cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Levels of Bilingual Language Control Evidence From Language Intrusions in Reading Aloud

Bilinguals rarely produce words in an unintended language. However, we induced such intrusion errors (e.g., saying el instead of he) in 32 Spanish-English bilinguals who read aloud single-language (English or Spanish) and mixed-language (haphazard mix of English and Spanish) paragraphs with English or Spanish word order. These bilinguals produced language intrusions almost exclusively in mixed-language paragraphs, and most often when attempting to produce dominant-language targets (accent-only errors also exhibited reversed language-dominance effects). Most intrusion errors occurred for function words, especially when they were not from the language that determined the word order in the paragraph. Eye movements showed that fixating a word in the nontarget language increased intrusion errors only for function words. Together, these results imply multiple mechanisms of language control, including (a) inhibition of the dominant language at both lexical and sublexical processing levels, (b) special retrieval mechanisms for function words in mixed-language utterances, and (c) attentional monitoring of the target word for its match with the intended language.
Combined Common Spatial Pattern and spectral filtering for EEG-based BCIs

Signal processing for EEG-based BCIs is complicated by spatial blurring effects between electrodes due to complex volume conduction characteristics of the brain, skull, and scalp. Although spatial filters are increasingly being used to mitigate these effects, results have been limited. In this work, we investigate the use of the Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) filtering technique to spatially filter signals from a 64-channel offline EEG data set comprising two classes of imagined movements. Despite CSP methods having already been demonstrated in BCI algorithms, there has been no study of how this technique can be used as a de-noising stage prior to feature extraction and classification. We propose the use of spectral analysis subsequent to CSP-based spatial filtering and demonstrate that this signal processing combination provides superior class separation to existing methods. Our results demonstrate that CSP-filtered signals exhibit strong separation between signal classes at frequency peaks at 4, 12, and 20Hz and at various electrode locations across the scalp.
Charge storage in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction surface channel CCDs

A novel surface channel charge-coupled device (CCD) using an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure is presented. Charge storage device characteristics have been determined relative to the unintentionally doped and depleted AlGaAs layer. This layer serves as an effective substitute for the traditional silicon dioxide insulator in a MOS diode. At Q/sub sig/=0 and x >
Direct and Indirect Influence of Altruistic Behavior in a Social Network

Prior research has suggested that recipients of generosity behave more generously themselves (a direct social influence). In contrast, there is conflicting evidence about the existence of indirect influence (i.e., whether interacting with a recipient of generosity causes one to behave more generously), casting doubt on the possibility that altruistic behavior can cascade through social networks. The current study investigated how far selfish and generous behavior can be transmitted through social networks and the cognitive mechanisms that underlie such transmission. Participants played a sequence of public goods games comprising a chain network. This network is advantageous because it permits only a single, unambiguous path of influence. Furthermore, we experimentally manipulated the behavior of the first link in the chain to be either generous or selfish. Results revealed the presence of direct social influence, but no evidence for indirect influence. Results also showed that selfish behavior exerted a substantially greater influence than generous behavior. Finally, expectations about future partners’ behavior strongly mediated the observed social influence, suggesting an adaptive basis for such influence.
How to use nitrates.

Nitrates are old drugs, available in many formulations, that are effective in relieving symptoms in various CAD syndromes as well as congestive heart failure. Nitrate tolerance is the major problem limiting nitrate efficacy and use by physicians. Currently, an intermittent dosing strategy is the only practical way to limit the development of tolerance or attenuation of nitrate actions.
The Past and Future of Systems for Current Events

People share in social media an overwhelming amount of content from real-world events. These events range from major global events like an uprising or an earthquake, to local events and emergencies such as a fire or a parade; from media events like the Oscar's, to events that enjoy little media coverage such as a conference or a music concert. This shared media represents an important part of our society, culture and history. At the same time, this social media content is still fragmented across services, hard to find, and difficult to consume and understand.
Relationship between dose size and dose interval of polyinosinic polycytidylic acid and interferon hyporesponsiveness in mice.

SummaryThe degree and duration of hyporeactivity were determined by the interferon response to subsequent doses of poly I-poly C, given at various time intervals after an initial dose. When giving two doses, a small initial dose (25 μg of poly I-poly C) gives rise to a hyporeactive period of early onset (after 12 hr) and short duration (12–24 hr). A large initial dose (200 μg poly I-poly C) gives rise to a hyporeactive period of later onset (after 24 hr) and of longer duration (24–48 hr). The implications of these findings regarding the maintenance of high interferon levels for extended periods are discussed.
Successive Differentiation and Leibniz's Theorem

(2004). Successive Differentiation and Leibniz's Theorem. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 274-282.
The Q-test: Know Your Self-Monitoring Style in 6 Seconds

