cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stresses of hexagonal screw dislocation arrays. v. short range stresses and their contribution to latent hardening

The short-range stresses of the hexagonal screw dislocation boundary, of the straight tilt boundary, and of a zig-zag tilt boundary are computed. These are found to be quite complicated geometrically. They are of comparable magnitude in all three cases but smaller for the straight tilt boundary than for the zig-zag boundary. For all slip systems, the stresses with which the boundaries resist the passage of glide dislocations are found to be smaller than the stresses required to bowout the glide dislocations on the primary plane against the resistance oftheir own line tension through the gaps in the boundaries. In spite of its generally larger stresses, the zig-zag wall is somewhat more easily penetrated than the straight tilt wall. If the primary slip plane is taken to be parallel to the twist boundary but normal to the tilt walls, as would be deduced at least for f.c.c. crystals from Part IV, a marked asymmetry of latent hardening is found. Namely, there are no contributions to the flow stress from boundary stresses for any slip system sharing the primary plane, while slip systems on intersecting planes are subject toopposing boundary stresses up to about one half of the bowing-out stress in the primary plane and should suffer the corresponding excess latent hardening. Known experimental results are in agreement with these conclusions. Die kurzreichenden Spannungen des hexagonalen Schraubenversetzungsnetzwerkes, sowie von zwei Arten von Knickwanden werden berechnet. Sie sind geometrisch sehr kompliziert. Der Widerstand, den die Spannungen dieser verschiedenen Versetzungswande gegen das Durchschneiden durch Gleitversetzungen darbieten, ist in allen Fallen kleiner als die Spannung, welche zum Ausbauchen der Versetzungen gegen den Widerstand ihrer eigenen Linienenergie notig ist. Wenn angenommen wird, das die primare Gleitebene parallel zu den Schraubenversetzungsnetzwerken, aber normal zu den Knickwanden orientiert ist, so wie man es auf Grund von Teil IV erwarten sollte, ergibt sich eine deutliche Asymmetrie in der Verfestigung latenter Gleitsysteme: In der primaren Gleitebene ergeben die Spannungen der Zellwande keinen Beitrag zur Fliesspannung, unabhangig von der Gleitrichtung. Gleitsysteme auf anderen Ebenen unterliegen Gegenspannungen durch die Zellwande von etwa 50% der Spannung, die die primaren Versetzungen zum Ausbauchen durch die Lucken zwischen den versetzungen in den Knickwanden benotigen. Diese Gleitsysteme sollten deswegen die entsprechende zusatzliche Verfestigung aufweisen. Experimentelle Beobachtungen von latenter Verfestigung sind im Einklang mit diesen Schlusfolgerungen.
Core cleaning for restoration of native wettability

Certain additives used in drilling and completion fluids may alter the wettability of core. For example, the surfactants in invert-oil-emulsion drilling muds are known to alter the wettability of core. Because routine cleaning methods do not remove these surfactants, core that is to be used for special laboratory analyses, such as relative permeability, capillary pressure, and saturation exponent, is left with an altered wettability. Experiments with such core will obviously produce erroneous data. To obtain reliable results, cleaning methods must be developed to remove these surfactants, allowing restoration of plugs to their natural wettability. Once the core is cleaned, the wettability of the cleaned core can be restored by saturating with synthetic formation brine and uncontaminated reservoir crude, then aging at the reservoir temperature. This report ranks the efficiency of solvents in removing surfactants from plugs contaminated with invert-oil-emulsion drilling-mud filtrate. Eight solvents for Berea sandstone and seven solvents for Guelph dolomite have been ranked after Dean-Stark extraction of mud surfactants using the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) wettability index. The best solvent for both rock types was a 50/50 mixture of toluene/methanol, or the equivalent, containing 1% ammonium hydroxide. Toluene, the most commonly used solvent for core cleaning, wasmore » one of the poorest solvents tested. The solvents that are effective in removing surfactants can be used to clean contaminated core.« less
Dissociation of tolerance and nicotine withdrawal-associated deficits in contextual fear.

Abstract Nicotine addiction is associated with the development of tolerance and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of chronic nicotine administration. Changes in cognition, including deficits in learning, are one of the most common withdrawal symptoms reported by smokers. However, the neural substrates of tolerance to the effects of nicotine on learning and the substrates of withdrawal deficits in learning are unknown, and in fact it is unclear whether a common mechanism is involved in both. The present study tested the hypothesis that tolerance and withdrawal are separate processes and that nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) upregulation underlies changes in learning associated with withdrawal but not tolerance. C57BL/6 male mice were administered a dose of nicotine (3, 6.3, 12, or 24 mg/kg/d) chronically for varying days and tested for the onset of tolerance to the effects of nicotine on learning. Follow up experiments examined the number of days of chronic nicotine treatment required to produce withdrawal deficits in learning and a significant increase in [3H] epibatidine binding in the hippocampus indicative of receptor upregulation. The results indicate that tolerance onset was influenced by dose of chronic nicotine, that tolerance occurred before withdrawal deficits in learning emerged, and that nAChR upregulation in the dorsal hippocampus was associated with withdrawal but not tolerance. This suggests that for the effects of nicotine on learning, tolerance and withdrawal involve different substrates. These findings are discussed in terms of implications for development of therapeutics that target symptoms of nicotine addiction and for theories of addiction.
GTP Dysregulation in Bacillus subtilis Cells Lacking (p)ppGpp Results in Phenotypic Amino Acid Auxotrophy and Failure To Adapt to Nutrient Downshift and Regulate Biosynthesis Genes

