cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phonons in Nanocrystalline 57 Fe

Inelastic neutron-scattering spectra were measured to obtain the phonon density of states (DOS) of nanocrystalline fcc Ni3Fe. The materials were prepared by mechanical alloying, and were also subjected to heat treatments to alter their crystallite sizes and internal strains. In comparison to material with large crystallites, the nanocrystalline material shows two distinct differences in its phonon DOS. The nanocrystalline DOS was more than twice as large at energies below 15 meV. This increase was approximately proportional to the density of grain boundaries in the material. Second, features in the nanocrystalline DOS are broadened substantially. This broadening did not depend in a simple way on the crystallite size of the sample, suggesting that it has a different physical origin than the enhancement in phonon DOS at energies below 15 meV. A damped harmonic oscillator model for the phonons provides a quality factor Qu, as low as 7 for phonons in the nanocrystalline material. The difference in vibrational entropy of the bulk and nanocrystalline Ni3Fe was small, owing to competing changes in the nanocrystalline phonon DOS at low and high energies.
Adaptive dispersal strategies and the dynamics of a range expansion.

Abstract: In species undergoing range expansion, newly established populations are often more dispersive than older populations. Because dispersal phenotypes are complex and often costly, it is unclear how highly dispersive phenotypes are maintained in a species to enable their rapid expression during periods of range expansion. Here I test the idea that metapopulation dynamics of local extinction and recolonization maintain distinct dispersal strategies outside the context of range expansion. Western bluebirds display distinct dispersal phenotypes where aggressive males are more dispersive than nonaggressive males, resulting in highly aggressive populations at the edge of their expanding range. I experimentally created new habitat interior to the range edge to show that, as on the range front, it was colonized solely by aggressive males. Moreover, fitness consequences of aggression depended on population age: aggressive males had high fitness when colonizing new populations, while nonaggressive males per...
Rainfall Impacts Winter Wheat Seedling Emergence from Deep Planting Depths

Farmers in the low-precipitation (<300 mm annual precipitation) region of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) practice a 2-yr tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow (WW-SF) rotation. Winter wheat is planted deep into moisture in late August or early September and seedlings emerge through 10 to 16 cm of dry soil cover. Rain showers that occur after planting create fragile soil crusts that the emerging first leaf often cannot penetrate. A rainfall simulator was used to conduct a five-factor factorial laboratory experiment to evaluate emergence of WW planted deep in pots. Factors were: (i) rainfall intensity and duration (1.25 mm/h for 3 h, and 2.50 mm/h for 2 h); (ii) timing of rainfall after planting (1, 3, and 5 d after planting + controls); (iii) cultivar (standard-height vs. semi-dwarf), (iv) residue on the soil surface (0, 840, and 1680 kg/ha); and (v) air temperature (21° and 30°C). The high-intensity rain caused a 2.3-fold reduction in emergence compared to the low-intensity rain. Emergence improved proportionally with increasing quantities of surface residue. The standard-height cultivar had four times greater emergence than the semi-dwarf. Air temperature and timing of rainfall had no significant effect on WW emergence. Results show that planting a WW cultivar with long coleoptile and first leaf as well as maintaining high quantities of surface residue to intercept rain drops will enhance WW stand establishment after rain showers to benefit both farmers and the environment.
Explorations in Engineering Education

There has been a growing feeling, among engineers and educators alike, that there is a need at this time for a re-evaluation of the principles and goals of engineering education. This is due, in part, to the rapid progress of science and engineering in recent decades, necessitating a revision of our system of education along lines which will better serve society, the profession, and the engineer. In the fall of 1944, at the request of Dr. W. L. Everitt, eighteen I.R.E. Sections held scheduled meetings to discuss methods of improving engineering education. The reports submitted to Dr. Everitt's Committee on Education contained many valuable suggestions. The principal recommendations are summarized in this paper.
Global pattern of trends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate

Water availability on the continents is important for human health, economic activity, ecosystem function and geophysical processes. Because the saturation vapour pressure of water in air is highly sensitive to temperature, perturbations in the global water cycle are expected to accompany climate warming. Regional patterns of warming-induced changes in surface hydroclimate are complex and less certain than those in temperature, however, with both regional increases and decreases expected in precipitation and runoff. Here we show that an ensemble of 12 climate models exhibits qualitative and statistically significant skill in simulating observed regional patterns of twentieth-century multidecadal changes in streamflow. These models project 10-40% increases in runoff in eastern equatorial Africa, the La Plata basin and high-latitude North America and Eurasia, and 10-30% decreases in runoff in southern Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East and mid-latitude western North America by the year 2050. Such changes in sustainable water availability would have considerable regional-scale consequences for economies as well as ecosystems.
A note on fiscal policy, investment location decisions, and exchange rates

Abstract The paper argues that trade balances and exchange rates may be quite responsive to changes in the relative attractiveness of locating production facilities or storing other ‘taxable’ forms of wealth in different countries. This suggests that there are at least three important channels through which fiscal policy changes may be transmitted to exchange rates. It is argued that a country-oriented analysis of asset choice, as distinct from the traditional currency-oriented portfolio balance framework, may be important for understanding the behavior of exchange rates.
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 in a family descended from the grandparents of President Lincoln maps to chromosome 11.

