cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Précis of The Red and the Real: An Essay on Color Ontology

The Red and the Real is aimed at understanding what kinds of properties the colors are. It offers two (compatible) answers. The first, whose elaboration and defense occupies Parts I and II, is that colors are relational properties — properties constituted in terms of relations to subjects and perceptual circumstances. The second, developed in Part III, is that the particular relational properties to which colors are identical are functional roles: viz., that colors are identical with the functional roles of disposing their bearers to look colored to subjects in circumstances. In this precis I outline the main positions and arguments of the book.
Thermochemical Behavior of Gallium in Weapons-Material-Derived Mixed-Oxide Light Water Reactor (LWR) Fuel

The use of weapons-derived plutonium in light water reactor (LWR) fuel must consider the effects of up to 1 mass% of gallium that is used in weapons plutonium alloy. The potential effects of this residual gallium have been examined for 5% PuO2-95% UO2 from a thermochemical standpoint. The state and effect of gallium in the fuel are predicted, based on the oxygen potential of the fuel and the effects of burn-up. The possibility of vapor-phase transport of gallium to the fuel clad and potential interaction with the clad also is assessed.
Chapter 6 – TRITIUM-RELATED MATERIALS PROBLEMS IN FUSION REACTORS*

Pressing materials problems that must be solved before tritium can be used to produce energy economically in fusion reactors are discussed. The following topics are discussed: (1) breeding tritium, (2) recovering bred tritium, (3) containing tritium, (4) fuel recycling, and (5) laser-fusion fueling. (MOW)
Relevance and Simulation in Metaphor

Recent writings have done much to develop and extend relevance theory as an account of metaphors and other “loose” language use. However, it is argued in this essay that relevance theory still leaves important gaps in its explanation and does not adequately address the “circularity” issue that has been raised. It is proposed that perceptual simulation theory usefully extends relevance theory by providing a detailed cognitive mechanism for the “broadening” and “narrowing” specified by relevance theory. Extending relevance theory to include the cognitive mechanisms posited by perceptual simulation theory also extends the reach of relevance theory and enhances its ability to explain previously unattended examples of metaphor, including metaphorical stories, strings of interacting metaphors, and humorous and playful distortions of metaphors.
The predictive accuracy of computer-based classification decision techniques.A review and research directions

Computer-based classification decision (CBCD) techniques can be important assets to organizations. However, empirical research evaluating CBCD performance has been inconsistent, resulting in a lack of understanding concerning various techniques' relative merits. An important reason for this is the absence of a theoretically-based research framework that can increase the productivity of CBCD empirical work. Employing statistical prediction theory, this paper provides such a framework. Research productivity can be improved by using the framework to help focus investigations on potentially important areas. A review of the empirical CBCD literature indicates that, though many of the propositions derived from the framework are acknowledged as important, few have been examined. Research productivity can also be improved when researchers are able to make judgments concerning the similarity of research contexts. For example, if characteristics important to CBCD accuracy are used to describe data sets employed, subsequent research can use such descriptions to create research designs that build on and extend previous research efforts. The framework offered in this paper enables such judgments.
Projection of Tentative Expiry Date from One-Point Accelerated Stability Testing II. Overage Consideration

AbstractA previous publication (1) analyzed a statement originated from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that a drug product which is stable for three months at 37–40° and 75% or higher relative humidity can be given a tentative expiry period of two years from the date of manufacture. Conditions which can be uesd to make a successful projection using such a proposal have been established. These conditions are applicable only to pharmaceutical systems which do not contain an overage. The theoretical discussion is extended in this communication to analyze the effect of the overage on the proposed projection of the expiry period. The analysis shows that the inclusion of the overage lowers the threshold activation energy needed to satisfy the FDA's proposal
The mathematical biophysics of Nicolas Rashevsky.

Abstract N. Rashevsky (1899–1972) was one of the pioneers in the application of mathematics to biology. With the slogan: mathematical biophysics : biology :: mathematical physics : physics, he proposed the creation of a quantitative theoretical biology. Here, we will give a brief biography, and consider Rashevsky's contributions to mathematical biology including neural nets and relational biology. We conclude that Rashevsky was an important figure in the introduction of quantitative models and methods into biology.
Natural convection heat transfer in a square enclosure containing water near its density maximum

Abstract The steady-state flow structure, temperature and heat transfer in a square enclosure heated and cooled on opposite vertical walls and containing cold water near its density maximum are investigated numerically. Interpretation of the results hinges upon a dimensionless density distribution parameter which fixes the orientation of the hot and cold wall temperatures with respect to the extremum temperature and also serves to characterize the distribution of the buoyancy force in the enclosure. Multicellular flow structures are observed for certain ranges of the density distribution parameter independent of the value of Rayleigh number (10 3 ⩽ Ra ⩽10 6 ). The effect of the density distribution parameter on cross-cavity heat transfer is found to be substantial and is discussed in the context of the changing flow structure. Comparisons with previous studies in the literature are made.
Subtypes of early age onset alcoholism

