cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flavonoids and Other Polyphenols Act as Epigenetic Modifiers in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a common cancer that occurs due to different epigenetic alterations and genetic mutations. Various epidemiological studies have demonstrated an inverse correlation between breast cancer incidence and flavonoid intake. The anti-cancer action of flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic compounds that are present in plants, as secondary metabolites has been a major topic of research for many years. Our review analysis demonstrates that flavonoids exhibit anti-cancer activity against breast cancer occurring in different ethnic populations. Breast cancer subtype and menopausal status are the key factors in inducing the flavonoid’s anti-cancer action in breast cancer. The dose is another key factor, with research showing that approximately 10 mg/day of isoflavones is required to inhibit breast cancer occurrence. In addition, flavonoids also influence the epigenetic machinery in breast cancer, with research demonstrating that epigallocatechin, genistein, and resveratrol all inhibited DNA methyltransferase and altered chromatin modification in breast cancer. These flavonoids can induce the expression of different tumor suppressor genes that may contribute to decreasing breast cancer progression and metastasis. Additional studies are required to confirm the contribution of epigenetic modifications by flavonoids to breast cancer prevention.
Chapter 6 – Cardiorespiratory Control

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the sensory interactions that regulate fish air breathing. It also explains the environmental, physiological, and evolutionary factors that affect the integration of air breathing with aquatic respiration and with the cardiovascular system. Heart activity, vascular tone, and branchial ventilation are all integrated with air breathing through vagal and other sensory and motor neurons interconnecting the medulla, the gills, the heart, the air breathing organs (ABOs), and other structures affected by either aerial respiration or emergence. In aquatic air breathers, an air breath usually elicits tachycardia as well as branchial apnea. The degree of air-breathing tachycardia is also determined by the degree of separation of the ABO and systemic circulations, by poising of adrenergic and cholinergic tone, and by whether or not there is sympathetic cardiac innervation. This chapter begins by considering how physical differences between air and water have influenced the physiology of ventilatory control. Basic features of neural respiratory control are then reviewed through a contrast of the unimodal breathing patterns in fishes and mammals. This is followed by a comparative synthesis of bimodal respiratory control in fishes.
Health-Care Providers’ Knowledge of Human Trafficking: Implications for Building Service Capacity in a Frontier State

Health-care providers are in a unique position to identify and respond to the needs of trafficking survivors, yet research has revealed a lack of training for work with this population. The primary...
Efficient Asian option pricing under regime switching jump diffusions and stochastic volatility models

Utilizing frame duality and a FFT-based implementation of density projection we develop a novel and efficient transform method to price Asian options for very general asset dynamics, including regime switching Levy processes and other jump diffusions as well as stochastic volatility models with jumps. The method combines continuous-time Markov chain approximation, with Fourier pricing techniques. In particular, our method encompasses Heston, Hull-White, Stein-Stein, 3/2 model as well as recently proposed Jacobi, $$\alpha $$ -Hypergeometric, and 4/2 models, for virtually any type of jump amplitude distribution in the return process. This framework thus provides a ‘unified’ approach to pricing Asian options in stochastic jump diffusion models and is readily extended to alternative exotic contracts. We also derive a characteristic function recursion by generalizing the Carverhill-Clewlow factorization which enables the application of transform methods in general. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. Various extensions of this method have since been developed, including the pricing of barrier, American, and realized variance derivatives.
The Political Economy of Development

Those studying development often address the impact of government policies, but rarely the politics that generate these policies. A culmination of several decades of work by Robert Bates, among the most respected comparativists in political science, this compact volume seeks to rectify that omission. Bates addresses the political origins of prosperity and security and uncovers the root causes of under-development. Without the state there can be no development, but those who are endowed with the power of the state often use its power to appropriate the wealth and property of those they rule. When do those with power use it to safeguard rather than to despoil? Bates explores this question by analyzing motivations behind the behaviour of governments in the developing world, drawing on historical and anthropological insights, game theory, and his own field research in developing nations.
DSWorkFlow: A Framework for Capturing Data Scientists’ Workflows

While machine learning algorithms continue to improve, their success often relies upon the data scientists’ ability to detect patterns, determine useful features and visualizations, select good models, and evaluate and iterate upon results. Data scientists often spend a long time making very little progress as they struggle to determine how to proceed. In this respect, the understanding of data scientists’ workflows and challenges has recently attracted a great deal of scholarly interest. However, the literature is mostly based on interviews and qualitative research methodologies. With this in mind, we developed DSWorkFlow, a data collection framework that provides researchers with the ability to observe and analyze data scientists’ cognitive workflows as they develop predictive models. Using DSWorkFlow, researchers can collect data from a Jupyter Notebook, to reconstruct the code execution order and extract relevant information about data scientist workflow alongside the concomitant collection of qualitative data. We tested the framework experimentally with seven data scientists as they each created three machine learning models to inform our extraction algorithms.
Disengagement from the Labor Contract: The Problem and a Proposal

