cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hahn’s Über die Nichtarchimedischen Grössensysteme and the Development of the Modern Theory of Magnitudes and Numbers to Measure Them

The ordered field ℜ of real numbers is of course up to isomorphism the unique Dedekind continuous ordered field. Equally important, though apparently less well known, is the fact that ℜ is also up to isomorphism the unique Archimedean complete, Archimedean ordered field. The idea of an Archimedean complete ordered field was introduced by Hans Hahn in his celebrated investigation Uber die nichtarchimedischen Grossensysteme which was presented to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Vienna in 1907. It is a special case of his more general conception of an Archimedean complete, ordered abelian group, a conception that was motivated by, and substantially generalizes, the idea of ℜ as an Archimedean ordered field which admits no proper extension to an Archimedean ordered field; that is, the idea of an Archimedean ordered field which satisfies Hilbert’s Axiom of (arithmetic) Completeness (Hilbert 1900a, p. 183; 1903a, p. 16).
Quantum Logic and Classical Logic: Their Respective Roles

The paper analyses the claim made by Birkhoff and von Neumann, Finkelstein, Jauch, Putman and others that quantum mechanics implies the use of a non-classical ‘quantum logic’ (an orthocomplemented non-distributive lattice) on the level of factual sentences. It is shown that this claim is confused by the erroneous assumption that simple theoretical statements about the Hilbert space state vector of a system are logically equivalent to simple empirical statements about the outcome of Yes-no tests. It is shown that simple theoretical statements are equivalent to statements in a meta-context-language which assert the existence, not of events, but of constellations of invariant physical conditions within which events occur. The logic internal to the meta-context-language is a non-classical logic; the logic of quantum event language is or could be classical. The existence of a quantum logic is shown to be related to the general context-dependent character of statements and this claim is illustrated by examples taken from outside the domain of physics.
Reflexivity in Sociolinguistics

Reflexivity refers to how language is created by and modeled in language. Variationists’ own discourse is reflexive, as is that of the people variationists study. This has important implications for how variationists talk to their peers and to the people they study and decide what to study and how.
Application of the power mean to modeling the elastic properties of reservoir rocks

The relationship between seismic velocity and porosity is one of the most important research topics in exploration geophysics. A strong correlation, if it exists, can be very useful for quantitative seismic interpretation of direct hydrocarbon indicators. The Voigt and Reuss bounds are often plotted alongside the data for quality control and interpretation. The relative position of the data within the bounds may supply important information regarding the pore shape, stress condition, lithology, and diagenesis of porous rocks. It is found that the Voigt bound and Reuss bound are actually special cases of the weighted power mean, with the power parameters being 1 and −1, respectively. The geometric mean is a special case of the power mean with the power parameter being zero. The power mean is a monotonic function of the power parameter. For the construction of a rock physics template, the region between the Voigt and Reuss bounds can be evenly divided by varying the power parameter between −1 and 1. The power mean can be a very useful tool for modeling the elastic properties of rocks. We have demonstrated the potential applications of the power mean in the studies of velocity-porosity relation, effective media, and pore fluids effect on seismic velocities.
Tunable Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Ge2Sb2Te5-Based Infrared Metasurfaces

We report the investigation of an all-dielectric metasurface (ADM) based on an array of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) meta-molecules exhibiting a tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect in the infrared frequency regime.
Ex Vivo Tumor‐on‐a‐Chip Platforms to Study Intercellular Interactions within the Tumor Microenvironment

The emergence of immunotherapies and recent FDA approval of several of them makes them a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer. While these advancements underscore the potential of engaging the immune system to target tumors, this approach has so far been efficient only for certain cancers. Extending immunotherapy as a widely acceptable treatment for various cancers requires a deeper understanding of the interactions of tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The immune cells are a key component of the TME, which also includes other stromal cells, soluble factors, and extracellular matrix-based cues. While in vivo studies function as a gold standard, tissue-engineered microphysiological tumor models can offer patient-specific insights into cancer-immune interactions. These platforms, which recapitulate cellular and non-cellular components of the TME, enable a systematic understanding of the contribution of each component toward disease progression in isolation and in concert. Microfluidic-based microphysiological platforms recreating these environments, also known as "tumor-on-a-chip," are increasingly being utilized to study the effect of various elements of TME on tumor development. Herein are reviewed advancements in tumor-on-a-chip technology that are developed and used to understand the interaction of tumor cells with other surrounding cells, including immune cells, in the TME.
Ethics and the Reporting of Research Findings

Ethics in research, writing, and publication are critical for the healthcare disciplines. Findings from various formal inquiry studies are vital for the dissemination of new knowledge and possible implications for future research, practice, and education. All scholars of the discipline of nursing have an important responsibility to be careful stewards and rigorous evaluators of research from budding scholars. This article begins a discussion of potential straight-thinking implications for mentorship and ethical straight-thinking conduct required in nurse research.
Evolution of the North West Arm and the Central Sector of Mashava Igneous Complex in south central Zimbabwe from an investigation of its silicate minerals compositions