Autosomal dominant ataxias are a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders for which spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) loci on chromosomes 6p, 12q, 14q and 16q have been reported. We have examined 170 individuals (56 of whom were affected) from a previously unreported ten-generation kindred with a dominant ataxia that is clinically and genetically distinct from those previously mapped. The family has two major branches which both descend from the paternal grandparents of President Abraham Lincoln. Among those examined, 56 individuals have a generally non-life threatening cerebellar ataxia. Disease onset varies from 10–68 years and anticipation is evident. We have mapped this gene, spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5), to the centromeric region of chromosome 11
Marginal rocks resembling the estimated bulk composition of the Kiglapait Intrusion

Abstract The southern margin of the Kiglapait Intrusion, Labrador, contains fine-grained rocks 5–6 m above a contact with anorthosite of the Nain Complex, and a laminated unit 3 m from the contact Three fine-grained samples and one of the laminated unit have a mean composition closely resembling that previously calculated by summation of the exposed Layered Group. Analyzed values agree closely with the earlier estimates for alkalies, Sr, and Y, thus they support the mineral/liquid partition coefficients previously calculated for these elements and for the rare earth elements. Based on new calculations, the value for ferric oxide is revised to 1.04% from its original value of 1.91%. The new samples are depleted in the incompatible elements titanium and phosphorus, suggesting that they have lost some residual liquid by sidewall fractional crystallization and downward motion of rejected solute. The marginal rocks provide no evidence for repeated injection of magma during Lower Zone time.
Enhanced Deposition of Suspended Particles to Fibrous Surfaces from Turbulent Gas Streams

Deposition of aerosol particles to fibrous surfaces in turbulent duct flows is analyzed as a two stage process, consisting of eddy transport of particles from the mainstream and filtration by the fibrous elements. The theory applies to surfaces covered with a low density of fibrous elements extending into the viscous or the transition sublayers and reduces to the Friedlander and Johnstone theory (1957) for the case of a smooth surface. Deposition rates were calculated and compared with experimental data of Wells and Chamberlain (1967). Theory and experiment both show enhancement of deposition by a factor of 10 to 1000, compared to smooth surface deposition. Agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory. Data from the literature show a very small increase in pressure drop for surfaces covered with low density fibers. The process is potentially useful for enhancement of deposition of particles or that of high Schmidt number mass transfer.
A contingency framework for the mode of entry decision

Abstract The extant literature on the choice of entry modes into international markets has assumed that the mode of entry is a single stage rational analytic decision by the manager. A contingency framework for the mode of entry decision which accomodates alternative decision strategies is presented. As part of the contingency framework, a strategy—rational analytic—used by past researchers and an alternative strategy of decision making—cybernetic—are discussed. Each decision strategy has its own merits and disadvantages. An outcome of the cybernetic strategy is an hierarchical model for the mode of entry decision. Implications of the alternative strategies for the mode of entry decision are also provided.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Across Two Generations: Concordance and Mechanisms in a Population-Based Sample

Results: Mother’s lifetime posttraumatic stress symptoms were associated with child’s PTSD in dose‐response fashion (mother’s 1‐3 symptoms,child’sRR1.2;mother’s4‐5symptoms,RR1.3;mother’s6‐7symptoms,RR1.6,comparedwithchildrenofmotherswith nosymptoms,p.001foreach).Mother’slifetimesymptomswerealsoassociatedwithchild’straumaexposureindose‐responsefashion. Elevated exposure to trauma substantially mediated elevated risk for PTSD in children of women with symptoms (mediation proportion, 74%, p .001). Conclusions: Intergenerational association of PTSD is clearly present in a large population-based sample. Children of women who had PTSD were more likely than children of women without PTSD to experience traumatic events; this suggests, in part, why the disorder is associated across generations. Health care providers who treat mothers with PTSD should be aware of the higher risk for trauma exposure and PTSD in their children.
Solar UV radiation and its absorption in the mesosphere and stratosphere

Solar radiation of λ>175 nm and of Lyman-alpha at 121.6 nm is absorbed in the mesosphere and stratosphere by molecular oxygen (λ 200 nm. This paper describes the photodissociation processes resulting from absorption in the Schumann-Runge bands and Herzberg continuum of molecular oxygen and also in the Hartley, Huggins and Chappuis bands of ozone. Special consideration is given to differences between the stratospheric and mesospheric problems.
Pediatric dermoid cysts of the head and neck

