cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redox Potentials in the Regulation of Viral Fusion

The acidic interior of endosomes is the trigger for fusion of viruses within this organelle. Whether conditions of endosomal interiors, in addition to low pH, regulate the extent of fusion has not been well explored. The redox potential (RP) within an endosome is regulated by NADPH oxidase and the RP varies according to endosome type. We have investigated whether RP can affect fusion by fusing cells expressing a viral fusion protein to target cells, varying the RP of the external solution. The RP was varied, and clamped, from −150 mV to 0 mV by altering the ratio of Cys/Cyss; cytochrome c was used to establish positive RPs in the external solution. For the class II and class III fusion proteins tested, the more reducing (negative RP) the solution, the greater was the extent of fusion. That is, the extent of fusion varied greatly with RP. The pH-dependence of fusion was, however, independent of RP. For the tested class I fusion proteins, including influenza HA which utilizes the low pH within endosomes, fusion was independent of external redox potentials. To identify the stage(s) of fusion at which redox potentials are consequential, we created a hemifusion intermediate, varying the RP upstream and downstream of the intermediate. The creation of hemifusion was strongly dependent on the RP; the transition from hemifusion to full fusion was less dependent on the RP. Therefore, RPs have strong control on early steps in the fusion process, but only weak control of late steps.
In vivo and systems biology studies implicate IL-18 as a central mediator in chronic pain

Inflammation is associated with peripheral neuropathy, however the interplay among cytokines, chemokines, and neurons is still unclear. We hypothesized that this neuroinflammatory interaction can be defined by computational modeling based on the dynamics of protein expression in the sciatic nerve of rats subjected to chronic constriction injury. Using Dynamic Bayesian Network inference, we identified interleukin (IL)-18 as a central node associated with neuropathic pain in this animal model. Immunofluorescence supported a role for inflammasome activation and induction of IL-18 at the site of injury. Combined in vivo and in silico approaches may thus highlight novel targets in peripheral neuropathy.
The Voice of Personality: Stereotyped Judgments and their Relation to Voice Quality and Sex of Speaker

Summary This study attempted to determine the relationship between personality judgments from voice and vocal properties of the voice, particularly with reference to the speaker's sex. The taped voices of 57 American college students (25 males and 32 females) were played to 100 raters (also American college undergraduates) who rated the voices on 10 personality traits. Measurements were made of six vocal characteristics for each of the taped voices. There were correlations between personality judgments from the voices and the vocal characteristics of the voices. Raters also used different cues for rating male voices as opposed to female voices. The results were considered in terms of cultural sex role stereotypes.
Book review: A QUICK REVIEW OF THE ELEMENTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: An Introduction Using Lisp by Steven L. Tanimoto (Computer Science Press, 1987)

This is a really fine book for a first course in Al. Its examples are written in a subset of Common LISP compatible with other LISP dialects, so that they can easily be rewritten to run on say, CDC ALisp, or public-domain, DLisp, or some vendor-supplied system, like Translisp. (I have his version of Eliza running on XLisp and Translisp with minor changes. The "Doctor" program in the earlier edition of Winston's Al textbook will also run in place of Tanimoto's "Shrink," with only minor changes.)
Intensity Biased PSP Measurement

The current pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique assumes a linear relationship (Stern-Volmer Equation) between intensity ratio (I(sub 0)/I) and pressure ratio (P/P(sub 0)) over a wide range of pressures (vacuum to ambient or higher). Although this may be valid for some PSPs, in most PSPs the relationship is nonlinear, particularly at low pressures (less than 0.2 psia when the oxygen level is low). This non-linearity can be attributed to variations in the oxygen quenching (de-activation) rates (which otherwise is assumed constant) at these pressures. Other studies suggest that some paints also have non-linear calibrations at high pressures; because of heterogeneous (non-uniform) oxygen diffusion and c quenching. Moreover, pressure sensitive paints require correction for the output intensity due to light intensity variation, paint coating variation, model dynamics, wind-off reference pressure variation, and temperature sensitivity. Therefore to minimize the measurement uncertainties due to these causes, an in- situ intensity correction method was developed. A non-oxygen quenched paint (which provides a constant intensity at all pressures, called non-pressure sensitive paint, NPSP) was used for the reference intensity (I(sub NPSP)) with respect to which all the PSP intensities (I) were measured. The results of this study show that in order to fully reap the benefits of this technique, a totally oxygen impermeable NPSP must be available.
Accent Trumps Race in Guiding Children's Social Preferences

