cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Urban Sensing Applications Using Event and Network-Driven Mobile Phone Location Data

In this paper we address the use of mobile phone location data to build urban sensing applications. In the past decade, several research works have proposed the use of different types of location data from the telecommunication network to characterise people mobility in the city. Thus, several applications to infer urban dynamics where proposed. However, different papers have used different types of mobile phone location data, making it is difficult to understand whether a particular dataset provided by a telecom operator is indeed effective for a specific urban sensing application. In this paper we address this issue by comparing the quality of the insights extracted from different types of mobile phone location data, with specific reference to two urban sensing applications: people count by location, and people flow between locations. Experiments executed on a real dataset provided by a telecom operator in Belgium show the advantages of using network-driven mobile phone location data (collected regardless on whether people are using their phone) compared to the widely used Call Detail Records.
On the analysis of hybrid designs that combine group‐ and individual‐level data

Ecological studies that make use of data on groups of individuals, rather than on the individuals themselves, are subject to numerous biases that cannot be resolved without some individual-level data. In the context of a rare outcome, the hybrid design for ecological inference efficiently combines group-level data with individual-level case-control data. Unfortunately, except in relatively simple settings, use of the design in practice is limited since evaluation of the hybrid likelihood is computationally prohibitively expensive. In this article we first propose and develop an alternative representation of the hybrid likelihood. Second, based on this new representation, a series of approximations are proposed that drastically reduce computational burden. A comprehensive simulation shows that, in a broad range of scenarios, estimators based on the approximate hybrid likelihood exhibit the same operating characteristics as the exact hybrid likelihood, without any penalty in terms of increased bias or reduced efficiency. Third, in settings where the approximations may not hold, a pragmatic estimation and inference strategy is developed that uses the approximate form for some likelihood contributions and the exact form for others. The strategy gives researchers the ability to balance computational tractability with accuracy in their own settings. Finally, as a by-product of the development, we provide the first explicit characterization of the hybrid aggregate data design which combines data from an aggregate data study (Prentice and Sheppard, 1995, Biometrika 82, 113-125) with case-control samples. The methods are illustrated using data from North Carolina on births between 2007 and 2009.
BREAST CANCER SURVIVAL RATES AMONG SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS AND NON-SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS

Survival rates were compared among 282 Seventh-day Adventists and 1675 other white female cancer cases following diagnosis during the 30-year period, 1946 to 1976, at two California hospitals owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The Adventist women had a more favorable 5-year relative survival pattern than the other women (69.7% vs. 62.9%) as well as a higher probability of not dying of breast cancer. The differences, however, were no longer significant when stage at diagnosis was taken into account. It seems likely that the lower breast cancer death rates reported among Seventh-day Adventist women as compared with the general population result in part from better survival patterns due to earlier diagnosis and treatment.
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of atropine to prevent vasovagal reaction during removal of femoral arterial sheaths.

Study Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of atropine in preventing vasovagal reactions (VVRs) during removal of femoral arterial sheaths after diagnostic left heart catheterization. Design. Prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Setting. University-affiliated, 450-bed teaching hospital. Patients. One hundred sixty-five patients undergoing left heart catheterization. Interventions. Eighty-eight patients were assigned to receive atropine 0.5 mg intravenously and 77 received placebo 5 minutes before sheath removal. Measurements and Main Results. The frequency of VVRs was significantly reduced in the atropine group compared with the placebo group, 2.3% and 10.4%, respectively (overall relative risk in the atropine group 0.22, 95% Cl 0.12-0.41, p=0.03). Significant decreases in systolic (35.2 ± 5.8 mm Hg, p<0.001) and diastolic blood pressures (12.6 ± 12.6 mm Hg, p=0.002) occurred in the 10 patients with VVRs compared with those without VVR. No cardiac arrhythmias occurred after atropine administration. Dry mouth was the only side effect reported with atropine (8/88, 9%). Conclusion. Atropine significantly reduced the frequency of VVRs associated with removal of femoral arterial sheaths after diagnostic left heart catheterization. The drug should be studied in a larger series of patients to assess its ability to decrease the morbidity and costs associated with VVR.
The role of role: learning in longitudinal integrated and traditional block clerkships

