cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The sine-cosine method for obtaining solutions with compact and noncompact structures

In this paper we establish compact and noncompact solutions for nonlinear dispersive equations. A sine-cosine method is used to demonstrate this work. The different physical structures of the focusing branch and the defocusing branch are emphasized. Many models are approached to illustrate the usage of our main results.
Isoelectric focusing of S-β-(4-pyridylethyl)-l-cysteine myosin components on polyacrylamide gel☆

Abstract Procedures have been developed for the isoelectric focusing of alkylated myosin subunits. The subunits are solubilized and dissociated during electrofocusing with 12 M urea at 43°C in 5% or 3.5% polyacrylamide gel. The small subunits isoelectric focused between pH 4.9 and 5.3 and the large subunits between pH 6.4 and 7.2.
Utility of a prototype peroral video cholangioscopy system with narrow-band imaging for evaluation of biliary disorders (with videos)

h m a h e The role of peroral cholangioscopy for diagnosis and treatment of biliary disorders has been well-established.1 One of the major shortcomings of peroral cholangioscopy has been the relatively poor image quality offered by fiberoptic cholangioscopes. Introduction of video cholangioscopes at the turn of the century remedied this shortcoming.2 Continued progress in imaging technology has led to further enhancements in the image resolution of video cholangioscopes. However, video cholangioscopes are expensive, require two endoscopists in most instances, and are fragile and break easily. Furthermore, there is limited access to these cholangioscopes.3 These factors ave prevented widespread use of video cholangioscopy or diagnosis and treatment of biliary disorders. Currently, early all video cholangioscopy examinations are perormed at academic medical centers with special interest n biliary diseases. Narrow-band imaging (NBI) is an imaging technique hat has shown promise for detailed evaluation of mucosal bnormalities. Although there are multiple studies on the se of this technology in evaluation of mucosal aberraions in the GI tract, its use in the biliary tree has been imited.4 Video cholangioscopy systems with NBI capabilty have been developed, and their use in the biliary ystem has shown promise, based on a few published eports from Asian academic medical centers.5,6
The effect of relative humidity gradient on water vapor permeance of lipid and lipid-hydrocolloid bilayer films

The water vapor (WV) permeance of lipid and lipid-hydrocolloid films exposed to relative humidity (RH) gradients of 100–0%, 100–50%, 100–65% and 100–80% RH were determined. The lipids used were beeswax (BW) or a blend of BW and acetylated monoglycerides (AG). Hydrocolloids used were methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or ethylcellulose (EC). All films, except those containing EC, exhibited increased water vapor permeance as the RH gradient was reduced by raising the low-end RH. This increase in permeance was apparently caused by hydration and swelling across the entire film thickness, thus facilitating water movement through the film. Because of its hydrophobicity, EC likely lessened this swelling. Knowledge of the WV properties of edible films at relatively small gradients in the upper half of the RH spectrum, such as those used in this study, is useful because these conditions are far more common to foods than are the 100–0% gradients that are often used when evaluating films. Even though the WV permeance of BW and BW/AG films increased greatly at the 100–80% RH gradient, as compared to gradients ranging from 100–65% to 100–0%, they still possess WV barrier properties sufficient to be useful for foods.
“Let a great Assembly be”: Percy Shelley's “The Mask of Anarchy” and the Organization of Labor in New York City, 1910–30

By documenting Percy Bysshe Shelley's place in American labor history during the early twentieth century, this essay reevaluates the perennial question of the poet's credibility in socio-political affairs. It examines the reception history of “The Mask of Anarchy” both among academics and among workers, and concentrates on the writings of the union activist, Pauline Newman, and the literature curriculum of the Workers' University, the educational division of the International Ladies' Garments Workers' Union, in New York City. Because the American labor movement adopted the language of “The Mask of Anarchy,” it is difficult to fathom the full extent to which Shelley's poem inspired unionization. What is clear, however, is that 100 years after its composition, labor activists enthusiastically acknowledged that “The Mask of Anarchy” was instrumental in their success.
Universal voluntary testing and treatment for prevention of HIV transmission.

lic Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51(RR-8):1-46. 7. Benson CA, Kaplan JE, Masur H, Pau A, Holmes KK; CDC; National Institutes of Health; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004;53(RR-15):1-112. 8. Mofenson LM, Oleske J, Serchuck L, Van Dyke R, Wilfert C; CDC; National Institutes of Health; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and infected children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004;53(RR-14):1-92. 9. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. HIV/AIDS Policy Fact Sheet, July 2007. http://www.kff.org. Accessed November 17, 2008. 10. Hall HI, Song R, Rhodes P, et al; HIV Incidence Surveillance Group. Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States. JAMA. 2008;300(5):520-529. 11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Late versus early testing of HIV—16 sites, United States, 2000-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003; 52(25):581-586. 12. District of Columbia Department of Health. District of Columbia HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Annual Report, 2007. http://www.dchealth.dc.gov/doh/frames .asp?doc=/doh/lib/doh/services/administration_offices/hiv_aids/pdf /epidemiology_annual_2007.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2008. 13. AIDSInfo Web site. Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children—June 20, 2008. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/Pediatric_OI.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2008. 14. Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KH, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58(RR-4):1-207.
Electron transfer to n>=3 states of fluorine following K-plus L-shell ionization by heavy ions

