cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image reconstruction in ultrasound-modulated optical tomography

We present an image reconstruction technique for ultrasound-modulated optical tomography. It is the first time, to the authors' knowledge, that a reconstruction technique is developed for such tomography. In analogy to X-ray computed tomography, an ultrasonic beam is scanned linearly and angularly across a biological-tissue sample. Ultrasound-modulated optical signals, reflecting the optical properties of the sample inside the ultrasonic column, are detected and taken as the projection data for the reconstruction, where a filtered back-projection algorithm is implemented. With the technique, two-dimensional images of biological tissues in cross-sections containing the scanned ultrasonic axis are obtained. The image resolution is determined by the diameter of the ultrasonic focal zone. The technique can be implemented with any standard signal-detection scheme for ultrasonic modulation of coherent light in scattering media and can be applied directly to achieve three-dimensional images of biological tissues.
Probability distribution invariance of 1-minute auroral-zone geomagnetic field fluctuations

[1] A statistical model of short time-scale geomagnetic fluctuations is developed and used to evaluate how geomagnetic dynamics are influenced by different solar wind controlling parameters. The functional form of the probability distribution function (PDF) that describes extreme-value (greater than 4a) minute-to-minute changes in the ground magnetic field (Δx) at magnetometer station Sodankyla (geomagnetic latitude and longitude of [63.87,107.61]) is shown to be nearly independent of the variables solar wind (SW) forcing, local time (LT), and day of year (DOY). Instead of modifying the intrinsic dynamics, as characterized by the functional form of the PDF of Δx, these variables are shown either to amplify or reduce the absolute level of variability of the fluctuations: The primary difference in the PDF tail of Δx during weak and strong solar wind forcing is the standard deviation, a; the functional form of the PDF = f[Δx/σ(DOY,LT,SW)] is nearly invariant. In a statistical interpretation, we conclude that differences in solar-generated conductivity, seasonal effects, strength of solar wind forcing and variability, and position of the magnetometer ground station in local time do not change the structure of the extreme-value dynamics, as characterized by the probability distribution of Ax, but they serve to amplify the intrinsic variability.
Changing travel patterns of residents of the USA travelling overseas.

Abstract This article analyses the travel patterns of US residents travelling overseas and attempts to identify trends. Europe — although still the major overseas destination — will continue to receive a declining proportion of US visitors throughout the 1990s as a result of increasing competition from other destinations. Economic improvement among the less industrialized countries — especially those of the Asia-Pacific region — will enable them to provide the infrastructure and enhancement of attractions necessary to attract tourists. Also, immigration from Latin America and Asia has altered the composition of the US population and will lead to increasing tourism demand for those areas by the late 1990s.
Hip structural geometry in old and old-old age: Similarities and differences between men and women

Abstract Introduction Changes in hip structure and geometry during aging contribute to decreased bone strength. Little is known, however, about these characteristics at advanced age, when fragility fractures are common. We examined hip structural geometry in men and women of old age (72–84 years) and old-old age (85–96 years) to determine (1) gender differences; (2) whether or not these differences are consistent with the increased occurrence of hip fracture in elderly women, compared to men; and (3) whether or not gender-specific changes are consistent with the increased occurrence of fragility fractures after age 80 in both men and women. Methods We used Hip Structure Analysis (HSA) software to analyze bone densitometry scans from 916 community-dwelling men and women aged 72–96 years. We examined gender differences in hip geometry by age group (72–74, 75–79, 80–84, and ≥ 85 years) and between gender-specific age groups using multivariable linear regression. Results At the femoral narrow neck, there was no gender difference at age 72–74 in bone mineral density (BMD), cortical thickness (CT), and buckling ratio (BR). In contrast, at age 85 or older women had 13% less BMD and CT than men and 8% higher BR. At the intertrochanteric region, women ≥ 85 years had 25–31% less BMD, cross-sectional bone area (CSA), and CT than men of comparable age, and 38% higher BR. These gender differences were approximately 10–20% greater than those between men and women in their 70s. In gender-specific comparisons, women showed increasing change in structural geometry with increasing age. At both narrow neck and trochanteric regions, women ≥ 85 years had nearly 35% higher BR, 15% less BMD and CT, and 10% less CSA than women aged 72–74 years. At the narrow neck, they also had 6% greater outer diameter than the youngest women and 8% lower section modulus (Z), an index of bending strength. In contrast, men showed significant age differences only at the narrow neck region, and only at 85 years or older, including 22% higher BR, 10% less BMD and CT, and 5% greater outer diameter, compared to men in their early 70s. Unlike women, men showed no age-associated decline in section modulus. Conclusions Gender differences in hip geometry consistent with increased fragility and fracture risk in elderly women, compared to men, continue into old-old age. Both men and women 85 or older show the most unfavorable features, suggesting a structural basis for the increased occurrence of hip fracture in both sexes at advanced age.
Consolidation-related fabric changes of periplatform sediments

