cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humoral Immunity to Hantavirus Infection

Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens found in parts of Europe, Asia, South America, and North America, which can cause renal and respiratory failure with fatality rates up to 40%. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics for hantavirus-related diseases; however, it is evident that a robust neutralizing antibody response is critical for protection from severe disease. Although virologists first described this family of viruses in the 1950s, there is limited information on the neutralizing epitopes that exist on the hantavirus antigenic glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, and sites important for the design of effective therapeutics and vaccines. We provide a thorough summary of the hantavirus field from an immunological perspective. In particular, we discuss our current structural knowledge of antigenic proteins Gn and Gc, identification of B cell neutralizing epitopes, previously isolated monoclonal antibodies and their cross-reactivity between different hantavirus strains, and current developments toward vaccines and therapeutics. We conclude with some outstanding questions in the field and emphasize the need for additional studies of the human antibody response to hantavirus infection.IMPORTANCE Hantaviruses are pathogens that sometimes pass from animals to humans, and they are found in parts of Europe, Asia, and North and South America. When human infection occurs, these viruses can cause kidney or lung failure, and as many as 40% of infected people die. Currently, there are no vaccines or therapeutics for hantavirus-related diseases available. A first step in developing prevention measures is determining what type of immune response is protective. Increasingly it has become clear that the induction of a type of response called a neutralizing antibody response is critical for protection from severe disease. Although virologists first described this family of viruses in the 1950s, there is limited information on what features on the surface of hantaviruses are recognized by the immune system. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of this information, which is critical for the design of effective therapeutics and vaccines.
The Entrepreneurial Impact Project: New Frontiers for Data-Driven Entrepreneurial Education

This study reports some of the initial findings of a long-term assessment of learning/curriculum development program recently initiated in a College of Business (COB) at a mid-sized University in t...
The Effect of Age and Competition Level on Subtle Motor Performance in Adolescents Medically Cleared Postconcussion: Preliminary Findings.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the effect of age and level of competition on subtle motor performance in adolescents who have recently been medically cleared postconcussion and never-injured controls. DESIGN Thirty adolescents who were recently medically cleared postconcussion (12-18 yrs) and 30 never-concussed, typically developing controls were examined using the Revised Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs (PANESS) and the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing. RESULTS Older age was associated with better Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing scores in both groups, whereas only the control group showed improved motor performance on the PANESS with increasing age. Adolescents across both groups participating at a higher level of competition (school or travel level) had better motor performance on the PANESS than those participating at a lower level of competition (recreational level or no sports participation). Adolescents medically cleared postconcussion had greater motor deficits on the PANESS than controls did. CONCLUSION After medical clearance, adolescents with a history of recent concussion demonstrate alterations in the relationship between motor function and age. The PANESS merits further exploration as a measure that is sensitive to factors affecting motor performance, such as age and level of athletic competition, as well as to persistent subtle motor deficits in adolescents medically cleared postconcussion.
Fibromyalgia screening in patients with unexplained chronic fatigue

ABSTRACT Women often complain of symptoms of fatigue and generalized aches and pains around menopause. Even though fibromyalgia is more prevalent in midlife women, not all women presenting with aches and pain and disrupted sleep meet diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia. This Practice Pearl addresses the distinction between chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia and the management of fibromyalgia in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.
Comparison of Physical Activity, Healthy Eating Habits, and Knowledge of Diabetes and Pre-diabetes in Rural Reservation and Off-reservation Communities.

INTRODUCTION Residents in two small rural communities on the Northern Great Plains completed surveys to determine their community's needs for physical activity, healthy eating habits, and knowledge of diabetes/pre-diabetes. METHODS One rural American Indian reservation (Community A) and one off-reservation (Community B) were selected for the study. Both communities had similar population size, medical clinic, pharmacy, grocery store and fitness center. Surveys were collected in-person during local community events. RESULTS More respondents in Community A (41 percent) compared to Community B (18 percent) used the Fitness Center and had more vigorous physical activity (44 percent vs. 5 percent respectively). Compared to Community A, Community B respondents bought more fruits and vegetables (85 percent vs. 96 percent respectively). While a higher rate of diabetes (15.1 percent) in the American Indian population has been reported, this study did not find a significant difference when comparing these two rural communities. Fewer respondents with diabetes in Community A (25 percent), compared to Community B (85 percent) had attended diabetes education. More respondents in Community A (31 percent) than B (13 percent) had pre-diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Community A's fitness center had personal trainers that provided education, motivation and encouraged individuals to exercise. The majority of respondents in Communities A (85 percent) and B (96 percent) purchased fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables were readily available in the local grocery stores for both small rural communities. More individuals with diabetes (83 percent) in Community B had attended diabetes education classes. More Community A respondents had pre-diabetes; however, diabetes prevention education could reduce their risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 58 percent.
The Civil Rights Era and Beyond: Bypassing Native Americans—Lyndon Johnson to Donald Trump

