cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein-protein interactions and glycerophospholipids in bromovirus and nodavirus RNA replication

The plant bromoviruses and animal nodaviruses are distinct groups of positive strand RNA viruses that have proven to be useful models for RNA replication studies. Bromoviruses encode two large proteins required for RNA replication: 1a contains domains implicated in helicase and capping functions, and 2a contains a central polymerase-like domain. Using immunoprecipitation and far-western blotting, we have now shown that la and 2a form a specific complex in vitro and have mapped the interacting domains. Molecular genetic data implicate the 1a–2a complex in RNA replication and suggest that it supports coordinate action of the putative helicase, polymerase, and capping domains. The locations of the interacting la and 2a domains have implications for replication models and the evolution of virus genomes bearing homologous replication genes in fused vs. divided forms. For the nodavirus Flock house virus (FHV), a true RNA replicase has been isolated that carries out complete, highly active replication of added FHV RNA, producing newly synthesized positive strand RNA in pre-dominantly ssRNA form. Positive strand RNA synthesis in this FHV cell-free system is strongly dependent on the addition of any of several glycerophospholipids. Positive strand RNA synthesis depends on the complete glycerophospholipid structure, including the polar head group and diacyl glycerol lipid portion, and is strongly influenced by acyl chain length.
Behavioral animation using an interactive network

Behavioral, or stimulus-response, control for computer animation refers to motion generation through the use of rules defining how objects react to their environment. This automatic approach removes the onus of detailed motion specification from the animator, and is particularly good for cases when the generalities but not the details of the desired motion are known. An important issue in behavioral control is the user-interface by which the rules are specified. This paper describes an interactive network approach for defining these rules. Objects are given sensors and effectors (motors), and the user interactively designs a mapping between them using nodes and connections.
“Reproducible” Research in Mathematical Sciences Requires Changes in our Peer Review Culture and Modernization of our Current Publication Approach

The nature of scientific research in mathematical and computational biology allows editors and reviewers to evaluate the findings of a scientific paper. Replication of a research study should be the minimum standard for judging its scientific claims and considering it for publication. This requires changes in the current peer review practice and a strict adoption of a replication policy similar to those adopted in experimental fields such as organic synthesis. In the future, the culture of replication can be easily adopted by publishing papers through dynamic computational notebooks combining formatted text, equations, computer algebra and computer code.
Case of Serotonin Syndrome Initially Presenting as Diffuse Body Pain

BACKGROUND Serotonin syndrome is a common yet potentially life-threatening condition caused by increased serotonergic activity, usually from serotonergic pharmaceutical agents. Primary features of serotonin syndrome include mental status changes, autonomic hyperactivity, and neuromuscular abnormalities. However, the presentation of serotonin syndrome is often quite variable, leading to its under-diagnosis. CASE REPORT A 50-year-old female with chronic kidney disease on peritoneal dialysis presented to the Emergency Department with severe, diffuse body pain. Over the course of her hospital stay, she developed severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea followed by hyperreflexia and inducible clonus. Laboratory studies were remarkable for elevated liver transaminases. Review of her medications revealed several serotonergic agents, including duloxetine, tramadol, and ondansetron. Given her symptoms and the multiple serotonergic agents she was taking, she was diagnosed with serotonin syndrome. Discontinuation of the serotonergic agents led to resolution of her symptoms over the course of 4 days. CONCLUSIONS Our patient's initial presentation of diffuse body pain highlights the variable presentation of serotonin syndrome. Our case also demonstrates the importance of recognizing serotonin syndrome, as the supportive ondansetron we gave to alleviate her nausea and vomiting likely exacerbated her serotonin syndrome.
The Role of APOE and TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease-Current Understanding and Perspectives.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. The extracellular deposits of Amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain—called amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles—intracellular tau aggregates, are morphological hallmarks of the disease. The risk for AD is a complicated interplay between aging, genetic risk factors, and environmental influences. One of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles—APOEe4, is the major genetic risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD). APOE is the primary cholesterol carrier in the brain, and plays an essential role in lipid trafficking, cholesterol homeostasis, and synaptic stability. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified other candidate LOAD risk loci, as well. One of those is the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which, in the brain, is expressed primarily by microglia. While the function of TREM2 is not fully understood, it promotes microglia survival, proliferation, and phagocytosis, making it important for cell viability and normal immune functions in the brain. Emerging evidence from protein binding assays suggests that APOE binds to TREM2 and APOE-containing lipoproteins in the brain as well as periphery, and are putative ligands for TREM2, thus raising the possibility of an APOE-TREM2 interaction modulating different aspects of AD pathology, potentially in an isoform-specific manner. This review is focusing on the interplay between APOE isoforms and TREM2 in association with AD pathology.
Paying Patients To Switch: Impact Of A Rewards Program On Choice Of Providers, Prices, And Utilization