A series of experiments investigated the effect of speakers’ language, accent, and race on children’s social preferences. When presented with photographs and voice recordings of novel children, 5-year-old children chose to be friends with native speakers of their native language rather than foreign-language or foreign-accented speakers. These preferences were not exclusively due to the intelligibility of the speech, as children found the accented speech to be comprehensible, and did not make social distinctions between foreign-accented and foreign-language speakers. Finally, children chose same-race children as friends when the target children were silent, but they chose other-race children with a native accent when accent was pitted against race. A control experiment provided evidence that children’s privileging of accent over race was not due to the relative familiarity of each dimension. The results, discussed in an evolutionary framework, suggest that children preferentially evaluate others along dimensions that distinguished social groups in prehistoric human societies.
HORMONE EFFECTS ON PROSTATE AND MAMMARY TUMOR PROGRESSION IN TRANSGENIC MICE: ALTERATIONS IN ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. † 938

HORMONE EFFECTS ON PROSTATE AND MAMMARY TUMOR PROGRESSION IN TRANSGENIC MICE: ALTERATIONS IN ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. † 938
Silent cerebral infarcts in very young children with sickle cell anaemia are associated with a higher risk of stroke

Summary Silent cerebral infarctions (SCI) are the most common neurological injury in children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA), but their incidence/prognosis in early childhood has not been well described. We report clinical, neuroradiological, psychometric and academic follow-up over an average period of 14 years in 37 children with SCA who had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the brain between ages 7 and 48 months. Ten patients (27%) younger than age 5 years (Group I) had SCI, as did 12 (32%) older than 5 years (Group II). Fifteen (41%) had no lesions (Group III). Overt stroke or transient ischaemic attack occurred in 5/9 (56%) in Group I. Most Group I patients had progressive MRI abnormalities, concurrent stenosis, decreased cognitive ability, attention/executive function deficits and hindered academic attainment. The proportions of subjects in Group I with subsequent neurological events (P ≤ 0·006), progressive ischaemia (P ≤ 0·001) and vascular stenosis (P ≤ 0·006) were greater than in Groups II and III. Thus, SCI in young children with SCA may predict overt central nervous system events, progressive MRI abnormalities, stenosis, cognitive dysfunction and poor academic performance. Children younger than 5 years may benefit from MRI/MRA testing and should be considered for aggressive intervention when SCI are detected.
Application of ontology guided search for improved equipment diagnosis in a vehicle assembly plant

In the body shop of an automobile assembly plant, having access to correct and timely diagnostic information is very important for solving equipment and tooling maintenance problems. Variation Reduction Adviser (VRA) is an internal General Motors (GM) system that contains information related to the problems encountered in process, their root cause and possible solutions. This paper presents our work on ontology based diagnosis, where, a thesaurus (which is a simple form of ontology) has been used for retrieving diagnostic information. A thesaurus has been developed from existing problem descriptions and their solutions written in a natural language (such as English). A systematic methodology has been developed for the creation of a thesaurus. The results of ontology based diagnostic information retrieval have been compared with ‘exact match’ information retrieval.
Human Cytomegalovirus Open Reading Frame TRL11/IRL11 Encodes an Immunoglobulin G Fc-Binding Protein

Several herpesviruses encode Fc receptors that may play a role in preventing antibody-mediated clearance of the virus in vivo. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) induces an Fc-binding activity in cells upon infection, but the gene that encodes this Fc-binding protein has not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that the HCMV AD169 open reading frame TRL11 and its identical copy, IRL11, encode a type I membrane glycoprotein that possesses IgG Fc-binding capabilities.
Enzymatic signal amplification of molecular beacons for sensitive DNA detection

Molecular beacons represent a new family of fluorescent probes for nucleic acids, and have found broad applications in recent years due to their unique advantages over traditional probes. Detection of nucleic acids using molecular beacons has been based on hybridization between target molecules and molecular beacons in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The stoichiometric hybridization, however, puts an intrinsic limitation on detection sensitivity, because one target molecule converts only one beacon molecule to its fluorescent form. To increase the detection sensitivity, a conventional strategy has been target amplification through polymerase chain reaction. Instead of target amplification, here we introduce a scheme of signal amplification, nicking enzyme signal amplification, to increase the detection sensitivity of molecular beacons. The mechanism of the signal amplification lies in target-dependent cleavage of molecular beacons by a DNA nicking enzyme, through which one target DNA can open many beacon molecules, giving rise to amplification of fluorescent signal. Our results indicate that one target DNA leads to cleavage of hundreds of beacon molecules, increasing detection sensitivity by nearly three orders of magnitude. We designed two versions of signal amplification. The basic version, though simple, requires that nicking enzyme recognition sequence be present in the target DNA. The extended version allows detection of target of any sequence by incorporating rolling circle amplification. Moreover, the extended version provides one additional level of signal amplification, bringing the detection limit down to tens of femtomolar, nearly five orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional hybridization assay.
Collaborative Testing Improves Performance but Not Content Retention in a Large-Enrollment Introductory Biology Class

