cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selection of and evasion from cytotoxic T cell responses in the central nervous system.

Publisher Summary Cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for the clearance of noncytopathic viruses from infected cells. This chapter discusses one mechanism used by viruses to persist—namely, the selection of a variant virus in which changes in the sequence of a CTL epitope abrogate recognition. The unique features of cytotoxic CD8 T cell function in the central nervous system (CNS) are discussed. The role of CTL escape mutants in the viral evasion of the immune system and subsequent disease progression in non-CNS infections are summarized. The immune response in the CNS is similar to the response in extraneural tissue, but several aspects of the activation of the immune response, cellular trafficking, and antigen presentation are unique to the CNS. Although the CNS has classically been considered a site of immune privilege, surveillance of the normal CNS by circulating, activated lymphocytes occurs, with a limited number of lymphocytes being present in the normal CNS at any given time. In mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus and in some humans persistently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type1, hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus, CTL escape mutants play an important role in virus amplification and disease progression.
Five English‐Spanish/Spanish‐English Dictionaries

The dictionaries reviewed in this article are the Appleton's New Cuyas…, revised in 1972; Cassell's…, revised in 1978; Collins…, 1st edition in 1971; Diccionario moderno…Larousse, revised in 1976, and the Simon and Schuster's International…, 1st edition in 1973. These dictionaries, all presently in print in the United States, are one volume, table‐top or hand‐size dictionaries, each containing more than 1,000 pages.
Web-based survey of visual symptoms reported by Apache aviators using the integrated helmet and display sighting system (IHADSS)

A web-based study was conducted to determine the continuing presence and frequency of visual complaints reported by pilots using the monocular Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) helmet-mounted display (HMD) of the AH-64 Apache helicopter. A total of 216 pilots responded to the survey, which addressed areas of visual symptoms experienced during and/or after flight, helmet fit, and acoustics. Ninety-two percent of the pilots responding to the survey reported at least one visual symptom. The most frequently reported symptom for both during and after flight was visual discomfort. One out of four respondents reported having some difficulty in purposefully alternating between visual inputs to the two eyes. Approximately two-thirds of the pilots responding expressed reasonable satisfaction with their current helmet fit.
Functions of the great debates: Acclaims, attacks, and defenses in the 1960 presidential debates

This study applies the functional theory of political campaign rhetoric to investigate the classic 1960 Nixon‐Kennedy debates. All three kinds of utterances appeared in these debates (acclaims were most common at 49%, attacks followed at 39%, and defenses comprised 12% of their themes). The candidate from the incumbent party, Vice President Nixon, acclaimed more, whereas the challenger, Senator Kennedy, attacked, more. The candidate who was the target of the most attack, Nixon, produced the most defense. Both candidates directed more of their remarks to policy than character. Past deeds were a major component of Nixon's acclaims and Kennedy's attacks. General goals and ideals were more frequently the basis of acclaims than attacks. The most common form of defense in these debates was denial.
Assessing cardiovascular disease risk among young women with a history of delivering a low-birth-weight infant.

Objective To assess the prevalence and risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among younger women by pregnancy history. Methods Cross-sectional study using 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey including women aged 20 to 64 years who had delivered at least one infant (n = 4820). Women self-reported pregnancy history and a clinician diagnosed CVD; CVD risk factors included hypertension (mean systolic blood pressure [BP] ≥140 mm Hg or mean diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or currently treated), high cholesterol (total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or currently treated), diabetes (self-report or hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5), and smoking (self-report or cotinine-verified). Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between pregnancy history and CVD. Results Of the women we studied, 4.6% had CVD; 3.1% had delivered a term low-birth-weight infant (TLBWI). Women with a history of TLBWI had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.07 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.08 to 3.99) for CVD compared with women without a history of LBWI. Adjustment for hypertension and high cholesterol mildly attenuated the association (AOR 1.85, 95% CI 0.89 to 3.83). Among women without CVD (n = 4555), 23.1% with a history of TLBWI had two risk factors compared with 14.0% of those without a history of LBWI (p = 0.0016). Conclusion Women with a history of TLBWI should be informed of a possible increased risk of CVD and encouraged to receive screenings as recommended.
AN AB INITIO STUDY OF FRUCTOSE IN THE GAS PHASE

