cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation of upper lip pressure on upper teeth during non-extraction orthodontic treatment: A prospective clinical study.

Summary Objective The objectives of this prospective clinical study are to quantify the variation of pressure exerted by the upper lip on the upper teeth during the alignment phase and to evaluate its capacity to adapt to changes in dental position. Materials and methods Thirty young subjects in skeletal Class I relationship requiring non-extraction orthodontic treatment were included in this study. The pressure exerted by the upper lip on the upper central incisors and right canine were measured during rest and swallowing positions using a pressure transducer before bracket placement (T0), after bracket placement (T1), three months (T2) and six months later (T3). Maxillary intercanine width (CC), upper arch length (U) and crowding (C) were measured on stone models at T1, T2 and T3 to determine the existence of a correlation between the variation of lip pressure and these variables. Results The lip pressure significantly increased after bracket placement and remained relatively stable during the six-month period. The labial pressure on the incisors was the only variable to significantly decrease at T3, though remaining significantly higher than the starting pressure. A positive correlation was found between the variation of the inter-canine distance and the labial pressure on the canine at rest whereas a negative correlation exists between the crowding and the labial pressure on the incisors at rest. Conclusion This study showed that increasing inter-canine width disrupts the muscle equilibrium and therefore is prone to relapse, whereas the upper lip can better adapt to the protrusion of upper incisors.
Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures fixation with proximal femoral nail antirotation II (PFNA II): technical note and cases series

Combined ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures are an uncommon type of fractures. A number of different implant options are available for the management of this injury. Two-device procedures were suggested because of the higher rate of malunion by single-device treatment. However, surgical treatment using a cephalomedullary nail is still an alternative option that provides better mechanical advantage and minimal invasion. This study details the technique of treating these pattern fractures with proximal femoral nail anti-rotation II (PFNA-II) to achieve an acceptable reduction in both fracture sites. Ten cases of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures under reduction by PFNA II were included and reviewed. A saw-bone model was also utilized to perform the detailed technique of reduction and fixation of PFNA II. Under the special technique by using the PFNA II, all ten cases achieved optimal reduction and alignment of both fracture sites in intra-operative fluoroscopy. There was no intra-operative complication noted. After 6 months of follow-up, radiography revealed proper alignment and well union of the fractures. Fixation of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures with a single construct provides advantages of good biomechanical function, minimal invasion, reduced blood loss, and less operation time when comparing to two-device fixation. Thus, if acceptable reduction could be achieved, fixation by one PFNA II was a good alternative choice for this injury pattern.
Weak Self-Efficacy Versus Strong Self-Inefficacy: A Comment on the Conceptual Difference

The purpose of this article is to discuss the conceptual difference between weak self-efficacy (i.e., a weak perception of ability) and strong self-inefficacy (i.e., a strong perception of inability). The difference between the two rests with the former being due to little efficacy-enhancing information and the latter being due to a great deal of efficacy-diminishing information. The importance of this distinction is (a) the former is more changeable, and (b) many current instruments do not address this distinction. Because of the importance of self-efficacy in cognitive motivation, being able to conceptualize and measure this distinction is inherently necessary to create proper interventions (i.e., efficacy enhancing methods) that facilitate achievement and accurate theorizing.
Quantitative electroencephalographic biomarkers behind major depressive disorder

Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe psychiatric condition with increasing incidence. Diagnostics and development of novel therapeutic approaches are, however, hampered by the lack of reliable quantitative biomarkers enabling prediction of clinical outcomes. EEG is considered as an optimal source of such data due to its broad availability, but traditional power spectral analysis was not designed for complex non-stationary EEG recordings with nonlinear nature, and therefore often fails as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for MDD. As brain activity is a highly complex, nonlinear and mostly irregular system, it can best be explained using the measures of multiple time-frequency resolution, especially the wavelet analysis, chaos theory and methods of nonlinear dynamics, such as fractal dimension or entropy. This non-conventional approach has proven to be highly sensitive to specific alterations of brain dynamics related to MDD. In this review, we consider the neurophysiological correlates of MDD, describe the different analytical approaches, ranging from the traditional ones to the highly innovative, and discuss their diagnostic relevance and practical utility. Our aim is to provide a current view of the complex determinants related to brain activity under MDD, and emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to neurophysiological signal processing.
Do Credential Gaps in College Reduce the Number of Minority Science Graduates

Despite the high numbers of blacks and Hispanics who enter college with the aspiration to study science or engineering, a disproportionately small number of minority students graduate with science or engineering degrees. This paper utilizes a new and large dataset from the University of California to examine whether negative mismatches of students and campuses play a role in these disparities. Using two distinct empirical methods, the authors find large and consistent mismatch effects. The results have important implications for the study of mismatch, which has been a major topic of debate among empiricists in the legal academy in recent years.
[Epidemiological features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in children in Shijiazhuang, China: an analysis of 133 cases]

