cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Activation of Hydrocarbon CH Bonds over Transition Metal Oxide Catalysts: A FTIR Study of Hydrocarbon Catalytic Combustion over MgCr2O4

Abstract The interaction of light hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, propene, n-butane, isobutane, 1-butene, benzene, and toluene) with the oxidized surface of the spinel MgCr2O4 (an active hydrocarbon combustion catalyst) has been investigated by FTIR spectroscopy in the temperature range 300-773 K. This interaction results in the reduction of the catalyst and the production of oxygen-containing adsorbed species. These species have been identified by comparison with the spectra of oxygen-containing species (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, carbon oxides) directly adsorbed on the surface. It has been concluded that every hydrocarbon reacts at its weakest C H bond on Crn+ O (n = 5 or 6) surface sites giving rise by hydrogen abstraction and C-O bond formation to alkoxy groups. These species are further oxidized to carbonyl compounds and/or carboxylate anions and, finally, carbon oxides. The earlier intermediates (alkoxides, carbonyl compounds) are detectable only with the most reactive hydrocarbons (propane, n-butane, isobutane, propene, 1-butene, toluene) while with the least reactive hydrocarbons (methane and benzene), because of their too high activation temperature, only the final intermediates are detectable (carbonates, carboxylates). Molecular-level mechanisms for C H cleavage and hydrocarbon catalytic combustion are proposed.
Reduced cerium oxide as an efficient and durable high temperature desulfurization sorbent

Abstract Cerium oxide has been studied as a candidate second-generation sorbent for high-temperature gas desulfurization. Although CeO 2 will react with H 2 S, the reaction thermodynamics do not permit H 2 S target levels of about 20 ppmv to be reached. However, at high temperature in a strongly reducing gas, CeO 2 is reduced to a non-stoichiometric oxide, CeO n ( n 2 in removing H 2 S. The reduction and sulfidation reactions were studied in a fixed-bed reactor as a function of temperature, pressure, and feed gas composition and flow rate. With feed rates corresponding to about 1.4 s reactor residence time, the H 2 S concentration was reduced to less than 10 ppmv at temperatures as high as 850°C and to near 1 ppmv at 700°C. Effectively complete conversion of CeO n to Ce 2 O 2 S was achieved, and the sorbent showed excellent durability through 25 reduction–sulfidation–regeneration cycles. CeO n produced in a separate pre-reduction step was marginally more effective than when the reduction–sulfidation reactions occurred simultaneously. However, both approaches were capable of reducing the H 2 S to below the 20-ppmv target level. The cerium sorbent is most effective at temperatures and in reducing gas compositions where first-generation zinc-based sorbents cannot be used.
Numerical calculation of variable property flows in curvilinear orthogonal coordinates

Abstract : In an earlier communication (dealing with flow in curved pipes) a numerical procedure capable of calculating variable property flows in arbitrary curvilinear orthogonal coordinates was reported. Convective and diffusive base vector variation source terms appearing in the differential momentum equation were tabulated but their derivation was not described. In addition, and because of the cases studied, only brief mention was made with regard to the extra source terms arising in variable property flows. The purpose of this document is to provide a concise derivation of the differential momentum equation which is the basis for the numerical procedure described in a previous work and to tabulate general expressions for all the sources which can arise. From a knowledge of the metric tensor in the curvilinear system of interest the forms of these terms are readily derived from the tables for calculation purposes.
Thermochemistry of Onion-Like Carbons

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation at 25 °C of onion-like carbons (OLC) with different structural ordering have been investigated by high-temperature oxidation calorimetry. In terms of enthalpy and depending on the degree of structural ordering, OLC can be up to 16 kJ mol−1 less stable than graphite but up to 27 kJ mol−1 more stable than their fullerene allotropes. Furthermore, OLC are approximately 5–9 kJ mol−1 less stable than single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The samples prepared at 1800 °C are energetically less stable than samples made at 1300 and 1500 °C. These changes in energetics may stem from oxygen-containing functional groups bonded to the structure or from the creation of topological defects (polygonization and pentagon formation) whose concentration increases with increasing temperature and whose higher energy is balanced by configurational entropy.
Additional information for: “Comments on “Alternative models of demand for automobiles” by Charlotte Wojcik”

Abstract In a recent paper in this journal [Econ. Lett. 68 (2000) 113], Wojcik argues that the nested logit “is likely to be superior” to demand specifications we and others have used in recent empirical work. We review the relevant models and their uses, consider her application, and find that her conclusions are incorrect.
Confined Jet Mixing with Nonparallel Multiple-Port Injection

Theme E experimental studies of the mixing of aseous, turbulent, coaxial flows have been conducted using configurations in which the primary and secondary systems are parallel. However, very little work has been reported on the mixing of turbulent,particle-laden streams, especially with nonparallel injection of the secondary coaxial jet.' This synoptic summarizes the results of 40 tests where mixing rates of a primary helium/aluminum particle/air jet with a nonparallel secondary air jet were measured. The air was injected through 4 discrete ports, equally spaced around the primary jet. Injection angle, primary density, and secondary velocity were varied, and mixing rates of the gas and particles were measured. Results are compared with data from continuous, nonparallel injection tests and with coaxial, parallel-flow results.
An evolutionary/chaotic theory of beauty and meaning