Geotechnical properties of carbonate sediments result from several factors such as the particular constituents comprising the sediment, the mineralogy, fabric, and effective stress. Investigating the effects of increasing effective stress by mechanical consolidation using permeability, porosity, and porometry determinations reveals fabric changes that could not be determined in scanning electron micrographs. Porometry changes, determined using an image analyzer, are a function of matrix composition and grain support. Samples that were predominantly matrix-supported exhibited an increase in pore numbers per unit area and a pore size decrease resulting from consolidation. Samples composed predominantly of aragonite needle matrices displayed opposite behavior.
Probing the actions of endocrine disrupting compounds through genetic approaches in zebrafish

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are a persistent threat to human and animal health. Detecting these agents and identifying their basic mechanisms of action is crucial to determining their impact. However, defining the differing effects of EDCs and their sites of activity, such as why some tissues are more sensitive than others, is a challenging endeavor. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful genetic model that can provide unique insights into these issues. New tools for transgenesis and genome editing are enabling the identification of specific proteins and receptors that mediate the response to EDC exposure. We outline how transgenic reporters that detect EDCs and targeted mutations against their receptors or downstream effectors make zebrafish an especially favorable system for toxicological research.
ANALYSIS BY DIFFERENTIAL CALORIMETRY OF ATPASE ACTIVITY IN POTATO APYRASE AND RED-BLOOD-CELL GHOSTS.

Abstract In most studies, the measurement of inorganic phosphate formation has been the quantity correlated with ATPase activity. Reaction kinetics could be followed only through discontinous sampling and always the first important stages of the reaction (at least the first several seconds) were undiscriminated for mechanical reasons. Fluorometric techniques though continuous are indirect and presumably difficult of interpretation, a limitation shared with respirometric methods. Recently proposed color procedures are both indirect and severely restricted to narrow pH ranges. To overcome the inherent weaknesses of the methods of current practice, an exploration was undertaken of differential calorimetry applied to enzymatically-catalyzed ATP hydrolyses. A method for ATPase assay and activity-measurement was sought which would be continuous and capable of resolving the earliest phases of the event, direct, not limited to restricting physical parameters, and, importantly, of high sensitivity. With instrumentation specifically designed for high reliability during sustained reaction, the direct measurement of reaction heat has shown considerable promise as an assay and for kinetic analysis of this type of event. This is a report of the application of calorimetry to record ATPase activity during the course of the reaction.
Oscillatory Model for Radio Source 3C273

THE radio source 3C273 has recently been identified with a star-like, superluminous object of thirteenth apparent magnitude1,2. Doppler shift measurements of identifiable line features indicate a strong red shift corresponding to radial velocity of 4 × 109 cm/sec, while the observed spectral characteristics of the continuum suggests synchrotron radiation as the dominant emission mechanism3.
Interdependence and hierarchy in organizations

Abstract The large size of organizations appears to promote structural differentiation and to stem the expansion of the administrative apparatus, but a differentiated structure tends to lead to the expansion of the administrative apparatus, so that the indirect effect of size, mediated by the differentiation accompanying it, counteracts its direct effect on administration. These conclusions are based on six sets of quantitative data on government bureaus, private firms, universities and colleges, and hospitals. Two basic theoretical hypotheses can explain the findings. First, differentiation of functions among interdependent subgroupings transforms a work organization's employees, who have little in common, into a coherent social enterprise and, in addition, has instrumental advantages for operations that make management interested in furthering such differentiation. Second, the initial investments in administrative time and effort required for organizing operations reduce the proportion of administrative man hours needed as the volume of operations increases. A refinement of the last principle is that a large volume of homogenous tasks produces administrative savings, whereas the heterogeneity of tasks has the opposite effect. In conclusion, the theory is put into deductive form.
Spinal Epidural Hematoma as First Presentation of Hemophilia A

We describe a case of spinal epidural hematoma in a 12-year-old boy, who presented with the clinical triad of localized spine pain, radicular pain, and weakness. The lesion occurred as the first manifestation of a mild Factor VIII deficiency in a patient who was not previously diagnosed with hemophilia A. Early recognition of this condition and appropriate treatment with Factor VIII is imperative, along with neurosurgical consultation. It can make the difference in outcome between recovery and severe, persistent sequelae.
The thermodynamic properties of melts in the system MnO-SiO 2

The activity of MnO in MnO-SiO2 melts has been measured at 1400, 1500 and 1600 °C by means of the technique in which equilibrium is established between the melt, a gaseous atmosphere of fixed oxygen pressure and a Pt-Mn foil immersed in the melt. The variation of the activity of SiO2 with composition and temperature and the integral free energies, and partial heats and entropies are derived. The activity of MnO and the free energy of formation of liquid Mn2SiO4 are well represented by Whiteway, Smith and Masson’s polymerization model of liquid silicates with Ink 1,1 = −5212/T + 1.011. Correlation of the results of the present study with previous measurements indicates that solubility of SiO2 in MnO-SiO2 melts is a significant function of oxygen pressure.
Paneth cell degranulation and lysozyme secretion during acute equine alimentary laminitis.

