cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confronting the Legacy of “Separate but Equal”: Can the History of Race, Real Estate, and Discrimination Engage and Inform Contemporary Policy?

Rarely do the public, community leaders, or policymakers engage the history of structural racialization. Despite this lack of public awareness, a large body of literature illustrates the importance of urban development history as a mechanism of upholding the philosophy of segregation upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson. The history of structural racialization in development is fundamental to understanding contemporary challenges such as segregation, concentrated poverty, and racial disparities. The following case study explores two Ohio community-based initiatives (in Cleveland and Columbus) that used historical analysis of racial discrimination in development practices as the focus of a community engagement process. Surveys, participant observations, and interviews document the outcomes, benefits, and impacts associated with engaging stakeholders using historical records of discrimination to inform contemporary policymaking. The study lends support to the importance of public engagement processes to uncover the various long-term ramifications of the “separate but equal” doctrine of Plessy.
Low-Cost, Computer Vision-Based, Prebloom Cluster Count Prediction in Vineyards

Traditional methods for estimating the number of grape clusters in a vineyard generally involve manually counting the number of clusters per vine in a subset of the vineyard and scaling by the total number of vines; a technique that can be laborious, costly, and with an accuracy that depends on the size of the sample. We demonstrate that traditional cluster counting has a high variance in yield estimate accuracy and is highly sensitive to the particular counter and choice of the subset of counted vines. We propose a simple computer vision-based method for improving the reliability of these yield estimates using cheap and easily accessible hardware for growers. This method detects, tracks, and counts clusters and shoots in videos collected using a smartphone camera that is driven or walked through the vineyard at night. With a random selection of calibration data, this method achieved an average cluster count error of 4.9% across two growing seasons and two cultivars by detecting and counting clusters. Traditional methods yielded an average cluster count error of 7.9% across the same dataset. Moreover, the proposed method yielded a maximum error of 12.6% while the traditional method yielded a maximum error of 23.5%. The proposed method can be deployed before flowering, while the canopy is thin, which improves maximum visibility of clusters and shoots, generalizability across different cultivars and growing seasons, and earlier yield estimates compared to prior work in the area.
Achieving NOx and Greenhouse gas emissions goals in California’s Heavy-Duty transportation sector

Abstract We evaluate the NOx and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trends of the Heavy-Duty (HD) transportation sector in California’s South Coast region, under four future scenarios with varying deployment trends of near-zero-emission vehicles and zero-emission vehicles (NZEV and ZEVs) over two decades. Modeling analysis using original vehicle population projections and real-world NOx emission factors , are used to estimate emissions over the 2020 to 2040 timeframe. Analysis shows that emissions are significantly impacted by the rate of deployment of cleaner technology options. GHG results show that very aggressive deployment of low carbon technologies is necessary to achieve 2040 emission targets. The results show accelerating the fleet turnover to be a more important NO x control strategy than dividing the vehicle replacement between NZEVs and ZEVs. The analysis suggests that Heavy-Heavy-Duty (HHD) NZEVs should be encouraged in the near to mid-term, and even long-term, if operated on renewable natural gas.
Demonstration of a Real-Time Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Sensor for Probing Variable Density Fog Clouds

This paper introduces a sensor for interrogating dynamic propagation environments for real-time detection of time-varying beams with OAM. As an example, a rotating variable fog distribution is created and sensed for induced changes in OAM.
The Seer and the World: Visual Journalism Ethics as Seeing Within and Beyond

This chapter explores ethical issues intrinsic to the practice of visual journalism in the global sphere. As both a practical and theoretical exploration, the chapter focuses on visual ethics as a dynamic continuum of seeing as a way of knowing and making meaning. Through examples, the chapter demonstrates that visual journalism is an active process guided by conscious and nonconscious perceiving, interpreting, documenting, and distributing observed moments, people, and places. The chapter reviews visual codes of ethics, applicable media ethics theories, and visual ethics literature and summarizes core issues key to the ethical practice of visual journalism. Characteristics epitomizing ethical visual journalists are courage, clarity, and compassion. The chapter asserts that visual journalism is not only a matter of ethics with potential individual and global impact but also a matter of survival, in that visual journalism at its core is about helping humans understand themselves, other beings of the earth, and the world around them.
The Possibility of Norms: Social Practice Beyond Morals and Causes: By Christoph Möllers, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 978-0-19-882739-9, U.S.$99.00, 336 pp. Hardback

What do we mean when we talk about norms? To what objects are we referring? The surprising answer given by Christoph Mollers in his ambitious new book, The Possibility of Norms, is that, for all th...
Sub-Bottom Variability Characterization Using Surface Acoustic Waves

