cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The next step: from end-user programming to end-user software engineering

Is it possible to bring the benefits of rigorous software engineering methodologies to end users? End users create software when they use spreadsheet systems, web authoring tools and graphical languages, when they write educational simulations, spreadsheets, and dynamic e-business web applications. Unfortunately, however, errors are pervasive in end-user software, and the resulting impact is sometimes enormous. A growing number of researchers and developers are working on ways to make the software created by end users more reliable. This workshop brings together researchers who are addressing this topic with industry representatives who are deploying end-user programming applications, to facilitate sharing of real-world problems and solutions.
Overcoming mutation-based resistance to antiandrogens with rational drug design

The second-generation antiandrogen enzalutamide was recently approved for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Despite its success, the duration of response is often limited. For previous antiandrogens, one mechanism of resistance is mutation of the androgen receptor (AR). To prospectively identify AR mutations that might confer resistance to enzalutamide, we performed a reporter-based mutagenesis screen and identified a novel mutation, F876L, which converted enzalutamide into an AR agonist. Ectopic expression of AR F876L rescued the growth inhibition of enzalutamide treatment. Molecular dynamics simulations performed on antiandrogen-AR complexes suggested a mechanism by which the F876L substitution alleviates antagonism through repositioning of the coactivator recruiting helix 12. This model then provided the rationale for a focused chemical screen which, based on existing antiandrogen scaffolds, identified three novel compounds that effectively antagonized AR F876L (and AR WT) to suppress the growth of prostate cancer cells resistant to enzalutamide. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00499.001.
ON TAIL INDEX ESTIMATION FOR DEPENDENT, HETEROGENEOUS DATA

In this paper we analyze the asymptotic properties of the popularly used distribution tail estimator by B. Hill (1975), for heavy-tailed heterogenous, dependent processes. We prove the Hill estimator is weakly consistent for functionals of mixingales and L1-approximable processes with regularly varying tails, covering ARMA, GARCH, and many IGARCH and FIGARCH processes. Moreover, for functionals of processes nearepoch-dependent on a mixing process, we prove a Gaussian distribution limit exists. In this case, as opposed to all existing prior results in the literature, we do not require the limiting variance of the Hill estimator to be bounded, and we develop a Newey-West kernel estimator of the variance. We expedite the theory by defining "extremal mixingale" and "extremal NED" properties to hold exclusively in the extreme distribution tails, disbanding with dependence restrictions in the non-extremal support, and prove a broad class of linear processes are extremal NED. We demonstrate that for greater degrees of serial dependence more tail information is required in order to ensure asymptotic normality, both in theory and practice.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pediatric Cardiac Arrest

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) remains a promising treatment for pediatric patients in cardiac arrest unresponsive to traditional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. With venoarterial extracorporeal support, blood is drained from the right atrium, oxygenated through the extracorporeal circuit, and transfused back to the body, bypassing the heart and lungs. The use of artificial oxygenation and perfusion thus provides the body a period of hemodynamic stability, while allowing resolution of underlying disease processes. Survival rates for ECPR patients are higher than those for traditional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), although neurological outcomes require further investigation. The impact of duration of CPR and length of treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation vary in published reports. Furthermore, current guidelines for the initiation and use of ECPR are limited and may lead to confusion about appropriate use of this support. Many ethical concerns arise with this advanced form of life support. More often than not, the dilemma is not whether to withhold ECPR, but rather when to withdraw it. Although clinicians must decide if ECPR is appropriate and when further intervention is futile, the ultimate burden of choice is left to the patient's caregivers. Offering support and guidance to the patient's family as well as the patient is essential.
Use of "Earn-a-Buck" Hunting to Manage Local Deer Overabundance

Abstract Management of overabundant Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) populations in suburban and rural landscapes remains controversial, and deer-reduction techniques in these areas are often impeded by public attitudes and safety concerns. Cornell University implemented an “earn-a-buck” (EAB) hunting program to mitigate deer-related impacts on lands surrounding its campus (722 ha) in Ithaca, NY in 2008, and at the University-owned Arnot Teaching and Research Forest (ATRF; 1649 ha) in Cayuta, NY in 1999. The focus of EAB was to increase the harvest of female deer and lower herd size. For the benefit of other entities challenged with White-tailed Deer overabundance, we describe implementation of an EAB hunting program on campus lands. We recorded 257 deer harvested (69–99 each hunting season) on lands near campus. At ATRF, there was an increased harvest of adult does and fawns upon EAB implementation. Moreover, the number of antlered bucks harvested dropped during the first 2 years of EAB when co...
Biblical and Theological Perspectives on Children, Parents, and ‘Best Practices' for Faith Formation: Resources for Child, Youth, and Family Ministry Today

