cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Methionine Status on Response of Chicks to Coccidial Infection

Three experiments determined if the methionine requirement of broiler chicks was affected by coccidial infection. Chicks were fed a corn-soy or a corn-soy-pea basal diet containing 0.73% and 0.62% total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), respectively. Levels of 0 to 0.45% DL-methionine were added, with and without 0.01% monensin sodium. In two experiments, the chicks were inoculated at two weeks of age with a mixture of oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. brunetti. Lesion scores on the intestines and ceca, and blood carotenoid levels were determined at three weeks. The experiments were terminated at four weeks. A level of methionine greater than 0.47% and of TSAA greater than 0.83% was necessary to obtain maximum growth rate in uninoculated chicks. No evidence of dermatitis was observed. Growth rate and feed efficiency of chicks infected with coccidiosis were more severly depressed when the diet was not supplemented with methionine. Infections of coccidia and low levels of methionine, which in themselves did not produce any significant change in weight gain, did give a significant weight depression in combination. Adding monensin to the diet prevented a reduction in growth rate and feed efficiency of inoculated chicks fed adequate methionine. Monensin did not completely prevent the adverse effects of a coccidial infection, based on feed efficiency, when chicks were fed diets inadequate in methionine. Blood carotenoid levels were not affected by methionine level, but were significantly lowered by coccidial infection in the absence of monensin. Intestinal and cecal lesions in inoculated chicks were significantly reduced by including monesin in the diet. Although the coccidial infection more severly affected the performance of chicks fed diets deficient in methionine, satistical analysis of pooled data indicated no difference in the quantitative requirement of chicks for methionine. Therefore, a level of methionine and cystine adequate for optimum growth under the coccidial-free conditions should be adequate for chicks when infected with coccidia.
School Access and Participation Family Engagement Practices in the New Latino Diaspora

This article describes how schools shape family engagement practices in the context of the New Latino Diaspora. Building on critical scholarship that has called for more culturally appropriate definitions of family engagement, this study seeks to develop a theoretical understanding of how school practices influence immigrant families’ access to and participation in schools with little tradition of serving immigrant communities. Drawing on a statewide survey of practice in schools serving the New Latino Diaspora in Wisconsin, analysis includes descriptive statistics and textual analysis of survey comments from school principals and teachers working with immigrant students. Findings illustrate how considerable efforts to ensure access to Spanish-speaking families through interpretation and translation fall short of increasing family participation in key aspects of schooling. Given the influx of immigrants to new destinations across the United States, this work offers important insight into how schools recei...
Vitamin D supplementation increases calcium absorption without a threshold effect

Background: The maximal calcium absorption in response to vitamin D has been proposed as a biomarker for vitamin D sufficiency. Objective: The objective was to determine whether there is a threshold beyond which increasing doses of vitamin D, or concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], no longer increase calcium absorption. Design: This was a placebo-controlled, dose-response, randomized, double-blind study of the effect of vitamin D on calcium absorption in healthy postmenopausal women. Seventy-six healthy postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to placebo or 800 IU (20 mg), 2000 IU (50 mg), or 4000 IU (100 mg) vitamin D3 for 8 wk. The technique of dual isotopes of stable calcium was used with a calcium carrier to measure calcium absorption at baseline and after 8 wk. Results: Seventy-one women with a mean 6 SD age of 58.8 6 4.9 y completed the study. The mean calcium intake was 1142 6 509 mg/d and serum 25(OH)D was 63 6 14 nmol/L at baseline. A statistically significant linear trend of an increase in calcium absorption adjusted for age and body mass index with increasing vitamin D3 dose or serum 25(OH)D concentration was observed. A 6.7% absolute increase in calcium absorption was found in the highest vitamin D3 group (100 mg). No evidence of nonlinearity was observed in the dose-response curve. Conclusions: No evidence of a threshold of calcium absorption was found with a serum 25(OH)D range from 40 to 130 nmol/L. Calcium absorption in this range is not a useful biomarker to determine nutritional recommendations for vitamin D. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01119378. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99:624‐31.
Posttranscriptional Regulation of IL-23 Expression by IFN-γ through Tristetraprolin

