cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethical assessment of pediatric research protocols.

Specific regulations regarding oversight of research in children vary from country to country, but most share common principles derived from major consensus documents. Whereas the permissibility of research on adults depends heavily upon the informed consent of the subject, the regulation of research in pediatrics is focused primarily upon protection of the subjects from research risks. Since patients who require intensive care are commonly at high risk for complications related to the severity of their illnesses, justifying the risks of research on critically ill children may therefore be particularly challenging. Use of an approach known as “component analysis” can be very helpful in separating the risks attributable to the medical care itself from those that should be ascribed to the research. After identifying and isolating the research interventions, a three-step approach is helpful for evaluating the “net risks” of the research: (1) Separate each component of the research into discrete interventions. (2) Any intervention for which the benefits equal or exceed the risks is ethically justified. (3) For interventions in which the risks exceed the benefits, the “net risk” for each intervention needs to be justified, as follows: (a) the interventions may not exceed the locally defined threshold for pediatric research (e. g., not greater than a minor increment more than minimal risk, as in the U.S. regulations); and (b) the scientific value of the study for improving the care of future children must be sufficient to justify the sum of the net risks of the research interventions.
D-term challenges for supersymmetric gauged Abelian flavor symmetries

Abstract Attention is called to potentially dangerous lepton-flavor violation (LFV) induced by the D-terms of additional U (1) flavor-dependent gauge symmetries in supersymmetric models. In such models, LFV persists despite an arbitrarily high scale for the U (1) breaking and despite arbitrarily small gauge couplings. In light of recent experimental observations of neutrino oscillations, these models are highly motivated experimentally and theoretically. Taking into account also the recent measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment, strong bounds are calculated for the magnitude of the D-term-induced LFV. Using current data we find that the slepton mass-mixing parameter (m l L 2 ) 12 /m l L 2 is required to be less than O (10 −4 ) —a value perhaps already too low compared to expectations. Near future probes will increase sensitivity to 10 −6 .
MOLECULAR CHANGES IN THE SALT‐SOLUBLE MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS OF BOVINE MUSCLE

Myofibrils were isolated in a buffered medium by differential centrifugation from at-death and 1-, 2- and 10day postmortem bovine longissimus muscle. Following isolation, myofibrils were extracted with Hasselbach-Schneider (H-S) solution, 0.6M KC1 buffered solution and 1 mM Tris, pH 8,5 solution. Postmortem changes in isolated myofibrils and their protein extracts were characterized with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. SDS-polyacrylamide gels showed that H-S and KC1 buffered solutions extracted thick and thin filament proteins of myofibrils isolated from either at-death or postmortem muscle samples. Changes in protein extractability with H-S and KC1 solutions during postmortem storage were difficult to assess. 1 mM Tris solution extracted the thin filament proteins, actin, tropomyosin and troponin, and the thick filament proteins, C-protein and myosin light chains. α-Actinin was very resistant to 1 mM Tris, pH 8.5 solution extraction from isolated myofibrils of at-death muscle, but it was readily extract-able from isolated myofibrils of postmortem muscle. C-protein also seems to become more extractable during postmortem aging of muscle. The prominent and distinguishable change occurring in the strong salt-soluble proteins of the myofibril during postmortem storage of muscle at 2°C was the gradual degradation of troponin T and the concurrent appearance of a 30,000-dalton component. These results indicated that modifications occur in thick and thin filament proteins during postmortem storage and that these modifications are possibly related to calcium activated factor (CAF).
Reconstruction of the esophagus without colon transplantation in cases of atresia

Abstract A report is submitted on ten children with esophageal atresia in which there was a large gap between the two segments. In seven cases, after elongation of the upper segment by bouginage, a direct anastomosis could be performed. In three cases, after bouginage and mobilization of the two segments during the operation, a gap of 1.5–2 cm remained. In one case the gap was bridged with a silver prosthesis. In the second case the intervening tissue was crushed by means of two silver olives. In the third case a canal, which could be dilated, formed around a perlon thread. The resection of a stenosis in the two surviving cases seems to be necessary. Observations so far have been very limited, but it could well be that transplants in cases of esophageal atresia, even with major gaps, could become superfluous.
Evolutionary based optimal synthesis of four-bar mechanisms

Graphical and analytical syntheses have been well applied to path, motion and function generation of planar mechanisms. Optimization techniques in common, require “good initial guesses” and do not necessarily converge to a solution. This paper presents a methodology to synthesize mechanisms employing an evolutionary optimization approach technique known as Differential Evolution. The initial bounds for the design variables are defined automatically using a newly developed and novel technique called the Geometric Centroid of Precision Points. Optimum synthesis of four-bar linkages for path generation with user defined accuracy level at required precision points is discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A comparative study of immunomodulation produced by in vitro exposure to delta opioid receptor agonist peptides.

