cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symbiotic Theorization

Grounded theory method (GTM) is the standard theorization approach used to develop theories grounded in data (TGD). In this paper, I propose symbiotic theorization (ST) as an alternate approach to developing theories grounded in data. Compared to GTM, ST elevates the role of subject matter owners (SMOs, the people whose behaviors a theoretician is studying) to theory aggregator to allow true emergence of theories grounded in data from their actions and interactions. This simultaneously reduces the role of theoretician to moderator, catalyst, and integrator of the theory. ST’s interpretation and implementation of emergence brings it in line with the modern concept of emergence in complex system theory. ST also introduces a third type of participant, theoretical coders (TCer), who are well versed in various theoretic codes and are hired to serve as catalysts for the emergence of theoretical relationships. ST specifies an environment where subject matter owners and theoreticians are motivated to work in a symbiotic manner to generate a good theory that is sufficiently abstract and comprehensive, while explaining and predicting well.
Editorial: the golden age of consumer research

Twentieth century retail innovator John Wanamaker lamented that ‘‘Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I don’t know which half.’’ This all changed radically in the opening years of the twenty first century when search giant Google applied Garfield’s [1] bibliometric tools to advertising. Google takes cues from keywords input to its core search engine, and translates these to deliver relevant ads to consumers. Facebook has extended this model, taking cues from friendship and posting networks, political views, interests, and numerous other measures of a consumer’s social life, translating these into relevant ad placements. Together these two internet giants control 40 % of the $150 billion internet advertising market, with additional share controlled by internet retailers Alibaba and Amazon. Internet retailers waste very little money, and when they do, they know about it quickly. Massive dollar flows in e-commerce have ushered in a golden age of consumer research, making available nearly limitless volumes of data on consumer interests, personalities, demographics, intentions and purchase actions all funneled through our favorite internet browsers. Machine learning, statistical analysis and graph theory have reached an unprecedented level of integration in R, Mathematica and other tools, and can reliably compute demand curves, elasticities, surpluses and other mathematical depictions of consumer behavior. Google, Facebook, Amazon and other internet firms make it a priority to share marketing data with users and researchers, offering APIs, code bases, and state-of-the-art analysis tools. The wealth of new data and tools being freely distributed to researchers should have encouraged an explosion of innovation in consumer research. So far, academe
Bringing Biome Exploration into the Classroom Through Interactive Tablet Experiences

Through advances in game engines and tablet technology, experiences that formerly required a field trip can now be brought into the classroom. Two interactive experiences, “Hello Ocean” and “Arctic Stars: The Far North”, were developed to bring a swim-through exploration of a Caribbean reef and a walk-through experience of an Alaskan tundra to an elementary school located far from an ocean and far from Alaska. The experiences were tested for their appeal and whether they encouraged children ages 8-11 to learn more about the respective biomes. The paper reports on various formative playtests with children and documents how the experiences evolved over time as a result of those playtests, as well as the unique attributes of the two biomes which led to different interaction styles for the two experiences. The reef was navigated well using the gyroscope in tablets to change the virtual world camera view by manipulating the tablet position in physical space. The tundra used a virtual joystick to see the activity in a sparser landscape with less need for up/down movement. High navigational freedom was important to both experiences.
Interactions of HTF4 with E-box motifs in the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Abstract We have identified three consensus E-box motifs in the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. One of these E boxes interacts selectively with representative members of the class A group of basic helix-loop-helix proteins, including HTF4, E47, and their heterodimers. Our analyses implicate the helix-loop-helix proteins in regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression.
Minimization of total area in integrated active RC filters

A useful theorem for the design of integrated active RC filters with minimum passive area is introduced and proven. A necessary condition for a minimum-area design is presented. Design examples based on the established condition are discussed.
American depositary receipts

Abstract With significant increases in private capital flows across the globe, there has been a rise in the US listing of foreign stocks as American depositary receipts (ADRs). In this study, we employ cointegration techniques and estimate error-correction (EC) models to examine the degree of integration between US and three foreign equity markets. We find that ADRs are cointegrated with ordinary shares trading in the UK, Japan, and Germany, which implies that for long-term investors, they are a substitute for ordinary shares. Our analysis of the dynamic relationships between ADRs and foreign equities suggest that both markets contribute information pertinent to portfolio valuation. However, the foreign markets are found to be the more important source of information.
Acidophilic, heterotrophic bacteria of acidic mine waters.