IL-23 plays an essential role in maintenance of IL-17–producing Th17 cells that are involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. Regulation of Th17 cells is tightly controlled by multiple factors such as IL-27 and IFN-γ. However, the detailed mechanisms responsible for IFN-γ–mediated Th17 cell inhibition are still largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that IFN-γ differentially regulates IL-12 and IL-23 production in both dendritic cells and macrophages. IFN-γ suppresses IL-23 expression by selectively targeting p19 mRNA stability through its 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR). Furthermore, IFN-γ enhances LPS-induced tristetraprolin (TTP) mRNA expression and protein production. Overexpression of TTP suppresses IL-23 p19 mRNA expression and p19 3′UTR-dependent luciferase activity. Additionally, deletion of TTP completely abolishes IFN-γ–mediated p19 mRNA degradation. We further demonstrate that IFN-γ suppresses LPS-induced p38 phosphorylation, and blockade of p38 MAPK signaling pathway with SB203580 inhibits IFN-γ– and LPS-induced p19 mRNA expression, whereas overexpression of p38 increases p19 mRNA expression via reducing TTP binding to the p19 3′UTR. Finally, inhibition of p38 phosphorylation by IFN-γ leads to TTP dephosphorylation that could result in stronger binding of the TTP to the adenosine/uridine-rich elements in the p19 3′UTR and p19 mRNA degradation. In summary, our results reveal a direct link among TTP, IFN-γ, and IL-23, indicating that IFN-γ–mediated Th17 cell suppression might act through TTP by increasing p19 mRNA degradation and therefore IL-23 inhibition.
Some methods of integration in function space for use in control and filtering

Recently stochastic methods have been found that establish existence and smoothness of the density for the probability distribution of a solution of a stochastic differential equation. Since such a question often arises in stochastic control and stochastic filtering, these stochastic methods will be described in this paper. Different and more elementary proofs will be given for some of the basic tools of these stochastic methods. The approach in this paper will be related to the interplay between quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
Viking Lander Atlas of Mars

Half size reproductions are presented of the extensive set of systematic map products generated for the two Mars Viking landing sites from stereo pairs of images radioed back to Earth. The maps span from the immediate foreground to the remote limits of ranging capability, several hundred meters from the spacecraft. The maps are of two kinds - elevation contour and vertical profile. Background and explanatory material important for understanding and utilizing the map collection included covers the Viking Mission, lander locations, lander cameras, the stereo mapping system and input images to this system.
Decomposition of Ionic Liquid Ferrofluids for Multi-Mode Spacecraft Propulsion

Ionic liquid ferrofluids based on mixtures of [Emim][EtSO4] and [Bmim][NO3] fuels and hydroxylamonium nitrate oxidizer were synthesized by adding iron oxide nanoparticles. The resulting propellants were then tested for decomposition capability. Spot plate testing indicated that the temperature required to initiate rapid decomposition dropped from 115 o C to 75 o C with a 30% by weight addition of iron oxide for the [Bmim][NO3] propellant. Adding more iron oxide resulted in an increase in onset temperature. The [Emim][EtSO4] propellant had a much lower decrease in onset temperature, bottoming out at 90 o C. Batch reactor tests under vacuum showed that 10% addition of iron oxide results in the greatest increase in decomposition rate for both propellants. Since most ionic liquid ferrofluids do not exhibit the Rosensweig instability below 50% iron oxide by weight, it is unlikely this will be of use in a multi-mode system. However, adding a small amount of iron oxide to ionic liquid monopropellants could be beneficial as it will reduce power requirements, while only reducing specific impulse by roughly 2.5%.
The effect of high-dose-rate brachytherapy dwell sequence on cell survival

Abstract Purpose: During a high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatment, as the source steps through different dwell positions, the dose rate at any fixed point within the implant varies, because the distance between the point and the source continually changes. The instantaneous dose rate may vary by a factor of 100 or more, in a complex dwell position sequence. Two different points which receive the same total dose may have received that dose with a very different sequence of dose rates. Any effects due to the complex changes in dose rate, including the sequence of dose delivery, are ignored. We investigated the possible effects of the sequence in which dose is delivered at two different dose rates, representative of dose rates that occur during an HDR treatment. Methods and Materials: The target consisted of a tube containing a 1.0 cm 3 suspension of V-79 Chinese hamster cells. Two fixed source dwell positions near and far from the target, representing high and intermediate dose rates, were considered. The experiments compared the survival of V-79 cells exposed to an irradiation sequence consisting of either an HDR component followed by an intermediate-dose-rate component (H-I arm), or the reverse (I-H arm). In either case, the total dose and the dose ratio were the same, only the order in which the high- or intermediate-dose-rate components of the dose were delivered was changed. Results: When the intermediate-dose-rate component was given before the HDR component, there was increased survival. All data pairs from three experiments showed greater survival for the I-H arm than the H-I arm by amounts ranging from 4% to 24%. Simple linear-quadratic models such as the Lea-Catchside model, which is invariant to time reversal of irradiation sequence, do not predict these results. Conclusions: These results suggest that targets receiving the same total dose of radiation during an HDR implant may not experience the same biological effect. This may be related to induced radioresistance or sublethal damage repair.
The Publication Rate of Presentations at Two International Spine Meetings: Scoliosis Research Society and International Meeting of Advanced Spinal Techniques.