Abstract The present study assessed the direct immunomodulatory effect of a panel of synthetic peptides exhibiting δ-opioid receptor agonist activity. Murine splenic lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages were cultured in vitro with peptides at concentrations of 0.00001–10 μ M . Assessment was made of B-cell function by quantitating cellular proliferation, T-cell function by measuring cytokine production, natural immunity by quantitating basal and cytokine-augmented natural killer (NK) cell activity, and macrophage function by production of IL-6. These peptides had minimal effects on B-cell proliferation at any concentration examined. In comparison, enhancement of cytokine production by T-helper cells occurred following exposure to several of the compounds, to a significant extent with DPDPE, DPDPE-trifluoroacetate, or deltorphin-1 and most pronounced at concentrations between 0.00001 and 0.1 μ M . Likewise, IL-6 production by macrophages was significantly augmented by exposure to these three peptides. NK cell function was significantly enhanced by in vitro exposure to several of the peptides, with enhancement generally noted at concentrations between 0.00001 and 0.01 μ M . However, some of the peptides (most notably DADLE) greatly suppressed NK cell activity. These data suggest that δ opioid agonists are broadly immunomostimulatory.
Toxicity of sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) fishing tentacle nematocyst venom in cultured rat hepatocytes

Sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) venom (CQV) is known to be toxic to the cardiac, respiratory, renal and hepatic systems in animal models. However, the mechanism of toxicity of CQV on hepatocytes is unknown. We utilized isolated rat hepatocytes in culture and measured percentage total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release after direct exposure to CQV. Toxicity of CQV in this system produced a linear multiple-dose response curve as well as a linear single-dose kinetics curve. Neither extracellular calcium concentration nor intracellular calcium chelation had a statistically significant effect on the toxicity of CQV in our hepatocyte model. From these results it appears that CQV does not form large membrane channels similar to complement, nor does calcium appear to play a major role in the mechanism of toxicity in hepatocytes. The isolated rat hepatocyye culture and measure of LDH release provided a relatively simple and reproducible model for examining toxicity of CQV.
Strategies of Verbal Dueling: How College Students Win a Verbal Battle

Verbal dueling is the artful exchange of rapid nonserious insults between two or more participants. Using ethnographic data collection techniques, conversations that transpired in the dining hall of a college dormitory were recorded to identify verbal dueling among students. Examples of verbal duel openings and closings are presented to illustrate how the openings and closings signal a change in footing. Examples of duel segments are provided, interspersed with an analysis and discussion of the strategies duelers and audience members use to influence other conversants, dictate the flow of the conversation, and win the verbal duel.
Prioritized burst segmentation and composite burst-assembly techniques for QoS support in optical burst-switched networks

We address the issue of providing quality-of-service (QoS) in an optical burst-switched network. QoS is provided by introducing prioritized contention resolution policies in the network core and a composite burst-assembly technique at the network edge. In the core, contention is resolved through prioritized burst segmentation and prioritized deflection. The burst segmentation scheme allows high-priority bursts to preempt low-priority bursts and enables full class isolation between bursts of different priorities. At the edge of the network, a composite burst-assembly technique combines packets of different classes into the same burst, placing lower class packets toward the tail of the burst. By implementing burst segmentation in the core, packets that are placed at the tail of the burst are more likely to be dropped than packets that are placed at the head of the burst. The proposed schemes are evaluated through analysis and simulation, and it is shown that significant differentiation with regard to packet loss and delay can be achieved.
A consideration of the relationship between subjective unpleasantness and body surface vibrations induced by high-level, complex low- frequency noise

To investigate the relationship between subjective unpleasantness and body surface vibrations induced by high-level, complex low-frequency noise, we carried out two expetiments. Body surface vibrations were measured at the right and left anterior chest and the right and left anterior abdomen of male subjects. Subjective unpleasantness was rated on a scale of 1 to 5, and correlated with the vibration acceleration levels (VALs) of the vibrations measured on the body surface. As a result, it was found that the ratings of unpleasantness did, on the whole, significantly correlate with the VALs. In addition, we estimated the frequency-weightings for the VAL to optimize the correlation with the rating of unpleasantness. Based on a reasonable hypothesis, the frequency-weightings estimated in the present study were considered to be consistent with those estimated in our previous study using low-frequency pure tones. The present results support the idea that not only the loudness of a noise, but also the vibrations...
Radiation Damage in Titanate Ceramics for Plutonium Immobilization