Medical Education 2012: 46:698–710 Context Traditional block clerkship (BC) structures may not optimally support medical student participation in the workplace, whereas longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC) structures seem more conducive to students’ active engagement in patient care over time. Understanding the ways in which these two clerkship models influence students’ roles and responsibilities can inform clinical learning programme design. Methods This was a multicentre qualitative study. We conducted semi-structured interviews with LIC and BC medical students at three institutions early and late in the core clinical year to explore their experiences with patients and the roles they served. Using the framework of ‘workplace affordances’, qualitative coding focused on students’ roles and qualities of the learning environment that invited or inhibited student participation. We compared transcripts of early- and late-year interviews to assess students’ changing roles and conducted discrepant case analysis to ensure that coding fit the data. Results Fifty-four students participated in interviews. They described serving three major roles in clinical care that respectively involved: providing support to patients; sharing information about patients across health care settings, and functioning in a doctor-like role. Both LIC and BC students served in the providing support and transmitting information roles both early and late in the year. By contrast, LIC students commonly served in the doctor-like role in managing their patients’ care, particularly late in the year, whereas BC students rarely served in this role. Continuity in settings and in supervisors, and preceptors’ endorsement of students’ legitimate role afforded opportunities for students to participate actively in patient care. Conclusions Although both LIC and BC students reported serving in important roles in supporting their patients and sharing information about their care, only LIC students consistently described opportunities to grow into a doctor role with patients. The high level of integration of LIC students into care systems and their deeper relationships with preceptors and patients enhanced their motivation and feelings of competence to provide patient-centred care.
Fully differential cross sections for low-energy electron-impact ionization of nitrogen molecules

Currently there is no accurate theoretical approach available for treating fully differential cross sections (FDCS) for low-energy electron-impact ionization of large molecules. For high incident energies, the plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) generally yields good agreement with experimental data. In this paper, the distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA) is used to calculate FDCS for low-energy electron-impact ionization of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. To perform the necessary average over all molecular orientations, we propose an orientation average (OA) approximation. Although the DWIA results represent an improvement over the PWIA for intermediate energies, an improved theory is necessary for lower energies. However, the OA approximation will greatly simplify the evaluation of improved theories for lower energies.
The primary structure of rat ribosomal protein S13

The covalent structure of the rat 40S ribosomal subunit protein S13 was deduced from the sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cDNA and confirmed from the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein. Rat S13 contains 150 amino acids (the NH2-terminal methionine is removed after translation of the mRNA) and has a molecular weight of 17,080. Hybridization of a S13 cDNA to digests of nuclear DNA suggests that there are 8-10 copies of the gene for the protein. The mRNA for the protein is about 620 nucleotides in length. Rat S13 is related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae YS15 and to Halobacterium marismortui S11. The protein contains a possible internal duplication of 12 residues.
Immunospecific binding of capped mRNA of reovirus by an antibody to a cap structure; m7G(5′)pppGm

Abstract Antibody specific for m 7 G(5′)pppGm was elicited in rabbits. Binding of capped RNA by the antibody and specificity of the binding were assessed by radioimmunoassay using capped and uncapped mRNA of reovirus. More than 50% of capped mRNA, whereas less than 2% of uncapped mRNA were bound by the antibody. The ratios of the amount of competitor to that of m 7 G(5′)pppGm required for 50% inhibition of binding of capped mRNA was 1; 180; 430; 28,600; and 114,000 for m 7 G(5′)pppG, G(5′)pppGm, G(5′)pppG, yeast tRNA and rabbit rRNA respectively. Poly(A) showed no competition. By immunoaffinity chromatography, a 15-fold enrichment of capped mRNA was attained from the mixture of the RNA in a vast excess of rRNA.
Strategic alignment of information quality management: problems and challenges

This paper focuses on the problems and challenges one faces when aligning management of information quality with different strategies and theories of operations. Such an alignment may change the focus, scope, and priorities in assessing how information quality and related risks impact results and subsequently change managing information quality. Strategic decisions are usually of irreparable even irreversible consequences, what requires articulation of additional distinctions in this domain. They will be assessed by the pragmatic material consequences of the difference in results with regard to the purpose of operations, a subject of natural semantics.
Behavioral and Electrophysiological Indices of Memory in Typically Developing and Hypoxic‐Ischemic Injured Infants

Behavioral and electrophysiological indices of memory were examined in 12-month-old typically developing control infants (CON) and infants with history of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) across 2 days. Using a visual paired comparison (VPC) procedure, novelty preference was tested immediately after a familiarization period and then after delays of 2 min and 24 h. Both groups showed a significant novelty preference only for the no-delay condition. On day two, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while infants viewed the VPC familiar face, a more recently familiarized face, and a novel face, and mean amplitude for components thought to reflect memory (positive slow wave, PSW) and attention (negative central, Nc) were computed. In temporal regions, HII showed a diminished Nc and enhanced PSW to the recently familiarized face, while CON showed a similar trend for the PSW only. Overall, infants showed the largest PSW over left scalp regions. Finally, a positive correlation between VPC novelty preference after 24 h and PSW was found in CON, and preliminary results suggest that this association differs as a function of group. Therefore, in comparison with CON, HII showed both similarities and differences on individual tasks of memory as well as potentially disparate relations between the behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying memory performance.
OR Forum-The Beginnings of Operations Research: 1934-1941

This paper, the first in a series on the history of operations research and management science, traces the scattered beginnings of operations research from World War I up to the activities in Britain before and during the early months of World War II.
Pancreatic surgery. A paradigm for progress in the age of the bottom line.

