cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photinos from cosmic sources

In supersymmetric (SUSY) theories1, the photino is the fermion partner of the photon and is expected to be the lightest stable particle. Despite many discussions of the possible production of photinos, and other supersymmetric particles, at existing and proposed accelerators2, so far, experiments have only set limits3,4. We propose here that photinos are produced by sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We specifically consider Cygnus X-3, which is a powerful source of neutral particles up to 104 TeV (refs 5–8). These are usually assumed to be γ rays, but there is no direct evidence for this, and shower5,6 and underground9,10 experiments suggest that there may be another component present. Here we estimate that a photino flux of the order of 10−14 cm−2 s−1 above 10 TeV is possible from a source such as Cyg X-3, under certain conditions, and consider the feasibility of detecting these photinos.
Trimethoprim-associated hyponatremia.

Hyponatremia associated with diuretic use can be clinically difficult to differentiate from the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). We report a case of a 28-year-old man with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and Pneumocystis pneumonia who developed hyponatremia while receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Serum sodium level on admission was 135 mEq/L (with a history of hyponatremia) and decreased to 117 mEq/L by day 7 of TMP/SMX treatment. In the setting of suspected euvolemia and Pneumocystis pneumonia, he was treated initially for SIADH with fluid restriction and tolvaptan without improvement in serum sodium level. A diagnosis of hyponatremia secondary to the diuretic effect of TMP subsequently was confirmed, with clinical hypovolemia and high renin, aldosterone, and urinary sodium levels. Subsequent therapy with sodium chloride stabilized serum sodium levels in the 126- to 129-mEq/L range. After discontinuation of TMP/SMX treatment, serum sodium, renin, and aldosterone levels normalized. TMP/SMX-related hyponatremia likely is underdiagnosed and often mistaken for SIADH. It should be considered for patients on high-dose TMP/SMX treatment and can be differentiated from SIADH by clinical hypovolemia (confirmed by high renin and aldosterone levels). TMP-associated hyponatremia can be treated with sodium supplementation to offset ongoing urinary losses if the TMP/SMX therapy cannot be discontinued. In this Acid-Base and Electrolyte Teaching Case, a less common cause of hyponatremia is presented, and a stepwise approach to the diagnosis is illustrated.
Far-Infrared and Raman Spectra and Vibrational Potential Energy Surface for the Ring-Puckering and Ring-Flapping of Coumaran

The far-infrared and Raman spectra of coumaran vapor have been recorded and analyzed. Single, double, and triple quantum jump transitions (ΔvP = 1, 2, 3) were observed in the 60−270 cm-1 region for the ring-puckering vibration in both the ground and first excited states of the ring-flapping vibration. These were utilized to assign the ring-puckering quantum states for both flapping states, allowing both one- and two-dimensional potential energy functions to be determined. The one-dimensional function in terms of the ring-puckering coordinate (x1) has the form V (cm-1) = (7.92 × 105)x14 − (2.99 × 104)x12 and has a barrier to planarity of 279 cm-1 (3.32 kJ/mol) with energy minima corresponding to dihedral angles of ±30°. The two-dimensional surface in terms of the puckering and flapping coordinates shows that there is extensive interaction between these two vibrations. The barrier for the two-dimensional surface is 275 cm-1, and the dihedral angle is 37°. The coumaran barrier is considerably higher than tha...
Executive compensation and product market behaviour

There is little empirical evidence on the effect of a CEO’s incentive compensation on the firm’s product market behaviour. This article reports that performance (risk)-based incentive compensation delta (vega) of a firm’s CEO positively affects its industry-adjusted sales growth (proxy for product market behaviour).
A Survey of Alumni of LIS Distance Education Programs: Experiences and Implications

A growing number American Library Association (ALA)-accredited library schools are offering distance education graduate programs, sparking a debate about the quality and acceptance of such degrees. Alumni of distance education Library and Information Science (LIS) programs were surveyed about their distance education experiences. Survey results and implications for the library community are discussed.
MR Imaging of Malignant Uterine Disease

The role of MR imaging in the diagnosis and management of patients who have uterine malignancy continues to evolve. MR imaging has been shown to be effective for preoperative characterization and staging of endometrial and cervical carcinoma, and for the evaluation of posttreatment changes and recurrent disease. Because of its potential to provide detailed information about local extent and metastatic disease, MR imaging has enormous potential to help triage patients to appropriate treatment groups and provide imaging surveillance after therapy. This article reviews the MR imaging technique and the imaging characteristics of malignant disease of the uterine corpus and cervix.
Modulation of spectrin–actin assembly by erythrocyte adducin

