cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
My Mother's Party

When I was a boy I lived with my Uncle Lloyd and his wife, Aimee. Their house sat up on stilts in case the river should flood. It slid past our place with only the narrow highway and about two feet of bank separating our property line from the river's muddy depths. I remember once the water spilled up over the highway and covered the lawn. Aimee worried that one of the stilts would sink into the mud and the house would shift and come apart at its seams. I thought for sure that the water would rise all the way above the roof and we would be swallowed up. That night I dreamt of us underwa ter, catfish darting in and out of our rooms, the three of us drifted weightless, our hair fanning like dye in the current. From my bedroom window I watched the river pushing south at night when I couldn't sleep, and on the nights when the moon was big in the sky, it glittered the water's surface and looked like a mil lion nickels bouncing along its ripples. I pressed myself against the pane of glass and felt the coolness of it against my face. When there was no moon, I could still make out the black shape of the river and I closed my eyes and listened to it washing against itself and waited for the water to speak to me. There were nights that Lloyd would take me across the highway and we would stand together on the short bank and skim pebbles out over the surface. Sometimes one of our pebbles would disap pear into the darkness before falling into the water and I imagined it skipping along the surface forever, or maybe rising up high into the air and vanishing among the blanket of stars draped over our heads. I remember Aimee sitting at the foot of my bed some morn ings when I woke, how she smiled at me, and I wondered how long she had been watching me dream; I remember that I didn't usually notice the sound of the river when I woke up, though it was so noisy when I had gone to sleep the night before, the house always filled with other sounds in the morning: Lloyd and his brother talking from the kitchen table about the work they had to get done that day, the bubbling and hissing of coffee brewing in the percolator, Aimee's breakfast of sow belly with potatoes and peppers frying
Dominant-Negative c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase 2 Sensitizes Renal Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells to Hypertonicity-induced Lethality Independent of Organic Osmolyte Transport

Abstract The c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinases (JNKs), as well as the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, are activated in renal cells in response to extracellular hypertonicity. To determine whether activation of JNKs by hypertonicity is isoform-specific, renal inner medullary collecting duct cells were stably transfected with cDNA’s encoding hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms, and the expressed kinases were immunoprecipitated with an anti-HA antibody. Whereas both recombinant kinases were equivalently expressed, only immunoprecipitates from the HA-JNK2 cells displayed hypertonicity-inducible JNK activity. Furthermore, expression of dominant-negative JNK2 (HA-JNK2-APF) in stable clones inhibited hypertonicity-induced JNK activation by 40–70%, whereas expression of dominant-negative JNK1 (HA-JNK1-APF) had no significant inhibitory effect. Independent HA-JNK2-APF (but not HA-JNK1-APF) clones displayed greatly reduced viability relative to neomycin controls after 16 h of exposure to 600 mosm/kg hypertonic medium with percent survival of 20.5 ± 2.7 and 31.5 ± 7.3 for two independent HA-JNK2-APF clones compared with 80.1 ± 1.0 for neomycin controls (p < 0.001, n = 5, mean ± S.E.). However, neither JNK mutant blocked either regulatory volume increase or hypertonicity-induced enhancement of uptake of inositol, an organic osmolyte putatively involved in long term adaptation to hypertonicity. These results define JNK2 as the primary hypertonicity-activated JNK isoform in IMCD-3 cells and demonstrate its central importance in cellular survival in a hypertonic environment by a mechanism independent of acute regulatory volume increase as well as regulation of organic osmolyte uptake.
IR-spectra of fluorapatite and fluorchlorapatite

Es wird eine Zuordnung der IR-Absorptionsbanden zu den Tetraederschwingungen des PO4-Tetraeders in Apatit gegeben.
A multilevel framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations and behaviours

A conceptual and analytic framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations, and behaviours is presented. The framework assumes that such relationships can be understood in terms of four questions. (1) What are the relationships between trait and state level constructs, which include psychological states, the situations people experience and behaviour? (2) What are the relationships between psychological states, between states and situations and between states and behaviours? (3) How do such state level relationships vary as a function of trait level individual differences? (4) How do the relationships that are the focus of questions 1, 2, and 3 change across time? This article describes how to use multilevel random coefficient modelling (MRCM) to examine such relationships. The framework can accommodate different definitions of traits and dispositions (Allportian, processing styles, profiles, etc.) and different ways of conceptualising relationships between states and traits (aggregationist, interactionist, etc.). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motivating ergonomic computer workstation setup: sometimes training is not enough.

Musculoskeletal disorders lead to pain and suffering and result in high costs to industry. There is evidence to suggest that whereas conventional ergonomics training programs result in knowledge gains, they may not necessarily translate to changes in behavior. There were 11 participants in an ergonomics training program, and a subsample of participants received a motivational intervention in the form of incentives for correct workstation setup. Training did not yield any changes in ergonomics measures for any participant. Incentives resulted in marked and durable changes in targeted workstation measures. The data suggest that improving worker knowledge about ergonomically correct workstation setup does not necessarily lead to correct workstation setup, and that motivational interventions may be needed to achieve lasting behavior change. computer workstations incentives injury prevention musculoskeletal disorders training
Our curriculum has become math-phobic!

