cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Method for Capillarity-Driven Free Surface Flows

The continuum surface force (CSF) method has been extensively employed in the volume-of-fluid (VOF), level set (LS) and front tracking methods to model surface tension force. It is a robust method requiring relatively easy implementation. However, it is known to generate spurious currents near the interface that may lead to disastrous interface instabilities and failures of grid convergence. A different surface tension implementation algorithm, referred to as the pressure boundary method (PBM), is introduced in this study. The surface tension force is incorporated into the Navier-Stokes equation via a capillary pressure gradient while the free surface is tracked by a coupled level set and volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) method. It has been shown that the spurious currents are greatly reduced by the present method with the sharp pressure boundary condition preserved. The numerical results of several cases have been compared with data reported in the literature and are found to be in a close agreement.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Topography of locus ceruleus neurons projecting to the area dentata

The distribution of locus ceruleus neurons projecting to the dorsal and ventral area dentata was studied using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Furthermore, the possibility that collaterals of single locus ceruleus neurons innervate both the dorsal and ventral area dentata was explored with a retrograde double-label technique using HRP and the fluorescent dye 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole 2 HCl (DAPI). Fusiform and multipolar neurons of the pars dorsalis of the locus ceruleus (LCd) were labeled after injection of HRP into the area dentata. The HRP-positive cells were found almost exclusively in the dorsal LCd after dorsal area dentata injections whereas ventral injections labeled neurons throughout the LCd. The highest density of LCd neurons labeled from the ventral area dentata was observed in the dorsal half of the LCd and thus overlapped with the distribution of neurons labeled from dorsal injections. Neurons containing both HRP and DAPI were observed in the dorsal LCd suggesting that the topographic coincidence of neurons labeled from dorsal and ventral area dentata was in part a result of single neurons having terminals in both loci.
Hierarchical location-allocation problems: A classification scheme

Abstract In the literature, the p -median problem has been well studied. For the p -median problem our objective is to locate p facilities among n (⩾ p ) locations such that the total weighted travel distance is minimized. In the problem formulation, it is tacitly assumed that the facilities are of one type. In many practical situations, systems that provide products/services generally consist of k ( ⩾ 2) distinct types of facilities. In such problems, we would like to locate p i type i facilities, i = 1, 2, … k , among n ( ⩾ Σ i k = 1 p i ) available locations. Here also our objective may be to locate these facilities such that the ‘total weighted travel distance’ is minimized. What makes these problems difficult and interesting is that the extension of the p -median problem formulation and solution procedures to these problems is not always obvious, easy or straightforward. The problem formulation and solution procedures depend upon the hierarchical relationship among the facility types and the flow of goods and services allowed among them. In this paper we attemp to classify the hierarchical location-allocation problems.
Topological invariants and a gauge theory of the super-Poincaré algebra in three dimensions

Abstract Various aspects of superspace topology and N = 1 supersymmetry in 2 + 1 dimensions are explored. Non-minimal super Yang-Mills theory is used to construct a gauge theory of the N = 1 super-Poincare algebra. A topological super Yang-Mills theory is given and used to compute elements of the cohomology classes of super-monopole moduli space.
Peripheral visual field thresholds using Humphrey Field Analyzer program 60-4 in normal eyes.

Purpose Various methods have been used for testing peripheral visual field disturbances such as defects caused by drug toxicity. Static threshold perimetry with Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) is widely available. The aim of this study was to better define the normal thresholds for peripheral visual field (PVF) sensitivity and to refine analysis strategies. Methods Automated PVF testing was performed with HFA 60-4 program in 33 normal subjects. Test locations were organized into inner, middle, and outer eccentricity rings and divided into 4 zones: nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior. The threshold visual sensitivity (TVS) in decibels was established for each point. Results The majority of points with the lowest TVS and highest between-subject variability were located within the nasal area of the outer ring. Points with the highest TVS and least variability were detected in the inner ring and in the temporal area of the middle and outer rings. Mean zone TVS decreased and variability increased with increasing eccentricity. Conclusions The areas that demonstrate the highest between-subject consistency and thus might best reveal peripheral visual abnormalities with HFA 60-4 are the inner ring, inferior and temporal zone of the middle ring, and temporal zone of the outer ring. These observations may be useful for developing strategies to detect peripheral field loss at an early stage when central vision is not yet affected.
Grand Challenges in Bioenergy and Biofuel Research: Engineering and Technology Development, Environmental Impact, and Sustainability