Forty-three adolescents qualifying for a DSM-III-R diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence were classified according to the internalizing-externalizing behavior dimension. Two clusters were identified. The majority of subjects clustered into a group characterized by behavioral dyscontrol and hypophoria (history of suicide attempts) (cluster 2), whereas the other group was primarily featured by negative affect (cluster 1). Cluster 2 subjects demonstrated more severe alcohol and drug use-related problems, behavioral disturbances, and general psychopathology; lower prevalence of depressive disorders; and less severe anxiety disorders. These results, implicating two variants of adolescent alcohol abuse/dependence, suggest the need to tailor differential treatments to adolescents with alcohol abuse/dependence based on personality characteristics and clinical presentation. Language: en
Interplay of pregnancy, lactation, and hyperthyroidism leading to severe osteoporosis in a young woman.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the case of a young woman who had severe osteoporosis due to the compounding effects of pregnancy, lactation, and hyperthyroidism and who had a presumed metastatic lesion in the lumbar spine. Methods We present the clinical, pathologic, radiologic, and laboratory findings and describe the clinical course of our patient. Results A 31-year-old Arabic woman was referred to the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center because of a lytic lesion in her lumbar spine, presumed to be metastatic deposits. She had a history of two consecutive pregnancies and intermittently treated hyperthyroidism. Our initial evaluation revealed that the patient had clinical and biochemical thyrotoxicosis, and we treated her with thion- amides, corticosteroids, and radioiodine ablation. Radiologic studies disclosed a complex renal cyst that had increased uptake on a bone scan, which was highly suggestive of a primary malignant lesion. Ultimately, however, it proved benign on pathologic analysis after a left nephrectomy. Bone mineral density measurements identified severe osteoporosis (T-scores: lumbar spine, - 3.3; right hip, - 2.2; and left hip, - 2.0), which had led to vertebral collapse and was misinterpreted as malignant metastatic disease. The bone mineral densities improved (+5 to +11% at the various sites) within 4 months after definitive treatment and cure of the hyperthyroidism. Conclusion The effect of pregnancies and prolonged lactation, in the milieu of other risk factors for bone depletion such as hyperthyroidism, may cause severe osteoporosis in a young patient. The resulting osteoporosis may manifest as a lesion suggestive of malignant metastatic involvement. (Endocr Pract. 2001;7:262-266)
Virtual gratifications of wireless Internet: Is wireless portable Internet reinforced by unrealized gratifications?

As wireless broadband is rapidly emerging around the world, this paper investigates the uses and gratifications of wireless portable Internet in Korea. Methodology includes exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory analysis, and multiple regression analysis of subsequent theoretical constructs. Results describe four key dimensions related to consumer use of wireless broadband, including process, content, and social gratifications, as previously found in studies of the Internet, as well as an embedded gratification that is unique to wireless broadband use. All four dimensions of gratification are relevant to managing wireless broadband, and measures developed from the gratification profiles identified here can serve as trait-valid scales in new virtual reality.
On teacher education programmes in mathematics

Current teacher education programmes suffer from a lack of attention to the three crucial components of teachers’ knowledge: mathematics content, episte‐mology, and pedagogy. As a result, they cannot achieve the desired quality in teachers as was envisioned by the current mathematics education leadership. Teachers’ mathematics knowledge is far from being satisfactory even in terms of the standards for high‐school mathematics. The work on epistemology and pedagogy is detached from a personal experiential basis of teaching, and thus it is in conflict with the well established principle that knowledge construction (and this includes mathematics knowledge as well as knowledge of mathematics epistemology and pedagogy) is a product of personal, experiential problem‐solving activity. The effort of teacher education programmes must centre on these three components of teachers’ knowledge base. In particular, teachers’ knowledge of mathematics should be promoted and evaluated in terms of mathematics values, not spe...
Management of national technology programs in a newly industrializing country--Taiwan

Abstract Partly triggered by the Japanese VLSI program, Taiwan launched eight national technology programs in the early 1980s. But because of its technologically ‘imitative’ and ‘dependent’ position, Taiwan's experience in these programs is rather different from most industrialized countries. First, government has to play a pivotal role because industry lacks strong technical capability. Secondly, a ‘national champion’, institutional adjustments and overall development framework are crucial. Thirdly, the ‘whole innovation process’ approach is very instrumental by exposing the systemic weaknesses in the national innovation system and directing new investment. Fourthly, technological convergence and standardization in advanced countries greatly helps concentrate national efforts. Fifthly, there are many pitfalls in technology transfer and technical service to industry. Finally, the national programs challenge administrative systems, major R&D institutes and the grand national plan to upgrade themselves.
Conversion of methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid on the polar faces of zinc oxide

