cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of SO2 on Mo(110), MoO2/Mo(110) and Cs/Mo(110) surfaces: effects of O and Cs on the formation of SO3 and SO4 species

Abstract High-resolution synchrotron-based photoemission and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to study the interaction of SO2 with the Mo(110), O/Mo(110), MoO2/Mo(110) and Cs/Mo(110) surfaces. Ab initio self-consistent-field (SCF) calculations have been applied to provide information on the bonding of SO2 to Mo(110) and MoO2. At 300 K, sulfur dioxide completely decomposes on the Mo(110) surface (SO2→Sa+2Oa), while molecular species (SO2 and SO4) are also observed at 100 K. A SO2 multilayer, grown at large SO2 exposures at 100 K, completely disappears from the surface upon annealing to 160 K, leaving SO4, SO2 and atomic S. The molecular species SO4 and SO2 decompose entirely upon further annealing to 250 K. Several coordination modes for adsorbed SO2 (η1-S a-top, η1-S bridge, η2-O,O bridge, η2-S,O bridge) were examined using ab initio SCF calculations and a Mo15 cluster model. It was found that adsorption geometries in which the molecule is di-coordinated via O,O or S,O are the most probable precursors for dissociation on Mo(110). From an electronic viewpoint, molybdenum is very well suited to adsorb and dissociate SO2, making this metal more reactive than any late transition metal. On a Mo7O14/PC4NC8 oxide cluster (PC and NC denote positive and negative point charges, +4e and −2e), a η2-O,O bridge conformation is the most stable, but the adsorption energies and perturbations in the geometry of SO2 are much smaller than on the metal cluster (Mo15). Experimental results confirm the theoretical expectations, and the Mo and O sites of the MoO2/Mo(110) system are not reactive toward SO2. Oxygen precovered surfaces do not facilitate the generation of SOX groups and accommodate only a small amount of atomic sulfur upon dosing of SO2 at 300 K. Addition of cesium to the Mo(110) surface substantially enhances its reactivity towards SO2. SO2 readily reacts with the Cs/Mo(110) surfaces at 300 K, and SO4 and SO3 species are produced. The thermal stability of the SO4 species on the Cs/Mo(110) system is much higher than that on the clean Mo(110) surface.
DOT1L inhibits SIRT1-mediated epigenetic silencing to maintain leukemic gene expression in MLL -rearranged leukemia

The authors uncover the mechanism by which DOTL1 exerts its role as an epigenetic regulator required for leukemic progression by counteracting the effects of the chromatin regulators SIRT1 and SUV39H1.
Ribosomes in the skeletal muscle filament lattice.

The compartmentalization of myosin isoforms within a muscle cell (Gauthier: J. Cell Biol. 110:693–701, 1990) suggests that myosin might be assembled directly into thick filaments at sites where it is synthesized. We therefore examined myofibrils by immunoelectron microscopy to determine whether ribosomes are associated with thick filaments under conditions in which new myosin can be identified. We used the embryonic chick anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD), a slow muscle that is induced, by curare, to synthesize a fast myosin isoform that is not normally present. Myosin was localized in situ, using a gold-labeled monoclonal antibody that recognizes the new isoform. The gold marker, as expected, was localized preferentially to the A band. There was an overall increase of fivefold in the number of gold particles per μm2 of A band in the curare-treated compared to the normal ALD, indicating that the labeled isoform was largely newly formed. There was a corresponding preferential distribution of ribosomes at the A band, especially in the H-band region, and the number of ribosomes per μm2 of A band was nearly twice as high in the curare-treated as in the normal muscle. Ribosomes were located between thick filaments, often aligned in rows. We conclude that ribosomes are located within the filament lattice, and therefore that they are available for local myosin synthesis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Peer pressure against prejudice: A high school field experiment examining social network change

Abstract Individuals often conform to the intergroup attitudes and behaviors modeled by their peers in a given situation. To what extent does peer influence on intergroup prejudice 1) diffuse across a social network of peers and 2) affect attitudes and behavior across time? Student leaders (“Peer Trainers”) were trained to confront expressions of intergroup prejudice in five randomly assigned high schools across a period of five months; students recruited to be Peer Trainers in five control schools waited to be trained. Independent surveys of Peer Trainers' social networks reveal that treatment Peer Trainers were significantly more likely than control Trainers to be nominated by peers as students who confront prejudice. Treatment Peer Trainers' tolerant behavior spread to close friends and to acquaintances in their social network; their attitudes spread inconsistently, and only to close friends. Studying peer influence within social networks can improve understanding of social influence, prejudice reduction, and social change.
Lift Generation in Soft Porous Media Under Rapid Compaction

