cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiating ADHD from oral language difficulties in children: role of movements and effects of stimulant medication

The current study was designed to test if an objective measure of both attention and movement would differentiate children with Oral Language Disorders (OLD) from those with comorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and if stimulant medication improved performance when both disorders were present. The sample consisted of thirty-three children with an identified oral language disorder (of which 22 had comorbid ADHD) ages 6 to 13 who were enrolled in a yearlong intensive learning intervention program. Those on a stimulant medication were tested at baseline and again a year later on and off medication. Objective measures that included an infrared motion analysis system which tracked and recorded subtle movements discriminated children with OLD from those with a comorbid ADHD disorder whereas classic attention measures did not. There were better attention scores and fewer movements in children while on-medication. Use of an objective measurement that includes movement detection improves objective diagnostic differential for OLD and ADHD and provides quantifiable changes in performance related to medication for both OLD and ADHD.
A high-pyruvate xanthan for EOR

Etudes de laboratoire et de champ sur l'utilisation du xanthane a haute teneur en acide pyruvique, produit par une souche appropriee de Xanthomonas campestris, comme regulateur de mobilite dans la recuperation assistee du petrole. Etude de la compatibilite du xanthane avec les biocides, les desoxygenants et les agents surfaces
Challenges in developing Sense & Avoid capability for Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Unmanned aircraft systems will require a sense & avoid function to protect against collisions with other aircraft as well as various other hazards. Architectural alternatives in the distributions of functionality between aircraft and a ground control station make the development of requirements and standards more complex.
Self-Help for Sickle Cell Disease in African American Communities

This article presents the results of a 5-year formative evaluation study on sickle cell self-help groups. Sickle cell disease is a chronic genetic disease that primarily affects African Americans in the United States. The outcomes of this research provide an opportunity to discuss the participation of African Americans in self-help groups. This study is the first known to focus exclusively on self-help groups for African Americans. In 1992, contact was made with 134 groups representing 31 states, the District of Columbia, and one province of Canada. This represents all sickle cell groups known to exist in the United States. Data were collected on 123 of the 134 groups. The results show that 20% of the groups existed for more than 10 years, including one group that started 23 years ago. Since 1985, a steady, yearly growth rate of 13.4% has been calculated. Clearly, African Americans have been in and continue to join self-help groups. Continued research with these groups is needed to augment the current for...
Microarchitectural Protection Against Stack-Based Buffer Overflow Attacks

Although researchers have proposed several software approaches to preventing buffer overflow attacks, adversaries still extensively exploit this vulnerability. A microarchitecture-based, software-transparent mechanism offers protection against stack-based buffer overflow attacks with moderate hardware cost and negligible performance overhead
Guidelines vs practice in the delivery of diabetes nutrition care

Abstract The American Dietetic Association and the American Diabetes Association have published recommendations for the nutrition care of people with diabetes. However, the frequency of this care is rarely documented. As part of a study of diabetes care and education practices, the Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center collected extensive data from 440 randomly selected adults who receive diabetes care from community physicians. These data provided a basis for comparison between diabetes nutrition care as recommended and as delivered in typical American communities. In this population (mean age=61 years; 54% women), 89% (393) had non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Of these, 152 were managed with insulin (NIDDM/I) and 241 were not managed with insulin (NIDDM/NI). Most of the NIDDM/NI group was overweight (71%) and had elevated levels of glycated hemoglobin (62%) and serum cholesterol (53%). Yet they were significantly less likely than those with NIDDM/I to see a dietitian. The most frequently reported reason for not seeing a dietitian was that a physician had not referred them (53%). More than 90% of those with NIDDM/I or NIDDM/NI who were referred to a dietitian saw one. Because this population was from randomly selected communities, physicians, and patients, the results are probably generalizable to other regions of the United States. This study shows that in community practice, insulin use is the primary marker of the need for nutrition intervention, and the lack of physician referred to a dietitian is an important barrier to people receiving recommended diabetes nutrition care.
Some applications of nonnegative linear systems: Farkas strikes again

This paper presents a unifying perspective for analyzing certain systems of linear equations in nonnegative variables that arise in diverse areas of operations research: economic exchange models, finite Markov chains, directed graphs, and zero-one quadratic programs. Farkas' lemma is seen to play a central role in establishing general existence, uniqueness, and positivity results. A new application involving Lagrangian duality is developed.
The discriminant validity of work alienation and work satisfaction measures

The attitudes of work alienation and work satisfaction have had separate, although parallel, study in the behavioural science literature. Operational measures of the attitudes are examined to determine if in fact they are separate attitudes, or merely different terms for the same construct. The results reveal that when studying specifically job-related variables, the measures of the two attitudes are extremely similar. In fact, they appear to be differentially related only to level of formal education and this is true only for certain occupational levels. The results suggest that the considerable overlap found between the measures of the two variables argues for a re-operationalization of work alienation as a structural or objective state of being, not an evaluative, subjective reaction.
Signal processing with neural networks: throwing off the yoke of linearity

