cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence Probe Studies of Poly(Acrylic Acid) Interchain Complexation and Chain Rigidity Indyced by High Shear Flow. Influence of Molecular Environment

The mode and strength of poly(acrylic acid), PAA, interchain complexation was strongly influenced by the presence of salts and cationic surfactants. Addition of salts to the shearing PAA solution disrupted the complexation, while modification of the PAA with surfactant enhanced the complexation but only below a critical concentration that depended on the surfactant chain length and pH employed. The chain morphology developed by such interchain complexation of PAA is a rigid rod-like chain cluster. The PAA self-complexation in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, is strongly affected by pH and PEO molecular weight. With a high molecular weight PEO, the PAA self-complexation is drastically suppressed, whereas the PAA complexation and thus, the chain rigidity is markedly enhanced in the presence of a low molecular weight PEO, probably due to physical crosslinking of the PEO between the elongated PAA molecules.
Hispanic Women's Expectations of Campus-Based Health Clinics Addressing Sexual Health Concerns

Although the number of Hispanic women attending postsecondary institutions has significantly increased in the past decade, knowledge about their use of campus health services to address sexualityrelated issues remains low. Increased information about this population is crucial given that sexual health indicators have shown Hispanic women in college to be at a greater risk for negative sexual health outcomes compared with their white counterparts. In this study, we conducted individual interviews with Hispanic women to explore their sexual health concerns and identify the roles they see campus-based health clinics playing in addressing these issues. Study findings suggest a need for health providers to provide sexual health skills that empower Hispanic women, the importance of creating a sense of comfort and trust with the health provider, and illustrating respect for cultural values. Campus health centers can play an important role in providing culturally appropriate sexual health information to Hispanic and other ethnic/racial minority students.
Bayesian Polytope ARTMAP: An ART-based network with two kinds of inner geometry categories

The ART-based neural networks summarize data into groups via the use of inner categories. A category's template elements are updated incrementally in the light of new evidence provided by the presentation of input patterns. In order to reduce approximation error, this paper proposes Bayesian Polytope ARTMAP (BPTAM) which incorporates both simplex categories and Gaussian categories. During training, the simplex categories expand only towards the input pattern without category overlap, while the Gaussian categories grow or shrink by limiting their hypervolumes. In addition, BPTAM uses Bayes' decision theory for learning and inference, which makes BPTAM robust to noise and category overlap. Based on some preliminary but illustrative experimental results, BPTAM shows better applicability to data sets with noise, statistical overlapping and irregular geometry.
Ecology of Thermophilic Anoxygenic Phototrophs

It is apparent that very few species of anoxygenic phototrophs occur or grow at high temperatures, particularly when compared to species numbers for thermophilic Archaea and non-photosynthetic Bacteria. Chloroflexus spp. are the most thermotolerant ( up to ~70 °C), but none are in the hyperthermophilic category.
Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition promotes renal production of carbon monoxide

We tested the hypothesis that the status of NO synthesis influences the renal heme-heme oxygenase system. Studies were conducted in untreated rats and rats treated with the NO synthesis inhibitor N G -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester for 2 days. Treated and untreated rats were contrasted in terms of renal expression of heme oxygenase-1 and -2, renal carbon monoxide (CO)-generating activity, and urinary CO concentration and excretion rate. Heme oxygenase-1 and -2 proteins were similarly expressed in the kidneys of untreated and treated rats. In contrast, the NADPH-dependent component of the CO-generating activity of renal homogenates incubated with heme (a measure of heme oxygenase activity) was higher ( P P
High urine volume and low urine osmolality are risk factors for faster progression of renal disease.

Abstract Background: Increased fluid intake slows renal disease progression in animal models. The relevance of these findings to human renal disease is not clear, although increased fluid intake often is recommended to patients with chronic renal insufficiency. This study tested the hypothesis that urine volume, urine osmolality (Uosm), or both are significantly associated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study A patients with (N = 139) and without polycystic kidney disease (PKD; N=442). The key outcome measure was GFR slope in relation to mean 24-hour urine volume and Uosm during follow-up in study A (mean, 2.3 years). Results: The regression of GFR slope on mean follow-up 24-hour urine volume (adjusted for body surface area and MDRD diet and blood pressure group) showed that the greater the urine volume, the faster the GFR decline in patients both with and without PKD. For example, the difference in GFR slope for those with a mean follow-up 24-hour urine volume of 2.4 versus 1.4 L was −1.01 mL/min/y (confidence interval, −0.27 to −1.75) for patients without PKD and −1.20 mL/min/y (confidence interval, −0.06 to −2.34) for those with PKD. A similar but inverse relationship was shown between GFR decline and mean 24-hour Uosm in patients with ( P = 0.01) and without PKD ( P = 0.001). These associations remained significant after adjustment for 13 relevant baseline and follow-up covariates. Conclusion: Sustained high urine volume and low Uosm are independent risk factors for faster GFR decline in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Thus, high fluid intake does not appear to slow renal disease progression in humans. We suggest that until better evidence becomes available, patients with chronic renal insufficiency should generally let their thirst guide fluid intake. The advice to avoid "pushing fluids" might be particularly important for patients with PKD.
EEG AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSE PATTERN DURING WAKING AND SLEEP STAGES

