cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of and Correction for Outcome Misclassification in Cumulative Incidence Estimation

Cohort studies and clinical trials may involve multiple events. When occurrence of one of these events prevents the observance of another, the situation is called “competing risks”. A useful measure in such studies is the cumulative incidence of an event, which is useful in evaluating interventions or assessing disease prognosis. When outcomes in such studies are subject to misclassification, the resulting cumulative incidence estimates may be biased. In this work, we study the mechanism of bias in cumulative incidence estimation due to outcome misclassification. We show that even moderate levels of misclassification can lead to seriously biased estimates in a frequently unpredictable manner. We propose an easy to use estimator for correcting this bias that is uniformly consistent. Extensive simulations suggest that this method leads to unbiased estimates in practical settings. The proposed method is useful, both in settings where misclassification probabilities are known by historical data or can be estimated by other means, and for performing sensitivity analyses when the misclassification probabilities are not precisely known.
Soup: a parser for real-world spontaneous speech

This chapter describes the key features of SOUP, a stochastic, chart-based, top-down parser, especially engineered for real-time analysis of spoken language with very large, multi-domain semantic grammars. SOUP achieves flexibility by encoding context-free grammars, specified for example in the Java Speech Grammar Format, as probabilistic recursive transition networks, and robustness by allowing skipping of input words at any position and producing ranked interpretations that may consist of multiple parse trees. Moreover, SOUP is very efficient, which allows for practically instantaneous backend response.
Long-Run Simulations With GTAP: Illustrative Results from APEC Trade Liberalisation

1998, March In static applied general equilibrium models, the exogenous/endogenous split between variables (or closure) is used to infer the time frame over which the effects of a shock are simulated. This paper introduces a long-run closure for the GTAP model (Hertel and Tsigas, 1997) and uses this closure to simulate and compare the short-run and long-run effects of Asia-Pacific trade liberalisation. The approach explored here incorporates some relatively minor changes to existing GTAP theory in order to define a steady state in which growth rates of all real variables are uniform. Such uniformity must apply in the initial database (as well as in the post-shock solution). So to implement the new long run in GTAP a new initial database must first be created. Details concerning the creation of the new database are given, and results under the new approach are compared with those obtained under the old. The emphasis of this paper is on the development of a long-run closure in which the percentage change form equations of the model and the relationships between the levels variables in the GTAP database are consistent. Further research is required into these types of long-run closures to incorporate changes in ownership of capital to ensure that changes in welfare are adequately modelled. In the results reported here, GDP is not a useful guide to national welfare. The long-run closures introduced here are also compared with another comparative static long-run closure developed for GTAP by Francois, MacDonald and Nordstrom (1996). Technical Paper Number 9 can be downloaded in PDF format. To print this you will need the Adobe Acrobat Reader. For those interested in replicating the results in this technical paper, an associated zip file can be downloaded. The zip file includes a readme file with detailed instructions.
Mesoporous silica supported solid acid catalysts

Abstract In this brief proceedings paper, we summarize the results of recent studies of the preparation and characterization of mesoporous silica supported tungstophosphoric acid (TPAIMS) and Cs-substituted tungstophosphoric acid salt (Cs-TPAIMS). In particular, we demonstrate that we have synthesized MS-supported Cs-substituted catalysts having significantly improved dispersion of the active clusters compared to materials described previously in the literature. Transmission electron micrographs and the activity results for a model reaction, the alkylation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene by cyclohexene, are presented as evidence for the enhanced dispersion and performance. In addition, we demonstrate improvements in the physical and thermal stability of these materials with Cs substitution using various characterization techniques. Finally, we also briefly describe the characterization and catalytic activity of TPAIMS materials, providing evidence for shape selectivity that is likely imparted by the structure of the MS support. The promising results with TPA/MS and Cs-TPA/MS catalysts indicate that they have potential applications in a variety of acid-catalyzed organic reactions involving large-sized reacting, intermediate, and/or product molecules with desired shape selectivity to products and/or intermediates.
The Gamma-Ray Properties of Unidentified Egret Sources

Although the majority of gamma-ray sources still remain unidentified, we have various kinds of information to characterize the observational properties of unidentified EGRET sources. Despite astronomical properties like locations of individual sources or the collective arrangement of the class as such, the nine years of CGRO observations provide the ability to investigate flux variability at different timescales, enable us to perform periodicity searches, determine gamma-ray source spectra between 30 MeV and 10 GeV and even investigate spectral variability. The basic observational properties of unidentified high-energy gamma-ray sources discovered by EGRET are reviewed. Various instrumental and observational peculiarities affecting the interpretation of the EGRET data are pointed out, also describing the way such biases might affect scientific conclusions drawn from the EGRET data.
Employment Estimates for Energy Efficiency Retrofits of Commercial Buildings

