cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical kinetics of hydrocarbon ignition in practical combustion systems

Chemical kinetic factors of hydrocarbon oxidation are examined in a variety of ignition problems. Ignition is related to the presence of a dominant chain-branching reaction mechanism that can drive a chemical system to completion in a very short period of time. Ignition in laboratory environments is studied for problems including shock tubes and rapid compression machines. Modeling of the laboratory systems is used to develop kinetic models that can be used to analyze ignition in practical systems. Two major chain-branching regimes are identified, one consisting of high temperature ignition with a chain branching reaction mechanism based on the reaction between atomic hydrogen with molecular oxygen, and the second based on an intermediate temperature thermal decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Kinetic models are then used to describe ignition in practical combustion environments, including detonations and pulse combustors for high temperature ignition and engine knock and diesel ignition for intermediate temperature ignition. The final example of ignition in a practical environment is homogeneous charge, compression ignition (HCCI), which is shown to be a problem dominated by the kinetics of intermediate temperature hydrocarbon ignition. Model results show why high hydrocarbon and CO emissions are inevitable in HCCI combustion. The conclusion of this study is that the kinetics of hydrocarbon ignition are actually quite simple, since only one or two elementary reactions are dominant. However, many combustion factors can influence these two major reactions, and these are the features that vary from one practical system to another.
Individual Multimodal Therapy for Weight Loss: A Case Example

Individual multimodal therapy provides a comprehensive approach to the treatment of overeating. The multimodal treatment plan helps to target social and emotional issues related to eating disorders as well as the eating behaviors themselves. The authors present a case study highlighting a treatment model based on a multimodal conceptualization.
Language as shaped by the brain; the brain as shaped by development

Though we agree with their argument that language is shaped by domain-general learning processes, Christiansen & Chater (C&C) neglect to detail how the development of these processes shapes language change. We discuss a number of examples that show how developmental processes at multiple levels and timescales are critical to understanding the origin of domain-general mechanisms that shape language evolution.
Assessing the Intensity of Dog Walking and Impact on Overall Physical Activity: A Pilot Study Using Accelerometry

Introduction: Despite a growing body of research indicating that dog walking contributes to meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines, this literature is limited by the use of self-report measures of dog walking and overall PA. The objectives of this pilot study were to objectively assess dog walking with accelerometry, characterize the frequency, duration, and intensity of dog walking, and determine the contribution of dog walking to overall moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Methods: Sixty-five dog owners wore an Actigraph GT3X accelerometer for up to 7 consecutive days and recorded start/end times for dog walks with daily log sheets. Each minute with an activity count ≥ 760 was classified as MVPA. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize all variables. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between dog walking MVPA bouts and meeting PA guidelines, controlling for age, education, income, and gender. Results: Participants walked their dog an average of 1.2 ± 1.1 times/day, averaged 28.0 ± 15.6 minutes/walk, and accumulated 22.9 ± 17.5 minutes of MVPA/day during dog walks, of which 21.7 ± 17.9 minutes were accumulated in bouts ≥10 minutes. Seventy-eight percent of dog walking was classified as moderate-intensity and 3.5% was vigorous. Dog walking MVPA had a statistically significant positive association with meeting PA guidelines (OR = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.06, 5.08). Conclusions: The majority of dog walking minutes were moderate-intensity and most minutes of MVPA during dog walking occurred in bouts. These findings suggest that dog walking is consistent with current PA guidelines for adults and should receive more consideration as a PA promotion strategy.
The adsorption of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene oxide onto chemically modified silica

Abstract Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) adsorption onto silica is shown to be strongly dependent on surface chemistry whereas polyethylene oxide adsorption exhibits less dependence on surface chemistry. The surface of silica was modified with four different chemical treatments: surface grafting of polymer, silylation with vinyltriethoxysilane, silylation with ethyltriethoxysilane, and silylation with isobutyltrimethoxysilane. Isotherms for PVP adsorption were measured on the untreated surface and the four treated surfaces. Both large increases and large decreases in the amount adsorbed relative to the untreated surface were recorded. Adsorption of polyethylene oxide was conducted in the plateau region on untreated silica and on polymer-grafted silica.
Case series and exposure series: the role of studies without controls in providing information about the etiology of injury or disease

Descriptions of exposure histories in persons with the same injury or illness ("case series"), and descriptions of outcomes in persons with the same exposure ("exposure series"), have the potential to contribute knowledge relevant to disease etiology in some special situations. The case series can be thought of as a primitive form of case-control study--one in which the controls are only implied. Similarly, the exposure series is a rudimentary type of cohort study. By keeping these analogies in mind, those who author or read studies without controls can assess the design or results for selection bias, confounding, or information bias. While studies without controls cannot supplant true case-control or cohort studies, they are relatively cheap and easy to perform, and there are circumstances in which they provide valuable information. Attention to design is needed to strengthen the results they provide.
20-Hydroxyecdysone-induced changes in the cell volume of lepidopteran cells associated with population dynamics