Collaborative testing has been shown to improve performance but not always content retention. In this study, we investigated whether collaborative testing could improve both performance and content retention in a large, introductory biology course. Students were semirandomly divided into two groups based on their performances on exam 1. Each group contained equal numbers of students scoring in each grade category (“A”–“F”) on exam 1. All students completed each of the four exams of the semester as individuals. For exam 2, one group took the exam a second time in small groups immediately following the individually administered test. The other group followed this same format for exam 3. Individual and group exam scores were compared to determine differences in performance. All but exam 1 contained a subset of cumulative questions from the previous exam. Performances on the cumulative questions for exams 3 and 4 were compared for the two groups to determine whether there were significant differences in content retention. Even though group test scores were significantly higher than individual test scores, students who participated in collaborative testing performed no differently on cumulative questions than students who took the previous exam as individuals.
Public and private beliefs of political leaders: Saddam Hussein in front of a crowd and behind closed doors:

We ask if the public speech of political leaders is diagnostic of their private beliefs, and investigate through content analysis of the rhetoric of Saddam Hussein, the former president of Iraq. We collected Saddam’s public speeches and interviews on international affairs from 1977–2000, producing a data set of 330,000 words. From transcripts of Saddam speaking in private, we garnered a comparison corpus of 58,000 words. These text-sets were processed to locate markers of conflict, control and complexity. We find that Saddam’s hostile, conflict-oriented worldview and his perception of himself as a significant political actor was consistent across public and private domains. The major difference between these spheres was his more complex private view of international affairs compared to his more definitive public stance. Our evidence supports the notion that private beliefs can be inferred from the public speech of political leaders.
Affective facial expression processing in young children who have experienced maltreatment during the first year of life: An event-related potential study

This study employed event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neural correlates of facial affect processing in maltreated and nonmaltreated children at 42 months of age. ERPs elicited while children passively viewed standardized pictures of female models posing angry, happy, and neutral facial expressions were examined, and differences between maltreated (N = 46) and nonmaltreated (N = 25) children were reported. Three occipital components (P1, N170, and P400) and four frontal-central components (N150, P240, Nc, and a positive slow wave [PSW]) were identified. Findings revealed that maltreated children had greater P1 and P400 amplitude in response to angry facial affect compared to other emotions, and compared to nonmaltreated children. N170 amplitude was greater in response to happy compared to angry in the maltreated group. For the P240 component, maltreated children had greater amplitude in response to angry facial expressions relative to happy, whereas children in the nonmaltreated group had greater P240 amplitude in response to happy relative to angry facial affect. Further, the nonmaltreated group had greater PSW amplitude in response to angry facial affect, whereas those in the maltreated group showed greater PSW amplitude to happy facial expressions. The results provided further support for the hypothesis that the experience of maltreatment and the predominantly negative emotional tone in maltreating families alters the functioning of neural systems associated with the identification and processing of facial emotion. These results exemplify the importance of early preventive interventions focused on emotion for children who have experienced maltreatment early in life.
Effects of spaceflight on the attachment of tendons to bone in the hindlimb of the pregnant rat

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of spaceflight on the structure of the tendon-bone junction (TBJ). Pregnant rats either flew in the space shuttle Atlantis (flight group; F) or were exposed to simulated launch and landing protocols (synchronous control group; SC) during days 9-19 of pregnancy. Following birth of their pups, maternal hindlimbs were studied using scanning electron and light microscopic histomophometric techniques. The tibial and calcaneal tuberosities, the fibular head, and the tibia-fibula junction were studied. Myofiber density and cross-sectional area of the quadratus femoris and soleus muscles and diameters of the calcaneal and patellar tendons were also evaluated. Cortical erosion was significantly greater at the tibial tuberosity and the fibular head in F animals compared to SC animals (P < 0.001). Sharpey fiber density was significantly less at the tibial tuberosity and fibular head in F animals compared to SC animals (P < 0.001). The myofiber area of both the soleus and quadratus femoris muscles and the diameters of both calcaneal and patellar tendons were significantly less in F compared to SC rats (P < 0.05). Our data illustrate that the TBJ morphology is affected by spaceflight at the attachment sites of the soleus and quadratus femoris muscles in pregnant animals, which could adversely affect their physical properties. These atrophic TBJ changes could have resulted from atrophy of the adjacent muscles and their tendons. Atrophic changes in the structure of the TBJ could predispose an animal to injury following spaceflight, when normal gravity conditions are reestablished.
Decreased in vitro sensitivity to dexamethasone in corticotropes from middle-age rats.