The nucleotide (p)ppGpp inhibits GTP biosynthesis in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Here we examined how this regulation allows cells to grow in the absence of amino acids. We showed that B. subtilis cells lacking (p)ppGpp, due to either deletions or point mutations in all three (p)ppGpp synthetase genes, yjbM, ywaC, and relA, strongly require supplementation of leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, and threonine and modestly require three additional amino acids. This polyauxotrophy is rescued by reducing GTP levels. Reduction of GTP levels activates transcription of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of the five strongly required amino acids by inactivating the transcription factor CodY, which represses the ybgE, ilvD, ilvBHC-leuABCD, ilvA, ywaA, and hom-thrCB operons, and by a CodY-independent activation of transcription of the ilvA, ywaA, hom-thrCB, and metE operons. Interestingly, providing the eight required amino acids does not allow for colony formation of (p)ppGpp(0) cells when transitioning from amino acid-replete medium to amino acid-limiting medium, and we found that this is due to an additional role that (p)ppGpp plays in protecting cells during nutrient downshifts. We conclude that (p)ppGpp allows adaptation to amino acid limitation by a combined effect of preventing death during metabolic transitions and sustaining growth by activating amino acid biosynthesis. This ability of (p)ppGpp to integrate a general stress response with a targeted reprogramming of gene regulation allows appropriate adaptation and is likely conserved among diverse bacteria.
Stimulated Brillouin scattering in silicon nanoscale waveguides

We demonstrate stimulated Brillouin scattering in silicon photonics for the first time through a new class of hybrid photonic-phononic waveguides. Enhanced optical forces at nanoscales produce strong photon-phonon coupling and tailorable Brillouin resonances spanning 1-20GHz.
A note on simultaneous congruences

Abstract We prove, by an essentially elementary argument, that the number of non-singular solutions of a system ofdsimultaneous congruences, to a prime power modulus, indvariables is at most the product of the degrees of the polynomials defining the congruences.
TOTAL UROGENITAL COMPLEX MOBILIZATION IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH EXSTROPHY

Purpose: Female bladder exstrophy/epispadias has traditionally been approached in a staged fashion. This approach results in a vagina that remains in an abnormal position on the anterior abdominal wall. We present a surgical correction of the female exstrophy/epispadias urogenital complex with total mobilization that returns the vagina to its proper anatomical position.Materials and Methods: Since 1997, 7 female patients presenting with variants of the exstrophy/epispadias complex have undergone surgical repair using total urogenital complex mobilization. Of the patients 1 newborn and 2 schoolage children had classic bladder exstrophy, 2 schoolage children had cloacal exstrophy and 2 schoolage children had primary epispadias. Total urogenital complex mobilization involved treatment of the urethra and vagina as a single unit. Complete disassembly of the pelvic diaphragm or floor anterior to the rectum was required to reposition the urethra and vagina to their proper anatomical positions in the perineum. Th...
The murky world of mediation ethics: Neutrality, impartiality, and conflict of interest in state codes of conduct

Mediator ethics is an area of controversy. This article reports a study of national and state codes of conduct that found significant differences across the entities in their views of mediator neutrality, impartiality, conflict of interest, and dual role relationships.
Streptococcus pyogenes Ser/Thr Kinase-regulated Cell Wall Hydrolase Is a Cell Division Plane-recognizing and Chain-forming Virulence Factor

Cell division and cell wall synthesis are closely linked complex phenomena and play a crucial role in the maintenance and regulation of bacterial virulence. Eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr kinases reported in prokaryotes, including that in group A Streptococcus (GAS) (Streptococcus pyogenes Ser/Thr kinase (SP-STK)), regulate cell division, growth, and virulence. The mechanism of this regulation is, however, unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that SP-STK-controlled cell division is mediated under the positive regulation of secretory protein that possesses a cysteine and histidine-dependent aminohydrolases/peptidases (CHAP) domain with functionally active cell wall hydrolase activity (henceforth named as CdhA (CHAP-domain-containing and chain-forming cell wall hydrolase). Deletion of the CdhA-encoding gene resulted in severe cell division and growth defects in GAS mutants. The mutant expressing the truncated CdhA (devoid of the CHAP domain), although displayed no such defects, it became attenuated for virulence in mice and highly susceptible to cell wall-acting antibiotics, as observed for the mutant lacking CdhA. When CdhA was overexpressed in the wild-type GAS as well as in heterologous strains, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, we observed a distinct increase in bacterial chain length. Our data reveal that CdhA is a multifunctional protein with a major function of the N-terminal region as a cell division plane-recognizing domain and that of the C-terminal CHAP domain as a virulence-regulating domain. CdhA is thus an important therapeutic target.
The economics of collectible goods

As high levels of inflation eroded the value of personal savings in the late 1970's many investors turned to collectible goods as a hedge against the inflation. Collectors, most of whom collect primarily for pleasure, watched with mixed feelings as investors drove the prices of their hobby's collectibles to unheard of heights only to have them come tumbling down again in the early 1980's, victims of high interest rates, recession and a change in the tax laws.
Surveillance or Security?: The Risks Posed by New Wiretapping Technologies, by Susan Landau. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013. 400 pp. $18.95 paper. ISBN 9780262518741 paper.