The past few decades have seen great change in the capabilities of medical care. The next decade will emphasize great change in its delivery, driven mainly by the necessity of containing costs presently running at more than 13% of the gross national product. The current perception is that two of the principal causes of the excessive cost of medical care in the United States are the price of new technology and the fact that much of the care rendered is by specialists. In fact, most surgical care can be rendered by general surgeons, and the coming changes will revitalize the demand for and self-esteem of general surgeons. Managed care will recognize this by using general surgeons and keeping patients "down on the farm," a line drawn from the World War I era song entitled "How can you keep them down on the farm after they've seen Paree?" But some things
A new approach to measuring time-lags in technology licensing: study of U.S. academic research institutions

This paper contributes to measurement of licensing performance of U.S. research institutions by suggesting an approach for identifying time-lags in the licensing process. Licensing is a multi-state process starting with a disclosure, and resulting in intermediate outcomes such as patents, licensing agreements, and licensing income. The time duration among these variables is critical in understanding which investment is responsible for which outcome. This study develops a statistic procedure estimating time-lag coefficients among licensing variables using an unstructured regression model (OLS). The procedure is applied to 46 U.S. academic research institutions using the licensing survey data from 1991 to 2007 by Association of University Technology Manager. The results present individual time-lag relationships between each pair of licensing variables.
Regulated expression of active biotinylated G-protein coupled receptors in mammalian cells.

Abstract We have developed a mammalian expression system suitable for the production of enzymatically biotinylated integral membrane proteins. The key feature of this system is the doxycycline (dox)-regulated co-expression of a secreted variant of Escherichia coli biotin ligase (BirA) and a target protein with a 13-residue biotin acceptor peptide (BioTag) appended to its extracellular domain. Here we describe the expression and functional analysis of three G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): protease-activated receptors (PARs) 1 and 2, and the platelet ADP receptor, P2Y12. Clonal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) Tet-On cell lines that express biotinylated GPCRs were rapidly isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting following streptavidin–FITC staining, thereby circumventing the need for manual colony picking. Analysis by Western blotting with streptavidin–HRP following endoglycosidase treatment revealed that all three GPCRs undergo N-linked glycosylation. The expression of biotinylated GPCRs on the cell surface was regulated by the concentration of dox in the medium, reaching a maximum at approximately 1 μg/mL dox. Similarly, the extent of GPCR biotinylation was dependent on biotin concentration, with maximum and complete biotinylation achieved upon supplementation with 50 μM biotin. Biotinylated PAR1 and PAR2 were readily and specifically cleaved on the surface of intact cells by their cognate proteases, and were capable of transducing extracellular stimuli, resulting in the downstream phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Notably, P2Y12 mediated agonist-induced ERK phosphorylation only when it was expressed at low levels on the cell surface, highlighting the utility of regulated expression for the production of functionally active GPCRs in mammalian cells.
RIGOR MORTIS AND THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM SALTS UPON ITS DEVELOPMENT

Calcium salts hasten and magnesium salts retard the development of rigor mortis, that is, when these salts are administered subcutaneously or intravenously. When injected intra-arterially, concentrated solutions of both kinds of salts cause nearly an immediate onset of a strong stiffness of the muscles which is apparently a contraction, brought on by a stimulation caused by these salts and due to osmosis. This contraction, if strong, passes over without a relaxation into a real rigor. This form of rigor may be classed as work-rigor (Arbeitsstarre). In animals, at least in frogs, with intact cords, the early contraction and the following rigor are stronger than in animals with destroyed cord. If M/8 solutions-nearly equimolecular to "physiological" solutions of sodium chloride-are used, even when injected intra-arterially, calcium salts hasten and magnesium salts retard the onset of rigor. The hastening and retardation in this case as well as in the cases of subcutaneous and intravenous injections, are ion effects and essentially due to the cations, calcium and magnesium. In the rigor hastened by calcium the effects of the extensor muscles mostly prevail; in the rigor following magnesium injection, on the other hand, either the flexor muscles prevail or the muscles become stiff in the original position of the animal at death. There seems to be no difference in the degree of stiffness in the final rigor, only the onset and development of the rigor is hastened in the case of the one salt and retarded in the other. Calcium hastens also the development of heat rigor. No positive facts were obtained with regard to the effect of magnesium upon heat vigor. Calcium also hastens and magnesium retards the onset of rigor in the left ventricle of the heart. No definite data were gathered with regard to the effects of these salts upon the right ventricle.
Streamside herbaceous vegetation response to hydrologic restoration on the San Pedro River, Arizona

