cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hiding Behind a Cough: Guillain-Barré Syndrome Masquerading as Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Introduction: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is the most common form of acute flaccid paralysis in pediatric patients. Classically, an antecedent illness provokes an autoimmune response against the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, leading to ascending paralysis that can cause respiratory failure. Although associated with significant morbidity and mortality, it is treatable. Here, we present a case of GBS that manifested as respiratory distress and was initially diagnosed as simple community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Case Description: A 16 year old male with a history of Sotos syndrome, stage III CKD, autism spectrum disorder, nonverbal status, seizure …
Creating, Building, and Sustaining Community in CS Departments

Broadening participation in Computer Science requires supporting individuals by helping them feel a sense of belonging to a larger community. In this BOF, we invite participants to brainstorm, to share strategies, and to explore possibilities for building and supporting intentional communities, particularly for underrepresented or marginalized groups. Whether these communities are spaces created by faculty for faculty, by students for students, or by faculty for students, we need to be thoughtful and deliberate about the ways in which we set up, build, and maintain supportive relationships. Indeed, we now increasingly need techniques and strategies that will work both virtually and in person and that can be sustained by both live and asynchronous discussions. During this virtual session, we invite you to grab a snack and a cup of tea and join us as we setup our own 'SIGCSE CommuniTEA' with the intention of supporting each other as we collectively work towards helping all individuals truly feel that CS is for them and towards increasing that sense of belonging to both smaller and larger computer science communities.
Design exploration of a tensegrity twisting wing enabled by shape memory alloy wire actuation

A modeling, experimental prototyping, and computational design exploration study of a morphing wing enabled by a tensegrity mechanism and actuated by shape memory alloy (SMA) wires is presented in this work. The studied wing design circumvents conventional control surfaces such as hinged flaps and ailerons through the implementation of a smooth wing shape that twists to modulate its flight characteristics. The continuous and smooth wing surface lessens aerodynamic drag to enhance aerodynamic efficiency. Computational fluid dynamic analyses confirmed superior lift-to-drag ratio of the twisting wing when compared to a conventional wing with a control surface. The morphing capability of the wing is enabled through an integrated lightweight tensegrity mechanism, which provides twisting motion through elongation/contraction of the SMA wires. Befitting for the actuation of the tensegrity mechanism due to their rod form, SMA wire actuators are incorporated to reconfigure the wing shape through thermally driven material actuation. The combination of a lightweight and compact tensegrity mechanism and SMA wire actuators eliminates the need for bulky components such as hydraulic and electric actuators to enhance the flight performance. A finite element model that integrates the wing, tensegrity mechanism, and SMA wire actuators is created to assess the stresses, maximum attainable twist angle, and structural mass of the wing. A design of experiment study is performed to evaluate the influence of the topological and geometrical design parameters on performance responses such as twist angle and mass. The most favorable design demonstrates a maximum twist angle of 15.85° and a mass of 2.02 kg without exceeding the material stress limits. The SMA-enabled torsional morphing capability is also demonstrated experimentally through a tensegrity twisting wing prototype equipped with commercially available SMA wire actuators.
HIV testing among people with and without substance use disorder in emergency departments: A nationwide cohort study.

Abstract Objective To determine HIV testing trends during emergency department (ED) visits among those with and without substance use disorder (SUD) and examine factors associated with test receipt. Methods We identified individuals age ≥ 15 with an ED visit between 2014 and 2018 in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), a representative sample of United States ED visits. We examined HIV testing trends by SUD status and used multivariable logistic regression accounting for NHAMCS's complex survey design to identify factors associated with HIV testing. Results We identified 6399 SUD and 75,498 non-SUD ED visits. Of SUD visits, 1.4% [95% Confidence Interval (95%CI 0.9–1.9)] resulted in HIV testing compared to 0.6% (95%CI 0.4–0.7) of non-SUD visits. During the second half of the study (Q3, 2016 - Q4, 2018), HIV testing increased from 1.1% (95%CI 0.6–1.6) to 1.7% (95%CI 1.0–2.5) among those with SUD and from 0.5% (95%CI 0.3–0.6) to 0.6% (95%CI 0.5–0.8) among those without SUD. In adjusted models, SUD status was associated with increased odds of HIV testing [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.6 (95%CI 1.1–2.2)]. Those receiving toxicology testing (AOR 2.2, 95%CI 1.6–3.2), Black (AOR 3.6, 95%CI 2.6–4.9) and Hispanic people (AOR 2.7, 95%CI 1.9–3.7), insured by Medicaid (AOR 1.6, 95%CI 1.2–2.2) or self-pay (AOR 1.7, 95%CI 1.1–2.8), and with venipuncture (AOR 3.0, 95%CI 2.2–4.1) also had greater odds of HIV testing. Conclusion HIV testing in the ED was rare, but slightly more common in individuals with SUD. Efforts to increase ED HIV testing among people with SUD are needed.
Purely Rolling Oscillations of a Rectangular Wing in Supersonic Flow

