cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human growth hormone-releasing hormone analogues with much improved in vitro growth hormone-releasing potencies in rat pituitary cells.

Abstract Enhancement of the amphiphilic α-helical properties of the central and C-terminal regions of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) by substitution with helix-favouring amino acids, particularly Ala, can result in significant improvements in GH-releasing potencies using monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells, a system which reflects analogue receptor affinity rather than effects of structural modifications on pharmacokinetic properties. For instance, previously reported, helix-enhanced [Ala 15 ]GRH-(1–29)NH 2 was presently 5 times more potent than [Gly 15 ]GRH-(1–29)NH 2 ] in this assay. The extent and importance of α-helical character further towards the N-terminus is less clear since Chou-Fasman probability calculations indicate also the possibility of β-bend formation in the 6–10 region. However, replacement of Asn[su8] with Ala resulted in a 4-fold improvement in potency and when this was combined with Ala 15 to give [Ala 8 , 15]GRH-(1–29)NH 2 a 15-fold increase in potency was achieved and combination of D-Ala 2 , Ala 8 and Ala 15 gave a 27-fold increase indicating that the effects of all of these modifications were additive. Computer analysis furthermore revealed that substitution of Ala for Ser in position 9 should also increase α-helix probability from 0.93 to 1.05. [D-Ala 2 ,Ala 8,9,15 ]GRH-(1-29)NH 2 was 49 times more potent than GRH itself making it by far the most potent analogue thus far reported in an in vitro assay system. The Ala 8 and Ala 9 substitutions were also effective in improving the inhibitory potency of a GRH receptor antagonist, [D-Arg 2 ,Leu 27 ]GRH-(1–29)NH 2 . [D-Arg 2 ,Ala 8,15 ]GRH-(1-2 and [D-Arg 2 ,Ala 8,9,15 ]GRH-(1–29)NH 2 displayed IC 50 values of 5.9 × 10 −8 and 1.7 × 10 −8 M, respectively, against GRH-stimulated GH release compared to an IC 50 of 2.2 × 10 7 M for the unmodified control analogue and are thus commensurate with corresponding agonist analogue potency improvements.
Immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibody B72.3 applied to a spectrum of benign and malignant breast aspirates--strengths and pitfalls.

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA) was performed on 168 breast masses. In all cases aspirates were reacted with monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3 using the ABC immunoperoxidase technique. MAb B72.3 demonstrated reactivity in nine of 90 malignant cases in which the cytologic diagnosis was not positive. In eight benign cases in which the cytopathologist made a suspicious diagnosis, MAb B72.3 demonstrated cytoplasmic reactivity in only one case. In three cytologically benign cases MAb B72.3 reacted strongly positive. The overall diagnostic accurary of this immunoperoxidase technique was approximately 95 percent. In about five to 10 percent of cases, monoclonal antibody B72.3 can be a valuable diagnostic adjunct to routine cytopathologic diagnosis. False positives present pitfalls that must be considered.
Aureomycin in pediatrics: a review.

Summary This brief review of the pharmacology, antibiotic activity, bioassay, and clinical effectiveness of aureomycin is based on a number of the reports in an already voluminous literature on this antibiotic, together with some of the experiences of the staff of the Children's Medical Center. Emphasis naturally has been placed upon the use of aureomycin in the therapy of those infections encountered in childhood. The publications of the Lederle Laboratories 212 should be consulted for a comprehensive summary of the entire literature. The majority of the reports in the literature are remarkably uniform as regards the range of clinical as well as experimental effectiveness of aureomycin. Its ready absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, freedom from serious toxic effects, and its unusual range of activity make aureomycin one of the most generally useful antibiotic available today.
Treatment of polished section data for detailed liberation analysis

Abstract A transformation equation can be used to describe the relationship between the one, two and three dimensional information regarding the composition of mineral particles of specified size. Linear or areal grade distribution f(gi) can be transformed to an estimate of the volumetric grade distribution p(g) via a transformation function H(gi|g, Nn, …), a conditional probability function. The effect of the external particle strucuture (shape) and internal grain characteristics (grade, dispersion density, and grain size distribution) on the transformation matrix have been evaluated by computer simulation of randomly oriented, irregularly shaped, multiphase particles. Volumetric grade and dispersion density (number of grains per particle) are the most important variables which influence the transformation matrix. Least square minimization of fitted functions and the Phillips-Twomey inversion technique have been used to solve the transformation equation. Three examples, a computer simulated volumetric grade distribution and two experimental depth profiles of different monosize particle samples (iron ore and copper ore), provide evidence that such an approach can be useful for detailed liberation analysis.
Lithium debris removal by sputtering and evaporation for EUV optics and applications

