cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of left ventricular cryolesions created by liquid nitrogen and nitrous oxide

Objectives. This study was designed to compare the cryosurgical lesions produced by liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) and nitrous oxide (−76 °C). Background. Cryosurgical ablation is a useful method of arrhythmia surgery, but information on the dimensions of cardiac lesions produced by modifying cryoprobe temperature is limited. Methods. We compared the dimensions, volumes and electrophysiologic effects of cryolesions created by a liquid nitrogen cryoprobe (Group I) and a nitrous oxide cryoprobe (Group II) on the left ventricular myocardium in the beating canine heart. Exposure time was compared at 1, 2, 3 and 4 min. In each of 18 dogs, two to four lesions were created on the left ventricle and analyzed: 35 lesions created with use of the nitrous oxide cryoprobe and 30 lesions created with the liquid nitrogen cryoprobe. Lesions were measured at the time of induced death 6 weeks postoperatively and assessed by tissue staining with the masson trichrome technique. Results. The volumes (mm3) of the cryolesions created by the liquid nitrogen cryoprobe were significantly larger (p < 0.05) than those of lesions created by nitrous oxide: 826 ± 163 versus 493 ± 197 at 1 min; 1,101 ± 327 versus 666 ± 185 at 2 min; 1,356 ± 318 versus 787 ± 258 at 3 min and 1,735 ± 534 versus 923 ± 376 at 4 min. Conclusions. Decreasing the temperature of the cryoprobe by using liquid nitrogen increases the volume of the lesions. Programmed electrical stimulation before and 6 weeks after cryoablation indicated no arrhythmogenicity.
Ion beam therapy in 2004

Abstract From 1954 to July 2004, almost 40,000 patients have been treated with proton beams: from 1957 to 1992, helium–silicon ion beams were used to treat ∼2000 patients; and since 1994, ∼2000 patients have been treated with carbon ion beams. Now in 2004, there are 22 proton therapy facilities located throughout the world and many newer facilities are designed specifically for the hospital setting. In North America, Europe, Russia, Japan and the Southern Hemisphere there are 5, 7, 3, 6 and 1 proton therapy facilities respectively. In Japan, there are two carbon ion facilities and in Europe, one carbon ion facility.
Creep, thermal-cyclic and tensile properties of Nb1Zr to stainless steel transition joints

Abstract Joining of Nb1Zr to austenitic type 316 stainless steel (SS) was investigated. Gas tungsten arc welding was conducted on sheet metals and tubing by lap welding 316 SS over Nb1Zr. Sound welds were produced by controlling heat input and through careful surface preparation. Satisfactory strength and ductility of the welded joints were found in the tensile tests at room temperature and 1000 K. Investigation of thermocycling effects showed that there was a small degradation in the mechanical properties of the joint after 100 thermal cycles between 300 and 1000 K under vacuum. Creep tests were performed on welded tubing joints at a temperature of 1000 K with internal pressures up to 6.9 MPa. Creep test results show that the welded joint has higher creep resistance than stainless steel. Furthermore, to improve the toughness of the Nb1Zr to 316 SS weld, the use of a vanadium interlayer was investigated.
Ultra-long Distance Free Space Laser Communications

We present a survey of state-of-the-art free space laser communication transmitter and receiver designs and technologies for ultra-long-distance high-speed links. High-performance power-efficient implementations for photon-counting, coherent, and optically-preamplified receivers are discussed.
Ionic Transport Regimes for Nanoscale Transport towards the Development of Low Energy Water Desalination Membranes

New materials, methods, and membranes are being developed for applications in water purification. One of the model systems that can be used for fundamental studies in nanoscale transport phenomena for new membrane technologies are nanocapillary array membranes (NCAMs). Toward developing more efficient membranes for water desalination, parameters such as the concentration polarization region which are influenced by the unstirred layers, surface properties (e.g., surface charge and surface energy) of the nanocapillaries, and the electric double layer (EDL) which mediates transport across NCAMs must be better understood. In this paper, a series of parametric experiments that were conducted to better understand the relative importance of unstirred layers with respect to the transport across nanocapillaries are described. Bulk salt concentration and potential drop across the NCAMs, were varied in a systematic manner to determine the influence EDL thickness and electromigration on transport regimes for ionic permeation across NCAMs. Based on previously developed methodologies, the experiments reported here were conducted in a permeation cell with an NCAM separating two reservoirs containing potassium phosphate buffer with a concentration range from 200 µM-10 mM. Methylene blue (MB) is used as an organic marker and the transport is quantified by tracking MB concentration in each reservoir with UV/VIS spectroscopy.
A Diamond-Stiglitz approach to the demand for self-protection

