cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double Book Review: Two Perspectives on Five Cities: Modelling Asian Urban Population-Environment Dynamics, edited by Gayl Ness with Michael Low. Oxford University Press, 2000, 309 pp.

Perhaps because mega-cities (defined by some demographers as an urban agglomeration of more than 10 million people)—such as Tokyo, Delhi, Los Angeles, Mexico City, or Cairo—seem perpetually immersed in crises of deteriorating air quality, water quality, dwindling water supplies and the public health problems these create, they grab the attention of the press and a good many social researchers. According to the UN, however, only 4.3% of humanity lives in mega-cities. Scarcely any attention goes to the hundreds of mid-sized cities, where most urbanites live and where the UN suggests the majority of the 21st century’s urban growth is likely to occur. Clearly, this is where sound planning and management are most likely to pay off in the long term. And fortunately, this is what Five Cities, edited by Gayl Ness with Michael Low, is all about. The book is the culmination of 10 years of cooperative research efforts focused on medium sized cities, sponsored through the University of Michigan’s Population and Environment Dynamics Program and the Asian Urban Information Center. Five Cities scores high on organization and methodology. The book has three sections: the first presents an introduction to urban population and environmental trends; the second part comprises five case studies, each from a medium-sized city—Cebu City in the Philippines, Pusan in Korea, Khon Kaen in Thailand, Kobe in Japan, and Faisalabad in Pakistan. The third section is a policy-oriented summary. I most enjoyed reading the case
The Rate of Escape Problem for a Class of Random Walks

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the rate of escape problem for a class of random walks. The rate of escape problem was first considered for simple random walk in dimension d ≥ 3 by Dvoretzky and Erdos. The only known result that applies to all symmetric distributions for the summands is by Kesten who proved Erickson's conjecture that in dimension d ≥ 3, any random walk escapes at least as fast as simple random walk.
Utilizing Cytology as an Adjunct to Frozen Section to Enhance the Intraoperative Diagnosis of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors

Touch imprint cytology is generally accepted as a vital tool for evaluating cellularity and for providing additional cytological information to aid image-guided biopsies. However, it is underutilized in intraoperative diagnoses of bone and soft tissue tumors. Emerging data have indicated that intraoperative cytology as an adjunct to frozen section can greatly enhance the accuracy of diagnoses of bone and soft tissue lesions.1,2 Cytology can be used to accurately diagnose certain entities alone and is superior to frozen section for certain tumor types and for evaluating bone marrow margins.3 It is also invaluable in triaging fresh specimens for ancillary studies and for tumor banking. Cytological samples are excellent for ancillary studies, including for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
Ship Capsizing in Random Sea Waves and the Mathentical Pendulum

The ship capsizing is treated as a first-passage problem by using the method of asymptotic expansion solutions of the Pontryagin’s differential equation [1]. The analysis includes first- and second-order asymptotic approximations for the mean exit time based on perturbation analysis of diffusion processes [2–4]. Related work of first-passage problem has been considered by others [5–9]. The ship governing equation of motion is related to a great extent to the motion of the mathematical pendulum in the rotational motion regime. In this case the analysis is extended to include an approximate solution of the Fokker-Planck equation for stationary probability density. Conditions for stochastic bifurcation in probability are obtained.
Expression and characterization of soluble epitope-defined major histocompatibility complex (MHC) from stable eukaryotic cell lines

MHC class I-specific reagents such as fluorescently-labeled multimers (e.g., tetramers) have greatly advanced the understanding of CD8+ T cells under normal and diseased states. However, recombinant MHC class I components (comprising MHC class I heavy chain and β2 microglobulin) are usually produced in bacteria following a lengthy purification protocol that requires additional non-covalent folding steps with exogenous peptide for complete molecular assembly. We have provided an alternative and rapid approach to generating soluble and fully-folded MHC class I molecules in eukaryotic cell lines (such as CHO cells) using a Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Importantly, this method culminates in generating stable cell lines that reliably secrete epitope-defined MHC class I molecules into the tissue media for convenient purification and eventual biotinylation/multimerization. Additionally, MHC class I components are covalently linked, providing the opportunity to produce a diverse set of CD8+ T cell-specific reagents bearing peptides with various affinities to MHC class I.
Diffusional kurtosis imaging of the corpus callosum in autism.