The equine Paneth cell response to a shift in the microbial balance of the intestinal tract was studied by inducing an acute episode of alimentary laminitis in 6 mature ponies. The normal bacterial population of the gut was modified by administration of a carbohy-drate-rich ration. During acute laminitis a dramatic degranulation of the Paneth cells occurred in the intestinal glands throughout the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Bacteriocidal lysozyme, which was immunohistochemically identified as a component of the Paneth cell secretory granule, was evident in the glandular lumina and in degranulated Paneth cells. These results indicate that lysozyme is secreted by the equine Paneth cell in an apparent attempt to regulate the changing microbial population induced by carbohydrate overload of the gut. From these observations, it is suggested that the Paneth cell plays a role in the mucosal defense system of the equine intestinal tract.
Preservice Teachers Map Compassion: Connecting Social Studies and Literacy Through Nonfictional Animal Stories

Nonfiction stories of animal compassion were used in this literacy-social studies integrated lesson to address both efferent and aesthetic stances in transmediation of text from picture books to maps. Preservice early childhood and elementary teachers chose places from the nine recent children’s stories, symbolizing them on a map while completing other map elements such as legend, index, title, and compass rose. Compassion and social-emotional skills were woven into the project by representing the affective tone of story events at various places through choice of place name adjectives. A social studies extension included analysis of how the five themes of geography were depicted on the map. Synopses of the books, one map made by first graders, and three preservice teacher-made maps, along with efferent and aesthetic elements and examples of geography themes from the maps are included. Suggestions for implementation and extension of the lesson with early elementary students are provided.
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: time to address the problem.

In the USA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been endemic in hospitals and long-term care facilities (LTCF) for the past 40 years. More recent concern surrounds the prevalence of community-acquired (CA)-MRSA and its impact on the disease burden of skin and soft-tissue infections [1,2]. It is estimated that between 50 and 78% of all S. aureus isolates are MRSA, and that up to 40% of all adult MRSA cases are community-acquired. CAMRSA outbreaks have been reported in school settings, fitness clubs, professional and college athletic teams, and other community settings, thus making the task facing clinicians and public health officials much more daunting [3–5]. At large urban community hospitals across the USA there has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of MRSA skin infections (cellulitis, furuncles and abscesses) among both HIV-positive and -negative patients. Many of these patients have no history of recent hospital admissions or LTCF stays, and thus represent CA-MRSA infections. Unfortunately, the epidemiologic surveillance has not been able to keep up with the anecdotal reports of the disease burden facing many of this country’s community hospitals, thus many clinicians and scientists alike have been grappling with the question of an official protocol regarding prevention and treatment approaches to this disease. Despite this dilemma, it is imperative to propose interim recommendations and guidelines to assist medical and public health officials’ handling of the prevention, treatment and research and policy facets of this burgeoning epidemic.
WHEY PROTEIN DENATURATION OF UHT PROCESSED MILK AND ITS EFFECT ON RHEOLOGY OF YOGURT

The denaturation of whey proteins in whole milk during processing by the indirect UHT and vat systems was determined. Whey protein denaturation plateaued at about 88% following a UHT heat treatment of 149°C for 10 s. However, it reached about 88% with a vat heat treatment of 82°C for 5 min and reached 95 to nearly 100% after 10 to 15 min. Vat processing under pasteurizing conditions at 63°C for 30 min resulted in less than 10% denaturation. The yogurts prepared from the vat processed milk had considerably higher structural firmness than those prepared from the UHT milk, as confirmed by the lower value of curd firmness and the higher shear stress of these yogurts. It was also found that the structural or curd firmness of yogurts prepared from UHT milk was highest when the milk was processed for 3.3 s process holding time and was lower when the milk was processed for longer or shorter process holding times. The results suggest that the vat process at 63°C or 82°C brings about a specific change in the whey protein which leads to formation of a firm structure. This change apparently does not occur during the brief UHT treatment.
Reendothelialization and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Activity Associated with Intra-arterial Stented Grafts