In a recent paper, Wu et al. (Journal of Fluid Mechanics 542, 281 (2005)) have developed a novel experimental and theoretical approach to investigate the dynamic lift forces generated in the rapid compression of highly compressible porous media, (e.g. snow layer), where a porous cylinder-piston apparatus was used to measure the pore air pressure generation and a consolidation theory was developed to capture the pore pressure relaxation process. In the current study, we extend Wu et al.’s approach to various porous materials such as synthetic fibers. A complete redesign of the previous experimental setup was done, where an accelerometer and a displacement sensor were employed to capture the motion of the piston. The pore pressure relaxation during the rapid compaction of the porous material was measured. The consolidation theory developed by Wu et al. was modified by introducing the damping effect from the solid phase of the materials. One uses Carman-Kozeny’s relationship to describe the change of the permeability as a function of compression. By comparing the theoretical results with the experimental data, we evaluated the damping effect of the soft fibers as well as that of the pore air pressure for two different synthetic fibers, A and B. The experimental and theoretical approach presented herein has provided an important methodology in quantifying the contributions of different forces in the lift generation in soft porous media and is an extension of the previous studies done by Wu and others.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Police‐school resource officers’ and students’ perception of the police and offending

Using a sample of 271 students from four schools in the southeast region of Missouri, this paper evaluates the impact of school resource officers (SRO) on young people’s views and attitudes about the police and offending. The results suggest that the use of an SRO in schools does not change students’ view of the police in general or offending. This weak impact is, at least in part, attributable to the negative contact that young people may have with the police and their SRO. This study concludes that, since the SRO has no significant impact on students’ perception of police or offending, then it would behoove school administrators to utilize their financial resources for counseling, student‐faculty crime prevention programs or delinquency awareness programs.
Induction of chondrogenesis and expression of superficial zone protein (SZP)/lubricin by mesenchymal progenitors in the infrapatellar fat pad of the knee joint treated with TGF-β1 and BMP-7

Superficial zone protein (SZP) is a key mediator of boundary lubrication of articular cartilage in joints. In this investigation, we made the unexpected discovery that SZP was expressed in infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) from bovine knee. Quantitative analysis of secreted proteins in the medium of the IFP stromal cells demonstrated a significant stimulation by TGF-beta1 and BMP-7. Real-time PCR analysis revealed the SZP expression was up-regulated by TGF-beta1 and BMP-7. Chondrogenically differentiated IFP progenitor cells were stimulated by TGF-beta1 and BMP-7 to synthesize and secrete SZP. SZP mRNA was significantly up-regulated by chondrogenic induction for 21 days. These findings indicate that the stimulation of SZP expression by TGF-beta and BMP-7 may lead to functional improvement of damaged intraarticular tissues and that IFP progenitor cells may be a potential useful source for inducing superficial zone of articular cartilage by tissue engineering for regeneration of damaged articular cartilage due to osteoarthritis.
ELEVATED BLADDER URINE CONCENTRATION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-beta 1 CORRELATES WITH UPPER URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION IN CHILDREN

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated urinary transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) concentration in children with upper urinary tract obstruction as a potential tool for supporting the diagnosis of clinically significant obstruction.Materials and Methods: Renal pelvic and bladder urine samples were obtained for analysis from 30 patients a median of 5 months old who underwent surgery for obstruction at the ureteropelvic (29) and ureterovesical (1) junctions. Urinary TGF-beta 1 concentration was measured using a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay technique. Bladder urine TGF-beta 1 in patients with obstruction was compared with that in controls. In addition, we compared renal pelvic and bladder urine TGF-beta 1 in patients with obstruction.Results: Mean bladder urine TGF-beta 1 plus or minus standard error of mean was 4-fold higher in patients with upper tract obstruction than in controls (195 +/- 29 versus 47 +/- 7 pg./mg. creatinine, p <0.001). In the obstructed group mean TGF-beta 1 in the...
The enlargement of a hole in a rigid-workhardening disk of non-uniform initial thickness

Abstract A complete solution is obtained for the enlargement of a circular hole in a disk whose initial contour is given by h 0 = α r 0 n , where α and n are constants, using an isotropic strain-hardening law with Mises' yield condition and its associated flow rule. The results are then compared with those obtained using: (i) Tresca's yield condition and its associated flow rule; (ii) Mises' yield condition for the neutral plastic region, and Tresca's yield condition and the flow rule associated with the Mises yield criterion for the active plastic region; and (iii) Tresca's yield condition for all plastic regions and the Saint Venant—Levy—Mises flow rule. An interesting feature of the results is that, when material hardening exists and when the Saint Venant—Levy—Mises flow rule is used, then, as the hole expands, there first occurs a thickening of the disk at the vicinity of the hole's edge, which thickening may then be followed by a thinning. It appears that this phenomenon has not been noticed before.
Pseudo power signatures for image classification: SVD and projector approaches