With the recent exposure of illegal National Security Agency (NSA) spying by Edward Snowden (a former NSA contractor), public discussion of U.S. surveillance programs is at an all-time high. Unlike...
Determination of arsenic, selenium and mercury in an estuarine sediment standard reference material using flow injection and atomic absorption spectrometry

A flow-injection analysis atomic absorption spectrometric (FIA-AAS) method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of arsenic, selenium and mercury in a proposed estuarine sediment standard reference material (SRM 1646a). The samples were prepared in two manners: a) A wet digestion procedure with HNO3, H2SO4, and HClO4 using a reflux column and b) A microwave-oven digestion procedure utilizing HNO3, H2SO4, and HCl for As and Se, and HNO3 for Hg. Microwave-oven digestion provides results comparable to those found by reflux column digestion and reduces the sample preparation time by a factor of 10. The proposed method employing the microwave-oven digestion procedure coupled with FIA-AAS for As and Se, and FIA-CVAAS for Hg, has detection limits of 0.15 ng As/ml, O.17 ng Se/ml and 0.15 ng Hg/ml.
CLASSIFICATION OF A SECOND GROUP OF ORDINARY CHONDRITES FROM TEXAS

Based on optical microscopy and electron microprobe analyses of mafic minerals, six previously undescribed or poorly known ordinary chondrites from Texas were classified into compositional groups, petrologic types, and shock facies. These meteorites are Junction, L5d; Anton, H5b; Venus, H4d; Dalhart, H5a; Rosebud, H5c; and Cranfills Gap, H6c.
LIFE HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND INSECT–HOST RELATIONSHIPS OF XYLEBORUS CELSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN MISSOURI

The biological and ecological relationships of the hickory timber beetle, Xyleborus celsus Eichoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and black hickory, Carya texana (Buckley), were studied for 2 years in south-central Missouri. X . celsus was bivoltine and overwintered as an adult. Development from egg to adult required ca. 35 days. There were three larval instars. Brood adults either extended the galleries in which they completed immature development or emerged to seek new hosts. Most attacks occurred within 1.5 m above ground level The most heavily attacked height interval in the basal 1 m of 10–17 cm D.B.H. trees varied. This variability is correlated to the temporal relation of girdling of the tree and beetle attack. Aspect of beetle attack varied at random. Conditions for X . celsus development were not uniform in the basal 1 m of infested trees.
Milk Ultracentrifugal Opalescent Layer. 3. Yield and Casein and Lipid Composition as a Function of Centrifugation Time

Abstract The yield and composition of opalescent layer, pellet and supernatant fractions from skim milk (0 to 5C) were investigated as a function of ultracentrifugation time from 1 to 8h at 147,000 × g. Casein micelles in opalescent layer after 1 and 8h accounted for 42 and 1% of total skim milk casein, respectively. The casein content of opalescent layer casein micelles decreased from 81 to 41% with increasing centrifugation time from 1 to 8h. The lipoprotein and lipid content of opalescent layer casein micelles increased from 1 to 13% and from 1 to 19% by increase of centrifugation time from 1 to 8h. Lipids extracted from opalescent layer pellet and supernatant contained 4.7 to 11.4% cholesterol. Lipids extracted from opalescent layer casein micelles contained greater amounts of phosphorus than lipids extracted from skim milk pellet and supernatant fractions. Increasing centrifugation time to 8h had no effect on the zonal electrophoretic properties of caseins recovered from skim milk pellet and supernatant and opalescent layer soluble casein. However, opalescent layer casein micelles obtained at longer centrifugation times contained progressively lower contents of α s -casein and β -casein and more κ -casein, β -lactoglobulin, and slow-migrat'ng proteins that streaked frcm the starting slots.
An examination of the fermi mechanism

The Fermi mechanism accounts for the acceleration of comic rays by random motions of rnagnetic fields embedded in gas clouds. Some of the proposed modifications are examined. Serious difficulties were found, but it seems likely that when the origin of cosmic rays is finally understocd, some variant of the Fermi mechanism will be involved. Regions where the mechanism is operative are listed. Special consideration is given to its operation in the spiral arm of our galaxy. Infection, storage, removal processes, isotropy, and acceleration mechanisms are discussed. (A.C.)
An improved technique of preparing primary cultures of isolated cells from adult frog kidney.