SUMMARY The insect cell line MRRL-CH derived from embryos of the lepidopteran Manduca sexta responded rapidly, within 15 min, to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-OH-Ec) (1 x 10-s M) by increasing in cell volume. The induction time for this response contrasts with that for the cell elongation response that appears only after 24 to 48 h. The increase in cell volume represents the most rapid 20-OH-Ec-induced change in cell morphology reported to date. It also has some steroid specificity because no volume change was induced by ecdysone (4 x 10-6 M) under the experimental conditions. The magnitude of the cell volume response to 20-OH-Ec varied with the population dynamics of the cell line and was associated with cell size at the time of treatment.
Testing patterns and causes of faunal stability in the fossil record, with an example from the Pliocene Lusso Beds of Zaire

Abstract Two central issues emerge from recent discussions of Coordinated Stasis in the fossil record: testing pattern and testing causality. Testing the generality of Brett and Baird's observations of faunal stability in the Paleozoic Appalachian Foreland Basin is important to determine whether such clustering of evolutionary and ecological change into relatively brief intervals of time is a general phenomenon in the fossil record or a quirk of that particular time and place. Methods for assessing the linkage between paleoecological and evolutionary change are discussed using examples drawn from the molluscan faunas of the Pliocene Edward-Mobutu basin of Zaire and Uganda. In the Late Pliocene Lusso Beds of Eastern Zaire an interval of paleoecological and morphological stability appears to be terminated by an episode of coordinated change. This paper illustrates a quantitative approach to simultaneously testing for the presence of coordinated change in paleoecological composition and species morphology. With due attention to taphonomic and stratigraphic controls, testing for the generality of faunal stability in the fossil record is a relatively straightforward exercise. Causality, however, is a thornier issue. Three broad classes of explanation for the presence of coordinated faunal change in the fossil record can be identified in the literature. These span a continuum from the purely evolutionary, through combined evolutionary/ecological to purely ecological explanations. I argue here that the critical test to distinguish between different causal hypotheses for coordinated faunal stability and turnover is an examination of correlation between environmental change and biotic change in the fossil record.
The role of linear power partitioning in beam filamentation

We demonstrate through computer simulation that power partitioning due to linear diffraction can play a crucial role in the break up of high intensity apertured beams propagating in air. By investigating the way linear diffraction partitions power in these beams, we are able to predict the positions and relative powers of supercritical hot spots.
Activity coefficients–aqueous solutions of polybasic acids and their salts

A method of predicting activity coefficients of polybasic acids and their salts in strong aqueous solutions is presented. Application of the calculation of decomposition pressures of SO2 over sodium sulfite-bisulfite systems and of CO2 over carbonate-bicarbonate systems is illustrated.
ACTION OF X-RAYS ON MAMMALIAN CELLS : II. SURVIVAL CURVES OF CELLS FROM NORMAL HUMAN TISSUES

Survival curves of normal human cells from a variety of tissues exposed to varying doses of x-irradiation have been constructed, which permit definition of the intrinsic radiation sensitivity of the reproductive power of each cell type. The mean lethal dose of x-irradiation for all the cells employed, including those from normal and cancerous organs, those exhibiting diploid and polyploid chromosome number; those from embryonic and adult tissues, including recently isolated cells and cultures which had been maintained in vitro for many years, and cells exhibiting either epithelioid or fibroblastic morphology, was found to be contained between the limits of 50 to 150 r. Other similarities in the pattern of radiation effects, such as giant formation and abortive colonial growth, in these cells and that of the HeLa S3, previously studied, confirm the hypothesis that the pattern of reaction to x-irradiation previously elucidated, is representatative, at least in over-all outline, for a large variety of human cells. While the radiation survival curves of various human cells are similar in the gross, small but important characterizing differences have been found. All epithelioid cells so far studied are approximately 2-hit, and more radioresistant than the fibroblast-like cells whose survival data correspond to a mean lethal dose of around 60 r, and which so far can be fitted by either 1-hit or 2-hit curves. The earlier prediction that the major radiobiologic damage to mammalian cells is lodged in the genetic apparatus was confirmed by the demonstration of high frequency of mutants among the survivors of doses of 500 to 900 r. All the data on the x-radiosensitivity of these cells can be explained on the basis of a defect resulting from primary damage localized in one or more chromosomes. These considerations afford a convincing explanation of several aspects of the mammalian radiation syndrome.
Electron microscopic localization of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase binding sites on DNA using enzyme immobilized on colloidal gold

DNA dependent RNA polymerase has been coupled to gold granules of 60 A. The gold-polymerase complex (Au-P) has been demonstrated to bind to chick oviduct DNA and be capable of transcription as monitored by both biochemical activity and electron microscopy. Binding of Au-P to DNA is competable with free polymerase.
Computed cranial tomographic findings in cerebral sinovenous occlusion.