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological features of children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Shijiazhuang, China. METHODS: Based on the information officially announced on the official website of the Health Commission of Hebei Province, epidemiological data were collected from 133 children, aged 0-18 years, who were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Shijiazhuang from January 2 to January 30, 2021. A statistical analysis was performed for general status, regional distribution, presence or absence of clusters, and results of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid tests. RESULTS: Among the 133 children with SARS-CoV-2 infection, there were 65 boys and 68 girls, with a male/female ratio of 0.96:1. The youngest age of onset was 3 months and 7 days, and the mean age of onset was (9±5) years. Of all the 133 children, 90(67.7%) were the first confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 infection among their family members. Of all the children, 108(81.2%) came from the Gaocheng District in Shijiazhuang, among whom 38(28.6%) were from Xiaoguozhuang Village where the first patient with a confirmed diagnosis lived. SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test at week 2 after the outbreak showed positive results in 88 children (66.2%), and only 5 children had clinical symptoms before positive SARS-CoV-2 results were obtained. Of all the 133 children, 19(14.3%) were found positive in the first SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test after the outbreak, and 70(52.6%) had positive results for ≥4 times. There were 98 school students with infection, among whom 74(75.5%) were the first confirmed case in their family, and among 35 non-school students, 16(45.7%) were the first confirmed case in their family (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Among the children confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Shijiazhuang, there is a high proportion of children who are the first confirmed case in their family, and the children are mainly distributed in the rural areas of Gaocheng. Most of these children are students, so the prevention and control of cluster infection in schools should be taken seriously. There are often no symptoms before SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test, with a low positive rate of the first nucleic acid test, which increases the difficulty of early discovery of the epidemic.
Energy-Based Orbital Stabilization of Underactuated Systems Using Impulse Controlled Poincaré Maps

The problem of energy-based orbital stabilization of underactuated mechanical systems with one passive degree-of-freedom is addressed. The orbit is a manifold where the active generalized coordinates are fixed and the total mechanical energy is equal to some desired value. A hybrid control strategy comprised of continuous and intermittent impulsive inputs is presented. The continuous controller is designed using partial feedback inearization to converge the active generalized coordinates to their desired values. The choice of desired energy characterizes a unique orbit which is stable but not asymptotically stable. To stabilize the desired orbit, a Poincare section is constructed at a fixed point and the Poincare map is linearized about the fixed point. This results in a discrete LTI system. To stabilize the desired orbit, impulsive inputs are applied when the system trajectory crosses the Poincare section. The applicability of the control design is demonstrated by stabilization of the homoclinic orbit of the cart-pendulum system.
Privately Insured Transgender People Are At Elevated Risk For Chronic Conditions Compared With Cisgender Counterparts.

The burden of morbidity among privately insured transgender people is largely unknown. We identified transgender people enrolled in private insurance (using claims from 2001–19) and compared their ...
Immunogenetics, Resistance, and Susceptibility to Theiler’s Virus Infection

The genetic basis for differential susceptibility to Theiler’s virus-induced demyelinating disease is complex and often confusing, similar to the situation seen in analyzing the genetic risk for human multiple sclerosis. Numerous genetic loci have been identified as influencing the likelihood of disease development, most prominently among them the class I H2-D locus which has the single most important effect of any of the loci studied thus far. Genetic analysis is complicated, however, by the fact that susceptibility to the disease is not inherited as a consistently dominant or recessive trait, and that the relevant loci can differ from one mouse strain to another. The system has proved amenable to the utilization of numerous transgenic and knock-out gene systems to analyze the disease process.
Hello Out There

(1973). Hello Out There! Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 47-47.
Sampling and interpolation on certain nilpotent lie groups

Rank-one left-invariant subspaces of L2(G) that are sampling spaces and possess the interpolation property with respect to a class of discrete subsets of G are characterized for certain two-step nilpotent Lie groups G.
The Lyman α signature of the first galaxies

