cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiber Scanner Modeling as the Basis for New Scanning Fiber Endoscopes

In order to develop a one-millimeter outside diameter endoscope we have moved away from using a bundle of optical fibers that are an integral part of current endoscopes. To achieve the field of view and the resolution requirements in spite of the small diameter we are using a single optical fiber that acts as a scanning source. Photo detectors positioned along the side of the scanning fiber detect the backscattered light and software then reconstructs the image on a monitor. The single optical fiber moves in a spiral scan pattern that is produced using a four quadrant piezoelectric tube as the actuator. The optical fiber is fed through the center of the piezoelectric tube and glued into place.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
GABAergic cells and signals appear together in the early post-mitotic period of telencephalic and striatal development

Single cell suspensions derived from embryonic telencephala taken from embryos of gestational day 13 (E13) as well as rat striatal tissue from E14, 15 and 17 were prepared by tissue digestion with papain. Cell suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry or plated onto poly-D-lysine-coated culture dishes for either nuclear staining or immunocytochemistry. Experiments on functional Na+ channels and GABAA receptor expression were carried out using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and a negatively charged fluorescent indicator dye (oxonol). FACS analysis of embryonic cell suspensions at E13-17 consistently revealed one major subpopulation accounting for 85-90% of the events and one minor subpopulation (10-15% of the total). When sorted, the major subpopulation consisted of phase-bright cells of 5-7 microns diameter some of which had neurites. The minor population consisted of phase-dark cells and resealed membranes of 0.5-4 microns diameter as well as debris. Almost all the cells obtained in the high FALS (forward-angle light scatter) subpopulation at E17 expressed 200-kDa neurofilament and tetanus toxin antigens while the small diameter cells seldom expressed tetanus toxin and particles never did. A small number of GABA-containing neurons were detected in the telencephalon at E13 (3%) and in the developing striatum at E14 (6%). All of the GABA-containing neurons expressed neurofilament. In the embryonic rat striatum, nanomolar concentrations of muscimol (GABAA agonist) induced depolarizing responses. A small number of cells in the high FALS subpopulation were responsive to muscimol starting at embryonic day 14, and the number of responsive cells increased at E15.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Liquid chromatographic separation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and its principal reduction products

Abstract A liquid chromatographic method is described for the baseline separation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its main reduction products. Two analytical columns (LC-18 and LC-CN) are connected in series and eluted isocratically at 1.5 ml min −1 with water-methanol-tetrahydrofuran (60.5 + 25 + 14.5). The capacity factors ( k ′) are 1.4, 1.6, 5.1, 6.4 and 7.0 for 2,6-diamino-4-nitroluene, 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene, TNT, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, respectively.
TARGET ARTICLE: Selective Investment Theory: Recasting the Functional Significance of Close Relationships

In this article we present an evolutionary theory of altruism-Selective Investment Theory (SIT). The essence of SIT is that human social bonds evolved as overarching, emotion regulating mechanisms designed to promote reliable, high-cost altruism among individuals who depend on one another for survival and reproduction (e.g., offspring, mates, coalition members). We view the social bond as a dynamic memory complex, with cognitive, affective, and neurohormonal features. When activated, this complex works to minimize self versus other motivational conflicts associated with altruistic decision making. Our proposal that social bonds evolved because they promoted giving away (as opposed to getting) valuable resources represents a departure from traditional wisdom, and has important implications for interpreting and investigating close relationship phenomena.
Quantum phase transition in a resonant level coupled to interacting leads

A device based on a carbon nanotube is used to emulate the rich physics of the one-dimensional electronic systems known as Luttinger liquids, providing a new platform for studying quantum critical phenomena. The behaviour of interacting electrons in one dimension is very different from that in two- and three-dimensional systems, giving rise to an exotic state of matter known as a Luttinger liquid. Gleb Finkelstein and colleagues have built a device, based around a carbon nanotube, in which the rich physics of Luttinger liquids can be explored in detail. Moreover, by adjusting the parameters of their system, they observe the signature of a quantum phase transition, the tunability of which should lend itself to the study of quantum critical phenomena more generally. A Luttinger liquid is an interacting one-dimensional electronic system, quite distinct from the ‘conventional’ Fermi liquids formed by interacting electrons in two and three dimensions1. Some of the most striking properties of Luttinger liquids are revealed in the process of electron tunnelling. For example, as a function of the applied bias voltage or temperature, the tunnelling current exhibits a non-trivial power-law suppression2,3. (There is no such suppression in a conventional Fermi liquid.) Here, using a carbon nanotube connected to resistive leads, we create a system that emulates tunnelling in a Luttinger liquid, by controlling the interaction of the tunnelling electron with its environment. We further replace a single tunnelling barrier with a double-barrier, resonant-level structure and investigate resonant tunnelling between Luttinger liquids. At low temperatures, we observe perfect transparency of the resonant level embedded in the interacting environment, and the width of the resonance tends to zero. We argue that this behaviour results from many-body physics of interacting electrons, and signals the presence of a quantum phase transition4,5. Given that many parameters, including the interaction strength, can be precisely controlled in our samples, this is an attractive model system for studying quantum critical phenomena in general, with wide-reaching implications for understanding quantum phase transitions in more complex systems, such as cold atoms6 and strongly correlated bulk materials7.
Predictors of exercise adherence following participation in a cardiac rehabilitation program.

