cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of silicon nanowires grown by electroless etching

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were created using the electroless etching technique using silver nitrate (AgNO 3 )/hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. More than 200 samples were created using various methods, concentrations and techniques, producing some consistent results and revealing some random properties. SEM images were taken of many samples, showing various stages of growth and the results of the various techniques used to grow the SiNWs. These images and experiments show that previous notions on the growth of SiNWs may be misunderstood. The experiments performed and the images taken show that SiNWs growth process is highly randomized, starting at the beginning of the etch with no SiNWs, and ending with SiNWs branching away from a centralized agglomeration made up of corrugated, ribbonized Silicon (Si). Process and SEM stage images are provided, including dendrite blankets.
Self-scattering in Monte Carlo calculations of transient dynamic response in semiconductors

Abstract We have calculated the transient dynamic response in GaAs by a Monte Carlo approach. We find that the results are extremely sensitive to the value of Γ, the self-scattering parameter, which differs from results previously reported in the literature. However, when Г is selected so that 〈Δ t 〉= 1/Г ⪡ 〈τ〉 , comparable results are obtained to those calculated without utilizing a self-scattering assumption.
A virtual amplitude grating for atomic optics

Abstract We propose an atom optical amplitude grating formed by a standing wave light field. The standing wave optically pumps all atoms except those localized near the nodes of the light field into an undetected internal state. The distribution of atoms near the nodes in the detected internal state can approach that of a minimum uncertainty wavepacket. The periodicity of the spatial localization results in a well resolved diffraction pattern. We also explore the spatial coherence of atomic wavepackets following the interaction with the virtual grating.
Mechanical behavior of a bi-stable negative-rate bias spring system

When a high electric field is applied across a dielectric electro-active polymer, the stiffness, in the in-plane direction, decreases. This change in stiffness can be used to generate linear actuation in the out-of-plane direction if the dielectric electro-active polymer (DEAP) is subject to a suitable bias force. This bias force is commonly provided by a linear spring, but a recent research work suggests the use of so-called negative-rate bias springs (NBS) to increase the achievable stroke. These systems are geometrically non-linear systems with bi-stable mechanical characteristics with a negative stiffness between equilibrium points that can be efficiently matched to the DEAP load/deformation behavior. This paper provides an overview of current work performed using NBS and discusses why NBS provide more displacement output. In addition, this paper presents a simple analytical model and a FE simulation of a negative-rate bias spring (NBS). The simple model is introduced to explain the non-linear snap-through behavior of the bi-stable NBS. FE simulated results obtained with bi-stable buckled beam are examined and compared with a linear spring model. The beam buckling and stiffness are identified to be analogous to the simple linear spring model's pre-compression and spring stiffness. These parameters can be used to tune a mechanism to appropriately match with a DEAP film. Future work includes NBS mechanism design and their coupling with circular DEAPs.
Enhancing productivity and sensitivity in mask production via a fast integrated die-to-database T+R inspection

Inspection strategies of transmitted die-to-database pattern inspection (DBT), reflected die-to-database inspection (DBR) and STARlight2 TM (SL2) contamination inspection are employed by mask makers in order to detect pattern defects and contamination defects on photo-masks in process inspection steps and outgoing quality control (OQC). Currently, SL2 inspection is used to detect contamination defects while die-to-database inspections are used to detect pattern defects. However, such inspection strategies need two passes to detect both pattern defects and contamination defects. In this paper we introduce 'Fast Integrated Die-to-Database T+R' (Fast dbTR) and compare its detection capabilities and the productivity to conventional standard detection modes, such as, DBT, DBR and SL2. Programmed reticles and production reticles with pattern defects and contamination defects were used for comparative data collection. During the study, we collected and analyzed inspection data on critical layers such as lines & spaces and contact holes. Empirical data show that 'Fast dbTR' is able to cover the sensitivity required by DBT, DBR and SL2 to detect both pattern defects and contamination defects in one single scan without any loss of productivity in production runs.
1004-55 The Utility of a New Integrated High Resolution Intracardiac Ultrasound/Ablation System in a Canine Model