The response hierarchy of EEG and autonomic variables to tones of increasing intensity was studied during waking and sleep stages 2, REM, and SW (3 & 4 combined). Tones of 1000 Hz (5 sec duration, 55 sec ISI) were presented to 35 young adult male subjects. During waking, the tones began below awake auditory threshold and increased by 5 db until a motor response (button press) was made. During sleep, tones began at awake threshold and went to arousal threshold, i.e., motor response and/or an EEG change indicative of arousal. Changes in EEG, finger pulse amplitude, heart rate, skin potential, skin resistance, and respiration period were measured for each stimulus and were compared to a pseudostimulus response scored 25 sec prior to the actual stimulus. In the awake state, statistically significant responses (p < .05) were found for EEG, finger pulse, heart rate early deceleration, skin potential, and skin resistance to the tone at awake threshold, but not to tones at lesser db levels. During sleep, significant EEG responses were present to tones 30–25 db below arousal threshold, finger pulse 20–15 db below, and heart rate acceleration 20–5 db below. Significant skin potential, skin resistance, and motor responses were seen only at arousal threshold. Thus, in sleep, in contrast to waking, there were clear responses to stimuli below the arousal threshold, and there was definite ordering of the appearance of the various responses: EEG preceded the cardiovascular, with electrodermal and motor occurring only at arousal. This order was constant over sleep stages. Arousal thresholds were very similar across sleep stages in day sleepers (approximately 35 db above awake threshold). The threshold during stage 2 for night sleepers was about 15 db lower than that for day sleepers.
A Kinetic study of the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with tetrafluoroethylene

The reaction of NO2 with C2F4 was studied at 30°, 68°, 114°, and 157°C by in situ monitoring the infrared absorption bands of the products. The major primary products of the reaction are O2NCF2CFO and FNO. Smaller amounts of CF2O (and presumably NO) are also produced. There was no evidence for other primary products, though they may have been produced in minor amounts. The rate laws for the production of both O2NCF2CFO and CF2O are first order in both [NO2] and [C2F4]. CF2O production is at least partly heterogeneous as demonstrated by packing the quartz reaction vessel with Pyrex beads and by using a Monel cell. The homogeneous rate constant obtained from the high-temperature results gives a rate constant of 3.4 × 108 exp (minus;17000/RT) M−1sec−1 for CF2O production. Actually these Arrhenius parameters represent lower limits, since the heterogeneous reaction may still be playing a significant role. The production rate of O2NCF2CFO is not much affected by changing the nature of the surface or the surface to volume ratio. However the reaction may be heterogeneous, since the rate constant for its formation of 1.3 × 104 e×p (−7500/RT) M−1sec−1 has an abnormally low pree×ponential factor. E×periments in the presence of NO indicate that the mechanism for O2NCF2CFO formatlon is The intermediate can also react with NO: with k13/k12 = 1.3.
Incidence of Flare-ups and Evaluation of Quality after Retreatment of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resin ("Russian Red Cement") Endodontic Therapy

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the quality of treatment and incidence of flare-ups when teeth with resorcinol-formaldehyde resin are retreated in a postgraduate endodontic clinic. Fifty-eight cases were included in this study. Obturated and unfilled canal space was measured on radiographs. Forty-eight percent of the total canal space was filled before retreatment; 90% was filled after retreatment. After retreatment, obturations were rated as optimal in 59%, improved in 33%, unchanged in 6%, and worse in 2%. Seven patients (12%) had postretreatment flare-ups. Data were statistically analyzed using the Cochran-Armitage Test for Discrete Variables. No statistical difference in the incidence of flare-ups was found in teeth that before treatment had more than half the canal space filled compared to teeth with less than half, cases with pre-existing periradicular radiolucencies compared to cases with normal periradicular appearance, symptomatic cases compared to asymptomatic cases, or cases with optimal fillings after retreatment compared to less than optimal cases. It was concluded that teeth with resorcinol-formaldehyde fillings might be retreated with a good prognosis for improving the radiographic quality, but a higher than normal incidence of flare-ups may occur.
Clustering data with measurement errors

Traditional clustering methods assume that there is no measurement error, or uncertainty, associated with data. Often, however, real world applications require treatment of data that have such errors. In the presence of measurement errors, well-known clustering methods like k-means and hierarchical clustering may not produce satisfactory results. In this article, we develop a statistical model and algorithms for clustering data in the presence of errors. We assume that the errors associated with data follow a multivariate Gaussian distribution and are independent between data points. The model uses the maximum likelihood principle and provides us with a new metric for clustering. This metric is used to develop two algorithms for error-based clustering, hError and kError, that are generalizations of Ward's hierarchical and k-means clustering algorithms, respectively. We discuss types of clustering problems where error information associated with the data to be clustered is readily available and where error-based clustering is likely to be superior to clustering methods that ignore error. We focus on clustering derived data (typically parameter estimates) obtained by fitting statistical models to the observed data. We show that, for Gaussian distributed observed data, the optimal error-based clusters of derived data are the same as the maximum likelihood clusters of the observed data. We also report briefly on two applications with real-world data and a series of simulation studies using four statistical models: (1) sample averaging, (2) multiple linear regression, (3) ARIMA models for time-series, and (4) Markov chains, where error-based clustering performed significantly better than traditional clustering methods.
THE SULFONIUM SALT OF MUSTARD GAS: BIS-ß-[BIS(ß-HYDROXYETHYL) SULFONIUM] ETHYLSULFIDE DICHLORIDE (H·2TDG)

1. The sulfonium salt H·2TDG is formed when H is mixed with even dilute solutions of TDG. Crystalline H·2TDG was isolated from such a reaction mixture. A simple method of preparation of this salt is outlined. 2. A material which differs from H·2TDG in that it hydrolyzes faster, is formed when H hydrolyzes in water. This material is probably H·1TDG but it was not isolated. Approximately 5 to 8 per cent of the original H is converted to this sulfonium salt. 3. The hydrolysis constant of M/100 H·2TDG has been determined at 20°, 25.5°, 37°, 75°, and 100°C., a temperature coefficient, Q 10, of 3–4 was obtained. The effect of temperature is in agreement with that predicted by the Arrhenius equation. An activation energy of 26,000 calories was calculated.
Accommodating large amounts of variable generation in North America

To accommodate higher penetrations level of variable generation, changes will be required to the traditional methods used by system planners and operators in order to maintain ongoing bulk power system reliability. While the focus of this paper is on the integration of wind generation, the conclusions and recommended actions may also apply to the integration of all types of variable generation technologies. In 2006, natural gas-fired generation produced 20% of the electricity in the United States while representing 41% of the installed summer generating capacity. Coal-fired generation produced 49% of the electrical energy in North America and represented 32% of the installed summer capacity. Heavy and light oil is primarily used as a back-up fuel for natural gas. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable, that is, they draw on finite resources. In contrast, renewable energy resources — such as wind, solar, ocean, biomass, hydro, etc. can be replenished at a generally predictable rate. Government policy is the key driver for renewable energy expansion in the US and Canada. For example, over 50% of (non-hydro) renewable capacity additions in the US from the late 1990s through 2007 have occurred in states with mandatory Renewable Portfolio Standards. The proposed level of commitment to renewables offers many benefits as well as certain challenges.
Results From a New Separation Algorithm for Planetary Gear System Vibration Measurements

Results are presented from a new algorithm developed for separating the vibration signals from a planetary gear system into separate signals attributable to each planet gear. From the separate signals, time synchronous average signals are produced for each planet gear and for the sun gear meshing with each planet gear. Assessments of the individual planet and sun gears can be made from these new vibration signals. These new separated signals match very well with noise-free synthetic data with and without characteristics indicative of faults. In a 3-planet system, distortions planted in synthetic signals are easily distinguished over a wide range of signal-to-noise (S/N) values. In an 8-planet system, distortions are easily detected for high S/N with degradation at low S/N. Spectra from separated signals from vibration measurements made in flight on the transmissions of OH-58C and AHIS helicopters are consistent with what would be expected based upon the transmission geometries.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Perceptions of More Complete Musical Compositions: An Exploratory Study

This study describes a methodology for documenting listeners' conceptions of musical structure. The method uses digital technologies that allows precise identification of musical structure, together with a word-processing feature that allows the researcher to capture listeners' interpretations of the piece. In the study, inexperienced listeners (N = 19) and experienced listeners (N = 13) were asked to identify structural events when listening to an intact musical example (last movement, Symphony No. 34 in C major, K. 338 by Mozart). The data collected using this method showed that inexperienced listeners were significantly poorer than the experienced listeners at recognising formal structural events. Most experienced listeners used perceptual attributes or musical labels to describe the structural units that they had identified; many of the inexperienced listeners did not. Eight inexperienced listeners reported psychoacoustic labels, two reported affective labels, four reported sporadic imagery and five r...
Interpreting spontaneous collapse theories

Spontaneous collapse theories of quantum mechanics require an interpretation if their claim to solve the measurement problem is to be vindicated. The most straightforward interpretation rule, the fuzzy link, generates a violation of common sense known as the counting anomaly. Recently, a consensus has developed that the mass density link provides an appropriate interpretation of spontaneous collapse theories that avoids the counting anomaly. In this paper, I argue that the mass density link violates common sense in just as striking a way as the fuzzy link, and hence should not be regarded as a problem-free alternative to the fuzzy link. Hence advocates of spontaneous collapse theories must accept some violation of common sense, although this is not necessarily fatal to their project.
An Introduction to Propensity Scores: What, When, and How.

The use of propensity scores as a method to promote causality in studies that cannot use random assignment has increased dramatically since its original publication in 1983. While the utility of th...
Fears, Knowledge, and Perceptions of Osteoporosis among Women:

In an effort to quantify the effect of osteoporosis on the quality of life (QOL) of all women, a study was undertaken to develop an osteoporosis-targeted QOL questionnaire. The results presented refer to information obtained from 465 women during the item reduction phase and seem to indicate that nonosteoporotic as well as osteoporotic women are affected by the implications of the disease.The majority of women, whether osteoporotic or not, expressed fears of future fractures and future limitations due to the disease. Nearly 48% of nonosteoporotic women reported some fear of future limitations due to osteoporosis, while 53% of this group reported at least occasionally being afraid of falling. Many expressed feelings of dissatisfaction with health care professionals regarding the education, treatment, and communication available on osteoporosis.Clearly, physicians need to be aware of the lack of understanding and fears regarding osteoporosis among their patients. Education of all women, young and old, regar...
Early Family Experiences and Helping Behaviors of Physical Therapists

Background and Purpose. Ineffective or excessive helping behavior may encourage helpee dependence and overextension of helper resources. Early family experiences and perceptions of the helpee's situation both contribute to the expression of helping behavior in health professionals. The purpose of this study was to determine how early family experiences and variations in perceived patient responsibility influence physical therapist helping behavior. Subjects and Methods. Five hundred physical therapists were surveyed by mail, resulting in a final sample of 221 (44%) respondents who completed the Family of Origin Scale (FOS), measuring the nature of their early family experiences, and a Helping Questionnaire, measuring their helping behavior, perceptions of replaceability, and feelings of compassion for four hypothetical patients. The four patients represented Brickman's models of helping and coping, varying in high and low responsibility for the problem and high and low responsibility for the solution to the problem. Results. Subjects who scored in the dysfunctional or neutral ranges on the FOS had lower scores on their willingness to help and feelings of compassion than did subjects who scored in the functional range on the FOS. Regardless of early family experiences, subjects' scores were higher for willingness to help and feelings of compassion and lower in their perceptions of replaceability for patients who were not thought to be responsible for their medical problem (medical and compensatory models). In contrast, subjects' scores were lower for their willingness to help and feelings of compassion and higher in their perceptions of replaceability when patients were felt to be responsible for their medical problem (enlightenment and moral models). Conclusion and Discussion. All subjects, regardless of early family experience, showed helping responses that linked feelings of compassion with greater tendencies to help. Variations in perceived patient responsibility for the medical problem, rather than early family experience, appears to be a major determinant in motivating both compassion and helping behavior. Thus, helpers may be more likely to overextend themselves or create patient dependence when patients are perceived to be not responsible for the cause of their problem.
Molecular targeted therapy for biliary tract malignancy: defining the target

Malignancies of the biliary tract are rare, diagnosed in approximately 9,000 patients each year in the United States (1). Unfortunately, most patients present with advanced disease. Of the small subset who present with resectable (and thus potentially curable) disease, many experience recurrence (2), reinforcing the fact that a multidisciplinary approach to these cancers is critical. Traditionally, our success with medical therapy for patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease has been poor.
The Use of Bank Contractors in Mortgage Foreclosure: Contractual Considerations and Liability Concerns

This Essay previews a larger work appearing at 83 U. Civ. L. Rev. 1155 that explores the use of third party property management companies by mortgage lenders and servicers. Specifically, this Essay discusses a wave of litigation spanning 30 states and touching the lives of many American homeowners pertaining to the so-called Mortgage Field Services Industry, the members of which have broken into homes, cleared out the personal property of the owner, and engaged in a host of other egregious and sometimes illegal activities all in the name of preserving the property for the lender. This phenomena has not only major policy implications for distressed homeowners and state foreclosure practices, but also for lender liability and the orderly administration of the mortgage finance industry.
Prostaglandin J2: a potential target for halting inflammation-induced neurodegeneration

