cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endovascular recanalization of native chronic total occlusions in patients with failed lower-extremity bypass grafts.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the feasibility, safety, and outcome of endovascular recanalization of native chronic total occlusions (CTOs) in patients with failed lower-extremity bypass grafts. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of 19 limbs in 18 patients with failed lower-extremity bypass grafts that underwent recanalization of native arterial occlusions between February 2009 and April 2013 was performed. Nine of the limbs presented with acute ischemia and 10 presented with chronic ischemia, including eight with critical limb ischemia and two with disabling claudication. Results The mean patency of the failed bypass grafts (63% venous) was 27 months. All limbs had Transatlantic Inter-Society Consensus class D lesions involving the native circulation. Technical success of the endovascular recanalization procedure was achieved in all but one limb (95%). The mean ankle brachial indices before and after treatment were 0.34 and 0.73, respectively. There were no major complications or emergency amputations. Mean patient follow-up was 64 weeks, and two patients were lost to follow-up. Primary patency rates at 3, 6, and 12 months were 87%, 48%, and 16%, respectively. Successful secondary procedures were performed in seven patients, with secondary patency rates at 3, 6, and 12 months of 88%, 73%, and 44%, respectively. Limb salvage rates at 12 and 24 months were 94% and 65%, and amputation-free survival rates at 12 and 24 months were 87% and 60%, respectively. Conclusions Endovascular recanalization of native CTOs in patients with failed lower-extremity bypass grafts is technically feasible and safe and results in acceptable limb salvage.
Headgroup Immersion Depth and Its Effect on the Lateral Diffusion of Amphiphiles at the Air/Water Interface

Two-dimensional electrochemical measurements were carried out with line microelectrodes positioned in the plane of the air/water interface to characterize the lateral mobilities of several long alkyl chain ferrocene amphiphiles possessing headgroups of different polarity. In the liquid range of mean molecular areas (MMA) of 55−95 A2/molecule, the diffusion constants increase linearly with MMA. The slopes of these linear plots depend strongly on the headgroup polarity, demonstrating that the immersion depth of the amphiphiles is the key factor in determining their lateral mobility. Investigations of the alkane chain length dependence revealed an unusual inverse effect on D. This suggests that for this class of amphiphiles the immersion depth depends not only on the headgroup polarity but also on the length of chains. Thus, the longer alkane chain amphiphiles exhibit smaller immersion depth and larger diffusion constants of lateral mobility. The effects of the immersion depth and chain length were analyzed ...
A Physics-Based Approach of Coarse-Graining the Cytoplasm of Escherichia coli (CGCYTO)

We have investigated protein stability in an environment of Escherichia coli cytoplasm using coarse-grained computer simulations. To coarse-grain a small slide of E. coli's cytoplasm consisting of over 16 million atoms, we have developed a self-assembled clustering algorithm (CGCYTO). CGCYTO uses the shape parameter and asphericity as well as a parameter λ (ranging from 0 to 1) that measures the covolume of a test protein and a macromolecule against the covolume of a test protein and a sphere of equal volume as that of a macromolecule for the criteria of coarse-graining a cytoplasmic model. A cutoff λc = 0.8 was chosen based on the size of a test protein and computational resources and it determined the resolution of a coarse-grained cytoplasm. We compared the results from a polydisperse cytoplasmic model (PD model) produced by CGCYTO with two other coarse-grained hard-sphere cytoplasmic models: 1), F70 model, macromolecules in the cytoplasm were modeled by homogeneous hard spheres with a radius of 55 A, the size of Ficoll70 and 2), HS model, each macromolecule in the cytoplasm was modeled by a hard sphere of equal volume. It was found that the folding temperature Tf of a test protein (apoazurin) in a PD model is ∼5° greater than that in a F70 model. In addition, the deviation of Tf in a PD model is twice as much as that in a HS model when an apoazurin is randomly placed at different voids formed by particle fluctuations in PD models.
Models of macromolecular crowding effects and the need for quantitative comparisons with experiment

In recent years significant effort has been devoted to exploring the potential effects of macromolecular crowding on protein folding and association phenomena. Theoretical calculations and molecular simulations have, in particular, been exploited to describe aspects of protein behavior in crowded and confined conditions and many aspects of the simulated behavior have reflected, at least at a qualitative level, the behavior observed in experiments. One major and immediate challenge for the theorists is to now produce models capable of making quantitatively accurate predictions of in vitro behavior. A second challenge is to derive models that explain results obtained from experiments performed in vivo, the results of which appear to call into question the assumed dominance of excluded-volume effects in vivo.
The Costs of Issuing Preferred Stock

