cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of Aggregating Brain Cell Cultures

Although nerve was the first tissue used for in vitro culture (Harrison, 1907), only recently have the techniques for the maintenance, growth, and development of nerve tissue in vitro advanced. Most studies of brain differentiation in vitro use small explants. These explants from various regions of fetal and newborn mouse brain can undergo structural and bioelectrical development during culture (Bornstein, 1964; Crain, 1966; Wolf, 1970). In addition, functional connections are formed between separated spinal cord, brain stem, and neocortex fragments (Crain et al., 1968). However, the absence of sensitive biochemical procedures for detecting picomoles of product formation, in addition to the small size of the explants, has primarily limited the study of biochemical differentiation in explants to histochemical observations (Hosli and Hosli, 1970).
Former Audit Partners on Audit Committees: Implications for Russian Corporate Governance

The Moscow Exchange in conjunction with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) continues to address improvements in Russian corporate governance by conducting annual roundtables (OECD, 2017). My research relates to corporate governance provided by audit committees. I examine relationships between former audit partner (FAP) audit committee members and auditors, via a network similar to the interlocking directorate. Using a dataset of U.S. auditor dismissals, I construct unique network variables measuring the relational ties between FAP audit committees and auditors. I find some evidence suggesting ties created by former audit partners may increase auditor switching possibly indicating impaired auditor independence. This outcome suggests implications for Russian corporate governance because it is likely Russian Boards of Directors would experience similar circumstances as their U.S. counterparts. As the Moscow Exchange continues its partnership with the OECD to improve corporate governance, audit quality and auditor independence should be considered in the dialogue.
Pre-clinical analysis of the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in HER2-positive breast cancer.

e12520Background: There has been substantial progress in treatment of metastatic HER2+ breast cancer, unfortunately, treatment progression of the disease is universal. Palbociclib is an oral cyclin...
Behavioral Methods in Pediatric Chronic Illness

This chapter will focus on the behavioral assessment, treatment, and limitations of such treatment with chronically ill children. This area has received increasing attention as the number of children who suffer from chronic illness continues to climb steadily. Although medicine has made dramatic progress in the elimination of most infectious diseases, many physical disorders of both known and unknown etiology fail to respond, on a permanent basis, to any form of medical intervention. Approximately 10% of the children in the United States suffer from some type of chronic illness (Mattsson, 1977); for many of these children a behavioral intervention may help alleviate physical suffering and prevent maladaptive behavioral patterns associated with the disease process from generalizing and continuing into adulthood.
Unlike Th1/Th17 cells, Th2/Th9 cells selectively migrate to the limbus/conjunctiva and initiate an eosinophilic infiltration process.

In this study we compared polarized mouse T-helper (Th) lymphocytes of four populations, sensitized against an ocular antigen, for their patterns of migration and induction of inflammatory processes in recipient mouse eyes expressing the target antigen. Th1, Th2, Th9 and Th17 cells transgenically expressing T-cell receptor (TCR) specific against hen egg lysozyme (HEL) were adoptively transferred to recipient mice expressing HEL in their eyes. Recipient eyes collected 4 or 7 days post injection were analyzed for histopathological changes. Th1 and Th17 cells induced moderate to severe intraocular inflammation in the recipient mouse eyes, but essentially did not migrate into the conjunctiva. In contrast, Th2 and Th9 cells invaded minimally the intraocular space of recipient eyes, but accumulated in the limbus and migrated into the conjunctiva of the recipient mice and initiated allergy-like inflammatory responses, as indicated by remarkable eosinophil involvement. These data thus shed new light on the differences between the migration patterns and ocular pathogenic processes mediated by Th1/Th17 and by Th2/Th9 populations.
Industry: internet usage analysis

An ever-increasing amount of information is being stored in electronic form, both on the Internet and on corporate Intranets. Beyond the effort expended in creating such knowledge bases comes the task of raising users' awareness of the availability of information and encouraging the use of it. Without constant use and feedback, such stores turn from valuable living resources into static outdated libraries. In this case study we show how an understanding of users' interactions with knowledge is used to facilitate and encourage further use of that knowledge. By capturing the significant patterns in user behavior, it is possible to determine which sections of a knowledge base are being used, how they are being used, and by whom. We then consider groupings of like users and develop communities of interest such as active groups of knowledge workers who not only access common areas of knowledge, but also behave in similar ways when doing so. A deeper understanding of how knowledge is used also facilitates the ongoing maintenance and structuring of that knowledge.
Provenance and Case-Based Reasoning.