The purpose of the present paper is to show a method of solution of the purely rolling oscillations of a rectangular wing in supersonic flow and to present some numerical results. From these results it is possible to construct vector diagrams of the rolling moments acting on wings of several aspect ratios (A.R. = 1//3, 1, 3, 5, and » ) at two Mach Numbers (M = 10/7, and 2) for a range of reduced frequencies (0 < kc ^ 2.0). Thence, it is found that the tips of a finite wing tend to produce two effects— namely, (1) to reduce the real part of the rolling moment vectors and (2) to shift the rolling moment vectors in the positive direction. I t is believed that these effects are of great importance for estimations of the damping in roll.
CHAPTER 9 – Nutritional Determinants of Peak Bone Mass

This chapter focuses on studies on relationships between nutrient intake and bone gain among adolescent females during ages 12–18. Studies show that peak velocity for bone gain occurs between the ages of 12 and 14, whereas peak height velocity occurs at age 11. The question of what is an adequate amount of calcium intake to support skeletal growth during adolescence and achievement of peak bone mass remains largely unanswered. Nutrient data from typical diets of healthy teenagers collected over the past 6 decades show several secular trends. First, as the society increasingly becomes sedentary, the total caloric intake for teenage women has decreased from about 2300 kcal/day in 1932 to 1700–1800 kcal/day in 1997. Second, with public recognition that high levels of saturated fat in the diet increase cardiovascular disease risk, there has been a reduction of total calories from fat from 42% in 1932 to 30–35% in the diets of teenage women today. During the same time frame there has been a decrease in dairy food consumption by teenagers, resulting in a decreased dietary calcium intake. Two dietary practices, high sodium consumption and a low calcium/protein intake ratio, have been proposed as having a negative impact on bone maintenance or achievement of peak bone density.
Some Recent Studies on the Application of the U.S. Antidumping Laws Toward Malaysia and Thailand

United States trade policy has been criticized on a number of counts in recent years. The last few presidents have advocated free trade and the free flow of goods and services and have taken steps to reduce some trade barriers such as tariffs. But other policies, most notably U.S. antidumping and countervailing duty enforcement actions, have had the effect of reducing trade and raising the prices that American consumers pay for a wide variety of products. This paper begins with an overview of antidumping theory and practice in the United States, then examines some recent antidumping and countervailing duty actions that have been taken against companies and industries in Malaysia and Thailand. The paper concludes that these actions have been counterproductive in that they have a chilling effect on competition and trade and result in higher prices for American consumers.
Adenosine decreases both presynaptic calcium currents and neurotransmitter release at the mouse neuromuscular junction

A controversy currently exists as to the mechanism of action by which adenosine, an endogenous mediator of neurotransmitter depression, reduces the evoked release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at the skelelal neuromuscular junction. Specifically, it is uncertain whether adenosine inhibits ACh release from mammalian motor nerve endings by reducing Ca2+ calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels or, as is the case at amphibian motor nerve endings, by an effect downstream of Ca2+ entry. In an attempt to address this controversy, the effects of adenosine on membrane ionic currents and neurotransmitter release were studied at neuromuscular junctions in adult mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm preparations. In wild-type mice, adenosine (500 μm–1 mm) reduced prejunctional Ca2+ currents simultaneously with a reduction in evoked ACh release. In Rab3A knockout mice, which have been shown to have an increased sensitivity to adenosine, the simultaneous reduction in Ca2+ currents and ACh secretion occurred at significantly lower adenosine concentrations (≤ 50 μm). Measurements of nerve terminal Na+ and K+ currents made simultaneously with evoked ACh release demonstrated that the decreases in Ca2+ currents were not attributable to changes in cation entry through voltage-gated Na+ or K+ channels. Furthermore, no effects of adenosine on residual ionic currents were observed when P/Q-type calcium channels were blocked by Cd2+ or ω-agatoxin-IVA. The results demonstrate that inhibition of evoked neurotransmitter secretion by adenosine is associated with a reduction in Ca2+ calcium entry through voltage-gated P/Q Ca2+ channels at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Whilst it may be that adenosine inhibits ACh release by different mechanisms at amphibia and mammalian neuromuscular junctions, it is also possible that the secretory apparatus is more intimately coupled to the Ca2+ channels in the mouse such that an effect on the secretory machinery is reflected as changes in Ca2+ currents.
Chapter 7 Integrated signaling mechanisms that regulate intestinal chloride secretion