The energies of fluorine $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x-ray satellite and hypersatellite peaks appearing in spectra for solid alkali and alkaline-earth fluorides and for gaseous HF have been compared. The energies for the solid compounds were found to be systematically lower than those for the gas. Spectra excited in thick solid targets by 80-MeV Ar ions exhibit new series of peaks located in the energy region just above the $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ hypersatellites. These peaks have been attributed to $K\ensuremath{\beta}$ hypersatellite transitions from levels having $n\ensuremath{\ge}3$. Both the energy deviations and the presence of $K\ensuremath{\beta}$ hypersatellites indicate that electron transfer to $n\ensuremath{\ge}3$ levels occurs in the solids prior to $K$ x-ray emission. A mechanism for the electron transfer process is proposed and support for this mechanism is provided by a simple classical model.
Effect of hour of operation on feminization of neonatally castrated male rats

Female sexual behavior of male rats castrated 1 h postpartum was qualitatively and quantitatively superior to that of males castrated 6, 12, or 48 h after birth. One-hour castrated males differed from spayed females only in that their lordotic responses were held less frequently after the male’s dismount. A combined group of 1-day castrated males was found to be inferior to spayed females on all measures of receptivity. These data suggest that differences among various studies in the degree of feminization resulting from neonatal castration of the male are related to the percentage of Ss in each study castrated within a few hours of birth.
Energy systems concepts and self-organization: a rebuttal

The following rebuttal concerns energy systems concepts misrepresented in published critiques (Hagen 1992; Golley 1993; Mansson and McGlade 1993; Patten 1993). Commentary here defends the energy systems approach and shows limitations of exergy. The commentary tries to explain why analytic study of parts and mechanisms is only half of basic science. Part of the confusion created by critics lies in trying to describe phenomena at one scale by discussing systems parts separately on a smaller scale. "Straw dummies" (points of view that are misrepresented and thus easily faulted) which are important to ecology are corrected.
Photonic curing of ligand-capped CuInSe 2 nanocrystal films

CuInSe 2 nanocrystals capped with oleylamine or chalcogenidometallate (ChaM) clusters, also known as metal chalcogenide complexes (MCC), were deposited from solution and sintered by photonic curing with a high intensity pulsed white light source. Oleylamine-capped nanocrystals sinter via melting and resolidification, regardless of pulse power used in the curing process, resulting in non-uniform layers with significant regions of exposed back contact. ChaM-capped nanocrystals on the other hand could be sintered at significantly lower pulse power to avoid melting and retain layer integrity. At higher pulse power, ChaM-capped nanocrystals melt but adhere more uniformLy to the substrate.
Absolute tauberian conditions for absolute hausdorff and quasi-hausdorff methods

The purpose of this paper is to prove that for a large set of absolute Hausdorff and quasi-Hausdorff methods the condition $$\sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {\left| {\lambda _n a_n - \lambda _{n - 1} a_{n - 1} } \right|< } \infty $$ is a Tauberian condition, i.e., its fulfillment together with the absolute summability of\(\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {a_n } \) tos implies that\(\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\left| {a_n } \right|}< \infty \) and\(\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {a_n } = s.\) a n =s.
Assessing Critical Thinking in Community Colleges

This chapter presents an overview of approaches to assessing critical thinking in community colleges, a brief description of standardized tests, and examples of several institutionally developed methodologies and good practices. Finally, it identifies challenges in assessing critical thinking in two-year colleges.
Breast cancer: Post-traumatic stress disorder--prevalent and persistent.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent in patients with breast cancer, and African American, Asian and younger women are disproportionally affected. PTSD is associated with adverse effects on psychological and physical health and might be an indicator of other risk factors. It is important to screen and treat PTSD, and more research is needed.
High-speed InGaAs-based vertical Schottky barrier photodetectors

