cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Modeling of a Rectangular Synthetic Jet

The flow field of a rectangular synthetic jet is studied in this paper. It is known that synthetic jets exhibit similarities to continuous turbulent jets in that the far field velocity profile of synthetic jets displays self-similar behavior as well. In this paper we systematically model the a rectangular synthetic jet by applying the argument that synthetic jets can be described by the same equations used to describe continuous laminar jets, with the replacement of the kinematic viscosity of laminar flow, with the virtual kinematic viscosity obtained from the experiments on a synthetic jet. The virtual kinematic viscosity is obtained through experimental measurements of the time average velocity profiles using hot wire anemometry. The virtual kinematic viscosity of the synthetic jet under study was found to exceed that of a turbulent jet of equivalent momentum. The inherent periodic excitation of the synthetic is attributed to the increased virtual kinematic viscosity, which results in the faster spreading and increased entrainment observed in experiments. It is observed that the variation in the centerline velocity and jet width with axial distance, for various actuator stroke lengths collapse onto single curves when scaled appropriately.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
ANTIHORMONE PRODUCTION TO CRUDE AND PURIFIED PREGNANT MARE SERUM PREPARATIONS

AKNOWLEDGE of the nature of the inhibitory substances produced in response to injections of various endocrine materials is necessary before the physiological significance of these so-called antihormones can be stated. Although many approaches to this problem have been employed, the question has not yet been definitely settled, and the reader is referred to the recent excellent reviews on the subject (i, 2). One method of attack, not sufficiently investigated, has been to determine the relative amounts of antihormone evoked by hormone preparations of different degrees of purity. Thus, for example, Rowlands and Young (3) have reported that administration to rabbits of a crude pyridine extract of ox anterior lobe resulted in the production of greater amounts of antithyrotropic substance than did a purified thyrotropic preparation. Such findings are interpreted as supporting the contention that the antihormones are antibody in nature.
A DETAILED PROCEDURE FOR SYNTHESIS OF 2,3-DIHYDROXYBENZALDEHYDE

(1981). A DETAILED PROCEDURE FOR SYNTHESIS OF 2,3-DIHYDROXYBENZALDEHYDE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 175-178.
Modeling metastasis in the mouse

Metastasis is a complex clinical and biological problem presently under intense study, and several model systems are in use to experimentally recapitulate and dissect the various steps of the metastatic process. Genetically engineered mouse models provide faithful renditions of events in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and local invasion that set the stage for metastasis, whereas engrafting of human or mouse tumor tissues into mouse hosts has been successfully exploited to investigate metastatic dissemination and colonization of distant organs. Real-time, high-resolution microscopy in live animals, and comprehensive genetic and molecular profiling are effective tools to interrogate diverse metastatic cancer cell phenotypes as well as the metastatic tumor microenvironment in different organs. By integrating the information obtained with these complementary approaches the field is currently obtaining an unprecedented level of understanding of the biology, molecular basis, and therapeutic vulnerabilities of metastasis.
A Theory for Nonprecipitating Convection between Two Parallel Plates. Part II: Nonlinear Theory and Cloud Field Organization

Abstract In Part I, an idealized model of nonprecipitating moist convection in a shallow conditionally unstable layer of viscous and diffusive air between two parallel plates was introduced, and the “linear” instability of an exactly saturated static state maintained by diffusion was investigated. If there are initially many clouds, the “linear” theory predicted that weaker clouds are suppressed by the subsidence warming and drying from the ever-growing stronger clouds, and the average cloud spacing becomes arbitrarily large as time goes on. Each growing cloud is surrounded by compensating subsidence, which decreases away from the cloud with a characteristic decay scale Rs, the subsidence radius, which can be understood from gravity wave arguments. In Part II, fields of finite amplitude clouds are considered. An asymptotic analysis is performed in which the moist Rayleigh number Nc2 exceeds by only a small amount μ the value Nc02 necessary for the onset of convection. This leads to a nonlinear set of “clo...
COMPARATIVE UPTAKE OF NAPHTHALENES FROM WATER AND OILED SEDIMENT BY BENTHIC AMPHIPODS1

ABSTRACT The benthic amphipod, Anonyx laticoxae, was exposed to whole oil on sediments or water extracts of Prudhoe Bay crude oil under both static and flowing conditions. Time periods of exposure ranged from 4 to 27 days and, while a range of compounds was present, the only class measured in water, tissues, and sediments was naphthalenes. Compared to levels in the surrounding environment (sediment or water) tissue magnification was least during sediment exposures (2–4 times), greatest in a flowing exposure system (∼1000 times), and intermediate during static water exposure (10–50 times). During a constant exposure to 22 ppb total naphthalenes (0.506 ppm total hydrocarbons) the amphipods reached a threshold of accumulation after about seven days, and the majority of contamination was from alkylnaphthalenes. Sediment exposures demonstrated relatively low bioavailability of naphthalenes and the route of entry appeared to be via interstitial and water column contamination. It appears that release of naphthal...
Network structure from relational data: Measurement and inference in four operational models

