cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing in young bilingual children: Review of research

Abstract The importance of writing to academic achievement has been well-documented. Substantial research has investigated writing among monolingual speakers, but less research has examined writing in bilingual students, particularly in early childhood. Understanding young bilingual children’s writing development and identifying instructional pedagogies that support their growth as writers, is imperative. To guide pedagogy and research, we conducted a review of the research on writing in young bilingual children. A search of databases for studies published between 2000 and 2017 yielded 35 peer-reviewed articles that met inclusion criteria. Results of a content analysis demonstrated that young bilingual children develop knowledge and understandings of print and a range of composing strategies that support bilingual and biliterate writing. Pedagogies most supportive of young bilingual students’ growth as writers were meaning-based, provided explicit instruction on concepts about print that were contextualized within authentic activities, and created curricular space for multimodal forms of literacy. Genre-based writing instruction, technology-mediated composing, and ESL-enhanced content area literacy instruction also were found to be supportive. The evidence indicated that instruction in the native language as well as dual language instruction supported biliteracy.
Transmembrane topology of mammalian ORMDL proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum as revealed by the substituted cysteine accessibility method (SCAM

Sphingolipids are diverse lipids with essential, and occasionally opposing, functions in the cell and therefore tight control over biosynthesis is vital. Mechanisms governing this regulation are not understood. Initial steps in sphingolipid biosynthesis take place on the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) is an ER-resident enzyme catalyzing the first-committed step in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Not surprisingly, SPT activity is tightly regulated. ORMDLs are ER-resident proteins recently identified as regulators of SPT activity. ORMDL proteins interact directly with SPT but the nature of this interaction is unknown. ORMDL protein sequences contain hydrophobic regions, yet algorithm-based predictions of transmembrane segments are highly ambiguous, making topology of this key regulator unclear. Here we report use of substituted cysteine accessibility to analyze topology of mammalian ORMDLs. We constructed multiple mutant ORMDLs, each containing a single cysteine strategically placed along the protein length. Combined use of selective membrane permeabilization with an impermeant cysteine modification reagent allowed us to assign transmembrane and cytosolic segments of ORMDL. We confirmed that mammalian ORMDL proteins transit the membrane four times, with amino- and carboxy termini facing the cytosol along with a large cytosolic loop. This model will allow us to determine details of the ORMDL-SPT interaction and identify regions acting as the "lipid sensor" to detect changes in cellular sphingolipid levels. We also observe that SPT and ORMDL are substantially resistant to extraction from membranes with non-ionic detergent, indirectly suggesting that both proteins reside in a specialized subdomain of the ER.
Tissue-resident CD8+ T cells drive age-associated chronic lung sequelae following viral pneumonia

Lower respiratory viral infections, such as influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infections, often cause severe viral pneumonia in aged individuals. Here, we report that influenza viral pneumonia leads to chronic non-resolving lung pathology and exaggerated accumulation of CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the respiratory tract of aged hosts. TRM accumulation relies on elevated TGF-b; present in aged tissues. Further, we show that TRM isolated from aged lungs lack a subpopulation characterized by expression of molecules involved in TCR signaling and effector function. Consequently, TRM cells from aged lungs were insufficient to provide heterologous protective immunity. Strikingly, the depletion of CD8+ TRM cells dampens persistent chronic lung inflammation and ameliorates tissue fibrosis in aged, but not young, animals. Collectively, our data demonstrate that age-associated TRM cell malfunction supports chronic lung inflammatory and fibrotic sequelae following viral pneumonia in aged hosts.
Accessing racial privilege through property: Geographies of racial capitalism

Abstract This paper examines racial capitalism through the lens of housing and urban development. We compare two disparate places Kabul, Afghanistan and Boulder, Colorado in order to illustrate the commonalities of property rights regimes, and the (ill)logics of economic development that reinforce racial-economic privilege. By exploring housing specifically, this paper explicates the ways in which availability, affordability, and desirability are intertwined with racialized conceptualizations of space. Both Kabul and Boulder are dominated by legacies and contemporary practices of white privilege and economic inequality based on neoliberal racial capitalism. Housing in Kabul has been a key part of international and national economic development programs, while the influx of international funds and workers included a form of gentrification that significantly marginalized local-Afghans from several spaces in the capital city. In Boulder, property values have increased exponentially in recent decades due to the growth of information technology jobs and influx of wealth. The racial and economic marginalization of nonwhite and low-income persons in Boulder remains consistent within housing and work sectors. The racialization of Afghans by international development workers in Kabul, and the racialization of poverty and marginalization of nonwhite minorities in Boulder explicate the tensions and conflicts between property rights regimes and the “right” to be housed. This paper examines the ways in which discursive representations of wealth and poverty become geopolitical and geo-economic tools of racialized socioeconomic ostracism. Analyzing these disparate places through the lens of racial capitalism explicates the common forms of reductionism used to reinforce market privilege over the lives and livelihoods of bodies racialized as “other”. While the specific histories of domination differ by location, the effects of racial capitalism are visible in each, particularly through relations of private property.
Deregulation in a Time of Pandemic: Does Pollution Increase Coronavirus Cases or Deaths?

