cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standard-Setting Organizations: Patents, Price Fixing, and Per Se Legality

Standard-setting organizations (SSOs), private groups that collaboratively select and adopt uniform technical standards for goods and services, are a critical element of the modern economy. Competitors within an industry often seek to make competing products interoperable by establishing industry-wide technical standards. To accomplish this end, competing companies join SSOs and work together to select particular technologies as industry standards. This process of product standardization benefits both producers and consumers: It promotes price competition among firms, creates demand-side economies of scale, and encourages product innovation by reducing the risks of future research and development efforts. Accordingly, antitrust enforcement agencies have recognized "the important role of standard-setting in the technological innovation that will drive much of this nation's competitive vigor in the 21st Century."1 However, attempts by SSOs to avoid antitrust liability for price fixing now endanger the viability of the standard-setting process. When SSOs select patented technologies as industry standards, SSO patent policies typically require patent owners to offer "fair," "reasonable," "nondiscriminatory"2 licenses to SSO members. These licensing obligations are left intentionally vague to avert price-fixing liability. While this equivocal language has successfully insulated SSOs from antitrust liability, patent owners and SSO members repeatedly have been forced into high-risk litigation over the definition of "fair,""reasonable," "nondiscriminatory" license terms. This litigation has exposed both SSO members and patent owners to potential liability for patent infringement and antitrust violations, and has consequently created strong disincentives to take part in the SSO process. In turn, these disincentives now threaten the important social and economic benefits of standardization.
User Awareness and Accessibility of Rhode Island State Depository Publications: A Case Study.

Abstract A questionnaire was sent to Rhode Island state depository libraries to determine how the state's publications are located by users. The state of Rhode Island acquires and distributes publications and only suggests standards for bibliographic control. Survey results reveal a wide variety of physical and bibliographic arrangements in current practice. Informal and familiar methods of locating state publications such as using the public catalog are preferred by users. A system of bibliographic access tailored to user needs and universally adopted by the depository libraries would be a step toward a successful full-service depository system.
Driver and Driving Assessment Issues Associated with the Application of a Secondary Task Technique: A Case Study

By employing a case study as the backdrop for such a review, a context is created within which the specific application of the assessment technique can be examined and discussed. This paper presents the results of the examination of the driver assessment techniques as applied to the case study which investigated the relationship between conversation intensity while using a cell phone and driver performance. A secondary task technique was applied to study the influence of the intensity of conversation on the degradation of driving performance attributed to using a cellular telephone. Forty participants drove through simulated driving environments and engaged in cellular telephone conversations with the experimenter. After driving through each environment participants provided a rating of the workload experienced during the cellular telephone conversation during the drive. Accelerator input, speed, steering input, and lane position measurements were recorded while participants drove through particular sections of the simulated driving environments. Results of the study indicated the variation of steering input increased when the cellular telephone was used. As far as differences between the male participants and females participants, the males generally drove faster and the females responded more quickly to a situation requiring a sudden braking or steering maneuver. Overall, the drivers perceived the workload to be greater when using a cellular telephone. However, the use of the case study to examine the driver assessment and secondary task techniques indicated there were several positive and negative attributes which need to be considered in future research where such techniques are to be applied. For example, an analysis of the performance measures revealed that changes in the horizontal alignment of the roadway created lasting perturbations in the data. In particular, increased variations in steering input and lane position were observed for a considerable distance and time after a participant exited a curved section of roadway. These perturbations subsequently interfered with the application of the secondary task. For the covering abstract see ITRD E113119.
Pharmaceutical Advertisements: How They Deceive Patients

Pharmaceutical advertising is one of the most important kinds of advertising that can have a direct impact on the health of a consumer. Hence, this necessitates the fact that it is essential for advertisers of such products to take special care and additional responsibility when devising the promotional strategies of these products. In reality, it has been observed that pharmaceutical product advertisers often promoted their products to achieve their own goals at the potential risk of having an adverse effect on the consumerOs health. This type of advertising is most often seen in over-the-counter drug product advertisements, and not as often in the case of prescription drug advertisements, which is relatively new. This article analyzes various purposes of advertising pharmaceutical products and also the potential problems that arise from the way pharmaceutical products have quite frequently been promoted.
Satellite Remote Sensing of Permafrost and Seasonally Frozen Ground