Abstract An empirically-based assessment of the operational procedures routinely used in network analysis reveals serious measurement deficiencies that render spurious images of network structure. Based on explicit, exhaustive measurement along three basic relational dimensions, an alternative approach is described that resolves these problems. The three dimensions (type of relation, the relation's existential status, and level of analysis) combine to create a general framework for classifying and assessing a range of relational operational procedures in terms of measurement capability and inference potential.
Yeast-expressed recombinant protein of the receptor-binding domain in SARS-CoV spike protein with deglycosylated forms as a SARS vaccine candidate

Development of vaccines for preventing a future pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and for biodefense preparedness is urgently needed. Our pr...
The influence of spatial separation on divided listening.

If spatial attention acts like a “spotlight,” focusing on one location and excluding others, it may be advantageous to have all targets of interest within the same spatial region. This hypothesis was explored using a task where listeners reported keywords from two simultaneous talkers. In Experiment 1, the two talkers were placed symmetrically about the frontal midline with various angular separations. While there was a small performance improvement for moderate separations, the improvement decreased for larger separations. However, the dependency of the relative talker intensities on spatial configuration accounted for these effects. Experiment 2 tested whether spatial separation improved the intelligibility of each source, an effect that could counteract any degradation in performance as sources fell outside the spatial spotlight of attention. In this experiment, intelligibility of individual sources was equalized across configurations by adding masking noise. Under these conditions, the cost of divided listening (the drop in performance when reporting both messages compared to reporting just one) was smaller when the spatial separation was small. These results suggest that spatial separation enhances the intelligibility of individual sources in a competing pair but increases the cost associated with having to process both sources simultaneously, consistent with the attentional spotlight hypothesis.
Nitromusk compounds in San Francisco Bay sediments

Abstract Synthetic nitromusk fragrances are used in a wide variety of consumer products and can enter aquatic environments through wastewater effluent. Although nitromusks are known to be hydrophobic, little attention has been paid to their behavior in sediments. A sediment extraction method using sonication was developed and used to analyze samples from San Francisco Bay. Both musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) were found at low levels, with mean concentrations of 0.034 and 0.038 ng g −1 , respectively. The highest concentrations were found in the southernmost region of the Bay. Samples were also analyzed from a nearby tidal channel fed by a wastewater treatment plant outfall. At this location both musk xylene and musk ketone were found at higher concentrations of 0.13–0.24 ng g −1 MX and 1.08–2.74 ng g −1 MK. A metabolite of musk xylene was also found at levels up to 4.08 ng g −1 , suggesting that these metabolites may play an important role in the fate of nitromusk compounds. Concentrations of all three compounds were highest at the earliest of four sampling dates, and a geographic survey of sediments along the tidal channel showed that concentrations decreased rapidly with distance from the outfall and were close to background before the channel reached the Bay.
Mesenteric angiography in the diagnosis of volvulus.

Abbreviation: NOMI nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia MESENTERIC angiography for the diagnosis of intestinal volvulus has been described only rarely in the radiology literature, with the last report by Kadir et al (1) 21 years ago. Clinical findings of intestinal volvulus may mimic either occlusive or nonocclusive forms of intestinal ischemia and, therefore, requests for mesenteric angiography are often made. Mesenteric angiography is rarely requested specifically for the evaluation of volvulus because the diagnosis is suspected and confirmed by other means. The purpose of this pictorial review is to emphasize the angiographic signs of volvulus and to review the clinical presentation that may be treated with use of angiography in current practice. The reliable angiographic appearance of this uncommon problem should be familiar to practicing interventionalists so volvulus can be differentiated from other causes of bowel ischemia.
In Vitro Aggregation Assays Using Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein

Alzheimer's disease is one of a large group of neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies that are manifested by the neuronal deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The density of NFT correlates well with cognitive impairment and other neurodegenerative symptoms, thus prompting the endeavor of developing tau aggregation-based therapeutics. Thus far, however, tau aggregation assays use recombinant or synthetic tau that is devoid of the pathology-related phosphorylation marks. Here we describe two assays using recombinant, hyperphosphorylated tau as the subject. These assays can be scaled up for high-throughput screens for compounds that can modulate the kinetics or stability of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates. Novel therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies can potentially be discovered using hyperphosphorylated tau isoforms.
Bringing Navajo Storytelling Practices into Schools: The Importance of Maintaining Cultural Integrity

