cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Functional Organization of Local Circuits in Visual Cortex: Insights from the Study of Tree Shrew Striate Cortex

We have used a combination of anatomical and physiological techniques to explore the functional organization of vertical and horizontal connections in tree shrew striate cortex. Our studies of vertical connections reveal a remarkable specificity in the laminar arrangement of the projections from layer IV to layer III that establishes three parallel intracortical pathways. The pathways that emerge from layer IV are not simple continuations of parallel thalamocortical pathways. Layer IV and its connections with layer II/III restructure the inputs from the LGN, combining the activity from ON and OFF channels and from the left and right eye and transmit the products of this synthesis to separate strata within the overlying layers. In addition, studies of two other prominent vertical connection pathways, the projections from layer VI to layer IV and from layer II/III to layer V suggest that the parallel nature of these systems is perpetuated throughout the cortical depth. Our studies of horizontal connections have revealed a systematic relationship between a neuron's orientation preference and the distribution of its axon arbor across the cortical map of visual space. Horizontal connections in layer II/III extend for greater distances and give rise to a greater number of terminals along an axis of the visual field map that corresponds to the neuron's preferred orientation. These findings suggest that the contribution of horizontal inputs to the response properties of layer II/III neurons is likely to be greater in regions of visual space that lie along the axis of preferred orientation (endzones) than along the orthogonal axis (side zones). Topographically aligned horizontal connections may contribute to the orientation preference of layer II/III neurons and could account for the axial specificity of some receptive field surround effects. Together, these results emphasize that specificity in the spatial arrangement of local circuit axon arbors plays an important role in shaping the response properties of neurons in visual cortex.
Examining Protein Sequence Perturbations with Markov State Models

Markov State Model (MSM) approaches model the conformational dynamics of proteins as a kinetic network of metastable states. This allows one to obtain long-timescale and equilibrium information from ensembles of much shorter non-equilibrium trajectories sampling local transition rates between states. To explore the possibility of using MSMs to efficiently characterize the effects of sequence perturbations, we construct “wildtype” and “mutant” MSMs built from molecular dynamics simulations of Fs peptide, the GB1 hairpin, and WW domain. We show that metastable states are generally robust to perturbation, although unfolded states may suffer from finite sampling. To assess the statistical significance of changes in observed transition counts that occur upon mutation, we develop a log-likelihood surprisal metric. We validate the metric in simple lattice models, and apply it to study sequence-dependent folding mechanisms and our ability to efficiently sample them.
The Embodied Practices of Breastfeeding: Implications for Research and Policy

Breastfeeding is a uniquely embodied part of parenting. It is a time-consuming task that is fundamentally centered on mothers’ bodies for as long as breastfeeding occurs, which may be weeks, months, one year, or much longer. In this article I argue that an enhanced and sustained research focus on the embodied dimensions of breastfeeding has the potential to raise questions and provide insights about breastfeeding initiation and duration, a major concern of policymakers and others. Three underexplored areas of research into the embodied aspects of breastfeeding include lactation activism (lactivism), the dyadic (mother-child/children) body work of breastfeeding, and the efforts and beliefs of the professionals who support mothers as they initiate and continue to breastfeed. Accomplishing reproductive justice for all women requires developing a deeper understanding of variations in the social and individual context for the embodied practice of breastfeeding and using this knowledge to create effective socia...
Dual-Wavelength Doppler Radar Observations of Hail at Vertical Incidence

Abstract Calculations show that for spherical hail, a negative value of the range derivative of the logarithm of the ratio of the powers received at 10 and 3 cm wavelengths (P10 and P3, respectively) is indicative of the presence of large hail (diameter 1 cm). The negative derivative can occur at the far edge of a boundary between a region of large hail and rain, as shown by Eccles and Atlas (1973). Calculations with a simple model of a hail region, having monodisperse spherical hail at any range, show that a negative derivative of log (P10/P3) can occur embedded in a region of hail if the diameter of the hail and/or the thickness of water coat on it is a function of the range. The results of the calculations are supported by vertical incidence dual-wavelength Doppler radar observations of a hailstorm. Negative values of the range derivative of log (P10/P3) are inferred from the Doppler observations, to occur within a region of hail in which the mean hail diameter was a function of the range. Accordingly,...
Chromosome Behaviour during Spermatogenesis of Anopheles stephensi Sensu Stricto