In this research brief, Heidi Garrett-Peltier estimates the employment impacts of President Obama’s Better Buildings Initiative: a set of tax code changes, lending programs, and a competitive grant program, designed to incentivize private investment in energy-efficiency upgrades to commercial buildings. By retrofitting these types of buildings, we can not only save energy and reduce the use of fossil fuels, but can also generate jobs in the manufacturing and installation of energy-efficient technologies, as well as in building operations. Through combined public and private investments, over 114,000 jobs can be created through the Initiative. This brief presents the tables and methodology used to derive this employment estimate.
Deterministic and efficiently searchable encryption

We present as-strong-as-possible definitions of privacy, and constructions achieving them, for public-key encryption schemes where the encryption algorithm is deterministic. We obtain as a consequence database encryption methods that permit fast (i.e. sub-linear, and in fact logarithmic, time) search while provably providing privacy that is as strong as possible subject to this fast search constraint. One of our constructs, called RSA-DOAEP, has the added feature of being length preserving, so that it is the first example of a public-key cipher. We generalize this to obtain a notion of efficiently-searchable encryption schemes which permit more flexible privacy to search-time trade-offs via a technique called bucketization. Our results answer much-asked questions in the database community and provide foundations for work done there.
The Anatomy of Trade Deflection

This study employs four-dimensional (firm-product-destination-year) export data of Brazilian firms to analyze firm-level responses when faced with an antidumping protection in a particular export m...
Semantic processing of the semantic web

We develop a semantics based approach to process information on the semantic web. We show how Horn logic can be used to denotationally capture the semantics of mark-up languages designed for describing resources on the semantic web (such as RDF). The same approach can also be used to specify the semantics of query languages for the semantic web. The semantics of both the resource description languages and the query languages are executable and when put together can be used to compute answers to semantic web queries. The main advantage of this semantic-based approach to processing the semantic web is that these executable semantics can be developed extremely quickly. Thus, as the semantic web mark-up languages evolve rapidly, their implementations can be developed at the same pace. In this paper, we present our approach based on denotational semantics and Horn logic. Our approach is quite general, and applicable to any description format (XML, RDF, DAML, etc.), though in this paper we illustrate it via RDF (Resource Description Framework).
When Judges Go Public: The Selective Promotion of Case Results on the Mexican Supreme Court

Recent theory in judicial politics suggests that a normative public commitment to a state’s high court can undermine political constraints on judging induced by the separation-of-powers system. If public support affects judicial authority in this way, judges ought to care about influencing the information to which citizens have access, especially when they substitute their preferences for those of elected officials by invalidating public policies. This study attempts to simultaneously explain the Mexican Supreme Court’s merits decisions in constitutional cases and its choices to issue press releases summarizing those decisions for members of the national media. Using original data on the Supreme Court’s constitutional resolutions, I find that the Court was significantly more likely to publicize decisions striking down public policies than those upholding them. I also find that that the Court was most likely to publicize resolutions striking down important federal policies, the policies the Court was least likely to invalidate.
THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF AGRIBUSINESS METHODS OF AGRIBUSINESS SCHOLARSHIP

The prevailing agricultural economics epistemology of positivistic knowledge is argued to be inappropriate for the study of agribusiness. In contrast to the traditional arenas of agricultural economics study, agribusiness research should be designed to be (1) theory-building, rather than theory disconfirming, (2) capable of examining phenomena that are not readily quantifiable nor separable from context, and (3) capable of examining phenomena for which the underlying cause-and-effect structure is unstable or not given to general theory. Methods of phenomenological knowledge are much more appropriate to agribusiness research, and these methods should be adopted by agribusiness scholars and recognized for promotion and tenure purposes.
Residual belief Propagation: informed scheduling for asynchronous message passing

Inference for probabilistic graphical models is still very much a practical challenge in large domains. The commonly used and effective belief propagation (BP) algorithm and its generalizations often do not converge when applied to hard, real-life inference tasks. While it is widely recognized that the scheduling of messages in these algorithms may have significant consequences, this issue remains largely unexplored. In this work, we address the question of how to schedule messages for asynchronous propagation so that a fixed point is reached faster and more often. We first show that any reasonable asynchronous BP converges to a unique fixed point under conditions similar to those that guarantee convergence of synchronous BP. In addition, we show that the convergence rate of a simple round-robin schedule is at least as good as that of synchronous propagation. We then propose residual belief propagation (RBP), a novel, easy-to-implement, asynchronous propagation algorithm that schedules messages in an informed way, that pushes down a bound on the distance from the fixed point. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of RBP over state-of-the-art methods for a variety of challenging synthetic and real-life problems: RBP converges significantly more often than other methods; and it significantly reduces running time until convergence, even when other methods converge.
Generalized von Smoluchowski Model of Reaction Rates, with Reacting Particles and a Mobile Trap