The study of both acoustic propagation and reverberation require a “realistic” information on bottom and sub-bottom properties, especially in shallow water environment. Several methods have been proposed to study the sub-bottom structure that are often faced to a “blurring” effect due to the strong echo corresponding to the water-sediment interface. We propose a new approach that, unlike conventional ones, relies on this interface as an “information carrier” and make use of the Stoneley-Scholte surface acoustic waves, SSW. After describing briefly the properties of SSW, we will use their velocity dispersion to recover the main properties of the sediment: density profile, profile of shear and compression waves velocity. The investigation of the reflection and refraction properties of SSW show that they can be treated as “conventional” ones. A new concept of “surface wave sonar” for detecting embedded objects as well as sediment inhomogeneities is thus possible. Several illustrations will be given displaying results issued from tank experiment on scaled mock-ups (scale of about a hundred).
Brain abnormalities in the elderly: frequency and predictors in the United States (the Cardiovascular Health Study)

Purpose: Characterize brain abnormalities in elderly people using cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES OF OCTAPEPTIDES. I. RADIOIODINATION OF OXYTOCIN.

Abstract A method is described for radioiodination of octapeptides using oxytocin as a model. Several components were present in the labeled material only one of which is believed to be biologically active.
Cognitive and Affective Computer Attitude Scales: A Validity Study

The purpose of this study was to validate cognitive and affective scales for assessing computer attitudes. The two seven-item scales were identified using maximum likelihood factor analysis. The alpha reliability coefficients were near 0.90 for both scales.
RNA sequencing of the nephron transcriptome: a technical note.

To understand the functions of the kidney, the transcriptome of each part of the nephron needs to be profiled using a highly sensitive and unbiased tool. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has revolutionized transcriptomic research, enabling researchers to define transcription activity and functions of genomic elements with unprecedented sensitivity and precision. Recently, RNA-seq for polyadenylated messenger RNAs [poly(A)′-mRNAs] and classical microdissection were successfully combined to investigate the transcriptome of glomeruli and 14 different renal tubule segments. A rat kidney is perfused with and incubated in collagenase solution, and the digested kidney was manually dissected under a stereomicroscope. Individual glomeruli and renal tubule segments are identified by their anatomical and morphological characteristics and collected in phosphate-buffered saline. Poly(A)′-tailed mRNAs are released from cell lysate, captured by oligo-dT primers, and made into complementary DNAs (cDNAs) using a highly sensitive reverse transcription method. These cDNAs are sheared by sonication and prepared into adapter-ligated cDNA libraries for Illumina sequencing. Nucleotide sequences reported from the sequencing reaction are mapped to the rat reference genome for gene expression analysis. These RNA-seq transcriptomic data were highly consistent with prior knowledge of gene expression along the nephron. The gene expression data obtained in this work are available as a public Web page (https://helixweb.nih.gov/ESBL/Database/NephronRNAseq/) and can be used to explore the transcriptomic landscape of the nephron.
Alignable lift-off transfer of device arrays via a single polymeric carrier membrane

We report epitaxial liftoff and direct bonding of GaAs/Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As heterostructure device arrays and continuous films, using a single, transparent polymer membrane to support the material during the etch of the sacrificial layer and to manipulate it into position for bonding in minutes. Au-Sn eutectic alloy bonding leads to a metallurgical bond in minutes. Absorption and current-voltage characteristics show that the material quality is not substantially degraded in the transfer process.
Formation of peptides from amino acids by single or multiple additions of ATP to suspensions of nucleoproteinoid microparticles

The synthesis of peptides from individual amino acids or pairs of amino acids and ATP in the presence of catalysis by nucleoproteinoid microparticles is investigated. Experiments were performed with suspensions formed from the condensation of lysine-rich and acidic proteinoids with polyadenylic acid, to which were added glycine, phenylalanine, proline, lysine or glycine-phenylalanine mixtures, and ATP either at once or serially. Peptide yields are found to be greatest for equal amounts of acidic and basic proteinoids. The addition of imidazole is found to alter the preference of glycine-phenylalanine mixtures to form mixed heteropeptides rather than homopeptides. A rapid ATP decay in the peptide synthesis reaction is observed, and a greater yield is obtained for repeated small additions than for a single addition of ATP. The experimental system has properties similar to modern cells, and represents an organizational unit ready for the evolution of associated biochemical pathways.
A study of the reaction order of the NO-carbon gasification reaction

The heterogeneous reduction of NO with carbon can be an important process in destruction of NO in combustion systems. In this study, apparent reaction orders of NO reduction by graphite, resin char, and Wyodak coal char were investigated at different temperatures and pressures in the kinetic control regime. The results indicate that reaction orders increase from zero to unity as temperature increases. In the low-temperature regime, reaction rate is determined by a desorption process, which is a very weak function of NO pressure: in the high-temperature regime, direct NO attack, a first-order reaction, determines the overall rate. The behavior at intermediate temperatures is determined by the sum of two processes. This resolves a long-standing discrepancy between the claim that the process is desorption controlled at low temperatures and reports of apparent first order. There is evidence of very long timescale dynamics as-sociated with rearrangement of surface oxides at low temperatures, which can significantly affect the observed rates and therefore observed apparent reaction orders. Previously reported first-order kinetics with cleaned samples at low temperatures reflect complicated transient rather than steady-state behavior. The determination of correct apparent reaction order in fixed-bed reactors is complicated by the long times needed to reach true steady state and by the possibility of surface-catalyzed reaction of NO with product CO.
FRACTURE OF THE ZYGOMATIC COMPLEX - AN UNUSUAL PRESENTATION

