cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MANIPULATION AND REDUCTION OF FOREARM AND DISTAL RADIAL FRACTURES IN CHILDREN IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT USING ENTONOX AND INTRANASAL DIAMORPHINE: A 2.5 -YEAR STUDY

Paediatric distal radial and forearm fractures account for 37.4% of all fractures in children. We present our 2.5-year results of a novel safe approach to the treatment of simple distal radial and diaphyseal fractures using intranasal diamorphine and entonox in a designated fracture reduction room in the emergency department. All simple fractures of the distal radius and forearm admitted to our ED between March 2012 and August 2014 that could be reduced using simple manipulation techniques were included in this study. These included angulated diaphyseal fractures of the forearm, angulated metaphyseal fractures of the distal radius and Salter Harris types I and II without significant shortening. All children included were given intranasal diamorphine as well as entonox. The orthopaedic registrar on call performed all reductions. 100 children had their distal radius or forearm fracture reduced in the emergency department using entonox and diamorphine analgesia and had a same day discharge. Average age was 10 years (range 2.20–16.37 years). No complications were reported regarding the use of the analgesia and all children and parents were pleased with their treatment not requiring a hospital admission. The mean initial dorsal angulation of all fracture types was 28.05° degrees (23.91–32.23 95% CI) which was reduced to 7.03° (5.11–8.95 95% CI) post manipulation. There were 9 cases lost to follow up. Two cases lost the initial reduction of the fracture on subsequent clinic follow up and underwent internal fixation in theatre. The use of entonox and intranasal diamorphine is a safe, effective treatment of providing adequate analgesia for children with distal radial and forearm fractures to allow manipulation of displaced dorsally angulated fractures in the emergency department. By facilitating a same day discharge, over £45,000 was saved using this safe method of treatment.
Secure and Efficient Initialization and Authentication Protocols for SHIELD

With the globalization of semiconductor production, out-sourcing IC fabrication has become a trend in various aspects. This, however, introduces serious threats from the entire untrusted supply chain. To combat these threats, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) proposed in 2014 the Supply Chain Hardware Integrity for Electronics Defense (SHIELD) program to design a secure hardware root-of-trust, called dielet, to be inserted into the host package of legitimately produced ICs. Dielets are RF powered and communicate with the outside world through their RF antennas. They have sensors which allow them to passively (without the need for power) record malicious events which can later be read out during an authentication protocol between the dielet and server with a smartphone as intermediary. This paper introduces a general framework for the initialization and authentication protocols in SHIELD with different adversarial models based on formally-defined security games. We introduce a “try-and-check” attack against DARPA's example authentication protocol in their call for SHIELD proposals which nullifies the effectiveness of SHIELD's main goal of being able to detect and trace adversarial activities with significant probability. We introduce the first concrete initialization protocol and, compared to DARPA's example authentication protocol, introduce an improved authentication protocol which resists the try-and-check attack. The area overhead of our authentication and initialization protocols together is only 64-bit NVM, one 8-bit counter and a TRNG based on a single SRAM-cell together with corresponding control logic. Our findings and rigorous analysis are of utmost importance for the teams which received DARPA's funding for implementing SHIELD.
The effects of processing on radiation damage in SiO 2

This paper briefly reviews the general interaction of radiation with thermally grown SiO 2 , both phenomenologically and atomistically. Radiation-induced trapped charge, the creation of fast surface states, and the all-important neutral electron traps are discussed. The types of radiation and their concomitant damage produced by the typical processes of ion implantation, reactive ion etching, and electron-beam lithography are outlined. The effect of these processes on the oxidized silicon system is treated, and process modification to minimize radiation damage is discussed.
Information Limits for Recovering a Hidden Community

We study the problem of recovering a hidden community of cardinality $K$ from an $n \times n$ symmetric data matrix $A$ , where for distinct indices $i,j$ , $A_{ij} \sim P$ if $i, j$ both belong to the community and $A_{ij} \sim Q$ otherwise, for two known probability distributions $P$ and $Q$ depending on $n$ . If $P={\mathrm{ Bern}}(p)$ and $Q={\mathrm{ Bern}}(q)$ with $p>q$ , it reduces to the problem of finding a densely connected $K$ -subgraph planted in a large Erdos–Renyi graph; if $P=\mathcal {N}(\mu ,1)$ and $Q=\mathcal {N}(0,1)$ with $\mu >0$ , it corresponds to the problem of locating a $K \times K$ principal submatrix of elevated means in a large Gaussian random matrix. We focus on two types of asymptotic recovery guarantees as $n \to \infty $ : 1) weak recovery: expected number of classification errors is $o(K)$ and 2) exact recovery: probability of classifying all indices correctly converges to one. Under mild assumptions on $P$ and $Q$ , and allowing the community size to scale sublinearly with $n$ , we derive a set of sufficient conditions and a set of necessary conditions for recovery, which are asymptotically tight with sharp constants. The results hold, in particular, for the Gaussian case, and for the case of bounded log likelihood ratio, including the Bernoulli case whenever $({p}/{q})$ and $({1-p})/({1-q})$ are bounded away from zero and infinity. Previous work has shown that if weak recovery is achievable; then, exact recovery is achievable in linear additional time by a simple voting procedure. We provide a converse, showing the condition for the voting procedure to succeed is almost necessary for exact recovery.
The convergence of microwave photonic and optical wireless systems with military communication and sensor systems

