cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in subcellular localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes during postnatal development of mouse thalamus

High resolution immunoelectron microscopy was used to study subcellular localization patterns of three metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes (mGluR1alpha, mGluR5, and mGluR2/3) during postnatal development of mouse ventral posterior (VP) thalamic nucleus. Immunoreactivity for all three mGluRs was detected from birth (postnatal day 0, P0), but mGluR1alpha showed dramatic changes in localization with age. In the first postnatal week, mGluR1alpha immunoreactivity was mainly found in proximal dendrites and somata and not usually associated with synaptic contacts. From the second postnatal week, it became concentrated in distal dendrites and preferentially associated with corticothalamic (RS) synapses. mGluR5 immunoreactivity was weaker than mGluR1alpha immunoreactivity at all postnatal ages and showed a similar change in subcellular distribution to that of mGluR1alpha. It was also localized in astrocytic processes. mGluR2/3 immunoreactivity was mainly localized in astrocytic processes surrounding neuronal somata and synapses and this pattern was consistently maintained through all postnatal ages. A small number of presynaptic axon terminals were labeled for mGluR2/3 immunoreactivity and formed asymmetrical synapses. This study demonstrates that Group I mGluR proteins (mGluR1alpha and mGluR5) become redistributed in association with the development of corticothalamic function as demonstrated physiologically, whereas Group II mGluR proteins (mGluR2/3) are mainly associated with neuroglia.
Micro-optics design, fabrication, and integration for fiber optic devices

Micro-Optics have begun to play a key role in micro-photonic systems and devices. This is largely due to the fact that semiconductor processing has enabled one to incorporate complex optical functions and integration features into the actual optical substrates. In this paper, key application areas of micro-optics are demonstrated for mode matching, gain equalization, and spectral filtering.
Ultrasonic imaging of in vivo bubbles in decompression sickness

Scanning ultrasonic imaging technique for in vivo monitoring of microscopic bubble formation in decompression sickness, presenting image displays
Understanding the Lived Experience of Formerly Homeless Adults as They Transition to Supportive Housing

The researchers conducted in-depth interviews with formerly homeless adults who had moved to supportive housing to understand their perceived occupational needs and the factors that affected their transition. A qualitative research design with four participants who had a history of substance abuse and mental illness was used. Participant interviews that addressed categories of daily living and personal satisfaction produced data that were coded for analysis using conventional content analysis. Mega themes emerged that related to factors shaping the housing transition and maintenance experience. Occupational therapists can use these findings to create informed interventions to enhance this population's occupational performance.
Electron scattering and effective charge

Abstract The possibility of studying single-particle nuclear transition charge densities with inelastic electron scattering is discussed and it is pointed out that such experiments lead to valuable information about the nature of the “effective charge”. A few simple calculations of cross sections are carried out for various models of the effective charge and it is shown that the momentum transfer dependence of the cross section distinguishes between them.
“Good Morals Are Good Business”: The Cultural Economy of Children's Radio in the Late 1930s

This article takes a critical media industry studies approach to analyzing the production of children's radio in the 1930s, specifically looking at the tactical exchanges between NBC executives and the owners/producers of the Green Hornet, Little Orphan Annie, and Superman, focusing on the discursive labor to reconcile commercial and pro-social interests that framed these interactions. I argue that these discursive exchanges not only shaped the expressive culture that was produced during this era, but they also helped to define and refine the occupational identities of the corporate executives that oversaw the production and distribution of children's radio programs. In so doing, I seek to complicate the typical political economic argument that commercial interests undermined radio's social/educational value by examining how consumer culture was reframed by industry participants as having positive values to impart to children so long as it was properly managed.
Biosynthetic consequences of multiple sequential post-transition-state bifurcations

A terpene-forming carbocation reaction is described for which a single transition-state structure leads to the formation of many isomeric products via pathways that feature multiple sequential bifurcations. Dynamic effects are shown to contribute to the selectivity of the reaction, with consequences for how enzymes control the biosynthesis of complex natural products.
Comparative trial in infants of four conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines.