Abstract Eleven patients with angiographically and/or pathologically verified cerebral sinovenous occlusions not directly caused by trauma were studied by computed cranial tomography (CCT). Static radionuclide brain scans and dynamic radionuclide flow studies were also obtained in four patients; in two, findings diagnostic of lateral sinus thrombosis were noted. These comprised a “negative on dynamic, hot on static” image, as well as a “hot on static with nonfilling on angiography.” Computed cranial tomography findings included visualization of the thrombosed vein (“cord sign”) or sinus (“empty triangle” or “Δsign”), multiple focal bilateral parasagittal hemorrhages, intense tentorial enhancement, gyral enhancement indistinguishable from infarct, solitary intracerebral hematoma, small ventricles, and normal scan. Excluding the patients with underlying meningioma, all three of whom survived, seven of the remaining eight patients expired during the acute phase of their illness, an 88% mortality. This group includes one patient who had normal CCT findings, albeit without contrast enhancement, who was diagnosed as pseudotumor cerebri. The need for full neuroradiological evaluation, including angiography, is thus stressed if this highly fatal yet treatable condition is not to remain undiagnosed.
Poster: GPU-accelerated artificial neural network for QSAR modeling

Here, we present a GPU-accelerated OpenCL implementation of a back-propagation artificial neural network for the creation of QSAR models for drug discovery and virtual high-throughput screening. A QSAR model for HSD achieved an enrichment of 5.9 and area under the curve of 0.83 on an independent data set which signifies sufficient predictive ability for virtual high-throughput screening efforts. The speed-up demonstrated on this data set allows for the complete cross-validated feature optimization of QSAR models based on ANNs within 24 hours on a workstation equipped with 4 consumer GPUs of $260 each (GTX 470), achieving performance equal to that of ∼340 cores. This GPU-accelerated ANN framework for the creation of optimized QSAR models from biological data will be available free of charge for academic users at http://www.meilerlab.org through a server interface.
Inhibition of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase by cyclophosphamide and its metabolites.

Abstract Cyclophosphamide (CP) administration to rats produced a dose-dependent loss of hepatic NADPH-cytochrome-P450 reductase and microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) activities. In vitro CP, its metabolites (acrolein, phosphoramide mustard, 4-keto CP and nor-nitrogen mustard) and Ifosfamide, which is an analog of CP, were tested for their effects on the reductase activity. Only acrolein produced a significant loss of the reductase (66%). This loss of activity could be prevented by the presence of cysteine in the incubation mixture. Acrolein also produced a dose dependent loss of the activity when incubated with the purified reductase. These data suggest that CP-induced loss of the reductase results from interaction between CP metabolite acrolein and critical sulfhydryl groups in the reductase.
Thermal expansion in 3d-metal Prussian Blue Analogs-A survey study

Abstract We present a comprehensive study of the structural properties and the thermal expansion behavior of 17 different Prussian Blue Analogs (PBAs) with compositions MII3[(M′)III(CN)6]2·nH2O and MII2[FeII(CN)6]·nH2O, where MII=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, (M′)III=Co, Fe and n is the number of water molecules, which range from 5 to 18 for these compounds. The PBAs were synthesized via standard chemical precipitation methods, and temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction studies were performed in the temperature range between −150 °C (123 K) and room-temperature. The vast majority of the studied PBAs were found to crystallize in cubic structures of space groups Fm3m, F43m and Pm3m. The temperature dependence of the lattice parameters was taken to compute an average coefficient of linear thermal expansion in the studied temperature range. Of the 17 compounds, 9 display negative values for the average coefficient of linear thermal expansion, which can be as large as 39.7×10−6 K−1 for Co3[Co(CN)6]2·12H2O. All of the MII3[CoIII(CN)6]2·nH2O compounds show negative thermal expansion behavior, which correlates with the Irving–Williams series for metal complex stability. The thermal expansion behavior for the PBAs of the MII3[FeIII(CN)6]2·nH2O family are found to switch between positive (for M=Mn, Co, Ni) and negative (M=Cu, Zn) behavior, depending on the choice of the metal cation (M). On the other hand, all of the MII2[FeII(CN)6]·nH2O compounds show positive thermal expansion behavior.
Reaction of iron(III) dithiocarbamates with iodine

