cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of sex hormones on fluid and solute transport in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells

Effects of sex hormones on fluid and solute transport in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Polycystic kidney disease progresses more rapidly in men than in women. To investigate the basis for this sexual dimorphism, we exposed Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells grown on collagen-coated cell culture inserts to control media, or to estradiol or testosterone (1 nM-1 µ M). Compared to control and estradiol-treated cells, testosterone stimulated fluid secretion in a dose-dependent manner, enhancing fluid secretion 4.8-fold at 1nM and 19.7-fold at 1 µ M (0.59 ± 0.18 vs. 0.03 ± 0.01 µ 1/cm 2 /hr, P µ M and 12.3-fold at 1 µ M (81.3 ± 30.7 vs. 6.6 ± 3.3 pmol/mg protein, P β S (500 µ M), an inhibitor of Gs, and 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (10 µ M), an inhibitor of the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase, suppressed testosterone-induced fluid and solute secretion. Neither testosterone nor estradiol had any effect on microsomal Na,K-ATPase activity, cellular proliferation or cellular total protein content. Our studies show that testosterone stimulates fluid secretion and solute transport by MDCK cells by increasing cAMP generation. In vivo , testosterone may contribute to cyst expansion by enhancing fluid secretion. This observation may help explain the worse prognosis of polycystic kidney disease observed in men.
Essential role for polyamine biosynthesis in thyroxine stimulated pancreatic development in neonatal rats.

Abstract Administration of thyroxine to rat pups leads to precocious development of the pancreas. The role of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and polyamines in thyroxine-induced pancreatic maturation was examined. Rat pups (aged 5 days) were given daily subcutaneous injection of thyroxine (0.1 μg/g body wt.) until the day before death. Serial ODC activities were measured in pancreatic homogenates after 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 10 days of thyroxine treatment. There was a biphasic induction of ODC activities by thyroxine: an early peak appeared on day 2 of treatment followed by a decrease on day 4; a second peak was evident on day 5 and then a decrease to control values by day 7. Significant increases in tissue concentrations of putrescine and spermidine were observed concomitant with two peaks of ODC activity. Pancreatic amylase concentration, DNA and protein also showed a significant increase after thyrosine treatment. Difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO), a specific ODC inhibitor, given orally (3% in drinking water) to nursing dams at postnatal day 5 for 5 days caused an 83% inhibition of pancreatic ODC activity in thyroxine-treated pups when compared to thyroxine-treated pups not exposed to DFMO. Concomitantly, the thyroxine-induced increases in pancreatic weight, protein and amylase activity were suppressed. Our results suggest that increases in ODC activities and polyamine levels are critical intermediary steps in the precocious induction of pancreatic development by thyroxine.
Acetaldehyde-modified and 4-hydroxynonenal-modified proteins in the livers of rats with alcoholic liver disease

Liver proteins form adducts with acetaldehyde and are modified by products of lipid peroxidation in alcohol-fed animals. It has been hypothesized that the formation of these modified liver proteins may contribute to liver injury in alcoholic liver disease. The present work was performed to determine the extent of protein modification in rats with experimental alcoholic liver disease. Rats were fed ethanol intragastrically with medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), palm oil, corn oil, or fish oil. The group fed MCTs and ethanol showed no liver injury, rats fed palm oil and ethanol showed only fatty liver, rats fed corn oil and ethanol showed fatty liver with moderate necrosis and inflammation, and rats fed fish oil and ethanol showed fatty liver with severe necrosis and inflammation. Antibodies were raised by using keyhole limpet hemocyanin modified in vitro by 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) or acetaldehyde as immunogens. When liver extracts were examined by Western blot analysis, the intensities of the acetaldehyde-modified protein band (37 kd) in the alcohol-fed animals were significantly different among the ethanol-treated groups and correlated with plasma acetaldehyde concentrations. It was strongest in rats fed fish oil and ethanol, followed by rats fed palm oil and ethanol and rats fed corn oil and ethanol, whereas rats fed MCTs and ethanol showed the weakest intensity. The 37-kd protein-adetaldehyde adduct was located mainly in the pericentral region of the liver. No acetaldehyde adduct was detected in the control rats that were pair-fed with isocaloric amounts of dextrose. Western blot analysis using the anti-4-HNE antibody showed four distinctive bands (48, 45, 40, and 38 kd) in the liver extracts of alcohol-fed rats. Control animals showed only a weak 38-kd band. Although the intensities of the 48-, 40-, and 38-kd bands were similar among the different ethanol-treated groups, the intensity of the 45-kd band decreased from MCTs and ethanol > palm oil and ethanol > or = corn oil and ethanol > fish oil and ethanol. The data indicate that the degree of liver protein modification by acetaldehyde correlates well with the severity of liver injury in ethanol-fed rats, whereas modification by the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE shows no correlation with the severity of liver injury.
The Palestinian Middle Class in Rawabi: Depoliticizing the Occupation

