cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of Design Issues on Electrically Peaking Hybrid Electric Vehicle for Diverse Urban Driving Patterns

A vehicle's performance depends greatly on the operating conditions, such as journey type, driving behavior etc. Driving patterns vary with geographical location and traffic conditions. In today's global economy where automobile industries are concerned with both local and international markets, it becomes necessary to investigate vehicle performance for driving cycles of different countries and develop vehicle designs which are appropriate to the consumer’s market. This paper concentrates on the issues related to designing hybrid electric vehicles. A method of optimizing the size of the principal hardware components of hybrid vehicles such as, electric motors, internal combustion engines, transmissions and energy storage devices based on the demands of different drive cycles is discussed in the paper. Driving cycles of five major countries around the globe were used for investigation: the ECE 15 used by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE), the Japanese 10-15 mode, China's Beijing11, Australian urban drive cycle and finally, the United States EPA75. The 'V-ELPH 2.01' EV-HEV computer simulation package developed at Texas A&M University was used for simulation testing.
INSTRUCTIVE SUFFICIENCY: RE-READING THE GOVERNESS THROUGH AGNES GREY

IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND, a governess was the primary educator of male and female children in a middle-class household; particularly by virtue of her work educating girls through their mid-teens, the governess simultaneously effected and disrupted the transparent transmission of class and gender identity between generations of middle-class women. Recent scholarship has de-emphasized this pedagogical function in its readings of the figure.1 Discussion has centered, instead, on the ways in which the governess represented a crisis for early Victorian definitions of bourgeois femininity (which centered on middle-class women’s financial dependence and apparent leisure) because she was a middle-class woman who earned her own living. But to read the figure of the Victorian governess through Anne Bronte’s Agnes Grey (1847) is to see that she troubled bourgeois hegemony because of her job. I contend that the governess disturbed the early Victorians not only because she blurred the boundary between the separate spheres, but also because she dramatized the potentially illimitable effects of education. When you hire someone to teach your children, how do you ensure that she is teaching what you wish and as you wish?
Application of dynamic light scattering to the study of small marine particles: errata

Small particles ranging from approximately 0.1 μm to several micrometers in size, which include detrital material, bacteria, and other planktonic microorganisms, make a significant contribution to light scattering in the upper ocean. The scattering properties of these particles are strongly dependent on their size, which is difficult to measure in the submicrometer range with commonly used electronic resistive counters and microscopic techniques. We examined the size of small marine particles by application of the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. In this method the time-dependent autocorrelation function of scattered intensity by particles undergoing Brownian motion provides information about the size of particles. The samples were collected in clear oceanic waters off the coast of Southern California. The mean hydrodynamic diameter of particles, determined from the DLS measurements at a scattering angle of 45°, was 0.54 μm. This indicates that the major contribution to scattering at this angle comes from submicrometer particles. We also described an inverse method for estimating the general slope of the size distribution of small marine particles from the mean hydrodynamic diameter. This method is based on calculations of the size distribution weighted by distribution from Mie theory and assumes that a power-law approximation represents the actual particle scattered intensity. These calculations suggested that particulate assemblage in our seawater samples was best characterized by a differential size distribution with a slope of −4.35. This estimation was supported by independent measurements of particle size distribution and the spectral beam attenuation coefficient taken from the same samples as those used for the DLS measurements. We also demonstrated that multiangle DLS measurements may be used to determine the representative value of the refractive index of particles.
Modeling player session times of on-line games

One of the most important aspects in determining the global traffic characteristics of on-line games is to model the traffic behavior of the client. While modeling the client ON-OFF times in web traffic has allowed researchers to generate accurate fractal models of aggregate web traffic, similar work has not yet been done for the domain of games. Previous work in client traffic behavior has shown that clients consume a nearly constant amount of resources when they are on. However, the distribution of the length of ON times for clients has not yet been established [1]. In this paper, we study the player session time distribution over a one-week trace of a popular on-line game server. Our results indicate that the session ON times of game clients steeply decays over time, with a knee at about 15--30 minutes. In addition, we show that the session time PDF can be fitted accurately with a Weibull distribution with parameters (β = 0.5, η = 20, and γ = 0), a result that diverges from previous studies of player session times [2].
A Structure for Design Theory