Abstract An investigation of the economically important Mashava Igneous Complex (MIC) in Zimbabwe was conducted using petrographic and silicate mineral compositions to gain some insights into its origin. The MIC, an ultramafic-mafic complex located in the western extremity of the Masvingo greenstone belt (MGSB), is composed of amphibole, serpentine, epidote, chlorite, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, and olivine. Spinel, sulfide minerals, and minor quartz as well as other opaque minerals are also present. The dominant mineral is serpentine, which displays a wide range in both FeO and SiO2 compositions, and the majority of this mineral belongs to the lizardite, chrysotile, and antigorite varieties. Amphiboles display a wide range in composition from tremolite and actinolite which are both consistent with greenschist facies metamorphism, through magnesiohornblende to tschermakite which are both consistent with amphibolite facies metamorphism. Clinozoisite is the only epidote type occurring in the MIC, whereas chlorite varies widely in composition which reflects the varying concentrations in iron and silica in this mineral. Chlorite types range from talc chlorite through penninite, diabantite, pycnochlorite, brunsvigite, ripidolite, and pseudothuringite. Plagioclase shows a wide compositional range from high albite to bytownite, with only two samples plotting in the alkali feldspar anorthoclase field. Pyroxene ranges in composition from enstatite through pigeonite and augite to diopside whereas olivine is rich in MgO with forsterite contents ranging from 80 to 89. Application of the chlorite geothermometry equation of Kranidiotis and MacLean (1987) yields temperatures ranging from ∼200–320 °C whereas temperatures ranging from 130 to 445 °C are obtained using equations of Lanari et al. (2014) for the formation of this mineral, generally consistent with low- to medium-grade metamorphic conditions. Chlorites in the North West Arm were formed at relatively lower temperatures (97–234 °C) than those at which chlorites in the Central Sector were formed (204–445 °C). Pressure estimates for the metamorphism of the MIC range from 3.8 to 7.3 kbars, which corresponds to depths of ∼13–25 km, respectively. Based on the different silicate mineral compositions of the North West Arm and the Central Sector, it is inferred that these two blocks underwent different petrogenetic and evolutionary histories but they were later juxtaposed, possibly during thrusting of the former onto its present position.
Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction technique using an epiphyseal femoral socket with fluoroscopic guidance helps avoid physeal injury in skeletally immature patients.

The purpose of this study was to assess the physeal safety associated with the use of an epiphyseal femoral socket for paediatric medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction. Fifty-four knees in 49 skeletally immature patients underwent physeal-sparing MPFL reconstruction performed by 1 surgeon at a tertiary care academic medical centre from 2007 to 2016. A femoral socket distal to the femoral physis was used for graft fixation in all the patients. To assess physeal safety, all included patients either had post-operative MRIs of the operative knee or standing hip-to-ankle radiographs. Physeal safety was assessed on MRI, and the distance between the femoral socket relative to the physis was measured at both the aperture and the end of the socket. Development of lower limb angular deformities and/or limb length discrepancy (LLD) was evaluated using post-operative standing hip-to-ankle radiographs, patient records, and clinical assessments. The mean age at time of surgery was 13.3 ± 1.6 years. The median length of radiographic follow-up was 2.2 years (range 1.0–5.7 years). At most recent clinical follow-up, five patients (9.3%) had recurrent patellar instability, with three patients (5.6%) undergoing subsequent tibial tubercle osteotomy or revision MPFL reconstruction. There was no statistically significant difference in leg length between operated and non-operated extremities (n.s.). There was no statistically significant difference between non-operated and operated mMPTA (n.s.) and mLDFA (n.s.) measurements. On post-operative MRI, there was no evidence of physeal arrest. The median distance from the physis to the socket at the aperture and distal end of the femoral socket were 5.9 mm (range 1.9–12) and 7.1 mm (1.3–12.4), respectively. These results demonstrate that with fluoroscopic guidance, placing the femoral socket distal to the distal femoral physis is an effective method for avoiding physeal injury and subsequent growth disturbances in children with patellar instability. Clinically, this information is essential in optimal surgical management of these patients, as this technique allows for femoral fixation of the MPFL reconstruction graft within the epiphysis while also preserving normal growth. Level IV—case series.
Zoster vasculopathy surveillance using intracranial vessel wall imaging

Vessel wall imaging can be useful for diagnosis and assessment of intracranial zoster vasculopathy activity, even in the setting of remote cutaneous zoster infection.
PHOSPHATE AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS

Both because of its properties as a buffer and its function as a major intracellular anion, phosphate plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of acid-base homeostasis. This review is concerned with the impact of phosphate on three interrelated aspects of acid-base physiology and pathophysiology. These are the role of phosphate as a urinary buffer, its relationship to the formation of urinary carbon dioxide tension, and the effects of phosphate depletion on urinary acidification.
Utilization of Novel High-Resolution, MRI-Based Vascular Imaging Modality for Preoperative Stereoelectroencephalography Planning in Children: A Technical Note.

