cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuronal localization of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein

Recent biochemical studies have demonstrated that the adenomatous polyposis coli gene, initially identified via its link to colon cancer, is expressed at high levels in the brain. Furthermore, the ability of this tumor suppressor protein to bind to Discs-Large and beta-catenin, proteins implicated in organizing synaptic structure, point to a role for APC in neuronal signalling. However, anatomical studies have provided conflicting results regarding its localization in brain. In situ hybridization studies predict neuronal expression of APC, while immunostaining studies performed with a panel of N-terminal antibodies detected staining of glial cells, especially oligodendrocytes. In this study, we have examined the basis for this discrepancy and provide evidence that the glial staining pattern detected in previous studies reflects cross-reactivity with an unrelated antigen rather than the localization of APC. Furthermore, we have performed immunohistochemical studies with a C-terminal APC antibody which reveal a neuronal pattern of staining closely matching that predicted by the in situ studies. For example, in the hippocampus APC immunostaining is detected in the pyramidal neurons and dentate granule cells, which fits well with the localization of APC mRNA. Examination of APC immunostaining in other regions revealed that particularly intense staining was displayed by large neurons, including layer V cortical pyramidal neurons, cerebellar Purkinje cells, and olfactory bulb mitral cells. Within labeled neurons, APC staining was apparent in the cytoplasm, as well as in dendritic and axonal processes. To help clarify the localization of APC in brain, we have conducted additional in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies. These results provide compelling evidence that APC is expressed predominantly in neurons rather than in glial cells as reported previously.
My statistician could have painted that! A statistical inquiry into modern art

How good are modern artists? Is great abstract art by modern masters a true expression of genius, or could a child, or a chimpanzee—or a statistician—do better? Mikhail Simkin makes a statistical inquiry into masterpieces and doodles to find out.
MASCULINITY, FEMININITY, AND ANDROGYNY: ANOTHER LOOK AT THREE ANDROGYNY SCORING SYSTEMS

The scoring systems for androgyny proposed by Strahan, by Kalin, and by Bryan, Coleman, and Ganong are assessed as potential supplements to main effect terms for masculinity and femininity in regression analysis. Strahan's androgyny value, the sum of M and F, is completely redundant with the two main effect terms and would have no incremental value. The androgyny scores suggested by Kalin and by Bryan, et al. would each provide some general indication of the effect of balance between M and F scores. However, a more interpretable indicator of “balance androgyny” is the conventional (M × F) multiplicative interaction term.
The σ—π rearrangement: a key process in organometallic catalysis

Abstract A characteristic feature of organo-transition metal complexes is the flexibility of their bonding modes, which is closely related to their activities as homogeneous catalysts. The possible transformation between σ-bonded and π-bonded models, i.e. the σ — π rearrangement, is a typical example and has been considered as a key step of many catalytic processes. In this review an attempt is made to elucidate mechanisms of the σ — π rearrangements of organo-transition metal complexes. The bonding structure and stabilization of the two extreme structures of σ — π rearrangements, σ- and π-complexes, are first described, and then the σ — π rearrangement in various classes of organometallic reactions are discussed as well as the end-on and side-on coordination modes of diatomic molecules. The important role of transition metal orbitals on the σ — π rearrangement is illustrated with the aid of molecular orbital theory.
Antifragility analysis and measurement framework for systems of systems

The twenty-first century is defined by the social and technical hazards we face. A hazardous situation is a condition, or event, that threatens the well-being of people, organizations, societies, environments, and property. The most extreme of the hazards are considered X-Events and are an exogenous source of extreme stress to a system. X-Events can also be the unintended outputs of a system with both positive (serendipitous) and negative (catastrophic) consequences. Systems can vary in their ability to withstand these stress events. This ability exists on a continuum of fragility that ranges from fragile (degrading with stress), to robust (unchanged by stress), to antifragile (improving with stress). The state of the art does not include a method for analyzing or measuring fragility. Given that “what we measure we will improve,” the absence of a measurement approach limits the effectiveness of governance in making our systems less fragile and more robust if not antifragile. The authors present an antifragile system simulation model, and propose a framework for analyzing and measuring antifragility based on system of systems concepts. The framework reduces a multidimensional concept of fragility into a two-dimensional continuous interval scale.
Erratum to “Spatial learning is delayed and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression inhibited by administration of MK-801 in rats” [Neurosci. Lett. 353 (2003) 95–98]

Erratum to “Spatial learning is delayed and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression inhibited by administration of MK-801 in rats” [Neurosci. Lett. 353 (2003) 95–98] J. Patrick Kesslaka,b,∗, Kenneth R. Chuanga, Nicole C. Berchtolda, C.W. Cotmana a Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA b Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA
Health priorities among women recently released from jail.