Abstract This essay presents an aesthetic theory based on the coevolution of the biological and cultural elements of the human nervous system. If the evolution of our sense of beauty is a nonlinear feedback between cultural and biological determinants, recent developments in the theory of chaos, nonlinear processes, and self-organizing systems can point the way to a better understanding of aesthetics. The experience of beauty is redescribed as a reward analogous to the neurochemical rewards for other adaptive activities such as eating and sex. Beauty itself is broadly redefined as an objective property of the fundamental generative processes of the universe—thus as possessing a real, not just a subjective, existence. Like our eyes, our aesthetic sense is designed to perceive objects that are actually out there: systems which show promise for emergent forms of order. The ability to recognize such systems would have adaptive significance. The “natural classical” genres or “neurocharms” of the arts, such as poetic meter and visual pattern, are techniques for controlling and creating such emergence-promising systems, and are culturally universal. A new theory of meaning is proposed, using recent developments in the theory of chaotically-oscillating neural circuits in the brain. Words do not indicate the absence of their referents, as in poststructuralist theory; instead, as emergent strange attractors in the brain, they participate in complex nonlinear physical feedback relationships with their referents.
Free Atom Production in a Stabilized dc Arc Device for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A long-path stabilized dc arc device is described, and the results of an investigation of free atom production with this device reported. In all the measurements reported samples were introduced to the arc as solution aerosols. In evaluation of the arc the following aspects were examined: (1) the effect of current, (2) the effect of potassium addition, (3) the effect of hydrocarbon addition. Radial absorbance measurements arc reported for Mg, Al, and W. Atomic absorption detection limits arc reported for Al, B, Mg, V, and W.
Lanthanum and Praseodymium Bromide Pnictides. A Convergence of Interstitial Chemistry in Cluster Halides and Intermetallic Pnictides

Abstract Reactions of metal R , R Br 3 ( R =La, Pr), and pnictogen Pn (P, As, Sb, Bi) at 900–1000°C provide a new series of condensed cluster products, either cubic R 3 Br 3 Pn or hexagonal R 5 Pn 3 Br, but not both for the same Pn . Syntheses and lattice dimensions for all eight examples are reported. Cubic R 3 Br 3 Pn results with interstitial P or As (Ca 3 I 3 P type, I 4 1 32 (No. 214), Z =8), whereas hexagonal P 5 Pn 3 Br is formed for Pn =Sb, Bi with interstitial Br (stuffed Mn 5 Si 3 type), a new range of composition for these compounds. The latter structure for La 5 Sb 3 Br was refined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data ( P 6 3 / mcm (No. 193), Z =2, a =9.602(2) A, c =6.7331(3) A, R ( F )/ R w =1.7/2.0%). Features that determine the formation of a particular set of compounds in each structure type are discussed.
Differential contributions of circular and elongated spatial filters to the Café Wall illusion.

The Cafe Wall illusion is induced in part by the spatial filtering properties of circular-symmetric receptive fields at the retina, and in part by cortical processes, presumably that have elongated receptive fields. Two experiments are reported that address these two contributions. The first shows a reversal effect that is consistent with brightness-induction and related theories. The second shows extinction of the effect in a manner predicted by recent observations of gating nonlinearity in cortical cells.
Involvement of catecholaminergic mechanisms in the photoperiodically induced rise in serum luteinizing hormone of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Abstract The involvement of brain catecholamines (CAs) in the neuroendocrine mechanisms that control the release of LH has been studied in somatically mature quail with regressed and with recrudescing testes and in sexually mature quail. In quail with recrudescing testes, serum LH was markedly increased 3 days after the onset of photostimulation. Administration of an inhibitor of CA synthesis, α-methyltyrosine (MT), started on the day of photostimulation and continued for 3 days thereafter, decreased brain dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E) content and blocked the photoperiodically induced rise in serum LH. Treatment with bis(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinil-thiocarbonil) disulfide (FLA63), an inhibitor of DA-β-hydroxylase, caused a marked reduction of brain NE and E levels and a significant increase in brain DA content, and like MT, blocked the photoperiodically induced rise in serum LH. In sexually mature quail, serum LH and testicular regression were effected differently by MT and FLA63. MT partially reduced LH levels, but FLA63 suppressed them completely (i.e., to those of nonphotostimulated birds). Testicular weights were reduced by both MT and FLA63, but as with LH, the FLA63 was more effectual than MT. Treatment with l -dihydroxyphenylalanine, a direct precursor of DA, augmented DA content in the brain, caused a reduction of LH levels, and induced gonadal regression. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that NE-containing neurons facilitate central mechanisms which release LH in response to neural inputs involved in the photoperiodic stimulus, and that activation of DA-containing neurons is capable of inhibiting this release and inducing testicular regression.
Providing access to graphical user interfaces—not graphical screens

