cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Vincent 220-Kv. Transmission Line Engineering and Construction Features

This paper deals with the design and construction of the third 220,000-volt line between Los Angeles and Big Creek, giving the results and brief descriptions of the research engineering investigations which were carried out in connection with the design. The salient features of the line are: Terminals?Big Creek No. 3 and Gould Switching Station, near Los Angeles. Length?223.5 mi. Route?Direct route with few angles. Dead-ends?Dead-ends only at station terminals and heavy angles. Small angles?Small angles up to 11 deg. 40 min., in some cases, turned on suspension insulators. Conductors?Steel reinforced aluminum. 1,033,500 cir. mils aluminum, 54 strands. 134,000 cir. rails steel, 7 strands. Weight: 1.33 lb. per ft. Diameter: 1.247 in. Overhead Ground Wire?None. Towers?Towers of high elastic limit steel. Height of standard towers, 64 ft. to crossarm. Height of anchor tower, 56 ft. to crossarm. Weight of standard tower, 8890 lb. Weight of anchor tower, 13,600 lb. Tower Footings-Grillage footings in earth. For standard towers, 4ft. 8 in. sq. at base and 8 ft. deep. Weight, 2040 lb. For anchor towers, 7ft. 6 in. sq. at base and 9 ft. deep. Weight, 6720 lb. Tower Extensions-Height 7, 14, or 21 ft. Any of these heights may be placed on any or all corners of the tower and in a few special cases in combination with an additional 14-ft. extension on all corners. Insulators?10-in. cap and pin having minimum combined electrical and mechanical strength of not less than 18,000 lb.
Direct spectrophotometric observation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate in elastase catalysis.

Abstract An acyl-enzyme intermediate in the catalytic action of the pancreatic serine protease, elastase, was spectrophotometrically observed. 4-Dimethylaminocinnamoyl-elastase was prepared by the reaction of 4-dimethylaminocinnamoylimidazole with a 20 fold excess of elastase for 0.5 hr in pH 5.2 buffer. The visible absorption spectrum of this acyl-enzyme is similar to that of the analogous aldehyde but is red-shifted when compared to that of the denatured acyl-enzyme or a model ester. Our results are the first direct evidence for the intermediacy of an acyl-enzyme in elastase catalysis.
Fiber-optic two-photon optogenetic stimulation

Optogenetic stimulation of genetically targeted cells is proving to be a powerful tool in the study of cellular systems, both in vitro and in vivo. However, most opsins are activated in the visible spectrum, where significant absorption and scattering of stimulating light occurs, leading to low penetration depth and less precise stimulation. Since we first (to the best of our knowledge) demonstrated two-photon optogenetic stimulation (TPOS), it has gained considerable interest in the probing of cellular circuitry by precise spatial modulation. However, all existing methods use microscope objectives and complex scanning beam geometries. Here, we report a nonscanning method based on multimode fiber to accomplish fiber-optic TPOS of cells.
Some further remarks on propensity: Reply to Maria-Carla Galavotti

Galavotti's commentary on my paper raises a number of fundamental questions about propensity which I did not address and which have been important in the philosophical literature. She raises too many fundamental issues for me to hope to reply in detail to all of them but I think there are some points that I can take up explicitly that will help clarify the discussion, or at least clarify my own position about the concept of propensity.
Municipal Contracting With County Sheriffs for Police Services in California: Comparison of Cost and Effectiveness

Rather than having a traditional, municipal police department nearly 30%of the 478 cities in California contract with their county sheriff for police services. The usual rationale is that contracti...
Intracellular erythrocyte platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase I inactivates aspirin in blood.

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) prophylaxis suppresses major adverse cardiovascular events, but its rapid turnover limits inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase activity and thrombosis. Despite its importance, the identity of the enzyme(s) that hydrolyzes the acetyl residue of circulating aspirin, which must be an existing enzyme, remains unknown. We find that circulating aspirin was extensively hydrolyzed within erythrocytes, and chromatography indicated these cells contained a single hydrolytic activity. Purification by over 1400-fold and sequencing identified the PAFAH1B2 and PAFAH1B3 subunits of type I platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase, a phospholipase A2 with selectivity for acetyl residues of PAF, as a candidate for aspirin acetylhydrolase. Western blotting showed that catalytic PAFAH1B2 and PAFAH1B3 subunits of the type I enzyme co-migrated with purified erythrocyte aspirin hydrolytic activity. Recombinant PAFAH1B2, but not its family member plasma PAF acetylhydrolase, hydrolyzed aspirin, and PAF competitively inhibited aspirin hydrolysis by purified or recombinant erythrocyte enzymes. Aspirin was hydrolyzed by HEK cells transfected with PAFAH1B2 or PAFAH1B3, and the competitive type I PAF acetylhydrolase inhibitor NaF reduced erythrocyte hydrolysis of aspirin. Exposing aspirin to erythrocytes blocked its ability to inhibit thromboxane A2 synthesis and platelet aggregation. Not all individuals or populations are equally protected by aspirin prophylaxis, the phenomenon of aspirin resistance, and erythrocyte hydrolysis of aspirin varied 3-fold among individuals, which correlated with PAFAH1B2 and not PAFAH1B3. We conclude that intracellular type I PAF acetylhydrolase is the major aspirin hydrolase of human blood.
Pre- and post-synaptic cholinergic dysfunction in aged rodent brain regions: New findings and an interpretative review