The purpose of this study was to determine whether intraluminal placement affects reen dothelialization rate and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) secretion in polytetra fluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts.Thirty dogs underwent infrarenal abdominal aorta PTFE interposition (12) or intra luminal stented (18) grafting. Grafts were explanted at four and eight weeks and rates of endothelial ingrowth calculated. Cell-specific immunohistochemical stains were used to quantitate perianastomotic endothelial (CD 31 +), proliferating (PCNA+), and PDGF secreting cell content.Mean endothelial cell resurfacing rates were 1.1 ±0.2, 3.9 ±0.2, 1.4 ±0.2, and 2.4 ±0.2 mm/week for the four-week control (6), stented (7), eight-week control (6), and eight-week stented (8) grafts at the proximal anastomosis, and 1.2 ±0.2, 3.8 ±0.2, 1.2 ±0.2, and 2.6 ±0.2 mm/week, respectively, at the distal anastomosis. Reendothel ialization was greatest with intra-arterial stented grafts at both four and eight weeks (P<0.01). Between four and eig...
Organic transistors in the new decade: Toward n-channel, printed, and stabilized devices

Significant progress has been made in designing organic semiconducting materials (OSCs) for the past few decades for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Much attention has been paid to the development of p-channel OSCs, with less but highly significant progress on n-channel OSCs. In this review, we focus on the advances made with OFETs in the last few years to achieve high performance in n-channel modes, air stability, and solution processability, leading to printable active electronics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Effect of Cortisol on Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity to Phytohemagglutinin in Chickens

Abstract Three independent trials were conducted to determine if cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) was affected by the injection of Cortisol in broiler cockerels. Trials 1 and 2 were similar, and Trial 3 imposed a period of heat stress in combination with Cortisol. At 6 wk of age, chicks were injected intramuscularly with 2 mg of Cortisol in a corn oil vehicle/500 g body weight at 48, 36, 24, and 12 h prior to challenge with PHA-P. Controls received an equal amount of corn oil on the same schedule. Each chick received .05 mL of PHA-P (100 μg) in the right wattle and an equal volume of saline in the left wattle. The CBH was assessed by measuring the thickness of wattles at various times from 0 to 48 h after challenge with PHA-P. Wattle indices were calculated. Birds were necropsied at 48 h post-PHA-P, and bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and both adrenals excised and weighed. Cortisol produced a significantly greater CBH response in Trials 1 and 2 as indicated by higher wattle indices at 48 h and at 6 h in Trial 3. Regression analysis indicated significantly greater intercepts for the Cortisol responses in Trials 1 and 3 and a significantly greater linear component for the Cortisol response in Trial 2. Body weights and relative bursa and spleen weights were reduced significantly by Cortisol, whereas relative adrenal weights were increased significantly in Trials 2 and 3. These data indicated that Cortisol enhanced CBH to the mitogen PHA-P in broiler cockerels. This is in contrast to reported immunosuppressive effects of other glucocorticoids.
Snails from heavy-metal polluted environments have reduced sensitivity to carbon dioxide-induced acidity.

Anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which increases water acidity. While marine acidification has received recent consideration, less attention has been paid to the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide on freshwater systems—systems that often have low buffering potential. Since many aquatic systems are already impacted by pollutants such as heavy metals, we wondered about the added effect of rising atmospheric CO2 on freshwater organisms. We studied aquatic pulmonate snails (Physella columbiana) from both a heavy-metal polluted watershed and snails from a reference watershed that has not experienced mining pollution. We used gaseous CO2 to increase water acidity and we then measured changes in antipredatory behavior and also survival. We predicted a simple negative additive effect of low pH. We hypothesized that snails from metal-polluted environments would be physiologically stressed and impaired due to defense responses against heavy metals. Instead, snails from populations that acclimated or evolved in the presence of heavy metal mining pollution were more robust to acidic conditions than were snails from reference habitats. Snails from mining polluted sites seemed to be preadapted to a low pH environment. Their short-term survival in acidic conditions was better than snails from reference sites that lacked metal pollution. In fact, the 48 h survival of snails from polluted sites was so high that it did not significantly differ from the 24 h survival of snails from control sites. This suggests that the response of organisms to a world with rising anthropogenic carbon dioxide levels may be complex and difficult to predict. Snails had a weaker behavioral response to stressful stimuli if kept for 1 month at a pH that differed from their lake of origin. We found that snails raised at a pH of 5.5 had a weaker response (less of a decrease in activity) to concentrated heavy metals than did snails raised at their natal pH of 6.5. Furthermore, snails raised a pH of 5.5, 6.0, and 7.0 all had a weaker antipredatory response to an extract of crushed snail cells than did the pH 6.5 treatment snails.
Enabling Collaboration in Distributed Requirements Management

Requirements management, one of the most collaboration-intensive activities in software development, presents significant difficulties when stakeholders are distributed, as in today's global projects. Because of inadequate social contact, geographically distributed practitioners without appropriate tool support have trouble gaining a consistent understanding of requirements or managing requirement changes. We can alleviate many of these difficulties by integrating collaboration support in practitioners' work environments. With these needs in mind, we developed a new collaborative tool named EGRET (eclipse-based global requirements tool) for distributed requirements management
A self-referenced diode-pumped Yb:KYW frequency comb