Recovery of physical conditions and processes is increasingly emphasized in ecosystem restoration. We examined a restoration project aimed at recovery of groundwater levels and base flows on an undammed desert river. We sampled streamside plant communities and hydrology annually (2003–2008) at six restoration sites at two farms (Three Links Farm and HE streamside vegetation at H&E Farm differed from target conditions according to most measures. Hydrology is a key factor shaping desert streamside plant communities. However, single river sites may respond differently to hydrologic restoration. Contrasts in site response were likely due to differences in hydrogeomorphic context, exacerbated by drought. Understanding the constraints on restoration response is critical for setting realistic restoration goals and anticipating time frames of ecosystem change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as source signatures in receptor modeling

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as organic tracers and to demonstrate how their atmospheric chemical reactivity can be incorporated into a chemical mass balance (CMB) model. PAH signatures were characterized for three combustion sources; residential wood combustion, gasoline spark ignition emissions and diesel engine emissions. The ability to source-differentiate using PAH signatures was tested with a numerical simulation program. Signatures with nine different PAH ranging from benzanthracene to coronene and two smaller groups with four PAH were used. Normalized PAH signatures gave better results than un-normalized signatures. It was possible to distinguish between three sources when a minor source contributed more than 10% of the total. The resulting CMB model was evaluated with ambient data from three different studies for which PAH data existed, and receptor modeling had been undertaken using other tracers. Very reasonable results were obtained. PAH reactivity can strongly influence predicted source contributions under warm daytime conditions.
Influence of Coolant Feed Direction and Hole Length on Film Cooling Jet Velocity Profiles

Measurements were taken of the exit velocity and turbulence intensity distributions for film cooling holes fed from a narrow plenum above the middle jet in a row of five jets using hot-wire anemometry. Parameters varied in the experiments included the length-to-diameter ratio of the holes, the coolant-to-mainstream blowing ratio, the angle of inclination of the holes, and the plenum flow direction, which was either in the same direction as, or opposite to, the mainstream. Flow visualization within the film cooling holes and in the plenum revealed large secondary flow structures that affected the jet exit velocity distributions. The exit velocity profiles for short holes had “peaky” signatures associated with jetting in the upstream portion of the 35° holes and in the downstream portion of the 90° holes. For the longer holes, the exit velocity profiles were more uniform. Crossflow boundary layer fluid was found to enter into the film cooling holes in some short hole configurations. The coolant feed direction affects the details of the flow separation at the hole entrance and within the hole, and consequently influences the jet exit velocity profile. These effects are most pronounced for higher blowing ratios.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Determination of the perpendicular penetration depth in superconducting thin films from the observation of nonuniform supercurrent flow.

By observing the nonuniform supercurrent density in wide superconducting thin films with a tunneling technique, we determine the perpendicular penetration depth lambda/sub p/ of the film. lambda/sub p/ has the predicted dependence on normalized temperature T/T/sub c/ and on sheet resistance R/sub D'Alembertian/, but is a factor of 1.5 to 2 larger than expected theoretically, even when strong electron-phonon coupling is taken into account.
Optimal temporal scale for the correlation of AOD and ground measurements of PM2.5 in a real-time air quality estimation system

Abstract Aerosol optical depth (AOD), an indirect estimate of particulate matter using satellite observations, has shown great promise in improving estimates of PM 2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm) surface. Currently, few studies have been conducted to explore the optimal way to apply AOD data to improve the model accuracy of PM 2.5 in a real-time air quality system. We believe that two major aspects may be worthy of consideration in that area: 1) an approach that integrates satellite measurements with ground measurements in the estimates of pollutants and 2) identification of an optimal temporal scale to calculate the correlation of AOD and ground measurements. This paper is focused on the second aspect, identifying the optimal temporal scale to correlate AOD with PM 2.5 . Five following different temporal scales were chosen to evaluate their impact on the model performance: 1) within the last 3 days, 2) within the last 10 days, 3) within the last 30 days, 4) within the last 90 days, and 5) the time period with the highest correlation in a year. The model performance is evaluated for its accuracy, bias, and errors based on the following selected statistics: the Mean Bias, the Normalized Mean Bias, the Root Mean Square Error, Normalized Mean Error, and the Index of Agreement. This research shows that the model with the temporal scale: within the last 30 days, displays the best model performance in a southern multi-state area centered in Mississippi using 2004 and 2005 data sets.
INTERACTION OF DISLOCATIONS WITH GRAIN BOUNDARIES

Dislocations interact with grain boundaries during yielding, creep, and recrystallization. It will be assumed that the dislocation model for grain boundary structure is valid generally. Consequently, Burgers vectors are conserved and dislocation lines can end only on other dislocations or free surfaces. The following phenomena will be considered : (1) grain boundary dislocation sources, (2) movement of a dislocation in and through a grain boundary dislocation network, (3) transmission of a crystal lattice dislocation across a grain boundary, (4) absorption of dislocations and "core spreading". Energetic and kinetic aspects of each interaction will be discussed and related to experimental observations and grain boundary phenomena.
PHASE OF ALPHA BRAIN WAVES, REACTION TIME AND VISUALLY EVOKED POTENTIALS.

