cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of decremental and burst overdrive pacing as treatment for ventricular tachycardia associated with coronary artery disease

Abstract Several forms of antitachycardia pacing have been used successfully for terminating cardiac arrhythmias, and implantable devices now incorporate a tier of overdrive pacing for treating of ventricular tachycardia (VT). No consensus exists regarding the optimal mode of pacing therapy. Accordingly, a prospective, randomized, crossover study of antitachycardia pacing was performed to analyze the effects of 2 decremental forms (10 and 5 ms) and a synchronized burst overdrive pacing mode on episodes of VT. Overdrive antitachycardia pacing was an effective therapy (78%) for terminating VT. Burst overdrive pacing and an autodecremental pacing protocol, incorporating a 10 ms decrement, were found to be effective and comparable forms of therapy. Both of these pacing methods were superior in terminating VT when compared with a pacing scheme using a 5 ms coupling decrement (p
Alpha and Omega: When Bullies Run in Packs

While workplace bullying often involves multiple perpetrators, limited research has investigated this important aspect of the phenomenon. In the present study, we explored the perceived severity an...
Health-Related Social Control over Physical Activity: Interactions with Age and Sex

Despite the disease prevention benefits of engaging in life-long regular physical activity, many adults remain sedentary. The social environment provides an important context for health and health behavior across the lifespan, as well as a potential point of intervention for increasing physical activity. Self-reports of perceived social support, social strain, positive social control, and negative social control were examined for their cross-sectional relationships to physical activity frequency in purposive samples of younger and older adults (N = 371, ages from 18 to 97, 68% women). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that perceived support and perceived strain were not correlated with physical activity. However, age and sex interacted with social control, such that more positive social control was associated with more frequent physical activity for younger men. Furthermore, more positive and negative social control were significantly associated with less frequent physical activity for older men, while social control was not associated with physical activity among women. While younger men may be encouraged toward healthier behaviors by positive social control messages, social control attempts may backfire when targeting older men. Implications for physical activity promotion are discussed.
Vegetation responses to conifer encroachment in a western Cascade meadow: a chronosequence approach.

Conifer invasion of mountain meadows is pervasive in western North America, but its consequences for plant composition and diversity have not been studied. We used a chronosequence approach to reco...
Disk-directed I/O for an out-of-core computation

New file systems are critical to obtain good I/O performance on large multiprocessors. Several researchers have suggested the use of collective file-system operations, in which all processes in an application cooperate in each I/O request. Others have suggested that the traditional low-level interface (read, write, seek) be augmented with various higher-level requests (e.g., read matrix). Collective, high-level requests permit a technique called disk-directed I/O to significantly improve performance over traditional file systems and interfaces, at least on simple I/O benchmarks. In this paper we present the results of experiments with an "out-of-core" LU-decomposition program. Although its collective interface was awkward in some places, and forced additional synchronization, disk-directed I/O was able to obtain much better overall performance than the traditional system.
Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis

The commensal fungus Candida albicans causes oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC; thrush) in settings of immunodeficiency. Although disseminated, vaginal, and oral candidiasis are all caused by C. albicans species, host defense against C. albicans varies by anatomical location. T helper 1 (Th1) cells have long been implicated in defense against candidiasis, whereas the role of Th17 cells remains controversial. IL-17 mediates inflammatory pathology in a gastric model of mucosal candidiasis, but is host protective in disseminated disease. Here, we directly compared Th1 and Th17 function in a model of OPC. Th17-deficient (IL-23p19(-/-)) and IL-17R-deficient (IL-17RA(-/-)) mice experienced severe OPC, whereas Th1-deficient (IL-12p35(-/-)) mice showed low fungal burdens and no overt disease. Neutrophil recruitment was impaired in IL-23p19(-/-) and IL-17RA(-/-), but not IL-12(-/-), mice, and TCR-alphabeta cells were more important than TCR-gammadelta cells. Surprisingly, mice deficient in the Th17 cytokine IL-22 were only mildly susceptible to OPC, indicating that IL-17 rather than IL-22 is vital in defense against oral candidiasis. Gene profiling of oral mucosal tissue showed strong induction of Th17 signature genes, including CXC chemokines and beta defensin-3. Saliva from Th17-deficient, but not Th1-deficient, mice exhibited reduced candidacidal activity. Thus, the Th17 lineage, acting largely through IL-17, confers the dominant response to oral candidiasis through neutrophils and antimicrobial factors.
Classification of startle eyeblink metrics using neural networks

In this paper, we show the feasibility of using high-speed video for measurement of startle eyeblinks as a new augmentative modality for biometric security, as blinks can reveal emotional states of interest in security screenings using nonintrusive measurements. Using neural network as classifiers, this initial study shows that upper eyelid tracking at 250 frames per second can categorize startle blinks with accuracies comparable to those of the well-established but intrusive EMG-based measures of muscles in charge of eyelid closure.
Unique features of the trophoblast interferons