Abstract The reaction of iodine with tris(N,N-disubstituted dithiocarbamato)iron(III) complexes, [Fe(R 2 dtc) 3 ], and with the iodobisdithiocarbamate complexes, [Fe(R 2 dtc) 2 I], leads to several types of products, including those with stoichiometry Fe(R 2 dtc) 2 I 2 (R = CH 3 , i-C 3 H 7 , R,R = −(CH 2 ) − 4 ), Fe(R 2 dtc) 2 I 3 (R = C 2 H 5 ), and Fe(R 2 dtc) 3 I 3 (R = i-C 3 H 7 , C 6 H 11 , C 6 H 5 CH 2 ). Mossbauer spectroscopy shows that these complexes contain iron(III), except for the Fe(R 2 dtc) 3 I 3 complexes which contain iron(IV).
Positron annihilation study of the effect of hydrogen during the plastic deformation of a steel

Abstract Positron lifetime measurements were conducted on spheroidized low carbon steel (AISI 1009) deformed without hydrogen, hydrogen charged after deformation and hydrogen charged during deformation. These were measured as a function of tensile strain at a constant value of hydrogen input fugacity (250 MN m−2). Decoration of dislocation sites with hydrogen reduced the relative intensity of the short-lifetime component. Deformation with hydrogen in the steel increased the relative intensity of the long-lifetime component, signifying an increase in concentration of vacancy agglomerates or microvoids.
Susceptibility of maize germplasm to bacterial stalk rot caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae

Abstract A pressurized spray technique was used to evaluate the reaction of 45 cultivars to the stalk rot pathogen under greenhouse and field conditions. Range in mean percentage plants infected was 39–95. A significant positive correlation was obtained between readings in field and greenhouse tests.
A new electrophoretic approach to biochemical systematics of bees

Abstract SDS electrophoresis of soluble proteins from 49 species of bees from 8 families produce a conservative character set. Differences between species appear to be actual differences in polypeptides and their concentrations rather than spurious differences. The data set based on the absorption values of bands proves to be more useful than does a data set based on the molecular weights of bands present or one based on the presence and absence of bands. Numerical analysis of a matrix of distance coefficients based on absorption values of bands shows much overlap between families of bees. Also, some taxa of questionable affinities when compared morphologically can be shown to be biochemically quite similar to other members of their traditional morphological families. Other taxa, which appear very similar morphologically, are highly differentiated biochemically. Examples are presented to compare and contrast the data from the SDS-separated character set to predictions based on the theories of regulatory and constant rate protein evolution. The results of the study largely agreed with predictions based on constant rate protein evolution. Exceptions may be understood in the framework of regulatory evolution. Consequences of discordance between morphological and biochemical phenetics are discussed as they affect systematic classifications.
Theory of transient two-photon resonant up-conversion with non-synchronized excitation

Abstract The theory of the two-photon resonant up-conversion process ( ω a + ω a ) + ω c ⇋ ω d is developed for short pulse excitation. Prominence is given to the case where the pulse at frequency ω c is not time-synchronized with the pulse ω a but travels immediately behind it. Not only is the conversion efficiency thereby maximized, but the associated theoretical simplification enables several analytical formulae to be derived which provide new insight into the mechanism of resonant non- linear interactions. In particular, an expression is derived for the maximum useful energy per unit area of the pulse at ω c . Exceeding this value is of little or no advantage in the non-synchronized case and is positively detrimental when the a- and c-pulses are coincident. The results are supported by computer solutions.
Dissecting microregulation of a master regulatory network

The master regulator p53 tumor-suppressor protein through coordination of several downstream target genes and upstream transcription factors controls many pathways important for tumor suppression. While it has been reported that some of the p53's functions are microRNA-mediated, it is not known as to how many other microRNAs might contribute to the p53-mediated tumorigenesis. Here, we use bioinformatics-based integrative approach to identify and prioritize putative p53-regulated miRNAs, and unravel the miRNA-based microregulation of the p53 master regulatory network. Specifically, we identify putative microRNA regulators of a) transcription factors that are upstream or downstream to p53 and b) p53 interactants. The putative p53-miRs and their targets are prioritized using current knowledge of cancer biology and literature-reported cancer-miRNAs. Our predicted p53-miRNA-gene networks strongly suggest that coordinated transcriptional and p53-miR mediated networks could be integral to tumorigenesis and the underlying processes and pathways.
Polymer property enhancement by solid‐state forming