Abstract The decomposition reactions of methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid on the (0001)-O and (0001 )-Zn polar faces of ZnO were examined by temperature programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The O-polar crystal face exhibited no reactivity, and these reactants desorbed intact. In contrast, on the Zn-polar crystal face HCOOH and CH2O were oxidized primarily to CO2 via surface formates, while CH3OH was dehydrogenated to CO and CH2O via surface methoxy species and oxidized to CO2 via surface formates. The selectivity of oxidation and dehydrogenation reactions on the (0001)-Zn polar face appeared to be dependent on the extent of surface reduction in the vicinity of adsorbed intermediates. XPS spectra of adsorbed methoxy and formate intermediates were obtained, demonstrating the utility of XPS in monitoring the interconversion of intermediates on oxide surfaces. XPS spectra of adsorbed molecular species suggest that the lack of reactivity of the O-polar crystal face is due to the absence of accessible acid-base site pairs necessary for dissociative adsorption on this surface, and not due to differences in the interaction of molecularly chemisorbed species with the two polar surfaces. The evolution of oxidation products on the (0001)-Zn surface was accompanied by Zn metal desorption. The results of this investigation are consistent with previous studies on polycrystalline ZnO and clarify some of the discrepancies between these studies and previous investigations on single crystal surfaces.
Hypnotic treatment of a kidney dialysis patient.

Abstract This paper discusses the use of hypnosis with a 30-year-old female undergoing hemodialysis. Presenting problems listed by the referring agency included hyperemotionality during dialysis and an inability by dialysis technicians to secure an adequate blood flow volume. The patient complained of an injection phobia and low pain tolerance threshold. Since each of these problems appeared to be dynamically linked to the patient's perceived threat to her independence, a modified desensitization procedure using hypnosis was employed. This modification involved a standard desensitization procedure while simultaneously employing suggestions designed to facilitate dialysis through an increase in perceived self-control and to help the patient incorporate the dialysis process into her personal needs for independence. These procedures resulted in both psychological and physiological changes including a substantial increase in blood flow. These gains have been maintained for 30 months following the termination ...
Phosphorylase activity in heart and brain after reserpine, iproniazid and other drugs affecting the central nervous system

Abstract Phosphorylase activity in heart and brain was determined after treatment of intact rats with several agents affecting the central nervous system. Reserpine decreases the percentage of phosphorylase a in the heart. There is suggestive but non-conclusive evidence that, under certain conditions, reserpine may also lower the phosphorylase a content of the brain. Iproniazid pretreatment does not prevent, and, in fact, may enhance the diminution of phosphorylase a in the heart and brain of reserpinized animals. Iproniazid alone produces small but non-significant increases of phosphorylase a in heart and brain. Serotonin, chlorpromazine and pentobarbital have no effect on brain or heart phosphorylase a .
Effect of donor age on long-term culture of bone marrow in vitro.

Abstract Previous reports suggest that 33°C is the optimum temperature for the long-term culture of murine bone marrow in vitro. We found that horse serum was an important variable determining our ability to culture marrow from immature (less than 10 weeks) mice at 37°C. While some batches supported growth others did not. The ability of deficient horse serum to support growth could be corrected if the culture was fed at mid-week with additional medium. Marrow from aged mice (96 weeks and older) could invariably be cultured at 37°C irrespective of the horse serum batch used for culture. Adult mice (20–24 weeks) gave intermediate results between immature and aged mice. All three groups of mice studied could be cultured at 33°C irrespective of the batch of horse serum used or the age of the donor. These results indicate that horse serum provides a factor(s) which varies in concentration from batch to batch and is essential for normal marrow growth in vitro. The requirement for this factor is greater at higher temperature and in younger animals. Marrow from adult and aged mice was then simultaneously cultured at 33°C and 37°C. For adult mice the cell recovery at 33°C was initially significantly higher than at 37°C but at later times became less. As a result cumulative recovery at both temperatures was equal. Cumulative cell recovery and culture survival time was significantly less in the aged than the young mice cultures. Thus these studies confirm previous observations that the proliferative capacity of cells in culture is finite and varies inversely with the age of the donor.
Analytical Sensitivity of Plastic Rotations in Beam-Column Elements

Analytical sensitivity equations for the plastic rotation of beam-column finite elements are derived for reliability and optimization algorithms in structural engineering and for the assessment of plastic rotation sensitivity to uncertain design parameters and modeling assumptions. The plastic rotation is defined by elastic unloading of element forces in a basic system, which makes the corresponding sensitivity computations applicable to most material nonlinear beam-column formulations available in the literature. The analytical response sensitivity is verified by finite differences then applied to a first-order reliability analysis of a steel subassemblage where the performance function places a limit on plastic rotation.
Promoting Physical Activity through Parks and Recreation: A Focus on Youth and Adolescence