U.S. firms commonly use preferred stocks to raise external capital. Yet this hybrid security's issuance costs and offer yields have not been previously examined in a systematic manner. We analyze a sample of 3,042 U.S. preferred stocks issued between 1980 and 1999. We find that convertible issues, which are riskier than straight issues, entail higher gross spreads and other direct expenses. Scale, credit rating, and industry effects influence gross spreads and issuance costs. We also compare preferred stocks yields with various bellwether bond yields. Our results support the tax-based argument that suggests that yields on preferred stocks should be lower than comparable risky bonds.
Role of Homologous Recombination in Adaptive Diversification of Extraintestinal Escherichia coli

The contribution of homologous exchange (recombination) of core genes in the adaptive evolution of bacterial pathogens is not well understood. To investigate this, we analyzed fully assembled genomes of two Escherichia coli strains from sequence type 131 (ST131), a clonal group that is both the leading cause of extraintestinal E. coli infections and the main source of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli. Although the sequences of each of the seven multilocus sequence typing genes were identical in the two ST131 isolates, the strains diverged from one another by homologous recombination that affected at least 9% of core genes. This was on a par with the contribution to genomic diversity of horizontal gene transfer and point gene mutation. The genomic positions of recombinant and mobile genetic regions were partially linked, suggesting their concurrent occurrence. One of the genes affected by homologous recombination was fimH, which encodes mannose-specific type 1fimbrial adhesin, resulting in functionally distinct copies of the gene in ST131 strains. One strain, a uropathogenic isolate, had a pathoadaptive variant of fimHthat was acquired by homologous replacement into the commensal strain background. Close examination of FimH structure and function in additional ST131 isolates revealed that recombination led to acquisition of several functionally distinct variants that, upon homologous exchange, were targeted by a variety of pathoadaptive mutations under strong positive selection. Different recombinantfimHstrains also showed a strong clonal association with ST131 isolates that had distinctfluoroquinolone resistance profiles. Thus, homologous recombination of core genes plays a significant role in adaptive diversification of bacterial pathogens, especially at the level of clonally related groups of isolates.
An Analytical Model and Performance Evaluation of Transport Protocols for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Performance of Transport Control Protocol (TCP), designed for wired networks, degrades significantly over wireless links and provides abysmal throughput because TCP assumes that all packet losses are caused by congestion. However, in wireless ad-hoc networks, packet losses could be due to several reasons such as link loss, node mobility, and faulty nodes, to name a few. Current techniques for improving TCP do not consider packet drops by faulty nodes. We propose a novel idea of distinguishing between wireless and congestion losses by using the concept of Kleinrock's "power" metric. Based on this idea we propose two reliable transport protocols, TCP- Monet and TCP-Sec, that classify packet losses based on current connection status and react accordingly. TCP-Monet distinguishes between congestion and wireless losses, while TCP-Sec distinguishes amongst losses due to congestion, wireless errors, and packet drops by faulty nodes. We develop an analytic model of throughput in the presence of wireless losses, congestion losses, and packet drops by faulty nodes. We conducted simulation experiments using the ns-2 simulator and our experiments demonstrate that this model is able to more accurately predict throughput when there are wireless losses and faulty nodes.
pH-Dependent Modulation of Cyclic AMP Levels and GadW-Dependent Repression of RpoS Affect Synthesis of the GadX Regulator and Escherichia coli Acid Resistance

Extreme acid resistance is a remarkable property of virulent and avirulent Escherichia coli. The ability to resist environments in which the pH is 2.5 and below is predicted to contribute significantly to the survival of E. coli during passage through the gastric acid barrier. One acid resistance system imports glutamate from acidic environments and uses it as a proton sink during an intracellular decarboxylation reaction. Transcription of the genes encoding the glutamate decarboxylases and the substrate-product antiporter required for this system is induced under a variety of conditions, including the stationary phase and a low pH. Acid induction during log-phase growth in minimal medium appears to occur through multiple pathways. We recently demonstrated that GadE, the essential activator of the genes, was itself acid induced. In this report we present evidence that there is a regulatory loop involving cross-repression of two AraC-like regulators, GadX and GadW, that can either assist or interfere with GadE activation of the gad decarboxylase and antiporter genes, depending on the culture conditions. Balancing cross-repression appears to be dependent on cAMP and the cAMP regulator protein (CRP). The control loop involves the GadX protein repressing the expression of gadW and the GadW protein repressing or inhibiting RpoS, which is the alternative sigma factor that drives transcription of gadX. CRP and cAMP appear to influence GadX-GadW cross-repression from outside the loop by inhibiting production of RpoS. We found that GadW represses the decarboxylase genes in minimal medium and that growth under acidic conditions lowers the intracellular cAMP levels. These results indicate that CRP and cAMP can mediate pH control over gadX expression and, indirectly, expression of the decarboxylase genes. Mutational or physiological lowering of cAMP levels increases the level of RpoS and thereby increases the production of GadX. Higher GadX levels, in turn, repress gadW and contribute to induction of the gad decarboxylase genes. The presence of multiple pH control pathways governing expression of this acid resistance system is thought to reflect different environmental routes to a low pH.
Evaluation of TCP Vegas: emulation and experiment