The field of engineering design research is being pulled into two opposing directions—toward scientific rigor on one hand, and a greater relevance for professional practice on the other. The development of design theories in the field reflects this dichotomy. We have formal design theories deriving from mathematical roots that rarely influence the practice. And we have a plethora of process models that serve as scaffolds for professional designing, but lack scientific validity. Can we create design theory that resolves this dichotomy and displays scientific rigor while being useful to professionals? In this chapter, we propose a structure for design theory that attempts to answer this question. Building on the structure of scientific theory from philosophy of science and the perception–action perspective from ethnographic research, we suggest a two-dimensional structure for design theory. The first dimension describes the theoretical constructs and relationships between them, and the second dimension provides the perceptual field and action repertoire that makes a theory relevant in situations of professional practice. We explain these two dimensions of design theory, while focusing on the second perception–action dimension that is our contribution to design research. We illustrate this by developing the perception–action dimension of C-K theory.
Strategies targeting endogenous neurogenic cell response to improve recovery following traumatic brain injury

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects over 1.7 million people in the United States alone and poses many clinical challenges due to the variability of the injuries and complexity of biochemical mechanisms involved. Thus far, there is still no effective therapy for TBI. Failure of preventative therapeutic strategies has led studies focusing on regenerative approaches. Recent studies have shown evidence that mature brains harbors multipotent neural stem cells capable of becoming mature neurons in the neurogenic regions. Following brain insults including TBI, the injured brain has increased level of neurogenic response in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and this endogenous response is associated with cognitive function following injury. In this review, we highlight recent development and strategies aimed at targeting this endogenous cell response to enhance post-TBI functional recovery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
Effects of osmotic stress on dextran diffusion in rat neocortex studied with integrative optical imaging.

Effects of osmotic stress on dextran diffusion in rat neocortex studied with integrative optical imaging. This study investigated how dextran (M r = 3,000) diffused in rat cortical slices when the ...
RIGHT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION, PULMONARY ARTERY SIZE AND PULSATILITY INDEX ESTIMATED BY CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PREDICTS FUNCTIONAL STATUS IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Despite technical limitations, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the most commonly used imaging modality for right ventricular assessment in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in the
Soil aggregate stability: The contribution of biological and physical processes

The roles of fungal growth, soil organic matter and particle re-orientation in soil aggregate stabilization during ageing of two British soils with different cropping histories were studied. Soils were subjected to simulated cultivation, and the subsequent changes in aggregate stability during ageing assessed by turbidimetry test. An initial increase in aggregate stability was accompanied by prolific fungal growth, which was seen by scanning electron microscope and estimated by means of ergosterol measurement. This increase in stability may be partly explained by the retention of soil particles within the reticulum of fungal hyphae. When all biological activity was prevented by soil sterilization, a residual process remained which still caused some increase in stability of moulded balls of soil. Allowing soils to rest a few days after tillage would therefore impart some resistance to dispersion when exposed to second implement passes or destructive forces associated with raindrop impact.
Etiology study and changes of pulmonary function tests of children with right lung middle lobe syndrome

Objective:To analize the etiologic types of children with right lung middle lobe sysdrome(RLMLS) and to study the pulmonary function changes of children with RLMLS. Methods:Pathogerns of broncho-alveoli lavage fluids(BALF) from children with RLMLS were detected and classified with the utilization of electronic bronchoscope.30 children with RLMLS were selected by chest X-rays and CT examination.BALFs of patients were collected and divided into 3 tubes to do bacterial culture, virus seperation,smears microscopy and antibody detection of mycoplasma and chlamydia alternatively.In the same time,30 children with RLMLS were divided into 2 groups. Pulmonary function tests of which the 0-4 year old group were measured by 2600-type pulmonary function spirometry,while MIR-type pulmonary function spirometry being used for 4 years old group.The two parameters of 25-PF and %V-PF were selected as index for the 0-4 years old group to show the changes of Pulmonary function, while the three parameters of FVC, FEV1 and PEF being selected as index for the 4 years old group.The changes of these pulmonary function parameters were compared between pretreatment and posttreatment.Results:7 of 30 cases were bacteria positive,of which 4 cases being streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 case being clebsiella pneuminiae,1 case being escherichia coli,1 case being catarrh moraxella bacterium.3 of 30 cases mycoplasm-positive,3 of 30 cases being adenovirusis,1 of 30 cases being tubercle bacillus,while 2 of 30 cases being foreign bodies whom were peanut and polly seed alternatively. Of 0-4 years old group the value of 25-PF was (0.42 ±0.08) for pretreatment and (0.58±0.12) for posttreatment respectively,the difference being significant(P0.05),while the value of %VPF being (0.28±0.03) for pretreatment and (0.39±0.06) for posttreatment respectively, the difference being significant also (P0.05). Of4 years old group the values of FVC, FEV1 and PEF were (1.75±0.32),(1.36±0.52),(2.56±0.78) for pretreatment, while (2.37 ±0.78), (2.08 ±0.65), (3.68 ±0.80) for posttreatment respectively,the differences of FVC,FEV1 and PEF being significant respectively(P0.05).Conclusion:The etiology of children′s RLMLS varied from bacteria, adenovirus,mycoplasm,tubercle bacillu and foreign body.Bacteria were the maincauses, of which streptococcus pneumoniae was the most important etiological cause. The changes of pulmonary function tests were significant between pretreatment and posttreatment for the children with RLMLS.
A new method of energy location for acoustic emission source