The existing research concerning the relationship between risk aversion and prudence and the demand for self-protection assumes that the loss variable follows a Bernoulli distribution, and that changes in the level of self-protection are mean preserving. The analysis here replaces these two very strong conditions with ones which are more general. When doing this, the method of analysis is also significantly modified. This modification includes representing a change in the level of self-protection using the procedure developed by Diamond and Stiglitz (Journal of Economic Theory 8:337-360, 1974) for representing a change in risk. This alternate representation allows the existing findings to be generalized considerably, and also simplifies the analysis.
Fast Polygon Area and Newell Normal Computation

Abstract The textbook formula for the area of an n-vertex two-dimensional polygon uses 2n + 1 multiplicat ions and 2n − 1 additions. We give an improved formula that uses n + 1 multiplicat ions and 2n − 1 additions. A similar formula is derived for a three-dimens ional planar polygon where, given the unit normal, the textbook equation cost of 6n − 4 multiplications and 4n + 1 additions is reduced to n − 2 multiplications and 2n − 1 additions. Our formula also speeds up Newell's method to compute a robust approximate normal for a nearly planar three-dimensional polygon, using 3n fewer addit ions than the textbook formula. Further, when using this method, one can get the polygon 's planar area as equal to the length of Newell 's normal for a small addi tional fixed cost.
Authenticating Primary Users' Signals in Cognitive Radio Networks via Integrated Cryptographic and Wireless Link Signatures

To address the increasing demand for wireless bandwidth, cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have been proposed to increase the efficiency of channel utilization; they enable the sharing of channels among secondary (unlicensed) and primary (licensed) users on a non-interference basis. A secondary user in a CRN should constantly monitor for the presence of a primary user's signal to avoid interfering with the primary user. However, to gain unfair share of radio channels, an attacker (e.g., a selfish secondary user) may mimic a primary user's signal to evict other secondary users. Therefore, a secure primary user detection method that can distinguish a primary user's signal from an attacker's signal is needed. A unique challenge in addressing this problem is that Federal Communications Commission (FCC) prohibits any modification to primary users. Consequently, existing cryptographic techniques cannot be used directly. In this paper, we develop a novel approach for authenticating primary users' signals in CRNs, which conforms to FCC's requirement. Our approach integrates cryptographic signatures and wireless link signatures (derived from physical radio channel characteristics) to enable primary user detection in the presence of attackers. Essential to our approach is a {\em helper node} placed physically close to a primary user. The helper node serves as a "bridge" to enable a secondary user to verify cryptographic signatures carried by the helper node's signals and then obtain the helper node's authentic link signatures to verify the primary user's signals. A key contribution in our paper is a novel physical layer authentication technique that enables the helper node to authenticate signals from its associated primary user. Unlike previous techniques for link signatures, our approach explores the geographical proximity of the helper node to the primary user, and thus does not require any training process.
A transition state model for active transport.

Abstract A transition state model of simultaneous chemical reaction and diffusion in anisotropic systems is developed. In this model the anisotropy is reflected in a non-random orientation of the reaction co-ordinates. Direct local coupling of the two processes emerges. The expected magnitude of the effect is discussed. A fundamental difficulty is discussed which points out that the direct coupling coefficients have no influence on the distribution of chemical species, but the coupling coefficients do contribute to the entropy production. Also, that part of the reaction rate caused by coupling is balanced by the diffusion flow caused by coupling.
Rapidly progressive autosomal dominant Parkinsonism and dementia with Pallido-Ponto-Nigral Gegeneration (PPND) and Disinhibition-Dementia-Parkinsonism-Amyotrophy Complex (DDPAC) are clinically distinct conditions that are both linked to 17q21-22

Genetic analysis provides specific etiologic information about disease that cannot be deduced by clinical and pathologic investigations alone. Two large families have been characterized with multi-system degeneration: rapidly progressive autosomal dominant parkinsonism and dementia with pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND) and disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC). Linkage analysis identified a locus, wld, on-17q21-22 that is responsible for DDPAC. Analysis of a PPND family shows that PPND is also due to a gene on 17q21-22. Comparison of genealogic, clinical, diagnostic, and pathologic data shows that DDPAC and PPND are distinct disorders suggesting two different mutations in wld. Literature review identifies many kindreds with multi-system degeneration that may be allelic.
Optical properties of hydrothermally synthesized hematite particulate pigments

Iron oxide hematite particles with various shapes (platelet, polyhedron, pseudocube, and peanut-like) have been synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of a Fe(OH) x O y precursor under various conditions. The size and shapeof hematite particles can be adjusted by carefully controlling the processing parameters such as holding time, temperature, and adsorption ions present in the system. The nearly monosized α-Fe 2 O 3 platelets possess face diameters of approximately 3 μm and a thickness of 0.5 μm under a scanning electron microscope. The apparent color of the particles changes as particle size and shape varies. Munsell color notation was employed to compare the color of hematite particles with various sizes and shapes. Diffuse reflectance spectra show that a "red-shift" of 40 nm is observed in platelet, pseudocube, and peanut-like particles compared with conventional particles. The band at 850 nm for the 6 A 1 → 4 T 1 transition was split in the pseudocubic and peanut-like particles. Raman spectra of the hematite particles also reveal that the vibrational modes of α-Fe 2 O 3 particles diminish as particle size decreases, and dependence of vibrational band intensity on frequency is also observed. The spectral profiles demonstrate significant difference as excitation radiation lines changes from blue (457 nm) to red (647 nm). Possible mechanisms responsible for the optical properties of hematite particles are postulated based on the findings of the experiments.
Nutritional genomics: the next frontier in the postgenomic era