Segmentation and classification are important problems with applications in areas like textural analysis and pattern recognition. Th is paper describes a single-0stage approach to solve the image segmentation/classification problem down to the pixel level, using energy density functions based on the wavelet transform. The energy density functions obtained, called Pseudo Power Signatures, are essentially functions of the scale and orientation, and are obtained using separable approximations to the 2D wavelet transform. A significant advantage of these representations is that they are invariant to signal magnitude, and spatial location within the object of interest. Further, they lend themselves to fast and simple classification routines. We provide a complete formulation of the signature determination problem for 2D, and propose an effective, albeit simple, technique based on a tensor singular value analysis, to solve the problem, We present an efficient computational algorithm, and a simulation result reflecting the strengths and limitations of this approach. We next present a detailed analysis of a more sophisticate method based on orthogonal projections to obtain signatures which are better representations of the underlying data.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Codoping of alumina to enhance creep resistance

The tensile creep behavior of both singly and multiply doped alumina samples has been investigated in order to understand better the impact of dopant segregation to grain boundaries on observed creep resistance. Previous studies have suggested that the segregation of the oversized dopant ions reduces the grain boundary diffusivity and thus the creep rate. The aims of the present work are to examine the possibly beneficial effects of selective codoping in enhancing creep resistance, and to elucidate the role (if any) of precipitates in creep inhibition. The specific singly and codoped systems considered in this work were as follows: hot-pressed alumina samples containing nominally (i) 100 ppm zirconium, (ii) 100 ppm neodymium, (iii) 100 ppm zirconium codoped with either 100, 350, or 1000 ppm neodymium, (iv) 100 ppm zirconium codoped with 1000 ppm scandium. Microchemical mapping using secondary ion mass spectrometry revealed direct evidence of cosegregation of the dopant ions to grain boundaries. Tensile creep tests were carried out in the temperature range of 1200-1350°C, utilizing stresses ranging from 20 to 100 MPa. In the case of the Nd/Zr codoped alumina, it was found that the creep rate decreased by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude relative to undoped alumina. This improvement was greater than that achieved by doping with either Nd or Zr alone, and demonstrates that the incorporation of ions of differing sizes may be beneficial. The observed enhancement in creep resistance was obtained for compositions both above and below the solubility limit of Nd in alumina; hence the phenomenon is primarily a solid solution effect.
Chemically controlled amplified ratiometric fluorescence in surface-immobilized end-capped oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene)s.

Efficient photoexcitation energy transfer in extended π-electron conjugated molecules is a key factor in applications of such systems as a gain media in signal-amplifying fluorescent chemodetectors. Here we report an unprecedented ratiometric fluorescence amplification phenomenon in the surface-immobilized monolayers of oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene)s end-capped with a lower energy gap receptor group. The process of covalent immobilization on the surface results in monolayer films with improved molecular organization, which display highly efficient excitation energy transfer to the lower energy receptor groups. Chemical transformation of a subtle fraction of the receptor groups on the surface leads to a very significant fluorescent ratiometric response. While fundamental understanding of this unusual “turn-on” amplification phenomenon requires further studies, it can be used to develop thin-film ratiometric fluorescent chemosensors with improved optical gain.
Distributed strain and temperature mapping in the Safe Affordable Fission Engine (SAFE-100) thermal simulator using fiber Bragg gratings

The motivation for the reported research was to support NASA space nuclear power initiatives through the development of advanced fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for the SAFE-100 non-nuclear core simulator. The purpose of the combined temperature and strain mapping was to obtain a correlation between power distribution and core shape within the simulator. In a nuclear reactor, core dimension affects local reactivity and therefore power distribution. 20 FBG temperature sensors were installed in the SAFE-100 thermal simulator at the NASA Marshal Space Flight Center in an interstitial location approximately 2.3mm in diameter. The simulator was heated during two separate experiments using graphite resistive heating elements. The first experiment reached a maximum temperature of approximately 800°C, while the second experiment reached 1150°C. A detailed profile of temperature vs. time and location within the simulator was generated. During a second test, highly distributed fiber Bragg grating strain sensors were arrayed about the circumference and along the length of the heated core region. The maximum temperature during this test was approximately 300°C. A radial and longitudinal strain distribution was obtained that correlated well with known power distribution. Work continues to increase the strain sensor operating temperature and sensor multiplexing to allow high-resolution mapping.
Continuously variable true-time-delay modulator

Distortion in wide-band phase-sensitive signal-processing systems is introduced by phase shifters that nominally operate independently of frequency. With phased-array antennas, pulse distortion and undesirable shifting in the beam angle (beam squinting) are experienced when the instantaneous bandwidth is large or the frequency is changed. True-time-delay modulators (TTDM’s) properly introduce phase shifts that are linearly proportional to frequency and eliminate these errors.
Prototype FAGE determination of NO2

A low pressure laser-excited-fluorescence technique (FAGE) for the direct determination of atmospheric NO2 has been developed. Using a frequency-doubled Nd-YAG pump laser and a signal collection time of 20 s (10 s each signal and background) a detection limit of 450 pptv is calculated under laboratory conditions. Improved sensitivities will be possible with a higher repetition rate laser and lower fluorescence cell pressures.
The role of oversight in the health sector: the example of sexual and reproductive health services in India.