Computational science takes a multidisciplinary approach to scientific investigation, tightly linking scientific research with computational studies and processes such as numerical simulation, data management, and visualization to study complex phenomena such as weather systems. The scientific importance of such processes has led to significant interest in recording the provenance of the data products, to support tasks such as assessing data quality. How to capture and use provenance information has become an important e-Science research area (Simmhan, Plale, & Gannon 2005). An interesting question is the possible relationships between this burgeoning provenance research and the capture and reuse of process information in artificial intelligence. This invited talk presents ongoing research exploring ramifications of provenance tracing and reuse for two different facets of case-based reasoning (Mantaras et al. 2005). First, it considers the opportunities presented by provenance capture as a source of process information from which to mine cases. Second, it considers the use of provenance tracking within case-based reasoning systems, to enable them to make better use of their cases. By mining the provenance traces of external processes, a case-based reasoning system can harness increasingly extensive libraries of process information to extend its case library. By tracing the internal provenance of its own cases, a case-based reasoning system can better manage and refine its own knowledge.
Synthetic Phosphopeptide Epitope Mapping with Mass Spectrometric Verification

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on synthetic phosphopeptide epitope mapping with mass spectrometric verification. Paired helical filaments (PHF) are major constituents of the neurofibrillary tangle characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Immunocytochemical and biochemical studies on PHF-enriched samples indicate the predominance of modified tau proteins (60–68 kD) in the PHF. Normally tau proteins are associated with microtubules. The tau proteins in PHF (PHF-tau), however, have different chemical characteristics. A major biochemical difference seen in PHF-tau and normal tau (N-tau) appears to be an abnormally high phosphorylation state. This difference is dramatically demonstrated by the differential reactivity of N-tau and PHF-tau to a monoclonal antibody, Tau-L. The chapter describes the preparation and characterization of the tau residue #189–207 synthetic peptide and its assembly derivatives that permit a more concise definition of the Tau-1 epitope.
Bakke in Balance: Some Preliminary Thoughts

The Bakke decision' was a long time in coming, and one may well wonder whether it was worth the wait. The Supreme Court has now given some guidance with respect to the role of race in higher education, although at least as many questions have been raised as have been answered. The Court has already agreed to review several related cases this term,2 indicating a willingness to provide further answers. Meanwhile, college and university administrators across the country must do the best they can with the modest guidance that the Bakke opinions afford.3 This Article seeks to aid the process of understanding Bakke, fully conscious of the risks of extrapolation at this early stage. Several propositions emerge from the opinions and may provide a starting point for legal analysis. First, no member of the Court foreclosed the use of race in higher education. Five Justices clearly held that the California Supreme Court erred in forbidding race-conscious admissions policies.4 The other four Justices did not speak to the issue and, indeed, warned those who might be tempted to find in their opinion any indication of a broader judgment not to do so. They expressly reserved the constitutional issue of the role of race for a later case5 and addressed only the legality of the single admissions program before the
Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Specific Evaluation and Timing for Listing Eligible Patients to Receive Lung Transplantation and Management of the Pre-lung Transplant Patient

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by progressive vasculopathy in the pulmonary arterial bed leading to right ventricular dysfunction and failure. Despite significant advances in medical therapy over the last several decades, lung transplantation remains a necessary treatment option for patients with severe and refractory disease. This chapter discusses the role of lung transplantation in the management of pulmonary hypertension as well as transplant-specific considerations, including the use of single versus dual lung transplant and the diminishing role of combined heart and lung transplantation.
Risk of Bacterial Coinfections in Febrile Infants 60 Days Old and Younger with Documented Viral Infections.

Objective To determine the risk of serious bacterial infections (SBIs) in young febrile infants with and without viral infections. Study design Planned secondary analyses of a prospective observational study of febrile infants 60 days of age or younger evaluated at 1 of 26 emergency departments who did not have clinical sepsis or an identifiable site of bacterial infection. We compared patient demographics, clinical, and laboratory findings, and prevalence of SBIs between virus-positive and virus-negative infants. Results Of the 4778 enrolled infants, 2945 (61.6%) had viral testing performed, of whom 1200 (48.1%) were virus positive; 44 of the 1200 had SBIs (3.7%; 95% CI, 2.7%-4.9%). Of the 1745 virus-negative infants, 222 had SBIs (12.7%; 95% CI, 11.2%-14.4%). Rates of specific SBIs in the virus-positive group vs the virus-negative group were: UTIs (33 of 1200 [2.8%; 95% CI, 1.9%-3.8%] vs 186 of 1745 [10.7%; 95% CI, 9.2%-12.2%]) and bacteremia (9 of 1199 [0.8%; 95% CI, 0.3%-1.4%] vs 50 of 1743 [2.9%; 95% CI, 2.1%-3.8%]). The rate of bacterial meningitis tended to be lower in the virus-positive group (0.4%) than in the viral-negative group (0.8%); the difference was not statistically significant. Negative viral status (aOR, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.3-4.6), was significantly associated with SBI in multivariable analysis. Conclusions Febrile infants ≤60 days of age with viral infections are at significantly lower, but non-negligible risk for SBIs, including bacteremia and bacterial meningitis.
Tele-oncology at MSK: Delivering innovative, patient-centered care.

