cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Transfer-of-Learning Potential With Human Services Professionals

ABSTRACT Transfer of learning (TOL) from training to the job was examined in two different populations of human services workers using the Transfer Potential Questionnaire (TPQ). A cross-validation study was conducted to explore commonalities and differences between public welfare (PW) professionals in California (n = 459) and Child Protective Services (CPS) social workers in Ohio (n = 598). The TPQ significantly correlated with perceived TOL for both training populations and added to the amount of TOL variance explained after controlling for participant satisfaction and perceived learning. Important TOL factors identified for both groups included perceived learning and application planning. Findings suggest TPQ is a valid predictor of TOL for both PW professionals and CPS social workers, supporting a shared construct relative to TOL across human services practice areas. Future research should explore additional TOL assessment methods and seek to further validate the TPQ with other populations of human se...
Helicobacter pylori infection and adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett's esophagus.

Abstract Helicobacter pylori infection has been implicated in the development of chronic active gastritis and gastric neoplasms (ie, mucosaassociated lymphoid tumors and adenocarcinoma). The potential association between esophageal H pylori infection with Barrett's esophagus-associated adenocarcinoma has not been previously studied. Nineteen cases of adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett's esophagus were examined for the presence of H pylori . Barrett's esophagus was defined by the presence of metaplastic specialized-type epithelium (gastric-type epithelium with goblet cell metaplasia) in the distal esophagus. To detect the presence of H pylori , 5-μm sections, from several tissue blocks in each case, were stained with routine hematoxylin-eosin, modified Giemsa, and an antibody directed against H pylori (Dako a/s, Denmark, Lot # 111061). Stained sections were examined independently by two pathologists. All three staining methods failed to show H pylori in any of the cases examined. Sections of Barrett's esophagus (with and without dysplasia), adenocarcinoma, and stomach (when available) were uniformly negative for the presence of H pylori . We conclude that neither gastric nor esophageal infection with H pylori is a requisite for the development of adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Moreover, it is unlikely that a significant association between H pylori infection and Barrett's-associated adenocarcinoma exists.
Investigation of PVDF-TrFE nanofibers for energy harvesting

We have investigated the copolymer polyvinylidene fluoride, (PVDF-trifluoroethylene) for energy harvesting. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers were electrospun on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated plastic. The electrical response of nanofibers at different frequencies was investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the duty cycle of electrical response pulses is increased as the frequency of vibration is increased. By using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the response pulses, the maximum power extracted has been calculated.
Objective Assessment of Sonographic: Quality II Acquisition Information Spectrum

This paper describes a task-based, information-theoretic approach to the assessment of image quality in diagnostic sonography. We expand the Kullback-Leibler divergence metric J, which quantifies the diagnostic information contained within recorded radio-frequency echo signals, into a spatial-frequency integral comprised of two spectral components: one describes patient features for low-contrast diagnostic tasks and the other describes instrumentation properties. The latter quantity is the acquisition information spectrum (AIS), which measures the density of object information that an imaging system is able to transfer to the echo data at each spatial frequency. AIS is derived based on unique properties of acoustic scattering in tissues that generate object contrast. Predictions made by the J integral expression were validated through Monte Carlo studies using echo-signal data from simulated lesions. Our analysis predicts the diagnostic performance of any sonographic system at specific diagnostic tasks based on engineering properties of the instrument that constitute image quality.
Intuitive Data Editing Examples

This paper summarizes two systems for editing inconsistent data. The two systems are based on the Fellegi-Holt paradim. The systems are known as the CANCEIS system, and the GenBnds system. The major advantage of the latter two are the improvements in efficiency to either represent edits or for finding implied edits. These editing systems are applied to survey data collected by government agencies.
Genetic determinants of susceptibility to coxsackievirus B1-induced chronic inflammatory myopathy: Effects of host background and major histocompatibility complex genes

Infection of outbred CD-1 mice with the Tucson strain of coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1T) leads to the development of chronic hind limb weakness and associated inflammatory muscle disease. Host factors that influence susceptibility have not been studied in this mouse model of chronic inflammatory myopathy (IM). Therefore, the pathogenesis was examined by using different inbred strains of mice. Initially, seven strains of mice with either the H-2d or H-2b major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype were evaluated. All strains showed similar levels of acute mortality caused by viral infection, but chronic weakness or inflammation did not develop in two strains with the B6 background, regardless of their MHC haplotype. In susceptible mice, weakness was more likely to develop in the H-2d strains than in mice with the H-2b haplotype. Based on these results, H-2 congenic strains of the susceptible B10 background (C57BL/10 and B10.D2) and the resistant B6 background (C57BL/6 and B6.C-H2d) were examined in greater detail. During acute infection, the kinetics and degree of viral replication in hind limb muscle were similar among B6 and B10 strains. By 4 weeks after infection, more intense chronic muscle inflammation and pathology were observed in susceptible B10 mice of the H-2d haplotype than in those of the H-2b haplotype. Resistant B6 mice did not show signs of inflammation or calcification, but they did exhibit some myopathic features, including centralized nuclei and variations in myofiber size and shape. These changes were less common in resistant B6 mice than in B10 strains but were significant when compared with changes in uninfected controls. Viral RNA persistence and elevated titers of antiviral IgG were more prevalent in but not restricted to susceptible strains. These studies demonstrate that host background genes confer resistance to chronic IM but also that MHC genes influence disease severity. They also reveal that susceptibility to acute CVB1T infection is under different genetic control than that which mediates development of chronic post-viral IM.
Autonomous River Navigation Using the Hamilton–Jacobi Framework for Underactuated Vehicles

