cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TNF potentiates PAF-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in the rat: role of neutrophils and thromboxane A2

Both tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) are released during sepsis and are important mediators of septic lung injury. I investigated the interactions of TNF and PAF on vasoactive responses in the pulmonary circulation. In isolated rat lungs perfused with a cell- and plasma-free physiological salt solution, PAF (0.01- and 0.1-micrograms boluses) caused transient dose-dependent pulmonary arterial and venous constrictions. In vivo pretreatment of the rats with TNF (0.02 or 0.2 mg/kg i.v.) 1 h before lung isolation increased lung myeloperoxidase activity and markedly enhanced PAF-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction without affecting the pressor responses to angiotensin II or hypoxia. In contrast, pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg), which increased lung myeloperoxidase to the same extent as TNF, caused only a modest enhancement of PAF-induced vasoconstriction associated with reduced pressor responses to angiotensin II and hypoxia. Ex vivo perfusion of isolated lungs with TNF for 1 h did not affect PAF vasoconstriction. The TNF-induced potentiation of PAF vasoconstriction was not altered by depletion of circulating neutrophils with vinblastine but was blocked by Dazmegrel, a thromboxane synthase inhibitor. Thus, TNF potentiates PAF-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction by an in vivo mechanism that is neutrophil independent but thromboxane dependent. This TNF-PAF interaction likely contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension during sepsis.
DANGER, a novel regulatory protein of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-receptor activity.

We report the cloning and characterization of DANGER, a novel protein which physiologically binds to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R). DANGER is a membrane-associated protein predicted to contain a partial MAB-21 domain. It is expressed in a wide variety of neuronal cell lineages where it localizes to membranes in the cell periphery together with IP3R. DANGER interacts with IP3R in vitro and co-immunoprecipitates with IP3R from cellular preparations. DANGER robustly enhances Ca2+-mediated inhibition of IP3 RCa2+ release without affecting IP3 binding in microsomal assays and inhibits gating in single-channel recordings of IP3R. DANGER appears to allosterically modulate the sensitivity of IP3 RtoCa2+ inhibition, which likely alters IP3R-mediated Ca2+ dynamics in cells where DANGER and IP3R are co-expressed.
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS FROM IONIZING COLLISIONS OF ATOMS AND IONS

The energy distribution of electrons ejected in collisions of Ne ions with Ne and He atoms, He ions in Ne, and Kr, and Xe ions and neutral atoms in Kr and Xe, respectively, have been measured for ion energies from 0.3 to 3.0 keV. The spectra consist of a continuous distribution decreasing monotonically with electron energy, on which there are superimposed electron groups of definite energy characteristic of the colliding particles. The nature and origin of these groups are discussed.
Deactivation of vibrationally excited CD3H using laser-induced fluorescence

Abstract Infrared fluorescence observed after exciting to ν 6 (ν=1) of CD 3 H with a Q -switched CO 2 laser yields the exponential deactivation rate constant of 0.84 ms −1 torr −1 . Rate constants for deactivation of CD 3 H by rare gases vary from 1.4 (for He) to 0.029 (for Xe) ms −1 torr −1 .
Inhibition of ribonucleic acid methylation in the foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected host cell.

Abstract Inhibition of baby hamster kidney (BHK) host cell protein and RNA synthesis following infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been described (Brown et al. , 1966; Polatnick et al. , in press). Foot-and-mouth disease virus (type A, strain 119) infection causes a more drastic inhibition of host cell protein synthesis than of RNA synthesis throughout the infectious cycle. For example, early in infection (90 min postinfection [PI]), and at peak virus production (300 min PI), protein synthesis is inhibited approximately 50 and 80%, respectively, while RNA synthesis is inhibited only 20 and 50% (Polatnick et al. , in press). In this report, the effect of FMDV infection on host cell RNA methylation is examined at 300 min PI. Methylation of total host cell RNA, fractionated 1 M NaCl insoluble RNA and sRNA is shown to be inhibited to the same degree as host cell protein synthesis in the FMDV infected cell.
Chemokines in islet allograft rejection.

Chemokines have emerged as important regulators in the development, differentiation, and anatomic distribution of leukocytes. Studies of renal and cardiac allograft biopsies have revealed that the expression of many chemokine receptors and their ligands was associated with acute allograft rejection. However, the importance of these chemokine receptor systems varies in the host response to a particular allograft. In this regard, CXCR3 appears to play a more important role in cardiac allograft rejection than CCR2 and CCR5. We have found that CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3 and their ligands, as well as Th1 cytokines are induced to high levels in rejecting islet allografts. Interestingly, targeting CCR5 resulted in a significant prolongation of islet allograft survival. This prolongation was associated with a Th2 response. Our data indicate that in the process of acute rejection, the temporal expression and the ultimate function of a given chemokine vary among different organs or tissues. Hence, each organ or tissue may require a unique set of chemokines to generate acute rejection. Targeting the appropriate chemokine receptors may provide a clinically useful strategy to prevent islet allograft rejection.
Exact nonstandard finite-difference methods for a linear system – the case of centers

A system of two linear differential equations with constant coefficients is considered, where and a 2+bc ≠ 0. Let , if a 2+bc>0, and , if ; then the two eigenvalues of A have opposite signs, ± α or ± iβ. When the two eigenvalues are ± iβ, the linear system has a center at (0,0). For this system, there exists a simple exact nonstandard finite-difference method in the form: , where the denominator function or depending on whether the eigenvalues of A are ± α or ± iβ.
7-Bromoquinolin-8-ol.