The alteration of the physical properties of a polymer by the use of forming techniques which are applied below the melt or glass transition temperature of the polymer has been discussed. The influence of cold rolling (rolling accomplished at room temperature) on the mechanical properties of amorphous polymers was first briefly reviewed (1). The specific effect of rolling on the toughness of polycarbonates, as measured by notched Izod impact strength, was discussed in detail and is summarized in (2). The role of crystallinity in further enhancing the mechanical properties of polycarbonate and the combined effect of rolling and crystallinity was also described and is discussed in more detail in (3). Other amorphous polymers were also discussed, particularly the effect of rolling on the notched Izod impact strength (4). For most polymers studied, a large increase in impact strength occurs for small reductions in thickness and a maximum occurs at a given thickness reduction beyond which the ductility of the material is exhausted. The increase in impact strength is not only a result of molecular orientation but also a function of residual stress placed in the sheet by the rolling process. In addition to the studies on amorphous polymers, recent studies (5, 6) were described on the high-pressure nonisothermal compression molding of linear polyethylenes. Mold pressures up to 80,000 psi were used and several different polyethylenes having various molecular weights (up to 106) were investigated. It was shown that the modulus of elasticity of polyethylene can be increased by a factor of two when the mold pressure is increased to 80,000 psi. A detailed discussion of the changes in morphology responsible for this increased stiffness is presented in (6).
Seeing the Students Behind the Stereotypes: The Perspectives of Three Preservice Teachers.

Abstract Stereotypes are a particularly insidious factor in the formation of pre‐ and in‐service teachers’ images of students. Teachers who rely on stereotypes rather than try to see the students behind them run the risk of letting cultural and individual biases work to their own disadvantage and to the disadvantage of the next generation of high school students. This article describes a project called Teaching and Learning Together that brings preservice teachers into direct dialogue with high school students with the goal of helping preservice teachers learn to attend to high school students and analyze the pedagogical implications of that attention prior to undertaking teaching responsibilities.
Repeatedly positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA polymerase chain reaction in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed seroreverting infants

Three human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-exposed children who had repeatedly positive DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for HIV in > or = 5 samples before seroreversion to HIV-negative status are reported. The children belong to a cohort of 210 infants who were born to HIV-infected mothers and were tested at intervals of 1 to 3 months by HIV viral culture, PCR, and p24 antigen; only the PCR was positive in > or = 5 samples in the children reported here. Their clinical features were indistinguishable from other seroreverters. All three children had a transient drop in CD4:CD8 ratio to < 1.0. The transiently positive DNA PCR in HIV-exposed infants may indicate either that HIV infection was eliminated by a strong host immune response or that infection was caused by an attenuated/defective strain of virus.
The Canadian C-Spine Rule, used by nurses, accurately identified cervical-spine injury in patients with trauma

Source Citation Stiell IG, Clement CM, O’Connor A, et al. Multicentre prospective validation of use of the Canadian C-Spine Rule by triage nurses in the emergency department. CMAJ. 2010;182:1173-9....
Robust Neural Net-Based Inverse-Model Identification of an Induction Motor

Four artificial neural-net training models, Back-propagation, Logicon projection TM, Modular, and Cascade Correlation networks, were used for inversemodel identification of a 3-hp, three-phase induction motor. The fully trained networks were then tested on three similar machines but with distinct characteristics. Results show that the Modular neural network and the Cascade Correlation network were the least sensitive to the differences in the three motors. The two would therefore be considered the best candidates for model identification in adjustable drives when continuous on-line training is undesirable. It is expected that after drive commissioning, the model would maintain an acceptable dynamic and steady state performance through the working life of the motor. This would make the use of expensive on-line self-tuning apparatuses unnecessary for a wide range of adjustable drive applications.
Absolute differential and integral electron excitation cross sections for the O2 (a¹Δg ← X³Σg −) transition

Differential and integral electron excitation cross sections for the O2 a¹Δg ← X³Σg− transition at 0.97 eV have been measured as a function of incident electron energy from 2.6 to 28.6 eV. Differential cross sections (DCS) for the a¹Δg state were measured relative to elastic scattering as a function of scattering angle at each incident energy for the angular range 20°–134°. At incident energies between 7 and 18 eV, it was necessary to use a synthetic spectrum program to separate the a¹Δg ← X³Σg− band intensity from intense vibronic excitation of the O2 ground state. The relative DCS values were converted to absolute values using the elastic scattering cross-section values of Trajmar et al. (1971) up to 90° and revised values at higher angles. The DCS results, which show the typical weak dependance on scattering angle of an optically forbidden transition, are in satisfactory agreement with previous measurements. The DCS were integrated to give integral cross sections at each incident energy. The results are in excellent agreement with previous measurements and help to establish the a¹Δg ← X³Σg− transition cross section as a valuable secondary standard for the measurement of electron excitation cross sections in unstable species such as atomic oxygen.
Child Health Policymaking

