cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aromaticity of annulated benzene, pyridine and phosphabenzene

Cyclopropa-, cyclopbutana-, and cyclobutena-annulated benzenes, pyridines, and phosphabenzenes are potentially aromatic compounds. The structures of all mono-, di- and tri-annulated variations are optimized at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level. Their aromaticity is evaluated in terms of bond alternation, magnetic properties (NICS), and resonance energy. The cyclopropa systems are aromatic, the cyclobutanana systems express some aromaticity and the cyclobutena systems are not aromatic.
Measurements of the Cromwell current

Abstract Direct current measurements made along the equator in the central and eastern tropical Pacific during the IGY show that the subsurface eastward flow, first described in 1954, is a fast, thin, but major current. As defined by the 25 cm/sec contour, it is 300 km wide and about two-tenths of a kilometre thick; it is symmetrical about the equator. At 140°W the core of the current is at 100 m. Velocities up to 150 cm/sec (3 knots) were recorded. The average transport based on four sections is 39 × 10 6 m 3 /sec. The current was traced from 140 °W to the Galapagos Islands at 92°W. It was not found east of the Galapagos at 89°W. The core velocity was 100–150cm/sec from 140°W to the Galapagos; the depth of the core shallowed from 100 to 40 m. At the surface and at 500 m the flow was to the west. Hydrographic measurements suggest that the flow is in geostrophic equilibrium to within half a degree of the equator. The major features of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (Cromwell Current), including its general shape, the depth of the core, which slopes upward to the east, can be accounted for by assuming a geostrophic flow in response to the perturbation in the horizontal pressure gradients caused by mixing through the thermocline at the equator. Direct measurements of the Cromwell Current show that the current extends from at least 92°W to 150°W (3500 miles). Indirect evidence suggests that the current will be found to at least 170°W (4700 miles long) and perhaps as far as 160°E (6500 miles long).
Curing of Composites Using Internal Resistive Heating

Curing of fiber-resin mixtures is often the critical and productivity controlling step in the fabrication of thermosetting-matrix composites. The long processing times (and costs) have remained the fundamental impediment to widespread commercialization of composites. Shortening the cure cycle time, while ensuring a complete and uniform cure in the product, is imperative for realizing the goal of affordable materials processing, and forms the focus of this investigation. Toward addressing the affordability challenge, this paper explores the use of conductive carbon mats embedded inside the composite as a means of providing internal volumetric resistanc e heating during the cure process. The supplemental heating results in temperature and cure uniformity through the cross section, as well as speeds up the cure process. In the context of application to resin transfer molding, systematic experimental and theoretical studies on various resistive heating configurations are presented. Optimum processing strategies are derived based on the cure time and microstructural product quality considerations.
Catastrophic Failure of High-stressed Nylon by Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid and of ‘Plexiglas’ by Allylbromide

THIS communication summarizes an examination of the instantaneous fracture of nylon and ‘Plexiglas’ plates, by the actions of concentrated hydrochloric acid and allylbromide respectively, when specimens have been subjected to a critical bending stress and indicates that the phenomena of the rapid failure of these materials appears analogous to that observed in the case of metals via the action of liquid metals1.
Risk assessment for environmental exposures to radon daughters

Abstract Predicting the consequences of population exposures to radon daughter products is based on experience with the high exposures and high exposure rates of underground miners. Since lung cancer, the expected consequence of exposure, develops late in life, the total mortality has not been completely expressed in the various mining groups. While there is general agreement on the lung dosimetry, predictions of lifetime risk by current models vary significantly. The need for a satisfactory model is great since average lifetime environmental exposures are about one-tenth those shown to have caused excess lung cancer in miners. The present paper reviews the published approaches to this modeling.
Physical and biological influences on the formation of sedimentary fabric in an oxygen-restricted depositional environment; Eckernforde Bay, southwestern Baltic Sea

Sedimentological and radiochemical investigations of sediments in Eckernforde Bay were coordinated with observations of benthic biology and benthic-boundary-layer dynamics to identify processes influencing the formation of preserved sedimentary fabric. The bay is a trap for fine sediments because of its fjord-like basin geometry and hydrodynamic regime. Sediments are derived from both local sources (transported by winter storms) and sources in adjacent Kiel Bight (fair-weather transport of suspended sediment by internal waves). In the central basin of the bay, strata consist of pelletized, clay-rich beds and silty laminations, and reflect the interaction of bioturbation with alternating fair-weather and storm-associated sediment transport and deposition. Sediment-accumulation rates in the central basin of the bay are approximately 0.39 cm/yr (from 210 Pb geochronology). Results from a numerical model, as well as study of X-radiographs and accumulation rates, indicate that fair-weather processes contribute 0.15 cm/yr of time-averaged sediment accumulation, and the remaining 0.24 cm/yr is contributed by storm-generated deposition. Seasonal oxygen depletion restricts the benthic community to a pioneer assemblage of small-bodied, deposit-feeding polychaetes and bivalves. Excess 234 Th analyses indicate that bioturbation is restricted to the upper 1 cm of the seabed. Macrofaunal feeding activity produces abundant ovoid fecal pellets and biogenic microfabric in beds deposited under fair-weather conditions. In contrast, primary depositional fabric is preserved as laminations when storm deposits thicker than the depth of bioturbation disrupt biological communities.
A replica-exchange approach to computing peptide conformational free energies