Eine verbesserte Technik zur Gewinnung der ersten Einzelschichtbildungen von Froschnierenzellen wurde entwickelt. Die Zellen werden in neuem auflosendem Nahrboden isoliert und wachsen auf modifiziertem Eagle-Nahrboden mit 13% Kalbsserum. Nach 10 Tagen zeigt sich stark aktives mitotisches Zellwachstum in der Kultur.
Chromatographic Separation of Underivatized Naproxen Enantiomers

Abstract The enantiomers of underivatized Naproxen are resolved on a previously described commercially available HPLC chiral stationary phase (CSP). This same CSP also separates the enantiomers of a variety of ester and amide derivatives of Naproxen.
Effect of 7,8-benzoflavone on the formation of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA-bound products in hamster embryo cells

The hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products present in enzyme digests of DNA from hamster embryo cultures that had been treated with[3H]-benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) were isolated by chromatography on Sephadex LH20 columns. The products isolated from cells treated with 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) for 18 h prior to the addition of [3H] BP were indistinguishable from the products isolated from untreated cultures, but the amounts of these products decreased with increasing concentrations of 7,8-BF. The amount of BP metabolized was also decreased in 7,8-BF-treated cultures. The decrease in the amounts of hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products per mg DNA was logarithmic with respect to the decrease in BP metabolism. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that 7,8-BF inhibits both an initial and a later metabolic step involved in the conversion of BP to a reactive species that binds to cellular DNA.
Evolution as an easygoing theory

(1968). Evolution as an easygoing theory. Pacific Philosophy Forum: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 69-78.
Pseudoelastic behavior of nickel–titanium melt-spun ribbon

Abstract The pseudoelastic behavior of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) is known to be sensitive to alloying and prior thermal history, but relatively little has been established concerning the influence of grain size, especially in the nanoscale regime. The research reported, employs the technique of melt spinning to create continuous ribbons of equiatomic NiTi alloys. This technique yields fine ribbons, approximately 30 μm thick, and ranging in length from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Tensile testing was conducted on the ribbon material in the as-spun condition at temperatures from 40 to 85 °C. Little appreciable pseudoelastic behavior was observed in this temperature range, even after aging for 1 h at temperatures ranging from 300 to 600 °C. However, the mechanical properties were dramatically improved and the grain size in the melt-spun ribbon was further refined by repeated cold rolling. The resulting material displayed reduced grain size at the nanometer scale with the primary phase remaining B2 NiTi. This cold-worked material exhibited strong pseudoelastic behavior not observed in the as-spun ribbon, and did so without the use of a heat treatment step. The cold-rolled melt-spun ribbon also exhibited a significantly diminished mechanical hysteresis stress.
ROLE AMBIGUITY IN THE MALE/FEMALE PROTEGE RELATIONSHIP

Mentorship is a valuable aid in developing professional competence and enhancing career objectives. The article examines male‐mentor/female‐protegee relationships from the angle of ambiguity between cultural mating roles and mentoring roles.
PS2-28: Members’ Suggestions for Improving FIT Kits

Background/Aims Our aim was to get member feedback about KPNC’s FIT kit and changes they think would improve the kit.
Letter to the Editor: The Cam-type Deformity of the Proximal Femur Arises in Childhood in Response to Vigorous Sporting Activity

To the Editor We applaud Siebenrock et al. for their article, “The Cam-type Deformity of the Proximal Femur Arises in Childhood in Response to Vigorous Sporting Activity” [10]. The article provides some of the first strong contemporary evidence in support of a highly plausible hypothesis regarding the etiology of cam morphology involved in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). As the authors recognize, the idea that vigorous sporting activity in young athletes predisposes to the development of cam morphology was originally proposed by Murray and Duncan in 1971 [7] and more recently by Hogervorst et al. [4]. Although the amount of clinical research for various treatment methods for FAI has increased exponentially in recent years [3], there is a lack of studies regarding how the underlying morphologic features arise. Nevertheless, where orthopaedic publication lacks, anthropologic literature delves deep into the structure of the proximal femur and offers a broad ontologic perspective of morphologic features of the hip [6]. In the evolution from sprawling quadruped to upright man, a rounder femoral head often has been associated with smaller, tree-climbing creatures and a flatter, aspherical femoral head with larger, cursorial animals [9]. We suspect the shape of the hip is guided by a balance between the demands for ROM and axial loading, and that adolescent activities that require hip flexibility and strength might protect against the development of cam morphology. However, the physis and its supporting structures have an ability to adapt to various loads [5, 11, 12] and may contribute to cam morphology [4, 10] in response to shear stress across the physis with loading during agility sports [8]. Axial stress on the hip is not attributable solely to a ponderous body mass, but also to the magnitude of muscular forces acting across the joint [2]. The development of cam morphology and the radiographic basis for the development of FAI contrast to the later development of clinical FAI, where repetitive or prolonged impingement-type motions cause abutment and exacerbate symptoms. Similar to the association between constitutional knee varus and increased impact sports during growth [1], cam morphology likely represents a characteristic musculoskeletal trait secondary to natural adaptation to specific demands during adolescence. Although it might predispose individuals to clinically symptomatic FAI and early degenerative joint disease, the development of cam morphology is not necessarily a pathologic process in itself. When viewed primarily from a treatment standpoint, cam morphology often is deemed a deformity. However, when placed in the broader context of evolutionary history and biomechanical forces, it might simply represent a human anatomic variant reflecting the wide spectrum of activity levels among individuals, the ability of the human body to modulate its form, and the potential limits of this ability to create a long-lasting, yet universally high-functioning hip.
Adsorption Isotherm for Doxorubicin on Erythrocyte-Membrane