Twelve million men and women move through jails in the United States (US) each year,1,2 and, at any given time, more than one million US women are under correctional supervision.3 Eighty-three percent of these women are arrested for non-violent crimes; nevertheless, the rate of women's incarceration is increasing at a rate nearly double that of men.4 Women with incarceration histories bear a disproportional burden of infectious and chronic disease when compared to the general population, in addition to histories of substance use, mental health problems, and personal trauma.1,5-9 Yet, despite these health problems, previous studies have shown that few receive care while detained,10,11 and up to 48% do not seek healthcare services after release from jail.11,12 According to Lee et al,12,13 women do not seek health services after release from jail, primarily because of financial barriers (in particular lack of health insurance) and the number of other concerns demanding their attention after incarceration. For example, other researchers have found that the most difficult problems confronting women and men leaving criminal justice facilities are housing, substance use, financial support, and family reunfication. 13,14 These studies underscore the plight of incarcerated women in general: their incarceration creates a downward cycle of economic and familial instability15 that may prevent women from effectively addressing long-standing and persistent health needs.1,5-9 We know that many formerly incarcerated women do not seek healthcare at a level commensurate with their needs. However, we have little information as to how women prioritize their health needs.14 The purpose of this study was to identify the priorities of women recently released from jail, and in particular, the context in which they set these priorities against other reentry concerns. The justification for this study objective stems from health behavior theories that demonstrate an important relationship between individuals’ perception of disease, the impact this perception has on their health behaviors, including seeking treatment for health concerns, and ultimately, health outcomes.16
1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDRO-8-HYDROXYMANZAMINES, ALKALOIDS FROM TWO DIFFERENT HAPLOSCLERID SPONGES

Abstract The isolation and characterization of two new sponge alkaloids, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-N-methyl-8-hydroxymanzamine A (2) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-hydroxymanzamine A (3), is described. These compounds were obtained from Papua New Guinea sponges of the genera Petrosia and Cribochalina, which are in different families of the order Haplosclerida. These new manzamines are close in structure to 8-hydroxymanzamine (4) recently reported from Pachypellina, a Haplosclerid sponge belonging to a different family than that of the two preceding sponges. The cytotoxicity of 2 is described and the biogenetic relationship of 2 or 3 to manzamine A (1) and to nine other related polycyclic diamine and one monoamine type alkaloids is described.
Stochastic response sensitivity of secondary systems to primary structural uncertainties

Abstract Response characteristics of secondary systems anchored or attached to a primary structure can be strongly dependent upon parameter values assumed for the secondary and primary systems. For design and performance evaluations, it is thus of practical interest to develop sensitivity factors relating response behavior of a secondary system to structural parameter variations. In this paper, the use of spectral moments as peak response sensitivity factors is proposed when the primary-secondary system is subjected to random loading. It is shown that they provide a consistent and quantitative measure of relative importance of parameter uncertainties in the design and performance evaluation of secondary systems. These results are particularly useful to designers in order to determine the desired dynamic characteristics of secondary systems, and to determine the degree of design response spectrum broadening needed.
Comparison of the effects of intravenous papaverine hydrochloride and oral pavabid HP capsulets on regional cerebral blood flow in normal individuals.

A single-blind study was conducted in 13 right-handed normal male subjects to compare the effects of oral and i.v. papaverine on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Six xenon-133 inhalation rCBF measurements were performed on each subject; three tests--baseline, placebo, and drug evaluations--were carried out on each of two separate days. The oral and i.v. drugs were randomized for first-day administration. rCBF, measured as flow gray (FG), increased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.001) from baseline with both drug forms. Increases of 10.53% and 13.94% (left and right hemispheres, respectively) were demonstrated 90 min after a single 600-mg dose of oral papaverine. Increases of 5.09% and 8.69%, respectively, were recorded immediately after a single 100-mg dose of i.v. papaverine. FG also increased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.001) for both drug forms when compared to that of placebo. Placebo produced only a slight increase (not significant) with both the oral and i.v. groups. The data show increasing rCBF in normal subjects.
Regulation of the Heme A Biosynthetic Pathway DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF HEME A SYNTHASE AND HEME O SYNTHASE IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

The assembly and activity of cytochrome c oxidase is dependent on the availability of heme A, one of its essential cofactors. In eukaryotes, two inner mitochondrial membrane proteins, heme O synthase (Cox10) and heme A synthase (Cox15), are required for heme A biosynthesis. In this report, we demonstrate that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the transcription of COX15 is regulated by Hap1, a transcription factor whose activity is positively controlled by intracellular heme concentration. Conversely, COX10, the physiological partner of COX15, does not share the same regulatory mechanism with COX15. Interestingly, protein quantification identified an 8:1 protein ratio between Cox15 and Cox10. Together, these results suggest that heme A synthase and/or heme O synthase might play a new, unidentified role in addition to heme A biosynthesis.
Race/ethnic differences in obstructive sleep apnea risk in patients with acute ischemic strokes in south Florida.

