cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attenuation correction using deep Learning and integrated UTE/multi-echo Dixon sequence: evaluation in amyloid and tau PET imaging.

PET measures of amyloid and tau pathologies are powerful biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because cortical regions are close to bone, quantitation accuracy of amyloid and tau PET imaging can be significantly influenced by errors of attenuation correction (AC). This work presents an MR-based AC method that combines deep learning with a novel ultrashort time-to-echo (UTE)/multi-echo Dixon (mUTE) sequence for amyloid and tau imaging. Thirty-five subjects that underwent both 11C-PiB and 18F-MK6240 scans were included in this study. The proposed method was compared with Dixon-based atlas method as well as magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition with gradient echo (MPRAGE)- or Dixon-based deep learning methods. The Dice coefficient and validation loss of the generated pseudo-CT images were used for comparison. PET error images regarding standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) were quantified through regional and surface analysis to evaluate the final AC accuracy. The Dice coefficients of the deep learning methods based on MPRAGE, Dixon, and mUTE images were 0.84 (0.91), 0.84 (0.92), and 0.87 (0.94) for the whole-brain (above-eye) bone regions, respectively, higher than the atlas method of 0.52 (0.64). The regional SUVR error for the atlas method was around 6%, higher than the regional SUV error. The regional SUV and SUVR errors for all deep learning methods were below 2%, with mUTE-based deep learning method performing the best. As for the surface analysis, the atlas method showed the largest error (> 10%) near vertices inside superior frontal, lateral occipital, superior parietal, and inferior temporal cortices. The mUTE-based deep learning method resulted in the least number of regions with error higher than 1%, with the largest error (> 5%) showing up near the inferior temporal and medial orbitofrontal cortices. Deep learning with mUTE can generate accurate AC for amyloid and tau imaging in PET/MR.
Humility, Religion, and Spirituality: An Endpiece:

In this conclusion to the special issue, we reflect on the state of the field of humility, religion, and spirituality, and examine three important questions. First, we examine how researchers are d...
Volatility Estimation for Stock Index Options: A GARCH Approach

The objective of this paper is to compare the mispricing of option valuation models when alternate techniques are applied to the volatility estimation. Akgiray (1989) shows that out-of-sample forecasts of return variances of stock indices based on a GARCH model are superior predictors of the actual ex-post variances in comparison to forecasts generated using standard rolling regression methods. A second objective of this study is to examine if Akgiray's results carry over to option valuation. Although we find that the implied volatility technique results in the least mispricing, within the class of forecasts using only historic returns data, the use of GARCH models will also significantly reduce model mispricing.
Mechanisms of Frank-Starling law of the heart and stretch activation in striated muscles may have a common molecular origin.

Vertebrate cardiac muscle generates progressively larger systolic force when the end diastolic chamber volume is increased, a property called the “Frank-Starling Law”, or “length dependent activation (LDA)”. In this mechanism a larger force develops when the sarcomere length (SL) increased, and the overlap between thick and thin filament decreases, indicating increased production of force per unit length of the overlap. To account for this phenomenon at the molecular level, we examined several hypotheses: as the muscle length is increased, (1) lattice spacing decreases, (2) Ca2+ sensitivity increases, (3) titin mediated rearrangement of myosin heads to facilitate actomyosin interaction, (4) increased SL activates cross-bridges (CBs) in the super relaxed state, (5) increased series stiffness at longer SL promotes larger elementary force/CB to account for LDA, and (6) stretch activation (SA) observed in insect muscles and LDA in vertebrate muscles may have similar mechanisms. SA is also known as delayed tension or oscillatory work, and universally observed among insect flight muscles, as well as in vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles. The sarcomere stiffness observed in relaxed muscles may significantly contributes to the mechanisms of LDA. In vertebrate striated muscles, the sarcomere stiffness is mainly caused by titin, a single filamentary protein spanning from Z-line to M-line and tightly associated with the myosin thick filament. In insect flight muscles, kettin connects Z-line and the thick filament to stabilize the sarcomere structure. In vertebrate cardiac muscles, titin plays a similar role, and may account for LDA and may constitute a molecular mechanism of Frank-Starling response.
The Uneven Impacts of Violence against Women Reform in Guatemala: Intersecting Inequalities and the Patchwork State