This paper explores the claims that TCP Vegas [2] both uses network bandwidth more efficiently and achieves higher network throughput than TCP Reno [6]. It explores how link bandwidth, network buffer capacity, TCP receiver acknowledgment algorithm, and degree of network congestion affect the relative performance of Vegas and Reno.
Back to basics: an evaluation of NaOH and alternative rapid DNA extraction protocols for DNA barcoding, genotyping, and disease diagnostics from fungal and oomycete samples

The ubiquity, high diversity and often-cryptic manifestations of fungi and oomycetes frequently necessitate molecular tools for detecting and identifying them in the environment. In applications including DNA barcoding, pathogen detection from plant samples, and genotyping for population genetics and epidemiology, rapid and dependable DNA extraction methods scalable from one to hundreds of samples are desirable. We evaluated several rapid extraction methods (NaOH, Rapid one-step extraction (ROSE), Chelex 100, proteinase K) for their ability to obtain DNA of quantity and quality suitable for the following applications: PCR amplification of the multicopy barcoding locus ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 from various fungal cultures and sporocarps; single-copy microsatellite amplification from cultures of the phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora ramorum; probe-based P. ramorum detection from leaves. Several methods were effective for most of the applications, with NaOH extraction favored in terms of success rate, cost, speed and simplicity. Frozen dilutions of ROSE and NaOH extracts maintained PCR viability for over 32 months. DNA from rapid extractions performed poorly compared to CTAB/phenol-chloroform extracts for TaqMan diagnostics from tanoak leaves, suggesting that incomplete removal of PCR inhibitors is an issue for sensitive diagnostic procedures, especially from plants with recalcitrant leaf chemistry. NaOH extracts exhibited lower yield and size than CTAB/phenol-chloroform extracts; however, NaOH extraction facilitated obtaining clean sequence data from sporocarps contaminated by other fungi, perhaps due to dilution resulting from low DNA yield. We conclude that conventional extractions are often unnecessary for routine DNA sequencing or genotyping of fungi and oomycetes, and recommend simpler strategies where source materials and intended applications warrant such use.
Effects of Diurnal Variation on the Test of Variables of Attention Performance in Young Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) is a continuous performance test that assesses attention, impulsivity, and processing speed. Continuous performance tests are used in the assessment of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. TOVA norms are based on a morning administration, and any TOVA administered after 1:00 p.m. is flagged as potentially invalid. Whereas the testing time recommendations make sense for pediatric samples, it is unclear whether they are appropriate for young adults, who typically show significant phase delay in their diurnal rhythms. The current study explores the impact of time of day on TOVA performance in young adults with ADHD. Participants were randomly assigned to either morning or afternoon administration. We found no significant diurnal variation in TOVA performance. We also found no interaction between diurnal preference and time of day of administration. Night owls endorsed more inattention symptoms on a self-report measure than more intermediate individuals but actually made significantly fewer omission (inattention) errors on the TOVA. Self-reported symptoms of inattention showed moderate, significant correlations with various TOVA performance indices. Self-reported symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity, however, showed no relationship to TOVA performance. These results suggest that the TOVA can be administered to adults with ADHD outside of the hours recommended in the manual without significantly compromising the interpretative validity of test score interpretation. Thus, a TOVA report that is consistent with ADHD should not be dismissed simply because it was administered in the late afternoon.
Robust operative diagnosis as problem solving in a hypothesis space

The lack of robustness in current diagnostic systems is an important research issue because it has two major consequences: inability to diagnose novel faults and inability to diagnose more than one type of fault. This paper describes an approach that formulates diagnosis of physical systems in operation (operative diagnosis) as problem solving in a hypothesis space. Such a formulation increases robustness by: (1) incremental hypotheses construction via dynamic inputs, since the fault propagation results in changes in symptoms over time; (2) reasoning at a higher level of abstraction to construct hypotheses, albeit less specific ones, when specific knowledge is not available; and (3) partitioning the space by grouping fault hypotheses according to the type of physical system representation and problem solving techniques used in their construction. The approach was implemented for aircraft subsystems and evaluated on eight actual aircraft accident cases involving engine faults, with very promising results.
Local structure of random InxGa1−xAs alloys by full-profile fitting of atomic pair distribution functions