From the Abstract: The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] virus, also known as the coronavirus, is currently spreading around the world While a growing literature suggests that exposure to pollution can cause respiratory illness and increase deaths among the elderly, little is known about whether increases in pollution could cause additional or more severe infections from COVID-19, which typically manifests as a respiratory infection Using variation in pollution induced by a rollback of enforcement of environmental regulations by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and a difference in differences design, we estimate the effects of increased pollution on county-level COVID-19 deaths and cases Despite popular media coverage to the contrary, we find that counties with more Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) sites saw increases in pollution following the EPA's rollback of enforcement, while counties with fewer sites saw a smaller increase in pollution We find that increases in pollution are associated with increases in cases and deaths from COVID-19 COVID-19 (Disease);Public health;Epidemics;Pollution
On unbiased stochastic Navier–Stokes equations

A random perturbation of a deterministic Navier–Stokes equation is considered in the form of an SPDE with Wick type nonlinearity. The nonlinear term of the perturbation can be characterized as the highest stochastic order approximation of the original nonlinear term $${u{\nabla}u}$$ . This perturbation is unbiased in that the expectation of a solution of the perturbed equation solves the deterministic Navier–Stokes equation. The perturbed equation is solved in the space of generalized stochastic processes using the Cameron–Martin version of the Wiener chaos expansion. It is shown that the generalized solution is a Markov process and scales effectively by Catalan numbers.
A landscape approach to nitrogen cycling in urban lawns reveals the interaction between topography and human behaviors

Lawns are a common ecosystem type in human-dominated landscapes which can have negative impacts on water quality due to fertilizer applications, but also host a range of ecosystem services. While many studies have addressed water and nitrogen (N) dynamics in lawns, few have considered how topography interacts with human behaviors to control these dynamics. Our overarching objective was to determine if mesoscale topography (hillslopes within lawns) interacts with human behavior (fertilizer use) influencing patterns of N mobilization and removal in lawns. To that end, we measured several hydrobiogeochemical characteristics associated with N dynamics along topographic gradients in fertilized and unfertilized residential and institutional lawns. We found topographic gradients affect the hydrobiogeochemistry of lawns, with significant effects of landscape position (top versus toe slope versus bottomland swales), but with direction and strength of the effect often varying among different lawn types (exurban versus suburban front yards versus suburban backyards versus institutional). Fertilizer application did not affect the hydrobiogeochemical properties of lawns. Rather, results from this study suggest lawns in suburban front yards were at greatest risk of N mobilization due to a complex suite of characteristics including proximity to impervious surfaces, swales with low saturated infiltration rates, and potential vulnerability to N deposition from vehicles. This study highlights the need to consider landscape controls of water and N fluxes and how they interact with human behaviors to better understand how these landscapes function. These results contribute to the emerging understanding of the structure, function and environmental impacts of lawns.
Shock Formation for 2 D Quasilinear Wave Systems Featuring Multiple Speeds: Blowup for the Fastest Wave, with Non-trivial Interactions up to the Singularity

We prove a stable shock formation result for a large class of systems of quasilinear wave equations in two spatial dimensions. We give a precise description of the dynamics all the way up to the singularity. Our main theorem applies to systems of two wave equations featuring two distinct wave speeds and various quasilinear and semilinear nonlinearities, while the solutions under study are (non-symmetric) perturbations of simple outgoing plane symmetric waves. The two waves are allowed to interact all the way up to the singularity. Our approach is robust and could be used to prove shock formation results for other related systems with many unknowns and multiple speeds, in various solution regimes, and in higher spatial dimensions. However, a fundamental aspect of our framework is that it applies only to solutions in which the “fastest wave” forms a shock while the remaining solution variables do not, even though they can be non-zero at the fastest wave’s singularity. Our approach is based on an extended version of the geometric vectorfield method developed by D. Christodoulou in his study of shock formation for scalar wave equations, as well as the framework that we developed in our joint work with J. Luk, in which we proved a shock formation result for a quasilinear wave-transport system featuring a single wave operator. A key new difficulty that we encounter is that the geometric vectorfields that we use to commute the equations are, by necessity, adapted to the wave operator of the (shock-forming) fast wave and therefore exhibit very poor commutation properties with the slow wave operator, much worse than their commutation properties with a transport operator. In fact, commuting the vectorfields all the way through the slow wave operator would create uncontrollable error terms. To overcome this difficulty, we rely on a first-order reformulation of the slow wave equation, which, though somewhat limiting in the precision it affords, allows us to avoid uncontrollable commutator terms.
Conical intersection seams in spin-orbit coupled systems with an even number of electrons: A numerical study based on neural network fit surfaces.