The interface between the nutritional environment and cellular/genetic processes is being referred to as “nutrigenomics.” Nutrigenomics seeks to provide a molecular genetic understanding for how co...
Placental tissue levels of nonesterified polyunsaturated fatty acids in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies.

Objective. We previously reported that maternal plasma levels of nonesterified polyunsaturated fatty acids were decreased in women with preeclampsia as compared to women with normal pregnancies. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 families are essential dietary fatty acids. The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are involved in inflammatory reactions, whereas n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against inflammation. Methods. In this study, we investigated the composition of nonesterified polyunsaturated fatty acids in placental tissue of normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Linoleic (18:2) and arachidonic (20:4, AA) acids of the n-6 family and linolenic (18:3), eicosapentaenoic (20:5, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6, DHA) acids of the n-3 family were analyzed. Conclusions. We found that total concentrations of nonesterified polyunsaturated fatty acids were lower in placental tissues from preeclamptic pregnancies than from normal pregnancies. Both n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were dec...
Tumor-Derived Lactate Modifies Antitumor Immune Response: Effect on Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and NK Cells

In this study, we explore the hypothesis that enhanced production of lactate by tumor cells, because of high glycolytic activity, results in inhibition of host immune response to tumor cells. Lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A), responsible for conversion of pyruvate to lactate, is highly expressed in tumor cells. Lentiviral vector-mediated LDH-A short hairpin RNA knockdown Pan02 pancreatic cancer cells injected in C57BL/6 mice developed smaller tumors than mice injected with Pan02 cells. A decrease occurred in the frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the spleens of mice carrying LDH-A-depleted tumors. NK cells from LDH-A-depleted tumors had improved cytolytic function. Exogenous lactate increased the frequency of MDSCs generated from mouse bone marrow cells with GM-CSF and IL-6 in vitro. Lactate pretreatment of NK cells in vitro inhibited cytolytic function of both human and mouse NK cells. This reduction of NK cytotoxic activity was accompanied by lower expression of perforin and granzyme in NK cells. The expression of NKp46 was decreased in lactate-treated NK cells. These studies strongly suggest that tumor-derived lactate inhibits NK cell function via direct inhibition of cytolytic function as well as indirectly by increasing the numbers of MDSCs that inhibit NK cytotoxicity. Depletion of glucose levels using a ketogenic diet to lower lactate production by glycolytic tumors resulted in smaller tumors, decreased MDSC frequency, and improved antitumor immune response. These studies provide evidence for an immunosuppressive role of tumor-derived lactate in inhibiting innate immune response against developing tumors via regulation of MDSC and NK cell activity.
Superior and Inferior Extension of Carotid Body Tumors

Carotid body tumors typically arise at the level of the common carotid bifurcation where the carotid body exists. Superior and inferior extension beyond the carotid body may occur as well, especially if the tumor is long-standing. We herein describe a case of carotid body tumor in a patient who presented with a right-sided neck mass for 30 years. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and B-mode sonography with color-coded Doppler sonography showed a vascular tumor arising at the level of the right common carotid artery bifurcation with superior and inferior extension beyond the bifurcation. This report emphasizes the utility of computed tomography angiography (CTA) and B-mode sonography with color-coded Doppler sonography as non-invasive modalities in visualizing the extension of carotid body tumors.
Recreation and Rural Development in Norway: Nature Versus Culture

This paper explores the author's observations on the barriers, risks, and, to a greater extent, opportunities associated with natural amenity‐led or recreation‐led rural development in Norway, which others might term rural tourism. It seeks to establish an argument for a refocusing of rural amenity‐led development away from traditional “high‐amenity” areas and toward previously overlooked places, thus geographically and substantively broadening the potential for this type of development in Norway. This change in orientation seeks to avoid the tourism‐dependence that has emerged and is similar to older forms of natural‐resource extraction dependence. Finally, the paper presents two cultural contradictions of cuisine that constitute barriers to the proposed broader geographical and cultural development of recreation and tourism in rural Norway.
Solubility in Binary Solvent Systems. Part 9. Estimation of the Carbazole-Tetrahydropyran Association Constant Based Upon Mobile Order Theory