Purpose Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a risk factor for ischemic stroke, but it may differ between race/ethnic groups. The goal of our study was to examine the pre-stroke risk of OSA between three race/ethnic groups admitted for acute ischemic stroke in a tertiary urban hospital in South Florida.
Estimation of the electron affinities of C60, corannulene, and coronene by using the kinetic method

Novel anions that contain one molecule each of C60 and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon coronene are generated in the gas phase by electron attachment desorption chemical ionization. Collision-induced dissociation reveals that these cluster ions are loosely bonded. Fragmentation of the mass-selected cluster anion yields, as the only products, the intact radical anions of the constituent molecules, namely, the C60 radical anion and the coronene radical anion, in almost identical relative abundances. This result is interpreted as evidence that the cluster ion can be considered as the anion radical of one molecule solvated by the other molecule. The known very high electron affinity of C60 (2.66 eV) and the comparable degree to which C60 and the PAH compete for the electron suggests that dissociation may be controlled by the electron affinity of a portion of the C60 surface, that is, in this case the kinetic method yields information on the local electron affinity of C60. The electron affinity of the bowl-shaped compound corannulene is estimated for the first time to be 0.50 ± 0.10 eV by the kinetic method by using a variety of reference compounds. Unlike coronene, corannulene reacts with C -• (60) in the gas phase to form a covalently bonded, denydrogenated cluster ion. Support for the concept of "local" electron affinity of C60 comes from a theoretical calculation on the electronic structure of C60 anions, which shows evidence for localization of the charge in the C60 molecule. The possibility of electron tunneling in the C60-coronene system is discussed as an alternative explanation for the unusual observation of equal abundances of C60 anions and coronene anions upon dissociation of the corresponding cluster ion.
Role of selected endogenous peptides in growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide activity: analysis of growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyroid hormone-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of endogenous GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) to exogenous GH-releasing hexapeptide (GHRP-6) activity, and to determine whether TRH or GnRH are endogenous analogs of GHRP-6. The activity of GHRP-6, a synthetic GH secretagogue, was significantly attenuated in rats administered GHRH antiserum or alpha-methyl-rho-tyrosine to reduce endogenous GHRH concentrations, and also in rats administered 5-50 micrograms/kg of [N-Ac-Tyr1,D-Arg2]-GRF 1-29 amide to block pituitary GHRH receptors. However, GHRP-6 activity was potentiated in rats administered 150 micrograms/kg [N-Ac-Tyr1,D-Arg2]-GRF 1-29 amide, presumably due to partial agonist activity of the GHRH receptor antagonist at the higher dose. These data show that endogenous GHRH contributes to full expression of exogenous GHRP-6 activity in vivo. Like TRH, a subthreshold dose of GHRP-6 was significantly more effective in hypothyroid rats than in euthyroid rats. However, suprathreshold doses of GHRP-6 were les...
An Examination of Social-Psychological Factors and Support for the Death Penalty: Attribution, Moral Disengagement, and the Value-Expressive Function of Attitudes

This study examines the social-psychological factors of attributional styles, moral disengagement, and the value-expressive function of attitudes in relation to death penalty support and the robustness of that support. Respondents were first asked whether or not they supported the death penalty and were then presented several paragraphs of information exposing flaws or failures in the death penalty and asked how compelling they found the information and whether it impacted their death penalty attitudes. Results suggest that attributional style has little if any effect on death penalty support and that only a few aspects of moral disengagement seem to play a role. Value-expressiveness, on the other hand, appears to play a critical role in death penalty attitudes and support. Our findings suggest that when support is based on value-expressive foundations, it is more robust and unlikely to wane regardless of information or knowledge indicating problems with the death penalty.
Sources and Haloacetic Acid/Trihalomethane Formation Potentials of Aquatic Humic Substances in the Wakarusa River and Clinton Lake near Lawrence, Kansas

Gram quantities of aquatic humic substances (AHS) were extracted from the Wakarusa River−Clinton Lake Reservoir system, near Lawrence, KS, to support nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experimental studies, report concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and AHS, define sources of the AHS, and determine if the AHS yield sufficient quantities of haloacetic acids (HAA5) and trihalomethanes (THM4) that exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) in drinking water. AHS from the Wakarusa River and Clinton Lake originated from riparian forest vegetation, reflected respective effects of soil organic matter and aquatic algal/bacterial sources, and bore evidence of biological degradation and photodegradation. AHS from the Wakarusa River showed the effect of terrestrial sources, whereas Clinton Lake humic acid also reflected aquatic algal/bacterial sources. Greater amounts of carbon attributable to tannin-derived chemical structures may correspond with higher HAA5 and TH...
Intraoperative Duplex Scanning Reduces the Incidence of Residual Stenosis after Carotid Endarterectomy