The parochial view of union history is that of the effort of employees, in gradually increasing concert, to obtain from employers improved hours, wages, and conditions of employment. The vehicle of change is what we know as collective bargaining. The organization of employees in pursuit of contracts and improvements was confronted with a variety of legal barriers which effectively stifled substantial progress throughout the 19th century and beyond. The various state jurisdictions employed one or more theories of law to hold that concerted employee activity was illegal, and thus enjoinable.' Although thereafter some of the restraints on employee organization were removed, it was not until the elasticized "commerce clause"2 of the Constitution was brought into the play that organized labor achieved some protection for its means and its ends. The first significant step was the enactment of the Anti-Injunction Act in 1932.3 By prohibiting the issuance of federal court injunctions in labor disputes, the act gave organized employees the first substantial protection of their means. In 1935, the development of organized labor turned a corner when the federal government legislated a guarantee to organized labor of the ends it sought-the collective bargaining relationship.4 The National Labor Relations Act was primarily significant for its requirement that where a majority of employees in an appropriate unit so desired, their employer was compelled to recognize their designated representative and negotiate in good faith a collective bargaining agreement. The subsequent development of labor law and labor relations has had two major aspects. The first of these is the matter of the duties of employ-
Differentiation between Vitamin B12—deficient and Folic Acid—deficient Megaloblastic Anemias with C14—Histidine

Intermediary metabolism of the monocarbon pool and histidine in normal subjects and patients with megaloblastic anemia was studied by continuous measurement of pulmonary excretion of C/sup 14/O/sub 2/ and urinary excretion of C/sup 14/ after injection of L-histidine-2(ring)-C /sup 14/. Cumulative pulmonary and renal excretion of C/sup 14/ for 1 month by two normal subjects approximates 45% of the amount injected. Within 4 morths after injection of the dose used in this study, the resultant average tissue radiation decreases below the average natural terrestrial and cosmic radiation level. Simuitaneous determination of cumulative 1-hour pulmonary C/sup 14/ excretion and the time of occurrence of maximum C/sup 14/O/sub 2/ specific activity may permit rapid and unequivocal differentiation between folic acid deficiency and vitamin B/sub 12/ deficiency in the pathogenesis of megaloblastic amemia. Folic acid deficiency results in marked diminution of pulmonary C/sup 14/ excretion and marked prolongation of C/sup 14/O/sub 2/specific activity, while both parameters are normal in patients with vitamin B/sub 12/ deficiency and megaloblastic anemia. Measurement during periods of reticulocyte response to either folic acid or vitamin B/sub 12/ demonstrated normal C/sup 14/O/sub 2/specific activity but decreased pulmonary C/sup 14/ excretion. These observations suggest that prolongation of C/sup 14/o/sub 2/specificmore » activity is a sensitive index of folic acid deficiency or block and that if T/sub max/ is normal, pulmonary C/sup 14/ excretion is a sensitive index of the relative partition of the active monocarbon pool between pathways for oxidation and pathways for nucleic acid synthesis. This type of breath analysis seems to provide a quantitative dynamic representation of metabolic function which may be particularly useful in differentinting between the alterations of intermediary metabolism that occur in patients with folic aciddeficient megaloblastic anemia and in patients with vitamin B/sub 12/-deficient megaloblastic anemia. (auth)« less
Pyruvate carboxylase. Bound metal content of the vertebrate liver enzyme as a function of diet and species.

Abstract Pyruvate carboxylase purified from calf liver contains bound magnesium and bound manganese in a combined stoichiometry equivalent to the biotin content of this enzyme. Both metal ions are well correlated with enzymic activity when this enzyme is fractionated on columns of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 (SO42-) or Sephadex G-200. The bound metal status of this mammalian liver pyruvate carboxylase, therefore, differs from the pyruvate carboxylases purified from chicken (Scrutton, M. C., and Mildvan, A. S. (1968) Biochemistry 7, 1940) and turkey liver which are identified as manganese metallo-biotin enzymes. Magnesium replaces manganese as the bound metal of pyruvate carboxylase purified from the livers of chickens which have been raised on rations deficient in manganese. The relative content of magnesium and manganese in the purified enzyme reflects the manganese content of the ration on which the chickens were raised. When the ration containing the lowest level of manganese (0.3 mg per kg) is fed, the pyruvate carboxylase obtained is a magnesium metallobiotin enzyme. Substitution of magnesium for manganese occurs with retention of catalytic activity and causes only minor alterations in the catalytic properties of pyruvate carboxylase. Properties which are affected by the substitution include the apparent Km for pyruvate and the concentration of oxalate required for 50% inhibition of the over-all reaction. In the case of inhibition by oxalate the effect observed is in accord with predictions based on the properties of model complexes.
Regulation of VL30 gene expression by activators of protein kinase C.

