cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of microtubular antagonists on lymphocyte mitogenesis.

SEVERAL different classes of mitogens have been discovered1. Stimulation of lymphocytes by all classes of mitogens results in cellular division, but it is not known whether all mitogens act on the cell membrane in identical fashion or result in triggering of the same cytoplasmic messenger. We have investigated the inhibitory effect of microtubule disrupting drugs on lymphocytes transformed by two methods. We report here that colchicine and vinblastine inhibit lectinmediated mitogenesis at low concentrations, while cells stimulated by cell surface oxidation are inhibited only by much higher concentrations of these drugs. It seems that intact microtubules are necessary for lectin-mediated but not for cell surface oxidation-mediated mitogenesis.
FLOW PROPERTIES OF MILK IN A CAPILLARY AT LOW SHEAR STRESS

The flow properties of human milk, cow's milk, homogenized milk, skimmed milk and oleic acid emulsion of various concentrations of fat were studied by means of the Maron-Belner low shear capillary viscometer, combined with a photomicroscope under a shear stress range of 0.2—20 dynes/cm2 Non-Newtonian flow behaviors of human milk, cow's milk, and homogenized milk might be attributed to different mechanisms in the aggregation of milk fat droplets. Other effects, such as the orientational effect should contribute to the flow behavior of oleic acid emulsion. These results were also proved by the fluorescent microscope, centrifugal photosedimentometer and the photomicroscopic observation in a capillary under various shear stresses. Sizes of milk fat globules in cow's milk showed a remarkable change from those of the other samples because of their aggregates. These results coincided with those of fluidity measurements. These experimental results were represented by Ree-Eyring's flow formula for a flow system containing one Newtonian flow unit and one non-Newtonian flow unit contribution.
Self-regulation of gender-role behaviors: A case study

Abstract Behavioral observation of a four-year-old boy with “gender identity confusion” found predominantly feminine gender-typed play in both clinic and pre-school settings. In the clinic, differential social reinforcement contingencies mediated by the mother resulted in a marked increase in masculine play, but this effect was stimulus-specific. Following the social reinforcement intervention, self-monitoring procedures in the clinic produced (1) high and stable rates of masculine gender-typed play and (2) treatment generalization to similar toys. In the pre-school setting, moderately high base rate frequencies of cross-dress-up play, feminine role play, and play with girls were recorded. Self-monitoring for cross-dress-up play resulted in an initial reactive effect which decreased over four sessions. When a “self-reinforcement” procedure was superimposed upon the self-monitoring of cross-dress-up play, cross-dressing substantially decreased, and response generalization resulted in feminine role play, but not in play with girls. A one-year psychodiagnostic follow-up evaluation is reported.
Coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in corn, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, high-protein distillers dried grains, and field peas fed to weanling pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of amino acids (AA) in corn, soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), high protein distillers dried grains (HP DDG), and field peas fed to weanling pigs. Twelve weanling barrows (initial body weight: 10.3 ± 0.9 kg) were prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and 6 periods in each square. Five diets were formulated using corn, SBM, CGM, HP DDG, or field peas as the sole source of protein and AA. An N-free diet used to calculate basal endogenous losses was also formulated. The CSID of all indispensable AA were greater (P
Escape of DNA from a weakly biased thin nanopore: Experimental evidence for a universal diffusive behavior

We report experimental escape time distributions of double-stranded DNA molecules initially threaded halfway through a thin solid-state nanopore. We find a universal behavior of the escape time distributions consistent with a one-dimensional first passage formulation notwithstanding the geometry of the experiment and the potential role of complex molecule-liquid-pore interactions. Diffusion constants that depend on the molecule length and pore size are determined. Also discussed are the practical implications of long time diffusive molecule trapping in the nanopore.
Adjunctive and Alternative Approaches to Current Reperfusion Therapy

Background and Purpose—Current ischemic stroke reperfusion therapy consists of intravenous thrombolysis given in eligible patients after review of a noncontrast CT scan and a time-based window of o...
A model of figure-ground segregation from kinetic occlusion

The paper presents a model of image segmentation that can distinguish foreground from background purely on the basis of motion information. The main processing steps involved are: detection of motion boundaries, and analysis of figure ground relationship. The proposed model utilizes the observation that in kinetic occlusion, motion boundaries typically display mixture motion information, and foreground surfaces tend to move with motion boundaries. Through distributed probabilistic modeling, these constraints can be embedded into computations with efficient network representations. The resulting networks use spatiotemporal Gabor filters as front ends, and are suitable for parallel distributed processing. We demonstrate the application of the model in the decomposition of moving images into surfaces according to depth. >
Are guide dogs sensitive to the visual status of their owner? II. The case of requesting their toy and soliciting play

