cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of tensile stress on the in-plane resistivity anisotropy in BaFe 2 As 2

The effect of uniaxial tensile stress and the resultant strain on the structural/magnetic transition in the parent compound of the iron arsenide superconductor BaFe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ is characterized by temperature-dependent electrical resistivity, x-ray diffraction, and quantitative polarized light imaging. We show that strain induces a measurable uniaxial structural distortion above the first-order magnetic transition and significantly smears the structural transition. This response is different from that found in another parent compound, SrFe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$, where the coupled structural and magnetic transitions are strongly first order. This difference in the structural responses explains the in-plane resistivity anisotropy above the transition in BaFe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$. This conclusion is supported by the Ginzburg-Landau-type phenomenological model for the effect of the uniaxial strain on the resistivity anisotropy.
Meson-baryon scattering in the spurion scheme of brokenUℒ12-symmetry

Meson-baryon scattering is discussed in the spurion scheme of brokenUℒ12-symmetry. With the insertion of a momentum-dependent spurionS, there are now twelve amplitudes, instead of four in the strictUℒ12-scheme. The scattering amplitudeT(s, t) for many meson-baryon reactions has been calculated explicitly in terms of these twelve amplitudes. The validity of sum rules is discussed in some detail.
Optimization of semilinear delay-differential inclusions in infinite-dimensional spaces

This paper is devoted to the study of optimization problems described by a class of semilinear delay-differential inclusions in infinite-dimensional spaces. First, we construct a sequence of discrete-time problems that approximates to the continuous-time problems. Then, we derive necessary optimality conditions for the discrete-time problems by reducing them to a mathematical programming problem in infinite-dimensional spaces. Finally, we establish necessary optimality conditions for the original problem by passing to the limit in the necessary optimality conditions for discrete-time problems.
Nitrogen Plasma Optimization for High-Quality Dilute Nitrides

Abstract Growth of GaInNAs by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) generally requires a nitrogen plasma, which complicates growth and can damage the wafer surface. Optical spectra from both ends of the plasma cell were nearly identical, and were found to be insensitive to certain changes in the cell condition evidenced by a change in reflected RF power and stability. A slight amount of excess capacitance in the matching network improved stability, particularly while the cell warmed up. Furthermore, despite steps to reduce the ion flux from the plasma, a remote Langmuir probe showed significant ions. Moderate voltages on deflection plates were sufficient to remove these ions, with a 3– 5 × increase in photoluminescence resulting from 18–40 V deflection.
Current indications and techniques in evaluating inflammatory disease and neoplasia of the sinonasal cavities

Abstract Imaging strategies of the sinossanal cavities have undergone extensive revision over the last 5-year period. The traditional imaging examination of the parasanal sinuses, plain film radiography, does reasonably well in diagnosing maxillary, frontal, and sphenoid sinusitis. HOwever, it less reliable in depicting abnormalities in the ethmoid sinuses, the most common area first affected with inflammatory disease. Compared with sinus computed tomography (CT), plain films prove to be less specific and sensitive in depicting the extent of sinus abnormalities. One series plainly concluded that sinus radiographs were not reliable enough to be an integral part of the clinical decision process. The use of plain radiographs of the sinuses has clearly been reduced by medical cost-containment concerns, replacement by superior techniques, and by clear weaknesses of the modality. Although it is inexpensive and easily accessible, the low sensitivities and inaccuracies of plain film radiography have resulted in the current use of CT and high-field-strength (1.5 Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By using this cross-sectional imaging, we now visualize directly the pathoogic conditions within the sinuses, as well as the normal anatomy. We discuss current use of diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of patients with nasosinusoidal complaints (most commonly resulting from acute and chronic inflammatory disease), with complications of sinonasal inflammatory disease, and with suspected/documented neoplasia. In addition to developing an imaging algorithm to provide the information affecting clinical decision making, we detail the specific imaging techniques necessary accurately to obtain that information. We also review the specific concerns about imaging patients in the intensive care unit and touch on several emerging imaging techniques. The imaging workup in pediatric patients and patients with congenital anomalies is beyond the scope of this review.
Neonatal measures of attention and early cognitive status

Measures of infant attention may be more indicative of cognitive status than scores from standardized developmental tests. The purpose of this study of 56 full-term infants was to determine whether measures of attention taken from the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales (NBAS) at 2 days and the Bayley Infant Behavior Record (IBR) at 2 months would be internally consistent and would be related to developmental status at 2 months. Attention measures were internally consistent. The IBR measure was significantly related to 2-month developmental status; the NBAS measure was not. Results support attention as an important focus for nursing assessment of development.
The effect of the trp repressor from Escherichia coli on the structure and dynamics of dA20dT20.

