cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultimate intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio for parallel MRI: electromagnetic field considerations.

A method is described for establishing an upper bound on the spatial encoding capabilities of coil arrays in parallel MRI. Ultimate intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), independent of any particular conductor arrangement, is calculated by expressing arbitrary coil sensitivities in terms of a complete set of basis functions that satisfy Maxwell's equations within the sample and performing parallel imaging reconstructions using these basis functions. The dependence of the ultimate intrinsic SNR on a variety of experimental conditions is explored and a physically intuitive explanation for the observed behavior is provided based on a comparison between the electromagnetic wavelength and the distance between aliasing points. Imaging at high field strength, with correspondingly short wavelength, is shown to offer advantages for parallel imaging beyond those already expected due to the larger available spin polarization. One-dimensional undersampling of k-space yields a steep drop in attainable SNR for more than a 5-fold reduction of scan time, while 2D undersampling permits access to much higher degrees of acceleration. Increased tissue conductivity decreases baseline SNR, but improves parallel imaging performance. A procedure is also provided for generating the optimal coil sensitivity pattern for a given acceleration, which will serve as a useful guide for future coil designs.
Interactions of an Array of Finite Span Synthetic Jets and a Crossflow

The formation of secondary flow structures due to the interaction of an array of three finite span synthetic jets with a crossflow was investigated experimentally over a finite swept-back wing (NACA 4421, AR=4, sweep angle of 30 deg, Reynolds number of 1×105). Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry data were collected in the midspan section of the wing, where the effects of the jets’ combinations and their blowing ratios were analyzed based on the three-dimensional flowfield using time- and phase-averaged statistics. The focus of the present work was to capture the formation and advection of secondary flow structures in the vicinity of the synthetic jets for different combinations of jets, including 1) only the center jet activated, 2) two synthetic jets off the middle jet activated, and 3) all three synthetic jets actuated. An angle of attack of 13.5 deg was selected, in which the boundary layer was either attached (in the vicinity of the middle jet) or partially separated (in the vicinity of the jet cl...
Recovery from axial apraxia in the lateral hypothalamic labyrinthectomized rat reveals three elements of contact-righting: caphalocaudal dominance, axial rotation, and distal limb action

In earlier work, we showed that in rats, proprioceptive-tactile information is sufficient for contact-righting on the ground (from lying on one side to prone). Thus, axial rotation, starting with the shoulders and followed by the pelvis, occurs normally in labyrinthectomized animals with eyes occluded. After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, even with labyrinths intact, contactrighting, is at first abolished (1–2 days postoperatively), and when it reappears, involves pushing by the hindlegs. Rostrocaudal contact-righting, involving axial rotation, takes 3–4 days to recover. If labyrinthectomy is combined with lateral hypothalamic damage, the deficit is exaggerated and recovery is greatly slowed down, now requiring 2–3 weeks. The present paper shows that during this prolonged period of recovery several transitional forms of righting are present, each produced by a different combination of limb and body axis movements. At first, axial rotation is absent, and righting is achieved only by pushing with the limbs. This is followed by a transitional form in which, even though axial rotation cannot be triggered directly by contact with the ground, it can be triggered indirectly as an allied reflex when the paw places on the ground. Eventually the body axis actively initiates the rotation to proneness (at first, in the pelvis, later in recovery, in the shoulders), with the limbs being carried. Recovery of axial rotation overlaps with the recovery of cephalic dominance, yielding complex intermediate forms of righting.
Plasma hormone responses to tamoxifen therapy and oophorectomy.

The effect of tamoxifen therapy on plasma hormones in the pre- and post-menopausal state was studied in a young patient with breast cancer. Tamoxifen therapy was carried out for metastatic disease prior to (premenopausal) and after oophorectomy (surgical menopause). Changes in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and estrogen were noted and were corroborated with the therapy or oophorectomy. The findings support some of the previously reported changes in those hormones that were noted in conjunction with tamoxifen therapy.
Better Control of User Web Access of Electronic Resources

A Web portal is a convenient way to allow access to electronic resources. However, for a large, geographically dispersed, and mobile user population, it can be difficult to track users' access of the system. Legal liability and the need for valid usage statistics make it important to limit access to legitimate users. The combination of proper access logging and the use of open source software allow the matching of user names to geographic locations. By analyzing geography-based usage patterns, suspicious activity can be identified and corrective actions taken. This paper describes how these techniques were used at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) to better control and monitor user access.
TECHNOLOGY FOR ACCESS SERVICES

L'article aux systemes RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Les avantages et les inconvenients sont presentes avant de lister les questions liees a l'installation de tels systemes dans une bibliotheque
Genetic Structure and Gene Flow in Elymus glaucus (blue wildrye): Implications for Native Grassland Restoration

