cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phoenix: A Runtime Environment for High Performance Computing on Chip Multiprocessors

Execution of applications on upcoming high-performance computing (HPC) systems introduces a variety of new challenges and amplifies many existing ones. These systems will be composed of a large number of “fat” nodes, where each node consists of multiple processors on a chip with symmetric multithreading capabilities, interconnected via high-performance networks. Traditional system software for parallel computing considers these chip multiprocessors (CMPs) as arrays of symmetric multiprocessing cores, when in fact there are fundamental differences among them. Opportunities for optimization on CMPs are lost using this approach. We show that support for fine-grained parallelism coupled with an integrated approach for scheduling of compute and communication tasks is required for efficient execution on this architecture. We propose Phoenix, a runtime system designed specifically for execution on CMP architectures to address the challenges of performance and programmability for upcoming HPC systems. An implementation of message passing interface (MPI) atop Phoenix is presented. Micro-benchmarks and a production MPI application are used to highlight the benefits of our implementation vis-a-vis traditional MPI implementations on CMP architectures.
Dual purpose Prussian blue nanoparticles for cellular imaging and drug delivery: a new generation of T1-weighted MRI contrast and small molecule delivery agents

A simple and improved aqueous synthetic procedure using flash heating for preparing biocompatible Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) with the single-crystal-like feature was developed. This method entailed the use of citric acid as a chelator to complex ferric ions in the precursor and as an in situ capping agent to prevent the PB nanoparticles formed in solution from aggregation. The citrate-coated PBNPs, which can be surface functionalized with small molecules, were readily internalized by cells and exhibited no detectable cytotoxicity. Furthermore, such nanoparticles do not trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells via the Fenton reaction. The potential of using such PBNPs as an effective T1-weighted cellular MRI contrast agent has also been demonstrated. These properties suggest that PBNPs are an attractive dual purpose nanoplatform for developing the next generation of nanoparticle-based T1-weighted MRI contrast agents as well as delivery vehicles for small molecules.
Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Chlamydomonas reinhardi

SYNOPSIS. The purification procedure for native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi is described, using a modified detergent lysis, salt extractions, and alcohol precipitations. A tracer experiment with the addition of a bacterial transforming principle from Hemophilus influenzae demonstrated a recovery of mere than 30% of the bacterial transforming principle in an extensively purified DNA preparation.
Stacked PIN diode structures for microwave switching

A diode structure consisting of several stacked PIN diodes with tunnel junctions serving as quasi-Ohmic intercontacts is proposed. This structure is preferable if a microwave switch is required to have both high breakdown voltage and very small switching time. In this case a conventional (single-base) PIN switch has too large forward voltage drop across the base at suAciently high current densities, because the base length is much greater than the bipolar diAusion length. This leads to high electric fields in the base and the development of unwelcome hot-electron eAects. The replacement of the long base with several narrow bases connected in series by heavily doped p + n + tunnel inserts solves this problem eAectively. Direct numerical calculations have shown that this stacked structure exhibits a substantially smaller DC forward voltage drop at the same switching times (or substantially smaller switching times at the same DC forward voltage drops). At the microwave frequency range, the resistance of the stacked structure can be decreased drastically because all the newly formed pn-junctions are shorted by their large capacitances. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Building Block Approaches to Nanostructured, Single Site, Heterogeneous Catalysts

The contributions that catalysts make to almost every facet of our daily lives cannot be overstated. Virtually every natural resource (crude oil, coal, biomass, minerals) and every source of energy (petrochemical fuels, nuclear, natural gas, solar) require the use of many catalysts before finished products (fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers, composites) arrive in our homes, offices and industries [1]. Catalysts also play increasingly important roles in solving some of the most challenging environmental problems that we currently face (global warming, the greenhouse effect, limited natural resources and pollution) [2]. While the use of heterogeneous catalysts is pervasive in science and technology, it rarely appears in the “credits” that herald the arrival of the next, new high strength material or medicine. Furthermore, the historical development of catalysis, the so-called “art and science” of the discipline has at times led to a picture of incompletely understood chemical systems that accomplish extraordinary chemical transformations [3, 4]. This view of catalysis has changed in the past 50 years as new techniques and instrumentation have been developed to address some of the challenges posed in understanding heterogeneous catalysts. Recently, however, a new opportunity to quicken the pace of this change has presented itself that is having a unifying effect on several disciplines of science and technology involved in catalysis research: nanoscience (Figure 4.1) [5]. While many applications of nanoscience are outside the scope of catalysis (conducting nanowires, devices, electronic and magnetic nanomaterials) the nanometer size regime is located precisely where the disciplines of chemistry, materials science and heterogeneous catalysis meet. The synthesis and tailoring of discrete molecules has long been the goal and focus of the modern chemist [6] while developing strategies to prepare tailored materials is of great current interest in materials science [7]. Chemical engineers now spend much time and effort on understanding exactly what the active catalyst is and in developing methodologies by which more finely tailored catalysts can be prepared. Within the context of
Effects of search success on search engine re-use

