cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innate IL-13 in virus-induced asthma?

Although the role of adaptive immunity in asthma is well characterized, there is relatively little understanding of the contribution of innate immunity to asthma. Studies now suggest that interleukin 13 produced by innate natural helper cells in the lungs has a substantial and underappreciated role in asthma exacerbation.
Fashion thinking and sustainable HCI

Fashion exists in many aspects of our lives, not only in the way we dress, but also in many other areas such as food, furniture, automobiles, and even our ways of thinking. At the same time, the emerging concern around environmental issues is prompting more reflections on human attitudes and behaviors within our environment. Thus, the motivation of my PhD research comes from the demanding need for more dedicated efforts in informing sustainable design practices in the context of HCI research, as well as the idea of utilizing the concept of fashion to influence HCI design and research towards sustainability goals.
Inference of Subsurface Thermohaline Structure from Fields Measurable by Satellite

Satellites now provide global measurements of the ocean's surface height and temperature. Ocean climatologies for the northwest Pacific and northwest Atlantic Oceans that relate sea surface height, sea surface temperature, day of the year, latitude, and longitude to temperature and salinity profiles were produced using least-squares regression. These analyses use over 33,000 profiles of historical temperature and salinity data and are considerably streamlined and compacted by expressing each profile in terms of empirical orthogonal functions. Evaluations and error analyses of the climatologies, including a comparison to the navy's Generalized Digital Environmental Model, were performed and differences between the regions are discussed. Two sample vertical sections are shown to be closely reproduced with the climatologies. Climatologies based on surface height and temperature are found to offer considerable improvement over climatologies based only on position.
Enhancing virtual immersion through tactile feedback

The lack of tangibility while interacting with virtual objects can be compensated by adding haptic and/or tactile devices or actuators to enhance the user experience. In this demonstration, we present two scenarios that consist of perceiving moving objects on the human body (insects) and feeling physical sensations of virtual thermal objects.
Evaluation of insecticidal dips for effectiveness against Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae infesting nursery stock.

A total of 16 compounds was evaluated for control of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) larvae in nursery stock. Chlorpyrifos and Abate® 2 ( O, O′ (thiodi- p -phenylene) O, O, O′ , O′-tetra-methyl phosphorothioate) at 2 and 2.69 lb/100 gal, respectively, were the most effective treatments with no phytotoxic symptoms. Several other compounds were effective but were either phytotoxic or rates were too high for practical use.
‘A very good thing’: The INF treaty and Asian‐Pacific security

(1988). ‘A very good thing’: The INF treaty and Asian‐Pacific security. The Pacific Review: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 248-256.
Laser desorption in an ion-trap mass spectrometer

Laser desorption in a ion-trap mass spectrometer shows significant promise for both qualitative and trace analysis. Several aspects of this methodology are discussed in this work. We previously demonstrated the generation of both negative and positive ions by laser desorption directly within a quadrupole ion trap. In the present work, we explore various combinations of d.c., r.f., and time-varying fields in order to optimize laser generated signals. In addition, we report on the application of this method to analyze samples containing compounds such as amines, metal complexes, carbon clusters, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In some cases the ability to rapidly switch between positive and negative ion modes provides sufficient specificity to distinguish different compounds of a mixture with a single stage of mass spectrometry. In other experiments, we combined intensity variation studies with tandem mass spectrometry experiments and positive and negative ion detection to further enhance specificity.
Preparation of furan and thiophene-derived fulvene dialdehydes: synthesis and structural characterization of a 22-oxa-21-carbaporphyrin and a related palladium(II) organometallic complex.

A series of fulvene monoaldehydes were prepared by reacting furan or thiophene carbaldehydes with an indene-derived enamine in the presence of di-n-butylboron triflate, but considerable difficulties were encountered in the preparation of fulvene dialdehydes needed for the synthesis of novel porphyrin analogues. These problems were overcome by reacting protected iodofulvenes with magnesium ate complexes at low temperatures, followed by addition of DMF and hydrolysis. The thiophene-containing fulvene gave good yields of the dialdehyde at −78 °C or −100 °C, but the furan system gave a major byproduct formally derived from valeraldehyde under the higher temperature conditions. This compound was fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. However, this side reaction could be completely avoided at −100 °C, and the required furan-containing fulvene dialdehyde was isolated in 46% yield. The furan-derived dialdehyde reacted with a dipyrrylmethane in the presence of triflu...
Is Occupational Injury Risk Higher at New Firms

This paper studies whether newly created firms have higher injury rates than established firms. We use data on a large sample of single-establishment firms in Pennsylvania from 2001�2005 to examine the relationship between firm age and the risk of lost workday injuries. Using the full set of firms, there appears to be little overall correlation between firm age and risk. If anything, newer firms appear less likely to have lost workday injuries. When we condition on having at least one injury reported in 2000, however, we find that in later years the injury risk of firms declines with age. This pattern is consistent with systematic underreporting of injuries by new firms.
PRIMARY PHLOEM REGENERATION WITHOUT CONCOMITANT XYLEM REGENERATION: ITS HORMONE CONTROL IN COLEUS

