cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuum Multi-dielectric Treatment Of Fluctuations And Breakdown In Membranes With Embedded Charges

Stabilization of protein charges due to their interaction with membrane fluctuations is a subject of growing interest, especially because of its possible implications for voltage gating. Two complementary mechanisms governing charge-fluctuation interactions are considered: (1) the electroelastic mechanism (EM) [Partenskii, et al., Israel J. Chem. 47, 385 (2007)], where the membrane is treated as an elastic slab (smectic bilayer model); (2) the hydrophobic mechanism (HM), which accounts for water penetration into the membrane's hydrophobic core with a corresponding interfacial tension contribution. In both cases the linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation is solved using a multi-dielectric continuum model with arbitrarily shaped membrane-water interfaces and a point charge surrounded by a “Born sphere” of low dielectric constant. The EM often leads to large membrane thickness perturbations, far larger than are consistent with elastic model descriptions. We demonstrate that switching from EM to HM becomes energetically advantageous at intermediate perturbation amplitudes. We apply kinetic Monte Carlo Reaction Path Following [Miloshevsky & Jordan. J. Chem. Phys. 122, 214901 (2005)] using the water dimple's amplitude or the z-coordinate of the charge as the reaction coordinate for determining the shape of the solvation cavity. The resulting picture confirms that of recent MD studies.
Multi-modal analysis for person type classification in news video

Classifying the identities of people appearing in broadcast news video into anchor, reporter, or news subject is an important topic in high-level video analysis, which remains as a missing piece in the existing research. Given the visual resemblance of different types of people, this work explores multi-modal features derived from a variety of evidences, including the speech identity, transcript clues, temporal video structure, named entities, and face information. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) model is trained on manually-classified people to combine the multitude of features to predict the types of people who are giving monologue-style speeches in news videos. Experiments conducted on ABC World News Tonight video have demonstrated that this approach can achieve over 93% accuracy on classifying person types. The contributions of different categories of features have been compared, which shows that the relatively understudied features such as speech identities and video temporal structure are very effective in this task.
Memory mechanisms: The nociceptin connection

A link between long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory has been supported by learning defects following treatments that impair LTP. Important new evidence for the link comes from mutant mice lacking the nociceptin receptor, which show improved learning and memory accompanied by enhanced LTP.
Indications for family therapy: question or non-question?

Abstract This report examines the current controversy over differential treatment approaches for emotionally disturbed children, with family therapy as the focus, and considers how the controversy over family therapy has in turn led to advances in the treatment of two conditions: adolescent separation problems and psychosomatic illness. Implications for future child psychiatric training and practice, as family assessment becomes an essential part of the diagnostic process and family therapy a more important and better developed treatment approach, are considered.
Structural properties of used plywood

Results of an experimental analysis of the structural properties of used slab formwork plywood sheathing are presented. The samples tested were obtained from two concrete construction sites in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. All samples tested were 1.2 m × 2.4 m (4 ft × 8 ft), seven-ply, 16 mm (5/8 in) thick plywood sheets. Flexural properties were determined according to the guidelines specified by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). Interlaminar shear strength was determined using a five-point test method. In this paper, the observed bending stiffnesses, bending strengths, interlaminar shear strengths, and moments of inertia for both face grain parallel and perpendicular to span directions are presented. The observed structural properties are also modeled with appropriate probability distributions. The observed data are used to investigate the correlation between the bending strength and stiffness of plywood.
Modeling for geophysical monitoring of multiple phase saturation of rocks: Applications to CO2 sequestration

AbstractA numerical study of measured petrophysical properties was used to develop and demonstrate a workflow for monitoring CO2 sequestration in a subsurface reservoir. Amplitude versus offset (AVO) attributes can be sensitive discriminators for CO2 presence. The sensitivity of AVO attributes to CO2 saturation increased when an upscaling scheme that propagated the effects of small-scale heterogeneities was used. A global sensitivity analysis was then performed to study the importance of various rock properties that would be used as inputs in reservoir characterization. An extensive rock properties database for a carbonate reservoir containing natural variability was used. The various rock properties were ranked by their importance to the quality of the remote characterization. Defining and using the intrinsic correlations among petrophysical properties were essential to evaluating whether a particular reservoir was amenable (sensitive) to this AVO characterization method.
THE PHYSIOLOGIC ACTION OF THYROXIN