This article examines the neoliberal promotion of the idea of a Palestinian “middle class” that can lead to peace by transcending perceived Arab backwardness or irrationality through market logic a...
Intrazeolitic photoreactions of Ru(bpy)33+ with methyl viologen

Encapsulation of Ru(bpy)33+ in zeolite Y supercages at low loadings leads to a slow reaction (days) with water with eventual recovery of Ru(bpy)32+. Intermediates detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy include covalent hydrates and hydroxylated bipyridine ligands bound to the metal center. The reaction of Ru(bpy)33+−zeolite Y with water is considerably accelerated (hours) in the presence of visible light, even though the intermediate species are similar to the reaction in the dark. The promotion of reactivity in the presence of light is attributed to the nature of visible charge-transfer bands. In the presence of ion-exchanged methyl viologen in neighboring supercages, the disappearance of Ru(bpy)33+ upon visible light photolysis is further accelerated. We propose that the enhanced reactivity is related to the reaction of the covalent hydrates and hydroxylated species of the ruthenium complex with methyl viologen. The emission and excitation spectra of the products extracted from the zeo...
Anesthesia of Juvenile Pacific Lampreys with MS-222, BENZOAK, AQUI-S 20E, and Aquacalm

Abstract Effective anesthetics are a critical component of safe and humane fish handling procedures. We tested three concentrations each of four anesthetics—Finquel (tricaine methanesulfonate, herein referred to as MS-222), BENZOAK (20% benzocaine), AQUI-S 20E (10% eugenol), and Aquacalm (metomidate hydrochloride)—for efficacy and safety in metamorphosed, outmigrating juvenile Pacific Lampreys Entosphenus tridentatus. The anesthetics MS-222 (100 mg/L) and BENZOAK (60 mg/L) were the most effective for anesthetizing juvenile Pacific Lampreys to a handleable state with minimal irritation to the fish. Fish anesthetized with BENZOAK also had lower rates of fungal infection than those exposed to MS-222, AQUI-S 20E, or no anesthetic. Exposure to AQUI-S 20E irritated juvenile Pacific Lampreys, causing them to leap or climb out of the anesthetic solution, and Aquacalm anesthetized fish to a handleable state too slowly and incompletely for effective use with routine handling procedures. Our results indicate that MS...
Sources of spread in simulations of Arctic sea ice loss over the twenty-first century.

We show that intermodel variations in the anthropogenically-forced evolution of September sea ice extent (SSIE) in the Arctic stem mainly from two factors: the baseline climatological sea ice thickness (SIT) distribution, and the local climate feedback parameter. The roles of these two factors evolve over the course of the twenty-first century. The SIT distribution is the most important factor in current trends and those of coming decades, accounting for roughly half the intermodel variations in SSIE trends. Then, its role progressively decreases, so that around the middle of the twenty-first century the local climate feedback parameter becomes the dominant factor. Through this analysis, we identify the investments in improved simulation of Arctic climate necessary to reduce uncertainties both in projections of sea ice loss over the coming decades and in the ultimate fate of the ice pack.
Response of monkeys to intragastric preloads: Limitations on caloric compensation

Abstract Food intake of rhesus monkeys was limited to a single daily 2 hr session of banana flavored pellet availability, seven days a week. Following stabilization of intake, the effects of liquid preload meals (0–80% of normal meal size) delivered through nasogastric tubes or chronic indwelling intragastric (IG) catheters were determined during test sessions by delivering preloads 15 min prior to the session. Monkeys compensated for preloads by decreasing intake by an amount nearly equal to the energy content of the preload. As the time between the delivery of an IG preload equivalent to 40% of a normal day's intake and the beginning of the session was increased, accuracy of compensation decreased. Monkeys also did not compensate for a chow meal given 2 hr before the session and compensation did not improve when this meal was given for ten consecutive days 2 hr before a session. In addition, an IG preload equivalent to 40% of a normal day's intake was given 20 hr before the session under two conditions: two hours after or immediately after the session on the day preceding testing. Only the preload given immediately after the session decreased food intake 20 hr later. However, a control volume of tap water delivered immediately after the session also decreased food intake 20 hr later. Finally, monkeys did not compensate for deprivation experienced one day by increasing their food intake the following day. In sum, these results indicate that under these conditions, the rhesus monkey does not regulate its food intake as accurately as previously reported.
Soft X-Ray Diagnostics of Electron-heated Solar Flare Atmospheres

The dependence of the impulsive-phase Ca XIX w line profile on the form of the flare energy input (assumed to be due to the collisional degradation of a beam of high-energy electrons) is considered. The injected flux spectrum has the form of a power law with a low-energy 'knee', and the effects of varying the total energy flux, spectral index, and knee energy on the w line profile during the impulsive phase have been evaluated. Early in the burst, blueshifts of order 400 km/s are noted, and the peak intensity of the blueshifted component together with spatially unresolved hard X-ray burst spectra can be used to determine the beam filling factor.
Eisenhower's Containment Policy and the Major Communist Powers, 1953–1956

