cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in connective tissue macromolecular components of Yucatan mini-pig skin following application of sulphur mustard vapour

1 The aim of this study was to determine the nature of the macromolecular alterations in Yucatan mini-pig skin which occur following application of sulphur mustard vapour, with particular reference to laminin and type IV collagen. 2 The immunostaining of transfer blots from skin extracts run on SDS-PAGE gels revealed no evidence of cross-linking of type IV collagen or laminin. Laminin was, however, found to be partially degraded as determined by the resolution of 132 and 143 kDa fragments, possibly by the activation of proteases, following the application of sulphur mustard to pig skin. Type IV collagen was not subject to this form of degradation in the skin samples exposed to sulphur mustard. 3 Yucatan mini-pig skin was found to develop microblisters after exposure to sulphur mustard vapour. The immunohistochemical studies of sulphur mustard exposed skin revealed that separation of the epidermis from the dermis was found to occur within the lamina lucida of the subepidermal basement membrane, supporting the contention that cleavage of laminin networks occurs following mustard challenge. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-type IV collagen antibodies was restricted to the floor of the micro-blister lesions. 4 The results suggest that laminin may be a target for protease activation at the dermo-epidermal junction. This may account for the tendency of certain skin models to develop sulphur mustard-induced blistering. The Yucatan mini-pig may be valuable as a model to determine the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic regimes
On the linkage of dynamic tables in relational DBMSs

Tables and operations over tables are at the center of the relational model and have been at the core of the Structured Query Language (SQL) since its development in the 1970s. As database applications have grown rapidly, the concept of tables has been generalized in database languages. The new generalized table concept in the SQL standard and in some commercial databases includes explicitly defined derived tables, such as user-defined temporary tables, transition tables, user-defined table functions, and table locators, that can be manipulated by users. We call them dynamic tables, because their entities exist only at run time. The challenges that these dynamic tables pose to existing relational engines lie in the linkage between the creation of the derived table and its references. In this paper, we describe a uniform framework for compile-time and run-time processing of dynamic tables. We also give a thorough explanation of how such a generic framework can be realized in existing relational database management systems, such as IBM DATABASE 2TM Common Server. Our experience with our prototype has shown the simplicity, generality, and efficiency of our approach.
Examining the Practice of Developing Human Rights Indicators to Facilitate Accountability for the Human Right to Water and Sanitation

Flowing from the evolution of international legal obligations for water and sanitation, human rights practice has shifted to address state accountability for a human right to water and sanitation through the development of human rights indicators. This policy note focuses on efforts to develop indicators for state reporting to human rights treaty bodies, with human rights norms framing national reports and treaty bodies employing indicators to monitor the progressive realization of the human right to water and sanitation. In supporting evidence-based treaty monitoring through the United Nations (UN), both the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the UN Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation have sought to develop indicators. This process of developing indicators for the human right to water and sanitation seeks to draw on previous indicator development practices, looking to these practices in framing, identifying and reviewing indicators. As part of a larger drive to facilitate rights-based accountability, there arises an imperative to study the political process of developing indicators, looking to past models in structuring future processes to assess the realization of the right to water and sanitation. Exploring the development of indicators for the human rights to health and education, this policy note analyses the indicator development process, proposing an indicator development process model as a basis for developing indicators that reflect the attributes of the right to water and sanitation, enlist key stakeholders in the policymaking process and have political relevance for state reporting to treaty bodies.
Return to Aztlan: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico

Return to Aztlan: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico. Douglas S. Massey. Rafael Alarcon, Jorge Durand, and Humberto Gonzales. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. + 335 pp., maps, figures, tables, bibliography, index. $37.50 (cloth). ISBN0-520-06079-2
Silica supported single‐walled carbon nanotubes as a modifier in polyethylene composites

Composites have been made from single- wall carbon nanotubes in a polyethylene (PE) matrix, in which different methods of preparation were used to dis- perse the nanotubes. The study includes using either the refined pure nanotubes (P-NT) as the source, or the origi- nal silica supported nanotubes (SS-NT). SS-NT contained nanotubes still incorporated in and around the silica as originally grown. Composites were then made by (1) coprecipitation from a suspension of P-NT or SS-NT in a PE solution, or (2) by forming a polymerization catalyst from the SS-NT, and using it to polymerize ethylene, which ruptures and expands the silica as polymer builds up in the pores. Extrusion was also studied as a method of additional dispersion. Nanotubes were found to have a powerful effect on the melt rheology, increasing the low shear viscosity dramatically. Increasing the nanotube concentration also increased the flexural and tensile moduli, decreased the elongation, and increased the elec- trical conductivity. Consistent trends were observed from all of these diverse properties: SS-NT had a stron- ger effect than P-NT, and within the SS-NT group the choice of silica type also had a major effect. Polymeriza- tion was generally preferred as the method of dispersing the nanotubes. The conductivity, which in some cases was quite high, was found to be pressure sensitive. Con- ductive NT/PE composites could be molded into films or extruded into other shapes, or comolded with other PE. V C 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 111: 589- 601, 2009
Preparing Students for the 21st Century Through the Study of World Music

