cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The square root diffusivity

Abstract The square root diffusivity is a kinetic property matrix which has applications in the field of multicomponent diffusion. It is related to the diffusivity matrix through a series of equations which are given and its coefficients can be equated to measurable properties of concentration profiles in the systems containing any number of components. Finally, it can be shown that each of its rows is associated with a different alloy component and the vector properties of these rows are related to the interdiffusion rate and concentration gradient of the component at the Matano interface.
ECONOMIC SCIENCE'S BONDAGE TO THE MATERIAL PROGRESS VISION

In the history of economic thought, a number of heterodox economic thinkers have focused upon the manner in which economic doctrines are built upon an essentially unexamined vision of social reality. Karl Marx referred to this vision as an ideology generated in the interest of the ruling class. Thorstein Veblen saw it as a complex of preconceptions reflecting prevailing beliefs. Joseph Schumpeter saw these visions as providing the “raw material for the analytic effort” of economists. [Schumpeter, 1954:42] In all three instances the vision was understood as a complex of assumptions concerning social reality that economists accept uncritically, if not unconsciously, and upon which the science of economics is constructed.
Variation in Fertility of Inbred Chickens and of Fertility and Hatchability in White Holland Turkeys

Abstract WHILE differences in fertility between breeds and strains of chickens and between families of turkeys have been suspected, it has been difficult to establish the significance of such differences. Under conditions of natural mating, social, mechanical and other environmental factors may mask the fertilizing ability of a male’s semen and/or the physiological receptivity of the oviduct of the female. The technique of artificial insemination provides a means of overcoming some of these difficulties. Recently through the use of inbred lines of chickens evidence has been obtained that fertility is influenced by genetic factors. Bernier et al. (1951) have reported on fertility following natural mating with inbred and outbred lines and crosses for three periods in each of two years. These workers found that the origins of females accounted for a great part, if not the greatest part, of the differences in fertility observed. Fertility was neither impaired nor enhanced by …
Estimating simultaneous equations models by a simulation technique

For simultaneous equations models, estimates from ordinary least squares (OLS) methods are biased and even inconsistent and those from two-stage least squares (2SLS) methods are, though consistent, still inadequate because of finite sample biases. A new simulation technique developed here produces better estimates by compensating for the simultaneous bias in those conventional estimation methods. In the simulation (SIM) estimation technique, such biases are directly compensatedin situ through a series of Monte Carlo experiments. Klein's macroeconomic model is used to further illustrate the practical application of SIM. The results are compared with those from OLS and 2SLS to elaborate the attractive performance of SIM.
Three-position function generation of planar four-bar mechanisms with equal-deviation transmission angle control

Conception d'un mecanisme plan a quatre barres generateur de fonction avec trois positions precises. Recherche des solutions avec un ecart constant de l'angle de transmission par rapport a 90°
A note on the eigenvalues of a graph

Abstract We show that, if the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of a graph are distinct, then the group of automorphisms of the graph is Abelian.
GeoSENS: geo-based sensor network secure communication protocol

Secure pairwise communication is an important issue on which a lot of other sensor network services are based. Because of limitations on wireless transmission range, previous protocols may either be very inefficient or even do not work at all. We designed GeoSENS, a fully distributed pairwise key establishment protocol using the zone information of the region in which sensor networks are deployed. GeoSENS can be used in a region that is substantially larger than sensors' wireless transmission area with an overhead of storing more keys in sensors. We showed that GeoSENS will have very nice properties as well as in Eschenauer and Gligor [L. Eschenauer and V. D. Gligor, A key-management scheme for distributed sensor networks, in: Ninth ACM Conference on Computer and Communication Security, November 2002, pp. 41-47], as the theory of random graphs can also be applied.
Overpressure and consolidation near the seafloor of Brazos‐Trinity Basin IV, northwest deepwater Gulf of Mexico

[1] Pore water overpressures (u*) within mudstones beneath Brazos-Trinity Basin IV (deepwater Gulf of Mexico, offshore Texas) are greater than 70% of the hydrostatic vertical effective stress (σ′vh) [λ* = 0.7 = (u*/σ′vh)]. These results are compatible with recent observations that suggest sedimentation rates in this region are rapid (6 mm/a). We compare the petrophysical properties and pore pressures within a 127-m-thick package of mudstone penetrated at two locations: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) sites U1319 and U1320. Site U1319 is at the margin of Brazos-Trinity Basin IV, whereas Site U1320 lies at its center, beneath 180 m of turbidite fill. Experimentally derived preconsolidation stresses and an in situ pore pressure measurement record overpressure at Site U1319 and Site U1320 (λ* ∼ 0.2 to 0.8 and λ* ∼ 0.8, respectively). We use these data to define an average vertical effective stress gradient. Assuming that void ratio (e) is proportional to the log of vertical effective stress (σ′v), we predict pore pressures (u) throughout the mudstone at both sites using bulk density data. Overpressures are greater at Site U1320 due to rapid deposition of the overlying turbidites. However, a large fraction of the overpressure induced by the turbidite load applied at Site U1320 has dissipated by drainage into the overlying basin fill. High overpressures near the seafloor drive shallow fluid flow, reduce slope stability, and may explain large submarine landslides.
CMA propagation diagrams for the Jovian magnetosphere