In 2008 Guatemala passed legislation criminalizing various forms of violence against women and mandating the creation of courts that would specialize in such violence. This article demonstrates that these reforms’ impacts were unevenly felt, with the most marginalized benefiting the least. It explains this gap by drawing on a historical intersectional analysis, and reveals the importance of including place alongside more commonly studied categories of difference. It also illuminates the sources of the gaps between policies and their impacts. It finds that many Guatemalan women remained marginalized from security and justice, despite attempts to protect them, for two reasons. First, the reforms isolated violence against women from other structural sources of inequality, thus undercutting their impacts for multiply marginalized women. Second, the reforms’ impacts were undermined by historically constituted patterns of state-society relations and the uneven nature of the Guatemalan state. Resumen En 2008 Guatemala aprobo legislacion que criminaliza varias formas de violencia contra la mujer y manda la creacion de tribunales que se enfoquen exclusivamente en la violencia contra la mujer. Este articulo demuestra que los impactos de estas reformas se dieron de manera dispareja y que los que se beneficiaron menos fueron los que de por si ya estan mas marginados. Para explicar esta brecha se usa un analisis interseccional historico y revela la importancia de incluir el lugar junto con las categorias de diferencia mas comunmente estudiadas. Tambien ilustra las raices de las brechas que existen entre las politicas publicas y sus impactos. Concluye que muchas mujeres guatemaltecas siguen siendo marginadas de la seguridad y la justicia a pesar de los intentos de protegerlas, por dos razones. Primero, las reformas aislan a la violencia contra la mujer de otras fuentes estructurales de inequidad, debilitando asi el impacto de las reformas para las mujeres que sufren multiples marginaciones. Segundo, los impactos de las reformas fueron socavado por los patrones historicamente constituidos de las relaciones entre el Estado y la sociedad y por la naturaleza dispareja del Estado guatemalteco.
Can radiomics combined with clinical data predict checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis

e14555Background: Immunotherapy (ImT) is increasingly utilized in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC). Checkpoint-inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) is an uncommon and potentially l...
Proposed Design for Effectively Expand Adaptive-ticks Feature in the Linux Kernel to Full Tickless Function

Operating systems use timers available in the processor to trigger timer interrupts that help the kernel manage several tasks, ranging from time management of system software to scheduling and task switching. Traditionally, operating systems program the system timer to tick at regular intervals ranging from 1 ms to 100 ms, depending on the required system response and type of load. The periodic tick timer is the simplest and most common way of managing the system’s management activities. However, advancements in microprocessors and operating system scheduler allows for a more efficient and better-performing solution by eliminating regular timer interrupts. In this research, we illustrate the implementation of Adaptive-ticks feature and analyze the performance of Adaptive-ticks scheduler in Linux kernel version 4.0.9. We also propose a new full Adaptive-ticks design to support multiple tasks in the ready queue. This new proposed design extends the current Adaptive-ticks feature to improve performance and power efficiency by getting rid of unwanted interrupts.
Ethics in Light of Childhood

Introduction Part I. History 1. Three Enduring Models Part II. Theory 2. What is Human Being? 3. What Is the Ethical Aim? 4. What Is Owed Each Other? Part III. Practice 5. Human Rights in Light of Childhood 6. The Generative Family 7. The Art of Ethical Thinking Conclusion Notes Index
Perceived Deservingness of Outcomes as a Function of Religious Fundamentalism and Target Responsibility

We examined the perception of deserved outcomes associated with religious fundamentalism (RF). Interviews with videotaped targets varied in target’s religiosity, responsibility, and outcome valence (good/bad). Participants either low (LF) or high (HF) on RF formulated an impression of how deserving a target was for a situational outcome. Participants low in RF held targets to be less deserving of a bad outcome than a good one; the HF group showed this to a lesser degree. HFs believed the target was more deserving of a bad outcome than did LFs, even when the target was not responsible for the outcome. Religious fundamentalism is related to attributing greater deservingness of bad outcomes, possibly because of a greater belief in a just world. jasp_808 2144..2164 Individuals can have strong reactions when evaluating the appropriateness of fit between another individual’s actions and the resulting consequences. Several factors have been identified as playing important roles in forming our reactions to the outcome of events. Feather (1999, 2006) demonstrated the role of deservingness in mediating reactions to others, depending on factors such as the valence of outcome, perceived responsibility, and the in-group/out-group status of the target being viewed. Feather (2006) demonstrated that a consistency principle exists such that a positively evaluated outcome following a target’s positively evaluated action is judged by an observer to be deserved (and conversely for negative actions and outcomes). For example, a student who works diligently to study for an exam would be seen, generally speaking, as deserving of a good grade. However, if the student received a poor grade, this would generate negative emotions in the perceiver, consistent with an unbalanced outcome. Judgments of deservingness often involve subjective biases based on characteristics of the perceiver and their interaction with target characteristics. If the observer perceives the target to be a member of his or her own in-group or to be of high moral character, there is a bias in favor of judging a positive outcome as more deserved and a negative outcome as less deserved (Feather, 1999).
Molecular Genetics of Drosophila Olfaction