This column provides examples of activities that general music teachers might use to weave global awareness into web-based lessons to promote the development of information literacy, media literacy, and communication literacy through the study of world music.
Introduction of the chronic care model into an academic rheumatology clinic

Background While the chronic care model has been extensively used for the management of patients with diabetes in non-academic, primary care settings, it is not clear whether this model can be used effectively in academic, specialty clinics for other chronic disorders. Methods Through the Academic Chronic Care Collaborative, the chronic care model was introduced to help manage patients with osteoarthritis in an academic rheumatology service with seven prespecified goals. These goals included measurements of Western Ontario MacMaster (WOMAC) osteoarthritis scores, self-efficacy scores and exercise time. Results Five a priori goals were achieved in this study: average WOMAC scores less than 1000 mm as measured on a visual analogue scale, average self-efficacy score of less than 5 mm, average exercise time greater than 90 min, more than 40% of patients exercising at least 60 min per week and a 20% improvement in self-efficacy scores. However, a 20% improvement in WOMAC scores and a 60% completion of documented self-management goals in our patients were not achieved. Our inability to achieve our self-management goal underscores the fact that we have not yet fully implemented the chronic care model into our practice. The inability to detect a 20% improvement in WOMAC scores in the context of having reached our absolute WOMAC goal at baseline suggests a probable ceiling effect for this measure. Conclusions The chronic care model can be effectively introduced into an academic specialty service and can be used effectively in the management of patients with non-diabetic disorders, in this case osteoarthritis.
Heuristic Techniques Application In A 3-D Space

This paper discusses the application of a heuristic technique to stack regular and irregular shapes objects on the same container or on the same pallet. The computer representation of any object is based on the recursive octree method where each unit volume element is a voxel. Then, the choice of the space taken by any shape object within the volume is made through the heuristic approach. The heuristic technique developed is an evaluation function that compares all the available spaces based on weighing factors and threshold levels. The parameters used are shape, space available, contents of the object, and dimensions. The goal is to choose the most feasible available space every time an object is ready to be stacked. The heuristic algorithm is implemented within a knowledge based system to control a flexible material handling cell. Generally the cell comprises a material handling robot, a conveyance system that brings the objects to the cell where objects are distributed randomly to the cell, a vision system to identify the objects and verify the stacking procedure, and a computer to control and initiate the decision making process to stack all shape objects on the same volume.
Tribally Controlled Community Colleges: An Assessment of Student Satisfaction.

In 1978 Congress passed the Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act “to ensure continued and expanded educational opportunities for Indian students.” Although most observers agree that the nation's 20 tribal colleges are successfully meeting the educational needs of American Indian students, substantive research has not been conducted to support this assertion. This article discusses the findings of a survey of students who attended Montana's seven tribally controlled community colleges. The research was designed to determine (1) what influenced students to attend the tribal colleges, (2) what their personal and educational goals were upon entering, (3) whether the colleges assisted the students to meet their goals, and (4) the degree of student satisfaction with college programs and services. This seminal study provides evidence that tribally controlled colleges are meeting the varied needs of reservation Indian students and further that their students are overwhelmingly satisfied with the p...
Prophylactic lidocaine in the prehospital patient with chest pain of suspected cardiac origin.

The prophylactic use of lidocaine in the patient with cardiac chest pain has been reported to reduce the incidence of sudden death from ventricular dysrhythmias in the hospital setting, but few studies have been done in the early prehospital phase. We conducted a randomized, prospective study comparing the effects of lidocaine versus no lidocaine in stable patients presenting with chest pain to a paramedic system. In a one-year period, 446 patients qualified for the study; 222 received lidocaine and 224 did not. The overall hospital mortality of the two groups was 8.1% and 6.7%, respectively ( P = .35). Four patients in each group developed sudden death in the prehospital and emergency department settings with ventricular dysrhythmia as the precipitating rhythm. One hundred twenty-nine (29%) had an acute myocardial infarction. The lidocaine and control group contained 68 and 61 of the patients, respectively, with an overall mortality rate of 14.7% and 13.1% ( P = .45). The development of significant dysrhythmias (frequent premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, bradycardia, second- and third-degree heart blocks) after initiation into the study was similar in both groups of patients. The use of lidocaine was a factor in decreasing systolic blood pressure ( P
Mechanical heart valves: 50 years of evolution

