cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved Method for Rearing Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The described rearing method approximates the natural environment for larvae of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte more closely than do previous methods: eggs are in close proximity to corn roots when they hatch, neonate larvae are not handled, and larvae are reared in soil. In addition, the method is less labor-intensive. Our quality-control samples indicate a mean (±SD) return of 53.0% ±5.0 from eggs to adults and a mean return of 72.7% ± 10.2 from neonate larvae to adults. Adult females have a mean head-capsule width of 1.22 mm ± 0.4. Moreover, our new method for handling adults, both before and during mating, has resulted in a significant improvement in mating; percentage of mated females increased from a mean of 66 to a mean of 95%.
Reflex Vascular Responses to Stimulation of Chemoreceptors with Nicotine and Cyanide: Activation of Adrenergic Constriction in Muscle and Noncholinergic Dilatation in Dog'S Paw

Experiments were done to characterize the vascular responses to stimulation of aortic and carotid chemoreceptors and to identify the efferent components of the sympathetic system which are activated in different vascular beds. The chemoreceptors were stimulated with nicotine and cyanide in anesthetized and artificially ventilated dogs. The gracilis muscle and hindpaw were isolated and perfused with blood at constant flow. Changes in perfusion pressure reflected changes in total vascular resistance, and changes in small vein pressure reflected changes in venous resistance. The results indicate that stimulation of carotid and aortic chemoreceptors activates selectively efferent adrenergic constrictor fibers supplying prevenous resistance vessels in the gracilis muscle and venous resistance vessels in the paw. In contrast, there was a dilatation of prevenous resistance vessels in the paw caused by activation of efferent sympathetic dilator fibers and not by withdrawal of sympathetic constrictor tone. The dilatation was not mediated through the release of acetylcholine, histamine, or bradykinin nor through beta receptors. Bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus and body and bilateral vagotomy abolished the reflex responses caused by injections of the chemicals. These responses were not the result of activation of baroreceptors since they were not reproduced during electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve.
Nephroureterectomy for treating upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: time to change the treatment paradigm?

OBJECTIVE To evaluate factors associated with disease recurrence and survival in patients undergoing nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (UUT-TCC) in one centre over an 18-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS The records of patients who had a nephroureterectomy for UUT-TCC at our institution from 1986 to 2004 were reviewed for clinical, pathological and treatment period data. Cox’s proportional hazards regression model was used to test the statistical significance of several potential prognostic factors for recurrence and survival. RESULTS The median overall duration of follow-up was 2.5 years for 184 patients. Significant prognosticators for disease-specific survival (DSS) by univariate analysis were tumour stage (P < 0.01), tumour grade (P < 0.01), node-positive disease (P < 0.01), multifocality (P = 0.03), previous cystectomy (P < 0.01) and synchronous bilateral UUT-TCC (P = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, only tumour stage (P = 0.03) and grade (P = 0.01) correlated with DSS. The median recurrence-free survival duration was 2.4 years. In 44 patients, the disease recurred outside the bladder; 15 (8.2%) had local recurrence, 20 (10.9%) distant metastasis, and nine (4.9%) both local and distant recurrence. Bladder tumours occurred in 40 (26.1%) patients with no previous cystectomy. The evaluation of treatment outcome during three periods of the study showed no significant effect on DSS. CONCLUSION Tumour stage and grade correlated with DSS in this cohort, with no improvement in outcome over the 18-year period assessed. Patients with high-stage and high-grade disease continue to fare poorly, suggesting a need for changing the treatment protocol. Judiciously applying a multimodal approach to the management of high-risk patients by incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection might provide, for the first time, the opportunity to improve patient outcome.
Application of high gradient magnetic separation principles to magnetic drug targeting

Abstract A hypothetical magnetic drug targeting system, utilizing high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) principles, was studied theoretically using FEMLAB simulations. This new approach uses a ferromagnetic wire placed at a bifurcation point inside a blood vessel and an externally applied magnetic field, to magnetically guide magnetic drug carrier particles (MDCP) through the circulatory system and then to magnetically retain them at a target site. Wire collection (CE) and diversion (DE) efficiencies were defined and used to evaluate the system performance. CE and DE both increase as the strength of the applied magnetic field (0.3– 2.0 T ), the amount of ferromagnetic material (iron) in the MDCP (20–100%) and the size of the MDCP (1– 10 μm radius) increase, and as the average inlet velocity (0.1– 0.8 m s −1 ), the size of the wire (50– 250 μm radius) and the ratio (4–10) of the parent vessel radius (0.25– 1.25 mm radius) to wire radius decrease. The effect of the applied magnetic field direction (0° and 90°) on CE and DE was minimal. Under these plausible conditions, CEs as high as 70% were obtained, with DEs reaching only 30%; however, when the MDCPs were allowed to agglomerate (4– 10 μm radius), CEs and DEs of 100% were indeed achieved. These results reveal that this new magnetic drug targeting approach for magnetically collecting MDCPs at a target site, even in arteries with very high velocities, is feasible and very promising; this new approach for magnetically guiding MDCPs through the circulatory system is also feasible but more limited. Overall, this study shows that magnetic drug targeting, based on HGMS principles, has considerable promise as an effective drug targeting tool with many potential applications.
Influence of restoration and succession on bottomland hardwood hydrology