Where are we regarding government—Native American relations today? This chapter takes us up to the beginning of the Biden presidency. During this period, the Civil Rights revolution dramatically transformed race relations in the United States. Do these changes impact Native Americans?
Identification and characterization of CYPs induced in the Drosophila antenna by exposure to a plant odorant

Members of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) enzyme family are abundantly expressed in insect olfactory tissues, where they are thought to act as Odorant Degrading Enzymes (ODEs). However, their contribution to olfactory signaling in vivo is poorly understood. This is due in part to the challenge of identifying which of the dozens of antennal-expressed CYPs might inactivate a given odorant. Here, we tested a high-throughput deorphanization strategy in Drosophila to identify CYPs that are transcriptionally induced by exposure to odorants. We discovered three CYPs selectively upregulated by geranyl acetate using transcriptional profiling. Although these CYPs are broadly expressed in the antenna in non-neuronal cells, electrophysiological recordings from CYP mutants did not reveal any changes in olfactory neuron responses to this odorant. Neurons were desensitized by pre-exposing flies to the odorant, but this effect was similar in CYP mutants. Together, our data suggest that the induction of a CYP gene by an odorant does not necessarily indicate a role for that CYP in neuronal responses to that odorant. We go on to show that some CYPs have highly restricted expression patterns in the antenna, and suggest that such CYPs may be useful candidates for further studies on olfactory CYP function.
Mediators of First- Versus Second-generation Antipsychotic-related Mortality in Older Adults

Background:Observational studies of older adults showed higher mortality for first-generation antipsychotics than their second- generation counterparts, which led to US Food and Drug Administration warnings, but the actual mechanisms involved remain unclear.Methods:A cohort of 9,060 initiators of fi
Synthesis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and coordination chemistry of substituted phosphine sulfides and selenides

Abstract Phosphines and phosphine chalcogenides are important ligands for various metal systems, especially catalysts. Based on previously synthesized phosphine oxide ligands, we describe here the synthesis and characterization of a series of compounds having the general formula, EPPh2Ar, E = S, Se; Ar = 1-naphthyl, 9-phenanthryl, 9-anthracenyl, 1-pyrenyl. Reaction of EPPh2(9-phenanthryl), E = S, Se, with HAuCl4 yields ArPh2PEAuCl. Similar to the phosphine oxide derivative, the anthracenyl compounds, EPPh2(9-anthracenyl), showed a nonplanar conformation within the anthracene ring as observed using X-ray crystallography. The difference in fluorescence spectrum relative to the parent aryl species is attributed to this deformation. The deviation is probably due to steric strain within the phosphine ligand due to its position on the anthracenyl ring since DFT calculations suggest that the 1-anthracenyl ligand should be planar. Each compound has been characterized using 1H, 13C, 31P, and (where applicable) 77Se NMR, and IR spectroscopy, with structure determination by X-ray crystallography. Finally, the electrochemistry of the unoxidized phosphines is reported, showing one-electron reductions in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
The Professional Ideal in Management History

Within management history no movement, other than the culture of professionalism, has influenced the theoretical foundations of the discipline as such. Exercising a remarkable influence on the theoretical foundations of organization science, the professional ideal has defined the prime purpose of business management as the perfection of a service, and the most important reward of that perfection as the extent to which the service is appreciated by the public [1]. The professional ideal is also linked to a different kind of rationality distinct from the traditional view on purposeful behavior in business management. The traditional form of rationality, as defined by the pursuit of selfish-interest and expressed by the profit-maximization credo, often results in an attitude which views business administration as an art of money making. In contrast, the professional ideal emphasizes a form of rationality that is inspired by the spirit of public service, and considers business management as a profession. Louis D. Brandeis provides the earliest reflection on the place of the professional ideal in management history. Accordingly, the new profession of corporate management is a by-product of two major changes: the changed concept of trade from a zero-sum bargain to that of a transaction which is good for both parties, and the rise of the phenomenon of big business [2]. Today, after more than eighty years, there seems to be a growing doubt about the idea of management as a profession. The exhaustion of management's integrity in the 1980s through a series of revelations about fraud, abuse, and mismanagement has resulted in a 'final reckoning ' [3] . Or, as a recent commentary put it, now we are faced with
Stabilization of Linear Time-Varying Systems Strong, Simultaneous and Reliable Stabilization