A new method of energy location for acoustic emission source is proposed by using the acoustic attenuation property based on the exponential attenuation rule for elastic waves propagation in the acoustic emission.The equation is derived,and experiment measurements using signals of pencil core fracture as the source conducted in a plane of high polymer synthetic fiber.Feasibility of the new source location method is confirmed.The method does not need measurement of the attenuation property of the medium and the sound speed.
Diagnosis and Treatment Management of Patients with Smear-negative Tuberculosis

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of patients with smear-negative tuberculosis to reduce new sources of infection and drug resistance.Methods Patients with smear-negative in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2007(patients with initial treatment and second treatment)were analyzed by sputum smears,dynamic X-ray observation,clinical symptoms,etc.Results The clinical symptoms mainly were cough and expectoration,fatigue,night sweats,but the manifestation was relatively slight,and 20% of the patients were found by physical examination without any symptoms.Conclusions The high positive result can be obtained in sputum culture and sputum examination when cough and expectoration are for and over 3 weeks,with the detection rate of 23% and positive culture rate of 13% in patients with smear-negative tuberculosis.
Spinal muscle pathology.

Clinical signs that are easily referred to spinal muscle pathology include atrophy of epaxial muscles, focal swelling and palpable tenderness, as well as enlarged muscles with increased tone. Less easily recognized signs include rigidity of the spine, shortened stride, hindlimb lameness, and indicators of poor performance. Muscle biopsy is one option in evaluating sore backs and is best used when physical examination and imaging procedures do not reveal a likely diagnosis or when conventional treatments are unsuccessful. Rhabdomyolysis of spinal muscles may be due to nutritional myodegeneration (foals), recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, and polysaccharide storage myopathy Atrophy of spinal muscles can be due to severe rhabdomyolysis, immune-related myopathy, or neurogenic atrophy from nerve trauma, EPM, or EMND.
Transglutaminase II and Metastasis: How Hot Is the Link?

The transient and dynamic nature of changes that cancer cells undergo during metastasis cannot be explained by simple progressive accumulation of irreversible genetic alterations in the primary tumor. The ability of cancer cells to switch on and off different cellular processes such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the ability to de-/re-differentiate allows them to respond to different cellular environments and to disseminate from the primary tumor to distant organs. This and many other features of metastatic tumor cells such as dormancy, active DNA repair, and resistance to apoptosis are shared by normal stem cells. It has been theorized that a subpopulation of cancer cells can acquire stem cell-like traits and aid in the process of metastasis. Moreover, the EMT and stem cellness support the ability of cancer cells to migrate and survive conventional therapies that predominantly target actively proliferating cells. Accordingly, characterization of genes and signal transduction pathways that regulate the EMT and stemness within the tumor mass are likely to shed new light on the complex molecular events that promote metastasis, invasion and resistance to therapy and could offer novel therapeutic targets for developing tailor-made intervention strategies. In this chapter, I discuss the evidence that aberrant expression of a stress-response protein, transglutaminase II (TG2), reprograms the inflammatory signaling networks in cancer cells that play fundamental roles in promoting drug resistance and metastatic competence by inducing EMT and the stem cell phenotype.
Globalizing India: How Global Rules and Markets are Shaping India's Rise to Power

