cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Administering Trance Suggestions

Suggestions should always be communicated with sufficient clarity that there is no possibility for the subject to mistake their meaning in his current uncritical frame of mind. For example, one woman who underwent trance induction to alleviate her insomnia was told that in the future she would “sleep like a baby.” In response to this suggestion, she began to develop a pattern of going promptly to sleep and then waking up every four hours, just as a young infant is prone to do. Another subject, who was told that he would “feel tremendous” at the conclusion of a trance experience, reported sensations of extreme body distortion instead of the pleasant mood which had been intended. Equating “tremendous” with “gross,” because of his German language background, the subject experienced a considerable amount of discomfort until corrective suggestions were administered.
THE ATLANTIC COAST OF LONG ISLAND

The south shore of Long Island, located on the northeast coast of the United States, consists of 120 miles of headlands and harrier beach which is breached by inlets that interconnect the coastal bays with the Atlantic Ocean. The shore is subject to severe changes due to constant attack of the ocean, rising level of the ocean and severe storms. The predominant, east to west littoral drift moves from 300,000 to 600,000 cubic yards of sand along the shore annually. The affected area encompasses a million people and is valued at $2.5 billions. Improvements have been authorized for 110 miles of shore, and involve sandfill, feeder beaches, groins, jetties, sand bypassing, and inlet barriers The estimated cost for the entire shore improvement is $188 million. The annual charges are about $10 million. The annual benefits are $16 million. The implementation of the authorized work includes the design and model testing of several sections and the completed work m several sections, such as sandfill, feeder beaches, and groins. The completed work shows considerable effect on shore processes. Overall evaluation must await completion of the total improvement in an integral section of the shore.
Mutations in PIK3CA sensitize breast cancer cells to physiologic levels of aspirin

A review of the literature finds that women diagnosed with breast cancer, who were on an aspirin regimen, experienced a decreased risk of distant metastases and death. Several recent studies have reported an improvement in overall survival in colorectal cancer patients who harbored mutations in the oncogene PIK3CA and received a daily aspirin regimen. Breast cancer patients on a daily aspirin regimen experienced decreased risk of distant metastases and death. PIK3CA is the most frequently mutated oncogene in breast cancer, occurring in up to 45 % of all breast cancers. In order to determine if mutations in PIK3CA sensitized breast cancers to aspirin treatment, we employed the use of isogenic cellular clones of the non-tumorigenic, breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A that harbored mutations in either PIK3CA or KRAS or both. We report that mutations in both PIK3CA and KRAS are required for the greatest aspirin sensitivity in breast cancer, and that the GSK3β protein was hyperphosphorylated in aspirin-treated double knockin cells, but not in other clones/treatments. A more modest effect was observed with single mutant PIK3CA, but not KRAS alone. These observations were further confirmed in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. Our findings provide the first evidence that mutations in PIK3CA sensitize breast cancer cells to aspirin.
The Remnants of Honor: Pathology, Credibility and U.S. Foreign Policy

Few leaders worry about the status of their honor; they do worry, at times obsessively, about their credibility. The “credibility imperative” has occupied a central position in every major U.S. foreign policy debate in the last fifty years. It affects discourse and decisions in predictable – and deeply pathological – ways. This paper examines the continuing importance of honor in modern U.S. foreign policy. It first discusses the traditional importance of honor in international and interpersonal politics, and explains of the central role it plays in the construction of security in any system that lacks a central authority. Second, it describes the predictable, consistent effects that honor has on state behavior in general, and U.S. foreign policy in particular. Third, it argues that the lingering concern for honor is pathological, for a couple of reasons: There is no evidence that it helps states attain their goals, and it certainly has no relevance in those systems (like today’s international) where no existential threats to member security exist. The paper then speculates about the genesis of the honor pathology, and why it continues to have such salience in the new century. Honor as a motivation for action seems as anachronistic today as horse-drawn carriages, alchemy and the duel. But it persists, if under different guises; and to the extent that it persists, it pathologizes.
Optical Rotation Reversal in the Optical Response of Chiral Plasmonic Nanosystems: The Role of Plasmon Hybridization

Chirality is an important molecular property for structural analysis. Similarly, it has been shown that plasmonic chiral systems exhibit strong circular dichroism (CD) responses that can be used to determine the relative positions of their constituent plasmonic elements. Here we show that the sign of the circular dichroism spectrum in a plasmonic system can be controllably changed through small geometric perturbations that change the energetic ordering of the hybridized modes. This mechanism is distinct from geometrical changes that explicitly change the handedness of the system. In a simple system composed of two stacked L-shaped resonators we observe a reversal of the optical rotation spectral signature for small relative shifts, and we show through electromagnetic modeling and experiments on lithographically patterned samples that this is due to a rearrangement of the relative energies between modes. The plasmonic system allows for geometric perturbation along controlled directions and therefore offers...
Towards ridesharing with passenger transfers

Ridesharing services have the potential to fill empty seats in cars, reduce emissions and enable more efficient transportation. We propose rideshare services which transfer passengers between multiple drivers. By planning for transfers, we increase the availability and range of the rideshare service, and reduce the total vehicular miles travelled by the network. We propose three heuristics to schedule rideshare routes with transfers. Each provides a tradeoff in effectiveness and computational cost. We demonstrate these tradeoffs and the advantage of transfers in simulation.
Engineering transcatheter aortic valve devices: a surgeon's perspective.