This article examines storytelling practices among Navajos as one example of a non-Western approach to education. The article discusses two stories—one regarding the perspectives of Navajo storytellers concerning the importance of the context of storytelling practices and the other about the research process that led to these perspectives. Eight storytellers were interviewed about storytelling practices in the past and those they would like to see in the future. Implications of the importance of key storytelling practices for Navajo education as well as for changes in Western approaches to schooling are presented.
Characterization of the Structural Ensembles of Aβ Monomers using a Combined MD/NMR Approach

Amyloid s (As) peptides are a primary component of fibrils and oligomers implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. However, the intrinsic flexibility of these peptides has frustrated efforts to investigate the secondary and tertiary structure of As monomers, whose conformational landscapes directly contribute to the kinetics and thermodynamics of As aggregation. In this work, de novo replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations on the μs/replica timescale are used to characterize the structural ensembles of As42, As40, and M35-oxidized As42, three physiologically prevalent isoforms with substantially different aggregation properties. Further, comparisons of J coupling (3JHNHA and 3JN'HB) and residual dipolar coupling (RDC) data calculated from the REMD trajectories with their corresponding experimental values are used to validate these simulations and monitor equilibration. Our analysis indicates that all simulations converge on the 100 ns/replica timescale toward ensembles that yield good agreement with experimental J couplings and RDCs. Though all three As species adopt highly heterogeneous, weakly structured ensembles over the course of the simulations, we describe an As with substantially more s propensity than other computational studies that rely on less extensive sampling. Prevalent trends in secondary structure proclivities, representative conformations, and inter-residue interactions amongst these peptides are described here. These characterizations help illustrate the conformational landscapes of As monomers at atomic resolution and provide insight into the early stages of As aggregation pathways.
War's Desolating Scourge: The Union's Occupation of North Alabama. By Joseph W. Danielson. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2012. Pp. xiii, 218. $34.95.)

Donald Stoker recently argued in his iconoclastic survey of American Civil War strategy, The Grand Design [2012], that one of the Lincoln administration's most grievous errors was not capitalizing ...
Cloning of Higher Plant [omega]-3 Fatty Acid Desaturases

Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA transformants were screened for mutations affecting seed fatty acid composition. A mutant line was found with reduced levels of linolenic acid (18:3) due to a T-DNA insertion. Genomic DNA flanking the T-DNA insertion was used to obtain an Arabidopsis cDNA that encodes a polypeptide identified as a microsomal omega-3 fatty acid desaturase by its complementation of the mutation. Analysis of lipid content in transgenic tissues demonstrated that this enzyme is limiting for 18:3 production in Arabidopsis seeds and carrot hairy roots. This cDNA was used to isolate a related Arabidopsis cDNA, whose mRNA is accumulated to a much higher level in leaf tissue relative to root tissue. This related cDNA encodes a protein that is a homolog of the microsomal desaturase but has an N-terminal extension deduced to be a transit peptide, and its gene maps to a position consistent with that of the Arabidopsis fad D locus, which controls plastid omega-3 desaturation. These Arabidopsis cDNAs were used as hybridization probes to isolate cDNAs encoding homologous proteins from developing seeds of soybean and rapeseed. The high degree of sequence similarity between these sequences suggests that the omega-3 desaturases use a common enzyme mechanism.
Promoting Mental Health Recovery After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: What Can Be Done at What Cost

Context: Concerns about mental health recovery persist after the 2005 Gulf storms. We propose a recovery model and estimate costs and outcomes. Objective: To estimate the costs and outcomes of enhanced mental health response to large-scale disasters using the 2005 Gulf storms as a case study. Design:Decision analysis using state-transition Markov models for 6-month periods from 7 to 30 months after disasters. Simulated movements between health states were based on probabilities drawn from the clinical literature and expert input. Setting: A total of 117 counties/parishes across Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Texas that the Federal Emergency Management Agency designated as eligible forindividualrelieffollowinghurricanesKatrinaandRita. Participants:Hypotheticalcohort,basedonthesizeand characteristics of the population affected by the Gulf storms. Intervention: Enhanced mental health care consisting of evidence-based screening, assessment, treatment, and care coordination. Main Outcome Measures: Morbidity in 6-month episodes of mild/moderate or severe mental health problems through 30 months after the disasters; units of service (eg, office visits, prescriptions, hospital nights); intervention costs; and use of human resources. Results: Full implementation would cost $1133 per capita, or more than $12.5 billion for the affected population, and yield 94.8% to 96.1% recovered by 30 months, but exceed available provider capacity. Partial implementation would lower costs and recovery proportionately.
Generalized Reed-Muller codes