Structure analysis of the title compound, C 9 H 6 BrNO, has established that bromination of an 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative occurred in the 7-position. Intermolecular and weak intramolecular O-H...N hydrogen bonds are present. The former causing the molecules to pack as hydrogen-bonded dimers in the solid state.
Traducción y transliteración de nombres de plantas en la versión árabe de Ḥunayn b. Iḥsāq e Iṣṭifān b. Bāsil del tratado De materia medica de Dioscórides

This paper deals with the Arabic translation of De materia medica by the Greek author Dioscorides (1 st century A.D.), particularly the rendering of plant names, which were sometimes properly translated and sometimes transliterated from the Greek. According to a traditional interpretation, the transliteration strategy was used by the translators when they did not know the exact Arabic equivalent of the plant names. I re-examine this interpretation here taking into account the role of plant names in the Greek text and the Andalusian works of botanical lexicography. As a result, I propose to interpret transliterations as a mean used by translators to keep visible the structure of the work, in which plant names played a certain role.
Met Acid Balance in Growing Infants

Methods recently developed by KILDEBERG et al. [ACta paed. scand. 58: 321, 1969] permit the quantitation of net acid balance (NAB) in growing infants for the first time. NAB consists of the difference between net acid intake (NAI) and urinary net acid excretion (NAE). NAI, defined as the daily net gain of non-carbonic, non-metabolizable acid from all extrarenal sources, consists of contributions from G-I absorption, sulfuric acid production, organic anion (OA-) excretion, skeletal mineralization (Ca++ balance) and soft tissue growth, each of which can be measured or approximated. Daily NAB was determined in 3 groups of 6 to 12 growing healthy permature infants fed 100–120 Cal/kg/d of either PM60/40R (group A, 50 periods), SimilacR (group B, 28 periods), or a standard cows milk formula (group C, 28 Periods). All formulae contained surprisingly large loads of undertermined anion [UA = (Na++ Ca+++ Mg++) − (Cl−+1.8P)], being lowest in A and highest in C, but since fecal UA approximated oral intake of UA in all groups, net absorbed UA (potential base) was small. Sulfuric acid production was low in A and B and higher in C. Acid load due to urinary OA- excrection was significant and similar in all groups, while that due to skeletal growth was proportional to Ca++ intake. Despite differences in the amount and pattern of NAI,NAE closely matched NAI so that NAB was not different from zero in any group. These results show that normal growth is accompanied by a relatively high level of acid production, the pattern and amount of which can be altered in response to type of dietary intake. They also suggest a heretofore unrecognized role of the G-I tract in defense against potential base load of commonly used formulae.
Age and food restriction alter the porphyrin concentration and mRNA levels for 5-aminolevulinate synthase in rat harderian gland

Abstract The effects of age and food restriction on the porphyrin concentration in Harderian glands were studied in male Fisher 344 rats. Harderian gland porphyrin concentrations increased with age; this was statistically significant in 20 month old aninals compared with 3 month old animals. Food restriction (by 40%) prevented the age-associated rise in porphyrins; thus, in 20 month old food restricted rats had porphyrin concentrations similar to those found in young animals. In a second experiment, we correlated the age-associated rise in Harderian gland porphyrin concentrations with an increase in mRNA levels for 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALV-S). Both the porphyrin concentration and ALV-S mRNA rose at 12 and 18 months of age, but decreased by 24 months of age. It is concluded that, a) porphyrin biosynthesis in the Harderian glands increases up to 20 months of age but decreases in rats that are 24 months old, and b) food restriction prevents the porphyrin rise associated with age in the Harderian gland of male Fisher 344 rats.
An ab initio analysis of charge redistribution upon isomerization of retinal in rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin

In the framework of quantum-chemical methods (RHF, MP2, and DFT), we study the reaction of photoinduced isomerization of biological molecules—retinal in rhodopsin (Rh) and bacteriorhodopsin (BRh)—the key intermediates in the vision process. The charge redistribution in the retinal chromophore of these biological molecules as the mechanism of the photoinduced isomerization is investigated. The results of the Mulliken, Lowdin, Natural Bond, and ESP population analyses are compared and validated. We demonstrate that the isomerization reaction is accompanied by the substantial charge relocation within the isomerization region with the electron localization on C11 for the retinal in Rh and C14 for the retinal in BRh. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 109: 3131-3141, 2009
Venus gravity west of Beta Regio