In recent years transcatheter approaches to treat heart valve disease have played an increasingly important role. This has been especially true for aortic stenosis, with two valves commercially available in Europe and several others under investigation in man. These least invasive therapies have expanded treatment options for the highest surgical risk patients, but there are fundamental differences from conventional surgical repair that warrant further investigation. This manuscript reviews the rapidly evolving field of transcatheter aortic valve intervention from the clinician's perspective. Anatomic, pathologic, and physiologic issues posed by the disease process are first reviewed. Device and design challenges to this new therapy are then addressed. Finally, newer devices and transcatheter approaches to other valve disease are briefly reviewed. The understanding that can come from an engineering approach to address these multiple issues should further improve outcomes and advance development of next-ge...
Past Studies of Regulation’s Macro Effects

So far, the assertion of regulation’s aggregate importance, even with a little reasoning and a few facts about the regulatory sprawl supporting it, is still not much more than an assertion. Hard evidence as to the aggregate effects of regulation does not abound. This does not imply that the landscape of statistical studies of regulatory activity is barren. Especially from the early 1970s onward, economists began to direct more attention toward assessing the costs and benefits of regulatory actions.1 Highly respected academic journals such as the Journal of Law and Economics, and the Rand Journal of Economics devote considerable amounts of their page space to studies of regulation.2 Economists at policy institutes such as the American Enterprise Institute, Brookings, and Hoover as well others within government departments and bureaus like the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the Office of Management and Budget, and the General Accounting Office have given it some due. Books containing empirical, regulatory studies of all kinds are scattered throughout libraries across the country. In addition, some academic journals such as the Yale Journal on Regulation, Journal of Regulatory Economics, and the Journal on Regulation and Social Costs as well as policy oriented magazines such as Regulation sprung up to monitor and assess regulatory inroads and outcomes. In fact, a comprehensive bibliography of all data-oriented regulatory studies would be quite a venture in itself.3
The assessment of early trauma exposure on social-emotional health of young children

Abstract Children exposed to traumatic events (e.g., violence in the home, school, community) report more adverse physical and mental health outcomes than children who have not been exposed to trauma. Caregiver reports provide an opportunity for early identification of intervention needs to aid healthy development of children exposed to trauma. The goal of this study was to determine unique social-emotional profiles and examine how traumatic events vary across these developmental profiles among a sample of caregivers who live in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Caregivers (N = 223) provided responses regarding their young children's (aged 3 years through 5 years) social-emotional health. Latent Profile Analysis was used to develop three distinct social-emotional profiles: Typical Social-emotional Health (low-risk), Some Social-emotional Challenges (moderate-risk), and Social-emotional Problems (high-risk). Results revealed that children exposed to increased non-family-based traumatic events had a greater likelihood of being a member of the moderate-risk group, whereas children exposed to increased family-based traumatic events had a greater likelihood of being a member of the high-risk group than of the low-risk group. The high-risk group was more likely to consist of older children and girls as compared to the low-risk group. There were no significant differences across profiles relative to ethnicity, caregiver education, and income. This research may aid in early identification and the distribution of services to youth at risk for trauma exposure and highlight pathways of resiliency.
Hemizygous/Homozygous and Heterozygous JAK2 Mutation Detected in Plasma of Patients with Myeloproliferative Diseases: Correlation with Clinical Behavior.

