cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical characteristics of heavy and non-heavy smokers with schizophrenia

Up to 50-90% of persons with schizophrenia smoke cigarettes. Limited data and theories suggest persons with schizophrenia may smoke for different reasons than persons without schizophrenia, making smoking cessation interventions particularly challenging in this population. Although health consequences of smoking are widely known, less information is available regarding characteristics of different amounts of smoking exposure in this population. This study was performed to investigate differences between heavy (≥ 1 pack per day) and non-heavy (<1 pack per day) smoking in patients with schizophrenia. Data from 745 patients, mean age 41.3+/-12.6 years, were drawn from a population of smokers admitted to State of Maryland inpatient mental health facilities (1994-2000). Records were reviewed to obtain demographic information, diagnosis, medication, smoking and substance use. 43% of patients were characterized as heavy smokers. Heavy and non-heavy groups did not differ in age, GAF, weight, or BMI. No differences were found in race, gender or antipsychotic treatments. However, patients smoking ≥ 1 packs per day were more likely to use other substances such as alcohol (χ(2)=6.67, df=1, p=0.01), cocaine (χ(2)=6.66, df=1, p=0.01), and other substances (χ(2)=9.95, df=1, p=0.003) compared to non-heavy smokers. No differences in cannabis or heroin use were found by smoking category. Controlling for age, race, sex and BMI, heavy smokers had higher total cholesterol (190.7(51.6)mg/dL) compared to non-heavy smokers (178.2 (43.0)mg/dL, p=0.03), but no differences were found in glucose or blood pressure. Heavy smoking may be a particular health risk in schizophrenia and significant efforts for smoking cessation or reduction are needed.
Peculiar 2-Aminopurine Fluorescence Monitors the Dynamics of Open Complex Formation by Bacteriophage T7 RNA Polymerase

Abstract The kinetics of promoter binding and open complex formation in bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase was investigated using 2-aminopurine (2-AP) modified promoters. 2-AP serves as an ideal probe to measure the kinetics of open complex formation because its fluorescence is sensitive to both base-unpairing and base-unstacking and to the nature of the neighboring bases. All four 2-AP bases in the TATA box showed an increase in fluorescence with similar kinetics upon binding to the T7 RNA polymerase, indicating that the TATA sequence becomes unpaired in a concerted manner. The 2-AP at −4 showed a peculiarly large increase in fluorescence upon binding to the T7 RNA polymerase. Based on the recent crystal structure of the T7 RNA polymerase-DNA complex, we propose that the large fluorescence increase is due to unstacking of the 2-AP base at −4 from the guanine at −5, during open complex formation. The unstacking may be a critical event in directing and placing the template strand correctly in the T7 RNA polymerase active site upon promoter melting for template directed RNA synthesis. Based on equilibrium fluorescence and stopped-flow kinetic studies, we propose that a fast form of T7 RNA polymerase binds promoter double-stranded DNA by a three-step mechanism. The initial collision complex or a closed complex, EDc is formed with a K d of 1.8 μm. This complex isomerizes to an open complex, EDo1, in an energetically unfavorable reaction with an equilibrium constant of 0.12. The EDo1 further isomerizes to a more stable open complex, EDo2, with a rate constant around 300 s− 1. Thus, in the absence of the initiating nucleotide, GTP, the overall equilibrium constant for closed to open complex conversion is 0.5 and the net rate of open complex formation is nearly 150 s− 1.
Homocyst(e)ine decreases bioavailable nitric oxide by a mechanism involving glutathione peroxidase

Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is believed to injure endothelial cells in vivo through a number of mechanisms, including the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Earlier in vitro studies demonstrated that homocyst(e)ine (Hcy) decreases the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and that this decrease can be reversed by preventing the generation of hydrogen peroxide. Here we show that Hcy treatment of bovine aortic endothelial cells leads to a dose-dependent decrease in NOx (p = 0.001 by one-way analysis of variance) independent of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activity or protein levels and nos3 transcription, suggesting that Hcy affects the bioavailability of NO, not its production. We hypothesized that, in addition to increasing the generation of H2O2, Hcy decreases the cell's ability to detoxify H2O2 by impairing intracellular antioxidant enzymes, specifically the intracellular isoform of glutathione peroxidase (GPx). To test this hypothesis, confluent bovine aortic endothelial cells were treated with a range of concentrations of Hcy, and intracellular GPx activity was determined. Compared with control cells, cells treated with Hcy showed a significant reduction in GPx activity (up to 81% at 250 microM Hcy). In parallel with the decrease in GPx activity, steady-state GPx mRNA levels were also significantly decreased compared with control levels after exposure to Hcy, which appeared not to be a consequence of message destabilization. These data suggest a novel mechanism by which Hcy, in addition to increasing the generation of hydrogen peroxide, may selectively impair the endothelial cell's ability to detoxify H2O2, thus rendering NO more susceptible to oxidative inactivation.
The Hit Rates Test for Racial Bias in Motor‐Vehicle Searches

