cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroendocrine effects of intravenous ovine corticotropin-releasing factor in affective disorder patients and normal controls

A wide variety of neuroendocrine abnormalities have been reported in affective disorder patients. Probably the most extensively studied have been hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation and dexamethasone resistance. The recent sequencing and availability of corticotropin-releasing factor allows direct testing of pituitary responsivity to this neuropeptide in affective disorder patients. Thus, we report the effects of intravenously administered ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (0.03 I*g/kg) on plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in depressed patients and ageand sex-matched normal controls.
Friction laws at the nanoscale

Macroscopic laws of friction do not generally apply to nanoscale contacts. Although continuum mechanics models have been predicted to break down at the nanoscale, they continue to be applied for lack of a better theory. An understanding of how friction force depends on applied load and contact area at these scales is essential for the design of miniaturized devices with optimal mechanical performance. Here we use large-scale molecular dynamics simulations with realistic force fields to establish friction laws in dry nanoscale contacts. We show that friction force depends linearly on the number of atoms that chemically interact across the contact. By defining the contact area as being proportional to this number of interacting atoms, we show that the macroscopically observed linear relationship between friction force and contact area can be extended to the nanoscale. Our model predicts that as the adhesion between the contacting surfaces is reduced, a transition takes place from nonlinear to linear dependence of friction force on load. This transition is consistent with the results of several nanoscale friction experiments. We demonstrate that the breakdown of continuum mechanics can be understood as a result of the rough (multi-asperity) nature of the contact, and show that roughness theories of friction can be applied at the nanoscale.
Development of a Prolactin Receptor-Targeting Fusion Toxin Using a Prolactin Antagonist and a Recombinant Form of Pseudomonas Exotoxin A

Human prolactin (hPRL) promotes the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells during mammary gland development and has been linked to breast tumor development. The receptor for hPRL (hPRL-R) is elevated in a majority of human breast tumors, suggesting the overexpression of hPRL-R makes cancer cells highly sensitive to the mitogenic and anti-apoptotic activity of hPRL. These findings provide the rationale for the development of hPRL-R targeting breast cancer therapeutics. Previously, an hPRL-R antagonist, G129R, was developed that competitively binds to the hPRL-R resulting in growth inhibition and the induction of apoptosis in certain types of breast cancer cells. To further increase the potency of G129R, we fused G129R to a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE(40)) that lacks the cell recognition domain of the toxin but retains the domains necessary for PE(40)_ to translocate into the cytosol and inhibit protein synthesis. We postulated that the fusion of G129R with PE(40)-KDEL would (1) deliver the recombinant toxin to breast cancer cells where hPRL-R is overexpressed; (2) block hPRL signaling via its G129R moiety; and (3) inhibit protein synthesis via its PE(40)-KDEL moiety. We demonstrate that the fusion toxin can competitively bind to hPRL-Rs on T-47D human breast cancer cells and inhibit STAT5 phosphorylation induced by hPRL. In addition, we show that G129R-PE(40)-KDEL is selectively cytotoxic to breast cancer cell lines expressing the hPRL-R and that cell death is associated with the inhibition of protein synthesis and does not involve caspase mediated apoptosis.
Practical-Moral Knowledge: The Social Organization of Regulatory Processes in Academic Contexts

In this article, we developed a theoretical frame to analyze how practical-moral knowledge structures the regulatory processes of learning to control and direct behavior during literacy lessons in two elementary classrooms. We describe how regulatory behaviors were congruent with the local social and moral order, constituents of practical-moral knowledge. Variance in the practical-moral knowledge of each classroom revealed two different patterns of regulation: (a) a toggle or shift from other-regulation to self-regulation, with an emphasis on other-regulation and (b) a dynamic pattern of fluid shifts between other-regulation, coregulation, and self-regulation, with an emphasis on coregulation. We argue that regulatory processes do not originate within the individual but rather in and through learning practices.
Association between the Transforming Growth Factor Alpha Gene and Nonsyndromic Oral Clefts: A HuGE Review

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) is a well-characterized mammalian growth factor. Since the first report of an association between DNA sequence variants at the TGFA genetic locus and nonsyndromic oral clefts, 47 studies have been carried out, producing conflicting results. In this review, the author synthesizes findings from published reports on the association between the TGFA gene and clefting in humans. Bias, lack of statistical power, and genuine population diversity can explain the diverse results. In the aggregate, TGFA is probably a genetic modifier of clefting in humans, which is consistent with the oligogenic model suggested for nonsyndromic oral clefts.
Establishing an Equitable and Fair Admissions System for an Online Doctoral Program

