cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A PDE Approach to the Prediction of a Binary Sequence with Advice from Two History-Dependent Experts.

The prediction of a binary sequence is a classic example of online machine learning. We like to call it the 'stock prediction problem,' viewing the sequence as the price history of a stock that goes up or down one unit at each time step. In this problem, an investor has access to the predictions of two or more 'experts,' and strives to minimize her final-time regret with respect to the best-performing expert. Probability plays no role; rather, the market is assumed to be adversarial. We consider the case when there are two history-dependent experts, whose predictions are determined by the d most recent stock moves. Focusing on an appropriate continuum limit and using methods from optimal control, graph theory, and partial differential equations, we discuss strategies for the investor and the adversarial market, and we determine associated upper and lower bounds for the investor's final-time regret. When d is less than 4 our upper and lower bounds coalesce, so the proposed strategies are asymptotically optimal. Compared to other recent applications of partial differential equations to prediction, ours has a new element: there are two timescales, since the recent history changes at every step whereas regret accumulates more slowly.
Perfect integrability and Gaudin models

We suggest the notion of perfect integrability for quantum spin chains and conjecture that quantum spin chains are perfectly integrable. We show the perfect integrability for Gaudin models associated to simple Lie algebras of all finite types, with periodic and regular quasi-periodic boundary conditions.
Augmented Reality-assisted Pedicle Instrumentation: Versatility Across Major Instrumentation Sets.

STUDY DESIGN Laboratory investigation with phantom spine models. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to demonstrate the ability of Augmented Reality system to track instruments from different companies without major modifications. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Augmented Reality is an emergent technology with applications in industrial, military, gaming, and medical fields. AR applications in Spine surgery are actively being developed. Features of headpiece ergonomics, digital processing power, intuitive interface, and reliable accuracy are being optimized for successful adaptation of technology into the field. System versatility across various instrumentation sets is important for cost-effectiveness and efficiency in application. METHODS In this project, five phantom spine models were instrumented L1-S1 with pedicle screws from five major companies. AR assistance was used for all. Each screwdriver was equipped with a generic 3D printed navigation marker for tracking. RESULTS Every instrumentation set was successfully paired with AR navigation imaging. Sixty pedicle screws were inserted with an average time of 1.6 min/screw. There was an evidence of learning curve with fastest time achieved of 1 min/screw. All five systems had equivocal radiographic outcomes. There were two breached screws (3%). CONCLUSION Any currently available instrumentation set can readily pair for tracking with Augmented Reality system. Active tracking of the drivers allowed for improved accuracy making AR system very attractive as an adjunct to the current instrumentation techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
The policy dimensions, regulatory landscape, and market characteristics of teledermatology in the United States

The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred healthcare systems across the world to rapidly redesign their models of care delivery. As such, this pandemic has accelerated the adoption of teledermatology in the United States. However, it remains unknown whether this momentum will be maintained after the pandemic. The future of teledermatology in the United States will be significantly influenced by a complex set of policy, legal, and regulatory frameworks. An understanding of these frameworks will help dermatologists more effectively adopt and implement teledermatology platforms. In this article, we review the current state of teledermatology in the United States, including policy dimensions, the regulatory landscape, market characteristics, and future directions.
CirCNN: accelerating and compressing deep neural networks using block-circulant weight matrices

Large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs) are both compute and memory intensive. As the size of DNNs continues to grow, it is critical to improve the energy efficiency and performance while maintaining accuracy. For DNNs, the model size is an important factor affecting performance, scalability and energy efficiency. Weight pruning achieves good compression ratios but suffers from three drawbacks: 1) the irregular network structure after pruning, which affects performance and throughput; 2) the increased training complexity; and 3) the lack of rigirous guarantee of compression ratio and inference accuracy.To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes CirCNN, a principled approach to represent weights and process neural networks using block-circulant matrices. CirCNN utilizes the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based fast multiplication, simultaneously reducing the computational complexity (both in inference and training) from $\mathrm {O}(n^{2})$ to $\mathrm {O}(n$ log n) and the storage complexity from $\mathrm {O}(n^{2})$ to O(n), with negligible accuracy loss. Compared to other approaches, CirCNN is distinct due to its mathematical rigor: the DNNs based on CirCNN can converge to the same “effectiveness” as DNNs without compression. We propose the CirCNN architecture, a universal DNN inference engine that can be implemented in various hardware/software platforms with configurable network architecture (e.g., layer type, size, scales, etc In CirCNN architecture: 1) Due to the recursive property, FFT can be used as the key computing kernel which ensures universal and small-footprint implementations. 2) The compressed but regular network structure avoids the pitfalls of the network pruning and facilitates high performance and throughput with highly pipelined and parallel design. To demonstrate the performance and energy efficiency, we test CIR-CNN in FPGA, ASIC and embedded processors. Our results show that CirCNN architecture achieves very high energy efficiency and performance with a small hardware footprint. Based on the FPGA implementation and ASIC synthesis results, CirCNN achieves 6 - 102X energy efficiency improvements compared with the best state-of-the-art results.CCS Concepts• Computer systems organization$\rightarrow $ Embedded hardware;
YBCO Coated Conductor Interlayer Electrical Contact Resistance Measured From 77 K to 4 K Under Applied Pressures up to 9.4 MPa