The trophoblast interferons (IFN) are Type I IFN with about 50% amino acid sequence identity to the leukocyte IFN (IFN-alpha). They are the major secretory products of the trophoblast of ruminant ungulate species during pregnancy in the period immediately preceding attachment and implantation when they have been implicated in the phenomenon known as maternal recognition of pregnancy. The trophoblast IFN have antiviral and antiproliferative activities typical of other Type I IFN, but unlike IFN-alpha, -beta and -omega are poorly responsive to viral induction and have a highly restricted pattern of expression. Nevertheless, a recombinant bovine IFN-alpha can mimic many of the properties of the trophoblast IFN and has been used pharmacologically to improve pregnancy success in sheep. It still remains unclear, however, whether the trophoblast IFN have unique biological properties or whether they are unusual merely by virtue of the location, magnitude and temporal nature of their expression at a critical time during pregnancy.
Preferences for Aftercare Among Persons Seeking Short-Term Opioid Detoxification

Without aftercare treatment, the period following discharge from short-term inpatient detoxification for opioid dependence presents a high risk of relapse. Yet the role of patient preference in treatment selection is rarely discussed in the substance-abuse literature. We surveyed 485 persons initiating inpatient opioid detoxification who were predominantly male (71.3%) and had detoxed in the past (73.2%). When asked to choose the one treatment that would work best for them after discharge, 43% of participants selected medication-assisted treatment (MAT), 29% preferred residential, 12% selected drug-free counseling, 12% NA/AA meetings only, and 4% preferred no additional treatment. Residential treatment preference was significantly associated with homelessness, having been in a detox program within the past year, and having pending legal problems, indicating that there is a distinct profile of detox patients who prefer residential treatment despite its limited availability. Detox program staff should work with patients to understand reasons for treatment preferences to optimize aftercare services.
Rethinking Gender Segregation and Gender Inequality: Measures and Meanings

It is often assumed that occupational segregation by gender is readily interpretable as an index of inequality between men and women in the labor force. Although this view has been challenged, the development and dissemination of analytic tools that could test this assumption have been limited. This article reviews two methods for identifying invidious and noninvidious components of gender segregation and develops a third approach that overcomes some limitations of the other two. Each method is applied to a data set that consists of observations from 22 countries covered in the International Social Survey Program. The results are compared and contrasted, and several conclusions emerge. First, occupational segregation is not completely interpretable as occupational gender inequality. Second, the methods differ in how large they estimate the invidious (vertical) component to be. Third, each method produces measures of invidious and noninvidious segregation that can be predicted statistically from other characteristics of the countries in question. The article ends with suggestions about the circumstances under which the various approaches may be the most useful.
Systems integration: problems and approaches

Many different types of integration problems arise during software development projects. This paper addresses issues in some integration problems such as application software integration, new function/technology integration, integration testing, and tool integration and discusses future research directions or approaches for them. It suggests some guidelines for designing software objects which facilitate their integration and reuse. It also describes some methods for maintaining consistency and propagating changes among software components during their design, testing, and maintenance. >
Changes in nonresident father-child contact from 1976 to 2002.

To study changes in nonresident father contact since the 1970s, we pooled data from 4 national surveys: the National Survey of Children (1976), the National Survey of Families and Households (1987 – 1988), the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1996), and the National Survey of America’s Families (2002). On the basis of mothers’ reports, levels of contact rose significantly across surveys. Paying child support and having a nonmarital birth were strongly related to contact frequency. The increase in contact may be beneficial in general but problematic if it occurs within the context of hostile interparental relationships. Because nonresident fathers are having more contact with their children now than in the past, an increasing need exists for practitioners to help parents find ways to separate their former romantic roles from their ongoing parental roles and to develop at least minimally cooperative coparental relationships.
FPGA e-Lab, a Technique to Remote Access a Laboratory to Design and Test

We are proposing a new remote access system that allows for laboratory experiments to be performed remotely in the classroom or anywhere an internet terminal is available. The system specifically employed is aimed at courses of digital design using FPGA platforms. It is a powerful tool that allows for instruction with experiments and design examples in the classroom and gives students full access to laboratory equipment and an FPGA platform remotely from an internet terminal. This system is called FPGA e-Lab. It is constructed of aXilinx SpartanSE Starter Kit whose hardware is interfaced through a laboratory PC via an interactive LabView Graphical User Interface (GUI) and acquisition hardware as well as RS-232 serial and USB ports. Microsoft XP Remote Desktop is the vehicle used to access the Lab PC from a remote location.
Towards a higher level of user interaction in the energy management task

