cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supporting Speeded Navigational Communication via Gesture-Controlled Vibrotactile Displays

Recent research has shown that haptic displays are particularly well-suited to communicating navigation information, but these displays are rarely evaluated in situations that require time-critical communications. The present study serves as the first proof of concept for “CHIAD”: a new haptic interaction system that allows fast and efficient communication of navigation information by supporting gesture-based encoding of navigational instructions and intuitive decoding of the instructions by mapping them to vibration presentations at different body locations. Participant pairs completed a speeded target-selection navigation task by utilizing three different interfaces: verbal instructions via two-way radio, vibrotactile signals activated by a laptop-based interface, and the CHIAD system. The results show the fastest and most accurate performance with the CHIAD system, suggesting two conclusions: vibrotactile signals are more effective than verbal interactions in supporting speeded communication of simple ...
Plasma Xanthine Oxidase Activity and Lipid Hydroperoxide Levels in Preterm Infants

ABSTRACT: Ischemia-reperfusion injury may affect morbidity and mortality in preterm and asphyxiated term infants. Reoxygenation of hypoxic tissues leads to the formation of free oxygen radicals by xanthine oxidase that may induce lipid peroxidation, enzyme inhibition, and DNA strand breakage. We measured arterial cord blood samples from 36 healthy term infants for baseline values and arterial blood sampled at 1 and 4 h after birth from 45 preterm infants admitted for intensive care for serial estimates of plasma xanthine oxidase activity and lipid hydroperoxide levels. Mean ± SEM plasma xanthine oxidase activity in cord blood of term infants was 2.3 ± 0.4 mU/mL and lipid hydroperoxide levels were 2.6 ± 0.3 nmol/mL. Eighteen of the 45 preterm infants met the criteria defining poor out-come (poor outcome group) and had lower umbilical arterial pH and base excess than the 27 preterm infants in the control group. Mean plasma xanthine oxidase activity increased from 2.7 ± 0.4 at I h to 4.7 ± 0.6 mU/mL at 4 h of age (p < 0.001) in the poor outcome group and decreased from 2.1 ± 0.3 to 1.1 ± 0.2 mU/mL (p = 0.004) in the control group. Lipid hydroperoxide levels in the poor out-come group increased from 2.8 ± 0.6 nmol/mL at 1 h to 4.3 ± 0.6 nmol/mL at 4 h of age (p < 0.001) and decreased from 2.1 ± 0.6 to 1.6 ± 0.2 nmol/mL (p = 0.008) in the control group. At 4 h of age, xanthine oxidase activity and lipid hydroperoxide levels were significantly higher in the poor outcome group than in the controls (p < 0.001). We conclude that serial measurements of plasma xanthine oxidase activity and lipid hydroperoxide levels may identify critically ill preterm infants destined for major neonatal morbidity and mortality and may be clinically useful as an indicator of severity of acute perinatal hypoxia-ischemia.
Automated 2D IR spectrometer mitigates the influence of high optical densities

Abstract Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying molecular structure and kinetics. However, standard ways of implementing the technique are not amenable to samples with high optical densities. In this paper, we demonstrate that a shaper-based automated 2D IR spectrometer largely compensates for most of the distortions caused by high optical densities. By comparing a series of 2D IR spectra collected with varying concentrations and sample thicknesses, we find that high quality 2D IR spectra can be obtained at optical densities of >1.2 when these spectra are collected using a pulse shaping method recently developed in our lab. Furthermore, distortions due to high OD primarily appear along the pump axis and are largely absent along the probe axis. Using this knowledge, we have applied our approach to study a high optical density sample of a truncated form of the human islet amyloid peptide that is involved in Type 2 diabetes. Our methodology promises to aid in the interpretation of 2D IR lineshapes for systems where the optical density cannot be controlled, such as in protein folding or chemical reactions where large changes in optical density occur during the kinetics.
Hydrogeology of the Gallup Sandstone, San Juan Basin, Northwest New Mexico

Comparison of the hydrologic and geologic characteristics of the Gallup Sandstone (Late Cretaceous) has shown that its aquifer properties, the movement of its ground water, and the variation in its water quality are subject to considerable geologic control. This control is imposed mainly by the distribution of seven progradational sandstone bodies which make up the Gallup. These fluvial and marine sandstone bodies were deposited along the shore of a northeast-regressing sea. The two transmissivity zones recognized have the same trend as that of the upper marine sandstone bodies (northwest-southeast), and transmissivity decreases northeast of the pinch-out of the lower marine sandstone bodies. Ground-water flow is variously controlled by geologic structure, the geometry and orientation of the marine sandstones, and the position of the northeast limit of the Gallup Sandstone. Concentration of dissolved solids, as reflected by specific conductance, is controlled in part by distance from recharge area and in part by the distribution of transmissivity. The types of geologic control determined for the Gallup should apply to other Cretaceous, marine-sandstone aquifers in the San Juan Basin, and, in a general way, to ancient shorezone deposits elsewhere.
Concretizing control education