Objective To review the characteristics and determine treatment outcomes of pediatric dermoid cysts. Study design and setting Retrospective review of the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of all pediatric dermoid cysts of the head and neck examined between 1980 and 2002 at Mayo Clinic. Results Forty-nine patients (59% girls) had a dermoid cyst of the head and neck. The median age at diagnosis was 22 months. The most common presenting sign was a palpable mass, noted in 100% of patients. During evaluation, approximately 25 patients (51%) had imaging studies. The most common location of the cysts was periorbital (61%), followed by the neck (18%; including 1 submental cyst). Various surgical approaches were chosen. In 2 patients (4%), the dermoid cyst had an intracranial extension. Only 1 patient experienced recurrence. The median pathologic diameter of the cysts was 1.2 cm. Conclusions Dermoid cysts are unusual neoplasms that often present in childhood, with the orbit being the area most commonly affected in the head and neck region. Imaging studies help rule out an intracranial or intraorbital extension. With complete excision, recurrence is unusual. Significance Our review will assist both primary care physicians and subspecialists in diagnosing and treating dermoid cysts.
Turbine combustor preliminary design approach

Semiempirical correlations calibrated with data from a wide variety of existing gas turbine combustors are rearranged and organized into a burner design methodology, yielding position and size of primary and secondary air penetration holes and swirler angle, as well as required atomization from both pilot and main fuel injectors at engine start and low power operating conditions. The methodology assumes the design fuel has been chosen and that combustor inlet conditions, overall length, and diameter (or annulus height) are known from mission and engine cycle analyses. Output parameters are based on quantitative specifications of maximum NO.X and CO emissions indices, maximum blowout fuel/air ratio at start and idle power, minimum combustion efficiency, and coldest fuel temperature at start (ground or at altitude). Insofar as possible, the methodology is verified with measurements for the three configurations of a can combustor developed for vehicular applications.
Possible existence of Lyddane-Sachs-Teller splitting in graphite intercalation compounds.

Inelastic neutron scattering has been used to probe the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller splitting of phonons with polarization perpendicular to the graphite basal plane in the stage-1 intercalation compound ${\mathrm{CsC}}_{8}$. The result of \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\Vert}l0.15 meV sets an upper limit on the anisotropy of the plasma frequency in this material. The possibility of a larger splitting in other graphite intercalation compounds is discussed.
Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors

Saskatchewan-becomes a vehicle to speak about the land and its changing shape under human habitations, about varieties of people-Indian, Metis, several kinds of Canadians and Americans, about changes on both sides of the line over the half century from the first surrender of Sitting Bull in 1881 to the depths of the Great Depression in the middle of the 1930s. Within this fifty years over this hundred miles, LaDow has examined many of the basic questions that engage western historians. She begins her charactization of this land with reference to William Faulkner and his Mississippi setting. Like Yoknapatawha County, she writes, the medicine line was "a place primed for fatality," in which "the hopes and limitations, complements and contradictions of people adapting to each other in a remote and difficult geography" (p. xviii). It is a vivid opening that sets the stage for the many stories of people, institutions, and landscape that will follow.
Effect of cryoprotective diluent and method of freeze-thawing on survival and acrosomal integrity of ram spermatozoa.

A multifactorial study analyzed the effects of freezing method, cryoprotective diluent, semen to diluent ratio, and thawing velocity on post-thaw motility, progressive status, and acrosomal integrity of ram spermatozoa. Although semen to diluent ratio (1:3 vs 1:6, vv) had no effect (P > 0.05), overall post-thaw spermatozoal viability was highly dependent on freezing method and cryoprotectant. Improved results were obtained by freezing semen in 0.5-ml French straws compared to dry ice pelleting. Manually freezing straws 5 cm above liquid nitrogen (LN2) was comparable to cooling straws in an automated, programmable LN2 unit. Of the two cryoprotective diluents tested, BF5F (containing the surfactant component sodium and triethanolamine lauryl sulfate) yielded ~50% fewer (P 0.05) on spermatozoal motility, progressive status ratings, or acrosomal integrity when compared to a lower rate (37 °C for 20 sec). For the TEST group, thawing pellets in a dry, glass culture tube promoted (P < 0.05) percentage sperm motility at 3 and 6 hr post-thawing, but for BF5F diluted semen this approach decreased the % of spermatozoa with normal apical ridges. The results suggest that the poor fertility rates often experienced using thawed ram semen likely result not only from reduced sperm motility, but also from compromised ultrastructural integrity. This damage is expressed by an increased loosening of the acrosomal cap, a factor which appears insensitive to freezing method but markedly influenced by the cryoprotective properties of the diluents tested.
History of successful ballot initiatives--California.