We performed a double-blind, randomized trial to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of four conjugate Haemophilus Influenzae type b vaccines given to infants 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Adverse reactions attributable to the vaccines were few and minor. The rates of systemic reactions did not differ among the various vaccines and were similar to those seen among children receiving conventional diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. However, the four conjugate H. influenzae type b vaccines differed markedly in ability to stimulate antibody production. Mean antibody levels after three injections of polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated with mutant diphtheria protein (PRP-CRM) or polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated with tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) were 3.08 μg/ml and 3.64 μg/ml, respectively, significantly higher than those after the use of polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated with outer-membrane protein of Nelsseria meningitidis (PRP-OMP) (1.14 μg/ml) or polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated with diphtheria toxoid (PRP-D) (0.28 μg/ml). Only PRP-OMP produced a clinically pertinent elevation in antibodylevel after two injections (0.84 μg/ml); the third injection of PRP-OMP produced a modest but statistically significant further elevation in mean antibody level (1.14 μg/ml). Only 29% of infants receiving PRP-D had antibody levels of 1 μg/ml, compared with 55%, 75%, and 83% of those receiving PRP-OMP, PRP-CRM, and PRP-T, respectively. We conclude that all four vaccines are safe and that all but PRP-D appear appropriate for use in a primary immunization series during infancy. The unique serologic response to PRP-OMP offers both advantages and disadvantages in comparison with PRP-CRM and PRP-T
Serotonin Syndrome and Stiff-Person Syndrome: Diagnostic Challenges in Psychosomatic Medicine

Received May 30, 2013; revised July 29, 2013; accepted July 30, 2013. From Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Send correspondence and reprint requests to Sean Bordelon, M.D., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, 446 East Ontario St, Suite 7-100, Chicago, IL 60611; e-mail: sean.bordelon@northwestern.edu & 2014 Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction
Development and characterization of an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer with increased detection efficiency.

This paper describes the development and characterization studies of a more efficient aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS), showing results for the on-line detection and determination of the size and chemical composition of single fine (100−300 nm) and ultrafine (<100 nm) particles. An aerodynamic lens inlet was implemented, replacing the converging nozzle inlet used on conventional ATOFMS instruments. In addition, the light scattering region was modified to enhance the scattering signals for smaller particles. Polystyrene latex spheres (PSL) with aerodynamic diameters ranging from 95 to 290 nm were used to characterize the particle sizing efficiency (product of particle transmission efficiency and particle scattering efficiency), particle detection efficiency (product of particle sizing efficiency and particle hit rate), and particle beam profile and perform instrument calibration. At number concentrations of <20 particles/cm3, the particle sizing efficiencies were determined to be ∼0.5% for...
Ciliated-cell differentiation and gene expression

Ciliated cells play an integral role in the defense mechanisms of the respiratory system. By the coordinated beating of their cilia they provide the force necessary to clear potentially harmful material from the airways. We have been investigating the regulation of ciliated-cell differentiation and gene expression. Using a culture system that allows us to positively or negatively regulate the development of the ciliated-cell phenotype, we have previously reported that the expression of axonemal dynein heavy chain mRNAs are regulated in parallel with the development of ciliated cells. To identify other genes important to the development or function of ciliated cells, differential display was used to compare mRNA isolated from cultures of ciliated or nonciliated rat tracheal epithelial cells. Two novel genes, KPL1 and KPL2, have been identified whose expression is increased in parallel with ciliated-cell differentiation. Two transcripts of KPL1 are expressed in a tissue-specific pattern; KPL1 is particularly highly expressed in brain. The sequence of KPL1 predicts a 188 or 223 amino acid protein which contains a pleckstrin homology domain. Pleckstrin homology domains have been shown to bind inositolphosphates and G-proteins and function as signal-dependent membrane adapters. KPL1 therefore may function in a signal transduction pathway important to the development or maintenance of the ciliated-cell phenotype. KPL2 shows more limited distribution and is predominantly expressed in tissues which contain axonemes. KPL2 is predicted to encode a 1744 amino acid protein which contains many functional motifs, including nuclear localization signals, an ATP-binding domain, a proline-rich region, and a calponin homology domain. KPL2 may thus be involved in transmitting signals to the nucleus during ciliated-cell differentiation.
High fluence implantation of nitrogen into titanium: Fluence dependence of sputtering yield, retained fluence and nitrogen depth profile

Abstract Nitrides are formed by high-fluence nitrogen implantation into various metallic targets, and their surface properties are improved. Among them, titanium nitride formation is of great interest in a wide range of technological applications. For nitrogen implantation into Ti with implantation energies of 10 keV to 1 MeV and fluences up to 1 × 1019 ions cm−2, the fluence dependence of sputtering yield, retained fluence and nitrogen depth profiles as well as the implantation energy dependence of saturated thickness of a nitride layer were calculated by computer simulation using the “dynamic SASAMAL” code with various values of threshold displacement energy (Ed) and surface binding energy (Es). The calculated results with Ed = 10 eV and Es = 1.6 eV for nitrogen agreed well with experimental values of the sputtering yield, the depth profile and the retained fluence of nitrogen obtained by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and resonant nuclear reaction analysis for 50 keV nitrogen implantation at fluences of 6 × 1016 to 2 × 1018 ions cm−2. The thickness of the nitrogen-implanted layer saturated at high fluence and it was nearly equal to the sum of the mean projected range and the straggling value for all energies from 10 keV to 1 MeV.
Iron oxide (n-Fe2O3) nanowire films and carbon modified (CM)-n-Fe2O3 thin films for hydrogen production by photosplitting of water