correlation index between the 2 parameters was fairly poor (Spearman rank correlation test: rs 5 0.52, N 5 40,176; rs 5 0.063, N 5 38,195; rs 5 0,20, N 5 35,700, for the 3 dogs, respectively). On average, all dogs tended to have the lowest heart rate during the week spent in the enriched cage and the highest in the presence of the female dog (ANOVA for repeated measures: F3, 40172 5 45.07, P , 0.001; F3, 38191 P , 0.001; F3, 35696 P , 0.001, for the 3 dogs, respectively). For one dog in particular, the presence of an unknown female in the cage induced elevations in heart rate, although he remained almost motionless for the whole week. Furthermore, in general, heart rate and body temperature circadian rhythms tended to be altered in the presence of the female. The results clearly show that telemetry is a useful methodology to assess physiological reactions of shelter dogs challenged with different and/or stressful situations, as is already well known for use with rats. The opposite trend in heart rate and physical activity suggests that behavioral observations are not sufficient per se to evaluate the level of welfare. The concurrent use of telemetry could provide a more complete and correct picture of dogs’ reactions and could be useful in the scientific validation of many stress behavioral markers. The results of this study suggest that telemetry should be implemented in a larger number of studies in shelter dogs and that it is an efficient tool outside of pharmacological experimentation, which is, so far, the only field where it has been applied.
Absolute photometric calibration of large aperture optical systems

Abstract A method of absolute calibration for the air shower fluorescence detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory is presented, along with preliminary results from prototype equipment. A 2.5 m diameter light source uniformly illuminated by ultra-violet light emitting diodes is calibrated and mounted at the detector aperture. The resulting end-to-end measurement provides a 7% absolute photon calibration at a wavelength of 375 nm.
A randomized clinical trial of valerian fails to improve self-reported, polysomnographic, and actigraphic sleep in older women with insomnia.

Abstract Objective To test the effects of nightly valerian ( Valeriana officinalis ) extract to improve sleep of older women with insomnia. Methods Participants in this phase 2 randomized, double-blind, crossover controlled trial were 16 older women (mean age = 69.4 ± 8.1 years) with insomnia. Participants took 300 mg of concentrated valerian extract or placebo 30 min before bedtime for 2 weeks. Sleep was assessed in the laboratory by self-report and polysomnography (PSG) at baseline and again at the beginning and end of each treatment phase (total of nine nights in the laboratory) and at home by daily sleep logs and actigraphy. Results There were no statistically significant differences between valerian and placebo after a single dose or after 2 weeks of nightly dosing on any measure of sleep latency, wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep efficiency, and self-rated sleep quality. In comparing each treatment to baseline in separate comparisons, WASO significantly increased (+17.7 ± 25.6 min, p = .02) after 2 weeks of nightly valerian, but not after placebo (+6.8 ± 26.4 min, NS). Side effects were minor and did not differ significantly between valerian and placebo. Conclusion Valerian did not improve sleep in this sample of older women with insomnia. Findings from this study add to the scientific evidence that does not support use of valerian in the clinical management of insomnia.
Response of tree regeneration to experimental gap creation and deer herbivory in north temperate forests

Structural heterogeneity has become a goal of contemporary forest management, yet the effect of incorporating variable sized canopy openings characteristic of older forests on ecosystem services is still largely unknown. Single-tree selection silviculture reduces tree species diversity, and group-selection harvests often produce inconsistent results in maintaining the proportion of species with low or intermediate shade tolerance. It is unclear how much variability is related to inherent growth rate differences among shade tolerance classes, asymmetric competition, sprouting behavior, herbivory, and other factors. We conducted an experiment to control several of these factors. The northern hardwood study area in north-central Wisconsin included 15 replicates of each of 3 sizes of experimental gaps (50 m 2
Coordinate control and variation in X-linked gene expression among female mice

In normal female mammals, one of the two X Chromosome (Chr) homologs per cell is silenced coordinately during early embryogenesis. The genes located on the inactivated X homolog are predicted to be influenced by the same underlying repression mechanism. To test the uniformity of cis-acting gene repression, 32 genetically identical F1 female mice were analyzed for differential expression of homologous alleles at three X-linked genes-Otc, Atp7a ( = Mottled), and Hprt. Gene expression was assayed by the single-nucleotide primer extension (SNuPE) method, thereby allowing the three genes to be quantitated from the same RNA sample. Although variable between individual animals, the relative expression of the two alleles (allelic expression ratio) of the genes is significantly correlated within each steady-state RNA pool. When examined by animal age (3 months to 12 months), no statistically significant differences were observed in the mean or variance of allelic expression ratio. Together, the results confirm that X inactivation is coordinately controlled and is stable across the early- to mid-adult life span.
A Bayesian Framework for Cross-Situational Word-Learning

For infants, early word learning is a chicken-and-egg problem. One way to learn a word is to observe that it co-occurs with a particular referent across different situations. Another way is to use the social context of an utterance to infer the intended referent of a word. Here we present a Bayesian model of cross-situational word learning, and an extension of this model that also learns which social cues are relevant to determining reference. We test our model on a small corpus of mother-infant interaction and find it performs better than competing models. Finally, we show that our model accounts for experimental phenomena including mutual exclusivity, fast-mapping, and generalization from social cues.
Denitrification alternates between a source and sink of nitrous oxide in the hypolimnion of a thermally stratified reservoir