Seventy-two electronic structures of D-fructofuranose (D-FF) in the gas phase were determined by full geometry optimizations at the HF/6-31G* level. Twenty-nine structures, including the lowest energy species of nine distinct hydroxymethyl conformations of each anomer (R1-R9 and â1-â9), were selected for a detailed study of geometry, energy, atomic charges, and hydrogen bonding. The preferred furanose ring conformations were found to center around T2 and 3T for the respective R and â anomers, both of which support a quasiaxial position of the anomeric C2-O2 bond. These findings are consistent with the results from calculations on tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran (2-HO-THF) at the same level. Calculated geometries are in reasonable agreement with the solid-state data on the fructose residues of di-D-fructose anhydride III, 1-kestose, and sucrose. The most stable R and â anomers at 298.15 K, R1 and â1, have the gauche-gauche (GG) orientation of the hydroxymethyl C6-O6 bond relative to the ring C5-O5 and C4-C5 bonds and a gauche-trans (GT) orientation of the hydroxymethyl C1-O1 bond relative to the ring C2-O5 and C2-C3 bonds. Effects of basis set and electron correlation on calculated energies were deduced from HF, MP2, and MP4 calculations using the 6-31G**, 6-31+G**, and 6-311++G** basis sets on two 2-HO-THF conformers and the D-FF R1 and â1 anomers. Results indicate that basis extension diminishes, whereas electron correlation enhances, hydrogen bonding. Relative electronic and Gibbs free energies of the 11 most populated Rand â-D-FF conformers at 298.15 K were estimated at the MP2/6-311++G** composite level based on HF/631G** geometries. This study provides physical data for parametrizing carbohydrate force fields in molecular modeling and promotes understanding of the anomeric and conformational properties of fructose structures.
Connected sensor cover: self-organization of sensor networks for efficient query execution

Spatial query execution is an essential functionality of a sensor network, where a query gathers sensor data within a specific geographic region. Redundancy within a sensor network can be exploited to reduce the communication cost incurred in execution of such queries. Any reduction in communication cost would result in an efficient use of the battery energy, which is very limited in sensors. One approach to reduce the communication cost of a query is to self-organize the network, in response to a query, into a topology that involves only a small subset of the sensors sufficient to process the query. The query is then executed using only the sensors in the constructed topology.In this article, we design and analyze algorithms for such self-organization of a sensor network to reduce energy consumption. In particular, we develop the notion of a connected sensor cover and design a centralized approximation algorithm that constructs a topology involving a near-optimal connected sensor cover. We prove that the size of the constructed topology is within an log n factor of the optimal size, where n is the network size. We also develop a distributed self-organization version of our algorithm, and propose several optimizations to reduce the communication overhead of the algorithm. Finally, we evaluate the distributed algorithm using simulations and show that our approach results in significant communication cost reduction.
Using Non-Experimental Data to Estimate Treatment Effects

While much psychiatric research is based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), where patients are randomly assigned to treatments, sometimes RCTs are not feasible. This paper describes propensity score approaches, which are increasingly used for estimating treatment effects in non-experimental settings. The primary goal of propensity score methods is to create sets of treated and comparison subjects who look as similar as possible, in essence replicating a randomized experiment, at least with respect to observed patient characteristics. A study to estimate the metabolic effects of antipsychotic medication in a sample of Florida Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia illustrates methods.
Teaching and Learning: Essential Components of the Nurse Executive Role

Administrative leadership inspires, encourages innovation, assists staff to grow and promotes and facilitates excellent nursing. Although one might argue that these activities are administrative, data collected in research at the University of Michigan suggest that they have a strong educational tone. Analysis of the data resulting from in-depth interviews in practice and education indicates that the role of the executive is on a trajectory of intrapersonal integration of the professional components of practice. The education component is vital to integrating the role and is the linchpin in linking the components of professional practice.
Putting Foucault to Work: Understanding Power in a Rural School.

This case study uses the work of Michel Foucault to challenge the normalization of the principal's role and to examine the complex power relations of a rural school and community in the midst of a closure/consolidation and subsequent reopening as a charter school. In so doing, we move beyond analysis of best practices and toward a more theoretical approach to understanding the social interactions and subjectivities that constitute one rural school and its leadership. The analysis challenges commonsense assumptions that schools operate in neutral ways and that “best practices” exist outside of social and cultural constructs.
Properties of thin PbF2 films deposited by cw and pulsed laser assisted evaporation.

Thin films of lead fluoride were deposited by means of cw or pulsed laser assisted evaporation and were characterized for their structural and optical properties. Continuous wave laser evaporated films had smooth morphology, good optical transmission, and oriented columnar grain structure. The crystallinity of the pulse laser evaporated films, as measured by x-ray diffraction peak intensities, was found to be higher than the cw laser or e−-beam evaporated films and was found to depend on the laser pulse energy density (fluence). These films, however, had higher absorption in the visible range.
Induction of Highly Embryogenic Calli and Plant Regeneration in Upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Pima (Gossypium barbadense L.) Cottons

