cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The climate for innovation in industry: The role of management attitudes and practices in consumer electronics

Abstract This article explores policy factors that may have systematically influenced the innovative vitality of the U.S. consumer electronics industry during the post World War II period. A series of successful innovations in electronic equipment that have become the foundation of international rivalry in this industry are examined with a focus on the several factors that might explain the relatively sluggish performance of U.S. firms in comparison with counterparts from Japan and elsewhere. The article suggests that the institutional climate for innovation, pertaining to considerations that are internal to the firm like management attitudes, practices and conventions, are predominantly important in explaining the innovative behavior of the industry. These tend to dominate the more frequently cited external or macroeconomic factors like inflation, industry structure, government regulation, the propensities to save and invest, etc. A great potential for improving economic progress lies in opportunities in research and education to provide a better basis for top executives to understand the key role of technology in management and corporate strategy.
Scintiangiocardiography in children. Rapid sequence visualization of the heart and great vessels after intravenous injection of radionuclide.

Abstract A technique is presented for recording rapid sequential scintillation camera images of the heart and great vessels in children after the intravenous injection of radionuclide. The wide-field Anger scintillation camera, a memory oscilloscope and a 35 mm motor-driven camera are used to record images directly from the oscilloscope during the initial circulation of the radionuclide. Patients are studied in the supine position and intravenously administered technetium-99m as the pertechnetate ion in a dose of 140 μc/kg (maximal dose, 7.5 mc) is used. For each study 24 to 36 photographs are recorded with exposures of 0.25 or 0.125 sec and 1.8 or 3 exposures per sec. With this technique the central circulation is depicted by a trail of scintillations in a manner similar to that of conventional cineangiocardiography. First the normal sequential scintillation images of the heart and great vessels were clarified by studying patients without heart disease undergoing diagnostic brain scans. Then children known to have heart disease and previous cineangiocardiography were studied to compare this method with conventional contrast media visualization of the central circulation. Systemic venous abnormalities as well as alterations in intracardiac and great vessel anatomy were demonstrated with this technique. In addition, right to left shunts can be shown by early appearance of activity in the abdominal aorta. This technique is not hazardous, is associated with low radiation exposure, does not disturb circulatory hemodynamics and provides a useful diagnostic tool in the treatment of children with heart disease.
Radiation belt data assimilation with an extended Kalman filter

[1] Kalman filtering provides an elegant framework for assimilating observational data into time-dependent theoretical models. This paper explores the application of this approach to specify and forecast the radiation belt particle distribution. The Kalman filter is first outlined in a general form. A data assimilation algorithm is then derived for a simple radiation belt forecast model driven by radial diffusion. The model assimilates particle flux measurements from spacecraft in the equatorial plane, using an external magnetic field model to calculate adiabatic invariants and phase space density. The algorithm is tested in a series of virtual experiments, with data from an idealized magnetic storm simulation. Compared to assimilation by direct insertion of data, the Kalman filter more accurately reconstructs the global particle distribution from sparse observational data. We examine the response of the filter to errors in the observations, magnetic field model, and forecast model and discuss the application of this approach to more realistic models and data sets.
Preheated shock experiments in the molten CaAl2Si2O8-CaFeSi2O6-CaMgSi2O6 ternary: A test for linear mixing of liquid volumes at high pressure and temperature

We performed 17 new shock wave experiments on preheated (1673 K) hedenbergite liquid (CaFeSi_2O_6) and two model basalt liquids (an equimolar binary mix of CaAl_2Si_2O_8 + CaFeSi_2O_6 and an equimolar ternary mix of CaAl_2Si_2O_8 + CaFeSi_2O_6 +CaMgSi_2O_6) in order to determine their equations of state (EOS). Ambient pressure density measurements on these and other Fe-bearing silicate liquids indicate that FeO has a partial molar volume that is highly dependent on composition, which leads to large errors in estimates of the densities of Fe-bearing liquids at ambient pressure based on an ideal mixing of any fixed set of end-member liquids. We formulated a series of mixing tests using the EOS determined in this study to examine whether ideal mixing of volumes might nevertheless suffice to describe the ternary system CaAl_2Si_2O_8-CaFeSi_2O_6-CaMgSi_2O_6 at high temperature and pressure. The ideal mixing null hypothesis is rejected; compositional variations in partial molar volume of FeO appear to extend to high pressure. Only densities of Fe-bearing liquid mixtures with oxide mole fraction of FeO less than 0.06 can be adequately approximated using an ideal solution.
Utilization of SAGS Type 1 delivery systems in novel doping applications