The past 50 years have witnessed remarkable progress in the development of safe, hemodynamically favorable mechanical heart valves. Starr-Edwards aortic and mitral ball valves introduced in the mid-1960s, continue to be used successfully worldwide. More than 100,000 Omniscience and Omnicarbon tilting-disc valves have been implanted since 1978 with essentially no mechanical failure; similar results have been obtained with more than 300,000 Hall-Kaster and Medtronic-Hall tilting-disc valves over the past 25 years. Pyrolytic carbon, originally used to encapsulate nuclear fuel rods, has been adapted for the fabrication of discs, leaflets and the housings for more than 2 million mechanical valves. The St. Jude bileaflet valves, totally fabricated from pyrolytic carbon, have remained virtually unchanged in design since their introduction in 1977. More than 1.3 million of these valves have been implanted worldwide with virtually no reported failures of the carbon leaflets or housings. Similarly, pyrolytic carbon bileaflet Carbomedics valves have been implanted in more than 500,000 patients since 1986. Now, 50 years after Dr Gibbon's seminal achievement, patients with debilitating valve disease can have elective valve replacement (mechanical or tissue) with an operative mortality approaching 1% to 2% and a low lifetime complication rate.
Toward a Political Science Discipline Authority Patterns Revisited

Harry Eckstein's 1973 classic article “Authority Patterns: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry” is critically reviewed. In that article, Eckstein proposes that the scope of politics can be ascertained through a taxonomic exercise that he labels progressive differentiation. In so doing, he delimits political study to the systematic analysis of authority patterns, which he defines as the “set of asymmetric relations among hierarchically ordered members of a social unit that involves the direction of the unit.” This taxonomy is provocative in that it rules out of the discipline's domain standard fare within contemporary political science, concerning exchange among equals (virtually all of economic reasoning) and exchange between states (virtually all of international relations). An alternative delimitation is proposed, building on other insights from Eckstein's corpus but taking off from current research practice. Four subfields—political theory, comparative politics, democratic institutions, and intern...
Loss-of-function thrombospondin-1 mutations in familial pulmonary hypertension

Most patients with familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH) carry mutations in the bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 gene (BMPR2). Yet carriers have only a 20% risk of disease, suggesting that other factors influence penetrance. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) regulates activation of TGF-β and inhibits endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation, pathways coincidentally altered in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). To determine whether a subset of FPAH patients also have mutations in the TSP1 gene (THBS1) we resequenced the type I repeats of THBS1 encoding the TGF-β regulation and cell growth inhibition domains in 60 FPAH probands, 70 nonfamilial PAH subjects, and in large control groups. We identified THBS1 mutations in three families: a novel missense mutation in two (Asp362Asn), and an intronic mutation in a third (IVS8+255 G/A). Neither mutation was detected in population controls. Mutant 362Asn TSP1 had less than half of the ability of wild-type TSP1 to activate TGF-β. Mutant 362Asn TSP1 also lost the ability to inhibit growth of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and was over threefold less effective at inhibiting endothelial cell growth. The IVS8+255 G/A mutation decreased and/or eliminated local binding of the transcription factors SP1 and MAZ but did not affect RNA splicing. These novel mutations implicate THBS1 as a modifier gene in FPAH. These THBS1 mutations have implications in the genetic evaluation of FPAH patients. However, since FPAH is rare, these data are most relevant as evidence for the importance of TSP1 in pulmonary vascular homeostasis. Further examination of THBS1 in the pathogenesis of PAH is warranted.
Intra-arterial infusions of pelvic tumors with amethopterin

Summary Six patients with carcinomas of the cervix, uterus, or vagina that persisted or recurred after conventional surgical or radiation therapy were treated by continuous infusion of amethopterin into the hypogastric arteries. Citrovorum factor was administered intramuscularly to prevent generalized toxic manifestations. Hypogastric arteriograms in each case demonstrated evidence of flow of the concentrated drug directly to the tumor. For this therapy, normal or nearly normal renal function is an absolute prerequisite. The immediate effect of the hypogastric intra-arterial infusion on the tumor is profound necrosis, but any neoplastic cells not completely des troyed apparently begin to recover as soon as therapy is stopped.
Polymerase recognition of 2-thio-iso-guanine·5-methyl-4-pyrimidinone (iGs·P)—A new DD/AA base pair

Polymerase specificity is reported for a previously unknown base pair with a non-standard DD/AA hydrogen bonding pattern: 2-thio-iso-guanine·5-methyl-4-pyrimidinone. Our findings suggest that atomic substitution may provide a solution for low fidelity previously associated with enzymatic copying of iso-guanine.
S2R: A Semantic Web service Similarity and Ranking Approach

Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs) enable the automatic creation of business applications from independently developed and deployed services. Mechanisms are thus needed to select these service components that meet or exceed the functional and non-functional requirements of SOAs. The primary objective of service selection in SOAs can be viewed as a maximization of an application-speci c utility function that matches the constraints of the service requester against the capabilities and oerings of the service provider(s). In this paper, we propose such an approach that computes the match between service requests and oerings, based on their functional and non-functional properties in an e cient manner (in terms of space and time). The proposed technique incorporates behavior monitoring of potential matches to ensure enhanced application-speci c utility. We compare our approach with similar existing approaches to its show applicability and performance.
Effects of Methylphenidate on Sleep Functioning in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

ABSTRACT:Objective:To examine the effects of stimulant medication on the sleep functioning of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and identify predictors of sleep problems as a side effect of taking stimulant medication.Method:One hundred sixty-three stimulant-naive childre
Obstructive airway disease in urban populations.