We describe a methodology for computing relative free energies of peptide conformational states. The method uses replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations with backbone restraints that hold a peptide within the conformational space basin surrounding a given structure of interest. Restraints are scaled from full strength to zero strength as one moves up the replica cascade, such that the highest temperature becomes a conformation-unspecific reference state. Then, weighted histogram analysis is used to compute the free energy of the structure of interest relative to the reference state. We test our method on a 14-residue sequence that adopts a variety of alpha and beta structures at equilibrium. We show that computed free energies bear close theoretical agreement with structure populations and have the expected relationship with structure unfolding temperatures evaluated in non-equilibrium heating simulations. By comparison, purely potential energy measures are not able to correctly rank popula...
Intertemporal consumer behaviour in developing countries

This paper explores aggregate consumption behaviour in four developing countries under the assumption that consumers' planning horizons do not extend over their expected lifetime. Under certain conditions, the resulting ‘moving planning horizon model’ suggests that changes in current income would exert considerably more influence over current consumer spending than is predicted by forward-looking theories of consumption which typically assume that consumers' planning horizons coincide with expected lifetime. Estimation of the model for the group of developing countries provides empirical support for the role of changes in current income in influencing the consumption process. The results also reveal that consumers are relatively short-sighted sinced the length of the planning period of consumers ranges from just over ten months. An important implication of these findings is that policy measures can be effective not only if they influence consumers' permanent incomes but also if they affect changes in curr...
The Elastic Properties of Single-crystal Fayalite as Determined by Dynamical Measurement Techniques

We present new elasticity measurements on single-crystal fayalite and combine our results with other data from resonance, pulse superposition interferometry, and Brillouin scattering to provide a set of recommended values for the adiabatic elastic moduli C ij and their temperature variations. We use a resonance method (RPR) with specimens that were previously investigated by pulse superposition experiments. The nine C ij of fayalite are determined from three new sets of measurements. One set of our new C ij data is over the range 300–500 K. We believe that the relatively large discrepancies found in some C ij are due in large part to specimen inhomogeneities (chemical and microstructural) coupled with differences in the way various techniques sample, rather than only systematic errors associated with experimental procedures or in the preparations of the specimens.
Behavioral conditioned responses to contextual and odor stimuli paired with LiCl administration

The present experiments examined whether behavioral conditioned responses (CRs) develop to LiCl-paired contextual and odor stimuli, and whether these CRs are similar to the behaviors observed following the administration of the drug. During conditioning, a novel context (Experiment 1) or a novel odor (Experiment 2) was paired with LiCl injections, and the CRs which developed to these stimuli were assessed during testing. Suppression of general activity occurred after LiCl exposure and after exposure to the lithium-paired context and odor. However, the actual behaviors which emerged as conditioned responses were distinctly different from those which were elicited by the drug itself. Lying on belly was the predominant unconditioned response to LiCl. Freezing was the predominant CR to the context, whereas gaping was the predominant CR to the odor. These outcomes are discussed and compared to previous results using a taste stimulus.
A predominant IgG4 subclass may be responsible for false-negative direct immunofluorescence in bullous pemphigoid

Background: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an immune-mediated blistering disease, usually characterized immunopathologically by the linear deposition of IgG and C3 along the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of skin. However, positive deposition of C3 but negative staining for IgG on direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies has been noted in some patients. Methods: Twelve patients known to have BP but with absence of staining for IgG were included in this study. Frozen sections of skin specimens from the 12 patients were subjected to IgG DIF, as well as a sandwich double antibody method of staining for IgG, IgG subclasses, and light chains. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercially available human IgG subclasses was used to analyze the subclass restriction of FITC-labeled antihuman IgG conjugates. Results: Of the 12 skin specimens with positive C3 and negative IgG on DIF, nine were positive for IgG with the double antibody sandwich method. In addition, all 12 specimens had positive linear staining for the subclass IgG4 along the BMZ with this method. There was no IgG light chain restriction. Two commercially obtained antihuman IgG conjugates, both commonly used in our laboratory for DIF testing, were analyzed for separate IgG subclass specificity by ELISA. Both conjugates showed high reactivity to IgG1 and IgG3 with less reactivity to IgG2 and IgG4. Conclusion: These results suggest that the following factors contribute to false-negative staining for IgG on DIF in some BP patients: (i): subthreshold IgG in skin specimens; (ii) limited reactivity of commercial antihuman IgG conjugates to the IgG4 subclass; and (iii) decreased sensitivity of DIF compared with double antibody methods for the detection of IgG. The use of sandwich double antibody immunofluorescence methods to test for IgG and/or IgG subclasses may be helpful in definitively diagnosing BP in patients with negative IgG and positive C3 staining on DIF.
Condensation on aerosol particles: Boundary element formulation

