cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New directions for medical artificial intelligence

Abstract The past decade has seen significant advances in medical artificial intelligence (MAI), but its role in medicine and medical education remains limited. The goal for the next decade must be directed towards maximizing the utility of MAI in the clinic and classroom. Fundamental to achieving this is increasing the involvement of clinicians in MAI development. MAI developers must move from “pet projects” toward generalizable tasks meeting recognized clinical needs. Clinical researchers must be made aware of knowledge engineering, so clinical data bases can be prospectively designed to contribute directly into MAI “knowledge bases”. Closer involvement of MAI scientists with clinicians is also essential to further understanding of cognitive processes in medical decision-making. Technological advances in user interfaces—including voice recognition, natural language processing, enhanced graphics and videodiscs— must be rapidly introduced into MAI to increase physician acceptance. Development of expert systems in non-clinical areas must expand, particularly resource management, e.g. operating room or hospital admission scheduling. The establishment of MAI laboratories at major medical centers around the country, involving both clinicians and computer scientists, represents an ideal mechanism for bringing MAI into the mainstream of medical computing.
Explicit logic circuits predict local properties of the neocortex's physiology and anatomy.

Background Two previous articles proposed an explicit model of how the brain processes information by its organization of synaptic connections. The family of logic circuits was shown to generate neural correlates of complex psychophysical phenomena in different sensory systems. Methodology/Principal Findings Here it is shown that the most cost-effective architectures for these networks produce correlates of electrophysiological brain phenomena and predict major aspects of the anatomical structure and physiological organization of the neocortex. The logic circuits are markedly efficient in several respects and provide the foundation for all of the brain's combinational processing of information. Conclusions/Significance At the local level, these networks account for much of the physical structure of the neocortex as well its organization of synaptic connections. Electronic implementations of the logic circuits may be more efficient than current electronic logic arrays in generating both Boolean and fuzzy logic.
Realization or Deprivation of the Right to Development Under Globalization? Debt, Structural Adjustment, and Poverty Reduction Programs

The human right to development provides a potentially powerful tool for reducing poverty and advancing sustainable development. More generally, rights-based development is gaining adherents and becoming more fully articulated and integrated into national and international development polices and practices. Yet these efforts are made in the context of globalization of economic activities which has tended to effectively negate the principles of rights-based development. Recent changes toward 'service apartheid' exclusion of the poor from access to basic life-sustaining resources such as water through privatization of public services suggest even greater deprivation of the right to development on a global basis, especially in countries affected by debt, economic structural adjustment, and formalized poverty reduction programs. In response to this situation, the burgeoning global social justice movement is gaining both an increased international profile and coherence in its articulation of viable and comprehensive development alternatives to the present global order or disorder. The purpose here is to enhance understanding of the potential significance of human rights for human development, taking into account the larger framework established by patterns of globalization and state transformation, and the alternatives being proposed and enacted by civil society actors locally and globally. I begin by presenting the essential elements of the human right to development and related social, economic and cultural rights. This is followed by assessment of the potential contribution of these rights to poverty alleviation and development. Then, debates on the right to development and the state's capacity to support this in the context of globalization are reviewed, based on an in-depth examination of economic structural adjustment programs and formal poverty reduction strategy programs. The experiences of Mozambique and Uganda are discussed to highlight the problematic nature of these economic policies and changes. Finally, proposals articulated by global civil society actors who are part of the burgeoning global justice movements for restructuring economic structural adjustment and poverty reduction programs according to a human rights approach are presented and assessed. Human rights and their development potential
Vibration-Induced Loosening Performance of Preloaded Threaded Fasteners

In an effort to establish a theoretical outline of a criterion for preventing the vibration-induced loosening of preloaded threaded fasteners, this paper provides an experimental and analytical insight into the effect of the initial bolt preload and the excitation amplitude on the self loosening performance of cap screw fastener. A nonlinear model is used for predicting the clamp load loss caused by the vibration-induced loosening of cap screw fasteners under cyclic transverse loading. Experimental verification was conducted on the twisting torque variation and the effect of the preload level and transverse displacement amplitude. Comparison of the experimental and analytical results on the clamp load loss with the number of cycles verifies that the proposed model accurately predicts self-loosening performance.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Immunohistochemical localization of CNTFRα in adult mouse retina and optic nerve following intraorbital nerve crush: Evidence for the axonal loss of a trophic factor receptor after injury