We present the Cosmic Lyman-$\alpha$ Transfer code (COLT), a massively parallel Monte-Carlo radiative transfer code, to simulate Lyman-$\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$) resonant scattering through neutral hydrogen as a probe of the first galaxies. We explore the interaction of centrally produced Ly$\alpha$ radiation with the host galactic environment. Ly$\alpha$ photons emitted from the luminous starburst region escape with characteristic features in the line profile depending on the density distribution, ionization structure, and bulk velocity fields. For example, anisotropic ionization exhibits a tall peak close to line centre with a skewed tail that drops off gradually. Idealized models of first galaxies explore the effect of mass, anisotropic H II regions, and radiation pressure driven winds on Ly$\alpha$ observables. We employ mesh refinement to resolve critical structures. We also post-process an ab initio cosmological simulation and examine images captured at various escape distances within the 1 Mpc$^3$ comoving volume. Finally, we discuss the emergent spectra and surface brightness profiles of these objects in the context of high-$z$ observations. The first galaxies will likely be observed through the red damping wing of the Ly$\alpha$ line. Observations will be biased toward galaxies with an intrinsic red peak located far from line centre that reside in extensive H II super bubbles, which allows Hubble flow to sufficiently redshift photons away from line centre and facilitate transmission through the intergalactic medium (IGM). Even with gravitational lensing to boost the luminosity this preliminary work indicates that Ly$\alpha$ emission from stellar clusters within haloes of $M_{\rm vir}<10^9~{\rm M}_\odot$ is generally too faint to be detected by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Beyond Static Mini-Bucket: Towards Integrating with Iterative Cost-Shifting Based Dynamic Heuristics

We explore the use of iterative cost-shifting as a dynamic heuristic generator for solving MPE in graphical models via Branch and Bound. When mini-bucket elimination is limited by its memory budget, it may not provide good heuristics. This can happen often when the graphical model has a very high induced width with large variable domain sizes. In addition, we explore a hybrid setup where both MBE and the iterative cost-shifting bound are used in a combined heuristic. We compare these approaches with the most advanced statically generated heuristics.
Computer‐Based Graphic Organizers for Students with LD: A Systematic Review of Literature

This article presents a systematic review of the literature for studies that utilized computer-based graphic organizers for students with learning disabilities. A comprehensive search yielded 12 studies that were coded and analyzed. The authors investigated the effectiveness of the treatments on academic outcomes, and selected integral instructional and methodological features for evaluation in order to delineate practical implications and prioritize future research. Findings revealed high effect sizes on social studies measures and encouraging results for written expression, while comprehension results were less promising. This review found no evidence suggesting that these treatments were efficacious without the use of explicit instruction and guided practice.
Does selection bias explain increases in pneumoconiosis observed in United States coal miners

Background: Radiographic surveillance among U.S. coal miners showed declining tenure-specific disease prevalence until 2000, when abnormalities consistent with coal workers9 pneumoconiosis (CWP) and progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) began to increase. Some have suggested the increase may be due to selection bias in the surveillance programs. Methods: For the period 2006-2009, results from the routine health surveillance program (in which costs of radiographs are paid by industry) were compared with results of a government-funded enhanced surveillance program utilizing a mobile examination unit stationed in mining regions. Observed disease prevalence was stratified by region and by mining tenure, and compared between participants in the two programs. Results: Overall, participants in the routine and enhanced surveillance programs were similar for participation rate, mining location (surface/underground), gender, and race/ethnicity. Participants in the enhanced program were older (47.1 vs 36.4 yr), had longer tenure (21.8 vs 11.4 yr), and higher prevalence of abnormal radiographs (3.9% vs 1.9%) compared to the routine program. However, among miners with at least 20 years of mining, rates of both CWP (6.1% vs 7.0%) and PMF (1.1% vs 0.9%) were similar for participants in the enhanced and routine surveillance programs, respectively. Conclusions: Tenure-specific prevalences in the routine and enhanced surveillance programs were similar, indicating that selection bias does not explain the recent increases in CWP and PMF among U.S. miners. Previous reports have implicated increased lung deposition of respirable dust and silica as explanations for the ongoing pneumoconiosis problem.
The Ambulance, the Squad Car, and the Internet

The Federal Communications Commission moved swiftly in 2005 to impose E911 and CALEA requirements - two "social policies" that had been applied to telephone companies - on broadband internet access providers and online applications. E911, broadly speaking, requires telephone companies to provide location information to a dedicated call center for anyone calling 911; CALEA, in general, requires telephone companies to design their services so as to be easily tappable by law enforcement. In the E911 context, dominant vendors of outsourced E911 compliance services have caused the FCC to insist that online businesses find ways to make their services work with 30-year-old legacy emergency hardware (access to which is controlled by the vendors). In the CALEA context, law enforcement has persuaded the Commission to rely on extraordinarily weak legal arguments in insisting that online businesses and broadband access providers make their services acceptable to law enforcement - either before these services are launched, thus constraining innovation, or for existing services at great retrofitting expense. In both settings, the FCC has plunged quickly ahead to apply these policies to the internet with little consideration either for the economic impacts of its choices or for alternative strategies that might have been employed. And both policies have been lifted largely unchanged from what they had been in the world of telephony, even though the internet presents a very different technical and economic context. These proceedings, taken together, provide a case study in a new form of digital era regulatory capture. Where an independent agency believes it has a broad delegation of power over new technology from Congress, and has a political agenda and the technical assistance of dominant unregulated entities intent on retaining the advantages that the old technology gave them - in this case, assistance came from providers of outsourced compliance services to telephone companies, and from the Department of Justice, a powerful sister agency - incumbents can easily use regulation to raise the costs of entry for new competitors. Unlike the usual tale of regulatory capture, the work of FCC staff on these rulemakings was not necessarily corrupt, and can be explained in part by the cultural background of staff (their traditional telephony or "bellhead" orientation). But the interplay among the key players in this new form of capture has resulted in a toxic environment for new online businesses established to compete with traditional telecommunications providers: The combination of hard social questions, the ever-present threat of terrorism, captured but well-meaning staff, law enforcement heavy-handedness, dominant vendors of compliance services, and well-funded activities of rent-seeking incumbents has resulted in substantial barriers to entry being created for a significant portion of the American economy by an unaccountable independent agency.
Expressed trust and compliance in police‐civilian encounters: the role of communication accommodation in Chinese and American settings