Abstract Local and global condensation rates of particles of arbitrary shapes are of interest in the studies of aerosol. The present paper is a follow-up on some recent work (Loyalka and Griffin, 1993, Nucl. Sci. Engng 114 ,135; 1994, J. Aerosol Sci. 25 , 509; Griffin and Loyalka, 1994, J. Aerosol Sci. 25 , 1271) where it was shown that the relevant diffusion equation, with continuum and near-continuum boundary conditions, can be converted to an integral equation and then solved by a quadrature technique. Here the focus is on the application of a boundary element formulation to the integral equation. This numeric formulation is verified against analytical solutions for a spherical and a spheroidal particle. The formulation is then applied to a study of condensation on two wetted spheres with a liquid meniscus between them. Both the local and global condensation rates are calculated and the utility of an equivalent sphere approach is explored.
Gene therapy during cardiac surgery: role of surgical technique to minimize collateral organ gene expression

Effective gene therapy for heart failure has not yet been achieved clinically. The aim of this study is to quantitatively assess the cardiac isolation efficiency of the molecular cardiac surgery with recirculating delivery (MCARD™) and to evaluate its efficacy as a means to limit collateral organ gene expression. 1014 genome copies (GC) of recombinant adeno-associated viral vector 6 encoding green fluorescent protein under control of the cytomegalovirus promoter was delivered to the nine arrested sheep hearts. Blood samples were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT QPCR). Collateral organ gene expression was assessed at four-weeks using immunohistochemical staining. The blood vector GC concentration in the cardiac circuit during complete isolation trended from 9.59±0.73 to 9.05±0.65 (log GC/cm3), and no GC were detectable in the systemic circuit (P 800-fold (P 99% isolation efficiency. Conversely, incomplete isolation resulted in equalization of vector GC concentration in the circuits, leading to robust collateral organ gene expression. MCARD™ is an efficient, clinically translatable myocardial delivery platform for cardiac specific gene therapy. The cardiac surgical techniques utilized are critically important to limit collateral organ gene expression.
Treatment Acceptability among Mexican American Parents.

There is a void in the literature with regard to Hispanic parents' views about common interventions for children with behavior problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the treatment acceptability of child management techniques in a Mexican American sample. Parents' acculturation was also examined to determine if it would account for differences in treatment acceptability. Mexican American parents found response cost, a punishment-based technique, more acceptable than positive reinforcement-based techniques (e.g., differential attention). Results suggest that Mexican American parents' acculturation has little impact on acceptability of child management interventions. No association was found between mothers' acculturation and treatment acceptability. However, more acculturated Mexican American fathers viewed token economy as more acceptable than less acculturated fathers. Results are discussed in the context of clinical work and research with Mexican Americans.
Land‐cover mixing and spectral vegetation indices

Vegetation indices have been widely used as indicators of seasonal and inter‐annual variations in vegetation caused by either human activities or climate, with the overall goal of observing and documenting changes in the Earth system. While existing satellite remote sensing systems, such as NASA's Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), are providing improved vegetation index data products through correcting for the distortions in surface reflectance caused by atmospheric particles as well as ground covers below vegetation canopy, the impact of land‐cover mixing on vegetation indices has not been fully addressed. In this study, based on real image spectral samples for two‐component mixtures of forest and common nonforest land‐cover types directly extracted from a 1.1 km MISR image by referencing a 30 m land‐cover classification, the effect of land‐cover mixing on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation In...
Evolution of the Aging Brain Transcriptome and Synaptic Regulation

Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders of aging are characterized by clinical and pathological features that are relatively specific to humans. To obtain greater insight into how brain aging has evolved, we compared age-related gene expression changes in the cortex of humans, rhesus macaques, and mice on a genome-wide scale. A small subset of gene expression changes are conserved in all three species, including robust age-dependent upregulation of the neuroprotective gene apolipoprotein D (APOD) and downregulation of the synaptic cAMP signaling gene calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CAMK4). However, analysis of gene ontology and cell type localization shows that humans and rhesus macaques have diverged from mice due to a dramatic increase in age-dependent repression of neuronal genes. Many of these age-regulated neuronal genes are associated with synaptic function. Notably, genes associated with GABA-ergic inhibitory function are robustly age-downregulated in humans but not in mice at the level of both mRNA and protein. Gene downregulation was not associated with overall neuronal or synaptic loss. Thus, repression of neuronal gene expression is a prominent and recently evolved feature of brain aging in humans and rhesus macaques that may alter neural networks and contribute to age-related cognitive changes.
Multi-nutrient, multi-group model of present and future oceanic phytoplankton communities