Abstract Iron oxide n-Fe 2 O 3 nanowire photoelectrodes were synthesized by thermal oxidation of Fe metal sheet (Alfa Co. 0.25 mm thick) in an electric oven then tested for their photoactivity. The photoresponse of the n-Fe 2 O 3 nanowires was evaluated by measuring the rate of water splitting reaction to hydrogen and oxygen, which is proportional to photocurrent density, J p . The optimized electric oven-made n-Fe 2 O 3 nanowire photoelectrodes showed photocurrent densities of 1.46 mA cm −2 at measured potential of 0.1 V/SCE at illumination intensity of 100 mW cm −2 from a Solar simulator with a global AM 1.5 filter. For the optimized carbon modified (CM)-n-TiO 2 synthesized by thermal flame oxidation the photocurrent density for water splitting was found to increase by two fold to 3.0 mA cm −2 measured at the same measured potential and the illumination intensity. The carbon modified (CM)-n-Fe 2 O 3 electrode showed a shift of the open circuit potential by −100 mV/SCE compared to undoped n-Fe 2 O 3 nanowires. A maximum photoconversion efficiency of 2.3% at applied potential of 0.5 V/E aoc was found for CM-n-Fe 2 O 3 compared to 1.69% for n-Fe 2 O 3 nanowires at higher applied potential of 0.7 V/E aoc . These CM-n- Fe 2 O 3 and n- Fe 2 O 3 nanowires thin films were characterized using photocurrent density measurements under monochromatic light illumination, UV-Vis spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Intensities of surface diffraction spots in plan view

Values for the absolute intensities of surface diffraction spots in the plan-view geometry have been measured using an electron energy-loss spectrometer. The values are of the order of 10-4 relative to the incident beam, which is consistent with multislice calculations. Measurements of the spectra around the spots in on-zone and off-zone orientations indicate that (for silicon) the main background signal is due to plasmon scattering.
Recent updates to the CASA nowcasting system

The Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) nowcasting system currently provides 0–30 min automated forecasts (nowcasts) of precipitation to National Weather Service forecasters, emergency managers, and researchers using composite X-band weather radar data. Nowcasting is accomplished in two steps. First, the Fourier-based Dynamic and Adaptive Radar Tracking of Storms (DARTS) technique computes a motion vector field representing precipitation pattern motion using a recently observed sequence of radar reflectivity fields. Then, future reflectivity fields are estimated by recursively advecting the latest observed or predicted field according to this motion vector field using a sine kernel-based method. This paper presents potential upgrades to the CASA nowcasting system. The performance of the current sine kernel-based advection method is compared to that of a backward mapping technique in terms of categorical (rain/no rain) assessments of accuracy. Because computational efficiency is an important concern given the high-resolution (0.5 km/1 min) nature of the CASA data, the respective computational efficiencies are also compared. A technique to perform temporal interpolation within the DARTS model with the potential application to data fusion is also presented and assessed.
Plane-Strain Instability of Saturated Porous Media

Herein, we investigate the plane-strain instability of rectangular blocks that are made of porous materials saturated with a fluid. We model the material behavior with rate-type constitutive equations, and study the instability generated by the interaction of nearly incompressible solid and fluid constituents. Our investigation, although it applies to a broad range of materials, is limited to hypoelastic and elastoplastic models. Elastoplastic models are found to undergo two-phase instability even though the solid phase remains stable. Two-phase instability is more likely to occur in contractant hardening materials than in dilatant materials. Its emergence is triggered by the solid-fluid interaction, and is delayed by the grain-fluid compressibility. Two-phase instability also takes place in dilatant materials, but is less catastrophic than in contractant materials. The present analysis is useful for distinguishing the physical from the artificial origins of instabilities, which is an important issue in the numerical solutions of soil-liquefaction problems.
Health equity in Brazil

Although Brazil has made important progress towards removing inequality, Frederico C Guanais finds much is still to be done
Integrating a Biblical Worldview into Bible College Teacher Education Programs

New to the mission of Bible colleges is the introduction of “marketplace” majors, specifically teacher education. In this article, the author postulates several reasons for this addition and then discusses the questions to be answered in developing a Christian worldview and the need to articulate a biblical worldview through our teaching. Following this discussion, a departmental and personal example of beginning to provide an integrated biblical worldview is given. The paper concludes with the implications of teacher education programs undertaking the integration of a biblical worldview.
Interactome of signaling networks in wheat: the protein–protein interaction between TaRAR1 and TaSGT1