Radiation damage experiments are being performed with pyrochlore and zirconolite in support of the disposition of surplus weapons-ready Pu. Pyrochlore becomes amorphous in approximately 1 year from the alpha recoil damage of ∼ 1018 alphas/g from the decay of 238Pu. The dissolution rate of 238Pu-bearing ceramics increases with increasing radiation damage as measured in a 3 d MCC-1 test at 90°C. Over the same period, zirconolite retains substantial crystallinity albeit with broadened diffraction peaks. The dissolution rate also increases with increasing radiation damage.
Overlapping families of infinitely-lived agents

This paper develops a model in which new and infinitely-linked dynasties, which are, by definition, not linked to pre-existing families through operative intergenerational transfers, continuously enter the economy over time. This model of infinitely-lived families possesses most of the properties characteristic of standard overlapping generation frameworks: competitive equilibria can be inefficient, bubbles may exist, and Ricardian neutrality does not in general hold. Contrary to a widespread but erroneous belief, the terms ‘infinite horizon model’ and ‘representative agent model’ are, therefore, not interchangeable.
It's all relative: Competition and status drive interpersonal perception.

Structural features of interpersonal relationships, particularly competition and status, can cause people, respectively, to (dis)like and (dis)respect each other, although they think they are reacting to the target's personality. Two studies manipulate structural relationships between students in a 2 × 2 between-participants design. Competition and status, respectively, differentiate perceptions of the target's warmth and competence. In Study 1's pre–post design, the pre- and post-interaction warmth, but status affected only pre-interaction competence. Study 2 post-interaction-only design did replicate both of Study 1's pre-interaction results. Competing targets were judged less warm than cooperating targets; high-status targets were judged more competent than low-status targets. These experiments demonstrate the structural predictors of the intergroup stereotype content model at the interpersonal level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic surgical pathology

Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, Editor: Stephen S. Sternberg; Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.
Dengue fever in humanized NOD/SCID mice

The increased transmission and geographic spread of dengue fever (DF) and its more severe presentation, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), make it the most important mosquito-borne viral disease of humans (50 to 100 million infections/year) (World Health Organization, Fact sheet 117, 2002). There are no vaccines or treatment for DF or DHF because there are no animal or other models of human disease; even higher primates do not show symptoms after infection (W. F. Scherer, P. K. Russell, L. Rosen, J. Casals, and R. W. Dickerman, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27:590-599, 1978). We demonstrate that nonobese diabetic/severely compromised immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice xenografted with human CD34+ cells develop clinical signs of DF as in humans (fever, rash, and thrombocytopenia), when infected in a manner mimicking mosquito transmission (dose and mode). These results suggest this is a valuable model with which to study pathogenesis and test antidengue products.
Use of allopurinol with low-dose 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease to achieve optimal active metabolite levels: a review of four cases and the literature

BACKGROUND: At least one-third of patients with inflammatory bowel disease do not respond or are intolerant to therapy with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). A subgroup fails to attain optimal levels of 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN) and instead shunts to 6-methylmercaptopurine nucleotide (6-MMPN).
Quantitative FDG-PET/CT predicts local recurrence and survival for squamous cell carcinoma of the anus

Abstract Purpose 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography–(PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging is used for staging and treatment planning of patients with anal cancer. Quantitative pre- and posttreatment metrics that are predictive of recurrence are unknown. We evaluated the association between pre- and posttreatment FDG-PET/CT parameters and outcomes for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA). Methods and materials The records of 110 patients treated between 2003 and 2013 with definitive radiation therapy for SCCA were reviewed under an institutional review board–approved protocol. The median radiation therapy dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 35-60 Gy). Concurrent chemotherapy was administered for 109 of 110 patients and generally consisted of 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C (n = 94). All patients underwent pretreatment FDG-PET/CT and 101 of 110 underwent posttreatment FDG-PET/CT 3 months after completion of radiation therapy. The maximum standard uptake value (SUV max ) was analyzed, in addition to multiple patient and treatment factors, by univariate and multivariate Cox regression for correlation with local recurrence (LR) and overall survival (OS). Results The median follow-up was 28.6 months. LR occurred in 1 of 15 (6.7%), 5 of 47 (10.6%), and 6 of 48 (12.5%) patients with stage I, II, and III disease, respectively. On univariate analysis, a significant association was observed between reduced LR and posttreatment SUV max P = .0095) and between increased OS and posttreatment SUV max P = .0086). On multivariate analysis, a significant association was observed between reduced LR and posttreatment SUV max P = .0013) and the use of intensity modulated radiation therapy ( P max P = .0373) and the use of 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin C chemotherapy ( P = .001). Conclusion Posttreatment SUV max
A Comparison of Educational Statistics and Data Mining Approaches to Identify Characteristics That Impact Online Learning.