Abstract Local electromagnetic and hydromagnetic noise in the Jovian magnetosphere is expected to be intense due to the variety of wave-particle interactions and plasma instabilities that may be present. In order to qualitatively assess the nature of the radio noise, configuration space analogues of the well-known Clemmow-Mullaly-Allis (CMA) propagation diagrams have been prepared, based on recent models of the magnetic field and plasma density. These diagrams identify the loci of electron and ion resonances and cutoffs where absorption and reflection of wave energy occur, and specify the propagation modes and frequency bands that are anticipated in various regions. Such information may guide the selection of wave detection instruments, influence the choice of flyby trajectories, and assist in the interpretation of measurements.
Case Study to Identify Barriers and Incentives to Implementing an Engineering Control for Concrete Grinding Dust

Research has indicated that respirable crystalline silica dust exposure is a serious health hazard in the construction industry. One source of this hazard is the dust generated by drilling, sawing, chipping, and grinding concrete. There are several options for controlling this hazard, one of which is the use of local exhaust ventilation (LEV) directly attached to the cutting tool. Implementing an engineering control presents a challenge on the construction work site where it is often difficult to determine who will take the initiative for introducing an innovative strategy. This study examines the implementation of an LEV system on an overhead grinder illustrating the roles that various members of the construction team played. The results of the case study found that key factors that affected implementation were: (1) a cooperative relationship between individuals employed by the general contractor and the concrete subcontractor; (2) the effect of high airborne dust levels on scheduling the work of other subcontractors; (3) the public relations effects of high dust levels in a downtown area; and (4) the concrete subcontractor perceived benefits that exceeded the short-term cost of the intervention.
High-speed wavelength tunable DPSK demodulation using a phase modulator based loop mirror filter

A high-speed wavelength tunable differential phase-shift-keying (DPSK) signal demodulator is presented using a phase modulator (PM) based fiber loop mirror filter. By controlling the birefringence of the PM inside the loop through electro-optic effect, wavelength tuning speed of tens of GHz and tuning range of over two free spectral ranges are achieved. Stable filter spectra with extinction ratio over 30 dB are obtained through the tuning process. By combining the birefringence of polarization maintaining fiber and PM, error-free demodulation performance is experimentally achieved throughout the wavelength tuning range for DPSK signals with flexible bit-rate range from 2.5 to 10 Gb/s. This design significantly improves the wavelength tuning speed and is potentially valuable for high-speed switching and tuning applications.
Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy: therapeutic considerations.

For women with multiple sclerosis (MS) who become pregnant, the risks and benefits of ongoing therapy for the health of both the mother and the fetus must be carefully considered. Based on a literature review and our MS center’s standard practices, we provide guidance to aid clinical decision making in the absence of clear evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Women seeking to achieve pregnancy should generally discontinue disease-modifying therapy use prior to attempting conception. For example, the immunosuppressant mitoxantrone is teratogenic and should be prescribed only with the assurance of effective contraception. Conception should be discouraged for patients on fingolimod, because of the limited information available on human pregnancy outcomes. Current evidence, including data from pregnancy registries for glatiramer acetate (GA), interferon beta-1a (IFNβ-1a), and natalizumab, has not shown specific patterns of malformations suggesting teratogenicity. Pregnancy registry data have not been published for IFNβ-1b. During breastfeeding, intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids are generally safe and may be associated with a reduction in postpartum relapses; however, a washout period is recommended between corticosteroid administration and the resumption of breastfeeding. Clinical data on the use of IFNβ, GA, and natalizumab during lactation are limited. Mitoxantrone is contraindicated during breastfeeding, and fingolimod should be avoided in nursing mothers, because of a lack of data.
Collaborative processing to extract myocardium from a sequence of two-dimensional echocardiograms