We study diffusion-limited coalescence, A+A⇋A, in one dimension, in the presence of a diffusing trap. The system may be regarded as a generalization of von Smoluchowski's model for reaction rates, in that (a) it includes reactions between the particles surrounding the trap, and (b) the trap is mobile—two considerations which render the model more physically relevant. As seen from the trap's frame of reference, the motion of the particles is highly correlated, because of the motion of the trap. An exact description of the long-time asymptotic limit is found using the IPDF method and exploiting a “shielding” property of reversible coalescence that was discovered recently. In the case where the trap also acts as a sources—giving birth to particles—the shielding property breaks down, but we find an “equivalence principle”: Trapping and diffusion of the trap may be compensated by an appropriate rate of birth, such that the steady state of the system is identical with the equilibrium state in the absence of a trap.
Information and racial exclusion

We present several economic models of racial segregation and income inequality. The use of race as a signal arises from imperfect information about the return to transactions with particular agents. In a search framework, signaling supports not simply a discriminatory equilibrium, but a pattern of racially segregated transactions, which in turn perpetuates the informational asymmetries. Equilibrium income disparities depend on the relative size of the minority group and on the informational “distance” between races. Under some circumstances, minority agents will self-segregate since they face an adverse selection of majority agents who are willing to trade with them.
Full-body collision detection and reaction with omnidirectional mobile platforms: a step towards safe human---robot interaction

In this paper, we develop estimation and control methods for quickly reacting to collisions between omnidirectional mobile platforms and their environment. To enable the full-body detection of external forces, we use torque sensors located in the robot's drivetrain. Using model based techniques we estimate, with good precision, the location, direction, and magnitude of collision forces, and we develop an admittance controller that achieves a low effective mass in reaction to them. For experimental testing, we use a facility containing a calibrated collision dummy and our holonomic mobile platform. We subsequently explore collisions with the dummy colliding against a stationary base and the base colliding against a stationary dummy. Overall, we accomplish fast reaction times and a reduction of impact forces. A proof of concept experiment presents various parts of the mobile platform, including the wheels, colliding safely with humans.
Elections, special interests, and the fiscal costs of financial crisis

The author proposes a new approach to explain why the costs of crisis are greater in some countries than in others. He begins with the premise that many crises result from the willingness of politicians to cater to special interests, at the expense of broad social interests. A parsimonious model predicts that the less costly it is for average citizens to expel politicians, the more veto players there are; the less important are exogenous shocks, and the more difficult it is for politicians and special interests to forge credible agreements, the lower the costs of crisis are. Though these predictions differ from those in the literature, empirical evidence presented shows that they explain the fiscal costs of financial crisis, even after controlling for the financial sector policies believed to contribute most to the efficient prevention, and resolution of financial crisis.
New Layered Tin(II) Thiophosphates ASnPS4 (A = K, Rb, Cs): Synthesis, Structure, Glass Formation, and the Modulated CsSnPS4

The layered compounds KSnPS(4) (1), RbSnPS(4) (2), and CsSnPS(4) (3) were synthesized using the chalcophosphate flux technique at high temperature and are rare examples of divalent Sn(II) thiophosphates. Orange polyhedral crystals of compound 1 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with a = 6.6673(13) A, b = 11.9697(24) A, c = 8.7604(18), and β=127.347(8)° in a 2-dimensional layered structure. Compound 2 is isostructural to 1. Yellow block shaped crystals of compound 3 crystallize in the monoclinic superspace group P2(1)(αβ0)0 with a commensurate q-vector at 1/4a* + 1/4c* with a = 18.0477(14) A, b = 6.2021(5) A, and c = 6.8415(5) A. The structure of all three compounds contains SnS(3) pyramids, which is an extremely rare solid state chalcogenide coordination environment. All three compounds are semiconductors having well-defined band-gaps between 2.0 and 2.2 eV. The compounds are congruently melting and can be obtained as glasses by rapid quenching of the melt, which subsequently crystallize upon heating.
The Relative (Un)Importance of Rehnquist Court Decisions