Abstract This paper examines the role of oversight in influencing the health sector, using examples from sexual and reproductive health services in India. Rather than simply trying to provide services through traditional bureaucratic mechanisms, governments can make use of oversight tools to influence how health care is delivered through the public and private sectors. Three main oversight functions are described: understanding health system performance, deciding when to intervene in the health system and strategizing and implementing change. Governments also need to understand the ethical basis for decisions. The potential for administering oversight through policymaking, disclosing and informing, regulating, collaborating, and strategically subsidising and contracting services in sexual and reproductive health is described. This approach implies an engagement with a broader set of stakeholders in the health sector than is often the case. It requires a set of skills for public officials beyond managing public programmes, and relies on a larger role for other stakeholders and the general public. When applied to reproductive and sexual health, implementation of the full range of oversight functions offers new opportunities to provide more effective, equitable, accountable and affordable services.
Temperature response of Earth to the annual solar irradiance cycle

Abstract We directly determine the sensitivity and time delay of Earth's surface temperature response to annual solar irradiance variations from 60 years of data. A two-layer energy balance model is developed to interpret the results. Explaining both the resulting low sensitivity and time delay of 1–2 months requires negative feedback.
Analysis and applications of optical diffraction by gratings

Diffraction characteristics of general dielectric planar (slab) gratings and surface-relief (corrugated) gratings are reviewed. Applications to laser-beam deflection, guidance, modulation, coupling, filtering, wavefront reconstruction, and distributed feedback in the fields of acoustooptics, integrated optics, holography, and spectral analysis are discussed. An exact formulation of the grating diffraction problem without approximations (rigorous coupled-wave theory developed by the authors) is presented. The method of solution is in terms of state variables and this is presented in detail. Then, using a series of fundamental assumptions, this rigorous theory is shown to reduce to the various existing approximate theories in the appropriate limits. The effects of these fundamental assumptions in the approximate theories are quantified and discussed.
Clinical Results of the Combination of Radiation and Fluoropyrimidines in the Treatment of Intrahepatic Cancer.

Radiation therapy has played a minor role in the conventional management of patients with unresectable primary hepatobiliary malignancies and liver metastases. This can be attributed to normal tissue toxicity, which has limited the dose of radiation that can be safely administered, and imaging limitations, which have prevented focal irradiation of involved regions. Trials of whole-liver irradiation with and without 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) suggest that the addition of fluoropyrimidines results in a slight increase in median survival without an increase in radiation-induced liver disease (RILD). The development of three-dimensional radiotherapy techniques has now allowed high-dose focal irradiation to be safely delivered, which, when combined with hepatic arterial FUdR, produces a much higher rate of response and, in some cases, prolonged survival particularly for patients with primary hepatobiliary cancers. Further investigations into the optimal methods of combining the fluoropyrimidines and radiation to permit higher doses of both agents to be delivered as well as methods of protecting the normal liver are expected to yield significant improvement in the outcome of treatment for patients with intrahepatic malignancies.
Graduate students designing graduate assessment: EPortfolio design as problem-based learning

We present results from a graduate course project to design an ePortfolio tool to support graduate program assessment, student learning development, and professional preparation for a “client” traditional engineering department. Students were tasked with meeting their clients, conducting a needs assessment, and designing and presenting an assessment plan using ePortfolio. Student reflections on the project, a focus group, and artifacts prepared for the client served as our data sources. The students encountered significant challenges transferring theory to practice in a real-world context, specifically balancing client desires with good assessment practice. This department's approach to annual reviews was primarily as administrative, data-driven reporting. The final design met several quantitative data needs, but also included opportunities for reflection and professional goal-setting. As a PBL assignment, the project helped these future engineering educators explore their values, career aspirations and goals, particularly in regards to spanning the gap between education practice and research. These students clearly indicated that the project was challenging but extremely valuable in preparing them for their chosen careers, and helped to reinforce their decisions. The project also increased students' awareness and engagement in the processes and challenges of program assessment, situating assessment as an integral component of engineering education.
EXPLICIT GUIDANCE LAW FOR MINIMUM FUEL HORIZONTAL TRANSLATION WITH BOUNDED CONTROL.