The present generation of energy management system user interfaces (UIs) has low user satisfaction. The full graphics user interface (FGUI) as so far implemented actually decreases efficiency compared with the older, character graphics UI. The fundamental problem of the FGUI may be its use of an inadequate UI paradigm, but there are many other factors affecting its efficiency: low relative display resolution, insufficient understanding of user tasks and a low level of information display and user input actions. At least some of these factors can be mitigated in UI design. Visualization can increase display resolution and communicate information to operators on a higher level than numbers and alarms. An example visualization of power system state is used to illustrate this point. >
The Changing Landscape of the Past: New Histories in Thailand Since 1973

Historical studies became a centre of intellectual interest for all disciplines as well as an arena of ideological struggles, with dramatic effect. The conventional knowledge of the past was challenged and negated. A new past was needed. In this context, fresh currents of historical studies have emerged. The effects are so significant that we may say the landscape of the Thai past has been reshaped. This article will discuss four major currents: a critical reaction to the conventional historio graphy, a school of Marxist economic history, a non-linear early history, and a phenomenal rise of local history throughout the country. The historical scholarship in Thailand is not isolated and reflects the influence of the Anglo-American historical tradition, but the factors behind the new histories are primarily domestic despite some localization of ideas and methods from without. Based upon and operating within the local political economy of Thai scholarship, various kinds of Marxism, social science theories, and Western critical theories, for example, have been adopted and adapted to serve domestic interests. Although this article is intended to serve as an exposition of Thai scholarship for scholars outside the country, it will not attempt an exhaustive review of Thai historical scholarship, or its bibliography. The article will discuss only those intellectual currents that have been constructing a new identity of the Thai past.
Exploiting lookahead in parallel simulation

Lookahead is the ability of a process to predict its future behavior. The feasibility of implicit lookahead for non-FCFS stochastic queuing systems is demonstrated. Several lookahead exploiting techniques are proposed for round-robin (RR) system simulations. An algorithm that generates lookahead in O(1) time is described. Analytical models and experiments are constructed to evaluate these techniques. A lookahead technique for preemptive priority (PP) systems is evaluated using an analytical model. The performance metric for these techniques is the lookahead ratio, which is correlated with other performance measures of more direct interest, such as speedup. The analyses show that using implicit lookahead can significantly improve the lookahead ratios of RR and PP system simulations. >
pH regulatory transport systems in a smooth muscle-like cell line

The membrane transport systems responsible for pH regulation in BC3H-1 cells were studied using the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). In nominally CO2-free Na N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid buffer (NHB) recovery from acidification after an NH4Cl pulse was reversibly inhibited by 1 mM amiloride or by Na-free solutions. On exposure to 5% CO2-HCO3 (external pH constant at 7.4), BC3H-1 cells alkalinized by approximately 0.3-0.4 pH unit. This CO2-induced alkalinization was unaffected by 1 mM amiloride, markedly reduced by 0.5 mM 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), and inhibited by Na-free solutions. On readdition of Na, cells rapidly alkalinized, even in the presence of 1 mM amiloride. Exposure to Cl-free CO2-HCO3 solutions caused a rapid alkalinization of nearly 1 pH unit that was abolished by SITS, largely independent of Na, unaffected by amiloride, and unchanged by membrane depolarization in high external K solutions. CO2-induced alkalinization was slowed by approximately 75% after prolonged exposure of cells to Cl-free NHB, but a distinct recovery from acidification remained in these Cl-depleted cells. This recovery was Na-dependent, SITS-inhibitable, and unaffected by depolarization in high-K solutions. In the presence of CO2, the acidification seen in response to NH4Cl-induced alkalinization was reduced 50% by 0.5 mM SITS. These data suggest that the regulation of pH in BC3H-1 cells is mediated by at least three transport systems: 1) Na-H exchange; 2) Cl-HCO3 exchange; and 3) electroneutral (Na + HCO3)-Cl exchange.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Elastohydrodynamics of wet bristles, carpets and brushes

Surfaces covered by bristles, hairs, polymers and other filamentous structures arise in a variety of natural settings in science such as the active lining of many biological organs, e.g. lungs, reproductive tracts, etc., and have increasingly begun to be used in technological applications. We derive an effective field theory for the elastohydrodynamics of ordered brushes and disordered carpets that are made of a large number of elastic filaments grafted on to a substrate and interspersed in a fluid. Our formulation for the elastohydrodynamic response of these materials leads naturally to a set of constitutive equations coupling bed deformation to fluid flow, accounts for the anisotropic properties of the medium, and generalizes the theory of poroelasticity to these systems. We use the effective medium equations to study three canonical problems—the normal settling of a rigid sphere onto a carpet, the squeeze flow in a carpet and the tangential shearing motion of a rigid sphere over the carpet, all problems of relevance in mechanosensation in biology with implications for biomimetic devices.
Critical Concentrations for Selected Oxygen Reduction Reaction Inhibitors