The mouse genome contains a retrovirus-like sequence, designated VL30, which is expressed at high levels in transformed cells and which can be induced by exogenously supplied epidermal growth factor (EGF). Binding of EGF to the EGF receptor produces changes in intracellular calcium levels and phospholipase activity which indirectly lead to activation of protein kinase C. We treated AKR-2B cells, Swiss 3T3 cells, and the 3T3 variants NR6 (EGF receptorless) and TNR9 (phorbol ester nonresponsive) with various phorbol ester tumor promoters and with the synthetic diacylglycerol sn-1,2-dioctanoylglycerol. Tumor-promoting phorbol esters (e.g. 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA] increased the level of VL30 expression. Stimulation with either TPA or EGF produced a similar time course of VL30 expression. TPA induced VL30 expression in the EGF-receptorless NR6 cell line, indicating that neither EGF ligand-receptor binding nor phosphorylation of the EGF receptor was required for induction of VL30 expression. Protein synthesis was not required for the TPA-mediated increase in VL30 expression, as pretreatment with cycloheximide did not block or reduce the TPA effect. VL30 expression was also stimulated by treatment with sn-1,2-dioctanoylglycerol, an analog of a probable endogenous activator of protein kinase C. These results suggest that activation of protein kinase C plays a direct role in regulating VL30 expression.
The Idol as Icon

The artist is not outside the symptoms, but makes a work of art from them, which sometimes serves to precipitate them, and sometimes to transform them. Gilles Deleuze 1 In The Crossing of the Vis...
Buffered Clock Tree Synthesis with Non-Zero Clock Skew Schedulingfor Increased Tolerance to Process Parameter Variations

An integrated top-down design system is presented in this paper for synthesizing clock distribution networks for application to synchronous digital systems. The timing behavior of a synchronous digital circuit is obtained from the register transfer level description of the circuit, and used to determine a non-zero clock skew schedule which reduces the clock period as compared to zero skew-based approaches. Concurrently, the permissible range of clock skew for each local data path is calculated to determine the maximum allowed variation of the scheduled clock skew such that no synchronization failures occur. The choice of clock skew values considers several design objectives, such as minimizing the effects of process parameter variations, imposing a zero clock skew constraint among the input and output registers, and constraining the permissible range of each local data path to a minimum value. The clock skew schedule and the worst case variation of the primary process parameters are used to determine the hierarchical topology of the clock distribution network, defining the number of levels and branches of the clock tree and the delay associated with each branch. The delay of each branch of the clock tree is physically implemented with distributed buffers targeted in CMOS technology using a circuit model that integrates short-channel devices with the signal waveform shape and the characteristics of the clock tree interconnect. A bottom-up approach for calculating the worst case variation of the clock skew due to process parameter variations is integrated with the top-down synthesis system. Thus, the local clock skews and a clock distribution network are obtained which are more tolerant to process parameter variations. This methodology and related algorithms have been demonstrated on several MCNC/ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits. Increases in system-wide clock frequency of up to 43% as compared with zero clock skew implementations are shown. Furthermore, examples of clock distribution networks that exploit intentional localized clock skew are presented which are tolerant to process parameter variations with worst case clock skew variations of up to 30%.
Autoignition of Methanol and Ethanol Sprays under Diesel Engine Conditions

Methanol and ethanol are being considered as alternative fuels for diesel engines. One of the key concerns with using alcohol fuels in diesel engines is their poor ignition quality. This work presents the ignition characteristics of methanol and ethanol examined under simulated diesel engine conditions in a constant-volume combustion vessel. The ignition characteristics of isooctane and normal hexadecane (cetane) measured under the same conditions are also included for reference. Results show that to obtain ignition delays and rates-of-pressure-rise suitable for current diesel engine designs, methanol and ethanol require in-cylinder temperatures of about 1100 K at the time of injection. The results also show that the ignition delays of the alcohol fuels are independent of the chamber-pressure and are unaffected by the presence of 10% by volume of water in the fuel.
Attraction, acquisition, retention and spatiotemporal distribution of soilborne plant pathogenic fungi by shore flies

Adult shore flies were experimentally shown to be aerial vectors for three soilborne plant pathogens: Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. basilici and Thielaviopsis basicola. Adult insects are attracted to sporulating cultures of the soilborne fungi investigated, as well as infected plant tissues. Shore flies acquired fungal propagules both by ingestion and surface contamination. The minimum acquisition time for propagules of soilborne fungi was 10-20 min and acquisition increased with time to reach 100% frass deposits infestation after 2 h of acquisition. The inoculum potential of the frass deposits was high considering that the number of viable spores deposited by one adult insect in a day was 2.38 x 10 7 , 3.08 × 10 6 and 8.83 x 10 6 for V. dahliae, F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici and T. basicola, respectively. Electron microscopy investigation implicated body surface contamination as a means of viable propagule acquisition. Pathogen distribution by adult shore flies was rapid over time at 2.21 cm 2 per hour per insect. The area over which the pathogen was distributed by adult shore flies increased with the increase in exposure time. The study showed that adult shore flies are efficient in the dispersal of the soilborne plant pathogen T. basicola.
Hegemony and Cultural Resistance