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the integrated signaling mechanisms that regulate intestinal chloride secretion. The intestinal epithelium is a continuous monolayer of cells that line the intestinal tract. Primary functions of this epithelium are the absorption and secretion of ions and water to and from the intestinal lumen. Intestinal secretions normally are required to maintain an appropriate fluid environment within the lumen. This allows for the transiting of ingested material through the alimentary canal and the mixing of ingested food particles with digestive enzymes and provides a medium for the diffusion of digested nutrients to the epithelium, where absorption may occur. The importance of ongoing secretory processes to normal intestinal function can be inferred from pathological conditions in which these processes are impaired. Intestinal chloride secretion is a process that is subject to a large number of regulatory influences at both the intra- and intercellular levels and is likely regulated on a minute-to-minute basis, in the longer term, in response to changes in whole-body fluid and electrolyte status. The plethora of regulatory influences on this process emphasizes the pivotal physiological importance of this transport mechanism for the normal intestinal function.
La lectura lonerganiana de Hegel

A pesar del compromiso de Lonergan con el realismo critico, su relacion con Hegel, el idealista absoluto, fue de toda la vida, intima y fructifera. No obstante la popular concepcion erronea, esta se desarrollo antes de su relacion con Tomas de Aquino y duro a su lado durante toda su carrera intelectual. Los estudiosos de Lonergan han puesto particular atencion a su relacion y a las diferencias que tuvo con Kant, pero pocos le han dado el mismo tiempo y calidad de atencion a la relacion y las diferencias con Hegel. En la primera parte de este trabajo junto evidencia del interes temprano de Lonergan en Hegel y de su dialogo permanente con el. En la segunda, argumento que una exploracion prolongada de la relacion de Lonergan y Hegel arroja mucho mas luz sobre la naturaleza de su realismo critico que el estudio de su relacion con Kant
Corticocortical and thalamocortical information flow in the primate visual system.

Abstract Visual cortex in primates contains a mosaic of several dozen visual areas that collectively occupy a large fraction of cerebral cortex (∼50% in the macaque; ∼25% in humans). These areas are richly interconnected by hundreds of reciprocal corticocortical pathways that underlie an anatomically based hierarchy containing multiple processing streams. In addition, there is a complex pattern of reciprocal connections with the pulvinar, which itself contains about 10 architectonically distinct subdivisions. Information flow through these corticocortical and corticothalamic circuits is regulated very dynamically by top-down as well as bottom-up processes, including directed visual attention. This chapter evaluates current hypotheses and evidence relating to the interaction between thalamocortical and corticocortical circuitry in the dynamic regulation of information flow.
Management guided by brain tissue oxygen monitoring and outcome following severe traumatic brain injury.

Object The authors sought to describe changes in clinical management associated with brain tissue oxygen (PbO2) monitoring and how these changes affected outcomes and resource utilization. Methods The cohort study comprised 629 patients admitted to a Level I trauma center with a diagnosis of severe traumatic brain injury over a period of 3 years. Hospital mortality rate, neurological outcome, and resource utilization of 123 patients who underwent both PbO2 and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring were compared with the same measures in 506 patients who underwent ICP monitoring only. The main outcomes were hospital mortality rate, functional independence at hospital discharge, duration of mechanical ventilation, hospital length of stay, and hospital cost. Multivariable regression with robust variance was used to estimate the adjusted differences in the main outcome measures between patient groups. The models were adjusted for patient age, severity of injury, and pathological features seen on head CT scan...
Examining International Information Technology Sourcing through an Ethical Lens: An Application of Alternative Ethical Frameworks

This paper examines the international information technol ogy (IT) sourcing decision from an ethical perspective. The international sourcing of IT activities, termed IT offshoring in this paper, has received considerable attention recently. Differing views on IT offshoring prevail, ranging from the protection view that IT offshoring steals jobs away from the domestic economy, to the market view that it creates jobs and improves the overall global economy through market efficiencies. Despite the large amount of material devoted to managing and evaluating the practice of IT offshoring, the ethical issues surrounding the decision has received little attention. This paper seeks to address that need, examining the IT offshor ing decision through the application of a series of ethical frameworks. Sev eral normative theories of ethics, including stockholder theory, stakeholder theory, social contract theory, utilitarianism, and a Kantian' categorical im perative framework, are employed to gain insights into the ethical aspects of this practice. Our resulting framework represents an early attempt to examine the ethics of the IT offshoring and provides managers with practi cal guidelines and insights when addressing the IT offshoring decision.
Neural network-based modeling of the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silicon dioxide

The properties of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon dioxide films are modeled using neural networks. This method is simple, extremely useful and readily applicable to the empirical modeling of such complex plasma processes. In characterizing the SiO/sub 2/ films, it is found that the dominant film property is its impurity concentration. The impurity concentration dictates the refractive index and permittivity, two critical figures of merit when these films are used as interlayer dielectric and in optoelectronic applications. The most important parameters in determining the impurity concentration of the films are substrate temperature and pressure. Increasing the substrate temperature causes the impurity concentration to decrease. This drop in impurity concentration causes an increase in refractive index and a decrease in permittivity. Increasing pressure has almost the same effect, causing a decrease in permittivity. >
Treatment of Tall Girls With Estrogen