This paper exposits a rational choice model of police–motorist interactions originally developed in Knowles, Persico, and Todd (Knowles, J., Persico, N., & Todd, P. [2001]. Racial bias in motor vehicle searches: Theory and evidence. Journal of Political Economy, 109, 203–299). It discusses how the model provides a test for detecting bias in police enforcement based on the success rate of searches and presents empirical evidence on the model's implications based on policing data from Maryland.
I–Michael Friedman

This paper considers the extent to which Kant’s vision of a distinctively ‘transcendental’ task for philosophy is essentially tied to his views on the foundations of the mathematical and physical sciences. Contemporary philosophers with broadly Kantian sympathies have attempted to reinterpret his project so as to isolate a more general philosophical core not so closely tied to the details of now outmoded mathematical-physical theories (Euclidean geometry and Newtonian physics). I consider two such attempts, those of Strawson and McDowell, and argue that they fundamentally distort the original Kantian impulse. I then consider Buchdahl’s attempt to preserve the link between Kantian philosophy and the sciences while simultaneously generalizing Kant’s doctrines in light of later scientific developments. I argue that Buchdahl’s view, while not adequate as in interpretation of Kant in his own eighteenth century context, is nonetheless suggestive of an historicized and relativized revision of Kantianism that can do justice to both Kant’s original philosophical impulse and the radical changes in the sciences that have occurred since Kant’s day.
Integrated Water Management for the 21st Century: Problems and Solutions

Most of the projected global population increases will take place in third world countries that already suffer from water, food, and health problems. Increasingly, the various water uses (municipal, industrial, agricultural) must be coordinated with, and integrated into, the overall water management of the region. Sustainability, public health, environmental protection and economics are key factors. More storage of water behind dams and especially in aquifers via artificial recharge is necessary to save water in times of water surplus for use in times of water shortage. Municipal wastewater can be an important water resource but its use must be carefully planned and regulated to prevent adverse health effects and, in the case of irrigation, undue contamination of groundwater. While almost all liquid fresh water of the planet occurs underground as groundwater, its long-term suitability as a source of water is threatened by non-point source pollution from agriculture and other sources and by aquifer depletion due to groundwater withdrawals in excess of groundwater recharge. In irrigated areas, groundwater levels may have to be controlled with drainage or pumped well systems to prevent water-logging and salinization of soil. Salty drainage waters must then be handled in an ecologically responsible way. Water short countries can save water by importing most of their food and electric power from other countries with more water, so that in essence they also get the water that was necessary to produce these commodities and, hence, is virtually embedded in the commodities. This “virtual” water tends to be a lot cheaper for the receiving country than developing its own water resources. Local water can then be used for purposes with higher social, ecological, or economic returns or saved for the future. Climate changes in response to global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions are difficult to predict in space and time. Resulting uncertainties require flexible and integrated water management to handle water surpluses, water shortages, and weather extremes. Long-term storage behind dams and in aquifers may be required. Rising sea levels will present problems in coastal areas.
Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data

SUMMARY In this paper we report exploratory analyses of high-density oligonucleotide array data from the Affymetrix GeneChip R � system with the objective of improving upon currently used measures of gene expression. Our analyses make use of three data sets: a small experimental study consisting of five MGU74A mouse GeneChip R � arrays, part of the data from an extensive spike-in study conducted by Gene Logic and Wyeth’s Genetics Institute involving 95 HG-U95A human GeneChip R � arrays; and part of a dilution study conducted by Gene Logic involving 75 HG-U95A GeneChip R � arrays. We display some familiar features of the perfect match and mismatch probe ( PM and MM )v alues of these data, and examine the variance–mean relationship with probe-level data from probes believed to be defective, and so delivering noise only. We explain why we need to normalize the arrays to one another using probe level intensities. We then examine the behavior of the PM and MM using spike-in data and assess three commonly used summary measures: Affymetrix’s (i) average difference (AvDiff) and (ii) MAS 5.0 signal, and (iii) the Li and Wong multiplicative model-based expression index (MBEI). The exploratory data analyses of the probe level data motivate a new summary measure that is a robust multiarray average (RMA) of background-adjusted, normalized, and log-transformed PM values. We evaluate the four expression summary measures using the dilution study data, assessing their behavior in terms of bias, variance and (for MBEI and RMA) model fit. Finally, we evaluate the algorithms in terms of their ability to detect known levels of differential expression using the spike-in data. We conclude that there is no obvious downside to using RMA and attaching a standard error (SE) to this quantity using a linear model which removes probe-specific affinities. ∗ To whom correspondence should be addressed
Design, synthesis and photophysical properties of InP/CdS/CdSe and CdTe/CdS/CdSe (core/shell/shell) quantum dots for photon upconversion