In this work, we consider the existence and topography of seams of conical intersections (CIs) for two key singlet–triplet systems, including a uniformly scaled spin–orbit interaction. The basic one triplet and one singlet state system denoted as (S0,T1) and the two singlets and one triplet system denoted as (S0,S1,T1) are treated. Essential to this analysis are realistic electronic structure data taken from a recently reported neural network fit for the 1,21A and 13A states of NH3, including Hsf (spin-free) and Hso (spin–orbit) surfaces derived from high quality ab initio wavefunctions. Three types of seams for the (S0,S1,T1) system are reported, which depend on the choice of the electronic Hamiltonian, He. The nonrelativistic CI seam [He = Hsf, (S0,S1)], the energy minimized nonrelativistic singlet–triplet intersection seam [He = Hsf, (S0,T1)], and the fully relativistic seam in the spin-diabatic representation (He = Htot = Hsf + Hso) are reported as functions of R(N–H). The derivative couplings are computed using He = Htot and Hsf from the fit data. The line integral of the derivative coupling is employed to juxtapose the geometric phase in the relativistic, He = Htot, and nonrelativistic, He = Hsf, cases. It is found for the (S0,T1) system that there is no CI in the spin-adiabatic representation, while for the (S0,S1,T1) system, CI can only be formed for two pairs of spin-adiabatic electronic states. The geometric phase effect thus needs to be handled with care when it comes to spin-nonconserving dynamics simulations.
Stem Cell Therapy for Cardiac Tissue Regeneration Post-myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction typically is the result of atherosclerotic plaque rupture in a coronary artery followed by platelet aggregation and thrombus formation resulting in partial or total vessel occlusion with diminished blood flow to the myocardial tissue downstream [1]. Within minutes to hours, cardiomyocytes in the ischemic region undergo apoptosis resulting in cell death [2, 3]; this results in damaged myocardium, left ventricular dysfunction, and heart failure [4, 5]. Myocardial infarction results in substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide [6]. Currently, there are limited therapies to consistently and effectively reverse the course of this process, and the possibility to replace or restore damaged heart tissue using cell therapy is an exciting concept. Stem cells are undifferentiated and unspecialized cells found in the body that have the potential to develop into all cell types [1]. The present chapter focuses on defining various stem cells and their use for cardiac tissue regeneration post-myocardial infarction. In addition, the major challenges and drawbacks associated with their use will be discussed.
Discrete Orthogonal Transformations Corresponding to the Discrete Polynomials of the Askey Scheme

This work presents discrete transforms that correspond to the discrete polynomials of the Askey Scheme. The Racah and Hahn transforms have been studied before, but the transforms corresponding to Krawtchouk, Gram, Meixner, and Charlier polynomials are new. All of the transforms (including those for Racah and Hahn polynomials) can be easily obtained by diagonalization of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix, and they have the property that U T U = UU T = I. For all of the transforms the classical and non-classical regions of the square screens are obtained. Discrete representations of Wigner d functions, Legendre polynomials, and anharmonic oscillator wave functions are found. A truncation procedure is used to obtain finite size square screens for Meixner and Charlier polynomials that have an infinite range for the x variable. Braun Potential functions provide important insight about the transforms and the accuracy of the truncation procedure. Some properties of symmetric tridiagonal matrices are used to find the desired transformations.
The Fit of Information Technology to Global Marketing Strategies

Over the last decade we have witnessed substantially increased attention to international trade. Two major forces are shaping international trade and the nature of marketing strategies used by global firms. Those forces are increasing globalization and information technology.
Analysis of asymmetric stiffened shell type structures by the finite element method: II. Six degree-of-freedom model

Abstract A stationary principle, which includes independent rotational degrees of freedom, for the elastic continuuum is presented. Corresponding set of finite element equations is derived for the case of the flat, rectangular orthotropic, multilayer, stiffened panel. Some examples are given to illustrate the accuracy of the method. It is believed that this six degree-of-freedom model will, in particular, be of importance for the analysis of tees and nozzles in nuclear vessels, as well as submarine, surface and aircraft structures.
Prepulse contrast monitor for the OMEGA driver line

Summary form only given. The OMEGA laser system is a 60-beam, 30-kJ UV laser designed and built for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. Target experiments conducted on the OMEGA facility require extremely high contrast of the main pulse over the prepulse noise. Thus the problem of monitoring and measuring prepulse contrast at the output of the OMEGA driver line becomes very important. It is extremely difficult to measure directly a prepulse contrast of >I0/sup 4/:1 with a photodetector and oscilloscope: driving the photodetector at high output signal may damage the photodetector or oscilloscope. We have developed a two-channel OMEGA driver line contrast monitor based on a light-activated Si switch and a photodiode.
Fleet impact resulting from a space shuttle Columbia main engine controller wire failure during Mission STS-93

