cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The First Iguanodontid Dinosaur Tracks from the Swiss Alps (Schrattenkalk Formation, Aptian)

Until now dinosaur tracks from Switzerland were only known from Triassic and Late Jurassic strata. We report here for the first time the occurrence of ornithopod tracks from the Schrattenkalk Formation (Late Aptian) from the Swiss Central Alps. The locality is situated in an abandoned quarry on the shore of Lake Lucerne close to the village of Beckenried. The steeply inclined surface has more than 50 tracks (in three trackways) of ornithopod dinosaurs that are attributed to iguanodontids. Three trackways can be followed for distances of 25 to 35 m. The lengths the footprints (mean: 30 cm) point to animals ranging in size of from 4 to 6 m, with estimated hip heights between 1.8 and 2 m (hip height 6 FL) and 1.4 to 1.7 m (hip height 5 FL). One of the trackways shows two succesive manus impressions, indicating facultative quadrupedal gait. The track bearing layer consists of shallow water micrites with traces of emersion, and it is overlain by bioclastic grainstones. Previously the Upper Schrattenkalk Member...
Isoelectric focusing in agarose

We describe here the use of a new agarose for isoelectric focusing of body fluids and tissue proteins. Macromolecular proteins even when significantly greater in size than 1 X 10(6) mol.wt. were easily and rapidly focused.
Preterm premature rupture of membranes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: a novel case series.

Objective. To evaluate the management and outcomes of a series of human immunodeficiency virus-(HIV-) infected women whose pregnancies were complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Study design. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all women with confirmed HIV infection who had a pregnancy complicated by PPROM remote from term. PPROM remote from term was defined as rupture of membranes prior to 32-week gestation. Collective cases from two centers (Hennepin County Medical Center and The University of Alabama at Birmingham) were reviewed and data on management and outcomes were abstracted. Results. Of the HIV-positive women, we identified 291 pregnancies having occurred in the study interval from two institutions. Of these pregnancies, 7 (2.4%) developed PPROM remote from term with subsequent delivery from 25- to 32-week gestation. Vertical HIV transmission was noted in 2 of 6 children whose long-term followup status was confirmed (33%) of these cases. However, both of these cases occurred in women with either no antepartum/intrapartum antiviral therapy or where only zidovudine monotherapy was used. Importantly, in spite of expectant management, no cases of vertical HIV transmission occurred in women who were receiving either multidrug or highly active antiviral therapy (HAART) at the time of PPROM and who had a cesarean delivery in cases where the predelivery viral load &#x3E; 1000 copies/mL. Conclusion. Our limited observations raise the question as to whether in the current era of multidrug therapy immediate delivery should be undertaken in HIV
The academic librarian and the academe

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the increased lack of clarity about the professional role of academic librarians, and where the future lies in the academic environment during this period of fast information environment change.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of a literature review and commentary on developments in the area of academic librarianship in a new information environment.Findings – The profession is finding ways to become equipped and incorporate new technologies into the existing framework of high‐quality information service delivery. As the demands and wishes of end users transform, librarians have sought to re‐define what the library building and services mean to those who use the library. Because the nature of the content librarians work with is dramatically re‐structuring, so the profession is experimenting with new ideas for its capture, organization and delivery.Practical implications – It is important for academic librarians to work towards the transformation o...
Smallpox over San Diego: Joint Real-Time Federations of Distributed Simulations and Simulation Users under a Common Scenario

A joint project between the California and New Mexico branches of Sandia National Laboratories has demonstrated the formation of joint real-time federations of both distributed simulations and distributed simulation users under a common scenario. Two software integration frameworks were used to achieve the real-time federations. The IDSim framework, developed by Georgia Tech University and Sandia National Laboratories, was used to create the real-time federation of distributed simulations, in this case the BioDAC WMD simulation and the N-ABLEtrade agent-based microeconomic simulation (more properly, because of the impact of hurricanes Katrina and Rita, an N-ABLEtrade emulator). The GroupMeldtrade multimedia synchronous collaboration framework, developed by Sandia, was used to create the real-time federation of simulation users and simulation analysis communities. The common scenario was the release of smallpox over San Diego, California, and the operating hypothesis was that the economy itself dampens the spread of a pathogen. In addition, a small pilot experiment using the joint federations allowed a greater range of crisis management options to be performed and evaluated than would have been possible without the use of the integration frameworks.
Cleavage of CCK 33 by Recombinant PC2in Vitro

Abstract The specificity and kinetic properties of CCK 33 cleavage by recombinant prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) was investigated using a combination of Sephadex G-50 chromatography, HLPC and RIA methods. It is shown that CCK 33 can be cleaved effectively by PC2 to form CCK 8, the reaction of which has a K m of 104.8 μM. No CCK 22 or other products were detected and the reaction is completely inhibited by the PC2 inhibitor, p-CMS (p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid), suggesting that the cleavage is PC2 specific. The time course of this reaction shows an initial lag phase followed by a rapid increase in velocity consistent with a previously reported spontaneous transformation from a 71 kDa relatively inactive form into a more active form of 62 kDa (1). PC2 did not cleave recombinant pro CCK or CCK 1-21. These results demonstrate that PC2, an enzyme usually associated with dibasic cleavages, can cleave easily at single basic residues.
The Coming of the Post-Industrial Society