To examine the utility of ultrasound visualization for guiding ablation of cardiac tissue, an intracardiac ultrasound cardioscope incorporating a catheter visualization/delivery system into the imaging head of the device was examined in 16 dogs. The ultrasound ablation probe (Acuson 7.5 MHz/8 mm) was introduced via the right external jugular vein into the right atrium/ventricle. Long axis imaging from the probe to a depth exceeding 7 cm enabled high resolution visualization extending from the pulmonary veins, through the level of each cardiac valve to the left ventricular apex. Ablation catheters along with tip electrodes were readily visualized, allowing their non-fluoroscopic passage across the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves for ventricular mapping and ablation. Specific parallel or perpendicular catheter tip/tissue orientation was readily documented in each case, as was the catheter tip/tissue contact with the use of standard and basket array catheters. For ablation of right heart structures, an ablation catheter port incorporated into the imaging head facilitated direct visualization of the catheter-tissue interface and evolving tissue injury and thrombus formation during ablation. Using non-contrast techniques, ablation lesions in the left ventricle could be measured and catheter-related clot formation monitored. Perfusion catheter tip flow used to ameliorate the ablation-related impedance rise was also documented by color flow techniques. These studies demonstrate the facilitation of ablation catheter positioning and catheter tip/tissue orientation and contact monitoring with a high resolution intracardiac ultrasound system. This study strongly supports the concept of incorporating ultrasound and ablation catheter deployment into a single cardioscopy system.
Carrier Phase Turbulence in Fluid-Particle Flows (Plenary)

Turbulence in the carrier phase of fluid-particle flows plays an important role in mixing and shear stress. The availability of a reliable model for turbulence is essential to the development of computational models that can be applied with confidence to engineering systems. The general approach is to add a term to the Navier-Stokes equations that represents the force on the fluid due to due to particle drag and to carry out the procedures used for single phase flows to derive equations for carrier-phase turbulence. The problem with this approach is presented. A flow configuration representing a basic test case, which can be used to judge the viability of any model, is introduced. A recently developed turbulence model using volume averaging and based on the turbulence energy-dissipation description of turbulence is presented. This model is applied to the basic test case and to experiments for particles dropping in a quiescent fluid and gas-particle vertical channel flow. The predictions show good agreement with experimental data.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Toward an Understanding of Frailty

Ameliorating frailty is an important health care goal that has enormous societal implications. This article describes many of the clinical correlates of frailty and considers evidence for this cond...
A central limit theorem for the response of filters with vanishing bandwidths

Abstract A generalized version of the central limit theorem is presented which shows that the responses of certain families of filters to suitable wide sense stationary processes approach normality in the limit of vanishing bandwidth.
Sulbactam, un nouvel inhibiteur de beta-lactamases

Resume Le sulbactam est un inhibiteur de beta-lactamases, actif sur les penicillinases et un certain nombre de cephalosporinases. Sa faible toxicite autorise des posologies elevees. Il ne presente pas d'effet inducteur. Son association a une beta-lactamine peut se faire soit de facon fixe (Unacyne, Sulperazone), soit de facon libre en adaptant le choix et la posologie de l'antibiotique au germe en cause.
Interhemispheric comparison of color in split-brain monkeys

Abstract Monkeys with varying degrees of brain bisection were trained on a visual discrimination that required interhemispheric integration of sensory information for its solution. A matching-to-sample task was used in which the sample was projected to one hemisphere and the two choices for the match were projected to the other hemisphere. Monkeys with complete section of the optic chiasm and forebrain commissures could not solve this task. There was some evidence of interhemispheric integration via portions of the hippocampal commissure or corpus callosum anterior to the splenium. Various strategems unrelated to the visual stimuli were sometimes employed for above-chance performance.
Making Sense of Organizational Actions with Virtue Frames and Its Links to Organizational Attachment

This paper analyzes members' sensemaking of organizational actions using virtue frames and its effects on members' relationships with the organization in the context of the events of September 11th. We explore the use of three virtue frames to make sense of a university's response to the events of 9–11-01. We examine the effects of interpreted virtuousness of actions on members' identification with and attachment to the organization through members' emotions, their self-construals and overall images of the organization. Our study sheds light on how sensemaking about the virtuousness of organizational actions influences members' cognitive and emotional connection to the organization.
On the theory of importance sampling applied to the analysis of detection systems

Detection systems are designed to operate with optimal or nearly optimal probability of a wrong decision. Analytical solutions of the performance of these systems have been very difficult to obtain. Monte Carlo simulations are often the most tractable method of estimating performance. However, in systems with small probability of error, this technique requires very large amounts of computer time. A technique known as importance sampling substantially reduces the number of simulation trials needed, for a given accuracy, over the standard Monte Carlo method. The theory and application of the importance sampling method in Monte Carlo simulation is considered in a signal detection context. A general method of applying this technique to the optimal detection problem is given. Results show that in cases examined, the gain is approximately proportional to the inverse of the error probability. Applications of the proposed method are not limited to optimum detection systems; analysis, leading to a measure of the gain in using this biasing scheme, shows that in all optimal systems considered, less than 100 trials is needed to achieve estimates with 45% confidence, even for extremely small error probabilities. >
Ab initio study of cyclobutadiene and its aza-substituted derivatives. Ground state properties and vibrational frequencies