A main engine controller wire short-circuited 5 s into the launch of the shuttle Columbia during mission STS-93, causing a loss of redundancy to two of the three main shuttle engines. The short circuit occurred when vibrations caused an energized wire bundle, which had unknowingly been mechanically damaged previously, to make contact with an adjacent screw that had an area of raised base metal exposed. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, along with mechanical tests designed to simulate the conductor damage, were used to determine the root cause of the failure. The findings from the investigation led to a fleet-wide inspection of orbiter wiring.
A time-dependent formulation of the scattering matrix using Møller operators

Abstract Time-dependent wavepacket techniques are used together with the Moller operator formulation of scattering theory to derive an exact expression that relates scattering matrix elements to a correlation function between incoming reactant and outgoing product wavepackets. Using this expression, a computational strategy is developed for the numerical evaluation of scattering matrix elements that is focused on the independent propagation of reactant and product wavepackets. Computational efficiency is achieved through the use of different coordinates and interaction Hamiltonians that are well suited for the reactant and product channels. A simple one-dimensional scattering problem is used to illustrate the essential features of the method.
Novel approach to synthesis of multivariable positive real functions

The possibility of synthesis of multivariable positive real functions, bilinear in one variable, using a simple configuration is demonstrated. The result is illustrated by two examples.
Optical Discrimination of a Phytoplankton Species in Natural Mixed Populations

Developing optical detection techniques for discriminating particular phytoplankon species in mixed assemblages has long been a goal of aquatic scientists. Previously, a processing algorithm for phytoplankton absorption spectra was reported that suggested detection of the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve was possible. The algorithm evaluated the fourth derivative of the particulate absorption spectrum of an unknown sample and compared it to a standard fourth derivative spectrum for G. breve using a similarity index. We report here the first-time application of this technique to the detection of G. breve in natural, mixed phytoplankton communities. Pigment and spectral absorption data were collected from natural blooms of G. breve in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. This dinoflagellate is the only species of phytoplankton in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico observed to contain the pigment gyroxanthin-diester, and it appears in constant proportion to cellular chlorophyll a (Chl a) in G. breve. The in vitro absorption spectrum of gyroxanthin-diester is nearly identical to other xanthophylls (including diadinoxanthin, lutein, and 199-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin) and is not singularly responsible for imparting a unique absorption signature. Quantifying gyroxanthin-diester and Chl a allowed us to estimate the fraction of the biomass in mixed populations associated with G. breve. Subsequent regression of the G. breve similarity indexes to the G. breve biomass fractions yielded a significant linear correlation. Finally, the liquid waveguide capillary cell appears to be a promising technology for automating this technique.
Microstructural Characteristics of Polyurea and Polyurethanexerogels for Concrete Confinement with FRP System

Due to their exceptional mechanical properties,xerogels attract increasing attention forstructural applications. In this study, the mechanical behavior of two types of polymeric xerogelsis investigated. The excellent energy-absorbing capability of those xerogelsis demonstrated by their stress-strain relations with respect to their microstructure determined withscanning electron microscopy (SEM). A pilot study on the effects of xerogellayers in an FRP system for concrete confinementis conducted.Test results clearly indicatedthat the proposed multi-layer systemcan significantly increase the ductility of confined concrete.
187 Plucking the high hanging fruit: a systematic approach for targeting protein interfaces

Development of specific ligands for protein targets that help decode the complexities of protein–protein interaction networks is a key goal for the field of chemical biology. Despite the emergence of powerful in silico and experimental high-throughput screening strategies, the discovery of synthetic ligands that selectively modulate protein–protein interactions remains a challenge for the chemical biologists. Proteins often utilize small folded domains for recognition of other biomolecules. The basic hypothesis guiding our research is that by mimicking these domains, we can modulate the function of a particular protein with metabolically-stable synthetic molecules (Raj et al., 2013). This presentation will discuss computational approaches (Bullock et al., 2011; Jochim & Arora, 2010) to identify targetable interfaces along with synthetic methods (Patgiri et al., 2008; Tosovska & Arora, 2010) to develop protein domain mimics (PDMs) as modulators of intracellular protein–protein interactions (Henchey et al.,...
MATING SYSTEMS IN Two SPECIES OF POTENTILLA FROM ALASKA

Aspects of reproductive ecology have been studied in two species ofPotentilla (Rosaceae) from interior Alaska. Data were collected to determine mating system traits such as seed: ovule and pollen: ovule ratios, and experiments were carried out in the field in order to study the effect of caging, emasculation, and manual self-pollination on seed set and seed quality. Mating system strategies differ between the two species in the populations examined. High pollen: ovule ratio, high seed: ovule ratio, good autodeposition ability, and unpredictable pollination in concert with self-incompatibility indicate thatP. hookeriana in the population studied has adopted a more or less pseudogamous mating system. In contrast, the data suggest thatP. uniflora in the studied population is approaching a sexual, facultatively outbreeding species. Because both species exhibit ploidy variation, a trait common among agamospermous plants, it is concluded that both species are likely to be facultatively agamospermous but that sexual reproduction is much more important in the population ofP. uniflora than it is inP. hookeriana.
Endochronic equations for finite plastic deformation and application to metal tube under torsion

