cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on reactions of illuminated chloroplasts. II. Stimulation and inhibition of the reaction with molecular oxygen.

Abstract 1. 1. The consumption of oxygen by illuminated chloroplasts in the presence of catalase and ethanol reported earlier is shown to be stimulated by prior Hill reaction with quinone. This stimulation appears to be caused by a change in the chloroplasts. 2. 2. The consumption of oxygen by the chloroplast-catalase-ethanol system is stimulated specifically by manganous ions. 3. 3. Reduction of quinone in the presence of chloroplasts results in a preparation capable of oxidizing ascorbic acid and glutathione at rates twice that of any other light, reaction of chloroplasts. 4. 4. The rapid oxidation of ascorbic acid is not sensitive to some of the inhibitors of the Hill reaction. 5. 5. Some implications of these data on the mechanism of the Hill reaction are discussed.
Stimulus sensitivity and stimulus intensity control.

Summary.-Previous research had suggested a relationship between averaged cortical evoked response (AER) characteristics and the perception of stimulus intensity. In this study a systematic relationship was hypothesized between AER characteristics and performance on traditional sensory threshold procedures. Averaged evoked responses to light flashes and performances on a battery of psychophysical tasks were measured in 20 normal volunteers. Ss with one AER pattern were sensitive to low-intensify stimulation; Ss with another AER pattern exhibited the opposite response tendency. These findings were interpreted in terms of a theoretical construct regarding a stimulus-intensity control mechanism in the central nervous system. Recent studies of individual differences in responsiveness to sensory stimulation have suggested a model of a central nervous system mechanism which controls stimulus intensity (B~ichsbaum & Silverman, 1968; Petrie, 1967; Silverman, 1967). The model, based in large part on the experimental work of Petrie and her colleagues (Petrie, et al., 1963; Petrie, 1967), originally distinguished two unique patterns of response to sensory input. Augmenters are individuals who amplify sensory stimulation. Because of this response disposition, they tend to tolerate pain poorly and tolerate confinement and isolation well. On a perceptual laboratory procedure called kinesthetic figural aftereffects (KFA), augmenters overestimate (or only minimally underestimate) the site of a "test bar" after they have r~ibbed a "stimulation bar" for a period of time. Reducers, in contrast, attenuate sensory stimulation. They tend to tolerate pain well but tolerate sensory deprivation situations poorly. On the KFA procedure, they evidence relatively pronounced underestimations of the test bar after having rubbed an interpolated stimulntion bar. The different figural aftereffects performances of these two types of individuals are consistent with their different responses to extreme sensory stimulation conditions. For example, individuals who tolerate pain well, presumably because they reduce the intensity of strong stimulation, also reduce the site of their kinesthetic j~~dgments after stimulation with a bar of a different
Comparison of isoproterenol and dibutyryl adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate stimulation of thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity in cultured pineal glands from euthyroid and hypothyroid rats.

Abstract Thyroxine 5'-deiodinase was increased by isoproterenol and dibutyryl adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate in a dose- and time-related manner in cultured rat pineal gland. Basal and stimulated activity was higher in glands from hypothyroid than from euthyroid animals. Our data suggest direct β-adrenergic stimulation of intracellular cyclic AMP may be involved in the regulation of pineal thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity.
Influence of lateral flow on the diurnal variation in exospheric hydrogen

Abstract The diurnal variation of hydrogen density in the thermosphere and exosphere due to the diurnal temperature variation is considered subject to the possibility of a substantial lateral flow. Starting with calculations of Hanson and Patterson it is shown, by examination of several of their assumptions, that their simplified model does not give a real description of lateral flow. More precise calculations give lateral flows and corresponding vertical fluxes which do not dominate the escape flux. Furthermore, it is shown that the presence of lateral flow, instead of smoothing out the day-night asymmetry, actually demands one. It appears that a density variation by a factor of three between night and day at 500 km could be maintained for a temperature variation from 1000 to 1500°K.
The Future of Space Exploration Discussed at Science Policy Conference

Future space exploration will involve more commercial enterprise as well as more international collaboration, according to speakers at a 26 June session during the 2013 AGU Science Policy Conference.
Determination of erythrocyte velocities in the mammalian inner renal medulla by a video velocity-tracking system

Abstract A video velocity-tracking system was used to measure erythrocyte velocities in vasa recta capillaries of the inner renal medulla in the rat. Two groups of animals prepared with different surgical approaches, ventral or flank, were evaluated. In both groups, instantaneous erythrocyte velocities were predominantly aperiodic and 3-min time-averaged velocities remained within narrow limits (±0.15 mm/sec) over 3 hr. With the ventral approach there was no consistent change in red blood cell velocities, whereas, following the flank approach, erythrocyte velocities increased while urinary osmolality simultaneously decreased. The results from both groups are in agreement with an inverse relationship between medullary blood flow and urinary osmolality. The video velocity-tracking method appears to have several advantages over techniques previously employed to describe quantitatively medullary blood flow.
Further Examination of Moore's Law with Data Envelopment Analysis