Nitrogen loading from developed watersheds to aquatic ecosystems can stimulate microbial denitrification, a process that reduces nitrate (NO−3) to dinitrogen (N2) or nitrous oxide (N2O), the latter a potent greenhouse gas. While aquatic ecosystems are a globally significant source of N2O to the atmosphere, the relationship between denitrification and N2O production is not well known. Until recently, this field of research has been limited by the technical challenges of simultaneously measuring denitrification and N2O production or consumption in situ at the ecosystem scale. Here we use membrane inlet mass spectrometry, an analytical method providing precise and accurate measurements of dissolved N2, and gas chromatography to directly measure N2 and N2O concentrations in the hypolimnion of a stratified reservoir draining an agricultural watershed. Denitrification resulted in a consistent increase in dissolved N2 and decrease in NO−3 concentrations in the hypolimnion during the 5 month period of stratification, though temporal patterns in dissolved N2O concentrations were less consistent. Denitrification alternated between an N2O source and sink, with the N2O yield, defined as the relative production of N2O to N2 via denitrification, ranging from −3.4% (i.e., net N2O consumption) to 19.5% (mean = −0.03%). Whereas denitrification in the hypolimnion functioned as a small N2O sink during the stratified period, the reservoir was an N2O source on an annual time scale. Additional studies across reservoirs of different sizes, trophic status, and ages are needed to resolve the role of reservoirs in the global N2O budget.
Embroidered flexible RF electronics

We introduce a novel class of flexible Radio Frequency (RF) electronics composed of conductive fibers on polymer or fabric substrates. The proposed fiber conductors and polymer substrates provide excellent RF characteristics, including mechanical flexibility and conformality. Key to the improved conductivity is the increased stitching density of the employed conductive fibers, reaching >70 stitches per cm2. Prototype flexible antennas and circuits were fabricated and validated for their RF performance. These were realized by embroidering them on organza fabrics or by integrating them on thin polymer substrates. Their RF performance was found comparable to their conventional copper counterparts. Because of their excellent RF performance and high level of flexibility, these embroidered antennas should lead to a new class of devices expected to provide high data rate, low profile, and reliable operation for RF applications.
There are no public-policy implications: A reply to Rushton and Jensen (2005).

J. P. Rushton and A. R. Jensen (2005) purport to show public-policy implications arising from their analysis of alleged genetic bases for group mean differences in IQ. This article argues that none of these implications in fact follow from any of the data they present. The risk in work such as this is that public-policy implications may come to be ideologically driven rather than data driven, and to drive the research rather than be driven by the data. The quest to show that one socially defined racial, ethnic, or other group is inferior to another in some important way, such that “the public must accept the pragmatic reality that some groups will be overrepresented and other groups underrepresented in various socially valued outcomes” (Rushton & Jensen, 2005, p. 283), has what I believe to be a long, sad history. Since ancient times, cynical political, religious, and other leaders have used such arguments to justify discriminatory ideological positions. Does science want to provide them the ammunition? Scientists might argue that their work is value free and that they are not responsible for the repugnant or even questionable values or actions of opportunistic leaders. Rushton and Jensen (2005) seem to believe, as have others, that they do perform a kind of value-free science and that they merely respect the truth. However, using tests and scoring them in itself represents a value judgment: Taking a test means different things for diverse groups, and the backgrounds of varied groups who take these tests are different (Greenfield, 1997). Studying so-called races represents a value judgment because race is a social construction, not a biological concept, and Rushton and Jensen’s entire article is based on the false premise of race as having meaning other than in their and other people’s imaginations (Sternberg, Grigorenko, & Kidd, 2005). Deciding to study group differences represents a value judgment—that the problem is worth studying. Deciding to show that one group is genetically inferior on an index is a value judgment as to what is worth showing. These decisions, among others, indicate that there is no value-free science. Few of us can hear our own accents when we speak—only other people have accents! In the same way, supposedly “value-free science” reflects the values of investigators who cannot see their own values underlying their research.
On computational complexity of non-reducible descriptors

