cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of beta silicon carbide powders using carbon coated fumed silica

The synthesis of beta silicon carbide (β-SiC) powders by carbothermic reduction of carbon coated silica and silica mixed with carbon black was investigated. The production of β-SiC powders by using carbon coated silica consists of two steps. The first step is to prepare the carbon coated silica precursor by coating fumed silica particles with carbon by pyrolytic cracking of a hydrocarbon gas (C3H6). This provides intimate contact between the reactants and yields a better distribution of carbon within the fumed silica. Fumed silica was also mechanically mixed with carbon black for comparison. Both starting mixtures were reacted in a tube furnace for 2 h at temperatures of 1300°C to 1600°C in 1 l min-1 flowing argon. The reaction products were characterized using weight loss data, X-ray diffraction (XRD), a BET surface area analyser, oxygen and free carbon analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The carbon coating process resulted in a more complete reaction, purer product and high yield SiC powders with very little agglomeration at temperatures of 1500°C and 1600°C. The β-SiC powders produced at 1600°C for 2 h in argon gas flow have oxygen content of 0.3 wt%, a very fine particle size 0.1–0.3 μm and uniform shape. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
Random field models in image analysis

Image models are useful in quantitatively specifying natural constraints and general assumptions about the physical world and the imaging process. This review paper explains how Gibbs and Markov random field models provide a unifying theme for many contemporary problems in image analysis. Random field models permit the introduction of spatial context into pixel labeling problems, such as segmentation and restoration. Random field models also describe textured images and lead to algorithms for generating textured images, classifying textures and segmenting textured images. In spite of some impressive model-based image restoration and texture segmentation results reported in the literature, a number of fundamental issues remain unexplored, such as the specification of MRF models, modeling noise processes, performance evaluation, parameter estimation, the phase transition phenomenon and the comparative analysis of alternative procedures. The literature of random field models is filled with great promise, but...
Three-dimensional non-grey gas radiative transfer analyses using the statistical narrow-band model

Abstract Three-dimensional non-grey gas radiation analyses were conducted using the statistical narrow-band model with updated band parameters and three implementation methods: the exact or the correlated formulation, the non-correlated expression, and the grey-band approximation with the absorption coefficient estimated using the local properties. The accuracy of the two approximate narrow-band implementation methods was evaluated for both low-resolution spectral intensity and spectrally integrated radiative source term and wall heat flux in a rectangular enclosure containing (1) isothermal pure water and (2) a CO 2 /H 2 O/N 2 mixture with a furnace type gas temperature distribution. For spectrally integrated quantities, results of the grey-band approximation are very close to those of the non-correlated formulation and are in qualitative agreement with the results of the correlated formulation. The two approximate methods are capable of predicting qualitatively correct and fairly accurate distributions of low-resolution spectral radiation intensities for the isothermal case. However, they predict less accurate low-resolution spectral intensities for the non-isothermal case.
Sodium-coupled transport of glucose by plasma membranes of type II pneumocytes

Sodium-dependent absorption of alveolar fluid promotes efficient gas exchange. In animal models, alveolar glucose stimulates phlorizin-sensitive, Na(+)-dependent fluid absorption. It is hypothesized that Na+/glucose cotransporters are localized to apical membranes of type II pneumocytes. Enriched apical and basolateral plasma membrane vesicles were isolated from adult bovine type II pneumocytes. Uptakes of 22Na+ and [3H]glucose by enriched apical and basolateral vesicles were monitored over time. Following addition of external glucose (75 mM), 22Na+ uptake by mannitol-loaded, apically-enriched vesicles was significantly increased over controls. Substitution of interior-negative charge gradients for internally directed Na+ gradients increased glucose-dependent Na+ uptakes even greater. By contrast, external glucose did not significantly promote 22Na+ uptake by enriched basolateral vesicles. External Na+ (75 mM) significantly increased [3H]glucose uptakes by enriched apical vesicles with evidence of overshoot. Phlorizin (100 microM) inhibited both glucose-coupled 22Na+ uptakes and Na(+)-coupled [3H]glucose uptakes. These observations support localization of electrogenic, Na+/glucose cotransporters to enriched apical membranes of mature type II pneumocytes.
Revolution and the People in Russia and China: A Comparative History

S. A. Smith, Revolution and the People in Russia and China: A Comparative History (2008), viii + 249 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, £45.00/$90.00, paperback £17.99/$29.99). On...
A novel family of structurally characterized lithium cobalt double aryloxides and the nanoparticles and thin films generated therefrom

