cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Procedures for Investigating and Reporting Fatigue Contributions to Marine Casualties

This project was aimed at identifying strategies for improving current U. S. Coast Guard (USCG) procedures for investigating, reporting, and analyzing fatigue contributions to marine casualties. The focus was on evaluating the contribution of fatigue in vessel and personnel injury casualties. A total of 397 casualties were investigated. Fatigue contributed to 16 percent of the critical vessel casualties and 33 percent of the personnel injury casualties. These estimates were substantially greater than the ones currently available from the USCG Marine Investigations Module (MINMOD) database. Analyses identified three potential indicators of fatigue: (1) the number of fatigue symptoms reported by mariners, (2) the number of hours worked in the 24 hours prior to a casualty; and (3) the number of hours slept in those 24 hours. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using simple procedures to obtain meaningful data on the contribution of fatigue in transportation accidents.
The Phosphorylation of Liver Ribosomal Proteins in Vivo EVIDENCE THAT ONLY A SINGLE SMALL SUBUNIT PROTEIN (S6) IS PHOSPHORYLATED

Abstract The phosphorylation of rat liver ribosomal proteins was increased by an order of magnitude during liver regeneration. A large amount of radioactivity was associated with preparations of liver ribosomes after administration of [32P]orthophosphoric acid to partially hepatectomized rats; however, only a small fraction was actually in ribosomal phosphoproteins. Radioactivity was removed from the ribosomal pellet by each of the following treatments: with high concentrations of potassium ions to form subunits, with cold trichloroacetic acid, with hot tichloroacetic acid, and with organic solvents; a small amount of radioactivity remained after treatment. The radioactivity associated with the 40 S ribosomal subunit was resistant to treatment with deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease A but sensitive to trypsin and alkaline phosphatase; the radioactive phosphate was covalently bound to serine. It was shown by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that all of the radioactive phosphate incorporated into ribosomes was in a single small subunit protein, S6. There were, in addition, several (in some experiments as many as five) derivatives of S6 which contained increasing numbers of radioactive phosphoserine residues. No large subunit protein was phosphorylated.
Symbols and Computation A Critique of the Computational Theory of Mind

Over the past several decades, the philosophical community has witnessed the emergence of an important new paradigm for understanding the mind.^1 The paradigm is that of machine computation, and its influence has been felt not only in philosophy, but also in all of the empirical disciplines devoted to the study of cognition. Of the several strategies for applying the resources provided by computer and cognitive science to the philosophy of mind, the one that has gained the most attention from philosophers has been the ’Computational Theory of Mind‘ (CTM). CTM was first articulated by Hilary Putnam (1960, 1961), but finds perhaps its most consistent and enduring advocate in Jerry Fodor (1975, 1980, 1981, 1987, 1990, 1994). It is this theory, and not any broader interpretations of what it would be for the mind to be a computer, that I wish to address in this paper. What I shall argue here is that the notion of ’symbolic representation‘ employed by CTM is fundamentally unsuited to providing an explanation of the intentionality of mental states (a major goal of CTM), and that this result undercuts a second major goal of CTM, sometimes refered to as the ’vindication of intentional psychology.‘ This line of argument is related to the discussions of ’derived intentionality‘ by Searle (1980, 1983, 1984) and Sayre (1986, 1987). But whereas those discussions seem to be concerned with the causal dependence of familiar sorts of symbolic representation upon meaning-bestowing acts, my claim is rather that there is not one but several notions of ’meaning‘ to be had, and that the notions that are applicable to symbols are conceptually dependent upon the notion that is applicable to mental states in the fashion that Aristotle refered to as paronymy. That is, an analysis of the notions of ’meaning‘ applicable to symbols reveals that they contain presuppositions about meaningful mental states, much as Aristotle‘s analysis of the sense of ’healthy‘ that is applied to foods reveals that it means ’conducive to having a healthy body,‘ and hence any attempt to explain ’mental semantics‘ in terms of the semantics of symbols is doomed to circularity and regress. I shall argue, however, that this does not have the consequence that computationalism is bankrupt as a paradigm for cognitive science, as it is possible to reconstruct CTM in a fashion that avoids these difficulties and makes it a viable research framework for psychology, albeit at the cost of losing its claims to explain intentionality and to vindicate intentional psychology. I have argued elsewhere (Horst, 1996) that local special sciences such as psychology do not require vindication in the form of demonstrating their reducibility to more fundamental theories, and hence failure to make good on these philosophical promises need not compromise the broad range of work in empirical cognitive science motivated by the computer paradigm in ways that do not depend on these problematic treatments of symbols.
Personal Preference and Trade-Off Based Additive Manufacturing Web Service Selection

