cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a Self-Report Medication Adherence Scale for Measuring Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients With HIV/AIDS.

Background and purpose This study examined the psychometric properties of a 9-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-9) adapted specifically for patients with HIV/AIDS. Methods We used data from two randomized controlled trials investigating telephone-delivered interventions for improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy to assess reliability (Cronbach's α and Pearson's product correlation) and validity (convergent and concurrent) of the MMAS-9. Results The internal consistency (Cronbach's α) of the MMAS-9 was .66 (study 1) and .69 (study 2); 3-month test-retest reliability (Pearson's correlation) ranged from .50 to .74. Validity was supported by associations with electronic event monitored adherence, social support, depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, stigma, regimen complexity, and impact of side effects in the hypothesized direction. Conclusions The adapted MMAS-9 demonstrated good convergent validity but somewhat lower internal consistency reliability than other reports.
Church, State, and Family: Reconciling Traditional Teachings and Modern Liberties

This book defends the fundamental place of the marital family in modern liberal societies. While applauding modern sexual freedoms, John Witte, Jr also defends the traditional Western teaching that the marital family is an essential cradle of conscience, chrysalis of care, and cornerstone of ordered liberty. He thus urges churches, states, and other social institutions to protect and promote the marital family. He encourages reticent churches to embrace the rights of women and children, as Christians have long taught, and encourages modern states to promote responsible sexual freedom and family relations, as liberals have long said. He counsels modern churches and states to share in family law governance, and to resist recent efforts to privatize, abolish, or radically expand the marital family sphere. Witte also invites fellow citizens to end their bitter battles over same-sex marriage and tend to the vast family field that urgently needs concerted attention and action.
Comparison of two ultrasonic backscatter coefficient methods under nonlinear distortion

The backscatter coefficient (BSC) is a fundamental property of tissues and can be parameterized for tissue characterization. The BSC requires a reference signal, which is estimated through either the planar reflector method (PRM) or the reference phantom method (RPM). In both methods, linear acoustic propagation is assumed. In this work, the BSC estimation methods are evaluated when nonlinear distortion is present. RF data were acquired from two physical phantoms, labeled A and B, with a 5 MHz single-element transducer using low power (1 excitation level) and high power (6 increasing excitation levels) excitation signals. Phantom A contained glass beads with diameters ranging from 75 to 90 μm and phantom B had glass beads with diameters ranging from 9 to 43 μm. The BSCs estimated using the low power setting and high power settings were compared for the both the PRM and RPM through a root mean square error (RMSE). Estimates of the effective scatterer diameter (ESD) were obtained using each method for each high power setting and compared to the low power setting. The RMSE increased as the power setting increased with much higher RMSEs using the PRM compared to RPM, i.e., a maximum of 7.3 times larger for phantom A and 8.6 times larger for phantom B. Estimates of ESD matched the ranges of glass beads sizes for both phantoms except when using the PRM at higher power settings. These findings suggest that the RPM is more robust to nonlinear distortion effects compare to the PRM.The backscatter coefficient (BSC) is a fundamental property of tissues and can be parameterized for tissue characterization. The BSC requires a reference signal, which is estimated through either the planar reflector method (PRM) or the reference phantom method (RPM). In both methods, linear acoustic propagation is assumed. In this work, the BSC estimation methods are evaluated when nonlinear distortion is present. RF data were acquired from two physical phantoms, labeled A and B, with a 5 MHz single-element transducer using low power (1 excitation level) and high power (6 increasing excitation levels) excitation signals. Phantom A contained glass beads with diameters ranging from 75 to 90 μm and phantom B had glass beads with diameters ranging from 9 to 43 μm. The BSCs estimated using the low power setting and high power settings were compared for the both the PRM and RPM through a root mean square error (RMSE). Estimates of the effective scatterer diameter (ESD) were obtained using each method for each ...
Prevalence of highly effective contraception use by women with epilepsy.

Objective To determine (1) the proportion of women with epilepsy (WWE) at risk of unintended pregnancy who use highly effective contraception, (2) demographic predictors, and (3) folic acid (FA) use. Methods These cross-sectional data come from 311 US WWE, 18–47 years, who participated in the Epilepsy Birth Control Registry (EBCR) web-based survey in 2017. They provided demographic, epilepsy, antiepileptic drug (AED), contraceptive, and FA data. We report frequencies of highly effective contraception use and use logistic regression to determine demographic predictors. We report the proportion who take FA. Results A total of 186 (59.8%) of the 311 WWE were at risk of unintended pregnancy. A total of 131 (70.4%) used a highly effective contraceptive category; 55 (29.6%) did not. An additional 13 (7.0%) used a combination of generally effective hormonal contraception with an enzyme-inducing AED, which poses increased risk of unintended pregnancy. Overall, 68 (36.6%) of the 186 WWE at risk did not use highly effective contraception. Increasing income (p = 0.004) and having insurance (p = 0.048) were predictors of highly effective contraception. A total of 50.0% took FA supplement. There was no significant difference in relation to the use or lack of use of highly effective contraception. Conclusion A total of 36.6% of WWE in the EBCR did not use highly effective contraception and 50.0% did not take FA in 2017 despite the important negative consequences of unintended pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes. There is a need for more readily available information and counseling on safe and effective contraception and FA use for this community.
Hematemesis in a Newborn: A Case Report.