Echocardiography is an important clinical method for identification and assessment of the entire spectrum of cardiac diseases. Visual assessment of the echocardiograms is tedious and subjective, but on the other hand, owing to the poor quality of the data, the automatic techniques are unreliable. One can minimize these drawbacks through collaborative processing. The authors describe a collaborative method to extract the myocardium from a sequence of two-dimensional echocardiograms. Initially, a morphologically adaptive thresholding scheme generates a rough estimate of the myocardium, and then a collaborative scheme refines the estimate. The threshold is computed at each pixel as a function of the local morphology and a default threshold. The points that have echodensities greater than the threshold form a rough estimate of the myocardium. This is collaboratively refined in accordance with the corrections specified by the operator, through mouse gestures. The gestures are mapped on to an image processing scheme that decides the precise boundaries of the intended regions that are to be added to or deleted from the estimated myocardium.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Irreducible canonical form realization of a rational matrix

An irreducible realization procedure of a rational matrix is proposed. The procedure not only yields a canonical form dynamical equation but also requires less amount of computation than the existing ones.
Children’s discrimination learning as related to delayed punishment

The performances of 80 third-grade children on either an easy or a difficult discrimination task were compared under two delay of punishment conditions, 0 or 20 sec. Punishment consisted of a 3-sec 98-dB tone. Immediate punishment resulted in better discrimination performance, i.e., fewer trials to criterion and more correct responses, than did delayed punishment. The magnitude of the delayed punishment effect was independent of the difficulty of the discrimination task. On the bases of additional data, it was suggested that the effects of delayed punishment upon children’s discrimination learning involve an attentional rather than a motivational mechanism.
Single- and multi-hole baffles—a heat transfer and fluid flow control for hydrothermal growth

Hydrothermal solution growth is an important technique to grow high-quality single crystals. An autoclave, a closed cylindrical low-carbon steel vessel, is used to grow the large size crystals. A baffle located at the median height divides an autoclave into two chambers. Previous numerical studies indicate that the buoyancy-driven flow within an autoclave is very sensitive to the temperatures on the wall established by the heating. Baffles are required to establish the conditions for growth of high quality single crystals. This paper presents a numerical study of the effects of various baffles on the fluid flow and temperature fields in an industry-size autoclave. A wide range of baffle area openings for a single-hole baffle from 2 to 25%, together with five multi-hole baffles, is investigated. Computational results indicate that changing the baffle hole opening and the number of holes on a baffle are effective ways to control the temperature uniformity in the growing chamber. With a single-hole baffle, a smaller opening leads to a weaker flow field and a more uniform temperature profile. A multi-hole baffle establishes a more uniform temperature in the upper chamber than a single-hole baffle of the same area opening. The number of holes of a multi-hole baffle shows significant effects while the hole arrangements, however, affect the thermal condition only in the near-baffle region.
The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.
NADH levels and solventogenesis in Clostridium acetobutylicum: New insights through culture fluorescence

The metabolic relationship between the solventogenic state in Clostridium acetobutylicum and intracellular NADH levels was investigated using culture fluorescence as a technique for continuous monitoring of in vivo NADH levels. Continuous culture experiments showed that a transition from acidogenic to solventogenic state was accompanied by a decrease in culture fluorescence, which was interpreted as a decrease in NADH level. It appears that NADH/NAD+ turnover rates may be more significant than NADH levels in determining the metabolic state of the cell. This result provides important new information on regulation of the intracellular reduction state in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Culture fluorescence is shown to be a useful technique for non-invasive on-line monitoring of the metabolic state in continuous acetone-butanol fermentations.
Relationships between anger, symptoms, and cognitive factors in OCD checkers.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether individuals diagnosed with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) with primary checking compulsions report higher levels of trait anger and anger expression compared with a student control group, and whether trait anger and anger expression are correlated with specific beliefs and interpretations that are common among individuals who compulsively check. A group of individuals with OCD reporting significant checking compulsions (n=33) and a group of undergraduate students (n=143) completed a questionnaire package that included measures of trait anger and anger expression, as well as measures of obsessive–compulsive symptoms and beliefs. The compulsive checking group reported greater trait anger, though not greater anger expression, than the student control group. Furthermore, beliefs concerning perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty were positively correlated with anger expression and trait anger among compulsive checkers but not among the student control group. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of cognitive–behavioural treatments for and models of compulsive checking in OCD.
The depiction of communication technology in film: Differences by gender and across time 1970–2010

Abstract The use of technology and how we communicate has changed over time. The present study explores how communication is depicted in film and how this differs by gender and across time. The sampling frame consists of the highest grossing films from 1972 to present day. Data support the proposition that there is more technology based communication in film across time. More men than women are portrayed with technology in film. Furthermore, when women interface with technology, they have a higher incidence of utilizing technology for personal use while men tended to use technology for business purposes. We argue that gender differences in use of technology that is portrayed in film shape personal and societal notions about appropriate gender role construction vis-a-vis technology. Importantly, this research supports the social constructionists theory of technology in society demonstrating how images and messaging can craft specific perceptions of technology and its use.
Handwriting Remediate or Circumvent

Interventions for improving handwriting skills and strategies for circumventing writing problems
A clinical approach to muscle diseases.

Muscle diseases constitute a large variety of both acquired and hereditary disorders that can affect muscle structure, metabolism, or the function of the muscle channel. A successful clinical approach to a patient with a suspected myopathy is based on a thorough medical history and neurological examination. Associated clinical symptoms such as myoglobinuria, contractures, myotonia, cardiac disease, and respiratory insufficiency can be extremely helpful in limiting the differential diagnosis. In addition, a phenotypic approach to diagnosis according to the patient’s predominant pattern of weakness is essential for guiding the physician in selecting the most appropriate diagnostic studies. Although muscle biopsy remains a useful tool, molecular genetic studies are now available for the noninvasive diagnosis of many muscle diseases.
Comparative pharmacodynamics and brain distribution of E-delta 2-valproate and valproate in rats.

The E-isomer of 2-unsaturated valproate (E-delta 2-VPA) is a pharmacologically active metabolite of VPA that is less teratogenic and hepatotoxic than its saturated precursor. To assess potential use of E-delta 2-VPA as an alternate to VPA, a dose-response study comparing the anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity of E-delta 2-VPA and VPA was conducted in rats using the intravenous (i.v.) pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-infusion threshold seizure model. Assay of drug in whole brain and plasma allowed comparison of the drug concentration-effect relationships and the brain distribution characteristics of the two compounds. E-delta 2-VPA was two to three times more potent than VPA in elevating the clonic seizure threshold of PTZ, in reference to either plasma or whole-brain drug concentrations. Furthermore, much steeper response curves were observed with E-delta 2-VPA as compared with VPA. Within the pharmacologic concentration range (defined as EC25 to EC75), E-delta 2-VPA was less neurotoxic than VPA as assessed by behavioral tests. Therefore, E-delta 2-VPA has a much more favorable protective index than VPA. At low doses, the concentration ratios of brain to plasma for both E-delta 2-VPA and VPA increased markedly with increasing plasma drug concentration. E-delta 2-VPA and VPA were previously shown to exhibit saturable binding to rat plasma proteins. If we assume that uptake of drug into the CNS is limited to the equilibrium plasma free fraction in the brain microvasculature, much of the nonlinear brain distribution features of VPA could be accounted for by saturable drug plasma protein binding. On the other hand, more complex kinetics involving simultaneous saturation of plasma protein binding and blood-to-brain transport are proposed to explain the brain distribution of the unsaturated compound. In addition, the brain-to-free drug concentration ratios for both E-delta 2-VPA and VPA were below unity at high drug-concentration range, consistent with the presence of an efficient efflux mechanism of these compounds from brain.
Post implementation evaluation of computer-based information systems: current practices

Contrary to the widely-held view that post implementation evaluations are performed to assess and improve the information system and the system development practices, this study suggests that in practice, the primary reason for such evaluations seems to be project closure and not project improvement.
Identification of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in pancreatic islets and insulin-secreting beta-cells.

Abstract The signal transduction mechanisms involved in insulin secretion by the β-cell are poorly understood. Glucose, the main physiological secretagogue, needs to be metabolized, but the identity of the intracellular messengers which couple glucose metabolism and insulin exocytosis is controversial. We now report the identification of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 ), the end-product of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphorylation of polyphosphoinositides, in islets and in an insulin-secreting clonal β-cell line, RINm5F, using a combination of thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography analyses and by demonstrating that sequential deacylation and deglyceration of PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 yields inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. Unlike other cell types, significant levels of PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 were detected in β-cells under non-stimulatory conditions. Insulin secretagogues (28 mM glucose + 0.5 mM carbachol) caused a rapid and transient increase in PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 levels which peaked at 2-5 min, corresponding to peak early phase insulin release.
Halogen and nucleoside derivatives of acyclic 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose. III

Abstract 3,4,5,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(trifluoroacetamido)- D -glucose diethyl dithioacetal was treated with bromine to give the 1-bromo-1-S-ethyl derivative, which was condensed with bis(trimethylsilyl)thymine to afford a pair of C-1 epimeric, acyclicsugar nucleoside analogs. Deacylation of these two compounds with methanolic ammonia gave the 2-amino-1,1,2-trideoxy-1-(ethylthio)-1-thymin-1-yl- D -glucose aldehydrols, isolated as their hydrochlorides.
Homing defect of cultured human hematopoietic cells in the NOD/SCID mouse is mediated by Fas/CD95.