The selection of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light as the next generation lithography light source as been a natural progression of the development in the semiconductor industry based on past history of chip size and the projection of where chip sizes will go. The sources of EUV light convert about 1-4% of net deposited plasma energy into photons between 13-14 nm, the remaining energy generates out of band radiation and the production of highly energetic ions and neutrals in the dense hot plasma that move outwards in all directions. A fraction of these ions strike electrode surfaces, injection nozzles, and the vacuum chamber producing low-energy sputtered atoms termed debris. There are limitations to various mitigation schemes and some debris will still reach the collector optics. As such, the mechanism and ability of Li removal from the collector like optics needs to be studied and modeled to be able to provide a predictive value for lifetime of the optics. This removal can be accomplished with the presence of a secondary helium plasma which can selectively sputter lithium from the collector optic surface while providing high EUV photon transmission and have the advantage of being a nondestructive in situ cleaning method for the collector optics. This will allow development of long lasting collector optics and operating regimes in addition to expanding the knowledge base about lithium transport and interaction. First, a lithium magnetron source was developed to provide low energy lithium debris like that which is present in EUV sources. This magnetron was plasma was characterized through the use Langmuir probe analysis to yield a mapping of the temperature and density of the plasma, in addition to the ionization fraction. From here, a secondary helium plasma source was developed, employed, and studied in the same manner to also provide information on the electron density, temperature, and ionization fraction so as to accurately model and measure the deposition flux of lithium and sputter flux of helium on the sample surface. The model correlated well to experimental observations. The development of a model of simultaneous lithium deposition and evaporation in the presence of a secondary plasma held below the lithium sputtering threshold was well correlated to experimental observations. Finally, the simultaneous process of deposition, evaporation, and sputtering of lithium was modeled and corroborated with experimental observations such that no net deposition on the collector optic was measured. This lends the model to being available model was developed that can be used for predictive scenarios involving deposition, evaporation, and sputtering are undertaken. This work, while relevant for the commercial EUVL community, is relevant in physics for applications involving plasma physics, plasma material interactions, magnetron sputtering, solid metal sputtering, liquid metal sputtering, liquid metal evaporation, soft x-ray optics, and modeling of these interactions.
Changes in follicle cell morphology, ovarian protein synthesis and ovarian DNA synthesis during oöcyte maturation in Leucophaea maderae: Role of juvenile hormone

Abstract Changes in follicle cell morphology were correlated with changes in rates of protein synthesis and DNA synthesis by the ovary during ovarian maturation in Leucophaea maderae. During the vitellogenic period of oocyte development, which lasts approx, 15 days, morphological changes in the follicle cells are accompanied by moderate rates of ovarian protein synthesis and rapid rates of ovarian DNA synthesis. At approx. 15 days after mating, the shape of the follicle cells changes from cuboidal to squamous, ovarian DNA synthesis is arrested, and ovarian protein synthesis increases slightly. During the final period of oocyte development, which lasts approx, two days, the interfollicular channels between the follicle cells have disappeared and the squamous follicle cells, which contain an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, deposit a chorion around the mature oocyte. These morphological changes are accompanied by a radical increase in ovarian protein synthesis, while ovarian DNA synthesis remains arrested. Immediately before ovulation, ovarian protein synthesis starts to decline, reaching a minimal level 24 hr post-ovulation. Ovarian maturation is dependent on the presence of juvenile hormone (JH) only during the vitellogenic stage of oocyte development. Decapitation of insects at any point during the first 10 days after mating arrests the synthesis of DNA and retards the synthesis of protein by the ovary, resulting in degeneration of the oocyte. Subsequent injection of JH restores both events to normal levels within 72 hr. Decapitation on or after the tenth day following mating does not alter normal oocyte development, chorion deposition, ovulation or egg case formation. Primary induction of protein synthesis in ovaries from virgin females can be achieved by either an in vivo or in vitro exposure of the tissue to JH, thus confirming a site of action for JH to be ovarian tissue. Electrophoretic analysis of the soluble proteins from JH-exposed ovaries in vivo reveals that JH stimulates general protein synthesis, rather than the synthesis of a specific major protein such as vitellogenin.
Energy engenderment: An industrialized perspective assessing the importance of engaging women in residential energy consumption management

Abstract This study assesses gender role and participation in energy utilization at the residential household level in an advanced industrial country setting. Two hundred and twenty one (221) standardized surveys of single-family residential households in San Antonio, Texas – the seventh largest city in the United States of America – are collected and used as a test case. The objective is to highlight the role of women in improving household energy efficiency. By coupling the behavioral and analytical sciences, studies such as this one provide better insight for the effective deployment of targeted energy efficiency programs that can benefit both households and municipalities while reducing impact on environmental resources. Study conclusions highlight 80% higher per capita consumption in female dominant households versus male dominant households ( p =0.000) driven by approximately double the gas consumption in female-headed households ( p =0.002), and 54% more electric usage ( p =0.004). The higher use in female dominant homes is examined through the socio-demographic impacts of education, income, vintage of home occupied and size of home occupied. The theoretical framework and test case presented in this study promote the need for market segmented energy efficiency initiatives that better engage women in energy demand-side management in industrialized populated cities.
DISPERSAL OF MERCURY-CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS BY GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES, SIXMILE CANYON, NEVADA, USA: IMPLICATIONS TO SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND REMEDIATION OF FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENTS

The discovery of the Comstock Lode near Virginia City, Nevada, in 1859 resulted in the construction of more than 30 stamp-mills along Sixmile Canyon and its tributaries to process the gold and silver ore. Extraction of the precious metals from the ore was accomplished using a crude mercury (Hg) amalgamation process. As a result, a substantial quantity of Hg was released along with tailings materials to this tributary of the Carson River. During the past 134 years, Hg-contaminated sediments have been eroded from the mill sites and transported downstream by fluvial processes, thereby expanding the influence of Hg pollution. Geomorphic and geochemical data have been combined in this study to document the distribution, quantity, and physical dispersal of Hg-contaminated materials from Sixmile Canyon to the Carson River. These data show that the influx of Hg to the Carson River has varied through time as a function of the erosional and depositional processes operating on the Sixmile Canyon Alluvial Fan located between the canyon and the Carson River channel; relatively high influx rates to the river occurred immediately after mining began and from approximately 1933 to 1948. Hg-polluted sediments are located within discrete areas of the fan and comprise about 21 % of the total active and relict fan surface. Mass balance calculations estimate that about 31,500 kg of Hg, 18,200 oz of An, and 1,205,800 oz of Ag are contained within 710,700 m3 of contaminated materials. If site remediation is conducted, extraction of An and Ag, which is worth about $12 million at current market prices, would greatly defray the costs of clean-up activities. The study also illustrates that the effects of Hg may be temporally and spatially displaced from the period and location of milling activities. Thus, we conclude that to accurately assess the site for remediation, an understanding of the spatial and temporal variations in geomorphic dispersal processes is required.
Parallel gain enhancement technique for switched-capacitor circuits

This paper presents a unified classification model for gain enhancement techniques used in the design of high performance amplifiers. A parallel gain enhancement technique is proposed for switched capacitor circuits which combine the best features of the existing gain enhancement techniques found in continuous-time and discrete-time amplifiers. This technique utilizes two dependent closed loop amplifiers to enhance the open loop DC gain of the main amplifier. This replicated parallel gain enhancement (RPGE) technique enables a very high DC gain amplifier with an improved harmonic distortion performance. A proof of concept pipeline ADC in a 0.18 um CMOS process using RPGE technique achieves 75 dB SNDR, 91 dB SFDR, -87 dB THD at 20 MS/s. The measured 13 bit DNL and INL is +0.75/-0.36 and +0.88/-0.92 LSB respectively. The ADC operates from a supply voltage of 1.3 V, consumes 5.9 mW, occupies 3.06 mm2 and achieves a figure of merit of 65 fJ/CS.
Investigations on Putative Zebra Chip Tolerant Potato Selections

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) has emerged as a devastating pathogen of solanaceous and other vegetable crops. In potato, Lso is the causative agent of zebra chip (ZC) disease, which threatens production in North and Central America and New Zealand. Lso has caused significant economic losses to the potato industry in Texas since the emergence of the disease in 2000. Presently, disease control relies on pesticide applications, but efforts are under way to identify plant resistance. The objective of this work was to validate the most promising cultivars identified as potentially resistant or tolerant to ZC from previous field trials in different Texas locations and in multiple years. An important component of the study was the development of protocols to effectively evaluate resistance or tolerance. Results show that, while none of the tested cultivars displayed resistance against ZC, differences in susceptibility among them were confirmed. Results also demonstrated the importance of performing cage trials in which vector and disease pressure can be controlled.
Eye tracking data understanding for product representation studies

Within the mechanical engineering discipline, product representation studies have been used to inform engineers on the suitability of their product designs for prospective customers. However, these studies are mainly based in customers' oral responses leading engineers to modify the product design accordingly. In contrast, we consider the eye tracking data associated with customer judgments of 2D and 3D product representation studies. Eye tracking data contains unforeseen facts and patterns not captured through customers' oral responses. In this research, we conduct data analysis and present a set of features for analyzing similar eye tracking studies. These features include (1) question-based analysis, (2) question and category dependencies, (3) product and category dependencies, (4) gender impact and (5) experiment repeatability situations. In addition, a brief comparison of the 2D and 3D product representation experiments is described for each feature.
Reactivity-adjusted VOC measurements by Airtrak: A feasibility study