The local structure of random InxGa1� xAs alloys has been refined by fitting experimental high-resolution atomic pair distribution functions with the 8-atom unit cell of the zinc-blende lattice. Both metal and As atoms have been allowed to move off their ideal positions and so the local structural disorder due to the presence of two distinct bond lengths, Ga–As and In–As, has been quantified. It has been found that most of the disorder is accommodated by the As sublattice but the disorder on metal sites is important too. This new experimental information has been incorporated into a larger, statistically representative, model of In0.5Ga0.5As structure using widely available crystallographic software. r 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 61.66.Dk; 61.43.Dq
Evaluating Alternative Foreign Policy Decision-Making Models: An Empirical Test Between An Arms Race Model and An Organizational Politics Model

The focus of this study is the policy-making process which has as its principal output the annual U.S. defense expenditure total. A Richardson-type arms race model and a Davis, Dempster, and Wildav...
A multi-commodity flow approach for globally aware routing in multi-hop wireless networks

Routing in multi-hop wireless networks is typically greedy, with every connection attempting to establish a path that minimizes its number of hops. However, interference plays a major role in limiting the capacity of such networks; this effect is ignored by most existing protocols. It is likely that approaches that coordinate routing to account for mutual interference would be able to achieve better performance than traditional approaches. Modeling routing with interference constraints is a complex non-linear optimization problem. We approach the problem using a multi commodity flow (MCF) formulation. We analyze the interaction of multiple routes and propose effective objective functions which attempt to maximize interference separation while limiting path inflation. Initial experimental results show significant improvement in performance over a traditional routing protocol. We evaluate the formulation against routes obtained using DSR under several scenarios and show that better performance is achieved in terms of throughput, goodput, and end-to-end delay.
Factors influencing in vivo transduction by recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors expressing the human factor IX cDNA

Long-term expression of coagulation factor IX (FIX) has been observed in murine and canine models following administration of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors into either the portal vein or muscle. These studies were designed to evaluate factors that influence rAAV-mediated FIX expression. Stable and persistent human FIX (hFIX) expression (> 22 weeks) was observed from 4 vectors after injection into the portal circulation of immunodeficient mice. The level of expression was dependent on promoter with the highest expression, 10% of physiologic levels, observed with a vector containing the cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer/beta-actin promoter complex (CAGG). The kinetics of expression after injection of vector particles into muscle, tail vein, or portal vein were similar with hFIX detectable at 2 weeks and reaching a plateau by 8 weeks. For a given dose, intraportal administration of rAAV CAGG-FIX resulted in a 1.5-fold or 4-fold higher level of hFIX compared to tail vein or intramuscular injections, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated predominant localization of the rAAV FIX genome in liver and spleen after tail vein injection with a higher proportion in liver after portal vein injection. Therapeutic levels of hFIX were detected in the majority of immunocompetent mice (21 of 22) following intravenous administration of rAAV vector without the development of anti-hFIX antibodies, but hFIX was not detected in 14 immunocompetent mice following intramuscular administration, irrespective of strain. Instead, neutralizing anti-hFIX antibodies were detected in all the mice. These observations may have important implications for hemophilia B gene therapy with rAAV vectors.
Theoretical Grounding: The “Missing Link” in Suicide Research

This article discusses the strengths and limitations of the current pragmatic focus of research in suicidology and presents an argument for theoretical grounding as a precursor for continued advancement in this area. An existential-constructivist framework of “meaning creation” is presented as a theoretical heuristic for understanding suicide. This formulation focuses on the basic human quest for meaning and connectedness as the underlying motivations for individual constructions of reality. Finally, the model outlines general areas of challenge and stress that may provide pathways to suicide and provides a general discussion of the implications of the model for research and practice.
A Partial List of the Empirical Theoretical Literature on Subject‐Specific Pedagogy

Campus debates about the relative virtues of generic and subject-specific approaches to teacher eduication are not uncommon. In such cases, as was recently the case at Oregon State University,; faculty favoring subject-specific approaches framed their arguments in terms of logical and intuitive appeals, as opposed to appealing to the research literature. In rhe midst of these debates. it became clear that a bibliography of research and theory related to subjecI-speci,fic pedagogy (e.g, pedagogical content knowledge) did not exist in any central location-hence, the purpose o this bibliography. In an effort to be as humble as possible, the bibliography is entitled "A Partial List " of the literature. Nevertheless. what is presented is assunmed to be a fiirly comprehensive listing of what has been published. Please feel free to commnunicate ary additional references, as well as the results of the debates in which you may be currentlv involved.
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Associated With Elevated Serum Concentrations of the Free β Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

We report a case of a histologic grade II endometrial adenocarcinoma without trophoblastic differentiation in a 24-year-old woman with an elevated serum concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and with no evidence of pregnancy. Serum and urine specimens were used to study the hCG immunoreactivity. Qualitative tests performed on serum and urine using 5 different assays produced conflicting results. The hCG concentration in serum and urine was quantified using assays designed to detect different molecular forms of the molecule; analysis revealed that serum hCG immunoreactivity was due entirely to the presence of the free β subunit. Immunohistochemical analysis performed on tissue samples showed strong cytoplasmic staining for hCG. While hCG is a wellrecognized tumor marker in gynecologic malignant neoplasms, immunoreactivity most often is due to the presence of both intact molecule and the free β subunit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an endometrial adenocarcinoma producing only the free β subunit of hCG. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein hormone composed of 2 dissimilar subunits designated α and β, normally is produced by the syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta. While most often used to diagnose pregnancy, the serum concentration of hCG also has clinical usefulness as a marker for trophoblastic disease and germ cell tumors. 1 There also are reports of hCG positivity in the serum of patients with nontrophoblastic, nongonadal gynecologic malignant neoplasms 2 and in patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, biliary cancer, and carcinoma of the bladder, cervix, lung, colon, and kidney. 3-6 hCG immunoreactivity in these nontrophoblastic cases often is due to the presence of intact hCG and the free β subunit, and the incidence of tumors that produce only the free β subunit is small. We report a case of endometrial adenocarcinoma that was associated with serum hCG immunoreactivity due entirely to the free β subunit. Case Report
Paradoxical effect of pertussis toxin on the delayed hypersensitivity response to autoantigens in mice.

Background Pertussis toxin (PTX), an exotoxin of Bordetella pertussis, enhances the development of experimental autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rodent models. The mechanisms of the promotion of experimental autoimmune diseases by PTX may be based upon PTX-induced disruption of the blood eye/brain barriers facilitating the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the modulation of inflammatory cell migration and the enhancement of the activation of inflammatory cells. We hypothesized that the facilitation of experimental autoimmunity by PTX suggests that its influence on the in vivo immune response to auto-antigen may differ from its influence on non-self antigens. Methodology/Principal Findings We have evaluated the effect of PTX on the simultaneous generation of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses and autoimmune responses to uveitogenic interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein peptide (IRBP161–180), encephalitogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35–55) or ovalbumin (OVA). PTX injection of mice immunized to IRBP peptide161–180 led to (i) the development of EAU as shown by histopathology of the retina, (ii) pro-inflammatory cytokine production by splenocytes in response to IRBP peptide 161–180, and (iii) symptomatic EAE in mice immunized with encephalitogenic MOG peptide35–55. However, mice that received PTX had a reduced DTH response to IRBP161–180 peptide or MOG peptide35–55 when challenged distal to the site affected by autoreactive T cells. Moreover, footpad challenge with MOG35–55 peptide reduced EAE in mice immunized with MOG peptide. In contrast, the use of PTX when immunizing with OVA protein or an OVA immunogenic peptide did not affect the DTH response to OVA. Conclusions/Significance The results suggest that that the reduced DTH response in mice receiving PTX may be specific for autoantigens and autoantigen-reactive T cells are diverted away from ectopic sites that received the autoantigen and towards the tissue site of the autoantigen.
Geriatric Syndromes in Elderly Patients Admitted to an Oncology–Acute Care for Elders Unit

Purpose The goal of this study was to characterize an elderly population admitted to a novel Oncology–Acute Care for Elders (OACE) unit, determine the prevalence of functional dependencies and geriatric syndromes, and examine their suitability for an interdisciplinary model of care. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 119 patients age 65 years or older who had a primary oncologic or hematologic diagnosis and were admitted to the OACE Unit. Standard geriatric screens were administered to assess mood, functional, and cognitive status. Demographic and medical data were compiled by review of patients' medical records. Results The mean age of the patients was 74.1 years (standard deviation, 5.9 years). The sample was predominantly white, of equal sex, had limitations in instrumental and basic activities of daily living, and a mean length of stay of 6 days. Geriatric syndromes detected by the OACE interdisciplinary team included cognitive impairment (dementia and/or delirium), depression...
Real-time data acquisition and alerts may reduce reaction time and improve perfusionist performance during cardiopulmonary bypass

Delayed perfusionist identification and reaction to abnormal clinical situations has been reported to contribute to increased mortality and morbidity. The use of automated data acquisition and compliance safety alerts has been widely accepted in many industries and its use may improve operator performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the reaction time of perfusionists with and without the use of compliance alert. A compliance alert is a computer-generated pop-up banner on a pump-mounted computer screen to notify the user of clinical parameters outside of a predetermined range. A proctor monitored and recorded the time from an alert until the perfusionist recognized the parameter was outside the desired range. Group one included 10 cases utilizing compliance alerts. Group 2 included 10 cases with the primary perfusionist blinded to the compliance alerts. In Group 1, 97 compliance alerts were identified and, in group two, 86 alerts were identified. The average reaction time in the group using compliance alerts was 3.6 seconds. The average reaction time in the group not using the alerts was nearly ten times longer than the group using computer-assisted, real-time data feedback. Some believe that real-time computer data acquisition and feedback improves perfusionist performance and may allow clinicians to identify and rectify potentially dangerous situations.
Review: hCG, preeclampsia and regulatory T cells

