cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role Conflict: Society's Dilemma with Excellence in Marketing

In recent years, the American market system has come under increasing criticism from those it serves. Many young people, radicals, members of minority groups and even middle-of-the-roaders are concerned about such things as poor product quality, poor variety, unsafe products. and misleading advertising. From almost any vantage point, flaws in the American economic system are visible.
Multidisciplinary Management of Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common orbital malignancy in childhood. Embryonal RMS and alveolar RMS are the two most common histologic subtypes of RMS, and embryonal RMS is the most common subtype of orbital RMS. The clinical presentation of orbital RMS depends on the tumor location in the orbit. Diagnosis is chiefly made through open biopsy, and complete initial tumor resection is uncommon because of the risk of ocular morbidity. The treatment of orbital RMS requires a coordinated effort by the disciplines of ophthalmology, pathology, pediatric oncology, and radiation oncology. Because of advances in the planning and administration of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the outcome for patients with orbital RMS has improved; the 3-year failure-free survival rate is greater than 90%, and the 3-year overall survival rate is 100%. Continued improvements in therapy are being investigated in an effort to decrease the risk of treatment-related late effects, such as cataracts and facial asymmetry.
Induction of syngeneic graft-versus-host disease in LPS hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice

Syngeneic GVHD (SGVHD) develops following syngeneic bone marrow transplantation and treatment with cyclosporine A. Previous stud- ies have demonstrated a role for IL-12, IFN-g, and TNF-a in the development of murine SGVHD. Macrophages can be activated to secrete IL-12 and TNF-a via a T-cell-dependent or T-cell-indepen- dent pathway (LPS or bacterial products). Studies were designed to determine if LPS participated in the development of SGVHD in C3H/HeN (LPS- responsive) and C3H/HeJ (LPS-hyporesponsive) mice. C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice had similar levels of disease induction and pathology. Follow- ing induction of SGVHD, treatment of C3H/HeN, but not C3H/HeJ, mice with a sublethal dose of LPS resulted in mortality. However, neutralization of IL-12 abrogated the development of disease in C3H/HeJ mice, demonstrating that activated mac- rophages and their products participated in the development of SGVHD in these animals. These data suggested that LPS responsiveness was not a predisposing factor for SGVHD induction. J. Leu- koc. Biol. 70: 873-880; 2001.
Intrinsic contrast noise and infant visual contrast discrimination

In these experiments, the amounts of intrinsic contrast noise and contrast-dependent noise were independently estimated from optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) contrast discrimination thresholds in 7-week-old human infants and adults. This report shows that the poor contrast sensitivity of infants occurs mostly because there is about 106 times more intrinsic contrast noise in the infant visual system than in the adult visual system. The intrinsic contrast noise is combined nearly linearly with the visual signal in infancy, whereas noise and visual signal are combined in a highly non-linear way for adults. The standard deviation of the visual signal differs between infants and adults by a factor of about 2 for OKN data and a factor of 13 for behavioral data. The large amount of intrinsic contrast noise found by this analysis is quantitatively consistent with data obtained by forced-choice preferential looking (FPL), and visually evoked potential (VEP) contrast sensitivity is correctly predicted to be near adult values in infancy.
‘Patches don’t have gender’: What is not open in open source software:

While open source software development promises a fairer, more democratic model of software production often compared to a gift economy, it also is far more male dominated than other forms of software production. The specific ways F/LOSS instantiates notions of openness in everyday practice exacerbates the exclusion of women. ‘Openness’ is a complex construct that affects more than intellectual property arrangements. It weaves together ideas about authorship, agency, and the circumstances under which knowledge and code can and cannot be exchanged. While open source developers believe technology is orthogonal to the social, notions of openness tie the social to the technical by separating persons from one another and relieving them of obligations that might be created in the course of other forms of gift exchange. In doing so, men monopolize code authorship and simultaneously de-legitimize the kinds of social ties necessary to build mechanisms for women’s inclusion.
Proximate factors associated with speech intelligibility in children with cochlear implants: A preliminary study

The purpose of this descriptive pilot study was to examine possible relationships among speech intelligibility and structural characteristics of speech in children who use cochlear implants. The Beginners Intelligibility Test (BIT) was administered to 10 children with cochlear implants, and the intelligibility of the words in the sentences was judged by panels of naive adult listeners. Additionally, several qualitative and quantitative measures of word omission, segment correctness, duration, and intonation variability were applied to the sentences used to assess intelligibility. Correlational analyses were conducted to determine if BIT scores and the other speech parameters were related. There was a significant correlation between BIT score and percent words omitted, but no other variables correlated significantly with BIT score. The correlation between intelligibility and word omission may be task-specific as well as reflective of memory limitations.
Job Involvement as a Predictor of Academic Performance

A job involvement measure was altered to reflect academic involvement and was employed as a predictor of academic performance. Although contrary to the findings of prior industrial research, job involvement was found to be correlated neither with age nor with course satisfaction; however, it did prove an efficacious predictor of performance as defined by course grade.
An Integrated Classification Rule Management System for Data Mining