Age-related impairment of dynamic aspects of central cholinergic neurotransmission has been indicated by many studies of aged rodents, but the regional distribution of cholinergic deficits and the relative contribution of presynaptic hypofunction and reduced acetylcholine release, loss of synaptic integrity or loss of muscarinic receptors remains unclear. This study therefore compared choline acetyltransferase activity (as a structural marker) and sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake (which reflects both ongoing cholinergic neuronal activity and structural integrity) in the hippocampus, cortex and straitum of male C57BL mice at 3-4, 10-12 or 28-32 months of age. To evaluate the relationship of changes in muscarinic receptors to presynaptic alterations, binding of the antagonist 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate was compared in membranes prepared from each of these brain regions. High affinity choline uptake was significantly reduced in all three brain regions by 28-32 months of age. This trend was already evident by 10-12 months of age, especially in hippocampus and cortex. By contrast, choline acetyltransferase activity was unchanged in striatum and actually increased in hippocampus and cortex of aged mice. Muscarinic binding was reduced significantly only in striatum and this effect was significant by 10-12 months of age. This decrease in antagonist binding was accompanied by a small but significant reduction in the relative proportion of high affinity agonist sites as defined by carbachol displacement. The impairment of high affinity choline uptake in the absence of a parallel reduction of choline acetyltransferase activity suggests a decline of ongoing cholinergic activity rather than loss of terminal integrity as the basis of presynaptic deficits in aging. This functional decline may be exacerbated by reduction of muscarinic receptors in striatum. Despite considerable literature support for the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms are impaired with age, several controversies leave important issues unresolved. Therefore, the present results are discussed in the context of a critical review with emphasis on dynamic properties of presynaptic function which require analysis in experimental animal models. The impact of normal aging on brain cholinergic systems is distinguished from the neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer disease in that presynaptic function is compromised with a relative preservation of the integrity of innervation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Oligomer formation in evaporating aqueous glyoxal and methyl glyoxal solutions.

Glyoxal and methyl glyoxal are common secondary atmospheric pollutants, formed from aromatic and terpene precursors. Both compounds are extremely water-soluble due to dihydrate formation and partition into cloudwater. In this work, FTIR-ATR and mass measurements indicate that both compounds remain primarily in the condensed phase due to oligomer formation when aqueous solution droplets are evaporated, regardless of concentration (≥1 mM) or, for glyoxal, droplet evaporation rate. FTIR spectral analyses suggest that oligomer formation is triggered by conversion from dihydrate to monohydrate forms, which are still nonvolatile but contain reactive carbonyl groups. Methyl glyoxal hemiacetal formation is observed by changes in the C−O/CO stretch peak area ratio. The formation of glyoxal oligomers is detected by a dramatic shift of the C−O stretching peak toward low frequencies. Glyoxal oligomer peaks at 1070 cm-1, 950 cm-1, and 980 cm-1 are assigned to free C−OH stretch, dioxolane-linked C−OC asymmetric stretch...
Dissolution of rabbit zona by acrosomal extract: Effect of calcium†

The acrosomal extracts from rabbit spermatozoa were more effective in dissolving the zona pellucida of the rabbit ova in the absence than in the presence of Ca2+. The extracts had high proteolytic activity but low esterolytic activity at alkaline pH in which pH effective zona hydrolysis occurred. The results suggest that acrosomal proteinases in addition to acrosin may be involved in the zona penetration.
"So What Are You?": Inappropriate Interview Questions for Psychology Doctoral and Internship Applicants

Although psychologists and other professionals have examined biases and discriminatory practices in hiring in many professions, psychologists have not explored their own potential missteps in the interviewing of trainees. The present study sought to investigate whether applicants to psychology doctoral programs and internships were asked inappropriate or illegal questions during their interviews. Data from 303 participants (all of whom interviewed at doctoral programs, 120 of whom interviewed at internship sites) were collected from psychology listservs and from department contacts. Results indicated that nonclinical/counseling/school masters psychology doctoral programs were more likely to ask a potentially inappropriate question than clinical/counseling/school programs and masters programs. Age was unrelated to being asked one’s age, although nonheterosexual and non-White participants were more likely to report being asked their sexual orientation or ethnic background, respectively. Finally, qualifications (GPA and GRE scores) were unrelated to being asked an inappropriate question on doctoral interviews, although number of direct client contact hours was negatively related to being asked an inappropriate question on internship interviews. Implications for departmental policy are discussed.
Prenatal diazepam: distribution and metabolism in perinatal rats