Abstract The following two articles continue a three-part Leisure Today feature on the role of parks and recreation professionals in promoting the physical activity objectives of the 1996 Surgeon General's report on physical activity and health. In the previous issue, after an introduction by feature editor Janet S. Hodges, Karla A. Henderson discussed ways to overcome constraints to the participation of people with disabilities in community recreation. Kimberly D. Pearce then addressed the issue of providing physical activity opportunities to a racially and ethnically diverse population.
Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of refractory epilepsy: Update on current data and future directions

Deep brain stimulation for epilepsy has garnered attention from epileptologists due to its well-documented success in treating movement disorders and the low morbidity associated with the implantation of electrodes. Given the large proportion of patients who fail medical therapy and are not candidates for surgical amelioration, as well as the suboptimal seizure control offered by vagus nerve stimulation, the search for appropriate brain structures to serve as targets for deep brain stimulation has generated a useful body of evidence to serve as the basis for larger investigations. Early results of the SANTE trial should lay the foundation for widespread implementation of DBS for epilepsy targeting the anterior thalamic nucleus. Other targets also offer promise, including the caudate nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, the cerebellum, the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus, and the hippocampus. This paper reviews the logic which underlies these potential targets and recapitulates the current data from limited human trials supporting each one. It also provides a succinct overview of the surgical procedure used for electrode implantation.
Embryonic dysplasia and adult retinal dystrophy in boron‐deficient zebrafish

Boron (B) has been identified as a growth stimulator in embryonic trout and shown to be essential for embryogenesis in zebrafish. In the present study we describe adverse health endpoints of boron deficiency during two different stages of the lifecycle in zebrafish. The pathological manifestations of boron deficiency involved membrane alterations at both stages. Deficiency during the embryonic period was seen as dysplasia during the zygote and cleavage periods. In adults deficiency presented as retinal dystrophy. Boron deficient embryos were obtained from zebrafish maintained in water containing <0.2 μM B for six months. The initial stages of embryonic development, the zygote and cleavage periods, were marked by membrane blebbing and extrusion of cytoplasm in deficient, but not boron supplemented embryos (45 μM B). About 5 to 7% of the boron deficient embryos survived to produce offspring. The adult F1 boron deficient zebrafish were photophobic and histological evaluation of their eyes determined that the boron deficient adults had photoreceptor dystrophy. Compared to boron supplemented controls, the photoreceptor cells of the boron deficient adults were shortened due to a reduction in the myoid and outer segment regions. In boron deficient embryos and adults, the pathological changes were observed in cells that produce prodigious quantities of membrane. This outcome suggests that boron is required for the synthesis or processing of membrane or cytoskeletal proteins that function in the maintenance of membrane shape and integrity. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:213–219, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterization of linear and cyclic glucagon analogs by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

Fast atom bombardment mass spectral mapping of endoproteinase Asp-N digest mixtures is used for characterization of new synthetic linear and cyclic glucagon analogs. The results allow rapid identification of sequence modifications in linear glucagon analogs. For the cyclic compounds, the technique allows confirmation of the presence and position of the cyclic amide bond, as well as verification of the sequence of the modified glucagon analogs. The specificity of the Asp-N enables differentiation of isometric glucagon analogs which differ only in the position of the cyclic amide bond. Important information concerning the purity of the synthetic analogs is also available.
Effects of Glucose or Insulin on Myocardial Performance in Endotoxin Shock

Past studies reported by this laboratory have documented myocardial dysfunction and progressively developing hypoglycemia in canine endotoxin shock. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of glucose concentrations and insulin infusions on myocardial performance following endotoxin administration. Experiments were carried out on isolated, working canine left ventricular heart preparations exchanging blood with intact dogs. Myocardial function was evaluated following endotoxin and correlated with concentrations of glucose and effects of insulin infusion. Cardiac dysfunction occurred within 2-4 hr postendotoxin and the degree of malfunction was not related to arterial blood glucose concentrations. Maintaining blood glucose at control, preshock, levels by infusion of 50% glucose did not prevent myocardial dysfunction as evidenced by elevations of left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and depressed power. Infusions of insulin reversed cardiac failure and maintained normal performance in spite of wide ranges in glucose concentration (5-120 mg%). Findings suggest that myocardial dysfunction is not precipitated or enhanced by the hypoglycemia of endotoxin shock. The beneficial actions of infused insulin on cardiac performance appear to be elicited on the basis of mechanisms other than myocardial glucose transport.
Influences of wind-wave exposure on the distribution and density of recruit reef fishes at Kure and Pearl and Hermes Atolls, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