272Background: MSK is deploying teleoncology solutions that improve the patient experience, quality of care, and enhance patient access. MSK’s teleoncology mission is to utilize digital technology ...
Analog high resistance bilayer RRAM device for hardware acceleration of neuromorphic computation

Analog nonvolatile resistive switching phenomena in metal oxides can potentially be used as a synaptic weight in hardware based neuromorphic computing accelerators. Single layer resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices have switching currents in the greater than 1 mA range, effectively requiring too much energy for integration in a crossbar array based neural accelerator. This study details the fabrication and characterization of a bilayer RRAM device consisting of a Pt-TaOx-Al2O3-TiN stack which is designed for low current operation. This high resistance bilayer device reduces switching energy to ∼8 pJ during RESET and 15 pJ during SET, at the expense of increased operational noise. Noise increase is expected in this higher resistance device due to electron trapping in levels created by vacancies piling up at the interface between the Al2O3 and TaOx layer. As a result, the simulated performance of these devices used in training a neuromorphic accelerator on the MNIST dataset was 80%, significantly lower than required. Using the difference in current between two devices to represent a digit and using two digits per weight with a technique called periodic carry (for a total of 4 devices), a training accuracy of 93% could be achieved. The device and methods detailed here represent a necessary step toward the realization of energy efficient neuromorphic accelerators.
Cutter Load Distribution Analysis and Crown Shape Optimal Design of Complex Curved PDC Bit

When drilling in hard rock formations, the wear of the complex curved PDC bit is extremely uneven. To solve this problem, a numerical simulation method was used to analyze the load distribution law of the cutters and the crown shape of the complex curved PDC bit was optimized. The simulation results showed that: 1) along the radial direction of the bit, the axial load on the cutters increased first and then decreased, while the radial load decreased first and then increased; 2) the axial load on the cutters was the largest at the nose and taper area of the bit, while the radial load on the cutters was the largest at the center and shoulder area of the bit; 3) the influence of the inner cone angle on the cutting load was mainly concentrated in the bit crown’s inner cone area, while the influence of the outer arc radius on the cutting load was mainly concentrated in the bit crown nose and taper areas. Based on these conclusions, the crown shape of the complex curved PDC bit was optimized and a field test was carried out. The test results showed that, compared with the original complex curved PDC bit, the average bit life and drilling efficiency of the new designed bit was increased by 20% and 18%, respectively, especially in hard rock drilling. The average drilling efficiency of the new designed bit was increased by 50%.
Microsurgical clipping of a small anterior choroidal artery aneurysm: technical pearls

This case is a presentation of technical tenets for the microsurgical clipping of an anterior choroidal artery aneurysm. The patient described in this case was a 75-year-old woman who presented with the worst headache of her life, involving the left side of her head. The patient was found to have a
Anesthetizing the Fibrillating Heart

Author(s): Hanna, Peter; Zhu, Ching; Rajendran, Pradeep S; Shivkumar, Kalyanam | Abstract: See Article Lee et al.
Insoluble immune complex-stimulated neutrophil leukotriene B4 production is dependent on Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII and independent of pertussis toxin-sensitive signal transduction pathways.

Abstract Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) release initiated by interaction of immune complexes (ICs) with Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII receptors on human neutrophils was studied using well-defined complexes. Immune complexes consisting of polyclonal rabbit antibody to human albumin were prepared at equivalence (insoluble complex) and at five times antigen excess (soluble complex). Incubation of human neutrophils with soluble and insoluble ICs led to the synthesis of LTB4 from endogenous arachidonic acid (AA). LTB4 release induced by ICs was markedly inhibited by monoclonal antibodies against either Fc gamma RII or Fc gamma RIII receptor. Treatment of neutrophils with pertussis toxin significantly inhibited the release of LTB4 induced by soluble ICs. However pertussis toxin treatment minimally inhibited the LTB4 release induced by insoluble ICs. Crosslinking of either Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII receptors on neutrophil surfaces induced LTB4 release. This is the first experimental observation showing that both Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII directly induce neutrophil LTB4 metabolism in the absence of exogenous AA. These studies also suggest the involvement of novel pertussis toxin insensitive signal transduction pathways in insoluble ICs stimulation of neutrophils.
Cardiac MLC2 kinase is localized to the Z-disc and interacts with α-actinin2