ACCESSING INTERFACES The design of screen readers for graphical interfaces is centered around one goal: allowing a blind user to work with a graphical application in an efficient and intuitive manner. There are a number of practical constraints which must be addressed in the design. First, collaboration between blind and sighted users must be supported. Blind users do not work in isolation and therefore their interaction with the computer must closely model the interaction which sighted users experience. A second, and sometime competing, goal is that the blind user’s interaction be intuitive and efficient. Both social and pragmatic pressures require that blind users not be viewed as second class citizens based on their effectiveness with computers.
An hp‐adaptive pseudospectral method for solving optimal control problems

SUMMARY An hp-adaptive pseudospectral method is presented for numerically solving optimal control problems. The method presented in this paper iteratively determines the number of segments, the width of each segment, and the polynomial degree required in each segment in order to obtain a solution to a userspecified accuracy. Starting with a global pseudospectral approximation for the state, on each iteration the method determines locations for the segment breaks and the polynomial degree in each segment for use on the next iteration. The number of segments and the degree of the polynomial on each segment continue to be updated until a user-specified tolerance is met. The terminology ‘hp’ is used because the segment widths (denoted h) and the polynomial degree (denoted p) in each segment are determined simultaneously. It is found that the method developed in this paper leads to higher accuracy solutions with less computational effort and memory than is required in a global pseudospectral method. Consequently, the method makes it possible to solve complex optimal control problems using pseudospectral methods in cases where a global pseudospectral method would be computationally intractable. Finally, the utility of the method is demonstrated on a variety of problems of varying complexity. Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The objects attacked by cats during stimulation of the hypothalamus

Abstract Cats that attack as a result of electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus are not indiscriminate in their attack. They attack rats more frequently than other objects. Seven of the 9 cats never attacked blocks of styrofoam or foam rubber comparable in size to a rat. Even though the majority of the cats attacked stuffed rats as often as they attacked anaesthetized rats, they persisted more frequently in their attack upon an anaesthetized rat than upon a stuffed rat.
Economic Value and Moral Value

I. The term "value" needed, 444. — Value in the generic sense, as considered in the recent literature of philosophy, 446. — II. Economic value; consumption and acquisition, 451. — Interests and judgments, 452. — Measurement of interests, 454. — Alternative uses and exchanges, 460. — Price, 462. — III. The social value theory, 466. — The "social mind," 467. — Criticism of arguments for social value, 469. — IV. The economic moral standard, 476. — V. The higher moral standard, 480.
Role of TRP Channels in the Regulation of the Endosomal Pathway

This review focuses on the members of the transient receptor potential superfamily of ion channels that localize and function at the endosomal pathway.
The shibirets mutant of Drosophila: A probe for the study of embryonic development

A temperature-sensitive mutant strain (shibire) has been used to probe the normal developmental process in Drosophila melanogaster. At high temperatures lethality occurs during embryonic development. Heat pulses given early disrupt cellular blastoderm formation in these mutants. Even in the absence of cells, the embryo begins morphogenetic movements characteristic of gastrulation. With heat pulses given later, the embryonic cells proliferate without normal differentiation.
Distribution of Gross Cutaneous Marek’s Disease Lesions

Abstract Gross cutaneous Marek’s disease lesions were found at a significantly higher frequency in the external crural feather tract than in the other tracts examined. Lesions were absent from the apteria.
Characteristics of structural heart defects in trisomy 9 and their relationship to those in trisomy 13, 18, and 21

The hearts from two live-born full-term infants with nonmosaic trisomy 9 (one complete trisomy 9, one partial trisomy 9) were studied after death. Both demonstrated conal and valvular anomalies associated with ventricular septal defects. These specific malformations are discussed in relation to published cases of trisomy 9 and the cardiac defects of other autosomal trisomies (13, 18, and 21).
The extent and effects of abuse and harassment of emergency medicine residents. The SAEM In-service Survey Task Force.

Objective: To determine the extent and effects of abuse and harassment, including sexual harassment and racial or ethnic discrimination, experienced by residents in emergency medicine (EM). Method: The study instrument was an anonymous, self-report survey administered to a national sample of EM residents. The survey was timed to coordinate with the American Board of Emergency Medicine's annual In-Service Examination in February 1993. The residents reported whether they had experienced nine types of abuse or harassment during their residency training, the sources of these incidents, the effects on the residents, and whether they chose to file a formal complaint regarding these events. Results: Surveys were returned by 1,774 (80%) of the 2,229 residents who sat for the examination—74.4% men and 24.6% women. Overall, 98% reported at least one occurrence of abuse or harassment, with patients being the most frequent source. More than half of the more senior residents reported having been physically hit or pushed. Other health care professionals were a frequent source of verbal abuse and sexual harassment. Women were significantly more likely than men to report unwanted sexual advances (63% vs 32%, p < 0.001), discomfort from sexual humor (66% vs 27%, p < 0.001), and unfair treatment because of gender (71% vs 15%, p < 0.001). Non-Caucasians reported a higher rate of racial or ethnic discrimination than did Caucasians (51% vs 23%, p < 0.001). As a result of these episodes, 19% of the respondents had questioned their decision to become a physician, 20% had questioned entering the specialty of EM, 11% had experienced emotional effects lasting over one month, and 11% had experienced disruption of their family lives. Only 56 (3.2%) had filed formal complaints. Conclusions: Residents frequently encounter abuse or harassment, particularly from patients. They also report adverse consequences from these episodes.
Development and evaluation of a novel system for monitoring harvest labor efficiency