The spectrin-based membrane skeleton, an assembly of proteins tightly associated with the plasma membrane, determines the shape and mechanical properties of erythrocytes. Spectrin, the most abundant component of this assembly, is an elongated and flexible molecule that, with potentiation by protein 4.1, is cross-linked at its ends by short actin filaments to form a lattice beneath the membrane. These and other proteins stabilize the plasma membrane, organize integral membrane proteins and maintain specialized regions of the cell surface1,3. A membrane-skeleton-associated calmodulin-binding protein of erythrocytes4 is a major substrate for Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (ref. 5), and thus is a target for Ca2+ by two regulatory pathways. Here we demonstrate that this protein, called adducin: (1) binds tightly in vitro to spectrin-actin complexes but with much less affinity either to spectrin or to actin alone; (2) promotes assembly of additional spectrin molecules onto actin filaments; and (3) is inhibited in its ability to induce the binding of additional spectrin molecules to actin by micromolar concentrations of calmodulin and Ca2+. Adducin may be involved in the action of Ca2+ on erythrocyte membrane skeleton and in the assembly of spectrin-actin complexes.
The world becomes stranger, the pattern more complicated

Along the way, as we get older, as T. S. Eliot writes in his poem, "The world becomes stranger, the pattern more complicated / Of dead and living." Lately, I have been spending more of my time at the farm. This is the farm that has belonged to my family for generations, since first being settled by my great-grandparents fleeing the potato famine in Ireland, and it is the farm of my birth and early years. Although it would be easy to think of the farm more in the past tense than in the present, I have come to know the place in present terms. Solace is found in this place, here and now. Even among the ruins, in a world becoming stranger, and a pattern more complicated.
Aeroacoustic and Performance Simulations of a Test Scale Open Rotor

This paper explores a comparison between experimental data and numerical simulations of the historical baseline F31/A31 open rotor geometry. The experimental data were obtained at the NASA Glenn Research Center s Aeroacoustic facility and include performance and noise information for a variety of flow speeds (matching take-off and cruise). The numerical simulations provide both performance and aeroacoustic results using the NUMECA s Fine-Turbo analysis code. A non-linear harmonic method is used to capture the rotor/rotor interaction.
Some Navy electronics problems and a proposal for a radar patent pool

A proposal that $25,000,000 a year be set aside for a peacetime electronic research and development program for the Navy, a statement of the necessity of more thoroughgoing and extensive standardization of component parts, and a suggestion for a radar patent pool to solve the postwar radar problem are the high lights of this article.
The air defense game: A microcomputer program for research in human performance

Task Variables The major variables affecting the game are the total number of targets, target speed, and the tempo of operation. Number of targets. Selection from a menu provides 6, 18, 36, 54, or 72 total targets in an engagement. Although spatial constraints allow a maximum of 90 targets (4 deg between neighboring tracks), limitations in computer memory forced the 72-target ceiling. Target speed. Targets advance at one of three constant speeds (fast, medium, or slow), and equal numbers of each are always assigned. Speed clearly determines the optimal time to fire, that is, the update at which a launch will achieve the maximum kill range. III
On a monotone empirical Bayes test procedure in geometric model

A monotone empirical Bayes procedure is proposed for testing Ho : 0 > 00 against H1 : 0 < 00, where 0 is the parameter of a geometric distribution. The asymptotic optimality of the test procedure is established and the associated convergence rate is shown to be of order O(exp(-cn)) for some positive constant c, where n is the number of accumulated past experience (observations) at hand.
The role of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR in HIV and Ebola virus infection: can potential therapeutics block virus transmission and dissemination?

Sexual transmission of HIV requires that the virus crosses mucosal barriers and disseminates into lymphoid tissue, the major site of viral replication. To achieve this, HIV might engage DC-SIGN, a calcium dependent lectin that is expressed on mucosal dendritic cells (DCs), which binds avidly to HIV. DC-SIGN and other attachment factors are likely to account for the well-known ability of DCs to enhance infection of T cells by HIV. Attachment of HIV to DC-SIGN might thus enhance viral spread in mucosal tissues and, by taking advantage of the inherent capacity of DCs to migrate into lymphoid tissue, might promote viral dissemination within the host. DC-SIGN and a related molecule, termed DC-SIGNR, also enhance infection by Ebola virus. The expression of these lectins on early targets of Ebola virus infection, like liver endothelial cells and alveolar macrophages, suggests an important role for DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR in the establishment of Ebola infection. This article reviews the interaction of DC-SIGN and DC...
Applying network address encryption to anonymity and preventing data exfiltration

Two existing network security problems are ensuring anonymous communications and preventing data exfiltration through network covert channels. We present a new concept in network addressing: one-time encrypted network addresses. We describe a particular instantiation: one-time CPP addresses. We then show how one-time encrypted addresses can prevent intersection and other traffic analysis attacks that can undermine low-latency anonymous communications. We show how one-time encrypted addresses can also be used, with certain assumptions, to greatly reduce network covert channels. Thus one-time encrypted network addresses, when combined with other network security countermeasures, are able to provide a back-up defense against malicious software on hosts that attempt to ldquophone homerdquo in order to leak confidential information, including location information. We describe how these techniques can be used to protect confidential data in a MANET.
Asymptotic behavior of solutions of the renormalization group K-epsilon turbulence model