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 10, pp. 6645–6650, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
7. The Politics of Networks: Interests, Power, and Human Rights Norms

Despite considerable interest in political networks, especially transnational advocacy networks (TANs), political scientists have imported few insights from network theory into their studies. His essay aims to begin an exchange between network theorists and political scientists by addressing two related questions. How can network theory inform the study of international relations, particularly in the examination of TANs? Conversely, what problems arise in political phenomena that can enrich network theory? We make two general arguments focusing on the process of norm emergence in networks based on the history of global human rights norms and the formation of Amnesty International. First, political power can be an emergent property of networks, found most likely in scale-free structures. That is, central (or more connected) nodes can influence a network directly or indirectly and thereby shape the ends towards which the nodes collectively move. Second, norms are also emergent properties of networks. In the earliest stages of change, many norms compete for acceptance and many potential networks built on different norms or combinations of norms exist but are not yet activated. We argue that the network which eventually emerges is not a function of the inherent "goodness" of one set of norms over another, since the quality of any norm is difficult to judge prior to its manifestation in a network of shared adherents. Rather, at least in the case of human rights, the crystallization of the observed network from the range of possible alternatives preceded the widespread acceptance of the norm and occurred as a result of a central node that exercised agenda-setting power by controlling the flow of information in the network.
Production Systems: Models of Control Structures

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses production systems and the way in which they operate. A production system is a scheme for specifying an information processing system. It consists of a set of productions, each production consisting of a condition and an action. It has also a collection of data structures: expressions that encode the information upon which the production system works—on which the actions operate and on which the conditions can be determined to be true or false. The chapter discusses the possibility of having a theory of the control structure of human information processing. Gains seem possible in many forms such as completeness of the microtheories of how various miniscule experimental tasks are performed, the ability to pose meaningfully the problem of what method a subject is using, the ability to suggest new mechanisms for accomplishing a task, and the facilitation of comparing behavior on diverse tasks. The chapter presents a theory of the control structure.
A fully synthetic self-adjuvanting globo H-Based vaccine elicited strong T cell-mediated antitumor immunity

Therapeutic cancer vaccines based on the abnormal glycans expressed on cancer cells, such as the globo H antigen, have witnessed great progress in recent years. For example, the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) conjugate of globo H has been on clinical trials as a cancer vaccine. However, such vaccines have intrinsic problems, such as inconsistence in eliciting T cell-mediated immunity in cancer patients and difficult quality control. To address the issue, a structurally defined fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine composed of globo H and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) was developed. The new vaccine was shown to elicit robust IgG1 antibody responses and T cell-dependent immunity, which is desired for anticancer vaccine, and induce significantly faster and stronger immune responses than the globo H-KLH conjugate. Moreover, it was self-adjuvanting, namely, inducing immune responses without the use of an external adjuvant, thus MPLA was not only a vaccine carrier but also a build-in adjuvant. It was also found that antibodies induced by the new vaccine could selectively bind to and mediate strong complement-dependent cytotoxicity to globo H-expressing MCF-7 cancer cell. All of the results have demonstrated that the globo H-MPLA conjugate is a better cancer vaccine than the globo H-KLH conjugate under experimental conditions and is worth further investigation and development.
Cortical Tension Affects the Spatial Heterogeneity of Clathrin-Coated Pit Dynamics

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in mammalian cells is critical for many cellular processes including cell surface receptor down-regulation and nutrient uptake. From analyses of protein interaction networks, the actin polymerization machinery is a modular component within the endocytic interactome. However, the precise role of actin in CME is still under debate. Live cell microscopy has revealed a wide variation in the dynamics of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). To gain insight of the heterogeneity of CCP dynamics and how cortical actin might influence this heterogeneity, we applied total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to live cells grown on micro-fabricated substrates patterned with adhesive and non-adhesive regions. Cells on patterns showed overall longer CCP lifetimes compared to cells on chemically uniform surfaces, possibly the result of increased cortical tension. CCP lifetime distributions were also significantly different between adhesive and non-adhesive regions. When the structure of cortical actin is weakened by application of an actin monomer sequestering drug latrunculin A (latA), we found that the CCP lifetimes were homogenized to the level of the non-adherent regions. The decrease in CCP lifetime on adherent regions suggests that cortical actin filaments act as barriers at the adherent surface in CME.
Quantum Coherence of Relic Neutrinos

