cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Friendly Limiting Instructions

This Article proposes two ways to improve limiting instructions through model jury instructions. First, model limiting instructions could inform the jury how the evidence may and may not be used. For instance, courts in the Third Circuit use model limiting instructions that expressly recommend relaying such information to the jury. Second, model limiting instructions could direct parties and attorneys to consider on a case-by-case basis whether to ask the judge to explain to the jury the rationale behind the limiting instruction. This type of explanation may help the jury to follow the limiting instruction when the evidence at issue is difficult to disregard and the rationale behind the limiting instruction is not readily apparent. The proposals in this Article seek to help the jury follow jury instructions, which would promote fair and consistent application of the law.
Parent–Child Leisure and Parent Affect: The Role of Family Structure:

This study evaluates differences in parent–child leisure and parent affect across single- and two-parent families. The Ecology of Family Experiences framework suggests contextual factors such as fa...
Post-Model-Selection Statistical Inference with Interrupted Time Series Designs: An Evaluation of an Assault Weapons Ban in California

There have been many claims in the media and a bit of respectable research about the causes of variation in firearm sales. The challenges for causal inference can be quite daunting. This paper reports an analysis of daily handgun sales in California from 1996 through 2018 using an interrupted time series design and analysis. The design was introduced to social scientists in 1963 by Campbell and Stanley, analysis methods were proposed by Box and Tiao in 1975, and more recent treatments are easily found (Box et al., 2016). But this approach to causal inference can be badly overmatched by the data on handgun sales, especially when the causal effects are estimated. More important for this paper are fundamental oversights in the standard statistical methods employed. Test multiplicity problems are introduced by adaptive model selection built into recommended practice. The challenges are computational and conceptual. Some progress is made on both problems that arguably improves on past research, but the take-home message may be to reduce aspirations about what can be learned.
Potential role of tocotrienols in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer

Vitamin E is a generic term that refers to a family of compounds that is further divided into two subgroups called tocopherols and tocotrienols. Although all natural forms of vitamin E display potent antioxidant activity, tocotrienols are significantly more potent than tocopherols in inhibiting tumor cell growth and viability, and anticancer activity of tocotrienols is mediated independently of their antioxidant activity. In addition, the anticancer effects of tocotrienols are observed using treatment doses that have little or no effect on normal cell function or viability. This review will summarize experimental studies that have identified the intracellular mechanism mediating the anticancer effects of tocotrienols. Evidence is also provided showing that combined treatment of tocotrienol with other cancer chemotherapies can result in a synergistic inhibition in cancer cell growth and viability. Taken together, these findings strongly indicate that tocotrienols may provide significant health benefits in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer when used either alone as monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer agents.
IgE antibodies, FcεRIα, and IgE-mediated local anaphylaxis can limit snake venom toxicity

Background Type 2 cytokine–related immune responses associated with development of antigen-specific IgE antibodies can contribute to pathology in patients with allergic diseases and to fatal anaphylaxis. However, recent findings in mice indicate that IgE also can enhance defense against honeybee venom. Objective We tested whether IgE antibodies, IgE-dependent effector mechanisms, and a local anaphylactic reaction to an unrelated antigen can enhance defense against Russell viper venom (RVV) and determined whether such responses can be influenced by immunization protocol or mouse strain. Methods We compared the resistance of RVV-immunized wild-type, IgE-deficient, and Fcer1a -deficient mice after injection of a potentially lethal dose of RVV. Results A single prior exposure to RVV enhanced the ability of wild-type mice, but not mice lacking IgE or functional FceRI, to survive challenge with a potentially lethal amount of RVV. Moreover, IgE-dependent local passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in response to challenge with an antigen not naturally present in RVV significantly enhanced resistance to the venom. Finally, we observed different effects on resistance to RVV or honeybee venom in BALB/c versus C57BL/6 mice that had received a second exposure to that venom before challenge with a high dose of that venom. Conclusion These observations illustrate the potential benefit of IgE-dependent effector mechanisms in acquired host defense against venoms. The extent to which type 2 immune responses against venoms can decrease pathology associated with envenomation seems to be influenced by the type of venom, the frequency of venom exposure, and the genetic background of the host.
New algorithms for computing the minimum eigenpair of the generalized symmetric eigenvalue problem

Novel methods for computing the minimal eigenvalue of a symmetric positive-definite matrix are presented. The smallest eigenpair (eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector) of a covariance matrix are computed using the techniques of constrained optimization and higher order root iteration methods. An implementation that relies on QR factorization and less on matrix inversion is presented. This approach can also be used to compute the largest eigenpair by appropriately choosing the initial condition and also can be shown to be applicable to any Hermitian matrix. Several randomly generated test problems are used to evaluate the performance and the computational cost of the methods.
A simple route to enantiomerically enriched oxazolidin-2-ones

Abstract The reaction of ene diols, which are readily available through catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation of conjugated dienes, with p-tosylisocynate catalyzed by Pd(0) gave enantiomerically enriched oxazolidin-2-ones in high yields.
A LISP-based system for the study of Schenkerian analysis