Abstract Obligately acidophilic, heterotrophic bacteria were isolated both from enrichment cultures developed with acidic mine water and from natural mine drainage. The bacteria were grouped by the ability to utilize a number of organic acids as sole carbon sources. None of the strains were capable of chemolithotrophic growth on inorganic reduced iron and sulfur compounds. All bacteria were rod shaped, gram negative, nonencapsulated, motile, capable of growth at pH 2.6 but not at pH 6.0, catalase and oxidase positive, strictly aerobic, and capable of growth on citric acid. The bacteria were cultivatable on solid nutrient media only if agarose was employed as the hardening agent. Bacterial densities in natural mine waters ranged from approximately 20 to 250 cells per ml, depending upon source and culture medium. Ferric hydrates and stream vegetation contained from 1,500 to over 7 × 106 cells per g.
Finding it free : Tips and techniques for avoiding borrowing fees and locating online publicly available materials

The Internet has provided increased means for libraries to avoid spending money on interlibrary loan fees. Various publicly accessible databases can direct staff to content that is free online, and online union catalogs can help route requests to avoid borrowing fees. The author explains ways to use both Internet utilities and more traditional techniques for minimizing interlibrary loan costs.
Application of Multistep Newton-Type Controllers to Fluid Catalytic Cracking

Newton-type controllers have recently been extended to multistep control algorithms and implemented within a moving time horizon framework. These controllers have a great deal of flexibility in that they apply directly to nonlinear process models, can handle both input and output constraints and can be implemented in an efficient manner. Here a nonlinear process model is linearized over a time horizon and optimal controller moves are determined through solution of a quadratic program (QP). Moreover, the algorithm has a number of interesting properties, including monotonic convergence to the setpoint for sufficiently large control intervals. This paper discusses the application of these controllers to the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) process. While many studies have been devoted to these systems, there still remain industrially important and difficult control problems. Here several studies have predicted the existence of multiple steady states, and several SISO loop pairings and control strategies have been suggested. Newton-type controllers have a number of useful advantages for FCC systems, including the automatic handling of interactions, and treatment of input multiplicities that may be encountered. Moreover, we also examine the behavior of these controllers for open loop unstable systems.
New records of Vaucheria species (Xanthophyceae) with associated Proales werneckii (Rotifera) from North America

Abstract The presence of galls on species of Vaucheria was investigated both seasonally and in a number of locations in North America. These galls are induced by the rotifer, Proales werneckii . In an Ohio stream, Vaucheria bursata and V. geminata were found to have galls throughout their growing season; September to January. Galls were most abundant in October and ranged in size from 90–260 μm in width and 140–790 μm in length. New records of Vaucheria with galls from locations in Alabama, California, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio and Tennessee are reported. Three of the five taxa collected were not previously known to contain galls. In addition, worldwide literature on the distribution of these associated taxa was reviewed.
Integrated cellular transceivers: challenging traditional test philosophies

In today's high volume manufacturing of cellular transceivers, cost of test is paramount. With more and more integration of mixed signal and RF components onto the same die, traditional test philosophies are being challenged. Should this highly integrated transceiver be considered as a series of blocks, which need to be tested individually? Would it make more sense to treat the whole die as a radio and test it accordingly? In general Mixed Signal engineering techniques treat the chip as a series of blocks, and RF engineering techniques treat the chip as a radio. The optimal test flow lies somewhere in between. This paper will illustrate, with examples, the tradeoffs between treating a system on a chip or SOC as a radio versus a series of functional blocks. Both approaches have their merits and this paper will give an example test list breakdown for each case. Two real world block diagrams of cellular receivers will be used as examples and the test breakdown needed to cover functionality of all the blocks using both philosophies will be discussed. Each approach will be analyzed to determine its effectiveness and efficiency in final test. To illustrate the differences, two optimized test flows will be presented which contain elements of both approaches and the reasoning behind the tests chosen will be discussed, providing the reader with more insight into writing efficient system tests for radio transceivers. This paper will also highlight the difference between characterization and final test, as well as provide some insight into the differences between mixed signal and RF test.
Masculinity, Racism, Social Support, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Uptake Among African American Men: A Systematic Review:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly preventable when CRC screening is utilized, yet CRC screening completion among African American men is relatively low and their mortality rates remain 50% higher juxtaposed to their White counterparts. Since a growing body of literature indicates masculinity, racism, and social support each have strong influences on CRC screening uptake, this systematic review examined the connections between these three sociocultural factors and CRC screening uptake among African American men. Potential studies were retrieved from MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Cited reference searching for the final sample was employed to identify and assess additional studies for inclusion using Scopus. The methodological quality of the reviewed evidence was also evaluated. Nineteen studies met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Thirteen studies employed nonexperimental research designs; a quasi-experimental design was present in four, and two utilized experimental designs. Studies were published between 2000 and 2014; the majority between 2009 and 2013. Social support was most frequently addressed (84%) while masculinity and racism were equally studied with paucity (11%) for their influence on CRC screening. After evaluating conceptual and methodological characteristics of the studies, 42% fell below average in quality and rigor. The need for increased attention to the sociocultural correlates of CRC screening for African American men are highlighted in this systematic review, and important recommendations for research and practice are provided. Alongside a call for more rigorous research, further research examining the influence of masculinity and racism on CRC screening completion among African American men is warranted.
A novel preclinical model of germinal matrix hemorrhage using neonatal rats.