The Val617Phe mutation in JAK2 (Janus kinase) has been reported in approximately 90% of patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and in almost 40% of patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) or idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF). JAK2 is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that binds to growth factor receptors and phosphorylates several downstream proteins that are involved in cell proliferation and growth. The Val617Phe mutation can be detected in circulating granulocytes. Homozygous as well as hemizygous (deletion of 1 allele and mutation in the second) mutations have been reported. The clinical importance of hemi/homozygous as compared to heterozygous mutation is not known. Furthermore, the presence of normal lymphoid cells or non-neoplastic cells in samples makes it difficult to be certain whether the mutation is homozygous in a subpopulation of cells, or heterozygous. Since we have shown that the plasma of patients with leukemia is enriched with leukemia-specific DNA, RNA, and protein, we tested the possibility of detecting JAK2 mutations in patients with chronic myeloproliferative diseases using RNA from peripheral blood (PB) plasma rather than cells. In this study, PB plasma was obtained from 39 patients with IMF, 16 with PV, 8 with ET, and 23 with other chronic myeloproliferative disease not otherwise classified (MPD-NC). Bi-directional direct sequencing of RNA extracted from plasma was used to detect mutations in the JAK2 transcript. The Val617Phe mutation was detected in 88% of PV patients, of whom 50% (44% of all samples) were hemi/homozygous. This mutation was detected in 56% of IMF patients, 41% of whom were hemi/homozygous. The number of patients with ET was small, but 25% (2 patients) had hemi/homozygous mutation. 26% of the patients with MPD-NC had JAK2 mutation; of these, 33% had hemi/homozygous mutation. The plasma of 31 normal control individuals showed no evidence of mutation and mixing studies showed that the Val617Phe mutation was easily detectable when lysate from HEL cell line (homozygous for the mutation) were mixed with plasma down to 5 cell/1ml plasma. Patients with hemi/homozygous mutation had significantly larger spleens (P=0.0001), increased white cell counts (P=0.001), and increased monocyte counts in bone marrow (P=0.03). We cannot demonstrate statistically significant difference in survival between hemi/homozygous and heterozygous, however, the number of cases is too small. The presence of mutation (hemi/homozygous or heterozygous) was associated with better overall survival in patients JAK2 mutations, but also show that this mutation is often hemi/homozygous. The presence of JAK2 mutation as detected in plasma of patients with various types of chronic myeloproliferative diseases is associated with longer survival in patients
Bacillus spp.: A Promising Biocontrol Agent of Root, Foliar, and Postharvest Diseases of Plants

Biological control of plant disease is gaining momentum as it offers an alternative and supplement to synthetic chemicals. Microorganisms from diverse groups have successfully been used as biocontrol agents (BCA) due to their capacity of suppressing harmful microbes with a wide array of mechanisms such as competition, antibiosis, and resistance induction in the host plant. Bacillus spp. is among the highly potent bacterial BCAs used for controlling principally rhizosphere and to a lesser extent foliar diseases of plants. The capacity of Bacilli to produce spores which are extremely resistant to high temperatures, unfavorable pH, and lack of nutrients or water are determining factors for using these organisms in a formulation. These spores are produced by the bacteria when environmental conditions are unfavorable to help these microorganisms to survive in the phytosphere and ward off the growth of harmful microbes. Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 that has been used in the commercially available plant disease control product “Serenade” showed excellent disease suppression in diverse environmental conditions and crop varieties. This product along with many other similar products is now considered as an essential component of any integrated disease management effort due to their compatibility with many chemicals used for disease control. Many other strains of Bacillus subtilis and species of Bacillus have also been used for seed treatment, induction of systemic resistance, and suppression of both root and foliar disease-causing organisms. Major agrochemical companies have shown interests and diligently work in incorporating Bacillus-based products in their portfolio. Significant efforts have been made to unravel the genetic makeup of these beneficial Bacilli that encode a wide range of antimicrobial products. An appreciable number of polypeptides, polyketides, and related products have been identified and characterized by which they achieve competitive edge in the plant rhizosphere or form biofilm on root surface. Continued interest and research on this BCA in twenty-first century will make Bacillus-based formulations most widely used plant disease management tool.
Distraction and proficiency in laparoscopy: 2D versus robotic console 3D immersion

Studies have shown that using robotic-assisted laparoscopy (RL) increases performance compared to conventional laparoscopy (CL) due to its mechanical advantages but have not assessed distraction as a factor. To determine whether the immersive aspect of the 3D optics in RL contributes to improved performance, we compared the outcomes of laparoscopic skills by using just the 3D optics of the da Vinci versus the conventional 2D monitor with and without distraction. Thirty-two participants without any laparoscopic experience were randomized evenly into four groups: RL, robotic-assisted laparoscopy with distraction (RL + D), CL, and conventional laparoscopy with distraction (CL + D). Each participant performed three Fundamentals of Laparoscopy Surgery tasks [peg transfer (Task 1), circle cutting (Task 2), and suturing with knot (Task 3)] for three repetitions. For each task, the mean time and errors were recorded and analyzed statistically for each group. Compared to other groups, CL + D took on average 1 min longer to complete Task 1 (P = 0.001), more than 1 min to complete Task 2 (P = 0.003), and more than 2 min to complete the Task 3 (P < 0.001). On Task 2, the deviations from the pattern were shorter for RL and RL + D compared to CL and CL + D (mean 0.33 and 0.37 cm vs. 0.55 and 0.58 cm, respectively; P < 0.001). On Task 3, the deviations were also shorter for RL and RL + D compared to CL and CL + D (mean 0.23 and 0.24 mm vs. 0.61 and 0.63 mm, respectively; P < 0.001). When distraction was introduced, CL performed significantly worse. This suggests that using the conventional 2D monitor does not help with blocking out distraction. For Tasks 2 and 3, which require more precision and depth perception, the groups that used the 3D optics had shorter mean deviations than groups that used the conventional 2D monitor. This suggests that even when the robotic arms of the da Vinci are removed, there are still advantages to the immersive 3D optics, especially when distraction is present. The immersive aspect of the 3D optics may help improve performance in the OR, allowing surgeons to be more focused on the case and have greater depth acuity.
Post‐fine‐needle aspiration biopsy communication and the integrated and standardized cytopathology report