1. The testes of Anopheles stephensi sensu stricto are two pale yellowish, ellipsoidal bodies. Their wall consists of an outer, tough, pigmented envelope, and an inner squamous epithelial layer. The nuclei of various types of resting cells within the testes are characterized by a peripheral, basophilic crescent. The anterior part of the testicular cavity is divided into cysts which hold spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. Germ cells at later stages of differentiation are held free within the posterior part of the testicular cavity.2. The spermatogonial metaphase configuration consists of two pairs of V-shaped autosomes and a pair of unequal, subtelocentric sex chromosomes. The homologous chromosomes exhibit somatic pairing. The centromeres appear as distinct, non-staining gaps. The centromere is slightly off-median in one of the autosomal pairs.3. The nuclei of early primary spermatocytes show long, slender, chromomeric threads and a peripheral basophilic crescent. The latter subsequently resolves into deeply staining thread-like structures representing the heterochromatic regions of the sex chromosomes and a lightly staining nucleolar body. The chromosomal threads undergo a process of uniform condensation to produce thick pachytene bivalents. The nucleolus disappears by diplotene. The sex chromosomes associate together only along short lengths of their long limbs proximal to their centromeres. Terminalization of chiasmata takes place during diakinetic condensation of the chromosomes. The sex bivalent is symmetrical. The metaphase spindle is formed within a welldefined nuclear space surrounded by a thin limiting membrane. Tiny dotlike centrioles are present. At first anaphase the autosomal univalents disjoin normally. The sex chromosomes, on the otherhand, show obligatory postreduction. The sex chromosomes lag during the first anaphase separation. In the dyads the chromatids are widely divergent except near the centromere. The telophase nuclei are oval in shape and show a peripheral concentration of chromatin.4. A short interkinesis stage is present. At the second prophase the dyads appear as typical X or cross-shaped figures. Subsequently they constitute a tangled group at the centre of nucleus representing a prometaphase stage. A second metaphase plate is produced although the stage is of short duration only. The sex chromosomes show precession during the second anaphase. The spermatid nuclei fall into two classes on the basis of the relative dimensions of their heteropycnotic dots.
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria: identification and expression of eight novel mutations in the uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene.

Summary. Mutations in the uroporphyrinogen III synthase (URO-synthase) gene cause congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), an autosomal recessive inborn error of haem biosynthesis. Molecular analysis of the URO-synthase gene in seven unrelated CEP patients revealed eight novel mutations. These included four missense mutations (A69T, E81D, G188W and I219S), a deletion (21delG), two insertions (398insG and 672ins28) and one complex mutation (627del6ins39), as well as three previously reported mutations, C73R, T228M, and −86CA. When the four novel missense mutations were expressed in Escherichia coli, only E81D expressed significant enzymatic activity (30% of expressed wild-type activity), which was thermolabile. In addition, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction studies demonstrated that E81D, which altered the penultimate nucleotide in exon 4, impaired splicing and caused about 85% exon 4 skipping. The identification and expression of these mutations provided genotype–phenotype correlations and further evidence of the molecular heterogeneity underlying this erythropoietic porphyria.
Hemorrhage related reexploration following open heart surgery: the impact of pre-operative and post-operative coagulation testing.

Abstract Purpose: Our objective was to determine the association of pre-operative and post-operative coagulation testing abnormalities with the cause of post-operative bleeding requiring re-exploration following cardiac surgery. Methods: Retrospective chart review of post-operative bleeding and the incidence of re-exploration for hemorrhage in 2263 adult patients undergoing elective and emergency open heart surgery which included coronary artery bypass, valvular, and combined valve coronary procedures. Results: Eighty-two patients (3.6%) required re-exploration. Sixty-six percent had surgical bleeding; the remaining 34% were coagulopathic (no surgical site found). The pre-operative PT and ACT were significantly elevated in coagulopathic patients ( P P Conclusions: Pre-operative testing (ACT, PT) weakly correlated with post-operative coagulopathy. Post-operative coagulation abnormalities were identified with high risk ratios and good diagnostic accuracy when using testing cut-off values to assist in surgical decision making.
Melanoma prevention strategy based on using tetrapeptide α-MSH analogs that protect human melanocytes from UV-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, with no cure for advanced disease. We propose a strategy for melanoma prevention based on using analogs of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that function as melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) agonists. Treatment of human melanocytes with α-MSH results in stimulation of eumelanin synthesis, reduction of apoptosis that is attributable to reduced hydrogen peroxide generation and enhanced repair of DNA photoproducts. These effects should contribute to genomic stability of human melanocytes, thus preventing their malignant transformation to melanoma. Based on these findings, we synthesized and tested the effects of 3 tetrapeptide α-MSH analogs, Ac-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2, n-Pentadecanoyl- and 4-Phenylbutyryl-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2, on cultured human melanocytes. The latter two analogs were more potent than the former, or α-MSH, in stimulating the activity of tyrosinase, thus melanogenesis, reducing apoptosis and release of hydrogen peroxide and enhancing repair o...
When corridors collide: Road-related disturbance in commuting bats