On the basis of this definition, the task of music theory may be regarded as the formulation of perceptual models. The EUTERPE language12 provided an elementary formalism within which certain aspects of musical perception could be rigorously represented. The foundation of this formalism involved an attempt to draw a parallel between the subroutine, as a means to represent repeated events in a program, and the various thematic and rhythmic redundancies found in a musical composition. While this nesting of subroutines may prove convenient, musical recurrences of the type found in Smoliar' 2 are the exception rather than the rule. Furthermore, EUTERPE's scope of application is restricted to repetitious "surface structure" phenomena such as themes in Bach Inventions.
Sensor measurement scheduling: an enhanced dynamic, preemptive algorithm

This paper presents an enhanced architecture for a sensor measurement scheduler as well as a dynamic sensor scheduling algorithm called the On-line, Greedy, Urgency-driven, Preemptive Scheduling Algorithm (OGUPSA). The premise is that the function of sensor management can be partitioned into the two tasks of information management, essentially an information to measurement mapping, and a sensor scheduler which takes the measurement requests along with their priorities and optimally maps them to a set of sensors. OGUPSA was developed using the three main scheduling policies of Most-Urgent-First to pick a task, EarliestCompleted-First to select a sensor, and Least-Versatile-First to resolve ties. By successive application of these policies. OGUPSA dynamically allocates, schedules, and distributes a set of measurement tasks from an information manager among a set of sensors. OGUPSA can detect the failure of a measurement task to meet a deadline and improves the dynamic load balance among all sensors while being a polynomial time algorithm. One of the key components of OGUPSA is the information in the applicable sensor table. This table is the mechanism that is used to assign requested tasks to specific sensors. Subject terms: sensor scheduling, sensor management, resource scheduling, sensors
Intravenous micro-particle injections and pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens: acute post-injection mortality and ascites susceptibility

Intravenously injected micro-particles become trapped within the pulmonary vasculature where they increase the resistance to blood flow and trigger pulmonary hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that i.v. micro-particle injections can be used to trigger acute (24 to 48 h) post-injection mortality in broilers having the most limited pulmonary vascular capacity, or ascites in broilers whose marginal cardiopulmonary capacity renders them susceptible to pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS). Progressive inflammation-associated responses were initiated within the lung parenchyma by 10 to 80 microm diameter dextran polymer (Sephadex) and 30 microm diameter cellulose micro-particles, leading to the scavenging of Sephadex micro-particles from the pulmonary vasculature by 7 d post-injection. The persistency and size of the cellulose apparently facilitated chronic occlusion of blood flow through precapillary arterioles, thereby triggering appreciable post-injection mortality and PHS at relatively low injection volumes (0.3 to 0.6 mL at 0.02 g/mL). In contrast, the small size of the polystyrene microspheres (15 microm), and the lack of persistency of the Sephadex micro-particles, apparently precluded the reliable occurrence of post-injection mortality or PHS until higher volumes (>0.8 mL at 0.02 g/mL) were injected. Values for the total susceptibility index (TSI: 24 to 48 h post-injection mortality + PHS mortality) following cellulose injections were higher for broilers reared at cool temperatures than at thermoneutral temperatures. The incidences of PHS induced by exposing broilers from different genetic lines to constant cool temperatures qualitatively paralleled the respective post-injection mortalities elicited by injecting the cellulose micro-particle suspension into the same lines. These observations indicate the micro-particle injection methodology potentially can replace unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion as the technique of choice for genetically selecting broilers that have a sufficiently robust pulmonary vascular capacity to resist the onset of pulmonary hypertension and PHS. The functional importance of the relative antigenicity of different micro-particle types, and the extent to which key immune-mediated responses, either beneficial or detrimental, might be co-selected by the micro-particle injection technology, remain to be clarified.
Report predicts 57% growth in world energy use by 2030

Energy demand is expected to grow rapidly in the next decades, with world energy use rising by 57% by 2030, compared with 2004 levels, according to a new report from the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Much of this growth is expected outside of developed countries within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; these non-OECD countries will account for about 95% of the projected growth. Although rising oil prices are expected to dampen growth in this sector, their consumption is expected to reach 118 million barrels per day in 2030, 35 million barrels per day more than in 2004. Overall nuclear energy capacity will rise from 368 gigawatts in 2004 to 481 gigawatts in 2030, but declines are projected in several European countries that are planning to phase out the use of nuclear power.
Microvessel area using automated image analysis is reproducible and is associated with prognosis in breast cancer

