cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of loading rate on static friction and the rate of fault healing during the earthquake cycle

The seismic cycle requires that faults strengthen (heal) between earthquakes, and the rate of this healing process plays a key role in determining earthquake stress drop1,2,3,4, rupture characteristics5,6 and seismic scaling relations2,3,4,7. Frictional healing (as evidenced by increasing static friction during quasi-stationary contact between two surfaces1,8,9,10,11,12) is considered the mechanism most likely to be responsible for fault strengthening2,3,13,14. Previous studies, however, have shown a large discrepancy between laboratory and seismic (field) estimates of the healing rate2,3,4,14,15; in the laboratory, rock friction changes by only a few per cent per order-of-magnitude change in slip rate, whereas seismic stress drop increases by a factor of 2 to 5 per order-of-magnitude increase in earthquake recurrence interval. But in such comparisons, it is assumed that healing and static friction are independent of loading rate. Here, I summarize laboratory measurements showing that static friction and healing vary with loading rate and time, as expected from friction theory16,17,18. Applying these results to seismic faulting and accounting for differences in laboratory, seismic and tectonic slip rates, I demonstrate that post-seismic healing is expected to be retardedfor a period of several hundred days following an earthquake, in agreement with recent findings from repeating earthquakes13,14,19,20.
Morphogenesis of bacteriophage lambda deletion mutants. I. Abnormal head-related structures produced in normal Escherichia coli.

Abstract Late in the morphogenesis of bacteriophage lambda, DNA condenses into the nascent head and is cut from a concatemeric replicative intermediate by a nucleolytic function, Ter, acting at specific sites, called cos. As a result of this process, heads of lambda deletion mutants contain less DNA than those of the wild-type phage. It has been reported that phage with very large deletions (22% of the genome or more) grow poorly but that normal growth can be restored by the non-specific addition of DNA to the genome. This finding implies that DNA content may exert a physical effect on some stage of head assembly. We have investigated the effects of two long deletions, b221 and tdel33, on head assembly. Bacteria infected with the mutants were lysed with non-ionic detergent under conditions favoring stabilization of labile structures containing condensed DNA. It has proved possible to isolate two aberrant head-related structures produced by the deletion mutants. One of these (“overfilled heads”) contains DNA which is longer than the deletion mutant genome and is about the same size as that found in wild-type heads. These structures appear to be unable to attach tails. The second type of structure (“incompletely filled heads”) contains a short piece of DNA, 40% of the length of the mutant genome. The incompletely filled heads are found both with and without attached tails. Both of these abnormal structures are initially attached to the replicating DNA but are released by treatment with DNAase. The nature of these abnormal structures indicates that very small genomes affect a late stage of head morphogenesis, after the DNA is complexed with a capsid of normal size. The results presented suggest that underfilling of the capsid interferes with the ability of the Ter function to properly cleave cos.
Asymptotic, multigroup flux reconstruction and consistent discontinuity factors

Recent theoretical work has led to an asymptotically derived expression for reconstructing the neutron flux from lattice functions and multigroup diffusion solutions. The leading-order asymptotic t...
Molecular and cellular biology of synucleins.

Abstract Synucleins are small, soluble proteins expressed primarily in neural tissues and certain tumors. The family includes three known proteins: α‐synuclein, β‐synuclein, and γ‐synuclein. A typical structural feature of synucleins is the presence of a repetitive, degenerative AA motif KTKEGV throughout the first 87 residues and acidic stretches within the C‐terminal region. Members of the synuclein family are natively unfolded proteins that are characterized by a high net charge and low hydropathy. The synuclein family recently came into the spotlight when one of its members, α‐synuclein, was linked both genetically and neuropathologically to Parkinson's disease. It has a role in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1, and Alzheimer's disease. Interestingly, another member of the family, β‐synuclein, possesses antagonistic properties to α‐synuclein. The third member of the family, γ‐synuclein, is implicated in different types of cancer, some neurodegenerative diseases and ocular pathology. The involvement of synuclein proteins in the etiology of common human diseases has raised exciting questions and is currently the subject of intense investigation.
Logic and Ontology in Hegel's Theory of Predication