Previous investigations have revealed that prenatal exposure to diazepam (DZ) alters brain development and behavior in the offspring of rats and mice. In order to understand how DZ may affect the developing nervous system it is necessary to examine its metabolic fate in the neonate. It is therefore the aim of this study to investigate the disposition, metabolism, and persistence of DZ in the neonate. Dams were injected s.c. with 2.5 mg/kg of 14C DZ (10 μCi/day) on days 13–20 of gestation and their litters were fostered at birth. Dams killed within 24 hours postpartum and neonates killed at postnatal days 0, 10, and 20 were analyzed for 14C activity. Brain levels (pmoles DZ and metabolites/100 mg tissue SE) were 3.4 ± 0.3 in the dam and in the neonates were 3.2 ± 0.3 (day 0), 3.4 ± 0.3 (day 10), and undetectable at day 20. Neonatal peripheral tissue 14C activity was undetectable by day 10. Brain regional analysis indicates 14C is highest in the colliculi at day 0, but not at day 10. Brain levels of DZ, oxazepam (OXA), N-desmethyldiazepam (NDZ), and the glucuronide (GLU) determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were GLU (49%), DZ (28%), and NDZ (24%) in the dam; GLU (52%), DZ (24%), and NDZ (25%) in the day 0 neonate; and GLU (32%), DZ (12%), NDZ (39%), and OXA (19%) at day 10. The distribution and metabolism of 14C DZ that persists in the neonate following prenatal exposure differs from that which occurs in the dam. The neonatal brain contains OXA and a higher concentration of 14C exists in the colliculi region of day 0 neonates when compared with maternal brain. Prenatal 14C DZ activity persists longer in the neonatal brain than in peripheral tissue but all tissue levels are undetectable at day 20. Therefore, DZ and its pharmacologically active metabolites persist longest in the neonatal brain and could therefore alter both prenatal and postnatal developmental processes. However, no drug is present in the neonate at 20 days of age and therefore could not directly affect behavior measured then or at later ages.
Utricular otoconia of some amphibians have calcitic morphology

This report concerns the morphological features of otoconia removed from the inner ear of four amphibian species. Results from scanning electron microscopic examination are compared based on the site of origin. These results show that utricular otoconia have a mineral structure that mimics calcite, rather than the widely accepted idea that they are mineralized by calcium carbonate of the aragonite polymorph.
Differential effects of oxygen and barotrauma on lung injury in the neonatal piglet.

In order to differentiate the effects of hyperoxia and barotrauma in the pathogenesis of acute neonatal lung injury, piglets were either hyperventilated (Pa, 15–20 torr) for 48 hours with 100% oxygen (Group I), hyperventilated with 21% oxygen (Group II), normally ventilated (Pa, 40–45 torr) with 100% oxygen (Group III), or normally ventilated with 21% O2 (Group IV) and compared to unventilated controls. Pulmonary function was tested, and biochemical indicators of lung injury were analyzed in tracheo-bronchial aspirates at 0, 24, and 48 hours. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for surfactant composition and activity at the end of the study. At 48 hours, hyperoxic, hyperventilated piglets had significantly decreased dynamic lung compliance (30%) and increased pulmonary resistance (16%), aspirate cell count (190%), elastase activity (88%), albumin (214%), and total protein (150%) concentration. Qualitative light microscopy showed moderate to severe atelectasis, fibrinous exudate, edema, and inflammation. Normoxic, hyperventilated animals had comparable changes in pulmonary mechanics, but significantly milder cellular, biochemical, and morphologic changes. In hyperoxic, normocarbic animals pulmonary physiologic, cellular, and biochemical variables changed comparably to hyperoxic, hyperventilated animals; the pathologic changes were intermediate between hyperoxic, hyperventilated and normoxic, hyperventilated piglets. Normoxic, normocarbic animals had no significant changes in most variables over 48 hours; on morphologic examination their lungs were similar to unventilated controls and showed only mild edema. Surfactant had normal biophysical activity in all animals. Our results demonstrate that hyperoxia causes more significant physiologic, inflammatory, and histologic changes than barotrauma alone. Future attempts to prevent lung injury in neonates should be directed primarily at oxygen toxicity. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:157–163.
Collective transport in arrays of small metallic dots

Collective charge transport is studied in one- and two-dimensional arrays of small normal-metal dots separated by tunneling barriers. At temperatures well below the charging energy of a dot, disorder leads to a threshold for conduction which grows linearly with the size of the array. For short-ranged interactions, one of the correlation length exponents near threshold is found from a novel argument based on interface growth. The dynamical exponent for the current above threshold is also predicted analytically, and the requirements for its experimental observation are described.
Combining Light Monitoring Surveys with Integrated Surveys to Improve Targeting for Poverty Reduction: The Case of Ghana

Policymakers use poverty maps to design and assess poverty programs. The accuracy of these maps, which is critical for targeting, depends largely on the nature of the instrument used to construct them. Recently, in response to tight budget constraints, many countries have begun to construct poverty maps based on light monitoring surveys that rely on short questionnaires. This article shows that poverty maps constructed from such surveys are not accurate and could result in substantial leakage. Light monitoring surveys do include large samples that can help to target poverty programs at sub regional levels. Combining these surveys with more detailed integrated surveys can help researchers reduce targeting errors significantly and build improved poverty maps with finer levels of disaggregation.
Regulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-release channel requires intact annexin VI