Photonic systems are being deployed today using advances in fiber communications and the convergence of optical-wireless. This talk explores extending this convergence to our military's communications & sensor systems through the development of photonic-based coherent frequency converting technologies operating throughout the RF and millimeter wave spectrum.
On Spectral Analysis of Directed Signed Graphs

It has been shown that the adjacency eigenspace of a network contains key information of its underlying structure. However, there has been no study on spectral analysis of the adjacency matrices of directed signed graphs. In this paper, we derive theoretical approximations of spectral projections from such directed signed networks using matrix perturbation theory. We use the derived theoretical results to study the influences of negative intra cluster and inter cluster directed edges on node spectral projections. We then develop a spectral clustering based graph partition algorithm, SC-DSG, and conduct evaluations on both synthetic and real datasets. Both theoretical analysis and empirical evaluation demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Information-theoretic interpretation of tuning curves for multiple motion directions

We have developed an efficient information-maximization method for computing the optimal shapes of tuning curves of sensory neurons by optimizing the parameters of the underlying feedforward network model. When applied to the problem of population coding of visual motion with multiple directions, our method yields several types of tuning curves with both symmetric and asymmetric shapes that resemble what have been found in the visual cortex. Our result suggests that the diversity or heterogeneity of tuning curve shapes as observed in neurophysiological experiment might actually constitute an optimal population representation of visual motions with multiple components.
Two-Generated Algebras and Standard-Form Congruence

Matrix congruence can be used to mimic linear maps between homogeneous quadratic polynomials in n variables. We introduce a generalization, called standard-form congruence, which mimics affine maps between non-homogeneous quadratic polynomials. Canonical forms under standard-form congruence for three-by-three matrices are derived. This is then used to give a classification of algebras defined by two generators and one degree two relation. We also apply standard-form congruence to classify homogenizations of these algebras.
HOW BLACK HOLES FORM IN HIGH ENERGY COLLISIONS

We elucidate how black holes form in trans-Planckian collisions. In the rest frame of one of the incident particles, the gravitational field of the other, which is rapidly moving, looks like a gravitational shock wave. The shock wave focuses the target particle down to a much smaller impact parameter. In turn, the gravitational field of the target particle captures the projectile when the resultant impact parameter is smaller than its own Schwarzschild radius, forming a black hole. One can deduce this by referring to the original argument of escape velocities exceeding the speed of light, which Michell and Laplace used to discover the existence of black holes.
Fast, scalable prediction of deleterious noncoding variants from functional and population genomic data

Many genetic variants that influence phenotypes of interest are located outside of protein-coding genes, yet existing methods for identifying such variants have poor predictive power. Here we introduce a new computational method, called LINSIGHT, that substantially improves the prediction of noncoding nucleotide sites at which mutations are likely to have deleterious fitness consequences, and which, therefore, are likely to be phenotypically important. LINSIGHT combines a generalized linear model for functional genomic data with a probabilistic model of molecular evolution. The method is fast and highly scalable, enabling it to exploit the 'big data' available in modern genomics. We show that LINSIGHT outperforms the best available methods in identifying human noncoding variants associated with inherited diseases. In addition, we apply LINSIGHT to an atlas of human enhancers and show that the fitness consequences at enhancers depend on cell type, tissue specificity, and constraints at associated promoters.
N=2 String Amplitudes

In physics, solvable models have played very important roles. Understanding a simple model in detail teaches us a lot about more complicated models in generic situations. Five years ago, C. Vafa and I found that the closed N = 2 string theory, that is a string theory with the N = 2 local supersymmetry on the worldsheet, is classically equivalent to the self-dual Einstein gravity in four spacetime dimensions. Thus this string theory is solvable at the classical level. More recently, we have examined the N = 2 string partition function for spacial compactifications, and computed it to all order in the string perturbation expansion. The fact that such computation is possible at all suggests that the N = 2 string theory is solvable even quantum mechanically.
Adrenal Vein Sampling for Primary Aldosteronism: A 2-Week Protocol for Withdrawal of Renin-Stimulating Antihypertensives.