The current study compared the Q-test, a colloquial measure of self-monitoring, to the reliable and validated 18-item Self-Monitoring Scale-Revised (Gangestad & Snyder, 1985). Self-monitoring theory contends that individuals differ on how they regulate their self-presentation, and via self-observation individuals can adjust their behaviors to accommodate social situations (Snyder, 1987). Tracing the capital letter “Q” on the forehead can supposedly provide a rough measure of self-monitoring. The “Q” can be traced on the forehead in two different orientations. It can be traced such that its tail is placed in such a way that it is pointing towards the person’s left shoulder, making the capital “Q” readable to their audience. It can also be traced in such that its tail is placed in such a way that it is pointing towards the person’s right shoulder, making the capital “Q” readable to the person. In theory, a “Q” that is readable to others corresponds to high self-monitors and “Q” readable to the individual corresponds to low self-monitors. Results showed that the Q-test carries some merit; the correlation between the Q-test and Gangestad and Snyder’s (1985) 18-item Self-Monitoring Scale-Revised was statistically significant.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering and Phase Conjugation of a 2.1 µm Cr, Tm, Ho:YAG Laser

We have obtained reliable, efficient stimulated Brillouin scattering in CS2 with a narrowed-linewidth 2.12-µm Cr,Tm,Ho:YAG laser. Several threshold reduction schemes have been investigated and threshold reductions of up to about four have been demonstrated. High fidelity phase conjugation was observed using threshold reduction.
Americans in the Horn

The first American of whom we have record in the Horn of Africa was George Bethune English, an artillery officer in Egyptian service who served with the Turco-Egyptian forces that advanced into northern Sudan in 1820–21.1 The next is the famous reporter, Henry M. Stanley, who accompanied the British Napier Expedition to Ethiopia in 1867–68 from the time it landed to the capture of the fortress of Magdala. He served as a special correspondent for the New York Herald and subsequently published a book dealing with British exploits in Ghana as well as Ethiopia.2
Special Histologic Types of Breast Cancer: Mucinous, Secretory, Micropapillary, Neuroendocrine, Cystic Hypersecretory, Glycogen-Rich Clear Cell, and Carcinoma with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells

There are varieties of breast cancers with special histologic features. This chapter will focus on a few of these entities that are not frequently encountered in daily practice. It is important to recognize these lesions as some of them are associated with favorable or adverse clinical outcomes as compared to invasive mammary carcinoma, NOS, which may affect the clinical management. Specifically, mucinous carcinoma, secretory carcinoma, invasive micropapillary carcinoma, mammary neuroendocrine carcinoma, cystic hypersecretory carcinoma, glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma, and carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells will be discussed.
Chapter 8 The Operational Definition of a Firm’s Monopoly, Oligopoly, and Total Economic (Market) Power in a Given ARDEPPS

Economists, legislators, antitrust lawyers, judges, and legal scholars often refer to a firm’s monopoly power, oligopoly power, and total economic (sometimes called “market”) power. However, there is no consensus about the way in which these terms should be operationalized, and discussions of these concepts tend to be rudimentary if not simplistic. This chapter executes tediously-detailed analyses of the concepts of a firm’s monopoly, oligopoly, and total economic (market) power.
We’re Here, We’re Hopeful, and We Can Do Well: Conceptions and Attributes of Positive Youth Development among Immigrant Youth

Using qualitative and quantitative information from Grades 8 and 9 of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), we describe the conceptions of thriving youth present within adolescent immigrants to the United States, and interrelate these conceptions with quantitative scores for PYD, contribution, and positive future orientation. Conceptions of thriving that included positive future orientation were associated with higher quantitative scores for PYD and Contribution. Conceiving of thriving as making contributions to themselves or their communities was associated with higher quantitative scores for Contribution. These findings suggest that immigrant youth whose qualitative definitions of thriving include the U.S.-based conceptions of PYD show quantitative evidence of positive functioning. We discuss limitations of the present study and directions for future research.
Development of a Problem-Based Learning Matrix for Data Collection.

Few of the papers published in journals and conference proceedings on problem-based learning (PBL) are empirical studies, and most of these use self-report as the measure of PBL (Beddoes, Jesiek, & Borrego, 2010). The current study provides a theoretically derived matrix for coding and classifying PBL that was objectively applied to official curriculum documentation in a content analysis. The results for the level of problem-based learning in two engineering program curricula are presented. By introducing such a matrix, this study offers a tool that can be applied by other scholars examining PBL, creating consistency in methodology, definitions, and language among scholars.
Conventualización de la escritura en las Vidas de Santa Teresa de Jesús y Francisca Josefa de Castillo