Abstract We studied the effect of intraoperative duplex scanning on the incidence of residual and recurrent stenosis and stroke after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We retrospectively analyzed 98 veteran patients undergoing 106 consecutive CEAs between July 1990 and June 1994. Follow-up duplex scans were available for 86 cases (81%, mean follow-up 20 months). There were no perioperative deaths. Intraoperative duplex scans were obtained in 39 (45%) of 86 CEAs. The incidence of residual stenosis was lower in the patients scanned at the time of surgery (0 of 39) than in those who underwent CEA without intraoperative scan (7 of 47, P 50% over a mean of 21 months of follow-up. Intraoperative duplex scanning significantly reduced the incidence of residual stenosis, but did not affect the incidence of recurrent stenosis or stroke following CEA.
Wetting characteristics of media emulating gastric fluids

A variety of dissolution media have been used to simulate the physiological environment of the gastric region. The objective of this study was to formulate and examine the wetting properties of dispersions composed of the dominant surface active species found in the stomach at physiologically relevant concentrations. Systems representing the fed and fasted states were studied and compared to other media that have been considered for use as simulated gastric fluids. Dilute bile salt/phospholipid solutions and bile salt-lipid emulsions were formulated on the basis of available physiologic data to represent the fasted and fed states, respectively. Wetting was evaluated through the determination of the surface tension and contact angle of the various solutions using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a model surface. Additional surfactant solutions and other biorelevant media were also tested. Data were evaluated in terms of contact angle, surface tension and the thermodynamic stages of wetting. The results indicate that solutions patterned after the composition of the GI tract have significantly different wetting properties relative to the fed and fasted states. The surfactant solutions tested were significantly better wetting agents for the surface than the physiologically representative formulations. The implications for the formulation of surfactant-based biorelevant media are discussed.
Simulations of point-defect properties in graphite by a tight-binding-force model.

Point-defect energetics and diffusion mechanisms in graphite are investigated using a semi-empirical tight-binding-force model. Possible diffusion processes associated with point-defect (i.e., vacancies and interstitials) and nondefect (i.e., atomic exchange) mechanisms are analyzed. It is found that self-diffusion in graphite in the direction parallel to the basal plane can be mediated by vacancies. However, since the calculated vacancy- and interstital-formation energies are nearly equal, it is argued that Frenkel pairs could exist as equilibrium defects. In this case, at high enough temperatures, self-diffusion parallel to the basal plane should occur by an interstitial mechanism because the migration energy of the interstitial is much lower.
Perioperative β-blocker therapy and heart rate control during noncardiac surgery

Abstract Background Perioperative treatment with β-blockade is a widely advocated practice. We assessed the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative control of heart rate (HR) in patients who received β-blockade as recommended during preoperative medicine clearance. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent noncardiac surgery from 2002 to 2004 at the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Houston, Texas, with recommendations of β-blockade as part of their risk stratification. Demographic data and comorbid risk factors were collected on patients undergoing general anesthesia. All data were presented as mean ± SEM. The chi-square test and analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 130 patients referred for preoperative medicine clearance, who were risk-stratified based on comorbid conditions and risk of procedure, had β-blockade started before elective surgery. Sixty percent (78 of 130) of the patients underwent high-/intermediate-risk surgery. The mean preoperative HR was 74 ± 1 beat per minute (bpm). The mean intraoperative HR was 69 ± 1 bpm. The mean postoperative HR was 84 ± 1 bpm. There was a significant difference in the preoperative and intraoperative HR when compared with the postoperative HR ( P P Conclusions β-blockade is achieved sufficiently in the preoperative and intraoperative settings. However, attention to postoperative HR may be warranted to maintain the benefits of β-blockade.
The Probably Benign Assessment

The probably benign assessment (category 3 in the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) is associated with a less than 2% probability of malignancy. Its use in mammography is well supported by robust data from various large-scale prospective studies. Use of the probably benign assessment for lesions visible only at ultrasound or MR imaging is much less well established. This article examines in depth the use of the probably benign assessment: which lesions should be assessed as probably benign, the published evidence supporting such use, pitfalls in misuse, and areas of potentially expanded use that currently are under investigation.
Correction: The Composition and Drawdown of Wealth in Retirement

In extending our research on issues related to those in this paper, we have discovered an error in our calculations of the expected present discounted value of life-contingent payout streams in our paper “The Composition and Drawdown of Wealth in Retirement,” published in the Fall 2011 issue of this journal. This error affected entries in Tables 1 and 2 of the paper and the associated discussion. The error overstated the wealth-equivalent value of both Social Security and defi ned benefi t pensions. The corrected values, shown in the tables below, indicate that the average capitalized value of Social Security for all retirementage households is $204,264 rather than $341,556. The mean capitalized value of defi ned benefi t pension payouts is $99,147. Taken together, Social Security and defi ned benefi t pension wealth represent 34.9 percent of the mean value of household wealth, not 46 percent as initially reported. The share of home equity, which was previously reported as 16.8 percent, correspondingly rises to 20.2 percent and
Fixed point theorems for random pseudo-contractive mappings