AbstractThe interaction of doxorubicin with erythrocyte-membrane was investigated to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which doxorubicin is taken up by erythrocytes. The uptake of intact and disrupted erythrocyte-ghosts was determined by using equilibrium dialysis. The adsorption isotherms revealed that the amount of doxorubicin adsorbed per unit weight of the erythrocyte-ghosts, at a given drug concentration, was similar to that of disrupted erythrocyte-ghosts. Also, the ratio of the calculated adsorption rate to desorption rate and the theoretical strength of the bonds between doxorubicin and the adsorption sites were the same for both systems. The results indicated that the uptake of doxorubicin by erythrocyte-ghosts may not be an encapsulation phenomenon, but rather an adsorption one.
Comparison of coupling intervals that induce clinical and nonclinical forms of ventricular tachycardia during programmed stimulation.

Coupling intervals of extrastimuli that induced 57 previously documented unimorphic ventricular tachycardias (VTs) were compared with coupling intervals that induced 57 episodes of polymorphic VT or ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients without a documented or suspected history of polymorphic VT or VF. Programmed stimulation was performed with the patient in the drug-free state, with 1 to 3 extrastimuli and 2 basic drive cycle lengths (600 or 500 ms, and 400 ms) at 2 right ventricular sites; stimuli were twice diastolic threshold. The mean coupling intervals of the first, second and third extrastimuli that induced nonclinical VTVF (241 ± 19, 185 ± 19 and 173 ± 24 ms, respectively, mean ± standard deviation) were significantly shorter than the corresponding coupling intervals that induced the clinical VTs (266 ± 25, 228 ± 32 and 214 ± 27 ms, respectively, p < 0.001 for each). Regardless of the basic drive cycle length, the shortest coupling interval required to induce a clinical VT was 180 ms. Depending on the drive cycle length, 29 to 70% of nonclinical VTVF induced by 3 extrastimuli required a coupling interval of less than 180 ms to induce. Therefore, a lower limit of coupling intervals may be identified below which only nonclinical VTVF is induced by programmed stimulation. Restriction of coupling intervals to this lower limit may allow for significant improvement in specificity without compromise in the sensitivity of programmed ventricular stimulation protocols.
Formation and Structure of Electrostatic Collisionless Shocks

A one-dimensional, two-species numerical-simulation code has been used to study the formation and structure of collisionless electrostatic shocks formed by two colliding plasmas and by a plasma striking a perfectly reflecting piston. Collisionless shocks are formed in hydrogen up to a maximum piston velocity of $M\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{{v}_{D}}{{c}_{S}}\ensuremath{\sim}3.5$. Shocks with velocities up to $M\ensuremath{\sim}4$ have been produced which have a predominantly laminar structure accompanied by strong collisionless dissipation.
Heat Inactivation of E. coli During Manure Composting

Contamination of food and water by microorganisms from animal manure has become an important issue in public health. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of several emerging pathogens of concern. In this research, we studied how the self-heating, thermophilic phase of composting influenced laboratory-grown vs. bovine-derived E. coli O157:H7 mortality, specifically the relationship between temperature, time at temperature, and pathogen survival. Composting experiments were conducted in laboratory-scale bioreactors operated in three temperature ranges: 40°C to 50°C, 50°C to 60°C, and greater than 60°C. We measured the effects of temperature and composting time on E. coli O157:H7 mortality. Laboratory-grown E. coli O157:H7, inoculated into the initial compost material, were not detected after approximately 300 degree days of heating. In several experiments where compost temperatures did not rise above 50°C, an initial decline of E. coli O157:H7 with subsequent regrowth was observed. E. coli O157:H7 in compost mat...
Implementing software on resource-constrained mobile sensors: experiences with Impala and ZebraNet

ZebraNet is a mobile, wireless sensor network in which nodes move throughout an environment working to gather and process information about their surroundings[10]. As in many sensor or wireless systems, nodes have critical resource constraints such as processing speed, memory size, and energy supply; they also face special hardware issues such as sensing device sample time, data storage/access restrictions, and wireless transceiver capabilities. This paper discusses and evaluates ZebraNet's system design decisions in the face of a range of real-world constraints.Impala---ZebraNet's middleware layer---serves as a light-weight operating system, but also has been designed to encourage application modularity, simplicity, adaptivity, and repairability. Impala is now implemented on ZebraNet hardware nodes, which include a 16-bit microcontroller, a low-power GPS unit, a 900MHz radio, and 4Mbits of non-volatile FLASH memory. This paper discusses Impala's operation scheduling and event handling model, and explains how system constraints and goals led to the interface designs we chose between the application, middleware, and firmware layers. We also describe Impala's network interface which unifies media access control and transport control into an efficient network protocol. With the minimum overhead in communication, buffering, and processing, it supports a range of message models, all inspired by and tailored to ZebraNet's application needs. By discussing design tradeoffs in the context of a real hardware system and a real sensor network application, this paper's design choices and performance measurements offer some concrete experiences with software systems issues for the mobile sensor design space. More generally, we feel that these experiences can guide design choices in a range of related systems.
The effects of physical and vocal attractiveness on impression formation of politicians