Abstract An unusual presentation of a fracture of the zygomatic complex and its initial misdiagnosis is reported.
A theoretical model of a microwave probe for a re-entry plasma†

A theoretical model of a microwave probe for a re-entry plasma, by using a circular waveguide fed in the lowest-order circular TE01 mode, is developed. The reflection coefficient or tho aperture admittance to the probe is calculated by a variational method. Radiated field is determined by employing the saddle point method of integration. In addition, expressions for surface wave contribution to the field inside the plasma and the reflection coefficient are also presented. The plasma is assumed to be inhomogeneous in the direction parallel to the axis of the waveguide.
On the efficacy of WDM virtual topology design strategies

Existing WDM virtual topology models mainly aim at maximizing the network throughput by optimizing predetermined objective functions. While the literature is rich in variants of such objective functions, they share a few deficiencies. Specifically, they abstract the problem with one fixed objective assuming that the throughput hindrance is uniform across the network, and do not consider node structure nor router utilization. These factors, when considered, affect network bottlenecks limiting a network throughput. As a result, none of the existing models fits all ISP networks. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm to determine a network bottleneck based on the 1) physical topology, 2) traffic demand and 3) technology constraints, and a topology model leading to optimized network throughput.
Minimization principle for the unit of electric charge

The fine-structure constant is given theoretically asα=(137.03608)−1 if the eigenvalue of a charge-related operator is minimal for ±e/3 quark states.
Evolutionary Foundations of Cultural Variation: Evoked Culture and Mate Preferences

We articulate an evolutionary perspective on cultural variation, centering on the concept of evoked culture. We then demonstrate how the framework of evoked culture has been used to predict and explain cultural variation and report new tests of hypotheses about cultural variation in mate preferences. These tests demonstrate the predictive power of ecological variables such as parasite prevalence that are implicated by evolutionary psychological theories. New empirical tests provided little support for the predictions advanced by competing social role theories (e.g., Eagly & Wood, 1999), with some findings running opposite to those predicted by such theories. We propose that a well-articulated evolutionary perspective on cultural variation may be particularly useful because it can specify how variation in cultural practice itself may emerge. We conclude that discussions of cultural variation should move beyond false dichotomies of social versus biological and suggest that evolutionary psychology provides f...
Novel Multidisciplinary Shape Parameterization Approach

A multidisciplinary shape parameterization approach is presented. The approach consists of two basic concepts: 1) parameterizing the shape perturbations rather than the geometry itself and 2) performing the shape deformation by means of the soft object animation algorithms used in computer graphics. Because the formulation presented is independent of grid topology, we can treat computational fluid dynamics and finite element grids in the same manner. The proposed approach is simple, compact, and efficient. Also, the analytical sensitivity derivatives are easily computed for use in a gradient-based optimization. This algorithm is suitable for low-fidelity, for example, linear aerodynamics and equivalent laminated plate structures, and high-fidelity, for example, nonlinear computational fluid dynamics and detailed finite element modeling, analysis tools. The implementation details of parameterizing for planform, twist, dihedral, thickness, camber, and free-form surface are given. Results are presented for a multidisciplinary application consisting of nonlinear computational fluid dynamics, detailed computational structural mechanics, and a simple performance module
The bifurcation structure of decadal thermohaline oscillations

A classification is made for the intrinsic decadal modes of variability in the thermohaline circulation in an oceanic model with steady boundary conditions in a simply-shaped, hemispheric domain with a coarse spatial grid, without the capability of generating any mesoscale eddies. The purpose is to provide an overview of many previous and more specific examples of such variability to better understand its essential characteristics and potential roles in climate change. Various control parameters – including ones expressing the intensities (i.e., Rayleigh numbers) and patterns associated with the surface heat and freshwater forcing – are shown to be important in determining the particular critical values of the thermohaline regime transitions, but they do not modify the overall structure of the bifurcation diagrams. An important categorical distinction is associated with the mathematical form of the surface boundary conditions in determining whether distinguishable decadal variability occurs and, if so, it...
Gender and the Pathways to Participation: The Role of Resources

