cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The scope of Quaternary paleolimnology

I describe Quaternary paleolimnology on the basis of a review of abstracts published for meetings of: (1) American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), 10 meetings since 1980; (2) International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology (SIL), 4 since 1977, (3) International Symposia on Paleolimnology (ISP), 4 since 1967, and (4) International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA), 5 since 1969. A total of 9538 abstracts were scanned to find 678 with paleolimnological content. A data base constructed from the 678 contains frequencies of coverage of techniques, variables, themes, interpretive aspects, and character and geography of study sites. These data indicate that Quaternary paleolimnology has been a diverse science dealing with many of the same aspects of lakes as neolimnology but with a longer time perspective. Most frequently studied paleolimnological characteristics were trophic state, water chemistry (particularly salinity, pH, alkalinity (ANC), micronutrients and oxygen), water levels, lake morphology, and mixis and other hydrology. Lake biological variables that received greatest attention were diatoms, pigments, Cladocera, Mallomonadaceae, non-siliceous algae, Ostracoda, and Mollusca. Most often considered to influence these characteristics and variables were climate; catchment vegetation, soil, geology, land use and erosion; water chemistry; aerial and non aerial pollutants; sedimentation; and tectonism. Most frequent chronologic sequences were (1) late-glacial to present, and (2) modern (ca. 0.3 ka to present). Lakes in moist temperate and boreal regions were most heavily studied.
From (Theogonic) Mythos to (Poetic) Logos: Reading Pindar’s Genealogical Metaphors after Freidenberg

AbstractThis paper analyzes the use of kinship categories to refer to personified (hypostasized) concepts in Ancient Greek literature, with particular emphasis on Pindar. This device serves to include an abstract concept within a genealogy that is dominated by divinities or quasi-religious entities. Comparing the use of this device in Hesiod, Plato, and Pindar, I suggest that, before the emergence of properly analytic categories within the philosophical discourse, genealogical metaphor served as the most important means of concept formation available to Ancient Greeks. In particular, Pindar’s use of genealogical metaphors points to a productive encounter between image and concept. In this context, I review the neglected work of the Soviet Classicist Olga Freidenberg, who put forward a theory of poetic metaphor as a transitional phenomenon between mythological image and philosophical concept, and discuss the differences between the method of historical poetics employed by Freidenberg and the idealist paradigm that informs the better known work by Hermann Frankel, Bruno Snell, and Wilhelm Nestle on the shift from “mythos” to “logos” in early Greek thought and literature.
Socrates and Plato

New monographs-. (I) David Ambuel, Image and Paradigm in Piatos Sophist;1 (II) Michael Bordt, Piatons Theologie? (Ill) Rebecca Bensen Cain, The Socratic Method. Platos Use of Philosophical Drama? (IV) Emmanuelle Jouet-Pastre, Le jeu et le serieux dans les Lois de Platon? (V) Matthew S. Linck, The Ideas of Socrates? (VI) Malcolm Schofield, Plato. Political Philosophy? (VII) Frisbee Sheffield, Platos Symposium. The Ethics of Desire? (VIII) Michael C. Stokes, Dialectic in Action. An Examination of Platos Crito;8 (IX) Benedict Strobel, Dieses und 'So etwas. Zur ontologischen
Spectral response compensation for photon-counting clinical x-ray CT using sinogram restoration

The x-ray spectrum recorded by a photon-counting x-ray detector (PCXD) is distorted due to the following physical effects which are independent of the count rate: finite energy-resolution, Compton scattering, charge-sharing, and Kescape. If left uncompensated, the spectral response (SR) of a PCXD due to the above effects will result in image artifacts and inaccurate material decomposition. We propose a new SR compensation (SRC) algorithm using the sinogram restoration approach. The two main contributions of our proposed algorithm are: (1) our algorithm uses an efficient conjugate gradient method in which the first and second derivatives of the cost functions are directly calculated analytically, whereas a slower optimization method that requires numerous function evaluations was used in other work; (2) our algorithm guarantees convergence by combining the non-linear conjugate gradient method with line searches that satisfy Wolfe conditions, whereas the algorithm in other work is not backed by theorems from optimization theory to guarantee convergence. In this study, we validate the performance of the proposed algorithm using computer simulations. The bias was reduced to zero from 11%, and image artifacts were removed from the reconstructed images. Quantitative K-edge imaging in possible only when SR compensation is done.
The effects of an increase in the motor fuels excise tax on the U.S. economy

Abstract We investigate the impact of raising the excise tax on motor fuels on the U.S. economy in general and the agricultural sectors in particular. The approach used in the analysis consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income, and a government. The results suggest that a $0.50 per gallon increase in the tax would result in lower output by the producing sectors by about 0.43%, a reduction in the consumption of goods and services by about 0.75%, and a reduction in welfare by about 1.10%. The government would realize an increase in revenue of about 2.2%. The agricultural sectors would be minimally impacted. Output in the program crops sector will rise by 0.10%, output in the livestock sector will increase by 0.18%, output in the all other agricultural commodities sector will expand by 0.01%, and output in the forestry sector will rise by 0.03%. When subjected to a sensitivity analysis, the results are reasonably robust with regard to the assumption of the values of the substitution elasticities.
Stereotypic behavior as a reinforcer: effects and side effects.