People's experiences when interacting with online services affects their decisions on reuse. Users of Web search engines are primarily focused on obtaining relevant information pertaining to their query. Search engines that fail to satisfy users' information needs may find their market share to be negatively affected. However, despite its importance to search providers, the relationship be-tween search success and search engine reuse is poorly understood. In this paper, we present a longitudinal log-based study with a large cohort of search engine users that quantifies the relationship between success and re-use of search engines. We use time series analysis to define two groups of users: stationary and non-stationary. We find that recent changes in satisfaction rate do correlate moderately with changes in rate of return for stationary users. For non-stationary users, we find that satisfaction and rate of return change together and in the same direction. We also find that some effects are stronger for a smaller player on the market than for a clear market leader, but both are affected. This is the first study to explore these issues in the context of Web search, and our findings have implications for search providers seeking to better understand their users and improving their experience.
Characterization of a Ferroelectric Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Source

A ferroelectric atmospheric pressure plasma source has been characterized. An RF electric field, with a frequency between 190 and 250 kHz, is employed to create plasma on the surface of a ferroelectric disk at atmospheric pressure. Average power consumption was measured, and images of plasma formation during an RF cycle have been collected. Excited neutrals from the ferroelectric and electrode, along with component species of the background gas, have been identified in optical emission spectra. Additionally, the electron temperature has been found to be ~2.3 eV from atomic Boltzmann plots of neutral Ag I lines. Breakdown voltage and heavy-particle temperature are also presented. Additionally, the experiments indicate that piezoelectric resonance effects reduced the required applied voltage to induce breakdown.
Exercise training normalizes renal blood flow responses to acute hypoxia in experimental heart failure: role of the α1-adrenergic receptor

Recent data suggest that exercise training (ExT) is beneficial in chronic heart failure (CHF) because it improves autonomic and peripheral vascular function. In this study, we hypothesized that ExT in the CHF state ameliorates the renal vasoconstrictor responses to hypoxia and that this beneficial effect is mediated by changes in α1-adrenergic receptor activation. CHF was induced in rabbits. Renal blood flow (RBF) and renal vascular conductance (RVC) responses to 6 min of 5% isocapnic hypoxia were assessed in the conscious state in sedentary (SED) and ExT rabbits with CHF with and without α1-adrenergic blockade. α1-adrenergic receptor expression in the kidney cortex was also evaluated. A significant decline in baseline RBF and RVC and an exaggerated renal vasoconstriction during acute hypoxia occurred in CHF-SED rabbits compared with the prepaced state (P < 0.05). ExT diminished the decline in baseline RBF and RVC and restored changes during hypoxia to those of the prepaced state. α1-adrenergic blockade partially prevented the decline in RBF and RVC in CHF-SED rabbits and eliminated the differences in hypoxia responses between SED and ExT animals. Unilateral renal denervation (DnX) blocked the hypoxia-induced renal vasoconstriction in CHF-SED rabbits. α1-adrenergic protein in the renal cortex of animals with CHF was increased in SED animals and normalized after ExT. These data provide evidence that the acute decline in RBF during hypoxia is caused entirely by the renal nerves but is only partially mediated by α1-adrenergic receptors. Nonetheless, α1-adrenergic receptors play an important role in the beneficial effects of ExT in the kidney.
Bio-pharma's impact on California's state and local economy

In California, a leading state in biotech research & development, and bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing, more than 100 establishments in these two related industries employ about 65,000 workers whose average wage exceeds $100,000 per year. On average, about 2000 construction workers build and refurbish the infrastructure of this industry in California annually putting in place about $1 billion of new and renovated buildings. The economic impact of this construction activity adds a total of more than $2 billion annually to the California economy. The annual economic contribution of the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry to the California economy exceeds $65 billion, creates almost 200,000 jobs directly and indirectly and generates more than $2.5 billion in state and local tax revenues. The annual economic contribution of the biotech R&D sector to the California economy exceeds $9 billion, creating more than 50,000 jobs and more than $450 million in state and local tax revenues. An analysis of a project labor agreement (PLA) in Solano County shows that the local hire provisions of this agreement generated more than 3 times as much local employment and local tax revenues compared to had the project not been done under a PLA. An analysis of a bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing plant belonging to a California biotech firm that was built in Ohio instead of California shows that not building this facility in California meant the state lost almost 4,000 construction and other jobs, lost more than $900 million in economic activity associated with the construction of this plant and lost more than $9 million in local and state tax revenues associated with the building of the plant. California further lost annually 2400 jobs that would have been created directly or indirectly through the operation of this plant, almost $850 million in statewide economic activity and $31 million in state and local taxes.
Patient assessment and counseling for contraceptive care