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is important for the survival and outgrowth of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in vitro. However, in vivo adult RGCs fail to regenerate and subsequently die following axotomy, even though there are high levels of CNTF in the optic nerve. To address this discrepancy, we used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα) in mouse retina and optic nerve following intraorbital nerve crush. In normal mice, RGC perikarya and axons were intensely labeled for CNTFRα. At 24 hours after crush, the immunoreactivity normally seen on axons in the nerve was lost near the lesion. This loss radiated from the crush site with time. At 2 days postlesion, labeled axons were not detected in the proximal nerve, and at 2 weeks were barely detectable in the retina. In the distal nerve, loss of axonal staining progressed to the optic chiasm by 7 days and remained undetectable at 2 weeks. Interfascicular glia in the normal optic nerve were faintly labeled, but by 24 hours after crush they became intensely labeled near the lesion. Double labeling showed these to be both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. At 7 days postlesion, darkly labeled glia were seen throughout the optic nerve, but at 14 days labeling returned to normal. It is suggested that the loss of CNTFRα from axons renders RGCs unresponsive to CNTF, thereby contributing to regenerative failure and death, while its appearance on glia may promote glial scarring. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:384–400, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Detection of hepatitis A virus RNA and capsid antigen in individual cells

The replication of hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA and the production of HAV VP1 protein were examined in cultures of BS-C-1 cells under one-step growth conditions by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. Individual cells that had undergone active viral RNA replication were detectable at 24 h post-infection. During subsequent days, increasing numbers of cells began replicating viral RNA, so that by seven days post-infection, all cells had accumulated significant amounts of viral RNA. The results show that the protracted replication cycle of HAV in cultured cells represents a slow recruitment of infected cells into a replication mode, rather than an inherently slow virus reproduction in all cells. With the reagents utilized in this study, nucleic acid hybridization was more sensitive than antigen detection by immunofluorescence or immunoblot analysis.
Forgotten bodies too

Malformed: Forgotten brains of the Texas State Mental Hospital (2014) is a visually gripping, intellectually engaging and disturbing book. Stunning photographs and captions by Adam Voorhes and text by Alex Hannaford record an—until now—obscure collection of ∼100 brains that were harvested from patients of the Austin State Hospital (known as the Texas State Lunatic Asylum until 1925) and preserved in jars of formalin. The brains were collected from 1952 to 1983 by pathologist Dr Coleman de Chenar, and were gifted to the University of Texas at Austin within 2 years of his death in 1985. Some jars hold multiple brains or pieces of many brains, and a few contain additional organs. The book is lavishly illustrated with photographs of brains in unconventional orientations or floating in jars, sections of brains, and labels that are affixed to jars to indicate the disease or condition associated with their contents (Fig. 1A). These include: Alzheimer’s disease; haemorrhage; meningitis/encephalitis; various kinds of scleroses; cortical atrophy; lissencephaly; macrencephaly; macrogyria; micrencephaly; oedema; Down’s syndrome; cysts; hydrocephaly; and severe developmental anomaly. Some specimens are so malformed that it is difficult to identify their specific parts (Fig. 1B). MALFORMED: FORGOTTEN BRAINS OF THE TEXAS STATE MENTAL HOSPITAL Adam Voorhes and Alex Hannaford 2014. Brooklyn: Powerhouse books Price: US$39.95/£28.99 ISBN: 978-1-57687-708-1 Figure 1 Forgotten brains. ( A ) Most jars had red dots or red and green dots affixed to them, but without medical records the authors could not determine their meaning. (The reviewer suspects the dots might be related to periodic topping off of fluid in the jars); ( B ) this mysterious half section of brain sat alone, misshapen and unexplained. The book contains four sections: Discovery, History, The Collection and The Future. The authors begin by discussing their discovery of the rare assembly of brains that had been languishing ‘in …
Integrating visible, near-infrared and short-wave infrared hyperspectral and multispectral thermal imagery for geological mapping at Cuprite, Nevada: a rule-based system

Previous research has shown that integrating hyperspectral visible and near-infrared (VNIR) / short-wave infrared (SWIR) with multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) data can lead to improved mineral and rock identification. However, inconsistent results were found regarding the relative accuracies of different classification methods for dealing with the integrated data set. In this study, a rule-based system was developed for integration of VNIR/SWIR hyperspectral data with TIR multispectral data and evaluated using a case study of Cuprite, Nevada. Previous geological mapping, supplemented by field work and sample spectral measurements, was used to develop a generalized knowledge base for analysis of both spectral reflectance and spectral emissivity. The characteristic absorption features, albedo and the location of the spectral emissivity minimum were used to construct the decision rules. A continuum removal algorithm was used to identify absorption features from VNIR/SWIR hyperspectral data only; spectral angle mapper (SAM) and spectral feature fitting (SFF) algorithms were used to estimate the most likely rock type. The rule-based system was found to achieve a notably higher performance than the SAM, SFF, minimum distance and maximum likelihood classification methods on their own.
Costs and Pricing of Home Brokerage Services