As an increasingly dominant feature in the landscape, transportation corridors are becoming a major concern for bats. Although wildlife-vehicle collisions are considered to be a major source of mortality, other negative implications of roads on bat populations are just now being realized. Recent studies have revealed that bats, like many other wildlife species, will avoid roads rather than cross them. The consequence is that roads act as barriers or filters to movement, restricting bats from accessing critical resources. Our objective was to assess specific features along the commuting route, road, or surrounding landscape (alone or in combination) that exacerbated or alleviated the likelihood of a commuting bat exhibiting an avoidance behavior in response to an approaching vehicle. At 5 frequently used commuting routes bisected by roads, we collected data on vehicles travelling along the roads (such as visibility and audibility), commuting bats (such as height), and composition of the commuting route. We revealed that commuting route structure dictated the frequency at which bats turned back along their commuting routes and avoided the road. We found that gaps (>2 m) in commuting routes, such as the road itself, caused bats to turn away just before they reached the road. Furthermore, we found that turning frequencies of bats increased with vehicle noise levels and the locations at which bats responded to vehicles corresponded with areas where noise levels were greatest, including gaps <2 m. This suggested that bats had a disturbance threshold, and only reacted to vehicles when associated noise reached a certain level. We found that threshold levels for our study species were approximately 88 dB, but this value was likely to vary among species. Thus, our findings indicate that restoring (e.g., replanting native trees and shrubs in gaps) and establishing commuting routes (such as planting tree-lines and wooded hedgerows), as well as creating road-crossing opportunities (such as interlinking canopies) will improve the permeability of a road-dominated landscape to bats. Furthermore, our study highlights the influence of the soundscape. We recommend that effective management and mitigation strategies should take into account the ecological design of the acoustic environment. 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Using Paper Helicopters to Teach Statistical Process Control.

This hands-on project uses a paper helicopter to teach students how to distinguish between common and special causes of variability when developing and using statistical process control charts. It allows the student to experience a process that is out-of-control due to imprecise or incomplete product design specifications and to discover how the process can be brought into control through the use of standardized product specifications and associated construction procedures. It also allows the student to experience common causes of variability, to distinguish these from the special causes of variability resulting from the incomplete design specifications, and to discover how standardization reduces process variability. The project has been used in both undergraduate and MBA classes and demonstrates these concepts in a way that is easy for the student to understand and remember.
Selective use of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in patients with adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome prior to transsphenoidal surgery.

Context: Few data are available on the selective use of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) in the presurgical evaluation of patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome, so we investigated whether its use only in patients without a clear adenoma on magnetic resonance imaging and/or inconsistent biochemical testing affected remission and long-term outcome after surgery in patients with Cushing’s disease (CD). Setting: This was a retrospective review of patients treated for CD by one pituitary neurosurgeon at tertiary medical centers in New York City. Patients: A total of 193 consecutive adult patients who underwent initial transsphenoidal surgery (TS) for presumed CD between 1987 and 2005 were included. Main Outcome Measures: We examined preoperative pituitary imaging and biochemical data, results of BIPSS and surgical pathology, and outcome based on biochemical tests after initial TS and long term after subsequent therapies. Results: Remission rate after the first TS was 80.8% overall, ...
Retrospective Evaluation of Enoxaparin Dosing in Patients 48 Weeks' Postmenstrual Age or Younger in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

BACKGROUND:Enoxaparin is the anticoagulant of choice in neonates because of the ease of administration, predictable pharmacokinetics, and reduced adverse effects when compared to heparin. The Chest guidelines recommend that therapy in patients younger than 2 months should be initiated with enoxaparin 1.5 mg/kg administered subcutaneously twice daily. This starting dosage may be inadequate, leading to a delay in achieving therapeutic anti-factor Xa plasma concentrations.OBJECTIVE:To determine an enoxaparin dose for neonatal patients that achieves a therapeutic anti-factor Xa plasma concentration and compare that dose to the recommended enoxaparin dose per published guidelines for this patient population.METHODS:The study was designed as a single-center chart review. Eligible patients were identified by pharmacy anticoagulation records or a search of the electronic medical record for enoxaparin orders. Patients must have received enoxaparin subcutaneously twice daily and have had a postmenstrual age of 48 w...
A Gradient in Endogenous Rhythmicity and Oscillatory Drive Matches Recruitment Order in an Axial Motor Pool