We argue that in at least a portion of the history of the Universe the relic background neutrinos are spatially extended, coherent superpositions of mass states. We show that an appropriate quantum mechanical treatment affects the neutrino mass values derived from cosmological data. The coherence scale of these neutrino flavor wave packets can be an appreciable fraction of the causal horizon size, raising the possibility of spacetime curvature-induced decoherence.
INFLUENCE OF GROWTH STATUS AND NUTRIENTS ON EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE SYNTHESIS BY THE SOIL ALGA CHLAMYDOMONAS MEXICANA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

Increased levels of nitrogen in liquid growth medium bring about increased growth and a delay in extracellular polysaccharide production by Chlamydomonas mexicana Lewin on a per-cell basis. Addition of nitrogen to stationary phase cultures causes renewed growth and a temporary lag in polysaccharide synthesis until growth again ceases. Removal of nitrogen terminates growth, causing an immediate increase in polysaccharide synthesis. Phosphate-starved cells show a response similar to nitrogen-starved cells, indicating that the beginning of stationary phase and not nitrogen depletion causes the stimulation in extracellular polysaccharide synthesis. As similar results are assumed to occur on soil, the significance of this response is discussed.
Dose response of insects to malignant transformed cells.

Graded doses of cell suspensions of an embryonic cockroach cell line in its 290th passage were injected into the hemoceles of hosts of the homologous species,Blattella germanica, of different ages. All insects injected with viable cells suffered paralysis, progressive loss of appendages, and premature death. The time of death depended on the number of cells inoculated. Histological studies of the afflicted insects showed that the injected cells were metastatic and invasive, producing tumors, especially in the fat body. Tumors were transplantable and malignant in secondary hosts. Tumors were not produced by cell-free spent medium, or homogenized or sonicated cell breis. The cause of paralysis and loss of appendages was not known, although large aggregations of the injected cells could be seen in the leg musculature in the thorax. Cells were recovered from the tumors and grown again in culture. The line was predominantly diploid (62%) with some heteroploid cells (38%).
Expanding the role for the POU/POE industry

The Environmental Protection Agency is frequently asked to give an opinion on point-of-use/point-of-entry (POU/POE) devices. These thoughts on the use of POU/POE devices and how they may fit into the broader program for protecting drinking water were originally presented before the National Conference of the Water Quality Association on March 2, 1989.
The Use of Permeabilized Cells to Investigate Secretory Granule Biogenesis

To investigate the mechanism of secretory granule biogenesis in endocrine cells, our laboratory used rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells which secrete growth hormone and prolactin. Here we describe a simple and rapid procedure for generating permeabilized cells to dissect molecular mechanisms involved in nascent secretory vesicle budding from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Using this system, we demonstrate that vesicle budding is temperature, energy, and cytosol dependent; in addition, cytosol from a variety of cells, including yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), can support vesicle release. The budding of nascent secretory vesicles from the TGN is stimulated by a phospholipase D activity that is associated with Golgi membranes. Our results suggest that phospholipid metabolism plays an important role in the release of nascent secretory vesicles from the TGN.
Diterpenes from Dictyota dichotoma

Two new and two known diterpenes were isolated from Dictyota dichotoma. The structures of the new diterpenes were elucidated from spectral and X-ra
Novel High-Temperature Aromatic Copolyester Thermosets: Synthesis, Characterization, and Physical Properties

An all-aromatic thermosetting copolyester has been prepared using hydroquinone, hydroxybenzoic acid, isophthalic acid, trimesic acid, and/or 1,3,5-triacetoxybenzene as key building blocks. The preparation and characterization of these materials are described. Cured resins based on these structures exhibit thermal stabilities in nitrogen to 450 °C, glass transition temperatures up to 240 °C, and moisture pickups of only 0.3 wt %. An important feature of these cross-linked aromatic copolyesters is their ability to undergo further processing in the solid state through interchain transesterification reactions.
A datacenter network tale from a server's perspective

The scalability of many datacenter applications is largely dependent on the networking infrastructure. Several studies addressed the network traffic characteristics from the perspective of network equipment, i.e., collecting and analyzing traffic data from routers, switches, or other network aggregation points. However, little is known about how traffic is directly generated by the servers. In this paper, we conduct an empirical study to characterize datacenter traffic from a server-centric perspective. We analyze data from more than 30,000 servers, located across more than 50 production datacenters, over a two-year time span. Our evaluation encompasses traffic statistics as well as network resources, based on short-term snapshots and long-term evolution of the collected metrics. In particular, we characterize the temporal and spatial characteristics of incoming and outgoing traffic volumes across servers, in packets as well as bytes per second. Our analysis provides a baseline for datacenter network modeling and workload model calibration.
Quality characteristics of oriental persimmons (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Fuyu) grown in the southeastern United States

Sensory, physical and chemical characteristics of Fuyu persimmons (Diospyros kaki L.) were determined before and during storage at 18°C and 1°C. The predominant taste note by sensory descriptive profiling was ‘sweet’, which did not change appreciably during storage. Low intensities of ‘earthy‘, ‘fall-vegetable complex‘, and ‘fresh-cut corn’ accounted for the delicate persimmon flavor. Fruit stored at 18°C were soft and overripe after 2 wk. Fruit stored at 1°C changed little before 6 wks. Major changes were increased softness and weight loss with decreased L and hue angle values.
Detection and resolution of deadlocks in distributed database systems

Deadlock detection and resolution is one of the major component of a successful distributed database management system. In this paper, we discuss deadlock detection and resolution strategies and present two approaches for detecting and resolving deadlocks in both general distributed database systems and in distributed real-time database systems. Our first approach is to collect information on connectivity of nodes of the overall Transaction Wait-For Graph (TWFG) of the distributed database system and then use these connectivities information to build a local TWFG at each node of the overall TWGF. We then detect the deadlocks by locating the cycles in each local TWFG. To resolve the deadlocks the nodes involved in those cycles in each local T WFG, are removed until there is no cycle in the local TWFGS. Our second approach continuously checks for the occurrences of a deadlock between different transaction trees. As soon as it detects a deadlock it resolves it by aborting one of the transaction tree which has been initiated more recently. Some of the advantages of our approaches over the approaches which are using Probe messages are: (1) no extra storage required to store different probe messages, (2) no false (Phantom) deadlocks are reported, (3) detects and resolve all deadlocks. In addition, our approaches use less messages and time to detect and resolve all deadlocks in the existing TWFG of the distributed database system.
Reduction of tissue norepinephrine and blood pressure by 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenylalanine

Abstract 3, 5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenylalanine (DHMPA) has been shown to be an effective depletor of norepinephrine content of the heart, brain and spleen in mouse and rat. Significant antihypertensive effects of the drug were observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. This action of the drug appears related to the catecholamine depletion and a possible false transmitter mechanism.
BEHAVIOUR OF e ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY DURING CHRONIC ACTIVE LIVER DISEASE RELATION TO HB ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY SYSTEM AND PROGNOSIS

Serial determinations of e antigen and e antibody were made in 20 patients with chronic active liver disease and hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibody (anti-HBs). The presence of e antigen was associated with failure to clear HBsAg, produce anti-HBs, or respond to treatment with steroids. It is proposed that the presence of the e antigen is associated with impaired host immune responses to hepatitis-B virus infection and a poor prognosis.
Theory of shape bifurcation during nucleation in solids

The shape bifurcation theory of Johnson and Cahn [su1] is extended to a solid-state nucleation in order to predict the critical nucleus shape as a function of the nucleation driving force. For the case of homogeneous nucleation, the relationship between the nucleation driving force and the nucleus shape reveals characteristics similar to the well-known temperature effects on the isothermal pressure-volume variations of a van der Waals fluid. When the elastic strain energy is a strong function of the nucleus aspect ratio in the neighborhood of a high-symmetry morphology, such as a sphere or a cube, the shape transition is a continuous type, analogous to a smooth pressure-volume change in a van der Waals fluid above the critical temperature. On the other hand, if the elastic energy changes significantly only with small aspect ratios, the shape transition becomes a discontinuous type, analogous to the first-order liquid-to-vapor phase transition below the critical temperature. Results of an elementary model for heterogeneous nucleation also exhibit a similar bifurcation nature, here the potency of a heterogeneous nucleation site replacing the role of the temperature in the phase diagram of a van der Waals fluid.
Enabling health literacy for older adults through anamorphic perspective

The US Institute of Medicine defines health literacy as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions." As more health resources move to computer access it is important that people are able to obtain the information and understand it from computers. This is especially important for older adults that might be less able to read and understand health resources from a stationary or bedridden situation. In this paper, we describe a new visualization technique for helping stationary older adults better read from computers. We use the concept of anamorphic perspective and large displays to extend stationary adults' reading area thus allowing the benefits of large displays from a stationary position. We present two experiments on the technique and show that it has potential to help stationary individuals read from far away distances.
Deletion of the Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptor PDZ Recognition Motif Prevents Receptor Phosphorylation and Delays Resensitization of Receptor Responses

Abstract Phosphorylation-deficient serotonin 5-HT2C receptors were generated to determine whether phosphorylation promotes desensitization of receptor responses. Phosphorylation of mutant 5-HT2C receptors that lack the carboxyl-terminal PDZ recognition motif (Ser458-Ser-Val-COOH; ΔPDZ) was not detectable based on a band-shift phosphorylation assay and incorporation of 32P. Treatment of cells stably expressing ΔPDZ or wild-type 5-HT2C receptors with serotonin produced identical maximal responses and EC50 values for eliciting [3H]inositol phosphate formation. In calcium imaging studies, treatment of cells expressing ΔPDZ or wild-type 5-HT2C receptors with 100 nm serotonin elicited initial maximal responses and decay rates that were indistinguishable. However, a second application of serotonin 2.5 min after washout caused maximal responses that were ∼5-fold lower with ΔPDZ receptors relative to wild-type 5-HT2C receptors. After 10 min, responses of ΔPDZ receptors recovered to wild-type 5-HT2Creceptor levels. Receptors with single mutations at Ser458(S458A) or Ser459 (S459A) decreased serotonin-mediated phosphorylation to 50% of wild-type receptor levels. Furthermore, subsequent calcium responses of S459A receptors were diminished relative to S458A and wild-type receptors. These results establish that desensitization occurs in the absence of 5-HT2C receptor phosphorylation and suggest that receptor phosphorylation at Ser459 enhances resensitization of 5-HT2Creceptor responses.
ESR study of free radicals formed by γ-irradiation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Free radicals formed by γ-irradiation of oriented samples of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were studied at 25°C. by ESR spectroscopy. The G value for trapped free radicals is 0.02. The predominant radical is identified as , and a minor component of the spectrum is tentatively assigned to the radical COĊ6H3CO. The absence of cyclohexadienyl type radicals is discussed. Previously reported dose rate effects in PET are explained by reference to a chain reaction involving β-bond scission of the radical .
Nucleon compton scattering II: Comparison with experimental data

Abstract The proton Compton scattering cross section resulting from a numerical evaluation of nucleon Compton scattering dispersion relations is compared with experimental data at 90° center of mass and 135° center of mass from 0–300 Mev incident photon energy. Below 240 Mev the cross section at 90° is best approximated by the dispersion-theoretic amplitude which omits the contribution from the 2 — π intermediate state in Channel III, while the cross section at 135° is best approximated by the amplitude which includes this contribution. Above 240 Mev the approximations made in the absorptive part in Channel I result in a rapid deterioration of the predictions. The effect of the contribution from the heretofore neglected 2 — π intermediate state in Channel III is considered and is used to dispute the validity of previous predictions of the neutral pion lifetime based upon proton Compton scattering dispersion relations.
Double least squares approach for use in structural modal identification

On montre que la methode presentee reduit considerablement les deviations, specialement pour les facteurs d'amortissement, et ameliore la precision de l'identification sans une augmentation trop importante du cout du calcul
Enhanced neutralization of La Crosse virus by the binding of specific pairs of monoclonal antibodies to the G1 glycoprotein

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies specific for eight antigenic sites on the G1 glycoprotein of La Crosse virus were studied in a kinetics of neutralization assay. When examined at the same protein concentration, there were differences in the rates and degree of neutralization induced by these antibodies. The maximum amount of neutralization detected in antibody excess ranged from 1.5 to 3 logs. Another 2 to 3 logs of viral infectivity could be neutralized by the addition of polyclonal anti-G1 antibody or a second monoclonal antibody. However, only certain pairs of monoclonal antibodies enhanced the neutralization the additional 2 to 3 logs. The antibody pairs enhancing neutralization were those also found to be synergistic in a competition binding assay ( L. Kingsford, L. D. Ishizawa, and D. W. Hill, 1983 , Virology, 129, 443–455) as well as any neutralizing antibody used in combination with antibodies to epitopes within one particular site on the glycoprotein. The data indicate that antibody binding to two different specific sites on G1 is needed to neutralize La Crosse virus to the same extent that is observed with polyclonal antibody.
Policy Implications Of The Gradient Of Health And Wealth

Men in the United States with family incomes in the top 5 percent of the distribution in 1980 had about 25 percent longer to live than did those in the bottom 5 percent. Proportional increases in income are associated with equal proportional decreases in mortality throughout the income distribution. I discuss possible reasons for this gradient and ask whether it calls for the redistribution of income in the interest of public health. I argue that the existence of the gradient strengthens the case for income redistribution in favor of the poor but that targeting health inequalities would not be sound policy.
Chemical-ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates: Behavior of the antibiotic celesticetin under various conditions of ionization

Abstract The chemical-ionization mass spectrum of the polyfunctional carbohydrate antibiotic, celesticetin, is remarkably simple, in contrast to its electron-impact mass spectrum. With ammonia as the ionizing gas the protonated molecular ion is the principal species, and simple fragmentation modes reflect eleavage between principal moietics of the molecule. Substantial modifications of the fragmentation pathway are observed when isobutane is used as the ionizing gas. The different pathways of fragmentation according to the mode of ionization are interpreted in terms of differential reactivity of various heteroatomic centers in the molecule toward each of the ionizing agents. Use of a combination of ionizing modes may provide a useful general method for identification on a micro scale of complex carbohydrates isolated from fermentation or other mixtures.
Animal Models for Investigating the Central Control of the Mammalian Diving Response