The inter-tape resistance is a key parameter for REBCO coated conductors, cables, and coils for various applications. We explored the transverse resistance for sets of REBCO tape stacks, measured in a “through-the-stack” configuration. For the first measurements (Rig 1), the stacks were cooled to LN2 temperature and the tape stack resistance was measured as a function of applied pressure (i.e., the pressure was applied during the measurement) up to 417 kPa. We analyzed these direct measurements to examine the contributions of the tape surfaces vs the internal tape contributions, and the results were translated into a contact efficiency, η , defined as η = Rc*Ac (the contact resistance * contact area). It was found that the electrical contact efficiency, η , for an un-pressurized stack was ≅ 0.934 Ω•cm2, but was reduced by a factor of 8 under 417 kPa of pressure to η ≅ 0.111 Ω•cm2. A second test rig was used to explore tape stack resistances from 4.2 K – 77 K. This rig allowed pressures of up to 9.94 MPa to be applied. Here, the pressure was first applied, and then the sample was cooled. This difference between Rig 1 and Rig 2 allowed us to compare the protocols of fixed pressure (Rig 1) and fixed constraint (Rig 2). The contact efficiency reached 178 μΩ•cm2 at 4.2 K and 232 μΩ•cm2 at 77 K.
Serum and urinary metabolites discriminate disease activity in ANCA associated glomerulonephritis in a pilot study

Renal biopsy is currently the gold standard for diagnosing active renal vasculitis. In this pilot study, metabolomics analysis was used to investigate the differences in metabolic profiles between paired patients’ serum and urine samples collected during both the active and the remission phase of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV). Ten patients with AAV renal disease were included. Mean age was 61 years, with 6 patients each being male and Caucasian. Mean Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) and mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were 17 and 28, respectively. We found that while the citric acid cycle intermediates citrate, iso-citrate and oxaloacetate had lower intensities in the active phase samples as compared to the remission phase samples. The intensities of other metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide synthesis were significantly higher in the active phase samples, indicating the upregulation of these pathways for the production of energy and other biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids during the active phase of AAV. This pilot study suggests that serum and urinary metabolomic profiling may be useful to monitor disease activity in renal AAV.
Accidental Bowel Leakage/Fecal Incontinence: Evidence-Based Management

Fecal incontinence is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition that negatively impacts quality of life. The etiology is often multifactorial and treatment can be hindered by lack of understanding of its mechanisms and available treatment options. This article reviews the evidence-based update for the management of fecal incontinence.
Quadrature integral noise shaping for generation of modulated RF signals

This paper introduces a method to produce a modulated RF signal using a digital pulse signal switching at the carrier frequency. The entire modulation and amplification lineup is implemented in the digital domain. Integral Noise Shaping (INS) is used to create the baseband signals (I, Q) as digital PWM signals which are then mixed with a pair of digital carrier signals. All the edges of the digital pulse modulated signal line up with an edge of a fixed frequency clock signal at twice the carrier frequency. The resulting digital signal has high linearity and low quantization noise. All switching spurs and the quantization noise can be cleaned up with a bandpass filter with reasonable Q factor. Simulation results are presented for an offset tone test signal.
He's a Laker; She's a "Looker": The Consequences of Gender- Stereotypical Portrayals of Male and Female Athletes by the Print Media.

Although an extensive qualitative literature shows that coverage of women's sport often focuses on female athletes' attractiveness (to the exclusion of their athleticism), there is a dearth of quantitative research examining exactly what effect this coverage has on people's perceptions of athletes. As part of a 2 (Gender of the Athlete: Female or Male) × 2 (Gender of the Participant: Female or Male) × 2 (Focus of the Article: Physical Attractiveness or Athleticism) between-subjects design, 92 predominantly White undergraduates (40 men, 52 women) read a fictitious newspaper profile about an Olympic athlete in which the article focused on the athlete's attractiveness (as coverage of female athletes often does) or on the athlete's athleticism (as coverage of male athletes often does). Interestingly, participants neither had favorable impressions of nor liked articles about female and male athletes when attractiveness was the main focus of an article. These findings suggest that the media should be cognizant of the harmful and erroneous impressions that can result from portraying athletes in terms of their personal attributes rather than their athletic accomplishments.
Energy transfer in poly-L-tyrosine as a function of the degree of ionization of the phenolic hydroxyls. 3. Luminescence studies at 77 degrees K.

Abstract The absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra at a temperature of 77 °K of poly- l -tyrosine and the corresponding monomer, N- acetyl- l -tyrosine amide, have been measured. Both the emission intensity and the excitation spectra were investigated as a function of the relative concentration of ionized residues at 77 °K. In the polymer, 3% ionization quenched 50% of the tyrosyl fluorescence, and, correspondingly, the tyrosinate fluorescence was enhanced. Similar results were obtained when phosphorescence instead of fluorescence was examined. We conclude that tyrosyl-to-tyrosinate energy transfer takes place in a partly ionized polymer. A comparison with a previous triplet state study shows that it occurs at the singlet level only. The same transfer efficiency was observed at 77 °K as at 298 °K, even though the quantum yield of fluorescence at 77 °K is about five times greater than at 298 °K.
cAMP response of cultured Sertoli cells from immature and adult hamsters. Effect of hypophysectomy and cryptorchidism.