The field of educational technology has seen marked growth from just a small number of distance-based doctoral programs to nearly 20 today. Creating and sustaining a quality doctoral program of any kind requires a substantial amount of work; the additional challenges of online programs both increases and changes the nature of the efforts required. Among these challenges is creating an admissions process that treats people fairly, does not create a burdensome system for applicants or those involved in the selection process, and ensures the selection of a solid foundation of high quality candidates with whom faculty can mentor, who add value to the program, and who can benefit from the program. This paper explores common admissions requirements among institutions offering a distance or hybrid doctorate in educational technology and examines the specific admissions system used by the Department of Educational Technology at Boise State University.
Eye of the beholder: Effects of perspective and sexual objectification on harassment judgments

Social Analytic Jurisprudence instructs researchers to study the reciprocal relations between law and peoples’ lives by developing empirical descriptions of legal assumptions about human behavior. The present work introduced a new experimental paradigm to test some of those assumptions by studying the impact of sexual objectification in a simulated job interview on performance, sexual harassment judgments, and emotions for women who experienced (akin to complainants), observed (akin to coworkers or witnesses), or predicted (akin to investigators, EEOC officers, mediators, jurors, or judges,) the impact of sexual objectification. Consistent with hypotheses, sexual objectification resulted in worse performance predictions, more sexual harassment, and more negative emotion compared with the control condition, but these effects were moderated by perspective. Overall, predictors estimated worse performance, more sexual harassment, and more negative emotion in response to sexual objectification than observers and experiencers. Anticipated negative emotion and self-referencing explained the effects for predictors. Theoretical and practical implications for legal and psychological theory on sexual harassment, objectification, and affective forecasting are discussed.
Photochromic film characterization of laser microbeams

Highly focused pulsed laser beams have been employed to dissect or inactivate various cellular and subcellular targets. Over the years, such cellular microirradiation has been successfully employed in numerous basic science studies in cell and developmental biology as well as genetics. Despite the significant capabilities of cellular microirradiation techniques, the physical processes which mediate the interaction of highly focused pulsed laser radiation with cells and cellular components remains largely unexplored. The characterization of these physical mechanisms is essential to optimize the laser parameters for existing applications as well as for the development of the next generation of cellular microirradiation tools. Ideally such an investigation would provide the relationship between the laser parameters (e.g., wavelength, spot size, pulse energy and duration) and the physical effect on the biological specimen (e.g., ablation, thermal transients, photochemical effects, etc.)
NEON: the first continental-scale ecological observatory with airborne remote sensing of vegetation canopy biochemistry and structure

The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) is an ecological observation platform for discovering, understanding and forecasting the impacts of climate change, land use change, and invasive species on continental-scale ecology. NEON will operate for 30 years and gather long-term data on ecological response changes and on feedbacks with the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Local ecological measurements at sites distributed within 20 ecoclimatic domains across the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico will be coordinated with high resolution, regional airborne remote sensing observations. The Airborne Observation Platform (AOP) is an aircraft platform carrying remote sensing instrumentation designed to achieve sub-meter to meter scale ground resolution, bridging scales from organisms and individual stands to satellite-based remote sensing. AOP instrumentation consists of a VIS/SWIR imaging spectrometer, a scanning small-footprint waveform LiDAR for 3-D canopy structure measurements and a high resolution airborne digital camera. AOP data will be openly available to scientists and will provide quantitative information on land use change and changes in ecological structure and chemistry including the presence and effects of invasive species. AOP science objectives, key mission requirements, and development status are presented including an overview of near-term risk-reduction and prototyping activities.
The SPINK in chronic pancreatitis: similar finds, different minds

SPINK mutations are strongly associated with chronic pancreatitis but may not cause the disease Student Mephistopheles “Yet in each word some concept there must be.” “Quite true! But don't torment yourself too anxiously; For at the point where concepts fail, At the right time a word is thrust in there. With words we fitly can our foes assail, With words a system we prepare, Words we quite fitly can believe, Nor from a word a mere iota thieve.” Johann Wolfgang Goethe; Faust I Approximately five decades ago it was recognised for the first time that chronic pancreatitis (CP) may cluster in selected families suggesting an inherited disorder in these patients.1 However, the underlying genetic defect remained obscure for a long time. The discovery of cationic trypsinogen ( PRSS1 ) mutations in CP families provided a first clue to the underlying disease mechanisms.2 Subsequent studies revealed that PRSS1 mutations are also present in patients with idiopathic CP. Recently, mutations in the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 ( SPINK1 ) gene, a pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, were identified as associated with idiopathic or hereditary CP: in 22 of 96 paediatric patients, a SPINK1 mutation was detected. In 18 patients, a substitution of asparagine by serine at codon 34 in exon 3 was found (N34S). Six patients were homozygous for this mutation.3 These findings suggest that pancreatitis may be the result of an imbalance of proteases and their inhibitors within the pancreatic parenchyma. In this issue of Gut , Threadgold and coworkers4 and Drenth and colleagues5 describe mutational studies of SPINK1 in two large series with different types of chronic pancreatitis [see pages 675 and 682]. Threadgold et …
Linguistic Minority Students in Higher Education: Using, Resisting, and Negotiating Multiple Labels