Abstract A relatively simple equation is derived from Mobile Order theory for calculating solute-solvent association constants from measured solubility data in binary solvent mixtures. The newly-derived expression was found to describe carbazole solubilities in five binary tetrahydropyran + alkane solvent mixtures to within an overall average absolute deviation of 2.5% using a single association constant. For four of the five systems studied, the calculated association constant was found to vary only slightly with inert hydrocarbon cosolvent, with the numerical values ranging from a lower limit of KAC = 5,090 for n-hexadecane to an upper value of KAC = 5,976 for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. A much larger value of KAC = 11,290 was obtained in the n-hexane + tetrahydropyran system.
Heparin Cofactor II Modulates the Response to Vascular Injury

Heparin cofactor II (HCII) has several biochemical properties that distinguish it from other serpins: (1) it specifically inhibits thrombin; (2) the mechanism of inhibition involves binding of an acidic domain in HCII to thrombin exosite I; and (3) the rate of inhibition increases dramatically in the presence of dermatan sulfate molecules having specific structures. Human studies suggest that high plasma HCII levels are protective against in-stent restenosis and atherosclerosis. Studies with HCII knockout mice directly support the hypothesis that HCII interacts with dermatan sulfate in the arterial wall after endothelial injury and thereby exerts an antithrombotic effect. In addition, HCII deficiency appears to promote neointima formation and atherogenesis in mice. These results suggest that HCII plays a unique and important role in vascular homeostasis.
Embedding Repositories: A Guide and Self-Assessment Tool

As the number of institutional repositories continues to grow, the conversation is evolving from how to establish a repository to how to make a repository integral to the operations of an institution. In an effort to create a coherent synthesis of previous studies, literature, and best practices on the topic of embedded repositories, the Joint Information Systems Committee’s Repositories Support Project has developed a free online service called Embedding Repositories: A Guide and Self-Assessment Tool. As the title suggests, this guide serves as a resource for users wanting to transform an existing repository into an integral part of an organization’s processes, systems, and culture.
Examining the Specific Contributions of Individual Arabidopsis Metallothioneins to Copper Distribution and Metal Tolerance

Metallothioneins (MTs) are small cysteine-rich proteins found in various eukaryotes. Plant MTs are classified into four types based on the arrangement of cysteine residues. To determine whether all four types of plant MTs function as metal chelators, six Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MTs (MT1a, MT2a, MT2b, MT3, MT4a, and MT4b) were expressed in the copper (Cu)- and zinc (Zn)-sensitive yeast mutants, Deltacup1 and Deltazrc1 Deltacot1, respectively. All four types of Arabidopsis MTs provided similar levels of Cu tolerance and accumulation to the Deltacup1 mutant. The type-4 MTs (MT4a and MT4b) conferred greater Zn tolerance and higher accumulation of Zn than other MTs to the Deltazrc1 Deltacot1 mutant. To examine the functions of MTs in plants, we studied Arabidopsis plants that lack MT1a and MT2b, two MTs that are expressed in phloem. The lack of MT1a, but not MT2b, led to a 30% decrease in Cu accumulation in roots of plants exposed to 30 mum CuSO(4). Ectopic expression of MT1a RNA in the mt1a-2 mt2b-1 mutant restored Cu accumulation in roots. The mt1a-2 mt2b-1 mutant had normal metal tolerance. However, when MT deficiency was combined with phytochelatin deficiency, growth of the mt1a-2 mt2b-1 cad1-3 triple mutant was more sensitive to Cu and cadmium compared to the cad1-3 mutant. Together these results provide direct evidence for functional contributions of MTs to plant metal homeostasis. MT1a, in particular, plays a role in Cu homeostasis in the roots under elevated Cu. Moreover, MTs and phytochelatins function cooperatively to protect plants from Cu and cadmium toxicity.
Divergent Effects of Different Positive Emotions on Moral Judgment.

Positive emotions are often treated as relatively similar in their cognitive-behavioral effects, and as having unambiguously beneficial consequences. For example, Valdesolo and DeSteno (2006) reported that a humorous video made people more prone to choose a utilitarian solution to a moral dilemma. They attributed this finding to increased positive affect. To determine whether such results actually stem in general from positive affect or from other more specific properties of humor, we conducted an experiment with moral dilemmas presented during an interleaved emotion-induction procedure involving mirth and another positive emotion, elevation. Mirth increased permissiveness for deontological violations, whereas elevation had the opposite effect. Furthermore, affective valence had no apparent independent influence on these judgments. Our results suggest that mirth and elevation have distinct cognitive consequences whose properties reflect their respective social functions, not their shared positive valence.
Media dependencies in a changing media environment: the case of the 2003 SARS epidemic in China:

This article investigates media dependency among Chinese individuals during the SARS epidemic of 2003. While most media dependency research has examined dependency relations under circumstances when information was readily available, this study looks at a situation in which information was highly controlled and thus was not easily available from the mainstream media. As the socio-structural environment was not conducive to the free flow of information during a major public health crisis, audience members were not only actively engaged in information seeking from alternative resources such as short message services (SMS) and the internet, but they were also involved in creating alternative information channels by being information producers and disseminators. The internet was a particularly empowering tool to allow individuals to bypass official control and to challenge official claims during the crisis.
Security, Potential, Goal Achievement, and Risky Choice Behavior

This paper develops a new model for risky choice behavior — Target Utility Theory (TUT) — that shed light on several puzzles of the decision making and financial literatures. In particular, TUT can explain the experimental evidence related to goal seeking behavior (Payne et al., 1980), preference for security/potential (Levy and Levy, 2002), and the effect of prior outcomes on risky choice behavior (Thaler and Johnson, 1990). Moreover, TUT can provide a framework to rationalize phenomena observed in the financial markets, such as the escalation of commitment (Staw, 1981), the disposition effect (Shefrin and Statman, 1985), and the increase in risk taking by investors that are obtaining below target returns (Coval and Shumway, 2005). Running a Logit model on several results of the decision making literature, I find that TUT significantly improves with respect to: Prospect Theory, Expected Utility Theory, SP/A theory, Regret Theory, and Disappointment Aversion.
Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: Infection Should Be Ruled Out in All Cases

We hypothesized that some aseptic revision total knee arthroplasty failures are indeed caused by occult infection. This prospective study recruited 65 patients undergoing revision total knee arthroplasty. The mean follow-up period was 19 months. Collected synovial fluid was analyzed by Ibis T5000 biosensor (Abbott Molecular Inc, Ill; a multiplex polymerase chain reaction technology). Cases were considered as infected or aseptic based on the surgeon's judgment and Ibis findings. Based on Ibis biosensor, 17 aseptic cases were indeed infected that had been missed. Of these 17 cases, 2 developed infection after the index revision. A considerable number of so-called aseptic failures seem to be occult infections that were not adequately investigated and/or miscategorized as aseptic failure. We recommend that all patients undergoing revision arthroplasty be investigated for periprosthetic joint infection.
HOT CARRIER EFFECTS ON JITTER PERFORMANCE IN CMOS VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS

The effects of hot carrier stress on CMOS voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO) are investigated. A model of the threshold voltage degradation in MOSFETs due to hot carrier stress has been used to model jitter in voltage-controlled oscillators. The relation between the stress time which induces the hot carrier effects due to generation of interface traps near the drain of the n-MOSFETs, and the degradation of the VCO performance is presented. The VCO performance degradation takes into consideration decrease in operation frequency and increase in jitter. The experimental circuits have been designed in 0.5 μm n-well CMOS technology for operation at 3 V. Experimental results show that after four hours hot-carrier stress the jitter is increased by 40 ps for single-ended current starved VCOs.
HIGH INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND (HIFU) TRANSDUCER CHARACTERIZATION USING ACOUSTIC STREAMING

A new, non-perturbing optical measurement technique was developed to characterize medical ultrasound fields generated by High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) transducers using a phenomenon called ‘acoustic streaming’. The acoustic streaming velocity generated by HIFU transducers was measured experimentally using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV). The streaming velocity was then calculated numerically using the finite-element method. An optimization algorithm was developed to back-calculate acoustic power and intensity field by minimizing the difference between experimental and numerical streaming velocities. The intensity field and acoustic power calculated using this approach was validated with standard measurement techniques. Results showed that the inverse method was able to predict acoustic power and intensity fields within 10% of the actual value measured using standard techniques, at the low powers where standard methods can be safely applied. This technique is also potentially useful for evaluating medical ultrasound transducers at the higher power levels used in clinical practice.
Confidence Estimation for Knowledge Base Population

Information extraction systems automatically extract structured information from machine-readable documents, such as newswire, web, and multimedia. Despite significant improvement, the performance is far from perfect. Hence, it is useful to accurately estimate confidence in the correctness of the extracted information. Using the Knowledge Base Population Slot Filling task as a case study, we propose a confidence estimation model based on the Maximum Entropy framework, obtaining an average precision of83.5%, Pearson coefficient of54.2%, and2.3%absolute improvement in F-measure score through a weighted voting strategy.
N-groups and fusion systems

We classify all saturated 2-fusion systems that are N-systems: that is those systems all of whose local subsystems are solvable, subject to one of the two possible notions of solvability. We also use the result on fusion systems to give a new proof of Thompson's theorem on N-groups; indeed we give a new proof of the theorem determining all finite groups in which all 2-locals are solvable.
Female and male visually based mate preferences are con- sistent with reproductive isolation between populations of the Lake Malawi endemic Labeotropheus fuelleborni