A B S T R A C T Phloem regeneration in the absence of xylem regeneration was evoked in number 5 internodes of Coleus blumei Benth. by severing xylemless phloem bundles. Its quantitative extent was estimated. To determine whether phloem regeneration is directly affected by auxin, or whether it is a secondary consequence of the auxin-dependent xylem regeneration which usually accompanies it, phloem regeneration was measured in decapitated plants from which auxinproducing leaves and buds had been removed (i.e., in "plant stumps"). In these stumps, 1% IAA in lanolin completely restored phloem regeneration to the intact plant level. In such stumps from which roots had been excised, and in excised internodes, IAA failed to restore it to this level. However, zeatin or zeatin riboside in aqueous solution applied to the bases of excised internodes receiving IAA at their apical ends restored phloem regeneration to the level of that in whole plants. When similarly tested, other cytokinins (kinetin, kinetin riboside, 2iP, and 2iPA), gibberellic acid (GA3), glutamine, proline, sucrose, and a mixture of mineral salts failed to promote phloem regeneration. Glutamic acid, tested only once, was slightly promotive of it.
Interactions between a satellite bacteriophage and its helper

Abstract P4 is a satellite phage which relies on a helper such as P2 to supply the gene products necessary for particle construction and cell lysis (Six, 1975). P4 can activate the expression of late genes from a P2 helper phage, using a mechanism different from that employed by the helper. In the presence of P4, replication of P2 DNA is not required for late gene expression (Six & Lindqvist, 1971), and the polar effects of P2 amber mutations are suppressed. Despite its small size P4 codes for two late proteins as well as two early proteins. One of the P4 early proteins is that the product of gene α. The expression of P4 late genes is stimulated by the helper phage. Thus the P2 and P4 chromosomes exhibit reciprocal transactivation. The presence of the P4 genome causes the P2 head proteins to form a head smaller than that found after infection by P2 (Gibbs et al., 1973). P4 late proteins associate with head-like structures and may determine the small size of P4 heads.
Electrostatic Turbulence and Debye-Scale Structures Associated with Electron Thermalization at Collisionless Shocks

We analyze measurements of bipolar, Debye-scale electrostatic structures and turbulence measured in the transition region of the Earth's collisionless bow shock. In this region, the solar wind electron population is slowed and heated, and we show that this turbulence correlates well in amplitude with the measured electron temperature change. The observed bipolar structures are highly oblate and longitudinally polarized and may instantaneously carry up to 10% of the plasma energy ψ ≡ e/kbTe ≈ 0.1 before dissipating. The relationship between ψ and the field-aligned scale size Δ∥ of the Gaussian potential suggests that the bipolar structures are BGK trapped particle equilibria or electron hole modes. We suggest a generation scenario and a potential role in dissipation.
Explanation of the device operation principle of amorphous silicon/ crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cell and role of the inversion of crystalline silicon surface

The device operation principle of amorphous silicon/crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cell is discussed. The band diagram obtained by the computer model developed in the commercial simulator Sentaurus shows that the c-Si surface is inverted at the interface between a-Si and c-Si (heterointerface). A strong inversion gives a strong electric field at the c-Si surface, which in turn facilitates the transport of minority carriers across the heterointerface. A high performance device requires a strongly inverted c-Si surface. Calculations are performed to show that the doping of the doped a-Si layer, the thickness of the intrinsic layer, and the defect state density at the heterointerface all affect the inversion of the crystalline silicon surface. Unlike homojunction devices, the defects in heterojunction devices have a greater role in transport mechanism than in recombination mechanism. The results show that in devices with a large number of defects at the interface, the fill factor degrades with little change in open circuit voltage. This explains why it is relatively easy to obtain VOC's approaching 700 mV with heterojunctions but often with low fill factors.
Lack of interaction between hormonal proteins and synthetic carrier ampholytes (Ampholine).

Abstract Using 14 C-labeled Ampholine, radioiodinated and unlabeled human growth hormone, and ovine prolactin, no significant degree of interaction could be detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel chromatography. Protein binding to excess Ampholine was negligible. Ampholine binding to excess protein was below the detection limit of 0.2 moles of Ampholine per mole of protein. Commercial Ampholine contains large molecular weight components that cannot be separated by gel chromatography from proteins in the 20–30,000-molecular weight range.
Azimilide (NE-10064) can prolong or shorten the action potential duration in canine ventricular myocytes : Dependence on blockade of K, Ca, and Na channels