Pioneering studies by Per Scholander indicated that the diving response consists of reflexly induced apnea, bradycardia and an alteration of blood flow that maintains perfusion of the heart and brain. More recently field physiological studies have shown that many marine animals can adjust cardiorespiratory aspects of their diving response depending upon the behavioral situation. This could suggest that the very labile heart rate during diving is under direct cortical control. However, the final control of autonomic nervous system functioning resides within the brainstem and not the cortex. Many physiologists regard the brain as a “black box” where important neuronal functioning occurs, but the complexity of such functioning leaves systematic investigation a daunting task. As a consequence the central control of the diving response has been under-investigated. Thus, to further advance the field of diving physiology by understanding its central neuronal control, it would be first necessary to understand the reflex circuitry that exists within the brainstem of diving animals. To do this will require an appropriate animal model. In this review, two animals, the muskrat and rat, will be offered as animal models to investigate the central aspects of the diving response. Firstly, although these rodents are not marine animals, natural histories indicate that both animals can and do exploit aquatic environments. Secondly, physiological recordings during natural and simulated diving indicate that both animals possess the same basic physiological responses to underwater submersion that occur in marine animals. Thirdly, the size and ease of housing of both animals makes them attractive laboratory research animals. Finally, the enormous amount of scientific literature regarding rodent brainstem autonomic control mechanisms, and the availability of brain atlases, makes these animals ideal choices to study the central control of the mammalian diving response.
An implicit plan overrides an explicit strategy during visuomotor adaptation.

The relationship between implicit and explicit processes during motor learning, and for visuomotor adaptation in particular, is poorly understood. We set up a conflict between implicit and explicit processes by instructing subjects to counter a visuomotor rotation using a cognitive strategy in a pointing task. Specifically, they were told the exact nature of the directional perturbation, a rotation that directed them 45° counterclockwise from the desired target, and they were instructed to counter it by aiming for the neighboring clockwise target, 45° away. Subjects were initially successful in completely negating the rotation with this strategy. Surprisingly, however, they were unable to sustain explicit control and made increasingly large errors to the desired target. The cognitive strategy failed because subjects simultaneously adapted unconsciously to the rotation to the neighboring target. Notably, the rate of implicit adaptation to the neighboring target was not significantly different from rotation adaptation in the absence of an opposing explicit strategy. These results indicate that explicit strategies cannot substitute for implicit adaptation to a visuomotor rotation and are in fact overridden by the motor planning system. This suggests that the motor system requires that planned and executed trajectories remain congruous in visual space, and enforces this correspondence even at the expense of an opposing explicit task goal.
Combined spinal-epidural analgesia for labor***

Abstract Combined spinal-epidural analgesia is a technique that provides rapid-onset, profound epidural analgesia for laboring parturients at almost any stage of labor. The most commonly used technique is a needle-through-needle technique in which the epidural space is identified with an epidural needle, and then a long spinal needle is inserted through the epidural needle and into the cerebrospinal fluid. Intrathecal fentanyl, 15 to 25 μg ± 1 to 2.5 mg of bupivacaine, or 2.5 to 5 μg of sufentanil ± 1 to 2.5 mg of bupivacaine are injected to produce analgesia. The epidural needle is removed and an epidural catheter inserted. Analgesia is maintained by low-dose, patient-controlled epidural analgesia; continuous infusion epidural analgesia; or intermittent top-ups. Pruritus is a very common side effect. Respiratory depression is rare but of great concern. Current literature favors low-dose epidural analgesia in labor as leading to the best patient and obstetric outcomes. Both low-dose conventional epidural analgesia and combined spinal-epidural analgesia produce similar outcomes. The main advantage of combined spinal-epidural analgesia is its predictable profound analgesia in parturients during late labor or when labor is progressing rapidly. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Assessment of left ventricular wall thickness in healed myocardial infarction by magnetic resonance imaging.

The ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect and localize healed myocardial infarction (MI) was assessed. Seventeen consecutive patients with healed MI assessed by biplane contrast ventriculography underwent MRI using oblique imaging planes. Seven normal subjects underwent MRI as controls. In each patient, ventriculography identified regional wall motion abnormalities. MRI, performed with a 0.15-Tesla resistive magnet and oblique imaging planes relating to the left ventricle, detected zones of regional wall thinning conforming to the wall motion abnormalities localized by ventriculography in 16 patients. In these patients, adjacent areas of intact myocardium were identified in areas shown by ventriculography to be normal. The left ventricular wall thickness at the site of MI was significantly less than adjacent noninfarcted myocardium (p −6 ). The ratio of the thickness of the infarct to adjacent normal wall averaged 0.40 (range 0.22 to 0.62). MRI could differentiate healed MI from adjacent noninfarcted myocardium and normal hearts.