Annexin VI has eight highly conserved repeated domains; all other annexins have four. Diaz-Munoz et al. (J Biol Chem 265:15894, 1990) reported that annexin VI alters the gating properties of the ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+-release channel isolated from sarcoplasmic reticulum. To investigate the domain structure of rat annexin VI (67 kDa calcimedin) required for this channel regulation, various proteolytic digestions were performed. In each case, protease-resistant core polypeptides were produced. Annexin VI was digested with V8 protease and two core polypeptides were purified by Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding followed by HPLC. The purified fragments were shown to be derived from the N- and C-terminal halves of annexin VI, and demonstrated differential immunoreactivity with monoclonal antibodies to rat annexin VI. While both core polypeptides retained their ability to bind phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner, they did not regulate the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-release channel as did intact annexin VI.
Peroxidase site of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1: Docking and molecular dynamics studies with a prostaglandin endoperoxide analog

Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 (PGHS-1 and PGHS-2) catalyze the first step in the biosynthetic pathway that produces prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The fatty acid endoperoxide/hydroperoxide substrate, PGG2, binds on the distal side of the heme that forms the peroxidase (POX) site of PGHSs and generates the alcohol PGH2 by cleaving the oxygen−oxygen bond of the 15-hydroperoxide group. The structure of the POX site of PGHS, as with other peroxidases, includes the invariant distal histidine residue His207 and a glutamine, Gln203. We report the first molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of a PGG2 analogue (pseudo-PGG2) bound to the peroxidase site of PGHS-1; pseudo-PGG2 lacks the endoperoxide group and double bonds of PGG2 but is otherwise identical to PGG2. In the MD of the substrate-free state of PGHS-1, a water migrated to the heme active site to become the sixth ligand of the iron, and in time, it hydrogen bonded to other waters, forming chains that extended into the bulk solvent. A locat...
The search for consistency in the manufacture of PET radiopharmaceuticals

Nuclear Medicine is the specialty of medical imaging, which utilizes a variety of radionuclides incorporated into specific compounds for diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications. During recent years, research efforts in this discipline have concentrated on the decay characteristics of particular radionuclides and the design of unique radiolabeled tracers necessary to achieve time-dependent molecular images. Various oncology applications have utilized specific PET and SPECT radiopharmaceuticals, which have allowed an extension from functional process imaging in tissue to pathologic processes and nuclide directed treatments. One of the most widely recognized advantages of positron emission tomography (PET) is its use of the attractive, positron-emitting biologic radiotracers that mimic natural substrates. However, a major disadvantage is that these substances are relatively short-lived and unable to be transported great distances. At this time, economic considerations and regulatory guidelines associated with the creation of a PET facility, as well as the operational costs of maintaining both the facility and the necessary procedural documentation, continue to create interesting strategic dilemmas. This commentary will focus on the current approach and anticipated impact of pending regulations, which relate to the manufacture and formulation of a variety of PET radiopharmaceuticals used in clinical research and patient management at Memorial Hospital.
Kinesic Patterning in Deceptive and Truthful Interactions

A persistent question in the deception literature has been the extent to which nonverbal behaviors can reliably distinguish between truth and deception. It has been argued that deception instigates cognitive load and arousal that are betrayed through visible nonverbal indicators. Yet, empirical evidence has often failed to find statistically significant or strong relationships. Given that interpersonal message production is characterized by a high degree of simultaneous and serial patterning among multiple behaviors, it may be that patterns of behaviors are more diagnostic of veracity. Or it may be that the theorized linkage between internal states of arousal, cognitive taxation, and efforts to control behavior and nonverbal behaviors are wrong. The current investigation addressed these possibilities by applying a software program called THEME to analyze the patterns of kinesic movements (adaptor gestures, illustrator gestures, and speaker and listener head movements) rated by trained coders for participants in a mock crime experiment. Our multifaceted analysis revealed that the quantity and quality of patterns distinguish truths from untruths. Quantitative and qualitative analyses conducted by case and condition revealed high variability in the types and complexities of patterns that were produced and differences between truthful and deceptive respondents questioned about a theft. Patterns incorporating adaptors and illustrator gestures were correlated in counterintuitive ways with arousal, cognitive load, and behavioral control, and qualitative analyses produced unique insights into truthful and untruthful communication.
Mode−mode-coupling theory of the dynamics of polymeric liquids