Abstract Although it has stood the test of time for over 30 years, Moore's law addresses but a single aspect of microprocessor design. As a proxy for technology, the number of transistors in an integrated circuit represents a limited perspective on the technology as a whole. In past work the authors proposed a set of metrics by which to measure a technology and a means to measure its progress over time utilizing data envelopment analysis (DEA). In this revised model, the assumption of state of the art (SOA) on product release is dropped, technical progress is measured iteratively over time, the effective time elapsed between the SOA and a no longer SOA has been refined to include a weighted average, and a means of utilizing proxy Decision Making Unit (DMUs), was implemented to maintain the dataset over time.
Defending against malicious nodes using an SVM based Reputation System

Many networks, such as P2P networks, MANETs, file sharing networks, and online auction networks rely on node cooperation. If a malicious node gains access to such a network it can easily launch attacks, such as spreading viruses or spam, or attacking known vulnerabilities. Reputation systems (RS) defend against malicious nodes by observing their past behavior in order to predict their future behavior. These RSs usually comprise of statistical models or equations that are designed by hand and only defend against specific patterns of attacks. In this paper, we propose a support vector machines (SVM) based RS that defends against many patterns of attacks. It can be retrained to detect new attack patterns as well. We discuss the challenges associated with building RSs and how our RS tackles each of them. We compare the performance of our RS with another RS found in the literature, called TrustGuard, and perform detailed evaluations against a variety of attacks. The results show that our RS significantly outperforms TrustGuard. Even when the proportion of malicious nodes in the network is large, our RS can discriminate between good and malicious nodes with high accuracy. In addition our scheme has very low bandwidth overheads.
Measurement of longitudinal and circumferential waves in tubes and artery excited with ultrasound radiation force

Increased arterial stiffness is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. Radiation force methods have been developed to investigate the longitudinal wave speeds of the artery with high spatial and temporal resolution. The artery is anisotropic so to fully characterize its material properties, we need to examine longitudinal and circumferential wave speeds. We used ultrasound radiation force to generate propagating waves in the wall of rubber tubes and an excised pig carotid artery and measured the wave motion using compounded plane wave imaging. To study the tubes we used two Verasonics systems equipped with linear array transducers. The transducers were placed 90° with respect to each other to obtain different views along the tube wall. One transducer applied a radiation force push and then both systems were used to detect the wall motion of the tube. One system was used for the artery experiment. The group velocity of the longitudinal wave, cl, was measured along the length of the vessel/tube. The motion near the radiation force push location was analyzed to measure the speed of the circumferential wave. We varied the transmural pressure over ranges of 10-30 mmHg and 20-200 mmHg for the tubes and artery, respectively. We confirmed the presence of circumferential waves by pushing on a tube with one transducer and measuring with the other transducer at 90°. We compared cl and cc in the tubes and found very good agreement in tube 1 and a bias in tube 2. It was expected that both wave speeds would be similar because the material is isotropic. The cl and cc values for the artery show similar trends but the cc values are lower than the cl values. We were able to measure values of cl and cc in tubes and arteries. The speeds measured in isotropic tubes were similar. The values of cc in an excised artery were shown to be lower than the values of cl.
Some Remarks on Almost and Stable Almost Complex Manifolds

In the first part we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a stable almost complex structure on a 10-manifold M with H1(M;ℤ) = 0 and no 2-torsion in H1(M;ℤ) for i = 2,3. Using the Classification Theorem of Donaldson we give a reformulation of the conditions for a 4-manifold to be almost complex in terms of Betti numbers and the dimension of the ±-eigenspaces of the intersection form. In the second part we give general conditions for an almost complex manifold to admit infinitely many almost complex structures and apply these to symplectic manifolds, to homogeneous spaces and to complete intersections.
Regulation of transepithelial ion transport and intracellular calcium by extracellular ATP in human normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelium

1 The role of extracellular nucleotides in regulation of ion transport activities (short circuit current, Isc) of human respiratory epithelia was studied. 2 Application of nucleotides to the apical or basolateral membrane of human nasal epithelium induced a concentration-dependent increase in Isc. 3 The rank order of potency of purine- or pyrimidine-induced changes in Isc of normal human nasal epithelium when applied to the apical membrane (UTP greater than or equal to ATP greater than ATP gamma S greater than 2MeSATP greater than ADP beta S much greater than beta gamma MeATP greater than or equal to alpha beta MeATP) or basolateral membrane (2MeSATP greater than UTP greater than ATP greater than ATP gamma S greater than alpha beta MeATP greater than beta gamma MeATP) is consistent with involvement of a P2 purinoceptor. A similar rank order of potencies was observed for nucleotide effects on intracellular calcium measured by Fura-2 fluorescence using microspectrofluorimetry. 4 Similar nucleotide potency in the regulation of ion transport and intracellular calcium in cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelium (UTP greater than or equal to ATP) was observed, suggesting purinoceptors might be used to stimulate ion transport processes that would promote hydration of airway secretions and facilitate their clearance from CF lungs. 5 These data provide evidence for the regulation of ion transport by P2 purinoceptors in normal and cystic fibrosis human airway epithelium.
Simultaneous quantitative analysis of bioactive sphingolipids by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

There has been a recent explosion in research concerning novel bioactive sphingolipids (SPLs) such as ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (Sph) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1P) that necessitates development of accurate and user-friendly methodology for analyzing and quantitating the endogenous levels of these molecules. ESI/MS/MS methodology provides a universal tool used for detecting and monitoring changes in SPL levels and composition from biological materials. Simultaneous ESI/MS/MS analysis of sphingoid bases (SBs), sphingoid base 1-phosphates (SB-1Ps), Cers and sphingomyelins (SMs) is performed on a Thermo Finnigan TSQ 7000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) positive ionization mode. Biological materials (cells, tissues or physiological fluids) are fortified with internal standards (ISs), extracted into a one-phase neutral organic solvent system, and analyzed by a Surveyor/TSQ 7000 LC/MS system. Qualitative analysis of SPLs is performed by a Parent Ion scan of a common fragment ion characteristic for a particular class of SPLs. Quantitative analysis is based on calibration curves generated by spiking an artificial matrix with known amounts of target synthetic standards and an equal amount of IS. The calibration curves are constructed by plotting the peak area ratios of analyte to the respective IS against concentration using a linear regression model. This robust analytical procedure can determine the composition of endogenous sphingolipids (ESPLs) in varied biological materials and achieve a detection limit at 1 pmol or lower level. This and related methodology are already defining unexpected specialization and specificity in the metabolism and function of distinct subspecies of individual bioactive SPLs.
Rap Music in School Counseling Based on Don Elligan's Rap Therapy

In 2000, Don Elligan introduced Rap Therapy as a psychotherapeutic intervention for working with at-risk youths, primarily African American males whose identities were highly influenced by rap music. Rap music can engage a population of youth who often enter counseling apprehensively (Elligan 2000, 2004; Tillie-Allen, 2005). This article reviews rap culture and how it relates to inner-city youth, as well as the benefits of using Don Elligan's Rap Therapy with at-risk youth. Implications for using Rap Therapy as a time-effective intervention by school counselors are included.
Estimated impact of competing policy recommendations for age of first dental visit.

Objective. To compare levels of dental utilization and untreated dental decay among children aged 1 to 3 years that are likely to occur under 2 potential guidance policies: (1) pediatricians refer all toddlers to dentists for screening (consistent with American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry and the American Dental Association recommendations; DENT), and (2) pediatricians receive training in caries risk assessment, screen toddlers, and refer at-risk children to dentists (consistent with American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations; PED). Methods. Using decision analysis, we estimated the impact of PED and DENT assuming alternately unlimited dental capacity for Medicaid-insured patients and fixed Medicaid dental capacity. Results With unlimited capacity, if DENT were implemented, then dental utilization is estimated to increase from 27% under the status quo to 65% and untreated decay to decrease from a mean of 0.60 surfaces to 0.52 surfaces per child. If PED were implemented, then dental utilization and untreated decay would decrease from status quo levels to an estimated 11% and 0.47 surfaces, respectively, assuming that diagnostic sensitivity and specificity both equaled 1; they would decrease to 13% and 0.53 surfaces, respectively, if sensitivity equaled 0.76 and specificity equaled 0.95. With fixed capacity, under DENT, untreated decay is estimated to increase to 0.63 surfaces because low-risk private-pay patients would crowd out at-risk Medicaid-insured children, whereas under PED, untreated decay would still be less than under the status quo. Conclusions. Implementing PED will decrease untreated decay under most plausible scenarios, whereas switching to DENT will increase the burden of disease if Medicaid dental capacity is limited.
Changes in Some Endocrine Glands of White-Tailed Deer as Affected by Season, Sex and Age

