cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Anthropologist in Government

Imagine, you are at an imposing entrance with tall white walls. You enter and walk down a long, straight hallway. Soon, you must turn right, and then left, and then choose between left or right, and then you find yourself at a dead end. You turn around to find more lefts, more rights, more deadends. No hallway seems straight for very long and the walls only seem taller. Confoundedly, you realize you're deep within the maze of government bureaucracy.
A multidisciplinary approach to hemodialysis access : Prospective evaluation

A multidisciplinary approach to hemodialysis access: Prospective evaluation. Dialysis access procedures and complications represent a major cause of morbidity, hospitalization and cost for chronic dialysis patients. To improve outcomes and reduce the cost of hemodialysis access procedures we developed a multidisciplinary approach, involving nephrologists, access surgeons, and radiologists. A full-time dialysis access coordinator scheduled all access procedures with the surgeons and radiologists, and tracked outcomes. A computerized database was developed for prospective documentation of procedures and complications. Confidential, detailed analyses and recommendations for improvements were provided periodically to the surgeons and radiologists. The major changes arising from the multidisciplinary approach were as follows: (1) The approach to clotted grafts evolved from an inpatient surgical procedure to an outpatient radiologic procedure. The immediate technical success rate of graft declots increased from 48% to 69%. (2) Elective placement of arteriovenous (A-V) grafts evolved from a three-day inpatient hospitalization to a largely outpatient procedure. The proportion of A-V grafts placed as same day surgery or outpatient surgery increased from 16% to 81%. (3) Surgical complications of new A-V graft surgery decreased from 25% to 11%. (4) Aggressive detection and correction of graft stenosis decreased the incidence of graft thrombosis by 60%, from 0.70 to 0.28 events per patient-year. (5) The proportion of native A-V fistula construction in new dialysis patients increased from 33% to 69%. In conclusion, an integrated multidisciplinary approach markedly reduced surgical complications of access surgery and decreased access failures. These improvements occurred despite a marked decrease in hospitalization for access procedures, with a substantial cost saving.
X-RAY K-ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE OF NIOBIUM AND COPPER AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES.

The x-ray $K$-absorption fine structure of niobium and copper has been investigated at 300, 77, and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to determine the fundamental dependence of fine-structure variations on the Debye temperature and the location of scattering potentials. The increase in the amplitude of the fine-structure fluctuations with a lowering of absorber temperature and the dependence of fine-structure temperature variations on the Debye temperature were found to agree with recent theory. No significant change was found in the energy positions of the fine structure as the temperature of the two absorbers was lowered.
Mammalian Non-CpG Methylation: Stem Cells and Beyond

Although CpG dinucleotides remain the primary site for DNA methylation in mammals, there is emerging evidence that DNA methylation at non-CpG sites (CpA, CpT and CpC) is not only present in mammalian cells, but may play a unique role in the regulation of gene expression. For some time it has been known that non-CpG methylation is abundant in plants and present in mammalian embryonic stem cells, but non-CpG methylation was thought to be lost upon cell differentiation. However, recent publications have described a role for non-CpG methylation in adult mammalian somatic cells including the adult mammalian brain, skeletal muscle, and hematopoietic cells and new interest in this field has been stimulated by the availability of high throughput sequencing techniques that can accurately measure this epigenetic modification. Genome wide assays indicate that non-CpG methylation is negligible in human fetal brain, but abundant in human adult brain tissue. Genome wide measurement of non-CpG methylation coupled with RNA-Sequencing indicates that in the human adult brain non-CpG methylation levels are inversely proportional to the abundance of mRNA transcript at the associated gene. Additionally specific examples where alterations in non-CpG methylation lead to changes in gene expression have been described; in PGC1α in human skeletal muscle, IFN-γ in human T-cells and SYT11 in human brain, all of which contribute to the development of human disease.
The nature of a useable PKI

There is much discussion about the building of a Public Key Infrastructure [PKI], probably global, to enable electronic commerce and enable secure communication among citizens of the Internet. This discussion has been going on in one form or another for over 20 years. Early PKI work made assumptions that have since been shown to be invalid but most current PKI efforts have not stopped to review the underlying assumptions and re-design accordingly. This paper questions those underlying assumptions, suggests workable alternative assumptions and presents elements of a public key certification structure appropriate to the new assumptions.
Sulfur chemistry in flames