The paper [2] argued that mathematical ideas play an important role in the computer science curriculum, and that Discrete Mathematics needs to be taught early in the computer science curriculum. In this follow-up paper, we present evidence that computer science curricula are drifting away from a fundamental commitment to theoretical and mathematical ideas. We propose some actions that can be taken to help reverse this drift.
The Analytical Solution of the Stellar Interior Equations for Approximating Stellar and Protostellar Structure

This work presents an analytical solution of the Stellar Interior Equations (SIE) in order to approximate the structure of a star. Herein we model the gradients of mass, pressure, temperature, and luminosity for a Main-Sequence star, such as the Sun. Also presented is an analytical method for approximating the hydrostatic core of a protostellar structure. The methods derive, dimensionless variables from the SIE which are then used to solve ‘linearly approximate’ equation, which are expanded about an initial point. The results are in good agreement with standard computer studies in existence (at least for the present Main-Sequence Sun).
Purification of human transcription factors Nanog and Sox2, each in complex with Skp, an Escherichia coli periplasmic chaperone

Nanog and Sox2 are key transcriptional factors involved in self-renewal and pluripotency of stem cells in human and other mammals. Nanog and Sox2 contain homeodomain (HD) and high-mobility group (HMG) DNA-binding domain, respectively, for targeting them to their regulatory regions and the other regions with transactivation function by providing sites for recruiting other transcriptional regulators. To gain insights in the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of the other regions of Nanog and Sox2, we have tried to overproduce and purify full length wild-type human Nanog and Sox2 expressed in Escherichia coli. Interestingly, we found that Nanog and Sox2 were individually stabilized by tight interaction with Skp, an E. coli periplasmic chaperone, thereby enabling stable over-expression and purification of Nanog and Sox2, each in complex with Skp. Purified Skp complexes of Nanog and Sox maintained DNA-binding activity toward its cognate DNA sequence. A similar approach may be applicable for some other mammalian proteins that are unstable or difficult to over-express in E. coli.
Comparative stress effects of vented and nonvented self-threading retentive pins

Longitudinally vented self-threading pins do not demonstrate a significant improvement in the complete seating of the pins or a decrease of dentinal crazing. The link series technique does demonstrate a significant improvement in the complete seating of pins and in the prevention of misalignment of the pins with the channels.
Business combinations: How will accounting changes affect key financial figures?

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has announced it will eliminate pooling of interests as a method of accounting for business combinations. The authors investigate exactly what this will do to key financial statement figures. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RNA and axonal flow. Biochemical and autoradiographic study in the rabbit optic system

Summary The movement of RNA and its precursors was studied in the rabbit optic system at various time intervals after intraocular injection of [ 3 H]uridine. A proximo-distal gradient of both precursors and RNA was found, with the 3 H precursors always preceding the appearance of [ 3 H]RNA. By autoradiography, most of the RNA in the optic nerve was found to be outside the axons, mainly in glial cells. Actinomycin D administered intracranially after intraocular injection of [ 3 H]uridine produced a 70–80% diminution in synthesis of labeled RNA in the optic nerve, without affecting the retina. Instead, when this drug was injected intraocularly before [ 3 H]uridine, it had no effect on the optic nerves, in spite of a severe inhibition of RNA synthesis in the retina. It is concluded that most of the RNA found in the nerve is synthesized locally, and since both precursors and RNA follow very closely the axonal pathway, it is suggested that the labeled precursors migrate intraaxonally and are taken up by adjacent glial cells where they are incorporated into RNA.
Alcohol consumption: effect of gender and psychopathology.

Alcohol consumption, when corrected for body weight, was not related to age and did not differ from male and female alcohoHcs, when compared within subtype of alcoholism. Regardtoss of gender, alcoholics with antisocial personality diagnosis drank significantly more alcohol than non-antisocial personality alcoholics.
Explaining the Cause of Muslim-Christian Conflicts in Indonesia: Tracing the Origins of Kristenisasi and Islamisasi

Within the last decade, Indonesia has experienced numerous incidents of communal violence between conservative Muslims, who are the religious majority in the country, and the Christian minority. This has been caused by mutual prejudices and suspicions that have gradually developed between the two groups. This article will explain the origins of such sentiments by looking at the history of Muslim–Christian relations in Indonesia. It argues that the origins of tensions between the two religions date from the Dutch colonial period in Indonesia and persisted throughout Indonesia's post-independence history. First, the article will survey the roots of Kristenisasi suspicions among Indonesian Muslims, from the Dutch colonial period until the New Order regime under Suharto. Next, it will examine government policies designed to appease conservative Muslims and restrict the religious freedom of Indonesian Christians. Finally, it will discuss how these policies helped to create the fear of Islamisasi among Indonesi...
Development of an expert system to help design for worker safety