We present a supervised pattern recognition model that uses Boolean formulas for non-reducible descriptors. This model leads to computational problem which is shown to be NP-complete. In the paper, we identify two open combinatorial problems in the construction of non-reducible descriptors that can be applied to a large set of applications.
Prefrontal Contributions to Executive Control: fMRI Evidence for Functional Distinctions within Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a fundamental role in internally guided behavior. Although it is generally accepted that PFC subserves working memory and ex- ecutive control operations, it remains unclear whether the subregions within lateral PFC support distinct exec- utive control processes. An event-related fMRI study was implemented to test the hypothesis that ventrolat- eral and dorsolateral PFC are functionally distinct, as well as to assess whether functional specialization exists within ventrolateral PFC. Participants performed two executive control tasks that differed in the types of con- trol processes required. During rote rehearsal, partici- pants covertly rehearsed three words in the order pre- sented, thus requiring phonological access and maintenance. During elaborative rehearsal, partici- pants made semantic comparisons between three words held in working memory, reordering them from least to most desirable. Thus, in addition to maintenance, elab- orative rehearsal required goal-relevant coding of items in working memory ("monitoring") and selection from among the items to implement their reordering. Results revealed that left posterior ventrolateral PFC was active during performance of both tasks, whereas right dorso- lateral PFC was differentially engaged during elabora- tive rehearsal. The temporal characteristics of the he- modynamic responses further suggested that dorsolateral activation lagged ventrolateral activation. Finally, differential activation patterns were observed within left ventrolateral PFC, distinguishing between posterior and anterior regions. These data suggest that anatomically separable subregions within lateral PFC may be functionally distinct and are consistent with models that posit a hierarchical relationship between dorsolateral and ventrolateral regions such that the former monitors and selects goal-relevant representa- tions being maintained by the latter. © 2001 Academic Press
Targeted disruption of the GRA2 locus in Toxoplasma gondii decreases acute virulence in mice.

Following invasion into the host cell, the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii secretes a variety of proteins that modify the parasitophorous vacuole. Within the vacuole, the 28-kDa dense granule protein known as GRA2 is specifically targeted to the tubulovesicular network which forms connections with the vacuolar membrane. To investigate the importance of GRA2, we derived from strain RH a mutant T. gondii line in which GRA2 was disrupted by replacement with the marker Ble (selecting for phleomycin resistance). The Δgra2 mutant invaded and grew normally in both fibroblasts and macrophages in vitro; however, it was less virulent during acute infection in mice. The survival rate of mice inoculated with Δgra2 was significantly higher; some infected mice survived the acute infection, whereas all mice infected with the wild-type strain RH succumbed to early death. Chronic infection by Δgra2 was detected by positive serology, immunohistochemical detection of parasites and cysts in the brain, and reisolation of parasites by bioassay at 6 weeks postinfection. Thus, absence of GRA2 partially attenuates the virulence of T. gondii during the acute phase of infection and allows for establishment of chronic infection by the otherwise highly virulent RH strain. These results establish that GRA2 plays an important role during in vivo infection and provide a potential model for examining acute pathogenesis by T. gondii.
Risk of hepatitis A virus infection in persons with hemophilia receiving plasma-derived products.

EPATITIS A virus (HAV) is most commonly transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually as a result of person-to-person contact or by ingestion of contaminated water or food. i Although rare, HAV also can be transmitted by blood components because viremia occurs during the prodromal phase of HAV infection. Before 1992, infusion with factor VIII or XI concentrates was not considered a source for HAV? 4 Until then, most transfusiontransmitted hepatitis infections among hemophilia patients were attributed to hepatitis B virus (HBV), and non-A/non-B hepatitis (primarily hepatitis C virus [HCV]). 6 Between 1970 and 1990, manufacturers of plasma products introduced several measures that reduced the risk of both HBV and HCV. These included testing donors for HBV and using surrogate tests to exclude donors with possible non-A/non-B hepatitis. 7 Viral inactivation steps were also added during the manufacturing of clotting-factor concentrates? with dry-heat inactivation licensed in the United States in 1983 and solvent-detergent inactivation in 1985. 9 As a result, the risk of transfusion-related transmission of HBV and HCV was virtually eliminated by 1990. However, while increasing safety, the modifications also resulted in the loss of substantial amounts of neutralizing anti-HAV immunoglobulin, which may have provided some protection from HAV infections. Reports of outbreaks of HAV infection among hemophilia patients between 1989 and 1997 have stimulated rethinking of the issues concerning the safety of plasma derivatives for HAV and other nonenveloped viruses, especially because such viruses are not easily inactivated by the heating technology used during the 1980s nor by the solvent-detergent inactivation procedures used to
Effects of muscle fatigue on 3-dimensional scapular kinematics

Tsai N-T, McClure PW, Karduna AR. Effects of muscle fatigue on 3-dimensional scapular kinematics. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1000-5. Objective: To determine the effects of fatigue during an external rotation task on 3-dimensional scapular kinematics. Design: A single-group, pretest-posttest measurement de- sign. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: Thirty healthy subjects. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Three-dimensional scapular kinematics were recorded with a Polhemus magnetic tracking device during arm elevation in the scapular plane. Results: There was a significant fatigue effect for all scap- ular rotations in the early to middle phases of humeral eleva- tion. Significantly less posterior tilting (up to 90° of elevation), external rotation (up to 120° of elevation), and upward rotation (up to 60° of elevation) were observed. Additionally, there were fair to good correlations (r range, .39 -.60) between the changes in scapular posterior tilting and the amount of muscle fatigue. Conclusions: Fatigue in shoulder external rotation altered the scapular resting position and the movement of posterior tilting in the early range during arm elevation in the scapular plane. Observed changes in scapular kinematics may affect the amount of area in the subacromial space and facilitate impinge- ment. Data regarding changes produced by fatigue of the external rotators may also help with the development of a model of diminished rotator cuff function.
Effects of water quality, antibiotics, phytoplankton and food on survival and development of larvae of Scylla serrata (Crustacea: Portunidae)