A diode-pumped Yb:KYW frequency comb system is described. Spectral broadening in microstructured fiber allows detection and control of the carrier-envelope offset frequency. The integrated residual phase noise on f0 is 0.3 radians (0.1 Hz-0.5 MHz).
Significance of Increasing Levels of Minimal Residual Disease in Patients With Philadelphia Chromosome–Positive Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia in Complete Cytogenetic Response

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of increases in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) levels in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who are in complete cytogenetic response (CGCR) on therapy. Patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)–positive CML receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are frequently monitored for response by QPCR studies for minimal molecular disease. The clinical significance of increasing levels of QPCR in patients in CGCR is uncertain. Patients and Methods One hundred sixteen patients in durable CGCR, and on imatinib therapy for at least 18 months, had increases in QPCR levels (documented at least twice consecutively) as defined by literature reports. These were further analyzed by the achievement of major molecular response (MMR) defined as QPCR ≤ 0.05%, as well as by the degree of increase in QPCR. Results Only 11 (9.5%) of 116 patients with increases in QPCR had CML progression; 10 of them were among 44 patients (23%) w...
The atomic structure of twin boundaries in rutile

Abstract The equilibrium atomic structure of the (101) and (301) twin boundaries in rutile (TiO2) has been computed using an ionic shell model and compared with high resolution electron microscopy images of the same boundaries using image simulation. The lowest-energy (101) twin boundary structure is characterized by an in-plane translation of 1/2〈111〉 which conserves the mirror symmetry of the metal sublattice but which imposes a displacement on the oxygen sublattice. The lowest-energy (301) twin-boundary structure involves no in-plane translation and is characterized by mirror symmetry of both the metal and the oxygen sublattices. The computed mirror symmetry of the metal sublattice for both twin boundaries is in agreement with the electron microscopy observations. A small distortion present in the simulated images is discussed in terms of the interatomic potential used in the calculations.
Measuring the impact of scholarly journals in the humanities field

The introduction of citational analysis has caused adaptive responses in the scientific community and its journals, which have been widely discussed in the literature on the evaluation of scientific research. In this work, we deal with the problem of quantitatively measuring the importance of scientific journals when an impact factor is not available, as occurs for most journals in the humanities areas. We conduct a survey to investigate the editorial polices of such journals. We conclude that the `selectivity of journals in their choice of papers for publication', and the `journal diffusion are sensitive and useful indicators, which can be used in conjunction with the classical impact indicators already available in order to evaluate the role of the journals.
Electoral Engineering: Classifying Electoral Systems

Before we can examine the impact of rules on voting behavior and political representation, I first need to outline a typology of the main families of electoral systems and classify their subtypes. The most important institutions influencing electoral rules can be divided into three nested components, ranging from the most diffuse to the most specific levels. The constitutional structure represents the broadest institutional context, denoted, most importantly, by whether the executive is presidential or parliamentary, whether the national legislature is bicameral or unicameral, and whether power is centralized in unitary government or more widely dispersed through federal arrangements. The electoral system concerns multiple aspects of electoral law, and the most basic features involve the ballot structure , determining how voters can express their choices, the electoral threshold , or the minimum votes needed by a party to secure representation, the electoral formula , determining how votes are counted to allocate seats, and the district magnitude , referring to the number of seats per district. Electoral systems are categorized in this study into three primary families: majoritarian, combined, and proportional, each with many subsidiary types. Last, electoral procedures concern more detailed rules, codes of conduct, and official guidelines, including practical and technical issues that can also prove important to the outcome, such as the distribution of polling places, rules governing the nomination procedure for candidates, the qualifications for citizenship, facilities for voter registration and for casting a ballot, the design of the ballot paper, procedures for scrutiny of the election results, the use of compulsory voting, the process of boundary revisions, and regulations governing campaign finance and election broadcasting.
Novel Fabrication of Un-coated Super-hydrophobic Aluminum via Pulsed Electrochemical Surface Modification

Super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic aluminum (Al) surfaces were fabricated via electrochemical surface modification (ECSM) in neutral NaClO3 electrolyte without the addition of secondary chemical coatings. The effects of processing time and applied potential on the surface roughness and wettability were studied. The aluminum surface was characterized using stylus profilometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Wettability was evaluated using Sessile Drop Test and a high resolution camera. Results show that surfaces obtained hierarchical rough features and super-hydrophilic behavior after pulse electrochemical machining. Heat treatment at 200 °C transitioned the substrates to exhibit super-hydrophobic behavior due to the removal of all moisture from within the micro- and nano-meter scale features on the aluminum surfaces, allowing for the reformation of a natural passivation (oxide) layer with atmospheric interaction. The method proposed in this study for producing super-hydrophobic aluminum surfaces does not require the use of acid or base etching or chemical coatings, such as flouroalkylsilane (FAS). Experimental results reveal increase in contact angle, with increase in applied potential, and decrease in sliding angle.
Currency Board for Mexico