The Rehnquist Court took conservative positions more often than its immediate predecessors. Less clear, however, is the degree to which its decisions actually impacted the legal framework. Given studies that suggest that ideological heterogeneity within Supreme Court majority coalitions and systematic trends of “institutional thickening” hinder the creation of legally important decisions, I hypothesize that the decisions of the Rehnquist Court should be less legally important relative to prior courts, and should create more important liberal legal decisions than expected. Employing measures of legal importance developed through the network analysis of Supreme Court precedent, I find that Rehnquist Court decisions are less legally important than decisions from prior eras. Furthermore, I find that in the most salient legal subject areas, the Rehnquist Court's liberal and conservative decisions are of roughly equal importance. Given these findings, the Rehnquist Court's ideological impact on precedent is more modest than its critics charge. La Corte de Rehnquist tomo posiciones conservadoras mas a menudo que sus predecesores inmediatos. Sin embargo, el grado en el que sus decisiones en realidad impactaron el marco legal es menos claro. Determinados estudios que sugieren que la heterogeneidad ideologica dentro de las coaliciones de mayoria de la Suprema Corte y las tendencias sistematicas de “robustecimiento institucional” dificultan la formulacion de decisiones legalmente importantes, planteo que las decisiones de la Corte de Rehnquist seran legalmente menos importantes en comparacion con cortes previas, y formularan decisiones legales liberales mas importantes de lo esperado. Utilizando medidas de la importancia legal desarrolladas a traves del analisis de red de los precedentes de la Suprema Corte, descubro que las decisiones de la Corte de Rehnquist son legalmente menos importantes que las decisiones de las eras previas. Ademas, encuentro que en las areas legales mas importantes, las decisiones liberales y conservadoras de la Corte de Rehnquist son aproximadamente de una importancia similar. Dado estos hallazgos, el impacto ideologico de la Corte de Rehnquist sobre precedente es mucho mas modesto de lo que sus criticos la acusan.
Trends in Private Sector Development in World Bank Education Projects

Emerging trends in education show the private sector to be playing an increasingly important role in financing and providing educational services in many countries. Private sector development has not arisen primarily through public policy design, but has of course been affected by the design, and limitations of public policy. The author traces trends in private sector development in eleven of seventy World Bank education projects in 1995-97, asking two questions: What has been the rationale for Bank lending in education? And, in countries where there is both privately financed, and publicly financed, and provided education, how has the Bank encouraged the private sector to thrive? The eleven country samples reveal that the Bank's interest in private sector development is basically in capacity-oriented privatization, to absorb excess demand for education. This is crucial to the Bank's general strategy for education lending: promoting access with equity, focusing on efficiency in resource allocation, promoting quality, and supporting capacity building. Absorbing excess demand tends to involve poorer families, usually much poorer than those that take advantage of other forms of privatized education. The Bank emphasizes capacity-oriented privatization, especially of teacher training for primary, and secondary schools, as well as institutional capacity building for tertiary, and vocational education. The underlying principle is that strengthening the private sector's role in non-compulsory education over time, will release public resources for the compulsory (primary) level. The private sector is emerging as a force governments, donors, and other technical assistance agencies cannot ignore. Often the term private sector encompasses households' out-of-pocket expenses, rather than describing for-profit, or not-for-profit (religious or otherwise) sectors. And lumpy investments, supporting both private, and public education, are the norm.
A Tale of Two Current Sheets

I outline a new model of particle acceleration in the current sheet separating the closed from the open field lines in the force-free model of pulsar magnetospheres, based on reconnection at the light cylinder and “auroral” acceleration occurring in the return current channel that connects the light cylinder to the neutron star surface. I discuss recent studies of Pulsar Wind Nebulae, which find that pair outflow rates in excess of those predicted by existing theories of pair creation occur, and use those results to point out that dissipation of the magnetic field in a pulsar’s wind upstream of the termination shock is restored to life as a viable model for the solution of the “s” problem as a consequence of the lower wind 4-velocity implied by the larger mass loading.
Optimal rectangle packing: an absolute placement approach

We consider the problem of finding all enclosing rectangles of minimum area that can contain a given set of rectangles without overlap. Our rectangle packer chooses the x-coordinates of all the rectangles before any of the y-coordinates. We then transform the problem into a perfect-packing problem with no empty space by adding additional rectangles. To determine the y-coordinates, we branch on the different rectangles that can be placed in each empty position. Our packer allows us to extend the known solutions for a consecutive-square benchmark from 27 to 32 squares. We also introduce three new benchmarks, avoiding properties that make a benchmark easy, such as rectangles with shared dimensions. Our third benchmark consists of rectangles of increasingly high precision. To pack them efficiently, we limit the rectangles' coordinates and the bounding box dimensions to the set of subset sums of the rectangles' dimensions. Overall, our algorithms represent the current state-of-the-art for this problem, outperforming other algorithms by orders of magnitude, depending on the benchmark.
Negative campaigning in a probabilistic voting model

This paper extends the small existing theoretical literature on negative campaigning, building on work by Harrington and Hess (Games Econ Behav 17:209–229, 1996). While their analysis explores the determinants of negative campaign spending using a classic spatial voting model, this paper relies instead on a probabilistic voting model, extending the use of this popular model to a new setting. The main lesson of the analysis is that negative campaign spending is higher for the relatively more-centrist candidate. The more-extreme candidate in the electoral contest devotes, by contrast, comparatively more of her funds to positive campaign spending. This result, which at first appears unrelated to the main findings of Harrington and Hess (Games Econ Behav 17:209–229, 1996) and Chakrabarti (Scottish J Polit Econ 54:136–149, 2007), actually can be viewed as aligning with their conclusions, although the underlying mechanics are very different. The paper also offers an empirical test of this prediction.
A study on the locality behavior of minimum spanning tree algorithms