The ability of FSH to stimulate cAMP accumulation in Sertoli cells cultured from either hamsters or rats declines with the age of the animal. Hypophysectomy or bilateral cryptorchidism of immature rats prevents this normal age-related decline in Sertoli cell response to FSH. However, neither hypophysectomy nor cryptorchidism of adult rats can restore the Sertoli cell response to that of the immature animal. In contrast, the Sertoli cell response to FSH in the adult golden hamster, a photoperiodic animal, can be restored to that of an immature animal during short photoperiod-induced testicular regression. Thus, the purpose of these experiments was to determine if the Sertoli cell response to FSH would also be restored to that of an immature animal when testicular regression was induced by other means, namely, hypophysectomy or bilateral cryptorchidism. As in the rat, hypophysectomy or cryptorchidy of immature hamsters resulted in decreased testicular growth and a cAMP response to FSH in cultured Sertoli cells, which remained at the high level of an immature animal. However, in contrast to the rat, hypophysectomy or bilateral cryptorchidism of the adult hamster resulted in not only testicular regression, but also a restored ability of FSH to stimulate cAMP accumulation in Sertoli cells cultured from these animals. Indeed, the magnitude and specificity of the Sertoli cell cAMP response to agents was the same in Sertoli cells cultured from testes undergoing testicular regression induced by either short photoperiod (ie, natural means), hypophysectomy, or cryptorchidy. That is, the ability of FSH to stimulate Sertoli cell cAMP accumulation was “restored” to levels indicative of Sertoli cells from an immature animal, whereas the response to cholera toxin, forskolin, or isoproterenol was not changed from the adult response. Although the mechanism of this specific restoration of FSH responsiveness of Sertoli cells from hamsters with regressed testes is not clear, the fact that it occurs in testes regressed by seemingly independent mechanisms may ultimately provide us with a model necessary to understand this phenomenon.
A case of angiosarcoma metastatic to bone marrow

Cutaneous angiosarcoma is rare and accounts for only around 1% of all sarcomas. It most commonly presents as a rapidly enlarging erythematous-to-violaceous patch on the head, neck or trunk. Many affected patients are elderly or have a preceding history of cancer, mastectomy, radiation or lymphedema. The prognosis for cutaneous angiosarcoma is generally poor, however, survival rates seem to vary substantially based on patient age and primary site of involvement. The most common sites of metastases from cutaneous angiosarcoma are the lungs, liver, spleen and brain. Metastasis of angiosarcoma to the bone marrow is exquisitely rare. We report the case of a 45-year-old woman without any classic risk factors who presented with primary cutaneous angiosarcoma of the upper back that subsequently metastasized to the bilateral breasts, liver, subcutaneous tissues, spine and bone marrow.
Compton Rockets: Radiative Acceleration of a Relativistic Fluid

Unless a plasma moves at relativistic bulk speeds, the Compton radiative lifetime for relativistic electrons near a luminous object is less than the transit time from the source. Acceleration by adiabatic decompression is too slow to preserve much of the electrons1 energy. However, the Compton-rocket thrust and the radiatively induced pressure gradient can accelerate a relativistic fluid to relativistic bulk speeds on a time scale comparable to that for radiative loss. Consequently, severe Compton losses are not only reduced by relativistic bulk motion, but can in fact effect such motion.
A New Spatial Optimization Perspective on the Delineation of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas

The current method for delineating U.S. metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas (collectively referred to as core-based statistical areas—CBSAs) is to cluster counties based on the strength of commuting interactions between outlying areas and urban cores. The social and economic integration of a metropolitan or a micropolitan statistical area is operationalized using what we believe is an outdated, monocentric perspective on functional spatial structure: one that fixates solely on inward and reverse commuting. We propose a new spatial optimization model for delineating CBSAs that can better account for polycentric urban structure by considering all intercounty commuting linkages. Our model seeks to find the boundaries that maximize the containment of entire webs of intra-CBSA intercounty commuting. We apply the proposed method to delineate alternative sets of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas for comparison with the federal government's currently defined (2010 Office of Management and Budget [OMB] standards) official CBSAs. El metodo actual para delimitar areas estadisticas micropolitanas y metropolitana en los Estados Unidos (denomidado genericamente areas estadisticos nucleares o core-statistical areas- CBSA) consiste en agrupar condados en base a la fuerza de las interacciones de los desplazamientos residencia-trabajo entre las zonas perifericas y los nucleos urbanos. La integracion social y economica de un area estadistica metro y micro politana se pone en operacion usando un enfoque funcional que los autores consideran obsoleto que se basa en una estructura espacial urbana monocentrica. Dicho enfoque se limita unicamente a los desplazamientos hacia el interior y de vuelta. Los autores proponen un nuevo modelo de optimizacion espacial para delinear CBSAs que respresenta mejor una estructura urbana policentrica que considera todos los desplazamientos entre condados. El modelo busca encontrar los limites que maximizan la inclusion de redes enteras de desplazamientos intra CBSA y entre condados. El metodo propuesto es aplicado para delinear conjuntos alternativos de areas estadisticas metropolitanas y micropolitanas y es comparado con los limites oficiales actuales de CBSA proporcionados por gobierno federal (de acuerdo a los lineamientos de la Oficina de Administracion y Presupuesto u Office of Management Budget-OMB) en 2010). 目前用于描述美国大都市区与居住区统计区域（共同地被称为基于核心的统计区域—CBSAs）的方法，主要是基于边远地区和城市核心区间的相互作用强度对郡县进行聚类。大都市区或居住区统计区域社会与经济一体化的运作方式，采用的是一种功能空间结构上落伍的单中心视角，即仅关注内部交换或反向交换。本文提出了一种新的空间优化模型用于描述CBSAs，将所有内部通勤联系考虑在内，能更好地解释多中心城市结构。该模型力图发现能最大化包含内部CBSA通勤联系网的边界。最后，将该模型应用于大都市区和居住区的统计区域描述，并与联邦政府目前定义的官方CBSAs（管理与预算 [OMB]标准2010办公室）进行了对比研究。
A Note on the Role of Dogs in Anglo-Saxon Society: Evidence from East Anglia