Abstract A reaction time study was conducted in which twenty subjects were asked to respond to single flashes of light by closing a response switch as quickly as possible. The flashes were presented during six different phase intervals of alpha waves to determine whether reaction times would be related to alpha phase, thus reflecting changes in cortical excitability. Reaction times were found to be reliably faster when the stimulus light was flashed during certain portions of the alpha wave, thus supporting the hypothesis of an excitability cycle being related to the alpha wave. Inked plots of the resulting averaged visually evoked potentials yielded a complex wave consisting of eight distinct components in the first 300 msec of the response. Only two of these components correlated positively and significantly with reaction time. The peak delay of the earliest and most highly correlated of the two components was used as a measure for the interval of time required for the volley initiated by the flash to have reached the cortex and the neural integration necessary for “perception” to have occurred. When the alpha phase during which the light was flashed was corrected by this amount (57 msec), fastest mean reaction times were found to fall on a surface negative phase of the wave while the slowest fell on a positive phase.
Low-temperature properties and localization effects in amorphous thin films of W-Re

W-Re amorphous films have been prepared with thicknesses ranging from 30 to 1000 \AA{} and with the concentration of Re between 30 and 70 at.%. The influence of thickness and related atomic disorder on the superconducting and transport properties has been studied. In particular, both the decrease of the superconducting transition temperature with increasing ${R}_{\ensuremath{\square}}$ and the low-field magnetoresistance are adequately described by the relevant theories of Maekawa and Fukuyama and Larkin based on the localization effect. We have also shown that the W-Re system is dominated by a strong spin-orbit effect and that $e\ensuremath{-}e$ interaction effects are responsible for the low-temperature logarithmic increase of the resistance for low-${T}_{c}$ samples.
Mitochondrial quality control: insights on how Parkinson’s disease related genes PINK1, parkin, and Omi/HtrA2 interact to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis

Alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis have been implicated in the etiology of Parkinson disease (PD) as demonstrated by human tissue studies, cell culture and in vivo genetic and toxin models. Mutations in the genes encoding PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Omi/HtrA2 and parkin contribute to rare forms of parkinsonian neurodegeneration. Recently, each of these proteins has been shown to play a normal role in regulating mitochondrial structure, function, fission-fusion dynamics, or turnover (autophagy and biogenesis), promoting neuronal survival. Here, we review the biochemical mechanisms of mitochondrial protection conferred by each of these PD associated gene products in neurons, neuronal cell lines and other cell types. Potential molecular interactions and mitoprotective signaling pathways involving these three PD associated gene products are discussed in the context of mitochondrial quality control, in response to increasing levels of mitochondrial damage. We propose that PINK1, Omi/HtrA2 and parkin participate at different levels in mitochondrial quality control, converging through some overlapping and some distinct steps to maintain a common phenotype of healthy mitochondrial networks.
Effect of Pressure on the Electrical Resistance of Metals at Liquid Helium Temperatures

The effect of pressures up to 5000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ on the electrical resistance of polycrystalline copper, silver, gold, and platinum and on single crystals of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth has been measured at liquid helium temperatures. The pressures were generated by a piston and cylinder arrangement using solid hydrogen as the pressure transmitting medium.
Identification of pattern languages from examples and queries

Abstract Patterns are words over an alphabet of constants and variables. New words are created from a pattern as sstrings of constants are substituted for the variables of the pattern. In this paper we investigate the inductive inference of patterns from positive data and quaries, from a complexity-theoretic point of view. Using results from combinatorics on words, we give simple but nontrivial sufficient conditions on the set of the initial examples that guarantee the identification of a unique pattern by making only polynomially many quaries. Counterexamples are also provided to show that the conditions are necessary.
Network construction with subgraph connectivity constraints

We consider the problem introduced by Korach and Stern (Mathematical Programming, 98:345---414, 2003) of building a network given connectivity constraints. A network designer is given a set of vertices $$V$$ and constraints $$S_i \subseteq V$$ , and seeks to build the lowest cost set of edges $$E$$ such that each $$S_i$$ induces a connected subgraph of $$(V,E)$$ . First, we answer a question posed by Korach and Stern (Discrete Applied Mathematics, 156:444---450, 2008): for the offline version of the problem, we prove an $$\varOmega (\log n)$$ hardness of approximation result for uniform cost networks (where edge costs are all $$1$$ ) and give an algorithm that almost matches this bound, even in the arbitrary cost case. Then we consider the online problem, where the constraints must be satisfied as they arrive. We give an $$O(n\log n)$$ -competitive algorithm for the arbitrary cost online problem, which has an $$\varOmega (n)$$ -competitive lower bound. We look at the uniform cost case as well and give an $$O(n^{2/3}\log ^{2/3} n)$$ -competitive algorithm against an oblivious adversary, as well as an $$\varOmega (\sqrt{n})$$ -competitive lower bound against an adaptive adversary. We also examine cases when the underlying network graph is known to be a star or a path and prove matching upper and lower bounds of $$\Theta (\log n)$$ on the competitive ratio for them.
Hydroxylation of HIF-1: oxygen sensing at the molecular level.

