cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrocephalus and spinal cord tumors: a review

Hydrocephalus secondary to intraspinal tumors is a well-known but rare condition since about 1% of patients with spinal cord tumors have various degrees of hydrocephalus at initial presentation. The mechanism of development of intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus in patients with spinal cord tumor is not exactly known. The problematic aspects of this condition, with regard to clinical presentation and pathophysiology, are discussed and the relevant literature is reviewed. This uncommon association should always be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of hydrocephalus of unknown etiology for three main reasons: the possibility of neurological deterioration if the patient is shunted prior tumor removal, the possibility to treat the hydrocephalus without shunting by simply removing the tumor, and the possible role of hydrocephalus as an early sign of intracranial metastasis in patients previously operated upon for removal of intramedullary gliomas. Due to the very slow evolution of the disease, a careful and close clinical and neuroradiological follow-up are essential for many years afterward. The presence of intracranial hypertension in a patient previously operated for a spinal tumor should be considered and investigated as an early sign of neoplastic intracranial seeding.
Particle size and solvent effects in the processing of silicon

Abstract A dispersibility model previously developed for silicon powder that does not possess surface charge in non-aqueous media is extended to predict the behavior when surface charge exists, for instance as a result of surface oxidation. The role of particle size is also examined. In the absence of surface charge, a critical particle size exists below which silicon suspensions are colloidally stable and above which they are not. This value depends on the dielectric permittivity of the liquid medium and becomes infinite if it matches that of silicon. In the presence of surface charge, the critical size also depends on the electrostatic potential at the particle—liquid interface. Steric dispersants that stabilize suspensions may affect the critical size also. Diagrams which show the transitions between conditions that lead to useful, stable suspensions and those that promote extensive agglomeration of silicon are developed.
Use of stable isotopes to identify benzoate as a metabolite of benzene degradation in a sulphidogenic consortium

An enriched sulphidogenic consortium capable of mineralizing benzene was used to study the metabolic pathway of anaerobic benzene degradation. Benzoate was detected in active cultures and benzene was confirmed to be the source of this benzoate by the addition of deuterated benzene (D6) and subsequent detection of deuterated benzoate (D5) in active cultures but not in autoclaved controls. Benzoate was utilized by this culture at 1/12 the rate of benzene, while its presence did not inhibit benzene utilization. The benzene utilization rate was reduced, however, in the presence of 2-fluorobenzoate. When the culture was supplemented with [(13)C]-bicarbonate, the carboxyl group on benzoate was not labelled with [(13)C]-carbon, suggesting that this transformation relies on a more complex set of reactions than simple addition of carbonate.
The Annual Earthquake Prediction Conference in China (National Consultative Meeting on Seismic Tendency)

China has a massive program in earthquake studies. The Chinese State Seismological Bureau (SSB) manages this program (for details of its organization see Appendix); its chief mission is earthquake prediction, even though the seismologists in some of its research institutes are doing research that has little direct relation to prediction. In January of each year, SSB convenes a "National Consultative Meeting in Seismic Tendency" in Beijing, in which the geographic areas of possible seismic risks, areas for intensified monitoring, and areas where preparedness are to be heightened for the next one to two years are officially reviewed. This meeting is the culmination of a series of meetings at the provincial levels and meetings of the experts (from SSB research institutes) who analyze the precursory observations. At these smaller preparatory meetings the prediction data and opinions are evaluated in detail. The consensus reached at these meeting is then presented to the National Meeting and is further refined and reviewed by the staff of the Center of Analysis and Prediction (CAP), SSB, and by panels composed of seismologists from various regions. The outcome of the National Meeting, i.e., the predictions, is forwarded to the State Council for appropriate action. As other SSB executive sessions take place at the conclusion of the Consultative Meeting, it is not unreasonable to assume that the distribution of discretionary research resources is allocated in accordance with the needs identified at the Meeting. Since the early 1970s, the annual meeting has been the milestone repeatedly cited (see for example, RALEIGH et al., 1977) as the occasion when important predictions were made. It had been an internal SSB meeting, with the delegates drawn from the provinces and the research institutes of the SSB. Then in 1990, a Soviet seismologist was invited to participate. In 1991, invitations were extended to representatives from the United States and the European Community. For the 1991 meeting two U.S. representatives were present: I was sent by the National Science Foundation and Evelyn Roeloff was sent by the United States Geological Survey. The European
Copper and amyloid β: interactions in Alzheimer's disease

As the leading cause of dementia, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by a loss of memory and neurons. These characteristics have been associated with brain lesions known as neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, which consist of 39–42 amino acid amyloid beta peptides (Aβ). The exact nature of the pathogenesis of amyloid toxicity in AD is yet to be determined, however, it is likely that highly susceptible neurons are responding to oxidative stress via mechanisms that may promote the tangle and plaque formation. The amyloid precursor protein and Aβ have been shown to have binding sites for copper, a highly reactive redox metal. The current study is of the effects of copper on Aβ neurotoxicity using rat pheochromocytoma cells and rat primary neurons. The data show that Aβ induced cell death and that this is further potentiated by copper in physiologically relevant concentrations (50 μm). Moreover, copper chelator and antioxidant therapy show protection of the cell damage. Measurements of cell damage include cell viability and lipid peroxidation studies. Collectively, the results indicate that copper may play an important role in the neurotoxicity of Aβ, cell death and the formation of amyloid plaques in AD patients.
Proposed STOL Definition and Field Length Criteria