Introduction: Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is a powerful intracranial diagnostic tool that requires accurate imaging for proper electrode trajectory planning to ensure efficacy and maximize patient safety. Computed tomography (CT) angiography and digital subtraction angiography are commonly used, but recent developments in magnetic resonance angiography allow for high-resolution vascular visualization without added risks of radiation. We report on the accuracy of electrode placement under robotic assistance planning utilizing a novel high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based imaging modality. Methods: Sixteen pediatric patients between February 2014 and October 2017 underwent SEEG exploration for epileptogenic zone localization. A gadolinium-enhanced 3D T1-weighted spoiled gradient recalled echo sequence with minimum echo time and repetition time was applied for background parenchymal suppression and vascular enhancement. Electrode placement accuracy was determined by analyzing postoperative CT scans laid over preoperative virtual electrode trajectory paths. Entry point, target point, and closest vessel intersection were measured. Results: For any intersection along the trajectory path, 57 intersected vessels were measured. The mean diameter of an intersected vessel was 1.0343 ± 0.1721 mm, and 21.05% of intersections involved superficial vessels. There were 157 overall intersection + near-miss events. The mean diameter for an involved vessel was 1.0236 ± 0.0928 mm, and superficial vessels were involved in 20.13%. Looking only at final electrode target, 3 intersection events were observed. The mean diameter of an intersected vessel was 1.0125 ± 0.2227 mm. For intersection + near-miss events, 24 were measured. An involved vessel’s mean diameter was 1.1028 ± 0.2634 mm. For non-entry point intersections, 45 intersected vessels were measured. The mean diameter for intersected vessels was 0.9526 ± 0.0689 mm. For non-entry point intersections + near misses, 126 events were observed. The mean diameter for involved vessels was 0.9826 ± 0.1008 mm. Conclusion: We believe this novel sequence allows better identification of superficial and deeper subcortical vessels compared to conventional T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced MRI.
CHAPTER 2 – RADIATION PHYSICS

Publisher Summary Physics, in particular radiation physics, has been an integral part of radiology since its inception. This chapter provides an overview of radiation physics. The very essence of both diagnostic and therapeutic radiology is rooted in the physical interactions between radiation, both electromagnetic and particle, and the atoms that constitute all of matter. A review of the production, interaction, and measurement of radiation will serve as an anchor in the fundamentals of radiation physics necessary to understand their practical consequences in dose calculations. Radiation, whether electromagnetic in character such as light or particulate such as electrons, can be thought of as simply a means of transferring energy from a source to an object some distance away. Fundamental to all the means of production of radiation is that some device or machine that can increase the energy of a particle such as an electron to a level such that when it returns the kinetic energy to the environment, it does so by producing both heat and light, for example, radiation. One method of accomplishing this is to provide a source of many electrons, a large voltage difference through which the electrons can be accelerated, thereby gaining energy and, finally, a target for the accelerated electrons to hit and produce heat—kinetic energy of atoms of the target—and radiation via the conversion of some of their kinetic energy—energy of motion—to short wave length radiant energy or x-rays. The chapter also discusses Van de Graaff accelerators, betatrons, and linear accelerators. They are much more complicated pieces of equipment than x-ray tubes, and require constant dose verification and continued maintenance. However, the advantages they bring to patient care are substantial and they have provided the treatment of choice in many institutions.
Comparative Transcriptomics of heads and tails between Steinernema carpocapsae and Caenorhabditis elegans

Steinernema nematodes have been widely studied for insect infection and mutualism, but little is known about the patterns of gene expression along the body of these worms or how these compare to the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we perform the first comparative analysis between the heads and tail regions of Steinernema carpocapsae and C. elegans Infective Juveniles (IJs)/dauers and young adults using single-worm RNA-seq. While we find overall agreement in gene expression there were several sets of genes with substantial differences between the two species. Gene expression in the S. carpocapsae female compared to the C. elegans hermaphrodite heads and tails revealed differences in metabolism, aging, and determination of lifespan. Young adult male heads and tails showed major differences in developmental related processes such as morphogenesis as well as neuronal development and signaling. We also found head- and tail-specific gene expression differences between S. carpocapsae IJs and C. elegans dauers for genes related to growth and development as well as neuronal signaling and activity. This study is one of the first comparative transcriptomic analyses of body parts between distantly related species of nematodes and provides insight into both the highly conserved and genetically distinctive characteristics of both species.
Encouraging Parental Reading for High-Risk Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Infants.