OVERVIEW. In this report, the author examines the factors that led to a tobacco tax ballot initiative in California, the coalition-building process, the strong arguments for tax increases, and important decisions regarding the distribution of revenues.
Transformation of herbicide propachlor by an agrochemical thiourea

Propachlor and other chloroacetanilide herbicides are frequently detected contaminants of groundwater and surface water in agricultural regions. The purpose of this work was to develop a new approach to remove propachlor residues from the environment via chemical remediation by the nitrification inhibitor thiourea. The transformation processes of propachlor and thiourea mixed in aqueous solution, sand, and soil were elucidated. Analysis of transformation products and reaction kinetics indicated that an SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction occurred, in which the chlorine of propachlor was replaced by thiourea, detoxifying the herbicide. It appears that propachlor undergoes a catalytic reaction in sand or soil amended with thiourea, which results in a significantly accelerated transformation rate as compared to the reaction in aqueous solution. The second-order reaction process was examined at different temperatures to investigate the role of the activation energy. The enthalpy of activation (ΔH) for the ...
Laser-excitation spectrum and structure of CCl2 in a free-jet expansion from a heated nozzle

Abstract The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum of dichlorocarbene (CCl2) in the region 497–533 nm has been observed in a supersonic free-jet expansion. Analysis of the sub-band structure of near-symmetric roto vibronic bands of the A 1 B 1 ← X 1 A 1 electronic transition has led to vibrational constants for the excited state and rotational constant data for the ground and excited states. A partial structural analysis shows that the CCl2 bond angles are approximately 116° and 136° in the ground and excited electronic states, respectively. Vibrational frequencies in the A state are ω1o = 644 ± 1 cm−1 and ω2o = 308 ± 1 cm−1, and the electronic 0-0 band origin is 16913 ± 3 cm−1.
Design and characterization of PCR primers for detection of pathogenic Neisseriae

Abstract Oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers directed at a group of closely related Neisserial species were designed from 165 rDNA sequences even though only a single such sequence from the targeted group was known. The amplifiable group included all Neisserial species considered pathogenic for man, including Neisseria gonorrhoea and Neisseria meningitidis . None of 43 other bacterial DNA specimens were amplified, including five non-Neisserial Neisseraciae and three non-pathogenic Neisseriae. Another non-pathogenic Neisserial species gave a signal only at high DNA concentrations. DNA specimens from the pathogenic Neisseriae were detectable in amounts as low as 0·001 pg per PCR reaction, the approximate equivalent of a single organism, with equal sensitivity in buffer or in simple extracts of human inflammatory synovial fluids to which Neisserial DNA had been added. Simultaneously studied control specimens lacking added DNA were negative. The approach used to design these group-directed primers using only a single rDNA sequence from the targeted group by exploiting known patterns of sequence conservation among the 16S rDNA genes may prove useful for designing other similar group-directed primers. Polymerase chain reaction primers prepared in this way should prove of value in a number of areas, both investigational and clinical.
The effect of diet on multiple site regulation of glycolysis in rat skeletal muscle. 1. Glucose metabolism and intracellular metabolites

Abstract The relationship between diet and insulin responsiveness was examined in isolated Extensor Digitorum Longus and Soleus muscle from 6-wk-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were fed either a high fat (HF) (67%kcal) or high carbohydrate (HC) (67%kcal) diet for 21 days, ad libitum. Plasma insulin decreased while plasma glucose values were increased in the HF-fed rats compared with HC-fed controls. The mechanisms responsible for the insulin resistant state were studied by measuring 2-deoxyglucose uptake, glucose metabolism [F6P], [F1, 6BP], [F2, 6BP] in EDL and soleus muscles under basal and maximally insullin-stimulated conditions. Basal and maximal insulin stimulated 2-Deoxyglucose uptake was significantly lower in EDL and soleus muscle from HF-fed rats when compared with high carbohydrate controls. High fat feeding produced a decrease in post membrane basal and insulin-stimulated glucose utilization and varied depending upon pathway and muscle type involved. An estimate of glycolysis ( 3 H 2 O formation from [5 − 3H]glucose) and glucose oxidation ( 14 CO 2 production from 14 C-glucose) demonstrated a greater decrease in basal and insulin stimulated utilization than did [5- 3 H]glucose conversion to 3 H-glycogen. Total glucose utilization was significantly greater in EDL muscle compared to soleus muscle independent of dietary treatment. Insulin failed to increase [F6P] or [F1, 6BP] in EDL or soleus muscle from high fat fed rats. However, insulin did increase [F6P] and F1, 6BP] in soleus, while producing a decrease in [F6P] in EDL muscle from high carbohydrate fed rats. Insulin stimulation produced a significant increase in F2, 6BP in both muscle types in HF-fed rats. However, no increases in F2, 6BP were observed in HC-fed rats in either muscle type. These data demonstrate that increased dietary fat leads to an impairment of insulin action, in multiple muscle types, particularly with respect to the glycolytic pathway. Furthermore, this impairment appears to involve, in part, the conversion of F6P to F1, 6BP.
Predicting highly cited papers: A Method for Early Detection of Candidate Breakthroughs