Sexual selection via female mate choice is thought to have played a key role in the speciation of haplochromine cich- lids, but a dominant role for visual signals in such processes has lately been called into question. In addition, the possible role of male mating preferences in haplochromine speciation has been little studied. We studied patterns of both female and male mate choice, based exclusively on visual signals, in order to evaluate potential reproductive isolation between two populations of the Lake Malawi haplochromine Labeotropheus fuelleborni. In the first experiment, females were allowed to choose between two males, one from the same population and the other allopatric with respect to the female. Females in this experiment responded more frequently to males from their own population. Similarly, the males in these trials displayed more frequently when presented with females of their own population. In the second experiment, a female was allowed to choose between two males, either both from her own population or both allopatric. In these trials, both males and females from the Katale population interacted signifi- cantly more frequently in settings in which all three individuals were from the same population ("same-population trios"), and those from the Chipoka population showed a similar trend. Thus, patterns in both male and female courtship behavior suggest that visual signals contribute to at least incipient reproductive isolation between populations of L. fuelleborni (Current Zoology 56 (1): 65-72 2010).
Structure of the Si (111) 2 × 1 Surface

A structure analysis of the Si(lll)2 × 1surface is performed using extensive new LEED data (12 beams). A modified Keating-type strain energy analysis is used to expedite search in multiparameter structural space. Although the ir-bonded chain model in its original form grossly disagrees with LEED, a modification of that structure gives a more reasonable agreement. We show variation of the R factor with various important structural parameters. Our optimization so far has given us a minimum R factor of 0.42. This is not a particularly satisfying value by LEED standards, but the agreement is significantly better than for all chain models proposed to date. The major modification with respect to the earlier models is a strong intrachain buckling in the top chain. Our optimized coordinates down to six layers are given which may be useful for future electronic structure calculations.
Etiological Role of Aging in Chronic Diseases: From Epidemiological Evidence to the New Geroscience

Over the last decades epidemiological studies identified major risk factors for chronic diseases and these led to preventive interventions that reduced the burden of cardiovascular diseases and mortality and contributed to increased longevity in the population. In the epidemiological context, aging was considered as an important “confounder”, something to factor out so that the true relationship between risk factors and health outcomes would not be misinterpreted. This approach resulted in a lost opportunity. “Adjusting for age” ignores the contribution of age as the most powerful risk factor for most diseases and the critical nuance that chronological age is only a poor approximation of biological aging. With the aging of the population, the contribution of aging to chronic diseases can no longer be downplayed. Geriatricians and gerontologists have approached this problem through the conceptualization of frailty as a diagnosable clinical syndrome characterized by marked susceptibility to stress, underlying loss of resiliency and diminished functional reserve. As research on the biology of aging in animal models progresses, the hypothesis is emerging that the phenotypes of aging and frailty may both result from a core set of mechanisms. These same mechanisms may also contribute to disease and may be modifiable with appropriate interventions. In this chapter, we propose that chronic diseases in older age and frailty both originate, at least in part, from accelerated aging, and they may mutually precipitate or exacerbate one another. We suggest that this concept has enormous translational potential and that it is consistent with the new evidence emerging from the fields of Geroscience and Precision/personalized Medicine.
The Feminization of Leadership in State Legislatures

Petracca, Mark P. 1992a. "Predisposed to Oppose: Political Scientists and Term Limitations." Polity 24 (Summer): 657-72. Petracca, Mark P. 1992b. "Rotation in Office: The American Experience." Long Term View 1 (Winter): 33-48. Petracca, Mark P. 1992c. "Rotation in Office: History of an Idea." In Limiting Legislative Terms, ed. Gerald Benjamin and Michael Malbin. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Books. Petracca, Mark P. and Darci Jump. 1992. "From Coast to Coast: The Term Limitation Express." National Civic Review 81 (Summer-Fall): 352-65. Polsby, Nelson W. 1991. "Constitutional Mischief, What's Wrong With Term Limitations." The American Prospect (Summer): 40-43. "What a Show: Term Limits Limited." 1993. Arkansas Democrat Gazette, 31 July. Whitaker, L. Paige. 1992. "The Constitutionality of States Limiting Congressional Terms." CRS Report for Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2 January. Will, George. 1992. Restoration: Congress, Term Limits, and the Recovery of Deliberative Democracy. New York: The Free Press. Wills, Garry. 1992. "Undemocratic Vistas." The New York Review of Books 39 (November 19): 28-34. About the Author
Missing data outside the detector range. II. Application to time-frequency entanglement

In a previous paper, we pointed out the problem of missing data outside the detector range for continuous-variable entanglement verification and quantum key distribution, and we provided a straightforward solution based on entropic separability criteria (as those work better than variance-based criteria). We apply that solution here to the verification of time-frequency entanglement of photon pairs, particularly to the quantum key distribution scheme proposed by Nunn et al. [Opt. Express 21, 15959 (2013)]. We find that the scheme does lead to verifiable entanglement, but that transmission noise quickly destroys the ability to verify the entanglement.
The mechanisms of plastic deformation of rapidly solidified Al3Ti and Al67Ni8Ti25 intermetallic compounds.

