cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sensitivity of Individual and Institutional Investors' Expectations to Changing Market Conditions: Evidence from Closed-End Funds

This study investigates whether individual and institutional investors respond differently to changes in market conditions. Closed-end funds are the medium used to test the hypothesis because closed-end fund shares (held primarily by individual investors) and the underlying assets (held primarily by institutional investors) are claims to the same stream of distributions. The empirical results suggest that individual investors are more responsive than institutional investors to changes in market conditions. Moreover, although the response of institutional investors differs across stock and bond markets, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the additional sensitivity of individual investors' expectations is uniform across stock and bond markets.
Molecular Crystals and Localized Vibrational States

The normal modes arising from a simple linear model of a crystalline solid predict many important properties such as the specific heat, the sound velocity, and the Raman and infrared response. Such a model fails, however, to produce thermal expansion and finite thermal conductivity. The introduction of weak non-linear couplings between the normal modes immediately corrects these simpler problems, while preserving the usual phonon representation of the purely linear system as a useful first approximation for small phonon amplitudes. What we wish to consider here is the next step in the process, taken by keeping the weak non-linearities but introducing large phonon amplitudes. Putting aside, for the moment, the question of how to achieve the necessary amplitudes, we can consider the consequences if certain not unusual conditions obtain which put the phonon equation of motion in correspondence with the non-linear Schrodinger equation. We can then be guided by classical solutions of this equation which predict spontaneous symmetry breaking and vibrational localization. To focus our thoughts, we outline in physical terms the processes leading to the localization of vibrational energy. We use the insight gained to guide our choice of materials, and we describe the measurements we have made to begin the establishment of a rigourous connection between real solids and the theoretical constructs related to this problem.
KSHV Regulation of Fibulin-2 in Kaposi's Sarcoma: Implications for Tumorigenesis

Kaposi's sarcoma is an angioproliferative tumor caused by Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection of vascular endothelial cells. Fibulins, proteins that associate with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, may have both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic activities. We found that the expression of fibulin-2 protein and mRNA were decreased 50-fold and 26-fold, respectively, in 10-day KSHV-infected dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMVEC). Using quantitative RT-PCR, we found a fivefold and 25-fold decrease of fibulin-2 extracellular matrix binding partners, fibronectin and tropoelastin, respectively. Time-course transcriptional analyses over 10 days showed that in addition to that of fibulin-2, expression of fibulins 3 and 5 was decreased in KSHV-infected DMVEC, fibulins 1C/1D were increased, and fibulins 4, 6, and 7 were unchanged. KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) transcription levels rose consistently over the same period. Addition of recombinant fibulin-3 or -5 for 48 hours to 10-day KSHV-infected cells caused a suppression of KSHV-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein and mRNA levels. Recombinant fibulin-3 also significantly reduced VEGF receptor 3 expression. In pleural effusion lymphoma cell lines that express variable levels of KSHV lytic replication, we observed no detectable fibulin-2 or -5 expression. Finally, fibulin-2 expression was decreased in tissue microarrays from KSHV-infected, LANA-positive patient cells as compared to that in patient nontumor controls. Understanding the interactions between KSHV and the fibulins may lead to the development of novel therapies for treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma.
Increased production of IL-17 in children with autism spectrum disorders and co-morbid asthma

Inflammation and asthma have both been reported in some children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To further assess this connection, peripheral immune cells isolated from young children with ASD and typically developing (TD) controls and the production of cytokines IL-17, -13, and -4 assessed following ex vivo mitogen stimulation. Notably, IL-17 production was significantly higher following stimulation in ASD children compared to controls. Moreover, IL-17 was increased in ASD children with co-morbid asthma compared to controls with the same condition. In conclusion, children with ASD exhibited a differential response to T cell stimulation with elevated IL-17 production compared to controls.
Diagnostic approach to pleural effusion.

Pleural effusion affects more than 1.5 million people in the United States each year and often complicates the management of heart failure, pneumonia, and malignancy. Pleural effusion occurs when fluid collects between the parietal and visceral pleura. Processes causing a distortion in body fluid mechanics, such as in heart failure or nephrotic syndrome, tend to cause transudative effusions, whereas localized inflammatory or malignant processes are often associated with exudative effusions. Patients can be asymptomatic or can present with cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic chest pain. Dullness to percussion on physical examination suggests an effusion; chest radiography can confirm the diagnosis. Thoracentesis may be indicated to diagnose effusion and relieve symptoms. Ultrasound guidance is preferred when aspirating fluid. Routine assays for aspirated fluid include protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels, Gram staining, cytology, and pH measurement. Light’s criteria should be used to differentiate exudative from transudative effusions. Additional laboratory assays, bronchoscopy, percutaneous pleural biopsy, or thoracoscopy may be required for diagnosis if the initial test results are inconclusive.
Intraventricular cholecystokinin-octapeptide produces hyperglycemia in rats