Measurements of ozone precursors are essential to the understanding of ozone−precursor relationships in urban and rural areas. The feasibility of carrying out reactivity-adjusted VOC measurements using the Airtrak instrument has been investigated by modeling simulations and experiments. To quantitatively relate VOC to an ambient measurement of SP (smog produced), SP−VOC relation ships have been derived by simulating flow-mode experiments performed using an Airtrak instrument. It has been found that, when the airstream contains only VOC and NO and the NO concentration is constant, the relationship between SP and VOC concentrations can be represented by a quadratic polynomial. This has been demonstrated both by flow-mode experiments and through model simula tions. Because the response time in the photolytic chamber is approximately 30 min, any fine structure in the VOC concentrations is smoothed out, but time-averaged (e.g., 1 h average) concentrations agree well with inlet concentrations. To apply this met...
Death? Be Proud! The Ironic Effects of Terror Salience on Implicit Self‐Esteem

Using a variety of approaches and an array of methodologies, research has shown that mortality salience enhances people's self-esteem. In line with previous work on terror management theory, the current study tested the hypothesis that when mortality salience is high, implicit self-esteem (ISE) is, paradoxically, more positive than when mortality salience is low. Participants were given an implicit measure of self-evaluation either before or after completion of a series of terrorism-related questions. As predicted, participants who completed the terrorism questionnaire first exhibited significantly more positive ISE than did those who completed it second. Ironically, it seems that implicitly, people may feel better about themselves in the face of terrorist attacks designed to demoralize them.
Predicting Newspaper Readership on the Campus Community

The objective of this study was to examine newspaper readership on one college campus. Use of other media, too busy with work or class, and usefulness of local talk radio were significant predictors of daily newspaper readership for 313 students, 48 faculty, and 41 staff.
Interpolation Using the Discrete Pascal Transform

We present new techniques for performing upsampling and interpolation on discrete-time signals using the Pascal transform. These methods can be classified into two general categories: global interpolation and local interpolation by windowing. Global interpolation fits the entire signal to one continuous polynomial, which is evaluated to fill in the intermediate points. Local interpolation chooses only a subset of the signal to fit to a polynomial of lower degree, and the position of the window is shifted so as to eventually cover the entire signal. We will compare the global and local methods of Pascal interpolation to a more common technique that uses the Fourier transform.
An Intervention for Moving Long Overdue Women To Get a Mammogram.

Background: While there is substantial evidence that mammography screening decreases breast cancer mortality, as many 15 million American women are overdue for a biennial mammogram. This pilot study addressed the usefulness of a computer-assisted telephone counseling program in motivating reluctant or resistant women to get a mammogram.Methods: 127 women, aged 45-79, enrolled in primary care practices and without a documented mammogram for >=27 months were identified, approved by providers and eligible for study. All women had adequate health insurance and all had received a screening recommendation from their provider. The intervention included a mailed educational booklet followed by tailored counseling call, motivational interviewing and facilitated short-interval test scheduling. Using a computer-assisted telephone counseling program, the counselor identified the subject9s stage of readiness to get a mammogram, reviewed the booklet in detail, clarified any misinformation and discussed specific barriers. At the conclusion of counseling, the counselor used motivational interviewing techniques to reconcile subjects9 stated values with their stage of readiness. Outcome measures included stage change and completed mammograms within 12 months of the call as documented in the claims data.Results: Of the 127 eligible women, 45 (35%) agreed to counseling. 11% of these women had never had a mammogram, 7% had not had one in 48-59 months; 62% had not had one in>=60 months. At the start of the call, 11% had decided not to get mammograms, 16% were undecided about whether to get one, 44% were planning to get one but had no specific appointment and 4% had a mammogram appointment. Of these 45 women, 73% moved 1 or more stages closer to getting a mammogram. Of 13 women initially not planning to get a mammogram, 3 scheduled a mammogram and 3 stated an intention to get one. 75 % of women who scheduled a mammogram with the counselor went on to complete the test. 58% of the 45 counseled women actually got a mammogram. Of the 82 eligible women who refused to be in the study or did not respond to the telephone calls, only 21% got a mammogram. (57.8% vs. 21.3%, p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6076.
Computational modeling of jet induced mixing of cryogenic propellants in low-G

The SOLA-ECLIPSE Code is being developed to enable computational prediction of jet induced mixing in cryogenic propellant tanks in a low-gravity environment. Velocity fields, predicted for scale model tanks, are presented which compare favorably with the available experimental data. A full scale liquid hydrogen tank for a typical Orbit Transfer Vehicle is analyzed with the conclusion that coupling an axial mixing jet with a thermodynamic vent system appears tobe a viable concept for the control of tank pressure. Previously announced in STAR as N84-25000
Association Free Energy of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylserines in a Mixed Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Membrane

