cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subunits in the membranes of chloroplasts of Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, and Aspidistra sp.

The partitions and frets of chloroplasts of Aspidistra, Phaseolus vulgaris , and Pisum sativum may be resolved after successful fixation (KMnO 4 glutaraldehyde followed by Dalton's or OsO 4 , acrolein followed by Dalton's or OsO 4 , and by OsO 4 alone) into a series of subunits which are interpreted as globular proteins with associated lipids. The fret membrane, about 75 A wide consists of a single row of subunits. Two rows of subunits form the partitions, which are 135 A wide. They are less than twice the width of the two membranes that form them. The subunits consist of a light core with an average diameter of 37 A surrounded by dark rims about 28 A wide. The arrangement of the subunits in the partitions gives the partitions a superficial appearance of being five-layered membranes formed of three dark components about 40 A wide separated by light leaflets at 19 A in width. The central dark component (40 A) because of its relationship with the outer components of the fret and margin membranes should be twice the width of the two outer dark components, or 80 A. The structure of the plastid membrane thus resolved by electron microscopy is compared with its structure as derived from studies with polarized light, X-rays, chemical information, and electron microscopic studies of whole membranes. The concept of membranes formed of spherical subunits is considered in the light of the unit membrane as it relates to the permeability studies of Danielli and the myelin sheath of nerve cells.
Water-enhanced dynamic recrystallization and solution transfer in experimentally deformed carnallite

Cylindrical samples of polycrystalline carnallite (KMgCl3, 6H2O) were deformed in a triaxial apparatus at 60°C, at confining pressures between 0.1 and 31 MPa and at strain rates between 10−4 and 10−8 s−1. In a number of cases, small amounts of saturated carnallite brine were added. Samples without added brine deform by intracrystalline slip, mechanical twinning, cracking, and by frictional sliding on crack surfaces. Stress-strain curves of these samples are strongly dependent on confining pressure. Addition of brine has a dramatic effect on both microstructural development and mechanical properties. Grain-boundary migration is strongly enhanced. At lower strain rates, additional intracrystalline effects start to appear, together with the onset of solution transfer. Rapid compaction in samples deformed with added brine causes high fluid pressures to develop. At higher strain rates addition of brine results in a decrease of the flow stress by a factor of two. This weakening will increase even further at strain rates below about 10−9 s−1, when solution transfer becomes rate controlling. It is argued that deformation of carnallite in nature is adequately described by the flow law found for samples deformed with added brine.
Local government and the Sovnarkhoz in the USSR, 1957–1962

(1964). Local government and the Sovnarkhoz in the USSR, 1957–1962. Soviet Studies: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 430-442.
Needlescopic urology: incorporating 2-mm instruments in laparoscopic surgery.

Abstract Objectives. To report the initial experience with incorporation of needlescopic (2 mm) instruments and optics in various therapeutic minimally invasive urologic procedures. Methods. Needlescopic techniques were used to successfully perform a variety of urologic surgeries including adrenalectomy, nephrectomy, renal cyst marsupialization, orchiopexy, lymphocele marsupialization, and pelvic lymph node dissection. Results. To date we have performed 42 needlescopic procedures in 39 patients (14 female and 25 male) ranging in age from 8 months to 87 years (mean 46.6 years). Three procedures were converted to conventional laparoscopy and one to open surgery, yielding a needlescopic success rate of 90.5%. Surgical times averaged 132 minutes and blood loss averaged 67 mL. Procedures were performed on an outpatient basis in 33.3% of cases, and 94.9% of patients were discharged home within 23 hours. The overall complication and conversion rate was 14.3% and there was no mortality. Conclusions. Our initial experience is quite promising. In select patients, needlescopic urologic surgery is feasible and safe, and may reduce postoperative pain, hospital stay, and recovery time, and improve cosmesis. Further evaluation of, and improvement in, 2-mm instrumentation and optical technology is needed.
Direct correlation of surface morphology with electron emission sites for intrinsic nanocrystalline diamond films

Abstract Field emission properties of nanocrystalline diamond films show low turn-on fields resulting in significant electron emission at low applied fields originating from individual sites with an emission site density of ∼104/cm2. We have employed a high resolution electron emission microscope operating in field emission mode to image the spatial distribution of emission sites for intrinsic nanocrystalline diamond thin films. The location of individual emission sites has been directly correlated to the surface morphology probed by scanning electron microscopy. Surface topography measurements show fine structured features consisting of micron and submicron domains separated by grain boundaries. No preferred topographic features that would account for field emission can be detected suggesting that the electronic structure of the grains and their boundaries under a high electric field has to be considered in order to account for the observed emission characteristics.
Bonding silicon wafers by use of electrostatic fields followed by rapid thermal heating