In this work, we report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of an InGaAs-based vertical Schottky barrier (VSB) photodetector that uses a lattice-matched n/sup -/-InAlAs Schottky barrier height enhancement layer in conjunction with a 320 nm-thick film of ITO to form a high quality transparent Schottky contact. The Schottky barrier height of ITO on n/sup -/-InAlAs was determined to be 0.68 eV through the use of Norde plots and I-V measurements. The thin film of ITO and the device passivation layer of silicon nitride, together, form an odd-multiple quarter-wave transformer to 1.31 /spl mu/m perpendicularly incident light. The devices exhibited very low dark current densities, high responsivities, and high 3-dB bandwidths. A dark current per unit area of 8.87 /spl middot/10/sup -5/ A/cm/sup -2/ at an applied bias of 5 V was obtained. The responsivity for all the devices tested ranged from 0.55 to 0.59 A/W at a wavelength of 1.31 /spl mu/m. The 15 /spl mu/m diameter devices exhibited 3-dB bandwidths of 19 and 25 GHz in response to 1.55 /spl mu/m illumination with an applied bias of 5 and 10 V, respectively.
POLICY FOR SCIENCE FOR POLICY : A COMMENTARY ON LAMBRIGHT ON OZONE DEPLETION AND ACID RAIN

Abstract Scientists face increasing pressure to demonstrate how their work contributes to societal objectives. Likewise, policy makers proposing environmental policies are often asked to provide the scientific basis on which their proposals are based. These twin pressures are forcing a closer connection between science and policy. In our virw, policy-for-science-for-policy is a recursive process of defining societal goals, using those goals to identify questions to be addressed by science, then relating the findings of science back to the original goals, and if necessary, revisiting the goals themselves. Any policy analysis that focuses solely on policy-for-science or on science-for-policy tells only part of the story. To illustrate the need for and utility of a more integrative framework we critique a recent study of science and policy in the case stratospheric ozone depletion provided by W.H. Lambright in the September 1995 issue of Research Policy and in the process offer an alternative analysis. We find that the primary lesson of the ozone experience, supported in the case of acid rain, lies not in the conduct of research by government agencies or in the efforts of research managers to provide entrepreneurial leadership, but in the establishment of a healthy policy process —a policy-for-science-for-policy— that connected scientists and decision makers in pursuit of a common goal.
Register shifting of an insulin peptide–MHC complex allows diabetogenic T cells to escape thymic deletion

In nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, two sets of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells recognize the B:9-23 segment of the insulin B chain. One set, type A, recognizes insulin presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These T cells are highly deleted in the thymus. The second set, type B, does not recognize insulin protein but reacts with soluble B chain peptide. This set is not deleted in the thymus but is activated in the islets of Langerhans. In this study, we examine the specificity of these two types of T cells. The protein-reactive set recognizes the stretch of residues 13-21 of the insulin B chain. The set reactive to peptide only recognizes the stretch from residues 12-20. A single amino acid shift of the B chain peptide bound to I-A(g7) determines whether T cells recognize peptides generated by the processing of insulin, and consequently their escape from thymic purging. Biochemical experiments indicate that peptides bound in the 13-21 register interact more favorably with I-A(g7) than peptides that bind in the 12-20 register. Thus, self-reactive T cells can become pathogenic in the target organ where high concentrations of antigen and/or differences in intracellular processing present peptides in registers distinct from those found in the thymus.
Transient Changes in the in Vitro Activity of the Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Pulse Generator after Ovariectomy in Rats*

We examined in vitro LHRH release as a function of time after ovariectomy (OVX). Adult female rats (diestrous day 1 and 11-16, 61-68, and more than 120 days post-OVX) were decapitated, and the suprachiasmatic-medial preoptic area-medial basal hypothalamus was removed and superfused in vitro. There was a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) 2-fold decrease in mean in vitro LHRH release 11-16 days post-OVX that returned to levels observed in diestrous day 1 females 60 days post-OVX. LHRH cycle amplitudes of 11- to 16-day ovariectomized rats were reduced and significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than those of more than 120-day ovariectomized rats. These results indicate a complex relationship between ovarian steroid hormone removal and LHRH pulse generator function that is only revealed after direct measurement of LHRH release.
TURBULENCE STATISTICS MEASUREMENTS IN A NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST

Tower-based turbulence measurements were collected in and over a mixed hardwood forest at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) UMBS∼flux site in the northern summer of 2000. Velocity and temperature fluctuations were measured at five levels within the canopy (up to the canopy height, H = 21.4 m), using one- and three-dimensional sonic anemometers and fine-wire thermocouples. Six additional thermocouples were distributed over the canopy-layer depth. Three-dimensional velocities and sonic temperatures were also measured above the canopy at 1.6H and at 2.15H on the AmeriFlux tower located at the UMBS∼flux site. Vertical profiles of buoyancy flux, mean horizontal velocity, Reynolds stress, and standard deviation and skewness of velocity components were calculated. The analysis of these measurements aims at a multi-layer para- meterization framework of turbulence statistics for implementation in Lagrangian stochastic models. Turbulence profiles and power spectra above the canopy were analyzed in the context of Monin- Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) and Kolmogorov theory, as determined by stability at the top level (2.15H), to assess the extent to which surface scaling is valid as the canopy top is approached. Velocity spectra were computed to explore the potential of estimating the viscous dissipation rate, and results show that the high frequency range of the spectra above the canopy exhibits the roll-off predicted by Kolmogorov theory. Similarly, velocity standard deviations above the canopy converge to MOST predicted values toward the top level, and spectral peaks shift with stability, as expected. Within the canopy, both turbulence statistics profiles and spectral distributions follow the general known characteristics inside forests.
Overweight and obesity among North American Indian infants, children, and youth