Abstract : An explicit guidance law was developed by Conrad (AIAA J. v3 1965) for minimum fuel horizontal translation of a rocket vehicle. This note demonstrates that Conrad's guidance law can be expressed more compactly by use of dimensionless variables. It is shown that the control variable depends on only one dimensionless state variable instead of the original two state variables. (Author)
Gauss sums over finite fields and roots of unity

Let χ be a non-trivial character of F × q , and let g(x) be its associated Gauss sum. It is well known that g(χ) = e(χ)√q, where |e(χ)| = 1. Using the p-adic gamma function, we give a new proof of a result of Evans which gives necessary and sufficient conditions for e(χ) to be a root of unity.
C2V Insertion pathway for BeH2: A test problem for the coupled‐cluster single and double excitation model

The coupled-cluster single and double excitation model (CCSD) is applied to an energy path for the insertion of Be into H2 and compared to the full configuration interaction (FCI) and full valence–multiconfiguration self-consistent field (FV–MCSCF) results. This model problem is a severe test of a single-reference-function correlated method since two configurations are heavily weighted in the FCI description. CCSD is demonstrated to describe the FCI results using a single reference function which, however, changes orbital characteristics along the sampling path. In this case CCSD gives excellent agreement with the FCI results.
Nanoengineered chemiresistors: the interplay between electron transport and chemisorption properties of morphologically encoded SnO2 nanowires

The transport properties and gas-sensing performance of chemiresistors based on quasi-1D, single-crystal, SnO2 nanostructures with deliberately synthesized (encoded) segmented morphology are explored. Such nanostructures were obtained using programmable modulation of the gas supersaturation ratio during their growth. Using hydrogen and oxygen as model reducing and oxidizing gases, we show that the responsiveness of these structurally modulated nanowires to gases is improved over that of straight nanowires of the same average diameter. This is due to the presence of small-diameter segments, which dominate the nanostructure's transport properties and to the better tolerance of such nanostructures towards contact effects. The narrow segments approximate the excellent responsiveness of 'necks' between particles in traditional thin film gas sensors but with the significant advantage of greater morphological integrity and stability.
SGN-30: a basis for the effective treatment of CD30 positive hematopoietic malignancies.

Background: Patients with high-risk, relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma, those with systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and those with primary cutaneous CD30-positive disorders are in need of novel therapies. CD30, a common marker in these malignancies, is a reasonable immunologic target given its restricted expression in normal states. SGN-30 is a chimeric antibody targeting CD30. Objective: Review of data regarding SGN-30, including structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy in different patient groups, safety, and tolerability. Method: The medical literature and available abstracts regarding SGN-30 are reviewed. Conclusion: SGN-30 may be efficacious through multiple mechanisms of action. The most efficacious dose has yet to be determined. Given the long drug half-life, short infusions may be administered every 2 – 3 weeks. The highest response rate was seen in patients with primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disease and encouraging results were seen in patient...
Effect of p-fluorophenylalanine and puromycin on the replication of poliovirus.

Abstract The presence of an appropriate concentration of p-fluorophenylalanine in the medium of infected HeLa cells prevents the maturation of poliovirus, but permits the synthesis of infectious RNA. When the inhibition is released by the addition of phenylalanine, a second cycle of viral RNA is formed coordinately with viral protein, and only this latter RNA appears in the mature virus particles. Puromycin, added to an infected culture early in the latent period, prevents both maturation and RNA synthesis; addition of puromycin near the end of the latent period permits limited synthesis of RNA. The data suggest that protein synthesis is necessary to permit the replication of RNA and provide some evidence for the necessity for protein synthesis early in the infectious cycle.
Laplace's approximation for nonlinear mixed models.

SUMMARY An approximation to Laplace's method for integrals is applied to marginal distributions of data arising from models in which both fixed and random effects enter nonlinearly. The approach provides alternative derivations of some recent algorithms for fitting such models, and it has direct ties with Gaussian restricted maximum likelihood and the accompanying mixed model equations.
Calculation of equilibrium distributions of chemical species in aqueous solutions by means of monotone sequences

A numerical method for the calculation of equilibrium distributions of chemical species in aqueous solutions of electrolytes is presented. This method is constructed by transforming the problem of determining the set of unknown concentrations satisfying the mass balance and mass action equations into the equivalent problem of finding the limits of certain well-behaved mathematical sequences in a multivariable direct iteration scheme. The total (analytical) concentrations are taken as the starting estimates, and the recursive equations are constructed from the starting equations. It is shown that the sequences so constructed are both monotonic and bounded, hence convergent in an orderly fashion by a mathematical axiom. Each unknown free ion concentration (that is, each limit) is approached simultaneously from above and from below, being effectively “sandwiched” in an ever tightening manner. Strict error bounds therefore are easily constructed. The method has been found to be exceedingly efficient in practice, with the error bound (maximum fractional error in taking the upper estimate as the final answer) decreasing in an approximately exponential fashion with respect to iteration number, commonly 0.5–1.5 orders of magnitude per iteration. Correction for nonideality is presented, and the possibility of this giving rise to more than one solution is discussed in connection with three examples of natural waters of low-, medium-, and high-ionic strengths.
Evil and the concept of a limited God