Quantitative laser fluorescence measurements of the concentrations of SH, S2, SO, SO2 and OH have been made in the post flame gases of a series of 10 atmospheric pressure, stoichiometric and fuel-rich H2/O2/N2 flames, containing 0, 0.25, 0.5 or 1% mole fraction of sulfur as H2S. The present discussion characterizes the chemistry of sulfur in the fuel-rich flames and also validates this fluorescence monitoring technique. A kinetic rate analysis of all the possible interactions has established that the sulfur chemistry is controlled by 8 fast bimolecular radical reactions. S, S2, SH, H2S, SO and SO2 are all coupled by fast reactions and it is only a result of the imposition of the non-equilibrated H2/O2 flame chemistry that controls their relative proportions. Termolecular reactions, other than providing a catalytic means for recombining excess H and OH concentrations are insignificant. The establishment of the equilibration of the reaction H+SO2=SO+OH provides a new method whereby fluorescence measurements of OH along with SO and SO2 can be used to determine both H and H2 concentrations in stoichiometric flames containing sulfur. This study constitutes the first systematic application of quantitative laser fluorescence measurements to a study of chemistry in a series of flames of varying composition and temperature. It demonstrates an important and powerful new method of great sensitivity and non-perturbing nature for the detailed study of combustion processes.
Cell processor low-power design methodology

Power consumption is a major challenge in VLSI design. Power-constrained designs must attack power reduction with many techniques and require tools to accurately predict the power consumption. These tools give designers feedback on the efficiency of the power management logic. We present the basic methodology behind cycle-accurate power estimation. This forms a basis for explaining the techniques used to reduce power in the first-generation Cell processor, along with data that correlates our hardware measurements against power estimates.
Inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition by aldehydes.

Fructose has been shown to protect hepatocyte viability during hypoxia or exposure to mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors. We report here that the fructose metabolite D-glyceraldehyde (D-GA) is a good inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) in isolated rat liver mitochondria. We propose that a substantial portion of the protective effect of fructose on hepatocytes is due to D-GA inhibition of the permeability transition. Aldehydes which are substrates of the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (mALDH) afford protection, while poor substrates do not. Protection is prevented by the ALDH inhibitor chloral hydrate. We propose that the NADH/NAD(+) ratio is the key to protection. The aldehydes phenylglyoxal (PGO) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), which have previously been shown to inhibit the PTP, apparently function by a different mechanism independent of mALDH activity. Both PGO or 4-HNE are themselves potent inhibitors of ALDH, and their protective effect cannot be blocked by an ALDH inhibitor.
Characteristics of taste-mediated environmental potentiation in rats

Abstract When rats drink a novel flavor in a distinctive environment and are injected with lithium, potentiated aversions are established to the environment as evidenced by the animals' unwillingness to consume a familiar, nonaversive flavor in this environment. Experiment 1 demonstrates that this potentiation is due to the presence of both the distinctive taste and the environmental cues on the conditioning trials, not simply aversive conditioning to each element or to generalization between the two elements. This potentiation phenomenon was shown to be sensitive to the novelty of the potentiating flavor in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 demonstrated that second-order conditioning is difficult to establish using these procedures, although Experiment 4 revealed that postconditioning extinction of the aversive flavor interfered substantially with environmental potentiation. These outcomes are discussed in terms of their implications for adaptive adjustments in feeding behavior as well as for more general conceptions of associative learning.
The contradictions of late nineteenth-century nationalist doctrines: three keys to the ‘globalism’ of José Martí’s nationalism.

Scholarly literature on nineteenth-century nationalism concentrates on its strong exclusionary tendencies, while studies of the Cuban independence leader Jose Marti (1853–95) focus on his articulation of Cuban nationalism and pan-Latin American regionalism through his political activities and writings. This article identifies the globalism of Marti’s nationalism, moving beyond the national and regional frameworks to which studies of Marti have consigned the Cuban freedom fighter. It argues that the global history narratives that Marti wrote for children constitute critical and innovative components of his programme for national liberation and nation building, and encapsulate his nationalist ideology through three key components: the right to self-determination at the national level, the right to self-determination at the personal level, and a sense of global humanitarianism. The article’s transnational perspective places Marti, through his inclusionary, racially blind, humanitarian form of nationalism, as contradicting late nineteenth-century nationalist doctrines, and begs for ideas about the general intellectual climate of the period to be rethought.
Understanding long-term urinary adverse events after treatment of localized prostate cancer: a key tool in informed decision-making.

Over 35 years ago, Willet F. Whitmore Jr. was quoted as saying, ‘‘The current state of prostate cancer may not be good medicine, but it sure is good business. There are more people making a living from prostate cancer than there are dying from it.’’ [1]. Although the field of urologic oncology has radically changed since then, research suggests we continue to overtreat prostate cancer. Daskivich et al [2] highlighted the importance of risk stratification for appropriate patient selection for definitive therapy, suggesting that all-cause mortality is strongly influenced by age and comorbidity status. More recently, Royce et al [3] found that a significant proportion of US men with limited life expectancy are screened for prostate cancer despite its trivial and likely negative utility. In understanding we are probably overtreating localized prostate cancer, the article by Jarosek et al [4] should be lauded for exploring the longtermmorbidity of treatment, allowing provider and patient to better engage in informed decision-making, the ultimate gold standard when deciding on a treatment modality. The Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study (PCOS) was one of the first to prospectively assess long-term health-related quality-of-life issues for men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) versus radiation [5]. Although novel in its design, it failed to match patients to control subjects and followed patients for only 5 yr, a much shorter time than their expected survival. At the 2014 American Urologic Association annual meeting, Carlsson et al [6] assessed long-term urinary, sexual, and bowel function outcomes after treatment for localized prostate cancer via a selfreported questionnaire. After a median follow-up of 11.8 yr,
Preposterism and Its Consequences