This paper explores a simple economic search model, and various brokerage cost assumptions, to derive brokerage pricing implications for three dimensions of the home transaction: (1) level of home price, (2) new relative to existing home sales, and (3) co-op relative to non-co-op sales. The model incorporates time-on-market (the price-time tradeoff) as an important element in home brokerage (search) It is argued that relative search cost differences imply that commission rates will be lower (1) on sales of higher-priced homes, (2) on sales of new relative to existing homes and (3) on non-co-op relative to co-op sales. A main contribution of the paper is the presentation of considerable supporting evidence showing variation in actual home brokerage commission rates according to these three variables.
Bayesian Factor Analysis for Mixed Ordinal and Continuous Responses

Many situations exist in which a latent construct has both ordinal and continuous indicators. This presents a problem for the applied researcher because standard measurement models are not designed to accommodate mixed ordinal and continuous data. I address this problem by formulating a measurement model that is appropriate for such mixed multivariate responses. This model unifies standard normal theory factor analysis and item response theory models for ordinal data. I detail a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for model fitting. I apply the model to cross-national data on political-economic risk and find that the model works well. Software for fitting this model is publicly available in the MCMCpack (Martin and Quinn 2004, ‘‘MCMCpack 0.4‐8’’) R package.
Utilitarianism and Phenomenology

Utilitarianism is a general tendency within ethical theory that may or may not incorporate a significant phenomenological element, depending on how its basic ideas are developed. At its center is the view that moral distinctions are to be defined in terms of the causal role of actions or character traits. In writers such as Richard Cumberland (1631–1718), Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), and J. J. C. Smart, ethical theories of a specifically utilitarian type are developed by a priori analysis, by hypothetical reasoning, or simply by the specifying and application of definitions. Of such theories we shall have little to say here. Other writers, such as David Hume (1711–1776), John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), and Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900) advance utilitarian ethical theories that contain essential phenomenological components. It is upon theories of this type that we shall focus. Many essentially utilitarian ethical theorists of the late 20th century, such as Stephen Toulmin, Charles Stevenson, and Richard Hare, actually do engage in what could justifiably be called phenomenological analyses of language and experiences thereof. But they prefer to call what they are doing “logic” or “semantics.”
Pitch determination and speech segmentation using the discrete wavelet transform

Pitch determination and speech segmentation are two important parts of speech recognition and speech processing in general. This paper proposes a time-based event detection method for finding the pitch period of a speech signal. Based on the discrete wavelet transform, it detects voiced speech, which is local in frequency, and determines the pitch period. This method is computationally inexpensive and through simulations and real speech experiments we show that it is both accurate and robust to noise.
Observations of Low Cycle Fatigue of Al Thin Films for Mems Applications

This paper addresses tension-tension (R=0) low cycle fatigue behavior of thin film Al structures released from a substrate. Al beam specimens 2 µm thick, 50 µm wide and 500 µm long (gauge length) were micromachined over a window in a Si substrate. Cyclic load-displacement behavior was investigated using a multiple step test method, in which each specimen was cycled with several blocks of constant maximum displacement amplitude. Load, displacement and temperature were recorded continuously. A load drop and a corresponding stabilized state were observed for each displacement block. Monotonic tension tests to failure were also performed for comparison. Evidence of cyclic creep was observed. SEM images revealed fatigue markings on cyclically loaded specimens but not on monotonically loaded beams.
Estimation and dynamic updating of time-varying signals with sparse variations

This paper presents an algorithm for an l 1 -regularized Kalman filter. Given observations of a discrete-time linear dynamical system with sparse errors in the state evolution, we estimate the state sequence by solving an optimization algorithm that balances fidelity to the measurements (measured by the standard l 2 norm) against the sparsity of the innovations (measured using the l 1 norm). We also derive an efficient algorithm for updating the estimate as the system evolves. This dynamic updating algorithm uses a homotopy scheme that tracks the solution as new measurements are slowly worked into the system and old measurements are slowly removed. The effective cost of adding new measurements is a number of low-rank updates to the solution of a linear system of equations that is roughly proportional to the joint sparsity of all the innovations in the time interval of interest.
Densification of fused silica under 193-nm excitation

The experimental fact that fused silica undergoes densification upon prolonged exposure to high-energy radiation is well documented. About 25 years ago, Primak Kampwirth [J. Appl. Phys.39, 5651 (1968)] reported extensive densification results in SiO2 obtained with neutron, electron, and γ-ray exposures. More recently, results from experiments with pulsed deep-ultraviolet exposures have been reported. We report here our experimental results and analysis of the densification of Corning HPFS™ materials under 193-nm exposure. The densification δρ/ρ induced by the radiation was obtained from interferometric and birefringence measurements with the aid of a finite-element analysis. The use of such analysis is necessary to obtain the laser-induced densification independent of sample size, geometry, irradiation pattern, and intensity profile of the exposure beam. In our case the sample was 10 mm × 15 mm × 20 mm irradiated across the 10-mm face with a 5-mm apertured Gaussian beam in the 15-mm direction. The birefringence and wave-front distortion were measured off line as a function of number of pulses for distinct values of fluence per pulse. We found that the derived densification follows a universal function of the dose, defined as the product of the number of pulses and the square of the fluence per pulse. In fact, it follows the same functional form as that previously determined by Primak in his high-energy-exposure study. This strongly suggests that the laser-induced densification mechanism involves the optically induced weakening of bonds and subsequent relaxation.
Custom 12-Bit, 500MHZ ADC/Data Processing Module for the KOTO Experiment at J-Parc

The paper presents a custom 4-Channel, 12-Bit, 500 MHz ADC/Data Processing Module, designed for the Step1 of the KOTO Experiment at J-Parc, Japan. This 6U VME Board will receive signals from the Beam Hole Photon Veto Detector, and will be one of the several different ADC Modules in the Experiment's Data Acquisition System (DAQ). In KOTO, the main ADC/DAQ system runs at a 125 MHz simultaneous sampling rate, provided by one low jitter 125 MHz system clock. The 500 MHz ADC Module receives this system clock and multiplies its frequency by four with a local Zero Delay Clock Generator. The four analog input pulses are amplified and passed to the 12-Bit, 500MHz monolithic pipeline ADC chips. After sampling, data are processed locally with a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The module is provided with a pipeline, up to 40us (20,480 samples) long, which stores the acquisitions, awaiting the system Level 1 trigger pulse. After a trigger, data are packed and buffered for readout. The readout can be performed via the VME32/64 backplane, or via the two front panel optical links. Designed specifically for the KOTO Experiment, this module can also be used in many other Physics applications. The board can receive the analog input signals in both single ended or differential modes and it can run with a local oscillator or with input clocks in the range of 32.5MHz to 550MHz. The design and preliminary test results will be described.
Large-Scale Circulation with Locally Enhanced Vertical Mixing

The influence of localized regions of intensified vertical mixing on the stratification and circulation in a largescale ocean model is investigated with idealized numerical experiments. Numerical solutions are obtained of a closed-basin, single-hemisphere ocean model based on the planetary geostrophic equations. Mesoscale eddy effects are minimized, and vertical mixing at the turbulent microscale is represented by a vertical diffusivity ky . Solutions with uniform ky are contrasted with a ‘‘localized mixing’’ solution, in which ky increases by two orders of magnitude from its interior value (0.2 3 1024 m2 s21) in a region 500 km wide adjacent to the vertical eastern boundary. When ky is uniform, the stratification beneath the ventilated thermocline is characterized by a single vertical scale. In contrast, the localized vertical mixing supports a deep diffusive thermocline with two distinct vertical scales: an internal boundary layer centered at the base of the ventilated thermocline (roughly 1000-m depth) and an abyssal thermocline whose vertical scale is set in the region of large ky . This stratification is qualitatively similar to observed deep ocean stratification. In contrast to the Stommel‐Arons meridional abyssal flow that arises in the model when ky is uniform and small, the localized mixing solution has primarily zonal flow in the abyssal interior, with meridional motion confined to boundary layers. An advective‐diffusive balance is established in the region of enhanced mixing. The near-surface circulation is dominated by westward zonal flow in the southern half of the interior, northward flow along the western boundary, and eastward flow in the northern half of the interior, while the pattern of flow in the abyssal interior is essentially the reverse. The circulation is closed by upwelling in the mixing region and downwelling along the northern boundary. Meridional motion in the mixing region is consistent with the Sverdrup vorticity balance, with northward flow at depth and southward flow near the surface. The source water for the deep circulation is confined to a narrow range of the coldest temperature classes in the basin, while the middepth subtropical thermocline is filled with warmer deep water that enters the gyre as cold deep water and then is modified in the eastern mixing region.
ON MAZUR'S CONJECTURE FOR TWISTED L-FUNCTIONS OF ELLIPTIC CURVES OVER TOTALLY REAL OR CM FIELDS

Let E be an elliptic curve defined over a number field F , and let Σ be a finite set of finite places of F . Let L ( s, E , ψ) be the L -function of E twisted by a finite-order Hecke character ψ of F . It is conjectured that L ( s, E , ψ) has a meromorphic continuation to the entire complex plane and satisfies a functional equation s ↔ 2 − s . Then one can define the so called minimal order of vanishing at s = 1 of L ( s, E , ψ), denoted by m ( E , ψ) (see Section 2 for the definition).
Digital image watermarking using singular value decomposition

In this paper, we present a technique for watermarking of digital images based on the singular value decomposition. Simulation results are provided which demonstrate the robustness of the proposed technique to a variety of common image degradations. The results of our approach are also compared to other transform domain watermarking methods.
Advance Directives Among Patients In A House Call Program

Background: Advance medical directives (the living will and the durable power of attorney) provide a means for competent persons to influence treatment decisions in the event of serious illness and loss of competence. Advance directives are currently underused. We examined the awareness and number of advance directives among elderly homebound patients. Methods: In a house call program for 120 elderly patients, a standardized telephone interview was conducted with 116 patients or their caregivers. They were asked whether they had a will, a living will, or had assigned a durable power of attorney. Those without advance directives were asked whether they knew what each directive was. Demographic and medical data were assessed by interview and chart review. Results: More than 60 percent of the patients knew about the durable power of attorney, and more than one-half had assigned a durable power of attorney. About one-third knew about living wills, but only 5 percent had one. One-third of the patients had a will. Conclusions: Advance directives are important mechanisms whereby patients can extend autonomy over the circumstances of dying. Physicians and patients should consider and discuss the issues that surround treatment in the event of terminal illness or permanent unconsciousness.
Acute Type A Aortic Dissection and Early Hazard Mortality: New Statistical Approaches and Room for Improvement

Nearly 35 years have now lapsed since the first successful reports of emergency surgical treatment of patients with acute type A aortic dissections. Despite the tremendous advances that have occurred in cardiac surgery since the 1960s, the early operative mortality rates probably remain in the 25%–40% range if all hospitals worldwide were sampled. Even in centers with special interest and expertise in thoracic aortic surgery, the reported mortality rates still exceed 15%–20% in most reports. Why has this challenging clinical problem remained so relatively unconquered?
Experience-scapes

Experience-scapes systems enable scripted sequences of media events (acoustic, visual, and haptic) to be triggered based on time and/or sensed activity. These systems use event-based schedulers and sensors in physical environments to detect and respond to individual and group activity. They are designed to motivate, sustain, and augment a wide variety of human behaviors. Ongoing user testing is geared toward understanding how these systems can be used to better understand, encourage, and organize personal and group activities. A primary goal of experience-scapes research is to leverage increasingly available ubiquitous and physical computing platforms to enhance personal and group self-awareness and self-efficacy. Through user testing and refinement, experience-scape systems are becoming readily deployable, interactive, smart environments that empower people to reflect on their everyday activities.
The heroines of their own stories: Insights from the use of life history drawings in research with a transnational migrant community

In this paper, we discuss how life history drawings can serve as a valuable method for global health research. The introduction discusses qualitative approaches to concepts such as reliability, validity and triangulation, and situates the use of participatory visual methods within the broader field of participatory research. The paper reports on an experience using life history drawings as part of extended ethnographic research in rural Mexico and among Mexican migrants living in Atlanta. The primary method for that parent project was comparative ethnographic research, which included life histories collected from 13 pairs of women over 15 months of participant observation. Early in the research, the drawings contributed to a major reorientation in the direction of the research project. The insights generated through analysis of the life history drawings exemplify how this participatory research technique can direct attention to social processes that feel salient to community members. In this case, they called attention to the enormity of social change in this community over one generation, reorienting the study from one focused on change causes by migration to one that focused on two trajectories of change: generational and migration-related.
Analysis on ceramic hatch structure of multi-pulse solid rocket motor

Aiming at tensile and compressive modulus characteristics of ceramic hatch of multi-pulse solid rocket motor,a 2D axisymmetric finite element model was derived by ANSYS software.The effects of pressure and friction force of contact surface on stress distribution of dangerous points were analyzed.The results show that whether the convex or the concave of the hatch undertakes pressure,the convex on axis center is dangerous all the time;two kinds of measures can be taken to improve stress distribution of the hatch,i.e.increasing structure pretightening force and reducing friction force on contact surface.
Prevelance Investigation and Evaluation of Human Echinococcosis in Sichuan Province

Objective To investigate and evaluate the prevelance of human echinococcosis in Sichuan province.Methods With randomly stratified cluster sampling method,people in 31 counties in Ganzi and Aba prefectures,Sichuan province,was screened for echinococcosis using B ultrasound scanning combined with sera anti-echinococcus antibody IgG detection.The prevelance of echinococcosis in human was determined and the numbers of cases were estimated.Results The standarded prevelance of human echinococcosis in Sichuan province was to 1.06%,human cases were estimated to be around 20 000.Most human echinococcosis cases were found in Ganzi prefecture,where the prevelance of echinococcos was counted for 1.55% and the estimated human case was 15 335,mainly distributed in 8 counties including Shiqu,Seda,Ganzi,Dege,Baiyu,Luhuo,Xinlong and Litang.Whereas 48% of echinococcosis prevelance was eastimated for Aba prefecture,where 4 112 of human cases were primarily dispersed in Ruoergai,Maerkang,Aba,Jinchuan,Hongyuan,Songpan and Rangtan.Conclusion Echinococcosis was highly prevelant in 8 counties in Ganzi prefecture and in 7 counties in Aba prefecture.Control strategy towards this disease should be mainly focused on these heavily endemic counties in order to obtain more effective control outcomes.
Investigation on oral health behavior among pupils in Zhifu District of Yantai City

[Objective]To understand the oral health status of pupils in Zhifu District of Yantai City,and provide evidence for carrying out health intervention in future.[Methods]A total of 525 pupils randomly selected from 2 schools were investigated for oral health behavior. The proportion,rate and chi-square test were applied to analyze the data. [Results] The investigation showed65. 4% of the pupils could brush tooth correctly. The correct rate of brushing frequency was 58. 5%. 67. 5% of them had unreasonable oral health behaviors and habits. The influencing factors included children's age of beginning using toothbrush,educational level of their parents and the family income,etc.[Conclusion]The situation of pupils' oral health behavior is not optimistic. The school and medical staff should carry out targeted oral health education,promote the consciousness of oral health among pupils,and make them form correct oral health behavior.
Towards quantum-noise limited multiplexed microwave readout of qubits

Coherent circuits based on superconducting elements hold tremendous promise for the practical implementation of quantum information technology: advanced computation, cryptography, and hardware simulation of complex materials systems are envisioned applications. Such circuits are essentially engineered atoms with level transitions in the 4–8 GHz regime; as such “read” and “write” operations are performed with the aid of fast microwave pulses and low-noise amplifiers, respectively. Recent advances in cavity-based superconducting parametric amplifiers have enabled real-time measurement and feedback in one and two qubits. We demonstrate a novel Josephson junction transmission-line based traveling-wave amplifier which employs sub-wavelength phase matching resonators to achieve high gain, several GHz of bandwidth, and near quantum-noise limited performance. Such devices will enable multiplexed qubit readout in integrated architectures comprised of a variety of microwave frequency analog and digital superconducting technologies: signal sources, multiplexers, ADCs, DACs, mixers, and amplifiers.
Distribution and Control of Herbicide-Resistant Italian Ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in North Carolina

Italian Ryegrass is consistently ranked as one of the most problematic weeds of winter wheat in the Southeastern United States. To determine the distribution of resistant Italian ryegrass biotypes, seed was collected from locations throughout North Carolina and screened with diclofop, pinoxaden, mesosulfuron, and pyroxsulam. Results identified evidence of resistance to diclofop at all locations sampled throughout the state, resistance to ALS-inhibitors mesosulfuron or pyroxsulam in eleven to nineteen percent, and resistance to pinoxaden in five percent of sampled locations. Additionally, Italian ryegrass resistant to all herbicides tested were identified, eliminating POST herbicide application as an option for control. Adjusting tillage practices may be an option for sustainable weed management to maintain effective control and maximize crop yield. Companion studies were established in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of North Carolina in 2013 and 2014 to evaluate the effect of tillage on Italian ryegrass efficacy with herbicides. Herbicide treatments consisted of pyroxasulfone PRE followed by No POST, mesosulfuron, or pinoxaden and POST only applications of mesosulfuron plus pyroxasulfone or pinoxaden plus pyroxasulfone. Treatments containing pinoxaden provided the greatest Italian ryegrass control, regardless of tillage system. The use of pyroxasulfone PRE controlled a higher percentage of Italian ryegrass in the Piedmont when compared to the Coastal Plain, which is believed to be due to multiple flushes during the growing season in the Coastal Plain. Herbicide treatment was still a significant factor in Italian ryegrass control, but Italian ryegrass seed head density was consistently lower in the no till system. Tillage may be stimulating germination, allowing greater control with PRE herbicides. An integrated system of herbicides and tillage will allow for greater yield and reduce selection pressure on POST herbicides.
Laboratory‐Scale Milling of Whole‐Durum Flour Quality: Effect of Mill Configuration and Seed Conditioning