The corpus callosum is implicated in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, specific structural deficits and underlying mechanisms are yet to be well defined. We employed diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) metrics to characterize white matter properties within five discrete segments of the corpus callosum in 17 typically developing (TD) adults and 16 age-matched participants with ASD without co-occurring intellectual disability (ID). The DKI metrics included axonal water fraction (faxon) and intra-axonal diffusivity (Daxon), which reflect axonal density and caliber, and extra-axonal radial (RDextra) and axial (ADextra) diffusivities, which reflect myelination and microstructural organization of the extracellular space. The relationships between DKI metrics and processing speed, a cognitive feature known to be impaired in ASD, were also examined. ASD group had significantly decreased callosal faxon and Daxon (p = .01 and p = .045), particularly in the midbody, isthmus, and splenium. Regression analysis showed that variation in DKI metrics, primarily in the mid and posterior callosal regions explained up to 70.7% of the variance in processing speed scores for TD (p = .001) but not for ASD (p > .05). Decreased DKI metrics suggested that ASD may be associated with axonal deficits such as reduced axonal caliber and density in the corpus callosum, especially in the mid and posterior callosal areas. These data suggest that impaired interhemispheric connectivity may contribute to decreased processing speed in ASD participants.
We Can Achieve if We Receive: Examining the Effects of Out-of-School Time Activities on Black Student Achievement in Mathematics.

The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of out-of-school time (OST) science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) activities to differentially influence mathematics achieveme...
Moderate Muslims and Democratic Breakdown in Indonesia

ABSTRACTFor much of the 2000s, scholars and activists lauded Indonesia’s surprisingly successful transition to democracy. Recent years, however, have made imperfections visible to the point where t...
Does a proxy measure up? A framework to assess and convey proxy reliability

Abstract. Earth scientists describe a wide range of observational measurements as “proxy measurements”. By referring to such a vast body of measurements simply as “proxy”, researchers dilute significant differences in the various ways that measurements relate to the phenomena they intend to describe. The limited language around these measurements makes it difficult for the nonspecialist to assess the reliability and uncertainty of data generated from proxy measurements. Producers and reviewers of proxy data need a common framework for conveying proxy measurement methodology, uncertainty, and applicability for a given study. We develop a functional distinction between different forms of measurement based on the different ways that their outputs (values, interpretations) relate to the phenomena they intend to describe (e.g., temperature). Paleotemperature measurements, which are used to estimate temperatures of systems in Earth's past, serve as a case study to examine and apply this new functional proxy definition. We explore the historical development and application of two widely used paleotemperature proxies, calcite δ18 O and TEX 86 , to illustrate how different measurements relate to the phenomena they intend to describe. Both proxies are vulnerable to causal factors that interfere with their relationship with temperature but address those “confounding causal factors” in different ways. While the goal of proxy development is to fully identify, quantify, and calibrate to all confounding causal factors, the reality of proxy applications, especially for past systems, engenders unavoidable and potentially significant uncertainties. We propose a framework that allows researchers to be explicit about the limitations of their proxies and identify steps for further development. This paper underscores the ongoing effort and continued need for critical examination of proxies throughout their development and application, particularly in Earth's history, for reliable proxy interpretation.
Associations of adiponectin and leptin with brain natriuretic peptide in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is elevated in decompensated systolic and diastolic heart failure. The plasma levels of adipokines, such as adiponectin and leptin, may provide evidence for mechanistic differences in BNP concentrations. African-American-specific associations are limited in the literature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of adiponectin and leptin with BNP among African Americans. Methods Linear and logistic regressions were used to test the associations between adiponectin, leptin, and plasma BNP in 3738 participants of the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), a single-site prospective cohort study of African Americans in Jackson, Mississippi. Results A direct relationship of adiponectin was observed in multiple multivariate-adjusted linear models: in men (β = 0.41-0.47), and in women (β = 0.32-0.38). Those in the highest quartile of adiponectin expression were twice as likely to have elevated BNP levels after adjustment [odds ratio 2.66 (95% confidence interval, 1.66-4.34)]. An inverse relationship of leptin with BNP was observed (β = -0.15) but attenuated after adjustment for aldosterone, renin, and adiponectin. Conclusions Different linear associations of adiponectin and leptin with BNP were observed. Odds of elevated adiponectin were observed with elevated BNP in multivariate-adjusted models. This paradoxical relationship of adiponectin and plasma BNP is possibly explained through adiponectin resistance.
Genetic Testing and Screening Recommendations for Patients with Hereditary Breast Cancer

Professionals who specialize in breast imaging may be the first to initiate the conversation about genetic counseling with patients who have a diagnosis of premenopausal breast cancer or a strong family history of breast and ovarian cancer. Commercial genetic testing panels have gained popularity and have become more affordable in recent years. Therefore, it is imperative for radiologists to be able to provide counseling and to identify those patients who should be referred for genetic testing. The authors review the process of genetic counseling and the associated screening recommendations for patients at high and moderate risk. Ultimately, genetic test results enable appropriate patient-specific screening, which allows improvement of overall survival by early detection and timely treatment. The authors discuss pretest counseling, which involves the use of various breast cancer risk assessment tools such as the Gail and Tyrer-Cuzick models. The most common high- and moderate-risk gene mutations associated with breast cancer are also reviewed. In addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2, several high-risk genes, including TP53, PTEN, CDH1, and STK11, are discussed. Moderate-risk genes include ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2. The imaging appearances of breast cancer typically associated with each gene mutation, as well as the other associated cancers, are described. ©RSNA, 2020 See discussion on this article by Butler (pp 937-940).
Contribution of decomposing plant roots to N2O emissions by water absorption