To accomplish our objective of broadening the number ofregenerable cotton lines, we developed a protocol capable of producing plants through somatic embryogenesis of diverse cotton species. Callus was initiated from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants on a callus initiation medium [CIM; modified MS with 1 mg L -1 kinetin and 2 mg L -1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 1. Friable embryogenic callus was periodically selected and transferred onto callus selection/maintenance medium (CS/MM) [modified MS with 0.1 mg L -1 kinetin and 0.5 mg L -1 NAA]. The selected callus was then transferred into a liquid embryo initiation medium (EIM) (modified MS medium in which NH 4 NO 3 was removed and KNO 3 amount doubled) followed by transfer to solid embryo maturation media EMMS 2 (0.5 mg L -1 NAA + 0.05 mg L -1 kinetin). The liquid step not only decreased the culturing time but also increased the number of embryos per gram of cultured tissue. Germinating somatic embryos were placed on MS medium with no hormones and plantlets were acclimatized before transfer to the greenhouse. Significant numbers of somatic embryos and their derived plantlets were obtained from a commercial cultivar of G. hirsutum, Deltapine 90 and G. barbadense accession GB-35B126 (PI-528306). The mean embryos per gram for Deltapine 90 on EMMS 2 were higher than those previously reported for Coker 312. Highly significant differences were found between the two genotypes for both embryo and plant production. To our knowledge, this is the first report of regeneration of G. barbadense through somatic embryogenesis.
Novel Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Based Upon Jellyfish Locomotion

This paper describes the process of developing a novel biomimetic autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) inspired by jellyfish locomotion. Our interest in an AUV that mimics jellyfish locomotion stems from the jellyfish’s simplistic and robust physiology and neurological makeup. Jellyfish swimming gates are controlled by a neural architecture consisting of an outer nerve ring and an inner nerve ring. The inner nerve ring is responsible for incorporating the sensory input from the outer ring and innervating the subumbrellar swimming muscles. Additionally, cells in the inner ring generate endogenous rhythms and act as pacemakers. The system of pacemakers generates the highly maneuverable swimming gates that can be observed in jellyfish; swimming vertically, turning and hovering. The swimming gates have been shown to correspond to the dynamics of the response of a system of coupled identical van der Pol oscillators. These oscillators are capable of creating in-phase, out-of-phase and “asymmetric” phase-locked dynamics that are plausibly related to the basic modes of jellyfish locomotion of coordinated bout swimming, hovering, and turning, respectively. In addition, the system of oscillators is fault tolerant; if the modeled system of oscillators is disrupted, analogous to sections of the jellyfish being damaged, the oscillators adjust and maintain effective swimming gates allowing the jellyfish to remain mobile. The simplicity and fault tolerance of the oscillatory system makes it an ideal model for a locomotion control system for an AUV. The objective of the Jellyfish AUV project is to emulate the locomotion and control mechanisms of the biological jellyfish to create a simple and robust AUV, which is both highly maneuverable and low in cost. The iterative design process that resulted in a working Jellyfish AUV is detailed in this paper. Numerous designs were created, exploring different combinations of actuator mechanisms, body types and control systems. Different actuators were evaluated for their ability to meet our design requirements. These actuators ranged from off the shelf servos to the more exotic shape memory alloys (SMAs) and ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs.) By the completion of the prototyping phase of the Jellyfish AUV project we had created a low cost AUV using off the shelf components including, servos, linkages and a microprocessor based control system. The input to the servos was derived from a system of coupled oscillators which were tuned to mimic the observation jellyfish gates. In addition, using the Jellyfish AUV prototype, we showed that the identified servo input patterns roughly translate to swimming, hovering, and turning.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
An autostereoscopic display with high resolution and large number of view zones

For a spatial-multiplexed 3D display, trade-off between resolution and number of view-zones are usually unavoidable due to the limited number of pixels on the screen. In this paper, we present a new autostereoscopic system, named as "integrated-screen system," to substantially increase the total number of pixels on the screen, which in turn increase both the resolution and number of view-zones. In the integrated-screen system, a large number of mini-projectors are arrayed and the images are tiled together without seams in between. For displaying 3D images, the lenticular screen with predesigned tilted angle is used for distributing different viewing zones. In order to achieve good performance, we design a brand-new projector with special lens set to meet the low-distortion requirement because the distortion of the image will induce serious crosstalk between view-zones. The proposed system has two advantages. One is the extensibility of the screen size. The size of the display can be chosen based on the applications we deal with, including the size of the projected pixel and the number of viewing zones. The other advantage is that the integrated-screen system provides projected pixels in great density to solve the major problem of the poor resolution that a lenticular-type 3D display has.
Methodology of clinical research in rare diseases: Development of a research program in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) via creation of a patient registry and collaboration with patient advocates