Permafrost consists of ground materials that have remained at or below 0°C for two or more years, while seasonally frozen ground refers to ground that freezes and thaws annually. Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground parameters are difficult to measure directly from remote sensing data since they are related to subsurface phenomena. Until recently, relatively few studies had examined the potential of remote sensing techniques for mapping the spatial distribution of near-surface permafrost, the properties of the active layer (the uppermost portion of the ground that freezes and thaws on an annual basis), and seasonally frozen ground in non-permafrost regions. In addition, few studies had made use of satellite imagery to map features indicative of the presence of near-surface permafrost or of the occurrence of permafrost degradation. Currently, high-resolution satellite images, such as those generated by sensors on board the IKONOS and QuickBird satellites, as well as declassified images generated by the CORONA spy satellite, are being used in conjunction with older aerial photographs to identify changes that have occurred in permafrost terrain in recent decades. Some of the most important advances in recent years have involved (1) the use of parameters related to permafrost conditions (including digital databases of topography and surface cover) to indirectly infer permafrost conditions over large areas by using remote-sensing classification algorithms and ground-truth data and (2) the development of active and passive microwave techniques to monitor near-surface soil freeze/thaw status at regional to continental scales. These recent advances, as well as potential areas of future development, are covered in this chapter.
PASSENGER CAR FUEL ECONOMY-TRENDS AND INFLUENCING FACTORS

This paper discusses some trends and influencing factors in passenger car fuel economy. The information presented was derived from nearly 4000 tests of passenger cars ranging from 1957 production models to 1975 prototypes. Data are presented for various model year and vehicle weight categories. Three ways to characterize vehicle specific fuel consumption are presented and discussed. Possible ways to improve fuel consumption are also discussed.
Stellar Atmospheres and Chemical Compositions of Galaxies

The chemical compositions of external galaxies are usually found from their HII regions or composite absorption line spectra of their nuclei. In the Magellanic Clouds, however, individual stars are observable, but objects heretofore studied necessarily have been luminous la supergiants which border on the brink of instability. The image photon counting system on the Anglo-Australian Telescope makes it possible to observe fainter, more stable Ib supergiants. Energy distributions and Balmer line profiles for these stars can be fitted with theoretical predictions by Kurucz. A joint effort by J.E. Ross and B.J. O’Mara of the University of Queensland, Bruce Peterson of the Anglo-Australian Observatory, and a group at the University of California, Los Angeles to analyze three lb supergiants suggests that metals of the iron group are depleted by a factor of 2-3.5 with respect to the normal chemical composition of our own galaxy.
Identification of an isoschizomer of the HhaI DNA methyltransferase in Mycoplasma arthritidis

The genome of Mycoplasma arthritidis strain 158 has modified cytosine residues at AGCT sequences that render the DNA resistant to digestion with the AluI restriction endonuclease. The DNA methyltransferase responsible for the base modification has previously been designated MarI. From the complete genome sequence of M. arthritidis, we identify Marth_orf138 as a candidate marI gene. Marth_orf138 was cloned in Escherichia coli and its TGA codons converted to TGG. DNA isolated from E. coli cells expressing the modified Marth_orf138 gene was degraded by the AluI nuclease, indicating that Marth_orf138 does not code for MarI. However, the DNA from E. coli was found to have acquired resistance to the restriction endonuclease HhaI. Genomic DNA from M. arthritidis was also found to be resistant to HhaI (recognizes GCGC). The M. arthritidis isoschizomer of the HhaI DNA methyltransferase, coded by Marth_orf138, is designated MarII. Transformation of M. arthritidis was not significantly affected by modification of plasmid at HhaI sites, indicating that the mycoplasma lacks a restriction endonuclease that recognizes GCGC sites.
Measuring Inequality from Top to Bottom

This paper presents a new methodology to measure inequality that optimally combines household survey information and tax records to construct a complete income distribution. Combining the two data sources is necessary because, on the one hand, household surveys do not accurately represent the wealthiest segment of the population, while tax records do; on the other hand, the opposite is true for the lower end of the income distribution: tax records only include incomes above a certain threshold. The key innovation of the proposed methodology - and the main difference from the existing literature - is the choice of an optimal income threshold b. The Gini coefficient for the population is then computed combining the conditional income distributions for incomes below b (using household survey data) and above b (using tax records). Central to this methodology is the fact that b is not chosen arbitrarily: it should be determined in such a way as to minimize reliance on household survey data to compute the top of the income distribution. In practice, the optimal b corresponds to the minimum income level that triggers mandatory tax filing. The proposed methodology is applied to the case of Colombia.
Further Studies on Factors Influencing the Weight of Eggs

Abstract It seems probable that the conditions which cause fluctuations in the rate of production may also be responsible for fluctuations in egg weight. In the light of recent observations, we know that egg weight increases with the age of the bird, fluctuates with the season of the year, and is affected by the position in the cycle. The senior author (1926) found that a poorly balanced ration fed during the winter restricted production and reduced the egg weight 12 per cent. On the other hand, Kistler, Charles, and Knandel (1926) have shown that milk products increase the size of eggs and induce a more even distribution of egg production throughout the year. It seems probable then, that rations which increase or decrease production tend to have a similar influence on egg weight. The authors are not aware of any literature reporting the effect of any specific drug, when administered to . . .
Transmission line analysis of the Archimedean spiral antenna in free space