The effect of intraventricular cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) on blood glucose was evaluated. Intraventricular CCK-8 in rats produces hyperglycemia. The highest dose of CCK-8 (250 ng) increased plasma glucagon levels but at lower doses (2.5 and 25 ng) increases in glucose occurred without alteration in the glucagon levels. None of the doses of CCK-8 altered insulin levels. Using 14C-glucose tracer we showed that the hyperglycemia produced by CCK-8 was not due to alterations in glucose clearance.
Evolution of Creatine Kinase

Comparison of the electrophoretic patterns of creatine kinase in different birds throws some light on the type of evolutionary changes which have affected the multiple forms of this enzyme.
Rearing in a distorted magnetic field disrupts the ‘map sense’ of juvenile steelhead trout

We used simulated magnetic displacements to test orientation preferences of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to magnetic fields existing at the northernmost and southernmost boundaries of their oceanic range. Fish reared in natural magnetic conditions distinguished between these two fields by orienting in opposite directions, with headings that would lead fish towards marine foraging grounds. However, fish reared in a spatially distorted magnetic field failed to distinguish between the experimental fields and were randomly oriented. The non-uniform field in which fish were reared is probably typical of fields that many hatchery fish encounter due to magnetic distortions associated with the infrastructure of aquaculture. Given that the reduced navigational abilities we observed could negatively influence marine survival, homing ability and hatchery efficiency, we recommend further study on the implications of rearing salmonids in unnatural magnetic fields.
Reproduction Studies in the Mature Fowl: 2. Effects of Soybean Oil Meal, Organic and Inorganic Fractions of Corn on Production, Fertility, and Hatchabilty

Abstract AN UNDETERMINED mineral constituent found in the ash of unidentified growth factor sources which stimulated the growth of chicks fed a purified diet was reported by Couch et al. (1955). The growth responses obtained with the ash of products containing unidentified growth factors were reported b y these workers to be approximately one-half of the response produced by the untreated supplements. These workers concluded that the increase in growth response was due to a mineral as yet unrecognized as essential. Dannenburg et al. (1955) found that the ash equivalent of 10% distillers dried solubles produced a growth stimulation which was equal to approximately one-half that obtained with distillers dried solubles when supplemented t o the diet of chicks fed a 23 % protein, synthetic type diet. The workers also reported that incorporation of aluminum, phosphorus, flourine, arsenic, sulfur, cobalt, lead and potassium were ineffective in duplicating the response due…
On mechanisms affecting species susceptibility to aflatoxin

1. 1. Use of mouse- and rat-liver slice preparations permitted a determination of the rates of transport of aflatoxin B1 into the cell followed by subsequent rates of metabolism of aflatoxin B1 to M1 by microsomal preparations. 2. 2. The acute toxicity-response difference between these species, as measured by the concentration required to caused cell death, is 2.1-fold; that is 2.1 times as much B1 is required to kill the mouse-liver cell, giving the mouse the advantage in resistance, in part due to faster metabolic rates and in part due to slower transport rates. 3. 3. A mathematical model based upon rates of transport and metabolism was developed in order to project internal B1 and M1 concentrations as functions of initial external B1 concentrations and/or exposure times. The maximum internal concentrations of B1 achieved just prior to cell death are 158 μM for the rat and 174 μM for the mouse. This small difference, in spite of the rather divergent initial extracellular concentrations generating them, indicates equivalence of these two species in terms of intracellular target-site sensitivity. 4. 4. The carcinogenic-response difference, as measured in the model by the half-life of decay of a small internal concentration developed over a short period of time, is 4.9–5.8-fold; that is, it takes 5–6 times longer for a given concentration (equivalent for each species) to be reduced to one-half its value in the rat as compared to the mouse, again giving the mouse the advantage. 5. 5. These experiments support the hypothesis that the rate of cellular transport is a considerably more important aspect of the pathological effects of affatoxin than the subsequent rate of metabolism and support the hypothesis that aflatoxin B1 has a much greater role in the toxic lesions than aflatoxin M1.
The uptake and excretion of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and iodide in bullfrog tadpoles after immersion or injection at 25° and 6°C

Bullfrog tadpoles were immersed in or injected with solutions of thyroxine, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine or sodium iodide with labeled I 131 . The uptake and excretion of these substances were studied at 6° and 25°C. On immersion, the accumulation of T 3 and T 4 reaches a maximum and then decreases due to regulatory mechanisms which apparently do not exist for I − . The amount of each substance taken up after 1 day immersion in 200 ml of a 10 −8 M (.01 m µ moles/ml) solution at 25° was estimated to be .1 m µ moles T 4 , .07 m µ moles T 3 , and .02 m µ moles I − per gram body weight. Since the hormones are concentrated in the gut, the levels in nondigestive tissues are reduced to approximately .04 m µ moles T 4 and .02 m µ moles T 3 per gram tissue. At 6°, these values were much smaller. The half survival time of injected hormones (1 m µ mole per gram body weight) was 3 days for T 4 , 22 hours for T 3 , and 20 hours for I − at 25°, and 20 days for T 4 , 14 days for T 3 and 2 days for I − at 6°. The principal routes of excretion appear to be the feces for the hormones and the urine for I − . The data emphasize significant differences in the availability of T 4 and T 3 when administered by injection or by immersion.
Scientific and cost-effectiveness criteria in selecting batteries of short-term tests.