The rhythmic firing behavior of spinal motoneurons is a function of their electrical properties and synaptic inputs. However, the relative contribution of endogenous versus network-based rhythmogenic mechanisms to locomotion is unclear. To address this issue, we have recorded from identified motoneurons and compared their current-evoked firing patterns to network-driven ones in the larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Zebrafish axial motoneurons are recruited topographically from the bottom of the spinal cord up. Here, we have explored differences in the morphology of axial motoneurons, their electrical properties, and their synaptic drive, to reveal how they match the topographic pattern of recruitment. More ventrally located “secondary” motoneurons generate bursts of action potentials in response to constant current steps, demonstrating a strong inherent rhythmogenesis. The membrane potential oscillations underlying bursting behavior occur in the normal frequency range of swimming. In contrast, more dorsal secondaries chatter in response to current, while the most dorsally distributed “primary” motoneurons all fire tonically. We find that systematic variations in excitability and endogenous rhythmicity are inversely related to the level of oscillatory synaptic drive within the entire axial motor pool. Specifically, bursting cells exhibit the least amount of drive, while tonic cells exhibit the most. Our data suggest that increases in swimming frequency are accomplished by the recruitment of axial motoneurons that progressively rely on instructive synaptic drive to shape their oscillatory activity appropriately. Thus, within the zebrafish spinal cord, there are differences in the relative contribution of endogenous versus network-based rhythms to locomotion and these vary predictably according to order of recruitment.
The Effect of Stress on Spontaneous Nest Leaving Behavior in the Mouse: An Improved Model of Stress-Induced Behavioral Pathology.

The present experiments were conducted to develop a more sensitive and reliable model of stress-induced behavioral pathology in the mouse. Male mice were housed singly in nest cages connected to either a circular tunnel, a recreational cage or a large box with food foraging apparatus. Spontaneous nocturnal out of nest activity or food foraging behavior in these environments was continuously monitored for a two week period during which time the effects of stress were examined. It was found that both repeated restraint and aggression stress markedly and persistently reduced out of nest nocturnal activity or food foraging behavior in all 3 environments but did not alter activity in a novel open field or plus maze or food or saccharin intake in the nest cage. In a preliminary experiment the reduction in out of nest activity by stress was attenuated by prior chronic treatment with the antidepressant, desmethylimipramine. Plasma corticosterone was elevated immediately after aggression stress but reduced 5 hr af...
Indulgence as self-reward for prior shopping restraint: A justification-based mechanism ☆

This research investigates the effects of refraining from a purchase temptation at one point in time on choices made at a subsequent opportunity to purchase or consume a tempting product. Four experiments involving scenarios and real decisions demonstrate that the salience of restraint at a prior impulse buying opportunity causes consumers to reward themselves subsequently by choosing indulgence over non-indulgence. We show that indulgence is likely to increase only when prior restraint is salient and hence can be used as a justification. As expected, an index of reasons for vs. against buying mediates the relationship between prior impulse purchase decision and indulgent choice. In further support of the mechanism, we find that prior indulgence can have the same effect as prior restraint, if the prior indulgence is made justifiable. Finally, we show that prior shopping restraint can increase indulgence without a corresponding increase in self-esteem. These findings extend our understanding of self-regulation and demonstrate that everyday consumer decisions such as responses to impulse buying opportunities can have consequential downstream effects.
Heritability of Host Acceptance and Gallery Construction Behaviors of the Bark Beetle Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

We examined genetic variation in host selection behavior of a phloeophagous insect herbivore. Data from paternal families of the bark beetle Ips pini (Say) were used to estimate the heritability of host acceptance and gallery construction behaviors. Males are the host-selecting gender in this genus. Male beetles were assayed over three generations to determine whether they rejected or accepted host media amended with concentrations of alpha-pinene that simulated host tissue, and 10% from each group were selected for breeding lines. In a separate experiment, 10% of individuals constructing the shortest and 10% of individuals constructing the longest galleries in this medium were established in separate breeding lines. The results indicate high additive genetic variation with respect to both traits. On the basis of the results with full-sib breeding lines, we estimated heritability of host acceptance behavior (i.e., entry into simulated hosts) at 0.78 and heritability of gallery construction behavior at 0.64. The divergence between lines in host acceptance and gallery construction behaviors was associated with paternal performance and was symmetrical. This study demonstrates that the use of phytochemical cues to accept potential hosts has a heritable component in bark beetles. I. pini is a useful and convenient model for such studies.
Observation of Instability Growth in a Copper $Z$ -Pinch Target Using Two-Color Monochromatic X-Ray Backlighting

Existing monochromatic X-ray backlighting diagnostics at 1.865 and 6.151 keV have been combined to create a two-color monochromatic X-ray backlighting diagnostic. The use of different photon energies can allow a much broader range of areal densities to be observed in a single experiment. Here, we apply the two-color backlighter to the study of instability growth on the outside edge of an initially solid copper rod target driven by a 100-ns rise-time current pulse with a peak value of 20 MA. The different opacity of Cu at these two photon energies allows a dynamic range of ~ 1600x to be surveyed instead of ~ 60x (assuming a useful transmission range of 5%-95%).
Post-Accession Hooliganism: Democratic Governance in Bulgaria and Romania after 2007

The manuscript analyzes negative developments in Bulgarian and Romanian politics in the aftermath of the two countries’ accession to the European Union, with a special focus on the worsening corrup...
A Prediction of Observable Rotation in the Intracluster Medium of Abell 3266