Azimilide Effects on Membrane Voltage and Current. Introduction: Azimilide (NE-10064) has antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory effects in canine models of ventricular arrhythmia. The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of azimilide on action potential and membrane currents of canine ventricular myocytes. Methods and Results: Membrane voltage and current were recorded using the whole cell, patch clamp method. Azimilide at 1 /μM induced a consistent prolongation of action potential duration (APD): on average APD90 was prolonged by 25% and 17% at stimulation rates of 0.33 and 1 Hz, respectively. Elevating the drug concentration to 5 μM induced APD prolongation in some cells but APD shortening in the others at 0.33 Hz, and a consistent APD shortening at 1 Hz. Azimilide suppressed the following currents (Kd in parenthesis): IKr (< 1 μM at -20 mV), IKs, (1.8 μM at +30 mV), L-type Ca current (17.8 μM at +10 mV), and Na current (19 μM at -40 mV). Azimilide was a weak blocker of the transient outward and inward rectifier currents (Kd≥ 50 μM at +50 and -140 mV, respectively). Azimilide blocked IKr, IKs, and INa in a use-dependent manner. Furthermore, azimilide reduced a slowly inactivating component of Na current that might be important for maintaining the action potential plateau in canine ventricular myocytes. Conclusion: Azimilide has variable effects on APD in canine ventricular myocytes due to Us blocking effects on multiple currents with different potencies. Its Class III antiarrhythmic action is most likely seen at low concentrations (< 5 μM).
Consumers in the Country: Technology and Social Change in Rural America

From 1900 to 1960, the introduction and development of four so-called urbanizing technologies-the telephone, automobile, radio, and electric light and power-transformed the rural United States. But did these new technologies revolutionize rural life in the ways modernizers predicted? And how exactly-and with what levels of resistance and acceptance-did this change take place? In Consumers in the Country Ronald R. Kline, avoiding the trap of technological determinism, explores the changing relationships among the Country Life professionals, government agencies, sales people, and others who promoted these technologies and the farm families who largely succeeded in adapting them to rural culture.
Teaching Practices of Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia in the United States: Should Lumbar Epidurals Be Taught Before Thoracic Epidurals?

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the current teaching practice of thoracic epidural procedures in the United States and to determine the effect of the teaching sequence of thoracic and lumbar epidurals on technical difficulties and complications. Design and setting: The first part was a survey, which was distributed to all American Board of Anesthesiology–accredited programs. The second part was a noninterventional retrospective review of 2,007 epidural procedures in a university teaching program. Interventions: The survey questions were designed to determine the number of epidural procedures performed monthly on various services, teaching sequence, insertion technique, indications, and service provider. Results: The survey received 81 responses (60%) from 134 programs; 34% of the programs placed more thoracic than lumbar epidurals, 92% of the programs placed epidurals mainly for postoperative pain control, and 88% of programs mainly teach lumbar before thoracic epidurals, whereas only 10 programs (12%) mainly teach residents thoracic before lumbar epidurals. The authors’ residents were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (42 residents, 70%) who learned thoracic before lumbar epidurals and group 2 (18 residents, 30%) who learned lumbar before thoracic epidurals during their earlier obstetric anesthesia training. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the degree of technical difficulties or the incidence of procedure-related complications. Conclusions: Thoracic epidurals are widely taught in the United States. Most programs teach lumbar before thoracic epidurals. Thoracic epidurals are safe to teach without prior experience with lumbar epidurals.
Some contributions of christianity to psychotherapy.

1. McNeill, J. T., A History of the Cure of Souls. New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1951. 2. Cattell, R. B., Psychology and the Religious Quest. London, Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd., 1938. 3. Maslow, A. H., Motivation and Personality. New York, Harper, 1954. 4. Vitz, P. C., Psychology as Religion: The Cult of Self-Worship. Grand Rapids, Mich., William B. Eerdmans, 1977. 5. Kopp, S., Guru. Palo Alto, Calif., Science and Behavior Books, 1971. 6. Allport, G., The Individual and His Religion. New York, Macmillan, 1950. 7. Bakan, D., Sigmund Freud and the Jewish Mystical Tradition. New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1958. 8. Stern, K., The Third Revolution. New York, Doubleday Image, 1961.
SU‐FF‐T‐161: Practical Gap‐Width Threshold for MLC Quality Assurance for IMRT