Abstract The “sponge effect”, or water absorption by incorporated plant leaf residues, was recently identified as one of the mechanisms that drives activity in microbial hotspots. We explored the presence of the sponge effect in plant root residues, and its role in root decomposition and associated N2O and CO2 emissions. Young soybean (Glycine max) plants were grown in microcosms with two soil materials dominated by (i) large (>30 μm O) and (ii) small (
How Does an Oncology Nurse Increase Moral Resilience During a Pandemic

As an oncology advanced practice nurse, I find myself asking, "How can I continue to provide the same level of competent, quality care while meeting the unique, holistic needs of this population leveraged with self-care during the COVID-19 pandemic?" In talking with colleagues, we find ourselves torn between providing fluid oncology care that is compassionate and comprehensive while managing our uncertainties with our family since the beginning of this pandemic. I practice in a state that is known nationally to have the worst rates of cancer-associated deaths and comorbidities, which predisposes patients to poor outcomes with COVID-19 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Providers grasp that patients are at higher risk, yet patients with active cancer must be seen in person regularly and providers are tasked with how to protect them.
Electron and hole mobility of rutile GeO2 from first principles: An ultrawide-bandgap semiconductor for power electronics

Rutile germanium dioxide (r-GeO2) is a recently predicted ultrawide-bandgap semiconductor with potential applications in high-power electronic devices, for which the carrier mobility is an important material parameter that controls the device efficiency. We apply first-principles calculations based on density functional and density functional perturbation theory to investigate carrier-phonon coupling in r-GeO2 and predict its phonon-limited electron and hole mobilities as a function of temperature and crystallographic orientation. The calculated carrier mobilities at 300 K are μ elec , ⊥ c → = 244 cm2 V−1 s−1, μ elec , ∥ c → = 377 cm2 V−1 s−1, μ hole , ⊥ c → = 27 cm2 V−1 s−1, and μ hole , ∥ c → = 29 cm2 V−1 s−1. At room temperature, carrier scattering is dominated by the low-frequency polar-optical phonon modes. The predicted Baliga figure of merit of n-type r-GeO2 surpasses several incumbent semiconductors such as Si, SiC, GaN, and β-Ga2O3, demonstrating its superior performance in high-power electronic devices.
Direct synthesis of carbon nanomaterials via surface activation of bulk copper

Abstract A facile and novel surface activation approach using a strong-base solution enables the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) directly from bulk copper substrates via chemical vapor deposition. Amorphous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were grown at temperatures as low as 250 °C, whereas at 600 °C the nanofibers were observed to be turbostratic, and at 700 °C turbostratic CNFs were synthesized together with a new aerogel-like 3D porous turbostratic CNM. A mechanistic model for the observed growth of CNMs from surface activated bulk copper is proposed. Our process is shown to yield conformal CNF growth on various complex-shaped copper substrates, such as meshes and wires, as well as copper-coated materials including carbon fibers and polymer films.
Database for the design of tailored light delivery for optogenetics in non-human primates

This study analyzes the light emission pattern of tapered optical fibers (TFs) across different numerical apertures (NA), core diameters, laser input powers, cone angles, and light injection angles. The results will be used to tailor optical fibers for optimal light delivery to photosensitive neuronal actuators in the non-human primate (NHP) brain.
Molecular size and conformation of immunoglobulins.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews studies on the higher levels of organization in immunoglobulin molecules such as their size and shape as well as the more intimate aspects of their internal folding. One of the most exciting problems in molecular biology is the elucidation of the relationship between the biological properties of immunoglobulins and their organization at the several levels of protein structure. Significant advances are made in the determination of the amino acid sequence of immunoglobulin subunits, particularly from myeloma proteins. In recent years, attention to the concentration dependence of the molecular weight values and the effects of aggregates in the γG preparations has resulted in lower values for the molecular weight. The problems of aggregation and limited solubility of the heavy chain of γG-globulin (and other immunoglobulin classes) in neutral aqueous solvents have meant that reliable values for their molecular size have only been obtained in dissociating solvents. In practice, this has also been true for the light chain of γG-globulin. The chapter proposes various topographical models for γG and γM with a reasonable degree of confidence. Refining these models to the atomic level still seems a long way off. The reasonable assumption is that such knowledge can come only from the X-ray crystallography.
Juvenile Justice: Adolescent Development