Abstract Ab initio calculations at the doubly-excited configuration interaction (CID) level of approximation are presented for cyclobutadiene and its aza-substituted derivatives. The geometries of all the compounds were fully optimized and the vibrational frequencies calculated. The isomerization barrier was calculated for tetraazacyclobutadiene and it is found to be much larger than in cyclobutadiene; therefore it is unlikely that this compound would exhibit tunneling isomerization as cyclobutadiene. The calculated π bond orders of these compounds indicate that all of them exhibit antiaromatic characteristics similar to those of cyclobutadiene.
Rac1 Activation Controls Nuclear Localization of β-catenin during Canonical Wnt Signaling

Canonical Wnt signaling critically regulates cell fate and proliferation in development and disease. Nuclear localization of beta-catenin is indispensable for canonical Wnt signaling; however, the mechanisms governing beta-catenin nuclear localization are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin in response to Wnt requires Rac1 activation. The role of Rac1 depends on phosphorylation of beta-catenin at Ser191 and Ser605, which is mediated by JNK2 kinase. Mutations of these residues significantly affect Wnt-induced beta-catenin nuclear accumulation. Genetic ablation of Rac1 in the mouse embryonic limb bud ectoderm disrupts canonical Wnt signaling and phenocopies deletion of beta-catenin in causing severe truncations of the limb. Finally, Rac1 interacts genetically with beta-catenin and Dkk1 in controlling limb outgrowth. Together these results uncover Rac1 activation and subsequent beta-catenin phosphorylation as a hitherto uncharacterized mechanism controlling canonical Wnt signaling and may provide additional targets for therapeutic intervention of this important pathway.
Narrative framing of consumer sentiment in online restaurant reviews

The vast increase in online expressions of consumer sentiment offers a powerful new tool for studying consumer attitudes. To explore the narratives that consumers use to frame positive and negative sentiment online, we computationally investigate linguistic structure in 900,000 online restaurant reviews. Negative reviews, especially in expensive restaurants, were more likely to use features previously associated with narratives of trauma : negative emotional vocabulary, a focus on the past actions of third person actors such as waiters, and increased use of references to “we” and “us”, suggesting that negative reviews function as a means of coping with service–related trauma. Positive reviews also employed framings contextualized by expense: inexpensive restaurant reviews use the language of addiction to frame the reviewer as craving fatty or starchy foods. Positive reviews of expensive restaurants were long narratives using long words emphasizing the reviewer’s linguistic capital and also focusing on sensory pleasure . Our results demonstrate that portraying the self, whether as well–educated, as a victim, or even as addicted to chocolate, is a key function of reviews and suggests the important role of online reviews in exploring social psychological variables.
Axial plastic waves in a rod

Abstract Equations are presented to describe nonlinear plastic wave propagation in a rod with the effects of radial inertia and radial shear included. Intrinsic constitutive equations are postulated for plastic deformation, and some of the principal aspects of wave propagation are described. In particular, a scaling argument is used to extract the nonlinear bar speed, which carries the principal pulse of energy, rather than the two characteristic speeds.
ALLOSTERY AND BINDING COOPERATIVITY OF THE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT OF PROTEIN KINASE A BY NMR SPECTROSCOPY AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS

The catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA-C) is an exquisite example of a single molecule allosteric enzyme, where classical and modern views of allosteric signaling merge. In this chapter, we describe the mapping of PKA-C conformational dynamics and allosteric signaling in the free and bound states using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. We show that ligand binding affects the enzyme's conformational dynamics, shaping the free-energy landscape toward the next stage of the catalytic cycle. While nucleotide and substrate binding enhance the enzyme's conformational entropy and define dynamically committed states, inhibitor binding attenuates the internal dynamics in favor of enthalpic interactions and delineates dynamically quenched states. These studies support a central role of conformational dynamics in many aspects of enzymatic turnover and suggest future avenues for controlling enzymatic function.
Comparison of permanent and nonpermanent staple line buttressing materials for linear gastric staple lines during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Abstract Background Several publications have suggested that staple line buttressing might decrease staple line bleeding, increase burst pressure, and decrease the likelihood of acute failure resulting in leak. Currently, permanent and nonpermanent options are available. However, concern has been raised about the permanent buttress material and its potential for delayed strip expulsion. This study analyzed our experience with 3 different buttressing materials for creating the gastric division during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Methods From July 5, 2001 to May 30, 2007, 1451 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass with buttressing material used for the stapled creation of the gastric pouch. Peristrips Dry (PSDs), permanent bovine pericardial strips, were used in 926 cases from July 5, 2001 to October 11, 2005. Seamguards, a synthetic bioabsorbable product, were used in 145 cases from November 2, 2004 to July 18, 2006, and PSD Veritas, remodelable, nonpermanent bovine pericardial strips, were placed in 380 patients from October 11, 2005 to May 30, 2007. All products were applied to the 60-mm-long, 3.5-mm cartridges of the EndoGIA II stapler. The ease of use, operative complications, visual bleeding, and postoperative leaks were recorded. Results The patient characteristics were comparable for all groups. All products were easy to load on the stapler, and no operative complications related to the use of the buttress materials occurred. The incidence and severity of staple line bleeding was not specifically calculated but was visually noted to be minimal in all cases. Of the 3 groups, 4 contained leaks occurred in the Seamguards group, and all were successfully managed nonoperatively. No acute leaks were discovered in the PSD or PSD Veritas groups. This difference was statistically significant ( p Conclusion Neither the PSDs or PSD Veritas group exhibited staple line complications. However, 4 leaks occurred in the patients who had Seamguards incorporated into their gastric pouch linear staple lines.
A cognitive reinterpretation of Stanley Milgram's observations on obedience to authority.