Complex core/multi-shell quantum dot (QD) configurations can be used to tailor light absorption and emission properties. We present a core/shell/shell/shell structure designed to implement efficient photon upconversion. We report on the design and characterization of two intermediate products that could progress to implement this design: InP/CdS/CdSe and CdTe/CdS/CdSe. Products were synthesized by adapting established procedures for the colloidal synthesis of nanoparticles in solution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to determine particle size, crystallinity, and band alignment. The photophyscial properties of the intermediate products were characterized using steady-state absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results suggest that the core/multi-shell structure successfully confines an optically-generated hole in the QD core while allowing the electron to escape to the outer shell. This independent control over carrier transfer dynamics provides the tools necessary to implement efficient photon upconversion.
Cerebral Edema: Pathophysiology and Principles of Management

Edema, while often benign elsewhere in the body, is almost always of clinical ­significance when it occurs within the cranial vault. Unlike nearly every other tissue area, the cranium is uniquely intolerant to any change in mass, no matter how insignificant that change may be. The classical thinking of the inhabitants of the cranium and the resultant pressure created by their presence is defined by the Monroe-Kellie Doctrine. Tissue cells, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) maintain a consistent presence within the cranium and spinal cord areas. When any single component increases, the other two have a limited capacity to shift into accessory spaces so as to avoid a rise in intracranial pressure.
Steepest-entropy-ascent model of mesoscopic quantum systems far from equilibrium along with generalized thermodynamic definitions of measurement and reservoir

This paper presents a nonequilibrium, first-principles, thermodynamic-ensemble-based model for the relaxation process of interacting nonequilibrium systems. This model is formulated using steepest-entropy-ascent quantum thermodynamics (SEAQT) and its equation of motion for a grand canonical ensemble and is applied to a many-particle system of classical or indistinguishable particles. Two kinds of interactions are discussed, including pure heat diffusion and heat and mass diffusion together. Since no local equilibrium assumption is made, the conjugate fluxes and forces are intrinsic to the subspaces of the state space of one system and/or of the state space of two interacting systems. They are derived via the concepts of hypoequilibrium state and nonequilibrium intensive properties, which describe the nonmutual equilibrium status between subspaces of the thermodynamic state space of a single system and/or of the state space of two interacting systems. The Onsager relations are shown to be thermodynamic kinematic features of the system and are found without knowledge of the detailed mechanics of the dynamic process. A fundamental thermodynamic explanation for the measurement of each intensive property of a system in a nonequilibrium state is given. The fundamental thermodynamic definition of reservoir is also discussed. In addition, the equation of motion for a system undergoing multiple interactions is provided, which permits the modeling of a network of local systems in nonequilibrium at any spatial and temporal scale. Finally, the physical features of a nonequilibrium measurement is illustrated via a case study, and the general validity of the equal probability condition is discussed.
The facial nerve in congenital ear malformations.

The facial nerve is the nerve of the second branchial arch and is intimately related to the temporal bone. Knowledge of facial nerve anatomy is critical to the success of any otologic or neurotologic surgical procedure. While this is true of normal temporal bone anatomy, it is of even greater significance for congenital ear malformations.
Brood Measurement as a Valid Index to the Value of Honey Bees as Pollinators

The yield of pollen during a 20-day period was determined for 170 colonies of Apis mellifera L., and their brood was measured at the end of the period. The yield was found to be closely correlated with the amount of brood (r≍0.598). Maximum pollen yields were obtained from colonies with approximately 800 square inches of brood (sealed and unsealed). Colonies with more than this level of brood gathered no more pollen, while those below this level gathered significantly less pollen. It is concluded that brood area is a good index to the potential pollinating value of a colony. Brood measurement is a sound basis for grading colonies for use in pollination service.
Life History and Laboratory Rearing of Ranatra fusca (Hemiptera: Nepidae) with Descriptions of Immature Stages

The life history of Ranatra fusca Palisot de Beauvois was investigated in the field and the laboratory, and the immature stages were described. The bug was also reared from egg to adult in the laboratory. Adults of this apparently bivoltine species overwintered in leaf litter and under the tops of shoreline grasses that had dipped into the pond. They became active in late April to early May, began feeding on both aquatic and terrestrial insects, and reproduced shortly thereafter. Eggs were inserted in the moist clay bank of the pond, primarily in areas devoid of vegetation. First instars appeared in mid- to late May followed by marked overlapping of the subsequent instars. Active adults were last observed in November. In the laboratory, total developmental time averaged 47.0 days. Incubation period averaged 11.3 days. Durations of the five subsequent stadia averaged 6.1, 5.7, 6.1, 6.9, and 10.9 days, respectively.
Formation of chlorinated lipids post-chlorine gas exposure

