cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strongly Binding Myosin Crossbridges Regulate Loaded Shortening and Power Output in Cardiac Myocytes

Abstract —This study investigated the possible roles of strongly binding myosin crossbridges in determining loaded shortening and power output in cardiac myocytes. Single skinned cardiac myocytes were attached between a force transducer and position motor, and shortening velocities were measured over a range of loads during varying levels of Ca2+ activation. Lowering the [Ca2+] slowed shortening velocities, decreased relative power output, and increased the curvature of length traces. We tested the hypothesis that Ca2+ activation dependence of loaded shortening is determined primarily by strongly binding crossbridges or by [Ca2+] per se, which was done by measuring loaded shortening before and after addition of N -ethylmaleimide–conjugated myosin subfragment-1 (NEM-S1), a strongly binding myosin analogue that cooperatively enhances thin filament activation. At fixed [Ca2+], NEM-S1 reduced the curvature of length traces and sped loaded shortening velocities. Even when [Ca2+] was adjusted so that force was equal with and without NEM-S1, myocyte shortening was faster and exhibited less curvature with NEM-S1. In the presence of NEM-S1, peak relative power output was also significantly greater during activations either at the same [Ca2+] or when [Ca2+] was adjusted to achieve the same force. Consequently, NEM-S1 eliminated any Ca2+ dependence of relative power output that is normally observed in cardiac myocytes. These results indicate that strongly binding crossbridges play a significant role in determining loaded shortening and power output and suggest that previously observed Ca2+ dependence of power output is mediated by alterations in numbers of crossbridges bound to the thin filament.
Multihoming media streaming

Residential multihoming provides path redundancy as well as path diversity that can be used to improve not just network availability, but also application-layer quality of service. The path diversity can be effectively utilized by a streaming application to achieve high quality streaming. We design a multipath multihoming media streaming system (MMS) that exploits the path diversity due to multihoming to improve the streaming quality. Through a series of experiments over the Internet, we show that MMS improves the quality of streaming sessions by more than 30% when connections are split over the available physical links and migrated from one path to another to avoid congested paths.
Development of a dodaf-based executable architecting approach to analyze system-of-systems alternatives

This paper summarizes an approach to using DoDAF to create executable architecture environments. 12The use of DoDAF to create four types of common executables models is summarized. These modeling types include Markov Chains, Petri Nets, System Dynamics models, and Mathematical graphs. Some aspects of the framework are demonstrated using a suppression of enemy air defenses scenario.
Trithorax and polycomb cooperation in MLL fusion acute leukemia

Genetic alterations of the mixed lineage leukemia 1 gene ( MLL1 , here referred to as MLL ) located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q23) are found in pediatric (particularly infant) and about 5–10% of adult de novo and therapy-related acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) or acute myeloblastic
The Effect of Glucocorticoids on the Insulin Receptor: An in Vivo and inVitro Study

We have studied the effect of glucocorticoid exposure on the insulin receptor of short term cultures of human lymphocytes (IM-9 cells) and the effect of short term administration of these agents to normal volunteers. When cultured human lymphocytes were exposed to lO-5 M hydrocortisone for 18 h at 37 C, insulin binding increased due to an increase in the number of receptors per cell. The effect had appropriate specificity in terms of concentration and type of steroid used. By contrast, hGH binding to these cells was decreased under similar circumstances of incubation, due to a decrease in the number of hGH receptors per cell. When prednisone (40 mg/day) was given to normal subjects for 3 days, a moderate state of insulin resistance was induced characterized by a modest increase in blood glucose and a more pronounced increase in plasma insulin concentration. Under these circumstances there was no change in tracer insulin binding to peripheral monocytes nor changes in the concentration of insulin necessary ...
Undocumented Undergraduates on College Campuses: Understanding Their Challenges and Assets and What It Takes to Make an Undocufriendly Campus

In this article, Carola Suarez-Orozco and colleagues investigate how to improve undocumented undergraduate student experiences across a variety of US campuses. The authors draw on a national survey of diverse undocumented undergraduates attending two- and four-year public and private institutions of higher education. Using an ecological framework that accounts for risk and resilience, Suarez-Orozco and colleagues provide insights into the challenges undocumented undergraduates face and the assets they bring as they navigate their educational contexts. The authors also consider the role of campuses in shaping these experiences and make recommendations, based on quantitative data and the perspectives of students, for creating undocufriendly campuses.
Characteristics of the prolactin stimulation of uridine metabolism in mammary gland explants.