During the 1930s and 1940s Norbert Wiener and others invented the core concepts of linear signal processing. These ideas quickly became popular and played a significant role in the Allies' victory in World War II. During and after the war, linear signal processing theory was greatly expanded and began to take on the character of an imposing monolith. By the mid- 1940s, Wiener (and others, such as Dennis Gabor) came to recognize that linear signal processing theory, while interesting and very useful, was only a piece of a much larger picture. In 1946 and 1958 Gabor and Wiener, respectively, attempted to address the whole picture. While they were not completely successful, they did implicitly set an agenda for a more general approach to signal processing. Although a few others have, from time to time, addressed this agenda; in terms of the signal processing community as a whole it still remains lost in the shadow of the ever-growing monolith of linear signal processing theory. The thesis of this paper is that it is now time to get on with the Wiener and Gabor agenda. It is time to make general signal processing the mainstream focus of the subject. It is argued here that the best way to do this is to abandon the transfer function/Fourier analysis/z-transform approach of the current linear signal processing regime and replace it with a much more natural intellectual framework for general signal processing--the framework offered by neurocomputing. A potential benefit of this refocusing of the field is that the detailed engineering might soon be left to machines, while human technologists will be able to concentrate on the art of signal sculpting.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Probabilistic bounds and algorithms for the maximum satisfiability problem

In this paper we present a new method to analyze and solve the maximum satisfiability problem. We randomize the Boolean variables, assign probabilities to their possible values and, by using recently developed probabilistic bounds of the authors, present a deterministic procedure to obtain solution to the maximum satisfiability problem. Our algorithm generalizes the heuristic procedure given by Johnson, 1974.
The Klüver-Bucy syndrome produced by partial isolation of the temporal lobe

Abstract Longitudinally running fibers were transected in the posterior part of the temporal lobe in three monkeys; in three others, the white matter connecting the temporal lobe medially was cut. These animals and three controls were examined for many of the symptoms associated with complete bilateral temporal lobe removal. The experimental animals in both groups displayed severe and lasting visual discrimination deficits. Orality, hypoemotionality, and perseverative behavior were also observed.
Ischemic colitis caused by decongestant

Ischemic Colitis Caused by Decongestant? Richard Schneider; Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
Animal models for the study of military-related, blast-induced traumatic brain injury

In present war time conditions, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has moved to the forefront as a “signature injury.” In terms of prevalence and understanding the biological mechanisms that underlie the injury, blast-induced TBI — particularly in “mild” cases-has proven to be a significant challenge for military medicine. Basic research that employs animal models of TBI is a key element for furthering our understanding of the biological consequences of blast-related TBI and for the development of therapeutic approaches. This paper outlines the currently available prototypes for the study of TBI, particularly in rodent models, and how the most widely used approaches for modeling TBI can contribute to understanding the mechanisms of injury.
Substrate-supported lipid nanotube arrays.

This Communication describes the self-assembly of phospholipids into lipid nanotubes inside nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide substrate. Orientations of the lipid molecules in such lipid nanoscale structures were verified by high-resolution spin labeling EPR at 95 GHz. The static order parameter of lipids in such nanotube arrays was determined from low-temperature EPR spectra and was found to be exceptionally high, S{sub static} {approx} 0.9. We propose that substrate-supported lipid nanotube arrays have potential for building robust biochips and biosensors in which rigid nanoporous substrates protect the bilayer surface from contamination. The total bilayer surface in the lipid nanotube arrays is much greater than that in the planar substrate-supported membranes. The lipid nanotube arrays seem to be suitable for developing patterned lipid deposition and could be potentially used for patterning of membrane-associated molecules.
A biosegmentation benchmark for evaluation of bioimage analysis methods.

We present a biosegmentation benchmark that includes infrastructure, datasets with associated ground truth, and validation methods for biological image analysis. The primary motivation for creating this resource comes from the fact that it is very difficult, if not impossible, for an end-user to choose from a wide range of segmentation methods available in the literature for a particular bioimaging problem. No single algorithm is likely to be equally effective on diverse set of images and each method has its own strengths and limitations. We hope that our benchmark resource would be of considerable help to both the bioimaging researchers looking for novel image processing methods and image processing researchers exploring application of their methods to biology. Our benchmark consists of different classes of images and ground truth data, ranging in scale from subcellular, cellular to tissue level, each of which pose their own set of challenges to image analysis. The associated ground truth data can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods, to improve methods and to compare results. Standard evaluation methods and some analysis tools are integrated into a database framework that is available online at http://bioimage.ucsb.edu/biosegmentation/ . This online benchmark will facilitate integration and comparison of image analysis methods for bioimages. While the primary focus is on biological images, we believe that the dataset and infrastructure will be of interest to researchers and developers working with biological image analysis, image segmentation and object tracking in general.
Interactions between Hydrophobically Modified Polymers and Surfactants: A Fluorescence Study