Doppler tracking data from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) have been used to estimate the anomalous gravity field in the region of Venus west of Beta Regio. The analysis invokes a Kalman filter-smoother to solve the nonlinear spacecraft state estimation problem and a linear Bayesian estimator to perform the geophysical inversion. The topographic map for this region, derived from the PVO radar, has been filtered to have the same distortions and degree of smoothing as the gravity map. The undulations of the gravity are about 0.2 times as large as expected from the topography, on the assumption that the latter is uncompensated. A comparison of the gravity and topography by means of the spectral admittance is consistent with Airy compensation at a depth of 50 km, if the surface material has a density of 2.6 g/cu cm. However, this is not a unique interpretation.
Legal exclusions, private wealth and livelihoods: An analysis of work time allocation in protected areas

Abstract Do exclusionary forest access regimes have an unequal impact on livelihood activities? This paper analyzes primary data on time allocation to livelihood activities by forest communities in the Indian Himalayas to investigate this question. Estimation results are consistent with the hypothesis that forest access regimes affect both forest extraction behavior and other livelihood strategies. Residents of sanctuary forests, experiencing higher restrictions on forest use, decrease the proportion of time allocated to forest extraction and livestock activities, but compensate by increasing their time allocation to agriculture in comparison to residents of state-controlled protected forests. However, wealthy residents of the wildlife sanctuary expend a higher proportion of their time in managing livestock and extracting forest resources in comparison to its less affluent residents. Thus wealth enables circumvention of access restrictions despite legalization of exclusion. Findings of this study have implications for design of biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration policies.
The role of the acquired distinctiveness of cues in the acquisition of a motor skill in children.

(1955). The Role of the Acquired Distinctiveness of Cues in the Acquisition of a Motor Skill in Children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 11-24.
A semi-implicit integration scheme for rate independent finite crystal plasticity

An efficient new numerical integration scheme is presented for rate independent crystal plasticity theory. A key feature of this approach is the ability to identify active slip systems prior to determining their shearing rate. Options are described for various cases of slip system hardening, including self hardening and latent hardening. Alternatives for the constitutive update are explored, including hyperelasticity based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient as well as application of the consistency condition in a much more efficient hypoelastic formulation. Several conclusions are drawn concerning the influences of elastic and plastic properties on the activation of slip systems and their subsequent shearing rates. Key among these is the fact that, once activated, shearing rates are independent of the levels of shear flow resistance on the slip systems, provided that the plastic hardening moduli are much less in magnitude than the elastic moduli, as is usually the case. Determination of active slip systems and their shearing rates depend on the degree of elastic anisotropy of the crystal, but not on the magnitude of elastic stiffness.
Numerical Simulation of Accident Scenario in HTGR (Pebble Bed Reactor) Using COMSOL® Code

High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR) development and operation is expanding in the United Kingdom, Russia, USA (Generation IV Reactors), and France (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor, PBMR). A prototype pebble bed reactor producing 10 MW thermal, High Temperature Reactor (HTR-10) is in operation in China. However, the general public remains skeptical of the safety and the perceived dangers of possible accidents.Of particular concern are blockages caused by local variations in flow and heat transfer that lead to hot spots within the bed. This paper models the accident scenario resulting from blockages due to the retention of dust in the coolant gas or from the rupture of one or more fuel particles used in the High Temperature Gas Cooled (Pebble Bed) Nuclear Reactors using the commercially available computer code COMSOL. Numerical modeling of flow and heat transfer in a packed bed produces an Elliptical Non-Linear Partial Differential equation that requires custom made computer codes. Previously published results obtained from the use of a custom-made verified computer code are limited to one accident scenario and involve considerable modification to study different accident scenarios. Thus the use of a commercially available computer code that can simulate many different accident scenarios is of considerable advantage. Further, this paper compares numerical solutions obtained from custom-made computer code with COMSOL simulation and discusses the advantages and limitations of both codes.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A cultural analysis of maternal self-conceptions

Abstract This inquiry explores how culture frames adolescent and adult mothers' conceptions of themselves in relation to the maternal role. Interviews with primiparous adolescent and adult mothers revealed how they differentially appropriate cultural life-phase expectations and cultural representations of motherhood as they construct their maternal self-conceptions. The adult mothers expressed homogeneous maternal self-conceptions, reflecting cultural representations of motherhood as a normative adult role. In contrast, the adolescent mothers' varied conceptions of themselves as mothers reflect the variability of adolescent identify development, and the intersection of cultural representations that both favor and discourage motherhood as an identity constituent for adolescents.
Thermal diffusivity and conductivity of Hg1−xZnxTe solids and melts

The thermal diffusivity of pseudobinary Hg(1-x)Zn(x)Te solids and melts was measured by the laser flash method. The measured diffusivities for the solids of 0.10 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.30 are about 60% of that of the HgTe solid. Those for the melts rise rapidly with temperature but less so with increasing x. For x = 0.30, the diffusivity of the melt is about one third of that of the HgTe melt. Using the calculated beat capacity data from the associated solution model and measured density values, the thermal conductivity for the pseudobinary Hg(1-x)Zn(x)Te solids of 0.10 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.30 and for the melts of x = O.10, 0.16, and 0.30 was determined.
Issues management revisited: A tool that deserves another look