El presente trabajo explora la existencia de la larga duracion de las expresiones de obediencia de las monjas, paralelas y simultaneas a expresiones de subversion de lo masculino, presentes tanto en El libro de su vida de Santa Teresa de Jesus como en Su vida de Francisca Josefa de Castillo. ?Como entender este complejo despliegue de estrategias de obediencia y subversion de tal manera que las veamos inseparables? Proponemos que, junto con el perfil de la monja que elabora una imagen de si misma basada en un yo-obedezco, se manifiesta un yo-subvierto-el-orden-impuesto por el confesor. Estas dos proyecciones del yo recorren el texto y lo pueblan; le dan una fluctuacion ambigua. En sus obras se produce una conventualizacion de la escritura, en la que escribir en el convento implica obedecerlo pero a su vez implica manifestarlo en la escritura como espacio de autonomia para descubrir el lenguaje.
Seeking Indianness: Christoph Weiditz, the Aztecs, and feathered Amerindians

Christoph Weiditz's Trachtenbuch (costume book) of c. 1529–1530 pictures the dress, physical characteristics, and activities of people of varied social ranks and occupations from different regions of the Netherlands and Spain, including the Aztecs who accompanied Hernando Cortes to Spain in 1528 and joined the court of Charles V. Responding to the intense European interest in regional dress, Weiditz's thirteen paintings of indigenous Americans offered what has long been considered an eyewitness account of the Aztecs. This essay argues that although some were Mexicans, all were Brazilianized, and most were rendered as exotics on display, with physical and sartorial features fabricated from prints, descriptions, and objects representing the Americas that were circulating in Europe at the time. The dissonance between Weiditz's painted images and the Mexicans who visited Charles's court, points up how difficult it was for Weiditz and the European public to recognize real ethnic, cultural, and social distincti...
To sleep or not to sleep: neuronal and ecological insights.

Daily, animals need to decide when to stop engaging in cognitive processes and behavioral responses to the environment, and go to sleep. The main processes regulating the daily organization of sleep and wakefulness are circadian rhythms and homeostatic sleep pressure. In addition, motivational processes such as food seeking and predator evasion can modulate sleep/wake behaviors. Here, we discuss the principal processes regulating the propensity to stay awake or go to sleep—focusing on neuronal and behavioral aspects. We first introduce the neuronal populations involved in sleep/wake regulation. Next, we describe the circadian and homeostatic drives for sleep. Then, we highlight studies demonstrating various effects of motivational processes on sleep/wake behaviors, and discuss possible neuronal mechanisms underlying their control.
Medical Experience, Knowledge, and Wisdom

Medical experience, knowledge, and wisdom are all important, but are also quite different. The great advances in medical practice came with thoughtful observation (Andreas Vesalius), experiments (John Hunter), prepared minds (Louis Pasteur), believing in your work (Florence Rena Sabin), and thinking what nobody else has thought (Albert Szent-Gyorgyi). Otherwise thinkers remind us that not quite everything has been discovered yet; and the paradigm-shifting breakthroughs are seldom achieved by simple accumulation of data.
Rembrandt’s faceless faces

This article examines Rembrandt’s investigation of his own face in tandem with his studies of outcast populations in and around Amsterdam. While historians have titled these latter studies as “begg...
High risk genetic screening program in a community hospital breast imaging center.

1507Background: The NCCN has published guidelines for screening and testing of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) that is typically used by the primary physician or oncologist. Little data exists on the value of genetic screening at a major health care access point: the breast imaging center (BIC). Using BICs as potential clinics to identify high risk women could increase the number of appropriate referrals for genetic risk assessment. Therefore, at our hospital-based BIC serving mostly low to middle income patients in a major metropolitan center, we developed a practical screening tool based on the HBOC guidelines and prospectively screened women receiving screening and diagnostic mammography. Methods: A questionnaire based on the NCCN HBOC genetic referral guidelines was added to the intake forms of all patients (pts) obtaining breast imaging at our BIC from 2012 to 2015. Forms were reviewed by the radiologists and flagged if the patient met the guidelines of the tool. Identified pts were conta...
Transformative Care for Orofacial Disorders

When implementing transformative care for orofacial disorders, our main goals should go beyond management and include training to reduce risk factors and enhance protective factors and education on prevention toward recurrence or toward a chronic pain state. Transformative care involves the following tasks: 1. Evaluating the person with chronic pain as a whole by identifying and understanding both their risk and protective factors. 2. Improving the safety of treatments to minimize the development or progression of orofacial disorders as an adverse event. 3. Implementing a transformative model of healthcare through a team approach 4. Continuing medical and dental education courses that review the fundamentals of this new approach to care. New healthcare routines should include toolkits to implement online self-management training with evidence-based therapies. 5. Supporting resources to help implement transformative care.
Networks for Success: Preparing Mexican American AVID College Students for Credentials, Completion, and the Workforce