Contraception for women with medical conditions is of upmost importance due to the potential impact of pregnancy on their disease state or of their disease on the pregnancy state. Appropriate contraceptive assessment, counseling, and management for these women are critical aspects of their medical care. Clinicians seeking guidance on contraceptive care may turn to the US Medical Eligibility Criteria (MEC), which are evidence-based guidelines created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In the MEC, contraceptive methods are classified using four categories based on the safety of the method when used by women with certain characteristics or medical conditions. The CDC Selected Practice Recommendations can provide guidance on how to initiate contraceptive methods and how to manage common issues that arise. Clinicians should be aware that assessing a woman for eligibility for a specific contraceptive can be done primarily by taking a detailed medical history, and that contraceptive counseling should be performed in a standardized fashion, emphasizing the most effective methods that allow a woman to meet her reproductive goals and are medically appropriate.
DIFFERENT SPATIAL SCALES OF ADAPTATION IN THE CLIMBING BEHAVIOR OF PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS: GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION, NATURAL SELECTION, AND GENE FLOW.

Patterns of geographic variation in tree-climbing ability of Peromyscus maniculatus were used to examine the influence of spatial variation in natural selection and gene flow on the genetic divergence of climbing behavior among populations. Offspring of adults of two subspecies sampled from 10 localities in montane conifer forest, conifer woodland, and desert scrub/grassland habitats were raised in the laboratory and tested to determine their tree-climbing ability (the maximum diameter artificial rod that a mouse could climb). Comparisons of mean rod-climbing scores revealed that individuals of P. m. rufinus sampled from montane conifer forest and conifer woodland in Arizona were better climbers than P. m. sonoriensis sampled from conifer woodland and desert habitats in Nevada. This result was consistent with the hypothesis that natural selection has produced large-scale adaptation in climbing behavior. However, the climbing ability of P. m. sonoriensis sampled from conifer woodland habitats on isolated mountaintops in Nevada has not evolved in response to natural selection to the degree expected. In addition, populations sampled from desert grassland habitat, adjacent to woodland P. m. rufinus in Arizona, have climbing abilities that are not significantly different from conifer woodland populations. These observations indicate that local adaptation was constrained. An estimate of the heritability of climbing ability (h2 = 0.352 ± 0.077) indicates that lack of a response to selection was not due to the absence of additive genetic variation. In addition, regressions of interpopulation differences on the degree of geographic isolation between pairs of populations do not support the hypothesis that gene flow between habitats has constrained evolution. Instead, a combination of historical events and insufficient time to respond to selection appears to have influenced geographic variation and the spatial scale of adaptation in climbing ability.
2013 CUSHMAN AWARD TO CO-RECIPIENT DAVID B. SCOTT

On 29 October 2013 Professor David B. Scott was co-recipient of the Joseph A. Cushman Award for Excellence in Foraminiferal Research along with Dr. Franco Medioli at the Annual Geological Society of America Meeting in Denver, Colorado. This prestigious award acknowledges Prof. Scott’s significant contributions to the ecology of coastal benthic foraminifera and their utility as a relative sea-level indicator, most notably regarding salt marsh fauna. Upon publications of Scott & Medioli (1978, 1980), a new field of Quaternary research emerged and these publications are among the most cited foraminiferal papers in the world. The 1978 Nature paper describes using the turnover salt-marsh foraminiferal species across the marsh surface from the upland to the intertidal zone (as a consequence of tidal inundation) to refine estimates of relative sea level. At the time, sea-level proxies (raised beaches, oyster beds, and submerged or emerged terraces and deltas) were hampered by large errors regarding their position relative to sea level, sometimes larger than the change in sea level attempting to be reconstructed. Determining the relationship between salt-marsh foraminifera and sea level was ground-breaking, and opened entirely new avenues of scientific inquiry that continue today. Professor Scott’s work on …
Effect of alloxan diabetes on reproduction in the rat.

