cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Ambiguity in the Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Severe problem behavior (e.g., self-injury and aggression) remains among the most serious challenges for the habilitation of persons with intellectual disabilities and is a significant obstacle to community integration. The current standard of behavior analytic treatment for problem behavior in this population consists of a functional assessment and treatment model. Within that model, the first step is to assess the behavior-environment relations that give rise to and maintain problem behavior, a functional behavioral assessment. Conventional methods of assessing behavioral function include indirect, descriptive, and experimental assessments of problem behavior. Clinical investigators have produced a rich literature demonstrating the relative effectiveness for each method, but in clinical practice, each can produce ambiguous or difficult-to-interpret outcomes that may impede treatment development. This paper outlines potential sources of variability in assessment outcomes and then reviews the evidence on strategies for avoiding ambiguous outcomes and/or clarifying initially ambiguous results. The end result for each assessment method is a set of best practice guidelines, given the available evidence, for conducting the initial assessment.
Ataxin-3 binds VCP/p97 and regulates retrotranslocation of ERAD substrates

Expansion of a polyglutamine tract in ataxin-3 (AT3) results in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease, one of the nine polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the normal functions of AT3 as well as its function in the context of expansion of the polyglutamine tract is critical for understanding the disease process. AT3 is a deubiquitylating enzyme with limited information on its cellular functions. We find that transfecting cells with AT3 increases cellular levels of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) substrates, CD3delta and TCRalpha, but does not alter levels of several non-ERAD substrates. AT3 increases the level of CD3delta by decreasing its degradation; pathogenic AT3 decreases degradation to a greater extent than wild-type AT3. Knock-down of endogenous AT3 decreases levels of CD3delta, suggesting that a normal function of AT3 is to regulate levels of ERAD substrates. AT3 binds VCP/p97, a key protein responsible for extracting ERAD substrates from the ER; binding is modulated by the size of the polyglutamine tract, and mutating a sequence adjacent to the polyglutamine tract inhibits the AT3-VCP interaction and AT3-dependent accumulation of CD3delta. AT3 and Ufd1 bind VCP in a mutually exclusive manner; AT3 decreases the interaction of VCP with Ufd1 as well as with ubiquitylated proteins. Using a reconstituted system, AT3 inhibits retrotranslocation of an ERAD substrate from the ER. These data suggest that a normal function of AT3 is to regulate flow through the ERAD pathway by modulating VCP-dependent extraction of proteins from the ER.
Infants in Foster Care: An Attachment Theory Perspective.

Abstract This article highlights the importance of attachment issues for infants placed in foster care. We offer a framework for understanding how early separation and maltreatment may affect infants' ability to securely rely on a foster parent. We argue that disruptions in foster infants' primary attachment relationships, combined with a history of maltreatment, place these infants at risk for developing predominantly insecure or disorganized attachments to foster parents, regardless of foster parent characteristics. We argue that foster infants' successful passage through the foster care system requires a high level of foster parent sensitivity to their unique attachment needs. We also argue that this level of sensitivity is likely to require specialized training for foster parents.
The Pathogenesis of Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: So Many Hypotheses, So Few Data

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) has generated great interest in the medical and research communities yet remains an enigma, given its unknown pathogenesis. The goal of this review is to summarize the various proposed hypotheses underlying BRONJ. Although a role of the oral mucosa has been proposed, the bone is likely the primary tissue of interest for BRONJ. The most popular BRONJ hypothesis—manifestation of necrotic bone resulting from bisphosphonate-induced remodeling suppression—is supported mostly by indirect evidence, although recent data have shown that bisphosphonates significantly reduce remodeling in the jaw. Remodeling suppression would be expected, and has been shown, to allow accumulation of nonviable osteocytes, whereas a more direct cytotoxic effect of bisphosphonates on osteocytes has also been proposed. Bisphosphonates have antiangiogenic effects, leading to speculation that this could contribute to the BRONJ pathogenesis. Compromised angiogenesis would most likely be involved in post-intervention healing, although other aspects of the vasculature (eg, blood flow) could contribute to BRONJ. Despite infection being present in many BRONJ patients, there is no clear evidence as to whether infection is a primary or secondary event in the pathophysiology. In addition to these main factors proposed in the pathogenesis, numerous cofactors associated with BRONJ (eg, diabetes, smoking, dental extraction, concurrent medications) could interact with bisphosphonates and affect remodeling, angiogenesis/blood flow, and/or infection. Because our lack of knowledge concerning BRONJ pathogenesis results from a lack of data, it is only through the initiation of hypothesis-driven studies that significant progress will be made to understand this serious and debilitating condition.
Intellectual Property and Computational Science