Abstract Issues management has been around for almost twenty years now, but, while it has been adopted by a few major corporations as a powerful strategic planning tool, it has failed to attract the widespread attention it certainly deserves. One explanation is that it has been the victim of its own success. If it is done properly, it is capable of finessing potentially damaging issues or at least containing them in such a way that they do not reach public attention. As a result, examples of successful issues management tend to remain invisible. Another explanation is that, despite all that has been written about it, issues management is sometimes misunderstood: in particular it is frequently confused with crisis management or risk communication. The fact remains, however, that issues management can be a valuable tool for professionals engaged in public affairs and other areas of public relations. In order to help practitioners gain a better understanding of it, this article provides an updated survey of the literature, reviewing how the public policy process works and how issues develop. It also describes various techniques for handling issues and, finally, discusses future prospects for this area of communication management that has yet to reach its full potential.
Glitch Power Reduction via Clock Skew Scheduling

Dynamic power consumption is directly related tothe number of the signal transitions in a circuit. Glitches are undesired spurious transitions caused by inputs of a gate arriving at different times, instead of arriving together, thus causing unnecessary power dissipation. Our objective in this paper is to reduce the number of glitches in a circuit to reduce dynamic power. We do so by clock skew scheduling, where different flipflopsreceive clocks at different times. We formulate thescheduling as an Integer linear Programming problem andderive vector-independent clock skew schedule to reduce glitches. We also propose linear objective functions based on timing window of gates for optimization. The proposed method was evaluated on ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits using dynamic simulation. Results show that we achieve an average reduction of ~32% in glitch power.
MARGOLIS ON HISTORY AND NATURE

In his philosophy of culture, Joseph Margolis maintains that, although human beings and human societies have a history, there is no human nature in the sense of a fixed essence. I consider objections to Margolis's thesis,beginning with the possibility that nonhuman intelligent species might be in a position to study human behavior from its origins to its demise with the proper distance from our own situation in order to arrive at an understanding of what is essential to human nature, perhaps as a Kantian regulative rather than constitutive principle, and involving abstractions from particular cases and idealizations, as in other branches of science. Finally, I examine the historical-past orientation of Margolis's concept of humanity's self-understanding and its dependence on the intentionality of human thought, and I conclude that it provides an inadequate reason for denying that there can be such a thing as human nature.
Femtosecond Time-Resolved Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy of the S2(1Bu+) Excited State of β-Carotene

The electronic and vibrational structure of β-carotene's early excited states are examined using femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy. The vibrational spectrum of the short-lived (∼160 fs) second excited singlet state (S2, 1Bu+) of β-carotene is obtained. Broad, resonantly enhanced vibrational features are observed at ∼1100, 1300, and 1650 cm-1 that decay with a time constant corresponding to the electronic lifetime of S2. The temporal evolution of the vibrational spectra are consistent with significant population of only two low-lying excited electronic states (1Bu+ and 2Ag-) in the ultrafast relaxation pathway of β-carotene.
Gene expression profiling of long-lived dwarf mice: longevity-associated genes and relationships with diet, gender and aging

Long-lived strains of dwarf mice carry mutations that suppress growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) signaling. The downstream effects of these endocrine abnormalities, however, are not well understood and it is unclear how these processes interact with aging mechanisms. This study presents a comparative analysis of microarray experiments that have measured hepatic gene expression levels in long-lived strains carrying one of four mutations (Prop1df/df, Pit1dw/dw, Ghrhrlit/lit, GHR-KO) and describes how the effects of these mutations relate to one another at the transcriptional level. Points of overlap with the effects of calorie restriction (CR), CR mimetic compounds, low fat diets, gender dimorphism and aging were also examined. All dwarf mutations had larger and more consistent effects on IGF-I expression than dietary treatments. In comparison to dwarf mutations, however, the transcriptional effects of CR (and some CR mimetics) overlapped more strongly with those of aging. Surprisingly, the Ghrhrlit/litmutation had much larger effects on gene expression than the GHR-KO mutation, even though both mutations affect the same endocrine pathway. Several genes potentially regulated or co-regulated with the IGF-I transcript in liver tissue were identified, including a DNA repair gene (Snm1) that is upregulated in proportion to IGF-I inhibition. A total of 13 genes exhibiting parallel differential expression patterns among all four strains of long-lived dwarf mice were identified, in addition to 30 genes with matching differential expression patterns in multiple long-lived dwarf strains and under CR. Comparative analysis of microarray datasets can identify patterns and consistencies not discernable from any one dataset individually. This study implements new analytical approaches to provide a detailed comparison among the effects of life-extending mutations, dietary treatments, gender and aging. This comparison provides insight into a broad range of issues relevant to the study of mammalian aging. In this context, 43 longevity-associated genes are identified and individual genes with the highest level of support among all microarray experiments are highlighted. These results provide promising targets for future experimental investigation as well as potential clues for understanding the functional basis of lifespan extension in mammalian systems.
Comparison of technical and clinical outcome with use of a malfunctioning versus properly functioning duodenoscope

Comparison of technical and clinical outcome with use of a malfunctioning versus properly functioning duodenoscope
Differential expression and induction of two carbonic anhydrase isoforms in the gills of the euryhaline green crab, Carcinus maenas, in response to low salinity.

