cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Suicide: Assessment and Intervention

Understanding how to prevent suicide, the third leading cause of adolescent death, is the focus of this article. To prevent suicide, the nurse assesses risk factors, covert messages, overt suicide clues, and intervenes with the adolescent and family. Suicide risk and hopelessness decrease as suicidal youths learn to clarify problems, rally significant others, expand resources and use safe coping strategies. Interventions include a no-suicide contract, family therapy and school suicide prevention programs. Nurses can identify the youth at risk for suicide and, in many cases, provide the therapy that helps prevent suicide. Vignettes illustrate strategies that effectively reduce suicide risk.
Infrared thermometer calibration and viewing method effects on canopy temperature measurement

Abstract Infrared thermometers (IRT) are convenient devices for measuring the temperature of crop canopies. The effects of calibration and viewing method on measured canopy temperature were evaluated under field conditions. Eighteen IRT were calibrated to measure relative temperature (target temperature minus IRT detector temperature) over a relative temperature range of ±20°C. A linear equation with individual coefficients for each IRT estimated the relative temperature more closely than the manufacturer's single fifth-order polynomial calibration equation. Differences in relative temperature between the field and manufacturer calibrations indicated that individual calibration of IRT was required for accuracies of 2.0°C or better. Periodic recalibration of individual IRT was also necessary to maintain the same levels of accuracy. Canopy temperatures measured by scanning vs. fixed-position viewing with IRT were significantly different only under partly cloudy conditions. Canopy temperatures on the south side of east-west rows were higher than those on the north side (paired t-test, α=0.90).
A quantitative examination of the role of cargo-exerted forces in axonal transport

Abstract Axonal transport, via molecular motors kinesin and dynein, is a critical process in supplying the necessary constituents to maintain normal neuronal function. In this study, we predict the role of cooperativity by motors of the same polarity across the entire spectrum of physiological axonal transport. That is, we examined how the number of motors, either kinesin or dynein, working together to move a cargo, results in the experimentally determined velocity profiles seen in fast and slow anterograde and retrograde transport. We quantified the physiological forces exerted on a motor by a cargo as a function of cargo size, transport velocity, and transport type. Our results show that the force exerted by our base case neurofilament (DNF=10 nm, LNF=1.6 μm) is ∼1.25 pN at 600 nm/s; additionally, the force exerted by our base case organelle (Dorg=1 μm) at 1000 nm/s is ∼5.7 pN. Our results indicate that while a single motor can independently carry an average cargo, cooperativity is required to produce the experimental velocity profiles for fast transport. However, no cooperativity is required to produce the slow transport velocity profiles; thus, a single dynein or kinesin can carry the average neurofilament retrogradely or anterogradely, respectively. The potential role cooperativity may play in the hypothesized mechanisms of motoneuron transport diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is discussed.
In vitro radiation-induced neoplastic progression of low-grade uroepithelial tumors

Recent interest has focused on the identification of molecular genetic mechanisms in multistep neoplastic transformation. In vitro exposure of simian virus 40 (SV40)-immortalized human uroepithelial cells (SV-HUC) that are environmentally relevant to bladder carcinogens has been shown to produce tumorigenic transformation, as assessed by the ability of cells exposed to a carcinogen to form xenograph tumors with heterogeneous cancer phenotypes ranging from very aggressive, invasive high-grade carcinomas to superficial low-grade indolent tumors. In addition, exposure of a low-grade indolent tumor generated in the SV-HUC system, MC-T11, to the same carcinogens results in neoplastic progression as assessed by the production of high-grade aggressive cancers. In the present study, we show neoplastic progression of MC-T11 after in vitro exposure to a single dose of 6 Gy X-rays. In addition, we show that the chromosome deletions, including losses of 4q, 11p, 13q and 18, observed in these radiation-induced tumors are similar to those observed in carcinogen-induced tumors, thus supporting the hypothesis that the experimental cell system, not the transforming agent, dictates the genetic losses required for tumorigenic transformation and progression. 26 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.
Audience involvement in the epideictic discourse of television talk shows

This study examines the popularity of television talk shows by linking the manner in which they are practiced to a theory of epideictic discourse. Four principles of epideictic discourse are laid out and then applied to television talk shows. The argument is presented that today's television talk shows are resonating with viewers because the epideictic form of the genre rhetorically invites the audience to perceive of the viewing experience as meaningful at more than one level. This essay concludes that television talk shows fill a timeless need for human beings to feel involved in civic discourse.
A New Year

Editor in Chief Gabriel Taubin discusses the Meet the Editors panel discussion he participated in at VisWeek and IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications' new best article award. He encourages people to submit full-length articles for peer review as well as shorter articles for CG&A's departments.
Synthesis and Reactions of Tungsten Oxo Vinylalkylidene Complexes: Reactions of WCl2(O)(PX3) (X = OMe, R) Precursors with 3,3-Diphenylcyclopropene†