Abstract Objective. To determine the bone marrow homing efficiency (20 hours) of cultured compared to noncultured umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived human hematopoietic cells in the nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mouse, and to explain the difference in homing between these populations. Methods. Human UCB CD34 + cells were cultured for up to 5 days, reselected, and used for transplantation, phenotype analysis, and functional studies, including adhesion and trans-endothelial migration assays. Seeding of CD34 + cells was measured after labeling of cells with 111-Indium, while homing of colony-forming cells (CFC) and SCID-repopulating (SRC) cells was determined using functional assays. Results. Short-term culture was associated with a decrease in the 20-hour homing of CD34 + cells, CFC, and SRC to the BM. Although cultured compared to noncultured cells showed increased expression and function (adhesion/migration) of several cell adhesion molecules described to play a role in homing and engraftment, culture also induced expression of Fas/CD95 and rendered cells more susceptible to apoptosis. Finally, we demonstrate that the level of Fas/CD95 on cultured cells was inversely related to the ability of CFC to home to the BM, and that the homing of cultured CFC could be restored by incubating cells prior to transplantation with Fas/CD95-blocking mAb ZB4. Conclusion. These data implicate Fas/CD95 in the homing defect of cultured human hematopoietic cells in the NOD/SCID transplant model and suggest that prevention of apoptosis may be an important strategy to improve engraftment of ex vivo–manipulated HSC in a clinical setting.
Subjective Preference and use of Workstation Adjustability Features

In 18 separate 2-hour sessions, 22 female subjects performed a word processing task while seated on 6 different chairs in front of VDT's that were placed on 3 different worksurfaces. The chair types included posturetilt, swivel-tilt, synchro-tilt, and static with adjustability. The worlsurfaces consisted of a multilevel fixed surface, a fixed surface with adjustable accessories for a keyboard and display, and a fully adjustable worksurface. In addition to the word processing task, the subjects preferentially ranked both chairs and worksurfaces and rated each chair for comfort attributes on various body parts. The data base was subjected to an analysis of variance with the sources being chair, worksurface, and the possible interaction of these products, the results showed significant f-ratios for chairs. A similar finding was also observed for the work-surfaces. An examination of the net words per minute data found that a preferred chair and/or worksurface was identifiable. Analysis of a body-parts comfort...
Altered Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide in Offspring of Immunologically Paralyzed Mice

The dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide type III required to induce immunologic paralysis in newborn offspring of immunologically paralyzed mice was one-tenth of the corresponding paralyzing dose for newborn offspring of normal mice. Similarly, immunization of the offsprinig of the paralyzed mice was accomplished with one-tenth the dose of polysaccharide necessary to immunize normal newborn mice. The altered susceptibility of newborn mice from paralyzed mothers to the induction of both paralysis and immunity was predicted from theories of antibody formation which postulate that the induction of tolerance or immunity is controlled by the concentration of natural antibodies specific for the antigen used.
Some mechanical properties of goose femoral cortical bone

Abstract The ultimate compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of femoral cortical bone from adult geese ( Anser anser ), were determined by sex and by quadrant by compressing small right circular cylinders which were 2.4 mm in height and 0.8 mm in diameter. The average ultimate compressive strength was 183 ± 29 MPa. The average modulus of elasticity was 13.2 ± 3.4 GPa. The bending strength and bending modulus of elasticity were determined by a three point bend test on rectangular prisms which had the approximate dimensions 0.75 mm × 0.75 mm × 25 mm. The average bending strength was 263 ± 44 MPa while the average bending modulus was 19.6 ± 3.1 GPa. The calcium content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and no correlation was found with the mechanical properties. The histology of the cortical bone was examined both quantitatively and qualitatively. A unique type of Haversian bone is described. Goose bone was found to be morphologically similar to adolescent human bone and to have mechanical properties similar to those of adult human bone.
Variation in genetic admixture and population structure among Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino eye study (LALES)