Presently, the only efficient way to calculate turbulent flows in complex geometries of engineering interest is to use Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. As compared to the original Navier-Stokes problem, these RANS equations posses much more complicated nonlinear structure and may exhibit far more complex nonlinear behavior. In certain cases, the asymptotic behavior of such models can be studied analytically which, aside from being an interesting fundamental problem, is important for better understanding of the internal structure of the models as well as to improve their performances. The renormalization group (RNG) K-epsilon turbulence model, derived directly from the incompresible Navier-Stokes equations, is analyzed. It has already been used to calculate a variety of turbulent and transitional flows in complex geometries. For large values of the RNG viscosity parameter, the model may exhibit singular behavior. In the form of the RNG K-epsilon model that avoids the use of explicit wall functions, a = 1, so the RNG viscosity parameter must be smaller than 23.62 to avoid singularities.
ENTREPRENEURIAL SELF-EFFICACY AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENTS: EVIDENCE FROM THE FRANCHISE CONTEXT

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the impact of the five ESE dimensions on firm performance. More specifically, we examine whether any of the five ESE dimensions are important to firm performance when the external environment is either competitively intense or technologically turbulent. This study investigated these relationships using a sample of franchisees, an important audience understudied in entrepreneurial literature. We find that the three-way interaction of competitive intensity, technological turbulence and each of ESE innovation, ESE management, and ESE financial control predicts franchisee performance. This confirms the wisdom of studying ESE as consisting of specific dimensions (as opposed to holistically) because not all ESE dimensions interact with franchisee environment in predicting performance.
Reducing the incidence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE): A 12-month outcome on an adult inpatient oncology unit

ISSUE: Oncology patients are at increased risk for acquiring resistant bacteria due to multiple antibiotic therapies, frequent and prolonged hospitalizations, and immunosuppression secondary to disease and treatment. Over the summer of 2003, an increased incidence of VRE and corresponding utilization of infection control precautions was noted on the adult oncology unit. PROJECT: A multidisciplinary team met to identify and outline interventions to reduce factors contributing to horizontal transmission of antibiotic resistant pathogens in this patient population. The team's purpose was to provide a safer environment through the promotion of basic infection control practices, including standard precautions; promote early identification and isolation of patients with drug-resistant organisms; and educate staff, patients, and families regarding the importance of basic infection control practices and active surveillance screening cultures for drug-resistant organisms. Education and observational studies were done by the department of epidemiology to increase staff knowledge and awareness of current infection control practices. Routine cleaning needs were identified, cleaning responsibilities clarified, and storage of shared patient equipment was improved. Scripts were developed to assist staff in discussing the importance of screening with patients and families. Patient letters were developed to outline the unit's plan and the importance of hand hygiene for patients and visitors. All oncology patients were screened for VRE on admission and weekly thereafter. Patients identified as VRE positive were placed on drug-resistant organism (DRO) precautions, an enhanced contact precaution that required gowns and gloves for entry into the patient room. Precautions days were tracked monthly. Bimonthly team meetings were held to discuss and address issues and provide real time data for review and analysis. RESULTS: Through a multidisciplinary collaborative effort, we were able to initiate and sustain a greater than 50% reduction in the number of new cases of VRE. Fewer patients on infection control precautions impacted nursing care time, increasing both patient and staff satisfaction. LESSONS LEARNED: Active surveillance screening cultures and prompt isolation, in conjunction with basic infection control measures, can promote a safer patient environment and reduce the risk of horizontal transmission in a high-risk patient population.
Numerical simulation of the Polywell device

Summary form only given, as follows. Recent ideas concerning inertial-electrostatic confinement (IEC) of fusion plasmas coupled with recent experimental results have motivated looking at the problem of confinement of these plasmas in both the gridded (pure electrostatic) and magnetically assisted (via confinement of high beta plasmas in a magnetic cusp) configuration. Questions exist as to the nature of the potential well structure and the confinement properties of high beta plasmas in magnetic cusp configurations. This work focuses on the magnetically assisted concept known as the Polywell. Results will be reported on the numerical simulation of IEC plasmas aimed at answering some of these questions. In particular we focus on two aspects of the Polywell, namely the structure of the magnetic cusp field in the Polywell configuration and the nature of the confinement of a high beta plasma in a magnetic cusp field. The existence of line cusps in the Polywell is still in dispute. A computer code for modeling the magnetic field structure and mod-B surface has been written and results will be presented for the Polywell. Another source of controversy is the nature of the confinement of a high beta plasma in a magnetic cusp, and in particular in the Polywell. Results from 2-D particle in cell (PIC) simulations aimed at answering some of these questions will be presented.
The choices, choosing model of quality of life: clinical evaluation and intervention.

