cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REGULATING EXPRESSION AND EQUALITY IN COLLEGIATE ESPORTS

Competitive professional computer gaming or “eSports” has grown rapidly over the past decade, and has extended into collegiate play, where educational institutions have begun sponsoring eSports teams, leagues, and events. However, the expansion of eSports has been accompanied by concerns regarding the online gaming culture from which eSports proceeds. Copious research establishes that women are routinely subjected to gender-based harassment in computer games and game-related activity. In the context of American collegiate eSports, this implicates the law of educational equality known as “Title IX.” Institutions subject to Title IX are required to maintain a learning environment in which educational opportunities are not impeded by sexual harassment, which will be required of eSports as it has long been required for physical sports. Yet, unlike sports played in physical space, computer games are necessarily mediated by software, which has consistently been held to constitute protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. In this paper we examine the First Amendment constraints on the regulation of eSport computer games under Title IX. We argue that to the extent that choices among gaming content may be dictated by the constraints of Title IX, care must be exercised to accommodate both the statutory requirements of educational opportunity and the constitutional requirements for expressive freedom.
Automated 3D Analysis of Zygomaticomaxillary Fracture Rotation and Displacement.

Background The zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) can experience a multitude of deforming forces. There is limited understanding on which deformities alter patient outcomes. This study utilized an automated, three-dimensional analysis to elucidate which fracture patterns and rotational deformities are most prevalent and associated with postoperative complications. Methods This study was a 7-year retrospective review of patients with unilateral ZMC fractures who underwent surgical intervention. Patient demographics, injury mechanisms, presenting symptoms, and postoperative outcomes were collected. Segmentation was completed using Mimics software. The lateral-medial, superior-inferior, and anterior-posterior axes were manually identified on the zygoma and then displacement, rotational direction, and rotational degrees were automatically calculated using Geomagic software. Total displacement score was generated by summation of individual displacement scores at each of the five sutures. Results Eighty-one patients satisfied inclusion criteria. The most prevalent rotational pattern of the zygoma was medially-superiorly-posteriorly (P < 0.001). When comparing rotation along the three axes, the zygoma had the greatest rotation along the lateral-medial axis compared with the superior-inferior (P = 0.003) and anterior-posterior (P < 0.001) axes. Within each axis, the zygoma was more likely to rotate medially than laterally (P = 0.003) and posteriorly than anteriorly (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis identified total displacement scores and degrees rotated along the lateral-medial axis as significant predictors of facial complications and reoperation. Conclusions This study suggests that patients with unilateral ZMC fractures who undergo surgical intervention are at an increased risk for adverse outcomes with greater rotation along the lateral-medial axis and higher total displacement scores. Additionally, the automated analysis method described can provide objective data to better characterize ZMC fractures.
‘The Lament for the South’: The date of the ‘Lament’

The late Professor Ch'en Yin-k'o (2) suggested the Chinese year corresponding to 578 A.D. as the date of composition of the ‘Lament’. His reasoning is as follows: Line 8 of the Preface mentions the fall of Chiang-ling in the year chia-hsu , or 554. The phrase chou hsing in line 11 seems to indicate the passage of a 12-year Jupiter cycle between that and the composition of the poem (e.g. Morohashi, 3441/314). This would suggest the date 566 (= 554 + 12) for the ‘Lament’. Yu Hsin would have been 53 years old then, and could reasonably have spoken of his ‘twilight years’, as in line 510. On the other hand, he says in lines 505–6, ‘The rest have almost all withered and fallen, And, another Ling-kuang, I alone remain.’ He could hardly consider that he ‘alone remained’ in 566, since Wang Pao, the other great Southern writer exiled in the North, was then still alive and would die only eleven years later, in 577. If, however, we add still another 12-year Jupiter cycle to 566, we arrive at 578. Wang Pao would have died the year before, and Yu, then 65, would indeed have been the only one left. I agree with Professor Ch'en that a date would be welcome, and my own subjective feeling is that the ‘Lament’ probably was written around the time he suggests. It seems to me, however, that the critical phrase in line 11 makes better sense if we reject the idea of the Jupiter cycle.
Carnitine transport in human intestinal biopsy specimens

Abstract Although carnitine is present in a variety of foods, the mechanism of its absorption has not been previously studied in humans. We investigated the absorption of carnitine by studying uptake into human intestinal mucosal biopsy specimens. We found evidence of active transport in the duodenum and ileum, but not in the colon. We demonstrated that intracellular concentrations exceeded concentrations in the incubation media at steady states and that uptake against a concentration gradient was abolished by anoxia and by replacement of sodium ion with potassium. Studies of initial rate of uptake over a range of concentrations revealed a curve consistent with a two-component system: a saturable system with a kt of 558 μM and a linear component probably representing passive diffusion. Addition of d-carnitine and l-acetylcarnitine resulted in diminished uptake of l-carnitine, suggesting that these substrates utilize the same transport mechanism. These studies demonstrate the presence of an active intestinal transport system for l-carnitine in human intestinal mucosa.
Optical hitless switches and all-state polarization controller with single-level proximity perturbation for high density photonic integrated circuits