Exposure to chlorine (Cl2) gas can occur during accidents and intentional release scenarios. However, biomarkers that specifically indicate Cl2 exposure and Cl2-derived products that mediate postexposure toxicity remain unclear. We hypothesized that chlorinated lipids (Cl-lipids) formed by direct reactions between Cl2 gas and plasmalogens serve as both biomarkers and mediators of post-Cl2 gas exposure toxicities. The 2-chloropalmitaldehyde (2-Cl-Pald), 2-chlorostearaldehyde (2-Cl-Sald), and their oxidized products, free- and esterified 2-chloropalmitic acid (2-Cl-PA) and 2-chlorostearic acid were detected in the lungs and plasma of mouse and rat models of Cl2 gas exposure. Levels of Cl-lipids were highest immediately post-Cl2 gas exposure, and then declined over 72 h with levels remaining 20- to 30-fold higher at 24 h compared with baseline. Glutathione adducts of 2-Cl-Pald and 2-Cl-Sald also increased with levels peaking at 4 h in plasma. Notably, 3-chlorotyrosine also increased after Cl2 gas exposure, but returned to baseline within 24 h. Intranasal administration of 2-Cl-PA or 2-Cl-Pald at doses similar to those formed in the lung after Cl2 gas exposure led to increased distal lung permeability and inflammation and systemic endothelial dysfunction characterized by loss of eNOS-dependent vasodilation. These data suggest that Cl-lipids could serve as biomarkers and mediators for Cl2 gas exposure and toxicity.
Reliability and validity of Edinburgh visual gait score as an evaluation tool for children with cerebral palsy

Assessment of gait abnormalities in cerebral palsy (CP) is challenging, and access to instrumented gait analysis is not always feasible. Therefore, many observational gait analysis scales have been devised. This study aimed to evaluate the interobserver reliability, intraobserver reliability, and validity of Edinburgh visual gait score (EVGS). Video of 30 children with spastic CP were reviewed by 7 raters (10 children each in GMFCS levels I, II, and III, age 6-12 years). Three observers had high level of experience in gait analysis (10+ years), two had medium level (2-5 years) and two had no previous experience (orthopedic fellows). Interobserver reliability was evaluated using percentage of complete agreement and kappa values. Criterion validity was evaluated by comparing EVGS scores with 3DGA data taken from the same video visit. Interobserver agreement was 60-90% and Kappa values were 0.18-0.85 for the 17 items in EVGS. Reliability was higher for distal segments (foot/ankle/knee 63-90%; trunk/pelvis/hip 60-76%), with greater experience (high 66-91%, medium 62-90%, no-experience 41-87%), with more EVGS practice (1st 10 videos 52-88%, last 10 videos 64-97%) and when used with higher functioning children (GMFCS I 65-96%, II 58-90%, III 35-65%). Intraobserver agreement was 64-92%. Agreement between EVGS and 3DGA was 52-73%. We believe that having EVGS as part of the standardized gait evaluation is helpful in optimizing the visual scoring. EVGS can be a supportive tool that adds quantitative data instead of only qualitative assessment to a video only gait evaluation.
Forebodings and Omens

For the indigenous peoples of Mexico the conquest brought an end to the world they had created. In an attempt to decipher the miraculous nature of the unfolding events of the conquest, Nahua accounts emphasize signs and omens that preceded the Spaniards’ arrival.
DBS and the Structure of US Policy Making

In 1967, the Chairman of the House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, Dante R. Fascell, wrote that during ‘the coming decade, television promises to become the most widely used and influential mass medium of communication’ capable of fostering ‘economic and social change in developing nations.’ Direct broadcast satellites, Fascell predicted, would spearhead this movement largely as a result of the capacity of DBS to transcend the ‘physical’ and ‘political boundaries’ that traditionally have constituted the primary ‘barriers to the flow of communications.’1
Pragmatic binary oppositions and intersubjectivity in an illegally occupied school

This paper analyzes ethnographic data collected on a school that was illegally occupied and run by a militant working‐class community. The study focuses on the pragmatic infrastructures through which communicative acts were constructed between the participants. The infrastructures display a structure of binary identity oppositions that were linked across settings in relations of homology. In addition, assumptions and beliefs the activists held about the nature of schooling and politics are reconstructed and found to display a structure of logical implication between terms. This reconstruction focuses on the way in which the pragmatic infrastructures that make communication possible implicate tacit “ideas” that may be articulated into a discourse resting on implicit assumptions that mediate pragmatic binary oppositions as their third terms. In this way, a “use” or “act” theory of meaning is related to existential identity claims accompanying social acts.
Abstract B40: Up-regulation of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4 expression in innate immune cells induced by TPA: Role in the potentiation of inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to LPS and LTA