A total of 187 male and female white-tailed deer of various ages, collected during the several months of the year, provided data on changes in body-organ weights and other measurements as they are affected by season, sex and age. All animals showed a loss of weight during the late winter. Lens weights increased progressively in a straight line from age 4 months through 12 months. This curve of lens weight from all-aged animals was parabolic in shape. Minimal width of the zona glomerulosa, zonae fasciculata/reticularis, minimal weights of the body, adrenal and thyroid glands, maximal thyroidal colloid and minimal thyroid cell height were all found to occur in mid or late winter. These data are discussed in relation to food supplies, the environmental factors of light and temperature and the sexual activity which occurs at this time. Maximal weights and activity of the various endocrine glands did not appear to be synchronized with any major environmental factor or physiological activity.
The role of PTEN in prostate cancer cell tropism to the bone micro-environment

Little is known about the role of the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in prostate cancer bone metastasis. To explore this, we used a pTetOn PTEN cell line in which PTEN expression was reconstituted in a PTEN-null bone metastatic human prostate cancer cell line, LnCaP-C4-2. We found that C4-2 cells selectively migrated toward conditioned medium from primary mouse calvaria cells compared with that derived from lung fibroblasts. Further evaluation with conditioned medium from an established mouse calvaria osteoblast cell line and control non-osteoblast cell line indicates that osteoblastic characteristics convey this specific migration to C4-2 cells. We evaluated promiscuously metastatic PC-3 prostate as well as T24T and UMUC-3 bladder cells and found they did not have a specific migratory response to calvaria-conditioned medium as did C4-2. Induction of PTEN expression inhibited the motility of C4-2 cells toward calvaria-conditioned medium but had no effect on migration toward lung-conditioned medium and this inhibitory effect was dependent on the PTEN lipid phosphatase activity. Calvaria- but not lung-conditioned medium induced activation of the small GTPase Rac1. Constitutively active Rac1 but not focal adhesion kinase or Cdc42 could rescue cells from the inhibitory effect of PTEN on cell migration and PTEN induction was observed to inhibit Rac1 activation in response to calvaria-conditioned medium. Our results support the notion that loss of PTEN function in human prostate cancer may specifically facilitate bone rather than other organ metastasis and suggest that Rac1, as a PTEN effector, may contribute to this metastatic tropism.
Salud, equidad y los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio

In September 2000 representatives of 189 countries met for the Millennium Summit, which the United Nations convened in New York City, and adopted the declaration that provided the basis for formulating the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The eight goals are part of a long series of initiatives that governments, the United Nations system, and international financial institutions have undertaken to reduce world poverty. Three of the eight goals deal with health, so the health sector will be responsible for implementing, monitoring, and evaluating measures proposed to meet targets that have been formulated: to reduce by two-thirds the mortality rate in children under 5 years of age between 1990 and 2015; to reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality rate between 1990 and 2015; and to halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS by the year 2015, as well as to halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria, tuberculosis, and other major diseases. The health sector must also work with other parties to achieve targets connected with two other of the goals: to improve access to affordable essential drugs, and to reduce the proportion of persons who do not have safe drinking water. Adopting a strategy focused on the most vulnerable groups-ones concentrated in locations and populations with the greatest social exclusion-would make possible the largest total reduction in deaths among children, thus reaching the proposed target as well as producing greater equity. In the Region of the Americas the principal challenges in meeting the MDGs are: improving and harmonizing health information systems; designing health programs related to the MDGs that bring together the set of services and interventions that have the greatest impact, according to the special characteristics of the populations who are intended to be the beneficiaries; strengthening the political will to support the MDGs; and guaranteeing funding for the measures undertaken to attain the MDGs.
Homology of facial structures in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians), with special reference to paranasal pneumaticity and nasal conchae.

Homology of virtually all major components of facial anatomy is assessed in Archosauria in order to address the function of the antorbital cavity, an engimatic structure that is diagnostic for the group. Proposed functions center on its being a housing for a gland, a muscle, or a paranasal air sinus. Homology is approached in the context of the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket method of reconstructing unpreserved aspects of extinct organisms. Facial anatomy and its ontogeny was studied in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians) to determine the osteological correlates of each soft-tissue component; resemblances between birds and crocodilians comprised the similarity test of homology. The congruence test of homology involved surveying phylogenetically relevant fossil archosaurs for these bony signatures. The facial anatomy of extant birds and crocodilians is examined in detail to provide background and to discover those apomorphic aspects that contribute to the divergent specialization of these two groups and thus obscure homologies. Birds apomorphically show enlarged eyeballs, expanded nasal vestibules, and reduced maxillae, whereas crocodilian faces are dorsoventrally flattened (due to nasal rotation) and elongated. Most facial attributes of archosaurs are demonstrably homologous and in fact characterize much more inclusive groups. Special emphasis has been placed on the nasal conchae and paranasal air sinuses. Within Amniota, the following conchal structures are homologous, and all others are neomorphs: Avian caudal concha, crocodilian concha + preconcha, Sphenodon caudal concha, squamate concha, and probably the mammalian crista semicircularis. The avian antorbital paranasal air sinus is homologous with the crocodilian caviconchal sinus; the maxillary sinus of placental mammals is not homologous with the archosaurian paranasal sinus. With regard to the function of the antorbital cavity, archosaurs possess homologous nasal glands, dorsal pterygoideus muscles, and paranasal air sinuses, but the osteological correlates of only the paranasal sinus involve the antorbital fenestrae and fossae. Thus, the antorbital cavity is best interpreted as principally a pneumatic structure. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Age-dependent expression of the androgen receptor gene in the prostate and its implication in glandular differentiation and hyperplasia