In this paper we study some issues related to the stabilization of linear, time-varying (LTV) plants. We consider the class of finite-dimensional LTV plants and show that every plant that can be internally stabilized by output feedback can be stabilized by a stable LTV controller. We give a parametrization of all nonlinear time-varying controllers that stabilize a given LTV plant, and further, we show that every finite collection of LTV plants can be simultaneously stabilized by a stable LTV controller. Finally, we prove that every LTV plant can always be stabilized by a pair of simultaneously acting LTV controllers each reliable against a failure of the other.
Beating the Biological Clock: The Compressed Family Life Cycle of Young Women with BRCA Gene Alterations

ABSTRACT Empirical and clinical literature suggests a temporal thread running through family narratives of hereditary disease, linking past experiences to current beliefs about risk. This study asked young women with elevated risk of developing hereditary breast or ovarian cancer (HBOC) how their family histories with cancer and their gene status inform meaning construction around cancer risk and family development. Twenty-three women aged 22–35 who carry a BRCA gene alteration completed illness genograms and open-ended, narrative interviews. Transcripts were analyzed using the Listening Guide, a narrative tool that emphasizes key themes, meanings, and relational structures. Data analysis revealed distinct priorities for (1) single versus partnered women and (2) women who wished to have children versus those who had completed childbearing or were not intending to have children. Findings suggest single women experience increased urgency at finding a life partner capable of handling the emotional strain of ...
Molecular basis of mechanosensory transduction

Mechanotransduction — a cell's conversion of a mechanical stimulus into an electrical signal — reveals vital features of an organism's environment. From hair cells and skin mechanoreceptors in vertebrates, to bristle receptors in flies and touch receptors in worms, mechanically sensitive cells are essential in the life of an organism. The scarcity of these cells and the uniqueness of their transduction mechanisms have conspired to slow molecular characterization of the ensembles that carry out mechanotransduction. But recent progress in both invertebrates and vertebrates is beginning to reveal the identities of proteins essential for transduction.
Adversarial uses of affective computing and ethical implications

Much existing affective computing research focuses on systems designed to use information related to emotion to benefit users. Many technologies are used in situations their designers didn't anticipate and would not have intended. This thesis discusses several adversarial uses of affective computing: use of systems with the goal of hindering some users. The approach taken is twofold: first experimental observation of use of systems that collect affective signals and transmit them to an adversary; second discussion of normative ethical judgments regarding adversarial uses of these same systems. This thesis examines three adversarial contexts: the Quiz Experiment, the Interview Experiment, and the Poker Experiment. In the quiz experiment, participants perform a tedious task that allows increasing their monetary reward by reporting they solved more problems than they actually did. The Interview Experiment centers on a job interview where some participants hide or distort information, interviewers are rewarded for hiring the honest, and where interviewees are rewarded for being hired. In the Poker Experiment subjects are asked to play a simple poker-like game against an adversary who has extra affective or game state information. These experiments extend existing work on ethical implications of polygraphs by considering variables (e.g. context or power relationships) other than recognition rate and using systems where information is completely mediated by computers. In all three experiments it is hypothesized that participants using systems that sense and transmit affective information to an adversary will have degraded performance and significantly different ethical evaluations than those using comparable systems that do not sense or transmit affective information. Analysis of the results of these experiments shows a complex situation in which the context of using affective computing systems bears heavily on reports dealing with ethical implications. The contribution of this thesis is these novel experiments that solicit participant opinion about ethical implications of actual affective computing systems and dimensional metaethics, a procedure for anticipating ethical problems with affective computing systems. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Mineralogy and fluvial history of the watersheds of Gale, Knobel, and Sharp craters: A regional context for the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity's exploration

A 500 km long network of valleys extends from Herschel crater to Gale, Knobel, and Sharp craters. The mineralogy and timing of fluvial activity in these watersheds provide a regional framework for deciphering the origin of sediments of Gale crater's Mount Sharp, an exploration target for the Curiosity rover. Olivine-bearing bedrock is exposed throughout the region, and its erosion contributed to widespread olivine-bearing sand dunes. Fe/Mg phyllosilicates are found in both bedrock and sediments, implying that materials deposited in Gale crater may have inherited clay minerals, transported from the watershed. While some topographic lows of the Sharp-Knobel watershed host chloride salts, the only salts detected in the Gale watershed are sulfates within Mount Sharp, implying regional or temporal differences in water chemistry. Crater counts indicate progressively more spatially localized aqueous activity: large-scale valley network activity ceased by the early Hesperian, though later Hesperian/Amazonian fluvial activity continued near Gale and Sharp craters.
Chapter 3.1.9 Behavioral analysis of Dvl1-deficient mice reveals a role for the Dvl1 gene in social behaviors and sensorimotor gating