of Energy (NSF-DOE) Workshop report (Huber, 2007) concluded that liquid biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass can significantly reduce our dependence on oil, create new jobs, improve the rural economy, reduce greenhouse emissions, and ensure energy security. The report also emphasized that the bottleneck for lignocellulosic biomass-derived fuels is the lack of technology for the efficient conversion of biomass into liquid fuels. New technologies are thus needed to replace fossil fuels with renewable and sustainable energy resources. For example, in the US reliable estimates of renewable and sustainable lignocellulosic forest, agricultural biomass, and MSW (likewise mostly biomass) range from 1.5 to 2 billion dry metric tons per year (Huber, 2007); these biomass resources thus could contribute 10 times more to the US primary energy supply (PES) than now. Another forecast in the same report (Huber, 2007) claims that all forms of biomass and MSW have the potential to replace up to 60% of US consumption of crude oil; and that lignocellulosic biomass resources are significantly cheaper (at the equivalent of US$ 15 per barrel o) than petroleum. Since lignocellulosic biomass is the fibrous, woody (mainly hemicellulose and lignin), and generally inedible portion of plants, there is no tradeoff with the production of food crops (i.e., cellulosic biomass). As biomass widely available in many parts of the world, environmentally friendly, and renewable, its potential to help meet the world energy demand has been widely recognized. In a review, Kirtay (2011) concluded that biomass energy has the potential to be “modernized” worldwide, that is, it could Grand challenges in bioenergy and biofuel research: engineering and technology development, environmental impact, and sustainability
Stirling engine nodal analysis program

A general-purpos e program for the nodal analysis of Stirling-cycl e devices or other cyclic, regenerative machines is described. It employs finite-difference, explicit-forw ard solutions and is readily adaptable to various machine topologies. The machine is divided into specifiable numbers of fluid and solid nodes. The program solves three coupled gasdynamic differential equations (mass, momentum, and energy balances) for each fluid node and an energy balance for each solid node. Interactions between these are represented by heat-transfer and fluid friction terms. The kinetic energy of the fluid and the Snertial resistance to flow acceleration are accounted for. Leakages through seals and ports are included in the analysis. The equations are solved by means of a modified leapfrog technique, using special schemes for enhanced mathematical stability and for accelerated convergence to a steady-state cycle. The program is applicable to both discipiined-piston and free-piston engines. A typical problem is solved, and the solutions are presented in Eulerian and Lagrangian form.
Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Anterior Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

A clinicopathologic study of ten consecutive patients (ten eyes) undergoing surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy and a subsequent histopathologic, immunohisto-chemical, and ultrastructural study of ten enucleated eyes with anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy were performed in order to elucidate relevant pathogenetic mechanisms. Our findings suggest that the pathogenetic evolution of anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy occurs in three consecutive stages: (1) traction on the ciliary body and peripheral retina induced by fibrocellular contraction of the vitreous base; (2) incorporation of tractionally denuded components of the ciliary body and peripheral retina into the fibrocellular membranes overlying the vitreous base; and (3) proliferation of the incorporated components and fibrovascular ingrowth from the uvea, the retina, or both, into the fibrocellular membranes. Tractional disruption of the epithelium of the ciliary body pars plicata and breakdown of the ciliary blood-aqueous barrier are the principal pathogenetic mechanisms of chronic intractable hypotony and the postvitrectomy fibrin syndrome in anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
Physician Services Industry

Although physician services account for less than 20 percent of the expenditures in the health care industry, physicians order tests, procedures, hospital stays, and medical examinations equal to approximately 70 percent of the expenditures in the industry. The physician services industry can be viewed primarily as monopolistically competitive with many oligopolistic elements in local communities. The physician services industry has had and continues to have some monopolistic characteristics, such as high entry barriers for allied health practitioners who might compete with physicians as well as licensing requirements for new physicians. Physicians, however, may compete for contracts with managed care plans or compete in a fee-for-service environment.
Photography in the Age of Facebook

Photography has become ubiquitous as people increasingly take photographs with camera-phones and upload them to photo-sharing sites like Facebook. Yet even though we encounter photographs every day, we do not often consider their impact on how we communicate, construct identity, and understand reality. However, we can turn to past critics like Susan Sontag and Roland Barthes to provide a basis for understanding the modern influence of photographs.
A vector quantizer for the Laplace source

The low complexity, nearly optimal vector quantizer (VQ) is a generalization of T. R. Fischer's (1986) pyramid VQ and is similar in structure to the unrestricted polar quantizers previously presented for the independent Gaussian source. An analysis of performance is presented with results for both the product code pyramid VQ and the unrestricted version. This analysis, although asymptotic in nature, helps to demonstrate the performance advantages of the VQ. Implementation issues of the VQ are discussed. Nonasymptotic results are considered. In particular, the author presents an approximate design algorithm for finite bit rate and demonstrates the usefulness of this VQ through several example designs with Monte Carlo simulations of performance. For the restricted form (the pyramid VQ), the author provides further implementational information and low dimension analytical results. >
MEMORY AND CORRELATION EFFECTS IN THE QUANTUM THEORY OF THERMALIZATION