What I have to offer here are some thoughts about the “research ethic,” and the ethics of research, in philosophy. There won't be any exciting stuff about the political wisdom or otherwise of research into racial differences in intelligence, or the ethics of scientists' treatment of laboratory animals, or moral issues concerning genetic engineering or nuclear technology, or anything of that kind. There will be only, besides some rather dry analysis of what constitutes genuine inquiry and how the real thing can come to be corrupted, some rather uncomfortable reflections about the present condition of philosophy, its causes and its consequences.
Targeted Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Using Rectal Swab Cultures in Men Undergoing Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy is Associated With Reduced Incidence of Postoperative Infectious Complications and Cost of Care

Purpose: We evaluated targeted antimicrobial prophylaxis in men undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy based on rectal swab culture results.Materials and Methods: From July 2010 to March 2011 we studied differences in infectious complications in men who received targeted vs standard empirical ciprofloxacin prophylaxis before transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Targeted prophylaxis used rectal swab cultures plated on selective media containing ciprofloxacin to identify fluoroquinolone resistant bacteria. Patients with fluoroquinolone susceptible organisms received ciprofloxacin while those with fluoroquinolone resistant organisms received directed antimicrobial prophylaxis. We identified men with infectious complications within 30 days after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy using the electronic medical record.Results: A total of 457 men underwent transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy, and of these men 112 (24.5%) had rectal swab obtained while 345 (75.5%) d...
A study of the relationship between cornea permeability and eye irritation using membrane-interaction QSAR analysis.

A methodology termed membrane-interaction QSAR (MIQSAR) analysis has been used to develop QSAR models to predict drug permeability coefficients across cornea and its component layers (epithelium, stroma, and endothelium). From a training set of 25 structurally diverse drugs, significant QSAR models are constructed and compared for the permeability of the cornea, epithelium, and stroma plus endothelium. Cornea permeability is found to depend on the measured distribution coefficient of the drug, the cohesive energy of the drug, the total potential energy of the drug-membrane ‘‘complex,’’ and three other energy refinement descriptor terms. The endothelium may be a more important barrier in cornea permeation than the stroma. Moreover, an investigation of the correlation between cornea permeation and eye irritation is presented as an example of a cross study on different ADMET properties using MI-QSAR analysis. Thirteen structurally diverse drugs, whose molar-adjusted eye irritation scores (MES) have been measured using the Draize rabbit-eye test, were chosen as an eye irritation comparison set. A poor correlation (R 2 ¼ 0.0232) between the MES measures and the predicted cornea permeability coefficients for the drugs in the eye irritation
Metaphysics in Gaston Bachelard's “Reverie”

This paper aims to trace the evolution of Bachelard's thought as he gropes toward a concrete formulation of a philosophy of the imagination. Reverie, the creative daydream, occupies the central position in Bachelard's emerging metaphysic, which becomes increasingly “phenomenological” in a manner reminiscent of Husserl. This means that although Bachelard does not use Husserlian terms, he appropriates the following features of (Husserlian) phenomenology: 1. a desire to “embracket” the initial (rationalistic) impulse; and 2. an aspiration to apprehend in its entirety, the creative epiphany of an image. Ultimately, this paper aims to show that there is a sense in which Bachelard's metaphysical concerns in his poetics are an outgrowth of (rather than radical break from) his earlier scientific and epistemological concerns. What results in reverie is an aesthetic intentionality providing a metaphysic of the imagination: the aesthetic object, such as fire or water, is an object only insofar as it enables/calls forth a subject to enter into a receptive, self-aware and cosmic state of being; subject-ness and object-ness are intimately and archetypally intertwined. Bachelard's “new poetics” results from his transplantation/cross-fertilization of the general epistemology of the “new scientific spirit” on to/across his aesthetics.
Iterative adaptive implicit–explicit methods for flow problems