Blood coagulation is strongly dependent on the binding of vitamin K-dependent proteins to cell membranes containing phosphatidylserine (PS) via γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domains. The process depends on calcium, which can induce nonideal behavior in membranes through domain formation. Such domain separation mediated by Ca2+ ions or proteins can have an important contribution to the thermodynamics of the interaction between charged peripheral proteins and oppositely charged membranes. To characterize the properties of lipid-lipid interactions, molecular dynamics, and free energy simulations in a mixed bilayer membrane containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine were carried out. The free energy of association between dipalmitoylphosphatidylserines in the environment of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholines has been calculated by using a novel approach to the dual topology technique of the PS-PC hybrid. Two different methods, free energy perturbation and thermodynamic integration, were used to calculate the free energy difference. In thermodynamic integration runs three schemes were applied to evaluate the integral at the limits of λ → 0 or λ → 1. Our studies show that the association of two PSs in the environment of PCs is repulsive in the absence of Ca2+ and becomes favorable in their presence. We also show that the mixed component membrane should exhibit nonideal behavior that will lead to PS clustering.
Prevalence of Dry Methods in Granite Countertop Fabrication in Oklahoma

Granite countertop fabricators are at risk of exposure to respirable crystalline silica, which may cause silicosis and other lung conditions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of exposure control methods, especially wet methods, in granite countertop fabrication in Oklahoma to assess how many workers might be at risk of overexposure to crystalline silica in this industry. Granite fabrication shops in the three largest metropolitan areas in Oklahoma were enumerated, and 47 of the 52 shops participated in a survey on fabrication methods. Countertop shops were small businesses with average work forces of fewer than 10 employees. Ten shops (21%) reported using exclusively wet methods during all fabrication steps. Thirty-five shops (74%) employing a total of about 200 workers reported using dry methods all or most of the time in at least one fabrication step. The tasks most often performed dry were edge profiling (17% of shops), cutting of grooves for reinforcing rods (62% of shops), and...
Clinical and immunological correlates of leukemia cutis in childhood

Clinical features of three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia complicated by leukemia cutis are described. All three patients appeared to have null cell disease, in contrast to adult cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases which are generally T-cell disorders. Morphologically normal bone marrow specimens from one of these patients plus an additional four patients with isolated extramedullary relapses were also studied and found to be reactive to antisera defining leukemia associated antigens and/or human Ia-like antigens during six of eight relapse episodes. Such data may imply the need for systemic as well as local therapy when "isolated" extramedullary relapse occurs.
BRST quantization of topological field theory.

The canonical quantization of the topological field-theory model $\ensuremath{\int}{M}^{}F\ensuremath{\wedge}B$, proposed by Horowitz, is examined through the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin approach. With this approach we have a manifestly covariant description of a certain class of topological quantum field theories. However, if $M$ in the present model is any orientable four-dimensional manifold, one would end up with different theories when different polarizations are chosen. Therefore a restriction $M={R}^{1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, as pointed out by Horowitz, is required for consistency.
Obesity, Fat Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease

Lipoproteins of the Sf 12-100 class, representing only about 10 to 15 per cent of the serum cholesterol, are strongly associated with atherosclerosis. The major independent contributions to this association are from the Sf 12-20 lipoproteins and the Sf 35-100 lipoproteins. The Sf 20-35 lipoproteins are primarily associated by virtue of their intercorrelation with the other classes. Obesity is moderately associated with the Sf 35-100 and definitely, but to a lesser degree, with the Sf 12-20. The association of obesity with total serum cholesterol is so low as to obscure the stronger association with the Sf 35-100 lipoproteins. The relationship of the Sf 12-100 lipoproteins with obesity may be adequate to explain the major share, if not all, of the association of obesity with atherosclerosis. The control of obesity should therefore be a prime consideration in the management of atherosclerosis and its complications.
Self-control and impulsiveness in children and adults: Effects of food preferences

Experiment 1 used 6 preschool boys and Experiment 2 used 6 adult women to explore the effects of food preference on humans' choice in self-control paradigms. The boys showed a higher proportion of responses for more delayed, larger reinforcers (a measure of self-control) when those choices resulted in receipt of the most preferred food compared to when those choices resulted in the least preferred food. Further, the boys chose the less delayed, smaller reinforcers significantly more often when only those choices, as opposed to both choices, resulted in the most preferred food. Conversely, they chose the more delayed, larger reinforcers significantly more often when only those choices, as opposed to both choices, resulted in the most preferred food. Finally, the women demonstrated significantly less sensitivity to reinforcer amount relative to sensitivity to reinforcer delay (another measure of self-control) when they had a higher preference for the juice received as the less delayed, smaller reinforcer than for the juice received as the more delayed, larger reinforcer. Together, the results show that subjects' food preferences can influence self-control for food reinforcers.
Reversible Platypnea and Orthodeoxia Following Recovery From Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Platypnea and orthodeoxia developed during an episode of adult respiratory distress syndrome in a previously healthy individual. An outstanding feature of the patient's illness was the development of numerous pneumatoceles secondary to necrotizing pneumonia. These abnormalities spontaneously improved with improvement of the underlying parenchymal lung disease.
Sports, Music, Entertainment and the Destination Branding of Post-Fordist Detroit