Stanley Milgram's (1974) observations on obedience to authority have exerted a great deal of influence on such diverse disciplines as social psychology, holocaust studies, and political science. In Milgram's basic paradigm, a subject walks into a laboratory believing that he or she is about to take part in a study of memory and learning. After being assigned the role of a teacher, the subject is asked to teach word associations to a fellow subject (who in reality is a collaborator of the experimenter). The teaching method, however, is unconventional—administering increasingly higher electric shocks to the learner. Once the presumed shock level reaches a certain point, the subject is thrown into a conflict. On the one hand, the strapped learner demands to be set free and appears to suffer pain, and continuing the experiment may pose a risk to his or her health. On the other hand, the experimenter, if asked, insists that the experiment is not as unhealthy as it appears to be, and that the teacher must go on. In sharp contrast to the expectations of professionals and laymen alike, some 65% of all subjects continue to administer shocks up to the very highest levels.
Plastocyanin participation in chloroplast photosystem I.

Abstract French pressure cell disruption of spinach chloroplasts releases much of the plastocyanin from chloroplast membranes. Heavy particles obtained from French pressure cell disrupted chloroplasts lose most of their plastocyanin while light particles retain a high plastocyanin to chlorophyll ratio. Photosystem I activity is dependent on the presence of plastocyanin in our preparations.
A fracture resistance measurement method for bimaterial interfaces having large debond energy

Abstract Experimental results obtained for the DCDC specimen demonstrate its capabilities for measuring the mode I fracture energy, Γi of bimaterial interfaces. Two specific characteristics have been highlighted. (i) For interfaces characterized by a steady-state, Γi, the ability to obtain high-fidelity measurements over many millimeters of crack extension has been validated. The demonstrations have been made for glass/resin and sapphire/Au interfaces. Moreover, a concomitant ability to monitor interactions between the growing crack and the microstructure, including interface defects, has been presented. (ii) For interfaces that have differing mechanisms of crack growth initiation and propagation, such as sapphire/Pt. an ability to distinguish the initiation and arrest fracture energies has been illustrated. The corresponding capacity to monitor the associated mechanisms by optical microscopy has also been demonstrated.
Flouroscopically assisted wireguided retrograde dilation of esophageal stricture

Esophageal strictures requiring dilation is a common problem. Retrograde dilation of esophageal strictures is a relatively new technique. This technique should be considered in selected patients when the lumen cannot be identified on the anterograde endoscopy. We describe the unique case of a patient who successfully underwent retrograde esophageal dilation.
Effect of starvation on hepatic glycogen metabolism and glucose homeostasis

Abstract The effects of starvation on the hepatic glycogen synthase and phosphorylase systems were sequentially assessed in fed and 24–120-hr-fasted rats. Enzymic changes before and after glucose were correlated with simultaneous measurements of hepatic cyclic AMP and glycogen concentrations and glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations in the portal vein plasma. Fasting caused parallel changes in plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen concentrations with decreases by 24 hr and subsequent increases, which correlated with increases in hepatic synthase I and decreases in phosphorylase activities. Hepatic cyclic AMP levels increased at 24–48 hr, decreased below fed levels at 96 hr, and increased again at 120 hr. Fasting caused progressive impairment of glucose disposal, decreased basal and postglucose insulin concentrations, and decreased basal glucagon levels at 48–72 hr. Hepatic synthase I increments following glucose were exaggerated in 48–120-hr-fasted rats, although consistent phosphorylase decrements were seen only in fed rats. There was no clearcut relationship between synthase activation and phosphorylase inactivation following glucose in fed or fasted rats.
Scientific Calculating System with a Number-Oriented Microprocessor Sequenced by a Single Component Microcomputer