Two previous papers presented a conjectured model of quality of life featuring the personal management of accessing choices and choosing among them (the c-c process). Those papers made the case that this model unifies the pathways leading to impaired quality of life, especially with regard to age associated multiple co-morbidities, changes in perception and functioning, and the effects of long term care environments; it also introduces a science base for understanding and guiding interventions that can assist people to achieve their quality-of-life goals. Our aim in this paper is to outline interprofessional strategies that could relieve restrictions or distortions of the c-c process imposed by aging, ill-health, or a restricting environment. We do so by outlining potential deficits in the c-c process and matching these with restorative person-centered interprofessional interventions including interprofessional teamwork. Findings suggest that interprofessional assessment and team work is well suited to as...
REGENERATION OF T-LYHPHOCYTE RECEPTOR FOR SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES

The formation of erythrocyte (E)-rosettes by human T-lymphocytes with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) is the most prevalent method by which T-lymphocytes are quantitated and distinguished from B-lymphocytes. The factors responsible for the binding of SRBC to T-lymphocytes are unknown. The present study was done in order to clarify the physiochemical basis of this cellular interaction, specifically as regards factors that influence the regeneration of SRBC receptors on T-lymphocytes after their removal by trypsin treatment. After exposure of lymphocytes to 0.1% trypsin for 5 minutes, the percentage of rosette forming cells was decreased to less than 10%. After 18 hours incubation at 37° in HBSS, complete regeneration has occurred so that the percentage of rosette forming lymphocytes is not significantly less than values for non-trypsinized cells. Regeneration is inhibited by incubation of lymphocytes with puromycin 20 μg/ml and cyclohexamide 10 μg/ml to levels that are 7% and 33% respectively of values for cells that have regenerated their receptors. The T-lymphocyte receptor for SRBC appears to be a protein structure that is rapidly resynthesized in the absence of serum factors. (Supported by Kiwanis Cancer Research Grant)
Preface for Special Section on Integrated Cognitive Architectures

Over the years, AI has divided itself into many subfields corresponding roughly to different components of intelligence such as planning, knowledge representation, learning, vision, robotics, natural language, and interaction with other agents. Although this division has allowed the field to make progress in understanding each of these components, it often ignores the issues involved in creating integrated systems that draw from more than one of these subfields. SHRDLU was an early example of the integration of planning and natural language, but in general we find ourselves with individual capabilities that are not integrated within a complete system.
García Lorca and Spanish Music in New York

Abstract Federico Garcia Lorca visited New York and Cuba at a critical moment (1929–1930) in the performance abroad of modern Spanish music. The Spanish poet enjoyed a privileged view of the New York musical scene. Not only did his visit coincide with the successes of leading Spanish conductors (Fernandez Arbos), dancers (La Argentina, La Argentinita) and instrumentalists (Jose Iturbi, Andres Segovia, the Aguilar Quintet, among others), the poet's interaction with some of these performers and with the friends with whom he shared his own arrangements of Spanish folk song is bound up with questions of personal and national identity.
Evidence for a Discontinuous Requirement for Estrogen in Stimulation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in the Immature Rat Uterus

Estriol is rapidly lost from uterine target, cell nuclei. Therefore, it has been used to study the relative time of exposure to estrogen that is necessary to elicit the late growth responses of increased DNA polymerase activity or increased rate of DNA synthesis observed after 17β-estradiol treatment. Estriol administered during a second critical phase from 9–15 h after the initial injection elicits maximal DNA synthesis. Our results suggest that there is a discontinuous requirement for estrogen in the sequence of events which result in the uterine growth response to estrogenic hormones. If estriol is present during critical phases of this sequence of events, it is equipotent to estradiol in eliciting the full uterotropic response.
Using Literature To Teach History: An ERIC/ChESS Sample.

T^he Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) infor mation network is the largest database for educational litera ture in the world. One ofthe greatest strengths of this database is the interdisciplinary nature of its documents. These documents cover fields as diverse as science, rhetoric, and journalism, as well as the social studies. Each ERIC entry is preceded by a unique identifier. The "EJ" designation identifies the source as an educational journal. These are easily located in most academic libraries or are available through interlibrary loan. Items preceded by an "ED" designation encompass a wide variety of types, including research papers, books, conference proceedings, government documents, lesson plans, and many oth ers. These items are also available in many libraries, or copies can be ordered from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). For additional information, contact EDRS, 7420 Fullerton Road, Suite 110, Springfield, VA 22153-2852 or call (800) 443-3742 or e mail . The ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education (ChESS) welcomes requests for searches regarding any aspects of social studies, such as lesson plans, instructional materials, research articles, and general information. Please contact David Kelly, ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Educa tion, (800) 266-3815; .
Operation of an extraction, applied-B diode using an externally-driven, metallic foil anode plasma source