The functional organization of the Drosophila olfactory system has been studied using two complementary approaches. (1) A genetic screen has yielded olfactory mutants, of which one, acj6, shows greatly reduced electrical responses of its olfactory organs to all odorants tested except benzaldehyde (odour of almond). This mutant is also defective in olfactory behaviour at the larval stage. It is normal in tests of visual system physiology and behaviour. We aim to determine whether the acj6 gene is expressed on a fraction of the antennal surface. (2) We have carried out an enhancer trap screen for olfactory genes which are expressed on regions of the antennal surface. From a screen of 6400 enhancer trap lines, 12 show expression of a lacZ reporter gene in both larval and adult olfactory organs, but relatively little expression elsewhere. Most lines identify regions of the adult antenna and some show labelling of very small numbers of cells. One line shows sexual dimorphism in its expression pattern and another pattern becomes increasingly restricted with adult age. Several lines also show staining of other chemosensory organs and one also shows staining in the male reproductive tract. We have generated deletions of DNA flanking these enhancer trap insertions to determine whether any of the lines define genes associated with responses to specific sets of odorants.
Treatment of Mentally Ill Offenders in Nine Developing Latin American Countries

The prevalence of psychiatric conditions among prisoners in Latin America is greatly underestimated, and because of the lack of awareness about mental illness among service providers in Latin American prisons, oftentimes these conditions go unrecognized or are not treated properly. In the worst-case scenarios, human rights violations occur. Despite the high levels of need, many prisoners have not received adequate or timely treatment. The sparse existing literature documents prison conditions throughout Latin American countries, ranging from poor to extremely harsh, overcrowded, and life threatening. Most prison systems do not meet international prison standards. The information on forensic mental health services and the treatment of offenders with mental illness have been less extensively studied and compared with forensic practices in developed American nations. This study analyzes the existing literature on forensic psychiatry, focusing on nine socioeconomically developing nations in Latin America, to improve understanding of treatment approaches for offenders with mental illness and identify emerging themes. A review was conducted and data were included in regression analyses to investigate information relative to the treatment of offenders with mental illness and its interaction with the mental health system.
Performance of SAO model VLG-12 advanced hydrogen masers

The performance of two VLG-12 masers that have operated at the US Naval Observatory is described. The effectiveness of the single-state selection system and of the storage bulb coatings is discussed. Among other results, it is shown that the masers' initial frequency drift rates of several parts in 10/sup 15/ per day decreased by factors of 2 to 4 over a period of 200 days. >
H3K36 methylation promotes longevity by enhancing transcriptional fidelity

Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone post-translational modifications, control longevity in diverse organisms. Relatedly, loss of proper transcriptional regulation on a global scale is an emerging phenomenon of shortened life span, but the specific mechanisms linking these observations remain to be uncovered. Here, we describe a life span screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is designed to identify amino acid residues of histones that regulate yeast replicative aging. Our results reveal that lack of sustained histone H3K36 methylation is commensurate with increased cryptic transcription in a subset of genes in old cells and with shorter life span. In contrast, deletion of the K36me2/3 demethylase Rph1 increases H3K36me3 within these genes, suppresses cryptic transcript initiation, and extends life span. We show that this aging phenomenon is conserved, as cryptic transcription also increases in old worms. We propose that epigenetic misregulation in aging cells leads to loss of transcriptional precision that is detrimental to life span, and, importantly, this acceleration in aging can be reversed by restoring transcriptional fidelity.
Nitrogenous Nutrition of Marine Phytoplankton in Nutrient-Depleted Waters

Variability in the small-scale temporal and spatial patterns in nitrogenous nutrient supply, coupled with an enhanced uptake capability for nitrogenous nutrients induced by nitrogen limitation, make it possible for phytoplankton to maintain nearly maximum rates of growth at media nutrient concentrations that cannot be quantified with existing analytical techniques.
Choice of Depreciation Methods for Farm Firms

Accelerated depreciation methods are usually considered to increase the present value of after-tax cash flows for farm firms compared to straight line methods. Review of the theoretical foundations of this conclusion indicates that it requires an assumption of constant marginal income tax rates, which is inappropriate for many farm firms. Numerical analysis of a more general theoretical model and a detailed capital budgeting example both indicate that straight line methods are preferred with income tax rates below maximum levels and/or lower discount rates. General recommendations on depreciation methods are therefore impossible.
Warp-level divergence in GPUs: Characterization, impact, and mitigation

High throughput architectures rely on high thread-level parallelism (TLP) to hide execution latencies. In state-of-art graphics processing units (GPUs), threads are organized in a grid of thread blocks (TBs) and each TB contains tens to hundreds of threads. With a TB-level resource management scheme, all the resource required by a TB is allocated/released when it is dispatched to / finished in a streaming multiprocessor (SM). In this paper, we highlight that such TB-level resource management can severely affect the TLP that may be achieved in the hardware. First, different warps in a TB may finish at different times, which we refer to as ‘warp-level divergence’. Due to TB-level resource management, the resources allocated to early finished warps are essentially wasted as they need to wait for the longest running warp in the same TB to finish. Second, TB-level management can lead to resource fragmentation. For example, the maximum number of threads to run on an SM in an NVIDIA GTX 480 GPU is 1536. For an application with a TB containing 1024 threads, only 1 TB can run on the SM even though it has sufficient resource for a few hundreds more threads. To overcome these inefficiencies, we propose to allocate and release resources at the warp level. Warps are dispatched to an SM as long as it has sufficient resource for a warp rather than a TB. Furthermore, whenever a warp is completed, its resource is released and can accommodate a new warp. This way, we effectively increase the number of active warps without actually increasing the size of critical resources. We present our lightweight architectural support for our proposed warp-level resource management. The experimental results show that our approach achieves up to 76.0% and an average of 16.0% performance gains and up to 21.7% and an average of 6.7% energy savings at minor hardware overhead.
Monoterpene variability of Abies amabilis cortical oleoresin

Abstract Over 100 trees of Abies amabilis growing in fifteen different locations were analyzed for monoterpenes. Population-to-population and tree-to-tree variability was moderate, with no definite separation in chemical variants indicated. This is in accord with the theory of a single glacial refugium of moderate extent followed by postglacial northward expansion. No evidence was found of natural hybridization between A. amabilis and A. lasiocarpa .
Estimation of Vegetation Aerodynamic Roughness of Natural Regions Using Frontal Area Density Determined from Satellite Imagery

Abstract Parameterizations of the frontal area index and canopy area index of natural or randomly distributed plants are developed and applied to the estimation of local aerodynamic roughness using satellite imagery. The formulas are expressed in terms of the subpixel fractional vegetation cover and one non-dimensional geometric parameter that characterizes the plant's shape. Geometrically similar plants and Poisson distributed plant centers are assumed. An appropriate averaging technique to extend satellite pixel-scale estimates to larger scales is provided. The parameterization is applied to the estimation of aerodynamic roughness using satellite imagery for a 2.3 km 2 coniferous portion of the Landes Forest near Lubbon, France, during the 1986 HAPEX-Mobilhy Experiment. The canopy area index is estimated first for each pixel in the scene based on previous estimates of fractional cover obtained using Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. Next, the results are incorporated into Raupach's [Raupach, M.R., 1994. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 71, 211–216] analytical formulas for momentum roughness and zero-plane displacement height. The estimates compare reasonably well to reference values determined from measurements taken during the experiment and to published literature values. The approach offers the potential for estimating regionally variable vegetation aerodynamic roughness lengths over natural regions using satellite imagery when there exists only limited knowledge of the vegetated surface.
Hypertension in pseudohypoparathyroidism type I

Purpose: There is increasing evidence of a central role for the calcium ion in blood pressure regulation. By studying blood pressure control in disorders of calcium homeostasis, a better understanding of the role of the calcium ion and certain calcitrophic hormones in modulating arterial pressure in humans may be gained. Our goal was to examine levels of blood pressure in a group of patients with either type Ia or type Ib pseudohypoparathyroidism (PsHP), a disorder characterized by target organ resistance to parathyroid hormone. Patients and Methods: Forty-six patients with type I PsHP were recruited for the study (28 with type Ia and 18 with type Ib). Blood pressure was measured and the degree of obesity was assessed in all patients. Detailed measurements of hormones involved in blood pressure regulation were made in nine hypertensive patients with PsHP. Results: Elevated arterial pressure was present in 18 of the 46 patients with PsHP, which comprised 53 percent (18 of 34) of the adult subjects. Prevalence of hypertension was similar in PsHP type Ia (nine of 21) and type Ib (nine of 13; p not significant) and was not related to coexisting hypothyroidism or degree of hypocalcemia. However, hypertension in PsHP was strongly linked to severe obesity. Mean body weights of normotensive and hypertensive patients with PsHP were 64 ± 2.8 (SEM) kg (125 ± 6 percent ideal body weight) and 96 ± 4.7 kg (172 ± 10 percent ideal body weight), respectively. Compared with obese hypertensive non-PsHP persons, hypertensive subjects with PsHP had reduced basal and posture-stimulated renin activity (basal, 1.68 ± 0.36 [n = 9] versus 3.97 ± 0.61 ng/ml/hour [n = 9] [p Conclusion: Our data suggest that hypertension is common in PsHP types Ia and Ib. This newly identified form of endocrine hypertension is strongly linked to excessive body weight but is associated with alterations in the renin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems that are distinct from those encountered in obesity-related hypertension in the general population. The pathophysiologic basis for hypertension in these two distinctly different forms of PsHP remains to be determined.
Tetracyclic phenothiazines. VII. Electron impact promoted mass spectral fragmentation of some pyrido[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazines†

The mass spectral fragmentation pattern of a series of pyrido[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazines is reported. The major fragments are derived from the breakdown of the pyrido ring and substituents thereon. The 1,2-/2,3-unsaturated, unsubstituted and most of the 3-substituted compounds show the molecular ion as the base peak indicative of their relative stability toward electron impact. The genesis of the base peaks from the molecular ions of the 2,2-dithiophenyl substituted compounds probably involves a concerted expulsion of a neutral diphenyldisulfide molecule and hydrogen atom transfer from the 1-position to the 2-position in the pyrido ring. On the other hand, 2-thiophenyl substituted molecular ions lead to base peaks involving simultaneous ring opening of the pyrido ring, cleavage of phenylthiomethylene moiety as a radical and contractive ring closure to the pyrrole system. These two mechanisms appear to be diagnostic for distinguishing 2,3- versus 2,2-positional isomers. The McLafferty rearrangement takes place in the 2-thiophenyl and 2,2-dithiophenyl substituted compounds. The retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation of the pyrido ring occurs in varying degrees depending on the nature of the 2- and 3- substituents and also the presence or absence of unsaturation in the pyrido ring. In the 2-thiophenyl-3-keto compounds, thiophenyl group participation with 3-carbonyl carbon and oxygen atoms is observed in the genesis of some interesting ion fragments. The detection of metastable ions in the spectra of 1,2-dihydro-2-thiophenyl-, 1,2-dihydro-2,2-dithiophenyl-3-hydroxy-, and 1,2-dihydro-2,2-dithiophenyl-3-keto-3H-pyrido[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazines; and spectra of 1,2-dihydro-3-methyl-, 1,2-dihydro-2-carbethoxy-3-keto- and 1,2-dihydro-2-thiophenyl-3-keto-3H-pyrido[3,2,1-kl]pheno-thiazines at low voltage support major fragmentation pathways.
Voice Production by the Chicken

Abstract THE syrinx of the chicken has been well described by Myers (1917) and his terminology will be used in this report. Ruppell (1933) has made an extensive investigation of the vocal apparatus of the Herring gull (Larus argentatus). His apparatus for holding the syrinx made it possible to observe the vibration of the tympaniform membranes. His review of the literature and experimental work all emphasized the importance of pressure in the infraclavicular air sac during sound production. Miller (1934) was able to produce sound with the syrinx of the Horned Owl and turkey by blowing compressed air through the bronchi without added pressure around the syrinx. MATERIALS AND METHODS With the aid of a dissecting microscope, drawings were made of a syrinx held in a normal breathing configuration. Less detailed drawings were prepared to show changes in position of the syrinx associated with voice production. An apparatus (Figure 1) similar…
Effect of chronic renal failure and growth hormone therapy on the insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins.

Children with chronic renal failure (CRF) are often growth retarded, and abnormalities of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in CRF may contribute to this poor growth. Despite normal IGF levels in CRF serum, IGF bioactivity is low due to excess IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the 35-kDa serum fractions. Levels of IGFBP-1, -2, -4 and -6, and a 29-kDa IGFBP-3 fragment, are high in CRF serum, and levels of intact IGFBP-1 and -2 correlate negatively with height. IGFBP-1 levels may be high due to insulin resistance, suggesting that the FKHR family of transcription factors may play a role in the overexpression of IGFBP-1, and other growth inhibitors, in CRF. GH-treated CRF children show catch-up growth that correlates positively with a rise in each component of the 150-kDa serum ternary complex (IGF-I or -II/IGFBP-3 or -5/acid-labile subunit); IGFBP-1, -2 and -6 levels do not rise, but serum IGF bioactivity does. Thus, GH increases levels of IGFs and ternary complexes in CRF serum. It is likely that increased IGFs contribute to catch-up growth by overcoming the inhibitory effects of excess IGFBPs present in the CRF milieu.
Competitive Equilibrium in an Exchange Economy with Indivisibilities

Abstract We analyze an exchange economy in which (i) all commodities except money are indivisible, (ii) agents' preferences can be described by a reservation value for each bundle of indivisible objects, and (iii) all agents are price-takers. We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition under which market clearing prices exist. Implications for market mechanisms are discussed.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D51, C78.
Nanotubes light up protein arrays.

Antibody-tagged carbon nanotubes permit sensitive detection on protein microarrays by surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
Evaluating cell-of-origin subtype methods for predicting diffuse large B-cell lymphoma survival: a meta-analysis of gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry algorithms.

Abstract Background Patients with DLBCL exhibit widely divergent outcomes despite harboring histologically identical tumors. Currently, GEP and IHC algorithms assign patients to 1 of 2 main subtypes: germinal center B cell-like (GCB), or activated B cell-like (ABC), the latter of which historically carries a less favorable prognosis. However, it remains controversial as to whether these prognostic groupings remain valid in the era of rituximab therapy. Materials and Methods A systematic literature review identified 24 articles from which meta-analyses were conducted, comparing survival outcomes for patients assigned to either GCB or ABC/non-GCB subtype using GEP and/or Hans, Choi, or Muris IHC algorithms. Results Patients designated as GCB DLBCL using GEP fared significantly better in terms of overall survival than those with ABC DLBCL (hazard ratio, 1.85; P P = .07 and P = .76, respectively) between GCB and non-GCB groups. Conclusions Our study illustrates a lack of evidence supporting the use of the Hans and Choi algorithms for stratifying patients into distinct prognostic groups. Rather, GEP remains the preferred method for predicting the course of a patient's disease and informing decisions regarding treatment options.
Explicit characterization of moments of balanced triangular Pólya urns by an elementary approach