In order to investigate the nature of the combination of varying levels of vocal and physical attractiveness on the perception of hypothetical political candidates, 90 adults rated photographs of target politicians on scales for the dimensions of competency, trustworthiness, qualification, and leadership ability. It was hypothesized and confirmed that the halo effect (higher ratings for highly attractive targets) elicited by physical attractiveness is stronger and more robust than the halo effect elicited by vocal attractiveness; however vocal attractiveness did impact the perception of the candidates by lowering the ratings associated with candidates that were presented as highly attractive but possessing an unattractive voice.
Functional Explanation in Context

The claim that a functional kind is multiply realized is typically motivated by appeal to intuitive examples. We are seldom told explicitly what the relevant structures are, and people have often preferred to rely on general intuitions in these cases. This article deals with the problem by explaining how to understand the proper relation between structural kinds and the functions they realize. I will suggest that the structural kinds that realize a function can be properly identified by attending to the context of functional explanation.
Chronic treatment with DCPCX, an adenosine A1 antagonist, worsens long-term memory

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive cognitive disturbances and neurotransmitter dysfunction. Previous studies targeting the adrenergic A1 pathway suggest that this plays a role in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies have reported that acute treatment with A1 antagonists appears to improve behavioral deficits in rodent models of memory and behavioral impairment. In this study, we addressed whether the chronic administration of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, a potent and selective adenosine A1 antagonist, could reverse the memory deficits found in aged APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Chronic treatment did not improve memory in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model and resulted in reduced exploratory behavior, suggestive of reduced anxiety, and a worsening of long-term memory in nontransgenic mice. These results have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of A1 receptor modulation as a target in Alzheimer's disease therapy.
Effects of seeding rate and cultivar on tomato spotted wilt of peanut

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt, caused by thrips-vectored Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), is a very serious problem in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production in the southeastern U.S. Establishment of within row plant densities of 13 or more plants/m of row of moderately resistant cultivars is recommended as part of an integrated management system for minimizing losses to spotted wilt. To achieve that plant density, growers often plant 19 or more seed/m of row. Seed costs represent a major expense for peanut producers. Reducing costs by using lower seeding rates would be desirable if it could be done without increasing risk of losses to tomato spotted wilt. Field experiments were conducted in Tifton, Georgia in 2008 and 2009 to determine whether new cultivars with improved field resistance to TSWV can allow use of lower seeding rates without increasing risk of losses to tomato spotted wilt. In each year, peanut cultivars, Georgia Green, Georgia-06G, Florida-07, and Tifguard were combined factorially with four seeding rates, 9.8, 13.1, 16.4, and 19.7 seed/m of row. Across the two years, final incidence of tomato spotted wilt and standardized area under the disease progress curve for tomato spotted wilt epidemics decreased linearly with increasing seeding rate for all cultivars. Across the two years, final incidence of tomato spotted wilt at 9.8 seed/m of row seeding rate was 55% for Georgia Green and 17% for the mean of the other three cultivars. For Georgia Green, incidence of tomato spotted wilt decreased 1.9% with each seed/m increase in seeding rate, whereas the incremental decrease was 0.8% for the mean of the other three cultivars. These results indicate that levels of field resistance to TSWV in several new cultivars are adequate to allow use of lower seeding rates than with the moderately resistant cultivar Georgia Green without increasing the risk of losses to spotted wilt.
Principles and Practice of Emergency Neurology: Handbook for Emergency Physicians

It never struck me just how much neurology affects us on a day-to-day basis within the emergency department, whether it be in our examination and investigation of patients, in how they present, or in their medical history. The authors allude to this in the preface when they realise the task ahead in developing a ‘handbook’ for emergency staff. This book is not really something that can be carried around, rather a very essential reference text in the clinical area. The book is divided into eight sections looking at different aspects of neurology, from examination, to common presentations and specific diagnoses, to trauma, paediatrics, pregnancy and death. The chapters in each section are short and succinct, with good use of illustrations and tables, and key issues are highlighted at the end. As an aid to the assessment of an individual patient, or to understand more about specific neurological conditions, this text is invaluable. It has contributions from both neurology and emergency medicine in the US, but is equally relevant to practice anywhere in the world, and I am sure it will be used widely.
Laser Assisted E-Beam Epitaxial Growth of Si/Ge Alloys on Si

A novel laser-assisted technique for e-beam epitaxial growth of GexSi1-x alloys on Si has been investigated. During deposition, a XeCl excimer laser is used to either heat, or to melt and crystallize, the GexSi1-x continuously as the material is evaporated. This process of heating or melting and crystallizing can be continued until the desired film thickness is achieved. At incident laser energy densities which produce melt, the underlying crystalline seed ensures epitaxial growth during the subsequent solidification. Depositions of films up to 3 at.% Ge under this liquid regime, with substrates held nominally at room temperature, exhibited complete epitaxial growth. At energy densities below the melt threshold, enhanced surface mobility for epitaxial alignment is required. Depositions in this regime exhibit only partial epitaxial growth with conversion to fine grained polycrystalline growth after short distances.
Civic Engagement in the Capstone: The “State of the Community” Event

Political science departments often require a senior-capstone course as part of the major. The Wahlke Report (1991) recommended including such a course more than 20 years ago, and the Association of American Colleges and Universities considers it a high-impact practice. Colleges and universities are also advocating broad efforts of civic engagement—an approach to academic work for which political science majors are uniquely qualified. This article describes the successes and failures of partnering a senior-capstone course with seven public agencies in a small city. By developing a multistage process for interacting with agencies, city officials, and the public, this “State of the Community” project provides students with a real-world opportunity to serve as political consultants. By emphasizing the importance of timeliness, teamwork, presentation skills, and professionalism, this project can be a turning point for political science students who must soon transition from students in the undergraduate world to citizens in the community.
Optimal Sliding Mode Gaussian Controller for Hydropower Plant With Grid Dynamics

This paper examines the performance of an optimal sliding mode Gaussian (OSG) controller for the regulation of a hydropower plant implemented in the modeling program SIMSEN. The controller is designed to regulate grid frequency and includes the dynamics of the wicket gate servo system, turbine, and grid. Simulation results for OSG control are compared to those of more traditional LQG and PI controllers. Simulation shows that OSG control provides superior performance for the nominal system and for the system with parametric uncertainties.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The safety and effectiveness of once daily administration of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol 250/50μg☆

Abstract Rationale To evaluate the safety and efficacy of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol 250/50μg once daily in the evening (FSC QD) versus fluticasone propionate 250μg once daily in the evening (FP QD) versus placebo (PLA) in asthma patients who were symptomatic on short-acting beta 2 -agonists. All treatments were administered via the Diskus®. Methods At baseline, patients had a mean FEV 1 of 2.52 L/min and a mean % predicted PM PEF of 77%. Patients were randomized to FSC QD (n=210), FP QD (n=212) or PLA (n=212) for 12-weeks. Results Treatment with FSC QD resulted in significant improvements (p Conclusion Treatment with FSC was effective as a QD regimen and FSC QD was superior to FP QD in improving overall asthma control. Likewise, FP QD was superior to PLA in improving overall asthma control. (SAS30022)
Classification: Oldtimers and newcomers

Classification and regression techniques are among the most used tools by chemometricians. With classification, the two classic methods are discriminant analysis and SIMCA. In this paper we discuss the connection between these two methods and introduce two new ones of the same family: DASCO (discriminant analysis with shrunken covariances) and RDA (regularized discriminant analysis). We demonstrate on both simulated and real data sets that their performance is superior to the old favorites. This is especially true in small-sample/high-dimension settings typical in chemistry.
Nitrogen analogs of cortexone

Abstract A three step synthesis of 21-acylaminopregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione derivatives from 17α, 21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3, 20 dione, involving Mattox rearrangement to the 20, 21-dicarbonyl compound, selective formation of the 21-oxime, and reduction of the 21-oxime by zinc and carboxylic acid, is described. 21-Acetylaminopregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione exhibits mineralocorticold activity in adrenalectomized rats.
Dredge and fill regulatory constraints in meeting the ecological goals of restoration projects

Abstract Regulators face the problem of ensuring that wetland functions that are lost due to permitting actions are restored via mitigation of those impacts. While there has been considerable study of wetland function, little of it has been directed toward the practical assessment of mitigation success. Development of quantitatively based rapid assessment methods would provide valuable assistance to the regulatory community. Regional and local goal setting, including a determination of whether strict in-kind restoration or restoration of habitat balance is preferable, is needed to ensure that the ecological health of the area is restored to the greatest extent possible.
Bax-Induced Apoptosis as a Novel Gene Therapy Approach for Carcinoma of the Cervix☆