This work demonstrates optical hitless switches and all-state polarization controller with single-level proximity perturbation. Design principles and fabrication steps are also presented. These devices offer practical applications in the field of high density photonic integrated circuits.
[25] Use of PCR in detection of antisense transcripts in HTLV-I-infected patients and human T-cell lines

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method to detect both (+) and (–) strand human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia viruses (HTLV-I) transcript in DNase-treated, poly(A) RNA from HTLV-I-infected cell cultures via reverse transcriptase-directed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using the thermostable enzyme from Thermus thermophilus , rTth, and various primer oligonucleotides in sequential fashion. Classically, human retroviruses, including HTLV-I, contain diploid copies of positive [(+)] or sense strand RNA as their genome. On the infection of the target cell, this RNA is reverse-transcribed into double-stranded proviral DNA that integrates into the host chromosomal DNA and/or exists as unintegrated viral DNA serving as a template for subsequent viral RNA transcription. The issue of negative strand or antisense viral or host cellular RNA synthesis in retrovirus-infected cells has been raised by several investigators. The strategy for detecting (+) or (–) strand RNA is shown in the chapter. Poly(A) RNA is first reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA and then amplified using the DNA polymerase, rTth .
Submersions, Immersions, and Embeddings

In this chapter we study three classes of smooth maps whose local behavior is accurately modeled by the behavior of their differentials: smooth submersions (whose differentials are surjective everywhere), smooth immersions (whose differentials are injective everywhere), and smooth embeddings (injective smooth immersions that are also homeomorphisms onto their images). Smooth immersions and embeddings, as we will see in the next chapter, are essential ingredients in the theory of submanifolds, while smooth submersions play a role in smooth manifold theory closely analogous to the role played by quotient maps in topology. The engine that powers this discussion is the rank theorem, a corollary of the inverse function theorem, which we prove in the first section of the chapter. Then we delve more deeply into smooth embeddings and smooth submersions, and apply the theory to a particularly useful class of smooth submersions, the smooth covering maps.
Rapid spacecraft development: results and lessons learned

The Rapid Spacecraft Development Office (RSDO) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center is responsible for the management and direction of a dynamic and versatile program for the definition, competition, and acquisition of multiple indefinite delivery and indefinite quantity contracts - resulting in a catalog of spacecraft buses. Five spacecraft delivery orders have been placed by the RSDO and two have been launched. Numerous concept and design studies have been performed, most with the intent of leading to a future spacecraft acquisition. A collection of results and lessons learned is recorded to highlight management techniques, methods and processes employed in the conduct of spacecraft acquisition. Topics include working relationships under fixed price delivery orders, price and value, risk management, contingency reserves and information restrictions.
Not Necessarily Solidarity: DILEMMAS OF TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY NETWORKS ADDRESSING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

AbstractSince the idea of “women's rights as human rights” emerged, there has been a wave of international donors, organizations and transnational feminist activists successfully delivering pressure and resources in the struggle to mitigate violence against women worldwide. Through these transnational networks, decisions regarding which local problems to address and how to manage them are often made at the international level. Most scholarship has rightly celebrated the advances for women's rights that have been made possible due to the impact of international organizations and transnational advocacy networks. However, there are many dilemmas that arise from this North-centric approach to assigning and managing priorities – especially among development aid organizations. Coordination with international donors is often necessary and has been a major source of advances. However, there are still some potentially harmful impacts of having to engage in these networks in order to address violence against women ...
Child Abuse Reporting Trends: An Unprecedented Threat to Confidentiality

Some recent interpretations of the child abuse laws are creating serious and unprecedented erosions of therapist/patient confidentiality. In contrast to the Tarasoff decisions and laws, the child abuse statutes introduced a new element of mandatory reporting which permits no discretionary alternatives and presents prospects of criminal penalties for failure to report. A recent development suggests a possible requirement for therapists to violate confidentiality for the sole purpose of punishing perpetrators. Overinterpretations of the laws by some child protective services have led to recommendations that long past child abuse must be reported, even when no current child is in danger. The California Attorney General's Office has issued a clarification stating that the child abuse statute refers to children and not to adults molested as children. A survey of forensic psychiatrists and psychologists shows that most perceived an ethical problem in reporting adults molested as children when no is presently in danger, and the purpose of the report is solely for maximal legal self-protection. The survey indicates that fears induced by rigid and intimidating child abuse laws can influence therapists to act in ways most consider unethical. Recommendations are made for improving the current child abuse laws so that they accomplish their goals more effectively.
Case controlled study of the hospital stay and return to full activity following laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery before and after the introduction of an enhanced recovery programme