Patients who participate in cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP) experience significant improvements in quality of life, rehospitalization rates, and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. The potential efficacy of CRP is limited however, by significant program dropout rates and poor patient adherence to prescribed exercise regimens following rehabilitation. Recently, models of motivational readiness for behavior change, such as the Transtheoretical Model, have been applied to understanding the process of exercise adoption and maintenance. Interventions based on this dynamic model of behavior change have produced significant improvement in adherence to exercise in community and worksite populations. This study investigates the applicability of this model to this special population. Sixty-two men and women completed measures of motivational readiness, self-efficacy, and decisional balance for exercise adoption upon entry into a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation program at posttreatment and at a 3-month follow-up. Patients made signi ficant gains during CRP in time spent exercising and self-efficacy, but not in utilization of the cognitive processes or in the perceived benefits of exercising. Exercise maintenance at follow-up was differentially associated with self-efficacy, decisional balance, and use of behavioral processes at posttreatment. Motivation-based models of exercise adoption may provide insights regarding the adoption and maintenance of regular physical activity in cardiac rehabilitation populations.
Social dominance in a herd of Angus, Hereford, and Shorthorn cows.

Summary A study of social dominance relationships in a herd of similar aged Angus, Hereford, and Shorthorn cows of diverse sires and bloodlines was made in two successive years. A strong (though not perfect) linear arrangement of social dominance was found in the herd. Furthermore, the rankings in social dominance were highly stable. The rank-correlation coefficient between the annual social dominance rankings in the herd for the 2 years was r=0·95 ( P A highly significant difference ( P
Confidence and sensitivity study of the OAFlux multisensor synthesis of the global ocean surface vector wind from 1987 onward

This study presented an uncertainty assessment of the high-resolution global analysis of daily-mean ocean-surface vector winds (1987 onward) by the Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project. The time series was synthesized from multiple satellite sensors using a variational approach to find a best fit to input data in a weighted least-squares cost function. The variational framework requires the a priori specification of the weights, or equivalently, the error covariances of input data, which are seldom known. Two key issues were investigated. The first issue examined the specification of the weights for the OAFlux synthesis. This was achieved by designing a set of weight-varying experiments and applying the criteria requiring that the chosen weights should make the best-fit of the cost function be optimal with regard to both input satellite observations and the independent wind time series measurements at 126 buoy locations. The weights thus determined represent an approximation to the error covariances, which inevitably contain a degree of uncertainty. Hence, the second issue addressed the sensitivity of the OAFlux synthesis to the uncertainty in the weight assignments. Weight perturbation experiments were conducted and ensemble statistics were used to estimate the sensitivity. The study showed that the leading sources of uncertainty for the weight selection are high winds (>15 ms−1) and heavy rain, which are the conditions that cause divergence in wind retrievals from different sensors. Future technical advancement made in wind retrieval algorithms would be key to further improvement of the multisensory synthesis in events of severe storms.
Disturbing History: resistance in early colonial Fiji

Nicole has set himself the task of rewriting Fijian history from below. In my view, he succeeds admirably. The result is a convincing, carefully documented and sensitively analysed ‘resistance hist...
Innovations in beam shaping and illumination applications

There have been important developments in the theory, techniques, and applications of laser beam shaping systems recently. Geometrical methods (ray tracing, conservation of energy, and constant optical path length condition) have been used to determine system configurations for illumination applications using rotationally symmetric or asymmetric laser beams.
Drowning the pain: Intimate partner violence, and drinking to cope prospectively predict problem drinking

Abstract Introduction The present study examined the longitudinal association among drinking problems, drinking to cope, and degree of intimate partner violence (IPV). Two competing models were tested; the first model posited that drinking to cope leads to greater drinking problems and this subsequently leads to more violence in the relationship (an intoxication–violence model). The second model speculated that violence in the relationship leads to drinking to cope, which in turn leads to greater drinking problems (a self-medication model). Methods Eight hundred and eighteen undergraduate students at a large north-western university participated in the study over a two year period, completing assessments of IPV, alcohol related problems and drinking to cope at five time points over a two year period as part of a larger social norms intervention study. Results Analyses examined two competing models; analyses indicated that there was support for the self-mediation model, whereby people who have experienced violence have more drinking problems later, and this association is temporally mediated by drinking to cope. Discussion The current results are discussed in light of past research on the self-medication model.
SEPALLATA gene diversification: brave new whorls