This paper examines the transmission line structure of a planar Archimedean spiral antenna. A novel analysis is performed by unwinding the spiral into an equivalent straight transmission line to understand its impedance properties and the radiating mechanism. A relation between the input impedance of the spiral antenna and the characteristic impedance of our proposed model is established. The analytical solution completes the lossy transmission line modelling for the input impedance of the spiral antenna. The value of the stable input resistance in the spiral’s radiation region is found not due to the radiation resistance of the loop antenna, but it is dominated by the propagation characteristics of the slot-line mode, that is the travelling wave on the spiral. The accuracy of this proposed model is verified by full-wave simulations, the Babinet’s principle, and measurements. Examination of the radiation mechanism and discussion on the effects of other parameters such as feeding design are also provided.
Drug abuse prevention funding resulting from the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981.

In 1981, administration and planning of drug abuse prevention and treatment programs shifted from federal to state authorities through the enactment of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Services Block Grant. This article reviews the funding status of drug prevention under this programmatic change relevant to prevention service programs and prevention research.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of major and minor salivary glands.

Abstract The records of eighty-one patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of major and minor salivary glands at Roswell Park Memorial Institute have been reviewed. Survival data on sixty-five patients followed five years or more reveals an average survival of 7.4 years. Sixty-five per cent (forty-two of sixty-five patients) lived for five years, 31 per cent (twenty of sixty-five) for ten years, and 15 per cent (ten of sixty-five) for fifteen years or longer. The patients were divided into four anatomic groups which regionally involve similar problems in treatment and often result in similar cosmetic and functional deformities. Similarities are seen but there are also some notable differences in recurrences and total survival depending on the anatomic location of the primary lesion. Aggressive surgical resection and reconstruction is the preferred method of therapy for both primary and locally recurrent disease whenever possible. Local recurrences and systemic metastases are common, but are often delayed for several years. Locally recurrent tumor can be controlled in many instances by surgical resection or radiotherapy, but careful lifetime follow-up study of the patient is required to discover recurrent disease at its earliest stage.
Clinical Characteristics of Flight Phobia

Sixty-six subjects with severe fear of flying were recruited by advertisement and compared to 21 controls without flying fears. Subjects were interviewed and given several questionnaires to determine DSM-III-R diagnoses, history of flying, and development and course of flying phobia. Our phobic sample had a mean age of 46 and was 89% female. Diagnostically, 27% met criteria for current Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia, and 17% criteria for that diagnosis in the past. These two groups were more concerned with internal or social anxiety stimuli during flight than the group who had never had panic attacks but met criteria for Simple Phobia (flying). All three groups were equally concerned about external dangers. Traumatic flight events were common in phobics and controls, but phobics reported reacting to these events more strongly. Our results suggest a vulnerability-stress model with several vulnerability factors, including cognitive ones. Treatment implications are discussed.
Nearshore microplanktonic assemblages off southern California in February 1983 during the El Nin˜o event

Abstract Nearshore surface assemblages of phytoplankton and microzooplankton (mostly tintinnids) from water pumped continuously through a 53 μm net were collected along a 70 km longshore transect off southern California and a shorter offshore transect. The low biomass of the larger phytoplankton and the presence of many warm-water species was consistent with the prevailing El Nin˜o conditions. This was especially marked in the northern part of the longshore transect. To the south, assemblages were more “coastal” and there was a bloom of Stenosemella sp., the presence or absence of which was largely responsible for the pattern of the major microplankton assemblages, as established by dendrograms resulting from the use of the Bray-Curtis index for measuring similarity between samples. Patch length of assemblages was usually 10 km or less. The stormy conditions at the time of the cruise resulted in unusually high runoff from the coastal lagoons and were possibly related to the microplankton structure along the longshore transect.
Medulloblastoma biology in the post-genomic era

Medulloblastomas, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumors, are comprised of four molecularly distinct subtypes. However, treatment has yet to exploit these molecular vulnerabilities. Three recent studies sequenced a total of 310 primary tumors and identified that two of the four medulloblastoma subtypes are concomitantly associated with subtype-specific mutations as previously characterized. In contrast, the overwhelming majority of mutations occurred only once in the entire cohort and just 12 genes were recurrently mutated with statistical significance. Perturbations in epigenetic regulation are emerging as a unifying theme in cancer and similarly recurring mutations in epigenetic mechanisms were distributed across all subtypes in medulloblastoma. Designing targeted therapies to such a molecularly diverse disease in the post-genomic era presents new challenges. This will require novel methods to link these nonrecurrent mutations into pathways, and preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate patient driver events. Presently, medulloblastoma reinforces epigenetic mechanisms as a tantalizing therapeutic target in cancers.
Orthotopic heart transplantation in patients with persistent left superior vena cava and agenesis of left brachiocephalic vein.