Prostaglandins (PGs) are produced via cyclooxygenases, which are enzymes that play a major role in neuroinflammation. Epidemiological studies show that chronic treatment with low levels of cyclooxygenase inhibitors (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) lowers the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) by as much as 50%. Unfortunately, inhibiting cyclooxygenases with NSAIDs blocks the synthesis of downstream neuroprotective and neurotoxic PGs, thus producing adverse side effects. We focus on prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) because it is highly neurotoxic compared to PGA1, D2, and E2. Unlike other PGs, PGJ2 and its metabolites have a cyclopentenone ring with reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups that form covalent Michael adducts with key cysteines in proteins and GSH. Cysteine-binding electrophiles such as PGJ2 are considered to play an important role in determining whether neurons will live or die. We discuss in vitro and in vivo studies showing that PGJ2 induces pathological processes relevant to neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and PD. Further, we discuss our work showing that increasing intracellular cAMP with the lipophilic peptide PACAP27 counteracts some of the PGJ2-induced detrimental effects. New therapeutic strategies that neutralize the effects of specific neurotoxic PGs downstream from cyclooxygenases could have a significant impact on the treatment of chronic neurodegenerative disorders with fewer adverse side effects.
Positive Correlation Between Academic Library Services and High-Impact Practices for Student Retention

A Review of: Murray, A. (2015). Academic libraries and high-impact practices for student retention: Library deans’ perspectives. portal: Libraries and the Academy, 15(3), 471-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pla.2015.0027 Abstract Objective – To investigate the perceived alignment between academic library services and high-impact practices (HIPs) that affect student retention. Design – Survey questionnaire. Setting – Public comprehensive universities in the United States of America with a Carnegie classification of master’s level as of January 2013. Subjects – 68 library deans or directors out of the 271 who were originally contacted. Methods – The author used Qualtrics software to create a survey based on the HIPs, tested the survey for reliability, and then distributed it to 271 universities. Library services were grouped into 1 of 3 library scales: library collection, library instruction, or library facilities. The survey consisted of a matrix of 10 Likert-style questions addressing the perceived level of alignment between the library scales and the HIPs. Each question provided an opportunity for the respondent to enter a “brief description of support practices” (p 477). Additional demographic questions addressed the years of experience of the respondent, undergraduate student enrollment of the university, and whether librarians held faculty rank. Main Results – The author measured Pearson correlation coefficients and found a positive correlation between the library scales and the HIPs. All three library scales displayed a moderately strong positive correlation between first-year seminars and experiences (HIP 1), common intellectual experiences (HIP 2), writing-intensive courses (HIP 4), undergraduate research (HIP 6), diversity and global learning (HIP 7), service learning and community-based learning (HIP 8), internships (HIP 9), and capstone courses and projects (HIP 10). The library collections scale and library facilities scale displayed a moderately strong correlation with learning communities (HIP 3) and collaborative assignments and projects (HIP 5). The library instruction scale displayed a strong positive correlation with HIP 3 and a very strong positive correlation with HIP 5. Each of the positive correlations was of high significance. As the rating of library alignment with each HIP increased, so did the total rating of each library scale. Along with the quantitative data, various themes for each HIP relating to the library’s support practices emerged from the qualitative feedback. No significant trends were noted from the demographic questions. Conclusion – Library deans or directors can utilize the conceptual framework presented in this study to connect the impact of library services to terminology and practices commonly understood by university administrators. Further research using the conceptual framework would benefit future discussion on how academic libraries measure impact or success of their library services.
Load mitigation with twist-coupled HAWT blades

The load mitigation prospects of a blade that twists toward feather as it bends is addressed in this paper. For this investigation, the ADAMS-WT software has been modified to include blade models with bending-twist coupling. Models of a representative rotor operating at a constant speed are developed for several values of the bending-twist coupling coefficient, all in a range that assures positive definiteness of the structural stiffness. Using the twist-coupled models, the ADAMS software is exercised for a spectrum of stochastic wind time series. This spectrum contains time series with three mean wind speeds at two turbulence levels. Fatigue damage calculations are done for the generated load histories using a range of material exponents that represent materials from welded steel to aluminum to composites, and results are compared with the damage computed for the rotor without twist-coupling. Power output for the various cases is also monitored to determine power deviations resulting from the coupling. Results indicate that for high but physically attainable levels of the coupling coefficient, significant reductions in damage are achieved across the spectrum of applied wind loading. 1 This work was supported by the United States Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories under Contract DR-AC04-94AL8500
Self-Consistent Analysis of Electron Waveguides using the Finite-Element Method

The so called electron waveguides are short quantum wires through which the electron transport is ballistic. As a result coherence of the electron waves entering the electron waveguide is preserved and a parallel exists with the optical waveguides. However, the analysis and design of electron waveguides is much more complicated since the transport of the carriers is governed by the quantized electronic states. These states can only be determined solving the Schrodinger and Poisson equations self consistently while taking into account the semiconductor statistics. In this paper an efficient finite-element method for the self-consistent analysis of the electron waveguides is reported.
The Impact of Continuous Oxygen Flux in a Thin Film Photopolymerization Reaction with Peroxy‐Mediated Regeneration of Initiator