In 1914 (2) the physiologic action of the iodin compound occurring in the thyroid was in part described. At this time it was stated that after the administration of this substance to dogs there was in every case a long delay before any physiologic effects were demonstrable. The action was described as follows: “When injected subcutaneously in animals, there is at first no effect on either the pulse-rate or the blood-pressure. After from twenty-four to thirty-six hours the dog appears restless, has a slight increase in temperature, and a decided increase in pulse-rate. If a series of injections is given on successive days, these symptoms are aggravated, and after two or three injections they are accompanied by a distinct tremor, loss of weight, and severe diarrhea. On the fourth or fifth day of injection the pulse-rate is between 200 and 300, and all the other symptoms continue with increased severity.” While the problem concerning the physiologic action of thyroxin is not yet completed, certain progress h...
[8] Sur un théorème de la représentation conforme

Schiffer presented his celebrated method of boundary variation in his doctoral thesis of 1939 at the Hebrew University, “Conformal Representation and Univalent Functions” (in Hebrew), under the supervision of Michael Fekete. An announcement had appeared in [3], and a detailed account was first published in [5]. The method was applied in [4] to an extremal problem for transfinite diameter. The papers [6, 8] further demonstrated the power of the variational method with applications to problems in function theory.
Invertebrate carcasses as a resource for competing Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Terrestrial invertebrate carcasses are an important resource for insects developing in pitcher plants. However, little is known of the role of these carcasses in other containers, which also receive leaf fall and stemflow inputs. This experiment investigated effects of accumulated invertebrate carcasses as a resource for two competing mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes aegypti (L.), whether either species differentially benefited from accumulated carcasses, and if such a benefit affected interspecific competition. First, we measured accumulation of invertebrate carcasses in standard containers at a field site. We then used a replacement series with five different species ratios at the same total density, and varied the input of invertebrate carcasses [dead Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen)] in three levels: none, the average input from our field site, or the maximum input recorded at our field site. Survivorship, development time, and mass were measured for each mosquito species as correlates of population growth, and were used to calculate a population performance index, λ′. There were strong positive effects of invertebrate carcass additions on all growth correlates and λ′. Differences in performance between species were pronounced in small or no carcass additions and absent in large inputs of invertebrate carcasses, but there was little evidence that inputs of invertebrate carcasses altered the competitive advantage in this system. These results suggest that terrestrial invertebrate carcasses may be an important resource for many types of container communities, and large accumulations of dead invertebrates may reduce resource competition between these mosquitoes, thus favoring coexistence. We propose that the total amount of resource, including accumulated invertebrate carcasses, may explain observed patterns of replacement involving these mosquitoes.
Statistical or Non-Statistical Sampling: Which Approach Is Best?

When planning sampling procedures, the auditor considers this question: should a non-statistical or a statistical approach be used? A statistical method provides an objective measure of risk, optimizes the sample size, and is best for a population of a large number of homogeneous transactions. If the population members are dissimilar or there are key items, a non-statistical approach is most suitable. Some practitioners believe a statistical sample is more defensible; others feel a non-statistical approach can be more readily justified.
On the Applicability of F2MC Variable Impedance Materials for Prosthetic Devices

The applicability of variable modulus fluidic flexible matrix composites (F2 MC) is investigated for development of prosthetic devices. The F2 MC material is an innovative combination of high performance composite tubes containing high bulk modulus fluids. The new material system can potentially achieve several orders of magnitude change in stiffness through valve control. The F2 MC material system is investigated in this research through analytical studies for active impedance control for load transfer reduction in a transtibial prosthetic sockets and impedance joint control for an ankle-foot orthoses (AFO). Preliminary analysis results indicate that the variable modulus system can reduce the load transfer between the limb and transtibial socket and can provide impedance tailoring for improving foot-slap in an AFO.© 2008 ASME
A cure at last? Penicillin's unintended consequences on syphilis control, 1944-1964.

In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the mould Penicillum notatum ,1 setting the stage for the development of an entirely new syphilis cure. Initial problems with cultivation and isolation waylaid the research until it was taken on by the Oxford team of Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.2 The first patient was treated in 1943 and within 12 months over 10 000 early syphilis patients had been treated.3 Several …
Rangeland Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Modeling Phenology of Natural Populations of Six Species

Data were collected near Roundup, Mont., on phenology of six species of rangeland grasshoppers for 2 years. Logistic probability distribution was used to describe timing of developmental stages (instar 1 through adult) for each generation as a function of accumulated degree-days. Model results showed that there were significant differences in seasonal phenology between the generations for populations of each of the six species examined. However, average number of accumulated degree-days (17.8°C base) before peak instar 3 each year for the six species varied only slightly between seasons. Interspecific comparisons indicated that of the six species, Melanoplus infantilis Scudder developed fastest. Model design, assumptions, and applications as a descriptive tool are discussed, as are potential uses of the model to pest managers.
Modernization and Social Crisis: The Knights of Labor and a Midwest Community, 1885–1886