In a previous publication [H. S. K\"ohler, Phys. Rev. C 51, 3232 (1995)] equilibration rates were studied for an extended system of nonequilibrium nuclear matter. The two-time Green's functions in the Kadanoff-Baym (KB) formalism were solved numerically. These quantum-mechanical calculations were compared with the Markovian (semi)classical Uehling-Uhlenbeck collision term often used in the analysis of collisions between heavy ions. The equilibration was found to be substantially slowed down by quantum effects. The theoretical as well as experimental study of nonequilibrium systems is of course of great interest in many areas of physics, e.g., within the realm of quantum transport in solid state devices. On the theoretical side various methods and approximations are the subject of intensive study. By the KB ansatz, for example, the equations can be simplified to a one-time kinetic equation while preserving the non-Markovian character. The generalized KB (GKB) ansatz of Lipavsky, Spicka, and Velicky [Phys. Rev. B 34, 6933 (1986)] is often preferred. In this paper approximations based upon the GKB ansatz are discussed in relation to the exact KB formalism. Numerical comparisons are made for both the strongly interacting nuclear medium as well as an electron plasma. A non-Markovian collision integral, including memory effects in a quasiparticle approximation, is often discussed in the literature. It is found that this approximation appreciably overestimates the collision rates even more than the classical (Boltzmann) approximation. The inclusion of a width in the spectral function, i.e., going beyond the quasiparticle approximation, gives considerable improvement. The competition between the memory and correlation effects is found to lead to an anomalous saturation of the relaxtion rate. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Transfer of Heat in Glass During Forming

The transfer of heat in glass during glass-container machine-forming operations is characterized by extremely high rates of heat removal from relatively thin sections of the material. Evidence is presented to show that, under these conditions, the transfer of heat within the glass is almost 100% by true conduction; the contribution of radiative transfer to the thermal distribution is almost nil. This conclusion was reached by the application of experimental forming and glass properties data to radiation and conduction theory through the use of a high-speed digital computer. It is apparent further that the thermal conductivity of commercial container glass varies slowly with temperature in the forming range, increasing from about 14 B.t.u.-ft.−2-hr.−1-in.1-°F.−1 at 1200°F. to about 19 B.t.u.-ft.−2-hr.−1-in.1-°F.−1 at 2000°F. The heat-transfer coefficient between glass and mold surfaces decreases rapidly with time of contact.
Expression of enzymes and key regulators of lipid synthesis is upregulated in adipose tissue during CLA-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows

Milk fat depression (MFD) is a naturally occurring condition in dairy cows where milk fat synthesis is inhibited by intermediates of ruminal biohydrogenation. One of these bioactive fatty acids (FA), trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), decreases milk fat synthesis through transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in mammary lipid synthesis. Energy partitioning during MFD is not well characterized because of the complexity of observing energy metabolism in ruminant animals. To investigate energy partitioning during MFD, adipose tissue biopsies were taken from 4 cows arranged in a switchback design. Treatments were control and 4-d abomasal infusion of trans-10, cis-12 CLA (7.5 g/d). CLA decreased milk fat yield by 38% and milk fat content by 34%, but yields of milk and other milk components were unchanged. In contrast to reported changes in mammary tissue, adipose tissue expression of lipid synthesis enzymes, including lipoprotein lipase, FA synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and FA binding protein 4, was increased. Expression of regulators of lipid synthesis, including sterol-response element binding protein 1, thyroid hormone responsive spot 14, and PPARgamma, also increased in adipose tissue. Thus, a CLA dose resulting in near maximal inhibition of mammary lipid synthesis resulted in increased expression of lipid synthesis-related genes in adipose tissue. A meta-analysis of intake response during CLA infusion was conducted to extend the investigation of energy metabolism during MFD. Voluntary intake decreased (P < 0.001) by 1.5 kg/d during CLA-induced MFD in the 14 studies analyzed, but the reduction in intake only partially accounts for the energy spared from reduced milk fat synthesis. Results are consistent with energy spared from the reduction in milk fat synthesis being partitioned toward adipose tissue fat stores during short-term MFD.
Technology Diffusion and Organizational Learning: The Case of Business Computing