Remediation of hazardous waste may require the application of new technologies. These technologies are usually designed by experts who know very little about safety and health issues. A user-friendly, easily accessible system that is devised to assist designers during the design phase by pointing out the different downfalls of their design with respect to safety and health issues and impact, can dramatically improve hazardous waste remediation safety, reduce costs, and most important, reduce the chance of injuries.
Feed Forward Predictive and Adaptive Control by the Dynamic Matrix

The basic concepts of an optimal predictive control algorithm referred to a Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) are described. The Dynamic Matrix model is related to traditional models like state space and ARMA models. The control algorithm (DMC) is related to traditional optimal control in the unconstrained case. It is shown how constraints in input and output variables are defined and incorporated in the optimization. A brief description of an estimation scheme for the dynamic matrix parameters is given. Finally, an extension into nonlinear models and control is presented.
The Fate of Americans in a Spanish Setting: A Study in Adaptation

What happens to Americans when they go abroad? The practical aspects of this question seems to be particularly pressing at a time when nearly two million Americans are living overseas and the number visiting foreign places (voluntarily or involuntarily) is increasing each year. However, reliable knowledge about the fate of these people is hard to find. We do have a number of impressionistic accounts in which the concepts of "culture shock and "acculturation" stand out, but systematic research organized by appropriate theory has hardly begun to throw light on this subject. This paper, in reporting on the adaptation of a small group of American sojourners in a large city in northeast Spain, takes a small step in this direction.
A probabilistic prediction model for the corrosion initiation time of steel reinforcement in concrete structures

This paper presents an analytic method for predicting the probabilistic features of corrosion initiation time of reinforcement in concrete structures subjected to chloride environments. By using the analytic solution of non-linear chloride diffusion equation, and using statistic data for thickness of concrete cover, water-to-cement ratio, curing time, chloride diffusion coefficient, surface chloride concentration and chloride threshold value, both the mean and standard deviation of the corrosion initiation time can be calculated analytically.
Horn Flies and Stable Flies: Feeding Activity

An electronic bitometer was used to study the feeding activity of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), feeding on a cow. Females averaged 38.4 feedings/day and spent an average 163 min/day in feeding; males averaged 24 feedings/day and spent an average 96 min/day in feeding. In contrast, female horn flies offered blood in the laboratory averaged 10 feedings/day and spent an average 15.3 min/day in feeding. Gut contents of female horn flies also indicated they fed more than 24 times/day. Female stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), averaged 1.8 feedings/day, and males averaged 2.8 feedings/day.
The X-Ray Spectra of Clusters of Galaxies

Clusters of galaxies were established as a class of X-ray sources by observers on the Uhuru satellite (Gursky et al. 1971). These early results indicated that clusters were a powerful (Lx in the 2–6 keV band > 1044 erg/sec) and numerous (≳ 9) class of extra-galactic X-ray sources. These early results also indicated that the sources were extended (Kellogg 1972; Kellogg and Murray 1974) with a characteristic size ≳ .25 Mpc. Early spectral data (Kellogg, Baldwin and Koch 1974; Catura et al. 1972; Gorenstein et al. 1973) showed that the spectra were not strongly cutoff at low energies and could be fit equally well by power laws of energy index ∿ 1 or by the emission from optically thin hot gas (henceforth referred to as thermal bremsstrahlung and abbreviated as T—B) with a temperature of ∿ 108 °K.
Epigenetic regulation of EBV and KSHV latency

The gammaherpesviruses are unique for their capacity to establish a variety of gene expression programs during latent and lytic infection. This capacity enables the virus to control host-cell proliferation, prevent programmed cell death, elude immune cell detection, and ultimately adapt to a wide range of environmental and developmental changes in the host cell. This remarkable plasticity of gene expression results from the combined functionalities of viral and host factors that biochemically remodel and epigenetically modify the viral chromosome. These epigenetic modifications range from primary DNA methylations, to chromatin protein post-translational modifications, to higher-order chromosome conformations. In addition, gammaherpesviruses have acquired specialized tools to modulate the epigenetic processes that promote viral genome propagation and host-cell survival.
Masculinity-femininity perceptions of job requirements and their relationship to job-sex stereotypes