In this paper I sketch some arguments that underlie Hegel's chapter on judgment, and I attempt to place them within a broad tradition in the history of logic. Focusing on his analysis of simple predicative assertions or 'positive judgments', I first argue that Hegel supplies an instructive alternative to the classical technique of existential quantification. The main advantage of his theory lies in his treatment of the ontological implications of judgments, implications that are inadequately captured by quantification. The second concern of this paper is the manner in which Hegel makes logic not only dependent on ontology generally, but also variant in regard to domains of objects. In other words, he offers a domain-specific logical theory, according to which the form of judgment or inference is specific to the subject of judgment. My third concern lies with the metaphilosophical consequences of this theory, and this includes some more familiar Hegelian themes. It is well known that Hegel frequently questioned the adequacy of the sentential form for expressing higher order truths. My reading of his theory of predication explains and contextualizes this tendency by demys- tifying notions like the so-called speculative proposition. In this paper I sketch some arguments that underlie the chapter on judgment from Hegel'sScience of Logic, and I attempt to place them within a broad tradition in the history of logic. 1 Focusing on his analysis of simple predicative assertions or 'positive judgments', I first argue that Hegel supplies an instructive alternative to the classical technique of existential quantification. 2 The main advantage of his theory lies in his treatment of the ontological implications of judgments, impli- cations that are inadequately captured by quantification. The second concern of this paper is the manner in which Hegel makes logic not only dependent on ontology generally, but also variant in regard to domains of objects. In other words, he offers a domain-specific logical theory, according to which the form of judgment or inference is specific to the subject of judgment. My third concern lies with the metaphilosophical consequences of this theory, and this includes some more familiar Hegelian themes. It is well known that Hegel frequently questioned the adequacy of the sentential form for expressing higher-order truths. 3 My reading of his theory of predication explains and contextualizes this tendency by demystifying notions like the so-called speculative proposition. Hegel's theory, on my account, permits a range of formal distinctions among judgments. Metaphysi- cal assertions such as 'God is one' form just one end of the spectrum, with simple predications such as 'the rose is red' at the other extreme.
The Kolbe electrolysis as a source of free radicals in solution—V : The electrolysis of potassium acetate in the presence of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene

Abstract The electrolysis of potassium acetate has been carried out in methanol solutions of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene. Twelve compounds were identified as reaction products. Among these were a number which resulted from molecular rearrangements. The implications of these regarding the mechanism of the reaction are discussed. The bulk of the products arise from attack of a Me free radical on the terminal olefin carbon and the subsequent reactions of the resultant free radical.
Whats It To You? A Survey of Online Privacy Concerns and Risks

Finding information about privacy practices can be difficult: privacy policies often do not present this information in an accessible way. People typically do not know how or for what purpose their personal information, gathered online, will be used. When asked, people frequently express concerns about their privacy, but their behavior often does not reflect their concerns. We conducted an online survey to examine participants online privacy concerns, focusing especially on the online shopping context. We asked participants about several scenarios related to the privacy of personal information. We found that Privacy Finder, a P3Penhanced search engine, provides information that addresses the scenarios that participants believe are most likely to occur. We also asked participants about a wide range of items for purchase online to evaluate which types of items are more likely to raise privacy concerns.
In vivo somatic cell gene transfer of an engineered Noggin mutein prevents BMP4-induced heterotopic ossification.

Background: The formation of the skeleton requires inductive signals that are balanced with their antagonists in a highly regulated negative feedback system. Inappropriate or excessive expression of BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) or their antagonists results in genetic disorders affecting the skeleton, such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. BMP signaling mediated through binding to its receptors is a critical step in the induction of abnormal ossification. Therefore, we hypothesized that engineering more effective inhibitors of this BMP-signaling process may lead to the development of therapies for such conditions. Methods: BMP4-induced heterotopic ossification was used as a model for testing the ability of the BMP antagonist Noggin to block de novo bone formation, either by local or systemic delivery. Since Noggin naturally acts locally, a Noggin mutein, hNOGΔB2, was engineered and was shown to circulate systemically, and its ability to block heterotopic ossification was tested in a mouse model with use of adenovirus-mediated somatic cell gene transfer. Results: A mouse model of BMP4-induced heterotopic ossification was developed. Local delivery of wild-type NOG inhibited heterotopic ossification, but systemic administration was ineffective. In contrast, systemic delivery of the adenovirus encoding hNOGΔB2 resulted in systemic levels that persisted for more than two weeks and were sufficient to block BMP4-induced heterotopic ossification. Conclusions: BMP4-induced heterotopic ossification can be prevented in vivo either by local delivery of wild-type Noggin or after somatic cell gene transfer of a Noggin mutein, hNOGΔB2. Furthermore, the data in the present study provide proof of concept that a naturally occurring factor can be engineered for systemic delivery toward a desirable pharmacological outcome. Clinical Relevance: Blocking bone formation is clinically relevant to disorders of heterotopic ossification in humans, such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Furthermore, development of BMP antagonists as therapeutic agents may provide modalities for the treatment of other pathologic conditions that arise from aberrant expression of BMPs and/or from a lack of their antagonists.
Economic decision making in veterinary practice: Expected value and risk as dual utility scales

Abstract Measurement of variance or standard deviation of return values provides a method of quantifying the riskiness of a particular course of action. The quantified risk can be used together with expected return value as dual criteria for ranking alternatives in decision analysis. Furthermore, when choosing between interventions, a risk and return break-even point can be determined. Depending on the decision-maker's attitude to risk, risk consideration may modify a decision made by comparison of expected values alone.
Mental retardation and relation to seizure and tuber burden in tuberous sclerosis complex.