Abstract. Phytoplankton community composition profoundly affects patterns of nutrient cycling and the dynamics of marine food webs; therefore predicting present and future phytoplankton community structure is crucial to understand how ocean ecosystems respond to physical forcing and nutrient limitations. We develop a mechanistic model of phytoplankton communities that includes multiple taxonomic groups (diatoms, coccolithophores and prasinophytes), nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, silicate and iron), light, and a generalist zooplankton grazer. Each taxonomic group was parameterized based on an extensive literature survey. We test the model at two contrasting sites in the modern ocean, the North Atlantic (North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, NABE) and subarctic North Pacific (ocean station Papa, OSP). The model successfully predicts general patterns of community composition and succession at both sites: In the North Atlantic, the model predicts a spring diatom bloom, followed by coccolithophore and prasinophyte blooms later in the season. In the North Pacific, the model reproduces the low chlorophyll community dominated by prasinophytes and coccolithophores, with low total biomass variability and high nutrient concentrations throughout the year. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the identity of the most sensitive parameters and the range of acceptable parameters differed between the two sites. We then use the model to predict community reorganization under different global change scenarios: a later onset and extended duration of stratification, with shallower mixed layer depths due to increased greenhouse gas concentrations; increase in deep water nitrogen; decrease in deep water phosphorus and increase or decrease in iron concentration. To estimate uncertainty in our predictions, we used a Monte Carlo sampling of the parameter space where future scenarios were run using parameter combinations that produced acceptable modern day outcomes and the robustness of the predictions was determined. Change in the onset and duration of stratification altered the timing and the magnitude of the spring diatom bloom in the North Atlantic and increased total phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass in the North Pacific. Changes in nutrient concentrations in some cases changed dominance patterns of major groups, as well as total chlorophyll and zooplankton biomass. Based on these scenarios, our model suggests that global environmental change will inevitably alter phytoplankton community structure and potentially impact global biogeochemical cycles.
Program content and advertising effectiveness: A test of the congruity hypothesis for cognitive and affective sources of involvement

It has been suggested by McClung, Park, and Sauer (1985) that television ads will be more effective if the source of involvement in the ad (cognitive or affective) matches the source of involvement in the program in which the ad is embedded. This research employed a two-factor experimental design in which cognitively involving ads and affectively involving ads were viewed in cognitively and affectively involving programs. Congruency between the sources of program and ad involvement did not produce greater ad effectiveness than did incongruence. The programs did, however, influence ad effectiveness. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Breeding and hand‐rearing the Kori bustard Ardeotis kori at the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park, Washington, DC

In 1990 the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park (SNZP), Washington, DC, began a breeding programme for Kori bustards Ardeotis kori. Twenty-five chicks have been hand-reared since 1997. Kori bustards are not bred regularly in captivity and, consequently, there has been little information published on breeding-flock management and husbandry. This paper summarizes Kori bustard management at SNZP and provides information on housing, general husbandry, diets and hand-rearing procedures.
Salinity Control and Federal Water Quality Act

Salinity as a mineral pollutant is receiving increased attention in the Western United States in terms of economic impacts. The salinity control problem on the Colorado River is examined in relation to the Federal Water Quality Act, PL 92-500. As such, it is concluded that even basinwide, salinity controls as presently envisioned will not be able to meet anticipated salinity standards and the “zero discharge” goals of the Act. A new planning strategy of total water management is suggested to identify and evaluate water needs, water resources, physical technology, management technology, and other nonphysical constraints. Thus, the specific economic limitations and institutional constraints identified under the various management options will assist in setting attainable salinity levels within a river basin in lieu of meeting rigid zero discharge limitations for each water user. It is concluded that some institutional changes or modifications should be anticipated if the best practical control technology and total water management techniques are to be applied.
Consumption Externalities in Models of Urban Transportation

A two-sector, two-commodity model, in which the consumption externalities of one good are treated as public “bads,” is used to evaluate diagrammatically the case for consumption subsidies for the other good. The model is discussed within the context of urban transportation where public bads are assumed to be generated by the consumption of private transportation. Of particular interest is whether a transfer of purchasing power through public transportation subsidies from one (higher-income) group to the other (lower-income) group can, by reducing the consumption of private transportation by the latter, improve the respective welfare levels of both parties (i.e., produce a Paretian improvement). It is shown that while a subsidy may result in a Pareto efficient allocation of resources, the likelihood of Paretian improvements is remote. The equity and efficiency implications of alternative subsidy proposals are also examined.
Recovering 3D motion of multiple objects using adaptive Hough transform