We present the case of a term-healthy neonate who developed hematemesis while being admitted at the newborn nursery. The infant was found to have gastric ulcers with duodenal eosinophils. The condition was conservatively managed and the symptoms, including ulcers, resolved with time; however, the etiology of the ulcers is still unknown.
Elements Selection for Transcostal HIFU Refocusing Method: Simulation Study

Treatment of tumors in organs obscured by the ribs is a challenge for high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) array. The ribs absorb the ultrasound beam’s energy causing the temperature of the ribs to rise, the beam to be distorted, and the focal heat deposition to be limited. The challenges presented by the ribs motivated the development of the limited power deposition (LPD) refocusing algorithm, which is capable of limiting the power deposition over the ribs while maximizing the energy deposition at the focus, thus achieving an efficient and safe ablation. In this article, a new iterative sparse LPD (ISLPD) approach that provides similar focal heating to previously developed methods while reducing the number of transducers excited during the HIFU treatment is discussed. It will be possible to conduct processes, such as imaging and motion tracking in parallel with the HIFU treatment by using the elements no longer used by the refocusing technique. The approach removes transducer elements by using an iteratively reweighted penalty matrix to achieve a more sparse solution over the course of multiple rounds of sparsity induction by harshly punishing the use of elements that previously had low excitation magnitudes. The semidefinite relaxation (SDR) method is used as a means of relaxing the nonconvex constraints into convex form and induces sparsity using the one-norm squared as a convex surrogate for the zero-norm. A 1-MHz spherical phased-array focused on a target in an inhomogeneous medium is simulated to test the algorithms’ efficacy. The propagation of the waves as they travel from the array toward the target was modeled using a finite-difference time-domain propagation model. Temperature simulations that utilized the inhomogeneous bioheat transfer equation (BHTE) were used to determine the temperature rise profile within the region of interest (ROI). These simulation results illustrate the benefits of the optimization-based approach proposed in this article over the ray-tracing (shadowing) method for element selection.
What is An International Crime

This chapter defends a pluralist account of International Criminal Law (ICL). In contrast to other approaches to defining international crimes, I argue, as both a descriptive and a normative matter, that there is no hard and fast distinction between international of­ fences and so-called ‘ordinary’ offences. Instead, there exists a continuum of regulation in which international law asserts varying degrees of non-exhaustive force over the criminal law. This pluralism derives principally from the normative underpinnings of ICL that, I ar­ gue, is concerned less with the prosecution of offences that are uniquely international in some qualitative sense than with protecting universal human values through a division of labour between international and domestic institutions. I develop this account through consideration of the historical evolution of ICL, the difficulties associated with competing positive law explanations of international crime, and the diversity of institutional respons­ es that make of use of ICL.
Common-Mode EMI Examination of Three-phase Voltage-Source and Current-Source Converters Systems using WBG Devices

Three-phase voltage-source converters (VSCs) and current-source converters (CSCs) have multiple dualities. This paper specifically focuses on examining the conducted common-mode (CM) EMI of VSCs and CSCs when wide bandgap (WBG) devices are used. First, the CM EMI signature of the two converters with both rectifier and inverter stages are examined. The benefits of CSC over VSC in terms of lower CM EMI are identified. The impact of adding CM chokes at different locations and the use of an LCL filter for the VSC are examined. In addition, the CM EMI associated with having only the rectifier stage or the inverter stage for each of the two types of converters are examined. Finally, a promising CM EMI suppression scheme is examined for the CSC consisting of both the rectifier and the inverter stages that requires few EMI filtering components .
Do we understand each other? Toward a simulated empathy theory for entrepreneurship

Abstract Entrepreneurs often face the daunting task of predicting consumer demand before it exists—what consumers will want if and when the entrepreneur might make it available to them. Such alertness and judgment require an entrepreneur's vicarious imagination—the supposition of what a value experience would be like for another—such as empathy. Prevailing theories of empathy, however, are ill-suited for entrepreneurship theory as they are defined as and focused on an emotion-matching process. We propose that empathy be understood instead as a vicarious mental simulation of another's experience that, when accurate, produces similar emotions but also similar experiential knowledge. According to our ‘simulated empathy theory,’ empathy is a rational imagination process, intentional and knowledge-based. We connect this empathy process to contemporary entrepreneurship theory, namely opportunity recognition and evaluation processes. We also revise the concept of empathic accuracy accordingly, and derive therefrom some practical implications regarding how entrepreneurs can increase their empathic accuracy and, thereby, their chances of success.
Lotteries make science fairer