(1976). The Coming of the Post-Industrial Society. The Educational Forum: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 574-579.
Nanostructured silicon for biomedical application

We have developed a process for fabricating reproducible nanostructured silicon materials at low temperatures (<100C) using high density plasma chemical vapor deposition. These films have a column/void network morphology and they can be deposited on glass, on plastics, on metal foils, or even on substrates with previously existing, completed structures or circuits. The films have absorption properties that qualify them for the description " molecular VelcroTM In addition their optical properties can be tailored and they can have very low reflectance with high absorption in the UV. These films can easily be chemically modified and functionalized. In this report we discuss the deposition and morphology of these films. We also outline several bio-medical applications: substrates for cell growth, substrates for mass analysis for proteomics, and sacrificial layer applications for nano-and micro-channel and reaction chamber formation.
Hydrolysis of Temazepam in Simulated Gastric Fluid and Its Pharmacological Consequence

Temazepam (TMZ), a hypnotic and anxiolytic drug, underwent hydrolysis in simulated gastric fluid (SGF; pH 1.2). The hydrolysis reaction of TMZ in acetonitrile:SGF (1:19 v/v) at 37 degrees C was an apparent first-order reaction, with a half-life of 5.47 +/- 0.17 h (i.e., approximately 12% of the remaining TMZ was hydrolyzed per hour). The predominant hydrolysis product (2'-benzoyl-4'-chloro-N-methyl-2-amino-2-hydroxyacetanilide) and a minor hydrolysis product [2-(methylamino)-5-chlorobenzophenone], derived from acid-catalyzed reaction of TMZ in an aqueous solution, were characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption mass, infrared, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra analyses. The kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction were studied as a function of acid concentration, temperature, and ionic strength and in deuterated solvent. Results indicated that the predominant hydrolysis reaction at pH approximately pKa (1.46) was caused by protonation at N4, followed by a nucleophilic attack by water at C5 of the C5-N4 iminium ion and a subsequent ring-opening reaction. Pharmacological activity tests in mice indicated that the predominant hydrolysis product of TMZ was inactive. The results suggest that a fraction of an orally taken TMZ may be inactivated by hydrolysis in the highly acidic gastric fluid.
Numerical Simulation of a Low-Precipitation Supercell Thunderstorm

Numerical simulations of thunderstorms using initial conditions from an Oklahoma storm event on 26 April 1984 have been carried out using the Klemp-Wilhelmson cloud model. Two thermodynamic and two horizontal wind profiles are mixed to create four initial storm environments. The two initial thermodynamic profiles are designated as moderately and highly unstable. Both hodographs have considerable vertical wind shear, with the extremely unstable profile having substantially stronger storm-relative curvature shear in the lowest few kilometers, as measured by the helicity of the environment. Storms are initialized with two different temperature-perturbation warm bubbles. A variety of storms, qualitatively covering the range observed on this day, are simulated. With a strongly sheared, moderate instability environment, the two different temperature-perturbation simulations differ qualitatively, unlike the other pairs of simulations. Of particular interest is the simulation carried out with the weaker temperature-perturbation. It displays many of the characteristics of observed low-precipitation (LP) supercell storms. Without artificially suppressing rainfall, this storm produces very little precipitation over the first 6000 s of its lifetime. During this time, there is no strong downdraft at the lowest model level and vorticity at that level is much less than the values aloft. We hypothesize that LP storms can be generated by smaller initial impulses than “classic” supercells in environments typically associated with a supercell storm, as speculated by Bluestein and Parks (1983), since they are more susceptible to turbulent entrainment in highly sheared environments.
Homogeneous nucleation of gas bubbles in liquids

Abstract The inadequacies of present knowledge of homogeneous bubble nucleation phenomena are discussed, and a new mathematical approach to modeling such processes is described. In brief, this approach utilizes two different criteria. First, it employs the conventional criterion for the minimum-size bubble which will not spontaneously collapse: D c = 4γ/(P 0 −P) , where Dc,γ, P0, and P, respectively, refer to the minimum bubble diameter, surface tension, and the original and final pressures. Second, a new criterion for spontaneous nucleation following decompression is proposed: α = β, where α = (4γ/P 0 D) (1+PD/4γ)e (3/2) / (1+PD/4γ) and for aqueous solutions at 37°C, β = 2 x 10 5 /H j ° where Hj0 is the empirical Henry's law constant (in atmospheres/mole fraction) for the solute gas in water at 37°C. The conventional criterion applies to bubbles after they are formed and is insensitive to the identity of the solvent and solute, except for the magnitude of the surface tension. However, the proposed new criterion governs the spontaneous formation of bubble nuclei and is influenced by the nature of the solvent-solute combination as well as by the imposed conditions. Hence, these two criteria collectively define the imposed conditions and resulting bubble sizes where stable nucleation may occur. An example case for aqueous solutions of He, N2, H2, O2, and CO2 at 37°C indicates that only He, H2, and N2 satisfy both criteria at levels of decompression where dysbarism symptoms have been observed. The results indicate that homogeneous nucleation of CO2 or H2O bubbles should be negligible at 37°C at nonnegative pressures and that practically complete decompression is required for nucleation of oxygen bubbles.
Investigation of a complex reaction network: I. Experiments in a high‐pressure trickle‐bed reactor