Complexes of the type WCl2(O)[PX3]3 (PX3 = P(OMe)3 (1); PMePh2 (2)) were synthesized according to procedures previously described in the literature. Upon treatment with 3,3-diphenylcyclopropene, complexes 1 and 2 afforded the corresponding η2-cyclopropene complexes. Spectroscopic data of W(η2-diphenylcyclopropene)Cl2(O)[PX3]2 (PX3 = P(OMe)3 (4); PMePh2 (5)) were consistent with an octahedral geometry in which the two mutually trans PX3 ligands and the cyclopropene ligand occupy equatorial positions cis to the apical oxo ligand. The thermal rearrangement of the η2-cyclopropene complexes leads to the dimerization product of 3,3-diphenylcyclopropene: 1,1,6,6-tetraphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. The presence of carbene species before the dimerization occurs has been demonstrated. Upon treatment with 2 equiv of lithium hexafluoro-tert-butoxide, complexes 4 and 5 give the vinyl alkylidene complexes W(CHCHCPh2)(O)[OC(CH3)(CF3)2]2[PX3] (PX3 = P(OMe)3 (10); PMePh2 (7)). The spectroscopic data of 10 and 7 indicated a dis...
A traditional demonstration of the active properties of Pavlovian inhibition using differential CER

Rats in an experimental group were given 30 trials of differential CER and then the CS+ and CS− were combined during CER extinction. The combination resulted in less suppression for the experimental group than shown by a control group which had a CS+ and a formerly random stimulus combined during extinction. This was interpreted as a demonstration of the active inhibitory properties of CS−.
Issues in disclosing a diagnosis of dementia

As the number of older persons in the U.S. increases there is also an increase in incidence of dementia. Neuropsychologists, because of their role in the assessment of cognitive functioning, will see more aged patients and face many related ethical concerns. Ethical concerns involved in the disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia have produced considerable debate. This paper will discuss a number of issues that may affect the neuropsychologist's decision to disclose a dementia diagnosis. Topics discussed include the impact of the patient's mental capacity and awareness of cognitive deficits on the decision process; respect for the autonomy of the patient; the ethical responsibility to "do no harm"; the sometimes-competing wishes of the patient and their caregivers and the impact of not telling the truth. Also discussed are some advantages of disclosing diagnoses to patients and suggestions on the best strategies for disclosing a dementia diagnosis.
Restless legs syndrome and Parkinson's disease in men

We examined whether men with restless legs syndrome (RLS) have a higher prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) among 23,119 US participants of the Health Professional Follow-up Study who were free of diabetes and arthritis. RLS was assessed using a set of standardized questions recommended by the International RLS Study Group. PD cases were identified by self-reported questionnaires and confirmed by review of medical records. Compared to men without RLS, multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for PD were 1.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.4, 3.0) for men with RLS symptoms 5-14 times per month and 3.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.5, 6.2; P trend=0.003) for those with symptoms 15 times or more per month, after adjusting for age, smoking, use of antidepressant, and other covariates. In conclusion, men with RLS are more likely to have concurrent PD. Prospective studies are warranted to clarify the temporal relationship between RLS and PD.
COMPLIANCE WITH FINAL JUDGMENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE SINCE 1987

Commentators on the International Court of Justice (ICJ) note that cases of noncompliance with final judgments are very rare. The ICJ registrar Philippe Couvreur, however, recognized that compliance is often hard to determine because judgments are varied, declarations may not reflect actual conduct, effects may only become apparent long after the judgment is given, and the legal or political situation may substantially change after the judgment. In this vein, Judge Jennings asked: The judgments of the Court are binding in law, but do they, in fact, resolve the matter? More work needs to be done here. It is ironic that the Court's business up to the delivery of judgment is published in lavish detail, but it is not at all easy to find out what happened afterwards.
Digital fluorescence photography can assess the suppressive effect of benzoyl peroxide on Propionibacterium acnes

Abstract Background: Porphyrins produced by Propionibacterium acnes exhibit an orange-red fluorescence under UVA light. The amount of fluorescence can be estimated by digital fluorescence photography. Objective: We thought that digital fluorescence photography would be a quicker and simpler method than bacteriologic culture to demonstrate depopulation of P acnes in sebaceous follicles. We used benzoyl peroxide to bring about rapid suppression of P acnes. Methods: Benzoyl peroxide 10% was applied twice daily for 7 days to the faces of 9 subjects. Five subjects were untreated controls. Digital fluorescence photographs of cheek and nose, and scrub samples for quantitative recovery of P acnes from the cheek were taken at baseline, day 3, day 7 (end of treatment), and day 16 (regression phase). Results: The effect of benzoyl peroxide against P acnes was clearly demonstrated both by culture and by fluorescence photography after only 3 days. Image analysis of porphyrin fluorescence correlated well with the decrease in P acnes density from scrub cultures. No further decrease was observed at day 7 (end of therapy). Ten days later there was a return to baseline values, although in some subjects these remained lower. Conclusion: Digital fluorescence photography is a reliable, fast, and easy screening technique to demonstrate the suppressive effect of topical antibacterial agents on P acnes. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:710-6.)
Building regulatory compliant storage systems