The advent of new technologies is driving the emergence of alternative doping methods. For instance, plasma doping is potentially a critical enabler for three-dimensional (3D) devices in the integrated circuit (IC) market, requiring flow rates much higher than those of traditional planar structures. Unlike traditional beam-line ion implantation, dopants are typically not introduced from an on-board gas box within the tool; rather they are distributed from a remote gas delivery system. This is possible given that the gas delivery system is held at the same potential as the tool and there is no high voltage gap to overcome. Similarities exist in other markets such as solar, flat panel display, and power electronics, in terms of needing to deliver high gas flows from a remote delivery source. This requirement poses significant hurdles in terms of process safety, installation considerations, and the ability to enable high gas conductance through proper flow component selection. This paper details how each of these factors affects the performance of the system and the ability to achieve the required process flow rates. Theoretical flow modeling is used to estimate overall system conductance and gas utilization and these results are compared to empirical data to show that system attributes can be predicted. This capability coupled with a gas delivery cabinet that is designed to enable the performance and safety of SAGS Type1 delivery systems, provides a robust solution to material delivery needs for novel doping applications.
Manufacturing communication: a review of the MMS approach

Abstract The introduction of computer-based machines on the shop floor has increased the productivity of the manufacturing industry. However, these machines work as stand-alone machines or work as small groups that optimize only a section of the shop floor. The full potential of automated machines will not be realized until all shop floor equipment is integrated so that the global enterprise goal is achieved in an optimum way. Because machines are manufactured by different vendors and use different proprietary protocols, they are typically integrated only with a custom-built interface. Hence, Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) was designed as a communication standard for messaging between various manufacturing machines. This paper discusses some important features and principles of MMS. It also gives a survey of MMS objects and services with suitable examples. The last part of the paper discusses the merits and shortcomings of MMS.
Environmental effects on the polysome content of artificially cultured mouse cells.

Abstract The polysomes of NCTC clone 929 mouse cells, strain L, decrease to one-third of the normal level upon nitrogen starvation. The decrease, which appears to be a consequence of dissociation of ribosomes from the messenger RNA, can be reversed dramatically and completely by refeeding with the growth medium. When the cells are exposed to actinomycin D (2 μg/ml) their polysomes dissociate rapidly and quantitatively. This dissociation is also readily reversed when the antibiotic is removed and the growth medium is added back to the cells. The data support the hypothesis that messenger RNA, released upon dissociation of polysomes in these cells, is relatively stable and capable of reforming polysomes when nutrient conditions have been restored.
Expression and function of inducible nitric oxide synthase during rat colon anastomotic healing

Nitric oxide plays a significant but incompletely understood role in fibroblast function and cutaneous wound collagen synthesis; however, the participation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in gastrointestinal anastomotic healing has not been studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent single-layer left colonie anastomosis. Animals were killed at 24-hour intervals postoperatively and the anastomosis was excised. Parallel uninjured colon tissue samples were also analyzed. Reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction confirmed the absence of iNOS messenger RNA in control colon and expression of the gene in anastomotic tissue on all study days. Northern hybridization demonstrated maximal iNOS messenger RNA transcription on day 1 with decreased levels on days 3 and 5. iNOS enzyme activity, measured biochemically by the conversion of [3H]-arginine to [3H]-citrulline ex vivo, was also maximal on day 1 (7.35 ±1.34 pmol/mg protein/min [± standard error of the mean], n = 10) and decreased on days 3 (4.37 ±2.32 pmol/mg protein/min; n = 6) and 5 (2.80 ± 0.92 pmol/mg protein/min; n = 6). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that (1) iNOS expression is confined to a discrete cell population in the region of the anastomosis containing inflammatory cells; (2) those cells assume a highly conserved position on the luminal edge of the proliferating scar; and (3) the iNOS-expressing cells are present throughout the fibroplastic phase of healing. To functionally assess the role of iNOS in colonie healing, rats were treated with a continuous intravenous infusion of S-methylisothiourea (a selective inhibitor of iNOS) at a dosage of 200 mg/kg/day for 5 days after anastomosis. There was a significantly reduced anastomotic bursting pressure in rats treated with the inhibitor as compared to rats treated with intravenous normal saline solution (108.4 ±13.2 mm Hg vs. 148.4 ±10.3 mm Hg; P <0.05). These results suggest that iNOS gene expression is induced during colonie anastomotic healing, that it is present through all phases of healing but is maximal through the inflammatory phase, and that iNOS activity is required for optimal anastomotic healing.
Optimal Discrete to Continuous Transfer for Band Limited Inputs

Central to the discrete to continuous (d2C) time transfer of state space models is the selection of an intersample parameterization of the input. At present the zero-order hold is widely used but the premise is unnecessarily crude in the typical situation where the input is not constant within the sampling intervals. The paper shows that the optimal d2C transfer for models obtained from low pass filtered observations is realized by treating the input as a sampled-modulated train of Dirac impulses, designated here as the band limited hold (BLH). The foregoing result rests primarily on the fact that the spectrum of the residual between the BLH reconstruction and the true input is zero in the first Nyquist band. The merit of the BLH is illustrated by contrasting its residue predictions with those obtained using the zero-order hold, the noncausal first-order hold, and a reconstruction based on a half time step forward shift of the zero-order hold premise. It is also shown that accuracy of the direct transmiss...
Resistivity of Bi2Te3 from 1.3 K to 300 K