Abstract Very recently in Fierro et al. (2009) [6] , we obtained a general principle to prove the existence of Random Fixed Point Theorems. As a consequence of this, we have been able to obtain various generalizations for pseudo-contractive mappings with rather simple proofs. In addition, while we were deriving these extensions for random operators, some deterministic results arose, which also appear to be new.
Pyrrolidinium Imides: Promising Ionic Liquids for Direct Capture of Elemental Mercury from Flue Gas

A new approach to vapor phase elemental mercury capture has been explored; this approach exploits an ionic liquid coating layer to oxidize elemental mercury for subsequent immobilization by chelating ligands. The room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (P14) was selected for study based on its oxidation potential window, thermal stability, and low vapor pressure. Tests were also completed in which KMnO4 was added to P14 to form a new ionic liquid, P14–KMnO4, with a higher oxidation potential. In room-temperature bulk liquid phase capture experiments, 59% of the elemental mercury in the inlet gas was captured using P14 alone; mercury capture using P14–KMnO4 was quantitative. P14 and P14–KMnO4 coatings were successfully applied to mesoporous silica substrates and to silica substrates functionalized with mercury chelating ligands. The coating layers were found to be thermally stable up to 300°C. Fixed-bed tests of nonfunctionalized silica coated with P14 showed an elemental mercury uptake of 2.7 mg/g adsorbent at 160°C; at the same temperature, functionalized silica coated with P14–KMnO4 showed an elemental mercury capacity of at least 7.2 mg/g adsorbent, several times higher than that of activated carbon. The empty bed gas residence time in these tests was 0.04 s. A chelating adsorbent incorporating P14 in the coating layer, may be capable of simultaneous removal of elemental and oxidized mercury from coal combustion flue gases.
Photonic time-stretch: From world's fastest digitizer to the world's fastest camera

We review the progress in time-stretched ADC technology and how this quintessential microwave photonic technology has spun off into ultrafast imaging that is being used for early detection of cancer.
Optically stimulated luminescence dating properties of Martian sediment analogue materials exposed to a simulated Martian solar spectral environment

Deciphering the geomorphic, climatic, and hydrologic history of Mars will require an extensive geochronology on numerous time scales from both returned samples and in-situ measurements. Optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL), or optical dating, is an established terrestrial geochronological method that is being developed as a member of a suite of dating tools for Mars. As part of this development process, we have built an optical system simulating the calculated Martian solar spectral irradiance taking into account seasonal variations due to attenuation of dust and the planet's orbital position and used it to catalogue the UV dosimetric response and optical dating behavior of a group of sediment analogues exposed to a simulated Martian spectral environment (SMSE) for the surface of the planet. Our results suggest that optical dating should not be compromised by the interaction of the enhanced UV radiation in the Martian spectrum with K-feldspar, Ca-feldspar, anhydrite, or hydrous Ca and Mg sulfates on Mars. However, Na-feldspar appears to be capable of acquiring and retaining an OSL signal under SMSE conditions, which could present a challenge for optical dating on Mars in sedimentary deposits containing more than a trace quantity of sodic feldspars.
Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the quantification of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-bromouracil in plasma.

Abstract A sensitive and specific procedure using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the quantification of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BUdR) and 5-bromouracil (BU) in plasma. BUdR and BU were first extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and 2-propanol from plasma presaturated with solid ammonium sulfate. Following evaporation of the organic extract, the remaining residue was reconstituted in saturated ammonium sulfate solution, washed with a mixture of n -pentane—methylene chloride and re-extracted with the original solvent mixture. The organic extract was evaporated, reconstituted in mobile phase and chromatographed on a regular-bore ODS HPLC column using ultraviolet absorbance detection. The BUdR and BU quantification limits were both 0.1 μ M , the mean intra-assay coefficients of variation were 5.0 and 5.6%, respectively, and the mean inter-assay coefficients of variation were 5.4 and 10.7%, respectively. This method was used to determine steady-state femoral arterial and hepatic venous plasma concentrations of BUdR and BU in a patient receiving a continuous intravenous infusion of BUdR (20 mg/kg per day).
Electron microscopic studies on a unique cytokinetic structure in tetrasporocytes of the red alga Harveyella sp. ( Cryptonemiales, Choreocolaceae )

A unique type of cytokinesis is described in tetrasporocytes of the alloparasitic red alga,Harveyella sp. Cytokinesis takes place immediately after four post-meiotic nuclei are formed and may result from coalescence of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. As a result of this cisternal fusion, a double-membraned cleavage channel is formed. This channel lacks wall material and is usually oriented tetrahedrally. Membranes of the peripheral portions of the cleavage channel fuse with the existing tetrasporocyte plasmalemma, delimiting four tetraspores. Subsequently, wall material is secreted within the preformed cleavage channels to form a continuous tetraspore wall between adjacent tetraspores. Wall secretion usually occurs in a centrifugal direction, beginning at the juncture of the cleavage channels, but it also may be random or centripetal. Dictyosome activity is absent during the first wall secretion stage but contributes to secondary wall deposition.
Electromagnetic Pulse Coupling Through an Aperture into a Two-Parallel-Plate Region