In the past decade, informational records have become entirely digital. These include financial statements, health care records, student records, private consumer information and other sensitive data. Because of the delicate nature of the data these records contain, Congress and the courts have begun to recognize the importance of properly storing and securing electronic records. Examples of legislation include the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) of 1999, and the more recent Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) and Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. Altogether, there exist over 4,000 acts and regulations that govern digital storage, all with a varying range of requirements for maintaining electronic records.
Synthesis of Co Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser Irradiation of Cobalt Carbonyl in Organic Solution

Interest in producing magnetic nanoparticles with controllable sizes has led to the development of new synthesis methods. In this article, we report the synthesis of sub 4 nm cobalt nanoparticles by using pulsed laser irradiation to decompose cobalt carbonyl in a solution of stabilizing ligands. The physical characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, and SQUID magnometry. It was possible to control the size of the synthesized nanoparticles by varying the reaction conditions such as the ligand concentration and the wavelength of light used. The formation mechanism of the nanoparticles was also investigated by changing these conditions. It is possible that this technique could be applied to the synthesis of a variety of nanomaterials with potential applications such as biomedicine, catalysis, and water purification.
The effect of experienced limb identity upon adaptation to simulated displacement of the visual field

Ss were confronted with a situation which mimicked the visuomotor consequences of an 11-deg lateral displacement of the visual field (leftward in Experiment I and rightward in Experiment II). The displacement was effected by having E place his own finger to one side of S’s nonvisible finger. Ss who were informed of this deception prior to the exposure period (informed group) manifested significantly less adaptation (“negative aftereffect” and “proprioceptive shift”) than did Ss who were told that their vision would be displaced by the goggles which they were wearing (misinformed group). It was concluded that adaptation to visual rearrangement is strongly influenced by S’s assumptions regarding the adequacy of his vision and the identity of the manual limb which he is viewing.
Pulmonary volume recruitment manoeuvre restores pulmonary compliance and resistance after apnoea in anaesthetized lambs.

Summary Background: We studied the effects of an episode of induced apnoea on the dynamic compliance (Crs) and resistance (Rrs) of the respiratory system in anaesthetized lambs and investigated the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of a timed reexpansion inspiratory manoeuvre (TRIM). Methods: Following 2 min of apnoea, three manoeuvres were randomly performed: (i) control: reventilated without TRIM using initial settings and gas composition of 30% oxygen in 70% nitrous oxide; (b) T1: TRIM with 30% oxygen in 70% nitrous oxide, followed by reventilation with the initial settings; and (c) T2: preoxygenate with 100% oxygen, apnoea, then TRIM with 100% oxygen, then reventilation with 100% oxygen at the initial settings. The percentage change in Crs and Rrs was calculated at first breath, second breath, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120 and 180 s postapnoea. Results: Mean control decreased 15% and did not return to baseline during the study period. TRIM increased mean Crs in T1 and T2 by 8% and 9%, respectively, at first breath and returned to baseline and did not deteriorate for the remainder of the study period. Mean Rrs in the control group increased 20% and did not return to baseline during the study period. Mean Rrs in T1 and T2 initially increased 17% and 27%, respectively, at first breath and returned to baseline within 40 s. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that significant deterioration occurs in Crs and Rrs following 2 min of apnoea in anaesthetized lambs, which is not corrected with normal ventilation but is rapidly and completely reversed with a TRIM. This supports our hypothesis that volume recruitment of alveoli is an effective manoeuvre in restoring lung function. The practice of preoxygenation is also reinforced as the lambs maintained maximal oxygen saturation if they were ventilated with 100% oxygen prior to the 2 min of apnoea.
Sexual Orientation Discrimination after Grant v South‐West Trains

In Grant v South-West Trains [1998] ECR I-621, the European Court of Justice implied that, as a general matter, discrimination against an employee on the ground of sexual orientation did not violate Article 141 EC. This article argues that Grant rests on shaky foundations, in that it is conceptually inconsistent with the Court’s earlier decision in P v S and Cornwall County Council [1996] ECR I-2143. Furthermore, the scope of Grant has since been qualified by decisions of the European Court of Human Rights – decisions which may well have undermined the status of the case more broadly. However these difficulties are ultimately resolved, the Court of Justice’s treatment of sexual orientation discrimination exposes flaws in its approach as a self-proclaimed constitutional court.
Integration of Long-Term-Memory-Related Synaptic Plasticity Involves Bidirectional Regulation of Gene Expression and Chromatin Structure

Excitatory and inhibitory inputs converge on single neurons and are integrated into a coherent output. Although much is known about short-term integration, little is known about how neurons sum opposing signals for long-term synaptic plasticity and memory storage. In Aplysia, we find that when a sensory neuron simultaneously receives inputs from the facilitatory transmitter 5-HT at one set of synapses and the inhibitory transmitter FMRFamide at another, long-term facilitation is blocked and synapse-specific long-term depression dominates. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that 5-HT induces the downstream gene C/EBP by activating CREB1, which recruits CBP for histone acetylation, whereas FMRFa leads to CREB1 displacement by CREB2 and recruitment of HDAC5 to deacetylate histones. When the two transmitters are applied together, facilitation is blocked because CREB2 and HDAC5 displace CREB1-CBP, thereby deacetylating histones.
Electronic structure of the copper oxides: Band picture versus correlated behavior