SUMMARY Iterative versions of the adaptive implicit-xplicit method are presented for the finite element computation of flow problems with particular reference to incompressible flows and advection-diffusion problems. The iterative techniques employed are the grouped element-by-element and generalized minimum residual methods. For most flow problems of practical interest, especially in three dimensions, methods involving direct solution of linear equation systems give rise to massive global coefficient matrices. Storage and inversion of these matrices place a heavy demand on the computational resources in terms of the CPU time and memory. Iterative, explicit and semi-explicit methods, on the other hand, require storage and inversion of much simpler matrices, if at all. Properly implemented, these methods can substantially reduce the demand for memory and CPU time while retaining most of the desirable properties of the direct methods. In this paper we present the adaptive implicit-explicit (AIE) procedures’ which are employed in combination with iterative techniques such as the grouped element-by-element (GEBE)’ and generalized minimum residual (GMRES)3 methods. Although the description of the concepts and the numerical demonstrations are based on incompressible flows and convection4iffusion problems, the approach presented here is applicable to a wider class of problems in computational fluid dynamics. In the AIE method the elements are dynamically grouped into implicit and explicit subsets. The selection of the implicit elements is determined, at a given instant in time, by the element level Courant number and some measure of the local variations in the solution. Since the computational cost associated with the explicit elements is much smaller than that of the implicit elements, by placing the implicit elements only where and when they are needed, substantial savings in the CPU time and memory can be achieved. The GEBE iteration method, on the other hand, is based on static (i.e. one-time) arrangement of the elements into groups, with the condition that no two elements in the same group can share a common node. In the GEBE method the preconditioning matrix is chosen to be a sequential product of the element group matrices; this approach is a variation of the one taken in the regular EBE methods employed in computational fluid and solid mechanics.’ The GEBE approach eliminates the need for the formation, storage and factorization of large global matrices.
The Impact of Reading to Engage Children with Autism in Language and Learning (RECALL).

A multiple baseline across participants design was used to investigate the impact of RECALL (Reading to Engage Children With Autism in Language and Learning) on the correct, unprompted responding a...
Binocular dance pose recognition and body orientation estimation via multilinear analysis

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to dance pose recognition and body orientation estimation using multilinear analysis. By performing tensor decomposition and projection using silhouette images obtained from wide base-line binocular cameras, low dimensional pose and body orientation coefficient vectors can be extracted. Different from traditional tensor-based recognition methods, the proposed approach takes the pose coefficient vector as features to train a family of support vector machines as pose classifiers. Using the body orientation coefficient vectors, a one-dimensional orientation manifold is learned and further used for the estimation of body orientation. Experiment results obtained using both synthetic and real image data showed the efficacy of the proposed approach, and that our approach outperformed the traditional tensor-based approach in the comparative test.
Multiphase space vector pulse width modulation

Pole-phase modulation adjusts the pole-phase ratio of an induction machine and requires a multileg, multiphase inverter. This paper analyzes an n-leg, n-phase inverter, and presents techniques for n-phase space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). In particular, nine-phase SVPWM is developed and implemented on a nine winding induction machine. The nine-phase SVPWM is compared to nine phase sine-triangle PWM in terms of DC bus utilization.
Long-term ventilator-dependent care in nursing homes

For some persons, being dependent on a ventilator is the only alternative to death. Most residents residing in New York state's approved ventilator-dependent beds have needed the support of a ventilator for more than a year. The quality of their lives since admission to specialized programs has been significantly different than it had been in hospitals. These residents are now actively participating in the life of the facility. Many who had not spoken during the entire time they were hospitalized are now speaking with the aid of special tracheostomy tubes. Many have been assisted out of bed for their first shower or tub bath since hospitalization. Additionally, each resident participates in activities of his or her choice. If able, residents, at their request, are taken out of the facility to attend family functions. Outcomes of care in these facilities have generally been positive: some residents have been weaned from ventilator use; others have been discharged home. The overwhelming positive aspects of these programs are evinced by individuals living in an environment that promotes the best quality of life and quality of care possible when living at home is no longer possible.
A low noise CMOS interface circuit for capacitive liquid crystal chemical and biological sensor

In this paper a low noise CMOS interface circuit has been designed for capacitive liquid crystal (LC) chemical and biological sensors. The interface circuit consists of a low noise differential folded cascode amplifier that has been optimized for noise and performance requirements of the LC sensors. Two on chip interdigitated capacitors with LC on top, provide differential measurement of the sensor change. The differential structure of the measurement system reduces sensitivity to common disturbances like temperature change and parasitic elements. The output signal of the amplifier is demodulated using synchronous demodulation. A nonlinear numerical program has been used for minimization of the total thermal and flicker noise of the amplifier at the specified frequency. To the knowledge of authors this is the first CMOS interface circuit designed for capacitive LC chemical and biological sensor. The main amplifier has 15aF resolution with 1kHz bandwidth and consumes 1mW of power.
Lightning Shielding of Plastic Telephone Cable

Data are presented on the surge characteristics of various types and combinations of metals when applied as a shield for buried telephone cables. Surge currents were applied to the shield of 500-foot lengths of cable and the potentials developed between the shield and conductors were measured at selected points along the cable length in order to determine relative susceptibility to lightning influence. The shield metals included copper, aluminum, stainless steel, and low-carbon steel, and combinations of these metals. This program was begun and completed in the calendar year 1968. This program may have a substantial impact in the future designs of cable used in the Rural Electrification Administration systems.
Extraction of amphetamine and methamphetamine from urine specimens with Cerex Polycrom Clin II solid-phase extraction columns and the Speedisk 48 Pressure Processor.