RAR1 and SGT1 are required for development and disease resistance in plants. In many cases, RAR1 and SGT1 regulate the resistance (R)-gene-mediated defense signaling pathways. Lr21 is the first identified NBS-LRR-type R protein in wheat and is required for resistance to the leaf rust pathogen. The Lr21-mediated signaling pathways require the wheat homologs of RAR1, SGT1, and HSP90. However, the molecular mechanisms of the Lr21-mediated signaling networks remain unknown. Here I present the DNA and protein sequences of TaRAR1 and TaSGT1, and demonstrate for the first time a direct protein-protein interaction between them.
CHAOS ANALYSIS OF BUBBLE FORMATION TRANSITION PHENOMENA ON A MULTI-HOLE SIEVE PLATE

Abstract Bubble formation on a sieve plate with multiple holes is a very complicated process. At low to intermediate gas flow rates, not all holes are actively bubbling all the time. Furthermore, the interval between bubbling events may be highly variable These phenomena are types of bubble formation transitions, and they involve both active hole location and event interruption. In this investigation, nonlinear analysis was applied to the experimental time series data obtained from light scattering, which was sensitive to active hole location. The correlation dimensions and the largest Lyapunov exponent were estimated from the delay coordinates. These findings, along with the result of the surrogate data testing suggest that active hole location transitions can be regarded as low dimensional, deterministic chaos. Effects of gas chamber volume below the sieve plate and elevated viscosity of the liquid phase upon both the transition frequency and the chaotic invariants were studied, it was found that either...
Mechanochemical Model of Endocytosis in Yeast

The process of endocytosis in yeast occurs in combination with the formation of small patches of polymerized actin at the cell membrane. These exert force on the membrane that counteracts the large opposing force from turgor pressure. We investigate the mechanism by which polymerized actin can exert forces with the required orientation and magnitude. To investigate this question, we develop and implement a model of actin-based force generation on a membrane, based on treating a polymerized actin patch as an active gel. The gel grows in the region near the membrane, or shrinks as a result of actomyosin contraction. The polymerization varies laterally along the contact area between the actin gel and the membrane. Using this model, we investigate three possible mechanisms leading to endocytic invagination: a) Lateral segregation of NPFs into an inner core and an outer ring creates curvature-generating forces via differences in polymerization rates; b) actin polymerization around the tubule creates inward pressure that buckles a coat protein layer; and c) Myo3/5 motor activity creates a contractile ring that buckles a coat protein layer. We find that mechanism a) is the most likely to produce invagination by itself, but either mechanisms b) or c) can reduce the force and mechanical requirements for mechanism a).
A population-based study of childhood cancer survivors' body mass index.

Background. Population-based studies are needed to estimate the prevalence of underweight or overweight/obese childhood cancer survivors. Procedure. Adult survivors (diagnosed ≤20 years) were identified from the linked Utah Cancer Registry and Utah Population Database. We included survivors currently aged ≥20 years and ≥5 years from diagnosis , and a comparison cohort selected on birth year and sex . BMI was calculated from driver license data available from 2000 to 2010. Multivariable generalized linear regression models were used to calculate prevalence relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of BMI outcomes for survivors and the comparison cohort. Results. Average time since diagnosis was 18.5 years , and mean age at BMI for both groups was 30.5 (survivors , comparison ). Considering all diagnoses, survivors were not at higher risk for being underweight or overweight/obese than the comparison. Male central nervous system tumor survivors were overweight (, 95% CI 1.01–1.23) more often than the comparison. Female survivors, who were diagnosed at age 10 and under, had a 10% higher risk of being obese than survivors diagnosed at ages 16–20 . Conclusion. While certain groups of childhood cancer survivors are at risk for being overweight/obese, in general they do not differ from population estimates.
Correlation between neutral endopetidase (NEP) 3.4.24.11 in serum and the degree of the bronchial hyperreactivity.

Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is described in airways as the major degrading enzyme of tachykinins such as neurokinin A (NKA) and substance P (SP). Due to its localization and mode of action NEP may play a role in the pathophysiology of bronchial reactivity (BR) especially under the aspect of neurogenic inflammation. Serum NEP concentrations were measured by ELISA to investigate if there is a correlation between serum NEP and the degree of bronchial reactivity expressed by PC20-FEV1 histamine.. PC20-FEV1 histamine was determined in 31 asthmatic patients [age 31.9±1.3 years (mean±SEM) FEV1=92.1±2.4% (mean±SEM) 16 females/15 males]. Prior to the histamine challenge blood samples were obtained and stored at −70°C until determination using ELISA. A significant correlation between serum NEP and the PC20-FEV1 (n=31, r=0.49, P<0.01) was found. The results suggest that serum NEP is modulating neuropeptide-induced effects in the pathophysiology of airway responsiveness.
The Coming-Out Process of Gay Grandfathers: Perceptions of Their Adult Children's Influence