Locality behavior study is crucial for achieving good performance for irregular problems. Graph algorithms with large, sparse inputs, for example, oftentimes achieve only a tiny fraction of the potential peak performance on current architectures. Compared with most numerical algorithms graph algorithms lay higher pressure on the memory system. In this paper, using the minimum spanning tree problem as an example, we study the locality behavior of graph algorithms, both sequential and parallel, for arbitrary, sparse instances. We show that the inherent locality of graph algorithms may not be favored by the current architecture, and parallel graph algorithms tend to have significantly poorer locality behaviors than their sequential counterparts. As memory hierarchy gets deeper and processors start to contain multi-cores, our study suggests that architectural support and new parallel algorithm designs are necessary for achieving good performance for irregular graph problems.
Object-oriented Bayesian networks

Bayesian networks provide a modeling language and associated inference algorithm for stochastic domains. They have been successfully applied in a variety of medium-scale applications. However, when faced with a large complex domain, the task of modeling using Bayesian networks begins to resemble the task of programming using logical circuits. In this paper, we describe an object-oriented Bayesian network (OOBN) language, which allows complex domains to be described in terms of inter-related objects. We use a Bayesian network fragment to describe the probabilistic relations between the attributes of an object. These attributes can themselves be objects, providing a natural framework for encoding part-of hierarchies, Classes are used to provide a reusable probabilistic model which can be applied to multiple similar objects. Classes also support inheritance of model fragments from a class to a subclass, allowing the common aspects of related classes to be defined only once. Our language has clear declarative semantics: an OOBN can be interpreted as a stochastic functional program, so that it uniquely specifies a probabilistic model. We provide an inference algorithm for OOBNs, and show that much of the structural information encoded by an OOBN--particularly the encapsulation of variables within an object and the reuse of model fragments in different contexts---can also be used to speed up the inference process.
Predictive linear-gaussian models of stochastic dynamical systems

Models of dynamical systems based on predictive state representations (PSRs) are defined strictly in terms of observable quantities, in contrast with traditional models (such as Hidden Markov Models) that use latent variables or state-space representations. In addition, PSRs have an effectively infinite memory, allowing them to model some systems that finite memory-based models cannot. Thus far, PSR models have primarily been developed for domains with discrete observations. Here, we develop the Predictive Linear-Gaussian (PLG) model, a class of PSR models for domains with continuous observations. We show that PLG models subsume Linear Dynamical System models (also called Kalman filter models or state-space models) while using fewer parameters. We also introduce an algorithm to estimate PLG parameters from data, and contrast it with standard Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithms used to estimate Kalman filter parameters. We show that our algorithm is a consistent estimation procedure and present preliminary empirical results suggesting that our algorithm outperforms EM, particularly as the model dimension increases.
Computational ghost imaging versus imaging laser radar for three-dimensional imaging

Ghost imaging has been receiving increasing interest for possible use as a remote-sensing system. There has been little comparison, however, between ghost imaging and the imaging laser radars with which it would be competing. Toward that end, this paper presents a performance comparison between a pulsed, computational ghost imager and a pulsed, floodlight-illumination imaging laser radar. Both are considered for range-resolving (three-dimensional) imaging of a collection of rough-surfaced objects at standoff ranges in the presence of atmospheric turbulence. Their spatial resolutions and signal-to-noise ratios are evaluated as functions of the system parameters, and these results are used to assess each system's performance tradeoffs. Scenarios in which a reflective ghost-imaging system has advantages over a laser radar are identified.
Realizing the opportunities of neutron cross-section measurements at RIA

The Rare Isotope Accelerator will produce many isotopes at never before seen rates. This will allow for the first‐time measurements on isotopes very far from stability and new measurement opportunities for unstable nuclei near stability. In fact, the production rates are such that it should be possible to collect 10 micrograms of many isotopes with a half‐life of 1 day or more. This ability to make targets of short‐lived nuclei enables the possibility of making neutron cross‐section measurements important to the astrophysics and the stockpile stewardship communities. But to fully realize this opportunity, the appropriate infrastructure must be included at the RIA facility. This includes isotope harvesting capabilities, radiochemical areas for processing collected material, and an intense, “mono‐energetic,” tunable neutron source. As such, we have been developing a design for neutron source facility to be included at the RIA site. This facility would produce neutrons via intense beams of deuterons and protons on a variety of targets. The facility would also include the necessary radiochemical facilities for target processing. These infrastructure needs will be discussed in addition to the methods that would be employed at RIA for measuring these neutron cross sections.
Knowledge management for consumer focused product design