Purpose of reviewObstructive lung disease (OLD), including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, has a more substantial prevalence and morbidity in urban populations. This review highlights recent publications examining the epidemiology, risk factors and interventions concerning OLD in u
Analysis on Monitoring of Disinfection Effectiveness in Medical Institutions Governed by the Autonomous Region of Guangxi

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of disinfection in medical institutions governed by the autonomous region of Guangxi,to improve the quality of disinfection,and to strengthen the management of hospital infection. Methods With the field sampling and testing methods,the effectiveness of disinfection and sterilization in medical institutions governed by the autonomous region of Guangxi were monitored. Results A total of 6,759 samples were monitored during the period from 2005 to 2009,and 6,263 samples were eligible.The total eligible rate of disinfection was 92.7%.The eligible rates in each year were 93.3%,92.5%,89.5%,94.4%,and 94.3%,respectively,which showed an upward trend.The qualified rates of indoor air,object surface,endoscope,hand-hygiene of medical staff,in-use disinfectant,dialysis water,sterilized materials,sterilizer,and the radiation intensity of ultraviolet lamps were 89.3%,96.1%,96.5%,82.3%,99.0%,90.0%,98.1%,99.2% and 94.2%,respectively.The eligible rate of sterilizer was the highest(99.2%),which the eligible rate of indoor air was the lowest(82.3%). Conclusions The overall quality of disinfection in medical institutions governed by the autonomous region of Guangxi was good,but the eligible rates of hand-hygiene of medical staff and indoor air in some hospitals were lower.It is necessary to strengthen the supervision and management of disinfection in these areas.
The First One Hundred Days: Ten Things President-Elect Obama Should Do to Confront the Climate Crisis

Climate change poses grave threats to human civilization on earth. As a candidate, President-elect Obama promised to reverse the head-in-the-sand policies of his predecessor and take swift and effective action to address the gathering menace of climate change. This paper briefly outlines ten steps that the new president can take under existing authority to begin reducing greenhouse gases and to lay the foundation for the larger actions that will be required to stabilize the climate in time to avoid the worst consequences that scientists have predicted if bold action is not forthcoming. This is a global problem requiring the cooperation of both developed and developing countries. Time is short and there is a critical need for the United States to reclaim its leadership role, but first it must get its own house in order.
Effectiveness of Trigonoplasty to Treat Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux

AbstractAmong the surgical procedures to treat vesicoureteral reflux trigonoplasty is a conservative technique that preserves the integrity of the vesicoureteral junction. Since its introduction in 1984 by Gil Vernet it gained only little attention in small series.Between 1986 and 1989 we performed trigonoplasty in 51 children 4 months to 13 years old, of whom 47 had primary vesicoureteral reflux. Our study includes 44 patients who have sufficient followup and 69 refluxing units. Reflux was grade II in 25 units, grade III in 39 and grade IV in 5. Patients were arbitrarily divided into 2 age groups: less than (13) and greater than (31) 3 years old. All children underwent standard preoperative assessment. The operation, with technical modifications (absorbable sutures in all cases and muscular incision added in 12), was performed after failed conservative treatment in all patients except 5 who were operated on at diagnosis. Surgery was successful in 97.7% of the patients and in 92.3% of the children less th...
The involvement of oncogenes and suppressor genes in human neoplasia.