This paper describes the results of a field survey designed to test the prediction that the density of benthic juveniles of shallow-reef fishes is greater on wind-wave “exposed” sectors of a pair of isolated oceanic atolls (Kure, Pearl and Hermes) at the far northwestern end of the Hawaiian Islands, an archipelago in which east-northeasterly trade winds dominate onshore water flow and transport by surface currents. The densities of recruits (juveniles ≤5 cm total length) were higher overall on windward versus leeward sectors of carbonate rock-rubble back reefs at both atolls, and the pattern was stronger for smaller (likely younger, more recently settled) recruits of four of the five most abundant species and the remainder pooled as an “Other” taxon. The windward-leeward disparity was four-fold greater at Pearl Hermes (the atoll with a three-fold longer perimeter) than at Kure. Resident predator biomass also was correlated with recruit densities, but habitat (benthic substratum) effects were generally weak. The distribution and abundance of recruits and juveniles of the primarily endemic reef fishes on shallow back reefs at these atolls appear partly influenced by relative rates of water flow over windward vs. leeward sectors of barrier reef and by the size, shape, and orientation of habitat parcels that filter out postlarval fishes with relatively weak swimming capabilities like labroids. Whole-reef geomorphology as well as fine-scale habitat heterogeneity and rugosity should be considered among the suite of many factors used to interpret observed spatial patterns of post-settlement juvenile fish distribution at atolls and perhaps some other tropical reefs.
Inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in shell eggs by sequential application of heat and ozone

Aims: To assess the contribution of ozone to lethality of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in experimentally inoculated whole shell eggs that are sequentially treated with heat and gaseous ozone in pilot-scale equipment. Methods and Results: Whole shell eggs were inoculated with small populations of Salmonella Enteritidis (8·5 × 104–2·4 × 105 CFU per egg) near the egg vitelline membrane. Eggs were subjected to immersion heating (57°C for 21 min), ozone treatment (vacuum at 67·5 kPa, followed by ozonation at a maximum concentration of approx. 140 g ozone m−3 and 184–198 kPa for 40 min) or a combination of both treatments. Survivors were detected after an enrichment process or enumerated using modified most probable number technique. Ozone, heat and combination treatments inactivated 0·11, 3·1 and 4·2 log Salmonella Enteritidis per egg, respectively. Conclusions: Sequential application of heat and gaseous ozone was significantly more effective than either heat or ozone alone. The demonstrated synergy between these treatment steps should produce safer shell eggs than the heat treatment alone. Significance and Impact of the Study: Shell eggs are the most common vehicle for human infection by Salmonella Enteritidis. Many cases of egg-related salmonellosis are reported annually despite efforts to reduce contamination, including thermal pasteurization of shell eggs and egg products. Treatment with ozone-based combination should produce shell eggs safer than those treated with heat alone.
Toward the synthesis of a second-generation nitroxide spin probe for DNA dynamics studies

Abstract A synthesis of the 2′-deoxyribonucleoside 5 is reported. This substance possesses the carbon skeleton and functional groups appropriate for the synthesis of phosphoramidite 4 , which is required for the incorporation of base pair 2 into double-helical DNA. Base pair 2 is of interest as a spectroscopic probe for DNA dynamics.
Ethnicity and Community Context as Moderators of the Relations between Family Decision Making and Adolescent Adjustment

This study investigated whether the impact of 3 types of family decision making on the adjustment of 14–16-year-old youth was moderated by ethnicity, community context, or both. For joint and unilateral youth decision making, community context interacted with ethnicity in 3 patterns of influence: for Hispanic-American youth, variations in decision making had a stronger impact in ethnically mixed than in predominantly white communities; for African-American youth, the negative impact of unilateral youth decision making was stronger in predominantly white communities; and for Asian- and European-American youth, community context did not make a difference. For unilateral parental decision making, the popular hypothesis that apparent ethnic differences in the influence of parental strictness on adolescent adjustment are primarily due to differences in community context was not supported. Rather, the positive impact of unilateral parental decision making was similar among African-American youth living in predominantly white, and more affluent, communities or in more disadvantaged, ethnically mixed neighborhoods. The negative impact of authoritarian parenting was similar among European-American youth living in less advantaged communities as well as more affluent ones. There was no relation between unilateral parental control and adolescent adjustment of Asian- or Hispanic-American youth in either type of community.
Chromosome 4q25 Variants Have Less Co-Morbid Risk Factors and High Left Atrial Conduction Velocity in Korean Patients Who Underwent Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated the association of 4q25 gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with atrial fibrillation (AF). We evaluated potential relationships of 4 SNPs on chromosome 4q25 with clinical and electrophysiological characteristics in patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF.Methods: A total of 295 consecutive patients (56±11 years, 78% male) with paroxysmal (68.7%) or persistent (31.3%) AF were included. Genotyping for 4 SNPs in close proximity to PITX2 gene on chromosome 4q25 (rs2200733, rs10033464, rs17042171, and rs6843082) were performed and compared with clinical, electrophysiological, and imaging database.Results: There were no significant differences in clinical and electrophysiological parameters between major and minor allele group of rs10033464, rs17042171, and rs6843082. In contrast, rs2200733 variant was associated with lower CHADS score (0.73±0.95 vs. 1.17±1.10, p=0.021), lower prevalence of heart failure (2.5 vs. 11.5%, p=0.023), hypertension (42.3 vs. 68.9%, p=0.006), and patients with age>75 (1.2 vs 6.9%, p=0.030). In electrophysiological study, conduction velocity of left atrium was significantly higher (0.67±0.35 m/s vs. 0.55±0.22 m/s, p=0.042) in patients with variant allele of rs2200733.Conclusions: In Korean population, rs2200733 at 4q25 was the only significant SNPs associated with clinical and electrophysiological trait. It may increase the risk of AF without traditional risk factors and significant electroanatomical remodeling.
The strategy of conflict . Prospectus for a reorientation of game theory