Employers and insurers are experimenting with benefit strategies that encourage patients to switch to lower-price providers. One increasingly popular strategy is to financially reward patients who ...
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction on porous TiO2 synergistically promoted by atomic layer deposited MgO overcoating and photodeposited silver nanoparticles

Abstract In this work, a porous TiO2 photocatalyst derived from metal-organic framework MIL-125 was synthesized and tested for photocatalytic CO2 reduction with water. To improve the photocatalytic performance, innovative materials modifications were employed by decorating TiO2 with atomic layer deposited (ALD) MgO overcoating and photodeposited silver (Ag) nanoparticles at different orders: MgO deposition followed by Ag (i.e. Ag/MgO/TiO2), or Ag deposition followed by MgO (i.e. MgO/Ag/TiO2). The addition of Ag promoted transfer of photoinduced electrons, while the coating of an ultrathin MgO layer inhibited surface charge recombination and enhanced CO2 adsorption. The combination of MgO and Ag resulted in synergistic promotion on CO2 photoreduction greater than the sum of individual promotional effects. The Ag/MgO/TiO2 catalyst with 7 ALD-layers of MgO and 5% Ag was 14 times more active than the pristine TiO2 in terms of CO and CH4 production. In addition, the sequence of MgO/Ag decoration influenced the catalytic activity. The Ag/MgO/TiO2 catalysts were in general more active than the MgO/Ag/TiO2 counterparts, likely due to the different electron mobility and Ag nanoparticle distribution on the surface. This work for the first time reports the novel materials structure of ALD coated MgO and photodeposited Ag nanoparticles on TiO2, and it reveals the importance of optimizing materials morphology and structure to promote the catalytic activity.
"Is It Not Possible to Be a Radical and a Christian?": Dorothy Day's Evolving Relationship with the Patriarchal Norms of Journalism and Catholicism

Journalist and Catholic activist Dorothy Day demonstrated her values through both actions with radical groups outside the conventional structures and norms for women of her time at the beginning of...
Efficacy and safety of a novel antimicrobial preoperative skin preparation.

Objective Alternatives to skin preparation with conventional preoperative antiseptics are required because of adverse reactions and the potential emergence of resistance. Here, we present 2 phase 2 studies of ZuraGard (ZG), a novel formulation of isopropyl alcohol and functional excipients developed for preoperative skin antisepsis. Methods Microbial skin flora on abdominal and inguinal sites in healthy volunteers were quantitatively assessed following application of ZG versus a negative control (ZV) and a chlorhexidine/alcohol preparation, Chloraprep (CP). In trial 1, ZG administered for both recommended and abbreviated application times was compared with CP and ZV via bacterial reductions at 10 minutes, and 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours following application. In trial 2, the 10-minute postapplication responder rates (RRs) for ZG, participants with abdominal ≥2 log10 per cm2, and inguinal ≥3 log10 per cm2 reductions in colony-forming units (CFU) were compared to RRs of participants treated with CP. Results In trial 1, ZG at the recommended application time reduced mean bacterial counts by ~3.18 log10 CFU/cm2 and ~2.98 log10 CFU/cm2 at abdominal and inguinal sites, respectively. Qualitatively similar reductions were observed for the abbreviated ZG application time and all CP applications. Application of ZV was ineffective. In trial 2, 10-minute RRs for ZG and CP exceeded 90% at abdominal sites. At inguinal sites, RRs were 83.3% for ZG and 86.7% for CP. No skin irritation or other adverse events were observed. Conclusions ZG matched CP efficacy under these experimental conditions with immediate and persistent microbial reductions, including abbreviated application times. Further clinical studies of this novel preoperative antiseptic are merited.
Moore’s Open Question Maneuvering: A Qualified Defense

§13 of Principia Ethica contains G. E. Moore’s most famous open question arguments (OQAs). Several of Moore’s contemporaries defended various forms of metaethical nonnaturalism—a doctrine Moore himself endorsed—by appeal to OQAs. Some contemporary cognitivists embrace the force of Moore’s OQAs against metaethical naturalism. And those who posit noncognitivist meaning components of ethical terms have traditionally used OQAs to fuel their own emotivist, prescriptivist, and expressivist metaethical programs. Despite this influence, Moore’s OQAs have been ridiculed in recent decades. Their deployment has been labeled “accident prone,” “simple to dismiss,” and just plain invalid. Critics accuse Moore of begging the question. Others argue that his OQAs founder upon the paradox of analysis. And still others argue that Moore’s open question argumentation is incompatible with the Kripke–Putnam causal theory of reference and thus it “simply fails; it is bankrupt”. I aim to show that there is something of continuing value in Moore’s open question efforts. I present and criticize Nicholas Sturgeon’s influential interpretation of Moore’s OQAs as a means to motivate and explicate my own interpretation of Moore’s thoughts in §13 of Principia Ethica. I then articulate the role that OQAs are intended to play in Moore’s overall argumentative strategies to undermine metaethical naturalism and thereby provide some theoretical support for metaethical nonnaturalism. Finally, I attend to the most prominent objections to Moore’s theorizing and attempt to evaluate the extent to which Moore’s efforts are successful. My hope is to display both the promising portions of Moore’s metaethical argumentation in Principia Ethica as well as its limitations.
Supervisor Variance in Psychotherapy Outcome in Routine Practice: A Replication:

This study is a replication of Rousmaniere et al., in which no differences in client outcome between supervisors were found and few differences in client outcome due to either degree level or exper...
Outcomes of Heart Transplantation in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease Since UNOS Allocation System Change: UNOS Registry Analysis

Purpose Outcomes in cardiac transplantation (HT) in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) with the UNOS registry are well defined. The UNOS allocation system prioritized patients with CHD and created greater clarity regarding upgrading listing urgency based on exception status for this group. We sought to examine the wait list times and post-HT outcomes in this population since the implementation of the new allocation system and compare them to outcomes prior to this change. Methods Patients with CHD who had undergone HT 6 months prior to the change in UNOS allocation system (N=144) and patients with CHD who had undergone HT in the 6 months since the implementation of the new system (N=61) were identified. Variables including age, sex, diabetes status, ethnicity, ischemic time, dialysis, life support measures, and days on waiting list were used for multivariate Cox regression analysis comparing outcomes 6 months before and after UNOS change in allocation system. Results The pre-UNOS change group had more patients with diabetes (p=0.013). Median time on the wait list was significantly lower following the policy change (35 days vs. 67 days,p Conclusion Compared to pre-UNOS change in allocation system, CHD patients in the new UNOS allocation system have decreased waiting list time but increased mortality. Further study is warranted to better understand these disparities in transplant outcomes since implementation of the new UNOS allocation system.
The palliative care needs of lung transplant candidates

Background Little is known about the palliative care needs of patients awaiting lung transplantation. The aim of this study was to describe these needs in patients undergoing evaluation for or awaiting lung transplantation. Methods Cross-sectional survey using an adapted version of the Needs at the End-of-life Screening Tool (NEST-13) at a US-based transplant program. Results Among the 111 participants, 83.5% were White, 60.0% were female, and almost three-quarters had either restrictive or obstructive lung disease. The greatest palliative care needs included difficulty being physically active (mean: 7.9/10; SD: 2.6; median: 9.0), physical symptoms (mean: 7.4/10; SD: 2.6; median: 8.0), missing work due to illness (mean: 6.2/10; SD: 4.0; median: 8.0), and concerns that life might end (mean: 5.1/10; SD: 3.6; median: 5.0). Participants reported that religious/spiritual beliefs contribute to their sense of purpose (mean: 4.1/10; SD: 3.9) but had few unmet needs in this area (mean: 0.9/10; median: 0.0). Only 6.4% reported seeing a palliative care specialist, and 48.2% were unsure what a palliative care specialist is. Conclusion There are substantial palliative care needs among lung transplant candidates, particularly physical symptoms and end-of-life concerns. These findings support integrating palliative care and end-of-life discussions in the management of lung transplant candidates.
Aiming the magic bullet

Coadministration of antibody-drug conjugates with the parent antibody improves delivery to solid tumor beds.
Development of Critical Psychology

This precis locates critical psychology in the discourse of critical theory. The precis reflects on historical and social events that shaped decolonization, postcolonialism, and globalization and identifies a relationship between them. The precis proposes that critical psychology must now find ways to enrich policy with research if it is to better serve social justice.
Characterizing preschooler's outdoor physical activity: The comparability of schoolyard location- and activity type-based approaches

Abstract Understanding the context of children's schoolyard activity can inform approaches by which to increase physical activity participation. Two major approaches exist for assessing this context- based on location or activity type. Location-based methods (e.g., Global Positioning Systems) may miss variations in activity type if children participate in multiple types of activities in each location (e.g., children engage in something other than playing with sand in a sandbox). Activity-type based methods for contextualizing activity (e.g., Observational System for Recording Physical Activity in Children, OSRAC) capture activity type, but not location, and children might participate in the same type(s) of activities in multiple schoolyard locations. The purpose of this study was to compare location- vs activity type-based approaches to characterizing children's schoolyard behavior. Preschoolers' (N = 50) schoolyard location and activity type (based on OSRAC) were video-coded and matched with physical activity monitor data (counts/s) for 1 outdoor period (~43 min). The results showed that multiple activities occurred within each location (median = 5), but the predominant activity typically matched the expected activity type (e.g., 66.9% fixed equipment play in the fixed equipment location). Children spent the majority of their time in open space (type or location; 37.6%–48.9%), but there were differences in the setting that promoted the most physical activity (teacher arranged type, but fixed equipment location). Activity types elicited varying physical activity levels depending on location (e.g., open space activities in open spaces vs on paths: 40.9 vs 60.7 counts/s). Activity type- and location-based approaches provide some similar, but potentially additive information about schoolyard behavior, which is an important methodological consideration for future studies.
Association of Maternal Immune Activation during Pregnancy and Neurologic Outcomes in Offspring