Scientific breakthroughs are rare events, and usually recognized retrospectively. We developed methods for early detection of candidate breakthroughs, based on dynamics of publication citations and used a quantitative approach to identify typical citation patterns of known breakthrough papers and a larger group of highly cited papers. Based on these analyses, we proposed two forecasting models that were validated using statistical methods to derive confidence levels. These findings can be used to inform research portfolio management practices.
Organization of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor gene expression in the basal ganglia of the rat

Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter in the circuitry of the basal ganglia. Of the four pharmacological classes of receptors that many mediate the actions of glutamate, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type is of particular interest insofar as it has been implicated in the neural processes underlying long-term synaptic plasticity as well as excitotoxic injury. NMDA ligand binding sites are abundant in the structures of the basal ganglia, and NMDA receptors have been linked to neuronal excitability, neuropeptide gene expression, and regulation of dopamine release in these regions. NMDA receptors are believed to be heterooligomers of subunits from two families: NMDAR1, encoded by a single gene but alternatively spliced to produce eight distinct isoforms (NMDAR1A–H), and NMDAR2, encode by four separate genes (NMDAR2A–D). We have used in situ hydridization with a total of 13 oligonucleotide probes to examine the expression of these genes in the rat basal ganglia. NMDAR1 subunits are expressed throughout the basal ganglia as well as in the rest of the brain; however, the alternatively spliced amino-terminal region Insertion I is abundantly expressed only in the subthalamic nucleus and is not detectable in the neostriatum, globus pallidus, or substantia nigra pars compacta. In contrast, expression of the carboxy terminus segment Deletion I is prominent in the striatum but is not observed in other elements of the basal ganglia. NMDAR2 subunits also exhibit differential expression: NMDAR2B is abundant in the striatum, but NMDAR2A is present within the striatum only at low levels. NMDAR2C is present in the substantia nigra pars compacta only, while NMDAR2D exhibits an unusual distribution, with high levels of expression in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the subthalamic nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the ventral pallidum. Since each isoform of the NMDAR1 and NMDAR2 subunits can confer distinct properties on the resultant NMDA receptor, these data imply that there is a high degree of regional specialization in the properties of NMDA receptors within the basal ganglia. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vegetative Impact of Feral Horses, Feral Pigs, and White-tailed Deer on the Currituck National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina

ABSTRACT The Currituck National Wildlife Refuge (CNWR) in North Carolina is inhabited by feral horses (Equus caballus), feral pigs (Sus scrofa), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The impact of these species on the vegetation of CNWR is unknown. To assess impact, we created two replicate exclosure plots within maritime forests, brackish marshes, and maritime grasslands. An electric fence divided each habitat into two sections: including or excluding horses. On each side of the electric fence within each habitat, we sampled three different 5 × 5 m plots (i.e., 36 plots). The first was a fenced exclosure 3 m high, the second a fenced exclosure raised 1 m above the ground and extended to 3 m, and the third, a control, was not fenced. Within plots, we created two 1 m transects, and randomly selected and tagged grasses, forbs, shrubs, and trees. We measured the distances from base to tip of herbs and from branching point to terminal bud in shrubs. We used a linear model to analyze plant growth ra...
A gene mapping between the S and D regions of the H-2 complex influences resistance to Trichinella spiralis infections of mice.

The strains B10.S(7R), B10.S(23R) and B10.S(24R), all thought to be genetically identical, differ in levels of susceptibility to infection with Trichinella spiralis. In a series of nine independent experiments, B10.S(7R) was shown to be more susceptible than the other two strains. In another series of seven experiments, the strain B10.A(18R) was shown to be more susceptible to infection with T. spiralis than the strains B10.S(21R) or B10.BAR-5, all of which were thought to share common H-2 alleles. These results indicate that a gene mapping between the S and D loci influences susceptibility to infection with T. spiralis. Typing of these strains for Qa and Tl loci rule out the possibility of a double crossover accounting for the differences observed. The new gene is designated Ts-2. Previously published data have also been reinterpreted and another gene Ts-1 is shown to be associated with The A beta locus. When the d allele is expressed at the Ts-2 locus, strains of mice expressing s, q, f or b alleles at Ts-1 are rendered more susceptible to infection.
Reliability of 4H-SiC SBD/JBS diodes under repetitive surge current stress

The reliability of power diode under surge current stress is crucial to the applications like motor drives. In this paper, the single and repetitive surge reliability of the 4H-SiC Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBDs) and Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes have been tested and the corresponding failure mechanisms studied. The single surge test results of two SBDs and three JBS didoes suggest a 450W/mm2 constant power line of the safe operation area for single surge current with a half sinusoidal pulse width of 8.3ms. The stress tests show no degradation of SBDs up to 10,000 cycles of surge current below 34.9A/mm2. The JBS diodes show V F degradation after surge stress at different current levels, which might be dependent on the hole injection levels. The aluminum metallization and bipolar degradation are the main limits for the reliability of SiC diodes under surge conditions.
Triphasic waves: a reassessment of their significance