This paper introduces a real-time labor monitoring system (LMS) with the ability to track and record individual picker efficiency during manual harvest of specialty crops. This system utilizes existing commercial harvest equipment and integrates a digital weighing scale, RFID reader, computational unit, and a portable datalogger carried by pickers. The RFID reader, digital scale and computational unit are assembled on a common portable chassis. As pickers transfer fruit into a standard collection bin, the system reads the picker's ID (RFID tag) and the weight of fruit. Weight data can then be transmitted wirelessly to the picker's datalogger which records and displays the incremental and total weight of harvested fruit. An algorithm was developed in Matlab(R) to record, process and store the data, as well as to transmit wirelessly the weight value to the wearable datalogger. System prototypes were assembled and field-tested for accuracy and reliability during commercial harvest of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) in the Pacific Northwest. The LMS reliably calculated the harvest rate, picking cost, weight of harvested fruit, number of harvested buckets, range in fruit weight per bucket, and mean fruit weight per bucket, in real time. The mean harvest rate (+/-standard error) in a 'Chelan'/Mazzard sweet cherry orchard trained to a steep leader architecture was 0.53+/-0.13kg/person/min. Harvest rate was similar for the same genotype trained to a steep leader (3 leaders) at 0.50+/-0.10kg/person/min and for harvest of 'Tieton'/'Gisela(R)6' trees trained to a central leader architecture (0.53+/-0.15kg/person/min). When surveyed after using the LMS, every picker indicated a preference for knowing the exact weight of fruit they harvested compared with the current system of reimbursement per bucket or bin. Using the LMS, reliable data on worker efficiency can be collected with minimal interference with standard commercial practices.
Small Intestinal Fatty Acid Synthesis Is Increased in Diabetic Rats

Several studies have demonstrated that intestinal triglyceride production and secretion are increased in diabetic animals and may contribute to the hypertriglyceridemia that accompanies diabetes. There are three potential sources of fatty acids for intestinally derived triglycerides; de novo fatty acid synthesis, circulating free fatty acids, or dietarily derived fatty acids. Prior data have demonstrated that de novo cholesterol synthesis is increased in the small intestine of diabetic animals. The primary aim of the present study was to determine the effect of diabetes on small intestinal de novo fatty acid synthesis. We found that de novo fatty acid synthesis in the small intestine is increased approximately 2-fold in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In contrast, hepatic fatty acid synthesis is decreased in the diabetic animals. The increase in intestinal fatty acid synthesis is observed in both the fed and fasting states. Limiting food intake by pair feeding prevents the diabetic-induced increase in small intestinal fatty acid synthesis, a finding similar to previous data on cholesterol synthesis. Thus, the increase in both small intestinal cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis is dependent on the increased food intake that accompanies poorly controlled diabetes. The present study indicates that increases in small intestinal de novo fatty acid synthesis in diabetic animals could play an important role in providing fatty acids for increased small intestinal triglyceride synthesis and secretion.
Zn65 uptake by rat dorsolateral prostate as indicator of I.C.S.H. activity.

SummaryOur purpose was to determine which of the following measurements would be the most sensitive indicator of I.C.S.H. activity in hypophysectomized rats, i.e., weight studies of ventral prostate and of DLP, or functional studies of capacity of DLP to concentrate administered Zn65 . 0.2 mg of I.C.S.H. daily increased ventral prostate weight and DLP weight 2.3-fold and 2.7-fold, respectively, over hypophysectomized control values. Measurement of functional capacity of DLP to concentrate Zn65 was a much more sensitive indicator of I.C.S.H. activity as indicated by the following: 0.2 mg I.C.S.H. increased Zn65 uptake/mg DLP 6.7-fold over hypophysectomized control value, and increased total Zn65 taken up by the DLP 18.4-fold over hypophysectomized control value.
Relationships among pure cultured strains of Frankia based on host specificity

Fifty strains of Frankia were tested for their ability to nodulate six species of actinorhizal plants. Pure cultured strains were used to inoculate seedlings of Alnus giutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Atntts rubra Bong., Castmrina equisetifolia L., Elaeagnus angustifolia L.. Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Myrica cerifera L. in nutrient solution culture. From the results of this study, host inoculation groups among the actinorhizal plants were defined. Although overlap between host inoculation groups appears to be eommon, the results from this study did not support the view that Frankia strains are promiscuous. All Frankia strains tested in this study could easily be classified into four major host-specificity groups
Breakdown of dynamic scaling in surface growth under shadowing.