This chapter outlines some of the principal ways United States Intellectual Property Law affects the sharing of digital scholarly objects, particularly for those who wish to practice reproducible computational science or Open Science. The sharing of the research manuscript, and the data and code that are associated with the manuscript, can be subject to copyright and software is also potentially subject to patenting. Both of these aspects of Intellectual Property must be confronted by researchers for each of the these digital scholarly objects: the research article; the data; and the code. Recommendations are made to maximize the downstream reuse utility of each of these objects. Finally, this chapter proposes new structures to manage Intellectual Property to accelerate scientific discovery.
Anatomy, Physiology, and General Concepts in Nasal Reconstruction

Nasal reconstruction provides a challenging task for any facial plastic surgeon. In performing reconstructive surgery on the nose, one must balance both the functional aspects of the nasal airway with the aesthetic responsibilities of being the central fixture of the face. Before performing surgery, the surgeon must grasp the importance of the anatomic nasal relationships and subunits, the physiology of the skin, the flaps or grafts used to reconstruct these areas, and the basic steps in wound healing. Accurate preoperative planning and analysis of the nasal defect are also vital to producing both an aesthetic and functional nose.
EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGY OF FOOD WEBS: COMPLEX SYSTEMS IN TEMPORARY PONDS

A food web graphically represents the paths of nutrients and energy through the living components of an ecosystem and the context in which individuals exploit their prey and avoid their enemies. Temporary ponds are excellent arenas for the study of food webs because they are discrete communities that can be mimicked in containers that approach the realism of natural habitats. Artificial ponds permit repeatable initial conditions and sufficient replication of independent experimental units in complex experiments to test hypotheses about the control of structure and function in natural communities. I used a combination of observations of natural ponds, “experimental natural history” of artificial ponds in my study area, and controlled experiments in an array of 144 replicate ponds to develop, then test, hypotheses about how the structures of food webs are regulated. Understanding food webs begins with population biology. Amphibians use the aquatic larval stage of their biphasic life cycle to exploit ephemer...
Examining the scalp for melanoma? Try a blow dryer.

CLINICAL CHALLENGE The incidence of scalp melanomas has been increasing with that of melanoma overall, and scalp melanomas carry a higher mortality rate than melanomas on other locations, including nearby areas of the head and neck. It has been suggested that the lower survival rates are a result of the inherent difficulties in identifying early-stage melanomas on the scalp. Although the importance of early detection of scalp melanomas cannot be overstated, the scalp examination itself is considered one of the most time-consuming elements of the complete skin examination.
Exact Complexity and Satisfiability

All NP-complete problems are equivalent as far as polynomial time solvability is concerned. However, their exact complexities (worst-case complexity of algorithms that solve every instance correctly and exactly) differ widely. Starting with Bellman [1], Tarjan and Trojanowski [9], Karp [5], and Monien and Speckenmeyer [7], the design of improved exponential time algorithms for NP-complete problems has been a tremendously fruitful endeavor, and one that has recently been accelerating both in terms of the number of results and the increasing sophistication of algorithmic techniques. There are a vast variety of problems where progress has been made, e.g., k-sat, k-Colorability, Maximum Independent Set, Hamiltonian Path, Chromatic Number, and Circuit Sat for limited classes of circuits. The “current champion” algorithms for these problems deploy a vast variety of algorithmic techniques, e.g., back-tracking search (with its many refinements and novel analysis techniques), divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, randomized search, algebraic transforms, inclusion-exclusion, color coding, split and list, and algebraic sieving. In many ways, this is analogous to the diversity of approximation ratios and approximation algorithms known for different NP-complete problems. In view of this diversity, it is tempting to focus on the distinctions between problems rather than the interconnections between them. However, over the past two decades, there has been a wave of research showing that such connections do exist. Furthermore, progress on the exact complexity of NP-complete problems is linked to other fundamental questions in computational complexity, such as circuit lower bounds, parameterized complexity, data structures, and the precise complexity of problems within P. We are honored that our work helped to catalyze this wave of research, and humbled by the extent to which later researchers went far beyond our dreams of what might be possible.
Miniworkshop on Strangeness

Among the diverse hadronic observables, strange particles and in particular multi-strange antibaryons have emerged in recent years as being very promising probes of the physical properties of the hot hadronic matter formed in relativistic nuclear collisions. A number of experiments has been gathering data at the CERN SPS 200 GeV A beam and the BNL 15 GeV A beams, and there is interesting evidence for new physics emerging from some of these results. This discussion, in an unconventional way, precedes the individual contributions. The intend was to offer a colorful introduction to the uninvolved with little individual bias.
The use of interscalene block anesthesia for manipulative reduction of fractures and dislocations of the upper extremities.