The dominant explanation for the spread of technological innovations emphasizes processes of influence and information flow. Firms which are closely connected to pre-existing users of an innovation learn about it and adopt it early on. Firms at the periphery of communication networks are slower to adopt. This paper develops an alternative model which emphasizes the role of know-how and organizational learning as potential barriers to adoption of innovations. Firms delay in-house adoption of complex technology until they obtain sufficient technical know-how to implement and operate it successfully. In response to knowledge barriers, new institutions come into existence which progressively lower those barriers, and make it easier for firms to adopt and use the technology without extensive in-house expertise. Service bureaus, consultants, and simplification of the technology are examples. As knowledge barriers are lowered, diffusion speeds up, and one observes a transition from an early pattern in which the new technology is typically obtained as a service to a later pattern of in-house provision of the technology. Thus the diffusion of technology is reconceptualized in terms of organizational learning, skill development, and knowledge barriers. The utility of this approach is shown through an empirical study of the diffusion of business computing in the United States, reporting survey and ethnographic data on the spread of business computing, on the learning processes and skills required, and on the changing institutional practices that facilitated diffusion.
Two-Year Evaluation of Borrelia burgdorferi Culture and Supplemental Tests for Definitive Diagnosis of Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is usually diagnosed and treated based on clinical manifestations. However, laboratory testing is useful for patients with confusing presentations and for validation of disease in clinical studies. Although cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi is definitive, prior investigations have shown that no single test is optimal for Lyme disease diagnosis. We applied high-volume blood culture, skin biopsy culture, PCR, and serodiagnosis to a cohort of patients with suspected Lyme disease acquired in Maryland and southern Pennsylvania. The study was performed to confirm the relative utility of culture and to identify laboratory testing algorithms that will supplement clinical diagnosis. Overall, 30 of 86 patients (35%) were culture positive, whereas an additional 15 of 84 (18%) were seropositive only (51% total sero- and culture positive), and PCR on skin biopsy identified 4 additional patients who were neither culture nor seropositive. Among 49 laboratory test-positive patients, the highest sensitivity (100%) for diagnosis was obtained when culture, skin PCR, and serologic tests were used, although serologic testing with skin PCR was almost as sensitive (92%). Plasma PCR was infrequently positive and provided no additional diagnostic value. Although culture is definitive and has a relatively high sensitivity, the results required a mean of 3.5 weeks to recovery. The combination of acute-phase serology and skin PCR was 75% sensitive, offering a practical and relatively rapid alternative for confirming clinical impression. The full battery of tests could be useful for patients with confusing clinical signs or for providing strong laboratory support for clinical studies of Lyme disease.
Usefulness of measurement of antibodies in serum in diagnosis of sensitivity to cow milk and soy proteins in early childhood.

A noteworthy feature of this study is that comparisons were made between specific, sensitive, quantitative measurements of serum antibodies to food proteins and objective appraisal of clinical manifestations buy double-blind food challenges. Over 50 children, 4–30 months of age, with suspicious histories of adverse reactions to cow milk or soy products were investigated. Levels of serum antibodies to cow-milk proteins were clearly higher in children with adverse reactions to milk, confirmed by blind challenge; there was no overlap with the lower levels of serum antibodies in children without confirmed reactions. Findings with serial determinations of serum antibodies to cow milk in selected cases are also presented. The levels of serum antibodies evoked by cow milk and soy formulae fed from birth until 4 months of age were similar. The levels of serum antibodies to soy protein in children with and without adverse reactions to soy products were not definitive. The bearing of these data on the comparative “antigenicity” of cow milk and soy products and the distinction between asymptomatic and clinically significant, symptomatic, sensitivity are discussed.
The partial mitochondrial genome of the Cephalothrix rufifrons (Nemertea, Palaeonemertea): Characterization and implications for the phylogenetic position of Nemertea

A continuous 10.1kb fragment of the Cephalothrix rufifrons (Nemertea, Palaeonemertea) mitochondrial genome was sequenced and characterized to further assess organization of protostome mitochondrial genomes and evaluate the phylogenetic potential of gene arrangement and amino acid characters. The genome is A-T rich (72%), and this biased base composition is partly reflected in codon usage. Inferred tRNA secondary structures are typical of those reported for other metazoan mitochondrial DNAs. The arrangement of the 26 genes contained in the fragment exhibits marked similarity to those of many protostome taxa, most notably molluscs with highly conserved arrangements and a phoronid. Separate and simultaneous phylogenetic analyses of inferred amino acid sequences and gene adjacencies place the nemertean within the protostomes among coelomate lophotrochozoan taxa, but do not find a well-supported sister taxon link.
Systems Modeling of Ca2+ Homeostasis and Mobilization in Platelets Mediated by IP3 and Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry

Resting platelets maintain a stable level of low cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) and high dense tubular system calcium ([Ca2+]dts). During thrombosis, activators cause a transient rise in inositol trisphosphate (IP3) to trigger calcium mobilization from stores and elevation of [Ca2+]cyt. Another major source of [Ca2+]cyt elevation is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through plasmalemmal calcium channels that open in response to store depletion as [Ca2+]dts drops. A 34-species systems model employed kinetics describing IP3-receptor, DTS-plasmalemma puncta formation, SOCE via assembly of STIM1 and Orai1, and the plasmalemma and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases. Four constraints were imposed: calcium homeostasis before activation; stable in zero extracellular calcium; IP3-activatable; and functional SOCE. Using a Monte Carlo method to sample three unknown parameters and nine initial concentrations in a 12-dimensional space near measured or expected values, we found that model configurations that were responsive to stimuli and demonstrated significant SOCE required high inner membrane electric potential (>−70 mV) and low resting IP3 concentrations. The absence of puncta in resting cells was required to prevent spontaneous store depletion in calcium-free media. Ten-fold increases in IP3 caused saturated calcium mobilization. This systems model represents a critical step in being able to predict platelets’ phenotypes during hemostasis or thrombosis.
Randomized phase II-III trial of combination beta and gamma interferons and etoposide and cisplatin in inoperable non-small cell cancer of the lung.

We observed major responses in two patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung who had received a combination of interferon (IFN)-beta and IFN-gamma, immediately followed by chemotherapy. To verify these observations, we initiated a prospective randomized phase II-III trial of etoposide and cisplatin, with or without IFN-beta and IFN-gamma, in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Thirty-seven patients were randomized to receive either two cycles of chemotherapy or 6 weeks of IFN-beta plus IFN-gamma followed by two cycles of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of 60 mg of cisplatin/m2 on day 1 and 120 mg of etoposide/m2 on days 4, 6, and 8, repeated every 21 days. Patients who were randomized to the IFN plus chemotherapy arm received 200 micrograms of IFN-gamma and 30 x 10(6) U of IFN-beta three times per week for 6 weeks, followed by two cycles of chemotherapy. Three of 18 (17%) eligible patients in the chemotherapy arm and two of 18 (11%) patients in the combination arm had partial responses. All responses occurred while patients were receiving chemotherapy. Median survival was 190 days for the chemotherapy arm and 246 days in the combined modality arm, as estimated from Kaplan-Meier curves (P = .35). We observed no significant difference in subjective toxic effects between the two arms. We observed more hematologic toxicity during chemotherapy on the combined modality arm (P = .02). We conclude that pretreatment with IFN-beta and IFN-gamma does not enhance the efficacy of etoposide and cisplatin in this disease. Although the combined modality arm is relatively well tolerated, it does result in more chemotherapy-associated toxic effects. This study also exemplifies a hybrid phase II-III trial design, which is useful in allowing phase II results to be quickly incorporated into a phase III trial.
A novel comonomer-free light-cured glass-ionomer cement for reduced cytotoxicity and enhanced mechanical strength.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to develop a novel comonomer-free light-cured glass-ionomer system based on the 4-arm star-shape poly(acrylic acid). The mechanical strengths and in vitro cytotoxicity of the formed system were evaluated and compared with those of several representative commercial glass-ionomer cements. Materials and methods The 4-arm poly(acrylic acid) was synthesized using ATRP and tethered with glycidyl methacrylate (GM). The GM-tethered polymer was formulated with water, photo-initiators, and Fuji II LC filler. Fuji II, Fuji II LC and Vitremer were used for comparison. Compressive strength (CS) and MTT assay were used as tools to evaluate the mechanical strengths and in vitro cytotoxicity of the cements, respectively. Results The experimental cement exhibited significantly high compressive, diametral tensile and flexural strengths as compared to commercial glass-ionomer cements, Fuji II, Fuji II LC and Vitremer. The effects of polymer/water (P/W) ratio, GM-grafting ratio, glass powder/polymer liquid (P/L) ratio and aging in water on strengths were significant. Similar to conventional glass-ionomer cement Fuji II, the eluates from the experimental cement showed little in vitro cytotoxicity to Balb/c mouse fibroblast cells, as compared to Fuji II LC and Vitremer that contain HEMA as a comonomer. Conclusions It appears that this novel comonomer-free light-cured glass-ionomer cement will be a promising dental restorative because it demonstrated significantly improved mechanical strengths and almost no in vitro cytotoxicity as compared to current commercial light-cured glass-ionomer cements.
Dynamic Fatigue of a Lithia‐Alumina‐Silica Glass‐Ceramic

A dynamic fatigue study was performed on a Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic in order to assess its susceptibility to delayed failure. Fracture mechanics techniques were used to analyze the results for the purpose of making lifetime predictions for optical elements made from this material. The material has reasonably good resistance (N = 20) to stress corrosion in ambient conditions. Analysis also indicated the elements should survive applied stresses incurred during grinding and polishing operations.
Analysis of randomly deployed sensor detection systems under least favorable distributions