Learning objects (LOs) are important online resources for both learners and instructors and usage for LOs is growing. Automatic LO tracking collects large amounts of metadata about individual students as well as data aggregated across courses, learning objects, and other demographic characteristics (e.g. gender). The challenge becomes identifying which of the many variables derived from tracked data are useful for predicting student learning. This challenge has prompted considerable research in the field of educational data mining and learning analytics. This work advances such research in four ways. First, we bring together two approaches for finding salient variables from separate research areas: hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) from education and Lasso feature selection from computer science. Second, we show that these two approaches have complimentary and synergistic results with some variables considers salient by both and others salient by only one. Third, and most importantly, we demonstrate the benefits of a combined approach that considers a variable salient when either HLM or Lasso consider that variable salient. This combined approach both improves model predictive accuracy and finds additional variables considered salient in previous datasets on student learning. Lastly, we use the results to provide insights into the salient variables to the learning outcome in undergraduate CS education. Overall, this work suggests a combined approach that improves the identification of salient variables in big data and also improves the design of LO tracking systems for learning management systems.
Surface immunoglobulin density on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

The densities of surface immunoglobulin (slg) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) of normals and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic lymphosarcoma cell leukemia (LCL), and hairy cell leukemia (HCL) were analyzed using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). PBM were labeled with fluorescein conjugates of F(ab')2 fragments of affinity chromatography-purified anti-Fab or class-specific anti-mu, anti-delta, anti-gamma, or anti-alpha. Histograms of relative cell fluorescence, rems of relative cell fluorescence, reflecting slg density, were prepared with the FACS. Anti-Fab-labeled normal PBM demonstrated a homogeneous low-density peak that when separated by the FACS and analyzed cytochemically consisted predominantly of monocytes, whereas brighter-staining cells were predominantly lymphocytes. Anti-mu and anti-delta labeled 9.0% and 8.5% of normal PBM, respectively, the slg+ cells being virtually all lymphocytes. Cells labeled by anti-gamma exhibited low homogeneous slg density and consisted of more than 80% monocytes. No normal or leukemic PBM were labeled by anti-alpha. All slg-positive cells (less than 5% monocytes) from 12 of 13 patients with CLL had very low homogeneous densities of slg and bore slgM, Whereas cells from 9 of 13 and 2 of 13 patients bore slgD and slgG, respectively. Similarly, PBM from 2 patients with HCL exhibited low and homogeneous densities of algM, slgD, and slgG, whereas those from a third patient bore only slgG. By contrast, the density of slgM and PBM derived from 3 patients with LCL was very high; slgD and slgG densities varied from very high to undetectable in these patients. The different homogeneous densities of slg on peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with CLL, HCL, and LCL suggest that these diseases represent malignant transformation of different B-lymphocyte subpopulations.
Nucleotide levels regulate germline proliferation through modulating GLP-1/Notch signaling in C. elegans

Animals alter their reproductive programs to accommodate changes in nutrient availability, yet the connections between known nutrient-sensing systems and reproductive programs are underexplored, and whether there is a mechanism that senses nucleotide levels to coordinate germline proliferation is unknown. We established a model system in which nucleotide metabolism is perturbed in both the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (cytidine deaminases) and its food (Escherichia coli); when fed food with a low uridine/thymidine (U/T) level, germline proliferation is arrested. We provide evidence that this impact of U/T level on the germline is critically mediated by GLP-1/Notch and MPK-1/MAPK, known to regulate germline mitotic proliferation. This germline defect is suppressed by hyperactivation of glp-1 or disruption of genes downstream from glp-1 to promote meiosis but not by activation of the IIS or TORC1 pathways. Moreover, GLP-1 expression is post-transcriptionally modulated by U/T levels. Our results reveal a previously unknown nucleotide-sensing mechanism for controlling reproductivity.
MPC-based energy management of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle using terrain information

A parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) combines the power produced by electric machines and a combustion engine to enable improved fuel economy. Optimization of the power-split algorithm managing both torque sources can be readily achieved offline, but online implementation results often show great deviation from expected fuel economy due to traffic, hills, and similar effects that are not easily modeled. Of these external influences, the road grade for a travel route is potentially known a priori given a set destination choice from the driver. To examine whether grade information can improve the performance of a hybrid powertrain controller, we first formulate the vehicle model as a low-order dynamic model, recognizing that the primary dynamics of the energy system are slow. A model predictive control (MPC) strategy utilizing the terrain data is then developed to obtain a time-varying power split between the combustion engine and the electrical machine. Simulation results of the HEV model over multiple standard drive cycles, with different terrain profiles and different cost functions, are presented. Testing of the MPC performance compared to Argonne National Lab’s powertrain simulation software Autonomie shows that the MPC strategy utilizing terrain data gives an improvement of up to 2.2% in fuel economy with respect to the same controller without terrain information, on the same route.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Temporal and Spatial Activity Patterns of an Adult Parasitoid, Glypta fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and their Influence on Parasitism

