cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micromagnetics of Percolated Perpendicular Media for 1 Tbits/in2 and beyond

This paper presents detailed micromagnetic analysis of the magnetization reversal characteristics and recording properties and comparison with the conventional granular perpendicular media (GPM) will be discussed. The percolated perpendicular media (PPM) consists of exchange coupled magnetic grains with strong perpendicular anisotropy and, more or less uniformly and relatively densely distributed small non-magnetic grains, acting as domain wall pinning sites. For the PPM, the pinning sites are assumed to be 2 nm in diameter while for GPM, the grain size is assumed to be 8nm with zero intergranular exchange coupling. The PPM shows significantly shaper transition profile than that of the GPM due to the fact that densely distributed pinning sites yields much smoother transition boundaries.
Early Hyperglycemia Detected by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Children at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE We explore continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) as a new approach to defining early hyperglycemia and diagnosing type 1 diabetes in children with positive islet autoantibodies (Ab+). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fourteen Ab+ children, free of signs or symptoms of diabetes, and nine antibody-negative (Ab−) subjects, followed by the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young, were asked to wear a Dexcom SEVEN CGM. RESULTS The Ab+ subjects showed more hyperglycemia, with 18% time spent above 140 mg/dL, compared with 9% in Ab− subjects ( P = 0.04). Their average maximum daytime glucose value was higher, and they had increased glycemic variability. The mean HbA1c in the Ab+ subjects was 5.5% (37 mmol/mol). Among Ab+ subjects, ≥18–20% CGM time spent above 140 mg/dL seems to predict progression to diabetes. CONCLUSIONS CGM can detect early hyperglycemia in Ab+ children who are at high risk for progression to diabetes. Proposed CGM predictors of progression to diabetes require further validation.
Lumbar Disc Arthroplasty versus Fusion for Single-Level Degenerative Disc Disease: Two-Year Results from a Randomized Prospective Study

Arthrodesis of the lumbar spine is associated with lack of pain relief, loss of motion, pseudoarthrosis, sagittal balance malalignment, and adjacent segment disease. Recently, total disc replacement (TDR) has become an alternative to spinal fusion, which may prevent these complications while providing equivalent or improved outcomes. We report the single-surgeon, single-site results from a multicenter, randomized, prospective study comparing lumbar TDR with ProDisc-L with circumferential fusion. Thirty-seven patients met strict inclusion criteria. There were 5 patients in the fusion group (average age 38) and 32 patients in the ProDisc-L group (average age 41). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that TDR significantly reduced operating times (87 versus 141 minutes, P = 0.01) and length of hospital stay (4.1 versus 5.4 days, P = 0.02). TDR subjects demonstrated equivocal overall patient satisfaction and Oswestry scores throughout 2-year follow-up. VAS scores were significantly higher in fusion patients at 18 months ( P = 0.02), while TDR patients had significant improvement in SF-36 at 6 weeks following surgery compared with fusion patients ( P = 0.04). TDR patients exhibited significantly increased range of motion at the operative level at 18 months following surgery ( P = 0.03), whereas fusion patients demonstrated a trend toward increasing range of motion at the proximal adjacent level over time ( P = 0.06). TDR patients had significantly increased anterior disc heights compared with fusion patients at 24 months ( P
A Formal Theory of Reflected Appraisals in the Evolution of Power

This article investigates the evolution of power with a formal theory that focuses on the influence network through which control of a group’s outcomes emerges via direct and indirect interpersonal influences on group members’ positions on a series of issues over time. Power evolves when individuals’ openness or closure to interpersonal influences correspond with their prior relative control over the group’s issue outcomes. In groups with members who are appraising the relative power of their members over the outcomes of prior issues, a mechanism of ‘‘reflected appraisals’’ will elevate and dampen members’ self-appraisals of their relative power and the amount of influence they accord to others. Across a series of issues over time, this mechanism suffices to generate state transitions of a group’s influence network. The result is an evolution of the group’s influence network such that, with rare exceptions, power becomes concentrated and the preferences of a single leader control the group’s outcomes via intermediaries. A laboratory experiment and a simulation provide support for the theory. The analysis suggests that the evolution of the influence network toward concentrated forms of power and control is generated by fundamental social psychological responses to power and may occur in all enduring social groups whose members are dealing with a lengthy sequence of issues, independent of the conditions of bureaucratic organizations.
Multiple Impairment of Glycolysis in Veillonella alcalescens

Abstract The property of glucose nonfermentation, characteristic of the genus Veillonella, was investigated in V. alcalescens C1, a strain of sheep rumen origin. Cell-free extracts as well as intact cells were incapable of glucose fermentation, thereby eliminating the possibility of nonpermeation. Assimilation of 14C-glucose was not detectable. Of the 10 glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase, phosphoglyceromutase, and pyruvate kinase were not detectable. The other glycolytic enzymes were present.
Reduction mappings between probabilistic Boolean networks

Probabilistic Boolean networks (PBNs) comprise a model describing a directed graph with rule-based dependences between its nodes. The rules are selected, based on a given probability distribution which provides a flexibility when dealing with the uncertainty which is typical for genetic regulatory networks. Given the computational complexity of the model, the characterization of mappings reducing the size of a given PBN becomes a critical issue. Mappings between PBNs are important also from a theoretical point of view. They provide means for developing a better understanding about the dynamics of PBNs. This paper considers two kinds of mappings reduction and projection and their effect on the original probability structure of a given PBN.
GROWTH-PROMOTING ACTIVITY OF PREGNANT RAT PLASMA AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND AFTER THYROIDECTOMY1

Growth promoting potency of rat blood plasma, as evaluated by the tibial assay, decreased after thyroidectomy, and increased during normal pregnancy. Thyroidectomy did not interferewith the increased level during pregnancy. Hypophysectomy of the pregnant rat did not reduce thegrowth promoting activity of plasma to the extent which it did in non-pregnant rats. Thyrotrophic activity (assayed by I131 uptake and thyroid morphology of hypophysectomized recipients) was demonstrable in plasma from both pregnant and non-pregnant thyroidectomized rats. Similar volumes of plasma from intact pregnant or non-pregnant rats elicited no response in the thyroids of recipients. Adrenocorticotrophic activity was not detected at the doses injected (by weight and morphology of the adrenals of recipients) in plasma from any type of donor (normal, thyroidectomized, hypophysectomized rats, pregnant or non-pregnant). Gonadotrophic activity was not detected in plasma of any type of donor, as judged by ovarian morphology of recipi...
Characterization of the new Chlamydia agent, TWAR, as a unique organism by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization.

Abstract Several molecular techniques were used for comparison of the novel Chlamydia agent, TWAR, with Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci. Unlike all serotypes of C. trachomatis and most strains of C. psittaci, the eight TWAR isolates examined did not contain extrachromosomal DNA. TWAR was readily distinguished from C. trachomatis or C. psittaci by restriction endonuclease analysis, whereas identical or nearly identical restriction patterns were observed among the TWAR isolates. Southern blot analysis with a gene encoding a portion of the C. trachomatis serovar L2 major outer membrane protein as the probe showed that TWAR, like C. psittaci, contained sequences homologous to this gene. However, while the hybridization patterns were identical for all TWAR isolates, they differed from those of any of the other Chlamydia species tested. A PstI gene bank containing TWAR DNA was constructed in pUC19. Random fragments were purified and used for probing Chlamydia chromosomal digests. All of the five probes tested were TWAR specific, with the TWAR isolates showing identical patterns of homology. Qualitative studies of the DNA homology revealed that TWAR did not have significant homology to any of the Chlamydia strains assayed. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the TWAR isolates represent a single strain or closely allied genotypes and are clearly distinct from any of the other chlamydiae tested.
Contextual School Counseling: A Framework for Training With Implications for Curriculum, Supervision, Practice, and Future Research

The current article provides a framework for training professional school counselors based on contextual school counseling (CSC). This framework includes a competency-based approach to training using the clusters identified by the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs (CCPTP) working group on master’s-level professional psychology training—professionalism, relational, science, application, and systems. Foundational competencies for school counselors are proposed under each cluster, and the differences between clinical mental health competencies and school counseling competencies are emphasized and discussed. The proposed framework is followed by implications for counseling psychologists and counselor educators who train school counselors, and include supervision of school counselors-in-training, curriculum needs for school counselors-in-training, practice for school counselors, and suggestions for related future research.
Social tuning of the self: consequences for the self-evaluations of stereotype targets

These experiments examined how social interactions with individuals who ostensibly have stereotype-relevant views affect the self-evaluations of stereotype targets. Participants believed they were going to interact, or actually interacted, with a person who ostensibly had stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent views about their social group. Consistent with shared reality theory, participants' self-evaluations (Experiments 1, 2, and 3) and behavior (Experiment 2) corresponded with the ostensible views of the other person when affiliative motivation was high. This occurred even when it was likely to be detrimental to participants' nonaffiliative outcomes (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 showed that self-evaluative shift away from the ostensible views of another person was a function of social distance motives, also consistent with shared reality theory.
The Medical Symptom Validity Test in the evaluation of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom soldiers: a preliminary study.

The clinical utility of the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) for soldiers returning from service in Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom was preliminarily investigated through retrospective chart review. Results showed that 17%, or 4 of 23, Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom patients at a Polytrauma Network Site (Level 2), performed below cut-offs on the MSVT. On “easy” subtests of the MSVT, the group of individuals who failed the MSVT performed significantly worse than the group of individuals who passed. However, there were no significant group differences on the “hard” subtests of the MSVT. When the profiles of individuals who failed the MSVT were examined, none of them met the criteria for the Dementia Profile. These preliminary findings and additional test data supported the conclusion that participants who failed the MSVT were exhibiting diminished symptom validity, suggesting that the specificity of the MSVT was 100%.
The Effects of Out-of-Field Radiation on Earth-Observing Telescopes

The stray radiation rejection requirements for the Synchronous Earth Observation Satellite telescope were determined and compared with estimated stray radiation rejection performance. It was found that normal baffle design practice and 0.05 wavelength rms surface roughness on the mirrors is adequate to prevent stray light from limiting the telescope measurements as long as the sun is 10 deg or more from the edge of the field of view for a baffle tube length-to-aperture diameter ratio of 6.
Cluster-based cooperative communication with network coding in wireless networks

Cooperative communication is a promising way to reduce probability of packet loss. The massive deployment of nodes in wireless sensor network renders such networks especially attractive for exploiting the advantage of cooperative diversity. Similarly, when used appropriately, network coding could also improve the probability of correct reception. In this paper, we introduce the cluster-based Cooperative Coding (CC) protocol, which is based on the integration of cooperative communication and network coding. In particular, in the CC protocol, network nodes are grouped into multiple clusters and nodes within the same cluster cooperate in transmitting and receiving packets. Such an integration reduces the amount of redundant information being forwarded to ensure high probability of correct end-to-end reception, when link-level retransmission of erroneous packets is not allowed (i.e., no linklevel feedback). In particular, our analysis shows how to optimize the performance of the network by properly sizing the clusters. Compared to schemes without cooperation (whether with or without network coding), our simulation results demonstrate the significant performance improvement of the proposed scheme.
Transmission of light in a synthetic fog medium

The primary goal of this project was to study the propagation of visible light through a synthetic fog medium as a function of wavelength. First, a controlled environment was necessary to deliver and remove fog. A system for the delivery of light and its measurement was developed. Transmission data in the fog medium were compared with data collected in ambient air. As expected there was an inversely proportional relationship between light intensity and distance for all wavelengths studied. The light intensity was also inversely related to the fog density of the environment. These data demonstrate that light transmission through fog is equally degraded at all wavelengths tested. Thus, synthetic fog seems to be a uniform obscurant. The study of synthetic fog has many biomedical applications such as: traffic and airline safety, security, and human health safety.
Distributed Loss-Compensation Techniques for Energy-Efficient Low-Latency On-Chip Communication

In this paper, we describe the use of distributed loss compensation to provide nearly transmission-line behavior for long on-chip interconnects. Negative impedance converters (NICs) inserted at regular intervals along an on-chip line are shown to reduce losses from more than 1 dB/mm to less than 0.3 dB/mm at 10 GHz. Results are presented for a 14-mm 3-Gb/s on-chip double-data-rate (DDR) link in 0.18-mum CMOS technology, with a measured latency of 12.1 ps/mm and an energy consumption of less than 2 pJ/b with a BER<10-14. This constitutes a factor-of-three improvement in power and a one-and-a-half-times improvement in latency over an optimally repeated RC line of the same wire width
HSULF-1 inhibits ERK and AKT signaling and decreases cell viability in vitro in human lung epithelial cells

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) modulate the binding and activation of signaling pathways of specific growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Human endosulfatase 1 (HSULF-1) is an enzyme that selectively removes 6-O sulfate groups from HS side chains and alter their level and pattern of sulfation and thus biological activity. It is known that HSULF-1 is expressed at low levels in some cancer cell lines and its enhanced expression can inhibit cancer cell growth or induce apoptosis, but the mechanism(s) involved has not been identified. HSULF-1 mRNA expression was assessed in five normal cells (primary human lung alveolar type 2 (hAT2) cells, adult lung fibroblasts (16Lu), fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL), human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE), and primary human lung fibroblasts (HLF)) and five lung cancer cell lines (A549, H292, H1975, H661, and H1703) using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). H292 and hAT2 cells over-expressing HSULF-1 were analyzed for cell viability, apoptosis, and ERK/Akt signaling, by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assay, and Western Blot, respectively. Apoptosis pathway activation was confirmed by PCR array in hAT2, H292, and A549 cells. HSULF-1 was expressed at a significantly lower level in epithelial cancer cell lines compared to normal cells. Infection with recombinant adenovirus for HSULF-1 over-expression resulted in decreased cell viability in H292 cells, but not in normal hAT2 cells. HSULF-1 over-expression induced apoptosis in H292 cells, but not in hAT2 cells. In addition, apoptosis pathways were activated in both H292 and A549 cells, but not in hAT2 cells. HSULF-1 over-expression reduced ERK and Akt signaling activation in H292 cells, which further demonstrated its inhibitory effects on signaling related to proliferation. These results indicate that HSULF-1 is expressed at lower levels in H292 lung cancer cells than in normal human alveolar cells and that its over-expression reduced cell viability in H292 cells by inducing apoptotic pathways, at least in part by inhibiting ERK/Akt signaling. We hypothesize that HSULF-1 plays important roles in cancer cells and functions to modify cell signaling, inhibit cancer proliferation, and promote cancer cell death.
Macroscopic yielding of oriented polymers

Uniaxial and biaxial stress states were employed to compare the measured macroscopic yield behaviour of oriented polycarbonate, polyethylene, and polypropylene with a proposed anisotropic and pressure-dependent yield criterion. A good correlation between theory and experiment was found for each material.
Positive and Negative Feedback Effects of Estrogen on Pituitary LH Synthesis and Release in Normal and Androgen-Sterilized Female Rats

Changes in pituitary and plasma LH concentrations after ovariectomy alone or in combination with single injections of various dosages of estrogen were evaluated. Investigations were conducted in immature and adult normal and sterile female rats to study changes with age and differences in thresholds of response to estrogen on LH synthesis vs. release. In immature rats (30 days of age) plasma LH was not detectable. Ovariectomy at 20 days of age, with autopsy 10 days later, resulted in an increase in plasma LH to 11.3 μg/100 ml although pituitary LH concentrations remained unaltered. Injection of 0.05 μg estradiol benzoate (EB)/100 g body wt 7 days after ovariectomy (day 27 of age) failed to alter significantly pituitary and plasma LH concentrations. With the injection of 0.1 fig EB/100 g body wt, a significant increase in pituitary LH occurred, while plasma LH concentrations were unaffected. Estrogen injected as 0.5 μg/100 g body wt inhibited LH release although pituitary LH synthesis was not suppressed an...
Translational Regulation of Angiotensin II Type 1A Receptor Role of Upstream AUG Triplets

The cDNA sequence of rat angiotensin II type 1A receptor (AT 1A R) shows that AT 1A R transcripts have AUG triplets in the 5′-leader region that may begin a short open reading frame encoding an 11–amino acid peptide. In this study, the mutational inactivation of the start codon of the short open reading frame in AT 1A R–chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene constructs resulted in a 2.6-fold increase in CAT activity, whereas CAT transcript levels were not affected. Furthermore, experiments with rat AT 1A R cDNA–transfected Cos-7 cells revealed that mutagenesis of the upstream AUG increased the AT 1A R protein up to 2.5-fold, although AT 1A R transcript levels showed no changes. The synthetic peptide corresponding to the sequence of the short open reading frame significantly suppressed the amount of AT 1A R product in the in vitro translation system. The inhibiting effect of the short open reading frame appears to operate at least in part at the level of translation initiation, because polysome analysis with transfected Cos-7 cells showed that mutagenesis of the upstream AUG resulted in a shift of AT 1A R mRNA distribution from a smaller to larger fraction of polysomes. Taken together, these results show that the upstream AUG inhibits translational regulation, suggesting that the short open reading frame in the 5′-leader region of AT 1A R transcripts has a certain role in the translation of AT 1A R protein.
Chimpanzees and Bonobos Exhibit Emotional Responses to Decision Outcomes

The interface between cognition, emotion, and motivation is thought to be of central importance in understanding complex cognitive functions such as decision-making and executive control in humans. Although nonhuman apes have complex repertoires of emotional expression, little is known about the role of affective processes in ape decision-making. To illuminate the evolutionary origins of human-like patterns of choice, we investigated decision-making in humans' closest phylogenetic relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus). In two studies, we examined these species' temporal and risk preferences, and assessed whether apes show emotional and motivational responses in decision-making contexts. We find that (1) chimpanzees are more patient and more risk-prone than are bonobos, (2) both species exhibit affective and motivational responses following the outcomes of their decisions, and (3) some emotional and motivational responses map onto species-level and individual-differences in decision-making. These results indicate that apes do exhibit emotional responses to decision-making, like humans. We explore the hypothesis that affective and motivational biases may underlie the psychological mechanisms supporting value-based preferences in these species.
The epistemological framing of a discipline: Writing science in university oceanography

The purpose of this paper is to examine how instruction in scientific writing in a university oceanography course communicated epistemological positions of this discipline. Drawing from sociological and anthropological studies of scientific communities, this study uses an ethnographic perspective to explore how teachers and students came to define particular views of disciplinary knowledge through the everyday practices associated with teaching and learning oceanography. Writing in a scientific genre was supported by interactive CD-ROM which allowed students to access data representations from geological databases. In our analysis of the spoken and written discourse of the members of this course, we identified epistemological issues such as uses of evidence, role of expertise, relevance of point of view, and limits to the authority of disciplinary inquiry. Implications for college science teaching are drawn.fl 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 691 - 718, 2000 In the ethnographic study we describe in this paper, we entered as participant-observers; we began by asking ''what's happening here?'' and found that the writing of science by students and the talking about writing by instructors (course professor and teaching assistants) led to a fertile ground for examining how questions of knowledge construction, use, and representation are interactionally communicated in teaching and learning situations. Through an iterative ethnographic research cycle of posing questions; collecting, constructing, and analyzing data; and writing an ethnography; we focused on how the writing of a scientific genre in ''Geology 4: Oceanography'' (an introductory university course) foregrounded questions concerning disciplinary knowledge, thus making visible an epistemology of science. Our treatment of these epistemological issues began by identifying their importance to the participants and continued through the examination of the instructional practices associated with learning to
A Disposable Tear Glucose Biosensor—Part 1: Design and Concept Testing

Background: Tear glucose has been suggested previously as a potential approach for the noninvasive estimation of blood glucose. While the topic remains unresolved, an overview of previous studies suggests the importance of a tear sampling approach and warrants new technology development. A concept device is presented that meets the needs of a tear glucose biosensor. Methods: Three approaches to chronoamperometric glucose sensing were evaluated, including glucose oxidase mediated by potassium ferricyanide or oxygen with a hydrogen peroxide catalyst, Prussian blue, and potassium ferricyanidemediated glucose dehydrogenase. For tear sampling, calcium alginate, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and polyurethane foam were screened as an absorbent tear sampling material. A quantitative model based on the proposed function of concept device was created. Results: For glucose sensing, it was found that potassium ferricyanide with glucose dehydrogenase was ideal, featuring oxygen insensitivity, long-term stability, and a lower limit of detection of 2 μM glucose. Polyurethane foam possessed all of the required characteristics for tear sampling, including reproducible sampling from a hydrogel-simulated, eye surface (4.2 ± 0.5 μl; n = 8). It is estimated that 100 μM of glucose tear fluid would yield 135 nA (14.9% relative standard deviation). Conclusion: A novel concept device for tear glucose sampling was presented, and the key functions of this device were tested and used to model the performance of the final device. Based on these promising initial results, the device is achievable and within reach of current technical capabilities, setting the stage for prototype development.
Multiuser multidetector indoor visible light communication system

We present an optimal fair power allocation and receiver combination scheme for multiuser indoor visible light communication systems using CDMA. MIMO diversity is achieved by using multiple LEDS and photodetectors with different orientations, resulting in a greater than 3 dB power advantage compared with MISO schemes.
An enhanced approach to preventing the SSLstripping attack

In this paper, we propose a new approach to preventing the SSLstripping attack, CAT+S. Through the analysis of existing solutions and a user survey, we determine how to better protect users from the SSLstripping attack and provide stronger overall protection even when the SSLstripping attack is not a factor. The details of CAT+S design and implementation are then described and discussed. Finally, we consider future work and problems that are yet to be solved.
Using rigging and transfer to animate 3d characters

Transferring a mesh or skeletal animation onto a new mesh currently requires significant manual effort. For skeletal animations, this involves rigging the character, by specifying how the skeleton is positioned relative to the character and how posing the skeleton drives the character's shape. Currently, artists typically manually position the skeleton joints and paint skinning weights onto the character to associate points on the character surface with bones. For this problem, we present a fully automatic rigging algorithm based on the geometry of the target mesh. Given a generic skeleton, the method computes both joint placement and the character surface attachment automatically. For mesh animations, current techniques are limited to transferring the motion literally using a correspondence between the characters' surfaces. Instead, I propose an example-based method that can transfer motion between far more different characters and that gives the user more control over how to adapt the motion to the new character. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Virus Filtration in Porous Iron (III) Oxide Doped Ceramic Water Filters

The consumption of microbially - and virally - contaminated water is a pressing health issue in developing nations. The concentration of surface and underground water is often responsible for a high incidence of diarrheal diseases, especially among children under the age of five years [1]. Ceramic water filters (CWFs) have been proposed as a household water treatment solution. However, despite their high bacterial filtration efficiency [2], existing CWFs cannot yet effectively remove viruses from water. Using MS2 bacteriophage as a model for human enteric viruses, this work explores the effect of doping CWFs with goethite (FeOOH) on the removal of viruses from contaminated waters. Fe-CWFs were found to remove bacteriophage from challenged water at significantly higher efficiencies than the control CWF. Filters composed of 60:40 ceramic:sawdust volume ratios and doped with different amounts of FeOOH were studied. A Fe-CWF containing 24.9 wt% Fe2O3 removed a mean of 1.93 log (98.83%) of MS2. The efficiency of viral filtration decreased significantly when the pH of the challenged water deviated from neutral (pH 5.9, 8.7 and 10.2). In addition, all Fe-CWFs tested removed more than 3 log (99.9%) of bacteria.
Perceção do diagnóstico de depressão e ansiedade pelo médico de família conforme o género do paciente

Objetivo: Avaliar se o genero do paciente condiciona o diagnostico de depressao e ansiedade e a escolha da terapeutica antidepressiva no contexto dos cuidados de saude primarios (CSP) em Portugal. Tipo de estudo: Observacional, analitico e transversal. Local: Escolas de Outono da Associacao Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar (APMGF) 2014. Populacao: Definiu-se uma amostra de conveniencia constituida por medicos de familia e internos de medicina geral e familiar (MGF) que participaram no evento, sem restricao de anos de pratica clinica. Metodos: Aplicou-se um questionario anonimo de autopreenchimento com base na leitura de uma historia clinica com duas versoes que diferiam apenas no genero do paciente. Cada participante teve acesso a apenas uma versao. Resultados: Obtiveram-se 79 respostas para cada versao (158 inquiridos). Nesta amostra, 82,3% dos inquiridos sao mulheres e 90,5% sao internos. A media total de idades e 29,7 anos. A probabilidade de atribuir o diagnostico de depressao foi ligeiramente superior na versao referente ao paciente do genero feminino (p=0,046). Relativamente ao diagnostico de ansiedade encontrou-se uma diferenca estatisticamente significativa (p <0,001), sendo mais provavel este diagnostico quando o paciente e do sexo masculino. Nao houve diferencas quanto a probabilidade de recuperar sem terapeutica, beneficiar de terapeutica antidepressiva ou psicoterapia e na gravidade atribuida ao quadro depressivo. Conclusoes: Perante um quadro clinico de depressao, o genero do paciente nao parece influenciar o diagnostico de depressao. Face aos mesmos sintomas, o genero masculino correlaciona-se com uma maior probabilidade de diagnostico de ansiedade. Contudo, a abordagem com recurso a historias clinicas padronizadas pode nao representar as escolhas dos participantes na pratica clinica. A amostra selecionada tem maioritariamente internos, inviabilizando a extrapolacao para a populacao de especialistas. Este trabalho serve como ponto de partida para uma reflexao critica relativamente a possibilidade da percecao clinica ser afetada por estereotipos associados ao genero.
Use of the Mitochondrial Control Region as a Potential DNA Mini-Barcoding Target for the Identification of Canned Tuna Species

In this study, a DNA mini-barcoding methodology was developed for the differentiation of species commonly found in canned tuna. Primers were designed to target a 236-base pair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial control region (CR) and a 179-bp fragment of the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the ability to differentiate 13 tuna species on the basis of the CR mini-barcode, except in a few cases of species introgression. Supplementary use of ITS1 allowed for differentiation of introgressed Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga), while differentiation of introgressed Atlantic bluefin tuna and Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) requires a longer stretch of the CR. After primer design, a market sample of 53 commercially canned tuna products was collected for testing. This mini-barcoding system was able to successfully identify species in 23 of the products, including albacore tuna, yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). One instance of mislabeling was detected, in which striped bonito (Sarda orientalis) was identified in a product labeled as tongol tuna (Thunnus tonggol). PCR amplification and sequencing was unsuccessful in a number of products, likely due to factors such as the presence of PCR inhibitors and DNA fragmentation during the canning process. Overall, CR and ITS1 show high potential for use in identification of canned tuna products; however, further optimization of the assay may be necessary in order to improve amplification and sequencing success rates.
A General Method for Aminoquinoline-Directed, Copper-Catalyzed sp2 C–H Bond Amination

An operationally simple and general method for copper-catalyzed, aminoquinoline-assisted amination of β-C(sp2)-H bonds of benzoic acid derivatives is reported. The reaction employs Cu(OAc)2 or (CuOH)2CO3 catalysts, an amine coupling partner, and oxygen from air as a terminal oxidant. Exceptionally high generality with respect to amine coupling partners is observed. Specifically, primary and secondary aliphatic and aromatic amines, heterocycles, such as indoles, pyrazole, and carbazole, sulfonamides, as well as electron-deficient aromatic and heteroaromatic amines are competent coupling components.
A Statistical Method for Synthesizing Mediation Analyses Using the Product of Coefficient Approach Across Multiple Trials.

Mediation analysis often requires larger sample sizes than main effect analysis to achieve the same statistical power. Combining results across similar trials may be the only practical option for increasing statistical power for mediation analysis in some situations. In this paper, we propose a method to estimate: (1) marginal means for mediation path a, the relation of the independent variable to the mediator; (2) marginal means for path b, the relation of the mediator to the outcome, across multiple trials; and (3) the between-trial level variance–covariance matrix based on a bivariate normal distribution. We present the statistical theory and an R computer program to combine regression coefficients from multiple trials to estimate a combined mediated effect and confidence interval under a random effects model. Values of coefficients a and b, along with their standard errors from each trial are the input for the method. This marginal likelihood based approach with Monte Carlo confidence intervals provides more accurate inference than the standard meta-analytic approach. We discuss computational issues, apply the method to two real-data examples and make recommendations for the use of the method in different settings.
The effects of dietary-induced obesity on the biomechanical properties of femora in male rats.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of diet-induced obesity (DIO), on the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the femur in mature male rats. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Two groups of male rats were studied. The DIO experimental group was fed a high caloric diet and a 31% sucrose solution as drinking fluid for a month, whereas the control group was fed lab chow and tap water. MEASUREMENT: Body weight; body water; lean body mass; femoral length; average cortical thickness; outer anteroposterior diameter; outer mediolateral diameter; cortex area; moment of inertia; cortical and cancellous bone hydration; tendon and muscle hydration; ash content of cortical and cancellous bone; ultimate load; deflection at ultimate load; ultimate strength; stiffness; elastic modulus and energy absorption capacity. RESULTS: ‘Gainers’ (final body weight in excess of three standard error of mean of the controls) were 19.1% heavier, with higher body fat, whereas body water, lean body mass, hydration of cancellous bone and ash content of cortical bone were lower, when compared to controls. Rats that failed to gain weight, despite the high caloric diet, were termed ‘resisters’ (weight gain less than three standard error of mean of the controls). Ultimate load, deflection at ultimate load and femoral energy absorption capacity were significantly higher in the experimental group when compared to the controls. However, no differences were found among the groups with respect to ultimate stress and stiffness. CONCLUSION: The weight gain produced by DIO may lead to bone adaptation and improved biomechanics.
Effect of ouabain and potassium on isolated perfused rabbit kidney.

SummaryThe effect of various doses of ouabain was studied on the isolated perfused kidney. A pronounced and consistent diuresis and natriuresis did not occur until a dose of 0.085 mg of ouabain was used. Within 2-20 min after the administration of ouabain, renal vascular resistance increased causing an increase in perfusion pressure and a reduction in renal blood flow, urine excretion, sodium excretion, and creatinine clearance. Plasma potassium always rose after the administration of ouabain. At 20-60 min after the addition of ouabain renal vascular resistance fell, causing the perfusion pressure to return to normal. There was an increase in renal blood flow, urine excretion (+220%) p<0.01 sodium excretion (+215%) p< 0.02 and the creatinine clearance returned to normal. Plasma potassium remained elevated. When potassium chloride (KCl) was added to the perfusion after 3-4 control periods, the plasma K level was raised from an average of 4.9 meq/liter to 8.6 meq/liter and leveled off at 8.1 to 7.8 meq/lite...
Optical floating zone growth of β-BaB2O4 from a LiBa2B5O10-based solvent

Low-temperature barium metaborate β-BaB 2 O 4 has been grown using a LiBa 2 B 5 O 10 -based solvent in a four-mirror optical floating zone furnace with a traveling solvent zone configuration. The β-BaB 2 O 4 rods grown are composed of several different crystal domains, ranging from 100 μm to 1 mm in diameter, and lithium, a component of the flux, was present only at the contaminant level. The technique demonstrates that thermal decomposition of the incongruently melting phase LiBa 2 B 5 O 10 can be used to grow β-BaB 2 O 4 .
Characteristics of a Reusable First Stage in Ground Effect

The Air Force previously identified the reusable first stage concept as a promising approach to meet its future space lift needs. The reusable first stage consists of an autonomous, reusable, rocket-powered first stage with an expendable upper stage stack. The reusable first stage launches vertically and carries the expendable stack to its staging point. From the staging point, the reusable first stage returns directly to the launch base, landing aircraft-style on a runway.
Concise Synthesis of Bicyclic Pyridinol Antioxidants

The recently reported bicyclic pyridinols 1 and 2 are highly effective antioxidants exhibiting 88- and 28-fold greater potency, respectively, than α-tocopherol when assayed for their ability to suppress the autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Described herein is a short, economical, and scalable strategy for the synthesis of this novel group of antioxidants, as well as analogues 3−6. Key reactions involved the cyclocondensation reaction of lactam acetals with enaminone 7 and selective functionalizaton of the heterocyclic systems.
Reinforcing effectiveness of nicotine in nonhuman primates: effects of nicotine dose and history of nicotine self-administration.

Despite the high prevalence of nicotine use in humans, robust nicotine self-administration has been difficult to demonstrate in laboratory animals. A parametric analysis of nicotine self-administration was conducted to study its reinforcing effects in nonhuman primates. Adult rhesus macaques (N = 6) self-administered intravenous (IV) nicotine (0.001–0.1 mg/kg) under a fixed-ratio (FR)1 schedule of reinforcement during daily 90-min sessions. Next, the demand function relating drug intake and response cost was determined by increasing the FR across sessions during the availability of each of several unit doses of nicotine (0.0032–0.032 mg/kg/inj). The reinforcing effects of 0.01 mg/kg/inj cocaine and 1 g banana-flavored food pellets were also determined under similar testing conditions. Finally, the nicotine demand function was re-determined after approximately 8 months of daily IV nicotine self-administration. IV nicotine self-administration followed an inverted U-shaped pattern, with the peak number of injections maintained by 0.0032 mg/kg/inj. Self-administration of each reinforcer (food pellets, IV cocaine, and IV nicotine) decreased as FR size increased. Application of the exponential model of demand showed that demand elasticity for nicotine was (1) dose-dependent and lowest for 0.0032 mg/kg/inj; (2) for 0.0032 mg/kg/inj, similar to that of food pellets and significantly higher than cocaine; and (3) decreased after 8 months of daily nicotine self-administration. These data show that, though high levels of nicotine self-administration can be achieved under simple FR schedules in nonhuman primates, its reinforcing effectiveness is dose-related but limited and may increase over time.
Research on Reducing Both Power Frequency Electric Field Intensity and Induced Voltage Under HV Transmission Lines by Metal Ground Mesh

To mitigate the phenomena of induced voltage in residential buildings near to HV power transmission line due to power frequency electric field,it is proposed to decrease the power frequency electric filed intensity inside residential buildings as well as the induced votlage on the badly grounded conductros in residential buildings by metal ground mesh.Simulating residential buildings by the boxes made of high density wood-based panels,the experiments are performed in the phytotron and in a certain place under 500 kV and 220 kV AC power transmission lines in Hunan province,and the CDEGS software package is used for the electromagnetic field calculation.Results of experiments and calculation show that using metal ground mesh,both power frequency electric field intensity and induced voltage inside residential builtdings near to HV AC transmission lines can be effetively reduced.
Early-life Socio-economic Status and Adult Health: The Role of Positive Affect.

The aim of this paper is to develop a further understanding of the relationship between early-life socio-economic status (SES) and adult health disparities. This was accomplished through evaluation of state indicators of positive and negative affect as mechanisms through which early-life SES was associated with susceptibility to a rhinovirus (i.e. the common cold). Analyses were conducted among 286 adults in a viral challenge study in which participants were exposed to a rhinovirus via nasal drops and cold symptoms were evaluated over a period of 5 days. Participant age, body mass index, sex, education, ethnicity, pre-challenge virus-specific antibody titres and subjective adult SES, along with virus type and season of participation, were included as covariates. Early-life SES was associated with cold incidence through state positive affect, but not state negative affect. In addition, contrast analysis indicated that the indirect effect through state positive affect was stronger than the indirect effect through state negative affect. Findings provide further support for early-life SES being an important variable associated with adult health, and that state self-reported positive affect may be an underlying mechanism associated with susceptibility to rhinoviruses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific Heats of Ni Cl 2 ·6 H 2 O and Co Cl 2 ·6 H 2 O between 1.4° and 20°K

The specific heats of Ni${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and Co${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O have been measured from 1.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Lambda-type anomalies were observed at 5.34\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 2.29\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for Ni${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and Co${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, respectively, associated presumably with antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transitions. It has been possible in each case to separate out the magnetic contribution to the specific heat and thus to compute the total magnetic entropy gained in the transition from the fully ordered to completely disordered condition. This quantity was found to be given accurately by $R\mathrm{ln}(2S+1)$ with $S=\frac{1}{2}$ for ${\mathrm{Co}}^{++}$ and $S=1$ for ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{++}$. Short range order is particularly pronounced in these substances, the fraction of the total magnetic entropy gained above the N\'eel point being 0.52 for Co${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and for 0.40 for Ni${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O. Other features of the anomalies are discussed.
Does social media reduce corruption

Abstract In this paper we study the relationship between multi-way means of communication and corruption by exploring the link between social media and corruption. Using a cross-country analysis of over 150 countries, we document a robust and statistically significant negative relationship between Facebook penetration (a proxy for social media) and corruption. A falsification test for the relationship between Facebook penetration and corruption is also reported. We find that the relationship between Facebook penetration and corruption is strongest for the set of countries with low press freedom. Moreover, we find that social media is complementary to press freedom in regards to its association with corruption Finally, our findings also confirm the negative correlation between internet penetration and corruption.
Effects of Systematic Reinforcement Conditions on the Test Scores of Children Labeled Learning and Behaviorally Disordered

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of reinforcement conditions on the test scores of middle- and low-income children labeled learning and behaviorally disordered. A counterbalanced...
Souffles–Anfās and the Moroccan avant-garde post-independence

ABSTRACTTen years after Morocco gained its independence from France and Spain in 1956, the relatively brief appearance of the journal Souffles (1966–1972) and its Arabic companion Anfās (1971–1972)...