cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the reduction of externally added DPN by succinate in submitochondrial particles

Abstract It has recently been reported from several laboratories that mitochondrial DPN is reduced by succinate and that this reduction requires the addition of ATP ( Azzone, Ernster and Klingenberg, 1960 ; Chance and Hagihara, 1960 ; and Klingenberg, 1960 ). All of these studies involved intact mitochondria and bound DPN. In the present communication some experiments will be described which deal with the reduction of added DPN by a submitochondrial particle from beef heart muscle, ETPH. This particle enjoys several advantages for the study of DPN reduction; it contains little or no bound DPN, and does not have a functional Krebs cycle (which excludes any reduction of DPN by substrates other than succinate).
A sensor network for real-time acoustic scene analysis

Acoustic scene analysis can be used to extract relevant information in applications such as homeland security, surveillance and environmental monitoring. Wireless sensor networks have been of particular interest in monitoring acoustic scenes. Sensors embedded in such a network typically operate under several constraints such as low power and limited bandwidth. In this paper, we consider resource-efficient acoustic sensing tasks that extract and transmit relevant information to a central station where information assessment can be conducted. We propose a series of acoustic scene analysis tasks that are performed in a hierarchical manner. Hierarchical tasks include sound and speech discrimination, estimation of the number of speakers from the acquired sound, gender and emotional state, and ultimately voice monitoring and key word spotting. We apply support vector machine and Gaussian mixture model algorithms on sound features. A real-time implementation is accomplished using Crossbow motes interfaced with a TI DSP board. A series of experiments are presented to characterize the performance of the algorithms under different conditions.
Direct evidence for the existence of gaseous intermediates in the calcium sulfide‐calcium sulfate reaction

Results of studies of the mechanism and kinetics of the reaction, CaS + 3CaSO/sub 4/ ..-->.. 4CaO + 4SO/sub 2/, of importance to the development of advanced regenerative processes for fluidized-bed combustion of coal are presented. Rates were measured of the thermal decomposition of CaSO/sub 4/ with and without physically separating the CaS. Gas evolved from heating at 900/sup 0/ and 1100/sup 0/C was measured thermogravimetrically. The data indicate that gaseous intermediates exist in the reaction. Analysis of the solid reaction products showed that the gaseous intermediates likely arise form the CaSO/sub 4/ decomposition. A complete kinetic analysis of six thermodynamically feasible side reactions indicate that the decomposition of CaSO/sub 4/ to CaO and SO/sub 3/ is the rate limiting step in the reaction, and that SO/sub 3/, rather than SO/sub 2/, is the gaseous intermediate. (BLM)
Leichenpredigt zu Lebzeiten

Eine Fortsetzung zur vorigen Kolumne. Ich klage, dass wir eben nicht aufbrechen, sondern die Industrialisierung der Dienstleistungen als „Kostenoptimierung“ sogar noch aktiv bis uberaus aggressiv vorantreiben und damit (weil wir nichts Neues aufbauen) einige Wirtschaftsbranchen in den Untergang treiben. Heute (2014) werde ich oft gefragt, was denn die Printmedien, die Verlage, die Banken etc. tun sollten, um wieder gute Gewinne zu machen. Sie alle haben das Internet zehn Jahre wahrgenommen oder als neumodisch registriert. Aber erst jetzt (!) wird der Wandel durch das Internet ernst genommen! Ich zeige in meinen Vortragen ab und an ein Bild eines Hundertzehnjahrigen, der ein frisch geborenes Baby in den Handen halt und sagt: „Du sollst spater einmal fur meinen Unterhalt sorgen.“ Ich will sagen: Innovationen mussen zeitig betrieben werden. So viele verschlafen den Wandel, und viele davon merken es nicht, weil sie ja nicht wieder aufwachen.
Teaching portfolios, community, and pre-service teachers’ professional development

Abstract This article describes the findings of a qualitative study examining the extent to which participation in a portfolio-focused teacher learning community impacts pre-service teachers’ understanding and development of a teaching portfolio. Additionally, the author was interested in understanding how, whether, and in what ways the group's participants attribute their own professional development to the portfolio's construction. Findings indicate that most students found the process of selecting artifacts, reflecting on coursework and fieldwork experiences while constructing their teaching portfolios contributed to their growth and development. Students also reported the dialogic and collaborative nature of the teacher learning community enhanced their growth and development as well as their overall understanding of the portfolio requirement.
Digital radiography for the equine practitioner. Basic principles and recent advances.

As availability increases and cost decreases, digital radiograph systems become more common in equine practice. Technological advances provide an array of choices for the equine practitioner considering purchase. Two classes of systems are available: computed radiography and flat-panel systems (direct radiography). Image processing encompasses all manipulations performed on an image at acquisition and can have a profound effect on the final digital radiograph. Consideration should be given to the type of display monitor because many options are now available. The type of display monitor and the viewing environment have an effect on interpretation performance.
The Case for FEC-Based Reliable Multicast in Wireless Mesh Networks

Many important applications in wireless mesh networks require reliable multicast communication. Previously, forward error correction (FEC) techniques have been proved successful for providing reliability in the Internet, as they avoid the control packet implosion and scalability problems of ARQ-based protocols. In this paper, we examine if FEC can be equally efficient wireless mesh networks. We implement four reliable schemes initially proposed for wired networks on top of ODMRP, a popular unreliable multicast routing protocol for wireless networks. We compare the performance of the four schemes using extensive simulations. Our results show that the use of pure FEC can offer significant improvements in terms of reliability, increasing PDR up to 100% in many cases, but it can be very inefficient regarding the number of redundant packets it transmits. Moreover, a carefully designed hybrid protocol, such as RMDP, can maintain the same high level of reliability while improving the efficiency by up to 38% compared to a pure FEC scheme.
A Clinical Picture of Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Children in the United States

The authors describe the demographics, clinical presentation, investigation, treatment, and outcomes of pediatric patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. They identified 35 pediatric patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome presenting to a tertiary academic center over a 20-year period. The most common presenting symptoms were paresthesias (54%), weakness (49%), and myalgias (49%). Sensation was affected in 54% of patients, and hyporeflexia or areflexia was present in 94% of patients. Cranial nerve dysfunction (46%) and autonomic involvement (eg, changes in blood pressure, pulse, bowel/bladder control, or priapism; 46%) were also common. Autonomic dysfunction, cranial nerve involvement, and albuminocytological dissociation were significantly associated with a decreased time to nadir, the point when symptoms peaked (P = .015, .007, and .005, respectively). Although not statistically significant, treatment with plasmapheresis had a better success rate than intravenous immunoglobulin. The authors' results will help to further delineate the clinical picture of Guillain-Barre syndrome in children and refine treatment strategies.
Effective change detection using sampling

For a large-scale data-intensive environment, such as the World-Wide Web or data warehousing, we often make local copies of remote data sources. Due to limited network and computational resources, however, it is often difficult to monitor the sources constantly to check for changes and to download changed data items to the copies. In this scenario, our goal is to detect as many changes as we can using the fixed download resources that we have. In this paper we propose three sampling-based download policies that can identify more changed data items effectively. In our sampling-based approach, we first sample a small number of data items from each data source and download more data items from the sources with more changed samples. We analyze the effectiveness of the sampling-based policies and compare our proposed policies to existing ones, including the state-of-the-art frequency-based policy in [8, 11]. Our experiments on synthetic and real-world data will show the relative merits of various policies and the great potential of our sampling-based policy. In certain cases, our sampling-based policy could download twice as many changed items as the best existing policy.
Multivariable nonlinear control of a continuous polymerization reactor: An experimental study

This experimental work concerns the multivariable nonlinear control of a continuous stirred-tank polymerization reactor. The globally linearizing control (GLC) method is implemented to control conversion and temperature in the reactor in which the solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate takes place. Control of conversion and temperature is achieved by manipulating the flow rate of an inlet initiator stream and two coordinated heat input variables. Conversion is inferred from on-line measurements of density and temperature. A reduced-order state observer is utilized to estimate the concentrations of monomer, initiator and solvent in the reactor. The concentration estimates are used in the control law. This study demonstrates the considerable computational efficiency of the nonlinear controller, which is implemented on a microcomputer. The experimental results show the excellent performance of the controller in the presence of active state and input constraints. A systematic approach is also given for the synthesis of output feedback controllers within the GLC framework for processes with secondary outputs.
A measles outbreak in a middle school with high vaccination coverage and evidence of prior immunity among cases, Beijing, P.R. China.

Abstract Background Age-appropriate receipt of ≥2 measles-containing vaccine (MCV) doses has been considered evidence of immunity against measles. Transmission of measles is rarely reported among such persons. Methods We report a measles outbreak in a middle school in Beijing that has high coverage with≥2 documented MCV doses. History of previous measles and documentation of MCV receipt were collected for all individuals. Cases were identified by active surveillance and confirmed by laboratory tests. Measles immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers and clinical presentations were obtained for each case. Results Of 1331 individuals without a prior history of measles, 1172 (88.1% [95%CI:86.4–91.5%]) and 1078 (81.0% [95%CI:78.9–83.1%]) had age-appropriate receipt of ≥2 MCV doses by domestic and U.S. CDC/ACIP criteria, respectively. Thirteen measles cases occurred in the outbreak. The index case and 3 secondary cases were students. The 9 tertiary cases included 2 teachers and 7 students. All 11 student cases received ≥2 age-appropriate MCV doses by Chinese domestic criteria; 8 were age-appropriately vaccinated by U.S. CDC/ACIP criteria. Measles IgG was detected during the acute phase of measles for all but 2 cases -the first case and 1 tertiary case. Among students with age-appropriate receipt of ≥2 MCV doses, the length of time since the last MCV was significantly associated with risk of measles: for the 1172 students, the risk was 4.6 [OR5.6;95%CI:1.4–22.9] and 5.5 [OR6.5;95%CI:1.4–29.8] times higher when the last MCV dose was 5–9 years and ≥10 years prior, respectively, compared with Conclusions This is the first report from China showing measles transmission among persons with prior evidence of immunity. Secondary vaccine failure may have played an important role in measles transmission. Further laboratory surveillance is needed to assess the persistence of vaccine-induced immunity of domestically-produced MCV in China.
Problems Arising from the Generalising of Treatment Efficacy from Clinical Trials in Alzheimer’s Disease

Objective: To determine the accuracy a practicing physician could expect in assessments of drug response in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: We used the Mini-Mental State Examination as a benchmark for the practising physician’s ability to quantify cognitive capacity in Alzheimer’s disease without referral for assessment by a neuropsychologist. We derived effect sizes for treatment and confidence intervals (CIs) for this and another method of assessment [Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog)] from their use in two recent clinical trials of metrifonate for AD. Results: CIs for the benchmark scale outcomes did not distinguish, with a known level of probability of error in judgment (5%), a drug response for a majority of individual patients from variation in test-retest scores from other causes. Conclusions: Our inability to distinguish the responses of individual patients from chance variations in retest scores using the best methods of assessment available to a clinician in practice precludes clinicians from reaching meaningful assessments of most AD patients’ responses to the currently available treatments. Under these limitations clinicians require full disclosure of results from all clinical trials to reach informed decisions about patient care. Current practices of reporting clinical trials without providing appropriate measures of treatment effect size and CIs for outcome measures do not allow readers to assess the magnitude of the drug effect being reported or the probability of a detectable effect occurring in individual patients in the clinical setting. Thus informed decisions about the significance and method of use of drug treatments in the clinic are unable to be made.
Chloride Ion Transport in Transformed Normal and Cystic Fibrosis Epithelial Cells

The inability of β-adrenergic agonists (eg. isoproterenol) to activate a specific apical membrane chloride channel in epithelial cells is characteristic of cystic fibrosis (CF). The study of these channels has been facilitated by the transformation of human airway epithelial cells. Clonal populations of SV40 large T-antigen transformed airway epithelial cells from both normal and cystic fibrosis individuals have been established. A limitation in the use of these cell lines has been the loss of the ability to form tight junctions after multiple subcultures. In particular, this loss appears to be associated with cell “crisis”. A selection protocol that involves growing cells in medium that is high in Ca2+ and supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) has been employed to facilitate progression through crisis.
Stacked Generalization for Medical Concept Extraction from Clinical Notes

The goal of our research is to extract medical concepts from clinical notes containing patient information. Our research explores stacked generalization as a metalearning technique to exploit a diverse set of concept extraction models. First, we create multiple models for concept extraction using a variety of information extraction techniques, including knowledgebased, rule-based, and machine learning models. Next, we train a meta-classifier using stacked generalization with a feature set generated from the outputs of the individual classifiers. The meta-classifier learns to predict concepts based on information about the predictions of the component classifiers. Our results show that the stacked generalization learner performs better than the individual models and achieves state-of-the-art performance on the 2010 i2b2 data set.
Influence of Micro-Defect Morphology on Intrinsic Gettering Effectiveness and Durability in CMOS Epitaxial Processing

The morphology of micro-defects located in the bulk of Cz-grown silicon wafers was observed to be dependent on wafer thermal history, wafer dopant species and concentration, and wafer position in the grown silicon ingot (seed, center or tail section). Intrinsic gettering effectiveness and durability due to SiOx precipitates and/or stacking faults formed during various gettering sequences were investigated. Based on preliminary results, stacking fault micro-defects combined with SiOx micro-defects are preferred for maximum durability of the intrinsic gettering mechanism.
Sales Forecasting by Correlation Techniques

forecast company or industry sales has been gaining increasing popularity in recent years. Briefly stated, the method involves the fitting of an equation to explain the fluctuations in sales in terms of related and presumably causal variables, substituting for these variables values considered likely during the period to be forecasted, and solving for the value of sales. The method possesses a number of widely recognized limitations,' but can nevertheless be of considerable worth
Immunomodulation of early engrafted natural killer cells with interleukin-2 and interferon-α in autologous stem cell transplantation

High relapse rates during the first year after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma are due to the failure of high-dose chemotherapy to eradicate minimal residual disease. Post-ASCT immunorecovery studies have shown that quantities of natural killer (NK) cells return to normal within 1 month post-ASCT in contrast to the recovery of T and B cell populations (up to 1 year). Preclinical studies have demonstrated that NK cells have potent antitumor activity. IL-2 and IFN-alpha enhance NK-cell activity. We investigated the efficacy of IL-2 and IFN-alpha to up-regulate NK-cell cytotoxicity at 14 days post ASCT. Twenty patients undergoing ASCT had PBMCs collected pretransplantation and at 14 days post transplantation. PBMCs (effector cells) from each blood sample were incubated in vitro with IFN-alpha and IL-2 at 10000 IU/ml. NK cell activity was determined by sodium chromate (51)Cr release assay for lysis of K562 target cells. IL-2 and IFN-alpha each increased lysis of K562 cells compared with placebo (effector-to-target ratio, 50:1, P < 0.001). Increased NK cell activity occurred in samples from all patients. IL-2 and IFN-alpha up-regulated NK cell activity at 14 days post ASCT. They may be useful as immunomodulators as early as 14 days post ASCT to eradicate or control minimal residual disease.
Influence of Environmental Factors on Longevity of the Brown Recluse Spider

Field-collected adults of Loxosceles reclusa were examined for weight loss, longevity, and body water content at death under the influence of food, water, sex, RH, ambient water vapor pressure, vapor pressure deficit, and temperature. Data were statistically analyzed and fitted with models. The amount of water left in the body at the time of death was independent of environmental factors, consisting of 28.77–42.68% of the original body weight. The natural logarithm of longevity varied linearly with vapor pressure, but temperature had a nonlinear effect. Spiders engorged in the field prior to tests generally survived longer (124–222 days) than those field-collected, starved, and subsequently fed on water (55–94 days). Percentage weight loss per day was exponentially related to longevity and was influenced primarily by temperature and vapor pressure deficit. Original weight, RH, and sex did not significantly influence longevity, weight loss, or the amount of body water content at death. Physiological adaptations of the spider to its natural habitat are discussed with reference to its water relations.
Backlash against male elementary educators

We investigated the existence, nature, and processes underscoring backlash (social and economic penalties) against men who violate gender stereotypes by working in education, and whether backlash is exacerbated by internal (vs. external) behavioral attributions. Participants (N = 303) rated one of six applications for an elementary teaching position, identical apart from target gender and behavioral attribution type. Male applicants were rated as more likely to be gay, posing a greater safety threat, and less likeable (but not less hireable) than identical female applicants. Perceived sexuality and threat mediated target gender differences in likeability. Unexpectedly, behavioral attributions did not interact with target gender, suggesting that providing internal attributions may not exacerbate men's backlash. Implications for backlash theory and education gender disparities are discussed.
Chronic pain following spinal cord injury.

(1986). Chronic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury. The Journal of The American Paraplegia Society: Vol. 9, No. 3-4, pp. 39-41.
Facile synthesis of 3-D composites of MnO2 nanorods and holey graphene oxide for supercapacitors

A facile method was developed to prepare MnO2/holey graphene oxide (MnO2/HGO) materials based on graphene oxide (GO) flakes for supercapacitor applications. FESEM images show that MnO2 nanorods were formed on the surface of HGO flakes, serving as spacers and preventing the HGO layers from stacking. This provides pathways between the layers for the electrolyte to access the bulk active materials. By introducing the high intrinsic capacitance MnO2 nanorods together with the modified 3-D structure, capacitance increases to 71.0 F/g compared with 30.0 F/g of GO. More pathways were created by nitric acid etching holes on the surface of the GO. This 3-D holey MnO2/HGO structure achieves a capacitance of 117.45 F/g, which is 1.65 times higher than that of MnO2/GO composite and 3.9 times higher than that of GO only. BET surface area, XRD, and AC impedance were also used to analyze the possible reasons for the enhanced electrochemical performance.
The Dynamics of Cell-ECM Interactions, with Implications for Tissue Engineering

The ability to perform tissue and organ replacement has led to improved patient quality of life and health care. Most of this success can be attributed to the interdisciplinary approaches taken to tissue engineering. Indeed, currently scientists with very diverse backgrounds, including molecular, cellular, and developmental biologists, collaborate with bioengineers to develop tissue analogues that allow physicians to improve, maintain, and restore tissue function. Several approaches have been taken to achieve these goals. One approach involves the use of matrices containing specific cells and growth factors which can be used as tissue replacements. More recently, stem cell-based therapies are being implemented in conjunction with specific matrices and growth factors. Most of the knowledge that has allowed the advancements in preparation of these substitutes has come from studies investigating the basic mechanisms of the interactions between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) during development and development-like processes such as wound healing. In this chapter, some of the key findings that led to the understanding of how the dynamics of cell-ECM interactions contribute to cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and programmed death will be discussed, all of which are important parameters to consider when preparing and using tissue analogues.
Tropical Cyclones in Rotating Radiative-Convective Equilibrium with Coupled SST