The ability to sense and respond to changes in oxygenation represents a fundamental property of all metazoan cells. The discovery of the transcription factor HIF-1 has led to the identification of protein hydroxylation as a mechanism by which changes in Po2 are transduced to effect changes in gene expression.
New recursive VLSI architectures for forward and inverse discrete cosine transform

New recursive VLSI architectures for arbitrary length discrete cosine transform (DCT) and inverse DCT (IDCT) are presented. Compared with previous methods, the proposed approach saves N-1 adders but requires one additional delay element for the DCT implementation, and saves (N/2) multipliers for the IDCT. The reduction in elements results from identifying common computations in the processing that generates the transform components.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comment on ‘‘Determination of elastic constants of a concrete specimen using transient elastic waves’’ [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98, 2142–2148 (1995)]

A practical method for the measurement of stress wave velocities in concrete structures is analyzed. Attention is drawn to the fact that caution should be used when estimating the material elastic constants from such results, since elastic moduli values calculated from wave velocities are inappropriate for concrete. Suggestions for the improvement of the experimental technique for wave velocity measurement in concrete are subsequently offered.
Coronary artery disease: new insights into the pathophysiology, prevalence and early detection of a monster menace.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and other industrialized countries. In the undeveloped world a similar epidemic is brewing. A new pathophysiologic paradigm has emerged, which assigns the mediators of inflammation a much larger role in the disease process. This paradigm has helped explain the unpredictable nature of many adverse consequences of CAD. The long latent phase of the disease, and often sudden initial presentation, make efforts at early detection extremely important. Considerable work has been devoted to identify, as well as influence, predisposing risk factors for developing arteriosclerosis. Novel markers of inflammation, like C-reactive protein, have been identified and compared to traditional risk factors. In addition, new imaging modalities introduce the possibility of screening for subclinical disease. Electron beam and multidetector computed tomography (CT) scanners, as well as other techniques, are emerging as powerful tools to detect early disease presence and allow intervention to take place before major clinical events occur. Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of CAD, and our ability to image the stages of silent disease will go hand in hand to revolutionize our approach to prevention and treatment of this deadly malady.
IL-8/CXC ligand 8 survives neonatal gastric digestion as a result of intrinsic aspartyl proteinase resistance

The human fetus and neonate swallow biologically significant quantities of IL-8/CXC ligand 8 (CXCL8) in amniotic fluid and breast milk, and this remains measurable through simulated neonatal gastric and proximal intestinal digestions. We sought to confirm the structural and functional integrity of IL-8/CXCL8 in digestates and determine the mechanisms underlying this protease resistance. We observed that in comparison with BSA, IL-8/CXCL8 is highly resistant to pepsin and can be detected intact in assays for structural, immunologic, and functional integrity. In a computational molecular docking simulation, IL-8/CXCL8 was observed to fit poorly in the pepsin active site. On the basis of simulated mutation analyses, we hypothesized that this protease resistance is due to disulfide bond-related tertiary folding in IL-8/CXCL8. This was confirmed on chemical reduction of these groups.
Moisture–convection feedback in the tropics

This paper discusses the large-scale moisture–convection feedback in the tropics, where spatial fluctuations of deep convection cause perturbations of free-tropospheric moisture which, in turn, affect the spatial distribution of deep convection. A simple heuristic argument using the timescale of free-tropospheric humidity change explains why moisture–convection feedback is particularly relevant for tropical intraseasonal oscillations. The large-scale dynamical context for moisture–convection feedback is investigated in idealized rotating constant-sea-surface-temperature (‘tropics everywhere’) aquaplanet using cloud-resolving convection parametrization (CRCP; super-parametrization) and a traditional convective parametrization (the Emanuel scheme). The large-scale organization of convection within the equatorial waveguide takes the form of MJO-like (Madden–Julian Oscillation) coherent structures. First, CRCP simulations are performed in which development of large-scale free-tropospheric moisture perturbations is artificially suppressed using relaxation with a timescale of one day. As in previous simulations where much shorter relaxation timescale was used, MJO-like coherences do not develop and, if already present, they disintegrate rapidly. Second, CRCP simulations that start from planetary-scale moisture perturbation in the free troposphere are conducted. The ensuing large-scale velocity perturbations have e-folding times of five and seven days, respectively, for interactive and prescribed radiation simulations. This supports the conjecture that interactive radiation enhances moisture–convection feedback; an enhanced large-scale circulation results from differences in radiative cooling between areas having enhanced and suppressed convectively-generated moisture and cloudiness. Additional support for the role of moisture–convection feedback in intraseasonal oscillations is seen in simulations that apply the Emanuel scheme. The standard configuration of the Emanuel scheme is insensitive to free-tropospheric humidity and results in weak MJO-like coherences. A simple modification of the Emanuel scheme that enhances its sensitivity to free-tropospheric humidity dramatically improves the simulated MJO-like coherences. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The in vitro elution characteristics of vancomycin from calcium phosphate-calcium sulfate beads.