Purpose: A standard IMRTquality assurance test for Multi Leaf Collimator(MLC) leaf position accuracy is the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering (MSK) leaf test. This test involves inspecting the widths of five 1 mm wide fields delivered 2 cm apart. A maximum error tolerance of 0.2 mm in the gap‐width between sets of opposing leaves is recommended. In a preliminary informal visual test performed with an independent observer, the observer detected all deliberately introduced errors greater than or equal to 0.5 mm, but not all 0.2 mm errors. Method and Materials: We investigated the use of the MSK leaf test on a Varian Clinac 2300C/D and Clinac 2300EX, with Mark I (52 leaf) and Millennium (120 leaf) MLCs, respectively. Kodak XV film was irradiated with 6 MV photons at an SSD of 100 cm, using 1000 monitor units for the delivery of the five segments. The film was scanned using a Vidar VXR‐16DP scanner, and subsequently analyzed with the RIT113 Version4 software. The RIT software recommends using a 3×3 median filter to remove background noise, which effectively reduces the image resolution. Since the smallest baseline resolution of the scanner is 0.089 mm, a 0.2mm error will be difficult to observe after a 3×3 filtration. Separate films were irradiated under the same conditions and scanned to determine if the scanner software combination was consistent in assessment of the magnitude of errors in the gap‐width. Results: The reproducibility of leaf positions on multiple films was found to be within one pixel. However, not all artificially introduced errors that were visually observable were detected by this software technique. Conclusion: It may not be feasible to reliably measure gap‐width errors of 0.2 mm, either by eye or by quantitative analysis using the technique presented here.
SU‐E‐J‐145: Complete Study to Characterize the Effectiveness of Daily Endorectal Balloon (ERB) for Prostate Intrafraction Motion Management

Purpose: To quantify intrafraction prostate motion between patient groups treated with and without daily endorectal balloon (ERB) employed during prostate radiotherapy and establish the effectiveness of the ERB. Methods: Real time intrafraction prostate motion from 29 non‐ERB (1061 sessions) and 30 ERB (1008 sessions) patients was evaluated based on three‐dimensional (3D), left, right, cranial, caudal, anterior and posterior displacements. The average percentage of time with 3D and unidirectional prostate displacements > 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10mm in 1 minute intervals was calculated for up to 6 minutes of treatment time. The Kolmogorov‐Smirnov method was used to evaluate the intrafraction prostate motion pattern between both groups. Results: 3D motion >=1 cm was observed for the non‐ERB group only. The motion increased as a function of elapsed time for displacements > 2 to 8mm for the non‐ERB group and > 2 to 4 mm for the ERB group (p 5 mm (p < 0.05). The 3D internal margin (IM) covering 95% treatment time can be reduced from 5 to 3 mm (40% reduction) while the asymmetrical IM can be reduced from 3 to 2 mm (33% reduction) in cranial, caudal, anterior, and posterior for 6 minutes treatment, when ERB is employed. Beyond 6 minutes, the 3D and cranial, caudal, anterior, and posterior IMs can be reduced from 9, 4, 7, 7, and 8 to 5, 2, 5, 3, and 4 mm, respectively (up to 57% reduction). The calculated IMs apply to the worst case scenario patient as well. Conclusions: The ERB effectively reduces prostate motion and allows for smaller IMs. Therefore, daily ERB has the potential to further improve toxicity profiles in prostate radiotherapy.
IL-33 broadens its repertoire to affect DC

IL-33 is a novel multi-functional IL-1 family member that, in contrast to other family members, is associated with Th2 responses. IL-33 signals via a heterodimer composed of its receptor, IL-1 receptor-like-1 (IL-1RL1), more commonly known as ST2L, and the IL-1R accessory protein. ST2L is expressed by endothelial cells, mast cells, basophils, Th2 cells, and DC. IL-33 has been associated with several immune-mediated disorders, including asthma, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In contrast, there is evidence that IL-33 can inhibit atherosclerosis development. A report in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology reveals a novel function of IL-33: the ability to promote myeloid DC generation in murine BM cell cultures, by triggering GM-CSF production by other BM cells, likely basophils. DC generated in the presence of IL-33 are maturation resistant, with only minimal T-cell stimulatory ability, associated with comparatively high levels of programmed death receptor ligand expression. This commentary discusses several questions raised by these findings, and provides a basis for further evaluation of IL-33 and ST2L in regulation of APC generation and function in both innate and adaptive immunity.
Ways of Understanding Parental Chronic Pain: A Typology

Chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is a prevalent occurrence and is experienced by adults in their child-rearing years. Communication within the family about parental illness can be formidable, and family members are often uninformed about illness details. To date, there is no research exploring how children and adolescents understand parental chronic pain, a very complex phenomenon, and its related disability. The aim of this study was to develop a substantive theory that describes how adolescents manage the experience of living with a parent suffering with CNCP and environmental factors that help or hinder this process. Grounded theory was used, the focus of which was adolescents' processes of dealing with parental illness in the interpersonal and environmental contexts of their daily lives. A sample of 30 young adults was recruited in northeastern Ohio using theoretical sampling. During open-ended interviews, participants were asked to look back on their adolescence and talk about how they managed living with parental chronic pain. Interview transcripts and field notes were analyzed using constant comparative methods. Six ways of understanding parental chronic pain emerged from the data: noticing something is different, wrestling with not knowing, searching for answers, questioning the validity of pain, developing insight into the complexity of pain, and learning important life lessons. Findings shed light on how adolescents understand and attach meaning and significance to parental chronic pain and disability and serve as the basis for the development of personalized family interventions.
Electron-Optical-Polaron Coupling Constant in PbS, PbSe, and PbTe