Abstract Endochronic constitutive equations have been derived for use in the description of rigidplastic deformation in the finite strain range. The concepts of corotational rate, corotational integral and plastic spin have been incorporated into the theory. The equations are then applied to describe the deformation of metal tubes subjected to torsion. Several different loading conditions have been considered. The theoretical results have been compared with the experimental data for three different metals. Reasonable agreement between theory and experiment has been achieved.
Adaptive expertise: a view from the top and the ascent

Case studies provide two views of adaptive expertise in teaching by analyzing the written reflections of teachers working in a reading clinic. David, with 20 years of experience, described adaptive judgments he made after careful description, data gathering, and analysis of students’ responses that allowed him to form hypotheses and craft instructional adaptations. David wrote his reflections from an objective stance that allowed him to focus closely and persistently on student learning, in spite of student avoidance behaviors and motivation challenges. Edward, with two years of experience, was negotiating the shift from a novice focus on teaching performance to a focus on student learning. The disequilibria he experienced while teaching in the reading clinic provided an opportune moment for enrichment of his practice, but Edward’s difficulty integrating newly learned instructional methods into his practice and resolving student motivation challenges led to difficulties in connecting his descriptive refle...
p21waf1 mRNA Contains a Conserved Element in Its 3′-Untranslated Region That Is Bound by the Elav-like mRNA-stabilizing Proteins

Abstract The Elav-like proteins are specific mRNA-binding proteins that regulate mRNA stability. The neuronal members of this family (HuD, HuC, and Hel-N1) are required for neuronal differentiation. In this report, using purified HuD protein we have localized a high affinity HuD binding site to a 42-nucleotide region within a U-rich tract in the 3′-untranslated region p21waf1 mRNA. The binding of HuD to this site is readily displaced by an RNA oligonucleotide encoding the HuD binding site of c-fos. The sequence of this binding site is well conserved in human, mouse, and rat p21waf1 mRNA. p21waf1 is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and proliferating cell nuclear antigen and induces cell cycle arrest at G1/S, a requisite early step in cell differentiation. The identification of an Elav-like protein binding site in the 3′-untranslated region of p21waf1 provides a novel link between the induction of differentiation, mRNA stability, and the termination of the cell cycle.
A sodium channel mutation linked to epilepsy increases ramp and persistent current of Nav1.3 and induces hyperexcitability in hippocampal neurons

Voltage-gated sodium channelopathies underlie many excitability disorders. Genes SCN1A, SCN2A and SCN9A, which encode pore-forming alpha-subunits Na(V)1.1, Na(V)1.2 and Na(V)1.7, are clustered on human chromosome 2, and mutations in these genes have been shown to underlie epilepsy, migraine, and somatic pain disorders. SCN3A, the gene which encodes Na(V)1.3, is part of this cluster, but until recently was not associated with any mutation. A charge-neutralizing mutation, K345Q, in the Na(V)1.3 DI/S5-6 linker has recently been identified in a patient with cryptogenic partial epilepsy. Pathogenicity of the Na(V)1.3/K354Q mutation has been inferred from the conservation of this residue in all sodium channels and its absence from control alleles, but functional analysis has been limited to the corresponding substitution in the cardiac muscle sodium channel Na(V)1.5. Since identical mutations may produce different effects within different sodium channel isoforms, we assessed the K354Q mutation within its native Na(V)1.3 channel and studied the effect of the mutant Na(V)1.3/K354Q channels on hippocampal neuron excitability. We show here that the K354Q mutation enhances the persistent and ramp currents of Na(V)1.3, reduces current threshold and produces spontaneous firing and paroxysmal depolarizing shift-like complexes in hippocampal neurons. Our data provide a pathophysiological basis for the pathogenicity of the first epilepsy-linked mutation within Na(V)1.3 channels and hippocampal neurons.
Mass transfer characteristics of gases in aqueous and organic liquids at elevated pressures and temperatures in agitated reactors