Education must be both conceptual and experiential. Abstract concepts are elegant and powerful, but learning is always enhanced by direct experience. The author believes that control education can benefit by becoming more specific. Control theory and much of control education is highly conceptual. In fact, control engineering tends to be the least tangible of all subjects in the engineering curriculum. In the hope of tipping the balance from the conceptual to the experiential, the author offers several suggestions.
Radiothyroxine Turnover Studies in Mice: Effect of Temperature, Diet, Sex and Pregnancy

The radiothyroxine turnover technique was adapted for measurements of thyroxine secretion rate (T4SR) in individual mice. This is calculated by determining the fractional turnover rate of plasma T4 (K), the thyroxine distribution volume (TDS), and PBI of each animal and assumes that T4 utilization equals T4SR. In one strain of mice, mean values for normal males at 24 C were: t½, 10 hr; K, 6.9%/hr; PBI, 2 μg/100 ml; TDS, 4 ml/animal or 16 ml/100 g body wt; T4SR, 0.8 μg/100 g body wt/day. Large doses of T4 injected throughout the 48-hr experimental period significantly accelerated fractional turnover and decreased TDS. Iodide injections did not alter either of these parameters. After one week on an iodinedeficient diet, the K and T4SR were both significantly reduced as compared to control mice; however, this difference was partially due to recirculation of degraded radiothyroxine in the iodine-deficient mice. Cold exposure for 72 Insignificantly accelerated K and elevated T4SR in male mice. Exposure at 32 C...
Brief paper: A method for the estimation of infrequent abrupt changes in nonlinear systems

This paper presents a framework for obtaining better performance from multiple model approaches for estimating infrequent abrupt changes in nonlinear systems. By using insight into the nature of the problem and basic probability, a procedure that greatly reduces the number of filters required by multiple model approaches is obtained. This allows for a much longer detection horizon without increasing the computational requirements and results in improved performance over standard multiple model approaches. The performance of this approach is evaluated for state/parameter estimation of a heptane to toluene aromatization process. The method is also shown to be robust to errors in the assumed noise statistics.
Identification of Chiari Type I Malformation subtypes using whole genome expression profiles and cranial base morphometrics

Chiari Type I Malformation (CMI) is characterized by herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum at the base of the skull, resulting in significant neurologic morbidity. As CMI patients display a high degree of clinical variability and multiple mechanisms have been proposed for tonsillar herniation, it is hypothesized that this heterogeneous disorder is due to multiple genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of the present study was to gain a better understanding of what factors contribute to this heterogeneity by using an unsupervised statistical approach to define disease subtypes within a case-only pediatric population. A collection of forty-four pediatric CMI patients were ascertained to identify disease subtypes using whole genome expression profiles generated from patient blood and dura mater tissue samples, and radiological data consisting of posterior fossa (PF) morphometrics. Sparse k-means clustering and an extension to accommodate multiple data sources were used to cluster patients into more homogeneous groups using biological and radiological data both individually and collectively. All clustering analyses resulted in the significant identification of patient classes, with the pure biological classes derived from patient blood and dura mater samples demonstrating the strongest evidence. Those patient classes were further characterized by identifying enriched biological pathways, as well as correlated cranial base morphological and clinical traits. Our results implicate several strong biological candidates warranting further investigation from the dura expression analysis and also identified a blood gene expression profile corresponding to a global down-regulation in protein synthesis.
SU‐C‐211‐09: Translational Imaging Applications in Traumatic Brain Injury

Purpose: To develop a high‐resolution, multimodal and translatable imaging protocol to characterize experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Small animal imaging modalities include fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐positron emission tomography(PET) with computed tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to either lateral fluid percussion (LFP) or controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI with mild or moderate severity. Baseline FDG‐PET and MRI scans were conducted prior to injury and at various times post‐TBI. FDG‐PET/CT images were acquired on a Siemens Inveon Multimodality scanner based on IV injection of 37 – 74 MBq (1 – 2 mCi) of FDG. Diffusion, perfusion, and spectroscopic images along with susceptibility and T1/T2‐weighted images were acquired on a Bruker Biospec 7T/20 cm magnet running Paravision 5.1. Results: For translatable FDG‐PET imaging, a tail vein injection of FDG with 45 minutes of anesthetized uptake and 30 minutes of scanning was optimal. With the brain centered in the field of view, uptakes (ipsilateral and contralateral) were normalized by cerebellar uptake since blood sampling was not conducted. The 2‐hour MRI protocol included fast spin echo (100 um), 3D multi‐echo gradient echo susceptibility (100 um), 4‐shot EPI‐based continuous arterial spin labeling (152 um), 8‐shot EPI‐based with three direction diffusion (100 um), and single voxel PRESS spectroscopy(3 mm) Conclusions: The impact of TBI on military service members is significant with more than 5,500 soldiers diagnosed with TBIs. Early diagnosis and development of an effective treatment for veterans with TBI is a priority for the military. A multimodal and multi‐parameter imaging protocol for experimental TBI that is both translatable and efficient (high throughput) is pivotal for studying neuroprotection, regeneration, and plasticity. An optimized small animal imaging protocol was developed to investigate longitudinal changes in glucose utilization (FDG‐PET/CT), cortical volume, diffuse axonal injury, perfusion, and metabolite concentration (MRI). Funding provided by the Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University
An inexpensive, deep‐water limnocorral that compensates for wave action