Classification rule mining plays significant roles in practical applications. While how to mine classification rules from a database efficiently is an important issue, how to manage and apply the mined rules effectively is the same important. This paper presents a classification rule mining management system, named SM-Classifier, which integrates the functionality of generation, querying, maintenance and application of classification rules. The architecture of SM-Classifier, the classification algorithm, the rule store structure, and the rule query operations are described.
OUTLIERS, CHEESE, AND RHIZOMES: VARIATIONS ON A THEME OF LIMITATION

All research has limitations, for example, from paradigm, concept, theory, tradition, and discipline. In this article Lynda Stone describes three exemplars that are variations on limitation and are ''extraordinary'' in that they change what constitutes future research in each domain. Malcolm Gladwell's present day study of outliers makes a statistical term into a sociological concept. Carlo Ginzburg's study of a sixteenth-century miller who challenges Church doctrine initiates the field of microhistory. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's philosophy of the rhizome offers a poststructuralist study of the doing of philosophy and the form of philosophical text. Although Gladwell's study is the only one specifically on the topic of outliers, the other two investigations are outliers as well. Overall the three studies demonstrate what can be revealed and learned when limitation is transgressed. This is an important lesson for educational research — wherein heretofore unimagined societal possibility and reform of education might result. In the year 1599, after fifteen years and two trials, a lowly miller from Italy's northeast Friuli region is burned at the stake by the Inquisition. Along with statements that contradict Church doctrine on such weighty matters as man's relation to God, the crux of his heresy is a personal cosmogony that revolves around cheese. As told by historian Carlo Ginzburg, Menocchio, when his story is set within the culture and community of his day, is an outlier. In the context of educational theory, and a set of essays involving statistics, what is to be made of Menocchio's story already seems misplaced. On its face, it appears to be an account of a Renaissance individual exhibiting free will; he might even represent the rebel in ''us.'' The question is this: what has his story to do with statistics? An answer follows that extends the concept of outlier as variation on a theme of research limitation. 1
Evaluating ScanSAR Interferometry Deformation Time Series Using Bursted Stripmap Data

We demonstrate scanning synthetic aperture radar (ScanSAR) advanced radar interferometry processing for surface deformation time series analysis. We apply the small baseline subsets (SBAS) technique to ScanSAR data synthesized from 40 ERS-1 and ERS-2 stripmap SAR images over known deformation in Phoenix, Arizona. The strategy is to construct a burst pattern similar to Envisat ScanSAR data for two scenarios, namely, an idealized 100% burst overlap case and a realistic variable-burst synchronization case in which any image pair has at least 50% burst overlap. We And this latter scenario to be reasonable based on an assessment of the effect of burst overlap on Phoenix interferometric phase coherence. The differences between the variable burst overlap ScanSAR and stripmap SAR SBAS-derived pixel velocities have a mean of 0.02 cm/year and a standard deviation of 0.02 cm/year. It is noted that one can expect SBAS velocity and displacement one-sigma errors of 0.1 cm/year and 0.5 cm, respectively, from multilooked stripmap data. We observe that 96% and 99% of the variable burst overlap ScanSAR pixel velocities are within ±0.1 and ±0.2 cm/year (one- and two-sigma), respectively, of our stripmap SAR pixel velocities. These results are similar to those reported for SBAS analysis applied to low-resolution multilook interferograms derived from coherence-preserving down sampling of stripmap data. We also And that the rms deviations between variable burst overlap ScanSAR and stripmap SBAS displacement estimates are 0.40 ± 0.30 cm. 68% and 94% of the variable burst overlap ScanSAR pixel displacements are within ±0.5 and ±1.0 cm, respectively, of the stripmap displacements.
EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANTS AND PROCESSING ON STABILITY OF MUSCLE FROM HYBRID STRIPED BASS WITH OMEGA‐3 FATTY ACIDS

Hybrid striped bass were fed four diets containing 0, 4, 8, and 12% menhaden fish oil (MFO) for 18 weeks during final growth to determine (1) omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid uptake and its effect on fish and postharvest quality, and (2) the effects of selected antioxidants on oxidation and sensory quality of fish enhanced with n-3 fatty acids. Lipid content was significantly higher in the two highest MFO treatments: 3.2, 3.5, 3.9 and 4.4% in the 0, 4, 8 and 12% MFO treatments, respectively. During this study EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid) significantly increased with increasing dietary MFO: 5.4 ± 0.93, 6.9 ± 0.15, 8.0 ± 0.45 and 8.1 ± 0.35 for the 0, 4, 8 and 12% MFO diets, respectively. The following fatty acids in muscle increased 1% or more in fish fed 12% MFO compared to fish fed 0% MFO: 14:0, 16:1n-7, 22:6n-3, and total polyunsaturates, total n-3, and the n-3/n-6 ratio. Changes in individual fatty acids in fish muscle reflected the concentrations of fatty acids in the diet. Hybrid striped bass fed 8 and 12% MFO had twice as much n-3 fatty acids (1.0 g/100 g tissue) as fish cultured on diets without MFO
Transients In Hydroelectric Power Plants