* Abbreviations: AAP = : American Academy of Pediatrics • FDA = : Food and Drug Administration • ATSDR = : Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) seeks to improve the health and well-being of America's children, in part, by formulating well-designed child health policy statements. The development of child health policy statements should always consider 4 key principles: integrity, credibility, fairness, and responsibility. A recent example of the child health policymaking process of the AAP was the joint statement of the AAP and US Public Health Service on the use of a mercury-containing preservative called thimerosal in vaccines and recommendations for hepatitis B vaccine administration. The perceived need to address the thimerosal issue quickly to provide pediatricians with timely recommendations precluded an extensive inclusive policymaking process. The process used demonstrates that the AAP, the US Public Health Service and other public agencies, and experts from academia can respond quickly and work together in the best interests of our children. This commentary will reflect on how the child health policymaking process of the AAP tried to consider these 4 key principles in its deliberations and understand the possible implications of alternative policy options. The principle of integrity involves the need to gain as complete an understanding of the issue as possible and communicate an unbiased assessment, acknowledging both what is known and not known. The AAP sought to maintain the integrity of the process by presenting the available information to pediatricians in as impartial and intellectually honest way as possible. The AAP became … Address correspondence to Stephen Berman, MD, FAAP, The Children's Hospital, 1056 E 19th Ave, B032, Denver, CO 80218. E-mail: berman.stephen{at}tchden.org
A dem displacement-plastic strain formulation of punch stretching

Abstract The differential equation on a manifold (DEM) method is applied to the equilibrium and rate sensitive constitutive equations governing axisymmetric punch stretching. This method is a variant of the mixed finite element method, and finite elements are used to approximate the displacements, pressure, plastic strains and the effective strain. The resulting differential algebraic equation (DAE) is solved using the DASSL software package. Numerical examples are included.bl]
Student Versus Univeristy: The University's Implied Obligation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

The author examines the breadth of the contractual relationship between universities and their students. She argues that the university's contractual obligations of good faith and fair dealing should be informed by best practices.
Modifications of p53 and the DNA Damage Response in Cells Expressing Mutant Form of the Protein Huntingtin

Huntington's disease (HD) occurs through an expansion of the trinucleotide repeat in the HD gene resulting in the lengthening of the polyglutamine stretch within the N terminus of the protein, huntingtin (Htt). While the function of the protein is still being fully elucidated, we have shown that genomic DNA damage is associated with the expression of mutant Htt (mHtt) in a time-dependent fashion. With the accumulation of mHtt and its development into a micro-aggregated complex, the initiation of genomic damage engages a cellular stress signal that activates the DNA damage and stress response pathway. Here we explore the modifications and activation of p53 and keystone regulators of the cell stress response pathway using expression of a fragment of mHtt in HEK293T cells. We find an increase in phosphorylated p53 at serine 15 (S15), diminished acetylation at lysine 382 (K382), altered ubiquitination pattern, and oligomerization activity as a function of mHtt expression. As one might predict, upstream regulators of p53, such as CREB-binding protein/p300 and MDM2, are also seen to be affected by the expression of mHtt, albeit in different ways. These data suggest a possible relationship between p53 and the slow accumulation of DNA damage resulting from the expression of mHtt. The lack of a proper p53-mediated signaling cascade or its alteration in the presence of DNA damage may contribute to the slow progression of cellular dysfunction which is a hallmark of HD pathology.
Development of the thyroid gland in the chick embryo

1. The developing chick thyroid consists of epithelial plates or cords suspended in a sinus, probably lymphoid. These cords in cross section have the appearance of follicles. 2. Growth in size is accomplished by fusion of follicles. Growth in number of the latter by proliferation of inter-follicular epithelial cells. 3. Colloid first appears on the tenth day of incubation. The tadpole test indicates the beginning of functional activity at this time. 4. During development there is a progressive decrease in the cytoplasm-nucleus ratio from 3.3: 1 on the third to 1.5: 1 on the nineteenth day, as measured in area, not volume. 5. Not only is chromophobe and chromophile colloid present in different cells of the same follicle at the same time, but both are occasionally present in the same cell at the same time. 6. Evidence of heightened activity in the chick thyroid are as Uhlenhuth (′28) describes them in salamanders: namely, high columnar cells, apically located secretion granules, and vacuoles of chromophobe colloid. 7. Follicles in late developmental stages have, at some time during their functional cycles, tubular exits, which are thought to represent one path through which colloid reaches the circulatory spaces. 8. Vital staining indicates that elements of the reticulo-endothelial system are present in the developing thyroid. Phagocytic cells in the gland of one embryo were observed phagocytosing entire erythrocytes.
Quality factors in single-defect photonic-crystal lasers with asymmetric cladding layers