The growing number of Additive Manufacturing Web (AMW) services, offered by different providers over the Internet, makes it challenging for consumers to compare these AMW services to select a service of their choice. In addition, it is even more challenging for consumers to compare these AMW services against their personal preferences. This is because, consumers personal preferences on multiple non-functional attributes such as price, material, accuracy and schedule, should be considered for AMW service selection. The decentralized nature of AMW services coupled by the need to consider consumers personal preferences during AMW service selection, requires a system that will serve as a broker between AMW services and consumers. In this paper, we propose a service broker system for AMW services that provides consumers with a single point of access to a large number of AMW services from many additive manufacturing service providers. This broker system also incorporates the first real application of service selection with fuzzy logic based personalized preferences and trade-off. We develop a method to generate fuzzy membership functions for each non-functional attribute. This makes it easy for consumers to specify their fuzzy membership functions. Finally, we present an application case study to demonstrate the feasibility of brokerage in AMW services and also evaluate our method in terms of performance.
Crack Tip Opening Angle Measurement Methods and Crack Tunnelling in 2024-T351 Aluminium Alloy

: The crack tip opening angle (CTOA) fracture criterion is one of the most promising fracture criterion used to characterise the stable tearing process in metallic materials. Traditional methods used for the experimental characterisation of the CTOA involve accurate identification of the crack tip at each tearing event. Recently alternative methods have been proposed that reduce the necessity of accurately defining the current crack and rely more on the shape of the crack flanks to define the CTOA. In addition, these methods define an ‘apparent crack tip’, which may be different from the actual surface crack tip and may provide insight into the amount of crack-front tunnelling that is occurring. In the current research, compact tension specimens fabricated from 6.35 mm thick 2024-T351 aluminium alloy plate were evaluated to investigate different CTOA measurement methods and their potential for estimating crack-front tunnelling. In addition to characterizing the CTOA, fatigue marker bands were employed to map the evolution of crack-front tunnelling. The experimental critical CTOA values obtained from the alternative methods were noticeably lower than that obtained from the traditional approach and showed noticeably more scatter. When compared to the experimentally obtained marker bands, the alternative methods indicated limited potential for predicting crack-front tunnelling.
Socioeconomic disparities in the health of african americans with rheumatoid arthritis from the southeastern United States.

Objective To examine cross-sectional baseline data from the Consortium for the Longitudinal Evaluation of African Americans with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis registry for the association between socioeconomic status (SES) with clinical and self-report health outcomes. Methods We analyzed data on 937 African Americans who provided comprehensive sociodemographic data in addition to self-reported health outcomes. SES measures included educational attainment, homeownership, household income, and occupation. Outcomes included measures of disease activity, joint damage, autoantibody status, and self-reported measures. Multivariable linear, logistic, and zero-inflated Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations of each SES measure with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) outcomes, controlling for sex, age, disease duration, comorbid conditions, body mass index, smoking, methotrexate/leflunomide use, and biologic agent use. Results The mean age was 54 years, 86% were women, and the mean RA disease duration was 7.8 years. Approximately 24% had less than a high school degree, 56% had a nonprofessional occupation, 75% had a household income ≤$30,000, and 55% were nonhomeowners. In multivariable regression models, significantly increased associations of disease activity measures and self-reported health outcomes were observed with low household income (≤$30,000/year) and nonhomeownership. Education less than high school was primarily associated with self-reported health outcomes. Among participants with disease duration <2 years, associations of SES were confined to self-reported measures. Conclusion Our results indicate significant socioeconomic disparities in self-reported physical and mental health, clinical disease activity measures, and autoantibody status among African Americans with RA not explained by differences in demographics, medication use, and health behaviors.
TRP channels entering the structural era

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are important in many neuronal and non-neuronal physiological processes. The past 2 years have seen much progress in the use of structural biology techniques to elucidate molecular mechanisms of TRP channel gating and regulation. Two approaches have proven fruitful: (i) a divide-and-conquer strategy has provided high-resolution structural details of TRP channel fragments although it fails to explain how these fragments are integrated in the full channel; and (ii) electron microscopy of entire TRP channels has yielded low-resolution images that provide a basis for testable models of TRP channel architecture. The results of each approach, summarized in this review, provide a preview of what the future holds in TRP channel structural biology.
Community‐based treatment for opioid dependent offenders: A pilot study