Abstract The resistivity of single crystal Bi 2 Te 3 has been measured from 1.3 to 300 K over a wide range of carrier concentration. Below 25 K intervalley electron-phonon and electron-electron scattering dominate the observed temperature dependence. Above 50 K intervalley scattering becomes important at high carrier densities. In most n-type samples a Kondo-type resistance minimum occurs below 10 K.
Autoimmune type I diabetes mellitus in a perinatally HIV infected patient with a well-preserved immune system

We report an 8 year-old girl with well-controlled perinatally acquired HIV infection who developed autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1A) confirmed by the presence of diabetes-related auto-antibodies. Although non-autoimmune insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (DM1B) and more frequently type 2 DM has been reported in patients affected with HIV, this is the first report of DM1A diagnosed in an HIV positive patient.
Synthesis of fluorescently tagged polyelectrolytes

Polymers adsorbed from solution onto pigments impart great influence on adhesion, pigment dispersion, rheology, foaming, wetting, and gloss in coatings. In order to study the kinetics of the adsorption–desorption of polyelectrolytes on solid surfaces, polyelectrolytes with polydispersity <1.2, controlled architecture, and tagged with fluorescent groups were synthesized. Narrow polydispersity poly-t-butylmethacrylates (PtBMA) were synthesized by the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method. The PtBMAs were terminally functionalized, and tagged with a single fluorophore per chain to aid spectroscopic observation of the tagged polymers. The untagged polymers were efficiently debutylated by acid hydrolysis, however the tagged polymers required trimethylsilyl iodide to efficiently remove the t-butyl side-groups without degrading the courmarin fluorophore. Similar methods should be useful for the preparation of other polyelectrolytes with acid or base sensitive end-groups.
An equivalent model for the analysis of electromagnetic scattering from a long, lossy tether structure

An equivalent lossy wire model is introduced for the analysis of electromagnetic scattering from a long lossy tether structure, which is used to suspend a satellite from a shuttle in free space. The equivalent model incorporates the electrical characteristics of the uniform TM/sub 01/ mode of a coated wire configuration and the geometrical properties of a lossy wire configuration. By considering residue contributions and the resulting surface wave quantities alone, and by adopting two additional simplifications in the calculation of induced currents and scattered field, the equivalent lossy wire model is used to determine the effect of a long, lossy tether on communications between its two ends. It is shown that for tether lengths of up to 30 km with the primary source being located close to one end of a lossy, straight tether, the presence of the tether does not have a significant effect on the near-zone fields in the neighborhood of its 'receiving end'. >
Parental Relationships of Young Adults in Long-Term Care: Impediments, Roles, and Interdependence

This research explores the parental relationship (or lack thereof) between young adults in long-term care facilities and their children. The study explores not only the ecological impediments presented by the medical disposition of the parent but the psychosocial schism between parent and child, notwithstanding the redefinition of their role as parent and acceptance of the concept of interdependence. The article qualitatively addresses how such breaches are bridged through external parental substitutes and how the structural obstructions might be logistically addressed in the face of a parental inclination and desire to remain involved. Implications for practice, policy development, and future research are discussed.
Chern maps for U-theory

Abstract For an exact k-linear category A with a duality functor, the dihedral homology of A is defined. We show that when 1 2 ϵ k , the image of the generalized Chern map from the U-theory of A to cyclic homology, lies in a direct summand which is the dihedral homology of A . When A is the category of finitely generated projective A-modules over a k-algebra A, we recover the early results of Cortinas (1993) and Lodder (1992). The approach we adopt here is more categorical, inspired by McCarthy's work (1992).
Static deformation of silica and silicates

Static ductile deformation in quartz, olivine, pyroxenes and placioglase, noting plastic deformation and recovery
Growth rates of primary breast cancers

The growth rates of breast cancers are a critical aspect of the natural history of the disease. Growth rates of 32 primary breast cancers were determined from serial mammographic views of tumor nucleus shadows in a population of 109 cancers. These cancers were found in a screening population of 10, 120 women receiving over 30,000 mammograms over 3 years. Tumor volume doubling times ranged from 109 days to 944 days with mean doubling time of 325 days in 23 cases with 9 tumors showing no growth. Additional cancers surfaced that were growing too fast to be measured. These cancers were significantly more likely to metastasize but because of the small sample size the absolute percentage of tumors in that fast growing subset was not determinable but ranged between 17 and 77% of the 109 cancers.
Particle Dynamics in a Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor: A Multiscale Approach