Electroencephalograms and case histories of 50 patients with triphasic waves were reviewed. EEGs were studied for slowed dominant activity, anteriorly dominant triphasic waves, anterior-posterior lag time and bursts of triphasic waves. Etiologies of triphasic waves were: hepatic (28), azotemia (10), anoxia (10) and hyperosmolarity (2). Sixteen hepatic and two azotemic patients showed all of these characteristic EEG features. Triphasic waves demonstrating all of these features are highly characteristic of but are not pathognomonic for hepatic encephalopathy. Prognosis correlated best with the type of hepatic injury and deteriorating renal function. We postulate that triphasic waves are generated by the same thalamocortical volleys which normally induce spindles.
The Association Between Spontaneous Hyperventilation, Delayed Cerebral Ischemia, and Poor Neurological Outcome in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

The frequency and associations of spontaneous hyperventilation in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are unknown. Because hyperventilation decreases cerebral blood flow, it may exacerbate delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and worsen neurological outcome. This is a retrospective analysis of data from a prospectively collected cohort of SAH patients at an academic medical center. Spontaneous hyperventilation was defined by PaCO2 7.45 and subdivided into moderate and severe groups. Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with and without spontaneous hyperventilation were compared using χ 2 or t tests. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of moderate and severe hyperventilation with DCI and discharge neurological outcome. Of 207 patients, 113 (55 %) had spontaneous hyperventilation. Spontaneously hyperventilating patients had greater illness severity as measured by the Hunt–Hess, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS), and SAH sum scores. They were also more likely to develop the following complications: pneumonia, neurogenic myocardial injury, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), radiographic vasospasm, DCI, and poor neurological outcome. In a multivariable logistic regression model including age, gender, WFNS, SAH sum score, pneumonia, neurogenic myocardial injury, etiology, and SIRS, only moderate [odds ratio (OR) 2.49, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.10–5.62] and severe (OR 3.12, 95 % CI 1.30–7.49) spontaneous hyperventilation were associated with DCI. Severe spontaneous hyperventilation (OR 4.52, 95 % CI 1.37–14.89) was also significantly associated with poor discharge outcome in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Spontaneous hyperventilation is common in SAH and is associated with DCI and poor neurological outcome.
An inexpensive gain stabilizer controlled by a time-shared computer

Abstract An electronic pulse amplifier is described for automatic gain correction in high-resolution high-rate pulse-height analysis systems. The circuit gain is controlled by a PDP-7 computer devoting less than 4 ms per second of its time to provide gain correction signals for up to 8 ampliers. Necessary control voltages are developed in the computer's CRT display circuits and transferred to a “sample and hold” circuit associated with each gain stabilizer. Gain control is accomplished by adjusting the gate voltage of an FET which shunts a small fraction of the total signal.
The analysis of dimensionality reduction techniques in cryptographic object code classification

This paper compares the application of three different dimension reduction techniques to the problem of classifying functions in object code form as being cryptographic in nature or not. A simple classifier is used to compare dimensionality reduction via sorted covariance, principal component analysis, and correlation-based feature subset selection. The analysis concentrates on the classification accuracy as the number of dimensions is increased. It is demonstrated that when discarding 90% of the measured dimensions, accuracy only suffers by 1% for this problem. By discarding dimensions, computational intelligence techniques can be applied with a drastic reduction in algorithmic complexity. The primary focus is on Intel IA32 instruction set, but analysis shows consistent results on the Sun SPARC instruction set.
Flow Field Characteristic Analysis and Structural Optimization of a Centrifugal Gas-Liquid Separator

Based on computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method, the simulation of a normal vertical-vessel type centrifugal gas-liquid separator was carried out, by using Gambit and FLUENT soft packs. It is found that the axial symmetry of the flow field is bad, the gas-content near underflow outlet is higher, which indicates the separating effect of the separator is not satisfied. Through structural optimization, including changing the underflow outlet from side to bottom, designing double inlets, reducing the vessel diameter, extending the overflow tube to the bottom of inlet tube, changing the bottom part of the separator from cylindrical to conical structure, etc., so as to improve the axial symmetry of the separator flow field, including gas phase distribution, then to enhance its separation effect. CFD analysis result of velocity distribution is in accordance with Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) result qualitatively. All of these will provide some reference on structural optimization. It is concluded that CFD aided optimization design is very helpful for fluid machinery design, which can guide experimental work and decrease the experimental time and cost to a great extent.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
ACAULANGIUM GEN. N., A FERTILE MARATTIALEAN FROM THE UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN OF ILLINOIS