Brachial block anesthesia was induced via the interscalene route in ninety of ninety-eight patients in whom it was attempted. The patients, aged four to ninety-one, for the most part had fractures of the forearm or arm, but some had dislocations of the shoulder, and no complications were encountered. The method was not effective for hand problems, since the ulnar nerve tends to be spared.
Zoot Suit Riots

Beginning in June 1943, for more than a week, hundreds of soldiers and sailors on leave in Los Angeles, California went on a rampage hunting down young Mexicans who were dressed in the zoot suit, beating them, and stripping them of their clothes. The Zoot Suit Riot was due to persistent fears about the pachucos, americanized Mexican youth, who had been vilified in the press following the Sleepy Lagoon case in 1942. The police and military authorities did little to respond to the violence. News of the riot tarnished the image of the United States in Latin America and provided propaganda for Axis propagandists. Some in the United States identified persistent economic and cultural discrimination as the root causes of the riot, thus causing new concerns about Mexican American youth. Keywords: civil rights; ethnic conflict; ethnicity; Mexico; minorities
Preliminary Evaluation of an Electromyographically Controlled Quadrotor

This paper presents an initial analysis on the use of electromyographic signals to control the thrust settings of a quadrotor. The OpenBCI neural interface is used to sample muscle activity on a subject’s face. Signal processing and event detection algorithms are implemented to identify eyewinks, and these wink events modify the thrust commands in a high fidelity, nonlinear quadrotor simulation. Currently only right and left wink events are detected; these can be mapped to two quadrotor commands such as roll right and left, pitch up and down, or yaw right and left. The ultimate goal of this project is to fully control a real quadrotor using only bioelectrical signals such as electroencephalography and electromyography.
O-032 DYNA CT Myelography: Time for a change?

Introduction There have been considerable improvements in C-Arm angiographic flat panel detectors and software reconstruction algorithms that allows for improved spatial resolution as well as osseous and soft tissue differentiation. Our goal was to compare multislice CT (MSCT) to angiographic CT (DYNA CT) in myelographic imaging, to evaluate the benefits of DYNA CT and its possible clinical applications. Materials and Methods In total, 70 consecutive patients with degenerative spine disease (cervical = 16, thoracic = 3, lumbar = 51) underwent DYNA CT and MSCT Myelography. DYNA CT myelography was performed on a flat panel Siemens Artis Zee biplane neuroangiography platform with images reconstructed on an independent Leonardo workstation. MSCT was performed on 16 slice Siemens or GE MSCT scanner with MPR images reconstructed locally. Four reviewers, two experienced neuroradiologists and two neurosurgeons will review all MSCT and DYNA CT source and MPR images for overall impression, contrast distribution, perceptibility of discs, perceptibility of bines, delineation of spinal canal, delineation of nerve roots, hardware artifact, overall diagnostic applicability. Images were scored on a 1–5 scale with 1 = very poor, 2 = poor, 3 = moderate, 4 = good and 5 = very good. Results Full data analysis is pending. To date, both CT and DYNA CT were found to be of diagnostic quality 98% and 95% of the time respectively. 51 (71%) of the DYNA CT9s were found to be of the same or better diagnostic quality while only 18 (26%) were found to be inferior but still of diagnostic quality. The DYNA CT scored better on perceptibility of bones, spinal canal and nerve roots when compared to MSCT. DYNA CT excelled at evaluation of nerve root evaluation but was limited by hardware artifact. We found that DYNA CT is comparable to MSCT and subjectively has better imaging quality in virgin spines but is inferior when orthopaedic hardware is present. Discussion DYNA CT myelography may be useful in the evaluation of degenerative spine disease in the virgin spine. Pending software improvements with metal artifact correction software will likely improve these results. The results will be updated at the time of the meeting. Disclosures I. Chaudry: 2; C; Penumbra, Microvention, Covidien. N. Brooks: None. D. Fiorella: None. R. Turner: None. A. Turk: 1; C; Penumbra, Microvention, Covidien.
Synergism Between Gold and Restraint for Rapid Production of Stress Ulcers in Rats.

Discussion and conclusionThis method offers several significant advantages over those described previously. The simplicity of the technique permits an experienced operator to immobilize an animal in approximately 30 to 45 seconds. Only 2 hours are required to produce lesions, offering further saving of time. Apparently this rapid production of lesions represents a synergistic effect of the dual stresses employed. We believe that the mode of restraint also contributes to the improved results obtained. This method obviates additional environmental variables that may be difficult to control, e.g., increased temperature, as with plaster of paris immobilization (5); pain, as with nailing the paws to a board (1); or ingestion of sharp metal fragments, as with wire screen immobilization(3). Furthermore, use of the plastic box permits immobilization in a relatively uniform volume. Bonfils and Lambling, on the basis of studies in a large series of animals, described a linear inverse relationship between incidence ...
A Joint Daily Operational Optimization Model for Wind Power and Pumped-storage Plant

Based on the day-ahead forecast of system load and wind power output,this paper focuses on the optimization of the daily joint operation of wind power and pumped-storage plants,and a new mode of joint operation is proposed.A mixed-integer programming formulation is built to maximize the daily profit of the wind farm and the pumped-storage plant,where the time interval is 15 minutes and the constraints of unit startup-shutdown times are considered.The state change of units is taken into consideration by a quadratic constraint.The whole formulation is solved by commercial optimization software under MATLAB environment.A test case is developed based on the parameters of a practical pumped-storage plant.Simulation results indicate that the coordinated operation of wind farm and pumped-storage plant greatly reduces the negative impact of random wind power output on the power system operation and achieve significant economic and social benefits.
The Causes and Prevention for Accounting Information Distortion of China's Listed Companies

This article analyses the present conditions of the phenomenon of accounting information distortion and gives some thoughts on how to control the distortion of accounting information of listed companies.
Teaching Diversity: A Reflexive Learning Opportunity for a Teacher Educator.