Research has demonstrated that police officers' communicative practices are potent predictors of individuals' expressed reactions to law enforcement. The present study continues this line of work in Taiwan, the People's Republic of China, and the United States by testing a theoretical model pertaining to the influence of perceived police officer accommodation and reported trust on attitudes about compliance with police requests. In addition to differences in reported levels of these variables across locations, findings indicated that perceived police officer communication accommodation predicted trust in police which, in turn, predicted attitudes about compliance with police requests. The empirical and practical significance of these findings are discussed.
7.5% optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency through use of three-dimensional plasmonic electrodes

We present a high-efficiency photoconductive terahertz source based on high-aspect ratio plasmonic contact electrodes. At an optical pump power of 1.4 mW, a record-high optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency of 7.5%.
Visual observation of development of sharkskin melt fracture in polybutadiene extrusion

We studied the sharkskin melt fracture phenomena of polybutadiene (PBD), which exhibits similar flow properties and instabilities to linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). The advantages of using PBD are that it exhibits larger distortions and slower development due to its high viscosity. By using a video camera with close-up lenses focused at the die exit, we observed the development of sharkskin in profile. It was shown that the sharkskin melt fracture develops with the cohesive failure at the die exit due to a peeling of surface layers as described by Howell and Benbow (1962). Oddly enough, this mechanism is similar to that proposed by Ovaici et al. (1998) for the extrusion of chocolate. A soap solution coating around the die exit to induce a slippery interface eliminated the sharkskin fracture, similar in the effect of fluoro-elastomer coating with LLDPE. Based on our visual observations, we qualitatively modeled the sharkskin fracture by modifying Cogswell‘s (1977) idea on exit stretching at the die exit and the force balance of Ovaici et al. on the ring formation of the chocolate extrusion.
Introduction of Dr. David F. Striffler, Third Recipient of the John W. Knutson Distinguished Service Award in Dental Public Health

It is my pleasure for a number of reasons to be here tonight. In the first place I had decided not to attend this meeting, but when Stan Heifetz called to ask me to make this presentation, it did not take me very long, as he will testify, to change my mind. The chance to honor someone 1 admire and to do it under these circumstances was just too much to resist. Another part of this invitation also seemed special to me-I was told that the award was a deep dark secret and I knew a week or so before the awardee did! Secondly, I think I am breaking new ground since, unless I am mistaken, I am the first nondentist to make this presentation. This is both a constraint and an opportunity. The constraint is that I cannot talk intelligently about David Striffler’s contribution to dental public health. I can, on the other hand, talk with considerable authority and assurance, if not necessarily intelligence, about his contribution to professional education in public health and to public health in general. And, finally, my friendship with Johnny Knutson makes it a real delight to be here. He was in the final year of his doctorate program during my first year as a young instructor at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. We both learned much that year. I don’t know how many of you knew John Knutson, but his ready smile, the quickness with which he could laugh at adversity or good fortune, and his ability to look at all sides of a problem were impressive. I got to know him even better later when we were both on the governing council of the American Public Health Association. There, one of the ways he distinguished himself, in my view, was in never defending turf. Johnny was interested in everyone’s welfare. He demonstrated
T1 measurements incorporating flip angle calibration and correction in vivo.

Abstract In this work, we propose a variable FA method that combines in vivo flip angle (FA) calibration and correction with a short TR variable FA approach for a fast and accurate T1 mapping. The precision T1s measured across a uniform milk phantom is estimated to be 2.65% using the conventional (slow) inversion recovery (IR) method and 28.5% for the variable FA method without FA correction, and 2.2% when FA correction is included. These results demonstrate that the sensitivity of the variable FA method to RF nonuniformities can be dramatically reduced when these nonuniformities are directly measured and corrected. The acquisition time for this approach decreases to 10 min from 85 min for the conventional IR method. In addition, we report that the averaged T1s measured from five normal subjects are 900 ± 3 ms, 1337 ± 8 ms and 2180 ± 25 ms in white matter (WM), gray matter (GM) and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) using the variable flip angle method with FA correction at 3 T, respectively. These results are consistent with previously reported values obtained with much longer acquisition times. The method reduces the total scan time for whole brain T1 mapping, including FA measurement and calibration, to approximately 6 min. The novelty of this method lies in the in vivo calibration and the correction of the FAs, thereby allowing a rapid and accurate T1 mapping at high field for many applications.
Polyculture of Endangered Bonytails and Razorback Suckers in Recirculated Water

Abstract Bonytails Gila elegans and razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus are imperiled fish species that are endemic to the Colorado River system in the southwestern United States. Captive propagation is a component of the recovery plan for each species, which are sometimes cultured together indoors in water reuse systems. A 3 × 2 factorial design was selected for examining the co-culture of two bonytail size-classes with razorback suckers at three densities (0, 2, or 5 razorback suckers/tank) for 120 d. There were four replicates of the design. Tank cleaning effort, measured as the number of required siphoning events per replicate (432-L tank), was significantly lower in tanks containing razorback suckers and bonytails (polyculture) relative to those without razorback suckers (monoculture). Survival was high, averaging 100% for razorback suckers and 96% for bonytails, but bonytail survival was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for small bonytails cultured with 2 razorback suckers/tank relative to all other t...
Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in the adolescent male

Sporadic cases of anorexia nervosa in the male patient have been described. We present three cases of weight loss in adolescent males. The first is a typical case of primary anorexia nervosa. The second illustrates weight loss in the competitive adolescent athlete. The third was mistakenly thought to have primary anorexia nervosa. At autopsy, he had regional enteritis. These patients are compared to call attention to the differential diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in the adolescent male.
Novel inhibitors of trypanothione biosynthesis: Synthesis and evaluation of a phosphinate analog of glutathionyl spermidine (GSP), a potent, slow-binding inhibitor of GSP synthetase

Abstract A phosphinate analog of glutathionyl spermidine (Gsp), 3 , has been synthesized and evaluated as an inhibitor of Gsp synthetase (GSPS). In addition, a non-spermidine-containing derivative ( 4 ) was synthesized in order to evaluate the role of the polyamine moiety in ligand binding. Compound 4 showed almost no inhibitory activity against E. coli GSPS while 3 was found to be a potent, slow-binding inhibitor of this enzyme, with the collisional E·I complex isomerizing to an E·I ∗ complex with 410-fold higher affinity.
Analysis of Tire Force and Moment Response During Side Slip Using an Efficient Finite Element Model

Abstract This paper describes the application of a new type of non‐linear 3D finite element tire model for simulating tire spindle force and moment response during side slip. The simulation model, briefly described in the paper, is composed of shell elements, which model the tread deformation, coupled to special purpose finite elements that model the deformation of the sidewall and contact between the tread and the ground. The sidewall special purpose element uses a pre‐computed look‐up table to efficiently calculate the sidewall shape and the forces acting on the tread. The model is designed to predict the forces at the spindle and ground and the overall tire shape, as opposed to the internal stress fields. This paper considers the following deformation scenarios: 1) a vertically loaded tire deforming laterally on a flat surface and 2) a tire rolling straight ahead under a prescribed sideslip angle. Experimental data is also presented to verify the force predictions.
Existence and uniqueness of physical ground states

Abstract It is proved that if A is a bounded Hermitian operator on a probability Hilbert algebra which preserves positivity and is continuous from L2 to Lp for some p > 2 then ∥ A ∥ is an eigenvalue of A. A sufficient condition is given for its multiplicity to be one. Applications are given to the proof of existence and nondegeneracy of physical ground states in quantum field theory for physical systems involving Fermions or Bosons.
The range of validity of the Eddington approximation

Abstract The Eddington approximation is often assumed to be useful only for optically thick media having a single-scattering albedo near unity. We present detailed evidence in this paper that, for homogeneous layers illuminated by a beam of radiation, the Eddington approximation predicts albedo and absorptivity reasonably well for all values of optical depth and single-scattering albedo, for several scattering phase functions (Rayleigh, Henyey-Greenstein, and Mie) having asymmetry factors less than or equal to 1 2 . The worst errors are in the neighborhood of optical depth unity and single-scattering albedo 0.5. The Eddington approximation is further found to maintain good accuracy over almost the full range of incident beam directions and surface albedos. It is least accurate for the Mie phase function example, where one can obtain a dramatic improvement in accuracy by going over to the δ-Eddington approximation; this shows that the forward peak of the Mie phase function, and not its detailed shape, is the primary cause of diminished accuracy in the Eddington approximation.
Computational Flow Simulation for the Entire Nano-Filter

This paper describes the computational models to analyze fluid flow characteristics in a nano-filter made from silicon wafer, then illustrates analyses of the external and ion electric potential distribution, ion transport, and fluid flow velocity distribution. Although no optimization of the design parameters is attempted, the illustrative analyses using the computational model reveal that unless the nano-filter design is carefully optimized the flow distribution can become very nonuniform over the entire filter and thus inefficient.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Induction of the hepatic cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase system by cis- and tranas-5,10-dihydrogen mirex

The hepatic induction of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase components by cis- and trans-5,10-dihydrogen mirex was studied in male and female laboratory rats. There were sex-dependent differences between the two isomeric derivatives of mirex. The cis-isomer significantly increased aniline hydroxylase activity in the female, but not in the male. In contrast, aminopyrine N-demethylase was significantly increased by the cis-isomer in both sexes. The trans-isomer increased the hydroxylase and N-demethylase activities in both sexes. The cis-isomer induced NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the female, and the trans-isomer did not. Both isomers induced hepatic reductase activity in the male rat. No sex-dependent differences in the hepatic induction of cytochrome P-450 were observed for either isomer.
HUMIC MACROMOLECULES IN NATURAL WATERS

Abstract Humic substances are the major organic constituents of soils and sediments. They also occur in small concentrations in natural surface waters and groundwaters. They form through the breakdown of plant and animal tissues by chemical and biological processes that tend to produce complex chemical structures that are more stable than the original material from which they were derived. One of the more important characteristics of humic substances is their ability to form water-soluble and water-insoluble complexes with metal ions and hydrous oxides and to interact with clay minerals and various organic compounds such as alkanes, fatty acids, and toxic organic substances such as pesticides.
Workplace as Safe Haven: How Managers Can Mitigate Risk for Employee Suicide

This article emphasizes the role that managers can play in mitigating risk for suicidal behavior among employees. The literature has long established a relationship between negative workplace conditions and psychological difficulties, such as depressive disorders and suicidal behavior. Based upon a review of these studies, as well as consideration of best practices in suicide prevention, the authors developed the Safe Haven Model (SHM) for managers who are interested in implementing suicide prevention initiatives in the workplace. The SHM is an approach to workplace suicide prevention that consists of three objectives: creating a positive and supportive work environment conducive to psychological well-being, increasing managers’ and coworkers’ awareness of risk factors for suicide, and promoting utilization of mental health support services. By eliminating psychosocial stressors, providing gatekeeper training, and offering Employee Assistance Programs for mental health needs, managers can establish the wo...
Ultrasonic characterization of tissues via backscatter frequency dependence

Phantom and patient studies were performed to assess the potential of backscatter frequency dependence as a useful parameter for tissue characterization. A commercial phased-array ultrasonic scanner was adapted to allow digitization of the intermediate-frequency ultrasonic data. Studies of agar phantoms containing polystyrene microspheres with 3.5 and 5 MHz transducers indicated the ability for robust differentiation of phantoms having different scatterer size and frequency dependence, based on calculated differences in mean frequencies of backscattered spectra. Using a 3.5-MHz probe, significantly lower mean frequency of ultrasound backscattered from cirrhotic, compared to normal, liver tissue was noted. Studies of benign and malignant liver tumors (hemangiomas and metastases, respectively) indicated differences in frequency content of these tumors, compared to the adjacent normal liver, that were statistically significant for 3.5-MHz data.
Genetic Determinants of Virulence in the Marine Fish Pathogen Vibrio anguillarum

One of the most studied fish pathogens is Vibrio anguillarum. Development of the genetics and biochemistry of the mechanisms of virulence in this fish pathogen together with clinical and ecologic studies has permitted the intensive development of microbiology in fish diseases. It is the intention of this review to compile the exhaustive knowledge accumulated on this bacterium and its interaction with the host fish by reporting a complete analysis of the V. anguillarum virulence factors and the genetics of their complexity.
Survey of regional health care providers on selection of treatment for bulimia nervosa.

Objective To determine which treatments clinicians currently recommend for patients with bulimia nervosa (BN), to find out if they recommended evidence-based treatments, and to assess availability and clinician satisfaction with treatment options. Methods Surveys were sent to 1,263 health care providers in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin who were likely to encounter patients with BN. These health care providers comprised all primary care clinicians, physician assistants, advanced practice nurses, and all mental health/chemical dependency clinicians (MDs, Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), social workers, doctoral and masters-level therapists, and chemical dependency (CD) counselors) affiliated with the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Results Evidence-based treatments for BN are recommended consistently and are generally perceived to be available, at least to practitioners affiliated with a large medical center in the Midwest. Clinician satisfaction with treatment options is modest. Discussion Clinicians are recommending evidence-based treatments for BN patients and find them to be generally available. Modest satisfaction with available treatments may reflect a realistic understanding of treatment options, which need further development. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 27–32, 2004.
Differential Grading Standards Revisited

The differential grading standards described by Goldman and Widawski (1976) exist in the same magnitude and in roughly the same order a decade later in a different kind of institution. Major fields that attract as majors students who score higher on SATs employ stricter grading standards. These differential grading standards serve to attenuate the correlation between SAT scores and grades, which is, even in highly selective institutions, substantial.
Serology of coccidioidomycosis.

We believe there is strong evidence to support a continuing search for coccidioidomycosis in new areas, in the Old World as well as in the New World, and in places with a climate and ecology different from the semi-arid conditions of the known endemic areas. Such an investigation would be justified in any population group where there is a high incidence of respiratory disease of unknown etiology. Very satisfactory and practical immunological techniques are available, but the present evidence indicates that the antigens used in these tests should be prepared from strains ofC. immitis recovered from the area to be investigated. Obviously this cannot be done at present, so such a program should be preceeded by an extensive survey of soil samples in the area in order to recover any existing native strains ofC. immitis. Whereas this would be the ideal situation, one could consider initiating the proposed study with coccidioidins prepared from selected strains of this fungus, incorporating as complete a spectrum of known antigens as is possible with our present knowledge, and keeping in mind that even this may not be adequate. We would welcome the opportunity to assist any investigator preparing to undertake a survey for coccidioidomycosis in his country.
The road to accreditation

Abstract The formation and initial efforts of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Accreditation and Standards Committee are described. The rationale for the accreditation guidelines adopted by the Academy is explained. Further efforts of the Committee to achieve the goal of the designation of the Academy as the accreditation agency for postsecondary criminal justice education programs are set forth.
A prospective, randomized, trial of phenobarbital versus benzodiazepines for acute alcohol withdrawal.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to compare phenobarbital (PB) versus lorazepam (LZ) in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal in the emergency department (ED) and at 48 hours. Methods Prospectively, randomized, consenting patients were assessed using a modified Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA) score and given intravenous PB (mean, 509 mg) or LZ (mean, 4.2 mg). At discharge, LZ patients received chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and PB patients received placebo. Results Of 44 patients, 25 received PB, and 19 LZ. Both PB and LZ reduced CIWA scores from baseline to discharge (15.0-5.4 and 16.8-4.2, P P = .3), discharge scores ( P = .4), ED length of stay (267 versus 256 minutes, P = .8), admissions (12% versus 16%, P = .8), or 48-hour follow-up CIWA scores (5.8 versus 7.2, P = .6). Conclusion Phenobarbital and LZ were similarly effective in the treatment of mild/moderate alcohol withdrawal in the ED and at 48 hours.
Wireless Monitoring of the Height of Condensed Water in Steam Pipes

A wireless health monitoring system has been developed for determining the height of water condensation in steam pipes. The data acquisition in this system is done remotely using a wireless network system. The developed system is designed to operate in the harsh manhole environment and the pipe temperature of over 200 °C. The test method is an ultrasonic pulse-echo and the hardware that includes a pulser, receiver, a data processor and wireless modem for communication. Data acquisition and signal processing software were developed to determine the water height using adaptive signal processing and data communication that can be controlled while the hardware is installed in a manhole. A statistical decision-making tool is being developed based on the field test data to determine the height of the condensed water height under high noise conditions and other environmental factors.
Radio Source Counts in Cosmology

SCHMIDT1 has objected to an argument given in my 1968 Bakerian Lecture2. Fig. 2 of Kellermann's recent Warner Prize Lecture3 shows combined differential source counts at 75, 20, 11 and 6 cm. The points show a Euclidean distribution for values of the integral count between ∼ 10 and ∼ 103 sources sr−1. Above 103 sources sr−1 the counts deviate from a Euclidean distribution in the way that is expected for cosmologically distant objects, but for less than 10 sources sr−1 the counts deviate from Euclidean in a reversed sense. This so-called “steep” part of the distribution therefore involves only ∼ 100 sources over the whole sky. The point from my Bakerian Lecture, now under criticism, was that the latter deviation can be regarded as a local fluctuation in which ∼ 5 nearby sources sr−1 are considered to be missing at the high flux end of the source distribution. The data from four surveys, given in the reference cited above, strongly support this position.
Motives for voting as shown by the Cincinnati P. R. election of 1929

When information regarding the candidates is available, an analysis of the transfers made under the Hare system of proportional representation throws light upon motives for voting. A study of the returns for the 1929 Cincinnati councilmanic elections shows that the rivalry between the charter committee and the organization Republican party outweighed all other factors. The factor of color came next in importance. Nationalistic, religious and class influences were relatively insignificant.
Neonatal intensive care unit admissions and their associations with late preterm birth and maternal risk factors in a population-based study

Objective. To assess the association of late preterm births (LPB [340/7–366/7]) and maternal risk factors with Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admissions.Methods. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data of all who delivered between 2000 and 2008. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression.Results. During the study period, 259,576 babies were delivered, and 11.6% were admitted to the NICU. Using logistic regression (NICU admission vs. no NICU admission), there was a 9-fold increased risk associated with preterm labor including preterm premature rupture membranes (PTL/PPROM) while LPB and essentially all other maternal risk factors were not significant.Conclusions. In our study, NICU admissions are more associated with PTL/PPROM rather than LPB and maternal risk factors.
Early and late contributions of glutamate and CGRP to mechanical sensitization by endothelin-1.

Abstract Intraplantar injection of endothelin-1 (ET-1) (1.5–10 μM) in the rat produces mechanical allodynia. Here we identify the receptor subtypes for ET-1, glutamate and CGRP critical to such allodynia. Antagonism of ET A or ET B receptors alone, by BQ123 or BQ788, respectively, only partially suppressed allodynia; the combined antagonists prevented allodynia, showing the involvement of both receptor subtypes. Co-injection of NMDA receptor antagonists, (+)MK-801 or D-AP5, with ET-1 also prevented allodynia. In contrast, co-injection of the CGRP1 antagonist CGRP 8-37 attenuated only the later phase of allodynia (>30 min). A mechanistic basis for these effects is shown by ET-1's ability to enhance basal release from cultured sensory neurons of glutamate and CGRP (2.4-fold and 5.7-fold, respectively, for 10 nM ET-1). ET A blockade reduced ET-1's enhancement of basal CGRP release by ∼80%, but basal glutamate release by only ∼30%. ET-1 also enhanced the capsaicin-stimulated release of CGRP (up to 2-fold for 0.3 nM ET-1), but did not change capsaicin-stimulated glutamate release. Release stimulated by elevated K + was not altered by ET A blockade, nor did blockade of ET B reduce any type of release. Thus, ET-1 may induce release of glutamate and CGRP from nerve terminals innervating skin, thereby sensitizing primary afferents, accounting for ET-1-dependent tactile allodynia. Perspective The endogenous endothelin peptides participate in a remarkable variety of pain-related processes. The present results provide evidence for the participation of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors and CGRP receptors in the hyperalgesic responses to exogenous ET-1 and suggest clinically relevant targets for further study of elevated pain caused by release of endogenous ET-1.
Utilizing run-to-run control to improve process capability and reduce waste in lithography: case studies in semiconductor and display manufacturing, and a vision for the future

Run-to-run (R2R) control is now a required component of microlithography processing. R2R control is a form of discrete process control in which the product recipe with respect to a particular process is modified between runs; a "run" can be a lot, wafer or even a die ("shot"). Deployment experience reveals that a cost and technology-effective R2R control solution must be part of a complete Advanced Process Control and equipment automation solution that includes Fault Detection. This complete solution must leverage event-driven technology to support flexibility and reconfigurability, be re-usable via model libraries, be deployed in a phased approach, utilize robust control algorithms, be easily integratable with other components in the manufacturing process, and be extensible to incorporate new technologies as they are developed. In microlithography applications, R2R control solutions are shown to improve process centering and reduce variability resulting in process capability improvements of up to 100%. In the near future, virtual metrology, which harnesses the power of microlithography fault detection along with a prediction engine, will better enable wafer-to-wafer and shot-to-shot feedback control by predicting metrology values for each wafer or die without incurring extra metrology cost or unnecessary waste.
Power balance and the rationality of outcomes in matching markets.

Abstract Negotiated outcomes in market contexts where unique goods are offered include the matching of buyers and sellers and the terms of dyadic agreements. In a laboratory simulation of the MBA job market, subjects played the roles of job candidates or corporate recruiters. Subjects found jobs or hired employees and agreed to the terms of their employment contracts. The balance of power between the sides of the market was manipulated by 1) increasing the longevity of employment offers, or 2) improving the alternatives to agreement of recruiters. The results suggest that the quality of negotiated agreements between dyad members increased by unequal power. At the market level of analysis, the results suggest that exploding offers lower the quality of matching outcomes. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for competitive practices in matching markets.
POLITICAL VALUES IN A CHANGING RURAL COMMUNITY

This survey data from a rapidly growing rural community reports on the attitudes and expectations residents have toward government. These residents, influenced by their “politics of escapism” from urban living, are oriented to relationships with a few friends and neighbors and a sense of community cooperation. Rather than being primarily interested in better public services, these residents possess a larger view of the values of a rural life style and a willingness to accept less service as its cost.