Abstract Introduction Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL; Batten disease) is a rare, inherited, fatal lysosomal storage childhood disorder. True for many rare diseases, there are no treatments that impact the course of JNCL. The University of Rochester Batten Center's (URBC) mission is to find treatments to slow, halt, or prevent JNCL. Objectives Our initial objective was to develop clinical research infrastructure preparatory to clinical trials, establish a JNCL research cohort, construct a disease-specific clinical outcome measure, and validate a non-invasive diagnostic sampling method. The long-term objective is to design and implement JNCL clinical trials. Methods The Unified Batten Disease Rating Scale (UBDRS) was developed. The Batten Disease Support and Research Association (BDSRA) referred participants; annual BDSRA meetings provided a mobile research setting for registry enrollment and UBDRS piloting. Neuropsychological examinations were performed, enabling external validation of the UBDRS. Buccal epithelial cell collection for genotyping was introduced. Telemedicine for remote UBDRS assessment was piloted. Results The registry enrolled 198 families representing 237 children with NCL. The UBDRS was piloted, was validated and has been used to collect natural history data from 120 subjects. Funding and regulatory approval were obtained for a recently launched phase II clinical trial. Several additional lines of inquiry were reported. Conclusion The registry and BDSRA collaboration have enabled development of a clinical rating scale, natural history and neuropsychological studies, and genetic studies for disease confirmation. This work highlights an approach for preparatory natural history research and infrastructure development needed to facilitate efficient implementation of clinical trials in rare diseases.
Heuristic techniques in the quantification of the electroencephalogram in renal failure.

Abstract This paper presents seven heuristically derived techniques for quantifying EEG activity in the study of renal failure. The new measures were developed in an effort to provide the capability of detecting subtle changes in EEG rhythms, particularly those which affect only frequencies in the range of “normal” EEG activity. The main result of the study was the observation that there exists a previously undetected relationship between EEG slowing and the level of dialysis therapy. Each measure was tested with data recorded from patients with renal failure and from normal control subjects to ensure validity and reliability. In addition, the new techniques are contrasted with the percent power measure which has been used in prior studies as a general measure of slow wave activity in uremia. Since that measure did not correlate with subtle changes in the uremic state, it is suggested that the new quantification techniques could be fruitfully introduced into both clinical and research activities for more sensitive measurement of EEG frequency characteristics.
A Probabilistic Approach for Achieving Fair Bandwidth Allocations in CSFQ

The fair bandwidth allocations can isolate flows and protect well-behaved flows from ill-behaved ones. CSFQ (core stateless fair queueing) achieves the approximate fairness by dropping the extra packets beyond the fair share bandwidth at the routers. A heuristic method is used to estimate the fair share in CSFQ. Furthermore, we know that SRED (stabilized RED) uses a probabilistic method based on a Zombie list to estimate the number of flows at the router. In this paper, we take the probabilistic idea from SRED and apply it in CSFQ to estimate the fair share without using the Zombie list. Simulation results show that the new probabilistic approach achieves a comparable or even better performance than the original heuristic approach
Comparison of the natural deformation of the State-Line Serpentinite U.S.A., with experimental studies

Abstract Lizardite-rich Serpentinite dominantly underwent ductile deformation whereas antigorite rich Serpentinite underwent brittle deformation during dextral strike-slip shearing in the State-Line Serpentinite, Pennsylvania Piedmont. Metamorphic reactions within the shear zones constrain the temperature of deformation to between 350° and 500°C at 2–5 kbar pressure. Comparison with the temperature-pressure limits determined by the experimental Serpentinite deformation studies of Raleigh and Paterson (1965) indicates that the mechanical response should have been the opposite under these conditions: antigorite should have been ductile and lizardite brittle. The differences between the experimental and natural deformation responses is proposed to reflect the poor dependence of the mechanical response of serpentine to temperature and pressure as well as the presence or absence of fluid during deformation. The shear zones in the State-Line Serpentinite served as a fluid conduits during deformation. The fluid drove retrograde reactions in the Serpentinite and allowed it to undergo reaction enhanced ductility. The experimental studies that concentrate on deformation during prograde metamorphism may not be completely applicable to retrograde shear zones.
Anomalous two-electron auger resonance in thorium near the 5d(O5) photothreshold

Abstract The photoexcited O 5 P 3 V (5d 3 2 6p 3 2 valence ) Auger emission line for thorium metal shows an anomalous increase in kinetic energy of ∼ 1 eV as the photon energy hv is increased through the atomic-like 5d → 5f resonant excitation at hvr = 89 eV. Possible mechanisms for this anomalous behavior are discussed, and it is suggested that it can be interpreted as a two-electron resonance involving the O5P3V Auger excitation and a shake-up satellite of the 6p 3 2 core level excitation.
The heart-rate response of four-month-old infants to auditory stimuli

Abstract Fourteen four-month-old infants were presented with a tone of moderate intensity, similar to one previously used with newborns, to determine if cardiac response patterns were the same in the two age groups. Stimulus repetition effects and then dishabituation to a nonfamiliar stimulus were also investigated. While the newborns had responded to this auditory stimulus with cardiac acceleration, the older infants showed deceleration. The largest response decrement occurred between the first six trials and the remaining trials. Response to the first nonfamiliar stimulus differed from response on the immediately preceding trial. It was hypothesized that the appearance of a decelerative heart-rate response in the early months of life may signify the development of the orienting response.
PHENIX RPC R&D for the fast RPC muon trigger upgrade