Summary and ConclusionsThe effects of alloxan diabetes on ovarian activity and pregnancy were studied in a series of 63 adult female rats. The development of permanent hyperglycemia resulted in an alteration of the normal estrous pattern, so that the intervals were greatly prolonged. Pregnancy progressed normally until about the twelfth day following which the fetus died and was slowly absorbed, The placentas were retained and were delivered on the day of parturition. The adequate treatment of the alloxan diabetes by insulin resulted in normal pregnancies and live litters delivered at term.
Is the Study of Earthquakes a Basic Science

I believe the answer to this question is yes, although I'm not sure how many scientists would agree. For example, I suspect that most of my MIT colleagues in physics, chemistry, and biology would characterize earthquake studies as a strictly applied science. They would quickly concede, of course, that the study of earthquakes has been stunningly successful as an applied science. Many of them appreciate the remarkable progress in mapping active faults and characterizing the paleoseismic history of regions like Southern California and the Pacific Northwest, and some are aware of the improved capability for the rapid collection, analysis, and dissemination of seismological data following a damaging earthquake. On the other hand, the older among them probably know that the overall achievements in applied earthquake science have not yet matched the high expectations of three decades ago, when it appeared that short-term earthquake prediction might be right around the corner.
Anisotropic Phase Boundary Morphology in Nanoscale Olivine Electrode Particles

Li-insertion-induced phase transformation in nanoscale olivine particles is studied by phase-field simulations in this paper. We show that the anisotropic growth morphology observed in experiments is thermodynamically controlled by the elastic energy arising from the misfit strain between the Li-rich and Li-poor olivine phases and kinetically influenced by the Li surface-reaction kinetics. The one-dimensional Li diffusivity inherent to the olivine structure is found to kinetically stabilize the phase boundary morphology after Li insertion termintates and facilitate ex-situ observation. Our calculations suggest that examination of the phase boundary morphology provides an effective approach to determine the limiting process of the Li intercalation kinetics in olivine nanoparticles.
Inference and Inductive Risk in Disorders of Consciousness

Several types of inferences are employed in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with brain injuries and disorders of consciousness. These inferences introduce unavoidable uncertainty, and can be evaluated in light of inductive risk: the epistemic and nonepistemic risks of being wrong. This article considers several ethically significant inductive risks generated by and interacting with inferences about patients with disorders of consciousness, and argues for prescriptive measures to manage and mitigate inductive risk in the context of disorders of consciousness.
Resonance Absorption Heating

Perhaps the most striking feature of soft x-ray and ultraviolet observations of the solar corona (e.g. see the photograph in the paper by Golub in this proceeding) is the presence of discrete, bright, loop-like structures. These pictures show the corona to be a highly inhomogeneous medium where the magnetic field actively mediates the heating process. The theory used to describe heating by waves in the presence of strong density gradients has become known as resonance absorption theory. Although the resonance absorption mechanism has been used in the laboratory to heat fusion plasmas for some time now, it was suggested as a mechanism for heating stellar coronae only about twelve years ago. In the intervening years, significant progress has been made toward a better understanding of the resonance absorption physics, and in the application of the process to solar and stellar plasmas.
Novel Routing Algorithm Based on Trustworthy Core Tree in WSN

A novel routing algorithm based on trustworthy core tree(TCTR) in WSN was proposed in this paper.It aims to prolong network lifetime as well as increase network security in a hierarchical-cluster sensornet.Cluster heads with higher residual energy and trust level were elected from underlying sensor nodes.A minimum pathloss tree algorithm was borrowed to organize all cluster heads as a trustworthy core tree with sink node as tree root.Expanded the Trustworthy core tree to cover all nodes so that each node reports to sink node with a certain route.A trust model was integrated in TCTR to evaluate node's trust level and detect evil nodes.Simulation results testified the effectiveness of the algorithm in producing a longer network lifetime and a safer network.
Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Semilunar Valve and Aortic Arch Anomalies

There are three types of congenital aortic stenosis. The most common is aortic valve stenosis and this comprises approximately 5 % of congenital heart defects. The aortic valve cusps or leaflets are congenitally malformed. They may be thickened and the raphe may be fused. Usually these valves are bicuspid. The second type of aortic stenosis is supravalvar aortic stenosis. This involves a narrowing of the ascending aorta just above the sino-tubular junction. The third type of aortic stenosis is subvalvar aortic stenosis. In this condition, there is a fibromuscular ridge or tunnel that causes obstruction a short distance below the valve.
Is history of science stuck in the past

F. Bevilacqua, E. Giannetto, and M.R. Matthews (Eds.). (2001). Science Education and Culture: The Contribution of History‐and Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN: 0792369726
Flavor alignment supersymmetric grand unified theories

A supersymmetric grand unified model is constructed based on SO(10)xSO(10) symmetry in which new types of Yukawa matrices couple standard and exotic fermions. The evolution of these couplings from the grand unified scale to the electroweak scale causes some of them to be driven to their fixed points. This solves the supersymmetric alignment problem and ensures that there are no observable flavor changing neutral currents mediated by supersymmetric particles. Fermion hierarchy and neutrino mixing constraints are automatically satisfied in this formalism.
Causes of Arctic Plant Diversity: Origin and Evolution

