scrI/ and angular velocity ..omega.. both suggest a transition from quasirotational structures for spins above 40/h bar/ to quasivibrational structures for spins 18--36/h bar/. This transition occurs in mean-field calculations as well as in calculations which include the thermal fluctuations in /ital scrI/ and ..omega... .AE
Hydration of type K expansive cement paste and the effect of silica fume: II. Pore solution analysis and proposed hydration mechanism

This is the second part of a two-part paper on the hydration characteristics of Type K expansive cement pastes and the effect of silica fume addition. Data concerning expansion of pastes and quantitative analysis of the solid phases related to expansion were presented in Part I. Part II presents the portion of the study related to the pore solution analysis. The results presented in Parts I and II used to propose a hydration mechanism of expansive cement pastes and the effect of silica fume. In the expansive cement paste without silica fume, ettringite formation and the consequent expansion terminated due to the depletion SO42− in the pore solution after 11 days of hydration. In the presence of silica fume, the initial formation of ettringite was accelerated leading to an increased rate and magnitude of expansion. After two days of hydration, a reduction in the concentration of alkali cations in the pore solution was observed. This resulted in a decrease in the OH-concentration in the pore solution and subsequent decrease in the rate of ettringite formation. The expansion stopped at about five days of hydration even though approximately 55% of the original C4A3S remained unhydrated and SO42− still remained in pore solution. It is speculated that the reduction of the pH of the pore solution after two days of hydration may provide an explanation for the termination of ettringite formation in the expansive cement paste containing silica fume.