A sound currency is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the establishment of a stable government and the promotion of economic prosperity. This theme has been sounded over and over again by virtually all great economists in positions of influence. To take but one example, consider Carl Menger (1840-1921), founder of the Austrian School of Economics. In 1876, Professor Menger became the economics tutor of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. Fortunately, the Crown Prince’s notebooks have recently been published (Streissler and Streissler, 1994), and this is some of what the Crown Prince learned about currency and credit: “To a large extent, trade and commerce, the pillars and mainspring of all economic development, are founded upon a well-established and orderly monetary system. Fluctuations in the exchange rate and uncertainty in all calculations will therefore shake the prosperity of the state to its very foundation; in their activities at home and abroad the state as a whole and each individual citizen will encounter distrust and obstacles everywhere... Therefore, it can reasonably be agreed that an uncertain, disorderly currency is a vital deficiency of a state, because it makes itself deeply felt in all of economic life and its progress” (p. 141).
Improved Axillary Evaluation Following Neoadjuvant Therapy for Patients With Node-Positive Breast Cancer Using Selective Evaluation of Clipped Nodes: Implementation of Targeted Axillary Dissection

PurposePlacing clips in nodes with biopsy-confirmed metastasis before initiating neoadjuvant therapy allows for evaluation of response in breast cancer. Our goal was to determine if pathologic changes in clipped nodes reflect the status of the nodal basin and if targeted axillary dissection (TAD), which includes sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) and selective localization and removal of clipped nodes, improves the false-negative rate (FNR) compared with SLND alone.MethodsA prospective study of patients with biopsy-confirmed nodal metastases with a clip placed in the sampled node was performed. After neoadjuvant therapy, patients underwent axillary surgery and the pathology of the clipped node was compared with other nodes. Patients undergoing TAD had SLND and selective removal of the clipped node using iodine-125 seed localization. The FNR was determined in patients undergoing complete axillary lymphadenectomy (ALND).ResultsOf 208 patients enrolled in this study, 191 underwent ALND, with residual dise...
Effect of Voiding in Solder Joints on Thermal Performance of the LED

Light-Emitting Diode (LED) lighting has potential to fundamentally alter lighting by replacing incandescent and fluorescent technologies because it offers significant energy saving, longer operational life, and many other advantages. Excellent thermal management and low-cost is vital for LED lighting to become the market standard for general lighting. The packaged LED is typically soldered to the metal-core printed circuit board (MCPCB). However, as the size of the packaged LED increases, voiding in solder joints becomes a major problem since voiding increases the thermal resistance. The research questions are: what is the effect of flux in solder paste and the LED size on the voiding? What is the relationship between the voiding and the thermal performance of the LED? In this study, packaged LEDs with three different sizes were assembled to MCPCBs using solder paste with two different types of fluxes. The voiding in solder joints was imaged by an X-Ray machine. The detailed void characteristics were anal...
Evapotranspiration changes with irrigation using saline groundwater and RO concentrate

Abstract In the arid southwestern United States, water is scarce. Drought and diminishing freshwater have created a need for alternate water sources. Reverse osmosis (RO) is used to desalinate groundwater but results in highly saline concentrate. This study investigates reusing RO concentrate as an irrigation source for salt-tolerant plants. The objective was to evaluate the evapotranspiration (ET), leaching fractions (LF), and total above-ground biomass produced under irrigation water salinity gradient. Three irrigation treatments of 0.9 dS/m (control), 4.1 dS/m, and 8.0 dS/m were applied for 90-days. In this greenhouse study, six salt-tolerant species (Atriplex canescens, Hordeum vulgare, Lepidium alyssoides, Distichlis stricta, Panicum virgatum, ×Triticosecale) were planted in contrasting soils. Irrigation and deep percolation were measured to determine ET and LF. Control water irrigated plants had higher ET and lower LF than saline water irrigated plants. Dry above-ground biomass for A. canescens and Lepidium alyssoides increased, Panicum virgatum decreased, and no trends were observed for others with increasing irrigation water salinity. All species tested in this study appear suitable for cultivation using RO concentrate in sand, but P. virgatum is less viable in clay. Concentrate reuse for growing salt-tolerant plants could aid in implementation of inland groundwater desalination in the southwestern U.S.
Study on the Effects of Excess Iodine and Excess Tyrosine on Goiter in Mice