Aim The short-term benefits of laparoscopic surgery are well established and in particular within an enhanced recovery programme. Early return to activity is to be expected but has not been quantified widely. The aim of this study was to measure the hospital stay and return to full activity following laparoscopic colorectal surgery and compare this with a matched group of patients undergoing open colorectal resections before and after the introduction of an enhanced recovery programme. Method Retrospective analysis of all laparoscopic colorectal operations performed between January 2003 and June 2007 on an intention to treat basis compared with a matched group of patients undergoing elective open colorectal surgery at the same institution. Results The median hospital stay following 179 laparoscopic colorectal resections was 6 days whilst following 144 conventional open operations it was 8 days. Following the introduction of an enhanced recovery programme the hospital stay fell from 7 to 5 days and from 9 to 7 days for laparoscopic and open groups respectively. The median return to full activity from surgery for laparoscopic patients was 13 days in comparison to 56 days for patients undergoing open colorectal surgery. Conclusions Following laparoscopic colorectal resection, patients can be expected to have a hospital stay of under a week and return to their usual activities as early as a week after discharge from hospital and < 2 weeks from surgery in comparison to patients undergoing open surgery who take 8 weeks or more to recover.
Volumetric brain differences in children with periventricular T2-signal hyperintensities: A grouping by gestational age at birth

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare both the volumes of the lateral ventricles and the cerebral white matter with gestational age at birth of children with periventricular white matter (PVWM) T2-signal hyperintensities on MR images. The spectrum of neuromotor abnormalities associated with these hyperintensities was also determined.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed the MR images of 70 patients who were between the ages of 1 and 5 years and whose images showed PVWM T2-signal hyperintensities. The patients were divided into premature (n = 35 children) and term (n = 35) groups depending on their gestational age at birth. Volumetric analysis was performed on four standardized axial sections using T2-weighted images. Volumes of interest were digitized on the basis of gray-scale densities of signal intensities to define the hemispheric cerebral white matter and lateral ventricles. Age-adjusted comparisons of volumetric measurements between the premature and term groups were perfo...
Attitudes of female faculty toward the use of computer technologies and the barriers that limit their use of technologies in girls' colleges in saudi arabia

The purpose of this study was to examine female faculty members' use of computer technologies, their attitudes toward computers, the factors that best predict their attitudes toward computers, and the barriers that limit their use of computer technologies in girls' colleges in Dammam and Jubail, Saudi Arabia. Also, this study examined how female faculty members' attitudes and use of computer technologies differ according to their demographic characteristics. 206 female faculty members participated in this study, and only 197 usable questionnaires were analyzed and used in this study. Descriptive statistics, a one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis were conducted to analyze the data. The findings of this study revealed that female faculty members had positive attitudes toward using computer technologies. Also, the results indicated that female faculty members had high levels of use of 3 common computer applications: e-mail, word processing, and the Internet. Furthermore, findings revealed that the barriers that significantly limit faculty members' use of technology were lack of technical support, lack of effective training, lack of equipment and infrastructure, and lack of administrative support. The results revealed that the demographic variables that had an influence on female faculty members' attitudes toward using computers were age, years of experience with computer technologies, subject taught, academic degree, access to a computer at the office, access to the Internet at the office, computer skill levels, and English language proficiency. The findings indicated that the demographic variables that had an impact on female faculty members' use of computer technologies were age, teaching experience, years of experience with computer technologies, subject taught, access to the Internet at home, computer skill levels, and English language proficiency. The factors that best predict female faculty members' attitudes toward computers were reduced course quality, lack of time, lack of collegial support, and lack of self confidence. This study presents several conclusions and recommendations to improve female faculty members' use of computer technologies at girls' colleges. Female faculty members need technical support services unit, more training, available equipments and infrastructure, more administrative support, and release time for learning about computer technologies to increase their use of computer technologies.
Cytomegalovirus assembly protein nested gene family: four 3'-coterminal transcripts encode four in-frame, overlapping proteins.