We have determined the effect of the tryptophan (trp) repressor from Escherichia coli on the structure and dynamics of dA20dT20. The structure was determined using time-dependent nuclear Overhauser effects and spin-lattice relaxation times. The deoxyribose conformation is near C3' endo for the thymine residues, and a mixture of about 30% C3' endo and 70% C2' endo for the adenine residues. The glycosidic torsion angles are -50 degrees for T and -60 degrees for A. The roll is 20 degrees and the propellor twist is about 29 degrees. The conformation is consistent with recent calculations (Rao, K. and Kollman, P.A. (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 1507-1511). The rate constant for exchange of the imino protons is similar to that usually found for AT base-pairs, with an activation energy of 20 +/- 2 kcal/mol, and an activation entropy of 17 +/- 7 cal/mol per K. The repressor greatly retards the exchange of imino protons, and the activation energy increases to 38 kcal/mol. There are small changes in the structure of the DNA on forming the complex, with the adenine and thymidine residues becoming more similar in conformation.
Determining flow type, shear rate and shear stress in magmas from bubble shapes and orientations

We interpret the shear environments that produced bubble textures in obsidian samples using the results of theoretical, numerical and experimental studies on the deformation of bubbles in shear flows. In particular, we use the shapes and orientations of bubbles (vesicles) in obsidian to estimate shear rates and shear stresses, and assess flow type (simple vs. pure shear). This technique can be used to determine shear rates in volcanic conduits, the origin of pyroclastic obsidian, and the emplacement history and dynamics of obsidian flows. A spherical bubble in a viscous fluid subjected to a low Reynolds number, steady flow field deforms until it reaches a steady shape and orientation. Bubble deformation is governed by the competing stresses from shearing that deforms, and surface tension that rerounds. The ratio of these stresses is the capillary number, Ca. Because the relationships among Ca, bubble orientation and shape differ for pure and simple shear, we can distinguish between these flow types using preserved bubble geometries. Furthermore, because Ca is a function of shear rate, we can use relationships between Ca and the magnitude of deformation to calculate shear rates when melt viscosity and surface tension are known. To demonstrate the potential of the technique, we examine three obsidian samples chosen for diversity of origin and texture. Two of the samples have low crystallinities and banding defined by layers of different vesicularity. Bubble geometries in a spatter-fed obsidian flow sample record deformation by pure shear, whereas a juvenile obsidian clast from a pyroclastic fall deposit records predominantly simple shear. A third sample from an obsidian flow has banding marked by variable concentrations of microlites, and shows bubble deformation most consistent with dominantly simple shear and some bubble relaxation. The highest shear rate and shear stress are recorded by the pyroclastic obsidian (shear rate=0.01 s−1, shear stress=60 kPa). The spatter-fed obsidian flow sample deformed by pure shear records the lowest shear stress (4.9 kPa). The obsidian flow sample, deformed by simple shear, records the lowest shear rates (10−6.6–10−6.9 s−1) despite high shear stresses (22–36 kPa) because of the high viscosity of the degassed rhyolite (0.13 wt% water).
Robust quasi-decentralized networked control of process systems

This paper presents a quasi-decentralized networked control methodology for the robust stabilization of multi-unit plants whose constituent subsystems communicate over a shared resource-constrained communication network and are subject to time-varying external disturbances. The objective is to stabilize the plant while keeping the communication requirements to a minimum in order to reduce the unnecessary utilization of network resources. Initially, a local robust feedback controller is synthesized for each unit to account for the effect of the disturbances. Then the exchange of information between the local control systems is reduced by embedding, within each control system, a set of dynamic models that provide forecasts of the evolution of the plant units when measurements are not transmitted through the shared network, and updating the state of each model when communication is reestablished at discrete time instances. By analyzing the resulting combined discrete-continuous closed-loop system, a necessary and sufficient condition for robust stability of the networked closed-loop plant is obtained. The stability condition can be used to explicitly characterize the interplays between the update period, the degree of plant-model mismatch, the selection of the controller design parameters, the size of the disturbances and the size of the achievable ultimate bound on the close-dloop state. Finally, the implementation of the robust networked control structure is demonstrated through an application to a chemical plant example.
The co-implementation of Compstat and community policing

Over the last twenty-five years Compstat and community policing have emerged as powerful movements in U.S. police reform. Despite their importance, there are virtually no studies on how they interact when implemented in the same police organization. Based on field work in seven police agencies, this article provides the first systematic research on this co-implementation issue. In doing so it examines the reform literature to illuminate and clarify the key doctrinal elements of Compstat and community policing, including where they are similar and where they differ. Next it describes the patterns of co-implementation that emerged across different sites, including the finding that these reforms operated largely independently. This leads us to consider a broader theoretical explanation for why this should be the case and to provide a basis for enriching future research on the co-implementation of these reforms.
The transfer of heat across a turbulent boundary layer at very high prandtl numbers