The reaction between LiN(SiMe3)2 and Co(N(SiMe3)2)2 in THF followed by the addition of an aryl alcohol (HOAr) yielded: [Co[(μ-OAr)2Li(THF)x]2 [where x = 2: OAr =: OC6H4Me-2 (oMP, 1), OC6H4(OCHMe2)-2 (oPP, 2), OC6H3(Me)2-2,6 (DMP, 3); where x = 1: OAr = OC6H3(OCHMe2)2-2,6 (DIP, 4)]. Undertaking the same synthesis in pyridine (py) led to the same general structure with py molecules substituted for the THF solvent molecules: [Co[(μ-OAr)2Li(py)2]2 (OAr = oMP (5), oPP (6)]. For 1−6, the tetrahedrally (Td) bound Co atom bridges two OAr ligands to each of the Li atoms. The Li atom adopts a Td or trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) geometry, as determined by the number of bound solvent molecules. For the more sterically demanding ligands with py as the solvent, the mononuclear monometallic species [Co[(μ-OAr)2(py)x]2 (OAr = DMP (7), x = 2; DIP (8), x = 3) were observed adopting a Td or TBP geometry, respectively, based on the number of bound solvent molecules. Increasing the steric bulk of the OAr to OC6H3But2-2,6 (D...
Influence of oscillating fields on the hall effect and resistance of superconducting niobium

Abstract D.c. Hall and resistive voltages in the flux-flow state were measured in the presence of an oscillating magnetic field perpendicular to the static field. The induced alternating current depinned the vortices. The Hall angle in the flux-flow state obtained in this way shows the same dependence on magnetic field as in the normal state.
Landau-cutkosky rules, scale invariance, and the marginal fermi liquid

With the aid of the reduced graph expansion relating different order multiple interaction vertices and the exact spectral densities, we show that a strongly coupled Fermi system can allow solutions for the spectral density which scale under simultaneous scale changes in the energy and temperature. This implies a functional form for the spectral density which falls off as a power tz of frequency between 0 and -1. The theory describes Zkr = 0 quasiparticles with a Fermi surface consistent with Luttinger's theorem while the spin and charge susceptibilities have imaginary parts of the form (w/T)T t+zu at low energies. The approach reproduces some features of both the Luttinger liquid and marginal Fermi liquid phenomenologies. ONE OF THE MOST important issues facing condensed matter theory today concerns the nature of the normal state of high temperature superconductors. The peculiar properties of this normal state suggest that there exist solutions to the interacting electron problem that are drastically different from the Fermi liquid description. However, there exists at present no general framework analogous to microscopic Fermi liquid theory within which such systems can be placed. In this paper we address this issue by examining the overall structure of pertur-bation theory for an interacting one band model at general order. We shall prove rigorously the existence of scale invariant solutions for the spectral density which dominate the single particle spectrum in the limit of strong coupling and are valid solutions regardless of the physical dimension. Our approach includes the two dominant schools of thought which bypass the conventional Fermi liquid description. One of these, the Luttinger liquid approach [1], proceeds by analogy with the one dimensional Hubbard-Heisenberg model, which through bosonization, the charge and spin fluctuations exhaust the spectrum near the Fermi surface. In the other approach, the "marginal Fermi liquid" picture, the width of the excitation spectrum is proportional to the temperature, or the frequency, whichever is larger. Moreover, the extremely broad nature of the quasiparticle damping is thought to arise from singularities in the three particle scattering amplitude [3]. In this paper we use the analytic properties of perturbation theory to discuss the properties of all intermediate states, with multiple electron-hole pairs, on an equal footing. Our approach derives ultimately from that developed in high energy theory in the 1960s (the S-matrix approach) for treating the strong interactions [4]. In this pre-QCD era theorists used such general properties as unitarity and analyticity of the S-matrix to derive relations between the real and imaginary parts of scattering amplitudes and crosssections.
Montelukast pharmacokinetics in cystic fibrosis

Abstract Objectives To determine if patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have an altered pharmacokinetic profile of montelukast, we studied the single-dose pharmacokinetics in 12 patients with CF and 12 age- and gender-matched controls after they received a 10-mg oral dose. Methods Plasma samples were collected before dosing and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. The specimens were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results The mean systemic clearance (mL/min) values (± SD) were not statistically different between the CF subjects (55.53 ± 44.0 mL/min) and the controls (57.12 ± 18.42 mL/min), nor were the results significantly different when normalized to body surface area or body weight. The mean value for elimination half-life, elimination rate constant, area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, and maximum concentration for controls was 2.37 ± 0.38 hours, 0.30 ± 0.05 hours−1, 2680.0 ± 693.6 ng · min/mL, and 448.9 ± 165.3 ng/mL; and for the CF patients it was 2.97 ± 1.21 hours, 0.28 ± 0.13 hrs−1, 3976.1 ± 2073.4 ng · min/mL, 606.7 ± 237.8 ng/mL. There were no statistically significant differences (all P >.05) in the measured pharmacokinetic parameters between the CF and control subjects. Conclusions We conclude that the dose of montelukast and the dosing interval does not need to be modified if the goal is to mimic the serum concentration used to treat asthma. The effectiveness of these concentrations for the inflammatory lung disease of patients with CF is unknown. (J Pediatr 2003;142:53-6)
Steric and electronic effects in the molecular quenching of porous silicon luminescence