Objective To evaluate neurologic morbidity among offspring during their first year of life in association with prenatal maternal immune activation (MIA), using an inclusive definition. Study design This retrospective cohort study included singletons born in California between 2011 and 2017. MIA was defined by International Classification of Diseases diagnosis of infection, autoimmune disorder, allergy, asthma, atherosclerosis, or malignancy during pregnancy. Neurologic morbidity in infants was defined by International Classification of Diseases diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, seizures, abnormal neurologic examination, or abnormal neurologic imaging. Outcomes of delayed developmental milestones during the first year of life were also explored. Risk of neurologic morbidity in offspring was approximated for women with and without MIA using log link binary regression. Results Demographic characteristics among 3 004 166 mother-infant dyads with or without MIA were similar in both groups. Rate of preterm delivery in mothers with MIA (9.4%) was significantly higher than those without MIA (5.6%). Infants of mothers with MIA were more likely to experience neurologic morbidities across all gestational ages. Adjusted relative risk (95% CI) in the exposed infants was 2.0 (1.9-2.1) for abnormal neurologic examination; 1.6 (1.5-1.7) for seizures, and 1.6 (1.4-1.8) for periventricular leukomalacia. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that MIA during pregnancy may be associated with considerably higher risk of neurologic morbidity in offspring.
Assessment of a multi-center tele-urgent care program to decrease emergency department referral rates in the Veterans Health Administration:

The use of emergency departments for non-emergent issues has led to overcrowding and decreased the quality of care. Telemedicine may be a mechanism to decrease overutilization of this expensive res...
Emission of fluorescence at an interface.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the classical-optical effects and the emission properties as they might be observed through a microscope, with particular attention to the bare-glass/water and metal film-coated glass/water interfaces. The results suggest some practical experiments that take advantage of the special optical effects at surfaces. These experiments include deducing the relative concentration of fluorophore as a function of distance from the surface, quenching unwanted background fluorescence from fluorophores nonspecifically adsorbed to a substrate, and optimizing the collection of fluorescence by a microscope objective. The presence of the surface affects several aspects of the fluorescence, including its intensity, angular distribution, quantum yield, and lifetime. The effects referred are not quantum chemical––that is, effects upon the orbitals or states of the fluorophore in the presence of any static fields associated with the surface rather, the effect is classical optical––that is, effects on the electromagetic field generated by a classical oscillating dipole in the presence of an interface among any media with dissimilar refractive indices.
Interpretive Independence: The Irrelevance of Judicial Selection and Retention Methods to State Statutory Interpretation

Examining the relationship between the legislature and the judiciary in the statutory interpretation process on the state level illuminates a positive theory of common law courts’ independence. This article presents new empirical work that suggests a legislature’s attempt to codify the way in which a court interprets statutes has little influence over a judiciary’s sense of institutional independence. Moreover, neither the method of selection or retention of the judges, their term lengths, the method prescribed by statute, nor the type of claim being litigated correlates with the judiciary’s reception of the statutes codifying methods of interpretation. These findings have a few implications. First, the data shows judicial pushback to legislative interpretive directives at a fairly consistent rate regardless of selection and retention methods. In other words, all types of judicial selection and retention methods seem to share this type of institutional judicial independence. Second, while institutional ownership over interpretation appears unified across many variables like method of judicial selection, retention, term length, and type of claim; methodological choice in any given case is quite flexible, as shown by the trend of methodological disagreement in all states. Statutory interpretation is made up of both institutional and methodological components; institutionally the interpretive exercise appears firm, while methodologically it is flexible.
English-German Cross-Language Retrieval for the GIRT Collection - Exploiting a Multilingual Thesaurus.

Abstract : For TREC-8, the Berkeley experiments concentrated on the special GIRT collection. We utilized the GIRT thesaurus in multiple ways in working on English-German Cross-Language IR. Since the GIRT collection is truly multilingual (documents contain both German and English text), one would expect multilingual queries to achieve the best performance. This proved not to be the case.
Online and offline gaming social preferences of students

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the self-reported demographic characteristics of high school students that play games online and their social preferences when playing offline and online. Adolescents are using communication tools while playing games to meet new people, learn new strategies, and maintain friendships. Online gaming is partially fulfilling the adolescent's social and learning needs. This study found the average participant played video games less than one hour a day, identifying them as casual gamers. Participants preferred to play online games and to play collaboratively with other people rather than playing alone or against the computer. This study was designed to be a starting point for understanding how students interact when playing games and how this type of engagement can be transferred to learning situations and inform the design of educational games.
Degradation of Basement Membrane Components by Vascular Endothelial Cells: Role in Neovascularization