Abstract Two isoforms of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) from the gills of the euryhaline green crab were sequenced and identified; these were found to match the cytoplasmic (CAc) and membrane-associated (CAg) isoforms known from other species. The mRNA of the membrane-associated isoform is present in significantly higher levels of abundance in gills of crabs acclimated to 32 ppt, at which the crab is an osmotic and ionic conformer. Upon transfer to low salinity (15 ppt), in which the crab is an osmoregulator, however, the cytoplasmic isoform undergoes a rapid 100-fold increase in abundance in the posterior gills, becoming the dominant isoform. CAg increases 3-fold initially and then remains elevated through 14 days of low salinity acclimation. The induction of CAc mRNA is believed to be the molecular basis for the 20 fold increase in CA protein-specific activity during low salinity acclimation. The initial increase in CAc mRNA takes place at 6 h, and maximal levels of expression are achieved by 24 h; this precedes the induction of CA activity and is within the time in which hemolymph osmotic and ionic concentrations stabilize at new acclimated levels. The increase in expression of the CAg isoform is believed to be more closely related to changes in the population of branchial chloride cells. Changes in the relative abundance of mRNA for the α-subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase were smaller in magnitude than those for CAc, but the timing was similar. There were no changes in expression of a control gene, arginine kinase (AK) in posterior gills, and there were no significant changes in expression in anterior gills for any of the genes measured here. These results support the use of a control tissue (anterior gills) in addition to a control gene for expression studies.
Does Periodic Maintenance Cause Unscheduled Outages?: Investigation of National Airspace System Equipment Outages

It has been suspected for some time that unscheduled outages of National Airspace System equipment increase during core working hours; to date, however, no research has been done to determine their cause. First, aggregate trends in scheduled periodic maintenance (PM) activities and unscheduled outages are examined for calendar years 2000 through 2004. The reported increase in unscheduled outages is postulated to be due to increased levels of maintenance activities that may occur during this period. A detailed analysis is presented, and the individual pieces of equipment that suffer unscheduled outages after receiving PM are examined. If PM activities have an effect on unscheduled outages, then higher levels of unscheduled outages would be expected to occur in the first hours after the completion of a PM task. Further data analysis shows evidence for this hypothesis.
On log-tape isomorphisms of complete sets☆

Abstract In this paper we study log n -tape computable reductions between sets and investigate conditions under which log n -tape reductions between sets can be extended to log n -tape computable isomorphisms of these sets. As an application of these results we obtain easy to check necessary and sufficient conditions that sets complete under log n -tape reductions in NL, CSL, P, NP, PTAPE, etc. are log n -tape isomorphic to the previously known complete sets in the respective classes. As a matter of fact, all the “known” complete sets for NL, CSL, P, NP, PTAPE, etc. are now easily seen to be, respectively, log n -tape isomorphic. These results strengthen and extend substantially the previously known results about polynomial time computable reductions and isomorphisms of NP and PTAPE complete sets. Furthermore, we show that any set complete in CSL, PTAPE, etc. must be dense and therefore, for example, cannot be over a single letter alphabet.
Hypercalcemia associated with extracorporeal life support in neonates

Abstract Background/Purpose: Disturbances in calcium homeostasis are common at initiation of extracorporeal life support (ECLS). At the authors' institution many neonates undergoing ECLS have developed hypercalcemia. To determine the frequency of hypercalcemia in neonates during ECLS we performed retrospective chart review of neonates that required ECLS at our neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: The authors identified 76 consecutive neonates who underwent ECLS before 10 days of age at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center from July 1, 1991 to June 30, 1996. The hospital charts and ELSO forms were reviewed. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data for each of the patients were reviewed, both before initiation and during ECLS. Hypercalcemia was defined as total serum calcium concentration of greater than 11 mg/dL (2.74 mmol/L) on at least one occasion beyond the first 24 hours of ECLS. Results: The hospital charts and ELSO forms from 70 patients were available for review. One patient was excluded because he was only on ECLS for 33 hours, and there were no calcium levels obtained after 24 hours of ECLS and until death. Twenty-five (36%) neonates undergoing ECLS had hypercalcemia (serum Ca > 11 mg/dL [2.74 mmol/L]). Hypercalcemia was associated with longer duration of ECLS (hypercalcemia group, 243 ± 115 hours and normocalcemia group, 139 ± 64 hours) and greater requirements for platelet transfusions (hypercalcemia group, 538 ± 282 mL and normocalcemia group, 372 ± 233 mL). This could not be explained by differences in primary diagnosis, amounts of calcium administered, and acid-base status. Conclusions: Hypercalcemia was found to be common in neonates that require ECLS and is associated with longer duration of ECLS support. Conservative calcium administration for neonates while on ECLS may be warranted. J Pediatr Surg 36:493-497. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Internal temporary aortic shunt for managing lesions of the descending thoracic aorta