This article reports on a two-year self-study exploring my roles and evolving philosophy as an early childhood teacher educator teaching diversity in the US. I was interested in better understanding how and what I can learn from the complexity of my teaching experiences. Data included my professional journals, students’ reflection journals, and communication with a critical friend. I examined, when teaching diversity, how I constructed and navigated my roles, how the students constructed and perceived my roles, and how they have transformed my instructional philosophy and practices. The findings illustrated a dynamic and tension-filled experience of a teacher educator teaching diversity in the US as a perceived outsider, suggesting that it was a reflexive learning opportunity. The findings are aligned with a growing recognition that appropriate time and space is necessary for teacher educators to share and exchange their experiences and to gain support for their professional development when teaching dive...
A Recycled Hopi Manta

ABSTRACTA Hopi Snake Dance kilt in the Arizona State Museum is shown to be a recycled remnant of at least two other woven garments, including an embroidered cotton manta of a type made prior to 1880. The body of this paper, in addition to describing the important features of this kilt/manta, turns to a general discussion of historic Pueblo textiles.
Modeling the degradation kinetics of ascorbic acid

Most published reports on ascorbic acid (AA) degradation during food storage and heat preservation suggest that it follows first-order kinetics. Deviations from this pattern include Weibullian decay, and exponential drop approaching finite nonzero retention. Almost invariably, the degradation rate constant's temperature-dependence followed the Arrhenius equation, and hence the simpler exponential model too. A formula and freely downloadable interactive Wolfram Demonstration to convert the Arrhenius model's energy of activation, Ea, to the exponential model's c parameter, or vice versa, are provided. The AA's isothermal and non-isothermal degradation can be simulated with freely downloadable interactive Wolfram Demonstrations in which the model's parameters can be entered and modified by moving sliders on the screen. Where the degradation is known a priori to follow first or other fixed order kinetics, one can use the endpoints method, and in principle the successive points method too, to estimate the reaction's kinetic parameters from considerably fewer AA concentration determinations than in the traditional manner. Freeware to do the calculations by either method has been recently made available on the Internet. Once obtained in this way, the kinetic parameters can be used to reconstruct the entire degradation curves and predict those at different temperature profiles, isothermal or dynamic. Comparison of the predicted concentration ratios with experimental ones offers a way to validate or refute the kinetic model and the assumptions on which it is based.
Sex differences in spatial accuracy relate to the neural activation of antagonistic muscles in young adults.

Sex is an important physiological variable of behavior, but its effect on motor control remains poorly understood. Some evidence suggests that women exhibit greater variability during constant contractions and poorer accuracy during goal-directed tasks. However, it remains unclear whether motor output variability or altered muscle activation impairs accuracy in women. Here, we examine sex differences in endpoint accuracy during ankle goal-directed movements and the activity of the antagonistic muscles. Ten women (23.1 ± 5.1 years) and 10 men (23 ± 3.7 years) aimed to match a target (9° in 180 ms) with ankle dorsiflexion. Participants performed 50 trials and we recorded the endpoint accuracy and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the primary agonist (Tibialis Anterior; TA) and antagonist (Soleus; SOL) muscles. Women exhibited greater spatial inaccuracy (Position error: t = −2.65, P = 0.016) but not temporal inaccuracy relative to men. The motor output variability was similar for the two sexes (P > 0.2). The spatial inaccuracy in women was related to greater variability in the coordination of the antagonistic muscles (R 2 0.19, P = 0.03). These findings suggest that women are spatially less accurate than men during fast goal-directed movements likely due to an altered activation of the antagonistic muscles.
Convergence-order analysis of branch-and-bound algorithms for constrained problems

The performance of branch-and-bound algorithms for deterministic global optimization is strongly dependent on the ability to construct tight and rapidly convergent schemes of lower bounds. One metric of the efficiency of a branch-and-bound algorithm is the convergence order of its bounding scheme. This article develops a notion of convergence order for lower bounding schemes for constrained problems, and defines the convergence order of convex relaxation-based and Lagrangian dual-based lower bounding schemes. It is shown that full-space convex relaxation-based lower bounding schemes can achieve first-order convergence under mild assumptions. Furthermore, such schemes can achieve second-order convergence at KKT points, at Slater points, and at infeasible points when second-order pointwise convergent schemes of relaxations are used. Lagrangian dual-based full-space lower bounding schemes are shown to have at least as high a convergence order as convex relaxation-based full-space lower bounding schemes. Additionally, it is shown that Lagrangian dual-based full-space lower bounding schemes achieve first-order convergence even when the dual problem is not solved to optimality. The convergence order of some widely-applicable reduced-space lower bounding schemes is also analyzed, and it is shown that such schemes can achieve first-order convergence under suitable assumptions. Furthermore, such schemes can achieve second-order convergence at KKT points, at unconstrained points in the reduced-space, and at infeasible points under suitable assumptions when the problem exhibits a specific separable structure. The importance of constraint propagation techniques in boosting the convergence order of reduced-space lower bounding schemes (and helping mitigate clustering in the process) for problems which do not possess such a structure is demonstrated.
Quantitative assessment of transportation network vulnerability with dynamic traffic simulation methods