Abstract A new approach for bonding two silicon wafers together is described. This approach includes an electrostatic adhering followed by a rapid thermal bonding (RTB) process. The electrostatic adhering of the wafer pair is achieved by applying a small voltage across the wafers. Prior to thermal bonding, no mechanical pressure is needed. Complete bonding can occur using the electrostatic force together with RTB processes in a range of temperatures between 1000 and 1200°C in less than 200 s on two silicon wafers that have thermal oxide thicknesses ranging from native to 50 nm on either or both wafers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation shows that following the RTB process the two oxide layers which originally and respectively belonged to the two wafers have bonded with no distinguishable joint.
Evaluation of Residual Stress Corrections to Fracture Toughness Values

This paper describes tests carried out to evaluate whether comparable values of fracture toughness may be determined from coupons that contain a range of residual stress. Coupons for fracture toughness testing are taken from a single rolled plate of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy and are fabricated using identical methods. Following fabrication, residual stresses are induced in coupon subsets using laser shock peening. Each coupon subset has a unique laser peening treatment design, such that following fatigue precracking, the stress intensity factor due to residual stress varies over the coupon subsets created from positive to neutral to negative. Subsequent fracture toughness tests show expected trends in the varying toughness values for each coupon subset. Measurements of residual stress on the crack plane, and measurements of the residual stress intensity factor, enable correction of the toughness data through superposition and linear elastic fracture mechanics. The resulting corrected fracture toughness values provide data useful for evaluating residual stress corrections with potential for application to standard fracture test methods. Such corrections would enable measurements of intrinsic fracture toughness in samples that contain significant levels of residual stress.
Tolterodine extended release is efficacious in continent and incontinent subjects with overactive bladder.

Objectives To assess efficacy and tolerability of tolterodine extended release (ER) in continent and incontinent subjects with overactive bladder (OAB). Methods This was a post hoc analysis of data from a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tolterodine ER (4 mg once daily). Subjects completed 7-day bladder diaries at baseline and week 12; those with one or more incontinence episode(s) in their diaries at baseline were considered incontinent. Subjects rated urgency associated with each micturition on a scale from 1 to 5, and micturitions were categorized post hoc by urgency rating as non-OAB (1-2), OAB (3-5), or severe OAB (4-5). Results At baseline, 40% of subjects were incontinent. Tolterodine ER (n = 429) reduced total, OAB, and severe OAB micturitions compared with placebo (n = 421) in continent and incontinent subjects. There was no difference between continent and incontinent subjects in terms of the magnitude of improvement with tolterodine ER relative to placebo for total, OAB, and severe OAB micturitions. Reductions in mean urgency and frequency-urgency sum ratings were significantly greater in the tolterodine ER group. Among incontinent subjects, tolterodine ER significantly reduced urgency urinary incontinence episodes and significantly increased the percentage of subjects achieving continence relative to placebo. Adverse event rates were low in both continent and incontinent subjects. Conclusions Tolterodine ER reduced micturitions associated with urgency (OAB or severe OAB) in both continent and incontinent subjects. Tolterodine ER also reduced urgency urinary incontinence episodes in incontinent subjects. These data show that tolterodine ER is effective and well tolerated in both continent and incontinent subjects with OAB.
Development of an instrument to measure student disruptive behavior

The study was designed to develop an instrument to examine students' reports of the type and frequency of various student behaviors in physical education classes that might disrupt classroom management. This study had multiple phases, including instrument development, preliminary studies, content-related evidence study, and an exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency reliability study. Participants for the content-related evidence study were 27 experts in physical education pedagogy. They were sent items from the student disruptive behavior instrument and asked to organize them into 3 management severity categories. Participants for the factor analysis and internal consistency reliability study were 2,309 middle and high school students from 2 states. The following 6 factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis: (a) aggressive, (b) low engagement or irresponsibility, (c) fails to follow directions, (d) illegal or harmful, (e) distracts or disturbs others, and (f) poor self-management. ...
Inflammatory Exposure and Historical Changes in Human Life-Spans

Most explanations of the increase in life expectancy at older ages over history emphasize the importance of medical and public health factors of a particular historical period. We propose that the reduction in lifetime exposure to infectious diseases and other sources of inflammation—a cohort mechanism—has also made an important contribution to the historical decline in old-age mortality. Analysis of birth cohorts across the life-span since 1751 in Sweden reveals strong associations between early-age mortality and subsequent mortality in the same cohorts. We propose that a “cohort morbidity phenotype” represents inflammatory processes that persist from early age into adult life.
Differential outcomes facilitate same/different concept learning.