Objective To assess whether a citywide structured book-sharing program (NICU Bookworms) designed to promote reading to infants while admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) would increase parental reading behaviors (≥3-4 days/week) in the NICU and after discharge home, including high-risk parents who do not themselves enjoy reading. Study design The NICU Bookworms program comprised staff training, parent education, and building a literacy-rich environment. In this quasi-experimental intervention study, parents of medically high-risk NICU graduates Results A total of 317 infants were enrolled, 187 in an unexposed comparison group and 130 in the intervention group. Parents exposed to Bookworms were significantly more likely to read ≥3-4 days per week while in the NICU (34.5% vs 51.5%; P = .002; aOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.0), but reading at home did not differ (67.9% vs 73.1%; P = .28; aOR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.5-1.8). However, among parents who did not themselves enjoy reading, frequency was significantly higher both in the NICU (18.4% vs 46.1%; P = .009; aOR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.2-21.5) and at home (36.9% vs 70%; P = .003; aOR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.1–12.9). A qualitative thematic analysis found that Bookworms decreased parental stress, enhanced bonding, and supported positive parent-infant interactions. Conclusions A book-sharing intervention in the NICU increased parent-reported reading aloud during hospitalization and among parents disinclined to read for pleasure, both in the NICU and following discharge. This change may have been mediated by enhancement of parent-infant interactions.
Dark primitive asteroids account for a large share of K/Pg-scale impacts on the Earth

Abstract A dynamical model for large near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) is developed here to understand the occurrence rate and nature of Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) scale impacts on the Earth. We find that 16–32 (2–4) impacts of diameter D > 5 km ( D > 10 km) NEAs are expected on the Earth in 1 Gyr, with about a half of impactors being dark primitive asteroids (most of which start with semimajor axis a > 2 . 5 au). These results explain why the Chicxulub crater, the third largest impact structure found on the Earth (diameter ≃ 180 km), was produced by impact of a carbonaceous chondrite. They suggest, when combined with previously published results for small ( D ≲ 1 km) NEAs, a size-dependent sampling of the main belt. We conclude that the impactor that triggered the K/Pg mass extinction ≃ 66 Myr ago was a main belt asteroid that quite likely ( ≃ 60 % probability) originated beyond 2.5 au.
Deep venous stenting improves healing of lower extremity venous ulcers.

Abstract Background Long standing, recalcitrant venous ulcers fail to heal despite standard compression therapy and wound care. Stenting of central veins has been reported to assist in venous ulcer healing. This study reports outcomes of deep venous stenting for central venous obstruction in patients with recalcitrant venous ulcers at a single comprehensive wound care center. Methods A single center retrospective analysis was conducted of patients with CEAP (Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology) 6 disease that had undergone deep venous stenting in addition to wound care and compression therapy. Intra-operative details, wound healing, and stent patency rates were recorded. Stent patency and intra-operative details were compared between the healed and unhealed groups. Results Between 2010 and 2019, 15 patients met inclusion criteria (mean age: 63 years old, 12 males). Pre-operative mean wound area was 14.1 cm2 with mean wound duration of 30 months. 93% of patients healed the ulcers at mean healing time of 10.6 months. Wound recurrence rate was 57% with mean recurrence time of 14.8 months. Ten patients presented with an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter, 4 in the healed group and 6 in the unhealed group. The common iliac vein was stented in all patients. Extension into the IVC was required in 4, the common femoral vein in 11, and femoral vein in 2 patients. The average stent length was 190cm. During the follow-up period, primary patency rates in healed patients (mean follow-up time: 19.2 months) was 83% and 59% in the unhealed group (mean follow-up time: 36.6 months); secondary patency rates were 83% and 89%, respectively. Conclusions In patients with recalcitrant venous ulcers with central venous obstruction, deep venous stenting resulted in a high rate of healing. However, a prolonged 10-month healing time was observed and despite high stent patency, wound recurrence rate was high.
Distortion, motion artifacts and how to address them

Abstract Distortions and motion are major sources of errors in almost all MRI studies. While the particular challenges of mitigating motion in pediatric subjects are far larger than in many adult populations, and while age-specific strategies have been developed to reduce subject motion, these are not completely effective. Moreover, imaging system imperfections introduce distortions that compound the effects of motion-induced imaging artifacts. To address these challenges, we first survey methods for quantifying motion, using both external hardware, and the MRI scanner itself. We next consider how this motion information can used to both prospectively and retrospectively correct neuroimaging data. However, as some motion-induced errors are likely to remain, even after correction, we additionally consider how motion can be included in quantitative analyses of neuroimaging data. At present, there is still no one-size-fits-all solution to address distortions and motion in pediatric neuroimaging data, but the solutions described in this chapter provide choices that the experimenter can consider applying based on their suitability for each specific study.
APPLICATIONS TO ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