Abstract Objective. The transfer of tumor suppresser genes has been shown to revert the malignant phenotype. In this regard, bax is a pro-apoptotic molecule that also functions as a tumor suppresser. The purpose of this study was to evaluate bax as a gene therapeutic in the context of cervical cancer. Methods. Efficiency of viral transduction in cervical cancer cell lines and primary cervical cancer cells was evaluated with an adenoviral vector encoding green fluorescent protein and luciferase, respectively. We generated a recombinant adenoviral vector that encodes the bax gene under inducible conditions. To this end, expression of this pro-apoptotic gene was controlled by a Cre-LoxP system. Following infection with the recombinant bax adenovirus, the viability of cervical cancer cell lines and primary cervical cancer cells was evaluated using crystal violet staining and FACS analysis. Apoptotic cell death was monitored using annexin V staining. Results. High levels of viral infection were observed in all cervical cancer cell lines (>85%) and primary cervical cancer cells. Significant cytotoxicity was seen in all cervical cancer cells lines and, more importantly, patient-derived primary cervical cancer cells. Moreover, bax -mediated cell death occurred via an apoptotic pathway. Conclusions. Our results indicate that a bax recombinant adenoviral vector causes cell death mediated via an apoptotic pathway in multiple cervical cancer cell lines and primary cervical cancer cells. These data suggest that bax may be a candidate for human gene therapy in the setting of cervical carcinoma.
New circuit model for RF probe pads and interconnections for the extraction of HBT equivalent circuits

A new circuit model for RF probe pads and interconnections is proposed, and this model and previous models are compared with measured S parameters of probe pad and interconnection test structures. A modified parameter and interconnnection model was used to determine an HBT equivalent circuit. Excellent agreement is obtained between the extracted equivalent circuit and measured HBT S parameters, while providing physically acceptable parameter values. >
Comparative analysis of hospital costs of open and endovascular thoracic aortic repair.

Background: Endovascular technologies represent major advancements in treating descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (DTAA). We compared hospital charges of open thoracic aortic replacement (OTAR) with endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TEVAR). Methods: Retrospective analysis of hospital charges related to repair of DTAA (2000-2009). Charges were inflation adjusted for dollars in 2009. Results: There were 50 OTAR and 50 TEVAR patients. Open thoracic aortic replacement charges were $64 531 (interquartile range [IQR]: 49 000-108 515) versus $61 909 (IQR: 41 307-92 109) for TEVAR(P = .4). A total of 10 patients (10%) died before discharge, with 0 TEVAR deaths (P < .05). For OTAR, supply charges ($9167) accounted for 13% of total charges versus 56% for TEVAR ($40 468), P < .01. Open thoracic aortic replacement length of stay (LOS) was 12 days (6 days intensive care unit [ICU] stay); bed charges comprised 40% of the total charges. Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair had lower LOS (5days with 2 ...
Appropriate Roles of Cardiac Troponins in Evaluating Patients With Chest Pain

Background: Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction relies upon the clinical history, interpretation of the electrocardiogram, and measurement of serum levels of cardiac enzymes. Newer biochemical markers of myocardial injury, such as cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T, are now being used instead of or along with the standard markers, the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase. Methods: We performed a MEDLINE literature search (1987 to 1997) using the key words “troponin I,” “troponin T,” and “acute myocardial infarction.” We reviewed selected articles related to the diagnostic and prognostic usefulness of these cardiac markers in evaluating patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Results: We found that (1) troponin I is a better cardiac marker than CK-MB for myocardial infarction because it is equally sensitive yet more specific for myocardial injury; (2) troponin T is a relatively poorer cardiac marker than CK-MB because it is less sensitive and less specific for myocardial injury; and (3) both troponin I and troponin T may be used as independent prognosticators of future cardiac events. Conclusions: Troponin I is a sensitive and specific marker for myocardial injury and can be used to predict the likelihood of future cardiac events. It is not much more expensive to measure than CK-MB. Overall, troponin I is a better cardiac marker than CK-MB and should become the preferred cardiac enzyme when evaluating patients with suspected myocardial infarction.
News, Social Capital and Health in the Context of Katrina

This study assesses the public health functions played by news information and social capital in the context of Hurricane Katrina. In-depth interviews were conducted with 57 hurricane shelter residents between 4 and 6 weeks after the hurricane. Depression was more common for participants who relied more on news information than for other participants after the hurricane (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 5.49; 95% CI, 1.29 to 23.35; p=.021). Depression was more common for participants with relatively low levels of pre-hurricane positive social interactions (AOR, .16; 95% CI, .02 to 1.83; p=.046) and post-hurricane positive social interactions (AOR, .02; 95% CI, .00 to .74; p=.033) and high levels of post-hurricane negative social interactions (AOR, 17.05; 95% CI, .92 to 315.64; p=.047). Illness and injury were more common for participants who had relied more on news information than for other participants after the hurricane (AOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.77; p=.046).
Multicentre clinical trials: Bradford Hill's contributions and some subsequent developments

Most large comparative trials of therapeutic agents are now conducted as multicentre studies. Some of the major studies designed by Bradford Hill were also multicentre, and his methods of design and conduct remain valid today, even though improved methods for analysing the data have appeared subsequently.
A Review of Involvement Programs for Parents of Learning Disabled Children

The literature on involvement programs for parents of learning disabled children was reviewed to discover the types of programs attempted, their results, and their implications. The most common program types were tutoring and counseling. Results for both types were generally positive. The most effective counseling programs combined counseling with academic tutoring and/or praise for academic performance. Effective tutoring programs combined positive reinforcement with reading and/or perceptual skills. The studies reviewed support the value of parent involvement. Implications include the need for stronger experimental research, comparison studies between tutoring and counseling programs, more efficient evaluation, and follow-up studies.