(1983). Eisenhower's Containment Policy and the Major Communist Powers, 1953–1956. The International History Review: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 59-83.
Protein Microarrays: Before the Elephant Got in the Room

I read with great interest the recent editorial in Clinical Chemistry on protein microarrays (1). “The Elephant in the Room” in its title refers to a long-ignored issue, namely the problems involved in standardization and normalization of data from immunoassays on protein microarrays. I would like to take this opportunity to review approaches to those issues in the first publications on protein arrays, hence my title. Kattah et al. (1) referred to the wide use of normalization via total immunoglobulin for antigen arrays, and the inability to correct for differences in the spotting of individual features. This imperfection notwithstanding, a 1982 publication on protein arrays (2) already grappled with this issue and showed a calibration curve of immunoglobulin concentration against a densitometric scan intensity. This was further elaborated in a subsequent publication (3), in which empirical equations were used …
Single-mode diode laser with a large frequency-scanning range based on weak grating feedback.

A single-mode GaAlAs diode laser with over 90% output-coupling power and a large frequency-scanning range is reported. Based on grating feedback in the Littrow configuration, it is demonstrated that, with weak feedback (1.5 × 10−3 in this experiment), over a 7.5-GHz continuous tuning range can be achieved around tuning gaps of free-running operation. A frequency self-locking effect is also demonstrated in this system.
Evaluation of the charges, safety, and mortality of percutaneous renal thermal ablation using the nationwide inpatient sample.

Abstract Purpose To perform a national analysis of safety, charges, complications, and mortality of percutaneous image-guided renal thermal ablation and compare outcomes by hospital volume. Materials and Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, trends in the proportion of inpatient percutaneous renal thermal ablation procedures performed at high-volume centers in the United States from 2007–2011 were evaluated. In-hospital mortality, discharge to long-term care facility, length of stay, hospitalization charges, and postoperative complications were compared between high-volume and low-volume ablation centers. High volume was set at the 90th percentile for renal thermal ablation volume, which equated to seven or more patients per year. A multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for hospital volume, age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, obesity, race, and insurance status was performed to analyze the influence of hospital volume on the above-listed outcomes. Results This study included 874 patients. The number of hospitals ranged from 59–77 depending on year. Overall, 328 patients (37.5%) were treated at high-volume ablation centers. The proportion of patients treated at high-volume centers decreased from 42.0% in 2007–2009 to 28.5% in 2010–2011. High-volume hospitals also performed significantly more partial nephrectomies than low-volume hospitals. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, increasing hospital volume was associated with lower odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02–0.95) and lower odds of discharge to a long-term care facility (OR = 0.00, 95% CI=0.00–0.66). Increasing hospital volume was also associated with lower odds of blood transfusion (OR = 0.84, 95% CI=0.72–0.94). Length of stay decreased with increasing hospital volume ( P = .03). Conclusions Patient safety may be maximized when renal ablation is performed at high-volume centers as a result of both greater procedural experience and potentially multidisciplinary triage and periprocedural management.
Biochemical mechanisms for translational regulation in synaptic plasticity

Changes in gene expression are required for long-lasting synaptic plasticity and long-term memory in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Regulation of local protein synthesis allows synapses to control synaptic strength independently of messenger RNA synthesis in the cell body. Recent reports indicate that several biochemical signalling cascades couple neurotransmitter and neurotrophin receptors to translational regulatory factors in protein synthesis-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity and memory. In this review, we highlight these translational regulatory mechanisms and the signalling pathways that govern the expression of synaptic plasticity in response to specific types of neuronal stimulation.
An analysis of the long-term complications of intestine transplant recipients.

Background—One-year survival rates for intestine transplant recipients have increased to 70%, but it is believed that the complications following the procedure do not diminish after the first year as is seen in other forms of solid-organ transplantation.Objective—To review the ongoing medical requirements of an increasing number of long-term survivors of intestinal transplantation.Method—A retrospective medical chart review was completed on all patients who received intestinal transplantation at the University of Nebraska Medical Center from September 1990 through March 2003. One hundred forty-six transplantations were performed on 128 patients—53 intestinal, 70 liver/intestinal, and 23 intestinal with liver and pancreas or kidney.Results—Seventy-six patients survived longer than 365 days and form the study group. Major reasons for readmissions were infections, gastrointestinal complications, dehydration, and rejection. The average number of rehospitalizations per patient per year remained constant. Death...
Clinical reasoning: concept analysis