Abstract Larvae of the portunid crab Scylla serrata were successfully reared using a combination of antibiotics (penicillin-G + polymyxin-B), phytoplankton (Chlorella sp.) and appropriate food (Artemia salina nauplii). Antibiotics enhanced premetamorphic survival of zoeae while leaving rate of zoeal development and success of metamorphosis to megalopa unaltered. Water filtration and ultraviolet sterilization had no significant effect on rates of zoeal survival or development. Although antibiotics did not affect metamorphosis of megalopa to the crab stage, the antibiotic mixture may have been detrimental to survival of megalopae. The presence of Chlorella, unlike antibiotics, left zoeal survival unaffected while stimulating production of megalopae. As with antibiotics, time from hatching to megalopa formation was unaltered by the presence of Chlorella. Survival and development of zoeae varied with type and concentration of food organisms used. Feeding with Artemia nauplii produced highest larval survival and continued development. Rotifers and zooplankton as a food source failed to support zoeal survival to the onset of metamorphosis and failed to enhance survival when fed in combination with Artemia nauplii. A daily optimum food concentration of ten Artemia nauplii per ml was established for zoeal survival, while success of metamorphosis of zoeae to megalopa increased as food concentration increased from 5 to 16 nauplii per ml. Rate of development was comparable in all zoeal feeding experiments. Megalopae survived better at the higher food (Artemia) concentrations used and tended to develop more rapidly to the crab stage at higher food levels.
Effects of Digestible Fiber and Yellow Grease Supplementation to Steers Grazing Small-Grain Pastures on Grazing and Feedlot Finishing Performance1

ABSTRACT A performance experiment was replicated in 2 yr to evaluate the effects of yellow grease supplementation on grazing and subsequent feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers grazing small-grain pasture. British crossbred steers (yr 1 = February 15, 2006, n = 45, initial BW = 329 ± 14.8 kg; yr 2 = February 24, 2007, n = 45, initial BW = 276 ± 20.1 kg) were allowed to graze irrigated small-grain pasture. During the grazing periods, steers received 1 of 3 supplements: 1) mineral supplement (MS) offered at 114 g/animal daily, 2) MS plus a supplement based on soybean hulls and wheat middlings (MF) offered at 0.50% of BW, and 3) MF plus yellow grease supplement (MFY), consisting of the supplement offered at 0.50% of BW and yellow grease offered at 0.125% of BW. Grazing ADG was greater (P = 0.01) for the steers receiving supplement compared with those receiving only MS (1.09, 1.25, and 1.31 ± 0.06 kg/d, for MS, MF, and MFY, respectively). Feedlot ADG (P = 0.47; 1.38, 1.45, and 1.40 ± 0.04 kg/d for MS, MF, and MFY, respectively) and DMI (P = 045; 10.6, 104, and 10.1 ± 0.26 kg/d for MS, MF, and MFY, respectively) were not affected by the supplemental treatment offered during grazing. Carcass characteristics were not altered (P ≥ 0.41) by supplemental treatments. In conclusion, adding yellow grease to the digestible fiber supplement did not further improve performance on pasture or in the finishing phase.
Surgical management of primary and metastatic spinal tumors.

Background: The axial skeleton is a common site for primary tumors and metastatic disease, with metastatic disease being much more common. Primary and metastatic spinal tumors have a diverse range of aggressiveness, ranging from benign lesions to highly infiltrative malignant tumors. Methods: The authors reviewed the results of articles describing the treatment and outcomes of patients with metastatic disease or primary tumors of the spinal column. Results: En bloc resection is the mainstay of treatment for malignant primary tumors of the spinal column. Intralesional resection is generally appropriate for benign primary tumors. Low-quality evidence supports the use of chemotherapy in select primary tumors; however, radiation therapy is often used for incompletely resected or unresectable lesions. Surgical considerations for the treatment of metastatic disease are more nuanced and require that the health care professional consider patient performance status and the pathology of the primary tumor. Conclusions: The treatment of metastatic and primary tumors of the spinal column requires a multidisciplinary approach in order to offer patients the best opportunity for long-term survival.
Design Touch Feedback for Blind Users

Touch-screen interfaces do not offer tactile cues for the visually impaired users to distinguish interaction controls. As touch based interactions become more pervasive in our everyday lives, they present critical accessibility concerns. The recent advancement of touch screen technology makes design solutions possible. This research investigates the usability of accessible solutions on touch interfaces. Findings from our user study suggest that (1) proper voice feedback enables blind users to navigate touch-screen interface; and (2) different touch gestures have significantly different impacts on blind users’ touch performances, such as efficiency and accuracy.
Extracellular Vesicles from Trypanosoma brucei Mediate Virulence Factor Transfer and Cause Host Anemia