Microvessel density may be one measure of tumor associated angiogenesis but is methodologically difficult to standardize and reproduce. We used our automated quantitative image analysis system, AQUA, to more objectively assess microvessel area. Cytokeratin and CD31 were used to create tumor and vessel compartments respectively with AQUA. Microvessel area was defined as CD31 compartment area normalized to the tissue spot area (CD31 area/area of entire tissue spot). Consecutive breast cancer whole sections were stained with CD31 to compare pathologist-based microvessel density with AQUA microvessel area. Microvessel areas of 3-fold redundant tissue microarrays of 652 primary breast cancers were also assessed. CD34 and factor VIII-related antigen were also tested. There was nearly linear correlation between pathologist's microvessel density and AQUA microvessel area with regression coefficient R = 0.846. On the redundant arrays, of the 67% evaluable cases, 52% were microvessel area high and 48% low with good reproducibility of scores (Spearman rho 0.551). AQUA microvessel area was associated with larger tumors, node positivity, and estrogen receptor negativity, with 20 year survival at the univariate and multivariate levels (P < .0001 and P = .0121, respectively). CD34 or factor VIII-related antigen were more heterogenous, had poor association with CD31, and did not correlate with outcome. AQUA-based microvessel area was significantly correlated with both standard breast cancer prognostic parameters as well as with clinical outcome. In the future, it may also allow the use of the AQUA-based algorithms to quantify the expression of angiogenic biomarkers to either tumor or microvessel area-specific compartments.
Isomeric cross sections for (n, 2n) reactions in thallium, lead, and bismuth at 14·8 MeV

Abstract The cross sections for the 205Tl(n, 2n) 204mTl, 203Tl(n, 2n) 202m,gTl, 206Pb(n, 2n) 205mPb , 207Pb (n, 2n) 206mPb, 208Pb(n, 2n) 207mPb and 209Bi(n, 2n) 208mBi reactions have been measured using the cyclic activation technique and a high-energy resolution Ge(Li) detector. The experimentally determined values of formation cross sections are 664 ± 60, 670 ± 60 and 2482 ± 220, 866 ± 77, 1017 ± 92, 1310 ± 116 and 393 ± 35 mb, respectively. The half-lives of the induced isomeric activities have been determined using a wide range time-to-pulse height converter and a multichannel analyzer.
Protein synthesis during Ilyanassa embryogenesis.

Abstract The amino acid content of the acid soluble pool, the uptake and the incorporation of 14 C-leucine into protein was measured throughout the development of the Ilyanassa embryo. In early cleavage there was a low rate of protein synthesis that increased during gastrulation, reached a maximal level during the period of organ formation and declined during the later stages of morphogenesis.
Improved calculation of total cross section for pair production by relativistic heavy ions

A calculation of the total cross section for direct electron-positron pair production by heavy ions is described. It combines the use of the Weizsaecker-Williams method for low-energy transfers and existing calculations for high-energy transfers. Higher-order corrections to the total cross section are calculated based on the Weizsaecher-Williams method and existing results for pair production by photons.
Red-Shifted Cyanide Stretching Frequencies in Cyanide-Bridged Transition Metal Donor−Acceptor Complexes. Support for Vibronic Coupling

Patterns in the cyanide stretching frequencies have been examined in several series of monometal- and CN{sup {minus}} bridged transition metal complexes. Metal-to-cyanide back-bonding can be identified as a major factor contributing to red shifts of v{sub CN} in monometal complexes. This effect is complicated in cyanide-bridged complexes in two ways: (a) when both metals can back-bond to cyanide, the net interaction is repulsive and results in a blue shift of v{sub CN}: and (b) when a donor and acceptor are bridged, V{sub CN} undergoes a substantial red shift (sometimes more than 60 cm{sup {minus}1} lower in energy than the parent monometal complex). These effects can be described by simple perturbational models for the electronic interactions. Monometal cyanide complexes and CN{sup {minus}}-bridged backbonding metals can be treated in terms of their perturbations of the CN{sup {minus}} {pi} and {pi}* orbitals by using a simple, Hueckel-like, three-center perturbational treatment of electronic interactions. However, bridged donor-acceptor pairs are best described by a vibronic model in which it is assumed that the extent of electronic delocalization is in equilibrium with variations of some nuclear coordinates. Consistent with this approach, it is found that (a) the oscillator strength of the donor-acceptor charge transfer (DACT) absorptionmore » is roughly proportional to the red shift of v{sub CN} and (b) there are strong symmetry constraints on the coupling.« less
Structural and Conformational Analysis of the Oxidase to Dehydrogenase Conversion of Xanthine Oxidoreductase

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a 300-kDa homodimer that can exist as an NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase (XD) or as an O2-dependent oxidase (XO) depending on the oxidation state of its cysteine thiols. Both XD and XO undergo limited cleavage by chymotrypsin and trypsin. Trypsin selectively cleaved both enzyme forms at Lys184, while chymotrypsin cleaved XD primarily at Met181 but cleaved XO at Met181and at Phe560. Chymotrypsin, but not trypsin, cleavage also prevented the reductive conversion of XO to XD; thus the region surrounding Phe560 appears to be important in the interconversion of the two forms. Size exclusion chromatography showed that disulfide bond formation reduced the hydrodynamic volume of the enzyme, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of chymotrypsin-digested XO showed significant, disulfide bond-mediated, conformational heterogeneity in the N-terminal third of the enzyme but no evidence of disulfide bonds between the N-terminal and C-terminal regions or between XOR subunits. These results indicate that intrasubunit disulfide bond formation leads to a global conformational change in XOR that results in the exposure of the region surrounding Phe560. Conformational changes within this region in turn appear to play a critical role in the interconversion between the XD and XO forms of the enzyme.
Lithostratigraphy of Cretaceous strata, Cedros Island, Baja California, México: Vargas and Pinos formations defined