simmons b. (2010) Clinical reasoning: concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(5), 1151–1158. Abstract Title. Clinical reasoning: concept analysis. Aim. This paper is a report of a concept analysis of clinical reasoning in nursing. Background. Clinical reasoning is an ambiguous term that is often used synonymously with decision-making and clinical judgment. Clinical reasoning has not been clearly defined in the literature. Healthcare settings are increasingly filled with uncertainty, risk and complexity due to increased patient acuity, multiple comorbidities, and enhanced use of technology, all of which require clinical reasoning. Data sources. Literature for this concept analysis was retrieved from several databases, including CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC and OvidMEDLINE, for the years 1980 to 2008. Review methods. Rodgers’s evolutionary method of concept analysis was used because of its applicability to concepts that are still evolving. Results. Multiple terms have been used synonymously to describe the thinking skills that nurses use. Research in the past 20 years has elucidated differences among these terms and identified the cognitive processes that precede judgment and decision-making. Our concept analysis defines one of these terms, ‘clinical reasoning,’ as a complex process that uses cognition, metacognition, and discipline-specific knowledge to gather and analyse patient information, evaluate its significance, and weigh alternative actions. Conclusion. This concept analysis provides a middle-range descriptive theory of clinical reasoning in nursing that helps clarify meaning and gives direction for future research. Appropriate instruments to operationalize the concept need to be developed. Research is needed to identify additional variables that have an impact on clinical reasoning and what are the consequences of clinical reasoning in specific situations.
A technique for measuring the impurity concentration of silicon-on-sapphire films using C-V plots

Abstract The problem of calculating the impurity concentration of lightly doped silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) films using a C-V curve is addressed. The existing techniques for calculating impurity concentration and their limitations are briefly discussed. One of these limitations is the low Q of lightly doped SOS capacitors. A technique based on the inflection point slope (maximum slope) is presented. This technique is not only simple and accurate but also avoids the problem of low Q . The accuracy limitations of this technique caused by interface states and Q ss fluctuations are examined. A simple test is also presented to determine if a given C-V curve grossly departs from ideal C-V theory about the inflection point.
Mentoring and Organizational Justice: An Empirical Investigation☆☆☆

Abstract Current perspectives on organizational justice are reviewed and integrated with mentoring theory to develop a new fairness “frame” through which the mentoring process can be viewed. Hypotheses derived from this framework are tested in a sample of 197 managers from Australian organizations. Results indicated that proteges perceived more procedural justice than nonproteges. For those mentored, however, career development, psycho-social, and role modeling functions of mentoring were significantly and positively related to both distributive and procedural justice. Also, mentoring functions made unique contributions to explained variance in protege career expectations, job satisfaction and organizational commitment, after controlling for organizational justice variables.
Hearing outcomes following microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm

Abstract Purpose Facial nerve microvascular decompression (MVD) for hemifacial spasm (HFS) provides relief to most patients. Due to the proximity of the cochlear and facial nerves, hearing loss is a potential MVD complication, however, there is a wide range in the reported incidence of hearing loss (HL) in the literature. In order to better understand the HL incidence in our MVD population, we utilized the combination of speech discrimination scores (SDS) and air and bone pure tone threshold averages (PTA) to identify patients with no hearing change, sensorineural hearing loss, or conductive hearing loss. We also assessed the predictive value of patient-reported hearing deficits on the ultimate audiometric diagnosis of hearing loss. Methods One hundred and fifty one patients underwent facial nerve MVD at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between January 2000 and December 2007. Peri-operative audiometric data, including changes in air and bone pure tone thresholds and speech discrimination scores, were analyzed retrospectively. Criteria from the 1995 American Academy of Otolaryngology Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium consensus were used to analyze post-operative hearing loss. Patient-reported hearing disturbances obtained in the immediate post-operative period were compared to seven-day post-operative conductive and sensorineural HL status. Results Non-functional, non-serviceable HL (Class D) occurred in 6.6% of patients, while 10.6% developed cumulative non-functional HL (Class C and D). Twenty-nine patients (18.7%) exhibited conductive HL. While patient-reported complaints were predictive of Class C/D HL ( p = 0.369) with 17.2% sensitivity and 88.5% specificity. Conclusions Perioperative hearing evaluations, in conjunction with careful scrutiny of patient complaints and air-bone pure tone testing enables the physician to more precisely quote complication rates and rapidly distinguish potentially reversible conductive hearing pathologies from permanent sensorineural disorders.
A comprehensive strategy enabling high-resolution functional analysis of the yeast genome

Functional genomic studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have contributed enormously to our understanding of cellular processes. Their full potential, however, has been hampered by the limited availability of reagents to systematically study essential genes and the inability to quantify the small effects of most gene deletions on growth. Here we describe the construction of a library of hypomorphic alleles of essential genes and a high-throughput growth competition assay to measure fitness with unprecedented sensitivity. These tools dramatically increase the breadth and precision with which quantitative genetic analysis can be performed in yeast. We illustrate the value of these approaches by using genetic interactions to reveal new relationships between chromatin-modifying factors and to create a functional map of the proteasome. Finally, by measuring the fitness of strains in the yeast deletion library, we addressed an enigma regarding the apparent prevalence of gene dispensability and found that most genes do contribute to growth.
Assignment of polar states for protein amino acid residues using an interaction cluster decomposition algorithm and its application to high resolution protein structure modeling