The purpose of this study was to determine the elution characteristics of vancomycin when combined with a calcium phosphate−calcium sulfate mixture to form antibiotic beads in an in vitro environment. The beads were placed in phosphate-buffered saline and kept at 36°C for 6 weeks. Three separate assays were undertaken, after which the phosphate-buffered saline was assayed at 24-hour intervals. Elution of the antibiotic was sustained at a gradual rate for 22 days. The amount of vancomycin assayed nearly equaled the calculated amount of antibiotic per bead measured during bead construction. In conclusion, calcium phosphate−calcium sulfate composite beads, when combined with vancomycin, elute vancomycin in a gradual and sustained fashion for 22 days in vitro. Level of Clinical Evidence: 2
Intersubunit and Domain Interactions of the Meprin B Metalloproteinase DISULFIDE BONDS AND PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS IN THE MAM AND TRAF DOMAINS

Meprins, multimeric metalloproteases expressed in kidney and intestinal epithelial cells as well as in certain leukocytes and cancer cells, have the ability to hydrolyze a variety of growth factors, vasoactive peptides, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins. The meprin B isoform exists primarily as a cell-surface homooligomer composed of disulfide-linked, multidomain beta-subunits. To gain insight into how the tertiary and quaternary structure of meprin B affects function, the disulfide-bonding pattern and sites of domain-domain interactions were investigated using sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, cross-linking, and mass spectrometry techniques. Three symmetrical intersubunit disulfide bonds were identified in the noncatalytic interaction domains; two in the MAM (meprin, A-5 protein, protein-tyrosine phosphatase mu) domain and one in the TRAF (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor) domain. These disulfide bridges are unique for the known homophilic interactions of these domains. Mutation of any of the intersubunit cysteine residues resulted in the inability of meprin B to form disulfide-linked dimers. The four cysteines of the protease domain formed intradomain disulfide bonds. The MAM domain also had one intradomain disulfide bond and one free cysteine. Cross-linking studies of the meprin B dimer with the amine-reactive cross-linker disuccinimidyl suberate revealed inter- and intradomain contacts within the protein, including prosequence-prosequence, protease-TRAF, protease-epidermal growth factor, and TRAF-TRAF interactions. From these observations, a model of the meprin B dimer structure is proposed that provides insight into the relationship between structure and function of this isoform.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF WATER‐RAKING ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF CRANBERRIES

The practice of "water-raking" cranberries-that is, of flooding the bog and "raking" or "scooping" up the berries as they float on or near the surface of the water-is prevalent among many of the Wisconsin cranberry growers. This practice has raised the question of the effect of the more or less prolonged submergence on the keeping quality of the berries. It is often asserted that "water-raked" cranberries do not keep well. Many growers believe that even the flooding of a bog to prevent frost injury to the ripening fruit has a detrimental effect on their keeping quality. On the other hand, it is claimed bv others that water-raked berries keep as well as dry-raked if properly handled. No previous work on water-raking in relation to the keeping quality of cranberries has been done. Accordingly a series of observations was made to secure evidence as to the occurrence of injury which may be properly attributed to water-raking, the causes of injury, the conditions under which it may occur, and how it may be eliminated or reduced. The work was done in Wisconsin during the cranberry-picking seasons of the years I9I8 and I9I9. In I9I8 field observations were followed by counting tests of berries in storage at Chicago, Ill., and Minneapolis, Minn.
Linkages between delayed children's social interactions with mothers and peers.

The social dimensions of family–peer linkages of 4- to 6-year-old children (N=63) with developmental delays (IQ range, 50–80) were examined in this study. Hierarchical regressions revealed consistent and meaningful patterns of association relating children's influence attempts directed toward their mothers and their interactions with peers. A similar association with peer interactions was found for children's ability to obtain compliance from their mothers. Evidence suggested the existence of a core behavioral pattern that children exhibit with different partners and in different contexts. The role of horizontal forms of parent–child interactions in promoting the peer relationships of children with delays was suggested, particularly in terms of an intervention approach for this group of children.
Specific chromosomal control of the nucleolus and of the cytoplasm in wheat.