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the behavioral analysis of Dvl l -deficient mice reveals a role for the Dv l l gene in social behaviors and sensorimotor gating. The analysis of Dv l l- deficient mice reveals the surprising result that Dv l l participates in complex behaviors in mammals. Dv l l mutant mice displayed striking abnormalities in sensorimotor gating and social behaviors, but motor, sensory and spatial learning processes are grossly normal. In addition, there are no observable phenotypic differences between mice generated from heterozygous or uniform-genotype crosses, which suggests that parental effects are unlikely to have significant impact on the observed phenotype of the Dv l l -deficient mice. However, more systematic studies is necessary to determine if differences in parental behavior between Dv l l deficient and wild-type mice can account for the impaired prepulse inhibition and social interactions observed in the mutant mice.
Upsampling dynamic contrast enhanced MRI

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is used to evaluate the vasculature properties of tissues. The resolution of DCE-MRI is limited since the imaging is required to be rapid in order to achieve a reasonable temporal resolution. This limits the accuracy of quantitative analysis of DCE-MRI, in particular, voxel-wise analysis. In this paper, we propose an upsampling technique that uses high-resolution post-Gadolinium T1-weighted image to guide interpolation of DCE-MRI to a higher resolution. Experimental results conducted on brain DCE-MRI of patients with brain tumors show the superiority of the method in comparison with standard interpolation techniques.
Regenerative Proliferation in Organ Cultures of the Avian Cochlea: Identification of the Initial Progenitors and Determination of the Latency of the Proliferative Response

Sensory hair cells in the cochleae of birds are regenerated after the death of preexisting hair cells caused by acoustic overstimulation or administration of ototoxic drugs. Regeneration involves renewed proliferation of cells in an epithelium that is otherwise mitotically quiescent. To determine the identity of the first cells that proliferate in response to the death of hair cells and to measure the latency of this proliferative response, we have studied hair-cell regeneration in organ culture. Cochleae from hatchling chicks were placed in culture, and hair cells were killed individually by a laser microbeam. The culture medium was then replaced with a medium that contained a labeled DNA precursor. The treated cochleae were incubated in the labeling media for different time periods before being fixed and processed for the visualization of proliferating cells. The first cells to initiate DNA replication in response to the death of hair cells were supporting cells within the cochlear sensory epithelium. All of the labeled supporting cells were located within 200 μm of the hair-cell lesions. These cells first entered S-phase ∼16 hr after the death of hair cells. The results indicate that supporting cells are the precursors of regenerated hair cells and suggest that regenerative proliferation of supporting cells is triggered by signals that act locally within the damaged epithelium.
Factors associated with the risk of West Nile virus among crows in New York State.

Summary West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted between avian hosts in enzootic cycles by a mosquito vector. The virus has significant disease effects on humans and equines when it bridges into an epizootic cycle. As the initial epidemic of WNV in 1999, perennial outbreaks in New York State suggest the local establishment of natural foci with perpetuation of the virus among susceptible hosts rather than reintroduction of the virus. The factors that play a role in the perpetuation of the virus are not fully understood. American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) are known to be highly susceptible to infection with the virus. We investigate the factors that put crows at risk of infection in Tompkins County, New York during the period of 2000‐2008 in a case‐control study. Cases were crow carcasses that were found dead and tested positive for WNV using real time reverse transcription or VecTest � . Data on putative risk factors were collected and assessed for significance of association with the presence of WNV using logistic regression analysis to evaluate the significance of each factor while simultaneously controlling for the effect of others. The risk of a crow carcass testing WNV positive varied with age, season of the year and ecological area where the carcass was found. Crows that were more than 1-year-old were four times more likely to be WNV positive in comparison to birds that were less than 1 year of age. It was three times more likely to find WNV positive carcasses in residential areas in comparison to rural areas. The risk of testing WNV positive did not vary by sex of the crow carcasses.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SURFACTANT IMPURITIES IN SOLVENTS AND SUBPHASES USED FOR MONOLAYER STUDIES

It is important to assess levels of surface active impurities in solutions used for characterization of monomolecular films and for deposition of Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers. Traditional surface pressure-area measurements lack sufficient sensitivity because of the extremely low surface pressures surfactants exhibit below the formation of a coherent film. In contrast, surface potential measurements at the gas-liquid interface increase in a surfactant-dependent manner in the gaseous-liquid expanded transition region. Using this property of such films together with area reduction, levels of impurities representing less than or equal to 0.1% of a typical coherent monolayer can be quantitated. The measurement does not require ultrapure reference materials and can be performed on a solution immediately before spreading and compression of an experimental monolayer film.
Basal till fabric and deposition at Burroughs Glacier, Glacier Bay, Alaska