As a framework for lending coherence to the vast changes taking place in American society in the half-century following the Civil War, the notion of modernization is gaining wide acceptance. Samuel P. Hays, Robert H. Wiebe, and James Willard Hurst have used this perspective-and indeed have helped develop the model-to redirect the focus of historical investigations of latenineteenth-century America. ' Some of the exact dimensions of modernization are hotly debated even among its formulators; the process it describes, however, is clear. Modernization may refer to such varied but related innovations as the impersonalization of relationships, the erosion of traditional local or parochial loyalties and the rise of more cosmopolitan identities, the specialization and synchronization of economic activities, and the growth of a national social structure that embodies a transfer of social, political, and economic authority from local to central levels which can coordinate massive activities in a presumably rational manner. By focusing on long-term changes in institutions as reflections of the ways in which people adjust to the new demands society makes of them, this framework has brought together into a coherent system an imaginative variety of political, economic, and social developments.2
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) costs in the us: findings from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2008-2012

Finally colorectal cancer attributable costs incurred by the nation was calculated using the total population of that year collected from census data and prevalence of cancer patients from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. Results confirm that Colorectal cancer is a potent cost driver of the US health care system. The rising costs of the colorectal cancer care cost have been widely attributed to the increased prevalence of colorectal cancer patients with longer survival, aging of the population and replacement of low cost treatments with the high costs ones. For bending the cost curve for colorectal cancer care patients, it is high time to formulate policy directed to effective but costcontaining strategies in the realm of cancer care. Conclusions Introduction Results
Diabetes mellitus. A perspective on management.

Diabetes mellitus results in multiple complications including over 10,000 new cases of blindness each year in the United States. The evidence that consistent good control significantly reduces these complications is overwhelming, i.e., a return to normal or close to normal glycemic state. This evidence is reviewed. Particularly noteworthy are data showing that when hemoglobin A1c values are consistently less than 8.4% (with 8.0% being the upper limit of normal), only 2.9% of subjects with existing retinopathy progress to a more severe retinopathy, whereas with higher hemoglobin A1cs, there is a progressive increase of severe retinopathy. Multiple biochemical hemodynamic and endocrine processes which appear abnormal in diabetes, return to normal when euglycemia is reestablished. Despite such evidence, physicians often resist conclusions regarding proper management of the diabetic state. The reasons are briefly reviewed.
Management of General Medical Conditions

There is increasing awareness that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have significant medical needs (Bauman 2010. Neurotherapeutics, 7(3), 320–327; Coury 2010. Current opinion in neurology, 23(2),131–136). In this chapter, we will review the evaluation and management of common medical comorbidities in children with ASD: sleep disturbances, seizures , and gastrointestinal disorders. Evaluating these disorders in children with ASD may require greater attention to a parent’s intuition that something is not right, a higher level of attention to subtle nonverbal clues from the child, and an appreciation that common medical disorders may present in uncommon ways. Because of the complexity, the primary care provider (PCP) may need to collaborate with other team members (educators, therapists, and other medical subspecialists) to establish a plan for evaluation and management of these conditions. Unfortunately, parents of children with ASD have difficulty accessing this type of interdisciplinary care within the current system of health-care delivery (Brachlow et al. 2007. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 161(4), 399: Kogan et al. 2008. Pediatrics, 122(6), e1149–e1158; Liptak et al. 2006. Journal of pediatric health care, 20(4), 245–252)
Effect of Sonication Duration and Power on Ablation Depth During MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound of Bone.

Purpose To evaluate the effect of differences in sonication duration and power on the size of postcontrast ablation zone following magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) of bone in a swine femoral bone model. Materials and methods Experimental procedures received approval from the Institutional Committee on Animal Research. MRgFUS was used to create two thermal lesions in the left femur of six pigs. Each target was subjected to six sonications. 400J of energy was used for each sonication. However, the distal target received the standard sonication duration of 20 seconds (20W), while the proximal target received a longer sonication duration of 40 seconds (10W). MRgFUS lesions were imaged with fat-saturated spoiled gradient echo sequence at 3.0T MRI 10 minutes following the administration of contrast. Maximum three-plane dimensions of the hypoenhanced ablation area were measured. Results Postcontrast MR images demonstrated ovoid regions of hypoenhancement at each target. The average depth of ablation was significantly greater for the shorter high-power sonications (7.3 mm), compared to the longer lower-power sonications (4.5 mm), P = 0.026. The craniocaudal dimension was also greater for the shorter ablations 26.7 mm compared to the longer sonications 21.0 mm, P = 0.006. Conclusion Contrary to anecdotal clinical experience, this preclinical model suggests that during MRgFUS of bone, standard duration, higher-power sonications resulted in deeper ablation volumes compared to long duration, lower-power sonications. These results suggest that to achieve deeper ablations, if longer sonications are used, then the power should be relatively maintained, for a net energy increase. Level of evidence 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1418-1422.
Identifying biologically relevant putative mechanisms in a given phenotype comparison