This paper examines the roles that dogs played in Anglo-Saxon (420–1066 CE) society in East Anglia, drawing on data from the Late Roman site of Icklingham and the Anglo-Saxon sites of West Stow, Brandon and Ipswich in Suffolk, England. The archaeological context of these dog finds is described, along with zooarchaeological data on dog sizes, ages at death and paleopathology. The data indicate that Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon dogs are less varied than Late Roman dogs. Ageing and paleopathological data indicate that the West Stow dogs, in particular, had hard lives. Early and Middle Saxon dogs from East Anglia were relatively large, with an estimated withers height of about 60 cm. They may have served as guard dogs and herding dogs. The West Stow dogs may also have been involved in hunting and fighting. Late Saxon dogs from Ipswich reveal an increasing morphological diversity, suggesting that they played multiple roles in Late Anglo-Saxon urban sites. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface Lab: a case-based interface design assistant

Studies have shown that software developers tend to use existing human-computer interfaces as examples while designing new interfaces. However, if the examples are poorly designed, or the tasks in the example are inconsistent with the tasks of the new interface, then using examples can be detrimental to the design of the interface. To alleviate the problem of using examples inappropriately, and to support good interface design practices, we are developing the concept of a case-based interface design assistant, called Interface Lab. Interface Lab is a design environment which uses user-centered design, an interface design methodology, as the context for retrieval of cases of interface examples. >
NOTE ON THE PERSONALITY TRAITS OF STUDENT NURSES

Srauffacher and Navran (1968) gave the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) to student nurses and found that personality factors are related to the type of nursing area chosen. George and Stephens (1968) found public health nurses showing greater need for Autonomy and Abasement in the EPPS, whereas, psychiatric nurses pIaced greater emphasis on Deference and Aggression. The present study assessed the personality of student nurses as measured by Jackson's (1967) Personality Research Form (PRF) with respect to possible differences with a more general srudent population. Ss were 80 freshman student nurses (RN) participating in a practical training program at Rochester State Hospital during 1965-66. All Ss received the PRF, Form AA. For the statistical analysis, t tests were computed between the means achieved by student nurses and norms for women in the test manual. Table 1 presents the 12 personality scales on which means for the nurses group and the normative group differed significantly (p f .05). Of the 21 mean differences, only one significant t test would be expected by chance. In comparison with the normative group, student nurses score higher in Harmavoidance, Nurturance, Order, and Desirability, but lower in Affiliation, Aggression, Autonomy, Change, Defendence, Dominance, Impulsivity, and Understanding.
Tumor promoters and diacylglycerol activate the Na+/H+ antiporter of sea urchin eggs.

Abstract Various tumor promoters (TPA, lyngbyatoxin and aplysiatoxin) and diacylglycerol induced cytoplasmic alkalinization of sea urchin eggs independently of intracellular Ca2+ release. This response stimulated protein synthesis and was blocked by amiloride or a lack of extracellular Na+, procedures which inhibit the Na + H + antiporter. These results suggest that the antiporter which is responsible for cytoplasmic alkalinization in sea urchin eggs is activated directly or indirectly by protein kinase C in a Ca2+-independent manner.
A novel calcium-sensitive potassium conductance is coupled to P2X3 subunit containing receptors in myenteric neurons of guinea pig ileum.