Basal till and debris-rich ice in the basal transport zone of Burroughs Glacier, southeast Alaska, were studied to develop a model for till deposition and to acquire new pebble fabric measurements from till at a modern glacier. Studies of till deposition and fabric measurements from modern glacial deposits are important for studying the genesis of Pleistocene and pre-Pleistocene glacial sediment. Basal till at Burroughs Glacier is deposited at the ice margin by the melting of basal debris-rich ice that stagnated progressively, from the bottom upward, beneath moving ice during deglaciation. The debris-rich ice is typically ∼1-3 m thick and has very high sediment content ranging from 60% to 70% by volume. The long axes of pebbles in the debris-rich ice, and in other parts of the basal transport zone of the glacier, are typically well oriented parallel to ice flow. The average S 1 eigenvalue for nine fabrics measured in the basal transport zone is 0.8092 ± 0.067σ. The basal till is massive, matrix-supported, silty-sandy diamicton. Striated, lodged boulders, and crag and tails are common on the till surface. S 1 eigenvalues calculated from 27 pebble fabrics measured in the till range from 0.4930 (no fabric) to 0.8261; the average value is 0.6757 ± 0.092σ. The range of values is nearly identical to that reported for fabrics from "undeformed lodgment till" by Dowdeswell and Sharp (1986). Although the final process of till deposition at Burroughs Glacier is passive melt out from stagnant, debris-rich ice, the nature and pebble fabric of the till are inherited from active ice processes, specifically the progressive stagnation of debris-rich ice beneath active ice. Evidence of differential movement (shear) within the debris-rich ice during deposition is reflected in a change in fabric azimuth with depth in the till, beveled bullet boulders, and shear surfaces. These features are typically thought to be characteristic of lodgment till or brittle deformation of subglacial sediment. The melt-out process is passive because of the very high debris content of the debris-rich ice. If the same sequence of till deposition occurred in older glacial deposits and the debris content of the basal ice was high, the final process of melt-out would not be reflected in properties of the sediment.
Deconvolving kernel density estimators

This paper considers estimation of a continuous bounded probability density when observations from the density are contaminated by additive measurement errors having a known distribution. Properties of the estimator obtained by deconvolving a kernel estimator of the observed data are investigated. When the kernel used is sufficiently smooth the deconvolved estimator is shown to be pointwise consistent and bounds on its integrated mean squared error are derived. Very weak assumptions are made on the measurement-error density thereby permitting a comparison of the effects of different types of measurement error on the deconvolved estimator
Angiotensin I converting enzyme (kininase II) of the brush border of human and swine intestine

Abstract Mucosal brush border of human and swine small intestine is rich in angiotensin I converting enzyme or kininase II (ACE). The brush border of the intestinal mucosa was purified by centrifugation over a discontinuous glycerol gradient. Transmission electron micrographs showed that 90 per cent of the isolated vesicles had a trilaminar membrane structure and glycocalyx, characteristic of intestinal brush border. No significant contamination by other subcellular particles was evident. In the final purified preparation, the brush border marker enzymes sucrase, trehalase and alkaline phosphatase were enriched 23-, 18- and 17-fold from human intestine and 27-, 26- and 20-fold from swine tissue. ACE was highly concentrated in the human and swine brush border. The specific activity of ACE in the human and swine brush border fractions was enriched 17- and 7.6-fold over the crude homogenate. Kininase activity was demonstrated by bioassay. Captopril, the orally active specific inhibitor of ACE, inhibited the enzyme; its I 50 was 3 × 10 −9 . Antibody to swine kidney ACE cross-reacted with swine intestinal enzyme as shown in rocket immunoelectrophoresis, indicating that the enzymes from kidney and from intestine have common antigenic determinants and that the enzyme is concentrated on the brush border membrane. Because of the abundant presence of ACE in the intestine, interference in the functions of this enzyme may occur with chronic captopril therapy.
Corona discharge from fine points in liquid helium

Abstract Corona discharges, initiated by field ionization or field emission, have been observed about fine tungsten points in liquid helium. Some of the measured characteristic of these coronas are anomalous when compared to known properties of coronas in gases.
Fabrication and use of large ellipsoidal mirrors in colliding beam Cherenkov counters

Abstract The construction of Cherenkov counter mirrors with an ellipsoidal shape suitable for the point-to-point focus requirements of a colliding beam detector is described.
Using imaging methods to interrogate radiation-induced cell signaling.

There is increasing emphasis on the use of systems biology approaches to define radiation-induced responses in cells and tissues. Such approaches frequently rely on global screening using various high throughput ‘omics' platforms. Although these methods are ideal for obtaining an unbiased overview of cellular responses, they often cannot reflect the inherent heterogeneity of the system or provide detailed spatial information. Additionally, performing such studies with multiple sampling time points can be prohibitively expensive. Imaging provides a complementary method with high spatial and temporal resolution capable of following the dynamics of signaling processes. In this review, we utilize specific examples to illustrate how imaging approaches have furthered our understanding of radiation-induced cellular signaling. Particular emphasis is placed on protein colocalization, and oscillatory and transient signaling dynamics.
Gastroesophageal reflux(GER) and Chronic lung disease(CLD) in Very low birthweight(VLBW) infants 1189