An intraaortic shunt was used to maintain distal organ perfusion during experimental descending aortic cross-clamping and graft interposition in the descending aorta. None of the dogs in which this form of shunt was employed developed paraplegia, whereas 60% of the dogs in which no adjunct was used during aortic cross-clamping became paraplegic.
Thromboelastography in healthy, sick non-septic and septic neonatal foals

Objectives To evaluate citrated recalcified thromboelastography (TEG) in healthy newborn foals, and to determine intra-assay, inter-individual and intra-individual (at 12 h, 24 h and 7 days after birth) variations. Additionally, to compare TEG variables, haematological values and conventional coagulation profiles from healthy, sick non-septic, and septic foals. Design Prospective study. Methods The study group comprised 18 healthy, 15 sick non-septic and 17 septic foals. Two citrated (3.2%; 1 : 9 anticoagulant : blood ratio) blood samples were submitted for haemostatic evaluation using a TEG analyser and conventional coagulation profile. TEG values (R time (R), K time (K), angle (α), maximum amplitude (MA) and G value (G)), complete blood count (CBC) and conventional coagulation profile (prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen concentration (Fib) and antithrombin (AT)) were evaluated. Signalment, presenting complaint, sepsis scores, blood culture results and outcome were taken from the medical records of the sick foals. Results Mean values ± SD for TEG variables in healthy neonatal foals were: R = 11.82 ± 5.35 min, K = 3.06 ± 1.34 min, α= 51.19 ± 12.66 degrees, MA = 55.06 ± 6.67 mm and G = 6361 ± 1700 dyn/cm2. Mean coefficients of variation for intra-assay/inter-individual/intra-individual in healthy foals were: R = 3.5/45.2/43.1%; K = 5.3/58.7/28.7%; α= 1.5/24.7/11.9%; MA = 0.3/12.1/6.1%; G = 1.6/26.7/14.7%. Septic foals had significantly greater α, MA and G values than sick non-septic foals, and significantly greater MA and G than healthy foals, changes that are consistent with hypercoagulability. Weak correlations were detected between TEG variables and haematological or haemostatic values. Conclusions TEG could be used to provide additional information about the haemostatic system in equine neonates.
A demonstration of the dentato-reticulospinal projection in the cat

Abstract Experiments were performed to anatomically and electrophysiologically demonstrate the existence of a dentato-reticulospinal pathway in the cat. Reticulospinal neurons projecting to the lumbar region of the spinal cord were shown to respond to stimulation in the dentate nucleus at latencies as short as 0.8 ms. The latency of these responses could be varied by changing either stimulus strength or stimulus frequency. Furthermore, intracellular recordings revealed that these responses were associated with a graded depolarization with latencies as short as 0.8 ms. Collision experiments confirmed that the responses recorded in reticular neurons following spinal cord stimulation were antidromically evoked and that the orthodromically evoked responses to dentate stimulation were conducted to the spinal cord. To ensure that the short latency responses evoked in these cells by dentate stimulation were not the result of activating a cerebellar projection to the brainstem through the inferior cerebellar peduncle, an experiment was performed demonstrating that these responses could be blocked by lesions of the brachium conjunctivum. In the anatomical experiments, small injections of horseradish peroxidase limited to the rostromedial region of the medullary reticular formation resulted in the retrograde labeling of neurons in the contralateral dentate nucleus. On the basis of these electrophysiological and neuroanatomical findings, it was concluded that a dentatoreticulospinal system is present in the cat. a system by which the dentate nucleus may affect neuronal integration occurring in the spinal cord.
Aluminium, zinc, gallium, and cadmium complexes supported by a monoanionic [N2P2] ligand

Metal–halide complexes of main-group metals Al, Ga, Zn, and Cd supported by the new sterically and electronically versatile monoanionic ligand, tBuN(H)SiMe2N(CH2CH2PiPr2)2, H[N2P2], are described. The metal–alkyl complex [N2P2]AlMe2 (4) was prepared by two metathesis reactions of [N2P2]AlCl2 (1) and 2MeLi, as well as [N2P2]Li and Me2AlCl. All compounds were characterized by standard analytical techniques; in addition, [N2P2]AlCl2 (1), [N2P2]GaCl2 (3), and [N2P2]CdCl2 (6) were characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The potentially tetradentate ligand enforces a tetrahedral geometry at each metal by adopting two coordination modes: κ2-NP (Al, Ga) and κ3-NP2 (Cd).
The ultraviolet-light theory of comet-activity

The recent study by Hulburt and Maris (Phys. Rev., v. 33, 1046–1060, 1929) of the relation between comet-activity and terrestrial magnetic storms omitted the 1835 appearance of Halley s Comet, the great comets of 1843 and 1847, and the breaking up of Biela's Comet of 1846 because no magnetic storm-lists were available for years earlier than 1848. A storm-list compiled from the records of Gauss s (Gauss, Werke, 1867) studies at Gottingen (Beobachtungen des Magnetischen Vereins, Gauss utid Weber, 1836–1841) and from the hourly observations at Prague (Reports of the Magnetic Observatory at Prague, 1838–1847) shows that in each case extraordinary comet-activity was preceded by the greatest magnetic disturbance of the year. The time-intervals between the magnetic storms and the respective comet-events were 2, 11, 11, and 16 days, and in each case the comet was favorably placed to be in the path of the solar ultraviolet flare responsible for the terrestrial magnetic storm.
Reconstruction for fan beam with an angular-dependent displaced center-of-rotation.