Experiments were carried out to characterize the prolactin stimulation of labeled uridine uptake into mammary gland explants which were initially preincubated for 2 days in medium containing insulin plus hydrocortisone. Prolactin was found to enhance labeled uridine uptake after 4 h but not after 2 h when uridine concentrations ranging between 0.1 (¼M and 1 mM were tested. The effect of prolactin on labeled uridine uptake also appears to require ongoing RNA and protein synthesis since incubation with a variety of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis abolished the prolac-tin effect. It was further discovered that prolactin stimulates the labeling of the cellular pools of the phosphorylated derivatives of uridine while the quantity of label present in the uridine and uracil pools was not affected. It is thus possible that the effect of prolactin on labeled uridine uptake may be caused by the enhanced phosphorylation of theuridine. It was also found that the onset of the effect of prolactin on the phospho...
A closed form solution to direct motion segmentation

We present a closed form solution to the problem of segmenting multiple 2D motion models of the same type directly from the partial derivatives of an image sequence. We introduce the multibody brightness constancy constraint (MBCC), a polynomial equation relating motion models, image derivatives and pixel coordinates that is independent of the segmentation of the image measurements. We first show that the optical flow at a pixel can be obtained analytically as the derivative of the MBCC at the corresponding image measurement, without knowing the motion model associated with that pixel. We then show that the parameters of the multiple motion models can be obtained from the cross products of the derivatives of the MBCC at a set of image measurements that minimize a suitable distance function. Our approach requires no feature tracking, point correspondences or optical flow, and provides a global non-iterative solution that can be used to initialize more expensive iterative approaches to motion segmentation. Experiments on real and synthetic sequences are also presented.
A note on verb phrase complementation

Evidently, if VPC does not explain the ungrammaticality of (7) there is no explanation for the ungrammaticality of (i ib). It appears Rosenbaum's argument for NP domination in the complement structures dealt with here is: x IS DOMINATED BY NP IF IT CAN BE PSEUDO-CLEFTED. To bring this argument into disrepute we need to (a) establish that strings dominated by VP (according to Rosenbaum's analysis) can be pseudo-clefted; or (b) establish that what is pseudo-clefted is not an NP. (a) is discussed and (b) is not. The main point under (a) is that both prefer-type and condescend-type complements can be pseudo-clefted; if this is established, then obviously pseudo-clefting cannot be used to distinguish deep structure differences between them. The fact that she condescended to talk with us can be pseudo-clefted was overlooked by Rosenbaum because he took condescend as the most underlying form of the verb, that is, that form of the verb which has not undergone any transformational operations. (For further arguments, cf. JL 4 (I967) 9I Wagner, and Bowers, YL 4 (I967) 83-84.) We find, in fact, with Wagner and Bowers, that when to is inserted in the sentences that are deemed ungrammatical by Rosenbaum, they become perfectly acceptable pseudo-clefted sentences which appear to be paraphrases of their non-pseudo-clefted congeners. Thus,
Identification in the ancient protist Giardia lamblia of two eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E homologues with distinctive functions.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds to the m7GTP of capped mRNAs and is an essential component of the translational machinery that recruits the 40S small ribosomal subunit. We describe here the identification and characterization of two eIF4E homologues in an ancient protist, Giardia lamblia. Using m7GTP-Sepharose affinity column chromatography, a specific binding protein was isolated and identified as Giardia eIF4E2. The other homologue, Giardia eIF4E1, bound only to the m2,2,7GpppN structure. Although neither homologue can rescue the function of yeast eIF4E, a knockdown of eIF4E2 mRNA in Giardia by a virus-based antisense ribozyme decreased translation, which was shown to use m7GpppN-capped mRNA as a template. Thus, eIF4E2 is likely the cap-binding protein in a translation initiation complex. The same knockdown approach indicated that eIF4E1 is not required for translation in Giardia. Immunofluorescence assays showed wide distribution of both homologues in the cytoplasm. But eIF4E1 was also found concentrated and colocalized with the m2,2,7GpppN cap, 16S-like rRNA, and fibrillarin in the nucleolus-like structure in the nucleus. eIF4E1 depletion from Giardia did not affect mRNA splicing, but the protein was bound to Giardia small nuclear RNAs D and H known to have an m2,2,7GpppN cap, thus suggesting a novel function not yet observed among other eIF4Es in eukaryotes.
Highest Phanerozoic strontium isotopic ratios of pre-rift Late Cambrian passive margin in New York State, USA: products of continental weathering and orogenesis

Abstract The Late Cambrian Sauk Sequence, a passive margin in New York State, is composed predominantly of carbonate rocks that were deposited in discrete provinces: on the shelf, the Beekmantown Group includes the Galway Formation, and the Wappinger Group includes the Pine Plains Formation. On the paleoslope, the Taconic Sequence is a deep-water deposit and includes the Hatch Hill Formation. The shallow-water carbonates of the Galway and Pine Plains Formation are dolostones, whereas those of the Hatch Hill Formation are deep-water limestones. Strontium isotopic values of the carbonates are much higher than others determined for the Late Cambrian and are the highest values for the Phanerozoic and probably for all geologic times. They show the dominance of continental sources of strontium. Continental and groundwater runoff supplied radiogenic strontium to the Late Cambrian ocean. An apparent increase in seawater 87Sr/86Sr values may record rapid unroofing and attendant increased erosion as well as collapse of mountains that had been constructed during the continental collisions that assembled Gondwana during the Pan-African and Braziliano mountain-building episodes. As a result of extensive chemical weathering, erosion and high uplift rates, seawater 87Sr/86Sr recorded peak values. Diagenetic alteration may affect radiogenic strontium. In this study, petrography, mineralogical analysis, and isotopic analysis were used to interpret diagenesis. These data provided evidence that diagenesis was not involved.
Regulation of fitness in yeast overexpressing glycolytic enzymes : responses to heat shock and nitrogen starvation