The coming-out process of adolescent and adult gay and lesbian individuals has been examined; however, individuals in late adulthood who come out to family members have been largely overlooked. Specifically, the coming-out process of grandparents to their grandchildren has received scant attention. Guided by the life-course perspective, a qualitative study was conducted to examine the coming-out experiences of gay grandfathers to their grandchildren. Face-to-face, one-time, semi-structured interviews lasting 35 to 90 minutes with 11 grandfathers were conducted to examine their coming-out experiences to grandchildren. Grandfathers reported that their adult children played a profound role in their coming-out process to grandchildren. Adult children were viewed as being a positive force during this process, and grandfathers reported that coming out to their grandchildren was easier than coming out to their own children. Future research would benefit from understanding the grandparent-grandchild relationship ...
Stigma Management Strategies Among Women with Physical Disabilities: Contrasting Approaches of Downplaying or Claiming a Disability Status

The lived experiences of women with physical disabilities have received little research attention. To investigate a variety of social and interpersonal issues, in-depth tape-recorded interviews were conducted with 24 female students with physical disabilities. Findings concerning their experiences as students indicate that these women need to negotiate their disability status with able-bodied others. Respondents employ contrasting stigma management strategies of deflection, normalization, disidentifiers, and advocacy with students, faculty, and campus personnel. Women with physical disabilities either downplay or claim their disability status depending on the type of stigma (discredited or discreditable), the nature of the relationship with the audience (personal or formal), and the perceived reaction of the audience (accepting or questioning the legitimacy of the disability). Implications regarding conflicting presentations of self, divergence of strategies from normative expectations, and lack of group ...
Commentary: the impact of Medicare coverage policies on health care utilization.

Traditional fee-for-service Medicare, by far the most popular choice of Medicare beneficiaries, lacks many of the tools that commercial health insurance and Medicare Advantage plans can use to control health care utilization. Prior authorization, selective contracting, utilization review, and capitation are generally absent from traditional Medicare. Furthermore, most beneficiaries are covered by supplemental health insurance. Supplemental plans cover many out-of-pocket payments, depriving Medicare of the ability to use cost-sharing to discourage overuse of medical services. Reimbursement can be an effective tool to control both utilization and expenditures. With Medicare's enormous market power, providers usually must accept the reimbursements it offers. As important as the ability to set reimbursement levels would seem to be, however, it is not a tool that the officials of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) can apply at will. CMS sets inpatient and outpatient reimbursement levels by formulas that it cannot easily modify or abandon (Medicare Payment Advisory Commission 2007). Congress, not CMS, sets basic parameters for provider reimbursement levels, and in recent years has chosen not to implement scheduled cuts in reimbursement. This experience has led to skepticism about the ability of reimbursement policy to control expenditures in the Medicare program.
Single-Molecule Conformational Dynamics of Fluctuating Noncovalent DNA−Protein Interactions in DNA Damage Recognition

Single-molecule spectroscopy is a powerful methodology to characterize inhomogeneous samples 1-4 because information may be hidden or lost in conventional ensemble-averaged experiments due to intrinsic sample heterogeneities 5-7. Here we report a single-molecule spectroscopy study that reveals dynamics of fluctuating molecular noncovalent interactions within single protein-DNA complexes. This data will facilitate a molecule-level understanding for the dynamic mechanisms of the damage-recognition process in DNA repair 8.
A large-scale laboratory maintenance system for gravid purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)

A large-scale laboratory facility for the maintenance of several thousand gravid sea urchins (S. purpuratus) is described. Gametes of this species provide an important research resource for studies of animal development. Methods are described for culturing adult S. purpuratus for periods up to two years or more with almost no mortality after the first three to four weeks following collection. Adult females can be maintained in a fertile state in the culture system for four to six months. When spawned, gravid females living in the culture facility will routinely regenerate normal sized populations of fertile oocytes at 1 to 2-month intervals. Such females can be used repeatedly as a source of mature gametes for laboratory research. The reproductive performance of these females can be predicted approximately by the number of late vitellogenic oocytes present in their ovaries. After several months the pool of these oocytes is exhausted and no further mature oocytes can be found for a long period. We show, however, that such females are able to carry out a complete annual cycle of oogenesis if held for a long enough period of time in the culture system.
Organization and manpower utilization in research and development

The effect of two basic types of organizational form on the stability and flexibility of manpower in companies engaged in research and development for the United States government was investigated. Important criteria for selecting one organizational form rather than another were investigated in order to ascertain which criteria provide the rationale for choosing specific organizational forms.
Esterase 1 is a Novel Transcriptional Repressor of Growth Hormone Receptor Gene Expression: A Unique Noncatalytic Role for a Carboxyesterase Protein