This study assessed the effects and side effects of using stereotypic behavior as a consequence for correct responding with two autistic children. The children were cued through a model to engage in stereotypic behavior contingent upon correct responses in tasktraining sessions. This instructional arrangement produced increases in the percent of correct responses. Measures of the stereotypic behavior used as a reinforcer, other stereotypic behaviors, and appropriate behaviors were collected during daily 5-minute free operant settings before and after the tasktraining sessions. No replicable, systematic changes in the percent of intervals in which subjects engaged in those side effect measures were noted. Thus, a new method for delivering stereotypic behavior as a reinforcer was investigated and produced reinforcing effects; the rate of that behavior in free operant settings was not adversely affected.
Model of voluntary ethanol intake in zebrafish: effect on behavior and hypothalamic orexigenic peptides.

Abstract Recent studies in zebrafish have shown that exposure to ethanol in tank water affects various behaviors, including locomotion, anxiety and aggression, and produces changes in brain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine. Building on these investigations, the present study had two goals: first, to develop a method for inducing voluntary ethanol intake in individual zebrafish, which can be used as a model in future studies to examine how this behavior is affected by various manipulations, and second, to characterize the effects of this ethanol intake on different behaviors and the expression of hypothalamic orexigenic peptides, galanin (GAL) and orexin (OX), which are known in rodents to stimulate consumption of ethanol and alter behaviors associated with alcohol abuse. Thus, we first developed a new model of voluntary intake of ethanol in fish by presenting this ethanol mixed with gelatin, which they readily consume. Using this model, we found that individual zebrafish can be trained in a short period to consume stable levels of 10% or 20% ethanol (v/v) mixed with gelatin and that their intake of this ethanol–gelatin mixture leads to pharmacologically relevant blood ethanol concentrations which are strongly, positively correlated with the amount ingested. Intake of this ethanol–gelatin mixture increased locomotion, reduced anxiety, and stimulated aggressive behavior, while increasing expression of GAL and OX in specific hypothalamic areas. These findings, confirming results in rats, provide a method in zebrafish for investigating with forward genetics and pharmacological techniques the role of different brain mechanisms in controlling ethanol intake.
Four GTPases Differentially Regulate the Sec7 Arf-GEF to Direct Traffic at the trans-Golgi Network

Traffic through the Golgi complex is controlled by small GTPases of the Arf and Rab families. Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) proteins activate these GTPases to control Golgi function, yet the full assortment of signals regulating these GEFs is unknown. The Golgi Arf-GEF Sec7 and the homologous BIG1/2 proteins are effectors of the Arf1 and Arl1 GTPases. We demonstrate that Sec7 is also an effector of two Rab GTPases, Ypt1 (Rab1) and Ypt31/32 (Rab11), signifying unprecedented signaling crosstalk between GTPase pathways. The molecular basis for the role of Ypt31/32 and Rab11 in vesicle formation has remained elusive. We find that Arf1, Arl1, and Ypt1 primarily affect the membrane localization of Sec7, whereas Ypt31/32 exerts a dramatic stimulatory effect on the nucleotide exchange activity of Sec7. The convergence of multiple signaling pathways on a master regulator reveals a mechanism for balancing incoming and outgoing traffic at the Golgi.
Postmenopausal hormone use and incident ovarian cancer: Associations differ by regimen

Ovarian cancer has been associated in epidemiologic studies with postmenopausal hormone use. Whether associations differ by hormone regimen, current status or duration of use is unclear. We examined epithelial ovarian cancer incidence in relation to unopposed estrogen (E-only) and estrogen plus progestin (E + P) among 54,436 postmenopausal women of the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, a US cohort prospectively followed for cancer incidence since 1992. Demographic, medical, reproductive and lifestyle information was collected at enrollment and updated throughout follow-up via self-administered questionnaire. Extended Cox models were used to estimate age- and multivariate-adjusted relative risk (RR) of ovarian cancer according to hormone regimen, current status and duration of use. During 15 years of follow-up, 297 incident cases were identified. Relative to "never" use of hormones, current E-only use was associated with a twofold higher risk [RR 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50-2.85]; each 5-year increment of use was associated with a 25% higher risk (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.15-1.36); ≥ 20 years of use was associated with a near threefold higher risk (RR 2.89; 95% CI 1.71-4.87; trend p = 0.01). Past E-only use was not significantly associated with ovarian cancer, although a modest increase in risk per each 5-year increment of use was suggested (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.92-1.41). Neither current nor former E + P use was associated with ovarian cancer risk (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.86-1.35; RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.68-1.71, respectively, per 5-year increment). These findings suggest that progestins may mitigate some of the detrimental effects of estrogen on the ovarian epithelium.
Does quadrupole stability imply LLSVP fixity