Some have argued that courts ought to assess defendants' maturity on a case-by-case basis, pointing to the fact that older adolescents, in particular, vary in their capacity for mature decision-making. But the tools needed to measure psychosocial maturity on an individual basis are not well developed, nor is it possible to distinguish reliably between mature and immature adolescents on the basis of brain images. Consequently, assessing maturity on an individual basis, as we do with other mitigating factors, is likely to produce many errors. However, the maturing process follows a similar pattern across virtually all teenagers. Therefore it is both logical and efficient to treat adolescents as a special legal category—and to refer the vast majority of offenders under the age of 18 to juvenile court, where they will be treated as responsible but less blameworthy, and where they will receive less punishment and more rehabilitation and treatment than typical adult offenders. The juvenile system does not excuse youths of their crimes; rather, it acknowledges the development stage and its role in the crimes committed, and punishes appropriately. Keywords: children as defendants; death penalty and age
Aristotle and the Eleatic Stranger on the Nature and Purpose of Political Life

This article argues that Book I of the Politics represents Aristotle's critique of Plato's Eleatic Stranger on the specific character of political rule and the knowledge required for political rule, and that this critique produces a different understanding of the proper division of regimes and the relationship between political theory and practice. These differences can be traced to a more fundamental disagreement about nature: Aristotle sees nature as generally hospitable to human life and argues that the natural end or goal of political association is not mere life but the good life, while the Eleatic perceives nature as hostile and proposes a minimalist politics, aimed primarily at preserving life. Although the Eleatic's view of nature might appear to be closer to and more compatible with modern political thought, the conception of nature Aristotle presents in his Politics offers richer possibilities for political theory and political life.
Risk and the National Industrial Recovery Act: An empirical evaluation *

This paper examines the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 to see if the law helped “stabilize” the U.S. economy during the Great Depression. The test measures sample variances of the rates of return in stock price indices for six major U.S. industries as well as the overall stock market and compares those variances across five time periods. The statistics reveal that the NIRA did not reduce risks faced by these firms. Stocks for NIRA-regulated industries did not significantly decline in risk during the NIRA period, as compared with sample variance changes elsewhere during the Great Depression. The paper then interprets the results from a public choice point of view.
Cytoplasmic vacuoles: clue in the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of melanoma.

For the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of melanoma recognition of characteristic morphologic features is key. In our practice we noted that cytoplasmic vacuoles in Romanowsky-stained FNA smears of melanoma appeared to be a frequent finding. To investigate this premise, we examined 36 consecutive melanoma FNA cases that had both adequate Papanicolaou-stained and Romanowsky-stained smears in an effort to determine the prevalence, and thereby, the potential diagnostic utility of cytoplasmic vacuoles in the diagnosis of melanoma compared to established cytomorphologic parameters of melanoma. We found pigment in 21 cases (58%) and plasmacytoid cells in 28 cases (78%), and in all 36 cases (100%) we found bi/multinucleation, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions and prominent nucleoli. Cytoplasmic vacuoles were present in 30 cases (83%) and were found in air-dried Romanowsky-stained smears only. These findings suggest that in FNA smears of melanoma cytoplasmic vacuoles in Romanowsky-stained smears have prevalence and potential diagnostic utility that are comparable to widely recognized cytomorphologic features of melanoma. Numerous articles have focused on the cytomorphologic criteria for the FNA diagnosis of melanoma, but few have noted the presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles in FNA smears of melanoma, and rare reports suggest this finding to be a useful clue to the FNA diagnosis of melanoma. This report appears to be the first to focus on the prevalence and potential diagnostic utility of cytoplasmic vacuoles in FNA samples of melanoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42: 143–146. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can super-excited molecules survive fragmentation?

An Auger event triggered by electron-capture (EC) decay of 57 Co incorporated in a chelate molecule results in the loss of an average of 5 electrons. During subsequent charge neutralization, the molecule acquires >50 eV of excitation energy. Only molecules having a large π-electron system were found to escape fragmentation. The fate of the molecule was followed by the 14.4 keV Mossbauer emission which occurs 10-7 second after the EC event. For a conjugated molecule to survive fragmentation, it should be able to disperse its energy in a time interval shorter than the period of atomic vibrations. We had proposed earlier that p-electrons undergo collective excitation and that the plasmon decays in <10-14 second accompanied by ejection of an electron leaving the molecule unscathed. Intermolecular energy transfer is not important and even an isolated molecule of 57 Co(II) phthalocyanine encapsulated in a zeolite supercage escapes fragmentation following an Auger event. Our model for rapid disposal of large excitation energy receives additional support from recent reports of single or mulitphoton plasmon excitation (∼20 eV) in an isolated C60 and C70 fullerene molecule followed by ejection of a single energetic electron leaving the molecule intact.
Theorizing Gender for Experimental Game Theory: Experiments with “Sex Status” and “Merit Status” in an Asymmetric Game