SUMMARY. 1. A large reusable limnocorral is described, suitable for use in water bodies with substantial wave action. The clear plastic enclosure is 1 m in diameter, 25m deep, lightweight (∼50 kg), and inexpensive ($350 U.S.A.). 2. The lower portion of the limnocorral is designed to hang motionless below the water surface, while an expandable floating collar section moves freely up and down with any wave action. 3. Two limnocorrals, equipped with removable sedimentation traps at the bottom, were field tested successfully for 6 weeks in Flathead Lake, Montana, withstanding wave heights up to 1m. Chlorophyll levels and profiles of various physical-chemical parameters measured inside the limnocorrals were comparable to Flathead Lake values. 4. Despite their large size, the limnocorrals are relatively easy to transport, install and retrieve.
Studies of solar flares using optical, X-ray and radio data

X-ray, radio, H-alpha, and 3835-A data for a number of solar flares identified as sources of X-ray bursts are compared and analyzed. Eight of the more distinctive flares are described in detail, the exact value of H-alpha intensity is determined, and the production of the H-alpha emission is considered. It is shown that: (1) there is a good correspondence between the rise and peak of H-alpha emission and hard X-ray flux; (2) the H-alpha surface brightness of hard and soft X-ray bursts is the same for flares of the same soft X-ray flux; (3) all multiple spikes correspond to different steps in optical flares development; (4) smaller flares produce no observed brightening; (5) there is evidence that the low chromospheric network is not heated by conduction from above; and (6) the flare H-alpha emission can be explained by direct excitation of a preflare cloud or prominence by the flare electrons and their secondaries.
Biogenesis of the peribacteriod membrane in root nodules

An infected root nodule cell may contain several thousand rhizobial symbionts, each enclosed in a membrane envelope, the peribacteroid membrane (PBM). The PBM is derived from the host plasma membrane, but shares properties with the vacuolar membrane and contains several nodule-specific proteins (nodulins) that perform unique functions for symbiosis.
A comparative study of the morphology and wetting characteristics of micro/nanostructured Cu surfaces for phase change heat transfer applications

A comparative study of oxidation methods to create Cu surfaces with controlled wettability is reported. Micro/nanostructures of Cu oxides are formed on Cu substrates using different chemical and thermal oxidation methods. The morphology and wetting characteristics of the resulting surfaces are characterized using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and contact angle measurements. Chemical oxidation in alkali solutions can form uniform copper oxide layers with high roughness factors without causing thermal stress problems that often hamper thermal oxidation. By combining chemical oxidation with a hydrophobic coating, a wide range of wettability control is demonstrated from superhydrophilic ( 170°). Superhydrophilic CuO layers uniformly formed on Cu powder and Cu micropost wick surfaces lead to significant improvement in the capillary and heat transfer performance compared with comparable unoxidized Cu wicks. The present work motivates f...
Reappraisal of the role of the DRD3 gene in essential tremor

Objectives Analyze the distribution of polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) gene, which was previously reported as a susceptibility risk for essential tremor (ET), in a large cohort of ET.
New technologies for teacher professional development

Abstract This article describes the potential of new technologies for teacher professional development. The article examines literature on teacher knowledge and professional development and discusses how this literature can inform the design of three types of technology to support teacher learning: multimedia, productivity tools, and telecommunication information systems. We consider how these technologies can contribute to innovation, identify questions to address, and speculate on possibilities for technology that are likely to arise in the near future.
Anxiety and depression change together during treatment

Anxiety and depression frequently co-occur and are viewed by many theorists as aspects of a unitary disorder. In contrast, the diagnostic nomenclature views anxiety and depression as discrete disorders, and current protocols for anxiety and depression treat the disorders separately. To test the hypothesis (based on the unitary view) that anxiety and depression are tightly related and change together over the course of treatment, we monitored week-by-week changes in symptoms of anxiety and depression in 58 outpatients treated naturalistically in private practice with cognitive-behavior therapy. Results were more supportive of a unitary than a discrete view, and showed that anxiety and depression were highly predictive of one another over the course of treatment. These findings lend support to a view of anxiety and depression as more unitary than discrete, and suggest the need to consider changes in the diagnostic nomenclature and in treatment strategies for anxious depressed patients.
B cells in the pathogenesis of AIDS

In this article, Susan Zolla-Pazner argues that the etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome may infect both B cells and T cells. An infection which activates B cells could alter immunological homeostasis, inducing the activation of suppressor T lymphocytes which impair helper T-cell activity. If the same lymphotrophic agent that infects B cells also destroys helper T cells, the abnormalities of both these sub-populations which are observed in AIDS are readily explained.
Nonaphasic Misnaming and Other Neurobehavioral Features of an Unusual Toxic Encephalopathy: Case Study