Transportation networks are critical to the social and economic function of nations. Given the continuing increase in the populations of cities throughout the world, the criticality of transportation infrastructure is expected to increase. Thus, it is ever more important to mitigate congestion as well as to assess the impact disruptions would have on individuals who depend on transportation for their work and livelihood. Moreover, several government organizations are responsible for ensuring transportation networks are available despite the constant threat of natural disasters and terrorist activities. Most of the previous transportation network vulnerability research has been performed in the context of static traffic models, many of which are formulated as traditional optimization problems. However, transportation networks are dynamic because their usage varies over time. Thus, more appropriate methods to characterize the vulnerability of transportation networks should consider their dynamic properties. This paper presents a quantitative approach to assess the vulnerability of a transportation network to disruptions with methods from traffic simulation. Our approach can prioritize the critical links over time and is generalizable to the case where both link and node disruptions are of concern. We illustrate the approach through a series of examples. Our results demonstrate that the approach provides quantitative insight into the time varying criticality of links. Such an approach could be used as the objective function of less traditional optimization methods that use simulation and other techniques to evaluate the relative utility of a particular network defense to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience.
The Choctaw 'Net Proceeds' Delegation and the Treaty of 1855

A period of intense three-way negotiation between the United States Government, the Choctaw Nation, and the Chickasaw Nation began April 10, 1855. The issues under consideration were the Choctaw's desire for the "net proceeds" from the sale of lands in Mississippi ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830), the political autonomy desired by the Chickasaws residing in the Choctaw Nation, and the lease of land in the western portion of the Choctaw Nation to the United States for "the permanent settlement of the Wichita and such other tribes or bands of Indians as the government may desire to locate therein." 1 The purpose of this paper is to explore the interconnected nature of these three issues and their historical context, the relative weakness of the Choctaw's negotiating position vis-a-vis the United States and the Chickasaw delegation, and the culmination of these negotiations in the Treaty of 1855. As an example of the treaty-making process, the negotiations of 1855 reveal the legalistic fiction that was at the heart of the process; a process ultimately ended by Congress in 1871.
My Flute Is Bigger Than Yours: Nature and Causes of Technological Changes on the American Great Plains at the End of the Pleistocene

This chapter investigates the technological organizations of Clovis and Folsom lithic systems in the context of the paleoenvironmental changes that took place at the end of the Pleistocene and during the Younger Dryas period. It is argued that technological similarities and inferred historical connections between the two Paleoindian traditions are superficial and that most organizational differences are pointing to variable subsistence practices and discrete mobility patterns dictated by differential resource distributions, in particular the availability of large game such as bison. The discussion borrows models from optimal foraging theory to weigh subsistence practices and mobility strategies and to explain differences in the lithic tool kits and in the organization of the technology.
Herpesvirus Infection in Infants with Gastroschisis.

BACKGROUND Gastroschisis is a congenital malformation that has been shown to be more common in younger mothers and appears to be increasing in prevalence in the United States and elsewhere. Epidemiologic data suggest a potential role of infection and recent studies report an association between maternal antibodies to human herpesviruses (HHV) and development of gastroschisis. METHODS In this study, we examined newborn bloodspots from 50 children with gastroschisis and 50 healthy controls using a highly sensitive digital droplet polymerase chain reaction assay covering eight human herpesviruses [herpes simplex sirus 1/2, Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4), cytomegalovirus (HHV-5), HHV-6A/B, HHV-7, and HHV-8], to examine the presence of herpesvirus DNA at birth, which would suggest in utero infection. RESULTS One control tested positive for low-level cytomegalovirus infection. We found no evidence of an association between herpesvirus DNA in neonatal blood spots taken at birth and gastroschisis. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support direct involvement of herpesviruses in the etiology of gastroschisis. However, there are several limitations in our study, most notably the known induction of this congenital malformation early in pregnancy and our analysis of blood taken at birth. Therefore, we cannot conclude that herpesviruses play no role in the etiology of gastroschisis and further research is needed to better define this relationship.
Pediatric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Pathology, Genetics, and Therapy