Abstract The effect on nucleolar and cytoplasmic growth of increased and decreased doses of various of the chromosomes of hexaploid wheat was studied. Removal of pairs of strong nucleolar chromosomes or of either arm of nucleolar chromosomes was found to have little or no effect on nucleolar volume, nucleolar dry mass, or cytoplasmic dry mass, or cytoplasmic RNA content. With respect to numbers of nucleoli produced, normally latent nucleolar chromosomes can compensate for almost 100 per cent of the nucleolar activity of a missing pair of strong nucleolar chromosomes. Cells tetrasomic for non-nucleolar chromosomes do not differ significantly from the normal in nucleolar volume, nucleolar dry mass, or cytoplasmic dry mass. On the other hand, cells tetrasomic for the strong nucleolar chromosomes show significant increases (about 50 per cent) in nucleolar volume, nucleolar dry mass, cytoplasmic dry mass, and cytoplasmic RNA content. Cells tetrasomic for the strong nucleolar chromosomes, but missing one pair of non-nucleolar chromosomes, so that the total chromosome number is the same as in normal cells, behave as regular tetrasomics for these nucleolar chromosomes. In the microsporocyte tissue studied, both nucleolar and cytoplasmic protein synthesis and cytoplasmic RNA content is under specific nucleolar chromosomal control. The increase in cytoplasmic mass may result from the increase in nucleolar mass, increase in the products synthesized by the nucleolus, or an increase in general nuclear RNA and protein brought about by the increased dose of nucleolar chromosomes. The increase in cell mass resulting from additional nucleolar chromosomes may have important implications in respect to the mitotic index.
One hundred intracranial meningiomas found incidentally at necropsy.

The literature is replete with reports of brain tumors that have produced symptoms and have been verified either at operation or at necropsy. However, little information has been collected on any series of asymptomatic similar lesions found incidentally at necropsy that was large enough to warrant statistical study. With this in mind we undertook to analyze 300 asymptomatic, unsuspected, and, hence, undiagnosed brain tumors found incidental to necropsy at the Mayo Clinic in the years 1939 to 1954 inclusive. These tumors included astrocytomas, ependymomas, oligodendrogliomas, medulloblastomas, meningiomas, neurilemmomas, vascular neoplasms, sarcomas, cholesteatomas, paraphyseal cysts, xanthomas of the choroid plexus, and chordomas. Metastatic lesions, pituitary adenomas and tumors associated with von Recklinghausen's disease were not considered in this series. Silent lesions occurring as part of a multiple-tumor complex of similar microscopic type, in which one of the tumors produced symptoms, likewise were not included. Gross specimens and microscopic sections were carefully reviewed and, when necessary, additional sections of representative portions were made to insure proper diagnosis. From this group of 300 tumors 100 meningiomas, representing 10.3 per cent of all the brain tumors, symptomatic and asymptomatic, found at necropsy in the years 1939 through 1954, were selected for further study. None of the patients afflicted with these tumors had had symptoms referable to the meningiomas and, at no time, was the presence of a tumor suspected clinically.
An appreciation of Christiane Groeben: the correspondence between Charles Darwin and Anton Dohrn

Anton Dohrn was introduced to Darwinism by Ernst Haeckel during his student years at Jena, and became an eager disciple of Charles Darwin’s work. He founded the Stazione Zoologica in 1872. Darwin became a patron of Dohrn’s Stazione, and the two naturalists corresponded regularly. This article discusses their relationship and the contributions of Christiane Groeben to its elucidation.
The rate of drying determines the extent of desiccation tolerance in Physcomitrella patens

The effect of differential drying rates on desiccation tolerance in Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. is examined. In order to provide more evidence as to the status of desiccation tolerance in P. patens, a system was designed that allowed alteration of the rate of water loss within a specific relative humidity. An artificial substrate consisting of layers of wetted filter paper was used to slow the drying process to as long as 284h, a significant increase over the commonly used method of exposure (saturated salt solution). By slowing the rate of drying, survival rates and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters improved, and tissue regeneration time was faster. These results indicate a trend where the capacity for desiccation tolerance increases with slower drying, and reveal a much stronger capacity for desiccation tolerance in P. patens than was previously known.
Genetic engineering of Enterobacter asburiae strain JDR-1 for efficient d (−) lactic acid production from hemicellulose hydrolysate

In the dilute acid pretreatment of lignocellulose, xylose substituted with α-1,2-methylglucuronate is released as methylglucuronoxylose (MeGAX), which cannot be fermented by biocatalysts currently used to produce biofuels and chemicals. Enterobacter asburiae JDR-1, isolated from colonized wood, efficiently fermented both MeGAX and xylose in acid hydrolysates of sweetgum xylan. Deletion of pflB and als genes in this bacterium modified the native mixed acid fermentation pathways to one for homolactate production. The resulting strain, Enterobacter asburiae L1, completely utilized both xylose and MeGAX in a dilute acid hydrolysate of sweetgum xylan and produced lactate approximating 100% of the theoretical maximum yield. Enterobacter asburiae JDR-1 offers a platform to develop efficient biocatalysts for production of fuels and chemicals from hemicellulose hydrolysates of hardwood and agricultural residues.