The dislocation structures in rapidly solidified Al3Ti with the DO22 structure and the ternary Al-25Ti-8Ni (at.%) alloy with the L12 structure deformed in compression in the temperature range of 25 to 800°C have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The room temperature deformation microstructure of the Al3Ti compound is characterized by the presence of stacking faults/order twins on {111} planes bounded by partial dislocations with Burgers vector b=1/6 gliding on {111} planes, a major fraction of which exist as dipoles. Following deformation at 300°C, there is essentially no evidence of dissociation of these dislocations, although some dissociated dislocations on (001) having b=l/2 are also observed. With an increase in temperature, there is a considerable increase in dislocation activity and strong evidence for 1/2 dissociated dislocations is present.
The clinical research on the enzymes CK, CK-MB activity of 203 cases with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

Objective: To discuss the enzymes CK, CK-MB activity of 203 cases with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia,as well as the relationship between myocardial damage. Methods: 203 cases with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia as a treatment group, 130 cases of the same period replacement of the normal newborn as a control group. To monitor the two groups before and after enzyme CK, CK-MB values, and to compare and analyze.Results: The higher the concentration of bilirubin, enzyme activity was also high, and with the decline in total bilirubin level, the myocardial creatine phosphate and cre atine kinase-MB was also gradually declining. Before and after treatment enzymogram value of the treatment group were compared, and there were significant difference (P0.05).Conclusion:Paediatricians in the treatment of clinical neonatal jaundice in children should be as routine examination enzymogram projects, to avoid children with neonatal jaundice and death due to myocardial damage.
Towards Targeted Intrusion Detection Deployments in Cloud Computing

Preventing security violation incidents or collecting dependable system audit trails for post incidents requires successfully detecting anomaly-based abnormal or intrusion activities. However, properly positioning the necessary tools for maximum detection can be inelegant and limited for systems that can be formed and destroyed on demand, such as the cloud. In this paper, we present a simplified taxonomy to aid targeted intrusion detection system deployments in cloud platforms. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we show two stealthy intrusion schemes and a preventive and adoptable detection strategy using Virtual Machine Introspection in a realistic use case scenario.
Ventilated cavities on a surface-piercing hydrofoil at moderate Froude numbers: cavity formation, elimination and stability

The atmospheric ventilation of a surface-piercing hydrofoil is examined in a series of towing-tank experiments, performed on a vertically cantilevered hydrofoil with an immersed free tip. The results of the experiments expand upon previous studies by contributing towards a comprehensive understanding of the topology, formation and elimination of ventilated flows at low-to-moderate Froude and Reynolds numbers. Fully wetted, fully ventilated and partially ventilated flow regimes are identified, and their stability regions are presented in parametric space. The stability of partially and fully ventilated regimes is related to the angle of the re-entrant jet, leading to a set of criteria for identifying flow regimes in a laboratory environment. The stability region of fully wetted flow overlaps those of partially and fully ventilated flows, forming bi-stable regions where hysteresis occurs. Ventilation transition mechanisms are classified as formation and elimination mechanisms, which separate the three steady flow regimes from one another. Ventilation formation requires air ingress into separated flow at sub-atmospheric pressure from a continuously available air source. Ventilation washout is caused by upstream flow of the re-entrant jet. The boundary denoting washout of fully ventilated flow is expressed as a semi-theoretical scaling relation, which captures past and present experimental data well across a wide range of Froude and Reynolds numbers.
Whole Cell and Chloroplast Reactions of Algal Mutants Deficient in Cytochrome F (552)

From the initial findings of HILL and coworkers (HILL & SCARISBRICK 1951, DAVENPORT & HILL 1952) on the occurrence of specific types of cytochromes in chloroplasts and the later demonstration by DUYSENS & AMESZ (1962) of the participation of cytochrome f in photosynthesis at a site somewhere between the two photosystems, specific interests have grown as to not only a more precise localization of the functional site of the cytochromes in electron transport but also to their potential role in the mechanism of photophosphorylation. A question of additional importance concerns the specific relationship between cytochrome f and other members of the electron transport chain such as plastocyanin and certain b-type cytochromes of the chloroplast. A number of methods have been employed to establish a more precise understanding of the function of cytochrome in higher plants and in a variety of green algae. We have recently isolated a number of mutants from the green alga, Soenedesmus obliquus, which are deficient of cytochrome f (552) to varying degrees and these strains have been employed in investigations on the function of this component in various partial reactions on photosynthesis.
על תרומתן של תיאוריות מודרניות להתפתחות חקר המיתוס במדעי היהדות (About the Contribution of Modern Theories to Study of Myth in Jewish Studies)

