cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presynaptic protein kinase C controls maturation and branch dynamics of developing retinotectal arbors: Possible role in activity‐driven sharpening

Visual activity refines developing retinotectal maps and shapes individual retinal arbors via an NMDA receptor-dependent mechanism. As retinal axons grow into tectum, they slow markedly and emit many transient side branches behind the tip, assuming a "bottlebrush" morphology. Some branches are stabilized and branch further, giving rise to a compact arbor. The dynamic rate of branch addition and deletion is increased twofold when MK801 is used to block NMDA receptors, as if this prevents release of a stabilizing signal such as arachidonic acid (AA) from the postsynaptic neuron. In optic tract, AA mediates NCAM and L1 stimulation of axon growth by activating presynaptic protein kinase C (PKC) to phosphorylate GAP-43 and stabilize F-actin, and, if present in tectum, this growth control pathway could be modulated by postsynaptic activation. To test for the effects on arbor morphology of blocking PKC or AA release, we examined DiO-labeled retinal axons of larval zebrafish with time-lapse videomicroscopy. Bath application of the selective PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide from 2 or 3 days onward doubled the rate at which side branches were added and deleted, as seen with MK801, and also prevented maturation of the arbor so that it retained a "bottlebrush" morphology. In order to selectively block the PKC being transported to retinal terminals, we injected the irreversible inhibitor calphostin C into the eye from which the ganglion cells were labeled, and this produced both effects seen with bath application. In contrast, there were no effects of control injections, which included Ringers into the same eye and the same dose into the opposite eye (actually much closer to the tectum of interest), to rule out the possibility that the inhibitor leaked from the eye to act on tectal cells. For comparison, we examined arbors treated with the NMDA blocker MK801 at half-hour time-lapse intervals, and detected the twofold rise in rates of branch addition and deletion previously reported in Xenopus larvae, but not the structural effect seen with the PKC inhibitors. In addition, we could produce both effects seen with PKC inhibitors by using RHC80267 to block AA release from DAG lipase, indicating that AA is the main drive for PKC activation. Thus, the results show a distinct role of AA and presynaptic PKC in both maturation of arbor structure and in the dynamic control of branching. The effects on branch dynamics were present regardless of the level of maturity of arbor structure. The fact that they mimicked those of MK801 suggests that presynaptic PKC may be involved in the NMDA receptor-driven stabilization of developing retinal arbors.
General medical burden in bipolar disorder: Findings from the LiTMUS comparative effectiveness trial

Objective This study examined general medical illnesses and their association with clinical features of bipolar disorder.
Some aspects of adaptive grid computations

The development of two- and three-dimensional schemes for adaptive grid refinement and redistribution is considered. A basic family of data structures is described for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional refinement procedure; this appears to be close to optimal in terms of complexity, computation and storage overhead. The refinement scheme has been implemented for bilinear and biquadratic elements and applied to test problems in steady state semiconductor equations and in fluid mechanics. The grid redistribution process involves the use of optimization techniques for grid control via an error objective function. Grid smoothness and orthogonality properties are included and penalties used to enforce Jacobian constraints. Representative grid optimization calculations are given for a test problem.
Etched Impressions: Student Writing as Engaged Pedagogy in the Graduate Sport Management Classroom

This article illustrates the pedagogical value of employing student narrative writing assignments in the graduate sport management classroom and advocates for cultural studies and critical pedagogy approaches to teaching sport management. The article considers students' autobiographical narratives within a theoretical framework of cultural studies, critical pedagogy, and critical sport studies in order to demonstrate how autobiographical writing exercises can provide students with an additional forum through which to express their individual voices and to link their personal experiences to course content as they prepare to enter a 21st century sport industry characterized by increasing diversity and globalization
Radio Stars AR Lacertae and Cygnus X-2

We report observations of radio emission from two stars: AR Lacertae, an Algol-type eclipsing and spectroscopic binary with a period of 1.98 d; and the peculiar blue star suggested1 as the optical counterpart of the X-ray source Cygnus X-2. AR Lac is one of about thirty close binaries with known period anomalies2 that were searched for radio emission between February 19 and 28, 1973, with the NRAO interferometer operating at 2,695 and 8,085 MHz; and Cyg X-2 was one of about fifteen X-ray sources being examined for radio emission between March 9 and 15, 1973.
An Intriguing Co-Existence: Atrial Myxoma and Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: Case Report and Review of Literature

It is commonly postulated that neurologic complications of atrial myxomas are due to either direct tumor embolization or mycotic aneurysm of cerebral vasculature or rupture of mycotic aneurysms of cerebral arteries. However, the authors report the case of 63-year-old woman with a large left atrial myxoma whose progressive left-sided weakness was due to a different neurologic mechanism, namely, multiple bleeding cavernous malformations, which were visualized by magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Cerebral cavernous malformations coexist with mesenchymal anomalies of other organs, including the liver, kidneys, and retinas. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is only the second reported case of coexistent cerebral cavernous malformations and atrial myxoma.
The synthesis and characterization of a super-activated carbon containing substitutional boron (BCx) and its applications in hydrogen storage