In this investigation of the voluntary participation of men and women, we find that even when the definition of activity is broadened beyond the electoral forms of activity usually considered, men are a bit more active in politics than women. However, the pattern across activities does not conform to the expectations generated by the literature. In comparison with men, women are disadvantaged when it comes to the resources that facilitate political activity. When these resource deficits are viewed in the context of the paths to participation taken by men and women, it turns out that if women were as well endowed with political resources as men, their overall levels of political activity would be closer to men's and their financial contributions would be considerably closer to men's.
Partial phonon densities of states of 57Fe in Fe-Cr: Analysis by a local-order cluster expansion

Nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectra were measured for 57Fe in disordered body-centered-cubic alloys of Fe-Cr. Partial phonon density of states (DOS) curves were obtained from these data. These results, in conjunction with the results of Ruckert et al. [Hyperfine Interact. 126, 363 (2000)] on Fe-Cr thin-film multilayers and alloys, were analyzed with a local-order cluster expansion method. Interaction partial phonon DOS functions for the different short-range correlation functions were obtained from the disordered alloys. These interaction DOS functions were used in reconstructing the 57Fe partial DOS curves measured by Ruckert et al. on a set of thin-film multilayer samples of 57Fe/56Fe/Cr. The method worked well using terms up to a combined first- and second-nearest-neighbor triangle cluster, which were obtained reliably from the disordered alloys. The limitations of a basis set of correlation functions from disordered alloys are discussed but shown to be acceptable for the chemical trends of phonons in the Fe-Cr system.
In vitro activation of brain protein kinase C by the cannabinoids.

Abstract The cannabinoids have been shown to affect both membrane lipid ordering and the activities of several membrane-associated proteins. We have investigated the effects of the cannabinoids on protein kinase C, a lipid-dependent enzyme that functions as an important regulator of signal-transduction processes in the brain. The naturally occurring cannabinoid Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabiol ( Δ 9 -THC) increased the activity of protein kinase C isolated from rat forebrain at concentrations of 10 μM and above. 11-OH- Δ 9 -THC, cannabinol and cannabidiol also increased protein kinase C activity in the same concentration range. Δ 9 -THC (10 μM) decreased the K act of protein kinase C for calcium from 28 μM to 18 μM and had no effect on the phosphatidylserine concentration-stimulation relationship. At a concentration of 30 μM, Δ 9 -THC increased the binding of [ 3 H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate ([ 3 H]PDBu) to protein kinase C and decreased the K d for [ 3 H]PDBu from 8.2 nM to 5.4 nM. Δ 9 -THC also had effects on lipid ordering of PS micelles, producing a significant increase in the fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene at a concentration of 10 μM. These data suggest that Δ 9 -THC activates protein kinase C via a novel mechanism, possibly as a result of effects on vesicle lipid physical characteristics.
An absorption integral for planetary atmospheres

Absorption integral for isothermal planetary atmospheres with exponential pressure distribution
Cross-linking of human cytochrome P450 2B6 to NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase: Identification of a potential site of interaction.

Abstract The site(s) of interaction between human cytochrome P450 2B6 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450 reductase) have yet to be identified. To investigate this, the cross-linking agent 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) was used to covalently link P450 2B6–P450 reductase. Following digestion with trypsin, the cross-linked peptides were identified by reconstituting the peptides in 18 O–water based on the principle that the cross-linked peptides would be expected to incorporate twice as many 18 O atoms as the non-cross-linked peptides. Subsequent mass spectrometric analyses of the resulting peptides led to the identification of one cross-linked peptide candidate. De novo sequencing of the peptide indicated that it is a complex between residues in the C-helix of the P450 (based upon solved X-ray crystal structures of P450 2B4) and the connecting domain of the P450 reductase. To confirm this experimentally, the P450 2B6 peptide identified through the cross-linking studies was synthesized and peptide competition studies were performed. In the presence of the synthetic peptide, P450 catalytic activity was decreased by up to 60% when compared to competition studies performed using a nonsense peptide. Taken together, these studies indicate that residues in the C-helix of P450 2B6 play a major role in the interaction with the P450 reductase.
Narrow-Linewidth Ultraviolet Source for Rayleigh and Raman Applications

A pulsed, high-efficiency, narrow-linewidth ultraviolet source is developed to explore its potential for Rayleigh and Raman applications. A mercury lamp is driven with a high-voltage (30-kV), 2-ns-long, high-repetition-rate pulse supply that produces a high average power train of light pulses. Each pulse in the train has a time-varying spectrum that narrows to a single spectral line after 100 ns or so. This ultranarrow line output falls at 254 nm and lends itself to filtered Rayleigh and filtered Raman scattering measurements in conjunction with a mercury vapor filter. The performance of the mercury lamp has been characterized by operating the lamp in different configurations and at various operating conditions. It was found that the lamp with the external electrodes performs better than that with inner electrodes. The possibility of obtaining other Hg-UV lines, particularly 185-nm radiation, has also been explored. The suitability of this lamp for Raman measurements has been tested by recording vibrational Raman spectrum for methanol. Filtered Rayleigh signals were also obtained for CO2 at various gas pressures.
Beyond Preaching to the Choir: Information Literacy, Faculty Outreach, and Disciplinary Journals