This article reviews the development of Jewish Myth Study in the transition from the twentieth century to the twenty-first century, includes reference to the complicated relationship between both main research schools active in the second half of the twentieth century: Structuralism and Post-Structuralism.The analysis of ancient texts as the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, Second Temple literature, and rabbinic literature by using Modern theories' methods, illuminate these texts in a new light, and in the same time gives opportunity to reexamine the contribution of Modern method in Jewish studies.Post-Structuralism comes out against its previous: the 'Structuralism', but not clean from criticism. For example the criticism against Deconstruction is that it does not define itself, it has no goal and it acts without intention, it just destroys concepts which are carrier the western rationality, runs radical skepticism, culminating in kind of relativism and paving the way to generalized nihilism. Although the criticism is mutual, because of the consolidation and the critical impact of the Post-Structuralist theories, it is necessary to examine the attitude of contemporary myth research in Jewish studies to the Structuralist theories from the perspective of fifty years late, and their relevance facing the theoretical development.
On the comparison of an interval Type-2 Fuzzy interpolation system and other interpolation methods used in industrial modeless robotic calibrations

This paper is an extended research for a novel technique used in the pose error compensations of the robot and manipulator calibration process based on an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy error interpolation (IT2FEI) method. Robot calibrations can be classified into model-based and modeless methods. A model-based calibration method normally requires that the practitioners understand the kinematics of the robot therefore may pose a challenge for field engineers. An alternative yet effective means for robot calibration is to use a modeless method; however with such a method there is a conflict between the calibration accuracy of the robot and the number of grid points used in the calibration task. In this paper, an interval type-2 fuzzy interpolation system used to compensate the calibration accuracy of the robot in its 3D workspace is compared with other popular interpolation methods. Simulated results given in this paper show that the IT2FET method is much better than all other methods. Not only robot compensation accuracy can be greatly improved with this method, but also the calibration process can be significantly simplified, and it is more suitable for practical applications.
Lead in the Ocean

Although marine invertebrates and fish bioaccumulate lead from seawater in proportion to its concentration in solution, dissolved lead is not very bioavailable or toxic to marine animals. Bioaccumulation of lead by mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) deployed near mine drainage in Greenland is very slow. Lead concentrations in transplanted bivalves reach concentrations present in the resident bivalves after two to three years. When the bivalves are returned to clean seawater, they release the accumulated lead very slowly. Lead accumulates outside cells, at least in invertebrates, in granules rich in carbonate. Particulate lead may be taken up into epithelial cells of the gut and possibly other tissues, such as gills and mantle, in marine mollusks. Freshwater fish also can bioaccumulate particulate lead across the gills. Lead is a natural component of marine ecosystems. It is present at low concentrations in clean seawater, sediments, and the tissues of marine plants and animals. A small fraction of the total lead in open ocean waters is associated with suspended particulate matter. In estuaries and coastal waters, concentrations of particle-associated lead often are higher than concentrations of dissolved and colloidal lead.
Russia's Economic Transitions: The Socioeconomic Framework

Territory and Population The disintegration of the Soviet Union in December 1991, and its replacement by a Russian Federation and by a “commonwealth of independent states,” had been preceded by a dramatic series of conflicts and maneuvers between two Communist leaders, Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. Already in 1989, Yeltsin had positioned himself as the main antagonist of Gorbachev and as an alternative leader. At the time, Gorbachev himself was trying to strengthen his capacity to circumvent the Soviet bureaucracy's opposition to reform, by creating an executive presidency of the USSR and by being appointed to this position. The measures were finally enacted in 1991, but Gorbachev's powers remained in fact limited. His presidential decrees were disregarded as the Union was increasingly torn apart by innumerable difficulties and conflicts. In the meantime, the powers of Yeltsin grew appreciably. He was elected as leader of the Supreme Soviet in May 1990, and then established through a Declaration of State Sovereignty ratified by the Congress of the Russian Republic the primacy of Russian law over Soviet law on its territory and, at the same time, the idea of economic sovereignty for all the other Union republics. By February 1991 he insistently called for Gorbachev to resign as president of the Soviet Union, and soon afterward, on June 12, 1991, Yeltsin succeeded in being elected president of Russia.
Erratum to: Exacerbation of blast-induced ocular trauma by an immune response.

Erratum Upon publication of the original article [1], it was noticed that the software on the Cerebral Mechanics OptoMotry system was mis-interpreted. It states “CW (right)” and “CCW (left)”, thus the individual performing the assay understood “right” to mean “right eye” and “left” to mean “left eye”, when in fact the use of the terms “right” and “left” in the software refer to the direction of the motion of the contrasting bars. The eyes that are being tested are actually the opposite. Thus the graph in Fig. 12d (and additional file 12, which has the Figure in it too) of the paper is of the contralateral rather than the ipsilateral eye to the over-pressure air-wave. Please see the below correct graph. This does not change the interpretation of the effect of this injury on the eye. The only difference is the lack of a statistically significant decrease at 14 days after injury.