Abstract The solubilities ( C * ), mass transfer coefficients ( k L a ) and volumetric mixing power input ( P * / V L ) were measured for N 2 and CH 4 in n-hexane and in water pressures (1–50 bar), temperatures (328-378 K) and mixing speeds (13.3-20.0 Hz) in a four-liter agitated autoclave. The C * -values were calculated using the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The k L a data were determined using the transient physical gas-absorption technique and a calculation method considering the change of the liquid-phase volume was introduced. The P * / V L values were obtained using a torque meter. All operating variables including the decline of systems pressure as a function of time were recorded using an on-line computer and data acquisition system. Analysis of the data showed that C * for the two gases increased with gas partial pressure in both n-hexane and water. C * -values for N 2 increased with temperature in both liquids, while C * -values for CH 4 decreased with temperature. In the ranges of operating conditions used, the C * -values followed the order: ( C * CH4 > ( C * N2 in both n-hexane and water. Also, for both gases, the solubilities in n-hexane were much higher than those in water. The experimental C * -values for both gases in the two liquids were modeled using quadratic relationships. k L a values for all gas/liquid systems studied increased with mixing speed. k L a values for N 2 and CH 4 increased with system mean pressure in n-hexane but were independent of system mean pressure in water. No particular trend for the effect of temperature on k L a values for N 2 and CH 4 in both liquids was observed. In the ranges of operating conditions used, k L a values followed the order: ( k L a CH4 k L a ) N2 in both n-hexane and water. k L a values increased with P * / V L at constant pressure and temperature. An empirical correlation to predict k L a for CH 4 and N 2 in water and n-hexane as a function of dimensionless numbers was proposed.
Software design of ACES III with the super instruction architecture

The Advanced Concepts in Electronic Structure (ACES) III software is a completely rewritten implementation for parallel computer architectures of the most used capabilities in ACES II, including the calculation of the electronic structure of molecular ground states and excited states, and determination of molecular geometries and of vibrational frequencies using many-body and coupled cluster methods. To achieve good performance on modern parallel systems while simultaneously offering a software development environment that allows rapid implementation of new methods and algorithms, ACES III was written using a new software infrastructure, the super instruction architecture comprising a domain-specific language, super instruction assembly language (SIAL), and a sophisticated runtime environment, super instruction processor (SIP). The architecture of ACES III is described as well as the inner workings of SIAL and SIP. The execution performance of ACES III and the productivity of programming in SIAL are discussed. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2011 1 895–901 DOI:10.1002/wcms.77
Treatment of polydipsia and hyponatremia in psychiatric patients ; can clozapine be a new option?

Polydipsia occurs frequently in chronic schizophrenic patients, some of whom develop intermittent hyponatremia. Most therapeutic efforts have tried to control the hyponatremia. Four schizophrenic patients, followed for more than one year, showed improvement on clozapine. Case 1 was an outpatient without history of hyponatremia who improved from polydipsia and psychosis. The last three were inpatients with polydipsia, intermittent hyponatremia, and psychosis who showed minimal improvement of psychosis but significant decrease in polydipsia and water intoxication. Case 2 relapsed to polydipsia when clozapine was discontinued on two occasions. Case 3 demonstrated polyuria during 39% of days before clozapine and in 0% of days after two weeks of clozapine. In case 4, most baseline sodium levels were abnormal, but all became normal after clozapine. A time-series analysis for intervention effects showed a significant effect of clozapine (p = .017). The limited information provided by these case reports suggest the need for controlled studies of the clozapine effect on polydipsic patients.
Protein synthesis involvement in regulating pituitary-induced progesterone levels in ovarian follicles of Rana pipiens.

Involvement of protein synthesis in frog pituitary hormogenate (FPH)-induced progesterone production and/or accumulation in ovarian follicles was investigated. In amphibians, cycloheximide (C), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, inhibits progesterone and FPH-induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). However, the site and mechanisms of action of cycloheximide within ovarian follicles have not been elucidated. Intrafollicular progesterone produced by FPH is considered to mediate oocyte maturation; thus, cycloheximide may interfere with production and/or action of progesterone. Simultaneous treatment of FPH-stimulated follicles with cycloheximide inhibited FPH-induced progesterone accumulation (measured by RIA) and the accompanying-GVBD in a dose-dependent fashion. Inhibitory effects of cycloheximide on either FPH-induced progesterone production or GBVD were not reversed when follicles were washed and returned to fresh medium devoid of FPH and cycloheximide. However, subsequent restimulation of washed follicles with FPH resulted in increased progesterone levels and oocyte maturation. The extent of reversibility, in terms of GVBD and progesterone production, after FPH restimulation varied between animals. Pretreatment of follicles with cycloheximide for 6 hours, without FPH, had little or no effect on progesterone production when follicles were washed and treated with FPH. Delayed addition of cycloheximide to follicles following FPH stimulation blocked further progesterone accumulation as indicated by measurement of intrafollicular progesterone at the time of cycloheximide addition and at the end of the incubation period. The results indicate that cycloheximide rapidly inhibits progesterone production and that continuous protein synthesis is required for progesterone accumulation. Furthermore, protein synthesis does not appear to be required for progesterone metabolism since intrafollicular progesterone declined with prolonged culture even in the presence of cycloheximide. The nature of protein(s) involved in follicular progesterone production remains to be elucidated. FPH mediation of oocyte maturation within ovarian follicles appears to depend upon protein synthesis in somatic follicle cells, which is required for progesterone production, and in the oocyte, to mediate the response to the steroid trigger.
The chemical regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in Citrus