Current models based on the analysis of linear metabolic pathways at steady-state predict that large increases over wild type in the activity of one enzyme will not alter an organism's fitness. This prediction is tested at steps in a highly branched pathway under two conditions known to alter steady-state: heat shock and nitrogen starvation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformants overproducing 1 of 4 enzymes in glycolysis (hexokinase B, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, or pyruvate kinase) were subjected to heat shock in both exponential and stationary phases of growth. In neither phase does enzyme overexpression alter heat shock sensitivity. When starved for nitrogen in acetate medium, transformants overproducing hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and phosphofructokinase sporulate at the same rate and with the same frequency as cells harbouring only the plasmid vector. Current models therefore correctly predict the relationship between activity and components of fitness for 3 of 4 enzymes. By contrast, cells overexpressing pyruvate kinase sporulate poorly. This defect is not observed among cells transformed with a plasmid containing a Tn5 disrupted copy of the PYK gene. These findings are consistent with reports that implicate the PYK locus in yeast cell cycle control and suggest that it may be challenging to model relations between fitness and activity for multifunctional proteins.
When are there Influxes in Blue Monkey Groups

Cercopithecus mitis groups show variation in male number during the breeding season. The 23 years of male residence records from multiple groups of blue monkeys in the Kakamega Forest reveal that influxes occurred in 23% of breeding seasons, and coincide with greater number of sexually active females in the group on both per-season and per-day bases. In six of ten seasons with sufficiently detailed records, female sexual behavior preceded the arrival of multiple males in the group, while in one year, male visits came first, and in the remaining three years, estrus and the presence of more than one male occurred essentially simultaneously. It is likely that estrous females bring males to the group, but also that the presence of males feeds back positively on estrus behavior in females. The number of males in the local area, or intruder pressure, may also explain some variation in male numbers. These data, which are the most extensive for any guenon population, are generally supported by other investigations of different populations and species. The number of sexually active females, as well as intruder pressure, are two important components of female defendability that influence the number of males present in the breeding season in at least three guenon species.
Time-Compressed Speech Discrimination, Reading Readiness and the Effect of Clinical Method

Time-compressed speech discrimination was examined on kindergarten-age children grouped according to scores on the Lindamood Auditory Comprehension Test (LAC). In experiment 1, 34 children were equally divided into two groups based upon the LAC, and administered the Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification Test (WIPI) at 0, 30 and 60% time compression. In experiment 2, 32 children were similarly grouped and administered the WIPI at 0 and 60% time compression with 60% always administered first. Significant main effects for time compression and test group were found. The effects of clinical method and clinical implications are discussed.Nous avons utilise une audiometrie vocale en vitesse acceleree chez de jeunes enfants repartis en deux groupes selon leur aptitude a la lecture determinee a l'aide d'un test specialise. Nous avons observe que la discrimination decroit en fonction inverse de la vitesse. Nous discutons l'utilite clinique chez l'enfant de cette audiometrie vocale sensi-bilisee.
The Effect of Hydrogen Content on Ion Beam Mixing

A qualitative study of ion beam mixing of multilayers has shown that the presence of hydrogen in the sample slows mixing considerably for Fe/Ti, and slightly for Ni/Ti. We have quantified this effect and extended the study to four more systems (Co/Ti, Pd/Ti, Ti/Cu, and Ti/Al) and to lower temperatures. The degree to which H charging reduced the mixing rate varied substantially with multilayer system. H was lost during mixing. H was lost fastest from those films for which the H effect was the smallest. Our data are consistent with a model that relates mixing inhibition to H-vacancy binding energy in the non-Ti component.
Left Behind By the Alter: Why Queers and Sociologists Need Materialist Feminism

The United States marriage rights movement just culminated in July 2015 with the Supreme Court declaring same-sex marriage constitutional. The mainstream — the mainstream media and the mainstream LGBT rights movement — all applaud this trajectory, with no attention to those who get left behind in marriage politics. In this paper, I will argue that same-sex marriage is in need of a materialist feminist analysis. I will critique my discipline — Sociology — for failing to adequately theorize same-sex marriage as a key component of the 21 st Century landscape of the capitalist mode of production. I will also critique the mainstream LGBT rights movement and the media attention given same-sex marriage for their lack of attention to the classed relations embedded in marriage rights. A materialist feminist analysis will allow us to see that there’s still a need for a larger, more emancipatory sexual politics.
SMPTE Historical Paper: The Evolution of High-Definition Television