Objective For evaluation of primary aldosteronism, international guidelines recommend a 4–6 week withdrawal of spironolactone, eplerenone, and amiloride prior to adrenal vein sampling (AVS). It is not always feasible to withdraw these drugs in patients with severe hypertension and hypokalemia. We present our experience evaluating the efficacy and clinical outcomes of a 2-week protocol for withdrawal of renin-stimulating antihypertensives prior to AVS.
Variability in Antifungal and Antiviral Use in Hospitalized Children

We analyzed antifungal and antiviral prescribing among high-risk children across freestanding children’s hospitals. Antifungal and antiviral days of therapy varied across hospitals. Benchmarking antifungal and antiviral use and developing antimicrobial stewardship strategies to optimize use of these high cost agents is needed. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:743–746
Topological spin dynamics in cubic FeGe near room temperature

Understanding spin-wave dynamics in chiral magnets is a key step for the development of high-speed, spin-wave based spintronic devices that take advantage of chiral and topological spin textures for their operation. Here, we present an experimental and theoretical study of spin-wave dynamics in a cubic B20 FeGe single crystal. Using the combination of waveguide microwave absorption spectroscopy (MAS), micromagnetic simulations, and analytical theory, we identify the resonance dynamics in all magnetic phases (field polarized, conical, helical, and skyrmion phases). Because the resonance frequencies of specific chiral spin textures are unique, a quantitative agreement between our theoretical predictions and experimental findings for all resonance frequencies and spin wave modes enables us to unambiguously identify chiral magnetic phases and to demonstrate that MAS is a powerful tool to efficiently extract a magnetic phase diagram.
Bridging the enforcement gap in international trade: Participation in the New York Convention on arbitration

International trade transactions come with a peculiar hazard: unlike commerce inside national borders, there are no common courts or legal jurisdictions to enforce contracts should disputes arise. Distance, language, and cultural disparities further complicate contract enforcement for international trade. A 1958 United Nations treaty, the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (NYC), addresses this enforcement gap. NYC signatory countries commit to enforce the outcomes of private arbitration between importers and exporters. This commitment makes private international arbitration a viable legal alternative for dispute resolution, supported by state enforcement through national courts. This paper explores why many countries waited decades to join the NYC despite the obvious benefits. The puzzle is framed with a model of policy adoption – how the net benefits of membership, driven by trade interactions, social contagion or peer effects and internal barriers, influence the timing of membership decisions. In the data, countries are more likely to join when their regional trade partners do. The nature of traded goods is also a strong predictor of NYC membership, as countries that specialize in contract-intensive goods join sooner on average, relative to producers of undifferentiated commodities.
Include Me Out: In-Browser Detection of Malicious Third-Party Content Inclusions

Modern websites include various types of third-party content such as JavaScript, images, stylesheets, and Flash objects in order to create interactive user interfaces. In addition to explicit inclusion of third-party content by website publishers, ISPs and browser extensions are hijacking web browsing sessions with increasing frequency to inject third-party content (e.g., ads). However, third-party content can also introduce security risks to users of these websites, unbeknownst to both website operators and users. Because of the often highly dynamic nature of these inclusions as well as the use of advanced cloaking techniques in contemporary malware, it is exceedingly difficult to preemptively recognize and block inclusions of malicious third-party content before it has the chance to attack the user’s system.
Anti-homosexual legislation and HIV-related stigma in African nations: what has been the role of PEPFAR?

ABSTRACTBackground: Gay men and other men who have sex with men are disproportionately burdened by HIV infection. Laws that penalize same-sex intercourse contribute to a cycle of stigma, homonegativity and discrimination. In many African nations, laws criminalizing homosexuality may be fueling the epidemic, as they dissuade key populations from seeking treatment and health care providers from offering it.Objectives: We analyzed the ways in which policies and practices of the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program addressed pervasively harsh anti-homosexuality laws across Africa. Given the aim of the US PEPFAR program to reduce stigma surrounding HIV, we explored how PEPFAR may have used its influence to reduce the criminalization of homosexuality in the countries where it operated.Methods: We assessed homosexuality laws in 21 African countries where PEPFAR funding sought to reduce the HIV epidemic. We examined PEPFAR Policy Framework agreements associated with those countries, and ...
Nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of the focal contact protein, zyxin: A potential mechanism for communication between sites of cell adhesion and the nucleus