Abstract In this review, the effects of molecular exposure on the luminescent centers in porous silicon (PS) are described. The primary focus here is an attempt to understand how a variation in the size and electronic properties of a molecular absorbate can affect the quenching of porous Si light emission from different substrates. Results from our laboratories employing Lewis bases such as amines as quenchers of PS luminescence are stressed, as well as an overview of other relevant approaches using organic solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons, Bronsted acids/bases, and transition metal ions is presented.
Cosmogenic-nuclide production rates: Reaction cross section update

Abstract Interpretations of cosmic-ray-produced nuclide measurements are dependent on the accuracy of the production-rate estimates. Most production rates are determined using particles fluxes and cross sections for the relevant reactions. The reaction cross sections used for the production of cosmogenic nuclides are discussed. Recently, many experimental cross sections for making cosmogenic nuclides by protons have been compiled, evaluated, and used to study cosmogenic nuclides made by solar energetic protons in lunar samples. Neutrons make most galactic-cosmic-ray-produced nuclides. There are only a few measurements of cross sections for neutrons making cosmogenic nuclides because it is hard to get good fluxes of energetic neutrons, especially with energies >50 MeV. Most neutron cross sections to date have been estimated by using measured proton cross sections, occasionally adjusting them for nuclear systematics or to fit measurements of cosmogenic nuclides in documented samples. The status of spallation cross sections for the main reactions making the six main cosmogenic nuclides (3He, 10Be, 14C, 21Ne, 26Al, and 36Cl) from their major target elements is presented. Some comparisons of production rates calculated with these cross sections with measured rates are presented. The need for additional work to improve these important cross sections is discussed.
Computing projections with LSQR

LSQR uses the Golub-Kahan bidiagonalization process to solve sparse least-squares problems with and without regularization. In some cases, projections of the right-hand side vector are required, rather than the least-squares solution itself. We show that projections may be obtained from the bidiagonalization as linear combinations of (the-oretically) orthogonal vectors. Even the least-squares solution may be obtained from orthogonal vectors, perhaps more accurately than the usual LSQR solution. (However, LSQR has proved equally good in all examples so far.)
The A 1Σ+ ← X 1Σ+ band system of CrMo

Abstract The 4870 A band system of jet-cooled CrMo has been rotationally resolved and assigned as A 1 Σ + ← X 1 Σ + . The band system is clearly analogous to the 4597 A band system of Cr 2 and the 5180 A band system of Mo 2 . As in the Cr 2 and Mo 2 systems, the upper state possesses a very short fluorescence lifetime, which has been measured as 14.7 ± 0.3 ns. The bond lengths of the ground and excited states are r e (X 1 Σ + ) = 1.8182±0.0015 A and r e (A 1 Σ + ) = 1.8264±0.0014 A, respectively. These results clearly establish that CrMo, like Cr 2 and Mo 2 , possesses multiple d electron bonds in its ground (X 1 Σ + ) and excited (A 1 Σ + ) electronic states.
Back-scattered detection provides atomic-scale localization precision, stability, and registration in 3D

State-of-the-art microscopy techniques (e.g., atomic force microscopy, scanning-tunneling microscopy, and optical tweezers) are sensitive to atomic-scale (100 pm) displacements. Yet, sample drift limits the ultimate potential of many of these techniques. We demonstrate a general solution for sample control in 3D using back-scattered detection (BSD) in both air and water. BSD off a silicon disk fabricated on a cover slip enabled 19 pm lateral localization precision (Δf = 0.1–50 Hz) with low crosstalk between axes (≤3%). We achieved atomic-scale stabilization (88, 79, and 98 pm, in x, y, and z, respectively; Δf = 0.1–50 Hz) and registration (≈50 pm (rms), N = 14, Δt = 90 s) of a sample in 3D that allows for stabilized scanning with uniform steps using low laser power (1 mW). Thus, BSD provides a precise method to locally measure and thereby actively control sample position for diverse applications, especially those with limited optical access such as scanning probe microscopy, and magnetic tweezers.
Atomistic Simulation of the Finite-Temperature Anderson Localization Problem

We present a simulation of the electron dynamics of localized edge states in amorphous silicon (a-Si) at room temperature by integrating the time dependent Schrodinger equation using a Crank-Nicholson method and a first-principles local basis Hamiltonian. We study the character of the spatial and spectral diffusion of the localized states and directly simulate and reveal the nature of thermally driven hopping. Phonon-induced resonant mixing leads to rapid electronic diffusion if states are available nearby in energy and real-space. We believe that many of the results we obtain are crucial for modeling transport phenomena involving localized states.
Seven polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci from the red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)

We describe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and amplification conditions for seven microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens). Primers were tested on 16 individuals from two populations on the Savannah River Site in Aiken County, South Carolina. We detected six to 10 alleles per locus and an overall observed heterozygosity range of 0.31–0.81. Despite low heterozygosity at two of the seven loci, the high polymorphic information contents (from 0.54 to 0.85) of these markers render them useful for future studies of the behavioural and population ecology of this common salamander.
X-ray scattering techniques for assessment of III-V wafer bonding