Abstract The substituted tertiary amine 2-(4-methylphenoxy)triethylamine (MPTA) induces a synthesis of phytofluene and lycopene in the flavedo of lemons ( Citrus limon Burm. f.). Treatment of lemon pieces with 500 ppm MPTA results in the synthesis of 8.4 μg phytofluene · g fresh wt. −1 · 72h and 29.6 μm lycopene · g fresh wt. −1 · 72 h −1 . The untreated lemons do not accumulate any detectable lycopene during this period. Treatment of lemon pieces with MPTA and amanitin, cordycepin, anisomycin or cycloheximide (CH) significantly reduced the MPTA induction of the carotenes. These results support the conclusion that the induction of phytofluene and lycopene by MPTA requires gene expression, polyadenylation of the gene transcript and translation of the poly A + RNA on 80 S ribosomes. MPTA may regulate the synthesis of isoprenoids by controlling the expression of genes coding for the enzymes in the carotene pathway. Treatment of lemons with MPTA increases the partitioning of glucose into the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway to provide carbon for the synthesis of phytofluene and lycopene.
Demonstration of Techniques and a Suitable Atomizer for Practical Multielement Atomic Absorption Analysis

Simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectroscopy has not become a common laboratory workhorse for elemental analyses despite recent advances in instrumentation. Two major obstacles preventing its implementation are the sometimes severe matrix interferences which occur in some pulsed atomizers and the limited working range of atomic absorption spectroscopy compared to the wide linear dynamic range of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Use of a constant temperature furnace in conjuction with techniques such as peak width at fixed height, random dilutions with element rationing, and monitoring two or more wavelengths of different sensitivities of an element are effective methods for eliminating or reducing these obstacles. Determination of trace zinc in unweighed samples of reagent grade CdCl2·2.5H2O and the determination of lead in unknown volumes of blood using hemoglobin iron as the internal standard are examples of analyses performed on the dual channel monochromator used in this work. Problems in selecting appropriate compromise conditions of atomization are exemplified in work done on solid samples. Although full recoveries of Zn and Cd were obtained at 1800 K in biological samples, low recoveries for Zn were obtained in NBS coal fly ash at this temperature. Atomization at 2100 K was necessary to restore full recovery.
Bifocal Design and Aperture Phase Optimizations of Reflectarray Antennas for Wide-Angle Beam Scanning Performance

A new design methodology is proposed for high-gain beam-scanning reflectarray antennas. Various approaches for designing beam-scanning reflectarray antennas are first reviewed and it is shown that for limited scan coverage, utilizing the feed displacement technique is a convenient design approach. To improve the scan coverage, a single-reflector bifocal aperture phase distribution is proposed for the reflectarray antenna, and is further optimized to improve the beam-scanning performance. Four reflectarray prototypes, each corresponding to a specific aperture phase distribution, have been fabricated and tested. A Ka-band reflectarray antenna with 60 degrees scan coverage achieving 30-dB gain and side-lobe level below 15 dB is demonstrated.
A prospective study of aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal symptoms and abnormalities on serial high-resolution wrist ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: Nearly half of women treated with aromatase inhibitors (AI) develop AI-associated musculoskeletal symptoms (AIMSS) such as arthralgias, but to the authors' knowledge the etiology is unclear. The upper extremities are frequently affected, especially the wrists, hands, and fingers. AI use may also increase the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome. Tendon sheath fluid and tenosynovial changes have been demonstrated by imaging symptomatic patients who were treated with AIs. The authors hypothesized that these abnormalities are correlated with AIMSS. METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients in whom adjuvant therapy with letrozole or exemestane was initiated on a prospective clinical trial enrolled in a pilot study evaluating tendon and joint abnormalities at baseline and after 3 months of AI therapy. Patients underwent high-resolution ultrasonography of the wrists bilaterally and completed the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS). AIMSS were defined as an increase in the HAQ or VAS score during AI therapy that exceeded a predefined cutoff. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients completed both the baseline and 3-month assessments. During the first 12 months of AI therapy, 15 patients developed AIMSS, and 13 discontinued therapy because of musculoskeletal symptoms. There was a trend toward an association between the presence of tendon sheath abnormalities on wrist ultrasound at baseline and the development of AIMSS (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically relevant musculoskeletal symptoms develop in women treated with AIs, leading to treatment discontinuation in a substantial percentage of these patients. However, in the current study, patient-reported symptoms were not found to be associated with changes visible on wrist ultrasonography. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Transient thermal stresses associated with sudden initiation of internal heat generation in an axial segment of a circular cylinder

Abstract An exact solution is given for the quasi-static thermal stress field associated with the transient temperatures arising when an infinite, homogeneous, isotropic, right circular cylinder, cooled at its surface by a temperature-independent boundary conductance, suddenly begins, and thereafter maintains, uniform internal heat generation within a finite axial region. The problem is of interest in certain nuclear-reactor analyses related to the behavior of fuel elements during power transients. The solution form is well suited to numerical evaluation, and extensive numerical results are given.
Subcanopy solar radiation model: predicting solar radiation across a heavily vegetated landscape using LiDAR and GIS solar radiation models.