SEPALLATA (SEP) genes form an integral part of models that outline the molecular basis of floral organ determination and are hypothesized to act as co-factors with ABCD floral homeotic genes in specifying different floral whorls. The four SEP genes in Arabidopsis function redundantly, but the extent to which SEP genes in other flowering plants function similarly is unknown. Using a recent 113-gene SEP phylogeny as a framework, we find surprising heterogeneity among SEP gene C-terminal motifs, mRNA expression patterns, protein-protein interactions and inferred function. Although some SEP genes appear to function redundantly, others have novel roles in fruit maturation, floral organ specification and plant architecture, and have played a major role in floral evolution of diverse plants.
Predicting risk for death from MRSA bacteremia.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia is often fatal. To determine predictors of risk for death, we conducted a retrospective cohort study. We examined 699 episodes of MRSA bacteremia involving 603 patients admitted to an academic medical center in New York City during 2002–2007. Data came from chart reviews, hospital databases, and recultured frozen MRSA specimens. Among the 699 episodes, 55 were caused by vancomycin–intermediate resistant S. aureus strains, 55 by heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus strains, and 589 by non–vancomycin-resistant strains; 190 (31.5%) patients died. We used regression risk analysis to quantify the association between clinical correlates and death. We found that older age, residence in a nursing home, severe bacteremia, and organ impairment were independently associated with increased risk for death; consultation with an infectious disease specialist was associated with lower risk for death; and MRSA strain types were not associated with risk for death.
Fundamental Energy Levels of Neutral Promethium (Pm I).

The spectrum of atomic promethium has been observed with a variety of light sources and spectrographs. The Zeeman effect has also been recorded. Analysis of the spectrum shows that the ground configuration of the neutral promethium atom is 4f 56s 2. The relative positions (in cm-1) of the low levels of this configuration are: [Table: see text] This group represents all levels of 4f 56s 2 expected below 14,000 cm-1. From these results the following values of interaction parameters and their estimated uncertainties have been inferred: ζ 4 f = 925 ± 20 cm - 1 E 3 = 510 ± 20 cm - 1 Data on 209 upper levels of even parity and 714 classified lines are given.
Subgroup alignment in hypercolor theories

To analyze the physical consequences of a dynamically broken theory of the weak interactions, we must know how the weak gauge group is aligned in an approximate flavor-symmetry group. For a large class of models, spectral-function sum rules enables us to determine this alignment explicitly. We work out the pattern of the electroweak symmetry breakdown for several sample models. Critical values of weak mixing angles are found at which the breakdown pattern changes discontinously. We compute pseudo-Goldstone boson masses, and find that some models contain unusually light charged or colored pseudo-Goldstone bosons.
Effect of restricted diet intake on pups and stress resistance of rats

Abstract Rats were fed 62.5% of the dietary intake recommended by the National Research Council (NRC) at all stages of the life cycle; namely, during growth, breeding, gestation and lactation. This corresponded to a 40% reduction of intake of a standard solid diet. Both the weaning litter weight and the mean pup weaning weight progressively and significantly decreased through two generations and were considerably less than either the weaning weight considered satisfactory by the NRC or the weaning weight of ad libitum control diet fed rats. The resistance of second generation growing rats to cold as a physical stressor was significantly less than that of ad libitum fed rats.
The Natural Rights Republic: Studies in the Foundation of the American Political Tradition

In "The Natural Rights Republic," renowned political theorist Michael P. Zuckert examines the natural rights philosophy as expressed in sources like the Declaration of Independence and aims to counter contemporary confusion by offering an insightful study of the concept that dominated the mindset of the founding generation of the United States.
Toward a Photographic Rhetoric of Nineteenth-Century Scientific and Technical Texts.