Compared to other semiconductors, zinc sulfide has a large direct band gap which makes it useful in a broad range of optical applications which demand high quality zinc sulfide films which are produced through the chemical vapor deposition method. In order to achieve high quality films with low defects, a better understanding of the deposition process is necessary. A common cause of defects in the deposited film is due to the fact that the morphology of adducts in the gas phase is different from that of the deposited film. These adducts affect the deposition efficiency and film quality. This paper strives to understand the impact of adducts through a multiscale modeling approach which is used to explain the possible link between the cluster size and the morphological defects on the deposited film. This understanding can be used within a simulation framework to optimize reaction conditions that minimize film defects.
The right ventricle in scleroderma (2013 Grover Conference Series)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) results from severe remodeling of the distal lung vessels leading irremediably to death through right ventricular (RV) failure. PAH (Group 1 of the World Health Organization classification of pulmonary hypertension) can be idiopathic (IPAH) or associated with other disorders, such as connective tissue diseases. Prominent among the latter is systemic sclerosis (SSc), a heterogeneous disorder characterized by endothelium dysfunction, dysregulation of fibroblasts resulting in excessive collagen production, and immune abnormalities. For as-yet-unknown reasons, SSc-associated PAH (SSc-PAH) carries a significantly worse prognosis compared with any other form of PAH in Group 1, including IPAH. We have previously shown that patients with SSc-PAH have a median survival of only 3 years, compared with 8 years for IPAH, despite modern PAH therapy. Because death is principally due to RV failure, we speculated that RV adaptation to PAH differed between the two entities due to disparate pulmonary artery loading, perhaps from vessel stiffening, or intrinsic RV myocardial disease that might limit function and adaptation to high afterload. In SSc, RV function may also be impaired by inflammatory processes, excess fibrosis of the myocardium, or altered angiogenesis, which may all contribute to impaired contractile reserve exacerbating cardiopulmonary impedance mismatch. This is now suggested by recent findings from our group that demonstrate that, although pulmonary vascular load may be similar between patients with IPAH and those with SSc-PAH, the latter display reduced myocardial contractility as assessed by pressure-volume loop measurements. This review focuses on fundamental hemodynamic, structural, and functional differences in RV from patients with SSc-PAH compared with IPAH, which may account for survival discrepancies between the two populations. Possible underlying basic mechanisms are discussed.
Anatomy of a portable digital mediaprocessor

Portable devices equipped with imaging, video, and audio functionality are proliferating rapidly, and manufacturers are shipping hundreds of millions of such devices. A general-purpose processor (GPP) typically consumes tens of watts to nearly a hundred watts, while a high-performance digital still cameras main processor consumes only hundreds of milliwatts to nearly half a watt. Designing a mediaprocessor with performance comparable to that of a GPP at a power budget two orders of magnitude lower and a cost more than an order of magnitude lower poses quite a challenge. To meet requirements and reduce overall system cost, mediaprocessor designers must integrate the device with an extensive set of peripherals. For performance, cost, and power reasons, application-specific integrated circuits have traditionally been the most popular choice for portable media systems. We discuss the architecture of the DM310, a highly integrated portable digital mediaprocessor, manufactured in a 0.13-micron process.
The acting White accusation, racial identity, and anxiety in African American adolescents

Abstract Acting White is one of the most negative accusations an African American adolescent can receive from another. The accusation can either be made directly or indirectly. Research suggests that receiving the accusation may create distress for some African American adolescents. The current study examined the relationship between experiencing the acting White accusation, racial identity, and anxiety among African American adolescents. High school students completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM), the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) and the Acting White Experiences Questionnaire (AWEQ). Results indicated that adolescents who both directly and indirectly experienced the AWA reported higher anxiety than those who only indirectly experienced the AWA. Additionally, adolescents who reported experiencing more indirect aspects of the accusation or being “bothered” more by the accusation reported higher levels of anxiety. Findings suggest that the acting White accusation may be a culturally relevant factor influencing anxiety among African American adolescents.
Ocular dominance in human adults.

Resume LA DOMINANCE OCULAIRE CHEZ LES ADULTES HUMAINS On peut montrer que la dominance oculaire est une tendance ou habitude chez la plupart des personnes normales. Les specialistes qui examinent et soignent les yeux devraient ětre renseignes sur l'habitude oculaire de l'individu soigne. Les tests d'acuite et de brillance monoculaire sont trop subjectifs pour ětre constants. On devrait adopter quelque methode qui permet a l'examinateur d'observer l'habitude de l'individu. Le meilleur moyen de le faire semble de regarder a travers un cone tronque (V-Scope) dont l'extremite large se place devant la figure. Les deux yeux ne peuvent voir en meme temps le měme objet de test a une distance de dix pieds. L'examinateur qui a la carte de test voit directement quel oeil le sujet emploie incon ciemment. Chez les adultes on trouve la dominance de l'oeil droit et de l'oeil gauche chez a peu pres 64 a 34 pour cent respectivement, tandis oue deux pour cent ne montrent aucune habitude de dominance. La dominance de l'oeil...
Salt effect on cationic polyacrylamide conformation on mica studied by single molecule "pulling" with scanning probe microscopy.