X-ray scattering techniques were employed to study the processing and materials issues that are important for III–V semiconductor wafer bonding. To demonstrate the feasibility of creating wafer-bonded III–V on insulator structures, InP and GaAs wafers were bonded to GaAs wafers using silicon nitride (SiN) intermediate layers. A key process parameter is the SiN intermediate layer that is deposited by either sputtering or by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition. We demonstrate that x-ray reflectivity is uniquely able to determine thin film density as well as surface roughness of the nitride; both of which are critical for successful bonding and layer transfer. The strain in the InP layer after transfer to a GaAs substrate was assessed using high resolution x-ray reciprocal space mapping. Annealing the bonded pairs at low temperatures (≤300°C) produced a strong bond with no strain in the InP layer. After subsequent higher temperature (500°C) annealing, approximately 0.1% tensile strain appeared in the InP layer as well as a reduction in the crystalline quality. X-ray topography confirmed that this strain was accompanied by the introduction of dislocations. Topographic measurements of other samples also showed the presence of void-induced defects. X-ray scattering techniques proved to be very valuable in the evaluation of wafer-bonded structures.
Polypeptides of Aloe barbadensis miller

Major polypeptide species of proteins have been identified and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in fresh extracts of the whole leaf, leaf gel, root and stalk portions of Aloe barbadensis Miller plants of immature, young and mature ages. Extracts of the fresh Aloe plant portions were prepared by dissection, tissue disruption, differential centrifugation and gel filtration methods. Extracted plant portions analysed by separation electrophoresis were also assayed by biochemical and immunological techniques for the presence of lectin associated reactions, i.e. agglutination or mitogenicity. Results of the separation electrophoresis analysis of extracts prepared from fresh whole leaves and leaf gel of mature Aloe barbadensis Miller plants revealed 23 identifiable different polypeptides. Molecular weights of these polypeptides, calculated from sets of molecular weight reference standards, ranged from 70 000 for the largest to 3000 for the smallest. Electrophoresis profiles of commercially processed and freshly processed Aloe barbadensis Miller and Aloe saponaria Haw leaf gel extracts revealed similar patterns for major peptides. Treatment of mature whole Aloe leaf extracts with acidic and alkaline conditions revealed distinct changes in pH stability of ten peptides. Comparisons of separation electrophoresis profiles of fresh extracts of Aloe whole leaves and of leaf gel portions revealed marked differences in both molecular weights and concentrations of peptides found in extracts from mature, young or immature plants. This report is the first to describe the nature and types of polypeptides detected in extracts of whole leaf, leaf gel, stalk and root portions of immature, young and mature Aloe plants. Accordingly, information in this report may be of considerable value in helping to identify and characterize Aloe substances present during processing in extracts and in products.
Trehalose loading through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore enhances desiccation tolerance in rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract Trehalose has extensively been used to improve the desiccation tolerance of mammalian cells. To test whether trehalose improves desiccation tolerance of mammalian mitochondria, we introduced trehalose into the matrix of isolated rat liver mitochondria by reversibly permeabilizing the inner membrane using the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Measurement of the trehalose concentration inside mitochondria using high performance liquid chromatography showed that the sugar permeated rapidly into the matrix upon opening the MPTP. The concentration of intra-matrix trehalose reached 0.29 mmol/mg protein (∼190 mM) in 5 min. Mitochondria, with and without trehalose loaded into the matrix, were desiccated in a buffer containing 0.25 M trehalose by diffusive drying. After re-hydration, the inner membrane integrity was assessed by measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential with the fluorescent probe JC-1. The results showed that following drying to similar water contents, the mitochondria loaded with trehalose had significantly higher inner membrane integrity than those without trehalose loading. These findings suggest the presence of trehalose in the mitochondrial matrix affords improved desiccation tolerance to the isolated mitochondria.
Single-particle lifetime in quasi-one-dimensional systems

We report a systematic experimental investigation of single-particle lifetimes in quasi-one-dimensional structures. The lifetimes were measured in GaAs quantum wires of variable width and carrier density. Experimental data show excellent agreement with theoretical estimates that use a single fitting parameter. The data also suggest that the dominant relaxation mechanism for single-particle excitations in these structures at low temperature is remote impurity scattering. Additionally, we find that the electrostatic confining potential along the width of these structures is parabolic in shape, which agrees with existing theoretical predictions.
Durability of capped multilayer mirrors for high volume manufacturing extreme ultraviolet lithography tool