Abstract: One of the most important ways to strengthen the faith formation of children and young people, and child, youth, and family ministries is by engaging and supporting parents or primary care-givers. This article seeks to address this challenge by mining resources from the Bible and Christian theology about the roles and responsibilities of parents, the complexity and dignity of children, and ways to pass on the faith. By taking into account theological perspectives on parents, children, and faith formation, church leaders can better engage both children and parents, and they can strengthen all areas of their work with or on behalf of children and young people, whether in children's ministry, youth and family ministry, religious education, or child advocacy.
Mean force structure and its scaling in rough-wall turbulent boundary layers

The combined roughness/Reynolds number problem is explored. Existing and newly acquired data from zero pressure gradient rough-wall turbulent boundary layers are used to clarify the leading order balances of terms in the mean dynamical equation. For the variety of roughnesses examined, it is revealed that the mean viscous force retains dominant order above (and often well above) the roughness crests. Mean force balance data are shown to be usefully organized relative to the characteristic length scale, which is equal or proportional to the width of the region from the wall to where the leading order mean dynamics become described by a balance between the mean and turbulent inertia. This is equivalently the width of the region from the wall to where the mean viscous force loses leading order. For both smooth-wall and rough-wall flows, the wall-normal extent of this region consistently ends just beyond the zero-crossing of the turbulent inertia term. In smooth-wall flow this characteristic length is a known function of Reynolds number. The present analyses indicate that for rough-wall flows the wall-normal position where the mean dynamics become inertial is an irreducible function of roughness and Reynolds number, as it is an inherent function of the relative scale separations between the inner, roughness, and outer lengths. These findings indicate that, for any given roughness, new dynamical regimes will typically emerge as the Reynolds number increases. For the present range of parameters, there appear to be three identifiable regimes. These correspond to the ratio of the equivalent sand grain roughness to the characteristic length being less than, equal to, or greater than . The relative influences of the inner, outer, and roughness length scales on the characteristic length are explored empirically. A prediction for the decay rate of the mean vorticity is developed via extension of the smooth-wall theory. Existing data are shown to exhibit good agreement with this extension. Overall, the present results appear to expose unifying connections between the structure of smooth- and rough-wall flows. Among other findings, the present analyses show promise toward providing a self-consistent and dynamically meaningful way of identifying the domain where the wall similarity hypothesis, if operative, should hold.
Evaluation of the surface PM2.5 in Version 1 of the NASA MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis over the United States

We use surface fine particulate matter (PM2.5) measurements collected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) networks as independent validation for Version 1 of the Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Aerosol Reanalysis (MERRAero) developed by the Global Modeling Assimilation Office (GMAO). MERRAero is based on a version of the GEOS-5 model that is radiatively coupled to the Goddard Chemistry, Aerosol, Radiation, and Transport (GOCART) aerosol module and includes assimilation of bias corrected Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors on both Terra and Aqua satellites. By combining the spatial and temporal coverage of GEOS-5 with observational constraints on AOD, MERRAero has the potential to provide improved estimates of PM2.5 compared to the model alone and with greater coverage than available observations.Importantly, assimilation of AOD data constrains the total column aerosol mass in MERRAero subject to assumptions about optical properties for each of the species represented in GOGART. However, single visible wavelength AOD data does not contain sufficient information content to correct errors in either aerosol vertical placement or composition, critical elements for a proper characterization of surface PM2.5. Despite this, we find that the data-assimilation equipped version of GEOS-5 better represents observed PM2.5 between 2003 and 2012 compared to the same version of the model without AOD assimilation. Compared to measurements from the EPA-AQS network, MERRAero shows better PM2.5 agreement with the IMPROVE network measurements, which are composed essentially of rural stations. Regardless the data network, MERRAero PM2.5 are closer to observation values during the summer while larger discrepancies are observed during the winter. Comparing MERRAero to PM2.5 data collected by the Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) offers greater insight on the species MERRAero predicts well and those for which there are biases relative to the EPA observations. Analysis of this speciated data indicates that the lack of nitrate emissions in MERRAero and an underestimation of carbonaceous emissions in the Western US explains much of the reanalysis bias during the winter. To further understand discrepancies between the reanalysis and observations, we use complimentary data to assess two important aspects of MERRAero that are of relevance to the diagnosis of PM2.5, in particular AOD and vertical structure
Multi-timescale data assimilation for atmosphere–ocean state estimates