Historique des systemes de balayage utilises en television et evolution vers les systemes a haute resolution
Lift on a Moving Flat Plate

apping yer in both modeling and lift calculations, an unsteady model is also investigated in this study built upon the previous steady model. The rotational and translational motions are properly handled in the unsteady model while the unsteady lift is calculated by employing the unsteady Blasius theorem. It is again conrmed that, other than the rotational and added-mass eects, the term accounting for the motion of the vortex-sink should not be ignored in the unsteady force evaluation although this term is dierent than the corresponding term in the steady model. To further resolve the vortical structures in the wake of the plate, vortex sheets consist of discretized point vortices are introduced into the model at leading and trailing edges. Kutta-like condition is implemented at both the leading and trailing edges. The performance of the unsteady model is veried by simulating a starting at plate problem, the force calculations of the steady and unsteady models are compared with the available at plate experiments. It can be concluded from this paper that the shedding of the trailing edge vortices(TEVs) and stabilization of the leading edge vortices(LEVs) would contribute to positive lift generation. Furthermore, by comparing the unsteady lift with the steady lift, it is recommended not to use steady force calculation for aerodynamic force estimation in related applications.
The Effect of Methylphenidate on the Ventral Tegmental Area in Adolescent and Adult Animals

Abstract Methylphenidate (MPD) is a psychostimulant drug therapy mainly prescribed for attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dopamine imbalances in neuronal circuits such as the mesocorticolimbic system involving the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are responsible for the behaviors observed in ADHD. This chapter explores the current literature on the anatomical, molecular, and electrophysiological changes observed in VTA upon MPD administration in rodents. Specifically, we will discuss the phenomenon that the same dose of MPD can lead to either behavioral and neurophysiological sensitization or tolerance among individual rodents.
A New Understanding of the Gradational Method

The gradational method mentioned in this essay means that when we analyze the all levels of an article, we cannot ignore the unity of it. And we should examine the functions of the levels in the formula of “article-level-element”, and make a concrete analysis of how the structures of scene, feeling, plot, character, reason, and explanation combine into one. This gradational method is quite different from the previous one used in Chinese teaching the a middle school in the connotation and denotation, and in the research direction and method.
Prolapsed Single System Ureterocele in a Girl

AbstractUreteroceles in childhood usually are associated with ureteral duplication. A 7-year-old girl with a single system ureterocele is described. The patient presented clinically with urinary infection and prolapse of the ureterocele, causing urinary retention.
GA-based multi-agent reinforcement learning for playing backgammon

The paper presents a genetic algorithm approach for evolving multi-agent reinforcement learning systems that are made up of a coalition of agents with bidding. The experiment results show the advantage of this approach over the single agent reinforcement learning approach, the pure GA approach and the reinforcement learning with bidding approach.
Rectangular Beams and One-Way Slabs

This chapter covers the analysis (checking the strength) and the design (sizing the concrete and steel) of reinforced concrete beams and slabs that span primarily one way.
Photoperiod but not food restriction modulates innate immunity in an opportunistic breeder, Loxia curvirostra

An organism9s investment in immune function often varies seasonally but understanding of how fluctuations in environmental conditions directly modulate investment remains limited. This experiment investigated how changes in photoperiod and food availability affect investment in constitutive innate immunity and the acute phase response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections in captive red crossbills ( Loxia curvirostra ). Crossbills are reproductively flexible songbirds that specialize on an unpredictably available food resource and display temporal variation in immunity in the wild. Birds were separated into four treatments and exposed to long or short day lengths for six weeks before continuing on an ad-libitum diet or experiencing a 20% food reduction for 10 days. Birds were un-injected or injected with LPS both before and after diet change. Innate immunity was quantified throughout the experiment to assess effects of photoperiod, food availability, and their interactions on hemolysis-hemagglutination, haptoglobin, bacterial killing ability, and leukocyte counts. Overall, increasing day length significantly increased both bacterial killing ability and leukocyte counts. Surprisingly, food restriction had little effect on the immune parameters, potentially owing to the “low cost” environment of captivity and suggesting that investment in innate immunity is prioritized and maintained whenever possible. LPS injections induced stereotypical sickness behaviors and increased bacterial killing ability in short day birds and complement activity (hemolysis) both before and after food restriction. These results demonstrate robust seasonal modulation of immune investment and an ability to maintain innate immunity in the face of limited resources in these temporally flexible songbirds.
Political Science: Ontology and Epistemology in a Self-Undermining Philosophy of Science