Interest in using native grass species for restoration is increasing, yet little is known about the ecology and genetics of native grass populations or the spatial scales over which seed can be transferred and successfully grown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic structure within and among populations of Elymus glaucus in order to make some preliminary recommendations for the transfer and use of this species in revegetation and restoration projects. Twenty populations from California, Oregon, and Washington were analyzed for allozyme genotype at 20 loci, and patterns of variation within and among populations were determined. Allozyme variation at the species level was high, with 80% of the loci polymorphic and an average expected heterozygosity (an index of genetic diversity) of 0.194. All but two of the populations showed some level of polymorphism. A high degree of population differentiation was found, with 54.9% of the variation at allozyme loci partitioned among populations (F st = 0.549). A lesser degree of genetic differentiation among closely spaced subpopulations within one of the populations was also demonstrated (F st = 0.124). Self-pollination and the patchy natural distribution of the species both likely contribute to the low level of gene flow (Nm = 0.205) that was estimated. Zones developed for the transfer of seed of commercial conifer species may be inappropriate for transfer of E. glaucus germplasm because conifer species are characterized by high levels of gene flow. Limited gene flow in E. glaucus can facilitate the divergence of populations over relatively small spatial scales. This genetic differentiation can be due to random genetic drift, localized selective pressures, or both. In order to minimize the chances of planting poorly adapted germplasm, seed of E. glaucus may need to be collected in close proximity to the proposed restoration site.
Haemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation following etomidate and fentanyl for anaesthetic induction.

The haemodynamic response to anaesthetic induction and tracheal intubation was studied in 29 patients undergoing elective myocardial revascularization surgery. All patients included in the study were anaesthetized with etomidate, 0.3 mg.kg-1. The patients were randomized to three groups: Group I received fentanyl, 2.5 micrograms.kg-1; Group II received fentanyl, 5 micrograms.kg-1; and Group III received fentanyl, 10 micrograms.kg-1. Haemodynamic variables were measured at baseline (awake), after anaesthetic induction, and at one, three, five, and ten minutes after tracheal intubation. The number of patients with haemodynamic responses to intubation (> 20% increase in heart rate or mean arterial pressure) was greater (P < 0.05) in Group I than in Groups II and III. Statistically significant, but clinically minor, decreases in mean arterial pressure and cardiac output occurred in all groups at the last three study times. The frequency of involuntary muscle movements was 14%, and all of these events occurred in patients in Group I. In conclusion, the authors recommend using fentanyl, 5-10 micrograms.kg-1 to blunt the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation following anaesthetic induction with etomidate, 0.3 mg.kg-1.
Optical Fourier transform characterization of fish scale age

Optical Fourier transforms of haddock fish scales were made for fish taken from two different bodies of water. The scales in each group varied in age from 2 to 10 yr. A comparison of the image processed digitized Fourier transforms for the scales was made on a personal computer. Statistical correlation studies of these transforms were performed, and the results show a fairly good age discrimination between the scales in each age group.
Electrically Enhanced Collection of Respirable Aerosols in Granular Bed Filters at Low Reynolds Numbers

Electrostatic augmentation is of specific interest in the capture of respirable aerosols which are too small for effective inertial separation and too large for significant removal by diffusion. A unit-cell model is used to examine the relative roles of inertia, interception, gravity, diffusion, and electrostatics in the capture of these particles at low Reynolds numbers. With low bed conductivities, very high applied field augmentation can be achieved, and the relative contributions from other mechanisms are small. Without a field applied to the bed, image charge forces do result in enhancement but contributions from mechanical mechanisms cannot be ignored.
Better alternatives to current methods of scaling and weighting data for cluster analysis

Scaling of multivariate data prior to cluster analysis is important as a preprocessing step. Currently there are methods for doing this. This paper proposes some alternatives, which are particularly directed at helping reveal cluster structures in data. These methods are applied to simulated and real data sets and their performances are compared to some currently used methods. The results indicate that, in many situations, the new methods are much better than the most popular method, called autoscaling. In the most challenging clustering example considered, their performances, while poor, are no worse than all the currently used methods.
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF CATECHOLAMINE BIBSYNTHESIS IN RAT BRAIN1

— The ontogenetic development of norepinephrine and dopamine and their associated biosynthetic and degradative enzymes was investigated in five anatomical regions of the rat brain. Clear regional differences were found in the development of both norepinephrine and tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.3.1). In the case of both norepinephrine and tyrosine hydroxylase, brainstem structures achieved adult levels well before forebrain structures. The development of DOPA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26), monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) and catechol-0-methyl transferase (EC 2.1.1.6) did not appear to differmarkedly from area to area. Further analysis of the data revealed that in forebrain structures both the amines and the biosynthetic enzymes developed concurrently. By contrast, in the brainstem structures, there was a dissociation of amine and enzyme development with development of tyrosine hydroxylase, in particular, markedly preceding that of norepinephrine and of DOPA decarboxylase. The bases for both the lower amine levels in the infant brain and the regional developmental differences are discussed in relation to the anatomical organization of the central catecholamine-containing neurons.
Neidiopsis hamiltonii sp. nov., N. weilandii sp. nov., N. levanderi and N. wulffii from western North America