Presents a method to determine the 3D motion of multiple objects from two perspective views. In our method, segmentation is determined based on a 3D rigidity constraint. We divide the input image into overlapping patches, and for each sample of the translation parameter space, we compute the rotation parameters of patches using a least-squares fit. Every patch votes for a sample in the translation and rotation parameter space. For a patch containing multiple motions, we use an M-estimator to compute rotation parameters of a dominant motion. We use the adaptive Hough transform to refine the relevant parameter space in a "coarse-to-fine" fashion. Applications of the proposed method to both synthetic and real images are demonstrated with promising results. >
The First-Order Approach to Merger Analysis

Using information local to the pre-merger equilibrium, we derive approximations of the expected changes in prices and welfare generated by a merger. We extend the pricing pressure approach of recent work to allow for non-Bertrand conduct, adjusting the diversion ratio and incorporating the change in anticipated accommodation. To convert pricing pressures into quantitative estimates of price changes, we multiply them by the merger pass-through matrix, which (under conditions we specify) is approximated by the pre-merger rate at which cost increases are passed through to prices. Weighting the price changes by quantities gives the change in consumer surplus.
Effectiveness of Advanced Stay Strong, Stay Healthy in Community Settings.

The goal of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of the 10-week, University of Missouri (MU) Extension strength training program Advanced Stay Strong, Stay Healthy (ASSSH). It was hyp...
Rheological analysis of highly loaded polymeric composites filled with non-agglomerating spherical filler particles

A non-agglomerating 15 μm diameter stainless steel spherical powder was used as a filler in a low-density polyethylene matrix. The factors investigated included volume loading, the use of surface treatments, and method of applying the surface treatments. The rheological parameters measured to analyze the effect of these factors on the melt behavior of the mixtures were the dynamic viscosity, η*, and the real component of the shear modulus, G′. These parameters showed clear differences in the response of the composites to volume loading, type of surface treatments, and method of surface treatment application.
A performance evaluation of MEMS-based micronozzles

An investigation is made into the modeling, design and testing of micron scale Laval nozzles. Such nozzles can provide orbital maneuvering for small spacecraft or attitude control and stationkeeping for their larger counterparts. The flow in the nozzle is modeled by means of a two dimensional finite volume NavierStokes simulation which predicts viscous losses with a decrease in nozzle scale. Calculations show mass flow is reduced to 93% of the ideal in viscid flow for a throat Reynolds number of 500. The nozzles modeled are fabricated through deep reactive ion etching in an inductively coupled plasma. Nozzle throat dimensions of 30 microns reduce to 20 microns over the depth of the nozzle. Nozzle testing reveals choked conditions exist, and the flow rates are similar for different geometries of the same throat dimensions.
g2 and Other Exceptional Lie Algebras

This lecture is mainly about\({g_2}\)with just enough discussion of the algebraic constructions of the other exceptional Lie algebras to give the reader a sense of their complexity.\({g_2}\)being only 14-dimensional, is different: we can reasonably carry out in practice the process described in §21.3 to arrive at an explicit description of the algebra by specifying a basis and all pairwise products; we do this in §22.1 and verify in §22.2 that the result really is a Lie algebra. In §22.3 we analyze the representations of\({g_2}\)and arrive in particular at another description of \({{\mathfrak{g}}_{2}} \): it is the algebra of endomorphisms of a seven-dimensional vector space preserving a general trilinear form. (Note that §22.3 may be read independently of either §22.1, §21.2, or §21.3.) Finally, in the fourth section we will sketch some of the more abstract (i.e., coordinate free) approaches to the construction of the five exceptional Lie algebras. While the first two sections are completely elementary, the constructions given in §22.4 involve some fairly serious algebra.
Systemic RNAi in C. elegans from the Viewpoint of RNA as Extracellular Signals

The elegantly simple organism Caenorhabditis elegans has played an important role in the RNAi field. In 1997, the first RNAi experiment was performed in this nematode by engineering a specific sequence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and injecting the molecules into the organism. Subsequently, an RNAi response was noted not only in the treated animal but also in its progeny. In later experiments that utilized Green Fluorescent Protein to assess RNAi in individual cells, systemic RNAi phenocopies were observed in most nonneuronal tissues. These early observations of systemic RNAi revealed a hitherto unknown feature of RNA molecules: an ability of locally delivered dsRNAs to traffic to distant somatic and germline cells and to gain entry into those cells – an ability not generally observed for structurally similar DNA molecules. Understanding the precise nature of the RNA molecules that facilitate RNAi as well as the cellular mechanisms that respond to them will provide insights into the unusually robust nature of RNAi in C. elegans as well as highlight potential trafficking routes for endogenous RNAs.
Double Crush Syndrome