The effective use of STOL in the efficient door to door transportation of people is dependent upon special capabilities which allow the aircraft to operate safely in restricted areas. A definition of STOL must therefore be in terms meaningful to the problem, but permitting full realization of STOL operational benefits. This paper describes STOL field length, terminal area performance and minimum handling qualities requirements which are considered essential for safe, efficient STOL operations. They are expected to provide an improved level of safety over present CTOL operations and allow full utilization of STOL aircraft capabilities. Field length assurance criteria includes no arbitrary factors whatever, but provides for a rational/statistical approach for certification, a reliable means for the pilot to continually compare his situation to the certification conditions, and a predetermined course of action for any problem during takeoff or landing. These specifications are meant only to distinguish between STOL and CTOL aircraft, and are not intended to replace other specifications or regulations needed to ensure airworthiness or handling qualities. An aircraft should be called "STOL" only if it meets these requirements.
Hyperpolarized 3He NMR Lineshape Measurements in the Live Guinea Pig Lung

Spatially localized lineshapes of hyperpolarized (HP) 3He in guinea pig lungs have been measured in vivo. Three different axial slice locations, each containing different compositions of airway sizes and orientations, were studied. Gas peaks from major bronchi (2 ppm) and alveoli (-2 ppm) were distinguished. The gas phase spectra show structural features that are a result of frequency shifts caused by bulk magnetic susceptibility. For a given slice, the spectral lineshapes reflect the airway composition within the slice location, according to theory. The peak assignments given here also agree with previous studies done by Wagshul et al. with HP 129Xe. At each of the slice locations, data were acquired during two phases of the breathing cycle, resulting in a relative frequency shift of approximately 0.3 ppm in the superior slices. Spectra obtained over a number of breaths show the dynamics of the gas buildup in the lung and provide further evidence supporting the peak assignments.
Drug transport in artery walls: a sequential porohyperelastic-transport approach.

A simulation framework for drug-eluting stents (DES) is presented that simulates the two distinct operational phases of a DES: stent deployment is simulated first, a mechanical porohyperelastic/elasto-plastic/contact analysis. This analysis calculates the interstitial fluid velocity as the result of interstitial fluid pressure gradients and mechanical deformations of the vessel wall. The deformed geometry, interstitial fluid velocity field and porosity field are extracted and used as input for the drug release simulation: a reaction–advection–diffusion (RAD) transport analysis calculating the spatial and temporal drug distribution. The advantage of this approach is that the deformed geometry and interstitial fluid velocity field are not assumed a priori, but are actually calculated using a stent deployment simulation. The framework is demonstrated simulating a DES in an idealised, 3D vessel. Varying mechanical and transport properties based on literature data are assigned to each of the three layers in th...
The Effect of P-Selectin Dimers on Neutrophil Rolling on Endothelium

In inflammation, endothelial cells release adhesion molecules that mediate rolling of neutrophils. While rolling, neutrophils activate to become capable of firmly adhering to endothelial cells; after this, they migrate through the blood vessel wall into inflamed tissue. The initial phase of rolling, dominated by P-selectin-PSGL-1 bonds, is critical for preventing neutrophils from leaving the area of the inflammation prior to activating. A portion of endothelial P-selectin are expressed as dimers, and PSGL-1 are predominantly dimeric; however, monomeric P-selectin is typically used in in vitro studies and computational models of neutrophil rolling have not accounted for dimeric P-selectin. Prior to inflammation, P-selectin is stored in Weibel-Palade bodies located primarily near the boundaries between endothelial cells; secreted P-selectin mostly remains near these boundaries. It has been proposed that endothelial cells release a combination of monomeric and dimeric P-selectin, with dimeric P-selectin more stably binding neutrophils at endothelial cell boundaries, while the more diffusible monomeric P-selectin cover the center of the endothelial cell face. Here, a computational model of neutrophil rolling on endothelium is used to study the effects of distributions of monomeric and dimeric P-selectin on neutrophil rolling. Even small fractions of dimeric P-selectin greatly reduce neutrophil rolling velocity. Results are presented regarding the advantages of a mixed population of monomeric and dimeric P-selectin, the mechanics of force distribution across the neutrophil body, and how effectively neutrophils are attracted to endothelial cell boundaries.
Does tube diameter influence the packed cell volume