Linguistic minority students have been both under-researched and underserved in the context of research on minority students’ access to and retention in higher education. The labels ascribed to the...
Ecological correlates of geographical range occupancy in North American birds

Aim The degree to which a species is predictably encountered within its range varies tremendously across species. Understanding why some species occur less frequently within their range than others has important consequences for conservation and for analyses of ecological patterns based on range maps. We examined whether patterns in geographical range occupancy can be explained by species-level traits. Location North America. Methods We used survey data from 1993 to 2002 from the North American Breeding Bird Survey along with digital range maps produced by NatureServe to calculate range occupancy for 298 species of terrestrial birds. We tested whether species traits explained variation in range occupancy values using linear regression techniques. Results We found three species traits that together explained more than half of the variation in range occupancy. Population density and niche breadth were positively correlated with occupancy, while niche position was negatively correlated with occupancy. Main conclusions Our results suggest that high range occupancy will occur in species that are common at sites on which they occur, that tolerate a relatively wide range of ecological conditions and that tend to have ranges centred on areas with common environmental conditions. Furthermore, it appears that niche-based characteristics may explain patterns of distribution and abundance from local habitats up to the scale of geographical ranges.
Clinical implications of neuroscience research in PTSD.

The research showing how exposure to extreme stress affects brain function is making important contributions to understanding the nature of traumatic stress. This includes the notion that traumatized individuals are vulnerable to react to sensory information with subcor- tically initiated responses that are irrelevant, and often harmful, in the present. Reminders of traumatic experiences activate brain regions that support intense emotions, and decrease activation in the central nervous system (CNS) regions involved in (a) the integration of sensory input with motor output, (b) the modulation of physiological arousal, and (c) the ca- pacity to communicate experience in words. Failures of attention and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) interfere with the ca- pacity to engage in the present: traumatized individuals "lose their way in the world." This article discusses the implications of this research by suggesting that effective treatment needs to involve (a) learning to toler- ate feelings and sensations by increasing the capacity for interoception, (b) learning to modulate arousal, and (c) learning that after confronta- tion with physical helplessness it is essential to engage in taking effective action.
Man's immediate forerunners

Discoveries of the last five to ten years have greatly expanded the number of remains of earliest Australopithecus, reaching back to nearly 4 Ma ago in Africa. In Eurasia a broad range of recent finds has greatly extended knowledge of the diversity, the distribution and the facial anatomy of a series of small Ramapithecus and of several similar-sized larger apes (with the usual proliferation of names, namely Budvapithecus, Ouranopithecus, Sivapithecus, and Ankarapithecus). All these new Eurasian fossil hominoids seem to come from around 8-15 Ma ago. Improvements in dating and fossil documentation emphasize the so-called 'Pliocene gap' in knowledge of higher hominoid evolution. The period from 4 to 8 Ma in Africa, and apparently elsewhere, is devoid of a single dentition, skull, or limb bone of any hominoid, other than the Lothagam mandible at 5 or 6 Ma (holding but a single preserved tooth.) In $\S$ 1 recent discoveries at three sites in East Africa, five in Europe and Asia Minor and two in Asia are reviewed. These discoveries document an unexpected and widespread occurrence of hominoids with Australopithecus-like cheek teeth having thick enamel and set in robust jaws. Although both dental and facial resemblance between Ramapithecus and Australopithecus has been demonstrated by recent finds, the proliferation of new finds has somewhat confused discrimination of subsets among later Miocene hominoids; also some workers have stressed similarities between Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus or between the latter and Pongo. In $\S$ 2 new temporal, ecological and morphological evidence relevant to determining the time of origin and the definition of the taxonomic family of man, Hominidae, are summarized.
Serrated Polyps and Colorectal Cancer: New Pathway to Malignancy

Until recently, two major forms of colorectal epithelial polyp were recognized: the adenoma and the hyperplastic polyp. Adenomas were perceived to represent the precursor to colorectal cancer, whereas hyperplastic polyps were viewed as innocuous lesions with no potential for progression to malignancy. We now recognize, however, that the lesions formerly classified as hyperplastic actually represent a heterogeneous group of polyps, some of which have a significant risk for neoplastic transformation. These serrated polyps include not only hyperplastic polyps but also traditional serrated adenomas and sessile serrated adenomas. These polyps demonstrate characteristic molecular alterations not commonly seen in colorectal adenomas, and they probably progress to colorectal cancer by means of a new pathway: the serrated neoplasia pathway. The morphologic features of serrated colorectal lesions, the molecular alterations that characterize them, and their role in colorectal cancer development are discussed herein.
Designing mechano-responsive microcapsules that undergo self-propelled motion