A retina-derived substance (or substances) has been identified that stimulates vascular endothelial cells to degrade three structural components of basement membrane: type IV collagen, fibronectin and laminin. In basement membrane surrounding existing blood vessels, endothelial cells stimulated in this way can presumably migrate through the resulting gaps and form new vascular sprouts. These events may therefore represent the earliest steps in the formation of new blood vessels.
Yield Strength, Slip Systems and Deformation Induced Phase Transition of San Carlos Olivine Up to the Transition Zone Pressure at Room Temperature

Controlled deformation experiments on single-crystal San Carlos olivine have been conducted in the diamond anvil cell to a confining pressure of 16 GPa at room temperature. The tensorial stress states of the samples were determined using ruby spectroscopy, and yield strengths of San Carlos olivine have been determined to 20 GPa. Results appear independent of the load directions, and are in general agreement with the previous measurements within the experimental uncertainties. Transmission electron microscopy on the recovered samples indicates that plastic deformation is associated with high dislocation density, twinning, and stacking disorder. At room temperature, samples were partially transformed to a high-pressure phase, whose diffraction patterns can be indexed as the b-phase. The transformation is proposed to be induced by the plastic deformation. The result may have implications on the stability of cold olivine within subducted slabs.
Incidence etiology and impact of diarrhea among long-term travelers (US military and similar populations): A systematic review.

To determine regional estimates of pathogen-specific prevalence and incidence, as well as, describe morbidity associated with diarrhea among deployed US military and similar populations, a systematic review was conducted for publications between January 1990 to June 2005. Point estimates and confidence intervals of pathogen prevalence and travelers' diarrhea incidence were combined in a random effects model and assessed for heterogeneity. In total, 262 studies were identified for potential inclusion, of which 52 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Overall, 38% were from the Middle East, 29% from Southeast Asia, 27% from Latin America/Caribbean, and 6% from sub-Saharan Africa. Median duration of travel was 1.5 months (interquartile range, 1-3 months). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter, and Shigella were identified as causing 38-45% of diarrhea, with regional and population differences. Incidence based on self-report was higher than studies using passive surveillance or clinic-based methods (29 versus 7 versus 6 episodes per 100 person-months, respectively) without regional differences.
Efficient computation of smoothing splines via adaptive basis sampling

SUMMARY Smoothing splines provide flexible nonparametric regression estimators. However, the high computational cost of smoothing splines for large datasets has hindered their wide application. In this article, we develop a new method, named adaptive basis sampling, for efficient computation of smoothing splines in super-large samples. Except for the univariate case where the Reinsch algorithm is applicable, a smoothing spline for a regression problem with sample size n can be expressed as a linear combination of n basis functions and its computational complexity is generally O(n 3 ). We achieve a more scalable computation in the multivariate case by evaluating the smoothing spline using a smaller set of basis functions, obtained by an adaptive sampling scheme that uses values of the response variable. Our asymptotic analysis shows that smoothing splines computed via adaptive basis sampling converge to the true function at the same rate as full basis smoothing splines. Using simulation studies and a large-scale deep earth core-mantle boundary imaging study, we show that the proposed method outperforms a sampling method that does not use the values of response variables.
Lycopene Supplementation Prevents Smoke-Induced Changes in p53, p53 Phosphorylation, Cell Proliferation, and Apoptosis in the Gastric Mucosa of Ferrets

Cigarette smoking increases the risk for gastric cancer. Higher intakes or blood levels of lycopene are associated with a decreased risk of gastric cancer. However, the biological mechanisms by which lycopene may protect against gastric carcinogenesis are poorly understood. We evaluated the effects of lycopene supplementation on smoke-induced changes in protein levels of p53, p53 target genes (p21(Waf1/Cip1) and Bax-1), cell proliferation, and apoptosis in the gastric mucosa of ferrets. Ferrets were assigned to cigarette smoke exposure or to no exposure and to no, low-dose, or high-dose lycopene supplementation (2 x 3 factorial design) for 9 wk. Lycopene concentrations were significantly elevated in a dose-dependent manner in the gastric mucosa of ferrets supplemented with lycopene alone, but were markedly reduced in ferrets supplemented with lycopene and exposed to smoke. Although ferrets were given lycopene containing 95% all-trans isomers, cis isomers were the predominant forms in the gastric mucosa. Total p53 and phosphorylated p53 levels were greater in ferrets exposed to smoke alone than in all other groups. Levels were approximately 300 and 500% of the controls, respectively. However, smoke-elevated total p53 and phosphorylated p53 were markedly attenuated by both doses of lycopene. p21(Waf1/Cip1), Bax-1, and cleaved caspase 3 were substantially decreased, whereas cyclin D1 and proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) were increased in ferrets exposed to smoke alone. Lycopene prevented smoke-induced changes in p21(Waf1/Cip1), Bax-1, cleaved caspase 3, cyclin D1, and PCNA in a dose-dependent fashion. These data indicate that lycopene may prevent smoke exposure-induced changes in p53, p53 phosphorylation, p53 target genes, cell proliferation, and apoptosis in the gastric mucosa of ferrets.
High temperature Ir segregation in Ir–B ceramics: effect of oxygen presence on stability of IrB2 and other Ir–B phases