Upton and McComas formalized the hypothesis of the “double crush” syndrome (DCS) in 1973 (Upton and McComas Lancet 2:359–362, 1973) to describe the coexistence of multiple compressive lesions along the course of a peripheral nerve, postulating that entrapment of the peripheral nerve at one site renders the nerve susceptible to proximal and/or distal compression. By definition, augmented axonal injury occurs, representing more than just the combined independent effects of each lesion. This mechanism of neuronal injury is implicated in a variety of multi-focal neuropathies, including cervical radiculopathy and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), thoracic outlet syndrome and CTS, and cubital tunnel syndrome and Guyon’s canal syndrome. The DCS hypothesis, however, is not universally accepted as an underlying mechanism of multi-focal neuropathies, and a critical review of this entity allows for a better understanding of the controversial theory.
Diets of young Colorado squawfish and other small fish in backwaters of the Green River, Colorado and Utah

We compared diet of young-of-year Colorado squawfish ( Ptychocheilus lucius ), an endangered cyprinid, with diets of other fish Rhinichthys osculus, Catostomus discobolus, and C. latipinnts , and nonnative Cyprinella lutrensis, Notropis stramineus, Pimephales promelas, Ictalurus punctatus, and Lepomis cyanellus. For each species, diet varied with size and between upper and lower river reaches but not between seasons for fish of similar size. Larval chironomids and ccratopogonids were principal foods of most fishes. Copepods and cladocerans were important in diets of P. lucius L. cyanellus Catostomus discobolus was the only species that ate moderate amounts of algae. Fish (all larvae) were in digestive tracts of only 10 P. lucius (21-73 mm TL), about 1% of P. lucius analyzed. High diet overlap occurred between some size-reach groups of P. lucius and C. lutrensis, R. osculus, C. latipinnis, I. punctatus, and L. cyanellus . Potential for food competition between young-of-year P. lucius and other fishes in backwaters appeared greatest with the very abundant C. lutrensis .
Prospective, randomized trial of 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in combination with the interleukin-3/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fusion protein (PIXY321) versus GM-CSF in patients with advanced breast cancer

We conducted a prospective randomized trial to evaluate the ability of the interleukin-3/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF) fusion protein, PIXY321, to ameliorate cumulative thrombocytopenia after multiple cycles of 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (FLAC) chemotherapy compared with GM-CSF in patients with advanced breast cancer. Fifty-three patients were randomized to receive either PIXY321. 375 microg/m2 twice a day subcutaneously, or GM- CSF, 250 microg/m2 daily subcutaneously after FLAC chemotherapy. PIXY321 was less well tolerated than GM-CSF, with more patients developing chills and local skin reactions and more patients stopping PIXY321 due to intolerance. While no difference in the neutrophil nadirs was seen with the two cytokines, the duration of the absolute neutrophil count less than 1,000/muL for all cycles was significantly longer with PIXY321 than with GM-CSF. Fifty percent of patients treated with multiple cycles of FLAC chemotherapy on both study arms developed dose-limiting thrombocytopenia. No differences in platelet nadirs, duration of thrombocytopenia, or need for platelet transfusions were observed with PIXY321 versus GM-CSF. The average delivered doses of FLAC chemotherapy were somewhat higher in the GM-CSF study arm. PIXY321 was not superior to GM-CSF in ameliorating the cumulative thrombocytopenia observed with multiple cycles of FLAC chemotherapy and was less well tolerated.
General solutions in the equilibrium theory of inextensible elastic materials

The arrangements of inextensible fibers for which homogeneous deformations by surface loads alone are possible in every homogeneous, elastic material of a certain variety are determined. It is proved that only three types of fiber structures can support homogeneous strains; all are structures whose fiber lines of inextensibility necessarily are straight lines. The fiber orientation for Type 1 is constant on each of a family of parallel planes, the fiber direction twisting continuously with the distance measured normal to these, like the radius following the threads of a helical screw; and the reaction stress is constant on each fiber line. The uniformly directed fiber structure is a special case. Otherwise, at each point the fiber line must be collinear with a rule line of a developable surface and have non-vanishing curl. Type 2 is an arrangement of fibers that form the radii of coaxial circular cylinders, and along each fiber line the reaction stress is inversely proportional to the radius. Type 3 is an arrangement that forms the radii of concentric spheres, and on each fiber line the reaction stress is inversely proportional to the squared radius. These results are independent of the body configuration used to characterize the fiber arrangement.
Separation Control Authority of Vortex Generating Jets in a Low-Pressure Turbine Cascade with Simulated Wakes