India's recent economic transformation has fascinated scholars, global leaders, and interested observers alike. In 1990, India was a closed economy and a hesitant and isolated economic power. By 2016, India has rapidly risen on the global economic stage; foreign trade now drives more than half of the economy and Indian multinationals pursue global alliances. Focusing on second-generation reforms of the late 1990s, Aseema Sinha explores what facilitated global integration in a self-reliant country pre-disposed to nationalist ideas. The author argues that the impact of globalization on India has affected trade policy as well as India's trade capacities and private sector reform. India should no longer be viewed solely through a national lens; globalization is closely linked to the ambitions of a rising India. The study uses fieldwork undertaken in Geneva, New Delhi, Mumbai and Washington DC, interviews with business and trade officials, as well as a close analysis of the textile and pharmaceutical industries and a wide range of documentary and firm-level evidence to let diverse actors speak in their own voices.
Opened Proton Pump Inhibitor Capsules Reduce Time to Healing Compared With Intact Capsules for Marginal Ulceration Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Background & Aims Marginal ulceration, or ulceration at the gastrojejunal anastomosis, is a common complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Acidity likely contributes to the pathophysiology, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) frequently are prescribed for treatment. However, patients with gastric bypass only have a small gastric pouch and rapid small-bowel transit, which limits the opportunity for capsule breakdown and PPI absorption. Soluble PPIs (open capsules [OCs]) might be absorbed more easily than intact capsules (ICs). We compared time to ulcer healing, number of endoscopic procedures, and use of health care for patients with marginal ulceration who received PPIs in OC vs IC form. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 164 patients diagnosed with marginal ulceration who underwent RYGB at the Brigham and Women's Hospital from 2000 through 2015. Patients received high-dose PPIs and underwent repeat endoscopy every 3 months until ulcer healing was confirmed. We used time-to-event analysis with a Cox proportional hazards model to evaluate the association between mode of PPI administration and time to ulcer healing, in addition to Cox multivariate regression analysis. Total charge (procedural and maintenance) was determined by comparison of categorized charges incurred from time of ulcer diagnosis to resolution. The primary outcome was time to healing of marginal ulceration in RYGB patients receiving high-dose PPIs in OC vs IC form. Results A total of 162 patients were included (115 received OC and 49 received IC). All patients were followed up until ulcer healing was confirmed. The median time to ulcer healing was 91.0 days for the OC group vs 342.0 days for the IC group (P Conclusions Patients with marginal ulceration after RYGB who receive OC PPIs have shorter ulcer healing times, fewer endoscopic procedures, and use less health care resources compared with patients who receive IC PPIs. Given these results and the high prevalence of marginal ulceration in this patient population, the use of OC PPIs is a low-risk, low-cost alternative that should be considered.
Longitudinal assessment of immature-to-adult ratios in two groups of Costa Rican Alouatta palliata

We used immature-to-adult female ratios (IFR), which indicate replacement rates, to assess changes in and viabilities of nonhuman primate groups and populations. Heltne et al. (1975) concluded that the howling monkey (Alouatta palliata) population at La Pacifica (Guanacaste, Costa Rica) was declining, as the IFR was <1.5, the ratio thought needed for a sustainable population. Our population surveys of 1984, 1991, and 1998 revealed that the number of monkeys in the population was stable, but the number of groups had increased and mean group size decreased. To examine these group-level changes, we present the IFR and immature-to-adult (IAR) ratios for La Pacifica Groups 2 and 18, which we have studied longitudinally for 18 and 10 years, respectively. Group 2 was larger than Group 18, but both groups showed similar mean IFRs for the study periods. The mean IFR for each group exceeded the population IFR. The annual IFRs varied more in the smaller group than in the larger group, and the IARs for these groups varied more than the IFRs did. All annual IFRs in the groups were below the hypothesized critical value of 1.5. Given these group and population values, we examined this critical IFR value with respect to mantled howler life history characteristics, particularly interbirth intervals and juvenile emigration, both of which preclude ratios ≥1.5, and compared the La Pacifica mantled howler population ratios with those of other populations. Group size, in conjunction with these ratios, might be more predictive of sustainable groups and populations.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (epoetin)Induced Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA): A Comparison of Data Collected through Active and Passive Pharmacovigilance Efforts.

Background: Follow-up reports describing the long-term prognosis of 47 patients with epoetin induced PRCA have been confined to a single study from France, England, and Germany, investigated through active surveillance efforts. There is concern that reporting quality may differ between active versus voluntary reporting efforts. Methods: Investigators from the Research on Adverse Drug reactions And Reports (RADAR) program compared clinical findings for epoetin-associated PRCA cases reported by voluntary surveillance efforts (n= 47) versus active surveillance (n= 47). (Verhelst et at, Lancet 2004). Recovery from PRCA was defined as transfusion independence, normalized reticulocyte count, and/or disappearance of anti-erythropoietin antibody. Results: Baseline characteristics of age and gender were similar in both the MEDWatch and active surveillance groups. The two groups were similar with respect to median age similar (67 years) and gender (70%) and follow-up duration for patients who recovered (mean of 3 months). Median follow-up was shorter for passive surveillance patients who did not recover (6 versus 11 months). Recovery rates with immunosuppression differed (39.5% for MedWatch versus 21.6% for active surveillance). Conclusions: Follow-up of active versus passive pharmacovigilance differed markedly for epoetin-associated PRCA cases in France, Germany, and the UK, in part due to differences in follow-up time. Active pharmacovigilance efforts should be supported by national health authorities. | Surveillance of Rx’ed patients | Active N=37 (%) | Passive N=38 (%) | |:---------------------------------:| --------------- | ---------------- | | Patients with known follow-up (%) | 100 | 100 | | Recovered w/transplant | 16.2 | 18.4 | | Recovered w/Immunosuppression | 62.2 | 42.1 | | No recovery | 21.6 | 39.5 |
Process Management in Embedded Systems