Integrin-dependent cell adhesion to specific extracellular matrix molecules has been demonstrated to trigger dramatic changes in gene expression that can affect cell fate. However, little is understood about the molecular mechanism by which events at sites of cell– substratum adhesion are communicated to the cell interior to regulate the transcriptional apparatus. By analogy to classical mechanisms of cell surface receptor function, it seems likely that some components of the integrin-activated signal transduction machinery will be colocalized with cell adhesion molecules. Zyxin is a low abundance phosphoprotein that accumulates with integrins at sites of cell–substratum attachment. Here we show that zyxin exhibits a functional nuclear export signal that is required to keep zyxin concentrated in the cytoplasm and is sufficient to direct nuclear proteins to the cytosol. Furthermore, we demonstrate that native zyxin shuttles between the nucleus and sites of cell adhesion in fibroblasts and is thus an excellent candidate for relaying information between these two compartments.
Two-Stage Metropolis-Hastings for Tall Data

This paper discusses the challenges presented by tall data problems associated with Bayesian classification (specifically binary classification) and the existing methods to handle them. Current methods include parallelizing the likelihood, subsampling, and consensus Monte Carlo. A new method based on the two-stage Metropolis-Hastings algorithm is also proposed. The purpose of this algorithm is to reduce the exact likelihood computational cost in the tall data situation. In the first stage, a new proposal is tested by the approximate likelihood based model. The full likelihood based posterior computation will be conducted only if the proposal passes the first stage screening. Furthermore, this method can be adopted into the consensus Monte Carlo framework. The two-stage method is applied to logistic regression, hierarchical logistic regression, and Bayesian multivariate adaptive regression splines.
Methodologies for calculating FRAND damages: an economic and comparative analysis of the case law from China, the European Union, India, and the United States

In the last several years, courts around the world, including in China, the European Union, India, and the United States, have ruled on appropriate methodologies for calculating either a reasonable royalty rate or reasonable royalty damages on standard-essential patents (SEPs) upon which a patent holder has made an assurance to license on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms. Included in these decisions are determinations about patent holdup, licensee holdout, the seeking of injunctive relief, royalty stacking, the incremental value rule, reliance on comparable licenses, the appropriate revenue base for royalty calculations, and the use of worldwide portfolio licensing. This article provides an economic and comparative analysis of the case law to date, including the landmark 2013 FRAND-royalty determination issued by the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court (and affirmed by the Guangdong Province High People’s Court) in Huawei v. InterDigital; numerous U.S. district court decisions; recent seminal decisions from the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Ericsson v. D-Link and CISCO v. CSIRO; the six recent decisions involving Ericsson issued by the Delhi High Court; the European Court of Justice decision in Huawei v. ZTE; and numerous post-Huawei v. ZTE decisions by European Union member states. While this article focuses on court decisions, discussions of the various agency decisions from around the world are also included throughout.
Foundations of human computing: facial expression and emotion

Many people believe that emotions and subjective feelings are one and the same and that a goal of human-centered computing is emotion recognition. The first belief is outdated; the second mistaken. For human-centered computing to succeed, a different way of thinking is needed. Emotions are species-typical patterns that evolved because of their value in addressing fundamental life tasks. Emotions consist of multiple components, of which subjective feelings may be one. They are not directly observable, but inferred from expressive behavior, self-report, physiological indicators, and context. I focus on expressive facial behavior because of its coherence with other indicators and research. Among the topics included are measurement, timing, individual differences, dyadic interaction, and inference. I propose that design and implementation of perceptual user interfaces may be better informed by considering the complexity of emotion, its various indicators, measurement, individual differences, dyadic interaction, and problems of inference.
Beyond Income Poverty : Nonmonetary Dimensions of Poverty in Uganda

The proportion of Ugandan households living in poverty reduced by more than half between 1993 and 2013. Using household survey data, this paper analyzes nonmonetary dimensions of poverty in Uganda for levels and trends, to explore whether the observed reduction in monetary-based poverty are reflected in the nonmonetary indicators of poverty. The results show that Uganda's progress in reducing poverty is strongly reflected in several nonmonetary indicators of poverty. The analysis finds that the trends in many nonmonetary indicators are consistent with the trend of monetary-based measure of poverty. The paper also examines whether progress has been as fast as would be expected, given Uganda's impressive performance in reducing poverty. Overall, the evidence indicates that progress on nonmonetary poverty was consistent with expectations, and faster than what would be expected, for some indicators, based on other countries' experiences. This finding is similar to Uganda's progress on reducing monetary poverty, which is also at the expected level based on experience in other countries.
Gentamicin and Gram-Negative Bacteremia. A Synergism for the Development of Experimental Nephrotoxic Acute Renal Failure