Post-Fordist cities have increasingly converted former industrial areas into tourist entertainment districts. Events that can generate tourism income, spur the transformation of event cities into cities of culture, and help reinforce a city's brand have also been used to reinvent so-called post-industrial difficult areas. This downtown tourism and entertainment strategy has been utilized in Detroit, the best-known difficult area in the US. This paper examines the sports and music components of Detroit's plan to address economic and social challenges stemming from deindustrialization, disinvestment, and decentralization. To foster economic growth and improve the city's persistently poor image, Detroit has redeveloped its downtown into an entertainment district anchored by two sports stadia and focused on landing sports mega events. This development, which mirrors that undertaken by other cities, is part of its long-term strategy for dealing with blight and its image problems. Detroit also has belatedly foc...
Pressure vessels with edge zone yielding

Abstract Solutions are obtained for the one-time pressurization and heating of a thin shell of revolution composed of a nonlinear elastic material and clamped to a rigid ring. The usual “edge effect” approximate equations are used. A bilinear moment-curvature relation is considered which indicates that, before the collapse pressure indicated by limit analysis is reached, significant yielding occurs in a narrow edge zone, within the usual “edge zone”, for materials with low strain hardening. With the assumption that such an edge zone generally occurs, a simple approximate solution is obtained for any prescribed moment-curvature relation, such as that obtained for a real material after the interaction with the direct stress is taken into consideration. The analysis should be of utility for vessels made of materials of moderate ductility for which failure occurs at the edge region at a pressure less than the collapse pressure.
Influence of time-dependent rates of mass transfer on the kinetics of domain growth.

Although there is a growing consensus as to the universality of domain growth kinetics in quenced systems, discrepancies remain among theory, experiments, and simulations. We identify a major discrepancy between the three---the time dependence of mass transfer kinetics. We show that this discrepancy can be resolved in Monte Carlo simulations of domain growth. Our results strengthen the emerging consensus that systems having a nonconserved order parameter obey Lifshitz-Allen-Cahn growth kinetics in the asymptotic scaling limit.
Impact of Gate-Aperture Overlap on the Channel-Pinch Off in InGaAs/InGaN-Based Bonded Aperture Vertical Electron Transistor

A unipolar transistor consisting of an In0.53Ga0.47As (InGaAs) channel and a III-Nitride (III-N)-based drain-region with a maximum on-current of 192 mA/mm is reported. This unique device is realized by employing wafer-bonding to a current aperture vertical electron transistor and is referred to as a wafer-bonded aperture vertical electron transistor (BAVET). An In0.52Al0.48As/InGaAs layer-stack is used for the gate-barrier and channel regions, while the aperture, current-blocking-layer (CBL) and drift regions are part of the III-N layer structure. This letter investigates the factors affecting the off-characteristics of a BAVET by varying the overlaps of the gate-CBL (LGO) and gate-aperture (LGA) regions. A dual-functionality of modulating the channel and providing a field-plate effect is realized using the LGO and LGA parts of the gate, respectively. We report that the improvement in channel-pinch off is a stronger function of LGA than it is of LGO. A weak pinch off in the InGaAs channel is shown to be the consequence of impact-ionization leading to channel-breakdown, and using a gate-aperture overlap dramatically improves both the pinch off and off-state-breakdown in BAVETs.
Fingerprint Matching Using Correlation and Thin-Plate Spline Deformation Model

One of the difficulties for fingerprint matching lies in the non-linear distortion between fingerprint images originating from same finger. In this paper we present a modification of correlation matching method, which uses thin-plate spline (TPS) as a model for non-linear transformations between two fingerprints. The TPS model is constructed first from the results of a traditional minutia matching algorithm, and by using this model one of the fingerprints is deformed to match the other. After the TPS transformation the correlation scores between the local neighborhood areas of corresponding minutiae pairs and the edges that connect neighboring matched minutiae pairs are calculated and used for final matching score. The FVC2002 DB1 database is used to test the proposed approach. Experimental result shows the improvement when combining TPS deformation model with correlation matching method.
CODBLAM IV chemotherapy for large cell lymphoma: sequential use of infusional vincristine and bleomycin and "high dose" consolidation.