Abstract The PHENIX collaboration at relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) will measure the maximal parity violating W asymmetries in polarized proton–proton collisions at high transverse momentum in order to make the most precise measurement of the quark and the anti-quark polarizations of the proton. For this measurement, the collaboration is installing resistive plate chambers (RPCs) similar to the CMS Endcap RPCs in the two existing muon spectrometers. In these proceedings, we shall discuss the research and development (RD each university has focused on the different aspects of the RPCs. Georgia State has focused on detector design, performance, and stability; Colorado has tested the front end electronics and termination schemes; Illinois has performed position resolution studies as well as two-dimensional efficiency scans of RPCs. Additionally, a cosmic ray teststand for final gap QA is currently operational at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL).
Fractionated high dose-rate versus low dose-rate regimens for intracavitary brachytherapy of the cervix: equivalent regimens for combined brachytherapy and external irradiation.

Abstract The conventional treatment for carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a combination of external teletherapy and low dose-rate (LDR) intracavitary brachytherapy. Recently, however, there has been an increasing trend toward the use of high dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, in combination with external irradiation. The question is addressed of designing HDR treatments that will produce equivalent results to the more conventional protocols. We argue that for the unique case of radiotherapeutic treatment of carcinoma of the cervix, the criterion for producing an equivalent treatment should be based on the matching of early, not late, effects. In essence, this is because the dose to the tissues at risk for late effects is usually significantly smaller than the prescribed dose. When this effect is factored in with the different shape of dose-response curves for early and late effects, we conclude that, in the majority of cases, late effects will be no worse in a HDR regimen than a LDR regimen, provided that the corresponding doses have been matched to produce equal early effects. We provide a formalism whereby equivalent protocols can be designed for combined "external + HDR brachytherapy" regimens to match current "external + LDR brachytherapy" schedules. Using extensive basic radiobiological in vitro data derived from various cells of human origin, we provide specific examples of equivalent "external + HDR brachytherapy" regimens for 23 current "external + LDR brachytherapy" commonly-used schedules.
Heterolocalism: an alternative model of the sociospatial behaviour of immigrant ethnic communities.

"This paper evaluates critically the applicability of the well-known assimilation and pluralist models to the contemporary ethnic landscape of the U.S.... We then consider an alternative model, labelled heterolocalism, which suggests that members of certain newly arrived groups may be able to sustain their identity as an ethnic community despite immediate or rapid spatial dispersion. The applicability of the heterolocal perspective to non-metropolitan and transnational phenomena is evaluated in subsequent sections of the paper."
Focus on myeloproliferative diseases and myelodysplastic syndromes.

MPD and MDS have played a central role in the evolving paradigm of defining molecular targets through laboratory analysis of primary cancer cells, using this knowledge to identify therapeutic agents that interfere with target proteins, and monitoring the biochemical effects of treatment in the malignant cells. A major challenge in those diseases where the pathogenesis is understood will be extrapolating the therapeutic responses to targeted drugs into long-term remissions or cures. This may demand a combination of targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and strategies to eliminate the rare population of stem-like neoplastic cells that maintain the disease in vivo. For the majority of MPD and MDS where the underlying defects are not known, significant progress may depend on identifying the causative mutations, which will require careful bench-to-bedside studies of human patients and animal modeling. Translating these pathophysiological insights into improved treatments will require new approaches to identify patients who are likely to benefit from targeted therapies and to enroll them into clinical trials.
First evidence of potadromy and partial migration in black basses: shoal bass Micropterus cataractae (Actinopterygii, Centrarchidae) in the Upper Flint River, USA

Potamodromy, migration for reproduction within freshwater systems, is widely practiced among fishes, but has rarely been reported for Micropterus spp. Recent evidence has shown that shoal bass (M. cataractae; Williams & Burgess, 1999) in the upper Flint River, USA, undergo migrations during the spawning season to large shoal complexes; however, the magnitude and prevalence of these migrations are unknown. To test the hypothesis that these fish exhibit potadromy, 376 shoal bass were tagged with anchor tags over a four-year period. Each spring, shoal bass migrated up to 200 km to reach spawning areas in the piedmont, and these migrations appeared to be more common in fish living in the coastal plain area of the river. Fish from the piedmont area moved less, likely due to proximity of spawning habitat. Results of this study have suggested that shoal bass are highly migratory in connected systems, traveling long distances to spawn in specific areas. Thus, the scope of shoal bass management and conservation has broadened considerably. Other Micropterus species dwelling in lotic habitats may exhibit similar migratory patterns in their native and/or introduced ranges, and this possibility could be examined using mark-recapture techniques similar to those used in this study.
Trauma and Adaptation in Severe Mental Illness: The Role of Self-Reported Abuse and Exposure to Community Violence