Abstract A patient with propranolol-induced mental status changes was studied during and after the period of propranolol intoxication. While intoxicated he manifested the syndrome of “non-aphasic misnaming,” did poorly on the nonverbal portions of the WAIS, and exhibited perseveration and variability of performance. Our observations clarify the nature of the language deficit in “non-aphasic misnaming” and provide some insight into the neurobehavioral disturbances in toxic-metabolic encephalopathies.
Cryogenic heat pipe experiment - Flight performance onboard a sounding rocket

Flight data from a 15.8 mm OD, 760 mm long, axial-groove, methane cryogenic heat pipe verified successful priming and operation during six min of zero-g time. The nominal power applied to the evaporator was 60-w for the first 60 sec of zero-g time, 14 w for the next 270 sec, and 25 w for the last 20 sec of flight. The heat pipe condenser was mounted into an aluminum heat sink which was cooled to 103 K at launch and increased in temperature to 128 K by the end of the flight. Ground test data obtained for the flight heat pipe, together with theoretical predictions, indicate a zero-g heat transport capability of 3500 to 4000 w-cm in the 100-125 K temperature range.
STRESS RELATED TO DISEASES

Summary Diebacks and declines are diseases triggered by the predisposing effects of biotic or abiotic stress factors and culminated by the attack of organisms of secondary action. In the forest, the primary stress factors are insect defoliation and extremes of moisture and heat. Of the many stresses in urban situations, drought is probably the most important. Organisms of secondary action are facultative parasites and are common inhabitants of natural ecosystems. Often they assume greater importance in urban environments than in natural habitats. Control of dieback and decline diseases usually requires preventing or reducing the effects of the stress agents rather than controlling the secondary-action organisms that cause mortality.
Principles of mixed-initiative user interfaces

Recent debate has centered on the relative promise of focusing user-interface research on developing new metaphors and tools that enhance users abilities to directly manipulate objects versus directing effort toward developing interface agents that provide automation. In this paper, we review principles that show promise for allowing engineers to enhance human-computer interaction through an elegant coupling of automated services with direct manipulation. Key ideas will be highlighted in terms of the Lookout system for scheduling and meeting management.
Climate Simulations With NCAR CCM2 Forced by Global Sea Surface Temperature, 1950–89

Abstract A 40-yr integration is conducted using the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model Version 2 (CCM2). The simulation was forced by observed monthly global sea surface temperature (SST) changes during 1950–89. The January climates of the model results are presented in the paper. The modeled means and interannual variability are analyzed and compared with observations based on different accounts. Firm, the authors concentrate on the period of 1951–79. The monthly varying SSTs of this period were used to construct the SST climatology for an earlier 20-yr simulation conducted by NCAR researchers. The difference of the model climatology between the two simulations, respectively, forced by monthly varying SST and annually repeating SST, is examined. The modeled mean fields do not significantly differ between the two simulations especially for the Northern Hemisphere. The magnitude of interannual variability is enhanced in the current simulation especially for the northern...
High-pressure multicomponent liquid sprays: Departure from ideal behaviour:

AbstractAn investigation is performed to determine quantitatively the departures from ideal behaviour that can be expected in pressure-volume-temperature (P-V-T) relationships, internal energy departures, relevant thermo-dynamic partial derivatives, droplet vaporization and spray development in high-pressure environments typical of diesel engine conditions. All of the necessary modifications have been added to the KIVA-3V code. The equation of state employed is the Peng-Robinson equation. Results show that as the fraction of air increases in a fuel/air mixture the departure from ideal behaviour in P-V-T relationships is lessened. The largest deviation from ideal predictions in spray development is attributed to a significant underprediction of the vaporization rate at high pressures (P ≫ Pc) and relatively low temperatures (T ≈ Tc). Thermodynamic partial derivatives can also show deviations from ideal behaviour even when the compressibility factor Z is equal to one.
Argentina Between the Great Powers, 1939-1946

Anglo-American relations, 1939-46 - a British view, A.E.Campbell, "the juggler" - Franklin Rossevelt and Anglo-American competition in Latin America, W.F.Kimball the origins of misunderstanding - United States-Argentine relations, 1900-40, J.S.Tulchin US politican destabilization and economic boycott of Argentina during the 1940s, E.Escude foreign and domestic policy in Argentina during the second world war, M.Rapoport disorderly succession - Great Britain, the United States and the "Nazi menace" in Argentina, 1938-47, R.C.Newton the Braden campaign and Anglo-American relations in Argentina, 1945-6, C.A.MacDonald the United States and Argentina in Brazil's wartime foreigh policy, 1939-45, S.E.Hilton Argentina between the great powers, 1939-46 - a revisionist summing-up, G.di Tella a Northern summing-up, J.Major.
Downregulation of hepatic cytochrome P-450 isoforms and PPAR-γ : Their role in hepatic injury and proinflammatory responses in a double-hit model of hemorrhage and sepsis