To gain a better understanding of the mechanism of corrosion inhibition by oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) inhibitors, the concentration dependence of ORR inhibition has been determined for hexavalent chromium, cerrous ion, and 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazolate on a Cu rotating disk cathode. The results show critical concentrations for the respective inhibitors and suggest mechanistic differences. Hexavalent chromium inhibits ORR at concentrations as low as 1 μM. The thiazolate is chemisorbed, which contrasts with the Ce(III) which forms an inhibiting film via a precipitation on the cathode.
Autoradiographic studies of the mouse Fallopian tube

Abstract Cyclic histologic changes in the mouse Fallopian tube corresponding to a specific changing pattern of 3 H-thymidine uptake into tubal epithelium suggest a direct correlation between the pattern of nuclear labeling and the cycle-dependent alterations in hormone titers. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-treated animals showed a peak uptake in reserve cells comparable to that of late proestrus/early estrus. Estradiol-treated animals showed an uptake pattern into secretory cells comparable to the pattern seen in late estrus/metestrus-1. Progesterone-treated animals showed a return to predominantly reserve cell uptake similar to that of the late cycle, metestrus-2/diestrus. These cyclic changes of uptake of 3 H-thymidine are interpreted as a growth-maturation-function cycle designed to sustain the egg or zygote in the tube and to replenish the tubal epithelium at the end of a cycle or pregnancy. The intercalary cells are recognized as end-stage elements of predominantly degranulated secretory cells.
Political Competition for Government Funds: Research and Development Obligations

This paper analyzes the extent to which the distribution of federal research and development funds deviates from economic efficiency norms as a result of political competition. Our analysis indicates that these federal funds are allocated across states in a manner to reward majority party constituents as well as to help the majority party compete for additional congressional seats.
Brillouin Gain Reduction Via B $_{2}$ O $_{3}$ Doping

We present both modeling results and experimental data demonstrating that B2O3 (boric oxide) can be used as an effective SBS-suppressive optical fiber codopant due to a very large acoustic damping coefficient. A Ge-containing fiber with ~6 wt% B2O3 at room temperature has a Brillouin gain coefficient more than 4 dB lower than that of standard Ge-doped SMF. These B-doped fibers, unlike standard Ge-doped SMF, have Brillouin spectra that broaden with increasing fiber temperature. Modeling parameters (acoustic velocity, spectral width, etc.) for bulk B2O3 based on a fit-to-data are provided. Modeling results for the B-Ge-Si oxide system indicate that the bulk material gain falls below 0.5×10-11 m/W at 1534 nm near the 1B2O3:4SiO2 molar composition.
Optimization and Validation of a Variable Camber Airfoil

This paper presents an investigation on the development of an adaptive wing configuration using piezoelectric actuators to vary the suction surface camber of a modified NACA 4415. Three profiles from a NACA 4415 baseline profile differing in their upper surface camber and maximum thickness have been constructed and analyzed using XFOIL. The optimum operating points have been determined with consideration to cruise angle of attack at maximum lift over drag ratio. Wind tunnel diagnostic measurements show that at low Reynolds numbers, the adaptive wing controls separation by exerting either passive flow control due to static surface curvature modification or active flow control due to dynamic oscillation of the camber. It is observed from the results of experiments and computations that at chord based Reynolds numbers less than 100,000, the stall angle of attack is increased in the case of static camber variation, while the oscillating camber case shows promising results in controlling stall. An inverse design based shape optimization routine is currently under development to determine ideal airfoil geometry for the previously determined optimum operating points. Preliminary results from the optimization routine are presented.
An in vitro quantification of pressures exerted by earlobe pulse oximeter probes following reports of device-related pressure ulcers in ICU patients .

﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿The earlobe often is used to monitor perfusion when pulse oximeter signal quality is impaired in the fingers and toes. Prompted by intermittent occurrences of roughly circular earlobe pressure ulcers among patients in intensive care units, a convenience sample of seven calibrated pulse oximeter probes was used to quantify earlobe pressure exerted by these devices in vitro. All were tested twice with an electronic load cell, a strain gauge with a transducer that transforms the measured force into a readable numerical signal. The probe was clipped to the load cell just as it is clipped to the earlobe in the clinical setting. The probes exerted an average of 0.24 lb (SD 0.6) of force over an area of 0.3 square inches, equal to an average of 20.7 mm Hg (SD 0.6) pressure on tissue. This value exceeds some empirically derived values of capillary perfusion pressure. The occurrence of device-related pressure ulcers, as well pressure ulcers on the ears, has been documented, but little is known about device-related earlobe pressure ulcers or the actual pressure exerted by these devices. Additional in vitro studies are needed to quantify the pressures exerted by these and other probes, and future prevalence and incidence studies should include more detailed pressure ulcer location and device use documentation. Until more is known about the possible role of these devices in the development of pressure ulcers, clinicians should be cognizant of their potential for causing pressure ulcers, particularly in patients whose conditions can compromise skin integrity.
AN ASSESSMENT OF FIRE, CLIMATE, AND APACHE HISTORY IN THE SACRAMENTO MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO

Fire historians typically attribute the causes of temporal change in past fire regimes to climatic variation, human land use, or some combination of the two. Most long-term historical reconstructio...
A social semiotic mapping of voice in youth media: the pitch in youth video production†

An ethics of youth media production is the interplay of identities, media literacy, and modality that shape the environment within which young people produce media, yet how ‘voice’ is fostered and/or constrained in these environments could still be explored more fully. This paper stems from a larger qualitative study of how youth created films about their lives and communities in four non-school spaces that strove to give voice to underrepresented youth across the USA. This detailed semiotic analysis illustrates the nuances in the discussion between young people and youth media arts educators in two of these organizations during the pitch, the key moment in the filmmaking process in which the youth presented their ideas for their videos for adult approval before they moved on to the next stages, for example, filming. This analysis illustrates how young people negotiated their voice, tracing the negotiation and the inherent power dynamics that occurred.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Methyl Bromide in the Decontamination of Building and Interior Materials Contaminated with Bacillus anthracis Spores

The primary goal of this study was to determine the conditions required for the effective inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores on materials by using methyl bromide (MeBr) gas. Another objective was to obtain comparative decontamination efficacy data with three avirulent microorganisms to assess their potential for use as surrogates for B. anthracis Ames. Decontamination tests were conducted with spores of B. anthracis Ames and Geobacillus stearothermophilus, B. anthracis NNR1Δ1, and B. anthracis Sterne inoculated onto six different materials. Experimental variables included temperature, relative humidity (RH), MeBr concentration, and contact time. MeBr was found to be an effective decontaminant under a number of conditions. This study highlights the important role that RH has when fumigation is performed with MeBr. There were no tests in which a ≥6-log10 reduction (LR) of B. anthracis Ames was achieved on all materials when fumigation was done at 45% RH. At 75% RH, an increase in the temperature, the MeBr concentration, or contact time generally improved the efficacy of fumigation with MeBr. This study provides new information for the effective use of MeBr at temperatures and RH levels lower than those that have been recommended previously. The study also provides data to assist with the selection of an avirulent surrogate for B. anthracis Ames spores when additional tests with MeBr are conducted.
Abstract 335: Exercise Protects the Heart by Preserving Mitochondrial Membrane Potential During Early Reperfusion

Exercise evokes adaptations intrinsic to the myocardium that protect against ventricular arrhythmia, yet the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. We have previously shown that the transition to arrhythmia occurs concomitant with a collapse in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). As our previous studies indicated that exercise preserves intracellular redox homeostasis, which directly influences mitochondrial energetics, we hypothesized that rats exposed to exercise (Ex, 10 d of treadmill running) would be protected against reperfusion arrhythmia via better maintenance of ΔΨm. To fully understand the temporal relationship between ΔΨm and cardiac electrical activity, two-photon microscopy images (using the fluorescent probe TMRM) and volume-conducted electrocardiogram were simultaneously recorded. Langendorff-perfused hearts underwent 40/30 min of ischemia/reperfusion. Exercise lowered the incidence of arrhythmia, with 3 of 8 Ex hearts experiencing tachycardia or fibrillation compared to 7 of 8 sedentary (Sed) hearts. Ex prevented the collapse of ΔΨm during the first 10 min of reperfusion (74±6.4% v 57±1.5% of baseline fluorescence intensity; P<0.05). To gain a more comprehensive understanding of energetics throughout the heterogeneous mitochondrial population, we then measured mean TMRM fluorescence intensity in isolated ventricular mitochondria harvested after reperfusion using flow cytometry (n=100,000 events per group). Interestingly, mean fluorescence intensity for ΔΨm was similar in Ex and Sed mitochondria (278±33 v 309 ±44 AU, respectively). Mitochondrial respiratory control ratios were also similar in Ex and Sed (9.03±0.70 v 9.00±0.92, respectively). Taken together, the isolated mitochondrial assessment did not reflect what was observed in vivo. This suggests that either intracellular factors influenced in vivo mitochondrial energetics, or our isolated mitochondria may have been enriched with predominantly healthy mitochondria. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that exercise prevents electrical dysfunction following an ischemic insult through better preservation of mitochondrial energetics, and that this preservation is only observed in the intact organ.
Information processing and strategy

A replication of Neisser’s visual scanning experiment was successfully carried out. An attempt to control for difficulty of target letters in relation to one another, as well as to the background letters, was only partially successful. Several strategies of scanning different conditions were reported during debriefing of Ss.
Heparin administration via nomogram versus a standard approach in venous and arterial thromboembolic disease.