The term biodiversity was coined rather recently as a shorthand reference to biological diversity, i.e., for the sum of all taxa of plants and animals (Wilson 1988), yet the study of biodiversity is the oldest branch of biology (Weber and Wittmann 1992). Today, frames of reference other than taxonomic ones have become important as we recognize the need for understanding diversity at various levels of organization, from inclusive to restrictive, from communities to genotypes. Whatever the level of our focus in the hierarchy, we must ultimately have a precise knowledge of the component taxa.
Patterns in Greater Sage-grouse population dynamics correspond with public grazing records at broad scales

Human land use, such as livestock grazing, can have profound yet varied effects on wildlife interacting within common ecosystems, yet our understanding of land-use effects is often generalized from short-term, local studies that may not correspond with trends at broader scales. Here we used public land records to characterize livestock grazing across Wyoming, USA, and we used Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) as a model organism to evaluate responses to livestock management. With annual counts of male Sage-grouse from 743 leks (breeding display sites) during 2004–2014, we modeled population trends in response to grazing level (represented by a relative grazing index) and timing across a gradient in vegetation productivity as measured by the Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI). We found grazing can have both positive and negative effects on Sage-grouse populations depending on the timing and level of grazing. Sage-grouse populations responded positively to higher grazing levels after peak vegetation productivity, but populations declined when similar grazing levels occurred earlier, likely reflecting the sensitivity of cool-season grasses to grazing during peak growth periods. We also found support for the hypothesis that effects of grazing management vary with local vegetation productivity. These results illustrate the importance of broad-scale analyses by revealing patterns in Sage-grouse population trends that may not be inferred from studies at finer scales, and could inform sustainable grazing management in these ecosystems.
Toward consumer-friendly security in smart environments

The use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has grown significantly in the past decade. While IoT is expected to improve life for many by enabling smart living spaces, the number of security risks that consumers and businesses will face is also increasing. A high number of vulnerable IoT devices are prone to attacks and easy exploit. Existing research has focused on security that must be implemented by administrators and manufacturers to be effective. Our work focuses on a system that does not rely on best practices by IoT device companies, but rather allows inexperienced users to be confident about the security of the devices that they add to their network. We present an implementation of an IoT architectural framework based on Software Defined Networking (SDN). In this architecture, IoT devices attempting to join an IoT network are scanned for vulnerabilities using custom vulnerability scanners and penetration testing tools before being allowed to communicate with any other device. In the case that a vulnerability is detected, the system will try to fix the vulnerability. If the fix fails, then the user will be alerted to the vulnerability and provided with suggestions for fixing it before it will be allowed to join the network. Our implementation demonstrates that the approach works and causes minimal overhead to the network once the device is deemed trustworthy.
Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Participant Engagement In Genetic Studies

Abstract Internet-based technologies are increasingly being utilized for research studies. However, it is not known whether using internet-based approaches will effectively engage participants from diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. We offered genetic ancestry results to 967 participants who were recruited for a genetic study. We evaluated viewing internet-based genetic ancestry results among participants who expressed high interest in obtaining the results, defining a measure of engagement. 64% of participants stated that they were very or extremely interested in their genetic ancestry results. Among interested participants, individuals with a high school diploma (N=473) viewed their results 19% of the time relative to 4% of the 145 participants without a diploma (p In an underserved population, we found engagement in internet-based research to be low despite high reported interest. This suggests that explicit strategies should be developed to increase diversity in internet-based research.
Relationship between the Central Regulation of Gonadotropins and Mating Behavior in Female Rats

Elsewhere in this volume Drs. McCann (pp. 1–21) and Clemens (pp. 23–53) report on the baffling array of hormones and other biologically active substances produced by the hypothalamus, the gonads, and the pituitary gland which are involved in the control of reproductive activities. The causal relationship in the female rat between the discharge of pituitary gonadotropins, the release of ovarian hormones, and the subsequent onset of sexual receptivity is fairly well understood. In the normal cyclic female rat on the morning of proestrus, the secretion of estrogens from the developing graafian follicle reaches peak values and, in turn, acts on the hypothalamus to trigger the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) via the release of the hypothalamic releasing factors, LH-releasing factor (LRF) and possible FSH-releasing factor (FRF). The surge in LH and FSH occurs on the afternoon of proestrus; ovulation takes place in the early hours of the following morning (estrus).
Countering cyber threats for industrial applications

The widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) in industrial systems has made malware propagation more voluminous and sophisticated. Detection and prevention against these malware threats rely on automated dynamic analysis techniques. Malware writers on the other hand, are resorting towards analysis evasion techniques that pose a great deal of challenge for the malware research community. Various approaches mostly based on virtual machines or emulators have been proposed for the analysis of such envisions. However, the practicality of these approaches is still an open debate. This paper presents a malware analysis system, capable of encountering known evasion methods of malware. A novel technique for detection of malware evasive behavior is presented, which is based on measuring the deviation from normal behavior of a program or malware. Evaluations and analysis show that this approach is effective against detecting the variations in malware behavior. Moreover, countermeasures implemented by the Analysis Evasion Malware Sandbox (AEMS) are effective for large percentage of malware detection.
Dryden Lecture: Fuel Options for Next Generation Chemical Propulsion