Abstract The scientific and cost-effectiveness criteria introduced in this paper can be applied to published datasets and current and proposed batteries of short-term tests. The reports in the current volume will provide a wealth of additional material for such evaluations, but more systematically obtained information will be necessary to assess both the internal and external validity of these tests. Individual tests and batteries of tests should be standardized, employ positive controls, generate results capable of quantitative analyses that may make dichotomous classification as “positive” and “negative” obsolete, be interpreted in light of mechanisms of action, and be cost-effective on a grand scale. For regulatory purposes our long-term goal should be to replace the whole animal lifetime bioassay with an appropriate and cost-effective set of short-term tests.
Effect of abscisic acid and callus size on regeneration of american and international rice varieties.

Embryogenesis and plant regeneration of Texas and international rice, Oryza saliva (L.), varieties (both indica and japonica types) were induced in culture on a regime consisting of the use of ABA or BAP in the subculture medium and small (10 mg) callus pieces on the regeneration medium. Ten 10 mg callus pieces on regeneration medium resulted in a 2- to 10-fold increase in plant regeneration over single 100 mg pieces. Plant regeneration of Texas rice cultivars (Lemont, Rico I, Rexmont and Skybonnet) and Taipei 309 was enhanced by the use of ABA in the subculture medium with a 2-fold and a 3- to 10-fold increase in plant regeneration with 2.6 mgL−1 and 26 mgL−1 ABA in the subculture media, respectively. Regeneration of plants from callus of IR36 and IR64 was not enhanced by ABA but by the use of BAP and Trp in the subculture medium or by 2,4-D alone. The subculture medium containing BAP and Trp produced a 5-fold increase in plant regeneration rate from IR64 callus and was equal to subculture medium containing only 2,4-D for IR36 callus. Both Lemont and IR36 were previously reported to be difficult to regenerate or non-regenerative, however, the use of ABA or BAP in the subculture medium, small callus pieces and visual selection of embryogenic callus allowed the regeneration of up to 20 and 22 plants from 100 mg of Lemont and IR36 callus, respectively.
Rule-Making and Rule-Breaking: Strip Club Social Control Regarding Alcohol and Other Drugs

Through fieldwork and interviews, this research addresses internal and external social control of drug and alcohol use in “Mell's Belles,” a strip club in a working-class northeastern city. I describe a variety of internal social control techniques used to regulate alcohol and illicit drugs, and then note the impact of external social control on the strip club, including police raids and general surveillance. Strip clubs have an unpredictable, laissez faire approach to rule enforcement, enforcing rules only when necessary. External social control uses legal power to infiltrate Mell's Belles over petty ordinance breaches, and ultimately, drugs. As an underclass population engaged in deviant work, strippers and patrons are unequipped to contend with surveillance regimes.
PBr3-DMF Assisted Elimination of a Highly Hindered Diallylic Tertiary Alcohol in a Bicyclic System: Synthesis of a Key Intermediate Useful for the Total Synthesis of Forskolin

Abstract Regioisomeric acetates 12 and 13. obtained by the PBr3-DMF reaction on a highly hindered diallylic tertiary alcohol, were converted into a key intermediate 15. useful for the total synthesis of forskolin 1
Riparian Ecosystem Management Model: Sensitivity to Soil, Vegetation, and Weather Input Parameters

: The Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) was developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS) and its cooperators to design and evaluate the efficiency of riparian buffer ecosystems for nonpoint source pollution reduction. REMM requires numerous inputs to simulate water movement, sediment transport, and nutrient cycling in the buffer system. In order to identify critical model inputs and their uncertainties, a univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted for nine REMM output variables. The magnitude of each input parameter was changed from −50% to +50% from the baseline data in 12 intervals or, in some cases, the complete range of an input was tested. Baseline model inputs for the sensitivity analysis were taken from Gibbs Farm, Georgia, where REMM was tested using a 5-year field dataset. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that REMM responses were most sensitive to weather inputs, with minimum daily temperature having the greatest impact on the nitrogen-related outputs. For example, the 100% change (−50% to +50%) in minimum daily temperature input values yielded a 164.4% change in total nitrogen (N), a 109.3% change in total nitrate (NO3), and a 127.1% change in denitrification. REMM was most sensitive to precipitation with regard to total flow leaving the riparian vegetative buffer zone (199.8%) and sediment yield (138.2%). Deep seepage (12.2%), volumetric water content (24.8%), and pore size index (6.5%) in the buffer soil profile were the most influential inputs for the output water movement. Sediment yield was most sensitive to Manning’s coefficient (46.6%), bare soil percent (40.7%), and soil permeability (6.1%). For vegetation, specific leaf area, growing degree day coefficients, and maximum root depth influenced the nitrogen related outputs. Overall results suggest that because of the high sensitivity to weather parameters, on-site weather data is needed for model calibration and validation. The model’s relatively low sensitivity to vegetation parameters also appears to support the use of regional vegetation datasets that would simplify model implementation without compromising results.
Matrix determination of hidden object reflectance by indirect photography