This study characterized P2X receptors in guinea pig ileum myenteric S neurons (n=112) in vitro using electrophysiological methods. ATP or α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-mATP), an agonist at P2X1 and P2X3 subunit containing receptors depolarized 95 neurons (85%). PPADS (10 μM) blocked ATP- and α,β-mATP-induced depolarizations. ATP-induced depolarizations and fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were reduced by TNP-ATP (10 μM), an antagonist that can block P2X3 receptors. Ivermectin (10 μM), a modulator of P2X4 and P2X4/6 receptors, had no effect on α,β-mATP-induced depolarizations. In 58% of neurons, the α,β-mATP induced-depolarization was followed by an afterhyperpolarization (P2X-afterhyperpolarization). Under voltage clamp, α,β-mATP induced an inward current followed by an outward current which reversed polarity at 0 and −80 mV, respectively. The P2X-afterhyperpolarization was reduced in low extracellular Ca2+ solutions. Blockers of large, intermediate and small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels or voltage-gated K+ channels did not inhibit the P2X-afterhyperpolarization. Half of the neurons exhibiting the P2X-afterhyperpolarization contained nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactivity (ir). In summary, NOS-ir S neurons express P2X3 subunit containing P2X receptors. P2X receptors couple to activation of a Ca2+-activated K+ conductance that mediates an afterhyperpolarization. As P2X receptors contribute to fEPSPs, the P2X-afterhyperpolarization may modulate S neuron excitability during purinergic synaptic transmission.
Agronomic Performance of Sugary-Brawn2 Maize: A Potential Additive for High-Protein Silage Production

(...) Our objective was to determine if su-Bn2 maize hybrids have acceptable yield, ear moisture levels, and stalk and root quality for on-farm grain production in the northern Corn Belt. Twenty su-Bn2 hybrids and two adapted dent hybrids were grown at three locations in Wisconsin in 1986 and 1987 (...)
Physicochemical interactions of praziquantel, oxamniquine and tablet excipients

— A differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectrophotometry study of potential interactions between oxamniquine and praziquantel, two synergistic anti-parasitic drugs, indicated that they did not interact on fusion. Mixtures of the two drugs with each of nine common pharmaceutical excipients (Ac-Di-Sol, Avicel, Crospovidone, calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, starch, lactose, PEG 6000, stearic acid) appeared to interact only with stearic acid. These results suggested that a combination solid dosage form was feasible.
On three-dimensionality of shelterbelt structure and its influences on shelter effects

Natural shelterbelts, unlike planar barriers, have a certain width, within which interactions among wind speed, drag force and pressure perturbations create a net sheltering effect. The variations of flow, drag force, permeability, and pressure perturbation for shelterbelts of different widths and different horizontal structures are numerically studied, and their influences on shelter efficiency are discussed. Comparisons are made of fourteen medium-dense shelterbelts, with the same overall leaf-area, that differ only in width or horizontal distribution of leaf-area density. The simulated results are consistent with both field observations and wind-tunnel measurements.
Globalization and Security

The pace of technological change is so fast that sometimes it seems the world will be completely different from one day to the next. Bill Gates
Pulmonary lesions in dogs and pigs exposed to a cloud of anthrax spores

Abstract Lesions in the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes of dogs and pigs exposed to an aerosol of anthrax spores were present though these animals did not develop systemic anthrax. The pulmonary lesions were discrete, intensely haemorrhagic, fibrinous and cellular. B. anthracis was recovered consistently from the lungs of these animals up to the thirteenth day after infection, but not from those killed on day 30.
Bivariate splines on hexagonal lattice for digital image processing

In this paper, the applications of multi-variable spline functions in the digital signal processing was investigated further. Several two-dimensional spline functions were constructed for hexagonal lattice. They are actually variation of bivariate cardinal splines on regular triangular partition that were constructed earlier. Those bivariate cardinal splines have a number of desirable features which make it applicable for image processing and other areas. One feature lies in the fact that the coefficients of the interpolation representations with bivariate cardinal splines are basically the sample data at the interpolation points. The interpolations converge uniformly to the function being interpolated as the sampling increment approaches zero. Compare to the popular tensor product with the same degree of smoothness, our bivariate cardinal splines has the same degree of accuracy with smaller local support, lower degree of the polynomials. Therefore it should lead to the reduction of computation time and storage space.
Adrenomyeloneuropathy: Increased accumulation of very long chain fatty acid in cultured skeletal muscle

Abstract Skeletal muscle cultures from a patient with the rare disease adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), challenged by the addition of an extra amount of docosanoic or hexacosanoic acid to the usual growth medium, accumulated much more of these fatty acids into several lipid classes than did control patient cultures. Triglycerides were particularly affected. These experiments are the first demonstrating an enhanced capacity of AMN cultured tissue to accumulate medium-derived fatty acids into cellular lipid. Cultured human skeletal muscle represents a new model system for evaluating the metabolic defect which results in the pathological accumulation of very-long-chain fatty-acids in AMN patients.
Carbon nanostructures: A morphological classification for charge density optimization

Abstract Nanostructured carbons offer great promise in numerous electrode applications due to their high surface area and area specific capacitance. With the growing importance of energy applications in particular, a need has emerged to characterize the various forms of activated and nanostructured carbons in the context of their electrochemical charge-storage capacity. However, the use of gravimetric or area specific capacitance can be uninformative or even misleading due to the critical role of exposed linear edge density on charge-transfer processes; edges exhibit approximately 20 × greater specific capacitance than basal planes. Thus, a more robust normalization is needed for materials that possess this extreme anisotropy. By classifying nanostructures based on linear edge density, a deeper understanding of materials performance can be obtained and a more informed comparison of nanostructures is enabled. This report provides a classification of carbon nanostructures based on the dimensional organization of their edge structures. Morphological benchmarks of the classification are provided, including a novel graphenated CNT hybrid which increases the linear edge density of nanostructured carbons by an order of magnitude. Geometric consideration of the dimensional nature of the edge organization enables quantification of the edge density per unit nominal area.
New sulfone electrolytes: Part II. Cyclo alkyl group containing sulfones