arising from C. P. Conrad, B. Steinberger & T. H. Torsvik , 479–482 (2013)10.1038/nature12203 The African and Pacific large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs) at present dominate the structure of the Earth’s lowermost mantle, but there is considerable debate as to whether these structures have remained fixed throughout geologic time or whether they have shifted in response to the changing configurations of mantle downwellings associated with zones of surface tectonic plate convergence. In a recent Letter, Conrad et al.1 performed a multipole expansion of the Earth’s plate motions from 250 million years (Myr) ago to the present and used the relatively stationary positions of quadrupole divergence to argue that the two LLSVPs have remained stationary at least for the past 250 Myr and further speculated that the two LLSVPs formed “stable anchors” in the more distant geologic past. Here we show that the quadrupole divergence of plate motions is not a representative diagnostic for overall plate divergence patterns, owing to cancellation effects in the multipole expansion. Hence, the conclusion by Conrad et al.1 that the presence of stationary quadrupole divergence implies fixity of the LLSVPs is not well founded. There is a Reply to this Brief Communication Arising by Conrad, C. P., Steinberger, B. & Torsvik, T. H. doi:10.1038/nature12793 (2013) .
Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Laser Ablation of Bone Tumors

Image-guided thermal ablation of bone tumors is gaining acceptance in the oncology community. Computed tomography–guided radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation are widely available and are used in clinical practice. However, a potentially devastating complication of these techniques is thermal injury to the spinal cord and nerve roots in patients with tumors involving the vertebra, paraspinal tissues, or pelvis. Magnetic resonance imaging–guided laser ablation with quantitative magnetic resonance temperature imaging is a novel technique that allows for accurate imaging of the tumor, real-time placement of laser fibers, and real-time monitoring of the ablation zone. With this technique, target temperature thresholds are placed on critical neural elements to provide real-time feedback that allows for automatic deactivation of the laser when the threshold temperature is reached. The ablation zone is generated quickly, with sharp and well-demarcated boundaries. As such, magnetic resonance imaging–guided laser ablation may be a safer technique for ablating bone tumors in the vicinity of the spinal cord, nerve roots, and peripheral nerves.
Anxiety as a consequence of liberalization: An analysis of opinion surveys in Estonia

Abstract This article examines some of the consequences of the liberalization of command economies. It is argued that the breakdown of the pre-existing system of production and distribution, changes in political power, and the displacement of property rights introduces uncertainty into people's lives. The article explores two questions: (1) How does the prospect for political and economic liberalization accompanied by increasing uncertainty affect people's beliefs about their own well-being? and (2) How does the anxiety created by the process of liberalization impact different ethnic groups? Estonia's experience during the transitional period is used to explore these questions. On the basis of two surveys, anxiety measures are calculated. To test the theoretical model a probit model is estimated. The study findings suggest that ethnicity does play a significant role in perceptions about “own” well-being and in the development of anxiety.
Scrapie prions alter receptor‐mediated calcium responses in cultured cells

The molecular basis of neurologic dysfunction in prion diseases is unknown. Spongiform degeneration of neurons is the most characteristic neuropathologic change which raises the possibility of abnormal ion channel function. Here we examined the regulation of Ca 2+ fluxes in two cell lines chronically infected with scrapie prions, designated ScN 2 a (scrapie-infected mouse neuroblatoma) and ScHaB (scrapie-infected hamster brain) cells. In uninfected HaB cells, bradykinin caused increases in iritracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) by release of Ca 2+ from internal stores and influx of extracellular Ca 2+ whereas, in N 2 a cells, bradykinin increased [Ca 2+ ] i exclusively from internal stores. Prion infection of both cell lines markedly reduced or eliminated bradykinin-activated increases in [Ca 2+ ] i , whether driven by internal or extracellular sources. Stressing the cells with high extracellular [Ca 2+ ], 8 to 20 mM, led to cytopathologic changes in ScHaB but not in ScN 2 a cells. Cytopathology was not preceded by an increase in [Ca 2+ ] i . These findings indicate that scrapie infection induces abnormalities in receptor-mediated Ca 2+ responses and raise the possibility that nerve cell dysfunction and degeneration in prion diseases is related to ion channel aberrations.
Mode control and monolithic coherent-power scaling

Monolithic approaches for achieving coherent-power scaling of diode lasers have resulted in watt-range output powers with high beam quality. Thermal lensing effects generally limit the single-mode operational range under CW operating conditions.
PS1-42 The roles of IL-18 and IL-18r in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are complex and not easily revealed by knockout studies