It is clear that there are at least two classes of cancer-related genes. The more characterized of these are the oncogenes, whose activation appears to play a major role in human neoplasia. There are now two families of oncogenes, the myc and ras families, whose cooperation seems capable of transforming normal cells in culture to tumorigenic cells. As such, they appear to form complementation groups with immortalizing and transforming properties, respectively. Moreover, the oncogenes can be subclassified as tyrosine kinases or kinase related, GTP binding proteins, growth factors or growth factor receptors or nuclear proteins. More than 20 viral oncogenes have been identified, for which more than 30 proto-oncogenes or pseudogenes exist in the human genome. Many of these have been cloned, characterized to some extent, and mapped to particular chromosomes or regions of chromosomes. Further, more than 20 additional putative oncogenes or transforming genes have been identified by tumor DNA transfection studies or at sites of integration or translocation for which no viral transforming gene cognates exist. Oncogenes can be activated by increased or unregulated expression, increased copy number (duplication, amplification), or somatic mutation resulting in a protein with increased oncogenic potential. Examples of all of these mechanisms can be found in several specific human cancers or leukemias. The cytogenetic correlate of enhanced expression is a translocation between two chromosomes at specific breakpoints with no net loss of genetic material (e.g., increased c-myc expression resulting from the 8;14 translocation in Burkitt's lymphoma). The phenomenon of increased gene copy number can sometimes be visualized as trisomy or tetrasomy for a particular chromosome but more dramatically as the development of extrachromosomal DMs or as chromosomally integrated HSRs (e.g., the N-myc gene amplification seen in neuroblastoma). Finally, certain somatic mutations can be associated with translocations (e.g., the bcr/abl fusion product created as a result of the 9;22 translocation in chronic myelogenous leukemia), but they are more commonly submicroscopic (as characterized by point mutations in the ras gene family). Evidence is accumulating for a second class of cancer-related genes whose absence or inactivation is associated with tumorigenesis. These genes are associated at the cytogenetic level with chromosomal deletions, in which the breakpoints may be variable, but specific, common regions are consistently deleted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Thermolysis in Aesthetic Medicine: 3D Rejuvenation

The fundamental principle behind the use of lasers is based on the theory of selective photothermolysis (photo = light, thermolysis = decomposition by heat). Photorejuvenation of the skin can be accomplished by utilizing ablative lasers and non-ablative resurfacing technologies. Superficial wavelength rejuvenation technologies are more effective in treating vascular, pigmentary, and pilosebaceous irregularities. Longer wavelength lasers induce more dermal collagen and skin remodeling. The various nonablative lasers are discussed as well as their techniques.
Does 25 cents more per day make a difference? The impact of livestock transfer and development in rural Zambia

Abstract Analyses of the impacts of asset transfer programs often find statistically significant effects on consumption expenditures that are large in percentage terms but small in absolute value. This study explores the practical significance of such impacts using the case of a livestock transfer program among impoverished households in Zambia. As in other studies, results show that the asset transfers increased household consumption expenditure and dietary diversity. Extending previous work, this paper examines whether the increase in expenditures has been large enough to trigger changes in consumption patterns or in subjective assessment of poverty status. Changes in composition of expenditures, composition of diet, and subjective self-assessment of poverty all suggest a growing sense of security and a practically significant change in welfare for treated households. As transfers included three different types of animals – dairy cows, meat goats, and draft cattle – we are able to discern that the specific nature of the asset transferred influences food security impacts. Examination of change in the composition of consumption shows substantial effects on poverty and food security starting within six months of livestock transfers. Persistence of the impact through the next 18 months of our study period indicates that livestock transfers can have a sustained effect on poverty and food security.
Tunable Plasmonic Optoelectronic Devices Based on Graphene Metasurfaces

This letter presents a novel generic platform to design controllable and tunable plasmonic and optoelectronic devices based on graphene metasurfaces. In particular, graphene plasmonics are combined with two-dimensional graphene metasurfaces to control, steer, and manipulate surface plasmon polaritons on graphene nanoribbons. In order to demonstrate the applicability and versatility of the proposed metastructure, a tunable plasmonic switch and a beam splitter are devised based on the proposed structure that operate at terahertz frequencies. Power transmission near 95% for the designed switch and around 48% for each port of the power divider has been achieved. Various potential planar devices, such as filters and couplers, are expected to derive from the proposed structure.
Guidelines to Limit Added Sugar Intake: Junk Science or Junk Food?

Erickson and colleagues report a systematic review of the scientific basis of guidelines on sugar intake, providing another occasion for concern about conflicts between public health interests and ...
Statistical aspects of New England seismicity from 1975 to 1982 and implications for past and future earthquake activity

Abstract The seismicity of New England from 1 October 1975 to 30 November 1982 has been studied to determine how well it represents past seismicity and what it might imply about future earthquakes. Just over 100 earthquakes with magnitudes between 2.0 and 4.7 were recorded during this modern time period, while the historic earthquake catalog of Chiburis (1981) lists 760 earthquakes in New England from 1568 to 1975, the largest having maximum Modified Mercalli intensity VII shaking. The spatial distribution of the recent seismicity reproduces that for the historical seismicity patterns quite well, with the larger earthquakes in the modern record having preferentially occurred along coastal and lowland New England or in central New Hampshire. Space-time plots show that the seismicity displays considerable spatial variation, and that there are only vague hints of migrations of epicenters. The number of earthquakes as well as the amount of seismic energy release appear essentially random in time, and the recurrence curve for the modern time period (log number of events versus magnitude) is a straight line for events between magnitudes 2 and 4.5 with a b value of 0.84 (±0.03). The sizes of the largest earthquakes in the historic record are those which would be expected by extrapolating the present seismicity rate backward in time using a Gumbel type I distribution. One major discrepancy between the statistics of the recent and historic catalogs is that the latter does not have as many moderate (magnitudes 5 to 5.8) earthquakes as would be expected from the recent data. This discrepancy could be due to inaccuracies in the historic catalog, to unusually high recent seismicity or to a real historical shortage of such moderate magnitude earthquakes. Large earthquakes may be more likely to happen in areas of past and present high seismicity, especially in central and southern New Hampshire, along coastal Maine, and along the south coast to New England.
IWGS 2016 workshop report: The 7th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on GeoStreaming: San Francisco, CA, USA - October 31, 2016

The ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Geostreaming (IWGS) was held for the seventh time in conjunction with the 24th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (ACMGIS 2016). The workshop has been a successful event that attracted participants from both academia and industry. The workshop addressed topics that are at the intersection of data streaming and geospatial systems. The workshop fostered an environment where geospatial researchers can benefit from the advances in geosensing technologies and data streaming systems.
Minimizing the Child's Interests by Focus on Parental Values and Identities

The question of who decides for the child in health care settings is a primary ethical issue in pediatrics. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 2016 Policy Statement on Informed Consent in Dec...
Impact of Second-Opinion Interpretation of Breast Imaging Studies in Patients Not Currently Diagnosed With Breast Cancer.

Abstract Purpose To study the impact of second-opinion interpretation of breast imaging studies submitted from outside facilities to a tertiary cancer center. Materials and Methods A retrospective database review was conducted of second-opinion interpretations rendered at our institution from January 1, 2010, to June 30, 2014, on studies from patients who did not have a concurrent breast cancer diagnosis. A total of 2,253 patients were included. Results In 800 of 2,253 patients (35.5%), the BI-RADS categories assigned at our institution and at outside facilities were discordant. Of 973 patients assigned BI-RADS category 4 or 5 at outside facilities, 278 (28.6%) were assigned BI-RADS category 1 to 3 (no biopsy necessary) at our institution. Of 923 patients assigned BI-RADS category 1 to 3 at outside facilities, 191 (20.7%) were assigned BI-RADS category 4 or 5 at our institution, and 189 of these had biopsies, which revealed 23 cancers, 15 high-risk lesions, and 151 benign lesions. One high-risk lesion at core biopsy was upgraded to invasive ductal carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) on excision, resulting in 24 cancers. Of these, 18 reflected true additional breast cancers detected as a result of second-opinion interpretation: 12 invasive carcinomas and 6 cases of DCIS. These results translate into a 9.4% (18/191) positive predictive value for the number of cancers diagnosed among all biopsies recommended and a 9.5% (18/189) positive predictive value for the number of cancers diagnosed among all biopsies recommended and actually performed. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the positive clinical impact of second-opinion interpretation at a tertiary cancer center of outside-facility breast imaging studies in patients without a breast cancer diagnosis.
Nonsink In Vitro Dissolution Testing of Amorphous Solid Dispersions

Solid dispersion technology has been used over the last three decades to improve the dissolution and oral absorption of poorly soluble compounds. While the characterization of dissolution performance of crystalline pharmaceutical systems has long been established, the dynamic nature of the amorphous dissolution processes requires the use of unique methodologies. The in vitro differentiation of the drug and drug-containing species of these systems is crucial to accomplishing the measurement of the critical-to-performance free drug concentrations as a function of time. This chapter describes the theoretical aspects of amorphous dissolution and recent examples applying free drug dissolution testing to the oral bioavailability assessment of solid dispersion formulations.
Albumin Microspheres as a Drug Delivery System: Relation Among Turbidity Ratio, Degree of Cross-linking, and Drug Release

The degree of cross-linking of albumin microspheres, with and without drug, was assessed using turbidity measurements carried out in the presence of water and the protein denaturant guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) at a concentration that disrupted noncovalent bonds while having no effect on covalent bonds. The measurements allowed calculation of a turbidity ratio (TG/TW), expressed as the ratio of the turbidity of albumin microspheres in 6 M GuHCl (TG) divided by that in water (Tw). A linear relation existed between TG/TW and the (i) temperature at which the microspheres were prepared, (ii) concentration of the cross-linking agent glutaraldehyde, and (iii) time of exposure to a second cross-linking agent, formaldehyde vapor, three conditions that increase the degree of cross-linking. The turbidity ratio also increased as the concentration of the albumin solution used to prepare the microspheres increased from 25 to 50%. Drug release from the microspheres consisted of an initial, rapid, burst followed by a second, slower, phase. The rates in both release phases were inversely related to the turbidity ratio, suggesting that this parameter has utility as an indicator of the degree of cross-linking in albumin microspheres.
Medication and psychotherapy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.

