cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serum erythropoietin levels in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

To investigate the potential role of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) in patients receiving intensive cytotoxic therapy, we measured the endogenous levels of Epo in 31 patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Seventeen patients underwent allogeneic BMT and 14 underwent autologous BMT. On average, 10 +/- 4 units of red blood cells (RBCs) were transfused per patient. The mean RBC transfusion requirement of the autologous BMT patients was significantly greater than that of the allogeneic recipients (12 +/- 3 v 8 +/- 4, P less than .01), although both groups were maintained at comparable hematocrits. Epo levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). For each patient, baseline serum Epo levels were determined at time of admission to the hospital. Subsequent samples were collected within 24 hours of completing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and on days 7, 14, and 28, after BMT. Hematocrits (Hcts) were measured daily. All patients had an initial serum creatinine less than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL. Despite considerable differences in absolute Epo levels among individuals, a characteristic pattern was observed. Following admission to the hospital and initiation of cytotoxic therapy, the average Hct decreased and the average Epo level initially increased. The mean serum Epo levels peaked on day 7 post-BMT (284 +/- 190 mU/mL) and fell steadily thereafter. While the average Hcts on day 7 and on day 28 post-BMT were not significantly different (28 +/- 4.6% v 29 +/- 3.3%, respectively), the average serum Epo levels decreased fourfold (P less than .01) during this same period. Moreover, day 28 post-BMT mean Epo levels were inappropriately low (P less than .05) when compared with a reference population with bone marrow failure and normal controls who had not received cytotoxic therapy. We conclude that the endogenous Epo response appears to be blunted during the 3 to 4 weeks immediately post-BMT. Therefore, clinical trials assessing the efficacy of the administration of rhEpo in the treatment of anemias associated with cytotoxic therapy are warranted.
The effect of lattice defects on hydrogen solubility in palladium: I. Experimentally observed solubility enhancements and thermodynamics of absorption☆

Abstract Measurable, and reproducible solubility enhancements have been observed for hydrogen in cold-worked palladium in the low content α-phase (273–363 K). It is shown that the solubility of hydrogen is unaffected in palladium samples which had been quenched from near their melting points. It is concluded that the stress field about the dislocation array is the principal cause of the solubility enhancement. Absorption of hydrogen at the cores of dislocations is believed to be insignificant. From absorption isotherms measured at various temperatures, the relative partial molar enthalpies and entropies of solution of hydrogen into deformed palladium have been determined. The heat of solution of hydrogen by 78% deformed palladium is approximately 880 J/H more exothermic than for well-annealed palladium in the low hydrogen content α-phase.
Models of disuse: a comparison of hindlimb suspension and immobilization

The effects of 1 and 2 wk of hindlimb suspension (HS) on rat skeletal muscle function were determined and the results compared with those obtained previously with hindlimb immobilization (HI). Both models of disuse (HS and HI) primarily affected slow-twitch muscle. Each decreased the isometric twitch duration in the slow-twitch soleus; however, the HS-mediated effect was entirely a result of a shortened contraction time (CT), whereas HI reduced one-half relaxation time (1/2 RT) as well as CT. Soleus muscle mass and peak tetanic tension (Po) declined with disuse. The HS effect on muscle mass and Po was variable, however, for all experiments HS produced atrophy equal to or greater than HI. A major difference existed in the effects of HS and HI on the maximal speed of soleus muscle shortening (Vmax). One and 2 wk of HS produced increases in Vmax to 4.45 +/- 0.34 and 6.83 +/- 0.74 fiber lengths/s, respectively, compared with control velocities of 3.05 +/- 0.08. By contrast over a similar time period, HI had no significant effect on soleus Vmax. The increase in Vmax at 14 days of HS was associated with, and perhaps caused by, the increased expression of a second faster migrating isozyme of myosin. The new native isozyme comigrated with fast myosin, but its light chain subunits contained only LC1s and LC2s. The mechanism responsible for the increase is unknown. One plausible explanation is that the apparent HS-mediated modification in muscle fiber type is dependent on the elimination of loadbearing or isometric contractions, a condition that does not exist during HI.
RNA-binding properties of the matrix protein (p19gag) of avian sarcoma and leukemia viruses.

We have reinvestigated the ability of the matrix protein (MA) (p19gag) of avian sarcoma and leukemia viruses to interact with RNA. Previous reports claimed on the one hand that MA can bind tightly and with a high degree of specificity to avian sarcoma and leukemia virus RNA in vitro and on the other that it cannot bind to RNA at all. We found that MA purified by any of several methods does bind to RNA, as measured by its ability to cause retention of radioactive RNA on nitrocellulose membranes in a filtration assay. However, this interaction is weak and lacks specificity. The interaction of MA with RNA was barely detectable by classical sedimentation analysis, and from this observation we estimate that the intrinsic MA-RNA association constant is ca. 10(3) M-1, at least 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the constant describing the interaction of the viral nucleocapsid protein (NC) (p12gag) with RNA, ca. 10(6) M-1. Separately purified phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated MA species bound RNA equally. We also found that MA can bind to DNA with an affinity similar to that for RNA. The large quantitative discrepancy between our results and earlier published reports can be traced in part to methods of data analysis. Images
SMALLPOX VACCINATION: BEFORE OR AFTER ONE YEAR OF AGE?