Summary form only given. We are developing an extraction, applied-B ion diode, on the Gamble II generator at NRL, for ion-beam-transport research in support of the SNL light-ion ICF program. An ion beam with a voltage above 1 MV and a proton current of 150-200 kA is required for transport experiments. At present we are using hardware which allows a maximum anode area of /spl sim/60 cm/sup 2/. These parameters result in enhancement factors 2-3 times greater than those in similar experiments at Cornell, SNL, and KfK. In addition, the early, high-impedance phase of the diode must be minimized to prevent insulator flashover. Transport experiments with beam focusing also preclude ion beam angular momentum. A version of the EMFAP source, developed at Cornell and improved at KfK is used to provide prompt turn-on of the ion current. This source comprises a thin metallic foil on an insulating substrate. Driving current through this foil results in rapid heating, gas desorption and breakdown and thus a uniform plasma conformal to the anode surface. An external pulser is used to drive current through the foil. The applied magnetic field is calculated using the ATHETA code. Recently, these calculations have been refined by direct measurement of rA/sub 8/. To date we have obtained ion beams with rapid turn-on, high currents and current densities (350 kA at 6 kA/cm/sup 2/), high ion efficiencies (80%).
Absolute efficiency of Kimfol films for counting fission fragments emerging from thick sources

Abstract The absolute efficiency of 8 μm thick Kimfol films for counting fission fragments emerging from thick foils has been determined experimentally as a function of the depth in the foil at which the fission fragments are emitted and the angle they make relative to the normal to the foil. The accuracy of the efficiency determination was checked by measuring the counting rate of spontaneous fission fragments from thick foils of uranium and determining the probability of spontaneous fission of 238 U from the data. The obtained value of λ SF = (7.5 ± 0.6) × 10 −17 y −1 is in close agreement with λ SF = 7 × 10 −17 y −1 the accepted value in fission track dating.
Algorithms For Designing Phase-Only Synthetic Discriminant Functions

Abstract Two algorithms are compared for the design of Phase -Only Synthetic Discriminant Functions. The first,known as the Successive Forcing Algorithm (SFA), uses a Gerchberg -Saxton type of iteration. The second,known as the Relaxation Algorithm (RA), was proposed recently by Jared and Ennis. Preliminary simulation results are included to facilitate a comparison between the two. 1 Introduction One popular method for achieving distortion -invariance in optical correlators is by using Synthetic Discriminant Functions (SDFs)1. However, like the classical matched filter, the SDF filter is complex valued and cannot be easily implemented on available spatial light modulators. Thus, it is important to design distortion - invariant filters that are phase -only or binary phase -only. Efforts towards this can be divided into two groups. In the first2' 3' 4' 5, existing complex distortion - invariant filters are forced to be phase -only or binary phase -only. For example, phase -only Synthetic
Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor air concentrations, and exhaled breath concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds measured for 600 residents of New Jersey, North Dakota, North Carolina and California†

EPA's TEAM Study has measured exposures to 20 volatile organic compounds in personal air, outdoor air, drinking water, and breath of 600 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, and California. All participants were selected by a probability sampling scheme to represent a total of 700,000 inhabitants of seven cities. Participants carried a personal monitor to collect two 12‐hour air samples and gave a breath sample at the end of the day. Two consecutive 12‐hour outdoor air samples were also collected on identical Tenax cartridges in the backyards of some of the participants. About 7500 samples were collected, of which 2000 were quality control samples. Eleven compounds were often present in air. Personal exposures were consistently higher than outdoor concentrations. Indoor sources appeared responsible for much of the difference. Breath concentrations also usually exceeded outdoor concentrations, and correlated more strongly with personal exposures than with outdoor concentrations. Some acti...
Dissociative recombination cross sections for NH4+ ions and electrons

Cross sections for electron-NH/sub 4//sup ts+/ recombination have been measured for an electron energy range of 0.065 0.3 eV. There is a total uncertainty in the measurements of +- 60%. Using a Maxwellian electron-velocity distribution, recombination-rate coefficients were calculated and compared with measurements of Huang, Biondi, and Johnsen.
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin: The Optimal Duration of Prophylaxis Against Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism After Total Hip or Knee Replacement

Venous thromboembolism is a major health problem. In about 20% of cases, the initial clinical manifestation of venous thromboembolism is sudden death due to pulmonary embolism. Consequently, appropriate prophylaxis is critical in order to improve survival. Because patients with recent surgery have a 22-fold increased risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism, a large research effort has been directed toward identifying the safest and most effective prophylaxis after surgery, especially after total hip or knee replacement. While low-molecular-weight heparin is the most effective prophylaxis currently available, from 15% to 30% of hip or knee replacement patients still develop deep vein thrombosis by the time of hospital discharge, and another 25% develop new deep vein thrombosis by 3 weeks after discharge. Extended out-of-hospital low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis can safely reduce the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis by about 50%. However, essentially all of these thrombi are small, asymptomatic, and resolve without serious clinical sequelae. Based on one clinical trial, out-of-hospital low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis could reduce the incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism or all-cause death after discharge by a maximum of 2.2%. At current drug costs, universal out-of-hospital low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis is unlikely to be cost-effective. For most patients, 7 to 10 days of low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis is adequate. Future research should be directed at identifying patients at risk for out-of-hospital venous thromboembolism, and targeting extended prophylaxis to those at highest risk.
GAP-43 mRNA and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide mRNA Expression in Sensory Neurons Are Increased Following Sympathectomy