Abstract Perceived sex appropriateness of the work situation is believed to constrain work opportunities, particularly for women. However, sex appropriateness may be defined either with respect to the entire job or with respect to the tasks which comprise the job. In this study sex appropriateness of job tasks was examined by obtaining subjective estimates of the masculinity-femininity of the job requirement dimensions defined by the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT). Results indicate that interacting with things is perceived as masculine, interacting with people is perceived as feminine, and interacting with data is perceived as falling between the other two. There is less agreement on the masculinity-femininity of specific types of interactions with data, people, and things. Sex appropriateness of specific requirements was found to be only moderately associated with the DOT's assessment of the complexity of those requirements. Further, sex appropriateness of job requirements was not highly related to the job sextypes established by Shinar ( Shinar, E. H. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1975 , 7, 99–110) and Krefting et al. ( Krefting, L. A., Berger, P. K., and Wallace, M. J. Jr. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1978 , 13, 181–191). This suggests that sex appropriateness of a job and sex appropriateness of the tasks which comprise the job are distinct, separate concepts.
Effect of bright light treatment on agitated behavior in institutionalized elderly subjects

This study examined whether exposure to bright light treatment would reduce agitated behavior in institutionalized elderly subjects. Six demented elderly subjects (mean age = 89.2 years) living in a skilled nursing facility were studied. Light (2500 lx) was administered for 2 hours in the morning for two 10-day periods. The Bliwise Agitation Behavior Rating Scale was used to rate agitated behavior once every 15 min between 16:00 h and 20:00 h during 3 days of baseline, the light treatment periods, and 5 days of posttreatment follow-up evaluation. The entire protocol was then repeated in an ABABA design. A planned comparison revealed a significant difference between light treatment days and nontreatment days, with less agitation being observed on treatment days. The study suggests the efficacy of the clinical use of bright light treatment to reduce agitation.
Sexual Differentiation and Development in the Malaria Parasite

The protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium have a complex life cycle in which the asexual multiplication of parasites in the vertebrate host alternates with an obligate sexual reproduction in the mosquito. Gametocytes (male and female) produced in the vertebrate host are responsible for transmitting parasites to mosquitoes. Although our understanding of the biology and genetics of sexual differentiation in Plasmodium is expanding, the most basic questions concerning molecular mechanisms of sexual differentiation and sex determination still remain unanswered. Recently, insight into the control of this complex process in P. falciparum and P. berghei has come from studying parasite mutants with aberrant capacities for gametocyte production. Here, Cheryl-Ann Lobo and Nirbhay Kumar review these analyses in P. falciparum.
Persistent infection of oligodendrocytes in Theiler's virus-induced encephalomyelitis

Mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) develop a chronic relapsing demyelinating myelitis. To determine the localization of viral antigen in infected cells of the spinal cord, we studied TMEV-infected SJL/J mice using immunoelectron microscopic peroxidase-antiperoxidase techniques. Viral antigens were expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons and astrocytes 4 and 11 days postinfection. At 28 days postinfection, macrophages, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes showed viral antigen in their cytoplasm. At 45, 83, 270, and 360 days postinfection, most infected cells were oligodendrocytes as revealed ultrastructurally by immunoperoxidase staining of prominent glial loops that connect with myelin lamellae. Some of these sheaths also showed Schmidt-Lanterman incisures that stained for viral antigen. Virus could be recovered at low titers for the duration of the illness. The findings indicate that TMEV induces persistent infection of oligodendrocytes which could then become the target of immune-mediated injury resulting in demyelination.
De novo synthesis of galacto-sugar δ-lactones via a catalytic osmium/palladium/osmium reaction sequence

Abstract A highly efficient route to various 1,5- galacto -sugar lactones from dienoates has been developed by using three catalytic reactions. These reactions include (i) an enantioselective osmium-catalyzed dihydroxylation, (ii) a regio- and diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed π-allyl alkylation with p -methoxyphenol for alcohol differentiation and protection, and (iii) a diastereoselective dihydroxylation that can be improved using matched enantioselective osmium-catalyzed dihydroxylation condition.
Hypothalamic control of energy and glucose metabolism

The central nervous system (CNS), generally accepted to regulate energy homeostasis, has been implicated in the metabolic perturbations that either cause or are associated with obesity. Normally, the CNS receives hormonal, metabolic, and neuronal input to assure adequate energy levels and maintain stable energy homeostasis. Recent evidence also supports that the CNS uses these same inputs to regulate glucose homeostasis and this aspect of CNS regulation also becomes impaired in the face of dietary-induced obesity. This review focuses on the literature surrounding hypothalamic regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis and discusses how dysregulation of this system may contribute to obesity and T2DM.
Simulation of Thermionic Emission from Quantum Wires

In the late 19th century, Edison observed electrical current flowing between hot and cold electrodes [1]. Since this discovery of thermionic emission, research has occurred with varying intensity in order to harness the simplicity and utility of the thermionic effect in power generation devices. Hatsopoulos and Gyftopoulos [2,3] provide details of the development of thermionic theory and practice. In general, thermionic power generation has not found widespread use, despite many inherent advantages over alternative power generation methods, because of material limitations that have precluded an attractive combination of power generation efficiency and capacity. This paper presents semiclassical and quantum models for the thermionic behavior of a newly developed class of materials, quantum wires, that may offer some promise in alleviating historic materials limitations of thermionic devices.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Resemble and Inhibit: when RLR meets TGF-β.