Indirect photography was recently demonstrated as a technique for imaging hidden objects. A camera and laser are collocated, neither with line-of-sight to the object. Laser light is reflected off a visible surface onto the hidden object, then reflected back to the visible surface and collected by the camera. Varying laser spot position yields different camera images, which are used to construct an "indirect" image of the object. Here, camera images are processed by modeling the system as a set of radiometric transport and reflectance matrices. Matrix formulation and inversion, and those parameters demonstrated to improve indirect image quality, are discussed.
The Ocean Research Interactive Observatory Networks (ORION) program

Ships have served oceanographers through the years, ably supporting measurements and sampling using a wide range of disciplines. The use of ships, coupled with the intimate mingling of physics, chemistry geology and biology, have fostered the interdisciplinary growth of oceanography ultimately leading to a major new effort in ocean sciences research. The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI), a proposed project of the U.S. National Science Foundation, seeks to establish a permanent presence in the ocean to improve our capacity to measure physical, chemical, biological, and geological parameters on multiple time and spatial scales. This NSF Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MRE-FC) project will provide the initial investment in infrastructure necessary for this major new approach in oceanography.
Fast LDV autocorrelation algorithm asing the square-wave transform

Autocorrelation is an operation that is applied to a variety of digitized signals, including Doppler bursts from LDV systems. Typically, this is calculated by performing a Fourier or Hartley transform, squaring the magnitude of the spectral coefficients, and performing the inverse transform. An integer algorithm is presented for calculating the autocorrelation using the square-wave transform (SWT). Under favorable circumstances this method can be significantly faster than Fourier methods. Furthermore, since no transcendental functions appear in the SWT method, there is, unlike Fourier methods, no roundoff error in this algorithm. Algorithms for computing cross-correlation and convolution using the SWT are also presented.
Aerosols at Mt. Lemmon: Estimates of gas-to-particle conversion rate

Abstract As part of a research project to investigate sources, sinks and climate influence of aerosols we carried out measurements of the aerosol size (diameter), area and volume distributions from a summit location (2.8 km altitude) in the Catalina Mountains in southern Arizona. We find the air to be very clean with respect to aerosol concentration, in fact at certain times nearly as clean as the air at the Mauna Loa Observatory in the central Pacific Ocean. Chemical reactions involving aerosol surface, optical extinction and scattering are controlled by a sub micron and quite volatile (with respect to vapor pressure) `accumulation mode'. We present evidence suggesting that the gas-to-particle conversion rate in this mid-tropospheric locale is on the order of 10−19 g cm−3 s−1.
Toxicity of minimal amounts of cadmium to the developing rat lung and pulmonary surfactant

Abstract Pregnant rats were injected subcutaneously with 0, 1, 2, 4 or 8 mg cadmium chloride/kg each day during mid-gestation from day 12–15. Dams were sacrified on day 21. The treatment resulted in a dose-related increase in prenatal mortality, and decreases in body weight, lung weight and saturated fatty acid containing lecithin content in the fetus but no change in pulmonary sphingomyelin. Although the lowest dose produced no changes in fetal viability, body weight or lung weight, a significant reduction in the amount of saturated fatty acid containing lecithin occurred. Since saturated fatty acid containing lecithin is a major component of pulmonary surfactant, fetuses from CdCl 2 -treated dams may be subject to respiratory distress postnatally.
Histidyl-proline diketopiperazine suppresses prolactin secretion in human pituitary tumour cell cultures.

SUMMARY Because histidyl-proline diketopiperazine (HPD), a metabolite of TRH, has been shown to suppress prolactin (PRL) release by rat pituitary tumour cells, human pituitary tumour cells were exposed to this compound. Monolayer cell cultures were initiated from pituitary tissue removed by transsphenoidal surgery from two patients with prolactin-secreting microadenomas. Tumour fragments were mechanically dispersed; cells were seeded into multiwell plates and incubated in Ham's F-10 medium enriched with fetal calf serum (20%). HPD (7±5 ng/ml) suppressed PRL release by both tumour cell cultures. Theophylline reversed the inhibition of PRL release induced by HPD. The data raise the possibility that HPD may act as an endogenous prolactin-inhibiting factor in man.
Cortical alveoli formation and vitellogenesis during oocyte differentiation in the pipefish, Syngnathus fuscus, and the Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus

The formation of cortical alveoli and yolk has been investigated in the pipe-fish, Syngnathus fuscus, and the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus by techniques of light and electron microscopy. In addition to cortical alveoli and yolk components the ooplasm contains many mitochondria, numerous Golgi complexes, copious quantities of the endoplasmic reticulum of the rough variety, ribosomes and particulate glycogen. While the formation of cortical alveoli and yolk may proceed simultaneously, the cortical alveoli are the first to develop. Staining procedures indicate that cortical alveoli, like some of the yolk bodies contain a polysaccharide component and protein. It is suggested that the protein portion is made by the endoplasmic reticulum and is subsequently transferred to the Golgi complex via vesicles. Within the saccules of the Golgi complex the polysaccharide component is fabricated after which time the Golgi produce vesicles containing the products of either the cortical alveoli or yolk bodies. The precursors used in the production of the yolk are produced by the oocyte (endogenous) and by an organ other than the ovary (exogenous). The precursors made exogenously become associated with the morphologically and physiologically specialized oolemma and are subsequently internalized by the process of micropinocytosis.
The Use of Kinetic School Drawings to Explore the Educational Preferences of Gifted Students

Researchers have long understood that children's drawings provide meaningful insights into the individual. This research extends previous use of Kinetic School Drawings (KSD) by asking students to ...
Blastic NK-cell-like lymphoma with T-cell receptor gene rearrangement.

Blastic natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma is very rare but has been recently classified as a distinct entity in WHO classification. However, the classification remains controversial, and the clinicopathologic spectrum is not completely understood. We report a unique case of cutaneous CD4+ CD56+ malignancy with a typical clinical presentation and immunophenotype of blastic NK-cell lymphoma in a 15-year-old Guamanian girl. The skin was the only site involved by the lymphoma. Molecular study showed clonal T-cell receptor γ gene rearrangement. The patient has been disease-free till now (more than 12 months following bone marrow transplant). This case may represent a tumor at an early stage of a common developmental pathway for T-cells and NK-cells. Am. J. Hematol. 75:251–253, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy Distribution to Light Daily Smokers Calling a Quitline

BACKGROUND With an increasing prevalence of lighter smokers presenting for cessation assistance, outcome-based recommendations are needed to inform nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) distribution protocols by quitlines. METHODS A quasi-experimental design was utilized to compare quit rates based on samples selected from the time period before and after NRT (gum or lozenge) was offered to light daily smokers (1-9 cigarettes) contacting the New York State Smokers' Quitline. Outcome measures included self-reported 7- and 30-day abstinence rates, numbers of daily cigarettes among continuing smokers, and cost per quit analyses. RESULTS Among responders to the follow-up survey, quit rates were higher for those given NRT compared with those not offered NRT at both 7 (33.0% vs. 27.2%; Relative Risk [RR] = 2.25 [95% CI: 1.15, 4.40; p < .05]) and 30 days (28.0% vs. 21.9%; RR = 2.63 [95% CI: 1.25, 5.54; p < .05]). Similar results were obtained based on intent-to-treat analyses for both 7 (13.4% vs. 11.3%; RR = 1.92 [95% CI: 1.08, 3.39; p < .05]) and 30 days (11.4% vs. 9.1%; RR = 2.29 [95% CI: 1.20, 4.40; p < .05]). Among continuing smokers, the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day increased from enrollment to follow-up in both groups, but less so in those receiving NRT. The additional cost associated with providing a 2-week free supply of nicotine replacement to smokers was $52 for gum and $74 for lozenge. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that light daily smokers (1-9 cigarettes) who contact a telephone quitline are interested in using NRT if offered and are able to achieve higher quit rates compared with those not offered NRT.
Work is not play

Bibliographic instruction has evolved from classroom sessions to present‐day online tutorials that range from brief Web pages to fully‐functional distance‐learning modules. Though libraries use a variety of tools (video clips, games, built‐in quizzes, guided screen capture, cross links, etc.) to create engaging tutorials for bibliographic instruction, the dullness and complexity of the subject‐matter ensures that most tutorials will be little used. The author suggests that the best online bibliographic instruction may use a format already familiar to computer users – an extensive, searchable set of frequently asked questions and their answers.
An ultrasensitive catalytic method for metal ions and cyanide-containing organic compounds

Abstract Ultrasensitive methods are described for the detection and determination of cyanide-containing organic compounds and of various metal ions. The methods are based either on the hydrolysis of the organic compounds to give cyanide ion, which then catalyzes the reduction of o-dinitrobenzene via formation of the cyanohydrin anion of p-nitrobenzaldehyde, or on the inhibition of this catalytic reaction by silver-(I), mercury(II), copper(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) which form cyanide complexes. By these methods, tetracyanoethylene, p-chlorobenzylidine malononitrile, or benzoyl cyanide (0.1–10 μg/ml) may be determined with a deviation of about 2%, and Ag(i). Hg(II) (0.02–0.2 μg/ml), Cu(II) (0.003–0.030 μg/ml), Co(II) (0.06–0.40 μg/ml) and Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) (1–10 μg/ml) can be determined with a deviation of about 3%.
Sensation-seeking and preference for emotional visual stimuli