Extraction of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine was investigated using Cerex Polycrom Clin II solid-phase extraction columns and the Speedisk 48 Pressure Processor as a replacement for our liquid-liquid procedure. Linearity for urine standards extracted with the Cerex-Speedisk method ranged from 50 ng/mL for methamphetamine and from 150 ng/mL for amphetamine to 10,000 ng/mL for both. The mean recovery at the 500-ng/mL cutoff for three different lots of columns was 96.4% for AMP and 95.7% for MET. The mean of the within-run means for three batches was 495.4 ng/mL with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.2% or less for amphetamine and 496.4 ng/mL for methamphetamine with a CV of 1.7% or less. Thirty-six specimens containing amphetamine and the same number for methamphetamine were analyzed by both the Cerex-Speedisk and liquid-liquid methods. The correlation for specimens containing amphetamine gave an r 2 of 0.9986 with a slope of 0.99; for methamphetamine, the r 2 was 0.9997 with a slope of 0.98. The Cerex-Speedisk method cut extraction time in half, was less costly, and greatly reduced the volume of hazardous waste.
Proteomics reveals a core molecular response of Pseudomonas putida F1 to acute chromate challenge

Pseudomonas putida is a model organism for bioremediation because of its remarkable metabolic versatility, extensive biodegradative functions, and ubiquity in contaminated soil environments. To further the understanding of molecular pathways responding to the heavy metal chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)], the proteome of aerobically grown, Cr(VI)-stressed P. putida strain F1 was characterized within the context of two disparate nutritional environments: rich (LB) media and minimal (M9L) media containing lactate as the sole carbon source. Growth studies demonstrated that F1 sensitivity to Cr(VI) was impacted substantially by nutrient conditions, with a carbon-source-dependent hierarchy (lactate > glucose >> acetate) observed in minimal media. Two-dimensional HPLC-MS/MS was employed to identify differential proteome profiles generated in response to 1 mM chromate under LB and M9L growth conditions. The immediate response to Cr(VI) in LB-grown cells was up-regulation of proteins involved in inorganic ion transport, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and catabolism, and amino acid metabolism. By contrast, the chromate-responsive proteome derived under defined minimal growth conditions was characterized predominantly by up-regulated proteins related to cell envelope biogenesis, inorganic ion transport, and motility. TonB-dependent siderophore receptors involved in ferric iron acquisition and amino acid adenylation domains characterized up-regulated systems under LB-Cr(VI) conditions, while DNA repair proteins and systems scavenging sulfur from alternative sources (e.g., aliphatic sulfonates) tended to predominate the up-regulated proteome profile obtained under M9L-Cr(VI) conditions. Comparative analysis indicated that the core molecular response to chromate, irrespective of the nutritional conditions tested, comprised seven up-regulated proteins belonging to six different functional categories including transcription, inorganic ion transport/metabolism, and amino acid transport/metabolism. These proteins might potentially serve as indicators of chromate stress in natural microbial communities.
IT Driven Automation: The New Wave

There has been much discussion in the press about productivity improvements that grew at an annual rate of 3.55% from 2000 to 2003 [BW04]. One of the sources of this productivity growth is automation. We have all witnessed numerous ways in which companies have automated their business processes over the past decade. As a recent example, The Dallas Morning News reports in [Baj04] how Atmos Energy, the Dallas-based gas company, is automating its gas meter reading capabilities by using wireless technologies and thus reducing its staff by 225 employees over the next five years. In this article, we will examine current trends in the technology-driven automation and will argue that we are still in the early stages of a new wave of automation that will profoundly affect the economy and will significantly contribute to the productivity growth over the next 10 A¢Â¬Â 15 years. Industrial automation is an old phenomenon that goes back to the Industrial Revolution when machines replaced physical labor on a massive scale. Automation profoundly affected manufacturing over the past 25 years when industrial robots replaced various manual jobs in different spheres of manufacturing, including automobiles, computers and telecommunication equipment. More recently, automation was primarily driven by IT. For example, toll booth collectors recently became victims of IT-based automation when some of them lost their jobs to EZ-Pass technologies. Similarly, 225 employees at Atmos Energy will lose their jobs within the next 5 years due to the advancements in wireless technologies [Baj04]. Also, many cashiers in department stores and supermarkets will soon lose their jobs because of the advancements of the RFID tag technologies. Most of the jobs lost to automation have been routine production jobs, according to the job classification proposed by Robert Reich in [Rei91]. The main characteristics of these jobs are repetitiveness and structuredness since they have well defined procedural job descriptions. Examples of these jobs include assembly line workers, foremen, data processors, and toll collectors. The routine production jobs have been replaced by mechanical, electrical and IT-driven machines, including industrial robots and wireless communication devices. In this article, we claim that the next waive of automation will affect not only routine production workers, but also what Reich calls symbolic-analytic workers [Rei91], such asengineers, office and knowledge workers, managers, educators, and other groups of A¢Â¬ÂSmind workers.A¢Â¬Â? Although few of these jobs will be eliminated completely, many of the more routine tasks in these jobs will be delegated to A¢Â¬ÂSsmart machinesA¢Â¬Â? within the next 10 A¢Â¬Â 15 years, leading to major restructuring and consolidation of some of these jobs. This phenomenon is examined in the rest of this article.
Light-Induced Metastable Changes in a-SiSx:H