In Section 2.6 we defined the differential operator L, $$Lt=\left( {{a}_{n}}\left( x \right)\frac{{{d}^{n}}}{d{{x}^{n}}}+{{a}_{n-1}}\left( x \right)\frac{{{d}^{n-1}}}{d{{x}^{n-1}}}+\cdot \cdot \cdot +{{a}_{1}}\left( x \right)\frac{d}{dx}+{{a}_{0}} \right)t=\sum\limits_{m=0}^{n}{{{a}_{m}}\left( x \right)}\frac{{{d}^{m}}t}{d{{x}^{m}}}$$ (1) and its formal adjoint L*, $$L*\phi =\sum\limits_{m=0}^{n}{{{{\left( -1 \right)}^{m}}{{d}^{m}}\left( {{a}_{m}}\left( x \right)\phi \right)}/{d{{x}^{m}}}\;}$$ (2) where the coefficients am(x) are infinitely differentiable functions, t is a distribution, and o is a test function. These operators are related by the equation $$\left\langle Lt,\phi \right\rangle =\left\langle t,{{L}^{*}}\phi \right\rangle$$ (3) This means that the action of Lt on φ is equivalent to the action of t on the test function ψ =L*o.
Power system for the new Jason ROV

Jason II/Medea is a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) system built and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) for oceanographic research to depths of 6500 m. Jason II/Medea is a two-body system: Medea operates at the end of the 10 km electro-optical tether cable and decouples Jason from surface ship motion. Jason II is connected to Medea by a 35 m long neutrally buoyant umbilical. The free swimming Jason II is propelled by six DC brushless electric thrusters that provide about 500 lbs of thrust in each of three axes of motion. Jason II features dual manipulators, a detachable sample sled, workspace lighting, still and video cameras and navigation and science survey instruments. Jason II also provides a payload capacity for mission-specific scientific instruments and tools. The new power system delivers, controls and monitors all the power used on the vehicle under the command of the control system software.
Atlas Croaks, Supreme Court Shrugs

The Supreme Court’s 2010 Term has confirmed, yet again, the legal commentariat’s conviction that the Roberts Court’s conservative majority is recreating an America of Ayn Rand’s imagination. States, the Court has held, may not sue to protect their citizens against out-of-state operators of coal-fired, carbon-spewing power plants.Foreign manufacturers of cutting machines that lop off operators’ limbs may sell the infernal instruments without fear of liability, so long as they do not physically enter or deliberately aim to sell in the plaintiff’s home state. Generic drug makers and vaccine producers may kill and maim their consumers, so long as their labels and products comply with perfunctory federal requirements. All drug makers may overcharge state and local government purchasers, subject only to virtually nonexistent federal administrative oversight. Corporations may force consumers into arbitration agreements; bill them to the tune of a few bucks each but, given the large numbers, for stupendous profits; and then defend against a class action on the grounds that arbitration is not made for that legal device. Also, employers may freely discriminate against millions of employees, so long as they do not inflict an injury that is sufficiently common to warrant a class action. And to protect this order, the plutocracy is constitutionally entitled to buy its own legislators: Public attempts to “level the playing field” violate the First Amendment. Full speed ahead for the Taggart Railroad! Or maybe not. Upon inspection, the notion that the Roberts Court’s jurisprudence heralds a restoration of unbridled capitalism — or, more modestly, of reliable rules of the road for commercial actors — proves untenable, if not downright absurd. It is true that the Supreme Court often rules for business. And this past Term, unlike in preceding years, those rulings have often been the work of a narrow 5-4 or 5-3 conservative majority. Justice Elena Kagan, though recused from many cases this past Term, has found her reliably liberal voice in no time flat. She does write like a charm, though. However, the pattern is hardly unbroken. Moreover, and far more important, the conservative Justices’ pro-business decisions look like picking weeds in downtown Detroit or for that matter Mrs. Rand’s crumbling New York — well-meant, but unlikely to improve the neighborhood on a lasting basis. The point emerges in contemplation of the charter and instrument that the Supreme Court is supposed to protect: the United States Constitution.
Evidence for a possible black hole remnant in the Type IIL Supernova 1979C

Abstract We present an analysis of archival X-ray observations of the Type IIL supernova SN 1979C. We find that its X-ray luminosity is remarkably constant at (6.5 ± 0.1) × 1038 erg s−1 over a period of 12 years between 1995 and 2007. The high and steady luminosity is considered as possible evidence for a stellar-mass (∼5–10 M⊙) black hole accreting material from either a supernova fallback disk or from a binary companion, or possibly from emission from a central pulsar wind nebula. We find that the bright and steady X-ray light curve is not consistent with either a model for a supernova powered by magnetic braking of a rapidly rotating magnetar, or a model where the blast wave is expanding into a dense circumstellar wind.
Mechanical effects of EB1 on microtubules depend on GTP hydrolysis state and presence of paclitaxel

Using the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog GMPCPP and the slowly hydrolyzable GTPγS, we polymerize microtubules that recapitulate the end binding behavior of the plus end interacting protein (+TIP) EB1 along their entire length, and use these to investigate the impact of EB1 binding on microtubule mechanics. To measure the stiffness of single filaments, we use a spectral analysis method to determine the ensemble of shapes adopted by a freely diffusing, fluorescently labeled microtubule. We find that the presence of EB1 can stiffen microtubules in a manner that depends on the hydrolysis state of the tubulin-bound nucleotide, as well as the presence of the small-molecule stabilizer paclitaxel. We find that the magnitude of the EB1-induced stiffening is not proportional to the EB1-microtubule binding affinity, suggesting that the stiffening effect does not arise purely from an increase in the total amount of bound EB1. Additionally, we find that EB1 binds cooperatively to microtubules in manner that depends on tubulin-bound nucleotide state. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Foreign Aid, Democratization, and Civil Conflict: How Does Democracy Aid Affect Civil Conflict?