Abstract The Zuckerman Sensation-seeking Scale (SSS) was administered to 190 men and 197 women, who were also asked to choose 5 pictures out of a group of 21. Seven of these pictures had been rated as emotionally positive, 7 as emotionally neutral and 7 as emotionally negative. Choices of the high and low sensation-seeking groups were compared, and it was found that the high sensation-seekers had a stronger preference for the hegative stimuli than the lows, and the low sensation-seekers had a stronger preference for the positive stimuli than the highs. The results are discussed in terms of optimum level of arousal.
A sketch interface to support storyboarding of augmented reality experiences

Augmented reality (AR) applications pose unique challenges to the experience designer. The creation of 3D content for AR is time consuming. Working AR experiences are difficult to develop and require technology such as trackers and cameras. Therefore, traditionally, AR designers have been limited in the number of design iterations that can be explored. To support rapid prototyping, design exploration, and testing of the “participant experience” early and often we have developed the Designer’s Augmented Reality Toolkit (DART) [MacIntyre et al. 2004]. DART consists of additions to the Macromedia Director environment that support the prototyping of AR applications. DART that addresses the problems associated with in situ applications via components that allow for the capture and replay of camera and tracker data. These components allow a designer to easily record synchronized sensor, tracker (e.g. GPS, inertial sensing), and camera data needed for an application at the actual site. This recorded data can then be used in a DART application just as live data would be; allowing the designer to develop working AR applications without having to be located at the site and without all the technology present.
23 INDICATIONS AND RESULTS OF BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LEUKEMIA (AL)

Since 1971, 7 children with AL (5 ALL, 2 ANL) have been transplanted at the University Children's Hospital. 2 of the donors were identical twins, 4 were siblings, 1 the HLA-identical father. The ALL children were transplanted after 2 to 4 relapses, the ANL earlier. 3 were in CR, 2 in PR and 2 in relapse. All got intensive chemotherapy, and 5 total body irradiation (TBI). 3 died of early complications, all others showed a take. 1 boy (w/o TBI) relapsed after 2 months, 1 with an AML had a testicular relapse after 4 months, but is in CR again since 10+ months under chemotherapy. The most recent patient shows a normal bone marrow, and no acute GvH, after 1 month. 1 boy stays in CR since 40+ mo. Our results suggest, and those from Seattle show that bone marrow transplantation in AL is feasible. As interstitial pneumonia and relapse are the most important obstacles to success, the children should be in remission (to start with a lower tumor load) and get an intensive cytostatic pretreatment, but - to avoid pneumonitis - should not get more than 750 r to the lungs.
Dermal gland secretion improves the heat tolerance of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, allowing for their prolonged exposure to host body temperature

Abstract Dermal glands (sensilla sagittiformia) secrete when brown dog ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, are mechanically disturbed, presumably as a defensive mechanism. Recently, we observed that these glands secrete due to the pressure stimulation of engorgement. In this study, we examine how dermal gland secretion alters the physiology of R. sanguineus, particularly if this secretion is an important mechanism during blood feeding. The ability of ticks to retain water was not modified by dermal gland secretion, but heat tolerance was enhanced. Short-term heat shock was improved slightly (1 h at 50 °C to 1 h at 56 °C) and featured reduced injury responses and greater recovery after heat shock. When exposed to their host body temperature (37 °C) for prolonged periods, individuals that had secreted survived over 1 week longer than individuals that did not secrete. Dorsal application of squalene, the main component of dermal gland secretion, did not increase temperature tolerance, suggesting that the act of secreting rather than the physical properties of the secretion itself is responsible for the increase in heat tolerance. Based on our results, dermal gland secretion may be an essential mechanism in certain tick species (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, but not Ixodes) for tolerating body temperature and not succumbing to heat stress during the extended time periods of feeding on a mammalian host, serving as a mechanism to prevent heat damage from the host during feeding.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction by inhibition of PCSK9.

Purpose of review To review the phase 1 and 2 trials with fully human monoclonal antibodies to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 published in the last 18 months and provide comprehensive data that targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 very effectively reduces LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). Recent findings The trials studied a number of different populations including patients with LDL receptor defects (heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia) and non-familial hypercholesterolemia, background statin or diet only treatment, and those intolerant to statins. The LDL-C lowering has been large, consistent and greater than the largest reductions achievable by the most efficacious statins. These subcutaneously administered drugs produce very rapid reductions in LDL-C, maximal in 7 days, with dosing frequency that may be every 2 or 4 weeks. Unexpected, consistent and robust reductions in Lp(a) have also been reported. Based on these short-term trials of 8-12 weeks in over 1500 patients the drugs have been very well tolerated and the emergent safety profile has not identified any specific areas of concern. Summary Provided these compounds continue to exhibit an acceptable safety profile in ongoing phase 3 trials they will be as crucial to LDL-C control and reduction of cardiovascular disease, as statins.
Nuclear magnetic resonance as a probe of electronic states of Bi 2 Se 3