Background. Based on prior results in large cell lymphoma (LCL) with COPBLAM (Cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, Prednisone, Bleomycin, Adriamycin, Matulane) I and COPBLAM III, CODBLAM (Cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, Dexamethasone, Bleomycin, Adriamycin, Matulane) IV was developed to intensify treatment further by utilizing four sequential cycles of infusional chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and cycle active agents. Methods : Sixty-one patients with LCL, mostly B-cell lymphoma, with 54% >60 years of age, were treated with daily continuous infusion of vincristine 1.0 mg/m 2 days 1-2, bleomycin 4 mg/m 2 i.v. push X I only followed by daily infusion 4 mg/m 2 days 1-5, dexamethasone 10 mg/m 2 days 1-5, procarbazine 100 mg/m 2 orally days 1-5, doxorubicin 35 mg/m 2 i.v. push day I (escalated), and cyclophosphamide 350 mg/m 2 i.v. push day I (escalated), all given every 3 weeks for four cycles. After infusions, patients were restaged and treated with single courses ofdoxorubicin 90 mg/ m 2 i.v. push followed at 3 weeks with cyclophosphamide 1500 mg/m 2 i.v. push (both with concomitant vincristine I mg/m 2 i.v. push and dexamethasone 10 mg/m 2 p.o. daily for 5 days). Remaining treatment consisted of methotrexate 120 mg/m 2 i.v. push with citrovorum rescue, cytarabine 250 mg/m 2 i.v. push, and etoposide 100 mg/m 2 i.v. infusion over 1 h, all given every 10 days for six cycles. Results: The overall complete response (CR) rate was 88%. Of all patients, 36 (59%) are sustained disease free at a median follow-up time of55 months. In patients age ≤60 years, 89% achieved CR and 85% of patients age >60 years attained CR. CR was achieved in 83% of patients with constitutional B-type symptoms, 69% of patients with bulky adenopathy, and 86% of patients with immunoblastic histology. Toxicity was primarily pulmonary, occuring in 15% of patients. One toxic death was observed. Conclusions: Infusional CODBLAM IV may represent an effective and unique treatment for LCL.
Reasoning-and-proving in algebra: The case of two reform-oriented U.S. textbooks

Abstract This research study examined students’ opportunities to engage in reasoning-and-proving (RP) within exposition and task components of two U.S. reform-oriented secondary algebra textbooks. There were statistically significant differences between the two textbooks in terms of the percentage of tasks coded as RP and statistically significant differences in the percentages of tasks devoted to RP across different algebra topic areas within each textbook. Differences also appeared in the role of technology in RP within both textbooks. While this study is focused on two U.S. algebra textbooks, broader recommendations will be made on textbook design with regard to RP. Moreover, the framework presented in this study provides researchers and teachers with tools to examine RP in textbooks and enacted classroom lessons.
A parametric study on mass diffusion coefficient of desiccants for dehumidification applications: Silica aerogels and silica aerogel coatings on metal foams

A separate sensible and latent cooling air-conditioning system integrated with a solid desiccant-based dehumidification device provides potential energy savings as compared to a conventional vapor compression system. Silica aerogels are hygroscopic materials that are deployed as solid desiccants for dehumidifying devices, such as an enthalpy wheel. These hygroscopic materials are highly porous and have good moisture adsorption and desorption characteristics due to the microstructure. Mass diffusivity is an important parameter that relates to the rate of the adsorption or desorption process in silica aerogels. The current study is focused on the evaluation of the mass diffusivity of solid silica aerogels and silica aerogel coatings on metal foam substrates. The porous structure of silica aerogels affects the mass diffusion coefficients. The synthesis process to manufacture the silica aerogels causes the porous structure to differ and thus impacts the mass diffusivity. The sol-gel process is used to prepare...
Diatoms provide attachment sites for other diatoms: a natural history of epiphytism from southern California

Abstract Large epiphytic and epilithic diatom species were observed to act as substrata for other diatoms at freshwater, brackish and marine sites in southern California, USA. The most commonly encountered examples involved species that form long filaments attached to rocks or macroalgae. Biddulphia biddulphiana, B. tridens, Odontella aurita, Triceratium pentacrinus f. quadrata and Trigonium arcticum were commonly observed hosts in marine sites. Brackish water examples were Bacillaria paxillifer, Melosira varians, Pleurosira laevis and Terpsinoe musica, and Hydrosera whampoensis and P. laevis provided attachment sites in freshwater habitats. These large diatoms had other diatoms attached, usually to the girdle bands or to flat or concave surfaces of the valve face and mantle. Occasionally, the mucilage pads connecting the cells served as substrata for small epiphytic diatoms. The attached flora comprised several unrelated genera of centric and pennate diatoms, both raphid and araphid. Thus, large epiphyti...
Factors That Contribute to Economic Well-Being in Female-Headed Households

ABSTRACT This study assesses factors associated with female heads of households maintaining income levels above 100% of the federal poverty threshold. All women in the sample are single, divorced, separated or widowed, with children in the home, and none on public assistance. The data for the study are from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), with a sample size of 670. The dependent variable, a dichotomous measure of whether the female head has an income over 100% of the federal poverty level, is regressed on human capital, assets, and child support variables using logistic regression analysis. Women with higher education, greater number of weeks worked in the previous year, more money in a savings account and who owned a car were all significantly more likely to have incomes above 100% of the federal poverty level. Child support payments were not significant in determining poverty level. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of current economic and political uncerta...
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for child anxiety confers long-term protection from suicidality.