The practice of giving estrogen to normal girls destined to become taller than they wish goes back to the 1940s. The train of thought leading up to the first trials includes two basic observations. First, it was noted that children in whom persistent precocity syndromes develop early in life become short adults and have premature epiphyseal closure. Second, and conversely, in the absence of the gonadal steroids, the epiphyses remain open indefinitely and growth continues beyond the usual age of cessation. While the majority of these cases are complicated by the presence of pituitary disease and the fact that because of their lack of growth hormone the patients are small, the early clinicians bolstered their faith in the converse by their admiration of the enormous size reputed to be attained by the harem eunuchs. These observations prompted two conclusions. First, gonadal steroids were not only responsible for closing the epiphyses but also for "turning off" secretion of growth hormone. Thus, in the early 1930s, it was reasoned that while children would be well endowed, adults must lack any circulating pituitary growth hormone, save in the rare instance of acromegaly. These were the concepts that led to the treatment of that disorder first with gonadal extracts, 1,2 then, when pure steroids became available, with androgens and estrogens. 3 The effect of testosterone was disappointing; the beneficial influence of estrogen, however, was so impressive as to be taken as proof of the earlier drawn conclusion that it is the gonadal steroids that normally turn off growth hormone secretion at adolescence.
The Grenville orogenic cycle of southern Laurentia: Unraveling sutures, rifts, and shear zones as potential piercing points for Amazonia

Abstract The magnetic anomaly map of North America serves as a useful base from which to attempt palinspastic reconstruction of terranes accreted during the Elzevirian orogeny (1250–1200 Ma); the Shawinigan (1200–1150 Ma), Ottawan (1080–1020 Ma), and Rigolet (1020–1000 Ma) phases of the Grenvillian orogeny; and post-Grenvillian magmatism (760–600 Ma) and deformation prior to Iapetan rifting at 565 Ma. Accreted terranes had unique histories prior to amalgamation and share common tectonic events afterwards. Comparisons with magnetic signatures of the Paleozoic craton–craton suture, sutures of accreted terranes, and the Jurassic rifted-margin for the southern-central Appalachians provide a basis for discriminating among alternative Grenvillian sutures beneath the Appalachian orogen. The Elzevirian suture is partially preserved beneath the Appalachians where it separates the Reading Prong terrane from Laurentia (i.e., Adirondacks and composite-arc terrane and Canadian Grenville Province). The Shawinigan suture is partially preserved in the Llano area (Texas), but separated the now-fragmented and allochthonous Amazonian (as indicated from Pb-isotope data) blocks of the outboard Blue Ridge terrane from the Reading Prong terrane in the Appalachians. Isolated blocks of the Sauratown Mountains terrane are interpreted as outboard of the Blue Ridge terrane, but were also accreted during the Shawinigan phase. Within present-day Laurentia, the only fragment of a terrane believed to have been accreted during the main Ottawan phase is the Mars Hill terrane (North Carolina–Tennessee). This suggests that the outboard Ottawan suture may have served as the locus of Iapetan rifting along much of Laurentia. The Rigolet phase (1020–1000 Ma) is characterized by widespread “Basin and Range” type extension (NW–SE) associated with sinistral or dextral movement on the NY-AL lineament, mobilization of core-complexes (Adirondack Highlands), and AMCG magmatism along the outboard flank of the extensional region. Following the Rigolet phase, the Appalachian region continued to be characterized by NW–SE extension during the passage of a possible hotspot along a NE-track (760–600 Ma) across the Blue Ridge and other terranes, and during initial Iapetan rifting (565 Ma). The palinspastic rifted-margin of Laurentia crosses many of these terranes and sutures as well as the possible region of Rigolet extension and the possible hotspot track, thus providing many potential piercing points within the Grenville orogen for comparison with Paleozoic terranes like the Precordillera in South America.
Dietary Effects Upon the Acid Neutralising Power of the Saliva

It has been found that the ability of the saliva to neutralise acids can be influenced by a large variety of means. It can be increased by introducing into the mouth alcoholic liquors, acids and other irritating substances (1, 5, 8); and by either active or passive movement of the jaws (1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13). Foods increase the acid neutralizing power of the saliva in the following order of increasing magnitude of effect: hard boiled eggs, roast chicken, black bread, boiled potato, sour red apples and citrus fruits (3, 7). Injection of insulin was found to increase the potential alkalinity of the saliva of depancreatised dogs (9). The acid neutralising power of the saliva was found to be higher in the afternoon than in the morning (11). Dieminger (2) found the alkalinity of the saliva to be highest during fasting and to fall after breakfast. At the usual time for lunch it increased strongly, and fell during the 2-3 hours following the meal. Van der Molen and Offringa (4) found that after a meal the alkalinity of the saliva was lowered, although immediately afterwards it was usually slightly increased, but returned to its original level within 2 hours of completion of the meal. Pickerill (7) found that an acid diet (fruit, vegetables and meat rendered acid with sauces) materially increased both the amount and alkalinity of the saliva. A high cereal diet was found (12) to lower the acid neutralizing power of the saliva, while a high meat, egg, vegetable and fruit diet increased it. The acid neutralizing power decreased after a lunch of sandwiches, but fell only slightly after a meal of meat, vegetables, bread, dessert and coffee (13).
Required number of tokens to determine representative voice perturbation values.