Background The “double-hit” model of hemorrhage and sepsis mimics the critically ill patient admitted to the surgical intensive care unit. Although the protein expression of a cytochrome (CYP) P-450 isoform CYP1A2 is reduced in the late stage of sepsis, the effect of hemorrhage on CYP isoforms and the anti-inflammatory nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) has not been investigated. We hypothesized that hemorrhage down-regulates CYP isoforms and PPAR-γ in the liver, which plays an important role in producing tissue injury and proinflammatory responses after the subsequent sepsis (i.e., double-hit). Materials and methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Animals in the double-hit group underwent hemorrhage (40 ± 2 mmHg for 90 min) followed by fluid resuscitation. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 20 h after hemorrhage, and the animals were sacrificed 4 h after CLP. Rats in the hemorrhage-alone group were sacrificed 20 h after the insult. Rats in the CLP-alone group were sacrificed 4 h after the onset of sepsis. Animals in the sham-operated group underwent neither hemorrhage nor CLP. The gene expression of P-450 isoforms (i.e., CYP1A2 and 2C11) and PPAR-γ in the liver was determined using RT-PCR. Serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate, and proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, TNF-α) were also assessed. Results In the hemorrhage-alone group, hepatic mRNA expression of CYP1A2, CYP2C11, and PPAR-γ was significantly down-regulated 20 h after the initial stress compared with sham-operated rats. Double-hit did not appear to further decrease CYP and PPAR-γ gene expression. In contrast, serum levels of AST, ALT, lactate, IL-6, and TNF-α did not change significantly in either hemorrhaged or septic animals. Those organ injury indicators and cytokines, however, were significantly elevated after the double-hit of hemorrhage and sepsis. Conclusions Hepatic CYP1A2, CYP2C11, and PPAR-γ were down-regulated after the initial stress (hemorrhage). These down-regulated CYPs and PPAR-γ seem to work as important factors contributing to the progression of organ injury and proinflammatory responses after the second stress (CLP).
Zotero for Personal Image Management

AbstractDigital software solutions for personal image collections have lagged behind digital asset management tools for institutional collections. Scholars often need a solution that can store and organize images, associate metadata, and output data in useful ways. Zotero, the open-source citation management software, is emerging as useful tool for personal image management and library organization. The author describes the applications and advantages of Zotero for personal image collections and its potential as a method by which personal and institutional collections may be more closely integrated.
Health practices among Mexican Americans: Further evidence from the human population laboratory studies

Abstract Data are presented from sample surveys conducted in 1974 (N = 3,119) and 1975 (N = 657) in Alameda County, California, comparing discretionary health practices of Mexican Americans, Blacks, and Anglos. Practices include hours of sleep, regularity of meals, physical activity, obesity, smoking and drinking. Analyses reported focus on a summary measure of health practices and measures of smoking and exercise. Comparisons of crude percentages indicate that while there are differences among the groups, they are not dramatic. In general, Mexican Americans report fewer overall health practices, less exercise, and less smoking than Anglos. Controlling for the effects of age, sex, income, education, perceived health, health status, and use of health examinations reduces differences in overall health practices by decreasing Anglo rates and increasing rates for Chicanos and Blacks. However, even after adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic differences, rates remain lower for the two minority groups. Controlling for the effects of the eight covariates also reduces ethnic differences in exercise, but Chicanos still rank the lowest in terms of reported physical activity. By contrast, adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic differences does not reduce ethnic differentials in smoking behavior. Before and after adjustment Chicanos smoke least and Blacks smoke most. In general, controlling for socioeconomic status and health has the most effect, while some additional explanation is provided by age and sex. Overall, however, ethnicity and the covariates account for less than 10% of the variance in smoking and overall health practices, and less than 20% of the variance in exercise.
Promoting late-fall establishment of tall fescue with artificial soil covers to minimise soil erosion.

Frequently, turfgrass seedings have been sown in the late fall, which usually results in a poor vegetative stand and the possibility of soil erosion the following spring. This study evaluates the effects of a spun-bonded polyester soil cover placed over a late-fall seeding on subsequent seedling growth and overwintering. Clemfine, Mustang, Rebel, and Rebel II cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were sown on a silt loam soil in late fall (on 17 October in 1989 and 19 October in 1990) and allowed to grow with and without a soil cover until June. In the spring the temperature under the soil cover was greater than 2°C warmer than the uncovered soil from mid-April through May. Over the winter, leaf and root weights showed no detrimental effects from being under the cover. Individual cultivars grown under the cover produced 2 to 11 times greater leaf yields and 38 to 270% better stand establishment than those sown on the exposed soil. However, plant winter injury was observed under the soil cover in small soil depressions which accumulated water originating from thawing. All cultivars had similar amounts of growth under the cover. However, leaf yields for Rebel were 30-55% less than the other cultivars when grown under the cover and this was probably related to a low seed germination rate. The covers also promoted weed growth, which comprised from 34–65% of total leaf weights and was found to be negatively correlated (r = −0.66) to the yields of the sown grass. The soil cover was found to be beneficial to improving the success of seedling establishment of late seedings of tall fescue in cold areas.
Determinants of Successful Treatment Outcomes Among a Sample of Urban American Indians/Alaska Natives: the Role of Social Environments