Metastable light-induced increases in the dark conductivities of a-SiSx:H alloys are explained as photo-activation of hydrogen-passivated sulfur donor sites. For a sulfur concentration (sulfur-to-silicon ratio) of 5.6 × 103 the excess dark conductivity as a function of illumination temperature is thermally activated with an activation energy of 0.72 eV. When the sulfur concentration is 3.3 × 102, the temperature dependence is very weak. This dramatic difference in the temperature dependence of the creation of increased dark conductivity is explained by a lowering of the annealing temperature for the metastable changes as the sulfur concentration increases. We discuss the influence of this new metastability on the possibility of obtaining more stable films.
Addressing the Mental Health Problems of Chinese International College Students in the United States

This article identifies unique mental health problems experienced by Chinese international students in the United States. The uniqueness of these problems suggests the need to address them independently from other Chinese and international student communities. First, an overview of the common sources of mental health problems and specific stressors these students face is provided. This article then develops culturally sensitive programming recommendations to improve collaborative efforts between health providers, mental health social workers, faculty, and academic staff within universities to serve these students more effectively.
Porosity and permeability variations in fractured and liesegang-banded Breathitt sandstones (Middle Pennsylvanian), eastern Kentucky : diagenetic controls and implications for modeling dual-porosity systems

Abstract Middle Pennsylvanian fluvial sandstones in eastern Kentucky (Breathitt Group) manifest visible evidence of alteration related to fluid flow localized through near-vertical joints. Fracture-related alterations involve both physical and chemical modifications that together create dramatic permeabilisty variations at the outcrop scale. On the fracture surface, infiltered detritus combined with mineral and organic coatings have reduced pore sizes and, hence, permeabilities (0.03–0.44 md) by an order of magnitude over values characteristic of the adjacent sandstone (0.32–1.53 md). Prominent zones of orange-brown discoloration contain evidence of oxidation reactions and form an envelope of variable thickness around the fractures. Authigenic iron oxides are not uniformly distributed within these zones, but rather are concentrated as local bands of pervasive mineralization commonly known as liesegang bands. Petrographic evidence suggests that most of the iron that now resides in oxidized authigenic phases was derived from solutes mobilized through dissolution of older iron-bearing authigenic minerals. Permeability and pore sizes within the oxidation zone are bimodal and vary from high values similar to those in adjacent unoxidized sandstone to low values, associated with the zones of pervasive mineralization, that approach those values observed for the fracture skin. The large magnitude of permeability variation around fracture systems in these sandstones documents the presence of a dual porosity system and suggests that fluid and contaminant transport cannot be realistically modeled using average rock properties.
Review article: adherence to medication for chronic hepatitis C – building on the model of human immunodeficiency virus antiretroviral adherence research

Summary Background Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with pegylated interferon/ribavirin achieves sustained virological response in up to 56% of HCV mono-infected patients and 40% of HCV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-co-infected patients. The relationship of patient adherence to outcome warrants study. Aim To review comprehensively research on patient-missed doses to HCV treatment and discuss applicable research from adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy. Methods Publications were identified by PubMed searches using the keywords: adherence, compliance, hepatitis C virus, interferon and ribavirin. Results The term ‘non-adherence’ differs in how it is used in the HCV from the HIV literature. In HCV, ‘non-adherence’ refers primarily to dose reductions by the clinician and early treatment discontinuation. In contrast, in HIV, ‘non-adherence’ refers primarily to patient-missed doses. Few data have been published on the rates of missed dose adherence to pegylated interferon/ribavirin and its relationship to virological response. Conclusions As HCV treatment becomes more complex with new classes of agents, adherence will be increasingly important to treatment success as resistance mutations may develop with suboptimal dosing of HCV enzyme inhibitors. HIV adherence research can be applied to that on HCV to establish accurate methods to assess adherence, investigate determinants of non-adherence and develop strategies to optimize adherence.
Oxygen uptake and ventilatory effects of an external nasal dilator during ergometry.