Abstract. Paleoclimate proxy data span seasonal to millennial timescales, and Earth's climate system has both high- and low-frequency components. Yet it is currently unclear how best to incorporate multiple timescales of proxy data into a single reconstruction framework and to also capture both high- and low-frequency components of reconstructed variables. Here we present a data assimilation approach that can explicitly incorporate proxy data at arbitrary timescales. The principal advantage of using such an approach is that it allows much more proxy data to inform a climate reconstruction, though there can be additional benefits. Through a series of offline data-assimilation-based pseudoproxy experiments, we find that atmosphere–ocean states are most skillfully reconstructed by incorporating proxies across multiple timescales compared to using proxies at short (annual) or long (∼ decadal) timescales alone. Additionally, reconstructions that incorporate long-timescale pseudoproxies improve the low-frequency components of the reconstructions relative to using only high-resolution pseudoproxies. We argue that this is because time averaging high-resolution observations improves their covariance relationship with the slowly varying components of the coupled-climate system, which the data assimilation algorithm can exploit. These results are consistent across the climate models considered, despite the model variables having very different spectral characteristics. Our results also suggest that it may be possible to reconstruct features of the oceanic meridional overturning circulation based on atmospheric surface temperature proxies, though here we find such reconstructions lack spectral power over a broad range of frequencies.
Extracellular specializations associated with hemidesmosomes in the fetal rat urogenital sinus

Specializations of extracellular structures opposite hemidesmosomes at the basal surface of epithelial cells of the fetal rat urogenital sinus are described. A moderately dense band or lamella ∼ 100 A wide forms a cap about 50 A from the plasma membrane. The normally electron-lucent inner zone between the plasma membrane and the basal lamina is increased in density and may be traversed by filaments or strands of material extending from the cell surface. The basal lamina is thickened and its density is increased locally opposite hemidesmosomes. The possible role of these specializations in adhesion between epithelial cells and the underlying extra-cellular structures is considered.
Resistance in Blattella germánica (L.) (Orthoptera, Blattidae): the effect of propoxur selection and non-selection on the resistance spectrum developed by diazinon selection.

Two strains of Blattella germanica (L.) were developed from a laboratory colony that was resistant to diazinon, propoxur, pyrethrins, lindane and DDT due to selection with diazinon. One strain was reared for nine generations without selection; the other strain was selected with propoxur for 14 generations; selection of the parent strain with diazinon was continued. Resistance to all five insecticides was stable for nine generations in the unselected strain, indicating fixation of the recessive genetic factor for diazinon and propoxur resistance and the incompletely dominant factor(s) for pyrethrins, lindane and DDT resistance. Diazinon and propoxur were equally effective as selecting agents for increasing resistance to diazinon, propoxur and pyrethrins and maintaining resistance to lindane and DDT. Resistance to diazinon and propoxur is probably due to a single recessive factor which attained genetic fixation by selection with diazinon. Cross-resistance to pyrethrins, lindane and DDT, also fixed by diazinon selection, is not due to heterotic effects but may be the pleiotropic action of the diazinon-resistance gene or due to a separate genetic system. The practical implications of this research are discussed.
Fundamentals of Comprehensive Environmental Planning

In this paper, the goal of an improved quality of life is examined without the traditional imperative of a quantitative expression which defines the meaning of the “quality of life” by a completely unambiguous measurement. The utility, limitations, and bias of the analytical technique is examined relative to this goal. It is stressed that comprehensive environmental planning must increasingly account for the unexpected and positively pursue a more meaningful fulfillment of human potentialities beyond the limitations of our collective analytical mind. Past approaches to environmental planning must be critically examined with regard to current and future conditions for the historical success of such approaches may lead to their own obsolescence. It is reasoned that a fundamental concern of comprehensive environmental planning should be the protection and enhancement of compatible environmental diversity.
Area Burned Reconstruction and Measurement: A Comparison of Methods

Knowledge of temporal changes in the area burned by wildfires is required to understand their influence on global climate change. This paper reviews the primary methods of reconstructing and measuring area burned. The area burned by wildfires is typically reconstructed using historical records, satellite imagery, tree-ring records and sediment records. These methods are described and compared in terms of the spatial and temporal resolutions and extents of the observations made using them. The different ways of measuring area burned that they employ are also described and compared.
The Sonographic Findings and Differing Clinical Implications of Simple, Complicated, and Complex Breast Cysts

Although palpable and mammographic breast masses are common and frequently reflect underlying fibrocystic change, they must be distinguished from breast malignancy. Clinical characterization of these masses is often unreliable, and mammographic appearances alone cannot distinguish between those that are solid and those that are cystic. Sonography is an important adjunct to characterize these abnormalities further. Management of solid masses is well established, but overlap in appearance of cystic lesions has led to variability in reporting and management. With current high-resolution ultrasound, specific observations can accurately characterize most cystic masses, thereby facilitating management decisions.
Determinants of the conditioned suppressive properties of a stimulus

Probability of signaled shock, shocks per total CS duration, contingency of CS and shock, as well as shock density were variables manipulated in a CER paradigm. Both contingency and shocks per total CS duration were found to influence the amount of suppression. Relationships between probability of signaled shock and CS duration were implicated and discussed.
Teratogenic compounds of Veratrum californicum (Durand). XI. Gestational chronology and compound specificity in rabbits.