Cardiac contractility is enhanced by phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) by cardiac-specific MLC kinase (cMLCK), located at the neck region of myosin heavy chain. In normal mouse and human hearts, the level of phosphorylation is maintained relatively constant, at around 30–40% of total MLC2, likely by well-balanced phosphorylation and phosphatase-dependent dephosphorylation. Overexpression of cMLCK promotes sarcomere organization, while the loss of cMLCK leads to cardiac atrophy in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we showed that cMLCK is predominantly expressed at the Z-disc with additional diffuse cytosolic expression in normal adult mouse and human hearts. cMLCK interacts with the Z-disc protein, α-actinin2, with a high-affinity kinetic value of 13.4 ± 0.1 nM through the N-terminus region of cMLCK unique to cardiac-isoform. cMLCK mutant deficient for interacting with α-actinin2 did not promote sarcomeric organization and reduced cardiomyocyte cell size. In contrast, a cMLCK kinase-deficient mutant showed effects similar to wild-type cMLCK on sarcomeric organization and cardiomyocyte cell size. Our results suggest that cMLCK plays a role in sarcomere organization, likely distinct from its role in phosphorylating MLC2, both of which will contribute to the enhancement of cardiac contractility.
An Evaluation of Transformer Historical Failure Data for Facility Resiliency and Reliability

This paper provides a closer look into transformer failure trends by analyzing data collected from over 160 thousand unit-years of equipment operation. Utilizing an extensive database of failure information compiled by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, this paper looks at year-to-year changes in transformer failure rates to paint a better picture of component reliability. The data show that failure rates trend differently over time, often significantly. A more thorough understanding of equipment failure trends can inform design and operational considerations, ultimately lowering material and operational costs.
Morphology and structure of Pb thin films grown on Si(111) by pulsed laser deposition

Thin Pb films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on Si(111) at various laser fluences, pulse wavelengths, deposition time, and substrate temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy and ex situ atomic force microscopy were used to probe the surface morphology and structure. At room temperature, increasing the laser fluence and/or the pulse wavelength triggers the transformation from the “worm”-like interconnected islands to granular, separated islands. Increasing the substrate temperature to slightly below the Pb melting temperature results in the formation of large, nearly spherical non-wetting islands. Additionally, ultrathin Pb (111) films were grown at room temperature, which resulted in a small number of nearly 2D islands due to the emerging quantum size effect. Our results show that pulsed laser deposition can be used effectively for controlled growth of Pb thin films.
Myocardial injection of a thermoresponsive hydrogel with reactive oxygen species scavenger properties improves border zone contractility.

The decrease in contractility in myocardium adjacent (border zone; BZ) to a myocardial infarction (MI) is correlated with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that injection of a thermoresponsive hydrogel, with ROS scavenging properties, into the MI would decrease ROS and improve BZ function. Fourteen sheep underwent antero-apical MI. Seven sheep had a comb-like copolymer synthesized from N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm) and 1500 MW methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, (NIPAAm-PEG1500), injected (20 × 0.5 mL) into the MI zone 40 min after MI (MI + NIPAAm-PEG1500) and seven sheep were MI controls. Cardiac MRI was performed 2 weeks before and 6 weeks after MI + NIPAAm-PEG1500. BZ wall thickness at end systole was significantly higher for MI + NIPAAm-PEG1500 (12.32 ± 0.51 mm/m2 MI + NIPAAm-PEG1500 vs. 9.88 ± 0.30 MI; p = .023). Demembranated muscle force development for BZ myocardium 6 weeks after MI was significantly higher for MI + NIPAAm-PEG1500 (67.67 ± 2.61 mN/m2 MI + NIPAAm-PEG1500 vs. 40.53 ± 1.04 MI; p < .0001) but not significantly different from remote myocardium or BZ or non-operated controls. Levels of ROS in BZ tissue were significantly lower in the MI + NIPAAm-PEG1500 treatment group (hydroxyl p = .0031; superoxide p = .0182). We conclude that infarct injection of the NIPAAm-PEG1500 hydrogel with ROS scavenging properties decreased ROS and improved contractile protein function in the border zone 6 weeks after MI.
Vision impairment and depression among older adults in low- and middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between visual impairment (VI) and depression in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the mediating role of disability and social participation. METHODS/DESIGN The World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) provided data on objective and subjective visual function, depression, disability (WHODAS-12), and social participation for nationally representative samples of adults 50 years and older in China, India, Ghana, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. Multivariable logistic and linear models were used to test the association between VI and depression and the indirect pathways through disability and social participation. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographics, medical comorbidities, and complex survey design features. RESULTS Visual acuity was worse in respondents with depression compared to those without depression in China (0.32 vs 0.23 logMAR; P < .001), Ghana (0.26 vs 0.18 logMAR; P < .001), and India (0.36 vs 0.30 logMAR; P < .001); self-reported vision was also significantly worse in these three countries, but not in Mexico, Russia, or South Africa. Greater disability significantly mediated the association of both objective and self-reported VI with depression in China and India. Social participation significantly mediated the association between subjective vision and depression in Ghana. CONCLUSIONS There is variability in the association between VI and depression across LMICs and in the mediating role of disability and social participation. Culture-specific instruments may be needed to better characterize the association between VI and depression and further research is needed to assess causality.
Soil pathogens that may potentially cause pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses

Abstract Soil ecosystems contain and support the greatest amount of biodiversity on the planet. A majority of this diversity is made up of microorganisms, most of which are beneficial for humans. However, some of these organisms are considered human pathogens. In light of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, one may ponder the origin of the next pandemic and if soil may represent a source of pathogens with pandemic potential. This review focuses on several bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens that can result in human infection due to direct interaction with the soil. Moreover, the current status of knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 survival in and transmission from soil is reviewed.
Longitudinal bronchoscopy findings in children with mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II)

Background: Hunter syndrome or MPS II is a X-linked lysosomal storage disease with significant respiratory involvement leading to obstruction of large airways due to “MPS” deposits and remodeling. We had shown significant airway involvement and need for bronchoscopy assisted intubation in patients with MPS prior to wide spread use/approval of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) [Muhlebach, Ped Pulm 2013]. Aim: To review progression of airway findings in patients with severe form of MPS II with early ERT. Methods 20 patients with severe form of MPS II underwent yearly bronchoscopies (bronch) as part of research evaluations in a phase 2/3 trial of intrathecal ERT. Results: Systemic ERT, required to enlist in intrathecal ERT trial, had been started at median (range) age of 3.9 years (0.1-4.8). Median age of 1st bronch was 4.3 years (2.4-9.7) median (range) time of follow-up and number of bronchs were 4.7 years (2-9) and 5 (2-9), respectively. MPS specific upper airway findings were present in all patients even at initial bronch and showed progression from adenoidal enlargement, pharyngeal deposits and –malacia to the lower airways with initial tracheal flattening and later MPS tracheopathy characterized by tracheal wall instability and tortious trachea with bronchitis at this stage. Comparison to 15 patients of similar ages from pre-ERT time period, including those with mild MPS II, showed no clear difference in airway involvement. Conclusion: Despite early use of ERT airway disease in the severe form of MPS II progresses from upper to lower airway with severe tracheopathy occurring in teenagers and adults. Thus ongoing careful management of airway and pulmonary disease in MPS remains indicated.
Zirconia supported rhodium nano materials: Catalytic application in selective oxidation of alcohols

Abstract Rhodium nanoparticles supported over zirconia was prepared by wet impregnation method and its potentiality as a catalyst was analyzed. The catalyst material was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Infra-Red spectroscopy and X-ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy analysis. The magnetic susceptibility was also measured at different temperatures. The behavior and efficiency of the support catalyst was studied in the oxidation of some alcohols to aldehydes or ketones in presence of butyl peroxide as oxidant. Re-usability of the catalyst without reduction in the catalyzing ability up-to four cycles is what observed. The high yield of the desired products, easy work up processes, no formation or involvement of toxic chemicals either as intermediates or products makes the entire reaction as green method.
Compartment-Specific Neurexin Nanodomains Orchestrate Tripartite Synapse Assembly

At tripartite synapses, astrocytes enmesh synaptic contacts, but how astrocytes contribute to the formation, maturation and plasticity of synapses remains elusive. Here we show that both astrocytes and neurons abundantly express neurexin-1, a presynaptic adhesion molecule that controls synaptic properties. Using super-resolution imaging, we demonstrate that presynaptic neuronal and astrocytic neurexin-1 form discrete nanoclusters at excitatory synapses. We find that distinct patterns of heparan sulfate modification and alternative splicing confer onto astrocytic and neuronal neurexin-1 different ligand specificities, thereby enabling compartment-specific signaling by neurexin-1. At hippocampal Schaffer-collateral synapses, deletion of neurexin-1 from either astrocytes or neurons did not alter synapse numbers, but differentially impaired synapse function. Neuronal neurexin-1 was essential for NMDA-receptor-mediated synaptic responses, whereas astrocytic neurexin-1 was required for maturation of silent synapses, AMPA-receptor recruitment, and long-term potentiation. Thus, astrocytes and neurons surprisingly use the same synaptic adhesion molecule to control distinct synapse properties.
Landscape of biomedical informatics standards and terminologies for clinical sleep medicine research: A systematic review.

Summary A systematic literature review was conducted to understand the current landscape of standards and terminologies used in clinical sleep medicine. Literature search on PubMed, EMBASE, Medline and Web of Science was performed in March 2021 using terms related to sleep, terminologies, standards, harmonization, semantics, ontology, and electronic health records (EHR). Systematic review was carried out according to PRISMA. Among 128 included studies, 35 were eligible for review. Articles were broadly classified into six topics: standard terminology efforts, reporting standards, databases and resources, data integration efforts, EHR abstraction and standards for automated sleep scoring. This review highlights the progress and challenges related to establishing computable terminologies in sleep medicine, and identifies gaps, limitations and research opportunities related to data integration that could improve adoption of clinical research informatics in this field. There is a need for the systematic adoption of standardized terminologies in all areas of sleep medicine. Existing data aggregation resources could be leveraged to support the development of an integrated infrastructure and subsequent deployment in EHR systems within sleep centers. Ultimately, the adoption of standardized practices for documenting sleep disorders and related traits facilitates data sharing, thus accelerating discovery and clinical translation of informatics approaches applied to sleep medicine.
Research on the construction mode of Ningxia distribution network Internet of things