Objective Evidence for an independent relationship between anxiety and suicidality has been mixed. Few studies have examined this relationship in youth seeking treatment for anxiety. The present study examined the relationship between response to treatment for an anxiety disorder in childhood and suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts at a follow-up interval of 7 to 19 years. We hypothesized that successful treatment for an anxiety disorder in childhood would be protective against later suicidality. Method The present study was a 7- to 19-year (mean = 16.24 years; SD = 3.56 years) follow-up study. Adults (N = 66) completed cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for anxiety as children. Information regarding suicidality at follow-up was obtained via the World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II). Results Results indicate that participants who responded favorably to CBT during childhood were less likely to endorse lifetime, past-month, and past–2-week suicidal ideation than treatment nonresponders. This was consistent across self-report and interview-report of suicidal ideation. Treatment response was not significantly associated with suicide plans or attempts, although the infrequent occurrence of both limited the ability to detect findings. Conclusion Results suggest more chronic and enduring patterns of suicidal ideation among individuals with anxiety in childhood that is not successfully treated. This study adds to the literature that suggests that successful CBT for childhood anxiety confers long-term benefits and underscores the importance of the identification and evidence-based treatment of youth anxiety.
Filling the Gaps in Data and Methods for Public Health Services and Systems Research (PHSSR)

Introduction: The goal of aligning the delivery of public health and medical care services so as to achieve population-wide improvements in health status is not new. Yet the urgency to achieve greater alignment has increased as the prevalence of costly and preventable diseases and injuries grows, and as incentives for health care system redesign take hold through Affordable Care Act implementation. The science of public health services and systems research (PHSSR) can leverage this opportunity for change by bringing data together from public health and health care systems to support a holistic and integrated learning health system that maximizes the value of new data streams. Issue Overview: This joint issue of eGEMs and Frontiers in PHSSR displays the viewpoints of diverse authors to enhance the types and sources of data that are available to understand and improve population health, and to integrate these data where possible. Four primary themes emerge from the papers: (1) the vision and strategy needed to support the role of data and methods in advancing population health in the United States; (2) the need to improve the infrastructure required to understand public health financing and organization; (3) the importance of making early, meaningful use of health information technology (IT) to achieve these goals; and (4) the need for new approaches and partners to improve measurement strategies and assess population health. Next Steps and Considerations for the Field : eGEMs and Frontiers in PHSSR hope that, over time, this literature will continue to grow, identifying opportunities for multidisciplinary teams to work with communities and address common priorities that fill in existing information gaps such as those identified in the special issue.
THE MECHANISM OF ROOT PRESSURE AND ITS RELATION TO SAP FLOW

The important role played by osmotic pressure in plants is well recognized. Plant physiologists assume that osmotic pressure in the peripheral cells of the root is in some way connected with the process by which sap is continuously supplied to the xylem vessels, and the complex conditions controlling the movement of water from the soil through the root to the vessels are passed over by the use of the phrase "root pressure." Most of us are familiar with the contributions of Dixon, supported by the rather brilliant work of Renner, that water passes through the roots to the leaves because the leaves tend to dry out due to water being abstracted from them by evaporation, resulting in the water in the vessels passing into a state of tension, which is transmitted equally in all directions. This condition obtains unless root pressure or atmospheric pressure or both is forcing water up the stem more rapidly than it evaporates. The cohesion theory of sap flow has received much attention and has been supported by considerable evidence. Transpiration or growth appears to produce an increase in the "saturation deficit" (Renner) or " incipient drying" (Livingston) in the exposed leaf cell walfs which is followed by a corresponding increase in the saturation deficit in all the cells abutting upon the intercellular spaces of the leaf. Dixon points out that this condition is a sufficient cause for the entrance of water into the root and its passage through the root periphery. Renner has shown that the waterabsorbing power of the root is directly related to the saturation deficit in the leaves above, and that the root's absorbing power appears to be directly referable to the tendency of the exposed cell walls of the root to dry out on account of passage of water to other parts of the plant. According to his view, during transpiration the root is rendered flaccid and therefore able to absorb water, although root pressure and passive absorption may under certain conditions work in combination. Dixon holds that the entry of water into the root depends upon the gradient of pressure as we pass from the outside of the root to the inside of the tracheae, there being a fall of pressure due to the continuous water all the way up the stem to the leaves; thus the flow of water up the highest trees is due to the evaporation and condensation produced by the difference between the vapor pressure in the soil spaces and that obtaining around the
MULTISOLITON INTERACTIONS AND WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Multisoliton interactions are studied with an asymptotic expansion of the N-soliton solution in the limit of large frequency separation between the channels. In this limit the spectral distortion is small and the peak frequency shift of a channel is the sum of pairwise shifts as a result of interaction with other channels. These results, derived for collisions among an arbitrary number of channels, will be useful in estimating the limits on the minimum channel spacings and packet sizes for a wavelength-multiplexed optical communication system.