A scientific calculating system for large distributed-task processing systems and for small isolated intelligent data acquisition and instrumentation systems is established with a number-oriented microprocessor sequenced by a single component microcomputer. A MOS/LSI number-oriented microprocessor provides the scientific calculating capability with Reverse Polish Notation data entry. Input data sequencing, computation processing, intermediate result comparison, answer display and/or answer feedback to master processors is controlled by a single component microcomputer.
A direct radioassay for pyruvate kinase activity

Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate. A direct radioassay for this enzyme using [14C]PEP as substrate has been developed. The product, [14C]pyruvate, can be separated from the substrate rapidly and easily by applying the mixture to a hydroxyapatite column, and eluting the [14C]pyruvate directly into a scintillation vial. The [14C]PEP is bound to the column which can be regenerated and used indefinitely. The assay is sensitive, rapid, and particularly well suited for the simultaneous assay of large numbers of samples.
Crucial role of inelastic background subtraction in identifying non-Fermi liquid behavior in existing arpes lineshape data

Abstract We have fit angle-resolved photoemission spectra of Bi2Sr2BaCu2O8 taken by Olson et al.1 using normal and marginal Fermi liquid self energies. Both theories fit the data equally well provided a sufficiently large inelastic background is included. However, the required backgrounds are, respectively, 60 and 15 times larger than that given by usual background subtraction procedures.
Damage analysis for structural integrity and durability of composite materials

Composite structures for mechanical and aerospace applications are designed to retain structural integrity and remain durable for the intended service life. Since the early 1970s important advances have been made in characterizing and modelling the underlying mechanical behaviour and developing tools and methodologies for predicting fracture and fatigue of composite materials. This paper presents a review of the concepts and analyses related to this area, and illustrates these by a few examples. The topics discussed are composite material strength in tension, compression and shear, damage and its progression in monotonic and cyclic loading, fatigue life prediction and damage induced changes in visco-elastic response.
Inclusive measurements with MINERνA

MINERνA is a neutrino scattering experiment in the NuMI beamline at Fermilab designed to measure neutrino cross-sections, final states and nuclear effects on a variety of targets in the few-GeV region. MINERνA is currently running in the NuMI low energy configuration and will continue in medium energy. We present a preliminary neutrino energy spectra in three beam configurations and a preliminary comparison of iron and lead event rates.
Diet selection and foraging distances of African and European-African hybrid honey bee colonies in Costa Rica

Summary Diet selection and foraging distances were compared among 3 pairs of matched colonies of African an European-African hybrid honey bees in Northwestern Costa Rica. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis was used to classify each colony as neotropical African (possessing African mtDNA) or hybrid (possessing European mtDNA, and therefore containing workers arising from a European queen mated to African drones). African and hybrid colonies did not differ significantly in population size, the areas of comb devoted to brood rearing and food storage, flight activity, pollen foraging activity, or the distances traveled to pollen and nectar sources. These nonsignificant differences suggest that the foraging behavior of the two colony types may have been more influenced by environmental factors than by genetically determined dietary or movement preferences. Conversely, such genetically determined preferences may have been expressed, but African-like preferences may have been dominant within both colony types. However, while no significant differences were observed, colonies with African mtDNA maintained slightly greater levels of brood rearing, had 1.5 times the level of pollen foraging activity, and traveled on the average 600 m less per round trip of foraging. The potential influence of these slight but consistent differences on the long-term, relative success of African versus hybrid colonies is discussed.
Annealing effects on the internal bias field in ferroelectric PZT thin films with self-polarization

Abstract Asymmetric switching properties were measured and quantified in sol-gel derived PZT thin films. The hysteresis asymmetry is attributed to the presence of an internal bias field that has been correlated with the self-polarization during fabrication. Annealing the sample under a remanent polarization with the polarity opposite to that of self polarization can yield a partially compensated, completely canceled, or even a reversed internal bias, depending on the annealing temperature. Three dominant processes associated with charge trapping at elevated temperatures are clarified and correlated with the annealing effects. They are aging, de-aging, and the redistribution of trapped charges. A model using simplified domain configurations is proposed to explain the observed annealing effects on hysteresis asymmetry and switchable polarization.
EARLY CRETACEOUS TETRADS, ZONASULCULATE POLLEN, AND WINTERACEAE. II. CLADISTIC ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS

s, 13. CARLQUIST, S. 1975. Ecological strategies of xylem evolution. University of California Press, Berkeley. . 1988. Near-vessellessness in Ephedra and its significance. American Journal of Botany 75: 598-
Opiate antagonist counteracts reproductive inhibition by porcine acth extract