Abstract Two-color triangular urn models have been investigated recently. Moments of ball counts of a particular color have been obtained exactly and asymptotically in a number of sources (Janson, 2006, Kuba and Panholzer, 2014, and Flajolet et al., 2006). Exact factorial moments are in Kuba and Panholzer (2014). While Flajolet et al. (2006) gives an exact distribution, finding the exact moments from it is daunting. The asymptotic moments in Janson (2006) are derived by heavy machinery—the limit distribution in Janson (2006) is extracted from complicated characteristic functions in the form of integrals that they themselves include functions given by complicated integrals. The methods used in most of these investigations are quite sophisticated. In this note, we characterize the exact moments via an elementary approach. The formulas for the exact moments include Stirling’s numbers of second kind and the asymptotic moments follow effortlessly.
Fluid–liquid equilibria in poly(ethylene-co-hexene-1)+propane: a light-scattering probe of cloud-point pressure and critical polymer concentration

Abstract The cloud-point pressures and critical polymer concentration are measured for poly(ethylene-co-hexene-1)+propane solutions up to 180°C and 500 bar using a light-scattering probe. The measured cloud-point data agree with those calculated from SAFT1.
The concurrent validity of items in the Quality-of-Life Index in a cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay men.

Abstract The concurrent validity of the Quality-of-Life Index (QLI) is examined by comparing it with other standard measures of psychopathology and psychosocial and physical functioning in a sample of HIV-positive (HIV +) and HIV-negative (HIV−) men. Fifty gay men (29 HIV + and 21 HIV −) were assessed on the QLI and a number of other instruments covering medical, psychological, and social factors in order to examine the validity of the five domains (activity, health, support, outlook, and daily living) of the QLI as a measure of health-related quality of life. A highly significant correlation was found between the support domain of the QLI and the Social Supports Scale. A significant correlation was found between the QLI outloook domain and most measures of psychopathology including depression, anxiety, distress, and hopelessness. A modest but significant correlation was found between the activity domain of the QLI and a medical staging scale, and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. It can be concluded that the QLI successfully measures different areas of functioning related to quality of life.
An empirical investigation of voice as an input modality for computer programming

Abstract Recently, automatic speech recognition systems have shown the potential of becoming a useful means of data entry and control. The most successful of these speech recognition systems accept an isolated utterance as input and use a task-oriented syntactically-constrained vocabulary for increased recognition accuracy. At the same time, language-directed editors are beginning to be introduced into the programmer's workplace. A language-directed editor is an editor that has knowledge of the underlying syntax (and basic semantics) of a language. Program entry, then, is syntax-driven and program editing may proceed on a syntactic (semantic) basis. This article discusses the design, implementation, and results of a controlled experiment to evaluate voice versus keyboard (the standard input mode) in a language-directed editing environment. Twenty-four subjects inputted and edited program segments under control of a language-directed editor via the two input modes. Measures of speed, accuracy, and efficiency were used to compare these two modes of input. In general, the results showed that the subjects were able to complete more of the input and edit tasks by keyboard (70%) than by voice (50–55%), but that keyboard input had a higher error rate than did voice input. Also, the use of voice was just as efficient as keyboard for the inputting of editing commands. These results must be viewed with the understanding that the subjects were novices with respect to voice input, but were very experienced with keyboard input. In this light, it can be seen that voice holds much promise as mode of input for computer programming.
Teaching Evolutionary Psychology: An Interview With David M. Buss

David M. Buss received his PhD from the University of California at Berkeley, and has taught at Harvard University, the University of Michigan, and the University of Texas at Austin. He has receive...
Simvastatin protection against acute immune-mediated glomerulonephritis in mice

In addition to cholesterol lowering, 3-hydroxy-3-nethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors limit inflammatory changes associated with atherosclerosis. There is also support for their use as inhibitors of progression in chronic renal disease, irrespective of cause. In this study, their capacity to limit acute renal inflammation was evaluated. For this purpose, mice were treated with Simvastatin either prior to, at the time of, or shortly after induction of nephrotoxic nephritis. The severity of disease was determined by evaluation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), proteinuria, and renal histologic changes. The reversibility of benefit was evaluated by the administration of mevalonic acid along with nephrotoxic serum (NTS) and Simvastatin The severity of the acute nephritis, including proteinuria, elevated BUN, and histologic changes, was ameliorated in a dose-dependent manner, when Simvastatin was administered either prior to NTS injection or at the time of NTS injection. By contrast, Simvastatin did not alter the course of established nephritis. Coadministration of mevalonic acid, the immediate substrate following HMG-CoA reductase, abolished Simvastatin's renoprotective effect, indicating that the benefit is, at least in part, due to interference with HMG-CoA reductase and biosynthetic substrates downstream from the enzyme. These findings provide the rationale for the evaluation of the efficacy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in patients with recurrent forms of renal inflammation, to limit the severity of acute exacerbations of disease, prevent renal scarring and slow the rate of progression.
Does Health Information Exchange Reduce Unnecessary Neuroimaging and Improve Quality of Headache Care in the Emergency Department

Background Health information exchange (HIE) is advocated as an approach to reduce unnecessary testing and improve quality of emergency department (ED) care, but little evidence supports its use. Headache is a specific condition for which HIE has theoretical benefits.
Evidence of Sea Spray Produced by Bursting Bubbles

Measurements of air bubbles and sea spray are compared, showing that bubble bursting is the major mechanism for producing spray.
The 35% CO2 inhalation procedure: test–retest reliability

The subjective response to a single-breath, 35% carbon dioxide challenge test shows promise as a tool for the study of panic disorder and may comprise a trait marker for that disorder. Little has been done to measure the reliability of test results, however. Subjects took a single breath at 35% CO2 and completed a self-rating of anxiety symptoms immediately thereafter. This procedure was repeated after a mean interval of 29 days. One group, considered at high risk for panic disorder, consisted of well, first-degree relatives of individuals treated for panic disorder. The control group included well subjects at high risk for affective disorder and subjects who had family histories negative for both affective disorder and panic disorder. On both testing occasions, subjects at high risk for panic disorder had symptom scores that were significantly higher than those of control subjects. Group differences in the portions who experienced a panic attack were dependent on the symptom threshold used to define an attack. A lower threshold was optimal with the second testing and a single, positive test result appeared to be more meaningful than a single negative result. The majority of individual symptom ratings were highly correlated across tests. Ratings for "smothering sensations," in particular, correlated highly across tests and consistently discriminated high-risk from control subjects. The sources of test result variability are unclear and warrant more investigation before the tests can be clinically useful. Research efforts should seek optimal thresholds to define positive test results within given data sets.
Waldemar Haffkine's cholera vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine priority dispute.

Pasteur, Ferran et Haffkine et l'immunologie a la fin du 19 et au debut du 20 siecle en France et en Russie. La vaccination lors des epidemies en Inde.
Integrity: Principled Coherence, Virtue, or Both?

Integrity can be divided into two general categories as outlined by Hayden Ramsay in Beyond Virtue: Integrity and Morality. Ramsay analyzes the work of Kant and Aquinas and suggests that they advocate two different senses of integrity. Kantian philosophy implies a formalist approach to integrity, in which we exercise our freedom by discovering and shaping our personality and identity. This approach would have us focus on two common aspects of integrity, identity formation and principled coherence. The formalist account is characterized by principled coherence, the ability of the individual to articulate and consistently follow principles of behavior that she deems appropriate for her identity formation. These principles display coherence between belief and behavior but the principles themselves may change as preferences, experiences, and behaviors constituent of identity formation emerge and shift. In contrast, an areteic account of integrity finds expression in the natural law theory of Thomas Aquinas. Integrity is teleologically oriented toward moral and spiritual fulfillment. The virtues are united in areteic integrity. In this model, integrity builds character and is built by character. It includes such virtues as honesty, sincerity, and courage. The distinction between formalist and areteic integrity form the basis of our examination of integrity. Formalist integrity tends to be more descriptive while areteic integrity is normative, requiring more of us than formalist integrity. In order to strive for areteic integrity, we first adopt a formalist orientation to integrity. We also use formalist standards to judge the behavior of others even as we strive toward areteic integrity ourselves. Formalist standards for integrity would have us develop tolerance and recognize that integrity cannot always be adequately judged by observing the behavior of another person. Too much of moral development is private, shaped by stories, experiences, and values that are often hidden to the observer. Only after we become tolerant can we embrace our capacity for charity, a fundamental requirement of areteic integrity. In the areteic model emphasis shifts from the development of the individual to ethical obligations to others. Charity is a guiding virtue in areteic
9-1-1: HSCs respond to emergency calls.

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Zhao et al. (2014) and Schurch et al. (2014) describe two new stem cell mechanisms underlying protective responses to infection. In response to inflammatory signals, HSPCs and MSCs produce cytokines that stimulate HSC mobilization and differentiation toward innate immune cells at the expense of adaptive immune lineages.
An Analysis of Variance for Paired Comparisons

Abstract In a paired comparison test of m brands of a product each of the ½m(m – 1) pairs is presented to 2r judges: to r in one order, and to r in the other. An analysis of variance is developed for the case in which the judges’ preferences are expressed on a 7 or 9-point scale. Account is taken of the effects of order of presentation. Main effects are defined for the brands. The hypothesis of subtractivity, analogous to the hypothesis of additivity in a two-way layout, states roughly that the results for any pair, after order effects are eliminated, can be attributed entirely to the difference of the main effects of the two brands in the pair. Significance tests for the main effects, for the order effects, and for the hypothesis of subtractivity are given, as well as estimates of various parameters and their standard errors. The main effects are analyzed by considering all possible comparisons. A numerical example illustrates the method. * The illustrative data in this paper were originally analyzed by ...
Accurate calibration of a stereo-vision system in image-guided radiotherapy

Image-guided radiotherapy using a three-dimensional (3D) camera as the on-board surface imaging system requires precise and accurate registration of the 3D surface images in the treatment machine coordinate system. Two simple calibration methods, an analytical solution as three-point matching and a least-squares estimation method as multipoint registration, were introduced to correlate the stereo-vision surface imaging frame with the machine coordinate system. Both types of calibrations utilized 3D surface images of a calibration template placed on the top of the treatment couch. Image transformational parameters were derived from corresponding 3D marked points on the surface images to their given coordinates in the treatment room coordinate system. Our experimental results demonstrated that both methods had provided the desired calibration accuracy of 0.5 mm. The multipoint registration method is more robust particularly for noisy 3D surface images. Both calibration methods have been used as our weekly QA tools for a 3D image-guided radiotherapy system.
Observations of Mars from Earth between 1965 and 1969

Abstract Since the 1965 Symposium on Planetary Atmospheres and Surfaces, groundbased observations of Mars have added significantly to our knowledge of that planet. Martian topography and surface properties have been mapped by radar, surface temperatures and thermal properties have been determined by microwave and infrared radiometry, and the spectral reflectivity of surface regions has been measured over a wide range of wavelengths at different Martian seasons. Topographic features have been detected by spectroscopy of the CO 2 atmosphere, and a re-analysis of observations of Mars' satellites has shown that any secular acceleration must be quite small.
A Review of pi-pi Phase Shifts

In the past several years several bits of evidence have been collected for the presence of a ${0}^{+}$ isoscalar $S$-wave $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ resonance. In this paper we review the previous evidence in the light of recent work. For low $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ masses the decay of the ${K}^{+}$ meson, ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{e}^{+}+\ensuremath{\nu}$ gives useful information on the $I=0$ phase shift. To gain information at higher mass values, a large collection of data from many experiments on the reactions involving pion production in $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}p$ collision has been made. Both the data on $K$ decay and $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ collisions indicate a positive $I=0$ phase shift at low energies followed by a gradual rise in the phase shift. Although one cannot rule out a resonant behavior near the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mass, it seems unlikely. The $I=2$ phase shift seems to be negative, small (\ensuremath{\sim}20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) and slowly varying. Our results seem to differ from predictions based on current algebra.
An evaluation of the dorset sheep as a predictive animal model for the response of G-6-PD deficient human erythrocytes to a proposed systemic toxic ozone intermediate, methyl oleate hydroperoxide.

Erythrocytes of both G‐6‐PD deficient humans and Dorset sheep, an animal model with an erythrocyte G‐6‐PD deficiency, both responded in a dose‐dependent manner to the oxidant stress of MLHP as meas...
Performance verification of the Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) on-board blackbody calibration system

The NASA New Millennium Program's Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) instrument was designed to provide enormous advances in water vapor, wind, temperature, and trace gas profiling from geostationary orbit. The top-level instrument calibration requirement is to measure brightness temperature to better than 1 K (3 sigma) over a broad range of atmospheric brightness temperatures, with a reproducibility of ±0.2 K. For the onboard calibration approach used by GIFTS that employs two internal blackbody sources (290 K and 255 K) plus a space view sequenced at regular programmable intervals, this instrument level requirement places tight requirements on the blackbody temperature uncertainty (0.1 K) and emissivity uncertainty (0.001). The blackbody references are cavities that follow the UW Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) design, scaled to the GIFTS beam size. The engineering model blackbody system was completed and fully calibrated at the University of Wisconsin and delivered for integration into the GIFTS Engineering Development Unit (EDU) at the Utah State Space Dynamics Laboratory. This paper presents a detailed description of the methodology used to establish the required temperature and emissivity performance, with emphasis on the traceability to NIST standards. In addition, blackbody temperature data are presented from the GIFTS EDU thermal vacuum tests that indicate excellent temperature stability. The delivered on-board blackbody calibration system exceeds performance goals - the cavity spectral emissivity is better than 0.998 with an absolute uncertainty of less than 0.001, and the absolute blackbody temperature uncertainty is better than 0.06 K.
Prevalence of obesity.

Any given numerical value for the prevalence of obesity must be interpreted from its frame of reference. As used herein, the frame of reference embodies (1) the criterion (or criteria) used to define obesity (or overweight) and (2) an appropriate description of the make-up of the study population as well as the nature of the survey conducted on that population. Both the composition of study populations and the criteria for defining obesity can vary widely; therefore, it is important to be aware of the problems caused by such variability when an attempt is made to compare the prevalences of overweight reported for different populations.