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are distinctive stromal tumors with unique histologic, immunophenotypic and genetic features that usually occur in adults but are rarely found in the pediatric population. Few predisposing conditions are identified, namely Carney syndromes and type 1 neurofibromatosis. Patients usually present with tumors in the stomach that may often be multi-nodular. Current literature indicates that pediatric gastrointestinal tumors may be grouped into two categories. Type 1 tumors (adult type) that usually occur in older children and young adults show characteristic KIT and PDGFR gene mutations. Type 2 tumors display wild type KIT and PDGFR genes and are associated with Carney triad or Carney Stratakis syndrome. Type 2 tumors may be associated with germline mutations in succinate dehydrogenase enzyme gene. Pediatric GISTs have slow disease course and patients have good prognosis despite presence of metastasis to peritoneal cavity, lymph nodes and liver. Because they are often negative for KIT and PDGFR mutations, they are not amenable to tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target these proteins. However recent research into signaling pathways indicates that these tumors may be responsive to new targeted therapy that opens the chance for cure.
Brain Glycoproteins and Inter-Cell Recognition: Tay-Sachs’ Disease and Intraneuronal Recognition

In earlier work we demonstrated that the carbohydrate abnormality in Tay-Sachs’ Disease was not confined to the brain gangliosides, but that there was in addition a generalized increase in glycoprotein hexose and hexosamine (4). One glycoprotein fraction, 10B, was found to be markedly increased in concentration. It was noted that this might be a function of the marked gliosis, since there was other evidence that 10B is a glial constituent. In that report, the information functions of the brain glycoproteins was proposed, and in related studies (summarized in reference 1) the general function of brain glycoproteins in intercell recognition was proposed (“Sign-Post” Theory).
Lipid composition of bile, tissues, and postprandial lipoproteins in pigs as affected by dietary fat source

62 INTRODUCTION 63 MATERIALS AND METHODS 65 Samples 65 Chemicals and enzymes 65 Apparatus 65 Reagent preparation 65 Procedure 66
Putative liver progenitor cells: conditions for long-term survival in culture

Oval cells proliferate extensively in the livers of animals exposed to oncogenic insults, are bipotent and are believed to be related to the so far unidentified liver stem cell. In normal liver, cells antigenically related to oval cells and expressing liver and epithelial markers are considered to be liver progenitor cells. We isolated, by fluorescence-activated cell sorting or magnetic bead sorting, cells expressing the oval cell antigens OC.2 or OC.3 from the liver of normal newborn or day 12 embryonal age rats. Magnetic bead sorting of positive cells was as efficient as fluorescence-activated cell sorting. A two-chamber culture system was devised in which cells were plated onto transwell filters coated with type IV collagen and cultured in a serum-free Ham's F12 medium supplemented with free fatty acids and bovine serum albumin. Under these conditions, cells remained viable for up to 6 weeks and their antigenic phenotype was unchanged throughout. Approximately 30% of sorted cells expressed epithelial and/or liver-specific markers. Growth factors mitogenic for epithelial cells and hepatocytes did not elicit cell proliferation. These results provide an important background for further studies designed to determine the biological significance of OC.2+ and OC.3+ cells in normal liver, to test the liver stem cell hypothesis and to develop protocols for the expansion in vitro of normal liver progenitors.
Clouds, Storms, and Global Climate

Abstract In Chapter 12 we discuss the role of clouds on the global radiation budget, on the energetics of the tropical atmosphere, their impacts on the global hydrological cycle, and cloud transports of pollutants out of the boundary layer and into the upper troposphere.
#sendeanlat (#tellyourstory): Text Analyses of Tweets About Sexual Assault Experiences

On 11 February 2015, a 20-year-old university student, Ozgecan Aslan, was violently murdered in an attempted rape in Mersin, southern Turkey. This event led to a mass Twitter protest in the country. Women across the country started sharing the hashtag #sendeanlat (“#tellyourstory” in English). In the current exploratory study, 164,279 original tweets were analyzed using the text analytic approach called the Meaning Extraction Method. Results revealed the key themes of reactions to victim blaming, honor culture/namus, assault experiences, social media, and women’s responsibility. Policy, media, and mental-health-related implications and future research directions are discussed.
Ultrafast Spin Dynamics and Phase Competition in a Spin Vortex Crystal Superconductor

Ultrafast spectroscopy measurements on iron pnictide 1144 superconductor CaK(Fel-xNix)4As4 revealed, for the first time, spin dynamics of an exotic Spin Vortex Crystal (SVC) phase that competes with superconductivity. © 2019 The Author(s)
Measuring Bias, Burden and Conservatism in Research Funding Processes

Background: Grant funding allocation is a complex process that in most cases relies on peer review. A recent study identified a number of challenges associated with the use of peer review in the evaluation of grant proposals. Three important issues identified were bias, burden, and conservatism, and the work concluded that further experimentation and measurement is needed to assess the performance of funding processes. Methods: We have conducted a review of international practice in the evaluation and improvement of grant funding processes in relation to bias, burden and conservatism, based on a rapid evidence assessment and interviews with research funding agencies. Results: The evidence gathered suggests that efforts so far to measure these characteristics systematically by funders have been limited. However, there are some examples of measures and approaches which could be developed and more widely applied. Conclusions: The majority of the literature focuses primarily on the application and assessment process, whereas burden, bias and conservatism can emerge as challenges at many wider stages in the development and implementation of a grant funding scheme. In response to this we set out a wider conceptualisation of the ways in which this could emerge across the funding process.
Investigating Rangia cuneata Clams as Ecological Response Bioindicators to Three Decades of Variable Freshwater Inflows