Temporal and spatial activity patterns of adult Glypta fumiferanae (Vierick) were assessed through use of malaise traps placed in tree canopies and on the forest floor. Many parasitoids were trapped in the tree canopies while none was caught on the forest floor. A model that related malaise trap catches to weather was used to draw inferences from these data. It was concluded that cool wet weather inhibited activity of the parasitoid. Historical data on interaction between G. fumiferanae and its host were used to illustrate the possibility that reductions in parasite activity due to weather factors led to reductions in rates of parasitism.
Multivisceral Transplantation to Treat Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors in Gastrointestinal Tract: Experience at a Single Transplantation Center

Neuroendocrine tumor (NET) originating in gastrointestinal tract (GI) frequently metastasizes to lymph nodes and the liver. Rare cases of multivisceral transplantation (MVT) to manage widespread GI NET have been reported. We studied 11 patients who received MVT for advanced GI NET, including clinicopathological features of TNM stage, Ki67, mitosis, and the …
Effects of Binder and Mix Properties on the Mechanistic Responses of Fatigue Cracking APT Sections

One of the major benefits of Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) as a research tool is that the performance of pavement materials and structures can be evaluated at a reduced cost and in a short period of time. The Civil Infrastructure Systems Laboratory (CISL) for APT at Kansas State University was established in 1997. Six fatigue pavement sections that had 100 mm thick hot mix asphalt layer were constructed for APT in CISL. The sections had the same base and subgrade materials. The sections were instrumented using strain gauges and pressure cells to measure pavement responses under APT loading. They were loaded with a 100 kN single axle load at 20 °C. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of binder content, binder grade, and mixture nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) on the mechanistic responses from the experimental sections. Stress, strains, deflections, and profile data were collected periodically. Normalized falling weight deflectometer (FWD) deflection data were used to back-calculate moduli using the EVERCALC software. Measured pavement temperatures were used to adjust back-calculated moduli to a temperature of 20 °C. The stiffer the binder, the lower the longitudinal strain, permanent deformation, and roughness, but the higher the transverse strain, stress on the top of subgrade in general, and back-calculated moduli. Higher binder content results in a higher longitudinal strain, transverse strain, stress on top of subgrade, permanent deformation, rut depth, and roughness. The larger the NMAS, the higher the transverse strain, back-calculated moduli, permanent deformation, and roughness, but the lower the longitudinal strain, stress on the top of subgrade, and rut depth.
Focal task specific dystonia: a review and update.

In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the etiology, risk factors and pathophysiology of focal task specific dystonia (FTSD), movement disorders characterized by abnormal motor activation during the performance of specific, repetitive actions. We focus on two common FTSD, musician’s dystonia and writer’s cramp. FTSD may pose a threat to the patient’s livelihood, and improved therapeutic treatments are needed.
Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Cognitive Function in Women

Background & Aims Studies have reported associations between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and dementia. However, data are lacking on long-term PPI use and cognitive function. We therefore examined associations between PPI use and performance in tests of cognitive function. Because of shared clinical indications, we examined associations for H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) as a secondary aim. Methods We used prospectively collected data on medication use and other potential risk factors from 13,864 participants in the Nurses' Health Study II who had completed a self-administered computerized neuropsychological test battery. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine associations between medication use and composite scores of psychomotor speed and attention, learning and working memory, and overall cognition. Results We observed a modest association between duration of PPI use and scores for psychomotor speed and attention (mean score difference for PPI use of 9−14 years vs never users, −0.06; 95% confidence interval, −0.11 to 0.00; Ptrend = .03). After controlling for H2RA use, the magnitude of this score difference was attenuated. Among individuals who did not use PPIs regularly, duration of H2RA use was associated with poorer cognitive scores, with the strongest association apparent for learning and working memory (mean score difference for H2RA users of 9−14 years vs never users, −0.20; 95% confidence interval, −0.32 to −0.08; Ptrend Conclusions In an analysis of data from the Nurses' Health Study II, we did not observe a convincing association between PPI use and cognitive function. Our data do not support the suggestion that PPI use increases dementia risk. Because our primary hypothesis related to PPI use, our findings for H2RAs should be interpreted with caution.
Statistical characterization of an x-ray FEL in the spectral domain

We have experimentally measured and characterized a Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) Free Electron Laser (FEL) in the spectral domain. Spectra were captured for hard X-rays using a pair of transmissive bent-crystal spectrometers on a single-shot basis. The probability distributions of the spectral intensity as a function of an increasing bandwidth were studied in different SASE regimes. The number of spectral modes was found to grow linearly in the exponential growth regime, but the growth became super-linear at saturation and in deeper saturation, consistent with the current theoretical understanding and simulations. The spectral intensity fluctuations were found to decrease when a wider portion of the beam (transverse to the direction of the dispersion) was integrated, indicating a partial spatial coherence, the degree of which was then estimated.
Test method development and determination of three-dimensional stiffness properties of polyvinyl chloride structural foams:

A study has been conducted to develop proper test methods and to utilize the tests to evaluate three-dimensional mechanical behavior of a polyvinyl chloride structural foam (Divinycell H80 with nom...
Rheumatoid Vasculitis: A Diminishing Yet Devastating Menace

Rheumatoid vasculitis (RV) is an unusual complication of long-standing rheumatoid arthritis, which is characterized by the development of necrotizing or leukocytoclastic vasculitis involving small or medium-sized vessels. In this review, we aim to provide an update on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of this challenging extra-articular manifestation. RV is heterogenous in its clinical presentation depending on the organ and size of blood vessels involved. The most common organs involved are the skin and peripheral nerve. Based on recent population studies, the incidence has significantly decreased with early recognition and the advent of immunosuppressive drugs and biologics; however, the mortality rates remain high. RV remains a serious extra-articular manifestation of RA that needs to be promptly recognized and treated. No consensus is available on treatment, given the ongoing debate of whether the biologics can trigger or treat RV.
Cellulose Acetate Phthalate and Antiretroviral Nanoparticle Fabrications for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

To adequately reduce new HIV infections, development of highly effective pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) against HIV infection in women is necessary. Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) is a pH sensitive polymer with HIV-1 entry inhibitory properties. Dolutegravir (DTG) is an integrase strand transfer inhibitor with potent antiretroviral activity. DTG delivered in combination with CAP may significantly improve current PrEP against HIV. In the present study, the development of DTG-loaded CAP nanoparticles incorporated in thermosensitive (TMS) gel at vaginal pH 4.2 and seminal fluid pH 7.4 is presented as proof-of-concept for improved PrEP. Water–oil–in–water homogenization was used to fabricate DTG-loaded CAP nanoparticles (DTG–CAP–NPs). Size, polydispersity, and morphological analyses illustrate that DTG–CAP–NPs were smooth and spherical, ≤200 nm in size, and monodispersed with a polydispersity index PDI ≤ 0.2. The drug encapsulation (EE%) and release profile of DTG–CAP–NPs was determined by HPLC analysis. The EE% of DTG in DTG–CAP–NPs was evaluated to be ~70%. The thermal sensitivity of the TMS gel was optimized and the pH dependency was evaluated by rheological analysis. DTG release studies in TMS gel revealed that DTG–CAP–NPs were stable in TMS gel at pH 4.2 while DTG–CAP–NPs in TMS gel at pH 7.4 rapidly release DTG (≥80% release within 1 h). Cytotoxicity studies using vaginal cell lines revealed that DTG–CAP–NPs were relatively non-cytotoxic at concentration <1 µg/mL. Confocal microscopic studies illustrate that ≥98% cells retained DTG–CAP–NPs intracellularly over seven days. Antiretroviral drug loaded nanocellulose fabrications in TMS gel delivered intravaginally may enhance both microbicidal and antiretroviral drug efficacy and may present a novel option for female PrEP against HIV.
Rare germline variants in known melanoma susceptibility genes in familial melanoma

Known high-risk cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) genes account for melanoma risk in <40% of melanoma-prone families, suggesting the existence of additional high-risk genes or perhaps a polygenic mechanism involving multiple genetic modifiers. The goal of this study was to systematically characterize rare germline variants in 42 established melanoma genes among 144 CMM patients in 76 American CMM families without known mutations using data from whole-exome sequencing. We identified 68 rare (<0.1% in public and in-house control datasets) nonsynonymous variants in 25 genes. We technically validated all loss-of-function, inframe insertion/deletion, and missense variants predicted as deleterious, and followed them up in 1, 559 population-based CMM cases and 1, 633 controls. Several of these variants showed disease co-segregation within families. Of particular interest, a stopgain variant in TYR was present in five of six CMM cases/obligate gene carriers in one family and a single population-based CMM case. A start gain variant in the 5'UTR region of PLA2G6 and a missense variant in ATM were each seen in all three affected people in a single family, respectively. Results from rare variant burden tests showed that familial and population-based CMM patients tended to have higher frequencies of rare germline variants in albinism genes such as TYR, TYRP1, and OCA2 (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that rare nonsynonymous variants in low- or intermediate-risk CMM genes may influence familial CMM predisposition, warranting further investigation of both common and rare variants in genes affecting functionally important pathways (such as melanogenesis) in melanoma risk assessment.
Stigma and Counter-Stigma Frames, Cues, and Exemplification: Comparing News Coverage of Depression in the English- and Spanish-Language Media in the U.S.