Neidiopsis hamiltonii sp. nov. and Neidiopsis weilandii sp. nov. are described from a stream, lakes and ponds in western North America. The new species are readily distinguished from the three other published species of Neidiopsis by valve size, valve shape and the nature of the proximal raphe ends. In both new species, loculi along the valve margins are continuous and form hollow longitudinal canals, as in Neidium. Diagnostic features common to all five Neidiopsis species include: (1) a mix of uniseriate and biseriate striae; (2) striae arranged in two offset ranks; (3) distal raphe fissures simple (not bifurcate); (4) habitat restricted to cold oligotrophic streams, lakes and ponds with low conductivity; and (5) distribution limited to the Arctic, sub-Arctic and alpine zones of temperate regions in the northern hemisphere. Considerable variation in valve shape, including apical shape, is demonstrated in Rocky Mountain populations of N. hamiltonii, N. levanderi (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin and N....
Influence of Ethylene Action, Storage Atmosphere, and Storage Duration on Diphenylamine and Diphenylamine Derivative Content of Granny Smith Apple Peel

The application of diphenylamine (DPA) to prevent the apple peel disorder superficial scald can result in accumulation of a number of DPA derivatives resulting from C-nitration, C-hydroxylation, O-methylation, and N-nitrosation during fruit storage. As the presence of these compounds may be indicative of metabolic processes leading to superficial scald development, the contents of DPA and DPA derivatives were determined in fruits treated at harvest with DPA or DPA plus the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which also prevents scald development. Influences of fruit maturity, storage environment, storage duration, and a 14 day poststorage ripening period on accumulation of DPA metabolites were also assessed. Poststorage ripening, 1-MCP treatment, and controlled atmosphere storage had varied effects on DPA derivative contents suggesting that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as *OH, *NO, and *NO2, or enzyme-catalyzed reactions may be present during certain ripening and senescence-related physiological processes. Definitive correlations between superficial scald incidence and contents of specific derivatives were not observed.
Training issues: a pilot study of the Florida Randolph-Sheppard program for vision-impaired foodservice managers.

This paper reviews issues relating to the vision-impaired (V-I) foodservice management program and subsequent training supported by the Randolph-Sheppard Act and the Randolph-Sheppard foodservice program (henceforth referred to as RS) of 1936. The act gives vision-impaired foodservice managers preference for the award and operation of vending operations in all types of federal and government buildings as well as road-side rest areas. As a pilot study, this paper investigates the perception of V-I respondents pertaining to training and other issues covered under the RS program. The results spur suggestions for potential improvement to the RS program in the State of Florida, as well as a need for improved training and inspection of V-I sites nationwide. Tips for those who might train the vision-impaired foodservice manager are also included.
Are CEO stock option grants optimal? Evidence from family firms and non-family firms around the Sarbanes–Oxley Act

This paper investigates the optimality of stock option grants to Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) by examining a set of S&P 500 companies around the passage of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX). I find that stock option grants to non-founding-family CEOs decreased dramatically after the passage of SOX. In addition, non-family firms granted significantly more stock options than family firms before the SOX, but not after its passage. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that CEOs use stock option grants as tools to extract rents from shareholders. This interpretation is further supported by evidence that the large decrease in stock option grants after the SOX was passed is not detrimental to firm performance, and by evidence from a test of the trade-off between option and non-option compensation.
Integral Estimates for the Potential Operator on Differential Forms

We develop the local inequalities with new weights for the potential operator applied to differential forms. We also prove the global weighted norm inequalities for the potential operator in averaging domains and explore applications of our new results.
Abstract 1264: Extracellular galectin-3 induces tumor-specific apoptosis through the interaction with highly glycosylated cell surface β1 integrin