As firms adopt a consumer focus with a mass customization strategy, it is essential to conduct early product design trade-off analysis among competing objectives of increased product variety, shorter product lifecycles, and smaller lot sizes. This paper proposes a knowledge management approach integrating capabilities for intelligent information support and group decision-making, utilizing a common enterprise network model and knowledge interface through shared ontologies.
Food Process Engineering

Introduction Heat Transfer in Food Processing Preservation of Foods Drying aw Reduction Chilling Freezing Thermal Processing Concentration Processes Solid–Liquid Extraction Solid–Liquid Separations Peeling, Skinning, and Hulling Cleaning Homogenization and Emulsification Solidification Gelling and Coagulation Cooling-Induced Solidification Shaping and Texturizing Operations Rolling and Flaking Extrusion Other Operations Bibliography Keywords: concentration; drying; expression; extraction; extrusion; heat transfer; membrane processes; preservation; separations; thermal processing
Sympathetic Release of Splenic Monocytes Promotes Recurring Anxiety Following Repeated Social Defeat

Abstract Background Neuroinflammatory signaling may contribute to the pathophysiology of chronic anxiety disorders. Previous work showed that repeated social defeat (RSD) in mice promoted stress-sensitization that was characterized by the recurrence of anxiety following subthreshold stress 24 days after RSD. Furthermore, splenectomy following RSD prevented the recurrence of anxiety in stress-sensitized mice. We hypothesize that the spleen of RSD-exposed mice became a reservoir of primed monocytes that were released following neuroendocrine activation by subthreshold stress. Methods Mice were subjected to subthreshold stress (i.e., single cycle of social defeat) 24 days after RSD, and immune and behavioral measures were taken. Results Subthreshold stress 24 days after RSD re-established anxiety-like behavior that was associated with egress of Ly6C hi monocytes from the spleen. Moreover, splenectomy before RSD blocked monocyte trafficking to the brain and prevented anxiety-like behavior following subthreshold stress. Splenectomy, however, had no effect on monocyte accumulation or anxiety when determined 14 hours after RSD. In addition, splenocytes cultured 24 days after RSD exhibited a primed inflammatory phenotype. Peripheral sympathetic inhibition before subthreshold stress blocked monocyte trafficking from the spleen to the brain and prevented the re-establishment of anxiety in RSD-sensitized mice. Last, β-adrenergic antagonism also prevented splenic monocyte egress after acute stress. Conclusions The spleen served as a unique reservoir of primed monocytes that were readily released following sympathetic activation by subthreshold stress that promoted the re-establishment of anxiety. Collectively, the long-term storage of primed monocytes in the spleen may have a profound influence on recurring anxiety disorders.
Chemical sensors based on the modification of a resonator cavity

In this paper, we present a chemical sensor based on the modification of an optical resonator: the optical path length of the resonant cavity is changed by the chemical in question, thus shifting its resonant frequency.
Terrestrial Planet Formation in Binary Star Systems

RESUMEN La mayor a de las estrellas residen en sistemas estelares binarios/m ultiples. Sin embargo, todos los modelos anteriores sobre el crecimiento de planetas, han supuesto una unica estrella aislada. Las simulaciones num ericas del colapso de n odulos densos en nubes moleculares para formar estrellas binarias, sugieren que los discos se forman en sistemas estelares binarios. Las observaciones sugieren, indirectamente, la presencia de material del disco alrededor de una o de ambas componentes de sistemas estelares binarios. Si los planetas se forman en los lugares apropiados dentro de esos discos, podr an permanecer en orbitas estables por tiempos indenidos. Estamos simulando las ultimas etapas de crecimiento de planetas terrestres dentro de sistemas estelares binarios, a partir de dos integradores nuevos y simples que hemos desarrollado para estos menesteres. Mostramos que las ultimas fases en la formaci on de sistemas terrestres pueden ocurrir en una gran variedad de sistemas binarios, y hemos empezado a delinear el rango del espacio de par ametros en donde aplica esta armaci on. Este art culo presenta resultados de nuestras primeras simulaciones de crecimiento planetario alrededor de cada estrella en el sistema Centauri AB y en otros sistemas con mayor separaci on, as como tambi en alrededor de sistemas binarios muy cerrados.
The satellites of Saturn.