I argue that peer review systems for assigning scientific funding make things less fair than do lotteries that assign funding to research proposals at least partly on the basis of chance. Even thou...
A Machine Learning Framework to Improve Storage System Performance

Storage systems and their OS components are designed to accommodate a wide variety of applications and dynamic workloads. Storage components inside the OS contain various heuristic algorithms to provide high performance and adaptability for different workloads. These heuristics may be tunable via parameters, and some system calls allow users to optimize their system performance. These parameters are often predetermined based on experiments with limited applications and hardware. Thus, storage systems often run with these predetermined and possibly suboptimal values. Tuning these parameters manually is impractical: one needs an adaptive, intelligent system to handle dynamic and complex workloads. Machine learning (ML) techniques are capable of recognizing patterns, abstracting them, and making predictions on new data. ML can be a key component to optimize and adapt storage systems. In this position paper, we propose KML, an ML framework for storage systems. We implemented a prototype and demonstrated its capabilities on the well-known problem of tuning optimal readahead values. Our results show that KML has a small memory footprint, introduces negligible overhead, and yet enhances throughput by as much as 2.3x.
Overall Customer Satisfaction with Banking Services (Mobile, Online, ATM, and Bank Teller): Comparison between the U.S. and China

As banking firms attempt to attract and retain customers, a default is to add technological services (most recent mobile banking), even though previous studies have found that bank tellers are most...
Deterministic Dynamical Systems

In this chapter, we first give the general and abstract definition of a deterministic dynamical system. This definition has as its basic ingredients a state space whose points characterize the state of the system and a family of maps that determines the time evolution of states according to a dynamical law. The state space is comprised of the minimal set of variables that determines all properties of interest. To qualify as a dynamical system the family of maps must satisfy a composition rule to conform with the additive structure of time.
Serotonin effects on central neurons.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the differential distribution of 5-HT in various regions of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and the effects of the systemic administration of chemically related substances on behavior and psychological processes that have stimulated a great deal of research on the functions and mechanisms of actions of 5-HT in the CNS. Serotonin is administered locally to single neurons in the mammalian central nervous system by the technique of microelectrophoresis. When the effect of electrophoretically administered 5-HT is studied on heterogeneous neuronal populations in various brain regions, it is found that most sensitive neurons in telencephalon and diencephalon are depressed by 5-HT, although excitation is observed. Chemical and histochemical evidence for 5-HT pathways in the CNS, together with data on neuronal sensitivity to 5-HT strongly suggest that 5-HT may be a transmitter at central synapses; however, a transmitter function is not definitively demonstrated.
On the discretization of spatially continuous systems with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities

Methods for the study of weakly nonlinear continuous(distributed parameter)systems are discussed.Approximate solution procedures treating reduced-order models of systems with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities obtained with the Galerkin procedure are constrasted with direct application of the method of multiple scales to the governing partial-differential equations and boundary conditions.By means of several examples and an experiment, it is shown that low-order reduced models of nonlinear continuous systems can lead to erroneous results.A method for producing reduced-order models that overcome the shortcomings of the Galerkin procedure is discussed.Treatment of these models yields results in agreement with those obtained experimentally and those obtained by directly attacking the continuous system.Convergence of the reduced-order models as the order increases is also discussed.
Automatic Flow Building for Component Grid Applications

The Grid application can be defined as a set of cooperating components connected together to achieve desired functionality. The task of finding and connecting such modules distributed throughout vast and frequently changing Grid environment can be difficult. We present the Application Flow Composer system, designed for generation of Grid application workflow description which uses information about the compounds available on the Grid. The system is built within Common Component Architecture (CCA) and may be used to compose applications designed with the same architectural model. As a registry containing Grid component definition documents, the OGSA Registry Grid Service was applied. The tests enclosed show system operation and its time performance.
Development of a Multi-Dimensional Scale for Measuring the Perceived Value of a Service

The construct of perceived value has been identified as one of the most important measures for gaining competitive edge (Parasuraman, 1997), and has been argued to be the most important indicator o...
Is parietal cell secretion inhibited by acidosis

Summary 1.Clinical evidence is presented to show that parietal cell secretion is not abolished in chronic severe renal acidosis, nor in the acidosis of diabetes. 2.Histamine is capable of stimulating the parietal cell regardless of whether acidosis is induced before or after histamine is given.
Structure of the Y Chromosomal Su(Ste) Locus in Drosophila melanogaster and Evidence for Localized Recombination Among Repeats

The structure of the Suppressor of Stellate [Su(Ste)] locus on the Drosophila melanogaster Y chromosome was examined by restriction analysis of both native and cloned genomic DNA. The locus consists of short subarrays of tandem repeats separated by members of other moderately repeated families. Both size variants and restriction variants proved to be common. Most repeats fell into two size classes--2.8 and 2.5 kb--but other size variants were also observed. Restriction variants showed a strong tendency to cluster, both at the gross level where some variants were present in only one of three subintervals of the locus, and at the fine level, where repeats from the same phage clone were significantly more similar than repeats from different clones. Restriction variants were shared freely among repeats of different size classes; however, size variants appeared to be randomly distributed among phage clones. These data indicate that recombination among tandem Su(Ste) repeats occurs at much higher frequencies between close neighbors than distant ones. In addition, they suggest that gene conversion rather than sister chromatid exchange may be the primary recombinational mechanism for spreading variation among repeats at the Su(Ste) locus.
Estrogen or no Estrogen. A Hormone Therapy Dilemma. .

“I have some bad news and some good news for you,” the gynecologist said, face grim, eyes kind, as he intently looked at me.
The effects of amplitude modulation on acoustic reflex decay

The temporal decay of the acoustic reflex provides the basis for an objective audiological test that differentiates cochlear from retrocochlear pathologies. The classic sign of a neural lesion is a ra
Characterization of exposure to low levels of viable Penicillium chrysogenum conidia and allergic sensitization induced by a protease allergen extract from viable P. Chrysogenum conidia in mice.

Background: Previous evidence by our laboratory has shown that mice inoculated with viable Penicillium chrysogenum conidia or spores at levels comparable to those
Update in nephrology and hypertension.

This Update includes papers that presented a new way of classifying chronic kidney disease, established a new association between chronic kidney disease and the metabolic syndrome, and compared the...
Postnatal changes in oxygen affinity of rat blood

1. 1. The respiratory properties and 2,3-DPG concentration were studied in blood of rats from birth to 83 days of age and compared with adult values. 2. 2. Newborn rat blood had a Hb concentration of 9.3 ± 1.1 g% significantly lower (P < 0.01) than 14.2 ± 1.4 g% for adults. 3. 3. The lowest value for Hb concentration occurred at day 5, then it rose to reach adult levels by 83 days of age. 4. 4. The Bohr factor for rat blood was −0.603 ± 0.066 Δ log pO2/ΔpH (N = 18). 5. 5. The P50 of newborn rats was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than adult values (24.6 ± 1.0 vs 38.7 ± 1.8mm Hg), but rose to the adult level by day 23 of life. 6. 6. The concentration of 2,3-DPG in newborn rat blood was 2.53 ± 1.78 μmol/g Hb, significantly lower (P < 0.01) than 13.93 ± 1.66 μmol/g Hb for adults. 7. 7. The concentration of 2,3-DPG rose steadily in the postnatal period and reached adult levels by day 18, close to the time when P50 values also reached the adult range. 8. 8. The pH difference across the red cell membrane decreased with age and therefore does not explain the rise in P50. Neither P50 nor 2,3-DPG concentration values in the neonate overshot adult values. 9. 9. The data collected in this study and information available for other species suggest that the time of disappearance of postnatal anemia depends upon the growth rate of the species.
Primary antibody-forming cells and secondary B cells are generated from separate precursor cell subpopulations.

Abstract Two precursor cell subpopulations have been isolated from the spleen cells of nonimmune mice. The major B cell subpopulation binds high levels of the J11D monoclonal antibody and, upon T cell-dependent antigenic stimulation, gives rise to primary antibody-forming cell clones but not secondary B cells. A minority of the 10%–14% of la + precursors that bind low levels of J11D (J11D lo ) also generate antibody-forming cell clones after primary stimulation. However, over 70% of J11D lo precursors yield no primary antibody-forming cell clones but instead give rise to secondarily responsive B cells. The existence of a distinct precursor cell subpopulation that is responsible for the generation of B cell memory is further evidenced by the distribution of variable region clonotypes among J11D lo primary precursors, which resembles the clonotype patterns of secondary B cells, and by the accumulation of somatic mutations in their clonal progeny.
ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGENITA: BLOOD VESSEL HYPOPLASIA AND IMPLICATIONS DURING RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a crippling congenital abnormality of muscle development characterized by marked muscle contracture and nonprogressive, limb joint deformity. The incidence is 1/3,000 births. The most frequent isolated contractures are clubfoot and congenital hip dislocation. 1 Arthrogryposis is seen in a number of syndromes with or without central nervous system involvement and is associated with multiple developmental defects. However, vascular complications with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita are not well described. 1 We report on a renal transplant recipient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Unexpected severe blood vessel hypoplasia complicated transplant revascularization and led to acute thrombosis of the allograft, necessitating reperfusion and revascularization to the aortic bifurcation and common iliac vein. CASE REPORT A 20-year-old man with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita presented for renal transplantation. He had a small body habitus and classical locomotor findings. At birth he had an imperforate anus for which he underwent perinatal colostomy. The correction was complicated by a vesicorectal fistula necessitating self-catheterization and treatment for recurrent urinary tract infections. Chronic pyelonephritis developed with subsequent renal failure. He underwent a native nephrectomy of a horseshoe kidney for chronic pyelonephritis in preparation for renal transplantation. Cardiac, urological and general assessment for transplantation revealed no contraindications but pelvic angiography was not done. Live related renal transplantation was performed with the biological father of the patient as a kidney donor. Donor nephrectomy was uncomplicated. At the time of the extraperitoneal transplant procedure the iliac vessels of the patient were hypoplastic. The renal artery was anastomosed to the external iliac artery and the renal vein was anastomosed to the external iliac vein. Upon revascularization the graft initially became pink and then gradually turned dusky within a few minutes. The graft was subsequently removed and reperfused with cold Ringer’s lactate, and the external iliac vein was transected and ligated. After reperfusion, the donor kidney was subsequently reanastomosed intraperitoneally to the bifurcation of the aorta and the renal vein was anastomosed end to end to the common iliac vein, followed by reconstruction of the femoral artery. This second anastomosis was successful with fair perfusion of the donor kidney. Upon completion of the procedure, the kidney was perfused in a patchy manner. Postoperatively, the patient required dialysis and intensive care monitoring but recovered and subsequently was discharged home with normal serum creatinine. Coagulation studies performed after transplant were normal. Three months after healthy independent living, he died unexpectedly. Autopsy did not reveal the cause of death.
Feeling normal. Women's experiences of menopause after infertility.

PURPOSE To explore women's experiences of menopause after infertility. DESIGN Grounded theory METHOD Nine menopausal women, ranging in age from 48 to 72, with previous infertility, at various stages of the menopausal transition, including postmenopause, were interviewed in-depth. Three women had conceived a child after infertility treatment, three had adopted children, and three did not have children. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim for data analysis. Data were constantly compared against other data, including previous transcripts, to look for evidence of data saturation. RESULTS A core concept was generated, referred to as "finally feeling normal." After feeling abnormal during infertility, these women viewed menopause as a normal transition. They were able to reconcile some aspects of their infertility and embrace a feeling of normalcy. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Menopause can be positive for women after infertility. Infertility contributed to a unique way of making meaning of menopause that was almost paradoxical: the notion that they can feel normal at the end of their "reproductive" years when they have struggled so long to actually be reproductive. Healthcare providers need to be cognizant of this possible response to menopause, and not automatically "pathologize" these women.
GENETIC BENEFITS OF MATE CHOICE SEPARATED FROM DIFFERENTIAL MATERNAL INVESTMENT IN RED JUNGLEFOWL (GALLUS GALLUS)

Females may choose more attractive mates to obtain better viability or attractiveness genes for their offspring. A number of studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between paternal attractiveness and offspring quality. However, this pattern could be due to inheritance of paternal genes and/or it could be due to increased maternal investment in the offspring of more attractive males. To isolate female responses to male appearance from paternal genetic effects, I housed female red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) with vasectomized (sterile) males and artificially inseminated them. Male junglefowl with larger combs are more attractive to females. Females laid more eggs when housed with a large-combed, as opposed to a small-combed, vasectomized mate. Neither egg volume nor offspring body condition was associated with comb size of the mother's vasectomized mate. Paternal genetics appeared important. Body condition and comb size were greater for the sons of large-combed sperm donor males. This is consistent with the hypothesis that genetic benefits to offspring maintain female preference for the most ornate males. It is possible that greater body condition and comb size in sons of large-combed sires was not caused by genetic differences, but instead was due to compounds in the ejaculate of large-combed sperm donors inducing greater reproductive investment from females. However, females artificially inseminated by large-combed males did not produce more or larger eggs than females artificially inseminated by small-combed males, and thus there is no other evidence consistent with ejaculate-induced differential investment. Furthermore, only in older chicks was body condition significantly related to sire comb size, suggesting genetic rather than differential investment mechanisms.
On the use of fast marching methods for transcranial beam focusing

In this talk, we will present our recent studies on the use of fast marching methods for transcranial beam focusing. Three topics will be included: beam focusing for transcranial B-mode imaging, beam focusing for transcranial photoacoustic tomography, and beam focusing of a spherical array for therapy. To correct for the phase aberration from the skull, two critical steps are needed prior to brain imaging or treatment. In the first step, the skull shape and speed of sound are acquired by either CT scans or ultrasound scans. In the second step, fast marching methods are used to compute the phase delay based on the known skull shape and sound speed from the first step, and the computation can be completed in seconds even for 3D problems. The computed phase delays are then used in combination with the conventional delay-and-sum algorithm for generating images. They can also be readily used for transcranial beam focusing for therapeutic purposes. Numerical simulation results will be presented to show the robu...
The Agent-based Programming Language: APL

Agent-based programming has been emerged as a new programming paradigm for the near future. There have been many research work in agent computing. However, the software engineering methodology and programming languages for agent computing are not yet sufficient and practical.This paper proposes a new programming language concept based on the BDI-agent model. The new concept has been prototyped by Agent-based Programming Language (APL). The prototype system for APL translates the APL source into the Java source codes, which can be run on the Java Virtual Machine. This paper also describes our implementation scheme of the APL system. Examples are also shown to utilize APL for the real-world banking application.
968-24 Genetic Modification of Atherosclerotic Arteries Following Balloon Angioplasty

Genetic modification of the vessel wall by catheter-based techniques offers great potential in the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease. This study was therefore undertaken to characterize the response of atherosclerotic vessels exposed to adenoviral vectors following balloon angioplasty. Atherosclerotic lesions were created in iliac arteries of NZW rabbits by endothelial denudation. After 4–6 weeks on a 1.5% cholesterol diet, balloon angioplasty was performed at the site of maximal stenosis detected by iliac angiography. Recombinant adenovirus encoding a nuclear-localizing variant of E. coli β-galactosidase (βGal) was then delivered to the vessels by 1 of 4 techniques: a double balloon catheter (n = 7), a Hydrogel-coated balloon catheter (n = 3), a perforated balloon infusion catheter (n = 3), or a Dispatch catheter (n = 4). Four days after infection, sections of the modified vessels were harvested and stained with X-gal solution. Eosin-counterstained sections were examined forthe presence and location of βGal activity. Successful gene transfer was observed in all sections displaying evidence of ballooninduced barotrauma, manifested primarily by arterial dissection, regardless of the device used. Genetically modified cells were located in pockets within the intima, media, and adventitia bordering dissection planes, or in areas adjacent to defects in the internal elastic membrane. To a lesser degree, cells expressing, 8 Gal were found in periluminal regions of the intact intima. Extensive transmural or circumferential diffusion of the vector was not seen. In conclusion, gene transfer to an atherosclerotic vessel subjected to balloon angioplasty is feasible with recombinant adenovirus vectors and currently available delivery catheters. The regions of the vessel wall which express the foreign protein are those which contribute to the proliferative cellular response which characterizes post-angioplasty restenosis.
Mill variation in bending strength and stiffness of in-grade southern pine No. 2 2 × 4 lumber

Visually graded southern pine (SP) has wide variability within grade. For 2 × 4 lumber, this variability has increased because it is harvested from both natural forests and plantation forests where trees contain high percentages of juvenile wood. To investigate resource variability, six kiln-dried No. 2 2 × 4 SP packages were acquired from six mills. From each package, 124 samples were destructively tested in bending. Mean modulus of elasticity (MOE15) ranged from 9.2 to 13.1 GPa, and three mills did not meet the design values (11.0 GPa). Bending strength (F b) ranged from 7.6 to 11.9 MPa, and four mills did not meet the design values (10.3 MPa). Analysis of variance of MOE15 and F b showed significant differences between mills. MOE15 explained from 33 to 51 % of the variability in F b. These data suggest that variation between mills is high and destructive testing is critical for more accurate characterization of lumber properties.
Eisenstein: Ideology and intellectual cinema

(1978). Eisenstein: Ideology and intellectual cinema. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 169-192.
Development of a structured interview tool to help patients identify and solve rheumatic condition-related work barriers.

Objective To develop a comprehensive and efficient assessment tool for rheumatic condition-related work barriers and explore its use by physical and occupational therapists. Methods Literature on arthritis work barriers was examined, followed by the collection of qualitative data on work barriers from patients with rheumatic conditions. A tool called the Work Experience Survey-Rheumatic Conditions (WES-RC), which identifies barriers and facilitates the formation of solutions for barriers, was developed using this data. Ten physical and occupational therapists reviewed the initial version of the tool and provided qualitative data and the relevance of its use by therapists. Using this data, the WES-RC was revised. The therapists then administered the WES-RC to 20 patients. Quantitative data, qualitative data, and results of the administrative experience were collected from therapists after each administration. Relevant data were used to further revise the WES-RC. Qualitative data were coded and themes developed by 2 readers and compared. Means and frequencies were used to describe the quantitative data. Results The WES-RC addressed patients' work barriers quite well with a mean score of 8.7, on a scale of 1–10 where 10 = barriers completely covered, and administration time was reported as “about right” in 18 (90%) of 20 administrations. Eighty percent of the therapists' administration experiences were positive. Therapists reported barrier identification as easy, while solution formation was difficult in 45% of the administrations and judged insufficient in 35%. Conclusion The WES-RC appears to be feasible for rheumatology patients and for use by physical and occupational therapists. Further study is needed to enhance effective solution formation.
Reduced cytochrome oxidase and memory dysfunction after chronic brain ischemia in aged rats

The effects of chronic cerebrovascular ischemia on memory function and cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity were investigated. Cerebrovascular insufficiency was induced by permanent bilateral carotid artery ligation (2-VO) in 19 month old rats. Sham surgery in no-vessel occlusion (no-VO) rats were used for controls. Memory function was tested 1 week prior to surgery and then weekly for 21 days using the Morris water maze. Regional brain activity of CO was measured 4 weeks after surgery by quantitative histochemistry. Histologic examination of brain slices was used to evaluate any neuropathology present. Results showed that 2-VO rats were significantly impaired in the water maze task at each testing period with respect to no-VO controls. In addition, CO activity in 2-VO rats was markedly reduced only in the dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus and in the posterior parietal cortex. These brain regions are involved in visuo-spatial memory mechanisms. Analysis of other brain regions in 2-VO rats did not reveal further CO activity changes. There were no damaged or loss of neurons in 2-VO or no-VO groups in any region examined, including CA1 and posterior parietal cortex. The CA1 region however, is known to undergo neuronal loss 25 weeks after chronic 2-VO suggesting that this vascular insult can induce a slowly-evolving cascade consisting of neuronal damage, atrophy and death. The present findings indicate that reduced CO activity in CA1 and posterior parietal regions can predict neural damage and atrophy prior to structural perikaryal pathology following chronic brain ischemia. In addition, the data shows that neuronal energy metabolic deficiency may initiate visuo-spatial memory impairment in this aging rat model.
Prevalence of maternal depression and its relationship to ADL skills in children with developmental delay.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of maternal affective symptoms in children with developmental problems compared to a control group, and to examine their relationship to the child's Activities of Daily Living (ADL), socialization skills and behaviour. Methodology: This study examined prospectively the prevalence of symptoms of maternal depression, maternal anxiety, stress and adverse life events in 65 mothers whose children were attending a Child Development Clinic. ADL and socialization skills were measured using the Vinelands Adaptive Behaviour Scales, and behaviour using a checklist. Results: Symptoms of maternal depression (P=0.04), maternal anxiety (P=0.01) and number of adverse life events (P=0.03) were increased in the study compared to control mothers. Presence of maternal symptoms was unrelated to ADL or socialization skills though was associated with increased behavioural symptoms in the child. Conclusion: Affective disturbance in mothers of children with developmental problems are common and should be addressed as part of a comprehensive assessment of such children.
Technology-mediated interruption management

Previous research into providing interpersonal technology-mediated interruption management support has predominantly been conducted from a paradigmatic standpoint that focused on modeling the context of the person being interrupted (interruptee) such as his/her mental workload, activity and location as a means to identify opportune/inopportune moments for communication. However, the utility of this approach and the associated design implications are questioned by the interruption value evaluation paradigm, which holds that interpersonal interruption management decisions are often made by people assessing factors such as who the interruption is from and what it is about (the relational context). To assess the validity of the competing assumptions underlining these paradigms about everyday interpersonal interruption management, a field study of interruption management practices in everyday cell phone use was conducted. Analysis of 1201 incoming calls from our experience sampling method study of cell phone use shows that ''who'' is calling is used most of the time (87.4%) by individuals to make deliberate call handling decisions (N=834), in contrast to the interruptee's current local social (34.9%) or cognitive (43%) contexts. Building on these findings, we present a theoretical framework that aids in understanding the design space of interruption management tools that focus on reducing uncertainty of the interruption context to improve interruption management decisions.
Self-concept based aspects of the charismatic leader: More than meets the eye

Abstract This research examines the relationships among leader self-concept based dispositional attributes (i.e., self-consciousness, self-monitoring, and purpose-in-life) with ratings of charismatic leadership. Questionnaires were used to collect data from different sources: 64 managers rated themselves on self-concept based dispositional attributes, while 194 subordinates assessed their manager's leadership style. Results indicated that leader private self-consciousness, self-monitoring, and purpose-in-life were positively related to charismatic leadership. Leader purpose-in-life was negatively related to both private and public self-consciousness. Private self-consciousness was positively related to self-monitoring. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.
Castoriadis, Arendt, and the Problem of the New

Readers familiar with the work of Hannah Arendt will recognize in the title of this essay a phrase from The Life of the Mind. “The problem of the new” concerns the difficulty we have imagining an event that would not be what Kant called “the continuation of a preceding series.” 1 In Arendt’s telling, this problem haunts the entire spectrum of Western philosophy as well as political theory and praxis. At bottom, says Arendt, the new confronts us with the problem of freedom, with radical contingency: the “abyss of nothingness that opens up before any deed that cannot be accounted for by a reliable chain of cause and effect and is inexplicable in Aristotelian categories of potentiality and actuality.” 2 Although thinkers like Kant knew that “an act can only be called free if it is not affected or caused by anything preceding it,” writes Arendt, they could not explain it within what they saw as the “unbreakable sequence of the time continuum,” within which every act appears as the continuation of a series. 3 So unable have philosophers been “to conceive of radical novelty and unpredictability,” says Arendt citing Henri Bergson, that
Chemical consequences of electron scavenging by SF6 in radiolysis experiments

Abstract Contrary to the usual assumption that it is unreactive, SF 6 − formed by electron attachment is found to undergo rapid bimolecular reactions with molecules (HX) possessing acidic hydrogen, including HCl, HBr, HCO 2 H, CH 3 CO 2 H, H 2 S, and HCN. It is clear for many systems that meaningful mechanistic inferences about radiolytic processes occurring in the presence of SF 6 should consider a wide variety of non-scavenging reactions. Appropriate caution should be exercised in any experiment in which SF 6 is used to scavenge and detect low energy electrons. The reaction sequences observed are interesting in that they provide convenient bimolecular pathways for the formation of a variety of anionic dimers of the type XHY − .
Nrf2 Promotes the Development of Fibrosis and Tumorigenesis in Mice with Defective Hepatic Autophagy

Background & Aims Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradation process that plays an important role in regulating normal physiological functions of the liver. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism(s) by which the loss of hepatic autophagy leads to liver inflammation, fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Methods Hepatocyte-specific Atg5 knockout mice were generated by crossing Atg5 Flox/Flox mice with albumin Cre mice. These mice were also crossed with Nrf2 knockout mice to generate Atg5 Flox/Flox, Albumin Cre + / Nrf2 −/− double knockout mice. These mice were housed for various time points up to 15months, and blood and liver tissues were harvested for biochemical and histological analysis. Results Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Atg5 resulted in increased apoptosis, inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. Increased apoptosis in hepatocyte-specific Atg5 knockout mice was likely due to accumulation of aberrant polyubiquitinated proteins (proteotoxicity) and disruption of the homeostasis of pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins. All of these pathological changes started as early as one month and persisted for 12–15months. At 9–15months of age, these mice also developed hepatocellular adenomas. Interestingly, deletion of Nrf2 in Atg5 liver-specific knockout mice markedly abolished these pathological changes, indicating a key role for this transcription factor in the mechanism of hepatic pathology. Conclusions Our results provide genetic evidence that loss of autophagy in hepatocytes causes cell death resulting in liver inflammation, fibrosis and tumorigenesis. We also demonstrate that persistent activation of Nrf2 is critical for liver inflammation, fibrosis and eventual tumorigenesis that occur in mice with defects in hepatocyte autophagy.
Issues in human auditory development

Abstract The human auditory system is often portrayed as precocious in its development. In fact, many aspects of basic auditory processing appear to be adult-like by the middle of the first year of postnatal life. However, processes such as attention and sound source determination take much longer to develop. Immaturity of higher-level processes limits the processing of both simple and complex sounds by infants and children. Young listeners with impaired hearing may be at a particular disadvantage, in that they must make sense of sounds on the basis of a degraded representation using immature perceptual strategies. Learning outcomes: (1) Readers will be able to describe three stages of human auditory development. (2) Readers will be able to describe how experience with sound is important in auditory development. (3) Readers will be able to describe the role of attention and other higher-level processes in early audition.
Money wages, price of nontradable goods, and the environmental goods

Abstract The effect of environmental goods on money wages and the price of nontradable goods is analyzed. Environment is treated as a regular good, and as such, is added to the two other composite goods which are typically used as components of the utility function. In the budget constraint the relevant amount of environmental goods consists of that part which the individual might purchase in the market. Under these conditions it is demonstrated that an equilibrium situation will prevail if either the money wage or the price of the nontradable good, or both, are a function of the given amount of the environmental goods.
Concurrent Growth of Kirkendall Pores and Vapor–Solid–Solid Protuberances on Ni Wires During Mo Vapor-Phase Deposition

During vapor-phase deposition at 1273 K (1000 °C), by pack cementation, of Mo onto 127-μm-diameter Ni wires, two phenomena are observed to occur concurrently, leading to strong surface roughening: (i) the inward radial growth of Kirkendall pores below the wire surface and (ii) the outward growth from the wire surface of protuberances with sizes as large as 15 μm. High-aspect-ratio Kirkendall pores as long as 21 μm are created because of imbalanced interdiffusion between Mo and Ni. These pores in turn, by reducing the flow of Mo into the wires, may enhance the outward growth of Mo-rich protuberances, further roughening the wire surface. These protuberances have faceted tips as well as terraces and steps, indicating that their growth is governed by the vapor–solid–solid mechanism.