It has been suggested that democratizing states are prone to civil wars. However, not all democratizing states experience domestic political violence. We argue that one of the key factors that “shelters” some democratizing states from domestic political violence is the receipt of democracy aid. Democratizing states that receive high levels of democracy assistance are less likely to experience civil conflict than countries that receive little or no external democracy assistance. During democratic transitions, the central authority weakens and uncertainty about future political commitments and promises among domestic groups increases. Democracy aid decreases the risk of conflict by reducing commitment problems and uncertainty. Using an instrumental variables approach that accounts for potential endogeneity problems in aid allocation, we find empirical support for our argument. We conclude that there is a potential path to democracy that ameliorates the perils of democratization, and democracy assistance programs can play a significant positive role in this process.
Central nervous system actions of 2,5-bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) cyclopentyl amine, a peripheral dopamine blocking agent.

Abstract The behavioral and brain catecholamine effects of 2,5-bis (3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) cyclopentyl amine were investigated in mice. It rapidly depleted norepinephrine. Chronic dosing also depleted dopamine, but to a lesser degree. As indicated by a lack of effect on amphetamine induced stereotypy and apomorphine induced emesis and failure to induce catalepsy, the compound does not block brain dopamine receptors. It has no effect on brain catecholamine synthesis or dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity.
Laterality and localization: A theoretical perspective

(1988). Laterality and localization: A theoretical perspective. Aphasiology: Vol. 2, No. 3-4, pp. 417-422.
Dietary Patterns, Genes, and Health: Challenges and Obstacles to be Overcome

Several dietary approaches have been proposed to prevent the onset of chronic diseases. As yet, no single approach has emerged as having the most consistent health benefits. This arises, in part, due to the fact that diet influences health in the context of individual factors with genetic components. Therefore, the effects of diet on health may be dependent on an individual’s genetic background. At this time we lack robust evidence for the effects of interactions between genes and dietary patterns on health. To understand why, I will briefly review the most methodologically strong attempts to identify gene–diet interactions, which will illuminate how the challenges facing all of genetic research apply to the search for gene–diet interactions. Then I will discuss some ways in which these challenges are being addressed that offer hope for the future in which the best diet for an individual is identified based on their genetic variation.
The heterogeneity of antibodies with respect to equilibrium constants. Calculation by a new method using delta functions and analysis of the results.

Abstract A method of data analysis has been developed which approximates the probability density of association constants of the reaction of hapten with antibody by a minimum number of delta functions, and alternatively, by a large number of delta functions. The method has been computerized and found able to approximate any physically possible affinity distribution. We have calculated the delta function distributions which describe known distributions of association constants and analyzed experimental data,. From 2 to 4 delta funticons we3re required to describe the probability density of Sips distributions. Not more than three delta functions were needed to describe the probability density functions of each of three antibody populations obtained from pooled antisera. These delta function distributions were found in one case to fit the data significantly more accurately than a Sips distribution. In the other two cases the fit was about the same as the Sips distribution. Affinity heterogeneity analysis using a large number of delta functions gave roughly equivalent results in terms of closeness of fit to the data to the results using a minimum number of delta functions. It is shown that binding measurements do not contain sufficient information to prove homogeneity of antibody. An analysis of factors affecting the resolution of delta functions is given.
Electron Microscopical Observations on Mediastinal Neurolemmoma, Neurofibroma, and Ganglioneuroma

Abstract Observations on the ultrastructural morphology of benign mediastinal neurolemmoma, neurofibroma, and ganglioneuroma are presented. Distinguishing features of each tumor are described as observed in this study and reported in the literature. In neurolemmoma, the Antoni type A cells exhibit a cellular differentiation totally different from that of the Antoni B cells. The Antoni type A cells are characterized by numerous thin cytoplasmic processes emanating from a cell body with a narrow rim of cytoplasm. The Antoni type B cells lack these processes and have abundant cytoplasm which possesses a complex system of organelles. The extracellular compartment of Antoni type A tissue is composed of Iacunae outlined by lamina similar in appearance to the basement membrane surrounding the principal tumor cells. Neurofibroma is distinguished by elongated cells with a few thick cytoplasmic processes interspersed with occasional myelinated and unmyelinated axons in an extensive collagenous stroma. The principal tumor cells are distinguished from fibroblasts by the basement membrane coating their plasmalemma. Ganglioneuroma is characterized by the presence of large ganglion cells and their satellites and a vast number of myelinated and unmyelinated axons. A well-defined basement membrane coats the tumor cells. The small, membrane-bound osmiophilic granules encountered in the cytoplasm of ganglion cells have been observed in other tumors arising in sympathetic ganglia and paraganglionic cells.
Infusion of hot crystalloid during operative burn wound debridement.