Analysis of electromagnetic-pulse (EMP) penetration via apertures into cavities is an important study in designing hardened systems. In this paper, an integral equation procedure is developed for determining the frequency and consequently the time behavior of the field inside a two-parallel-plate region excited through an aperture by an EMP. Some discussion of the numerical results is also included in the paper for completeness.
Assessment of Serosurveys for H5N1

Background. It has been suggested that the true case-fatality rate of human H5N1 influenza infection is appreciably less than the figure of approximately 60% that is based on official World Health Organization (WHO)– confirmed case reports because asymptomatic cases may have been missed. A number of seroepidemiologic studies have been conducted in an attempt to identify such missed cases. Methods. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of all English-language H5N1 human serology surveys with detailed attention to laboratory methodology used (including whether investigators used criteria set by the WHO to define positive cases), laboratory controls used, and the clades/genotypes involved. Results. Twenty-nine studies were included in the analysis. Few reported using unexposed control groups and one-third did not apply WHO criteria. Of studies that used WHO criteria, only 4 found any seropositive results to clades/genotypes of H5N1 that are currently circulating. No studies reported seropositive results to the clade 2/genotype Z viruses that have spread throughout Eurasia and Africa. Conclusions. This review suggests that the frequency of positive H5 serology results is likely to be low; therefore, it is essential that future studies adhere to WHO criteria and include unexposed controls in their laboratory assays to limit the likelihood of false-positive results.
Phylogeography of Keen's Mouse (Peromyscus keeni) in a Naturally Fragmented Landscape

Phylogenetic methods were used to analyze cytochrome-b sequences (n ¼ 257; 560 base pairs) from Peromyscus keeni (Keen’s mouse) collected from 23 islands of the Alexander Archipelago and 6 mainland locations in southeast Alaska and western Canada. Although P. keeni is ubiquitous across this region, island populations are genetically distinctive. Genetic structure of extant populations of P. keeni appears to have been more heavily influenced by vicariance than post-glacial colonization. Populations of P. keeni might have survived in coastal refugia during the last glacial maximum (15 � 10 3 years ago). Island area was significantly correlated with 2 of 3 genetic diversity measures whereas island isolation was not. Areas with divergent populations were discovered, but were largely inconsistent with 3 of 5 currently recognized subspecies. Cryptic variation was detected in 8 areas not previously identified by morphologic analyses.
Some Conventional Orthodoxies in the Study of Agrarian Change

The paper presents a critical review of two major approaches to the analysis of agrarian societies in light of evidence taken from the scholarly literature on Africa. The first approach posits the existence of “natural” societies; the second, of “peasant” societies. The existence of such “precapitalist” societies is often invoked to account for patterns of change in contemporary rural societies. The author argues that these approaches are overly culturally and economically determined, and that they undervalue the importance of the state. Many of the so-called precapitalist features of these societies are themselves found to be products of the societies' encounter with agents of capitalism. Moreover, many result from the efforts of states to secure domination and control over rural populations.
Uveal Spindle Cell Tumor of Blue-Eyed Dogs: An Immunohistochemical Study:

Immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the origin of a spindle cell tumor in the anterior uveal tract of dogs and the influence of ultraviolet radiation on the development of this tumor. Thirteen tumors were identified from the 4,007 canine ocular samples examined at the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin between 1978 and 2005. Siberian Husky and Siberian Husky mix dogs were overrepresented (10/13 dogs, overall median age 10 years). Light microscopic evaluation (all dogs) and electron microscopy (2 dogs) were performed. Immunohisto- chemical staining included alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), vimentin, S-100, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Melan A, microphthalmic transcription factor (MITF-1), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), laminin, gadd45, p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), anti-UVssDNA (antibody for detection of (6-4)-dipyrimidine photoproducts), and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). All tumors occurred in the iris with or without ciliary body involvement and were composed of spindle cells arranged in fascicles and whorls (variable Antoni A and B behavior). All tumors were positive when immunostained for vimentin and S-100. Nine of 13 tumors exhibited GFAP immunopositivity. All tumors were negative for SMA, desmin, Melan A, and MITF-1. Tumors were variably positive for PGP 9.5, laminin, gadd45, p53, PCNA, anti-UVssDNA, and TERT. Electron microscopy revealed intermittent basal laminae between cells. These tumors are morphologically and immunohistochemically most consistent with schwannoma. The relationship between spindle cell tumors of the anterior uvea of dogs, altered neural crest, blue iris color, and ultraviolet radiation has not yet been fully elucidated.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND IMMATURE STAGES OF NEOCHIROSIA ATRIFRONS (DIPTERA: SCATOPHAGIDAE)