Abstract A first principles, statistical mechanical theory of the dynamics of polymer liquids has been developed using the generalized Langevin equation and molecular-scale mode-mode-coupling methods. The essential physics of chain uncrossability and connectivity is contained in a time-dependent dynamical friction matrix, which quantitatively described fluctuating force correlations and many-body caging. For very long chain fluids, the predicted molecular weight dependences of the transport coefficients agree qualitatively with the reptation/tube theory. However, a more general physical interpretation appears to exist, and a natural analogy with critical slowing down is suggested. Polymer shape fluctuation effects are also included in a microscopic fashion, and when dominant generate both a stretched exponential terminal relaxation and a 3.55 exponent for the viscosity-chain-length scaling law. Anomalous segmental and center-of-mass diffusion at early times are also studied.
Power progress in the Pacific Northwest

“I am convinced an adequate supply of energy is far more important to the security of our country than an adequate supply of gold …” The day is drawing near when three vast areas — the Southwest and the Pacific Northwest of the United States and British Columbia in Canada — will be integrated electrically, and a power system composed of many separately owned and managed utilities will extend from Alaska through northern British Columbia to the Mexican border.
Thickness requirement for solar sail foils

Abstract The minimum foil thickness that provides the maximum reflectivity and absorption for a solar sail material is found and its dependence on temperature and on wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum of solar radiation is investigated. It is shown that the minimal thickness has strong implicit dependence on the temperature through the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of the solar sail. The minimal thickness has explicit dependence on the frequency through the factor 1 / ω , as well as it has implicit dependence on the frequency, because the conductivity and dielectric function are functions of the frequency. It is shown that when the frequency dependence of the conductivity and dielectric function are taken into account the minimal thickness of the solar sail foil exhibits the slight dependence on the wavelength of the solar radiation. We show that the surface of a solar sail with the required minimal thickness of a foil can withheld the solar pressure within the limit of the elastic deformation of the material. We suggest that these factors should be taken into consideration in the solar sail design.
The Social Work Educator: Social Worker and Professor?

This paper examines the role orientations of social work educators to determine whether they identify with their dual roles of professor and social worker. Alvin Gouldner's typology of cosmopolitans and locals is tested on a sample of 162 social work faculty employed at twenty-three colleges and universities. The findings indicate that social work educators do differ in their role identifications. The most significant indicator of academic role orientation is the possession of the Ph.D. or D.S.W.
Diet and sexual dimorphism in the very catholic lizard genus, Leiocephalus of the Bahamas

Over 5,000 prey items from specimens of Bahamian Leiocephalus lizards were measured and identified taxonomically. The diet in general consists mainly of arthropods, but much plant matter is also eaten, including flowers and buds as well as fruit. Lizards comprise about 2% of the diet by volume. Individuals inhabiting relatively small islands are more likely to have eaten plant matter than those from relatively large islands. Within the most widespread species (carinatus), sexual dimorphism in size is greater, the smaller the number of sympatric species in its structural habitat. Prey-size differences between differently sized Leiocephalus are greater, the greater the dimorphism. However, even the most dimorphic sexes take rather similar prey sizes. For all Bahamian species combined, the inverse correlation of sexual dimorphism with sympatric species is not as strong as an inverse correlation with latitude. We suggest that sexual selection on female size to increase the clutch size that can be carried may have affected sexual dimorphism in the genus.
Transthoracic needle biopsy. What size syringe

Using a vacuum gauge we demonstrated that with less effort, the identical vacuum can be obtained using a 10-cc syringe as opposed to a 50-cc syringe. We recommend using a 20 cc syringe during transthoracic needle aspiration since the syringe is easier to handle and still allows sufficient vacuum to be developed, even if a small amount of air enters the syringe.
The single-period (news-vendor) problem: literature review and suggestions for future research

The single-period problem (SPP), also known as the newsboy or news-vendor problem, is to find the order quantity which maximizes the expected profit in a single period probabilistic demand framework. Interest in the SPP remains unabated and many extensions to it have been proposed in the last decade. These extensions include dealing with different objectives and utility functions, different supplier pricing policies, different news-vendor pricing policies and discounting structures, different states of information about demand, constrained multi-products, multiple-products with substitution, random yields, and multi-location models. This paper builds a taxonomy of the SPP literature and delineates the contribution of the different SPP extensions. This paper also suggests some future directions for research.
An MRAS scheme for on-line rotor resistance adaptation of an induction machine

This paper presents a current model rotor flux observer based model reference adaptive control system (MRAS) scheme. The proposed MRAS scheme provides an attractive mean for achieving the rotor resistance adaptation for an indirect field oriented (IFO) induction motor drive system. The desired value of the rotor flux along the q-axis should ideally be zero. This condition acts as a reference model for the proposed MRAS scheme. The current model flux observer is an adjustable model. The machine parameters in the adjustable model are rotor inductance and resistance. Inductance does not change with temperature. Therefore, the only parameter which changes with temperature in the adjustable model is the rotor resistance. This resistance is adjusted such that the flux along the q-axis is driven to zero. The proposed method effectively adjusts the rotor resistance online and keeps the machine field oriented. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is tested through simulation and is experimentally verified. Experimental results show that this scheme keeps the machine field oriented, provides faster and better speed/torque response and also improves the torque per amp output of the machine.
Retinal pathology in Alzheimer's disease. I. Ganglion cell loss in foveal/parafoveal retina