Background: Hypothermia exacerbates coagulopathy and is thus a potentially devastating morbidity during operative debridement of burn wounds. Current techniques for maintaining body temperature include warming intravenous fluids at 38°C. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of infusing saline heated to 55-600C. Methods: Using a modified fluid warmer, saline heated to 60°C was infused through central venous access in eight adult patients undergoing debridement of burn wounds. The temperature of the saline actually entering the patient was measured by a thermocouple attached at the connection to the central line catheter. Results: The actual infusate temperature was 54.0 ± 1.2°C. Over the first hour, 1,100 mL of hot saline was given, thus delivering 17.6 kcal more heat than fluid warmed to the traditional 38°C. Core temperature measured via esophageal and Foley catheters had an insignificant trend toward increase during the operative procedure. There was no evidence of intravascular hemolysis or coagulopathy. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that infusion of hot crystalloids given via central venous access is safe and may be an acceptable adjuvant in attenuating hypothermia during operative procedures.
Protochordate immunity--II. Diverse hemolymph lectins in the solitary tunicate Styela clava.

Abstract 1. 1. Hemolymph lectins (agglutinins) of the tunicate Styela clava were analyzed by agglutination, cross-absorption and carbohydrate-hemagglutination inhibition using several vertebrate erythrocytes. 2. 2. Lectin activity was heat labile, dependent on divalent cations and refractory to neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes. 3. 3. Four lectins with different carbohydrate specificities were found. Carbohydrate specificities included l -rhamnose, d -glucuronolactone, maltose, d -galactosamine, d -mannosamine, d -galactose, hyaluronic acid and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. 4. 4. Since S. clava lectins can be inhibited by carbohydrates found in the extracellular capsule or cell wall of most bacteria, we propose that the lectins may be part of the tunicate immuno-defense system.
Tensile properties of tungsten-3% rhenium from 1400° to 2900°C in vacuum☆

Abstract The tensile properties of recrystallized, doped powder-metallurgy tungsten-3% rhenium rod have been determined from 1370° to 2930°C in vacuum at a strain rate of 0.02/min. A comparison is made with recrystallized, doped powder-metallurgy tungsten, which shows comparatively poor ductility, and plasma-flame single-crystal tungsten, a very ductile material. The variation of strain-hardening exponent with temperature is shown for the two powder-metallurgy materials. Tungsten-3% rhenium has the highest strength and the lowest ductility of the three materials. At a test temperature of ⋍ 50% of the absolute melting point, both tungsten-3% rhenium and powder-metallurgy tungsten show decreased ductility and intercrystalline fracture associated with void formation and growth. Ductility does not increase with increasing temperature above ⋍ 65% of the absolute melting point for tungsten- 3% rhenium, as it does for powder-metallurgy tungsten, and this is attributed to the absence of stress-induced grain growth during testing.
A novel approach to fabricate a PPy/p-type Si heterojunction

Abstract In this paper, we report an innovative method to generate a polypyrrole (PPy)/p-type Si junction. This method includes three fabrication steps. First, a PPy thin film is coated on a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sheet. Second, a microstructure-formed p-type Si mold is inserted into the PMMA sheet. Finally, after separation of the mold and the substrate, the part of the PPy right underneath convex mold structures is removed from the PMMA sheet and attached to the convex mold structures, which form a PPy–Si junction. This junction has demonstrated diode-like characteristics. Compared with existing lithographic approaches, the developed method is simple and does not involve aggressive chemistry in patterning conducting polymers. Although this approach was employed here to particularly generate a PPy–Si junction, it can also be potentially applied to fabricate many other types of conducting polymer based devices, like light emitting diodes, light sensing arrays, transistors, and capacitors.
A Conceptual Overview of the Self‐Presentational Concerns and Response Tendencies of Focus Group Participants

Focus group respondents are often requested to perform tasks that require them to convey information about themselves. However, despite the potential for respondents to have self-presentational concerns, research on focus group productivity has virtually ignored extant scholarship on impression management. This shortcoming is addressed by presenting a conceptual overview of the effects of self-presentational concerns on focus group participation. A product of this overview is a conceptual model that posits that the amount and nature of information that people convey about themselves to others is a function of their eagerness to make desired impressions and their subjective probabilities of doing so. According to the model, when focus group participants are highly motivated to make desired impressions, they may be reluctant to present unbiased images of themselves. However, they are not likely to deceive unless they are confident in their abilities to ascertain and enact desired images. Those who are motivated to make desired impressions but are doubtful of doing so are likely to protect themselves by concealing self-relevant information or avoiding self-relevant issues. Implications of this model for research and practice are discussed.
Short syntheses of 8-substituted 8′-[1-(1′-phenylthio)ferrocenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyls from Suzuki coupling reactions. A strategy for generating new chiral ligands and charge-transfer complexes