The hydrologic pathways of four bottomland hardwood wetland sites were investigated with transects consisting of nests of shallow wells and piezometers. Sites included a disturbed but recently restored system, two disturbed systems that are recovering naturally and a relatively undisturbed reference site. Water table elevations in both uplands and bottomlands were significantly higher in the reference site than in disturbed sites. Hydrologic budgets were developed that included throughfall inputs, upland inputs, bottomland interflow, bottomland losses to the stream and evapotranspiration (ET) losses. The recently restored bottomland had significantly higher throughfall and lower ET than the naturally recovering sites. Higher throughfall and lower ET is attributed to canopy manipulations that occurred during restoration. Other hydrologic fluxes are relatively similar among the disturbed sites. Reference site flow pathways were significantly different than those of the disturbed sites. Higher ET in the reference site is attributed to differences in canopies between the reference and disturbed sites. Higher upland inputs, bottomland interflow, and bottomland losses to the stream are the result of higher water tables in the reference site. Lower water tables in disturbed sites may be caused by the geomorphic changes that occurred during elevated flow periods prior to recovery.
Isolation of a cDNA encoding an IgG immunoreactive antigen (zinc finger protein) of Strongyloides stercoralis.

La totalite de l'ADNc codant pour un antigene de Strongyloides stercoralis reagissant avec des anticorps IgG est decrite. Un clone representant 1 328 bp a ete selectionne a la suite de l'etude d'une banque d'ADNc de Strongyloides stercoralis a l'aide d'un pool de 78 serums humains positifs a S. stercoralis. La sequence nucleotidique des 1 328 paires de bases est de 70.5 % A/T refletant le biais caracteristique de S. stercoralis vers l'usage de codons riches en A/T. La sequence nucleotidique de cet ADNc revele une homologie avec celles codant pour des proteines en doigt de zinc. La sequence en acides amines qui a ete deduite pour cet antigene caracterise une proteine de 211 acides amines, d'une masse molaire apparente de 22,8 kDa ayant un point isoelectrique prevu de 8,71. L'utilisation potentielle de cet antigene pour le diagnostic de S. stercoralis est discute dons la partie finale.
Previous prelabor or intrapartum cesarean delivery and risk of placenta previa.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the association between previous cesarean delivery and subsequent placenta previa while distinguishing cesarean delivery before the onset of labor from intrapartum cesarean delivery. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of electronic medical records from 20 Utah hospitals (2002-2010) with restriction to the first 2 singleton deliveries of nulliparous women at study entry (n = 26,987). First pregnancy delivery mode was classified as (1) vaginal (reference), (2) cesarean delivery before labor onset (prelabor), or (3) cesarean delivery after labor onset (intrapartum). Risk of second delivery previa was estimated by previous delivery mode with the use of logistic regression and was adjusted for maternal age, insurance, smoking, comorbidities, previous pregnancy loss, and history of previa. Results Most first deliveries were vaginal (82%; n = 22,142), followed by intrapartum cesarean delivery (14.6%; n = 3931), or prelabor cesarean delivery (3.4%; n = 914). Incidence of second delivery previa was 0.29% (n = 78) and differed by previous delivery mode: vaginal, 0.24%; prelabor cesarean delivery, 0.98%; intrapartum cesarean delivery, 0.38% ( P Conclusion Previous prelabor cesarean delivery was associated with a >2-fold significantly increased risk of previa in the second delivery, although the approximately 20% increased risk of previa that was associated with previous intrapartum cesarean delivery was not significant. Although rare, the increased risk of placenta previa after previous prelabor cesarean delivery may be important when considering nonmedically indicated prelabor cesarean delivery.
Locus of control, social support, stress, and adjustment in international transfers

This study examined the direct effects of locus of control and social support on stressors and adjustment, as well as the moderating effects of these variables on the relationship between stressors and adjustment, for a sample of American managers transferred to overseas positions in four Pacific Rim countries — Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Locus of control and social support had stronger direct effects on stressors than on adjustment. Mixed results were obtained concerning the moderating effects of locus of control and social support on the relationship between stressors and adjustment. Future theoretical and research implications are explored.
Theoretically Speaking: An Interview with Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi on Flow Theory Development and Its Usefulness in Addressing Contemporary Challenges in Education