. Introduction: Athletes and coaches have begun to use external nasal dilators with the perception that they enhance performance and make it easier to breathe. This study was conducted to ascertain whether application of an external nasal dilator would enhance performance, as measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ), maximal ventilation (V Emax ), maximal work rate (Wr max ) or ratings of perceived exertion and dyspnea (RPE, RPD). Methods: Fifteen subjects (F = 10; M = 5; age, 20 ± 1.4, mean ± SD) performed three incremental exercise tests to fatigue on an ergometer at 1-wk intervals in randomized order. One test was conducted without a nasal dilator, using a nose clip and mouthpiece for oxygen uptake and ventilatory measurements (control, C). The other two tests used a Rudolph 8900 breathing mask that included the nose in the breathing circuit and subjects wore either a placebo (P) or the active dilator (A). RPE for total body (20-point scale) and for dyspnea (10-point scale) were also measured on all tests. Results: There were no significant differences in VO 2max (mean ± SD; C = 3.12 ± 1.1; P = 3.12 ± 1.06; A = 3.04 ± 0.94), V Emax (C = 117 ± 26; P = 125 ± 31; A = 122 ± 26), Wr max (C = 256 ± 73; P = 255 ± 70; A = 257 ± 74), RPE (C = 18.8 ± 1.78; P = 18.9 ± 1.33; A = 18.9 ± 1.22), or RPD (C = 9.1 ± 1.58; P = 9.3 ± 1.2; A = 9.13 ± 1.2) during exercise between any group. Conclusion: Thus, it is concluded that an external nose dilator does not enhance performance as measured by VO 2max , V Emax , Wr max or perceived performance as measured by RPE and RPD.
Teachers with a Passion for the Profession.

The purpose of this article is to describe commonalities among teachers who have sustained passion for the teaching profession, identify ways to instill a similar passion in teacher education candidates, and encourage teacher educators to maintain and model an enthusiastic passion. The authors present the results of a study that consisted of interviews with 13 teachers who were identified by their principals as those having a strong passion for teaching. This article reveals the insightful findings of these interviews and offers several valuable lessons for all teacher educators. Teacher education programs must focus not only on candidates' academic ability but also on appropriate dispositions of their candidates. Maintaining a strong passion for teaching and the candidates we teach is critical in teacher preparation programs today.
No Driver behind the Wheel? Targeting Transcription in Cancer

Exploiting the dependence of cancer cells on transcription can be used as an effective strategy for targeting aggressive and therapeutically recalcitrant tumors. Wang et al. show that inhibiting transcription using THZ1, a small-molecule inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase CDK7, induces apoptotic cell death in triple-negative breast cancers.
THE CROWDING EFFECT REVISITED

Much has been learned of the biology of cestodes since Clark Read published his paper in 1951, yet in many respects our knowledge remains distressingly meager. Read observed that, in Hymenolepis diminuta and several other species, the size attained by the worms in their definitive host was roughly inversely proportional to the number of worms present, a phenomenon he called the ‘‘crowding effect.’’ The adaptive value of the crowding effect seems self-evident: the size of the individual worms is limited, by whatever means, to an aggregate mass that the host can tolerate without adverse consequences. The known list of cestodes that demonstrate a crowding effect has increased little in the past 40 yr, and a definitive explanation for the effect’s mechanism of operation remains elusive. Inasmuch as development and growth of the worms is being controlled by some means external to the individuals in the population, the mechanism of this control is of considerable biological interest. In their accompanying paper, Bush and Lotz (1999) point out that ecological consideration of crowding can relate to predator‐prey relationships or to competition. Because we can disregard predator‐prey relationships, I focus here on competition, which in turn can take the form of exploitative competition (required resources reduced in supply by the organisms) or interference competition (substances released by organisms having an adverse effect on others in the population). I also examine the possible role of the host immune response in the crowding effect. Exploitative competition? Investigations for the next 25‐30 yr after Read’s paper (Read, 1951) assumed that the mechanism was exploitative in form. In that paper he suggested that oxygen might be the required resource and that the resource was ‘‘probably not a food substance obtained from the foodstuffs ingested by the host.’’ Additional investigation by Read and his coworkers showed unequivocally that quantity and quality of host dietary carbohydrate did indeed affect worm growth (Read, 1959). He concluded that cestodes require carbohydrate for growth and reproduction, that the carbohydrate is obtained from host ingesta, and that ‘‘[t]he crowding effect in cestode infections may be interpreted in terms of competition for utilizable carbohydrate by the individual worms in the populations.’’
Thermal Influences on REM Sleep

one manner in which the neurophysiological and neuropharmacological substrates of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep have been studied has been to use a decrease in REM sleep as an index of whether a specific treatment directly affects it. The concept behind this approach is simple and appealing: if an area of the brain is damaged, or if a brain neurotransmitter system is blocked, and REM sleep decreases, then that area of the brain or that neurotransmitter system must be involved in generating or maintaining REM sleep. However, there is an error in this reasoning: one cannot determine much about the function of a particular part of the brain or a particular neurotransmitter system if the behavior under observation disappears or is diminished after the manipulation.
Family Economic Well-Being