Abstract Study Design Observational Study. Objective To evaluate the publication rate of podium presentations from the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) and the International Meeting of Advanced Spinal Techniques (IMAST) annuals meeting and to compare the publication rate of SRS/IMAST meetings to other orthopedic and spine meetings. Summary of Background Data Although various publication rates from orthopedic meetings have been reported, recent publication rates from the SRS and IMAST annual meetings are not known. Methods Paper presentations and award-nominated papers from the 2009 to 2011 annual SRS and IMAST meetings were identified. Using PubMed, we searched for publications with a title of the paper presentations or containing the same authors. The publication rate of the award-nominated papers were evaluated in the same manner. We also identified the destination journals of the papers. Results A total of 764 podium presentations were presented at SRS and IMAST from 2009 to 2011. Of these 764 abstracts, 339 were published in peer-reviewed journals, with an overall publication rate of 44.37%. The publication rates for the two different meetings (SRS and IMAST) were significantly different, 47.83% (SRS) and 41.53% (IMAST), p = .03. Award-nominated abstracts had a publication rate of 63.64% (49/77) significantly different than nonnominated abstracts, 42.4% (290/684); p = .0004. There was a significant difference in publication rates between the SRS award-nominated abstracts (72.97%, 27/37) and the nonnominated abstracts (45.25%; 138/305), p = .0001. There was no difference in publication rates for IMAST award-nominated abstracts 55% (21/40) and nonnominated abstracts (40.1%, 152/379), p = .27. The publication rate was highest for 2010 abstracts (45.78%), followed by 2009 (43.94%), and lowest for 2011 (43.43%). Spine was the most common publication journal for the two meetings. Conclusion In one of the first studies evaluating the publication rate of podium presentation from the SRS and IMAST annual meetings, we found an overall publication rate of 44.37% (47.83% SRS, 41.53% IMAST) and 63.64% for award-nominated papers.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Overweight/Obesity in Youth: Evidence From Cross-sectional, Longitudinal, and Interventional Studies

Many children and adolescents in the United States do not meet the minimum recommendations for physical activity. In addition, both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest that American yo...
Admission control and QoS negotiations for soft-real time applications

Systems are increasingly supporting a new class of multimedia applications that allow degradation of the application quality so that they use reduced amounts of resources. Management of such applications require new mechanisms to be developed for admission control, negotiation, allocation and scheduling. We present a new admission control algorithm that exploits the degradability property of applications to improve the performance of the system. The algorithm is based on setting aside a portion of the resources as reserves and managing it intelligently so that the total utility of the system is maximized. The mixed greedy and predictive strategy leads to an efficient protocol that also improves the performance of the system. We use the constructs of application benefit functions and resource demand functions in the integrated admission control and negotiation protocol. Extensive simulation experiments are presented in the paper to evaluate the performance of the novel mechanisms and compare it to some of the other methods used in the past.
On the Topological Nature of Fundamental Interactions

A thought experiment is proposed to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity. The central paradigm is that space-time {\it topology} is ultimately responsible for the Heisenberg uncertaintly principle. It is found that Plankian space-time exhibits a complicated, but also definite, multiply connected character. In this framework, an analysis of the interactions in Nature is presented. I. The Universal ground state of the constructed theory derives from the properties of the topological manifold $Q=2T^3\oplus 3S^1\times S^2$, which has 23 intrinsic degrees of freedom, discrete $Z_3$ and $Z_2\times Z_3$ internal groups, an SU(5) gauge group, and leads to a U(1) symmetry on a lattice. The structure of $Q$ provides a unique equation motion for the mass-energy and particle rest mass wave functions. In its excited state the Universe is characterized by a lattice of three-tori, $L(T^3)$. The topological identifications present in this structure, a direct reflection of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, provide the boundary conditions for solutions to the equation of motion, and suggest an interpretation for the conceptually difficult concept of quantum mechanical entanglement. II. In the second half of the paper the (observable) properties of $Q$ and $L(T^3)$ are investigated. One reproduces the standard model, and the theory naturally contains a Higgs field with possible inflation. The electron and its neutrino are identified as particle ground states and their masses, together with those of all other known particles, are predicted. A mass of $m_{\rm H}=131.6$ GeV is found for the Higgs boson. [Abridged]
A comparison of impact tests for assessment of fiberglass reinforced plastic toughness