We have developed a new method (Independent Cluster Decomposition Algorithm, ICDA) for creating all-atom models of proteins given the heavy-atom coordinates, provided by X-ray crystal- lography, and the pH. In our method the ionization states of titratable residues, the crystallographic mis-assignment of amide orientations in Asn/Gln, and the orientations of OH/SH groups are addressed under the unified framework of polar states assign- ment. To address the large number of combinatorial possibilities for the polar hydrogen states of the protein, we have devised a novel algorithm to de- compose the system into independent interacting clusters, based on the observation of the crucial interdependence between the short range hydrogen bonding network and polar residue states, thus sig- nificantly reducing the computational complexity of the problem and making our algorithm tractable using relatively modest computational resources. We utilize an all atom protein force field (OPLS) and a Generalized Born continuum solvation model, in contrast to the various empirical force fields adopted in most previous studies. We have compared our pre- diction results with a few well-documented methods in the literature (WHATIF, REDUCE). In addition, as a preliminary attempt to couple our polar state assignment method with real structure predictions, we further validate our method using single side chain prediction, which has been demonstrated to be an effective way of validating structure prediction methods without incurring sampling problems. Com- parisons of single side chain prediction results after the application of our polar state prediction method with previous results with default polar state assign- ments indicate a significant improvement in the single side chain predictions for polar residues. Proteins 2007;66:824-837. V C 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Above-water radiometry in shallow coastal waters

Above- and in-water radiometric data were collected from two coastal platforms: a small boat and an oceanographic tower. The above-water data were processed with and without a correction for bidirectional effects (Q02 and S95, respectively). An intercomparison of water-leaving radiances over a wide range of environmental conditions showed (a) total uncertainties across the blue-green domain were to within 4%, (b) a convergence of the Q02 method with the in-water method (average Q02 intercomparisons were to within 4%), and (c) chlorophyll a concentrations derived from Q02 reflectances and the OC4V4 (Ocean Color 4 Version 4) algorithm agreed with independent high-performance liquid-chromatography determinations to within approximately 32%.
Use of a Neural Network to Identify Man-made Structure in Millimeter-Wave Images for Security Screening Applications

Events in the past few years have heightened security concerns necessitating the development of more advanced methods for detecting potential threats being carried on individuals. One approach is to use imaging methods that see through clothing to find potentially threatening objects being concealed by individuals on their person. This sparks obvious privacy concerns. This paper describes one technique based on neural networks and Fourier features applied to active millimeter-wave imagery that finds man-made structure potentially indicating a threat without compromising personal privacy.
Programming modular robots with locally distributed predicates

We present a high-level language for programming modular robotic systems, based on locally distributed predicates (LDP), which are distributed conditions that hold for a connected subensemble of the robotic system. An LDP program is a collection of LDPs with associated actions which are triggered on any subensemble that matches the predicate. The result is a reactive programming language which efficiently and concisely supports ensemble-level programming. We demonstrate the utility of LDP by implementing three common, but diverse, modular robotic tasks.
Hard graphs for the randomized Boppana-Halldórsson algorithm for MAXCLIQUE

A randomized version of the MAXCLIQUE approximation algorithm by Boppana and Halldorsson is analyzed. The Boppana Halldorsson algorithm has the best performance guarantee currently known for the MAXCLIQUE problem. This paper presents a class of graphs on which the performance ratio of the randomized version of the algorithm is not better than Ω(√n) with probability greater than 1 - 1/nω(1).
Kinetic aspects of hemolysis by the alpha-toxin of Clostridium welchii and its inhibition by antitoxin.

The activity of the bacterial hemolysins in vitro can be measured quantitatively by the spectrophotometric determination of liberated hemoglobin, and is specifically inhibited by homologous antibody. The antigen-antibody reaction can be made both quantitative and sensitive and should constitute a useful model for a variety of purposes. Exploratory studies with a number of bacterial hemolysins suggested that the a-toxin of Clostridium welchii might be one of the most satisfactory, in part because of its stability in dry form, and because it is one of the better known bacterial hemolysins. This toxin has been differentiated from the other toxic components of filtrate of CI. welchii cultures and has assumed some general interest because of its predominant role in the pathogenesis of infections by this microorganism, and because it is known to have, or be associated with, lecithinase activity. The literature to 1943 has been summarized by Oakley (1943). Preliminary experiments indicated that the kinetics of a-toxin hemolysis and its inhibition by antitoxin are too poorly understood to allow the accurate titration of toxin and antitoxin. Macfarlane and Knight (1941), who established the enzymatic basis of the Nagler reaction and associated it with a-toxin,
New Perspectives on Latino Voter Turnout in the United States