Biological cells are capable of sensing mechanical cues and responding to these signals by undergoing morphological changes and directed motion. A significant challenge is creating cell-like objects that can translate mechanical stimuli into analogous behavior. Herein, we use computational modeling to design a simple mechanosensitive “cell” that responds to mechanical deformation through a shape change that allows it to undergo self-sustained, directed movement. Our cellular object is formed from a nanoparticle-filled microcapsule that is located on an adhesive substrate in solution. In response to a locally applied force, the deformed capsule releases nanoparticles that bind to the surface and dynamically create adhesion gradients. Due to the self-generated gradients, the capsule moves autonomously from regions of less adhesion to greater adhesion. During the capsule's motion, new nanoparticles are released that both sustain and propagate the adhesion gradients and thus, the capsule sustains autonomous movement along its path (until it is depleted of nanoparticles). The self-sustained motion occurs only if the permeability of the capsule's shell depends on mechanical deformation. We isolate critical parameters that control the dynamic behavior of this mechano-responsive capsule. Our findings can facilitate the fabrication of devices that are powered by the autonomous movement of microscopic synthetic cells. Additionally, the capsules could serve as sensors for mechanical strain, indicating the presence of strain fields by their spontaneous motion and release of nanoparticles; the latter behavior could be exploited in the fabrication of self-healing materials.
Orientation of Fall‐migrating Butterflies in North Peninsular Florida and Source Areas

Phoebis sennae (Pieridae), Agraulis vanillae (Heliconidae) and Urbanus proteus (Hesperiidae) migrate into peninsular Florida each fall from summer breeding areas throughout the south-eastern United States. Fall flight directions of the three species were studied at 78 sites for clues to their means of orientation and migratory routes. Mean flight directions for a visit to a site were calculated using conventional circular statistics. The distribution of flight directions permitted using linear procedures to combine visit means. The overall mean direction (OMD) of a species at a site was defined as the mean of visit means, weighted by frequency/angular variance, with a lower limit of 0.2 imposed on angular variance. In intensive studies at two sites at Gainesville, Florida, mean flight directions during fall migration were largely independent of time of day and crosswinds. The OMDs of the three species at the two Gainesville sites were similar (142 to 156°) and not significantly different among species at a site or, for the same group of dates, between sites for a species. However, day-to-day variation among species and between sites was not concordant. Visits to 65 sites on a grid throughout the southeastern United States and to 11 sites along transects inland from the Gulf and Atlantic coasts yielded 10 cases of a P. sennae OMD at a grid or transect site differing significantly from its OMD at the main Gainesville site. In each of these, the OMD was more easterly at sites inland from the Gulf coast or more southerly or south-westerly at sites inland from the Atlantic coast. By unknown means and with large, unexplained day-to-day variations in directions, P. sennae converge on peninsular Florida from widespread summer breeding grounds. They do this without closely following the Atlantic or Gulf coasts.
Nuclear Power and Energy Security: A Revised Strategy for Japan

SUMMARY During the period of nuclear power’s rapid growth, shared assumptions regarding uranium resources and technological capabilities led the majority of industrial nations to remarkably similar strategies for nuclear power deployment. These common assumptions motivated the choice, more than 40 years ago, of the Light Water Reactor (LWR) as the near-term power reactor, to be followed, as soon as possible, by the introduction and deployment of the Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR). The FBR, which uses much less uranium than an LWR of the same capacity, was a crucial part of the strategy because uranium was then believed to be a scarce resource. This strategy, based on the LWR producing the startup fuel for the FBR, implicitly included spent fuel reprocessing, plutonium recycle, and disposal of separated wastes in geologic repositories. Nations with limited indigenous energy reserves, most notably France and Japan, made particularly strong commitments to this strategy. This article was originally presented as a paper at the PARES Workshop: Energy Secu
Aquifer Recharge Efficiency of Wells and Trenches

The most commonly practiced method of artificial recharge at present is through basins. This spreading method may not be physically feasible or practicable if land values are high or a shallow, densely compacted layer forms a barrier impeding the direct downward percolation of the ponded surface water. For the case of the latter condition, alternative methods of wells or trenches dug down to the pervious aquifer and backfilled with gravel have been investigated. These were explored from the standpoint of construction and operating cost and hydraulic efficiency as influenced by such factors as the depth to the aquifer, the thickness, depth of saturation, permeability and specific yield of the aquifer, interference of closely spaced wells and duration of continuous operation of the wells or trenches. Furthermore, effects of bacterial growth and chemical composition of the recharge water on the hydraulic performance of wells or trenches are discussed. An economic comparison based on field conditions in a prospective recharge site at Stockton, California, is used to illustrate the developed criteria for relative effectiveness of the two methods. As a general conclusion, it was found that while recharge through trenches would be more efficient hydraulically and economically for the case of very shallow subsurface barriers, wells would become more competitive as the thickness of an impervious top layer increases.
Toward Generalized Finite Element Difference Methods for Electro- and Magnetostatics