Abstract A disregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis due to a decline of negative feedback regulation is a consistent feature of the aging process. Hippocampus has been proposed to be a primary site responsible for this alteration in the HPA axis in aging in rat. In this study an alternative hypothesis that the decreased sensitivity of the HPA axis to glucocorticoids in aging occurs directly in pituitary corticotropes has been tested. The sensitivity of corticotropes isolated from 2- and 13-month old male Sprague–Dawley rats to dexamethasone (DEX) in vitro was examined using a modification of the combined DEX/CRH challenge test that was originally designed for investigation of relative glucocorticoid resistance in vivo. No significant difference in basal ACTH production by corticotropes from the two age groups was detected. Corticotropes from middle-aged rats showed a diminished response of ACTH to CRH stimulation. DEX treatment did not cause a significant inhibition of either basal or CRH-stimulated ACTH release in corticotropes from middle-aged rats. These findings demonstrate an age-related decrease in the sensitivity of corticotropes to glucocorticoids in vitro suggesting that there is a direct, pituitary-mediated dysregulation of the HPA axis in rat starting as early as middle age.
Volume-rendered 3D CT of the mesenteric vasculature: normal anatomy, anatomic variants, and pathologic conditions.

Multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) offers important advantages over more conventional imaging methods in the evaluation of the mesenteric vasculature. It allows faster scanning, which practically eliminates motion and breathing artifacts, as well as thinner collimation. These advances, coupled with rapid intravenous administration of contrast material, allow excellent opacification of the mesenteric arteries and veins. This improves the quality of the three-dimensional (3D) data sets, which in turn leads to improved 3D vascular maps and more accurate assessment of various conditions such as arterial or venous encasement in patients with pancreatic cancer, mesenteric ischemia, or inflammatory bowel disease. Three-dimensional multi-detector row CT also allows better visualization of arterial and venous branching, thereby improving detection of more distal vascular involvement. In addition, 3D multi-detector row CT may help detect hemodynamic changes in patients with active inflammation and hyperemia of a bowel segment because it can be used to measure bowel wall enhancement over time. Carcinoid tumors that have infiltrated the mesentery have a characteristic CT appearance, and other conditions such as lymphoma or sclerosing mesenteritis can also manifest as an infiltrating mass that envelops mesenteric vessels. Three-dimensional multi-detector row CT represents a significant advance in CT technology and can help ensure prompt, accurate evaluation of the mesenteric vasculature.
Realization of TDOA estimation architectures

An architecture for the computation of time difference of arrival (TDOA) estimates is proposed. The structure of the various principal components is developed and a complexity analysis is presented. Realization using pipeline FFT and vector processing chips is considered. Conclusions are reached concerning the preferred spectral correlation and TDOA computing algorithms. >
Methodology for multicriteria decision making in highway asset management

A methodology is proposed for multicriteria decision making involving trade-off analyses between candidate projects as well as project selection and programming in highway asset management under certainty, risk, and uncertainty. A set of system goals in highway asset management structure was first identified, and relative weights of the system goals were determined. Performance indicators under each goal were identified. Benefits achieved under various system goals as a result of implementing a project are typically measured with noncommensurable units; they need to be converted into nondimensional units so that trade-offs between projects can be measured under equal parameters. Where such conversion processes involve certainty and risk, this paper develops systemwide multiattribute utility functions for individual asset management programs to form the basis of trade-off analyses. Because of the limitation of utility theory for situations under uncertainty, an alternative approach based on Shackle's model...
Greedy Least Interference Forwarding algorithm using directional antennas for cellular ad-hoc networks

Cellular ad-hoc networks facilitate rapid deployment of familiar communication technology in hostile battlefield environments. They are comprised of randomly organized portable base stations that share the same frequency spectrum and cooperatively relay each other's traffic to centralized base stations. Such portable base stations have limited battery power and processing capabilities. Owing to its simplicity and minimal requirements, Geographic Greedy Forwarding (GGF) algorithms are generally well suited for cellular ad-hoc networks. But GGF algorithms are not interference aware. Interference between base stations is a major factor limiting the achievable throughput capacity in such networks. Most previously proposed multi-hop greedy routing algorithms, suggest using directional antennas [1] or power control mechanisms [2] to mitigate the effects of interference. Others take a centralized approach to routing thus rendering them impractical for large scale ad-hoc networks [3], [4]. In this paper we propose a Greedy Least Interference Forwarding (GLIF) algorithm that proactively avoids interference while using minimal network topology information. Simulations have shown that GLIF achieves throughput improvements over basic GGF algorithms that use directional antennas and power control mechanisms alone to avoid interference.
Magnetic Properties of Uniform Nanowire arrays