Population structure and admixture have strong confounding effects on genetic association studies. Discordant frequencies for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk alleles and for AMD incidence and prevalence rates are reported across different ethnic groups. We examined the genomic ancestry characterizing 538 Latinos drawn from the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study [LALES] as part of an ongoing AMD-association study. To help assess the degree of Native American ancestry inherited by Latino populations we sampled 25 Mayans and 5 Mexican Indians collected through Coriell's Institute. Levels of European, Asian, and African descent in Latinos were inferred through the USC Multiethnic Panel (USC MEP), formed from a sample from the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study, the Yoruba African samples from HapMap II, the Singapore Chinese Health Study, and a prospective cohort from Shanghai, China. A total of 233 ancestry informative markers were genotyped for 538 LALES Latinos, 30 Native Americans, and 355 USC MEP individuals (African Americans, Japanese, Chinese, European Americans, Latinos, and Native Hawaiians). Sensitivity of ancestry estimates to relative sample size was considered. We detected strong evidence for recent population admixture in LALES Latinos. Gradients of increasing Native American background and of correspondingly decreasing European ancestry were observed as a function of birth origin from North to South. The strongest excess of homozygosity, a reflection of recent population admixture, was observed in non-US born Latinos that recently populated the US. A set of 42 SNPs especially informative for distinguishing between Native Americans and Europeans were identified. These findings reflect the historic migration patterns of Native Americans and suggest that while the 'Latino' label is used to categorize the entire population, there exists a strong degree of heterogeneity within that population, and that it will be important to assess this heterogeneity within future association studies on Latino populations. Our study raises awareness of the diversity within "Latinos" and the necessity to assess appropriate risk and treatment management.
A propspective clinical trial of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) in patients with resected superficial bladder cancer

Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is a promising chemopreventive agent which is excreted unchanged in the urine, is active in vivo against superficial bladder cancer in animal tumor model systems, and has cytotoxic activity in vitro against superficial bladder cancer cells. Thus, DFMO may be particularly efficacious in preventing the development of bladder tumors and/or for the therapy of established superficial bladder cancer. To examine this hypothesis, an intergroup clinical trial is currently accruing patients with cystoscopically resected superficial bladder cancer (who would otherwise simply be observed). While the primary goal of this protocol is to define a daily dose of DFMO having little or no toxicity for use in future randomized chemoprevention trials, the rate of recurrent bladder tumors will also be followed in the hope that DFMO will inhibit the development of recurrent bladder cancers.
WE-C-204B-06: Tumor Specific Reconstruction of Motion Probability Density Function from 4DCT

Purpose: The actual delivered dose to a moving tumor can deviate from prescribed dose not only during each fraction, but during each IMRT field. This deviation can be anticipated and incorporated into a treatment plan if the tumor specific motion probability density function (PDF) is accurately identified. In this study, a novel technique in determining the actual, tumor specific PDF of a moving gross tumor volume (GTV) is described and confirmed through phantom experiments using a quantitative approach of 4DCT imaging.Methods and Materials: We hypothesize that a PDF of the GTV can be obtained through weighted sums of phase‐sorted 4DCT images. Experimental validation is performed using a lung phantom attached to a programmable motion platform. The ground truth motion PDF of the targets was calculated through convolution of the motion pattern and the GTV dimension along the direction of motion. These PDF convolutions are compared to the normalized, reconstructedCT numbers obtained from averaging ten phase sorted 4DCT images after background subtraction. Results: The PDF reconstructed from averaged, weighted sets of 4DCT images was almost identical to the ground truth PDF in all comparisons made. Through sums of phase sorted 4DCT images, the resulting CT number represents a relative probability of finding some portion of the GTV in each geometric location (or voxel). In physical phantom reconstructions, the Pearson correlation coefficient between CT‐based PDF and the ground truth PDF was greater than .97 in all cases considered. An actual patient PDF was also evaluated in frontal and sagittal planes. Conclusions: Combining phase sorted CTimages is an effective method in obtaining the actual tumor PDF as seen by an IMRT field. With the patient specific PDF, treatment planning to ensure proper target coverage can be achieved through intra‐field modulation, dose rate, and monitoring initial beam‐on phase.
Physical activity related energy expenditure and fat mass in young children

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether body fat content in pre-pubertal children is influenced by physical activity related energy expenditure (AEE) and/or more qualitative aspects of physical activity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECT: 101 pre-pubertal children were examined in Study 1: (age: 5.3±0.9 y; weight: 20.2±3.6 kg). In Study 2: 68 of the original children were re-examined (age: 6.3±0.9 y; weight: 23.6±5.0 y). MEASUREMENT: Fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were determined by bioelectrical resistance and skinfolds; AEE was estimated from the difference between total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water and post-prandial resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry; qualitative information on activity was derived by questionnaire. RESULTS: AEE was significantly correlated with FFM (r=0.32 in both Studies) and body weight (r=0.28 in Study 1; r=0.29 in Study 2), but not FM. There were no significant relationships between AEE and any of the variables from the activity questionnaire in children (including TV time, playing time, and an accumulated activity index in h/week). After adjusting for FFM, age, and gender, FM was inversely related to activity time in h/week (partial r=−0.24 in Study 1; partial r=−0.32 in Study 2) but not AEE (P>0.5). CONCLUSION: After adjusting for FFM, age, and gender, a small portion of the variance in body fat mass in children (∼10%) is explained by time devoted to recreational activity, whereas none of the variance is explained by the combined daily energy expenditure related to physical activity.
Microstructural characterization of polycrystalline materials by synchrotron X-rays