The construction of power Internet of things has opened up a new way for the lean operation of power grid enterprises and the systematic development of new business. The power distribution Internet of things is an important embodiment of power Internet of things in the field of power distribution, and it is a new power network operation mode of deep integration of traditional power technology and Internet of things technology. This paper expounds the construction concept of the distribution Internet of things, discusses the overall architecture, basic principles and optional architecture mode applicable to the construction of Ningxia distribution Internet of things, and focuses on the discussion and selection of the construction mode of the distribution station area and 10kV line, so as to provide ideas and choices for the construction of Ningxia distribution Internet of things.
17 - Challenges in Observational Seismology

The ability to collect, process, and analyze earthquake data has been significantly accelerated by advances in electronics, communications, computers, and software. Earthquake seismology is essentially based on field observations. This chapter provides an overview of the observational aspects of earthquake seismology, emphasizing on instrumental observations of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. It also discusses the nature of seismic monitoring and some challenges in observational seismology. Some of the challenges in seismic monitoring for hazard mitigation include—namely, (1) cost issues; (2) integration, reorganization, and data loss; (3) rarity in major earthquakes; and (4) planning, management, and bureaucracy. In addition, seismologists must also be able to achieve stable long-term funding; effective management and execution; and delivery of useful products to the users. Because digital seismic data have become widely available on both local and global scales much more major advances in earthquake seismology are expected in the near future.
Transport of a lysosomal membrane glycoprotein from the Golgi to endosomes and lysosomes via the cell surface in African trypanosomes

gp57/42 is a membrane glycoprotein localized in the trans-Golgi, flagellar pocket region of the cell surface, endosomes and lysosomes of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Pulse-chase immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that gp57/42 acquires a unique N-linked oligosaccharide recognized by the CB1 monoclonal antibody 20–30 minutes after protein synthesis, probably in the trans-Golgi. We refer to gp57/42 molecules that carry the CB1 epitope as CB1-gp. Pulse labeled CB1-gp contained only one core protein, p57, when chase times were 30 minutes or less. As time of chase increased from 30 to 60 minutes, a new polypeptide, p42, appeared in N-glycanase-treated CB1 immunoprecipitates. Since p57 and p42 share 10 of 13 methionyl peptides, we conclude that p42 is a fragment of p57. Cleavage of p57 to p42 was not inhibited when cells were chased in two thiol protease inhibitors or in 3,4-diisocoumarin, but was inhibited by leupeptin. Cell surface biotinylation was used to determine if newly synthesized CB1-gp was transported from the Golgi to the surface. When cells were pulse labeled and chased for 30 minutes, as much as 40% of the radiolabeled CB1-gp could be biotinylated on the cell surface. The amount of CB1-gp that could be biotinylated decreased when chases were extended from 30 to 60 minutes, suggesting that pulse labeled CB1-gp left the surface. In contrast, pulse labeled variant surface glycoprotein molecules continued to accumulate on the surface where they could be biotinylated between 30 and 60 minutes of chase. Biotinylated CB1-gp derived from cells chased for 30 minutes contained p57 but no p42. However, when labeled cells were biotinylated after a 30 minute chase and then incubated another 30 minutes at 37 degrees C, the biotinylated CB1-gp contained both p57 and p42. The p57 in biotinylated CB1-gp was not cleaved to p42 if the additional incubation was done at 4 or 12 degrees C. This suggests that transport to a compartment where processing occurs and/or the processing enzymes are inhibited by low temperature. When surface biotinylation was done after a 60 minute chase, p42 was detected in biotinylated CB1-gp, suggesting that CB1-gp molecules had passed through the processing compartment and then appeared on the cell surface. Thus, a major portion of the newly synthesized CB1-gp is routed from the Golgi to endocytic compartments via the cell surface. In trypanosomes this process involves a unique surface domain, the flagellar pocket.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Video skimming and characterization through the combination of image and language understanding techniques

Digital video is rapidly becoming important for education, entertainment, and a host of multimedia applications. With the size of the video collections growing to thousands of hours, technology is needed to effectively browse segments in a short time without losing the content of the video. We propose a method to extract the significant audio and video information and create a "skim" video which represents a very short synopsis of the original. The goal of this work is to show the utility of integrating language and image understanding techniques for video skimming by extraction of significant information, such as specific objects, audio keywords and relevant video structure. The resulting skim video is much shorter, where compaction is as high as 20:1, and yet retains the essential content of the original segment.
Heat Transfer Analysis of Fiberglass Insulations With and Without Foil Radiant Barriers