Abstract The genomic region encoding the assembly protein of simian cytomegalovirus (CMV) strain Colburn has been cloned, sequenced, and found to be organized as a nested set of four in-frame, 3'-coterminal genes, each with its own TATA promoter element and translational start codon, and all using a single 3' polyadenylation signal. The 3' end of the longest open reading frame (1.770 bp) was identical to the 930-bp sequence coding for the assembly protein precursor, as determined from a cDNA clone. The assembly protein coding region of human CMV strain AD169 was similarly organized, suggesting that both viral genomes could give rise to four independently transcribed 3'-coterminal RNAs coding for four overlapping, in-frame, carboxy-coterminal proteins. These predictions were tested and confirmed. Four mRNAs corresponding in size and sequence to those predicted were identified in both human and simian CMV-infected cells by using transcript-specific antisense oligonucleotide probes in Northern (RNA blot) assays. The 5' ends of the three largest of these Colburn transcripts were determined by S1 nuclease protection assays and found to map between the anticipated TATA sequences and corresponding translational start codons. The four predicted overlapping proteins were identified by immunoassays in lysates of simian and human CMV-infected cells by using an antiserum specific for the carboxyl end of the assembly protein precursor. The structural relationship of both sets of proteins was verified by comparing their peptide patterns following protein cleavage at tryptophan residues by N-chlorosuccinimide. The similar organization of the homologous coding regions in other herpesviruses into at least two nested, in-frame, 3'-coterminal genes is discussed.
The Pathobiology of Periodontal Diseases May Affect Systemic Diseases: Inversion of a Paradigm

A new paradigm for the pathobiology of periodontitis is presented, and the manner in which periodontitis may relate to susceptibility for certain systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and preterm labor is described. Periodontitis is caused by a small group of Gram-negative bacteria present on the tooth root surfaces as bioffilms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other substances gain access to the gingival tissues, initiate and perpetuate immunoinflammation, resulting in production of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. These induce production of matrix metalloproteinases which destroy the connective tissues of the gingiva and periodontal ligament, and prostaglandins which mediate alveolar bone destruction. Periodontitis may enhance susceptibility to systemic diseases in several ways. LPS and viable Gram-negative bacteria from the biofilms and proinflammatory cytokines from the inflamed periodontal tissues may enter the circulation in pathogenic quantities. In addition, periodontitis and certain systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, share risk factors including tobacco smoking, male gender, race/ethnicity, stress, and aging.
Synthesis and characterization of a perylene-based luminescent organic glass

A new, highly functionalized, film-forming, amorphous perylenediimide derivative, 2,9-bis(7-benzothiazol-9,9-didecylfluoren-2-yl)perylene diimide (2) was synthesized. It was thermally stable up to 380 °C and exhibited a Tg at 118 °C. Photoluminescence experiments demonstrated that 2 underwent intramolecular energy transfer upon excitation of the fluorenyl chromophore.
Role of the HIV/AIDS case manager: analysis of a case management adherence training and coordination program in North Carolina.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence rates of 90%–95% or more are required to be effective at treating the virus and preventing drug resistance. From both a medical and public health perspective, it is essential that HIV-positive clients strictly adhere to antiretroviral treatment regimens. One promising approach to promoting optimal adherence rates among HIV-positive individuals is training and reimbursing case managers to provide adherence coordination services to HIV-positive clients. In this study, a sample of 16 HIV/ AIDS case managers from agencies across North Carolina participated in a Case Management Adherence Training and Coordination Program for a 3-month period. After case manager training, case managers enrolled 1–4 of their existing clients, who met eligibility criteria, to receive the adherence coordination program. Data were analyzed from focus group interviews and individual interviews conducted with case manager participants; their respective client care plans were also...
Redundancy reduction as a strategy for unsupervised learning

A redundancy reduction strategy, which can be applied in stages, is proposed as a way to learn as efficiently as possible the statistical properties of an ensemble of sensory messages. The method works best for inputs consisting of strongly correlated groups, that is features, with weaker statistical dependence between different features. This is the case for localized objects in an image or for words in a text. A local feature measure determining how much a single feature reduces the total redundancy is derived which turns out to depend only on the probability of the feature and of its components, but not on the statistical properties of any other features. The locality of this measure makes it ideal as the basis for a "neural" implementation of redundancy reduction, and an example of a very simple non-Hebbian algorithm is given. The effect of noise on learning redundancy is also discussed.
Short or Long—Which Is Better? Probabilistic Approach to Cycle Length Optimization

Traffic signal timing would be a trivial undertaking if demand were constant and uniform. Once stochastic factors and demand fluctuation are taken into consideration, however, the optimization of signal timing becomes challenging, if not impossible, even for an isolated, fixed-time signal. To answer the question of whether a longer cycle—more than 150 s, for example—or a shorter one—less than 60 s, for example—is better under fluctuating demand conditions, a probabilistic approach is employed to study minimal average delay by the use of mathematical formulations and Monte Carlo simulations. The idea is to select a cycle length that is small enough to ensure low delay, and hence level of service, but can provide adequate capacity to handle most of the fluctuating demand conditions. A five-step framework is presented for carrying out the analyses, which are demonstrated with a hypothetical example. Subsequent sensitivity analyses, level-of-service assessment, and cycle failure rate estimation were conducted...
Hormonal requirements for the larval-pupal transformation of the epidermis of Manduca sexta in vitro.