The pleiotropic actions of GH result from its engagement with the GH receptor (GHR). GHR expression is regulated by free fatty acids (FFA). A cDNA phage expression library was screened to identify a phage clone expressing esterase 1 (ES1) binding to the FFA-response element (FARE), L2-D1, in the murine GHR promoter. Ectopically expressed ES1 inhibited GHR promoter activity via effects at two FARE, L2-D1 and L2-A2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated specific association of ES1 with the FARE. Catalytically inactive ES1 retained inhibitory activity on the GHR promoter and excluded the possibility that the effect on the GHR promoter was an indirect effect secondary to ES1's actions on the intracellular metabolism of FFA. Ectopically expressed ES1 inhibited the endogenous GHR mRNA and protein expression in 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. Subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy established that ES1 localizes both to the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Experiments demonstrated chromosome region...
Real-time machine tool chatter identification and control system

Chatter in machining processes is one of the most important factors limiting production rates. In order to suppress machine tool chatter during orthogonal cutting processes, a real time active chatter controller is designed and implemented that is able to adapt to the continuously changing machining parameters. An electro-hydraulic servo system is used to control the movement of the cutting tool. The cutting force, workpiece acceleration, and tool displacement are measured in real time. The transfer function of the workpiece is estimated by using the cutting force and the acceleration of the workpiece. All the digital signal acquisition and processing tasks are performed by a digital signal processor (MicroStar DAP3200a/415). The digital controller is designed such that the servo/actuator dynamics is adjusted to match the workpiece dynamics to suppress chatter. To make the controller adaptive to the changing dynamics of the workpiece, a recursive least square technique is used to identify the workpiece dynamics in real time. The estimated workpiece dynamics parameters are then used in the digital controller to calculate a new servo output, thus controlling the tool movement. Simulations show that chatter can be suppressed successfully by using this method. Experiments agree well with simulations.
Quantifying Visualizations for Reduced Modeling in Nonlinear Science: Extracting Structures from Data Sets

Abstract Visualization is the process of converting a set of numbers resulting from numerical simulations or experiments into a graphical image. However, the ultimate goal is to understand the underlying science. A crucial part is to identify and quantify "important" regions and structures. Computer vision (image understanding) seeks to do the same. In this paper, we discuss our visiometric approach to visualization, i.e., visualizing, identifying, and quantifying evolving amorphous regions in 3D data sets. Our methods incorporate ideas from computer vision, image processing, and mathematical morphology.
Children's memory for sentences and word strings in relation to reading ability.

A previous study of recall of letter strings by good and poor beginning readers IShankweiler, Liberman, Mark, Fowler, & Fischer, 1979 revealed that the performance of good readers was more severely penalized than that of poor readers when the letter names rhymed. To determine whether the differences in susceptibility to phonetic interference extend to materials that more closely resemble actual text, we designed an experiment to test recall of phonetically controlled sentences and word strings. As in the case of letter recall, we found that, although good readers made fewer errors than poor readers when sentences or word strings contained no rhyming words, they did not excel when the materials contained many rhyming words. In contrast to manipulations of phonetic content, systematic manipulations of meaningfulness and variations in syntactic structure did not differentially affect the two reading groups. We conclude that the poor readers’ inferior recall of phonetically nonconfusable sentences, word strings, and letter strings reflects failure to make full use of phonetic coding in working memory.
Statistical analysis of cell migration in 3D using the anisotropic persistent random walk model

This protocol enables the statistical analysis of cell motility in 2D and 3D microenvironments using the anisotropic persistent random walk model, providing a new tool to characterize 3D cell migration. Cell migration through 3D extracellular matrices (ECMs) is crucial to the normal development of tissues and organs and in disease processes, yet adequate analytical tools to characterize 3D migration are lacking. The motility of eukaryotic cells on 2D substrates in the absence of gradients has long been described using persistent random walks (PRWs). Recent work shows that 3D migration is anisotropic and features an exponential mean cell velocity distribution, rendering the PRW model invalid. Here we present a protocol for the analysis of 3D cell motility using the anisotropic PRW model. The software, which is implemented in MATLAB, enables statistical profiling of experimentally observed 2D and 3D cell trajectories, and it extracts the persistence and speed of cells along primary and nonprimary directions and an anisotropic index of migration. Basic computer skills and experience with MATLAB software are recommended for successful use of the protocol. This protocol is highly automated and fast, taking <30 min to analyze trajectory data per biological condition.
Making and breaking synapses through local mRNA regulation