Abstract Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is an infrequent abnormality. Anatomical variations can be unexpectedly identified during cardiac procedures. Modifications of surgical techniques become a must during these operations, especially during orthotopic heart transplantation. We present two cases of patients with PLSVC and discuss the anatomy, embryology, diagnosis, and modifications in transplant techniques. (J Card Surg 2011;26::446-448)
The amino acid compositions of some bacterial haem proteins.

Abstract The amino acid composition of five bacterial haem proteins has been determined, except for tryptophan content. The data obtained allow comparison of typical bacterial cytochromes of c type with the classical cytochrome c of horse heart as well as of yeast. In addition, the variant haem protein of photosynthetic bacteria, which is related to c -type cytochromes, and a copper protein functional in the respiratory chain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been analyzed and their amino acid contents compared with those of the c -type cytochromes. In general, it appears that all of the c -type cytochromes are characterized by high lysine content and by the presence of at least one histidine and two cysteine residues per haem. The extreme variation in isoelectric points observed (pH 5-II) appears to be due to increases or decreases in dicarboxylic acid content relative to a fairly constant amount of the basic amino acids.
The Economics of Utility, Agency, Theory, and Human Resource Development

The problem and the solution . Rational self-interest economic behavior of individuals may lead to undesirable outcomes for the institution. The principal—agent problem and its potential solutions deal with the ways that organizations must pay close attention in the relationships to optimize their physical and human resources for organizational success. Human resource development can play a significant role in facilitating a positive principal—agent relationship.
BODY COMPOSITION OF LARGE-FOR-GESTATIONAL AGE INFANTS. 1266

There are no reports on direct measurements of body composition in macrosomic infants. We hypothesize that large-for-gestational age (LGA) infants will have higher total body fat (TBF), lean body mass (LBM) and bone mineral content (BMC) as assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) when compared to appropriate birth weight for gestational age (AGA) infants. Thirty-seven LGA term infants (24B, 13W; 22M, 15F) with birth weights from 4000 g to 5040 g were compared with 37 gestational age-matched AGA infants(20B, 17W; 21M, 16F) with birth weights from 2700g to 3990g. Ten of the LGA infants were born to mothers with gestational (8) and class B (1) and C (1) diabetes. DXA scans were performed at 1.8±0.97 days after birth using Hologic QDR 1000/W densitometer with a pediatric platform. Scan analyses were performed with software version V5.64P. LGA infants had significantly(p<0.001) higher total amounts of mean (±SD) TBF (1008±288g vs 524±145g), LBM (3414±208g vs 2740±197g) and BMC(99.2±11.23g vs 66.6±8.95g). However, as a percent of body weight, LGA infants had significantly higher TBF (22±5.09% vs 15.6±3.37%) and lower LBM (75.8±5.12% vs 82.4±3.47%)(p<0.001, respectively) but similar levels of BMC when compared to AGA infants. Infants of diabetic mothers had similar but exaggerated changes in body composition, i.e., greater TBF and relatively lower LBM. We conclude that LGA infants have significantly different body composition from that of AGA infants, specifically there is disproportionately higher body fat and lower lean body mass, but there is proportionate increase in bone mineral content. These findings on changes of body composition in macrosomic infants may provide insight into the effect of in utero environment on fetal growth and improve postnatal management of such infants.
A Perspective on Material Handling Engineering: History and New Challenges

It is especially appropriate to consider the status of material handling at this time, as the Material Handling Engineering Division of the ASME marks the 75th Anniversary ofits founding. Seventy-five years is a long time, and those of us actively engaged in research, development, and application owe a great debt to those who have gone before, like Jim Allred, Irv Footlik, Walter O'Mally, Ralph Sims, Howard Zollinger, and the like. It would be inappropriate to try to review the current status without reviewing how we got here.
Al+ optical clocks for fundamental physics, geodesy, and quantum metrology

We compare the rates of two Al+ optical clocks. Despite many differences, their rates agree to 1.8 +/− 0.7 × 10−17, within the accuracy limit of the older clock. The newer clock has an accuracy of 8.6 × 10−18 and stability near 10−15 (τ/s)−1/2.
Adaptation to altitude in two West Indian anoles (Reptilia

Anolis roquet, the only iguanid lizard on the Lesser Antillean island of Martinique, exhibits
"Any Time is Trinidad Time": Social Meanings and Temporal Consciousness

"Any Time is Trinidad Time": Social Meanings and Temporal Consciousness. Kevin Birth. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. ix. 190 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
Regenerative simulation of response times in networks of queues: statistical efficiency