In this issue, Xu et al. (2014) show that innate antiviral RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) signaling represses TGF-β-induced growth inhibition, epithelial-mesenchyme transition (EMT), and regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation via IRF3-mediated Smads function.
Spreading Resistance as a Function of Frequency

The equivalent circuit applicable to most semiconductor diodes contains a term R/sub s/ called the spreading resistance which is a very critical parameter of any diode. In a mixer diode, R/sub s/ limits the conversion efficiency and increases the noise temperature. In parametric amplifiers, R/sub s/ affects the overall impedance levels and determines the minimum noise figure of which the amplifier is capable. In harmonic generators it drastically affects the conversion efficiency, as it dissipates power not only at the input and output harmonic frequencies but also at every idler frequency for which current may flow through the diode. This paper details more specifically the problems encountered when high frequency operation must be evaluated. The cylindrical capacitor is examined with emphasis on the configuration which applies to the variable-capacitor diode, which is used primarily for harmonic power generation. The point-contact diode configuration is examined and the field equations are derived in terms of the oblate spheroidal coordinates. It is shown that this is the natural coordinate system for such an analysis and that the spreading resistance is quite easily derived in this system.
Hydrothermal simulation of ion migration in selected argillaceous sediments: implications for backfill design

Argillaceous rocks, used either as a repository rock or as a backfill material provide a reactive medium with which escaped radionuclides can react. Solutions containing U, Nd, Gd, Cs, and Sr were reacted with bulk specimens of two argillites with the objective of determining penetration of heavy metals into the rock, and the reaction products. The two Devonian argillites were chosen to represent a highly reducing rock containing pyrite and carbonaceous material and accessory minerals, and a clean, alumino-silicate rock containing mainly quartz and layer silicates. Cylinders of rock were reacted with solutions at saturated steam pressures and 200/sup 0/C. At the end of the runs, both rocks contained reduced uranium in the form of UO/sub 2/ /sub 25/. The rare earths were associated with the uranium. There was a precipitated coating or uranium-rich material on the outside of the reducing shale and few of the radionuclides had penetrated the interior. Uranium also formed a precipitate within 0.5 mm of the surface of the oxidized shale leaving a depleted zone near the surface. Cesium and strontium did not penetrate the reducing shale but were uniformly distributed throughout the oxidized shale. Chlorite, apatite and pyrite were found to be the mostmore » reactive phases in the shales.« less
Calorie restriction and susceptibility to intact pathogens

Long-term calorie restriction (CR) causes numerous physiological changes that ultimately increase mean and maximum lifespan of most species examined to date. One physiological change that occurs with CR is enhanced immune function, as tested using antigens and mitogens to stimulate an immune response. Fewer studies have used intact pathogen exposure to test whether the enhanced capacity of the immune response during CR actually decreases susceptibility of hosts to their pathogens. So far, studies using intact bacteria, virus, and helminth worm exposure indicate that, despite similar or enhanced immune system function, CR hosts are more susceptible to infection by intact pathogens than their fully fed counterparts. Long-term CR studies that examine susceptibility to a variety of parasite taxa will help determine if direct CR or CR mimetics will be beneficial to people living in pathogen-rich environments.
Project management and burnout: Implications of the Demand–Control–Support model on project-based work

Abstract Project-based work has long been characterized as frenetic, fast-paced, and dynamic. The often competing constraints imposed by schedules, stakeholders, and budgetary restrictions make project activities conflict-laden and highly conducive to work-related stress. Stress is not an end unto itself but instead, is often a precursor for burnout. Burnout is a psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced personal accomplishment. This paper reports on the results of a study of burnout among project management personnel. Using the Demand–Control–Support model as our conceptual framework, we analyzed a sample of respondents from four project-intensive organizations. Our findings demonstrated that women tend to experience emotional exhaustion to a greater extent than their male counterparts. Further, control and social support do serve as moderators for the burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion and cynicism, suggesting limited support for the Demand–Control–Support model. Implications of this study for project management and workplace burnout are discussed.
A compiler construction project for an object-oriented language

A non-traditional compiler construction project is described for an object-oriented language modeled after Smalltalk. Central issues include implementation of message sending and inheritance and the relationship with the run-time environment. The project offers diversity and challenge and has been successfully completed by small teams.
ASEXUAL EMBRYOGENESIS IN CALLUS CULTURES OF PALMS

Germ-pore-containing ovule sections, excised from data palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit 2 to 3 months after pollination, produced callus in a medium enriched with 2,4-D. Reculture of callus in auxin-less medium resulted in development of numerous asexual embryos. Callus development and asexual embryogenesis also were observed inHoweia forsteriana andChamaedorea costaricana embryo explants, although not as profusely as inP. dactylifera.
Factors influencing the infection of cowpea protoplasts by cowpea mosaic virus RNA.