A high-pressure trickle-bed reactor was used to achieue high productivity and selectivity for the manufacture of a key herbicide intermediate (α-aminomethyl-2-furanmethanol) (amino alcohol, AA) from α-nitromethyl-2-furanmethanol (nitro alcohol, NA). Raney Nickel catalysts of varying activity were prescreened for suitability in tricklebed operation. The effect of operating parameters such as reactant feed concentration, liquid mass uelocity, and temperature on the yield of amino alcohol (A) for RNi-a are discussed. The superiority of trickle-bed reactors ouer others such as semibatch and batch sluny systems is demonstrated. The AA yield increases with decrease in feed reactant concentration and liquid mass velocity, as well as with lowering of the operat ing temperature. A maximum product yield of 90.1% was obtained at 8.3 wt. % feed concentration of nitroalcohol (NA), while at the highest feed concentration of 40 wt. % NA, the maximum product yield was 58%. The volumetric productivity of AA was significantly higher at higher reactant feed concentrations, even though the yield was lower under these conditions. The operating temperature was also an important parameter, with a lower temperature being preferable for trickle-bed experiments. Bed dilution with inert fines improued catalyst utilization and increased the AA yield and productivity in the laboratory-scale trickle-bed reactor.
FLIGHT INSPECTION OF GPS PROCEDURES.

: Over the past 7 years, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been actively involved in the development of policies, methods, and procedures for the implementation of GPS and related space-based technologies being introduced into the National Airspace System (NAS). Satellite navigation services require the implementation of new technologies in the FAA flight inspection fleet. These technologies include passive monitoring, nonprecision approach, Special Category I (SCAT-I), the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), and the Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS). This paper describes the methods and policies being used by the FAA to meet these requirements. System-level descriptions of the equipment involved in the commissioning and periodic inspection of GPS-based instrument approach procedures are provided. The current automated Flight Inspection System (FIS) used aboard FAA aircraft is described, along with the portable GPS Flight Inspection System (GFIS) unit for use on helicopters or non-FIS fixed-wing aircraft.
The translational revolution and use of biologics in patients with inflammatory skin diseases

Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) are common inflammatory skin diseases characterized by immune-mediated inflammation and abnormal keratinocyte differentiation. Although T-cell infiltration characterizes both diseases, T-cell polarization differs. Psoriasis is currently the best model for translational medicine because many targeted therapeutics have been developed and testing of targeted therapeutics has cemented psoriasis as IL-23/TH17 polarized. In patients with AD, although therapeutic development is approximately a decade behind that in patients with psoriasis, there is now active development and testing of targeted therapeutics against various immune axes (TH2, TH22, and IL-23/TH17). These clinical trials and subsequent molecular analyses using human samples will be able to clarify the relative roles of polar cytokines in patients with AD.
Forced and spontaneous phase locking of the transverse modes of a He-Ne laser

Forced and spontaneous phase locking of the transverse modes of a He-Ne laser have been observed in the form of a scanning fundamental beam. Scans of about four resolvable spots were obtained by locking approximately seven modes with a tilting mirror modulator. With careful alignment of the laser, spontaneous locking of the scanning beam type was also observed.
Strategies for Integrating Transition-Related Competencies into Teacher Education:

Post-school outcomes of students with disabilities continue to differ significantly from those of their peers without disabilities, in spite of federal special education regulations to address transition issues in IEPs. Transition-related research has identified practices associated with improving post-school outcomes. Yet, implementation of such practices and compliance with federal regulations remains somewhat sporadic. To improve implementation, we suggest strategies for improving transition-related teacher competencies through special education teacher education programs. This paper describes (a) approaches for including transition-related content; (b) transition-related teacher competencies; (c) components of teacher education curricula for targeting competency development; and (d) specific readings, class activities, and assignments for infusing transition-related content. Suggestions for future research are also offered.
How Do Staff Perceive Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports? Implications for Teams in Planning and Implementing Schools

Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS) offers an alternative to reactive and exclusionary school discipline practices. However, the shift to SWPBS requires substantial change in the practices of staff, and many leadership teams struggle to rally staff support for implementation. With a more thorough understanding of staff perceptions, level of understanding, and support for SWPBS, teams may be better positioned to assist staff in the change process. To achieve an understanding of staff perceptions and how they may differ in schools on the basis of level of implementation, the authors directly assessed staff perceptions in seven planning schools and seven implementing schools. Significant differences were found between planning and implementing schools in knowledge of SWPBS, as well as perceptions of behavior and discipline.
Oxidation of CO and reduction of CO2 by gas phase Zr+, ZrO+, and ZrO2+

Abstract Guided ion beam mass spectrometry is used to investigate the kinetic energy dependence of the reactions of Zr+ (4F) and ZrO+ (2Σ+) with CO2, and the reverse pathways, ZrO+ (2Σ+) and ZrO2+ with CO. To further probe these reaction systems, the intermediates, OZr(CO)+, OZr(CO2)+, and O2Zr(CO)+ are studied by collisional activation experiments with Xe. Thermochemical analysis of the reaction cross sections obtained in this study yield (in eV) D0(Zr+-CO) = 0.80 ± 0.10, D0(OZr+-CO) = 0.84 ± 0.08, D0(OZr+-CO2) = 0.74 ± 0.06, D0(O2Zr+-CO) = 1.01 ± 0.08, and D0(OZr+-O) = 3.86 ± 0.07. Speculative determinations of electronic excitation energies for two states of ZrO+ are also made.
Is maternal age at delivery related to childhood food allergy

The prevalence of food allergies is increasing. Concurrently, the average maternal age at birth is also increasing. We conducted a preliminary study to evaluate whether maternal age at the time of delivery is associated with a food allergy in children. Case and control patients were identified among consecutive patients seen by one of us (AD) in the Allergy/Immunology program at the Children's Hospital Boston between 11/1/98 and 2/28/00. Case patients were born in Massachusetts and had evidence of clinical sensitivity and IgE to one or more food allergens (n = 58). Control patients were those born in Massachusetts who had a negative skin test and/or RAST to inhalant and/or food allergens (n = 96). A second comparison group consisted of all live births in Massachusetts in 1999 (n = 80,866). Information on maternal age at birth was missing from 3/58 (5%) of patients with a food allergy and 4/96 (4%) of the control patients, so these patients were not included in the analysis. The proportion of children whose mother was aged 30 and over at their birth was significantly higher in children with a food allergy than control patients (78% vs. 55% p = 0.005) and higher than all births in Massachusetts (78% vs. 53% p = 0.0002). Mothers of children with a food allergy had about three times greater odds of being aged 30 or over at the time of delivery than mothers in either of the comparison groups. Further exploration of the data using logistic regression showed that maternal age over 30 at delivery and being first born were independent predictors of the child having a food allergy. In this study, the presence of a food allergy in children was related to older maternal age at delivery. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate this relationship and its potential implication in preventive strategies for food allergies in children.
RTMB/CTMB: A Collision Avoidance Scheme for VANET Broadcast

Traditional directional broadcast protocols for VANETs always select redundant nodes and thus are not very efficient. Road-based directional broadcast was proposed to solve this problem. The basic idea is to categorize vehicles based on road topology and select a relay for each road. It improves the efficiency significantly, but data propagation could fail due to collisions. In this paper, we aim to add reliability to road-based directional broadcast protocol. A MAC layer collision avoidance scheme is proposed to reduce the chance of collision between the sender and the selected relay nodes, while other nodes can receive data opportunistically. By limiting the number of selected relays, this scheme improves the delivery ratio than that of traditional broadcast protocols while keeping the efficiency at a comparable level.
A method for the economic valuation of non-timber tropical forest products

By drawing on quantitative studies in social anthropology, zoology, ethnobotany, and economics we present a method for conducting an economic valuation of non-timber forest products. A review of 24 studies suggests that the median value for non-timber forest products is about $50/ha/year. We discuss problems with past studies and suggest ways to get better estimates of output quantities, marginal costs, and prices.
A Structure Tensor Approach for 3D Image Skeletonization: Applications in Protein Secondary Structure Analysis

We present an approach for three-dimensional (3D) image skeletonization, based on the local structure tensor idea. Two major types of features are addressed: helical and planar. Accordingly, we also discussed how the skeletonization approach is successfully applied to the protein secondary structure analysis, including the alpha-helix (helical type) and beta-sheet (planar type) identifications.
Organoid structure of normal rat bladder in unilaminar and bilaminar histophysiologic gradient culture : methods and observations.