Using Monte Carlo simulations and experimental results, we show that for common thin film deposition techniques, such as sputter deposition and chemical vapor deposition, a mound structure can be formed with a characteristic length scale, or ``wavelength'' $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, that describes the separation of the mounds. We show that the temporal evolution of $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is distinctly different from that of the mound size, or lateral correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}$. The formation of a mound structure is due to nonlocal growth effects, such as shadowing, that lead to the breakdown of the self-affinity of the morphology described by the well-established dynamic scaling theory. We show that the wavelength grows as a function of time in a power law form, $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{p}$, where $p\ensuremath{\approx}0.5$ for a wide range of growth conditions, while the mound size grows as $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{1/z}$, where $1/z$ varies depending on growth conditions.
Unique misinsertion specificity of polι may decrease the mutagenic potential of deaminated cytosines

DNA polymerase ι (polι) is a distributive error‐prone enzyme that can incorporate nucleotides opposite a variety of DNA lesions. Further elongation is, however, either substantially inhibited or completely abolished. Here, we provide evidence that polι can facilitate the efficient bypass of uracil and its derivatives as well as oxidized cytosine and guanine residues. The fidelity of translesion replication depends upon the lesion encountered. Correct nucleotides were inserted preferentially opposite 7,8‐dihydro‐8‐oxoguanine (8‐oxoG) and 5‐hydroxycytosine (5‐OHC). However, when bypassing uracil, 5‐hydroxyuracil (5‐OHU) or 5,6‐dihydrouracil (5,6‐DHU), polι inserted T and G with a 4‐ to 26‐fold preference over the Watson—Crick base, A. While the T:U, T:5‐OHU and T:5,6‐DHU mispairs were extended poorly, the G:U, G:5‐OHU and G:5,6‐DHU mispairs were extended with equal or greater efficiency than the correctly paired primer termini. Thus, polι‐dependent misinsertion of G opposite uracil and its derivatives may actually provide a mechanism whereby mammalian cells can decrease the mutagenic potential of lesions formed via the deamination of cytosine.
The Reduced Row Echelon Form of a Matrix Is Unique: A Simple Proof

One of the most simple and successful techniques for solving systems of linear equations is to reduce the coefficient matrix of the system to reduced row echelon form. This is accomplished by applying a sequence of elementary row operations (see, e.g., [1, p. 5]) to the coefficient matrix until a matrix B is obtained which satisfies the following description: If a row of B does not consist entirely of zeros then the first nonzero number in the row is a 1 (usually called a leading 1). If there are any rows that consist entirely of zeros, they are grouped together at the bottom of B. In any two successive non-zero rows of B, the leading 1 in the lower row occurs farther to the right than the leading 1 in the higher row. Each column of B that contains a leading 1 has zeros everywhere else. The matrix B is said to be in reduced row echelon form.
Effects of Thermocycles on Body Weight Gain and Gonadal Growth in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus

Abstract Goldfish subjected to increased temperatures at one of six different times of day had significant differences in weight gain and testicular growth depending on the time of treatment. Depending on the time of day the thermocycle was initiated, weight gain and testicular growth could be either stimulated, inhibited, or equal to that in fishes subjected to constant heat or constant cold. Heat applied during the last 4 h of darkness was particularly conducive to weight gain and testicular growth. The results of this study may have important implications for aquaculture.
Uncovering buried treasure: Henderson and Horgan on conceptual analysis

David Henderson and Terry Horgan offer a detailed account of the structure of conceptual analysis that is embedded within a more general account of a priori justification. Their account highlights an important feature of conceptual analysis that has been overlooked in the recent debate. Although it is generally recognized that conceptual analysis involves an inference from premises to the effect that some concept does (or does not) apply to a range of particular cases to a general conclusion about the nature of the concept itself, the details of that inference have not been fully articulated. Henderson and Horgan offer an articulation of the inferential connection which, taken in conjunction with their account of a priori justification, yields a startling conclusion about the epistemic status of the results of conceptual analysis. My view is that their account of a priori justification misses the mark and, as a consequence, they arrive at a conclusion about the epistemic status of the results of conceptual analysis that many will find implausible. Moreover, I fear that because many will find their overall conclusion implausible, they will either overlook or dismiss the important feature of the inferential connection that Henderson and Horgan correctly highlight. Hence, I have two goals. First, I want to track down the source of their mischaracterization of the a priori and to show why it is a mischaracterization. Second, I want to highlight the important feature of the inferential connection involved in conceptual analysis that they identify, articulate its bearing on the debate over the existence of a priori knowledge and assess its implications.
CHARLES MANN AND HUMANIZED LANDSCAPES

(2006). Charles Mann and Humanized Landscapes. Geographical Review: Vol. 96, No. 3, pp. 483-486.
Denotational semantics and rewrite rules for FP