Abstract In the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, metamorphosis occurs in response to two releases of ecdysone that occur 2 days apart. Epidermis was explanted from feeding final-instar larvae before the first release of ecdysone and was cultured in Grace's medium. When exposed to 1 μg/ml of β-ecdysone for 24 hr and then to hormone-free medium for 24 hr, followed by 5 μg/ml of β-ecdysone for 4 days, the epidermis produced tanned pupal cuticle in vitro. During the first 24 hr of exposure to β-ecdysone, the epidermis first changed its cellular commitment to that for pupal cuticle formation (ET50 = 14 hr), then later (by 22 hr) it became committed to tan that cuticle. Then, for most of the pupal cuticle to be tanned, at least a 12-hr period of culture in hormone-free medium was required before the cuticle synthesis was initiated. Consequently, some events prerequisite to sclerotization of pupal cuticle not only occur during the ecdysone-induced change in commitment but also during the ecdysone-free period. When the tissue was preincubated in 3 μg/ml of juvenile hormone (JH I or a mimic epoxygeranylsesamole) for 3 hr and then exposed to both ecdysone and juvenile hormone for 24 hr, it subsequently formed larval cuticle. The optimal conditions for this larval cuticle formation were exposure to 5 μg/ml of β-ecdysone in the presence of 3 μg/ml of epoxygeranylsesamole for 48 hr. When the epidermis was cultured in Grace's medium for 3 days and then exposed to 5 μg/ml of β-ecdysone for 4 days, 70% of the pieces formed pupal cuticle. By contrast, if both ecdysone and JH were added, 77% formed larval cuticle. Therefore, the change from larval to pupal commitment of the epidermal cells requires not only the absence of JH, but also exposure to ecdysone.
Digitalis withdrawal in elderly nursing home patients

Nursing home patients were studied to determine the usefulness of a maintenance dose of digoxin in elderly patients with normal sinus rhythm. Of 64 patients, 26 were identified to be on digoxin. Thorough history and physical examination were done on all the patients. Baseline electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm in 19 patients, who were observed very closely for the period of four months after withdrawal of digoxin. Eighteen of 19 patients did well without digoxin, which suggests that most of the elderly nursing home patients with normal sinus rhythm do not need a maintenance dose of digoxin. J Am Geriatr Soc 33:850, 1985
SYMPOSIUM ON ‘THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS AND THE FUTURE OF ITS CATALOGUE’, BY THEODORE BESTERMAN

It was a great pleasure to read your lucid exposition of the problem of our catalog and very profitable to reflect on your thoughtful solution. Your careful statement requires an equally careful analysis. Let me attempt one:
Semi-Preparative High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Potato Glycoalkaloids

Abstract A semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed to separate crude mixtures of the potato glycoalkaloids α-chaconine, α-solanine, commersonine and demissine. Milligram quantities of each substance can be obtained within an 8 hour period. A Zorbax semi-preparative NH2 column and a solvent system of tetrahydrofuran-water-acetonitrile (55:20:25) were employed for the separation. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. Glycoalkaloid separations were monitored using both refractive index and ultraviolet detection (215 nm). Further analyses of these glycoalkaloids were done using analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to check compound purity and identity.
Recurrence of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in extremely premature infants, treated with indomethacin.

The administration of a single intravenous injection of indomethacin was followed by a major constrictive effect on the ductus in 36 of 42 very-low-birth-weight (≤1000 gm) infants with symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). In 26 of the 36 responders, the effect was sustained; symptomatic PDA recurred in the remaining 10. Infants who experienced a recurrence of symptomatic PDA had lower birth weights and had received indomethacin at an earlier postnatal age than did infants with a sustained effect. These results may be explained by differences in the production and clearance of prostaglandins or in the sensitivity of the ductus to prostaglandin effects between infants with a recurrence and infants with sustained constriction of PDA.
Chemical beam epitaxy and laser-modified chemical beam epitaxy of InGaAs using tris-dimethylaminoarsenic

The growth of InxGaj1−xAs (x = 0.13–0.25) on GaAs by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) and laser-modified CBE using trimethylindium (TMIn), triethylgallium (TEGa), and tris-dimethylaminoarsenic (TDMAAs) has been studied. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction measurements were used to investigate the growth behavior of InGaAs at different conditions. X-ray rocking curve and lowtemperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements were used to characterize the InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic strained quantum well structures. Good InGaAs/GaAs interface and optical property were obtained by optimizing the growth condition. As determined by the x-ray simulation, laser irradiation during the InGaAs quantum well growth was found to enhance the InGaAs growth rate and reduce the indium composition in the substrate temperature range studied, 440–500°C, where good interfaces can be achieved. These changes, which are believed to be caused by laser-enhanced decomposition of TEGa and laser-enhanced desorption of TDMAAs, were found to depend on the laser power density as well. With laser irradiation, lateral variation of PL exciton peaks was observed, and the PL peaks became narrower.
Viscoelastic Behavior of Open Cell Foams

Abstract Open-cell foams show abnormally large mechanical damping due to the energy dissipated in forcing air in and out of the foam during a deformation cycle. This pneumatic damping has recently been treated theoretically and experimentally. The dependence upon the test-piece dimensions, the frequency of deformation and the viscosity of the fluid has been shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The dominant property of the foam structure is its permeability to fluids. This has also been measured for a number of different foams and related to their structural features by means of a simple model. A review is given of these developments.
Marangoni effect in the water wetting of surfactant coated human hair fibers

Abstract Wetting force curves have been obtained, using a technique based on the Wilhelmy principle, for individual human hair fibers treated with a cationic surfactant (stearyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride). The characteristic stick-slip nature of these curves has been attributed to desorption of the surfactant from the fiber surface into the wetting liquid at the contact line. Differences in surfactant concentration between the vicinity of the contact line and the bulk liquid give rise to surface tension gradient related flows in the film near the contact line, which result in apparent changes in contact angle and wetting force. Such surface flows originating from surface tension gradients are known as Marangoni effects. An apparent increase in contact angle and reduction in wetting force in the dynamic Wilhelmy measurement seem to result when the surface tension of the liquid at the contact line is lower than that of the bulk liquid, giving rise to a surface tension gradient. An instantaneous decrease in contact angle and increase in wetting force seems to be due to the jumping of the meniscus when the surface tension gradient is reduced by the diffusion of the surfactant into the bulk liquid. The amplitude and frequency of the stick-slip depends on the distribution of the surfactant and the nature of its binding to the fiber surface, respectively.
Hydration Isomers of Protonated Phenylalanine and Derivatives: Relative Stabilities from Infrared Photodissociation

The binding sites of water molecules to protonated Phe and its derivatives are investigated using infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and kinetics as well as by computational chemistry. Calculated relative energies for hydration of PheH(+) at various sites on the N- and C-termini depend on the type of theory and basis set used, and no one hydration site was consistently calculated to be most favorable. Infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectra between approximately 2650 and 3850 cm(-1) are reported for PheH(+)(H(2)O)(1-4) at 133 K and compared to calculated absorption spectra of low-energy hydration isomers, which do not resemble the IRPD spectra closely enough to unambiguously assign spectral bands. The IRPD spectra of PheH(+)(H(2)O)(1-4) are instead compared to those of N,N-Me(2)PheH(+)(H(2)O)(1,2), N-MePheH(+)(H(2)O)(1-3), and PheOMeH(+)(H(2)O)(1-3) at 133 K, which makes possible systematic band assignments. A unique band associated with a binding site not previously reported for PheH(+)(H(2)O), in which the water molecule accepts a hydrogen bond from the N-terminus of PheH(+) and donates a weak hydrogen bond to the pi-system of the side chain, is identified in the IRPD spectra. IRPD kinetics at laser frequencies resonant with specific hydration isomers are found to be biexponential for N,N-Me(2)PheH(+)(H(2)O), N-MePheH(+)(H(2)O), and PheH(+)(H(2)O). Relative populations of ions with water molecules attached at various binding sites are determined from fitting these kinetic data, and relative energies for hydration of these competitive binding sites at 133 K are obtained from these experimental values.
Time evolution for infinitely many hard spheres

We construct the time evolution for infinitely many particles in ℝ v interacting by the hard-sphere potential $$\Phi (x) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} { + \infty } \\ 0 \\ \end{array} } \right. \begin{array}{*{20}c} {|x|< a} \\ {|x| \geqq a} \\ \end{array}$$ . Because there are abundant examples of hard-sphere configurations with more than one solution to the Newtonian equations of motion, we introduce the concept of aregular solution, in which the growth of velocities and crowding of particles at infinity are limited. We prove that (1) regular solutions exist with probability one in every equilibrium state, and (2) any configuration of the infinite system is the initial point of at most one regular solution. Equilibrium states are invariant under the time-evolution.
An Energy-Based Approach to Computing Resonant Nonlinear Normal Modes

A formulation for computing resonant nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) is developed for discrete and continuous systems. In a canonical framework, internal resonance conditions are immediately recognized by identifying commensurable linearized natural frequencies of these systems. Additionally, a canonical formulation allows for a single (linearized modal) coordinate to parameterize all other coordinates during a resonant NNM response. Energy-based NNM methodologies are applied to a canonical set of equations and asymptotic solutions are sought. In order to account for the resonant modal interactions, it will be shown that high-order terms in the O(1) solutions must be considered (in the absence of internal resonances, a linear expansion at O(1) is sufficient). Two applications ('3:1' resonances in a two-degree-of- freedom system and '3:1' resonance in a hinged-clamped beam) are then considered by which to demonstrate the resonant NNM methodology. It is shown that for some responses, nonlinear modal relations do not exist in the context of physical coordinates and thus a transformation to a canonical framework is necessary in order to appropriately define NNM relations.
Development, implementation, and evaluation of a pharmacist-conducted screening program for depression

Abstract Objective To develop, implement, and evaluate a depression screening program performed by pharmacists in the community setting; to determine the ability of this screening to identify and refer patients with symptoms of depression; and to determine whether physician referral results in initiation or modification of treatment. Design Prospective study. Setting 32 locations of a large grocery chain pharmacy in the Cincinnati and Dayton, OH, area from February 8, 2010, to March 30, 2011. Patients 3,726 patients 18 years or older. Intervention Patients were screened for depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Patients who screened positive on the two-item PHQ (PHQ-2) then were given the nine-item PHQ (PHQ-9). Patients who screened positive on the PHQ-9 were referred to their physician. Pharmacists followed up with these patients to determine the action that was taken following the screening. Main outcome measures Number of patients with a positive PHQ-9, number of patients referred to their physician, and number of patients for whom treatment was initiated or modified as a result of screening. Results 3,726 patients were screened for depression by pharmacists during the study period. A total of 67 (1.8%) patients screened positive on the PHQ-2. Of the patients who completed the PHQ-9, approximately 25% met the criteria for consideration of diagnosis and were referred to their physician. Five patients presented with suicidal thoughts and were referred for urgent treatment. Approximately 60% of patients with a positive PHQ-9 had initiated or modified treatment at the time of follow-up. Conclusion A screening program for depression was successfully developed and implemented in the community pharmacy setting. Using the PHQ, pharmacists were able to quickly identify undiagnosed patients with symptoms of depression. The majority of patients with a positive screening had initiated or modified treatment at the time of follow-up.
The FeSII protein of Azotobacter vinelandii is not essential for aerobic nitrogen fixation, but confers significant protection to oxygen‐mediated inactivation of nitrogenase in vitro and in vivo

Summary Summary The FeSII protein of Azotobacter vinelandii has been proposed to mediate the ‘conformational protection’ of the molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase components against oxygen inactivation. We have cloned and characterized the structural gene for the FeSII protein (the fesII Iocus). Hybridization studies did not reveal the presence of fesII-like genes in a number of diverse species of well-studied nitrogen-fixing bacteria, with the exception of Azotobacter chroococcum. The fesll locus is transcriptionally expressed during both nitrogen fixing and non-nitrogen fixing conditions, although the level of its message is up-regulated by approximately 2.5-fold during nitrogen fixation. The promoter region was identified by primer extension analysis, and is similar to other σ70-type promoters. Mutants devoid of the FeSII protein were constructed. These mutants possessed growth characteristics on a variety of carbon substrates during non-diazotrophic as well as diazotrophic growth that were essentially indistinguishable from the wild-type strain. Nevertheless, the nitrogenase activity in cell-free extracts is significantly more sensitive to irreversible oxygen inactivation in the mutants as compared with the wild type. When treated with 250 mM NaCI (a condition known to dissociate FeSII from nitrogenase components), the wild-type and mutant extracts were equally hypersensitive to oxygen Inactivation. Upon energy starvation, conditions in which ‘respiratory protection’ is inoperable, the MoFe and Fe proteins of nitrogenase are degraded much more rapidly in vivo in the deletion mutants, compared to the wild type. Strains relying on either the vanadium or the ‘iron-only’ alternative nitrogenases exhibited similar growth rates irrespective of the presence of absence of the FeSII protein, and the in vitro inactivation of the vanadium nitrogenase components was not affected by the lack of the FeSII protein. All in all, these results are consistent with a model whereby ‘respiratory protection’ is the major physiological mechanism responsible for the protection of all three nitrogenases during energy supplemented growth. Upon energy starvation, however, ‘conformational protection’ mediated by the FeSII protein is capable of temporarily protecting the conventional molybdenum nitrogenase components from inactivation and subsequent degradation.
Logarithmic singularity of an elastic composite wedge subjected to out-of-the-plane extensional strain

Abstract When an elastic composite wedge is not under a plane strain deformation, an out-of-the-plane extensional strain exists. The singularity analysis for the stresses at the apex of the composite wedge reduces to a system of non-homogeneous linear equations. When the composite wedge consists of two anisotropic elastic materials, it is shown that the stresses have the (ln r ) term for all combinations of wedge angles with few exceptions. The same is true when the materials are isotropic except that the (ln r ) term may appear in the form of r( ln r) in the displacements only. For these isotropic composite wedges therefore the stresses are bounded, though not continuous, at the apex. However, there are isotropic composite wedges for which the stress singularity is logarithmic. Conditions are given for isotropic composite wedges for which the stresses are (a) uniform, (b) non-uniform but bounded and (c) logarithmic. Unlike the r −λ singularity, the existence of the (ln r ) term does not depend on the complete boundary conditions.
The attitude of Benjamin Rush (1746–1813) towards Native American medicine

Benjamin Rush was the first American physician to create a medical system that was distinct from European models. He was furthermore critical of shortcomings in European medicine and of aspects of ‘modern’ lifestyle, notably idleness and self-indulgence, which he regarded as detrimental to health. Nevertheless, he was Eurocentric and he believed that European and particularly British medicine was the best foundation for further progress although he also thought the final conquest of disease would come in America rather than in Europe. Rush manifested a deep interest in Native Americans and their medicine but in several key writings he deprecated Indian medical practice and characterized negatively many aspects of what he regarded as native culture. He also doubted that the natives could accommodate themselves to the republican ethos that he hoped would define America.
Male-biased genes in catfish as revealed by RNA-Seq analysis of the testis transcriptome.

Background Catfish has a male-heterogametic (XY) sex determination system, but genes involved in gonadogenesis, spermatogenesis, testicular determination, and sex determination are poorly understood. As a first step of understanding the transcriptome of the testis, here, we conducted RNA-Seq analysis using high throughput Illumina sequencing.
Growth of the continental crust: A planetary-mantle perspective

The lack of earth rocks older than about 3.8 Ga is frequently interpreted as evidence that the earth formed little or no subduction-resistant continental crust during the first 700 My of its history. Such models obviously imply that the pre-3.8 Ga earth was covered entirely or almost entirely by smoothly subducting oceanic crust. On the other hand, the thermal regime of the early earth probably tended to cause the oceanic crust at this time to be comparatively thin and comparatively mafic. The present earth is covered by about 50 percent oceanic crust, averaging about 7 km in thickness, and 41 percent continental crust, averaging roughly 40 km in thickness. Thus continentless-early-earth models would seem to imply a total mass of crust less than 1/3 that of the present day earth. Possible explanations are examined.
Intracellular protein traffic in lymphocytes: "how do I get THERE from HERE"?

While I have tried to cover many of the basics of protein trafficking in the secretory and endocytic pathways in this brief review, there is also much that could not be addressed. For example, membrane movement in cells involves molecular motors such as dynein and kinesin, which direct traffic along microtubule tracts (Hirokawa 1998xKinesin and dynein superfamily proteins and the mechanism of organelle transport. Hirokawa, N. Science. 1998; 279: 519–526CrossRef | PubMed | Scopus (1110)See all ReferencesHirokawa 1998). Similarly, although the specificity of many transport reactions has been attributed to protein–protein interactions involving SNAREs, Rabs, adaptors, and coat proteins, there is a growing appreciation and understanding of the role of protein–lipid and lipid–lipid interactions in all of these processes (Roth 1999xLipid regulators of membrane traffic through the Golgi complex. Roth, M.G. Trends Cell Biol. 1999; 9: 174–179Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | Scopus (93)See all ReferencesRoth 1999). Although we can certainly become overwhelmed with the enormous variety and complexity of these processes, elucidation of their molecular bases should lead to useful and simple generalizations.*E-mail: paul.roche@nih.gov
The Selection of Sampling Rate for Digital Scanning

Data acquisition often falls into the category of digital sampled data systems, in that an initially continuous function is represented by an ordered series of discrete points. Signal recovery, i.e., emulation of those aspects of the original function which are of interest, will depend on the quality and nature of the input, on the sampling interval, and on the effectiveness of the technique used for signal reconstruction.
Introduction to special issue on bullying: A social influence perspective

Bullying is a complex social phenomenon that crosses age, ethnicity, and national boundaries. Originally coined as “mobbing,” by Olweus in 1972 (Espelage & Swearer, 2003), bullying tends to involve a bully, a victim, and other individuals in a variety of roles that can take the form of an active presence (e.g., bully assistant or victim defender), a passive presence (e.g., bystander), or even a perceived presence (e.g., peer attitudes). Interestingly, these roles tend to be dynamic in that it is not uncommon for an individual to take on different roles from one situation to the next (Espelage & Swearer, 2003). Research on bullying during the past 40 years has provided considerable insight into this phenomenon, but many questions still remain about how we identify bullying, the consequences of such behavior on those involved, and the most effective means to reduce bullying. This special issue of Social Influence, dedicated to bullying, responds to some of these unknowns by including a broad range of concep...
Gender stereotyping and intended audience age: An analysis of children's educational/informational TV programming

This study examined sex‐role stereotyping within FCC‐mandated children's educational programming. A content analysis compared stereotyping across program age ranges and revealed that programs intended for young children present a more traditional view of sex roles than programs intended for teens. Male characters in old programs were stereotyped to a lesser extent than their young program counterparts, while female characters remained equally stereotyped across age ranges. These results suggest that children are being exposed to consistently gender stereotyped television role models at precisely the age when they are forming their own sex role identities.