Abstract Recent field work involving mapping, sedimentology and biostratigraphic study of Cretaceous strata on Cedros Island suggest that Albian through Coniacian strata are divisible into two formations, each comprising several informal units. The chiefly fine-grained Vargas Formation forms a sedimentary wedge that thickens from 0m to over 1700 m in about 15 km lateral distance, and contains three laterally extensive units. The Pinos Formation is a relatively coarse-grained deposit overlying the Vargas on a chiefly conformable contact. It has an estimated minimum thickness of 1500 m. Although we describe several lithologic units within the Pinos Formation, much of the formation remains undivided owing to problems of mapping strata with rapid lateral facies variation, large scale slump deposits, and pervasive normal faults, some of which were syndepositionally active. Paleomagnetic results, described elsewhere, suggest that the Cedros Island-Vizcaino Peninsula region (Vizcaino terranc) has moved about 15° northward with respect to North America since Cretaceous time; however, we cannot discriminate whether or not such motion has occurred based on lithologic or biostratigraphic (i.e., non-paleomagnetic) data.
Hydrolysis of amylose by β-amylase and Z-enzyme

Abstract 1. 1. The observation of Peat et al. (7) that potato amylose is incompletely hydrolyzed with pure β-amylase unless another factor (Z-enzyme) is added has been confirmed. 2. 2. Treatment with hot alkali of the resistant limit dextrin, obtained after hydrolysis of the amylose with β-amylase, has an effect similar to treatment with Z-enzyme in that it causes the residual dextrin to be further hydrolyzed with β-amylase. 3. 3. The exact degree of β-amylolysis depends on the plant material from which the sample of amylose is derived, on the particular subfraction used, or on the previous treatment of the amylose sample. Like natural amylose, synthetic amylose obtained by the action of potato phosphorylase on α- d -glucose 1-phosphate is not completely hydrolyzed by β-amylase. However, its limit of hydrolysis is considerably greater (89%, increased to 93% by the addition of emulsin). 4. 4. The Z-enzyme activity could be removed from the β-glucosidase and laminarase activities in almonds by purification, indicating that the obstacle to hydrolysis by β-amylase is probably not a β-glucosidic linkage. 5. 5. β-Glucosidase and laminarase are shown to be distinct from each other, as well as from Z-enzyme. 6. 6. The intrinsic viscosity of the limit dextrin is found to be approximately 11% lower than that of the parent amylose. This fact has been discussed with regard to the probable location of the anomalous linkage.
Astronomy: A new spin on exoplanets.

Spectroscopic observations of a young exoplanet have allowed its spin velocity to be directly measured. Its fast spin is in accord with the extrapolation of the known trend in spin velocity as a function of planet mass. See Letter p.63 Near-infrared spectroscopic observations of the young extrasolar gas giant planet β Pictoris b indicate that it spins significantly faster than any planet in the Solar System. The new measurement continues a general trend, observed in our Solar System, of increasing spin velocity with planet mass. Although this relationship would predict a somewhat higher spin velocity for β Pictoris b, at about 50 kilometres per second rather than the observed 25, the authors note that the planet is still young and warm. With time it should cool and shrink, increasing the spin rate in the process.
Cervical Spine Alignment During On-Field Management of Potential Catastrophic Spine Injuries

Context:When cervical spine injuries are suspected, the cervical spine should be immobilized in a neutral position and neck motion controlled in preparation for transport to an emergency facility. Protocols for emergency transport utilizing common devices (cervical collars) and methods (transfer techniques) during these procedures are not entirely evidence based.Evidence Acquisition:The medical literature search covered the time period of January 1966 to June 2008 using the following keywords, either alone or in combination: extrication collars, cervical collars, spine orthoses, spinal immobilization, spine board, spinal board, transfer techniques, and back board. Biomedical databases searched included Medline, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL [1982 to 2008]). The reference lists of all trials identified were also searched for additional trials.Methods:Only trials that directly compared the efficacy or safety of transfer methods and/or immobilization dev...
Purification of human milk bile salt-activated lipase by cholic acid-coupled Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography.