A content analysis was conducted to compare news coverage of depression in the English- and Spanish-language media in the United States (N = 355). The study revealed that the English-language media reported stereotypes more frequently than the Spanish-language news media. The presence of all four types of stereotypes (i.e., the mentally ill as violent, suicidal, incompetent, and weak) was associated with the increased use of the stigma frame in the English-language news media, while only the violence stereotype was associated with the increased use of the stigma frame in the Spanish-language news media. The presence of recovery information and positive emotions was associated with the increased use of the counter-stigma frame in both English- and Spanish-language news media. Furthermore, the study found that the use of exemplars was generally correlated with an increase in stereotypical coverage, particularly in English-language news media, but a decrease in educational information in both news media.
The Role of N-Acetylcysteine and 3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-Thione in Maintaining Glutathione Status and Protection Against Advanced Glycation End Product Induced Neurite Degeneration in SH-SY5Y Cells

Diabetes mellitus, a disease hallmarked by hyperglycemia, is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and new diagnoses are on an upward trajectory. Peripheral neuropathy (PN) affects at least 50% of diabetic patients. Unfortunately, medications available for patients with PN treat the symptoms but not the cellular damage, and come with severe side effects leading many to discontinue their use. The overall objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of action and potential impact of therapeutic substances, such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and preventive dietary components, such as the cruciferous vegetable constituent 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T), which is critically important for patient health. Previous studies in our lab have shown that when SH-SY5Y cells, a validated model for PN, are treated with advanced glycation end products (AGE), there is increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and neurite loss. NAC was shown to protect against AGE-induced cell death, GSH depletion and neurite loss, indicating that maintaining GSH was important for neurite protection. Our lab has also shown that D3T, a potent inducer of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)- like (Nrf2), can significantly increase SH-SY5Y cellular GSH concentrations and protect against H2O2 –induced cell death. Paradoxically, D3T conferred no protection against AGE-induced cell death or neurite degeneration. We report here follow up studies. The first aim of this study was to test whether NAC conferred protection through maintaining GSH, its intrinsic antioxidant properties, or both. Using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) as a tool to evaluate the mechanistic role of NAC in neurite protection, we found that at high concentrations of NAC (2 mM) both intrinsic and GSH-maintaining properties were observed. At lower concentrations (1 mM), GSH-maintaining properties predominated. The second aim was to elucidate a mechanism for the paradoxical effect of D3T focusing on the role of NADPH-mediated ROS generation. NADPH is an electron donor for the oxidase enzyme that generates superoxide in response to the activation of the receptor for AGE (RAGE). D3T increased ROS generation and depleted GSH only in the presence of AGE, suggesting its role as a NADPH generating agent may promote oxidative stress rather than protect against it under these conditions. Inhibition of NADPH generation via glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the protein product of a Nrf2-responsive gene, with dehydro-epiandrosterone (DHEA) was found to protect against AGE-induced loss of cell viability. These results suggest that the source of ROS is important to consider in evaluating the extent to which adaption to oxidative stress provides protection.
Profiles of the adolescent smoker: models of tobacco use among 9th grade high school students: Acadiana Coalition of Teens against Tobacco (ACTT).

Abstract Background. Tobacco use, underreported among Louisiana youth, was examined among 9th grade students in south central Louisiana; profiles of tobacco use were developed to inform adolescent tobacco control programs. Methods. Cross-sectional Health Habits Survey was administered to 4,808 students who were about 15 years old, predominantly white, with gender almost evenly distributed. Saliva samples were collected from 1,966 students. Analysis of a subsample resulted in good concordance between self-reported daily tobacco use and cotinine. Results. About 58% of students ever smoked a cigarette, 25% had a cigarette within the previous 30 days, 17% smoked within the past 7 days and almost 8% reported smokeless tobacco use. Smokeless tobacco use was greater for males than females. Caucasians, native Americans, and Latinos were more likely to smoke than African-Americans. Social relationships associated with adolescent smoking included having a friend, parent and/or sibling who smoked, having a friend who consumed alcohol, and being around people who used alcohol for “kicks.” The attitudes of nonsmokers were consistently in the positive direction relative to disapproval of tobacco and alcohol use. The profiles differed demographically between black and white students. Conclusions. These data provide the needed information for guiding health promotion and tobacco control efforts, specifically regarding black/white differences.
Quantifying variance components for repeated scattering-parameter measurements

We quantify random uncertainties for scatteringparameters repeatedly measured with a vector network analyzer, focusing on variations due to multiple calibrations, disconnects, and repeat measurements. We describe a two-stage nested design, which allows us to model the random effects, and present results for a series of coaxial measurements performed by making use of an open-short-load-thru calibration kit with Type-N connectors.
Demonstration of the Efficacy of a Therapeutic Agent

The FDA is charged with ensuring that drugs and biologies are pure, potent, safe and effective. In this brief discussion, we will consider the regulatory basis for the demonstration of clinical efficacy required by FDA. We will also discuss the nature and variety of clinical trial end-points.
Tissue Heating: Applicator Types and Analysis by Phantom Models