In experimental game-theoretic research, to the extent that sex has been considered at all, the approach has been to focus on the individual level of analysis. This paper reports the results of experiments designed to focus on sex/gender and to expand the level of analysis to include the institutional level. An asymmetric game was designed such that players in the “male” and “female” institutional locations had 3 and 2 alternatives, respectively. Players earned the institutional locations based on a test, so that top and bottom scorers respectively “merited” the 3- and 2-alternatives locations. Game-theoretic understandings of sex-of-player were compared to the expectations states theory concept of “sex status”; that is, men expect and are expected to perform more competently than women. Results indicated that top-scorer men and women behave similarly; bottom-scorer men “resist” their low merit status (behaving the most “rationally” of all player groups); bottom-scorer women “accept” their low merit status (behaving the most “irrationally” of all player groups). Whereas game theory cannot provide a coherent understanding of these findings, the concept of sex status helps to interpret the behavior of all four player groups and shows how judgments about “rationality” and “irrationality” depend critically on the interpretive framework used.
GAMETOGENIC PRECOCITY IN A TWELVE-MONTH-OLD FEMALE: A CASE REPORT.

Abstract 1. 1. Clinical, biochemical and cytological findings in a patient with gametogenic precocity studied for 5 months, from age 9.5 months to 14.5 months, are presented. The diagnosis of true constitutional precocious puberty was established in this patient by the evidence presented. To the authors' knowledge, this is the youngest patient with proved ovulatory gametogenesis reported to date. 2. 2. The differential diagnosis of patients with precocious sexual development and uterine bleeding has been considered. 3. 3. Diagnostic laparotomy in the absence of a palpable adnexal mass has again been discouraged. 4. 4. Endometrial biopsy has been discussed and endorsed as a useful adjunct in the diagnostic evaluation of such patients. Proff of ovulatory menses by endometrial biopsy indicated complete precocious puberty in this patient, and the absence of abnormal neurological findings indicated it was of the idiopathic type.
VPM: Virtual power meter tool for low-power many-core/heterogeneous data center prototypes

Power and energy consumption of data centers are steadily increasing and the work performed by the data centers is not proportional to the power dissipated, where every μA is a revenue for the entity. On the one hand, the hardware community is proposing various methodologies to address this issue such as low-power processors, heterogeneity, etc. to reduce the power of the servers. On the other hand, the software community proposes mechanisms such as virtual machines (VMs), work-load scheduling, etc. to increase the utilization of the processor. In order to properly evaluate the impact of these mechanisms, we need an accurate power monitoring and estimation tool at the hardware host level, the VM level and the system-level. This paper proposes a novel power monitoring middleware on a low-power platform at the node level (ARM Big.LITTLE) and an estimation methodology by using a simulator for future data center prototypes at any given level of virtualization. First, we built an instrumentation framework to measure the power based on hardware counter activities and with respect to current fluctuation. This allows us to build power models for the corresponding platforms, which are fed into the middleware to estimate power on the fly. Furthermore, we used the same framework for future low-power processors such as ARM Cortex-A57 and -A53 based platforms, which are integrated into the architectural simulator by providing an API to estimate power with the power model. Second, we present a machine learning-based energy efficient scheduling of the VMs that leverages VPM. The results obtained with the power monitoring middleware differ less than 2% from real board measurements and 5% when using the simulation environment regardless of the number of virtual machines used. Furthermore, we reduced 40% of energy consumption on average when compared to default scheduling of the KVM hypervisor.
A functional ribonucleoprotein complex forms around the 5′ end of poliovirus RNA

The existence of a computer-predicted cloverleaf structure for the first 100 nucleotides at the 5' end of poliovirus RNA was verified by site-directed mutagenesis and by chemical and RNAase probing. Mutations that modified the cloverleaf in the positive strand but not the negative strand were lethal to the virus. This RNA cloverleaf structure binds a cellular protein and the viral proteins 3Cpro and 3Dpol. Mutations in specific regions of the RNA cloverleaf prevented this binding. Mutations in either 3Cpro or the RNA that disrupted ribonucleoprotein complex formation inhibited virus growth and selectively affected positive strand RNA accumulation. Phenotypic reversion of these mutations restored the ability to form the complex. Thus, a cloverleaf structure in poliovirus RNA plays a central role in organizing viral and cellular proteins involved in positive strand production.
The Effect of Stripping on Sweat Ducts Observed by Intravital Microscopy

The effect of stripping on the intraepidermal sweat duct has been studied by intravital microscopy on the fingers of 22 subjects. The results demonstrate that superficial stripping can block sweat delivery in some ducts by filling them with air. The technique used also makes it possible to distinguish sweat droplets from tissue fluid lost by the skin surface after complete stripping of stratum corneum.
Controversy: Does Prevention of Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Improve Clinical Outcome?