The state of research on developing fuel options for next generation chemical propulsion is reviewed for aviation fuels and energetic fuels. For aviation fuels, the development is based on considerations of cost, energy security and climate change, with Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuels and biofuels hold potential as alternative aviation fuels. The need for basic research to develop predictive capability for the oxidative chemistry of evolving fuels in evolving engine designs is emphasized, illustrated by the intricate reaction pathways and the enormity of the reaction mechanisms involved. Recent research activities towards achieving the goal of fuel design are discussed through the development of detailed mechanisms, reduced mechanisms, and surrogate fuels. For the development of high-energy-density propellants, advances in several classes of materials are discussed, including metallized and hypergolic propellants, and propellants with strained and functionalized molecules as well as nanoparticle addition. The impact of the recent progress in chemical synthesis, materials science and nano science on these advances is noted.
Imagined Politics: How Different Media Platforms Transport Citizens Into Political Narratives:

This article examines political transportation—the construction of mental models that represent a political world and result in the absorption and positioning of oneself within the constructed worl...
Deviations from hydrostatic equilibrium in the circumgalactic medium: spinning hot haloes and accelerating flows

Hydrostatic equilibrium (HSE), where the thermal pressure gradient balances the force of gravity, is tested across a range of simulated EAGLE haloes from Milky Way L* haloes (M_200~10^12 Msol) to cluster scales. Clusters (M_200>=10^14 Msol) reproduce previous results with thermal pressure responsible for ~90% of the support against gravity, but this fraction drops for group-sized haloes (M_200~10^13 Msol) and is even lower (40-70%) for L* haloes between 0.1-0.3 R_200. Energy from feedback grows relative to the binding energy of a halo toward lower mass resulting in greater deviations from HSE. Tangential motions comprise the largest deviation from HSE in L* haloes indicating that the hot circumgalactic medium (CGM) has significant sub- centrifugal rotation and angular momentum spin parameters 2-3x higher than the dark matter spin parameters. Thermal feedback can buoyantly rise to the outer CGM of M_200<10^12 Msol haloes, both moving baryons beyond R_200 and feeding uncorrelated tangential motions. The resulting hot halo density and rotation profiles show promising agreement with X-ray observations of the inner Milky Way halo, and we discuss future observational prospects to detect spinning hot haloes around other galaxies. Acceleration and radial streaming motions also comprise significant deviations from HSE, especially net outward accelerations seen in L* and group haloes indicating active feedback. Black hole feedback acts in a preventative manner during the later growth of group haloes, applying significant accelerations via shocks that do not feed tangential motions. We argue that HSE is a poor assumption for the CGM, especially in the inner regions, and rotating baryonic hot haloes are a critical consideration for analytic models of the CGM.
Predictors of recurrence in remitted late-life depression.

Background Late-life depression (LLD) is associated with a fragile antidepressant response and high recurrence risk. This study examined what measures predict recurrence in remitted LLD. Methods Individuals of age 60 years or older with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - IV (DSM-IV) diagnosis of major depressive disorder were enrolled in the neurocognitive outcomes of depression in the elderly study. Participants received manualized antidepressant treatment and were followed longitudinally for an average of 5 years. Study analyses included participants who remitted. Measures included demographic and clinical measures, medical comorbidity, disability, life stress, social support, and neuropsychological testing. A subset underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Of 241 remitted elders, approximately over 4 years, 137 (56.8%) experienced recurrence and 104 (43.2%) maintained remission. In the final model, greater recurrence risk was associated with female sex (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.536; confidence interval [CI] = 1.027-2.297), younger age of onset (HR = 0.990; CI = 0.981-0.999), higher perceived stress (HR = 1.121; CI = 1.022-1.229), disability (HR = 1.060; CI = 1.005-1.119), and less support with activities (HR = 0.885; CI = 0.812-0.963). Recurrence risk was also associated with higher Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores prior to censoring (HR = 1.081; CI = 1.033-1.131) and baseline symptoms of suicidal thoughts by MADRS (HR = 1.175; CI = 1.002-1.377) and sadness by Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (HR = 1.302; CI, 1.080-1.569). Sex, age of onset, and suicidal thoughts were no longer associated with recurrence in a model incorporating report of multiple prior episodes (HR = 2.107; CI = 1.252-3.548). Neither neuropsychological test performance nor MRI measures of aging pathology were associated with recurrence. Conclusions Over half of the depressed elders who remitted experienced recurrence, mostly within 2 years. Multiple clinical and environmental measures predict recurrence risk. Work is needed to develop instruments that stratify risk.
Computer Aided Control Systems Design Techniques