We present a numerical, hydrodynamical/N-body model of A3266, whose X-ray surface brightness, temperature distribution, and galaxy spatial- and velocity-distribution data are consistent with the A3266 data. The model is an old (D3 Gyr) oU-axis merger having a mass ratio of D 2.5:1. The less massive subcluster in the model is moving on a trajectory from southwest to northeast passing on the western side of the dominant cluster while moving into the plane of the sky at D45i. OU-axis mergers such as this one are an eUective mechanism for transferring angular momentum to the intracluster medium (ICM), making possible a large-scale rotation of the ICM. We demonstrate here that the ICM rotation predicted by our fully three-dimensional model of A3266 is observable with Astro-E. Subject headings: galaxies: clusters: individual (Abell 3266) ¨ hydrodynamicsintergalactic medium ¨ methods: numericaltechniques: spectroscopicX-rays: galaxies
Realization of a modified fuzzy logic controller

A novel method for realizing fuzzy logic controllers is presented. The basic concept of fuzzy logic is modified to accommodate desirable feedback control implementation features. Moreover, TUTSIM (a dynamic systems computer simulation program) is used to introduce a flexible, economical, and effective tool for studying fuzzy logic based control algorithms. Fuzzification, fuzzy inference, and defuzzification are addressed. The developed methodology is applied to a typical control and its effectiveness is demonstrated when compared to PID control. The developed fuzzy control module has value as a readily available tool for analysis and design. >
Parsing without a grammar: making sense of unknown file formats

The thousands of specialized structured file formats in use today present a substantial barrier to freely exchanging information between applications programs. We consider the problem of deducing such basic features as the whitespace characters, bracketing delimiter symbols, and self-delimiter characters of a given file format from one or more example files. We demonstrate that for sufficiently large example files, we can typically identify the basic features of interest.
Multiresolution color patch extraction

Certain applications require the extraction of patches of color from an image, their size and location. These applications may be: color harmonization algorithms, non-photorealistic rendering, etc. These applications use not too big a palette of colors, and in both cases large areas of homogeneous color are favored along with high detail preserved in the smaller areas with a lot of color activity. The main problem this paper will tackle is to identify the underlying color in an image region, which will be referred to as its underlying color patch, and also try to protect as much as possible the high color activity detail areas. No perfect scene object segmentation is intended in this process, since different objects may be quantized to the same color, the result may be a merged color patch.
Ligand-Specific Selection of MHC Class II-Restricted Thymocytes in Fetal Thymic Organ Culture

Positive and negative selection of thymocytes is determined by the specificity of the TCR and signaling through its associated molecules. We have studied selection of thymocytes bearing a MHC class II-restricted TCR using fetal thymic organ culture. This system allows the addition of peptides to the already diverse panoply of endogenous peptide ligands and is useful for analyzing ligand-specific negative selection of CD4 single positive (CD4SP) thymocytes. The data reveal that the ability of a given ligand to mediate negative selection is related to its dissociation rate from the TCR. We find that negative selection is very sensitive, and only the weakest ligand that we can identify fails to induce negative selection. None of the numerous peptides tested were able to induce an increase in CD4SP thymocytes. In addition, the ligands that induce negative selection of CD4SP thymocytes also cause an increase in numbers of CD8SP thymocytes bearing high levels of the class II-restricted TCR. Although these cells have a cell surface phenotype consistent with positive selection, they most likely represent cells in the process of negative selection. Further analysis reveals that these cells are not induced by these ligands in intact adult animals and that their induction is probably only revealed in the organ culture system.
The effect of grain size on the room-temperature ductility of NiAl

This paper reports on limited room temperature ductility ({approximately}2% elongation) first observed in previous work in NiAl at a (nominally) stoichiometric composition; there has been no report of room temperature ductility in NiAl which is not of a near-stoichiometric composition. The material was processed through a casting and hot-extrusion route but no grain size was reported. This produced a similar result for Ni-50.3 at % Al with a grain size between 11 and 16 {mu}m. Since alloys were tested in the as-extruded condition, it was suggested that a deformation substructure and texture were possible reasons for the ductility. Previous work has also reproduced the result for a nominally stoichiometric alloy with a larger grain size (30 {mu}m). It showed that the deformation substructure does not contribute to the ductility since both partially and fully recrystallized alloys exhibited similar ductility. It was noted that the recrystallization texture could influence the tensile ductility, the authors concluded that the observed ductility was due mainly to the low yield strength and that the grain size does not have as significant an effect. Furthermore, the authors suggested that off-stoichiometric NiAl compositions are brittle due to their higher yield strength compared to their stoichiometric composition.
Fabrication and Characterization of Thermoelectric Oxide La1−xSrxCoO3 (x∼0.05) Nanofibers

The P-type perovskite oxides La1−x Srx CoO3 (x∼0.05) are a promising group of complex oxide thermoelectric materials. The thermal electric properties of these complexes are expected to increase significantly when their dimension was reduced to nano scale. In this project, the La1-x Srx CoO3 (x∼0.05) nanofibers, with diameters in the range of ∼30–80 nm, were prepared by the electrospinning process. Various substrates such as aluminum foil, silicon dioxide, and a specially designed tester were used to collect and anneal the nanofibers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted to characterize these thermoelectric nanofibers. Finally, a thermoelectric property tester device was developed and used to measure the voltage output of the nanofibers due to the Seebeck effect. The detected signal was at the mV level and the Seebeck coefficient was positive.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Transcapillary exchange of strontium and sucrose in canine tibia

The walls of haversian capillaries have been proposed as a physiologic membrane controlling flux of solute between blood and bone. In this study, capillary permeability to 85Sr and [14C]sucrose was estimated in the dog tibia by using indicator dilution techniques. Sucrose was chosen as a tracer because it is inert and has no known transport system. The mean (+/-SD) observed ratio of permeabilities of 85Sr and sucrose was 2.36 +/- 0.46 (N = 14) which is not substantially different from the ratio of their free diffusion coefficients, 2.55. This ratio was not influenced when the dogs were made hyperparathyroid by injection of parathyroid hormone (2.16 +/- 0.55; N = 11). This suggests that free diffusion is the principal mechanism for moving 85Sr across the bone capillary wall.
Metabolism, in the rat, of biotin injected intraperitoneally as the avidin-biotin complex.

SummaryRadioactive biotin injected intraperitoneally into rats as the avidin complex was found to be excreted much more slowly than the free vitamin. However, the biotin-avidin complex is dissociated in vivo and the released biotin both excreted and metabolized to sulfoxides and bisnorbiotin as is free biotin. That liver has the capacity to cause dissociation of the avidin-biotin complex, as well as metabolize the vitamin, was also demonstrated.
192 HEMIN TREATMENT FOR ACUTE PORPHYRIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE OF AN OPEN-LABEL STUDY OF 130 PATIENTS.

Background The acute porphyrias are rare inherited diseases characterized by acute episodes of life-threatening symptoms. Hemin was approved for treating these disorders in 1983. This open-label trial of hemin therapy, conducted in 2000-2001 to confirm the safety of hemin manufactured at a new facility, is the largest to date and provides an overview of the use of hemin in clinical practice in the U.S. Methods During 8 months when hemin was available only through study participation, 130 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute porphyria received hemin as regularly prescribed by their doctor. Diagnostic laboratory data were not required but were reported by some physicians. Clinical information and selected variables were analyzed from case report forms. Results Hemin was administered to 111 patients for treatment of 305 acute attacks and to 40 patients for prophylaxis (usually by weekly or biweekly infusions). Diagnostic laboratory findings reported for 69 patients were confirmatory in only 26. Hemin was regarded as effective for all attacks in 73% of patients. Doses for acute attacks were less than 3 mg/kg/day in 20% of patients. Among patients who received hemin prophylaxis during the study, 47% did not require hemin treatment for acute attacks. Most adverse events were attributed to porphyria and not treatment and were more common in patients treated for acute attacks rather than prophylaxis. Conclusions Safety of hemin was confirmed and perceived efficacy was consistent with previous studies. Physician education is needed regarding use of diagnostic tests and recommended dosing. Preventive regimens are common and deserve further study.
Application Research of Unit Load Control Using Total Radiant Energy of Boiler as Caloric Value Signal

The process of applying real-time total radiant energy signal of boiler to load control of unit is dealt with,whose effect on improving the control quality of unit load,drum pressure and main steam temperature is analyzed.Field tests and relevant parameter analysis show that the method can effectively reduce the control deviation of main thermal parameters and improve the quality of load control system.
Cruzan: On taking substituted judgment seriously.

KIE: In its September/October 1990 issue, the Hastings Center Report published six brief essays with a short introduction by Courtney S. Campbell under the collective title of "Cruzan: clear and convincing?" These articles present a range of responses from participants, parents, constitutional scholars, and caregivers to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (June 25, 1990). Legal scholar Charles Baron, though an advocate for patients' rights in general and the right to die in particular, argues that the Supreme Court rendered the right decision in Cruzan.
Middle Range Theories

The study of organizations and organizational behavior generally focuses on single constructs of organizational phenomenon, e.g., leadership, task design, motivation, organizational design, and so on. For many of these phenomenon, theories have been developed and/or hypotheses have been stated and examined. For some phenomenon, however, theories are still to be articulated. Recently, suggestions for integrating theories of a few of these single phenomena have been made and specific statements of their theoretical relationships explicated (House, 1971; Hackman and Oldham, 1976; Schuler, 1977a). It is suggested here that what is occurring in the study of organizations and organizational behavior, and what is necessary, is efficient and effective integration of those theories of single organizational phenomenon into fewer theories spanning these single theories. These occurrences are descriptive of development, use, and function of middle range theory in organizational behavior and theory. To advance our understanding of all organizational phenomena, it is important to continue to develop more middle range theories, to discuss issues related to the occurrence of these middle range theories, and also to search for middle range theory(ies) to integrate those middle range theories. Middle range theories that integrate other middle range theories are called trans-middle range.
Sexual Harassment:: Have We Made Any Progress?

Sexual harassment (SH) is a continuing, chronic occupational health problem in organizations and work environments. First addressed in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology through a 1998 Special Section on Sexual Harassment, we return to this consequential issue. If the goal is to reduce SH in organizations, and we believe that it should be, then a key question is whether we have made progress in 2 decades. The answer is mixed. Yes, there is a 28% decline in SH complaints. No, there is an increase in complaints by males. No, there has been an increase in the percentage of merit resolutions and monetary benefits. Maybe, because how do we explain the complexity of SH with emergent gay, lesbian, and transgender workforce members. One persistent problematic aspect of SH lack of agreement on definition. We address 2 of the 3 definitional approaches. We consider the broad, negative consequences for organizations and for individual victims. Harassers and aggressors destroy lives, leaving long legacies of suffering. In addition, we offer some suggestions for moving forward in science and practice, with emphasis on the role of the bystander. We conclude that SH is a preventable, if not always predictable, occupational health problem. (PsycINFO Database Record
High-gain single-layer radial line slot array designed for V-band applications

A general design of a high-gain wideband single-layer radial line slot array antenna is discussed for V-band applications with a 6GHz gain bandwidth, to be compared with that of planar Fabry-Perot cavity antennas that is in general narrower. The antenna is based on a simple laminated single layer and a planar integrated feeding structure is proposed as a preliminary choice to excite such design.
Endoscopic-guided coblation treatment of nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: "How I do it".

Introduction Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disease that leads to frequent epistaxis. It can have a significant impact on quality of life. Many reports exist regarding various therapies to address the epistaxis. Materials and methods We presented our technique for addressing the epistaxis associated with HHT. Results Patients are treated in the operating room while they are under general anesthesia. A local anesthetic is injected sublabially, and oxymetazoline is dripped into the nose. The coblation wand is used to treat the telangiectasias. Bevacizumab is then injected into the nasal cavity bilaterally. Conclusion The coblation wand, with or without adjunctive bevacizumab injection, is a technically feasible intervention for patients with HHT that all providers can perform.
Measurement of Heat Conduction through Metal Spheres

This paper describes the results of the measurements of heat conduction through a bed of packed metal spheres. Spheres were packed in a fiberglass-epoxy cylinder, 24.4 mm in diameter and 55 mm in length. The cold end of the packed bed was cooled by a Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocooler to cryogenic temperatures, while the hot end was maintained at room temperature. Heat conduction through the spheres was determined from the temperature gradient in a calibrated heat flow sensor mounted between the cold end of the packed bed and the GM cryocooler. The samples used for these experiments consisted of stainless steel spheres, lead spheres, and copper spheres. The spheres were screened to obtain a uniform diameter of 80 to 120 μm. Porosities of the packed beds varied between 0.371 and 0.398. The measurements to determine the thermal conductance were carried out with various pressures of helium gas in the void space. The results indicated, as expected, that the helium gas between each sphere enhances the heat conduction across the contacts between the individual spheres by several orders of magnitude compared with vacuum in the void space. The conduction degradation factor, defined as the ratio of actual heat conduction to the heat conduction if the metal were in the form of a solid rod of the same metal cross-sectional area, was about 0.11 for stainless steel, 0.08 for lead, and 0.02 for copper. The conduction degradation factor of 0.11 for stainless steel spheres agrees very well with the factor of 0.10 for stainless steel screen measured previously in the same apparatus.
Radiation Transfer and Atomic Processes

This chapter begins by discussing the new concepts necessary to account for the transfer of energy by radiation, and develops the equations for radiation intensity, radiative energy density, radiative energy flux, and radiation pressure . It then discusses the interaction of radiation and matter. This includes both the way we account for the sum of all the effects that increase or reduce the radiation intensity and the specific atomic processes that contribute. These elements provide the basis of the radiation transfer equation, whose solutions are discussed. This includes a discussion of simplifications that become possible when scattering is isotropic and elastic, and when the behavior of the radiation becomes diffusive. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some simple aspects of radiation transfer in relativistic systems.
Risk of hypoglycemia in youth with type 2 diabetes on insulin