In this article, we address a number of unresolved questions about Latino electoral participation. First, we examine differences between Latinos and other groups and establish a persistent pat- tern of low Latino turnout that remains even after taking into account the fact that a large propor- tion of Latinos are not citizens and are therefore ineligible to vote. Then we investigate the extent to which differences in turnout between Latinos and other groups can be explained by standard socioeconomic variables. Finally, we consider whether there are meaningful differences in turn- out between foreign-born and native-born Latino citizens and argue that framing the question in terms of a foreign-born/native-born dichotomy is misleading. Nativity status does have a power- ful effect on turnout, but only when considered in conjunction how long foreign-born citizens have lived in the United States. Throughout, we distinguish the three largest Latino subgroups, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans. Understanding the role of Latinos in the American political process is an increasingly important task. The 1990census revealed that the proportion of the population classified as Hispanic increased nearly 50% in the previous decade, from 6.4% in 1980 to 9.0% in 1990 (Rob- erts, 1993). Recent Census Bureau reports based on the 2000 census indicate that Hispanics have now surpassed African Americans in number, making them the largest minority group in the United States (Schmitt, 2001). There are now more than 35 million Latinos who live in the United States. 1 Adding to its political importance, the Latino population is regionally concentrated with 86% of Latinos living in just nine states, including the four most populous (DeSipio, 1996). According to the 1990census, Latinos in California and Texas consti - tuted more than one quarter of the population and more than one Authors' Note: A version of this article was presented at the 2000 annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association. We appreciate the comments of panel participants and Raymond E. Wolfinger.
Reconciling Bayesian and Frequentist Evidence in the One-Sided Scale Parameter Testing Problem

An interesting but controversial problem arises when Bayesian as well as frequentist methodologies very often suggest similar solutions, thus creating a problem for the experimenter who wishes to make the best possible decision. For over a decade, there has been an effort by several authors to assess when Bayesian and frequentist methods provide exactly the same answers when employed. We encounter this situation in the problem of hypothesis testing, where Bayesian evidence, such as Bayes factors and prior or posterior predictive p-values are set against the classical p-values. All these measures provide a basis for rejection of a hypothesis or a model, but the selection of one over the other never comes without severe criticism. In this article, we develop prior predictive and posterior predictive p-values for one sided hypothesis testing for scale parameter problems. We reconcile Bayesian and frequentist evidence by showing that for many classes of prior distributions, the infimum of the prior predictive...
Similar Mechanisms? A Comparative Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Violence and Victimization

This study analyzes the extent to which there are similar patterns of violent offending and victimization in a panel of adolescents. Three explanatory perspectives are assessed: population heterogeneity, state dependence, and a mixed model. Data are drawn from a four-wave panel study of 3,976 adolescents. The main study measures comprise self-report indices for victimization and delinquency. Theoretical perspectives are specified through three distinct statistical approaches—latent growth curve, autoregressive simplex, and autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) models. The analysis then incorporates the effects of relevant time-stable and time-varying influences. A mixed perspective, represented by the ALT model, best fits the data for both violent victimization and offending. Covariates drawn from the two perspectives have similar effects as well. The findings provide some support for a similar mechanisms hypothesis.
Noninvasive Assessment of Collagen Gel Microstructure and Mechanics Using Multiphoton Microscopy

Multiphoton microscopy of collagen hydrogels produces second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) images, which can be used to noninvasively study gel microstructure at depth (;1 mm). The microstructure is also a primary determinate of the mechanical properties of the gel; thus, we hypothesized that bulk optical properties (i.e., SHG and TPF) could be used to predict bulk mechanical properties of collagen hydrogels. We utilized polymerization temperature (4-37C) and glutaraldehyde to manipulate collagen hydrogel fiber diameter, space-filling properties, and cross-link density. Multiphoton microscopy and scanning electron microscopy reveal that as polymerization temperature decreases (37-4C) fiber diameter and pore size increase, whereas hydrogel storage modulus (G9, from 23 6 3 Pa to 0.28 6 0.16 Pa, respectively, mean 6 SE) and mean SHG decrease (minimal change in TPF). In contrast, glutaraldehyde significantly increases the mean TPF signal (without impacting the SHG signal) and the storage modulus (16 6 3.5 Pa before to 138 6 40 Pa after cross-linking, mean 6 SD). We conclude that SHG and TPF can characterize differential microscopic features of the collagen hydrogel that are strongly correlated with bulk mechanical properties. Thus, optical imaging may be a useful noninvasive tool to assess tissue mechanics.
Cesarean skin closure preferences: a survey of obstetricians.