Abstract Sympathectomy has been shown to result in an increased density of fibers immunoreactive for sensory peptides in peripheral targets innervated by both sensory and sympathetic neurons, providing evidence for functional interactions between sympathetic and sensory systems. These findings provided the background for examining the hypothesis that axonal outgrowth is induced from sensory neurons following sympathectomy. We examined the expression of GAP-43 mRNA, a specific marker for axonal outgrowth, in cervical (C3, C7, C8) and thoracic (T1, T2) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the rat following bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion, to assess whether the described increases in peptidergic afferent fibers reflected axonal outgrowth. In situ hybridization was used with 35S labeled riboprobes complementary to GAP-43 mRNA, and to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mRNA, a marker for a major subset of thin-fiber sensory neurons. The density of GAP-43 mRNA nearly doubled by 18 h following sympathectomy and reached a threefold increase by 3 days. By 45 days following surgery, the GAP-43 mRNA level was still nearly twice that of normal animals. CGRP immunoreactivity was also examined: the density of fibers in the iris and cornea of sympathectomized animals was considerably greater from two weeks to 45 days following surgery, than in sham-operated controls. Concomitantly, there was a slight but significant increase in CGRP mRNA expression in T1 and C3 DRG 14 days postsympathectomy. Quantitative computerized image analysis demonstrated that GAP 43 mRNA expression in sympathectomized animals was 1.5 times greater in medium-sized DRG neurons and almost fourfold greater in small DRG neurons than in control rats. These results indicate that sympathetic denervation elicits axonal outgrowth in the population of sensory neurons that give rise to the small unmyelinated and thinly myelinated axons of peripheral nerves. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
Fluid Dynamics of Two Miscible Liquids with Diffusion and Gradient Stresses

This chapter is based on papers by Joseph [1990b], Galdi, Joseph, Preziosi and Rionero [1991], Joseph anu [1991] and Hu and Joseph [1992]. The density of incompressible fluids can vary with concentration and temperature, but not with pressure. The velocity field u of such incompressible fluids is not in general solenoidal: div u ≠ 0. We require that the mass per unit total volume of one of the liquids in a material volume is conserved in the absence of diffusion. This yields the diffusion equation for the mass fraction ψ. Alternatively, if we obtain an equation for the volume fraction φ, then the left hand side of the diffusion equation differs from the usual substantial derivative of φ by the addition of φ div u.
NATIVE GEL ANALYSIS OF RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEXES FROM A LEISHMANIA TARENTOLAE MITOCHONDRIAL EXTRACT

Two polypeptides of 50 and 45 kDa were adenylated by incubation of a mitochondrial extract from Leishmania tarentolae with [alpha-32P]ATP. These proteins were components of a complex that sedimented at 20S in glycerol gradients and migrated as a single band of approximately 1800 kDa in a native gel. The facts that RNA ligase activity cosedimented at 20S and that the ATP-labeled p45 and p50 polypeptides were deadenylated upon incubation with a ligatable RNA substrate suggested that these proteins may represent charged intermediates of a mitochondrial RNA ligase. Hybridization of native gel blots with guide RNA (gRNA) probes showed the presence of gRNA in the previously identified T-IV complexes that sedimented in glycerol at 10S and contained terminal uridylyl transferase (TUTase) activity, and also in a previously unidentified class of heterodisperse complexes that sedimented throughout the gradient. gRNAs were not detected in the p45 + p50-containing 1800 kDa complex. The heterodisperse gRNA-containing complexes were sensitive to incubation at 27 degrees C and appear to represent complexes of T-IV subunits with mRNA. Polyclonal antiserum to a 70 kDa protein that purified with terminal uridylyl transferase activity was generated, and the antiserum was used to show that this p70 polypeptide was a component of both the T-IV and the heterodisperse gRNA-containing complexes. We propose that the p45 + p50-containing 1800 kDa complex and the p70 + gRNA-containing heterodisperse complexes interact in the editing process. Further characterization of these various complexes should increase our knowledge of the biochemical mechanisms involved in RNA editing.
Accounting Education: Three Tracks for Non-accounting Majors