This article is based on an interview with Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Csikszentmihalyi is the founding father of positive psychology and the creator of flow theory, which he has studied for over four decades. Flow was first defined as a holistic sensation that people have when they act with total involvement (Csikszentmihalyi 1975). It is a very positive psychological state that typically occurs when a person perceives a balance between the challenges associated with a situation and their ability to meet the demands of the challenge and accomplish. The nine elements of flow include challenge-skill balance, action-awareness merging, clear goals, unambiguous feedback, concentration on the task at hand, sense of control, loss of selfconsciousness, transformation of time, and an autotelic experience. Flow is informative and instructive and thus a useful theory for educators. Seligman and Csikszentmihlyi (2000) stated, “families, schools, religious communities, and corporations, need to develop communities that foster these strengths” (p. 8). Understanding flow theory development and its usefulness in practice was the primary motivation to pursue this interview. In response to the critical need to advance equity and excellence in education and improve life quality of marginalized populations rigorous exploration of what works is required, particularly as educators reconsider pedagogy, access, and creating climates conducive for teacher and student engagement. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) claimed that, “wherever there is a need for the improvement of life, the flow theory can point the way “(p. 5). Exploring flow theory in an attempt to unlock ways in which flow can be made more available to students was also motivation for this interview. As such, this interview explored (1) the evolution of flow theory, (2) the relationship between flow theory and educational practice, and (3) the usefulness of flow in practice toward addressing contemporary challenges in education. Educ Psychol Rev (2015) 27:353–364 DOI 10.1007/s10648-014-9291-1
Macroinvertebrate Communities in Agriculturally Impacted Southern Illinois Streams: Patterns with Riparian Vegetation, Water Quality, and In‐Stream Habitat Quality

Relationships between riparian land cover, in-stream habitat, water chemistry, and macroinvertebrates were examined in headwater streams draining an agricultural region of Illinois. Macroinvertebrates and organic matter were collected monthly for one year from three intensively monitored streams with a gradient of riparian forest cover (6, 22, and 31% of riparian area). Bioassessments and physical habitat analyses were also performed in these three streams and 12 other nearby headwater streams. The intensively monitored site with the least riparian forest cover had significantly greater percent silt substrates than the sites with medium and high forest cover, and significantly higher very fine organics in substrates than the medium and high forested sites. Macroinvertebrates were abundant in all streams, but communities reflected degraded conditions; noninsect groups, mostly oligochaetes and copepods, dominated density and oligochaetes and mollusks, mostly Sphaerium and Physella, dominated biomass. Of insects, dipterans, mostly Chironomidae, dominated density and dipterans and coleopterans were important contributors to biomass. Collector-gatherers dominated functional structure in all three intensively monitored sites, indicating that functional structure metrics may not be appropriate for assessing these systems. The intensively monitored site with lowest riparian forest cover had significantly greater macroinvertebrate density and biomass, but lowest insect density and biomass. Density and biomass of active collector-filterers (mostly Sphaerium) decreased with increasing riparian forest. Hilsenhoff scores from all 15 sites were significantly correlated with in-stream habitat scores, percent riparian forest, and orthophosphate concentrations, and multiple regression indicated that in-stream habitat was the primary factor influencing biotic integrity. Our results show that these "drainage ditches" harbor abundant macroinvertebrates that are typical of degraded conditions, but that they can reflect gradients of conditions in and around these streams.
Energy decay rates for the semilinear wave equation with nonlinear localized damping and source terms

Abstract In this paper we develop an intrinsic approach to derivation of energy decay rates for the semilinear wave equation with localized interior nonlinear monotone damping g ( u t ) and a source term f ( u ) . The proposed approach allows to consider, in an unified way, much more general classes of hyperbolic problems than addressed before in the literature. These generalizations refer to both geometric and topological aspects of the problem. The method leads to optimal decay rates for solutions of semilinear hyperbolic equations driven by a source of critical exponent and subjected to a nonlinear damping localized in a small region adjacent to a portion of the boundary. The distinct features of the model include: (i) Neumann boundary conditions are assumed and, (ii) no growth conditions are imposed on the damping g ( s ) . It is well known that Neumann boundary does not satisfy Lopatinski condition and, therefore, the analysis of propagation of energy in the absence of the damping on the Neumann part of the boundary requires special geometric considerations. In addition, the sole conditions assumed on g ( s ) are monotonicity, continuity and g ( 0 ) = 0 . In particular, no differentiability and no growth conditions are imposed on the damping both at the origin and at the infinity. The asymptotic decay rates for the energy function are obtained from an intrinsic algorithm driven by solutions of simple ODE. Several examples illustrate the theory by exhibiting various decay rates (exponential, algebraic, rational, logarithmic, etc.) for the energy functional. An important corollary of our energy decay theorem is a stability result which shows that, under certain conditions, when dissipation is sublinear at infinity, the solution of the system remains uniformly bounded for all time in the norms above the finite energy level, even in the presence of a nonlinear source term.
What is statistical design

In the nanoscale regime, the effects of variations can dramatically affect circuit behavior. These variations may arise from fluctuations in the manufacturing process (e.g., drifts in channel length, oxide thickness, threshold voltage, or doping concentration), which affect the circuit yield, as well as variations in the environmental operating conditions (e.g., supply voltage, temperatures, or particle strikes that lead to soft errors) after the circuit is manufactured, which affect the correctness of the behavior of the design. Some of these variations are entirely deterministic (metal fill density, etc.), while others are random, as their cause is either unknown, or unattributable, or too difficult to model.Circuit performance is known to vary significantly under process and environmental variations: significant changes in timing can result, and the leakage power, which depends exponentially on process parameters, can be greatly affected. Unlike traditional deterministic analysis, where performance values at worst-case process/voltage/temperature corners are computed, statistical analysis determines the probability distributions for the timing or the power.Practical statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) methods proceed in a block-based manner in the fashion of deterministic STA algorithms, and use determine the probability distributions of the arrival time at the gate outputs, while statistical leakage power analysis techniques use probabilistic methods to determine the distribution of the leakage. The performance yield can be computed by using these distributions to determine the fraction of manufactured circuits that satisfy timing and power constraints. Statistical optimization changes the design parameters of the circuit to improve the performance yield.
Automatic delineation of drainage basins within digital elevation data using the topographic primal sketch

A new technique for automatic delineation of drainage basin perimeters within digital elevation data is described which applies the topographic primal sketch to digital terrain data, and is much more natural and much more efficient than usual methods that rely upon moving a window over the array of data. This method is able to find drainage channels, mark water flow direction, and recover drainage basin areas. Results appear to be comparable to drainage patterns which can be interpreted visually from contours of the elevation data.
Improved flatfish health following remediation of a PAH-contaminated site in Eagle Harbor, Washington.

Abstract Eagle Harbor in Puget Sound, WA became a Superfund site in 1987 due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released chronically from a nearby creosoting facility. Early studies here (1983–1986) demonstrated up to an ∼80% prevalence of toxicopathic liver lesions, including neoplasms, in resident English sole (Parophrys vetulus). These lesions in English sole are consistently associated with PAH exposure in multiple field studies, and one laboratory study. Later studies (1986–1988) incorporated biomarkers of PAH exposure and effect, including hepatic CYP1A expression and xenobiotic–DNA adducts, and biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs). Before site remediation, lesion prevalences and other biomarker values in this species from Eagle Harbor were among the highest compared to other sites in Puget Sound and the US Pacific Coast. To sequester PAH-contaminated sediments, in 1993–1994, a primary cap of clean sediment was placed over the most-contaminated 54 acres, with a 15-acre secondary cap added from 2000–2002. Lesion prevalences and biomarker values before primary capping were reduced compared to 1983–1986, consistent with facility closure in 1988 and shore-based source controls begun in 1990. Liver lesion risk, hepatic CYP1A activities, and levels of biliary FACs from fish collected immediately after and at regular intervals up to 2 years after primary capping were variable relative to pre-capping. Over the entire monitoring period since primary capping (128 months), but particularly after 3 years, there was a significantly decreasing trend in biliary FACs, hepatic DNA adducts and lesion risk in English sole. In particular, lesion risk has been consistently low (
Nuclear presence of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c3 and c4 is required for Toll-like receptor-activated innate inflammatory response of monocytes/macrophages

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATs) are crucial transcription factors that tightly control proinflammatory cytokine expression for adaptive immunity in T and B lymphocytes. However, little is known about the role of NFATs for innate immunity in macrophages. In this study, we report that NFAT is required for Toll-like receptor (TLR)-initiated innate immune responses in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). All TLR ligand stimulation including LPS, a TLR4 ligand, and Pam(3)CSK(4), a TLR1/2 ligand, induced expression of TNF which was inhibited by VIVIT, an NFAT-specific inhibitor peptide. BMMs from NFATc4 knock-out mouse expressed less TNF than wild type. Despite apparent association between NFAT and TNF, LPS did not directly activate NFAT based on NFAT-luciferase reporter assay, whereas NF-κB was inducibly activated by LPS. Instead, macrophage exhibited constitutive NFAT activity which was not increased by LPS and was decreased by VIVIT. Immunocytochemical examination of NFATc1-4 of BMMs exhibited nuclear localization of NFATc3/c4 regardless of LPS stimulation. LPS stimulation did not cause nuclear translocation of NFATc1/c2. Treatment with VIVIT resulted in nuclear export of NFATc3/c4 and inhibited TLR-activated TNF expression, suggesting that nuclear residence of NFATc is required for TLR-related innate immune response. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay using anti-RNA polymerase II (PolII) antibody suggested that VIVIT decreased PolII binding to TNF gene locus, consistent with VIVIT inhibition of LPS-induced TNF mRNA expression. This study identifies a novel paradigm of innate immune regulation rendered by NFAT which is a well known family of adaptive immune regulatory proteins.
Money, Peasant Mobility, Çiftliks, and Local Politics in Salonika: 1740–1820

This study explores how the monetization and commercialization of rural economy, peasant mobility, and the changing power of landholders in the countryside affected the nature of Salonikan society throughout the eighteenth century. It analyzes the ways in which the emerging power relations in rural areas altered both the status of different social groups and the contours of local administration in an Ottoman provincial setting. It aims to show that the new rural-urban dynamics not only shaped the political alliances and the workings of state, but also set stage for the Ottoman interventionist policy in Salonika. By writing the rural dynamics into the historical narrative, Kokdas’s article thus provides a new understanding of the link between the town-country relationship and the sociopolitical transformation of provincial society in the early modern Ottoman world.
Duration of an intermittent episode of viremia

HIV-1 infected patients after being treated with potent combinations of antiretroviral drugs for 2–6 months typically reach a state in which virus can no longer be detected within their blood. These patients with undetectable virus occasionally have viral load measurements that are above the limit of detection of current assays. Such measurements are called blips. Here we examine the possibility that such blips represent infrequent measurements taken during a period of time in which there is a transient elevation of virus in the patient’s blood, i.e., a so-called transient episode of viremia. By analyzing time series of blips from a large number of patients, we conclude that transient episodes of viremia exist and that on average they extend for a period of about 3 weeks.
Simultaneous effects of night-time temperature and an allelochemical on performance of an insect herbivore.

One effect of global warming may be an increase in night-time temperatures with daytime temperatures remaining largely unchanged. We examined this potential effect of global warming on the performance of tobacco hornworm larvae, Manduca sexta (Sphingidae), by manipulating night-time temperature and dietary rutin levels simultaneously under a 12 light:12 dark photoregime. All four thermal regimes (26:14, 26:18, 26:22, and 26:26° C) had a daytime temperature of 26° C, with the night-time temperature increased from 14 to 26° C by increments of 4° C. Dietary rutin levels (0, 10 and 20 μmoles g−1 fresh weight of diet) reflected those occurring naturally in the leaves of tomato, a preferred host plant of M. sexta. With low night-time temperatures (14 and 18° C), rutin had a negative linear effect on developmental rate, relative growth rate and relative consumption rate of the caterpillars. However, at a night-time temperature of 22° C, rutin had a negative non-linear effect. At a night-time temperature of 26° C, rutin had a negative linear impact but less so than at the other nightime temperatures. Likewise, the negative effect of rutin on molting duration was mitigated as night-time temperature increased. Final larval weight decreased linearly with increased dietary rutin concentrations. Total amount of food ingested was not affected by either rutin or thermal regime. As expected, the caterpillars developed faster under an alternating 26:14° C regime than a constant 20° C regime (the average temperature for the alternating regime), but the effect of rutin depended on the thermal regime. Switching daytime and night-time temperatures had no statistically significant effect on caterpillar performance. Overall, the effect of rutin on rates of larval performance was greater at some levels of warmer nights but damped at another level. These results indicate that the potential effect of warmer nights on insect performance is not a simple function of temperature because there can be interactions between night-time temperature and dietary allelochemicals.
Mothers' Attributions to Their Young Children: The Verbal Environment as a Resource for Children's Self-Concept Acquisition

There has been a century of theorizing that self-conceptions begin to develop early, heavily involve language, are important aspects of personality, and are much influenced by others' reactions. Nevertheless, no one has heretofore probed the empirical characteristics and antecedents of mothers' language that might be relevant to their 2 1/2-year-old children's acquisition of self-conceptions. In this research, such "maternal attributions" were located in video transcripts of 3 mother-child pairs, each interacting for 300 minutes (Study 1), and of 35 mother-child pairs, each interacting for 35 minutes (Study 2), all in a seminaturalistic setting. Study 2 replicated and extended results from Study 1 regarding (a) types of occasion for maternal attributions; and (b) the attributions' specificity/abstractness, vocabulary content, substantive referent, explicitness/implicitness, evaluative tone, and direction toward the whole child or an aspect of the child. Antecedent-consequent relationships were found between children's roles in occasioning attributions and the language specificity and evaluative tone of the attributions. Results are discussed in terms of the development of the self.
The schoolyard gate: schooling and childhood in global perspective

Anderson-Levitt, Kathryn M. 2005. "The Schoolyard Gate: Schooling and Childhood in Global Perspective." Journal of Social History 38 (4):987-1006. doi: 10.1353/jsh.2005.0042.
Bimodal fly ash size distributions and their influence on gas-particle mass transfer during electrostatic precipitation