SummaryFetal rabbits become malformed in ways grossly similar to lambs upon maternal ingestion of cyclopamine and jervine, naturally-occurring teratogens of Veratrum californicum. Other veratrum alkaloids tested were inactive. The cyclopia and related cephalic malformations occurred when ingestion took place on the 7th day of gestation.
Longitudinal study of prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from turkeys and swine grown in close proximity.

Eastern North Carolina is a major contributor to both turkey and swine production in the United States. In this region, turkeys and swine are frequently grown in close proximity and by common growers. To further characterize colonization of turkeys and swine with Campylobacter in such a setting, we investigated the prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in eight paired operations involving turkey farms in close proximity to finishing swine farms. All 15 surveyed flocks and 15 herds were Campylobacter positive at one or more sampling times. Campylobacter was isolated from 1,310 (87%) of the 1,512 turkey samples and 1,116 (77%) of the 1,448 swine samples. Most (>99%) campylobacters from swine samples were Campylobacter coli, found in 59 to 97% of the samples from the different herds. Both Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli were recovered from the turkey flocks (overall prevalences of 52 and 35%, respectively). Prevalence among flocks ranged from 31 to 86% for C. jejuni and 0 to 67% for C. coli, and both sp...
Control of Virus Diseases of Berry Crops

Virus control in berry crops starts with the development of plants free of targeted pathogens, usually viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas, and systemic bacteria, through a combination of testing and therapy. These then become the top-tier plants in certification programs and are the source from which all certified plants are produced, usually after multiple cycles of propagation. In certification schemes, efforts are made to produce plants free of the targeted pathogens to provide plants of high health status to berry growers. This is achieved using a systems approach to manage virus vectors. Once planted in fruit production fields, virus control shifts to disease control where efforts are focused on controlling viruses or virus complexes that result in disease. In fruiting fields, infection with a virus that does not cause disease is of little concern to growers. Virus control is based on the use of resistance and tolerance, vector management, and isolation.
Analyzing Ensembles of Amyloid Proteins Using Bayesian Statistics

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are notoriously difficult to study experimentally because they rapidly interconvert between many dissimilar conformations during their biological lifetime, and therefore cannot be described by a single structure. The importance of studying these systems, however, is underscored by the fact that they form toxic aggregates that play a role in the pathogenesis of many disorders. The first step towards a comprehensive understanding of the aggregation mechanism of these proteins involves a description of their thermally accessible states under physiologic conditions. The resulting conformational ensembles correspond to coarse-grained descriptions of their energy landscapes, where the number of structures in the ensemble is related to the resolution in which one views the free energy surface. Here, we provide step-by-step instructions on how to use experimental data to construct a conformational ensemble for an IDP using a Variational Bayesian Weighting (VBW) algorithm. We further discuss how to leverage this Bayesian approach to identify statistically significant ensemble-wide observations that can form the basis of further experimental studies.
Thermophotovoltaics: An Alternative to and Potential Partner with Rectenna Energy Harvesters

A technology that can be used in place of, or in addition to, rectennas is thermophotovoltaics (TPVs). The ultimate function of TPVs, like that of the rectenna, is the conversion of electromagnetic radiation to DC current. Rectennas use a rectifying diode coupled with an antenna to achieve this conversion. TPVs achieve this conversion through a single diode which both receive the radiation and converts it to a current. While rectennas are superior at longer wavelengths (greater than 5 μm), TPVs are more efficient at shorter wavelengths (less than 5 μm). Although rectennas and TPVs have been investigated independently, a hybrid technology may be possible which incorporates components from both technologies.
Mining and Exploration History of the Southeast Missouri Iron Metallogenic Province

Mining has been a driving force in the development of Missouri for hundreds of years—a history of feast and famine, success and ruin. In southeast Missouri, the mining history spans times from early crude furnaces and small mines to large modern operations working at depths of more than 730 m below the surface. Eight major iron orebodies and myriad minor deposits are known in the southeast Missouri iron metallogenic province, which is hosted in Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks of the St. Francois Mountains terrane. The first iron furnace west of the Mississippi River was opened in Missouri in the early part of the 19 th century, marking the beginning of a prosperous industry that shaped the fortunes of citizens and the state. The industry persevered through the United States Civil War, including the dramatic battle in 1864 that caused extensive damage to the Pilot Knob ironworks. Earlier discovery in 1844 of banded iron formation ores in Michigan and depletion of easily accessible surface iron deposits in southeast Missouri led to eventual downturn in the local mining industry. Magnetic surveys in the 1950s resulted in discovery of several large subsurface deposits, including the Pea Ridge iron oxide-apatite deposit and the Boss iron oxide-copper-gold deposit ca. 52 km to the south. Iron production in Missouri ceased in 2001, when the Pea Ridge mine closed. Great potential nevertheless exists for renewed production of iron and other metals in the province.
Item response theory analysis to evaluate reliability and minimal clinically important change of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire in patients with severe disability due to back pain from vertebral compression fractures.