Abstract Sequential chromatography of human milk whey on concanavalin A—Sepharose 4B followed by cholate—Sepharose 4B yielded a bile salt-activated lipase with 150-fold purification. The lipase was not retained by concanavalin A—Sepharose 4B but was retained by the cholate—Sepharose 4B, from which it was eluted with 2% sodium cholate. The affinity chromatography procedure on cholate—Sepharose 4B was based on the specific structural requirement of the enzyme for a 7-hydroxyl group of bile salt. Sodium deoxycholate, which lacks the 7-hydroxyl group, was effective in removing the nonspecifically bound proteins without affecting the binding of the enzyme. Bile salt-activated lipase showed a single band on urea-sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 125,000, and based on densitometric measurement accounted for 0.5–1.0% of the protein mass of human whole milk. A rabbit antiserum to the purified bile salt-activated lipase caused no inhibition of human milk lipoprotein lipase activity but completely inhibited bile salt-activated lipase activity.
Mass-yield distribution of the iodine isotopes from the spontaneous fission of plutonium-242 and the existence of plutonium-244 in the early solar system

Abstract Cumulative fission yields for the mass chains A = 131–135 have been measured radiochemically by isolating the iodine isotopes resulting from the spontaneous fission of 242 Pu with the following results: A = 131.1.0% (reference standard); 132.5.0 ± 0.7%; 133.5.3 ± 0.7%; 134.6.7 ± 1.0%; 135.4.9 ± 0.8%. The general pattern of the mass-yield distribution from the 242 Pu spontaneous fission is similar to that from the thermal neutron-induced fission of 241 Pu, although the relative yields at mass numbers 132 and 134 appear to be slightly higher in the former. The mass-yield distributions of the ‘excess’ heavy xenon isotopes observed in some meteorites show a remarkable resemblance to the shapes of the mass-yield curves from the spontaneous fission of 238 U and 242 Pu. These results are in agreement with the suggestion that the excess heavy xenon isotopes found in meteorites are the decay products of the ‘extinct’ nuclide 244 Pu.
The preparation and characterization of Rh(III) SALEN complexes encapsulated in zeolites X and Y

Abstract Rh(III) complexes of N,N′ -bis (salicylaldehyde) ethylenediimine or SALEN have been encapsulated in the supercages of zeolites X and Y. These ship-in-the-bottle complexes as well as the rhodium(III)-exchanged zeolites are characterized by elemental analysis, u.v.-VIS, i.r., and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A detailed study of the synthesis variables that influence the encapsulation process in the case of RhSALEN-NaY is presented.
Quadratic Associations Between Empathy and Depression as Moderated by Emotion Dysregulation

ABSTRACTEmpathic tendencies have been associated with interpersonal and psychological benefits, but empathy at extreme levels or in combination with certain personal characteristics may contribute to risk for depression. This study tested the moderating role of cognitive emotion regulation in depression's association with empathy using nonlinear models. Young adults (N = 304; 77% female; M = 19 years) completed measures of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, depression, and affective and cognitive empathy. Individuals with good regulation had low levels of depression overall and their depression symptoms were lowest when levels of affective empathy were average. Individuals with poor regulation had high levels of depression overall, particularly when levels of empathy were moderate to high. Extremely high and low levels of cognitive empathy were associated with elevated depression, and this association was not moderated by regulation. These findings suggest tendencies to respond empathically to other...
Fast Ice Image Retrieval Based on A Multilayer System

ABSTRACT We propose a multilayer system to perform ice image retrieval. Ice images are typically texture-less, whichadds diculty in retrieving the images. To achieve high accuracy, high level local features are usually usedin retrieving the images. However, most high level features contain high dimensionality that slows down theretrieval process. To overcome this problem, we divide the retrieval process into 3 steps. Each step lters outa large portion of images. As the features are constructed according to the ice image properties, one image canbe quickly localized compared with the use of high-level features. The ice images are captured in Arctic, wherethe ice state changes dramatically due to the environmental and other inuences. We build the rst layer ofthe system on the utilization of color information and edges, as the color and the edges are the most criticalcharacteristics of ice images. We divide the second layer into two sub-layers. The rst sublayer is on the use ofedge histogram. For the second sublayer, we detect salient points based on pixel values on the edge position andconnect every adjacent points with straight lines. A new feature is built on the basis of distance scale of everyadjacent salient points and the angles between connected lines. Our new feature is invariant to transformation,rotation and scaling. As the features in the rst two layers are holistic features, the time performance is muchbetter than high-level local features. The third layer is to apply Harris detector to nd the correspondencesbetween two features on a small set of ltered images. The experiments show that our system achieves goodaccuracy while maintaining much better time performance.Keywords: Ice image retrieval, Edge detection, Graph matching, Harris feature
The stationary wealth distribution under progressive taxation

Abstract This paper considers the long-run distribution of capital holdings in a model with complete asset markets and progressive taxation. Households are assumed to be heterogeneous in their labor market productivity. We show that this model is capable of producing a nondegenerate determinate wealth distribution. However, it also predicts that capital and labor income will be negatively correlated. These results are robust to the introduction of elastic labor supply and borrowing constraints.
Plasma enhanced surface treatments using electron beam-generated plasmas