Abstract In the 2 1/2 years since the discovery of the high temperature superconducting copper oxides, a great deal has been learned from experiment about their behavior. From the theoretical side, there continues to be developments both within the band picture and from the model Hamiltonian viewpoint emphasizing correlations. In this paper we discuss briefly these complementary viewpoints in relation to certain of the experimental data. Due to our background in the band structure area, we approach the discussion by evaluating which phenomena can be (or has been) accounted for by the standard band approach, and point out which properties appear to require more intricate treatments of correlation.
Rhythmic and phytochrome-regulated changes in transmembrane potential in samanea pulvini.

NYCTINASTIC plants such as Albizzia julibrissin, Mimosa pudica and Samanea saman have compound leaves with paired leaflets which are usually horizontal (open) during daylight and vertical (closed) at night, oscillating between these positions with a circadian rhythm during long dark periods1–3. The angle of a leaflet is determined by the relative turgour of motor cells on opposite sides of the pulvinus, an organ which subtends the leaflet. Extensor cells are turgid and flexor cells are flaccid when leaflets are open and vice versa when they are closed. This is regulated by movements of potassium2,4–8, which is high in turgid cells and low in flaccid cells. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation and low temperatures impede opening and promote closure, suggesting that active transport predominates during opening, while diffusion is favoured during closure4,8–10.
A Bulk Resin Bead Procedure To Obtain Uranium And Plutonium From Radioactive Solutions For Mass Spectrometric Analysis

A method is described for extracting representative uranium and plutonium samples from highly radioactive solutions for isotopic mass spectrometric analysis. Anion resin beads in the nitrate form are used to effect separation from fission products and other actinides. Conditions required to achieve separation are proper adjustment of the uranium and nitric acid concentrations. Once uranium and plutonium are adsorbed, each bead serves as a sample for mass spectrometric analysis, with plutonium and uranium being run sequentially from the same bead. Quantitative determination of the two elements is effected through the technique of isotopic dilution.
Hip adductor activations during run-to-cut manoeuvres in compression shorts: implications for return to sport after groin injury

AbstractAthletes at high risk of groin strains in sports such as hockey and soccer often choose to wear shorts with directional compression to aid in prevention of or recovery from hip adductor strains. Large, eccentric contractions are known to result in or exacerbate strain injuries, but it is unknown if these shorts have a beneficial effect on hip adductor muscle activity. In this study, surface electromyography (EMG) of the adductor longus and ground reaction force (GRF) data were obtained simultaneously on 29 healthy individuals without previous history of serious injury while performing unanticipated 45° run-to-cut manoeuvres in a laboratory setting wearing shorts with non-directional compression (control, HeatGear, Under Armour, USA) or shorts with directional compression (directional, CoreShort PRO, Under Armour, USA), in random order. Average adductor activity in the stance leg was significantly lower in the directional condition than in the control condition during all parts of stance phase (all...
Spatial and Temporal Dependence of Lead Emission in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Two-dimensional images of the distribution in space and time of the chemical species associated with the spectral emission from a laserinduced breakdown (LIB) plasma on a solid sample were captured. The time-dependent spatial shape and size of the plasma, viewed simultaneously from two orthogonal directions, were measured in terms of the emission from a lead ionic line and a set of lead atomic lines. The temporal and spatial behavior are characteristically different for the different spectral lines. The ionic emission (220 nm) is confined to a smaller, more concentrated central part of the LIB plasma, whereas the atomic emission (280 nm) is more evenly dispersed over the entire plasma. A protrusion of the plasma was observed where there was no significant emission at 220 or 280 nm. Time-resolved spectral imaging has the potential to considerably improve analytical LIB spectroscopy (LIBS) results and lead to a better fundamental understanding of its behavior.
Selective Alterations in Postsynaptic Markers of Chandelier Cell Inputs to Cortical Pyramidal Neurons in Subjects with Schizophrenia

Markers of GABA neurotransmission between chandelier neurons and their synaptic targets, the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, are altered in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of subjects with schizophrenia. For example, immunoreactivity for the GABA membrane transporter (GAT1) is decreased in presynaptic chandelier neuron axon terminals, whereas immunoreactivity for the GABAA receptor α2 subunit is increased in postsynaptic AIS. To understand the nature and functional significance of these alterations, we determined the density, laminar distribution, and length of AIS immunoreactive (IR) for ankryin-G and βIV spectrin, two proteins involved in the regulation of synapse structure and ion channel clustering at AIS, in dlPFC area 46 from 14 matched triads of subjects with schizophrenia or major depressive disorder (MDD) and normal comparison participants. The density of ankyrin-G-IR AIS in the superficial, but not in the deep, cortical layers was significantly decreased by 15–19% in the subjects with schizophrenia relative to the other participant groups. In contrast, no group differences were present in the density of βIV spectrin-IR AIS. The length of labeled AIS did not differ across participant groups for either ankyrin-G or βIV spectrin. The density of ankyrin-G-IR AIS was not altered in the dlPFC of macaque monkeys chronically exposed to antipsychotic medications. Given the important role of ankyrin-G in the recruitment and stabilization of sodium channels and other integral membrane proteins to AIS, our findings suggest that these processes are selectively altered in superficial layer pyramidal neurons in subjects with schizophrenia.
Mössbauer spectroscopy and catalytic studies of iron-exchanged, silicon-substituted Y-zeolite

