cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A recombinant Leishmania chagasi antigen that stimulates cellular immune responses in infected mice.

Cellular immune mechanisms resulting in gamma interferon production are critical for protection against visceral leishmaniasis. Antigens stimulating T-cell responses are likely present in the intracellular amastigote form of the parasite, since this is the form found in a mammalian host. To identify T-cell antigens of Leishmania chagasi, the parasite causing South American visceral leishmaniasis, we used a double antibody-T-cell technique to screen an amastigote cDNA library. One cDNA selected (Lcr1) encodes an antigen that stimulated proliferation of splenic T lymphocytes from infected mice that were either resistant (C3H.HeJ) or susceptible (BALB/c) to L. chagasi infection. The Lcr1 cDNA contains four highly divergent 201-bp repeats homologous to the 204-bp repeat of a Trypanosoma cruzi flagellar antigen gene. Results are consistent with a single copy of the Lcr1 gene producing an mRNA of > 10 kb and a protein of > 200 kDa. Recombinant Lcr1, cloned adjacent to polyhistidine and purified on a nickel affinity column, stimulated gamma interferon but not interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, or IL-10 secretion by T-cell-enriched splenocytes from either susceptible or resistant mice during L. chagasi infection. Immunization with Lcr1 partially protected BALB/c mice against challenge with L. chagasi, indicating the utility of the double screening approach in selecting relevant T-cell antigens.
The design of matching pursuit filters

This paper presents a new technique for creating efficient and compact models from data, called matching pursuit filters. The design of a matching pursuit filter is based on an adapted wavelet expansion, where the expansion is adapted to both the data and the pattern recognition problem being addressed. This contrasts with most adaptation schemes, where the representation is a function of the data, but not of the problem to be solved. This approach does not decompose the images in the training set individually, but rather determines the expansion by simultaneously decomposing all the images. Because it uses two-dimensional wavelets as the building blocks for the decomposition, the representation is explicitly two-dimensional and is composed of local information. Matching pursuit filters can be trained to detect, recognize, or identify objects and have been applied to recognizing faces and detecting objects in infrared imagery.
Salvage radiation therapy for prostate specific antigen progression following radical prostatectomy: 10-year outcome estimates.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated men treated with salvage radiation therapy for increasing serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) following radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP).Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 3,478 consecutive men who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) between 1983 and 2003, as performed by a single surgeon. A total of 307 men received salvage radiation therapy for persistently increased or increasing PSA after RRP. We compared perioperative and peri-radiotherapy clinicopathological parameters in men who achieved an undetectable PSA level after radiation therapy (responders) vs those who did not (nonresponders). We then evaluated the durability of the PSA response.Results: Median time from RRP to PSA progression was 23 months (range 1 to 129). Median followup from RRP was 104 months (range 7 to 225). Median followup from salvage radiotherapy was 56 months (range 0 to 188). Of 223 men with sufficient followup information 162 (73%) subsequently ...
Low-intensity subnanosecond fluorescence study of the light-harvesting chlorophyll ab protein

The fluorescence decay characteristics of the isolated light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein have been studied using low-intensity subnanosecond-resolution time-correlated single-photon counting. In the monomeric state in detergent micelles, the chlorophyll a/b protein exhibits biexponential decay (~t = 1.2 ns, ~'2 = 3.3 ns) with the two components having very similar weights. The decay parameters do not depend on emission wavelength. These results are discussed in relation to the Van Metter-Knox-Shepanski model (Van Metter, R.M. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 462, 642-657; Shepanski, J.S. and Knox, R.S. (1982) Isr. J. Chem., in the press) of the chlorophyll a/b protein, and a kinetic analysis of the energy-transfer processes. The influence of detergent composition and concentration on the fluorescence decay of the chlorophyll protein is also described.
Comprehensive Functional Evaluation of the Injured Runner

In most cases, a detailed history provides the information that is necessary for the clinician to diagnose the injured runner correctly; however, to treat the injury and guide a successful rehabilitation program, the physical examination must go beyond the standard regional musculoskeletal examination. The victims (tissue injury) and the culprits (biomechanical deficits) must be identified to facilitate treatment (Table 3). Gait and other dynamic assessments help to reveal underlying deficits in function that may have contributed to injury. In short, the entire functional kinetic chain must be considered and weak links identified.
Phylogenetic portrait of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae functional genome.