ABSTRACT The authors examined the role of self-reported physical and/or sexual abuse and recent exposure to community violence on three adaptation outcomes in Severe Mental Illness (SMI): psychotic symptoms, demoralization, and substance abuse. One hundred and nine (109) individuals with SMI were administered an extensive protocol that included the pertinent variables. Structural Equation Modeling analyses indicated that abuse predicted psychotic symptoms and demoralization, whereas exposure to community violence predicted substance abuse. These findings point to different possible trauma-adaptation configurations, and suggest that both past and present trauma complicates the adaptation of people with SMI.
Using a high-density rain gauge network to estimate extreme rainfall frequencies in Minnesota

This paper estimates rainfall frequencies over a portion of Minnesota’s high-density rain gauge network. Daily rainfall data from a grid of 10 km by 10 km cells centered on Minneapolis, MN are used to explore the spatial component of extreme rainfall frequencies. A suite of statistical and graphical techniques, performed on each cell’s time series of annual maximum daily precipitation for the period 1958–2002, revealed that the mean annual maxima were highly dependent on the number of observers within each cell. Considerable spatial variability in return-period estimates also resulted from the observer number disparities, as well as the fact that a small proportion of the cells experienced outstandingly large rainfalls. The estimates for 24-h, 100-yr rainfall in this study are larger—often by a factor of two-- than “official” published values. The highly urbanized study area may, therefore, be more susceptible to flooding and damage than its designers had anticipated. Many of the differences between these estimates and published values result from using multiple points to construct a synthetic, single-point time series for each cell; earlier studies have constructed each series from singular fixed points. While traditional point-based approaches to design values may be valid in some instances, it is argued that extreme rainfall is an inherently areal phenomenon, and that a small-area-based approach may be more appropriate when designing for features and processes that area also areal in nature.
The unique perfect equilibrium of an n-person bargaining game

Abstract We analyze an n -person bargaining game, and show that there exists a unique perfect equilibrium outcome.
Scale-flee tests of an additive model for the size-weight illusion*

In two experiments, Ss rated the difference in heaviness between two objects varying in both size and weight. Assumption of the subtractive model and the use of factorial designs allow separation of judgmental effects from psychophysical processes. Difference ratings were rescaled by monotone transformation to fit the subtractive model, yielding scale-free values for the size-weight combinations. The subtractive model provided a good description of the difference ratings, but critical violations of the additive model for the size-weight illusion were obtained. The experiments illustrate how ordinal information can be used to differentiate additive from multiplicative processes.
Preference for glucose disrupted by lateral preoptic lesions in the rat

Rats with lateral preoptic lesions do not show the normal preference for dilute glucose solutions in brief-exposure situations. Some conditions for the occurrence of this deficit are identified.
Jemaah Islamiyah's Fifth Phase: The Many Faces of a Terrorist Group

Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) has shifted its structure and strategies several times since its inception, and its ability to evolve over time has ensured its survival. This article evaluates the evolution of JI's influence in Indonesia and its shift in strategy, in an attempt to address the broader issue of its survival as an organization. It hypothesizes that while internal factors initiated the current strategy shift to an ideological and political focus, external factors have successfully exploited and solidified that shift. Explaining JI's historical evolution in four phases, it concludes by considering possibilities for a “fifth phase” of peaceful political participation.
Counseling nondaily smokers about secondhand smoke as a cessation message: a pilot randomized trial.

INTRODUCTION Nondaily smoking represents a substantial and growing fraction of smokers, many of whom do not consider themselves smokers or at risk of tobacco-related diseases and, so, may be less responsive to counseling content contained in traditional cessation interventions. This study compares the effects brief counseling interventions (<20 min) focused on the harm smoking does to themselves (harm to self, HTS) versus the harm their secondhand smoke (SHS) does to others (harm to others, HTO) among nondaily smokers. METHODS Randomized trial of 52 nondaily smokers (smoked in the past week, but not daily) recruited between September 2009 and June 2010; 40 completed the study. We measured changes in motivation and smoking status at 3 months postintervention. RESULTS There was a difference in quitting between the two groups, with 9.5% (2 out of 21) for HTS and 36.8% (7 out of 19) for HTO subjects reporting not smoking any cigarettes in the prior week (p = .06 by Fisher exact test and .035 by likelihood-ratio chi-square). Motivation and self-efficacy increased from baseline to 3-month follow-up, but not differentially by intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with findings from research conducted by the tobacco industry as early as the 1970s that concluded that social smokers feel immune from the personal health effects of tobacco but are concerned about the consequences of their SHS on others, educating nondaily smokers about the dangers of SHS to others appears to be a more powerful cessation message than traditional smoking cessation counseling that emphasizes the harmful consequences to the smoker.
Viewing computer literacy through a critical, ethnographic lens

Two fundamental issues frame much of our educational discourse around the theory and practice of curriculum: What knowledge is of most worth? How is this knowledge distributed? These questions are implicitly answered through our practice when we: place one child in one reading group and another child in another group; recommend courses in data processing for some students and computer programming for others; group students and courses into academic or career tracks; select content for inclusion in district curriculum guides; or publish different versions of K-12 textbooks for different presumed ability levels. These practices are routine in schools and appear to be the politically neutral, efficient, and technical means through which knowledge is selected, organized, individualized, and distributed. These practices are assumed to be based on scientific theories of teaching and learning, and objective measures of student ability, development, and achievement. Decisions about what schools teach and who gets what, however, go beyond the scientific, technical, and objective. These decisions represent value based judgments, with consequences, about what others ought to know. This article focuses on the nature and distri-
Spatial contrast sensitivity does not explain random figure discrimination latency.