Abstract A new family of porous boron-substituted carbon (BC x ) materials with controlled structure is investigated. The chemistry involves a B-precursor polymer, i.e., poly(borachlorophenyldiacetylene), containing inorganic additives (templates). At pyrolysis 85%). Above 600 °C, the amorphous carbon-like BC x materials containing up to 12% B have been prepared, which show an extended fused hexagonal ring structure with B-puckered curvature. This out of planar B moiety maintains its electron deficiency, due to limited π-electron delocalization, and exhibits super-activated properties to enhance H 2 binding energy (20–10 kJ/mol) and adsorption capacity. After removing the inorganic additives by water-washing, the resulting porous BC x shows a surface area 500–800 m 2 /g. Evidently, the pore size distribution is directly related to melting temperature and distribution of the inorganic salts. As the temperature increases to >1400 °C, the distorted ring structure gradually flatten out to form a multi-layer (crystalline) BC x structure. The resulting planar graphitic layer only can accommodate a reduced B content (
Application of electronic medical record data for health outcomes research: a review of recent literature

Electronic medical records (EMRs) have become a common source of data for outcomes research. This review discusses trends in EMR data use for outcomes research as well as strengths and limitations, and likely future developments to help optimize value and use of EMR data for outcomes research. EMR-based studies reporting treatment outcomes published between 2007 and 2012 were predominantly from the USA and Europe. There has been a substantial increase in the number of EMR-based outcomes studies published from 2007-2008 (n = 28) to 2010-2011 (n = 55). Many studies evaluated biometric and laboratory test outcomes in common chronic conditions. However, researchers are expanding the scope of evaluated diseases and outcomes using advanced techniques, such as natural language processing and linking EMRs to other patient-level data to overcome issues with missing data or data that cannot be accessed using standard queries. These advances will help to expand the scope and sophistication of outcomes research in the coming years.
An analysis of modulated molecular beam mass spectrometry applied to coupled diffusion and chemical reaction

Abstract An analysis of modulated molecular beam mass spectrometry applied to linear systems, developed previously [H.-C. Chang and W.H. Weinberg, J. Chem. Phys. 66 (1977)], has been extended to include the important case of coupled mass transfer and chemical reaction. Three different cases have been considered explicitly, namely, (1) bulk diffusion and surface reaction, (2) bulk diffusion and bulk reaction, and (3) surface diffusion with reaction in a surface boundary zone. The possibility of the occurrence of stable chemical oscillations has been demonstrated for the case of bulk diffusion and surface reaction.
Retrobulbar and peribulbar regional techniques in cats: a preliminary study in cadavers

Abstract Objective To compare injectate distribution and potential complications of retrobulbar and peribulbar injections in cat cadavers. Study design Prospective randomized masked study. Animals Ten cat cadavers (20 eyes). Methods A dorsomedial retrobulbar injection (RB) of 1 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine and iopamidol (1:1) was performed in seven eyes. A dorsomedial peribulbar injection (PB‐1) of 4 mL of the same injectate was performed in seven eyes, and two peribulbar injections (PB‐2) of the same injectate, divided equally between the dorsomedial and ventrolateral regions (2 mL each) were performed in six eyes. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before, immediately and 15 minutes after injection. Cadavers underwent computed tomography before and following injections. A radiologist scored injectate distribution within the intraconal space (none, moderate, or large) and around the optic nerve (degrees). An injection was defined as likely to provide adequate regional anesthesia if the volume of distribution of intraconal injectate was ‘large’ and it contacted over 270° of the optic nerve circumference. Results The success rate (95% confidence interval) of RB, PB‐1, and PB‐2 injections was 71% (29.0–96.3%), 86% (42.1–99.6%), and 67% (22.3–95.7%), respectively. With all three techniques, IOP increased significantly after injection, but returned to baseline by 15 minutes following RB injection. No intraocular, intravascular, intrathecal, or intraneural injectate was observed. Conclusion and clinical relevance The single‐peribulbar injection technique may be superior to retrobulbar or double‐peribulbar injections, however, all techniques require further studies in live cats to determine safety and efficacy prior to clinical use.
Hinge for a unilateral maxillary arch prosthesis