This paper presents the three accounting programs that are available to students at Georgia Southern University who choose not to major in accounting. The programs specifically address the educational needs of non-accounting majors within the College of Business Administration, information technology majors within the College of Information Technology, and other majors across the University who either minor in Business Administration or wish to take a concentration of business courses. Course goals, objectives, and descriptions are provided. Three years of enrollment data show the mix of students across the University in the accounting survey class (ACCT 2030), the two accounting principles classes (ACCT 2101 and 2102), and the unique capstone accounting course for non-accounting majors (BUSA 3134). These three programs offer an innovative approach to accounting education and stress the importance of accounting knowledge to students who choose to major in another discipline.
Concise stereocontrolled routes to fumagillol, fumagillin, and TNP-470

A concise, diastereoselective synthesis of (±)-fumagillol (3) and formal, enantioselective syntheses of the potent angiogenesis inhibitors fumagillin (1) and TNP-470 (2) are reported. The origin of asymmetry is a highly diastereoselective Diels-Alder reaction using a diene with a chiral oxazolidinone auxiliary. The stereochemical course of a key conjugate addition reaction is controlled by the cup-shaped architecture of a cis-fused bicyclic enal. Other key steps include a facile hetero-Claisen rearrangement and a site-selective Sharpless epoxidation. Chirality 15:156–166, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gender identity disorder in a girl: insights from adoption

Gender identity disorder in girls is reported far less frequently than in boys. The analysis of a six-year-old adopted girl with gender identity disorder is presented to show the importance of the mother-infant relationship and of parental, especially maternal, attitudes toward gender in the normal development of gender identity and gender role definition. This child's unusual history included a late adoption, with clear evidence of separation trauma, and the ongoing influence of maternal infertility. Her symptoms of gender identity disorder appeared before her second birthday and were well established by three years of age. The analysis, from age six to thirteen, achieved a better adaptation to her gender. Her masculine strivings gradually became incorporated into an essentially feminine orientation.
Nonparametric Regression and the Parametric Bootstrap for Local Dependence Assessment

Ideas underlying nonparametric regression and the parametric bootstrap are discussed. An overview is provided of their application to item response theory and, in particular, local dependence assessment. The resulting nonparametric item response theory parametric bootstrap can remove the need to specify a particular parametric form for the item response functions and correct for the statistical bias caused by conditioning on observed test scores. The method is applied to the problem of assessing local dependence that varies with examinee trait levels. This is done by using pointwise testing bands to examine the item pair conditional covariance at each examinee trait level. The pointwise bands are used to diagnose speededness in a testing situation in which unanswered items are scored as incorrect.
Navigating the Boundaries of the Scholarship of Engagement at a Regional Comprehensive University

This study analyzes the translation of the Boyer scholarship model(with an emphasis on the scholarship of engagement) into departmentaland college-level culture at a regional comprehensiveinstitution. Through an analysis of promotion and tenure documents,the authors concluded that adoption of Boyer’s model was a semiradicalprocess, characterized by unique definitional, conceptual, andlogistical challenges that resulted in a diverse array of practices andapproaches across the university’s departments and colleges.
The Drosophila Werner Exonuclease Participates in an Exonuclease-Independent Response to Replication Stress

Members of the RecQ family of helicases are known for their roles in DNA repair, replication, and recombination. Mutations in the human RecQ helicases, WRN and BLM, cause Werner and Bloom syndromes, which are diseases characterized by genome instability and an increased risk of cancer. While WRN contains both a helicase and an exonuclease domain, the Drosophila melanogaster homolog, WRNexo, contains only the exonuclease domain. Therefore the Drosophila model system provides a unique opportunity to study the exonuclease functions of WRN separate from the helicase. We created a null allele of WRNexo via imprecise P-element excision. The null WRNexo mutants are not sensitive to double-strand break-inducing reagents, suggesting that the exonuclease does not play a key role in homologous recombination-mediated repair of DSBs. However, WRNexo mutant embryos have a reduced hatching frequency and larvae are sensitive to the replication fork-stalling reagent, hydroxyurea (HU), suggesting that WRNexo is important in responding to replication stress. The role of WRNexo in the HU-induced stress response is independent of Rad51. Interestingly, the hatching defect and HU sensitivity of WRNexo mutants do not occur in flies containing an exonuclease-dead copy of WRNexo, suggesting that the role of WRNexo in replication is independent of exonuclease activity. Additionally, WRNexo and Blm mutants exhibit similar sensitivity to HU and synthetic lethality in combination with mutations in structure-selective endonucleases. We propose that WRNexo and BLM interact to promote fork reversal following replication fork stalling and in their absence regressed forks are restarted through a Rad51-mediated process.
Atrazine sorption and desorption as affected by aggregate size, particle size, and soil type

Abstract Wind-erodible soil sediments are classified as aggregates and particles 1.7 mm, and atrazine concentrations ranged from 0.65 to 39.2 μmol L−1. The Kf values for the isotherms were calculated using the Freundlich equation. In the Barnes loam, Kf values were strongly positively correlated to aggregate size, particle size, and organic carbon (OC) content (P = 0.01 for each parameter), whereas in the Brandt silty clay loam, Kf values were less correlated to size and OC content (P ≥ 0.1) but were better correlated to clay content and estimated sp...
Role of the vector genome and underlying factor IX mutation in immune responses to AAV gene therapy for hemophilia B