To explore whether bacteremia potentiates gentamicin nephrotoxicity, we injected rats with either 1 X 10(9) Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Staphylococcus aureus, and then gave them gentamicin, 100 mg/kg. Renal injury was assessed over the next 24-48 h. Staphylococcus/gentamicin or gentamicin alone induced no renal injury. However, E. coli/gentamicin and Pseudomonas/gentamicin caused acute renal failure (severe azotemia; tubular necrosis; cast formation). This effect was not due to acute reductions in arterial blood pressure or renal blood flow, it could be reproduced by substituting nonviable for viable gram-negative organisms, and it was associated with increased renal gentamicin uptake. E. coli without gentamicin induced only mild azotemia and no tubular necrosis. Endotoxin-tolerant rats were significantly protected against the E. coli/gentamicin nephrotoxic interaction. We conclude that gram-negative bacteremia and gentamicin exert synergistic nephrotoxicities; and that this effect is mediated, at least in part, by endotoxin and in part by increased renal gentamicin uptake.
Embryonic Stress Hypothesis of Teratogenesis

Cells and tissues of essentially all eukaryotes respond uniformly to a variety of stressful situations. Immediately following the onset of several types of environmental insult (e.g., hyperthermia), genes for the so-called heat-shock proteins become unusually active; simultaneously, other genetic loci that were engaged in transcription at the onset of the insult become relatively less active. The biologic significance of the heat-shock response is unknown, as is its role, if any, in maintaining human health. In fact, the heat-shock response seems not to have been invoked previously to explain any aspect of human health or disease. Herein, the proposal is made that induction of the heat-shock response in the mammalian embryo during the critical period of organogenesis can alter the established program of activation and inactivation of genetic loci essential for normal intrauterine development, the result being anatomic malformation. By this hypothesis, induction of the heat-shock response provides a common pathway by which diverse environmental agents can result in any of a variety of developmental abnormalities, the precise period during gestation when the response is induced determining the nature of the abnormalities.
The Diethylstilbestrol Dilemma. Who Should Pay

DIETHYLSTILBESTROL is one of the "toxic time bombs" recently discovered to be responsible for diseases that do not manifest themselves until many years after exposure. In 1947, the Food and Drug Administration allowed manufacturers to recommend diethylstilbestrol for the prevention of miscarriages. In 1971, investigations reported an increased risk of a rare form of vaginal cancer, clear-cell adenocarcinomas, in the daughters of women who had taken diethylstilbestrol ( N Engl J Med 1971;284:878-881), and the FDA thereafter required diethylstilbestrol labeling to state that the drug was contraindicated for use to prevent miscarriage. It is estimated that during the more than 20 years that diethylstilbestrol was marketed for the prevention of miscarriages, more than 200 companies distributed the drug (Downey and Gulley, Theories of Recovery for DES Damage: Is Tort Liability the Answer? , 4 J Legal Med 167, 180 n 63), and that between 500,000 and 2 million pregnant women took the
On Incomplete Learning and Certainty-Equivalence Control

We consider a dynamic learning problem where a decision maker sequentially selects a control and observes a response variable that depends on chosen control and an unknown sensitivity parameter. Af...
A Risk-centric Model of Demand Recessions and Speculation

We provide a continuous-time “risk-centric” representation of the New Keynesian model, which we use to analyze the interactions between asset prices, financial speculation, and macro- economic outcomes when output is determined by aggregate demand. In principle, interest rate policy is highly effective in dealing with shocks to asset valuations. However, in practice monetary policy faces a wide range of constraints. If these constraints are severe, a decline in risky asset valuations generates a demand recession. This reduces earnings and generates a negative feedback loop between asset prices and aggregate demand. In the recession phase, average beliefs matter not only because they affect asset valuations but also because they determine the strength of the amplification mechanism. In the ex-ante boom phase, belief disagreements (or heterogeneous asset valuations) matter because they induce investors to speculate. This speculation exacerbates the crash by reducing high-valuation investors’ wealth when the economy transitions to recession, which depresses (wealth-weighted) average beliefs. Macroprudential policy that restricts speculation in the boom can Pareto improve welfare by increasing asset prices and aggregate demand in the recession.
Averaging of elastic constants for polycrystals

Many materials of interest are polycrystals, i.e., aggregates of single crystals. Randomly distributed orientations of single crystals lead to macroscopically isotropic properties. Here, we briefly review strategies of calculating effective isotropic second and third order elastic constants from the single crystal ones. Our main emphasis is on single crystals of cubic symmetry. Specifically, the averaging of third order elastic constants has not been particularly successful in the past, and discrepancies have often been attributed to texturing of polycrystals as well as to uncertainties in the measurement of elastic constants of both poly and single crystals. While this may well be true, we also point out here shortcomings in the theoretical averaging framework.
Transport Properties of the Infinite-Dimensional Hubbard Model