Research was conducted to develop a laboratory milling procedure to make whole-durum flour. An ultracentrifugal mill was evaluated by determining the effect of mill configuration and seed conditioning on particle size distribution and quality of whole-wheat flour.; Results: Particle size of whole-wheat flour decreased as screen aperture decreased from 1000 to 250 µm; as rotor speed increased from 6000 to 18 000 rpm; and as seed conditioning moisture content decreased from 150 to 90 g kg-1 . Feed rate during milling did not affect particle size distribution. Starch damage decreased as screen aperture increased; as rotor speed increased from 6000 to12 000 rpm; and as seed conditioning moisture content decreased from 150 to 90 g kg-1 . Flour temperature varied with milling parameters but did not exceed 34 °C.; Conclusion: An ultracentrifugal mill configured with a rotor speed of 12 000 rpm, screen aperture of 250 µm, and seed conditioning moisture of 90 g kg-1 resulted in a fine whole-wheat flour where 82% of particles were <150 µm, starch damage was 59 g kg-1 , and flour temperature was below 35 °C. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Computational material design for Q&P steels with plastic instability theory

Abstract The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and uniform elongation (UE) of quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steels under tension were examined with a combined theoretical, experimental and computational approach. The constituent phase properties of various Q&P steels were first estimated based on in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) tensile tests under the quasi-static strain rate and room temperature. Plastic instability theory with the rule of mixtures (ROM) was then applied to the obtained phase properties to estimate the UTS/UE of the Q&P steels. A parametric study was also performed to examine the effects of various material parameters on the UTS/UE of Q&P steels. Computational material design was subsequently conducted based on the information obtained from the parametric study. The results showed that the plastic instability theory with iso-stress-based ROM may be used to estimate the UEs of the evaluated Q&P steels. The results also indicated that higher austenite stability/volume fractions, less strength difference between the primary phases, and higher hardening exponents of the constituent phases are generally beneficial for performance improvement of Q&P steels, and various material parameters may be concurrently adjusted in a cohesive way to improve performance of Q&P steel.
Cardiovascular Disease and Long Noncoding RNAs: Tools for Unraveling the Mystery Lnc-ing RNA and Phenotype

The last decade has ushered in a surge of genetic information with budget-friendly and more efficient sequencing technologies adding to our understanding of human development and disease. The sequencing of the human genome was a remarkable feat, yet using this information to understand human health and disease has proven to be challenging. The mammalian genome is comprised of a complex infrastructure of defined nucleotide sequences and dynamic epigenetic modifications that result in shifts in gene expression patterns and subsequent developmental and phenotypic outcomes. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated the link between alterations in nucleotide sequences created by mutations, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and disease. However, it remains unclear how SNPs alter gene expression patterns and phenotypes. One hypothesis links SNP containing regions to mutational phenotypes via changes to epigenetic processes that control how genes are regulated, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation. SNPs are changes in nucleotide sequences that occur in at least 1% of the population. It is estimated that there are 10 to 30 million SNPs in humans that occur every 100 to 300 bases, and this variation is the major source of heterogeneity among people. A nonsynonymous SNP changes the amino acid sequence of a protein-coding gene. Less than 10% of SNPs are nonsynonymous, whereas 90% occur in nonprotein coding regions of the genome.1 SNPs can be found in regions of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) hypersensitivity or promoters affecting transcription factor–binding sites and chromatin state. SNPs can create or delete microRNA-binding sites in 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) affecting microRNA target mRNA expression.2 SNPs can also be found in regions expressing noncoding RNAs, such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) leading to alterations in their expression patterns. SNPs can affect alternative splicing and the secondary structure of an RNA transcript leading to …
A First Look: Using Linux Containers for Deceptive Honeypots

The ever-increasing sophistication of malware has made malicious binary collection and analysis an absolute necessity for proactive defenses. Meanwhile, malware authors seek to harden their binaries against analysis by incorporating environment detection techniques, in order to identify if the binary is executing within a virtual environment or in the presence of monitoring tools. For security researchers, it is still an open question regarding how to remove the artifacts from virtual machines to effectively build deceptive "honeypots" for malware collection and analysis.In this paper, we explore a completely different and yet promising approach by using Linux containers. Linux containers, in theory, have minimal virtualization artifacts and are easily deployable on low-power devices. Our work performs the first controlled experiments to compare Linux containers with bare metal and 5 major types of virtual machines. We seek to measure the deception capabilities offered by Linux containers to defeat mainstream virtual environment detection techniques. In addition, we empirically explore the potential weaknesses in Linux containers to help defenders to make more informed design decisions.
Modeling and analysis methods for assessing stability of microgrids

Abstract It is proposed in this paper that all components comprising microgrids with highly heterogeneous technologies can be modeled as interconnected dynamic modules. The resulting standard state space component models and the interconnected microgrid model have structure that lends them to highly distributed analysis, necessary stability conditions and local control design. A real world microgrid is used to illustrate modeling and analysis approach.
Student Service Members/Veterans’ Mental Health: Who Is at a Greater Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms on College Campuses?

Using a cross-sectional design, this study surveyed 144 students on campus who are service members and veterans to determine whether posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms are significantly correlated...
Preventative and restorative safety behaviors: Effects on exposure treatment outcomes and risk for future anxious symptoms.

OBJECTIVES Two studies investigated the differential effect of preventative and restorative safety behaviors on the treatment and development of anxiety and depression. METHOD Study 1 investigated the impact of preventative and restorative safety behaviors in prolonged exposure therapy among US veterans with PTSD (N = 95). Study 2 was a 3-month prospective study investigating preventative and restorative safety behaviors as risk factors for anxious and depressive symptoms in a non-clinical sample (N = 84). RESULTS The results of Study 1 showed that both preventative and restorative safety behaviors were associated with worse treatment outcomes (both PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms). The results of Study 2 found that preventative, but not restorative, safety behaviors predicted increases in future anxious symptoms. Neither preventative nor restorative safety behaviors conferred risk for increases in future depression symptoms (anhedonia). CONCLUSIONS Preventative and restorative safety behaviors impact PTSD treatment outcomes, while only preventative safety behaviors predict future anxiety.
Avoiding Repetitive Change Syndrome

Most management advice today ? whether it?s from books or articles, prescribed in courses or by consultants ? says that change is good and more change is better. Advice on how to change varies quite a bit, but it has three features in common: ?Creative destruction? is its motto. ?Change or perish? is its justification. And ?no pain, no change? is its rationale for overcoming a purportedly innate human resistance to change. The author admits that creative destruction may be necessary, and even preferable, in certain situations. Companies that have enjoyed captive markets, docile suppliers and government support may need the rude awakening it provides. In such instances, organizational stability is so ingrained that creative destruction may even be the best way to achieve change with the least amount of pain. But for every change avoider today, he says, there are many more ?change-aholics? -- companies that have changed more aggressively, quickly and repeatedly than any organization could hope to do successfully. In the process, they have often suffered from ?more pain, less change.? The author urges executives at such companies to continually monitor their organizations for symptoms of repetitive change syndrome: initiative overload, change-related chaos, employee cynicism and burnout.
US Leadership in Cyberspace: Transnational Cyber Security and Global Governance

This chapter examines US cyber security policy in light of transnational cyber security, deterrence theory, and hegemonic stability theory. Recent work on US cyber security policy has argued for or against deterrence theory as a basis for US cyber security policy. Deterrence theory, as a state level theory of national security, focuses attention on strategic choice enabling policymakers to manage state level responses to perceived threats. The problem is that the Internet is a transnational medium and, increasingly, an important global medium for economic exchange, being treated as a duty free zone under WTO agreements. Thinking about cyber security at the level of the state elides threats to the Internet as a global commercial medium. Framing cyber security as a transnational security issue may assist in developing a comprehensive US cyber security policy that incorporates deterrence and US leadership. The role of the US in the global economic order is to provide leadership ensuring stability necessary or economic and information exchange to occur. From the standpoint of transnational security, the US should fulfill its role as leader of collective hegemony, by leading cyber space stakeholders to develop norms and rules for global cyber security governance regimes and institutions that will teach states the norms and rules necessary for a stable and secure cyber domain through which global information and economic exchange will continue to flourish.
Graphene Applications in Advanced Thermal Management

Development of the next generation of micro- and nanoscale electronics requires efficient thermal management. As the dissipated power density increases, heat removal becomes a critical issue. This motivates researchers to investigate and synthesize materials that can drastically improve thermal management of electronic devices. The discovery of the exceptionally high thermal conductivity of graphene has led to significant progress in thermally conductive coatings and thermal interface materials. In this chapter, we review recent progress in graphene applications for thermal management, focusing on graphene laminates, reduced graphene oxide films, and graphene fillers in composite materials.
Pausing in the wake of rapid adoption: A call to critically examine the veterans treatment court concept

Veterans treatment courts (VTCs) are currently the fastest growing specialized court in the United States. In the wake of this rapid dissemination, the field has begun to empirically resear...
Original Antigenic Sin: Friend or Foe in Developing a Broadly Cross-Reactive Vaccine to Influenza?

In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, two articles (Lee et al., 2019; Henry et al., 2019) find the influenza-specific antibody repertoire in humans becomes static over time and with age, despite repeated exposures. Identified persistent dominant clones target conserved viral epitopes, supporting the feasibility of a universal influenza vaccine.