The paper explores a class of “Finite Element Difference” (FED) schemes with Finite Difference-type data structures but based on Finite Element — variational principles. Curved material boundaries are approximated algebraically on relatively coarse regular rectangular or hexahedral grids by a judicious choice of local approximating functions, rather than geometrically on conforming meshes. The grids do not have to resolve small geometric details. The proposed approach combines the ideas of the Generalized Finite Element — Partition of Unity methods, Discontinuous Galerkin Methods and Finite Difference / Finite Volume / Finite Integration Techniques.
Functional Activation in the Ventral Object Processing Pathway during the First Year

Infants' capacity to represent objects in visual working memory changes substantially during the first year of life. There is a growing body of research focused on identifying neural mechanisms that support this emerging capacity, and the extent to which visual object processing elicits different patterns of cortical activation in the infant as compared to the adult. Recent studies have identified areas in temporal and occipital cortex that mediate infants' developing capacity to track objects on the basis of their featural properties. The current research (Experiments 1 and 2) assessed patterns of activation in posterior temporal cortex and occipital cortex using fNIRS in infants 3 to 13 months of age as they viewed occlusion events. In the occlusion events, either the same object or featurally distinct objects emerged to each side of a screen. The outcome of these studies, combined, revealed that in infants 3 to 6 months, posterior temporal cortex was activated to all events, regardless of the featural properties of the objects and whether the event involved one object or two (featurally distinct) objects. Infants 7 to 8 infants months showed a waning posterior temporal response and by 10 to 13 months this response was negligible. Additional analysis showed that the age groups did not differ in their visual attention to the events and that changes in HbO were better explained by age in days than head circumference. In contrast to posterior temporal cortex, robust activation was obtained in occipital cortex across all ages tested. One interpretation of these results is that they reflect pruning of the visual object-processing network during the first year. The functional contribution of occipital and posterior temporal cortex, along with higher-level temporal areas, to infants' capacity to keep track of distinct entities in visual working memory is discussed.
[Ca2+]i distribution and signalling in vascular hypertrophy.

We were initially attracted to the field of vascular hypertrophy by two themes in the hypertrophy literature. First, an extensive literature suggests that, in many different experimental models of hypertension, the consequent hypertrophy is associated with an increased contractile sensitivity to pharmacologic agents (e.g., Mulvany et al., 1981; Field and Soltis, 1985). Many authors have suggested that calcium handling might be altered in these hypertrophied vessels (for review, see Morgan and Suematsu, 1990). Alterations in calcium handling have been measured in platelets from hypertensive patients (Ernie et al., 1984) and in cultured cells from hypertensive animals (Nabika et al., 1985; Sugiyama et al., 1986), but a direct measurement of elevated intracellular ionized calcium [Ca2+]i levels in contractile hypertrophic vessels had not yet been made. Second, there is a separate literature suggesting, but again not directly showing, that growth of cultured cells requires changes in [Ca2+]i handling (Metcalfe et al., 1986). Being influenced by these two lines of investigation, we became interested in investigating [Ca2+]i levels and the changes in [Ca2+]i signalling in contractile hypertrophic vascular smooth muscle cells.
Dynamics of Molecular Monolayers with Different Chain Lengths in Air and Solvents Probed by Ultrafast 2D IR Spectroscopy

The ultrafast dynamics of functionalized alkylsilane monolayers with two different alkyl chain lengths, C11 and C3, are studied by 2D IR vibrational echo spectroscopy. Terminal sites of the monolayers are functionalized with an IR probe, tricarbonyl (1,10-phenanthroline) rhenium chloride (RePhen(CO)3Cl), to report on the structural dynamics of monolayer-air and monolayer-solvent interfaces. Frequency–frequency correlation functions (FFCF) of symmetric CO stretching mode were extracted from 2D IR spectra. The FFCF provides information on the time evolution of surface structures that contribute to the inhomogeneously broadened IR absorption spectrum of the CO stretch by quantifying spectral diffusion. To elucidate the detailed structural dynamics with accurate time constants, FFCF decays were monitored to 60 ps, a major improvement over prior experiments. Without the presence of solvents, C3 monolayers have significantly slower spectral diffusion (66 ps) than C11 monolayer (38 ps). This difference supports ...
Apology as Metanoic Performance: Punitive Rhetoric and Public Speech