The effect of salts on adsorbed polyelectrolyte conformations has been studied extensively over the past three decades. Previous researchers have proposed that increasing salt concentration results in larger loops and tails for weak polyelectrolytes adsorbed on a surface. However, no experimental verification of this theory has been published. In this work, we present experimental verification acquired by “pulling” single molecules of a polyelectrolyte from a mica surface using a scanning probe technique. We also present a new method for analyzing changes in adsorbed polymer tail lengths. We demonstrate that increasing solution salt concentration correlates with both loop and tail lengths of an adsorbed low charge density cationic polyacrylamide on a mica substrate.
Surface damage effects in single particle comminution

Abstract The effect of mechanically-induced surface damage on the comminution behavior of a number of particulate materials was investigated using the Ultra-Fast Load Cell (UFLC) device. The use of smooth spherical particles facilitated the monitoring of damage evolution. Particles were subject to low-energy milling treatments to generate different levels of surface damage prior to being individually fractured in the UFLC. Increased levels of surface damage caused a reduction in particle fracture energy and strength in some materials, but also resulted in a coarser progeny size distribution. Observations made on progeny fragments suggest that Hertzian fracture is often the precursor of a more complex mode of failure. The extent of the surface damage development was quantified using optical image analysis on sectioned particles. Materials with initially small defect distributions were found to experience the greatest change in their comminution characteristics, whereas materials with significant prior damage showed little change in their behavior. The severity or sharpness of the surface flaws was found to be important in determining the particles comminution response. Surface damage at very low levels was also found to have a small strengthening effect on some materials which may have some implications for the design of an optimal comminution strategy and equipment used to perform it.
Effects of graduated driver licensing on licensure and traffic injury rates in Upstate New York.

Abstract Objective In 2003, New York State implemented an enhanced graduated driving licensing (GDL) program that requires extended supervised driving and a passenger restriction. This study examines its safety benefit in 55 Upstate New York counties. Methods We analyzed fatal/incapacitating traffic injury data among 16-, 17- and 21–24-year olds for the years 2001 and 2005 using the negative binomial model. To adjust for trends in the traffic injury rate, the relative rate ratio (rRR) of 16- and 17-year olds relative to 21–24-year olds was estimated. Results GDL implementation was associated with a 31% reduction in the driver injury rate (rRR 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49–0.96), but not with any statistically significant change in the passenger injury rate (rRR 1.19, 95% CI 0.77–1.84), or pedestrian and bicyclist injury rate (rRR 1.53, 95% CI 0.89–2.62) among 16-year olds. Sixteen-year olds experienced a 21% decline in licensure rates between 2001 and 2005. GDL implementation had no appreciable impact on driver injury and licensure rates for 17- and 21–24-year olds. Conclusions GDL implementation is associated with a significant reduction in licensure and driver injury rate among 16-year olds. GDL implementation does not have a statistically significant impact on passenger, pedestrian, and bicyclist injury rates for 16-year olds.
Mesostructured silica for the reinforcement and toughening of rubbery and glassy epoxy polymers

Abstract Mesoporous forms of silica with wormhole framework structures prepared from tetraethylorthosilicate (denoted MSU-J-TEOS) or from sodium silicate (denoted MSU-J-SS) and an amine surfactant as the structure-directing porogen are highly effective reinforcing and toughening agents for rubbery and glassy epoxy polymers. The improvements in tensile strength and modulus provided by MSU-J silicas with a large average framework pore size (e.g., 5.9 and 21.3 nm) are superior to those provided by the corresponding silicas made from the same TEOS or SS precursors but with smaller framework pore sizes (e.g., 4.2 and 5.2 nm). The improved performance of the larger pore structures is realized even though the surface areas (∼670 m2/g) are substantially lower than the surface areas of the smaller pore analogs (812–1025 m2/g), most likely, because of more efficient polymer impregnation of the particle mesopores. In comparison to the MSU-J-TEOS silica assembled from TEOS, MSU-J-SS silica made from SS exhibits a more uniform pore distribution and smaller particles. These latter textural features lead to improved tensile strength and modulus without compromising the strain-at-break for both rubbery and glassy epoxy polymers. The exceptional strength and toughness provided by MSU-J-SS silica in comparison to MSU-J-TEOS silica are correlated with the high degree of dispersion of the mesophase particles in the epoxy matrix for the more effective distribution of stress and the deflection of microcracks.
Recognition memory and source monitoring

This study demonstrates a manipulation that has opposite effects on old/new recognition and source monitoring. Deep processing of target items improved performance on an old/new recognition test in which subjects were to discriminate between targets and new distractors, but it impaired performance on a source monitoring test in which subjects were to discriminate between targets and distractors that had also been deeply processed during the experimental session. We argue that the relationship between old/new recognition and source monitoring varies with the specifics of the situation. The aspects of memories that support recognition judgments are not necessarily the same as those that support source monitoring judgments, and memory performance is the joint product of what is stored in memory and how memory is tested.
The magnetic polarity stratigraphy and correlation of the upper Siwalik sediments from the Bhittani Range, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan

Abstract Two sections were sampled in the Bhittani Range, the first at Bain Pass consisting of 60 sites through 2200 m of section and the second along the North West Frontier Province Road north of Pezu consisting of 25 sites through 1000 m. Both sections are in rocks known to range in age from the late Pliocene and Pleistocene based on a vertebrate fauna of Pinjor age. After partial thermal demagnetization a series of magnetozones were established, ten at Bain Pass and six at Pezu, which can be correlated to each other and to the standard magnetic time scale. The sediments from the long section at Bain Pass span the time from the middle Gauss to the uppermost Brunhes Chron. The Jaramillo and Olduvai subchrons are present within the Matuyama Chron. A short normal magnetozone is present in the section preceding the Olduvai subchron which corresponds in age to the Reunion subchron. Based on the rate of sedimentation during lower Matuyama time which would be 0.95 m/1000 y for the Bain Pass section, the Reunion subchron would span at least 25 000 y. The section at Pezu Pass begins within the Olduvai and ends between the Jaramillo and the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary. The sedimentation rate determined at this section is 0.77 m/1000 y. The rate of sedimentation in this region was much higher than over comparable time spans previously determined from the eastern Salt Range. The folding of the Bhittani Range must have occurred less than 730 000 years ago, since Brunhes-age sediments have been deformed.
Housing Projects and Crime: Testing a Proximity Hypothesis

The belief that public housing projects are a breeding ground for crime has been responsible for much opposition to public housing in the United States. There is no evidence to support this belief. Our study of Cleveland's 4,000 residential city blocks shows that proximity to public housing projects for families has a small, but statistically significant, effect on the incidence of violent crime. Yet adjacency to public housing is one of the least important predictors of violent crime once the socioeconomic and housing characteristics of the adjacent blocks are taken into account. Furthermore, blocks in the vicinity of public housing, but not adjacent to it, do not have significantly higher incidence of violent or property crimes. Our study suggests that public housing projects should be smaller and less concentrated in the center of cities.
Is The Civic Engagement Movement Changing Higher Education

ABSTRACT Evidence has emerged that the civic engagement movement in US higher education may not be fulfilling its transformative potential, having lost sight of its core democratic purposes. Civic engagement conceptualised only in terms of activity and place – programmes in communities – may be easily accommodated to prevailing technocratic practices. For the civic engagement movement to challenge and change higher education, it must promote democratic processes and purposes – and pursue institutional change strategies aimed at realigning the work of the academy to serving democracy.
Microwave propagation and optimization in 0-3 particulate composites consisting of multilayer structures

Abstract Composites with 0–3 connectivity comprised of ceramic powders in a polymer matrix were evaluated for their dielectric properties in the X-band (8–12 GHz) frequency regime with the emphasis on 10 GHz. Ferroic ceramic, ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN), and polymer epoxy were evaluated in this study. The ferroelectric material was chosen for their high dielectric constants and loss at 10 GHz which enhance absorbance, and as an alternative to ferrite absorbing composites because they have less magnetic induction and coupling associated with them.1 The powder loading in the composites was varied between 0 and 45 volume percent. The scattering parameters S 11* (reflectance) and S 12* (transmittance) were obtained directly from an HP8510 two-port network analyzer. Absorbance and complex dielectric permittivities were then obtained at 10 GHz for the above epoxy composites. With the information obtained from single layers, a multilayer configuration was predicted and analyzed by a user friendly comput...
Personality and Communication-Mediated Opinion Change: The Influence of Control

In general, previous studies have not used control data in assessing the relation between student personality and opinion change following a mass communication presented under classroom conditions. The purpose of the following research is to investigate the influence of control data obtained from a group not exposed to the communication. Subjects consist of 540 undergraduate students. Personality is measured with four scales derived on the basis of statistical considerations only, and opinion change is based on questionnaire responses obtained before and after an instructional film. The experimental correlations between personality and opinion change are modified substantially when adjusted by the control correlations. These results suggest (a) the equivocality in the interpretations of previous studies which failed to utilize control data, and (b) the desirability of future control in this area.
Management of Severe Femoral Bone Loss in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

Femoral bone loss is a complex problem in revision total hip arthroplasty. The Paprosky classification is used when determining the degree and location of bone loss. Meticulous operative planning is essential where severe bone loss is a concern. One must correctly identify the bone loss pattern, safely remove the existing components, and proceed with the proper reconstruction technique based on the pattern of bone loss. This article discusses the etiology and classification of bone loss, clinical and radiographic evaluation, components of effective preoperative planning, and clinical results of various treatment options with a focus on more severe bone loss patterns.
The role of transmembrane domain III in the lactose permease of escherichia coli