Abstract The paper considers a problem which was first treated mathematically by Lighthill in a different physical context. Solutions are provided for the limiting case of forced convection across a turbulent boundary layer when Pr →∞, i.e. when the thermal boundary layer is wholly confined within the laminar sublayer whose velocity profile is linear. The case of a flat plate with a uniform temperature or with one step in temperature is treated in great detail, and a convenient tabulation of formulae for a number of cases is provided. The case of a variable wall temperature is solved in two ways. First, the temperature distribution is replaced by a sequence of steps and superposition is used. Secondly, an exact analytic solution is given for the case when the temperature function consists of a step followed by a distribution given analytically. In the latter ease, closed-form equations are given for a polynomial temperature variation of which a linear temperature variation is a special case.
The Argument about Ethics, Fairness, or Right and Wrong:

Four of the five issues normally involved in an argument of policy can be persuasively argued on the basis of facts. However, the fourth issue, that of fairness, might better be argued by following the organizational plan of an appellate court decision. The Supreme Court decision in Teminello vs. the United States is offered as an example. The practicality of this plan is illustrated with a student paper.
The placenta, transfer of immunoglobulins, and safety assessment of biopharmaceuticals in pregnancy

Anatomical and developmental differences of the parental–offspring interface among experimental animals and humans throughout gestation are reviewed focusing on biodistribution of immunoglobulins (IgG). The formation of the extraembryonic membranes, uteroplacental circulation, and characteristics of the placenta (gross shape, modes of implantation, surface modifications that increase surface area, and extent of embryonic invasion into maternal tissue) are reviewed. Placental physiology and function are covered with attention to transfer of xenobiotics. Placental transfer of immunoglobulins in the human, non-human primate (NHP), rodent, and rabbit is discussed and the transfer of human fragment crystallizable (Fc)-containing biopharmaceuticals and potential impact on developmental toxicity risk assessment are specifically addressed. Safety assessment is often limited to the NHP as the only pharmacologically relevant model, despite poor statistical power as employed in current experimental designs. Although...
Duodeno‐pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours

PEROS G., SAKORAFAS G.H., KONSTANTOUDAKIS G., GIANNOPOULOS G.A., PETROPOULOU K. & PARASI A. (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care 19, 393–402 Duodeno-pancreatic neuroendocrine Tumours Duodeno-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (DP-ETs) are increasingly diagnosed today due to the widespread use of modern imaging methods. Duodeno-pancreatic endocrine tumours should be treated by radical surgical resection, which offers a high chance for cure when the disease is localized. A high index of suspicion is required in these patients for the presence of a multiple endocrine neoplasia type syndrome. We present four patients with DP-ET surgically treated at our department between 2000 and 2004. Histological/immunohistochemical diagnosis was somatostatin-producing tumour in the first patient, oncocytic endocrine tumour positive for neurone-specific enolase and focally for chromogranin in the second patient, glucagonoma and pancreatic polypeptide-producing endocrine pancreatic tumour in the third patient, and gastrin, somatostatin, calcitonin, insulin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing tumour in the fourth. The second patient died 6.5 years following surgery due to disseminated disease.
The Philosophical Scandal of the Wrong Kind of Religious Disagreement

I argue for the following four theses: (1) The Dread Thesis: human beings should fear having false religious beliefs concerning some religious doctrines; (2) The Radical Uncertainty Thesis: we, namely most human beings in our culture at our time, are in a situation where we have to commit ourselves on the truth or falsity of some propositions of ultimate importance; (3) The Radical Choice Thesis: considerations of expected loss or gain do not always provide guidance as to how to commit ourselves on matters of religious doctrine that are both radically uncertain and of ultimate importance; (4) The Scandal Thesis: radical choice on matters of ultimate importance is neither good nor inevitable, but due to the collective failure of philosophers of religion. Then I consider some inadequate responses: playing the faith card; contra-Pascalian decision theory; spiritual chauvinism; that faith presupposes uncertainty; the older pachyderm; irony, subjectivity, relativism and non-cognitivism; tainted truth; and muddling through. Finally I submit that the way forward is quite simply to become better philosophers.
DEPROTONATION OF HYDROCARBON RADICAL CATIONS IN ZEOLITES

Neutral radicals are observed at 77 K following radiolysis of cycloheptatriene and cyclohexane adsorbed on ZSM-5 zeolites. The mechanism of radical formation is assigned to proton transfer from the sorbate radical cations to the zeolite lattice. In the case of cycloheptatriene, the ratio C7H7/C7Hg8+ increases with the zeolite Al content. Cycloheptatriene adsorbs to at least two types of sites; the more basic sites increase in number as the Al content increases, are lower in energy and are populated first.
Dicarboxylated ethynylarenes as buffer-dependent chemosensors for Cd(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II)

Abstract Two dicarboxylated ethynylarenes were prepared efficiently from condensation of 1,3-bis(3-aminophenylethynyl)benzene with 2 equiv of either succinic anhydride or glutaric anhydride. These compounds behave as fluorescent chemosensors selective for Cd(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) cations under buffered aqueous conditions, with analyte binding observed as bathochromically shifted, intensified fluorescence. It was noteworthy that the fluorescence responses varied significantly with buffer identity. A conformational restriction mechanism involving reversible interactions between the fluorophore, metal cation, and buffer itself is proposed.
RNA Interference and Single Particle Tracking Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Endocytosis