Third generation synchrotron X-rays provide an unprecedented opportunity for microstructural characterization of many engineering materials as well as natural materials. This article demonstrates the usage of three techniques for the study of structural materials: differential-aperture X-ray microscopy (DAXM), three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3DXRD), and simultaneous wide angle/small angle X-ray scattering (WAXS/SAXS). DAXM is able to measure the 3D grain structure in polycrystalline materials with high spatial and angular resolution. In a deformed material, streaked diffraction peaks can be used to analyze local dislocation content in individual grains. Compared to DAXM, 3DXRD is able to map grains in bulk materials more quickly at the expense of spatial resolution. It is very useful for studying evolving microstructures when the materials are under deformation. WAXS/SAXS is suitable for studying materials with inhomogeneous structure, such as precipitate strengthened alloys. Structural information revealed by WAXS and SAXS can be combined for a deeper insight into material behavior. Future development and applications of these three techniques will also be discussed.
Separation of high-value products from ethanol extracts of corn by chromatography

Abstract This research details the development of a new one-step process for producing high-value products such as zein and xanthophylls from corn to enhance the economic viability of the dry-grind ethanol industry. This process was designed for incorporation in a dry-grind ethanol plant, and thus in-house ethanol was the processing solvent for the entire processing chain, from the initial extraction of the whole ground corn to the final purification steps. Dry-ground whole corn was extracted with 70% (v/v) ethanol and filtered. The extract was processed by preparative-scale size exclusion chromatography with aqueous ethanol as the mobile phase and an ethanol-stable resin as the stationary phase. The largest component (zein) was totally excluded in the void volume of the column while the impurities and the xanthophylls interacted with or passed through the pores of the resin and separated according to their mobilities. Starting with 17 g of corn or 50 mL corn extract, one can obtain about 320 mg of zein with 90+% yield and purity in this method. Thus, a typical dry-grind ethanol plant processing 50 million gallons of ethanol per year, can produce about 13 million kg of zein and 7.5 tonnes of xanthophylls and this implies an additional revenue of $95million (conservative valuation: zein ∼$4.4 kg−1 and xanthophylls ∼$5 g−1) without bringing in any additional raw materials. This is about 1.5–2 times the present revenues of such an operation.
Water Vapor and ice Mass Transported into the Anvils Of CCOPE Thunderstorms: Comparison with Storm Influx and Rainout

Abstract The transport of water substance (ice and vapor) into the anvils of midlatitude continental thunderstorms is examined. Doppler radar reflectivity fields and horizontal and vertical windfields, in situ anvil measurements, and environmental soundings were used to estimate the anvil water mass flux for approximately five-minute intervals over one hour periods in six moderate to severe storms. Vapor and ice mass fluxes into the anvil time-averaged for the study periods are about equal. Ratios of the time-averaged sums of these fluxes (A¯) to aircraft-derived cloud base influx (from Fankhauser) range from 18% to greater than 100%. Estimated accuracies are ±30 to 40%. Anvil fluxes exceed rainout at cloud base level as derived from radar reflectivity data by Fankhauser for half the storms. It is shown that influx values alone are not reliable predictors of total storm condensation rates. The water mass storage term is evaluated and is found to be unimportant in relation to influx for all but one storm s...
Structural Change and Class Mobility in Capitalist Societies

Focusing on occupational change and mobility, current research on stratification has largely ignored some processes of structural change and mobility that are central to classical and contemporary class theories. In this paper, class mobility is assumed to depend in part on four structural changes in the organization of production: (1) a shift from agricultural to industrial forms of production; (2) a decline in self-employment and personal or family ownership of farms and businesses; (3) an expansion of the industrial working class; and (4) an expansion of the industrial manager class location. Analysis of class mobility in six capitalist societies (the United States, Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia) reveals that the sizeable differences among them in total class mobility can be explained largely by differences in the structure of classes. Apart from these structural differences, the societies shared essentially the same class mobility regime-one characterized by considerable rigidity of class boundaries. Classical and contemporary theories of stratification specify certain structural changes as occurring in advanced industrial capitalism-a shift from agricultural forms of production to industrial forms; a decline in self-employment and family ownership of farms and businesses as successful owners drive their competitors out of business or merge with them; the expansion of the industrial working class; and an increase in the number of managers, supervisors, and foremen as ownership and control of firms separate. While there has been some theoretical work on the consequences of these changes for class mobility and class formation, there has been little empirical research on this.
Surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism improves health-related quality of life.