Acoustic perturbation analyses of prolonged vowels are used in determining phonatory stability characteristics. When a number of tokens are analyzed, the average perturbation values create a stabil...
Charity Basket or Revolution: Beliefs, Experiences, and Context in Preservice Teachers' Service Learning

AbstractGiven what one observer calls the “vast disparity of definitions that faculty can bring to service learning—from what is basically the charity basket approach to the revolutionary,” service learning can vary tremendously, from reading to elderly residents of a nursing home to organizing a boycott of a sneaker company. With such diversity before teachers, what influences them in the way they design service learning? How do preservice teachers, for whom so many ideas about teaching are emerging, make such choices? Two case studies suggest that preservice teachers’ beliefs, experiences, and the context where they teach play an important role related to if and how they use service learning. Beliefs and experiences are especially important because, although service learning is often presented as supporting apolitical values—empowerment and responsibility, for example—for which broad consensus exists, such values are also ambiguous and open to interpretation. Teacher educators and advocates of service l...
A hybrid global–local approach for optimization of injection gate locations in liquid composite molding process simulations

Abstract The optimization of injection gate locations in liquid composite molding processes by trial and error based methods is time consuming and requires an elevated level of intuition, even when high fidelity physics-based numerical models are available. Optimization based on continuous sensitivity equations (CSE) and gradient search algorithms focused towards minimizing the mold infusion time gives a robust approach that will converge to local optima based on the initial solution. Optimization via genetic algorithms (GA) utilizes natural selection as a means of finding the optimal solution in the global domain; the computed solution is at best, close to the global optimum with further refinement still possible. In this paper, we present a hybrid global–local search approach that combines evolutionary GAs with gradient-based searches via the CSE. The hybrid approach provides a global search with the GA for a predetermined amount of time and is subsequently further refined with a gradient-based search via the CSE. In our hybrid method, we utilize the efficiency of gradient searches combined with the robustness of the GA. The resulting combination has been demonstrated to provide better and more physically correct results than either method alone. The hybrid method provides optimal solutions more quickly than GA alone and more robustly than CSE based searches alone. A resin infusion quality parameter that measures the deviation from a near uniform mold volume infusion rate is defined. The effectiveness of the hybrid method with a modified objective function that includes both the infusion time and the defined mold infusion quality parameter is demonstrated.
Low power negative capacitance FETs for future quantum-well body technology

A non-hysteretic NCFET structure using thin quantum well body combines two future trends synergistically. Ultra-thin body is needed to suppress short-channel effects and sub-60mV/decade operation is needed to reduce power consumption drastically. NCFET happens to need ultra-thin body as thin as 0.5nm to achieve 0.3V operation. We used simulation results of thin Si body NCFET to illustrate the possibility of achieving 10pA/μm IOFF, 200uA/um Ion with 0.3V supply voltage. Layered semiconductors would be ideal for this future technology.
Using spatially explicit models to characterize foraging performance in heterogeneous landscapes.

The success of most foragers is constrained by limits vidual-level movements and physiology while preying on to their sensory perception, memory, and locomotion. However, a the goldenrod aphid (Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum) were general and quantitative understanding of how these constraints affect foraging benefits, and the trade-offs they imply for foraging quantified in detail by Kareiva and Odell (1987). Finally, strategies, is difficult to achieve. This article develops foraging per- I argue that because a large class of sophisticated foraging formance statistics to assess constraints and define trade-offs for behaviors share this form of population-level movement foragers using biased random walk behaviors, a widespread class model, the approach used here could find wide applica- of foraging strategies that includes area-restricted searches, kineses, bility in a broad array of taxa. and taxes. The statistics are expected payoff and expected travel The foraging behaviors addressed in this article are time and assess two components of foraging performance: how ef- known in the mathematical literature as biased random fectively foragers distinguish between resource-poor and resource- rich parts of their environments and how quickly foragers in poor walks (Okubo 1980, 1986; Othmer et al. 1988), but more parts of the environment locate resource concentrations. These commonly to biologists as area-restricted search, kinesis, statistics provide a link between mechanistic models of individuals' and taxis (Fraenkel and Gunn 1961; DeAngelis and Yeh movement and functional responses, population-level models of 1982; Tranquillo and Alt 1990). A biased random walk is forager distributions in space and time, and foraging theory pre- a behavior in which a forager's movement decisions are dictions of optimal forager distributions and criteria for abandon- stochastic but have biases that make some outcomes ing resource patches. Application of the analysis to area-restricted more likely than others and thus lead to long-term di- search in coccinellid beetles suggests that the most essential aspect of these predators' foraging strategy is the ''turning threshold,'' the rected movement. In the case of foraging or search be- prey density at which ladybirds switch from slow to rapid turning. haviors, the statistical biases in a forager's behavior are This threshold effectively determines whether a forager exploits or determined at least in part by its sensory perception of abandons a resource concentration. Foraging is most effective local resources and changes in internal states (e.g., physi- when the threshold is tuned to match physiological or energetic ology or cognition) that result from recent foraging his- requirements. These performance statistics also help anticipate and tory. For example, a forager might respond primarily to interpret the dynamics of complex spatially and temporally varying local gradients in the availability of resources (taxis), to forager-resource systems. the absolute level of resource availability (area-restricted
Magnetized supernova remnants with cosmic rays