Morphometric analysis of the numbers of neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of the central retina (fovea/foveola/parafoveal retina) in eyes from 9 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 11 age-matched control cases revealed an overall decrease of 25% in total numbers of neurons in AD as compared with control eyes. Detailed analyses of GCL neurons at various eccentricities from the foveola showed that the greatest decrease in neuronal density (43% decrease) occurred in the central 0-0.5 mm (foveal region), while at 0.5-1 mm and at 1-1.5 mm eccentricities, neuronal loss amounted to 24 and 26%, respectively. The temporal region of the central retina appeared most severely affected, with up to 52% decrease in neuronal density near the foveola (central 0-0.5 mm eccentricity). There was close agreement between fellow eyes analyzed separately for three AD and three control cases. Analysis of neuronal sizes showed that all sizes of neurons were similarly affected in AD. In the GCL of control retinas, neurons decreased with age (coefficient of correlation = -0.67), while in AD retinas no such relationship was evident. Since in the central 0-2 mm region of the retina 97% of neurons in the GCL are ganglion cells (while the remaining 3% consist of displaced amacrine cells), these results demonstrate extensive ganglion cell loss in the central retina in AD.
Aggressive Osteoblastoma: A Case Report Involving a Unique Chromosomal Aberration

Osteoblastomas are rare bone-producing neoplasms that generally occur in the young and can be misdiagnosed as an osteosarcoma if correlation with clinical history, radiology, and histology is not carefully considered or if the several variants of osteoblastoma are not recognized. These variants lie on a morphologic spectrum between conventional osteoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Aggressive osteoblastoma is one such subtype. As the name implies, the histologic features of aggressive osteoblastoma may appear malignant, and its biologic behavior may separate it from conventional osteoblastoma. We report a case of aggressive osteoblastoma occurring in the femoral diaphysis of a 12-year-old girl; this osetoblastoma was dyssynchronous from the radiologic appearance and a diagnostic challenge. Cytogenetic evaluation of the neoplasm revealed a pseudodiploid clone with a balanced translocation involving chromosomes 4, 7, and 14. Using the premise that cytogenetics might be useful as a diagnostic tool for a more specific classification, we reviewed the literature in order to compare our findings with known chromosomal aberrations.
Optimal Design of Initial Surface Profile of Deployable Mesh Reflectors Via Static Modeling and Quadratic Programming

Large deployable high-frequency RF mesh reflectors are being envisioned for future space missions. This paper presents an initial study on surface shaping of such a mesh reflector. The deployable mesh reflector in consideration is modeled as a three-dimensional truss and a mathematical model considering static equilibrium of member tensions and external mounting forces is derived. Two optimization methods then are proposed to systematically determine an initial profile of the reflector. The initial profile so determined warrants that the deformed reflector surface matches the one by design and that the member tension forces fall in a specified range. The proposed mounting strategy is demonstrated on an 835-node mesh reflector.
Long-term tectonic control on Holocene shelf sedimentation offshore La Jolla, California

A high-resolution Compressed High-Intensity Radar Pulse (CHIRP) survey reveals shore-parallel variations in the Holocene sediment thickness offshore La Jolla, California. Sediment thicknesses decrease from >20 m in the south near Scripps Canyon to zero in the north approaching Torrey Pines. In addition to the south-to-north variation in sediment thickness, the transgressive surface observed in seismic lines shoals from Scripps Canyon to the north. Despite these dramatic shore-parallel subsurface changes, the nearshore bathymetry exhibits little to no change along strike. A left jog (i.e., a constraining bend) along the Rose Canyon fault causes local uplift in the region and appears to explain the northward shoaling of the transgressive surface, the decrease in relief on the transgressive surface away from the left jog, and the Holocene sediment thickness variation. This tectonic deformation is shore parallel, and thus the accommodation can be separated into its tectonic and eustatic components.
THE GLOBAL AGE DISTRIBUTION OF GRANITIC PEGMATITES

An updated global compilation of 377 new and previously published ages indicates that granitic pegmatites range in age from Mesoarchean to Neogene and have a semi-periodic age distribution. Undivided granitic pegmatites show twelve age maxima: 2913, 2687, 2501, 1853, 1379, 1174, 988, 525, 483, 391, 319, and 72 Ma. These peaks correspond broadly with various proxy records of supercontinent assembly, including the age distributions of granites, detrital zircon grains, and passive margins. Lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT) pegmatites have a similar age distribution to the undivided granitic pegmatites, with maxima at 2638, 1800, 962, 529, 485, 371, 309, and 274 Ma. Lithium and Ta resources in LCT pegmatites are concentrated in the Archean and Phanerozoic. While there are some Li resources from the Proterozoic, the dominantly bimodal distribution of resources is particularly evident for Ta. This distribution is similar to that of orogenic gold deposits, and has been interpreted to reflect the preservation potential of the orogenic belts where these deposits are formed. Niobium-yttrium-fluorine (NYF) pegmatites show similar age distributions to LCT pegmatites, but with a strong maximum at ca . 1000 Ma.
Trace elements in clinopyroxenes from Aleutian xenoliths: Implications for primitive subduction magmatism in an island arc

Trace element abundances in clinopyroxene (cpx) from cumulate xenoliths are used to characterize the nature of primitive magma-forming processes beneath the Aleutian island arc. Clinopyroxenes from deformed mafic and ultramafic xenoliths hosted in a Neogene-age mafic sill from Kanaga Island have widely varying trace element abundances (Sr=8–32, Y=2–64, Zr=2–38, Nd=0.65–16 ppm) that are generally well correlated with cpx Mg# (Mg/Mg+Fe). Trace element ratios in the Kanaga xenoliths show relatively little variability (Nd/Yb=1.7–3.5, Sr/Y=0.20–8.7, Nd/Zr=0.10–0.43) and trace element patterns are generally parallel to one another, with the most evolved samples showing pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu⁎=0.56–0.66). In contrast, cpx from xenoliths hosted in Holocene-age pyroclastic deposits from Mt. Moffett on Adak Island, have more strongly fractionated trace element patterns, with higher and more variable Sr (8–69 ppm), Nd/Yb (3.1–10.5) and Sr/Y (0.5–47) compared to Kanaga xenolith cpx. Clinopyroxene from the amphibole-bearing and igneous-textured Moffett xenoliths also lack substantial negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu⁎=0.84–1.25). With respect to most trace element characteristics, cpx from the Kanaga xenoliths resemble cpx phenocrysts from Aleutians basalts, and are distinct from Moffett xenolith cpx which resemble phenocrysts from primitive and geochemically enriched, high-Mg# andesites. The strongly contrasting trace element patterns in the two xenolith suites, which are most clearly evident in the most primitive samples (cpx Mg#N0.86), are present in cpx with broadly similar major element characteristics (XWo=0.40–0.50, XCaTs=0.02–0.25, Mg#=0.65–0.92), and are interpreted to result from differences in the trace element characteristics of the primitive melts that crystallized to produce the xenoliths. Melts that crystallized to produce the Kanaga xenoliths appear to have been similar to modern Aleutian basalts, whereas those that produced the Moffett samples were more hydrous and perhaps more oxidized and had more strongly fractionated trace element patterns, analogous to those observed in the geochemically enriched primitive andesites. If the trace element-enriched signature in the Moffett xenoliths is produced by melting of the subducting plate in the presence of garnet, then these results support recent thermal modeling which suggests that a 50–60 m.y.-old subducting plate, such as that beneath the central Aleutians, may commonly reach at least those temperatures required to produce eclogite melting under water-saturated conditions (∼850 °C). These results indicate that primitive melts arising from the subduction zone are geochemically diverse and may exert primary control over the nature of the distinctive igneous differentiation series (calc–alkaline versus tholeiitic) which are observed in Aleutian volcanoes. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Comparison of the adaptive functioning of children prenatally exposed to alcohol to a nonexposed clinical sample.

Background : Several studies show impairments in the social and adaptive behaviors of children prenatally exposed to alcohol. However, there remains limited consensus on whether the alcohol exposure directly affects social functioning or whether its effect is mediated by deficits in IQ. In addition, no studies have investigated whether deficits in social functioning are significantly more pronounced in children prenatally exposed to alcohol than in children referred to psychiatric treatment who were not prenatally exposed. We explored the effect of alcohol exposure on social and adaptive functioning and explored whether or not social and adaptive functioning are significantly more impaired in children prenatally exposed to alcohol than in a clinical sample of children. Methods: A sample of 33 alcohol-exposed children was compared with a sample of 33 clinic-referred nonexposed children. The groups were compared on measures of communication, daily living skills, and socialization. The groups were matched on sex, age, IQ, and outpatient or inpatient status. Results: Analyses revealed that the prenatally alcohol-exposed children did not differ significantly from the nonexposed children in any of the domains of adaptive functioning. However, with age, exposed children showed a more rapid decline in socialization standard scores compared with the nonexposed clinical sample. Conclusions: Young children who were exposed to alcohol prenatally show deficits in all domains of adaptive functioning. Although these deficits do not seem to differ from those exhibited by young children with psychiatric problems but no prenatal exposure, deficits in socialization behavior of prenatally exposed children may become more significant with age.
Complex Story of the Genetic Origins of Pediatric Heart Disease

Pediatric heart disease, aka cardiovascular disease in the young, comprises varied phenotypes, including cardiovascular malformations, cardiomyopathies, vasculopathies (eg, Marfan syndrome), and cardiac arrhythmias. Cardiovascular malformations are a major component of pediatric heart disease and constitute a substantial portion of clinically significant birth defects, with a definition-dependent estimated incidence of 4 to 50 per 1000 live births.1,2 Despite advances in diagnosis and therapy, the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular malformations and other forms of pediatric heart disease make them important clinical problems. Thus, there has been considerable interest in understanding their cause. Article see p 1313 Because of early recognition of environmental teratogens such as rubella, thalidomide, and high altitude, considerable attention was focused on environmental factors; however, in the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study,3 common risk factors identified for pediatric heart disease were positive family history and maternal diabetes mellitus. Numerous examples of increased risk of pediatric heart disease in family members of affected individuals have been published.4 The association of cardiovascular malformations and other birth defects with chromosomal abnormalities5 provides further support for a genetic origin. Based on studies of recurrence and transmission risks, a hypothesis of multifactorial origin was proposed.6 In this type of inheritance, an individual’s genetic predisposition interacts with other genes and/or environmental factors to cause heart disease. However, in the past 2 decades, mendelian inheritance models have been used to exploit molecular genetic and cytogenetic observations in multiplex families.7 The discovery that heterozygous mutation of the transcription factor NKX2.5 causes …
Bacterial diversity among small-subunit rRNA gene clones and cellular isolates from the same seawater sample

Numerous investigations applying the cloning and sequencing of rRNA genes (rDNAs) to the study of marine bacterioplankton diversity have shown that the sequences of genes cloned directly from environmental DNA do not correspond to the genes of cultured marine taxa. These results have been interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the most abundant heterotrophic marine bacterioplankton species are not readily culturable by commonly used methods. However, an alternative explanation is that marine bacterioplankton can be easily cultured but are not well represented in sequence databases. To further examine this question, we compared the small-subunit (SSU) rDNAs of 127 cellular clones isolated from a water sample collected off the Oregon coast to 58 bacterial SSU rDNAs cloned from environmental DNAs from the same water sample. The results revealed little overlap between partial SSU rDNA sequences from the cellular clones and the environmental clone library. An exception was the SSU rDNA sequence recovered from a cellular clone belonging to the Pseudomonas subgroup of the gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria, which was related to a single gene cloned directly from the same water sample (OCS181) (similarity, 94.6%). In addition, partial SSU rDNA sequences from three of the cultured strains matched a novel rDNA clone related to the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria found previously in an environmental clone library from marine aggregates (AGG53) (similarity, 94.3 to 99.6%). Our results support the hypothesis that many of the most abundant bacterioplankton species are not readily culturable by standard methods but also show that heterotrophic bacterioplankton that are culturable on media with high organic contents include many strains for which SSU rDNA sequences are not available in sequence databases.
Hypoxic regulation of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism

The kidney is a highly sensitive oxygen sensor and plays a central role in mediating the hypoxic induction of red blood cell production. Efforts to understand the molecular basis of oxygen-regulated erythropoiesis have led to the identification of erythropoietin (EPO), which is essential for normal erythropoiesis and to the purification of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), the transcription factor that regulates EPO synthesis and mediates cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Recent insights into the molecular mechanisms that control and integrate cellular and systemic erythropoiesis-promoting hypoxia responses and their potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of renal anemia are discussed in this review.
NONLINEAR THEORY OF SIMPLE MICRO-ELASTIC SOLIDS-I

Abstract The present work is concerned with the formulation of the basic field equations, boundary conditions and constitutive equations of what we call ‘simple micro-elastic’ solids. Such solids are affected by the ‘micro’ deformations and rotations not encountered in the theory of finite elasticity. The theory, in a natural fashion, gives rise to the concept of stress moments, inertial spin and other types of second order effects and their laws of motion. The mechanism of the surface tension is contained in the theory. In a forthcoming paper (Part II) explicit expressions of constitutive equations of several simple micro-elastic solids will be given and applied to some special problems.
The big ASM tent: how to represent the microbial sciences?

The microbial sciences represent far more than what many consider covered by traditional microbiology. Our new strategic vision recognizes that we are more expansive as a field and as a Society than we were when we began over 100 years ago. We have seen more and more scientific disciplines engaged in understanding why and how all life depends on microbes. It is amazing and wonderful to see the expansion of interest in microbes to people who do not think of themselves as microbiologists. It is clear to me that as the microbial sciences continue to prosper, more ways must be found to include new disciplines and groups under the ASM tent. This proposition is obvious, but there are some concerns. Despite our best intentions, we have not been as inclusive as we should be. For example, we have seen real and perceived exclusion from ASM of several groups with major interests in the microbial sciences. There are some lessons to be learned from these experiences. In the late 1970s, virologists left ASM and formed their own society basically to have welcoming common ground in an annual meeting completely devoted to virology (1). Despite having at least two divisions focused on virology, virology sessions at the ASM General Meeting for years were poorly attended, which reinforced the negative feelings. The virologists argued that a smaller meeting run by them had several positive features that would enhance their science. A few years ago, the clinical microbiologists expressed concern that ASM was not meeting the needs of its membership. In 2010, they met with ASM leadership and discussed ways to ensure that ASM could be responsive …
Design and Cost Evaluation of a Generic Magnetic Fusion Reactor Using the D-D Fuel Cycle

A fusion reactor systems code has been developed to evaluate the economic potential of power generation from a toroidal magnetic fusion reactor using deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fuel. A method simila...