Hypothesis The surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism results in an improved health-related quality of life. Design Prospective cohort analysis of consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism analyzed preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. Setting Academic multispecialty referral clinic. Patients We prospectively evaluated 74 consecutive patients who underwent parathyroid exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism during a 15-month period. Interventions The Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was administered before consultation with a surgeon. Patients were categorized based on reason for referral as either asymptomatic (group 1; n = 43) or symptomatic (group 2; n = 29). All patients underwent parathyroid exploration and normalization of calcium levels postoperatively. The SF-36 was then re-administered after 1 year. Main Outcome Measures Statistical analysis of preoperative and postoperative SF-36 scores, and comparisons with national norms. Results The SF-36 was completed preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively by 72 (97%) of 74 patients. When the results were compared with published national norms, the preoperative population was significantly impaired in 5 of 8 domains, whereas the postoperative one had improved and was nearly indistinguishable from the norm. In 7 of 8 domains, the postoperative scores were significantly improved compared with preoperative scores. Group 1 patients showed significant preoperative impairment in 3 domains and significantly improved in 2, whereas group 2 patients showed significant impairment and improvement in 7 domains. Conclusion The surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with durable, statistically significant improvements in health-related quality of life.
Egocentric localization of the visual horizontal in normal and labyrinthine- defective observers as a function of head and body tilt.

Perception of the visual horizontal by observers in five different combinations of head and body position was studied to determine the effect of 20-degree body tilts. Both normal and labyrinthine-defective observers made five settings to the visual horizontal for each condition using, a goggle device which presented a collimated line of light to the right eye while the other eye was covered. The results showed no significant constant errors in the settings by either group, and it is suggested that the absence of the E-phenomenon was due primarily to adequate contact cues and kinesthetic cues. The data also make it clear that vestibular information is not required for veridical perception of the visual horizontal under these experimental conditions.
Role of high-fat diet in regulation of gene expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters

Aim Our aim is to investigate the molecular mechanism of regulation of gene expression of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters in diet-induced obesity.
Repeatability and transparency in ecological research

A fundamental tenet of science is that results must be reproducible by other scientists before they are accepted as factual. However, because ecological phenomena are context-dependent, and because that context changes through time and space, it is virtually impossible to reproduce precisely or quantitatively any single experimental or observational field study in ecology. Yet many ecological studies can be repeated. In particular, ecological synthesis—the assembly of derived data sets and their subsequent analysis, reanalysis, and metaanalysis—should be easy to repeat and reproduce. Such syntheses also demonstrate qualitative and quantitative consistency among many ecological studies (Gurevitch et al. 1992, Warwick and Clarke 1993, Jonsen et al. 2003, Walker et al. 2006, Cardinale et al. 2006, Marczak et al. 2007, Vander Zanden and Fetzer 2007) and provide strong support for general ecological theories. It should come as no surprise that meta-analysis by Mittelbach et al. (2001) of the effect of productivity on species richness has led to the development of a cottage industry focused on empirical testing of this relationship (post-2001 examples abound in Appendix A of Whittaker 2010). But it is much more surprising that continual reanalyses of the same data sets (Whittaker and Heegaard 2003, Gillman and Wright 2006, Partel et al. 2007) have yielded such disparate results that Whittaker (2010) has suggested abandoning the effort to obtain consistent results from the available data. He goes even further, suggesting that ecology may not yet be ready for meta-analysis and data synthesis. For two reasons, I respectfully suggest that Whittaker’s critique is misplaced. First, of all the studies critiqued by Whittaker (2010), only Mittelbach et al. (2001) actually conducted a formal meta-analysis. The others, as pointed out by Whittaker (2010), undertook extensive primary analyses, but the authors did not conduct formal meta-analyses (Gurevitch and Hedges 1999). Second, and more importantly, if ecological synthesis is transparent—data, models, and analytical tools are available freely to the research community—then it should yield consistent, repeatable results. We may then disagree on the interpretation of the resulting synthesis, but at least we will be able to agree on the reproducibility of the results themselves.
Critical Multiplism, Meta-analysis, and Generalization: An Integrative Commentary

In Chapter Two of this volume, Shadish describes and defends the research strategy of critical multiplism, Critical multiplism can be characterized as the strategy that systematically extends and applies the principles of multiple operationalism (Campbell and Fiske, 1959) to all components of the research enterprise. Just as we deem that any single measure of a hypothetical construct
Effects of polymer‐filler adhesion on the properties of polychloroprene elastomers filled with surface‐treated fillers

Proprietes d'energie de surface de fibres de wollastonite traitees par des organosilanes, de polychloroprene charge de wollastonite traite. Influence de l'adherence polymere-charge et de l'interaction hydrodynamique sur les proprietes mecaniques et rheologiques de polychloroprene charge