Scholars across the disciplines find much dysfunction in public apologies because they assume that these statements pursue the reconciliatory end of forgiveness. In contrast, this essay argues that public apologies do not enable forgiveness, but rather operate as ritualistic public punishment and humiliation in order to enforce certain ethical standards for public speech. These punishments are achieved by coercing offenders to offer apologies that embody metanoia, a rhetorical and religious concept that denotes a sudden change of heart or personal conversion. Through a rhetorical analysis of the performance of metanoia in public apologies from Don Imus, Michael Richards, and Mel Gibson, this essay demonstrates the punitive function of apologetic discourse and examines its ethical implications.
Toxicity of Some Pesticides to Eggs, Larvae, and Adults of the Green Lacewing, Chrysopa carnea

Sixty commercial pesticide formulations were tested in the laboratory for toxicity to eggs, larvae, and adults of the green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea Stephens, at dosages similar to those used in orchards. The eggs were treated directly with the sprays. The larvae (fed a special diet to restrict cannibalism) and adults were tested on day-old residues. The pesticides are rated as having high, medium, low, or 0 toxicity. The eggs were highly susceptible to oil. Their hatch was delayed by parathion. Other materials had little effect on the eggs. Larvae and adults were killed by the residues of most of the organic phosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons tested, but a few materials of each of these groups showed singularly low toxicity to the larvae. Day-old residues of some contact insecticides tested were harmless to all stages of this predator. Most of the acaricides, fungicides, and stomach poisons tested were not toxic. Toxaphene delayed larval growth. Several materials offer possibilities for use in integrated control programs where protection of the green lacewing is desired, and 2 materials extraordinarily toxic to it may be useful for insecticidal cheeks on this predator’s efficiency.
Results of a Pilot Intervention in Food Shelves to Improve Healthy Eating and Cooking Skills Among Adults Experiencing Food Insecurity

ABSTRACTSince the start of the 2007 economic downturn, reliance on emergency food assistance suppliers (eg, food pantries, also known as food shelves) has increased. Many food shelves strive to provide effective nutrition programs to serve their clients, even while they are faced with a scarcity of resources. Rigorous evaluation of the impact of such programming on dietary outcomes is therefore warranted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a pilot cooking and nutrition education intervention among food shelf clients. A 6-session class was conducted with 63 participants in 4 food shelves in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota. Diet was assessed through a 24-hour recall from which a Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) score was created. Cooking skills were assessed by survey. Average HEI-2010 scores increased from 50.9 at baseline to 58.5 postintervention (P = .01, n = 43). Participants demonstrated improved cooking skills scores postintervention (35.9 vs 33.1 at baseline, P = .002, n = ...
The large infant. A study of maternal, obstetric, fetal, and newborn characteristics; including a long-term pediatric follow-up.

Abstract In order to define the problems resulting from the birth of a large infant, the records of a large county hospital were reviewed during 1947–1956 and again in 1966. Of 84,017 deliveries during the first 10 year period, 766 (0.92 per cent) were of infants weighing 10 pounds or more. The major maternal complications were postpartum hemorrhage, 10.3 per cent, and shoulder dystocia, 10.0 per cent. Clinical diabetes was present in 2.9 per cent and toxemia in 14 per cent. There was one maternal death. Perinatal mortality was 55 (7.2 per cent): 39 fetal deaths occurred, 10 antepartum and 29 intrapartum; 16 infants were live born but died in the nursery. Of the infants who survived delivery, 114 (16.0 per cent) were severely depressed at birth. Twenty-three (11.4 per cent) of the 200 survivors who were followed had a neurological complication and 9 (4.5 per cent) were dead before the age of 7. A program designed to try to improve these results was started in 1956, and the results for the year 1966 are presented for comparison.
Public transfers and the balance of intergenerational family support in Europe

ABSTRACTTo capture the simultaneity of changes in different types of family transfers and describe the pattern of rebalancing of intergenerational family support in response to variation in public support, it is important to study bidirectional flows of resources between family generations. This study uses data on 13 European countries to estimate the net value of transfers between parents and adult children and to determine the relationship of the net value of family transfers with public intergenerational transfers. Individual-level data come from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, and are supplemented with the country-level information from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations, and national statistical offices. Multilevel models are estimated to account for the nested structure of data. The results suggest that the needs of parents and children and their ability to provide support are important determinants of the flow of net transfers between ...
The Justice System

Whether the justice system is effective or not has been debated longer than it has been carefully researched. Many of us have grown up on accounts of specific events that support one view or another of the effectiveness of quick, stern, harsh, or whatever justice. Persons more recently aware of the issues have been informed, or more likely misinformed, about the merits of this or that policy at various stages of the justice process (Shannon, 1961).
Predicting Core Columns of Protein Multiple Sequence Alignments for Improved Parameter Advising

In a computed protein multiple sequence alignment, the coreness of a column is the fraction of its substitutions that are in so-called core columns of the gold-standard reference alignment of its proteins. In benchmark suites of protein reference alignments, the core columns of the reference are those that can be confidently labeled as correct, usually due to all residues in the column being sufficiently close in the spatial superposition of the folded three-dimensional structures of the proteins. When computing a protein multiple sequence alignment in practice, a reference alignment is not known, so its coreness can only be predicted.
Hypertriglyceridemia: A simple approach to identify insulin resistance and enhanced cardio-metabolic risk in patients with prediabetes