Results for the optical conductivity and resistivity of the Hubbard model in infinite spatial dimensions are presented. At half-filling we observe a gradual crossover from a metal with a Drude peak at ? = 0 in the optical conductivity to an insulator as a function of U for temperatures above the antiferromagnetic phase transition. When doped, the insulator becomes a Fermi liquid with a corresponding temperature dependence of the optical conductivity and resistivity. We find a T2-coefficient in the low-temperature resistivity which suggests that the carriers in the system acquire a considerable mass-enhancement due to the strong local correlations. At high temperatures, a crossover into a semi-metallic regime takes place.
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Binge Drinking Among College Students: A Qualitative Investigation

ABSTRACTBackground: Among college students, an incongruous association between physical activity (PA) and binge drinking (BD) has been reported. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to qualitatively investigate the relationship between PA and BD among college students. Methods: A trained facilitator asked open-ended questions, based on the social–ecological model, during sex-specific focus groups to inquire about PA and BD. Participants were physically active students (18–24 years, non-varsity athletes), who reported at least one binge drinking episode in the past 30 days. Transcripts were analyzed by 3 researchers to determine emergent themes. Results: Several intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and community factors were identified. The most frequently occurring theme among females (n = 25) was “calorie conscious.” “Damage control: healthy/unhealthy” was the most frequent theme/subtheme among males (n = 33). Discussion: The findings suggest multiple social–ecological levels that influence the...
Sor Juana y sus retratos poéticos

El final del Barroco espanol que empezo con la apertura del Renacimiento a la dulce voz del cantor del Tajo no termina, como todos sabemos bien, en la Peninsula. Es una monja de la Nueva Espana quien, del otro lado del mar, en el Nuevo Mundo, recoge toda la larga tradicion del castellano y, prestandole nuevos ecos, cierra gloriosamente ese periodo literario de nuestra lengua. Publicado originalmente en Revista chilena de literatura, No. 23, 1984, pp. 39-52.
Small and Large Firms over the Business Cycle

This paper uses new confidential Census data to revisit the relationship between firm size, cyclicality, and financial frictions. First, we find that large firms (the top 1 percent by size) are less cyclically sensitive than the rest. Second, high and rising concentration implies that the higher cyclicality of the bottom 99 percent of firms only has a modest impact on aggregate fluctuations. Third, differences in cyclicality are not simply explained by financing, and in fact appear largely unrelated to proxies for financial strength. We instead provide evidence for an alternative mechanism based on the industry scope of the very largest firms.
Reliability assessment for large-scale molecular dynamics approximations

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used in biochemistry, physics, and other fields to study the motions, thermodynamic properties, and the interactions between molecules. Computational limitations and the complexity of these problems, however, create the need for approximations to the standard MD methods and for uncertainty quantification and reliability assessment of those approximations. In this paper, we exploit the intrinsic two-scale nature of MD to construct a class of large-scale dynamics approximations. The reliability of these methods is evaluated here by measuring the differences between full, classical MD simulations and those based on these large-scale approximations. Molecular dynamics evolutions are non-linear and chaotic, so the complete details of molecular evolutions cannot be accurately predicted even using full, classical MD simulations. This paper provides numerical results that demonstrate the existence of computationally efficient large-scale MD approximations which accurately model certain large-scale properties of the molecules: the energy, the linear and angular momenta, and other macroscopic features of molecular motions.
IL-33 promotes the egress of group 2 innate lymphoid cells from the bone marrow

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are effector cells within the mucosa and key participants in type 2 immune responses in the context of allergic inflammation and infection. ILC2s develop in the bone marrow from common lymphoid progenitor cells, but little is known about how ILC2s egress from the bone marrow for hematogenous trafficking. In this study, we identified a critical role for IL-33, a hallmark peripheral ILC2-activating cytokine, in promoting the egress of ILC2 lineage cells from the bone marrow. Mice lacking IL-33 signaling had normal development of ILC2s but retained significantly more ILC2 progenitors in the bone marrow via augmented expression of CXCR4. Intravenous injection of IL-33 or pulmonary fungal allergen challenge mobilized ILC2 progenitors to exit the bone marrow. Finally, IL-33 enhanced ILC2 trafficking to the lungs in a parabiosis mouse model of tissue disruption and repopulation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that IL-33 plays a critical role in promoting ILC2 egress from the bone marrow.
Locally Optimal Radar Waveform Design for Detecting Doubly Spread Targets in Colored Noise

In this letter, we investigate the problem of radar signal waveform design under the small signal power conditions for detecting a doubly spread target in colored noise. The doubly spread target is range spread and its impulse response is time varying due to fluctuation (hence Doppler spread). The locally most powerful detector is derived for detecting such targets. The signal waveform is optimized to maximizing the detector's detection performance or equivalently the Kullback–Leibler divergence. Numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed waveform design by comparing it with the frequency modulated (LFM) waveform.
Osteolytic breast cancer causes skeletal muscle weakness in an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model