Publisher Summary The conventional design of multiloop control systems is a time consuming task. If a digital computer is used to assist in this design process, the engineer's work lessens. The complete, automated design of such a multiloop system is desirable. This chapter discusses the problem of automating the design of a multiloop feedback control system. Frequency domain specifications are combined into a non-linear cost functional. Then the functional is minimized using mathematical minimization techniques. This approach determines compensator parameters, which force the system to satisfy the specifications. This compensator can then be implemented to complete the design. This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of using mathematical programming techniques to automate the design of feedback control systems. For the design problem to be solved in this manner, a non-linear functional must be postulated, which is a function of all the specifications that are to be satisfied.
The pharmacologically enhanced physician.

An argument against physician use of pharmacological agent to enhance cognitive function. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Software Enabled Wideband Spectroscopy for Breakthrough Listen

Breakthrough Listen is a 10 year, $100 million project to search for signs of intelligent life beyond Earth. Two of the three initial facilities used by Breakthrough Listen are radio telescopes: the 100 meter Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in Green Bank, West Virginia, USA and the 68 meter Parkes Radio Telescope (The Dish) in Parkes, New South Wales, Australia. Breakthrough Listen has partnered with these facilities to install a high performance computing cluster for use as the digital back end performing the SETI search. The aggregate instantaneous bandwidth available on the GBT is roughly 10 GHz: eight bands each nominally 1.25 GHz wide (depending on receiver). The aggregate instantaneous bandwidth at Parkes is roughly 4 GHz: thirteen beams each nominally 300 MHz wide using the Parkes multi-beam receiver.
Effect of fluorination on the partitioning of alcohols

ABSTRACTIn order to understand the role of fluorination on the interactions and partitioning of alcohols in aqueous and organic environments, isobaric-isothermal ensemble Monte Carlo simulations ar...
Breakthroughs in antemortem diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases

The World Health Organization forecasts that within 2 decades neurodegenerative disorders will eclipse cancer to become the foremost cause of death in the developed world after cardiovascular disease. Accurate detection of pathological processes goes hand in hand with the goals of treatment and prevention and, in light of their protracted but worsening clinical progression, the earlier a diagnosis can be made the better. However, the challenge underlying accurate detection of neurodegenerative diseases during their clinical phase is that specific biomarkers are not present at high enough concentrations for routine detection in accessible specimens. Consequently, it has only been possible to definitively diagnose these conditions by examination of brain pathology after death. The paper by Metrick et al. (1) in PNAS addresses the issue of improved antemortem biomarker detection for a spectrum of neurological disorders, using assays which capitalize on prionic amplification of misfolded, pathogenic proteins. During neurodegenerative diseases biochemical changes in particular proteins lead to their misfolding and accumulation in specific neuronal populations. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation of extracellular plaques enriched with amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide derived from the amyloid precursor protein and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. Of the 6 tau versions, 3 have 3 microtubule-binding domains (3R isoforms) while the others contain 4 (4R isoforms). The involvement of tau in frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism-17, Pick disease (PiD), progressive supranuclear palsy, argyrophilic grain disease, and corticobasal degeneration results in the blanket term of tauopathies to describe these disorders. While tau deposits in PiD are composed predominantly of 3R isoforms, roughly equivalent amounts of 3R and 4R isoforms are deposited in AD. Other tauopathies accumulate predominantly 4R isoforms. Abnormal cytoplasmic accumulation of a normally soluble and unfolded protein called α-synuclein is the hallmark of diseases referred to as synucleinopathies. Neuronal deposition of α-synuclein … [↵][1]1Email: glenn.telling{at}colostate.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Characterization of Spaces of Bessel Potentials Related to the Heat Equation

1. Background. The operator ∧ω is often dealt with in the talks in this conference. For complex ω it is defined by the formula in the Fourier transform space, $$\widehat{\Lambda ^\omega}{\rm{f}(\xi)} = \left( {1 + |\xi |^2 } \right)^{\omega /2} \widehat f{\rm{f}(\xi)}.$$
Tracial bounds for multilinear Schur multipliers

Abstract We derive new types of two-sided bounds for traces of multilinear Schur multipliers that sharpen existing bounds in a number of situations. We also characterize the tracial positivity of the n-linear multipliers on symmetric tuples, assuming their symbols are mildly sparse when n ≥ 5 .
Developing a Tool to Capture Productive and Unproductive Mindsets About Teaching Mathematics to African American Students: An Initial Review:

In this article, we describe the development of a survey intended to assess teachers’ perceptions on teaching mathematics to African American students. Research on productive and unproductive minds...
Welcoming new guidelines for AI clinical research.