Political science is practiced mostly by people who are either materialists or who don’t think about big questions of meaning and existence. To be blunt, political scientists see people as nothing more than chemical-filled meat bags who respond to stimuli no differently than any other physical objects, living or non-living. In their busy work of gathering statistics, political scientists are not thinking about the basic questions of philosophy: What is reality? How do we know it? Why is there life and logic in the world? And yet, they all want to be Science!™ They all want an air of authority for their number-crunching, their political statistics. They have been reaching for scientific respectability for decades, but have not quite left the kiddie table just yet. And so, this paper was an attempt to explain why they have failed. I aimed to lead the horses to water. They fail to attain the status of Science!™ because they hold false premises about humanity and reality. They fail because they do not think that they need to think about human nature or the force of logic. They will continue to fail as long as they neglect true philosophy.
Drosophila sonorae (Diptera, Drosophilidae), a new species in the repleta species group from Mexico

We describe a new species, D. sonorae Heed and Castrezana from Sonora, Mexico in the repleta species group of Drosophila (Drosophilidae, Diptera). This species is morphologically similar to other members of the newly established D. longicornis complex, and the well-established D. longicornis cluster. Host plant associations, biogeography, and distributions of species in both the longicornis and mulleri species complexes are discussed here.
Agency and Self-Experience: The Religious Function of the Psyche

There has been a long-running discussion through the history of psychology about the development of self and agency. From the internal locus of Freud’s notion of primary narcissism through the intersubjective focus on the shared nature of self and agency, the psychological roots and function of agency have been debated. More recently, process theology has proposed that the focus should be on shared agency fostered in a network of relationships with others and God. A Jungian model posits that opening up to the influence of the psyche itself can serve as an initiator of agency that holds the tension between these divergent points of view.
Electron Transport Properties of Chloroplasts from Aged Bean Leaves and their Relationship to the Manganese Content of the Chloroplasts

Bean leaves lose the ability to photosynthesize after they have been stored in darkness at 0° (MARGULIES & JAGENDORF I960). The plastids from these aged leaves do not carry out Hill reactions with either NADP or 2,3’,6-trichlorophenolindophenol (TPIP) as acceptors but will reduce NADP when reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol is provided as an electron donor. The similarity of electron transport properties of plastids from aged leaves and of plastids treated with CMU suggested that both acted at the same site to block evolution of oxygen (MARGULIES & JAGENDORF I960). When aged leaves are placed in light at room temperature, both photosynthesis and Hill reaction activities are restored (MARGULIES & JAGENDORF i960). Fifty percent reactivation occurs within 0.25 hr. Half saturation for reactivation is about 50 footcandles with white fluorescent light. The present investigation was carried out to characterize further the electron transport properties of chloroplasts from aged bean leaves.
Localization of Electrons at Interfaces

The states of image-potential electrons at the metal-dielectric interface were studied using angle-resolved two-photon photoemission in ultrahigh vacuum. The binding energy and dispersion of an electron in an image state were studied as a function of layer thickness for various metal-dielectric interfaces. Features representative of both delocalized and localized states were found. As best we can determine, this is the first observation of localized states at an interface with the type of nondispersive photoemission feature reported here. The propensity of layers of straight chain alkanes for localizing excess electrons at the metal-insulator interface correlates with the low electron mobilities observed for the corresponding molecular liquids. Excess electrons become localized as layers of aspherical hydrocarbons on Ag(111) are increased in thickness in a layer-by-layer fashion. However, layers of the nearly spherical neopentane molecule continue to primarily support a delocalized state at a coverage of three layers.
Recurrent wheezing in children following human metapneumovirus infection

We showed that early in life human metapneumovirus infection is associated with increased risk of subsequent wheezing episodes.
Optofluidic droplet dye laser generated by microfluidic nozzles

We present an optofluidic droplet dye laser that is generated by an array of microfluidic nozzles fabricated on a polycarbonate chip. A droplet resonator forms upon pressurizing the nozzle backside microfluidic channel. Multimode low-threshold lasing is observed from individual microdroplets doped with dye. Additionally, droplets can be conveniently released from the nozzle by water rinsing from the top microfluidic channel and subsequently regenerated, and thus achieve optofluidic lasers on-demand. Our work demonstrates a new approach to generating on-chip laser source and laser arrays in a simple, reproducible, reconfigurable, and low-cost fashion.
Contexts of Generalization in School Mathematics

In this chapter, we discuss issues of depth that are relevant to the concept and process of generalization. We clarify the following useful terms that are now commonly used in patterns research: abduction; induction; near generalization and far generalization; and deduction. We also explore nuances in the meaning of generalization that have been used in different contexts in the school mathematics curriculum. In the closing section, we begin to discuss implications of the findings in the chapter on our proposal of a theory of graded pattern generalization that we explore in some detail in Chap. 4.
Ultimate and Proximal (Attribution-Related) Motivational Determinants of Moral Behaviour

A distinction is made between distal (ultimate) and proximal (immediate) determinants of moral behaviour (here confined to altruism). The distal determinants, reviewed in the first part of this chapter, are primarily based on evolution but also include hedonism.
Adherence to Recommendations from Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment of Older Individuals with HIV