Both humans and other mammals can more easily discriminate eight-sided figures from one another than they can figures having more or fewer sides. The hypothesis that this effect is based upon spatial contrast sensitivity was tested by varying viewing distance and hence spatial frequency content. Because viewing distance had tittle effect upon relative discrimination latency, it was concluded that the superior discriminability of eight-sided figures is not based upon spatial contrast sensitivity. The possibility that orientation tuning of visual cortex neurons may account for the effect is discussed.
Finite-termination schemes for solving semi-infinite satisfying problems

The problem of finding a parameter which satisfies a set of specifications in inequality form is sometimes referred to as the satisfycing problem. We present a family of methods for solving, in a finite number of iterations, satisfycing problems stated in the form of semi-infinite inequalities. These methods range from adaptive uniform discretization methods to outer approximation methods.
MOSAIC SOLUTIONS AND SPATIAL ENTROPY FOR A CLASS OF NEURAL NETWORK MODELS

In this article, we present a lattice differential equation model for a class of neural networks. A subset of the equilibrium solutions called mosaic equilibrium solutions is defined. Existence and stability theorems are proved for mosaic equilibrium solutions. Regions of stability are defined and spatial entropy calculations, as a measure of the complexity of the system, are presented that give insights into the effects of spatial coupling.
Optimization of the experimental conditions and the column design parameters in overloaded elution chromatography

Abstract A theoretical study of the optimization of the separation of a binary mixture in overloaded elution chromatography was performed. The elution band profiles were calculated using the semi-ideal model of chromatography and assuming competitive Langmuir isotherms. In a first step, the experimental (operating) conditions (i.e., the reduced velocity of the mobile phase and the loading factor) were optimized using a simplex algorithm. In a second step, the column design parameters (i.e., the column length and the average particle diameter) and the operating conditions were optimized for the maximum production rate of either the more or the less retained component. The optimum value of the capacity factor of the first component, was also determined. Binary mixtures having relative retentions between 1.1 and 1.8 and relative concentrations of 1:3 and 3:1 were studied. The maximum production rates were obtained for very low values of the capacity factor of the first component, of the order of 0.3-0.5, depending slightly on the relative retention.
Biological Consequences of El Niño

Observations of the 1982-1983 El Nino make it possible to relate the anomalous ocean conditions to specific biological responses. In October 1982 upwelling ecosystems in the eastern equatorial Pacific began a series of transitions from the normal highly productive condition to greatly reduced productivity. The highly productive condition had returned by July 1983. Nutrients, phytoplankton biomass, and primary productivity are clearly regulated by the physical changes of El Nino. Evidence from 1982 and 1983 also suggests effects on higher organisms such as fish, seabirds, and marine mammals, but several more years of observation are required to accurately determine the magnitude of the consequences on these higher trophic levels.
Dichloro[1,1'-(5,9-dithia-2,12-diazoniatrideca-1,12-diene-1,13-diyl)-dinaphthalen-2-olato-κ2O,O']dimethyltin(IV) acetonitrile solvate

Reaction of the potentially hexadentate ligand 1,9-bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthalenemethylimino)-3,7-dithianonane with dimethyltin chloride gave the title 1:1 adduct, in which the long ligand wraps around the SnCl(2)Me(2) unit and in which the stereochemistry is fully trans. This compound crystallizes from acetonitrile as the 1:1 solvate [Sn(CH(3))(2)(C(29)H(30)N(2)O(2)S(2))Cl(2)].C(2)H(3)N. During the reaction, the hydroxyl protons move to the N atoms. Most of the chemically equivalent bond lengths agree to within experimental uncertainty, but the Sn-Cl bond that is inside the ligand pocket is substantially longer than the Sn-Cl bond that points away from the long ligand [2.668 (1) versus 2.528 (1) A]. The O-Sn-O angle is 166.0 (1) degrees. Comparison of the Sn-O, C-O and aryl C-C bond lengths with those of related compounds shows that the most important resonance forms for the Schiff base aryloxide ligand are double zwitterions, but that the uncharged resonance forms having carbonyl groups also contribute significantly.
Human TOP1 residues implicated in species specificity of HIV-1 infection are required for interaction with BTBD2, and RNAi of BTBD2 in old world monkey and human cells increases permissiveness to HIV-1 infection