Studies with therapeutic inhibitors or gene-deficient mice have implicated IL-18 in the pathogenesis of several animal models of inflammatory or autoimmune disease. Conflicting results have been obtained, however, concerning the role of IL18 vs. IL-18R in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a commonlyused model of multiple sclerosis. In order to better understand these discrepancies, we compared the development of MOG35-55 -induced EAE in C57Bl/6 wild type mice or C57Bl/6 mice deficient in IL-18, IL-18Rα, IL-18Rβ, or IL18/IL-18Rα (double-knockout). Female IL-18-deficient mice were protected from severe disease compared to wild type controls, however male IL-18-deficient mice were generally not protected. Mice deficient in either of the IL-18 receptor chains, or deficient in both IL-18 and IL-18Rα, exhibited disease scores similar to or, in some instances, worse than wild type controls. In addition, prophylactic treatment of wild type mice with a mAb to either IL-18 or IL-18Rα did not alter disease scores compared with those of isotype control treated mice . In the course of evaluating these lines, we performed high density microsatellite analyses to confirm their congenic C57Bl/6 backgrounds and discovered that further back-crossing was required to eliminate non-C57Bl/6 loci from the IL-18Rα-deficient line . In spite of the back-crossing, closely-linked regions of chromosome 1 remained and these regions, derived from the 129 strain, contained numerous immune system genes that could influence the outcome in this model. In conclusion, these results suggest that IL-18 contributes to the development of EAE, but the degree and manner of this contribution appears to be influenced by both gender and genetic background differences. Abstract
Initial Fish State and Mixing Time Effects on Textural Characteristics of a Restructured Catfish Product

A restructured catfish product similar to a corn dog was developed using tumbled catfish from low cost fillets. The product when made from fresh fillets, was more tender but had tougher skin than when made from frozen fillets. Mixing more than 5 min resulted in a more rubbery and tougher product as demonstrated by higher Instron peak load and longer relaxation time.
High Quality Vs Low Quality Parenting Styles: Do They Make a Difference in Developmental Outcome in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Children?

High Quality Vs Low Quality Parenting Styles: Do They Make a Difference in Developmental Outcome in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Children?
Insights into antibody–drug conjugates: bioanalysis and biomeasures in discovery

Author for correspondence: Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA Tel.: +1 860 715 0641 Fax: +1 860 715 9501 E-mail: tracey.clark@pfizer.com Xiaogang Han Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, CT, USA Lindsay King Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, CT, USA Frank Barletta Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, NY, USA Antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) therapeutics utilize the specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and potency of highly toxic small molecules. ADCs are typically composed of a mAb with a cytotoxin conjugated to it, resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of mAb with various numbers of toxins. Due to this heterogeneity, characterized by the therapeutic drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR), the selection of bioanalytical tools, biomeasure assays and analytes used to understand and develop ADCs can be challenging [1]. Since the therapeutic has both largeand small-molecule components, one can use bioanalytical tools in both spaces. Questions for ADC programs are typically: what should be measured, when, and by which method? Since all assays have limitations [1], a combination of bioanalytical tools is typically used to understand the ADC in vitro/in vivo, understand payload delivery to the site of action and to establish an exposure–response relationship.
Ammonia-water desorption heat and mass transfer in microchannel devices.

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimentally validated model for the prediction of local heat and mass transfer rates in a microchannel ammonia–water desorber. The desorber is an extremely compact 178 mm × 178 mm × 0.508 m tall component capable of transferring the required heat load (∼17.5 kW) for a residential heat pump system. The model predicts temperature, concentration and mass flow rate profiles through the desorber, as well as the effective wetted area of the heat transfer surface. Previous experimental and analytical research by the authors demonstrated the performance of this same microchannel geometry as an absorber. Together, these studies show that this compact geometry is suitable for all components in an absorption heat pump, which would enable the increased use of absorption technology in the small-capacity heat pump market.
Pre‐retirees' assessment of housing adequacy and their propensity to move

The purpose of this study is to determine how adequate pre-retirees perceived their homes would be for retirement, and their propensity to move after retirement. This study assesses the relationships between certain socio-demographic variables and feelings and plans for retirement, current housing tenure and structure conditions of the home, the anticipated adequacy of the size of the current home for retirement, and the anticipated locational decision after retirement. Three hypothesized models were tested, each succeeding model adding another level, using the above variables. The hypothesized models were tested using logistic regression. Marital status and family income are statistically significant in the prediction of current housing tenure and structure conditions. The amount of planning for retirement, assessed by the respondent in comparison to others of similar age, is a significant predictor of anticipated satisfaction with the present dwelling at retirement. Anticipated satisfaction with the present dwelling at retirement and age are statistically significant in the prediction of likelihood of moving at retirement.
The dominance of low-energy contributions to the Casimir energy in the chiral bag model

Abstract The smearing of the discrete mode sums leading to the Casimir energy and other vacuum quark contributions to baryon observables in the chiral bag model is shown to give smooth densities dominated by low-energy contributions. This observation provides support for methods previously adopted for the elimination of divergences in such calculations and leads to significant numerical improvements over standard mode sum techniques.
Adaptive DRX configuration to optimize device power saving and latency of mobile applications over LTE advanced network