This paper deals with the statistical efficiency of estimation methods for "passage times" in closed, multiclass networks of queues with priorities. Informally, a passage time is the time for a job to traverse a portion of the network. Such quantities are important in computer and communication system models, and in this context, quantities other than mean values are of interest. We consider here the efficiencies of the "marked job method" for passage time simulation (based on the tracking of a distinguished job) and the "decomposition method" in which observed passage times for all of the jobs enter in the construction of point and interval estimates. We show that the decomposition method is superior in that, for simulations of equal length, it produces tighter confidence intervals. We also calculate theoretical values for variance constants entering into central limit theorems used to obtain confidence intervals for mean passage times. These results provide a means of quantifying the relative efficiency of the decomposition method.
Multiple histologic subtypes of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: Clinical and pathologic features

Twenty patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) had different histologic subtypes of NHL in multiple sites or in a single tumor mass either at the time of their initial biopsy and staging (13 patients) or in the course of their disease (seven patients). These 20 cases represent 3.7% of all patients with NHL seen at the University of Chicago between January 1968 and May 1979. The five-year actuarial survival rate for all 20 patients was 68%. For those 13 patients who had multiple histologic subtypes at the initial workup, the five-year survival rate was 45%; for the seven patients who developed a new histologic subtype later in the course of the disease, the five-year survival rate was 85%. In the latter group of patients, however, the initial biopsy specimens demonstrated better prognostic subtypes, and the median survival from the time of diagnosis of a new, less favorable histologic subtype averaged only four months. These findings indicate that the prognosis is related to the least favorable histologic subtype present, unless this is only a minor component of a composite lymphoma or is limited to one extranodal site.
Delayed response to ring nematode (Mesocriconema xenoplax) feeding on grape roots linked to vine carbohydrate reserves and nematode feeding pressure

Abstract The chronic impact of ring nematode ( Mesocriconema xenoplax ) feeding on grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ) was studied under controlled conditions. ‘Pinot noir’ grapevines were exposed to ring nematode or kept nematode-free for three growing seasons and vines were either grown in full sunlight, 15% of full sun, or partially defoliated to manipulate vine carbohydrate status. Whole plants were destructively sampled to assess the impact of ring nematode on whole plant biomass, carbohydrate, and mineral nutrient accumulation. Vine shoot growth and total biomass was unaffected by ring nematode in the first growing season, although reserves of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), P, K, and Ca in the roots and wood were reduced in all canopy management treatments. Vine shoot growth and total biomass were reduced by ring nematode in Year 2, and greater declines in reserve NSC and most mineral nutrients had occurred. Reserves of NSC were affected more than biomass or nutrients during the second year. During the third year of exposure to ring nematode, vines in the 15% sun treatment were dying (prompting an earlier destructive harvest), even though these vines had similar biomass and NSC reserves as the partially defoliated vines at the end of the second year. The demise of the 15% sun vines was associated with higher ring nematodes per unit of root mass, as compared to either full sun or defoliated vines. Therefore, predicting plant response to this nematode requires an understanding of nematode density per quantity of roots, not nematodes per unit of soil which is how plant parasitic nematodes are currently enumerated.
CpG ODN-mediated regulation of IL-12 p40 transcription

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs activate RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages and RPMI 8226 human myeloma cells to produce IL-12 p40. Using deletion and site-directed mutagenesis, the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB half-site and the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) recognition site were identified as potent cis-acting elements in CpG ODN-mediated IL-12 p40 promoter activation. Several NF-kappaB/Rel proteins competed for binding to the NF-kappaB half-site. The p65/c-Rel and p65/p50 heterodimer occupied this site shortly after CpG ODN administration (0.5-2 h), while the p50/c-Rel heterodimer dominated binding in the late stage (8-12 h). The induction of p50/c-Rel heterodimer was associated with a significant expression of IL-12 p40 mRNA. C/EBPbeta also contributed to CpG ODN-mediated IL-12 p40 promoter activation.
Simulation of E. Coli Inactivation by Carbon Dioxide Under Pressure

Published isobaric semilogarithmic survival curves of E. coli were fitted with logS(t) a = b(P)t n(P) where b(P) and n(P) are pressure dependent coefficients. Pressure profiles, P(t), were generated with a double logistic model and the corresponding inactivation rate is only a function of the momentary CO 2 pressure and survival ratio, then dlogS(t)/dt = - b(t)-n(t).{-logS(t)/b(t)] [n(t)-1]/n(t) . This differential equation was solved numerically to produce nonisobaric survival curves, which demonstrated the effects of the pressure level, treatment duration, and the come up time. They also enabled thearetical compartison of processes consisting of single and multiple compressiondecompression cycles of equivalent duration. Les objectifs de cette etude sont de demontrer l'efficacite du modele logS(t) a = b(P)t n(P) ou b(P) et n(P) sont des coefficients dependant de la pression dans une etude theorique des parametres d'inactivation de E. coli par du dioxyde de carbone sous pression. L'equation differentielle developpee dans cette etude est resolue numeriquement pour produire des courbes de survie non isobares, ce qui demontre les effets de la pression et de la duree du traitement.
The retirement process among older women in the United States. Changes in the 1970s.