Abstract Background Context The majority of validation done on the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) has been in patients with mild or moderate disability. There is paucity of research focusing on the psychometric quality of the RMDQ in patients with severe disability. Purpose To evaluate the psychometric quality of the RMDQ in patients with severe disability. Study Design/Setting Observational clinical study. Sample The sample consisted of 214 patients with painful vertebral compression fractures who underwent vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty. Outcome Measures The 23-item version of the RMDQ was completed at two time points: baseline and 30-day postintervention follow-up. Methods With the two-parameter logistic unidimensional item response theory (IRT) analyses, we derived the range of scores that produced reliable measurement and investigated the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Results Scores for 214 (100%) patients at baseline and 108 (50%) patients at follow-up did not meet the reliability criterion of 0.90 or higher, with the majority of patients having disability due to back pain that was too severe to be reliably measured by the RMDQ. Depending on methodology, MCID estimates ranged from 2 to 8 points and the proportion of patients classified as having experienced meaningful improvement ranged from 26% to 68%. A greater change in score was needed at the extreme ends of the score scale to be classified as having achieved MCID using IRT methods. Conclusions Replacing items measuring moderate disability with items measuring severe disability could yield a version of the RMDQ that better targets patients with severe disability due to back pain. Improved precision in measuring disability would be valuable to clinicians who treat patients with greater functional impairments. Caution is needed when choosing criteria for interpreting meaningful change using the RMDQ.
The Benefits and Challenges of Managing Asthma in Hispanic Families in South Texas: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Background: Understanding the experience of Hispanic parents of children diagnosed with asthma can be useful in the delivery of effective and meaningful asthma education. In order to assess the needs of Hispanic families with asthmatic children in South Texas, investigators utilized a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Objectives: This study aimed 1) to assess the impact of asthma in the quality of life of Hispanic children and their families; and 2) to identify barriers and challenges to asthma management as perceived by parents of children diagnosed with asthma. Methods: A mixed-methods study including a quality of life survey and focus group discussions. The Children’s Health Survey of Asthma (CHSA) was completed by 90 parents of children with asthma. Three focus groups were conducted with 15 low-income, Hispanic parents of asthmatic children to assess their needs and experience managing the disease. Results: Results from the CHSA showed that asthma significantly affects the quality of life of children with asthma and their families, particularly the emotional dimensions and the child’s physical health. Fifty-three percent of the children had visited the emergency room and 51% had been hospitalized due to asthma. One out of five parents had missed work and 27% of children had missed school in the past two weeks due to the child’s asthma. In the focus group discussions, the key themes emerging included lack of asthma knowledge, the burden of disease for asthmatic children and their families, and the importance of asthma education and self-management behaviors for asthma control. Conclusions: One of the main challenges faced by Hispanic families with asthmatic children is the lack of asthma-related knowledge to help understand and control their children’s disease. Lack of knowledge and self-management skills lead to significant stress and anxiety among children with asthma and their parents. Results highlight that while asthma has an effect on the quality of life of children and their families, particularly on the emotional health domain, a wide dissemination of asthma management education in different settings might help prevent asthma attacks and improve symptom control among those suffering from this disease along the US-Mexico border.
Spectral and stratigraphic mapping of hydrated minerals associated with interior layered deposits near the southern wall of Melas Chasma, Mars

Abstract Orbital remote sensing data acquired from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), in conjunction with other datasets, are used to perform detailed spectral and stratigraphic analyses over a portion of south Melas Chasma, Mars. The Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (DISORT) model is used to retrieve atmospherically corrected single scattering albedos from CRISM I/F data for mineral identification. A sequence of interbedded poly- and monohydrated sulfates associated with interior layered deposits (ILDs) is identified and mapped. Analyses from laboratory experiments and spectral unmixing of CRISM hyperspectral data support the hypothesis of precipitation and dehydration of multiple inputs of complex Mg-Ca-Fe-SO 4 -Cl brines. In this scenario, the early precipitated Mg sulfates could dehydrate into monohydrated sulfate due to catalytic effects, and the later-precipitated Mg sulfates from the late-stage “clean” brine could terminate their dehydration at mid-degree of hydration to form a polyhydrated sulfate layer due to depletion of the catalytic species (e.g., Ca, Fe, and Cl). Distinct jarosite-bearing units are identified stratigraphically above the hydrated sulfate deposits. These are hypothesized to have formed either by oxidation of a fluid containing Fe(II) and SO 4 , or by leaching of soluble phases from precursor intermixed jarosite-Mg sulfate units that may have formed during the later stages of deposition of the hydrated sulfate sequence. Results from stratigraphic analysis of the ILDs show that the layers have a consistent northward dip towards the interior of the Melas Chasma basin, a mean dip angle of ∼6°, and neighboring strata that are approximately parallel. These strata are interpreted as initially sub-horizontal layers of a subaqueous, sedimentary evaporite deposits that underwent post-depositional tilting from slumping into the Melas Chasma basin. The interbedded hydrated sulfate units and jarosite-bearing units, which have distinct stratigraphic relationships, are indicative of a complex sedimentary and aqueous history in south Melas Chasma.
Approximate Solution of the One-Dimensional Problem of the Theory of Elasticity for an Inhomogeneous Solid Cylinder