The feasibility of drifter studies in complex and tidally forced water networks has been greatly expanded by the introduction of motorized floating sensors. This paper presents a method for such motorized sensors to accomplish obstacle avoidance and path selection using the solutions to Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman-Isaacs (HJBI) equations. The method is then validated experimentally.
Prostate specific antigen. Its role in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is the most valuable clinical tool available for the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Serum PSA can detect twice as many prostate cancers as digital rectal examination can, and nearly two thirds of these detected tumors are organ-confined and potentially curable. While the diagnostic, routine digital rectal examination has no clinically significant effect on the serum PSA concentration, finasteride therapy causes a 50% lowering of the serum PSA value. The new concepts of PSA velocity, free versus complexed PSA, and age-specific reference ranges all appear to improve further the clinic utility of PSA as a detector of early, potentially curable prostate cancers in men who are most likely to benefit from therapeutic intervention. The serum PSA concentration, when combined with the local clinical stage and histologic grade based on the biopsy specimen, is an excellent predictor of pelvic lymph node status. The probability of pelvic lymph node involvement approaches zero for prostate cancer patients who have the following characteristics : local clinical Stage Tla-T2b disease, primary Gleason grade 1 or 2, and a serum PSA level of 17.1 ng/ml or less ; local clinical Stage Tla-T2b disease, primary Gleason grade 3, and a serum PSA level of 8.0 ng/ml or less ; local clinical Stage Tla-T2b disease, primary Gleason grade 4 or 5, and a serum PSA level of 4.2 ng/ml or less ; local clinical Stage T2c disease, primary Gleason grade 1 or 2, and a serum PSA level of 4.1 ng/ml or less ; local clinical Stage T2c disease, primary Gleason grade 3, and a serum PSA level of 2.0 ng/ml or less ; and local clinical Stage T2c disease, primary Gleason grade 4 or 5, and a serum PSA level of 1.0 ng/ml or less. Staging bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection (open or laparoscopic) can be avoided in these select men. Serum PSA is also an excellent predictor of radionuclide bone scan findings. For patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer, no skeletal symptoms, and a serum PSA concentration higher than 10 ng/ml, the probability of a positive bone scan approaches zero. For men who present with this clinical scenario, a staging radionuclide bone scan is not necessary. Using serum PSA to eliminate the staging bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection and radionuclide bone scan in select patients can result in significant economic savings to the health care system. Cancer 1995 ; 75 :1795-804.
Achieving competency in electroconvulsive therapy: a model curriculum.

Objective This article illustrates a model electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) curriculum with specific parameters of both practice-based learning and medical knowledge.
Ossiculoplasty with presculpted banked cartilage

The goal of ossiculoplasty is restoration of conductive hearing impairments with long-term stability. This clinical study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of ossiculoplasty in 187 ears using homologous, costochondral cartilage. The cartilage was presculpted into a total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP configuration) or partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP configuration) by a tissue bank and stored for later use. These preformed transplants were further shaped in the operating room depending on the anatomic findings during tympanoplasty. Thin Silastic® sheeting was often used when middle ear mucosa was severely diseased. The postoperative hearing results as determined by the air-bone gap were comparable with those obtained with synthetic alloplastic materials (mean gap, 16.9 dB), which was a statistically significant improvement over the preoperative levels, with a mean of 37.2 dB. However, unlike synthetic materials, no extrusions occurred. Hearing results in TORP configuration were equally favorable as those in PORP configuration. Middle ear inflammation had no deleterious effect on hearing results. The use of banked, presculpted homologous cartilage in TORP and PORP configurations appears to be a safe and efficacious alternative for ossicular reconstruction.
When, if ever, can we use REM-onset naps on the MSLT for the diagnosis of narcolepsy?