AbstractObjective: In light of the limited evidence directing cesarean skin closure techniques, we evaluated the factors guiding obstetricians’ preferences for closure method.Methods: From 07/11 to 12/11, an online survey was sent to obstetricians in ACOG Regions I and II. Obstetricians were asked to indicate their cesarean skin closure preferences when considering various factors and to rank the importance of these factors in their decision. Practice type, experience and usual method of closure were also assessed.Results: Responses were received from 470 of 1400 surveyed (34% response rate), of which 422 were analyzed. Similar proportions reported primarily using sutures (39%) or staples (48%); 13% use both methods equally. More obstetricians at community hospitals primarily use sutures (48% versus 39%, p < 0.001), while more at university hospitals primarily use staples (57% versus 30%, p < 0.001). Listed in decreasing order of importance, sutures were preferred when considering patient satisfaction, ke...
Numerical analysis of a novel MTJ stack for high readability and writability

Recent advances in non-volatile spin transfer torque (STT)-RAM technology, which stores data by the spin orientation of a soft ferromagnetic material and shows current induced switching, have created interest for its use as embedded memory [1–2]. When a spin-polarized current passes through a mono-domain ferromagnet, the ferromagnet absorbs some of the angular momentum of the electrons. It creates a torque that causes a flip in the direction of magnetization in the ferromagnet. This is used in magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) based spin torque transfer (STT) RAM cells where a thin insulator (MgO) is sandwiched between a fixed ferromagnetic layer (polarizer) and the free layer (storage node). Depending on the direction of the current flow (perpendicular to these layers in our study), the magnetization of the free layer is switched to a parallel (P: low resistance state) or anti-parallel (AP: high resistance state) state. The study in this abstract is done for the 22nm technology node (temp: 85°C) for a storage area of 2F×F in a 6F2 cell. Typical MTJ stacks employed for use in STTRAMs comprise of ferromagnetic or synthetic Antiferromagnetic (for higher stability) free layers with a single or double MgO barrier (SBFF and DBSAF) (Fig. 1a, b). In the authors' previous work the use of double MgO for better writability and single MgO for better readability has been shown. In this paper, we propose a novel bidirectional MTJ stack (Fig. 1) with antiparallel fixed layers (DBSAF-AP) that inherits the high readability of a single barrier stack with better writability than a double barrier stack by employing an intermediate metastable ferromagnetic state (Fig. 2 — to be described later). By using a self-consistent NEGF (for transport) and LLG (for magnetic dynamics) simulation framework [2,4] we show readability, writability and scalability of the proposed stack.
Measuring Seining Strategies and Fishing Success in the Philippines

Maritime anthropologists often have argued that different fishing strategies or skipper skills partly account for variability in fishing success within a fleet, but statistical support for such strategies has been difficult to acquire. This article analyzes a mixed species, tropical seine fishery in south central Luzon, Philippines where boat size is similar and electronic fish-finding gear, mechanized hauling, and formal navigational training of skippers are absent. We review the qualitative and quantitative evidence for different fishing strategies in this fleet and then examine the degree to which these strategies account for differential fishing success. We suggest that one way to detect the existence of different seining strategies is to measure the locations fished, number of trips and type of species caught per time period. In fisheries where one is concerned to determine the degree to which fishing strategy accounts for variability in catch, we suggest that defining fishing success as mean catch p...
Separating a mixture of two normals with proportional covariances

We propose a simple affine equivariant clustering method, based on the idea of best linear classification, for samples from a mixture of two multivariate normal distributions with different mean vectors but proportional covariance matrices. To ameliorate the curse of dimensionality, a non-parametric approach to find candidates for a best linear discriminant function is presented. By using simulation studies and a real example, we show that for large samples in high dimensions, the proposed method can be a useful supplement to general-purpose multivariate outlier detection methods.
Dissection of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries : imaging features

Dissection of either the internal carotid artery or the vertebral artery (cervicocephalic arterial dissection) was once considered uncommon. However, in the past few decades, it has been increasingly recognized as a cause of stroke in young and middle-aged adults. Dissection causes only 0.4-2.5% of all strokes in the general population but causes 5-20% of strokes among young patients. Anticoagulant therapy is usually started immediately after the dissection is diagnosed. The clinical and radiologic features are important to recognize so that anticoagulation therapy can be started promptly, thereby minimizing the risks of infarction, permanent neurologic disability, and death.
Response of intestinal epithelial cells to Trichuris suis excretory-secretory products and the influence on Campylobacter jejuni invasion under in vitro conditions.

We previously developed a swine animal model in which natural host resistance to Campylobacter jejuni is altered by experimental infection with low numbers of the nematode Trichuris suis. Pigs naturally colonized with C. jejuni experience colitis because of the invasion of the bacterium approximately 21 days after exposure to T. suis. To better understand the mechanism of T. suis–dependent C. jejuni colitis, we evaluated the effects of T. suis excretory–secretory products (ESPs) on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the influence of ESP on C. jejuni invasion in IECs under in vitro conditions. Viability assays revealed a dose-dependent cytotoxic response in ESP-treated IECs, particularly IPEC-1 and INT407 cells. Transepithelial electrical resistance dropped significantly in IPEC-1 cells treated on apical and basolateral surfaces, but not in those treated only on apical surfaces. Using the gentamicin-killing assay, reduced numbers of intracellular C. jejuni were recovered from IECs treated with ESP at 1...
Rock-salt structure lithium deuteride formation in liquid lithium with high-concentrations of deuterium: a first-principles molecular dynamics study