Deletion of putative transmembrane helix III from the lactose permease of Escherichia coli results in complete loss of transport activity. Similarly, replacement of this region en bloc with 23 contiguous Ala, Leu, or Phe residues abolishes active lactose transport. The observations suggest that helix III may contain functionally important residues; therefore, this region was subjected to Cys-scanning mutagenesis. Using a functional mutant devoid of Cys residues (C-less permease) each residue from Tyr 75 to Leu 99 was individually replaced with Cys. Twenty-one of the 25 mutants accumulate lactose to > 70% of the steady-state exhibited by C-less permease, and an additional 3 mutants transport to lower, but significant levels (40-60% of C-less). Cys replacement for Leu 76 results in low transport activity (18% of C-less). However, when placed in the wild-type background, mutant Leu 76-->Cys exhibits highly significant rates of transport (55% of wild type) and steady-state levels of lactose accumulation (65% of wild type). Immunoblots reveal that the mutants are inserted into the membrane at concentrations comparable to wild type. Studies with N-ethylmaleimide show that mutant Gly 96-->Cys is rapidly inactivated, whereas the other single-Cys mutants are not altered significantly by the alkylating agent. Moreover, the rate of inactivation of Gly 96-->Cys permease is enhanced at least 2-fold in the presence of beta-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-beta, D-galactopyranoside. The observations demonstrate that although no residue per se appears to be essential, structural properties of helix III are important for active lactose transport.
"Unapologetic and unafraid": immigrant youth come out from the shadows.

Young immigrants are challenging the boundaries of citizenship and insisting on their human rights. This chapter examines the civic lives of immigrant youth through the case of Latina/os, exploring the paradox of their apparent low civic education and engagement levels and remarkable participation in recent protests. After an overview of demographics and what we know about immigrant youth civic life, the focus shifts to the undocumented. Many retain a sense of community obligation, yet because of their developmental stage and U.S. education, their engagement differs from that of their parents' generation. Young immigrants are reconfiguring organizing and reenergizing U.S. democracy through their use of new information technologies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proton ENDOR on VO(H2O)52+ in solid solution

Abstract A proton ENDOR study has been made of VO2+ in frozen aqueous solution, and in Zn(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O powder. The study establishes that the vanadyl ion is particularly well suited for ENDOR investigations of binding site structure. Powder and frozen solution samples give ENDOR signals at temperatures well above 77 K, and using moderate microwave and rf power levels. ENDOR signals of VO2+ in frozen solution and in powder are virtually identical, establishing the structure of the aquo complex in frozen solution. Information on ligand hyperfine splitting components derived from the spectra given an insight into the electronic as well as the geometric structure.
Lack of direct effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) on Protein Kinase C activity in EL4 cells

Abstract In vivo administration of TCDD produces an increase in the level of Protein Kinase C in the hepatic plasma membrane. We have studied the direct effects of TCDD on cultured EL4 thymoma cells, which contain a large amount of Protein Kinase C and respond to phorbol esters with rapid translocation of the kinase to the membrane, followed by growth inhibition, adherence to substrate and production of Inter leukin 2. TCDD (10–1000 nM) did not compete with 3H-phorbol dibutyrate for binding to cytosolic Protein Kinase C, and had no effect on Protein Kinase C activity in vitro . TCDD did not stimulate translocation of Protein Kinase C to the membrane, and did not affect phorbol ester-stimulated translocation. TCDD did not inhibit EL4 cell growth or affect phorbol ester induced growth inhibition, and failed to stimulate production of Interleukin 2. Thus, TCDD does not appear to activate Protein Kinase C in EL4 cells.
Abstract 4450: A new paradigm for AS1411 activity: Uptake by macropinocytosis and induction of macropinocytosis by a nucleolin-dependent mechanism