Eosin, a photosensitizer dye that can exist in multiple oxidation states, has been shown to initiate visible-light photopolymerizations of acrylates in open air when used in combination with tertiary amines. The exact mechanism behind this reactivity with micromolar concentrations of eosin in aqueous monomer solutions initially containing millimolar concentrations of oxygen has not been conclusively established, although pathways for regeneration of eosin in the presence of oxygen certainly play a role. In this work, a reaction–diffusion model incorporating a peroxy-mediated eosin-regeneration mechanism is built to explore the effects of oxygen diffusing into the system as the light-activated reaction proceeds. An oxygen concentration-dependent flux boundary condition is used to model the continuous replenishment of oxygen at the surface open to air as it is consumed by reaction. The model predicts the formation of a free radical concentration front that initially forms closer to the open surface and gradually moves toward the closed surface, with polymer film thickness increasing and the time required for polymerization to begin decreasing as the initial eosin concentration is increased. These results suggest that oxygen's dual role as both a free radical inhibitor and a precursor of the oxidizing species required for regeneration of eosin brings about interesting spatial variations when the reaction is carried out in a thin film geometry that is exposed to open air. In this case, an assumption of a well-mixed system is not appropriate and the kinetics of the reaction and conversion as a function of position are likely to depend on the geometry of the system.
On Video Surveillance in Public Places

The video surveillance equipment has been widely installed in public places during past years.How should the right of privacy under video surveillance in public space be considered and protected effectively? There is no enough attention in the existing legislative and judicial system in our country,which results in relatively conservative attitude.In fact,there shall be privacy interests in public space.Privacy is not simply an absence of information about us in the minds of others;however,it is the control we have over information about ourselves.Unlike casual glimpse by the pass-by,the continuous,intentional and intensive focus of video cameras makes the individual lose the control of the information about itself.It causes to lose some of their privacy interests in public space accordingly.In order to protect the individual's privacy and defend the personal justice in public space,it is necessary to regulate the video surveillance in public space on legislation and judicial review.
RESEARCH ON MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN NATURAL GAS SEPARATION

Membrane separation is a new chemical separation which dealing with natural gas.In the latest years,it was noticed more widely.According to the principles of membrane separation and character,this paper considered the type of membrane,which can treat the natural gas very well,and the operating parameters of membrane system.Then,this paper put forward some membrane separation systems and corresponding technology.The application of this technology makes a new field in gas-treating,especially,it has very wide prospect for dehydration and desulfurization from the acid gas production in a single well.
Reflection on Development and Training of the Compound Quality of Professionals of Preventive Medicine Information at the Grass-roots Level

On the necessity of training of the compound quality of professionals for medical information,the novel requirement of modem information society and medical library and information science for medical information professionals was analyzed,and the training of the required compound quality of professionals for preventive medicine information at the grass-roots level was discussed in light of specific conditions.
Primary care physicians’ perspectives on the prescription opioid epidemic

Abstract Background Prescription opioid use disorder and overdose have risen substantially in the U.S. Primary care physicians are critical to many ongoing and proposed efforts to address the prescription opioid epidemic. Yet, little is known about their attitudes and beliefs surrounding this issue. This study aimed to determine primary care physicians’ perceptions of the seriousness of the problem, its causes, groups responsible for addressing it, attitudes toward individuals with prescription opioid use disorder, beliefs about the effectiveness of addiction treatments, and support for various policies. Methods We conducted a national web-based survey in 2014 among 1010 primary care physicians. We gauged responses to attitude and belief items on 7-point Likert scales. We examined the proportion agreeing with each statement, and whether responses differed among physicians prescribing higher and lower volumes of opioids. Results Respondents largely attributed the causes of prescription opioid use disorder to individual-oriented factors and certain physician-oriented factors, and believed that individuals with prescription opioid use disorder and physicians were primarily responsible for addressing the problem. Negative attitudes toward people with prescription opioid use disorder were prevalent, but a majority believed that treatment could be effective. There was majority support for all measured policies, with the highest levels of support for policies to monitor prescribing among patients potentially at risk for an opioid use disorder and to improve physician education and training. Conclusions Given strong endorsement of recommended policies, physician support could be leveraged to advance efforts to curb prescription opioid use disorder and overdose.
Metallic implant geometry and susceptibility estimation using multispectral B0 field maps.