The formation of IrB2, IrB1.35, IrB1.1 and IrB monoboride phases in the Ir–B ceramic nanopowder was confirmed during mechanochemical reaction between metallic Ir and elemental B powders. The Ir–B phases were analysed after 90 h of high energy ball milling and after annealing of the powder for 72 h at 1050°C in vacuo. The iridium monoboride (IrB) orthorhombic phase was synthesised experimentally for the first time and identified by powder X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the ReB2 type IrB2 hexagonal phase was also produced for the first time and identified by high resolution transmission electron microscope. Ir segregation along disordered domains of the boron lattice was found to occur during high temperature annealing. These nanodomains may have useful catalytic properties.
Metabolic consequences of phenotypic plasticity in the coral Madracis mirabilis (Duchassaing and Michelotti): the effect of morphology and water flow on aggregate respiration

Abstract Phenotypic plasticity has been documented in a number of reef coral species for a variety of morphological traits, but its ecological importance is not well understood. In the branching coral Madracis mirabilis (Duchassaing and Michelotti) spacing among branches varies across environmental gradients and in general is inversely related to the rate of water movement. This polymorphism is due in part to variation in branch diameter which is phenotypically plastic in this species. Branch spacing can affect biomechanical processes such as the surface roughness of aggregated branches and flow dynamics within an aggregate, both of which could affect colony metabolism. We examined the metabolic consequences of variation in branch spacing and flow speed on small M . mirabilis aggregates to determine if plasticity for this trait could be beneficial. The dark respiration of aggregates with different amounts of branch spacing was measured under three flow speeds (3.1, 4.7 and 8.4 cm s −1 ) in respiration chambers. Aggregates with the greatest branch spacing had the highest respiration rates in all three flow conditions and the respiration of each morphology increased with flow speed. Increased branch spacing may decrease the thickness of the diffusive boundary layer, thereby maintaining mass transport and hence high respiration rates in low flow. This and previous studies suggest that phenotypically plastic branch spacing may represent an important adaptation in M . mirabilis , enabling aggregates to tolerate a variety of flow conditions.
Effect of substance P, insulin-like growth factor-1 and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on corneal re-epithelialization in galactosemic rats.

PURPOSE. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of topical application of substance P (SP), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on corneal r...
New Low Temperature Phases of Tungsten Oxynitride Stabilized by Doping with Fe, Co, and Ni

Several low temperature tungsten-containing oxynitride phases were isolated and stabilized by doping with Fe, Co, and Ni. These Phases have the rocksalt structure and form around 420 °C by reacting MWO 4 (M=Fe, Co, Ni) with dry ammonia. They served as intermediates in the formation of the hexagonal ternary nitrides (MWN 2 ). X-ray powder diffraction analyses of these phases indicate that W 0.62 (NO) could be the parent structure type in each case. The incorporation of group VIIIB elements in the W 0.62 (NO) structure may play an important role in the formation and stabilization of these low temperature phases.
Efficacy of alcohol interventions for first-year college students: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use established during the first-year of college can result in adverse consequences during the college years and beyond. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated the efficacy of interventions to prevent alcohol misuse by first-year college students. METHOD: Studies were included if the study reported an individual- or group-level intervention using a randomized controlled trial, targeted 1st-year college students, and assessed alcohol use. Forty-one studies with 62 separate interventions (N = 24,294; 57% women; 77% White) were included. Independent raters coded sample, design, methodological features, and intervention content. Weighted mean effect sizes, using fixed- and random-effects models, were calculated. Potential moderators, determined a priori, were examined to explain variability in effect sizes. RESULTS: Relative to controls, students receiving an intervention reported lower quantity and frequency of drinking and fewer problems (d+s = 0.07-0.14). These results were more pronounced when the interventions were compared with an assessment-only control group (d+s = 0.11-0.19). Intervention content (e.g., personalized feedback) moderated the efficacy of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral interventions for 1st-year college students reduce alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Interventions that include personalized feedback, moderation strategies, expectancy challenge, identification of risky situations, and goal-setting optimize efficacy. Strategies to prevent alcohol misuse among first-year students are recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Growth response and nutrient uptake by forage crops under effluent irrigation