For the solution of the one-dimensional problem of the theory of elasticity for a radially inhomogeneous solid cylinder, we use the method of reduction to a Volterra integral equation. By estimating the error of satisfying the governing integral equation, we establish a criterion of accuracy of the approximate solution of the problem.
Extensional and Shear Rheology of Metallocene-Catalyzed Polyethylenes

It is known that low-density polyethylene (LDPE), followed by high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and then linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), is the most stable in the film blowing process. The stability is related to the extensional viscosity exhibited in general by the three different types of polyethylenes (PEs). This chapter compares the extensional stress versus strain of a conventional LDPE (c-LDPE) to that of conventional LLDPE (c-LLDPE). The temperatures are selected so that the shear viscosity of c-LLDPE was similar to that of c-LDPE. There is a distinct difference in the growth of extensional stress for the two PEs. In particular, for c-LLDPE, the stress rises rapidly to steady state and tends to level off. The rapid rise to steady state is due to the short relaxation times, which are related to a somewhat narrow molecular weight density (MWD) for the c-LLDPE. On the other hand, the extensional stress of c-LDPE rises more slowly with strain (and hence, time) but continues to rise above that for c-LLDPE. This increase of extensional stress with increasing strain is referred to as strain-hardening. The transient response of the highly branched PE is related to a broad MWD, which provides longer relaxation times and the attempt of the fluid to rise to a higher steady state stress value, which is related to the presence of long chain branches. Hence, even though the shear viscosity of these two PEs is similar at these temperatures, the extensional viscosity of the branched PE is higher.
DNA Topoisomerase Mutations in Bacteria

The chromosome of Escherichia coli is a DNA molecule having a length more than a thousand times that of the cell in which it resides (Cairns 1963). How this DNA is compacted and packaged is poorly understood. It appears that the DNA is arranged into about 50 large (100 kbp), topologically independent domains (Worcel and Burgi 1972; Sinden and Pettijohn 1981), and each of these domains, or loops, is probably under negative superhelical tension (Worcel and Burgi 1972; Sinden et al. 1980). While it is becoming increasingly clear that the superhelical tension is a result of topoisomerase action, how the loops are established and maintained is still a mystery. Another level of compaction appears to be the packaging of DNA into nucleosomelike structures (Griffith 1976; Varshavsky et al. 1977). Unfortunately, bacterial chromatin, unlike its eukaryotic counterpact, has been difficult to isolate and study.
Adenosine and energy metabolism-relationship to brain bioenergetics

The brain is one of the most metabolically active organs in the body, but because it has a limited capacity to store bioenergetic molecules it requires a continuous supply of oxygen and energy. In order to meet the high metabolic needs of the brain, the blood–brain barrier selectively expresses specific transport systems including glucose transporters and monocarboxylic acid transporters that transport lactate and ketone bodies. As a universal energy source, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) drives biological reactions essential for brain functions, and loss of such cellular energy results in profound abnormalities in brain function. The high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP are rather labile and thus energy inherent in ATP is readily released when ATP is hydrolyzed sequentially to ADP, AMP, and finally adenosine. Although each of these molecules serves different functions and can activate different signaling pathways, our focus here is on adenosine and brain energy metabolism. Under basal conditions, brain levels of adenosine are nearly 10,000-fold lower than ATP. Therefore, unnoticeable and possibly physiologically irrelevant decreases in ATP levels can result in dramatic and physiologically relevant rises in adenosine levels. As brain energy levels drop, adenosine levels rise to adjust brain energy supply and to retaliate against an external stimulus that would otherwise cause excessive ATP breakdown. These actions of adenosine are mediated by adenosine receptors located on target cells including neurons, glial cells, and brain endothelial cells. A critical issue in studying brain bioenergetics is the precise and accurate measurement of levels of ATP and its metabolites including adenosine. Because these molecules can be degraded rapidly, it is challenging to make such measurements. Essential components in the correct assessment of brain energetics should include justifying carefully the methodology used and putting the data in the context of what is already known about brain energy metabolism.
Discussion The Proliferation of Antibody-Forming Cells