Detailed pressure and velocity measurements were acquired at Rec = 20,000 with 3% inlet free stream turbulence intensity to study the effects of position, phase and forcing frequency of vortex generator jets employed on an aft-loaded low-pressure turbine blade in the presence of impinging wakes. The L1A blade has a design Zweifel coefficient of 1.34 and a suction peak at 58% axial chord, making it an aft-loaded pressure distribution. At this Reynolds number, the blade exhibits a non-reattaching separation region beginning at 60% axial chord under steady flow conditions. Wakes shed by an upstream vane row are simulated with a moving row of cylindrical bars at a flow coefficient of 0.91. Impinging wakes thin the separation zone and delay separation by triggering boundary layer transition, reducing area-averaged wake total pressure loss by more than 75%. One objective of this study was to compare pulsed flow control using two rows of discrete vortex generator jets (VGJs). The VGJs are located at 59%Cx, approximately the peak Cp location, and at 72% Cx. Effective separation control was achieved at both locations. In both cases, wake total pressure loss decreased 35% from the wake only level and the Cp distribution recovered its high Reynolds number (attached flow) performance. When actuating at 59%Cx the VGJ disturbance dominates the dynamics of the separated shear layer, with the wake disturbance assuming a secondary role only. On the other hand, when actuating at 72%Cx, the efficacy of VGJ actuation is derived from the relative mean shear layer position and jet penetration. When the pulsed jet actuation (25% duty cycle) was initiated at the 72%Cx location, synchronization with the wake passing frequency (8.7Hz) was critical to produce the most effective separation control. A 20% improvement in effectiveness was obtained by aligning the jet actuation between wake events. A range of blowing ratio was investigated at both locations to maximize separation reduction with minimal mass flow. The optimal control parameter set for VGJ actuation at 72%Cx does not represent a reduction in required mass flow compared to the optimal parameter set for actuation at 59%Cx. Differences in the fundamental physics of the jet interaction with the separated shear layer are discussed.
Risperidone for Night Terrors and Sleepwalking in an Adult: A Case Report

Objective:To report the successful treatment of a case of night terrors and sleepwalking in an adult using low-dose risperidone.Case Summary:A 30-year-old female with a history of nightmares as a teen, but with no prior psychiatric history, presented with new-onset night terrors and sleepwalking related to psychosocial stressors. She recalled images of being chased by monsters and of people trying to hurt her. Sleepwalking sometimes involved self-injurious behavior, as she ran through the house screaming. Intake diagnoses included general anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). She reported compulsive counting since childhood and episodes of compulsive eating. Risperidone 1 mg was started and eventually titrated to 2 mg at night for night terror and sleepwalking suppression. For GAD, OCD, and OCPD, paroxetine 10 mg was started and titrated to 50 mg. Temazepam 30 mg was added to prolong sleep and cyproheptadine 4 mg was prescribed fo...
Stage of change specific triggers and barriers to moderate physical activity.

OBJECTIVE To identify the proportion of rural Midwesterners at different stages of change for regular physical activity. METHODS Through systematic random sampling, 418 adult subjects responded to telephone interviews about physical activity in 2 contiguous rural counties. RESULTS Almost half of the population was in the precontemplation stage-suggesting a population at great risk for diseases with physical inactivity as a risk factor. Further, barriers and triggers differed by stage of change and demographic. CONCLUSIONS Specific groups in this population would benefit by a campaign to increase self-efficacy, the availability of time for activity, and the awareness of associated benefits.
Teachers’ Social–Emotional Capacity: Factors Associated With Teachers’ Responsiveness and Professional Commitment

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: Early care and education has pronounced implications for young children’s social-emotional learning. Although program structural and classroom process quality indicators have been widely explored, teachers’ personal social–emotional capacity has only recently been recognized as an indicator of quality. This study reviewed and identified indicators of teachers’ social-emotional capacity and established a two factor structure of psychological load and coping abilities. We also explored correlational associations between teachers’ social-emotional capacity and their professional commitment and responsiveness to children’s negative emotions. The sample consisted of 1,129 teachers in center-based child-care programs and public preschools in the US. We found that teachers’ psychological load (depression, stress and emotional exhaustion) was associated with teachers’ negative reactions to children and teachers’ professional commitment after controlling for a wide range of teacher/class...
Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: Has anything changed?

Abstract Importance Recent reports have shown that the indications for pediatric tracheostomy have evolved over time. Objective To review the indications for pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Tertiary referral children's hospital. Participants Patients who underwent tracheostomy. Intervention Surgical tracheostomy placement. Main outcomes and measures Medical records for patients who underwent surgical tracheostomy over the 30-year study period (1984–2014) were reviewed. Patient characteristics including age, gender, birth-weight, gestational age and death were collected and compared with the primary indication for tracheostomy using bivariable analysis. Results Five hundred and one patients met inclusion criteria. The most common primary indications for tracheostomy were cardiopulmonary disease (34%) and neurological impairment (32%), followed by airway obstruction (19%), craniofacial (11%), and traumatic injury (4%). Over the last five years (2010–14) cardiopulmonary disease became the most common indication for tracheostomy. Conclusions and Relevance: The indications for pediatric tracheostomy have evolved over the past 30 years. Infectious causes of airway obstruction and tracheostomy have almost disappeared. Tracheostomy is now most commonly performed in very premature patients with cardiopulmonary or neurological impairment who require prolonged ventilator support.
A neutron spectrometer for small satellite opportunities