Abstract NRL has developed a ‘large area plasma processing system’ (LAPPS) utilizing a high energy (∼2 keV) modulated electron beam to drive the plasma ionization. This system has been shown to be (1) efficient at producing plasma in any gas composition, (2) capable of producing low temperature plasma electrons ( 9 –10 12 cm −3 ) and (3) scalable to large area (square meters). In this work, the progress of a number of applications using LAPPS is discussed. Nitride growth in stainless steel was investigated, which demonstrated high rates (up to 20 μm/h 1/2 ) at low temperatures (≤462 °C). Complementary mass spectrometry showed that the nitriding results correlated to the flux of atomic ions delivered to the substrate. LAPPS was also combined with magnetron sputtering sources to form hybrid systems for surface pretreatments of polymers for metallization and thin film deposition of nitrides. In these systems, Teflon® substrates pretreated with an oxygen LAPPS exposure demonstrated a significant increase in copper and aluminum film adhesion compared to untreated substrates, with the dominant factor believed to be the changed surface morphology. The simultaneous operation of LAPPS with a titanium magnetron sputter source increased the growth of the 〈200〉 orientation in TiN films, due to the increased atomic nitrogen ion flux. Additional LAPPS systems are also discussed.
Condensed-phase relaxation of multilevel quantum systems. I. An exactly solvable model.

An analytically solvable model of multilevel condensed-phase quantum dynamics relevant to vibrational relaxation and electron transfer is presented. Exact solutions are derived for the reduced system density matrix dynamics of a degenerate N-level quantum system characterized by nearest-neighbor hopping and off-diagonal coupling (which is linear in the bath coordinates) to a harmonic oscillator bath. We demonstrate that for N > 2 the long-time steady-state system site occupation probabilities are not the same for all sites; that is, they are distributed in a non-Boltzmann manner, which depends on the initial conditions and the number of levels in the system. Although the system−bath Hamiltonian considered here is restricted in form, the availability of an exact solution enables us to study the model in all regions of an extensive parameter space.
Development of the rat salivary glands. 3. Mesenchymal specificity in the morphogenesis of the embryonic submaxillary and sublingual glands of the rat.

The parotid, sublingual and submaxillary buds of the embryonic rat can undergo typical morphogenesis in response to capsular mesenchyme from either the parotid or submaxillary-sublingual rudiment. The submaxillary epithelium can be induced by embryonic bronchial mesenchyme to undergo limited morphogenesis, while the sublingual epithelium exhibits more extensive morphogenesis in response to the same stimulus. Pancreatic mesenchyme and jaw mesenchyme are essentially inactive in inducing the submaxillary epithelium, but can consistently stimulate morphogenesis of the sublingual rudiment at a relatively low level of complexity. Thus, the sublingual rudiment shows a less-stringent mesenchymal requirement than does the submaxillary, and with both rudiments, lung mesenchyme is more effective than pancreas or jaw mesenchyme in supporting morphogenesis.
Collocation Methods for Linear Elliptic Problems

Collocation methods based on piecewise Hermite cubic polynomials are applied to linear elliptic problems subject to Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on rectangular domains. A priori estimates are obtained for the error of approximation.
Molecular engineering of organic conductor / high-Tc superconductor assemblies

Abstract Organic monolayers on high-T c superconductors have allowed for the precise structural control of composite organic conductor / high-Tc superconductor assemblies. These hybrid systems display a number of novel electronic and structural properties. This paper discusses the utility of the monolayer self-assembly procedure for the preparation of both conductive polymer and crystalline charge transfer salt layers which are supported directly on top of cuprate superconductor thin film samples.
Extensions of isomorphisms for affine dual polar spaces and strong parapolar spaces

Let B be a class of point-line geometries. Given Γi ∈ B with subspace Si for i = 1, 2, does any isomorphism Γ1−S1 −→ Γ2−S2 extend to a unique isomorphism Γ1 −→ Γ2? It is known to be true if B is the class of almost all projective spaces or the class of almost all non-degenerate polar spaces. We show that this is true for the class of almost all strong parapolar spaces, including dual polar spaces. A special case occurs when Γ1 = Γ2 = Γ has an embedding into a projective space P(V ) that is natural in the sense that Aut(Γ) ≤ PΓL(V ). Then the question becomes whether P(V ) is also the natural embedding for Γ−S. Our result shows that in most cases the stabilizer StabAut(Γ)(Γ−S) is faithful on Γ−S and equals Aut(Γ−S) and so the answer is affirmative. We know that there exist some interesting exceptions. These will be covered in a subsequent paper.
A conceptual analysis of five measures of metacognitive monitoring

This paper describes five indices of metacognitive monitoring referred to as absolute accuracy, relative accuracy, bias, scatter, and discrimination. I provide definitions, formulae, and a discussion of the underlying construct that each of the five types of scores measures. I discuss the type of information provided by each measure and compare situations in which each measure is most appropriate. Recommendations are made for best measurement practice, as well as directions for future research. Recommendations focus on providing an operational definition of the construct being measured, selecting the most appropriate outcome measure, and using multiple measures whenever possible to triangulate findings.
Nonclinical panicker personality: Profile and discriminative ability