the possible choices for n and k are rather thinly distributed in the class of all pairs (n, k) with k ~ n--and it is, therefore, often inefficient to make use of such codes in concrete situations (that is, when a desired pair (n, k) is far from any achievable pair). We have succeeded in overcoming this difficulty by generalizing the Reed-Muller codes in such a way that they exist for every pair (n, k). I t should perhaps be emphasized that for given n and k our procedure enables us (with very little effort) to exhibit (n, k) codes explicitly in terms of a basis and to know their error-correcting capabilities. We shall illustrate this assertion in the course of the discussion by constructing a (26, 11) code which turns out to be 3-error-correcting. As a rule, the distance properties of our codes are not as good as those of the Bose-Chaudhuri codes (see Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri (1960), Gorenstein and Zierler (1961), Peterson (1961), and Weiss (1960)). This seems to be due to the fact that our codes depend on a simple kind of additive averaging and that multiplieative properties do not enter. The decoding procedure rests on the customary majoriW testing (Reed, 1953). We also discuss the canonical form, that is, where the code vectors consist of k information bits followed by n k parity check bits.
Effects of altitude upon cardiovascular diseases

Physicians should be aware of sea level cardiovascular problems that may be aggravated by exposure to high altitude. Increasing numbers of middle-aged and elderly individuals are visiting high altitude areas to ski, trek or attend conferences. Many Elder Hostel programs are held in mountain environments. A recent survey of 1909 adult visitors to Keystone, Colorado [altitude 9300 ft (2837 m)] revealed that 48% were 40–60 years of age and 15% were over 60. Sixty-six percent were males [1]. Approximately 10% of trekkers in Nepal were 50 years of age or older [2]. The prevalence of many cardiac conditions rises rapidly after age 50. For example, the mean age of entry of 2234 men into three large randomized studies of surgery in coronary artery disease was 50–51 years [3]. This presentation will review altitude-induced changes that affect the circulatory system and examine three cardiovascular conditions that are adversely affected by altitude. These are coronary artery disease, systemic hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension. High altitude, for the purpose of this presentation, is defined as elevation above 8000 ft (2440 m), since altitude illness and altitude aggravation of sea level conditions are rare below this altitude.
Exhaled breath condensate: An evolving tool for noninvasive evaluation of lung disease

Abstract Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) contains aerosolized airway lining fluid and volatile compounds that provide noninvasive indications of ongoing biochemical and inflammatory activities in the lung. Rapid increase in interest in EBC has resulted from the recognition that in lung disease this easily sampled fluid has measurable characteristics that differ prominently from health. These assays have provided evidence of airway and lung redox deviation, acid-base status, and degree and type of inflammation in acute and chronic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, occupational diseases, and cystic fibrosis. Characterized by uncertain and variable degrees of dilution, EBC does not provide precise assessment of individual solute concentrations within native airway lining fluid. However, it can provide useful information when concentrations differ substantially between health and disease or are based on ratios of solutes found in the sample. Because they can be used to measure the targets of modern therapy, EBC assays are likely to become integral components of future clinical studies, and after further technical work is accomplished, they might be used to diagnose and monitor therapy in individual patients. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:28-34.)
Beyond Formal Contracts: The Post Merger Integration Experience of Acquired Executives

Despite the enormous investment made annually in mergers and acquisitions the failure rate is at least 50%. Acquired executives responsible for leading the changes required for successful post merg...
German Romantic Literary Theory

Preface List of abbreviations Chronology of early Romanticism Introduction 1. Formation and main representatives of early Romanticism in Germany 2. Poetry in the early Romantic theory of the Schlegel brothers 3. The theory of Romantic poetry 4. Novalis and the mystical dimension of early Romantic theory 5. Wackenroder's and Tieck's conceptions of painting and music 6. Theory of language, hermeneutics, and encyclopaedistics 7. Conclusion: early German Romanticism and literary modernity Notes Bibliography Index of works cited Index of subjects and names.
CEDAR lidar observations of sporadic Na layers at Urbana, Illinois

In March and April of 1988 five short-lived sporadic Na layers were observed in the late evening above Urbana, IL (40°N, 88°W) with the new CEDAR lidar instrument. The layers were very narrow (∼140 m FWHM) and very dense with maximum densities exceeding 24,000 cm−3. The layers formed in the late evening between 2100 LST and midnight at altitudes between 82 and 89 km. The average duration of the layers was 100 s. Some of the layers moved rapidly, both upward and downward, with velocities as high as 9 ms−1. Compared to similar phenomena observed at Andoya, Norway [von Zahn et al., 1987] and Mauna Kea, Hawaii [Kwon et al., 1988], the sporadic layers above Urbana appear to occur much less frequently at generally lower altitudes, contain less Na and are of much shorter duration. The five sporadic Na layers described in this letter may have resulted from the advection of meteor trails across the lidar field-of-view.
Effects of personality and loss of anonymity on aggression: A reevaluation of deindividuation.