Saturn’s family of satellites includes manifestations of chemical evolution and offers a possible prototype for habitable satellites in planetary systems containing super-giant planets. Titan and the dark side of Iapetus reveal the most obvious evidence of organic chemistry. New observations of Titan in the near infrared have allowed the production of maps of the satellite’s surface at three different wavelengths. These maps, together with additional spectroscopic measurements, allow us to place constraints on the location and extent of possible hydrocarbon oceans and large-scale deposits of some types of organic aerosols. We have made a new interpretation of the material covering the dark, leading hemisphere of Iapetus that suggests the presence of nitrogen-rich (N/C > 1) organic material in addition to amorphous carbon and water ice. The origin of this organic material remains obscure, but nearby Titan with its nitrogen-dominated atmosphere and ongoing production of aerosols is an obviou s suspect, which can be queried by future observations. The Titan-Saturn pair can be scaled to hypothetical satellites around the newly discovered extrasolar planets to test the idea that satellites of these planets, rather than the planets themselves, might provide habitable environments.
Beam Thrust Cross Section for Drell-Yan Production at Next-to-Next-to-Leading-Logarithmic Order

At the LHC and Tevatron strong initial-state radiation (ISR) plays an important role. It can significantly affect the partonic luminosity available to the hard interaction or contaminate a signal with additional jets and soft radiation. An ideal process to study ISR is isolated Drell-Yan production, pp → Xl+ l- without central jets, where the jet veto is provided by the hadronic event shape beam thrust τB. Most hadron collider event shapes are designed to study central jets. In contrast, requiring τ B << 1 provides an inclusive veto of central jets and measures the spectrum of ISR. For τ B << 1 we carry out a resummation of α s(n)ln(m)τ B corrections at next-to-next-to-leading-logarithmic order. This is the first resummation at this order for a hadron-hadron collider event shape. Measurements of τ B at the Tevatron and LHC can provide crucial tests of our understanding of ISR and of τ B's utility as a central jet veto.
Unraveling Brown Dwarf Origins

Brown dwarfs, which are somewhere between stars and planets in mass, appear to be common both in the solar neighborhood and in star-forming regions. Their origin is a topic of significant current interest and debate. In his Perspective, Jayawardhana discusses the ongoing debate about their origins. Some astronomers have suggested that brown dwarfs are stellar embryos ejected from newborn multiple star systems. Others argue that they form in the same manner as stars, through fragmentation and collapse of interstellar clouds. Observations of young brown dwarfs may help distinguish among different scenarios for their formation. Future infrared and millimeter observations, from telescopes on the ground and in space, could provide more definitive tests.
Knotted surfaces in 4-manifolds and stabilizations

In this paper, we study stable equivalence of exotically knotted surfaces in 4-manifolds, surfaces that are topologically isotopic but not smoothly isotopic. We prove that any pair of embedded surfaces in the same homology class become smoothly isotopic after stabilizing them by handle additions in the ambient 4-manifold, which can moreover assumed to be attached in a standard way (locally and unknottedly) in many favorable situations. In particular, any exotically knotted pair of surfaces with cyclic fundamental group complements become smoothly isotopic after a same number of standard stabilizations - analogous to C.T.C. Wall's celebrated result on the stable equivalence of simply-connected 4-manifolds. We moreover show that all constructions of exotic knottings of surfaces we are aware of, which display a good variety of techniques and ideas, produce surfaces that become smoothly isotopic after a single stabilization.
Preference elicitation for General Random Utility Models

This paper discusses General Random Utility Models (GRUMs). These are a class of parametric models that generate partial ranks over alternatives given attributes of agents and alternatives. We propose two preference elicitation scheme for GRUMs developed from principles in Bayesian experimental design, one for social choice and the other for personalized choice. We couple this with a general Monte-Carlo-Expectation-Maximization (MC-EM) based algorithm for MAP inference under GRUMs. We also prove uni-modality of the likelihood functions for a class of GRUMs. We examine the performance of various criteria by experimental studies, which show that the proposed elicitation scheme increases the precision of estimation.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PRICES PRODUCERS RECEIVE FOR HOGS: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF KILLSHEET AND SURVEY DATA

This paper evaluates the results of a survey of Iowa pork producers, examining potential price discrimination by packers. Prices varied greatly across producers, and the examined variables explain just over half of the variation. Factors under the producer's control were the most significant variables and accounted for the vast majority of the explainable difference in price among producers. Packer buying systems also accounted for some difference in producer prices. Finally, variables related to operation size, while statistically significant, increased the explanatory values of the equation very little. KEYWORDS: Market access, carcass merit, hog marketing, price determination, price discrimination
Continuity is an Adjoint Functor