The effects of interstellar magnetic fields and cosmic rays on the dynamics of an SNR expanding into a warm H I gas are examined. As long as the shock wave driven by the SN explosion propagates faster than 110 km/s, the vicinity of the shock front is fully ionized, and cosmic rays are well coupled to the thermal fluid. They are first accelerated at the adiabatic front, and further compressed in the postshock cooling zone. When the shock velocity drops below 110 km/s, ion-neutral collisions in the vicinity of the shock dissipate the waves which couple cosmic rays to the thermal gas, and impede cosmic-ray acceleration. It is found that magnetic and cosmic-ray pressures together dominate over thermal pressure away from the magnetic poles. As a result, most of the shell becomes considerably thicker, and the shock wave propagates somewhat faster than in the nonmagnetic case. At late times, the transverse mass motions which take place from the poles to the equator create H I holes at the polar caps. This theory leads to a simple interpretation of the 'barrel-shaped' distribution of radio emission observed in some SNRs.
SU-FF-J-76: Inter-Fractional Prostate Motion Measured with 3D Daily Ultrasound Images

Purpose: to assess inter‐fractional prostate displacement using a 3D ultrasound‐based localization system Materials and methods:IGRT program in our department has been recently enhanced through implementation of a 3D ultrasound‐guided system from ResonantMedical Inc. (Montreal, Canada) that combines ultrasonography, optical tracking, and computertechnology. During the CT simulation, two ultrasound scans were taken and the best defined target was saved as the Positioning Reference Volume (PRV). At each treatment session, the patient was initially setup using the room lasers aligned with skin marks and then an ultrasound scan was taken and a new target volume would be automatically or manually created. The system computed the required shifts to align the new target volume to the PRV and the treatment couch was moved accordingly. As of now, 52 prostate cancer patients were positioned for treatment using the system. Eleven of them were initially positioned using bony structures shown in portal images and then moved with the ultrasound guidance. The inter‐fractional prostate motion related to skin or bony marks were both analyzed. Results: The average target displacements in the left‐right, superior‐inferior, and anterior‐posterior directions relative to skin marks were 3.9 +/− 2.8, 4.5 +/− 3.0 and 4.9 +/− 3.4 mm, respectively. The standard deviation of the prostate motion slightly decreases with the increase of the PRV volume. Repeated ultrasound scans at the simulation show significant variation (SD > 5 mm) for earlier patients with a great improvement (SD < 4 mm) for the later patients. We found that there is no additional target precision obtained by bony structure‐based positioning relative to the skin marks localization. Conclusion: The target motion is significant and may represent the daily variation of the rectal and bladder fillings. The relatively large standard deviation of prostate motion could be slightly improved with the increase of user's experience.
Aryl Oxalate Derivatives as Convenient Precursors for Generation of Aryloxyl Radicals

The use of aryloxy oxalyl chlorides (AOCs), aryloxy oxalyl tert-butyl peroxides (AOBs), and diaryl oxalates (DAOs) for unimolecular generation of phenoxyl-based radicals under solution and rigid matrix conditions is described. AOCs are usable for photochemical generation of phenoxyl radicals, but are only conveniently stable as precursors when 2,6-di-tert-butylated derivatives are used. AOBs may be used as thermal precursors to aryloxyl radicals, since they typically decompose within 2−3 h at 60−85 °C to give phenols. 1H-NMR solution kinetic studies find that ΔH⧧ = 31 kcal/mol, and ΔS⧧ = +3.4 cal/mol-K for decomposition of phenoxyoxalyl tert-butyl peroxide, consistent with substantial concertedness in peroxide bond cleavage. AOBs and the more stable DAOs are also convenient photochemical phenoxyl radical precursors. AOBs yield phenoxyl radicals more readily by photolysis than do corresponding DAOs, but the DAOs have fewer side reactions that can quench the product phenoxyl radicals.
Campaign Advertising and the Stimulation and Activation of the Authoritarian Personality

This research examines whether authoritarianism can be stimulated and activated by politicians. The traditional belief is that psychological traits are basically quasipermanent structures that consistently determine behavior, but newer research suggests that these traits can be stimulated. This research tests whether campaigns can stimulate traits with targeted messages. I do so by exposing subjects in an experiment to political television advertising that was designed to stimulate known correlates of authoritarianism, such as fear. The results show that authoritarianism is stimulated in treatment groups that watched advertising designed to invoke threat and the strong-father metaphor and the treatment effect is greater on conservatives. I also show that watching these commercials leads to an activation of authoritarianism that influences its predictive power over support for torture. This suggests that politicians can use emotional appeals to stimulate advantageous personality traits, and that these ads ...
Secondary data analysis: new perspective for adolescent research.