The genome of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) contains approximately 5800 protein-encoding genes, the majority of which are associated with some known biological function. Yet the extent of amino acid sequence conservation of these genes over all phyla has only been partially examined. Here we provide a more comprehensive overview and visualization of the conservation of yeast genes and a means for browsing and exploring the data in detail, down to the individual yeast gene, at http://yeast-phylogroups.princeton.edu. We used data from the OrthoMCL database, which has defined orthologs from approximately 150 completely sequenced genomes, including diverse representatives of the archeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic domains. By clustering genes based on similar patterns of conservation, we organized and visualized all the protein-encoding genes in yeast as a single heat map. Most genes fall into one of eight major clusters, called “phylogroups.” Gene ontology analysis of the phylogroups revealed that they were associated with specific, distinct trends in gene function, generalizations likely to be of interest to a wide range of biologists.
Intelligent computer-aided instructional systems: ready for prime time?

For an organization to achieve and retain global status and leadership through technology management, its educational and training systems must also be "world class." This paper provides a brief overview of intelligent computer-aided instructional (ICAI) systems and reaches a conclusion that they are not yet ready for "prime time".
Sequence length determinants for self‐assembly of amphipathic β‐sheet peptides

Amphipathic peptides composed of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids are a privileged class of peptide, which have a high propensity to self-assemble into β-sheet fibrils. The Ac-(FKFE)2-NH2 peptide has been extensively studied and forms putative β-sheet bilayer fibrils in which the hydrophobic Phe side chains are organized to a single face of each constituent sheet; upon bilayer formation, these hydrophobic benzyl groups are sequestered in the hydrophobic core of the resulting fibril. In order for the Phe side chains to be uniformly displayed on one face of Ac-(FKFE)2-NH2 β-sheets, an antiparallel packing orientation in which one amino acid residue is unpaired must be adopted. Based on molecular models, we hypothesized that truncated seven amino acid derivatives of Ac-(FKFE)2-NH2 in which either the N-terminal Phe residue (Ac-KFEFKFE-NH2) or the C-terminal Glu residue (Ac-FKFEFKF-NH2) is eliminated should readily self-assemble into β-sheet bilayers in which all hydrogen bond and hydrophobic/charge interactions are satisfied. We found, however, that these minute changes in peptide sequence have unanticipated and dramatic effects on the self-assembly of each peptide. Ac-FKFEFKF-NH2 self-assembled into fibrils with unique morphology relative to the parent peptide, whereas the Ac-KFEFKFE-NH2 peptide had a strongly reduced propensity to self-assemble, even failing to self-assemble altogether under some conditions. These findings provide significant insight into the effect of sequence length and strand registry as well as hydrophobicity and charge on the self-assembly of simple amphipathic peptides to illuminate the possibility of tuning self-assembly processes and the resulting structures with minute changes to peptide sequence.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Controls Blood Pressure by Regulating Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression

Drugs and antibodies that interrupt vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways improve outcomes in patients with a variety of cancers by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. A major adverse effect of these treatments is hypertension, suggesting a critical role for VEGF in blood pressure (BP) regulation. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the control of BP by VEGF are unclear. To address this question, we administered a specific antibody against the major VEGF receptor, VEGFR2, to normal mice and assessed the consequences on BP. Compared with vehicle-treated controls, administration of the anti-VEGFR2 antibody caused a rapid and sustained increase in BP of ≈10 mm Hg. This increase in BP was associated with a significant reduction in renin mRNA expression in the kidney ( P =0.019) and in urinary excretion of aldosterone ( P N ω -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (20 mg/kg per day), an inhibitor of NO production. l-NAME administration abolished the difference in BP between the vehicle- and anti-VEGFR2–treated groups. Our data suggest that VEGF, acting via VEGFR2, plays a critical role in BP control by promoting NO synthase expression and NO activity. Interfering with this pathway is likely to be one mechanism underlying hypertension caused by antiangiogenic agents targeting VEGF.
Understanding Procedural Justice and Its Impact on Business Organizations

This paper reviews the procedural justice literature published since 1990. The distinction between procedural justice and distributive justice, with few exceptions, is well accepted in the literature. Four theories exploring procedural justice are presented. The antecedents, consequences and contexts for procedural justice effects are reviewed. Two additional issues discussed are the relationship between procedural justice and distributive justice and higher-order procedural justice effects. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research.
Cigarette Smoking Status and the Association between Media Use and Overweight and Obesity

For biologic and behavioral reasons, cigarette smokers weigh less than nonsmokers. Thus, cigarette smoking may modify the association between media use and obesity. The authors examined whether the association between media use and overweight and obesity was modified by cigarette smoking by analyzing 8,467 adults (> or =20 years) from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of overweight and obesity were estimated by use of multinomial regression. To examine effect modification, the authors created separate regression models for smokers and nonsmokers (p(interaction) = 0.002). Nonsmokers using media 4 or more hours daily were 3.9 times more likely to be obese (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9, 5.2) and 1.6 times more likely to be overweight (95% CI: 1.3, 2.0) compared with those reporting less than 1 hour/day of media use. Among smokers, media use 4 or more hours daily was not significantly associated with increased odds of obesity (odds ratio = 1.3, 95% CI: 0.8, 2.2) or overweight (odds ratio = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.9). Media use was associated with overweight and obesity and modified by cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking should be evaluated as an effect modifier in studies of media use and obesity.
Drug‐binding hydrogels of hyaluronic acid functionalized with β‐cyclodextrin

Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels are attractive materials for biomedical applications because they are porous, water-swelling, biocompatible, biodegradable, and resistant to non-specific cell adhesion. A limitation of HA hydrogels is that incorporation of bioactive drugs can be restricted by low solubility of drug within the hydrogel environment. Our goal was to synthesize HA hydrogels that bind drug through hydrophobic interactions as a method for increasing drug loading. We functionalized photocrosslinked HA hydrogels with a methacryloyl derivative of β-cyclodextrin (βCD). βCD is a molecular “basket” with a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic cavity. Inclusion complexes are formed when βCD hosts all or part of a hydrophobic drug within the cavity. HA hydrogels functionalized with methacryloyl-βCD monomer gained the property of inclusion complexation which greatly enhanced the uptake of a model hydrophobic drug, hydrocortisone. Pre-incubation of the hydrogels with adamantane carboxylic acid (ACA) inhibited hydrocortisone uptake by competition for βCD cavities. In addition, control hydrogels of HA functionalized with αCD monomer were not efficient at hydrocortisone uptake because the αCD cavity is too small for efficient complexation. These experiments confirmed that the βCD monomer enhances drug loading by the mechanism of inclusion complexation. Drug-binding HA-βCD hydrogels may be further engineered to create HA-based biomaterials with a built in drug delivery capability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Anesthetic management of a patient with asystolic spells

Breathholding spells are common in infancy. In a subset of patients they may be associated with bradycardia and asystole. Management of these children necessitates placement of a permanent pacemaker. We discuss the anesthetic management of one such case.
The GISS Global Climate-Middle Atmosphere Model. Part II. Model Variability Due to Interactions between Planetary Waves, the Mean Circulation and Gravity Wave Drag

Abstract The variability which arises in the GISS Global Climate-Middle Atmosphere Model on two time scales is reviewed: interannual standard deviations, derived from the five-year control run, and intraseasonal variability as exemplifited by stratospheric warmings. The model's extratropical variability for both mean fields and eddy statistics appears reasonable when compared with observations, while the tropical wind variability near the stratopause may be excessive, possibly due to inertial oscillations. Both wave 1 and wave 2 warmings develop, with connections to tropospheric forcing. Variability on both time scales results from a complex set of interactions among planetary waves, the mean circulation, and gravity wave drag. Specific examples of these interactions are presented, which imply that variability in gravity wave forcing and drag may be an important component of the variability of the middle atmosphere.
Randomly P k -decomposable graphs

Abstract A graph G is H - decomposable if it can be expressed as an edge-disjoint union of subgraphs, each subgraph isomorphic to H . If G has the additional property that every H -decomposable subgraph of G is part of an H -decomposition of G , then G is randomly H - decomposable . Using computer assistance, we provide in this paper a characterization of randomly path-decomposable graphs for paths of length 11 or less. We also prove the following two results: (1) With one small exception, randomly P k -decomposable graphs with a vertex of odd degree do not contain a P k + 1 -subgraph, (2) When the edges of a P k -subgraph are deleted from a connected randomly P k -decomposable graph, the resulting graph has at most one nontrivial component.
Empathetic Judging and the Rule of Law

This short essay addresses the contention that empathy in judging is inconsistent with the rule of law. It first argues that empathy, defined as the ability to take the perspective of another, is an essential judicial attribute. Some of those who argue against empathy are in fact taking issue with the notion of sympathy for particular litigants or classes of litigants. Empathy aids a judge in grasping the stakes for all the litigants. However, it does not help resolve whose claims should prevail. The essay then explores the more difficult question that follows: if empathy for all litigants is desirable, does President Obama’s expressed desire to appoint judges with “the empathy to recognize what it’s like to be a young teenage mom” and empathy for other historically disadvantaged groups conflict with rule of law values? Obama’s remarks can be interpreted as a direct challenge to a particular conception of the rule of law - the notion of the judge as umpire who approaches legal issues with no preconceptions. As the “pop quiz” that begins the article illustrates, judges routinely exercise empathy for particular groups, finding some perspectives more accessible than others. This sort of selective empathy can be ameliorated, to an extent, by judges who are aware of their own blind spots and the limits of individual perspective. More effectively, it can be addressed by aiming for a Court with a range of backgrounds and life experiences. Supreme Court justices, like the rest of us, make better decisions in an atmosphere of lively debate than in an echo chamber.
Bos grunniens (Yak)