1389-9457/$ see front matter 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.06.002 q Article reviewed: Mignot E, Lin L, Finn L, Lopes C, Pluff K, Sundstrom ML, Young T. Correlates of sleep-onset REM periods during the multiple sleep latency test in community adults. Brain 2006;129:1609–1623. * Tel.: +1 410 55
Structural changes of rabbit myosin subfragment 1 altered by malonaldehyde, a byproduct of lipid oxidation

Rabbit myosin subfragment 1 was allowed to react with malonaldehyde, a byproduct of lipid oxidation in a model system containing the subfragment 1 and malonaldehyde. The modified subfragment 1 was compared to the control, with use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), circular dichorism (CD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and free amino group measurements. Both the modified and control samples were cleaved with cyanogen bromide (BrCN) treatment, and the BrCN fragments were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with tricine gel. Results from SDS-PAGE suggest that malonaldehyde causes cross-linking or polymerization of the protein during incubation. Malonaldehyde also reduced alpha-helix content (CD), increased random structure (FT-IR), and eliminated some beta-strand structure (FT-IR) in subfragment 1.
A dislocation dynamics study of the transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous deformation in irradiated body-centered cubic iron

Low temperature irradiation of crystalline materials is known to result in hardening and loss of ductility, which limits the usefulness of candidate materials in harsh nuclear environments. In body-centered cubic (bcc) metals, this mechanical property degradation is caused by the interaction of in-grown dislocations with irradiation defects, particularly small dislocation loops resulting from the microstructural evolution of displacement cascades. In this paper, we perform dislocation dynamics simulations of bcc Fe containing various concentrations of dislocation loops produced by irradiation in an attempt to gain insight into the processes that lead to hardening and embrittlement. We find that a transition from homogenous to highly localized deformation occurs at a critical loop density. Above it, plastic flow proceeds heterogeneously, creating defect-free channels in its wake. We find that channel initiation and size are mediated by loop coalescence resulting from elastic interactions with moving dislocations.
Potential of using NOAA-AVHRR data for estimating irrigated area to help solve an inter-state water dispute

The states of Alabama, Florida and Georgia dispute the apportioning of water from rivers that originate in Georgia and flow through the other two states. Florida and Alabama often claim that Georgi...
Theory of absorption spectra for above-barrier excitons in semiconductor superlattices.

We present theoretical studies of absorption spectra associated with above-barrier excitons in semiconductor superlattices. Using a k-space sampling technique combined with the recursion method, we obtain absorption spectra of both type-I and type-II superlattices. Excitonic effect, valence-band mixing, and Fano resonances due to the interaction of discrete exciton states with continua are all properly taken into account. We find that electrons and holes localized in the barrier region of a superlattice do form quasibound exciton states that appear as prominent features in the absorption spectra. Our calculation offers a direct comparison between theory and experiment.
Acoustic-mismatch model of the Kaptiza resistance

Abstract The Kapitza resistance theory of Khalatnikov is modified so as to include the effects of phonon attenuation in the solid. The modified theory agrees well with many features noted in low temperature measurements on CuHe interfaces.
On the Syntactical Construction of Systems of Modal Logic

When C. I. Lewis developed his theory of strict implication, he left open the question which of his various systems should be regarded as being closest to our intuitions—though he was inclined to favor the system S2. There are to be found in the literature numerous discussions of this question; most of these have condemned S2 as being too strong, and have proposed ways of weakening it. In the present paper I shall attempt to throw some light on this question by setting up a syntactical definition of “possibility.” I shall show that every system of modal logic constructed on the basis of this definition is at least as strong as the Lewis system S4. As the intuitive basis for the syntactical definition of possibility, I take the position that to say a sentence is possible means that there exists a true sentence of the same form. Thus, for example, it would be said that the sentence, “Lions are indigenous to Alaska,” is possible, because of the fact that the sentence, “Lions are indigenous to Africa,” has the same form and is true.
Degradation Assessment for Machinery Prognostics Using Hidden Markov Models

Degradation detection and recognition of degradation pattern are crucial to the successful deployment of prognostics. A machine degradation process is known to be stochastic instead of deterministic. Recognizing the degradation pattern needs helps from stochastic and probabilistic models. Among various stochastic approaches. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) have been proven to be very effective in modeling both dynamic and static signals [1]. In this paper, aiming to providing a guideline of how to effectively and efficiently use the HMMs to assess degradation for various machinery prognostic applications, three different approaches of applying the HMMs are reviewed and compared. It demonstrates that depending on the varieties of applications, available prior knowledge, and characteristics of degradation processes, those three implementation approaches perform differently. A full understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each deployment approach is extremely important in order to effectively utilize this powerful tool for system degradation assessment.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A Note on the Exact Finite Sample Frequency Functions of Generalized Classical Linear Estimators in Two Leading Over-Identified Cases

Abstract The asymptotic unbiasedness and normality of alternative statistical estimators θ, θ,1 ··· of a given parameter θ* are generally proved without reference to any explicit knowledge of the exact finite sample distribution functions, F n (x), G n (x) ···. (Here n denotes sample size.) Within the class of asymptotically unbiased and normally distributed estimators of a given parameter it is sometimes possible to demonstrate that one estimator possesses a smaller asymptotic variance than another, or that one estimator possesses the smallest asymptotic variance within a particular subclass. Asymptotic theory obviously does not predict anything about finite sample distribution functions Fn(x), Gn(x) ···. In particular we cannot deduce from asymptotic theorems that the estimator with the smallest asymptotic variance will continue to exhibit the smallest dispersion in finite samples. Consequently it remains an essential task in positive estimation theory to derive the exact finite sample distribution func...
Trace iodine quantitation in biological samples by mass spectrometric methods: the optimum internal standard.

Abstract Accurate quantitation of iodine in biological samples is essential for studies of nutrition and medicine, as well as for epidemiological studies for monitoring intake of this essential nutrient. Despite the importance of accurate measurement, a standardized method for iodine analysis of biological samples is yet to be established. We have evaluated the effectiveness of 72Ge, 115In, and 129I as internal standards for measurement of iodine in milk and urine samples by induction coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and of 35Cl18O4−, 129I−, and 2-chlorobenzenesulfonate (2-CBS) as internal standards for ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (IC-MS/MS). We found recovery of iodine to be markedly low when IC-MS/MS was used without an internal standard. Percent recovery was similarly low using 35Cl18O4 as an internal standard for milk and unpredictable when used for urine. 2-Chlorobenzebenzenesulfonate provided accurate recovery of iodine from milk, but overestimated iodine in urine samples by as much as a factor of 2. Percent recovery of iodine from milk and urine using ICP-MS without an internal standard was ∼120%. Use of 115In predicted approximately 60% of known values for both milk and urine samples. 72Ge provided reasonable and consistent percent recovery for iodine in milk samples (∼108%) but resulted in ∼80% recovery of iodine from urine. Use of 129I as an internal standard resulted in excellent recovery of iodine from both milk and urine samples using either IC-MS/MS and ICP-MS.
Chainlength dependence of the 1H NMR relaxation rates in bilayer vesicles

Abstract Proton spin-lattice relaxation rates (1/T 1 ) and linewidths have been measured for the methylene protons of 4 saturated lecithins in small bilayer vesicles. A systematic increase in the proton 1/T 1 was observed as the fatty acid residue was varied from lauroyl through to stearoyl. In contrast, no such variation was noted for the values of 1/T 1 of the choline methyl protons or the methylene linewidths at temperatures above the thermal phase transition temperature of the lipids. These data are interpreted in terms of two types of motions for the hydrocarbon chains: the rapid diffusion of kinks along the chain and slower fluctuations of the chain about the bilayer normal. The present observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the rapid kink diffusion motions control the methylene spin-lattice relaxation rates whereas the slower chain fluctuations determine the methylene linewidths.
Neural Transplants and Insect Diapause

THE induction and maintenance of larval and pupal diapause are at present thought to be under the direct control of the neuro-endocrine complex associated with the insect brain. Williams1 found that diapausing pupae of the cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia, could be induced to resume development by either a prolonged (6–12 weeks) exposure to a low temperature (4–6 ° C) or by the implantation of the brain of a previously chilled pupa. Unchilled diapause pupal brains were found to be incompetent to induce development when implanted into an unchilled pupa in diapause. The competence or incompetence of a pupal brain appeared to depend on the activity or inactivity of its neurosecretory cells. When active, the neurosecretory cells are responsible for the production of a hormone that is released via the corpora cardiaca and activates the prothoracic glands, which then produce the growth hormone, ecdysone, responsible for the initiation of development2. In the diapause pupa, the neurosecretory activity of the brain is suppressed3, as is its neural impulse activity4.
Duration of Party Control in Parliamentary and Presidential Governments: A Study of 65 Democracies, 1950 to 1998

Most of the previous work on political stability uses cabinet duration or leadership duration to measure stability. This study, however, focuses on another area of stability, namely the party control of the executive branch. This approach not only allows us to compare political durability in presidential and parliamentary systems directly, but it also, we believe, better reflects policy changes that stem from government party composition. Our analysis of longitudinal data from 65 democracies reveals that presidential and parliamentary governments create different patterns of government survival. Ruling parties in parliamentary systems encounter a declining hazard rate over time, whereas those in presidentialism face an increasing hazard rate in their survival. We explain this difference by focusing on how parliamentary and presidential systems create different incentive structures for political parties.
Indicator displacement assays for amino acids using Ni–NTA tethered to PAMAM dendrimers on controlled pore glass

PAMAM dendrimer monolayers, immobilized on glass and modified with Ni(II)–NTA moieties at the termini, show generational dependent responses as histidine selective sensors via indicator displacement assays.
Anthranilate synthetase from 5-methyltryptophan-susceptible and -resistant cultured Daucus carota cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Daucus carota (carrot) cell lines were selected which were resistant to growth inhibition by dl -5-methyltryptophan. The resistant cells appeared with a frequency of about 1 in 3.6·106 cells, the trait was usually stable and the cells were also resistant to growth inhibition by several other tryptophan analogs. 2. 2. The anthranilate synthetase activity in gel-filtered crude cell extracts from both normal and resistant cells required Mg2+ and l -glutamine and to the extent of about 10%, NH4Cl could substitute for l -glutamine. Co2+ or Mn2+ could substitute for Mg2+ while Hg2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ and p-chloromercuribenzoate were potent inhibitors of the reaction. Cu2+, Fe2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ and iodoacetamide were not very inhibitory. 3. 3. The anthranilate synthetase activity was 50% inhibited by 3.3 μM l -tryptophan and 5.4 μM dl -5-methyltryptophan, but the enzyme from the resistant cells required about a 5-fold higher concentration of either inhibitor to achieve equal inhibition. This inhibition was neither competitive or noncompetitive with chorismate, but was mixed and was noncompetitive with both l -glutamine and Mg2+. 4. 4. The enzyme from the resistant cell line differed from the normal cell enzyme by: (A) Being more resistant to inhibition by l -tryptophan, dl -5-methyltryptophan and certain other tryptophan analogs, (B) having a higher specific activity, (C) having a lower chorismate Km (26 versus 46 μM) and (D) having lower Mg2+Km (36 versus 101 μM). These factors, especially the resistance of the enzyme to inhibition by dl -5-methyltryptophan, could explain the resistance of the cells to dl -5-methyltryptophan. 5. 5. The less sensitive feedback control also allowed the free l -tryptophan level to be about 27-fold higher than normal.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF C.A.P. TURNER TO DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLAT SLABS 1905-1909

There is considerable uncertainty regarding both the timing and contributions of various individuals to the development of reinforced concrete flat slabs in the United States. The work of George M. Hill and the patent of Orlando W. Norcross are discussed first to provide context. The significant achievements of Claude A. P. Turner from 1905 to the end of 1909 are then described. Turner’s conceptual design of flat slabs is discussed. Turner conceived a cage of reinforcement, which he called the “mushroom head,” as shear reinforcement. Turner’s simple design for moment led to very small areas of steel flexural reinforcement, which drew criticism from structural engineers. Some early flat-slab buildings and bridges and the load tests that Turner performed are discussed. A tangible symbol of Turner’s contributions is his extant 1906 Hoffman (a.k.a. Marshall) building, which was designated an ASCE National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2002. The dispiriting history of flat-slab development after the e...
Wave packets, Maslov indices, and semiclassical quantization

Abstract The Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition, as refined by Keller and Maslov, reads I=(n + m/4)h, where I is the classical action, n is the quantum number, and where m is the Maslov index, an even integer. The occurrence of the integers n and m in this formula is a reflection of underlying topological features of semiclassical quantization. In particular, the work of Arnold and others has shown that m/2 is a winding number of closed curves on the classical symplectic group manifold, Sp(2N). Wave packets provide a simple and elegant means of establishing the connection between semiclassical quantization and the homotopy classes of Sp(2N), as well as a practical way of calculating Maslov indices in complex problems. Topological methods can also be used to derive general formulas for the Maslov indices of invariant tori in the classical phase space corresponding to resonant motion.
Biphasic response for hepatic microsomal enzyme induction by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice☆

Abstract The induction of the murine hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) was studied over a wide range of doses, including those associated with acute toxicity. Studies were conducted in two inbred strains of mice which vary at the Ah receptor and at a number of other genetic loci. C57BL/6J mice possess at high-affinity Ah receptor and are responsive to enzyme inductive effects of TCDD, whereas DBA/2J mice do not possess a high-affinity receptor and are less responsive to TCDD. In a dose-response study, 7-ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase (EROD) activity appeared to be maximally induced in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice at 7 days following exposure to 3 and 30 μg of TCDD/kg respectively. Very similar results were reported previously for the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in these strains of mice. However, at higher doses of TCDD (at least 45 μg/kg for C57BL/6J and 300 μg/kg for DBA/2J), EROD activity was further increased (2-fold) from the apparent maximal (plateau) level, resulting in an unusual biphasic log dose-response relationship. EROD activity remained at these elevated rates in both strains for doses approaching and exceeding the respective ld 50 values for each strain. To further characterize this biphasic induction phenomenon, cytochrome P-450 content, benzo[ a ]pyrene metabolism, and EROD and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activities were measured 1, 3 and 7 days after TCDD administration to C57BL/6J (3 and 150 μg/kg) and DBA/2J (30 and 600 μg/kg) mice. Maximal responses occurred in both strains at 3 days for all doses. In both strains, TCDD produced a dose-dependent increase in cytochrome P-450 content, EROD, and benzo[ a ]pyrene metabolism. Furthermore, a 2-fold induction of reductase activity was observed in each strain following exposure to the respective high doses. Induction of cytochrome P 1 -450 and P 3 -450 was also measured by Western immunoblot, using antisera raised against the homologous rat isozymes. In both strains, TCDD produced a dose-related increase in two protein-staining bands recognized by anti-P-450 BNF-B (P 1 -450) and anti-P-450 BNF/ISF-G (P 3 -450) respectively. The extended induction of hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activities at the respective high doses of TCDD appears to be due, in part, to increases in NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity and cytochromes P 1 -450 and P 3 -450 content. Significant alterations in the expression of the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system following exposure to high doses of TCDD may be associated, in part, with the delayed acute toxicity reported at this level of exposure.
Factors Associated With Emergency Department Visits for Migraine: An Observational Study