This retrospective cohort study sought to assess the effectiveness of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) for older patients at an HIV clinic in a large US city. We systematically reviewed medical records of all patients who underwent CGA from June 2013 to July 2017. In addition, physicians and social workers completed an anonymous survey about the impact of CGA on their patients. For the 76 patients (median age 67.2; Q1, Q3 = 60.9, 72.6) seen by geriatricians at the clinic, there were 184 recommendations, 54 instances of counseling, and 11 direct actions. Overall adherence to recommendations was 32.8%, 34.9% for patient-directed, and 31.7% for provider-directed recommendations. No demographic or CGA variables were associated with adherence. Despite this lack of adherence, surveyed providers reported that they usually or always followed recommendations; the most frequently cited barrier to implementation was lack of feasibility. Further research will be needed to determine how CGA can improve outcomes for this population.
Hirschsprung’s Disease

This chapter is a review of the publications that illustrate the history of this condition, beginning with the presentation of Harald Hirschsprung and continuing with the different concepts related with the etiology of the disease until the classic description of the first rational surgical technique employed for the repair of this condition by Dr. Swenson. The chapter also includes an analysis of the different types of procedures proposed by different authors through time until the present.
Classifying Small Volumes of Tissue for Real-Time Monitoring Radiofrequency Ablation.

An increasingly-popular treatment for ablation of cancerous and non-cancerous masses is thermal ablation by radiofrequency joule heating. Real-time monitoring of the thermal tissue ablation process is essential in order to maintain the reliability of the treatment technique. Common methods for monitoring the extent of ablation have proven to be accurate, though they are time-consuming and often require powerful computers to run on, which makes the clinical ablation process more cumbersome and expensive due to the time-dependent nature of the clinical procedure. In this study, a Machine Learning (ML) approach is presented to reduce the time to calculate the progress of ablation while keeping the accuracy of the conventional methods. Different setups were used to perform the ablation and collect impedance data at the same time and different ML algorithms were tested to predict the ablation depth in three dimensions, based on the collected data. In the end, it is shown that an optimal pair of hardware setup and ML algorithm were able to control the ablation by estimating the lesion depth within an average of micrometer-magnitude error range while keeping the estimation time within 5.5 s on conventional x86-64 computing hardware.
Diverse CD8 T Cell Responses to Viral Infection Revealed by the Collaborative Cross.

Enhanced host protection against re-infection requires generation of memory T cells of sufficient quantity and functional quality. Unlike well-studied inbred mice, T cell responses of diverse size and quality are generated following infection of humans and outbred mice. Thus, additional models are needed that accurately reflect variation in immune outcomes in genetically diverse populations and to uncover underlying genetic causes. The Collaborative Cross (CC), a large recombinant inbred panel of mice, is an ideal model in this pursuit for the high degree of genetic variation present, because it allows for assessment of genetic factors underlying unique phenotypes. Here, we advance the utility of the CC as a tool to analyze the immune response to viral infection. We describe variability in resting immune cell composition and adaptive immune responses generated among CC strains following systemic virus infection and reveal quantitative trait loci responsible for generation of CD62L+ memory CD8 T cells.
Super-resolution light-sheet fluorescence microscopy by SOFI

Here we describe a new method, named LS-SOFI, that combines light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging to achieve fast nanoscale-resolution imaging over large fields of view in native 3D tissues. We demonstrate the use of LS-SOFI in super-resolution analysis of neuronal structures and synaptic proteins, including cortical axons, dendritic spines, pre- and postsynaptic cytoskeletal proteins and postsynaptic AMPA receptors, in thick mouse brain sections. We also introduce an algorithm to determine the number of active fluorophore emitters detected, allowing the localization of individual molecules in LS-SOFI images. We conclude that LS-SOFI is a versatile method for fast super-resolution imaging from any tissue of the body using both commercial and custom LSFM instruments.
Afro-Venezuelan Cultural Survival: Invoking Ancestral Memory