Zimbardo's deindividuation hypothesis was reexamined by individuating some subjects. Twelve four-person groups administered shock to a confederate in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two levels of social individuation (subjects' level of anonymity to group members), two levels of nonsocial individuation (subjects' opportunity to give identifying information to the experimenter on a word association test), and two levels of individual differences. It was found that subjects who individuated themselves by giving information to the experimenter on the word association test showed more, not less, antisocial behavior. Furthermore, this increased antisocial behavior was exhibited only by externally oriented subjects: those with an external locus of control and a low mysticism score. Some of those more antisocial subjects were also more likely to report feeling like they stood out from the group. It was concluded that antisocial behavior in this paradigm may thus be a response to experimenter demand felt most strongly when subjects felt most identifiable.
Latency Analysis for Thrown Box Based Message Dissemination

In delay tolerant network, message delivery can be inspired by biological communication models in realizing encountering and delivering. One way of communications can be through "thrown box" where the messages can be left and collected by different nodes in mimicking pheromone-based communications. In thrown box based model, the box is viewed as message relay and the delivery rate is enhanced by spreading a message at as many boxes as possible. Both the life time of message left at the boxes and message leaving preference will have a significant influence on the latency and delivery ratio in message dissemination. In this paper, we model the latency problem as discrete time Markov Chain and further derive the time distribution of first contact between the message and collector. By varying the parameters of message leaving probability and initial environment condition, the latency related results are studied.
Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with intranasal amphotericin B: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Abstract Rationale We tested the hypothesis that intranasal antifungal treatment improves the objective CT findings (inflammatory mucosal thickening), nasal endoscopy stages and symptoms of CRS. Methods A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, single center trial used Amphotericin B to treat 30 randomly selected CRS patients. Patients were instructed to instill 20ml Amphotericin B (250μg/ml) or placebo to the nasal cavity twice daily. The primary outcome was a quantitative reduction in inflammatory mucosal thickening on computed tomography (CT) scans of a standardized coronal cut after 6 months of treatment. Secondary outcome measures were endoscopic scores, patient symptom scores and levels of intranasal inflammatory mediators. Results A total of 24 patients completed the 6 months of treatment. Patients receiving Amphotericin B (n=10) achieved a relative reduction in the percentage of mucosal thickening on CT scans (-8.8%) when compared to placebo (n=14, +2.5%, p=0.030). Likewise, the changes in the endoscopic scores improved in the amphotericin B group compared to placebo (p=0.041). Between group comparisons of the changes in the intranasal mucus levels of interleukin-5 and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin showed reductions in the Amphotericin B group and increases in the placebo group (p=0.032 and p=0.039, respectively). Conclusions Intranasal Amphotericin B reduced inflammatory mucosal thickening on CT-scan and nasal endoscopy and decreased the levels of intranasal cytokines and markers for eosinophilic inflammation in patients with CRS.
Competitive Fitness of Oseltamivir-Sensitive and -Resistant Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Viruses in a Ferret Model

The fitness of oseltamivir-resistant highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses has important clinical implications. We generated recombinant human A/Vietnam/1203/04 (VN; clade 1) and A/Turkey/15/06 (TK; clade 2.2) influenza viruses containing the H274Y neuraminidase (NA) mutation, which confers resistance to NA inhibitors, and compared the fitness levels of the wild-type (WT) and resistant virus pairs in ferrets. The VN-H274Y and VN-WT viruses replicated to similar titers in the upper respiratory tract (URT) and caused comparable disease signs, and none of the animals survived. On days 1 to 3 postinoculation, disease signs caused by oseltamivir-resistant TK-H274Y virus were milder than those caused by TK-WT virus, and all animals survived. We then studied fitness by using a novel approach. We coinoculated ferrets with different ratios of oseltamivir-resistant and -sensitive H5N1 viruses and measured the proportion of clones in day-6 nasal washes that contained the H274Y NA mutation. Although the proportion of VN-H274Y clones increased consistently, that of TK-H274Y virus decreased. Mutations within NA catalytic (R292K) and framework (E119A/K, I222L, H274L, and N294S) sites or near the NA enzyme active site (V116I, I117T/V, Q136H, K150N, and A250T) emerged spontaneously (without drug pressure) in both pairs of viruses. The NA substitutions I254V and E276A could exert a compensatory effect on the fitness of VN-H274Y and TK-H274Y viruses. NA enzymatic function was reduced in both drug-resistant H5N1 viruses. These results show that the H274Y NA mutation affects the fitness of two H5N1 influenza viruses differently. Our novel method of assessing viral fitness accounts for both virus-host interactions and virus-virus interactions within the host.
Effects of focal spot size on caries diagnosis with D and E speed images.