Chapter 5 covers process management. It introduces the concept of processes and demonstrates the basic technique of multitasking by context switching. It shows how to create processes dynamically and discusses the goals, policy and algorithms of process scheduling. It covers process synchronization and shows how to implement the various kinds of process synchronization mechanisms, which include sleep/wakeup, mutexes and semaphores. It shows how to use the process synchronization mechanisms to implement event-driven embedded systems. It discusses interprocess communication schemes, which include shared memory, pipes and message passing. It shows how to integrate these concepts to implement a uniprocessor (UP) kernel for process management, and it shows the programming techniques for both non-preemptive and preemptive process scheduling. The UP kernel serves as the foundation for developing complete operating systems in later chapters.
Perceptions of linguistically responsive teaching in teacher candidates/novice teachers

ABSTRACTThis qualitative study examined data from 36 teacher candidates and novice teachers to explore their perceptions and understandings of linguistic responsiveness. The findings illustrate the challenge of demonstrating linguistically responsive teaching practices in the early and initial stages of entering the teaching profession, and more research is necessary to understand how to support teachers.
Prenatal Diagnostic Exome Sequencing: a Review

This review aims to summarize the current landscape of prenatal diagnostic exome sequencing (PDES), provide insight into this new diagnostic tool, and describe how PDES is being used in both research and clinical settings to provide diagnoses for fetal cases. Current recommendations indicate that PDES only be considered for the phenotypically abnormal fetus. PDES research has shown multiple benefits, including providing new disease-gene associations for prenatal phenotypes and expanding the phenotypic spectrum of previously described diseases. There are few published clinical cohorts, and these are generally small; however, a definitive or likely diagnosis was made in 21–57% of the cases. PDES has been used to investigate a large range of prenatal phenotypes and advance knowledge of the genetic etiology of dysmorphic or malformed fetuses. Future research should aim to collect large cohorts to determine the diagnostic yield and which phenotypes are appropriate for testing. National organizations/societies should consider providing guidance to the reporting of secondary findings to specifically address the nuances of reporting in the PDES setting.
Sequential Associations Between Caregiver Talk and Child Play in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development

This study examined sequential associations between child play and caregiver talk in 98 caregiver–child dyads (Mmental age = 14 months). Fifty dyads included a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Analyses revealed sequential associations between child play and caregiver follow-in (FI) utterances (utterances related to the child's attentional focus) were stronger in the ASD as compared to the typically developing (TD) group. FI utterances were more likely to elicit functional play than caregiver-focused utterances, and more so in the ASD group. Across groups, FI directives were more likely to elicit functional play than FI comments. These findings have important implications for research involving caregiver–child play as an early intervention context for children with ASD.
Progress in design and fabrication of resonator quantum well infrared photodetectors (R-QWIP) (Conference Presentation)

Resonator-Quantum Well Infrared Photo detectors (R-QWIPs) are the next generation of QWIP detectors that use resonances to increase the quantum efficiency (QE). Recently, we are exploring R-QWIPs for broadband long wavelength applications. To achieve the expected performance, two optimized inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching processes (selective and non-selective) are developed. Our selective ICP etching process has a nearly infinite selectivity of etching GaAs over Ga1-xAlxAs. By using the etching processes, two format (1Kx1K and 40x40) detectors with 25 μm pixel pitch were fabricated successfully. In despite of a moderate doping of 0.5 × 1018 cm-3 and a thin active layer thickness of 0.6 or 1.3 μm, we achieved a quantum efficiency 35% and 37% for 8 quantum wells and 19 quantum wells respectively. The temperature at which photocurrent equals dark current is about 66 K under F/2 optics for a cutoff wavelength up to 11 μm. The NEΔT of the FPAs is estimated to be 22 mK at 2 ms integration time and 60 K operating temperature. This good result thus exemplifies the advantages of R-QWIP.
The Organization of the United States Government and Private Sector for Achieving Cyber Deterrence

American cyber deterrence policy suffers from an organizational deficit. The organizational deficit is two-fold: It is, first and foremost, a lack of structures for the making of a comprehensive policy and a lack of organizational cohesiveness in driving solutions forward in a way that includes all relevant stakeholders. It is, secondarily, a lack of adequate structures for implementing the policy decisions that have been made and for auditing our success (or failure) in doing so. The paper explores existing organizational structures and suggests issues for future consideration in the crafting of a US cyber deterrence policy.
Degrees of Mixture, Degrees of Freedom: Genomics, Multiculturalism, and Race in Latin America by Peter Wade