Discontinuous reception (DRX) can be configured as a power saving mechanism for user equipment (UE) in connected mode in the long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) network. Since DRX saves UE's battery power usually at the cost of increased latency, a tradeoff between these two conflicting performance metrics are inevitable. DRX parameters can be optimized for either maximizing power saving or minimizing latency based on the applications running at the UE. In this paper, we first develop an analytical model to estimate power saving achieved and latency incurred by DRX operation. We then propose a scheme to tune DRX parameters in order to keep a balance between these conflicting performance metrics by formulating a multi-objective optimization problem. The tradeoff between power saving and latency is achieved based on the operator's relative preferences for these metrics. We also validate our analytical model by system level simulation results from OPNET Modeler. OPNET simulation results are well aligned with the MATLAB results based on analytical model and the results show that proposed scheme efficiently optimizes the DRX configuration for the battery power saving and latency requirements of various diverse data applications based on the preferences determined by operator.
Left ventricular assist device bridge therapy for acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background . Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock have a high mortality rate. Current treatment modalities remain suboptimal for these patients. Methods . From April 1995 to March 1998, 7 patients were identified as having AMI associated with cardiogenic shock. All received intraaortic balloon pump assistance, in addition to maximal inotropic support. Results . The mean preoperative cardiac index was 2.0 ± 0.3 L/min/m 2 and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 23 ± 6 mm Hg. Three patients received thrombolytic therapy and 4 patients underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty without success. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) were implanted as bridge therapy to heart transplantation. One patient died from recurrence of a ventricular septal defect during LVAD support. Six patients were transplanted successfully after mean LVAD support of 59 ± 33 days. Five patients are alive and well at a mean follow-up of 898 ± 447 days. One patient died 3 days after transplantation from acute allograft dysfunction. Conclusions . Timely application of LVADs as bridge therapy to heart transplantation in these critically ill patients can be lifesaving, and should be investigated further.
Resource allocation for quality of service provision in multistage buffered crossbar switches

In this paper, we consider allocation of resources within a multistage buffered crossbar switch with internal credit-based flow control in order to support quality of service objectives for different traffic classes in the Internet. Specifically, we assume there are a collection of classes of service, each characterized by a strict delay upper bound that applies across all packets of the class. Each class has a set of flows, where each flow entering the switch is characterized by an arrival curve, and the switch must achieve the delay objectives subject to the arrival curves. We develop an approach that can be used to determine the amount of bandwidth and number of credits that must be allocated inside the buffered crossbar switch in order to guarantee the delay requirements. We first analyze the flow control system in the single-stage buffered crossbar switch, which is the building element of a multistage buffered crossbar switch, to develop a technique for determining the required amount of resource in a single-stage switch. We calculate the required amount of bandwidth to guarantee a delay upper bound, and find that the required number of credits to achieve this bandwidth is at least the product of this bandwidth and the total round-trip latency of the credit circulation loop. This round-trip latency includes not only round-trip propagation delay but also the latency parameters of the scheduling algorithms used at ingress and egress ports of the switch. Then we extend this technique to study the resource allocation in a multistage buffered crossbar switch, for which we assume a three-stage Benes architecture. We first consider the multistage flow control system that treats a traffic class from an ingress port to an egress port of the multistage switch as an end-to-end flow. We determine the required amount of bandwidth for such a flow to guarantee its delay requirement and find that the number of credits that must be allocated to this flow at each stage is at least the product of this bandwidth and the total round-trip latency of the credit circulation loop at that stage. We find that more bandwidth and credits must be allocated in a multistage switch than in a single-stage switch to guarantee the same delay objective when the propagation delay cannot be ignored, and this increase in the required amount of resources is non-trivial unless delay requirement is large. In this paper we also consider an alternative flow control scheme that aggregates traffic destined to specific cross-point buffers of the following stage into logical queues at the output of each stage. We determine the required amount of bandwidth and the number of credits at each stage to guarantee the delay budget at that stage, and find that logical traffic aggregation can reduce the required amount of resources. We provide numerical examples that illustrate the application of our techniques.
Will Corpus Linguistics Revolutionize Grammar Teaching in the 21st Century

* In the final decades of the 20th century, exciting developments began taking place in grammar teaching and research. First, there was renewed interest in an explicit focus on form in the classroom; publications argued that students benefit from grammar instruction (e.g., CelceMurcia, 1991a, 1991b; Celce-Murcia, D6rnyei, & Thurrell, 1997; Ellis, 1998; Master, 1994) and suggested new approaches to grammar pedagogy, such as teaching grammar in a discourse context (Celce-Murcia, 1991a, 1991b) and designing grammatical consciousness-raising or input analysis activities (e.g., Ellis, 1993, 1995; Fotos, 1993, 1994; Rutherford, 1987; Sharwood Smith, 1988; Yip, 1994). At the same time, computer technology was making it possible to conduct grammar studies of unprecedented scope and complexity. This research is part of corpus linguistics, the empirical study of language relying on computer-assisted techniques to analyze large, principled databases of naturally occurring language. Although only one aspect of corpus linguistics-concordancing-tended to be emphasized for classrooms (see, e.g., Cobb, 1997; Johns, 1986, 1994; Stevens, 1995), most ESL grammarians would agree that, by the end of the 20th century, corpus linguistics was also radically changing grammar research. Compare, for example, Longman's two reference grammars. The first, published in 1985 (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartvik), contained limited reports of corpus studies to supplement traditional intuitionbased description whereas the second, published in 1999 (Biber,
Immunolocalization of N-acetylgalactosaminylphosphotransferase in the adult retina and subretinal space.