We consider languages whose operational semantics is given by a set of rewrite rules. For such languages, it is important to be able to determine that there are enough rules to completely reduce all meaningful expressions, but not so many that the system of rules is inconsistent. We develop a formal framework in which to give a precise treatment of these soundness and completeness issues. We believe our approach to be novel in that we make heavy use of denotational semantics in our proof of completeness. The particular language for which we answer these questions is an extended version of the functional programming language FP; however the applicability of these techniques extends beyond the realm of FP rewriting systems.
Alcohol-induced impairment of behavioral control : differential effects on engaging vs. disengaging responses

Rationale Model-based assessments of behavioral control have been used to study the acute effects of alcohol on the ability to execute and inhibit behavioral responses. Response inhibition appears more vulnerable to the impairing effects of alcohol than response execution. Current information processing models have yet to account for this observation.
Investigation of perchlorate, phosphate and ion-pairing eluent modifiers for the separation of cephalosporin epimers.

Abstract The retention behavior of several pairs of 7α- and 7β- cephalosporin epimers was investigated using perchlorate, phosphate and ion-pairing eluent modifiers. At pH 2.5, sodium perchlorate, sodium phosphate and sodium pentanesulfonate all provided separation of epimers with free 7-amino groups. When the 7-amino group was blocked, as in cephalexin and cefaclor, sodium perchlorate gave the best separation at pH 2.5. A tetrabutylammonium ion-pairing system at pH 7.0 provided separation of all epimer pairs containing a free carboxylic acid at the 3 position. Hydrophobic, residual silanol and ionic interactions were factors in the retention mechanism of the cephalosporins under the conditions investigated. An ionic interaction of perchlorate with the protonated amine of the cephalosporin was postulated as an explanation of the retention and selectivity effects observed with perchlorate as an eluent modifier.
Chance Constraints and Normal Deviates

Abstract Linear programming as a problem in optimizing a linear functional subject to linear inequality constraints is first discussed along with possible uses of the resulting duality relations. Various approaches to dealing with such problems when parts of the data are subject to error are briefly reviewed. Chance constrained programming refers to the class of such cases in which contraint violations are admissible up to pre- assigned probability levels. This topic is elaborated in the context of a ship-chartering problem in which independent normally distributed deviates from the (known) average demands may occur in any of the periods to be considered. Certain additional assumptions (including the use of a specified class of linear decision rules) make it possible to effect reductions first to a nonlinear (mathematical) programming and then to a linear programming problem. The use of the resulting duality relations for evaluating risk and quality levels of planned performance are then briefly examined.
The Public Military High School A Powerful Educational Possibility

This article explores an innovative secondary educational institution: a public military academy. Data were collected through observations, interviews, paper content analyses, and surveys in an urban military high school. The data reveal how the school's unique military subculture develops students by enabling them to accrue various forms of social capital, including military capital, and by developing cadets’ civility, leadership skills and agency, discipline, and propensity for education. Therefore, the institutional product or academy graduate should possess enhanced life skills and increased chances to achieve upward mobility, making this school a potentially powerful educational institution for underprivileged urban-minority youth. Future research should explore how this school compares to other urban public schools, parochial schools, and private military schools and the life outcomes of the students from these different schools. The research has broad implications for the potential power of public ...
Variability in the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1986–87 El Niño/Southern Oscillation Event

Abstract We describe variability in the western Pacific Ocean during the 1986–87 El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, with emphasis on time series measurements of currents, temperature, sea level and winds near the equator at 165°E. Zonal winds were anomalously westerly from mid-1986 to late 1987 and were punctuated by 2–10 m s−1 episodes of westerlies lasting about 10 days to 2 months. Zonal current in the upper 100-m surface layer responded to these wind variations typically within a week, in some cases with speeds exceeding 100 cm s−1 to the east. Zonal current variations in the thermocline below 100 m were generally less coherent with the local wires than currents near the surface. They were also generally less variable, although the Equation Undercurrent disappeared for 3–4 weeks in October-November 1987 at a time when the normal eastward directed zonal pressure gradient force reversed along the equator. Periods of intense and prolonged eastward flow in the surface layer were associated with a ...
A review of randomized clinical trials in tinnitus.

Objectives: Review reports of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in tinnitus to identify well-established treatments, promising developments, and opportunities for improvement in this area of clinical research. Study Design: Literature review of RCTs (1964-1998) identified by MEDLINE and OLD MEDLINE searches and personal files. Methods: Studies were compared with the RCT criteria of Guyatt et al. 5 for quality of design, performance, and analysis; positive results were critically examined for potential clinical relevance. Results: Sixty-nine RCTs evaluated tocainide and related drugs, carbamazepine, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, 16 miscellaneous drugs, psychotherapy, electrical/magnetic stimulation, acupuncture, masking, biofeedback, hypnosis, and miscellaneous other nondrug treatments. No treatment can yet be considered well established in terms of providing replicable long-term reduction of tinnitus impact, in excess of placebo effects. Conclusions: Nonspecific support and counseling are probably helpful, as are tricyclic antidepressants in severe cases. Benzodiazepines, newer antidepressants, and electrical stimulation deserve further study. Future tinnitus therapeutic research should emphasize adequate sample size, open trials before RCTs, careful choice of outcome measures, and long-term follow-up.
R992C (p.R1192C) Substitution in Collagen II Alters the Structure of Mutant Molecules and Induces the Unfolded Protein Response