Very few studies have analyzed the role of social environments on substance abuse treatment outcomes among urban American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). This study examined a measure of positive treatment response—abstinence from substance use at treatment discharge—among urban AI/ANs in Los Angeles County. The sample included all AI/ANs in outpatient drug-free (e.g., no methadone) treatment and residential treatment from 2004 to 2008 (N = 811). Predictors of abstinence at discharge were (a) having recovery-oriented social support and (b) not having a difficult living situation (i.e., experiencing family conflict and/or living with someone who uses alcohol and/or drugs). Higher levels of recovery-oriented social support in the past 30 days predicted abstinence during outpatient treatment. In residential treatment, retention of 90 days or more, high recovery-oriented social support, and not experiencing difficult living situations predicted abstinence. Suggestions for optimizing treatment outcomes among AI/ANs and areas of further research are provided.
Effects of lime, fertilizer, and herbicide on forest soil and soil solution chemistry, hardwood regeneration, and hardwood growth following shelterwood harvest

Abstract Three sites with strongly to extremely acidic soils and forest floors dominated by hay-scented fern ( Dennstaedtia punctilobula ) were divided into 400 m 2 treatment plots in southwestern Pennsylvania. Soil solution samples were taken bi-weekly using tension lysimeters for three growing seasons from three lysimeters on plots receiving herbicide (H); herbicide, lime, and fertilizer (HLF); and lime and fertilizer (LF) treatments. In addition soil samples were obtained before and after treatment. High magnesium pulverized limestone was applied at a rate of 3600 kg ha −1 with 1120 kg ha −1 of 10–20–20 fertilizer. Herbicide treatments were applied at a rate of 0.11 kg active ingredient (ai) ha −1 of Oust ® , a sulfometuron-methyl herbicide to control hay-scented fern. Two additional plots were used as controls and all plots were fenced to exclude white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) and previously shelterwood harvested (within the year) to leave a residual basal area of 0.30–0.55 m 2 ha −1 . Seedling regeneration height and residual tree diameters were measured (DBH) and basal area increment (BAI) was calculated. Analysis of variance procedures were used to analyze soil solution and soil data. Mann–Whitney non-parametric tests were used to compare treatment differences for residual tree DBH and BAI. Soil solution and soil data indicated calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), pH, and both base cation/aluminum (BC/Al) and Ca/Al ratios increased with the addition of lime and fertilizer. The addition of herbicide alone caused increased Al and H + concentrations and reduced Ca/Al ratios to critically low levels. Residual red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) measurements indicated that under normal moisture conditions trees in the HLF plot had significantly increased radial growth over all other treatments. Soil solution and soil chemistry data indicated rather strongly that sulfometuron-methyl alone increased soil acidity and subsequently reduced regeneration growth relative to a similar treatment with lime and fertilizer added. The combination of sulfometuron-methyl herbicide and dolomitic lime and fertilizer resulted in the tallest, most dense regeneration with the greatest species diversity and is recommended for hardwood shelterwood cuts on strongly to extremely acid soils dominated by hay-scented fern where hardwood regeneration is a management goal.
Evaluation of dysmyelopoiesis in cats: 34 cases (1996-2005)

Objective—To further classify dysmyelopoiesis as diagnosed by use of a general classification scheme and to determine clinical features and laboratory test results that could be used to differentiate between the various forms of dysmyelopoiesis in cats. Design—Retrospective case series. Sample Population—Bone marrow slides from 34 cats. Procedures—Medical records of cats in which dysmyelopoiesis was diagnosed on the basis of blood and bone marrow analyses from 1996 to 2005 were reviewed. Criteria for inclusion in the study were findings of > 10% dysplastic cells in 1 or more hematologic cell lines in the bone marrow and concurrent cytopenias in the blood. Cats that met these criteria were classified into subcategories of myelodysplastic syndromes or secondary dysmyelopoiesis on the basis of reevaluation of slides. Results—Of 189 bone marrow slides reviewed, 34 (14.9%) had > 10% dysplastic cells in 1 or more cell lines. Cats were subcategorized as having myelodys-plastic syndrome with excessive numbers of ...
When agendas collide: human welfare and biological conservation