Purpose To estimate the susceptibility and the geometry of metallic implants from multispectral imaging (MSI) information, to separate the metal implant region from the surrounding signal loss region. Theory and Methods The susceptibility map of signal-void regions is estimated from MSI B0 field maps using total variation (TV) regularized inversion. Voxels with susceptibility estimates above a predetermined threshold are identified as metal. The accuracy of the estimated susceptibility and implant geometry was evaluated in simulations, phantom, and in vivo experiments. Results The proposed method provided more accurate susceptibility estimation compared with a previous method without TV regularization, in both simulations and phantom experiments. In the phantom experiment where the actual implant was 40% of the signal-void region, the mean estimated susceptibility was close to the susceptibility in literature, and the precision and recall of the estimated geometry was 85% and 93%. In vivo studies in subjects with hip implants also demonstrated that the proposed method can distinguish implants from surrounding low-signal tissues, such as cortical bone. Conclusion The proposed method can improve the delineation of metallic implant geometry by distinguishing metal voxels from artificial signal voids and low-signal tissues by estimating the susceptibility maps. Magn Reson Med 77:2402–2413, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
The nanocomposite nature of bone drives its strength and damage resistance

In human bone, an amorphous mineral serves as a precursor to the formation of a highly substituted nanocrystalline apatite. However, the precise role of this amorphous mineral remains unknown. Here, we show by using transmission electron microscopy that 100–300 nm amorphous calcium phosphate regions are present in the disordered phase of trabecular bone. Nanomechanical experiments on cylindrical samples, with diameters between 250 nm and 3,000 nm, of the bone’s ordered and disordered phases revealed a transition from plastic deformation to brittle failure and at least a factor-of-2 higher strength in the smaller samples. We postulate that this transition in failure mechanism is caused by the suppression of extrafibrillar shearing in the smaller samples, and that the emergent smaller-is-stronger size effect is related to the sample-size scaling of the distribution of flaws. Our findings should help in the understanding of the multi-scale nature of bone and provide insights into the biomineralization process.
Field Assessment of Multimodal Communication for Dismounted Human-Robot Teams:

A field assessment of multimodal communication (MMC) was conducted as part of a program integration demonstration to support and enable bi-directional communication between a dismounted Soldier and...
Erythropoietin Stimulates Thrombopoiesis in the Absence of C-Mpl Signaling

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is essential for normal megakaryopoiesis, and mice and humans lacking the TPO receptor c-Mpl have significantly impaired platelet production. However, in the c-Mpl-null mouse model platelet counts, while reduced to ~10% of normal, are not zero, suggesting that another cytokine is able to support some degree of residual thrombopoiesis. We and others have reported that elimination or severe reduction of stem cell factor, G-CSF, IL-3, IL-6 or IL-11 does not eliminate residual thrombopoiesis. Because megakaryocytes (MKs) and erythrocytes are derived from a common progenitor, we asked if erythropoietin (EPO) can stimulate thrombopoiesis in c-Mpl-null mice. We administered 90 u recombinant EPO or vehicle by subcutaneous injection every 3 days to c-Mpl-null or WT control mice and measured baseline and weekly platelet counts. In three independent experiments, at 2 weeks platelet counts in c-Mpl-null mice receiving EPO were significantly higher that at baseline (5–7 mice per group, average of mean platelet counts 425,000/mm3 vs. 285,000/mm3, p=0.0015). There was a trend towards higher platelet counts in WT mice receiving EPO but this did not reach statistical significance. No difference in platelet counts was observed in mice injected with vehicle. In one experiment c-Mpl-null or WT mice were injected with EPO for 4 weeks and the platelet response in the c-Mpl-null animals was sustained for the duration of the experiment. Western blotting showed that murine MKs express the EPO receptor. To determine if EPO stimulates MK production directly we stimulated WT murine MKs in vitro with either 6 u/ml EPO, 100 ng/ml rhTPO or both and monitored activation of ERK and STAT5 signaling by immunoblotting. Stimulation of MKs with EPO resulted in phosphorylation of ERK and STAT5 (15- and 14-fold above baseline, respectively), compared to TPO (97- and 75-fold above baseline). Stimulation with EPO and TPO together had an additive effect (phospho-ERK increased 121-fold and phospho-STAT5 increased 100-fold). To determine if EPO acts primarily on early or late MKs, we harvested bone marrow from c-Mpl-null mice after 2 weeks of treatment with EPO or vehicle and measured CFU-MK frequency and MK ploidy. Although there was a small increase in the frequency of CFU-MK in mice treated with EPO compared to vehicle, these differences were not significant (n=3, p=0.7), possibly due to the difficulty in assaying CFU-MK in vitro without TPO. In addition, EPO did not significantly enhance MK ploidy in c-Mpl-null mice, although MKs in the 32N and greater peaks were slightly more numerous. Therefore, we conclude that EPO can augment platelet production in the absence of c-Mpl signaling, although it is not yet clear if EPO primarily acts on early or late cells. Additional experiments are underway to determine if ablating EPO receptors in a TPO-null mouse model will eliminate residual thrombopoiesis. These findings may have clinical relevance for treating patients with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and other causes of thrombocytopenia in which c-Mpl signaling is impaired.
Limited Use of Adjuvant Therapy in Patients With Resected Gallbladder Cancer Despite a Strong Association With Survival.