A major challenge in life science research is understanding the mechanism involved in a given phenotype. The ability to identify the correct mechanisms is needed in order to understand fundamental and very important phenomena such as mechanisms of disease, immune systems responses to various challenges, and mechanisms of drug action. The current data analysis methods focus on the identification of the differentially expressed (DE) genes using their fold change and/or p-values. Major shortcomings of this approach are that: i) it does not consider the interactions between genes; ii) its results are sensitive to the selection of the threshold(s) used, and iii) the set of genes produced by this approach is not always conducive to formulating mechanistic hypotheses. Here we present a method that can construct networks of genes that can be considered putative mechanisms. The putative mechanisms constructed by this approach are not limited to the set of DE genes, but also considers all known and relevant gene-gene interactions. We analyzed three real datasets for which both the causes of the phenotype, as well as the true mechanisms were known. We show that the method identified the correct mechanisms when applied on microarray datasets from mouse. We compared the results of our method with the results of the classical approach, showing that our method produces more meaningful biological insights.
The Natural History of Prenatal Hydronephrosis with Normal Amounts of Amniotic Fluid

AbstractThirteen cases of fetal hydronephrosis associated initially with normal volumes of amniotic fluid were diagnosed by maternal sonography. No invasive procedures were done in utero. Postnatal evaluation demonstrated 8 neonates with urinary tract obstruction and 5 normal neonates. Long-term followup of these 13 patients revealed that 12 are healthy and have normal renal function. The exception is a child whose amniotic fluid decreased during pregnancy.Our data suggest that fetuses with normal volumes of amniotic fluid do well. Treatment should be limited to frequent prenatal sonography and subsequent early postnatal evaluation. Caution should be exercised with the diagnosis of hydronephrosis, since 5 of our patients had false positive findings. In the rare instances when oligohydramnios develops during pregnancy fetal intervention may be warranted.
Two-View Gravity Stress Imaging Protocol for Nondisplaced Type II Supination External Rotation Ankle Fractures: Introducing the Gravity Stress Cross-Table Lateral View.

Assessing ankle stability in nondisplaced Lauge-Hansen supination external rotation type II injuries requires stress imaging. Gravity stress mortise imaging is routinely used as an alternative to manual stress imaging to assess deltoid integrity with the goal of differentiating type II from type IV injuries in cases without a posterior or medial fracture. A type II injury with a nondisplaced fibula fracture is typically treated with cast immobilization, and a type IV injury is considered unstable and often requires operative repair. The present case series (two patients) highlights a standardized 2-view gravity stress imaging protocol and introduces the gravity stress cross-table lateral view. The gravity stress cross-table lateral view provides a more thorough evaluation of the posterior malleolus owing to the slight external rotation and posteriorly directed stress. External rotation also creates less bony overlap between the tibia and fibula, allowing for better visualization of the fibula fracture. Gravity stress imaging confirmed medial-sided injury in both cases, confirming the presence of supination external rotation type IV or bimalleolar equivalent fractures. Open reduction and internal fixation was performed, and both patients achieved radiographic union. No further treatment was required at 21 and 33 months postoperatively.
Determinants of LGBT-Friendliness: An Institutional Theory Approach

Organizations have been traditionally dominated by the norms of heterosexuality and homophobia. However, as a response to demographic trends indicating that an important portion of the population a...
Tibial Plateau Fracture

Various common injuries in the pelvis and lower extremity are investigated in this section. Significant attention is paid not only to proper diagnostic examination and imaging, but also to optimal non-operative and operative treatment options to manage these conditions.
Using Therapeutic Jurisprudence to Frame the Role of Emotion in Health Policymaking

Therapeutic jurisprudence (“TJ”) is growing in prominence as a reappraisal of law and the legal process. It seeks to reframe law by offering a prism through which it can be viewed as a healing agent, to enhance the positive consequences of legal intervention, or at least to mitigate its more harmful effects.1 The aim of this article is twofold: (1) to briefly outline the evolution of therapeutic jurisprudence, and discuss the prominence of evidence-based/evidence-informed healthcare policymaking; and, more specifically, (2) to use a TJ-informed framework to investigate the role of emotion (as evidence, or impact on evidence) in the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policy. The intent is not to identify the right policy in any given case; rather, it is to utilize framing questions to better understand how emotion impacts policy and policymaking with an eye toward enhancing therapeutic consequences.
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