Abstract Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) have previously been demonstrated to achieve substantial (up to 60–70%) removal efficiency of mercury from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs). However, a high degree of scatter exists in the pilot- and full-scale data, suggesting an incomplete understanding of the mechanism by which mercury is adsorbed within an ESP, particularly by native fly ash. The present analysis explores the influence of bimodal particle size distributions (PSDs) on the gas-particle mass transfer underlying mercury adsorption by fly ash within an ESP. The analysis is motivated by the recent discovery by other investigators of bimodal fly ash PSDs resulting from coal combustion. Results of the present analysis show that, relative to similar monomodal PSDs, bimodal PSDs exhibit greatly increased gas-particle mass transfer potential during electrostatic precipitation. For bimodal PSDs, gas-particle mass transfer potential increases with increasing particle mass in the second mode and decreasing geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation of the second mode. A supplemental analysis compares the mercury removal potential of native fly ash, injected fly ash, and injected powdered activated carbon (PAC) during their collection within an ESP, using representative mercury adsorption capacities and particle mass loadings for each. Results showed only marginal differences in mercury removal efficiency between the three sorbents.
On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview

A review of the literature concerning the phenomenon known as automatic attitude activation is presented. The robustness of the affective priming effect across many different procedural variations, the mediating mechanisms thought to underlie the effect, and the moderating role of associative strength are discussed. The relevance and importance of automatic attitude activation to many fundamental cognitive and social processes also is highlighted. Finally, an overview of the articles included in this Special Issue of Cognition and Emotion, their essential contributions, and their relation to the earlier literature is presented.
Notiz zur Darstellung von N-Trimethylsilylmethyl-glycin und einiger seiner Derivate

Es wird eine einfache Darstellung von N-Trimethylsilylmethyl-glycin durch Hydrolyse von N-Trimethylsilylmethyl-glycinamid beschrieben.
Influence of mixing temperature on xanthan conformation and interaction of xanthan¿guar gum in dilute aqueous solutions

Abstract Dynamic viscoelastic and intrinsic viscosity properties of xanthan, guar, and xanthan–guar blends in dilute aqueous solutions were investigated by using an oscillating capillary rheometer. Influence of mixing temperature on xanthan conformation and interaction with guar is discussed. Synergistic interaction occurred at mixing temperatures of 25 and 80 °C, but a stronger synergistic interaction was observed at mixing temperature 80 °C. The viscous component for all gum solutions was greater than that of the elastic component, which indicated a liquid-like behavior in the dilute regime for the polysaccharide solutions. For both mixing temperatures, the relative viscosities and elasticities of xanthan and guar blends were higher than the relative viscosities and elasticities calculated for blends assuming no interaction. The intrinsic viscosities of xanthan and xanthan–guar blends were higher at 80 °C than at 25 °C. The intrinsic viscosities of xanthan and guar blends were lower than those calculated from the weight averages of the two, and significantly decreased as the xanthan fraction decreased, indicating that xanthan was crucial in controlling the blend viscosity, and that the molecular binding occurred between xanthan and guar.
Functional and Physical Interactions between Partial Molecules of STE6, a Yeast ATP-binding Cassette Protein

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiaea-factor transporter, STE6, is a member of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. ABC proteins consist of four modular units that comprise two membrane-spanning domains (MSDs) and two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). Like many ABC proteins, STE6 contains these four domains in a single polypeptide; certain other ABC proteins are encoded as pairs of “half-molecules” or are further subdivided. Our previous studies demonstrated that STE6 can be expressed as two half-molecules that are functional when co-expressed. Here we dissect the interactions between modules of STE6 in greater detail. We show by co-immunoprecipitation that STE6 half-molecules interact physically, supporting the view that they co-assemble in vivo to form a functional transporter. We also demonstrate a physical interaction between a STE6 half-molecule and full-length STE6; such complexes appear to be functional, based on the striking finding that the defective activity of full-length STE6 mutated in one of its NBDs can be corrected by co-expression of the corresponding “wild-type” half-molecule. We also show that a quarter-molecule consisting solely of the N-terminal MSD of STE6 can interact physically and functionally with a C-terminal three-quarter molecule of STE6, indicating that information directing the assembly of STE6 from partial molecules is contained, at least in part, within its membrane spans.
A clique problem equivalent to graph isomorphism

A class of graphs called M-graphs is defined. It is shown thati) the problem of determining whether a given M-graph of order n2 has a clique of order n is logspace equivalent to graph isomorphism, andii) for any fixed but arbitrarily small e, the problem of determining whether a given M-graph of order n2 has a clique of order (1-e)n is NP complete.
Static mechanical properties of the trachea and bronchial tree.

Abstract Experiments were conducted to measure the load-deflection curve of the trachea and to identify the in vivo position on this curve. The in vivo deflection was found to be small so the trachea, at lung volumes near FRC, does not apply a large concentrated force to the lungs. Additional experiments measured the static pressure-volume-length behavior of bronchial segments. The results were analyzed by modeling the bronchi as thin-walled elastic cylinders subjected to internal hydrostatic pressures. The elastic wall properties were calculated in terms of the strain energy derivatives. ∂W ∂I 2 was found to be ignoribly small. ∂W ∂I 1 depends on both the amount of deformation, I1, and the resting diameter of the bronchus. The smaller bronchi are as distensible as the lung parenchyma and cannot act as a stiff frame to support the lung.
Dynamics of the atmosphere

Observations of and possible explanations for the dynamics of the Venus atmosphere as revelaed by Pioneer Venus and the Venera spacecraft are discussed. An important observation was that the entire atmosphere moves in the same retrograde (westward) direction at average speeds of up to about 110 m/sec, which may be explained by zonal jets arising from interactions of meridional cells, viscosity and solar heating. Atmospheric thermal tides, temperature and wind perturbations caused by solar heating were also observed which may have influences on tidal winds and warming at the poles. In addition, atmospheric waves with periods of 5.3 and 2.9 earth days have been detected between the Venus cloud tops, and calculations of baroclinically unstable waves on Venus have been made with a general circulation model.
Heart Rate Discrimination Before and After Exercise‐Induced Augmented Cardiac Activity

Although there is little direct evidence available, there is a pervasive assumption that HR is easily detected during periods of physical stress or exertion. It has also been suggested that distance runners are keenly aware of their cardiac functioning. The present study assessed cardiac awareness while at rest and again following vigorous exercise for groups of subjects differing in physical fitness. Thirty-six subjects were solicited and composed groups of Sedentary, Tennis, and Distance Running groups. Each group was composed of equal numbers of male and female subjects. HR awareness was assessed using 35 10-sec discrimination trials. Veridical feedback was composed of light flashes triggered by EKG R-spikes whereas false feedback was composed of flashes at rates 10, 20, or 30 percent above or below their actual rate. At the end of each trial, subjects indicated the degree of certainty of their choice. Discrimination accuracy was measured at rest and again following exercise which raised HR level by 75 percent. Analyses of variance indicated that male runners were significantly more accurate discriminators at rest than any other group. Similar superiority was not shown by the female runners. After exercise, the tennis and sedentary groups showed significant overall increases in awareness during augmented cardiac functioning. Exercise did not produce additional increments in awareness for the male runners. A battery of post experimental questionnaires largely failed to discriminate experimental groups.
A Lightweight Tangible 3D Interface for Interactive Visualization of Thin Fiber Structures

We present a prop-based, tangible interface for 3D interactive visualization of thin fiber structures. These data are commonly found in current bioimaging datasets, for example second-harmonic generation microscopy of collagen fibers in tissue. Our approach uses commodity visualization technologies such as a depth sensing camera and low-cost 3D display. Unlike most current uses of these emerging technologies in the games and graphics communities, we employ the depth sensing camera to create a fish-tank sterePoscopic virtual reality system at the scientist's desk that supports tracking of small-scale gestures with objects already found in the work space. We apply the new interface to the problem of interactive exploratory visualization of three-dimensional thin fiber data. A critical task for the visual analysis of these data is understanding patterns in fiber orientation throughout a volume.The interface enables a new, fluid style of data exploration and fiber orientation analysis by using props to provide needed passive-haptic feedback, making 3D interactions with these fiber structures more controlled. We also contribute a low-level algorithm for extracting fiber centerlines from volumetric imaging. The system was designed and evaluated with two biophotonic experts who currently use it in their lab. As compared to typical practice within their field, the new visualization system provides a more effective way to examine and understand the 3D bioimaging datasets they collect.
Facilities for Transit: the Congested Districts Board and Steamship Services

The Congested Districts Board for Ireland (CDB) was established in 1891 and is best remembered for its attempt to create a peasant proprietorship by the purchase, reorganisation and resale of estates. While this was the main thrust of the CDB's work, energy and funds were also expended in developing industries along the west coast, the principal focus being fisheries. Lack of transportation facilities was an obstacle in the way of this objective and the CDB attempted to remedy this by providing financial assistance to several coastal steamship services. This article examines the role of the CDB in establishing and supporting steamship services between 1891 and 1923. the year of the CDB's dissolution.
Location of CNS neurons mediating the blood pressure fall after shock-induced fighting in the rat.

Previous research has demonstrated a fall in systolic blood pressure in the rat measured 2–5 min following shock-induced fighting. This blood pressure fall appears to depend on intact CNS catecholamine neurons. The locus coeruleus is known to supply noradrenergic neuron terminals to much of the brain. In this study, we attempted to identify the location of the CNS catecholamine neurons mediating the blood pressure response to fighting by studying the blood pressure response to shock-induced fighthing in locus coeruleus-lesioned and shamlesioned rats. The locus coeruleus-lesioned animals showed a blood pressure increase after fighting on the average across 2 days of testing, while shamlesioned animals showed a blood pressure decrease after fighting. The difference between the blood pressure responses of the two groups was highly reliable. Since both histofluorescence and biochemical studies indicated that CNS norepinephrine levels were decreased in lesioned as compared to control animals, the findings are interpreted as showing that noradrenergic neurons originating in the locus coeruleus play an important role in mediating aspects of the relationship between fighting behavior and blood pressure response.
Home ownership, affordability, and mothers' changing work and family roles

Objective. Elaborating on conventional explanations for rapid employment growth of married mothers of preschoolers, I propose that pursuit of home ownership contributed to this trend differently in different decades since 1950. Methods. Measuring husbands' income in terms of mortgage qualification and using logistic regression analysis of pooled Current Population Survey data to estimate trends standardized for compositional change, I compare hypothetical with observed trends since 1970. Results. Declining ability of husbands' income to qualify for mortgages and rising educational attainment of mothers explains the post-1970 accelerated employment growth for preschoolers' mothers. By the 1980s, other influences have greater relative effects on young mothers' employment. Conclusion. Home ownership contributed to slower growth in preschoolers' mothers' employment through the 1950s and 1960s, raising standard-of-living expectations. Declining affordability in the 1970s inspired even more rapid growth. Pursuit of prescribed standards of living has increasingly motivated families to embrace dual-earner work and family arrangements.
Ionically Conducting Glasses with Subambient Glass Transition Temperatures

Cryptands and crown ethers along with the lithium salt, LiCF 3 SO 2 N(CH 2 ) 3 OCH 3 (LiMPSA) were employed to produce a new type of amorphous electrolyte. The key to producing an amorphous phase was the mismatch between the cavity size of the macrocycle and the diameter of the cation. The addition of poly(bis-(2(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene) (MEEP) to the amorphous complex, LiMPSA/2.2.2 Cryptand, imparts improved electrochemical and viscoelastic properties. Conversely, when poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) (PS4SS) is added to the amorphous complex, LiMPSA/2.2.2 Cryptand, the product crystallizes. The ionic conductivity of the MEEP rubbery electrolyte is a full order of magnitude higher when compared to the analogous PS4SS doped electrolyte (3.8×10 −5 S cm −1 (MEEP), 1.7×10 −6 S cm 1 (PS4SS) both at 30°K).
Extractive-transesterification of algal lipids under microwave irradiation with hexane as solvent

This study describes the use of microwaves (MW) for enhanced extractive-transesterification of algal lipids from dry algal biomass (Chlorella sp.). Two different single-step extractive-transesterification methods under MW irradiation were evaluated: (1) with ethanol as solvent/reactant and sodium hydroxide catalyst; and (2) with ethanol as reactant and hexane as solvent (sodium hydroxide catalyst). Biodiesel (fatty-acid-ethyl-esters, FAEE) yields from these two methods were compared with the conventional Bligh and Dyer (BD) method which followed a two-step extraction-transesterification process. The maximum lipid yields for MW, MW with hexane and BD methods were 20.1%, 20.1%, and 13.9%, respectively; while the FAEE conversion of the algal lipids were 96.2%, 94.3%, and 78.1%, respectively. The algae-biomass:ethanol molar ratio of 1:250-500 and 2.0-2.5% catalyst with reaction times around 6min were determined as optimum conditions for both methods. This study confers that the single-step non-conventional methods can contribute to higher algal lipid and FAEE yields.
Dialysis of lactotropes with antisense oligonucleotides assigns guanine nucleotide binding protein subtypes to their channel effectors.

This article describes a new approach for determining the role of endogenous guanine nucleotide binding (G) protein subunits in signal transduction. Sequential patch-clamping was applied to BSA gradient-enriched cultured lactotropes from lactating rats, first to dialyze antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (AS) directed against G alpha protein mRNAs and 48 h later to record ion-current responses to the PRL release inhibitor, dopamine. The effectiveness and specificity of action of six types of AS were determined by their effects on the in vitro translation of alpha o, alpha i1, alpha i2, alpha i3, and alpha s. The specificity of AS could be enhanced by replacing guanine by cytosine bases within the center core of AS and by maximizing the number of mismatches against nontargeted mRNAs within the extremities of AS. A total of 59 out of 240 cells could be investigated using the sequential patch clamp procedure in the absence of antibiotics. The typical decrease of the voltage-activated calcium current in resp...
Pattern Recognition Techniques in Microarray Data Analysis

Recent development of technologies (e.g., microarray technology) that are capable of producing massive amounts of genetic data has highlighted the need for new pattern recognition techniques that can mine and discover biologically meaningful knowledge in large data sets. Many researchers have begun an endeavor in this direction to devise such data-mining techniques. As such, there is a need for survey articles that periodically review and summarize the work that has been done in the area. This article presents one such survey. The first portion of the paper is meant to provide the basic biology (mostly for non-biologists) that is required in such a project. This part is only meant to be a starting point for those experts in the technical fields who wish to embark on this new area of bioinformatics. The second portion of the paper is a survey of various data-mining techniques that have been used in mining microarray data for biological knowledge and information (such as sequence information). This survey is not meant to be treated as complete in any form, since the area is currently one of the most active, and the body of research is very large. Furthermore, the applications of the techniques mentioned here are not meant to be taken as the most significant applications of the techniques, but simply as examples among many.