Communication between cytopathologists and patients and their care team is a critical component of accurate and timely patient management. The most important single means of communication for the cytopathologist is through the cytopathology report. Implementation of standardized terminology schemes and structured, templated reporting facilitates the ability of the cytopathologist to provide a comprehensive and integrated report. Cytopathology has been among the pathology subspecialties that have led the way in developing standardized reporting, beginning with the 1954 Papanicolaou classification scheme for cervical-vaginal cytology and continuing through the Bethesda systems for gynecological cytology and several nongynecological cytology systems. The effective reporting of cytopathology necessarily becomes more complex as it addresses increasingly sophisticated management options, requiring the integration of information from a broader range of sources. In addition to the complexity of information inputs, a wider spectrum of consumers of these reports is emerging, from patients themselves to primary care providers to subspecialized disease management experts. Both these factors require that the reporting cytopathologist provide the integration and interpretation necessary to translate diverse forms of information into meaningful and actionable reports that will inform the care team while enabling the patient to meaningfully participate in his or her own care. To achieve such broad and focused communications will require first the development of standardized and integrated reports and ultimately the involvement of cytopathologists in the development of the clinical informatics needed to treat all these items of information as structured data elements with flexible reporting operators to address the full range of patient and patient care needs. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125(6 suppl):486-93. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Proving Non-opacity

Guerraoui and Kapalka defined opacity as a safety criterion for transactional memory algorithms in 2008. Researchers have shown how to prove opacity, while little is known about pitfalls that can lead to non-opacity. In this paper, we identify two problems that lead to non-opacity, we present automatic tool support for finding such problems, and we prove an impossibility result. We first show that the well-known TM algorithms DSTM and McRT don't satisfy opacity. DSTM suffers from a write-skew anomaly, while McRT suffers from a write-exposure anomaly. We then prove that for direct-update TM algorithms, opacity is incompatible with a liveness criterion called local progress, even for fault-free systems. Our result implies that if TM algorithm designers want both opacity and local progress, they should avoid direct-update algorithms.
The Effect of Internal and External Corporate Governance on Dual Class Firms

We examine the effects of internal and external corporate governance and monitoring mechanisms on the dual-class status and the firm value of dual-class firms. Employing 736 dual-class firms and 7,027 single-class firms in U.S., we find that dual-class firms tend to be larger, and have higher director ownership, higher institutional ownership, lower blockholdings, and a smaller fraction of independent directors on their boards than single-class firms. In addition, we observe that dual-class firms are followed by a smaller number of security analysts. After correcting for endogeneity bias, our results show that not only firms with higher analyst coverage, but also firms with higher analyst following and a lower wedge, measured as the difference between voting rights and cash flow rights, are strongly associated with Tobin’s q. In contrast, blockholders’ ownership, board independence, and institutional ownership play a relatively insignificant role in enhancing dual-class firm value. We interpret these results suggest that security analysts are one of the most effective monitoring mechanisms that influence both the dual-class choice and firm value. Our results are not attributed either to the difference in firm size or to an industry effect.
Designing ethical systems for videogames

Videogames1 have the potential to promote ethical reasoning and reflection in players, however, designing games with this goal poses unique challenges. One way developers have attempted to introduce ethical choices into their games is by creating game systems that evaluate the players' moral actions, often representing them through a linear scale such as a "karma meter." At the same time, these ethical systems often work contrary to the design goals of the game by taking player choices that are framed as ethical and reducing them to strategic decisions. The aim of this paper is to build off the work that has already been done in game design and ethics in order to evaluate effective and ineffective approaches to creating engaging ethical systems in games. In particular, this paper will look at the use of intentional ambiguity as a method of encouraging ethical decision making while deterring purely instrumental player choices.
Analysis of climate signals in the crop yield record of sub-Saharan Africa

Food security and agriculture productivity assessments in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) require a better understanding of how climate and other drivers influence regional crop yields. In this paper, our objective was to identify the climate signal in the realized yields of maize, sorghum, and groundnut in SSA. We explored the relation between crop yields and scale-compatible climate data for the 1962-2014 period using Random Forest, a diagnostic machine learning technique. We found that improved agricultural technology and country fixed effects are three times more important than climate variables for explaining changes in crop yields in SSA. We also found that increasing temperatures reduced yields for all three crops in the temperature range observed in SSA, while precipitation increased yields up to a level roughly matching crop evapotranspiration. Crop yields exhibited both linear and nonlinear responses to temperature and precipitation, respectively. For maize, technology steadily increased yields by about 1% (13 kg/ha) per year while increasing temperatures decreased yields by 0.8% (10 kg/ha) per °C. This study demonstrates that although we should expect increases in future crop yields due to improving technology, the potential yields could be progressively reduced due to warmer and drier climates.
Imaging findings in systemic childhood diseases presenting with dermatologic manifestations