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters hepatocytes following a complex set of receptor interactions, culminating in internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. However, aside from receptors, little is known about the cellular molecular requirements for infectious HCV entry. Therefore, we analyzed a siRNA library that targets 140 cellular membrane trafficking genes to identify host genes required for infectious HCV production and HCV pseudoparticle entry. This approach identified 16 host cofactors of HCV entry that function primarily in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, including components of the clathrin endocytosis machinery, actin polymerization, receptor internalization and sorting, and endosomal acidification. We next developed single particle tracking analysis of highly infectious fluorescent HCV particles to examine the co-trafficking of HCV virions with cellular cofactors of endocytosis. We observe multiple, sequential interactions of HCV virions with the actin cytoskeleton, including retraction along filopodia, actin nucleation during internalization, and migration of internalized particles along actin stress fibers. HCV co-localizes with clathrin and the ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl prior to internalization. Entering HCV particles are associated with the receptor molecules CD81 and the tight junction protein, claudin-1; however, HCV-claudin-1 interactions were not restricted to Huh-7.5 cell-cell junctions. Surprisingly, HCV internalization generally occurred outside of Huh-7.5 cell-cell junctions, which may reflect the poorly polarized nature of current HCV cell culture models. Following internalization, HCV particles transport with GFP-Rab5a positive endosomes, which is consistent with trafficking to the early endosome. This study presents technical advances for imaging HCV entry, in addition to identifying new host cofactors of HCV infection, some of which may be antiviral targets.
Adsorption kinetics of amphipathic polystyrene-block-polybutadiene onto silicon wafer and polystyrene planar surfaces

Adsorption kinetics of amphipathic diblock AB copolymers of polystyrene-block-polybutadiene from selective solvent onto planar silicon wafer and polystyrene surfaces have been studied by ellipsometry. A theoretical analysis of the adsorption kinetics was applied to investigate the adsorbed layer thickness, the total amount adsorbed at each concentration, and the area occupied by each copolymer chain. Some insight into the architecture of the buoy in the solution is presented. In these studies we found a strong dependence of adsorption rate on the chemical nature of the substrates and on the bulk concentration of the adsorbent. Further, the kinetics of adsorption at different concentrations and temperatures suggest that both single polymer molecules and micelles are responsible for adsorption.
Do reports of sleep disturbance relate to coronary and aortic calcification in healthy middle-aged women?: Study of women's health across the nation.

Background Poor sleep may be associated with the cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. It is less clear if poor sleep is associated with subclinical CVD. We evaluated cross-sectional associations between self-reported sleep disturbance and duration and calcification in the coronary arteries (CAC) and aorta (AC) in healthy mid-life women.
Above-Threshold Analysis of Large-Area, High-Power, Vertically-Emitting Circular Bragg Lasers

An exact energy relation is derived for the vertically-emitting circular Bragg lasers. By including gain saturation effects, the modal pump level and energy conversion efficiency are compared between different types of lasers in above-threshold operation.
Field Studies on Linear Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Teat Dip

A teat dip containing 1.94% linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid and 12% glycerine, an anionic detergent formulation, was evaluated in two field trials on a commercial dairy. In Trial 1, the teat dip was compared to an undipped control in a split-herd design. Incidence of infection with Streptococcus agalactiae was reduced 57.8%; infections with presumptively identified Staphylococcus aureus were not reduced. Milking machine function and milking procedures may have affected teat dip effectiveness and incidence of udder infection. Streptococcus agalactiae was eradicated prior to Trial 2 in which the detergent teat dip was compared to a 1% iodophor product of proven efficacy. Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infection was 40.5% lower in the detergent than in the iodophor group. Taxonomic studies on Staphylococcus species indicated that presumptive microbial identification resulted in erroneous conclusions concerning efficacy of the teat dip products. Importance of speciation of staphylococcal isolates is discussed.
Mutations in amyloid precursor protein affect its interactions with presenilin/γ-secretase

Abstract Alzheimer's disease is characterized by accumulation of toxic β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain and neuronal death. Several mutations in presenilin (PS1) and β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) associate with an increased Aβ 42/40 ratio. Aβ 42 , a highly fibrillogenic species, is believed to drive Aβ aggregation. Factors shifting γ-secretase cleavage of APP to produce Aβ 42 are unclear. We investigate the molecular mechanism underlying altered Aβ 42/40 ratios associated with APP mutations at codon 716 and 717. Using FRET-based fluorescence lifetime imaging to monitor APP–PS1 interactions, we show that I716F and V717I APP mutations increase the proportion of interacting molecules earlier in the secretory pathway, resulting in an increase in Aβ generation. A PS1 conformation assay reveals that, in the presence of mutant APP, PS1 adopts a conformation reminiscent of FAD-associated PS1 mutations, thus influencing APP binding to PS1/γ-secretase. Mutant APP affects both intracellular location and efficiency of APP–PS1 interactions, thereby changing the Aβ 42/40 ratio.
The crystallography of the bainite transformation—I