We explain how the definition of continuity for functions between topological spaces can be rephrased as an adjointness condition between naturally arising functors. 1. INTRODUCTION. The emergence of category theory, introduced by S. Eilenberg and S. Mac Lane in the 1940s (see (2)), was among the most impor- tant mathematical developments of the twentieth century. The profound impact of the theory continues to this day, and categorical methods are currently used, for example, in algebra, geometry, topology, mathematical physics, logic, and theoretical computer science. (Hints of this breadth can be found, e.g., in (1), (6), and (7).) A category is comprised of objects and morphisms between objects. Standard ele- mentary examples include Set, where the objects are sets and the morphisms are set functions; VecF, where the objects are vector spaces over a field F and the morphisms are F-linear transformations; Grp, where the objects are groups and the morphisms are group homomorphisms; and T op, where the objects are topological spaces and the morphisms are continuous functions. Relationships among different categories are established viafunctorsbetween them. A pair of adjoint functors, as formulated in 1958 by D. M. Kan (3), determines a particularly close tie between two categories. Adjoint functors are essential tools in category theory, and their introduction was a significant milestone in its development. While it is commonly held that adjoint functors "occur almost everywhere" (6, p. 107)), at least in many areas of mathematics, the typical first examples presented to students may not immediately reveal the fundamental importance of the ideas in- volved. (One such typical example, a left adjoint to a "forgetful functor," is described at the end of the brief review provided in the next section.) Our aim in this note, then, is to illustrate how a natural example of adjoint functors can be "found" in the definition of a continuous map between topological spaces. In particular, we show, for a set function ϕ : X → Y between topological spaces X and Y, that ϕ is continuous if and only if certain naturally arising functors are adjoint. Remark. The main result presented in this note was recorded in a more abstract, and apparently more obscure, setting in (5). Moreover, in noncommutative algebraic geometry, certain adjoint functor pairs serve as morphisms between (not explicitly defined) noncommutative spaces. (This approach follows (8) and (10); see also (9).) The reader is referred, for example, to (4) for an accessible general introduction to category theory and its history. 2. A BRIEF REVIEW. As mentioned above, a category C consists of objects and morphisms between objects. The morphisms in C from an object A to an object B comprise a set denoted HomC(A, B). A morphism in C from A to B is also referred to as a C-morphism and denoted A → B.
Some aspects of galactic cosmic ray acceleration

I give a synopsis of two aspects of the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) acceleration problem: the importance of the medium energy gamma-ray window, and several specific astrophysical sources which merit further investigation. NOTE: figures may be found in the on-line version only: astro-ph/0309758.
The Association of Mutants with Homozygous Deficiencies in Zea Mays.

NOTE: The footnote on the first page of this article incorrectly indicates that it was published in "Genetics" 25. The article was published in "Genetics" 26.
Intervening O VI Quasar Absorption Systems at Low Redshift: A Significant Baryon Reservoir*

Far-UV echelle spectroscopy of the radio-quiet QSO H1821+643 (zem = 0.297), obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) at ~7 km s-1 resolution, reveals four definite O VI absorption-line systems and one probable O VI absorber at 0.15 < zabs < 0.27. The four definite O VI absorbers are located near galaxies and are highly displaced from the quasar in redshift; these are likely intervening systems unrelated to the background QSO. In the case of the strong O VI system at zabs = 0.22497, multiple components are detected in Si III and O VI as well as H I Lyman series lines, and the differing component velocity centroids and b-values firmly establish that this is a multiphase absorption system. A weak O VI absorber is detected at zabs = 0.22637, i.e., offset by ~340 km s-1 from the zabs = 0.22497 system. Lyα absorption is detected at zabs = 0.22613, but no Lyα absorption is significantly detected at 0.22637. Other weak O VI absorbers at zabs = 0.24531 and 0.26659 and the probable O VI system at 0.21326 have widely diverse O VI/H I column density ratios with N(O VI)/N(H I) ranging from ≤0.14 ± 0.03 to 5.2 ± 1.2. The number density of O VI absorbers with rest equivalent width greater than 30 mA in the H1821+643 spectrum is remarkably high, dN/dz ~ 48, which implies with a high (90%) confidence that it is greater than 17 in the low-redshift intergalactic medium. We conservatively estimate that the cosmological mass density of the O VI systems is Ωb(OVI) 0.0008 h. With an assumed metallicity of 1/10 solar and a conservative assumption that the fraction of oxygen in the O VI ionization stage is 0.2, we obtain Ωb(OVI) 0.004 h. This is comparable to the combined cosmological mass density of stars and cool gas in galaxies and X-ray-emitting gas in galaxy clusters at low redshift.
Charge-Dependent Correlations in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions and the Chiral Magnetic Effect

We provide a phenomenological analysis of present experimental searches for local parity violation manifested through the Chiral Magnetic Effect. We introduce and discuss the relevant correlation functions used for the measurements. Our analysis of the available data from both RHIC and LHC shows that the present experimental evidence for the Chiral Magnetic Effect is rather ambiguous. We further discuss in some detail various background contributions due to conventional physics, which need to be understood quantitatively in order to draw a definitive conclusion about the existence of local parity violation in heavy ion collisions.
$L^p$ mapping properties of the Bergman projection on the Hartogs triangle

We prove optimal estimates for the mapping properties of the Bergman projection on the Hartogs triangle in weighted L spaces when p > 4 3 , where the weight is a power of the distance to the singular boundary point. For 1 < p ≤ 4 3 we show that no such weighted estimates are possible.