Iron-exchanged zeolites with SiAl ratios ranging from 2.49 to 8.88 were characterized by Mossbauer spectroscopy and studied for the decomposition of N2O. Mossbauer spectra were collected at room temperature after pretreatments in H2 and O2 at 700 K, and after exposure of the samples to CO or H2O. Nitrous oxide decomposition activities were determined at 800 K under a N2O partial pressure of 3.5 kPa. Mossbauer spectra collected after pretreatment in H2 showed that silicon-substituted Fe-Y had a larger fraction of iron cations in sites I′, II′, and/or II than conventional Fe-Y, in which most iron cations were in site I. The silicon-substituted Fe-Y catalysts had higher turnover frequencies for the decomposition of N2O than conventional Fe-Y. Mossbauer spectra collected after pretreatment in O2 showed that a fraction of the iron cations in silicon-substituted Fe-Y was more difficult to oxidize to Fe3+ than the iron in conventional Fe-Y. This result suggests that pairs of iron cations in close proximity are needed for the oxidation process to occur readily. Finally, exposure of the zeolites to CO or H2O produced Mossbauer spectroscopy doublets due to iron cations associated with adsorbate molecules. These doublets indicate that ferrous cations at sites I′, II′, and/or II serve as adsorption centers for H2O, the adsorption process increasing the coordination of the ferrous cations, and that ferrous cations at site II can serve as adsorption Centers for CO as well.
Ben Franklin Stilled the Waves: An Informal History of Pouring Oil on Water with Reflections on the Ups and Downs of Scientific Life in General

Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Benjamin Franklin 3. Friends and Influences 4. The French Connection 5. Pliny the Elder 6. Eighteenth-Century Science 7. Franklin's Experiment: The Observation 8. How Small is a Molecule? The Calculation Franklin Did Not Make 9. One Hundred Years Later: Science Comes of Age 10. Lord Rayleigh 11. Meticulous Miss Pockels 12. Comrades in the Search: The Flavor of Late Nineteenth-Century Physics 13. Ben Franklin Wonders Why (Molecular Interpretation) 14. In Praise of Water 15. Irving Langmuir - Cells and Membranes 16. Biology - Cells and Membranes 17. Ernest Overton: Gentle Genius 18. Gorter and Grendel: A Factor of Two 19. Epilogue - The Biological Frontier Bibliography Index
Effective core potential calculations for some hydrocarbons

Electronic structure calculations are performed using the coreless Hartree-Fock (CHF) effective potential scheme. Comparisons between all-electron and CHF valence electron energetic and structural results are made with a fixed all-electron basis set (6-31G). Also presented are the results of calculations using a split valence basis set that has been energetically optimized to the CHF local potential (CHF-LP-31G).
Two-dimensional echocardiographic visualization of turbulent intracardiac blood flow across the stenotic mitral valve.

Recently, we have observed the echogenicity of turbulent intracardiac blood flow across a stenotic mitral valve. This prompted us to determine the frequency of this finding and to reexamine the accepted hypothesis that blood echogenicity is always the result of red cel aggregation
Convective assembly of 2D lattices of virus-like particles visualized by in-situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering.

T he rapid assembly of icosohedral virus-like particles (VLPs) into highly ordered (domain size > 600 nm), oriented 2D superlattices directly onto a solid substrate using convective coating is demonstrated. In-situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is used to follow the self-assembly process in real time to characterize the mechanism of superlattice formation, with the ultimate goal of tailoring fi lm deposition conditions to optimize long-range order. From water, GISAXS data are consistent with a transport-limited assembly process where convective fl ow directs assembly of VLPs into a lattice oriented with respect to the water drying line. Addition of a nonvolatile solvent (glycerol) modifi ed this assembly pathway, resulting in nonoriented superlattices with improved long-range order. Modifi cation of electrostatic conditions (solution ionic strength, substrate charge) also alters assembly behavior; however, a comparison of in-situ assembly data between VLPs derived from the bacteriophages MS2 and Q β show that this assembly process is not fully described by a simple Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek model alone.
Love, Guilt, and the Sense of Justice