Abstract 8′-Iodo-8-[1-(1′-phenylthio)ferrocenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl, a precursor of chiral phosphines, and 8′-(4-methylphenyl)-8-[1-(1′-phenylthio)ferrocenyl]-1,1′-binaphthyl, a model compound for the preparation of charge-transfer complexes were synthesized via Suzuki coupling reactions of ferrocenylboronic acids and 8-substituted 8′-iodo-1,1′-binaphthyls. Sequential substitution of 8,8′-diiodo-1,1′-binaphthyl provided a facile method of generating unsymmetrical 8,8′-disubstituted 1,1′-binaphthyls.
Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Plasma Thyroxine Concentrations and Eggshell Quality of Leghorn Chickens Treated with Dietary Thiouracil

Abstract Because ascorbic acid (AA) and the thyroid hormones are known to influence eggshell formation, the effects of AA on body weight, total plasma thyroxine (T4), egg production, and eggshell quality of Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens concurrently and previously treated with thiouracil (TU) were determined. Hens were provided feed containing either 0 or 100 ppm AA from 47 to 67 wk of age and either 0 or .1% TU from 47 to 57 wk of age. A three-way split-plot analysis was employed to test for the effects of AA, TU, and time, and their interactions. Dietary TU increased body weight between 53 and 59 wk, and increased thyroid weight at 67 wk; however, TU only depressed plasma T4 level at 51 wk. Dietary TU depressed egg production from 50 to 56 wk and egg weight at 49, 51, and 57 wk. Dietary TU depressed eggshell weight per unit surface area at 49 wk. There was no significant effect due to AA and no AA by TU interaction for any of the parameters examined. It was concluded that .1% dietary TU from 47 to 57 wk of age did not alter eggshell quality and that dietary AA at the 100 ppm level did not influence the effects of .1 % TU on body weight, egg production, or egg weight of SCWL hens.
Three-dimensional photon dose distributions with and without lung corrections for tangential breast intact treatments

The influence of lung volume and photon energy on the 3-dimensional dose distribution for patients treated by intact breast irradiation is not well established. To investigate this issue, we studied the 3-dimensional dose distributions calculated for an 'average' breast phantom for 60Co, 4 MV, 6 MV, and 8 MV photon beams. For the homogeneous breast, areas of high dose ('hot spots') lie along the periphery of the breast near the posterior plane and near the apex of the breast. The highest dose occurs at the inferior margin of the breast tissue, and this may exceed 125% of the target dose for lower photon energies. The magnitude of these 'hot spots' decreases for higher energy photons. When lung correction is included in the dose calculation, the doses to areas at the left and right margin of the lung volume increase. The magnitude of the increase depends on energy and the patient anatomy. For the 'average' breast phantom (lung density 0.31 g/cm3), the correction factors are between 1.03 to 1.06 depending on the energy used. Higher energy is associated with lower correction factors. Both the ratio-of-TMR and the Batho lung correction methods can predict these corrections within a few percent. The range of depths of the 100% isodose from the skin surface, measured along the perpendicular to the tangent of the skin surface, were also energy dependent. The range was 0.1-0.4 cm for 60Co and 0.5-1.4 cm for 8 MV. We conclude that the use of higher energy photons in the range used here provides lower value of the 'hot spots' compared to lower energy photons, but this needs to be balanced against a possible disadvantage in decreased dose delivered to the skin and superficial portion of the breast.
Distribution and escape of molecular hydrogen in Titan's thermosphere and exosphere

10 10 cm � 2 s � 1 , referred to the surface. This is a factor of � 3 higher than the Jeans flux of 4.5 � 10 9 cm � 2 s � 1 , corresponding to a temperature of 152.5 ± 1.7 K, derived from the background N2 distribution. The H2 distribution in Titan’s exosphere is modeled with a collisionless approach, with a most probable exobase temperature of 151.2 ± 2.2 K. Kinetic model calculations in the 13-moment approximation indicate a modest temperature decrement of several kelvin for H2, as a consequence of the local energy balance between heating/cooling through thermal conduction, viscosity, neutral collision, and adiabatic outflow. The variation of the total energy flux defines an exobase level of � 1600 km, where the perturbation of the Maxwellian velocity distribution function, driven primarily by the heat flow, becomes strong enough to raise the H2 escape flux considerably higher than the Jeans value. Nonthermal processes may not be required to interpret the H2 escape on Titan. In a more general context, we suggest that the widely used Jeans formula may significantly underestimate the actual thermal escape flux and that a gas kinetic model in the 13-moment approximation provides a better description of thermal escape in planetary atmospheres.
African American Grandmothers Parenting AIDS Orphans: Grieving and Coping

This qualitative study examines the coping strategies of African American grandmothers grieving the loss of an adult child to an AIDS death while parenting orphaned grandchildren. The results sugge...