We present quality factors of single-defect photonic-crystal resonant cavities with asymmetric cladding layers. The resonators studied here are dielectric slabs patterned with two-dimensional photonic crystals on a sapphire substrate. Three-dimensional finite-element and finite-difference time-domain routines were used to analyze the electromagnetic properties of these cavities. We observe that high quality factors (∼800) can be obtained in these cavities for reasonable structures with thick enough dielectric slabs. This work was motivated by the need to place photonic-crystal resonators on a substrate to improve heat dissipation in photonic-crystal lasers.
Abstract 1046: AS1411 activity is regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The anticancer AS1411 agent is a G-rich phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide, which forms a stable quadruplex structure and binds specifically to nucleolin as an aptamer. It efficiently inhibits proliferation and induces cell death in many types of cancer cells, but has little effect on normal cells. We have also shown that AS1411 is taken up by macropinocytosis and stimulates further macropinocytosis by a nucleolin-dependent mechanism in several cancer cells. AS1411 activity correlates with stimulated macropinocytosis, suggesting this hyperstimulation of macropinocytosis may explain the unusual cancer cell death caused by AS1411. Macropinocytosis is a ligand-independent endocytic pathway that is normally activated by growth factor receptor stimulation. On the other hand, nucleolin has been reported that can enhance growth factor signaling by binding directly to some growth factor receptors. Therefore in this study, we determine the participation of growth factor signaling pathway in AS1411-induced macropinocytosis and cell death. Pre-incubation of DU145 cells with a specific EGFR inhibitor, but not PDGFR or JAK2 inhibitors, significantly inhibited the stimulation of AS1411-mediated macropinocytosis, suggesting that AS1411 activates EGFR signaling pathways. This was confirmed by observing that DU145 cells treated with AS1411 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR and activation of its downstream effectors, including p38, PI3K and Rac1. Furthermore, AS1411 seem to induce the interaction between EGFR and nucleolin in accord with EGFR activation. We also found that the activation of EGFR signaling pathway by AS1411 might regulate its cancer cellular response. Simulation of macropinocytosis by AS1411 was significantly inhibited in DU145 cells pre-treated with pharmacological inhibitors of Rac1 or PI3K, but not by Src inhibitor. Moreover the ability of AS1411 to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell death was reduced by an EGFR-neutralizing antibody (cetuximab) or by downregulating the expression of Rac1 using siRNAs. These results indicate that AS1411 mediates the activation of EGFR signaling pathway to induce cancer cell death, and suggest that AS1411 might redirect EGFR signaling pathway from a cell survival signal to a cell death signal. Citation Format: Elsa M. Reyes-Reyes, Francesca R. Salipur, Paula J. Bates. AS1411 activity is regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1046. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1046
Grandparents' Expressed Affection for Their Grandchildren: Examining The Grandparents' Own Psychological Health

Affection Exchange Theory postulates that affectionate communication may be beneficial to both senders and receivers. To test AET and to extend extant intergenerational communication research, the purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which grandparents' expressions of affection for their grandchildren are associated with the grandparents' own psychological health (i.e., loneliness, stress, and general mental health). A total of 104 grandparents completed several self-report scales. The results of zero-order Pearson correlations largely supported the predictions and therefore also bolster AET's utility in the context of grandparent–grandchild relationships because it is the first study to test the theory from the grandparents' perspective.
A 15-Year Review of ABC, CBS, and NBC News Coverage of Organ Donation: Implications for Organ Donation Campaigns

This content analysis represents news coverage of organ donation from January 1990 to December 2005. Specifically, ABC, CBS, and NBC news broadcasts were examined to gain a greater understanding of organ donation coverage on TV. Overall this investigation revealed that organ donation received modest coverage (N = 1,507). Although the majority of coverage was positive, attention to the need for organs and the process of becoming a potential organ donor received modest exposure. In addition, non-living donor and living-donor donations received approximately equal coverage. Results are discussed with a focus on message design for practitioners and advocates of organ donation.
Effects of formamidoxime on macromolecular synthesis in regenerating liver and hepatomas.

Abstract Formamidoxime caused an inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in regenerating liver and transplanted hepatomas of different growth rates when administered by i.p. injection to rats. A dose level of formamidoxime (500 mg/kg body weight) which caused at least a 75% inhibition of DNA synthesis in these tissues had little or no effect on the incorporation of [3H]orotate into total RNA. After administration of formamidoxime there was no significant effect on amino acid nitrogen concentration in the tissues. The incorporation of 3H-labeled amino acids into acid-soluble material, cytoplasmic proteins and acid-insoluble nuclear proteins were either unaffected or showed only small changes after treatment of rats with the drug. In regenerating rat liver and Morris hepatomas 7787 and 7777, formamidoxime caused an inhibition of incorporation of 3H-labeled amino acids into both lysine-rich and arginine-rich histones. In the host livers of rats bearing the transplanted hepatomas, histone synthesis was less affected. The data indicated that formamidoxime causes inhibitory effects which are similar in nature and extent to those previously shown for the structurally related compound, hydroxyurea, in the regenerating rat liver and demonstrated that these effects can also be observed in liver tumors.
τ Regulation of microtubule-microtubule spacing and bundling