This article describes a technique for the fabrication of a hinge that may be incorporated into a maxillary removable partial denture with a unilateral distal-extension denture base. The hinge breaks the stress that would be transmitted to the dentulous arch segment through the retentive portion. Figs. 7 and 8 show a typical arch situation where the Palatar hinge may be incorporated.
Open reconstruction of pediatric and adolescent urethral strictures: long-term followup.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Pediatric urethral stricture disease represents a significant surgical challenge. Published operative series of pediatric urethral reconstruction include small numbers or lack long-term followup. We examined the long-term outcome of open reconstructive techniques for pediatric urethral strictures.Materials and Methods: From March 1987 through August 2002, 17 boys 7 to 17 years old underwent open urethral reconstruction with followup. Trauma was the etiology in 88% of cases. Nine patients had anterior urethral stricture and 8 had traumatic posterior urethral disruption. Strictures secondary to failed hypospadias correction were not included in analysis. In 10 patients (59%) previous management with open or endoscopic procedures had failed. Followup in all patients consisted of symptomatic evaluation, voiding cystourethrography and flexible urethroscopy.Results: One-stage perineal urethral reconstruction was performed in all patients without retropubic or transpubic dissection. All patients...
Classification of Paraparticles

Hartle and Taylor have shown that the cluster law imposes certain restrictions on the allowed symmetries of first-quantized systems of identical particles. We extend their results to show that all particles which are neither bosons nor fermions and which obey the cluster law can be divided into two classes, those of finite order, and those of infinite order. For every positive integer $p$ there are two types of finite-order particle, which we call parabosons and parafermions of order $p$. Ordinary bosons and fermions can be fitted into this scheme as particles of order 1. We conjecture that the finite-order particles can be identified with the parafermions and parabosons of the second-quantized, parafield theory. Infinite-order particles would seem to have no analog in the second-quantized theory, as presently formulated.
Simplified descriptions of the exceptional bounded symmetric domains

In this paper, we obtain new descriptions of the two exceptional bounded symmetric domains. The descriptions are easy to use because they are phrased in terms of numerical inequalities rather than positive definiteness of operators on ℂ16 or ℂ27. Actually, we obtain simplified descriptions in complex euclidean space forall the natural group orbits in the two compact exceptional hermitian symmetric spaces, not just the two open orbits corresponding to the bounded symmetric domains. The methods used here also lead directly to descriptions of the holomorphic arc components of the orbits, eliminating the need for the special indirect approach used in [2] to handle certain of the holomorphic arc components.
Vitamin D status in neonates undergoing cardiac operations: relationship to cardiopulmonary bypass and association with outcomes.

Objectives To determine the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in neonates with congenital heart disease and whether differences exist by race. In addition, we determined the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on vitamin D levels and explored associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and postoperative outcomes. Study design We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective randomized controlled trial in 70 neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. The neonates' 25(OH)D levels were measured in the operating room before skin incision (baseline), at the cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass, and at 24 hours postoperatively. Associations between these levels and clinical outcomes were explored. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a 25(OH)D level Results Vitamin D deficiency was present in 84% (59/70); concentrations in African Americans (n = 20) were significantly lower than those of Caucasian/other race/ethnicity (n = 50) (10.2 ± 4.2 vs 16.0 ± 5.6 ng/mL, P r = −0.316, P = .008). Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in neonates with congenital cardiac defects, and lower postoperative 25(OH)D levels are associated with the need for increased inotropic support in neonates undergoing cardiac operations. These findings support that vitamin D deficiency may play a role in myocardial injury and postoperative recovery and warrants further investigation.
The Trojan Player Typology

New scale developed for motivations to play video games.Validated using a North American MOBA and a Chinese MMO.Validated using both survey and server-side behavioral measures. While many video game researchers have built scales to tackle the motivations that people have for playing video games, these scales are often limited by their focus on specific game genres or player cultures as well as their lack of behavioral validation. The present research offers a new scale for player motivations and then examines its validity across two distinct gaming genres and cultures, drawing from server-side data combined with survey data of 18,627 players of the Multiplayer Online Battle Arena League of Legends and 18,819 players of the Chinese Massively Multiplayer Online Game Chevalier's Romance Online 3. Six types of player motivations were found: socializer, completionist, competitor, escapist, story-driven, and smarty-pants. Consistent with previous research on player motivations, this typology offers new insights into why people play video games and how player motivations can be used to infer players' in-game behaviors.
Evolutionarily conserved mechanisms in calcium handling may underlie intrinsic sensitivity to dopaminergic neuron death.

Mammalian dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) within the CNS are complex neurons with expansive arborization. Projecting from the SNc to the striatum, the average total axonal length of these neurons in the rat has been estimated to be ∼467 mm, with each axon
Corpus Callosum Measurements Correlate With Developmental Delay in Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome

Abstract Background Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a multiple malformation, neurodevelopmental disorder of cholesterol metabolism caused by mutations in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. Corpus callosum (CC) malformations and developmental delay are common, but the relation between the two has not been evaluated. This study hypothesizes shorter callosal length and smaller area correlate with higher serum 7-dehydrocholesterol and increased severity of neurodevelopmental delay in SLOS. Methods Thirty-six individuals with SLOS (18M/18F) between 0.20 and 12.5 years (mean = 3.9, SD=3.6) and 36 typically developing controls (18 boys and 18 girls) between 0.12 and 12.8 years (mean = 4.0, SD=3.6) were each imaged once on a 1.5T scanner. One midsagittal image per study was selected for manual CC measurement. Gross motor, fine motor, and language developmental quotients; anatomical severity score; and serum sterol levels were assessed. Results Shorter CC length and smaller area correlated with a lower developmental quotient in gross motor and language domains. Furthermore, length and area negatively correlated with a serum sterol precursors and severity score, and positively correlated with total cholesterol. Degree of developmental delay ranged from mild to severe, involving all domains. Conclusions For individuals with SLOS, smaller callosal area and length are associated with higher 7-dehydrocholesterol, severity scores, and developmental delay. The relationship between callosal development and biochemical abnormalities in this cohort may lead to further studies supporting imaging biomarkers.
Basis-set extrapolation

Abstract A proposal for extrapolation of correlated electronic structure calculations based on correlation-consistent polarized double- and triple-zeta basis sets is evaluated. Optimum exponents are presented for separately extrapolating the Hartree–Fock and correlation energies, and the method is shown to yield energies that are more accurate than those from straight correlation-consistent polarized sextuple-zeta calculations at less than 1% of the cost. For the test problems, the root-mean-square deviations from the complete basis limit are 1.3–2.4 kcal/mol for the extrapolated calculations and 3.0–4.4 kcal/mol for the polarized sextuple-zeta calculations.
Universal presheaves on group geometries, and modular representations

Abstract We extend the ideas of sheaf homology on buildings (M. A. Ronan and S. D. Smith, J. Algebra 96 (1985), 319–346) to more general geometries with transitive automorphism groups. The main technical result is the construction of a universal extension of certain partial sheaves. This guarantees a rich supply of sheaves on such geometries. Computation of zero-homology then affords representations of the group. We consider various applications of the technique, for example to modular irreducibles for sporadic simple groups.
An I-Q recorder and its application to rapid coulometric analysis and micro-coulometry

Abstract The author recently described a direct-reading current integrator and subsequently improved it into a recording instrument, the I-Q recorder. It can be used not only for coulometric analysis but also for other purposes. The highest sensitivity range is 10μA; the reproducibility can be assumed to be 0.1%. Integration is possible from input zero to rated value. Rapid determination of micro amounts of copper and lead, 1–10 μg and 4–10 μg respectively, has been carried out. Rapid determination of 0.9 mg of lead and 0.8 mg of cadmium from their mixtures is discussed.
A future for large space antennas

An investigation was conducted regarding the near-term applications of large aperture microwave antennas in space. The investigation had the objective to find out whether the initiation of a NASA development program concerning large space antennas would be justified. From a broad spectrum of possible uses for large atennas, those applications of interest to NASA were selected which singly or in aggregate appeared to offer significant benefits. Single point configuration studies were then conducted for promising applications. It was concluded that there are a number of applications which warrant an active program in large space antennas. The implementation of these applications will require a number of antenna types. The outward looking applications, such as radio astronomy and deep space communications, will be characterized by low noise receivers, single beams, and relatively slow scans. Earth-looking applications, such as radiometry for earth observations, spectrum monitoring, and terrestrial communications, will be characterized by high beam efficiency and multiple beams.
The importance of input variables to a neural network fault-diagnostic system for nuclear power plants

This thesis explores safety enhancement for nuclear power plants. Emergency response systems currently in use depend mainly on automatic systems engaging when certain parameters go beyond a pre-specified safety limit. Often times the operator has little or no opportunity to react since a fast scram signal shuts down the reactor smoothly and efficiently. These accidents are of interest to technical support personnel since examining the conditions that gave rise to these situations help determine causality. In many other cases an automated fault-diagnostic advisor would be a valuable tool in assisting the technicians and operators to determine what just happened and why.
Optimal tracing and incremental reexecution for debugging long-running programs

Debugging requires execution replay. Locations of bugs are rarely known in advance, so an execution must be repeated over and over to track down bugs. A problem arises with repeated reexecution for long-running programs and programs that have complex interactions with their environment. Replaying long-running programs from the start incurs too much delay. Replaying programs that interact with their environment requires the difficult (and sometimes impossible) task of exactly reproducing this environment (such as the connections over a one-day period to an X server). We solve these problems by incremental checkpointing and replay. By periodically checkpointing parts of the execution''s state, it can be restarted from intermediate points, bounding the delay to replay any part of the execution and allowing parts of the execution to be skipped. We present adaptive tracing strategies that provide bounded-time incremental replay and that are nearly optimal. Our techniques track reads and writes to memory using space-efficient two-level bitvectors. Our implementation on a Sparc 10 traces less than 15 kilobytes/sec for CPU-intensive programs and for interactive programs the slowdown is low enough that tracing can be left on all the time.
Effect of Osteotomy of the Greater Trochanter with Tension Band Fixation on Femorai Conformation in Beagle Dogs

Osteotomy of the greater trochanter with tension band fixation was performed on 14-, 20-, and 26-week-old Beagle dogs. Physeal growth of the greater trochanter was retarded, as determined by tetracycline labeling. The trochanteric-condylar distance was reduced and the articulotrochanteric distance was increased. There was no shortening of femoral leg length. There were mild increases in the length of the femora and tibiae of the experimental hindlimbs. The angles of inclination and anteversion of the femoral neck were measured. The experimental operations resulted in insignificant changes in these angles. There was no histologic or clinical evidence of coxarthropathy. All dogs were clinically normal at the termination of the study (38 weeks). It was concluded that osteotomy of the greater trochanter with tension band fixation could be performed on growing Beagle dogs without producing adverse effects.
Diversity of fungal isolates from three Hawaiian marine sponges.