Gastroesophageal reflux(GER) may be associated withchronic lung disease(CLD) in very low birthweight infants. Esophageal pH monitoring is the gold standard for diagnosis of GER. Early diagnosis and antireflux therapy may lead to amelioration of CLD in infants with GER.
Waffen SS Recruitment in the“Germanic Lands,” 1940–1941

(1997). Waffen SS Recruitment in the“Germanic Lands,” 1940–1941. The Historian: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 815-830.
Branched tree structures: From polymers to river networks

Abstract We define and characterize the branched tree structures. These structures are used to model different physical systems. We briefly review here the applications towards river network and unentangled polymers.
Oxidation of Biofuels: Fuel Diversity and Effectiveness of Fuel Oxidation through Multiple Enzyme Cascades

Enzymatic biofuel cells have employed a variety of fuels, including: glucose, fructose, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, lactate, pyruvate and ethylene glycol. This review describes the wealth of fuel diversity in enzymatic biofuel cells, along with the use of multi-enzyme cascades for deep or complete oxidation of biofuels at the anode of enzymatic biofuel cells. Deep or complete oxidation is a relatively new research area for enzymatic biofuel cells, but it is necessary to increase energy density and minimize product inhibition effects.
Netherton's syndrome: Report of a case and review of the literature

A patient with Netherton's syndrome who was followed since birth had previously been diagnosed as having Leiner's disease and acrodermatitis enteropathica; the disorder was recognized clinically when the patient was 20 years of age. Therapy with 13-cis-retinoic acid significantly aggravated the ichthyosis and induced increased fragility of the skin. This patient also had an intermittent aminoaciduria with clinical investigations that showed normal renal function. Furthermore, the aminoaciduria resolved spontaneously after the discontinuance of topically applied corticosteroids. The normal results of clinical studies and a review of the literature suggest that the aminoaciduria may have been artifactual because excess absorption of topically applied corticosteroids directly affects the renal tubules and impairs renal reabsorption or enhances the free excretion of amino acids. We review forty-two other cases of Netherton's syndrome in the literature and reaffirm the significance of associated ichthyosis, atopy, trichorrhexis invaginata, and other findings in this unique syndrome.
Some properties of irregular 3-D particles

Abstract This paper discusses some of the properties of irregular particles that are of interest to engineers, including volume, density and surface area. Numerical and statistical information on these properties is essential (a) for a better understanding of particulates, (b) to suggest more efficient ways to utilize particulate materials and (c) to permit the creation of mathematical models that can reduce the need for lengthy real-world testing. While the motivation, examples and applications are from the construction materials industry, the results should be of interest to others. Measurement techniques used included X-ray computed tomography (CT) and multiple projected images, augmented by traditional laboratory techniques. To compare the results of these techniques, a set of 12 rocks were studied of which six were between 19 mm and 12.7 mm (0.75 in. to 0.5 in.) in size, and six were between 12.7 mm and 6.3 mm (0.5 in. to 0.25 in.) in size. Microfine versions of these rocks (
An onboard computing system design for a remote sensing cubesat

Characterization activities related to near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) provide several societal benefits. This work can serve as a precursor to a human exploration mission, it can facilitate the assessment of targets for resource extraction, and it can serve as preparation for intervention against the threat posed by an Earth impactor (EI). One objective of ongoing work at the University of North Dakota is to develop the capabilities required for NEA characterization. A CubeSatclass spacecraft will serve to demonstrate and test these required technologies on-orbit. This 1U CubeSat, which is compliant with NASA ELaNA CubeSat Launch Initiative requirements, will be comprised of standard subsystems (excluding propulsion) and a payload consisting of a visible light camera, a limited radio science package and a GPS receiver. The craft will also feature extensive onboard computing capabilities to allow it to process data to perform mosaicking, super-resolution and rudimentary image feature identification and analysis. This paper focuses on the onboard computing subsystem of this spacecraft which consists of a standard flight computer based on the AMTEL AT91SAM9G20 chipset and a supplemental processing unit based on several GumStix computeron- module (COM) units. The key design requirement: having an always-on primary processing unit and supplemental capabilities (including a digital signal processor) that can be powered on for use only when required and how the current design meets these requirements is reviewed. A detailed review of the spacecraft’s design and mission operations plan is presented. The numerous trades required to allow the requisite payload and onboard processing hardware to fit within the size and weight limitations posed by the 1U CubeSat form factor are discussed. Finally, the paper concludes with a review of the functionality provided by the spacecraft and the future capabilities that this functionality will facilitate.
Undirected loop networks