A convolutional backprojection algorithm is derived for a fan beam geometry that has an angular‐dependent displacement in its center‐of‐rotation from the midline of the fan beam. In both x‐ray computed tomography and single photon emission computed tomography, misalignment can occur when the mechanical center‐of‐rotation is not colinear with midline of the fan beam. In some cases the shift in the center‐of‐rotation is constant for every angle, whereas, in other cases it varies with angular position. Standard reconstruction algorithms, which directly filter and backproject the fan beam data without rebinning into parallel beam geometry, have been derived for a geometry having its center‐of‐rotation at the midline of the fan beam. However, in the case of any misalignment of the center‐of‐rotation, if these conventional reconstruction algorithms are used to reconstruct the fan beam projections, structured artifacts and a loss of resolution will result. Simulations are performed that illustrate these artifacts and demonstrate how the new algorithm corrects for this misalignment. A method for estimating the parameters of the fan beam geometry, including the angular‐dependent shift in the center‐of‐rotation, is also described.
Photomask metrology in the era of neolithography

The appearance of smaller photomask feature sizes, high density patterns, and optical enhancements such as phase shifters and OPC features, and the increasing importance of subresolution mask characteristics, can severely challenge traditional mask metrology techniques. Such high resolution imaging techniques as SEMs and scanning probe microscopes can present serious metrology problems in modeling, throughput, and accuracy. Accordingly, photomask metrology must be examined in the larger context of mask design, specification, manufacture, and application. Critical mask features may not always be measured directly as in the past. Instead, their optical effects can be measured and compared with specifications. Discrepancies indicate needed corrections in mask fabrication process control. In the early days of integrated circuit lithography, an era which might be termed paleolithography, the pattern on the photomask was transferred conformally to the wafer. Mask CDs were measured directly in a metrology microscope and represented their corresponding wafer CDs. The optical transform from mask to wafer was simply the scalar exposure system reduction ratio. In the present era of neolithography, with wafer CDs near the exposure wavelength, this is no longer the case. The wafer exposure system performs a nonlinear optical transform on the mask pattern to produce an aerial image in the resist. OPC and mask phase shifters are manifestations of the inverse of this transform. The image in the developed resist depends on the mask pattern and the exposure and development parameters in nonlinear ways. These parameters can be optimized in software, but their effects are equally important in both mask design and mask metrology. A conceptualization of the photomask life cycle is presented showing the role of mask metrology in context. This approach can lead to practical solutions of the mask metrology problems in neolithography.
Intralesional Interferon α-2b in the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Revisited

Background. Intralesional interferon (IFN) α-2b has been shown to be a safe and effective mode of treatment for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Multiple studies published in the 1980s through the early 1990s have demonstrated the efficacy of intralesional interferon in the treatment of these malignancies. Unfortunately, this modality appears to be underused. Objective. This article serves to remind dermatologists that in addition to cryotherapy, electrodesiccation, and surgical excision, intralesional IFN-α is an important part of the armamentarium in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers. Methods. In addition to a review of the literature, we present eight cases in seven patients successfully treated with intralesional IFN for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions. Its nonsurgical approach and excellent cosmetic results make IFNα-2b an attractive option for patients and an important alternative when other treatment modalities are impractical or contraindicated.
EFFECT OF VARIABLE HEME OXYGENASE (HO-1) EXPRESSION ON OXYGEN RESISTANCE IN CULTURED HAMSTER FIBROBLASTS. ▴ 1212

EFFECT OF VARIABLE HEME OXYGENASE (HO-1) EXPRESSION ON OXYGEN RESISTANCE IN CULTURED HAMSTER FIBROBLASTS. ▴ 1212
A theory of natural selection incorporating interaction among individuals. IX. Use of groups consisting of a mating pair and sterile diploid caste members.