Summary Sponges harbor diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. However, the nature of sponge–fungal association and diversity of sponge-derived fungi have barely been addressed. In this study, the cultivation-dependent approach was applied to study fungal diversity in the Hawaiian sponges Gelliodes fibrosa, Haliclona caerulea, and Mycale armata. The cultivated fungal isolates were representatives of 8 taxonomic orders, belonging to at least 25 genera of Ascomycota and 1 of Basidiomycota. A portion of these isolates (n=15, 17%) were closely affiliated with fungal isolates isolated from other marine habitats; the rest of the isolates had affiliation with terrestrial fungal strains. Cultivated fungal isolates were classified into 3 groups: ‘sponge-generalists’—found in all sponge species, ‘sponge-associates’—found in more than one sponge species, and ‘sponge-specialists’—found only in one sponge species. Individuals of G. fibrosa collected at two different locations shared the same group of ‘sponge-specialists’. Also, representatives of 15 genera were identified for the first time in marine sponges. Large-scale phylogenetic analysis of sponge-derived fungi may provide critical information to distinguish between ‘resident fungi’ and ‘transient fungi’ in sponges as it has been done in other marine microbial groups. This is the first report of the host specificity analysis of culturable fungal communities in marine sponges.
Effects of process conditions on the formation of microporous membranes via solid-liquid thermally induced phase separation

Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) membranes were formed via solid-liquid thermally induced phase separation. The effects of nucleation density (η) on final membrane structure were investigated. η was varied by changing dissolution temperature (T d, the temperature at which the melt-blend is formed) and polymer concentration in the initial polymer-diluent mixture.
New myomorph rodents from the Eocene of Southern California

ABSTRACT Nonomys gutzleri, sp. nov., is described on the basis of isolated teeth from the late Duchesnean or early Chadronian upper member of the Pomerado Conglomerate, San Diego County, California, U.S.A. It differs from Nonomys simplicidens (early to middle Chadronian of Wyoming and Texas) in several characters, including molars 10–13% larger, more conical metaconids and protoconids on m1 and m2, and small entoconid on m3. Nonomys gutzleri further differs from N. simplicidens in the apparently derived characters of one or more distinct cuspulids on the labial cingulid of m1 and m2, weaker ectolophids on m1–3, and lack of preprotocristid and metalophulid on m1–3. These characters foreshadow the conditions in Diplolophus. An isolated m1 (SDSNH 72232) from the Pomerado Conglomerate represents an unnamed new taxon of nonomyine morphologically intermediate between Nonomys and Diplolophus. It differs from Nonomys in having m1 19–28% larger than N. gutzleri, a much larger metastylid, and, similar to the condit...
The rise of charm as a virtue:Don Giovanni as its vehicle, and some implications for theological anthropology

The relative lack of positive content in contemporary theological anthropology, as seen in the works of Farley and Pannenberg, is related to a decline in the culture's valuing of traditional virtues. The rise of charm as a replacement pseudovirtue is traced through a historical and psychological analysis of a longrunning work of presentational art, the Mozart/Da Ponte opera Don Giovanni, and the reactions of audiences to it. Ambiguities of charm are discussed with the aid of a psychoanalytic perspective.
Second trimester intra-abdominal bowel dilation in fetuses with gastroschisis predicts neonatal atresia

Objective To determine in fetuses with gastroschisis the association between intra-abdominal bowel dilation in the second trimester and neonatal bowel atresia. Methods We reviewed ultrasound and medical records of fetuses with gastroschisis from January 1998 to August 2004. Fetuses with intra-abdominal bowel dilation in the second trimester were identified and followed into the neonatal period. Results We identified 58 mother-infant pairs showing fetal gastroschisis, with at least one prenatal ultrasound at our hospital and which were delivered there, or were transported there as newborns. Forty-eight of the 58 fetuses had no intra-abdominal bowel dilation and none of these neonates had bowel atresia. Ten of the 58 fetuses had intra-abdominal bowel dilation and all had bowel atresia at birth (P < 0.0001). In eight cases in which ultrasound was performed at < 25 weeks’ gestation, intra-abdominal bowel dilation was already present. Conclusion Intra-abdominal bowel dilation in the second trimester predicts neonatal bowel atresia in fetuses with gastroschisis. Copyright  2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of metal nanoclusters within microphase-separated diblock copolymers: sodium carboxylate vs carboxylic acid functionalization