The male karyotype comes from skin fibroblast cultures of an animal at San Diego Zoo; stock is frozen. The female karyotype is from blood culture of a young animal at Boston. The karyotypes are identical to those previously reported. Pairing is arbitrary.
Ion dependence of Na-K-ATPase-mediated epithelial cell adhesion and migration

the role of Na-K-ATPase in the regulation of epithelial cell polarity, adhesion, and migration has been demonstrated. Some of these processes, such as tight junction (TJ) formation, require ion transport function of Na-K-ATPase by its catalytic subunit Na-K-α. Other functions, such as motility
A Mathematics Software Database

(1986). A Mathematics Software Database. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 255-266.
Borderland Projects of Sasanian Empire: Intersection of Domestic and Foreign Policies

The landscapes of the Sasanian Empire have been studied in detail and have been remarkably well interpreted during past few decades. Recent research in borderland areas has also increased our knowledge of Sasanian policies in borderlands. The Sasanian Empire is well known for massive construction work. Projects such as construction of fortifications and defensive walls, irrigation systems, fortified towns and cities in the Sasanian period usually are attributed to the reigns of Kawad I and his son Husraw I Anushirwan in the sixth century. This attribution mostly derives from historical documents in which Husraw is seen as primarily responsible for these massive projects. Recent archaeological re- searches in the Gorgān plain in the northeast of Iran and in Mughan Steppe in Iranian Azerbaijan have demonstrated the possibility of dating these projects earlier in the fifth century. This is significant because it may shed more light on the socio-political dynamics of the Sasanian Empire. Focusing on the Caucasus, especially on data acquired from the Mughan Steppe projects, I will try to place this new data and information in its socio-political context and reconsider earlier notions on borderlands of the Sasanian Empire. Regardless of insecurity in borderlands, the Sasanian Empire heavily invested in these areas. In this article, reviewing historical documents and archaeological data, I will argue that the imperial investments in the borderland areas represent a multi-purpose plan.
Creating Consistent Communication in Level Ii Fieldwork: A Comprehensive Review

Date Presented 4/17/2015 Level II fieldwork is an integral part of occupational therapy education. Communication during Level II fieldwork is not only included in the educational standards but is necessary for the student, educator, and academic fieldwork coordinator (AFWC). A weekly tool was evaluated from all three views to determine efficiency and effectiveness.
Therapeutic Review: Tricaine METHANESULFONATE

Tricaine methanesulfonate (m-aminobenzoic acid ethylester; MS-222) is a derivative of benzocaine that comes in a soluble crystalline powder. In veterinary medicine, it is primarily used to anesthetize, sedate, and euthanize fish and other poikilothermic aquatic animals. It is formulated to be dissolved in water and used as a full immersion anesthetic. MS-222 forms a clear, colorless, acidic solution. Effects on patients are rapid and produce full coverage blockade of sensory, motor, and nociceptive neurons. When administered intravenously, no anesthesia is produced. MS-222 is the only anesthetic approved by the FDA for use in fish for human consumption. It is inexpensive and can be purchased from most commercial drug companies for clinical use.
Basic mycology underscoring medically important fungi.

This article details the basic mycologic features of yeast and mold-like fungi causing infections in humans. Concordant with the mycologic attributes delineating species identification, the pathogenic potential of mycotic agents is discussed with particular reference to intrinsic fungal virulence factors (e.g., exoenzymes) and host factors (e.g., neutrophil function, underlying disease) predisposing to colonization and infection.
Time to Presentation Is Associated with Clinical Outcome in Hemispheric Stroke Patients Deemed Ineligible for Recanalization Therapy

Background Delayed thrombolysis adversely impacts functional outcome after stroke. Therefore, great efforts are undertaken to reduce delay in patient presentation and initiate treatment as quickly as possible. However, little is known regarding the impact of time to presentation (TTP) on outcome in patients who are ineligible for acute stroke therapy. Thus, we sought to determine whether the TTP is associated with the 90-day outcome irrespective of eligibility for acute recanalization therapy. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 258 consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients evaluated between January 2013 and February 2014. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether a greater TTP is independently associated with a poor 90-day outcome defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 3-6. Results In the unadjusted analyses, the TTP was inversely correlated with transfer from an acute facility ( r = −.126, P = .043), cardioembolic stroke etiology ( r = −.146, P = .019), and acute recanalization therapy ( r = .−412, P r = .127, P = .045). After adjustment, the TTP ( P = .019), age ( P P = .001), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ( P P = .001), atrial fibrillation ( P P P = .036) remained independently associated with the 90-day outcome when we restricted the analyses to patients ineligible for acute intravenous and endovascular recanalization therapies. Conclusions Each hour delay in the TTP decreased chances for good outcome by approximately 2% independent of patient eligibility for acute recanalization therapies.
DD9: Contra-Platonismus (September 2005)

Die Welt blickt in die falsche Richtung. Jedenfalls nicht dahin, wohin Platon zeigt. Nun ist beileibe nicht jeder von uns Platoniker – aber kann es denn gut sein, wenn wir direkt in eine ganz andere Richtung schauen?
Investigation of the biophysical properties of a fluorescently modified ceramide-1-phosphate

Ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) is an important signaling sphingolipid and a metabolite of ceramide. C1P contains an anionic phosphomonoester head group and has been shown to regulate physiological and pathophysiological processes such as cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, phagocytosis, and macrophage chemotaxis. Despite this mechanistic information on its role in intra- and intercellular communication, little information is available on the biophysical properties of C1P in biological membranes and how it interacts with effector proteins. Fluorescently labeled lipids have been a useful tool to understand the membrane behavior properties of lipids such as phosphatidylserine, cholesterol, and some phosphoinositides. However, to the best of our knowledge, fluorescently labeled C1P hasn’t been implemented to investigate its ability to serve as a mimetic of endogenous C1P in cells or untagged C1P in in vitro experiments. Cellular and in vitro assays demonstrate TopFluor-C1P harbors a fluorescent group that is fully buried in the hydrocarbon core and fluoresces across the spectrum of physiological pH values. Moreover, TopFluor-C1P didn’t affect cellular toxicity at concentrations employed, was as effective as unlabeled C1P in recruiting an established protein effector to intracellular membranes, and its subcellular localization recapitulated what is known for endogenous C1P. Notably, the diffusion coefficient of TopFluor-C1P was slower than that of TopFluor-phosphatidylserine or TopFluor-cholesterol in the plasma membrane and similar to that of other fluorescently labeled sphingolipids including ceramide and sphingomyelin. These studies demonstrate that TopFluor-C1P should be a reliable mimetic of C1P to study C1P membrane biophysical properties and C1P interactions with proteins.
Development of Superconducting Materials and Impacts on the Social Economy

This report deals with the recent development of high Tc superconductors and the problens that renain. Thin fill and wiring technologies are reviewed as the key technologies for practical application. In addition, iipacts on the social econoiy are discussed.
The Assertiveness Factor in Consumer Choices for Ambulatory Health Care Services

With the rapidly developing alternatives in financing and delivery of health care services in the U.S., the need for effective marketing strategies has become quite evident. Among other things, successful marketing strategies require an understanding psychology of consumers. This paper reports on an empirical study designed to assess the influence of consumer assertiveness in choosing between a hospital emergency room and a neighborhood clinic for minor medical treatment during off hours. Results indicate that the level of consumer assertiveness does, indeed, play a significant role in such a choice process, particularly as a connative variable in a structural model for such choice behavior.
Cardinal Role of the Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases and is associated with increased incidence of structural and functional derangements in the kidneys, eventually leading to end-stage renal disease in a significant fraction of afflicted individuals. The renoprotective effects of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade have been established; however, the mechanistic pathways have not been fully elucidated. In this review article, the cardinal role of an activated RAS in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is discussed with a focus on 4 themes: (1) introduction to RAS cascade, (2) intrarenal RAS in diabetes, (3) clinical outcomes of RAS blockade in DN, and (4) potential of urinary angiotensinogen as an early biomarker of intrarenal RAS status in DN. This review article provides a mechanistic rational supporting the hypothesis that an activated intrarenal RAS contributes to the pathogenesis of DN and that urinary angiotensinogen levels provide an index of intrarenal RAS activity.
Posterior tail development in the salamander Eurycea cirrigera : exploring cellular dynamics across life stages

During embryogenesis, the body axis elongates and specializes. In vertebrate groups such as salamanders and lizards, elongation of the posterior body axis (tail) continues throughout life. This phenomenon of post-embryonic tail elongation via addition of vertebrae has remained largely unexplored, and little is known about the underlying developmental mechanisms that promote vertebral addition. Our research investigated tail elongation across life stages in a non-model salamander species, Eurycea cirrigera (Plethodontidae). Post-embryonic addition of segments suggests that the tail tip retains some aspects of embryonic cell/tissue organization and gene expression throughout the life cycle. We describe cell and tissue differentiation and segmentation of the posterior tail using serial histology and expression of the axial tissue markers, MF-20 and Pax6. Embryonic expression patterns of HoxA13 and C13 are shown with in situ hybridization. Tissue sections reveal that the posterior spinal cord forms via cavitation and precedes development of the underlying cartilaginous rod after embryogenesis. Post-embryonic tail elongation occurs in the absence of somites and mesenchymal cells lateral to the midline express MF-20. Pax6 expression was observed only in the spinal cord and some mesenchymal cells of adult Eurycea tails. Distinct temporal and spatial patterns of posterior Hox13 gene expression were observed throughout embryogenesis. Overall, important insights to cell organization, differentiation, and posterior Hox gene expression may be gained from this work. We suggest that further work on gene expression in the elongating adult tail could shed light on mechanisms that link continual axial elongation with regeneration.
Macroeconomics for the 21st Century

Macroeconomic theory has not yet come to grips with major issues of the twenty- first century. These include environmental pressures, demographic changes, the size, structure, and power of multinational corporations, and growing economic inequality. Existing macroeconomic theory also does not deal adequately with normative issues, focuses excessively on market solutions, assumes that a single macroeconomic theory can apply to all situations, and ignores issues concerning the scale of economic activity and the speed of change. Macroeconomic theory also does not distinguish between final and intermediate goals, and fails to take account of the implications of hedonic psychology for a theory of economic well-being. It implicitly accepts a consumerist ethos according to which increased consumption is treated as a final goal. It is also based on a competitive theory of markets, which is out of step with the contemporary reality of corporate power. For the industrialized world, macroeconomic theory needs to address the issue of whether it is possible, in the absence of continual growth, for an economy to promote human wellbeing. For the developing world, the prioritization of economic goals such as universal literacy and public health service should be an important element of macro theory. The diverging demographics of developed and developing nations pose further important macroeconomic issues regarding health care costs, tax burdens, immigration, and savings and investment rates. Evaluation of ecosystem carrying capacity, and distinctions between essentials and luxuries, should be important elements of a macro theory that is sensitive to environmental impacts. In addition, the rate of economic growth needs to be compared to the rate at which ecosystems can adapt to large scale, and sometimes irreversible, changes.
ROLE OF H-2 CD ANTIGENS IN SECONDARY RESPONSES

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the role of H-2 CD antigens in secondary responses. Treatment of spleen cell suspension with UV light has been shown to selectively modify cell-surface antigens in a way that the cells are unable, after treatment, to elicit a proliferative response when used in a one-way MLC as stimulating cells. In an experiment described in the chapter, uv-treated cells syngeneic to the original stimulating cells were unable to generate any secondary cytotoxic response. However, an LD stimulus alone, presumably cross-reactive with LD antigens present on the original sensitizing cells, can restimulate a secondary cytotoxic response. When that LD stimulus is added to the CD stimulus in a three-cell experiment, a very good secondary cytotoxic response directed against that CD antigen is obtained, which is much higher than that generated by the LD stimulus alone. The potentiation seems to be specific; B10uv treated cells are unable to show the same phenomenon.
Testimonies in the Treatment of Genocidal Trauma

This article describes an approach to the treatment of genocide survivors that addresses both the personal and communal/historical dimensions of their experiences. I begin by outlining the characteristics of massive psychic trauma as background for using video testimonies in the treatment of Holocaust survivors. I then discuss videotaped interviews with perpetrators as an illustrative contrast to survivors' testimonies. The third section explains my position as a psychoanalyst encountering historical trauma and its relationship to my own experiences as a survivor. Following a brief history of videotaping as a medium for recording testimonies, I conclude by demonstrating the ways in which active listening can lead to the revelation of new dimensions of historical as well as personal truth.
Bird Aerodynamic Experiments

The senior author’s research in the area of skin friction reduction by compliant coatings led him to investigate the aerodynamic properties of bird feathers. Three separate experiments performed during the last several years are reported in this paper. The experiments are: (1) relation between the compressive modulus of bird feathers and bird maximum level flight speed (2) the effect of flexible slotted-tip feathers on the wing-wake vorticity and (3) the effect of owl leading edge barbs on lift and drag characteristics of wings.
Feedback Between Behavioral Adaptations and Disease Dynamics

We study the feedback processes between individual behavior, disease prevalence, interventions and social networks during an influenza pandemic when a limited stockpile of antivirals is shared between the private and the public sectors. An economic model that uses prevalence-elastic demand for interventions is combined with a detailed social network and a disease propagation model to understand the feedback mechanism between epidemic dynamics, market behavior, individual perceptions, and the social network. An urban and a rural region are simulated to assess the robustness of results. Results show that an optimal split between the private and public sectors can be reached to contain the disease but the accessibility of antivirals from the private sector is skewed towards the richest income quartile. Also, larger allocations to the private sector result in wastage where individuals who do not need it are able to purchase it but who need it cannot afford it. Disease prevalence increases with household size and total contact time but not by degree in the social network, whereas wastage of antivirals decreases with degree and contact time. The best utilization of drugs is achieved when individuals with high contact time use them, who tend to be the school-aged children of large families.
Antibiotic Exposure and the Risk of Food Allergy: Evidence in the US Medicaid Pediatric Population.

Background Food allergy is a significant public health concern in the United States, especially in the pediatric population. It places substantial clinical and economic burdens on the health care system. Exposure to antibiotics in early childhood is thought to increase the risk of subsequent food allergy. Objective To examine the impact of exposure to antibiotics early in life on time to development of food allergy. Methods We conducted a population-based matched cohort study using Medicaid data from 28 states. Antibiotic nonusers were matched 1:1 to antibiotic users on date of birth, sex, race, and state. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the effect of antibiotic exposure on time to development of food allergy. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of study findings. Results We matched 500,647 antibiotic nonusers to 500,647 antibiotic users in the Medicaid pediatric population. In the adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, antibiotic exposure was significantly associated with faster development of food allergy (hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.34-1.45). The magnitude and significance of the association between antibiotic exposure and food allergy did not change in the sensitivity analyses. A significant association between antibiotic exposure and faster development of food allergy was found in 17 of 28 states. Conclusion Compared with antibiotic nonusers, children with antibiotic prescription had an increased risk of food allergy.
What Is the Utility of the Murphy’s Sign and Does It Change with Pain Medication?

Murphy’s sign occurs when a patient feels pain as the right upper quadrant is palpated under the costal margin during inspiration, resulting in inspiratory arrest. This maneuver is supposed to compress the gallbladder, and, thus, pain would suggest acute inflammation of the gallbladder. A positive Murphy’s sign increases the likelihood that the patient has cholecystitis, and a negative Murphy’s sign makes it less likely, but the finding lacks the sensitivity and specificity to rule in or rule out acute cholecystitis. The sonographic Murphy’s sign occurs when pain is caused by compression of the gallbladder under sonographic visualization. It is more accurate than a simple Murphy’s sign for diagnosing cholecystitis. Neither Murphy’s sign is affected by analgesic administration.
JC Polyomavirus Entry by Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Is Driven by β-Arrestin

JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) establishes a persistent, lifelong, asymptomatic infection within the kidney of the majority of the human population. Under conditions of severe immunosuppression or immune modulation, JCPyV can reactivate in the central nervous system (CNS) and cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease. Initiation of infection is mediated through viral attachment to α2,6-sialic acid-containing lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc) on the surface of host cells. JCPyV internalization is dependent on serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine subfamily 2 receptors (5-HT2Rs), and entry is thought to occur by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). However, the JCPyV entry process and the cellular factors involved in viral internalization remain poorly understood. Treatment of cells with small-molecule chemical inhibitors and RNA interference of 5-HT2R endocytic machinery, including β-arrestin, clathrin, AP2, and dynamin, significantly reduced JCPyV infection. However, infectivity of the polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) was not affected by CME-specific treatments. Inhibition of clathrin or β-arrestin specifically reduced JCPyV internalization but did not affect viral attachment. Furthermore, mutagenesis of a β-arrestin binding domain (Ala-Ser-Lys) within the intracellular C terminus of 5-HT2AR severely diminished internalization and infection, suggesting that β-arrestin interactions with 5-HT2AR are critical for JCPyV infection and entry. These conclusions illuminate key host factors that regulate clathrin-mediated endocytosis of JCPyV, which is necessary for viral internalization and productive infection.IMPORTANCE Viruses usurp cellular factors to invade host cells. Activation and utilization of these proteins upon initiation of viral infection are therefore required for productive infection and resultant viral disease. The majority of healthy individuals are asymptomatically infected by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), but if the host immune system is compromised, JCPyV can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare, fatal, demyelinating disease. Individuals infected with HIV or taking prolonged immunomodulatory therapies have a heightened risk for developing PML. The cellular proteins and pathways utilized by JCPyV to mediate viral entry are poorly understood. Our findings further characterize how JCPyV utilizes the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway to invade host cells. We have identified specific components of this pathway that are necessary for the viral entry process and infection. Collectively, the conclusions increase our understanding of JCPyV infection and pathogenesis and may contribute to the future development of novel therapeutic strategies for PML.
CATECHOLAMINE-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY IN THE POSTPARTUM PATIENT

There are several conditions that can cause cardiomyopathy (CM) in the postpartum period. Diagnosis of the etiology of CM can have important implications in management and prognosis of these patients. A 30 year old female with recent diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) presented with
Parametric models for samples of random functions

A new class of parametric models, referred to as sample parametric models, is developed for random elements that match sample rather than the first two moments and/or other global properties of these elements. The models can be used to characterize, e.g., material properties at small scale in which case their samples represent microstructures of material specimens selected at random from a population. The samples of the proposed models are elements of finite-dimensional vector spaces spanned by samples, eigenfunctions of Karhunen-Loeve (KL) representations, or modes of singular value decompositions (SVDs). The implementation of sample parametric models requires knowledge of the probability laws of target random elements. Numerical examples including stochastic processes and random fields are used to demonstrate the construction of sample parametric models, assess their accuracy, and illustrate how these models can be used to solve efficiently stochastic equations.
Egg quality and safety with an overview of edible coating application for egg preservation

Eggs are staple food in the human diet and are consumed globally. They represent a complete food required for well-being and are recognized by consumers as versatile and wholesome with a balance of essential nutrients. However, eggs are perishable and susceptible to contamination with certain microorganisms. Past studies concluded that edible coatings have been successful to maintain the interior quality and reduce the microbial load on the eggshell surface. This paper provides an overview of the egg quality and safety and discusses the application of various types of lipid-, polysaccharide-, and protein-based edible coating systems on eggs. Edible coatings could be a viable alternative to existing techniques for maintaining the internal quality and safety of fresh eggs during long-term storage.
Severe Hypoglycemia Induced Fatal Cardiac Arrhythmias are Mediated By the Parasympathetic Nervous System In Rats

The contribution of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) versus the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) in mediating fatal cardiac arrhythmias during insulin-induced severe hypoglycemia is not well understood. Therefore, experimental protocols were performed in nondiabetic Sprague-Dawley rats to test the SNS with 1) adrenal demedullation and 2) chemical sympathectomy, and to test the PSNS with 3) surgical vagotomy, 4) nicotinic receptor (mecamylamine) and muscarinic receptor (AQ-RA 741) blockade, and 5) ex vivo heart perfusions with normal or low glucose, acetylcholine (ACh), and/or mecamylamine. In protocols 1-4, 3-h hyperinsulinemic (0.2 units/kg/min) and hypoglycemic (10-15 mg/dL) clamps were performed. Adrenal demedullation and chemical sympathectomy had no effect on mortality or arrhythmias during severe hypoglycemia compared with controls. Vagotomy led to a 6.9-fold decrease in mortality; reduced first- and second-degree heart block 4.6- and 4-fold, respectively; and prevented third-degree heart block compared with controls. Pharmacological blockade of nicotinic receptors, but not muscarinic receptors, prevented heart block and mortality versus controls. Ex vivo heart perfusions demonstrated that neither low glucose nor ACh alone caused arrhythmias, but their combination induced heart block that could be abrogated by nicotinic receptor blockade. Taken together, ACh activation of nicotinic receptors via the vagus nerve is the primary mediator of severe hypoglycemia-induced fatal cardiac arrhythmias.
Faculty Diversity at Academic Surgical Meetings—Opportunity for Action?

The American Surgical Association delineated deficiencies of diversity, equity, and inclusion within academic surgery. Opportunities to increase diversity are membership in surgical societies and leadership development. We hypothesized that surgical society meetings represent additional opportunities, using gender diversity as an example. Published programs from annual meetings of three large surgical societies were reviewed. Participants’ gender was classified by first name. Online search was used for equivocal names. We used JMP Pro 14.1.0 for univariate and multivariate logistic regression. During six meetings (2016–2018), 415 sessions with 4078 participants were included, 61% educational panels with invited faculty and 39% abstract sessions. Across all meetings, 32% of abstracts were presented by women, 22% of panel chairs or invited faculty were women. Fifty-four percent of male meeting participants were invited by their societies as moderator or speaker, and 41% of female participants were invited faculty. Fifty-nine percent of all panel chairs had no woman participant. In both univariate and multivariate regression, women had more than threefold the odds of presenting an abstract than presenting on a panel (p < 0.0001). Women were three times more likely to present in a session that was co-chaired by a woman (< 0.0001). One in three abstract presenters in national surgery meetings was a woman, demonstrating engagement in the societies. Historically, men are more likely invited as faculty than women. The presence of a woman co-chair on a panel correlated with increased female participation. Similar scenarios may apply to other underrepresented groups.
Effect of Shallowness on Dilution of Unidirectional Diffusers

AbstractThe effect of receiving water depth on the dilution of a unidirectional diffuser discharging dense effluent in quiescent conditions is analyzed. Dilution measurements from previous studies ...