The first images of cerebral vasospasm were published in 1951.1 Although that report was followed by a debate regarding the role of angiographic narrowing in causing neurological deficits,2 the question seemed to be settled by Fisher3 in 1977 when he reported a strong relationship between angiographic vasospasm and delayed neurological deficits. Simple explanations that are consistent with current thinking are usually quickly adopted and rapidly evolve into dogma. Dissenting voices are largely ignored except by a passionate few until the volume of evidence reaches critical mass. It seems that the results …
Latent Heat Released Experimentally by Adding Sodium Chloride Particles to the Atmosphere

Abstract Dry particles of sodium chloride, in the size range of 0.5 to 20 μ in diameter, were introduced from an aircraft into moist air at altitudes of 400–500 m over the sea near the island of Hawaii. Discharge rates from each 400-kg load were adjusted to try to produce salt concentrations in the air of 40 mg kg−1, with the purpose of releasing the latent heat in about 107 kg of air as a result of the condensation of water vapor on the salt. Forty-one separate experiments in air with a relative humidity of 80–90 per cent showed that the salt-laden air was warmer than the ambient air by 0.35C on the average. It is suggested that air, heated internally in this manner, may under certain conditions rise to the lifting condensation level, and that this process may be utilized in studies of convective cloud-initiating processes. On the modest scale of operation conducted here, each experiment, involving two light aircraft, cost about $250.
Leadership: From a Psychiatric to an Institutional Perspective

I do not really know if being a psychiatrist has made me a better associate dean. I know that the mentoring and acquisition of leadership skills I have available through my involvement in the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training (AADPRT) and AAP have been helpful. I have to assume that these aids are available in some measure in other specialty organizations. I know that the thoughts and priorities I have outlined in the previous pages draw heavily on psychological principles and basic constructs of human behavior. Clearly my interest in the human condition is one of the things that drew me to psychiatry in the first place. However, when I reflect on where I learned the things I am writing about, outside of personal experience, most of it was from readings and presentations from the business or systems literature rather than the psychiatric literature. Whatever the source, I have found that enjoying and understanding people are perhaps not sufficient, but definitely necessary prerequisite skills for this job. And it is indeed the best job in the world.
Ising model in a time-dependent magnetic field.

We report the results of Monte Carlo simulations on a two-dimensional Ising model in a sinusoidally oscillating external magnetic field. We find evidence for a dynamical phase transition, supporting the results of recent mean-field and large-N analyses of this model. We also analyze the hysteresis loops as a function of the amplitude and frequency of the applied field, fitting our data to a proposed areal scaling law.
Nonlinear Thomson scattering for off-axis interaction geometries

Abstract We examine the generation of X-rays via nonlinear Thomson scattering of intense lasers from relativistic electron beams, with particular attention to off-axis scattering geometries. We present analytic expressions for the intensity distribution of the scattered radiation, valid in the nonlinear regime (arbitrary laser intensity) and including the generation of harmonics. Spectra are plotted numerically for the specific cases of head-on and transverse scattering. The dependence of X-ray pulse duration and photon flux on interaction geometry are also examined.
Solute hardening at interfaces in high-purity lead—I Grain and twin boundaries

Abstract Solute induced grain and twin boundary hardening is studied in zone refined lead containing p.p.m. concentrations of Sn, In, Ag or Au. Experimental variables include solute concentration, boundary structure and temperature.
Pulmonary Histopathology in an Experimental Model of Chronic Aspiration Is Independent of Acidity

Gastroesophageal reflux has become a major health concern in industrialized countries, with drugs aimed at blocking acid production being more frequently prescribed than any other drug. Damage to lung tissue as a result of chronic aspiration of gastric fluid is a primary health risk associated with gastro-esophageal reflux, with such aspiration being suspected in the induction or exacerbation of asthma and other lung diseases. In this study, a rodent model of chronic aspiration was used to characterize the pulmonary histopathology produced by repetitive aspiration events and to investigate the pathologic roles of individual gastric fluid components such as acid and particulate food matter. Rats exposed to chronic aspiration of whole gastric fluid developed a pathology distinct from that of acute lung injury, characterized by granulomatous interstitial pneumonitis with prominent formation of multinucleated giant cells. This pattern of injury could be reproduced with chronic aspiration of particulate food matter and with chronic aspiration of pH-neutralized gastric fluid, but not with chronic aspiration of hydrochloric acid. Thus, since acid-neutralizing therapy is currently the mainstay of treatment for patients with reflux-associated respiratory symptoms, these results strongly suggest that alternative therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing chronic-aspiration induced lung injury may be warranted.
Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of an Erbium Two-Photon Dye Salt