Si/Mo multi-layer mirrors are oxidized by a photochemical reaction with water gas and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light. They do not have enough durability in EUV lithography tools. 14 types of capped mirror samples (SiO 2 , TiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , Cr 2 O 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , Nb 2 O 5 , RuO 2 , Rh 2 O 3 , PdO, SnO 2 , La 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , WO 3 -capped) have been investigated on the anti-oxidation property under the 150-1600J/mm 2 EUV irradiation at SR facilities. We have irradiated samples under the 1x10 -4 Pa and 9x10 -4 Pa water vapors. TiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , Cr 2 O 3 , Nb 2 O 5 , CeO 2 -capped mirror samples suppress reflectance drops and Si layers oxidation. These metal ions have similar radii. We have measured local structure of the RuO 2 layer with lower durability. The RuO2 layer is amorphous. This Amorphous RuO 2 layer loses the long range order of bonds and the short range order of the first shell. The Ru-O bonds remains with losing coordination number. To accelerate durability tests for a high volume machine, we have constructed a new dedicated beam line at the SAGA Light Source.
Investigation of thermal interface materials using phase-sensitive transient thermoreflectance technique

With increasing power density in electronics packages/modules, thermal resistances at multiple interfaces are a bottleneck to efficient heat removal from the package. In this work, the performance of thermal interface materials such as grease, thermoplastic adhesives and diffusion-bonded interfaces are characterized using the phase-sensitive transient thermoreflectance technique. A multi-layer heat conduction model was constructed and theoretical solutions were derived to obtain the relation between phase lag and the thermal/physical properties. This technique enables simultaneous extraction of the contact resistance and bulk thermal conductivity of the TIMs. With the measurements, the bulk thermal conductivity of Dow TC-5022 thermal grease (70 to 75 μm bondline thickness) was 3 to 5 W/(m·K) and the contact resistance was 5 to 10 mm 2 ·K/W. For the Btech thermoplastic material (45 to 80 μm bondline thickness), the bulk thermal conductivity was 20 to 50 W/(m·K) and the contact resistance was 2 to 5 mm 2 ·K/W. Measurements were also conducted to quantify the thermal performance of diffusion-bonded interface for power electronics applications. Results with the diffusion-bonded sample showed that the interfacial thermal resistance is more than one order of magnitude lower than those of traditional TIMs, suggesting potential pathways to efficient thermal management.
Natural history of inadvertent aorta-saphenous vein-coronary vein bypass graft

Inadvertent distal anastomosis of an aortocoronary bypass graft to a coronary vein is a rare but potentially serious complication of coronary artery bypass surgery. We describe a patient in whom such a conduit was discovered only incidentally 17 years after its creation. This case illustrates the pertinent features of this anomaly and demonstrates that it can have a benign natural history.
Super-QDetection of Transient Magnetic Resonance Signals

Abstract The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvements with increasing detection coil quality factor, Q , are examined for the detection of known magnetic resonance signals in noise. It is found that in the absence of amplifier noise, SNR continues to increase with increasing Q even in the “super- Q ” limit, when the bandwidth of the tuned detection circuit is smaller than that of the signal to be detected. In the super- Q limit, the maximum obtainable SNR is thus limited by noise from the amplifiers in the system. This contrasts with typical NMR measurements where the ultimate SNR is limited by thermal noise from the detection circuit. Explicit expressions are derived and are compared to experiments performed using electronically simulated spin echo signals.
Hemorrhagic Transformation After Fibrinolysis With Tissue Plasminogen Activator Evaluation of Role of Hypertension With Rat Thromboembolic Stroke Model

Background and Purpose—We used a rat model of thromboembolic stroke to evaluate whether hypertension increases the incidence of hemorrhage after fibrinolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Methods—In this model, a microclot suspension was injected into the middle cerebral artery territory to induce focal ischemia. Reperfusion was induced in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by administering tPA (10 mg/kg) intravenously at 2 hours or 6 hours after the onset of thromboembolic focal ischemia. In untreated control rats, saline was administered at 2 hours after ischemia. Results—Hemorrhagic transformation was observed only in rats that received tPA at 6 hours (6 of 8 rats [75%]). Reduction of mean arterial blood pressure from 122±3 to 99±2 mm Hg with hydralazine, given to SHR for 1 week before ischemia, significantly decreased the incidence of hemorrhage in 2 of 11 rats (18%). tPA reduced infarct volumes, but cotreatment with hydralazine did not result in further protection. Conclusions—This stud...
Homogenization of TSV interposer and quick assessment of its thermomechanical influence on 3D packages