To determine whether heparin administered by continuous intravenous infusion using a nomogram is superior to a random dosing scheme, we performed a prospective, randomized comparative trial in 161 patients. Patients were prospectively randomized to one of three groups. Group I received an intravenous bolus of 5000 IU of heparin followed by heparin administration according to a modification of a previously published nomogram. Group II patients received a 5000 IU intravenous bolus of heparin followed by continuous intravenous heparin infusion with dosage adjustment at the discretion of the treating physician. Group III patients received a continuous intravenous heparin infusion with dosage adjustments at the discretion of the treating physician without the prior administration of a bolus dose. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was obtained at baseline, 6 h after each heparin dose adjustment and every morning. The mean percent of each patient's APTTs in the subtherapeutic range ( 80 sec in group I (46%) compared to group II (31%) or group III (32%), p = 0.01. There were no clinically recurrent deep venous thrombi or arterial thromboemboli in any of the groups. Two patients had documented pulmonary emboli during heparin therapy (one in group I; one in group II). There was no difference in the complication rates of heparin therapy or the need for blood transfusions among the three groups. Patients randomized to the heparin nomogram (group I) achieved an APTT > 50 sec more frequently than patients in the other two groups. Overall, fewer patients in the nomogram group were subtherapeutic, and, when APTT levels fell in the subtherapeutic range, the nomogram restored APTTs to the therapeutic range faster than the standard methods. The heparin nomogram was clearly more effective as a method of heparin dosing than standard methods of anticoagulation dosing.
Multidentate Ionic Surfactant Mediated Extraction and Dispersion of Gold Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents

Resorcinarenes with three different quaternary ammonium headgroups were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to stabilize gold nanoparticles in organic and aqueous medium. Aqueous dispersions of citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles of dimensions up to 29 nm could be extracted into organic solvents by resorcinarenes functionalized with tetrapyridinium tetrabromide (1), tetratrimethylammonium tetrabromide (2), and tetratributylammonium tetrabromide (3). Such nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, EDS, UV-vis, and IR. Their long-term dispersion stability varied significantly and depended on the nature of the resorcinarene headgroup, and in particular nanoparticles extracted by resorcinarene 1 were stable for several weeks. Nanoparticles passivated by resorcinarenes 1 and 2 were also stable in the presence of thiourea for several hours in both aqueous and organic medium. This is notable as thiourea is known to result in the instantaneous aggregation of citrate stabilized nanoparticles. Remarkably nanoparticles stabilized by resorcinarenes 1 and 2 could be precipitated and redispersed in chloroform without any visible aggregation. The critical parameters controlling the extraction of the nanoparticles into the organic phase have also been evaluated. The resorcinarene surfactant mediated facile phase transfer of gold nanoparticles described here can be readily applied for the stabilization of other citrate stabilized mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles, thus providing opportunities to disperse and stabilize relatively larger nanoparticles in organic solvents using ionic surfactants opening up new applications.
Navigating Windows Into Past Human Minds: A Framework of Shifting Selves in Historical Perspective Taking

This article presents a framework for understanding historical perspective taking (HPT), the effort to use historical material to explore the internal states of past people. It addresses gaps in HPT research by (a) linking HPT to theories and research from the social science disciplines on perspective taking and the self and (b) proposing a way to analyze how different tasks may elicit different kinds of HPT. The framework is grounded in a study in which 4 young adults thought aloud while taking the perspective of a victim or a perpetrator at the Salem Witch Trials and in a Holocaust-era massacre. Four shifting self perspectives were identified, whereby participants thought as their present-day selves, constructed hypothetical and imagined past selves, and made timeless generalizations about humans. To demonstrate the utility of the framework, I then use it to consider how task characteristics may elicit differential use of the self perspectives. It is argued that close attention to these self perspective...
Three views on Onto-Hermeneutics

Ontology refers to the reflection on the ultimate with the qualities of plurality and integrity. Western theory of Being can be reformed by Chinese ontology and returned to a part of life. The notion of Ontology is formed and develops in interpretation. Interpretation is a kind of free exposition and pre-criticism and innovation. It is also a kind of Reason to achieve the subject' s realization of self or the communication among the subjects. Based on the above, Onto-Hermeneutics requires the observation and examination of each aspect including communicating with the present theory of bermeneutics and joining to science and finally becomes a comprehensive, innovating and open system. In the process, reference and reflection on Gadamer's philosophical bermeneuties is important.
Assessing risky weighting functions for positive and negative binary gambles using the logarithmic derivative function