Abstract The crystallography of the bainite transformation in an Fe-8% Cr-1.1 % C alloy was studied. Measurements of the habit plane by two-surface analysis and the specific variant of the orientation relationship have been made for the first time for a lower bainite transformation. The habit plane is near (254) in the austenite, and corresponds closely to (122) in bainitic ferrite. The magnitude of the shape strain accompanying this transformation was also measured. The above bainite crystallographic parameters are different from those in martensite formed in the same alloy. Phenomenological analyses of the bainite crystallography on the basis of present theories show that the experimental habit plane and orientation relationship can be predicted if one assumes either that 1. (a) the habit plane is exactly an invariant plane and that the lattice invariant shear is irrational in both plane and direction, or 2. (b) the habit plane is unrotated but undergoes an isotropie contraction of about 1.2%. In the latter case the lattice invariant shear consists of a double shear on the (111) and (101) austenite planes along the common [101] direction. These planes correspond to the (101) and (112) slip planes in the bainitic ferrite along the common slip direction [111]. The bainite crystallography is not consistent with internal twinning as the inhomogeneous shear. This conclusion is further supported by thin foil electron microscope studies which show no internal twinning in this bainite. These results suggest that lower bainite and martensite in the same alloy are likely to have different transformation inhomogeneities, as well as other differences.
Soluble reactive nitrogen oxides at South Pole during ISCAT 2000

Abstract The mist chamber/ion chromatography technique was used to measure soluble gaseous nitrite (NO2−) and nitrate (NO3−) within the lowermost atmosphere (2 cm up to 10 m above the snow) and in the firn air at South Pole during the last 2 weeks of December 2000. Collected NO2− and NO3− are attributed to nitrous (HONO) and nitric (HNO3) acids, respectively. Firn air mixing ratios of HONO were more than five times higher than those just above the snow. A single day of measurements showed HONO mixing ratios to be significantly lower at 10 m than 85 cm above the snow. These gradients suggest that HONO is produced in the snowpack and fluxes out into the overlying air. A strong and persistent local source of HONO is required to sustain mean mixing ratios of 30 ppt against very fast loss by photolysis under the intense 24 h sunlight at South Pole. For HNO3, measurements in the atmosphere were made with two independent techniques. A CIMS technique provided data at 1 min resolution, at a sampling height of 10 m. The mist chamber/ion chromatography technique integrated over nominally 30 min intervals, with most measurements made 85 cm above the snow. Mixing ratios of HNO3 were highest (mean 38 ppt) at 85 cm above the snow, compared to those both in the firn air and at 10 m above the snow. Comparing HNO3 mixing ratios between 85 cm and firn air suggests flux into the snow, while the comparisons between 85 cm and 10 m suggest fluxes in the opposite direction. We speculate that the maximum just above the snow surface reflects in situ production of HNO3, supported by fluxes of NOx and OH precursors (e.g., HONO, HCHO, HOOH) out of the snow. Comparison of NO3− concentrations in snow immediately upwind of the Atmospheric Research Observatory, 50 m away from the building and 15 km away from the station revealed no significant differences. This finding indicates that the very high NO mixing ratios observed during ISCAT 1998 and 2000 cannot be attributed to NO3− contamination of the snow surrounding the sampling location.
RDF, Jena, SparQL and the 'Semantic Web'

The Resource Description Format (RDF) is used to represent information modeled as a "graph": a set of individual objects, along with a set of connections among those objects. In that role, RDF is one of the pillars of the so-called Semantic Web. This paper describes how RDF-XML is used to serialize information represented using graphs, how RDF graphs can be read and written by using the Jena software package, and how distributed graphs can be queried using the SparQL query language. It includes examples showing how SparQL can be used to query data (such as the Gene Ontology) that is structured in hierarchies, and how SparQL queries can be submitted through SparQL endpoints. It does not, however, delve into inference or the Web Ontology Language (OWL), but should provide a foundation for understanding those topics.
Development of the marine-aggregated-particle profiling and enumerating rover