Intercellular communication between parasites and with host cells provides mechanisms for parasite development, immune evasion, and disease pathology. Bloodstream African trypanosomes produce membranous nanotubes that originate from the flagellar membrane and disassociate into free extracellular vesicles (EVs). Trypanosome EVs contain several flagellar proteins that contribute to virulence, and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense EVs contain the serum resistance-associated protein (SRA) necessary for human infectivity. T. b. rhodesiense EVs transfer SRA to non-human infectious trypanosomes, allowing evasion of human innate immunity. Trypanosome EVs can also fuse with mammalian erythrocytes, resulting in rapid erythrocyte clearance and anemia. These data indicate that trypanosome EVs are organelles mediating non-hereditary virulence factor transfer and causing host erythrocyte remodeling, inducing anemia.
Marsh Canopy Leaf Area and Orientation Calculated for Improved Marsh Structure Mapping

Abstract An approach is presented for producing the spatiotemporal estimation of leaf area index (LAI) of a highly heterogeneous coastal marsh without reliance on user estimates of marsh leaf-stem orientation. The canopy LAI profile derivation used three years of field measured photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) vertical profiles at seven S. alterniflora marsh sites and iterative transform of those PAR attenuation profiles to best-fit light extinction coefficients (KM). KM sun zenith dependency was removed obtaining the leaf angle distribution (LAD) representing the average marsh orientation and the LAD used to calculate the LAI canopy profile. LAI and LAD reproduced measured PAR profiles with 99 percent accuracy and corresponded to field documented structures. LAI and LAD better reflect marsh structure and results substantiate the need to account for marsh orientation. The structure indexes are directly amenable to remote sensing spatiotemporal mapping and offer a more meaningful representation of wetland systems promoting biophysical function understanding.
Promote up, ingratiate down: Status comparisons drive warmth-competence tradeoffs in impression management

Abstract We hypothesized participants would adopt diverging impression management strategies when interacting with lower- versus higher-status others, to disconfirm status-based stereotypes of their own respective coldness or incompetence. In Study 1, downward comparers downplayed their own competence to appear warmer, and upward comparers downplayed their own warmth to appear more competent. In status comparisons with counter-stereotypical targets, Studies 2a and 2b showed impression management strategies no longer diverge, but effects do not reverse, suggesting a combination of stereotype-disconfirming and target trait-matching goals. Study 3 replicates diverging strategies in downward and upward status comparisons and suggests diverging reasons for these strategies: Downward comparers perceive reason to disconfirm status-based stereotypes, while upward comparers perceive reason to match their comparison target. Together, these studies show mere status differences shift individuals' interaction goals in conveying two central dimensions of impression formation, warmth and competence.
Ordinary Emergency: Drones, Police, and Geographies of Legal Terror

This paper brings into conversation two ostensibly disparate geographies of state violence: the routine police surveillance and killing of members of the “dangerous classes” in the United States, an issue that is in no way new but nevertheless has gained increased attention over the last year with the Black Lives Matter movement; and the targeted drone strikes against “terrorist suspects” in the “war on terror”. By laying side by side the “war drone” and domestic police power, it becomes readily apparent that despite ostensible differences—foreign vs. domestic, war vs. peace, exceptional vs. normal, military vs. police, legal vs. extralegal—the unmanning of state violence gains much of its political and legal force from the language and categories that have long animated the routine policing of domestic territory. The paper calls for taking the violence of police power more seriously than many drone commentators have.
CYTOLOGICAL DETECTION OF PARATHYROID HORMONE BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.

SummaryThe fluorescent antibody tech™ nic has been utilized to detect and to localize parathyroid hormone in the chief cells of bovine, human and rat parathyroid tissue. Im-munochemical cross-reaction has been found among these species. The oxyphil cells of human parathyroid tissue did not reveal specific fluorescence. This observation is regarded as further evidence that the oxyphil cells do not normally synthesize or store parathyroid hormone.The authors are indebted to Mr. Clarence Sidwell and Mr. Lemuel Hall of the Research Laboratory for technical assistance; to Mrs. Patricia Boulware and Dr. K. Using Wu of the Pathology Service for assistance in tissue preparation and for histologic consultation; and to the Medical Illustration Service for preparing the photographs.
Functional overload increases β-MHC promoter activity in rodent fast muscle via the proximal MCAT (βe3) site

Functional overload (OL) of the rat plantaris muscle by the removal of synergistic muscles induces a shift in the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression profile from the fast isoforms toward t...
Serological Response to Japanese B Encephalitis Vaccine of Children and Horses Immune to St. Louis Virus.