Abstract This paper uses the tool of the logarithmic derivative function (LD) to ascertain the functional form of the risky weighting function for probabilistic outcomes. The LD function of a continuous function g ( x ) is defined as the ratio of the derivative of a function at x to the function itself. The LD is particularly sensitive to changes in the slope of a function thus making it an effective way of distinguishing functions with similar forms. The present study replicates earlier analyses of the LD candidates for the risky weighting function for positive binary gambles and extends the program of study to include negative binary gambles. Empirical estimates for LD values were elicited in an experiment in which participants matched gambles with positive outcomes or with negative outcomes. The risky weighting function for positive and negative gambles differed significantly only in the low range of probability values where p ≤ 0.15 . Several candidate models were shown to be incompatible with the observed LD pattern across both types of gambles. Other candidates had a functional form that was similar to the observed LD pattern, but systematically misfit the observed data in one or more regions of the curve. Of the models that predicted the right shape, only one–the Exponential Odds function ω ( p ) = exp ( − s ( 1 − p ) b p a ) –showed a random error pattern. The Exponential Odds function was also the only candidate function with best-fitting parameters that differed between positive and negative gambles and thereby picking up on an important difference between the two gamble types.
Immunoglobulin G Fc Polymorphism Is Correlated with Rituximab-Induced Neutropenia Following Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

Rituximab has been given following autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for recurrent or refractory B cell lymphoma with the goal of eradicating minimal residual disease. Our recent study showed that this is a feasible strategy although transient grade 3 or 4 neutropenia was observed in 51% of patients (Blood 103:777, 2004). We also reported that two IgG Fc receptor (FcγR) polymorphisms, FcγRIIIa 158 V/V and FcγRIIa 131 H/H genotypes, predict response to rituximab therapy in patients with follicular lymphoma, probably due to their role in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (JCO 21:3940, 2003). In the current report, we correlated FcγR polymorphisms with clinical outcomes after post-transplant rituximab. A total of 35 patients with diffuse large cell (25 patients), mantle cell (3 patients), transformed (3 patients) or other (4 patients) subtypes of B cell lymphoma received high-dose therapy, autologous HCT and rituximab, administrated as 4-weekly infusions (375 mg/m2) starting around day 42 and 6 months after HCT. Genomic DNA was available for FcγR polymorphism analysis in 33 cases. For the FcγRIIIa polymorphism, 4 (12%) patients were homozygous valine/valine (158 V/V), 14 (42%) patients were heterozygous valine/phenylalanine (158 V/F) and 15 (46%) patients were homozygous phenylalanine/phenylalanine (158 F/F). For the FcγRIIa polymorphism, 8 (24%) patients were homozygous histidine/histidine (131 H/H), 16 (49%) patients were heterozygous histidine/arginine (131 H/R) and 9 (27%) patients were homozygous arginine/arginine (131 R/R). We did not find a correlation of either the FcγRIIIa V/F polymorphism or the FcγRIIa H/R polymorphism with time to relapse after HCT. But the small number of relapses limited our power. Although rituximab infusions were well tolerated in this group of patients, 32% of the treatment courses in this study were associated with rituximab-induced grade 3 or grade 4 neutropenia (ANC
Prediction of lake water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and fish habitat under changing climate

We applied a three-dimensional lake water quality model to investigate the influence of local meteorological conditions on fish habitat under one historical and two future climate change scenarios. Compared to the historical normal climate scenario, the averaged surface water temperature increases up to 4 °C and the dissolved oxygen concentration is 1 mgL−1 less during the ice-free seasons under the future climate scenarios. The stratification periods expand up to 23% (46 days), thermocline depths increase 49%, and the onset of anoxia occurs 4 weeks earlier under the future climate scenarios. The dissolved oxygen concentrations and water temperatures are used as the key water quality parameters to investigate the temporal and spatial variabilities of fish habitat. The good growth, restricted growth, and lethal habitats for the coolwater fish change up to 14% of the total lake volume. Compared to the historical normal climate scenario, on average, the lake total volume for good growth, restricted growth, and lethal habitat of coolwater fish change +16, −18, and +85%, respectively. The most significant (70%) changes in lethal habitat for coolwater fish occurs in the upper 5 m of the water column. During summer, a modest increase of lethal habitat for coolwater fish (8% of total lake volume) has a pronounced impact on the good growth habitat. The prediction of spatial locations and time periods of potential fish habitats during stressed or lethal environmental conditions is becoming increasingly important for managing fish habitats under changing climate.
Analysis of stress rupture data on fiber composites: Part 1- A unified maximum likelihood method