The in situ imaging of marine particles shares many of the signal-to-noise difficulties of underwater imaging in general. Natural and traditional artificial illumination, for example, allow light scattered from particles outside the imaging volume, reducing the image contrast. Sizing and classification of small-particle images (magnification approaching 1 or more) have additional difficulties associated with a limited depth-of-field and the resulting noise from illuminated but unfocused targets in the field of view. Moreover, target sizing and classification are uncertain without individual target range information. The new marine particle imaging instrument to be discussed employs diode laser illumination (675 nm) with line-generator optics to produce a thin light sheet at the system focal plane. This light sheet and narrow-band, optical filters are utilized to minimize noise associated with diffuse ambient illumination since significant red ambient illumination is lost below 5 m depth. It also removes the uncertainty involved in the determination of the three-dimensional position and size of a target in a two-dimensional image. An additional problem inherent in marine particle research is that the size of the particles of interest ranges over several orders of magnitude (micrometers to centimeters diameter). The instrument addresses this problem of scale with coincident video imaging systems of high and low spatial resolution. Shape-generated feature vectors and particle optical attributes are extracted from digitized particle images and utilized in an automatic particle classification scheme. The strategy is multidimensional and incorporates a pattern recognition algorithm rooted in the theory of moment invariants.
Serbian Compliance or Defiance in Kosovo?: Statistical Analysis and Real-Time Predictions

Working during the third week of NATO's bombing campaign against Serbia (in April 1999), the authors analyzed events data from the Kosovo conflict for January 1998 through January 1999. The authors expected the Serbian government's actions toward Kosovo to show an inverse-triangular response to Western actions toward Serbia—a response pattern found earlier for Serb forces in Bosnia and for Iraq from 1979 to 1997. The authors found, however, using time-series statistics, that Serbian actions toward Kosovo were not affected by international actions toward Serbia, despite bilateral reciprocity in the international-Serbian dyad. If this past pattern continues, it is predicted that NATO bombing will not affect Serbian actions toward Kosovo either by inducing Serbian compliance or by provoking greater Serbian hostility toward Kosovo Albanians.
Assessment of asthma patients' willingness to pay for and give time to an asthma self-management program

Despite the success of health education programs for patients with asthma, several researchers have found that patients are reluctant to enroll in and complete a program designed to help them manage their condition. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence asthma patients' willingness to pay (WTP) for and willingness to give time (WTGT) to an asthma self-management program. The patient sample consisted of 116 adult asthma patients (age range, 18 to 34 years) from 2 affiliated sites: a county teaching hospital with ambulatory clinics and a staff-model health maintenance organization. To determine WTP and WTGT, patients were presented with a scenario in which the components of an 8-week asthma management program were described. Patients were then asked how much they would be willing to pay for and how much time they would be willing to spend on the program. Regression analyses were used to determine what effect the following factors had on WTP and WTGT with respect to an asthma self-management program: sociodemographic factors; predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors; level of asthma self-management; and health care utilization. Mean patient WTP was $29.50 for an 8-week asthma education program. Several factors appeared to influence this amount. Patients who were willing to pay more for a program that would help them manage their asthma exhibited suboptimal behaviors during asthma attacks, had greater perceived access to health care resources, received less educational information from health care providers, had previously participated in a self-management program, and had indicated an interest in participating in a self-management program. This model was statistically significant (P < 0.0001), with 35% of the variation in WTP scores explained by the independent variables. Patients reported that they were willing to spend a mean of 5.8 hours per week on an 8-week asthma self-management program. Patients who were willing to spend more time on an asthma self-management program had indicated an interest in participating in such a program, had a higher number of comorbidities, or had more emergency department visits. This model was statistically significant (P = 0.0018), with 18% of the variance explained. This study identified several factors that may affect WTP and WTGT in relation to an asthma self-management program. This information may be helpful in identifying candidates for educational programs.
Systems engineering analysis of five as-manufactured SXI telescopes

Four flight models and a spare of the Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) telescope mirrors have been fabricated. The first of these is scheduled to be launched on the NOAA GOES- N satellite on July 29, 2005. A complete systems engineering analysis of the "as-manufactured" telescope mirrors has been performed that includes diffraction effects, residual design errors (aberrations), surface scatter effects, and all of the miscellaneous errors in the mirror manufacturer's error budget tree. Finally, a rigorous analysis of mosaic detector effects has been included. SXI is a staring telescope providing full solar disc images at X-ray wavelengths. For wide-field applications such as this, a field-weighted-average measure of resolution has been modeled. Our performance predictions have allowed us to use metrology data to model the "as-manufactured" performance of the X-ray telescopes and to adjust the final focal plane location to optimize the number of spatial resolution elements in a given operational field-of-view (OFOV) for either the aerial image or the detected image. The resulting performance predictions from five separate mirrors allow us to evaluate and quantify the optical fabrication process for producing these very challenging grazing incidence X-ray optics.
Intensified and Shortened Cyclical Chemotherapy for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and toxicity of a new treatment program of intensified and shortened cyclical chemotherapy (protocol 8707) in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Previously untreated adults ≤ 60 years old with ALL were treated with a four-agent induction chemotherapy regimen. This was followed by cyclical postremission therapy with high-dose cytarabine/etoposide; high-dose methotrexate/6-mercaptopurine; and daunorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and asparaginase. Maintenance chemotherapy with oral methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine was continued for 30 months. CNS prophylaxis was given with intrathecal methotrexate in addition to the systemic chemotherapy indicated above. RESULTS: Seventy-eight of 84 patients (93%) achieved complete remission. With a median follow-up of 5.6 years, 5-year event-free survival (EFS) of all remission patients is 52%. Patients with high-risk features including adverse cytogenetics, failure to achieve remission with the first cyc...
The Developmental Nature of Self-Disclosure:

This study investigated the nature of self-disclosure in developing relationships. After completing various tasks on three separate occasions, 88 students completed a measure of self-disclosure. An...
Improved correlation determination for intensity interferometers

To image astronomical objects, the Hanbury Brown Twiss (HBT) technique involves measuring intensity correlation for an array of telescopes. The correlation of the intensity fluctuations is a measure of the magnitude of the coherence and can be used to retrieve the intensity distribution of the source using the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem. For low spectral irradiance sources, coincidence counting using modern techniques can drastically reduce data storage/processing requirements as well as allowing for optimization of the effective SNR bandwidth. In counting Intensity Interferometry (II), count fluctuations are measured instead of intensity fluctuations as with an analog II. Those are the two II techniques currently reported in the literature. Since the successful width measurements of bright stars by HBT in the 70's, advances in detectors promise opportunities to apply II to dimmer non-point source objects. To improve SNRs, we propose a new data processing technique for measuring correlation in the low light regime that ensures maximum bandwidth allowed by the reproducibility of photon pulses.
A hybrid learning system for recognizing user tasks from desktop activities and email messages

The TaskTracer system seeks to help multi-tasking users manage the resources that they create and access while carrying out their work activities. It does this by associating with each user-defined activity the set of files, folders, email messages, contacts, and web pages that the user accesses when performing that activity. The initial TaskTracer system relies on the user to notify the system each time the user changes activities. However, this is burdensome, and users often forget to tell TaskTracer what activity they are working on. This paper introduces TaskPredictor, a machine learning system that attempts to predict the user's current activity. TaskPredictor has two components: one for general desktop activity and another specifically for email. TaskPredictor achieves high prediction precision by combining three techniques: (a) feature selection via mutual information, (b) classification based on a confidence threshold, and (c) a hybrid design in which a Naive Bayes classifier estimates the classification confidence but where the actual classification decision is made by a support vector machine. This paper provides experimental results on data collected from TaskTracer users.
Nonstationary noise propagation with sources

We discuss a number of topics relevant to noise propagation in dispersive media. We formulate the problem of pulse propagation with a source term in phase space and show that a four dimensional Wigner distribution is required. The four dimensional Wigner distribution is that of space and time and also wavenumber and frequency. The four dimensional Wigner spectrum is equivalent to the space-time autocorrelation function. We also apply the quantum path method to improve the phase space approximation previously obtained. In addition we discuss motion in a Snell’s law medium.
Abstract 5381: VLA-4 targeted nanoparticles deliver a cMYC-MAX prodrug antagonist extends survival a metastatic myeloma mouse model

Background: While it is well known that MYC oncoprotein drives multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis, the development of several small-molecule inhibitors of the c-MYC/MAX interaction has been limited by rapid systemic metabolism, poor bioavailability and the inability of the drug to reach inhibitory concentrations in the tumor. Objective: The goal of this study was to develop and deliver an effective VLA-4-targeted Sn 2 lipase-labile Myc-inhibitor nanotherapy. Experimental Methods: A novel Sn 2 phosphatidylcholine-cMyc-Max antagonist prodrug (M1-PD) was designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, titrated free M1-PD was compared to free Myc-antagonist in human MM cell lines (H929 and U266) and mouse MM (5TGM1). M1-PD was incorporated into two lipid-based nanoparticle genera ( Results: Bioactivity of free M1-PD was several orders magnitude more potent that the free cMyc antagonist in cell culture. Binding and efficacy of M1-PD nanoparticles correlated with integrin expression in target cells. VLA-4-M1-PD nanoparticles ( Conclusion: These finding support the feasibility of a new VLA-4-directed nanotherapy to deliver lipase-labile cMyc prodrug to disrupt MYC-MAX dimerization and improve MM survival. Citation Format: Deepti Soodgupta, Dipanjan Pan, Grace Cui, Angana Senpan, Xiaoxia Yang, Samuel A. Wickline, Edward V. Prochownik, Katherine N. Weilbaecher, Michael H. Tomasson, Gregory M. Lanza. VLA-4 targeted nanoparticles deliver a cMYC-MAX prodrug antagonist extends survival a metastatic myeloma mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5381. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5381
Sludge Decomposition and Stabilization

Sludges are labile putrescible materials which must undergo a heterotrophic decomposition process and be subject to humification before becoming stabilized substances. An understanding of the principles underlying these processes may give rise to better management plans for the application of sludge to land. Procedures are suggested for the evaluation of sludge stabilization rates.
Chitosan analysis using acid hydrolysis and HPLC/UV