Galectins are a family of animal lectins, which bind beta-galactose moieties. Gal3 is the only chimeric family member of Gals and consists of a collagen-like N-terminal region and a C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which has binding affinity for galactose and N-acetyl-lactosamine. Gal3 is known to be secreted through Golgi apparatus-independent alternative pathway. Previously, we found that stimuli-induced p53 activation induced bystander killing effect against adjacent cells. This p53 bystander effect is mediated through the secretion of Gal3 with the requirement of p53-dependent induction of tumor suppressor activated pathway-6 (TSAP6). We found the apoptotic activity of extracellular Gal3: a variety of tumor cell types (malignant glioma, breast, colon, prostate, lung) are sensitive to Gal3-mediated killing, while normal cells (fibroblast, endothelial) are not affected. We demonstrated that conditional sGal3 induction (tet-on system) in glioma xenografts strongly inhibits tumor growth without overt toxicity in mice. We found that Gal3-mediated tumor cell killing was neutralized with lactose, a Gal3-CRD binding ligand, and Gal3-mediated apoptosis was inhibited by treatment with a caspase 9 inhibitor (LEHD) but not by a caspase 8 inhibitor (IETD). Gal3 interacts with several glycosylated cell surface proteins. We identified that Gal3-induced tumor specific apoptosis is mediated through Gal3-beta1 integrin binding through GST-Gal3 pulldown assay, cell membrane-specific Gal3-beta1 integrin co-immunoprecipitation, and beta1 integrin siRNA neutralization. Further, the treatment of N-glycosylation inhibitor (tunicamycin) interfered with Gal3-beta1 integrin interaction whereas, O-glycosylation inhibitor (benzyl-O-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine) increased N-glycosylation of beta1 integrin as well as consequent Gal3-beta1 integrin interaction and Gal3-mediated apoptosis. In summary, our data demonstrate that extracellular Gal3 interacts with tumor cells through highly-glycosylated cell surface beta1 integrin through its CRD binding and consequently induces apoptosis. These findings are important for our understanding of tumor-specific killing of Gal3 and suggest that Gal3 can be exploited as a therapeutic agent for cancer. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1264.
40 years of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract This article reviews the development of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in several respects: (a) a strong static magnetic field serves to convert ion mass-to-charge ratio into cyclotron frequency. Because frequency is the most accurately measurable property, ICR MS inherently offers higher mass resolution and mass accuracy than any other mass analyzer. (b) Coherent excitation followed by induced charge detection yields a time-domain signal whose discrete Fourier transform produces a mass spectrum of ions spanning a wide m/z range simultaneously. By simple analogy to weighing objects with a mechanical balance, that “multiplex” advantage can be shown to be equivalent to “multichannel” detection by an array of individual single-channel detectors. (c) FT-ICR MS performance benefits from near-elimination of magnetic field inhomogeneity by inherent ion cyclotron rotation and ion axial oscillation; inherent nearly quadrupolar electrostatic trapping potential and nearly uniform rf electric field homogeneity near the center of the ICR ion trap (both improved even further by recent ICR cell designs); and theoretically optimal excitation and mass selection produced by stored-waveform inverse Fourier transformation (SWIFT). (d) External ion accumulation allows efficient coupling of atmospheric pressure continuous ionization sources (notably electrospray ionization) with pulsed high-vacuum FT-ICR MS excitation/detection, and injection of externally trapped ions through the “magnetic mirror” into the ICR ion trap has been optimized based on ion trajectory simulations. (e) MS/MS can be performed either inside (e.g., electron capture dissociation, infrared multiphoton dissociation) or outside (e.g., collision-induced dissociation, electron transfer dissociation) the ICR ion trap. (f) Finally, FT-ICR MS instrumentation and experimental event sequences have benefited from striking parallels to prior nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy developments. Similarly, non-ICR FT MS development (notably the orbitrap) has benefited from FT-ICR precedents.
Material flow stress and failure in multiscale machining titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V

Titanium Ti-6Al-4V alloy is a typical difficult-to-machine material due to its unique physical and mechanical properties. The material properties of Ti-6Al-4V play an important role in process design and optimization. However, the dynamic mechanical behavior is poorly understood and accurate predictive models have yet to be developed. This work focuses on the dynamic mechanical behavior of machining Ti-6Al-4V beyond the range of strains, strain rates, and temperatures in conventional materials testing. The flow stress characteristics of strain hardening and thermal softening can be predicted by the Johnson–Cook model coupled with the adiabatic condition. The predicted flow stresses at small strains agree very well with those from the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, while the predicted flow stresses at large strains also agree with the calculated flow stresses based on the cutting tests with a suitable depth of cut. Heat fraction and temperature parameter control the range of thermal softening and the decrease rate of flow stress. The material may exhibit super plasticity at a small depth of cut with a large radius of the cutting edge in micromachining. Strain rate is one important factor for material fracture close to the cutting edge. The failure strain increases linearly with the increase of homologous temperature, while it only increases slightly with the strain rate.
Feeding Responses to Sound Wood by the Eastern Subterranean Termite, Reticulitermes flavipes

Reliculitermes flavipes (Kollar) ate more of all 11 wood species tested and had poorer survival when the wood was placed on sand (forced feeding) than when it was placed on a substrate of southern pine sawdust. Red-wood and cypress were the least favored wood species, slash and loblolly pine, the most. Mortality was greatest on redwood and black walnut.
Properties of Bacillus subtilis 168 derivatives freed of their natural prophages.

Abstract An isogenic set of Bacillus subtilis 168 strains which are non-inducible for prophage PBSX and are cured of prophage SPβ has been constructed. By utilizing these strains, prophage SPβ has been shown to control the inducible DNA modification system which exists in this bacterium. However, neither the PBSX nor the SPβ prophages alter the ability of the bacterium to undergo genetic recombination, to repair damaged DNA or to sporulate. Prophageless B. subtilis would be a useful host for the φ3T cloning vector, because of the absence of vector—prophage interactions.
A dual-purpose protein ligand for effective therapy and sensitive diagnosis of anthrax.