Abstract Purpose Many childhood diseases often present with skin abnormalities with which radiologists are largely unfamiliar. Knowledge of associated dermatologic manifestations may aid the radiologist in confirming the diagnosis and recommending targeted imaging of affected organs. Methods We review the imaging findings in childhood diseases associated with dermatologic manifestations. Findings Diseases include dermatologic findings which herald underlying malignancy (Neuroblastoma, leukemia/lymphoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis),are associated with risk of malignancy (Epidermolysis Bullosa, basal cell nevus syndrome, Cowden's syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis),or indicate a systemic inflammatory/immune disorder (Kawasaki's disease, Henoch Schonlein Purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, dermatomyositis and immune thrombocytopenic purpura). Conclusion Familiarity with pertinent findings in childhood diseases presenting with dermatologic manifestations in childhood diseases aids the radiologist in confirming the diagnosis and guiding imaging workup.
Modular Reconfigurable Robotic Systems: Lattice Automata

Modular and reconfigurable robots hold the promises of versatility, low cost, and robustness. Many different implementations utilizing lattice structures exist, with varying advantages. We introduce, define terms for, and describe in full several key systems. Comparisons between connection mechanisms are made. We describe some of the software concerns for modular robots, and review the applications of self-assembly and self-repair.
Direct and Indirect Measurements of Ocular Blood Flow in Anesthetized and Conscious Animals and Humans

This flow was then multiplied by 4 to account for the four vortex veins draining blood from the eye. His results indicated a blood flow of approximately 1,300 μ l min −1 . Similar measurements made on the vortex veins of anesthetized rabbits by several groups of investigators (Meesman and Fischer 59 and Sondermann 60 ) gave total ocular blood flow rates of 1,200–2,000 μ l min −1 . Later, Nakamura and Goulstine, using a flow recorder connected by a cannula inserted into a vortex vein in rabbits anesthetized with urethane, reported a total flow in four vortex veins of 800–900 m l min −1 . 61 These investigators observed that the flow decreased with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and reached 0 at an IOP of approximately 80 mmHg (compared with a femoral arterial blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg). From a limited series of measurements of blood flow at different IOPs, they concluded that blood flow decreased linearly with IOP. There have been numerous indirect methods used to measure the rate of total ocular blood flow. These include the entrapment of radioactive microspheres in the small vessels of tissues, thermography (in which the rate of heat dissipation is measured), and tissue clearance techniques using compounds that diffuse rapidly such as radioactive krypton and nitrous oxide. 62,63 One comprehensive series of studies was made by Bill using the radioactive labeled microsphere technique. 64 The microspheres had well-defined diameters (15 ± 5 μ m), labeled with Sr 85 and were injected into the left cardiac ventricle of anesthetized animals. The microspheres become evenly mixed in the arterial blood and then become trapped within the capillary beds. A reference sample of blood is taken from one of the major arteries and at the same time the eye is enucleated and 7
Law and the Contradictions of the Disability Rights Movement

The passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990 was hailed as revolutionary legislation, but in the ensuing years restrictive Supreme Court decisions have prompted accusations that the Court has betrayed the disability rights movement. The ADA can lay claim to notable successes, yet people with disabilities continue to be unemployed at extremely high rates. In this timely book, Samuel R. Bagenstos examines the history of the movement and discusses the various, often-conflicting projects of diverse participants. He argues that while the courts deserve some criticism, some may also be fairly aimed at the choices made by prominent disability rights activists as they crafted and argued for the ADA. The author concludes with an assessment of the limits of antidiscrimination law in integrating and empowering people with disabilities, and he suggests new policy directions to make these goals a reality.
Integrative Data Analysis for Biological Discovery

As John Muir noted, “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe” (Muir, 1911). In tune with Muir’s elegantly stated notion, research in molecular biology is progressing toward a systems level approach, with a goal of modeling biological systems at the molecular level. To achieve such a lofty goal, the analysis of multiple datasets is required to form a clearer picture of entire biological systems (Figure 1). Traditional molecular biology studies focus on a specific process in a complex biological system. The availability of high-throughput technologies allows us to sample tens of thousands of features of biological samples at the molecular level. Even so, these are limited to one particular view of a biological system governed by complex relationships and feedback mechanisms on a variety of levels. Integrated analysis of varied biological datasets from the genetic, translational, and protein levels promises more accurate and comprehensive results, which help discover concepts that cannot be found through separate, independent analyses. With this article, we attempt to provide a comprehensive review of the existing body of research in this domain.
Resident perceptions and evaluations of fellow-led and resident-led surgical services.