Studies have linked persisting inflammatory profiles of cytokines and oxidative stress to carcinogenic processes associated with exposure to environmental agents. Because, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) potentiates 12-otetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation-dependent skin carcinoma, we hypothesized that one possible mechanism of this potentiation is by the activation of the innate immune cells through specific toll-like receptor (TLR). Herein, our data show that TPA-treated human myeloid cells, ML-1 exhibit robust production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and interleukins as well as an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to LPS and LTA respectively ligands for TLR4 and TLR2. This increased responsiveness to LPS and LTA correlated with the up-regulation of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in ML-1 cells induced by TPA. Interestingly, TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression on ML-1 cell surface could be blocked by pretreatment with U0126 (an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, ERK), suggesting the role of Erk1/2-induced differentiation signal in this process. In addition, IRAK-2, a key member of the TLR/IRAK-2/NF-κB-dependent signaling cascade was also induced to express at mRNA level in response to TPA. Furthermore, the ROS generation in response to LPS and LTA was linked to NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes, as treatment with DPI significantly inhibited ROS generation. Together, these data provide evidence that TPA induces the up-regulation of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 gene expression at both mRNA and protein levels in immune cells. This leads to robust inflammatory cytokines production and ROS generation by innate immune cell activation.
Using Robust Statistical Methodology to Evaluate the Cost Performance of Project Delivery Systems: A Case Study of Horizontal Construction

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the application of the bootstrapping M-estimator (a robust analysis of variance [ANOVA]) to test the null hypothesis of means equality among the cost performance of the three project delivery systems (PDS). A statistical planned contrast methodology is utilized after the robust ANOVA analysis to further determine where the differences of the means lie. The results of this research concluded that traditional PDS (Design-Bid-Build [DBB]) outperformed the two innovative PDS (Design-Build [DB] and Construction Manager/General Contractor [CMGC]), DBB and CMGC outperformed DB, and DBB outperformed CMGC, for the Cost Growth and the Change Order Cost Factor performance. These findings can help decision makers/owners make an informed decision regarding cost related aspects when choosing PDS for their projects. Though the case study of this research is based on the sample data obtained from the construction industry, the same methodology and statistical process can be a...
‘Uncivil’ Activism: Arab, South Asian, and Afghan American Youth Politics after 9/11

This chapter is based on ethnographic research in Silicon Valley about post-9/11 Muslim American youth activism and coalitions linking Arab, South Asian, and Afghan American college students. The chapter explores not only how campus activism related to Palestine is the object of intense repression, but also the site of cross-racial, pan-Islamic, and transnational solidarities. The experience of Palestine solidarity activism and the exceptional silencing of the Palestinian narrative in the USA, including in educational contexts, produces what the author calls ‘Palestinianization’ for Arab as well as non-Arab Americans. Furthermore, the inadmissibility of Palestinian rights as human rights forces youth to confront the limitations of liberal human and civil rights and explore alternative political paradigms.
Long- and Short-Term Outcomes of Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia

Esophageal atresia remains a complex congenital anomaly that manifests in a number of different variants ranging from pure atresia to trachea-esophageal fistula without atresia. The surgical treatment options have continued to evolve with advances in technology and innovative procedures but the results for the patients with long-gap atresia remain challenging. Documenting the outcomes from interventions in this population is difficult given the limited experience at most centers and the heterogeneity of the anomalies and the treatments. Several recent studies have provided comparison data for some newer. Studies demonstrate better results in primary procedures than secondary operations but significant morbidity remains. Another innovation has been application of minimally invasive procedures to all forms of esophageal atresia. Reports of excellent results are encouraging with a theoretical reduction in the risk of long-term chest wall abnormalities. Esophageal atresia remains one of the most challenging congenital abnormalities requiring surgical intervention. While some progress has been made, dramatic impact awaits advances in tissue engineering or other game changing developments.
Enhanced nutrient transport improves the depth-dependent properties of tri-layered engineered cartilage constructs with zonal co-culture of chondrocytes and MSCs

Biomimetic design in cartilage tissue engineering is a challenge given the complexity of the native tissue. While numerous studies have generated constructs with near-native bulk properties, recapitulating the depth-dependent features of native tissue remains a challenge. Furthermore, limitations in nutrient transport and matrix accumulation in engineered constructs hinders maturation within the central core of large constructs. To overcome these limitations, we fabricated tri-layered constructs that recapitulate the depth-dependent cellular organization and functional properties of native tissue using zonally derived chondrocytes co-cultured with MSCs. We also introduced porous hollow fibers (HFs) and HFs/cotton threads to enhance nutrient transport. Our results showed that tri-layered constructs with depth-dependent organization and properties could be fabricated. The addition of HFs or HFs/threads improved matrix accumulation in the central core region. With HF/threads, the local modulus in the deep region of tri-layered constructs nearly matched that of native tissue, though the properties in the central regions remained lower. These constructs reproduced the zonal organization and depth-dependent properties of native tissue, and demonstrate that a layer-by-layer fabrication scheme holds promise for the biomimetic repair of focal cartilage defects.
Crystal structure and ionic conductivity of the soft solid crystal: isoquinoline 3 •(LiCl) 2