Summary In patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), the high rates of mental retardation are associated with cortical tubers, seizure activity, and genetic factors. The goal of the study was to investigate the relationship between bilateral cortical tubers and seizure variables and mental retardation in individuals with TSC. The records of 27 patients with TSC (age 6 months to 33 years) undergoing neuropsychological assessment and the following clinical variables were examined: bilateral versus non-bilateral cortical tubers, the age of seizure onset, and presence of infantile spasms. Results were statistically analyzed. Bilateral cortical tubers ( p =0.02) and early age of seizure onset ( p =0.04) were significantly related to impaired cognitive functioning. Only one of the seven patients with normal cognitive functioning had bilateral tubers, whereas 13/21 patients with intellectual impairment had bilateral tubers. Patients with normal cognitive functioning experienced a mean age of seizure onset after 6 years. A trend was observed between infantile spasms and cognitive functioning ( p =0.06); the lack of statistical significance likely reflects the small sample size. Neither age nor gender was related to cognitive status. Further investigation incorporating additional neuroimaging factors, antiepileptic treatment effects, and genetic variables, is needed.
Expression of globulin-2, a member of the cupin superfamily of proteins with similarity to known food allergens, is increased under high temperature regimens during wheat grain development

Twenty-three expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the US spring wheat Butte 86 were identified that encode proteins similar to a globulin-2 protein from maize embryos. The ESTs assembled into three contigs, two of which include the entire coding region for the mature protein. The encoded proteins contain two cupin domains and show significant identities with 7S seed proteins from other species that are known or putative food allergens. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) with primers specific for two of the sequences demonstrated that the globulin-2 genes are expressed late in grain development and that transcript levels increase when grain is produced under high temperature conditions. Transcripts were detected in both whole grain and endosperm, but levels were significantly higher in whole grain and highest in embryo. In wheat flour, at least 17 protein spots that differ in both size and pI were identified as globulin-2 by 2-DE/MS. Seven of the spots increased more than 2-fold in relative proportion when grain was produced under high temperature regimens. The data suggest that both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms are involved in the response of globulin-2 to high temperatures.
Expression and functional analysis of Euglena Gracilis chloroplast initiation factor 3

A portion of a cDNA predicted to encode the mature form of Euglena gracilis chloroplast translational initiation factor 3 (IF-3chlM, molecular mass, 46 402) and the portion of this factor homologous to bacterial IF-3 (IF-3chlH, molecular mass 22 829) have been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as histidine-tagged proteins. The homology domain can be expressed in reasonable levels in E. coli. However, IF-3chlM is quite toxic and can only be produced in small amounts. Both forms of the chloroplast factor are associated with E. coli ribosomes. Purification procedures have been developed for both IF-3chlM and IF-3chlH using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography followed by ion exchange chromatography. IF-3chlM and IF-3chlH are active in promoting ribosome dissociation and in promoting the binding of fMet-tRNA to E. coli ribosomes. However, IF-3chlH has at least 5-fold more activity than either native IF-3chl or IF-3chlM in promoting initiation complex formation on chloroplast 30S ribosomal subunits in the presence of a mRNA carrying a natural translational initiation signal. This observation suggests that regions of IF-3chl lying outside of the homology domain may down-regulate the activity of this factor.
Evaluation of in situ fracture versus phaco chop techniques

Abstract Setting: Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices and Miyake Laboratory, Storm Eye Institute.. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Methods: Thirty human eyes obtained postmortem were randomly divided into 2 groups of 15 eyes each. In situ nucleofracture or phaco chop was performed in each group. The phaco time required for each technique was determined. Results: The mean phaco time was 0.91 minutes ± 0.37 (SD) for the phaco chop and 1.56 ± 0.89 minutes for the in situ fracture technique (P Conclusions: The phaco chop technique reduced phaco time and total phaco power consumed during phacoemulsification without imposing a risk of intraoperative complications.
Breast cancer detection in axillary sentinel lymph nodes: the impact of the method of pathologic examination ☆