Muscle weakness and cachexia are significant paraneoplastic syndromes of many advanced cancers. Osteolytic bone metastases are common in advanced breast cancer and are a major contributor to decreased survival, performance, and quality of life for patients. Pathologic fracture caused by osteolytic cancer in bone (OCIB) leads to a significant (32%) increased risk of death compared to patients without fracture. Since muscle weakness is linked to risk of falls which are a major cause of fracture, we have investigated skeletal muscle response to OCIB. Here, we show that a syngeneic mouse model of OCIB (4T1 mammary tumor cells) leads to cachexia and skeletal muscle weakness associated with oxidation of the ryanodine receptor and calcium (Ca2+) release channel (RyR1). Muscle atrophy follows known pathways via both myostatin signaling and expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1. We have identified a mechanism for skeletal muscle weakness due to increased oxidative stress on RyR1 via NAPDH oxidases [NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4)]. In addition, SMAD3 phosphorylation is higher in muscle from tumor-bearing mice, a critical step in the intracellular signaling pathway that transmits TGFβ signaling to the nucleus. This is the first time that skeletal muscle weakness has been described in a syngeneic model of OCIB and represents a unique model system in which to study cachexia and changes in skeletal muscle.
Egalitarianism with a dash of fair efficiency

We study the construction of Paretian egalitarian social ordering functions in a distribution model with multiple goods and heterogeneous preferences. Given the impossibility to combine equality of resources with efficiency (Fleurbaey and Trannoy, Soc Choice Welf 21:243–263, 2003), we define weaker axioms of equality and efficiency relying on the mean bundle in the allocation. We identify a leximin social ordering function that satisfy these weaker axioms by relying on welfare measures representing the fraction of the mean bundle that would leave an agent indifferent with her bundle.
Defect Complexes and Non-Equilibrium Processes Underlying the P-Type Doping of GaN

It is well known that hydrogen plays a key role in p-type doping of GaN. It is believed that H passivates substitutional Mg during growth by forming a Mgs-N-Hi complex; in subsequent annealing, H is removed, resulting in p-type doping. Several open questions have remained, however, such as experimental evidence for other complexes involving Mg and H and difficulties in accounting for the relatively high-temperature anneal needed to remove H. We present first principles calculations in terms of which we show that the doping process is in fact significantly more complex. In particular, interstitial Mg plays a major role in limiting p-type doping. Overall, several substitutional/interstitial complexes form and can bind H, with vibrational frequencies that account for hitherto unidentified observed lines. We predict that these defects, which limit doping efficiency, can be eliminated by annealing in an atmosphere of H and N prior to the final anneal that removes H.
Immediate Postpartum Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device Insertion and Breast-Feeding Outcomes: A Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Immediate postpartum levonorgestrel intrauterine device insertion is increasing in frequency in the United States, but few studies have investigated the effect of early placement on breast-feeding outcomes. Objective This study examined the effect of immediate vs delayed postpartum levonorgestrel intrauterine device insertion on breast-feeding outcomes. Study Design We conducted this noninferiority randomized controlled trial at the University of Utah and the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Centers from February 2014 through March 2016. Eligible women were pregnant and planned to breast-feed, spoke English or Spanish, were aged 18-40 years, and desired a levonorgestrel intrauterine device. Enrolled women were randomized 1:1 to immediate postpartum insertion or delayed insertion at 4-12 weeks' postpartum. Prespecified exclusion criteria included delivery Results We met the enrollment target with 319 participants, but lost 34 prior to randomization and excluded an additional 26 for medical complications prior to delivery. The final analytic sample included 132 in the immediate group and 127 in the delayed group. Report of any breast-feeding at 8 weeks in the immediate group (79%; 95% confidence interval, 70–86%) was noninferior to that of the delayed group (84%; 95% confidence interval, 76–91%). The 5% difference in breast-feeding continuation at 8 weeks between the groups fell within the noninferiority margin (95% confidence interval, –5.6 to 15%). Time to lactogenesis (mean ± SD) in the immediate group, 65.3 ± 25.7 hours, was noninferior to that of the delayed group, 63.6 ± 21.6 hours. The mean difference between groups was 1.7 hours (95% confidence interval, –4.8 to 8.2 hours), noninferior by log-rank test. A total of 24 intrauterine device expulsions occurred in the immediate group compared to 2 in the delayed group (19% vs 2%, P Conclusion Our results of noninferior breast-feeding outcomes between women with immediate and delayed postpartum levonorgestrel intrauterine device insertion suggest that immediate postpartum intrauterine device insertion is an acceptable option for women planning to breast-feed and use the levonorgestrel intrauterine device. Expulsion rates are higher with immediate postpartum levonorgestrel intrauterine device insertion compared to delayed insertion, but this disadvantage may be outweighed by the advantages of immediate initiation of contraception. Providers should offer immediate postpartum intrauterine device insertion to breast-feeding women planning to use the levonorgestrel intrauterine device.
Hybrid datafication of maintenance logs from AI-assisted human tags