Beginning in the 1850s, authors of American and British scientific and technical publications began to integrate photographs into their texts. These chemical and photo-mechanically reproduced images often functioned as the basis for carefully defined claims for truth. In the natural sciences, in microscopy, in medicine, in the emerging studies of psychology and the social sciences, and in the dissemination and promotion of technological accomplishments, the verity of early published photographs led authors to claim that an image could be equal to its referent in nature, or even exceed its referent when conveying scientific and technical information. This article presents a technological, cultural, and rhetorical history of published photographs based upon twenty-three images selected from a review of forty photographically illustrated texts published between 1854 and 1900.
Hydrologic Regulation of Chemical Weathering and the Geologic Carbon Cycle

Earth's temperature is thought to be regulated by a negative feedback between atmospheric CO2 levels and chemical weathering of silicate rocks that operates over million-year time scales. To explain variations in the strength of the weathering feedback, we present a model for silicate weathering that regulates climatic and tectonic forcing through hydrologic processes and imposes a thermodynamic limit on weathering fluxes, based on the physical and chemical properties of river basins. Climate regulation by silicate weathering is thus strongest when global topography is elevated, similar to the situation today, and lowest when global topography is more subdued, allowing planetary temperatures to vary depending on the global distribution of topography and mountain belts, even in the absence of appreciable changes in CO2 degassing rates.
Attributions of causality and reactions to uncontrollable outcomes

Abstract The experiment tested the hypothesis that the stress experienced by a person who is unable to control aversive stimulation is not a function of lack of control per se, but of the attribution of causality that (s)he makes for failure to exert control. Subjects were given a problem-solving task, and were told that they could prevent aversive noise bursts by correctly solving the problems. Subjects then received false feedback that they had done either well or poorly on the problems. In addition, failing subjects received information that led them to attribute their performance either to their own lack of ability or to situational factors (task difficulty). Subjects who attributed their failure to their own incompetence felt considerably more stress than subjects who made situational attributions. In fact, the latter subjects experienced no more stress than subjects who were successful in controlling the stimulation. Surprisingly, subjects whose attributions for performance led them to feel personally incompetent performed better than the remaining subjects both on problems administered in the same situation, and on problems administered in a new and different situation. The implications of the results for future helplessness studies and for the learned helplessness model were discussed.
Visualizing a Colonial Peruvian Community in the Eighteenth-Century Paintings of Our Lady of Cocharcas

This essay reaches beyond traditional interpretations of the colonial significance of indigenous devotion to the Virgin Mary and exposes the vital role of ritual in the transculturation of Andean identity. Eleven known eighteenth-century Peruvian paintings of Our Lady of Cocharcas depict the titular sculpture of the Virgin, her sanctuary, and the pilgrimage devotion associated with her. Pilgrims have traveled for centuries, and continue to travel today, in order to pay homage at Cocharcas. This analysis of the paintings of Our Lady of Cocharcas highlights an example of the localization of a religious image through the process of pilgrimage. Our Lady of Cocharcas attracted a variety of devotees, including regional political and religious authorities and ethnically mixed highlanders. In this article, I suggest a dominant local agency in the process which “tolerated” or “suppressed” both pre-conquest and Christian religious practices, founding a powerful colonial ritual used by many different constituents. The multiplicity of the participants produced an equal variety of responses to the colonial Andean divinity; however, it also provided the forum for articulating a unified community of Spanish colonial subjects.
Shear strength and water resistance of modified soy protein adhesives

Soy protein polymers recently have been considered as alternatives to petroleum polymers to ease environmental pollution. The use of soy proteins as adhesives for plywood has been limited because of their low water resistance. The objective of this research was to test the water resistance of adhesives containing modified soy proteins in walnut, maple, poplar, and pine plywood applications. Gluing strength and water resistance of wood were tested by using two ASTM standard methods. Glues with modified soy proteins had stronger bond strength than those containing unmodified soy proteins. Plywood made with glue containing urea-modified proteins had higher water resistance than those bonded with glues containing alkali-modified and heat-treated proteins. After three 48-h cycles of water-soaking, followed by 48 h of air-drying, no delamination was observed for either walnut or pine specimens glued with the urea-modified soy protein adhesives. Gluing strength for wood species with smooth and oriented surface structure was lower than for those with rough, randomly oriented, surface structures. Wood species with greater expansion of dimensions during water-soaking had a higher delamination rate than those showing less expansion.
Impact of interference on the coverage and connectivity of Ad hoc networks in a fading environment

Abstract In this paper, we consider the effect of interference on the coverage and connectivity of an ad hoc network that operates in the presence of fading and shadowing. We assume that the number of interfering signals at each receiving node of a wireless network is a random variable that belongs to a Matern Hard-core point process (MPP). The aggregate interference at the receiver is approximated using the shifted Gamma distribution. We derive closed-form expressions for node isolation probability using a moment matching method. This performance measure is useful for evaluating the overall network connectivity in a wireless channel with co-channel interference and noise. The analysis does not assume knowledge of the fading distribution for the desired or interfering signals. The analytical results are verified with computer simulations.
Polymer nanocomposites: a new strategy for synthesizing solid electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries

Abstract The ionic conductivity and lithium electrode-electrolyte interfacial stability have been measured for composite polymer electrolytes using micrometer- and nanometer-size alumina (Al2O3) with polyethylene oxide (PEO) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4). The influence of the nanometer-size alumina particles increases ionic conductivity by an order of magnitude compared with micrometer-size particles. The interfacial stability is increased a factor of two. Characterization of layered nanocomposite polymer electrolytes based upon melt intercalation of PEO in layered silicates (montmorillonite) show that the intercalated PEO is amorphous.
The evolution of Banner health's case management program.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: The evolution of case management programs continues as health care systems adapt to the requirements and provisions under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. One such provision establishes a new category of health care provider-the accountable care organization. These organizations provide a form of coordinated health care delivery. The successful integration of an accountable care organization, along with a better coordinated, higher quality case management care model, will provide better access to health care, improved care transitions and safety for the patients, and lower costs to the health system. PRIMARY PRACTICE SETTING(S): Acute-care hospitals; ambulatory care centers; and primary care physician practices. FINDINGS/CONCLUSIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CASE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE: A successful implementation of this type of case management model requires systematic changes to technological and organizational structures. The stewards of the case management model must be proactive in garnering and maintaining executive and financial support. y designing an electronic documentation system with one work flow and a standard set of data definitions, health systems will be able to provide standardization and reduce variations of care. This type of standardization creates a central database for easy reporting and decision making.• Achieved successes, associated with improved clinical outcomes, can translate into considerable reductions in the controllable expenses for a health system.
Electrical conductivity of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 Perovskite and a Perovskite-dominated assemblage at lower mantle conditions

Electrical conductivity measurements of Perovskite and a Perovskite-dominated assemblage synthesized from pyroxene and olivine demonstrate that these high-pressure phases are insulating to pressures of 82 GPa and temperatures of 4500 K. Assuming an anhydrous upper mantle composition, the result provides an upper bound of 0.01 S/m for the electrical conductivity of the lower mantle between depths of 700 and 1900 km. This is 2 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than previous estimates of lower-mantle conductivity derived from studies of geomagnetic secular variations.
Performance evaluation of a Hierarchical Radar Signal Processor and tracker using measures of performance and measures of effectiveness

This paper presents a systematic methodology that rates the effectiveness of each tracker configuration or signal processing algorithm in a radar system. The approach uses a linear additive model for aggregating selected Measures of Performance (MOP) with the relative importance of each MOP determined through the application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). With the aggregate MOP score, track pairings based on an established baseline identifies differences in track data, and obtains the measures of effectiveness (MOE) of the algorithm/configuration being evaluated. The results are used to help determine “Return-on-Investment” in implementing signal processing or tracker parameter changes. Examples are presented that illustrate how this approach has been used to evaluate the performance of both the tracker and the mid-stage processing of a High Frequency Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR) system. The approach however is generic and applicable to evaluating updates to the signal processing schema or tracker of any radar system.
The action of thiols and thiolates on halomethylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyls: A multiplicity of reaction paths☆

Abstract The action of alkanethiols and of lithium alkanethiolates on bromomethylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl gave products of type RSC(O)CCo3(CO)9. This type of product also was obtained in a reaction of LiSC6H5 with the cobalt complex, but the action of an arenethiol on bromomethylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl or on the analogous chloro compound in the presence of triethylamine gave ArSCCo3(CO)9 complexes and products of partial cluster degradation, Co3(CO)4(SAr)5. Complexes of type RSC(O)CCo3(CO)9 decomposed when heated in refluxing benzene under nitrogen, giving decarbonylation products, RSCCo3(CO)9, in low yield.
An undergraduate laboratory experiment for upper-level forensic science, biochemistry, or molecular biology courses: human DNA amplification using STR single locus primers by real-time PCR with SYBR green detection

In this laboratory experiment, real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) was conducted using published human TPOX single-locus DNA primers for validation and various student-designed shor...
Field evaluation of in situ source reduction of trichloroethylene in groundwater using bioenhanced in-well vapor stripping

Two technologies in combination, cometabolic bioremediation and in-well vapor stripping, were applied to reduce trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations in groundwater at a contaminant source area without the need to pump contaminated groundwater to the surface for treatment. The vapor-stripping well reduced source TCE concentrations (as high as 6−9 mg/L) by over 95%. Effluent from the well then flowed to two bioremediation wells, where additional reductions of approximately 60% were achieved. TCE removal was extensively monitored (for research and not regulatory purposes) using an automated system that collected samples about every 45 min at 55 locations over an area of approximately 50 × 60 m2. During 4.5 months of system operation, total TCE mass removal was 8.1 kg, 7.1 kg of which resulted from in-well vapor stripping and 1.0 kg from biotreatment. The system reduced the average TCE concentration of about 3000 μg/L in the source-zone groundwater to about 250 μg/L in water leaving the treatment zone, effe...
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Formation of Carbon Nitrides under Pressure