While most patients with signs of mild hip instability in the first weeks of life resolve spontaneously, those with more severe dysplasia will have significantly worse outcomes if not diagnosed and treated early. This creates a dilemma for the clinician who must depend on physical findings, aided by imaging studies that are relatively nonspecific in their ability to detect hip dysplasia. This chapter will present an approach to the newborn with abnormal hip findings or significant risk factors.
SLAP: Simultaneous Localization and Planning Under Uncertainty via Dynamic Replanning in Belief Space

Simultaneous localization and planning (SLAP) is a crucial ability for an autonomous robot operating under uncertainty. In its most general form, SLAP induces a continuous partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), which needs to be repeatedly solved online. This paper addresses this problem and proposes a dynamic replanning scheme in belief space. The underlying POMDP, which is continuous in state, action, and observation space, is approximated offline via sampling-based methods, but operates in a replanning loop online to admit local improvements to the coarse offline policy. This construct enables the proposed method to combat changing environments and large localization errors, even when the change alters the homotopy class of the optimal trajectory. It further outperforms the state-of-the-art Feedback-based Information RoadMap (FIRM) method by eliminating unnecessary stabilization steps. Applying belief space planning to physical systems brings with it a plethora of challenges. A key focus of this paper is to implement the proposed planner on a physical robot and show the SLAP solution performance under uncertainty, in changing environments and in the presence of large disturbances, such as a kidnapped robot situation.
Recent Advances in the Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Management of Systemic Light-Chain Amyloidosis

The term amyloidosis refers to a group of disorders in which protein fibrils accumulate in certain organs, disrupt their tissue architecture, and impair the function of the effected organ. The clinical manifestations and prognosis vary widely depending on the specific type of the affected protein. Immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis, characterized by deposition of a misfolded monoclonal light-chain that is secreted from a plasma cell clone. Demonstrating amyloid deposits in a tissue biopsy stained with Congo red is mandatory for the diagnosis. Novel agents (proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies, venetoclax) and autologous stem cell transplantation, used for eliminating the underlying plasma cell clone, have improved the outcome for low- and intermediate-risk patients, but the prognosis for high-risk patients is still grave. Randomized studies evaluating antibodies that target the amyloid deposits (PRONTO, VITAL) were recently stopped due to futility and currently there is an intensive search for novel treatment approaches to AL amyloidosis. Early diagnosis is of paramount importance for effective treatment and prognosis, due to the progressive nature of this disease.
Adherence to Iron Supplementation in 22 Sub-Saharan African Countries and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women: A Large Population-Based Study.

Background Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a significant public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and is associated with serious adverse health outcomes. Although it is recommended that all women receive iron supplementation during pregnancy, little research has been conducted to measure overall compliance with this recommendation or variation across SSA countries. Objectives To assess prevalence and sociodemographic-economic factors associated with adherence to iron supplementation among pregnant women in SSA. Methods This was a weighted population-based cross-sectional study of 148,528 pregnant women aged 15-49 y in 22 SSA countries that participated in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 2013-2018 and measured iron supplementation during pregnancy. Adherence to iron supplementation was defined as using iron supplementation for ≥90 d during pregnancy of the most recent birth. Results The overall prevalence of adherence to ≥90 d of iron supplementation during pregnancy was 28.7%, ranging from 1.4% in Burundi to 73.0% in Senegal. Factors associated with adherence included receiving ≥4 antenatal care visits [adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR): 25.73; 95% CI: 22.36, 29.60] compared with no antenatal visits; secondary or higher education (aPR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.19) compared with no education; wealthy (aPR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.16) compared with poor; and older women aged 35-49 y (aPR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.10) compared with younger women aged 15-24 y. Conclusions Adherence to iron supplementation during pregnancy in SSA is low and varies substantially across countries and in relation to factors such as number of antenatal visits, education, and level of family wealth. These results underscore the need for increased efforts to improve the uptake of iron supplementation for pregnant women in SSA.
Soil Health Assessment

Soil health, or soil quality, is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals, and humans. Traditional views of soil quality often considered soils from the perspective of crop productivity and soil chemical properties, which generally led to an undervaluation of soil biological and physical processes. Soil health is a complex concept that requires a broader understanding of soil properties. It can be implemented through the comprehensive assessment of soil health (CASH) approach, which measures 15 physical, biological, and chemical soil indicators that can be linked to management recommendations. This chapter discusses all 15 tests, including the soil sampling and sample preparation methodologies. The methodology of the eight biological and physical tests is also covered in detail. These measures are interpreted through scoring functions that provide an overall soil health score. A comparison of indicator values between India, Colombia, and three US regions illustrates the need for scoring functions to be regionally adapted to production environments.
Current domestic and foreign therapeutics for congenital long-gap esophageal atresia

Through researching the relevant published articles in both English and Chinese, this review summarizes current domestic and foreign therapeutic status of long-gap esophageal atresia.Also its definition, multicenter study tendency, common surgical approaches, emerging techniques and future perspectives are discussed. Key words: Esophageal atresia; Surgery
Estimating Example Difficulty using Variance of Gradients

In machine learning, a question of great interest is understanding what examples are challenging for a model to classify. Identifying atypical examples helps inform safe deployment of models, isolates examples that require further human inspection, and provides interpretability into model behavior. In this work, we propose the Variance of Gradients (VOG) as a valuable and efficient proxy metric for detecting outliers in the data distribution. We provide quantitative and qualitative support that VOG is a meaningful way to rank data by difficulty and to surface a tractable subset of the most challenging examples for human-in-the-loop auditing. Data points with high VOG scores are more difficult for the model to learn and over-index on examples that require memorization.
Natural history of Chiari I malformation in children: a retrospective analysis

While there are increasing numbers of studies published regarding Chiari I malformation (CM1) in children, most of these focus on surgical indications, technique, and outcomes. Few studies examine the natural history of CM1 once the decision is made to treat a patient conservatively. In this study, we seek to determine the percentage of pediatric patients who undergo surgery for CM1, both after initial consultation and in a delayed fashion, the natural history of CM1 after a decision to pursue non-operative management, and attempt to identify patient factors that may predict development of new or worsening CM1 symptoms. From our database of 465 pediatric patients with CM1, we identified those who were seen for initial consultation from July 1, 2011, to June 30, 2016. We examined rates of surgical intervention, types of surgical intervention, age, gender, and presence or absence of headache and syrinx, and looked carefully at the patients who had new or worsening symptoms prompting delayed surgical intervention. We identified 226 patients meeting inclusion criteria. Overall, 15% of patients had surgery, the majority being Chiari decompression. Just over half of these patients had surgery within 6 months of initial consultation. Of those with delayed surgery, only 4 patients had new symptoms/syrinx and 1 patient had symptom progression. The other patients had various reasons for surgical delay not related to symptom development or progression. There were no obvious commonalities among these 5 patients that could predict progression prospectively. All patients who had surgery did so within 2 years of initial consultation. Overall, the natural history of asymptomatic CM1 is benign. Patients treated non-operatively are unlikely to progress. If they do progress, this is likely to occur within 2 years of initial consultation. There were no factors identified in this study that predicted new or worsening symptoms over time.
Collaborative research and use of Q methodology to understand technology infusion in teacher preparation

With a focus on methodology and research process, this paper explores researcher collaboration in the development, implementation, analysis, and dissemination of a multi-institutional study of teacher educators’ perspectives on technology infusion. At the conclusion of the 2018 National Technology Leadership Summit (NTLS), attendees recommended use of Q methodology to provide a holistic approach to understanding perspectives of teacher educators who were not technology specialists. As lead researchers, the co-authors worked together to design the study, develop materials, and analyze data. Research collaborators were recruited to collect data, implementing the Q sort process with participants from multiple institutions across the United States. Results revealed (1) variance in participant beliefs about the value of and expertise in integrating technology in teacher preparation and (2) consensus amongst participants about multiple challenges for achieving technology infusion across teacher preparation programs. Q methodology served as an effective approach for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data for subsequent analysis. We explored features of several software programs tailored for Q methodology and gained new insights about the benefits of and challenges to engaging in a collaborative research process.
Fractional stages in scattering problems

The mathematical steps in establishing fractional stages of scattering problems are discussed and some specific examples and case studies given. It is shown how such fractional stages can, under certain approximations, be viewed as scattering from objects with "intermediate" surface impedance boundary conditions. Physical interpretations of these results are presented.
The Interaction Between Propagating Disturbances and Supercritical Marine Layers on the West Coast of the United States

Abstract : In the future, we hope to expand our investigations into the dynamics and clouds of the marine layer. We wish to investigate the relationship between the large scale, upper atmospheric forcing and the marine boundary layer response and the formation of low clouds and fog. The major objective is to develop a description of the summer marine boundary layer along the west coast. The data captured, and the description will be used to investigate coastally trapped waves in the marine layer, the nature of turbulence, the roll of gravity waves in the near shore, and the extent of supercriticallity in the marine layer.
Ketone body beta-hydroxy butyrate deactivates NLRP3 inflammasome in myeloid cells (CAM1P.153)