Objective:To study the effects of excess iodine and excess tyrosine on goiter in mice and further reveal the dose effect rule of influence of tyrosine on function and morphology of thyroid gland.Methods: Mice were divided into 4 groups according to 2×2 factorial experiment design,adequate iodine and adequate tyrosine group,adequate iodine and high tyrosine group,high iodine and adequate tyrosine group,high iodine and high tyrosine group.120 days later,the following indexes were observed and measured:the weights and relative weights of thyroids,the content of serum T3、T4、TSH,the pathological changes of the thyroids tissue under light microscopy and electron microscopy,the stereological indexes of thyroids such as mean surface,volume on area and mean gray scale and the goiter rate of each group.Results: ①Simple high iodine could result in the typical colloid goiter in mice,and the goiter rate in this group was 89.5%.②Simple high tyrosine has no significant effects on mice and the goiter rate in this group was 0%.③The degree of goiter was obviously reduced and goiter rate was 35% when iodine and tyrosine were excess at the same time.Conclusions:①Iodine and tyrosine played important roles in goiter,and the iodine occupyed the dominant position,the tyrosine also has the vital role.②Iodine and tyrosine had obviously interactive effects-antagonistic effects on the occurrence and development of endemic goiter.
A thought on China′s rural medicine "two network",taking Shaanxi Province as an exemple

In order to promote rural medicine "two network" orderly development.method of rural medicine "two network" status was set forth,the rural "two network" problems were analyzed,suggesting strengthening inter-sectoral coordination and cooperation,re-division of regulatory functions,improving the drug control laws and regulations,the introduction of market mechanism to promote the healthy operation of drug supply network and other aspects of health,standardized operation.
The BOLT IR Test Collections of Multilingual Passage Retrieval from Discussion Forums

This paper describes a new test collection for passage retrieval from multilingual, informal text. The task being modeled is that of a monolingual English-speaking user who wishes to search discussion forum text in a foreign language. The system retrieves relevant short passages of text and presents them to the user, translated into English. The test collection contains more than 2 billion words of discussion thread text, 250 queries representing complex informational search needs, and manual relevance judgments of forum post passages, pooled from real systems. This information retrieval test collection is the first to combine multilingual search, passage retrieval, and informal online genre text.
Network Aggregates Formed by C60 and Gold Nanoparticles Capped with γ-Cyclodextrin Hosts

Water-soluble gold nanoparticles (3.2 nm diameter) capped with thiolated γ-cyclodextrin hosts form large network aggregates (∼300 nm) in the presence of C60 fullerene molecules. This aggregation phenomenon is driven by the formation of inclusion complexes between two cyclodextrinsattached to different nanoparticlesand one molecule of C60.
For Better or for Worse: Policymaking

Policies are the broad outlines within which governments view and often act on a situation. They are implemented with specific laws, programs, regulations, and other actions. A policy can be as much what a government does not do as what it does. Some policies may simply be statements of principle that leaders have no intention of following. Deciding not to decide is a decision too. When a government refuses to do or say anything it is following a policy. As Hugh Heclo put it, a policy is “a course of action or inaction rather than a specific decision or action.”1 But, mostly, policies are concrete actions that a government takes toward a problem.
Insulin signaling controls neurotransmission via the 4eBP-dependent modification of the exocytotic machinery.

The rates of obesity and diabetes are increasing worldwide. Both conditions produce a wide range of detrimental effects on health, including an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Obesity and diabetes reduce how well many of the body’s cells can respond to a hormone called insulin. Insulin signaling is believed to influence how the brain works, but this had not been studied in detail. Mahoney et al. have now studied the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate whether insulin signaling within neurons can directly alter neurotransmission – the process by which neurons communicate with each other by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters. The fruit flies were fed a high protein diet, which increased their insulin signaling and reduced the activity of a protein called FOXO in the neurons. This resulted in the reduced transcription of the translational inhibitor 4eBP and ultimately caused an increase in the amount of the Complexin protein. This protein in turn reduced the release of neurotransmitters. Thus, the results of the experiments demonstrate that insulin signaling within adult fruit fly neurons decreases neurotransmission. Future experiments will be needed to study these mechanisms in more detail. One of the remaining open questions is where proteins such as Complexin are being made in the neuron.
The Strengths of Youth in a Public Behavioral Health System: Measurement Choices, Prevalence Rates, and Group Differences

Youth with severe emotional and behavioral problems receiving services in public behavioral health systems have strengths that are understudied in research and underutilized in practice. This study explores four alternative strategies (individual item scores, the number of “actionable” strengths, subscales, and a total composite) for summarizing the strengths of youth assessed with the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) in a large, urban, public behavioral health system. The paper examines whether these summarization strategies produce divergent understandings of the prevalence of strengths across gender, age, and racial groups. Analyses suggest that youth enter this system with high levels of strengths. There are few group differences in strengths across the diverse summarization strategies. Though the practice-preferred method of using individual strengths items provides the most interpretable information about strengths, the aggregation strategies may be useful for programs and systems. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Altered microRNA expression patterns during the initiation and promotion stages of neonatal diethylstilbestrol-induced dysplasia/neoplasia in the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) uterus