Background Primary care opioid substitution treatment (OST) has not been compared to program-based OST for community-supervised offenders. Objective The purpose of this project was to compare primary care to specialist supervised OST for opioid dependent offenders in terms of substance use and HIV risk outcomes. Methods This project randomly assigned 15 jail diversion participants to either: (i) primary care buprenorphine OST, (ii) specialist facility buprenorphine OST, or (iii) specialist facility methadone OST. Participation lasted 13.5 months (12-month active treatment plus a post-participation visit). Results All subjects endorsed 0 days of opioid use in the previous 14 at follow-up. Specialty care reduced HIV risk (Risk Assessment Battery composite score) over 6 months (−.24 ± .17) compared to primary care (.02 ± .14; p = .032). Conclusion Findings support primary care OST feasibility for a community-supervised offender sample. Specialist care may facilitate improvements in secondary outcomes, such as HIV risk behaviors. Scientific Significance Further research is needed to clarify (i) the role of primary care in addicted offender management, and (ii) the matching of offenders, based upon history and co-morbidity, to care coordination conditions. (Am J Addict 2013;22:500–502)
Determination of non-protein bound phenylbutazone in bovine plasma using ultrafiltration and liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

Abstract A liquid chromatographic procedure using UV detection was coupled with ultrafiltration for the quantitation of free phenylbutazone in bovine plasma, in the range of 20 ng/ml to 2.0 μg/ml. Whole plasma samples (0.5 to 1 ml) were placed in a 2-ml centrifugal concentrator with a molecular-mass cut-off membrane of 10 000 and centrifuged at 4500 g for 2 h at 4°C using a fixed angle rotor. The ultrafiltrate was transferred to an LC vial with a 200-μl insert and 100 μl was injected into an LC system. The chromatographic system used a C 18 reversed-phase column connected to a UV detector set at 264 nm. The mobile phase was 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7)–methanol (1:1). Recoveries of phenylbutazone from protein-free plasma water fortified at levels of 20 ng/ml to 2 μg/ml ranged from 91 to 93%, with relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) ranging from 1 to 4%. The concentration of incurred non-protein bound phenylbutazone obtained from a cow intravenously dosed twice with 2 g phenylbutazone, 8 h apart, was 111, 26 and 11 ng/ml for 2, 72 and 104 h post first phenylbutazone dose, respectively.
Morphology of HRP-labelled cochlear nerve axons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the developing hamster

To study the development of the central terminal arbors of the cochlear nerve fibers in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, horseradish peroxidase-labelled axons in young and adult hamsters were analyzed morphometrically. Brainstem slices with whole cochlear nuclei were maintained in a slice chamber and the cochlear nerve root was injected with a mixture of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase and poly-L-ornithine. The poly-L-ornithine was added to keep the injection site small; small injections resulted in only a few axons being labelled and permitted reconstruction of individual fibers. Axons underwent an initial period of ingrowth that was completed prior to the onset of hearing (postnatal day 16). After this time the morphology and area of influence of the axons remained unchanged but the nucleus continued to increase in size. Since no additional cochlear nerve axons grow into the nucleus during this period of nuclear growth, the existing axons necessarily become more widely spaced as development proceeds. These anatomical changes may contribute to the progressive narrowing of auditory cell tuning curves.
The thermodynamics of A15 compound formation by diffusion from ternary bronzes

The formation of highT c Nb3Al, Nb3Ga, Nb3Ge and V3 (Ga, Si) has been attempted by solid state diffusion from ternary bronzes. None of the desired compounds were formed. The results are explained in terms of the thermodynamics of compound formation by solid state diffusion. Diffusion follows two-phase tie-lines; only those phases which lie on tie-line routes, and which are the most stable as defined by the stability index, are able to form. The addition of the third element to the bronze in general has little significant effect. There is no evidence to indicate that highT c Nb3Al, Nb3Ga or Nb3Ge can be produced by solid state reaction.
Role of Protein Kinase C Isoforms in Phorbol Ester-induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Human Glioblastoma Cells

Aberrant expression of the potent angiogenic cytokine, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been demonstrated to be associated with most human solid tumors. Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms have been shown to modulate VEGF expression in a multitude of cell types. Here we report that when protein kinase C (PKC) pathways were activated in human glioblastoma U373 cells by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), VEGF mRNA expression was up-regulated via a post-transcriptional mRNA stabilization mechanism. PMA treatment exhibited no increase in VEGF-specific transcriptional activation as determined by run-off transcription assays and VEGF promoter-luciferase reporter assays. However, PMA increased VEGF mRNA half-life from 0.8 to 3.6 h which was blocked by PKC inhibitors but not by protein kinase A or cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitors. When U373 cells were transfected with antisense oligonucleotide sequences to the translation start sites of PKC-α, -β, -γ, -δ, -e, or -ζ isoforms, both PKC-α and -ζ antisense oligonucleotides showed substantial inhibition of PMA-induced VEGF mRNA. In addition, overexpression of PKC-ζ resulted in a strong constitutive up-regulation of VEGF mRNA expression. This study demonstrates for the first time that specific PKC isoforms regulate VEGF mRNA expression through post-transcriptional mechanisms.
Opioid, cholinergic and α-adrenergic influences on the modulation of nociception from the lateral reticular nucleus of the rat

The lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) has been identified as an area in the caudal medulla involved in the centrifugal modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission and withdrawal reflexes. The data presented in this report further support a role for the LRN in the modulation of nociceptive responses. It was confirmed in the present study that focal electrical stimulation in the LRN inhibits the nociceptive tail-flick (TF) reflex at low intensities of stimulation in lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Aversive effects, however, were typically produced at similar and higher intensities of stimulation in the LRN in the same rats in the awake state. It was also determined that an inhibitory modulation of nociceptive responses organized both spinally and supraspinally could be activated independently by muscarinic cholinergic or opioid mechanisms in the LRN. Microinjection of morphine into the LRN in conscious rats produced an antinociception in both TF and hot plate (HP) tests which could be attenuated significantly by naloxone, but not atropine, previously microinjected into the same site in the LRN. Carbachol microinjected into the LRN also produced an antinociception which was attenuated significantly by atropine but not naloxone previously microinjected into the same site in the LRN. In contrast, the microinjection of clonidine or norepinephrine into the LRN either did not affect or shortened significantly response latencies in the TF and HP tests. These results further establish that the LRN contributes to the modulation of nociception. Opioid and cholinergic influences in the LRN appear to independently activate inhibition of responding to nociceptive stimuli organized either spinally or supraspinally, although descending inhibition was most clearly activated. An action at alpha 2 adrenoceptors in the LRN, conversely, produces an hyperalgesia as reflected by shortened latencies to respond in TF and HP tests.
Chemical determination of particulate nitrogen in San Francisco Bay. A comparison of two estimates

Abstract Particulate nitrogen was measured by both the ultra-violet light-catalyzed peroxide method and the high temperature combustion method. The difference between values obtained with the two methods (combustion minus UV) was found to be linearly correlated with the concentration of total suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the sample. The slope of this correlation was taken to be the concentration of refractory nitrogen associated with the suspended matter, which may be ammonium ions fixed in lattices of clay minerals or organic nitrogen compounds did not vary significantly with SPM, location, water depth or salinity. Refractory nitrogen concentration were possibly related to concentrations of chlorophyll a and to cruise date, but in neither case was the evidence conclusive. Based on the indirect evidence presented, the UV method appears to provide a good measure of biologically reactive nitrogen in this system.
Scaling the duration of short pauses in licking behavior of rats and mice: A first approximation to a basic pause-scaling unit

Two studies are reported in which short pauses from the drinking behavior of four hooded rats (rat study) and four mice (mouse study) were analyzed. Both of these studies supported the hypothesis that the interlick interval (II) can be used as a unit (PU) for scaling short pauses in licking behavior during water drinking. The outcomes of these studies are seen as suggesting that the factor responsible for the constancy of the II is also functioning during short pauses and is responsible for the tendency herein reported for pauses to be scaled by the PU.
Application of Biofeedback to Treatment of Children

Abstract Self-control over brain rhythms such as the sensorimotor rhythm and use of EEG feedback for altering hemispheric-specific activity are potentially applicable techniques for hyperactive, epileptic, and learning-disabled children. Other somatic control systems such as temperature regulation and electromyographic response have shown promise for regulation of stress responses, anxiety, and specific symptoms related to disturbances of autonomic or skeletal muscle systems in adults. It is proposed that in addition to their specific training effects, such methods may have potent side effects by altering the child's internal locus of control, thus affecting adjustment in a wide variety of stressful situations and correcting faulty learning histories.
Socially Naturalized Norms of Epistemic Rationality: Aggregation and Deliberation

In response to those who see rational deliberation as a source of epistemic norms and a model for well-functioning scientific inquiry, Solomon cites evidence that aggregative techniques often yield better results; deliberative processes are vulnerable to biasing mechanisms that impoverish the epistemic resources on which group judgments are based. I argue that aggregative techniques are similarly vulnerable and illustrate this in terms of the impact of gender schemas on both individual and collective judgment. A consistently externalist and socially naturalized approach calls for symmetrical treatment of these strategies for capitalizing on what groups know.
Head and body centre of mass movement in horses trotting on a circular path

Summary McPhail Equine Performance Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. Reasons for performing study: Horses are often worked along a circular trajectory but the mechanics of turning have not been reported. Objective: To develop a methodology for kinematic analysis of horses during circling and to report preliminary findings describing movements of the total body centre of mass (COMbody). Methods: Seventy-five skin markers, distributed over the head, neck, trunk and limbs of 5 sound horses, were tracked in a global coordinate system at 120 Hz as the horses trotted around a small circle. Based on segmental inertial data, 3D positions of the segmental centres of mass and COMbody were calculated. Movements of COMbody were measured relative to the cylindrical vertical plane, the radius of which was defined by a marker overlying the sixteenth thoracic vertebra. Results: During trotting, COMbody was high at the start and end of the diagonal stance phases and low in midstance. All horses leaned to the inside of the circle, with a tilt angle of mean ± s.d. 14.8 ± 2.8° during the entire stride. In the transverse direction, COMbody swung from side to side reaching its most inward position around the time of contact of the inside forelimb and its most outward position around the time of contact of the outside forelimb. The centre of mass of the head and neck segments (COMhead/neck) had a symmetrical, double sinusoidal pattern in the vertical direction. All horses had the same motion pattern for COMhead/neck in the transverse direction but the mean position relative to the circle line varied between horses. Conclusions: Horses lean to the inside when turning around a small circle. COMhead/neck and COMbody showed 2 vertical oscillations in each stride, whereas there was a single mediolateral excursion that was not symmetrical to the inside and outside of the circle line. Potential relevance: This study provides a first step toward understanding the mechanics of locomotion during turning, which has implications in the aetiology of injuries, the response to lungeing as a diagnostic technique and the incorporation of circles into rehabilitation exercises.
A Facile Synthesis of [Tetrahydrofuran‐3H] Terazosin

Abstract An efficient synthesis of [3H] terazosin at high specific activity from prazosin is described.
On the way towards crystallized beams: the transverse temperature of particle beams

The cooling of particles in storage rings depends on the coupling between the longitudinal and transverse “temperatures” of the stored beam. This coupling is studied in the limit of relatively sparse beams, and is found to depend sensitively on the relative strengths of the focusing forces in the two transverse dimensions, which determine the ratio of the periods of the betatron oscillations.
Effects of Surfactants on the Dynamical Behavior of Acrylodan-Labeled Bovine Serum Albumin

We investigate the effects of surfactants on acrylodan-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA-Ac). Steady-state fluorescence measurements are used to compare the average effects that surfactants have on BSA-Ac and the BSA/2,8-ANS (2-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid) complex as a function of the surfactant head group and alkyl tail length. The head group and alkyl tail of the surfactant monomers influence the site-specific environment surrounding Ac and the global environment of the adsorbed 2,8-ANS molecules. We also show that sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) influences the dynamical behavior of BSA-Ac. Time-resolved decay of anisotropy measurements show that BSA-Ac gains segmental mobility at SDS concentrations as low as 0.3 mM. The interaction between SDS and BSA-Ac disrupts the salt bridging which causes global structural changes within the protein. The semiangle, θ, through which the Ac residue is able to precess during its excited-state lifetime shows that there are also local changes in the protein structu...
Interactive scene analysis module: a sensor-database fusion system for telerobotic environments

Accomplishing a task with telerobotics typically involves a combination of operator control/supervision and a 'script' of preprogrammed commands. These commands usually assume that the location of various objects in the task space conform to some internal representation (database) of that task space. The ability to quickly and accurately verify the task environment against the internal database would improve the robustness of these preprogrammed commands. In addition, the on-line initialization and maintenance of a task space database is difficult for operators using Cartesian coordinates alone. This paper describes the Interactive Scene' Analysis Module (ISAM) developed to provide taskspace database initialization and verification utilizing 3-D graphic overlay modelling, video imaging, and laser radar based range imaging. Through the fusion of taskspace database information and image sensor data, a verifiable taskspace model is generated providing location and orientation data for objects in a task space. This paper also describes applications of the ISAM in the Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory (ISRL) at NASA Langley Research Center, and discusses its performance relative to representation accuracy and operator interface efficiency.
Reflecting on reflection in interprofessional education: Implications for theory and practice

Interprofessional education (IPE) involves learning, and learning requires reflection. Educators need to “reflect more on reflection” if they are to be effective teachers in ensuring the learning outcomes essential for teamwork and interprofessional practice (IPP), including incorporating both theory and practice into the development of educational interventions. First, this discussion surveys the IPE-relevant literature on reflection, and then defines and refines the multidimensional concept of reflection as it relates to IPE in developing and implementing teamwork learning programs and experiences. Second, specific methods to promote reflection are presented and explored, including self-assessments, journaling, and written papers. Actual samples from student journals and assignments provide examples of the impacts of using these methods on participant reflection and learning. Finally, implications for an expanded understanding and application of reflection for IPE will be discussed, and recommendations ...
In vivo endochondral bone formation using a bone morphogenetic protein 2 adenoviral vector.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are polypeptides that induce ectopic bone formation in standard rat in vivo assay systems. Previous studies have demonstrated the clinical utility of these protei...
SEM Measurements In Lithographic Metrology

As the dimensions of semiconductor devices on wafers approach the micron range, it is readily apparent that measurement of these types of geometries on the fab line will not be obtained using optical methods (1-4). In addition, non-destructive scanning electron microscopy methods must be found to make more representative measurements than those provided by fracturing of the specimen or use of conductive coatings. Further, measurements of semiconductor geometries on wafers must be made in-process. That is, the measurements must be made on uncoated specimens so that the specimen can be returned to the process quickly and intact to add layers for both product and monitoring wafers. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate procedures for using Scanning Electron Microscopes for small feature measurements in Lithography. To this purpose, test wafers were generated containing resist valleys with varying widths and slope angles (resist features present the most challenging measurement objects). A selected number of these features were measured on Scanning Electron Microscopes. Recorded were SEM micrographs, backscattered electron profiles and numerical data. In addition, the same features were also measured on optical measurement microscopes and the discrepancies between different systems were analyzed. A second objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of continued optical measurements in lithography because they are faster and considerably less expensive and, therefore, should continue to play an important part in lithography. It was also found that (uncontrollable) resist slope and adhesion variations are responsible for a major portion of optical measurement errors. Finally, a method will be proposed for the application of SEM systems to advanced lithographic process and equipment characterization and monitoring.
Alarm-based routing and path protection in survivable wavelength-routed all-optical mesh networks

We present what we believe to be a new fault-tolerant path-protection scheme, FTPP, for WDM mesh networks based on the alarming state of network nodes and links. Our extensive simulation results show that FTPP outperforms known path-protection schemes in terms of loss-of-service ratio and network throughput. The simulation tests used a wide range of values for the load intensity, the failure arrival rate, and the failure holding time. The effectiveness of our method has been demonstrated with the U.S. long-haul and the NSFNET topologies. We next extend the FTPP scheme to the differentiated services model and evaluate its connection blocking performance. We introduce a quality-of-service- (QoS-) enhanced FTPP (QEFTPP) routing and path-protection scheme in WDM networks. QEFTPP uses preemption to minimize the connection blocking percentage for high-priority traffic. Extensive simulation results show that QEFTPP can achieve a clear QoS differentiation among the traffic classes and at the same time provide good overall network performance.
Sexual orientation topics in educational leadership programmes across the USA

This investigation examines the inclusion of sexual orientation topics within the formal curriculum of 55 public college and university educational administration/leadership programmes across the USA. The findings indicate that programmes place a low priority upon sexual orientation compared to other diversity topics and that 59.5% of programmes fail to include sexual orientation as a form of diversity in their formal curriculum. The findings summarise both inclusive and non-inclusive programme coordinator assessments of the various challenges to addressing sexual orientation topics such as time constraints, faculty ignorance, and student discomfort. The research reports the various topics related to sexual orientation covered by inclusive programmes and the reasons given by programme coordinators from non-inclusive programmes as to why they do not address sexual orientation topics. Finally, the research found that the presence of openly gay or lesbian faculty had no apparent affect upon the likelihood th...
A Comparative Investigation of Corresponding Annular and Labyrinth Seal Flowfields

A previous Navier-Stokes finite difference computer code is extended in order to compute seal leakage directly from given upstream and downstream reservoir pressures. The numerical results are in excellent agreement with previous measurements, the discrepancy being less than eight percent. Annual seals are found to leak approximately twenty percent more than corresponding labyrinths over the entire range of realistic clearance. A rather unexpected finding is that a dramatic increase of swirl velocity occurs near the discharge of small clearance annular seals, which does not arise in corresponding labyrinth seals. The results, which are used to explain this finding, show that a large density drop occurs near the small clearance annular seal exit, which provides the swirl velocity increase in accordance with angular momentum conservation.Copyright © 1989 by ASME
Role of interflash intervals in a firefly courtship (Photinus macdermotti)

Abstract The flash code of Photinus macdermotti fireflies has been measured over a temperature range of 16 to 25°C. The code changes in characteristics fashion during different phases of firefly courtship. Males produce rhythmic patrolling flashes while flying, and when answered, shift to courtship flash pairs of significantly shorter interval. Females will answer some consecutive patrolling flashes and normally respond after the second flash of each male courtship pair. A possible behavioural role for the shifting of male patrolling and courtship flash intervals and for the female's response patterns is proposed.
Critical Measurement Issues in Translational Research

This article summarizes critical evaluation needs, challenges, and lessons learned in translational research. Evaluation can play a key role in enhancing successful application of research-based programs and tools as well as informing program refinement and future research. Discussion centers on what is unique about evaluating programs and policies for implementation impact (or potential for dissemination). Central issues reviewed include the importance of context and local issues, robustness and external validity issues, multiple levels of evaluation, implementation fidelity versus customization, choosing evaluation designs to fit questions, and who participates and characteristics of success at each stage of program recruitment, delivery, and outcome. The use of mixed quantitative and qualitative methods is especially important, and the primary redirection that is needed is to focus on questions of decision makers and potential adoptees rather than the research colleagues.
Glucocorticoids increase the length of the G2 and M phases of the hela S3 cell cycle

Glucocorticoids increase the size and content of RNA and protein in randomly growing HeLa S3 cells; however, the rates of growth and macromolecule synthesis are not effected. In synchronized populations of HeLa S3 cells, addition of 10−7M dexamethasone at the GIn1/S border causes a 1 h delay in cell division. The length of the S phase, determined in synchronized cells by incorporation of [3H] thymidine into acid precipitable material, is unaffected by glucocorticoids. Thus, the 1 h prolongation occurs during the G2/M phases, when the cells are largest, and accounts for the increase in the size and content of RNA and protein. As with the induction of specific proteins, the events producing the G2 effects are initiated during the S phase of the cell cycle. Thus, the HeLa S3 cells contain a G2 regulatory point, which is influenced by glucocorticoids.
Predictors of resuming therapy within four weeks after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation.

AbstractPurpose: To identify the percentage of persons with stroke resuming therapy within 4 weeks of inpatient rehabilitation discharge, to compare the characteristics of those who did and did not resume therapy, and to determine the predictors of resuming physical (PT), occupational (OT), and speech (ST) therapy. Method: Sociodemographic, stroke-related, and therapy data for persons with stroke (N = 131) were abstracted from inpatient rehabilitation charts. FIM™, Stroke Impact Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, and data on therapy received after discharge were also collected. Results: Logistic regression models demonstrated that minorities were less likely to resume PT (odds ratio [OR] = 0.30) and OT (OR = 0.25). Survivors with neglect/visual-field cut/spatial-perceptual loss were 2–3 times more likely to resume PT, OT, and ST. Survivors with higher scores on the SIS Physical domain subscale were less likely to resume PT (OR = 0.98) and OT (OR = 0.97). Men were 3.3 times more likely to have OT than wome...
Human Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 6 is found in recycling endosomes of cells, not in mitochondria

Since the discovery of the first intracellular Na+/H+exchanger in yeast, Nhx1, multiple homologs have been cloned and characterized in plants. Together, studies in these organisms demonstrate that ...
Underground mapping of utility lines using impulse radar

The use of radar in an underground environment presents a number of practical difficulties. The paper describes a specific application to the mapping of buried utility lines, and other objects below city streets, prior to excavation for repair work or new construction. The system combines an impulse radar, using crossed polarised dipole antennas for transmitting and receiving, respectively, with a computer for data processing and map printing. The system is self contained and is mounted in a van, so that maps may be recorded wherever the ground is sufficiently level for operation of the wheeled antenna cart. Maps are presented as grey-scale plan views or vertical sections.
Perinatal Transmission of Coxsackievirus B3 in Mice

CB3 titers from placental tissue peaked at two to four days after maternal infection, but moderate titers persisted for at least eight days. Though virus could be recovered (<1.0-1.5 logo, pfu/g) from fetal tissue in only a small percentage (3%-13%) of pregnancies, virus could be found in some fetuses eight days after maternal infection. Despite the low rate of fetal infection, many pups born to dams infected one to eight days before delivery were either stillborn (4%-41%) or died from infection shortly after birth (14%-68%). The actual percentages depended on the time interval from infection of the dams to delivery. Maternal IgG antibody to CB3, which appeared at six to eight days after infection, protected against postnatal mortality, but did not protect against stillbirth.
Dansyl cadaverine: A fluorescent probe and marker in cell membrane studies☆

Abstract The incorporation of the fluorescent amine, dansyl cadaverine [N(5-aminopentyl)-5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalene sulfonamide], into the plasma membranes of intact cells was investigated. Using a fluorescent microscope, incorporation was observed when cultured mouse lymphoma (L1210) cells, cultured human fibroblasts and white cells from several sources were incubated in the presence of 0.1 m M dansyl cadaverine. While intact erythrocytes from several species did not incorporate the fluorescent amine, erythrocyte ghosts did. The uptake of dansyl cadaverine by L1210 cells was dependent upon the cell concentration, incubation time and temperature. Experiments designed to elucidate the structural requirements for fluorophor uptake demonstrated that, in addition to a hydrophobic dansyl group an extended straight hydrocarbon side chain with either an amino or hydroxyl group was necessary. The incorporated fluorophor was noncovalently associated with the cell membrane as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membranes and extraction of dansyl cadaverine labelled cells with choroform/methanol (2:1). These results indicate that dansyl cadaverine is incorporated into plasma membranes and suggest its potential usefulness as a new fluorescent probe in cell membrane studies.
Nicotinic induction of preproenkephalin and tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in butyrate-differentiated rat PC12 cells: a model for adaptation to gut-derived environmental signals.

Nicotinic Induction of Preproenkephalin and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Expression in Butyrate-Differentiated Rat PC12 Cells: A Model for Adaptation to Gut-Derived Environmental Signals
Effects of F-encoded components and F-pilin domains on the synthesis and membrane insertion of TraA'-'PhoA fusion proteins.

Summary F-pilin, the 70-amino-acid F-pilus subunit, accumulates in the cell envelope of F+strains in a process that requires interactions between its precursor (the traA gene product) and other host and F-encoded proteins. Here, we have used a set of (traA-phoA) genes to explore the effects of different TraA domains on the synthesis and membrane insertion of TraA-PhoA fusion proteins, particularly in relation to other F-encoded gene products. The 51-amino-acid TraA leader peptide fused directly to alkaline phosphatase was synthesized at comparable rates and incorporated rapidly and efficiently into the inner membrane in F' and F− cells. A second fusion gene encoded the TraA leader peptide and the first 51 amino acids of F-pilin itself fused to PhoA (TraA'-'PhoA-102 polypeptide). Alkaline phosphatase activities and patterns of pulse-labelled polypeptides indicated that TraA'-'PhoA-102 was synthesized at comparable rates in F' and F− cells, but in neither was the TraA'-'PhoA-102 polypeptide efficiently processed as a membrane protein. A third gene encoded the entire 121-amino-acid TraA polypeptide fused to PhoA (TraA-'PhoA-121 polypeptide). About 70% of the pulse-labelled TraA-'PhoA-121 polypeptide was rapidly processed in F'cells, where it accumulated in the cell envelope as active alkaline phosphatase, whereas in F- cells, >5% of the pulse-labelled polypeptide was processed. Additionally, the apparent rate of TraA-'PhoA-121 polypeptide synthesis was threefold higher in F'cells. The traQ gene alone could not substitute for F in restoring TraA-'PhoA-121 (or wild-type F-pilin) accumulation.
Interactions between carbon solutes and dislocations in bcc iron

Abstract Carbon solute–dislocation interactions and solute atmospheres for both edge and screw dislocations in body-centered cubic (bcc) iron are computed from first principles using two approaches. First, the distortion tensor and elastic constants entering Eshelby’s model for the segregation of C atoms to a dislocation core in Fe are computed directly using an electronic-structure-based the total energy method. Second, the segregation energy is computed directly via first-principles methods. Comparison of the two methods suggests that the effects of chemistry and magnetism beyond those already reflected in the elastic constants do not make a major contribution to the segregation energy. The resulting predicted solute atmospheres are in good agreement with atom probe measurements.
Online Travel Purchase Behavior of Generational Cohorts: A Longitudinal Study

Little is known about the evolutionary purchase behaviors of generational cohorts when it comes to online travel purchase behavior. In this study, change in online travel purchase behavior between early 2000 and late 2004 was examined to distinguish changes among generational cohorts. While significant increases in travel purchase behavior were found between the two time periods as a whole, baby boomers reported the greatest aggregate increases in the likelihood of travel purchase behavior compared to Generation Xers and the seniors segment. The study used a synthesis of literature across the areas of technology adoption theory, e-commerce and sociology. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The maternal pheromone and deoxycholic acid in relation to brain myelin in the preweanling rat

We examined the lipid composition of blood and myelin in preweanling rats denied access to maternal feces. Levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids in the blood were reduced and in the brain the amount of myelin and the phospholipid concentration in myelin were also reduced. The addition of deoxycholic acid to ordinary laboratory chow prevented these deficiencies. We conclude that response to the maternal pheromone and the subsequent ingestion of deoxycholic acid through maternal feces promotes the deposition of normal brain myelin.
Atomic mobilities and multicomponent diffusion

Abstract The fundamental diffusion coefficients for multicomponent diffusion relative to a volume-fixed frame of reference are derived from atomic mobilities and the concept of “lattice velocity”. These coefficients satisfy the Onsager reciprocal relations. Practical (“interdiffusion”) and “intrinsic” coefficients are then derived from the fundamental coefficients. It is shown that, according to the atomic mobility model, the number of independent coefficients needed to describe multicomponent diffusion is equal to the number of components in the system. This simplifies the concept of “intrinsic” diffusion in ternary systems (where six, rather than three, coefficients have been previously proposed) and reduces the number of independent “interdiffusion” coefficients in systems of four or more components. A discussion of the proper choice of fluxes and forces for testing the Onsager reciprocal relations is included.
Alice 3.1 (abstract only)

This workshop is designed to offer a hands-on introduction to Alice 3.1 (now out of beta), as used in introductory courses in high school and early college levels. The focus of this workshop is on using program visualization for introducing fundamental concepts of programming. The introductory features of Alice 3.1 will be presented in an active-learning style. Although some comparisons between Alice 2.x and 3.1 will be included, the content of the workshop does not assume familiarity with Alice 2.x. Participants will receive latest 3.1 update and sneak peek at early textbook chapters. Attendees are expected to bring their own standard (no netbooks or tablets, please) laptop with a mouse (2-button).