The detection of fast neutrons has important applications in a wide variety of fields including geospace, solar and planetary physics, and applications within Defense and Security programs. Scintillator-based technologies have a proven record for detecting and measuring fast neutrons. They have high stopping power, good energy resolution, and fast timing properties. Modern organic scintillators such as stilbene and p-terphenyl, provide improved light output and pulse shape discrimination the ability to distinguish gamma-from neutron-induced signals. Furthermore, modern readout devices such as silicon photomultipliers offer an ideal alternative to photomultiplier tubes given their inherently compact size and low operating voltages. The combination of modern scintillators and silicon photomultipliers enables new instrument designs for small satellite platforms such as CubeSats. We present the performance of a double-scatter neutron spectrometer based on p-terphenyl equipped with silicon photomultipliers. We also present preliminary results for pulse-shape discrimination using advanced waveform digitization techniques.
Principles and indications of electrostimulation of the urinary bladder

Neurostimulation to restore the essential elements of lower urinary tract function is a very promising approach in the management of the neuropathic bladder. The goal of neurostimulation is to restore the three main functions of the lower urinary tract: the reservior capacity of the bladder, the sphincteric activity of the continence mechanism, and the ability of the bladder to evacuate completely. In extensive experimental studies conducted over the past 18 years, the physiological foundations of micturition and sphincteric control were investigated, which made the clinical application of neurostimulation in the management of the neurogenic bladder possible. In human studies, the essential experimental model of ventral root stimulation after dorsal rhizotomy and selective peripheral neurotomy proved to be the most successful. To date, over 220 patients have been treated, of whom 35 have spinal cord injury or severe neuropathy and received multiple sacral root implants. 25 of the 35 patients are evaluable, 15 (60%) of these achieved the three goals of the study: complete continence, restoration of reservoir function with adequate capacity, and voiding to neurostimulation with minimal residual urine or none. The remaining 185 patients with a variety of voiding dysfunctions classified under four main headings: 1) urge incontinence; 2) post-prostatectomy incontinence; 3) pelvic dysfunction syndrome in the male; 4) pelvic dysfunction syndrome in the female were treated by single electrode implantation in order to modulate spastic voiding dysfunction and pelvic floor activity. Success rates (improvement of 50% or more) were 72%, 38%, 46%, and 47% in the four groups, respectively.
Diverse Evidence for the Decline of an Adaptation in a Coral Snake Mimic

Losses of adaptations in response to changed selective pressures are evolutionarily important phenomena but relatively few empirical examples have been investigated in detail. To help fill this gap, we took advantage of a natural experiment in which coral snake mimics occur on two nearby tropical islands, one that has coral snake models (Trinidad) and one that lacks them (Tobago). On Tobago, an endemic coral snake mimic (Erythrolamprus ocellatus) exists but has a relatively poor resemblance to coral snakes. Quantitative image analysis of museum specimens confirmed that E. ocellatus is a poor mimic of coral snakes. To address questions related to the functional importance of this phenotype, we conducted a field experiment on both islands with snake replicas made of clay. These results clearly indicated a strong inter-island difference in predator attack rates where snake replicas that resembled coral snakes received protection in Trinidad but not in Tobago. Further, a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the ancestry of E. ocellatus revealed that this poor coral snake mimic is deeply nested in a clade of good coral snake mimics. These data suggest that the lack of coral snakes on Tobago altered the selective environment such that the coral snake mimicry adaptation was no longer advantageous. The failure to maintain this ancestral feature in allopatry provides a compelling example of how losses of complex adaptations can occur.
The Added Value of Conducting Learning Design Meeting to the Online Course Development Process

Do you find it challenging to have discussions with instructors about designing online courses and best practices in teaching? This article will highlight key components to conducting effective Learning Design meetings. It outlines techniques used by this institution that inspires faculty to design coherent courses that lead to meaningful learning experiences. These meetings invite instructors to express their feelings about online formats, inform them about expectations and time commitment, and reassures them of support throughout the process. Learning Design (LD) meetings have proven to be a compelling manner of decreasing faculty resistance, while exposing instructors to best practices in pedagogy, andragogy and online learning. Instructional Designers (IDs), Instructional Facilitators (IFs), and Course Authors (CAs) who work in higher educational online settings should find this information useful. Novices in the field may find these practical techniques particularly beneficial.
REPLICATOR DYNAMIC LEARNING IN MUTH'S MODEL OF PRICE MOVEMENTS

We investigate the stability properties of Muth's model of price movements when agents choose a production level using replicator dynamic learning. It turns out that when there is a discrete set of possible production levels, possible stable states and stability conditions differ between adaptive learning and replicator dynamic learning.