Summary At Carolinas Medical Center, before 2008, axillary sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) from breast cancer patients were evaluated with a single hematoxylin and eosin–stained slide. In 2008, the protocol changed to include a limited step sectioning at 500 μ m. In this study, we compared the intraoperative and permanent section pathologic findings for SLN biopsies from 2006 to 2007 to those from 2009 to 2010. We hypothesized that evaluating 2 slides would increase the detection of micrometastases and isolated tumor cells (ITCs) on permanent sections and correspondingly decrease the sensitivity of intraoperative touch preparation cytology (IOTPC). From 2006 to 2007, 140 (23.5%) of 597 of SLN permanent sections contained tumor cells: 92 macrometastases (65.7%), 36 micrometastases (25.7%), and 12 ITCs 0.2 mm or less (8.6%). The sensitivity of IOTPC for 2006 to 2007 was 51.4% for any tumor cells and 71.7% for macrometastases. From 2009 to 2010, 160 (21.9%) of 730 SLN permanent sections were positive for any tumor cells: 76 macrometastases (47.5%), 55 micrometastases (34.4%), and 29 ITCs (18.1%). The sensitivity of IOTPC for 2009 to 2010 was 39.4% for any tumor cells and 76.3% for macrometastases. With limited step sectioning, we observed an approximately 10% increase in the detection of both micrometastases and ITCs in SLN. The increased detection of ITCs on permanent sections reached statistical significance ( P = .018). However, under current clinical guidelines, patients with limited SLN involvement may not be required to undergo completion axillary lymph node dissection. The ability to detect SLN tumor deposits less than 2 mm must be balanced with the clinical utility of doing so.
Lung transplantation from ventilated non-heart-beating donors: Experimental study in a neonatal swine model

Abstract Background/Purpose: A shortage of transplantable lungs is a constant and frustrating reality. The use of organs retrieved from ventilated non-heart-beating donors (VNHBD) may alleviate this problem. The purpose of this work was to assess lung function of donor grafts subjected to different time lengths of in situ warm ischemia (WIT). Methods: Twenty piglets weighing between 6 and 8 kg were allocated randomly to the following study groups: Sham (n = 5), heart-beating donors, non warm ischemia; I-30 (n = 5), I-60 (n = 5) and I-90 (n = 5), VNHBD-WIT of 30, 60, and 90 minutes, respectively. Recipients were rendered dependent on the single left transplanted lung by clamping right pulmonary artery and bronchus 1 hour after transplantation. Assessment of pulmonary function was monitored hourly by hemodynamic, oxygenation and pulmonary mechanic measurements during a period of 6 hours after reperfusion. Lung grafts were weighed pre- and posttransplantation. Results: Final mean lung weight was significantly greater in VNHBD (92.5 ± 3.1 v Sham values 75.6 g ± 2.4; P Conclusions: These data suggest that posttransplantation lung graft function from VNHBD with up to 90 minutes of WIT, is preserved and equivalent to those achieved by grafts harvested after heart-beating donation.
Estrone Sulfate, Estrone, Estradiol and Estriol Plasma Levels in Human Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Estrone sulfate, estrone, estradiol and estriol were measured through the course of pregnancy in 85 women. Of the unconjugated estrogens, estradiol had the highest plasma concentration, being approximately twice that of estrone and four times that of estriol. Estrone sulfate level was twice that of estradiol. All estrogens measured showed the same pattern of increase with time. When plotted against fetal and placental weights, the increase in plasma concentration of all estrogens correlated better with fetal weight than with placental weight.
SUBSTANCES AFFECTING ADULT TISSUE IN VITRO : II. A GROWTH INHIBITOR IN ADULT TISSUE.

Digestion of adult tissue with trypsin has been shown to stimulate its initial growth in vitro. This stimulation appeared to result from the removal of an inhibitory material from the tissue due to the proteolytic action of the trypsin. This paper shows that the fluid after the digestion contains material which inhibits the initial growth of adult chicken aorta tissue. This tissue inhibitor has been obtained from chicken, dog, and sheep aortas. It is partly precipitated by an equal volume of alcohol, and is more completely precipitated by the further addition of CaCl2 (plus a little NaOH). The inhibitor is destroyed at 100°C. but usually withstands 58°C. for 20 minutes. Moderate tryptic digestion renders it soluble without destroying it. It sometimes withstands dialysis, but at other times is lost. Its physical and chemical properties, as far as we know them, coincide with those of lactenin (a bacteriostatic substance in milk). Lactenin was found to inhibit adult tissue growth; but the tissue inhibitor failed to restrain bacterial growth. This tissue inhibitor is believed to play a role in limiting the growth of tissue in the adult animal.
Role of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ) in the reduction of ethanol reinforcement due to mGluR5 antagonism in the nucleus accumbens shell

The type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) and the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (PKCɛ) regulate ethanol intake, and we have previously demonstrated that mGluR5 receptor antagonism reduces ethanol consumption via a PKCɛ-dependent mechanism. We explored the potential neuroanatomical substrates of regulation of ethanol reinforcement by this mGluR5-PKCɛ signaling pathway by infusing selective inhibitors of these proteins into the shell or core region of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer ethanol intravenously and received intra-NAc infusions of vehicle or the selective mGluR5 antagonist 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP) alone and in combination with a PKCɛ translocation inhibitor (ɛV1–2) or a scrambled control peptide (sɛV1–2). The effects of intra-NAc MTEP on food-reinforced responding and open-field locomotor activity were also determined. MTEP (1 μg/μl) had no effect on ethanol or food reinforcement or locomotor activity when infused into either region. MTEP (3 μg/μl) reduced ethanol reinforcement when infused into the NAc shell but not the core, and this effect was reversed by ɛV1–2 (1 μg/μl) but not sɛV1–2 (1 μg/μl). In both regions, this concentration of MTEP did not alter food-reinforced responding or locomotor activity, and infusion of ɛV1–2 alone did not alter ethanol reinforcement. MTEP (10 μg/μl) reduced locomotor activity when infused into the shell; therefore, this concentration was not further tested on responding for ethanol or food. Blockade of mGluR5 receptors in the NAc shell reduces ethanol reinforcement via a PKCɛ-dependent mechanism.
A structured APL preprocessor