Commonly recognized, the training procedure one employs often affects the results they obtain. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that abstract-concept learning is affected by employing a differential-outcomes procedure. The differential-outcome effect has been shown to occur for item-specific strategies but has not been established for relational strategies. To test whether different-outcome expectancies can facilitate a relational strategy, eight pigeons were trained and tested in a two-item same/different task with pictures. After pecking an upper picture, they pecked a lower picture if the pictures were the same or a white rectangle if the pictures were different. Two groups of pigeons were rewarded with either different outcomes (sounds and food amounts) or same outcomes. Both groups were trained to criterion with successively larger picture sets (8–1,024 items) and were transfer tested with novel pictures following each acquisition. With the smallest training sets, neither group showed any novel-stimulus transfer. But after acquiring the task with 32 pictures, the different-outcomes group responded more accurately to novel pictures than the same-outcome group. As the training set-size increased, both groups’ transfer performance converged and became equivalent to training performance. These results show for the first time that training with different outcomes facilitates abstract-concept learning.
Method for analysis and display of distribution of emphysema in CT scans

A novel method for the assessment and display of the distribution of emphysema in low-dose helical CT scans has been developed. The automated system segments the lung volume and estimates the degree of emphysema as a function of slice position within the lung. Eighty low-dose (120 kVp, 40 mA) high-resolution (2.5 mm slice thickness) CT scans were randomly selected from our lung cancer screening program. Three emphysema assessments were performed on each scan: the traditional method of averaging the degree of emphysema on four pre-selected CT slices, the total volumetric percentage of emphysema, and a graphical display of emphysema burden as a function of slice position based on a sliding window algorithm. The traditional four-slice estimates showed a high correlation (0.98) with the total volumetric percentages, yet provided limited spatial information. In those cases with a higher overall percentage of emphysema, the distribution within the lung as quantified by the new method was more skewed than that of less severe cases or normals. Analysis and display of the spatial distribution of emphysema allows for assessment of emphysema burden within each lung zone, which may be useful for quantitating the type of emphysema and the progression of disease over time.
‘Forrest’ Resistance to the Soybean Cyst Nematode Is Bigenic: Saturation Mapping of the Rhg1 and Rhg4 Loci

Field resistance to cyst nematode (SCN) race 3 (Heterodera glycines I.) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cv ’Forrest’ is conditioned by two QTLs: the underlying genes are presumed to include Rhg1 on linkage group G and Rhg4 on linkage group A2. A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and two populations of near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from a cross of Forrest×Essex were used to map the loci affecting resistance to SCN. Bulked segregant analysis, with 512 AFLP primer combinations and microsatellite markers, produced a high-density genetic map for the intervals carrying Rhg1 and Rhg4. The two QTLs involved in resistance to SCN were strongly associated with the AFLP marker EATGMCGA87 (P=0.0001, R2=24.5%) on linkage group G, and the AFLP marker ECCGMAAC405 (P=0.0001, R2 =26.2%) on linkage group A2. Two- way analysis of variance showed epistasic interaction (P=0.0001, R2 =16%) between the two loci controlling SCN resistance in Essex×Forrest recombinant inbred lines. Considering the two loci as qualitative genes and the resistance as female index FI <5%, jointly the two loci explained over 98% of the resistance. The locations of the two QTLs were confirmed in the NILs populations. Therefore SCN resistance in Forrest×Essex is bigenic. High-efficiency marker-assisted selection can be performed using the markers to develop cultivars with stable resistance to SCN.
Ion transport studies in calcium alginate gels by magnetic resonance microscopy.

Abstract Polyelectrolyte biopolymers such as calcium alginate are becoming increasingly important for the recovery of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. To understand the mechanism of ion transport in these biopolymer systems, the transport of copper ions into calcium alginate gels was investigated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopy. Copper ion transport was imaged using an inversion recovery technique which utilizes the paramagnetic effect of copper on water proton relaxation times. Diffusion experiments were performed in a diffusion cell designed to approximate a semi-infinite slab geometry at temperatures between 278 and 313 K using copper reservoir concentrations between 10 and 60 mM. The diffusion coefficient of copper in these gels was calculated from the NMR data to fit a combined diffusion-reaction model involving a diffusion term ( D ) and a kinetic binding term ( k ). At 23 °C, the diffusion coefficients in 1, 2, and 3% (w/v) gels were 3.1 · 10 −10 , 2.0 · 10 −10 , and 1.4 · 10 −10 m 2 /s, respectively. The activation energy for diffusion in the 2% (w/v) gel was 28 kJ/mol.
Automated Multiple-Beam Charged-Particle Transport System

A novel automated magnet switching system has been devised whereby power for beam-transport magnets of multiple-beam arrays can be supplied by common power supplies, thereby reducing the power-supply cost to that of a single beam line. The heart of the system is compact and inexpensive computer-or punched-card-operated reversing and selector switches that can switch kiloamperes. The complete system and the switches are described in detail.
Subject-specific estimation of respiratory navigator tracking factor for free-breathing cardiovascular MR.