We investigated the molecular bases of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED) associated with the R992C (p.R1192C) substitution in collagen II. At the protein level, we analyzed the structure and integrity of mutant molecules, and at the cellular level, we specifically studied the effects of the presence of the R992C collagen II on the biological processes taking place in host cells. Our studies demonstrated that mutant collagen II molecules were characterized by altered electrophoretic mobility, relatively low thermostability, the presence of atypical disulfide bonds, and slow rates of secretion into the extracellular space. Analyses of cellular responses to the presence of the mutant molecules showed that excessive accumulation of thermolabile collagen II was associated with the activation of an "unfolded protein response" and an increase in apoptosis of host cells. Collectively, these data suggest that molecular mechanisms of SED may be driven not only by structural changes in the architecture of extracellular collagenous matrices, but also by intracellular processes activated by the presence of mutant collagen II molecules.
Kognitive Komplexität - Messung und Validität

Zusammenfassung: Kognitive Komplexitat wird seit den Theorien von Bieri et al. (1966) und Scott (1962) durch die Anzahl und Eigenschaften der Dimensionen definiert, die Individuen zur kognitiven Strukturierung von Gegenstandsbereichen verwenden. Das Konstrukt ist unter Kritik geraten, weil Probleme mit der differentiellen Validitat einzelner Mase vorlagen und geringe Interkorrelationen zwischen einzelnen Masen nur schwer zu interpretieren waren. In dieser Arbeit wird eine neue Betrachtung der kognitiven Komplexitat vorgeschlagen, die sich inhaltlich auf die klassischen Definitionen stutzt, aber, im Anschlus an Cattell (1982), spezifische Methoden der Validierung verwendet. Interne, externe, konvergente und pradiktive Validitat werden auf Faktorenebene etabliert und nicht auf der Ebene von Einzelmasen. Es ergab sich in vier Stichproben deutliche Unterstutzung fur das auf Faktorenebene definierte Konstrukt, und es wurde gezeigt, das die kognitive Komplexitat als Pradiktor von Gedachtnisleistungen, Schulleis...
Engineering the Next Generation of Brain Scientists

New technologies to probe the nervous system are propelling innovation and discovery at blinding speed, but are our trainees prepared to maximize this power? The growing role of engineering in research, such as materials, computing, electronics, and devices, compels us to rethink neuroscience education. Core technology requirements, cross-disciplinary education, open-source resources, and experiential learning are new ways we can efficiently equip future leaders to make the next disruptive discoveries.
Rate of aging, rate of dying and the mechanism of mortality

The history of the search for the law and the mechanism of mortality is reviewed. Recent evidence is summarized showing that the Gompertz law of exponentially increasing force of mortality is only an approximate model of mortality kinetics; various other models also provide a more or less satisfactory fit of mortality kinetics data. In particular, a simple model proposed by the author contains the Gompertz model as a special case and is of general validity: it consists of exponentially increasing cumulative mortality in an initial age range followed by exponentially decreasing survivorship. The various proposed mechanisms underlying mortality kinetics are reviewed, with emphasis on their origin and similarities, and a mechanism is proposed mending two basic classical ideas which are only partially valid: (1) Gompertz's accelerated decline of vitality coupled with identical aging rates of the individuals of a population; and (2) Simms' idea of statistically distributed individual aging rates with a uniform average aging rate (linear decline of physiological vitality). This theory provides a basis for analyzing the relationship between rates of aging and rates of dying.
Further studies of the mechanism of the enhancement of NADH oxidation by vanadate.

O2⨪, whether generated photochemically, or introduced as a solution of KO2 in a nonprotic solvent, caused rapid oxidation of of NADH in the presence, but not in the absence of vanadate. Superoxide dismutase inhibited this vanadate-stimulated oxidationof DADH, while catalase had no effect. This NADH oxidation appears to be a free-radical chain reaction whose average chain length was estimated to be 15 in the photochemical system. Vanadate stimulation of NADH oxidation by biological membranes can now be viewed as a sensitive indicator of O2⨪ production by those membranes.
Some further results on modulated/extended lapped transforms

Some further results on modulated and extended lapped transforms are reported. Sufficient conditions to ensure perfect reconstruction for extended lapped transforms are derived. These conditions are valid for transforms of length lM and place no restriction on l; in this respect they apply to a more general case than earlier derivations that constrained l to be even. Also, a new filter structure is reported for implementing the modulated lapped transform. It has a hardware complexity of O(M) as compared to O(M log M) for other implementations. >
Anatomical distribution of estrogen target cells in the avian CNS: a comparison with the mammalian CNS.