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a major regulator of sterile inflammation. It is now known that many age-related diseases are NLRP3-dependent, including metabolic disease, cognitive decline, bone loss, and thymic demise. Therefore, decreasing inflammasome activation during aging may prevent many chronic diseases known to limit healthspan. Calorie restriction and prolonged fasting reduce inflammation. During fasting, the body uses fat for energy, leading to an increase in ketone body production as a byproduct of fatty acid oxidation. We tested the hypothesis that switching the substrates from glucose to ketones could inhibit inflammasome activation in myeloid lineage cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Here we present novel data that ketone body beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB) inhibits NLRP3-dependent IL-1β secretion. Notably, related short chain fatty acid, butyrate does not impact the inflammasome and oxidation of ketones for energetic utilization was not required for inflammasome deactivation in myeloid cells. Instead, ketones directly inhibit inflammasome complex assembly by blocking ASC oligomerization and prionization. BHB also inhibits NLRP3 dependent inflammasome activation in vivo and in neutrophils of aged mice. Therefore, ketones may represent an anti-inflammatory intervention to prevent chronic inflammation during aging that is normally associated with functional decline and death in the elderly.
Hahn-Banach Operators: A Review

In this paper we review ongoing work on operators having norm-preserving extensions to every overspace. We call them Hahn-Banach operators.
Protective Roles for Fibrin, Tissue Factor, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, and Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor, but Not Factor XI, during Defense against the Gram-Negative Bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica

Septic infections dysregulate hemostatic pathways, prompting coagulopathy. Nevertheless, anticoagulant therapies typically fail to protect humans from septic pathology. The data reported in this work may help to explain this discrepancy by demonstrating critical protective roles for coagulation leading to fibrin deposition during host defense against the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica. After i.p. inoculation with Y. enterocolitica, fibrinogen-deficient mice display impaired cytokine and chemokine production in the peritoneal cavity and suppressed neutrophil recruitment. Moreover, both gene-targeted fibrinogen-deficient mice and wild-type mice treated with the anticoagulant coumadin display increased hepatic bacterial burden and mortality following either i.p. or i.v. inoculation with Y. enterocolitica. Mice with low tissue factor activity succumb to yersiniosis with a phenotype similar to fibrin(ogen)-deficient mice, whereas factor XI-deficient mice show wild-type levels of resistance. Mice deficient in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 or thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor display modest phenotypes, but mice deficient in both plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor succumb to yersiniosis with a phenotype resembling fibrin(ogen)-deficient mice. These findings demonstrate critical protective roles for the tissue factor-dependent extrinsic coagulation pathway during host defense against bacteria and caution that therapeutics targeting major thrombin-generating or antifibrinolytic pathways may disrupt fibrin-mediated host defense during Gram-negative sepsis.
Inheriting vice, acquiring virtue: hereditary disease and moral hygiene in eighteenth-century France

This essay examines the medical debates over hereditary disease and moral hygiene in France between 1748 and 1790. During this time, which was marked by two formal academic exchanges about pathological inheritance, doctors critically studied the existence of hereditary diseases--including syphilis, arthritis, phthisis, scrofula, rickets, gout, stones, epilepsy, and insanity--and the problems that heredity might pose for curing and preventing these diseases. Amid public debate, doctors first treated heredity with formal skepticism and then embraced the idea. Their changing attitudes stemmed less from epistemological or cognitive reasons than from new cultural beliefs about gender, domesticity, and demographic policy. Fearing moral degeneracy and demographic decline, they argued that a number of social pathologies were truly hereditary and that these diseases spread within the family itself. These beliefs were seemingly confirmed by new clinical studies on tuberculosis. Though doctors conceded that hereditary diseases might limit Enlightenment hopes to perfect society, they also suggested that sexual hygiene and physical education could cure hereditary degeneracy and transcend genealogy and descent. Consequently, they stressed that physical regeneration was a dynamic process, one that stretched from the conjugal bed to weaning and beyond. Rather than accepting the accidents of birth, physicians believed that their patients could self-consciously overcome inherited defects and thus regenerate themselves and even all of society itself. Heredity thus gave doctors an idiom with which to diagnose a felt social crisis and to prescribe appropriate hygienic responses.
Effects of carbohydrate-structure changes on induced shifts in differential isotope-shift 13C-N.M.R.