Abstract The cell surface N-acetylgalactosaminylphosphotransferase (GalNAcPTase) modulates N-cadherin-mediated adhesion among embryonic chick retinal cells (Balsamo et al., 1990). We are investigating the potential role of this transferase in modulating adhesive interactions in the adult retina. Using a previously characterized monoclonal anti-GalNAcPTase, we have used immunohistochemical and immunoblot techniques to localize and characterize the transferase in the retinas of the post metamorphic frog (Xenopus laevis), adult cow, and adult cynomolgus macaque. On frozen sections, anti-GalNAcPTase specifically labels the outer segments of photoreceptors in all species. Immunolabel appears at the surface of, or between rod outer segments in all species. The nerve fiber layer also shows high immunoreactivity in all species. Monkey cone outer segments are also highly immunoreactive. Photoreceptor inner segments are clearly immunoreactive in the cow retina. Immunoblots of purified cow rod outer segments show immunolabeled bands near 220 kDa, which is the molecular mass of the GalNAcPTase used as immunogen. Purified Xenopus rod outer segments are not immunoreactive on blots, while soluble interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) shows immunoreactive bands principally at 113–130, and 166 kDa. Cow soluble IPM shows immunoreactivity at 180 kDa. Based on these findings, we propose that the GalNAcPTase, or a fragment thereof, is a component of the IPM, and perhaps of the photoreceptor outer segment as well.
A study of the optimum compensation of open microstrip discontinuities using the FDTD method with boundary reflection error cancellation

With the advances in computer technology, time-domain methods are being increasingly used in the electromagnetic simulation of complex microwave circuits and high-density packages. A major factor limiting the accuracy of direct Maxwell solvers such as the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been the reflection error introduced by lower-order absorbing boundary conditions such as Mur's. In this article, the dominant boundary reflection for open microstrip structures is canceled by appropriate superposition of subproblems with different boundary locations. The accuracy introduced by the new technique in the Yee FDTD implementation for microwave circuits is demonstrated by investigation of the microstrip bend compensation. It is shown that energy conservation is unconditionally fulfilled, and that the boundary can be brought closer to the circuit, resulting in computational savings as well. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evolution to nonequilibrium in simple models of prominence filaments

The support of cold plasma against gravity by a line-tied magnetic field is considered. The normal component of the field at the boundaries, the mass/unit flux, and the magnetic shear are all specified. Fixing the first two of these quantities, and varying the third leads to evolutionary sequences. When the magnetic shear is less than a critical value, an infinite number of solutions exist. When the magnetic shear is sufficiently large, there are no solutions with the desired topology. These results support the idea that prominences erupt as a result of evolution to magnetic nonequilibrium.
Efficiency in IPO Issuance Processes

Is the online auction an efficient mechanism for pricing initial public offerings (IPOs)? Its intent was to minimize first day price surges in IPOs, which represented “money left on the table” for issuers. Evidence from Google's IPO suggests that the online auction process may not have minimized the first day price surge, since 82 percent of the IPOs issued in 2004 using the traditional process experienced less of an increase. Furthermore, a comparison of auction IPOs with traditional IPOs issued in the same year and in the same threedigit SIC code suggests that 44 percent of the auction IPOs have greater first day price surges than their traditional counterparts. A broader comparison of the pricing behavior of auction IPOs with traditional IPOs presents a mixed picture and suggests that the size of underwriter may be an important factor. The mispricing that occurs in auctions may be due to an informational asymmetry on the part of small investors. This informational gap could arise because small investors lack access to the information sources that institutional investors have or because companies are not required to provide detailed information in the online process, inasmuch as they don't undergo the rigorous scrutiny of investment banks in the traditional bookbuilding process. This informational gap may be alleviated by the SEC reforms of the “quiet period” and by the issuer providing more detailed information on the uses of the funds.
A survey of exact algorithms for the simple assembly line balancing problem

In this survey paper we discuss the development of the simple assembly line balancing problem SALBP; modifications and generalizations over time; present alternate 0-1 programming formulations and a general integer programming formulation of the problem; discuss other well-known problems related to SALBP; describe and comment on a number of exact i.e., optimum-seeking methods; and present a summary of the reported computational experiences. All models discussed here are deterministic i.e., all input parameters are assumed to be known with certainty and all the algorithms discussed are exact. The problem is termed "simple" in the sense that no "mixed-models," "subassembly lines," "zoning restrictions," etc. are considered. Due to the richness of the literature, we exclude from discussion here a the inexact i.e., heuristic/approximate algorithms for SALPB and b the algorithms for the general assembly line balancing problem including the stochastic models.
Effect of reduced training on muscular strength and endurance in competitive swimmers