In lining epithelium of mammals certain recurrent architectural patterns are recognized that may be critical for epithelial organization in culture. Among these structural imperatives are three dimensional growth, restricted migration of cells, histophysiologic gradients, and continuity of epithelial membranes. Histophysiologic gradient culture procedures have been developed to comply with requirements suggested by normal tissue architecture. In a small chamber, 5 mm diam, epithelium grows attached to a thin permeable transparent collagen membrane or sandwiched between two apposed collagen membranes. The chamber is held in a plastic capsule so that metabolic exchange is limited to substances that diffuse across the collagen membranes to the adherent basal layer of epithelium. On a single membrane after 2 wk of growth, normal urothelium appears as a diffusely hypercellular urothelium, 6 to 10 cells thick. As the culture period is extended by 2 or more wk, multiple nodules of urothelium extend from the basal surface into the subepithelial space between the epithelium and the collagen membrane. Normal bladder, cultured between two apposed collagen membranes, gives rise in a few days to confluent epithelium that contains many extracellular cysts. Through an apparent merging of cysts, after 2 wk the urothelium appears as a highly organoid structure, a flattened cyst lined by completely stratified polarized urothelium. Such microbladders consist of a stratified epithelium without interruption of continuity. With histophysiologic gradient culture, processes in carcinoma and precursor lesions are accessible to study at the level of tissue organization.
Q-analysis, or a language of structure: an introduction for social scientists, geographers and planners

The paper presents an introduction to the basic concepts of Q-analysis as a descriptive and analytical language of structure, focusing upon definitions, set relations, hierarchical structures of cover sets, geometrical backcloth and supported traffic, obstruction and eccentricities. The algebraic topological perspective points up sharply the limitations of conventional multivariate and numerical taxonomic methods. Numerous examples from a wide spectrum of enquiry in the social, behavioral, medical and planning sciences illustrate the broad applications of such a higher-order algebraic language and methodology.
Treatment of Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis With Sorivudine

Purpose/Methods We examined a patient with progressive outer retinal necrosis, which is presumably caused by the varicella-zoster virus in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Results/Conclusions The patient was successfully treated with a combination of intravitreal ganciclovir and oral sorivudine. Treatment for progressive outer retinal necrosis has been disappointing; both acyclovir and ganciclovir have had only limited success. Sorivudine, a new antiviral medication with activity against varicella-zoster virus, may represent an effective alternative treatment for retinal necrosis.
Seasonal Prediction of North Pacific SSTs and PDO in the NCEP CFS Hindcasts

AbstractSeasonal prediction skill of North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) in the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) retrospective forecasts is assessed. The SST forecasts exhibit significant skills over much of the North Pacific for two seasons in advance and outperform persistence over much of the North Pacific except near the Kuroshio–Oyashia Extension. Similar to the “spring barrier” feature in the El Nino–Southern Oscillation forecasts, the central North Pacific SST experiences a faster drop in prediction skill for forecasts initialized from November to February than those from May to August. Forecasts for the PDO displayed a constant phase shift from the observation with respect to lead time. The PDO skill has a clear seasonality with highest skill for forecasts initialized in boreal spring.The impact of ENSO on the PDO and North Pacific SST prediction was investigated. The analysis revealed that seasonal prediction skill in the central Nor...
Incarcerated Fathers: Pathways From Prison to Home

Prior research indicates that strong family support can play an important role in helping men and women transition from prison to home and can actually reduce the likelihood of recidivism. Assuming...
Laser-induced resonance formation in molecular collisions Application of low-intensity lasers to inelastic scattering and spectroscopy

Theoretical treatments of laser-induced inelastic scattering have traditionally considered (translational) free-to-free transitions. We present a treatment of laser-induced resonances (quasibound states) in molecular scattering. The main result is that large cross sections for inelastic scattering may be achieved at low radiation densities, fully exploiting the monochromaticity and tunability of lasers. A calculation is performed which models the collision of Xe and F atoms in the presence of two lasers. One laser dresses the molecular electronic states, inducing the formation of scattering resonances; the other serves as a probe, inducing transitions between resonances during the collision (energy transfer). The system finally breaks apart by stimulated emission and with an increase in translational energy (laser heating). The total scattering cross section is high (∼ 1 A2), even though both lasers are of low intensity (less than 1 kW cm-2). Applications to spectroscopy of the transition state and to cur...
An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Flow Regimes in Narrow Gaps

A comparison between the experimental and numerical results of the torque-speed graph is presented. There is a good agreement between the numerical and experimental data in the Couette, Taylor and Pre-wavy regimes. In the wavy regime, the numerical data are larger than the corresponding measured torques but the difference is confined to below 14%. The calculated critical speeds for the onset of Taylor vortex and Pre-wavy flows are slightly larger than the experimentally measured ones. Flow patterns in the longitudinal cross section view of the fluid between two cylinders are also presented. Experimental results show that Taylor vortex flow is replaced by a new equilibrium flow, which is defined as Pre-wavy flow. The major characteristic of the Pre-wavy flow is the appearance of zones of particle accumulation in the areas near the inner cylinder. These zones correspond to the low pressure regions. Except for the flow patterns in the Pre-wavy regime there is good agreement between the numerical simulation and the experimental results.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Recommendations for greater accuracy in the standard of care for the detection of early Barrett's esophageal cancer