Let M, d, and k be positive integers. We say that M is feasible with respect to d and k if there exists a set A = {0, ± 1, ±a2 …, ±ak} such that the Cayley graph associated with Z/(M) and A has diameter less than or equal to d. Such a Cayley graph is a model for undirected loop communication networks. Denote M(d, k) the maximal feasible number M with respect to d and k. In the paper, an explicit formula for M(d, 2) is obtained. Also, when k ≧ 3, a lower bound for M(d, k) is established. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NIST coordination of smart grid interoperability standards

The National Institute of Standards and Technology has efforts underway to accelerate the development of interoperability standards to support the future modernized “Smart Grid” electric grid or energy delivery network characterized by a two-way flow of electricity and information, capable of monitoring and responding to changes in everything from power plants to customer preferences to individual appliances. Through a high-visibility, rapid, and open process that brought together the Smart Grid community, including utilities, equipment suppliers, government and consumers of electricity, NIST has developed and published its Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0 [1], to create the basis for prioritizing, coordinating and accelerating the development of standards in private-sector standards setting organizations, including international standards development organizations such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the IEEE.
Abuse liability of the dietary supplement dimethylamylamine.

Background Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a component of many dietary supplements and has recently been associated with numerous adverse effects, prompting the US military and World Anti-Doping Agency to ban its use as a supplement. The current study aimed to elucidate the abuse liability profile of DMAA.
EFFECT OF VASOPRESSIN ON PITUITARY-ADRENAL SECRETION IN THE DOG.

The effect on adrenal cortical secretion of injecting vasopressin into the arterial circulations supplying the pituitary and adrenal glands of dogs was studied. Injections into the adrenal artery caused an increase in adrenal venous levels of 17-OHCS at each dose studied; only the higher doses caused increase in 17-OHCS secretion when injected into the internal carotid artery. (Endocrinology 74: 638, 1964)
Tissue Engineering of Skin

Tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine area blend of developmental biology, life sciences, and engi-neering efforts that attempts to address clinical problems.Tissue engineering was deﬁned in 1988 as the applicationof principles and methods of engineering and lifesciences toward fundamental understanding of structurefunction relationships in normal and pathologicalmammalian tissues and the development of biologicsubstitutes to restore, maintain, or improve tissue func-tion
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: Successful treatment by thymectomy

Abstract The importance of the thymus in the development of immune competence in the human has been increasingly well understood in the past two decades. The monumental work of Burnet 1 in Australia and of Yunis, Stutman, and Good 2 in this country represent large contributions to this under-standing. In addition, the thymus has been implicated in certain autoimmune states in the human, including myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus erythematosus. This report concerns a case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurring in infancy and completely refractory to therapy with steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and splenectomy, but which promptly responded to thymectomy.
Adult Viewers' Preferences in Residential Scenes A Study of the Relationship of Environmental Attributes to Preference

A set of 18 adjective descriptors of visual attributes in the environment were given to design professionals to assess 60 residential scenes. In a factor analysis of these data, four factors Divers...
Dermatologic diagnosis and treatment of itchy redeyelids

Abstract Distinguishing the cause of itching, red eyelids is often difficult. Pruritic, inflamed eyelids can reflect various etiologies and are a common clinical presentation to the office of a dermatologist or ophthalmologist. In this article, five of the more common causes of eyelid dermatitis (atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, rosacea, seborrhea, and psoriasis) are reviewed in detail, with particular emphasis on the ocular and partocular features. Clinical clues, historical features, and patch testing in cases of eczematous eyelid dermatitis aid in differential diagnosis. In addition, pathogenesis and treatment are reviewed.
Modeling of the anisotropic elastic properties of plasma-sprayed coatings in relation to their microstructure

Abstract The transversely isotropic elastic moduli of plasma-sprayed coatings are calculated in terms of microstructural parameters. The dominant features of the porous space are identified as strongly oblate pores, that tend to be either parallel or normal to the substrate. “Irregularities” in the porous space geometry—the scatter in pore orientations and the difference between pore aspect ratios of the two pore systems—are shown to have a pronounced effect on the effective moduli. They may be responsible for the “inverse” anisotropy (Young’s modulus in the direction normal to the substrate being higher than the one in the transverse direction) and for the relatively high values of Poisson’s ratio in the plane of isotropy. The analysis utilizes results of Kachanov et al . ( Appl. Mech. Rev. , 1994, 47 , 151) on materials with pores of diverse shapes and orientations.
Reconstructing terrestrial nutrient cycling using stable nitrogen isotopes in wood