Enslaved Africans were taken to Venezuela as part of the transatlantic slave trade, and their descendants constitute a minority population that has been marginalized, discriminated against, and excluded from access to resources and the national identity. This study explores ways in which Afro-Venezuelans resisted oppression and survived by employing their knowledge, skills, and cultural memory. As a case in point, we examine the maintenance of Afro-Venezuelan cultural traditions in Barlovento, an area to which enslaved Africans were imported to work on large cacao estates and whose descendants now constitute the majority ethnic population in the region, with cultural traditions that uniquely identify it. Through the application of spiritual and cultural memory, Barloventenos show resolve within the construct of institutionalized racism by utilizing a form of double consciousness. The Barlovento region represents a strong continuity of Central West African traditions within Venezuelan culture in the variety of music, instrumentation, dance styles, and lingual retentions, which serve as the chief basis for this analysis. This research assesses these various forms of Afro-Venezuelan culture and how they have been used as a form of resistance to invisibilization and institutional racism. Findings are based on historical research and field work conducted between 2010 and 2019. Resumen Africanos esclavizados fueron llevados a Venezuela como parte de la trata transatlantica de esclavos, y sus descendientes constituyen una poblacion minoritaria que ha sido marginada, discriminada y excluida del acceso a los recursos y de la identidad nacional. Este estudio explora las medidas usadas por los afrovenezolanos para resistir la opresion y sobrevivir al implementar sus conocimientos, habilidades y memoria cultural. Como ejemplo, examinamos el mantenimiento de las tradiciones culturales afrovenezolanas en Barlovento, una zona a la que los africanos esclavizados fueron importados para trabajar en grandes fincas de cacao y cuyos descendientes ahora constituyen la poblacion etnica mayoritaria de la region, con tradiciones culturales que la identifican de manera unica. A traves de la aplicacion de la memoria espiritual y cultural, los barloventenos mostraron su firmeza ante el racismo institucionalizado mediante la utilizacion de una forma de doble conciencia. La region de Barlovento representa una fuerte continuidad de las tradiciones de Africa Occidental Central dentro de la cultura venezolana en la variedad de musica, instrumentacion, estilos de baile y retenciones linguisticas, los cuales sirven como la base principal para este analisis. Esta investigacion evalua estas diversas formas de cultura afrovenezolana y su uso como formas de resistencia a la invisibilizacion y al racismo institucional. Los hallazgos se basan en la investigacion historica y el trabajo de campo realizado entre 2010 y 2019.
Taming the excited state reactivity of imines – from non-radiative decay to aza Paternò–Büchi reaction

This review highlights the excited state characteristics of imines and processes that govern their photochemical and photophysical properties. This review examines the pathways for deactivation and types of photochemical reactions that originate from excited imines. This review also features recent strategies that are developed to circumvent the fundamental issues that have plagued the development of the aza Paterno–Buchi reaction.
Why are we neglecting the core muscles in patients with knee osteoarthritis? A narrative review of the literature

Knee osteoarthritis impairs patients’ ability to function normally, specifically impacting their ability to walk without limitation. Research in other populations at risk for knee injury, including...
Governing the Interface of US-China Trade Relations

The U.S.-China trade relationship poses a frontal challenge to the multilateral trading system, and it has broad repercussions for international law. This article addresses three dimensions for conceptualizing the interface between the U.S. and Chinese systems through trade law: (i) economic; (ii) geopolitical/security; and (iii) normative/social. By the economic interface, the article refers to the U.S. critique of China’s state capitalism, and in particular the use of state-owned enterprises and state subsidies. By the geopolitical/security interface, it covers U.S. concerns over China as a rising power bolstered by China’s economic success in competing for the commanding heights of innovation, coupled with fears about Chinese infiltration of infrastructure, the gathering of data, and other geopolitical leverage. By the normative/social policy interface, it references reactions to China’s authoritarianism and human rights and labor practices, which indirectly implicate U.S. workers and the U.S. social bargain through U.S. purchases of Chinese products. The article advances a middle ground between those working to reinforce the WTO system with new rules that limit the state’s role in the economy, and those who reject the WTO in favor of a power-based system to confront China. It proposes pragmatic reforms to govern the interface of their respective systems across the three dimensions in ways that would facilitate ongoing exchange while assuring latitude for each country to protect itself from the externalities of each other’s policies. The result would be greater room for bilateral and plurilateral bargaining, but it would be conducted within the umbrella of the multilateral system.
The Church of America and the Heresy of Peace

America, said G. K. Chesterton, is a nation with the soul of a church. It is a sacred community commanding sacrificial loyalty. It is also a violent and weapon-loving civilization, in which force is tethered to patriotism and national identity. American culture is at once militarist and theological, Christian and violent. How can this paradox be explained? This article discusses the role of New England puritanism in establishing a providentialist nationalism that would define war as a theological prerogative and non-violence as heresy. It shows how theologians such as Cotton Mather identified the emerging nation of America with the sacred vessel of the Christian church to the point that ‘chosenness’ or divine election represented a blank cheque for military adventure. It also shows how theologies of peace and restraint were anathematized as not merely heretical but a form of spiritual violence against the American project. In this sense, American nationhood functions as a controlling consideration akin to an institution, and Christian pacifism serves as a charismatic critique – or inspiration. To what extent were attitudes to violence framed by models of salvation? How did identity or chosenness trump ethics or the duty of love in the puritan imagination? The article concludes with more recent observations about the relationship of the ‘institution’ of nationhood to the troublesome, fissiparous energies of peace.
The Valuation Impact of Financial Advisors: An Empirical Analysis of REIT Mergers and Acquisitions

This paper analyzes the effect of financial advisor-monitors on the valuation of real estate investment trust (REIT) mergers. Advisor choice determinants and the effect of advisors on transaction v...
COVID 19: Situation, Action, and Tracking of PPE Demand in the U.S.