Following 5 months of competitive training (approximately 9,000 yards.d-1, 6 d.wk-1), three groups of eight male swimmers performed 4 wk of either reduced training (3,000 yard.session-1) or inactivity. Two groups reduced their training to either 3 sessions.wk-1 (RT3) or 1 session.wk-1 (RT1), whereas the third group (IA) did no training. Measurement of muscular strength (biokinetic swim bench) showed no decrement in any group over the 4 wk. In contrast, swim power (tethered swim) was significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) in all groups, reaching a mean change of -13.6% by week 4. Blood lactate measured after a standard 200-yard (183 m) front crawl swim increased by 1.8, 3.5, and 5.5 mM over the 4 wk in groups RT3, RT1 and IA, respectively. In group RT1, stroke rate measured during the 200-yard swim significantly increased (P less than 0.05) from 0.54 +/- 0.03 to 0.59 +/- 0.03 strokes.-1 while stroke distance significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) from 2.50 +/- 0.08 to 2.29 +/- 0.13 m.stroke-1 during the 4-wk period. Both stroke rate and stroke distance were maintained in group RT3 over the 4 wk of reduced training. Group IA was not tested for stroke mechanics. Whereas maximal oxygen uptake decreases significantly (P less than 0.05) over the 4 wk in group RT1 (4.75 to 4.62 l.min-1), no change in maximal oxygen uptake was observed in group RT3. These results suggest that aerobic capacity is maintained over 4 wk of moderately reduced training (3 sessions.wk-1) in well-trained swimmers. Muscular strength was not diminished over 4 wk of reduced training or inactivity, but the ability to generate power during swimming was significantly reduced in all groups.
Density functional theory applied to calculating optical and spectroscopic properties of metal complexes: NMR and optical activity

Abstract A short overview of the theoretical approach to calculate linear response properties (double perturbation properties) for molecules is given. The importance of response calculations to determine various spectroscopic parameters is outlined. The formalism covers static (time-independent) and dynamic (time-dependent) perturbations. Two areas of research where such theoretical methods are of practical importance are the computation of NMR parameters and computations of response functions that govern the optical activity of a molecule. An account of recent work by the author and collaborators based on density functional theory as applied to the computation of NMR chemical shifts and spin–spin coupling and to circular dichroism and optical rotation of metal complexes is presented. Among other topics, relativistic effects, solvent effects, and vibrational corrections are discussed.
Advances in Integrated Vehicle Health Monitoring Systems

One of the fastest growing fields of study in defense market currently is Integrated Vehicle Health Monitoring (IVHM). These systems perform collection and analysis of data concerning operating parameters and damage information of vehicles in real-time and periodically send them to the base station for appropriate action. Recent advances in materials and sensor networks and technologies promise development of such systems for land, water, and aerial vehicles. These IVHM systems are of immense use in defense services which require their vehicles and systems to operate normally even under hostile and harsh environments. This work will discuss various issues related to IVHMs and prominent sensor technologies available to build such systems. It will also include the structure of a general purpose IVHM of a vehicle which can be used to monitor its inner operating parameters and damage information of its components.
Generation of Equivalent Circuit Models From Simulation Data of a Thermal System

To enable the design and analysis of Integrated Power Electronics Models (IPEMs), a high level of software integration is needed. The solvers needed range form electrical circuit simulators, like Saber, to thermal analysis and CFD solvers like I-DEAS. As an electrical design parameter is changed, its effect will, in principle, be felt all the way to the temperature distribution in the cooling fluid, and hence a complete solution of the temperature field may have to be recomputed. This is of course computationally prohibitive. Hence a reduced-order model of the thermal behavior of the heat sink is of great interest. In this paper, we will present an algorithm that can automatically generate these reduced-order models from finite-element simulations.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Evidence of early pyrometallurgy in the kerman range in iran.

Physical and chemical anal ysis of pottery fragments, including a crucible shard and ore samples from Tal-i-Iblis, Iran, suggests that copper smelting may have been well advantced late in the fifth millennium B.C.
Photoelectron angular distributions from multiphoton ionization of cesium atoms

We present both experimental and theoretical studies of resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization of cesium atoms. Photoelectron angular distributions for two-photon ionization via the one-photon-allowed $7p^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}}$ and $8p^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}}$ intermediate states and three-photon ionization via the two-photon-allowed $8d^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2},\frac{3}{2}}$ resonant intermediate states are reported. The photoelectrons are energy analyzed with a spherical-sector electrostatic energy analyzer with an energy resolution of ~ 0.1 eV and angular resolution of ~ \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. A straightforward calculation based upon a finestructure scheme gives excellent agreement with the measured angular distributions for the $^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states. The laser pulse duration is comparable to the hyperfine precession period which allows the hyperfine coupling to partially destroy the anisotropy initially produced in the $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ resonant intermediate states. Quantitative calculations including hyperfine coupling take this into account and provide an expression which gives a reasonable fit to the $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ data.
OxLDL or TLR2-induced cytokine response is enhanced by oxLDL-independent novel domain on mouse CD36