The senescence phenotype is the product of both cumulative physical damages during the life span and a species-specific genetic program. The genetic program of aging appears to have co-evolved with the sexual mode of reproduction. The same developmental processes that prepare the animal for maximum vitality and reproductive competence during young adulthood, if allowed to continue, can be detrimental during old age. Androgen receptor-mediated development and growth of the prostate gland is an example of such "antagonistic pleiotropy." The prostate gland is composed of two major groups of cells: the epithelial and stromal. Among the epithelial type, the columnar cells on the luminal surface produce the prostatic secretions, and the basal cells are presumed to serve as progenitors of the columnar cells. Within the stromal cell population, fibroblastic and smooth muscle cells are thought to produce growth factors that support the development and function of the epithelial cells. Both epithelial and stromal cells are dependent on androgens. In this study, we have examined age-dependent expression of the androgen receptor gene in the prostatic tissues of rats and dogs. Unlike the rat, in which the prostatic growth ceases after sexual maturation, the dog prostate continues to grow during aging. Similar to the dog, the antagonistic pleiotropy of the prostatic growth in the human causes the pathological condition of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the major health problem in old men. Quantitation of the androgen receptor (AR) mRNA in the total prostate extracts from young and old animals by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method showed about a 30% decline in AR mRNA in the 24-month-old rat prostate, as compared to the prostate of 3-month-old young adult animals. However, no significant difference in AR mRNA contents between 1-year-old and 10-year-old dog prostates was observed. In situ immunostaining for the androgen receptor protein revealed that in the case of rat, developmental maturation during the first month of life is associated with an increase in AR immunoreactivity in the luminal columnar epithelium, with a concomitant loss of immunoreactivity in the basal cells. Furthermore, with aging, there was a marked increase in the proportion of AR-negative basal cells in comparison to luminal columnar cells. Surprisingly, in both young adult (approximately 1-year-old) and old (approximately 10-year-old) dogs, most of the AR immunoreactivity was localized in the fibroblastic stromal cells rather than in the epithelial cells. Based on these observations and the existing literature, we propose that normally, in most mammalian species, an age-dependent decline in the conversion of basal to columnar epithelial cells after sexual maturation serves as a stop signal for the prostate growth. However, in certain species, such as the dog, robust AR expression in the stromal cells overrides this regulatory blockage and leads to prostatic hyperplasia in old age.
Liver diseases and the clinical laboratory—the Twentieth Arnold O. Beckman Conference in Clinical Chemistry

Recent years have brought major advances in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases, particularly viral hepatitis. Accurate and rapid diagnosis is essential for appropriate therapy. The 1997 Arnold O. Beckman Conference in Clinical Chemistry explored the laboratory’s contribution to the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients with liver diseases. The human liver performs diverse functions essential for life. Monitoring specific hepatic functions by laboratory methods provides clinicians essential insight regarding the integrity of the liver (1)(2). Beyond the procedures that have been in the standard armamentarium of the clinical laboratory for decades, the applications of techniques provided by molecular biology are now in routine use. Howard Worman of Columbia University has provided an insightful introduction to these techniques that allow the diagnosis of viral, metabolic, and autoimmune hepatic disorders. Hepatitis and other liver diseases are prevalent health problems. Nearly 50 000 cases of viral hepatitis were officially reported in the US in 1995 (3), and nearly 300 000 cases are estimated to actually occur annually (4). Similar incidences and presumed high rates of unreported cases of …
Intraoperative peripheral Nd:YAG laser-assisted thermal balloon angioplasty: short-term and intermediate-term follow-up.