Abstract In this study, a method for the characterization and quantification of chitosan was designed using acid hydrolysis, glucosamine derivatization, and high performance liquid chromatography. Based on a kinetic study of acid hydrolysis, we have demonstrated that chitosan can be quantitatively hydrolyzed into glucosamine in 6 h with either 10 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) at 105 °C, or 12 M HCl at 90 °C. Following N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy) succinimide (Fmoc-OSu) derivatization, the glucosamine content can be separated from the rest of the hydrolysates and quantified using reverse-phase HPLC with UV detection. This method was validated for linearity, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), and accuracy using both chitosan and a dietary supplement formulation containing chitosan.
Henry Allison on Kant's Theory of Freedom*

Henry Allison's very challenging and very rewarding book provides an analysis and defence of Kant's theory of freedom in both its theoretical and practical dimensions. His defence is qualified, acknowledging some “details” which are not defensible and some inconsistencies; however, “given a sympathetic understanding of transcendental idealism, a good case can be made for Kant's incompatibilistic conception of freedom” (p. 3). In addition to arguing that the notion of transcendental freedom is intelligible, Allison seeks to show that it is essential to Kant's theory, taking issue with those who would replace it with a more palatable, compatibilist conception. He thus has two targets: those who doubt the profundity and coherence of Kant's theory of freedom, and those who seek to defend Kant by trying to “gain a hearing for his views by depicting him as anticipating contemporary forms of compatibilism” (p. 249).
The Preface to a Fifteenth-Century Concordance

BRITISH Museum MS Royal 17. B. 1 contains a concordance to the Wycliffite New Testament, made by an anonymous compiler early in the fifteenth century. The complete MS will be published eventually, I have no doubt, but the nature of its contents is such that publication may be delayed for many years. While we are waiting, it seems to me desirable that scholars should have more ready access to that portion of the MS which is of greatest general interest; namely, the prefatory section, in which the complier explains how his concordance was put together and how it should be used. My own commentary was originally intended to be very brief, just enough to place the text in its fifteenth-century context. It has grown by accretion (as the interests of various types of scholarship occurred to me) until it is considerably longer than the text; but even in this expanded state, it is not intended as a complete discussion of all the questions raised by the concordance.1
The Cellular Autophagy Pathway Modulates Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Replication

Autophagy, a general homeostatic process for degradation of cytosolic proteins or organelles, has been reported to modulate the replication of many viruses. The role of autophagy in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) replication has, however, been uncharacterized. Here, we report that HTLV-1 infection increases the accumulation of autophagosomes and that this accumulation increases HTLV-1 production. We found that the HTLV-1 Tax protein increases cellular autophagosome accumulation by acting to block the fusion of autophagosomes to lysosomes, preventing the degradation of the former by the latter. Interestingly, the inhibition of cellular autophagosome-lysosome fusion using bafilomycin A increased the stability of the Tax protein, suggesting that cellular degradation of Tax occurs in part through autophagy. Our current findings indicate that by interrupting the cell's autophagic process, Tax exerts a positive feedback on its own stability.
Sparsity Promoting Iterated Constrained Endmember Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery

An extension of the iterated constrained endmember (ICE) algorithm that incorporates sparsity-promoting priors to find the correct number of endmembers is presented. In addition to solving for endmembers and endmember fractional maps, this algorithm attempts to autonomously determine the number of endmembers that are required for a particular scene. The number of endmembers is found by adding a sparsity-promoting term to ICE's objective function.
Sparse FIR filters and the impact on FPGA area usage

In FIR filter design, a sparse filter is one that has a majority of zeros for coefficients. Generally, a sparse filter is designed in order to save area and speed up computations, but when implementing a sparse filter in an FPGA the expected area savings may not be realized. This paper shows that sparsity in an FIR filter does not generally translate directly into FPGA space (area) savings on a Virtex-4 FPGA.
Introduction: After Bakke

THERE WAS THE SENSE OF VIOLATION, of course. At the bidding of a governor anxious to ride the race issue to the White House, the Board of Regents of the University of California, against the opposition of faculty, students, and administration, over the vigorous protests of chancellors and demonstrators, voted to end affirmative action at the premier public institution of the nation's most demographically diverse state.' The first major public university to do so. July 20, 1995. At a stroke, the landscape of higher education had changed. Assumptions about race and ethnicity that had for decades guided policy were suddenly stripped of the armor of institutional inevitability. They were rent open, open to recuperation, revision, repudiation, whatever the newly emerging politics of a dawning era would decree. Stung by this eruption of history, the editors of Representations present this special issue devoted to exploring the new terrain.
Government Spending, Policy Outputs, and Policy Outcomes: Health Policy in Yugoslavia:

Two major questions to which public policy analysis has been addressed concern the relative influence of economic and political factors upon governmental policy, and the degree of linkage between g...