Recommendations for greater accuracy in the standard of care for the detection of early Barrett's esophageal cancer
Different marrow cell number requirements for the haemopoietic colony formation and the cure of the W/Wv anemia

The lowest cell number in the normal marrow transplant, which allows the cure of W/Wv anemia was found to be between 104 and 105. This exceeds by several times the lowest cell number necessary for the haemopoietic colony formation. Therefore, either the colony forming cell is not the haemopoietic stem cell but rather its progeny, or this cell requires an aid from some other cells to exert its activity.
Impurity Effects in Chromium and Titanium

This paper reviews two investigations of the effects of impurities on the properties of metals. In the first example, the results show that room temperature ductility can be achieved in polycrystalline chromium if the impurity level is sufficiently low. The results clearly show that increased carbon can destroy this ductility. The second study shows that high purity titanium is much more resistant to hydrogen embrittlement than material with a lower purity level. It is proposed that this difference occurs because the higher interstitial level causes a decrease in the solubility of hydrogen. Therefore, hydrides, which cause embrittlement in titanium, form more easily in the impure material.
Shake reduction in an automobile engine by means of crankshaft-mounted pendulums

Abstract Rotating pendulums are a proven technology for reducing torsional vibration in large stationary engines and aircraft engines, and for reducing helicopter vibration caused by fluctuating aerodynamic forces on the main rotor. Described in this paper is an investigation of a new application for rotating pendulums—the reduction of shaking vibration in an automobile engine. An extensive analytical effort produced the design tools and information needed to size pendulums for this application, and led to the prediction that shake in a proposed four cylinder engine could be significantly reduced by a system of pendulums having a reasonable size and mass. The linear and nonlinear models used in the analysis are derived here. The determination of an experimentally-based pendulum damping estimate is described. To illustrate the quality of the analysis, a comparison is given of the results of analysis to the results of an experiment. The proposed four cylinder engine and its system of pendulums are discussed as are the predictions of pendulum performance and relevant design considerations.
Acute acalculous cholecystitis complicating abdominal aortic aneurysm resection.

Abstract Acute acalculous cholecystitis developed in six patients recovering from repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. All patients were men with significant concurrent medical illnesses, and three patients had undergone operation for a ruptured aneurysm. Symptoms appeared at a mean of 3 weeks postoperatively and consisted of right upper quadrant pain, fever, leukocytosis, and slight elevation of liver function test results. Treatment consisted of cholecystostomy (three patients) or cholecystectomy (three patients), with an overall mortality rate of 50%. When cholecystitis is suspected after aortic aneurysm repair, early confirmation of the diagnosis should be obtained with ultrasound or a technetium hepatobiliary scan and cholecystostomy or cholecystectomy undertaken if the patient does not rapidly improve with medical management. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:646-8.)
Infrared Intensities, Atomic Charges, and Dipole Moments in the Fluoroethane Series Using Atomic Polar Tensor Analysis

To gain insight into the interpretation of the atomic polar tensors (APT) in the series of fluoroethanes, the fluorine, carbon, and hydrogen APT components were calculated, in the inertial-axes coordinate system, and examined by determining the mean dipole derivatives pα, the King effective atomic charges χα, and APT anisotropies βα. From this, relationships between chemical bonding environment and pα terms are clearly discernible, with the carbon-atom charges exhibiting a labile response to the degree and form of fluorine substitution. We examine the dependence of the total absolute infrared intensities, as predicted by the APT sum rules, on the degree of fluorine substitution and molecular structure for the entire set of fluoroethanes. Finally, dipole-moment components were calculated (i) directly from ab initio methods at the MP2/6-31G** level, (ii) from the terms, and (iii) as the first moments of the pα atomic charges at the nuclear equilibrium positions, and a detailed comparison was made.
The Classification of Maps of Nonorientable Surfaces

A central problem in manifold topology is to classify maps of manifolds up to change of coordinates of domain and range and possibly up to homotopy. In this paper we complete the classification of generic branched coverings of closed surfaces and complete the homotopy classification of maps of positive degree between closed surfaces. Two maps f , g : M , N arc said to be equivalent (resp. equivalent in the homotopy category) if there exist homeomorphisms h : M , M and k : N--,N such that k f= gh (resp. k/'is homotopic to gh). I fk is homotopic to idN we say that f a n d g are strongly equivalent. All maps in this paper preserve basepoints. However discussion of basepoints will be suppressed except where needed. f : M--, N is a branchedeovering if there exists a finite set of points B c N such that f l M f l ( B ) is a covering map. An arbitrary branched covering may be homotoped slightly to be a generic branched covering, i.e. one in which each point of N has d or d 1 preimages where d=degreeJ~ The main results of this paper are
Socialism, Synecdoche, and Tadeusz Konwicki’s Palace of Culture

Tadeusz Konwicki’s literary and cinematic treatment of the Palace of Culture and Science has had a significant influence on the perception and meaning of this Stalinist edifice. In his novels, Wnie...
Sample-size implications for population-based cluster surveys of nutritional status