tual dependence-the non-zero-sum games involved in wars and threats of war, strikes, negotiations, criminal deterrence, class war, race war, price war, and blackmail; maneuvering in a bureaucracy or a social hierarchy or in a traffic jam; and the coercion of one's own children-traditional game theory has not yielded comparable insight or advice. These are the "games" in which, though the element of conflict provides the dramatic interest, mutual dependence is part of the logical structure and demands some kind of collaboration or mutual ac-
Effect of supereutectic homogenization on incidence of porosity in aluminum alloy 2014 ingot

The effects of homogenization at 17 to 36 K above the eutectic temperature on relative porosity in an aluminum alloy 2014 ingot with relatively low hydrogen content (0.03 to 0.06 cm3/100 g) have been investigated. The supereutectic homogenization increased relative porosity in the ingot by two orders of magnitude despite the low-hydrogen content. This is attributed primarily to the combined effects of increased nucleation of new pores and growth of “secondary” pores in the ingot and to the nonequilibrium melting of eutectic phases. The thermal treatment also caused growth of pre-existing shrinkage pores. These results are explained by considering the behavior of hydrogen during solidification and subsequent thermal treatments of aluminum alloy ingots.
Optimal constrained bidding

Consider a bidder who, subject only to a constraint on his choice of bidding strategy, will choose a strategy that maximizes his expected gross receipts. The bidder's choice of strategy may be constrained by an upper limit on exposure, an upper limit on expected expenditures, or a lower limit on expected profits. We prove that constraining the bidder only by an appropriate upper limit on expected expenditures in effect limits him to expected profit maximizing strategies; in many examples, expected profit maximizing strategies can not be induced by solely limiting the bidder's exposure.
Is there life after serials cancellation

Describes how J. Murrey Atkins Library at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte, had to cut approximately $200,000 from its materials budget, necessitating the cancellation of 454 titles. The faculty was promised free document delivery in exchange for cancelled journal titles. Outlines the process of developing the document delivery proposal and the recommended policies and procedures.
COMPLEXITY AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

Complexity is worth studying as a subject for its own sake. We intend to investigate complexity in the context of a fairly broad class of dynamical systems (known as sequential machines). A sequential machine is a perfectly good model of an organization (or organism) which strives for survival, acting under resource and time constraints. For a given complexity level of the system design we could find the level of contact indicating—roughly—the level of understanding of the system transformation. We call this the control complexity. The “information technology” is generated by the lattice of partitions of the state space of the system realized by a serial‐parallel decomposition into component systems.
Metastatic osteosarcoma presenting as a singlepulmonary microembolus

There are only a few published reports of tumor emboli from osteosarcoma. We are reporting a 17-year-old adolescent boy with a history of localized osteosarcoma who developed a symptomatic pulmonary artery tumor embolus. He was initially diagnosed with a pulmonary thromboembolism. This is the first reported case of a single tumor embolus developing after surgical resection of a tumor with 100% necrosis after chemotherapy and no evidence of metastatic disease at the time of surgery. Pulmonary tumor embolism should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with cancer who present with dyspnea. The differentiation of tumor embolus from other causes of dyspnea is important for treatment plan.
Rest-activity patterns of premature infants are regulated by cycled lighting.

Objectives. Many hospitalized premature infants are exposed to continuous dim lighting rather than to cycled lighting. However, we do not know whether dim lighting or low-intensity cycled lighting is more conducive to the development of rest-activity patterns that are in phase with the solar light-dark cycle. Thus, we examined the effects of nursery lighting conditions on the development of activity patterns in premature infants. Methods. Premature infants who were born at Results. Over the first 10 days at home, distinct day-night differences in activity were not seen in control subjects (D day-night: N 1.07 ± 0.02), but experimental group infants were more active during the day than at night (day-night: 1.25 ± 0.03). It was not until 21 to 30 days after discharge that day-night activity ratios in control infants matched those seen in experimental group infants shortly after discharge, yet even at this age, experimental group infants (day-night: 2.13 ± 0.19) were considerably more active during the day than at night as compared with control subjects (day-night: 1.43 ± 0.09). Conclusion. Exposure of premature infants to low-intensity cycled lighting in the hospital nursery induces distinct patterns of rest-activity that are apparent within 1 week after discharge. In comparison, the appearance of distinct patterns of rest and activity are delayed in infants who are exposed to continuous dim lighting in the hospital. These observations show that day-night rhythms in activity patterns can be detected shortly after discharge to home in premature infants and that the circadian clock of developing infants is entrained by cycled lighting.
CHANGES IN DRUG INVOLVEMENT: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT DETERMINANTS '