A soft solid crystal composed of isoquinoline (IQ) and LiCl was prepared based on the concept of Pearson’s hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) theory. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction best described the isoquinoline3•(LiCl)2 as consisting of molecular Li4Cl4(isoquinoline)6 units, where the LiCl cluster is an array of edge-fused Li2Cl2 rhombs. Electrochemical impedance measurements on pressed pellets showed that conductivity occurs mainly through the bulk via a hopping mechanism, with a calculated activation energy of Ea = 67 kJ/mol. The high value of the activation energy was due to Li4Cl4 clusters that were well separated by intervening IQ ligands in the crystal structure, requiring large hops for ions to migrate through the lattice.
Reducing Power Use and Enabling Oversubscription in Multi-tenant Data Centers Using Local Price

Multi-Tenant Data Center (MTDC) operators can increase their profits by oversubscribing their power infrastructure. However, without an appropriate power control mechanism, oversubscription can lead to expensive unplanned service outages. We propose a new power control mechanism, LOCAP (LOCAl Price for power), as a means of 1) incentivizing tenants to reduce power use to save energy and 2) controlling tenant power use to prevent over capacity cases. LOCAP is a real-time power pricing mechanism for setting local power price based on an optimization approach where the objective is to maximize aggregate tenant revenue while ensuring that total data center power consumption does not exceed capacity. Local price is set by the data center operator to reflect the current total power demand. Individual tenants use the current local price and their Service Level Agreement (SLA) parameters to determine how much power to consume. We evaluate LOCAP using workloads from real data center traces and compare with a no oversubscription case and with COOP, an existing market-based mechanism. Simulation results show that our new mechanism benefits both the tenant, by decreasing leasing costs, and the operator, by decreasing capital expense, and achieves the goal of keeping total power consumption under the data center power capacity limit while reducing overall energy use.
A Different Shade of Gray: Midlife and Beyond in the Inner City

In this well-researched book, Katherine Newman challenges the notion that the living environments of older people are uniformly stable and desirable. The premise of this book is that the life pathw...
MORPHOGENESIS OF DECIDUOUS MOLAR PATTERN IN MAN

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the molar crowns of the primary dentition both in the soft tissue stage prior to initial calcification and in the various stages during the calcification process. The monographs and general texts devoted to fossil man and the adaptive radiation of the primates could scarcely have been undertaken without serious attention to the morphology of the teeth, particularly the molars. The eventual morphology of the molar crown is dependent upon at least two types of growth. The folding of the inner enamel epithelium, which is itself a phenomenon of differential rates of mitotic activity, may be regarded as the primary and most fundamental step in the ultimate determination of the crown morphology. A secondary, but important, contributing process to the final configuration of the crown is the deposition of enamel, which has been demonstrated to proceed at different rates in different parts of the tooth
A spectral method for computing the effect of stress on guided modes in plates and rods

This paper presents a numerical approach based on spectral methods for the computation of guided ultrasonic wave modes in stressed elastic plates and rods. The approach is applicable to Lamb modes in anisotropic plates and longitudinal modes in isotropic rods under uniform stress. The proposed approach computes the modeshapes and the full complex dispersion spectrum (real frequency, complex wavenumber), accommodating both propagating (real wavenumber) and non-propagating (complex wavenumber) modes. Numerical results are presented for plates composed of fiber-reinforced graphite/epoxy (GREP) and plates and rods composed of Hecla 17 steel. The results are used to investigate and compare the effect of stress on the dispersion curves for plates and rods, while demonstrating the computational efficiency of spectral methods. The convergence rate is demonstrated, showing spectral convergence.
Crowdsourced genealogies and genomes

Genealogies are likely the first, centuries-old “big data,” with their construction as old as human civilization. Recent renewed interest led to the largest genealogical websites (Ancestry.com, MyHeritage, and Geni) amassing 130 million users who generated billions of online genealogical profiles, offering ample research opportunities that would otherwise require extensive recruitment. On page 171 of this issue, Kaplanis et al. ( 1 ) showcase the research potential of this type of crowdsourced data, studying genealogies based on processing 86 million public Geni profiles.
Reverse Logistics for Recycling: Challenges Facing the Carpet Industry

In this chapter we explore the issues of reverse logistics for recycling within the carpet industry, including an economic analysis of the success of carpet recycling. In particular, we look at: • Carpet recycling (Section 7.2); • The future of reverse logistics for the carpet industry (Section 7.3); • A framework for understanding recycling (Section 7.4); • Policy options and implications (Section 7.5); and • Areas for future research (Section 7.6).
Variability in Reactions to Instructional Guidance during Smartphone-Based Assisted Navigation of Blind Users