Electromagnetic radiofrequency (RF) heating of tissues for therapeutic application may be accomplished by a number of methods. Four major methods have been used for localized heating of various parts of the body. These include the use of invasive or direct contact electrodes or probes placed in the tissue area to be heated, 2) noncontacting capacitor type electrodes placed adjacent to the tissue areas to be heated, 3) inductive heating by magnetic field coils placed near or against the tissue to be heated, and 4) radiation field at very high to microwave frequncies. A fifth method useful for heating small biological bodies such as laboratory animals for biological effects research, frozen organs for transplant, or refrigerated blood products prior to transfusion, involves exposure in waveguides or resonant cavities. Radiation fields may be produced by radiators placed close to, but not in contact with, the tissues or by specially designed direct contact applicators that provide efficient coupling between the source and the tissue. Better localization of heating in deep tissues may be obtained by the use of multiple applicators or phased arrays of any of the first four of the above applicators.
Reactor subchannel analysis -- Electric Power Research Institute perspective

One of the basic objectives of subchannel flow simulation and analysis effort sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute was the development of a computer code for subchannel analysis and its verification and validation for applications to reactor thermal margin evaluation under steady and transient conditions. A historical perspective is given of the development of specifications for a reactor core subchannel thermal-hydraulics analysis code for utility applications in the evaluation of reactor safety limits during normal operation and accident scenarios. The subchannel analysis capabilities of the VIPRE-01 code based on the homogeneous equilibrium with the algebraic slip model of two-phase flow are presented. The code, which received a safety evaluation report from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1986, is in wide use in the utility industry for fuel reload safety analysis, critical heat flux correlation development and testing, thermal margin analysis, and core thermal-hydraulic analysis. A considerable amount of work has been done during the past few years on the development of VIPRE-02, an advanced subchannel analysis code based on the two-fluid model of two-phase flow capable of simulating reactor cores, vessels, and internal structures. The functional specifications, development of VIPRE-02, and current applications for VIPRE-02, such as boilingmore » water reactor mixed fuel core evaluation, are also discussed. Code is also used for PWR`s.« less
Optimizing Care for Trauma Patients with Obesity

Obesity is a growing epidemic that has been contributing to the increasing cost of healthcare. Its prevalence is now approximately 37%. Morbid obesity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in trauma patients. An increased recognition of obesity as a chronic disease and a better understanding of its pathophysiology can allow for proper preparation and accommodative measures to improve resuscitation and subsequent care, thereby improving trauma outcomes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the scope of the problem. This review also provides evidence-based recommendations for the optimal resuscitation sequence for obese patients.
ON/OFF State Classification of a Reactor Facility Using Gas Effluence Measurements

Inferring the ON/OFF operational state of a reactor facility using measurements from an independent monitoring system is critical to the assessment of its compliance to agreements. We consider the problem of inferring the ON/OFF state of a reactor facility using the measurements of Ar-41, Cs-138, and Xe-138 gas effluence types collected at the facility’s off-gas stack. We present classifiers based on thresholding measurements of individual effluence types, and then present fusers that combine their outputs or measurements. We present five fusers based on the simple majority rule, Chow’s pattern recognition function, Fisher’s combined ${p}$ -value statistic, the physics-based Poisson radiation counts model, and the correlation coefficient (CC) method. In addition, we also test five machine learning methods based on nonlinear classifiers, which are available as R packages. Our results show that: 1) these gas effluence measurements are effective in inferring the ON/OFF state of a reactor facility, for example, best fusers achieve ~97% detection at ~1% false alarm rate and 2) fusers that combine all effluence types based on physics-based models, CC, and Fisher’s method outperform the simple majority rule, Chow’s fusers, and the machine learning methods, as well as when they are applied to individual and pairs of effluence types.
Prevalence of esophageal malignant and premalignant lesions in a Michigan cohort, 2013-2017.

e15541Background: Esophageal cancer is diagnosed in roughly 4 per 100,000 US population. Older men are most frequently affected. Adenocarcinoma is most common and incidence is increasing. EGD with ...
The Influence of Applied Stress on the Response of Thin Films

The effect of an applied in-plane stress on the Rayleigh - Lamb spectrum of a plate is considered in the context of acoustoelasticity. The basic equations of acoustoelasticity are presented and several of the standard solutions are reviewed. It is recalled that in these solutions the magnitude of the stress-induced variation in wave speed is rather small. The influence of an in-plane stress on the spectrum curves for various modes in a flat plate is then considered. It is shown that the applied stress causes a large change in the the phase velocity of the lowest order flexural mode at long wavelengths where the application of the stress causes the membrane effects to dominate the plate response.