This work compares analytical results with experimental data for the total heat transfer through typical fiberglass insulations subjected to a time-varying incident radiative heat flux and with time-varying temperature boundaries. The insulation configurations and thermal environments analyzed are consistent with conditions that exist in residential attics during the summer months. A heat transfer analysis was performed, which treats the problem as one of coupled transient conduction and radiative heat transfer in a fully participating medium (absorbing, emitting, and scattering). Computations were performed for both isotropic and anisotropic phase functions and for both gray and nongray radiative transport. Temperature data recorded for summer-time conditions in FL and MS were used to describe the boundary conditions for the heat transfer analysis. The effect of foil radiant barriers on the overall heat transfer through the insulation also was studied. Calculations are presented that compare the foil radiant barrier and no-foil cases; the foil barrier is shown to reduce the total heat transfer by about 42%. All computations used the discrete ordinates solution method to solve the radiative transport equation and a control-volume based finite difference technique to solve the energy equation.
Gender, Marriage, and Expectations for Personal Care

Among other benefits of marriage, spouses are particularly well suited for providing sick or personal care due to proximity and motivation. Yet, spouse care may vary by gender: Women are less likely to be married, especially at older ages, and personal care may be associated with traditional gender expectations. Using data for a representative sample of middle-aged and older persons, this article poses two questions. First, who is expected, by married and unmarried men and women, to provide personal care? Second, how does the gender of the individual or of children structure expectations for care? For married persons, particularly in high-quality marriages, spouses are likely care providers. However, for women, spouse help is less reliably available, and other sources, particularly children, are more available. Unmarried persons are more likely to mention “no one” and have a wider variety of expected sources of sick care, but children are the modal choice.
Predicting Interacting Residues Using Long-Distance Information and Novel Decoding in Hidden Markov Models

Identification of interacting residues involved in protein-protein and protein-ligand interaction is critical for the prediction and understanding of the interaction and has practical impact on mutagenesis and drug design. In this work, we introduce a new decoding algorithm, ETB-Viterbi, with an early traceback mechanism, and apply it to interaction profile hidden Markov models (ipHMMs) to enable optimized incorporation of long-distance correlations between interacting residues, leading to improved prediction accuracy. The method was applied and tested to a set of domain-domain interaction families from the 3DID database, and showed statistically significant improvement in accuracy measured by F-score. To gauge and assess the method's effectiveness and robustness in capturing the correlation signals, sets of simulated data based on the 3DID dataset with controllable correlation between interacting residues were also used, as well as reversed sequence orientation. It was demonstrated that the prediction consistently improves as the correlations increase and is not significantly affected by sequence orientation.
Adaptive local overlapping grid methods for parabolic systems in two space dimensions

Abstract Adaptive mesh refinement techniques are described for two-dimensional systems of parabolic partial differential equations. Solutions are calculated using Galerkin's method with a piecewise bilinear basis in space and backward Euler integration in time. A posteriori estimates of the local discretization error of piecewise bilinear finite element solutions are obtained by a p -refinement technique. These error estimates are used to control a local h -refinement strategy where finer grids are recursively introduced in regions where a prescribed tolerance is exceeded. Fine grids at a given level of refinement may overlap each other and independent solutions are generated on each of them. A version of the Schwarz alternating principle is used to coordinate solutions between overlapping fine grids. Computational results demonstrating the performance of the adaptive procedure on linear and nonlinear problems and apparent convergence of the error estimate for linear heat conduction problem and uniform global refinement is presented.
Central petén blue pigment: A maya blue source outside of Yucatán, México

Much of the research on Maya Blue has focused on locating palygorskite sources in northern Yucatan, Mexico. To that end, Arnold et al. (2007) reported seven discriminate source mineral locations for palygorskite used in the manufacture of Maya Blue. Recently, a blue pigment was excavated from the archaeological site of Ixlu, El Peten, Guatemala and LA-ICP-MS and INAA analyses were conducted to determine if the pigment had the traditional Maya Blue structure and if it was from one of the seven mineral sources in Mexico. Geochemical analyses demonstrate that the Ixlu pigment has the traditional Maya Blue structure, but it was manufactured from clays in central Peten, Guatemala. These new data suggest that the knowledge of Maya Blue manufacture was transferred and not the actual pigment and they reveal another source for Maya Blue manufacture outside of the Yucatan peninsula.
Molecular changes in A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus associated with acquisition of virulence.