Abstract Protoplasts were isolated from primary leaves of cowpeas ( Vigna sinensis ) by a slight modification of the procedure reported (Beier and Bruening, 1975) . They were inoculated with cowpea mosaic virus RNA under various conditions. The highest yield of virus from the infected protoplasts was achieved when viral RNA was incubated in 0.45 M mannitol, 0.1 M potassium phosphate, 50 μg/ml of protamine sulfate, pH 6, at room temperature, and then was mixed with protoplasts at 10° for 15 min. Sixty-five percent of the protoplasts were infected at an RNA concentration of 50 μg/ml. When protoplasts were inoculated with virions and with RNA under the same conditions, the phase of rapid increase of protoplast-associated infectivity occurred sooner and was more steep with RNA as inoculum.
Cross-attraction between two species of Matsucoccus : Extraction, bioassay, and isolation of the sex pheromone.

In laboratory bioassays, males ofMatsucoccus resinosae fromPinus resinosa in New York andMatsucoccus n. sp. fromPinus thunbergiana in Korea were strongly attracted to crude hexane extracts ofM. resinosae females, andM. resinosae males responded strongly to extracts ofMatsucoccus n. sp. females. Males of the two species responded similarly to gas chromatographic fractions and subfractions of a pentane extract ofM. resinosae females. Sex pheromones of these two species appear to be the same or very similar.
THEORY AND PRACTICE HYLAND, KEN, & BRIAN PALTRIDGE. (Eds.). The Continuum Companion to Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum, 2011, Pp. xiii, 393. $151.22, cloth. ISBN 978–1–44116–564–0.

A review of the book "The Continuum Companion to Discourse Analysis," edited by Ken Hyland and Brian Paltridge, is presented.
A Method of Drawing Metallic Filaments and a Discussion of their Properties and Uses

If a glass tube filled with a molten metal is placed in a tubular furnace or in a transverse hole through a heated copper rod and drawn out at the proper rate, metal filaments of almost any degree of fineness may be obtained down to a diameter of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ cm, or even less. The glass or quartz used must soften at a temperature between the melting and the boiling point of the particular metal. Filaments of Pb, Sb, Bi, Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Sn, Tl, Cd, Co, Ga, and In have been made by this method. The glass envelop may serve as insulation or may be removed, if desired, with HF. The filaments are very pliable and have greater tensile strength than wires of ordinary size. The temperature coefficients of resistance were not found to differ markedly from those of the metals in bulk, and to be more constant. Metallic filaments made in this way have been used for resistance thermometers, thermocouples, galvanometer suspensions, and hair lines for the eye pieces of telescopes. Their use in micropiles, bolometers and the moving coil of both direct and alternating current galvanometers is suggested. Conducting quartz threads were made by drawing down a tube with a silver core.
Substrate Docking Algorithms and Prediction of the Substrate Specificity of Cytochrome P450cam and Its L244A Mutant

The substrate specificity of cytochrome P450, defined as the ability of a compound to promote NAD(P)H and O utilization in the production of either organic or reduced oxygen metabolites, is largely determined by steric and hydrophobic interactions. P450 specificity may therefore be determined by the 'fit' of a compound within the active site. A receptor-constrained three- dimensional screening program (DOCK) has been used to select 11 compounds predicted to fit within the P450(cam) active site and 5 compounds predicted to fit within the L244A P450(cam) but not wild-type active site. The 16 compounds were evaluated as P450(cam) substrates by measuring (a) binding to the enzyme, (b) stimulation of NADH and O consumption, (c) enhancement of HO production, and (d) formation of organic metabolites. Seven of the compounds predicted to fit in the active site, and none of the compounds predicted not to fit, were found to be substrates. Compounds predicted to fit very tightly within the active site were poor or non-substrates. The L244A P450(cam) mutant was constructed, expressed, purified, and shown to readily oxidize some of the larger compounds incorrectly predicted to be substrates for the wild-type enzyme. The 5 ligands selected to fit the L244A but not wild-type sites were not detectable substrates, presumably because they fit too tightly into the active site. Retroactive adjustments of the docking program based on an analysis of the docking parameters, particularly variation of the minimum distance allowed between ligand and protein atoms, allow correct predictions for the activity of 15 of the 16 compounds with wild-type P450(cam). The DOCK predictions for the L244A mutant were also improved by changing the minimum contact distances to disfavor the larger compounds. The results indicate that ligands that fill the active site are marginal or non-substrates. A degree of freedom of motion is required for substrate positioning and catalytic function. If parameters are chosen to allow for this requirement, P450(cam) substrate predictions based on ligand docking in the active site can be reasonably accurate.
EGO STRENGTH AND RESPONSE STEREOTYPY.