'Turn slightly to the left' the navigational system announces, with the aim of directing a blind user to merge into a corridor. Yet, due to long reaction time, the user turns too late and proceeds into the wrong hallway. Observations of such user behavior in real-world navigation settings motivate us to study the manner in which blind users react to the instructional feedback of a turn-by-turn guidance system. We found little previous work analyzing the extent of the variability among blind users in reaction to different instructional guidance during assisted navigation. To gain insight into how navigational interfaces can be better designed to accommodate the information needs of different users, we conduct a data-driven analysis of reaction variability as defined by motion and timing measures. Based on continuously tracked user motion during real-world navigation with a deployed system, we find significant variability between users in their reaction characteristics. Specifically, the statistical analysis reveals significant variability during the crucial elements of the navigation (e.g., turning and encountering obstacles). With the end-user experience in mind, we identify the need to not only adjust interface timing and content to each user's personal walking pace, but also their individual navigation skill and style. The design implications of our study inform the development of assistive systems which consider such user-specific behavior to ensure successful navigation.
Abstract TP65: Perfusion Artifacts May Overestimate Thrombectomy Eligibility in Patients With Acute Large Vessel Occlusion

Background: Automated computed tomography perfusion (CTP) is effective at identifying salvageable penumbra in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). Perfusion imag...
Update: Influenza Activity in the United States During the 2016–17 Season and Composition of the 2017–18 Influenza Vaccine

During the 2016-17 influenza season (October 2, 2016-May 20, 2017) in the United States, influenza activity* was moderate. Activity remained low through November, increased during December, and peaked in February nationally, although there were regional differences in the timing of influenza activity. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses predominated through mid-March and were predominant overall for the season, but influenza B viruses were most commonly reported from late March through May. This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States during October 2, 2016-May 20, 2017† and updates the previous summary (1).
School Wellness in Wisconsin: Evaluating Policies for Practices to Prevent Pediatric Obesity

Background We examined written language in Wisconsin school wellness policies (SWPs) for federal mandate compliance, quality related to obesity prevention, and school characteristics associated with variations in quality. This is the first near census of Wisconsin SWPs and examines whether adhering to federal mandates results in strong policies aimed at preventing pediatric obesity. Methods Policies were coded using the WellSAT 2.0. Policy quality was computed as comprehensiveness and strength based on 6 subscales and 2 overall scores. Variations in policy quality were examined by district size, free/reduced lunch percentage, and year of last revision. Results We received SWPs from 91% of districts. Six of the 8 federal mandates were addressed by the majority of districts, although less than one fourth addressed all. Most comprehensiveness scores were weak to moderate, and strength scores were weak. All school characteristics were significantly related to overall policy quality; effect sizes were small. Conclusions Our results confirm the necessity of statewide focus on SWP improvement and suggest that while districts may be meeting federal mandates related to pediatric obesity, few policies include health promotion practices beyond those required. Policies remain fragmented and lack focus on obesity prevention practices; we identify modifiable areas for improvement.
Herpes encephalitis : a stroke mimicker.

Background: HSV-1 encephalitis (HSVE) usually presents with fever, altered mental status or focal seizures. Aphasia can also be a presenting symptom of HSVE but rarely occurs as the primary symptom. We present a case where aphasia was the primary presenting symptom of HSVE. Case: A 72-year-old physician with a history of hyperlipidemia and obstructive sleep apnea presented to the emergency room with sudden onset of speech difficulty lasting an hour. He did not have a fever, photophobia, neck stiffness, weakness, or numbness. The patient was brought in by the family within an hour to the emergency department. On exam, the only neurological deficit that was found was the use of inappropriate words in sentences and inability to name certain objects. He was diagnosed with an embolic stroke and received tPA. MRI brain that was done 24-hour post tPA showed an increased FLAIR and T2 signal hyperintensity within the medial left temporal lobe with slight effacement of the cysts sulci which was concerning for encephalitis. This was later confirmed by serology. The patient was started on IV Acyclovir and recovered fully after 3 weeks of acute neuro rehabilitation. Conclusion: Aphasia primarily is an unusual presentation of HSVE. It should be considered as one of the possibilities in patients presenting with features suggestive of a stroke involving the language areas of the brain.
Multigenerational Family Systems

Since their introduction in the 1950s and 1960s, multigenerational approaches to family therapy have occupied a central role in the field, and though they reflect varying nuances and emphases, their foundational themes remain consistent. Families are considered as ongoing multigenerational systems rather than discrete, nuclear entities. Multigenerational theorists assert that individuals carry with them unresolved emotional reactivity to their parents, leaving them vulnerable to repeat identical patterns in every new relationship they enter. According to multigenerational approaches to family therapy, the basic building block of complex social groups is the multigenerational family. Of the many multigenerational approaches to family systems that have been developed, arguably the most comprehensive is Bowen family systems theory. The concept of the nuclear family emotional system describes the basic relationship processes that govern where symptoms emerge in a family. Emotional cutoff is closely related to differentiation of self and reflects anxious maneuvering designed to regulate the extent of one’s proximity to others.
Road salt chloride retention in wetland soils and effects on dissolved organic carbon export