Consider the design of a system in which multiple sensors are randomly deployed in a circular region to detect the presence of a signal emitter in a random location. If the distribution of the emitter location is unknown, the design is difficult because the detection problem involves a composite hypothesis and the sensor measurements may be conditionally dependent. In this paper, we show that using the least favorable distribution for the emitter location not only is a robust design approach that solves the composite hypothesis issue, but also helps in dealing with the conditional dependency issue. We show that there are conditions under which the least favorable distribution for the emitter location causes the sensor measurements to become conditionally i.i.d. when using either the maximin or other practical fusion functions. Motivated by the form of the least favorable distribution, we also explore an alternative random sensor deployment strategy.
The Art of Negotiation in Construction Contract Disputes

Negotiating is one dispute resolution technique that is used to try to settle construction contract disputes when they arise during construction. No matter how thorough and well-written construction contracts are, contract disputes still occur during construction projects. Being able to draft construction contracts that address every potential problem that could surface during construction is not feasible; therefore, during the execution of many construction contracts, one or both parties file claims against the other party. When owners, engineers, or contractors are involved in settling contractual disputes, it is beneficial for them to be familiar with contract dispute resolution techniques. There are several different types of dispute resolution techniques that are used in the construction industry; this article discusses negotiation, which is one of the traditional dispute resolution methods. This article reviews traditional dispute resolution techniques, provides definitions for negotiation and construction contract claims, and discusses the negotiation of contract claims and negotiators.
Stochastic Analysis of Annual Rainfall Affected by Urbanization

Abstract Several investigators have pointed out the changes in microclimate brought about by large urban areas. In particular, the precipitation and precipitation-related activity have been shown to be larger in and around urban areas than in the surrounding countryside. The seasonality of the increased precipitation is another question which has been investigated. The present paper deals with testing the significance of observed changes in the mean and in the trends of annual precipitation series in and around urban areas. The results of analysis of data from St. Louis, Missouri and LaPorte, Indiana and other stations in the vicinity of these stations are reported. The annual precipitation data may not be assumed to be independent random variables because they may be correlated. For example, the annual rainfall series at LaPorte and St. Louis were found to be correlated. Consequently, the traditional univariate and multivariate tests which are based on the assumption that the variates are independent ran...
Post-Establishment Seedling Success in the Brazilian Cerrado: A Comparison of Savanna and Forest Species1

Due to frequent fire, low nutrient availability, and prolonged drought, tropical savanna is a stressful environment for the survival and growth of woody plant seedlings. To understand why forest species do not succeed in this environment while savanna species are able to persist, the effects of fire and woody cover on seedlings of these two functional groups were investigated in the Brazilian Cerrado. Seedlings were established in experimental plots under three densities of woody cover, in sites protected from fire and sites to be subjected to fire. There was a clear difference in the ability of savanna and forest species to survive fire. None of the three forest species were able to survive fire during the first two years of life, whereas eight of the nine savanna species were able to resprout following fire. The small seed size of the ninth savanna species, Miconia albicans, predisposed its seedlings to be sensitive to fire, because there was a strong positive correlation between seed size and survivorship. Savanna species were less dependent on woody cover than were forest species, which exhibited higher growth and survival under tree canopies than in open grassland. The low rates of establishment and survival of forest trees in savanna, combined with high sensitivity to fire, appear sufficient to prevent the expansion of forest into savanna under current fire regimes in the Cerrado.
The meeting of pain and depression : Comorbidity in women

The higher prevalence of depression in women is coupled with a higher prevalence of pain complaints. Growing evidence suggests that the comorbidity of these conditions is also proportionately higher in women than men. This paper critically reviews the empirical findings relating to gender differences in comorbid pain and depression as well as findings in support of hypothesized etiologic factors that could explain why women may be more susceptible than men to comorbidity. The empirical evidence for biogenic, psychogenic, and sociogenic explanatory models is presented, and an integration of these models is proposed as a guideline to both research and clinical practice. In conclusion, it is argued that gender-differentiated treatment strategies are not clinically indicated at this time.
CROSSING THE LINE: A DUAL THRESHOLD MODEL OF EXPRESSING ANGER IN ORGANIZATIONS

This paper proposes a Dual Threshold Model of anger expression in organizations in which the expression threshold is crossed when an organizational member chooses to verbally express, rather than silence anger at work, and the impropriety threshold is crossed when organizational members express anger in ways deemed inappropriate by organizational or social norms. This paper proposes when neither or both thresholds are crossed, the probability of more negative outcomes increases; however, when the expression threshold is crossed, but the impropriety threshold is not, the probability increases that more positive outcomes will occur. The model also builds on the theory of bounded emotionality (Martin, Knopoff, & Beckman, 1998; Mumby & Putnam, 1992; Putnam & Mumby, 1993) to suggest that it would be beneficial for individuals to alter behavior and organizations to alter norms to expand the space between these two thresholds and increase the probability of positive outcomes from anger expressions.
Wells Fargo (The Norwest Reversal) - Is It Just the Eye of the Storm?