The incidence of specificity and stereotypy was examined among 36 Ss'responses to six intensities of a 1000-cps tone. It was found that stereotypy occurred in 26 of the 36 Ss and was significantly less frequent among subjects in an intermediate range of ego strength. When a significant hierarchical patterning of ranks was found (stereotypy), there was marked individual variation in the order of ranks among physiological variables and the order was not related to ego strength. Specificity of response was less frequent, occurring in 16 of the 36 Ss. There was significantly more specificity in a high ego strength group as compared to middle and low Ea groups. Specificity occurred most frequently on heart rate but not significantly more frequently.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of cyanuric acid hydrolase from Azorhizobium caulinodans.

Cyanuric acid is synthesized industrially and forms during the microbial metabolism of s-triazine herbicides. Cyanuric acid is metabolized by some microorganisms via cyanuric acid hydrolase (CAH), which opens the s-triazine ring as a prelude to further metabolism. CAH is a member of the rare cyanuric acid hydrolase/barbiturase family. Here, the crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of CAH from Azorhizobium caulinodans are reported. CAH was cocrystallized with barbituric acid, a close analog of cyanuric acid that is a tight-binding competitive inhibitor. Crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction experiments were grown in conditions containing PEG 8K or magnesium sulfate as precipitants. An X-ray diffraction data set was collected from CAH–barbituric acid crystals to 2.7 A resolution. The crystals were found to belong to space group I4122, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 237.9, c = 105.3 A, α = β = γ = 90°.
Interchannel interaction of optical solitons

We study interaction between two solitons from different frequency channels propagating in an optical fiber. The interaction may be viewed as an inelastic collision, in which energy is lost to continuous radiation due to small but finite third order dispersion. We develop a perturbation theory with two small parameters: the third order dispersion coefficient d(3), and the reciprocal of the interchannel frequency difference, 1/beta. We find that amplitude of the leading contribution to radiation emitted during the collision is proportional to d(3)/beta(2). The source term for this radiation is of the form that would be generated by a variation in the second order dispersion coefficient. In addition, the only other effects up to the combined third order of the perturbation theory are phase changes and position shifts of the solitons. Solitons propagating in a given frequency channel interact via radiation emitted due to collisions with many solitons from other frequency channels. We show that this intrachannel interaction effect, induced by many interchannel collisions, is identical to the radiation mediated intrachannel interaction effect observed for solitons propagating under the influence of disorder in the second order dispersion coefficient.
A Comparison of Steady and Pulsatile Flow in Symmetrically Branched Tubes

The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of flow in the region of symmetrical bifurcations having branch-to-trunk area ratios of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 during steady and pulsatile flow. Flow was visualized with neutrally bouyant particles. Secondary flow was not observed in the branches during either steady or pulsatile flow when the branch-to-trunk area ratio was 0.4. Secondary velocity patterns were not observed in the branches with branch-to-trunk area ratios of 0.8 and 1.2 during pulsatile flow, although they were observed during steady flow. It may be inaccurate, therefore, to characterize pulsatile flow at an instantaneous Reynolds number on the basis of steady flow at the same Reynolds number.
Compact and self-aligned all-optical image correlator based on third-harmonic generation

We demonstrate a compact optical correlator using a diffractive optical element (DOE) beam splitter for 2D optical image processing. Image frequency conversion and correlation are demonstrated using third-harmonic generation (THG) in an organic film with a 1550 nm femtosecond laser. Spatial and temporal alignment of the femtosecond pulses are obtained by imaging the DOE onto the organic film.
Long‐run Lunacy, Short‐run Sanity: a Simple Model of Trade with Labor Market Turnover*

It is often argued that international trade is all about long-run relationships. In this paper, we argue that this view is flawed when factor markets are characterized by turnover. Toward that end, we provide a simple dynamic model of trade with labor market turnover and show that the relationship between the economy’s short-run and long-run behavior is more complex than in traditional trade models. For example, in the short run, the economy may produce outside of its long-run frontier. We show that focusing on long-run relationships can lead one to draw faulty policy conclusions, while focusing on its short-run behavior restores sanity. The implication is that in the presence of factor market turnover, international trade issues can only be understood by studying the entire dynamic path of the economy. Long-run relationships should be ignored.
Shock and volatility transmission in the oil, US and Gulf equity markets

Abstract This paper examines the volatility and shock transmission mechanism among US equity, global crude oil market, and equity markets of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain. Our results show significant transmission among second moments. In all cases, Gulf equity markets receive volatility from the oil market but only in the case of Saudi Arabia we found a significant volatility spillover from the Saudi market to the oil market. Our results are important for building accurate asset pricing models, forecasting future equity and oil price return volatility, and will further our understanding of the interaction of the stock markets of Gulf countries vis-a-vis the US equity market and the global oil market.
Workholding Stability in Shoe Centerless Grinding