All measures of impact resistance have shortcomings. The ASTM tests, Izod, Charpy, and drop-dart, measure impact at a single velocity. Furthermore, the Izod and Charpy tests impose an unrealistic unidimensional stress on the test specimen. Indirect gauges of impact toughness, such as the area under the tensile stress-strain curve (tensile work), flexural modulus, or resin cracking in mandrel bend tests, are normally conducted at unrealistically low straining rates. Variable-rate impact testers have been developed to overcome these shortcomings. In this paper, results obtained from a variable-rate tester are compared with those from other methods for assessing composite toughness. Data are reported for flexible and brittle low profile press molding resins, tested as SMC (sheet molding compound) moldings by Izod, drop-dart and variable-rate impact. Indirect measures of impact resistance, mandrel bend and flexural modulus, are also discussed. The effects of resin flexibility and the composite glass content are demonstrated. The glass content affects the ultimate failure strength of the composite but not the failure of the resin matrix. The resin flexibility affects the initial stages of failure.
Experimental evidence of statistical ensemble behavior in bed load sediment transport

A high-resolution data set obtained from high-speed imaging of coarse sand particles transported as bed load allows us to confidently describe the forms and qualities of the ensemble distributions of particle velocities, accelerations, hop distances and travel times. Autocorrelation functions of frame-averaged values (and the decay of these functions) support the idea that the forms of these distributions become time-invariant within the five second imaging interval. Distributions of streamwise and cross-stream particle velocities are exponential, consistent with previous experiments and theory. Importantly, streamwise particle velocities possess a “light” tail, where the largest velocities are limited by near-bed fluid velocities. Distributions of streamwise and cross-stream particle accelerations are Laplace in form and are centered on zero, consistent with equilibrium transport conditions. The majority of particle hops, measured start-to-stop, involve short displacements, and streamwise hop distances possess a Weibull distribution. In contrast to previous work, the distribution of travel times is exponential, consistent with a fixed temporal disentrainment rate. The Weibull distribution of hop distances is consistent with a decreasing spatial disentrainment rate, and is related to the exponential distribution of travel times. By taking into account the effects of experimental censorship associated with a finite sampling window, the relationship between streamwise hop distances and travel times, Lx∼Tpα, likely involves an exponent of α ∼ 2. These experimental results — an exponential distribution of travel times Tp and a Weibull distribution of hop distances Lx with shape parameter k 1.
The Marine Biotic Response to Ancient Global Change Events

Acidification Extinction Stressors The Fossil Record: Opportunities and Challenges The fossil record is the only archive of biotic responses to global change in natural communities over evolutionary timescales and with realistic rates of environmental perturbation. Multiple events with synergistic stressors (including warming, anoxia, and ocean acidification) provide repeated natural experiments to investigate general patterns. Extinction events affected thousands of species across a broad phylogenetic scope.
Micro‐photoluminescence of single living diatom cells

Diatoms are single-celled microalgae that possess a nanostructured, porous biosilica shell called a frustule. This study characterized the micro-photoluminescence (μ-PL) emission of single living cells of the photosynthetic marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana in response to UV laser irradiation at 325 nm using a confocal Raman microscope. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum had two primary peaks, one centered at 500-510 nm, which was attributed to the frustule biosilica, and a second peak at 680 nm, which was attributed to auto-fluorescence of photosynthetic pigments. The portion of the μ-PL emission spectrum associated with biosilica frustule in the single living diatom cell was similar to that from single biosilica frustules isolated from these diatom cells. The PL emission by the biosilica frustule in the living cell emerged only after cells were cultivated to silicon depletion. The discovery of the discovery of PL emission by the frustule biosilica within a single living diatom itself, not just its isolated frustule, opens up future possibilities for living biosensor applications, where the interaction of diatom cells with other molecules can be probed by μ-PL spectroscopy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Vitro and In Vivo Protein Phosphorylation in Oat Coleoptiles: Effects of Calcium, Calmodulin Antagonists and Auxin

The biochemical basis of the transduction of extracellular signals into intracellular events has long been a subject of great interest. There is now convincing evidence suggesting that a wide variety of regulatory agents, including both extracellular and intracellular messengers, produce diverse types of biological responses by regulating the state of phosphorylation of specific proteins (Cohen, 1982). The role of calcium and calmodulin in regulating protein phosphorylation in plants has been studied with great interest in recent years (Hetherington and Trewavas, 1982; Salimath and Marme, 1983; Polya and Micucci, 1984; Veluthambi and Poovaiah 1984a and 1984b). All these studies have been performed under in vitro conditions. Information on in vivo phosphorylation would be helpful to understand the effect of hormones and other stimuli in altering calcium levels in the cell and thereby affecting protein phosphorylation. If intracellular Ca2+ concentration increases in response to an external stimulus, then calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases will be activated leading to the phosphorylation of several proteins.
Effects of distributed PV generation on California's distribution system, Part 1: Engineering simulations

Abstract Deployment of high-penetration photovoltaic (PV) power is expected to have a range of effects – both positive and negative – on the distribution grid. The magnitude of these effects may vary greatly depending upon feeder topology, climate, PV penetration level, and other factors. In this paper we present a simulation study of eight representative distribution feeders in three California climates at PV penetration levels up to 100%, supported by a unique database of distributed PV generation data that enables us to capture the impact of PV variability on feeder voltage and voltage regulating equipment. We find that feeder location (i.e. climate) has a stronger impact than feeder type on the incidence of reverse power flow, reductions in peak loading and the presence of voltage excursions. On the other hand, we find that feeder characteristics have a stronger impact than location on the magnitude of loss reduction and changes in voltage regulator operations. We find that secondary distribution transformer aging is negligibly affected in almost all scenarios.
VC Specialization Improves IPO Performance

Venture capital industry specialization enhances the performance of funded initial public offerings. Initial public offering survival rates and performance are higher when backed by single-industry venture capitalists. This presents useful investment analysis for portfolio managers, when adding venture capital to their investment portfolio. The study benefits from data, specifically the Capital IQ venture capital dataset, which have not been used in other venture capital research articles.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanophase Metal, M and Metal Carbide, M2C Particles Of The Group 6 Elements, Cr, Mo and W.

Reduction of MCln, n = 3 for M = Cr, Mo, n = 4 for W with LiBEt3H in THF results in formation of nanometer-sized crystalline metal carbide, M2C particles whereas the same reduction reaction in toluene results in formation of the corresponding metal particles. As an example of this methodology, the reduction of MoCl3(THF)3 and WCl4 in THF by Li/C10H8 is described in detail. Reduction of MoCl3(THF)3 in THF by Li/C10H8 resulted in formation of a black suspension from which black powder can be isolated. Electron diffraction and X-ray powder diffraction data showed the black powder is amorphous. Energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the presence of molybdenum, and no chlorine was detected. Ex-situ variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction experiments showed the presence of fee Mo2C which upon further heating underwent a phase transformation to hexagonal Mo2C. Crystalline molybdenum was also observed after heating to 750°C for 3 hours. Reduction of WCl4 in THF by Li/C10H8 results in formation of a black powder which on heating underwent phase transitions from amorphous to fee W2C to hexagonal W2C as determined by X-ray powder diffraction.
Cultures of Comparative Philology in the Early Modern Indo-Persian World

This article surveys the deep history of the discipline of comparative philology in the Indo-Persian world, and attempts to situate it within larger debates about global forms of intellectual modernity. From its early beginnings in the production of literary lexicons designed to help poets in different regional centers of the Persianate world understand each other’s works, comparative philology in South, Central, and West Asia developed into a key scholarly discipline in which a whole host of concerns relating to Indo-Persian intellectual life was negotiated: literary canon formation, the arbitration of good taste, the maintenance of cosmopolitan literary intelligibility in an increasingly vernacular world, and even the nature of language itself. These developments took place over many centuries, in a vast array of works, spread out over a vast region that stretched from Anatolia to India. But in their increasingly sophisticated scholarship, as well as their increasing cognizance of their own scholarly disciplinarity, we find several distinctly “modernizing” tendencies among many of the Indo-Persian philologists discussed here, long before the supposed “invention” of the discipline by western scholars like the British colonial judge and orientalist, Sir William Jones (1746-1794).
Detection and Evaluation of Occupational Hazards in An Aluminum Plant

[Objective]To identify,analyze and evaluate the potential occupational hazards and harmful levels of an aluminum plant,to put forward corresponding protection measures,and prevent or control occupational diseases. [Methods]Field hygienic survey and inspection and testing methods were adopted according to relevant laws,regulations and standards. [Results]The main occupational hazards in the production process of aluminum plant were alumina dust,silica dust,graphite dust,fluoride,hydrogen fluoride,carbonmonoxide,sulfur dioxide,nitrogen oxides,noise,heat,electromagnetic radiation,etc.The fixed-point detection included 54 dust-exposed locations,among them 47 locations were qualified,with pass rate of 87%.40 types of individual dust were tested,among them 34 Jobs were qualified,with pass rate of 85% 17 types of noise were detected,among them 13 types were within health limits,with pass rate of 76.5%.7 kinds of toxic chemicals and heat,magnetic field,frequency electric field were detected,the results were in line with the relevant standards. [Conclusion]The measures taken to control occupational hazards can achieve the goal of protection to some extent,but some places' occupational hazards are still serious.For the existed problems,the employer should follow the appropriate laws and regulatory requirements,and combine with recommendations for corrective actions and implementation,so that the concentration(or intensity) of occupational hazards in the workplace can be within the national occupational health limits,to prevent or control occupational disease.
Effects of human serum and plasma on development of mouse embryos in culture media