Family economic well-being refers to a family economic status that has sustainably adequate economic resources to live a comfortable life. This chapter first proposes a conceptual framework to describe family economic well-being. Then it reviews relevant research on objective and subjective measures of family economic well-being such as family income, expenditure, debt, asset, and financial satisfaction. Directions for future research are suggested at the end of the chapter.
Role of Vascular Factors in Regional Ischemic Injury

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the evidence that relates regional ischemic damage to focal alterations in hemodynamics. The pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia is influenced by a variety of factors, both extrinsic and intrinsic. Among the extrinsic factors, blood flow is an important determinant of the location as well as the degree of ischemic injury. Hypoperfusion triggers the initial cellular changes that lead to irreversible damage if the flow is not restored promptly. Even if the tissue is recirculated following a period of ischemia, there may be secondary impairments in the flow that influence the pathophysiology. The chapter presents the evidence that pertains to the vascular determinants of ischemic injury, with an emphasis on regional aspects. The chapter explains that in several models of incomplete cerebral ischemia (oligemia), the reduction of blood flow is uniform in many regions of the brain.
Decoupling and asymmetric coupling in a triple-core photonic crystal fiber (PCFs)

We simulate and measure decoupling in triple-core PCFs. We obtain the three supermodes and calculate the coupling parameters. The measured parameters agree well with the calculated ones. The inter-core coupling is found to be asymmetric.
A Methyl 4-Oxo-4-phenylbut-2-enoate with in Vivo Activity against MRSA That Inhibits MenB in the Bacterial Menaquinone Biosynthesis Pathway

4-Oxo-4-phenyl-but-2-enoates inhibit MenB, the 1,4-dihydroxyl-2-naphthoyl-CoA synthase in the bacterial menaquinone (MK) biosynthesis pathway, through the formation of an adduct with coenzyme A (CoA). Here, we show that the corresponding methyl butenoates have minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 0.35–0.75 μg/mL against drug-sensitive and -resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Mode of action studies on the most potent compound, methyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (1), reveal that 1 is converted into the corresponding CoA adduct in S. aureus cells and that this adduct binds to the S. aureus MenB (saMenB) with a Kd value of 2 μM. The antibacterial spectrum of 1 is limited to bacteria that utilize MK for respiration, and the activity of 1 can be complemented with exogenous MK or menadione. Finally, treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with 1 results in the small colony variant phenotype, and thus 1 phenocopies knockout of the menB gene. Taken together, the data...
Intramolecular [4 + 2] trapping of a hexadehydro-Diels-Alder (HDDA) benzyne by tethered arenes.

We report here the efficient, intramolecular trapping in a Diels–Alder (DA) sense of thermally generated benzynes by one of two pendant arene rings. A more electron-rich ring (p-methoxyphenyl) reacted substantially faster than a simple phenyl ring, which was, in turn, slightly more reactive vs a 4-carbomethoxyphenyl ring. Photoinduced di-π-methane rearrangement of the initial DA adducts gave rise to unusual isomeric polycyclic adducts.
Modeling and Characterization of Elastic Constants of Functionalized Nanotube Materials

Molecular dynamics simulation and equivalent continuum modeling were used to calculate the elastic constants of 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy-4′-benzoyl) benzene (1,3-BABB)/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) materials. The calculated Young’s moduli are compared with storage moduli measured experimentally with nanoindentation. Excellent agreement is observed between the calculated and measured modulus values for the 1,3-BABB/SWNT materials.
Fabrication and Optical Characterization of Silicon Carbide Nanofibers

Silicon Carbide (SiC) nanofibers were synthesized from SiC powder dispersed in polyethylene oxide (PEO) solution in Chloroform using the electrospinning technique. The as-spun fibers were then annealed at 1000EC to 7 hours. The average diameter of the annealed fibers is 500 nm while the length of the annealed fibers is about 50 Âµm. The fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Cathodoluminescence (CL). PL spectra from the annealed SiC fibers show a broad emission in the red-infrared spectral regime. The main peak is centered at 774 nm while the shoulder on the left is at 740 nm
Surfactant Effects on Efficiency Enhancement of Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Emissions of NaYF4:Yb-Er

Infrared-to-visible rare earth doped upconversion phosphors that convert multiple photons of lower energy to higher energy photons offer a wide range of technological applications. The brightness (i.e., emission intensities) and energy efficiency of phosphors are important performance characteristics that determine which applications are appropriate. Optical efficiency can be used as a measure of the upconversion emission performance of these rare earth doped phosphors. In this work, hexagonal-phase NaYF4:Yb-Er was synthesized using the hydrothermal method in the presence of surfactants like trioctylphosphine, polyethylene glycol monooleate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The upconversion emission optical efficiencies of NaYF4:Yb-Er were measured to quantify and evaluate the effects of surface coatings and accurately reflect the brightness and energy efficiency of these phosphors. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified NaYF4:Yb-Er particles were found to be ∼5 times more efficient and brighter than the unmodified parti...