Abstract Conversion of carboxylic acid groups, within the morphologies of [MTD]400[NORCOOH]50 diblock copolymers, to the sodium carboxylate form, [MTD]400[NORCOONa]50, results in large increases in both the rate and extent of transition metal and rare earth ion uptake from metal acetates, chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates. A[MTD]400[NORCOONa]50 film was subjected to four consecutive Ag+ loading and reduction sequences, resulting in a cumulative loading of approximately 26 wt% Ag in the overall polymer/Ag composite. Mean crystal diameters of 37, 50, 64, and 65 A were estimated following the first, second, third, and fourth, loading and reduction sequences, respectively. During a single loading and reduction sequence, cluster size (ca. 30 A) within [MTD]400[NORCOOH]50 was found to be relatively insensitive to the extent of Ag+ uptake, for loadings between 40 and 500 mg Ag+/g polyNORCOOH, consistent with a nucleation-controlled cluster formation process.
Environmental Exposures in Cytogenetically Defined Subsets of Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia

Three previous investigations have reported a relationship between clonal chromosome abnormalities in marrow of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and employment in occupations involving mutagenic chemicals, but the effects of other exposures were not described. Environmental exposure profiles, gathered by questionnaire, were therefore compared using a case-control study design in 235 newly diagnosed patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: 126 with abnormal and 109 with normal karyotypes. The univariate odds ratio for occupation at diagnosis was 4.6, which, when adjusted for demographic and other exposures by logistic regression, was reduced to 2.5 (95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 12.8). Adjusted point estimates for other exposures were 4.3 (1.4 to 13.3) for prior cytotoxic therapy, 1.7 (0.9 to 3.1) for cigarette smoking, and 1.9 (1.0 to 3.4) for alcohol use. Dose-response relationships were present for both tobacco and alcohol consumption. Associations between specific abnormalities (plus8, -7/-7Q, inv16, t[8;21]) and certain exposures were also present. These results suggest that life-style exposures may be associated with cytogenetic lesions in persons with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. ( JAMA . 1989;262:634-639)
Innovation, growth and survival

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain why the likelihood of survival and post-entry growth rates vary systematically from industry to industry. In particular, the post-entry performance of new firms is linked to the underlying technological conditions in an industry. In industries where innovative activity, and especially the innovative activity of small firms, plays an important role, the likelihood of new entrants' surviving over a decade is lower than in industries where innovative activity is less important. At the same time, those entrants that are able to survive exhibit higher growth rates. In addition, the conditional likelihood of surviving an additional two years for entrants that have already survived the first few years is actually greater, and not lower, in highly innovative industries. The evidence therefore suggests that a highly innovative environment exerts a disparate effect on the post-entry performance of new entrants. Those new firms that are able to adjust and offer a viable product apparently experience higher rates of growth and a greater likelihood of survival. But overall, entrants and certainly new firms that are not able to adjust and produce a viable product are confronted by a lower likelihood of survival in highly innovative environments.
Click location in sentences: A test of the linguistic competence of seven-year-old fluent and disfluent males

Abstract Ten fluent and ten disfluent 7-yr-old males were presented simple and complex fully grammatical, anomalous and scrambled sentences. A click (35-msec 1-kHz tone burst) had been superimposed within three positions to the right or left of the major syntactic boundary in each sentence. The subjects heard the sentence, repeated the sentence, and marked on a preprinted version of the sentence where they heard the click. It was expected that children with greater language facility would more probably locate the click veridically. By the same reasoning, less complex syntactic structures should be expected to influence click placement less than more complex utterances. The following results were obtained: (a) the disfluent group gave a greater number of correct responses than the fluent group; (b) more correct responses were observed for simple sentences than for complex sentences for both groups; and (c) fewer correct responses were observed for both simple and complex grammatical sentences than for anomalous and scrambled sentence types.
Consolidation time of hippocampectomized rats in a one-trial learning situation

Twenty rats with hippocampal lesions and 40 rats with control lesions were tested in a step-down passive avoidance situation. The step-down response was followed by a 35-mA ECS after 6.6 sec in one group and after 3.3 sec in another group, while a third group served as a footshock (FS) control. The results indicated that, although retention of the FS was an increasing function of the temporal interval between the FS and ECS for all groups, there were no differences between Ss with hippocampal lesions and controls at any ECS interval. The results were interpreted as suggesting that the hippocampus is not involved in the consolidation process.
The yard face: The contributions of inmate interpersonal violence to the carceral habitus:

Based on three years of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in an agency that provides services to formerly incarcerated individuals, it is argued that the ways that formerly incarcerated men come to ...
Mechanisms governing the level of susceptibility of erythrocyte membranes to secretory phospholipase A2.