Thin and filled with the through-silicon cupper via (TSV) array, silicon interposers are key to vertical integration of chips for denser packaging. TSVs reduce the trace length by directing electrons vertically through stacks of chips, so better electrical performance with less power consumption is made feasible. The via-enriched silicon interposer, albeit thin, can also serve as a stress buffer to mechanically modulate stresses among the components. In this regard, the effectiveness of being a stress buffer is poised to a design optimization problem. Due to the great discrepancy of the thermal expansion capacity between the silicon (less thermally deformable) and copper (more thermally deformable), the thermo-mechanical stress within the TSV interposer and its influence on the package is a concern. Although the thermomechanical behavior of the TSV interposers is acquainted, the understanding is often gained through detailed, predictive modeling of a specific TSV design and then deduced to other designs of similar structural configurations. The proposed work is aimed at developing a quick assessment technique as a preliminary tool to evaluate the TSV design before conducting rigorous modeling and experiments. This technique is focused on two aspects, as a preliminary evaluation of the thermo-mechanical response of an individual TSV structure, and as a platform for evaluating the interaction of the TSV interposer with other contingent layers in the package. This paper will first present a homogenized TSV model based on dilute homogenization, and then provide a theoretical description of the interfacial thermo-mechanical stress between the homogenized TSV interposer and its contingent layers. The results show that the interfacial shearing stress and peeling stress are increased as the volume fraction of the copper vias increases.
A study of kerf characteristics in abrasive waterjet machining of graphite/epoxy composite

Kerf geometry, kerf wall features, and cutting front characteristics of an Abrasive Waterjet (AWJ) machined Graphite/Epoxy (Gr/Ep) laminate were studied. A macroscopic analyses suggests that geometrical features associated with AWJ machining of Gr/Ep laminates are influenced by three macro regions along the cutting depth. The presence of these regions, including initial damage at jet entry, smooth cutting, and rough cutting near the jet exit, depends on the operating conditions. Design of experiments and analysis of variance were used to determine the effect of cutting parameters on kerf characteristics and to develop empirical models for kerf profile and features of the three distinct macroscopic regions. Cutting front analysis revealed that the mechanisms of material removal in AWJ machining of Gr/Ep do not change over the jet penetration depth. In general, high quality uniform cuts may be obtained by minimizing initial damage at the jet entry and by extending the smooth cutting region beyond the laminate thickness through the appropriate choice of cutting parameters.
Effect of lossy networks on user perception of radiological images

Rigid requirements of perfect network transfer (i.e., without any loss of data) may be delaying the deployment of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and teleradiology. By using a clever and fast packet encoding mechanism to transmit images and then using a four- neighbor interpolation recovery scheme to 'fill in' lost pixels, some packet loss during network transmission may be affordable without affecting the diagnostic quality of the image or influencing the radiologist's diagnostic performance. To test this, radiologists viewed mammographic images with 0%, 15% and 25% transmission loss and reported on the presence or absence of microcalcifications. Observer performance was measured using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) techniques. Diagnostic performance in the 15% loss condition did not differ significantly from performance in the 0% loss condition. 25% transmission loss resulted in a decrease in performance. Thus, up to 15% loss can be tolerated without affecting diagnostic performance. The utilization of loss/performance curves may allow flexibility in network transmission performance requirements, which could ease PACS and teleradiology implementation using current technology.
Comparative scoring by visual and image analysis of cells in human solid tumors labeled for proliferation markers

This study determined the validity of an image analysis program developed to score individual cells in human solid tumors labeled by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd). The program used nuclear size, grey level, and perimeter convexity to identify cells, and evaluated labeling by the fraction of nuclear area displaying positive immunostaining (MPB). Total cell number (TC) and BrdUrd or PCNA labeling index (LI) were evaluated in 142 images using visual (TCvisual, LIvisual) and image analysis (TC(IA), LI(IA)). Without the perimeter convexity criterion, image analysis resulted in a) TC(IA) equal to TCvisual in spite of the presence of various non-cellular objects and b) significant correlations between LI(IA) and LIvisual for PCNA and BrdUrd, although for these markers the LI(IA) were 4 and 6% lower than their respective LIvisual. Both visual and image analyses yielded significant inter-investigator variation among three investigators (coefficient of variation between 8.2 and 47.5%) and significant intra-investigator, inter-day variation (coefficients of variation between 3.8 and 51.8%). We conclude that image analysis using size, grey level and MPB is a valid alternative to visual scoring of PCNA and BrdUrd LI in individual cells.
Sexual sensations and gender experience the psychological positions and the erotic third

A gendered person lives in and creates a gendered body. Through the sexual life of the couple, two gendered bodies come together. In this paper, I draw on case material to illustrate how a multitude of sensations associated with what it feels like to be a man or a woman is aroused, affirmed, and created as one dimension of sexual experience. I suggest that these gender sensations may be organized through the three psychological positions—autistic‐contiguous, paranoid‐schizoid, and depressive. The movement among all three positions gives different shapes to sensory‐based gender experience—each position making its own unique contributions to the qualities of what it feels like to be a man or a woman. In one case, I consider the possibility that gender transformation occurred through an unconscious intersubjective erotic third1 —the body of the couple—created between the patient and her husband.
Exploring Strategy and Board Structure in Nonprofit Organizations

This research explores how nonprofit managers conceptualize their organization’s strategic orientation toward products and services and in what way the governing board is structured to match that orientation. Using the Miles and Snow typology of strategy and a survey of 132 nonprofit organizations, organizations were categorized into four strategic types (e.g., defenders, prospectors, analyzers, or reactors), and distinctive structural patterns in board committees and composition were found. Prospectors had broader, more inclusive structures, whereas defenders tended to have tighter, more focused structures. Although some patterns appeared muted, through in-depth interviews with selected exemplars, several characteristics were found that helped define and clarify nonprofit strategy. This included the use of mission statements to help communicate the organization’s strategic orientation.
Substance P and GABAergic effects on adrenal and autonomic function evoked by microinjections into trigeminal subnucleus caudalis in the cat.