Abstract Laser-assisted thermal balloon angioplasty was performed in 48 arteries (iliac, superficial femoral, and popliteal). Indications for surgery were limb salvage (25%), rest pain (38%), and claudication (38%). Patients were categorized into three groups: lesions 5 to 10 cm, or >10 cm in length. Demographic characteristics, risk factors, and outcome measures were compared by use of Fisher's exact test and Student's t test. The time for vascular patency failure was compared by use of a standard Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for the three groups. Initial failure to recanalize was noted in 14% in lesions 5 to 10 cm, and 73% in lesions >10 cm. The overall success rate was 38%, with a mean follow up of 1 year. The p = 0.005) than the other two groups combined. The >10 cm lesion group did significantly worse (9%) than the other two groups combined ( p = 0.028). Patients in the p p = 0.038). In conclusion, the widespread application of laser-assisted thermal balloon angioplasty cannot be justified without further long-term clinical and laboratory investigation. Conversely, the potential of this technique should not be dismissed out of hand. Proper patient selection, length and nature of the lesion to be treated, and the appropriate forms, doses, and method of delivery of laser energy, remain to be defined. (J VASC SURG 1990;12:566-72.)
Polydipsia and schizophrenia in a psychiatric hospital: a replication study

A prior study in a US state hospital suggested that schizophrenia, smoking and long hospitalization were associated with polydipsia. This study, in another US hospital, attempts to (1) replicate that schizophrenia and smoking are associated with polydipsia, and (2) rule out that this relationship is partly explained by alcohol and drug use. Both studies have similar methodologies. The second sample included 588 inpatients. Models of variables associated with polydipsia were developed using logistic regression. In the second study, after correcting for other factors, the association between polydipsia and schizophrenia showed a borderline significance, while polydipsia and smoking displayed a significant association. Neither organic brain lesions, nor alcohol or drug use, were associated with polydipsia. An analysis combining both samples showed that: (1) schizophrenia, long hospitalization, smoking and heavy smoking were significantly associated with polydipsia, and (2) male gender and Caucasian race (but not smoking) increased the risk of developing water intoxication in polydipsic patients. These two studies in severely mentally ill patients suggest that the association of polydipsia with schizophrenia, smoking and chronicity is consistent and independent from the definition of polydipsia (by staff, a biological method or the combination of both). Psychiatric medications do not appear to explain most cases of polydipsia in these patients.
Electromechanical analysis of infarct border zone in chronic myocardial infarction

To test the hypothesis that alterations in electrical activation sequence contribute to depressed systolic function in the infarct border zone, we examined the anatomic correlation of abnormal electromechanics and infarct geometry in the canine post-myocardial infarction (MI) heart, using a high-resolution MR-based cardiac electromechanical mapping technique. Three to eight weeks after an MI was created in six dogs, a 247-electrode epicardial sock was placed over the ventricular epicardium under thoracotomy. MI location and geometry were evaluated with delayed hyperenhancement MRI. Three-dimensional systolic strains in epicardial and endocardial layers were measured in five short-axis slices with motion-tracking MRI (displacement encoding with stimulated echoes). Epicardial electrical activation was determined from sock recordings immediately before and after the MR scans. The electrodes and MR images were spatially registered to create a total of 160 nodes per heart that contained mechanical, transmural infarct extent, and electrical data. The average depth of the infarct was 55% (SD 11), and the infarct covered 28% (SD 6) of the left ventricular mass. Significantly delayed activation (>mean + 2SD) was observed within the infarct zone. The strain map showed abnormal mechanics, including abnormal stretch and loss of the transmural gradient of radial, circumferential, and longitudinal strains, in the region extending far beyond the infarct zone. We conclude that the border zone is characterized by abnormal mechanics directly coupled with normal electrical depolarization. This indicates that impaired function in the border zone is not contributed by electrical factors but results from mechanical interaction between ischemic and normal myocardium.
A simplified cross coupling model for multiple balanced transmission lines

Modeling of the coupling between transmission lines in the practical sense has been an elusive quarry. Since the favorite tool of signal integrity designers is SPICE, the ultimate goal should be translation of the mathematics of coupled mode analysis into a simple SPICE formulation. This investigation presents a method to simulate the parasitic coupling between transmission lines in structures where complete isolation is impractical. The conventional mathematical analysis of such coupling does not suggest a simple SPICE solution, so a farther analysis of cause-effect and elimination of unimportant terms resulted in a set of models which uses the transmission line capacitance matrix to create a direct input of parameters to a SPICE subcircuit. This SPICE subcircuit is utilized as an attachment to a previously designed lossy transmission line circuit. The resultant circuit models cross coupling originating from any number of culprits affecting one victim. The circuit requires one victim line and one culprit line, where the assumption is made that all culprit lines carry the same signal. The technique is applicable to single ended and differential pair transmission lines. An HSPICE subcircuit was included to illustrate the ultimate form of the model.
Schwannoma del nervio facial como diagnóstico diferencial de tumor parotídeo: Reporte de un caso

Facial nerve Schwannoma resembling a parotid tumor. Case report Facial nerve Schwannomas are benign tumors that originate from Schwann cells, with a slow and predictable growth, and that are generally asymptomatic. Only 9% of these tumors are located in the intraparotid segment of the facial nerve. We report a 26 years old female presenting with a mass in the left parotid region lasting four months. The patient was subjected to a parotidectomy. During surgery, an encapsulated tumor whose origin was in the seventh cranial nerve and associated to a lymph node was found. The tumor was excised, trying to preserve the integrity of the nerve. The pathological diagnosis of the surgical piece disclosed a benign Schwannoma. The patient had a facial paralysis in the postoperative period.
Real-time black-blood MRI using spatial presaturation.