This paper presents a set of structured control statements for APL and a preprocessor to implement them. The preprocessor translates structured APL functions into APL functions using the branch operator to replace the structured statements. The translation is based on finding keywords, such as IF and WHILE, appearing in syntactically valid places in the function. Since no modification of either the APL interpreter or APL syntax is required, the APL editor can be used to modify structured functions. The preprocesor also produces an indented listing that aids in the debugging of programs.
Potential clinical applications of recombinant human haemoglobin in blood conservation.

Haemoglobin solutions have been tried as blood substitutes for decades with little success. Problems with early haemoglobin solutions include instability of the haemoglobin tetramer in the plasma, resulting in dissociation of the protein into dimers, as well as excessively high oxygen affinity for clinical oxygen transport capabilities. Newer haemoglobin solutions are currently under development and may prove adequate to transport oxygen while avoiding excessive toxicity However, these compounds pose other difficulties, including a short plasma half-life and the potential for systemic hypertension due to nitric oxide binding. Several haemoglobin solutions are now undergoing human testing for potential clinical use. Haemoglobin can be harvested from outdated packed red blood cell units and chemically altered for use in clinical scenarios. Likewise, bovine haemoglobin may be obtained and modified for use as a blood substitute. While both these approaches may yield clinically useful oxygen carrying solutions, neither is completely free from infectious risk. The use of recombinant technology to produce a genetically altered haemoglobin from Escherichia coli allows avoidance of infectious risks and a functional haemoglobin which does not need further chemical modification. Use of this first generation of recombinant human haemoglobin as a blood substitute may be limited due to its short half-life of <12 hours, but clinical uses such as replacement fluid for acute normovolaemic haemodilution during the perioperative period may allow significant blood savings for patients and the potential to avoid patient exposure to allogeneic transfusions.
10 Other hereditary diseases and the liver

In this chapter, an abbreviated account is presented on the subject of hereditary diseases and the liver. However, it is incomplete because Alagille syndrome, storage disorders, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and Wilson disease are not included as they appear in other chapters of this volume. Biliary atresia is omitted because all available evidence does not support any significant genetic association. Molecular biological techniques have enabled linkage of several liver cholestatic disorders to chromosomal loci, and further characterization of the canalicular bile salt transporter (cBST) will advance our understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms involved in benign and progressive cholestatic syndromes. Disorders that have been treated as separate entities may have common 'roots', exemplified by the concept of the ductal plate malformation in fibropolycystic disease. Whereas the majority of disorders referred to in this chapter present early in life, there are several that are associated with liver failure in the neonatal period, which makes early recognition particularly important. Liver transplantation offers a cure for many hereditary disorders affecting the liver but it is not applicable to all.
Deficiency of DNA repair nuclease ERCC1-XPF promotes prostate cancer progression in a tissue recombination model.

Background The excision repair cross complementing (ERCC1) gene product plays a vital role in the nucleotide excision repair and DNA interstrand crosslink repair pathways, which protect the genome from mutations and chromosomal aberrations, respectively. Genetic deletion of Ercc1 in the mouse causes dramatically accelerated aging. We examined the effect of Ercc1 deletion in the development of prostate cancer in a prostate recapitulation model as Ercc1 deficient mice die within four weeks of birth.
The 'biliterate' ballot controversy: language acquisition and cultural shift among immigrants.

This US study tested the validity of assumptions made regarding multilingual electoral ballot provisions. Rationale for language assistance was found to exist on the basis of number and proportion of recent immigrants proportion of foreign born lag of biliterate skill behind bilingual ability linguistic differences between the Chinese language and English and the discriminatory structure of the labor market. In California where close to 1/2 the population is an ethnic minority the issue is particularly relevant. Bilingual advocates view English-only advocates as "un-American" on legal and ideological grounds while English-only advocates consider it "un-American" to be non-English speaking. In addition to census data and the existing literature this study relies on the structured interview survey data of a representative sample of the Chinese adult population of San Franciscos Chinatown. 2/3 of the immigrants believed an immigrant should make some cultural changes and 1/2 of the immigrants had done so. Data failed to support the claim that immigrants are uninformed that English is necessary for sociopolitical participation. Their more recent pattern of immigration the linguistic differences between Asian languages and the English language and structural constraints of US society make successive language acquisition difficult for Chinese migrant adults. Policy recommendations include: 1) changing language assistance criteria in the electoral process 2) adding Vietnamese as a single language minority 3) not considering Asian language minorities as 1 generic category 4) justifying electoral assistance on several grounds 5) disseminating data bearing directly on misguided assumptions related to language and cultural shift factors and 6) renaming the "bilingual ballots" to "biliterate ballots."
On the nature of a data base and its use in inquiry — a tutorial