These points will be made: 1) the increase in numbers of antibody-forming cells following immunization is due to cell division, 2) the magnitude of an antibody-response is determined primarily by the rate of division of responding cells and their progeny, and 3) the rate of division of antibody-forming cells may be determined by the rate of interaction of 2 or more cell types required for the antibody synthesis.
The Function of Carotenoid Pigments in Photosynthesis and their Possible Involvement in the Evolution of Higher Plants

It is well established that carotenoid pigments serve two principal roles in photosynthesis. First, they serve as auxiliary antennae whereby the rate of light absorption by photosynthetic membranes is increased, and second, they serve a photoprotective role by intercepting chlorophyll triplet species and preventing the formation of singlet oxygen \((^10_2 )\). In terms of photophysics, antenna function is associated with the absorption of light in the blue-green spectral region by the carotenoid pigment followed by singlet- singlet energy transfer whereby the excitation energy is transferred from the carotenoid pigment to a nearby chlorophyll molecule. Photoprotection involves energy transfer in the opposite direction and of a different type. The donor is the excited triplet chlorophyll molecule, the process is known as triplet-triplet energy transfer, and it results in the production of an excited triplet carotene molecule.
High school personality traits and 48-year all-cause mortality risk: results from a national sample of 26 845 baby boomers

Background It is unclear if adolescent personality predicts mortality into late life, independent of adolescent socioeconomic status (SES). Methods Over 26 000 members of Project Talent, a US population cohort of high school students, completed a survey including 10 personality scales and SES in 1960. Multi-source mortality follow-up obtained vital status data through an average 48-year period ending in 2009. Cox proportional hazard models examined the relative risk associated with personality traits, as well as confounding by both a measure of SES and by race/ethnicity. Results Adjusted for sex and grade, higher levels of vigour, calm, culture, maturity and social sensitivity in high school were associated with reduced mortality risk (HRs=0.92 to. 96), while higher levels of impulsivity were associated with greater mortality risk. Further adjustment for SES and school racial/ethnic composition mildly attenuated (eg, 12%), but did not eliminate these associations. Final HRs for a 1 SD change in personality traits were similar to that for a 1 SD change in SES. Conclusions Adaptive personality traits in high school are associated with all-cause mortality in the USA as far into the future as the seventh decade, and to a degree similar to high school socioeconomic disadvantage.
Nonlinear Dynamics Simulations of Microbial Ecological Processes: Model, Diagnostic Parameters of Deterministic Chaos, and Sensitivity Analysis

Modeling of ecological processes is demonstrated using a newly developed nonlinear dynamics model of microbial populations, consisting of a 4-variable system of coupled ordinary differential equations. The system also includes a modified version of the Monod kinetics equation. The model is designed to simulate the temporal behavior of a microbiological system containing a nutrient, two feeding microbes and a microbe predator. Three types of modeling scenarios were numerically simulated to assess the instability caused by (a) variations of the nutrient flux into the system, with fixed initial microbial concentrations and parameters, (b) variations in initial conditions, with fixed other parameters, and (c) variations in selected parameters. A modeling framework, using the high-level statistical computing languages MATLAB and R, was developed to conduct the time series analysis in the time domain and phase space. In the time domain, the Hurst exponent, the information measure–Shannon’s entropy, and the time delay of temporal oscillations of nutrient and microbe concentrations were calculated. In the phase domain, we calculated a set of diagnostic criteria of deterministic chaos: global and local embedding dimensions, correlation dimension, information dimension, and a spectrum of Lyapunov exponents. The time series data are used to plot the phase space attractors to express the dependence between the system’s state parameters, i.e., microbe concentrations, and pseudo-phase space attractors, in which the attractor axes are used to compare the observations from a single time series, which are separated by the time delay. Like classical Lorenz or Rossler systems of equations, which generate a deterministic chaotic behavior for a certain range of input parameters, the developed mathematical model generates a deterministic chaotic behavior for a particular set of input parameters. Even a slight variation of the system’s input data might result in vastly different predictions of the temporal oscillations of the system. As the nutrient influx increases, the system exhibits a sharp transition from a steady state to deterministic chaotic to quasi-periodic and again to steady state behavior. For small changes in initial conditions, resulting attractors are bounded (contrary to that of a random system), i.e., may represent a ‘sustainable state’ (i.e., resilience) of the ecological system.
Angular distribution of electrons elastically scattered from Ar in the presence of a 1.17 eV laser field