The workholding stability problem has been one of the critical issues in shoe centerless grinding since it can directly affect the grinding process, and therefore cause the surface quality and the dimensional accuracies of a workpiece to deteriorate. In order to solve the problem, this paper investigates the underlying workholding mechanism of a shoe centerless grinding system, and proposes theoretical models to predict the driving capability of the system. The models are verified by an experimental study. It is made clear that workholding stability is achievable if the driving capability of the drivehead is matched by the constraint capability of the workholding system. Based on the models, workholding stability conditions are established that can serve as a guideline to the manufacturing industry.
A Nomogram For Predicting a Positive Repeat Prostate Biopsy in Patients With a Previous Negative Biopsy Session

ABSTRACTPurpose: Although prostate cancer is found in about 30% of patients at the initial biopsy session, there is a need to identify those with a negative result but who are at high risk. Although individual risk factors have been found to be associated with cancer, patient counseling requires the integration of multiple risk factors to obtain a prediction for the individual.Materials and Methods: We studied 343 patients with at least 1 initial negative biopsy who were tested from August 1999 to September 2001. At each biopsy session we recorded patient age, family history of prostate cancer, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSA slope, digital rectal examination findings, months from the initial biopsy session, cumulative number of negative cores previously obtained, and history of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or atypical small acinar proliferation. Through Cox regression analysis we determined the association of each variable with time to a positive biopsy. A nomogram was constr...
Understanding and facilitating self‐regulated help seeking

Many students are reluctant to seek needed help. In this chapter, we review research on help seeking as a self-regulated learning strategy and describe a set of interventions designed to promote effective use of help seeking.
Marked variation in responses to long-term nitric oxide inhibition during pregnancy in outbred rats from two different colonies

Abstract Objective: Some but not all studies have shown that long-term nitric oxide synthase inhibition during pregnancy induces symptoms similar to those of preeclampsia that include hypertension, proteinuria, and intrauterine growth restriction. This study was undertaken to compare the effects of long-term nitric oxide synthase inhibition during pregnancy on blood pressure and fetal weight between Sprague-Dawley rats from outbred colonies of two different suppliers. Study Design: Osmotic minipumps were inserted on day 10 or day 17 of pregnancy in Sprague-Dawley rats obtained from Charles River Laboratories, Inc, Wilmington, Mass, or Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc, Indianapolis, Ind. The pumps were set to deliver vehicle only (control group) or N ω-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) at a rate of 50 mg/d until postpartum day 7. Systolic blood pressures were measured daily with the tail-cuff method. Neonatal weights and survival were recorded. Results: N ω-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester infusion initiated on gestational day 10 increased blood pressure relative to control levels in all rats studied. Harlan rats were much more sensitive to the hypertensive effect of N ω-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester. When N ω-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester infusion was initiated on gestational day 17, blood pressure increased only in Harlan rats. Pups born to Harlan rats treated with N ω-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester had lower birth weights and a higher stillbirth rate than did pups of Charles River rats. The degree of hypertension was significantly correlated with the deleterious effects of N ω-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester on the fetuses. Conclusion: Within the same strain of rats the effects of long-term nitric oxide synthase inhibition on blood pressure and fetal outcome depended on the original animal colony, with animals from Harlan Sprague Dawley being more sensitive than those from Charles River Laboratories. This difference in response between animals from different suppliers is most likely caused by genetic differences inbred into the strain. In addition to explaining some of the reported inconsistencies between laboratories, these results may also provide insights into the genetic basis of preeclampsia. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:686-93.)
Brittle hair, developmental delay, neurologic abnormalities, and photosensitivity in a 4-year-old girl.

MRI: magnetic resonance imaging NIH: National Institutes of Health TTD: trichothiodystrophy XP: xeroderma pigmentosum CASE SUMMARY History A 4-year-old Caucasian girl presented to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for evaluation of sparse brittle hair, developmental delay, poor growth, recurrent infections, and photosensitivity (Fig 1 and Table I). The patient was born preterm at 35 weeks after a pregnancy complicated by elevated maternal alpha-fetoprotein at 16 weeks and pregnancy-induced hypertension beginning at 26 weeks. At birth, her skin showed generalized erythroderma and she was described as having a collodion membrane (Fig 1, A) that resolved over 2.5 weeks. By 1 month of age, the patient was reported to have congenital ichthyosis and mild scaling on her scalp, trunk, and lower extremities. By 23 months, she was reported to sunburn with minimal sun exposure and sweat very little in hot environments. Short brittle hair, nail spooning, head tremor (titubation), and asymmetric horizontal nystagmus were also noted. The patient did not sit unassisted until 12 months and did not crawl until 22 months.
Surface metrology algorithm testing system

This paper presents the development of a Web-based surface metrology algorithm testing system. The system includes surface analysis tools and a surface texture specimen database for parameter evaluation and algorithm verification. The system runs from a Website at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA. Manufacturers, instrument makers, and researchers have access via the Internet to standard data sets and analysis tools located on a NIST server. The system serves to validate the accuracy of algorithms as well as the calculation of surface parameters in industry. The System can be accessed through http://syseng.nist.gov/VSC/jsp.