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is crucial for successful pregnancy. Its many functions include angiogenesis and immune regulation. Despite years of research, the etiology of preeclampsia remains unknown. Marked by insufficient trophoblast invasion and poor spiral artery remodeling, preeclampsia has also been linked to immune dysregulation. Here we discuss the roles of hCG in the context of endovascular cross-talk between trophoblasts and endothelial cells and immune tolerance. We propose that functional and glycosylation modifications of hCG may contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
The Incompressible Fluid of Second Grade

By (23.16) and (23.11), the constitutive equation of a fluid of grade is of the form $${\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{T}} + p{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{l}} = {{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{\mathfrak{f}}}}_{2}}({{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{A}}}_{1}}) + {{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{\mathfrak{f}}}}_{1}}({{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{A}}}_{2}}),$$ (24.1) where f2 and f1 are isotropic functions of degrees 2 and 1, respectively. By (11.27), the functions of degrees 2 and 1, respectively. By (11.27), the function f2 and f1can be given explicit representations. We shall consider only incompressible fluids, for which p is arbitrary, so that all terms proportional to l may be absorbed into the term pl.
Work and honor in the law: Prestige and the division of lawyers' labor

Two theories compete to explain the distribution of professional prestige among lawyers. Each theory arises out of a general theory of the social organization of the legal profession. Their disagreement centers on the source of the values that underlie lawyers'prestige order and on the aspects of the division of labor that are consequently salient in determining prestige. The client-type thesis holds that the profession is organized largely by its relationships with its clients, and so lawyers esteem service to socially powerful clients. The professional purity thesis holds that the profession is organized around a core of abstract knowledge, and so lawyers esteem work that is professionally pure, in the sense ofbeing free of non-legal considerations. Analyses of prestige judgments from a contemporary sample of lawyers in the city of Chicago reveal that some of lawyers' professional values are intrinsic to the profession, as predicted by the professional purity thesis. Lawyers' esteem for professionally pure work complements their tendency to derogate service to people-especially those with little wealth or power-and to esteem service to large, powerful, and wealthy organizations
Testing of an aluminum radiator with liquid metal coolant

An aluminum space radiator panel utilizing a liquid metal coolant was designed, fabricated, and tested in the 300° to 700°F temperature range. A minimum weight design with load bearing capability was achieved by use of a computer code which accounts for the thermal, hydraulic, and meteoroid protection requirements of an entire radiator system. Radiator flow tube sections were fabricated by a special casting process which allowed a metallurgical bond to be achieved between the aluminum armored section and a stainless steel tube liner. The conduction fins, which were coated with iron titanate, were made of 6061-0 aluminum sheet. Subsequent testing of the panel in air and in vacuum demonstrated the feasibility of an aluminum radiator utilizing liquid metal coolants and the ability of current analytical techniques to predict the performance of the radiator.
Regime Type and Diaspora Politics: A Dyadic Approach

Why do some diaspora groups, but not others, play a prominent role in the formalization of cooperative political ties between their country of origin and their country of residence? This article adopts a novel dyadic approach to the study of diaspora politics by arguing that diaspora politics are simultaneously structured by regime type in the country of origin and in the country of residence. Diaspora groups can play a prominent role in the formalization of cooperative foreign policy ties between their country of origin and their country of residence in democracy–democracy dyads (i.e., when the country of origin and the country of residence are both democratic). In all other dyads (including authoritarian–authoritarian), diaspora groups’ political impact on the formalization of cooperative foreign policy ties tends to be limited. The democracy–democracy dyad approximates a necessary (but not a sufficient) condition; nationalism and international economic strategies adopted by the country of origin help shape diaspora politics. This article examines all four regime type dyads by focusing on diaspora politics in authoritarian Malaysia and democratic United States, which have notable populations of Chinese and of Indian origin.
Analysis On The Variation Of Auditory Thresholds Of 21 Grinders

Objective To study the variation of pure-tone auditory thresholds of 21 grinders aged a woking months,and provide basis for guiding enterprise in prevention and contral and contral of noise.MethodBased on the two-year records of on-the-spot testing and the occupational physical examination,results of noise value and pure-tone threshold were analyzed statistically.Results Among 9 posts,the noise value was over the permissible exposure limit at 8 posts,the curve of the corrected average auditory thresholds accorded with the characteristics of occupational noise-induced hearing loss.The corrected average auditory thresholds of binaural language frequency were less than that of high frequency,and the significant differences were found in 2008(P0.05),but no differences were found in 2009(P0.50).After 9 months,8 in 12 corrected binaural average auditory thresholds had significant differences(P0.05) or highly differences(P≤0.001),and 5 of them were the language frequency,it suggested that effect of noise on language frequency had already overtaken that on high frequency.Conclusion Effect of noise on language frequency of 21 grinders had already overtaken that on high frequency,the enterprises should reduce their noise-exposure time and do well individual protection of noise,otherwise,grinders will suffer occupational noise-induced hearing loss.
Transovarial transmission of Rio Grande virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) by the sand fly, Lutzomyia anthophora.