Abstract Adolescents are at high risk for preventable health problems, but realities of research funding and obtaining data from large samples make it difficult for many researchers to answer important questions. Secondary analysis of existing data sets is described as a reasonable alternative in spite of its limitations. Methods and available resources are identified along with suggestions for research priorities with adolescents. Nurs Outlook 2000;48:223-9.
HMM-Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis Scheme for Rolling Element Bearings

In this paper, we introduce a new bearing fault detection and diagnosis scheme based on hidden Markov modeling (HMM) of vibration signals. Features extracted from amplitude demodulated vibration signals from both normal and faulty bearings were used to train HMMs to represent various bearing conditions. The features were based on the reflection coefficients of the polynomial transfer function of an autoregressive model of the vibration signals. Faults can be detected online by monitoring the probabilities of the pretrained HMM for the normal case given the features extracted from the vibration signals. The new technique also allows for diagnosis of the type of bearing fault by selecting the HMM with the highest probability. The new scheme was also adapted to diagnose multiple bearing faults. In this adapted scheme, features were based on the selected node energies of a wavelet packet decomposition of the vibration signal. For each fault, a different set of nodes, which correlates with the fault, is chosen. Both schemes were tested with experimental data collected from an accelerometer measuring the vibration from the drive-end ball bearing of an induction motor (Reliance Electric 2 HP IQPreAlert) driven mechanical system and have proven to be very accurate.
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on unpackaged and vacuum-packaged chicken frankfurters using pulsed UV-light.

The effectiveness of pulsed UV-light on the microbial load and quality of unpackaged and vacuum-packaged chicken frankfurters was investigated. Samples were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes Scott A on the top surfaces, and then treated with pulsed UV-light for 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 s at 5, 8, and 13 cm distance from the quartz window in a pulsed UV-light chamber. Log reductions (CFU/cm(2)) on unpackaged samples were between 0.3 and 1.9 after 5-s treatment at 13 cm and 60-s treatment at 5 cm, respectively. Log reductions on packaged samples ranged from 0.1 to 1.9 after 5-s treatment at 13 cm and 60-s treatment at 5 cm, respectively. The temperature changes of samples and total energy (J/cm(2)) received at each treatment condition were monitored. The extent of lipid peroxidation and the color were determined by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) test and CIELAB color method, respectively. Lipid peroxidation of samples did not change significantly (P > 0.05) after mild (5-s treatment at 13 cm) and moderate (30-s treatment at 8 cm) treatments. Significant differences (P 0.05) after mild treatment. Overall, this study demonstrated that pulsed UV-light has a potential to decontaminate ready-to-eat (RTE) poultry-based food products.
On the integration of computer aided design and analysis using the finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation

For almost a decade, the finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) has been used for both geometry and finite element representations. Because of the ANCF isoparametric property in the cases of beams, plates and shells, ANCF finite elements lend themselves easily to the geometric description of curves and surfaces, as demonstrated in the literature. The ANCF finite elements, therefore, are ideal for what is called isogeometric analysis that aims at the integration ofcomputer aided designandanalysis (ICADA), which involves the integration of what is now split into the separate fields of computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided analysis (CAA). The purpose of this investigation is to establish the relationship between the B-spline and NURBS, which are widely used in the geometric modeling, and the ANCF finite elements. It is shown in this study that by using the ANCF finite elements, one can in a straightforward manner obtain the control point representation required for the Bezier, B-spline and NURBS geometry. To this end, a coordinate transformation is used to write the ANCF gradient vectors in terms of control points. Unifying the CAD and CAA will require the use of such coordinate transformations and their inverses in order to transform control points to position vector gradients which are required for the formulation of the element transformations in the case of discontinuities as well as the formulation of the strain measures and the stress forces based on general continuum mechanics theory. In particular, fully parameterized ANCF finite elements can be very powerful in describing curve, surface, and volume geometry, and they can be effectively used to describe discontinuities while maintaining the many ANCF desirable features that include a constant mass matrix, zero Coriolis and centrifugal forces, no restriction on the amount of rotation or deformation within the finite element, ability for straightforward implementation of general constitutive equations, and ability to capture coupled deformation modes that cannot be captured using existing finite element beam, plate and shell formulations. Because of the relationship between the ANCF finite elements and the B-splines, the development of a rational absolute nodal coordinate formulation (RANCF) is currently being explored. Furthermore, the relationship between the ANCF finite elements and B-splines and NURBS demonstrates that the use of B-splines and NURBS in the analysis will eventually lead to the same fundamental issues that have been already researched in the literature on the ANCF finite elements.
A low-cost transient recorder for rapid-reaction kinetics.