Deicing salt runoff is a cause of freshwater salinisation in many regions. Studies in uplands indicate that soil properties affect storage and movement across the landscape of salt and dissolved or...
Economy and STEM Education Policy: Towards a Bidirectional STEM Pipeline

Whether implicit or explicit, the purpose of K-12 education in the American mind is for (1) economic advancement of the individual and (2) the maintenance of the capitalist economic structure through the provision of a qualified labor force. As the disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) are seen as central to future economic activity, much attention in science education research is presently paid to how to best retain students in a unidirectional pipeline model towards STEM careers. I challenge the purely economic impetus for diverse participation in STEM education as necessarily reproducing historical inequities. Rather, I reconceptualize a bidirectional STEM pipeline that seeks to democratize the tools of science for the continued work of social justice. In this model, science takes on the role of one of a number of equally valuable funds of knowledge that students can appropriate to answer questions and address issues in their own community contexts. I draw on the work of John Dewey and Lev Vygotsky in discussing the dialectical relationship between identity and culture, to explain how democratizing the tools of science in this way will allow marginalized groups to (re)construct the very culture of science.
Initial Characteristics of Kepler Short Cadence Data

The Kepler Mission offers two options for observations—either long cadence (LC) used for the bulk of core mission science, or short cadence (SC) which is used for applications such as asteroseismology of solar-like stars and transit timing measurements of exoplanets where the 1 minute sampling is critical. We discuss the characteristics of SC data obtained in the 33.5 day long Quarter 1 observations with Kepler which completed on 2009 June 15. The truly excellent time series precisions are nearly Poisson limited at 11th magnitude providing per-point measurement errors of 200 parts-per-million per minute. For extremely saturated stars near seventh magnitude precisions of 40 ppm are reached, while for background limited measurements at 17th magnitude precisions of 7 mmag are maintained. We note the presence of two additive artifacts, one that generates regularly spaced peaks in frequency, and one that involves additive offsets in the time domain inversely proportional to stellar brightness. The difference between LC and SC sampling is illustrated for transit observations of TrES-2.
A Review of Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques of River Delta Morphology Change

River deltas are important coastal depositional systems that are home to almost half a billion people worldwide. Understanding morphology changes in deltas is important in identifying vulnerabilities to natural disasters and improving sustainable planning and management. In this paper, we critically review literature on satellite remote sensing techniques that were used to study delta morphology changes. We identify and categorize these techniques into 3 major classes: (1) one-step change detection, 2) two-step change detection, and (3) ensemble classifications. In total, we offer a review of 18 techniques with example studies, and strengths and caveats of each. Synthesis of literature reveals that sub-pixel-based algorithms perform better than pixel-based ones. Machine learning techniques rank second to sub-pixel techniques, although an ensemble of techniques can be used just as effectively to achieve high feature detection accuracies. We also evaluate the performance of the 7 most commonly used techniques in literature on a sample of global deltas. Findings show the unsupervised classification significantly outperforms the others, and is recommended as a first-order delta morphological feature extraction technique in previously unknown, or, data sparse deltaic territories. We propose four pathways for future advancement delta morphological remote sensing: (1) utilizing high-resolution imagery and development of more efficient data mining techniques, (2) moving toward universal applicability of algorithms and their transferability across satellite platforms, (3) use of ancillary data in image processing algorithms, and (4) development of a global-scale repository of deltaic data for the sharing of scientific knowledge across disciplines.
A relationship-based integrative model of intervention for autism spectrum disorders

Abstract This chapter illustrates the application of the relationship-based principles of infant mental health in multidisciplinary intervention with children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their families. It focuses on the current conceptions of whom we serve, the nature of the work, the phases of intervention, the use of ourselves as practitioners, and the scope of mental health in the treatment of ASD. In the treatment of ASD, the primary developmental issues are located in the interpersonal world of reciprocal social communication and interaction. These children are confusing social partners who tend to elicit parental concerns about their own parenting capacities rather than about the specific impediments to their child’s growth. We describe an assessment and treatment process that supports the formation of a nonjudgmental partnership between the family and the professional, informed by relationship-based mental health principles. The relationship-based treatment approach enables the parents to navigate the complex feelings and reactions that ultimately allow them to become well attuned coregulators of their child’s experience and development. In this chapter, we unpack the therapeutic elements of a matrix of care, and of building and sustaining the therapeutic working alliance with parents that enables them to identify their child’s developmental challenges, to promote growth, and to understand and sustain empathy for their child’s struggles to engage in relationships.