Abstract The growth of Rio Grande (RG) virus, the only phlebovirus known to occur in the United States, was studied in Lutzomyia anthophora, its suspected sand fly vector. RG viral titers in infected flies increased more than 10,000-fold within 7 days after intrathoracic inoculation. Experimentally infected female L. anthophora transmitted virus transovarially (vertically) to 54.8% of their F1 progeny. This is the first virologically confirmed demonstration of transovarial transmission of a phlebovirus by sand flies. It indicates one mechanism by which RG and possibly other phleboviruses may be maintained in nature.
The 2014 FUN Achievement Award.

The JUNE edition of the FUN 2014 Workshop Proceedings at Ithaca College in 2014 is dedicated to Carol Ann Paul, who died in October 2014. The following provides background on her career achievements as a neuroscience educator, and is based on our letter for her winning nomination for the 2014 FUN Lifetime Achievement Award. Carol Ann was Emeritus Instructor in Neuroscience Laboratories at Wellesley College. As colleagues who have worked directly with her, we understand the major contributions she has made not only at Wellesley, but also to the broader neuroscience education community through her work with FUN, the Journal of Neuroscience Education (JUNE), Project Kaleidoscope, The Teagle Foundation, and the publication of Discovering Neurons: The Experimental Basis of Neuroscience. Carol Ann received the FUN Neuroscience Educator Award in 2002 and the JUNE Editor’s Choice Award in 2004, and served as a counselor (2002–04) and Secretary (2009) for FUN. These and other contributions are described in more detail below. Because of the significant impact Carol Ann has had on undergraduate education in neuroscience, we nominated her with admiration and enthusiasm for a FUN Lifetime Achievement Award.
Thrombocytopenic purpura complicating infectious mononucleosis; report of a case and serial platelet counts during the course of infectious mononucleosis.

A case has been presented in which thrombocytopenic purpura was a complication of infectious mononucleosis. A review of the literature revealed 6 other cases in which there was an association between these conditions. Serial platelet counts were made in 7 consecutive cases of infectious mononucleosis. There was a slight depression of the platelets early in the illness, followed by a thrombocytosis and a subsequent return to normal. Hypersplenism is considered as a possible cause for the thrombocytopenia in infectious mononucleosis.
Role of Eicosanoids and the Cytokine Network in Transmembrane Signaling in Vascular Cells

The concept that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory response to injury is based on observations that cells of monocytic origin, including macrophages and T-cells populate the developing atherosclerotic lesion. This is in addition to the well-characterized smooth muscle cell infiltrate1. Since endothelial cell activation or injury is a prerequisite for monocyte adhesion and diapedesis, the histologic evidence described above support the hypothesis that endothelial cell injury is an important initial event in the development of the inflammatory lesion. Activation or injury may thus initiate a series of process that lead to intimai hyperplasia and choiesteryl ester deposition within the macrophage and smooth muscle cell.
Assessment of daytime sleepiness.

Publisher Summary Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common symptom of insufficient sleep, inadequate sleep, intrinsic sleep disorders, and many other medical conditions. Patients who suffer from EDS are common in the practices of primary care physicians, many types of specialists, and particularly sleep medicine specialists. To provide an appropriate diagnosis and effective treatment options, careful assessment by history, physical examination, and other approaches is often necessary. Repeated assessments may be necessary to track changes in EDS and response to treatment over time. A National Sleep Foundation poll in 2002 suggested that 37% of adults are so sleepy during the day that it interferes with their daily activities a few days a month or more; 16% experience this level of daytime sleepiness a few days a week or more. It was found that 51%percent of the polled subjects reported driving while drowsy and 17% have dozed off while driving. Increased subjective daytime somnolence and chronically disrupted sleep also have been associated with an increase in estimated healthcare use. Findings demonstrated that sleep attacks and irresistible sleepiness were more specific and sensitive for short mean sleep latencies on formal testing than tiredness or resistible sleepiness.
Propagation of Large-Wave-Vector Phonons