Mouse embryos were cultured in Ham’s F-10 medium (unsupplemented) and Ham’s F-10 medium supplemented with either 15% fetal cord serum, 15% fetal cord plasma, 15% maternal serum, or 15% maternal plasma. None of the blood supplements significantly increased the numbers of embryos that developed to blastocysts, and the last three of the blood supplements inhibited embryo development. The cause of the inhibition was not identified. Estradiol concentrations of blood samples used as media supplements were found not to correlate with inhibition of embryo development.
PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NA+ INFLUX VIA VOLTAGE-GATED NA+ CHANNELS IN SPINAL CORD ASTROCYTES

Rose, Christine R., Bruce R. Ransom, and Stephan G. Waxman. Pharmacological characterization of Na+ influx via voltage-gated Na+ channels in spinal cord astrocytes. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3249–3258, ...
Observation of Broadband Laser Ultrasound From A Moving Rough-Machined Plate Using A GaAs Photo-Induced EMF Sensor: Application to Industrial Nondestructive Remote Inspection

There is a need in the manufacturing sector to rapidly and nondestructively inspect components under harsh in-factory and field-testing conditions. Laser ultrasonics [1] offers a technique for inspection without direct contacting, resulting in a nondestructive, remote diagnostic. Conventional interferometric and heterodyne receivers are unable to compensate for workpiece vibrations and/or wavefront distortions, relative platform motion, and local turbulence. Fabry-Perot-based systems [1] have limited application due to complexity and cost. Compensated interferometers employing phase conjugation [2] or wavefront-matching [3] typically lack the speed-of-response to function in the factory, especially in the case of inspection of rapidly moving components on an assembly line or in the case of raster scanning a workpiece.
(Non)native Speakered: Rethinking (Non)nativeness and Teacher Identity in TESOL Teacher Education.

Despite its imprecision, the native–nonnative dichotomy has become the dominant paradigm for examining language teacher identity development. The nonnative English speaking teacher (NNEST) movement in particular has considered the impact of deficit framings of nonnativeness on “NNEST” preservice teachers. Although these efforts have contributed significantly towards increasing awareness of NNEST-hood, they also risk reifying the notion that nativeness and nonnativeness are objectively distinct categories. This article adopts a poststructuralist lens to reconceptualize native and nonnative speakers as complex, negotiated social subjectivities that emerge through a discursive process that the author terms (non)native speakering. It then applies this dynamic framework to analyze “narrative portraits” of four different archetypical language teachers, two of whom seem to fit neatly into (non)native speakerist frames of language and culture and two of whom deviate from them. It then reflects on how these preservice teachers negotiate, re-create, and resist the produced (non)native speaker subjectivities, and considers the complexity, fluidity, and heterogeneity within each archetype. In the conclusion, the author consider implications of (non)native speakering as a theoretical and analytical frame, as well as possible applications of the data for teacher education.
Thermodynamic optimization of mixed refrigerant Joule- Thomson systems constrained by heat transfer considerations

Mixed refrigerant (MR) working fluids can significantly increase the cooling capacity of a Joule-Thomson (JT) cycle. The optimization of MRJT systems has been the subject of substantial research. However, most optimization techniques do not model the recuperator in sufficient detail. For example, the recuperator is usually assumed to have a heat transfer coefficient that does not vary with the mixture. Ongoing work at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has shown that the heat transfer coefficients for two-phase flow are approximately three times greater than for a single phase mixture when the mixture quality is between 15% and 85%. As a result, a system that optimizes a MR without also requiring that the flow be in this quality range may require an extremely large recuperator or not achieve the performance predicted by the model. To ensure optimal performance of the JT cycle, the MR should be selected such that it is entirely two-phase within the recuperator. To determine the optimal MR composition, a parametric study was conducted assuming a thermodynamically ideal cycle. The results of the parametric study are graphically presented on a contour plot in the parameter space consisting of the extremes of the qualities that exist within the recuperator. The contours show constant values of the normalized refrigeration power. This 'map' shows the effect of MR composition on the cycle performance and it can be used to select the MR that provides a high cooling load while also constraining the recuperator to be two phase. The predicted best MR composition can be used as a starting point for experimentally determining the best MR.
What Is the Sound of One Invisible Hand Clapping? Neoliberalism, the Invisibility of Asian and Asian American Buddhists, and Secular Mindfulness in Education

In this chapter, I provide a critical interpretation of secular mindfulness in schools that situates the phenomenon within the broader context of neoliberalism and the interwoven dynamics of race. In doing so, I argue that secular mindfulness requires an ideology of white conquest that makes invisible the enduring efforts of Asian and Asian American Buddhists in maintaining the legacy of mindfulness practices. Given this foundation, I argue that when secular mindfulness programs are applied in schools, they often unconsciously advance both the neoliberal marketization of public schools and a curriculum predicated on a system of white superiority. Such curricula then discipline students both through neoliberal self-regulation and through a racial conditioning of white superiority as common, and calm, sense. Consequently, in the face of widespread economic and racial inequality, most secular mindfulness in education programs instructs a sense of individual responsibility and uplift, rather than government accountability and structural change.
Death and Taxes: Selected Income Tax Issues for Decedents and Their Families