A thermodynamic analysis of the formation of carbon nitrides under pressure is presented. Integration of the pressure−volume equations of state of carbon, nitrogen, and candidate carbon nitride structures show that under pressures achievable with current technology the free energies of reactions to form carbon nitrides can change more than 1000 kJ/mol of C3N4. These changes are greater than the positive free energies estimated for the formation reactions at ambient pressure, indicating that formation of carbon nitrides under pressure should be feasible. The large change in free energy of reaction under pressure is due to the large volume of molecular nitrogen. Because greater changes in free energy of reaction occur with increasing nitrogen content, pressure favors the formation of nitrogen-rich compounds. However, nitrogen-rich compounds tend to have more nitrogen lone-pair repulsions and contain weaker bonds, destabilizing them with respect to compounds that contain less nitrogen. The structure and comp...
Linear Growth and Mineralization of Bones in Broad Breasted Bronze Turkeys

Abstract THE influence of age and sex on the linear growth and mineralization of bones in turkeys has not been thoroughly investigated. Motzok and Slinger (1948) reported a tendency in poults 3 to 5 weeks of age for the females to have slightly higher bone ash than males. Sullivan (1960) reported that in Broad Breasted Bronze (BBB) turkeys 17 to 20 weeks of age, the bones (tarsometatarsus) of females were significantly (P Fry and Stadelman (1958) have reviewed literature pertaining to the effect of sex, age and hormonization on the ash content of chicken bones. Their data confirmed previous reports, and indicated that females have a higher percentage of bone ash than males. Birds 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age were studied. The hormonization method employed had little or no effect on bone ash. Landauer et al. (1941) reported that estrogen …
Millimeter/submillimeter velocity modulation spectroscopy of FeO+ (X 6Σ+): Characterizing metal oxide cations

Abstract The pure rotational spectrum of FeO + ( X 6 Σ + ) has been recorded using millimeter/submillimeter velocity modulation techniques, the first high-resolution measurement of a metal oxide cation. FeO + was created in an AC discharge from Fe(CO) 5 and N 2 O. Nine rotational transitions were recorded in the range 299–544 GHz, each consisting of six fine-structure components. The data were analyzed with a case (b) Hamiltonian, and rotational and spin parameters determined. The spin–spin constant suggests a low-lying 4 Σ − excited state. The bond length established for FeO + , r 0 = 1.641 A, is slightly longer than that of FeO, consistent with a covalent bonding scheme.
Distribution of bubble properties in a gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed

Etude experimentale effectuee dans une colonne de 76,2 mm de diametre, avec des billes de verre de 3 et 6 mm et un melange binaire de ces particules. La dimension et la vitesse d'ascension des bulles ont ete mesurees par une nouvelle sonde double a resistivite pour trois regimes hydrodynamiques (ecoulement disperse des bulles, coalescence des bulles, ecoulement bouchon)
Photoelastic and finite element analysis of different size spheres in contact

The photoelastic stress-freezing technique is applied to observe the stress distribution inside two spheres of different sizes compressed together elastically. After the stress is frozen in, thin slices of the material containing the symmetry axis are prepared for observation through a polariscope. The stress distribution is compared with both the finite element numerical analysis and the Hertz analytical theory which is limited to small deformations. Among the three, the agreement between the experimental results and the finite element analysis is the best. The deviation from the Hertz theory is less in the larger sphere contacting a smaller one than in the smaller sphere contacting a larger one.
The exoskeleton glove for control of paralyzed hands

The design of a prosthetic device for patients who have suffered loss of muscular control of the hand is described. The authors present some preliminary design considerations, with emphasis on the sensing and actuation systems. The prototype achieves several movements of the fingers of the hand. The design is closely based on the natural human hand to ensure effectiveness and comfort. The exoskeleton is worn as a tight glove, and the joints are flexed by cables and motors. Some preliminary test results are reported. >
Probing signal design for linear channel identification

This paper deals with the problem of selecting optimum probing signals for identifying multiple-input multiple-output time-varying linear M -ary channels in the presence of colored Gaussian noise. Unequal emission and observation intervals are considered and necessary and sufficient conditions for nonsingular identification are established. Hilbert-space methods are used for unifying many seemingly different problems in a single framework.
Detection of nonstationary random signals in colored noise