Current theory in the treatment of schizophrenia emphasizes medication and expresses considerable doubt about the value of psychotherapy. Yet the data that lead to this conclusion have been gathered in studies of carefully selected groups of cooperative patients who consent to treatment and participate well in scientific studies. In public psychiatry, where many patients are uncooperative and even coerced into treatment, we have found that attention to the patient’s individual psychology is essential to success. We examine the role of the psychiatrist who provides psychotherapy and medication in the context of a comprehensive program for patients with chronic schizophrenia.
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy: A Method for Harnessing Neuroplasticity to Treat Motor Disorders

Constraint-Induced Movement therapy or CI therapy is an approach to physical rehabilitation elaborated from basic neuroscience and behavioral research with primates. The application of the CI therapy protocol to humans began with the upper extremity after stroke and was then modified and extended to cerebral palsy in young children, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. A form of CI therapy was developed for the lower extremities and has been used effectively after stroke, spinal cord injury, fractured hip, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy. Adaptations of the CI therapy paradigm have also been developed for aphasia, focal hand dystonia in musicians, and phantom limb pain. Human and animal studies using a variety of methods provide evidence that CI therapy produces marked neuroplastic changes in the structure and function of the CNS. Moreover, these changes appear to be important for the intervention's therapeutic effect.
Low dose calcium administration increases mortality during septic peritonitis in rats.

Calcium is essential for normal cellular function. However, increases in cell calcium are also involved in cellular dysfunction and death by activating destructive enzymatic processes such as proteases, nucleases, and lipases. Since ionized hypocalcemia is common during sepsis, calcium is often administered in an attempt to normalize circulating levels. Previous studies using endotoxin and large amounts of calcium demonstrated increased mortality in calcium-treated animals. This study extends these preliminary data to endogenous sepsis (cecal ligation) and low dose calcium therapy. Sprague Dawley rats (n = 9 per group) had jugular catheters placed and their cecums ligated. They were randomized to an infusion of D5W at 1 ml/hr, calcium chloride at 4 mg/ml/hr (Low Ca), or calcium chloride at 6 mg/ml/hr (High Ca) for 24 hr. An additional group of animals received calcium chloride at 6 mg/ml/hr but had no surgery. Animals were followed for 24 hr survival. A separate group of animals (n = 6 per group) was prepared in a similar manner. Blood was obtained 6 hr following cecal ligation for circulating endotoxin concentrations, and animals were sacrificed. Calcium infusion increased ionized calcium levels slightly (low Ca, 1.12 +/- .06 to 1.21 +/- .09; high Ca, 1.06 +/- .04 to 1.16 +/- .05; P less than 0.05). Survival (24 hr) was 100% in the nonseptic controls and D5W septic animals, 67% in the low Ca septic group, and 44% (P less than 0.05) in the high Ca septic group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Business, Transnationalism, and Patrimony:

This article examines how musicians involved in the government sponsored music scene in Recife, the capital of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, (meta)musically perform different versions of the ‘entrepreneurial self,’ a form of neoliberal subjectivity. Through comparing specific musicians’ practices and narratives, I argue Pernambucan state sponsorship is a mechanism which redefines citizenship on entrepreneurial terms and reinforces structural inequality. As government programs provide new opportunities to formalize and professionalize their labor, musicians face more bureaucratic and socioeconomic challenges that require them to broaden their musical labor to include skills like social media marketing and grant proposal writing. These expectations are difficult enough for middle-class, educated musicians to meet, but even harder for marginalized, lower-class, and racialized citizens to manage. By comparing how three musicians construct themselves as business-oriented, transnational, or patrimonial entrepreneurs, the article makes explicit what similar studies suggest, but often leave implicit: professionalism and entrepreneurialism are increasingly interdependent. Furthermore, while the entrepreneurial self is predicated on autonomy, these musicians' autonomy paradoxically depends on a combination of social networks and state sponsorship. In sum, the article reveals how individuals are creating new subjectivities to adapt to changing economic conditions.
Mechanosensitive Ion Permeation across Subnanoporous MoS2 Monolayers

We use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations informed by density functional theory calculations to investigate aqueous ion transport across subnanoporous monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) membranes subject to varying tensile strains. Driven by a transmembrane electric field, highly mechanosensitive permeation of both anions and cations is demonstrated in membranes featuring certain pore structures. For pores that are permeable when unstrained, we demonstrate ion current modulation by a factor of over 20 in the tensile strain range of 0–4%. For unstrained pores that are impermeable, a clear strain-induced onset of permeability is demonstrated within the same range of strains. The underlying mechanism is shown to be a strain-induced reduction of the generally repulsive ion–pore interactions resulting from the ions’ short-range interactions with the atoms in the pore interior and desolvation effects. The mechanosensitive pores considered in this work gain their electrostatic properties from the pore ge...
Patient perception of obesity versus physician documentation of obesity: A quality improvement study