Although recent anthropogenic effects on the global nitrogen (N) cycle have been significant, the consequences of increased anthropogenic N on terrestrial ecosystems are unclear. Studies of the impact of increased reactive N on forest ecosystems—impacts on hydrologic and gaseous loss pathways, retention capacity, and even net primary productivity—have been particularly limited by a lack of long-term baseline biogeochemical data. Stable nitrogen isotope analysis (ratio of 15N to 14N, termed δ15N) of wood chronologies offers the potential to address changes in ecosystem N cycling on millennial timescales and across broad geographic regions. Currently, nearly 50 studies have been published utilizing wood δ15N records; however, there are significant differences in study design and data interpretation. Here, we identify four categories of wood δ15N studies, summarize the common themes and primary findings of each category, identify gaps in the spatial and temporal scope of current wood δ15N chronologies, and synthesize methodological frameworks for future research by presenting eight suggestions for common methodological approaches and enhanced integration across studies. Wood δ15N records have the potential to provide valuable information for interpreting modern biogeochemical cycling. This review serves to advance the utility of this technique for long-term biogeochemical reconstructions.
Sec17p and HOPS, in distinct SNARE complexes, mediate SNARE complex disruption or assembly for fusion.

SNARE functions during membrane docking and fusion are regulated by Sec1/Munc18 (SM) chaperones and Rab/Ypt GTPase effectors. These functions for yeast vacuole fusion are combined in the six‐subunit HOPS complex. HOPS facilitates Ypt7p nucleotide exchange, is a Ypt7p effector, and contains an SM protein. We have dissected the associations and requirements for HOPS, Ypt7p, and Sec17/18p during SNARE complex assembly. Vacuole SNARE complexes bind either Sec17p or the HOPS complex, but not both. Sec17p and its co‐chaperone Sec18p disassemble SNARE complexes. Ypt7p regulates the reassembly of unpaired SNAREs with each other and with HOPS, forming HOPS · SNARE complexes prior to fusion. After HOPS · SNARE assembly, lipid rearrangements are still required for vacuole content mixing. Thus, Sec17p and HOPS have mutually exclusive interactions with vacuole SNAREs to mediate disruption of SNARE complexes or their assembly for docking and fusion. Sec17p may displace HOPS from SNAREs to permit subsequent rounds of fusion.
Association of the folded chromosome with the cell envelope of E. coli: Characterization of the proteins at the DNA-membrane attachment site

Abstract Gentle lysis of E. coli cells in the presence of a DNA counterion (either 1.0 M NaCl or 5 mM spermidine) permits the isolation of the folded intact bacterial chromosome associated with membrane fragments. Most of the proteins in these chromosomes are also found in purified membrane preparations, and they can be identified as belonging to either the inner or the outer bacterial membrane. Ultraviolet irradiation of the membrane-attached chromosomes causes the formation of a stable complex between two inner membrane proteins (molecular weight 80,000 and 56,000 daltons) and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-substituted DNA. The photochemical attachment of BrdU-substituted DNA to specific membrane proteins suggests that these proteins may be bound to the DNA in vivo. Such DNA-membrane-binding proteins may have a role in the attachment of the folded chromosome to the bacterial envelope.
Leveraging Sharing in Second Level Translation-Lookaside Buffers for Chip Multiprocessors

Traversing page table during virtual to physical address translation causes significant pipeline stalls when misses occur in the translation-lookaside buffer (TLB). To mitigate this penalty, we propose a fast, scalable, multi-level TLB organization that leverages page sharing behaviors and performs efficient TLB entry placement. Our proposed partial sharing TLB (PSTLB) reduces TLB misses by around 60%. PSTLB also improves TLB performance by nearly 40% compared to traditional private TLBs and 17% over the state of the art scalable TLB proposal.
Ocular hazards from lasers and other optical sources

(1970). Ocular hazards from lasers and other optical sources. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 1, No. 1-4, pp. 307-339.
How will INVEST and other hypertension trials change clinical practice

Three large, ongoing, international clinical trials will greatly improve our understanding of hypertension management. The trials, which include the INternational VErapamil SR/trandolapril STudy (INVEST), the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), and the Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of Cardiovascular Endpoints (CONVINCE) trial, enrolled a combined total of 81,649 patients over a 7-year period from 18 different countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia-Asia. The mean age of all subjects was 66 years, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.5. In addition, 30% of all patients had diabetes and 43% had documented coronary artery disease (CAD). In INVEST, 100% of enrolled patients had documented CAD and 27% had diabetes. Of patients treated for 12 months in INVEST, a systolic blood pressure (SBP) <140 mmHg was achieved by 70% of nondiabetics, and 66% of patients with diabetes achieved that level. Of all the patients enrolled in the three trials, 38% were smokers, 25% had a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke, and 52% had a history of dyslipidemia. Although these clinical trials are likely to influence treatment guidelines, they may not affect the way medicine is practiced. A survey of primary care physicians found that 41% had not heard of or were not familiar with the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) guidelines. The JNC VI and European guidelines provide management strategies based on severity of coronary risk factors, target organ damage, and blood pressure levels. Primary care physicians have a responsibility to be educated about risk stratification, goals of treatment based on risk, and management strategies for hypertension from available treatment guidelines.