Values of the electron-optical-polaron coupling constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ have been calculated, in the weak-coupling approximation, for PbS, PbSe, and PbTe at 77 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Experimental values of the high-frequency dielectric constant and of the longitudinal-optical-phonon frequency were used, as were literature values of the static dielectric constant calculated from the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation. The values of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ obtained are for PbS, $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.33$; for PbSe, $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.23$; for PbTe, $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.15$. These values of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ show the same decrease with increasing anion mass as do the values reported for several III-V semiconductors. In addition, their magnitudes are in accord with the strongly ionic character suggested by the rocksalt crystal structures of the PbS group. Since $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, measured values of the electron effective mass are within a few percent of the bare-electron effective mass.
Construction of a smooth multivariate simulation environment from a finite one-to-one mapping

Complex computer-simulated environments are often sought in which autonomous agents can interact and their capabilities can be examined. Creating such simulated environments, however, can often be regarded as a very non-trivial undertaking. This work demonstrates how one can construct a smooth and continuous online environment which is easily computable and runs in polynomial time using a finite number of example function input/output pairs. Due to the manner of its construction, the newly created smooth mapping will give the same or similar outputs as the original one-to-one function it was derived from. Also, having no discontinuities, the constructed smooth mapping will not break should it be made to accept out-of-range or erroneous actions from an agent which engages it. Ultimately, this algorithm is used to construct an integral portion of a sequential environment which is utilized in a study to simulate the acquisition of phoneme sequence generating ability thought to occur in the brain.
The Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature:

An infant was referred for evaluation of a congenital portwine stain of the entire left lower extremity. The infant was subsequently confirmed as having Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, and the problem ...
Gel Shift Analysis of the empA Promoter Region in Vibrio Anguillarum

Background The induction of metalloprotease encoded by empA in Vibrio anguillarum occurs at high cell density in salmon intestinal mucus. Previously we have shown that there are significant differences in empA expression in two strains of V. anguillarum, M93Sm and NB10. It is hypothesized that differences in empA regulation are due to differences in binding of regulatory elements.
Special considerations in the care of the physician-patient: a lesson for medical education.

In the field of medicine, there is strong emphasis on the healing of others, but not as much on the healing of self. It is therefore not surprising that physicians may be ill-equipped to not only care for other physicians, but to be treated as patients. Multiple studies indicate that relatively few physicians have their own primary physicians and often rely on self-treatment, rather than obtaining comprehensive care from other physicians. Through the lens of a personal struggle with serious illness, the author develops a discussion about potential barriers physicians face in seeking care, the downstream effects of physicians’ perceptions of health care, and ways to make changes to prevailing physician health attitudes. Potential changes at the undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education levels are considered, in order to help physicians both to embrace their roles as patients and also better serve their colleagues who are under their care.
Statistics of shallow water, high-frequency acoustic scattering and propagation

During August 1991, the Naval Research Laboratory conducted high-frequency shallow water acoustic scattering experiments in the Gulf of Mexico near Panama City, Florida. The acoustic measurements included surface and bottom reverberation, surface and bottom forward scattering, and direct path propagation. The results reported are confined to the direct and bottom forward reflected paths and include the statistical characteristics of three signals; namely, the direct, the bottom reflected, and the direct plus the bottom reflected. Representative envelopes will be presented that illustrate the complexity of the shallow water environment statistics, including the means, variances, and probability distributions for each signal, are presented to discern any differences that can be exploited in the detection process. The frequency range covered during the experiment was from 20 to 180 kHz. The supporting environmental measurements included sound speed profiles, currents, wave heights, and bottom samples. >
Fabrics on Die: Where Function, Debug and Test Meet

In this paper, we briefly present how packet-based networks or fabrics, have found their way into diverse usages on high-end industrial designs today. We outline the salient features, use models and challenges involved in implementation and application of these fabrics, not only in functional communication but also in power-management, silicon debug and high-volume-manufacturing test. Both debug and test hooks in SOC/NOC and some test/debug scenarios are discussed. We touch on some recent advances in functional networks and their implications to debug & test.
Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage

During periods with epidemic mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) populations in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) forests, large amounts of t...
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TETRAPLOID SPECIATION IN SNOW BUTTERCUPS (RANUNCULUS ADONEUS): NICHE DIFFERENTIATION AND TETRAPLOID ESTABLISHMENT

