cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical Schools and Political Science: An Arab-Israeli History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

In “Writing the Arab-Israeli Conflict” (Perspectives on Politics 3:1), Jonathan B. Isacoff does a great service by bringing together the study of the Arab-Israeli conflict and the study of international relations (IR). All too often, political scientists shy away from the ongoing conflict and the heat such work could generate on campus. At the same time, Isacoff's application of his multiple-schools model reveals some limitations with respect to political scientists' use of history generally and the Arab-Israeli conflict in particular. In this essay, I note four areas where his argument merits further scrutiny.Jeremy Pressman is assistant professor of political science at the University of Connecticut (jeremy.pressman@uconn.edu). He is currently writing about how allies stop each other from going to war. His writings on the Arab-Israeli conflict include Point of No Return: The Deadly Struggle for Middle East Peace (with Geoffrey Kemp). The author thanks Michal Ben-Josef Hirsch, two anonymous reviewers, and the editorial staff of Perspectives on Politics for helpful comments on earlier drafts.
A Random-Walk-Based Dynamic Tree Evolution Algorithm with Exponential Speed of Convergence to Optimality on Regular Networks

In many tree-structured parallel computations, the size and shape of a tree that represents a parallel computation is unpredictable at compile-time. The tree evolves gradually during the course of the computation. When such an application is executed on a static network, the dynamic tree evolution problem is to distribute the tree nodes to the processors of the network such that all the processors receive roughly the same amount of load and that communicating nodes are assigned to neighboring processors. The main contributions of the paper are to describe a simple random-walk-based asymptotically optimal dynamic tree evolution algorithm on regular networks and to analyze the exponential speed at which the performance ratio converges to the optimal. Our strategy is to prove that the Markov chain of a random walk on a regular network is rapidly mixing.
Linking prenatal experience to the emerging musical mind.

The musical brain is built over time through experience with a multitude of sounds in the auditory environment. However, learning the melodies, timbres, and rhythms unique to the music and language of one’s culture begins already within the mother’s womb during the third trimester of human development. We review evidence that the intrauterine auditory environment plays a key role in shaping later auditory development and musical preferences. We describe evidence that externally and internally generated sounds influence the developing fetus, and argue that such prenatal auditory experience may set the trajectory for the development of the musical mind.
Identification of Yin-Yang Regulators and a Phosphorylation Consensus for Male Germ Cell-Associated Kinase (MAK)-Related Kinase

MAK (male germ cell-associated protein kinase) and MRK/ICK (MAK-related kinase/intestinal cell kinase) are human homologs of Ime2p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of Mde3 and Pit1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and are similar to human cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). MAK and MRK require dual phosphorylation in a TDY motif catalyzed by an unidentified human threonine kinase and tyrosine autophosphorylation. Herein, we establish that human CDK-related kinase CCRK (cell cycle-related kinase) is an activating T157 kinase for MRK, whereas active CDK7/cyclin H/MAT1 complexes phosphorylate CDK2 but not MRK. Protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) interacts with MRK in a complex and dephosphorylates MRK at T157 in vitro and in situ. Thus, CCRK and PP5 are yin-yang regulators of T157 phosphorylation. To determine a substrate consensus, we screened a combinatorial peptide library with active MRK. MRK preferentially phosphorylates R-P-X-S/T-P sites, with the preference for arginine at position -3 (P-3) being more stringent than for prolines at P-2 and P+1. Using the consensus, we identified a putative phosphorylation site (RPLT(1080)S) for MRK in human Scythe, an antiapoptotic protein that interacts with MRK. MRK phosphorylates Scythe at T1080 in vitro as determined by site-directed mutagenesis and mass spectrometry, supporting the consensus and suggesting Scythe as a physiological substrate for MRK.
Cholinergic Effects on Esophageal Transit and Clearance

Modern manometric and scintigraphic techniques were employed in an effort to determine the relationships between esophageal contractions and esophageal transit and clearance. The effects of direct cholinergic stimulation with bethanechol and blockade with atropine were evaluated in a total of 20 normal subjects and 13 patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. Bethanechol increased the amplitudes of deglutition-induced and distention-induced esophageal contractions, but diminished their propagation velocities. Both esophageal transit and clearance were decreased in patients with reflux, but both were improved after bethanechol. Atropine sulfate decreased the amplitudes of contraction, accelerated their propagation velocities, and delayed esophageal transit and clearance. Both transit and clearance were diminished significantly when reflux patients were compared with normal subjects. The amplitudes of esophageal contraction were significantly lower in patients with reflux than in normal subjects. Neither bethanechol nor atropine affected the incidence of deglutition-induced esophageal contractions. These studies suggest that the efficiency of esophageal emptying may be determined by the amplitudes of esophageal contractions.
Comparative Analysis of Urinary Incontinence Severity After Autologous Fascia Pubovaginal Sling, Pubovaginal Sling and Tension-Free Vaginal Tape