As the prevalence of obesity increases, the prevalence of associated comorbid diseases, obesity-related mortality rates and healthcare costs rise concordantly. Two main factors that hinder efforts to treat obesity include a lack of recognition by patients and documentation by physicians. This study evaluates the relationship between patient perception of obese weight and physician documentation of obesity. This quality improvement observational study surveyed patients of an academic internal medicine clinic on their perception of obesity. Responses were compared to longitudinal physician documentation of obesity and body mass index (BMI). A total of 59.9% of patients with obesity perceived their weight as obese. While 33.7% of patients with a BMI of 30 to 34.9 kg/m2 perceived themselves as having obesity, 71.4% of patients with a BMI of 45 to 49.9 kg/m2 perceived themselves as having obesity. A total of 42.4% of patients with obesity had physician documentation of obesity in the last year. While 25% of patients with a BMI of 30 to 34.9 kg/m2 had physician documentation of obesity, 85.7% of patients with a BMI of 45 to 49.9 kg/m2 had physician documentation of obesity. For patients with a BMI ≥50 kg/m2 , 52.9% perceived their weight to be obese and 76.5% had physician documentation of obesity in the last year. Both patient perception and physician documentation of obesity were significantly less than the prevalence of obesity. Patient perception of obesity and provider documentation of obesity increased as BMI increased until a BMI ≥50 kg/m2 . Both patients and providers must improve recognition of this disease.
Simulation Based Assessment of SRAM Data Retention Voltage

With the continued scaling of MOSFET feature size, reducing the SoC power consumption has become one of the main challenges for the semiconductor industry. Lowering the data retention voltage $(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{ret}})$ can significantly improve the SRAM standby power, which has become one of the dominant components of the overall system power consumption. Therefore, an accurate assessment of SRAM $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{ret}}$ is of critical importance to determine the lowest $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{ret}}$ specification for the SRAM array that still meets the overall product yield target. In this work, the data retention voltage distribution of a 22nm 6T SRAM array is studied through variation aware transient SPICE simulation and compared to Si data. The results show that parametric device variability based intrinsic simulation is insufficient to estimate the data retention voltage of SRAM array. The effect of gate oxide short (GOS), an extrinsic gate leakage mechanism, on the $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{ret}}$ distribution of SRAM array is studied, and it indicates that data retention voltage is especially sensitive to gate oxide shorts. It is shown that gate-drain oxide short and pull-down (PD) transistor gate-source oxide short are the most probable extrinsic mechanisms limiting the yield of the 22nm SRAM array. By accounting both intrinsic and extrinsic effects, an excellent agreement to measured $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{ret}}$ distribution is demonstrated. The methodology validated in this work could be applied to other technology nodes as well, to get a better $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{ret}}$ yield estimation.
Severe Periocular Edema after Intraarterial Carboplatin Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma in a Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) Model

Endovascular microcatheter-based intraarterial (ophthalmic artery) chemotherapy is becoming widely used for the clinical treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma due to its apparent increased efficacy compared with traditional intravenous chemotherapy; however local ocular complications are not uncommon. Carboplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent used in both intravenous and intraarterial chemotherapy. We used rabbits to assess pharmacokinetics and ocular and systemic toxicity after intraarterial carboplatin infusion. Subsequent to unilateral intraarterial administration of carboplatin, severe unilateral or bilateral periocular edema occurred in 6 adult male New Zealand white rabbits. Time to onset varied from less than 4 h after administration (n = 3, 50 mg) to approximately 24 h afterward (n = 3, 25 mg). After becoming symptomatic, 5 of the 6 animals were promptly euthanized, and the remaining animal (25 mg treatment) was medically managed for 4 d before being euthanized due to intractable edema-related lagophthalmos. Globes and orbits from all 6 euthanized rabbits were harvested en bloc; whole-mount sections were prepared for histologic evaluation, which revealed drug-induced vasogenic edema in confined spaces as the main underlying pathogenesis. Transient and self-limiting periocular edema is a common side effect of intraarterial chemotherapy but is thought to occur predominantly with melphalan monotherapy or combination therapy using melphalan, carboplatin, and topotecan. The severity of this adverse consequence in rabbits was unexpected, and its use in the study was subsequently discontinued. Although the definitive cause for this vasotoxicity and striking clinical presentation is unknown, we suspect species-specific anatomic features and sensitivity might have contributed to amplified complications after intraarterial carboplatin chemotherapy of the eye. Due to the adverse effects of intraarterial carboplatin chemotherapy that we observed in 2 experimental cohorts of rabbits, we recommend caution regarding its use in this species.