Abstract A transient recorder is described for automated data acquisition from stopped-flow reaction signals. A shift register employing silicon controlled rectifiers and reed relay switches sequentially samples the transient experimental voltages from the experiment. Capacitors store the voltage signals, which can be read back in a similar sequential fashion. The precision and accuracy of the recorder are approximately 0.2% using test signals from an electronic integrator.
Macroamylasemia in patients with celiac disease.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Macroamylasemia is considered to be rarely associated with celiac disease (CD). We have evaluated patients in whom macroamylasemia or elevated total amylase (TA) led to the diagnosis of CD. These cases served as a catalyst for examining the prevalence of elevated TA and macroamylase (MA) in patients with active CD. METHOD: Total amylase and MA measurements were performed in the sera of 124 celiac patients with positive antiendomysium and tissue transglutaminase tests, in 100 patients on gluten-free diet (GFD) with negative serology test results, and in the sera of 89 healthy controls. Macroamylasemia was measured by using the PEG precipitation method. RESULTS: Twenty-three newly diagnosed celiac patients had elevated serum amylase levels (>2 SD above the controls). The average TA and MA levels were significantly elevated in both celiac groups. The nonprecipitated amylase levels (pancreatic and salivary amylase fractions) were not different from those of the controls. Three controls (3.4%), 21 newly diagnosed celiac (16.8%), and seven patients on GFD (7%) had significantly elevated MA activity in their sera. CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of the newly diagnosed patients with CD have macroamylasemia. Serum MA remained elevated in some patients on strict GFD. In addition, in the presence of an elevated amylase or MA the possibility of CD should be considered.
Legislative Professionalism and Influence on State Agencies: The Effects of Resources and Careerism

Legislative professionalization typically involves two concomitant processes: increasing institutional resources and increasing careerism among state legislators. These processes, we argue, entail different effects for legislative influence on state administrative agencies. Greater legislative resources serve to increase legislative influence, but greater political careerism among state legislators serves to decrease it. Because these two processes are normally intertwined within the process of legislative professionalization, the net effect of professionalism is uncertain, although our analysis suggests that the negative effect of careerism may outweigh the positive effect of institutional resources. These results have significant implications for the democratic responsiveness of executive branch agencies.
The electronic issue forum: a tool for distance learning

This paper describes Electronic Issue Forums, in which students use roleplaying to debate academic controversies of interest over extended periods. There are significant educational benefits to this tool for students in a traditional classroom. Moreover, because all communications take place over a computer network, the tool is also wel suited for distance learning. Electronic issue forums incite valuable student interactions that are often lost when students and instructors are scattered across many different locations, and are therefore a good supplement to the videoconferencing systems typically used for distance learning.
Synthesis and characterization of novel nanostructured thermoelectric materials

Having been hibernated for almost 50 years, research in thermoelectric materials is beginning to regain activity because of the recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Thermoelectric is an old topic, which was discovered as early as 1821 by Thomas Johann Seebeck. During the following 120 years, great advances in both the theories and experiments were achieved. Since the 1950s, studies in thermoelectric have developed very little, because of the painful difficulties in elevating the efficiency of these kinds of materials. The efficiency of thermoelectric materials is determined by a dimensionless parameter--figure of merit (ZT), given by ZT = S2σT/κ where T is the temperature, S is the thermoelectric power (or Seebeck coefficient), σ is the electrical conductivity, and κ is the thermal conductivity. The best commercially available thermoelectric materials nowadays have a ZT around 1.0, which can be only used in some special cases. To be competitive to the kitchen refrigerators or air-conditioners, a ZT g 3 at room temperature is required. Recently, some exciting results indicated that higher ZT values can be realized by nanoengineering of these materials. Both theoretical calculations and experimental modulations have shown the promising potentials in the elevation of the efficiency of thermoelectric materials.
Measuring processes in quantum mechanics I. Continuous observation and the watchdog effect

It is well known that successive observations of the instantaneous state of a decaying system lead to a modified decay law. In the limit of infinitely frequent observations, the modified lifetime becomes infinite (“Zeno's paradox”). We study here the behavior of decaying systems under continuous rather than successive observations. Such continuous observation is achieved by a permanent coupling of the decaying system to a counter, which is sufficiently sensitive to the presence of the decay products. For two explicitly soluble models we obtain a result very similar to Zeno's paradox: The observation again strongly modifies the decay law, and prevents the decay completely in the limit of a perfect (i.e., infinitely sensitive) counter. Like Zeno's paradox, however, this “watchdog effect” is not very likely to be detected in actual experiments, e.g., with radioactive nuclei.