During the COVID-19 Pandemic, healthcare systems across the United States have experienced severe shortages of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This equipment is critical for the proper protection of healthcare workers while they perform patient care for COVID-19 patients. Identifying the need for PPE for doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers was a major challenge in the United States. The aim of this research is to understand how the need for PPE was tracked in the US and comparing these methods with approaches in other countries with far better outcomes. This paper is intended to provide an in-depth understanding of how in the absence of leadership from the Federal Government, non-profit organizations, universities, and others created working systems for tracking COVID-19 patients and estimating PPE needs. The first and most critical needs for PPE were for doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals in hospitals and other healthcare organizations such as extended-care facilities caring for infected patients. Immediately it became clear that PPE shortages for first responders, other essential workers, and members of the public were also hampering the control of the virus. The main contribution of this paper is a recommendation for the US that includes PPE prediction models to have a better understanding of PPE needs and requirements.
Polarized-Beams Studies of Spin Exchange in Electron-Hydrogen Collisions

The application of polarized beams to the study of interference phenomena in electron-hydrogen collisions is reviewed. In particular, the results of the first experiment using polarized electrons to study the effects of spin exchange in electron-atom collisions are discussed. Finally, the future of spin exchange studies using polarized electrons is examined.
Multiple myeloma cell adhesion-induced interleukin-6 expression in bone marrow stromal cells involves activation of NF-kappa B

Adhesion of multiple myeloma (MM) cells to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) not only localizes MM cells in the marrow microenvironment, but also triggers interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion by BMSCs and related MM cell proliferation. In the present study, we characterized the regulation of IL-6 gene expression in BMSCs during MM cell adhesion. Adhesion of ARH-77, HS-Sultan, IM-9, and U266 MM cell lines to BMSCs and BMSC lines (LP 101 and AA 101) triggered 5-through 15-fold and 2-through 4-fold increases in IL-6 secretion, respectively. IL-6 mRNA transcripts were undetectable by Northern blotting in IM-9 MM cells or LP 101 BMSCs cultured alone; however, adherence of IM-9 cells to LP 101 cells induced a transient increase in IL-6 transcripts at 6 hours, followed by peak IL-6 secretion at 24 hours. To confirm increased IL-6 transcription and characterize its regulation, LP101 BMSCs were transiently transfected with full length and deletion fragments of the IL-6 promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Transient transfection of LP101 BMSCs with plasmid containing an intact NF-kappa B site showed a 6.8 +/- 0.4-fold increase in CAT activity triggered by IM-9 MM cell adhesion (n = 3, P < .05). Transfection of LP 101 cells with plasmid containing a single base pair deletion from the NF-kapp B binding motif abolished the MM adhesion-induced increase in CAT activity, whereas transfection with plasmid containing three copies of synthetic NF-kappa B sequence resulted in an 8.1 +/- 0.7-fold increase in CAT activity related to MM adhesion (n = 3, P < .05). These data suggest that the NF-kappa B site is one of the essential regulatory elements for MM cell adhesion-induced IL-6 transcription in BMSCs. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed the involvement of NF-kappa B activation in regulating MM adhesion-induced IL-6 transcription in BMSCs. Further characterization of the upstream events in the signalling cascade regulating IL-6 may not only delineate mechanisms of IL-6 regulation during paracrine MM cell growth, but also provide new therapeutic strategies based on interruption of IL-6 mediated tumor cell growth.
Ultraviolet and Visible Light Spectrometers

A wide variety of instruments exist for recording the intensity of light as a function of wavelength. In the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum, these include dispersive spectrometers (based on gratings and prisms) and nondispersive spectrometers (usually interferometric in nature). A discussion of the main kinds of visible and ultraviolet spectrometers is given along with their advantages and drawbacks in terms of resolution, accuracy, efficiency, and ease of use. Considerations for choosing the design of an optical spectrometer are outlined, and the main aberrations associated with common optical designs are discussed. Keywords: spectrometer; grating; prism; interferometer; spectroscopy; absorption
Test Of Turbulence Models For Wind Flow Over Terrain With Separation And Recirculation

Several two-equation turbulence models using isotropic eddy viscosity and wall functions are assessed by solution of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer over a flat surface and wind flow over two- and three-dimensional models and real terrain. Calculations are presented for wind flow over the Sirhowy Valley in Wales, an embankment along the Rhine in Germany and the Askervein Hill in Scotland. Comparisons of predictions with previous work, and laboratory and field data, show that the RNG-based k–∈ model gives the best agreement with respect to the flow profiles and length of the separated flow region. The results of this model are analyzed with a non-linear stress-strain relation to gauge the potential effect of turbulence anisotropy.
Heat-Induced Increase in the Number of Viable Cells in Lyophilized Preparations of Bacillus popilliae

Viable cells detectable in lyophilized preparations of Bacillus popilliae were increased by 72% when dry cells were heated at 60 to 65 C for 2.5 h.