Summary.-Previous research has identified childhood and adolescent personality determinants of early adolescent drug involvement. The purpose of the present study was to examine the determinants of increased involvement over time and to compare these results with previous findings regarding early involvement. Data were available on 654 white males and females at three paints, Time 1 (T,) at ages 1-10 yr, Time 2 (TJ at ages 9-18 yr., and Tie 3 (T,) at ages 11-20 yr. The subjects (at T, and T,) and their mothers (at all three points) were given structured interviews assessing the child's personality and behavior. Results indicated that T, traits of conventionality and emotional control were associated with similar traits at T,, which, in turn, were related to lower drug involvement over time (T, and T,). Interactive effects indicated first that T, adolescent protective (nondrug-conducive) factors weakened the effect of childhood-risk (drug-conducive) characteristics resulting in lower drug involvement. Second, high levels of earlier drug use interacted synergistically with personality risk leading to increased levels of involvement. Over-all, the personality Factors implicated in increased involvement were similar to those related to earlier involvement.
Marriage and Family Enrichment: A Process Whose Time Has Come (and Gone?)

Like the values clarification movement with which it shares many similarities, marriage and family enrichment grew rapidly during the 1970s and early 1980s but has apparently fallen off sharply sin...
Chromatin-Bound Xenopus Dppa2 Shapes the Nucleus by Locally Inhibiting Microtubule Assembly

Nuclear shape and size vary between species, during development, and in many tissue pathologies, but the causes and effects of these differences remain poorly understood. During fertilization, sperm nuclei undergo a dramatic conversion from a heavily compacted form into decondensed, spherical pronuclei, accompanied by rapid nucleation of microtubules from centrosomes. Here we report that the assembly of the spherical nucleus depends on a critical balance of microtubule dynamics, which is regulated by the chromatin-binding protein Developmental pluripotency-associated 2 (Dppa2). Whereas microtubules normally promote sperm pronuclear expansion, in Dppa2-depleted Xenopus egg extracts excess microtubules cause pronuclear assembly defects, leading to abnormal morphology and disorganized DNA replication. Dppa2 inhibits microtubule polymerization in vitro, and Dppa2 activity is needed at a precise time and location during nascent pronuclear formation. This demonstrates a strict spatiotemporal requirement for local suppression of microtubules during nuclear formation, fulfilled by chromatin-bound microtubule regulators.
Concentrating on the Worst Performers

There is a substantial variation in the quality of operators of nuclear power plants, and it is therefore widely believed that regulatory attention is best directed at the worst performers. What is not immediately apparent is a strategy for the optimal allocation of regulatory resources. The authors study a simple model for this problem, and find that, under reasonable assumptions, the optimal allocation does indeed behave as expected. The proper degree of unbalance, however, depends upon the effectiveness of regulation itself and on the variation among performers, ineffective regulation leading to more concentration on the bottom of the list and a net reduction in attention to the top. Not surprisingly, the optimal strategy is to press toward parity in risk, even if it means allowing some plants to become riskier. This strategy leads to a minimized net probability of accident anywhere.
CBF‐1 promotes transcriptional silencing during the establishment of HIV‐1 latency

The establishment of HIV proviral latency requires the creation of repressive chromatin structures that impair the initiation of transcription and restrict RNAP II elongation. We have found that C-promoter binding factor-1 (CBF-1), a CSL (CBF-1, Su(H) and Lag-1)-type transcription factor and key effector of the Notch signaling pathway, is a remarkably potent and specific inhibitor of the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Knockdown of endogenous CBF-1 using specific small hairpin RNAs expressed on lentiviral vectors results in the partial reactivation of latent HIV proviruses, recruitment of RNAP II, loss of histone deacetylases and the concomitant acetylation of histones. An important property of any repressor utilized to establish HIV latency is that it must become displaced or deactivated upon T-cell activation. Consistent with this hypothesis, CBF-1 mRNA and protein levels are highest in quiescent or unstimulated T cells but decline rapidly in response to proliferative stimulation such as activation of the T-cell receptor or treatment with TNF-α. We conclude that CBF-1 is a previously overlooked factor that induces transcriptional silencing during the establishment of HIV latency.
An Empirical Approach to Modeling Uncertainty in Intrusion Analysis