THE PROBLEM of evil can be stated in several different ways, or perhaps it is better to say there are several distinct problems of evil. If God is characterized by the traditional omni-predicates, then the problem arises why there is any evil at all in the world. This problem leads to interesting discussions about the concept of perfection and God's alleged ability or inability to create a perfect world, but the problem is a sterile one in every other way since some evil obviously serves good ends. But much evil resists simple explanation; it is prima facie gratuitous. The really interesting problem of evil is whether the apparent gratuity can be explained away by more in65
Computer-aided diagnosis of lesions on multimodality images of the breast

We have developed computerized methods for the analysis of lesions that combine results from different imaging modalities, in this case digitized mammograms and sonograms of the breast, for distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions. The computerized classification method -- applied here to mass lesions seen on both digitized mammograms and sonograms, includes: (1) automatic lesion extraction, (2) automated feature extraction, and (3) automatic classification. The results for both modalities are then merged into an estimate of the likelihood of malignancy. For the mammograms, computer-extracted lesion features include degree of spiculation, margin sharpness, lesion density, and lesion texture. For the ultrasound images, lesion features include margin definition, texture, shape, and posterior acoustic attenuation. Malignant and benign lesions are better distinguished when features from both mammograms and ultrasound images are combined.
Fate of ϵ-caprolactam in the aquatic environment

Abstract The rate and extent of ϵ-caprolactam degradation in aquatic systems are dependent on the nutrient availability, indigenous microbial population and activity, chemical concentration, and water temperature. The labeled chemical evolved 14CO2 indicating ring cleavage with between 35 and 80% of the radioactivity evolved as 14CO2 after 21 days in yeast extract-supplemented waters. The percent of caprolactam degraded was indirectly related to the chemical's concentration in the water, suggesting microbial inhibition at high caprolactam concentrations.
Antioxidant Therapies for Acute Spinal Cord Injury

One of the most investigated molecular mechanisms involved in the secondary pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is free radical-induced, iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation (LP) and protein oxidative/nitrative damage to spinal neurons, glia, and microvascular cells. The reactive nitrogen species peroxynitrite and its highly reactive free radicals are key initiators of LP and protein nitration in the injured spinal cord, the biochemistry, and pathophysiology of which are first of all reviewed in this article. This is followed by a presentation of the antioxidant mechanistic approaches and pharmacological compounds that have been shown to have neuroprotective properties in preclinical SCI models. Two of these, which act by inhibition of LP, are high-dose treatment with the glucocorticoid steroid methylprednisolone (MP) and the nonglucocorticoid 21-aminosteroid tirilazad, have been demonstrated in the multicenter NASCIS clinical trials to produce at least a modest improvement in neurological recovery when administered within the first 8 hours after SCI. Although these results have provided considerable validation of oxidative damage as a clinically practical neuroprotective target, there is a need for the discovery of safer and more effective antioxidant compounds for acute SCI.
Neuron-Specific Nuclear Antigen NeuN Is Not Detectable In Gerbil Subtantia Nigra Pars Reticulata

NeuN (Neuronal Nuclei), the neuron-specific marker of nuclear protein is used extensively in histological procedures to identify major cell-types in adult vertebrate nervous systems of a variety of species including rodents and humans. Some notable exceptions (i.e., NeuN-negative neurons) include Purkinje cells in cerebellum, mitral cells in olfactory bulb, and photoreceptors in retina. Here we report that neurons in gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), whose "neuronal" phenotype was confirmed via electrophysiology, biocytin-labeling, histology, and in situ hybridization, are also devoid of NeuN-immunoreactivity as assayed with the widely used monoclonal antibody A60. Immunohistochemistry of rat SNr using the same antibody yielded robust staining. These data suggest lack of NeuN-immonoreactivity observed in certain cell-types and brain regions can be species-specific.
Lightning-tropospheric ozone connections: EOF analysis of TCO and lightning data

Abstract An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is applied to two different data sets of tropospheric column ozone (TCO) and observed lightning flash rates over the tropical Atlantic for the period of 1996–2000. The first two dominant EOF modes of TCO values, explaining more than 65% of total variance are characterized by the seasonal cycle. The time series of EOF1 and EOF2 of TCO values are in phase with those of the EOF2 (16%) and EOF1 (63%) of the lightning, respectively. These relationships imply the influence of lightning on the tropical ozone maximum and the tropical ozone paradox. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the EOF modes and the horizontal wind field in the upper troposphere show that the highest lightning flash rates are located upstream of the region where high TCO values are found throughout the year.
Teaching the Global Dimensions of Technology Management: A Framework for Course Development