Background Host determinants of HIV-1 viral tropism include factors from producer cells that affect the efficiency of productive infection and factors in target cells that block infection after viral entry. TRIM5α restricts HIV-1 infection at an early post-entry step through a mechanism associated with rapid disassembly of the retroviral capsid. Topoisomerase I (TOP1) appears to play a role in HIV-1 viral tropism by incorporating into or otherwise modulating virions affecting the efficiency of a post-entry step, as the expression of human TOP1 in African Green Monkey (AGM) virion-producing cells increased the infectivity of progeny virions by five-fold. This infectivity enhancement required human TOP1 residues 236 and 237 as their replacement with the AGM counterpart residues abolished the infectivity enhancement. Our previous studies showed that TOP1 interacts with BTBD1 and BTBD2, two proteins which co-localize with the TRIM5α splice variant TRIM5δ in cytoplasmic bodies. Because BTBD1 and BTBD2 interact with one HIV-1 viral tropism factor, TOP1, and co-localize with a splice variant of another, we investigated the potential involvement of BTBD1 and BTBD2 in HIV-1 restriction.
Noninvasive technique for the repeated sampling of salivary free cortisol in awake, unrestrained squirrel monkeys

The use of noninvasive measures of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function is of growing interest among preclinical and clinical investigators. This report describes a method for the repeated assessment of salivary free cortisol in awake, unrestrained squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) based on a saliva sampling technique previously developed for rhesus monkeys. Individually housed adult male squirrel monkeys were trained to chew on dental rope attached to a pole, from which saliva was extracted by centrifugation and analyzed for cortisol by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Eight of nine monkeys readily acquired the task, reliably providing adequate saliva samples for the assay. Salivary free cortisol levels were examined in these subjects under basal conditions and in response to two types of neuroendocrine challenge. Levels of salivary free cortisol showed relatively low intra- and interindividual variability, with mean individual morning levels ranging between 17.1 and 37.9 microg/dl. Squirrel monkeys demonstrated a consistent daily rhythm in salivary free cortisol ranging from a high of 27.4 +/- 5.2 microg/dl (mean +/- SEM) at 12 P.M. to a low of 7.5 +/- 1.6 microg/dl at 6 P.M. Intravenous (IV) challenges with 1 microg/kg ACTH, or 10 and 50 microg/kg CRF resulted in significant increases in salivary free cortisol. The described sampling technique provides a reliable and sensitive means for repeated measurement of HPA activity in unrestrained, awake squirrel monkeys. In addition, our findings illustrate several features of HPA system rhythmicity and reactivity using salivary cortisol instead of blood plasma or serum.
Data standardization in heterogeneous data bases through the use of data abstraction

Abstract Data bases containing inconsistent data may be reformatted using software tools based on data abstractions. In this study, heterogeneous bibliographic information from geographically distributed locations are integrated by using the message-object model to implement data abstraction methodologies. Classes are developed to define the data abstractions that correspond to the user's view of the data. The recognition of conceptually similar objects with dissimilar formats is accomplished by the methods associated with class abstraction. By this technique generic classes are developed that may be used to standardize and reformat a large class of bibliographic data base information.
Recent advances in neutralizing the IL-6 pathway in arthritis

Recent advances in understanding the mechanism(s) of how IL-6 trans-signaling regulates immune cell function and promotes inflammation in autoimmune arthritis are critically reviewed. Serum and/or synovial fluid (SF) IL-6 is markedly elevated in adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and osteoarthritis (OA). IL-6, in concert with IL-17, determines the fate of CD4+ lymphocytes and therefore TH17 cell differentiation. IL-6 also plays a critical role in modulating B-lymphocyte activity. The recognition that IL-6 trans-signaling regulates inflammation resulted in the development of tocilizumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the biological activity of the IL-6-receptor (IL-6R). Significant clinical benefit was demonstrated as well as reduced serum IL-6 levels with suppression of X-ray progression of disease in several clinical trials in which juvenile or adult RA patients were treated with tocilizumab monotherapy or tocilizumab plus methotrexate. However, levels of serum and/or SF IL-6 cytokine protein superfamily members, adiponectin, oncostatin M, pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor/visfatin and leukemia inhibitory factor are also elevated in RA. Additional studies will be required to determine if anti-IL-6 trans-signaling inhibition strategies with tocilizumab or recombinant soluble IL-6R reduce the level of these cytokines.
Understanding and Exploiting the Connections between NMF and SVM

Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) are standard tools for data analysis. We explore the connections between these two problems, thereby enabling us to import algorithms from SVM world to solve NMF and vice-versa. In particular, one such algorithm developed to solve SVM is adapted to solve NMF. Empirical results show that this new algorithm is competitive with the state-of-the-art NMF solvers.