Abstract Aims Prediabetes (PreDM) is a metabolically heterogeneous condition, differing in degree of insulin resistance and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease (CHD). This study was initiated to evaluate the hypothesis that a fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration ⩾1.7 mmol/L can aid in identifying the subset of individuals with PreDM who are most insulin resistant and at greatest risk to develop CHD as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods In this cross-sectional study, measurements were made of: (1) steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during the insulin suppression test to ascertain degree of insulin resistance and (2) conventional CHD risk factors in 587 apparently healthy individuals with normal fasting plasma glucose (NFG, n = 370) or PreDM ( n = 217). Results Subjects with PreDM were significantly ( P P P Conclusions Measurement of fasting TG concentration in individuals with PreDM may provide a simple clinical approach to identify those who are insulin resistant, at enhanced risk of CHD, and more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Vanadate and Somatostatin Having Divergent Effects on Pancreatic Islet Na,K-ATPase

Publisher Summary This chapter presents two main methodologies to study the effects of vanadate and somatostatin on pancreatic islet Na, K–ATPase. First, islets using the method of Lacy and co-workers were perfused after isolating them with collagenase according to the method of Lacy and Kostianovsky. The second technique used was the measurement of Na, K–ATPase activity in a 35,000 g pellet from islet homogenates. Stimuli of insulin secretion, such as glucose, arginine, and ouabain, suppress rat pancreatic islet Na, K–ATPase activity. In contrast, certain insulin secretory inhibitors such as phenytoin, NH 4 Cl, or diazoxide enhance the activity of this islet enzyme system. In secretory experiments using vanadate, somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) as well as immunoreactive insulin (IRI) secretion from the islets was measured.
Kainic acid as a tool for the study of temporal lobe epilepsy

Abstract Temporal lobe epilepsy (limbic epilepsy, complex partial epilepsy, psychomotor epilepsy) is the most devastating form of epilepsy commonly encountered in the adult population. The attacks involve loss of consciousness, thus limiting performance of normal functions and exposing the individual to bodily injury. Moreover, long-standing or pharmacologically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy is frequently associated with the loss of neurons from the hippocampus and other brain regions (Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS)). Unfortunately, pharmacologically intractable cases are rather common, owing to the relatively low efficacy against this condition of the available anticonvulsants. Progress in the understanding and treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy would be greatly facilitated by the availability of an animal model which reproduced the behavioral, electrographic and pathological features of this condition. Here I review evidence which indicates that the kainic acid (KA)-treated rat possesses many of the features required of such a model.
Fundamentals of Heat Dissipation in 3D IC Packaging

Cooling of a planar 2D IC chip utilizes heat transfer from a face of the chip through a heat sink. In case of a 3D IC chip stack, the individual chip faces are not available for mounting conventional heat sinks. Mounting the heat sinks on the ends is feasible, but the heat flow paths for the interior chips from the junction to the heat sink become longer. Further, multiple heat sources present along the heat flow paths in stacked chips may create localized hot spots which exceed the allowable junction temperatures. Introducing interlayer cooling with microchannels and introducing fins in the coolant flow paths extend the thermal dissipation capability of a 3D stack; however, this is often accompanied with taller microchannels that lead to longer lengths of through-silicon-vias (TSVs). Placement of TSVs, microchannels walls, and fins present conflicting design requirements. Therefore codesign and innovative approaches are seen as critical before widespread commercialization of 3D ICs becomes a reality. An overview of the available cooling options for 3D ICs and their performance evaluation are presented in this chapter.
Beyond maximum likelihood: Boosting the Chow-Liu algorithm for large alphabets

We show that in high dimensional distributions, i.e., the regime where the alphabet size of each node is comparable to the number of observations, the Chow-Liu algorithm on learning graphical models is highly sub-optimal. We propose a new approach, where the key ingredient is to replace the empirical mutual information in the Chow-Liu algorithm with a minimax rate-optimal estimator proposed recently by Jiao, Venkat, Han, and Weissman [1]. We demonstrate the improved performance of the new approach in two problems: learning tree graphical models and Bayesian network classification.
Tradeoffs between growth and reproduction in response to temporal variation in food supply