Summary and ConclusionsThree children convalescent from St. Louis encephalitis and a group of 16 horses, 13 of which had naturally acquired antibodies to St. Louis virus, were given one injection with a killed Japanese B encephalitis virus vaccine. After 10 or 11 days all individuals previously infected with St. Louis virus showed complement fixing antibody rises to Japanese B and St. Louis viruses and most also showed neutrilizing antibody rises, particularly to Japanese virus. Those horses not previously immune to St. Louis virus showed no response. The response of these St. Louis immune hosts was identical to that shown by persons with naturally acquired immunity to Japanese virus. Normal individuals show no such response even after several injections of vaccine. This immediate, secondary type immunologic response to an injection of vaccine is not specific for Japanese virus but to an antigen common to Japanese and St. Louis viruses and probably to other viruses in this complex. It is suggested that im...
Semihydrogenation of Propyne over Cerium Oxide Nanorods, Nanocubes, and Nano-Octahedra: Facet-Dependent Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization

The pairwise selectivity of hydrogenation is a fundamental quantity in hydrogenation catalysis that underpins the NMR signal enhancement achievable by parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP). Herein, we show how the crystal facet dependence of the pairwise selectivity of the semihydrogenation of propyne, when interpreted in the context of recent DFT calculations, can reveal new details about the hydrogenation mechanism. The pairwise selectivity of propyne hydrogenation is strongly shape dependent, which reflects the surface atom arrangements exposed on the different facets of CeO2 nanocrystals. In this first demonstration of a catalyst shape dependence of PHIP, an unprecedented pairwise selectivity of 8.1 % is observed over oxygen-deficient facets of rods, whereas oxygen-rich octahedra facets deliver only 1.6 % selectivity. The PHIP data are consistent with a concerted addition pathway through a six-membered-ring transition state, as predicted in the DFT study.
Examination of the Human Embryo

Adequate examination and evaluation of the products of conception can yield important information that may benefit future pregnancies. A study of the fertilized ova within the embryonic period shows that about 16 % exposed to sperm fail to divide and another 15 % fail to implant. Grossly abnormal embryos (27 %) may be spontaneously aborted at previous stages. Abortion is defined as the premature expulsion or removal of the conceptus from the uterus before it is able to sustain life on its own. Clinically, the term takes on many definitions such as threatened abortion, incomplete abortion, missed abortion, recurrent abortion, and induced/therapeutic abortion. Early spontaneous abortion occurs in the embryonic period up to the end of the 8th developmental week. Late spontaneous abortion occurs between the 9th and 20th week of development.
Platelet hyporeactivity in very low birth weight neonates

Very few studies have examined platelet function in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm neonates, because of the relatively large volumes of blood required. In this study, platelet function in clinically stable VLBW neonates was examined by whole blood flow cytometry, which requires only 5 microliters of whole blood per assay. The following monoclonal antibodies were used: S12 (P-selectin-specific, reflecting alpha granule secretion), PAC1 (directed against the fibrinogen binding site exposed on the GPIIb-IIIa complex of activated platelets), F26 (directed against a conformational change in fibrinogen bound to the GPIIb-IIIa complex), and 6D1 (directed against the von Willebrand factor binding site on the GPIb-IX-V complex). VLBW neonates, like normal adults, did not have circulating activated platelets, as determined by the lack of binding of S12, PAC1, and F26 in the absence of an added agonist. VLBW neonatal platelets were markedly less reactive than adult platelets to thrombin, ADP/epinephrine, and U46619 (a stable thromboxane A2 analogue), as determined by the extent of increase in the platelet binding of S12, PAC1, and F26, and the extent of decrease in the platelet binding of 6D1. In summary, compared to adults, the platelets of VLBW neonates are markedly hyporeactive to thrombin, ADP/epinephrine and a thromboxane A2 analogue in the physiologic milieu of whole blood, as determined by: 1) the increase in platelet surface P-selectin; 2) the exposure of the fibrinogen binding site on the GPIIb-IIIa complex; 3) fibrinogen binding; and 4) the decrease in platelet surface GPIb. This platelet hyporeactivity may be a factor in the propensity of VLBW neonates to intraventricular hemorrhage. In addition to its previously defined use as a test of platelet hyperreactivity, the present study suggests that whole blood flow cytometry may be useful in the clinical assessment of platelet hyporeactivity.
Characterization of fluorescent surfactant aggregates by fluorimetric and viscosimetric techniques

A combination of fluorimetric and viscosimetric methods was used to characterize N,N-dimethyl-N-2-(4-(t-butylphenoxy)ethoxy)ethyl-N-hexadecylammonium chloride (BDHC), a doubletailed surfactant with dissimilar tail groups.BDHC was observed to fluoresce at 315 nm when excited at 274 nm, a feature which could be utilized to determine its critical micelle concentration (CMC). A value of 3.98×10−5 M was obtained and was observed to be slightly temperature dependent with aT min of 25.35°C. Fluorescence quenching experiments using 4-nitroaniline as a quencher were performed in order to determine the aggregation number which was found to be 42.0. The hydrodynamic radius of 21.91 A was obtained using data from viscosimetric experiments. These data, together with theTanford andEinstein-Stokes relationships, were used to determine the micellar structure (spherical) and the diffusion coefficient (D=0.97×10−6 cm2/s), respectively. The ΔG of micellization forBDHC was determined to be −34.9 kJ/mol.
Abstract P245: Loss of Steroid Receptor Coactivator-2 in the Heart Results in a Return to the Fetal Gene Program