Abstract One of the unresolved questions concerning the acquisition of virulence by the A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus is which gene segments other than the hemagglutinin (HA) showed changes that were relevant. To answer this question, reassortants were made possessing the hemagglutinin gene of the virulent virus and the seven other genes from the avirulent parent. Since both the virulent and avirulent H5N2 strains are antigenically almost indistinguishable, it was necessary to transfer the genes of interest to a “carrier” virus before the appropriate reassortment could be selected. The gene compositions of the reassortants was established by a combination of sequence analysis and migration on polyacrylamide gels. These analyses established that the avirulent influenza virus present in April 1983 possessed seven of the eight gene segments necessary for virulence; mutation(s) in the HA gene were required for acquisition of virulence. Other viruses such as A/Seal/Mass/1/80 (H7N7) could provide the other genes necessary for virulence. Two changes in the HA have been associated with the acquisition of virulence; these are at amino acid residues 23 and 78 (H3 numbering) (Y. Kawaoka and R. G. Webster, Virology , 146 , 130–137 (1985)). Isolation of an amantadine-resistant avirulent revertant virus provided the opportunity to determine which of the two amino acid changes in HA is critical. Sequence analysis of the revertant virus revealed amino acid changes at residues 23 in HA1 and 40 in HA2 (H3 numbering). The change at residue 23 of HA1 is probably associated with reversion to avirulence, of cleavability of HA, and inability to plaque in tissue culture without trypsin; while the change at residue 40 of HA2 may be associated with the amantadine-resistant phenotype. These studies establish that a single critical point mutation in the hemagglutinin gene of the avirulent A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1/83 (H5N2) was probably all that was required to produce the highly virulent Chicken/Pennsylvania virus; the avirulent virus already possessed the other genes necessary for virulence.
Quasicrystals with 1-D Translational Periodicity and A Ten-Fold Rotation Axis

Studies of phase formation in rapidly solidified Al-Mn alloys (composition range 18–22 at% Mn) show that an icosahedral phase is replaced by another noncrystallographic phase, a decagonal phase. The decagonal phase is another example of quasicrystal: It has a noncrystallographic point group (10/m or 10/mmm) together with long-range orientational order and one-dimensional translational symmetry. The decagonal phase is an intermediate phase between an icosahedral phase and a crystal both from the symmetry and from the solidification condition points of view.
Performance of multiple-bus interconnections for multiprocessors

Abstract Bus structures, in general, are easily understood and therefore preferred by manufactures for implementation. Multiple-bus systems can be viewed as an incremental expansion of single-bus architectures that can provide high bandwidth and reliability. This research note provides a brief overview of various analytical techniques suitable for performance evaluation of the multiple-bus multiprocessors. Some results and comparisons based on these techniques are also provided.
Opioid but not nonopioid stress-induced analgesia is enhanced following prenatal exposure to ethanol.

Two neurochemically distinct forms of stress-induced analgesia were examined in adult rats following prenatal ethanol exposure. Rats were exposed to ethanol during the last 2 weeks of gestation through a liquid diet presented to the dams. Analgesia testing was conducted when the offspring were 150–210 days of age. Two forms of footshock stress were administered; one that resulted in a naloxone-sensitive (opioid-mediated) analgesia and one that resulted in a naloxone-insensitive (nonopioid) form of analgesia. Rats prenatally exposed to ethanol demonstrated significantly enhanced opioid-mediated analgesia, but unaltered nonpoioid analgesia compared to controls. These results confirm previous findings that prenatal exposure to ethanol leads to long-term alterations in responding to some, but not all forms of stress. The possibility that prenatal exposure to ethanol leads to perturbations in the endogenous opioid systems is discussed.
Blunt thoracic aortic injury: Open or stent graft repair?

Background Despite a lack of level I evidence, endovascular stent grafting is frequently used for the treatment of blunt thoracic aortic injury. The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes between open and endovascular repair of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Methods This article is based on a single-institution review of all consecutive patients treated for blunt aortic injury at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics between October 1999 and May 2007. This study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board. Patients were identified from our Level 1 trauma registry. Inclusion criteria for this study was based on computed tomographic or angiographic evidence of thoracic aortic injury distal to the left subclavian artery. Two groups were identified: patients who underwent open repair (OR) and, patients who underwent endovascular repair (ER). Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, associated injuries, comorbid conditions, intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, and duration of hospital stay were analyzed. Data regarding these patients and their injuries were retrieved from our trauma registry as well as chart review and outpatient records. The outcomes from OR and ER were compared using the Fisher exact test. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results During the 8-year period, 26 consecutive patients were treated for blunt aortic injury (OR = 12 and ER = 14). There were 20 men, and the mean age was 36 years. There were no differences between the groups in the mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, or number of associated injuries on initial presentation. On an intent-to-treat basis, the endovascular therapy was technically successful 100% of the time. There was no procedure-related mortality. There was 1 patient, however, in the OR group with presumed recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. There was no incident of treatment-related paraplegia in either group. The 1-year survival for OR and ER patients was 93% and 92%, respectively. At 1 year, 25% of patients in the OR group and 18% of patients in the ER group required reinterventions. Mean operating room time was 309 minutes for the ERs and 383 minutes for the patients who underwent OR. Intraoperative blood product administration was greater in the OR group (P = .055); there was no difference between the groups, however, in the total blood products administered for a given hospital stay. The mean duration of hospital stay was 13 days for the OR group and 13.9 days for the ER group. Conclusion There were no significant differences with respect to morbidity or mortality between these 2 groups. These data suggest that ER is at least as safe as OR for blunt aortic injury.