Theories about man's moral sensibilities, particularly his sense of justice, tend to reflect either optimism or pessimism about human nature. Among modern theorists Hobbes, Hume, and Freud are perhaps the most outstanding representatives of pessimism. Recently, optimistic theories, which view the sense of justice as linked essentially to the sentiments of love and friendship, have found favor with philosophers. Of these theories John Rawls's is the most notable. Section I considers the conceptual scheme optimists advance to establish this view of the sense of justice and argues that it has serious problems. Section II examines Rawls's account of moral development, which is an especially well worked out account on the optimistic side, and argues that, because it relies on the conceptual scheme discussed in Section I, it too is seriously problematic. Finally, Section III suggests that behind these problems lie reasons favoring a pessimistic view like Hume's or Freud's.
Syntheses and biological evaluations of highly functionalized hydroxamate containing and N -methylthio monobactams as anti-tuberculosis and β-lactamase inhibitory agents

Correction for ‘Syntheses and biological evaluations of highly functionalized hydroxamate containing and N-methylthio monobactams as anti-tuberculosis and β-lactamase inhibitory agents.
Film Casting of a Low Density Polyethylene Melt

Film casting is one of the major commercial film manufacturing processes. Although various investigators have studied the process, no comprehensive set of data is available. In this study, film cas...
Status of the global design initiative for an ILC

Report on ILC status and perspectives focusing mostly on the machine design status and issues. The key features of reference design will be reviewed. The evolving plans for developing an engineering design and the associated R&D program will be discussed.
A SYNTHETIC GLYCOLIPID WITH B-CELL MITOGENIC ACTIVITY

A synthetic glycolipid, N -palmitoyl-D-glucosamine, (NPG) was found to be a potent B-cell mitogen, that stimulated spleen cells from nu/nu as well as from normal mice. The proper dispersion of the water insoluble preparation is critical for the elicitation of this mitogenic effect. Limulus lysate clotting assay indicated that the NPG preparation either contains only 0.001% endotoxin contamination, or that NPG itself is 10–5 times less active in this assay than purified endotoxic LPS. Since such low levels of endotoxin concentration are not mitogenic, it is concluded that synthetic N -palmitoyl-D-glucosamine, when properly dispersed, is itself a B-cell mitogen.
Active‐Constructive‐Interactive: A Conceptual Framework for Differentiating Learning Activities

Active, constructive, and interactive are terms that are commonly used in the cognitive and learning sciences. They describe activities that can be undertaken by learners. However, the literature is actually not explicit about how these terms can be defined; whether they are distinct; and whether they refer to overt manifestations, learning processes, or learning outcomes. Thus, a framework is provided here that offers a way to differentiate active, constructive, and interactive in terms of observable overt activities and underlying learning processes. The framework generates a testable hypothesis for learning: that interactive activities are most likely to be better than constructive activities, which in turn might be better than active activities, which are better than being passive. Studies from the literature are cited to provide evidence in support of this hypothesis. Moreover, postulating underlying learning processes allows us to interpret evidence in the literature more accurately. Specifying distinct overt activities for active, constructive, and interactive also offers suggestions for how learning activities can be coded and how each kind of activity might be elicited.
Mood, primary heroin withdrawal, and acute methadone administration

This study was designed to: describe the internal state of addicts undergoing primary withdrawal, determine how the internal state is altered by the alleviation of withdrawal stress through an acute dose of methadone, and to determine a predictor of the probability of a patient completing detoxification. Sixty-seven male and female heroin addicts accepted for methadone detoxification were administered a 65-item Profile of Mood States (POMS). Forty-nine of the Ss were tested immediately prior to receiving their initial dose of methadone and again 45 minutes later, while the remaining 18 Ss were only tested 45 minutes after receiving their methadone in order to control for the effects of repeated testing. Each of the subscales measured by the POMS showed a significant decrease in mood disturbance following methadone administration (p less than .0001); these differences could not be attributed to the effects of repeated testing. Factor analysis of pre- and post-methadone treatment scores indicated a two-factor structure prior to receiving methadone and a single unified mood state after the alleviation of primary withdrawal stress. The Anger subscale, administered immediately prior to receiving methadone, was a highly significant predictor of the completion of detoxification (p less than .005). Further implications of the results were discussed.
Restoration of wetlands in the Mississippi–Ohio–Missouri (MOM) River Basin: Experience and needed research

Abstract An ecological and hydrologic restoration of the Mississippi–Ohio–Missouri (MOM) Basin in the United States is proposed as the solution to the reccurring hypoxic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. Nitrate–nitrogen is the cause of this eutrophication in the Gulf and its source is mainly due to increased fertilizer use in the American Midwest. In that same Midwest, the land has also been artificially drained and 80–90% of the original wetlands have been lost. Our proposed restoration involves the strategic creation and restoration of 2.2 million ha of wetlands in the MOM basin where in-field wetlands intercept agricultural runoff and diversion wetlands are overflowed by flooding river water. Case studies that total 50 wetland-years of data from Illinois, Ohio, and Louisiana are summarized as the basis for the restoration area estimate. Benefits of this restoration, in addition to solving the Gulf hypoxia, include water quality improvement, reduction of public health threats, habitat creation, and flood mitigation that will accrue to the locations in the MOM basin where the restoration occurs. Before the restoration commences, there is a need for formal and rigorous large-scale research in the basin to reduce uncertainties.
Projection pursuits for dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral signals in target recognition applications