Treatment of Syrian hamsters on the day of birth with the prototypical endocrine disruptor and synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES), leads to 100% occurrence of uterine hyperplasia/dysplasia in adulthood, a large proportion of which progress to neoplasia (endometrial adenocarcinoma). Consistent with our prior gene expression analyses at the mRNA and protein levels, we now report (based on microarray, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization analyses) that progression of the neonatal DES-induced dysplasia/neoplasia phenomenon in the hamster uterus also includes a spectrum of microRNA expression alterations (at both the whole-organ and cell-specific level) that differ during the initiation (upregulated miR-21, 200a, 200b, 200c, 29a, 29b, 429, 141; downregulated miR-181a) and promotion (downregulated miR-133a) stages of the phenomenon. The biological processes targeted by those differentially expressed miRNAs include pathways in cancer and adherens junction, plus regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and miRNA functions, all of which are consistent with our model system phenotype. These findings underscore the need for continued efforts to identify and assess both the classical genetic and the more recently recognized epigenetic mechanisms that truly drive this and other endocrine disruption phenomena.
Comparative oceanography of coastal lagoons

The hypothesis that physical lagoon characteristics and variability depend on the channel connecting the lagoon to the adjacent coastal ocean is evaluated. The geographical, hydrological, and oceanographic characteristics of 10 lagoon systems are described and analyzed; these oceanographic features are utilized to classify the lagoon systems. Choked lagoons (Laguna Joyuda, Coorong, Lake St.Lucia, Gippsland Lakes, Lake Songkla/Thale Luang/Thale Noi, and Lagoa dos Patos) are prevalent on coasts with high wave energy and low tidal range; restricted lagoons (Lake Pontchartrain and Laguna de Terminos) are located on low/medium wave energy coasts with a low tidal range; and leaky lagoons (Mississippi Sound and Belize Lagoon/Chetumal Bay) are connected to the ocean by wide tidal passes that transmit oceanic effects into the lagoon with a minimum of resistance. The data support the hypothesis that the nature of the connecting channel controls system functions.
Specific Identification of Glycoproteins Bearing the Tn Antigen in Human Cells

Glycoproteins contain a wealth of valuable information regarding the development and disease status of cells. In cancer cells, some glycans (such as the Tn antigen) are highly up-regulated, but this remains largely unknown for glycoproteins with a particular glycan. Herein, an innovative method combining enzymatic and chemical reactions was first designed to enrich glycoproteins with the Tn antigen. Using synthetic glycopeptides with O-GalNAc (the Tn antigen) or O-GlcNAc, we demonstrated that the method is selective for glycopeptides with O-GalNAc and can distinguish between these two modifications. The diagnostic ions from the tagged O-GalNAc further confirmed the effectiveness of the method and confidence in the identification of glycopeptides with the Tn antigen by mass spectrometry. Using this method, we identified 96 glycoproteins with the Tn antigen in Jurkat cells. The method can be extensively applied in biological and biomedical research.
Planning a Library Leadership Retreat on the Cheap: Case Study and Analysis.

Staying ahead of the pitch: an old baseball metaphor that means to anticipate where the ball is going to go so that the batter can score a hit. But to anticipate changes in a field as robust and challenging as information sciences, reflection and contemplation are often key to good planning. With simple day-to-day management of libraries already being a full-time task, true leadership and planning often comes with a real, physical break from the workplace and daily routines. With this in mind, the leadership retreat should be employed by librarians to give themselves the luxury of deep reflection, camaraderie, and thoughtful planning in environments conducive to such work. This article outlines a simple process that can be used to run a planning retreat, at a reasonable cost, and within a modest time frame. To outline this process, a case study involving the University of Oklahoma-Tulsa Schusterman Library will be described.
Reduction of Laser Frequency Noise and Intensity Noise in Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating Acoustic-Emission Sensor System

The noise performance of a fiber-optic acoustic-emission (AE) sensor system is often limited by the laser intensity noise and the laser frequency noise. Here, we report a novel low-cost, high-performance noise reduction method for fiber-optic AE sensor system based on a $\pi$ -phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating. This method uses a reference channel built by an all-fiber Michelson interferometer formed by a $3\times3$ fiber-optic coupler and two Faraday mirrors. The reference channel has two outputs whose spectra are two sinusoidal fringes with a relative phase shift of $2\pi$ /3. A novel signal processing method is developed to extract both the laser intensity noise and the laser frequency noise from the outputs of the reference channel, which are subsequently removed from the output of the sensing channel. The results show that, for an AE sensor system using a distributed-feedback semiconductor laser as the laser source, this method achieves a noise reduction ratio of more than 20 dB. The reference channel possesses a broad operating spectral width and has the potential to be used in a multiplexed AE sensor system.
The Empty Tower

Short fiction, in which Ambassador Gerald Murphy learns the humbling realities of technology transfer to the developing democracies.
Correction to: Electricity demand in industrial and service sectors in Taiwan

In table 1 columns 10 and 16, the value of the average price was updated. In Fig. 2b, some parts of the line graph were removed by mistake during production.