Because of lithium’s possible use as a first wall material in a fusion reactor, a fundamental understanding of the interactions between liquid lithium (Li) and deuterium (D) is important. We predict structural and dynamical properties of liquid Li samples with high concentrations of D, as derived from first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. Liquid Li samples with four concentrations of inserted D atoms (LiD�, � = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00) are studied at temperatures ranging from 470 to 1143 K. Densities, diffusivities, pair distribution functions, bond angle distribution functions, geometries, and charge transfer between Li and D atoms are calculated and analyzed. The analysis suggests liquid–solid phase transitions can occur at some concentrations and temperatures, forming rock-salt LiD within liquid Li. We also observe formation of some D2 molecules at high D concentrations.
Harmony: A Delicate Dance of Symmetry

Harmony has two versions, optimal and suboptimal. Aversion toward symmetry breakdown and lack of cognitive complexity are identified as two contributing factors to suboptimal harmony. The main thrust of my analysis is on identifying the basic structure of optimal harmony, and the cognitive styles and associated strategies that serve the purposes of optimal harmony, ranging from aesthetics to self-cultivation.
Extent of Criminal Activity, Sex, and Varieties of Authoritarianism

Sunzmary.-The Miale-Holsopple Incomplete Sentences showed that female inmates were more likely to be Pro-authoritarian (conformist) and males, Antiauthoritarian (rebel), while accessories to criminal acts were less likely to be Anti-authoritarian than principals.
Industrial Relations Policies Of American Management 1900–1933

The first third of the twentieth century completely transformed the practice of industrial relations in American business. Three principal motivating forces may be identified. These not only fluctuated in time, place, and influence, but have received unequal and less than impartial historical attention.
Advances in the Application of Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the oldest and most effective treatments in psychiatry. Despite modifications in technique, memory loss remains the major side effect of ECT causing many patients who might benefit from the treatment to avoid it. In this review, we present updates on three ECT-related topics. In December 2015, the FDA issued draft guidelines for ECT device classification and administration which propose special controls over what patients should be told about cognitive side effects and how they should be monitored. In this review, we update readers on the topic of ECT-triggered cognitive side effects and efforts to reduce them. We then turn to the topic of stimulus dosing and consider the evidence favoring seizure threshold titration versus formula-based methods. Finally, we update readers on an emerging indication for ECT, namely suppression of severe, intractable self-injurious behavior associated with autism spectrum disorder.
Women Leading Change: The Case for Oral Health

At a recent annual session of Executive Women in Government, I had a very special experience listening to one of the keynote speakers, Dr. Laura Liswood of Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. As she talked about her interviews with women world leaders, I was struck by the
Technological Applications for Individuals with Learning Disabilities and ADHD

Technology has become increasingly important in the assessment and treatment of high-incidence disorders such as learning disabilities (LDs) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The use of computer and other assistive technologies (e.g., screen readers, voice recognition, biofeedback, virtual environments, etc.) has developed much faster than the research that demonstrates the efficacy of these various methods. We discuss some of these technologies as they are applied to assessment, classroom instruction, cognitive and executive functioning, and test accommodations. We also review the research findings on specific technologies, and note the advantages, limitations, and efficacy of the various technologies. We conclude with a plea for more research in this rapidly expanding area.
Assessment of Upper Taylor Slough water quality and implications for ecosystem management in Everglades National Park

This study addresses water quality conditions across several distinct hydrologic regimes in the Upper Taylor Slough (UTS) region of Everglades National Park and briefly considers implications for long-term water quality management. Due to upstream changes in water delivery and construction of a detention area, Taylor Slough has experienced a significant change in hydrology over a 27-year period, progressing from direct discharge at varying amounts to sheet flow via groundwater conditions. Cumulative flow and rainfall relationships at the inflow and outflow of UTS demonstrate distinct break points. These changes in water delivery and subsequent upstream water management have resulted in a change in water quality conditions within the UTS region. Since 1986, total phosphorus (TP) flow-weighted mean concentrations exiting UTS have significantly decreased from 10 µg/L in the late 1980s to 4 µg/L or less since 2010. Based on analysis of surface water ion ratios, saltwater intrusion is unlikely and rather hyporheic exchange could be occurring between the inflow and outflow of the UTS region. Based on the analysis of existing water quality data, the UTS region is a resilient oligotrophic wetland system retaining strong assimilation capacity in the face of major management changes. While TP concentrations remain extremely low, restoration is not complete for Taylor Slough and adjacent coastal basins will inevitably bring additional nutrient loading. Management of the Slough should recognize this and consider what water quality condition is best for long-term sustainability of Taylor Slough’s ecology.