Neurons are exquisitely polarized cells that extend intricate axonal and dendritic arbors. Developmental cues guide axons and dendrites into circuits by inducing rapid changes in local protein expression and cytoskeletal structure. Neurons can transduce these signals through local mRNA regulation. Here, we review the latest insights regarding post-transcriptional control of gene expression through mRNA transport and local protein synthesis in developing neurons. We focus on local mRNA regulation during axon growth and guidance, dendrite morphogenesis, and synapse formation and refinement. Dysregulated mRNA transport and translation in neurological disorders are also discussed. The collection of molecules and mechanisms reviewed includes sequence-specific RNA binding proteins, microtubule motors and adaptors, microRNAs, translation initiation factors, and the receptor-mediated signaling that modulates these molecules.
Why Not Try a Robust Regression

Summary We introduce and discuss three important regression diagnostics: leverage, Studentized residuals, and DFFITS. We then develop two approaches to bounded-influence robust regression based on these diagnostics. The methods are illustrated on a data set using a simple MINITAB program.
Reeling in Disengaged Students: An Assessment of a Countywide Juvenile Court Attendance Program

On any given day, thousands of youths are absent from school; many are absent without a legitimate excuse and thus deemed truant. Truancy has been linked to various problem behaviors including academic failure, delinquency, and school dropout. Thus, the prevention of truancy is assumed to have beneficial effects far into the future. This study provides an overview of an innovative truancy abatement program operating in southwestern Idaho known as the Ada County Attendance Court. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented to show how the program operates, its effects, and how it differs from other truancy prevention programs nationwide.
Stability analysis of a load balancing algorithm

Load balancing is the process of improving the performance of a system through a redistribution of loads among the processors. In this paper the authors present the stability analysis of a load balancing algorithm based on graph coloring. In this algorithm the processors use local knowledge for the purpose of load balancing. Unlike threshold based algorithms whose efficiency depends on the threshold level selected, the graph coloring based load balancing algorithm does not use any such global parameter. Furthermore, it uses the edge coloring concept to pair the processors. This avoids the selection/rejection operations encountered in many load balancing algorithms proposed in the literature. Also, there is no central controller and the algorithm is easily adaptable to changes in the system configurations.
Contribution of localized calcium deposits to dissection after angioplasty. An observational study using intravascular ultrasound.

BACKGROUNDAtherosclerotic plaque fracture and dissection of the arterial wall are frequent concomitants of the balloon angioplasty process. The composition and morphology of plaque within the vessel may be critical in determining the extent of plaque fracture and dissection during balloon angioplasty. To examine this potential association in the clinical setting, we studied patients with intravascular ultrasound imaging after balloon angioplasty.METHODS AND RESULTSForty-one patients were studied with intravascular ultrasound after angioplasty in both peripheral and coronary arteries. Ultrasound images representing the target lesion cross section were digitized, stored on computer, and analyzed off-line. The presence of intralesional calcium and the relative size of dissection for each lesion was computed. Thirty-one patients (76%) had ultrasound evidence of significant dissection or plaque fracture immediately after balloon dilation. In 23 of 31 (74%) of the lesions, the ultrasound scans showed significan...
Regularized progressive expansion algorithm for recovery of scattering media from time-resolved data

Reconstructions of the absorption cross sections of dense scattering media from time-resolved data are presented. A progressive expansion (PE) algorithm, similar to a layer-stripping, is developed to circumvent the underdeterminedness of the inverse problem. An overlapping scheme, which used detector readings from several consecutive time intervals, is introduced to reduce the propagation of reconstruction errors that occur at shallower depths. To reduce the sensitivity of the PE algorithm to noise a regularized progressive expansion (RPE) algorithm is proposed, which incorporates regularization techniques into the PE algorithm. The PE and the RPE algorithms are applied to the problem of image reconstruction from time-resolved data. The test media were isotropically scattering slabs containing one or two compact absorbers at different depths below the surface. The data were corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise with various strengths. The reconstruction results show that the PE and the RPE algorithms, when they are combined by proper overlapping, can effectively overcome the underdeterminedness of the inverse problem. The RPE algorithm yields reconstructions that are more accurate and more stable under the same noise level.
The effect of potassium rate on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Research was conducted at 2 locations in 2009 and 2010 to determine the effect of potassium rate on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Treatments included 8 rates of potassium from sulfate of potash magnesia (K-Mag, 0–0–22): 0, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 224, and 252 kg K2O ha−1. A complete (N–P–K) fertilizer that supplied 134 kg K2O ha−1 was also included as a control treatment. All fertilizer was applied in a single band application within 10 days after transplanting. Yield was measured and samples were assigned an official U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) grade. Crop value was determined based on yield and grade. Tissue samples were collected throughout the season at 3 separate times: at layby, at topping, and after curing. Tissue samples were analyzed for total alkaloid and reducing sugar content as well as N, P, K, and Mg content at North Carolina State University. Soil samples were also collected at transplanting, which corresponded with potassium fertilizer application, and were analyze...
MULTI-CLASS DECISION PROCEDURES FOR THE INSPECTION OPERATION