We studied the design effects for population- based surveys that estimated the prevalence of wasting and stunting malnutrition in Malawi, Zambia, Indonesia, and Ne- pal, and studied the magnitude of different types of malnutni- tion clustering within villages. Weight, height, and midupper- arm circumference were measured on all children or on systematic samples of children in randomly selected villages. Design effects ranged from 0.53 for low height-for-age in Zambia to 6.12 for low weight-for-age in Nepal. If all sampled clusters were of size 30, as is often the case for nutrition surveys, design effects would have ranged from 0.44 for low height-for-age in Zambia to 2.59 for low midupper-arm circumference in Zambia. Malnutrition did cluster within vil- lages. Stunting malnutrition clustered less than did wasting malnutrition. Nutrition surveys using clusters of 30 can sample fewer clusters than currently recommended if basic prevalence and cluster information are available prior to sample selection. AM J Cliii Nutr 1995;61:155-60
Snyder V. Phelps: Searching For a Legal Standard

This essay previews the case of Albert Snyder against Westboro Baptist Church, which picketed the military funeral of Albert’s son Matthew. A jury’s award of emotional distress damages was overturned on appeal on First Amendment grounds. The essay situates the case within current defamation and privacy law and suggests that the Court clarify that law by protecting plaintiffs in the private figure/private concern area.
World–Views and the Epistemic Foundations of Theism

Epistemological issues have inevitably been perennial issues for theism. For any claim to have insight into the nature and acts of the divine requires some sort of substantiation. And the appeal to faith typically made to meet this demand is often unconvincing. This raises a fundamental question: what could constitute proper grounds for theistic belief? In attempting to answer this question, we will need to address the underlying epistemic issue of what justifies commitment to any world-view.
β2-Adrenergic receptor agonist administration promotes counter-regulatory responses and recovery from hypoglycaemia in rats.

Aims/hypothesis We have previously reported that local activation of β2-adrenergic receptors (B2ARs) in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) enhances hypoglycaemic counter-regulation. This study examines whether peripheral delivery of a selective B2AR agonist could also promote counter-regulatory responses and thereby has potential therapeutic value to limit hypoglycaemia risk.
Social Position and American Foreign Policy Attitudes: 1952—1972

One of the more intriguing theories to be formulated in the field of public opinion has been Johan Galtung's conceptualization of a center-periphery continuum in a given society and its effect on policy attitudes. Using an eight variable index as a measure of social position, Galtung found the center of Norwegian society to be gradualist, consistent, and optimistic in its foreign policy orientation, while the periphery was absolutist, inconsistent, and pessi mistic.The aim of this article was to confront Galtung's theory with new data in a different society over a twenty-year period. Using United States data as gathered by the Survey Research Center between 1952 and 1972, the general finding was a partial rejection of Galtung's theory. The periphery was not more pessimistic than the center, but was less consistent in some of its foreign policy attitudes. Surprisingly, we found the center to be more likely than the periphery to favor 'tough' foreign policies, and was consistently the main supporters for es...
Preneoplasia and Precancerous Lesions

Many forms of experimental animal and human neoplasms have been observed to be preceded in their development by characteristic precursor lesions. As defined in Chapter 1, those lesions that serve as precursors for neoplasms in general, either benign or malignant, are commonly referred to as preneoplastic, while the precursors of malignant neoplasms are regarded as precancerous or premalignant.
Historical analysis of institutions and organizations: the case of the Brazilian electricity sector

Scholars argue that the New Institutional Economics (NIE) has not yet provided causal explanations on how long institutions persist or why and how they suffer dramatic changes. Others state that evidence is still inconclusive to define a theoretical justification on how changes and development occur. This article focuses on the institutions of the electricity sector in Brazil, aiming to heighten the body of empirical research in NIE and produce satisfactory explanations that motivate theory refinement. Based on a qualitative approach, we find that the drivers of the first institutional change in Brazil's electricity sector were related to market protection and domestic industrial support. For the second institutional change, economic recession (country at state of bankruptcy, debt crisis, and high inflation rates) and reliability of utility services were the driving factors. We hope this study systematizes historical facts and helps create grounds for our understanding of institutional evolution and economic growth.
Molecular disruption of RAD50 sensitizes human tumor cells to cisplatin-based chemotherapy