A real-time interactive black-blood imaging system is described. Rapid blood suppression is achieved by exciting and dephasing slabs outside the imaging slice before each imaging excitation. Sharp-profiled radio frequency saturation pulses placed close to the imaging slice provide good blood suppression, even in views containing slow throughplane flow. In vivo results indicate that this technique improves endocardial border definition during systole in real-time cardiac wall-motion studies. Phantom and animal results indicate that this technique nearly eliminates flow artifacts in real-time intravascular studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:807‐812. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of endocytosis exacerbates TNF-α-induced endothelial dysfunction via enhanced JNK and p38 activation.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that causes endothelial dysfunction. Endocytosis of TNF-α receptors (TNFR) precedes endosomal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production...
On a graph partitioning problem with applications to VLSI layout

A graph partitioning problem with application to VLSI layout is discussed. It has been shown that for a general graph the partitioning problem is NP-complete. It is also shown that the open problem suggested by K.J. Supowit (1987) is also NP-complete. An integer linear programming formulation for the graph partitioning problem is given. The problem can then be solved using one of the several methods for solving integer linear programming problems. A linear time algorithm for the case when the graph is a tree is given. >
We need health information too: A systematic review of studies examining the health information seeking and communication practices of sexual minority youth

Objective:To systematically review literature focused on the health information seeking practices of sexual minority youth (SMY), those youth who identify as lesbian, gay or bisexual. The aims of this systematic literature review were to determine the health information seeking practices of SMY by: (1) identifying their commonly cited sources of health information; (2) examining barriers associated with accessing health information; and (3) identifying study methodologies used in research with SMY.Method:A systematic review of the health information seeking practices of SMY was conducted. Empirical studies published between 1990 and 2010 on the health information seeking and health communication practices of SMY were found using medical/health and sociology databases.Results:A total of 398 citations were retrieved from four databases using specific search terms. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria of: written in English; peer reviewed; original empirical study; and referenced search terms in titl...
How the Formal Equivalence of Grue and Green Defeats What is New in the New Riddle of Induction

That past patterns may continue in many different ways has long been identified as a problem for accounts of induction. The novelty of Goodman’s ”new riddle of induction” lies in a meta-argument that purports to show that no account of induction can discriminate between incompatible continuations. That meta-argument depends on the perfect symmetry of the definitions of grue/bleen and green/blue, so that any evidence that favors the ordinary continuation must equally favor the grue-ified continuation. I argue that this very dependence on the perfect symmetry defeats the novelty of the new riddle. The symmetry can be obtained in contrived circumstances, such as when we grue-ify our total science. However, in all such cases, we cannot preclude the possibility that the original and grue-ified descriptions are merely notationally variant descriptions of the same physical facts; or if there are facts that separate them, these facts are ineffable, so that no account of induction should be expected to pick between them. In ordinary circumstances, there are facts that distinguish the regular and grue-ified descriptions. Since accounts of induction can and do call upon these facts, Goodman’s meta-argument cannot provide principled grounds for the failure of all accounts of induction. It assures us only of the failure of accounts of induction, such as unaugmented enumerative induction, that cannot exploit these symmetry breaking facts.
Bespoke physics for living technology

In the physics of the natural world, basic tasks of life, such as homeostasis and reproduction, are extremely complex operations, requiring the coordination of billions of atoms even in simple cases. By contrast, artificial living organisms can be implemented in computers using relatively few bits, and copying a data structure is trivial. Of course, the physical overheads of the computers themselves are huge, but since their programmability allows digital "laws of physics" to be tailored like a custom suit, deploying living technology atop an engineered computational substrate might be as or more effective than building directly on the natural laws of physics, for a substantial range of desirable purposes. This article suggests basic criteria and metrics for bespoke physics computing architectures, describes one such architecture, and offers data and illustrations of custom living technology competing to reproduce while collaborating on an externally useful computation.
Normal amygdala activation but deficient ventrolateral prefrontal activation in adults with bipolar disorder during euthymia

Functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the involvement of the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Hyperactivity in the amygdala and hypoactivity in the vlPFC have been reported in manic bipolar patients scanned during the performance of an affective faces task. Whether this pattern of dysfunction persists during euthymia is unclear. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 24 euthymic bipolar and 26 demographically matched healthy control subjects were scanned while performing an affective task paradigm involving the matching and labeling of emotional facial expressions. Neuroimaging results showed that, while amygdala activation did not differ significantly between groups, euthymic patients showed a significant decrease in activation of the right vlPFC (BA47) compared to healthy controls during emotion labeling. Additionally, significant decreases in activation of the right insula, putamen, thalamus and lingual gyrus were observed in euthymic bipolar relative to healthy control subjects during the emotion labeling condition. These data, taken in context with prior studies of bipolar mania using the same emotion recognition task, could suggest that amygdala dysfunction may be a state-related abnormality in bipolar disorder, whereas vlPFC dysfunction may represent a trait-related abnormality of the illness. Characterizing these patterns of activation is likely to help in understanding the neural changes related to the different mood states in bipolar disorder, as well as changes that represent more sustained abnormalities. Future studies that assess mood-state related changes in brain activation in longitudinal bipolar samples would be of interest.
Binary misclassification and identification in regression models

We study a regression model with a binary explanatory variable that is subject to misclassification errors. The regression coefficient is then only partially identified. We derive several results that relate different assumptions about the misclassification probabilities and the conditional variances to the size of the identified set.
Dripping, Jetting, Drops and Wetting: the Magic of Microfluidics

The following article is based on the Symposium X presentation given by David A. Weitz (Harvard University) on April 11, 2007, at the Materials Research Society Spring Meeting in San Francisco. The article describes how simple microfluidic devices can be used to control fluid flow and produce a variety of new materials. Based on the concepts of coaxial flow and hydrodynamically focused flow, used alone or in various combinations, the devices can produce precisely controlled double emulsions (droplets within droplets) and even triple emulsions (double emulsions suspended in a third droplet). These structures, which can be created in a single microfluidic device, have various applications such as encapsulants for drugs, cosmetics, or food additives.
Implicit Attitude Formation Through Classical Conditioning

We sought to demonstrate that attitudes can develop through implicit covariation detection in a new classical conditioning paradigm. In two experiments purportedly about surveillance and vigilance, participants viewed several hundred randomly presented words and images interspersed with critical pairings of valenced unconditioned stimuli (USs) with novel conditioned stimuli (CSs). Attitudes toward the novel objects were influenced by the paired USs: In a surprise evaluation task, the CS paired with positive items was evaluated more positively than the CS paired with negative items. This attitudinal conditioning effect was found using both an explicit measure (Experiments 1 and 2) and an implicit measure (Experiment 2). In a covariation estimation task involving the stimuli presented in the conditioning procedure, participants displayed no explicit memory for the pairings.
High throughput sequencing methods for microbiome profiling: application to food animal systems.

Analysis of microbial communities using high throughput sequencing methods began in the mid 2000s permitting the production of 1000s to 10,000s of sequence reads per sample and megabases of data per sequence run. This then unprecedented depth of sequencing allowed, for the first time, the discovery of the ‘rare biosphere’ in environmental samples. The technology was quickly applied to studies in several human subjects. Perhaps these early studies served as a reminder that though the microbes that inhabit mammals are known to outnumber host cells by an order of magnitude or more, most of these are unknown members of our second genome, or microbiome (as coined by Joshua Lederberg), because of our inability to culture them. High throughput methods for microbial 16S ribosomal RNA gene and whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing have now begun to reveal the composition and identity of archaeal, bacterial and viral communities at many sites, in and on the human body. Surveys of the microbiota of food production animals have been published in the past few years and future studies should benefit from protocols and tools developed from large-scale human microbiome studies. Nevertheless, production animal-related resources, such as improved host genome assemblies and increased numbers and diversity of host-specific microbial reference genome sequences, will be needed to permit meaningful and robust analysis of 16S rDNA and WGS sequence data.
Avian community characteristics of urban greenspaces in St. Louis, Missouri

We studied bird communities among six vegetation classes in St. Louis to determine how a range of greenspace types function as avian habitat. During 1997 and 1998, 67 bird species were recorded along strip transects among the six habitats sampled. The open woodland habitat supported a unique community, and provided habitat for cavity and middle/upper canopy nesting species. The important species that specialized in woodlands were the Redheaded Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) and House Wren (Troglodytes aedon). All other habitats separated out based on the interpretation of species data in an ordination analysis. We measured 13 habitat variables, and of these, canopy closure, shrub density, forb cover, and canopy height best explained bird species variation, suggesting these features are important for managing bird habitat in St. Louis.