ABSTRACT Windham, R.; Nunnally, A.P., and Quigg, A., 2019. Investigating Rangia cuneata clams as ecological response bioindicators to three decades of variable freshwater inflows. Journal of Coasta...
Stability of a Planar Interface During Solidification of a Dilute Binary Alloy

The stability of the shape of a moving planar liquid solid interface during the unidirectional freezing of a dilute binary alloy is theoretically investigated by calculating the time dependence of the amplitude of a sinusoidal perturbation of infinitesimal amplitude introduced into the planar shape. The calculation is accomplished by using gradients of the steady-state thermal and diffusion fields satisfying the perturbed boundary conditions (capillarity included) to determine the velocity of each element of interface, a procedure justified in some detail. Instability occurs if any Fourier component of an arbitrary perturbation grows; stability occurs if all components decay. A stability criterion expressed in terms of growth parameters and system characteristics is thereby deduced and is compared with the currently used stability criterion of constitutional supercooling; some very marked differences are discussed.
Hey Siri: How Effective are Common Voice Recognition Systems at Recognizing Dysphonic Voices?

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Interaction with voice recognition systems, such as Siri™ and Alexa™, is an increasingly important part of everyday life. Patients with voice disorders may have difficulty with this technology, leading to frustration and reduction in quality of life. This study evaluates the ability of common voice recognition systems to transcribe dysphonic voices. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective evaluation of "Rainbow Passage" voice samples from patients with and without voice disorders. METHODS Participants with (n = 30) and without (n = 23) voice disorders were recorded reading the "Rainbow Passage". Recordings were played at standardized intensity and distance-to-dictation programs on Apple iPhone 6S™, Apple iPhone 11 Pro™, and Google Voice™. Word recognition scores were calculated as the proportion of correctly transcribed words. Word recognition scores were compared to auditory-perceptual and acoustic measures. RESULTS Mean word recognition scores for participants with and without voice disorders were, respectively, 68.6% and 91.9% for Apple iPhone 6S™ (P < .001), 71.2% and 93.7% for Apple iPhone 11 Pro™ (P < .001), and 68.7% and 93.8% for Google Voice™ (P < .001). There were strong, approximately linear associations between CAPE-V ratings of overall severity of dysphonia and word recognition score, with correlation coefficients (R2 ) of 0.609 (iPhone 6S™), 0.670 (iPhone 11 Pro™), and 0.619 (Google Voice™). These relationships persisted when controlling for diagnosis, age, gender, fundamental frequency, and speech rate (P < .001 for all systems). CONCLUSION Common voice recognition systems function well with nondysphonic voices but are poor at accurately transcribing dysphonic voices. There was a strong negative correlation with word recognition scores and perceptual voice evaluation. As our society increasingly interfaces with automated voice recognition technology, the needs of patients with voice disorders should be considered. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1599-1607, 2021.
Comparative geochemistry of flowback chemistry from the Utica/Point Pleasant and Marcellus formations

Abstract Flowback/Produced fluid samples were collected from several wells from two Utica/Point Pleasant (UPP) sites (UPPW and UPPS) in Ohio, and one Marcellus (Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL)) site in West Virginia over a period of approximately two years. Although these formations have different ages, depositional environments, diagenetic histories, and geochemical and mineralogical compositions (i.e. the UPP is significantly more carbonate rich than the Marcellus which is more siliceous), analysis of trends in fluid species over time shows that, overall, the TDS and major solubilized elements (Na, Ca, Cl) in the UPP and Marcellus brines are remarkably similar. Total dissolved solutes (TDS) in these brines ranged from approximately 40 to 250 g/L salt, and in general, concentrations increased with time elapsed since natural gas well completion and stimulation. The behavior of Na, Br, and Cl suggests that the produced water signatures from these formations are largely derived from the native formational brines which display evidence of originating from evaporated seawater. There is a strong correlation between Cl and Br, indicating that both species behave conservatively, and the similarity among each of these brines suggests no appreciable contribution of salt from halite dissolution because Br is excluded from the halite structure. Cl/Br ratios in the brines range from ~80 to 120 (mg/L/mg/L). Other elements, such as K, which readily reacts between fluids and ion exchange sites on clays, generally exhibit conservative behavior for an individual site, but show significant variations among each of the different well pads. The concentrations of Sr and Ba vary dramatically among well sites, and increase with respect to Cl− over time, suggesting increasing solubilization, presumably from desorption from clay minerals or dissolution of carbonates or sulfates from the source formation(s). The UPPW well site has very low Ba due to high-sulfate input fluid, which resulted in precipitation of barite/celestite in the brines. In contrast the UPPS well site had elevated Sr (~ 3500 mg/L), presumably due to the use of Sr-rich recycled brine used in hydraulic fracturing. The Marcellus site had the highest Ba concentrations (up to 10 g/L) and highest Ba/Sr ratios in the fluids, due to the high concentration of barium in the Marcellus target (~ 1000 ppm, as compared to ~200 ppm in the UPP). These observations suggest that solutes in the FP fluids are derived from native brines, water-rock interactions that have occurred over geologic time scales, as well as some contribution from contemporaneous reactions in the subsurface. The results also show that the composition of the injected fluid can influence flowback fluid chemistry and possibly production efficiency.
Laminar and turbulent flow solutions with radiation and ablation injection for Jovian entry