This article reports the design of a bivalent protein ligand with dual use in therapy and diagnosis of anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis. The ligand specifically binds to PA and thereby blocks the intracellular delivery of LF and EF toxins that, respectively, cause cell lysis and edema. The ligand is a chimeric scaffold with two PA-binding domains (called VWA) linked to an IgG-Fc frame. Molecular modeling and binding measurements reveal that the VWA-Fc dimer binds to PA with high affinity (K D = 0.2 nM). An in vitro bio-luminescence assay shows that VWA-Fc (at nanomolar concentration) protects mouse macrophages from lysis by PA/LF. In vivo studies demonstrate that VWA-Fc at low doses (∼50 μg/animal) are able to rescue animals from lethal doses of PA/LF and B. anthracis spores. Finally, VWA-Fc is utilized as the capture molecule in the sensitive (down to 30 picomolar) detection of PA using surface plasmon resonance.
Systemic administration of betamethasone delays endotoxin-induced preterm labor in the murine model.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the administration of betamethasone decreases the endotoxin-induced preterm parturition rate and inhibits the risk of cytokines in the murine model. Study design: Endotoxin was administered intraperitoneally at gestational day 15 (75% of gestation). In phase I, the duration of gestation was measured in 36 gravid C3H/HeOu mice that were equally divided into four treatment groups: control, endotoxin only, and two different dose regimens of betamethasone followed by endotoxin. In phase II, maternal serum and amniotic fluid concentrations of cytokines (interleukin-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6) were measured at 4 hours after endotoxin injection in 44 gravid mice divided equally in the four treatment groups. Results: The group that was exposed only to endotoxin was delivered at a significantly earlier gestational age compared with the control group (16.2 ± 0.4 days vs 19.6 ± 0.2 days; P P Conclusion: Antenatal administration of betamethasone to mice delayed preterm parturition that was induced by endotoxin. Elevations of amniotic fluid cytokine concentrations that were observed with endotoxin were not observed with pretreatment with betamethasone. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:439-43.)
Designing Retention Research for Assessment and Enhanced Competitive Advantage

Based on a longitudinal study of entering freshmen at a selective, private college in northeastern USA, this article provides a model for designing retention studies for assessment. Results from discriminant analysis revealed average high school grade, admission rating, and first semester average college grade as significant predictors of graduation. Regression analyses identified average high school grade, first semester average college grade, and satisfaction with academic advising as significant predictors of final average college grade. Perceived impact on intellectual self‐confidence and satisfaction with faculty attitude, business courses and sense of community were identified as significant predictors of overall satisfaction.
Regular superstructures of purified DNA in ethanolic solutions

Abstract Aqueous solutions of purified DNA from bacteriophage T7 were subjected to various concentrations of ethanol and visualized by electron microscopy. Compact, linear, unbranched particles with uniform diameters were found which have three distinct lengths, 3.04±0.04 μm, 0.69±0.01 μm and 0.159±0.014μm, with increasing diameters. An analysis of the observations revealed supercoils of first, second and third order for the above lengths. DNA supercoiling may be the consequence of dehydration by ethanol and drying and, in native chromatin, of dehydration by histone.
When user experience met agile: a case study

In mid-2007, one part of the technology organization at our company decided to develop a very large project using scrum, an agile programming methodology. The decision to go with scrum was made from a software development perspective and how the user experience (UX) teams doing the design work would fit into that methodology was not clear. As a result, the UX teams faced many challenges and we have had to evolve our approach to how UX teams work with development scrum teams. This case study details our UX teams' experiences working with scrum for the past 18 months, describing the challenges and issues that we faced, and the solutions that we implemented to resolve those issues. We recommend best practices for UX teams working in scrum, particularly in a fast-paced and large corporate environment. We hope that others can avoid the common pitfalls that we faced in our initial adjustment to agile and scrum.
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Analysis Using Population Modeling and Informative Prior Distributions

Abstract We describe a general approach using Bayesian analysis for the estimation of parameters in physiological pharmacokinetic models. The chief statistical difficulty in estimation with these models is that any physiological model that is even approximately realistic will have a large number of parameters, often comparable to the number of observations in a typical pharmacokinetic experiment (e.g., 28 measurements and 15 parameters for each subject). In addition, the parameters are generally poorly identified, akin to the well-known ill-conditioned problem of estimating a mixture of declining exponentials. Our modeling includes (a) hierarchical population modeling, which allows partial pooling of information among different experimental subjects; (b) a pharmacokinetic model including compartments for well-perfused tissues, poorly perfused tissues, fat, and the liver; and (c) informative prior distributions for population parameters, which is possible because the parameters represent real physiological...
Renal lymphatics, and lymphatic involvement in sinus vein invasive (pT3b) clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a study of 40 cases