Library literature publishes hundreds of articles on information literacy, many emphasizing the importance of collaboration and faculty outreach. A systematic search of fifty-four non-library journals that publish pedagogical articles reveals that some librarians are reaching out to faculty in disciplinary publications. However, this method of information literacy outreach remains underutilized.
Effect of hyperthermia in combination with TRAIL on the JNK-Bim signal transduction pathway and growth of xenograft tumors

Approximately 25% of patients with colorectal cancer develop metastases to the liver, and surgery is currently the best treatment available. But there are several patients who are unresectable, and isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) offers a different approach in helping to treat these patients. IHP is a method used for isolating the liver and delivering high doses of chemotherapeutic agents. The efficacy of IHP has been improved by combining hyperthermia not only with chemotherapeutics but with other deliverable agents such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In this study, we used human colorectal cancer CX-1 cells and treated them with hyperthermia and TRAIL, causing cytotoxicity. We were able to demonstrate that the numbers of live cells were significantly reduced with hyperthermia and 10 ng/ml of TRAIL combined. We also showed that the effect of hyperthermia on TRAIL in our studies was enhancement of the apoptotic pathway by the promotion of JNK and Bim(EL) activity as well as PARP cleavage. We have also used our CX-1 cells to generate tumors in Balb/c nude mice. With intratumoral injections of TRAIL combined with hyperthermia at 42 degrees C, we were able to show a delayed onset of tumor growth in our xenograft model.
A Study on Using Mid-Wave Infrared Images for Face Recognition

The problem of face identication in the Mid-Wave InfraRed (MWIR) spectrum is studied in order to understand the performance of intra-spectral (MWIR to MWIR) and cross-spectral (visible to MWIR) matching. The contributions of this work are two-fold. First, a database of 50 subjects is assembled and used to illustrate the challenges associated with the problem. Second, a set of experiments is performed in order to demonstrate the possibility of MWIR intra-spectral and cross-spectral matching. Experiments show that images captured in the MWIR band can be eciently matched to MWIR images using existing techniques (originally not designed to address such a problem). These results are comparable to the baseline results, i.e., when comparing visible to visible face images. Experiments also show that cross-spectral matching (the heterogeneous problem, where gallery and probe sets have face images acquired in dierent spectral bands) is a very challenging problem. In order to perform cross-spectral matching, we use multiple texture descriptors and demonstrate that fusing these descriptors improves recognition performance. Experiments on a small database, suggests that the problem of cross-spectral matching requires further investigation.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in children and adolescents one year after the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake.

In 2009, an earthquake devastated the Abruzzo region in Italy. Despite the occurrence of several disasters in this country, no study on mental health of Italian children has ever been conducted in complex emergencies. Objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms among children in the affected area 12 to 17 months after the event. A community sample of 1839 3-14 years children was identified from the general population assigned to 37 paediatricians of the National Health System, including children living in the earthquake epicentre, the surrounding earthquake zone, and the adjacent non-affected areas. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Youth Self Report (YSR), completed by 452 children aged 11–14 years. The association between symptoms and sociodemographic, health, family, and earthquake-related factors was examined. The prevalence of CBCL-defined cases was 14.9% in the epicentre, 13.0% in the remainder earthquake zone, 13.9% in the unaffected area (p = .876). No differences among areas were found when comparing the YSR results. Prevalence of CBCL-defined post-traumatic stress (PTS) cases was 8.4% in the epicentre, 4.0% in the remainder earthquake zone, 2.2% in the unaffected area (p = .002). PTS and anxiety were significantly more frequent in the epicentre than in other areas only in the 6–10 year-old children group (respectively p = .009 and p = .014). In multivariate logistic analyses, factors associated with PTS were living in the epicentre (OR = 3.6) and child or maternal history of mental health care prior to the earthquake (respectively OR = 7.1 and OR = 4.5). Children living in the epicentre, particularly those 6–10 years old, had the highest prevalence of CBCL-defined cases, and of PTS and anxiety symptoms one year after the earthquake. No signs of increased psychopathology were detected in younger (3–5 years) or older children (11–14 years). Family and health related factors showed stronger association with psychiatric outcomes than earthquake-related factors. The identification of populations at higher risk of developing psychiatric symptoms has implications for public health interventions in complex emergencies.
Design and modeling of an active crawling robotic annelid