Abstract Background The impact of fellowship training on general surgery residency has remained challenging to assess. Surgical resident perceptions of fellow-led and resident-led surgical services have not been well described. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional data were collected from residents’ service evaluations from 7/2014 through 7/2017. Surgical services were categorized as resident-led or fellow-led. 31 variables were evaluated and collapsed into 7 factors including clinical experience, educational experiences, clinical staff, workload, feedback, treatment of residents, and overall rotation. Results Among all PGY levels, fellow-led surgical services were rated significantly higher (p Conclusions Surgical residents appear to value the educational experiences of fellow-led services. Each fellow-led service may ultimately provide unique educational opportunities and resources for different PGY levels.
Information and Social Control Systems

My purpose today is to describe to you what I think are some implications of developments in information technology for social control. Before doing so I would like to describe to you what I understand to be some indications about the nature of social control as they can be derived from experimental research in social psychology, and the role which I think information systems play in producing social control.
Ethical Issues Arising from Marijuana Use by Nursing Mothers in a Changing Legal and Cultural Context

In the early 2000s, several states legalized marijuana for medicinal uses. Since then, more and more states have either decriminalized or legalized marijuana use for medical or recreational purposes. Federal law has remained unchanged. The state-level decriminalization of marijuana and the concomitant de-stigmatizing and mainstreaming is likely to lead to greater use among the general population, including among nursing mothers. Marijuana is already one of the most widely used illicit substances among lactating women. There exist few studies demonstrating the effects of marijuana in breast milk on nursing babies. In the present context of a changing legal landscape, shifting cultural beliefs, and the absence of clear professional guidelines, healthcare professionals are faced with ethical questions around how best to support nursing mothers and their babies when marijuana use is a factor. This paper first presents an overview of the law, science, and professional guidelines as they relate to marijuana and breastfeeding. Then, I offer an assessment of the relevant ethical issues providers and their patients may need to navigate.
Decrease Discharge Delays of Stem Cell Transplant Patients

Topic Significance & Study Purpose/Background/Rationale Delayed discharge negatively impacts patients, staff, hospitals and their interrelationships. Within an NCI-designated Cancer Center in the Southwest United States, an inpatient stem cell transplant (SCT) unit observed discharge delays that can impede patient throughput and access to care. To streamline the process, an interprofessional team collaborated to identify discharge barriers, implement process flow changes and develop standardized teaching tools to improve time of discharge among hospitalized SCT patients. Methods, Intervention, & Analysis An interprofessional nurse-led team consisting of SCT nurse leaders, advanced practice registered nurses (APRN) representing the medical team, and clinical pharmacists collaboratively identified several opportunities for workflow improvement, including: (a) streamlining nursing and APRN discharge education to reduce duplicity (b) integrating discharge teaching by APRNs and clinical pharmacists during the rounding period rather than after rounds, which was often in the afternoon; (c) improving communication between nurses and medical teams, insuring timely administration of electrolytes, blood product replacements and/or antibiotics. The initiatives included 1. Creating standardized discharge teaching materials for autologous and mobilization patients by consolidating APRN and nursing discharge teachings. This enabled APRNs to delegate their discharge teachings to nurses and provided free time for APRNs to assist clinical pharmacists in medication reconciliation and teaching. Clinical Nurse Leaders (CNLs) collaborated with APRNs to educate nursing staff about these changes. 2. APRNs serve as liaison to communicate anticipated discharges with CNLs on a daily basis, and conduct teaching prior to discharge. 3. APRNs collaborate with CNLs and nursing informatics to develop “day of discharge orders”. This would prompt nurses to draw labs at midnight instead of 4 am and initiate necessary replacements sooner. Findings & Interpretation After 3 months of the initiative, the units have seen average discharge time improve from 3:00 PM to 2:00 PM. Discharge teaching tools are incorporated into the electronic health record (EHR), readily available to nurses, and printable along with other discharge materials. “Day of discharge orders” are currently available in the EHR. Discussion & Implications Proactive planning and care coordination can improve time of discharge. Enhancing our practices and leveraging resources such as the EHR can support more efficient discharge processes that lead to improved throughput and efficiency.
Determining an Attacker’s Height from Angle of Stab Wound

In this experiment, the angle of the knife in a stab wound was analyzed to determine if it correlated with the height of the attacker. The height of the victim was constant for all heights, 155, 165, 177, 187 centimeters, and respective trials. The wound was simulated by stabbing florist’s foam, used in place of flesh, three times at each height. After comparing the angle results with the height, it was found that the height increased along with the bottom angle of the knife. The direct correlation between the height of the attacker and the angle of the knife supported the hypothesis.
Non-Uniformly Sound Certificates with Applications to Concurrent Zero-Knowledge

