cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a unique lymphoma that is heterogeneous in its clinical course, and lacks consensus treatment approaches. It is often treated with immunochemotherapy at diagnosis and chronic therapies in relapse. Despite significant advances in therapy, MCL remains incurable. Maintaining patients' health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important treatment goal. Assessment of HRQOL elucidates the impact of an illness and its treatment on patients' lives. This review highlights the relevance of HRQOL assessment in MCL, evaluates existing evidence, current knowledge gaps and challenges in HRQOL assessment, and defines future directions for improving HRQOL evaluation in MCL patients.
Decision-making processes in academic libraries: How did academic librarians purchase e-book products?

Abstract In this study I use interviews to examine the decision-making processes employed by academic librarians when purchasing e-book products. I introduce Nutt's five-stage framework with some minor revisions and then analyze the different steps of the decision-making processes as described by the interviewees. I put my data into five different models to investigate the variations and similarities across the described decision processes, and then examine the differences between my models and Nutt's models correspondingly.
Review of "Exile from the Grasslands: Tibetan Herders and Chinese Development Projects" by Jarmila Ptáčková

Ptackova, Jarmila Exile from the Grasslands: Tibetan Herders and Chinese Development Projects Seattle, WA: The University of Washington Press, 2020 Pp. 188 ISBN: 9780295748191
Some Explanatory Remarks on Optimal Control of the Vidale-Wolfe Advertising Model

This note adds three remarks to an earlier paper on the optimal control of the Vidale-Wolfe advertising model [Opns. Res. 21, 998-1013 (1973)].
Incidence and Risk Factors for a Malpositioned Intrauterine Device Detected on Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Within Eight Weeks of Placement.

OBJECTIVES To estimate the incidence of intrauterine device (IUD) malpositioning detected on three-dimensional (3D) transvaginal ultrasound within 8 weeks of placement and identify risk factors for malpositioning. METHODS Retrospective study of women who had an IUD placed at a large obstetrics and gynecology practice from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020. All patients underwent two-dimensional ultrasound at the time of insertion and routine three-dimensional ultrasound within 8 weeks. Baseline characteristics and potential risk factors were compared between women with correctly positioned and malpositioned IUDs. Odds ratios were calculated by logistic regression to identify risk factors independently associated with malpositioning. RESULTS A total of 763 IUD placements were included, and 127 malpositioned IUDs were identified representing an overall rate of malpositioning of 16.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.0-19.3) with 8.8% (95% CI 6.8-10.8) requiring removal. Patients with malpositioned IUD had higher rates of morbid obesity (13.4% versus 3.8%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.46, 95% CI 1.10-5.50), prior uterine window or rupture (9.0% versus 2.2%, aOR 2.78, 95% CI 1.06-7.30), copper IUD placement (64.2% versus 47.4%, aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.31-3.03), and symptoms such as bleeding or pain at follow-up (35.8% versus 20.1%, aOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.67-3.98). Parity, breastfeeding, difficult insertion, and uterine size and positioning were not significant. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of malpositioned IUD within 8 weeks of placement on 3D ultrasound is 16.6%, with 8.8% requiring removal. Significant risk factors for malpositioning include morbid obesity, prior uterine window or rupture, and copper IUD placement. These findings support the importance of routine follow-up 3D ultrasound after seemingly successful IUD placement.
The Spanish Civil War: The Breakdown of Democracy

Conditions in Spain between February and July 1936, which eventually produced civil war, were unique in the history of twentieth-century European states in peacetime, for nowhere else did a parliamentary government preside over an equivalent breakdown of law and order without the stress of external crisis. The elections had been won, however dubiously, by an alliance of the moderate left and the revolutionaries. Because the latter refused to participate in any but a revolutionary regime, the new government was formed by a minority coalition of left Republican parties, led by Azana. Even though the authority of this government steadily declined, it would remain the key actor for the next five months, with responsibility for guiding the country and avoiding breakdown or civil war. It failed to meet these responsibilities because its priorities were, first, to maintain an exclusively all-leftist government that rejected any compromise with the center or moderate right and, second, to avoid any break with the revolutionaries because their support was necessary to remain in power. The Republic's first historian, the noted Catalan journalist Josep Pla, termed this strategy Azana's “ideological Kerenskyism,” referring to the Russian prime minister who fell to the Bolsheviks. Azana's design was to complete the Popular Front program, consolidating radical changes to guarantee domination by the moderate left. Allying with the center would have required moderation – a policy anathema to Azana – who had always held that earlier Spanish progressives inevitably failed because of moderation and compromise, which he was determined to eschew. He pledged a policy of rapid and radical reform, “in no way,” as he put it, equivalent to the more moderate program of his first government in 1931–33. This could not be enacted without the support of the revolutionary parties, but he expected the latter to moderate their demands in the process. If they did not, he would later be prepared to break with them once his program had been enacted. This further explains why he engaged in no drastic purge or shakeup of the military, despite growing hostility among the latter. He thought it unlikely that any sizable sector of the military would rebel against the government, while ultimately he would have to depend on them to keep the revolutionaries in line. In the interim, the government was reluctant to restrain the revolutionaries too much, and also maintained a comparatively complacent attitude toward the military.
Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films for light control

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films, comprised of liquid crystal microdroplets dispersed in polymer matrices, are attractive for a variety of light control applications since they can be switched electrically from a light-scattering off-state to a transparent on-state [1]–[5]. On January 12, 1990 G. Paul Montgomery from General Motors Research Laboratories described the operating principles and the key electro-optic properties of PDLC films which govern their performance in such diverse applications as electronic information displays, signs, room dividers, and solar energy control in buildings and automobiles. Some of these properties could be improved if the light scattering properties of PDLC films were more fully understood. Montgomery reviewed current theoretical attempts to describe the light scattering properties of these films and compared these theories with experimental light scattering data. He concluded by identifying problems which require further research.
TESTING AIR-FILTERING SYSTEMS. I. PROCEDURE FOR TESTING HIGH-EFFICIENCY AIR FILTERS ON EXHAUST SYSTEMS.

Abstract A procedure was developed for evaluating high-efficiency filters mounted in exhaust ducts at the National Animal Disease Laboratory. An aerosol of the test organism, Escherichia coli B T3 bacteriophage, was generated in a chamber attached to a ceiling exhaust register in concentrations of at least 1000 viable organisms per ft3 of air. Samples were collected from both the pre- and postfilter areas, and the number of organisms per ft3 of air was determined. The efficiency of the filter was calculated from these figures. A total of 269 high-efficiency filters were tested. Of these, 249 had efficiencies of 98% or greater. The remaining 20, with efficiencies of less than 98%, were repaired and retested. No filter was accepted with an efficiency of less than 98%.
Studies and development of diamond films and related materials in the USSR

Abstract The fabrication conditions of dielectric and semiconducting diamond single crystals under high pressures and of epitaxial films of gaseous phase diamond are considered. The data on the impurity content and electrophysical properties of the diamond materials obtained are reported.
A corner diffraction solution for material flat plate structures

The material corner diffraction (CD) solution summarized here has been found to yield very accurate results for the far zone scattering from electrically large material structures made up from flat plates. The solution is presented for an impenetrable, convex material vertex in terms of the perfect electric conductor (PEC) CD coefficients and the reflected components of the geometrical optics (GO) field. The extension to the more general penetrable case is described and numerical results are presented for a penetrable two-plate shell. The solution may be extended to curved surface geometries with tips and corners using the same technique of modifying the PEC diffraction solution via comparison of the PEC and material physical optics (PO) solution.
INCORPORATION OF WITHIN-SEASON YIELD GROWTH INTO A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING SUGARCANE HARVEST SCHEDULING MODEL

This study focuses on the development of a optimal harvest scheduling mathematical programming model which incorporates within-season changes in perennial crop yields. Daily crop yield prediction models are estimated econometrically for major commercially grown sugarcane cultivars. This information is incorporated into a farm-level harvest scheduling linear programming model. The harvest scheduling model solves for an optimal daily harvest schedule which maximizes whole farm net returns above harvesting costs. Model results are compared for a commercial sugarcane farm in Louisiana.
Labeled Iodoalbumin in the Plasma in Thyrotoxicosis After I125 and I131

The appearauce of iodoalbumin in the serum of eight out of nine thyrotoxic patients was observed after 1- to 1.5-mC doses of I/sup 125/, and after therapeutic doses of I/sup 131/ in all. In all cases iodoalbumin was demonstrated, but in seven there was more after the therapeutic dose. Since this dose of I/sup 125/ delivered a radiation dose considerably smaller than from the I/sup 131/ tracer doses previously used with similar results, the findings are further evidence that the appearance of iodoalbumin is not entirely a radiation effect on the thyroid. Nevertheless, therapeutic doses of I/sup 131/ seem to increase the quantity appearing in the plasma of some patients. (auth)
Variations in and significance of systolic pressure during maximal exercise (treadmill) testing

Variations in clinical noninvasive systolic pressure at the point of symptom-limited exercise on a treadmill were examined in six groups of subjects: 5,459 men and 749 women classified into three categories each. Among the men, 2,532 were asymptomatic healthy, 592 were hypertensive and 1,586 had clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease (that is, typical angina pectoris, prior myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac arrest with resuscitation). Among the women, 244, 158 and 347 were in the corresponding clinical categories. None had had cardiac surgery; all had follow-up status ascertained by periodic mail questionnaires. Reported deaths were reviewed and classified by three cardiologists; 140 deaths were attributed to coronary heart disease, 118 of them in the men classified as having coronary heart disease. The majority of maximal systolic blood pressure readings were reported to the nearest centimeter rather than millimeter of pressure. Retesting of 156 persons from 1 to 32 months later showed that pressure values agreed within 10 percent in two thirds, the overall mean difference was only 8.6 mm Hg and the correlation at maximal exercise was superior to that of the resting observations just before exercise. Hypertensive patients had a significantly greater body weight than normotensive persons. Among men, the lowest maximal systolic pressure was observed in the group with coronary heart disease; among women, the lowest mean pressure was found in the healthy group. Patients with coronary heart disease were slightly older, and only the women showed a significant correlation in maximal pressure with age. Only 5 percent of the variation in maximal systolic pressure in the patients with coronary heart disease was due to a shortened duration of exercise. Maximal systolic pressures correlated fairly well ( r = 0.46 to 0.68 for the various groups) with resting systolic pressure, and this relation was independent of the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in both men and women. Relations between pressure and the number of stenotic coronary arteries and impaired ejection fraction at rest were examined in 22 men without and 182 men with coronary artery disease. Lower maximal systolic pressures were often associated with two or three vessel disease or reduced ejection fraction, or both. The prognostic value of maximal systolic pressure for subsequent death due to coronary heart disease was examined in the men with coronary heart disease. The annual rate of sudden cardiac death decreased from 97.9 per 1,000 men to 25.3 and 6.6 per 1,000 men as the range of maximal systolic pressure increased from less than 140 to 140 to 199 and to 200 mm Hg or more, respectively. Cardiomegaly, Q waves in the resting electrocardiogram and persistent postexertional S-T depression were more common in men with the lowest systolic pressure at maximal exercise.
The deubiquitinating enzyme DUBAI stabilizes DIAP1 to suppress Drosophila apoptosis

Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) counteract ubiquitin ligases to modulate the ubiquitination and stability of target signaling molecules. In Drosophila, the ubiquitin–proteasome system has a key role in the regulation of apoptosis, most notably, by controlling the abundance of the central apoptotic regulator DIAP1. Although the mechanism underlying DIAP1 ubiquitination has been extensively studied, the precise role of DUB(s) in controlling DIAP1 activity has not been fully investigated. Here we report the identification of a DIAP1-directed DUB using two complementary approaches. First, a panel of putative Drosophila DUBs was expressed in S2 cells to determine whether DIAP1 could be stabilized, despite treatment with death-inducing stimuli that would induce DIAP1 degradation. In addition, RNAi fly lines were used to detect modifiers of DIAP1 antagonist-induced cell death in the developing eye. Together, these approaches identified a previously uncharacterized protein encoded by CG8830, which we named DeUBiquitinating-Apoptotic-Inhibitor (DUBAI), as a novel DUB capable of preserving DIAP1 to dampen Drosophila apoptosis. DUBAI interacts with DIAP1 in S2 cells, and the putative active site of its DUB domain (C367) is required to rescue DIAP1 levels following apoptotic stimuli. DUBAI, therefore, represents a novel locus of apoptotic regulation in Drosophila, antagonizing cell death signals that would otherwise result in DIAP1 degradation.
How accurately can a single molecule be localized in three dimensions using a fluorescence microscope

Single molecule fluorescence microscopy is a relatively novel technique that is used, for example, to study the behavior of individual biomolecules in cells. Since a single molecule can move in all three dimensions in a cellular environment, the three dimensional tracking of single molecules can provide valuable insights into cellular processes. It is therefore of importance to know the accuracy with which the location of a single molecule can be determined with a fluorescence microscope. We study this performance limit of a fluorescence microscope from a statistical point of view by deriving the Fisher information matrix for the estimation problem of the location of the single molecule. In this way we obtain a lower bound on the standard deviation of any reasonable (unbiased) estimation method of the location parameters. This lower bound provides a fundamental limit on the accuracy with which a single molecule can be localized using a fluorescence microscope and is given in terms of such quantities as the photon detection rate of the single molecule, the acquisition time, the numerical aperture of the objective lens etc. We also present results that show how factors such as noise sources, detector size and pixelation deteriorate the fundamental limit of the localization accuracy. The present results can be used to evaluate and optimize experimental setups in order to carry out three dimensional single molecule tracking experiments and provide guidelines for experimental design.
Presentation of a frontal sinus encephalomeningocele in an adult

A case of an encephalomeningocele of the frontal sinus in an adult is presented. This rare entity was found during an exploration of the frontal fossa for a cerebrospinal fluid leak and was not correlated with facial abnormalities. The embryology of the frontal sinus and bone formation is discussed and a hypothesis for the development of this abnormality, as discovered in the adult, is proposed.
Barefoot and in a German kitchen: Federal parental leave and benefit policy and the return to work after childbirth in Germany

Since 1979 German federal maternity leave and benefit policy has given women incentives to stay at home and take care of their newborn and youngest children. In 1986 this leave and benefit policy was changed in several ways, turning it into a powerful instrument for delaying mothers' return to work after childbirth. Using a flexible duration dependence estimation technique for proportional hazards due to Prentice and Gloeckler (1978) and applied to grouped durations by Meyer (1987, 1990), we estimate post childbirth return to work hazards for women during the federally protected leave protection period and immediately upon completion of this leave period. During the leave mothers are less likely to return to work the longer is the time left in the leave protection period; however, this result cannot be attributed generally to high levels of maternity benefits. When the leave protection period ends, mothers with strong labor force attachment who are still on leave return to their jobs.
Preeclampsia: A “Nephrocentric” View

To the obstetrician, preeclampsia is a placental syndrome becoming clinically apparent in later pregnancy and presenting with maternal hypertension, proteinuria, and in some cases liver and central nervous system dysfunction, which, if not addressed in a timely fashion can lead to significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. As such, the only satisfactory cure is delivery of the fetus, after which most, if not all, of the manifestations disappear. The nephrologist, who often is consulted only when patients develop more serious manifestations such as accelerating hypertension, acute kidney injury, and microangiopathic features, often has a different perspective. She/he sees a woman with hypertension and proteinuric kidney disease with mildly reduced glomerular filtration rate. Exciting discoveries regarding the pathogenesis of this syndrome have helped to reconcile these two views; however, much remains unknown. This review focuses on the hypertension and kidney manifestations of the disease, acknowledging that complex placental pathogenic alterations are clearly an important, if not the most important, initiator of the later maternal signs and symptoms.
Targeting of a novel fusion protein containing methioninase to the urokinase receptor to inhibit breast cancer cell migration and proliferation.

It has been shown that methionine depletion inhibits tumor cell growth and reduces tumor cell survival. A novel fusion protein targeted specifically to tumor cells was developed. The fusion protein contained two components: the amino terminal fragment of human urokinase (amino acids 1–49) that binds to the urokinase receptor protein expressed on the surface of invasive cancer cells, and the enzyme l-methioninase (containing 398 amino acids) which depletes methionine and arrests the growth of methionine-dependent tumors. The influence of the fusion protein on the growth and motility of human breast cancer cells was examined using a culture wounding assay. It was determined that MCF-7 breast cancer cells, used in this study, were methionine-dependent and that the fusion protein bound specifically to urokinase receptors of the surface of the cancer cells. Further treatment of the cancer cells with fusion protein over the concentration range 10−8 to 10−6 M produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both the migration and proliferation index of MCF-7 cells in the culture wounding assay over a period of 1 to 3 days. The results of this study suggest that this novel fusion protein may serve as a prototype for specific targeting of methioninase and perhaps other cytotoxic agents to cancer cells.
Inference engines for fuzzy rule-based control

Abstract The knowledge-based control of autonomous vehicles allows efficient hierarchical structures that utilize linguistic sensory data at various levels of resolution and exactness. This is mainly due to the fact that the control is based on a collection of rules rather than an analytical controller. Each rule in the controller prescribes the control for a specific situation. The applicability of a rule in an observed situation involves inexactness, which is modeled using fuzzy sets. The control rules can be obtained analytically, experimentally, or from an expert. All of these approaches involve certainty levels of possible control commands, and the rule bases can best be represented as fuzzy relations. The experimental identification of a mobile robot behavior is described in this paper as a two-step process. These steps are the determination of the vocabulary of representation and the derivation of fuzzy control rules. The experiments and the derived rules are geared towards minimum-time control of the robot motion. The combination of uncertainties that exist in the rules and observations gives rise to an inference mechanism based on the extension principle. Although computationally straightforward, the sequential max and min operations involved in the inferencing are too time-consuming and may prohibit real-time operation. In this paper two architectures for the parallel computation of max-min operations are described and their applicabilities to rule-based control are compared.
Growth and characterization of OMVPE grown (In,Mn)As diluted magnetic semiconductor

In1−xMnxAs diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) thin films with x 0.14 have been grown using organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. Tricarbonyl-(methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese was successfully used as the Mn source. Single phase, epitaxial films were achieved for compositions as high as x=0.14 using growth temperatures ≥475°C. For lower growth temperatures or x>0.14, nanometer scale MnAs precipitates were observed within the In1−xMnxAs matrix. Transport properties were investigated using the Hall effect. All Mn doped films were p-type with single phase films exhibiting hole concentrations 2≤×1019 cm−3. Magnetization was measured as a function of temperature and applied field for a single phase film with x=0.1. Ferromagnetic ordering was observed at 5 K with a saturation magnetization of Ms=68 emu/cm3, a remnant magnetization, Mr=10 emu/cm3, and a coercive field Hc=400 Oe.
Lack of correlation of distribution of prolactin (PRL) charge isoforms with induction of PRL storage.

GH4C1 cells, rat pituitary tumor cells, produce PRL, but store little relative to normal lactotrophs; treating cells with estradiol, insulin, and epidermal growth factor increases both PRL storage and accumulation of dense core granules. Normal lactotrophs contain several differently charged forms of PRL. We investigated whether inducing PRL storage in GH4C1 cells altered the production of these forms. Four forms of PRL that differed by charge were found by immunoblots of two-dimensional gels of extracts of female rat pituitary glands and of secretory granules isolated from the glands. Four forms were also secreted by GH4C1 cells. The relative abundance of the four forms in the medium of GH4C1 cells, determined by [35S]amino acid incorporation for 24h, was 1.2 +/- 0.58%, 91.3 +/- 1.09%, 6.3 +/- 0.72%, and 1.2 +/- 0.39% of total PRL (mean +/- SEM), from the most basic to the most acidic, respectively. Treatment with 1 nM estradiol, 300 nM insulin, and 10 nM epidermal growth factor did not significantly cha...
Plane strain mixed mode crack-tip stress fields characterized by a triaxial stress parameter and a plastic deformation extent based characteristic length

Abstract Using physical observations from controlled crack growth experiments in ductile materials as a guide, a series of numerical and theoretical studies were performed. Results from these studies demonstrate that a self-similar family of mixed mode crack-tip stress fields exist in the crack-tip region that are characterized in terms of (a) a stress triaxiality parameter, A m , based on the ratio between the mean stress and effective stress, and (b) a characteristic length scale, L p , based on the spatial extent of crack-tip plastic deformation. Finite element models used to demonstrate this include; small-scale yielding with a modified boundary layer formulation (SSY); slant cracked tension bar (TB); and an asymmetric three point bend (TPB) bar. Since experimental evidence has shown that crack growth occurs along local directions that are predominantly either mode I or mode II, special emphasis is placed on radial variations in stress components along these directions. Results for all cases indicate that, for the full range of mode mixity and constraint conditions present in the SSY, TB and TPB models, the proposed, self-similar family of mixed mode crack-tip fields accurately represents the stress fields for both SSY and all fracture specimens considered. Specifically, the crack-tip stress fields are shown to belong to a family of solutions parameterized by A m and L p when the distance from crack tip, r , is measured in terms of its normalized value by the characteristic length scale, r / L p .
Bidimensional electrophoresis in the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis.

Abstract Using the modified bidimensional electrophoresis method, characteristic patterns of urinary glycosaminoglycans were obtained for nine different syndromes of mucopolysaccharidoses and normal. Each pattern, portrayed on a 55 mm square cellulose acetate membrane, was visualized by staining the electro-phoretically separated GAGs with alcian blue. The method, tested with 38 cases, was precise and sensitive; the first direction of electrophoresis was run for 25 min and the second direction for 60 min. Because the method is qualitative, the usual quantitative measurements and calculations are circumvented. Moreover, any irregular pattern can readily be verified by repeating the bidimensional electrophoresis. Thus, the clarity of the pattern itself offers assurance of its diagnostic reliability; consequently, false negative and false positive results should be minimized.
Infection by string links and new structure in the knot concordance group

This paper highlights the importance of string link concordance in the understanding of knot concordance in general. The results of this paper show that there are infinitely many nontrivial knots in the groups Gn of n‐solvable knots modulo n:5‐solvable knots, for n greater than or equal to 2, which are not concordant to any knot that is obtained by two or more iterated infections of an Arf invariant zero knot by knots. This latter class accounts for nearly all previously known examples of knots in Gn , n greater than or equal to 2. In this paper we will generalize the concept of when a rational Laurent polynomial is strongly coprime to another, first introduced by Cochran, Harvey and Leidy, to include multivariable polynomials. We also prove the existence of multivariable polynomials which are strongly coprime to all single variable Laurent polynomials. From this definition of coprimality we define the derived series localized at M for a given sequence of multivariable polynomials M. From such series we obtain refinements of the n‐solvable filtration. The operation of infection by a string link is then used to demonstrate that for particular M, certain quotients of successive terms of these refined filtrations have infinite rank. 57M25; 20J05
The FBI: A History – By Rhodri Jeffreys‐Jones

The year 2008 marks the FBI's official centennial. As such, two comprehensive FBI histories were published by American FBI historians Athan Theoharis and Richard Gid Powers. Theoharis presented a b...
Absolute Structural Constraints on Amyloid Fibrils from Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy of Partially Oriented Samples

We demonstrate that absolute, molecular-level structural information can be obtained from solid-state NMR measurements on partially oriented amyloid fibrils. Specifically, we show that the direction of the fibril axis relative to a carbonyl 13C chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensor can be determined from magic-angle spinning (MAS) sideband patterns in 13C NMR spectra of fibrils deposited on planar substrates. Deposition of fibrils on a planar substrate creates a highly anisotropic distribution of fibril orientations (hence, CSA tensor orientations) with most fibrils lying in the substrate plane. The anisotropic orientational distribution gives rise to distorted spinning sideband patterns in MAS spectra from which the fibril axis direction can be inferred. The experimentally determined fibril axis direction relative to the carbonyl CSA tensor of Val12 in fibrils formed by the 40-residue β-amyloid peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease (Aβ1-40) agrees well with the predictions of a recent structural m...
Integrated simulations of human cognition and behavior

Cognitive architectures are promising tools for creating simulations of human behavior because they were designed to model the cognitive processes that choose that behavior. However, the fact that multiple factors - e.g. physical, social, moral, political, economic - influence the actions of human beings is an obstacle to using these architectures because the various mechanisms the mind uses to consider each factor are currently best modeled using many different computational methods and no single architecture can easily implement them all. This paper presents a cognitive architecture for integrating models based on many different computational methods. It is intended to enable more realistic models and simulations of human behavior.
The origin of the human auditory brain-stem response wave II.

Abstract Auditory brain-stem responses (ABRs) were recorded from human subjects undergoing neurosurgical procedures which exposed the auditory nerve. Scalp recordings indicated that the latency of the negativity between waves (I n ) and II (I n ) and the latency of positive peak II (II p ) were shorter when the nerve was suspended in air than when the nerve was submerged in cerebrospinal fluid or saline, while earlier and later waves remained unaffected. These results could not be attributed to changes in stimulus or recording parameters or conduction velocity. Computational and somatosensory experimental evidence of stationary potentials generated by physical properties of the volume conductor, including changes in conductivity or geometry, are presented to develop a model of wave II p generation. The results of this study suggest that wave II p (and probably I n ) are manifestations of current flux asymmetries across conductivity boundaries created by the temporal bone-cerebrospinal fluid intradural space-brain-stem interfaces. The current flux asymmetries are generated as the propagating auditory nerve action potential crosses the conductivity boundaries. These results also indicate that the physical characteristics of the volume conductor and neural pathways must be considered when interpreting surface recorded evoked potentials.
Synthesis and characterization of bulk nanocrystalline M50 steel by cryomilling

Abstract Nanocrystalline high speed tool steel M50 (4.5%Mo, 4.0%Cr, 1.0%V, 0.8%C, balance Fe) was synthesized by cryogenic high energy ball milling (cryomilling) for 25 hours. Elemental Al powder is added prior to cryomilling in order to promote the formation of nanoscale Al2O3 and AlN dispersoids in an effort to improve the thermal stability of the nanocrystalline M50 steel. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveals the formation of various carbides (V8C7, Fe3C, and FeC), oxides (Al2O3, MoO3, and V3O7), and a nitride phase (AIN) during cryomilling. The nanocrystalline M50-5 wt.% Al powders are consolidated using hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 1223 K and 200 MPa for 2 hours. X-ray diffraction analysis performed on the consolidated M50-5 wt.% Al compact yields an average calculated grain size of 23 nm. Furthermore, TEM dark field imaging indicates that an average grain size of 17 ± 11 nm is retained for the bulk nanocrystalline M50-5 wt.% Al consolidated by HIP.
Detection of a Far-Infrared Excess with DIRBE at 60 and 100 Microns

From analysis of the DIRBE weekly averaged sky maps, we have detected substantial flux in the 60 and 100 μm channels in excess of expected zodiacal and Galactic emission. Two methods are used to separate zodiacal light from more distant emission. Method I makes use of the time dependence of the north-south annual variation observed at the ecliptic poles. This method is robust against errors in the interplanetary dust (IPD) model but does not demonstrate isotropy of the background. Method II measures the ecliptic latitude dependence of the dust over a range of ecliptic latitudes (|β| > 35°) at solar elongation e = 90°. This allows the excess to be determined in each week of the DIRBE mission for high redundancy, but the results depend weakly on the IPD model. Both methods give consistent results at 60 and 100 μm. The observed signal is consistent with an isotropic background at the level νIν = 28.1 ± 1.8 ± 7(syst) nW m-2 sr-1 at 60 μm and 24.6 ± 2.5 ± 8 nW m-2 sr-1 at 100 μm. The IR excess detected at 140 and 240 μm by these methods agrees with previous measurements, which are thought to be the cosmic infrared background (CIB). The detections at 60 and 100 μm are new. The integrated IR excess in the window 45-125 μm is 23 ± 8 nW m-2 sr-1, to be added to the 18 ± 4 nW m-2 sr-1 previously measured with the DIRBE and FIRAS instruments in the window 125-2 mm. While this new excess is not necessarily the CIB, we have ruled out all known sources of emission in the solar system and Galaxy. We therefore tentatively interpret this signal as the CIB and consider the implications of such energy production from the viewpoint of star formation efficiency and black hole accretion efficiency. However, the IR excess exceeds limits on the CIB derived from the inferred opacity of the intergalactic medium to observed TeV photons, thus casting doubt on this interpretation. There is currently no satisfactory explanation for the 60-100 μm excess.
Considerations Regarding the Administration of Systemic Therapy for Elderly Patients With Ovarian Cancer

To improve the benefit and tolerability of cancer treatment, we must develop new geriatric-specific trials, better assessment tools, and encourage enrollment of older patients in clinical trials. Age is a strong predictor of survival in ovarian cancer and often influences the treatment plan. Elderly patients, broadly defined as older than age 65 years, are commonly not offered participation in clinical research or provided with substandard chemotherapy or surgical options. Because first-line, platinum-based chemotherapy with cytoreductive surgery is a potentially curative modality, all standard treatment options should be explored (intravenous, neoadjuvant, and/or intraperitoneal chemotherapy). However, one must balance the specific needs of the older patient and be aware of the increased risk of side effects. To be mindful and respectful, the oncologist should clearly define the goals (palliative vs. curative) and specific risks of treatment to patients and their families. As the field of geriatric oncology evolves and prospective trials tailored to older women with ovarian cancer are developed, specific guidelines will ultimately assist in these difficult decisions.
Abstract 1523: MALDI mass spectrometry imaging for on-tissue spatial profiling of tumor-specific N-linked glycans and lipids in renal carcinomas.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Pathologic staging of renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) provides useful but limited prognostic information suggesting that there are underlying molecular processes not readily identified through conventional histopathological techniques in the primary tumor. At the molecular level, transcript, metabolomic and protein expression patterns have indicated a striking Warburg Effect profile in ccRCC tissues, with major affects on sugar and lipid metabolism. Our group has been applying MALDI-MS imaging approaches to ccRCC tissues to profile lipids and glycans associated with disease progression. As both lipids and glycans can act as signaling molecules and have been associated with cancer progression, ccRCC tissues were selected by a pathologist to contain substantial tumor, non-tumor and tumor margin regions to characterize the differential localization of lipid and glycan species within the tissue. Lipid profiles from fresh-frozen tissue slides coated in DHB matrix were obtained on a dual source Bruker Solarix 70 FTICR mass spectrometer. Glycans were imaged in a similar fashion with a method developed by our lab using protein N-glycanase F to release protein bound N-glycans. There are clear patterns of specific lipid and glycan species that are only present along the margin of the tumor and non-tumor interface, or those primarily localized in non-tumor or tumor regions. Off-tissue extraction of lipids and glycans from similarly processed tissues and further mass spectrometry analysis was done to confirm structural designations. Linkage of differentially expressed lipid and glycan species with clinical data and other molecular markers of ccRCC is ongoing. This approach has the potential to not only improve prognostic assessment and enhance post-operative surveillance, but also to better define the underlying biology of ccRCC aggressiveness and identify new rational targets for therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Richard R. Drake, Thomas Powers, Ellen Jones, Raymond S. Lance, Anand S. Mehta, Dean A. Troyer. MALDI mass spectrometry imaging for on-tissue spatial profiling of tumor-specific N-linked glycans and lipids in renal carcinomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1523. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1523
The African Origin of Complex Projectile Technology: An Analysis Using Tip Cross-Sectional Area and Perimeter

Despite a body of literature focusing on the functionality of modern and stylistically distinct projectile points, comparatively little attention has been paid to quantifying the functionality of the early stages of projectile use. Previous work identified a simple ballistics measure, the Tip Cross-Sectional Area, as a way of determining if a given class of stone points could have served as effective projectile armatures. Here we use this in combination with an alternate measure, the Tip Cross-Sectional Perimeter, a more accurate proxy of the force needed to penetrate a target to a lethal depth. The current study discusses this measure and uses it to analyze a collection of measurements from African Middle Stone Age pointed stone artifacts. Several point types that were rejected in previous studies are statistically indistinguishable from ethnographic projectile points using this new measure. The ramifications of this finding for a Middle Stone Age origin of complex projectile technology is discussed.
Large-time behavior of the Broadwell model of a discrete velocity gas

We study the behavior of solutions of the one-dimensional Broadwell model of a discrete velocity gas. The particles have velocity ±1 or 0; the total mass is assumed finite. We show that at large time the interaction is negligible and the solution tends to a free state in which all the mass travels outward at speed 1. The limiting behavior is stable with respect to the initial state. No smallness assumptions are made.
An Examination of Negative Halo Error in Ratings

Several studies which have used correlational measures to compare levels of observed halo in ratings with true halo levels have found "negative halo error," or true halo that exceeds observed halo. The authors derived a causal model of halo error based on a widely accepted definition of halo error and, in the context of this model, formulated three hypotheses to explain findings of negative halo error. Reanalyses of data reported recently by Kozlowski and Kirsch (1987) and Murphy and Reynolds (1988) supported the hypothesis that "negative" halo error can be indicated when positive halo actually occurs along with imperfect correlational rating accuracy. It is suggested that positive halo rating error may be more pervasive a phenomenon than has recently been thought.
THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF BARIUM AND YTTRIUM AT HIGH PRESSURE

Abstract Electrical resistivity data suggest that yttrium and barium become d-metals under pressure. This behavior correlates with the pressure-induced superconductivity.
Emergency communications via airborne communications node

Natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes invariably result in disruption of the commercial communications infrastructure and can severely impede the delivery of emergency services by local and federal agencies. In addition, the public's inability to communicate with commercial service providers can substantially slow the recovery process. Since wide-spread destruction of communications plant and distribution systems takes a long time to rebuild, an attractive alternative would be to provide communications connectivity through an airborne platform configured as a communication node. From a high altitude, a single aircraft could provide line of sight connectivity between users that are not within line of sight of each other, and could relay communications through ground or satellite gateways to the national PSTN. This capability could be used to substitute for multiple base stations for fire and police as well as military relief workers using their normal mobile communications gear. The airborne platform could also serve as a wide area base station to replace cellular phone towers that have been destroyed; this would enable civilian access to communications services from existing cellular phones, but could also be used by relief workers carrying low-cost commercial handsets. This paper examines the technical methods for achieving these goals, identifies the equipment needed on the airborne platform, and discusses the performance that could be expected.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Control of anthelmintic resistant endoparasites in a commercial sheep flock through parasite community replacement.

Abstract An effort was undertaken to replace a community of sheep endoparasites that had been classified as resistant to levamisole and albendazole with a community of more susceptible parasites using a dilution approach that could be integrated into the management of a commercial flock. For this study, pastures on this sheep farm were divided into two areas: north and south. Strategically timed anthelmintic treatments combined with pasture management reduced to nondetectable levels the endemic community of anthelmintic resistant parasites in this flock and on these pastures by early summer. A group of 102 ewes, lambs, and rams were experimentally infected with third stage larvae from the more susceptible community of parasites. These sheep then seeded the south pastures with the new parasite community, while sheep on the north pastures maintained the endemic resistant community. Despite its insensitivity as a technique for detecting anthelmintic resistance, fecal egg count reduction tests at the end of the grazing season indicated that the more susceptible parasites were present on the south pastures while resistant parasites were present on the north. The following grazing season, similar protocols were used to introduce the more susceptible parasites onto the north pastures. At the end of the grazing season, fecal egg count reduction tests indicated that the new community of parasites had become established on both groups of pastures of the farm.
Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in rats maintaining reduced body protein following lesions of the lateral hypothalamus.

Abstract Rats with lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) maintain a reduced body protein mass that they effectively defend when challenged by under- or over-nutrition. The two studies reported here evaluate the potential contributions of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and the insulin-like growth factor–binding (IGFBP) to this persistent maintenance of a reduced body protein mass by LH rats. At 18 weeks postlesion, it was found that the serum levels of GH, IGF-1, total IGFBP, and IGFBP-3 of LH rats maintaining reduced body protein were not different from those of age-matched controls. However, closer to the time of surgery, at which time the lesion-induced body protein adjustments are known to occur, altered hormone and binding protein levels were observed. Specifically, at 3 weeks after lesioning, the IGF-binding proteins of LH rats were significantly elevated, whereas their GH levels were lower than those of controls. Because the GH, IGF-1, and IGF-binding proteins of LH rats were comparable to those of controls at 18 weeks after lesioning, none apparently underlie the chronically reduced body protein mass that LH rats display. Closer to the time of lesioning, however, altered GH and IGF binding protein levels may contribute to the postlesion adjustments by which the body protein mass of LH rats is lowered to its reduced level.
Family economic well-being following the 1996 welfare reform: Trend data from five non-experimental panel studies

This analysis summarizes trends in family economic well-being from five non-experimental, longitudinal welfare-to-work studies launched following the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA). The studies include a sizable group of parents and other caregivers who received TANF at the point of sample selection or shortly thereafter, and share a wide range of similar measures of economic well-being. This analysis provides descriptive information on how these families are faring over time. Our results confirm what has been found by previous studies. Many families remain dependent on public benefits, and are either poor or near-poor, despite gains in some indicators of economic well-being. We caution that these aggregate statistics may mask important heterogeneity among families.
Market Prices of Risk with Diverse Beliefs, Learning, and Catastrophes

mies with identical patterns of endowments, priors, and information flows, but two different market structures: one with complete markets, another in which consumers can trade only a single risk-free bond. We study how opportuni ties to speculate, uncommon priors, and learn ing affect market prices of risk. Two types of consumers have diverse beliefs about the law of motion for a random exogenous endowment. One type knows the true law of motion, while the other type learns about it via Bayes's theo