Conservation should benefit ecosystems, nonhuman organisms, and current and future human beings. Nevertheless, tension among these goals engenders potential ethical conflicts: conservationists' true motivations may differ from the justifications they offer for their activities, and conservation projects have the potential to disempower and oppress people. We reviewed the promise and deficiencies of integrating social, economic, and biological concerns into conservation, focusing on research in ecosystem services and efforts in community-based conservation. Despite much progress, neither paradigm provides a silver bullet for conservation's most pressing problems, and both require additional thought and modification to become maximally effective. We conclude that the following strategies are needed to make conservation more effective in our human-dominated world. (1) Conservation research needs to integrate with social scholarship in a more sophisticated manner. (2) Conservation must be informed by a detailed understanding of the spatial, temporal, and social distributions of costs and benefits of conservation efforts. Strategies should reflect this understanding, particularly by equitably distributing conservation's costs. (3) We must better acknowledge the social concerns that accompany biodiversity conservation; accordingly, sometimes we must argue for conservation for biodiversity's sake, not for its direct human benefits.
Friendship and Romantic Relationship Qualities in Emerging Adulthood: Differential Associations with Identity Development and Achieved Adulthood Criteria

This study examined how emerging adults’ identity development and achievement of adulthood criteria were related to qualities of their friendships and romantic relationships. Participants included 710 emerging adults (ages 18–26). Results indicated that identity achievement was related positively to four romantic relationship qualities, but not to any friendship qualities. Several achieved adulthood criteria were related positively to romantic relationship qualities; however, achieved adulthood criteria were related negatively to friendship qualities. It appears that progress on salient developmental tasks of adulthood carries important implications for emerging adults’ social relationships, but in ways that are more differentiated than commonly assumed.
Designing and Implementing the OP and OP2 Web Browsers

Current web browsers are plagued with vulnerabilities, providing hackers with easy access to computer systems via browser-based attacks. Browser security efforts that retrofit existing browsers have had limited success because the design of modern browsers is fundamentally flawed. To enable more secure web browsing, we design and implement a new browser, called the OP web browser, that attempts to improve the state-of-the-art in browser security. We combine operating system design principles with formal methods to design a more secure web browser by drawing on the expertise of both communities. Our design philosophy is to partition the browser into smaller subsystems and make all communication between subsystems simple and explicit. At the core of our design is a small browser kernel that manages the browser subsystems and interposes on all communications between them to enforce our new browser security features.To show the utility of our browser architecture, we design and implement three novel security features. First, we develop flexible security policies that allow us to include browser plugins within our security framework. Second, we use formal methods to prove useful security properties including user interface invariants and browser security policy. Third, we design and implement a browser-level information-flow tracking system to enable post-mortem analysis of browser-based attacks.In addition to presenting the OP browser architecture, we discuss the design and implementation of a second version of OP, OP2, that includes features from other secure web browser designs to improve on the overall security and performance of OP. To evaluate our design, we implemented OP2 and tested both performance, memory, and filesystem impact while browsing popular pages. We show that the additional security features in OP and OP2 introduce minimal overhead.
Prediction of observable polarization--analyzing-power differences in /sup 11/B(p,n)/sup 11/C

Polarization-analyzing power differences in /sup 11/B(p,n)/sup 11/C are predicted to be observable at selected energies below E/sub p/ approx. 10 MeV at the level of vertical-bar P-A vertical-bar> or approx. =0.1. This result is derived from recoil corrected continuum shell model calculations in the lp-lh approximation, using a realistic g-matrix interaction.
Political culture and ideology in the Mountain West: regionalism in the state of Idaho

Abstract Analysis of conflict in state politics based on intrastate regionalism is an important, yet neglected, perspective in current scholarship. We demonstrate regionalism’s analytic power by illustrating the case of Idaho. Understanding how regionalism interacts with political culture and political ideology in Idaho should aid the understanding of how the Mountain West (containing the five fastest growing states in the United States in the 1990s) is going to evolve in the coming century. Our research is based on analysis of aggregate data collected at the county level, including a survey conducted in the autumn of 2000 of county-elected officials. We find that regionalism as commonly understood in Idaho needs revision. The north region is really two sub-regions, one extremely conservative, the other the least conservative in the state. We suggest this change in Idaho regionalism affects attitudes toward important policies.
Quaternary sedimentation of the Alaskan Beaufort shelf: Influence of regional tectonics, fluctuating sea levels, and glacial sediment sources