This paper describes a novel method for detecting nonstationary signals in colored noise. A first order complex autoregressive, or AR(1), signal model is used which restricts the application of the detector to low order signals, i.e., those which are well modeled by a low order AR process and have only a single spectral peak. The detector assumes the noise covariance is stationary and known. The likelihood function is estimated in the frequency domain because the model simplifies, and the nonstationary frequency estimate can be obtained by an algorithm which approximates the Viterbi algorithm. The AR model parameters are then used to form the appropriate covariance matrix and the approximate likelihood is calculated. Therefore, the detector uses efficient approximations to approximate the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). Simulation results are shown to compare the detector with the known signal likelihood ratio test. >
A Hybrid ARQ Scheme with Parity Retransmission for Error Control of Satellite Channels

This paper presents a new type of hybrid ARQ scheme for error control in data communication systems. The new scheme is based on the concept that the parity-check digits for error correction are sent to the receiver only when they are needed. Normally, data blocks with some parity-check bits for error detection are transmitted. When a data block D is detected in errors, the retransmissions are not simply repetitions of D , but alternate repetitions of a parity block P(D) and D . The parity block P(D) is formed based on D and a half-rate invertible code which is capable of correcting t or fewer errors and simultaneously detecting d (d > t) or fewer errors. When a parity block is received, it is used to recover the originally transmitted data block either by inversion or by decoding operation. The repetitions of the parity block P(D) and the data block D are alternately stored in the receiver buffer for error correction until D is recovered. We show that the proposed hybrid ARQ scheme provides both high system throughput and high system reliability. It is particularly attractive for error control in high-speed data communication systems with significant roundtrip delays, such as satellite channels.
Innovations in the study of the work‐family interface: Introduction to the Special Section

Research on the work–family interface has grown substantially over the past three decades. Two recent reviews of the literature (Casper, Eby, Bordeaux, Lockwood, & Lambert, 2007; Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux, & Brinley, 2005) analysed approximately 200 articles published in industrial–organizational psychology and organizational behaviour journals between 1980 and 2003. Work–family scholarship has continued to flourish in I–O psychology, OB, and related disciplines since 2003, largely fuelled by an increasing representation of women in the workforce, a growth in the number of dual-earner, single parent, and ‘sandwiched-generation’ (Neal & Hammer, 2007) employees, and individual values that increasingly emphasize life balance. We have come a long way since Kanter (1977) revealed the mythical assumption that work and family constitute separate worlds. Research over the past several decades has convincingly demonstrated that work and family lives are often interdependent, sometimes negatively and sometimes positively, and that these interdependencies flow in both directions, from work to family and from family to work (Frone, 2003). New models of the work–family interface have emerged (Greenhaus & Powell, 2006; Voydanoff, 2008; Wayne, Grzywacz, Carlson, & Kacmar, 2007), and meta-analyses have assessed the strength of the relationships among key variables, most prominently work– family conflict (Byron, 2005; Ford, Heinen, & Langkamer, 2007; Mesmer-Magnus & Viswesvaran, 2005, 2006). Nevertheless, several reviews have identified a number of limitations in work–family research (Barnett, 1998; Casper et al., 2007; Eby et al., 2005; Greenhaus & Parasuraman, 1999; Parasuraman & Greenhaus, 2002). Some of the concerns expressed in the reviews pertain to the content of the research, such as a lack of comprehensive theory building, preoccupation with negative work–family interdependencies, and a minimal consideration of individual differences and changes in work–family relationships over time. Methodological concerns include an over-reliance on cross-sectional survey-based designs with single-source data and the tendency to use samples (managerial and professional employees, individuals in Western cultures, predominantly Caucasian employees in intact families) that are overly restrictive. Moreover, the neglect of contextual influences observed more broadly in organizational behaviour ( Johns, 2006) seems equally relevant to the work–family literature. The British Psychological Society 343
Comparative analysis of algorithms for tree structure restoration in sensor networks

Sensor networks would be usually used for the collection of measured data. In many cases, a tree structure is formed for data query, data dissemination and other operations. As sensor nodes fail, this underlying tree structure is impacted or, at the worst case, disabled. In this paper, we propose and compare three algorithms to restore the tree structure for sensor network under network dynamics. Two of the algorithms use global information at the base station (or sink), while the third uses only local information. Through simulations, we observe that the localized algorithm outperforms the two global algorithms in terms of communication cost, corresponding energy and latency. In addition, we also gain a deeper insight into the performance tradeoff for algorithms in sensor network. We clearly identify energy-latency tradeoff for the global algorithms, as well as energy-accuracy (optimality) tradeoff for the localized algorithm.
Evaluation of Infection Parameters in the Production of Replication‐Defective HSV‐1 Viral Vectors