Data have been reported recently indicating that complications following smallpox vaccination occur more frequently in children less than 1 year old than in any other age group. A review of illnesses attributed to smallpox vaccination in England and Wales from 1951 to 1960 demonstrated that dermal complications, particularly generalized vaccinia, occurred two to three times as frequently in children vaccinated before the first birthday as in any other childhood age group.1,2 A review of smallpox vaccination complications in the United States in 1963 yielded similar results.3,4 As a result, the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on the Control of Infectious Diseases and the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices have recommended that primary smallpox vaccination be deferred until after the first birthday.5,6 Despite this, many physicians have expressed reluctance to adopt this recommendation as was most evident by the general comments made at the recent panel on immunization at the meetings of the American Academy of Pediatrics in October 1967 and by letter to members of the Smallpox Eradication Program at the National Communicable Disease Center. The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the arguments for and against routine smallpox vaccination in children under 1 year of age. The principal objections to deferring vaccination until after the first birthday are as follows: 1. If vaccination is not routinely practiced during the first several well-baby clinic visits, many children, particularly those from clinics in the large cities. might not return for subsequent clinic visits and therefore might not have the benefit of a smallpox vaccination.
Developmental effects of dietary n− 3 fatty acids on activity and response to novelty

Insufficient availability of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) during pre- and neonatal development decreases accretion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in the developing brain. Low tissue levels of DHA are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, 1st- and 2nd-litter male Long-Evans rats were raised from conception on a Control diet containing alpha-linolenic acid (4.20 g/kg diet), the dietarily essential fatty acid precursor of DHA, or a diet Deficient in alpha-linolenic acid (0.38 g/kg diet). The Deficient diet resulted in a decrease in brain phospholipid DHA of 48% in 1st-litter pups and 65% in 2nd-litter pups. Activity, habituation, and response to spatial change in a familiar environment were assessed in a single-session behavioral paradigm at postnatal days 28 and 70, inclusive. Activity and habituation varied by age with younger rats exhibiting higher activity, less habituation, and less stimulation of activity induced by spatial novelty. During the first and second exposures to the test chamber, 2nd-litter Deficient pups exhibited higher levels of activity than Control rats or 1st-litter Deficient pups, and less habituation during the first exposure, but were not more active after introduction of a novel spatial stimulus. The higher level of activity in a familiar environment, but not after introduction of a novel stimulus is consistent with clinical observations in ADHD. The observation of this effect only in 2nd-litter rats fed the Deficient diet suggests that brain DHA content, rather than dietary n-3 PUFA content, likely underlies these effects.
How crack found a niche in the American ghetto: The historical epidemiology of drug-related harm

Although neuroscience has produced elegant models of addiction as a brain process, it does not address the incidence and prevalence of conditions like addiction in populations. As incidence and prevalence are the measures of a condition in a society, understanding rates of social problems is critical to controlling them. Nevertheless, not all upsurges in drug use in a population constitute true emergencies. It is useful to distinguish drug eras, new patterns of drug use that emerge in a population and then stabilize or decline from epidemics of drug-related harm. A historical epidemiology of drug-related harm draws from history, science and social science to examine the conditions that produce such epidemics. Compulsive crack use concentrated in American urban neighborhoods characterized by poverty and cultural isolation in the 1980s and the object of lurid media coverage, can be better understood through the lens of the historical epidemiology of drug-related harm. This model holds that serious upsurges in harmful drug use result from the introduction of powerful new drugs or drug forms to populations that lack experience with them and that suffer from multiple dimensions of structural disadvantage.
Identification of a New Coiled Body Component

Coiled bodies are small, round nuclear inclusions that have been identified in many somatic cell types. Equivalent structures are found in the germinal vesicles of amphibian and insect oocytes, known respectively as sphere organelles and Binnenkorper. Their functions are not known, but their molecular composition is being brought to light. In addition to the nucleolar protein, fibrillarin, coiled bodies contain DNA topoisomerase I and an array of RNA processing molecules characteristic of spliceosomes. One coiled body protein absent from nucleoli and spliceosomes, known as p80-coilin, has also been described. We have now identified pigpen, a new member of the EWS family of proteins, as a second protein enriched in coiled bodies. In an earlier report we found that pigpen's structure and expression pattern were suggestive of a role in endothelial cell proliferation and differentiation. In this brief report we characterize pigpen's nuclear compartment and describe its reorganization during mitosis.
Global Cerebral Dysplasia Due to Dysplasia and Hyperplasia of Periventricular Germinal Cells

Complete obliteration of the cerebral ventricular cavities has not been previously described as an entity among central nervous system malformations. Markedly disorganized maldevelopment of the deep cerebral nuclei and moderately disorganized maldevelopment of the cerebral cortex were observed in the brains of two cases, a 3-year-old female and a male newborn infant. One showed complete and the other partial obliteration of the lateral and third ventricles. Both showed severe maldevelopment of the basal ganglia, which were represented by a large central mass consisting of randomly distributed multiple nodules of gray matter without any discernible differentiation into lenticulostriate nuclei, thalamus, or hypothalamus. Minor malformations involved the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and mesencephalon to varying degrees. Each of the above two cases was thought to be unique and different until the brain of a fetus of 155 days' gestation was studied. This fetal brain showed exuberant and disorganized periventricular proliferation and migration of germinal matrix cells, with obliteration of the lateral and third ventricles. It was concluded that hyperplasia and disorganized migration of the periventricular germinal matrix early in gestation of whatever cause itself can result in severe maldevelopment of the deep cerebral nuclei and obliteration of the ventricular cavities.
SU‐E‐J‐178: A Normalization Method Can Remove Discrepancy in Ventilation Function Due to Different Breathing Patterns

Purpose: To develop a normalization method to remove discrepancy in ventilation function due to different breathing patterns. Methods: Twenty five early stage non-small cell lung cancer patients were included in this study. For each patient, a ten phase 4D-CT and the voluntarily maximum inhale and exhale CTs were acquired clinically and retrospectively used for this study. For each patient, two ventilation maps were calculated from voxel-to-voxel CT density variations from two phases of the quiet breathing and two phases of the extreme breathing. For the quiet breathing, 0% (inhale) and 50% (exhale) phases from 4D-CT were used. An in-house tool was developed to calculate and display the ventilation maps. To enable normalization, the whole lung of each patient was evenly divided into three parts in the longitude direction at a coronal image with a maximum lung cross section. The ratio of cumulated ventilation from the top one-third region to the middle one-third region of the lung was calculated for each breathing pattern. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated on the ratios of the two breathing patterns for the group. Results: For each patient, the ventilation map from the quiet breathing was different from that of the extreme breathing. When the cumulativemore » ventilation was normalized to the middle one-third of the lung region for each patient, the normalized ventilation functions from the two breathing patterns were consistent. For this group of patients, the correlation coefficient of the normalized ventilations for the two breathing patterns was 0.76 (p < 0.01), indicating a strong correlation in the ventilation function measured from the two breathing patterns. Conclusion: For each patient, the ventilation map is dependent of the breathing pattern. Using a regional normalization method, the discrepancy in ventilation function induced by the different breathing patterns thus different tidal volumes can be removed.« less
Understanding the Plumbing in your Field - Application of Reservoir Connectivity Analysis to Improve Oil and Gas Recovery

This paper describes the application, outcome and benefits of Reservoir Connectivity Analysis (RCA) in three producing fields within the ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Malaysia Inc. (EMEPMI) operated area in the Malay Basin. The reservoirs within these fields typically have complex structural and stratigraphic relationships resulting in intricate reservoir plumbing that eventually influences the distribution of reservoir fluids and pressures. The RCA technique has been useful to help explain the plumbing resulting in scenarios that can yield drilling opportunities as well as in the placement and risking of drillwells. In addition, the technique also contributes to partially arresting the declining production trend and more importantly improves hydrocarbon recovery.
Large massive sulfide deposits in a newly discovered active hydrothermal system, The High-Rise Field, Endeavour Segment, Juan De Fuca Ridge

Submersible observations and side-scan sonar imagery delineate ten large venting sulfide-sulfate-silica structures located on an uplifted block of the axial valley floor on the central portion of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. This newly discovered vent field lies 1.8 km north of the main Endeavour vent field. The axial valley, a horst, and faults controlling sulfide deposition trend parallel to the ridge axis. The horst rises 10 to 15 m above the valley floor and offsets a lava lake which extended 500 m in width across the valley. The largest sulfide structures are perched along the major horst-bounding faults. One structure is the tallest single edifice (45 m) reported in the Pacific Ocean. Smaller, less-active and inactive sulfide edifices are associated with faulted remnants of the lava lake surface, fissured pressure ridges, and at the edge of collapse pits. Based on the relationship between faults and sulfide structures, the morphology of sulfide edifices, and their venting characteristics, we infer that sulfide structures grow vertically by chimney accumulation and laterally by flange development. Late stage deposition of amorphous silica toughens the large deposits and may be responsible for the unusual size and aspect ratio of Endeavour edifices.
Complications of allergic rhinitis.