Laminar and turbulent flowfield solutions with coupled carbon-phenolic mass injection are presented for the forebody of a probe entering a nominal Jupiter atmosphere. Solutions are obtained for a 35-deg hyperboloid and for a 45-deg spherically blunted cone using a time-dependent finite-difference method. The radiative heating rates for the coupled laminar flow are significantly reduced as compared to the corresponding no-blowing case; however, for the coupled turbulent flow, it is found that the surface radiative heating rates are substantially increased and often exceed the corresponding no-blowing values. Turbulence is found to have no effect on the surface radiative heating rates for the no-blowing solutions. The present results are compared with the other available solutions and some additional solutions are presented.
This Sacred Life: Humanity's Place in a Wounded World

In a time of climate change, environmental degradation, and social injustice, the question of the value and purpose of human life has become urgent. What are the grounds for hope in a wounded world? This Sacred Life gives a deep philosophical and religious articulation of humanity's identity and vocation by rooting people in a symbiotic, meshwork world that is saturated with sacred gifts. The benefits of artificial intelligence and genetic enhancement notwithstanding, Norman Wirzba shows how an account of humans as interdependent and vulnerable creatures orients people to be a creative, healing presence in a world punctuated by wounds. He argues that the commodification of places and creatures needs to be resisted so that all life can be cherished and celebrated. Humanity's fundamental vocation is to bear witness to God's love for creaturely life, and to commit to the construction of a hospitable and beautiful world.
A potential role for the Rictor-mTOR complex in regulating myogenic differentiation

4247 The target of rapamycin (TOR), a highly conserved Ser/Thr kinase, plays a central role in the control of eukaryotic cell growth. TOR exists in two functionally and structurally distinct complexes, TOR complex 1 with Raptor (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 with Rictor (TORC2). TORC1 controls cell growth via a rapamycin-sensitive signaling branch regulating translation, transcription, nutrient uptake, ribosome biogenesis, and autophagy. TORC2 controls the organization of the actin cytoskeleton through a rapamycin-insensitive signaling. Rapamycin, a very specific inhibitor of mTOR signaling inhibits myogenic differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts. However, exactly why mTOR signaling is essential in myogenic differentiation remains obscure. We have analyzed complexes of mTOR in membranous , cytosolic, and nuclear fractions of C2C12 myoblasts in the presence or absence of rapamycin under conditions of proliferation (growth medium,GM) or conditions that force differentiation (differentiation medium, DM). Immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation/western blot analysis were used to determine the subcellular localization of proteins. Both Rictor and mTOR were detected in all three fractions. Rapamycin decreased the total mTOR and reduced phosphorylation of mTOR(pSer2481) in the membrane fraction. Rictor and mTOR complexes were co-immunoprecipitated from the membrane and cytosol fractions, but only trace amounts of binding Rictor could be detected in the nuclear fraction. Rapamycin decreased the interaction of Rictor-mTOR in all fractions, and the phosphorylation of cytosolic Akt(pSer473) was dramatically decreased. Immunofluorescence staining showed that mTOR and mTOR(pSer2448) were detected in both cytoplasm and nucleus, however, mTOR(pSer2481) was predominantly nuclear. Although Rictor was detected mainly in membranes and in cytoplasm, rapamycin induced nuclear localization of Rictor especially in DM. These results suggest that Rictor-mTOR complex may be necessary for C2C12 myoblasts differentiation and this complex is also (indirectly) rapamycin sensitive. As the Rictor-mTOR complex might be the Akt(pSer473) kinase, we propose that when C2C12 cells are cultured in DM in the presence of rapamycin, the Rictor-mTOR complex is disrupted and dissociated Rictor proteins translocate to the nucleus, and therefore Akt signaling is inhibited. This research is supported by CA77776 and CA23099 and by ALSAC.
Analytical Review: Leukemia or Lymphoma Occurring Subsequent to an Autoimmune Disease

The hypothesis of undue susceptibility to leukemia or lymphoma in individuals with autoimmune disease is evaluated by an analysis of case reports and an analysis of the mortality experience of series of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. No direct support for the hypothesis is found. The difficulty in accumulating a sufficient number of person years at risk in series of individuals with autoimmune disease is noted and alternative approaches to validating this hypothesis are discussed.