Abstract A tutorial on the nature of a data base is presented from the viewpoint of the human inquirer. The basic concepts associated with data bases and their use are identified and interrelated by means of a set of definitions. Data are seen to be natural language sentence expressions of a particular type, namely, statements given or taken as true for the purpose of inquiry. The concept of a structured datum is advanced as the basic semantic unit of communication in a data base. Information is regarded as a product of psychological inference, rather than a product of an automated data processing system.
A reexamination of the interpretations of errors in formal syllogistic reasoning

One hundred eleven college Ss selected conclusions for 59 syllogisms. These syllogisms varied according to premise pair, figure, and validity status. The results indicated a remarkable consistency in patterns of error preference, regardless of validity status, with all of the preferred errors being accounted for by either atmosphere effect and probabilistic inference or invalid conversion and probabilistic inference.
A Special Report: Four-year Study of a Boy with Combined Immune Deficiency Maintained in Strict Reverse Isolation from Birth

Summary: A 4-year study of a boy with combined immune deficiency is presented, and the impact of this disease on various aspects of his growth and development is examined. There is no evidence of immune deficiency in either parent or in the genetic background on the maternal side. Three children of a brother of the mother's father may have had immune deficiencies but two have grown to be teenagers with no problems. Another died. At autopsy, however, lymph nodes appeared normal. The deceased older brother had severe combined immune deficiency (SCID). The autopsy findings showed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia to be the direct cause of death and these findings contributed to the diagnosis of SCID. After a successful germ-free birth, the male infant (DV) was placed in the isolator. Laboratory tests were normal except that the x-rays showed no thymic shadow, his absolute lymphocyte count ranged from 399–440/mm, and the lymphocytes showed no proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Specific tests showed the antibody-producing immune system and the cell-mediated immune system to be severely defective. The patient's lymphocytes elicited positive responses by lymphocytes from father, mother, and sister. Subsequent search in national and international tissue-typing laboratories has shown four HLA matches but none has been nonreactive in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). therefore, this patient has remained in isolation to the present; now he is 4 years old.
Capsid and Infectivity in Virus Detection

The spectacular achievements and elegance of viral RNA analyses have somewhat obscured the importance of the capsid in transmission of viruses via food and water. The capsid’s essential roles are protection of the RNA when the virion is outside the host cell and initiation of infection when the virion contacts a receptor on an appropriate host cell. Capsids of environmentally transmitted viruses are phenomenally durable. Fortuitous properties of the capsid include antigenicity, isoelectric point(s), sometimes hemagglutination, and perhaps others. These can potentially be used to characterize capsid changes that cause or accompany loss of viral infectivity and may be valuable in distinguishing native from inactivated virus when molecular detection methods are used.
Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking: a replication study in another US psychiatric hospital

Abstract A prior study in a US state hospital suggested that schizophrenia is more closely associated with tobacco smoking when compared with other severe mental illnesses. This second study, in a neighborhood hospital, tries to (1) replicate that schizophrenia is associated with smoking and heavy smoking, and (2) rule out that this relationship is explained by substance use. The methodology was very similar to the first study. The sample included 588 inpatients. Logistic regression was used to develop models of variables associated with smoking or heavy smoking. The frequency of current smoking for the total, schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic samples were respectively 71, 75, and 55%. The sequence of frequencies from the highest to lowest was the same as in the first study: male schizophrenic patients, male non-schizophrenic patients, female schizophrenic patients and female non-schizophrenic patients. This second study consistently replicated the relationship between schizophrenia and smoking (after correcting for other variables) including history of alcohol and drug abuse or dependence. Only one of two definitions of heavy smoking showed a significant association with schizophrenia. In summary, these two studies suggest that schizophrenia is strongly associated with smoking. Neither substance use, antipsychotics, nor institutionalism can explain this relationship.
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease: recommendations for infection control.