Chromosome doubling plays an important role in generating new species of flowering plants. However, reproductive incompatibilities between newly formed tetraploid plants and their diploid progenitors are expected to create a significant barrier to the persistence and establishment of neopolyploid populations. Ecological differentiation can reduce this barrier via prezygotic isolation arising from spatial separation. Alternatively, superior viability or fecundity of neotetraploid plants might compensate for the reproductive cost of incompatible pollen from diploid neighbors. The performance of plants of both cytotypes can be assessed in their respective habitats through reciprocal transplants, although such experiments have not been used previously in the study of tetraploid speciation. We used a series of seed and seedling transplant experiments to assess ecological differentiation and competitive ability during early establishment phases for tetraploid and diploid forms of the snow buttercup (Ranunculus adoneus). At two sites, seeds from diploids and tetraploids had similar germination probabilities. Tetraploid snow buttercup seedlings had a significant growth advantage in a controlled environment chamber experiment. However, in the field diploid and tetraploid buttercup seedlings did not differ consistently in survival or growth, nor did the two cytotypes show reciprocal advantages in performance, as expected if ecological differentiation has occurred. At the seed and seedling stages, neither niche differentiation nor tetraploid competitive superiority appears sufficient to explain neotetraploid success in the presence of their diploid progenitors.
42 CFR Part 84: Respiratory protective devices implications for tuberculosis protection.

This final rule was made available to the public at the Government Printing Office in Washington, DC, on June 2, 1995. It was published in the Federal Register on June 8, 1995, in Part II of that issue (60 FR 110:30336). This rule addresses the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Department of Labor/Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) certification requirements for respiratory protective devices. Specifically, the rule replaces MSHA regulations at 30 CFR Part 11 with new public health regulations at 42 CFR Part 84, while also upgrading testing requirements for particulate filters. Concurrent with NIOSH publication of this new rule, MSHA published a final rule to remove existing regulations at 30 CFR Part 11, which are made obsolete by this final rule. NIOSH now will have exclusive authority for testing and certification of respirators with the exception of certain mine emergency devices, which will continue to be jointly certified by NIOSH and MSHA.
Defining early mycosis fungoides: validation of a diagnostic algorithm proposed by the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas.

Background Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and is often difficult to diagnose. Early-stage disease is particularly challenging and requires clinical and histopathologic correlation to make an accurate diagnosis. In order to facilitate the diagnosis of early MF, an algorithm has been proposed by the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) whereby clinical and histopathologic characteristics as well as immunohistochemistry and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies may be applied to suspected cases of MF. The diagnostic utility of this algorithm has not yet been validated. We sought to determine the validity of the proposed algorithm via an investigator-blinded, retrospective, case-control study. Methods A total of 34 cases were randomly selected from the database of a clinic for cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and included patients with MF and patients with clinicopathologic mimics. The proposed diagnostic algorithm was systematically applied to the entire cohort. Each case was assigned a composite score based on the parameters in the proposed algorithm. Results Among the 24 cases of MF, 21 cases achieved four or more points through application of the algorithm. Among the 10 cases of MF mimics, only four achieved four or more points. This difference was significant (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.009). The sensitivity of the 4-point threshold for a diagnosis of MF was 87.5% and the specificity was 60%. Conclusions The diagnostic algorithm proposed by the ISCL is a statistically valid method for defining cases of early MF and distinguishing these cases from other benign dermatoses. However, the clinical utility of the algorithm may be limited by its low specificity. Further refinement of the algorithm may improve its accuracy.
Language Development in Deaf Children

As we near the tenth anniversary of the report of the Commission on Education of the Deaf (Bowe, 1988), I believe our foremost challenge is to accelerate language development among deaf children and youths. The commission's report has led to some real progress overall in education of deaf children and youths (see, for example, Bowe, 1991, and Bowe, 1993). Nonetheless, we face stubborn problems. In this article, I present my personal views, to which I welcome reader reaction, about what I believe to be the most important of these. The challenge of which I write here is not an issue that government can or should address. As I put it in my keynote address to the 57th Biennial Conference of the Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf (CAID) in Minneapolis (Bowe, 1995b):
Treatment of acral persistent papular mucinosis using an Erbium‐YAG laser

Background and Objectives Acral persistent papular mucinosis (APPM) is a rare condition with persistent flesh colored papules on the hands and extensor wrists. The authors aim to present a novel treatment option for this condition. Patients and Methods A female with APPM was treated using a 2940 nm Erbium-YAG laser with a 1 mm spotsize defocused to 2-3 mm with settings of 200-300 mJ until the lesion was flush with the surrounding skin. Results Healing of the wounds with resolution of the individually treated papules. Conclusions Erbium-YAG lasers should be considered a treatment option for APPM. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:467–468, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spectroscopic Analysis and Kinetics of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond Formation in Poly-pyridobisimidazole (M5) Fiber