Abstract Three cyclopentyl group-containing sulfones, methylsulfonylcyclopentane (MSCP), methylsulfonylmethylcyclopentane (MSMCP), ethylsulfonylcyclopentane (ESCP), and two cyclo hexyl containing sulfone, ethylsulfonylcyclohexane (ESCH) and ethylsulfonyl-methylcyclohexane (ESMCH), were synthesized and characterized as the solvents for rechargeable lithium batteries. In favorable contrast with the model compound ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS), which has a melting point of 36.5 °C, four of the new sulfones have melting points below room temperature. The conductivities of 1 M lithium salt solutions in these liquids are, however, nearly one order of magnitude lower than for EMS, so they cannot serve where high currents are needed. Their electrochemical windows, however, are high >5.5 v vs. Li + /Li, as for EMS. A Li|graphite cell using these cycloalkyl group-containing sulfones as solvent could be cycled under much higher current densities than one using oligo ether-containing sulfones; however, the capacities dropped quickly with cycling. The Li|LiCr 0.015 Cr 1.985 O 4 was cycled under the lower current density of 0.15 mA cm −2 , and more than 60 mAh/g discharge capacity was maintained after 120 cycles with a coulomb efficiency around 0.86.
Relational Aggression of Girls in Treatment: A Challenge for Male Practitioners.

ABSTRACT This study examined the concept of relational aggression and its application to high-risk girls in treatment. Sixteen male practitioners from 9 different agencies serving young people were interviewed about their feelings and perceptions in working with female clients. The survey presents selected examples of manifestations of relational aggression and victimization related to the cross-gender therapeutic relationship. These examples expand upon traditional notions of the concept, which tended to focus on peer-to-peer relationships in the school setting. Implications for practice are discussed.
Motivation and Food Choice, the Effectiveness of the Laddering Technique

Abstract A primary challenge facing nutrition scientists is in understanding the sociobehavioral phenomena of eating behavior. Significant gaps remain both in the familiarity and application of sociobehavioral theory in nutrition research. The Laddering technique used in this study, is based on the Means-End Theory developed by Gutman. A sample of students participated in the pilot-test (n=26). The methodology used was a one-to-one interviewing technique during which, subjects were encouraged through a series of ‘why' questions to talk about the importance of their food choices. In a hierarchy of goals, this reveals how reasons/attributes of food choice are connected to consequences and to higher consequences, and values/goals. The resulting data were chains of sequences, linked by ‘means', and ‘ends'. In total 26 subjects mentioned 116 different goals (lower and higher level). The total number of chains was 163, with an average of five chains per person. On the average four links were found within each chain, the longest chain of sequence having eight links. An example of a chain is as follows; ‘Seasonal' (reason), to obtain ‘taste', gives ‘satisfaction', results in ‘personal happiness'. The most often mentioned higher level values/goals (or, "ends" as referred in the means-end theory) were; achievement, health & longevity, happiness, and friendship. The less abstract goals, or lower level goals (or, "means" as referred in the means-end theory) frequently mentioned were; satisfaction, mental alertness, avoid disease, physical appearance, sophistication, and avoid waste. The following were less often mentioned but interesting values found to motivate food choice; God, quality of life, world hunger, and independence. The uniqueness of this technique in the investigation of motivation, is that it allows the researcher to examine the relationship between goals and goal structures, and the direction and intensity of motivation. This technique may reveal culturally bound values and idiosyncrasies, and possible discrepancies between perceived and "true" consequence(s), related to motivation and food behavior. The potential for future use of this technique to investigate motivation in specific food-related behavior, may prove highly beneficial in understanding sociobehavioral phenomena. In addition, results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of adapting behavioral science theories and techniques in nutrition research.
Evidence for a regulatory role of CTP : choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in fetal lung following premature birth.

The sequence of reactions which function to incorporate choline into phosphatidylcholine was investigated in lung from fetuses following premature delivery. The rate of [methyl-14C]choline incorporation by rat lung slices into phosphatidylcholine increases following premature delivery at both 20 and 21 days gestation. The increase in choline incorporation is primarily due to an increased specific activity of phosphorylcholine resulting from a decreased pool size of phosphorylcholine. The decrease in the concentration of phosphorylcholine following premature delivery is apparently caused by an increased activity of cytidylyltransferase which leads to an increase in the conversion of phosphorylcholine to phosphatidylcholine. The total activity of choline kinase, cytidylyltransferase, cholinephosphotransferase and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase did not change significantly. However, the cytidylyltransferase activity in the microsome fraction increased following premature delivery at 20 and 21 days gestation. The amount of cytidylyltransferase in the H form in the cytosol fraction increased following premature delivery at 21 days gestation but not at 20 days gestation. The results are interpreted to indicate that the active form of cytidylyltransferase in lung cells is the membrane-bound enzyme and this form increases following birth resulting in an increased synthesis of phosphatidylcholine.
Isolation and characterization of the chicken cystatin-encoding gene: mapping transcription start point and polyadenylation sites