Abstract Creutzfeld-Jakob disease: an infectious, progressive, degenerative neurologic disorder, has a presumably long incubation period but a rapid, fatal course. Brain tissue at autopsy resembles that seen in spongioform encephalopathies of other species. Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is transmitted by a proteinaceous infectious agent, or “prion.” Epidemiologic patterns remain uncertain; various studies have reported conflicting risk factors in different populations, and genetic susceptibility may be involved. Although natural transmission routes are still unclear, both iatrogenic and nosocomial transmissions have been identified. Transmission has occurred through contaminated electrodes, contaminated biologic products from cadaveric brains, and infected donor tissues, including dura mater and corneas. Because the prion is difficult to eradicate, stringent sterilization precautions must be taken with all surgical instruments. Some tissues and body fluids (e.g., brain, ocular, central nervous system) from the patient with Creutzfeld-Jakob disease are highly infectious and must be contained or incinerated. Some body fluids, however, are not considered infectious. Persons with known or suspected Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, or with exposure to potential sources of iatrogenic infection, should not be considered as donors for any tissues or biologic products. Occupational transmission to health care and pathology workers is also possible. Therefore, specific preventive measures are necessary. Many questions remain regarding transmission and risk factors for Creutzfeld-Jakob syndrome, and the precautions presented here must be considered only preliminary.
Studies on the role of platelet eicosanoid metabolism and integrin αIIbβ3 in tumor‐cell‐induced platelet aggregation

Platelet eicosanoid metabolism resulting from tumor-cell-induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA) was examined in a homologous in vitro system. Rat Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells induced the aggregation of rat platelets via a thrombin-dependent mechanism with concomitant production of eicosanoid metabolites (e.g., 12-HETE, TXA2). TCIPA was dependent on the concentration of tumor cells inducing aggregation, as well as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors, but not lipoxygenase inhibitors, blocked platelet aggregation induced in vitro by a low concentration of agonist. At a high agonist concentration, neither cyclooxygenase nor lipoxygenase inhibitors alone affected platelet aggregation; however, the combined inhibition of both the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways resulted in subsequent inhibition of platelet aggregation regardless of agonist concentration. The extent of platelet TXA2 and 12-HETE biosynthesis was likewise dependent on and correlated with agonist concentration. The inhibitors used in this study did not significantly inhibit protein kinase C activity at the doses tested. Platelet surface glycoprotein alpha IIb beta 3 play an important role in platelet aggregation. The effect of platelet cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition in regulating alpha IIb beta 3 surface expression was examined by flow cytometric analysis. Thrombin stimulation of washed rat platelets resulted in significantly increased surface expression of platelet alpha IIb beta 3 integrin complex. The enhanced surface expression was not inhibited by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (aspirin), a thromboxane synthase inhibitor (CGS-14854) or a thromboxane receptor antagonist (SQ 29,548), nor was it stimulated by a thromboxane A2 mimic (pinane-thromboxane A2). However, alpha IIb beta 3 expression was blocked by lipoxygenase inhibition and stereospecifically increased by the platelet lipoxygenase metabolite 12(S)-HETE. These results suggest that both the platelet lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways are important for TCIPA but that different mechanisms of action are involved.
Laser-Raman Spectra of Gaseous BiBr3 and PbCl2

Raman spectra are reported for gaseous BiBr3 and PbCl2 at temperatures just above their boiling points. The strong resonance fluorescence due to subhalide species that is normally observed in these vapors (with 4880 A excitation) was suppressed by addition of equimolar amounts of the corresponding mercuric halide. The observed Raman bands for the BiBr3-HgBr2 sample, which are attributable to BiBr3, confirm a pyramidal structure having C3v point symmetry. The spectrum attributable to PbCl2 in the case of the PbCl2-HgCl2 sample is consistent with a symmetric bent structure.
Toward a comprehensive strategy for effective practitioner-scientist partnerships and larger-scale community health and well-being.

This article articulates joint priorities for the fields of prevention science and community psychology. These priorities are intended to address issues raised by the frequent observation of natural tensions between community practitioners and scientists. The first priority is to expand the knowledge base on practitioner–scientist partnerships, particularly on factors associated with positive outcomes within communities. To further articulate this priority, the paper first discusses the rapid growth in community-based partnerships and the emergent research on them. Next described is an illustrative research project on a partnership model that links state university extension and public school delivery systems. The article then turns to the second, related priority of future capacity-building for diffusion of effective partnership-based interventions to achieve larger-scale health and well-being across communities. It outlines two salient tasks: clarification of a conceptual framework and the formulation of a comprehensive capacity-building strategy for diffusion. The comprehensive strategy would require careful attention to the expansion of networks of effective partnerships, partnership-based research agendas, and requisite policy-making.
Excitability changes in C fibers of rat sciatic nerve following impulse activity.

Abstract Three phases in the oscillatory changes of both threshold and conduction velocity were identified following impulse activity in single C fibers of rat sciatic nerves. These after-oscillations, occurring after the refractory period, varied with the number and timing of preceding ‘conditioning’ impulses. The excitability changes differed both qualitatively and quantitatively among fibers, thus implying underlying variation among C fibers in the density and distribution of voltage-gated channels and ion pumps.
Baculovirus-expressed glycoprotein E (gE) of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) protects mice against lethal intraperitoneal and lethal ocular HSV-1 challenge.