Although cell membranes normally resist the hydrolytic action of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), they become susceptible during apoptosis or after cellular trauma. Experimentally, susceptibility to the enzyme can be induced by loading cells with calcium. In human erythrocytes, the ability of the calcium ionophore to cause susceptibility depends on temperature, occurring best above ∼35°C. Considerable evidence from experiments with artificial bilayers suggests that hydrolysis of membrane lipids requires two steps. First, the enzyme adsorbs to the membrane surface, and second, a phospholipid diffuses from the membrane into the active site of the adsorbed enzyme. Analysis of kinetic experiments suggested that this mechanism can explain the action of sPLA2 on erythrocyte membranes and that temperature and calcium loading promote the second step. This conclusion was further supported by binding experiments and assessment of membrane lipid packing. The adsorption of fluorescent-labeled sPLA2 was insensitive to either temperature or ionophore treatment. In contrast, the fluorescence of merocyanine 540, a probe sensitive to lipid packing, was affected by both. Lipid packing decreased modestly as temperature was raised from 20 to 60°C. Calcium loading enhanced packing at temperatures in the low end of this range, but greatly reduced packing at higher temperatures. This result was corroborated by measurements of the rate of extraction of a fluorescent phosphatidylcholine analog from erythrocyte membranes. Furthermore, drugs known to inhibit susceptibility in erythrocytes also prevented the increase in phospholipid extraction rate. These results argue that the two-step model applies to biological as well as artificial membranes and that a limiting step in the hydrolysis of erythrocyte membranes is the ability of phospholipids to migrate into the active site of adsorbed enzyme.
Glass-forming ability and glass stability in simple systems

The interrelationship between glass-forming ability and stability of glass to devitrification is examined. Quantitative criteria for assessing the latter properties are adopted. Glass-forming ability is gauged by the critical cooling rate, Rc, and glass stability by the difference between the temperature of maximum crystallization in a non-isothermal DTA/DSC experiment, Tx, and a standard temperature such as the glass transition temperature, Tg. The variations in Rc and Tx − Tg with parameters which control nucleation and growth rates are examined, and it is shown that the latter quantities can behave quite differently. It is concluded that glass-forming ability and glass stability are independent (albeit related) concepts.
Refractive index dispersion in semiconductor-related thin films

A technique is described for determining refractive index dispersion throughout the uv-visible spectrum in semiconductor-related transparent thin films. The dispersion constants that have been measured can be used in the design of optical systems and in photolithography. Measurements were made with the LASER-VAMFO interferometer. Calculations and analyses are also described which show the accuracy and repeatability of the technique. Data were taken for 28 different thin-film materials, and representative refractive index dispersion curves are shown for some of them. The dispersion constants for each material evaluated are also presented.
Cerebral benzodiazepine receptors in depressed patients measured with [123I]iomazenil SPECT.

Abstract Background A recent magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study revealed low γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the occipital cortex of depressed patients. No in vivo study has been reported to measure postsynaptic GABA receptors in the patients. Methods Cortical benzodiazepine (BZ) binding to GABA A receptors was measured with [ 123 I]iomazenil and single photon emission computed tomography in unmedicated patients with unipolar major depression ( n = 13) and healthy subjects ( n = 19). Group differences were evaluated by means of statistical parametric mapping (SPM) with partial volume correction for gray matter. Occipital GABA levels were determined by proton MRS in a subgroup ( n = 6) of the patients. Results No evidence of altered BZ binding was found in patients with depression compared with healthy control subjects in the SPM analysis. Although reduction in gray matter volume was observed in the frontal cortex and amygdala of the patients, partial volume correction of the atrophy did not change the result of unaltered BZ binding. GABA levels were found lower in the occipital cortex; however, BZ binding did not show significant relationship to GABA levels. Conclusions GABA A receptor binding measured in vivo with BZ radioligand binding are not altered in patients with depression.
Estimation of Recruitment from Immigration Versus In Situ Reproduction Using Pollock's Robust Design

Recruitment to animal populations can occur through both immigration and in situ reproduction. These two components of recruitment are conceptually distinct and lead to different mechanistic models of population dynamics. We describe a capture- recapture design that can be used to obtain separate estimates of these two recruitment components. We then illustrate the use of our method and estimators with capture-recap- ture data from a population of Microtus pennsylvanicus at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Maryland.
Resident well-being and clinical teaching assessments.