Abstract The effects of naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, on the maturation of female mice chronically pretreated with ACTH from weaning, were examined. Naloxone treatment, begun at 40 days of age, blocked ACTH-induced delay of puberty. Naloxone also reversed decreases in weights of the reproductive organs produced by ACTH. Naloxone treatment also resulted in estrous cycling and increased the number of ACTH-treated mice with ovarian corpora lutea. These changes are reflected in increased LH levels in ACTH-naloxone treated vs. ACTH-saline treated animals. Naloxone alone may increase reproductive function. Effects of ACTH on spleen and thymus weights, presumably via the adrenals, were partially reversed by naloxone. ACTH may have a different mechanism in adrenal function as compared to reproductive function.
Computer-assisted instruction in chemistry at syracuse university: An overview

Abstract A series of highly interactive computer teaching programs for drilling, tutoring, and supplementing laboratory work have been developed for use in undergraduate chemistry courses at Syracuse University. The programs are adaptable to individual student requirements both in content and pacing, either automatically through decisions the computer makes based on student performance, or under user control through student decisions to review, repeat, or skip a subject area. Some of the programs are capable of considerable detailed analyses of student input aside from dealing with the basic subject matter. The programs include: Symbols of the Elements Drill which automatically biases itself to drill the user most frequently on the material with which he is least familiar; a Tutorial Program in pH and Logarithms; a package of programs in Electronics, Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography designed to supplement an upper level course in Chemical Instrumentation; a Computer-Enhanced Laboratory Determination of Absolute Zero for freshmen students in a chemistry course for nonscience majors which involves the students in actual data taking and handling of apparatus in the laboratory prior to use of the computer to simulate the experiment in detail in varying the experimental parameters beyond the physical and time limits possible in the laboratory; and a Computer-Administered Examination which is given and graded on-line. Our experience with computer-assisted instruction (CAI) have convinced us not only that the computer is a valuable learning tool, but that its potential as such generally has not been given adequate recognition in view of our expectation that computers will become involved significantly in the teaching process in undergraduate curricula in the future.
Diffusion of mercury and cadmium in lead at high pressures

The diffusion of Hg and Cd in solid lead has been measured at hydrostatic pressures to 40 kbar for temperatures between 250 and 550\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C using the radiotracer sectioning technique. The data were analyzed assuming a single effective mechanism of diffusion with a temperature- and pressure-dependent activation volume. The activation energy and activation volume at zero pressure and 600 K are, respectively, $\ensuremath{\Delta}H=23.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14$ kcal/mole, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}V}{{V}_{0}}=0.516\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$ for Hg in Pb: $\ensuremath{\Delta}H=22.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18$ kcal/mole, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}V}{{V}_{0}}=0.317\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$ for Cd in Pb. The pressure and temperature coefficients of the activation volume along with the specific heat of activation, although quite uncertain are also determined. Even though the activation energies for the diffusion of both Hg and Cd in Pb is near that for lead self-diffusion, the activation volume is too small in both cases to be consistent with a vacancy mechanism.
Imaging Approaches to Patients with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Imaging is an important approach to diagnosis, monitoring, and predicting outcomes for patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. This article reviews three common clinical imaging techniques, ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and their role in the management of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Ultrasonographic criteria for diagnosis in children and adults are reviewed. Total kidney volume, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging, is suggested as an important potential marker to determine disease progression and overall prognosis. Renal blood flow and a novel approach to interpreting noncystic renal parenchyma by computed tomography images are other innovative imaging approaches described.
Evaluation apprehension, social desirability, and the interpretation of test correlations

In this paper we investigate the relationship between the concepts of social desirability and evaluation apprehension. The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale were administered to 63 Harvard and Radcliffe students. As predicted, there was a moderate negative correlation between social desirability and manifest anxiety in the (anonymous) high evaluation apprehension condition; and a substantially reduced correlation in the (anonymous) low evaluation apprehension condition. Nonanonymous participants also had a lower mean score on the Talyor Manifest Anxiety Scale than did anonymous participants. The results demonstrate a link between evaluation apprehension and social desirability, and indicate the importance of the nature of the testing situation in clinical or applied settings.
Density of Additively-Manufactured, 316L SS Parts Using Laser Powder-Bed Fusion at Powers Up to 400W

Selective laser melting is a powder-based, additive-manufacturing process where a three-dimensional part is produced, layer by layer, by using a high-energy laser beam to fuse the metallic powder particles. A particular challenge in this process is the selection of appropriate process parameters that result in parts with desired properties. In this study, we describe an approach to selecting parameters for high-density (>99 %) parts using 316L stainless steel. Though there has been significant success in achieving near-full density for 316L parts, this work has been limited to laser powers 99 %, with the density reducing rapidly at high speeds due to insufficient melting, and less rapidly at low speeds due to the effect of voids created as the process enters keyhole mode.
Interaction between hydrogen sulfide-induced sulfhydration and tyrosine nitration in the KATP channel complex

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator affecting many physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Enhanced expression of H2S and reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (RNS/ROS) du...
Dendritic aggregation of oligothiophene during desorption of 2,5-diiodothiophene multilayer and topography-induced alignment of oligothiophene nanofibers.