Presented is a novel design of an active crawling robotic annelid capable of autonomously moving in a preferred direction. This preferential motion is achieved by continuous contraction and expansion of its wormlike body just like the motion of an annelid. A set of resilient cilia mounted on the outer body of the robotic annelid act as one-way motion cilia. The basic design of the robotic crawling annelid is based on a novel fibrous shape-memory alloy (SMA) actuator which utilizes a parallel array of contractile SMA wires. The fiber bundle of SMA wires is either circumscribed inside a helical compression spring with flat heads or are in parallel with a number of helical springs, end-capped by two parallel circular plates with embedded electrodes to which the ends of the SMA wires are secured. Thus, the wires can be electrically heated and subsequently contracted to compress the helical spring back and forth. This causes the body of the robotic annelid to contract and expand. If the robotic annelid is placed on a flat surface it would tend to move in a preferred direction dictated by a set of elastic one-way cilia. On the other hand, if the robotic annelid is placed inside a long passage of round cross-sections, it would still move in a preferred direction. A design model is first presented for the dynamic response of contractile fiber bundles embedded in or around elastic springs that are either linear helical compression springs, hyperelastic springs such as rubberlike materials, and nonlinear springs such as air. The fiber bundle is assumed to consist of a parallel array of contractile fibers made from contractile SMA wires. The proposed model considers the temperature-induced contraction of the fibers due to resistive heating of the SMA wires. Results of both dynamic computer simulation and dynamics of a prototype model built in our laboratory indicate a fairly good comparison.
Plastic deformation and dislocation structure of single crystal mercuric iodide

A systematic investigation of plasticity in single crystal mercuric iodide was carried out. Over eighty compression tests were performed on single crystal specimens oriented variously with respect to the axis of loading. Three characteristic loading responses were observed and classified according to crystal orientation, as follows: (a) the direction of load was perpendicular to the [001] axis, (b) the loading direction was parallel to [001] and (c) the load was neither parallel nor perpendicular to [001]. In cases a and b, under sufficient load, the samples always exhibited brittle failure (without prior plastic deformation) whereas, in case c, the samples were always easily plastically deformed by slip of (001) planes. The case c plastic deformation also exhibited work hardening. A dislocation model for plasticity in mercuric iodide is induced from the experimental results. The model consists of “easy glide” dislocations, the cores of which are parallel to (001) planes, and “hard glide” dislocations that intersect the (001) planes. Movement of the easy glide dislocations causes the (001) slip in case c, whereas interactions between the easy and hard glide dislocations account for the work hardening. The results of other experiments (including creep, annealing, microscopic observation of dislocation etch pits, and bending) are consistent with the model. Deformation during large angle bending tests is a particularly remarkable phenomenon.
Thermal Process Maps for Controlling Microstructure in Laser Deposited Materials

The ability to predict and control microstructure in laser deposited materials requires an understanding of the thermal conditions at the onset of solidification. To this end, the focus of this work is the development of thermal process maps relating solidification cooling rate and thermal gradient (the key parameters controlling microstructure) to laser deposition process variables (e.g., laser power and velocity). Results presented herein are based on the Rosenthal solution for a moving point heat source traversing an infinite substrate. Ongoing work includes the effect of a distributed laser power through superposition of the Rosenthal solution, while the effects of finite geometry, temperature dependent properties and latent heat of transformation are included through thermal finite element modeling of the laser deposition process.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Low frequency Raman scattering in chalcogenide glasses

Abstract Low frequency Raman spectra of chalcogenide glasses are analyzed in terms of matrix element effects and modes of a layered structure. The spectra of GeSe 2 at low temperature shows no peaks which can be assigned to layer modes. The reduced spectra indicates that the density of states exhibits nearly ω 2 dependence for ω −1 , and the coupling constant approaches ω 2 dependence at frequencies less than 20 cm −1 .
Surgical techniques to facilitate endoscopic second-look mastoidectomy.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Mastoidoscopy has shown to be a safe, effective alternative to traditional second-look mastoidectomy. This study was undertaken to review surgical modifications to facilitate successful mastoidoscopy. Study Design: Retrospective database review of all surgical procedures performed by the senior author (T.J.H.) since January 1995. All surgeries were performed in a tertiary hospital setting. Results: Fifteen second-look procedures were performed in this series. Five were performed endoscopically, 10 with traditional techniques. In the traditional surgeries five were prior to the use of endoscopy, five had contraindications to endoscopic mastoidectomy. There were six residual cholesteatomas in the series, one in the endoscopic cases (20%), and five in the traditional cases (50%). No cholesteatomas were identified with microscopic examination performed after endoscopy. There were no complications in the series. Mastoidoscopy gives limited access to the mesotympanum, eustachian tube and, in particular, the sinus tympani. The creation of a wide extended facial recess with removal of the buttress at the fossa incudis and removal of the incus and head of the maleus will facilitate inspection of the middle ear. Additional techniques are necessary to view the sinus tympani. The fallopian bridge technique, and the infratympanic extended facial recess technique may allow better visualization of the middle ear. Conclusion: Mastoidoscopy offers a safe alternative to traditional techniques for second-look surgery. The morbidity appears similar to traditional techniques.
Ribosome-binding Domain of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 Kinase GCN2 Facilitates Translation Control