Technology management education emerged in order to enable technology- driven firms link strategic management goals to their technological capabilities and requirements. Technology in the broadest sense has become a driver for individual firms and entire industries, as well as being the key component for the increasingly complex global economy. It is therefore a given that technology management programs need to provide a thorough understanding of how technology impacts the global economy, and vice versa, how to manage globalized technology. This paper provides a framework for the development of courses that address this requirement. In particular, the framework focuses on study-abroad courses, which allow integrative, cross-cultural learning while being exposed on-site to the effects of globalization. Two methodologies are combined to build the framework. As part of a vision-driven approach to program development, program and basic course learning objectives are defined. Second, a systems perspective is used to identify the relationships between business, society, and governments, for which technology management education is playing the role as mediator. Course learning objectives are mapped to the identified relationships. Based on these refined learning objectives, the detailed visits and activities for a study-abroad trip are developed. This process is exemplified with the case of a study-abroad trip to China, which is a mandatory course in an existing technology management program. The paper concludes with recommendations to educators on how the framework can be applied in order to customize such courses for visits to different countries or regions.
Papillary thyroid cancer in a patient with MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP)

We describe a patient with MUTYH-associated polyposis diagnosed with colon cancer at 33 years of age, as well as gastric polyps at a later age. She was also diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer at age 35. MUTYH-associated polyposis is an autosomal recessively inherited disease which has clinical overlap with Familial adenomatous polyposis and its attenuated form, in that it is associated with risk of colon cancer at a young age. Extra-intestinal cancers have also been reported in patients with MUTYH-associated polyposis; however the tumor spectrum is still evolving. National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend screening for colon, duodenal and gastric polyps in individuals with MUTYH-associated polyposis. Screening for extra-intestinal cancers i.e. thyroid cancer is presently not part of these recommendations. These will likely continue to evolve as the MUTYH-associated polyposis tumor spectrum is better understood as a result of future case reports and research.
Asymptotic analysis for complex-valued Stieltjes transforms

Abelian theorems for complex-valued Stieltjes transforms of functions and generalized functions are obtained, which generalize all previous related results, and new results are obtained. Under limit assumptions on the function or the generalized function, the Abelian theorem results are obtained as the complex variable of the transform approaches zero or infinity within an arbitrary wedge, and in some cases arbitrarily, in the right half plane.
Individual recognition of contact calls by pygmy marmosets

Individual recognition by voice has been frequently assumed to be an important phenomenon in the social species. The present study on pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) demonstrated that there are distinctive acoustic features in each of two contact calls by which individuals could be distinguished from each other. Individual pygmy marmosets responded differently depending on which type of contact call was given and on the identity of the vocalizing animal. Playbacks of individual calls through hidden speakers produced some evidence for differential individual responses, but only when they originated from familiar locations. These results indicate that pygmy marmosets recognize each other on the basis of their contact calls.
Longitudinal approach to subgroup formation: re-analysis of Newcomb's fraternity data

Abstract Though longitudinal research is infrequent in the social sciences, information obtained through longitudinal investigation provides knowledge which cannot be acquired through cross-sectional research. In this paper we demonstrate how a longitudinal measure (i.e., positional stability) provides a new perspective in understanding small group structures and the individual characteristics of group members. We analyzed the classic longitudinal sociometric data collected by T. Newcomb on college students in the 1950s. The measure of positional stability of individuals over time is shown to correspond to the resulting subgroups as well as an individual's popularity, knowledge of others, and agreement with the group consensus.
Disease Due to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Bangladeshi Adults: Clinical Aspects and a Controlled Trial of Tetracycline

The clinical characteristics of disease due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) were determined in 88 adult males admitted to a hospital in Dacca, Bangladesh, with moderate to severe dehydration. Persons infected with ETEC strains producing both heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxin had more dehydration and acidosis, longer duration of illness, and greater stool volume than persons infected with strains producing only ST. Tetracycline therapy, evaluated in 63 cases, resulted in slightly earlier termination of illness in patients with LT-ST strains but had no effect on illness in the patients with ST strains. In both groups of patients tetracycline shortened the duration of excretion of organisms. Because of its limited effectiveness and the generally excellent response of ETEC diarrhea to rehydration therapy alone, tetracycline is not warranted for use in treatment of ETEC diarrhea in adults in this population.
High to quantum dot lasers based on charge-controlled active regions

InAs QD lasers grown on GaAs substrates have already been demonstrated to have very low threshold currents and current densities [1-3], but until recently their To’s have not been much higher than that of InP-based lasers. The 1.3-micron QD lasers have also been unable to demonstrate the predicted high modulation bandwidths, and in fact are inferior to planar quantum well lasers in this respect. We believe that the cause, as opposed to a relaxation problem such as a phonon bottleneck, lies in the electronic structure of the InAs QDs that also limits their optical gain. The problem essentially is due to closely spaced hole levels that destroy the otherwise ideal performance expected of QD lasers. In self-assembled InGaAs QDs, the electron energy level spacing is much greater than that of holes, and can be as much as ~80 meV for electrons and only ~10 meV for holes. As a result, at and above room temperature, injected holes are distributed over a number of energy levels, which leads to the decrease in the optical and differential gain. Consequently, the threshold and differential gain become very temperature sensitive, and the modulation bandwidth is lowered.
On the Stress Concentration Around a Spherical Inclusion