genus that is a common constituent of Upper Pennsylvanian coal balls. The sessile synangia of Acaulangium gen. n. are borne in a row on either side of the pinnule midrib and are composed of four to six short, tapering, laterally appressed sporangia. The sporangia have extended tips which curve over the inside of the synangium distally and delimit a small open area inside the synangium. The outer facing walls of the sporangia are two to three cells thick throughout while the inner facing walls are uniseriate. During dehiscence the sporangia separate laterally and spore release results from the rupture of a row of elongate cells along the inner sporangium midline. Among species of Scolecopteris the new genus resembles S. illinoensis and S. minor var. parvifolia but differs in its sessile synangial attachment. The additional parenchyma present between sporangial cavities in the synangia of Acaulangium, and the tendency toward bilateral symmetry suggests an early stage in the evolution of a bivalve synangium such as is present in Marattia. CYATHOTRACHUS BULBACEUS Graham (1934) was
Empowering the People of God: Catholic Action Before and After Vatican II . Edited by Jeremy Bonner, Christopher D. Denny, and Mary Beth Fraser Connolly. New York: Fordham University Press, 2014. x + 389 pp. $65.00 hardcover.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)Empowering the People of God: Catholic Action Before and After Vatican II . Edited by Jeremy Bonner , Christopher D. Denny , and Mary Beth Fraser Connolly . New York : Fordham University Press , 2014. x + 389 pp. $65.00 hardcover.Book Reviews and NotesAll at once, it seemed, American Catholics in the early twentieth century enthusiastically began using the phrase "Catholic Action." Across the landscape, there were study groups, college courses and textbooks, and new parish organizations, all claiming to march under that banner. In 1930, the standard library bibliography covering the popular Catholic press needed five densely packed, double-column pages of small print to account for all the stories that had been published on the subject. The concept meant many things to many people, and it had derived vaguely from a pronouncement by Pope Pius XI, who had spoken of the "participation of the laity in the apostolate of the hierarchy." Bishops and priests were still in charge, but lay people, increasingly well-educated and moving out of their old ethnic neighborhoods, had their own role to play in advancing the religious and social mission of the church. In Europe, this might include overt political activity, but in the United States its fruit was a burst of organizational energy. There was an Association of Catholic Trade Unionists, a Catholic Rural Life Movement, a Christian Family Movement, a Catholic Youth Organization, a Catholic Interracial Council, and scores of other associations, formed under official auspices but run and sustained by ordinary Catholics. While some of the larger, national groups have received due scholarly notice, the virtue of this collection is that it looks at smaller, local efforts, thereby demonstrating the protean nature of the movement. These essays are also helpful for two other reasons. They lengthen the time frame, stretching both before and after the pivotal Second Vatican Council, which formally redefined the relationship of lay people to their church in the 1960s; they also expand the map, offering case studies in places outside the Catholic heartland of the northeast and midwest.As with any collection, some of the essays speak more directly to the matter at hand than others. The Catholic Club of the City of New York, for instance, first organized in the 1890s, consisted largely of businessmen who had made it, and their form of Catholic Action was perhaps the kind that hierarchs liked best: lay men would raise the money, and bishops would spend it. Elsewhere, Catholics studied church documents closely and defined for themselves a broad role in church and public square. In San Francisco, for example, labor organizers, women's groups, and political leaders worked together to promote civic reform, culminating in the mayoral terms of Joseph Alioto, a Catholic Action alumnus of long standing. …
Abstract 3104: The role of Pim-3 kinase in NF-κB signaling and transformation of pancreatic cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 4th most common cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Due to the aggressive nature of this cancer and the lack of biomarkers for early detection, the incidence and mortality rates for PDAC are nearly equivalent. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of pancreatic cancer remains a major goal for defining appropriate treatment strategies. Past studies have shown that the proto-oncogene Pim-3 kinase is expressed in pancreatic cancer and is able to phosphorylate the pro-apoptotic protein Bad to block Bad-mediated apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. With these and other observations implicating Pim kinases as oncogenes and inhibitors of apoptosis, the purpose of our study is to further characterize the functional significance of Pim-3 in PDAC growth as well as identify possible downstream targets. We hypothesize that inhibition of Pim-3 signaling will be an effective approach for antagonizing the aberrant growth of pancreatic cancer. Initially, we confirmed by immunohistochemistry that Pim-3 protein is aberrantly expressed in human pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis tissue and is constitutively expressed in a panel of human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Also, we found that suppression of Pim-3 by shRNAs significantly decreased cell growth and caused a reduction in invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in Matrix-gel. To our knowledge, this is the first time that any of the Pims have been associated with invasion in pancreatic cancer. Most recently, other members of the Pim kinase family have been shown to activate NF-κB in cancer. From our studies, we observed that suppression of Pim-3 upregulated IκBα and decreased phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536), suggesting an effect on NF-κB transcription activity. Our results indicate the importance of Pim-3 in various aspects of transformation of pancreatic cancer and how NF-κB may be a potential downstream target of Pim-3 signaling in PDAC. These findings will allow us to critically validate Pim kinases as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3104.
Structural Neurology: Are Seeds at the Root of Neuronal Degeneration?