Interactions between hydrophobically modified polymers (hm-polymers) and surfactants were investigated by steady-state fluorescence as well as rheological experiments. Hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose (hmHEC) with C16 hydrophobe grafts of 0.9% mole along with tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were studied. The presence of C16HEC induced the aggregation of surfactant micelles in aqueous solution at concentrations about one-half times lower than the critical micelle concentration. As surfactant is added, the viscosity of hm-polymer solution first increases due to the bridging of hydrophobe clusters by surfactant micelles to form mixed micelles and later decreases due to the masking of hydrophobes individually by excess micelles. Fluorescence quenching experiments showed that the number of hydrophobes (NH) in a mixed micelle decreases steadily with increasing surfactant concentration due to hydrophobe dilution by the surfactant. NH declines from greater than...
Hall Effect in Li, Na, and K in the Range 6-300°K

The temperature dependence of the Hall coefficients ${R}_{H}$ of the alkali metals lithium, sodium, and potassium have been determined in the approximate temperature range 6-300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in a magnetic field of 15 kG. Values of the effective number of electrons per atom ${n}^{*}$ are deduced. At room temperature, ${n}^{*}$ for each of the metals is very close to unity, but falls slightly below this value as the temperature is reduced. It is shown that such behavior is consistent with the anisotropic phonon spectrum of these metals. The ${n}^{*}$-versus-temperature curve shows a minimum at about $\frac{{\ensuremath{\bigominus}}_{D}}{5}$, and qualitative explanations of this effect are attempted on the basis of scattering by residual impurities or a phonon-drag contribution to ${R}_{H}$. Similar measurements have been made on dilute $K$-Na and $K$-Rb alloys, which indicate the possibility of anisotropic impurity scattering in potassium.
Overview of the control strategies for the TMT alignment and phasing system

In this paper we present the current status of control algorithm development for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Alignment and Phasing System (APS).We discuss ways to address the main challenges inherent in the active control of extremely large segmented telescopes: high complexity of the control problem, disentangling the aberrations on the primary, secondary and tertiary mirrors, and the tight requirements for residual errors. We also present preliminary APS performance estimates derived from simulations. In particular, our simulations show that the tomographic aberration disentanglement is only marginally useful for TMT alignment.
Real-time interval logic for reasoning about executions of real-time programs

Research on the testing and debugging of distributed real-time programs now focuses on more formal approaches to specification and testing. Temporal logic is a natural candidate for this since it can specify properties of event and state sequences. However, the absence of any concept of real-time limits the application of temporal logic to non real-time behavior. This paper presents an extension of the interval logic of Schwartz et al. [SMSVP83], by increasing the expressive power of the logic (with respect to real time) while retaining its intuitive appeal and understandability. The extensions are added in a “layer” that can be stripped away if formal verification is the goal, or retained if timing behavior must be tested. The extensions include: the ability to deal with real time (as in [JM86b, JM86a, OW87, NA88]); more powerful interval specification mechanisms; a limited form of quantification; and the direct expression of event predicates (as in [LeD86]). Since our work is intended to yield practical tools for software testers, we emphasize the ease of expressing the complex timing properties of real-time software (e.g. periodic behavior, performance constraints), and we demonstrate the use of the interval logic on some real-time examples that represent a test of the expressiveness and understandability of the notation.
Inhibition of β-galactoside transport by substrates of the glucose transport system in Escherichia coli

Abstract 1. 1. The uptake by Escherichia coli (ML 308) of thiomethyl-β-galactoside and o-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside was inhibited by glucose, α-methylglucoside and other compounds which are substrates for the glucose transport system. This inhibition of β-galactoside transport was observed only in glucose-grown cells. Such cells possessed a five-fold greater α-methylglucoside transport capacity (max) than cells grown on other carbon sources, the affinity for uptake (t being the same in both types of cell. Growth of cells on carbon sources (other than glucose) which resulted in levels of catabolite repression and glucokinase equivalent to those in glucose-grown cells did not render the cells susceptible to inhibition. Although cells grown on glucose accumulated more α-methylglucoside and α-methylglucoside phosphate than cells grown on other carbon sources at a given extracellular concentration of α-methylglucoside these intracellular pools could be made equally large in casein amino acid-grown cells by increasing the extracellular concentration of α-methylglucoside. glucoside. Thus, a high intracellular level of α-methylglucoside and its phosphorylated derivative is not a sufficient condition for the production of cells sensitive to α-methylglucoside. 2. 2. β-Galactosides did not inhibit the uptake of α-methylglucoside, and α-methyl-glucoside was unable to cause “counterflow” of thiomethyl-β-galactoside. Such experiments indicate the lack of reciprocity between galactoside and glucose transport systems and put severe restrictions on the “common carrier” or transporter hypothesis. The entrance of thiomethyl-β-galactoside and o-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside into metabolically poisoned cells was inhibited by α-methylglucoside indicating that energy coupling is not involved in the inhibitory phenomenon. 3. 3. It is suggested that the product of the “y” gene is the membrane carrier per se and that substrate-carrier complex requires a factor which is common to many carbohydrate transport systems and limited in amount. Thus, α-methyl-glucoside-carrier complex when present in large amounts combines with a significant fraction of the common factor making it unavailable for the β-galactoside transport system.
Plasma membrane cholesterol is utilized as steroidogenic substrate in Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells and normal sheep adrenal cells

Previous studies from this laboratory indicate that plasma membrane cholesterol acts as an important source of steroidogenic substrate for MA-10 Leydig tumor cells. The present studies were designed to generalize these findings to other steroidogenic cells and to another species. Studies were performed using the Y-1 murine adrenal tumor cell line and primary cultures of sheep adrenocortical cells. Treating Y-1 cells with the acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, 58-035, caused cellular cholesteryl ester depletion and rendered more apparent the effect of dibutyryl-cAMP to cause cellular free cholesterol depletion. Radioactive 20α-dihydroprogesterone was synthesized by Y-1 cells that had been plasma membrane-labeled with [3H]-cholesterol. Primary sheep adrenal cultures that had been cholesteryl ester-depleted also demonstrated cellular free cholesterol depletion after stimulation with dibutyryl cAMP. Plasma membrane label was converted to steroid hormones in these cells as well. Taken together, these data indicate that the use of plasma cholesterol is not restricted to the MA-10 cells. The present data indicate that both neoplastic mouse adrenal tumor cells and normal sheep adrenal cells utilize plasma membrane cholesterol.
Use of videotape to promote parenting of infants with serious congenital heart defects

Parents of infants with serious congenital heart defects have misconceptions and negative feelings which may threaten their ability to provide optimal care for their infant. In an effort to increase knowledge and promote a more positive, less anxious attitude among these parents, a videotape entitled ‘Your Baby with a Congenital Heart Defect’ was developed and evaluated. Forty-three parents of thirty infants who required cardiac catherization in the first 8, weeks of life were randomly assigned to experimental (N = 23) or control (N = 20) groups. In the videotape viewed by the experimental parents, three families of cardiac infants related common feelings, problems and infant care experiences. The control group viewed a videotape describing the cardiac anatomy and functional changes associated with defects. Post-videotape questionnaires demonstrated significantly greater knowledge of the infant's behavior and needs in the experimental parents compared to controls (P < 0.0001). In comparison to the control group, parents in the experimental group had fewer misconceptions related to the danger of cyanosis (P < 0.001), the risk of sudden death (P < 0.01) and vulnerability to infections (P < 0.001) after viewing the videotape. The experimental group parents also tended to report less negative feelings toward the infant (P = 0.02). We conclude that viewing the videotape on infant care improved parental attitude and their understanding of the behavior and needs of the neonate with congenital heart disease.
Developmental differences in recall and recognition: The relationship between rehearsal and memory as test expectation changes☆

Abstract An overt rehearsal procedure was used to study the relationship between children's rehearsal strategies and their memory performance under different conditions of test expectation. Previous work has shown that developmental differences in rehearsal content affect recall performance. This study was designed to address the question of why active rehearsal content results in superior recall performance. The equivalence of recognition-memory performance for third- (age 9) and sixthgraders (age 12) suggests that developmental differences in recall are due to the effects of rehearsal content on item retrieval from permanent memory. In addition, the data indicate that third- and sixth-graders can differentiate between expected recall and recognition tests and, with the exception of the sixth-grade boys, use this information to modify their rehearsal content. These differences in rehearsal content, as a function of the type of test expected, corresponded to changes in recall performance.
Corrosion behaviour of surgical implant materials: I. effects of sterilization

Abstract This paper describes the effects of different sterilization procedures on the subsequent corrosion rates of four metals now used in the human body—type 316 and type 304 stainless steels, Ti and Vitallium (a Co Cr W Ni alloy). Corrosion rates in isotonic NaCl (0·9% aqueous solution) were determined using the passive current method. Steam and dry heat sterilization produce a marked decrease in the corrosion rates of stainless steels, with a lesser effect on titanium, and negligible effect on Vitallium. Increasing time or temperature of sterilization results in a decrease in the subsequent corrosion rate.
Assessment and Enhancement of MERRA Land Surface Hydrology Estimates

AbstractThe Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) is a state-of-the-art reanalysis that provides, in addition to atmospheric fields, global estimates of soil moisture, latent heat flux, snow, and runoff for 1979–present. This study introduces a supplemental and improved set of land surface hydrological fields (“MERRA-Land”) generated by rerunning a revised version of the land component of the MERRA system. Specifically, the MERRA-Land estimates benefit from corrections to the precipitation forcing with the Global Precipitation Climatology Project pentad product (version 2.1) and from revised parameter values in the rainfall interception model, changes that effectively correct for known limitations in the MERRA surface meteorological forcings. The skill (defined as the correlation coefficient of the anomaly time series) in land surface hydrological fields from MERRA and MERRA-Land is assessed here against observations and compared to the skill of the state-of-the-art ECMWF...
Spontaneous arousal activity in infants during NREM and REM sleep

The infant arousal response involves subcortical and cortical responses occurring as a sequence of stereotyped behaviour regardless of the eliciting stimulus. The spontaneous activity of these responses during sleep, however, is uncertain. We examined the spontaneous arousal pattern in normal infants to determine the sequence of responses, and to examine their periodicity and the effects of sleep state. We performed a nap polysomnographic study on 10 normal infants between 2 and 10 weeks of age. Electroencephalographic and electro-oculographic activity, and respiratory airflow and movements were measured, and video recordings were made throughout each study. Different levels of arousal behaviour were examined. We found that spontaneous arousal activity occurred frequently and the majority of responses occurred as a sequence involving an augmented breath followed by a startle and then cortical arousal. Subcortical arousals as reflected by augmented breaths and startles were more common than cortical arousals. Additionally, augmented breaths followed by apnoea were recorded and were not usually associated with other arousal responses. All of the responses occurred periodically either as bursts of activity or as isolated responses. Each of the responses occurred more frequently during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. We conclude that there is an endogenous rhythm of spontaneous activity in infants involving excitatory processes from the brainstem, which may or may not be closely followed by cortical excitation. The spontaneous arousal responses occur periodically but with a high level of irregularity and the level of activity is affected by sleep state.
Orthography as a pronunciation resource

ABSTRACT: Of the newest trends in English pronunciation teaching-the emphases on fast-speech phenomena, phrase rhythm, word stress, and the use of orthography as a learning tool-only this last is calculated to produce independent, self-sufficient learners, capable of increasing in oral proficiency outside the classroom, away from textbooks, and beyond the influence of teachers. This article draws together and illustrates the most compelling reasons for teachers to introduce spelling information into their pronunciation work. Highlighted throughout are two points: (1) the significant benefits to students from a systematic exposure to spelling-based prediction patterns, and (2) the nature of learner-orientated rules of pronunciation, often less familiar to teachers than rules of grammar.
Improving net/wall game performance.

(1996). Improving Net/Wall Game Performance. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 34-37.
Bill Cain's Equivocation: How ‘Truth Must Be Lived’

Bill Cain's new play Equivocation made its triumphant debut at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in 2009.1 The critics loved it.2 They praised its theatrical verve and responded to its intellectual c...
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY: LXXIII. THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

The teaching of psychology at the University of South Carolina (USC) began with a course in moral philosophy in 1805. During the preCivil War period a Jeffersonian utilitarianism inhibited the expansion of philosophy instruction. Later, the impoverished economic situation in the state retarded the development of psychology. Only after World War II and society's expectation of services from psychologists did the field grow The history of psychology at USC paralleled similar developments at another southern institution, the University of Tennessee.
Light source independent linewidth reduction of lasers

We experimentally demonstrate linewidth reduction of a commercially available DFB laser from 7.5MHz to 1.8KHz using an electro-optical feed-forward scheme. The proposed scheme performs linewidth reduction independent of the light source and is compatible with the light source tunibility. Continuous linewidth reduction over 40nm tuning range is measured without any electrical or optical adjustments.
Fear in Adolescent Dating Relationships

The aims of this study were to assess fearful and aversive aspects of dating relationships among teens and to examine those experiences by gender. We examined both survey data and cognitive interviews with teens to understand how teens experience their dating relationships and how they interpret the meaning of the items in a fear measure modified for use with teens. We found that fearful and aversive dating situations are common in adolescent dating relationships. As teens move along the continuum from friendships to romantic involvement, both boys and girls experience the aggressive and coercive behaviors that sometimes accompany these new emotional and interpersonal situations.
Lupus Antibody Tops Cancer Cells

A lupus causing anti-DNA antibody penetrates living cells and targets DNA repair for therapeutic advantage in human cancer cells.
Popular Culture, Cultural Resistance, and Anticonsumption Activism: An Exploration of Culture Jamming as Critical Adult Education.

This chapter examines popular culture as a site of cultural resistance. Specifically, it explores how “culture jamming,” a cultural-resistance activity, can be a form of adult education.
Due Diligence on Fast‐Fashion Inventory through Data Querying

In this simulation of a merger and acquisition due diligence engagement for a fast‐fashion retailer's inventory account, learners develop IT audit skills by (1) preparing a business process representation, (2) identifying audit objectives for testing management assertions about inventory, (3) designing audit procedures to implement audit objectives, (4) querying data files to execute audit procedures, and (5) communicating results. The simulation develops skills for analyzing data to verify the internal consistency of accounting records and to detect conditions warranting further investigation. The simulation, workable with a database query tool or audit software, is appropriate for students with querying proficiency and audit procedure design capability. The simulation helps bridge the understanding gap between IT auditors and general auditors by enabling novice auditors to experience an auditing situation in which they apply IT audit tools to verify internal consistency of data and detect unusual condit...
Retinoic acid signaling sensitizes hepatic stellate cells to NK cell killing via upregulation of NK cell activating ligand RAE1

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) store 75% of the body's supply of vitamin A (retinol) and play a key role in liver fibrogenesis. During liver injury, HSCs become activated and susceptible to natural killer (NK) cell killing due to increased expression of the NK cell activating ligand retinoic acid early inducible gene 1 (RAE-1). To study the mechanism by which RAE-1 is upregulated in HSCs during activation, an in vitro model of cultured mouse HSCs was employed. RAE-1 was detected at low levels in quiescent HSCs but upregulated in 4- and 7-day cultured HSCs (early activated HSCs), whereas 21-day cultured HSCs (fully activated HSCs) lost RAE-1 expression. High levels of RAE-1 in 4- and 7-day cultured HSCs correlated with their susceptibility to NK cell killing, which was diminished by treatment with RAE-1 neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, retinoic acid (RA) and retinal dehydrogenase (Raldh) levels were upregulated in early activated HSCs compared with quiescent or fully activated HSCs. Blocking RA synthesis by the Raldh inhibitor or blocking RA signaling by the retinoic acid receptor antagonist abolished upregulation of RAE-1 whereas treatment with RA induced RAE-1 expression in HSCs. In conclusion, during activation, HSCs lose retinol, which is either secreted out or oxidized into RA; the latter stimulates RAE-1 expression and sensitizes early activated HSCs to NK cell killing. In contrast, fully activated HSCs become resistant to NK cell killing because of lack of RAE1 expression, leading to chronic liver fibrosis and disease.
Purine metabolic disturbances in adenosine deaminase deficient fetuses and placentae: A protective role for this enzyme during murine development

Summary ADA is an essential enzyme of purine metabolism that is enriched at the maternal fetal interface in mice. ADA deficient murine fetuses die perinatally as a result of ADA substrate accumulation and subsequent liver damage. In the current study, we have shown that the trophoblast cells which normally contain greater than 95% of the ADA found in the fetal conceptus, are not damaged in the absence of ADA. Severe metabolic disturbances were detected in ADA deficient placentae, suggesting trophoblast cells are not overtly sensitive to the accumulation of ADA substrates as is the fetal liver. This information, together with genetic experiments which demonstrate that restoring ADA to the placenta rescues ADA deficient fetuses, has lead to the model that placental ADA plays an important role in protecting the developing embryo and fetus from potentially cytotoxic nucleosides.
GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICES IN THE US: IMPACT OF EUROPEAN GUIDELINES

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must be assured that the clinical trials of new drugs are properly conducted, that the data are accurately reported, and that the risks to the subjects are minimized, regardless of whether the studies are performed in the United States or in foreign countries. The FDA's standards for conducting clinical trials are set forth in the Investigational New Drug regulations, the Protection of Human Subjects regulations, and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) regulations. The FDA has also prepared monitoring guidelines for sponsors, and numerous other guidelines for clinical investigators and institutional review boards. Regulations, guidelines, and the criteria for the acceptance of foreign drug studies are reviewed. An overview of foreign clinical inspections is presented and the perceived impact of the European Community (EC) Good Clinical Practices requirements is discussed.
Hierarchical finite state machines with multiple concurrency models

This paper studies the semantics of hierarchical finite state machines (FSM's) that are composed using various concurrency models, particularly dataflow, discrete-events, and synchronous/reactive modeling. It is argued that all three combinations are useful, and that the concurrency model can be selected independently of the decision to use hierarchical FSM's. In contrast, most formalisms that combine FSM's with concurrency models, such as statecharts (and its variants) and hybrid systems, tightly integrate the FSM semantics with the concurrency semantics. An implementation that supports three combinations is described.
Real-Time Optical Correlation With Solid-State Sources

A coherent optical correlator using a diode injection laser source spatially modulated with a liquid crystal light valve was demonstrated for cross correlation and tracking of vehicles in scenes and of areas in aerial scenes. The light valve was optically addressed with a TV monitor allowing imagery from a TV camera or video tapes to be used for input to the correlator. The long wavelength and low coherence make filter recording with laser diodes difficult if not impossible. Filters were therefore recorded with a helium-neon laser for use with the correlator. Correlations obtained with these filters had similar line widths and signal-to-noise ratios when used with helium-neon or diode laser sources. The small size and low power consumption of laser diodes permit the miniaturization of a coherent optical correlator. Two 3 compact correlators using available components were designed. One, a cylindrical package, required 300 cm volume and another more novel arrangement resulted in a 60 cm3 package.
Support for Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Requirements Among US Healthcare Personnel

Objective To measure support for seasonal influenza vaccination requirements among US healthcare personnel (HCP) and its associations with attitudes regarding influenza and influenza vaccination and self-reported coverage by existing vaccination requirements. Design Between June 1 and June 30, 2010, we surveyed a sample of US HCP ([Formula: see text]) recruited using an existing probability-based online research panel of participants representing the US general population as a sampling frame. Setting General community. Participants Eligible HCP who (1) reported having worked as medical doctors, health technologists, healthcare support staff, or other health practitioners or who (2) reported having worked in hospitals, ambulatory care facilities, long-term care facilities, or other health-related settings. Methods We analyzed support for seasonal influenza vaccination requirements for HCP using proportion estimation and multivariable probit models. Results A total of 57.4% (95% confidence interval, 53.3%-61.5%) of US HCP agreed that HCP should be required to be vaccinated for seasonal influenza. Support for mandatory vaccination was statistically significantly higher among HCP who were subject to employer-based influenza vaccination requirements, who considered influenza to be a serious disease, and who agreed that influenza vaccine was safe and effective. Conclusions A majority of HCP support influenza vaccination requirements. Moreover, providing HCP with information about the safety of influenza vaccination and communicating that immunization of HCP is a patient safety issue may be important for generating staff support for influenza vaccination requirements.
Special issue on yoga and mindfulness interventions in schools

Yoga is going through a transformational period in the USA. A few decades ago, yoga was a relatively obscure activity. However, yoga is growing in popularity and becoming a mainstream health and fi...
Altered insulin secretory responses to glucose in subjects with a mutation in the MODY1 gene on chromosome 20

This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the diabetes susceptibility gene on chromosome 20q12 responsible for maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) in a large kindred, the RW family, results in characteristic alterations in the dose-response relationships between plasma glucose concentration and insulin secretion rate (ISR) that differentiate this form of MODY from MODY in subjects with glucokinase mutations. Ten marker-positive subjects and six matched nondiabetic marker-negative subjects from the RW family received graded intravenous glucose infusions on two occasions separated by a 42-h continuous intravenous glucose infusion designed to prime the beta-cell to secrete more insulin in response to glucose. ISR was derived by deconvolution of peripheral C-peptide levels. Basal glucose and insulin levels were similar in marker-negative and marker-positive groups (5.3 +/- 0.2 vs. 5.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l, P > 0.2, and 86.1 +/- 3.9 vs. 63.7 +/- 12.1 pmol/l, P > 0.1, respectively). However, the marker-positive subjects had defective insulin secretory responses to an increase in plasma glucose concentrations. Thus, as the glucose concentration was raised above 7 mmol/l, the slope of the curve relating glucose and ISR was significantly blunted in the marker-positive subjects (13 +/- 4 vs. 68 +/- 8 pmol.min-1.mmol-1 x 1, P < 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ultrasonic characterization of human cancellous bone in vitro using three different apparent backscatter parameters in the frequency range 0.6-15.0 mhz

Ultrasonic techniques based on measurements of apparent backscatter may provide a useful means for diagnosing bone diseases such as osteoporosis. The term "apparent" means that the backscattered signals are not compensated for the frequency-dependent effects of attenuation and diffraction. We performed in vitro apparent backscatter measurements on 23 specimens of human cancellous bone prepared from the left and right femoral heads of seven donors. A mechanical scanning system was used to obtain backscattered signals from each specimen at several sites. Scans were performed using five different ultrasonic transducers with center frequencies of 1, 2.25, 5, 7.5, and 10 MHz. The -6 dB bandwidths of these transducers covered a frequency range of 0.6-15.0 MHz. The backscattered signals were analyzed to determine three ultrasonic parameters: apparent integrated backscatter (AIB), frequency slope of apparent backscatter (FSAB), and time slope of apparent backscatter (TSAB). Linear regression analysis was used to examine the correlation of these ultrasonic parameters with five measured physical characteristics of the specimens: mass density, X-ray bone mineral density, Young's modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength. A total of 75 such correlations were examined (3 ultrasonic parameters times 5 specimen characteristics times 5 transducers). Good correlations were observed for AIB using the 5 MHz (r = 0.70 - 0.89) and 7.5 MHz (r = 0.75-0.93) transducers; for FSAB using the 2.25 MHz (r = 0.70 - 0.88), 5 MHz (r = 0.79 - 0.94), and 7.5 MHz (r = 0.80 - 0.92) transducers; and for TSAB using the 5 MHz (r = 0.68 - 0.89), 7.5 MHz (r = 0.75 - 0.89), and 10 MHz (r = 0.75 - 0.92) transducers.
Exercise training increases GLUT-4 protein concentration in previously sedentary middle-aged men

The purpose of this study was to determine if 14 wk of exercise training would increase insulin-sensitive glucose transporter protein (GLUT-4) concentration in skeletal muscle of previously sedenta...
Identification of proteins from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of human erythroleukemia cells using capillary high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray-ion trap-reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry with two-dimensional topographic map analysis of in-gel tryptic digest products.

Protein spots from two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis of a human erythroleukemia cell line have been identified by analysis of the in-gel tryptic digests using capillary high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation with on-line detection using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). This is performed using an electrospray/ion trap storage/reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer system (ESI-IT-reTOFMS). A 2-D topographic mapping display developed to process the on-line data acquired with this TOF system has been used to obtain mass identification of each peptide, even though the capillary HPLC only provides limited separation capability of the tryptic peptide mixtures studied herein. Using this method, a substantial fraction of the protein sequence can be covered and identified using the tryptic map. It is demonstrated that by entering the cell species, the approximate MW and pI range as determined by 2-D gel electrophoresis, and the tryptic peptide map into the database a unique match for identification of the protein generally results. It is also demonstrated that a much improved coverage of the protein sequence is obtained by this method relative to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Copyright # 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atom transfer radical polymerization of an epoxide‐containing monomer, 4‐vinylphenyloxirane, employing low concentration of catalyst: synthesis of linear and star‐shaped macromolecules

4-Vinylphenyloxirane (4VPO) was homopolymerized under initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) conditions using diethyl 2-bromo-2-methylmalonate, ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate, as well as tri-, tetra- and hexafunctional 2-bromisobutyrates as the initiators to yield well-defined linear and star-shaped epoxide-containing homopolymers. In addition, the chain extension of Br-capped polystyrene with 4VPO afforded well-defined block copolymers. All polymerizations employed 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as the reducing agent and the CuI and CuII bromide complexes of tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine as mediators at total concentration of Cu not exceeding ca. 46 ppm (by weight) or ca. 198 ppm (molar). Excellent polymerization control was observed even when the Cu concentration was decreased to ca. 12 ppm (by weight) or ca. 48 ppm (molar). The successful, well-controlled, low-catalyst-concentration ATRP of 4VPO in the absence of any external reducing agent is also demonstrated. In such systems, the epoxide groups present in the monomer and the polymer derived from it serve as internal reducing agents. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Flow-Injection Determination of Iron Based on Its Catalysis on the Oxidation Reaction of Xylenol Orange by Potassium Bromate

A flow injection system is proposed for catalytic kinetic spectrophotometric determination of trace iron(II + III). The involved reaction is based on the catalytic effect of iron(III) on oxidation reaction of xylenol orange by potassium bromate to form a blue-violet complex. Iron(II) is also determined, being oxidized to iron(III) by potassium bromate. The calibration graph is linear in the range of 0.02–10.0 µg l−1 and 10.0–1100 µg l−1. The relative standard deviation is 1.5% for 4.0 µg l−1 iron(III) and 2.3% for 60.0µg l−1 iron(III) (n = 11). The presented system was applied successfully to the determination of iron in natural waters.
Multidrug Efflux Pump MdtBC of Escherichia coli Is Active Only as a B2C Heterotrimer

RND (resistance-nodulation-division) family transporters in Gram-negative bacteria frequently pump out a wide range of inhibitors and often contribute to multidrug resistance to antibiotics and biocides. An archetypal RND pump of Escherichia coli, AcrB, is known to exist as a homotrimer, and this construction is essential for drug pumping through the functionally rotating mechanism. MdtBC, however, appears different because two pump genes coexist within a single operon, and genetic deletion data suggest that both pumps must be expressed in order for the drug efflux to occur. We have expressed the corresponding genes, with one of them in a His-tagged form. Copurification of MdtB and MdtC under these conditions showed that they form a complex, with an average stoichiometry of 2:1. Unequivocal evidence that only the trimer containing two B protomers and one C protomer is active was obtained by expressing all possible combinations of B and C in covalently linked forms. Finally, conversion into alanine of the residues, known to form a proton translocation pathway in AcrB, inactivated transport only when made in MdtB, not when made in MdtC, a result suggesting that MdtC plays a different role not directly involved in drug binding and extrusion.