Abstract To assess the contribution of putative neurotransmitters in mediating changes in adrenal and autonomic function evoked by activation of medullary dorsal horn neurons, microinjections of substance P, bicuculline methiodide, or muscimol were directed at various laminae of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis in the anesthetized cat. Injections of substance P (35.6 pmol) into the superficial layers (lamina I-II) of subnucleus caudalis increased the adrenal secretion of epinephrine (+8.3 ± 2.3ng/min, P
Craniotomy for tumor treatment in an intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging unit.

OBJECTIVE: The complex three-dimensional anatomic features of the brain and its vulnerability to surgical intervention make the surgical treatment of intracranial tumors challenging. We evaluated the surgical treatment of supratentorial tumors using intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides real-time guidance, allows localization of intracranial tumors and their margins, and facilitates continuous assessment of surgical progress. METHODS: Sixty patients underwent craniotomies for tumor treatment in the General Electric intraoperative MRI unit at the Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) during a 1-year period. The patients selected were those with intracranial tumors that were considered difficult to resect because of their locations or previous incomplete operations. Twenty-nine low-grade and 19 high-grade gliomas, 8 metastatic lesions, 2 meningiomas, 1 pineoblastoma, and 1 astroblastoma were resected. RESULTS: Tumors were accurately localized and targeted, and the extent of resection, as well as any intraoperative complications, could be immediately assessed during surgery. Marked brain shifting occurred during the procedures, and repeated intraoperative imaging allowed surgical accommodation for this shifting. In more than one-third of the cases, intraoperative imaging showed residual tumor when resection appeared complete on the basis of surgical observation alone. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative MRI is a revolutionary tool for the surgical treatment of brain tumors, providing observation of the procedure as it is being performed. With intraoperative MRI, tumor resection is safer, the extent of resection can be directly evaluated, and intraoperative complications can be noted if they occur. Outcomes after resection depend on minimizing injury to normal brain tissue and achieving maximal tumor resection. The use of intraoperative MRI directly affects these factors.
The effects of isotopic substitution and competitive adsorption on the oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols at gold electrodes

Abstract The nature of the mechanism of the anodic oxidation of aldehydes in aqueous base on gold electrodes has been probed using isotopic substitution and competitive adsorption studies. A primary kinetic isotope effect of k H / k D =3−4 was observed upon substitution of deuterium for protium on the formyl group of benzaldehyde and cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde on gold in aqueous base using the techniques of cyclic voltammetry, rotating disc electrode voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Similar results are reported for the same aldehydes on a silver electrode, and also for the anodic oxidation of 2-propanol and 2-propanol-2-d on gold under similar conditions. Inhibition of the anodic cyclic voltammetric peak for benzaldehyde on gold by a variety of adsorbed species including CN − , I − , Br − , (C 2 H 5 ) 4 N + and diethylenetriamine is also described. These observations are used to propose a mechanism for the low potential oxidations of aldehydes and alcohols on gold involving a rate limiting dissociative adsorption step with cleavage of the α-carbon-hydrogen bond.
Advances in neurocritical care

Neurocritical care is gaining momentum. Its field is expanding at a vertiginous pace fueled by remarkable advances in the basic research and clinical arenas. Although it represents a relatively new specialty, neurocritical care is attracting increasing numbers of researchers, academicians and practitioners from different backgrounds, including neurology, neurosurgery, critical care medicine, emergency medicine and anesthesia, just to name a few. This rapid growth is being anchored and consolidated by the creation of the Neurocritical Care Society (http://www.neurocriticalcare.org) with its own journal (Neurocritical Care), and the upcoming credentialing of neurocritical care training programs and board certification examination. Critically ill neurological and neurosurgical patients present unique challenges and opportunities. We are just beginning to apply the knowledge acquired in the laboratory to the design of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Expanding data from translational research in critical neurological disorders are providing rational bases for the design of clinical studies and multicenter trials. New diagnostic and monitoring techniques are being tested with promising results. But unfortunately, research funding is limited. Currently most large clinical studies are supported by the industry. It is essential that professionals interested in neurocritical care from all nationalities help make a stronger case for the promotion of research in this field. Coordinated efforts from the international community will be crucial to ensure the continuous development of our fascinating specialty. This special issue exemplifies the richness of subjects that pertain to neurocritical care. It includes articles on basic and translational research as well as clinical studies. The contributing authors, true international experts in their respective fields, present original data and insightful discussions on molecular mechanisms of acute neurological disease, neuromonitoring in the intensive care unit, novel therapeutic interventions, and clinical and laboratory markers for prognostication. Most major critical neurological illnesses are covered in this special issue of Neurological Research, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, acute ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, status epilepticus and toxic-metabolic encephalopathy. I truly believe that this special issue contains information that will greatly contribute to the body of literature on neurocritical care. It was a pleasure for me to edit it and I hope that it will be equally pleasurable for you to read it.
Radioautographic Study of Chondrocytic Proliferation in Nasal Septal Cartilage of the 10-Day-Old Rat