Because the biochemical mechanisms of neuronal death in these diseases remain a mystery, the available therapies target the consequences of neuronal loss (e.g., L-DOPA for PD and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for AD), rather than its underlying cause. If seeding of polymerization is the underlying cause, then the seed, or better yet its precursors, could be a target for therapeutic intervention. By inhibiting nucleation, one could increase the size of the light green metastable region, thus providing protection against all of the age-related changes discussed above. This strategy has been effective in the inhibition of sickle-cell hemoglobin fibrillization and the treatment of sickle-cell anemia (Eaton and Hofrichter 1995xEaton, W.A and Hofrichter, J. Science. 1995; 268: 1142–1143CrossRef | PubMedSee all ReferencesEaton and Hofrichter 1995). Inhibitory activity against Aβ amyloid fibril nucleation has been demonstrated by proteins such as apoE and by small drug-like molecules (Harper and Lansbury 1997xHarper, J.D and Lansbury, P.T Jr. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1997; 66: 385–407CrossRef | PubMed | Scopus (1115)See all ReferencesHarper and Lansbury 1997). The challenge will be to devise a nucleation inhibitor that is specific for the seed-producing protein–protein interaction, is efficiently transported to the brain, and is free of side-effects and toxicity, since chronic administration is likely to be necessary. In addition, it will be desirable to treat at-risk individuals before the appearance of symptoms, at which time protein deposition is advanced and neurodegeneration is effectively irreversible.
The Status of Identities: Racial Inclusion and Exclusion at West Coast Ports

Left leadership, organizers, and industrial organization have been associated with union strategies of racial inclusion, yet unions exhibiting these characteristics have not always been inclusive in practice. Why did some industrial unions with left leadership and organizers implement racial inclusion while others resisted? I answer this question through an incorporated comparative analysis of racial inclusion among longshore unions at two West Coast ports. Building upon Castells' typology of identities, I argue that racial inclusion in these cases can best be explained by moving beyond economic interests to focus on (1) struggles among labor factions within the same union, (2) how status interests are exhibited through the ‘identity practices’ of labor factions, specifically how class, religious, and age identity practices increased the probability that labor factions would adopt inclusive strategies, and (3) the impact of extra-institutional networks and organizations, including the institutional contex...
Information Rx: Promotion and Utilization by Georgia Librarians and the Georgia American College of Physicians

This paper seeks to determine whether or not the Information Rx program has been promoted and utilized by Georgia librarians and Georgia American College of Physicians (GACP) members. The participants in this study were members of the Georgia Public Library Service (GPLS), the Georgia Health Sciences Library Association (GHSLA), and the GACP. Two electronic surveys were created, one to be completed by GACP members and a separate survey to be completed by GPLS and GHSLA members. There were also face-to-face interviews with academic medical librarians. The data from the surveys as well as the face-to-face interviews suggest that Information Rx needs to be promoted more and perhaps targeted to a different audience. Librarians need to be more involved in the process because they are best able to help physicians and patients navigate and understand MedlinePlus.
Coherent Raman Scattering Measurements Of Vibrational Frequency Shifts In Shock-Compressed Organic Liquids

The techniques of backward stimulated Raman scattering (BSRS) and reflected broad-band coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (RBBCARS) have been used to measure vibrational frequency shifts in shock-compressed liquid benzene and mixtures of liquid benzene and liquid deuterated benzene. BSRS was used only for measurements in neat liquid benzene as it only allows observation of the highest gain vibrational transition. RBBCARS was used to simultaneously measure multiple vibrational modes of multiple species. Accompanying static high pressure Raman experiments in a heated diamond anvil cell were used to establish the phase of the shocked samples. These experiments demonstrate the capabilities of fast non-linear optical techniques in the study of material structure changes and chemical reactions induced by shock-compression.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Perimeter governed minority carrier lifetimes in 4H-SiC p + n diodes measured by reverse recovery switching transient analysis

Minority carrier lifetimes in epitaxial 4H-SiC p+n junction diodes were measured via an analysis of reverse recovery switching characteristics. Behavior of reverse recovery storage time (ts) as a function of initial ON-state forward current (IF) and OFF-state reverse current (IR) followed well-documented trends which have been observed for decades in silicon p+n rectifiers. Average minority carrier (hole) lifetimes (τp) calculated from plots of ts vs IR/IF strongly decreased with decreasing device area. Bulk and perimeter components of average hole lifetimes were separated by plotting 1/τp as a function of device perimeter-to-area ratio (P/A). This plot reveals that perimeter recombination is dominant in these devices, whose areas are all less than 1 mm2. The bulk minority carrier (hole) lifetime extracted from the 1/τp vs P/A plot is approximately 0.7 µs, well above the 60 ns to 300 ns average lifetimes obtained when perimeter recombination effects are ignored in the analysis. Given the fact that there has been little previous investigation of bipolar diode and transistor performance as a function of perimeter-to-area ratio, this work raises the possibility that perimeter recombination may be partly responsible for poor effective minority carrier lifetimes and limited performance obtained in many previous SiC bipolar junction devices.