This outline provides a survey of selected income tax issues affecting decedents and their families. In a tax system based on voluntary self-assessment, filing a tax return has obvious significance. But age and infirmity may affect the practical ability to comply; death even moreso. Marriage presents special tax opportunities for the couple, including the ability to file a joint return and share some tax attributes. Those joint returns present other concerns and complexities, including joint and several liability, which can affect a surviving spouse. Married taxpayers retain a separate taxpayer status with regard to the measurement and utilization of certain tax attributes, including losses and basis. Death of a spouse affects not only the filing of returns, but also the tax attributes available to the survivor. Basis adjustments provide a significant source of complexity. New basis reporting rules applicable to taxable estates present new responsibilities and challenges. Other tax attributes, including deductions, losses, and credits that may be carried forward or backward also deserve attention. A decedent’s interest in an S corporation or partnership raises some additional issues involving tax attributes passing to a transferee, including the basis of that ownership interest and attributes that may pass through the entity. Some common issues are considered for both entities. The partnership discussion also includes an overview of the new audit regime for partnerships and the implications of this regime for estate planners and beneficiaries, who may include continuing partners or transferees of partnership interests from a decedent.
Electromagnetic response during quench dynamics to the superconducting state: Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau analysis

We use a numerical solution of the deterministic time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations to determine the response induced by a probe field in a material quenched into a superconducting state. We characterize differences in response according to whether the probe is applied before, during, or after the phase stiffness has built up to its final steady-state value. We put an emphasis on the extent to which superfluid response requires a non-negligible phase stiffness, which for the considered quench has to build up dynamically. A key finding is that the time-dependent phase stiffness controls the likelihood of phase slips as well as the magnitude of the electromagnetic response. Additionally, we address the electromagnetic response expected if the probe itself is strong enough to activate phase slip processes. If the probe is applied before phase stiffness is sufficiently built up, we find that phase slips occur so that the vector potential is compensated and no long-term supercurrent is induced, while if it is applied at sufficient phase stiffness a weak probe pulse will induce a state with a long-lived supercurrent. If the probe is strong enough to activate the phase slip process, the supercurrent state will only be metastable with a lifetime that scales logarithmically with the amplitude of fluctuations in the magnitude of the order parameter. Finally, we study the response to experimentally motivated probe fields (electric field that integrates to zero). Interestingly, depending on the relative time difference of the probe field to the buildup of superconductivity, long-lived supercurrents can be induced even though the net change in vector potential is zero.
Mechanisms of Degradation and Strategies for the Stabilization of Cathode–Electrolyte Interfaces in Li-Ion Batteries

ConspectusUndesired reactions at the interface between a transition metal oxide cathode and a nonaqueous electrolyte bring about challenges to the performance of Li-ion batteries in the form of compromised durability. These challenges are especially severe in extreme conditions, such as above room temperature or at high potentials. The ongoing push to increase the energy density of Li-ion batteries to break through the existing barriers of application in electric vehicles creates a compelling need to address these inefficiencies. This goal requires a combination of deep knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning reactivity, and the ability to assemble multifunctional electrode systems where different components synergistically extend cycle life by imparting interfacial stability, while maintaining, or even increasing, capacity and potential of operation. The barriers toward energy storage at high density apply equally in Li-ion, the leading technology in the battery market, and in related, emerging concepts...
Research ethics in literature.

The Doctor's Wife is a classic novel that explores the complex human interaction between a researcher and his or her human experimental subjects. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Development of the Glomerular Capillary and Its Basement Membrane

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development of the renal glomerulus and summarizes much of the current data from gene targeting studies that affect glomerulogenesis. The chapter discusses the principal cellular and extracellular matrix components of the glomerulus and then describes how these elements originate in the developing kidney and interact with one another during glomerular formation. It illustrates some of the more common glomerular diseases—especially, those that have developmental significance. Renal organogenesis proceeds through an integrated series of complex interactions among epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, extracellular matrix, growth factors, cytokines, and other signaling molecules. The process of reciprocal induction between ureteric epithelium and the metanepheric mesenchyme is a key first step in generating the overall architecture of the kidney. Further, many of the molecular and cellular events governing early kidney development and progress in renal gene targeting studies have been reviewed in the chapter.
Conceptual, Operational, and Theoretical Overview of African American Health Related Disparities for Social and Behavioral Interventions

The purpose of this handbook is to share information about evidence-based approaches for the reduction of health disparities in the USA. It brings information about intervention research that affects African Americans. For this project, there are three initial concepts: African Americans, health disparities, and intervention. This chapter reviews selected literature to provide definitions and framing. In this process, the chapter offers conceptual, operational, and theoretical reconsiderations.
Program Obfuscation via Multilinear Maps