A mean respiratory navigator tracking factor of 0.6 is commonly used to estimate the respiratory motion of the heart from the displacement of the right hemi-diaphragm. A constant tracking factor can generate significant residual error in estimation of the respiratory motion of the heart for the cases where the actual tracking factor highly deviates from 0.6. In this study, we implemented and evaluated a robust method to calculate a subject-specific tracking factor for free-breathing high resolution cardiac MR. The subject-specific tracking factor was calculated from two consecutive navigator signals placed on the right hemi-diaphragm and the basal left ventricle in a training phase. To verify the accuracy of the estimated subject-specific tracking factor, nineteen subjects were recruited for comparing the estimated tracking factor in realtime with an image-based tracking factor, calculated off-line. Subsequently, in seven adult subjects, whole-heart or targeted coronary artery MR images were acquired using the estimated subject-specific tracking factor and visually compared with those acquired using a constant (0.6) tracking factor. It was shown that the proposed method can accurately estimate the subject-specific tracking factor and improve the quality of coronary images when the subject-specific tracking factor differs from 0.6. Magn Reson Med 000:000–000, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nek2 targets the mitotic checkpoint proteins Mad2 and Cdc20: A mechanism for aneuploidy in cancer

In mitosis, the duplicated chromosomes are separated and equally distributed to progeny cells under the guidance of the spindle, a dynamic microtubule network. Previous studies revealed a mitotic checkpoint that prevents segregation of the chromosomes until all of the chromosomes are properly attached to microtubules through the kinetochores. A variety of kinetochore-localized proteins, including Mad2 and Cdc20, have been implicated in controlling the mitotic checkpoint. Here we report that both Mad2 and Cdc20 can physically associate with Nek2, a serine/threonine kinase implicated in centrosome functions. We show that, similar to Nek2, the endogenous Cdc20 protein can be detected in the centrosome and the spindle poles. Both Cdc20 and Mad2 can be phosphorylated by Nek2. Moreover, our studies demonstrate that overexpression of Nek2 enhances the ability of Mad2 to induce a delay in mitosis. These observations indicate that Nek2 may act upon the Mad2-Cdc20 protein complex and play a critical role in regulating the mitotic checkpoint protein complex. We propose that overexpression of Nek2 may promote aneuploidy by disrupting the control of the mitotic checkpoint.
Labial Agglutination in a Teenager

The patient is a 14-year-old girl who presented for evaluation of labial agglutination. Her history starts three years ago when she was diagnosed with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. She was initially treated with chemotherapy but after a relapse she underwent radiation and a nonrelated bone marrow transplant. She was diagnosed with premature ovarian failure and has been on hormonal supplementation since age 13. She has developed graft-vs-host disease which includes her eye skin rashes and mucosal changes. She has had one very light period in the last six months. She cannot use tampons. Her medications include Premarin Cellcept Macrodantin and Tacrolimus. Physical examination revealed a height of 146 cm and a weight of 30.8 kg. Her breasts are Tanner stage 2–3 pubic hair Tanner 2 and she has no axillary hair. Her external genitalia reveal labial adhesions with anterior adhesion covering the clitoris a 1-cm opening in the middle and a thick posterior adhesion. (excerpt)
Grain-boundary dissipation in high-Tc superconductors

Thin-film and bulk [001] tilt bicrystal grain boundaries (GBs) in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} exhibit a strong dependence of critical current density, J{sub c} on misorientation angle. What was initially difficult to understand was the 30x smaller J{sub c} in bulk GBs which are microscopically more perfect. The authors review an explanation of this zero-field data, which is based on the pinning of Josephson vortices by the meandering found in thin-film GBs. In addition, there is evidence that J{sub c} of GBs does not drop as quickly with applied magnetic field as expected by simple Josephson junction models. The long-wavelength pinning potential due to meandering is less effective at high fields, but Gurevich and Cooley (GC) proposed a new mechanism for an enhanced GB J{sub c} arising from pinned Abrikosov vortices in the banks of a GB which present a static, quasiperiodic pinning potential to pin GB vortices. They find a peak in J{sub c} and an unusual hysteresis which give considerable support to the GC concept. In low fields, the GBs exhibit a larger J{sub c} for field cooling, which is opposite to the usual hysteresis but agrees with GC due to the larger Abrikosov vortex density in the banks. Magnetization data on the same sample are consistent including the identification of the irreversibility field.
Discursive control and persuasion in early modern news discourse: The case of English witchcraft pamphlets and their prefaces (1579–1621)

As an early form of news discourse, witchcraft pamphlets were one of the primary sites in which and through which ideologies about witchcraft and witches were articulated and disseminated in Early Modern England. Recognizing the pivotal position of language in constructing and perpetuating ideologies, this paper adopts a discourse analytic perspective (Van Dijk 2001, 2008; Halmari and Virtanen 2005) and uses insights from the study of stance and evaluation (Hunston and Thompson 2000; Hyland 2005, 2008) to examine the ways in which the prefatory materials of those pamphlets construct and (re)produce ideologies about witchcraft through linguistic and rhetorical choices, and the ways in which such a process may affect the audience’s perceptions, notions, and beliefs about witchcraft and witches. The findings reveal that the pamphleteers seek to manipulate linguistic choices and, in doing so, naturalize the ideologies about witchcraft which promote an image of Otherness that is inimical to the community. Persuasive strategies used include the negative depiction of the accused individuals as threats to society to prioritize the urgency of persecuting witches in the community; the pamphleteers’ construction of a positive self-image to establish itself as a source that can be trusted; and reader involvement to invite the reader to engage in the argumentation. Such strategies work in concert to reinforce the beliefs about witchcraft of those believers, and/or to persuade those who might still be in doubt.
A rapid, new and direct method for isolation and measurement of porphyrins in biological samples by high performance liquid chromatography

Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography on microparticulate columns of octadecylsilane with elution by a gradient of acetonitrile in phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, separated porphyrin free acids directly in urine for the first time. Interfering fluorescence was removed with a precolumn of large particle size at acid pH. Peak area fluorescence by the method of standard addition was related linearly to amount of a porphyrin from 5 to 60 nanograms. The method was reproducible to ± 13%, able to detect 0.3 nanograms of a porphyrin in a 1 ml urine sample in 45 minutes, and capable of detecting the typical clinical patterns of normal and porphyrinuric urines. Modifications make the method applicable to measurements in other biological samples and to research separations. With the added rapidity of analysis, the method could expand porphyrin analysis in routine clinical medicine.
Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Atoms Centered in Bare Four-membered Rings of Late Transition Metals

Planar tetracoordinate carbons (ptC's) can be stabilized by four-membered ring perimeters composed of four bare transition metal atoms. DFT analyses of the molecular orbitals, electronic structures, energies, and magnetic properties of these CM4 species (where M represents isoelectronic combinations of Cu, Ni, Ag, and Pd) reveal striking similarities with main group metal ptC analogues (e.g., CAl2Si2, CAl4Na-, and C5Li2). While the CCu42+, CAg42+, and CNiCu3+ ions have the largest HOMO−LUMO separations, CCu42+ is the best candidate for detection by gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy.
Highly Doped Carbon Nanotubes with Gold Nanoparticles and Their Influence on Electrical Conductivity and Thermopower of Nanocomposites

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are often used as conductive fillers in composite materials, but electrical conductivity is limited by the maximum filler concentration that is necessary to maintain composite structures. This paper presents further improvement in electrical conductivity by precipitating gold nanoparticles onto CNTs. In our composites, the concentrations of CNTs and poly (vinyl acetate) were respectively 60 and 10 vol%. Four different gold concentrations, 0, 10, 15, or 20 vol% were used to compare the influence of the gold precipitation on electrical conductivity and thermopower of the composites. The remaining portion was occupied by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate), which de-bundled and stabilized CNTs in water during synthesis processes. The concentrations of gold nanoparticles are below the percolation threshold of similar composites. However, with 15-vol% gold, the electrical conductivity of our composites was as high as ∼6×105 S/m, which is at least ∼500% higher than those of similar composites as well as orders of magnitude higher than those of other polymer composites containing CNTs and gold particles. According to our analysis with a variable range hopping model, the high conductivity can be attributed to gold doping on CNT networks. Additionally, the electrical properties of composites made of different types of CNTs were also compared.
A New Integral Equation for the Radial Distribution Function of a Hard Sphere Fluid

Based on a proposal by Shinomoto, a new integral equation is derived for the radial distribution function of a hard-sphere fluid using mainly geometric arguments. This integral equation is solved by a perturbation expansion in the density of the fluid, and the results obtained are compared with those from molecular dynamics simulations and from the Born-Green-Yvon (BGY) and Percus-Yevick (PY) theories. The present theory provides results for the radial distribution function which are intermediate in accuracy between those obtained from the BGY and from the PY theories.
This old body.

The article discusses how genetic inheritances from fish and tadpoles have influenced modern human anatomy. The author draws similarities, via the spermatic cord, in the ways that human gonads and fish gonads developed. It examines the ways in which the functions of the scrotum creates an inherent weakness in the male human body by inviting hernias. Also discussed are how other maladies, such as hiccups, can be tied to this evolutionary truism. INSETS: Hernias;Hiccups.
Resident perception of psychotherapy supervision.

MAJOR ASPECTS of the psychiatry resident’s supervision are first, 1 the rapport between supervisor and student, and second, the actual material taught. The question of the relative importance of these two components has been discussed for many years in the literature. Bibring,’ in 1937, summarized two views on the matter: (1) that supervision of control analyses should be didactic instruction in technique only, assuming therefore that the rapport between the candidate and supervisor was of secondary importance, and (2) that the supervisor should focus his attention on helping the candidate with his work difficulties, assuming that candidate-supervisor openness and rapport were of primary importance. More recent writings on supervision all tend toward the latter emphasis on the student-supervisor relationship. Some authors feel that one important aspect of supervision is confronting the student with his blind spots,2 his work problems.“.4 and his defenses against learning. 5 For such confrontation, which partially resembles psychotherapy, to be an effective tool, a trusting rapport is required. Other authors carry this therapeutic model further, claiming that the supervisor should not only make the student aware of his difficulties, but should also use the supervisory time for obtaining insight into conflicts6 and attempting to resolve them.7 This latter group elevates the therapeutic aspects of supervision to a very high level of importance. A somewhat mediating view is held by those writers who feel that the focus of the supervision should vary, at times being relatively straight-forward and didactic, and at times dealing with the student’s anxieties, the focus to vary according to the student’s anxiety levelR*g or stage of learning.6 Some see dealing with personal anxieties and the increased self-knowledge arising therefrom as a precursor to learning,R*‘o while others view such self-knowledge as a higher form of learning with which to better understand one’s contribution to the doctorpatient relationship.6*g A different facet of the supervisor-student rapport question is raised by those who feel that identification with the supervisor is a major factor in the learning that takes place.4v6 Grotjahn” believes that identification is the sole basis for learning. Fleming6 sees identification rather as the important first step in learning. The role of the student-supervisor relationship in such identification is obvious. Thus, despite a wide range of views as to the scope of supervision, most opinion supports the view that a good supervisor-student relationship is essential for the
Site Amplification, Scattering, and Intrinsic Attenuation in the Mississippi Embayment from Coda Waves

We estimate site amplification, intrinsic Q ( Q I ) and scattering Q ( Q S ) values from three-component coda of broadband data recorded by Cooperative New Madrid Sesimic Network stations for center frequencies 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 Hz. Near 0.5 and 1.0 Hz, site amplification factors for the transverse component recorded by stations in the Mississippi embayment are between 1.7 and 18, compared with stations outside the embayment. The amplification factor becomes smaller at frequencies lower than 0.5 Hz and higher at those greater than 1.0 Hz. The radial component shows a similar amplification; however, the vertical component shows relatively less amplification. Q I and Q S are estimated from coda using an energy flux model for two time windows after the direct S wave and at 0.5 and 1.0 Hz center frequencies. The two time windows include coda up to and after twice the S -wave travel time at each station. Coda parameters change with the time window and are attributed to a mixture of incoherent coda with coherent S-wave reverberations directly after the S wave. Q I and Q S inferred from stations outside of the embayment have higher values than those from stations within the embayment. A plane wave model qualitatively explains the lack of coda amplification at high frequencies compared with a low frequency without recourse to anelastic attenuation arguments. However, the plane wave model cannot explain the very large observed coda amplifications at 1 and 0.5 Hz seen in the data, suggesting that other wave-scattering effects must be occurring in the embayment velocity structure. This is consistent with the relatively low Q S values inferred from the energy flux model for stations within the embayment. In addition to coda amplification, we performed a synoptic noise study that revealed that pre-event ambient background noise behaves in a similar manner to the coda for stations within and outside of the embayment. The presence of large lateral velocity heterogeneities in the embayment may cause Q S values to be low there.
Evolution of the naticid gastropod predator-prey system: an evaluation of the hypothesis of escalation

Previous work has suggested that escalation may have characterized the history of the naticid gastropod predator-prey system, based on apparent increases in drilling frequencies and the occurrence of antipredatory aptations among prey. We evaluate this hypothesis based on a comprehensive survey (over 40,000 specimens) of predation on molluscs from the Upper Cretaceous through lower Oligocene formations within the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plain. Patterns in drilling of both bivalve and gastropod prey are complex. Drilling frequencies were relatively low in the Cretaceous but increased sharply above the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, remaining high until the late Eocene
Two Yeast La Motif-containing Proteins Are RNA-binding Proteins that Associate with Polyribosomes

We have characterized two Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins, Sro9p and Slf1p, which contain a highly conserved motif found in all known La proteins. Originally described as an autoantigen in patients with rheumatic disease, the La protein binds to newly synthesized RNA polymerase III transcripts. In yeast, the La protein homologue Lhp1p is required for the normal pathway of tRNA maturation and also stabilizes newly synthesized U6 RNA. We show that deletions in both SRO9 and SLF1 are not synthetically lethal with a deletion in LHP1, indicating that the three proteins do not function in a single essential process. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that although Lhp1p is primarily localized to the nucleus, Sro9p is cytoplasmic. We demonstrate that Sro9p and Slf1p are RNA-binding proteins that associate preferentially with translating ribosomes. Consistent with a role in translation, strains lacking either Sro9p or Slf1p are less sensitive than wild-type strains to certain protein synthesis inhibitors. Thus, Sro9p and Slf1p define a new and possibly evolutionarily conserved class of La motif-containing proteins that may function in the cytoplasm to modulate mRNA translation.
THE EFFECT OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY-LIKE SEX HORMONE AND OF CASTRATION ON EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS

IT HAS LONG BEEN the belief of many clinical observers throughout the world that pregnancy has an adverse influence on the course of tuberculous infection. While it is true that, given adequate rest and care during pregnancy, the potential danger may be minimized, there seems to be little doubt that child bearingtends to exert an unfavorable effect upon the tuberculous woman. Whether the adverse effect is due to hormonal alterations that accompany pregnancy, or whether it is due to other factors which are associated with childbearing and which are known to affect tuberculosis adversely, is not yet known (1). Since the titre of estrc genie hormone in the blood and urine is high in the premenstrual period these observations suggest that this hormone may be responsible for such premenstrual flare-ups. However, the experimental evidence in support of this view is disappointing.
Thrombospondin-1 null mice are resistant to hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension

Background and objective Chronic hypoxia induces pulmonary hypertension in mice. Smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and medial thickening characterize the vasculature of these animals. Thrombospondin-1 null (TSP-1-/-) mice spontaneously develop pulmonary smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and medial thickening. In addition, TSP-1 produced by the pulmonary endothelium inhibits pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell growth. Based on these observations we sought to describe the pulmonary vascular changes in TSP-1-/- mice exposed to chronic hypoxia.
The Spatial Distribution of Military Spending in the United States 1941-1985

The spatial distribution of military expenditures in the United States is a major influence on the regional shifts of economic activity that are occurring in the US. The purpose of this study is to trace the changing spatial distribution of military prime contract awards (MPCAs) from 1941 to 1985. Using T-mode and S-mode factor analysis, the results indicate that since 1941 there have been four distinct eras in the spatial distribution of MPCAs. During each era the spatial pattern of military spending remained stable. The shift from one era to another appears to be linked to changes in the type of weapons purchased by the Department of Defense. The most recent era, the High-Technology Weapons era, has lasted for twenty years. The long-term stability evident in the spatial distribution of MPCAs supports the argument that military expenditures have played an important role in regional economic development and change. The findings also indicate that, while many states tend to follow the national trend in military spending, there are also four distinct groups of states which have gained and then lost their positions as military production centers. The main reason behind the rapid growth and decline of MPCAs going to these states was their dependence on a single weapons system.
EFFECTS OF THE NON-NATIVE GRASS, PARAPHOLIS INCURVA (POACEAE), ON THE RARE AND ENDANGERED HEMIPARASITE, CORDYLANTHUS MARITIMUS SUBSP. MARITIMUS (SCROPHULARIACEAE)

ABSTRACT We tested the host efficiency of an abundant non-native annual grass Parapholis incurva for the rare and endangered hemiparasite Cordylanthus maritimus subsp. maritimus. Flower production in C. m. maritimus was significantly less when P. incurva was the sole host (average 1 flower), than when the native perennial grass host, Distichlis spicata, was present (average 13 flowers). When C. m. maritimus was prevented from parasitizing either the native or non-native host, flower production results were similar to that of the non-native host (average 1 flower). Formation of haustoria did not differ between host identity treatments (average 270 haustoria per pot), but was significantly less in treatments that did not allow root contact between the host and hemiparasite (average 10 haustoria per pot). The “pseudo-host” effect of the non-native annual grass could result in high energetic cost to the endangered hemiparasite. Management decision-makers should factor in the costs of non-competitive mechanism...
Aldosterone production by adrenal cultures via dbcAMP, and the reversibility of ACTH and dbcAMP-induced changes.

Tissue cultures of embryonic adrenal glands were treated with dbcAMP, ACTH and Angio-tensin II. dbcAMP and ACTH caused similar elevation in both aldosterone and corticosterone for 17 days in vitro (DIV) but Angiotensin II treated cultures produced no increase in these steroids above control levels. Mitochondria in dbcAMP and ACTH treated cultures had vesicular cristae and were larger than control mitochondria. These enlarged mitochondria also occupied a greater percentage of cytoplasmic space than controls suggesting hypertrophy or hyperplasia of treated mitochondria and not just a change in their internal configuration. The reversibility of dbcAMP- and ACTH-induced changes was also investigated. If dbcAMP or ACTH were removed from the feeding medium, levels of both aldosterone and corticosterone rapidly fell, and approached control baseline values. At the same time, some mitochondria reverted from a packed vesicle to a plate-like configuration. That ACTH may act via cAMP on aldosterone production and als...
Comparison of esophageal acid exposure at 1 cm and 6 cm above the squamocolumnar junction using the Bravo pH monitoring system.