Three dimensionality reduction methods, all based on parametric projection pursuits (PPP), are investigated for hyperspectral signatures consisting of 1000's of bands. These methods are the parallel parametric projection pursuits (PPPP), projection pursuits best band selection (PPBBS), and sequential parametric projection pursuits (SPPP). Two performance metrics are investigated for maximization during the design phase of the PPP-based methods; these include the Bhattacharyya distance (BD) and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. The three PPP-based methods and the two performance metrics are compared and tested on hyperspectral signatures consisting of approximately 2000 bands. In each case, the PPP-based methods are followed by feature extraction (selecting an optimum subset of projected spectral bands) and classification. The signatures are from an precision agricultural application, where the goal is to distinguish two weeds (sicklepod and cocklebur) commonly found in soybean and cotton crops. The classification accuracies of both the PPPP and PPBBS methods varied significantly depending on the type of classifier utilized. And the PPBBS method produced results with no improvement over classification that had no PPP-based preprocessing. The SPPP method was optimum, producing accuracies >95%, with the ROC metric producing marginally better results than the BD.
The selenoproteome exhibits widely varying, tissue-specific dependence on selenoprotein P for selenium supply

Selenoprotein P (Sel P) is a selenium-rich glycoprotein believed to play a key role in selenium (Se) transport throughout the body. Development of a Sel P knockout mouse model has supported this notion and initial studies have indicated that selenium supply to various tissues is differentially affected by genetic deletion of Sel P. Se in the form of the amino acid, selenocysteine, is incorporated into selenoproteins at UGA codons. Thus, Se availability affects not only selenoprotein levels, but also the turnover of selenoprotein mRNAs via the nonsense-mediated decay pathway. We investigated how genetic deletion of Sel P in mice affected levels of the mRNAs encoding all known members of the murine selenoprotein family, as well as three non-selenoprotein factors involved in their synthesis, selenophosphate synthetase 1 (SPS1), SECIS-binding protein 2 (SBP2) and SECp43. Our findings present a comprehensive description of selenoprotein mRNA expression in the following murine tissues: brain, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, spleen and testes. We also describe how abundance of selenoproteins and selenoprotein-synthesis factors are affected by genetic deletion of Sel P in some of these tissues, providing insight into how the presence of this selenoprotein influences selenoprotein mRNA levels, and thus, the selenoproteome.
Sea‐Cage Aquaculture, Sea Lice, and Declines of Wild Fish

A sea cage, sometimes referred to as a net pen, is an enclosure designed to prevent farm fish from escaping and to protect them from large predators, while allowing a free flow of water through the cage to carry away waste. Farm fish thus share water with wild fish, which enables transmission of parasites, such as sea lice, from wild to farm and farm to wild fishes. Sea lice epidemics, together with recently documented population-level declines of wild salmon in areas of sea-cage farming, are a reminder that sea-cage aquaculture is fundamentally different from terrestrial animal culture. The difference is that sea cages protect farm fish from the usual pathogen-control mechanisms of nature, such as predators, but not from the pathogens themselves. A sea cage thus becomes an unintended pathogen factory. Basic physical theory explains why sea-cage aquaculture causes sea lice on sympatric wild fish to increase and why increased lice burdens cause wild fish to decline, with extirpation as a real possibility. Theory is important to this issue because slow declines of wild fish can be difficult to detect amid large fluctuations from other causes. The important theoretical concepts are equilibrium, host-density effect, reservoir-host effect, and critical stocking level of farmed fish (stocking level at which lice proliferate on farm fish even if wild fish are not present to infect them). I explored these concepts and their implications without mathematics through examples from salmon farming. I also considered whether the lice-control techniques used by sea-cage farmers (medication and shortened grow-out times) are capable of protecting wild fish. Elementary probability showed that [graphic removed] (where W is the abundance of wild fish, W* is the prefarm abundance, F is the abundance of farm fish, and [graphic removed] is the ratio of lice per farm fish to lice per wild fish). Declines of wild fish can be reduced by short growing cycles for farm fish, medicating farm fish, and keeping farm stocking levels low. Declines can be avoided only by ensuring that wild fish do not share water with farmed fish, either by locating sea cages very far from wild fish or through the use of closed-containment aquaculture systems. These principles are likely to govern any aquaculture system where cage-protected farm hosts and sympatric wild hosts have a common parasite with a direct life cycle.
Assistive Technology: Are the Necessary Skills and Knowledge Being Developed at the Preservice and Inservice Levels?.

Assistive Technology (AT) devices and services have been legally mandated for several years. However, the passage of the Individuals with Disabilities Act Amendments P.L. 105–17 (IDEA1997), which s...
Microvascular Anastomoses Using End-to-End versus End-to-Side Technique in Lower Extremity Free Tissue Transfer.

Background The decision to perform an end-to-end (ETE) or end-to-side (ETS) arterial anastomosis in lower extremity free tissue transfer has not been thoroughly evaluated in a large multisurgeon setting. The authors compared the reconstructive outcomes of lower extremity free flaps with ETE and ETS arterial anastomoses. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed their 17-year institutional experience with lower extremity free flaps to determine whether ETE or ETS arterial anastomoses were associated with foot ischemic complications and flap failure. Results From 1996 to 2013, 398 patients underwent 413 lower extremity free flaps with ETE (66%) or ETS (34%) arterial anastomoses. The incidence of postoperative foot ischemia was 2% ( n = 8). The flap failure rate was 11% ( n = 45). The ETS technique was preferred in patients with fewer intact vessels to the foot (32% ETS for three-vessel runoff, 36% ETS for two-vessel runoff, and 50% ETS for single-vessel runoff) and when an intact recipient vessel was selected for anastomosis (60% ETS for intact vessel vs. 25% ETS for distally occluded vessel). No differences were observed in the foot ischemia ( p = 0.45) and flap failure rates ( p = 0.59) for ETE versus ETS arterial anastomoses. In subset analyses, the incidence of foot ischemia did not differ for either technique in the context of impaired vascular runoff or recipient vessel selection. Conclusion No advantage was noted for ETE or ETS arterial anastomoses based on reconstructive outcomes. The choice of anastomotic technique in lower extremity free tissue transfer should be based on patient factors and the clinical circumstances encountered.
Posterior Mini-Incision Approach for Total Hip Replacement

We developed a modification of the posterior mini-incision for total hip arthroplasty, which was initially used by Sculco at The Hospital for Special Surgery, in response to the movement in the orthopaedic community to perform total hip arthroplasty with smaller incisions. Our approach preserves the piriformis and quadratus femoris muscles of the external rotators, uses three incisions into the capsule but does not excise the capsule, does not incise the tensor fascia/iliotibial band, and leaves intact the insertion of the gluteus maximus onto the femur. We have used this incision since 2004, and our published results and those of others show that the greatest advantage is cosmetic and patients' perception of less violation of their body. It is a contributor to the same-day surgery program and rapid recovery protocol on which we have reported. The steps of the procedure include (1) an incision made along the posterior edge of the greater trochanter from the level of the vastus tubercle to one fingerbreadth from the tip of the greater trochanter; (2) a deep L-shaped incision parallel to the piriformis tendon, and along the posterior edge of the greater trochanter through the small external rotator muscles and hip capsule to the proximal edge of the quadratus to expose the femoral head and neck; (3) measurement of the neck cut from the distal edge of the femoral head and amputation of the femoral head; (4) exposure of the cut neck of the femur with retractors and broaching of the femur; (5) exposure of the acetabulum with retractors and acetabular reaming to prepare it for the cup; (6) implantation of the cup and stem and a femoral head of the correct length to restore lower-limb length and offset; and (7) closure of the wound in layers with the skin with subcutaneous sutures and sealing of the wound with a DERMABOND dressing (Ethicon). The expected outcome is that the patient will walk with full weight-bearing on the day of the operation and be discharged home that day or the next. Patients with occupations that do not require physical labor can return to work in one week, and according to our data 98% of patients under sixty-five can walk one mile (1.6 km) by three weeks. Recovery is in three phases: for the first month, the patient has soreness and swelling from the surgical trauma to the tissues; at three months, the muscles are well healed; and at six months, bone healing is mature. The hip is "forgotten" (the patient goes days without thinking about it) after six months.
Ad allocation for browse sessions

A user's session of information need often goes well beyond his search query and first click on the search result page and therefore is characterized by both search and browse activities on the web. In such settings, the effectiveness of an ad (measured as CtoC ratio, as well as #(conversions) per unit payment) could change based on what pages the user visits and the ads he encounters earlier in the session. We assume that an advertiser's welfare is solely derived from conversions. Our first contribution is to show that the effectiveness of an ad depends upon the past events in the session, namely past exposure to self as well as to competitors. To this end, we analyze logs of user activity over a period of one month from Microsoft AdCenter Delivery Engine. We then propose a new bidding language that allows the advertiser to specify his valuation of a user's click as a function of these externalities, and study the improvement in prediction of conversion events with the new bidding language. We also study theoretical aspects of the allocation problem under new bidding language and conduct an extensive empirical analysis to measure effectiveness of our proposed allocation schemes.
Context and Motive: Evidence and intentional explanation in international relations

A common type of question asked in International Relations (IR) research is “why did they do that?”. A common evidentiary strategy to answer this type of question is to correlate actions of the same type with properties of the strategic context in which the action was taken. This process is common practice in the most prominent IR journals. However, the process is unjustified and does not provide the kind of evidence that would allow us to differentiate between alternative explanations. This paper shows why correlating contextual factors with action cannot give us the reasons for action. First, motives cannot be inferred directly from contextual conditions; Second, different actors can do the same action for different reasons; Third, imperfect correlation leaves cases or variation unaccounted for. The findings from three recent papers are considered in light of these arguments. The paper calls for no longer using this type of correlation for motive attribution and instead triangulating a variety of types of evidence.