Various turbine operations, such as start-up, shut-down, load acceptance and rejection, produce transients in hydroelectric power plants. This chapter deals with the analysis of these transients. In this analysis, the conduits and related boundaries may be simulated utilizing the computational procedures and boundary conditions presented in Chapter 3. For a hydraulic turbine, however, special boundary conditions are needed to account for the inter-dependance of turbine head, discharge, rotational speed and gate opening.
Analysis of brome mosaic virus replication and aminoacylation functions by site-specific mutagenesis.

SUMMARY Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV) has a tripartite RNA genome; each RNA and the subgenomic RNA encoding the viral coat protein share a highly homologous region of about 200 nucleotides at the 3' end, for which a tRNA-like structure has been proposed. Several sequences encoding functions, including replicase binding, initiation of ( —) strand synthesis and tyrosine esterification are known to be nested within this region. Elongation factor EF-lo" binds to aminoacylated viral RNAs, but not to the uncharged forms. An additional function of the tRNA-like structure is to serve as a substrate for nucleotidyl transferase, which adds the terminal adenosine residue to the ( + ) sense virion RNAs. A template-dependent and template-specific replicase preparation from BMVinfected barley leaves has been characterized and extensively used for replication studies in v itro that complement studies in v iv o using protoplasts. The replicase has been shown to initiate d e n o vo both ( —) strand synthesis on supplied ( + ) strand RNAs, and ( + ) strand subgenomic RNA synthesis on supplied ( —) sense RNA3 templates. RNA transcripts obtained by transcription in v itr o of cDNA clones containing desired base substitutions and deletions, have been supplied as templates for replication, aminoacylation and other assays. Use of such mutant RNAs has allowed the promoters for both ( —) strand synthesis and for synthesis of the subgenomic ( + ) strand RNA to be characterized and defined. The same approach has also been used to reveal regions of the tRNA-like structure involved in the tyrosylation of the BMV RNAs. These experiments showed that, although regions important in aminoacylation and replication functions overlap, they are not identical. Some of the mutations tested in v itro have also been tested for infectivity in v iv o using both barley plants and protoplasts. Mutants retaining replicase and nucleotidyl transferase template activity, but having lost aminoacylation capability are of special interest in that they should reveal the role of aminoacylation in the infection process.
Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest : bark beetle responses to differences in forest structure and the application of prescribed fire in interior ponderosa pine

Mechanical thinning and the application of prescribed fire are commonly used tools in the restoration of fire-adapted forest ecosystems. However, few studies have explored their effects on subsequent amounts of bark beetle caused tree mortality in interior ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws. var. ponderosa. In this study, we examined bark beetle responses to creation of midseral (low diversity) and late-seral stages (high diversity) and the application of prescribed fire on 12 experimental units ranging in size from 76 to 136 ha. A total of 9500 (5.0% of all trees) Pinus and Abies trees died 2 years after treatment of which 28.8% (2733 trees) was attributed to bark beetle colonization. No significant difference in the mean percentage of trees colonized by bark beetles was found between low diversity and high diversity. The application of prescribed fire resulted in significant increases in bark beetle caused tree mortality (all species) and for western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevico...
Robustness and risk-sensitivity in Markov decision processes

We uncover relations between robust MDPs and risk-sensitive MDPs. The objective of a robust MDP is to minimize a function, such as the expectation of cumulative cost, for the worst case when the parameters have uncertainties. The objective of a risk-sensitive MDP is to minimize a risk measure of the cumulative cost when the parameters are known. We show that a risk-sensitive MDP of minimizing the expected exponential utility is equivalent to a robust MDP of minimizing the worst-case expectation with a penalty for the deviation of the uncertain parameters from their nominal values, which is measured with the Kullback-Leibler divergence. We also show that a risk-sensitive MDP of minimizing an iterated risk measure that is composed of certain coherent risk measures is equivalent to a robust MDP of minimizing the worst-case expectation when the possible deviations of uncertain parameters from their nominal values are characterized with a concave function.
Modification of the Ethidium Bromide Exclusion Procedure for Evaluation of Turkey Semen

The objective of the present study was to modify the ethidium bromide exclusion procedure in order to detect dead and labile turkey spermatozoa after 24 h storage at 7 C. In Experiment 1, fresh and stored spermatozoa were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) ranging in osmolarity from 296 to 3 mOsm/kg H2O, each solution containing the same concentration of the nuclear fluorochrome ethidium bromide. In the 3 mOsm/kg H2O PBS, nearly all the fresh (98.3%) and stored (96.7%) spermatozoa were stained with ethidium bromide, indicating they were nonviable. Fresh spermatozoa revealed minor variation in the percentage of nonviable spermatozoa in the ethidium bromide exclusion procedure (ethidium bromide in PBS at 296 mOsm/kg H2O) (20.9%) and the remaining hypotonic PBS solutions (range 20.4 to 18.9%). In the stored semen samples a previously undetected subpopulation of more labile spermatozoa became apparent in hypotonic solutions with osmolarities of 122 and 56 mOsm/kg H2O. In Experiment 2, hen fertility was determined using fresh and stored semen. All hens were inseminated with 100 x 10(6) viable spermatozoa. Viability of stored semen was determined either by the original ethidium bromide exclusion procedure or using the sperm-stress test (ethidium bromide in PBS at 56 mOsm/kg H2O). The observations showed that adjusting the number of viable spermatozoa inseminated based on the percentage of viable sperm estimated from the sperm-stress test did not improve hen fertility over a 15-wk egg production period.
Pediatric Medical Education in the United States Military

* Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics COMSEP — : Council on Medical Student Education HPSP — : Health Professions Scholarship Program USUHS — : Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences The existence of pediatricians in the armed forces, let alone pediatric graduate medical education programs, may come as a surprise to many in the civilian community, and perhaps to some in the military community as well. Yet the history of military pediatric residency training goes back well over 60 years, following and closely mirroring the broader evolution of pediatric graduate medical education in the United States. Although the recognition of pediatrics as a distinct specialty in this country can be traced to the days of Abraham Jacobi in the latter part of the 19th century, the evolution of pediatric graduate medical education (GME) programs largely followed the establishment of the professional organizations that were formed to support the fledging specialty. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) held its first meeting in 1931, during which a committee was set up to consider the possibility of board certification. The American Board of Pediatrics was subsequently in-corporated in 1933 to be made up of 9 members, 3 each from the AAP, the Section on Pediatrics of the American Medical Association, and the American Pediatric Society. In addition to its role in certifying individuals, the Board also included certification of training programs in its original charter, a role it shared until 1953 with the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association (forerunner of the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education).1 Graduation from medical school, in addition to completion of a 2-year accredited pediatric residency after an internship of unspecified type, was one of the major board eligibility requirements. Although many of the first board-certified pediatricians were “grandfathered” into the examination because of the previous paucity of pediatric training programs, by the end of World War II the requirement for residency training was rigidly enforced and no further “grandfathering” took … Address correspondence to John R. Pierce, MD, 4849 Sweetbirch Dr, Rockville, MD 20853. E-mail: john.pierce{at}va.gov
Dielectric and Conductor Loss Quantification for Microstrip Reflectarray: Simulations and Measurements

The conductor and dielectric loss mechanisms in microstrip reflectarray are described using simulation models and waveguide measurements. The dielectric constant and loss tangent variation with frequency is obtained for a particular substrate using existing datasheets. Variable size patch reflectarray element was studied for loss characterization. The effect of these losses is characterized and the potential cause for the loss phenomenon is provided. It is observed that the dielectric loss and copper loss occur near the patch resonance due to strong electric fields in the substrate region below the patch and the large currents on the top surface of the patch, respectively.
Stationary Phase Integrals, Quantum Toda Lattices, Flag Manifolds and the Mirror Conjecture

A generalization of the mirror conjecture is proven for the manifolds of complete flags in C^n.
Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2): an emerging player in breast cancer metastasis.

Metastasis is the predominant cause of poor prognosis in breast cancer patients and is thought to be driven, at least partly, by epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. Mechanisms that promote EMT are being investigated intensively as these may present novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Zhang et al have successfully identified a novel collagen dependent signaling pathway mediated via the Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) that contributes to EMT and metastasis in breast cancer. Their key observations and the therapeutic significance of their findings are discussed in this comment.
Incentivizing Standards or Standardizing Incentives? Affirmative Action in India

I study the impacts of affirmative action policies on schooling incentives in India. My results indicate that when the probability of getting into college or of getting a job is increased through affirmative action, minority group students are incentivized to stay in school longer given the prospects of directly benefiting from such policies in the near future. This approach is unique, in that it focuses on the incentives affirmative action gives to those who are not yet eligible for the policy per se. I create a comprehensive primary dataset using state commission reports which allows for a regression discontinuity and difference-in-discontinuities analysis. These results are supported at the national level by using a difference-in-differences approach, and utilizing variation in state-level policies. Together these estimators consistently show that affirmative action policies incentivize about 1.38 more years of education for the average minority group student, and 2.2 more years of education for a student from a marginal minority sub-group. Given the debate about the effectiveness of such policies, my research shows that it is particularly important for both researchers and policy makers to take into account these incentive effects when evaluating affirmative action programs.
Perceptions Of Corruption In Central Asian Countries

Property rights are a basic tenant of a free market economy, and when these rights are in jeopardy from crime and corruption, a free market system falters. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the World Bank have developed a methodology to study transition economies. The Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS II 2002) has gathered on a variety of topics from 23 transition economies. This paper uses the BEEPS data to examine the perceptions of Corruption and State Capture in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
Pockets of Effectiveness: Why Do Strong Public Institutions Exist in Weak States?

Compared to work on differences in state capacity between developing countries little attention has been paid to variation in state capacity within these countries. This paper examines one particularly counter-intuitive phenomenon that has been largely neglected thus far: strong public organizations in weak or patrimonial states. Why and how do such “pockets of effectiveness” (PoE) emerge? Based on the detailed analysis of two surprisingly effective public organizations in Nigeria’s patrimonial politico-administrative system I distinguish three typical problems that have to be solved so that PoE can emerge in this environment. These are the problems of how non-patrimonial action can be institutionalized in a patrimonial system (the innovation problem), how the actors involved in that process that deviates from common patrimonial practice make sure that no one defects from this effectiveness agenda (the control problem), and finally how a whole organization can be built that consistently resists the incentives that patrimonial systems offer (the organizational forging problem). It turns out that a relational and cultural perspective that focusses on networks, weak and strong ties between actors, on their power relations and reciprocal commitments as well as assurance practices and organizational culture and identity explains best how the actors involved can solve these typical problems to successfully establish pockets of effectiveness in patrimonial systems.
U.S. Policies and Initiatives for CFL Education

This chapter examines historic and recent policies aimed at expanding Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) study in American K-12 and post-secondary education. These include initiatives arising out of World War II and Cold War defense needs, academic and “critical language” initiatives since the 1960s (e.g., “100,000 Strong” and STARTALK), and recent efforts aimed at promoting cultural and linguistic understanding (e.g., Confucius Institutes). The authors describe three categories of primary purpose for Chinese language learning: (1) national defense, (2) academic study, or (3) greater public appreciation of Chinese language and culture. The chapter offers explanations on why CFL study has failed to “catch fire” in American high schools, colleges, and universities. Using emerging resistance among many academicians and institutions to Confucius Institute partnerships as an example, the authors argue that CFL expansion is impeded by adversarial perceptions of China within the American institutional mindscape. The chapter concludes with a rationale and direction for increasing American receptiveness to CFL programs and other initiatives aimed at promoting Sino-American understanding.
High Performance Linkage Disequilibrium: FPGAs Hold the Key

DNA sequencing technologies allow the rapid sequencing of full genomes in a cost-effective way, leading to ever-growing genomic datasets that comprise thousands of genomes and millions of genetic variants. In population genomics and genome-wide association studies, widely used statistics such as linkage disequilibrium become computationally demanding when thousands of whole genomes are investigated. Long analysis times and excessive memory requirements usually prevent researchers from conducting exhaustive analyses, sacrificing the ability to detect distant genetic associations. In this work, we describe a generic algorithmic approach for organizing arbitrarily distant computations on full genomes, and to offload operations from the host processor to accelerators. We explore FPGAs as accelerators for linkage disequilibrium because the bulk of required operations are discrete, making them a good fit for reconfigurable fabric. We describe a versatile and trivially expandable architecture, and develop an automatic RTL generation software to search the design space. We find that, when thousands of genomes from complex species such as humans, are analyzed, current FPGAs can achieve up to 50X faster processing than state-of-the-art software running on multi-core workstations.
Rectus muscle position in V-pattern strabismus. A study with coronal computed tomography scanning.

Coronal computerized tomographic (CT) scans were obtained on ten children with previously unoperated V-pattern strabismus and ten control patients to determine the relationship of rectus muscles to the globe. All patients with V-pattern had sufficient overaction of the inferior oblique muscles to warrant bilateral surgical weakening. Control patients had no strabismus or isolated horizontal deviations without A- or V-patterns. Using a horizontal reference line constructed along the anterior cranial fossa, the mean horizontal rectus-muscle axes were found to approximate the expected value of 180° closely. The vertical rectus muscle axes were excyclotorted in both groups. However, there was no significant difference in the mean superior temporal quadrant angles formed by the intersection of the horizontal and vertical rectus muscle axes. Analysis of covariance with age as the covariant demonstrated a significant relationship (P < 0.01) between age and the superior temporal quadrant angle measured in each eye. Our data suggest that apparent rectus muscle malposition identified by CT scanning is a function of age and cannot be implicated as an important cause of V-pattern strabismus.
Roost Selection by Spotted Owls: An Adaptation to Heat Stress

-The microclimate at the summer roosts of Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis) was investigated as a factor contributing to the species' narrow range of habitat. Habitat features surrounding the roosts were quantified; a dense canopy above the roost, and north-facing slopes were characteristic of all sites. The combined physical features created a microclimate that was 10 to 60C cooler than that of more open areas. The owls showed signs of heat stress when temperatures reached and exceeded 270 to 310C. The microclimate at summer roosts was effective in reducing the extent to which the owls used gular flutter. Winter roosts differed markedly from summer roosts, providing additional evidence supporting the importance of summer roosts to Spotted Owls. The owls' apparent intolerance to high temperatures was, at least in part, related to their having plumage as thick as that of boreal-zone owls. Such plumage appears to be an adaptation for enduring periods of winter stress. Selecting cool summer roosts may be a behavioral adaptation to compensate for the owls' observed inefficiency in dissipating body heat. The Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis) occurs in western North America from southern British Columbia and southern Colorado south to central Mexico (A.O.U. 1957). Within this range, it has a discontinuous distribution and is apparently restricted to dense forests, often within deep canyons (Binford 1974, Gould 1974, Forsman 1976, Kertell 1977). The narrow range of habitat selected by this species suggests a limited tolerance to certain environmental conditions. Binford (1974) suggested that one of the major habitat requirements of Spotted Owls is the absence of sunlight. Kertell (1977) emphasized that the relatively cool temperatures of deep canyons in Zion National Park attracted Spotted Owls. Gould (1974, 1977) and Forsman (1976) pointed out the presence of water, a dense forest canopy, and slope exposure as characteristics of Spotted Owl locations. The consistent presence of these features implies that these birds select habitats with a particular set of features that moderate the microcli-
'Three Men in a Room' and Albany - Where Did the Phrase Come From?

The paper examines how the phrase "three men in a room" came to be associated with the operation of New York State government.
Investigation on the Influence of Fluorochemical Industry Park on the Peripheral Blood of the Local Residents

[Objective]To find out the rate of chromosomal aberrations,micronucleus,trailing cell(tail off) and DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the residents around the Fluorochemical Industry Park.[Methods]337 local residents and 199 remote residents were chosen as the observation group and the control;detection and analysis were made based on the "GB/T 12715-1991 Method of Estimating Chromosome Aberration Biological Dosage,WS/t 187-1999 Method of Estimating Lymphocyte Micronucleus Radiation Dosage,and the Comet Testing Procedure.[Results]No significant difference was found between the two groups of residents in the chromosomal aberrations,micronucleus and DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes(P0.05);the rate of trailing cell(tail off) was lower in the observation group than in the control(P0.05).[Conclusion]The fluoride-base emissions from the Fluorochemical Industry Park have not yet major impact on the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the local residents;track monitoring should be continued.
Gold Humanism Honor Society Election and Academic Outcomes: A 10-Institution Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study examines relationships among election to the Gold Humanism Honor Society (GHHS) and election to Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA), class rank, and residency selection to determine if GHHS members are more likely to select primary care residencies than students not elected to GHHS membership. METHODS We evaluated five graduating classes (2006--2010) at 10 medical schools (n=5,481 students). Residency selections were grouped into primary care (family medicine, internal medicine, pediatrics, OB-GYN), surgery (including surgical specialties), or E-ROAD and other (including lifestyle practices-emergency medicine, radiology, ophthalmology, anesthesiology, and dermatology plus all other specialties, eg, neurology, pathology). RESULTS A higher proportion of GHHS members were attracted to primary care compared to non-GHHS members (54.3% versus 44.5%). Additional comparisons between GHHS and non-GHHS members demonstrated that 33.1% of GHHS members matched into E-ROAD and other residencies, while 40.9% of non-GHHS went into one of these specialties. Fewer GHHS members chose general surgery or a surgical sub-specialty (12.6% versus 14.6%). More GHHS members were elected into AOA (30.3% versus 14.0%). Further, a far greater proportion of dual AOA/GHHS members elect family medicine residency versus AOA members not elected to GHHS. In addition, GHHS members had slightly higher mean scores on USMLE Step 1 and 2 CK (Clinical Knowledge) and mean class rank. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that students elected into the GHHS as an aggregate group tend to be academically higher achieving when compared to their non-GHHS peers and gravitate to a higher degree toward primary care and specifically to family medicine.
Gasembolie in der Laparoskopie mit CO2 oder Helium

Hintergrund: Obwohl die Inzidenz von Gasembolien bei Gefasverletzungen und erhohtem intraperitonealem Druck sowie gleichzeitiger Gasinsufflation ungeklart ist, wird Helium wegen seiner schlechten Loslichkeit als „gefahrlich“ erachtet.
Singing the body electric. Nervous music and Sexuality in fin-de-siècle literature

Of all art forms, music has perhaps been the most closely associated with nerves. The very fact that music has only limited powers of representation has meant that descriptions of its effects have often turned less to its “content” and more to its physical impact on the body. And throughout the history of neurology nerves themselves have been compared to the tightened strings of a musical instrument. George Cheyne’s The English Malady from 1733, for instance, used a musical analogy for the whole nervous system, writing of “the Brain, where all the nerves, or instruments of Sensation terminate, like a Musician in a finely fram’d and well-tun’d Organ-Case ... these nerves are like Keys, which, being struck or touch’d, convey the Sound and Harmony to this sentient Principle, or Musician.”1 As we shall see, the relationship between music and nerves went far beyond such metaphors, and by the end of the nineteenth century had become one of the most important ways of talking about music. The idea of musical over-stimulation of the nervous system was the basis of a whole discourse in literature, music criticism and psychiatry that saw music as a potential threat. This chapter seeks to demonstrate that the debate on nervous music was intimately connected to broader cultural anxieties about sexuality, and the way it related to personal autonomy and social order.2 The nineteenth-century “body electric,” to borrow Walt Whitman’s term, was not the automaton of the twentieth-century imagination, but a body of sexualised-electric nerves.3
O Mundo Rural na Literatura Regional de Goiás e Tocantins

Resumo: o artigo objetiva apresentar o mundo rural do estado do Tocantins a partir do olhar de autores classicos da literatura goiana e tocantinense: Hugo de Carvalho Ramos, Bernardo Elis, Carmo Bernardes, Bariani Ortencio, Eli Brasiliense e Moura Lima. Nao ha pretensao de fazer uma hermeneutica de cada autor e de suas obras, mas apresentar elementos chaves da constituicao da realidade especifica do campones tocantinense a partir da producao literaria. Incialmente o texto define e caracteriza o que vem a ser o sistema de poder do coronelismo, na sequencia sao trabalhados aspectos do mundo rural goiano e tocantinense tal como retratado pelos autores da literatura regional. Nas consideracoes finais, aponta-se que o avanco do capitalismo no campo nao eliminou as caracteristicas seculares da exploracao do campones, apenas agregou novos contornos. Palavras-chave: Campesinato. literatura regional. coronelismo.
Historical Perspective of Transgenerational Epigenetics

Transgenerational epigenetics today represents a formative and exciting discipline of biology that pervades many fields of study, from ecology to epidemiology. However, the road to discovery of the role of epigenetics in heritability of traits and evolution was a long and, at times, arduous one, stunted by the rapid advancement in the understanding of genes as the sole units of inheritance. Genetics has served as a stalwart in our understanding of heredity and evolution. However, in the past few decades, epigenetic inheritance has been recognized as an equally important mode of inheritance that is beyond the scope of DNA sequence. To better understand transgenerational epigenetics as it exists today, we must trace the concepts of Lamarckian and Darwinian inheritance, and Waddington’s epigenetics from their conception and their subsequent evolution and expansion within different scientific disciplines. Undeniably, transgenerational epigenetics will provide us with a theoretical framework through which to better understand how the social and physical environment can direct our phenotype and that of our children, grandchildren and beyond.
Early biochemical events in leukocyte activation.

The neutrophil plays a key role in host defense by ingesting and destroying foreign cells and other infectious agents. During the inflammatory process, chemotactic factors generated by bacteria, damaged tissue, the complement system and other phagocytes serve as a signaling mechanism to recruit neutrophils to sites of infection and to stimulate the cell to exercise its destructive capabilities. These responses are initiated by the interaction of activating stimuli with specific cell surface receptors, resulting in directional movement of the neutrophil toward the chemotactic source. When the neutrophil encounters an ingestible particle, its pseudopod flows around it and fuses at the distal pole of the particle, thus forming a phagosome. Once ingestion occurs, there are two major mechanisms by which the particle is eliminated. Hydrolytic and bactericidal enzymes are released from cytoplasmic granules into the phagosomal compartment by the process of degranulation. Ingested material is also vulnerable to attack by reactive oxygen metabolites produced by the phagosomal membrane. The significance of these degradative processes to host defense is best illustrated in patients with various disorders of neutrophil function who suffer from severe and recurrent infections.
Subtype Cell Detection with an Accelerated Deep Convolution Neural Network

Robust cell detection in histopathological images is a crucial step in the computer-assisted diagnosis methods. In addition, recent studies show that subtypes play an significant role in better characterization of tumor growth and outcome prediction. In this paper, we propose a novel subtype cell detection method with an accelerated deep convolution neural network. The proposed method not only detects cells but also gives subtype cell classification for the detected cells. Based on the subtype cell detection results, we extract subtype cell related features and use them in survival prediction. We demonstrate that our proposed method has excellent subtype cell detection performance and our proposed subtype cell features can achieve more accurate survival prediction.
Zugversuche mit Weizenkleber im Mikromaßstab

Es wird ein Zugversuch beschrieben, der fur Kleber ahnliche Kraft-Weg-Diagramme liefert, wie sie fur Teig bekannt sind. Mit 10 g Mehl bzw. 1 g gefriergetrocknetem Kleber konnen 2–3 Versuche durchgefuhrt werden. Die Knetintensitat bei der Teigherstellung und die Auswaschdauer beeinflussen die Klebereigenschaften. Sortenunterschiede werden gut wiedergegeben, ebenso wie die Veranderungen des Klebers durch Proteinasen und Proteinaseninhibitoren.
Assessment of Clinical Pharmacy Interventions to Reduce Outpatient Use of High-Risk Medications in the Elderly

BACKGROUND: Use of high-risk medications in the elderly (HRME) and drug-disease (Rx-DIS) interactions in the elderly, as defined by the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) Measures, are significantly associated with mortality, hospital admission, and need for emergency care. No published studies to date evaluate interventions to reduce the use of HEDIS-defined HRME, although many studies have postulated a beneficial effect of such interventions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of pharmacist interventions on use of HRME and Rx-DIS interactions in the outpatient elderly population. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a resident-based family medicine clinic. Patients aged ≥ 65 years were prospectively screened for the use of HRME and Rx-DIS interactions before their visits with their primary care providers. If HRME or Rx-DIS interactions were noted, the clinical pharmacist sent messages to the physicians through the electronic medical record, alerting them of the...
A study in technology strategy: The curious case of Alfred von Tirpitz

ABSTRACTWhile studies of technology and war abound, the processes and reasoning that undergird choices about what to emphasize—i.e., “technology strategy”—have received much less attention. This analysis focuses upon the case of Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, who had a virtually free hand in setting German naval development strategy during the decades leading up to the outbreak of World War I. As significant technological advances characterized this period, Tirpitz's strategic choices from among a range of promising options comprise a fruitful subject of inquiry. That the current era features similarly significant technological advances and opportunities implies the possibility of drawing useful insights from the study of technology strategy in this earlier time.
Effect of Sperm Morphology on Pregnancy Success via Intrauterine Insemination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: Men with abnormal sperm morphology are often counseled that natural conception and intrauterine insemination are ineffective, and in vitro fertilization is the only option. Our objective was to determine the effect of sperm morphology on the pregnancy success of intrauterine insemination.Materials and Methods: We systematically searched for studies published prior to January 2017 that 1) reported ultrasound verified clinical pregnancies per intrauterine insemination cycle, 2) assessed sperm morphology using the Kruger strict criteria and 3) described morphology at the greater than 4% and 4% or less and/or the 1% or greater and less than 1% thresholds. In all studies mean female age was between 25 and 40 years and mean total motile sperm count was greater than 10 million. Estimates were pooled using random effects meta-analysis.Results: Data were extracted from 20 observational studies involving a total of 41,018 cycles. When comparing men at the greater than 4% and 4% or less thresholds, the rate...
Transcriptomic Analysis of Arabidopsis Seedlings in Response to an Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Process

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen that causes crown gall disease. This pathogen is capable of transferring the T-DNA from its Ti plasmid to the host cell and, then, integrating it into the host genome. To date, this genetic transformation ability has been harnessed as the dominant technology to produce genetically modified plants for both basic research and crop biotechnological applications. However, little is known about the interaction between Agrobacterium tumefaciens and host plants, especially the host responses to Agrobacterium infection and its associated factors. We employed RNA-seq to follow the time course of gene expression in Arabidopsis seedlings infected with either an avirulent or a virulent Agrobacterium strain. Gene Ontology analysis indicated many biological processes were involved in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process, including hormone signaling, defense response, cellular biosynthesis, and nucleic acid metabolism. RNAseq and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results indicated that expression of genes involved in host plant growth and development were repressed but those involved in defense response were induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Further analysis of the responses of transgenic Arabidopsis lines constitutively expressing either the VirE2 or VirE3 protein suggested Vir proteins act to enhance plant defense responses in addition to their known roles facilitating T-DNA transformation.
Addressing Unmet Patient Care Needs Through Curricular Development of Student Pharmacist Leadership and Entrepreneurial Skills

Objective. To develop, deliver, and evaluate an innovative curriculum designed to increase student pharmacists' skills and confidence in addressing unmet patient care needs and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's (IHI) Triple Aim goals in the community pharmacy setting. Methods. Course modules developed collaboratively between the University of Washington and Washington State University focused on student pharmacist exposure to and direct application of leadership theory in addressing real world challenges. Both programs delivered the curriculum to all second-year student pharmacists during the fall 2015 and fall 2016 semesters. Student teams were asked to identify a new or enhanced service for a community pharmacy based on a needs assessment and the IHI's Triple Aim goals. Students completed precourse, postcourse, and retrospective assessments of their confidence, comfort level in leadership theory application, and project implementation. Effectiveness of the project pitch and team dynamics were assessed. Precourse, postcourse, and retrospective assessments of individual student progress in leadership, innovation, self-awareness, and professionalism also were completed. Results. For all confidence questions, a significant relationship was found between mean precourse and postcourse scores. A comparison of students' postcourse scores and their retrospective reflection scores indicated an increase in confidence to lead. At the conclusion of the course, the students reported improved confidence in their ability to communicate decisions (73%), create a vision (64%), and form a guiding coalition (55%). Conclusion. A five-module curriculum with corresponding project proposal successfully increased the confidence and comfort level of student pharmacists' in their leadership skillset.