Abstract Differences in personality between nonclinical panickers and nonpanickers in a college population were examined in two studies. In Study 1, 590 undergraduate students completed the Panic Attack Questionnaire (PAQ), the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R Personality Disorders-II Self Report (SCID-II), and the Milton Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI). Nonclinical panickers evidenced more personality disorder symptomatology than nonpanickers on both the MCMI and SCID-II inventories. In Study 2, 288 undergraduates completed the SCID-II inventory, the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the MMPI anxiety subscale (MMPI-A), the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), the Eysenck Impulsiveness Scale version 7 (I.7), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Personality profiles of nonclinical panickers are discussed, as well as the ability of these personality measures to discriminate between nonclinical panickers and nonpanickers.
Automated collection and dissemination of ionospheric data from the digisonde network

Abstract. The growing demand for fast access to accurate ionospheric electron density profiles and ionospheric characteristics calls for efficient dissemination of data from the many ionosondes operating around the globe. The global digisonde network with over 70 stations takes advantage of the Internet to make many of these sounders remotely accessible for data transfer and control. Key elements of the digisonde system data management are the visualization and editing tool SAO Explorer, the digital ionogram database DIDBase, holding raw and derived digisonde data under an industrial-strength database management system, and the automated data request execution system ADRES.
Surgical treatment for medically refractory focal epilepsy in a patient with fragile X syndrome

Abstract Rationale Medication resistant temporal lobe epilepsy occurs in a small population of patients with fragile X syndrome. We present the case of a 24-year-old man with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy and fragile X syndrome who underwent left anterior temporal lobectomy resulting in cessation of seizures. Methods Our patient was diagnosed with fragile X syndrome with a fully mutated, fully methylated FMR1 gene resulting in 572 CGG repeats. He developed seizures initially controlled with Depakote monotherapy, but progressed to become medically refractive to combination treatment with Depakote, lamotrigine and zonisamide. Prolonged video EEG monitoring revealed interictal left temporal sharp waves and slowing as well as subclinical and clinical seizures, each with left temporal onset. 3T MRI was consistent with left mesial temporal sclerosis. After discussing the case in our multidisciplinary surgical epilepsy conference, he was referred for presurgical evaluation including neuropsychological testing and Wada testing. Results He underwent an asleep left anterior temporal lobectomy, sparing the superior temporal gyrus. Pathology showed neuronal loss and gliosis in the hippocampus and amygdala. Twelve months after surgery, the patient has not experienced a seizure. He is described by his parents as less perseverative and less restless. Conclusions We have presented the case of a 24 year-old-man with fragile X syndrome who underwent successful left anterior temporal lobectomy for the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy who is now seizure free without further functional impairment. This case report demonstrates the feasibility of surgical treatment for a patient with comorbid fragile X syndrome and mesial temporal sclerosis.
Phase Behavior and Crystalline Phases of Ionic Liquid-Lithium Salt Mixtures with 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Salts†

The thermal phase behavior of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (IM10RTFSI where R = 1, 2, or 4 for methyl, ethyl or butyl, respectively) ionic liquid binary mixtures with LiTFSI have been investigated as models for electrolytes for lithium batteries. Diverse phase behavior is found with significant variations noted from similar mixtures in which the imidazolium cations are replaced with N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium cations. The crystal structure for a (1−x) IM101TFSI-(x) LiTFSI (x = 0.50) (or 1/1 IM101TFSI/LiTFSI) phase is reported to further clarify the molecular level interactions occurring in these binary salt mixtures.
The evaluation and research of multi-project programs program component analysis

Abstract This paper will consider ways to study educational reform efforts in order to allow policy-making to be developed on a relatively sound basis. At present, educational policy-making often derives from a pastiche of available anecdotes, research-based “good” ideas, and previous administrative guidelines. Educational evaluation efforts should not be used merely to identify and label programs as either “successes” or “failures” at a global level, but rather to permit the analyses of elements or components of programs which seem to be making positive contributions to a common sense perception of program success. A comprehensive, developmental sequence for such evaluation will be described.
Empirical calibration of six geobarometers for the mineral assemblage quartz+muscovite+biotite+plagioclase+garnet