Abstract Deuterium-induced, 13C-isotope shifts are shown to vary considerably from the initially predicted values calculated for ordinary pyranose and furanose sugars, when minor structural changes are introduced into the carbohydrate ring. Both substitution of C-OH groups or reduction of C-OH to CH2 permitted the evaluation of γ effects of OD without the contribution of β-OD-induced shifting. The observed γ-shift values for these modified structures were twice as large as those previously noted. This difference is most probably due to favored salvation. Substitution of OH at C-6 led to the predicted loss of differential isotope-shift (d.i.s.) at C-6 because of its isolation from all β and γ OD groups. The 31P resonances of d -glucose 6-phosphate show downfield deuterium shifts. Based on d.i.s. values, new 13C-shift assignments are proposed for isomaltose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-α- d -glucose. A study of acidic carbohydrates has demonstrated that isotope shifts are somewhat larger for sp2-hybridized carbon atoms whose OH groups are acidic. Relaxation times for sp2 carbon atoms isolated from dipolar interaction with protons were very long in D2O relative to their relaxation time in the H2O environment.
Frequency compensation techniques for op-amps and LDOs: A tutorial overview

Today's op-amp is not just a stand-alone IC, rather it is more custom and complex, catering the needs of highly integrated SoC. Tighter line and load regulation, low quiescent current operation, capacitor-free and wide-range output capacitor specifications are some of the contradicting requirements in an LDO, which drive newer topologies and newer frequency compensation techniques. The objective of this paper is to provide a tutorial treatment of some of the basics and recent advances in frequency compensation. Transistor level implementation of efficient LHP zero techniques and design examples are detailed.
Campylobacter jejuni: A Review of its Characteristics, Pathogenicity, Ecology, Distribution, Subspecies Characterization and Molecular Methods of Detection

Campylobacter jejuni is considered to be the leading cause of enteric illness in the United States and other industrialized nations, causing mild to severe symptoms including serious infections of the extremities and permanent neurological symptoms. The organism is a cytochrome oxidase positive, microaerophilic, curved Gram-negative rod exhibiting corkscrew motility and is carried in the intestine of many wild and domestic animals, particularly avian species including poultry, where the intestine is colonized resulting in healthy animals as carriers. Wildlife have long been considered an infectious reservoir for campylobacters because of their close association with and contamination of surface waters. This review deals with the areas of: phenotypic characteristics of C. jejuni and related human pathogenic species of Campylobacter, their ecological distribution, virulence factors, isolation of C. jejuni from foods, serotyping of Campylobacter isolates, bacteriophage typing, molecular methods of detecting ...
Counterpoint to "Performance assessment of diagnostic systems under the FROC paradigm" by Gur and Rockette.

This is a response to a recent thought provoking paper [1] by Gur and Rockette (henceforth referred to as “the authors”) that raises issues regarding the applicability of free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) methodology [2] to imaging systems evaluations. Unlike many tests, diagnostic imaging provides information about the location(s) of disease, and other information, in addition to its presence or absence. However, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method only considers the disease presence or absence information and disregards location. For some clinical tasks the ROC method is more relevant. For example, a task like detecting diffuse pulmonary fibrosis that does not involve focal lesions is appropriately analyzed by the ROC method. However, tasks such as detecting lung nodules in chest radiography, or microcalcifications in screening mammography, that involve detecting localized lesions, especially multiple lesions, are more appropriately handled by FROC analysis.
Andreev bound states and directional dependence of spin injection into d-wave superconductors

We theoretically study the effect of spin injection into a d-wave superconductor. We establish a correlation between the linear response spin-injection characteristics and Andreev bound states. This in turn leads to a strong directional dependence of spin injection effects.
Adult Psychological Distress and Self-Worth Following Child Verbal Abuse

Despite the proliferation of child maltreatment research over the last 30 years, there remains a dearth of research examining the long-term effects of child psychological maltreatment (CPM), particularly child verbal abuse (CVA). Using a college sample of 173 participants from a Southeastern university, this study examined the role of gender and perpetrator relationship in predicting psychological distress and self-worth of adults exposed to CVA. Maternal CVA emerged as a significant predictor of lower levels of self-worth in adult daughters and sons as well as greater psychological distress in adult daughters. Paternal CVA did not emerge as a significant predictor of greater psychological distress or lower levels of self-worth in either adult daughters or sons.
Brain biogenic amines and pituitary-adrenocortical function in the rat

Treatment of rats with various doses of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) pargyline failed to alter plasma levels of corticosterone at 18 hours post-dosage even though brain levels of serotonin and norepinephrine were increased by 51 to 95 percent. Single pargyline doses of 17.5 or 25 mg/kg blocked the increased plasma corticosterone response to reserpine. Animals pretreated with two doses of the MAOI showed a time-dependent sedative response to reserpine. In these animals, the plasma corticosterone response to reserpine was blocked, while the responses to cold exposure or chlorpromazine were unaffected.
Plant genetics: when not to interfere.

New evidence suggests that the model plant Arabidopsis has two biochemically distinct pathways that produce genetic crossovers. Studies in several organisms have revealed that one kind of crossover regulation — crossover interference — is applied differently from species to species. Arabidopsis appears to use an interference system similar to that of budding yeast.