We introduce the notion of non-uniformly sound certificates: succinct single-message (unidirectional) argument systems that satisfy a “best-possible security” against non-uniform polynomial-time attackers. In particular, no polynomial-time attacker with s bits of non-uniform advice can find significantly more than s accepting proofs for false statements. Our first result is a construction of non-uniformly sound certificates for all \(\mathbf{NP }\) in the random oracle model, where the attacker’s advice can depend arbitrarily on the random oracle.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anal Canal

Anal cancer remains a rare cancer globally and in the United States and will impact >21,000 patients worldwide. Squamous cell histology is the most common subtype (>90%). As a result of its association with the human papilloma virus (HPV) and rising incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, the discussion on the management of anal cancer has emerged with significant interest. Although not in great numbers, clinical trials are expanding more than in previous years to identify appropriate targets for potential biologic treatment. In this chapter, we explore the important aspects of management of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) from epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention based on updated knowledge in the field of gastrointestinal oncology.
Free Space Excitation in Optofluidic Devices for Single Particle Detection

Free space top-down illumination of liquid-core waveguides in an optofluidic chip is implemented by milling slits into a metal layer covering the waveguide channel. Detection of single microbeads with excellent signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated for different milling depths.
Teacher and Student Interactions in School Common Areas: An Examination of Typical Rates of Supervision, Engagement, and Feedback.

Much attention has been paid to the role of effective instruction in classroom settings and there is compelling evidence that teacher clarity, student engagement, feedback, and active supervision a...
Student Social Media Self-Evaluation: Addressing the Posting Paradox in the Age of Cybervetting:

Cybervetting, or the review of job applicants’ social media accounts, is a common practice. This study investigates the use of a typology to increase students’ self-awareness by asking them to asse...
GrIP-PCA: Grassmann Iterative P-Norm Principal Component Analysis

Principal component analysis is one of the most commonly used methods for dimensionality reduction in signal processing. However, the most commonly used PCA formulation is based on the $L_2$ -norm, which can be highly influenced by outlier data. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the development of more robust PCA methods. Recent works explore alternative norms, such as the $L_1$ -norm or the more general $L_p$ -norms, which significantly improve robustness over the $L_2$ -norm. In this work, we present the Grassmann Iterative P-norm PCA (GrIP-PCA) method, which uses an iterative Grassmann manifold optimization approach to find the solution to the highly non-convex $L_p$ -norm PCA problem. The increased flexibility of this iterative optimization approach allows for the first ever direct comparison between the projection maximization and reprojection minimization objective functions for general $L_p$ -PCA. Our results demonstrate that the underutilized reprojection formulation leads to improved robustness of PCA in multiple experiments.
The Use of Stigmatizing Messaging in Anti-Obesity Communications Campaigns: Quantification of Obesity Stigmatization

N = 182 posters) derived from 25 obesity-prevention campaigns shows 13.2% included stigmatizing elements. These stigmatizing advertisements were found in almost half (44%) of the 25 obesity-prevent...
Characterization of second site mutations show that fast proton transfer to QB − is restored in bacterial reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides containing the Asp-L213 → Asn lesion

The structural basis for proton coupled electron transfer to QB in bacterial reaction centers (RCs) was studied by investigating RCs containing second site suppressor mutations (Asn M44 → Asp, Arg M233 → Cys, Arg H177 → His) that complement the effects of the deleterious Asp L213 → Asn mutation [DN(L213)]. The suppressor RCs all showed an increased proton coupled electron transfer rate k AB (2)(QA −QB − + H+ → QAQBH−) by at least 103 (pH 7.5) and a recombination rate k BD (D+QAQB − → DQAQB) 15–40 times larger than the value found in DN(L213) RCs. Proton transfer was studied by measuring the dependence of k AB (2) on the free energy for electron transfer (δΔGet). k AB (2) was independent of δΔGet in DN(L213) RCs, but dependent on δΔGet in native and all suppressor RCs. This shows that proton transfer limits the k AB (2) reaction with a rate of 0.1s−1 in DN(L213) RCs but is not rate limiting and at least 108-fold faster in native and 105-fold faster in the suppressor RCs. The increased rate of proton transfer by the suppressor mutations are proposed to be due to: (i) a reduction in the barrier to proton transfer by providing a more negative electrostatic potential near QB −; and/or (ii) structural changes that permit fast proton transfer through the network of protonatable residues and water molecules near QB.
Mischief: A Simple Black-Box Attack Against Transformer Architectures.