One of the main challenges of applying AI to certain datasets derives from the datasets themselves being unstructured, unclear, and ambiguous. Furthermore, the insights that are to be gained reflect the quality of the data itself; if the data is skewed, so will be the insights. This problem is not unique to AI technology. People looking back at logs of past events often struggle to understand what was recorded, and to put together a timeline amongst a range of actors. AI technology can help humans sort the data out, but it does not provide the same insight often found in the background knowledge of human participants. This contextual weakness has made unstructured data hard to process. In our work, we have studied typical manufacturing maintenance logs to explore whether and how we can apply AI technologies to gain more insight from this — often vast and under-used — data-source. Our approach combines AI techniques for NLP, machine learning, and statistical processing with human contextual knowledge to quickly develop structured semantics reflecting unique datasets.
Protection of autonomous microgrids using agent-based distributed communication

This paper presents a real-time implementation of autonomous microgrid protection using agent-based distributed communication. Protection of an autonomous microgrid requires special considerations compared to large scale distribution net-works due to the presence of power converters and relatively low inertia. In this work, we introduce a practical overcurrent and a frequency selectivity method to overcome conventional limitations. The proposed overcurrent scheme defines a selectivity mechanism considering the remedial action scheme (RAS) of the microgrid after a fault instant based on feeder characteristics and the location of the intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). A synchrophasor-based online frequency selectivity approach is proposed to avoid pulse loading effects in low inertia microgrids. Experimental results are presented for verification of the pro-posed schemes using a laboratory based microgrid. The setup was composed of actual generation units and IEDs using IEC 61850 protocol. The experimental results were in excellent agreement with the proposed protection scheme.
Do Audit Fees Reflect Unique Characteristics of Individual Executives

Individual executives influence many aspects of corporate performance and financial reporting. In this study, we examine whether auditors observe and respond to characteristics of individual executives by adjusting the price of audit services. Using the group connection method for separating firm and executive effects, we find that unexplained audit fees exhibit a statistically and economically significant association with executive fixed effects after controlling for other factors related to the firm and environment. Our tests show only limited evidence that common, observable proxies are associated with the auditor’s perception of an individual executive’s style. Finally, we observe positive and significant associations between the executive fixed effect coefficients and measures of financial reporting risks and audit report delay, indicating auditors’ decisions to adjust fees for executive traits are related to factors representing audit risk and auditor effort. Our findings highlight the importance of differences across individual executives in the external auditor’s decision-making process.
An Analysis of the Value of Information When Exploring Stochastic, Discrete Multi-Armed Bandits

In this paper, we propose an information-theoretic exploration strategy for stochastic, discrete multi-armed bandits that achieves optimal regret. Our strategy is based on the value of information criterion. This criterion measures the trade-off between policy information and obtainable rewards. High amounts of policy information are associated with exploration-dominant searches of the space and yield high rewards. Low amounts of policy information favor the exploitation of existing knowledge. Information, in this criterion, is quantified by a parameter that can be varied during search. We demonstrate that a simulated-annealing-like update of this parameter, with a sufficiently fast cooling schedule, leads to a regret that is logarithmic with respect to the number of arm pulls.
Sustainable Industrial Plants: Energy-Efficient, Asset-Aware, and Waste-Averse

Global competition and reduced profit margins often push modern manufacturing systems toward continuously operating close to their full capacity. This can cause additional stress on the components and even lead to their premature failure, which could in turn result in halt in operation, inventory buildup, potential waste, and possible need for component replacement. Sustainability has often been viewed as utilization of renewable and green energy. However, this paper puts forth an integrated framework for optimal asset and energy management in a manufacturing plant in order to promote sustainable operation. An operation strategy has been devised that minimizes the risk of component failure on the rest of the system, the operation cost, the emissions, as well as material waste due to unwanted postprocess inventory buildup. The problem formulation is nonlinear and mixed-integer in nature, with multiple objectives that at times can be contradictory. Hence, a goal programming approach is used in order to ensure that all objectives are given equal priority.
How Does School Accountability Affect Teachers? Evidence from New York City

Does holding schools accountable for student performance cause good teachers to leave low-performing schools? Using data from New York City, which assigns accountability grades to schools on the basis of student achievement, I perform a regression discontinuity analysis and find evidence of the opposite effect. At the bottom end of the school grade distribution, lower accountability grades decrease teacher turnover and increase joining teachers’ quality. A likely channel is that accountability pressures increase principal effort at lower-graded schools, which teachers value. In contrast, at the top end of the school grade distribution, low accountability grades may negatively impact joining teachers’ quality.