Background The objective of this study was to ascertain the risk of hypoglycemia among youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on insulin therapy. Methods Twenty-two youth with T2D on insulin therapy (M=12, F=10, age=14.4±4.0 years) were enrolled from a single pediatric endocrine practice. They were followed-up for 3 months with weekly phone calls and monthly in-person visits to review blood glucose logs and document any signs or symptoms of hypoglycemia (defined as finger stick glucose of ≤70 mg/dL). Episodes of hypoglycemia were categorized into five categories: severe, documented symptomatic, asymptomatic, probable symptomatic and relative hypoglycemia. In addition to examining the risk of hypoglycemia, the degree to which hypoglycemia was associated with patient demographics (e.g. age, gender and body mass index [BMI]) or clinical factors (i.e. duration of diabetes, duration of insulin treatment, glycemic control or insulin dose and regimen) was determined. Results Nine hypoglycemic events occurred during the study period in five patients with an incidence rate of nine events per 5.3 patient-years. Of the hypoglycemic events, five were symptomatic and four were asymptomatic. No severe hypoglycemic events occurred. Hypoglycemia was not associated with age, ethnicity, duration of insulin treatment, insulin dose or initial hemoglobin (HbA1c). However, a significant difference in BMI was noted, with T2D youth who experienced hypoglycemia having a lower BMI than those who did not experience hypoglycemia. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the risk of hypoglycemia in youth with T2D on insulin therapy is low.
Material Frames and Measures of Twists

The material frames associated with an edge of a discretized curve is discussed in this chapter. For the discrete curve, a pair of material vectors play the role of directors in Kirchhoff’s rod theory. The motion of these vectors is calibrated using either a Bishop frame or a reference frame that is continually being updated. The pair of parallel transport operators defined in the previous chapter combined with a rotation about the tangent vector to an edge are used to define the motions the material vectors. Of particular interest is the difference in an angle of twist between two adjacent edges. This angle will be identified with the torsion of the rod-like body that the discrete elastic rod is modeling. In this chapter the bending strains will also be defined. The developments in this chapter and, in particular, the twist of the reference frame are illustrated using the example of a rod uncoiling under its own weight.
Down's syndrome and the family

The family has a profound influence on the development of all children and those with Down’s Syndrome are no exception. However, children with lasting handicap do differ from normal children in their effect on the family.
LEARNING RACE, SOCIALIZING BLACKNESS: A Cross-Generational Analysis of Black Americans' Racial Socialization Experiences

Contemporary discourse about Black Americans questions the loyalties of younger Blacks to the advancement of the Black racial group. This discourse often compares the commitment of Black Americans who came of age during the Civil Rights Movement era to those who came of age during the post-Civil Rights Movement era. Fueling this discourse is a working assumption that somehow younger Black Americans have a different understanding about race and its role in Blacks' political interests. This begs the question whether there are generational differences in the ways that Black Americans learn about race, or racial socialization, perhaps with implications for distinct value orientations about Black politics. Using public opinion data from an original survey, the 2007 National Politics and Socialization Survey (NPSS), this paper compares the racial socialization experiences of four generations of Black Americans—(1) World War II generation (age 67 and older, born in and before 1940); (2) civil rights generation (ages 54–66, born 1953–1941); (3) mid-civil rights generation (ages 43–53, born 1964–1954); and (4) post-civil rights generation Black Americans (age 42 and under, born 1965 and after). Results of ordered probit regression analyses indicate minimal generational differences. Differences emerge in emphases on racial socialization messages about Black public behavior, Black intraracial relations, Black interracial relations, and composite factor loadings of Black consciousness and Black protectiveness messages.
Expansions of solutions to extremal metric type equations on blowups of cscK surfaces

The aim of this article is to study expansions of solutions to an extremal metric type equation on the blowup of constant scalar curvature Kahler surfaces. This is related to finding constant scalar curvature Kahler (cscK) metrics on K-stable blowups of extremal Kahler surfaces (Szekelyhidi in Duke Math J 161(8):1411–1453, 2012).
Runtime level failure detection and propagation in HPC systems

As the scale of high-performance computing (HPC) systems continues to grow, mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) of these HPC systems is negatively impacted and tends to decrease. In order to efficiently run long computing jobs on these systems, handling system failures becomes a prime challenge. We present here the design and implementation of an efficient runtime-level failure detection and propagation strategy targeting large-scale, dynamic systems that is able to detect both node and process failures. Multiple overlapping topologies are used to optimize the detection and propagation, minimizing the incurred overheads and guaranteeing the scalability of the entire framework. The resulting framework has been implemented in the context of a system-level runtime for parallel environments, PMIx Reference RunTime Environment (PRRTE), providing efficient and scalable capabilities of fault management to a large range of programming and execution paradigms. The experimental evaluation of the resulting software stack on different machines demonstrate that the solution is at the same time generic and efficient.