Poly-pyridobisimiazole (M5) single filaments subjected to varying degrees of heat treatment have been analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy in transmission mode to detect changes in the state of intermolecular hydrogen bonding as a function of fiber annealing conditions. The FTIR absorbance bands associated with hydrogen bonding in M5 fiber have been identified, and the integrated molar absorption coefficients for the bands of interest have been determined experimentally, which allows to quantify the concentration of N―H vibration groups hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) to water molecules, and the concentration of N―H vibration groups H-bonded to adjacent polymer chains in the fiber. A dual mechanism kinetic rate expression is used to describe intermolecular H-bond formation in M5 fiber as a function of annealing conditions, from which an activation energy for H-bond formation of 14.8 kJ/mol is obtained.
Mobile Memory: Improving memory locality in very large reconfigurable fabrics

As the size of reconfigurable fabrics increases we can envision entire applications being mapped to a reconfigurable device; not just the code, but also the memory. These larger circuits, unfortunately, will suffer from the problem of a growing memory bottleneck. In this paper we explore how mobile memory techniques, inspired by cache-only memory architectures, can be applied to help solve this problem. The basic idea is to move the memory to the location of the accessor. Using both an analytical model and simulation we investigate several different memory movement algorithms. The results show that mobility can, on average, decrease memory latency 2x; which translates into speedup of about 15%.
Osteogenic growth peptide and its use as a bio‐conjugate in regenerative medicine applications

For nearly 2000 years, biomaterials have been used as damaged tissue implants. A field that started with wood and gold tissue replacements has evolved into an advanced science which combines ideas of cellular biology, engineering, and synthetic chemistry to produce bioresorbable materials capable of directing specific cell responses. With the overwhelming number of failed bone defect repairs every year, bone tissue engineering has become an important area of study. Both naturally occurring and synthetic polymeric materials have shown promising results for bone regeneration with their wide range of mechanical and degradation properties. Despite their favorable properties, these materials are limited by their lack of the biological cues necessary for enhanced bone formation and osteogenic differentiation. For this reason, naturally occurring growth factors, such as osteogenic growth peptide (OGP), have been studied for use in bone tissue engineering constructs to elicit more efficient bone healing. OGP functionalization of bioresorbable polymers has been shown to enhance regeneration of bone and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells in defect models. Vast improvements in bone tissue engineering constructs have been made possible through the use of OGP as a functional bio-conjugate. As this field continues to expand, the hopes of overcoming the limitations of current bone defect repair treatment methods is becoming a reality. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:449-464. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1376 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Biochemistry and cell biology of angiotensin-converting enzyme and converting enzyme inhibitors.

Angiotensin I (AI), a nonactive decapeptide generated by action of the enzyme, renin, on a glycoprotein substrate, angiotensinogen, is converted to the active pressor octapeptide angiotensin II (AII) by an exopeptidase first identified and isolated in plasma by Skeggs et al.1 who accordingly named this angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). This enzyme was later found to be the same enzyme as Kininase II, and is able to hydrolyze bradykinin and various other peptides.2,3 Most of the conversion of circulating AI to AII occurs during passage through the lungs.4 However, this dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase has been found to be widely distributed throughout the body as a membrane bound ectoenzyme on the surface of vascular endothelial cells and epithelial cells of many organs.5–7
Nonprofits and Disclosure in the Wake of Citizens United

Abstract Few campaign finance cases have drawn more public attention than Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. Although Citizens United was expected to unleash the electoral activities of business corporations, its immediate consequences more directly involved nonprofit organizations. Like Citizens United itself, most of the cases challenging and seeking to curtail campaign finance regulation have been brought by nonprofit corporations, particularly advocacy organizations tax-exempt under section 501(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code, and section 501(c)(6) trade associations and chambers of commerce. Moreover, most of the corporate spending in the 2010 congressional elections involved nonprofits. Given the anecdotal evidence that many business corporations interested in electoral activity are reluctant to do so directly and publicly and prefer to channel their money through intermediary organizations, nonprofit (c)(4)s and (c)(6)s in the post-Citizens United regime play a key role as vehicles ...
The North American Free Trade Agreement: Social Implications for Mexican Workers

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), an international trade initiative was adopted by the United States, Mexico and Canada in 1992. Proponents of this trade agreement argued it would virtually eliminate trade barriers between the three nations, create greater employment opportunities, spur economic growth and development, improve the quality of life and standard of living, particularly for Mexican workers and significantly increase wages among low-skilled workers. While much has been written about the impact of the NAFTA on the United States economy and its workers, far less has been said about the plight of Mexican workers, particularly regarding human rights and its social implications. The primary goal of this paper is to examine the human side of the NAFTA specific to Mexican workers and their families, with particular emphasis on human rights, pay equity and worker safety.
The conceptual link between social desirability and cultural normativity

Psychologists have a recurrent concern that socially desirable responding (SDR) is a form of response distortion that compromises the validity of self-report measures, especially in high-stakes situations where participants are motivated to make a good impression. Psychologists have used various strategies to minimise SDR or its impact, for example, forced choice responding, ipsatization, and direct measures of social desirability. However, empirical evidence suggests that SDR is a robust phenomenon existing in many cultures and a substantive variable with meaningful associations with other psychological variables and outcomes. Here, we review evidence of the occurrence of SDR across cultures and tie SDR to the study of cultural normativity and cultural consonance in anthropology. We suggest that cultural normativity is an important component of SDR, which may partly explain the adaptiveness of SDR and its association with positive outcomes.
The pH of the synovial fluid in the anaesthetized dog under treatment with metrazol or insulin.