Abstract A 6.9-kb fragment containing coding sequences for chicken egg white cystatin (CsnEW) was isolated from a chicken genomic library using the CsnEW cDNA as a probe. The gene is approximately 2.4 kb in length; it contains three exons, two introns and two polyadenylation signals. The exon-intron arrangement corresponds exactly with those of other members of the Csn superfamily. The sequence of the 5' flanking region contains two SP1-binding sites and a high G + C content suggestive of a housekeeping gene. All tissues studied express CsnEW mRNA; Northern analysis showed that CsnEW mRNA levels are most abundant in lung and least abundant in liver and spleen. Mapping of the 3' end of the CsnEW mRNA isolated from brain tissue resolved two CsnEW mRNA species. The larger transcript resulting from the use of the second polyadenylation signal was more abundant than the smaller transcript. Determination of the transcription start point ( tsp ) of CsnEW mRNA by primer extension and RNase protection assays showed that CsnEW mRNA from a number of chicken tissues was approximately 40–50 nucleotides shorter than that predicted from the CsnEW cDNA isolated from chicken oviduct.
Mechanism of cellular uptake of a ruthenium polypyridyl complex

Transition metal complexes provide a promising avenue for the design of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, but the limited understanding of their cellular uptake is a roadblock to their effective application. Here, we examine the mechanism of cellular entry of a luminescent ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex, Ru(DIP)2dppz2+ (where DIP = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline and dppz = dipyridophenazine), into HeLa cells, with the extent of uptake measured by flow cytometry. No diminution of cellular uptake is observed under metabolic inhibition with deoxyglucose and oligomycin, indicating an energy-independent mode of entry. The presence of organic cation transporter inhibitors also does not significantly alter uptake. However, the cellular internalization of Ru(DIP)2dppz2+ is sensitive to the membrane potential. Uptake decreases when cells are depolarized with high potassium buffer and increases when cells are hyperpolarized with valinomycin. These results support passive diffusion of Ru(DIP)2dppz2+ into the cell.
CONSTRUCTING SALARY SCHEDULES

A spreadsheet program like Lotus 1–2–3 is perfect for computing an interrelated matrix of numbers, such as a salary schedule. It provides planners with the flexibility to conduct “what if …” analyses. In addition, its “lookup” function allows the planner to enter an employee's range and step and extract the relevant salary.
TBC1D3, a Hominoid-Specific Gene, Delays IRS-1 Degradation and Promotes Insulin Signaling by Modulating p70 S6 Kinase Activity

Insulin/IGF-1 signaling plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis through its control of glucose metabolism as well as due to its effects on cell proliferation. Aberrant regulation of insulin signaling has been repeatedly implicated in uncontrolled cell growth and malignant transformations. TBC1D3 is a hominoid specific gene previously identified as an oncogene in breast and prostate cancers. Our efforts to identify the molecular mechanisms of TBC1D3-induced oncogenesis revealed the role of TBC1D3 in insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway. We document here that TBC1D3 intensifies insulin/IGF-1-induced signal transduction through intricate, yet elegant fine-tuning of signaling mechanisms. We show that TBC1D3 expression substantially delayed ubiquitination and degradation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). This effect is achieved through suppression of serine phosphorylation at S636/639, S307 and S312 of IRS-1, which are key phosphorylation sites required for IRS-1 degradation. Furthermore, we report that the effect of TBC1D3 on IRS-1:S636/639 phosphorylation is mediated through TBC1D3-induced activation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), followed by suppression of T389 phosphorylation on p70 S6 kinase (S6K). TBC1D3 specifically interacts with PP2A regulatory subunit B56γ, indicating that TBC1D3 and PP2A B56γ operate jointly to promote S6K:T389 dephosphorylation. These findings suggest that TBC1D3 plays an unanticipated and potentially unique role in the fine-tuning of insulin/IGF-1 signaling, while providing novel insights into the regulation of tumorigenesis by a hominoid-specific protein.
Organophosphorus acid anhydrolase in slime mold, duckweed and mung bean: a continuing search for a physiological role and a natural substrate.

Recently, and for the first time, a diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP)-hydrolyzing enzyme, i.e. an organophosphorus acid anhydrolase (OPAA), has been reported in a plant-source. Based on this and other suggestive evidence, the ability of three plant sources and a protist to hydrolyze DFP and 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Soman) were tested, and the effects of Mn2+ and ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) on this activity. The plants are duckweed (Lemna minor), giant duckweed (Spirodela oligorhiza), and germinated mung bean (Vigna radiata); the protist is a slime mold (Dictyostelium discoidium). The tests are based on a crude classification of OPAAs as 'squid type' (DFP hydrolyzed more rapidly than Soman) and all of the others termed by us, with questionable justification, as 'Mazur type' (Soman hydrolyzed more rapidly than DFP). Of the two duckweeds, Spirodela oligorhiza hydrolyzes Soman but not DFP, and Lemna minor does not hydrolyze either substrate. In contrast to the report of Yu and Sakurai, mung bean does not hydrolyze DFP and hydrolyzes Soman with a 5-fold stimulation by Mn2+ and a marked inhibition by EDTA. The slime mold hydrolyzes Soman more rapidly than DFP (but does hydrolyze DFP) and the hydrolysis is Mn2+ stimulated. The failure of these plant sources to hydrolyze DFP is similar to the behavior of OPAA from Bacillus stearothermophilus.
Coagulation in chaotic flows.