The multilayer desorption behavior of 2,5-diidothiophene and the dendritic aggregation of photochemical reaction products during the desorption of 2,5-diiodothiophene multilayers have been studied. Like many other aromatic compounds, 2,5-diiodothiophene shows a multilayer desorption behavior different from the typical zeroth-order kinetics, a metastable desorption peak growth at ∼220 K followed by a thick multilayer peak growth at ∼235 K. Traditionally, these desorption behaviors have been attributed to the formation of three-dimensional clusters. This paper provides the direct evidence of this clustering process by producing nondesorbing photoreaction products in the multilayer and by imaging their clusters after the multilayer desorption. Oligothiophene species are produced via photochemical reactions of 2,5-diiodothiophene during the multilayer deposition at ∼180 K in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Upon heating the multilayer to room temperature, the oligothiophene species forms into fibrous aggregates with a...
Global and Local: Rethinking citizenship in art and visual culture education

We are all familiar with global colonization by the world’s dominant cultures. Participatory democracy (as differentiated from other concepts of democracy) is threatened by globalization because international corporations are beyond the control of nation-states. Yet thinking of globalization as bad or the local as remedy is overly reductive. In education, it is up to us as teachers and theoreticians, to develop means to guide students in ways to understand, explore, and live in our globalized world. Based on these theoretical premises, five principles are developed that provide a basis for art and visual culture teaching practice: identity, understanding beyond ourselves, race/class/gender awareness, becoming political subjects, and transgression and play.
A 36-year-old Woman With Posterior Shoulder Pain

A 36-year-old woman presented with posterior right shoulder pain. She was referred after imaging studies revealed a proximal humerus lesion. She reported slowly progressive pain in the right shoulder for the past 15 years. The pain was aggravated by activity. Her work as a manual laborer in a factory increased her pain. She denied any constitutional symptoms such as fevers, chills, or weight loss. Physical examination of the right shoulder revealed no skin abnormalities and no palpable masses or lymphadenopathy. There was some mild posterior shoulder tenderness. She maintained full, nonirritable range of motion in the shoulder. She had full strength throughout the right upper extremity with the exception of 4/5 strength in shoulder external rotation. There were no sensory deficits in the right upper extremity. Imaging studies included plain radiographs (Fig. 1), computed tomography (CT) imaging (Fig. 2), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Fig. 3). Based on the history, physical examination, and imaging studies, what is the differential diagnosis?
Systems management for coordinated resource recovery

Coordinated Resource Recovery is a Virtual Machine/Enterprise Systems Architecture™ (VM/ESA™) function for providing consistency of changes to multiple resources in environments that include distributed applications. It provides a uniform solution for applications to the problem of resource consistency. Systems management of Coordinated Resource Recovery in VM/ESA (CRR) is the set of system services and interfaces that support both automatic and manual procedures for managing CRR installation, performance, and recovery, as well as resource manager and application participation. Much of systems management is focused on application recovery from occasional failures of the procedures for coordinating consistent resource changes. This paper describes several key aspects of CRR systems management, including the CRR recovery log, facilities for minimizing manual intervention when failures occur, performance considerations, and application participation in recovery.
Initial 26Al/27Al in carbonaceous-chondrite chondrules: too little 26Al to melt asteroids

We report 26Mg excesses correlated with Al/Mg ratios in five chondrules from the primitive CO3.0 chondrite Yamato 81020 that yield a mean initial 26Al/27Al ratio of only (3.8 ± 0.7) × 10−6, about half that of ordinary chondrite (OC) chondrules. Even if asteroids formed immediately after chondrule formation, this ratio and the mean Al content of CO chondrites is only capable of raising the temperature of a well-insulated CO asteroid to 940 K, which is more than 560 K too low to produce differentiation. The same ratio combined with the higher Al content of CV chondrites results in a CV asteroid temperature of 1100 K. We calculate that the mean initial 26Al/27Al ratio of about 7.4 × 10−6 found in LL chondrules is only able to produce small amounts of melting, too little to produce differentiation. These results cast serious doubt on the viability of 26Al as the heat source responsible for asteroid differentiation. Inclusion of 60Fe raises temperatures about 160 K, but this increment is not enough to cause differentiation, even of an LL-chondrite asteroid.
The White Perch in Nebraska