Steroid Receptor Coactivator-2 (SRC-2) is an integral transcriptional mediator of metabolism throughout the body with roles in both fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Based on the critical link between cardiac function and cardiac metabolism, which itself has dynamic interplay between both fatty acid and carbohydrate use, we sought to determine if SRC-2 plays a role in controlling cardiac metabolism. Hearts from SRC-2-/- mice were analyzed by extensive gene expression profiling of major metabolic enzymes in fuel usage pathways as well as metabolomic analysis of major metabolites. Our results indicate that under normal conditions, loss of SRC-2 compromises the ability of the adult heart to metabolize fatty acid as its sole fuel source. We observe a gene expression profile that mimics the fetal heart and a metabolomic profile that suggests a reliance on anaerobic conversion of glucose to lactate for energy. This fetal gene switch is paralleled with changes of sarcomeric gene expression, along with several genes altered in response to stress. Interestingly, this long-term adaptive response is adequate to maintain cardiac function under normal conditions. However, SRC-2-/- mice do show impaired cardiac function as compared to SRC-2+/+ mice under hemodynamic stress from aortic banding. Surprisingly, this is accompanied by the absence of hypertrophy, which may be explained by decreased expression of serum response factor (SRF) and several of the transcription factors with which SRF is known to act. Taken together, loss of SRC-2 results in a cardiac phenotype characterized by a return to the fetal gene program that mimics the state of a stressed and/or aging heart. Further investigation of this mouse model may play an important role in understanding the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional events surrounding cardiac metabolic remodeling.
Abstract 221: Rap1 Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Adhesion, Spreading and Proliferation, Migration and Response to Thrombin: Implication for Neointimal Formation

Background: α-thrombin is concentrated at sites of vascular injury and contributes to the formation of neointima after vascular injury. α-thrombin stimulates c-jun N-terminal kinase 1(JNK1) activation and proliferative responses in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC) and these effects are mediated by αvβ3 integrins. Rap1, a small GTPase member of the Ras family, functions in integrin-mediated responses in SMC but what role, if any, that it plays in mediating α-thrombin-induced growth responses is unknown. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the effect of Rap1 specific GTPase-activating protein II (Rap1GAPII) overexpression on α-thrombin-induced proliferation and migration in RASMC. Results: α-thrombin (2 units/ml) increased formation of activated Rap1 (Rap1-GTP) in quiescent RASMC as determined by GST-fused RalGDS-RBD pull-down assays. Overexpression of Rap1GAPII by an adenovirus-mediated method obliterated endogenous Rap1 activation and abrogated α-thrombin-induced Rap1 activation in RASMC. Overexpression of Rap1GAPII decreased RASMC adhesion and spreading on fibronectin, inhibited the proliferative effects of α-thrombin and reduced migratory responses in a wound assay significantly. Treatment with α-thrombin in RASMC dramatically increased stress fiber formation and focal adhesion formation, and increased phosphorylation of β3 integrins, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), activation of p44/p42 MAP kinase and JNK1 activity in RASMC, and all of these effects were significantly inhibited by overexpression of Rap1GAPII. Three days after balloon injury of rat carotid arteries, a significant increase in Rap1 activation was observed at the site of injury as compared to the contralateral normal arteries. Conclusions: Rap1 is activated by α-thrombin and regulates α-thrombin-induced proliferation, migration, signaling pathways in RASMC. Rap1 activation is significantly increased following rat carotid artery balloon injury suggesting it may play a role in neointimal formation.
STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY TOPICS | HO x

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 5, pp 2174–2180, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is the most malignant form of acute leukemia, relatively uncommon in children, rapidly fatal if untreated and several developments have paved the way to make this disease curable. We report a first case to our knowledge in Nepal, a 12 years old boy who was diagnosed as APL and treated with vesanoid 14 years back and has been free from disease till date.
A Relative Robust Optimization Approach for Full Factorial Scenario Design of Data Uncertainty and Ambiguity

This chapter presents a relative robust optimization algorithm for two-stage decision making under uncertainty (ambiguity) where the structure of the first-stage problem is a mixed integer linear programming model and the structure of the second-stage problem is a linear programming model. In the structure of the considered problem, each uncertain parameter can take its value from a finite set of real numbers with unknown probability distribution independently of other parameters’ settings. This structure of parametric uncertainty is referred to in this chapter as the full-factorial scenario design of data uncertainty. The algorithm is shown to be efficient for solving large-scale relative robust optimization problems under this structure of the parametric uncertainty. The algorithm coordinates three computational stages to efficiently solve the overall optimization problem. Bi-level programming formulations are the main components in two of these three computational stages. The main contributions of this chapter are the theoretical development of the robust optimization algorithm and its applications in robust strategic decision making under uncertainty (e.g., supply chain network infrastructure design problems).