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC AS1411 is an experimental drug that is currently in Phase II clinical trials as a novel therapy for cancer. It is a G-rich phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide, which forms a stable quadruplex structure and binds specifically to nucleolin as an aptamer. We have shown previously that AS1411 can efficiently inhibit proliferation and induce cell death in many types of cancer cells, but has little effect on normal cells. Here, we report on the uptake of fluorescently labeled AS1411 (FL-AS1411) in a variety of cancer cell lines (sensitive to AS1411) and non-malignant cells (resistant to AS1411), which we studied using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. In both cancer and non-malignant cells, uptake of FL-AS1411 was much higher that that of an inactive control oligonucleotide and was rapid (clearly visible in cytoplasmic foci by 15 min). Uptake of FL-AS1411 (evaluated at 2 h) was independent of the presence of serum, but strongly temperature-dependent, indicating an active process. In cancer cells, FL-AS1411 uptake was significantly suppressed by macropinocytosis inhibitor, amiloride, but not by dynamin inhibitor, dynasore, and confocal microscopy showed that AS1411 co-localized mainly with the macropinocytic tracker, dextran, but not with transferrin (a marker of receptor-mediated endocytosis). In contrast, in non-malignant cells, FL-AS1411 uptake was significantly suppressed by dynasore, but not by amiloride. These results suggest that the major mechanism of internalization of AS1411 occurs via macropinocytosis in cancer cells, but via clathrin-dependent and/or caveolae-dependent pathways in normal cells. Additionally, we found that treatment of cancer cells with an oligonucleotide containing the AS1411 sequence caused hyperstimulation of macropinocytosis, provoking an increment in its own uptake. No stimulation of macropinocytosis was observed in non-malignant cells, which are insensitive to AS1411. By using siRNA approaches, we showed that nucleolin is not required for the initial phase of FL-AS1411 uptake (at 2 h), but it is necessary for the induced macropinocytosis and consequently for the second phase of FL-AS1411 uptake (at 24 h). These data confirm the important role of nucleolin in mediating the activity of AS1411 and provide a new model for the mechanism of action of AS1411 in cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4450.
Anomalous final-state distributions of electrons captured from directed Rydberg states

A classical model of singly charged ion collisions with Rydberg atoms in linear Stark states directed toward the oncoming ion beam predicts a bimodal distribution of final states resulting from electron capture. At a reduced velocity {tilde v}=v{sub ion}/v{sub Bohr}=0.45, the calculated energy distribution of captured electrons peaks near the target binding energy E{sub i}, but has a second peak at energies roughly E{sub i}/4. Analysis of the impact-parameter dependence of the capture probabilities indicates that the second peak arises from three-swap capture events. The decrease in binding energy of the captured electrons is attributed to excitation via united-atom rotational coupling. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Endoscopic evaluation of the defunctionalized stomach by using ShapeLock technology (with video).

Background Patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) present a unique problem if they require diagnostic or therapeutic interventions for which the pancreatobiliary limb or the defunctionalized stomach must be accessed. Novel shape-locking guides have been reported in the literature to reduce looping during colonoscopy, and a new guide is now available to assist with enteroscopy. Objective To use ShapeLock technology to permit evaluation of the defunctionalized stomach. Design Observational case series. Setting Tertiary-care center. Patients Nine patients with a history of RYGB referred for repeat endoscopic evaluation after initial enteroscopy failed to reach the excluded stomach. Interventions After achieving appropriate levels of sedation, a standard enteroscope was back-loaded with the ShapeLock enteroscopy guide and was inserted through the mouth. The device was moved through the gastrojejunal (GJ) anastomosis, along the Roux limb, and into the distal pancreatobiliary limb. The device was then locked, which allowed the enteroscope to be advanced to the defunctionalized stomach. Results The ShapeLock guide was able to be advanced to the excluded stomach and perform a thorough examination of the pancreatobiliary limb in 8 of 9 patients, without complications. In 1 patient, the diameter of the GJ anastomosis prevented passage of the device. Conclusions The ShapeLock enteroscopy guide can allow access to the upper-GI tract in patients after RYGB, provided the GJ anastomosis is of adequate diameter. This study suggested that the technique is safe and has the potential to allow therapeutic interventions in the defunctionalized stomach and duodenum, including ERCP.
Decamethylcobaltocene as an efficient n-dopant in organic electronic materials and devices

Abstract n-Doping of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), which has an electron affinity (EA) of 3.52 eV, by decamethylcobaltocene (DMC) is demonstrated. DMC has a remarkably low solid-state ionization energy (IE) of 3.3 eV, as measured by ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). Further UPS measurements show a large 1.4 eV upward shift of the Fermi-level within the single particle gap of CuPc between the p- and n-doped films. n-Doping is also confirmed by current–voltage (I–V) measurements, which show a 106-fold increase in current density due to improved electron injection and enhanced conductivity of the bulk film. An organic p–i–n CuPc homojunction is also fabricated using F4-TCNQ and DMC as p- and n-dopants, respectively. Current–voltage characteristics demonstrate excellent rectification with a turn on voltage of approximately 1.3 eV, which is consistent with the built-in voltage measured by UPS and capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements.
Heritable and Precise Zebrafish Genome Editing Using a CRISPR-Cas System

We have previously reported a simple and customizable CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease (RGN) system that can be used to efficiently and robustly introduce somatic indel mutations in endogenous zebrafish genes. Here we demonstrate that RGN-induced mutations are heritable, with efficiencies of germline transmission reaching as high as 100%. In addition, we extend the power of the RGN system by showing that these nucleases can be used with single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) to create precise intended sequence modifications, including single nucleotide substitutions. Finally, we describe and validate simple strategies that improve the targeting range of RGNs from 1 in every 128 basepairs (bps) of random DNA sequence to 1 in every 8 bps. Together, these advances expand the utility of the CRISPR-Cas system in the zebrafish beyond somatic indel formation to heritable and precise genome modifications.