Abstract We have constructed a recombinant baculovirus expressing high levels of the herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) glycoprotein E (gE) in Sf9 cells. The expressed gE migrated on gels as a double band with apparent molecular weights of 68 and 70 kDa. The recombinant gE was glycosylated based on its susceptibility to tunicamycin treatment and was transported to the membrane of Sf9 cells based on indirect immunofluorescence. Mice vaccinated with gE developed high serum titers of HSV-1-neutralizing antibodies based on plaque reduction assays. gE vaccination also induced a strong delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to HSV-1. In addition, mice vaccinated with the recombinant gE were protected from both intraperitoneal and ocular lethal HSV-1 challenge. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which vaccination with gE was shown to induce high neutralizing antibody titers, a DTH response, or protection against lethal HSV-1 challenge.
A Tension in the Political Thought of Huey P. Newton

This article is a discussion of the political thought of Huey P. Newton, and by extension, the theory and practice of the Black Panther Party. More specifically, this article will explore a tension that exists between Newton's theory of Intercommunalism and the Black Panther Party Platform. To that end, there is, first, a discussion of the ideological development of the Black Panther Party, which culminated in Newton's theory of Intercommunalism. Second, there is a presentation of what will be broadly construed as the Party Platform, which articulates the basic principles and practices of the Black Panther Party. Finally, there is a discussion of several ways in which there seems to be a conflict between Newton's ideology and his political practice. While some are only apparent contradictions, there does remain a deep conflict between the dialectical basis of Intercommunalism and the foundational basis of the Party Platform.
Pinto “Madness” as a Flawed Landmark Narrative: An Organizational and Network Analysis

For two decades, the Pinto case has been the “landmark narrative” used to support the construction of amoral corporate behavior. We argue that critical flaws in this narrative flow from a misplaced emphasis on “decision-makers” in a single organization, and from ignoring organizational, industry, and legal/regulatory contexts. Using original documents and recent interviews, we argue that there never was a “decision” to market an unsafe vehicle. Instead, the Pinto is better understood as a routine outcome of distinct organizational subunits, embedded in a larger network of interorganizational relationships. We conclude that attention to the network level of analysis can help explain other cases of “sensible bloodshed” that derive from the routine workings of social institutions.
Interconnects for a Multi-Layer Three-Dimensional Silicon Architecture

As low cost and low volume gain increasing importance in today's technology market, the development of a silicon micro-machined multi-layer transmit module has become a worthwhile endeavor. In this architecture, the MMICs are flip-chip bonded and the 94 GHz signal is distributed both laterally and vertically through three silicon layers resulting in excitation of a four by four array of patch antennas. This module is 6 mm in length, 6 mm in width, 1 mm in height, and represents the first W-band transmit module to date. The details of the passive components and interconnects will be presented in this paper.
Higher-order processes in X-ray photoionization and decay

Abstract Over the past decade, modern synchrotron radiation sources have provided continuously tunable, intense well-collimated beams of hard X-rays. Our group has exploited such beams, in the energy range 2–100 keV, to study higher-order processes in atomic photoionization and vacancy decay which were hitherto difficult to observe and we review five specific examples of that work here. These topics include high-energy photoionization of helium, nondipolar photoionization, double K-shell ionization, two-photon decays of inner-shell vacancies, and nuclear excitations by electronic transition.
Dermatopathic lymphadenitis imitating a deep neck space infection.

Abstract Introduction Dermatopathic lymphadenitis (DL) represents a benign form of reactive lymph node hyperplasia. Symptoms attributed to DL alone are expected to be mild. The purpose of this study was to present a rare case of DL in a young girl that manifested as a deep neck space infection. Differential diagnostic process and the difficulties we faced in managing this case will be discussed. Case presentation A 10-year-old girl with clinical signs indicative of deep neck space infection was admitted in our department. Her clinical course and imaging findings strongly suggested the presence of a deep cervical abscess, although this was not proven in the operating room, in 2 operating sessions. The complete clinical picture developed during her in-hospital care set the suspicion of Kawasaki disease; however, the results of the histology of the cervical nodes were consistent with dermatopathic lympadenitis, which was the final diagnosis in our patient. Conclusion Dermatopathic lymphadenitis is a rare diagnosis in the head and neck area. However, it must be included in the differential diagnostic process because its management differs from that of other head and neck lymphadenopathies, keeping in mind that the spectrum of its clinical symptomatology may vary from a mild lymph node enlargement to acute symptoms and signs of a deep neck infection.
Population level “flipperedness” in the eastern Pacific leatherback turtle

Limb preference is a behavioral indicator of lateralized brain function that was recently elucidated experimentally in lower vertebrates. We assessed natural spontaneous limb use of nesting eastern Pacific leatherback turtles by recording which hindlimb flipper was extended overtop the cloaca to cover the egg chamber during oviposition. We found a population level right bias in 1889 observations of 361 individuals. This is the first report of a limb preference in Testudinata.