Abstract The offshore stratigraphy of the Quaternary Gubik Formation of Arctic Alaska has been studied on high-resolution seismic profiles with a maximum sub-seafloor penetration of about 100 m. In general, marine transgressive subunits of the Gubik Formation are wedge-shaped on the shelf, thickening slightly seaward to the shelf break, beyond which they are offset by landslides and slumps. Beneath the eastern third of the Alaskan Beaufort shelf, active folding has created two persistent structural depressions, the Eastern and Western Wedge Terranes, in which the wedge morphology is especially well developed. The youngest transgressive marine wedge, which was deposited in such a way as to fill these depressions, leaving a generally flat present-day shelf surface, is inferred to be late Wisconsin or younger in age because it overlies a prominent disconformity interpreted to have been formed during the late Wisconsin glacial sea-level minimum. The thickness of this youngest wedge, Unit A, locally exceeds 40 m on the outer shelf, yet apparently relict gravel deposits collected from its seabed surface indicate that the depositional rate is presently quite low on the middle and outer shelf. Lithologies of the gravels are exotic to Alaska, but similar to suites exposed in the Canadian Arctic Islands. These observations suggest a depositional scenario in which the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet shed sediment-laden icebergs from the Canadian Arctic Islands into the Arctic Ocean following the late Wisconsin glacial maximum. These bergs were then rafted westward by the Beaufort Gyre and grounded on the Alaskan shelf by northeasterly prevailing winds. Especially large numbers of bergs accumulated in the wedge terrane embayments—created as sea level rose—and melted there, filling the embayments with their sedimentary cargo. As glacial retreat slowed, depositional rates on the shelf dwindled. This mode of deposition in the Alaskan Beaufort wedge terranes may be typical of early post-glacial transgressive phases throughout Quaternary time. It has resulted in the preservation of disconformities that apparently formed during glacioeustatic lowstands, and whose seaward termination depths, appropriately corrected, may yield estimates of lowstand magnitudes. Knowledge of global sea-level fluctuations back through the Sangamon Interglacial (oxygen isotope stage 5e) and possible correlations with dated onshore deposits have facilitated a tentative correlation of major disconformities in the Beaufort Sea record with major 18 O enrichment maxima in the oxygen isotope curve back through stage 8. In this tentative scheme, close similarities between the two data sets occur both in magnitudes and in numbers of fluctuations intervening between major correlation points. Further testing of the Quaternary depositional model suggested here and of the resulting sea level curve awaits the collection and dating of core samples from the Beaufort wedge terranes.
Plasma Dexamethasone Concentrations and Cortisol Suppression Response in Patients with Endogenous Depression

An early escape of plasma cortisol concentrations during a 24-h overnight oral dexamethasone suppression test (DST) has been noted in patients with endogenous depression (ED). Among psychiatric patients this finding is highly specific for ED. Plasma dexamethasone and plasma cortisol concentra- tions were measured in patients with ED and, for comparison, in patients with nonendogenous depression who maintained normal suppression of plasma cortisol during the DST. There was little variation in plasma dexamethasone concentrations between tests within individual patients. In patients with ED tested both before and after treatment the half-life of dexamethasone in plasma between 9-24 h after its administration was the same as that reported by other investigators in normal subjects between 2-8 h after dexamethasone. Abnormally high plasma cortisol concentrations during the DST were observed in patients with ED in association with normal plasma concentrations of dexa- methasone. After treatment, these patients maintained normal suppression of plasma cortisol for 24 h after dexamethasone administration, without any change in their plasma dexametha- sone concentrations. Patients with nonendogenous depression and those who had recovered from an episode of endogenous depression maintained normal suppression of plasma cortisol through 1600 and 2300 h after dexamethasone despite having low plasma dexamethasone concentrations at these times. We conclude that the abnormal escape of plasma cortisol concentra- tions from suppression during the 24-h DST in patients with ED cannot be explained by unusually rapid clearance of dexameth- asone from plasma. The results indicate that a central neuroen- docrine disturbance is present in patients with ED. («/ Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 433, 1980)
Towards the ideal partial nephrectomy.

The landscape of partial nephrectomy (PN) surgery has changed over the past decade. Robotic and laparoscopic PN are now viable minimally invasive alternatives to open PN at many institutions worldwide. A more recent advance has been development of novel techniques that eliminate global renal ischemia during PN [1–3]. The basic premise of these techniques is to devascularize only the tissue to be excised (tumor plus margin) while maintaining ongoing perfusion to the rest of the kidney. Only tumor-specific arterial branches are occluded; the main renal artery trunk stays patent. Global renal ischemia is thus eliminated. In this issue of European Urology, Shao et al. update their experience with laparoscopic PN using segmental arterial control in 125 patients [4]. Their paper focuses on dualsource computed tomography angiography (DSCTA) for precise preoperative identification of tumor-specific arteries. DSCTA nicely demonstrated the orientation and variations of renal arterial branch anatomy; this correlated well with laparoscopically visualized arterial anatomy, facilitating selective occlusion of targeted branches. The main renal artery did not need to be clamped in any case. The authors correctly point out the advantages of DSCTA over single-source computed tomography (CT) angiography, including higher resolution, improved image quality, and multiangle reconstruction. Their presented DSCTA images, which are based on 1to 2-mm slice thickness, certainly appear adequate; yet, in absolute terms, the radiographic detail of the intrarenal arterial tree vis-a-vis the tumor appears somewhat inferior to the threedimensional reconstruction technique, which is based on 0.5-mm CT slices [5]. The authors are commended on demonstrating the feasibility, and their own facility, with the retroperitoneoscopic approach to PN, with short operative times and no
Surgical management of extracranial meningioma presenting in the parapharyngeal space in a pediatric patient

Abstract Extracranial meningiomas are reported to occur from 0.9% to 2% of cases. The presentation of this rare parapharyngeal space meningioma reflects the difficulty in diagnosing parapharyngeal space tumors especially in the pediatric population. Furthermore, the histopathological features of this meningioma offer a learning experience. We describe our multi disciplinary team approach to management and surgical techniques employed to treat this tumor.