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a neurotrophic human pathogen that establishes life-long latency in the nervous system. Our laboratory has extensively engineered this virus to retain the ability to persist in neurons without expression of lytic genes or disease phenotype. Highly defective, replication-incompetent HSV mutants are thus potentially ideal for transfer of therapeutic transgenes to human nerves where long-term therapy of nervous system disease may be provided. A prerequisite for using recombinant HSV vectors for therapeutic gene delivery to humans is the development of methods for large-scale manufacture of HSV vectors. Here we report studies to identify infection parameters that result in high-yield production of immediate early gene deletion mutant HSV vectors in complementing cells that supply the deleted essential viral functions in trans. Virus yield was correlated with various culture media conditions that included pH, glucose metabolism, and serum levels. The results demonstrated that systematic media exchange to remove lactate derived from high-level glucose consumption, maintenance of tissue culture pH at 6.8, and the use of 5% fetal bovine serum gave the highest yield of infectious virus. The data indicate that these are important parameters to consider for high-yield, large-scale virus production.
The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background at 10 GHz

We report the results of an effort to measure the low-frequency portion of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, using a balloon-borne instrument called the Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission (ARCADE). These measurements are to search for deviations from a thermal spectrum that are expected to exist in the CMB as a result of various processes in the early universe. The radiometric temperature was measured at 10 and 30 GHz using a cryogenic open-aperture instrument with no emissive windows. An external blackbody calibrator provides an in situ reference. Systematic errors were greatly reduced by using differential radiometers and cooling all critical components to physical temperatures approximating the antenna temperature of the sky. A linear model is used to compare the radiometer output to a set of thermometers on the instrument. The unmodeled residuals are less than 50 mK peak to peak with a weighted rms of 6 mK. Small corrections are made for the residual emission from the flight train, atmosphere, and foreground Galactic emission. The measured radiometric temperature of the CMB is 2.721 ± 0.010 K at 10 GHz and 2.694 ± 0.032 K at 30 GHz.
The genetics of an expanded secretor system.

Summary The genetics of salivary secretion of ABH blood group substance was investigated. Eight secretor phenotypes were determined by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Presence or absence of three different fractions were shown to be controlled by three different secretor gene loci. These loci are called Sec1, Sec2 and Sec3. Sec1 controls expression of the traditional secretor status. Sec2 and Sec3 are linked, but distinct, loci controlling the expression of low molecular weight ABH substance in human saliva. A dominant mode of inheritance for the Sec2 and Sec3 systems is described.
Physical indicators of hydrologic permanence in forested headwater streams

AbstractRecent court cases have questioned whether all headwater streams are jurisdictional waters under the US Clean Water Act. Rapid field-based indicators of hydrologic permanence are needed for making jurisdictional determinations. Our study objectives were to: 1) identify physical characteristics of forested headwater streams that best distinguish perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral reaches and 2) assess the applicability of existing rapid field-based tools for classifying hydrologic permanence across a wide geographic range. We surveyed reach- and drainage-scale characteristics at 113 sites across 10 study forests in the US. Streams in 4 core forests (61 core sites) were sampled over 2 consecutive years and were used in model construction. Streams in 6 satellite forests (72 satellite sites) were used to validate the models over a broader geographic range. Discriminant function models successfully differentiated hydrologic permanence categories at core sites. Drainage area, the Ohio Environmental ...
Individual Employment Rights Arbitration in the U.S.:Actors and Outcomes

This study examines disposition statistics from 2,211 employment arbitration cases administered over a nine year period by the American Arbitration Association (AAA) to investigate the process of dispute resolution in this new institution of employment relations. We find that the institutional structure of arbitration affects employee outcomes, in particular win rates and award amount, raising concerns about systemic employer advantage. This study provides evidence of a significant repeat employer-arbitrator pair effect; employers that use the same arbitrator on multiple occasions win more often relative to employers appearing before an arbitrator for the first time. Employee win rates are higher in California and lower in Texas compared to those filed in all other states. Female arbitrators and members of the National Academy of Arbitrators (NAA) render awards in favor of employees less often than do male arbitrators and non-NAA members. And former judges award higher damages, on average, than arbitrator...
Crack-opening Interferometry at Interfaces of Transparent Materials and Metals

Crack-opening interferometry is a technique whereby one can directly measure the normal opening displacement of a crack that exists in a transparent material. Here, wer extend the techique to situations in which the crack lies along the interface between a stransparent material and a highly reflective metal. We discuss how the intensity distribution and the placement of the fringes vary with reflectivity of the metal. However, because the fringe spacing is not affected, the fringes can still be interpreted in terms of normal crack-opening displacement profile. The paper reports experimental measurements of crack-opening displacement profile of an interface crack in a copper-sapphire bircystal. The results show the crack-opening displacement profile to be that of a constant opening angle.