Recent proposals for plausible candidate constructions of multilinear maps and obfuscation have radically transformed what we imagined to be possible in cryptography. For over a decade cryptographers had been very skeptical about the existence of such objects. In this article, we provide a very brief introduction to these results and some of their interesting consequences.
The Compatibility of Differential Equations and Causal Models Reconsidered

Weber argues that causal modelers face a dilemma when they attempt to model systems in which the underlying mechanism operates according to some set of differential equations. The first horn is that causal models of these systems leave out certain causal effects. The second horn is that causal models of these systems leave out time-dependent derivatives, and doing so distorts reality. Either way causal models of these systems leave something important out. I argue that Weber’s reasons for thinking causal modeling is limited in this domain are lacking.
Toward Understanding Monomeric Ellagitannin Biosynthesis

Ellagitannins are found in approximately 40 percent of all dicotyledenous plants ranging from raspberries to the oaks.1–3 By definition, this class of compounds is composed of only glucose and biaryl-linked gallic acid. Though these two compounds are relatively simple in structure, the complexity of the compounds that can be formed is tremendous. Ellagitannins are seemingly a natural combinatorial library, with over 500 different compounds isolated and identified to date. Due to their relatively high oxidation potential4 and ability to bind heavy metals5 and proteins,6 research efforts have been directed at understanding their roles in environment-plant interactions,7 human health,8 timber processing,9 and spirits manufacture.10
What's new? a semantic definition of novelty

A central process in any learning experience is the incorporation of a new fact into an existing theory. Despite the abundance of papers on learning, no one has yet defined rigorously what it means to be "new". This paper attempts to fill that gap by first stating, and then formalizing several intuitive ideas about novelty, focusing on what it means for a statement to be a new fact about some concept. The report also includes a brief discussion of how this result might be applied and outlines many remaining research areas.
Rational Ligand Design To Improve Agrochemical Delivery Efficiency and Advance Agriculture Sustainability

The use of agrochemicals—fertilizers and pesticides—in crop production is inefficient, resulting in cascading adverse impacts on the environment and public health. Engineered nanomaterials have the...
Frozen Section Diagnosis of Ovarian Epithelial Tumors: Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls.

Context.— Epithelial tumors of the ovary are one of the most frequently encountered gynecologic specimens in the frozen section laboratory. The preoperative diagnostic workup of an ovarian mass is typically limited to imaging studies and serum markers, both of which suffer from low sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, intraoperative frozen section evaluation is crucial for determining the required extent of surgery, that is, cystectomy for benign tumors, oophorectomy or limited surgical staging for borderline tumors in younger patients to preserve fertility, or extensive staging procedure for ovarian carcinomas. Ovarian epithelial tumors may exhibit a wide range of morphologic patterns, which often overlap with each other and can mimic a variety of other ovarian nonepithelial neoplasms as well. A combination of careful gross examination, appropriate sampling and interpretation of morphologic findings, and familiarity with the clinical context is the key to the accurate frozen section diagnosis and succ...
Definitions and Principles of Focal Therapy

Focal therapy is a treatment concept that is quite broad in clinical application, encompassing the spectrum of precise laser ablation of a tumor target to near complete destruction of a large portion of the gland, as long as sexual and urinary function can be preserved. The index lesion, along with any other secondary lesions, needs to be identified and characterized as to its clinically significance and whether it requires treatment. The target(s) need to be examined within the 3-dimensional space of the prostate, particularly in relation to important anatomical structures, such as the neurovascular bundles and urinary sphincter. Based on these factors, the surgeon then decides the number, location and boundaries of the targeted ablation zones, weighing the perceived benefits and disadvantages of lesser or greater ablation volume on oncologic and functional outcomes. Applications that employ greater ablation volumes potentially diminish the likelihood of residual/de novo tumor in the untreated area(s) but risk, to some degree, the loss of physiologic function depending on location of ablation zones near critical anatomical structures. This chapter outlines the more commonly utilized configurations of focal ablation, to provide a standard nomenclature for reporting and comparison of clinical outcomes.
A Scalable and Efficient Privacy Preserving Global Itemset Support Approximation Using Bloom Filters

Several secure distributed data mining methods have been proposed in the literature that are based on privacy preserving set operation mechanisms. However, they are limited in the scalability of both the size and the number of data owners sources. Most of these techniques are primarily designed to work with two data owners and extensions to handle multiple owners are either expensive or infeasible. In addition, for large datasets, they incur substantial communication/computation overhead due to the use of cryptographic techniques. In this paper, we propose a scalable privacy-preserving protocol that approximates global itemset support, without employing any cryptographic mechanism. We also present some emperical results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.