Abstract Sexually mature white perch (Morone americana), brought into Nebraska in the spring of 1964, spawned successfully in hatchery ponds. Some of the progeny were stocked in several of the highly alkaline lakes in the Nebraska Sandhills while others were inadvertently introduced into a turbid flood control reservoir in southeastern Nebraska. The species became established in the reservoir where it made very rapid growth and achieved sexual maturity one to two years sooner than in its natural range. Over a three year period the white perch completely displaced the native black bullhead as the dominant species in the reservoir. This dominance is being maintained and the white perch population is becoming stunted. During periods of reservoir discharge in the spring large numbers of white perch escape through the spillway. The stream on which the reservoir is located is tributary to the Platte River which subsequently joins the Missouri River. There appears to be no barrier to the movement of white perch ...
Carotenoid replacement therapy in Drosophila : recovery of membrane, opsin and visual pigment

Rhabdomeres are substantially smaller and visual pigment is nearly eliminated when Drosophila are carotenoid-deprived from egg to adult. Rhabdomeres enlarge and visual pigment increases with carotenoid replacement in adults using carrot juice. We used a monoclonal antibody to the opsin in R1-6 receptors in the compound eye to further quantify opsin recovery in such carotenoid replacement therapy. Density of immunogold, specific to R1-6 (vs. R7), increases between days 1 and 3 of replacement as visual pigment and rhabdomeres recover. In summary, visual pigment, opsin and the opsin-containing organelle recover during carotenoid replacement therapy in carotenoid-deprived Drosophila.
Microstudies versus big picture accounts

Microstudies and big picture accounts are often counterposed. This paper investigates the supposed dichotomy between the two historiographical approaches. In particular it investigates how the discussions are reflected in the historiography of molecular biology and the special questions posed by the disciplinary context. Taking inspiration from the microhistory tradition as exemplified by the works of Carlo Ginzburg, Jacques Revel, and David Sabean among others, the paper highlights the heuristic value of microstudies to reconstruct the multiple contexts that link apparently small events with broader structures. In a parallel fashion, the paper argues for using microstudies to open up the history of molecular biology to other fields of study and thus moving beyond the confines of the disciplinary framework. Such an approach does not dismiss the search for big pictures. Yet rather than opposing big pictures to microstudies, it sees microstudies as a valid way to gain new and broad vistas.
A Stable Human-Cell System Overexpressing Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Recombinant Protein at the Cell Surface

Recent human clinical trials results demonstrated successful treatment for certain genetic forms of cystic fibrosis (CF). To extend treatment opportunities to those afflicted with other genetic forms of CF disease, structural and biophysical characterization of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is urgently needed. In this study, CFTR was modified with various tags, including a His10 purification tag, the SUMOstar (SUMO*) domain, an extracellular FLAG epitope, and an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), each alone or in various combinations. Expressed in HEK293 cells, recombinant CFTR proteins underwent complex glycosylation, compartmentalized with the plasma membrane, and exhibited regulated chloride-channel activity with only modest alterations in channel conductance and gating kinetics. Surface CFTR expression level was enhanced by the presence of SUMO* on the N-terminus. Quantitative mass-spectrometric analysis indicated approximately 10 % of the total recombinant CFTR (SUMO*–CFTRFLAG–EGFP) localized to the plasma membrane. Trial purification using dodecylmaltoside for membrane protein extraction reproducibly recovered 178 ± 56 μg SUMO*–CFTRFLAG–EGFP per billion cells at 80 % purity. Fluorescence size-exclusion chromatography indicated purified CFTR was monodisperse. These findings demonstrate a stable mammalian cell expression system capable of producing human CFTR of sufficient quality and quantity to augment future CF drug discovery efforts, including biophysical and structural studies.
Physical activity enhances long-term quality of life in older adults: Efficacy, esteem, and affective influences

Background Physical activity has been effective in enhancing quality of life (QOL) of older adults over relatively short periods of time. However, little is known about the long-term effects of physical activity and even less about the possible mediators of this relationship. Purpose We examined the mediating effects of psychological variables on the relationship between physical activity and global QOL (satisfaction with life) in older adults over a 4-year period. Methods Participants (N = 174, M age = 66.7 years) completed a battery of psychosocial measures at 1 and 5 years following enrollment in a 6-month randomized controlled exercise trial. Results Panel analysis conducted within a covariance modeling framework indicated that physical activity was related to self-efficacy, physical self-esteem, and positive affect at 1 year, and in turn, greater levels of self-efficacy and positive affect were associated with higher levels of QOL. Analyses indicated that changes in physical activity over the 4-year period were related to increases in physical self-esteem and positive affect, but only positive affect directly influenced improvements in QOL. Conclusions The findings lend support to the position that physical activity effects on QOL are in part mediated by intermediate psychological outcomes and that physical activity can have long-term effects on well-being.