Recent changes in the retirement patterns of older women in the United States are examined and the uniformity of changes across occupations is evaluated. Results indicate that both the volume of re...
Ultrastructural findings in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in guinea pigs.

Brains from six clinically ill guinea pigs from various serial passages infected with brain homogenate from a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease were studied by light and electron microscopy. There were no appreciable morphologic differences among the animals at different passages. Light microscopy revealed clearing, swelling, and vacuolar changes in neurons and astrocytes. These changes occurred in both perikarya and cell processes. Large isolated vacuoles in the neuropil appeared to develop by progressive fusion between swollen cellular processes. By electron microscopy many neuronal processes contained degenerating organelles, osmiophilic bodies, membranous bodies and ∼10 nm filamentous structures. In addition, vacuoles and membranous inclusions were seen in some neuronal nuclei, changes which have not been previously observed in spongiform encephalopathies.
Oligomerization of 5′-deoxy-5′-nucleosideacetic acid derivatives

Nucleotide analogs II, III, IV and V correspond exactly in the number of atoms to natural nucleotides (I), while containing a carboxylic acid in the place of the phosphoric acid group. We have carried out the synthesis and template-directed oligomerization of II-V in an attempt to evaluate the ability of the carboxylic acids to replace natural nucleotides as building blocks in oligonucleotide synthesis.
Leiomyoma of the prostate gland

Abstract A report is given of a patient afflicted with massive leiomyoma of the prostate, causing obstipation. A brief review of the literature and pathologic studies are included.
In China, hospital births are associated with a 62% decreased risk of neonatal mortality

Commentary on: Feng XL, Guo S, Hipgrave D, et al. China's facility-based birth strategy and neonatal mortality: a population-based epidemiological study. Lancet 2011;378:1493–500.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] World wide, neonatal mortality constitutes a significant percentage of all under-five child mortality. Four million (41%) child deaths annually are neonatal deaths, with three-fourths occurring in the first week, and one-fourth of those children dying on the first day of life. Just five countries accounted for over 50% of neonatal deaths in 1990, with China contributing 12.3% of the total.1 At least 16 evidence-based, cost-effective interventions, some of which require facility-based care, are effective in reducing neonatal mortality from the leading causes of death.2 In 1988, 44.3% of Chinese women delivered in hospital versus 94.7% in 2008, following government-implemented facility-based obstetrical care.3 The impact of facility-based births on China's neonatal death rates has not previously been evaluated. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DFeng%26rft.auinit1%253DX.%2BL.%26rft.volume%253D378%26rft.issue%253D9801%26rft.spage%253D1493%26rft.epage%253D1500%26rft.atitle%253DChina%2527s%2Bfacility-based%2Bbirth%2Bstrategy%2Band%2Bneonatal%2Bmortality%253A%2Ba%2Bpopulation-based%2Bepidemiological%2Bstudy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252811%252961096-9%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21924764%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61096-9&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=21924764&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F17%2F6%2Fe9.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000296319600023&link_type=ISI
Influence of organic capping ligands on the growth kinetics of ZnO nanoparticles

The growth of ZnO nanoparticles from zinc acetate in propanol proceeds by coarsening. The driving force for this process is the increase in equilibrium solubility with decreasing particle size, described by the Gibbs−Thompson equation. We show that the growth rate, and hence particle size, can be controlled by injection of capping ligands that adsorb onto the particle surface. Both thiols and phosphonic acids are shown to slow the growth rate of ZnO nanoparticles, indicating that they adsorb onto the particle surface and provide a barrier to further dissolution.
Human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene: cloning, identification, and sequence

Recent evidence indicates the existence of a genetic locus in chromosome region 13q14 that confers susceptibility to retinoblastoma, a cancer of the eye in children. A gene encoding a messenger RNA (mRNA) of 4.6 kilobases (kb), located in the proximity of esterase D, was identified as the retinoblastoma susceptibility (RB) gene on the basis of chromosomal location, homozygous deletion, and tumor-specific alterations in expression. Transcription of this gene was abnormal in six of six retinoblastomas examined: in two tumors, RB mRNA was not detectable, while four others expressed variable quantities of RB mRNA with decreased molecular size of about 4.0 kb. In contrast, full-length RB mRNA was present in human fetal retina and placenta, and in other tumors such as neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma. DNA from retinoblastoma cells had a homozygous gene deletion in one case and hemizygous deletion in another case, while the remainder were not grossly different from normal human control DNA. The gene contains at least 12 exons distributed in a region of over 100 kb. Sequence analysis of complementary DNA clones yielded a single long open reading frame that could encode a hypothetical protein of 816 amino acids. A computer-assisted search of a protein sequence database revealed no closely related proteins. Features of the predicted amino acid sequence include potential metal-binding domains similar to those found in nucleic acid-binding proteins. These results provide a framework for further study of recessive genetic mechanisms in human cancers.
Temperature-induced phase transition behaviors of random vs. graft copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid

Graft copolymers of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) on a poly(acrylic acid) backbone retain the temperature-induced phase transition behavior of PNIPAAm over a wide range of compositions even at pH 7,4 and should be useful for sustained-release, bioadhesive drug delivery systems at physiologic conditions.
Methods for optimally locating a forest biomass-to-biofuel facility

A critical factor affecting the profitability of producing biofuel is optimally locating a forest biomass-to-biofuel facility. Spatial dispersion of forest biomass results in significant transportation cost of bulky, forest biomass feedstock. Multiple studies document different approaches to address theissues associated with biofuel facility siting. Study objectives were to: examine current literature (work published since 2005) discussing methods and models to determine the optimal location or site for a forest biomass-to-biofuel facility; compare the methods to identify the preferred approach; and identify potential gaps for future research. Our evaluation summarizes major, recent studies that focused on mathematical models to optimally locate a forest biomass-to-biofuel facility. Through analysis of the various methods, including the advantages and disadvantages, this study uncovered preferred approaches for locating an optimal biofuel facility location. It was found that optimization using mixed integ...
Health Organizations’ Use of Facebook for Health Advertising and Promotion

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to examine how health organizations use interactive features and social media channels on Facebook to manage their brand for advertising purposes. A content analysis of 1,760 wall comments on health organizations’ Facebook pages reveals that nonprofit health organizations are more active in posting to Facebook than any other health organization examined. However, nonprofit health organizations do not take full advantage of interactive features or other social media channels. Government agencies and schools/universities exhibit the broadest use of interactive features; health care institutions appear more devoted to integrating social media channels with Facebook than the other types of organizations. Overall, health organizations strategically use branding and advertising techniques to manage their image and promote their brands. Still, there is room for improvement to take better advantage of various social media tools for consumer-generated advertising and viral mark...
Fisheries: nets versus nature.

The life-histories of pike adjust quickly to shifts in the opposing forces of fishing and natural selection. Such rapid changes suggest that evolutionary dynamics must be incorporated into fisheries management.
Change in Racial Attitudes of White Southerners after Exposure to the Atmosphere of a Southern University

60 students were administered a Likert-type Negro Attitude Test to determine the effects of parental education, sex, and time spent at the university on attitudes toward Negroes. Parental education (college vs non-college) was not related to Negro attitudes. College seniors were significantly (p < .01) less prejudiced than freshmen. Some interaction (p < .08) was found between students' sex and class level, as reflected in the fact that male freshmen had the highest prejudice scores, female freshmen were next, followed by the female seniors. Senior males were the least prejudiced group.
Sperm motility and calcium transport: A neurochemically controlled process

Abstract Elucidation of the functional significance of the presence of acetylcholinesterase in spermatozoa was deferred until considerably after the initial observations that eserine increased flagellar beat frequency in Mytilus sperm (54). Discovered about forty years ago during surveys of seminal plasma constituents (2), the enzyme was later found to be associated with the particulate fraction (4). Even though characterized as a “true” acetylcholinesterase in the sperm flagellum (3), interpretations of the role of acetylcholine as a factor in motile processes remained speculative until a wide variety of cholinergic agents was found to affect sperm cell performance (32). Those agents which inhibit acetylcholine synthesis or block cholinergic receptors generally elicit a monophasic, inhibitory, dose-dependent response on sea urchin sperm swimming speed. These include hemicholinium, curare, α-bungarotoxin and decamethonium. Cholinomimetic substances and anticholinesterases (acetylcholine and nicotine; eserine, diisopropylfluorophosphate and neostigmine) act biphasically to increase the sperm swim rate at concentrations of 1 micromolar or less while higher concentrations slow or stop the forward motion of the sperm cells. Procaine (7), which competes with Ca 2+ for cell surface binding sites, initially stimulates then completely inhinits sperm cell progression. Other substances which interfere with the cells′ access to Ca 2+ or with the transport of Ca 2+ into and within the cell adversely affect spermatozoan function. A conceptual model has been proposed, a) to relate the uptake of Ca 2+ to cholinergic regulation of ionophoric channels through the sperm cell plasma membrane and b) for this Ca 2+ to trigger release of sequestered calcium for coupling of excitation to flagellar wave propagation.
The enhanced electronic transference number at the grain boundaries in Sr-doped LaGaO3