The frequency of overweight and obesity among North American Indian children and youth exceeds that of other ethnic groups in the United States. This observation is based on studies using body mass index as the primary measure of overweight and obesity. In the mid-20th century, there were regional differences among North American Indian groups in sub-adults' size and shape and only a few Southwestern groups were characterized by high rates of overweight and obesity. In most populations, the high prevalence of overweight and obesity developed in the last decades of the 20th century. Childhood obesity may begin early in life as many studies report higher birth weights and greater weight-for-height in the preschool years. Contributing factors include higher maternal weights, a nutritional transition from locally caught or raised foods to store bought items, psychosocial stress associated with threats to cultural identity and national sovereignty, and exposure to obesogenic pollutants, all associated to some degree with poverty. Obesity is part of the profile of poor health among Native Americans in the US and Canada, and contributes to woefully high rates of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and early mortality. Interventions that are culturally appropriate are needed to reduce weights at all points in the lifespan. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noncooperative Foundations of the Area Monotonic Solution

Given a finite set of alternatives, players alternate making offers. Player 1 offers some alternative that 2 can accept or veto. If 2 accepts, it is enforced, and the game ends. Otherwise, 2 makes a counteroffer among the remaining alternatives, and so on. If all alternatives are vetoed, a disagreement alternative is enforced. First, we characterize the unique outcome of any subgame perfect equilibrium of this game. Then, we show that this outcome converges to the Area Monotonic Solution if the alternatives are uniformly distributed over the bargaining set, and as the number of alternatives tends to infinity.
Model-Based Clustering of Regression Time Series Data via APECM -- An AECM Algorithm Sung to an Even Faster Beat

We propose a model-based approach for clustering time series regression data in an unsupervised machine learning framework to identify groups under the assumption that each mixture component follows a Gaussian autoregressive regression model of order p. Given the number of groups, the traditional maximum likelihood approach of estimating the parameters using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm can be employed, although it is computationally demanding. The somewhat fast tune to the EM folk song provided by the Alternating Expectation Conditional Maximization (AECM) algorithm can alleviate the problem to some extent. In this article, we develop an alternative partial expectation conditional maximization algorithm (APECM) that uses an additional data augmentation storage step to efficiently implement AECM for finite mixture models. Results on our simulation experiments show improved performance in both fewer numbers of iterations and computation time. The methodology is applied to the problem of clustering mutual funds data on the basis of their average annual per cent returns and in the presence of economic indicators.
Herpesvirus lytic replication and the cell cycle: arresting new developments.

It has been clear for a number of years that small DNA tumor viruses such as simian virus 40 (SV40) and papillomavirus interact with cell cycle control pathways during lytic replication in a way that promotes entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. Since these viruses do not code for their own DNA
PERCEIVING JUSTICE ACROSS CULTURES: EQUITY VS. EQUALITY IN COLOMBIA AND IN THE UNITED STATES

Abstract This study reports the evaluation of an allocator by Colombian and United States subjects in terms of the allocation norm used by the allocator and the sex and nationality of the subjects. Subjects were presented with a description of a bogus experiment where the allocator distributed the group's rewards in terms of the equality or equity norms. Both Colombian and United States subjects preferred the equitable allocator over the egalitarian allocator, the difference being more marked among the Colombian subjects. An equitable allocation was perceived as fairer by both groups and was the preferred allocation mode when asked to state how they would have distributed the rewards. Contrary to what was expected from the literature, the importance assigned to various reasons varied not in terms of the sex of the subject but of the allocation norm. The equal allocation was perceived as promoting a friendly atmosphere while the equitable allocation was perceived as being produced by a concern over fairness.
Intimate Partner Violence and Barriers to Mental Health Care for Ethnically Diverse Populations of Women

Ethnically diverse populations of women, particularly survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), experience many barriers to mental health care. The search terms ''women'' and ''domestic violence or IPV'' and ''mental health care'' were used as a means to review the literature regarding barriers to mental health care and minority women. Abstracts chosen for further review included research studies with findings on women of one or more ethnic minority groups, potential barriers to accessing mental health care, and a nonexclusive focus on IPV. Fifty-five articles were selected for this review. Identified barriers included a variety of patient, provider, and health system/community factors. Attention to the barriers to mental health care for ethnically diverse survivors of IPV can help inform the development of more effective strategies for health care practice and policy.
The Greek Chorus and Other Techniques of Paradoxical Therapy