Purpose: Autologous fascia, Pelvicol™ implant and polypropylene are common materials used in suburethral anti-incontinence procedures. We explored the relative effectiveness of the autologous fascia pubovaginal sling, Pelvicol pubovaginal sling and Gynecare TVT™ on self-reported postoperative urinary incontinence.Materials and Methods: The study was a mailed cross-sectional survey of health related quality of life 1 to 3 years after suburethral anti-incontinence surgery performed at our institution. The Incontinence Symptom Index was used to assess the presence and severity of urinary incontinence symptoms and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 was used to assess impairment. Regression models were developed to identify factors with an independent effect on the presence, severity and impairment of urinary incontinence symptoms.Results: The questionnaire was returned by 69% of eligible respondents (173 of 250). Those with previous incontinence surgery (OR 11.0, 95% CI 2.3–51.4) and medical comorbiditie...
Application of Gaussian approximation to iterative decoding with finite blocklengths

In this paper, the convergence analysis based on Gaussian approximation is extended to small and medium blocklengths. Gaussian approximation to extrinsic information has been instrumental in understanding and predicting the behavior of iterative decoding for codes that would allow iterative decoding such as turbo codes and LDPC codes. It enables a procedure to predict the "waterfall" region behavior where a steep slope of error rate curves is observed. As is well known, combination of transfer function and union bound techniques can be applied to predict the "error floor" region performance with necessary assumptions. This paper provides a framework to distinguish the different regions of behavior through defining a decoding failure probability.
Large two-photon absorption enhancement with extremely nondegenerate photons

Using extremely nondegenerate photons in frequency (energy ratios >10/1), we measure 2–4 orders of magnitude enhancement of two-photon absorption in semiconductors compared to the degenerate case. We demonstrate sub-femtosecond gated detection directly on semiconductor diodes.
PwdIP-Hash: A Lightweight Solution to Phishing and Pharming Attacks

We present a novel lightweight password-based solution that safeguards users from Phishing and Pharming attacks. The proposed authentication relies on a hashed password, which is the hash value of the user-typed password and the authentication server’s IP address. The solution rests on the fact that the server connected by a client using TCP connection cannot lie about its IP address. If a user is unknowingly directed to a malicious server (by a Phishing or a Pharming attack), the password obtained by the malicious server will be the hashed-password (tied to the malicious server’s IP address) and will not be usable by the attacker at the real server thus defeating Phishing/Pharming attack. The proposed solution does not increase the number of exchanged authentication messages, nor does it need hardware tokens as required by some previously proposed solutions. The solution is also safe against denial-of-service attacks since no state is maintained on server side during the authentication process. We have prototyped our design both as a web browser’s plug-in and as a standalone application. A comprehensive user study was conducted. The results show that around 95% of users think the proposed solution is easy to use and manage. Further, around 79% of users have shown willingness to use the application to protect their passwords.
Inaccurate Risk Perceptions and Individualized Risk Estimates by Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: We evaluated how diabetic patients understand and respond to the presentation of personalized risk information. Methods: This was a mixed methods study involving 56 patients with type 2 diabetes and at least 1 additional cardiovascular risk factor. We assessed participants9 perceptions of diabetes-related risks; asked them to rank order 6 events (death, heart attack, stroke, blindness, amputation, and kidney failure) by likelihood of occurrence in a specified time frame; presented them with personalized risk estimates; and asked them to re-rank the risks. The final 18 participants were tested to verify understanding before re-ranking risks. Qualitative analysis of interview transcripts identified themes and concepts underlying participants9 ways of perceiving and reacting to risk. Results: While mortality was the most likely outcome for almost all participants, nearly all estimated it to be least likely; only 28% adjusted their mortality rankings to match model predictions. Some did not understand the risk information: only two thirds of those asked could rank risks according to the information presented. Risk perceptions were influenced by factors including “knowing myself,” powerful anecdotes, and belief that a “warning shot” would occur before death. Conclusions: Personalized risk estimates, particularly about mortality, had limited salience. Some participants could not understand the information, despite presentation in ways suggested by previous research.
Optimizing FIAT with level 3 BLAS

Our previous work on FIAT (Finite Element Automatic Tabulator) developed a “computational representation theory ” that allowed us to construct arbitrary order instances of a wide range of finite elements, many of which are infrequently used owing to their associated code complexity. In our present work, we further hone this theory by rephrasing most of the internal operations as linear transformations over finite-dimensional Banach spaces. This additional insight has led to increased code granularity and allowed the use of level 3 BLAS operations. This is both a conceptual and a practical development; as the run-time performance of FIAT has been improved multiple orders of magnitude.
A comparison between high-symmetry Mn12 single-molecule magnets in different ligand/solvent environments

Abstract We present angle-resolved high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR) data collected for single-crystal samples of deuterated and undeuterated Mn12-acetate. The spectra reveal fine structures associated with the various Mn12 species corresponding to the different local solvent environments proposed by Cornia et al. [A. Cornia, R. Sessoli, L. Sorace, D. Gatteschi, A.L. Barra, C. Daiguebonne, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 257201], and recently confirmed by Hill et al. [S. Hill, R.S. Edwards, S.I. Jones, J.M. North, N.S. Dalal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (2003) 217204] and del Barco et al. [E. del Barco, A.D. Kent, E.M. Rumberger, D.N. Hendrickson, G. Christou, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 047203]. Each of the fine structures exhibits a distinct dependence on the applied field orientation, thereby highlighting the discrete nature of the disorder. We then compare these data with spectra obtained for two recently discovered high-symmetry (S4) analogs of Mn12-Ac, differing only in their ligand and solvent structures. None of the highly reproducible fine-structures seen in the Mn12-Ac samples are found for the new Mn12 complexes, thus confirming the idea that the solvent structure significantly influences the QMT dynamics in Mn12-Ac. Indeed, the HFEPR spectra for Mn12-BrAc and Mn12-tBuAc provide spectacular resolution, allowing for unique spectroscopic insights into high-symmetry giant spin SMMs.
Alfuzosin: overview of pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a clinically uroselective α-blocker

Efficacy and safety of alfuzosin administered as 3-times-daily and 2-times-daily formulations have been previously demonstrated in placebo-controlled studies, and these formulations have been commercially available in many countries. A once-daily formulation of alfuzosin administered through a novel prolonged-release system has been recently developed to improve the convenience of dosing and to provide optimal pharmacokinetic coverage over 24 hours. The results of 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 studies in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia suggests that 10 mg of alfuzosin administered once daily without dose titration is superior to placebo in terms of symptom and urinary flow rate improvement. Orthostatic hypotension and first-dose phenomenon related to the alpha-blocking property were rare. The incidences of asthenia and fatigue were comparable to those seen with placebo. Ejaculatory disorders were very rare. The most frequently reported adverse event potentially related to alpha blockade was dizziness, which occurred in 5.0% of patients treated with 10 mg alfuzosin compared with 2.1% of patients given placebo.
Lay Rationalism: Individual Differences in using Reason versus Feelings to Guide Decisions:

People have a lay notion of rationality—that is, the notion of using reason rather than feelings to guide decisions. Yet people differ in the degree to which they actually base their decisions on reason versus feelings. This individual difference variable is potentially general and important but is largely overlooked. The present research (1) introduces the construct of lay rationalism to capture this individual difference variable and distinguishes it from other individual difference variables; (2) develops a short, easy-to-implement scale to measure lay rationalism and demonstrates the validity and reliability of the scale; and (3) shows that lay rationalism, as measured by the scale, can predict a variety of consumer-relevant behaviors, including product preferences, savings decisions, and donation behaviors.
New and Newsworthy Neurocritical Care Studies

This study used a derivation cohort of 397 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) to identify predictors of mechanical ventilation in the first week of hospital admission and a separate cohort of 191 GBS patients to test the validity of the model constructed with the predictors previously identified. The rates of mechanical ventilation during the first week of admission were 22% in the derivation cohort and 14% in the validation cohort. The variables that made it into the model were: (1) days between onset of weakness and hospital admission (the shorter the interval, the higher the risk of requiring mechanical ventilation); (2) facial or bulbar weakness at hospital admission; and (3) Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score at hospital admission (the lower the sum score, the higher the risk of requiring mechanical ventilation). The combination of admission within 3 days of onset of weakness, presence of early facial or bulbar weakness, and more severe, generalized weakness in the extremities was most strongly associated with the requirement of mechanical ventilation during the first week of admission. The predictive model reported in this study is simple and practical. It may be particularly useful to decide which patients need admission to the ICU for closer monitoring. Once this first decision is made, other variables need to be evaluated for early prognostication, including the results of electrophysiology and beside pulmonary function tests. It is also important to remember that the factors influencing acute respiratory insufficiency are not the same ones that determine long-term recovery (such as older age and axonal form of GBS).
Histochemical Characterization of the Muscles of Mastication

The muscles of mastication of the rabbit, cat, dog, and monkey were characterized as mixed red and white muscle types on the basis of succinic dehydrogenase and phosphorylase content. The chacterization was related to the known function of the masticatory apparatus peculiar to each animal.
The improvement of ID-based remote user authentication scheme using bilinear pairings