This species is a member of the Delininae whose species with known life histories all attack plants belonging to the Liliaceae and Orchidaceae. Eggs are laid singly or in groups of up to 15 eggs on the abaxial surface of Veratrum viride leaves. Larvae produce extensive blotch mines as they feed upon the mesophyll layer. Puparia are formed in the soil, and the pupa is the overwintering stage of this univoltine species. A table outlining larval attributes of the Scatophaginae and Delininae is given.
Quality of Comprehensive HIV Care in Underserved Communities Does Clinical Training Lead to Improvement

The AIDS Education and Training Centers National Evaluation Center led collaborative research to evaluate whether Minority AIDS Initiative (MAI)-funded clinical training changes clinical practice. Chart abstraction and feedback (34 clinics; n = 530) were used to assess adherence to clinical practice guidelines, identify training needs, and assess change in clinical practice (14 clinics, n = 271). Generalized estimating equations were used to account for repeated measures within each clinic. At baseline, clinics displayed 49% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 44-53) adherence to clinical practice guidelines. After feedback associated with the baseline chart review and subsequent implementation of MAI-funded clinical training, an 11% increase (95% CI = 7-16) in adherence to clinical practice guidelines was observed. MAI-funded clinical training was associated with increased adherence to clinical practice guidelines for HIV care. Chart abstraction is useful to assess clinical practice, facilitate conversations about quality improvement, and evaluate the effectiveness of clinical training.
Motivating Batterers to Change in the Treatment Context

Many treatment programs for domestic abuse perpetrators rely on consistent, direct, and often intense confrontation of defenses. These interventions may unwittingly increase rather than decrease resistance and defensiveness and may reinforce the belief that relationships are based on coercive influence. Available research suggests that confrontational, hostile, and critical therapist behaviors limit treatment effectiveness and can harm vulnerable clients. Conversely, a supportive and collaborative working alliance between therapist and client enhances treatment effects. Supportive strategies are available to increase motivation to change in resistant clients. These techniques rely on a comprehensive model of the change process and match therapist interventions to the client's readiness for change.
A Polypill for all? Critical Review of the Polypill Literature for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the polypill for prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke and to present literature related to the polypill components (statin, aspirin, antihypertensive) for primary prevention of CVD and stroke.Data Sources:A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (1948-January 2011) and EMBASE (1974-January 2011) using the terms polypill and Polycap. When limited to clinical trials, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses, 7 studies were identified. Bibliographies of pertinent review articles and studies were scanned for additional references. A similar search was conducted to identify literature related to the use of polypill components for primary prevention of CVD and stroke.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Studies that evaluated the hypothetical benefits of a polypill and controlled trials that assessed a formulation of the polypill related to prevention of CVD and stroke were included. Studies were assessed for efficacy, safety, drug interactions, a...
Hereditary leukokeratosis; white mouth

Hereditary leukokeratosis, a dominantly transmitted lesion of the oral mucosa and at times of mucosa at other sites, is described in three generations of a kindred.
The Bakers of Bemburg and the Logics of Communism and Capitalism

Drawing on a study of small-and large-scale bakeries in the pre-and post-communist periods in a small city in eastern Germany, we analyze the ambiguous roles hegemonies—communism before 1990 and capitalism after the unification of the two Germanies—have played in the lives of artisans. We propose a model of hegemony that emphasizes the role of agents other than "organic intellectuals." We conclude that, in order to survive, a hegemony may adapt to competing ideologies and interests by attempting to incorporate aspects of previous traditions that manifest themselves in daily behavior even when these are antithetical to the basic tenets of the hegemony and may ultimately contribute to its demise, [hegemony, economic change, artisans, small-scale enterprises, eastern Germany]
Centrifuge Testing of Remediation of Liquefaction at Bridge Sites

Five centrifuge models were tested to begin to quantify the effectiveness of liquefaction remediation techniques and to optimize the required volume of soil to be treated to reduce liquefaction consequences to a tolerable level. Detailed models of a bridge site including a river channel, flood plains, and bridge abutments were tested in the large centrifuge at the University of California, Davis. The models consisted of a deep, level, liquefiable sand layer overlain by a sloping, less-permeable clay layer with a free face at the river channel. Densification of a limited region of sand and in-ground water barriers were evaluated as possible remediation treatments. While spinning at a centrifugal acceleration of 30 g, the base of each model was shaken with realistic earthquake base motions. Base motions, pore pressures in the treated and untreated zones, profiles of ground deformations, settlements, and lateral sliding are compared. Settlements were controlled satisfactorily, but lateral sliding of the surface clay layer was not adequately controlled by the limited remedial treatments.
The PDZ domain protein PICK1 and the sodium channel BNaC1 interact and localize at mechanosensory terminals of dorsal root ganglion neurons and dendrites of central neurons.

Members of the BNaC/ASIC family of ion channels have been implicated in mechanotransduction and nociception mediated by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. These ion channels are also expressed in the CNS. We identified the PDZ domain protein PICK1 as an interactor of BNaC1(ASIC2) in a yeast two-hybrid screen. We show by two-hybrid assays, glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays, and coimmunoprecipitations that the BNaC1·PICK1 interaction is specific, and that coexpression of both proteins leads to their clustering in intracellular compartments. The interaction between BNaC1 and PICK1 requires the PDZ domain of PICK1 and the last four amino acids of BNaC1. BNaC1 is similar to two other BNaC/ASIC family members, BNaC2 (ASIC1) and ASIC4, at its extreme C terminus, and we show that PICK1 also interacts with BNaC2. We found that PICK1, like BNaC1 and BNaC2, is expressed by DRG neurons and, like the BNaC1α isoform, is present at their peripheral mechanosensory endings. Both PICK1 and BNaC1α are also coexpressed by some pyramidal neurons of the cortex, by pyramidal neurons of the CA3 region of hippocampus, and by cerebellar Purkinje neurons, localizing to their dendrites and cell bodies. Therefore, PICK1 interacts with BNaC/ASIC channels and may regulate their subcellular distribution or function in both peripheral and central neurons.
Methacholine responsiveness is not associated with O3-induced decreases in FEV1.

Study objective Controlled human exposure studies have suggested that the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone (O 3 ) may not provide a margin of safety to protect the most susceptible members of the population from adverse health effects. Although the subgroups of the population that are most susceptible to O 3 have not been identified, recent work in our laboratory suggested that methacholine responsiveness might be an important determinant of susceptibility to O 3 . Patients and methods : To test the hypothesis that methacholine responsiveness is correlated with FEV 1 response after O 3 exposure, we conducted methacholine challenge tests and O 3 (0.20 ppm) and filtered air exposures for 4 h with moderate exercise on 66 healthy individuals. Results Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated significant changes in FEV 1 (—0.82 ± 0.63 L), FVC (—0.69 ± 0.48 L), and specific airway resistance (SRaw) (+1.5 ± 1.1 L × cm H 2 O/L/S) across the O 3 exposure that persisted after adjusting for responses to air. Baseline PC100 (the concentration of methacholine that caused a doubling of the baseline SRaw) was weakly associated with O 3 -induced increases in SRaw (Fi.54=2.85, p=0.09), but not O 3 -induced declines in FEV 1 or FVC. There was a weak association (r=—0.29) between O 3 -induced responses for SRaw and FEV 1 . The FEV 1 responses for O 3 were weakly associated with the symptoms of cough (r=—0.37), wheeze (r=—0.29), chest pain on deep inspiration (r=—0.31), and shortness of breath (r=—0.37), but not with chest discomfort or sputum production. Conclusions Although we were unable to find support for our hypothesis, we found, somewhat surprisingly, that respiratory symptoms were weakly associated or unassociated with FEV 1 responses after O 3 exposure. This finding implies that individuals may experience adverse effects, ie , respiratory symptoms, without large declines in lung function. Conversely, individuals may suffer large declines in lung function without prominent symptoms and, therefore, may remain in an unhealthy environment despite evidence of toxicity.
Black bear population reduction and recovery in western Interior Alaska

We documented the temporal and demographic recovery of a black bear (Ursus americanus) population following a 2-year translocation program that substantially reduced both male and female bears. We estimated black bear population abundance prior to (2003), during (2004), and following (2007 and 2010) translocations in a 1,368-km2 study area in western Interior Alaska, USA. We estimated population size of independent black bears using removal models during 2003 and 2004 and mark–resight techniques during 2007 and 2010. The pre-translocation 2003 estimate of 83–109 (95% CI) independent bears was reduced by 96% to 0–13 (95% CI) independent bears by late spring 2004, when translocation efforts ceased. By 2007 the population of independent bears increased to 56–84 (95% CI), and by 2010 the population recovered to ≥ pre-translocation levels (96–162 [95% CI]). The proportion of male and female bears in the post-translocation population was similar during 2007 (50% F) and 2010 (59% F), indicating both sexes rapidly reoccupied the study area. We concluded that Interior Alaska black bear populations can recover in 4–6 years from substantial numerical reductions and recovery in our study area was likely facilitated by its relative small size, high-quality habitat, and large surrounding environment consisting of a lightly harvested bear population. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Pocketbook vs. Sociotropic Corruption Voting

The article examines the relationship between corruption and voting behavior by defining two distinct channels: pocketbook corruption voting, i.e. how personal experiences with corruption affect voting behavior; and sociotropic corruption voting, i.e. how perceptions of corruption in society do so. Individual and aggregate data from Slovakia fail to support hypotheses that corruption is an undifferentiated valence issue, that it depends on the presence of a viable anti-corruption party, or that voters tolerate (or even prefer) corruption, and support the hypothesis that the importance of each channel depends on the salience of each source of corruption and that pocketbook corruption voting prevails unless a credible anti-corruption party shifts media coverage of corruption and activates sociotropic corruption voting. Previous studies may have underestimated the prevalence of corruption voting by not accounting for both channels.