This paper has described some of the interventions developed at the Ackerman Brief Therapy Project in treating the families of symptomatic children. The interventions are based upon a differential diagnosis of the family system and upon an evaluation of that system's resistance to change. They are classified as compliance-based or defiance-based, depending upon the family's degree of anxiety, motivation, and resistance. Paradoxical interventions, which are defiance-based, are used as a clinical tool in dealing with resistance and circumventing the power struggle between therapist and family. A consultation group acting as a Greek chorus underlines the therapist's interventions and comments on the consequences of systemic change. This group is also sometimes used to form a therapeutic triangle among the family, therapist and group, with the therapist and group debating over the family's ability to change.
Scarcity rent reconsidered: The effects of exploration

Abstract The scarcity of a natural resource has been measured by, among others, the unit cost of extractive output, the product price and the shadow price of the resource. We argue that the shadow price of the resource in-situ overstates the scarcity rent when exploration is present. In such a case, the correct specification of scarcity rent is a weighted average of the shadow price of the resource in-situ and the shadow price of future discoveries.
Reply: No dawn yet of a new age in spinal cord rehabilitation.

Sir, We agree with Dr Wernig that enhancement of activity after spinal cord injury can be obtained by mechanical stimulation, electrical stimulation of the skin, reduction of body weight support and enhanced excitability including Jendrassik manoeuvres. Therefore in our study we assessed this excitability continuously. In all four of our research participants with repeated Jendrassik manoeuvres there was no detectable EMG activity below the level of lesion [Supplementary Fig. 2 in Angeli et al. (2014): neck flexion with resistance]. Neck flexion with resistance is one way to induce the Jendrassik manoeuvre and in many individuals with cervical level injury may be the only way because grasping their fingers bilaterally and pulling is not possible due to the severity and level of injury. In addition, when we provided repetitive sensory cues within categories of mechanical stimulation and …
Optimal Layered Video IPTV Multicast Streaming Over Mobile WiMAX Systems

A WiMAX radio resource allocation (WRA) problem is investigated in the context of IPTV broadcasting over mobile WiMAX multicast, broadcast services (MBS) channels. The goal is to maximize quality of services, in terms of number of subscribers served, number of IPTV channels carried, and perceived video qualities of individual viewers, subject to constraints on multicast channel capacities and space-time channel quality variations. We present an efficient heuristic algorithm based on the Pareto principle that achieves near-optimal results in polynomial time complexity. Extensive simulations are conducted to compare this new approach against state-of-the-art heuristic algorithms and consistent superior performance has been observed.
Ontogenesis of learning: IV. Dissociation of memory and perceptual-alerting processes mediating taste neophobia in the rat

The rat's neophobic response to tastes can be conceptualized as depending on two processes: memory processes That store a representation of an experienced taste so that it can be recongnized as familiar on subequent encounters, and perceptual-alerting processes that respond differentially to novel versus familiar tastes. We investigated the ontogeny of these processes by studying the preweanling rat's behavioral reaction to a 10% sucrose solution. Experiments I and II suggest that the memory processes mature earlier (by 7–8 days of age) that the perceptual-alerting processes (about 11 days of age). Experiment III suggests that pups do not acquire and aversion to sucrose paired with illness until they are 12-days-old, implying a close correspondence between the maturation of processes mediating neophobia and taste aversion learning. These findings are consistent with our previous work (Vopgt & Rudy, 1984), and our view that ontogenetic dissociations in taste-guided beghavior reflect caudal-to-rostral maturation in the ascending gustatory system.
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydial Heat Shock Protein 60 Stimulate Proliferation of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Toll-Like Receptor 4 and p44/p42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation

An early component of atherogenesis is abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. The presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in many atherosclerotic lesions raises the possibility that this organism plays a causal role in atherogenesis. In this study, C pneumoniae elementary bodies (EBs) rapidly activated p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and stimulated proliferation of VSMCs in vitro. Exposure of VSMCs derived from human saphenous vein to C pneumoniae EBs (3x10(7) inclusion forming units/mL) enhanced bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation 12+/-3-fold. UV- and heat-inactivated C pneumoniae EBs also stimulated VSMC proliferation, indicating a role of direct stimulation by chlamydial antigens. However, the mitogenic activity of C pneumoniae was heat-labile, thus excluding a role of lipopolysaccharide. Chlamydial hsp60 (25 microg/mL) replicated the effect of C pneumoniae, stimulating BrdU incorporation 7+/-3-fold. Exposure to C pneumoniae or chlamydial hsp60 rapidly activated p44/p42 MAPK, within 5 to 10 minutes of exposure. In addition, PD98059 and U0126, which are two distinct inhibitors of upstream MAPK kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), abolished the mitogenic effect of C pneumoniae and chlamydial hsp60. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as sensors for microbial antigens and can signal via the p44/p42 MAPK pathway. Human VSMCs were shown to express TLR4 mRNA and protein, and a TLR4 antagonist abolished chlamydial hsp60-induced VSMC proliferation and attenuated C pneumoniae-induced MAPK activation and VSMC proliferation. Together these results indicate that C pneumoniae and chlamydial hsp60 are potent inducers of human VSMC proliferation and that these effects are mediated, at least in part, by rapid TLR4-mediated activation of p44/p42 MAPK.
Space solar-power station, wireless power transmission, and biological implications