Allocating resources to growth or to reproduction is a fundamental tradeoff in evolutionary life history theory. In environments with unpredictable food resources, natural selection is expected to favor increased allocation to reproduction. Although effects of selection are realized only across generations, short-term changes in food predictability might influence intra-generational tradeoffs in resource allocation. We assessed the ability of fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, to adjust allocation to growth and reproduction in response to predictable, unpredictable, and switched feeding schedules. Fish in the switched treatments were changed from unpredictable to predictable feeding schedules just after reaching sexual maturity. Egg production did not differ significantly among treatments despite the fact that females on the unpredictable and switched feeding schedules grew more slowly than those on the predictable schedule. Switched males were heavier and had proportionally larger testes than males in predictable and unpredictable treatments. Increased allocation to reproduction or growth by fish on unpredictable and switched feeding schedules was associated with changes in gut length relative to body mass. Both sexes showed a remarkable degree of phenotypic plasticity in response to resource availability and sex differences in allocation patterns were consistent with adaptive responses in the context of the fathead mating system.
Analytic Philosophy, Phenomenology, and the Concept of Consciousness

At long last there are hints that contemporary philosophy is beginning to transcend the sharp separation between analytic philosophy and phenomenology, which has so deeply divided twentieth-century Western thought for fifty years. The same conflict pervades psychological theory as well as philosophy, and will, apparently, be overcome only with great difficulty. The hints of emerging dialogue are no more than hints, but in any discussion of meeting points of psychoanalysis and philosophy — especially concerned with philosophy of mind — it seems appropriate to focus further inquiry upon a controversy that seriously divides both disciplines.
Collection of Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Standard Set Variables: Establishing a Baseline.

Background The International Consortium for Healthcare Outcomes Measurement recently published a consensus Standard Set of clinical and patient-centered metrics to measure outcomes for patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP). This study aims to evaluate how the Standard Set compares to existing data collected to anticipate the impact that the Standard Set may have on quality and quantity of outcome data. Methods Extraction of the Standard Set data points was attempted retrospectively for all nonsyndromic patients with bilateral cleft lip and/or palate who underwent primary lip and/or palate repair by a single surgeon (JGM) between June 2007 and June 2014. Results Bilateral cleft lip repair was performed on 32 patients of which 29 also underwent palate repair. All but one of the baseline demographic and phenotypic variables were available. All perioperative variables were collected, but data quality was heterogeneous. There were no early complications. At 5 years, 29.6% of patients were lost to follow-up; however, a degree of data was available on 11 of the 12 clinical metrics for those remaining. Of patients with Veau IV cleft palate and follow-up at age 5, 1 patient (6.7%) had an oronasal fistula and 1 had velopharyngeal incompetence requiring Furlow palatoplasty (6.7%). No patient-reported data were collected for any time point. Conclusion Prospective collection of the International Consortium for Healthcare Outcomes Measurement Standard Set will improve consistency of clinical data and add the patient perspective currently lacking in outcome measures collected for patients with bilateral cleft.
Impact of a Pharmacist-Driven Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Protocol on Time to Administration in Patients with Warfarin-associated Intracranial Hemorrhage

Author(s): Corio, Jessica L.; Sin, Jonathan H.; Hayes, Bryan D.; Goldstein, Joshua N.; Fuh, Lanting | Abstract: Introduction: Advancements in the treatment of warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) include the use of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC), which has demonstrated more rapid reversal of the international normalized ratio (INR) when compared with fresh frozen plasma. A pharmacist-driven protocol for 4F-PCC was implemented within our institution, which allows for pharmacist approval of 4F-PCC in patients diagnosed with warfarin-associated ICH and an INR ≥2. The pharmacist is responsible for determining the appropriate dose of 4F-PCC, preparation, bedside delivery, and order entry into the electronic medical record. Prior to implementation of the new protocol, the blood bank was responsible for 4F-PCC approval, dosing, product preparation, and arranging delivery with emergency department (ED) staff. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-driven protocol on time to 4F-PCC administration in warfarin-associated ICH. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients who received 4F-PCC in a single ED from September 2015 through February 2017. Patients ≥18 years old were eligible for inclusion based on three criteria: confirmed diagnosis of ICH; confirmed warfarin use; and INR ≥2. Secondary outcomes included dose of 4F-PCC in concordance with INR and weight-based dosing recommendations and hospital protocol, as well as concomitant intravenous vitamin K administration. Results: A total of 48 patients met inclusion criteria for the study with 24 patients in each protocol group. The median time to administration of 4F-PCC in the pharmacist-driven protocol group was 35 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] [25-62]; range, 11-133) compared with 70 minutes (IQR [34-89]; range, 14-244) in the pre-protocol group (p=0.034). We saw no differences for appropriate 4F-PCC dosing based on INR and patient weight between the two groups. Conclusion: Implementation of a pharmacist-driven protocol for 4F-PCC in the ED at our institution significantly reduced time to administration in patients presenting with warfarin-associated ICH.
Minimising hospitalisation with telehealth technology

New technologies make it possible to remotely monitor patients, allowing them to stay in their home for longer and enabling clinicians to react to real-time clinical data. Christopher Turner outlin...