Although renal sinus vein invasion is the most common site of extrarenal involvement in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CC), CC also spreads by lymphatics. As cortical lymphatics drain into the sinus, some involved sinus structures may be lymphatics, not veins. This possibility was investigated with podoplanin, a specific lymphatic endothelial marker, in 40 CC with sinus vein invasion. Ten blocks of uninvolved kidney, serving as controls, showed lymphatics within the adventitia of midcortical intralobular arteries. Lymphatics became more numerous and enlarged with progression towards the medulla. No lymphatics were among glomeruli or within the medulla unless associated with inflammation. The largest lymphatics occurred within the sinus, and were also noted within pelvic muscularis, and media of large veins. Intralymphatic tumor was observed and divided into two Groups. Group 1 (four cases) involved lymphatics within the invasive edge of tumors lacking a pseudocapsule. The lymphatics were small (0.045-0.19 mm), irregularly shaped, often incomplete, and contained single cells or small clusters of tumor cells. Group 2 (four cases) involved sinus lymphatics separate from tumor. One case each also involved adventitial lymphatics of an intralobular artery, the muscularis of the renal pelvis, and media of a muscular vein. The intralymphatic tumor in Group 2 often appeared discohesive, not endothelial cell invested, and larger than in Group 1 (0.4-0.5 mm). Conversely, tumor within muscular veins was cohesive, contained a capillary plexis, and was endothelial cell invested. In conclusion, intralymphatic tumor can be demonstrated in CC. Lymphatic involvement is less frequent than venous involvement and involves smaller structures. The potential for lymphatic spread may not be equal among involved lymphatics. Small peritumoral lymphatics may be destined for destruction by tumor growth. However, involved lymphatics within sinus and associated with renal pelvis, are likely sources for lymphatic spread and lymph node metastases.
Ion channels in the central regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis

Ion channels are critical regulators of neuronal excitability and synaptic function in the brain. Recent evidence suggests that ion channels expressed by neurons within the brain are responsible for regulating energy and glucose homeostasis. In addition, the central effects of neurotransmitters and hormones are at least in part achieved by modifications of ion channel activity. This review focuses on ion channels and their neuronal functions followed by a discussion of the identified roles for specific ion channels in the central pathways regulating food intake, energy expenditure, and glucose balance.
Ischemic heart disease

Abstract Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is the single most important preventable disease in the U.S. Risk factors for the development of IHD have been well described, and treatment strategies for the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of this disease are available. Because of the prevalence of IHD, and known benefits of intervention, psychiatrists should be familiar with screening and treatment. This paper describes the screening and intervention strategies suitable for psychiatrists caring for patients at risk for IHD.
Use of a New, Low-pH Immunoglobulin G Preparation During Episodes of Bacteremia in the Rat

A rapidly expanding role for immunoglobulin G preparations in conditions other than the classical immunodeficiency syndromes is evident. This relatively new concept of treatment with polyclonal antibody has been tested in the rat with severe Salmonella typhimurium bacteremia with use of a newly developed, native immunoglobulin G preparation for intravenous use (IGIV pH 4.25). IGIV pH 4.25 increased survival time and decreased absolute mortality, prevented hypotension and acidosis, and ameliorated or prevented changes in variables indicative of organ damage during S. typhimurium bacteremia in the rat. Intravenous infusion of IGIV pH 4.25 at high rates did not cause further deterioration in the arterial blood pH in the acid-base-compromised rat and hence should not cause clinically significant decreases in pH in patients with compromised acid-base regulating systems.
Evolution of Hystricomorphy in the Nimravidae (Carnivora; Barbourofelinae): Evidence for complex character convergence with rodents

Barbourofelis fricki is a saber‐tooth with canines approximately 22 cm long and the largest mandibular flange among nimravids. The jaw‐rotation for canine clearance and biting exceeded 115°. This gape was coupled with extensive cranial musculoskeletal reorganization, including extension of the deep masseter through a greatly enlarged infraorbital foramen onto the muzzle (hystricomorphy). This condition was previously described in rodents, wherein the anteriorly originating deep masseter improved the mechanical advantage of anterior mandibular movements involved in gnawing. The anterior origin of the deep masseter in barbourofelins facilitated jaw closure from gapes over 90° in four ways: 1) a lengthened muscle excursion permitted greater contraction distance; 2) the line of action at all gapes improved, particularly for those over 90°; 3) anteroposterior masseter origin length increased; and 4) sequential muscle segment activation provided smooth muscular contraction and the ability to control mandibular ...
The volatile bases of cigar smoke

Abstract The following pyridine bases were isolated from cigar smoke condensate using temperature programmed gas chromatography: pyridine; α-, β-, and γ-picoline; 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, and 2,6-lutidine; 3-ethylpyridine; 3-vinylpyridine; nicotine; nornicotine; myosmine, and 2,3′-dipyridyl. Tentative identifications were also obtained for 3,5-lutidine and 3-acetylpyridine. Semiquantiative measurements on the amounts of these compounds present in the smoke condensate were obtained.
The oxidation kinetics of Fe(II) in seawater

Abstract The oxidation of Fe(II) has been studied as a function of pH (5 to 9), temperature (5 to 45°C), and salinity (0 to 35). The pseudo-first-order rate constant, k1, −d[Fe(II)] dt = k 1 [Fe(II)] in water and seawater was found to be a second degree function of pH over the pH range of 7.5 to 8.5 at 5°C and 6.0 to 8.0 at 25°C. The overall rate constant (k) −d[Fe(II)] dt = k[Fe(II)][O 2 ][OH − ] 2 was determined from 5 to 45°C and S = 0 to 35. The results have been fit to an equation of the form (T = 273.15 + t°C) log k = log k 0 − 3.29I 1 2 + 1.52I where logk0 = 21.56–1545/T with a standard error = 0.09. The energy of activation for the overall rate constant in water and seawater was 29 ± 2 kJmol−1. The values of the rate constant for pure water (k0) are in good agreement with literature data. The half times for seawater from some previous studies at a pH = 8.0 were slower than our results for Gulf Stream waters. Measurements on Biscayne Bay waters also yield slower half times apparently due to the presence of organic ligands that can complex Fe(II).
Theory of "Ripple" Phases of Lipid Bilayers.

A wide variety of lecithins exhibit a ``rippled'' intermediate phase---the ${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}\ensuremath{'}}$ phase, in addition to the common ${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$ and ${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}\ensuremath{'}}$ phases of hydraged phospholipids. We describe a continuum Landau theory that can account for all of the observed phases, including the asymmetric ripple phase observed in chiral bilayers. We predict the possible existence of more than one distinct ripple phase made possible by the two-dimensional nature of the tilt order parameter. Furthermore, we show that chiral bilayers can exhibit phase transitions from symmetric to asymmetric ripples as, for example, the temperature is lowered. \textcopyright{} 1993 The American Physical Society
Determination of vanadium by reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Recent advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have included the addition of interference reduction technologies, such as collision and reaction cells, to improve its detection capability for certain elements that suffer from polyatomic interferences. The principle behind reaction cell (RC)-ICP-MS is to remove a particular polyatomic interference by dissociation or formation of a different polyatomic species that no longer interferes with the analyte of interest. However, some interferences cannot be removed by commonly reported reaction gases, such as hydrogen, oxygen, or methane, necessitating using more reactive and hazardous gases, such as ammonia. The current study investigates oxygen as a reaction gas in RC-ICP-MS to specifically react with vanadium analyte ions, rather than the interferents, to produce a polyatomic analyte species and thereby provide a way to analyze for vanadium in complex environmental matrices. The technique has been tested on a series of river water, tap water, and synthetic laboratory samples, and shown to be successful in vanadium analyses in high chloride and sulfate matrices. The zinc isobaric interference on the new vanadium oxide analyte at m/z 67 is also investigated, and can be corrected by using a standard mathematical correction equation. The results of this study further increase the utility of RC-ICP-MS analytical techniques for complex environmental matrices.
Transactions section: Preprint of corresponding pages from the current annual AIEE transactions volume: Pentode ignitrons for electronic power converters

THE history and development of suitable electronic tubes and circuits for high-voltage power-conversion systems is discussed in a companion paper.1 Briefly, the first power unit after laboratory tests consisted of a 40–60-cycle 5,000-kw power converter. The tubes for this unit were of the thyratron∗ type. The nonsynchronous link operated at a direct potential of 30,000 volts and a current of approximately 170 amperes. Power from the 40-cycle system was converted to direct current through 12 phano-tron tubes connected in a cascade arrangement of two three-phase double-way rectifier circuits. The direct current was converted to 60-cycle a-c power through 12 thyratrons connected in a similar arrangement of double-way inverter circuits. Initial operation was remarkably free from any basic trouble. Operation over a period of some five years demonstrated the complete practicability of sealed electronic tubes for this type of service.
Nutrition and fluid optimization for patients with short bowel syndrome.

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is characterized by nutrient malabsorption and occurs following surgical resection, congenital defect, or disease of the bowel. The severity of SBS depends on the length and anatomy of the bowel resected and the health of the remaining tissue. During the 2 years following resection, the remnant bowel undergoes an adaptation process that increases its absorptive capacity. Oral diet and enteral nutrition (EN) enhance intestinal adaptation; although patients require parenteral nutrition (PN) and/or intravenous (IV) fluids in the immediate postresection period, diet and EN should be reintroduced as soon as possible. The SBS diet should include complex carbohydrates; simple sugars should be avoided. Optimal fat intake varies based on patient anatomy; patients with end-jejunostomies can tolerate a higher proportion of calories from dietary fat than patients with a remnant colon. Patients with SBS are prone to deficiencies in vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids; serum levels ...
TRENDS IN INCIDENCE, EARLY INVASIVE STRATEGY AND OUTCOMES OF NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN PATIENTS ≥75 YEARS OF AGE

Non ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the older patient population. We sought to analyze the trends in incidence, utilization of early invasive strategy (diagnostic coronary angiography with intent to perform revascularization within 24 hours
Tactile perception: Do distinct subpopulations explain differences in mislocalization rates of stimuli across fingertips?

In a previous study we were able to demonstrate that the Cutaneous Rabbit Effect (CRE) could be induced across fingertips using a form of the reduced rabbit paradigm and electrotactile stimuli. The CRE, as used here, is an illusory phenomenon where two stimuli are rapidly at a site and then a stimulus is presented to a nearby site. The perception of the second of the stimuli is not at its presented location but at a site between the first and last stimuli. In this experiment, though the overall population did perceive the mislocalized stimuli as the CRE would predict, some subjects were very infrequently observed to mislocalize stimuli due to the CRE or other effects. Here we further examine this phenomena, attempting to identify whether a subpopulation exists that rarely mislocalizes stimuli on their fingertips. To test for this subpopulation, we reexamined the collected data from the previously published experiment and other unpublished data relating to that study. By examining these data for rates of mislocalization utilizing our previous metric we identified that there is a perceptual subpopulation that very infrequently misidentifies the location of a fingertip stimulus.
Effect of Formulation Variables on Preparation of Celecoxib Loaded Polylactide-Co-Glycolide Nanoparticles

Polymer based nanoparticle formulations have been shown to increase drug bioavailability and/or reduce drug adverse effects. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. celecoxib) reduce prostaglandin synthesis and cause side effects such as gastrointestinal and renal complications. The aim of this study was to formulate celecoxib entrapped poly lactide-co-glycolide based nanoparticles through a solvent evaporation process using didodecyldimethylammonium bromide or poly vinyl alcohol as stabilizer. Nanoparticles were characterized for zeta potential, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and morphology. Effects of stabilizer concentration (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1% w/v), drug amount (5, 10, 15, and 20 mg), and emulsifier (lecithin) on nanoparticle characterization were examined for formula optimization. The use of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% w/v didodecyldimethylammonium bromide resulted in a more than 5-fold increase in zeta potential and a more than 1.5-fold increase in entrapment efficiency with a reduction in particle size over 35%, when compared to stabilizer free formulation. Nanoparticle formulations were also highly influenced by emulsifier and drug amount. Using 0.25% w/v didodecyldimethylammonium bromide NP formulations, peak zeta potential was achieved using 15 mg celecoxib with emulsifier (17.15±0.36 mV) and 20 mg celecoxib without emulsifier (25.00±0.18 mV). Peak NP size reduction and entrapment efficiency was achieved using 5 mg celecoxib formulations with (70.87±1.24 nm and 95.55±0.66%, respectively) and without (92.97±0.51 nm and 95.93±0.27%, respectively) emulsifier. In conclusion, formulations using 5 mg celecoxib with 0.25% w/v didodecyldimethylammonium bromide concentrations produced nanoparticles exhibiting enhanced size reduction and entrapment efficiency. Furthermore, emulsifier free formulations demonstrated improved zeta potential when compared to formulations containing emulsifier (p<0.01). Therefore, our results suggest the use of emulsifier free 5 mg celecoxib drug formulations containing 0.25% w/v didodecyldimethylammonium bromide for production of polymeric NPs that demonstrate enhanced zeta potential, small particle size, and high entrapment efficiency.
European technology and the New Zealand Maori economy: 1769–1840

Abstract The paper argues that the introduction of European technology to the New Zealand Maori prior to colonization in 1840 did not result in the collapse of their culture. New technologies were adopted in the context of their traditional valuing. Iron tools, white potatoes, agricultural technology and firearms were all integrated into Maori livelihood, and resulted in change in Maori society and economy. The change, though, was not preordained by the new technologies. New technologies led to new alternatives, but the adopted technologies was adapted by the Maori to their social processes.
New form for the Belyaev-Zelevinsky-Marshalek boson realization of shell model algebras SO(2∈i(2ji+1))☆

Abstract A new method is described for unitarizing the Dyson boson mapping of some orthogonal Lie algebras which arise in standard shell model problems. As opposed to the well-known Holstein-Primakoff structures, derived in previous studies, the new mappings can be evaluated in closed form in terms of the eigenvalues of Casimir invariants of unitary subalgebras and of matrix elements of single boson operators.
Unusual vasomotor coronary arterial responses after nitroglycerin

Abstract Angiographic evidence of unusual vasomotor responses occurred in two patients after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin. In these patients, right coronary arterial segments that appeared angiographically normal before the administration of nitroglycerin showed narrowing after nitroglycerin. Adjacent segments in each of these vessels, as well as the other coronary arteries, dilated as expected. Both patients remained asymptomatic. Repeated administration of nitroglycerin did not alter the angiographic appearance of these vessels. No reason for the localized reduction of coronary arterial diameter was apparent. The possibility that nitroglycerin was associated with these unusual changes is an additional argument against the routine administration of nitrates before coronary arteriography.