Six equilibria among quartz, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite, and garnet were empirically calibrated using mineral composition data from 43 samples having the assemblage quartz+muscovite+biotite+garnet+plagioclase+Al2SiO5 (sillimanite or kyanite). Pressures and temperatures in the data set used for calibration were determined through the simultaneous application of garnet-biotite geothermometry and garnet-quartz-plagioclase-Al2SiO5 geobarometry. Thermodynamic expressions for four of the six equilibria incorporate interaction parameters that model non-ideality in the mixing of cations in the octahedral sites of both muscovite and biotite. With pressure chosen as the dependent variable, multiple regression was used to solve for unknowns in the equilibrium thermodynamic expressions. The regressions yielded multiple correlation coefficients ranging from 0.983 to 0.999, with corresponding standard deviations of 338 and 92 bars in the residuals. The standard deviations in the residuals may be explained largely or entirely by the propagation of errors associated with electron microprobe analysis. These equilibria enable the determination of pressures from equilibrium assemblages of quartz+garnet+plagioclase+muscovite+biotite, and give results closely comparable to the experimentally calibrated garnet-quartz-plagioclase-Al2SiO5 geobarometer. Geobarometric applications should be restricted to rocks in which equilibrium constants and compositional variables fall within the same ranges as those used for calibration.
Selection of central events in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions

Abstract We introduce the centrality parameter which measures the degree of departure from axial symmetry of the reaction products in a nearly head-on collision. The centrality parameter can be used to select events which are nearly head-on in order to facilitate comparison of experimental results with theoretical predictions.
Putting Analytics on the Spot: Or How to Lower the Cost for Analytics

In contrast to the prevalent cloud services that use fixed-rate pricing models, Amazon's Spot Instance Market uses bidding-driven, dynamic pricing, allowing for remarkable savings in overall computing costs when used judiciously. The authors describe the salient opportunities and challenges of the spot market for data-intensive analytics and devise cost reduction strategies for popular classes of analytics systems operating on it.
Site-specific gene expression profiles and novel molecular prognostic factors in patients with lower gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma diffusely metastatic to liver or peritoneum.

Generally, colorectal and high-grade appendiceal cancers are treated similarly; treatment approach is primarily based on tumor histology and stage of disease. Patients with adenocarcinoma of the lower gastrointestinal tract frequently experience diffuse metastases isolated to liver or peritoneum and have a poor survival. Identification of novel molecular pathways in metastases from these patients may identify novel targets and prognostic factors. Microarray analyses of 20 metastatic tumors from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma isolated to liver or peritoneum and eight high-grade appendiceal adenocarcinoma metastatic to peritoneum were performed using oligonucleotide microarray. In an unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of 2-fold upregulated or downregulated genes, there was a clear site-specific segregation of liver versus peritoneal metastases. Genes primarily involved in metastasis, angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, and cell adhesion were distinctly altered between these two metastatic sites. Among the metastasis genes, the average expression levels of LI-cadherin, ALCAM, CD2, and CD14 were significantly higher in both metastatic sites. TIMP1 was overexpressed in both sites where as TIMP-2, IGF-1, and HIF-1α were upregulated only in peritoneal metastases demonstrating the potential benefit of metastasis site-specific treatments. Subsets of genes significantly associated with poor survival were defined, a RET proto-oncogene interacting gene, GOLGA5, was highly predictive for survival in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. These results demonstrate that liver and peritoneal metastases of lower GI adenocarcinoma have distinct gene expression patterns; these distinctions may help in the development of therapies based on site of metastases.
Nucleic Acid Binding-Induced Gag Dimerization in the Assembly of Rous Sarcoma Virus Particles In Vitro

As also found for other retroviruses, the Rous sarcoma virus structural protein Gag is necessary and sufficient for formation of virus-like particles (VLPs). Purified polypeptide fragments comprising most of Gag spontaneously assemble in vitro at pH 6.5 into VLPs lacking a membrane, a process that requires nucleic acid. We showed previously that the minimum length of a DNA oligonucleotide that can support efficient assembly is 16 nucleotides (nt), twice the protein's binding site size. This observation suggests that the essential role of nucleic acid in assembly is to promote the formation of Gag dimers. In order to gain further insight into the role of dimerization, we have studied the assembly properties of two proteins, a nearly full-length Gag (ΔMBDΔPR) capable of proper in vitro assembly and a smaller Gag fragment (CTD-NC) capable of forming only irregular aggregates but with the same pH and oligonucleotide length requirements as for assembly with the larger protein. In analyses by sedimentation velocity and by cross-linking, both proteins remained monomeric in the absence of oligonucleotides or in the presence of an oligonucleotide of length 8 nt (GT8). At pH 8, which does not support assembly, binding to GT16 induced the formation of dimers of ΔMBDΔPR but not of CTD-NC, implying that dimerization requires the N-terminal domain of the capsid moiety of Gag. Assembly of VLPs was induced by shifting the pH of dimeric complexes of ΔMBDΔPR and GT16 from 8 to 6.5. An analogue of GT16 with a ribonucleotide linkage in the middle also supported dimer formation at pH 8. Even after quantitative cleavage of the oligonucleotide by treatment of the complex with RNase, these dimers could be triggered to undergo assembly by pH change. This result implies that protein-protein interactions stabilize the dimer. We propose that binding of two adjacent Gag molecules on a stretch of nucleic acid leads to protein-protein interactions that create a Gag dimer and that this species has an exposed surface not present in monomers which allows polymerization of the dimers into a spherical shell.