Background: Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a neurological disorder associated with very low birth weight premature infants. This event can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation. This study developed a novel animal model for pre-clinical investigations.
Paleobiology of the Oligopithecines, the earliest known anthropoid primates

Anthropoid primates of the subfamily Oligopithecinae are late Eocene in age, and have a known distribution of Northeast Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Body sizes of the three known oligopithecine species are estimated from allometric molar size regressions to be 700–1000 g forOligopithecus savagei, 600–900 g forCatopithecus browni, and 500 g for the least well-known and smallest species,Proteopithecus sylviae. Occlusal features of the molar teeth, considered in conjunction with body size, suggest that all three species were frugivorous and insectivorous. The orbital size ofCatopithecus indicates a diurnal activity cycle. A relatively broad interobital region in this species may indicate prosimian-like or callitrichid-like olfactory adaptations. Structural features of the crushed skull suggest thatCatopithecus had a smaller cranial capacity than those of extant anthropoids with a similar body size. Fossil plants and birds from localities yielding oligopithecines suggest a wet, warm, tropical, forested, swampy environment. These paleobiological inferences about the extinct oligopithecines are discussed in relation to questions about primate adaptations near the prosimian-anthropoid transition.
Photoaging versus intrinsic aging: A morphologic assessment of facial skin*

Histologic studies have become increasingly important in recognizing morphologic differences in photoaged versus intrinsically aged skin. Earlier histologic studies have attempted to evaluate these changes by examining anatomical sites which are not comparable, such as face and buttocks. As part of a multicenter study, we have quantitatively examined a panel of 16 histologic features in baseline facial skin biopsies from 158 women with moderate to severe photodamage. When compared to the postauricular area (photo protected), biopsies of the crow's feet area (photo exposed) had a twofold increase in melanocytes and a statistically significant increase in melanocytic atypia (p < .0001) and epidermal melanin (p < .0001). Other epidermal changes included reduced epidermal thickness (p < .01), more compact stratum corneum (p < .0001) and increased granular layer thickness (p < .0001) in the crow's feet skin. There was increased solar elastosis (p < .0001), dermal elastic tissue (p < .0001), melanophages (p < .0001), perivascular inflammation (p < .05) and perifollicular fibrosis (p < .01) but no change in the number of mast cells or dermal mucin in the photo exposed skin. Our data document quantitative differences in photoaged versus intrinsically aged facial skin and provides the groundwork for future studies to evaluate the efficacy of new treatments for photoaged skin.
Application of Tisserand's criterion to the design of gravity assist trajectories

In this paper, a procedure is described for finding these encounter times using Lambert's theorem and Tisserand's criterion to identify pairs of transfer orbits between the launch planet and intermediate planet and between the intermediate planet and target planet.
A New Model of the Physical and Chemical Changes in Sandstone During Acidizing

This paper demonstrates a practical method for applying laboratory results with cylindrical cores to the design of acid jobs. As mud acid is injected into the matrix of a sandstone, an acid-mineral reaction zone is developed that moves at a velocity much less than that of the acid itself. As a result, the rock volume stimulated is much smaller than the volume filled by the acid. Laboratory stimulation tests with undamaged sandstone cores showed that, as mud acid was injected at a constant rate, the permeability rose rapidly after a time delay that was correlated with injection rate, HF concentration, and core length. The physical and chemical changes occurring during the acid injection were modeled mathematically to describe the movement of the acid and reaction fronts and to determine the rock properties and test conditions that control the fronts. The model was developed for both the linear test cores and the radial geometry around the wellbore. The model can be readily applied to field acid jobs in a specific sandstone by conducting a limited number of linear core tests in the laboratory. The tests and their use in field designs are described.
Ultrastructural effects of crude oil on early life stages of Pacific herring

Abstract Eggs of Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, collected from Prince William Sound, Alaska were exposed to Prudhoe Bay crude oil for 4–144 hours, then returned to uncontaminated seawater for further development. Newly hatched larvae from both control and experimental groups showed no gross abnormalities. Transmission electron microscropy revealed inter- and intracellular spaces in brain and muscle tissues of exposed organisms but not in those of controls. Many mitochondria in the body muscle of exposed organisms were swollen, some with deteriorating cristae structure.
A Volume of Fluid Based Method for Fluid Flows with Phase Change

This paper presents a numerical method directed towards the simulation of flows with mass transfer due to changes of phase. We use a volume of fluid (VOF) based interface tracking method in conjunction with a mass transfer model and a model for surface tension. The bulk fluids are viscous, conducting, and incompressible. A one-dimensional test problem is developed with the feature that a thin thermal layer propagates with the moving phase interface. This test problem isolates the ability of a method to accurately calculate the thermal layers responsible for driving the mass transfer in boiling flows. The numerical method is tested on this problem and then is used in simulations of horizontal film boiling.
The Teacher as Actor: Entertaining To Educate

Very little has been written about the parallel between teaching and acting. Nor has much been written about the atrical devices that might be suited to the classroom. These writers describe specific correlations between teach ing and acting, and encourage admin istrators to schedule programs for helping teachers to develop their "teacher-self."
The Effects of Repetitive Physiologic Loading on Bone Turnover and Mechanical Properties in Adult Female and Male Rats

Repetitive physiologic loading is widely believed to be beneficial in maintaining skeletal integrity. However, repetitive loading is also associated with bone injuries, including stress fractures and osteoporotic fractures, indicating that under certain conditions repetitive physiologic loading decreases the functional capacity of bone. Our objective was to identify the response of bone to excessive repetitive loading in adult rats. Male and female rats (8-9 months old) were exposed to 2 hours of treadmill running each day for 10 or 30 consecutive days. We examined bone response using biochemical, densitometric, and monotonic, relaxation, and cyclic mechanical outcomes. Urinary deoxypyridinoline, a marker of bone resorption, was not significantly affected by running nor were tibial or femoral bone mineral density (BMD) (P > 0.05). Tibial mechanical properties following running were not decreased (P > 0.05). We did observe a slight decrease in displacement to failure (P < 0.05) and energy to failure (P = 0.10) of the proximal femur. These findings indicate that 14,000 physiologic loading cycles per day did not increase systemic bone resorption levels or substantially degrade the mechanical properties of long bone in adult rats. The lack of response to low magnitude, high cycle number physiologic loading is consistent with the view that a metabolic bone disturbance, in addition to repetitive loading, may be necessary for the development of the stress injury in the adult skeleton.
Image Levels and Accuracy in Computed Tomography

There are three basic sources of resolution degradation or unsharpness in screen/film radiography: motion unsharpness -- the blurring of a point due to the motion of the patient during the exposure time of the procedure; receptor unsharpness -- the inherent blurring operation caused by the transducing or conversion of x-rays into light within the intensifying screen; and geometric unsharpness (focal spot unsharpness) -- the blurring due to the finite size and x-ray intensity distribution of the x-ray focal spot. Combinations of these sources generally lead to an overall blurring or defocusing effect. This blurring or unsharpness may be characterized by its spatial extent, which is generally the blur size or ''point spread function'', or by the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), which describes how the spatial frequencies that make up an object are transferred by the image recording system.
The effect of early experience on aggression in two territorial scorpaenid fishes

The impact of population density and shelter availability on the development of aggressive behavior in two species of rockfishes, the black and yellow rockfish, Sebastes chrysomelas, and the gopher rockfish, Sebastes carnatus, were examined in this study. Adults of these species are typically territorial though other patterns of space utilization are observed. Dominance does not appear to account for these patterns. Since the level of aggressiveness seems to vary between groups, differences in early experience might play a role in determining adult behavior patterns. Laboratory experiments were performed on juveniles captured prior to settlement in which the aggressive tendencies of individuals were assessed by focusing on the development of displays toward a mirror image over a six month period. The results of this study suggest that the repertoire of agonistic behaviors used by adults is available to juveniles though seldom seen in the field. Increased population density and the availability of a shelter increase aggressiveness in S. carnatus and the effects of density were not reversible over the course of the experiment. The behavior of S. chrysomelas was less influenced by the manipulations.
Associations between socioeconomic status and race with complications after tonsillectomy in children

ObjectiveTo determine if disparities exist for revisits and complications after pediatric tonsillectomy.Study DesignCross-sectional analysis of multistate databases.SettingAmbulatory surgery.MethodsCases of pediatric tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy were extracted from state ambulatory surgery databases and linked to state emergency department databases and inpatient databases for California, Iowa, Florida, and New York for 2010 and 2011. Revisit rates and diagnoses within 14 days were analyzed for potential associations of these complications with sex, race, and median household income quartile.ResultsThere were 79,520 cases of pediatric tonsillectomy that were extracted (50.3% male; mean age, 7.5 years). Overall, 6419 patients (8.1%) incurred a revisit after the procedure. Revisit rates for posttonsillectomy bleeding, acute pain, and fever/dehydration were 2.1%, 1.5%, and 2.2%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, increasing household income quartile was significantly associated with a dec...
Water-soluble quaternary amine polymers as controlled release carriers

New bioerodible materials, which are noncrosslinked and water-soluble copolymers of quaternary amines, and alkyl (meth)acrylate were synthesized and then bound with anionic drugs (sodium sulfathiazole and diclofenac sodium) to form water-insoluble complexes. Sodium sulfathiazole was bound to the copolymers more strongly than diclofenac sodium. As the quaternary amine content of the copolymer was increased, the degree of binding of diclofenac sodium to the polymer increased (from 79.9 to 96.2%). Compressed tablets were prepared from the drug–polymer complexes, and their release profiles were well described by the dissociation/erosion mechanism. The release rate constant increased with increasing quaternary amine content of the polymer and decreased as longer alkyl methacrylates were used in the copolymer. The release kinetics were also dependent on the structures of the quaternary amines used (trimethylaminoethyl methacrylate chloride, trimethylaminoethyl acrylate chloride, and methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride). Drug release from these systems were found to be independent of the ionic strength (0.05–0.2M NaCl) of the release medium. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 263–269, 1998
Prediction of Fermi Energies and Photoelectric Thresholds Based on Electronegativity Concepts

A simple formula involving the geometric mean of the electronegativities of the two components is proposed for the determination of the Fermi energies and hence the photoelectric thresholds of simple binary compounds, and is found to be surprisingly accurate for all presently available data. A theoretical basis for the use of the "postulate of the geometric mean" is also given.
3D conformal postoperative radiotherapy with concomitant boost in uterine cancer: results of a phase I–II study (ADA-RT-1)

Abstract Objective A phase I–II prospective clinical trial of adjuvant accelerated radiation therapy (ADA-RT-1 trial) was set up in order to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a pelvic conformal radiotherapy technique with concomitant boost (CB technique) to the vaginal vault in high-risk uterine cancers. Methods Patients with uterine (endometrial cancer and sarcomas) and cervical neoplasm received external radiotherapy delivered in a short overall treatment time with a CB technique. The prescribed radiotherapy doses were 45/1.8Gy/fraction to the pelvis and 55/2.2Gy/fraction to the upper two-thirds of vagina plus resection lines in the parametria, respectively; treatment was administered in 25 fractions along 5weeks. Results This study included 91 consecutive gynecological cancer patients (endometrial=72; cervical=10; sarcoma=9; median follow-up: 25months, range: 5–72months). Acute toxicity requiring treatment interruption (≥grade 3) was observed in 7 patients (7.7%). No case of vaginal recurrence was documented. Actuarial 3-year loco-regional control rate was 97.7%, whereas 3-year disease-free survival and overall survival rates were 88.5% and 94.0%, respectively. Conclusion In summary, the CB technique provides a high probability of local control with acceptable toxicity and shortening of the overall treatment time; moreover, it may offer some advantages to resource constrained medical environments.
Exact nonlinear electromagnetic whistler modes.

Exact solution of nonlinear relativistic equations of motion for electron in right circularly polarized wave propagating in whistler mode parallel to external magnetic field
Enhancement of adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate in human mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes by snake venoms

Snake venoms contain compound(s) that enhanced cyclic AMP content in human mononuclear leukocytes maximally after 5 min of incubation at 37 degrees C. The effect was time- and dose-dependent. The half-maximal stimulation of cyclic AMP production by black cobra venom was found at 0.45 micrograms of venom/ml and the value of the Hill coefficient was 0.7. The black cobra venom enhanced the cyclic AMP content in the cells at 4, 22, and 37 degrees C. Similar increase in the cyclic AMP content by six snake venoms was found in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The most active venom was from puff adder (Bitis arietans). The data suggest that one of the effects of the snake venoms may be rapid enhancement of cyclic AMP level in the affected cells.
Construct validation of the Sc scale of the MMPI

Tested the hypothesis that Ss with elevated MMPI profiles would exhibit qualitatively different word associations from those with normal MMPI profiles. Ninety-two Ss drawn from introductory psychology classes were placed into one of three groups. The first group (N = 29) had T scores between 45 and 55 on all scales. Group two (N = 26) had T scores greater than 65 on the Sc scale and less than 65 on the PA scale. Group three (N = 37) had elevations on the SC and PA scales high enough to exceed a cut-off value of 5 on Sines and Silver's (1973) index of pathology formulation. All groups were administered a word association test that was scored according to Rapaport, Gill and Schafer's (1968) system. The groups were found to differ at the 0.01 level, which supports the hypothesis. Word associations also were examined for evidence of the paradigmatic/syntagmatic shift first reported by Tendler (1945). The results are interpreted as demonstrating the construct validity of SC scale in that the more pathological the profile, the greater degree of cognitive disturbance exhibited.
Integration of Cyber Infrastructure with Engineering Systems

The past decade has experienced the flourishing of the cyber infrastructure and its revolutionary effect on industry, commerce and everyday life. Beginning with email, such words as e-business, e-commerce, e-technology, e-manufacturing, e-service, e-diagnosis and a lot of more words with an e-version are being created and becoming part of everyday life. The Internet has become not only a text and image transmission media, but also a place to buy and sell, a place for learning and exploring, a resort for entertainment. But these are not enough. The integration of the cyber infrastructure with engineering systems will enable humans to extend action and intelligence to remote locations. The results of this effort will enable the manufacturing industry to combine the advanced technology with the world labor resources to boost the competitiveness of their products in world market. They will also create a new learning and training environment to provide place or economic bound students' accesses to new instruments and a diverse educational environment. Furthermore, the integration of the cyber infrastructure with engineering systems will provide methodology to deliver medical services to remote locations. Finally it will also enable the development of new technology to effectively protect our environment. In this talk, the theoretical issues as well as implementation methodologies for efficient integration of the cyber infrastructure with engineering systems such as manufacturing systems, medical diagnostics and treatments, and learning and training environment will be presented.
A classification of literature on determining the lot size under quantity discounts

Abstract Determining a lot size in the presence of either all-units or incremental discounts has represented one of major interests of materials managers. It is a common practice that the suppliers offer quantity discount to entice the buyers to purchase more and to achieve economies of scale for transportation and processing costs. This paper will classify the literature on lot sizing determination under several types of discount schemes and discuss some of the significant literature in this area over two decades. Also, some future research areas have been identified.
Pseudorotation dynamics in liquid cyclopentane by Raman spectroscopy

Abstract We have measured isotropic Raman spectra of cyclopentane- d 9 in the CH stretching region from 180 to 300 K. The spectra show what is apparently a partial motional averaging of the CH stretching bands by pseudorotation, a barrierless conformational rearrangement. We have fit the experimental spectra with a model in which the pseudorotation dynamics are described as one-dimensional diffusion on a ring, with an exponentially decaying temporal memory function. Although the fit to the data is good the resulting values of the parameters indicate that the model is unsatisfactory and that inertial behavior must be included.
PHLOEM DEGENERATION IN GRAMINEAE AFFECTED BY THE BARLEY YELLOW‐DWARF VIRUS

THE YELLOW-DWARF DISEASE of barley is caused by a virus that is transmitted by several species of aphid (Oswald and Houston, 1953 a, b). The virus affects many species of Gramineae and induces a moderate to severe stunting of the plants and a brilliant yellowing, or chlorosis, or reddening of their leaves. On the basis of the external symptoms induced in the host plant and the method of transmission the barley yellow-dwarf virus 2 appears to belong to group 1 of Bennett (1956), a group that characteristically brings about disturbances in the vascular system. It is probably correct to say that most of the viruses of group 1 affect primarily the phloem tissue and, moreover, appear to be limited to the phloem or, at least, are present in highest concentrations-in this tissue. The present histologic studv of the yellow-dwarf disease was undertaken for the purpose of gaining information on the hosttissue relation of the causal agent of this viral disease. The study revealed that the primary internal symptom of the disease appears in the vascular tissues, specifically in the phloem. Secondary effects develop in various other tissues. Thus, necrosis may spread from the phloem to the xylem and ground parenchyma, and the apical meristem may die. As determined by periodic measurements of the lengths of leaves and by studies of apical growth, the development of the plant is retarded. The present paper reports only on the effect of the disease upon the phloem tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS.-The growing and the inoculation of the plants used in the present study were supervised by Dr. Byron R. Houston of the Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis. The inoculations with the virus were carried out according to the methods described by Oswald and Houston (1953b), except that somewhat smaller plants were used for the inoculations. The grass seedlings had one leaf at this time, the cereals, barley, oat, and wheat, showed the second leaf. The material included the following species. (Hitchcock's, 1951, taxonomic system is followed.) Avena jatuza L. and A. sativa L. (Coast Black Oat); Bromurs inermis Leyss., B. mollis L., and B'. rigidus Roth.; Hordeum hystrix Roth. and H. vulgare L. (Black Hulless Barley); Phalaris paradoxa L.; Triticum aestivum L. (Baart Wheat). All these spe-
The Case Study: Bringing Real- World Experience Into the Teacher Preparation Program

This article documents our efforts to design and implement a transformational opportunity for teacher credential candidates prior to their student teaching. Through the Case Study Project, candidates participated in an intensive one-on-one teaching and learning experience with a K–12 English language learner (ELL) in classroom settings. In addition to the tutoring experience, the project required candidates to gather and analyze student language proficiency data for instructional design, report school and district ELL policies and support services, and collect information on state and federal regulations regarding ELL instruction and programs. As a result, candidates reported that they were better prepared to meet the educational and emotional needs of ELLs. Some of the categories in which candidates reported significant professional growth were developing a greater understanding of self as teacher, developing a greater awareness of the learner and the learning process, and realizing the importance of maintaining the integrity of the content—not reducing the level of complexity. doi: 10.5054/tj.2010.214880
A practical method of estimating standard error of age in the fission track dating method

Abstract A first-order approximation formula for the propagation of error in the fission track age equation is given by P A = C[P 2 s +P 2 i +P 2 φ −2rP s P i ] 1 2 , where PA, Ps, Pi and Pφ are the percentage error of age, of spontaneous track density, of induced track density, and of neutron dose, respectively, and C is a constant. The correlation, r, between spontaneous are induced track densities is a crucial element in the error analysis, acting generally to improve the standard error of age. In addition, the correlation parameter r is instrumental is specifying the level of neutron dose, a controlled variable, which will minimize the standard error of age. The results from the approximation equation agree closely with the results from an independent statistical model for the propagation of errors in the fission-track dating method.
Anisotropic and high magnetization rare earth transition metal compounds containing metalloids

Abstract The structural and magnetic behavior is presented for selected metalloid (B,C) containing hexagonal and tetragonal rare earth-transition metal compounds and compound series. Focus is on materials with high Fe content and resulting high magnetizations. The unusual axial ratios and features of the sheet type structures of these materials have pronounced consequences on such properties as magnetic anisotropy and magnetic hardness. Individual site anisotropy contributions are studied by temperature dependence of magnetization along easy and hard magnetic axes. As an example it is found that tetragonal Nd2Fe14B has axial anisotropy with HA = 76 kOe at 300 K but shows tendencies for a spin reorientation around 150 K. Y2Fe14B has axial anisotropy with HA = 25 kOe but does not exhibit a similar spin reorientation. This indicates that the two crystallographic Nd sites (4f and 4g) have axis and plane preference respectively, with different temperature dependencies. Axial Nd anisotropy is a consequence of the lack of Nd coordination along the z axis due to intervening thick Fe layers. Both extrinsic (fine particle) and intrinsic magnetic hardness is observed. Crystallographically disordered materials show intrinsic hardness based on domain wall pinning by local fluctuations of magnetic parameters. Strong nucleation phenomena are characteristic for ordered materials in bulk and powder form. The unusually high achievable ratios of extrinsic coercivities to anisotropy fields in the metalloid stabilized materials are related to their chemically relatively inert layer structure. This appears to lead to less corrugated surface structures and is so responsible for the characteristic domain wall nucleation processes.
Generalized Ordinary Differential Equation Models

Existing estimation methods for ordinary differential equation (ODE) models are not applicable to discrete data. The generalized ODE (GODE) model is therefore proposed and investigated for the first time. We develop the likelihood-based parameter estimation and inference methods for GODE models. We propose robust computing algorithms and rigorously investigate the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator by considering both measurement errors and numerical errors in solving ODEs. The simulation study and application of our methods to an influenza viral dynamics study suggest that the proposed methods have a superior performance in terms of accuracy over the existing ODE model estimation approach and the extended smoothing-based (ESB) method. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
FLUORESCENCE OF MELANIN‐DEPENDENCE UPON EXCITATION WAVELENGTH AND CONCENTRATION

Abstract— An introduction to the fundamental characteristics of synthetic melanin fluorescence is presented. The particular difficulties associated with the detection and reduction of the relatively weak signal are discussed and a technique is described for correcting the fluorescence spectra for attenuation of the excitation and emission beams. Spectra are reported for the excitation wavelength range 340–400 nm and an emission range of 360–560 nm. The concentration dependence of the corrected fluorescence signal is examined and is shown to be linear. The variation of the fluorescence spectra with excitation wavelength suggests a two-component fluorescence, for the wavelength range studied. The presence of an isosbestic point in the spectra is used to identify the fluorophores as components of a reaction equilibrium. The possible relationship of this equilibrium to that associated with the melanin photo ESR is discussed
Classroom Note: Finding the Center of a Circular Starting Line in an Ancient Greek Stadium

Two methods for finding the center and radius of a circular starting line of a racetrack in an ancient Greek stadium are presented and compared. The first is a method employed by the archaeologists who surveyed the starting line and the second is a least-squares method leading to a maximum-likelihood circle. We show that the first method yields a circle whose radius is somewhat longer than the radius determined by the least-squares method and propose reasons for this difference. A knowledge of the center and radius of the starting line is useful for determining units of length and angle used by the ancient Greeks, in addition to providing information on how ancient racetracks were laid out.
Adaptation of the neuromuscular junction to constant concentration of ACh

Abstract Effects of prolonged exposure of frog nerve-sartorius muscle preparations to acetylcholine and certain other agents were studied in relation to phenomena of recovery, adaptation and conditioning. Spontaneous recovery arose in the case of blockade of the neuromyal transmission by acetylcholine; only blocks of less than 50 percent were amenable to such a recovery, which, however, could be also obtained in the combined presence of acetylcholine and of anticholinesterases. The block could be prevented by previous conditioning of the preparation by weaker solutions of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine depolarization of the endplate was short-lived and followed by a period of 30–60 min, during which strong solutions of acetylcholine would not depolarize. Sensitivity of the endplate returned to normal whether after soaking in Ringer's solution, or in weak concentrations of acetylcholine. Similarly, the depolarizing action of strong solutions of acetylcholine could be prevented by treatment in intermediate solutions of acetylcholine, even when the latter ceased depolarizing. While anticholinesterases such as neostigmine and physostigmine generally further decreased endplate sensitivity after it was partially desensitized by acetylcholine, certain compounds such as methoxyambenonium readily restored the sensitivity of such preparations. These results are discussed with regard (1) to spontaneous recovery of transmission observed frequently following blockade produced by the irreversible anticholinesterase agents, (2) to the possible mechanisms of receptor desensitization and sensitization, and (3) to the possible role of such mechanisms in transmission.
The rise of Islam and women of the national Islamic front in Sudan

In 1988, when most of the research for this article was conducted, Sudanese were still permitted by the state to debate strategies for democratic change. An air of intellectual and political excitement generated by the 1985 intifada (the overthrow by civilians of the oppressive Nimieri military dictatorship) still prevailed and debate over the advantages and disadvantages of an Islamic state and accompanying sharia was intense. Dozens of newspapers were active, as were both radio and television; unions, professional associations, political parties and interest groups assembled frequently. Two women were elected to the People's Assembly, and the long‐dormant Sudanese Women's Union was once again active. These were heady times, not dissimilar to the immediate post‐independence atmosphere or of the 1964 democratic era following the overthrow of the Abboud military regime. But the atmosphere changed abruptly with the demise of democratic processes in 1989 and the establishment of a right‐wing Islamic military...
Speckle from rough rotating objects

Dynamic speckle from rough rotating objects with nonplanar underlying shape is considered in theory and experiment. The theoretical treatment is based on modeling the optical field as a sum of contributions from discrete scatterers on the surface of the object. It follows that computation of the speckle correlation function requires knowledge of the object’s average scattering strength as a function of position and the underlying shape of the object. Calculation of the speckle correlation function reduces to tracing a series of rays that coarsely sample the object and for each ray computing the relative phase shift resulting from object rotation. This method is quite simple compared to previous analytic techniques. Theory and experiment are compared for cylinders with a variety of surface coatings. Dynamic speckle from multiple rotating objects and objects with complicated underlying shape is also considered.
Facilitation of the acoustic startle reflex by ponto-geniculo-occipital waves : effects of PCPA

The relationship between ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves and motor activity during waking and non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep stages was studied in cats treated with the serotonin synthesis inhibitor p-chlorephenylalanine (PCPA). PGO waves appeared in waking after daily treatment with PCPA. The magnitude of the acoustic startle elicited in the absence of prior PGO waves increased (by a mean of 555%) by the PCPA treatment as compared to that of the pre-drug level. When startle-eliciting stimuli were presented shortly after the occurrence of the PGO wave, the response amplitude was further enhanced as compared to that fo the baseline startle. The effects was maximal 50 ms following the peak of the PGGO wave (average 192% of the baseline level), with return to the baseline startle level within 200 ms. A similar effect could also be seen with waking eye-movement potentials (EMPs) in drug-naive animals. Over half of the spontaneous PGO waves were found to be precedded or followed by discrete head-body movements. After PCPA, the amplitude of auditory-evoked LGN PGO waves increased during quiet waking (QW) while those in non-REM and REM sleep states did not change. It was concluded that serotonergic systems produce a ttonic suppression of startle response and PGO amplitude in waking. PGO spikes in waking are associated with phasic facilitation of the sensorimotor mechanisms involved in startle.
Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials. Studies in Charcot-Marie-Tooth hereditary neuropathy.

• Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (PRVEP) were studied in 25 patients from 17 separate families with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) syndrome. Twenty patients had classic CMT with depressed tendon reflexes, slow motor nerve conduction velocities, and autosomal dominant inheritance. Four patients demonstrated typical findings of CMT, but there was no documented family history. One patient had the axonal form of hereditary motor sensory neuropathy. Abnormally delayed latencies of the PRVEP were found in four patients (16% of the total), including the only patient with clinical optic atrophy. There was no consistent correlation of PRVEP with severity of disease. These results confirm earlier clinical reports of occasional optic nerve involvement in CMT and represent additional evidence that central pathways may be involved in this primarily peripheral nervous system disorder.