Experiments on free-free electron scattering by an Ar target are reported. The angular distribution of 350 eV electrons, elastically scattered at angles between 4∘ and 80∘ in the presence of 1.17 eV photons from a Nd:YAG laser, shows a pronounced maximum close to 47∘ and is symmetric about this angle, as predicted by a Kroll-Watson approximation calculation for the experimental kinematics. The experiments test a term in the approximation that is a strong function of the magnitude and direction of the momentum transfer of the elastically scattered electrons.
A compressive sensing approach for enhancing breast cancer detection using a hybrid DBT/NRI configuration

This work presents a novel breast cancer imaging approach that uses compressive sensing in a hybrid digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT)/nearfield radar imaging (NRI) system configuration. The non-homogeneous tissue distribution of the breast, described in terms of dielectric constant and conductivity, is extracted from the DBT image, and it is used by a full-wave finite difference in the frequency domain method to build a linearized model of the non-linear NRI imaging problem. The inversion of the linear problem is solved using compressive sensing imaging techniques, which lead to a reduction on the required number of sensing antennas and operational bandwidth without loss of performance.
Agape, justice, and law: how might Christian love shape law?

In 2008, the University of Pennsylvania law professor David Skeel published an important article entitled ʻThe Unbearable Lightness of Christian Legal Scholarship.’1 In the article, Skeel argued th...
Revisional Foregut Surgery in the Pediatric Patient

Revisional foregut surgery for the pediatric patient is relatively uncommon when compared to the adult patient population. Early recognition of the presenting signs and symptoms in the neonate, infant, or child may ultimately allow for nonoperative management of unplanned outcomes. Nonetheless, the surgeon ought to be prepared to manage the rare operative complications. The following chapter will detail the six most commonly performed foregut operations for the pediatric population and their respective morbidities requiring revisional surgery.
INVESTIGATION OF CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES TO MINIMIZE AUTOMOTIVE COOLANT WASTES.

Abstract The US Environmental Protection Agency in cooperation with the State of New Jersey evaluated chemical filtration and distillation technologies designed to recycle automotive and heavy-duty engine coolants. These evaluations addressed the product quality, waste reduction and economic issues. In addition, we examined the potential for substituting propylene glycol for ethylene glycol based engine coolant formulations.
LEVERAGING THE LAW OF LAPLACE: SUCCESSFUL TRANSCAVAL ACCESS THROUGH AN ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM FOR IMPELLA ASSISTED DISTAL LEFT MAIN INTERVENTION FOLLOWED BY SELF EXPANDING TAVR VALVE

CAD is often accompanied by PAD which can limit options for percutaneous revascularization. This case highlights balancing the biomechanics of abdominal aortic aneurysms to gain transcaval arterial access for a high risk coronary intervention and TAVR. An 81 yo F with a known AAA and bilateral
Practicing Serious Illness Conversations in Graduate Medical Education.

Physician trainees are not provided with routine practice opportunities to have a serious illness conversation, which includes a discussion of patient expectations, concerns, and preferences regarding an advancing illness. To test the acceptability of incorporating a serious illness conversation into routine trainee practice. Residents in an internal medicine program conducted a serious illness conversation in the ambulatory care setting with the assistance of a conversation guide. Semi-structured interviews determined trainees’ perceptions of the educational intervention. Patients were surveyed to understand their experience. Twenty-one trainees had at least one opportunity to practice having a serious illness conversation and completed a majority of the conversation elements. In semi-structured interviews, trainees expressed the belief that the serious illness conversation should be an important component of routine patient care, understood that patients are willing to have these conversations, discovered that patients did not have a clear understanding of their prognosis, and said that time is the main barrier to having these conversations more consistently. Patients found the conversation to be important (92%), reassuring (83%), and of higher quality than the communication of a usual doctor visit (83%). With preparation, time, and a conversation guide, trainees completed the elements of a serious illness conversation and found it to be an important addition to their routine practice. Patients found the conversation to be important, reassuring, and of better quality than their usual visits.
Human Performance with Complex Technology: How Visual Cognition Is Critical to Enhanced Performance with Aided Target Recognition (AiTR)

Technology advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and augmented or mixed reality (AR) offer the potential for advanced performance capabilities in the military and commercial sectors. However, the impact of utilizing such technology on users’ normative perceptual, attentional, and higher-level cognitive processes is not well understood. To take full advantage of current and future technological advancements, systems designers for the Army must better understand how human visual cognition changes in the face of the novel visual stimuli provided by these technologies. Here, we present an approach anchored in foundational cognitive research to derive principles for how humans understand, interact with, and are cognitively altered by the interactions between AI and AR. We will discuss our approach in the context of a specific application, Aided Target Recognition (AiTR). We will discuss a series of planned research efforts, the foundational findings supporting these efforts, and their potential implications for AiTR development.