Annual measurement of the x-ray unit focal spot size has been recommended by the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology as part of the dental radiographic quality control program. This study compares the effects of focal spot size on caries diagnosis. Three x-ray units with small, medium, and large focal spot sizes were used to produce bite-wing images on extracted teeth mounted in acrylic bases. Randomized films were scored for lesion presence and depth by two general dentists. Weighted kappa statistics were used to evaluate the agreement of reviewer caries diagnosis by film speed and focal spot size. Comparisons of caries calls with small versus medium and small versus large focal spot sizes produced weighted kappa statistics=0.72 and 0.70, respectively. Differences in caries calls were greater because of film speed rather than focal spot size. The results of this study suggest that the clinical significance of varied focal spot size is negligible. The value of annual measurement of focal spot size is questionable, and its recommendation should be revisited.
Effect of local community phylogenetic structure on pollen limitation in an obligately insect-pollinated plant.

 Premise of the study : Pollination is a key aspect of ecosystem function in the majority of land plant communities. It is well established that many animal-pollinated plants suffer lower seed set than they are capable of, likely because of competition for pollinators. Previously, competition for pollinator services has been shown to be most intense in communities with the greatest plant diversity. In spite of the fact that community evolutionary relations have a demonstrated impact on many ecological processes, their role in competition for pollinator services has rarely been examined.  Methods : In this study, we explore relations among several aspects of the surrounding plant community, including species richness, phylodiversity, evolutionary distance from a focal species, and pollen limitation in an annual insect-pollinated plant.  Key results : We did not fi nd a signifi cant effect of species richness on competition for pollination. However, consistent with a greater role for facilitation than competition, we found that a focal species occurring in communities composed of species of close relatives, especially other members of the Asteraceae, was less pollen limited than when it occurred in communities composed of more distant relatives.  Conclusions : Our results demonstrate that community phylodiversity is an important correlate of pollen limitation in this system and that it has greater explanatory power than species richness alone.
Functional ryanodine receptors in the membranes of neurohypophysial secretory granules

Highly localized Ca2+ release events have been characterized in several neuronal preparations. In mouse neurohypophysial terminals (NHTs), such events, called Ca2+ syntillas, appear to emanate from a ryanodine-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ pool. Traditional sources of intracellular Ca2+ appear to be lacking in NHTs. Thus, we have tested the hypothesis that large dense core vesicles (LDCVs), which contain a substantial amount of calcium, represent the source of these syntillas. Here, using fluorescence immunolabeling and immunogold-labeled electron micrographs of NHTs, we show that type 2 ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are localized specifically to LDCVs. Furthermore, a large conductance nonspecific cation channel, which was identified previously in the vesicle membrane and has biophysical properties similar to that of an RyR, is pharmacologically affected in a manner characteristic of an RyR: it is activated in the presence of the RyR agonist ryanodine (at low concentrations) and blocked by the RyR antagonist ruthenium red. Additionally, neuropeptide release experiments show that these same RyR agonists and antagonists modulate Ca2+-elicited neuropeptide release from permeabilized NHTs. Furthermore, amperometric recording of spontaneous release events from artificial transmitter-loaded terminals corroborated these ryanodine effects. Collectively, our findings suggest that RyR-dependent syntillas could represent mobilization of Ca2+ from vesicular stores. Such localized vesicular Ca2+ release events at the precise location of exocytosis could provide a Ca2+ amplification mechanism capable of modulating neuropeptide release physiologically.
The cask age: the technology and history of wooden barrels

This paper explores the use of wooden casks (barrels). It shows the principles of their construction, organization of the cooper industry over time and examples of how barrels facilitated trade and logistical activities throughout the 2000 years in which they were a predominant shipping container form. The paper finds that, although the shape and construction are very different from today's shipping containers, the same design considerations apply. Package shape and weight were designed to promote material handling productivity. The geometry facilitated transport by maximizing cube utilization and tight stowage in ships and wagons. The materials and technology were readily available at low cost. The construction provided protection from handling and transit forces. Trade associations cooperated to set standards for quality control, developed educational programs and worked with governments to regulate standards. Printing identified product and stock keeping units (product and brand). The shelf-life of food products was extended. The closure permitted easy filling and closing, stayed closed during transit, and facilitated opening and emptying. Containers were widely reused or recycled. The reasons for the end of the barrel era relate to changes in technology, logistics, markets and overall economic activity. The industrial revolution created an increase in demand and stimulated mechanization, resulting in lower quality barrels as well as the development of other substitutes. The trend to paper-based substitutes was enabled by the invention of the papermaking machine and the process for pulping wood in the 1800s. Rail transport changed the geometry of transport vehicles and enabled mechanical handling practices that favoured the box shape. These innovations enabled a shift in marketing and retailing, ushering in the consumer packaging revolution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parathyroid Carcinoma in Parabiont Rats

A nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma with metastases developed in an irradiated rat of a parabiont pair. The differentiation of this tumor from one of thyroid origin is discussed.
An Approach for the Representation of Surface Heterogeneity in Land Surface Models. Part I: Theoretical Framework