With unfortunate high frequency, clinicians consider allergic rhinitis to be more of a nuisance than an illness. When in fact, allergic rhinitis is not only a very common disease process, affecting up to a cumulative frequency of 42% of the U.S. population by age 40, but can lead to significant short-term and long-term medical complications. Poorly controlled symptoms of allergic rhinitis may contribute to sleep loss, secondary daytime fatigue, learning impairment, decreased overall cognitive functioning, decreased long-term productivity and decreased quality of life. Additionally, poorly controlled allergic rhinitis may also contribute to the development of other related disease processes including acute and chronic sinusitis, recurrence of nasal polyps, otitis media/otitis media with effusion, hearing impairment, abnormal craniofacial development, sleep apnea and related complications, aggravation of underlying asthma, and increased propensity to develop asthma. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with sedating antihistamine therapy may result in negative neuropsychiatric effects that contribute to some of these complications. Sedating antihistamines may also be dangerous to use in certain other settings such as driving or operating potentially dangerous machinery. In contrast nonsedating antihistamines have been demonstrated to result in improved performance in allergic rhinitis.
Factors Related to Attrition from VA Healthcare Use: Findings from the National Survey of Women Veterans

BACKGROUND While prior research characterizes women Veterans’ barriers to accessing and using Veterans Health Administration (VA) care, there has been little attention to women who access VA and use services, but then discontinue use. Recent data suggest that among women Veterans, there is a 30 % attrition rate within 3 years of initial VA use.
Parylene Micro-Membrane Capacitive Bio/Chemical Sensor

Micro-fabricated sensor arrays have immense potential to become an accurate, quantitative and high-throughput analysis tool for chemical and biological sensing. In the recent years, several microcantilever sensors using surface stress transduction principle have been developed to address this need [1]. However, the design of these sensors is limited by the high mechanical rigidity of the silicon based materials used in fabrication. The cantilever geometry also has limitations in liquid media, which is common in biological applications, because of non-specific adsorption on the back side of the cantilever. The optical detection methods used for measuring the microcantilever deflection are also not amenable to miniaturization. In this paper we demonstrate a novel parylene micro-membrane sensor that exploits the low mechanical stiffness of polymers and addresses the above issues. The concept of a polymer micro-membrane surface stress sensor was first presented by the authors using parylene as the membrane material [2] and later by Rodriguez et al using PDMS membranes [3]. The salient features of the sensor are that it: (i) is label free; (ii) is a universal platform - suitable for both chemical and biological sensing, (iii) uses electronic (capacitive detection) readout; (iv) has integrated microfluidics for addressing individual sensors on the chip (v) is capable of handling both liquid and gas samples; (vi) is made using standard low temperature microfabrication processes (< 120 C); and (vii) can readily be scaled and multiplexed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Downsizing the civil service in developing countries: the golden handshake option revisited

In recent years, more and more calls are being heard in a growing number of developing countries to downsize their civil services. It is argued that downsizing is needed because of the increasing shortfalls in government recurrent and development budgets. This situation results in underutilized, underfunded staff and often in the siphoning-off of donor funds in the development budget for recurrent expenditure. The main problems addressed in this article are why should and how can the civil service in developing countries be downsized. The questions of how much to trim the bureaucracy and how to redeploy redundant public servants in the private sector are also addressed. The article examines alternative strategies for significantly downsizing the civil service. It is contended that problems in this area are indeed common to many developing countries. Various golden handshake options for civil service leavers receive particular attention. It is suggested that economic jumpstart is a better term than golden handshake to characterize the incentives package offered to induce staff to accept voluntary redundancy. Civil service reform is not presented here as a panacea for all developing countries' ills. The article makes a number of mostly untried but nevertheless attractive suggestions that bring some fresh thinking to bear on a difficult issue. Paths and avenues worth exploring when starting to design civil service trimming operations are presented, including some of their limitations. The point is finally made that this type of downsizing is overdue in many places. The article should be considered as a contribution to demystifying the process of downsizing the civil service in developing countries. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of architectures for volume rendering

Five hardware architectures for volume rendering, which requires efficiently handling a huge amount of volumetric data, are surveyed, categorized, and compared. They are Cube, Insight, PARCUM, Voxel Processor, and 3DP. General-purpose graphics systems that exploit their surface-based geometry engine to reduce the computational burden of the rendering process are briefly reviewed. >
Cyclic indentation behavior of metal-ceramic nanolayered composites

Abstract The indentation behavior of metal/ceramic nanolayered composites is studied numerically using the finite element method. Attention is devoted to cyclic response under fixed maximum and minimum loads, with the primary objective of examining the evolving plastic deformation in the ductile metal constrained by the hard ceramic layers. The axisymmetric model consists of alternating aluminum (Al) and silicon carbide (SiC) thin films on a silicon (Si) substrate, with the Al/SiC layered structure indented by a conical diamond indenter. It is found that, unlike the homogeneous material where indentation unloading consists of purely elastic recovery, in the multilayered material plastic deformation in the Al layers continues to occur upon unloading and subsequent loading/unloading operations. With each additional cycle the indenter penetrates deeper into the composite. The modeling results are in qualitative agreement with the actual cyclic nanoindentation experiment conducted on the Al/SiC nanolayers.
Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: antinuclear antibody testing.

This article is part of a series on immunologic testing guidelines. The series introduction, published in this issue, outlines the full methodology for obtaining data, grading the literature, combining the information from multiple sources, and developing recommendations. Briefly, MEDLINE and Healthstar were searched using a variety of search terms, and all relevant available literature was reviewed. All articles were critically reviewed using published standards for studies of diagnostic tests. Test use was categorized as primarily diagnostic or prognostic (which also included monitoring). Information was extracted from each article to allow for calculation of a weighted average for sensitivity and specificity; likelihood ratios (LRs) were then derived from these values (positive LR sensitivity / [1-specificity]; negative LR [1-sensitivity] / specificity). Recommendations for use of tests were based on the LRs, where a test was considered to be “very useful” for a given disease if the weighted average positive LR was 5 or negative LR was 0.2. A test was considered “useful” if the weighted average positive LR was 2 and 5 or negative LR was 0.2 and 0.5. A test was considered “not useful” if the positive LR was 2 or the negative LR was 0.5.
Tutorial Interventions for Writing Disabilities: Comparison of Transcription and Text Generation Processes.

Seventeen fourth and fifth graders with severe writing disabilities participated in a weekly, one-hour indi- vidual tutorial for over eight months on the average. The tutorial was equally directed to transcription (handwriting and spelling) and composition skills. Students showed reliable improvement in composition and handwriting automaticity but not in spelling. Although writing-related fine-motor, orthographic, orthographic-motor integration, and phonological segmentation skills were not directly trained, they improved. However, phonological memory skills did not improve and may be a major constraint in the development of spelling skills in students with severe learn- ing disabilities involving written language. Remediation may need to focus on development of phonological memory and not just on teaching rules and strategies. Word recogni- tion skills also seemed to limit response to spelling instruc- tion, and remedial spelling instruction may need to focus on words students can already read. In addition, students with spelling disabilities may benefit from a connectionist approach that models sound-spelling connections without teaching rules and may need more repeated practice with specific words than was provided. This exploratory study generated hypotheses that require further instructional research to test.
A Review of Methodological Characteristics of Research Published in Key Journals in Higher Education: Implications for Graduate Research Training

Professional journals serve an important function within most disciplines as they offer a mechanism for professional communication. In the field of higher education, research on methodological characteristics of the published literature has been sparse. This study used content analysis to identify the types of research designs and analytical approaches utilized most often in 3 leading higher education journals during 5 recent years. Results indicated that across all 3 journals, most studies used quantitative analyses based on either primary or secondary survey data, though there were some differences among the journals. The bulk of quantitative studies were based on procedures normally taught in intermediate and advanced statistical courses. The results suggest that graduate-level research training may need modifications if higher education professionals are to contribute to or fully appreciate the published higher education literature.
Green transistors to green architectures

This talk will highlight different generations of energy-efficient device architectures that enable aggressive supply voltage reduction. First, we will discuss the impact of the introduction of a new gate stack with high-K dielectrics and the use of multigate control structures. Next, we will show that incorporation of ultra-high mobility compound (III-V) semiconductors along with corresponding changes in the device channel structure enables supply voltage reduction to below 500mV. Further reduction in the supply voltage to below 250mV range can be achieved through abrupt turn-on exploiting the phenomena of inter-band tunneling in novel vertical transistor architectures. The second part of this talk will focus on new challenges and opportunities in designing circuits and architectures using these emerging device architectures
Learning about transfer in an online problem-based course

Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional method in which students collaboratively learn through problem-solving. Students solve a complex problem, direct their own learning, and reflect on their learning. In a STELLAR course, PBL was adapted for an online CSCL environment for preservice teachers. The study demonstrates that students who participated in a STELLAR course learned more about transfer than students in a traditional course.
Cardiorenal actions of endothelin, Part I: Effects of converting enzyme inhibition

We have evaluated the effects of endothelin-1, with and without captopril administration, on the circulating concentration of aldosterone in pentobarbital (60 mg/kg) anesthetized rats. Following surgery, rats (N = 5/group) were infused with saline intravenously, at a rate of 0.024 ml/min, with or without captopril (5 mg kg-1 hr-1) administration throughout the entire experiment. All rats were allowed 60 min to stabilize and 3 X 20 min control clearances collected. Endothelin-1 (100 eta kg-1 min-1) was then added to the infusate for 30 min. Plasma aldosterone concentration increased from 60 +/- 7 eta/dl to 171 +/- 14 eta/dl (p less than 0.01) with endothelin alone and from 101 +/- 6 eta/dl to 210 +/- 54 eta/dl (p less than 0.01) in rats treated with endothelin plus captopril. The endothelin-induced increment in blood pressure was not altered by captopril treatment. However, the endothelin-induced decrement in renal function was markedly attenuated in rats treated with captopril. These data demonstrate that endothelin stimulates the release of aldosterone from the rat adrenal and that the angiotensin II is not involved in this response. These data also demonstrate that the endothelin-induced systemic vasoconstriction is not affected by captopril whereas the endothelin-induced changes in renal function are abolished by captopril.
Emission regulations and air pollution control equipment for industrial and utility boilers

This paper presents a brief overview of emission regulations for utility and industrial coal-fired boilers and the air-pollution equipment and operating practices used to meet these regulations. The Federal government has set standards for pollutant levels in the ambient air. These standards are specified for SO/sub 2/, CO, O/sub 3/ NO/sub 2/, particulate matter, and lead. New source performance standards for fossil fuel-fired steam generators, electric utility steam generators, and industrial boilers are discussed. Major efforts are underway by industry to develop and install air-pollution control devices to meet air pollution regulations.
On the Nature of “Meat Spots” in Eggs

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE presence of “meat spots” in eggs results in a considerable economic loss to the poultry industry, yet very little is known of their nature and source. Benjamin and Pierce (1937) ascribe them to an abnormal condition of the oviduct and give the following description: “They may be grayish white, in which case they are probably portions of loosened glands that have been torn from the wall of the oviduct as the egg passed through; or they may be red or flesh color, in which case they are probably abnormal growths of tissue that frequently develop in the oviduct and are later dislodged when an egg passes through.” Data presented in a recent publication by Van Wagenen, Hall, and Wilgus (1937) emphasize the economic importance of “meat spot” eggs. They report that the percentage of “meat spots” found in all eggs laid varied from 9.4 percent in eggs from . . .
High-Precision Conductometric Detector for the Measurement of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

A new, lightweight instrument has been developed for measuring atmospheric mixing ratios of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide with high precision and accuracy. This modified total organic carbon analyzer uses a bundle of semipermeable hollow fiber membranes to continuously equilibrate CO2 in air with a recirculated stream of deionized water. Aqueous carbon dioxide hydrolyzes and dissociates to form the ions H3O+ and HCO3-, thereby increasing the conductivity. The bipolar pulsed method is used to measure the conductivity of the water before and after contact with air. Potential interferences that may also increase the conductivity, such as acids and bases, are removed at the inlet by bicarbonate and bisulfate scrubbers. The detector has been field tested and exhibits a 1/e response time of ∼30 s and precision (RSD) of 0.1%. Field results for measurements at altitudes in the range of 1700−3600 m MSL exhibited an average deviation of 0.16% from values obtained by flask sampling and laboratory measurement usi...
Electromagnetic missile from a nonuniform aperture field

The electromagnetic pulse radiated from a nonuniform circular aperture field has been studied comprehensively. The results show that, like the uniform field, the nonuniform aperture field has the ability to launch an electromagnetic missile. If the spectrum of the exciting pulse is unlimited, the nonuniformity of the distribution does not affect the rate of decay of the energy, but only its magnitude. On the other hand, if the frequency spectrum is limited, i.e., has a cutoff, the nonuniformity significantly affects the rate of decay. The more uniform the distribution of the aperture field, the slower the energy decreases. The electromagnetic pulse radiated from a special distribution - the point-source array - has been studied. With practical excitation, the energy from such an array also exhibits a slow decay.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis of growth plate abnormalities following intraosseous infusion through the proximal tibial epiphysis in pigs.

Intraosseous infusion has become an increasingly popular technique for vascular access in critically ill or injured children. Continuing acceptance of this procedure by physicians and possibly by prehospital personnel may lead to inadvertent placement through the immature growth plate. In our study, we intentionally penetrated the epiphyseal plate with the intraosseous needle and infused fluids in order to observe what complications, if any, might arise from this procedure. Twenty pigs 3 to 4 weeks old had a bone marrow aspiration needle introduced into the medullary cavity through the tibial epiphysis under fluoroscopic visualization. Sodium bicarbonate at 2 mEg/kg (n = 10) or 0.9 normal saline at 2 mL/kg (n = 10) was infused through the intraosseous needle. Radiographs of the involved growth plates were taken at two months and six months after infusion. No growth disturbances or growth plate abnormalities were detected clinically or radiographically through the rapid growth phase of the porcine tibia. Therefore, we believe that intraosseous infusion is a safe method of alternative vascular access associated with no significant growth defects despite injury to the developing growth plate from placement and infusion.
The use of SP2340 glass capillary columns for the estimation of thetrans fatty acid content of foods

Glass capillary gas chromatography (GCGC) on 100-m and 60-m SP2340 columns was used for quantitation of thetrans unsaturated fatty acids in shortenings and fast foods. The separation of thecis andtrans octadecenoates on GCGC was evaluated by preparatory argentation thin layer chromatography. In addition, thetrans content of shortening samples obtained by GCGC was compared totrans content determined by infrared analysis.
Methodological Variables Affecting Phonational Frequency Range in Adults