Abstract The forage crops corn (Zea Mays), sorghum‐sudangrass (Sorghum Vulgare Pers. x Sorghum sundanese stapf.), and kenaf (Hybiscus cannabinus L.) were irrigated with municipal effluent at rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm/week on Lakeland fine sand. Plant samples were collected weekly from each plot to measure green weight, dry matter, and nitrogen content. From these data crop nitrogen (kg/ha) was calculated for each week. Finally, uptake of nitrogen was calculated to determine efficiency of nitrogen recovery from the effluent as the crops matured. In all cases efficiency of uptake decreased with increasing application rates, as expected from fertility studies. For corn, efficiency of uptake continued to increase up to harvest. For sorghum‐sudangrass and kenaf a peak was reached at about 50 days after planting, after which efficiency of uptake declined rapidly.
An Empirical Investigation into the Components of Long-Term Municipal Bond Yields

The exemption from federal taxation also distinguishes municipals from corporate debt. Miller (Journal of Finance, 1977) argues that a tax-arbitrage opportunity would force the municipal’s yield to equal the yield on a taxable bond of similar risk and maturity multiplied by one minus the corporate income tax rate. But Miller’s hypothesis has not been borne out empirically, especially for longterm maturities where spreads are lower than that anticipated by
Testing couplings of three vector bosons through hadron collisions at Fermilab Tevatron energy.

A test for vector-boson trilinear couplings through hadron collisions at Fermilab Tevatron energy is investigated. The contributions from the standard model to the polarization cross section for ${W}^{+}$${W}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ pair production process are given and deviations from the standard model are considered. It is pointed out that some effects may be observable in Tevatron collider experiments.
In Vivo Antagonism with Zidovudine plus Stavudine Combination Therapy

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects receiving zidovudine were randomized either to add stavudine (d4T) or didanosine (ddI) to their current regimen or to switch to ddI or d4T monotherapy. After 16 weeks of therapy, the mean reduction in HIV RNA from baseline was 0.14 log(10) copies/mL in patients receiving d4T or zidovudine plus d4T. In subjects receiving ddI or ddI plus zidovudine, reductions were 0.39 and 0.56 log(10), respectively. CD4 cell counts remained stable or showed modest increases in all arms except the zidovudine plus d4T arm. Patients receiving zidovudine plus d4T showed progressive declines in CD4 cell counts with a median of 22 cells/mm(3) below baseline by 16 weeks. Examination of intracellular levels of d4T-triphosphate in 6 subjects was consistent with previous in vitro studies demonstrating pharmacologic antagonism between zidovudine and d4T. Analysis of these data suggests that zidovudine and d4T should not be prescribed in combination and that ddI provides greater antiviral activity than d4T in zidovudine-treated patients.
Eggs and eggshell fragments from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana

The association of eggshell with embryonic remains and nestbound hatchlings in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Two Medicine Formation of Western Montana allows us to positively correlate eggshell ...
Myth, national identity, and the contemporary tourism site: the case of Amalienborg and Frederiksstaden

The Amalienborg Palaces and surrounding district of Frederiksstaden are among the sites in Copenhagen marked as ‘must see’ by Danish tourism authorities. Yet, an analysis of its tourism-related materials (guidebooks, websites, and brochures) does not provide sufficient context to understand its national significance. A hierarchical semiotic analysis, inspired by Barthes' concept of myth, suggests that in order to understand the deeper relationships of tourism sites to national identity, we cannot examine them simply as a product of the present-day tourism industry. Rather, we must consider the ideologies and rituals that always already constitute their significance in order to assess why places become marked as tourism sites.
Measurements and modeling of the output polarization of Er-doped fiber lasers

We report a new theoretical study of the effects of anisotropic erbium dipoles on the polarization of Er-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs), as well as measurements of the polarization of EDFLs made of a polarization-maintaining fiber. Convenient closed-form expressions are presented for the gain of a signal polarized either parallel or perpendicular to the pump. These results are used to interpret the polarization behavior of our EDFLs, stressing the effects of pump orientation, fiber length, and cavity Q. We identify in particular operating conditions that produce a fiber laser with either a linearly polarized output or equal power in both polarizations.
Synthesis of substituted aryltrimethylstannanes by the reaction of trimethylstannylsodium with aryl bromides

Abstract The preparation of substituted aryltrimethylstannanes by the reaction of aryl bromides with trimethylstannylsodium in tetraglyme has been studied. Among the substituents present on the aromatic rings were bromine, chlorine, amino, formyl, acetyl and methoxycarbonyl. Factors affecting the success of these and other preparations are discussed in terms of a previously proposed mechanism involving the formation of arylsodium and bromotrimethylstannane as intermediates. These can react with each other in the solvent cage in which they are formed, or after diffusion into the bulk of the solvent. Side reactions can occur by reaction of the arylsodium with functional substituents.
Sustained correction of disease in naive and AAV2-pretreated hemophilia B dogs: AAV2/8-mediated, liver-directed gene therapy

Adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8), a new member of the AAV family isolated from nonhuman primates, is an attractive candidate for hepatic gene transfer applications because of 10- to 100-fold improved transduction efficiency in mouse liver models. Additionally, AAV8 has lesser frequency of pre-existing immunity in humans. These properties could solve some of the problems associated with AAV2 vectors. The benefits of AAV8 demonstrated in mouse models, however, have not been confirmed in larger animals. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy and safety of AAV2/8 vector in both naive and AAV2-pretreated hemophilia B dogs. Two naive hemophilia B dogs that received a single intraportal administration of AAV2/8 vector have achieved sustained expression of 10% and 26% of normal levels of canine factor IX (cFIX) for more than a year. In an AAV2-pretreated hemophilia B dog, cFIX expression increased from less than 1% to 16% of normal levels when treated with an AAV2/8 vector, and a high level of expression has lasted for more than 2 years. No significant liver toxicity or cFIX-specific antibodies have been detected in these animals. Studies here have demonstrated the safety and improved efficacy of AAV2/8 vector in large-animal models for liver-directed gene therapy.
Cation transport at 25°c from binary Tl+Mn+ and K+Mn+ nitrate mixtures in a H2OCHCl3H2O liquid membrane system containing a series of macrocyclic polyether carriers

Abstract Carrier-mediated cation fluxes were determined using a H 2 OCHC1 3 H 2 O liquid merebrane system for TlNO 3 and for binary mixtures of either TlNO 3 or KNO 3 with alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, and Pb 2+ (in the case of TlNO 3 ). Both macrocyclic polyether and cryptand ligands were used as carriers. In Tl + M n + mixtures, selective transport of Tl + was found over all cations studied, except in the cases of Ag + by 2.2 and of Pb 2+ by 18C6, DC18C6, ClDKP18C6, and 2.2. Generally, K + was transported selectively from K + M n+ mixtures, except in the cases of K + Tl + mixtures in which Tl + was transported selectively in all cases. A model relating cation flux to log K (CH 3 OH) for M n + —macrocycle interaction and to ion-partitioning between the organic and aqueous phases was successful in rationalizing selective cation transport in most of the systems studied.
Shoulder impingement in front-crawl swimming: II. Analysis of stroking technique.

YANAI, T. and JAMES G. HAY. Shoulder impingement in front-crawl swimming: II. analysis of stroking technique. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 30–40, 2000.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the technical causes of shoulder impingement experienced by front-crawl swimmers.Me
Unification of electromagnetic and thermal analyses to determine losses and temperature distribution in a slot-embedded conductor

Abstract In this paper, a unified approach to solving combined/coupled electromagnetic and steady state heat conduction problems is described. The technique is illustrated by application to an illustrative slot embedded conductor problem in electrical machines carrying a.c. current. An integrated finite element software package used in this analysis entitled GE2D is described. The results obtained are illustrated by means of magnetic flux and isothermal plots.
Autoradiographic demonstration of ocular-dominance columns in the monkey striate cortex by means of transneuronal transport.

In the past few years the technique of mapping pathways in the central nervous system by anterograde axoplasmic transport of radioactive molecules has come into wide use and is now an important supplement to Nauta degeneration methods e,6,1°,13. Several investigatorsa,3,v,9,12 have noted radioactive substances in the postsynaptic ceils, which suggests that these cells take up labeled material released from the terminals 1,3,7. Grafstein 4 was the first to explore the possibility of tracing a pathway beyond the terminals of the initially labeled cells, by examining also the projections of the recipient postsynaptic neurons. By radiochemical measurements and by autoradiography, it was shown that after injection of [3H]proline and [aH]fucose into one eye of a mouse the contralateral striate cortex was more heavily labeled than the ipsilateral, and that the label was concentrated in layer IV 5,14. In the macaque monkey the geniculostriate pathway terminates in a very dense, highly localized manner, mainly in layer IV C. Furthermore, projections from the 2 eyes end in a characteristic alternating stripe-like pattern of oculardominance columns s. It occurred to us that if radioactive substances were transported transneuronally, injection of labeled material into one eye followed by autoradiography of the cortex might reveal the entire system of ocular-dominance columns. For the autoradiographic study of transneuronal transport in the primate visual system, 50/~1 of a saline solution containing L-[6-3H]fucose (2.5 mCi/ml, 13.4Ci/ mmole) and L-[3H]proline (7.5 mCi/ml, generally labeled, 6.8 Ci/mmole) was injected into the vitreous of the left eye ofa 3 kg normal Rhesus macaque. This injection was repeated 5 times at 12 h intervals (total dose 3.0 mCi). The animal was perfused with 10 ~ formalin 3 weeks after the initial injection. The lateral geniculate nucleus was cut into 20 #m frozen sections, and the striate cortex was embedded in paraffin and cut into 15/~m sections. The sections were coated with Ilford K5 emulsion, left in the dark for 2-4 months and developed in Dektol. Sections were counter-stained with thionin. In the lateral geniculate nucleus all layers receiving projections from the injected eye were strongly labeled (Fig. l A and B). The other layers showed grain counts higher than background, perhaps partly because of fibers of passage from the retina,