Abstract The partial electron-hole conductivity of the bulk and the grain boundary of 1 mol% Sr-doped LaGaO 3 has been measured separately using a dc-polarization method employing an oxygen ion-blocking cell. The electronic transference number for the electron-hole at the grain boundary was found to be greater than that in the bulk. This is because the oxygen vacancy depletes more severely in the grain boundary area than the electron-hole does to form the space charge zone, due to its higher effective charge compared to that of the electron-hole. Such a local variation in the electronic transfer number thus confirms that the conduction across the grain boundary in 1 mol% Sr-doped LaGaO 3 is controlled by the space charge. These results are consistent with those previously reported based on the ac impedance studies.
Chapter 2. Axioms for complexity for all finite semigroups

Let Y denote the collection of all finite semigroups. Let N denote the nonnegative integers. The well known and important (group) complexity function # c : Y -+ N has been extensively studied. See [ 1, Chapter 61 for definitions. Below we list some axioms and prove that exactly one function #c satisfies them. For background, definitions, and development of the theory of complexity for finite semigroups, see [l, Chapters 1, 5-9 (especially Chapter 9)]. For further results on complexity see [2, 3, 4, 5, 61. In the following 19 denotes any function of Y into N. We write S < < S, x *mm x S, if and only if S is a subdirect product of s, ,...) S, , i.e., S is isomorphic to a subsemigroup of S, x *** x S, which projects onto Si for all j.
Synthesis and in vitro opioid receptor functional antagonism of methyl-substituted analogues of (3R)-7-hydroxy-N-[(1S)-1-{[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl}-2-methylpropyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (JDTic).

In previous structure−activity relationship (SAR) studies, (3R)-7-hydroxy-N-[(1S)-1-{[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl}-2-methylpropyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (JDTic, 3) was identified as the first potent and selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist from the trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine class of opioid antagonists. In the present study, we report the synthesis of analogues 8a−p of 3 and present their in vitro opioid receptor functional antagonism using a [35S]GTPγS binding assay. Compounds 8a−p are analogues of 3 containing one, two, or three methyl groups connected to the JDTic structure at five different positions. All the analogues with one and two added methyl groups with the exception of 8k had subnanomolar Ke values at the κ receptor. The three most potent analogues were the monomethylated (3R)-7-hydroxy-N-[(1S,2S)-1-{[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethylpiperidine-1-yl]methyl}-2-methylbutyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-ca...
Synthesis and amyloid binding properties of rhenium complexes: preliminary progress toward a reagent for SPECT imaging of Alzheimer's disease brain.

The definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires the detection of amyloid plaques in postmortem brain. Although the amount of fibrillar amyloid roughly correlates with the severity of symptoms at the time of death, the temporal relationship between amyloid deposition, neuronal loss, and cognitive decline is unclear. To elucidate this relationship, a noninvasive, practical method for the quantitation of brain amyloid deposition is required. We describe herein the initial stages of a strategy to accomplish this goal by single photon computed tomographic imaging. The amyloid-binding dye Congo Red was modified to allow its conjugation to the monoamine-monoamide bis(thiol) ligand. This ligand complexes technetium(V) in its neutral oxo form. A biphenyl-containing building block was conjugated to the protected ligand, and the product was coupled to the relevant aromatic compounds. Rhenium oxo complexes, which are isosteric, but nonradioactive, analogues of the potential imaging agent technetium oxo ...
Refiguring the Archaeology of Greater Cahokia

Revised theoretical constructs and an enlarged database allow substantive revisions to a processual accounting of greater Cahokia. Measures of political consolidation, demographic nucleation, central transformations, and centrifugal dispersions reveal the form, scale, and developmental trajectory of greater Cahokia to have been highly centralized, regional, and punctuated by abrupt and pervasive social changes, respectively. Social restructuring, political rituals, and large-scale labor mobilizations are recognizable among the archaeological remains, as are the pre-Mississippian traditions that tempered regional government. Greater Cahokia was a product of local agricultural populations dominated and accommodated over three centuries. The processes of domination and accommodation, occurring at a time when regional administration was not yet commonplace, left unmistakable regional and panregional signatures.
About Face! Infant Facial Expression of Emotion

In honoring Carroll Izard’s contributions to emotion research, we discuss infant facial activity and emotion expression. We consider the debated issue of whether infants are biologically prepared to express specific emotions. We offer a perspective that potentially integrates differing viewpoints on infant facial expression of emotion. Specifically, we suggest that evolution has prepared infants with innate action readiness patterns, which are crucial for early infant–caregiver social interaction, and in the course of social interaction specific facial configurations acquire functional significance, becoming associated with specific emotions. Research has not confirmed the presence of innate neurophysiological action patterns that map onto discrete emotions but evidence indicates that the possibility has not been ruled out.