A family of protein kinases regulate translation initiation in response to cellular stresses by phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2). One family member from yeast, GCN2, contains a region homologous to histidyl-tRNA synthetases juxtaposed to the kinase catalytic domain. It is thought that uncharged tRNA accumulating during amino acid starvation binds to the synthetase-related sequences and stimulates phosphorylation of the α subunit of eIF-2. In this report, we define another domain in GCN2 that functions to target the kinase to ribosomes. A truncated version of GCN2 containing only amino acid residues 1467 to 1590 can independently associate with the translational machinery. Interestingly, this region of GCN2 shares sequence similarities with the core of the double-stranded RNA-binding domain (DRBD). Substitutions of the lysine residues conserved among DRBD sequences block association of GCN2 with ribosomes and impaired the ability of the kinase to stimulate translational control in response to amino acid limitation. Additionally, as found for other DRBD sequences, recombinant protein containing GCN2 residues 1467–1590 can bind double-stranded RNAin vitro, suggesting that interaction with rRNA mediates ribosome targeting. These results indicate that appropriate ribosome localization of the kinase is an obligate step in the mechanism leading to translational control by GCN2.
Isotretinoin and iPledge: a view of results.

Abbreviations used: FDA: Food and Drug Administration PPP: Pregnancy Prevention Program REMS: Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies SMART: System to Manage Accutane-Related Teratogenicity S ince its approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1982, isotretinoin has positively affected the lives of countless patients. Of course, any pharmaceutical agent has both its desired effect as well as undesirable side effects. The prescription of any given drug for any individual patient depends on the risk-benefit analysis for that patient. The side effect of teratogenicity has naturally moved to the forefront of safety standards for isotretinoin. It is important to remember that fetal exposure is the problem, not pregnancy itself, and all attention and efforts should be focused on preventing such exposure. In the United States, 4 programs have been developed over time in an effort to prevent fetal exposure. These programs have been evaluated in terms of the numbers of pregnancies that occur, which is used as a proxy for potential fetal exposure. As we discuss the problem of teratogenicity with isotretinoin and the various programs to protect against it, we will use the term ‘‘pregnancies’’ as a representation of fetal exposure. The first program put in place to prevent pregnancy during the course of treatment with isotretinoin was a voluntary one in which the manufacturer, Roche Inc (Nutley, NJ) provided brochures to patients describing the risks of taking isotretinoin, particularly its teratogenic effects. This was followed by the Pregnancy Prevention Program (PPP), also created by Roche in 1988. PPP required the patient to sign a consent form, get a pregnancy test before starting isotretinoin, and choose two methods of birth control. Concern about the number of reported pregnancies remained,
Isolation of crystallizing droplets by electrostatic levitation

The principles of electrostatic levitation where the positioning and stabilization of a sample are accomplished by applying appropriate electrostatic forces to a charged sample are outlined, and attention is focused on a feedback control algorithm, drop-launching method, and four-drop levitator. Drop levitation in 1-g is discussed, and crystal-growth experiments are presented. An experiment in which the protein concentration of a levitated drop is controlled by a feedback system is described. During levitation, the drop evaporation rate is controlled in a programmed way in order to acquire proper protein concentration levels for both nucleation and growth. The containerless approach of protein crystal growth when applied in the space environment is assessed.
Treatment strategies designed to minimize medical complications of allergic rhinitis.

Perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis affect many million Americans and account for close to $2 billion annually in medical costs and lost productivity. The symptoms of allergic rhinitis, includ...
The effects of readers' goals on inference generation and memory for texts.

We investigated the effects of readers’ goals on inference generation and memory for expository text. College students (N = 82) read texts for the purpose of either study or entertainment. On-line inference generation was recorded via think-aloud procedures, and off-line memory was assessed via free recall. Reading goal strongly influenced inferential activity: Readers with a study goal produced more coherence-building (i.e., backward/explanatory and forward/predictive) inferences, whereas readers with an entertainment goal produced more associations and evaluations. These differences were associated with superior memory for the texts in the study condition. The results indicate that inference generation during reading is partly strategic and is influenced systematically by reading purpose. We propose that reading goals influence readers’standards of coherence, which in turn influence the types of inferences that they draw and the final memory representations that they construct.
Close the high seas to fishing