We study coagulation in the flow field of a time-periodic deterministic chaotic flow and focus on the simplest case: point particles convected without diffusion and allowed to coagulate with probability 1 when the distance is less than d. An analysis of the underlying physics is presented. Under ``well-mixed'' conditions the system behaves as if the particles were moved by Brownian motion, and a simple kinetic model describes the main results. The poorly mixed case is considerably more complex. Spatial inhomogeneities result from competition between the rate of coagulation and mixing, and trapping and leaking of clusters due to Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser surfaces.
Heavy-mineral suites confirm the wide extent of the Peach Springs Tuff in California and Arizona, U.S.A.

The Peach Springs Tuff of Young and Brennan (1974) is a voluminous ash-flow tuff of early Miocene age that has been identified in western Arizona and the Mojave Desert of southeastern California. The tuff was recognized and described in the areas of Peach Springs and Kingman, Arizona, on the western Colorado Plateau by Young (1966), and Young and Brennan (1974). Glazner et al. (1986) and Wells and Hillhouse (1986) have recently proposed that the Peach Springs Tuff may correlate with ash-flow tuff occurring to the west across the Mojave Desert as far as the area of Barstow, California. If the correlation is correct, the Peach Springs Tuff would be the only Miocene unit of wide areal extent in this region and would cover an area of approximately 35,000 km 2. Thus, the Peach Springs Tuffwould be invaluable for use as a stratigraphic marker and for determining the timing and amount of Tertiary crustal extension. However, ash-flow tuffs are commonly difficult to correlate due to lateral and vertical variations in welding, mineralogy, and chemistry, complex depositional mechanisms, and other complicating factors (Hildreth and Mahood, 1985). Proposed identification of the Peach Springs Tuff over this extensive area has been based primarily on field relations such as its lower Miocene stratigraphic position, and phenocryst assemblage which includes abundant sanidine and lesser amounts of biotite, hornblende, plagioclase and sphene. Additional criteria used for correlation include phenocryst composition and paleomagnetic directions ( Glazner et al., 1986; Wells and Hillhouse, 1986). Inconsistent K-At dates from localities of the Peach Springs Tuff and its proposed equivalents have left nagging uncertainties regarding this correlation. The source of the tuff is not known. In addition, correlation of some localities has been uncertain because of limited and widely scattered outcrop preservation, and the varied stratigraphic relations of the tuff within the numerous isolated Tertiary stratigraphic sections. We report the results of a study of relative abundances of heavy minerals to characterize and distinguish ash-flow
A theoretical study of the lowest-energy singlet and triplet electronic states p-iminophosphaalkyne and nitrilimine

Abstract The equilibrium geometries and fundamental vibrational frequencies of the two energetically lowest-lying electronic states of p-iminophosphaalkyne (HCPNH) and nitrilimine (HCNNH) were determined using a split-valence basis set with polarization functions on the heavy atoms. The most extensively correlated functions used in the geometry optimizations were of the Complete Active Space Self-Consistent Field (CASSCF) variety and included eight electrons distributed among seven active orbitals for HCPNH and six active orbitals for HCNNH. The effects on predicted geometry of the size of the CASSCF active space were investigated for HCPNH and are reported. Multi-Reference Configuration Interaction with Single and Double excitations calculations have been performed at the equilibrium geometries using larger basis sets to determine more accurately the relative energetics of the electronic states. It was found that nitrilimine has the expected singlet ground state, with the triplet lying 38.5 kcal mol−1 higher in energy; however, p-iminophosphaalkyne has a triplet ground state, lying 9.7 kcal mol−1 below the singlet.
Assay of cysteine conjugate β-lyase activity with S-(2-benzothiazolyl)cysteine as the substrate

Cysteine conjugate β-lyases convert S-substituted cysteine conjugates to pyruvate, ammonia, and thiols. A simple assay for cysteine conjugate β-lyase activity was developed with S-(2-benzothiazolyl)cysteine as the substrate. The production of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole was measured by its intense absorbance at 321 nm in trichloroacetic acid-quenched reaction mixtures. The formation of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole was directly proportional to protein concentrations of 0.17 to 1.2 mg/ml with rat liver cytosol as the source of β-lyase activity. Production of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole was stoichiometric with pyruvate and was increased by addition of pyridoxal phosphate only at reaction times of 5 min or longer. The simplicity, sensitivity, and specificity of this procedure offer significant advantages over other methods for the assay of cysteine conjugate β-lyase activity.