Increasing the amount of inspection activities and inspecting a large fraction of the items are two approaches that are used to improve products' quality. In this paper, as in a prece- dent article by Jaraiedi, et al.(5), 100% inspection in combination with multiple-criteria decision (MCD) response is considered. Three different inspection procedures for the multi-stage inspec- tion are presented. Performance of these three procedures are derived and the Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ), Average False Rejected (AFR), and Overall Average Fraction Inspected (SAFI) for all procedures are compared. Two examples are discussed in depth to illustrate numerical comparisons of these procedures.
Elements of an Evolutionary Theory of Welfare: Assessing Welfare When Preferences Change

Elements of an Evolutionary Theory of Welfare: Assessing Welfare When Preferences Change. By Martin Binder. London: Routledge, 2010, 254 pp., ISBN 978-0-415-56298-0, $13.00 (hardcover). Economists ...
"T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), a heterogeneous disease exemplified by two cases and the important role of cytogenetics: a multidisciplinary approach"

T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare form of leukemia composed of mature T-cells that usually presents in older people with a median age of 65. Most cases of T-PLL will harbor chromosomal abnormalities involving 14q11.2 (TCR alpha/delta), 14q32 (TCL1) or Xq28 (MTCP-1), abnormalities of chromosome 8, 12p and deletions of the long arm of chromosomes 5, 6, 11 and 13. Cytogenetics, FISH, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) , SNP arrays with high resolution analysis have provided more precisely frequent submicroscopic gene and genomic lesions as well as breakpoints involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. One of the cornerstones to diagnose T-PLL are cytogenetic analysis. Here we summarize the current cytogenetic findings and we also describe two distinct cases of T-PLL where cytogenetics, FISH , morphologic analysis and flow cytometry helped to diagnose them accurately.
ERSO short-channel IGFET model for CMOS LDD devices from long to deep-submicron channel lengths

ESIM is developed based upon physical-oriented model for deep submicron LDD CMOS technology. The effects of bias-dependent series resistance and nonuniform channel profile and the geometry dependence of MOSFET are well specifically built into ESIM equation. The 1-st derivatives of ESIM I-V curves are always continuous for all bias regions. Therefore, ESIM can be applied to sub- mu m mixed-mode circuit simulation. >
Some Characteristics and Functions of Grammatical Subjects in Scientific Discourse

This article describes an investigation in which I explored an impression that I had developed in earlier work that the grammatical subjects in scientific discourse are markedly long. An examination of a sample of scientific discourse produced evidence that makes a fairly strong case that on the average the grammatical subjects in the sample are markedly long. A stronger case can be made that many of the specific subjects in the sample are very long indeed, probably long enough to draw some attention to themselves in most any kind of discourse. I identify three pressures that I believe operate on scientists to produce very long grammatical subjects: The pressure to be precise, the pressure to be concise, and the pressure to be efficient and progressive in constructing a set of claims that will remain true within a framework of knowledge that has been built up over time. I conclude by exploring some possible connections between both the grammatical subjects in and the overall style of the sample of discour...
Evaluation of the tubulin-bound paclitaxel conformation: synthesis, biology, and SAR studies of C-4 to C-3' bridged paclitaxel analogues.

The important anticancer drug paclitaxel binds to the β-subunit of the αβ-tubulin dimer in the microtubule in a stoichiometric ratio, promoting microtubule polymerization and stability. The conformation of microtubule-bound drug has been the subject of intense study, and various suggestions have been proposed. In previous work we presented experimental and theoretical evidence that paclitaxel adopts a T-shaped conformation when it is bound to tubulin. In this study we report additional experimental data and calculations that delineate the allowable parameters for effective paclitaxel−tubulin interactions.
Improved PML formulation for the unconditionally stable D-H ADI-FDTD method

In a large number of electromagnetic problems, the spatial discretization is dominated by very fine geometric details rather than the smallest wavelength of interest. These fine details dictate a small time-step due to the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy stability bound when an explicit finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme is used, which in turn leads to a large number of computational steps. The use of the alternating direction implicit (ADI) method was introduced for the time-domain analysis of electromagnetic problems to eliminate the Courant stability bound of the explicit FDTD method. We present an improved anisotropic PML (perfectly matched layer) for the unconditionally stable D-H ADI-FDTD method. The relative reflection error observed from numerical experiments is reduced by 15 to 20 dB as compared to the formulation of G. Lazzi (see IEEE Microwave Wireless Comp. Lett., vol.11, no.4, 2001). The error is bound in late time, even for time step lengths that are larger than the Courant stability limit, which implies that the method is unconditionally stable for late time.