With only a limited number of clinical trials of artificial intelligence in medicine thus far, the first guidelines for protocols and reporting arrive at an opportune time. Better protocol design, along with consistent and complete data presentation, will greatly facilitate interpretation and validation of these trials, and will help the field to move forward.
Fada: Boredom and Belonging in Niger: edited by Adeline Masquelier, University of Chicago, Chicago, 2019, 264 pp.

This is a book rich in ethnography. Adeline Masquelier covers considerable ground in her return to the provincial town of Dogondoutchi, Niger, but also moves into the urban sphere of Niamey, to exp...
Clustering of rapidly settling, low-inertia particle pairs in isotropic turbulence. Part 2. Comparison of theory and DNS

Part 1 (Rani et al. J. Fluid Mech., vol. 871, 2019, pp. 450–476) of this study presented a stochastic theory for the clustering of monodisperse, rapidly settling, low-Stokes-number particle pairs in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The theory involved the development of closure approximations for the drift and diffusion fluxes in the probability density function (p.d.f.) equation for the pair relative positions . In this part 2 paper, the theory is quantitatively analysed by comparing its predictions of particle clustering with data from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of isotropic turbulence containing particles settling under gravity. The simulations were performed at a Taylor micro-scale Reynolds number for three Froude numbers , where is the ratio of the Kolmogorov scale of acceleration and the magnitude of gravitational acceleration. Thus, corresponds to zero gravity, and to the highest magnitude of gravity among the three DNS cases. For each , particles of Stokes numbers in the range were tracked in the DNS, and particle clustering quantified both as a function of separation and the spherical polar angle. We compared the DNS and theory values for the exponent characterizing the power-law dependence of clustering on separation. The from the DNS case are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical predictions obtained using the second drift closure (referred to as DF2). To quantify the anisotropy in clustering, we calculated the leading–order coefficient in the spherical harmonics expansion of the p.d.f. of pair relative positions. The coefficients predicted by the theory (DF2) again show reasonable agreement with those calculated from the DNS clustering data for . However, we note that in spite of the high magnitude of gravity, the clustering is only marginally anisotropic both in DNS and theory. The theory predicts that the spherical harmonic coefficient scales with , where is the ratio of the drift and diffusion flux coefficients. Since the drift flux, and thereby , is seen to decrease with gravity for , the anisotropy is also correspondingly diminished.
The Role of International Medical Graduates (IMGs) in the US Healthcare System

Physicians that received their medical education in countries other than the United States comprise approximately 25% of the doctors currently practicing within our borders. These international medical graduates (IMGs) must overcome a variety of geographical, cultural, legislative, and academic hurdles in order to enter into graduate medical education (GME) that graduates from United States Medical Schools (USMGs) are not subject. Upon completion of training, these individuals often endure questions of their competence while facing discrimination even though the quality of care delivered is at least equal if not superior to that of USMGs. This chapter addresses the history of the IMG system, debate regarding their role, educational and employment status, policy and regulation, quality of care delivered, as well as impact within academic medicine, and individual experience.
Latitudinal variation in the growth and condition of Juvenile flatfishes in the Bering Sea

Abstract The Bering Sea spans a wide latitudinal range, connecting with the temperate North Pacific Ocean to the south and the arctic Chukchi Sea to the north. Climate change has rapidly and significantly altered Bering Sea ecosystem dynamics. The biomass of predominantly boreal marine species have increased in the subarctic northern Bering Sea following recent record-high water temperatures across the shelf. Among those species are two commercially-important flatfishes: yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera; YFS) and northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra; NRS). In this study, the Bering Sea was divided latitudinally into three areas – north, central, and south – to assess the implications of a northward shift or expansion of juvenile flatfish habitat on production potential. The growth, diet, and condition of juveniles were compared among areas from 2016 to 2018. Summer bottom temperatures in the Bering Sea in 2016 and 2018 were anomalously warm, but 2017 temperatures were closer to the 2010–2018 average. Prey availability does not appear to be a limiting habitat factor across the Bering Sea. Juveniles of both species grow faster in length and to greater length-at age in the south. The morphometric-based condition of juvenile YFS appears to be better in the northern Bering Sea, while that of juvenile NRS also improves towards the north. Condition increased from 2016 to 2017, but then decreased slightly from 2017 to 2018. Although the results suggest larger size and faster growth of juveniles are associated with warmer bottom temperatures, there is also indication that growth and condition of juvenile flatfish may not continue to increase if current high temperatures persist in their habitat. Exploratory habitat models show that the condition of juvenile YFS may be negatively influenced by temperature. Negative effects on growth and energy storage may set in as the upper thermal physiological tolerance of each species is approached. The critical temperature maxima for each species is unknown, but it may be lower for the cold-adapted YFS than for NRS, implying that YFS may be less buffered against effects of climate warming.