Bilinear pairings in cryptography have been found to be very useful for various applications recently. In 2006, Das et al. proposed a novel ID-based remote user authentication scheme using bilinear pairings. The ID-based public-key cryptosystem (ID-based PKC) with bilinear pairings defined on elliptic curve can achieve simplifying the certificate management. However, Das et al.'s scheme cannot provide mutual authentication and session key agreement. Furthermore, Das et al.'s scheme suffers from the forgery attack. Since that, some ID-based remote user authentication schemes with smart cards using bilinear pairings are proposed to enhance the security of authentication system. In this paper, we observe that most published pairing-based authentication schemes are vulnerable to specific offline dictionary attack. Thus, we propose an improved ID-based remote user authentication scheme using bilinear pairings. We make security analysis based on Fang et al.'s security requirements. It proves that the proposed scheme can be used widely than other pairing-based remote user authentication schemes in unsecured communication environments.
Hemodynamics of the renal artery ostia with implications for their structural development and efficiency of flow.

BACKGROUND Energy losses at tube or blood vessel orifices depend on the extent of flare as measured by the dimensionless ratio of the fillet radius of curvature to diameter (r/D). OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess the effect of ostial fillet radii on energy losses at the aorta-renal artery junctions since as much as a quarter of cardiac output passes through the kidneys. METHOD Pressure loss coefficients K for the renal artery ostia as a function of r/D have been determined for representative anatomical variants using finite volume simulations. Estimates of fillet radii in humans from image analysis were employed in simulations for comparison of loss coefficients. RESULTS Values for K drop 45% as r/D increases over the range 0-1.3. Image analysis indicates that the ostia are not symmetric in humans with (r/D)superior much larger than (r/D)inferior. Simulations show the loss coefficient depends almost entirely on the superior fillet radius. CONCLUSIONS Superior fillet radii for both renal arteries are similar to the optimal value to reduce energy losses while the inferior radii are not. Ostial asymmetry may have been induced by higher levels of shear stress present on the superior portion of a developing symmetric ostium of small r/D.
An Empirical Method of Detecting Time-Dependent Confounding: An Observational Study of Next Day Delirium in a Medical ICU

Longitudinal research on older persons in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) is often complicated by the time-dependent confounding of concurrently administered interventions such as medications and intubation. Such temporal confounding can bias the respective longitudinal associations between concurrently administered treatments and a longitudinal outcome such as delirium. Although marginal structural models address time-dependent confounding, their application is non-trivial and preferably justified by empirical evidence. Using data from a longitudinal study of older persons in the MICU, we constructed a plausibility score from 0 - 10 where higher values indicate higher plausibility of time-dependent confounding of the association between a time-varying explanatory variable and an outcome. Based on longitudinal plots, measures of correlation, and longitudinal regression, the plausibility scores were compared to the differences in estimates obtained with non-weighted and marginal structural models of next day delirium. The plausibility scores of the three possible pairings of daily doses of fentanyl, haloperidol, and intubation indicated the following: low plausibility for haloperidol and intubation, moderate plausibility for fentanyl and haloperidol, and high plausibility for fentanyl and intubation. Comparing multivariable models of next day delirium with and without adjustment for time-dependent confounding, only intubation's association changed substantively. In our observational study of older persons in the MICU, the plausibility scores were generally reflective of the observed differences between coefficients estimated from non-weighted and marginal structural models.
Plasma renin activity in renal transplant patients with hypertension.

Chronic renal allograft rejection (CR) is the major cause of graft loss after 1 year following transplantation. Hypertension (HTN) and proteinuria (Up) are the hallmarks of this immunologic allograft response. Over 1 year, 23 patients posttransplantation and with HTN (diastolic greater than 95 mm Hg) were examined. Serial serum creatinine (Scr), Up, urine creatinine (Ucr), and resting and enalapril challenged (EC) plasma renin activity (PRA) were all determined. Renal artery stenosis was excluded by noninvasive imaging. Of the 23 patients, eight eventually lost their renal allografts, while 15 maintained satisfactory renal function (Scr less than 2.5). Results of this study show that: 1) worsening renal function (RF) increases EC reactivity; 2) the presence of proteinuria is not itself related to increase in EC activity; 3) renin before and after EC was higher (P = .06) in the allograft loss group. In this study, patients with high PRA represent the highest EC responses. Therefore, they display not macrovascular lesions, but microvascular intrarenal disease; this defect is most likely secondary to chronic immunologic insult.
Agricultural R&D Policy and Long-Run Food Security

Agricultural research and development (R&D) has reduced poverty by making food more abundant and cheaper. It may also have affected the variability of agricultural production, prices, and incomes—but food price variability is less important to richer people. Recent evidence of a slowdown in agricultural productivity growth, combined with the rise of biofuels, foreshadows a reversal of the past trend of rising agricultural abundance and a corresponding increase in vulnerability of a greater number of poor people to price variability. This chapter explores the role of agricultural R&D and related policy in contributing to or mitigating the consequences of variability in agricultural production. It emphasizes the implications of a slowdown in agricultural productivity growth in the face of a growing global population, combined with the rise of biofuels and changing climate, and the potential for agricultural innovations to address the attendant challenges to global food security.
Political Obstacles to the Implementation of Emissions Markets: Lessons from Reclaim

Why have so few emissions markets been implemented? This article addresses this question by examining the political economy of the REgional CLean AIr Market (RECLAIM) for Los Angeles. RECLAIM offers an excellent opportunity to study the political obstacles of emissions markets, because its nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides component was implemented while its volatile organic compounds component was not. By carefully analyzing the decisions of the regulatory agency responsible for RECLAIM, this article offers a precise explanation of the political obstacles faced by an emissions market like RECLAIM. These obstacles include the difficulty in extending markets to sources and products that were previously unregulated under a command-and-control regime. Also, political conflict arising because of uncertainty is more contentious under emissions markets than under command-and-control regulation. This article then offers suggestions for improving the political feasibility of emissions markets.
Circuitous Assimilation Among Rural Hindustanis in California

the majority of persons moving to cities, especially large cities, are young unmarried adults, with the number of females somewhat in excess of the number of males. Assuming that a considerable proportion of the unmarried migrants to the two cities are children, most of whom would be unmarried, one cannot escape the conclusion that most of the adult cityward migrants in Mysore State are married. If this is true for men, it is emphatically the case for women. Although this study is not directly concerned with females, there is reason to believe that comparatively few unmarried females migrate to cities unless they are accompanied by their families or guardians.
Highlands J Virus-Associated Mortality in Chukar Partridges

rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses using specific cDNA clones. J Virol Methods 23:127-136. 4. Diallo A, Barrett T, Lefevre PC, Taylor WP: 1987, Comparison of proteins induced in cells infected with rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses. J Gen Virol 68:2033-2038. 5. El Hag Ali B, Taylor WP: 1984, Isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from the Sudan. Res Vet Sci 36:1-4. 6. Gibbs EPJ, Taylor WP, Lawman MJP, Bryant J: 1979, Classification of peste des petits ruminants as the fourth member of the genus Morbillivirus. Inter-virology 11:268-274. 7. Haines DM, Clark EG, Dubovi EJ: 1992, Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Vet Pathol 29:27-32. 8. Imagawa DT: 1968, Relationships among measles, canine distemper and rinderpest viruses. Prog Med Virol 10:160-193. 9. Kohler G, Milstein C: 1975, Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of pre-defined specificity. Nature 256:495497. 10. Obi TU, Ojeh CK: 1989, Dot enzyme immunoassay for visual detection of peste des petits ruminants virus antigen from infected caprine tissues. J Clin Microbiol 27:2096-2099. 11. Osterhaus ADME, Vedder EJ: 1988, Identification of a virus causing recent seal deaths. Nature 335:20. 12. Pandey KD, Baron MD, Barrett T: 1992, Differential diagnosis of rinderpest and PPR using biotinylated cDNA probes. Vet Rec 131:199-200. 13. Scott GR: 1981, Rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants. In: Virus diseases of food animals, ed. EPJ Gibbs, vol. II, pp. 401432. Academic Press, London, England. 14. Taylor WP: 1979, Serological studies with the virus of peste des petits ruminants in Nigeria. Res Vet Sci 26:236-242. 15. Taylor WP: 1984, The distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants. Prev Vet Med 2: 157-166. 16. Taylor WP, Abegunde A: 1979, The isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from Nigerian sheep and goats. Res Vet Sci 26: 94-96.
A Novel Noise Filtering Model for Photon-Counting Laser Altimeter Data

The new generation of Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat-2) which utilizes photon-counting laser detectors is scheduled for launch in 2017. This upcoming mission will provide data to assess changes of ice sheet elevation and mass, as well as the time-varying volume of sea ice. However, the next-generation ICESat sensor also presents new data processing challenges due to the high number of false returns present in the resultant point cloud that are mainly caused by the high sensitivity of the photon detector to solar returns. In this letter, we propose a novel noise filter for single photon laser altimeter data utilizing a Bayesian decision theory. We applied our algorithm to the Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL) data sets and compared the filtered estimate of ground to coincident high resolution airborne LiDAR data. The results show that the proposed algorithm differentiates between noise and ground surface returns effectively with 6-m root-mean-square error (RMSE) for the MABEL green channel lasers and 4-m RMSE for the near-infrared channel lasers. The Bayesian approach also outperformed a commonly applied point density-based algorithm, the modified density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise, particularly in areas of steep terrain.
Effect Evaluation of Health Education about AIDS on Net Users in Internet Cafes

[Objective]To evaluate the effect of AIDS health education which was based on the sanitary supervision in the public places to net user in internet cafes.[Methods]Firstly,anonymous self-administered questionnaire was adopted to investigate the net users' awareness of the knowledge about AIDS prevention and control in the internet cafes;then the method which was based on sanitary supervision in public places was used to carry out AIDS health education to net users;after the education,the effects of the education was evaluated by questionnaire again.[Results]Before the education,the net users' correct answer rates were respectively 752%,743% and 81% related to the knowledge about AIDS's prevention and control,route of transmission and attitude.While after the education,the correct answer rates were 86.6%,86.5% and 93.6% respectively.The difference of correct answer rate before and after education was significant(P0.01).[Conclusion]The effect of AIDS health education,which is based on sanitary supervision in public places,is excellent to net users in internet cafes.
Prevention of pin site infection in external fixation: a review of the literature.

Pin site infections are a common complication of external fixation that places a significant burden on the patient and healthcare system. Such infections increase the number of clinic visits required during a patient’s course of treatment, can result in the need for additional treatment including antibiotics and surgery, and most importantly can compromise patient outcomes should osteomyelitis or instability result from pin loosening or need for pin or complete construct removal. Factors that may influence the development of pin site infections include patient-specific risk factors, surgical technique, pin design characteristics, use of prophylactic antibiotics, and the post-operative pin care protocol including cleansing, dressing changes, and showering. Despite numerous studies that work to derive evidence-based recommendations for prevention of pin site infections, substantial controversy exists in regard to the optimal protocol. This review comprehensively evaluates the current literature to provide an overview of factors that may influence the incidence of pin site infections in patients undergoing treatment with external fixators, and concludes with a description of the preferred surgical and post-operative pin site protocols employed by the senior authors (ATF and SRR).
Lyric in the Renaissance: From Petrarch to Montaigne

Moving from a definition of the lyric to the innovations introduced by Petrarch's poetic language, this study goes on to propose a new reading of several French poets (Charles d'Orleans, Ronsard, and Du Bellay), and a re-evaluation of Montaigne's understanding of the most striking poetry and its relation to his own prose. Instead of relying on conventional notions of Renaissance subjectivity, it locates recurring features of this poetic language that express a turn to the singular and that herald lyric poetry's modern emphasis on the utterly particular. By combining close textual analysis with more modern ethical concerns this study establishes clear distinctions between what poets do and what rhetoric and poetics say they do. It shows how the tradition of rhetorical commentary is insufficient in accounting for this startling effectiveness of lyric poetry, manifest in Petrarch's Rime Sparse and the collections of the best poets writing after him.
Effect of Ovarian Hormone Therapy on Cognition in the Aged Female Rhesus Macaque

Studies of the effect of hormone therapy on cognitive function in menopausal women have been equivocal, in part due to differences in the type and timing of hormone treatment. Here we cognitively tested aged female rhesus macaques on (1) the delayed response task of spatial working memory, (2) a visuospatial attention task that measured spatially and temporally cued reaction times, and (3) a simple reaction time task as a control for motor speed. After task acquisition, animals were ovariectomized (OVX). Their performance was compared with intact controls for 2 months, at which time no group differences were found. The OVX animals were then assigned to treatment with either a subcutaneous sham implant (OVX), 17-β estradiol (E) implant (OVX+E) or E implant plus cyclic oral progesterone (OVX+EP). All groups were then tested repeatedly over 12 months. The OVX+E animals performed significantly better on the delayed response task than all of the other groups for much of the 12 month testing period. The OVX+EP animals also showed improved performance in the delayed response task, but only at 30 s delays and with performance levels below that of OVX+E animals. The OVX+E animals also performed significantly better in the visuospatial attention task, particularly in the most challenging invalid cue condition; this difference also was maintained across the 12 month testing period. Simple reaction time was not affected by hormonal manipulation. These data demonstrate that chronic, continuous administration of E can exert multiple beneficial cognitive effects in aged, OVX rhesus macaque females. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hormone therapy after menopause is controversial. We tested the effects of hormone replacement in aged rhesus macaques, soon after surgically-induced menopause [ovariectomy (OVX)], on tests of memory and attention. Untreated ovarian-intact and OVX animals were compared with OVX animals receiving estradiol (E) alone or E with progesterone (P). E was administered in a continuous fashion via subcutaneous implant, whereas P was administered orally in a cyclic fashion. On both tests, E-treated animals performed better than the other 3 experimental groups across 1 year of treatment. Thus, in this monkey model, chronic E administered soon after the loss of ovarian hormones had long-term benefits for cognitive function.
INTERAKSI EKSTRATEKSTUAL DALAM PROSES BERCERITA KEPADA ANAK USIA DINI

ABSTRAK Artikel ini memuat pembahasan tentang interaksi ekstratektual yang terjalin dalam proses bercerita (narasi) atau membaca cerita kepada anak terutama anak usia dini. Kegiatan bercerita atau membaca cerita dengan memasukkan berbagai jenis interaksi ini bisa dilakukan oleh orang dewasa seperti orangtua, guru, atau siapapun yang bermaksud memberikan stimulasi atau perlakuan pendidikan (educational treatment) kepada anak. Oleh karena itu beberapa hal yang dianggap informasi mendasar dan penting menjadi sub topik yang dibahas secara detail dalam makalah ini. Pembahasan dimulai dengan menjelaskan pengertian bercerita, yaitu kegiatan menyampaikan cerita oleh narrator atau membaca cerita oleh reader kepada pendengar, dalam hal ini adalah anak. Selanjutnya dibahas tentang definisi interaksi ektratektual yang merupakan pemberian kegiatan tambahan dalam proses bercerita atau membaca cerita, yang sebenarnya bukan bagian dari sebuah cerita. Selanjutnya dipaparkan berbagai jenis interaksi ekstra tekstual dalam kegiatan bercerita atau membaca cerita dan bagaimana perkembangan bahasa anak bisa berkembang melalui pengunaan interaksi ini dalam proses bercerita.
Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for opioid and other substance use during infertility treatment

Opioid use and misuse have reached epidemic proportions in the United States, especially in women of childbearing age, some of whom seek infertility treatments. Substance use is much more common than many of the conditions routinely screened for during the preconception period, and it can have devastating consequences for the woman and her family. Substance use can worsen infertility, complicate pregnancy, increase medical problems, and lead to psychosocial difficulties for the woman and her family. The reproductive endocrinologist thus has an ethical and medical duty to screen for substance use, provide initial counseling, and refer to specialized treatment as needed. This article provides an overview of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT), a public health approach shown to be effective in ameliorating the harms of substance use.
Radiation effects on active camera electronics in the target chamber at the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility’s (NIF) harsh radiation environment can cause electronics to malfunction during high-yield DT shots. Until now there has been little experience fielding electronic-based cameras in the target chamber under these conditions; hence, the performance of electronic components in NIF’s radiation environment was unknown. It is possible to purchase radiation tolerant devices, however, they are usually qualified for radiation environments different to NIF, such as space flight or nuclear reactors. This paper presents the results from a series of online experiments that used two different prototype camera systems built from non-radiation hardened components and one commercially available camera that permanently failed at relatively low total integrated dose. The custom design built in Livermore endured a 5 × 1015 neutron shot without upset, while the other custom design upset at 2 × 1014 neutrons. These results agreed with offline testing done with a flash x-ray source and a 14 MeV neutron source, which suggested a methodology for developing and qualifying electronic systems for NIF. Further work will likely lead to the use of embedded electronic systems in the target chamber during high-yield shots.
Are all certified EHRs created equal? Assessing the relationship between EHR vendor and hospital meaningful use performance.

Objective The federal electronic health record (EHR) certification process was intended to ensure a baseline level of system quality and the ability to support meaningful use criteria. We sought to assess whether there was variation across EHR vendors in the degree to which hospitals using products from those vendors were able to achieve high levels of performance on meaningful use criteria. Materials and methods We created a cross-sectional national hospital sample from the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology EHR Products Used for Meaningful Use Attestation public use file and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Medicare EHR Incentive Program Eligible Hospitals public use file. We used regression models to assess the relationship between vendor and hospital performance on 6 Stage 2 Meaningful Use criteria, controlling for hospital characteristics. We also calculated how much variation in performance is explained by vendor choice. Results We found significant associations between specific vendor and level of hospital performance for all 6 meaningful use criteria. Epic was associated with significantly higher performance on 5 of the 6 criteria; relationships for other vendors were mixed, with some associated with significantly worse performance on multiple criteria. EHR vendor choice accounted for between 7% and 34% of performance variation across the 6 criteria. Discussion A nontrivial proportion of variation in hospital meaningful use performance is explained by vendor choice, and certain vendors are more often associated with better meaningful use performance than others. Our results suggest that policy-makers should improve the certification process by including more "real-world" scenario testing and provider feedback or ratings to reduce this variation. Hospitals can use these results to guide interactions with vendors. Conclusion Vendor choice accounts for a meaningful proportion of variation in hospital meaningful use performance, and specific vendors are consistently associated with higher or lower performance across criteria.
Nucleotide Excision Repair in Man

Nucleotide excision repair (excision repair) is a general repair system for damaged (modified) bases. It is considered the repair system for bulky adducts, but it is also capable of eliminating all base lesions, big or small, from DNA. Damage removal is accomplished by dual incisions bracketing the lesion by a multisubunit enzyme system referred to as excision nuclease or excinuclease. The prokaryotic excinuclease incises the 8th phosphodiester bond 5′ and the 4th or 5th phosphodiester bond 3′ to the lesion and thus excises the damaged nucleotide(s) in 12- to 13-nucleotide-long oligomers (Sancar and Rupp 1983). The human excinuclease incises the 22nd phosphodiester bond 5′ and the 4th to 6th phosphodiester bond 3′ to the damaged nucleotide(s) and releases the damage in 27- to 29-nucleotide-long oligomers (Huang et al. 1992). Following excision the resulting gap is filled and ligated by DNA polymerases and ligases. In contrast to the excision step the gap filling step, which is referred to as repair synthesis, is carried out by proteins whose primary function is replication. Hence, defect in the repair synthesis step is usually a side effect of a more general problem in cellular physiology.
‘Il faut éviter le scandale’: Debating Community Standards in Reformation Geneva

Historical scholarship on consistories has overlooked the context of the theological and polemical debates regarding scandal in the sixteenth century, leaving us without a full understanding of the...
Using Differential Privacy to Efficiently Mitigate Side Channels in Distributed Analytics

Distributed analytics systems enable users to efficiently perform computations over large distributed data sets. Recently, systems have been proposed that can additionally protect the data's privacy by keeping it encrypted even in memory and by performing the computations using trusted execution environments (TEEs). This approach has the potential to make it much safer to outsource analytics jobs to an untrusted cloud platform or to distribute it across multiple parties. TEEs, however, suffer from side channels, such as timing, memory access patterns, and message sizes that weaken their privacy guarantees. Existing privacy-preserving analytics systems only address a subset of these channels, such as memory access patterns, while largely neglecting size and timing. Moreover, previous attempts to close size and timing channels suffer from high performance costs, impracticality, or a lack of rigorous privacy guarantees.In this paper, we present an approach to mitigating timing and size side channels in analytics based on differential privacy that is both dramatically more efficient than the state-of-the-art while offering principled privacy assurances. We also sketch a design for a new analytics system we are developing called Hermetic that aims to be the first to mitigate the four most critical digital side channels simultaneously. Our preliminary evaluation demonstrates the potential benefits of our method.
Above- and Belowground Prairie Cordgrass Response to Applied Nitrogen on Marginal Land

Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata, Link.) has been evaluated for its biomass potential because of its high yield, relatively low nutrient demand, and diverse geographical adaptation. Our objectives were to determine (1) biomass production potential of prairie cordgrass in South Dakota and Kansas under varying nitrogen levels, (2) the effect of N on prairie cordgrass yield components (tillers m−2 and tiller mass), and (3) the effect of N on yield and N concentration of belowground biomass. Older stands of Red River prairie cordgrass (RR-PCG) in South Dakota and Atkins prairie cordgrass (AT-PCG) in Kansas were fertilized with 0, 56, 112 and 168 kg N ha−1 from 2008 to 2011 in South Dakota and in 2009 and 2010 in Kansas. Experimental design at all locations was a 4 × 4 Latin square. Prairie cordgrass was harvested around a killing frost in October and early November. Biomass production ranged from 5.50 to 13.69 Mg ha−1 in South Dakota and 5.33 to 12.51 Mg ha−1 in Kansas. Prairie cordgrass yield did not increase significantly with N application at any location or year. Across years, tiller density ranged from 536 to 934 tillers m−2 for RR-PCG in South Dakota and from 234 to 315 tillers m−2 for AT-PCG in Kansas. Neither tiller density or tiller mass was affected by N rate at any location in any year. Belowground biomass production to a depth of 25 cm was equal to or greater than aboveground biomass. However, it was not affected by N rate in all locations by any year. Understanding prairie cordgrass nitrogen-use dynamics to improve biomass and nutrient management will be essential for future investigations. Findings of this study are important to support the notion that prairie cordgrass biomass production in two different environments can be achieved with minimal N inputs.
History of technology for studying animal sound and communication

New technology has always been used to listen to, study, and understand animal sounds. Early recording devices in the 1870s employing wax cylinders and discs were quickly employed for recording nature sounds. Underwater listening devices from the 1910s captured marine animal sounds; interest in these sounds increased greatly after World War II, when naval advances made underwater sound accessible to sonar operators who noted the presence of cetacean sounds. Microphone technology advanced to the point where ultrasonic and eventually infrasonic signals were recorded. Frequency separation and analysis was facilitated by the invention of the vocoder in the late 1930s, which separated sound into a number of frequency bands and enabled, for instance, the discovery of multiple sources of sound (more than one syrinx) in bird vocalizations. The greatest leap in frequency separation came with the discovery of the Fast Fourier Transform and its application on digital computers for making spectrograms; since the 1970...