Wade, Peter. Degrees of Mixture, Degrees of Freedom: Genomics, Multiculturalism, and Race in Latin America . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017.
Transmitter Dynamics in the Carotid Body

The classical studies of De Castro7 and Heymans et al.24 described the salient structural and sensory properties of the arterial chemosensory tissue of the mammalian carotid body. The elegant work of these early scholars set the state for contemporary research on chemoreception by focusing attention on type-I (glomus) cells in the carotid body. They suggested that these unusual cells act as preneural transducer elements which excite closely apposed afferent nerve terminals by releasing transmitter agents in response to natural stimuli. This fundamental tenet of carotid body physiology has endured numerous challenges for more than half a century, and today, following the discoveries of multiple neurotransmitter agents in type-I cells, it has emerged as a central theme in much of the current research activity on chemoreception. Indeed, the decade of the 1980’s ushered in a new and exciting era in carotid body research. The focus shifted from earlier controversies over the relative importance of type-I cells vs. sensory nerve endings, and whether acetylcholine or dopamine.was the chemosensory transmitter, to the present-day recognition that chemosensation very probably involves the concerted actions of multiple neuroactive agents, each of which plays a role in the generation and/or modulation of the chemosensory response. Although there is little consensus regarding the complex synaptic events which occur between type-I cells and afferent terminals, considerable progress has been made through the utilization of ever more powerful neurochemical and electrophysiological techniques and the development of greatly refined experimental preparations.
Phylogenetic signal in tooth wear dietary niche proxies: What it means for those in the field

In response to DeSantis et al., we describe that the presence of phylogenetic signal in tooth wear dietary niche proxies is likely a result of the evolutionary process. We also address their concerns regarding enforcement of the use of phylogenetic comparative methods by editors of ecology and evolution journals.
Providing Services to Individuals With Complex Communication Needs in the Inpatient Rehabilitation Setting: The Experiences and Perspectives of Speech-Language Pathologists.

Purpose To guide the development of future trainings in the inpatient rehabilitation setting, this study aimed to expand the current understanding of (a) the experiences of speech-language patholog...
Brain Electrophysiological Signatures in Human Alcoholism and Risk

Abstract Brain electrophysiological measures such as electroencephalogram (EEG), event-related potentials (ERPs), and event-related oscillations (EROs) offer valuable tools to understand neurodynamics underlying normal cognition as well as a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including alcoholism. A rich body of research literature have revealed that individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and high-risk (HR) offspring with a family history of alcoholism manifest dysfunctions in a variety of electrophysiological measures during cognitive processing and in resting state. Specifically, alcoholics and HR individuals have displayed changes in resting EEG beta activity, ERP components, ERO power. Advances in sophisticated signal-processing techniques are constantly improving our capabilities and shaping our understanding of brain mechanisms and neural networks underlying alcoholism. Electrophysiological measures also play a key role in translational applications in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, in addition to their utility as powerful endophenotypes in order to identify genes associated with AUD and related disorders.
An Efficient GPU Implementation Technique for Higher-Order 3D Stencils

Stencils are a family of widely used computational patterns that play a critical role in various scientific and engineering applications. Stencil computations are known to be memory-bandwidth bound, thus a number of different techniques and algorithms that optimizes memory bandwidth usage have been proposed. However, existing techniques fall short in addressing the needs of large stencils, particularly more advanced stencil patterns involving non-axis aligned grid points. To handle non-axis aligned grid points, existing methods either use 3D caching or 2D caching schemes with more than one pass over the stencil per iteration, which suffers from the high intensity of memory accesses. The large number of memory accesses in these methods hinder the available performance. In this work, we present a new GPU-based implementation technique called "SWiC" that focuses on using 2D caching to efficiently implement advanced 3D stencil patterns, involving non-axis aligned grid points, and reducing global memory transactions by increased data reuse while only requiring a single pass per iteration. In contrast to the current approaches that maintain input register queues, the proposed approach maintains and updates the output register queue instead. The analysis shows that SWiC achieves a significant reduction in memory transactions which translates to a significant application speedup, 1.6x to 5.76x, when compared to the current state-of-the-art GPU stencil implementation. "SWiC" was evaluated across the latest three Nvidia GPU architectures as of the writing of this paper, as well as various stencil patterns and sizes. We also show that "SWiC" does not suffer from performance penalties when applied to simpler 3D stencils without non-axis aligned grid points, covering a wide application range. When running on a multi-node setting, we study the scaling efficiency of SWiC and show that it is able to achieve a weak scaling efficiency of about 96%.
Evaluating how we evaluate success: Monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management in Payments for Watershed Services programs

Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) programs have become an increasingly popular policy mechanism both in the U.S. and abroad. These programs are used to meet a variety of objectives, including improving the quality and quantity of water supplies, protecting endangered species, and advancing rural livelihoods. Monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management are important for filling fundamental knowledge gaps and improving the efficacy of PWS on the ground. However, relatively little work has evaluated how programs themselves monitor and evaluate their impacts and whether adaptive management is utilized. Here, we seek to improve understanding of the factors that contribute to the adoption of monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management practices through a literature review and a survey of PWS programs. Based on qualitative and logistic regression analyses, financial, technical and institutional capacity and leveraging broad stakeholder coalitions emerged as important factors contributing to systematic PWS monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management. This research underscores the importance of investing additional resources to support such capacity and coalition- building in PWS to ensure programs can meet their desired objectives.
CHAPTER TWELVE – ANALYTIC GEOMETRY: THE CONIC SECTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights analytic geometry and its application. Analytic geometry combines the techniques of algebra with those of geometry. Analytic geometry enables the application of algebraic methods and equations to the solution of problems in geometry and, conversely, to obtain geometric representations of algebraic equations. The chapter presents a formula for the distance between two points and a formula for the coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment. With these as tools, the chapter presents the power of analytic geometry by proving a number of general theorems from plane geometry. The graphs of second-degree equations in two variables are known as the conic sections. The power of the methods of analytic geometry is well-demonstrated in a study of the conic sections. A geometric definition can be converted into an algebraic equation, and an algebraic equation can be classified by the type of graph it represents.
About coronavirus disease 2019 (CoviD-19)

SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to be a worldwide public health threat. During the early stages of a pandemic with sparse knowledge about the pathogen, limiting testing capacity, and without effective treatment options, it is a nearly impossible task for local and state governments to limit CoViD-19 associated morbidity and mortality in their jurisdictions. To predict the numbers of infected persons, hospitalizations, and deaths, infectious disease models are useful tools for Public Health officials to decide on best public health mitigation measures to prevent the rapid growth of CoViD-19 disease. The goal is to delay the rapid spread of the disease, ”flatten the curve,” to have sufficient healthcare resources such as Intensive Care Units (ICU) beds and ventilators available to treat the very sick patients but also enough personal protective equipment (PPE) such as N95 masks, gloves, and gowns to protect the healthcare workers from getting infected. Keywords: COVID-19, epidemiology, disease transmission, mortality
Knockoff Drive: A Portable Data Storage System

Network-based data storage is popular, but the privacy and portability involved in using such services raise a serious concern to the public nowadays. To remedy these issues, we propose to design and create a private and portable storage solution on a mobile device. Due to the fact that micro computers are more portable and affordable, we chose Raspberry Pi as an example to demonstrate the idea. Knockoff Drive is a system that provides private and portable data storage service for the users. The system consists of a HTTP server, FTP server and Web interface for data access. It is not only an affordable and alternative solution to file transferring on the go, but it also increases data security and privacy.
Can Preoperative Factors Be Used to Determine Optimal Implant Design for Total Knee Arthroplasty

Introduction Although studies have demonstrated similar outcomes between ultracongruent (UC) and traditional bearings, debate exists regarding the optimum bearing surface. We sought to determine whether preoperative factors may predict use of a UC bearing when compared to a standard cruciate retaining (CR) group. Materials and methods The study cohort consisted of 117 patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The implants utilized were either the CR or UC polyethylene components of the Zimmer Persona® Total Knee System. Patient demographics and comorbidities were documented. Intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes were recorded. We calculated change in tibial slope and femoral condylar offset from pre- to post-surgery and computed the percentage of patients for whom an increase in tibial slope or femoral condylar offset was determined. All dependent variables were compared between patients who received the UC component and those with a CR component using either independent samples t-tests or chi-square test of independence. Results Thirty-nine patients received a UC insert and 78 patients received a CR insert. Mean length of stay (p=0.017), estimated blood loss (p=0.021), and tourniquet time (p=0.032) were greater for the UC group. Intraoperative implant variables were not different between the groups. However, the proportion of patients for whom tibial slope increased postoperatively was greater for the UC group compared to the CR group (p=0.018). Conclusion Our results showed that no preoperative medical comorbidities or demographic factors predicted use of the UC bearing; however, postoperative tibial slope was increased for a greater number of patients who received the UC implant.
Shear alters wax appearance in mineral oil + paraffin wax mixtures