Self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV) vectors have become a desirable vector for therapeutic gene transfer due to their ability to produce greater levels of transgene than single-stranded AAV (ssAAV). However, recent reports have suggested that scAAV vectors are more immunogenic than ssAAV. In this study, we investigated the effects of a self-complementary genome during gene therapy with a therapeutic protein, human factor IX (hF.IX). Hemophilia B mice were injected intramuscularly with ss or scAAV1 vectors expressing hF.IX. The outcome of gene transfer was assessed, including transgene expression as well as antibody and CD8+ T cell responses to hF.IX. Self-complementary AAV1 vectors induced similar antibody responses (which eliminated systemic hF.IX expression) but stronger CD8+ T cell responses to hF.IX relative to ssAAV1 in mice with F9 gene deletion. As a result, hF.IX-expressing muscle fibers were effectively eliminated in scAAV-treated mice. In contrast, mice with F9 nonsense mutation (late stop codon) lacked antibody or T cell responses, thus showing long-term expression regardless of the vector genome. The nature of the AAV genome can impact the CD8+ T cell response to the therapeutic transgene product. In mice with endogenous hF.IX expression, however, this enhanced immunogenicity did not break tolerance to hF.IX, suggesting that the underlying mutation is a more important risk factor for transgene-specific immunity than the molecular form of the AAV genome.
On-line sensing task optimization for shared sensors

Shared sensing infrastructures that allow multiple applications to share deployed sensors are emerging and Internet protocol based access for such sensors has already been prototyped and deployed. As a large number of applications start accessing shared sensors, the efficiency of resource usage at the embedded nodes and in the network infrastructure supporting them becomes a concern. To address this, we develop methods that detect when common data and common stream processing is requested by multiple applications, including cases where only some of the data is shared or only intermediate processing steps are common. The communication and processing is then modified to eliminate the redundancies. Specifically, we use an interval-cover graph to minimize communication redundancies and a joint data flow graph optimization to remove computational redundancies. Both methods operate online and allow application requests to be dynamically added or removed. The proposed methods are evaluated using applications on a road traffic sensing infrastructure.
Increase in Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella Infections in the United States, 1989–1990

To assess factors associated with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infections and trends in resistance, a prospective study of patients with culture-confirmed salmonellosis was done in 1989-1990. Patients with resistant infections were more likely than those with susceptible infections to be hospitalized (P = .006), to be < 1 year old (P = .003), to be black (P = .013), and to have recently been treated with an antimicrobial agent (P = .085). Compared with data from a similar study in 1979-1980, increases were seen in the percentage of patients with resistant infections (from 17% to 31%), in the resistance to ampicillin (10% to 14%), and in the frequency of isolates found in blood (1% to 11%). These data show that treatment of Salmonella infections may be complicated by growing resistance to clinically important antimicrobial agents and by an increasing frequency of extraintestinal complications. Antimicrobial agents with little demonstrated resistance should be considered for patients with complicated illness and at high risk of having a resistant infection.
Mixed-Criticality Task Synchronization in Zero-Slack Scheduling

Recent years have seen an increasing interest in the scheduling of mixed-criticality real-time systems. These systems are composed of groups of tasks with different levels of criticality deployed over the same processor(s). Such systems must be able to accommodate additional execution-time requirements that may occasionally be needed. When overload conditions develop, critical tasks must still meet their timing constraints at the expense of less critical tasks. Zero-slack scheduling algorithms are promising candidates for such systems. These algorithms guarantee that all tasks meet their deadlines when no overload occurs, and that criticality ordering is satisfied under overloads. Unfortunately, when mutually exclusive resources are shared across tasks, these guarantees are voided. Furthermore, the dual-execution modes of tasks in mixed-criticality systems violate the assumptions of traditional real-time synchronization protocols like PCP and hence the latter cannot be used directly. In this paper, we develop extensions to real-time synchronization protocols (Priority Inheritance and Priority Ceiling Protocol) that coordinate the mode changes of the zero-slack scheduler. We analyze the properties of these new protocols and the blocking terms they introduce. We maintain the deadlock avoidance property of our PCP extension, called the Priority and Criticality Ceiling Protocol (PCCP), and limit the blocking to only one critical section for each of the zero-slack scheduling execution modes. We also develop techniques to accommodate the blocking terms arising from synchronization, in calculating the zero-slack instants used by the scheduler. Finally, we conduct an experimental evaluation of PCCP. Our evaluation shows that PCCP is able to take advantage of the capacity of zero-slack schedulers to reclaim unused over-provisioning of resources that are only used in critical execution modes. This allows PCCP to accommodate larger blocking terms.