Objective/Background This study aims to determine why patients with migraine present to an emergency department (ED). While migraine accounts for over 800,000 ED visits annually, no prospectively gathered data characterize patients' reasons for presenting to an ED. Methods We prospectively interviewed 309 consecutive patients presenting to an urban ED for headache. Patients were asked 100 closed-ended questions regarding sociodemographics, headache history, and current headache attack. We performed descriptive analyses on patients fulfilling International Classification of Headache Disorders 2 migraine criteria. Results Of 186 patients who met migraine criteria, 77% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 71, 83%) had a primary care provider (PCP), 87% (95% CI: 82, 92%) had medical insurance, and 83% (95% CI: 77, 88%) had drug coverage. Fifty-three percent (95% CI: 46, 60%) reported that they previously visited a doctor for headache. Fifty-five percent (95% CI: 48, 62%) previously received a migraine diagnosis. Twenty-two percent (95% CI: 16, 28%) sought medical care for the current headache prior to ED presentation. Fifty-five percent (95% CI: 48, 63%) took abortive medication for migraine on the day of the ED visit. Median headache duration was 24 hours (IQR: 12-72). Forty-nine percent (95% CI: 42, 57%) screened positive for depression. The most common reason for visiting the ED was a perceived emergency condition or referral by a physician (33.3% [95% CI: 27, 40%]). Other commonly cited reasons related to access to care. Conclusions Most migraineurs presenting to the ED have a PCP and health insurance. ED visits commonly result from an inability to access care elsewhere and because patients consider pain to be an emergency condition. Missed opportunities for diagnosis and treatment likely contribute to ED visits.
New inhibitors of colony spreading in Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis

We have recently characterized sliding motility in Bacillus subtilis strains that lack functional flagella, and here describe the discovery of inhibitors of colony spreading in these strains as well as the aflagellate pathogen, Bacillus anthracis. Aflagellate B. subtilis strains were used to screen for new types of antibacterials that might inhibit colony spreading on semi-solid media. From a diverse set of organic structures, p-nitrophenylglycerol (NPG), an agent used primarily in clinical laboratories to control Proteus swarming, was found to inhibit colony spreading. The four stereoisomers of NPG were synthesized and tested, and only the 1R,2S-(1R-anti) and 1R,2R-(1R-syn) NPG isomers had significant activity in a quantitative colony-spreading assay. Twenty-six NPG analogs and related structures were synthesized and tested to identify more active inhibitors. p-Methylsulfonylphenylglycerol (p-SPG), but not its ortho or meta analogs, was found to be the most effective of these compounds, and synthesis and testing of all four p-SPG stereoisomers showed that the 1R-anti-isomer was the most active with an average IC(50) of 16 μM (3-5 μg mL(-1)). For B. anthracis, the colony-spreading IC(50) values for 1R-anti-SPG and 1R-anti-NPG are 12 μM (2-4 μg mL(-1)) and >150 μM, respectively. For both Bacillus species tested, 1R-anti-SPG inhibits colony spreading of surface cultures on agar plates, but is not bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal in liquid cultures. Work is in progress to find the cellular target(s) of the NPG/SPG class of compounds, since this could lead to an understanding of the mechanism(s) of colony spreading as well as design and development of more potent inhibitors for the control of B. anthracis surface cultures.
Measured and predicted vortex-induced leeward heating on a biconic at Mach 6 and 10

Detailed longitudinal and circumferential heating distributions were measured on a spherically blunted, 13 deg/7 deg biconic at angles of attack from 0 deg to 27 deg. The measurements were made in the Langley 20-inch Mach 6 tunnel and 31-inch Mach 10 tunnel to provide heating distributions at Mach 6 and 10 in air. The free-stream Reynolds number based on model length varied from 0.4 to 4.8 million at Mach 6 and 0.3 to 1.3 million at Mach 10. The basic trends in leeward heating are found to be described by a single parameter, the viscous interaction parameter. A decrease in this parameter results in a decrease in leeward heating for attached flow, an increase in heating for separated flow, and a forward movement of the separation region. The parabolized Navier-Stokes code for laminar flow qualitatively predicted the longitudinal and circumferential heating distributions.
Homology rings of homotopy associative H-spaces

Abstract Let X be a homotopy associative mod p H-space for p an odd prime. The homology H * ( X ; F p ) is an associative ring, but not necessarily commutative. We study conditions when [ x ¯ , y ¯ ] ≠ 0 for x ¯ , y ¯ elements of H * ( X ; F p ) . Under certain conditions [ x ¯ , y ¯ ] ≠ 0 imply ad l ( x ¯ , y ¯ ) ≠ 0 for l = p − 2 or p − 1 . These methods can be used to prove results about homology commutators that were previously obtained using the adjoint action [H. Hamanaka, S. Hara, A. Kono, Adjoint action of Lie groups on the loop spaces and cohomology of exceptional Lie groups, Transform. Group Theory (1996) 44–50, Korea Adv. Inst. Sci. Tech.; A. Kono, K. Kozima, The adjoint action of a Lie group on the space of loops, J. Math. Soc. Japan 45 (3) (1993) 495–509; A. Kono, J. Lin, O. Nishimura, Characterization of the mod 3 cohomology of E 7 , Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 131 (10) (2003) 3289–3295]. We also generalize results of Kane [R. Kane, Torsion in homotopy associative H-spaces, Illinois J. Math. 20 (1976) 476–485] to nonfinite mod p homotopy associative H-spaces.
Model based identification of aging parameters in lithium ion batteries

As lithium ion cells age, they experience power and energy fade associated with impedance rise and capacity loss, respectively. Identification of key aging parameters in lithium ion battery models can validate degradation hypotheses and provide a foundation for State of Health (SOH) estimation. This paper develops and simplifies an electrochemical model that depends on two key aging parameters, cell resistance and the solid phase diffusion time of Li+ species in the positive electrode. Off-line linear least squares and on-line adaptive gradient update processing of voltage and current data from fresh and aged lithium ion cells produce estimates of these aging parameters. These estimated parameters vary monotonically with age, consistent with accepted degradation mechanisms such as solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer growth and contact loss.
Geriatric euthanasia: attitudes and experiences of health professionals.

Increasingly, decisions to withhold treatment for the terminally ill have received considerable attention in medical, ethical, legal and lay publications. Few studies, however, have examined in detail the beliefs of health professionals about euthanasia, and more importantly, the frequency with which euthanasia occurs. A questionnaire was administered to 190 health care professionals (three-fourths of whom were affiliated with long term health care facilities) to examine these two questions. With regard to passive euthanasia, 83% of the respondents had heard of such cases, 56% had participated, 37% had given the permission for it to occur, and 17% had withheld life support system. With respect to active euthanasia, results were as follows: hearsay, 44%; participation, 21%; permission, 37%; and direct action, 20%. This study supports the need for health care professionals to become more active in the development of broad professional and individual institutional ethical guidelines in the care of the terminally ill.
Coping and social support resources among latinas with arthritis

Objective. To examine the coping strategies and social support resources of Latinas (Hispanic women) with arthritis. Results. Engaging in activities was the most commonly reported coping strategy, followed by the use of religion or prayer. Respondents relied more on family members (especially daughters) than friends for support. Conclusions. Coping responses to arthritis may reflect culture-based notions of “coping,” as well as culturally valued norms, such as familism. The extent to which findings illustrate cultural, gender, or socioeconomic status factors requires further study. Methods. A sample of 109 Latinas of low socioeconomic status with arthritis were interviewed. Most interviews were conducted in Spanish. In open-ended responses, participants described how they cope with their illness. Respondents also named the two individuals who help them most when they do not feel well because of their illness.
210 EFFECT OF HYPOXEMIA ON TISSUE OXYGEN DELIVERY IN LAMBS

Tissue oxygen delivery (TOD) during normoxemia and hypoxemia (H) was studied in 23 chronically catheterized, unanesthetized lambs grouped according to age: Group I (2-8 days, n=10) and Group II (13 days-3 mos, n=13). Animals were administered a low oxygen gas mixture (FiO2 0.11) which produced significant (p .05) in response to H to liver (2.2±2.5 to 1.5±1.2), heart (38.3±11.3 to 33.5±17), adrenal (21.8±6.5 to 28.2±16) and cerebral cortex (17.9±10.2 to 18.8±9.7). A greater increase (p<.02) in oxygen capacity (ml O2) in response to H was seen in older relative to younger animals (Gp.I: 12.7±3.1 to 12.6±3.4; Gp.II: 11.2±2.4 to 12.4±2.7), with similar responses in hematocrit (Gp.I: 28±6 to 28±6%; Gp.II: 24±6-28±6%) and hemoglobin (Gp.I: 9.3±2.3 to 9.3±2.5 gm/dl; Gp.II: 8.3±1.7 to 9.1±2.0 gm/dl). No differences were noted between the groups in the response of arterial O2 content (ml O2) to H (Gp.I: 12.1±3.0 to 6.6±2.1; Gp.II: 10.9±2.3 to 5.6±1.8) which declined significantly (p<.01). Thus, older lambs appear to have greater fluid shift out of the intravascular compartment in response to H but the response to TOD is not different in older relative to younger lambs.
Open Intracardiac Repair for Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries

Seventeen of 44 patients undergoing operation for complete correction of transposition of the great arteries survived operation and were dismissed to return home. Three late deaths followed. Mortality remains high among infants less than one year old and among patients of all ages who have severely elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Nine of the last 13 patients, in whom repair was accomplished by the Mustard technique, have survived. Late results in all surviving patients have generally been excellent.
Two-dimensional numerical analysis of the high electron mobility transistor

Electrical properties of the High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) are determined. The continuity and power balance equations are modeled with electron concentration and average energy as dependent variables and with Monte-Carlo-generated parameters. Conduction in both the quantum well and the bulk are included, represented respectively with one-dimensional and two-dimensional finite difference schemes. Important effects observed are velocity overshoot, electronic heating and heat conduction, real space transfer, and transfer of carriers from the quantum well to the bulk in pinch-off. It is concluded that the speed of the HEMT over conventional devices does not arise from high saturation velocities in the quantum well but rather from a lower access resistance.
Effect of hypoxia on enterocyte endocytosis of enteric bacteria.

Objective To clarify the effect of hypoxia on bacteria-enterocyte interactions.Design Randomized.Setting Research laboratory.Subjects Enteric bacteria and cultured human intestinal epithelial cells, HT-29 cells.Interventions The effect of hypoxia on bacterial internalization and intracellular surviv
Propagation and extinction of a flame in a stagnation-point flow

Abstract The interaction of a premixed flame with the flow near the front stagnation point of a body has been reconsidered in this paper for the case of moderate strain rates when the flame stands clear of the body. We provide a detailed solution which includes the determination of the flow field as affected by the burning, the flame standoff distance, and the displacement of the incident flow. In particular, we determine the standoff distance at which extinction takes place when the Lewis number associated with the deficient component of the mixture is sufficiently large. Unlike most previous studies this extinction curve is based on an analysis which fully accounts for thermal expansion.
Quantitation and localization of acinar cell-specific mucin in submandibular glands of mice during postnatal development

In this study, antiserum to acinar cell-specific mucin was utilized to determine whether mucin could be detected in the mouse submandibular gland prior to cytodifferentiation of acinar cells. Results from radioimmunoassay indicated that mucin occurs in submandibular glands from newborn mice, i.e., before the appearance of mature acinar cells. Additionally, mucin quantitated in various stages of development was found to be antigenically identical to adult mucin. After sections of glands were treated with immunohistochemical reagents, we observed that the mature acinar cell-specific mucin was present in secretory terminal-tubule cells and in proacinar cells of newborn animals. The present findings suggest that in young animals, the proacinar cells are an immediate precursor of acinar cells and that the secretory terminal-tubule cells may represent an earlier stage in development of acinar cells. In adult female glands, mucin was also detected in the granular intercalating-duct cells. This latter observation is consistent with the hypothesis that these cells are an intermediate in the acinar cell replacement process.
Agrarian Ideals, Sustainability Ethics, and US Policy: A Critique for Practitioners

If tacit ethical ideals shape policy and practice, even when practitioners are not fully aware of underlying philosophical assumptions, then philosophical frameworks that support diagnostic, evaluative, and adaptive capacity in the sphere of action are critical to sustainability. Thompson’s agrarian-influenced sustainability framework substantially advances beyond the prevailing triple bottom line approach, as experimental evaluation of biofuels sustainability illustrates. By suggesting that governance of complex social-natural systems lies at the core of contemporary sustainability challenges, Thompson illuminates the critical importance of social capacity for deliberation and choice—a powerful and somewhat unexpected theme requiring more development by philosophers and practitioners alike going forward.
VGLUT2-Dependent Glutamate Release from Nociceptors Is Required to Sense Pain and Suppress Itch

Itch can be suppressed by painful stimuli, but the underlying neural basis is unknown. We generated conditional null mice in which vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGLUT2)-dependent synaptic glutamate release from mainly Nav1.8-expressing nociceptors was abolished. These mice showed deficits in pain behaviors, including mechanical pain, heat pain, capsaicin-evoked pain, inflammatory pain, and neuropathic pain. The pain deficits were accompanied by greatly enhanced itching, as suggested by (1) sensitization of both histamine-dependent and histamine-independent itch pathways and (2) development of spontaneous scratching and skin lesions. Strikingly, intradermal capsaicin injection promotes itch responses in these mutant mice, as opposed to pain responses in control littermates. Consequently, coinjection of capsaicin was no longer able to mask itch evoked by pruritogenic compounds. Our studies suggest that synaptic glutamate release from a group of peripheral nociceptors is required to sense pain and suppress itch. Elimination of VGLUT2 in these nociceptors creates a mouse model of chronic neurogenic itch.
Comprehensive review of obesity and psychological considerations for treatment

Although obesity is considered to be a medical condition, psychosocial variables influence its development, course, and treatment. To date, obesity research focuses heavily on the associated physical problems and the identification of effective treatments. While an array of behavioral, pharmacological and surgical treatments has been developed, their ability to demonstrate long-term weight losses is not convincing. Thus, there has been a shift towards the identification of psychological and social factors that may assist in the prediction of successful treatments, most notably in the surgical treatment of obesity. As a result, less emphasis has been placed on post-treatment psychosocial influences. As the treatment of obesity becomes increasing multidimensional, the need for attention to psychosocial factors and the involvement of mental health providers increases. For the allied or mental health provider, a comprehensive understanding of obesity's physical, psychological and social basis is vital to ensure proper assessment or treatment, as it is warranted.