Uncertainty is an innate feature of intrusion analysis due to the limited views provided by system monitoring tools, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and various types of logs. Attackers are essentially invisible in cyber space and monitoring tools can only observe the symptoms or effects of malicious activities. When mingled with similar effects from normal or non-malicious activities they lead intrusion analysis to conclusions of varying confidence and high false positive/negative rates. This paper presents an empirical approach to the problem of uncertainty where the inferred security implications of low-level observations are captured in a simple logical language augmented with certainty tags. We have designed an automated reasoning process that enables us to combine multiple sources of system monitoring data and extract highly-confident attack traces from the numerous possible interpretations of low-level observations. We have developed our model empirically: the starting point was a true intrusion that happened on a campus network that we studied to capture the essence of the human reasoning process that led to conclusions about the attack. We then used a Datalog-like language to encode the model and a Prolog system to carry out the reasoning process. Our model and reasoning system reached the same conclusions as the human administrator on the question of which machines were certainly compromised. We then automatically generated the reasoning model needed for handling Snort alerts from the natural-language descriptions in the Snort rule repository, and developed a Snort add-on to analyze Snort alerts. Keeping the reasoning model unchanged, we applied our reasoning system to two third-party data sets and one production network. Our results showed that the reasoning model is effective on these data sets as well. We believe such an empirical approach has the potential of codifying the seemingly ad-hoc human reasoning of uncertain events, and can yield useful tools for automated intrusion analysis.
Region-Specific Genetic Alterations in the Aging Hippocampus: Implications for Cognitive Aging

Aging is associated with cognitive decline in both humans and animals and of all brain regions, the hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable to senescence. Age-related spatial learning deficits result from alterations in hippocampal connectivity and plasticity. These changes are differentially expressed in each of the hippocampal fields known as cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), cornu ammonis 3 (CA3), and the dentate gyrus. Each sub-region displays varying degrees of susceptibility to aging. For example, the CA1 region is particularly susceptible in Alzheimer’s disease while the CA3 region shows vulnerability to stress and glucocorticoids. Further, in animals, aging is the main factor associated with the decline in adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. This review discusses the relationship between region-specific hippocampal connectivity, morphology, and gene expression alterations and the cognitive deficits associated with senescence. In particular, data are reviewed that illustrate how the molecular changes observed in the CA1, CA3, and dentate regions are associated with age-related learning deficits. This topic is of importance because increased understanding of how gene expression patterns reflect individual differences in cognitive performance is critical to the process of identifying new and clinically-useful biomarkers for cognitive aging.
A unified study on the MAI Gaussianity in large CDMA systems with MMSE receivers

We present a unified study on the output MAI Gaussianity for progressively more complicated systems. We first generalize the results of Zhang, Chong and Tse (see IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2001) to the complex signature case, and establish the output MAI Gaussianity. Then we extend the study to systems with MMSE receivers and antenna arrays, and establish the joint Gaussianity of the output interference across the the antennas.
Closing the Achievement Gap: The Association of Racial Climate with Achievement and Behavioral Outcomes

This study investigated the relationship between school racial climate and students' self-reports of academic and discipline outcomes, including whether racial climate mediated and/or moderated the relationship between race and outcomes. Using the Racial Climate Survey-High School Version (M. Aber et al., unpublished), data were gathered from African American (n = 382) and European American students (n = 1456) regarding their perceptions of racial climate. About 18% of the respondents were low-income and approximately 50% were male. Positive perceptions of the racial climate were associated with higher student achievement and fewer discipline problems. Further, race moderated the relationship between racial climate and both achievement and discipline outcomes. Finally, racial differences in students' grades and discipline outcomes were associated with differences in perceptions of racial climate. Results suggest careful attention should be given to the racial climate of secondary schools, particularly for adolescents who perceive schools as unfair.
Blood Pressure and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Framingham Study

is well recognized that hypertensives are especially prone to clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis in general and to coronary heart disease (CHD) in particular. Prospective epidemiologic investigation of the circumstances under which CHD evolves in hypertensives compared to their more normotensive cohorts has revealed a number of misconceptions concerning the nature of the relationship of blood pressure to atherosclerotic vascular disease. This report is concerned with a detailed examination of the relationship of blood pressure to the development of the various clinical manifestations of CHD in each sex at varying ages. The blood
Fast motion planning for anthropometric figures with many degrees of freedom

The authors discuss a class of robots which resemble the human structure. They are characterized by having a torso, two manipulator arms, a head mounted with vision system, and a lower body which is either a transport unit or legs. The total number of degrees-of-freedom involved is usually fairly large for these robots. An efficient motion planning algorithm for this type of robot is an aid to the achievement of task level programming. An efficient algorithm is presented that has successfully computed collision-free motions for anthropometric figures with many degrees of freedom within a cluttered environment. >