Platinum-based drugs that induce DNA damage are commonly used first-line chemotherapy agents for testicular, bladder, head and neck, lung, esophageal, stomach, and ovarian cancers. The inherent resistance of tumors to DNA damage often limits the therapeutic efficacy of these agents, such as cisplatin. An enhanced DNA repair and telomere maintenance response by the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 (MRN) complex is critical in driving this chemoresistance. We hypothesized therefore that the targeted impairment of native cellular MRN function could sensitize tumor cells to cisplatin. To test this, we designed what we believe to be a novel dominant-negative adenoviral vector containing a mutant RAD50 gene that significantly downregulated MRN expression and markedly disrupted MRN function in human squamous cell carcinoma cells. A combination of cisplatin and mutant RAD50 therapy produced significant tumor cytotoxicity in vitro, with a corresponding increase in DNA damage and telomere shortening. In cisplatin-resistant human squamous cell cancer xenografts in nude mice, this combination therapy caused dramatic tumor regression with increased apoptosis. Our findings suggest the use of targeted RAD50 disruption as what we believe to be a novel chemosensitizing approach for cancer therapy in the context of chemoresistance. This strategy is potentially applicable to several types of malignant tumors that demonstrate chemoresistance and may positively impact the treatment of these patients.
Integrating quantitative information from ChIP-chip experiments into motif finding

Identifying binding locations of transcription factors (TFs) within long segments of noncoding DNA is a challenging task. Recent chromatin immunoprecipitation on microarray (ChIP-chip) experiments utilizing tiling arrays are especially promising for this task since they provide high-resolution genome-wide maps of the interactions between the TFs and the DNA. Data from these experiments are invaluable for characterizing DNA recognition profiles (regulatory motifs) of TFs. A 2-step paradigm is commonly used for performing motif searches based on ChIP-chip data. First, candidate bound sequences that are in the order of 500-1000 bp are identified from ChIP-chip data. Then, motif searches are performed among these sequences. These 2 steps are typically carried out in a disconnected fashion in the sense that the quantitative nature of the ChIP-chip information is ignored in the second step. More specifically, all bound regions are assumed to equally likely have the motif(s), and the motifs are assumed to reside at any position of the bound regions with equal probability. We develop a conditional two-component mixture (CTCM) model that relaxes both these common assumptions by adaptively incorporating ChIP-chip information. The performances of the new and existing methods are compared using simulated data and ChIP-chip data from recently available ENCODE studies (Consortium, 2004). These studies indicate that CTCM efficiently utilizes the information available in the ChIP-chip experiments and has superior sensitivity and specificity especially when the motif of interest has low abundance among the ChIP-chip bound regions and/or low information content.
PKC activation increases Ca2+ sensitivity of permeabilized lymphatic muscle via myosin light chain 20 phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms

The contractile activity of muscle cells lining the walls of collecting lymphatics is responsible for generating and regulating flow within the lymphatic system. Activation of PKC signaling contributes to the regulation of smooth muscle contraction by enhancing sensitivity of the contractile apparatus to Ca2+. It is currently unknown whether PKC signaling contributes to the regulation of lymphatic muscle contraction. We hypothesized that the activation of PKC signaling would increase the sensitivity of the lymphatic myofilament to Ca2+. To test this hypothesis, we determined the effects of PKC activation with phorbol esters [PMA or phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu)] on the contractile behavior of α-toxin-permeabilized rat mesenteric and cervical lymphatics or the thoracic duct. The addition of PMA or PDBu induced a significant increase in the contractile force of submaximally activated α-toxin-permeabilized lymphatic muscle independent of a change in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and the Ca2+-force relationship of lymphatic muscle was significantly left shifted, indicating greater myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. Phorbol esters increased the maximal rate of force development, whereas the rate of relaxation was reduced. Western blot and immunohistochemistry data indicated that the initial rapid increase in tension development after stimulation by PDBu was associated with myosin light chain (MLC)20 phosphorylation; however, the later, steady-state Ca2+ sensitization of permeabilized lymphatic muscle was not associated with increased phosphorylation of MLC20 at Ser19, 17-kDa C-kinase-potentiated protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor at Thr38, or caldesmon at Ser789. Thus, these data indicate that PKC-dependent Ca2+ sensitization of lymphatic muscle may involve MLC20 phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanism(s).
Numerical and Optimization Techniques Applied to Surface Waves for Backcalculation of Layer Moduli

This paper contains two methods of determining the pavement moduli and thicknesses using a computer program written in FORTRAN 77. The first method, a simple finite difference technique, is developed for the analysis of generalized Rayleigh waves in multilayered elastic media. The method, which leads to an eigenvalue problem, is very effective in determining theoretical dispersion curves for pavement systems modeled as layered composite plates with free surfaces at both top and bottom or free surface of the top and rigid base at the bottom. Backcalculation of moduli and thicknesses is done by an optimization routine developed by Powell [1] based on least squares criterion. The second method determines a theoretical dispersion curve based on Knopoff's technique [2]. Since phase velocities of the waves observed experimentally on pavement structures are complex, suitable modification of Knopoff's algorithm for the geologic model has been made by the authors to account for this effect. For optimization, the same technique is used as mentioned above. Numerical results obtained in the two cases show excellent agreement with previously published solutions obtained by other theories.
Hierarchical structure of personality in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

The personalities in coronary heart disease have often been investigated using the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) of Cattell. The aims of this study were to verify the third-order...