It is well known that the dispersion curves of acoustic phonons in solids are approximated to be linear in the magnitude of the wave vector 1 for small 2 . However, as q approaches the Brillouin zone boundaries, they appreciably deviate from the linearity in q. (A typical example for the phonon dispersion curves in GaAs is shown in Fig. 1 [1,2]). The phonons possessing such large wave vectors are excited thermally in solids as lattice vibrations and play important roles in characterizing the thermal and other physical properties of each solid.
CHAPTER 341 – Mechanisms of Stress Response Signaling and Recovery in the Liver of Young versus Aged Mice: The p38 MAPK and SOCS Families of Regulatory Proteins

Biological signaling is the highly specific process that enables cells and tissues to regulate their responses to their environment, both intrinsic and extrinsic. This chapter focused on two major signaling pathways: the p38 MAP kinase pathway, which responds to mitogenic and stress activating signaling molecules, and the SOCs family, which "turns off' or mediates the recovery from these signaling stimulations. Although the p38 MAPK stress response pathway was first discovered in response to an inflammatory challenge by bacterial endotoxin (LPS), its diverse functions have been rapidly identified, thus making it a major and critical pathway that regulates numerous biological processes. This is seen in its regulation of differentiation, apoptosis, and immune functions. The recent demonstration that the mechanism of cellular destruction by anthrax lethal factor involves blocking the p38 pathway adds to the importance of this pathway. The regulation of biological signaling, both "in" and "off' plays a key role in establishing tissue homeostasis. It is important therefore, to understand these mechanisms in order to understand the biological processes of growth, development, and aging as well as their role, in many cases, in dysregulation in pathological circumstances.
A Microcomputer Evaluation of a Community’s Revolving Loan Fund

As part of a recent economic incentive package for local business development, some communities are offering loans at lower than market interest rates. The example used here is one that represents some options that would confront a community like Maple City, Illinois. Businesses likely to apply for the funds in this community would be a food processing plant (given Maple City’s central location to livestock markets), a boat builder (given Maple City’s proximity to the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers), agricultural supplier (given Maple City’s rural location), jewelry store (to replace a business closed as a result of a proprietor’s retirement) and a financial consultant (a new trend occupation). Maple City acquired $1,000,000 for a revolving loan fund from repayment of proceeds from a grant loaned to a local business. This chapter will consider the allocation of the $1,000,000 budget to the five businesses previously mentioned.
Social Pressure on Social Media: Using Facebook Status Updates to Increase Voter Turnout

The widespread adoption of the Internet offers tangible potential for increasing political participation through disseminating digital reminders to vote. This study presents three experiments in which confederates mobilize members of their networks to vote by tagging them in Facebook status updates. Relying on the technological affordances of Facebook, treatments publicize individuals' past participation or failure to vote in an ongoing election. The results show substantial increases in turnout greater than that which is usually produced by face-to-face methods. Findings suggest that digital media offer citizens the potential to generate tremendous gains in voter participation, and address concerns that our increasingly digitally networked society may prove harmful to democracy.
A qualitative exploratory study on gender identity and the health risks and barriers to care for transgender women living in a U.S.–Mexico border city

ABSTRACTThis exploratory, qualitative study examined the health risks and barriers to care for transgender women who live in a U.S.–Mexico border city. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 self-identified transgender women in El Paso, Texas, seven of whom identified as Latina. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded for analysis of emerging themes, using the qualitative analysis software Atlas.ti (v.7.0). The themes that emerged are (1) self-acceptance of transgender identity; (2) acceptance of transgender identity within social networks; and (3) health risks, including body modifications and barriers to health care. The findings reveal phases of self-acceptance of transgender identity, a high level of health risks, scarce health services resources, and low levels of acceptance from family, friends, and partners. This study provides an important contribution to the health disparities literature on gender identity and health risks and the needs of transgender women, particular...
Androgen receptor regulation by histone methyltransferase Suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 2 and Melanoma antigen-A11.

Androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity depends on interactions between the AR NH2-terminal region and transcriptional coregulators. A yeast two-hybrid screen of a human testis library using predicted α-helical NH2-terminal fragment AR-(370-420) as bait identified suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 2 (SUV39H2) histone methyltransferase as an AR interacting protein. SUV39H2 interaction with AR and the AR coregulator, melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11), was verified in two-hybrid, in vitro glutathione S-transferase affinity matrix and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Fluorescent immunocytochemistry colocalized SUV39H2 and AR in the cytoplasm without androgen, in the nucleus with androgen, and with MAGE-A11 in the nucleus independent of androgen. Chromatin immunoprecipitation using antibodies raised against SUV39H2 demonstrated androgen-dependent recruitment of AR and SUV39H2 to the androgen-responsive upstream enhancer of the prostate-specific antigen gene. SUV39H2 functioned cooperatively with MAGE-A11 to increase androgen-dependent AR transcriptional activity. SUV39H2 histone methyltransferase is an AR coactivator that increases androgen-dependent transcriptional activity through interactions with AR and MAGE-A11.