This study examined the effects of selected elicitation variables on phonational frequency (F0) range in normal adults. Twenty men and 20 women responded to five audiotaped tone conditions: (a) discrete steps, (b) slow steps, (c) fast steps, (d) slow glissando, and (e) fast glissando. These stimuli were devised to elicit each person's maximal and minimal F0. All elicitation conditions evoked a significantly higher maximal F0 and a significantly larger F0 range (in both hertz and semitones) than did the discrete-steps condition. Fast steps produced a significantly higher minimal F0 than did fast glissando. Both slow glissando and fast glissando yielded a significantly larger F0 range in semitones than did fast steps. Finally, the women demonstrated a significantly larger F0 range (in hertz but not semitones) than did the men.
Boundedness and Periodicity of Volterra Systems of Difference Equations

We consider the systems of Volterra difference equations of nonconvolution types and where A(n)C(n,s) are k × k matrices g(n) is a k × 1 bounded vector function. The goal of this paper is to use the z-transform and Lyapunov functionals to show that all solutions y(n) of (1) are bounded. Also, we show that lim sup of y(n) of (1) is uniformly bounded. Both the bound and the uniform bound that we will obtain will not depend on the resolvent matrix solution of the homogeneous part of (1). Furthermore. if we impose periodicity conditions on A(n)C(n, s) and g(n), then our theorems will directly imply the existence of a periodic solution of (2) by appealing to Elaydi's results in [3].
Constructions of power in asceticism

L'A. analyse les theories actuelles du pouvoir et notamment la maniere dont elles sont liees a l'ascetisme. Une recente theorie anglo-americaine insiste sur les trois faces du pouvoir. En outre, l'A. s'interesse a la pensee du pouvoir chez Althusser, Foucault, Wyschogrod, Wartenberg ainsi qu'aux theories semiotiques sociales de Hodge et Kress. Il s'agit d'etablir un champ precis a l'intersection du pouvoir et de l'ascetisme. En dernier lieu, l'A. met en avant des constructions possibles du pouvoir en developpant une typologie a partir d'exemples issus des textes de la periode greco-romaine (christianisme, gnosticisme, hermetisme, neoplatonisme)
Mechanisms of the H-2 effect on viral leukemogenesis.

ABSTRACT. At least two genes which influence susceptibility to viral leukemogenesis map at closely linked but separate locations within the H-2 region of chromosome 17 in the mouse. Experiments bearing upon their apparently different mechanisms of action are summarized. One gene, associated with the K or I segments of H-2 , appears to operate by influencing the capacity of the host to mount an immune response to virus-specified leukemia cell antigens. Another gene, associated with the D segment of H-2 , may influence the likelihood of the occurrence of clones of tumor cells no longer expressing certain viral antigens and therefore resistant to immunologic attack by the host.
Extinguishing trace fear engages the retrosplenial cortex rather than the amygdala

Extinction learning underlies the treatment for a variety of anxiety disorders. Most of what is known about the neurobiology of extinction is based on standard "delay" fear conditioning, in which awareness is not required for learning. Little is known about how complex, explicit associations extinguish, however. "Trace" conditioning is considered to be a rodent model of explicit fear because it relies on both the cortex and hippocampus and requires explicit contingency awareness in humans. Here, we explore the neural circuit supporting trace fear extinction in order to better understand how complex memories extinguish. We first show that the amygdala is selectively involved in delay fear extinction; blocking intra-amygdala glutamate receptors disrupted delay, but not trace extinction. Further, ERK phosphorylation was increased in the amygdala after delay, but not trace extinction. We then identify the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) as a key structure supporting trace extinction. ERK phosphorylation was selectively increased in the RSC following trace extinction and blocking intra-RSC NMDA receptors impaired trace, but not delay extinction. These findings indicate that delay and trace extinction require different neural circuits; delay extinction requires plasticity in the amygdala whereas trace extinction requires the RSC. Anxiety disorders linked to explicit memory may therefore depend on cortical processes that have not been traditionally targeted by extinction studies based on delay fear.
Forecasting the Price of Risk Within the Context of the Capital Asset Pricing Model with Market Index Implied Standard Deviations

The current price of risk is obviously of major concern to financial managers. While the existing financial literature provides a wealth of insight into the issue, little is offered with respect to precise quantification of the return/risk trade‐ off. Perhaps the central difficulty in quantifying current risk and return stems from the fact that virtually all valuation models for unique assets are cast, by necessity, in an expectational framework. Even though expected risk and return are embedded in current price, it is difficult to extract these expectations when they, like prices, are unstable. In this event, history becomes a less than perfect surrogate for the expected future relationship.
An enantioselective synthesis of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3S)-3-hydroxyleucine

Abstract α-Bromo β-hydroxy ester 2 was prepared in a preparative scale by a 96 : 4 enantioselective aldol reaction of t-butyl bromoacetate with isobutyraldehyde and converted efficiently to either (2S,3S)- or (2R,3S)-3-hydroxyleucine (7 or 11).
Diversity of γδ T-cell receptors on murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes

THE search for the genes encoding the T-cell receptor (TCR)α -and β-subunits revealed a third gene γ which shares with the α-and βgenes several properties including somatic rearrangement1,2. This gene, together with a fourth rearranging gene δ3,4, encodes a second type of T-cell receptor, TCR γδ5–8. Although TCR γδ-bearing T cells constitute a relatively minor subpopulation in the thymus and in peripheral lymphoid organs8,9, they are the major lymphocytes of epidermis (dendritic epidermal cells or DEC)10 and of intestinal epithelium (intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes or IEL) in mice11,12, suggesting that at least some γδ T cells are important in the surveillance of a variety of epithelia13. It was recently reported, however, that the TCR γδ on DEC has essentially no structural diversity, implying that the putative ligand is monomorphic14. As this finding, if generally applicable, poses severe restrictions on the origin of the ligand, we investigated the diversity of the TCR on the second major epithelium-associated γδ T cells, namely IEL from mice. We report here that by contrast with the DEC γδ, the IEL γδTCR are structurally diverse.
Doping of polyaniline with polymeric dopants in solid state, gel state and solutions

Polystyrene with different degrees of sulfonation was empolyed as a polymeric dopant for polyaniline. The purpose of using a polymeric dopant is to avoid the migration of a small molecule dopant to increase stability of the doped complex. We applied the polymeric dopant to polyaniline in three different ways: in solid state, in solution and in gel state. In solid state, the conducting form was achieved only through a novel thermal doping method with the increase in temperature and pressure. In solution, the doping process was shown to be dependent on the nature of the solution and also on the molecular weight of the polymer. In the gel form of polyaniline, a polymeric dopant with a surprising low degree of sulfonation was found to be successful in the doping process.
Milk Ultracentrifugal Opalescent Layer.2. Physico-Chemical Properties

Abstract Casein micelles in skim milk crude opalescent layer were not fractionated by rate-zone ultracentrifugation because they failed to sediment sufficiently into the gradient. Gel filtration indicated that soluble casein in the ultracentrifugal supernatant from crude opalescent layer consisted of submicellar casein complexes larger than those in skim milk soluble casein. Inelastic light scattering indicated that the hydrodynamic radii of casein micelles in opalescent layer ranged from 100 to 200nm. Electron microscopy revealed that opalescent layer casein micelles are polydisperse and predominantly smaller than those in skim milk casein pellet (≤100nm diameter). Irregularly shaped particles, that may be lipoprotein fragments of fat globule membranes, were also observed. Casein micelles, pelleted from heated skim milk, exhibited intermicellar interaction and were not readily redispersed by grinding and stirring at 0 to 5C. The temperature dependent association-dissociation of soluble casein from opalescent layer casein micelles and the high concentration of heat-induced β -lactoglobulin- κ -casein complex in opalescent layer were further confirmed by zonal electrophoresis.
Removal of stones from the bile duct at ERCP without sphincterotomy

The main risks associated with endoscopic stone removal arise from the sphincterotomy that is performed to facilitate stone extraction. The complication rate may be higher when the bile duct is not dilated. Between January 30, 1990, and March 30, 1993, we attempted to remove stones up to 8 mm in diameter through the intact papilla, without performing sphincterotomy, in 24 patients. Nine patients underwent balloon dilation of the sphincter or of a low duct stricture to facilitate stone removal. All patients were treated successfully and are well at follow-up. Two patients (one having had balloon dilation of the sphincter) had mild pancreatitis that required 2 days in the hospital. During the same period, 215 patients were treated for duct stones 8 mm or less through a standard sphincterotomy. Complications occurred in 11 of these patients: five episodes of pancreatitis, three infections, one perforation, and two other complications. Although these two groups of patients are not directly comparable, it appears that selected stones can be extracted from the bile duct without sphincterotomy with relative safety. This technique should be studied further, especially in younger persons where sphincter preservation may be desirable.
Stratospheric CO2 isotopic anomalies and SF6 and CFC Tracer Concentrations in the Arctic Polar Vortex

Isotopic measurements (δ17O and δ18O) of CO2 along with concentration measurements of SF6, CCl3F (CFC-11), CCl2F2 (CFC-12) and CCl2FCClF2 (CFC-113) in stratospheric samples collected within the Arctic polar vortex are reported. These are the first simultaneous measurements of the concentration of fluorinated compounds and the complete oxygen isotopic composition of CO2 in the middle atmosphere. A mass-independent anomaly in the oxygen isotopic composition of CO2 is observed that arises from isotopic exchange with stratospheric O(¹D) derived from O3 photolysis. The data exhibit a strong anti-correlation between the Δ17O (the degree of the mass-independent anomaly) and molecular tracer concentrations. The potential ability of this isotopic proxy to trace mesospheric and stratospheric transport is discussed.