The paper of Lindeman, Witemberg-Perzyk and Perzyk claiming that Goodier's solution for the stress concentration around a spherical inclusion under tension is in correct is criticized. It is concluded that Goodier's solution is still correct.
The neocortex and visual placing in rats

Summary Hooded rats were tested for visual and tactual placing responses prior to and 3 weeks after partial or total neocortical ablation. An operational scaling technique was used to evaluate placing responses in terms of latency and extent of response. Removal of the anterior neocortex was followed by transient retardation of visual placing and by loss of tactual placing. Removal of the posterior neocortex resulted in loss followed by eventual recovery of visual placing but had no effect on tactual placing, and recovery could not be attributed to sparing of some portion of the area striata. Removal of all neocortex, except for small portions adjacent to the rhinal sulcus, resulted in loss of both tactual and visual placing responses, but visual orientation responses persisted. Further experimentation indicated that recovery of visual placing was possible after nearly complete ablation of the neocortex if extensive practice trials were given or if the lesion was performed in two separate stages with practice interpolated between stages. A tendency to recover accompanied repeated administrations of amphetamine, but this was not reliable. Recovery, when observed, appeared to be a function of practice because performance increased incrementally over 20 days of testing rather than occurring spontaneously. It was concluded that although both anterior and posterior neocortex are normally involved in, and certainly enhance, visual placing behavior in rats, neither seems necessary for such behavior to occur.
VideoZoom spatio-temporal video browser

We describe a system for browsing and interactively retrieving video over the Internet at multiple spatial and temporal resolutions. The VideoZoom system enables users to start with coarse, low-resolution views of the sequences and selectively zoom-in in space and time. VideoZoom decomposes the video sequences into a hierarchy of view elements, which are retrieved in a progressive fashion. The client browser incrementally builds the views by retrieving, caching, and assembling the view elements, as needed. By integrating browsing and retrieval into a single progressive retrieval paradigm, VideoZoom provides a new and useful system for accessing video over the Internet. VideoZoom is suitable for digital video libraries and a number of other applications in which streaming methods provide insufficient quality of video, video downloading introduces large latencies, and generating video summaries is difficult or not well integrated with video retrieval tasks.
Picosecond time-domain electromagnetic scattering from conducting cylinders

The microwave scattering properties of conducting cylinders are characterized by measuring their response to picosecond-duration electromagnetic pulses. The ultrafast electromagnetic transients are generated and detected with optoelectronically pulsed antennas. The time-domain response gives physical insight into the scattering process. In addition, Fourier analysis is used to obtain the frequency dependence of the scattered amplitude and phase from 15 to 140 GHz. >
Chronic Sodium Balance and Blood Pressure Response to Captopril in Conscious Mice

Abstract —The influence of chronic administration of the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril on blood pressure and sodium balance was evaluated in conscious Swiss Webster mice. Arterial pressure was measured with chronic indwelling catheters, and sodium balance was determined by infusing sodium intravenously in isotonic saline and collecting urine 24 h/d. Experiments to validate sodium balance measurements in mice demonstrated recovery of 100±3% of sodium intake under steady-state conditions (n=20 mice on 70 individual days, sodium intake range 160 to 1000 μmol/d). It was further demonstrated that mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and body weight were unaltered from 115±7 mm Hg, 646±12 bpm, and 34±0.6 g, respectively, as sodium intake was increased stepwise from 150 to 900 μmol NaCl per day. An additional validation group (n=7) demonstrated that daily and cumulative sodium balance can be accurately determined during and after the intravenous administration of an agent known to alter renal sodium handling (furosemide 50 mg · kg −1 · d −1 ). Experiments were then performed to examine the influence of intravenous captopril infusion (40 mg · kg −1 · d −1 , n=7) in mice in which the daily sodium intake was fixed at ≈200 μmol/d. This dose of captopril was determined to significantly decrease the pressor response to a 10-ng bolus of angiotensin I (Ang I) from 24±5 in the control state to 6±2 mm Hg (n=5). After 5 days of infusion of the converting enzyme inhibitor, mean arterial pressure significantly fell from 114±3 to 58±2 mm Hg, body weight significantly decreased from 36±1 to 33±1 g, and cumulative sodium balance significantly decreased to −270±55 μmol. These parameters returned toward control during 5 postcontrol days. Results of this study demonstrate that accurate sodium balance measurements can be obtained from individual conscious mice over a 5-fold range of sodium intake. The experiments also indicate that converting enzyme inhibition has a potent influence to lower blood pressure in normal mice; the hypotensive response appears to be due in part to increased urinary sodium excretion.