On August 29, 2000, the Eighth Circuit issued its highly anticipated Wells Fargo decision. At issue was not just the appropriate tax treatment for transaction costs incurred in an expansion of an existing business, but also the fundamental tax accounting issue regarding the capitalization of expenditures pursuant to section 263 of the Internal Revenue Code. Specifically, was the Internal Revenue Service's reliance on INDOPCO for capitalization of any expenditure resulting in a future benefit beyond one tax year appropriate or were other factors to be considered in determining whether an expenditure should be capitalized? The authors report that the Eighth Circuit's reversal, in part, of the Tax Court's finding in Norwest, including that both the Service and Tax Court had misinterpreted INDOPCO, was indeed a significant win for taxpayers. Nevertheless, they say, the decision falls short of resolving all of the uncertainties surrounding the appropriate tax treatment of transaction costs. Issues such as the proper determination of whether an acquisition represent an expansion or a new trade or business, the appropriate tax treatment for transaction costs incurred in asset acquisitions versus stock acquisitions, and the proper determination of a final decision date remain unresolved. The reality is, they believe, short of legislation, resolution of these uncertainties will come from the courts. Until then, taxpayers are forced to rely on the often confusing and contradictory precedents that currently exist in determining the appropriate tax treatment for transaction costs incurred. This article attempts to identify some of the potential pitfalls and unsettled issues taxpayers should concern themselves with when determining the appropriate tax treatment for transaction costs incurred in the context of acquisitions.
Advances in the Treatment of Lung Cancer

Advances in lung cancer research have led to changes in the standard of care. Most of these advances involve management approaches to nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cure rates for early NSCLC have increased with the use of cisplatin-based postoperative chemotherapy. While chemotherapy continues to be the standard of care in advanced or metastatic disease, the integration of targeted agents has been feasible and has led to increased survival. The currently approved targeted agents include the vascular endothelial growth factor antibody bevacizumab, and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Bevacizumab is used in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy in first-line therapy and erlotinib is used as a single agent in relapsed disease. Ongoing trials will evaluate the merit of these drugs in early disease. Inhibitors of multiple other targets are in varying stages of investigation. Increasing awareness of the unique toxicity profile has influenced the eligibility requirements for treatment with these agents. Biomarker discovery has led to the understanding of the biological heterogeneity of tumors and is quickly paving the path for individualized medicine. Such individualized therapy will have impact on both early and advanced disease with regard to treatment with not only targeted agents but also with cytotoxic chemotherapy. These biomarkers include excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1), genomic profliling, EGFR protein, mutation, and gene expression. Individualized therapy will maximize the current modest benefit seen with standardized treatments. In small-cell lung cancer, the use of prophylactic cranial radiation has increased survival rates and quality of life in both limited and extensive stage disease. This review will address these recent advances in the treatment of lung cancer.
Airfoil Transonic Flow Buffet Calculations Using the OVERFLOW 2 Flow Solver

An investigation of modeling unsteady transonic buffeting flow for the NACA 0012 airfoil when using the NASA OVERFLOW 2 flow solver code is presented. For a fixed freestream Mach number and Reynolds number, buffeting flow is modeled for various angles-of-attack. The flow model is based on the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations, and three different turbulence models are considered as well as four different numerical flux functions and four different numerical limiter options. It is shown that the computed buffet response is very sensitive to details of the computational model.
Standing Up versus Looping Over: Controlling the Geometry of Self-Assembled Monolayers of α,ω-Diynes on Gold

It is shown that self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) composed of α,ω-diynes on gold have different structures depending on the concentration of molecules used to make the SAM. Evidence for both hairpinned and standing-up molecules is provided. This behavior is in contrast to SAMs of α,ω-dithiols on gold, which generally form SAMs with only the straight conformation. The looped SAMs composed of α,ω-diynes offer a less densely packed and thus somewhat accessible surface that may be useful when the underlying surface is used as an electrode. Furthermore, biasing the structure of the molecules in the SAM between looped and standing-up may be useful in the design of dynamic surfaces.
Present research situation of latent syphilis ( recessive syphilis)

The paper researched some recent literatures about latent syphilis(recessive syphilis),and reviewed the definition,discovery ways,causes,harms,detection and treatment,as well as nursing of latent syphilis.The research shows that the incidence rate of latent syphilis has increased significantly in recent years,and the latent syphilis cases accounted for almost 50% of total cases.The patients with latent syphilis appear healthy,but most of them are infectiousness.The pregnant woman who has latent syphilis can spread the disease through the placenta to the infant,and then cause the congenital syphilis.Therefore,it is important to carry out the screening of latent syphilis in preoperative examination and pre pregnancy examination,to prevent the further spread of syphilis,especially congenital syphilis.The penicillin is still the drug of first choice for latent syphilis,but the treatment must be complete,full dose,scientific and standardized,while the regular serological detection should be performed after treatment,in order to prevent recurrence and failed anti-syphilis therapy.
How to publish a scientific comment