AbstractTropical cyclones are studied under the idealized framework of rotating radiative–convective equilibrium, achieved in a large doubly periodic f plane by coupling the column physics of a global atmospheric model to rotating hydrostatic dynamics. Unlike previous studies that prescribe uniform sea surface temperature (SST) over the domain, SSTs are now predicted by coupling the atmosphere to a simple slab ocean model. With coupling, SSTs under the eyewall region of tropical cyclones (TCs) become cooler than the environment. However, the domain still fills up with multiple long-lived TCs in all cases examined, including at the limit of the very small depth of the slab. The cooling of SSTs under the eyewall increases as the depth of the slab ocean layer decreases but levels off at roughly 6.5 K as the depth approaches zero. At the eyewall, the storm interior is decoupled from the cooler surface and moist entropy is no longer well mixed along the angular momentum surface in the boundary layer. TC intens...
Back-pressure traffic signal control with partial routing control

Back-pressure controllers have been recently applied to traffic signal control and demonstrate three key benefits: they are stability optimal, implementable in a completely decentralized manner and do not require knowledge of traffic arrival rates. This paper focuses on the design of a back-pressure controller that both commands the phase at every traffic signal and the routing choice made by a certain ratio of controllable vehicles. The proposed controller is proved to be stability-optimal and simulations illustrate the efficiency of the approach. It remains implementable in a completely decentralized manner and does not require knowledge of arrival rates. Numerical results show the benefits of controlling route choice in addition to the traditional phase control strategy.
RADIATIVE ELECTRON CAPTURE OF Fe$sup 55$, A$sup 37$, AND Ni$sup 5$$sup 9$

The radiative electron capture spectra of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{55}$, ${\mathrm{A}}^{37}$, and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{59}$ were studied with a scintillation spectrometer. The end-point energies were found to be 226\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 kev, 815\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 kev, and 1065\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 kev, respectively. A method was devised to correct the experimental intensity distributions for distortions due to the Compton effect in the scintillation crystal. This was applied to the spectra of ${\mathrm{A}}^{37}$ and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{59}$ above 320 kev. In this energy range, the experimental spectrum of ${\mathrm{A}}^{37}$ was found to agree with the calculated spectral shape. In the case of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{59}$, a dependence of the spectral shape on the type of transition could not be detected within present experimental limits.
Oral Care: Exploring Education, Attitudes, and Behaviors Among Nurses Caring for Patients With Breast Cancer .

Background Patients treated for breast cancer often experience severe oral complications, such as mucositis, xerostomia, and infections, which can result in dose reductions and treatment delays, affecting treatment outcomes. . Objectives The purpose of this article is to explore oncology nurses' perceptions of their educational experiences, professional attitudes, and behavior related to providing oral healthcare education to patients with breast cancer. . Methods The Oncology Nursing Society sent an email to 5,000 nursing team members who cared for patients with breast cancer, requesting participation in a web-based survey; 194 responses were received, with 164 meeting study eligibility. . Findings More oral health-related education was received during clinical experiences than during formal or continuing education. Although patient-driven oral care and diagnostic efforts were frequent, actual behavior was less frequent. No major barriers to providing oral care were indicated. Increased oral health-related education and behavior correlated with the reported importance of increased oral health education for nurses.
Extrapolation of Efficacy in Pediatric Drug Development and Evidence-based Medicine: Progress and Lessons Learned.

“Complete Extrapolation” of efficacy from adult or other pediatric data, to the pediatric population, is an important scientific tool that reduces the need for pediatric efficacy trials. Dose finding and safety studies in pediatrics are still needed. “No Extrapolation” requires 2 pediatric efficacy trials. “Partial Extrapolation” eliminates the need to conduct 2 pediatric efficacy trials; 1 efficacy or exposure/response study may be sufficient. We examined pediatric extrapolation from 2009 to 2014 evaluating any changes in extrapolation assumptions and the causes for these changes since a prior analysis published in 2011. We reviewed all 157 products with 388 pediatric studies submitted to the FDA from 2009 through 2014. We assessed whether efficacy was extrapolated from adult or other pediatric data and categorized extrapolation as Complete, Partial, or No, and identified the reasons for the changes. Partial extrapolation decreased, whereas use of No and Complete extrapolation noticeably increased. Complete, Partial, or No extrapolations changed from 14%, 68%, and 18% in the 2011 study to 34%, 29%, and 37% respectively in the current study. The changes were mostly due to a better understanding of pediatric pathophysiology, why trials have failed, and improved endpoints. Evolving science and data obtained from clinical trials increases the certainty of extrapolation assumptions and drives decisions to utilize extrapolation. Lessons learned from the conduct of these trials are critical to improving evidence-based medicine. Extrapolation of Efficacy is a powerful scientific tool that streamlines pediatric product development. Increased knowledge and evolving science inform utilization of this tool.
Replacing the Al2O3 Shell on Al Particles with an Oxidizing Salt, Aluminum Iodate Hexahydrate. Part II: Synthesis

Improvements in the reactivity, measured in terms of flame speed, for aluminum-based energetic mixtures are increased by a factor of 2–3 by replacing the Al2O3 passivation layer of aluminum (Al) nanoparticles with aluminum iodate hexahydrate (AIH), an oxidizing salt. The Al–AIH nanoparticles are examined under transmission electron microscopy. An AIH passivation shell surrounding the Al core particle is a more reactive composite structure than Al2O3 passivation around Al which facilitates increased reaction rates with flame speeds as high as 3200 m/s. Flame speed measurements are used to show that reaction rates in AIH mixtures are determined by the AIH/Al2O3 ratio, oxygen balance, and β-HIO3. Further optimization of these properties will ultimately boost significant increases in the reaction rates of the energetic materials presented in this article.
Immobilization of whole cells of Lactococcus lactis containing high levels of a hyperthermostable β-galactosidase enzyme in chitosan beads for efficient galacto-oligosaccharide production

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic food ingredients that are proposed to stimulate the growth of beneficial gut microorganisms, particularly bifidobacteria. Previously, we developed a method for efficient GOS production using whole cells of Lactococcus lactis containing high levels of a hyper-thermostable β-galactosidase enzyme from Sulfolobus solfataricus. In this study, a recombinant DNA removal and whole-cell enzyme immobilization process was developed to produce GOS from lactose before removal of the immobilized whole-cell enzyme, which could be reused for subsequent applications. Chitosan was found to be a superior immobilization material compared with alginate, as it retained its bead structure during the high temperature (90°C) used here for GOS production. Prior to immobilization, the recombinant DNA was degraded in the whole cells using UV treatment, resulting in an immobilized whole-cell enzyme that was free of recombinant DNA and with minimum effect on the efficiency of the enzyme. The optimum pH and temperature for GOS synthesis using the chitosan beads was pH = 5.5 and 90°C. The highest GOS production using the chitosan beads occurred with 40% initial lactose resulting in 150 g/L of GOS (tri-oligosaccharides and tetra-oligosaccharides) in addition to di-oligosaccharide GOS products that were not quantified. Notably, the highest lactose conversion rate was found using lower starting lactose concentrations, with more than 60% conversion into tri-oligosaccharides and tetra-oligosaccharides. The immobilized enzyme retained ∼50% activity after 2 cycles of GOS production. In conclusion, the chitosan-immobilized whole-cell enzyme can be used for efficient GOS production that is free of the whole-cell enzyme as well as detectable recombinant DNA.
Predicting Consumers' Intentions to Engage in Sustainable Clothing Practices: Moderating Role of Schwartz's Personal Values

The study examines the influence of shopping utilitarian values, impulsive buying tendency, and consumer self-identity on young consumers' intentions to engage in sustainable clothing consumption (SCC) practices. Additionally the study also investigates the moderating effect of Schwartz self-transcendence and self-enhancement values between antecedents and SCC behavioral intentions.
Chromosome mapping in barley by means of telotrisomic analysis.

A total of 37 genetic markers located in chromosomes 2, 3, 4 and 5 were associated with specific arms by means of telotrisomic analysis in five telotrisomics (Triplo 2 L, 2 S, 3 S, 4 S, 5 L) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The genes v, gp (= gp 2), li, gs 5, tr and msg2 showed a trisomic ratio with Triplo 2 L indicating that these genes were on the long arm of chromosome 2. A disomic ratio was obtained for genes wst 4, gs 5, and v with Triplo 2 S, confirming that these genes were on the long arm of chromosome 2(2 L). A disomic ratio was observed for genes e, f(= lg), sk, and gs6 with Triplo 2 L. Two genes, f(= lg) and gs6 showed a trisomic ratio with Triplo 2S. These results indicated that genes e, f(= lg), sk, and gs 6 are on the short arm of chromosome 2 (2S). Since only one telocentric chromosome was available for chromosome 3, 4 and 5, most of the well-mapped marker genes were tested with those telocentric chromosomes. The genes cu 2, uz, wst, als, gs 2, zb,f2, and cer-zn348 showed trisomic ratio with the telocentric for chromosome 3. These genes were located on the short arm of chromosome 3 (Robertson 1971). This indicated that the telocentric chromosome is for the short arm of chromosome 3(3 S). A disomic ratio was obtained for genes yst, xc, al, yst2, an, ari-a6 and xs, indicating that these genes are on the long arm of chromosome 3. Two genes, f9 and K, showed trisomic ratio with the telocentric chromosome for 4, while genes gl(= gl2), br2, yh, lg 3, lg 4 and lk 5 showed disomic ratios. This indicated that the telocentric chromosome is for the short arm of chromosome 4. Two genes, fs 2 and g, were studied with Triplo 5 L. Both showed trisomic ratio, indicating that fs 2 and g are located on Triplo 5 L. The centromere position (C) on chromosome 2, 3 and 4 was thus located as (the left side of C is the short arm and the right is the long arm): chromosome 2: f — sk — gs6 — e — C — gs5 — msg2 — wst4 — v — gp — li — tr; chromosome 3: f2 — cer-zn348 — uz — gs2 — als — cu2 — wst — zb — C — yst — xc — al — yst2 — an — ari-a6 — xs; chromosome 4: f9 — K — C — lg4 — lg3 — gl2 — br2 — lk5 — yh. The centromere position on chromosome 5 was not precisely located.
Basic MRI Physics

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) basic physics can be described at many different levels, ranging from purely descriptive all the way to quantum mechanics. Here, MRI physics is dealt with mostly in a descriptive manner, and simple mathematics are introduced only if necessary. The simple vector-based model for representing the magnetization is presented because it can deal with most aspects of MRI without the additional complexity of quantum mechanics. In this chapter, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal generation and its properties are discussed first. Subsequently, image formation in terms of localizing the NMR signal in three dimensions is presented.
How the Guard was Changed

The party conference at Stuttgart in May, 1958, approved the first draft of the new basic program. That meant, for all practical purposes, that the leadership’s task of development, education, and persuasion had come to a successful conclusion. Yet that same conference marked a changing of the guard, the replacement of the leadership responsible for the party’s ideological evolution by a new generation of leaders who were to complete the party’s modernization. The paradox is apparent: the representatives of the party accepted the draft, then dismissed its authors. The question of how the postwar leadership effected adoption of its changing ideas has been answered. How, then, did that leadership, over the same period, lose its control of the party? The answer to this question is complex. It can best be approached by stepping down from the national level to examine in some detail a series of events in one of the local organizations, the Land organization of Berlin. There a prolonged struggle took place. It was, in exaggerated and personal form, a struggle which occurred at every level of the party in the postwar years: the conflict of the traditional with the modern. The outcome of this struggle had far-reaching effects on the subsequent development of the SPD.
Robotic Assistance for Cerebellar Reaching

Robotic instruments allow precise measurements and interventions to understand and treat human motor deficits. These same tools may be used to design model-based and patient-specific robotic assistance and rehabilitation paradigms. This approach could lead to an increased understanding of the brain and improved patient outcomes. We illustrate this paradigm with two studies in which generic and patient-specific models are used to provide reaching assistance with a robotic exoskeleton, the KINARM. These studies involve patients with cerebellar ataxia who make reaching movements that are irregularly curved, over- or undershoot targets, and are more variable than those of healthy people. Two assistive methods are explored. In the first, a patient-specific change in arm dynamics predicted to assist each patient is utilized. The results suggest this approach may improve the reaching of some cerebellar patients and not for others. The second method employs force channels, which improved reaching movements for all patients. However, neither method showed evidence of motor learning; i.e. there was no maintenance of improved movement after the assistive forces were removed.
Current Management of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in Aids Update on Ganciclovir and Foscarnet for CMV Infections

Two antiviral agents have been approved by the FDA for the therapy of AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, ganciclovir (Cytovene) and foscarnet (Foscavir). Ganciclovir is a nucleoside analogue of guanosine that is an antiviral pro-drug, as it must be phosphorylated intracellularly, to the active moiety ganciclovir triphosphate; this occurs selectively within CMV-infected cells. Ganciclovir triphosphate selectively inhibits the DNA polymerase of CMV (Ki of 1.7 μM compared to 17 μM for the cellular DNA polymerase)1. Ganciclovir is metabolized to the monophosphate form by a unique kinase which is the product of the CMV UL97 gene, 1a,1b then further transformed by host cellular kinases to the di-phosphate. For this reason, levels of ganciclovir-TP within CMV-infected cells are 10 times those found inside uninfected cells.
Measuring Electron Temperature Using a Linear Polarizer Versus a Polarization Camera

Polarized K-coronal brightness (pB) of the solar corona can be measured by taking four successive coronal brightness images through a linear polarizer, by turning it through four successive angles in intervals of $45^{\circ}$ and using a standard formula to measure pB from the total coronal brightness (TB) that contains both the polarized K- and the unpolarized F-coronal brightness. The question is: will the time-dependent, highly dynamic corona illuminate each pixel with the same brightness during the time it takes to take the four successive images? To mitigate this problem we now have the polarization camera, in which, each super-pixel is made up of four sub-pixels, and built in to these four sub-pixels is a polarization mask that contains four linear polarizers orientated at four angles $45^{\circ}$ apart. This allows the measurement of pB to be made in a single exposure. Here, the question is: will the variations of the coronal brightness in the four adjacent sub-pixels in a super-pixel be sufficiently negligible to assume that they observe the same part of the corona? This article looks for answers to these two questions by conducting two synthetic experiments to measure the electron temperature in the plane of the sky on a spherically asymmetric model (SAM) corona by first using a linear polarizer, and then replacing it with a polarization camera and use statistical analyses to determine how well the measured temperature matched the true temperature for the two cases.
Cutaneous metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation

Cutaneous metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are extremely rare and can represent a sign of an underlying malignancy or relapse/progression from an existing tumor. We report a case of a cutaneous metastasis arising in a patient with metastatic HCC following orthotopic liver transplantation. Diagnosis is a multistep process as cutaneous HCC metastases must be differentiated from primary cutaneous malignancies as well as other cutaneous metastases. Making this even more challenging, HCC metastases have heterogeneous clinical and histologic appearances. Therefore, the use of immunohistochemical stains, including hepatocyte paraffin-1, arginase-1, and glypican-3, and correlation with the clinical context are essential for a correct diagnosis.
Multiomics Prediction of Response Rates to Therapies to Inhibit Programmed Cell Death 1 and Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1

Importance Therapies to inhibit programmed cell death 1 and its ligand (anti–PD-1/PD-L1) provide significant survival benefits in many cancers, but the efficacy of these treatments varies considerably across different cancer types. Identifying the underlying variables associated with this cancer type–specific response remains an important open research challenge. Objective To evaluate systematically a multitude of neoantigen-, checkpoint-, and immune response–related variables to determine the key variables that accurately predict the response to anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy across different cancer types. Design, Setting, and Participants This analysis of a broad range of data used whole-exome and RNA sequencing of 7187 patients from the publicly available Cancer Genome Atlas and the objective response rate (ORR) data of 21 cancer types obtained from a collection of clinical trials. Thirty-six variables of 3 distinct classes considered were associated with (1) tumor neoantigens, (2) tumor microenvironment and inflammation, and (3) the checkpoint targets. The performance of each class of variables and their combinations in predicting the ORR to anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy was evaluated. Accuracy of predictions was quantified with Spearman correlation measured using a standard leave-one-out cross-validation, a statistical method of evaluating a statistical model by dividing data into 2 segments: one to train the model and the other to validate the model. Data were collected from October 19 through 31, 2018, and were analyzed from November 1 through December 14, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Response to anti-PD-1/PD-1 therapy. Results Among the 36 variables, estimated CD8+T-cell abundance was the most predictive of the response to anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy across cancer types (SpearmanR = 0.72;P Conclusions and Relevance That we know of, this is the first systematic evaluation of the different variables associated with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy response across different tumor types. The findings suggest that the 3 key variables can explain most of the observed cross-cancer response variability, but their relative explanatory roles may vary in specific cancer types.
Evaluation of Time Resolution and Comparison of Modern Silicon Photomultipliers

The timing performance of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) is of great interest for a variety of different detection systems. Numerous studies have attempted to optimize and characterize the timing resolution of various SiPMs, usually incorporating significant front-end electronics to maximize this quantity, showing timing capability with SiPMs on the order of 100 ps. With the growth in popularity of SiPMs, many options exist on the market. This work aims to assess and compare the different SiPMs available with minimal analog signal processing to test the coincidence time resolution achievable with straightforward setup, and to see which SiPMs and which SiPM characteristics (i.e. microcell size) intrinsically lend themselves to superior time resolution. Both LYSO and p-terphenyl scintillators are used, and coincidence time resolution is assessed at multiple temperatures. With SiPMs, the p-terphenyl yields superior time resolution down to 222 ps, compared to 348 ps with LYSO. Little evidence for improvement of timing with reduced temperature down to -10 °C is observed. Two fast Hamamatsu H10580 photomultiplier tubes are also used to compare the time resolution with and are found to have even better time resolution, below 100 ps.
Ambulation milestones in post-operative physical therapy after total knee arthroplasty: how can we improve short-term outcomes?

Introduction: Post-operative day (POD) 0 physical therapy (PT) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been associated with improved outcomes such as shorter hospital length of stay (LOS), though p...
Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine in horses recovering from isoflurane anesthesia

This study determined the pharmacokinetics and compared the clinical effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine in horses recovering from isoflurane anesthesia. Six healthy horses aged 8.5 ± 3 years and weighing 462 ± 50 kg were anesthetized with isoflurane for 2 hr under standard conditions on two occasions one-week apart. In recovery, horses received 200 μg/kg xylazine or 0.875 μg/kg dexmedetomidine intravenously and were allowed to recover without assistance. These doses were selected because they have been used for postanesthetic sedation in clinical and research studies. Serial venous blood samples were collected for quantification of xylazine and dexmedetomidine, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Two individuals blinded to treatment identity evaluated recovery quality with a visual analog scale. Times to stand were recorded. Results (mean ± SD) were compared using paired t tests or Wilcoxon signed-ranked test with p < .05 considered significant. Elimination half-lives (62.7 ± 21.8 and 30.1 ± 8 min for xylazine and dexmedetomidine, respectively) and steady-state volumes of distribution (215 ± 123 and 744 ± 403 ml/kg) were significantly different between xylazine and dexmedetomidine, whereas clearances (21.1 ± 17.3 and 48.6 ± 28.1 ml/minute/kg), times to stand (47 ± 24 and 53 ± 12 min) and recovery quality (51 ± 24 and 61 ± 22 mm VAS) were not significantly different. When used for postanesthetic sedation following isoflurane anesthesia in healthy horses, dexmedetomidine displays faster plasma kinetics but is not associated with faster recoveries compared to xylazine.