Discusses the history of the concept of power generation on a satellite and its transmission to the surface of the Earth. The implications for human health are considered together with means for alleviating possible health risks.
Assessing Homeostasis Through Circadian Patterns

An organism is thought to be in a dynamic state of homeostasis when each physiological and behavioral system reaches a delicate balance within the framework of other regulatory processes. Many biological systems target specific set-point variables and generate circadian patterns. In this article, we focus on specific measurements representative of two systems, namely deep-body temperature and activity counts. We examine data collected every 30 minutes in mice, assume there are underlying circadian patterns, and extend the approach presented in Brumback and Rice (1998, Journal of the American Statistical Association 93, 961-976) in order to obtain estimates in the presence of correlated data. We then assess homeostasis using these estimates and their statistical properties.
Aberration correction by nonlinear beam-mixing: generation of a pseudo point sound source

Nonlinear beam-mixing with microbubbles was explored to create a pseudo point source for aberration correction of therapeutic ultrasound. A damping coefficient for a bubble driven by a dual frequency sound field was derived by revisiting Prosperetti's linearized damping model. As a result, the overall damping term for dual frequency was obtained by linear summation of two damping terms for each frequency. The numerical simulation based on the bubble model suggests that the most efficient bubble radius to generate a 1 MHz frequency from 4 MHz and 5 MHz sound sources is 2.6-3.0 /spl mu/m. Furthermore, this size range constitutes the primary distribution of a specific ultrasound contrast agent: Optison (Amersham Health, Princeton, NJ). When a chamber of 0.1% diluted Optison was insonified by 4 MHz and 5 MHz sound beams with 80/spl deg/ incident angle between them, an approximately 100 Pa, 1 MHz difference frequency signal was measured approximately 10 cm away. In addition, the received 1 MHz difference frequency signal shows omnidirectional characteristics, even though the overlap zone of the two sound beams is on the order of the difference frequency wavelength. Therefore, the induced sound source can be considered as a pseudo point source and is expected to be useful for aberration correction for therapeutic ultrasound.
Fox-Fordyce disease following axillary laser hair removal.

Background Fox-Fordyce disease (FFD) is a relatively rare entity with a typical clinical presentation. Numerous studies have described unifying histopathological features of FFD, which together suggest a defect in the follicular infundibulum resulting in follicular dilation with keratin plugging, subsequent apocrine duct obstruction, and apocrine gland dilation, with eventual extravasation of the apocrine secretions as the primary histopathogenic events in the evolution of the disease. Observations We describe a case of FFD that developed in a 41-year-old woman 3 months after completing a series of axillary laser hair removal treatments, and we detail the clinical and histopathological changes typical for FFD. Conclusion Because defective infundibular maturation has been suggested to play a central role in the evolution of FFD, the close temporal relationship of laser hair therapy with the development of FFD suggests a causal role, which we continue to explore.
"No Documents—No History": Mary Ritter Beard and the Early History of Women's Archives

The 1930s marked an important moment in the history of the national preservation effort in the United States. While the establishment of the National Archives ensured the preservation of the public record, a quest to salvage the record of women's role in civilization was just beginning. Historian Mary Ritter Beard made a commitment to the promotion of women's archives throughout the next decades. After she failed to establish a World Center for Women's Archives at the dawn of the Second World War, Beard sought her dream in institutions of higher learning, inspiring many colleges and universities to collect source material by and about women. Smith College made the greatest commitment to support a women's archives on its campus. Beginning in the early 1940s, Mary Beard nurtured a close relationship with an ardent supporter of such an archives at Smith College, Margaret Storrs Grierson, the collection's director from 1942 through 1965. The tireless effort of these two women provided the foundation for what ...
A Utility Model of Authors in the Scientific Community

Authoring a scientific paper is a complex process involving many decisions. We introduce a probabilistic model of some of the important aspects of that process: that authors have individual preferences, that writing a paper requires trading off among the preferences of authors as well as extrinsic rewards in the form of community response to their papers, that preferences (of individuals and the community) and tradeoffs vary over time. Variants of our model lead to improved predictive accuracy of citations given texts and texts given authors. Further, our model’s posterior suggests an interesting relationship between seniority and author choices.
Fitness as Informational Fit: The Communication Channel between the Evolving Population and Its Environment

Interactions among populations and their environment can be represented as a communication channel between the evolving organism and its environment. The more information is communicated over this channel, the more uncertainty is reduced, and the higher the attainable fitness. Following this intuitive notion, the article generalizes recent novel findings and presents the first complete decomposition of fitness in terms of information theory. Optimal population growth quantifies the amount of structure in the updated population that unequivocally comes from the environment through the mutual information between both. Turning this finding around, fitness can be optimized by ensuring that not more new information is included in the population distribution than is justified by environmental information. As such, the article goes beyond an ontological re-conceptualizations of fitness in terms of information theory, but also shows a way to optimize fitness. Additional side information about environmental dynamics can be used to increase fitness further, just like technological communication channels are enhanced by refining information about the source. This establishes a formal link between evolutionary ecology and long-standing engineering efforts in the optimization of communication channels. Two empirical applications to practical examples reveal inherent trade-offs among the involved information quantities during fitness optimization.
Deep models for brain EM image segmentation: novel insights and improved performance.

Motivation Accurate segmentation of brain electron microscopy (EM) images is a critical step in dense circuit reconstruction. Although deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely used in a number of applications in computer vision, most of these models that proved to be effective on image classification tasks cannot be applied directly to EM image segmentation, due to the different objectives of these tasks. As a result, it is desirable to develop an optimized architecture that uses the full power of DNNs and tailored specifically for EM image segmentation. Results In this work, we proposed a novel design of DNNs for this task. We trained a pixel classifier that operates on raw pixel intensities with no preprocessing to generate probability values for each pixel being a membrane or not. Although the use of neural networks in image segmentation is not completely new, we developed novel insights and model architectures that allow us to achieve superior performance on EM image segmentation tasks. Our submission based on these insights to the 2D EM Image Segmentation Challenge achieved the best performance consistently across all the three evaluation metrics. This challenge is still ongoing and the results in this paper are as of June 5, 2015. Availability and implementation https://github.com/ahmed-fakhry/dive Contact : sji@eecs.wsu.edu.
Atomic-Scale Characterization of Graphene Grown on Copper (100) Single Crystals

Growth of graphene on copper (100) single crystals by chemical vapor deposition has been accomplished. The atomic structure of the graphene overlayer was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. A detailed analysis of moire superstructures present in the graphene topography reveals that growth occurs in a variety of orientations over the square atomic lattice of the copper surface. Transmission electron microscopy was used to elucidate the crystallinity of the grown graphene. Pristine, defect-free graphene was observed over copper steps, corners, and screw dislocations. Distinct protrusions, known as “flower” structures, were observed on flat terraces, which are attributed to carbon structures that depart from the characteristic honeycomb lattice. Continuous graphene growth also occurs over copper adatoms and atomic vacancies present at the single-crystal surface. The copper atom mobility within vacancy islands covered with suspended graphene sheets reveals a weak graphene–substrate interaction. The o...
Demonstration of an Integrated Treatment for Smoking Cessation and Anxiety Symptoms in People With HIV: A Clinical Case Study

Abstract Despite high rates of co-occurring tobacco use and anxiety symptoms and disorders among persons with HIV, evidence-based interventions for these individuals are not yet available. The present study sought to evaluate an integrated treatment model addressing smoking cessation and anxiety sypmtoms among HIV-positive smokers. Treatment was an 8-week intervention integrating a standard smoking cessation protocol (i.e., cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT], nicotine replacement therapy) with CBT for anxiety. Inclusion criteria were 18–65 years of age, ≥ 10 cigarettes/day, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI-T] score of > 39, and moderate motivation (i.e., ≥ 5 out of 10 on a 10-point Likert scale) to quit smoking. Primary outcomes included scores on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and cigarettes smoked per day. Self-reported abstinence was biochemically verified by carbon monoxide breath analysis. Three male participants (mean age 49.3, SD = 9.1) completed through 2-month follow-up. At baseline all participants reported smoking an average of 20 cigarettes per day. Two participants quit smoking and maintained abstinence by the 2-month follow-up, and demonstrated a reduction in ASI scores. Participant 3 continued to smoke but at a reduced rate. Participants’ response to cognitive and behavioral strategies (e.g., creating balanced thoughts, interoceptive exposures) will be discussed. Clinical lessons learned include use of a flexible approach to cognitive restructuring, use of imaginal and in vivo exposures in session to better prepare patients for homework practice, and flexibility in delivering the treatment in an individual or group format. This clinical presentation provides preliminary support for the feasibility and initial effectiveness of an integrated treatment to reduce anxiety symptoms and aid in smoking cessation in anxious, HIV-positive smokers.
Effect of human corticotropin-releasing hormone on gonadotropin secretion in cycling and postmenopausal women.

Objective To test the hypothesis that corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is linked to stress-associated reproductive dysfunction in the human by determining if the administration of human corticotropin-releasing hormone (hCRH) results in an inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. Design Twenty-four-hour prospective study with frequent (every 10 minutes) blood sampling. Setting University Clinical Research Center. Interventions Sequential 8-hour infusions of normal saline, hCRH (1 to 5 μ g/kg per hour), and hCRH plus naloxone (2mg/h). Subjects Four normal cycling women and four postmenopausal women. Main Outcome Measures Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), and adrenal and ovarian steroids. Results In response to hCRH, a prompt and sustained rise in cortisol (F) was noted in both normal cycling women and postmenopausal women. No inhibition of LH or FSH was noted during either the hCRH or hCRH plus naloxone infusion in either group of women. Unexpectedly, elevations in the mean LH peak amplitude and the transverse mean LH concentration were noted in the postmenopausal women during the infusion of hCRH as compared with saline. The infusion of hCRH had no apparent effect on concentrations of PRL, FSH, and gonadal and adrenal steroids (except for F). Conclusions Under these conditions, intravenously administered hCRH has no inhibitory effect on gonadotropin secretion in either premenopausal or postmenopausal women. The mechanism by which stress exerts its deleterious effect on reproductive function in the human remains unknown.
Multifamily Building Operator Job/Task Analysis and Report: September 2013

The development of job/task analyses (JTAs) is one of three components of the Guidelines for Home Energy Professionals project and will allow industry to develop training resources, quality assurance protocols, accredited training programs, and professional certifications. The Multifamily Building Operator JTA identifies and catalogs all of the tasks performed by multifamily building operators, as well as the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) needed to perform the identified tasks.
Simulation of fluids with reduced diffusion, thin liquid films, volume control, and a mesh filter in rational form

This thesis is concerned with the evolution of implicit or explicit surfaces. The first part of this thesis addresses three problems in fluid simulation: advection, thin film, and the volume error. First, we show that the back and forth error compensation and correction (BFECC) method can significantly reduce the dissipation and diffusion. Second, thin film is hard to simulate since it has highly complex liquid/gas interface that requires high memory and computational costs. We address this difficulties by using cell centered octree grid to reduce memory cost and a multigrid method to reduce computational cost. Third, the volume loss is an undesired side effect of the level set method. The known solution to this problem is the particle level set method, which is expensive and has small but accumulating volume error. We provide a solution that is computationally effective and can prevent volume loss without accumulation. The second part of this thesis is focused on filtering a triangle mesh to produce a mesh whose details are selectively reduced or amplified. We develop a mesh filter with a rational transfer function, which is a generalization from previously developed mesh filters. In addition, we show that the mesh filter parameters can be computed from the physical size of mesh feature.
A Question of Character: Artemisia Gentileschi and Virginia Ramponi Andreini

Artemisia Gentileschi (1593–c.1656) and Virginia Ramponi Andreini (c. 1583–1630/31) almost certainly met, and pictorial evidence suggests that Andreini — a commedia dell’arte actress and singer — posed for several Gentileschi paintings. The presence of Andreini within Gentileschi’s output marks an undeniable continuity between the strong female characters that populate their respective bodies of work. For both Andreini and Gentileschi, a signal place was accorded to the affective response of the betrayed woman. The ‘theatricality’ of seicento art is a trope reiterated so frequently as to be almost meaningless, yet these examples of an actual actress rendered in paint promise to illuminate the shared gestural and rhetorical ground of the two art forms. The fruits of such labour point in two directions: not only do these paintings reflect on Andreini’s theatrical practice, but Andreini’s comedic techniques provide a narrative context against which to read the drama of Gentileschi’s painted subjects, sideste...
PTSD confounds detection of compromised cerebral white matter integrity in military veterans reporting a history of mild traumatic brain injury.

AbstractPrimary objective: Based on high comorbidity between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among deployed military service members, this study tested the hypothesis that the presence of PTSD disrupts the association between mTBI and lower white matter integrity identified in non-military samples.Research design/Methods and procedures: In a sample of 124 recent veterans with a range of mTBI and PTSD history, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of white matter integrity in 20 regions were compared using multiple mTBI and PTSD contrasts.Main outcomes and results: Civilian mTBI was associated with lower global anisotropy, higher global diffusivity and higher diffusivity in 17 of 20 regions. No main effects of deployment mTBI were observed, but an interaction between deployment mTBI and lifetime PTSD on FA was observed globally and in 10 regions. Impact and blast mTBI demonstrated similar but weaker effects to those of civilian and deployment mTBI, respectively...