The distribution of labeled cells was investigated in the brain of the ring dove one hour after administration of 3H-estradiol. Major areas of concentration of labeled cells were found in (1) the preoptico-strial region: nucleus preopticus medialis and nucleus interstitialis of the dorsal olfactory projection, (2) the basal hypothalamic region: nucleus hypothalamicus posterior medialis and nucleus inferior, (3) the amygdaloid region: nucleus taeniae and adjacent portions of the archistriatum, and (4) the midbrain: substantia grisea surrounding the nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis. The findings support the phylogenetic homologies between the avian nucleus interstitialis of the stria dorsal olfactory projection and the mammalian nucleus interstitialis of the stria terminalis, the avian nucleus hypothalamicus posterior medialis and the mammalian nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, as well as the avian nucleus inferior and the mammalian nucleus infundibularis-premammillaris ventralis. The results also suggest that the nucleus taeniae and adjacent portions of the archistriatum correspond to the nucleus medialis and other more differentiated labeled areas of the mammalian amygdala.
Effects of Fabrication Procedures on Fatigue Resistance of Welded Joints in Steel Orthotropic Decks

A common practice for the fabrication of steel orthotropic bridge decks in the United States is to use 80% partial joint penetration (PJP) groove welds between the closed ribs and deck plate. However, it is difficult to eliminate weld melt-through with the thin rib plates. Heat straightening after welding, sometimes combined with precambering, is used to meet the deck plate flatness requirement. To study the effects of both weld melt-through and distortion control measures on the fatigue resistance of the rib-to-deck plate welded joint, six full-scale two-span orthotropic deck specimens were subjected to laboratory testing. Specimens, 10 m long and 3 m wide with four closed ribs, were fabricated with and without weld melt-through and were heat straightened; three specimens were also precambered. To simulate the effect of repetitive truck traffic, each specimen was tested up to 8 million cycles. Test results showed that six cracks initiated from the weld toe outside the rib. Only one crack developed at the weld root inside the rib; this crack initiated from a location transitioning from the 80% PJP to 100% penetration weld. None of the cracks propagated through the deck plate thickness. Precambering was beneficial in fatigue resistance as two effectively precambered specimens did not experience cracking in the PJP welds.
Pulmonic Stenosis, Ventricular Septal Defect, and Right Ventricular Pressure above Systemic Level

Ten patients with pulmonic stenosis are reported who, despite having right ventricular systolic pressures much above systemic levels, had ventricular septal defects proved at operation in 9 and suggested by indicator-dilution curves in the other. Because of the high right ventricular systolic pressures these patients had clinical and electrocardiographic evidence of marked right ventricular hypertrophy and were initially thought to have severe pulmonic stenosis with an intact ventricular septum. One patient had an almost single ventricle with pulmonic and aortic stenosis. In all the others the right ventricular systolic pressure failed to equilibrate with pressures in the systemic circulation. In 2 patients this was probably due to obstruction of the ventricular septal defect by the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. In the others the suggestion that the ventricular septal defect was closed off during systole by muscular contraction was confirmed in 1 patient at operation. This syndrome has been reported in other series and may occur in as many as 5 to 10 per cent of patients diagnosed as having severe pulmonic stenosis. It is important to know before operation whether or not there is a ventricular septal defect associated with the pulmonic stenosis, for this influences the decision about doing a right ventriculotomy. The preoperative diagnosis of this variant of tetralogy of Fallot may be made by phonocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
Single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs) treating wastewater containing methanol

Abstract This study focused on methanol degradation in single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs). The batch-mode SCMFCs tests over 900 h showed that methanol was able to be partly converted into electricity, and power generation was not affected by methanol concentrations. Methanol degradation efficiencies were 100% at all methanol concentrations tested (0.005–0.04 M), and the effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 82–118 mg/L. The increasing in methanol concentration led to lower pH inside SCMFCs and lower coulombic efficiencies (CE), which might indicate the swift from electrogenic reactions to anaerobic fermentation. The cathodic open circuit potential (OCP) started to decrease when the methanol concentration was higher than of 0.02 M, indicating the possible cathode poisoning by methanol, while the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results showed the cathode poisoning was not substantial.
Plant disease: underground life for rice foe.

We still have much to learn about the world's chief disease of rice — rice blast. That's clear from the finding that the culprit not only infects aerial plant tissues but can also invade roots like a typical root pathogen.
On-chip reconfigurable SC power supply with adaptive gain/pulse control for self-powered energy-efficient devices

Motivated by emerging self-sustained low-power applications, this paper presents a new integrated power supply solution with reconfigurable step-up/down switched-capacitor power stage and adaptive gain/pulse control, featuring variable gain ratios, low ripples and fast transient responses. The converter was designed with TSMC 0.35-mum digital CMOS N-well process. With an input voltage ranging from 1.5 to 3.3 V, the converter achieves variable step-up/down voltage conversion with an output from 0.9 to 2.7 V with a maximum efficiency of 88%. The steady-state peak-to-peak ripple voltage is controlled below 14 mV. Load transient response to a 50-mA step change is 7 mus. Input current ripples and output voltage ripples are significantly reduced compared to the prior arts. The design can be easily extended and reconfigured for different operation scenarios.