We introduce Mischief, a simple and lightweight method to produce a class of human-readable, realistic adversarial examples for language models. We perform exhaustive experimentations of our algorithm on four transformer-based architectures, across a variety of downstream tasks, as well as under varying concentrations of said examples. Our findings show that the presence of Mischief-generated adversarial samples in the test set significantly degrades (by up to $20\%$) the performance of these models with respect to their reported baselines. Nonetheless, we also demonstrate that, by including similar examples in the training set, it is possible to restore the baseline scores on the adversarial test set. Moreover, for certain tasks, the models trained with Mischief set show a modest increase on performance with respect to their original, non-adversarial baseline.
Not just vegetations: focal myocardial changes in patients with fungal infections

Background: Fungal endocarditis classically involves dense heterogenous vegetations. However, several patients with fungal infections were noted to have myocardial changes ranging from focal brightening to nodular thickening of chordae or papillary muscles. This study evaluates whether these findings are associated with fungal infections. Methods: In a retrospective case–control study, paediatric inpatients with fungal infections (positive blood, urine, or catheter tip culture) in a 5-year period were matched 1:1 to inpatients without positive fungal cultures. Echocardiograms were scored on a 5-point scale by two independent readers for presence of myocardial brightenings, nodular thickenings, and vegetations. Clinical data were compared. Results: Of 67 fungal cases, positive culture sites included blood (n = 44), vascular catheter tip (n = 7), and urine (n = 29); several had multiple positive sites. “Positive” echo findings (score ≥ 2+) were more frequent in the Fungal Group (33 versus 18%, p = 0.04). Fungal Group patients with “positive” versus “negative” echo findings had similar proportion of bacterial infections. Among fungal cases, those with “positive” echo findings had longer hospital length of stay than cases with “negative” echos (median 58 versus 40 days, p = 0.03) but no difference in intensive care unit admission, extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support, or mortality. Conclusions: Myocardial and papillary muscle brightening with nodular thickening on echocardiogram appear to be associated with fungal infections. There may be prognostic implications of these findings as patients with “positive” echo have longer length of stay. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanism and temporal progression of these changes and determine the prognostic value of this scoring system.
Medicaid Expansion's Impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outcomes in a Nonurban Southeastern Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program Clinic.

Background Although the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program supports high-quality human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care, Medicaid enrollment provides access to non-HIV care. People with HIV (PWH) with Medicaid historically have low viral suppression (VS) rates. In a state with previously high Qualified Health Plan coverage of PWH, we examined HIV outcomes by insurance status during the first year of Medicaid expansion (ME). Methods Participants were PWH ages 18-63 who attended ≥1 HIV medical visit/year in 2018 and 2019. We estimated associations of sociodemographic characteristics with ME enrollment prevalence and associations between insurance status and engagement in care and VS. Results Among 577 patients, 151 (33%) were newly eligible for Medicaid, and 77 (51%) enrolled. Medicaid enrollment was higher for those with incomes <100% federal poverty level (adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.86) compared with others. Controlling for age, income, and 2018 engagement, those with employment-based private insurance (adjusted risk difference [aRD], -8.5%; 95% CI, -16.9 to 0.1) and Medicare (aRD, -12.5%; 95% CI, -21.2 to -3.0) had lower 2019 engagement than others. For those with VS data (n = 548), after controlling for age and baseline VS, those with Medicaid (aRD, -4.0%; 95% CI, -10.3 to 0.3) and with Medicaid due to ME (aRD, -6.2%; 95% CI, -14.1 to -0.8) were less likely to achieve VS compared with others. Conclusions Given that PWH who newly enrolled in Medicaid had high engagement in care, the finding of lower VS is notable. The discordance may be due to medication access gaps associated with changes in medication procurement logistics.
Modified frailty index predicts postoperative complications in women with gynecologic cancer undergoing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Abstract Objective(s) To evaluate the impact of frailty on postoperative complications following cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in women with advanced or recurrent gynecologic cancer. Methods An IRB-approved single-institution prospective registry was queried for women who underwent CRS with HIPEC for advanced or recurrent gynecologic cancer from 1/1/2014–12/31/2020. Frailty was defined as a modified Frailty Index (mFI) score of ≥2. Logistic regression was used to assess the impact of mFI upon the rate of moderate or higher (≥ grade 2) Accordion postoperative complications. Results Of 141 women, 81.6% (n = 115) were non-frail with mFI of 0–1 and 18.4% (n = 26) were frail with mFI ≥2. The incidence of ≥ grade 2 complications was 21.2% (n = 14) for mFI = 0, 26.5% (n = 13) for mFI = 1, 64.7% (n = 11) for mFI = 2 and 100.0% (n = 9) for patients with mFI ≥3. The incidence of re-operation (1.7% vs. 11.5%, p = 0.044), ICU admission (13.2% vs. 34.6%, p = 0.018), acute kidney injury (6.3% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.001), and respiratory failure (0.9% vs. 19.2%, p Conclusions Frailty, defined by the modified frailty index, is predictive of ≥grade 2 postoperative complications following CRS with HIPEC in women with gynecologic cancer. Frailty screening before CRS with HIPEC may assist patient selection and improve postoperative outcomes.