Fabrication and magnetic measurements of ferromagnetic (Ni and Co) nanowire arrays using nanochannel glass templates are presented. These nanowire arrays have novel characteristics: The nanowires are very parallel (to within a fraction of a degree) and regularly placed. They are circular with extremely uniform diameter (of less than 80 nm for some samples) both along individual wire's length and among different wires within an array. Magnetic measurements show enhanced coercivities compared to the bulk values. The saturation magnetization for Ni nanowires depends much more strongly on temperature than that for Co nanowires. The coercivities are also dependent strongly on temperature and can be explained by a thermal-activation model.
Effect of recent diarrhoeal episodes on risk of pneumonia in children under the age of 5 years in Karachi, Pakistan

BACKGROUND We assessed the association between the duration of diarrhoea and the risk ofpneumonia incidence among children <5 years of age. METHODS We analysed data from a cluster randomized controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan, which assessed the effect of promoting hand washing with soap (antibacterial and plain) on child health. Field workers visited households with children <5 years of age weekly and asked primary caregivers if their child had diarrhoea, cough or difficulty breathing in the preceding week. We used the WHO clinical case definitions for diarrhoea and pneumonia.We used adjusted time-to-event analyses with cumulative diarrhoea prevalence over the previous 2 and 4 weeks as exposure and pneumonia as outcome. We calculated the attributable risk of pneumonia due to recent diarrhoea across the intervention groups. RESULTS 873 households with children <5 years were visited. Children had an increased risk of pneumonia for every additional day of diarrhoea in the 2 weeks (1.06, 95% CI: 1.03-1.09) and 4 weeks (1.04, 95% CI: 1.03-1.06) prior to the week of pneumonia onset. The attributable risk of pneumonia cases due to recent exposure to diarrhoea was 6%. A lower associated pneumonia risk following diarrhoea was found in the control group: (3%) compared with soap groups (6% in antibacterial soap, 9% in plain soap). CONCLUSION Children <5 years of age are at an increased risk of pneumonia following recent diarrhoeal illness. Public health programmes that prevent diarrhoea may also reduce the burden of respiratory illnesses.
Ideology, Realpolitik, and US Foreign Policy

Explaining the Iraq War: Counterfactual Theory, Logic and Evidence. By Frank P. Harvey. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 360p. 29.99 paper.The Iraq War initiated by the Bush administration in 2003 was and perhaps continues to be an important episode in world politics, US politics, and the politics of the Middle East. The war also galvanized controversy among public intellectuals and broader publics, and generated strong opposition in many European and Middle Eastern countries. In Explaining the Iraq War, Frank P. Harvey offers an interesting analysis of the war and its causes, and does so in a way that raises broader questions about politics and about the scientific study of politics. We have thus invited a distinguished group of political scientists from a variety of subfields to review the book, both as an account of the Iraq War and as a contribution to political science more generally.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Systematics of the Genus Sciurocheyla (Acari: Cheyletidae), Parasites of Tropical Squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae)

Two genera of parasitic cheyletid mites, Smileycheles Fain, 1979 (monotypic) and Thryonomycheyla Fain, 1972 (two species), are synonymized with the genus Sciurocheyla Volgin, 1969. An emended diagnosis of the genus Sciurocheyla is provided. Sciurocheyla squamosa (Domrow & Baker, 1963), type species of the genus, and Sciurocheyla camerounensis (Fain, 1979), new combination, are redescribed. Females, males, teleo- and protonymphs of Sciurocheyla funisciurus, new species, collected from Funisciurus pyrrohopus F. Cuvier in tropical Africa are described and illustrated.
Message reconstruction design criteria

It is noted that there has been increased activity recently in developing computer algorithms that can automatically reconstruct messages received over record communications systems. These algorithms exploit the redundancy available when either multiple copies are transmitted or the message is expanded in the phonetic alphabet. The authors describe the characteristics of the communications systems which provide the input sequences to, and which are likely to impact the design of, message reconstruction algorithms. They discuss the potential variability of the received sequences and describe, in some cases, when the use of certain techniques is not appropriate. Particular attention is given to error control, anomalies, and cross-channel correction. >
An efficient parallel-computing method for modeling nonisothermal multiphase flow and multicomponent transport in porous and fractured media

An efficient parallel-computing method for modeling nonisothermal multiphase flow and multicomponent transport in porous and fractured media
Capillary pressure gradients in cremaster muscle of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats

The purpose of this investigation is to test the hypothesis that capillary pressure gradients are elevated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and to determine the mechanism for the elevation. The cremaster muscle was prepared for microscopic examination under chloralose-urethane anesthesia in seven SHR and eight Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats 4-6 weeks of age. Capillary hematocrit, diameter, and red cell velocity were measured. Capillary flow induced by a time-varying pressure gradient was treated mathematically. A finite Hankel transformation was applied to the Navier-Stokes equation for capillary vessels. The solution was expressed as a Fourier-Bessel series, and the fluctuation of capillary flow induced by a time-varying pressure gradient was studied. It was shown that if the velocity fluctuation depended only on the pressure gradient, then the velocity fluctuation would be diminished almost instantly after the capillary started to flow. Capillary pressure gradient and shear stress were evaluated according to two different flow models, Newtonian and Casson. The capillary viscosity was obtained from the capillary hematocrit based on the empirical correlation of viscosity vs hematocrit. Calculations based on both flow models indicate that the capillary pressure gradient and shear stress of SHR is higher than in WKY, especially in vessels near 6 microns in diameter. The elevated pressure gradient is due to a combination of reduced capillary density, causing a higher red cell velocity and a tendency toward smaller capillary diameters in the SHR. Capillary hematocrit and viscosity were not elevated in the SHR.
Nicotinic activity stabilizes convergence of nicotinic and GABAergic synapses on filopodia of hippocampal interneurons.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing α7 subunits occupy pre- and postsynaptic sites in the adult hippocampus. We find that embryonic hippocampal slices in culture display the receptors most prominently on interneurons where they form clusters localized in part on filopodia. The receptors often co-distribute specifically with GABAA receptors. In septal–hippocampal co-cultures, the filopodia become co-innervated by cholinergic and GABAergic terminals abutting the receptor clusters. Nicotinic transmission appears to stabilize the cholinergic contacts: pharmacological blockade of the α7-containing nicotinic receptors increases the rate of filopodia movement and decreases the incidence of the clusters being adjacent to cholinergic terminals. Immunostaining fresh hippocampal slices from neonatal rat pups confirms that cholinergic and GABAergic terminals contact α7-containing nicotinic receptor clusters in vivo, and the clusters appear to include filopodial sites. The results indicate a convergence of nicotinic and GABAergic input at specific sites on developing hippocampal interneurons and suggest that synaptic activity helps stabilize the nicotinic contribution.
The Finance-Growth Link in Latin America Revisited and the Role of Institutions as a Source of Finance

In a panel framework that includes 18 countries, this paper studies the short and long run effect of financial development on economic growth and the determinants of financial development in Latin America. Financial development shows a positive effect on economic growth in the long run, but a negative effect in the short run for the full sample. When the sample is divided by income levels, this result holds only for the high income group. For the low income group, financial development has no significant effect on economic growth in the short run or in the long run. In the analysis of the determinants of financial development in Latin America, greater financial liberalization and lower country risk are associated with higher levels of financial development. From the components of the country risk index (financial, economic, and political risk indices) only the political risk index comes up positively significant. From the components of the political risk index, only law and order and government stability have a positive significant effect on financial development.
Quo Vadis: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?

It has now been over 20 years since those of us who have been interested in the topic of spirituality and work have begun writing academic articles and books on related topics. In this chapter, I would like to take a look at where I perceive us to be now and where I suggest we might go in the future. The general area of management, spirituality, and religion continues to mature as an academic area. I am concerned, however, that as the field continues to evolve, we may be losing some of the creativity and passion for the subject that appeared in early dissertations and articles. Some researchers, in their desire to have their publications appear in “top tier” journals or to have their work be more accepted by main stream management researchers and in their attempt to have their research be considered to be more “rigorous,” may begin to sacrifice their own creativity in designing research studies. A related concern is whether the research that we conduct and will be conducting will really have any real impact on the way managers in organizations actually behave, in the ways that organizations are structured, or in the strategies used by top management in organizations.
Mothers “Google It Up:” Extending Communication Channel Behavior in Diffusion of Innovations Theory

This study employed qualitative methods, conducting 44 in-depth interviews with biological mothers of newborns to understand women's perceptions and use of new media, mass media, and interpersonal communication channels in relation to health issues. Findings contribute to theoretical and practical understandings of the role of communication channels in diffusion of innovations theory. In particular, this study provides a foundation for the use of qualitative research to advance applications of diffusion of innovations theory. Results suggest that participants resisted mass media portrayals of women's health. When faced with a health question, participants uniformly started with the Internet to "Google it up." Findings suggest new media comprise a new communication channel with new rules, serving the functions of both personal and impersonal influence. In particular, pregnancy and the postpartum period emerged as a time when campaign planners can access women in new ways online. As a result, campaign planners could benefit from introducing new ideas online and capitalizing on the strength of weak ties favored in new media. Results expand the innovativeness/needs paradox in diffusion of innovations theory by elaborating on the role of new media to reach underserved populations. These findings provide an opportunity to better understand patient information seeking through the lens of diffusion of innovations theory.
The Ecumenical Significance of Eucharistic Conversion

What is the relationship between the conversion (1) of the elements into the (real) Body of Christ and (2) of the participants into the (mystical) Body of Christ? When we bring this and related que...
Dynamic polarizability tensor for circular cylinders

Based on Mie scattering theory, we derive the complete dynamic polarizability tensor for circular, azimuthally symmetric cylinders excited by an arbitrary field distribution, and provide compact expressions for all of its elements. Our results comprise fully dynamic cylinder polarizabilities, improving existing approximate models that use averaged electric or magnetic current lines to describe the scattering response of moderately thin cylinders. We show that the derived polarizability tensor satisfies reciprocity and passivity relations, and analyze its response under different conditions, varying the excitation angle, material properties, and cylinder radius. Interestingly, magnetoelectric effects are shown to arise at oblique incidence, even in the case of centrosymmetric achiral thin cylinders, associated with a weak form of spatial dispersion. This finding is particularly relevant for the proper modeling of individual cylinders and arrays of them, as in the case of metamaterials. We expect this work to find applications in antenna and metamaterial design, and to improve the physical understanding of the wave interaction and spatial dispersion in artificial materials composed of elongated inclusions such as wire media.
Louse powders tested by a new method of sleeve tests.

The effectiveness of 3 new compounds and of malathion and carbaryl as louse powders was compared by using a new sleeve-test method at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, against a laboratory strain of DDT-resistant body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus L. Knitted cotton sleeves treated with the powders were worn 24 or 48 hours per week for 4 weeks by U. S. Marines in training. After each weekly interval of wear, the sleeves were tested in the laboratory against lice off the host. None of the new materials were so effective as malathion. The materials and the order of effectiveness were 1% malathion, 5% carbaryl, 2% carbaryl plus 2% piperonyl butoxide, 1% Bay 39007 ( O -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate), 2% carbaryl, 1% Banol® (6-chloro-3,4-xylyl methylcarbamate), and 1% Hooker HRS-1422 (3,5-diisopropylphenyl methylcarbamate).
An Update on Midface Advancement Using Le Fort II and III Distraction Osteogenesis

Le Fort II and III distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a powerful tool in the craniofacial armamentarium that is most often employed to treat patients with craniofacial syndromes such as Crouzon, Apert, or Pfeiffer syndrome who present with midfacial retrusion, shallow orbits, exorbitism, malocclusion, obstructive sleep apnea and facial imbalance. In this article, the authors will provide the reader with an update on techniques for the treatment of various forms of midfacial retrusion.
Chain Dynamics in Antiplasticized and Annealed Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Determined by Solid-State NMR and Correlated with Enhanced Barrier Properties

Using solid-state NMR, site-specific chain dynamics from the hertz to mid-kilohertz regime were examined in compression-molded films of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), PET filled with 2 wt % acetanilide or phenacetin, and PET annealed below and above the glass transition temperature (Tg). More specifically, 13C relaxation time in the rotating frame, 1H–13C cross-polarization times, and 13C chemical-shift anisotropy exchange were measured at natural abundance. 13C CP/MAS spectra revealed that PET annealed above Tg was 28% crystalline, and all other PET samples were completely amorphous. Relaxation times in these polymers were analyzed using stretched exponentials which yielded characteristic time constants. The filled PET and PET annealed above Tg exhibited suppressed chain dynamics across the entire hertz to mid-kilohertz regime that were correlated with reduced CO2 and O2 permeabilities. Using the centerband-only detection of exchange (CODEX) sequence, the fraction of flipping phenylene rings was obs...
Effect of Vacuum Carbonization on Dielectric Property of PAN-based Carbon Fiber

PAN-based carbon fibers are heated at 650℃,700℃,750℃,800℃ and 850℃ in vacuum sintering furnace,respectively.The carbon fibers are also treating in different soaking time(10min,2h and 4h) at 650℃.The microstructure of the carbon fibers after heat treatment are characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and the dielectric properties are determined in the frequency range of 8.2~12.4GHz.Results indicate that at 650～800℃,the real part(e') and imaginary part(e″) of permittivity of the prepared carbon fibers increase and then decrease with heat treatment temperature increasing,and it shows the better dielectric frequency dispersion.Above 750℃,the dielectric constant decreases with heating temperature increasing in the range of 8.2~12.4GHz.At 850℃,the dielectric constant is lower than at 800℃.After treating at 650℃ and different soaking time,the real part(e') and imaginary part(e″) of permittivity of the prepared carbon fibers increase with soaking time extension.The results can be a refe-rence for preparing absorbing material.
Study on Reform of Real Estate Courses in Independent College under Applied Talents Training Mode

Real estate courses in independent college has its characteristics,and constantly changing environment put forward new requirements to real estate class curriculum reform in independent college.To realise the applied talents training target,under the guidance of independent college should eradicate drawbacks the real estate courses in the teaching content,teaching system and structure,and teaching patterns and so on.Trained applied talents as the goal,designed carefully training scheme,constantly optimized the curriculum system,changed the traditional teaching mode,and achieved real estate courses reform success.
Academic Papers of Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention,2006-2010

Objective To master the papers' level of the technical personnel in Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention,and to know the status of scientific research,so as to provide the basis for the scientific research management,the subject construction and talents training.Methods Published papers of Shandong CDC indexed by CHKD in CNKI in 2006-2010 were searched and statistically analyzed with literature metrology.Results There were totally 622 published papers in 2006-2010 and 124 papers per year;the 622 papers were distributed in 110 journals involved 13 disciplines.More than 10 papers were published in 15 kinds of journals each.There were 150 papers published in the journal of Preventive Medicine Tribune(24.12%).There were 25 authors published papers more than 6 each.Totally 112 papers were of funded projects.Conclusion The number of the published papers showed a slight decrease in past 5 years;the periodicals distributed in a wide range and mainly were in disease control and prevention filed.The papers of funded projects took a considerable portion and increased year by year within the period.
Factors Affecting the Level of Depression Among Thai Elderly

Background: The fertility rate in Thailand is decreasing; one of its implications is an increase in the elderly population. Thailand is among the Southeast Asian countries with the highest number of elderly population. Among those illnesses affecting the elderly that is given less attention is depression. Methodology: This study was conducted to identify the prevalence rate, level of depression and factors affecting depression among the elderly in the community. This descriptive study was conducted with 150 elderly respondents aged 65 and above with no previous history of psychiatric illness. A pre-tested questionnaire (Geriatric Depression Scale) was used to identify the level of depression.Results: The prevalence of depression among the elderly is 68%, with female respondents accounting for 45.33 percent and 22.6 percent from men. In terms of level of depression, 46.67% were found to have mild depression, 17.33% with moderate and only 4% with severe depression. Using the 0.05 margin of error of Chi-square test (x2) the factors significantly affecting the level of depression that had been identified were Marital status (12.59), Occupation (23.68) and Underlying disease (23.68). Other factors such as age, gender, educational background and support system were not found to be significant.Conclusion: Therefore, the prevalence rate of depression in the community is high and must be given enough attention by community health leaders in order to adopt preventive interventions including health teaching for chronic illness, social activities, behavior modification and sensory stimulating activities.
Investigation of an advanced millimeter-wave 94-GHz phased array for communications and sensing

A new 94-GHz 4×4 phased array frontend capable of two-dimensional scanning with orthogonal polarizations for wireless communications and sensing has been investigated. The proposed phased array frontend resolves the RF signal leakage and isolation dilemma encountered in typical systems employing a single antenna for both transmission and reception, effectively maximizing the system's dynamic range and linearity operation as well as minimizing the noise figure. Simulations at 94 GHz show high performance for the phased array frontend. In the receive (RX) mode, it has noise figure of 8.5/8.4dB at the radiating element, RMS phase error of 2.38/2.36° and gain error of 1.22/1.27dB, and total array gain of 17/22.3dB for H/V polarization, respectively, and ultra-high isolations from TX-Antenna (−200/−190dB), TX-RX (−106/−180dB) and V-H antenna ports (66/69dB). In the Transmit (TX) mode at 94 GHz, it achieves a radiated power of 7.8 dBm at the element antenna and RMS gain and phase errors of 1.28 dB and 2.19° at 94 GHz, respectively.