Abstract In this paper, a theoretical framework is described for the representation of surface heterogeneity within complex biophysical surface schemes for use in climate models. The methodology adopts aspects of the mosaic approach and the statistical–dynamical approach. A grid cell is subdivided into fractional areas covered by basic surface types, that is, vegetated, bare soil, snow-covered, and impermeable surfaces, which separately exchange momentum, energy, and water vapor with the overlying atmosphere. Fractional precipitation areas within a grid box, and fractional rainfall and snowfall areas within the precipitation area, can also be specified. Within each surface type, heterogeneity is described by assuming that surface temperatures and soil water content follow continuous analytical probability density functions (PDFs) and by integrating relevant nonlinear terms over the appropriate PDF. Linear and symmetric PDFs are chosen since they allow ready analytical partial and full integration. This he...
Correlation structure of end-expiratory lung volume in anesthetized rats with intact upper airway

The correlation structure of breath-to-breath fluctuations of end-expiratory lung volume (EEV) was studied in anesthetized rats with intact airways subjected to positive and negative transrespiratory pressure (i.e., PTRP and NTRP, correspondingly). The Hurst exponent, H, was estimated from EEV fluctuations using modified dispersional analysis. We found that H for EEV was 0.5362 ± 0.0763 and 0.6403 ± 0.0561 with PTRP and NTRP, respectively (mean ± SD). Both H were significantly different from those obtained after random shuffling of the original time series. Also, H with NTRP was significantly greater than that with PTRP (P = 0.029). We conclude that in rats breathing through the upper airway, a positive long-term correlation is present in EEV that is different between PTRP and NTRP.
Housing & the Mortgage Interest Deduction

The deduction for qualified residence interest (QRI) is the second largest individual tax expenditure, after the exclusion for employer provided health insurance. While homeownership has long been viewed as a social good, the QRI deduction has faced criticism. Commentators have argued that it is not consistent with the structure of the income tax system; it is economically inefficient, skewing investment towards private residences; it is inequitable, discriminating against low income people (a group that may disproportionately include people of color), and certain religious minorities; and it is environmentally unsound, encouraging sprawl, excessive energy use, and inefficient transportation choices. In late 2008, the entire world reeled from a global economic crisis, which started with a housing bubble inflated by excessive debt facilitated by subprime mortgages and spread around the economy by mortgage backed securities. Assuming that homeownership provides useful societal benefits, this chapter will explore how the tax system could create incentives for homeownership while avoiding the problems of the QRI deduction. The chapter will examine options including adding a homeownership benefit to the standard deduction, creating a refundable housing credit, providing a deduction for contributions to a housing savings account, and including a shelter credit available for renters and homeowners alike. The chapter will also address whether the housing benefit should be linked to debt financing. The ideal benefit would be equitably distributed, would not unduly influence housing prices, would not encourage excessive debt, and would respect environmental as well as social goals.
Vortex motion of dust particles due to non-conservative ion drag force in a plasma

Vortex motion of the dust in a dusty plasma is shown to result because non-parallelism of the ion density gradient and the gradient of the magnitude of the ion ambipolar velocity cause the ion drag force on dust grains to be non-conservative. Dust grain poloidal vortices consistent with the model predictions are experimentally observed, and the vortices change character with imposed changes in the ion temperature profile as predicted. For a certain ion temperature profile, two adjacent co-rotating poloidal vortices have a well-defined X-point analogous to the X-point in magnetic reconnection.
Monitoring cerebral hemodynamics using near-infrared spectroscopy during electro-convulsive therapy

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is an effective technique for monitoring cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation. We report a study of the cerebral hemoglobin concentration changes during electro- convulsive therapy (ECT) in human subjects.
Supervisor Moral Talk Contagion and Trust-in-Supervisor Mitigating the Workplace Moral Mum Effect

This message-production experiment demonstrates that supervisors can mitigate the workplace moral mum effect and encourage upward ethical dissent by talking about ethics with subordinates (i.e., moral talk contagion). Working adults (N = 324) were randomly assigned to respond to an unethical request by their supervisor in one of five scenarios that varied by supervisor talk type and trust-in-supervisor or a baseline-control condition. Content and contingency table analyses revealed participants were twice as likely to invoke explicitly moralized upward dissent to an unethical business request from a supervisor when the supervisor was known for describing work situations in ethical terms. In addition, the V-shaped relationship between trust-in-supervisor and upward ethical dissent indicated that participants in the high- and low-trust conditions were twice as likely to engage in upward ethical dissent as those in the baseline-control condition. Implications for theory and practice conclude the essay.
Monitoring and Analysis on Effect of Centralized Disinfection in Public Catering Industry of Xiamen