This paper reports the results of alterations in the pH of synovial fluid and of blood of dogs anaesthetized with nembutal, in response to agents producing extreme muscle activity. The intravenous administration of metrazol, in doses producing convulsions, resulted in a more pronounced decrease in the pH of synovial fluid than in that of blood. This difference was progressively developed to a maximum stage somewhat later than in blood. The injection of insulin produced similar, but less pronounced, results, although the graphs were less smooth and regular and there was better correlation between the alterations of pH in the two fluids.
A fully human CXCR4 antibody demonstrates diagnostic utility and therapeutic efficacy in solid tumor xenografts

// Babak Behnam Azad 1 , Samit Chatterjee 1 , Wojciech G. Lesniak 1 , Ala Lisok 1 , Mrudula Pullambhatla 1 , Zaver M. Bhujwalla 1 , Martin G. Pomper 1 , Sridhar Nimmagadda 1 1 The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Correspondence to: Sridhar Nimmagadda, e-mail: snimmag1@jhmi.edu Keywords: chemokine receptor, Zirconium-89, cancer therapy, molecular imaging, precision medicine Received: October 05, 2015 Accepted: January 15, 2016 Published: February 1, 2016 ABSTRACT For physiologically important cancer therapeutic targets, use of non-invasive imaging for therapeutic guidance and monitoring may improve outcomes for treated patients. The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is overexpressed in many cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). CXCR4 overexpression contributes to tumor growth, progression and metastasis. There are several CXCR4-targeted therapeutic agents currently in clinical trials. Since CXCR4 is also crucial for normal biological functions, its prolonged inhibition could lead to unwanted toxicities. While CXCR4-targeted imaging agents and inhibitors have been reported and evaluated independently, there are currently no studies demonstrating CXCR4-targeted imaging for therapeutic guidance. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are commonly used for cancer therapy and imaging. Here, an 89 Zr-labeled human CXCR4-mAb ( 89 Zr-CXCR4-mAb) was evaluated for detection of CXCR4 expression with positron emission tomography (PET) while its native unmodified analogue was evaluated for therapy in relevant models of NSCLC and TNBC. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of 89 Zr-CXCR4-mAb showed enhanced uptake in NSCLC xenografts with a high expression of CXCR4. It also had the ability to detect lymph node metastases in an experimental model of metastatic TNBC. Treatment of high and low CXCR4 expressing NSCLC and TNBC xenografts with CXCR4-mAb demonstrated a therapeutic response correlating with the expression of CXCR4. Considering the key role of CXCR4 in normal biological functions, our results suggest that combination of 89 Zr-CXCR4-mAb-PET with non-radiolabeled mAb therapy may provide a precision medicine approach for selecting patients with tumors that are likely to be responsive to this treatment.
An Empirical Evaluation of Aggregation Approaches for Developing Market Segments

In this paper criteria for aggregating customers into market segments are empirically tested. Analyses of individual customer response to relative price of a brand show that the relative price maxi...
Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing Practices for Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Women in the United States, 2002-2011.

Background. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common diagnoses leading to an antibiotic prescription for women seeking ambulatory care. Understanding current national outpatient antibiotic prescribing practices will help ongoing stewardship efforts to optimize antibiotic use; however, information on recent national outpatient antibiotic prescribing trends for UTI is limited. Methods. We analyzed the National Ambulatory Medical Care and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey datasets from 2002 to 2011. Outpatient visits of women aged ≥18 years with a diagnosis of uncomplicated UTI were included for analysis. We conducted weighted descriptive analyses, examined time trends in antibiotic prescribing, and used multivariable logistic regression to identify patient and provider factors associated with fluoroquinolone prescribing. Results. A total of 7111 visits were identified. Eighty percent of visits resulted in an antibiotic prescription; fluoroquinolones were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics throughout the study period (49% overall). Older patients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for adults aged ≥70 years = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-3.8) and patients treated by internists (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.3) were more likely than younger patients and those treated by family practitioners to receive fluoroquinolones. Outpatient visits in the West US Census region were less likely to be associated with fluoroquinolone prescribing (AOR = 0.6; 95% CI, .4-1.0) compared with visits in the Northeast. Conclusions. Fluoroquinolones were the most frequently selected antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated UTI in women during the study period. Outpatient antibiotic stewardship initiatives should include efforts to reduce overuse of fluoroquinolones for uncomplicated UTI.