You read a journal article that "proves" that your life's work is wrong. Fortunately, you realize that the paper is totally wrong, so you decide to write a comment – the option provided by scientific journals to correct such errors. The procedure for doing this is very simple. You prepare by reading previous comments in the journal, all three pages long. You e-mail the paper's authors, politely asking for key parameters they omitted. Receiving no response, you determine the parameters instead from the authors' graphs. You write and submit your comment.
Cultural Filters: The Significance of Perception in the History of the American West

rT he geographic region of the American West has done much to shape the culture and character of the United States. Conversely, the culture and character of the United States has reshaped much of the western landscape. Frederick Jackson Turner told us as much in 1893. He argued that the West molded American culture because it was a frontier, a meeting ground between savagery and civilization. Because frontier, for Turner, did not mean a specific place, the geographic realities of the Far West played no important role in his thinking. I argue instead that the West has shaping power because of its unique geography and not necessarily because it was or is a frontier. Its significance comes from the fact that in a certain part of the American continent, particularly the lands west of the 100th meridian, Americans came up against a series of landscapes that defied their notions about utility and beauty. The region's strange appearance combined with national expectations about its uses created a volatile mixture of geography and culture. Distinctive and unfamiliar landscapes presented explorers, travelers, and settlers with perceptual challenges. What was the West? What did it look like? How could it be first understood, then lived upon, made profitable, or consumed? Meeting this challenge with new methods of interpretation forced Americans to make sense of their surroundings and, at times, distort the landscape. These shifting perceptions reflected the ways in which American culture defined itself-and this is the significance of perception in the history of the American West. Other historians have made observations along these lines. Walter Prescott Webb devoted a career to the distinctive characteristics of the
Non-chondritic iron isotope ratios in planetary mantles as a result of core formation

Information about the materials and conditions involved in planetary formation and differentiation in the early Solar System is recorded in iron isotope ratios. Samples from Earth, the Moon, Mars and the asteroid Vesta reveal significant variations in iron isotope ratios, but the sources of these variations remain uncertain. Here we present experiments that demonstrate that under the conditions of planetary core formation expected for the Moon, Mars and Vesta, iron isotopes fractionate between metal and silicate due to the presence of nickel, and enrich the bodies’ mantles in isotopically light iron. However, the effect of nickel diminishes at higher temperatures: under conditions expected for Earth’s core formation, we infer little fractionation of iron isotopes. From our experimental results and existing conceptual models of magma ocean crystallization and mantle partial melting, we find that nickel-induced fractionation can explain iron isotope variability found in planetary samples without invoking nebular or accretionary processes. We suggest that near-chondritic iron isotope ratios of basalts from Mars and Vesta, as well as the most primitive lunar basalts, were achieved by melting of isotopically light mantles, whereas the heavy iron isotope ratios of terrestrial ocean floor basalts are the result of melting of near-chondritic Earth mantle. Planetary materials reveal variation in iron isotope composition across planetary bodies. Experiments suggest that this variation can be explained by varying degrees of fractionation during core formation, depending on temperature.
Development and validation of the Workplace Interruptions Measure.

In 3 studies, we developed and tested the first comprehensive, self-report measure of workplace interruptions. The Workplace Interruptions Measure (WIM) is based on a typology of interruptions that included intrusions, distractions, discrepancy detections, and breaks. The four-factor structure was reduced to a 12-item measure in Study 1 (N = 317) and confirmed in a diverse sample of employees in Study 2 (N = 160). Study 3 (N = 323) further examined the psychometric properties of the WIM in a sample of university faculty and staff. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that both effort-enhancing interruptions (intrusions, distractions, and discrepancy detections) and recovery-enhancing interruptions (breaks) were associated with stressors and strains. Distractions, discrepancy detections, and breaks uniquely predicted strain outcomes beyond other workplace stressors (i.e., quantitative workload, interpersonal conflict, and role conflict). We discuss implications of the WIM for the theory and practice of interruptions research.
Teleportation through the wormhole

$\mathrm{ER}=\mathrm{EPR}$ allows us to think of quantum teleportation as communication of quantum information through spacetime wormholes connecting entangled systems. The conditions for teleportation render the wormhole traversable so that a quantum system entering one end of the ERB will, after a suitable time, appear at the other end. Teleportation requires the transfer of classical information outside the horizon, but the classical bit-string carries no information about the teleported system; the teleported system passes through the ERB leaving no trace outside the horizon. In general the teleported system will retain a memory of what it encountered in the wormhole. This phenomenon could be observable in a laboratory equipped with quantum computers.