Objective To know the efficacy of centralized disinfection in public catering industry of Xiamen,and to discuss and popularize the centralized disinfection model. Methods Totally 1,015 eating and drinking utensils were randomly selected from catering centralized disinfection industry in Xiamen for detection of colibacillus,and the results were statistically analyzed. Results The qualified rate of disinfection of eating and drinking utensils was 89.5%,and the qualified rates of different types of eating and drinking utensils were different. Conclusions The efficacy of centralized disinfection in catering industry of Xiamen is good.It is an effective method to improve the disinfection effect for those middle-small caterings by popularizing the centralized disinfection model.Meanwhile,enhancing the supervision and guidance for catering centralized disinfection industry should be taken.
On degeneracy of optimization-based state estimation problems

Positioning and mapping can be conducted accurately by state-of-the-art state estimation methods. However, reliability of these methods is largely based on avoiding degeneracy that can arise from cases such as scarcity of texture features for vision sensors and lack of geometrical structures for range sensors. Since the problems are inevitably solved in uncontrived environments where sensors cannot function with their highest quality, it is important for the estimation methods to be robust to degeneracy. This paper proposes an online method to mitigate for degeneracy in optimization-based problems, through analysis of geometric structure of the problem constraints. The method determines and separates degenerate directions in the state space, and only partially solves the problem in well-conditioned directions. We demonstrate utility of this method with data from a camera and lidar sensor pack to estimate 6-DOF ego-motion. Experimental results show that the system is able to improve estimation in environmentally degenerate cases, resulting in enhanced robustness for online positioning and mapping.
Women Express a Preference for Feminized Male Faces after Giving Birth

Human female preferences for male traits may be indicative of sexual selection pressures. Previous data suggest women’s preferences for masculine features appear to be highest around peak times of fertility. Preferences for sexually dimorphic features at different times of risk of conception suggest women may be shifting mate preferences or mating strategies. Two datasets presented here show women’s preferences for digitally masculinized or feminized faces after recently giving birth and caring for a young baby. Findings from an online sample (n = 211) and the Philippines (n = 155) indicate women during the first year after giving birth expressed a preference for feminized male faces. Moreover, in the same Philippines study, nulliparous women (n = 105) similarly displayed a preference for feminized male faces. These findings suggest women caring for a young infant may be utilizing contextual mating strategies in a time of low-risk of conception, while a preference for feminine male faces may also be suggestive of the wider variation in face dimorphism preferences cross-culturally.
Isozyme Specific Allosteric Regulation of Human Sulfotransferase 1A1.

The human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) comprise a 13-member enzyme family that regulates the activities of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of signaling small molecules via regiospecific transfer of the sulfuryl moiety (-SO3) from PAPS (3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate) to the hydroxyls and amines of acceptors. Signaling molecules regulated by sulfonation include numerous steroid and thyroid hormones, epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. SULT1A1, a major phase II metabolism SULT isoform, is found at a high concentration in liver and has recently been show to harbor two allosteric binding sites, each of which binds a separate and complex class of compounds: the catechins (naturally occurring polyphenols) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Among catechins, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) displays high affinity and specificity for SULT1A1. The allosteric network associated with either site has yet to be defined. Here, using equilibrium binding and pre-steady state studies, the network is show...
Post-Zionist Emigration

As the emigration movement matured, both domestically and internationally, the Soviet leadership faced an expanding campaign. The attempt in the 1968–73 period to bifurcate policy toward growing Jewish ethnic identity by permitting the most pro-Zionist and religious Jews to emigrate while simultaneously discouraging emigration among the remaining (majority) segments of Soviet Jewry was unsuccessful. Permitting Zionists and religious Jews to leave not only failed to weaken pressure for emigration, but among mainstream Soviet Jewry, it actually stimulated further demand. Once it became clear that emigration presented a viable alternative for Soviet Jews, growing numbers chose to take advantage of it. By 1974 a new phase in emigration, which was to last until the end of the decade, had begun.
A machine learning approach to quality control oceanographic data

Abstract Sensor errors are inevitable when measuring the ocean; thus, a reliable dataset of observations requires a quality control (QC) procedure capable of detecting spurious measurements. While manual QC by human experts minimizes errors, it is inefficient to handle large datasets and vulnerable to inconsistencies between different experts. Although automatic QC addresses some of these issues, the traditional methods result in high rates of false positives. Here, I propose a machine learning approach to automatically QC oceanographic data based on the Anomaly Detection technique. Multiple tests are combined into a single multidimensional criterion that learns the behavior of the valid measurements and identifies bad samples as outliers. When applied to 13 years of hydrographic profiles, the Anomaly Detection resulted in the best classification performance, reducing the error by at least 50%. The Anomaly Detection approach introduced here was implemented in the Python package CoTeDe, an open-source framework to quality control oceanographic data.