Background There are no randomized data to guide clinicians treating patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC). Several retrospective studies reported the survival benefits of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and chemoradiation (CRT). In this paper, we examine whether these publications have impacted the utilization of adjuvant therapies and whether their survival benefits are evident in a contemporary cohort of patients. Methods Using the National Cancer Data Base, we identified 5029 patients diagnosed with T1-3N0-1 GBC and treated with surgical resection from 2005 to 2013. We described trends in receipt of adjuvant treatments for three time periods (2005-2007, 2008-2010, 2011-2013) and calculated three-year overall survival (OS) probabilities for 2989 patients treated in 2005-2010. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results The percentage of patients who received no adjuvant treatments was unchanged from 2005 to 2013. Adjuvant RT decreased from 4.2% to 1.7% ( P < .001), adjuvant chemotherapy increased from 8.3% to 13.8% ( P < .001), and adjuvant CRT remained stable at 15.9% ( P = .98). Adjuvant treatments were associated with improved three-year OS, with adjusted hazard ratio of 0.47 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39 to 0.58) for CRT, 0.77 (95% CI = 0.61 to 0.97) for chemotherapy, and 0.63 (95% CI = 0.44 to 0.92) for RT. Adjuvant CRT was associated with improved survival in all categories, except T1N0, and in patients with negative and positive margins. Conclusion Over the past decade there was no increase in the utilization of adjuvant therapies in the United States for patients with resected GBC. Adjuvant therapy is associated with statistically significantly improved three-year OS. This analysis should form the basis for current clinical recommendations and support future prospective trials.
Becoming and Contradiction in the Muslim Courtesan—The Case of Pakeezah

The figure of the courtesan in Indian cinema provides insight into a postcolonial society’s processes of ‘othering’ with relation to discourses of gender. Pakeezah (Kamal Amrohi‚ 1971) is a highly acclaimed Hindi film that plots the narrative of a Muslim courtesan. The film takes us through her initiation into the courtesan set-up; her poetic expression seeking liberation from the restrictive courtesan economic order; and eventual assimilation into mainstream, sober society through an arranged marriage. This chapter offers close appreciation of the film’s numerous ghazals as depicting the courtesan’s poetic expression. The chapter concludes by arguing that Pakeezah embodies a contradiction between the courtesan’s poetic self-expression and the narrative’s conservative projection of intra-religious marriage as the sole modality for exit from the courtesan economy.
Online Physical Therapy Protocol Quality, Variability, and Availability in Achilles Tendon Repair.

Background: Substantial progress has been made in characterizing the benefit of early functional rehabilitation following Achilles tendon repair (ATR). However, standardized ATR rehabilitation guid...
Diffraction-Detected Sum Frequency Generation: Novel Ultrafast X-ray Probe of Molecular Dynamics

We propose a novel time-resolved diffraction technique based on sum frequency generation that combines an optical pump with an X-ray stimulated Raman probe. Simulations are presented for formyl fluoride, which is nonchiral in the ground state and evolves into a chiral nonplanar structure in the first excited state upon excitation by a circularly polarized UV pump. A coherently controlled elliptically polarized pump is used to prepare the molecule in a selected enantiomer and the chiral interconversion dynamics is then monitored by the probe diffraction.
Managing Technological Transitions by Building Bridges

While much research has demonstrated that radical technological transitions challenge incumbents, surprisingly little empirical work has examined which factors drive variation in their ability to i...
The Speech of New York City

In this tribute to Arthur Bronstein, one of the most distinguished students of present-day New York City speech, it is appropriate that one examine the earliest historical roots of that speech. Lest someone demur that my recent Carolina upbringing disqualifies me from competence for the task, I must observe that both of my maternal grandparents were natives of New York State: my grandfather was born in Oswego, my grandmother in Setauket, Long Island, where her parents were refugeeing from the summer heat of lower Manhattan. Her connections with the city go back at least to 1637, with the arrival of Oloffe Stevensen, whose descendants assumed as a surname his soubriquet Van Cortland, probably derived from their experience at trading in the Baltic. My last ancestor to arrive in this hemisphere, Jan Cornelis Van Den Heuvel, intermarried with the Apthorps of somewhat notorious reputation; he had a town house at 229 Broadway and a country retreat in Bloomingdale, now the west seventies.1 Others, with varied professions and interests, lived in Long Island, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and the Albany area—an interesting crew.2
Diabetes cataract in a 10-year-old girl with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus.

A 10-year-old white girl with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) presented with progressive deterioration of vision in both eyes within 4 weeks of diagnosis. She had a 3-month history of polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia and generalised hair loss prior to diagnosis. Physical and