We present magnetotransport and ${}^{209}$Bi nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data on a series of single crystals of Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$, Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{2}$Se, and Cu${}_{x}$Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ with varying carrier concentrations. The Knight shift of the bulk nuclei is strongly correlated with the carrier concentration via a hyperfine coupling of 27 $\ensuremath{\mu}$eV, which may have important consequences for scattering of the protected surface states. Surprisingly we find that the NMR linewidths and the spin-lattice relaxation rate appear to be dominated by the presence of localized spins, which may be related to the presence of Se vacancies.
Buffering ability of several compounds in vitro, and the effect of a selected buffer combination on ruminal acid production in vivo

Abstract The buffering ability of several compounds was tested in vitro with rumen fluid from cattle fed roughage-concentrate or all-concentrate rations. The in vitro system developed to test the buffers involved incubating 100 ml rumen fluid (after flushing with carbon dioxide) with 1% buffer and 5% ground extrusion cooked corn 6 h at 39 C. This then was titrated with acid or base for buffering capacity. A computer selected combinations of buffers on their performance singly. With rare exception, hydroxides and oxides were poor buffers alone or in combination because their response often was erratic and usually caused excessive pH changes immediately after addition to rumen fluid. In proper combination, carbonates and bicarbonates were the most promising anions. Occasional benefits were derived from phosphates. Some buffer salts, rated fair or poor alone, balanced out each other's defects and combined into a good buffer. Several buffer combinations were selected by computer for both all-concentrate and concentrate-roughage rations. One such combination for the concentrate ration consisted of bentonite, monobasic potassium phosphate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, and sodium carbonate combined in a 5:22:22:35:16 ratio. This combination without bentonite was fed as a supplement (.227 kg/ head per day) to dairy steers consuming an all-concentrate ration. Animals fed the buffer had a slightly higher rumen fluid pH, higher rumen acetate, lower propionate, and higher lactate concentration than did the controls.
Picosecond vibrational photon echo experiments in liquids and glasses

An account is given of the first infrared vibrational photon echo experiments conducted in liquids and a glasses. The experiments were performed on the CO stretching mode of the solute tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6) at approximately 5.05 micrometers (approximately 1980 cm-1) in the solvents 2-methytetrahydrofuran, and 2-methylpentane (2-MP). In 2-MP, it was possible to observe the photon echo decay at room temperature and follow the temperature dependence from room temperature to 10 K. The photon echo experiments were conducted using the Stanford superconducting-linear-accelerator-pumped Free Electron Laser as the source of tunable ps infrared pulses.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Development of a MEMS based dynamic rheometer

Rheological methods that interrogate nanolitre scale volumes of fluids and solids have advanced considerably over the past decade, yet there remains a need for methods that probe the frequency-dependent complex rheological moduli through application of homogenous strain fields. Here we describe a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) based approach for the measurement of dynamic rheology of soft matter where oscillatory strain is produced in a sample sandwiched between an oscillating MEMS stage and a glass plate. The resulting stress–strain relationships are revealed by measurement and analysis of the stage motion. We present preliminary data on simple viscous fluids and on viscoelastic thin films. In this proof-of-principle device, we measure moduli in the range of 50 Pa to 10 kPa over a range of 3 rad s−1 to 3000 rad s−1 using less than 5 nL of sample material. The device's measurement window is limited primarily by our current ability to measure the motion of the stage. This device will provide a new way to characterize dynamic microrheology of an array of novel materials and will prove useful in a number of areas including biorheology, microfluidics and polymer thin films.
Dynamics of Dielectric Barrier Discharges Over Wounded Skin

The intersection of plasma filaments in a dielectric barrier discharge with a small wound in the human skin in the context of plasma medicine is investigated with results from a computer model. The relative location of the filament with respect to the wound determines the symmetry of treatment.
Modified complex BIFORE transform

A modified version of the complex BIFORE transform (CBT) abbreviated as MCBT is developed. Its properties are similar to those of the CBT, but because of the sparseness of the transform matrix, the MCBT can be computed much faster than the CBT.
Contraceptive and fertility behavior of family planning clinic dropouts: a Maryland study.