Wax deposition is a challenge in crude oil transportation. Wax deposition is affected by many factors, including cooling rate and wax concentration. However, the effect of shear rate on wax appearance temperature (WAT) is less studied, so an investigation of a model waxy oil system, mineral oil and paraffin wax, was undertaken. Wax appearance temperature was depressed by different extents by increasing shear rate, increasing cooling rate, and decreasing wax concentration. Corroborating other studies, wax concentration significantly affected WAT. Changing concentration from 5 to 50 wt% resulted in ~ 20 °C increase in WAT. Two types of rheological measurements were completed for determining WAT under shear, either a temperature ramp or isothermal steps. Both techniques found WAT within 1 °C of the other. Overall, shear rate has a small, quantifiable effect on WAT of ~ 2 °C when changing from 1 to 1000 s−1 at the same cooling rate. Similarly, a decrease in cooling rate from 10 to 0.2 °C/min under 100 s−1 shear increased WAT ~ 4 °C. In addition, yield stress decreased from 416 to 8 Pa with increasing shear upon wax formation from 0 to 1000 s−1. Increasing cooling rate from 0.2 to 5 °C/min increased yield stress from 5 to 505 Pa when formed at 10 s−1. Wax appearance studies using rheology were corroborated by static techniques, including calorimetry and phase behavior. Overall, adding shear rate to the phase diagrams of waxy oils could help the industry address their flow assurance needs.
Blockchain in food supply chains: a literature review and synthesis analysis of platforms, benefits and challenges

The globalisation of the food industry increases the complexity and the difficulty in enhancing efficiency and solving issues in food supply chains. Blockchain is a promising decentralised informat...
Finding Bounded Path in Graph Using SMT for Automatic Clock Routing

Automating the routing process is essential for the semiconductor industry to reduce time-to-market and increase productivity. This study sprang from the need to automate the following critical task in clock routing: given a set of nets, each net consisting of a driver and a receiver, connect each driver to its receiver, where the delay should be almost the same across the nets. We demonstrate that this problem can be reduced to bounded-path, that is, the NP-hard problem of finding a simple path, whose cost is bounded by a given range, connecting two given vertices in an undirected positively weighted graph. Furthermore, we show that bounded-path can be reduced to bit-vector reasoning and solved with a SAT-based bit-vector SMT solver. In order to render our solution scalable, we override the SAT solver’s decision strategy with a novel graph-aware strategy and augment conflict analysis with a graph-aware procedure. Our solution scales to graphs having millions of edges and vertices. It has been deployed at Intel for clock routing automation.
Power electronic converters for induction motor drives

Induction motors in adjustable-speed drives (ASDs) are supplied from inverters, which are DC to AC power electronic converters. The DC supply voltage for inverters is provided by rectifiers. These usually have the three-phase bridge topology and are based on power diodes or, if control of the input current or inverted power flow is required, on silicon controlled rectifiers. This chapter reviews power electronic converters used in ASDs with induction motors. Various types of rectifiers providing the DC supply voltage for inverters feeding the motors are presented and voltage source inverters are described in the chapter, including three-level and soft-switching inverters and current source inverters. Control methods for inverters, with a stress on the use of voltage space vectors, are also illustrated in the chapter. Finally, the chapter outlines undesirable side effects of the switching operation of power converters.
Long-range order and low-energy spectrum of diluted 2D quantum antiferromagnet.

The problem of a diluted two-dimensional quantum antiferromagnet on a square lattice is studied using spin-wave theory. The influence of impurities on static and dynamic properties is investigated and a good agreement with experiments and Monte Carlo data is found. The hydrodynamic description of spin waves breaks down at characteristic wavelengths $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{const}/x)$, $x$ being an impurity concentration, while the order parameter is free from anomalies. We argue that this dichotomy originates from strong scattering of the low-energy excitations in two dimensions.
Lipid Oxidation: Theoretical Aspects

Lipid oxidation has long been accepted as a classic free radical chain reaction mechanism with initiation, propagation, and termination stages. This view is not inaccurate, but it is incomplete. Initiation is generally treated as if it was spontaneous or random, but in reality, radical initiation is quite specific and varies with the source. Similarly, propagation is considered to involve only hydrogen abstraction where as internal cyclization, addition, scission, and disproportionation reactions are competitive or even dominant under some conditions, leading to variations in oxidation kinetics and, in particular, product mixes. Alternative reaction paths have been recognized for some time, but remain largely ignored in measurements of lipid oxidation. This chapter reviews initiation processes with a focus on differentiating rates, mechanisms, and specificity of radical formation; and it presents evidence for multiple propagation mechanisms that lead to different product mixes. Finally, a new integrated view of lipid oxidation is proposed to account for multiple propagation pathways. Practical application of this information should enable development of analyses that more accurately reflect the true extent of lipid oxidation and also antioxidant approaches that more effectively extend shelf life and preserve desirable food qualities. Keywords: lipid oxidation; initiation; propagation; termination; hydrogen abstraction; cyclization reactions; addition reactions; scission reactions; oxidation products