ABSTRACTThis qualitative study examines how Mexican American students participating in an AVID for Higher Education course perceived their preparation for the workforce and efficacy of completing a college credential. A focus group approach was used to explore how social and cultural networks (networks for success) contribute to college completion. The study is guided by the theoretical framework of building social networks through the availability and reception of social capital. Findings include Mexican American students’ efficacious beliefs of how networks for success assist in their persistence toward college graduation and entry into the workforce. Major themes are college success and social/cultural capital.
Timing of venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis after traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Objectives Currently no national standard exists on optimal timing to initiate VTE chemoprophylaxis after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We designed this survey to assess current practice regarding the timing of VTE chemoprophylaxis after TBI. Methods All the EAST members were surveyed online. Participants reported demographics, and responses to questions regarding VTE chemoprophylaxis in TBI and timing of chemoprophylaxis in 2 hypothetical clinical scenarios of TBI. Results Three hundred and ninety-one full responses were collected (response rate 30.9%). Most respondents (75%) reported the decision to initiate VTE chemoprophylaxis with a consensus between the neurosurgery and trauma/critical care services. While 76% of respondents reported experience of seeing pulmonary embolism without chemoprophylaxis, 44% witnessed progression of TBI after VTE chemoprophylaxis. Approximately 50% considered their practice of VTE chemoprophylaxis in TBI patients to be conservative. Almost 50% reported no standardized protocol in their institutions. While 1/3 of the members believed guidelines exist, another 1/3 believed no guidelines available. Responses to two clinical scenarios showed various approaches regarding the timing of VTE chemoprophylaxis. Conclusions Currently there is a wide variability in the practice patterns regarding the timing of VTE chemoprophylaxis in TBI patients. This survey reinforces the need for further investigation to guide clinical practice.
Twenty Open Problems in Enumeration of Matchings

This document is an exposition of an assortment of open problems arising from the exact enumeration of (perfect) matchings of finite graphs. Roughly half have been solved at the time of this writing; see the document "Twenty Open Problems in Enumeration of Matchings: Progress Report" (also available from this server as math.CO/9801061). NOTE: This article has now been superseded by math.CO/9904150.
Comparative analysis of alignment tools for nanopore reads

Alignment of sequence reads is an important step of many bioinformatics workflows. While the alignment of short reads is well investigated, the alignment of long reads produced by third-generation sequencing technologies, such as Oxford Nanopore, is more challenging because they have high error rates (10–40%). Furthermore, due to their different algorithmic approaches, different tools produce varied alignments, significantly influencing the downstream analyses. In this study, we evaluated the performance of three alignment tools (LAST, GraphMap, and NanoBLASTer) using simulated nanopore reads. Although the three alignment strategies gave similar results (e.g., all close to 100% precision), GraphMap reported the longest alignments while LAST the shortest. However, GraphMap showed the lowest recall (90%) indicating high false negative rates. While GraphMap had the highest percentage of reads that were mapped to the correct reference regions, NanoBLASTer and especially LAST mapped the majority of the reads only partially correctly. Based on our multiple statistics, GraphMap had the best overall performance.
Big Data Approaches for Modeling Response and Resistance to Cancer Drugs

Despite significant progress in cancer research, current standard-of-care drugs fail to cure many types of cancers. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify better predictive biomarkers and treatment regimes. Conventionally, insights from hypothesis-driven studies are the primary force for cancer biology and therapeutic discoveries. Recently, the rapid growth of big data resources, catalyzed by breakthroughs in high-throughput technologies, has resulted in a paradigm shift in cancer therapeutic research. The combination of computational methods and genomics data has led to several successful clinical applications. In this review, we focus on recent advances in data-driven methods to model anticancer drug efficacy, and we present the challenges and opportunities for data science in cancer therapeutic research.
Determination of Interrupt-Coalescence Latency of Remote Hosts Through Active Measurement

Recently, hosts connected to the Internet through network interface cards (NICs) are equipped with a hardware artifact called interrupt coalescence (IC). This artifact reduces the processing load of a host in exchange for an additional delay in the receiving of packets that arrive into its NIC. Even though the adoption of IC has its benefits, the additional delay negatively affects the hosts that are involved in the performance measurement of various network parameters and time-sensitive applications. Therefore, prior knowledge of IC-inflicted delay may be used to facilitate accurate delay and bandwidth measurements, IP geolocation, and traffic load-balancing. In this paper, we propose what we believe as the first scheme to measure the IC period (the additional delay) of remote hosts through the use of pairs of probing packets and a k-means clustering algorithm. We report the practicability of our scheme and the high accuracy through extensive experiments on both controlled and production networks consisting of up to 1000-Mb/s links. Our experimental evaluations show that the proposed scheme measures IC period with 90% accuracy, quickly, and with a small probing load.
Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pestis

The genus Yersinia consists of 17 species, of which Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. pestis are pathogenic to humans. The former two are enteropathogenic and responsible for gastroenteritis, and the latter one is responsible for the plague. Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are transmitted through food, and pigs serve as the primary reservoir while Y. pestis infection is transmitted by fleabite, and rodents act as the intermediate host. All three pathogens carry chromosomal- and plasmid-encoded virulence factors, which are required for adhesion, invasion, and colonization of intestinal epithelial cells and lymph nodes, growth inside macrophages, macrophage apoptosis, and serum resistance. In Y. enterocolitica, chromosome-encoded virulence gene products include invasin, attachment invasion locus (Ail), siderophore (yersiniabactin), and an enterotoxin (Yst), which are important during initial colonization and invasion of intestinal M cells and enterocytes in the intestine. The pYV plasmid-encoded virulence factors include Yersinia outer membrane proteins (YOPs) that are responsible for bacterial virulence protein translocation by T3SS to the host cell cytosol and resist macrophage and neutrophil-mediated inhibition and serum resistance. Expression of YOPs is temperature-dependent and occurs mostly at 37 °C, which is critical for bacterial pathogenesis while inside a host. During passage through the digestive tract, bacteria invade M cells overlying Peyer’s patches, multiply in the lymphoid follicle, and are engulfed by macrophages. Y. enterocolitica is resistant to phagocytic killing by neutrophil, DC, and macrophages, and these cells help disseminate the organism to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.
Catholics and the U.S. Education Policy

Catholic educational policy in the United States has developed through court battles and attempts to influence the Congress and the White House to protect the interest of Catholic parents, students, and schools. This essay reviews Catholic participation in the American political system through the lens of the “child benefit theory” and urges greater Catholic involvement in the future.
New media, old paradigms: News representations of technology in adolescent sexual assault:

This study examines news coverage of the Steubenville, Audrie Pott and Daisy Coleman cases, three highly publicized instances of sexual assault featuring teens and the use of digital media to captu...
Expression of Wnt-3a in Myeloma Cells Inhibits the Osteolytic Phenotype In-Vivo.

Wnt signaling is a highly conserved signal transduction pathway involved in embryonic development. Inappropriate canonical Wnt signaling resulting in beta-catenin stabilization, is associated with several types of human cancers. Multiple myeloma plasma cells express Wnt receptors, Wnt ligands and soluble Wnt inhibitors. Wnt signaling is central to osteoblast and osteoclasts development and secretion of Wnt signaling inhibitors by myeloma cells is thought to contribute to the osteolytic phenotype seen in this disease and prostate cancer. While it is now clear that MM cells can signal through both canonical and non-canonical mechanisms, there are conflicting data as to the direct role of Wnt signaling in myeloma cell biology. Others have shown that Wnts cause proliferation of myeloma cells; while we have shown that canonical Wnts cause morphological changes and migration, but not cell proliferation. To further elucidate the role of canonical Wnt signaling in myeloma and myeloma bone disease we used limiting dilutions in the presence of G418 to create two independent stable clones of the myeloma cell line NCI-H929 expressing Wnt-3A (H929/W3A), which is not expressed in myeloma, and an empty vector (H929/EV). Because Wnt antibodies are not available we cloned Wnt-3A as a fusion protein with hemagglutinin (HA). Western blots against HA revealed a positive band of the expected size only in the H929/W3A clones. GST-E-cadherin binding assay and Western blot analysis revealed elevated levels of total and free beta-catenin in H929/W3A relative to H929/EV, however, there this was not associated with increased growth or proliferation by MTT assay. To determine the in-vivo growth characteristics and effects on bone resorption of Wnt-3A producing cells, we transplanted the lines into a human bone implanted the flank of SCID mice. Tumor growth rate as determined by increased production of human immunoglobulin in mice serum was significantly slower in the Wnt-3A transfected cells relative to controls (P
Density‐functional‐theory‐predicted symmetry lowering from cubic to tetragonal in nickel hexacyanoferrate

Density-functional-theory (DFT) computations on a Prussian blue analogue (PBA), nickel hexa­cyano­ferrate, Ni2+3[Fe3+(CN)6]2·nH2O, predict the existence of a tetragonal (P4m2) crystal structure that is energetically degenerate with the previously reported cubic (F43m) structure for this PBA. The proposed tetragonal structure satisfies observations, such as X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements, that have been reported previously. A van der Waals corrected exchange-correlation functional is used in the DFT+U computations for an improved description of hydrogen bonding. The results provide strong support for a revised and simplified crystallographic description of Ni2+3[Fe3+(CN)6]2·nH2O, and show how H2O molecules stabilize the crystal structure and affect its magnetic and electronic properties. The symmetry lowering in nickel hexa­cyano­ferrate is attributed to the hydration shell of the interstitial nickel cation. Calculations strongly suggest a maximum of n = 7 interstitial H2O molecules per formula unit for nickel hexa­cyano­ferrate at room temperature, and a higher water content at temperatures below T ≃ 200 K. Since the symmetry lowering relies on the presence of interstitial H2O molecules, this revised crystallographic description may be applicable more generally to the large class of F43m-structured PBAs.
Getting the message across: Characterizing a need to bridge public health messaging for tuberculosis across a rural/urban and CHW/traditional healer divide in Madagascar (A review)

Abstract The urgent need and extremely limited resources available for public health messaging to prevent and treat tuberculosis (TB) in Madagascar mandates a search for identifying additional low- or no-cost channels able to deliver such information to the widest demographic of urban and rural message recipients alike. However, despite increased interactions between community health workers (CHWs) and indigenous/traditional healers (ITHs) as one such potential channel for cost-effectively amplifying public health messaging, a review of the public messaging literature for TB in Madagascar yielded effectively no studies addressing this potential. A main finding of this study, then, was identification of three key divides (urban/rural, western/traditional, and male/female) that impact interactions between CHWs and ITHs and thus the capacity for message delivery. Recommendations for how to bridge these key divides in order to increase the reach of TB public health information in Madagascar are discussed.
Mapping urban building fossil fuel CO 2 emissions with a high spatial and temporal resolution

Buildings contribute about 40% of greenhouse gas emissions in the USA. The estimation of urban building fossil fuel CO2 emissions with the fine spatial and temporal resolution is critical for climate change studies and developing optimal plans for reaching emission reduction goals. This study proposed a new method to map fossil fuel CO2 emissions at the building level and hourly scale. Specifically, a building energy use model was developed and used for modeling building energy consumption at the hourly scale through integrating building prototypes from the accessor’s data, the number of floors from remote sensing data, floor area from footprint data, and energy use intensity from the Energy Plus model. Furthermore, the greenhouse gas equivalencies calculator was applied to convert calculated building energy consumption to greenhouse gas emissions at the building level and hourly scale. Research results indicate that the spatial distribution pattern of fossil fuel CO2 emissions is largely decided by building type, building height, and building density. In particular, the largest fossil fuel CO2 emissions are located in the center of Manhattan which is composed of large offices and hotels. In terms of temporal pattern, stable and similar monthly greenhouse gas emissions could be detected throughout four seasons, and two small emission peaks could be found in around July and December which are caused by high cooling electricity use and high gas heating consumption. The hourly emissions patterns also indicate the active relationship between fossil fuel CO2 emissions and daily human activities.
The state of the art in energy saving techniques for garment/textile drying

Drying is a ubiquitous process in a wide range of applications and industries, including residential and commercial textile drying, agriculture, chemical processing, and the pharmaceutical industry...
Why Bitcoin Fails as Money: An Operational Risk Analysis

[NOTE: This paper was written in late 2014 and early 2015. It is relevant given the continued movement of Bitcoin toward the mainstream, exemplified by El Salvador's adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender in June 2021.] After a slow beginning in 2009, the digital currency Bitcoin has edged closer to the mainstream, and regulators are scrambling to determine what to do with it. So far, they have focused on harms that its use creates, such as easy money laundering and sales of illicit goods. But Bitcoin’s ability to grease the wheels of crime is not the only risk we should worry about. Rather, due to its status as decentralized, open-source software, Bitcoin poses a risk that money has not historically been subject to – the risk that the money will just stop working one day due to a technology or basic governance problem. Illuminating the importance of reliable money to our society, this paper unpacks the operational risks generated by Bitcoin’s very structure, such as the inherent vulnerabilities of software to bugs and attacks, the governance problems spawned by its decentralized structure and open-source nature, and the lack of monetary expertise of the coders who run the currency. Explicitly considering how each operational risk impacts Bitcoin’s status as money, I conclude that the aggregation of Bitcoin’s operational risks means that it is simply not durable enough to serve as money – even if it becomes widely accepted and achieves a stable value. With hundreds of millions of dollars in investments now pouring into Bitcoin and the larger virtual currency ecosystem, and with more and more prominent individuals jumping daily on the Bitcoin bandwagon, this paper urges regulators and policy-makers to specifically address Bitcoin’s critical operational risks as they design the soon-to-come regulations for virtual currencies.
Financial Toxicity in People Living with Advanced Cancer: A New, Deadly, and Poorly Addressed Effect of Cancer and Necessary Treatment.

Abstract Objectives Advances in cancer treatments have allowed improved outcomes, even with advanced disease. However, this progress has resulted in a new toxic effect termed ‘financial toxicity.’ Financial toxicity severely impacts quality of life, even among those insured. The purpose of this article is to gain better understanding of this relatively new concept to better care for our patients, presented primarily from a US perspective. Data Sources These include medical databases (PubMed, Scopus) and researcher experience. Conclusion Financial toxicity is highly prevalent in patients with advanced cancer, and it is associated with multiple worsened outcomes. Those with advancing cancer are at accumulating risk of financial toxicity, exacerbated by other known risk factors. The effects of financial toxicity are debilitating, resulting in deleterious physical, psychological, spiritual, and social effects drastically affecting quality of life. Coping strategies such as taking less than prescribed therapy, delays seeking care, and poorly managed comorbid conditions potentially cause increased symptoms and worse outcomes. Implications for Nursing Practice Careful assessments by multidisciplinary health care teams could allow early intervention, timely referral to health professionals including social work or financial navigators, and provision of emotional support. Further studies are needed to explore solutions on an institutional and national level that can guide health policy and the creation of practice models that can reduce the harm of financial toxicity.
The effects of whey protein and oleogel interactions on mechanical properties of oleocolloids and hydro-oleocolloids matrices

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine mechanical properties of oleocolloid (OC) and hydro-oleocolloid (HOC) networks formulated with different whey protein concentrations (2.5, 5, and 7.5% w/w), high oleic soybean oil (HOSO), rice bran wax (RBW), and water. Temperature sweep tests documented that the oleogelation time (determined as the time at which tan δ = 1) was delayed about 4 min in HOC when compared to OC due to the whey protein gelation in the water phase. While OC showed significantly larger storage and complex moduli at higher protein concentrations, the moduli of HOC decreased with increasing protein content. Additionally, strain at the limit of linearity in OC samples was linearly dependent on protein and wax contents while HOC systems exhibited an opposite trend. Similar trends were observed from large deformation penetration tests by using texture profile analysis. Creep-recovery tests, based on a fractional calculus analysis, confirmed that OC gel networks had higher strength than HOC gels, but the latter displayed a greater degree of gel elasticity. Using the viscoelastic properties of gel systems, a fractal analysis was performed using scaling theory. In particular, OC samples were characterized by a weak-link regime in which the macroscopic behavior was primarily governed by hydrophobic interactions among proteins and oleogels. Conversely, HOC samples indicated the presence of complex interactions in the presence of water. The observed differences among the mechanical properties of OC and HOC matrices are clearly originated by the different protein-oleogel interactions in oil (OC) and in emulsion (HOC).
Reassessing Inclusion Of Environmental Justice In The EIS Process: A GIS-Based Study Of Lambert-St. Louis International Airport

Populations identified as poor or minority under federal guidelines are protected against discriminatory actions which may result from a myriad of activities, including transportation system capacity enhancements: those infrastructure construction projects intended to improve or expand routes and facilities. The outcomes of environmental justice investigations, and, consequently, the conclusions based on the results of such studies, are critically dependent upon the analytical strategy to be applied in deriving statistical outcomes and the spatial resolution of the research design as dictated by the researcher’s choice of reference unit and the selection of a particular areal analysis methodology. This paper investigates the potentially confounding effects of certain research strategies, as applied to an analysis of a large midwestern airport and examines the implications of the outcomes for capacity enhancements within the context of the air transportation system.
Accounting for Risk, Hedging and Complex Contracts

@Contents: Preface Part 1: Foundation 1. Risk Definitions and Risk Appetite 2. Types of Risk 3. Measurement of Risk 4. Basics of Risk Management Part 2: Instruments 5. An Overview of Derivative Instruments Part 3: Accounting 6. Hedge Accounting Qualifications 7. Hedge Accounting I (Single Currency) 8. Hedge Accounting II (Single Currency) 9. Accounting for Embedded Derivatives 10. Currency and Hedging Transaction Risk 11. Hedging Currency Operating and Translation Risk 12. Disclosure
Experimental Analysis of Imprinting and its Behavioral Effects

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the experimental analysis of imprinting and its behavioral effects. For most social animals, including man, there is a more or less extended period during which the behavior of the young developing organism is largely directed toward and controlled by its biological parent. There is however a reciprocal effect in that the behavior of the parent is, in part, a reaction to its young. The chapter illustrates an apparatus to study imprinting. By using the imprinting phenomenon, the parental figure could be placed under the experimenter's control, and its relationship to the behavior of the offspring could be completely determined by the requirements of the issue under investigation. Critical period of imprinting and learning that characterizes imprinting is discussed. The classical conditioning processes examined in the chapter have a striking parallel in primate attachments. The popular conception of imprinting as an immediate irreversible phenomenon has been used to justify the notion that failure to be exposed to all sorts of environmental stimuli at anappropriate time dooms an organism to be permanently disadvantaged.
Interaction of Self-Concept and State/Trait Anxiety Under Different Conditions of Social Comparison Pressure

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relationship between self-concept and state–trait anxiety, and the ways that different levels of social comparison pressures might affect this relationship. The starting point of the discussion in this chapter is Festinger's original statement of the theory of social comparison, a position that is generating increasing interest in social and personality psychology. In this theory, Festinger observed that in the absence of objective information, people compare themselves with others in order to judge the correctness of a belief or the extent of a given ability. This comparison process is not viewed as a mere preference; rather it is thought to have the qualities of a social drive. This chapter discusses experiments that demonstrated that respondents of low self-concept were much more anxious than high esteem individuals when the possibility of social comparison was stressed. When social comparison is not a salient aspect of the experimental setting, no significant differences in state anxiety were found to exist between subjects of high and low self-concept.
Information Management in Behavioral Healthcare

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the information management in behavioral healthcare. The chapter states that technological revolution touches every aspect of lives. Computer networks connect individuals across the hall and across the globe, information is disseminated at a speed that would make Gutenberg dizzy, and powerful technology is becoming so affordable .This revolution is forging the tools to better realize the scientist–practitioner ideals articulated almost half a century ago, objective measurement of treatment outcome, decision support, immediate access to empirical literature, connectivity with other providers. People expect to deliver information immediately, to know news in “real time,” to make data-based decisions and to be available and functional at all times and places. This revolution also challenges to learn new skills and adapt to change at a similarly rapid pace; as clinicians, as researchers, as managers. And finally, failing to do so may certainly jeopardize the professional survival.
Abstract 3525: The BET inhibitor INCB054329 is efficacious as a single agent or in combination with targeted agents in colorectal cancer models

The Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins consists of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT. Each BET protein contains two bromodomains (BD1 and BD2) that recognize acetylated histones at enhancer and promoter regions of a select number of genes. BET proteins function as transcriptional regulators that are critical for the expression of oncogenes such as c-Myc; thus, BET proteins are important for cancer cell proliferation and survival. We have identified INCB054329, a potent and selective BET protein inhibitor that targets BD1 and BD2 of BRD2, BRD3 and BRD4. In this study, we characterized the pharmacology of INCB054329 in solid tumor cell lines. In a panel of colon cancer cell lines, more than 50% are sensitive to INCB054329 treatment with IC50 values below 500 nM in cell proliferation assays. INCB054329 down-regulated c-Myc expression, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in sensitive colon cancer cell lines. Moreover, INCB54329 was efficacious in the RKO colon cancer xenograft model. To understand whether BRD inhibition would synergize with other signaling pathway inhibitors and standard of care agents for colon cancer, we employed a high throughput combination screening strategy. Several combinations were active in a panel of colon cancer cell lines and demonstrated synergistic interactions based on combination index values. As an example, strong synergy was observed between INCB054329 and MEK inhibitors. The combination of INCB054329 and MEK inhibitors synergistically blocked expression of c-Myc protein and inhibited the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Our data suggest the potential utilization of INCB054329 as a single agent or in combination with other targeted therapies for the treatment of colon cancer. Citation Format: Xuesong Liu, Jun Li, Xin He, Matthew Stubbs, Margaret Favata, Xiaoming Wen, Hong Chang, Beth R. Rumberger, Yanlong Li, Thomas Maduskuie, Richard Sparks, Nikoo Falahatpisheh, Padmaja Polam, Andrew P. Combs, Reid Huber, Gregory Hollis, Peggy Scherle, Phillip C. Liu. The BET inhibitor INCB054329 is efficacious as a single agent or in combination with targeted agents in colorectal cancer models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3525. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3525
G+C Content Evolution in the Human Genome

The proportion of guanine (G) or cytosine (C) nucleotide bases in the human genome is approximately 40%. Fluctuating relatively to this averaged G+C content, there are large chromosomal regions with alternatingly high and low local G+C contents. The (G+C)-rich genomic regions are typically gene rich, replicated earlier and higher in recombination activities. Many aspects of the evolution of base composition leading to the local G+C variations in the human genome have been debated, including the origin of the alternating G+C structure, whether (G+C)-rich regions have been vanishing or emerging, what are the main mutational or nonmutational mechanisms driving the G+C content, whether G+C content is determined by neutral evolution or selection or both. A particularly promising scenario for G+C evolution is to consider the open and closed chromatin structures which naturally provide a differential mutational environment for different chromosome regions. Key Concepts: Human genome is characterised by alternatingly high and low G+C regions. Such pattern of alternatingly high and low G+C regions is not unique for the human genome. It is also present in species which diverged from a common ancestor a few hundred millions years ago. Both mutational and nonmutational mechanisms could be responsible for shaping the G+C content in human. The former creates new alleles with a changed G+C content, the latter biased transmits existing polymorphic alleles towards either higher or lower G+C. The suggestion of natural selection playing a crucial role in maintaining high G+C regions is based on the observation that high G+C regions are also high in several biological activities (translation, transcription and recombination). Chromatin structure may provide a differential mutational environment by being accessible (open) or inaccessible (closed) to other protein molecules. Keywords: human genome; base composition; genome evolution; DNA; mutations; chromatin structure