A study to examine the acceptance of and drop-out from family planning clinic services in Maryland was undertaken during 1984-85 by interviewing a random sample of 1,020 women who came to the clinics as "new clients" during 1980 through 1982 when they were 20 through 39 years of age. This article examines the contraceptive and fertility behavior after their last clinic visits. The results showed that most of these women were "protected" from pregnancy risk considerably beyond their last clinic visit. However, the analysis also revealed that in spite of the reported high contraceptive use rate, unplanned pregnancies occurred after the client's last clinic visit, suggesting that contraceptive use was either inconsistent or ineffective. These findings suggest that instead of allocating a large proportion of resources to follow-up acceptors to bring the "drop-outs" back to the clinics, a more effective program strategy would be to systematically and effectively educate and counsel the clients during their cli...
Theory and Practice with Adolescents: An Applied Approach

Fred R. McKenzie, Chicago, Lyceum Books, 2008, 253 pp. plus Appendix, ISBN: 9781933478227, ($39.95) Theory and Practice with Adolescents: An Applied Approach by Fred McKenzie is a wonderful text bo...
Electron microscopical observations on bacterial cytology II. A study of flagellation

Abstract An electron-microscopical study has been undertaken in the hope of arriving at a final solution of some basic problems concerning bacterial flagellation. 1. 1. The question whether in the bacterial kingdom definite types of flagellation exist has of late become a subject of controversy, and a decision in this matter may be deemed most desirable with a view to the general application of this characteristic in bacterial classification. Ample evidence has been obtained that, next to the already often clearly demonstrated cases of cephalotrichy in certain bacterial species, also true peritrichy undoubtedly exists. In addition a new type of flagellation has been encountered in which certain aspects of cephalotrichy and peritrichy are combined. 2. 2. A study of the genesis of flagella led to the conclusion that they grow out individually. A comparison of the flagella on bacteria in cultures of different age left no doubt that they gradually increase both in length and in number. This result is incompatible with Pijper 's theory according to which elementary flagella represent secondary products of an irreversible untwisting of a mucous tail. In preparations of Bacillus mesentericus it was even possible to differentiate clearly between flagella having a distinct linear structure and simultaneously present amorphous slime. 3. 3. In connection with the occurrence of “tails” on fast moving bacteria, as observed in the darkfield of the light microscope, attention has been given to the question whether the elementary flagella tend to agglomerate to bundles. Several instances of such a bundle formation have been encountered which are suggestive of the existence of a mutual affinity between the individual flagella. 4. 4. At variance with Pijper 's theory it has been found that mobility of a bacterium is not an essential condition for flagella formation. Firstly flagella were demonstrated on cells grown on a collodion membrane under conditions which did not allow swimming of the cells, and secondly in the case of a Caulobacter species flagella were found to have developed in the sessile stage of this bacterium. 5. 5. Following a suggestion of C. F. Robinow a study was made of the flagellation of swarmer cells of Proteus vulgaris after subjecting them to autolysis. The remarkable observation was made that in this bacterium flagella arise from little spheres of about 100 mμ diameter which evidently under normal conditions are embedded in the protoplasm. 6. 6. The foregoing warrants the conclusion that elementary flagella represent definite organs of the bacteria and may therefore well be applied in the diagnosis of bacterial species and in their classification. 7. 7. In the Appendix filamentous appendages of bacterial cells are described which can occur in some species and which are easily distinguishable from flagella. When in these species cells are attached to a surface, be it the surface of the medium or of a solid substance, filaments are seen to radiate from these cells.
Ultrastructure of a spirochete found in tissues of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina.

1. A spirochete which occurs in tissues of the brine shrimp,Artemia salina, was studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A total of seven infected shrimps were encountered. 2. Under darkfield illumination, most spirochete cells inArtemia blood were 6–13 μ long and 0.3–0.4 μ wide. Coiling was variable and often irregular. 3. When tissues of the maxillary gland (kidney) and nearby organs were examined by electron microscopy, spirochete cells were found in both extracellular and intracellular locations. These microbes possessed the ultrastructural features typical of members of the Order Spirochaetales: a) a slender protoplasmic cylinder (0.18 μ average diameter), b) axial fibrils (150 A average diameter), and c) an outer envelope or sheath (approximately 75 A thick). 4. Counts made of the number of axial fibrils evident in transverse sections of spirochete cells were consistent with the hypothesis that this spirochete has a 1-2-1 arrangement of axial fibrils. 5. Non-spiral forms were observed in the haemocoel and in the lumen of the maxillary gland.
Four-wave frequency conversion of coherent soft x rays in a plasma.

This paper analyzes a four-wave sum-difference-frequency generation scheme to convert coherent soft-x-ray radiation to shorter wavelengths, using a plasma medium. The governing equations are reviewed, and scaling laws are explored to show how the scheme would scale in the extreme ultraviolet and soft-x-ray regimes. Susceptibilities and conversion rates are evaluated numerically in the case of conversion from approximately 66 to 130 eV in a Na-like K plasma. Finally, phase-matching considerations are discussed.
Remarkably Selective Iridium Catalysts for the Elaboration of Aromatic C-H Bonds

Arylboron compounds have intriguing properties and are important building blocks for chemical synthesis. A family of Ir catalysts now enables the direct synthesis of arylboron compounds from aromatic hydrocarbons and boranes under "solventless" conditions. The Ir catalysts are highly selective for C-H activation and do not interfere with subsequent in situ transformations, including Pd-mediated cross-couplings with aryl halides. By virtue of their favorable activities and exceptional selectivities, these Ir catalysts impart the synthetic versatility of arylboron reagents to C-H bonds in aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrocarbons.