cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of Power Electronics Components at Cryogenic Temperatures

In order to apply power electronics systems to applications such as superconducting systems under cryogenic temperatures, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics of different parts in the power electronics system. This article reviews the influence of cryogenic temperature on power semiconductor devices including Si and wide bandgap switches, integrated circuits, passive components, interconnection and dielectric materials, and some typical cryogenic converter systems. Also, the basic theories and principles are given to explain the trends for different aspects of cryogenically cooled converters. Based on the review, Si active power devices, bulk Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) based integrated circuits, nanocrystalline and amorphous magnetic cores, NP0 ceramic and film capacitors, thin/metal film and wirewound resistors are the components suitable for cryogenic operation. Pb-rich PbSn solder or In solder, classic printed circuit boards material, most insulation papers and epoxy encapsulant are good interconnection and dielectric parts for cryogenic temperatures.
A Medieval Catalan Horticultural Treatise, "Memòria de les maneres de les llaurons": Introduction, Critical Edition, Translation, Notes and Glossary

The seven known witnesses to a hitherto unpublished medieval Catalan horticultural treatise, Memoria de les maneres de les llaurons , are compared and analyzed. A critical edition is presented, with introduction, notes, English translation and glossary. In an appendix, a synoptic edition provides transcriptions of all accessible witnesses to this text.
Specialized Metabolites for Bacterial Communication

Abstract This article focuses on chemical forms of communication that occur within and between species of bacteria. In their natural environments, bacteria predominantly exist in multi-cellular and even multi-species communities. Bacteria gain advantages from coordinating physiological functions across populations. The orchestration of population-based processes, such as biofilm formation or motility, require communication. In addition, communities may be collections of different species, which organize and interact by mechanisms that are poorly understood. Specialized forms of communication, which include the production of antibiotics and other bioactive metabolites, provide fitness advantages in competitive multi-species communities. Whether in communication, competition, or even cooperation between species, specialized metabolism is the wellspring for natural products produced by bacteria. This article highlights many forms of chemical communication used by bacteria, insights from the literature into the connections between communication and natural products, and studies that suggest new avenues for understanding the mechanisms of communication.
30 – Prüfer Transformation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Prufer transformation applicable to linear, homogeneous, second-order differential equations. This standard transformation changes an equation from Liouville normal form to two successive ordinary differential equations. The chapter considers the Sturm–Liouville equation d/dx[P(x) du/dx] + Q(x)u = 0, defined on a 0, P ∈ C1, and Q continuous. If this single second-order equation is thought of as two first-order equations for the unknowns {u, u'}, then the dependent variables can be changed from {u, u'} to R(x) and θ(x) by P(x)u'(x) = R(x)cosθ(x); and u(x) = R(x)sinθ(x). The chapter also highlights that the Prufer transformation is often used to obtain information about the zeros of u(x).
Research progress in individualized administration of mercaptopurine for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Mercaptopurine is used to treat children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mercaptopurine can cause bone marrow suppression and liver toxicity, threatening the lives of children, resulting in interruption or discontinuation of the chemotherapy, increasing the risk of disease recurrence. The mercaptopurine dosage regimens should be adjusted according to drug metabolizing enzyme genotypes, detection of intra-erythrocytic metabolic products, and creating a physical model. Individualized administration should be adopted in order to improve the efficacy and safety of mercaptopurine. Key words: 6-mercaptopurine; Leukemia, lymphoid; Individualized medicine
Semi-supervised learning for somatic variant calling and peptide identification in personalized cancer immunotherapy

Personalized cancer vaccines are emerging as one of the most promising approaches to immunotherapy of advanced cancers. However, only a small proportion of the neoepitopes generated by somatic DNA mutations in cancer cells lead to tumor rejection. Since it is impractical to experimentally assess all candidate neoepitopes prior to vaccination, developing accurate methods for predicting tumor-rejection mediating neoepitopes (TRMNs) is critical for enabling routine clinical use of cancer vaccines. In this paper we introduce Positive-unlabeled Learning using AuTOml (PLATO), a general semi-supervised approach to improving accuracy of model-based classifiers. PLATO generates a set of high confidence positive calls by applying a stringent filter to model-based predictions, then rescores remaining candidates by using positive-unlabeled learning. To achieve robust performance on clinical samples with large patient-to-patient variation, PLATO further integrates AutoML hyper-parameter tuning, classification threshold selection based on spies, and support for bootstrapping. Experimental results on real datasets demonstrate that PLATO has improved performance compared to model-based approaches for two key steps in TRMN prediction, namely somatic variant calling from exome sequencing data and peptide identification from MS/MS data.
The Role of Valuation Specialists in Audits of Fair Values and Potential for Change under Amended PCAOB Standards

The PCAOB recently implemented amended auditing standards on the use of valuation specialists on fair value audits. Using data from interviews with 42 audit and valuation partners and managers, we describe the role of valuation specialists in audits of fair values and the problems that arise in these audits under the original guidance, and we evaluate whether the amended guidance will lead to changes in practice that mitigate the problems. We find that specialists are more involved in fieldwork relative to planning and completion, in which they play a more limited role. While the amended standards change certain requirements around communication with specialists and reviewing their work, specialists’ limited role in making overall conclusions relative to auditors will continue. Our analysis suggests that the changes in the amended standards are unlikely to meaningfully change practice. We expect little change because the amended standards will not increase specialists’ responsibility for outcomes or provide additional guidance to specialists, they will not require auditors of fair values to acquire valuation knowledge, and they cannot reduce the inherent uncertainty in the audit setting surrounding fair values. These issues underlie many of the problems in this area.
Unemployment development in municipalities of the micro-region of Strakonice

In the period of 2002–2006, observations of the unemployment development in municipalities situated in less favourable areas (hereafter LFA) of the micro-region of Strakonice and in other municipalities of the microregion outside of the LFA. The aim of the observations was to determine whether it is possible to predict that the unemployment rate in the LFA is higher than in municipalities outside the LFA. Using spectral analysis, a quality model has been found allowing us to predict and compare unemployment in both groups of municipalities.
The Properties and Representation of Causal Relationships

In the first chapter of this dissertation I presented an overview of the RX algorithm for the derivation of tentative causal relationships from observational data. In this chapter I will focus on our operational definition of causality, certain important descriptors of causal relationships, and their representation in the knowledge base.
Solving Polynomial Equations

In this chapter we will discuss several approaches to solving systems of polynomial equations. First, we will discuss a straightforward attack based on the elimination properties of lexicographic Grobner bases. Combining elimination with numerical root-finding for one-variable polynomials we get a conceptually simple method that generalizes the usual techniques used to solve systems of linear equations. However, there are potentially severe difficulties when this approach is implemented on a computer using finite-precision arithmetic. To circumvent these problems, we will develop some additional algebraic tools for root-finding based on the algebraic structure of the quotient rings k[x 1,..., x n ]/I. Using these tools, we will present alternative numerical methods for approximating solutions of polynomial systems and consider methods for real root-counting and root-isolation. In Chapters 3, 4 and 7, we will also discuss polynomial equation solving. Specifically, Chapter 3 will use resultants to solve polynomial equations, and Chapter 4 will show how to assign a well-behaved multiplicity to each solution of a system. Chapter 7 will consider other numerical techniques (homotopy continuation methods) based on bounds for the total number of solutions of a system, counting multiplicities.
National Standards, Local Control of Curriculum: Setting the Course of Mathematics Education in the United States

In the U.S., a country comprised of over 14,000 school districts, 2.7 million teachers, and 47 million public school children, public education remains the purview of local decision-makers and the constitutional responsibility of states. Interactions among local, state, and national mathematics education initiatives and policies have had an interesting historical path. We examine the impact of national mathematics standards (the four standards documents produced by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]) over the past decade. In particular, we consider the complex interactions between national documents like NCTM has produced, and efforts to improve mathematics instruction at all levels.
Solvent Extraction Separation of La3+ and Ba2+ using Imidazolium Ionic Liquids and TODGA Extractant

Solvent extraction of La3+ and Ba2+ by N,N,N′,N′-tetra(n-octyl)diglycolamide (TODGA) from aqueous solutions in twelve imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs), 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide/bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ([Cnmim][NTf2]/[BETI], n = 2,3,4,6,8,10) were investigated. The corresponding extraction efficiencies were found to be dependent on concentration of TODGA used, the acidity of aqueous phase, alkyl chain length on IL cation, and IL anion as well.
Development of a Duration Threshold for Modulating Evoked Neuronal Responses After Nerve Root Compression Injury

Cervical nerve roots are susceptible to compression injuries of various durations. The duration of an applied compression has been shown to contribute to both the onset of persistent pain and also the degree of spinal cellular and molecular responses related to nociception. This study investigated the relationship between peripherally-evoked activity in spinal cord neurons during a root compression and the resulting development of axonal damage. Electrically-evoked spikes were measured in the spinal cord as a function of time during and after (post-compression) a 15 minute compression of the C7 nerve root. Compression to the root significantly (p=0.035) reduced the number of spikes that were evoked over time relative to sham. The critical time for compression to maximally reduce evoked spikes was 6.6±3.0 minutes. A second study measured the post- compression evoked neuronal activity following compression applied for a shorter, sub-threshold time (three minutes). Ten minutes after compression was removed, the discharge rate remained significantly (p=0.018) less than baseline by 58±25% relative to sham after the 15 minute compression, but returned to within 3±33% of baseline after the three minute compression. Axonal damage was evident in the nerve root at day seven after nerve root compression only after a 15 minute compression. These studies demonstrate that even a transient mechanical insult to the nerve root is sufficient to induce sustained neuronal dysfunction and axonal pathology associated with pain, and results provide support that such minor neural tissue traumas can actually induce long-lasting functional deficits.
Flexible development environment for educational robotics

Robotics is considered to be a powerful tool for teaching STEM especially when employing white-box platforms to build and program robots. In this context, programming environments should be simple and understandable for increasing the learning success and for easing the entry for teachers with non-informatics background. Furthermore, many robotics applications can also benefit from flexibility in the program deployment in contrast to the usual code-compile-download paradigm. To address these issues, this paper presents a flexible programming environment based on a layered robot control architecture, which involves the usage of mobile devices. Source code created on a smartphone or tablet can be downloaded to the robot controller, which organizes the programs having on-board compilation and execution environments. Besides, a versioning system adds to the comfort. The presented approach enables students to intuitively handle their robots, but can also be applied in more sophisticated scenarios where module-based flexible programming is required.
Ultrastructure and Lectin Histochemistry of Equine Cutaneous Histiolymphocytic Lymphosarcomas

Tissues from subcutaneous lymphosarcomas and regional lymph nodes were examined by light and electron microscopy and by lectin histochemistry. Tumors were composed of two major cell types: small lymphocytes with few organelles and pleomorphic histiocytic cells with undulant surfaces, large numbers of cytoplasmic vacuoles, and many mitochondria with large crystalline inclusions. A large gram-positive coryneform bacterium was isolated from tumor nodules but was not identified morphologically in tumor tissues. Evaluation of sections of tumors with lectins as histochemical probes revealed three staining patterns: 1) lectin labeling histiocytic cells only (wheat germ, succinylated-wheat germ, Phaseolus vulgaris and soybean agglutinins); 2) lectins labeling histiocytic, interstitial and some lymphoid cells (concanavalin A, and Pisum sativum, Lens culinaris, and Ricinus communis I agglutinins); and 3) lectins failing to label any cell (peanut, Sophora japonica, and Ulex europaeus I agglutinins). In the lymph node, macrophages were labeled by lectins of groups 1 and 2; interdigitating reticular cells were labeled by group 2 lectins. Lectin staining of histiocytic cells in tumor tissues suggested that these were reactive cells and that lymphoid cells were the primary neoplastic component.
Time-lapse microscopy studies of bystander effects induced by photosensitization

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathogenesis of many critical diseases and are also utilized as cytotoxic agents in a variety of treatments for eradication of diseased tissue, including cancer. Oxidative stress ensues when the level of ROS in a system exceeds the antioxidant capacity. Oxidative stress can have local (direct) and long-range (bystander) effects in cells and tissue and this research was carried out to determine the spatial and temporal nature of the photosensitized bystander effect using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. By initiating photosensitization in only a portion of the microscopic imaging field it was possible to differentiate direct from bystander effects in EMT-6 murine breast cancer cells in 6-well plates. Elevated ROS levels are seen immediately following photodynamic treatment in direct cells with a delayed increase in oxidative stress observed in bystander cells. Cytotoxicity is also seen at earlier times in direct cells and occurs in bystander cells in a delayed fashion. These studies confirm the existence of a bystander effect following photosensitization and implicate mediators capable of diffusing in an intercellular manner from directly photosensitized cells to bystander cells and also implicate increased oxidative stress as a mechanistic factor in generating damage in bystander cells.
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Children ≤10 kg: A Report from the Prospective Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Registry

Objective To report circuit characteristics and survival analysis in children weighing ≤10 kg enrolled in the Prospective Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (ppCRRT) Registry. Study design We conducted prospective cohort analysis of the ppCRRT Registry to: (1) evaluate survival differences in children ≤10 kg compared with other children; (2) determine demographic and clinical differences between surviving and non-surviving children ≤10 kg; and (3) describe continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) circuit characteristics differences in children ≤5 kg versus 5-10 kg. Results The ppCRRT enrolled 84 children ≤10 kg between January 2001 and August 2005 from 13 US tertiary centers. Children ≤10 kg had lower survival rates than children >10 kg (36/84 [43%] versus 166/260 [64%]; P aw ), higher urine output, and lower percent fluid overload (FO) at CRRT initiation. Adjusted regression analysis revealed that Pediatric Risk of Mortality 2 scores, FO, and decreased urine output were associated with mortality. Compared with circuits from children 5-10 kg at CRRT initiation, circuits from children ≤5 kg more commonly used blood priming for initiation, heparin anticoagulation, and higher blood flows/effluent flows for body weight. Conclusion Mortality is more common in children who are ≤10 kg at the time of CRRT initiation. Like other CRRT populations, urine output and FO at CRRT initiation are independently associated with mortality. CRRT prescription differs in small children.
Oxidative Stress Induced DNA Damage and Repair in Heart Failure Patients Supported by Continuous Flow Ventricular Assist Devices

Purpose The blood contacting surfaces of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is made of biologically inert compounds such as titanium, polytetrafluoroethylene, and acrylics. These inert materials as well as non-physiological high shear stress can affect different cellular processes in recipients. To evaluate the effects of LVAD among congestive heart failure (CHF) patients on oxidative stress and DNA damage repair, the present study have been conducted. Methods and Materials We recruited 5 CHF patients implanted with continuous flow LVADs as bridge to transplant and 5 non-smoking healthy control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in blood leukocytes and the levels of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocytes were measured by flow cytometry/immunofluorescence microscopy and spectrophotometry respectively. ELISA was used to measure oxidized low density lipoproteins ( ox LDL) in plasma. γ-H2AX foci count as DNA double strand break marker and different key proteins involved in DNA repair via non-homologous-end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) were done by immunocytochemistry in lymphocytes. Results Our study clearly indicated that the levels of ROS and ox LDL were significantly higher in CHF patients after LVAD implantation compared to baseline and controls. Moreover, SOD levels were decreased with increasing post-operative days. All the changes indicated oxidative stress among LVAD recipients. Increasing numbers of γ-H2AX foci in lymphocytes were positively correlated with the ROS (r=0.9429) and oxLDL (r=0.9753) and negatively with SOD (r=–0.9924) levels (p Conclusions Our result, for the first time showed that, LVAD not only induce oxidative stress and DNA damage in lymphocytes but also modulates the DNA repair pathways among CHF patients.
Comparative Behavioral Ratings of Parents with Severe Mentally Retarded, Special Learning Disability, and Normal Children

This investigation was concerned with similarities and differences in the perceptions of parents with normal children, learning disabled children, and severe mentally retarded children. All three groups of parents were sent the same 30-item behavioral rating scale and the same set of instructions. The rating scale contained three types of items: items indicating behavioral or emotional disturbances, items indicating possible neurological disturbance, and items with little or no diagnostic value. The return was approximately 98 percent. A specific learning disability syndrome emerged from the responses of the parents with learning disabled children. Several variables indicating possible neurological dysfunction and/or emotional disturbance also emerged from the ratings of the learning disabled parents.
On the limits of research rigidity: the number of items in a scale

Deciding whether to use singleversus multi-item scales remains a controversial topic (Bergkvist 2015; Bergkvist and Roberts 2007; Kamakura 2015). Much of the fervor behind the singleversus multi-item scale discussion stems from an understandable desire to (a) find the Bright^ answer and (b) to automate and standardize research methods. Unfortunately, there rarely, if ever, is an approach that strictly dominates all others. All approaches have pros and cons—i.e., highlight some things well and leave others in the shadows. Here, we discuss some of the pros and cons of using singleversus multi-item scales, arguing against employing rigid rules and for a goal-directed and flexible measurement approach.
So Close Yet So Far Away: American Academics on the Similarities and Differences Between the United States and Canada Following the International Canadian Studies Institute

Faculty members who participated in the International Canadian Studies Institute, an intensive thirteen-day multidisciplinary excursion into western Canada, make sense of their experiences and reflect on how the fellowship will affect their teaching and scholarship. The participants, faculty at universities and colleges in the Pacific Northwest, represent diverse disciplines ranging from anthropology to creative writing to criminal studies. As expected, the personal narratives are as distinct as the collection of fellows. All returned to their home institutions better prepared to infuse Canadian content into their teaching or research, having learned a great deal about Canada.
Death and the question of immortality

Abstract Thanatology today hardly can be accused of being a springboard of eternity; it is not a discourse on the nature and the immortality of the human soul. The human awareness of death is separated from the question of immortality. This essay shows that there is a weakening of the philosophical connection between the study of death and the question of immortality even when the question of immortality is considered in contemporary thanatology. According to Scheler, the main reason for the decline of the belief in immortality can be found in the modern human tendency to deny death itself. People today do not live in the presence of death but retain just an abstract knowledge of death in general; they repress the intuitive certainty of death. If there is no death, then there is no need either for immortality as the victory over death. The concern with immortality in contemporary thanatology comes about more as a personal, experiential conviction and as a religious faith attitude. This shows that the ques...
Dinuclear zinc(II) complexes of symmetric Schiff-base ligands with extended quinoline sidearms.

The synthesis of two 2-formylquinolines is reported via the Skraup method followed by SeO2 oxidation. Each aldehyde is condensed with (1R,2R)-diaminocyclohexane and (R)-BINAM, yielding four enantiomerically-pure bis(imine–quinoline) ligands. The neutral ligands are reacted with ZnCl2 to give complexes with bis(bidentate) coordination of ZnCl2 units. X-Ray structural characterization of three complexes shows them to have a single-stranded helical motif, with M helicity, except in one case where a 1 : 1 mixture of M and P helices is seen. The ligands and complexes are further characterized spectroscopically by solution 1H and 13C NMR, UV-vis and ECD.
Diaporthe eres (Phomopsis oblonga) as a Pathogen of Butternut (Juglans cinerea) in Connecticut

Butternut seedlings from North Carolina (S. Schlarbaum, University of Tennessee) were planted during the spring of 2005 in an open space at the edge of the Mattatuck State Forest in Plymouth, CT. There were mature butternuts with visible cankers that were at the forest edge and out of reach. In May 2006, some seedlings had died and many small, dark lesions were found on the twigs and stems of living seedlings. Stems with lesions were surface sterilized with 10% bleach, rinsed with sterile water, the epidermis peeled away, and slices of the wood were placed on the surface of 2% water agar plates. From these, we consistently isolated a Phomopsis sp. that grew well on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28°C and produced alpha and beta spores (average 8 × 2 μm and 25 × 1 μm, respectively). A mixture of six such isolates on autoclaved pieces of butternut stem supported by water agar produced perithecia after 6 months with ascospores that matched the description of Diaporthe eres (two-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, and averaged 12 × 3 μm). Two of our isolates of Diaporthe eres, both of which were weakly pathogenic and recovered from the lesions, were inoculated into cut, dormant stems of butternut 'Buckley' in the laboratory, This ascomycete was reported to be a pathogen of Juglans ailantifolia and J. regia var. orientes in Japan (1) but has not been reported on J. cinerea. There is a rather vague report of Diaporthe spiculosa on other species of Juglans and Phomopsis juglandina on twigs (with a question mark) of J. regia (with a question mark) in California (2). These were not reported by T. Kobayashi. References: (1) T. Kobayashi. Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Stn. No. 226, 1970. (2) U.S. Dep. Agric. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. Agric. Handb. No. 165, 1960.
On the Solvent Accessibility of Substrate Binding Site of Cytochrome P450c-21 in Bovine Adrenocortical Microsomes

The present study offers evidence indicating that acrylamide a polar molecule inhibits substrate-binding to P450c-21 in a competitive manner and quenches tryptophanyl fluorescence in bovine adrenocortical microsomes, similar to that in the purified lipid-free enzyme. Resolution of tryptophanyl fluorescence of the microsomes revealed an acrylamide quenching constant (K2 = 9.9M, is the association constant for the quencher-fluorophore complex) which was similar to the reciprocal of its inhibition constant (1/K1 = Ka = 8.3 ± 0.9M) for substrate-binding. The substrate inhibited the fluorescence quenching by acrylamide which was in accordance with partial competition. In addition the substrate dissociation, acrylamide inhibiton and fluorescence quenching constants and tryptophanyl fluorescence maximum (340-342nm) were essentially the same in the microsomes and the purified enzyme. These results suggest that, similar to that in the purified enzyme, a tryptophan in a polar environment in the membrane-bound P450,...
SLOW-RISE AND FAST-RISE PHASES OF AN ERUPTING SOLAR FILAMENT, AND FLARE EMISSION ONSET

We observe the eruption of an active-region solar filament of 1998 July 11 using high time cadence and high spatial resolution EUV observations from the TRACE satellite, along with soft X-ray images from the soft X-ray telescope (SXT) on the Yohkoh satellite, hard X-ray fluxes from the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) satellite and from the hard X-ray telescope (HXT) on Yohkoh, and ground-based magnetograms. We concentrate on the initiation of the eruption in an effort to understand the eruption mechanism. Prior to eruption the filament undergoes slow upward movement in a "slow rise" phase with an approximately constant velocity of about 15 km/s that lasts about 10 min. It then erupts in a "fast-rise" phase, accelerating to a velocity of about 200 km/s in about 5 min, and then decelerating to approximately 150 km/s over the next 5 min. EUV brightenings begin about concurrent with the start of the filament's slow rise, and remain immediately beneath the rising filament during the slow rise; initial soft X-ray brightenings occur at about the same time and location. Strong hard X-ray emission begins after the onset of the fast rise, and does not peak until the filament has traveled to a substantial altitude (to a height about equal to the initial length of the erupting filament) beyond its initial location. Additional information is available in the original extended abstract.
One-flipped-spin sector of the Hubbard model: A search for non-Fermi-liquid behavior

One flipped spin in the spin-polarized sector of the Hubbard model away from half-filling is considered. Aspects other than stability of the Nagaoka solution or viability of the Gutzwiller approximation (considered previously by other authors) are focused on. It is argued that understanding the phase-coherence properties of the flipped spin may be a good starting point in an attempt to prove or disprove the violation of the Fermi-liquid-like behavior in the two-dimensional (2D) Hubbard model, an outcome that has been strongly advocated by P. W. Anderson. The system is analyzed in the weak-coupling limit via a variational wave function in 1D and 2D. The variational problem is reduced to solving a nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation in both of these dimensionalities. It is found that a solitonic type of solution emerges in weak coupling in 1D, but not in 2D. This implies a conventional Fermi-liquid-like behavior in our system in 2D in the weak-coupling limit. A discussion of possible loopholes in our approach is presented, and the remaining possibility of non-Fermi-liquid-like behavior in the strong-coupling limit at finite densities in 2D is noted. An interesting connection with the existing work on heavy mobile impurities in metals and in $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ is pointed out.
Terrestrial paleorecords of Ge/Si cycling derived from lake diatoms

Abstract Modern river studies support the generalization that surface waters in regions undergoing extensive chemical weathering have elevated dissolved germanium/silicon (Ge/Si) ratios compared to regions with less extensive chemical weathering, thought to be the result of Ge fractionation in 2:1 clays. Temporal variations in Ge/Si observed in marine diatoms have thus been linked to past global trends in terrestrial weathering. However, this relationship has not been adequately ground-truthed by a terrestrial-based paleoclimate study utilizing Ge/Si ratios in lake diatoms. To this end, a sediment core was extracted from Dry Lake (el. 2763 m) in the headwaters of the Santa Ana River of southern California in July 1996. The Dry Lake drainage basin is comprised of biotite–muscovite gneiss and granite, with sparse pine forests and relatively high relief. The core had a basal AMS 14C age of 8,350±60 ybp. We successfully separated diatom samples large enough for cleaning, dissolution and chemical analysis without contamination by detrital materials (confirmed by trace metal analyses). Two dissolved opal samples were analyzed for Ge and Si concentrations along with modern water samples collected from waters within the drainage basin. Diatoms obtained from 8000-year-old sediments near the bottom of the core had an opal Ge/Si of 0.79×10−6 (mol/mol). A composite sample of diatoms deposited within the past 100 years yielded a significantly lower Ge/Si of 0.34×10−6. Analysis of Ge/Si was also performed from a variety of other materials in the Dry Lake basin, including stream and lake water, unweathered bedrock, soils, and mineral separates. Together with sedimentologic records from the lake sediments and Ge/Si recorded in other basin materials, it appears that the high Ge/Si values recorded in the 8000-year opal sample were the result of preferential early weathering of high Ge/Si biotite and muscovite minerals from the slopes. Thus, the detailed examination of Ge/Si cycling in this isolated basin indicates that factors other than clay mineral transformations may drive Ge/Si paleorecords in some settings.
Use of behavioral biometrics in intrusion detection and online gaming

Behavior based intrusion detection is a frequently used approach for insuring network security. We expend behavior based intrusion detection approach to a new domain of game networks. Specifically, our research shows that a unique behavioral biometric can be generated based on the strategy used by an individual to play a game. We wrote software capable of automatically extracting behavioral profiles for each player in a game of Poker. Once a behavioral signature is generated for a player, it is continuously compared against player's current actions. Any significant deviations in behavior are reported to the game server administrator as potential security breaches. Our algorithm addresses a well-known problem of user verification and can be re-applied to the fields beyond game networks, such as operating systems and non-game networks security.
Polarity and Inseparability: The Foundation of the Apodictic Portion of Aristotle's Modal Logic

Modern logicians have sought to unlock the modal secrets of Aristotle's Syllogistic by assuming a version of essentialism and treating it as a primitive within the semantics. These attempts ultimately distort Aristotle's ontology. None of these approaches make full use of tests found throughout Aristotle's corpus and ancient Greek philosophy. I base a system on Aristotle's tests for things that can never combine (polarity) and things that can never separate (inseparability). The resulting system not only reproduces Aristotle's recorded results for the apodictic syllogistic in the Prior Analytics but it also generates rather than assumes Aristotle's distinctions among ‘necessary’, ‘essential’ and ‘accidental’. By developing a system around tests that are in Aristotle and basic to ancient Greek philosophy, the system is linked to a history of practices, providing a platform for future work on the origins of logic.
Cholinergic substrate for drinking in the rat.

Literature on the phenomenon of cholinergically elicited drinking is reviewed. Data are presented supporting the cholinergic specificity of the drinking elicited by carbachol. The mechanism responsible for the cholinergic induction of drinking does not appear identical to that responsible for “natural thirst” or drinking produced by other artificial means. The data support a diffuse limbic system distribution of the cholinergic drinking substrate and are inconsistent with the “ventricular or fiber diffusion hypotheses.” Possible mechanisms responsible for cholinergic drinking in the rat and the lack of phylogenetic generality are also discussed.
On the Structure of Nilpotent Normal Form Modules

Abstract The set of vector fields that are in normal form with respect to a given linear part has the structure of a module and is best described by giving the Stanley decomposition of that module. An algorithm is presented that produces a Stanley decomposition for the module of equivariants of the flow of a nilpotent linear vector field, given a Stanley decomposition for the ring of invariants. This reduces the study of nilpotent normal forms to classical invariant theory plus this one additional algorithm. Both the inner product normal form (Elphick) and the sl(2) normal form (Cushman–Sanders) are covered within a single theory, and simplified (non-equivariant) versions of each normal form are presented.
An improved method for visualizing the coronary arteries at post mortem.

Abstract A technique for visualizing the coronary bed of the heart has been described which has certain advantages over previously described methods. It is simple and the entire procedure requires only two hours. The method of dissection preserves the cardiac valves, and the injection mass, which is color fast, does not distort the histologic picture of the myocardium.
Conformationally restricted 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) analogs: synthesis and evaluation of catalytic effectiveness

The syntheses of a series of conformationally restricted 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) analogs 1-3 are described. Evaluations of catalyst effectiveness demonstrated that 1 was the best catalyst for the acetylation reaction of a tertiary alcohol, while 2 and 3 were roughly comparable to DMAP. The order of effectiveness of these catalysts roughly parallels their acetylation enthal- pies estimated from ab initio calculations. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Sabbat of Demonologists: Basel, 1431–1440

(2003). A Sabbat of Demonologists: Basel, 1431–1440. The Historian: Vol. 65, No. 6, pp. 1375-1396.
Isolation of an unclassified enterovirus from healthy children.

SummaryA viral agent was isolated in primary rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures from rectal swabs obtained from 2 healthy children resident in Western Pennsylvania. Although the agent had many of the characteristics of the human enterovirus group no serological relationship to any of the recognized pro types was demonstrated. Sera drawn from 2 normal adult population groups showed the presence of antibodies in a significant proportion (16-18%) against the virus which was successfully reisolated from the 2 original specimens. The evidence suggests that this as yet unidentified agent is a member of the human enterovirus group.
Channels to the Top: An Exploration of Sex Role and Information Source.

This study examined the relationship of employee sex and information source with perceived job autonomy, satisfaction with immediate supervisor and perceived opportunities for career advancement. In addition to the main analysis, exploratory communication profiles were constructed for female and male respondents. Multiple regression revealed no pragmatically significant differences in the prediction models for men and women; however, elementary linkage analysis indicates that discrepancies may exist between female and male perceptions of career advancement opportunities in relation to other variables.
Sweden's Financial Sophistication in the Nineteenth Century: An Appraisal

The article tests a variant of Lars G. Sandberg's “financial sophistication hypothesis.” Sandberg argues that Sweden had an unusually large stock of financial capital in 1850 which, along with a highly literate populace, was paramount in the subsequent economic explosion. Unable to test the hypothesis directly, we use a variant—that the financial sector was a leading sector in Swedish development—amenable to time-series tests of the Granger-causality form. These tests on data from 1861 to 1910 do not show causality from financial variables to real; indeed, the converse holds.
NF/RO faujasite zeolite membrane-ammonia absorption solvent hybrid system for potential post-combustion CO2 capture application

A novel concept regarding nanofiltration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO) membrane–ammonia absorption solvent hybrid process for potential application to post-combustion CO2 capture was developed and proven experimentally, in which the synthesis of selective membranes was investigated in detail. For this purpose, FAU-type zeolite membranes prepared with and without TMAOH by secondary growth method were selected for NF/RO reclamation of ammonia water and water components from 2 carbon-rich electrolyte solutions (0.15 and 0.56 M total carbon loadings) close in chemical composition to aqueous ammonia based post-combustion CO2 scrubbing solution. It was found that the incorporation of TMAOH as an structure-directing agent (SDA) into the synthetic gel precursors leads to the formation of FAU membranes with superior separation performances to those prepared without SDA. Without SDA, the resulting membranes were severely contaminated with the byproduct Na-P1 zeolites. This study further demonstrates that neither ion exchange nor calcination step is necessary to remove the occluded SDA, without trading off the permeation fluxes of FAU zeolite membranes. In the presence of SDA, both morphology and crystallinity of the membranes are strongly dependent upon the basicity of the synthetic gel, and have an important effect on the NF/RO separation performances of the obtained membranes. The physicochemical properties of these zeolite membranes were characterized by a series of techniques including X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (XRF).
An fMRI investigation of race-related amygdala activity in African-American and Caucasian-American individuals

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine the nature of amygdala sensitivity to race. Both African-American and Caucasian-American individuals showed greater amygdala activity to African-American targets than to Caucasian-American targets, suggesting that race-related amygdala activity may result from cultural learning rather than from the novelty of other races. Additionally, verbal encoding of African-American targets produced significantly less amygdala activity than perceptual encoding of African-American targets.
The interaction of organosilanes with triphenylmethyl tetrafluoroborate