The world's oceans are governed as a system of over 150 sovereign exclusive economic zones (EEZs, ∼42% of the ocean) and one large high seas (HS) commons (∼58% of ocean) with essentially open access. Many high-valued fish species such as tuna, billfish, and shark migrate around these large oceanic regions, which as a consequence of competition across EEZs and a global race-to-fish on the HS, have been over-exploited and now return far less than their economic potential. We address this global challenge by analyzing with a spatial bioeconomic model the effects of completely closing the HS to fishing. This policy both induces cooperation among countries in the exploitation of migratory stocks and provides a refuge sufficiently large to recover and maintain these stocks at levels close to those that would maximize fisheries returns. We find that completely closing the HS to fishing would simultaneously give rise to large gains in fisheries profit (>100%), fisheries yields (>30%), and fish stock conservation (>150%). We also find that changing EEZ size may benefit some fisheries; nonetheless, a complete closure of the HS still returns larger fishery and conservation outcomes than does a HS open to fishing.
Feasibility Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Commercial Power Generation in California

Abstract:The Solar-Photovoltaic (PV) commercial power generation cost gap with traditional power can be narrowed by proposing a financing method involving a combination of a longer-term purchase power agreement and lower interest rates. We have validated this method using cash flow analysis of a mid-size (14-megawatts) California PV utility. We assess the economic feasibility of the project using sensitivity analysis, and examine the removal of the financing barrier by proposing a self-sustaining finance scheme as a possible alternative to government's subsidy that lacks an inflow of cash to offset the outflow of subsidy payments. Furthermore, we highlight the scenarios in which the PV power becomes cost competitive with conventional electricity generation.
Physics and materials issues behind the lifetime problem in semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diodes

In this short review we describe phenomenologically what is known about laser and light emitting diodes (LEDs) degradation and review the physical understanding of it. We will then examine the issues that are relevant to the more novel vertical surface emitting lasers devices and to the new materials that are being used in the fabrication of LEDs and lasers.
Are “Real Options” Actually Used in the Real World?

The inability of classic NPV analysis to capture the future value of options in a capital budgeting analysis is now well documented by Trigeorgis (1993, 2005), Copeland and Antikarov (2001), and others. In spite of this, traditional NPV analysis continues to be described as a normative approach. The author surveys Fortune 1,000 companies to see if they have picked up on the use of real options to complement traditional analysis. Out of 279 respondents, 40 were currently using real options (14.3%). While the percentage is small, the number is higher than in previous studies. The author goes on to describe in what manner real options are being used and, of equal importance, why they are resisted by many. Somewhat encouraging is the intent of well over half the nonusers to consider the use of real options in the future.
Identification of the target of a transcription activator protein by protein-protein photocrosslinking

Here it is shown, with the use of protein-protein photocrosslinking, that the carboxyl-terminal region of the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase (RNAP) is in direct physical proximity to the activating region of the catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) in the ternary complex of the lac promoter, RNAP, and CAP. These results strongly support the proposal that transcription activation by CAP involves protein-protein contact between the carboxyl-terminal region of the alpha subunit and the activating region of CAP.
Plant deposition in modern volcanic environments

Volcanic eruptions and their deposits provide paleobiologists with an array of depositional environments in which to investigate the conditions in which exceptionally preserved flora and fauna are preserved. Studies of vegetation patterns before and after eruptions have shown that tropical vegetation makes a very rapid recovery at the vegetational level (proportion of devastated land covered). The recolonisation of the rare elements of a diversified flora, however, is slow, and so is the rebound of floristic richness, assembled over centuries from surrounding patches of vegetation and from in situ speciation. Two major volcanic events that occurred in the past 15 years were studied in an attempt to understand the processes and complex patterns of plant deposition in volcanic landscapes
Electron spin resonance studies of the solution structure of vanadyl amino acid complexes and mixed ligand complexes of oxalate

Esr and electronic spectra of complexes of the general composition VO(AA)2 and VO(ox)(AA) have been characterized; AA = gly, his, cys, pro, val, met, asp amino acids. Spectra of the formulation VO(ox)(LL) (with LL = imidazole plus monodentate oxalate, histamine plus monodentate oxalate, histidine, cysteine, 4-imidazolepropionic acid, mercaptopropionic acid, ethylenediamine and ethanolamine) have been used to deduce a self-consistent assignment of AL, a ligand donor additivity constant contribution to the observed hyperfine splitting, Aiso. Values of AL are sensitive to inductive effects in the ligand structure. The solution structures and likely coordination geometries of VO(his)2, and VO(cys)22-- are discussed. The role of the imidazole moiety as a sigma donor and sulfhydryl sulfur as a pi acceptor is observed in VO(AA)2 and VO(ox)(AA) complexes.
The effect of head turn on the perception of gaze

When subjects viewed straight and turned eyes that were isolated singly or in pairs from a head that was straight or turned, they underestimated their true direction of gaze. They also underestimated the direction of head turn when both eyes were closed. However, the judged direction of gaze was improved when the eyes were layered against the heads. Judged direction of averted gaze was primarily based on the abducting eye. The effect that the deviation between an eye's optical axis and its true direction of gaze (angle kappa) has on its judged direction of gaze is discussed.