Tau proteins are microtubule-associated proteins that promote microtubule polymerization in vitro and in vivo. They are a family of neuronal proteins with apparent molecular weights in the range 50,000-68,000 determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Recently, a new member of this family has been described and its cDNA has been cloned. It has an apparent molecular weight of 116,000 and has been called high-molecular-weight tau (HMW tau). All the tau proteins are encoded by a single gene, which undergoes complex alternative splicing. In the present study, we have cloned into the baculovirus a cDNA fully encoding HMW tau as well as a truncated cDNA encoding a protein beginning 13 amino acids in front of the tau microtubule-binding domain. HMW tau-recombinant-virus-infected Sf9 cells overexpressed HMW tau, which induced the polymerization of microtubules and the formation of long cellular processes similar to those induced by low-molecular-weight tau (LMW tau) overexpression. Process cross sections revealed a larger spacing (approximately 35 nm) between microtubules when induced by HMW tau than when induced by LMW tau (approximately 20 nm). The truncated construct also induces processes, where microtubules were packed far more closely together (approximately 10 nm). Although branching did not occur in processes induced by intact tau S, 10% of the processes induced by the truncated tau protein branched.
Malpractice in the emergency department — review of 200 cases

Two hundred consecutive cases brought to the attention of a malpractice insurer by evidence of expected legal action were reviewed. Of these cases, 132 (66%) were attributed primarily to misdiagnosis, and 87 of these would have satisfied admission criteria. The most common error was grossly deficient examination relating to the chief complaint. Focused attention to physical examination and diagnostic skills, history taking, and minimal use of laboratory studies could have avoided the initiation of the majority of cases.
Aripiprazole exposures reported to Texas poison control centers during 2002-2004

Aripiprazole is an oral atypical antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia and potentially other behavior disorders. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of aripiprazole exposures reported to Texas poison control centers. Human aripiprazole exposures reported to six Texas poison control centers were identified and comparisons were made between isolated and nonisolated cases with respect to various demographic and clinical factors. Of 280 human exposures involving aripiprazole, 35% were isolated and 65% were nonisolated. The patients were female in 52% of isolated and 60% of nonisolated cases. Isolated cases were significantly more likely to involve children < 6 yr of age. Fifty-eight percent of isolated cases were unintentional while 68% of nonisolated cases were intentional. Nonisolated cases were much more likely to already be at or en route to a health care facility when the poison control center was contacted. Of those cases with a known medical outcome, no adverse clinical effect was reported in 52% of isolated cases and 35% of nonisolated cases. The adverse clinical effects associated with isolated aripiprazole exposures were mainly neurological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal, with the most frequently reported adverse clinical effect being drowsiness or lethargy. The most commonly reported treatments for isolated aripiprazole exposures were single dose of activated charcoal, cathartic, intravenous fluids, dilution, lavage, and antihistamines. In conclusion, isolated and nonisolated aripiprazole exposures varied with respect to patient age, exposure reason, management site, and clinical outcome.
Do Students Learn Course Material during Crib Sheet Construction

We experimentally investigated the effect of crib sheet construction and use on student learning and exam performance. Students expected to use their prepared crib sheets during testing; however, unexpectedly they first completed a pretest without their crib sheets. Students scored significantly better on the same questions with crib sheets compared to their performance without their sheets, signifying that constructing crib sheets did not enhance learning, but use enhanced performance. Students who expect to use crib sheets during testing rely on the sheet for information, suggesting that students do not learn the course material as well when they expect to use a crib sheet.
Comparison of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor development in the hippocampal formation of C3H and DBA/2 mice

Abstract A strain-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism in the α7 receptor gene locus has been reported to significantly affect the expression of the α7 subtype of nicotinic receptor in adult mouse hippocampus. The goal of the present study was to characterize the development of the α7 receptor in hippocampus from two mouse strains (C3H and DBA/2) with different alleles of the α7 receptor gene locus by using α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) autoradiography. Binding of α-BTX was initially detected in fetal C3H mice on embryonic day 13 (E13) in the dorsal portion of the hippocampal anlage. In contrast, α-BTX binding was initially detected primarily in hippocampal area CA3 in the DBA/2 strain on E16. Binding of α-BTX was absent from the neuroepithelium in both strains. A marked increase in α-BTX binding was observed in hippocampal area CA1 and to a lesser extent in area CA3 between E18 and postnatal day 5 (P5) in neonatal C3H mice, an increase that was not observed in the DBA/2 mice. By the end of the first postnatal month, hippocampal α-BTX binding appeared adult-like in each strain. These data suggest that variations in the α7 receptor gene locus differentially influence the developmental expression of the α7 receptor in murine hippocampus. Therefore, the potential influence of the α7 receptor on developmental processes such as cell migration, dendritic elaboration and/or axonal connectivity may exhibit strain-selective differences because of the dissimilar time courses of α7 receptor expression in C3H and DBA/2 mice.