Abstract Under mild conditions, Ph3CBF4 readily fluorinates the SiH bond(s) of trialkylsilanes and dialkylsilanes. The use of this reagent in the successful fluorination of HSiMe2CH2Fe(CO)2Cp suggests that the reaction can be used to fluorinate silicon compounds that possibly would not survive more vigorous fluorination reactions. A convenient preparation of diorganofluorosilanes that have both hydrogen and fluorine bonded to silicon is described.
A note on the characterization of domination perfect graphs

A graph G is domination perfect if for each induced subgraph H of G, γ(H) = i(H), where γ and i are a graph's domination number and independent domination number, respectively. Zverovich and Zverovich [3] offered a finite forbidden induced characterization of domination perfect graphs. This characterization is not correct, but the ideas in [3] can be used to weaken the known sufficient conditions for a graph to be domination perfect and to obtain short proofs of some results regarding domination perfect graphs. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Academic medicine or private practice: You can't tell the players without a scorecard.

It has been both an honor, and a pleasure, for me to serve as your president for the past year. It is an experience for which I will be forever grateful. As practicing vascular surgeons, you are all too familiar with the sacrifices that we impose upon our families in order that we may pursue a career in medicine. We uproot our spouses and children so that we may obtain the “best training,” and then we uproot them again, in some cases several times, in an effort to advance in the academic world, or to find the “perfect job.” I owe my family a tremendous debt of gratitude, which I will never be able to adequately repay. Although professional accomplishments are satisfying, it is my family that makes my life worthwhile. Thank you to my daughter Rachel, and her husband Steve Meltser, to my son David who could not be here because he is in law school in Los Angeles, and to my granddaughter Hannah and my grandson Avi. As for my wife Susan, you have been my true companion on the road of life, without whom none of this would have been possible. I thank you and I love you. Recently, much has been written concerning the critical role of mentoring in the development of a surgeon. I have been exposed to many excellent teachers in my career. However, there are three that I consider as my mentors. The first is my father, Dr Eli Brown. To go through his resume would take up the remainder of the time allotted for my Presidential Address. Suffice it to say that he taught me early in my medical career the importance of academic pursuits. He stressed to me that taking care of patients, while important, was not the only component of being a physician. He recommended that I read at least one article every day. The length of the article was unimportant. At the end of the year, I will have read at least 365, and during a
Children in the field and methodological challenges of research in Iran

My desire to visit Iran began between 1980 and 1982, when the Iranian Revolution was constantly in the news. Through an Iranian friend from college, I became close to the entire family of recent immigrants, four women and seven children. The women attended English classes; their children tried to escape the taunts and hostilities of their classmates. I spent my time studying, helping the children with their homework, practicing English with the women, and learning my first Persian words and dishes. This domestic scene contrasted with images of violence: one, flashing television images of American hostages and mobs of angry, rioting Iranians; the other, my Iranian friends running from angry teenagers intent on beating people up because of their presumed country of origin. My Iranian friends shifted their ethnicity to "Italian," changed their names to those more familiar to Americans, and learned to dodge potentially violent situations. I began to see my own culture as one not so distant from the images of the "enemies" on the five o'clock news. These experiences charted me on a course to become an anthropologist. My connection to Iran and my connection to anthropology are intrinsically linked.
Controlled Infeasibility for Physically Feasible Optimal Motion Planning of Manipulators

In this presentation, infeasible solutions of the optimal motion planning problems are treated through constraint prioritization and associated weight functions. The merit function and elastic mode of a sequential quadratic programming algorithm are used as main driving formulations. In the proposed multiple-loop iterative algorithm, constraints are first normalized according to the current values at every certain number of iterations and then the priority weights are assigned. The algorithm was demonstrated using a three-degree of freedom planar manipulator for two problems such as obstacle avoidance and excessive external load for static configuration and a dynamic motion. The results of those two examples show reliable and physically consistent manipulator configurations which demonstrate the valid formulation of the prioritized constraints.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The fantasy-reality distinction in televised violence: Modifying influences on children's aggression

Abstract Fifth-grade and kindergarten boys and girls were exposed to a violent televised episode that was introduced as a fictional portrayal (fantasy condition) or as a news broadcast (reality condition). Additional groups were given no information (no-instructional-set condition) about the violent stimulus or were not exposed to the violent episode (no-TV condition). Aggressive responses and helping responses were recorded immediately following exposure. Boys were most aggressive in the reality and no-TV conditions. They were less aggressive in the noinstructional-set condition and least aggressive in the fantasy condition. In almost direct contrast, girls were most aggressive in the fantasy and no-instructional-set conditions and least aggressive in the reality and no-TV conditions. A posteriori analyses of this interaction effect revealed that girls were less aggressive than boys in the no-TV condition and in the reality condition, but not in the fantasy condition nor the no-instructional-set condition. These effects held for both older and younger children.