Abstract Solar radiation flux, irradiance, is a fundamental driver of almost all hydrological and biological processes. Ecological models of these processes often require data at the watershed scale. GIS-based solar models that predict insolation at the watershed scale take topographic shading into account, but do not account for vegetative shading. Most methods that quantify subcanopy insolation do so only at a single point. Further, subcanopy model calibration requires significant field effort and knowledge of characteristics (species composition, leaf area index & mean leaf angle for each species), and upscaling to watersheds is a significant source of uncertainty. We propose an approach to modeling insolation that uses airborne LiDAR data to estimate canopy openness as a Light Penetration Index (LPI). We couple LPI with the GRASS GIS r.sun solar model to produce the Subcanopy Solar Radiation model (SSR). SSR accounts for both topographic shading and vegetative shading at a landscape scale. After calibrating the r.sun model to a weather station at our study site, we compare SSR model predictions to black thermopile pyranometer field measurements and to hemispherical photographs using Gap Light Analyzer software, a standard method for point estimation of subcanopy radiation. Both SSR and hemispherical models exhibit a similar linear relationship with pyranometer data, and the models predict similar total solar radiation flux across the range of canopy openness. This approach allows prediction of light regimes at watershed scales with resolution that was previously possible only for local point measurements.
Distribution function values for logstable distributions

Abstract The logstable distribution in its simplest form may be defined as the distribution of a variate whose logarithm obeys the stable law of probability. This paper tabulates the distribution functions (c.d.f.) of standardized logstable distributions, the standardization being such that the special values α = 1.0, α = 2.0 correspond to the standard log-Cauchy and lognormal cases as usually defined. Results of worsdale [1] are used to compute tables for the distribution functions of logstable distributions for fifteen values of the characteristic exponent between α = 0.6 and 2.0.
DESIGN SPACE EXPLORATION FOR RAPID PRODUCT REALIZATION

In this work, a product centric view of the design process is used in capturing the process and the design knowledge of complex, hierarchical engineering systems. The use of individual product configurators expedites redesign and further exploration of the design space. The notion of concept representation is introduced to mathematically formulate the various aspects of a product concept. This representation also enhances the understanding of the overall objectives, allowing for design sensitivity analyses, pre-computation of the engineering design spaces and multi-disciplinary constraint management between modules. Product configurators are developed in a distributed framework to enable rapid design across different platforms. The Purdue Formula SAE vehicle is used as an example case in developing the configuration problem.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Brain gray and white matter transverse relaxation time in schizophrenia.

Recent in vivo diffusion brain imaging studies of schizophrenic patients have revealed microstructural abnormalities, with low diffusion anisotropy present throughout much of cortical white matter. Brain anisotropy is produced when proton movement reflects physically restricted water movement, for example, by myelin sheaths. Conditions that increase self-diffusion, such as edema, may also alter the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time of protons, and it is possible that such changes could explain the observed anisotropy diminution seen in schizophrenia. To test this possibility, we calculated pixel-by-pixel transverse relaxation time (T2) and proton density (PD) maps for gray matter and white matter across eight 5-mm-thick axial slices of fast spin echo MRI in 10 control men (age 30–57 years) and 10 men with schizophrenia (age 32–64 years). Schizophrenics had significantly longer mean white matter T2 (84.0 vs. 81.9 ms, P<0.03) and gray matter T2 (95.1 vs. 92.2, P=0.003); their mean white and gray matter PD values were not significantly different from those of controls. Correlations were not significant between anisotropy and T2 in either grey or white matter but were significant between anisotropy and PD in white matter. T2 relaxation times are longer in schizophrenics than in controls in both gray and white matter whereas anisotropy reduction is restricted to white matter. Taken together, these results suggest that the process producing prolonged T2 does not fully account for the abnormally low anisotropy observed selectively in white matter in this group of schizophrenic patients.
Treatment of patients with small renal masses: a survey of the American Urological Association.

Purpose: We surveyed American Urological Association members to determine factors that influence the treatment of patients with small renal masses.Materials and Methods: In June 2009 American Urological Association members were solicited to complete an online survey. Respondents were asked their preferred treatment for 8 cases and 3 index patients. In each case computerized tomographic axial and schematic coronal images were provided.Results: A total of 759 active urologists with varied training backgrounds and clinical practice settings completed the survey. Tumor size (OR 8.4, 95% CI 7.1–10.1), tumor depth (OR 19.2, 95% CI 14.8–25.0) and tumor location (OR 24.0, 95% CI 18.1–31.8) were markedly associated with preference for radical nephrectomy instead of partial nephrectomy. Fellowship trained urologists (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.6) and urologists at academic hospitals (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9) were less likely to choose radical nephrectomy. Respondents were more likely to choose active surveillance in an ol...