The optical properties of erbium tri-4-{[4-(2-{4-[5-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-phenyl}-vinyl)-phenyl]-phenyl-amino}-benzoate, viz., an erbium two-photon dye salt, were investigated in THF solutions. Using the corresponding two-photon dye monomer acid as a reference material, we observed that the photoluminescence of the erbium two-photon dye salt was quenched significantly while nonlinear absorption for infrared nanosecond excitation was enhanced compared to the monomeric form. On the other hand, femtosecond Z-scan measurements suggest the same two-photon absorption coefficient for the dye in both forms. A possible explanation is that the presence of erbium enhances the intersystem crossing rate and that the nonlinear absorption effect must be due to two-photon absorption and subsequent triplet−triplet excited-state absorption for nanosecond pulsed excitation. Our analysis of the nonlinear absorption (power limiting) data suggests that the intersystem crossing rate is 3 orders of magnitu...
Trophoblast Induces Monocyte Differentiation Into CD14+/ CD16+ Macrophages

Problem During early pregnancy, macrophages and trophoblast come into close contact during placenta development, and regulated cross talk between these cellular compartments is crucial for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. As trophoblast cells constitutively secrete many chemokines and cytokines, we hypothesize that trophoblast secreted factors can differentiate monocytes into a decidual phenotype. In this study, we describe a unique macrophage phenotype following monocytes’ exposure to trophoblast soluble factors.
Pregnancy and epilepsy management and outcome: an update

Epilepsy affects one in 100 individuals. Although epilepsy is gender neutral, women face more challenges with regard to treatment than men. Treatment of women with epilepsy is a therapeutic challenge since they are unlikely to be medication free. An estimated 1 million women with epilepsy are of childbearing age. Each year, approximately 20,000 births occur in women with epilepsy. Despite these challenges, over 90% of women with epilepsy have normal healthy outcomes. Ensuring seizure control is of utmost importance to the health of the mother and fetus. Serum concentrations of antiepileptic drug (AED) decrease during pregnancy resulting in an increased risk of seizure activity, which may result in serious consequences such as maternal injury or fetal and/or maternal demise. Teratogenicity secondary to AED drug exposure has long been reported, especially with the older AEDs, and to some degree with newer agents. More recently, the discovery of long-term cognitive impairment has been reported in offspring e...
Reply to: Open or closed? A discussion of the mistaken assumptions in the Economides analysis of carbon sequestration

Abstract This reply provides an opportunity to clarify one important point: although they might reduce the risk of the project, our paper was not meant to imply that CO 2 storage can only be done in closed aquifers. Rather, we are pointing out that in projects involving injection with multiple wells in the same aquifer, resulting inter-well interference implies that each well has its own injection area with an effectively closed boundary. Bumblebee theories notwithstanding, our conceptual model matches rigorous simulation, and enables the fundamental observations that we have previously reported.
Small sample properties of rare variant analysis methods

We are now well into the sequencing era of genetic analysis, and methods to investigate rare variants associated with disease remain in high demand. Currently, the more common rare variant analysis methods are burden tests and variance component tests. This report introduces a burden test known as the modified replication based sum statistic and evaluates its performance, and the performance of other common burden and variance component tests under the setting of a small sample size (103 total cases and controls) using the Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 simulated data with complete knowledge of the simulation model. Specifically we look at the variable threshold sum statistic, replication-based sum statistics, the C-alpha, and sequence kernel association test. Using minor allele frequency thresholds of less than 0.05, we find that the modified replication based sum statistic is competitive with all methods and that using 103 individuals leads to all methods being vastly underpowered. Much larger sample sizes are needed to confidently find truly associated genes.
Upgrading waste heat from a cement plant for thermochemical hydrogen production

A calcium oxide/steam chemical heat pump (CHP) is presented in the study as a means to upgrade waste heat from industrial processes for thermochemical hydrogen production. The CHP is used to upgrade waste heat for the decomposition of copper oxychloride (CuO.CuCl2) in a copper–chlorine (Cu–Cl) thermochemical cycle. A formulation is presented for high temperature steam electrolysis and thermochemical splitting of water using waste heat of a cement plant. Numerical models are presented for verifying the availability of energy for potential waste heat upgrading in cement plants. The optimal hydration and decomposition temperatures for the calcium oxide/steam reversible reaction of 485 K and 565 K respectively are obtained for the combined heat pump and thermochemical cycle. The coefficient of performance and overall efficiency of 4.6 and 47.8% respectively are presented and discussed for the CHP and hydrogen production from the cement plant.
Selective pathological changes of the periaqueductal gray matter in Alzheimer's disease

The periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) is a major neuroanatomical component of the brainstem and has pivotal roles in autonomic functions, behavior, and cognition, most notably in the processing of emotions and feelings. In a study of 32 brains obtained from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), thioflavin S-stained sections from the PAG contained major pathological changes in 81% of cases. These changes were absent in all 26 control brains (13 from normal subjects and 13 from non-AD patients). In the AD cases, both sides of the PAG were affected symmetrically; in 72%, there were only senile plaques, but there were both senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in 9%. Using immunohistochemical methods with 10D5, ALZ-50, and AT8 antibodies, we also established the presence of beta-amyloid peptide and abnormally phosphorylated tau protein in the PAG. Furthermore, we found that the type and density of pathological changes were expressed differently in different PAG regions and correlated with gender and the duration of dementia. These findings constitute a first step in documenting the selective changes of PAG in AD. The compartmentalized pattern of AD changes in PAG also reveals for the first time the columnar organization of PAG in human subjects.
Performance of a superconducting cavity stabilized ruby maser oscillator

We first described an all-cryogenic oscillator system at the 1982 Applied Superconductivity Conference in Knoxville. This oscillator consists of a ruby cavity maser stabilized by a high-Q superconductor-on-sapphire resonator. The maser provides gain with very low noise and small power dissipation, while the sapphire substrate's thermal coefficient of expansion is 100 times smaller than that of superconducting metals. Having tested the major components and proved them satisfactory to the design, we have now assembled the first such oscillator and tested its performance in several preliminary configurations. The results of stability tests in a more advanced configuration will be reported. We shall describe this oscillator and shall report on its performance as a high-stability frequency source.
Lesson Study with preservice teachers: Lessons from lessons

Abstract This article examines a 2-year process of integrating Lesson Study—a form of teacher-led professional development—into an introductory course on the principles of teaching for students majoring in early childhood education. The course is taught in conjunction with beginning practicum work in area schools. We describe obstacles, modifications, and outcomes as we adapted the Lesson-Study process to help preservice teachers pay closer attention to instructional strategies (such as questioning techniques, anticipating student responses, and how lesson flow affects student understanding), and become more comfortable with constructive criticism by focusing on the lesson plan rather than the teacher.
THE USE OF GOAL SETTING AND CONTINGENCY CONTRACTING FOR IMPROVING CHILDREN'S HOMEWORK PERFORMANCE

Abstract We examined the effects of goal setting and contingency contracting on children's homework performance. Subjects were 4 parent-child dyads in which the child exhibited substantial homework problems. Using a combination of multiple baseline and reversal (ABAB) designs, goal setting and contingency contracting produced significant improvements in children's homework accuracy. Two of the 4 subjects showed substantial improvements in on-task behavior. Consumer satisfaction with the procedures was supported by parent ratings conducted posttreatment.
Measurement of transient susceptibility tensor created by rotational wave packets excited by arbitrarily polarized femtosecond laser pulses

Transient susceptibility tensors produced by rotational wavepackets formed by femtosecond laser pulses with arbitrary polarization are shown to be biaxial or uniaxial. Single-shot measurements of the phase modulation of a probe pulse are demonstrated.
Mechanism of termination of bacteriophage DNA packaging investigated with optical tweezers

The genomes of many dsDNA viruses are replicated by a mechanism that produces a long concatemer of multiple genomes. These viruses utilize multifunctional molecular motor complexes referred to as "terminases" that can excise a unit genome length of DNA and package it into preformed viral shells. Remarkably, the terminase motor can initiate packaging at the appropriate start point, translocate DNA, sense when a sufficient length has been packaged, and then switch into a mode where it arrests and cleaves the DNA to release a filled virus particle. We have recently developed an improved method to measure single phage lambda DNA packaging using dual-trap optical tweezers and pre-stalled motor-DNA-procapsid complexes. We are applying this method to test proposed mechanisms for the sensor that triggers termination; specifically a velocity-monitor model vs. energy-monitor model vs. capsid-filling monitor model.
Reversal of stress-induced analgesia by apomorphine, but not by amphetamine

Abstract Acute exposure to severe stressors induce profound analgesia as well as depleting catecholamine levels. The present study examined whether d-amphetamine and apomorphine, agents which increase catecholamine availability, would alter the analgesic effectiveness of cold-water swims (CWS) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) as measured by an operant liminal escape procedure. Two groups of 10 rats each were tested to determine alterations in liminal escape threshold functions following amphetamine at doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1,2 mg/kg and following apomorphine at doses of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/kg. Half of the amphetamine and half of the apomorphine groups were tested across their respective dose ranges for the drug effects upon CWS analgesia. The remaining animals in each group received 2-DG (600 mg/kg IP) alone followed by 2-DG paired with each stimulant dose. No dose of amphetamine or apomorphine alone altered escape thresholds. While amphetamine produced slight potentiations of 2-DG analgesia at the two low doses, apomorphine at the 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg doses returned CWS and 2-DG analgesia to within normal placebo values. These results provide indirect evidence for a role for brain norepinephrine and dopamine in stress-induced analgesia, and these data are discussed with respect to catecholamine involvement in pain-inhibitory processes.