To the Editorsr:— The article by Beckman et al.1 highlights the growing importance of learner evaluations of their attending faculty in faculty career advancement. However, a critical problem exists I have yet to see discussed in the literature, namely that of retaliatory evaluations. Our program, as do many, uses a common commercially available computer service to manage evaluations. Learners submit evaluations anonymously, but faculty do not. Also standard is that learners see specific faculty evaluations before submitting their own evaluations of faculty. This has resulted in frequent instances of retaliatory evaluations, often of an extremely vindictive nature. Occasionally faculty have been threatened with sanctions as a result. Another result is that faculty are occasionally afraid to submit less than complimentary evaluations lest the learner becomes angry and submits a retaliatory evaluation, impairing the integrity of evaluations. Admonishing learners against retaliatory evaluations and punishing those who submit them when they can be identified has not stopped this phenomenon at my institution. One possible response is to not allow learners to see faculty evaluations of themselves before submitting their own. However, this process appears convoluted, and the Office of Medical Education in my department is unwilling to attempt it. This also will not prevent learners who feel they have been unjustly evaluated from submitting a retaliatory evaluation the next time they are assigned to that faculty (which is also common in relatively small programs). Other responses also exist, such as making the entire evaluation process anonymous and using disinterested third parties to provide feedback, but problems also exist with this method, such as the loss of the ability to use specific case examples in the feedback process. Robert Jackson, MD,Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA (e-mail: rhjacks@lsuhsc.edu)
Shell model Monte Carlo method in the pn-formalism and applications to the Zr and Mo isotopes

We report the development of a new shell model Monte Carlo algorithm, which uses the proton-neutron formalism. Shell model Monte Carlo methods, within the isospin formulation, have been succesfully used in large-scale shell model calculations. Motivation for this work is to extend the feasibility of these methods to shell model studies involving nonidentical proton and neutron valence spaces. We show the feasibility of the new approach with some test results. Finally, we use a realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction in the model space described by $(1{p}_{1/2},0{g}_{9/2})$ proton and $(1{d}_{5/2},2{s}_{1/2},1{d}_{3/2},0{g}_{7/2},0{h}_{11/2})$ neutron orbitals above the $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ core to calculate ground-state energies, binding energies, $B(E2)$ strengths, and to study pairing properties of the even-even $^{90\ensuremath{-}104}\mathrm{Zr}$ and $^{92\ensuremath{-}106}\mathrm{Mo}$ isotope chains.
Distributed Smart-Home Decision-Making in a Hierarchical Interactive Smart Grid Architecture

In this paper, we develop a comprehensive real-time interactive framework for the utility and customers in a smart grid while ensuring grid-stability and quality-of-service (QoS). First, we propose a hierarchical architecture for the utility-customer interaction consisting of sub-components of customer load prediction, renewable generation integration, power-load balancing and demand response (DR). Within this hierarchical architecture, we focus on the problem of real-time scheduling in an abstract grid model consisting of one controller and multiple customer units. A scalable solution to the real-time scheduling problem is proposed by combining solutions to two sub-problems: ( $1$ ) centralized sequential decision making at the controller to maximize an accumulated reward for the whole micro-grid and ( $2$ ) distributed auctioning among all customers based on the optimal load profile obtained by solving the first problem to coordinate their interactions. We formulate the centralized sequential decision making at the controller as a hidden mode Markov decision process (HM-MDP). Next, a Vikrey auctioning game is designed to coordinate the actions of the individual smart-homes to actually achieve the optimal solution derived by the controller under realistic gird interaction assumptions. We show that though truthful bidding is a weakly dominant strategy for all smart-homes in the auctioning game, collusive equilibria do exist and can jeopardize the effectiveness and efficiency of the trading opportunity allocation. Analysis on the structure of the Bayesian Nash equilibrium solution set shows that the Vickrey auctioning game can be made more robust against collusion by customers (anticipating distributed smart-homes) by introducing a positive reserve price. The corresponding auctioning game is then shown to converge to the unique incentive compatible truthful bidding Bayesian Nash equilibrium, without jeopardizing the auctioneer’s (microgrid controller’s) profit. The paper also explicitly discusses how this two-step solution approach can be scaled to be suitable for more complicated smart grid architectures beyond the assumed abstract model.
Reducing Vehicle Weight and Improving U.S. Energy Efficiency Using Integrated Computational Materials Engineering

Transportation accounts for approximately 28% of U.S. energy consumption with the majority of transportation energy derived from petroleum sources. Many technologies such as vehicle electrification, advanced combustion, and advanced fuels can reduce transportation energy consumption by improving the efficiency of cars and trucks. Lightweight materials are another important technology that can improve passenger vehicle fuel efficiency by 6–8% for each 10% reduction in weight while also making electric and alternative vehicles more competitive. Despite the opportunities for improved efficiency, widespread deployment of lightweight materials for automotive structures is hampered by technology gaps most often associated with performance, manufacturability, and cost. In this report, the impact of reduced vehicle weight on energy efficiency is discussed with a particular emphasis on quantitative relationships determined by several researchers. The most promising lightweight materials systems are described along with a brief review of the most significant technical barriers to their implementation. For each material system, the development of accurate material models is critical to support simulation-intensive processing and structural design for vehicles; improved models also contribute to an integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) approach for addressing technical barriers and accelerating deployment. The value of computational techniques is described by considering recent ICME and computational materials science success stories with an emphasis on applying problem-specific methods.