OxLDL binding to CD36 is shown to result in macrophage activation and foam cell formation that have been implicated in atherosclerosis. However, CD36 has also been shown to induce inflammatory response to other ligands besides oxLDL. During the course of blocking CD36 oxLDL binding function using anti CD36 antibodies, we have identified a novel domain of CD36 that triggers inflammatory response-independent of oxLDL binding. OxLDL bound to the mouse reporter cell line RAW-Blue induced TNF-α and RANTES mRNA and protein expression. Pretreatment of RAW-Blue cells with an anti-mCD36 mAb, JC63.1, an activating mCD36 mAb, surprisingly did not inhibit oxLDL-induced response. Further, binding of this antibody to CD36 alone induced a pro-inflammatory cytokine response in RAW-Blue cells as well as primary mouse macrophages. The induction of cytokine response was specific only to this antibody and was CD36-dependent, since CD36−/− macrophages failed to induce a similar response. The interaction of the antibody to CD36 led to activation of NF-κB and MAP kinase. Notably, a CD36 peptide blocked oxLDL-induced foam cell formation and macrophage activation. However, the activating mCD36 mAb induced macrophage activation was not inhibited by CD36 peptide. Further, activating mCD36 mAb enhanced oxLDL- or TLR2- or TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses. Collectively, our data provide evidence that activating mCD36 mAb binds to a domain different from the oxLDL-binding domain on mouse CD36, and suggest that interaction at this domain may contribute to oxLDL-independent macrophage inflammatory responses that lead to chronic inflammatory diseases.
Feeding methods and efficiencies of selected frugivorous birds

I report on handling methods and efficiencies of 26 species of Paraguayan birds feeding on fruits of Allophyllus edulis (Sapindaceae). A bird may swallow fruits whole (Type I: pluck and swallow feeders), hold a fruit and cut the pulp from the seed with the edge of the bill, swallowing the pulp but not the seed (Type II: cut or mash feeders), or take bites of pulp from a fruit that hangs from the tree or that is held and manipulated against a branch (Type III: push and bite feeders). In terms of absolute amount of pulp obtained from a fruit, and amount obtained per unit time, Type I species are far more efficient than Type II and III species. Bill morphology influences feeding methods but is not the only important factor. Diet breadth does not appear to be significant. Consideration of feeding efficiency relative to the needs of the birds indicates that these species need to spend relatively little time feeding to meet their estimated energetic needs, and that handling time has a relatively trivial effect on the time/energy budgets of the bird species observed.
Effect of tolbutamide on myocardial energy metabolism of the ischemic heart

Abstract The oral hypoglycemic agent tolbutamide has been found to protect the ischemic myocardium against irreversible mechanical failure. The possibility that this salutary effect of tolbutamide was related to its ability to alter energy metabolism was examined in ischemic rat hearts perfused with 5 mM glucose, 5 mM acetate and 2.5 units/l insulin. In the presence of 0.6 mM tolbutamide, coronary flow and oxygen consumption were unaltered; however, glucose utilization was stimulated by 30%, glycogenolysis was enhanced by 23%, and the drop in ATP content was reduced by 17% after 30 min, of low-flow perfusion. This elevation in glycolytic flux occurred without a parallel rise in the production of inhibitory metabolites; lactate production was unaltered and tissue lactate/pyruvate ratio decreased. Pyruvate dehydrogenase flux measurements reveal that the mechanism by which tolbutamide increases glycolysis without increasing lactate production is by promoting the entry of pyruvate into the mitochondria. The basis for the observed stimulation of anaerobic metabolism and pyruvate oxidation and how this contributes to the increase in ATP content and benefits the ischemic heart is discussed.
MicroPET imaging of a gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-positive tumor in a mouse model of human prostate cancer using a 64Cu-labeled bombesin analogue.

The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is overexpressed on a variety of carcinomas and has been the target for detection and treatment of these neoplasms in animals. In particular, analogues of the tetradecapeptide bombesin (BN) have been radiolabeled with 99mTc and 111In for detection of GRPR-positive tumors by gamma ray scintigraphy. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of the bombesin analogue, DOTA-Aoc-BN(7−14), for positron-emission tomographic (PET) imaging after radiolabeling with the positron-emitter 64Cu. A saturation binding assay on PC-3 human prostate cancer cells showed that 64Cu-DOTA-Aoc-BN(7−14) had an equilibrium binding constant (Kd) of 6.1 ± 2.5 nM and a receptor concentration (Bmax) of 2.7 ± 0.6 × 105 receptors/cell. The radiolabeled analogue also showed rapid internalization with 18.2% internalized into 105 PC-3 cells by 2 h. The tumor localization of 64Cu-DOTA-Aoc-BN(7−14) was 5.5% injected dose per gram in athymic nude mice bearing PC-3 xenografts at 2 h postin...