Abstract Stress rupture is a failure mode of increasing concern in composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) in particular and continuous unidirectional fiber composites in general. Stress rupture is catastrophic and occurs randomly with little or no advance warning. Prediction of a composite structure's resistance to stress rupture is typically based on extensive test data from samples, measuring both strength and lifetime at multiple load levels. Lifetime tests are often censored due to practical limitations on available test time, thus complicating the statistical prediction process. Furthermore extensive extrapolation within the framework of a robust statistical model is required as the desired lifetimes are typically much longer than available time for testing, the service loads are much lower and the desired reliabilities are much higher than the data alone can support. This paper presents a maximum likelihood based prediction method for stress rupture using the classic power law model in a Weibull framework. Details of the method are fully illustrated using data generated on model carbon/epoxy COPVs tested at the NASA White Sands Test Facility. This method treats the strength and lifetime data all at once in one unified procedure, as compared to current sequential industry standard approaches that typically treat strength data first and then lifetime data separately using strength estimates. Compared to such approaches when applied to typical real world data sets, this unified procedure provides much tighter estimates of failure probability at a given desired lifetime and load level, and with lower amounts of bias.
Comparing Block-Based and Text-Based Programming in High School Computer Science Classrooms

The number of students taking high school computer science classes is growing. Increasingly, these students are learning with graphical, block-based programming environments either in place of or prior to traditional text-based programming languages. Despite their growing use in formal settings, relatively little empirical work has been done to understand the impacts of using block-based programming environments in high school classrooms. In this article, we present the results of a 5-week, quasi-experimental study comparing isomorphic block-based and text-based programming environments in an introductory high school programming class. The findings from this study show students in both conditions improved their scores between pre- and postassessments; however, students in the blocks condition showed greater learning gains and a higher level of interest in future computing courses. Students in the text condition viewed their programming experience as more similar to what professional programmers do and as more effective at improving their programming ability. No difference was found between students in the two conditions with respect to confidence or enjoyment. The implications of these findings with respect to pedagogy and design are discussed, along with directions for future work.
The challenge for future research and conservation efforts in the Caribbean

The need for public outreach regarding the importance of, and need for, conservation is instrumental for conservation to occur in the Caribbean. Such outreach must occur at all levels including in schools, to the general public, and with decisionmakers. To date, the Caribbean has been a leader within the hemisphere in the development and implementation of public education campaigns. The success of these efforts has strengthened the recognition by the islands of the region regarding the importance of outreach as a conservation tool.
A pair of datasets for microRNA expression profiling to examine the use of careful study design for assigning arrays to samples

We set out to demonstrate the logistic feasibility of careful experimental design for microarray studies and its level of scientific benefits for improving the accuracy and reproducibility of data inference. Towards this end, we conducted a study of microRNA expression using endometrioid endometrial tumours (n=96) and serous ovarian tumours (n=96) that were primary, untreated, and collected from 2000 to 2012 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The same set of tumour tissue samples were profiled twice using the Agilent microRNA microarrays: once under an ideal experimental condition with balanced array-to-sample allocation and uniform handling; a second time by mimicking typical practice, with arrays assigned in the order of sample collection and processed by two technicians in multiple batches. This paper provides a detailed description of the generation and validation of this unique dataset pair so that the research community can re-use it to investigate other statistical questions regarding microarray study design and data analysis, and to address biological questions on the relevance of microRNA expression in gynaecologic cancer. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)
The maximal function on spaces that lie between L ∞ and BMO

There are subspaces of BMO(Rn), BMO(r), 1≤r≤∞, introduced in [S] and defined by the growth condition, sup1≤p<∞{1/p1k(supQ(1/|Q| ∫Q|f(x)-fQ|pdx)1/p)}≤C0<∞. These spaces are shown to have rearrangement invariant hulls that are similar to the space weak L∞, which was defined by Bennett, DeVore and Sharpley. It is proved that the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator, if it is finite a.e., takes BMO(r) into itself, with norm boundedness.
Guided Reinvention: What Is It and How Do Teachers Learn This Teaching Approach?

In this chapter, the theoretical construct of guided reinvention is extended to include desirable pedagogical practices for teachers implementing RME sequences. First, we explain what a guided reinvention teaching approach looks like and how it evolved out of over 25 years of research. We then articulate the planning and teaching practices of guided reinvention teachers and describe how those practices move beyond what many call “inquiry approaches” to mathematics teaching. We end the chapter by offering a set of learning goals that professional developers might use when mentoring aspiring guided reinvention teachers.
Modern Signal Detection Theory

Modern signal detection theory is concerned only with specific problems of signal detection that are more closely parallel to real practice. One can list the primary avenues of investigation in modern signal detection theory [6–,39–54]: