cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Markers of vascular perturbation correlate with airway structural change in asthma

Rationale: Air trapping and ventilation defects on imaging are characteristics of asthma. Airway wall thickening occurs in asthma and is associated with increased bronchial vascularity and vascular permeability. Vascular endothelial cell products have not been explored as a surrogate to mark structural airway changes in asthma. Objectives: Determine whether reporters of vascular endothelial cell perturbation correlate with airway imaging metrics in patients with asthma of varying severity. Methods: Plasma from Severe Asthma Research Program subjects was analyzed by ELISAs for soluble von Willebrand factor mature protein (VWF:Ag) and propeptide (VWFpp), P-selectin, and platelet factor 4. Additional subjects were analyzed over 48 hours after whole-lung antigen challenge. We calculated ventilation defect volume by hyperpolarized helium-3 magnetic resonance imaging and areas of low signal density by multidetector computed tomography (less than −856 Hounsfield units [HU] at functional residual capacity and −950 HU at total lung capacity [TLC]). Measurements and Main Results: VWFpp and VWFpp/Ag ratio correlated with and predicted greater percentage defect volume on hyperpolarized helium-3 magnetic resonance imaging. P-selectin correlated with and predicted greater area of low density on chest multidetector computed tomography less than −950 HU at TLC. Platelet factor 4 did not correlate. Following whole-lung antigen challenge, variation in VWFpp, VWFpp/Ag, and P-selectin among time-points was less than that among subjects, indicating stability and repeatability of the measurements. Conclusions: Plasma VWFpp and P-selectin may be useful as surrogates of functional and structural defects that are evident on imaging. The results raise important questions about why VWFpp and P-selectin are associated specifically with different imaging abnormalities.
A User Study to Compare Four Uncertainty Visualization Methods for 1D and 2D Datasets

Many techniques have been proposed to show uncertainty in data visualizations. However, very little is known about their effectiveness in conveying meaningful information. In this paper, we present a user study that evaluates the perception of uncertainty amongst four of the most commonly used techniques for visualizing uncertainty in one-dimensional and two-dimensional data. The techniques evaluated are traditional errorbars, scaled size of glyphs, color-mapping on glyphs, and color-mapping of uncertainty on the data surface. The study uses generated data that was designed to represent the systematic and random uncertainty components. Twenty-seven users performed two types of search tasks and two types of counting tasks on 1D and 2D datasets. The search tasks involved finding data points that were least or most uncertain. The counting tasks involved counting data features or uncertainty features. A 4 times 4 full-factorial ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between the techniques used and the type of tasks assigned for both datasets indicating that differences in performance between the four techniques depended on the type of task performed. Several one-way ANOVAs were computed to explore the simple main effects. Bonferronni's correction was used to control for the family-wise error rate for alpha-inflation. Although we did not find a consistent order among the four techniques for all the tasks, there are several findings from the study that we think are useful for uncertainty visualization design. We found a significant difference in user performance between searching for locations of high and searching for locations of low uncertainty. Errorbars consistently underperformed throughout the experiment. Scaling the size of glyphs and color-mapping of the surface performed reasonably well. The efficiency of most of these techniques were highly dependent on the tasks performed. We believe that these findings can be used in future uncertainty visualization design. In addition, the framework developed in this user study presents a structured approach to evaluate uncertainty visualization techniques, as well as provides a basis for future research in uncertainty visualization.
Selective Rapid Thermal Cvd of Germanium

Selective depositions of germanium thin films have been investigated in a cold-wall, lamp heated rapid thermal processor. Films were deposited at low pressures (1 Torr-8 Torr) using the thermal decomposition of germane. Selectivity was maintained throughout the temperature range investigated, 350°C-600°C. Growth rates as high as 800 A/min were obtained at 425°C where deposition is controlled by the surface reactions, making germanium compatible with the throughput requirements of single wafer manufacturing. Three dimensional growth was seen at temperatures above 450°C resulting in a rough surface morphology. Smooth films were deposited below 450°C with the films characterized by two dimensional growth. In this work, germanium is considered as a potential material to fabricate MOS transistors with raised source and drain junctions (UPMOS). Kelvin structures were fabricated to study the effect of the intermediate germanium layer between aluminum and silicon on contact resistance. It is shown that contact resistivity is improved by approximately 17% using an Al/p-Ge/p+-Si structure. In this work, it is also shown that titanium germanide formation can be used as a means of reducing the resistivity of the Ge buffer layer.
Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations

How and why do moral judgments vary across the political spectrum? To test moral foundations theory (J. Haidt & J. Graham, 2007; J. Haidt & C. Joseph, 2004), the authors developed several ways to measure people's use of 5 sets of moral intuitions: Harm/care, Fairness/reciprocity, Ingroup/loyalty, Authority/respect, and Purity/sanctity. Across 4 studies using multiple methods, liberals consistently showed greater endorsement and use of the Harm/care and Fairness/reciprocity foundations compared to the other 3 foundations, whereas conservatives endorsed and used the 5 foundations more equally. This difference was observed in abstract assessments of the moral relevance of foundation-related concerns such as violence or loyalty (Study 1), moral judgments of statements and scenarios (Study 2), "sacredness" reactions to taboo trade-offs (Study 3), and use of foundation-related words in the moral texts of religious sermons (Study 4). These findings help to illuminate the nature and intractability of moral disagreements in the American "culture war."
Stage B Heart Failure Management of Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms of effort intolerance (eg, dyspnea and fatigue) and/or signs of fluid retention (eg, pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema) due to a variety of pathological processes that perturb normal cardiac function. Approximately 50% of HF patients present with evidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) manifested as a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); the remaining half are found to have preserved left ventricular (LV) function.1 HF with either low or normal LVEF represents a significant contemporary medical problem that affects an estimated 5 million people in the United States, with an annual mortality rate approaching 20%.2 HF is considered a progressive disorder that can be represented as a clinical continuum. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) updated 2005 guidelines for the management of chronic HF identify 4 stages in this continuum (Figure 1)3 and link the stages in the natural history of HF to therapeutic recommendations for each stage. Previously, the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification, based solely on the severity of symptoms (primarily of patients in ACC/AHA stage C or D), was used as a criteria to initiate or change HF therapy. NYHA classification can change over a relatively short period of time even in the absence of medication changes. Nearly every patient who presents to an emergency department for care has at least NYHA class III or IV symptoms; however, at discharge after treatment, many patients are minimally symptomatic. Clinicians must then decide whether to apply NYHA class IV therapies or only class II therapies, which leads to some uncertainty. This approach may result in the undertreatment of some patients with severe LV dysfunction who might be only mildly symptomatic. Figure 1. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of …
Dispersion of the electronic contribution to the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of H 2

We report a new value for the electronic contribution (the electronic hyperpolarizability) to the third-order nonlinear susceptibiity of H2. Our result is derived from a measurement of the ac (optical)-Kerr constant referenced to the resonant Q-branch susceptibility of D2. We apply a long-known dispersion formula to compare our value of the electronic hyperpolarizability with values determined by other nonlinear optical techniques. This dispersion formula is shown to account systematically for the results of other nonlinear techniques.
Infantile glaucoma and punctal atresia in a child with caudal regression syndrome.

Caudal regression syndrome (CRS) is a rare embryopathy characterized by maldevelopment of the vertebrae, visceral organs, and lower extremities. Patients with CRS have deformities of the sacrococcygeal vertebrae and develop neurogenic bladder from dysfunction of the sacral nerve root. 1-3 Additional anomalies include congenital heart defects, intestinal malrotation, agenesis of the genitourinary system, imperforate anus, and malformation of the lower limbs. 1-3 Ocular findings described in the nonophthalmic literature have been confined to hypertelorism, epibulbar dermoid, and anophthalmia. 3,4 We report a patient with CRS who presented with infantile glaucoma and punctal atresia. A computerized search of the medical literature showed no previous reports of CRS in ophthalmic journals and no previous reports of an association with glaucoma or nasolacrimal anomalies. CASE REPORT A 10-week-old infant presented with a 1-week history of bilateral epiphora and photophobia. The patient had neonatal documentation of lumbosacral vertebral anomalies, atrioseptal defect, bifid clitoris, imperforate anus, dislocated hip, and syndactyly of both feet (Fig 1). At 9 weeks, she underwent repair of a malrotated intestine and vesicostomy for neurogenic bladder. The mother’s health and prenatal care were excellent, and the pregnancy and delivery were unremarkable. Family history was negative for parental consanguinity or hereditary ocular or systemic disease. The infant was noted to have hypertelorism, and lower lid punctal agenesis. Both corneas exhibited diffuse stromal thickening, which was more severe in the left eye. Horizontal corneal diameters measured 11.5 mm in the right eye and 12.5 mm in the left eye. Intraocular pressures (IOP) measured serially using a hand-held applanation tonometer were 30 mm Hg in each eye. Portable slit-lamp examination showed no evidence of anterior segment dysgenesis. Fundoscopic examination showed cup-to-disc ratios of 0.5 (right eye) and 0.6 (left eye). The next day, an examination was performed under anesthesia to confirm the diagnosis of glaucoma, after which 90° goniotomies were performed first in the right eye and 1 week later in the left eye. The corneal edema progressively resolved during the next month, and the cup-to-disc ratios decreased to 0.3 in both eyes. At 14 months, bilateral punctoplasty and nasolacrimal duct reconstruction were carried out to repair the punctal atresia. At 3 years, repeat bilateral goniotomies were performed
A two-dimensional volatility basis set - Part 2: Diagnostics of organic-aerosol evolution

We discuss the use of a two-dimensional volatility-oxidation space (2-D-VBS) to describe organic- aerosol chemical evolution. The space is built around two coordinates, volatility and the degree of oxidation, both of which can be constrained observationally or specified for known molecules. Earlier work presented the thermodynam- ics of organics forming the foundation of this 2-D-VBS, al- lowing us to define the average composition (C, H, and O) of organics, including organic aerosol (OA) based on volatility and oxidation state. Here we discuss how we can analyze ex- perimental data, using the 2-D-VBS to gain fundamental in- sight into organic-aerosol chemistry. We first present a well- understood "traditional" secondary organic aerosol (SOA) system - SOA from -pinene + ozone, and then turn to two examples of "non-traditional" SOA formation - SOA from wood smoke and dilute diesel-engine emissions. Finally, we discuss the broader implications of this analysis.
Management of Traumatic Bone Loss in the Lower Extremity

Segmental bone loss represents a difficult clinical entity for the treating orthopedic surgeon. This article discusses the various treatment modalities available for limb reconstruction, with a focus on the indications, potential complications, and the outcomes of available treatment options.
Family needs of parents of children and youth with cerebral palsy

Background Understanding the needs of families of children and youth with cerebral palsy (CP) is important for family-centred services.The aims of this study were to identify:(1) differences in the number and types of family needs expressed by parents based on the age and gross motor function level of their children with CP; (2) the most frequent family needs; and (3) needs that differ on gross motor function level. Methods A total of 501 parents (77.6% mothers) of children and youth with CP completed a modified version of a Family Needs Survey and a demographic questionnaire.Children’s gross motor function level was classified using the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Results Total number of family needs differed based on gross motor function level (P < 0.001) but not age.Parents of children/youth who use wheeled mobility expressed the highest number of family needs,while parents of children/youth who walk without restrictions expressed the fewest needs.Family needs for Information (P = 0.001),Support (P = 0.001),Community Services (P < 0.001) and Finances (P < 0.001) differed based on children’s gross motor function level.Over 50% of parents expressed family needs for information on current and future services,planning for the future,help in locating community activities and more personal time.Parents of children and youth who use wheeled mobility were more likely to express the need for help in paying for home modifications,equipment,services and locating sitters,respite care providers and community activities. Conclusions The gross motor function of children/youth with CP has implications for collaboration with families to identify needs and co-ordinate services.Health professionals have a role to assist families with information needs and locating community services and leisure activities.Family needs for future planning suggest that health professionals should assist families to prepare for key periods in the lives of their children with CP.
MUSAQ: a multimedia session-aware QoS provisioning scheme for cellular networks

Networked multimedia applications involve a set of cooperating streams that together form a multimedia session. Existing QoS provisioning schemes for multimedia applications in cellular networks either allow composite streams to compete with one another for resources or else provide QoS to a session as an atomic entity, leaving to the application the task of managing QoS for the individual streams. The main contribution of this work is to propose a novel local QoS provisioning scheme for cellular networks that is aware of the relationships between the streams that compose a session. Our new Multimedia Session-Aware QoS (MUSAQ) provisioning scheme manages the QoS of the individual streams in a session, and, with the knowledge of their relationships, it prevents destructive competition between the streams. Further, by allowing application-specified prioritization between streams in a session, MUSAQ features a significant improvement in performance over session-unaware schemes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Career-Related Interests and Values, Perceived Control, and Acculturation of Asian-American and Caucasian-American College Students1

The present study compares the career-related interests and values of Asian-American and Caucasian-American college students and explores the relationships among career interests, perceived control, and acculturation. Career-related interests were defined by Holland's (1959, 1985a) model of vocational personality types and work environments, and career-related values were defined by Schein's (1987) career anchors. The Career Anchor Inventory (Nordvik, 1991), the Self-Directed Search (Holland, 1991), and the Spheres of Control Scale (Paulhus & Van Selst, 1990), were completed by 184 Asian-American and 130 Caucasian-American undergraduate students. The Asian-Americans also completed the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (Suinn, Rickard-Figueroa, Lew & Vigil, 1987). In comparison to Caucasian-American students, Asian-American students showed higher interest in the Investigative and Conventional vocational categories, but lower interest in the Social category. Asian-American subjects were lower in perceived control in the Personal and Interpersonal spheres. Among the Asian-Americans, acculturation was positively correlated with perceived control in the Personal and Interpersonal spheres and with the Enterprising vocational category. Acculturation was negatively correlated with Investigative and Conventional interests.
Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy as an alternative to radiosurgery for the treatment of patients with brain metastases.

Abstract Purpose: Modeling studies have demonstrated a potential biologic advantage of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for malignant brain tumors as compared to radiosurgery (SRS), even when only a few fractions are utilized. We prospectively evaluated the feasibility, toxicity, efficacy and cost of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HSRT) in the treatment of selected radiosurgery-eligible patients with brain metastases. Methods and Materials: Patients with a limited number of brain metastases not involving the brainstem or optic chiasm underwent linac-based HSRT delivered in 3 fractions using a relocatable stereotactic frame. Depth-helmet and reference point measurements were recorded to address treatment accuracy. All patients underwent whole brain radiotherapy to a dose of 30 Gy. Toxicity, response, and survival duration were recorded for each patient. Prognostic factors were assessed by Cox regression analysis. Cost comparisons with a cohort of SRS treated patients were performed. Results: Thirty-two patients with 57 brain metastases were treated with HSRT. Twenty-three and 9 patients underwent HSRT for upfront and salvage treatment, respectively. The median dose delivered was 27 Gy, given in 3 fractions of 9 Gy. From 3328 depth-helmet measurements, the absolute median setup deviation in AP, lateral, and vertical orientations was approximately 1.0 mm. No significant acute toxicity was seen. Late toxicities included seizures in four patients, and radionecrosis in two patients. The median survival duration from treatment was 12 months. KPS ( p = 0.039) and RTOG-RPA class ( p = 0.039) were identified as significant prognostic factors for survival. HSRT was $4119 less costly than SRS. Conclusion: HSRT, as delivered in this study, is more comfortable for patients and less costly than SRS in the treatment of selected patients with brain metastases. Proper dose selection and radiobiologic/toxicity trade-offs with SRS await further study.
Altered precipitation affects plant hybrids differently than their parental species.

 Premise of the study: Future changes in environmental conditions may alter evolutionary processes, including hybridization in nature. Frequency of hybrids could be altered via range shifts by the parental species or by changes in prezygotic or postzygotic reproductive isolation. We examined the potential for range shifts and change in postzygotic isolation by determining effects of increasing and decreasing precipitation on leaf physiology and fi tness components in the subalpine herbs Ipomopsis aggre- gata (Polemoniaceae), I. tenuitubaand their natural hybrids in a common garden in the habitat of I. aggregata .  Methods: Summer precipitation was experimentally doubled or halved over 3 yr in comparison with ambient conditions. We measured relative growth rate, specifi c leaf area, intrinsic water-use effi ciency, survival to reproduction, biomass, number of fl owers produced, and fl oral morphology.  Key results: Ipomopsis tenuituba increased relative growth rate with higher precipitation more so than did I. aggregata during the fi rst summer, but this response did not result in changes across treatments in relative survival or fireproductive success of the two species. When precipitation was reduced, the relative success of hybrids was greater than that of the home species, I. aggregata. In dry conditions, hybrids increased water-use effi ciency and fi tness as indexed by number of fl owers more so than the other plant types did.  Conclusions: Increased reproduction in hybrids in the reduced precipitation regime indicates that postzygotic reproductive isolation may breakdown under imposition of dry conditions. These results suggest the potential for frequency of hybrids to increase if severe droughts become more common.
Mono- and dihydryl-pentafluorosulfur-F-alkanes [1]

Abstract The systematic preparation of partially fluorinated pentafluorosulfur alkanes containing no additional halogens is reported. Thus, the indirect addition of “HF” (via KF/formamide) to SF5CH=CF2, SF5CFCF2, and SF5C(CF3)CF2 produces SF5CH(in2)CF3, SF5CHFCF3, and SF5C(CF3)2H respectively. The monohydryl-pentafluorosulfur-F- alkanes react readily with S2O6F2 to form the corresponding fluorosulfates by oxidative displacement of hydrogen, while the dihydryl derivative undergoes cleavage to produce F-acetyl fluoride. Efforts to convert some of the new materials to the important but unknown pentafluorosulfur “ketone,” SF5C(O)CF3, were unsuccessful.
Utilisation of a thoracic oncology database to capture radiological and pathological images for evaluation of response to chemotherapy in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma

Objective An area of need in cancer informatics is the ability to store images in a comprehensive database as part of translational cancer research. To meet this need, we have implemented a novel tandem database infrastructure that facilitates image storage and utilisation. Background We had previously implemented the Thoracic Oncology Program Database Project (TOPDP) database for our translational cancer research needs. While useful for many research endeavours, it is unable to store images, hence our need to implement an imaging database which could communicate easily with the TOPDP database. Methods The Thoracic Oncology Research Program (TORP) imaging database was designed using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) platform, which was developed by Vanderbilt University. To demonstrate proof of principle and evaluate utility, we performed a retrospective investigation into tumour response for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients treated at the University of Chicago Medical Center with either of two analogous chemotherapy regimens and consented to at least one of two UCMC IRB protocols, 9571 and 13473A. Results A cohort of 22 MPM patients was identified using clinical data in the TOPDP database. After measurements were acquired, two representative CT images and 0–35 histological images per patient were successfully stored in the TORP database, along with clinical and demographic data. Discussion We implemented the TORP imaging database to be used in conjunction with our comprehensive TOPDP database. While it requires an additional effort to use two databases, our database infrastructure facilitates more comprehensive translational research. Conclusions The investigation described herein demonstrates the successful implementation of this novel tandem imaging database infrastructure, as well as the potential utility of investigations enabled by it. The data model presented here can be utilised as the basis for further development of other larger, more streamlined databases in the future.
Recovery From an At-Risk State: Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Putatively Prodromal Youth Who Do Not Develop Psychosis

Background: The ‘‘clinical high risk’’ (CHR) construct was developed to identify individuals at imminent risk of developing psychosis. However, most individuals identified as CHR do not convert to psychosis, and it is unknown whether these nonconverting individuals actually recover from an at-risk state. Methods: Eighty-four prospectively identified patients meeting CHR criteria, and 58 healthy comparison subjects were followed in a 2-year longitudinal study. Analyses examined rates of conversion, clinical, and functional recovery. Proportional cause-specific hazard models were used to examine the effects of baseline and time-varying predictors on conversion and remission. Trajectories of symptoms and psychosocial functioning measures were compared across outcome groups. Results: Competing risk survival analyses estimated that 30% of CHR subjects convert to psychosis by 2 years, while 36% symptomatically remit and 30% functionally recover by 2 years. Lower levels of negative and mood/ anxiety symptoms were related to increased likelihood of both symptomatic and functional recovery. CHR subjects who remitted symptomatically were more similar to healthy controls in terms of both their baseline and longitudinal symptoms and functioning than the other outcome groups. Conclusions: Nonconverting CHR cases represented a heterogeneous group. Given that nonconverted subjects who remitted symptomatically also presented initially with less severe prodromal symptomatology and showed a distinct normative trajectory of both symptoms and psychosocial functioning over time, it may be possible to refine the CHR criteria to reduce the number of ‘‘false positive’’ cases by eliminating those who present with less severe attenuated positive symptoms or show early improvements in terms of symptoms or functioning.
Using Herbicides to Rehabilitate Native Grasslands

Abstract One of the threats to native biodiversity in native grasslands is the abundance of exotic plants. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of imazapic, clethodim, and sulfosulfuron for removing tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and releasing the native warm-season grasses (NWSG) and to document which species of broadleaf plants survive a post-emergence treatment of 0.2 kg ai/ha of imazapic or 0.03 kg ai/ha sulfosulfuron. All three herbicides reduced the amount of total vegetative cover after the first growing season, but there were no differences by the end of the second growing season. All herbicide-treated plots had less tall fescue than untreated control plots after the first and second growing seasons. After the first growing season, imazapic- and sulfosulfuron-treated plots had less tall fescue than clethodim-treated plots, but there was no difference by the end of the second growing season. NWSG increased the most in the imazapic-treated plots and second most in th...
Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Virus-Infected Animal Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the structural features that govern the translation of viral mRNAs: where the synthesis of a protein starts and ends, how many proteins can be produced from one mRNA, and how efficiently. It focuses on the interplay between viral and cellular mRNAs and the translational machinery. That interplay, together with the intrinsic structure of viral mRNAs, determines the patterns of translation in infected cells. It also points out some possibilities for translational regulation that can only be glimpsed at present, but are likely to come into focus in the future. The mechanism of selecting the initiation site for protein synthesis appears to follow a single formula. The translational machinery displays a certain flexibility that is exploited more frequently by viral than by cellular mRNAs. Although some of the parameters that determine efficiency have been identified, how efficiently a given mRNA will be translated cannot be predicted by summing the known parameters.
Item Development and Scoring for Japanese Oral Proficiency Testing

This study introduces and evaluates a computerized approach to measuring Japanese L2 oral proficiency. We present a testing and scoring method that uses a type of structured speech called elicited imitation (EI) to evaluate accuracy of speech productions. Several types of language resources and toolkits are required to develop, administer, and score responses to this test. First, we present a corpus-based test item creation method to produce EI items with targeted linguistic features in a principled and efficient manner. Second, we sketch how we are able to bootstrap a small learner speech corpus to generate a significantly large corpus of training data for language model construction. Lastly, we show how newly created test items effectively classify learners according to their L2 speaking capability and illustrate how our scoring method computes a metric for language proficiency that correlates well with more traditional human scoring methods.
Modeling decoy state Quantum Key Distribution systems

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is an innovative technology which exploits the laws of quantum physics to generate and distribute shared secret key for use in cryptographic devices. Quantum Key Dist...
Evaluation of Femoral Strain Distribution Resulting From Implantation With Varying Stem Lengths

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine if a short femoral stem (Lima Corporate, Udine, Italy) would result in a strain distribution which mimicked the intact bone better than a traditional length stem, thereby eliminating the potential for stress-shielding. METHODS: A 2 mm thick moldable plastic (PL-1, Vishay Micromeasurements, Raleigh, NC) was contoured to six fourth-generation composite femoral bones (Pacific Research Laboratories, Vashon, WA). The intact femurs were then loaded (82 kg) in a rig which simulated mid-stance single limb support phase of gait (Figure 1). During testing, the femurs were viewed and video recorded through a model 031 reflection polariscope. Observing the photoelastic coating through the polariscope, a series of fringes could be seen, which represented the difference in principal strain along the femur. The fringes were quantified using Fringe Order, N, as per the manufacturers technical notes. In order to analyze the strain distribution, the femur was separated into 6 zones, 3 lateral and 3 medial, and the maximum fringe order determined. Upon completion of testing of the intact femur, the short length femoral stem was inserted and tested, and finally the traditional length femoral stem was inserted and tested. Anterior and lateral radiographs were obtained of the femur with each femoral stem in order to confirm proper alignment. RESULTS: Fringes formed in a similar pattern for all femurs, intact and with stems. The fringes first occurred medially and laterally in a proximal-distal direction and radiated outward, decreasing in fringe order, toward the neutral axis of bending (anterior and posterior). The magnitude of the fringe order, N, remained the same or increased in the proximal to distal direction. This became more prominent, particularly on the lateral side, with the traditional length femoral stem, when a distal migration of the fringes was seen compared to the intact femur (Figures 2 and 3). Medially, with the traditional length femoral stem, the fringes remained but were of a lower magnitude than the intact femur. The femoral strain pattern, resulting from implantation of the short length femoral stem, was found to closely match the intact femur. X-rays confirmed proper alignment of all implants. CONCLUSIONS: The distal migration of strain seen with the traditional length femoral stem was indicative of potential stress shielding. As an alternative, this study suggests that the short length femoral stem most closely replicates the strain distribution of the intact femur and may limit this type of failure.
Proliferation of Myeloid and Lymphoid Cells Induced by Extracts of Urine from Leucemic Patients.

SummaryMyeloid metaplasia in liver, spleen, adrenal, and other organs, as well as myeloid white cell hyperplasia of the bone marrow, was produced in 33 guinea pigs by injections with extracts of urines obtained from patients with chronic myeloid leucemia. One animal, similarly treated, showed no change. Twenty-eight guinea pigs, injected with extracts of the urine from normal individuals and individuals with diseases other than myeloid leucemia, showed no myeloid change. The animals which received the extracts of urine from patients with chronic lymphoid leucemia and multiple myeloma showed lymphoid hyperplasia. Two animals showed hyperplasia which has not been classified.
Regression of Coronary Artery Disease as a Result of Intensive Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Men with High Levels of Apolipoprotein B

Abstract Background and Methods. The effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on coronary atherosclerosis among men at high risk for cardiovascular events was assessed by quantitative arteriography. Of 146 men no more than 62 years of age who had apolipoprotein B levels ≥125 mg per deciliter, documented coronary artery disease, and a family history of vascular disease, 120 completed the 2 1/2-year double-blind study, which included arteriography at base line and after treatment. Patients were given dietary counseling and were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: lovastatin (20 mg twice a day) and colestipol (10 g three times a day); niacin (1 g four times a day) and colestipol (10 g three times a day); or conventional therapy with placebo (or colestipol if the low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol level was elevated). Results. The levels of LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol changed only slightly in the conventional-therapy group (mean changes, −7 and +5 percent, respectivel...
Histologic Study of Ovaries from Young Women with Endometrial Adenocarcinoma

A histologic study of 15 ovaries from patients in whom endometrial adenocarcinoma developed before the age of 40 years was performed. These ovaries were randomized with control groups of 21 age-matched normal ovaries and 25 ovaries from patients who had Stein-Leventhal syndrome. The study was done in an attempt to determine whether the ovaries from these young patients showed any histologic feature that would indicate abnormal ovarian function resulting in unopposed estrogenic stimulation of the endometrium. Histologic features assessed included type and size of cysts, presence and number of primary follicles, corpora lutea, corpora albicantia, and presence of stromal luteinization and sclerosis. Analysis of the results indicated that from a histologic point of view ovaries of patients less than 40 years old who have endometrial adenocarcinoma are more similar to normal ovaries than to polycystic ovaries. Only 11.1% of ovaries of the study group had features suggestive of polycystic ovarian disease.
Physiology of Turkey Embryos During Pipping and Hatching. IV. Thyroid Function in Embryos from Selected Hens

Embryos from turkey hens selected for high and low hatchability were blood sampled at 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28 days of incubation. The plasma was recovered and assayed for thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) to observe differences in plasma T3 and T4 concentrations relative to reduced hatchability. Plasma T3 did not differ significantly between the high and low hatchability groups, but plasma T4 concentrations were significantly greater during pipping at 26 and 27 days of incubation in the high hatchability group than in the low hatchability group. No differences were observed between the T3 and T4 ratios of the high and low hatchability groups. Oxygen consumption was significantly lower in the low hatchability group than in the high hatchability group. The data indicated that hypothyroidism may be a physiological factor limiting hatchability in domestic turkeys.
Becoming Unmanned: THE GENDERING OF LETHAL AUTONOMOUS WARFARE TECHNOLOGY

Forty-nine nations currently have UAV (unmanned autonomous vehicle, or unmanned aerial vehicle) technology. Autonomous technology could potentially alter both the conduct of warfighting itself as well as our understanding of war as a gendered activity. Using drones or ‘robots’ could affect the activities of war through outsourcing killing to technology and removing the aggressors’ physical bodies from the battlefield. Drones could also affect the gendered construct of war as the traditional dyad of protector/protected is altered: a system in which men have traditionally protected women and children is replaced by a new system in which machines protect humans. Analysts like Haraway might interpret these developments as an important step towards posthumanity where man-machine as well as gender distinctions are overcome. However, traditional gendered concepts of warfare have a long history and it is not inevitable that new technologies will change gendered activities, relations and views of war. Inst...
Lipolytic response and adenyl cyclase activity of rat adipocytes as related to cell size.

The number of fat cells contained in the rat epididymal fat pad was found to increase rapidly as the rats grew to a weight of about 300 g. Additional increases in cell number above this weight were minimal. By contrast, cell size, as measured by the amount of triglyceride per cell, increased linearly until the rats reached about 600 g. Glycerol release per lo6 cells in response to norepinephrine in vitro was observed to be independent of cell size. Basal release expressed in this manner showed a slight but significant posi- tive correlation with increasing cell size. When the rate of lipolysis was based either on the amount of triglyceride in the incubation medium, as is the usual custom, or on the cell surface area, lipolysis was inversely related to cell size. In addition to these observations on lipolysis, it was also demon- strated that norepinephrine-activated adenyl cyclase activity expressed per lo6 cells was unaffected by cell size. This leads to the suggestion that the number of adrenergic receptors in the fat cell is fixed and is independent of the size of the cell; as the cell enlarges, these receptors are merely distributed over a greater surface area. THE REPORT IN 1964 of the use of isolated fat cell suspensions by Rodbell (1) was an important contribu- tion to the study of adipose tissue metabolism. Sub- sequent to this, methods were devised to determine the size and triglyceride content of isolated fat cells either in the fixed state with the aid of a Coulter counter (2) or microscopically in the unfixed state with the aid of an ocular micrometer (3-5). The combination of metabolic studies on isolated fat cells with the concomitant deter- .\bbrevintions: FFA, free fatty acids; NE, norepinephrine ;
Complications of Morbid Obesity Surgery

The number of weight loss procedures being performed annually continues to increase. It is important for any acute care surgeon to be familiar with commonly performed bariatric procedures and their associated complications. This chapter reviews common complications of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and miscellaneous weight loss procedures as well as the optimal treatment strategies for each complication.
Abstract 214: Exercise Training Attenuates ER Stress in the Kidney Cortex and Improves Renal Function in the Angiotension II-induced Hypertensive Rats

Exercise training (ExT) is recommended as an adjuvant to many hypertensive therapies. Recently, we demonstrated that ExT preserves renal structure and function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. However, the mechanism for these beneficial effects of exercise on renal function is not known. In this study, we examined whether ANGII induced ER stress and renal dysfunction in the kidney is attenuated by ExT. Methods: Rats were randomized into sedentary or exercise training (ExT) group. Hypertension was induced by implanting osmotic minipumps containing saline or ANGII 200ng/kg/min for 28 days. At the end of the study animals underwent acute renal clearance study and blood pressure measurements using direct recording. At the conclusion of the study, kidney cortex was examined for ER stress, oxidative stress and renal injury markers using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results: are tabulated. Protein expression for Grp78 and CHOP were consistent with the RT-PCR data. Studies are underway to determine whether blocking ER stress by itself improves renal function in ANGII infused rats. Conclusions: 1. ANGII induces ER stress and TLR4 in the renal cortex and impairs renal function. 2. ExT attenuates ER stress, inflammation and improves renal function in ANGII induced rats. 3. Disruption of ER function by increased oxidative stress is prevented by ExT a novel pathway for improved renal hemodynamics.
Vascular placental pathology and the relationship between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in very low birth weight infants.

Objective To investigate vascular placental pathology's effect on known associations between hypertensive disorders and four adverse neonatal outcomes-bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and death. Study design Retrospective cohort of very low birth weight neonates born at a single center (n = 911). Statistical analysis included χ2, t test, modified Poisson regression with robust error variance to measure risk, and Wald test. Stratified models assessed the effect of maternal hypertension on neonatal outcomes in those exposed to placental pathology. Results Neonates exposed to maternal hypertension and placental pathology had an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (relative risk (RR) = 5.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.07, 13.22) compared to those exposed to hypertension without placental pathology (RR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.34; Wald test p = 0.02). Similar, but non-significant, trends also emerged for necrotizing enterocolitis and death. Conclusion Vascular placental pathology may amplify the risk of adverse outcomes in neonates exposed to hypertension and may mark the extent to which hypertension affects neonates.
Phase change RF switches with f CO exceeding 10 THz

We report on an emerging class of non-volatile solid-state RF switch that can routinely achieve cutoff frequencies above 10 THz. The switch element is constructed of GeTe, a phase change chalcogenide that can be thermally cycled between a conductive and a resistive state. A resistive heater is located proximate the switch element, such that it is thermally coupled to the switch but electrically isolated. This structure affords excellent electrical isolation of the switch resulting in its high FCO. This paper will discuss the topology of the switch and various design tradeoffs for optimizing switch resistance, switching power, monolithic integration with CMOS and other design objectives. Published system-level demonstrations of using these switches to reconfigure real RF systems will be reviewed and an outlook for the future will be provided.
Secondary use of electronic medical records for clinical research: Challenges and Opportunities.

With increasingly ubiquitous electronic medical record (EMR) implementation accelerated by the adoption of the HITECH Act, there is much interest in the secondary use of collected data to improve outcomes and promote personalized medicine. A plethora of research has emerged using EMRs to investigate clinical research questions and assess variations in both treatments and outcomes. However, whether because of genuine complexities of modeling disease physiology or because of practical problems regarding data capture, data accuracy, and data completeness, the state of current EMR research is challenging and gives rise to concerns regarding study accuracy and reproducibility. This work explores challenges in how different experimental design decisions can influence results using a specific example of breast cancer patients undergoing excision and reconstruction surgeries from EMRs in an academic hospital and the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). We discuss emerging strategies that will mitigate these limitations, including data sharing, application of natural language processing, and improved EMR user design.
Non-National Bodies in a National Pastime: Japan, Baseball, and the Manufacturing of Difference

Baseball occupies a privileged position as Japan’s most popular sport, commanding ample attention across numerous levels and contexts of play. Baseball’s popularity has also inspired value-laden an...
Reply to Landy et al.: Terms and conditions may apply.

Landy, Piazza, and Goodwin (LP&G) have codeveloped a seminal and indispensable new model of person perception (1, 2). While endorsing LP&G’s model, we recently challenged one of its auxiliary hypotheses: the morality dominance hypothesis (MDH) (3). LP&G critiqued our studies, arguing that they merely qualify the MDH (4). We concur that the MDH must be qualified (or rejected) but hold that LP&G’s critiques are insubstantial and that their proposed qualification is inaccurate. LPG we measured implicit liking, which is … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: david.melnikoff{at}yale.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Patient safety rounds in a pediatric tertiary care center

Article-at-a-Glance Background Patient safety rounds were implemented in a pediatric tertiary care setting. Completed patient safety issues from three years of pediatric patient safety rounds and nine months of pediatric surgical safety rounds were analyzed. Completed issues were categorized into both Modified Vincent and University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) categorization schemes to compare and contrast their attributes. Findings From January 2003 through January 2006, there were 159 completed patient safety issues, 148 (93%) from general pediatric safety rounds and 11 (7%) from pediatric surgical safety rounds. Using the UHC classification scheme, 35.8% of the issues were classified as care coordination/records, 27.0% as equipment safety situation/preventive maintenance, 21.4% as equipment/supplies/devices, 3.8% as error related to procedure/treatment/test, and 3.8% as medication error. In the Modified Vincent classification scheme, 63.5% of the issues were classified as environmental factors, 23.3% as team factors, 6.9% as individual factors, 3.1% as task factors, and 1.9% as patient characteristics. Pediatric safety rounds were well received by both frontline staff and senior executives. Discussion The use of pediatric safety rounds is a low-cost intervention that helps to partner senior leaders and frontline staff on patient safety and is an effective tool for improving patient safety in a pediatric setting.