SUMMARY. The aim of this study was to assess the quantitative differences of acid exposure at 1 cm and 6 cm above the squamocolumnar junciton (SCJ) using two radiotelemetry pH capsules affixed to the esophageal mucosa. Ten normal subjects and 10 endoscopy-negative gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients without hiatus hernia (ages 20–54, 12 male) were studied for a 24-h period using the Bravo™ pH monitoring system. pH capsules were placed 1 cm and 6 cm above the SCJ. Interpretable data for at least 14 h was obtained in 18 of the 20 subjects (9 normal, 9 GERD). Two failures occurred secondary to early capsule dislodgement. Median esophageal acid exposure was significantly increased at 1 cm above the SCJ compared to 6 cm above the SCJ during the total, upright and postprandial time periods in both normal and GERD subjects. During a 2 h postprandial period the esophageal acid exposure was 8-fold greater in GERD subjects and 5-fold greater in normal subjects 1 cm above the SCJ compared to 6 cm above the SCJ. Confident measurement of esophageal acid exposure at a fixed position 1 cm above the SCJ is feasible with the Bravo system. Acid exposure was significantly higher 1 cm above the SCJ compared to 6 cm above the SCJ in both GERD patients and controls. These findings suggest that measurement of acid exposure 1 cm above the SCJ may improve accuracy of pH monitoring by detecting acid reflux events confined to the distal esophagus.
Oligogalacturonides Induce Proteinase Inhibitor Synthesis Via the Octadecanoid Pathway

Proteinase inhibitor proteins are synthesized in leaves of several plant genera in response to localized and systemic signals that are released from sites of insect and pathogen attacks. Several chemical signals have been identified including oligouronides (14), chitosan fragments (15), an 18 amino acid polypeptide, called systemin (13), linolenic acid (4), and its derivative, jasmonic acid (3).
Color categories and color appearance.

We examined categorical effects in color appearance in two tasks, which in part differed in the extent to which color naming was explicitly required for the response. In one, we measured the effects of color differences on perceptual grouping for hues that spanned the blue–green boundary, to test whether chromatic differences across the boundary were perceptually exaggerated. This task did not require overt judgments of the perceived colors, and the tendency to group showed only a weak and inconsistent categorical bias. In a second case, we analyzed results from two prior studies of hue scaling of chromatic stimuli (De Valois, De Valois, Switkes, & Mahon, 1997; Malkoc, Kay, & Webster, 2005), to test whether color appearance changed more rapidly around the blue–green boundary. In this task observers directly judge the perceived color of the stimuli and these judgments tended to show much stronger categorical effects. The differences between these tasks could arise either because different signals mediate color grouping and color appearance, or because linguistic categories might differentially intrude on the response to color and/or on the perception of color. Our results suggest that the interaction between language and color processing may be highly dependent on the specific task and cognitive demands and strategies of the observer, and also highlight pronounced individual differences in the tendency to exhibit categorical responses.
A Novel Mouse Model of Metastatic Thyroid Carcinoma Using Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells

Background/Aim: Scientists have been in quest for the best in vivo model to evaluate chemotherapies for radioiodine-resistant metastatic thyroid carcinomas. Human adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) have been found to promote in vitro growth and in vivo tumorigenesis. In the present study, we describe a novel model of metastatic human thyroid carcinoma by combining ASCs with the papillary thyroid cancer, K1 cell line. Materials and Methods: Three groups of severe combined immunodefecient mice were investigated. The first group was injected subcutaneously with K1 cells plus ASCs, the second group with K1 cell only, and the last group with ASCs only. Mean tumor volumes and standard deviations were calculated and compared. Results: Concomitant injection of ASCs with the K1 cell line led to the development of significantly larger tumors compared to the other groups (p<0.05). In addition, the lungs of this group demonstrated gross tumor metastasis and pathological features of high-grade neoplasms. Conclusion: In the present study we describe a novel mouse model using ASCs with the potential to be used for assessment of new treatments for the management of metastatic thyroid carcinomas.
Demonstration of an automated highway platoon system

The National Automated Highway System Consortium (NAHSC), in partnership with the Department of Transportation, demonstrated several potential AHS technologies on I-15 in San Diego in August 1997. One of the key elements in this demonstration event was a platoon system that contained a group of fully automated automobiles traveling at close spacing. The platoon system demonstrated a number of AHS features such as lane keeping, lane changing, longitudinal space and speed regulation using proved enabling technologies. The paper describes the platoon concept, the configuration of the demonstration system, the demonstration scenarios and reports the development of the platoon demonstration system and the data collected during the demonstration.
Caregiver burden in multiple sclerosis

Impact of physical disability, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction and formal ratings of dementia on caregiver burden
Fast Online Lexicon Learning for Grounded Language Acquisition

Learning a semantic lexicon is often an important first step in building a system that learns to interpret the meaning of natural language. It is especially important in language grounding where the training data usually consist of language paired with an ambiguous perceptual context. Recent work by Chen and Mooney (2011) introduced a lexicon learning method that deals with ambiguous relational data by taking intersections of graphs. While the algorithm produced good lexicons for the task of learning to interpret navigation instructions, it only works in batch settings and does not scale well to large datasets. In this paper we introduce a new online algorithm that is an order of magnitude faster and surpasses the state-of-the-art results. We show that by changing the grammar of the formal meaning representation language and training on additional data collected from Amazon's Mechanical Turk we can further improve the results. We also include experimental results on a Chinese translation of the training data to demonstrate the generality of our approach.