Rates of chondrocytic proliferation within the rat septum were evaluated radioautographically. Results showed that the zone of greatest activity was within the sphenoidal tail. The zone of second highest activity was just anterior to the septoethmoidal junction; and the third highest was in the center of the septum. Proliferative activity in all other regions was relatively low.
Environmental Stress and Subsistence Intensification

AbstractThe silting in of the lagoons and development of sandy beach on the central San Diego coast during the middle to late Holocene caused severe reduction of littoral resources. This loss resulted in the movement of some people away from the central coast, presumably inland, and to San Diego and Mission bays. The littoral resource losses also led to a general increase in other subsistence activities, but the La Jolla subsistence system appears to have changed little, with no significant increase in projectile point-based hunting activities. Instead, there seems to have been a successful adaptation to the environmental changes.
Prognosis of patients removed from a transplant waiting list for medical improvement: implications for organ allocation and transplantation for status 2 patients.

Objectives To address the present controversy regarding optimal management of status 2 heart transplant candidates, we studied the short- and long-term fate of medically improved patients removed from our transplant waiting list to assess return of heart failure and occurrence of sudden cardiac death, identify interventions to improve outcomes, and compare their survival with that of similar transplanted patients. Methods From January 1985 to February 2004, 100 status 2 patients were delisted for medical improvement (median on-list duration, 314 days). Return of heart failure, sudden cardiac death, and all-cause mortality were determined from follow-up (mean, 7.7 ± 3.9 years among survivors; 10% followed >12 years). Hazard function modeling, competing-risks analyses, simulation, and propensity matching to equivalent patients undergoing transplantation were used to analyze and compare outcomes and predict benefit of interventions. Results Freedom from return of heart failure was 77% at 5 years. The most common mode of death was sudden cardiac death, with risk peaking at 2.5 years after delisting but remaining at 3.5% per year thereafter. Event-free survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 94%, 55%, and 28%, respectively; simulation demonstrated that implantable cardioverter–defibrillators could have improved this to 45% at 10 years. Overall survival after delisting was better than that of matched status 2 patients who underwent transplantation, but was demonstrably worse after 30 months. Conclusions Status 2 patients, including those delisted, require vigilant surveillance and optimal medical management, implantable cardioverter–defibrillators, and a revised approach to transplantation timing, such that overall salvage is maximized while allocation of scarce organs is optimized.
Some remarks on design and analysis of microarray experiments

Microarray experiments have become the centerpiece of genetic and genomic studies. The great advantage of such experiments is that they allow simultaneous examination of expression levels of thousands of genes. Several articles have been written on design of microarray experiments considering different aspects such as efficiency and power. Many of these articles consider comparing a discrete set of designs and search for optimal designs within a specific experimental framework. Besides the design issues, there are many statistical problems that occur in the analysis of data from microarray experiments. Some of these problems include data cleansing, normalization, testing for differential expression and clustering of genes. Here, we provide a brief overview of statistical problems that occur in the design and analysis of microarray experiments. We specifically focus on methods that have been suggested for identification of genes that are differentially expressed under the two experimental conditions. A new method is proposed and is shown to be more flexible including some of the previous methods as special cases.
Update: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the primary care office.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) affects 7.5% of children, making it among the more common behavioral disorders of childhood. Pediatricians increasingly are expected to recognize AD/HD, as well as diagnose and manage it in the primary care setting. This article reviews recent developments in the care of the pediatric AD/HD patient, with emphasis on information enhancing primary care management. RECENT FINDINGS Studies published in 2004 provide evidence to guide the treatment of AD/HD. The AD/HD literature continues to support the important role of genetics in its etiology. The absence of universal genetic or neuroimaging findings indicates that history from multiple sources and physical exam remain the standard diagnostic method. Comorbid medical problems, such as sleep disruption and growth suppression, continue to be better understood in the setting of AD/HD, as do the substantial impacts of comorbid learning and psychiatric disorders. Despite great interest in alternative, nonstimulant and behavioral treatments, methylphenidate and amphetamine-based medications remain the mainstay of AD/HD intervention. SUMMARY AD/HD is a common medical condition with implications for long-term safety and life function, such as academic success, accident occurrence, and drug use. Identification and treatment is increasingly based in the primary care office, where children must be monitored for co-occurring disorders and referred for additional supports when necessary. Tools and guidelines provided by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) provide a framework for consistent and competent AD/HD care supported by current evidence.