Abstract This paper and the next member of the series, deal with genetical mechanisms responsible for the evolution of eusociality (a level of social organization that includes differentiated sterile castes) among the “social” insects. Eusociality has evolved in a number of different species. Two different types of genetic systems are represented among these species: diplodiploidy (both sexes diploid) and haplodiploidy (haploid males and diploid females). The present paper examines the evolution of a sterile caste system in the context of diplodiploidy, and the next paper considers the evolution of eusociality in the context of haplodiploidy. The present study demonstrates that if the sterile diploid caste members are related to the reproductive members of the group, eusociality can evolve. This is true because the caste associate gene effects are included in the function determining gene frequency change (i.e. Δp i ). Also, since the caste gene effects are expressed only through the associate dimension of gene activity, they can cause morphological and behavioral adaptations to occur which are peculiar to the caste members, and need not be expressed in the reproducing members of the group. Thus caste differentiation is possible.
Results of Surgical Treatment of Incipient Stroke

Recently we have studied the role of surgical treatment of patients having occlusive cerebrovascular disease, particularly incipient stroke (or focal intermittent cerebrovascular insufficiency). This report concerns 35 pa-patients with incipient stroke in whom circulation was restored to normal by operation on an artery in an attempt to prevent transient ischemic episodes and cerebral infarction. Since all of the patients were neurologically normal at the time of the surgical procedure, we were concerned primarily with the risk of [see tablein the PDF file] the procedure, particularly in terms of cerebral infarction. The operative mortality rate was 8.5 per cent (three patients). Six patients (17 per cent) sustained cerebral infarcts. Four of these had mild neurologic deficits, usually consisting of clumsiness and mildly reduced discriminatory sensation in one hand; one had a severe neurologic deficit, and one died. Evidence shows that at least some of these infarcts resulted from emboli arising from the ...
Vitamin A receptors: multiple species in retina and brain and possible compartmentalization in retinal photoreceptors.

— As assessed by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, bovine retinal cytosol exhibits 2S and 7S vitamin A binding species (‘receptors’). Upon fractionation of the retina, outer segment photoreceptor units are enriched in 7S receptor whereas the outer segment poor layers of the retina have a decreased amount of 7S receptor. The 2S vitamin A receptor is found both in the photoreceptor fraction and in the rod-poor layers of the retina. The supernatant fraction of fetal retina demonstrates 2S binding but no 7S binding; a small 7S peak observed in adult pigment epithelial supernatant preparations is also not seen in the supernatant fraction of fetal pigment epithelial cells. The binding pattern in the newborn retina is similar to that in adult retina, i.e. extensive 7S as well as 2S binding. Adult bovine brain exhibits a large 7S receptor peak which is missing in fetal brain supernatant and virtually absent in newborn brain. The 7S receptor may thus be compartmentalized in retinal photoreceptors but is not unique to the retina since it is also observed in brain. The ontogenic patterns in the two tissues are different however.
Monocyte tissue factor activity in anticoagulant-treated patients

The tissue factor coagulant activity of peripheral blood monocytes was measured in 20 patients on long-term anticoagulant treatment with warfarin and in 21 healthy individuals. Contrary to expectations, tissue factor activity was not reduced in the warfarin-treated group and was, in fact, elevated in several patients. No relationship existed between the daily warfarin dose or the degree of prolongation of the prothrombin time and the monocyte tissue factor activity. These results indicate that monocyte tissue factor activity is not necessarily reduced to below normal levels with warfarin treatment.
Large miscibility gap in the Ba(Mn x Fe 1-x ) 2 As 2 system

The compounds BaMn${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ and BaFe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ both crystallize in the body-centered-tetragonal ThCr${}_{2}$Si${}_{2}$-type (122-type) structure at room temperature but exhibit quite different unit cell volumes and very different magnetic and electronic transport properties. Evidently reflecting these disparities, we have discovered a large miscibility gap in the system Ba(Mn${}_{x}$Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$)${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$. Rietveld refinements of powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements on samples slow-cooled from 1000 ${}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$C to room temperature (RT) reveal a two-phase mixture of BaMn${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{Ba}({\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.12}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.88}){}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ phases together with impurity phases for $x=0.2$, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8. We infer that there exists a miscibility gap in this system at 300 K with composition limits $0.12\ensuremath{\lesssim}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}1$. For samples quenched from 1000 ${}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$C to 77 K, the refinements of RT XRD data indicate that the miscibility gap at RT narrows at 1000 ${}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$C to $0.2\ensuremath{\lesssim}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.8$. Samples with $x=0.4$, 0.5, and 0.6 quenched from 1100 to 1400 ${}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$C to 77 K contain a single 122-type phase together with significant amounts of Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Mn${}_{x}$As and FeAs${}_{2}$ impurity phases. These results indicate that the system is not a pseudobinary system over the whole composition range and that the 122-type phase has a significant homogeneity range at these temperatures. Magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$, electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$, and heat capacity measurements versus temperature $T$ of the single-phase quenched polycrystalline samples with $x=0.2$ and 0.8 are reported. We also report attempts to grow single crystals of the substituted compounds Ba(Mn${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{T}_{x}$)${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ ($T$ $=$ Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, and Pt) and BaMn${}_{2}$(As${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Sb${}_{x}$)${}_{2}$ out of Sn flux. Energy-dispersive x-ray analyses show that most of these elements do not substitute into the lattice in amounts greater than 0.5%. However, concentrations of 4.4%, $~10$% and 2.6% were achieved for Cr, Fe, and Sb substitutions, respectively, and $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ data for these crystals are presented.