The relationship between observed PCV and PCV tube diameter was investigated and it was found that the PCV decreased as the PCV tube diameter decreased. An equation which predicted the PCV as a function of the PCV tube radius was derived from the hypothesis that red blood cells in contact with the glass wall were partially dehydrated during high-speed centrifugation and that the amount of dehydration was related to the type of glass. PCV determinations were made on five patient blood samples using eight tubes of varying diameters, four made of soda-lime glass and four made of borosilicate glass. The predictions of the equation correlated well with the experimental results. Twice as much dehydration was observed in the soda-lime tubes as in the borosilicate, thus confirming both parts of the hypothesis. Independent confirmation of the hypothesis was obtained by counting the number of spheroechinocytes in the bottom of the PCV tube. There were twice as many in the soda-lime as in the borosilicate glass tubes. We conclude that dehydration errors must be considered along with trapped plasma errors when attempting to perform a reference PCV determination.
Globally Independent Coordinates for Real-Time Vehicle Simulation

Models of the dynamics of multibody systems generally result in a set of differential-algebraic equations (DAE). State-space methods for solving the DAE of motion are based on reduction of the DAE to ordinary differential equations (ODE), by means of local parameterizations of the constraint manifold that must be often modified during a simulation. In this paper it is shown that, for vehicle multibody systems, generalized coordinates that are dual to suspension and/or control forces in the model are independent for the entire range of motion of the system. Therefore, these additional coordinates, together with Cartesian coordinates describing the position and orientation of the chassis, form a set of globally independent coordinates. In addition to the immediate advantage of avoiding the computationally expensive redefinition of local parameterization in a state-space formulation, the existence of globally independent coordinates leads to efficient algorithms for recovery of dependent generalized coordinates. A topology based approach to identify efficient computational sequences is presented. Numerical examples with realistic vehicle handling models demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed approach, relative to the conventional Cartesian coordinate formulation, yielding real-time for vehicle simulation.
A model for chromatin based upon two symmetrically paired half-nucleosomes

Abstract We propose that the basic unit of chromatin is constructed of two isologously paired heterotypic protein tetramers each containing one molecule of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone. These proteins form a core that holds 140 base pairs (bp) of DNA in a single left-handed, non-interwound DNA supercoil approximately 95 bp in circumference, creating A nucleosome particle (DNA and protein) organized about a dyad axis of symmetry. Such a nucleosome can open up into its separate half-nucleosomes to allow genetic readout without requiring histone displacement
Transcatheter interventions across an inferior vena cava filter.

Patients who suffer from an embolic event often undergo placement of an inferior vena caval filter. Few data are available regarding treatment of this patient population with concurrent right-to-left shunting across an atrial communication. We report four cases of transcatheter device closure of an atrial communication across an inferior vena cava filter.
Raymond Curtis: the prototypical hand surgeon.

Raymond Curtis was an unusual man who lived in unusual times and made unusual contributions. He promoted hand surgery, a specialty that was little known in his early time. He educated many surgeons in the science, art, and philosophy of hand surgery. He favorably impacted the course of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) by his prudence and desire to advance its cause. His influence has altered the topography and milieu of our specialty and contributed to its progress and prosperity. His legacy is perpetuated by many of his protegees who continued to emulate his humility, intensity, and unique craftsmanship.
Cross-layer scheduler design with QoS support for wireless access networks

Scheduling plays an important role in providing quality of service (QoS) support for multimedia networks. We propose a cross-layer scheduler at the medium access control (MAC) layer for multiple connections with diverse QoS requirements, where each connection employs adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme at the physical (PHY) layer. Each connection is assigned a priority, which is updated dynamically based on its channel and service quality; and the connection with the highest priority is scheduled each time. Our scheduler provides diverse QoS guarantees, uses the wireless bandwidth efficiently and enjoys flexibility, scalability and low implementation complexity. The performance of our scheduler is evaluated via simulations in the IEEE 802.16 standard setting
An Investigation of GA Performance Results for Different Cardinality Alphabets

Theoretical and empirical results give mixed advice for choosing the cardinality for GA representation. Using GA models that capture the exact expected behavior of both the binary and higher cardinality cases, the determination of which representation is best for a given GA can be made. De Jong et al. and Spears and De Jong presented how the exact model for the binary genetic algorithm can give important insights to transient GA behavior. This paper uses a similar approach to study the impact of different cardinalities using the Koehler-Bhattacharyya-Vose general cardinality model.
Long-Term-Infected Telomerase-Immortalized Endothelial Cells: a Model for Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency In Vitro and In Vivo

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease. Most KS tumor cells are latently infected with KSHV and are of endothelial origin. While PEL-derived cell lines maintain KSHV indefinitely, all KS tumor-derived cells to date have lost viral genomes upon ex vivo cultivation. To study KSHV latency and tumorigenesis in endothelial cells, we generated telomerase-immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial (TIVE) cells. TIVE cells express all KSHV latent genes 48 h postinfection, and productive lytic replication could be induced by RTA/Orf50. Similar to prior models, infected cultures gradually lost viral episomes. However, we also obtained, for the first time, two endothelial cell lines in which KSHV episomes were maintained indefinitely in the absence of selection. Long-term KSHV maintenance correlated with loss of reactivation in response to RTA/Orf50 and complete oncogenic transformation. Long-term-infected TIVE cells (LTC) grew in soft agar and proliferated under reduced-serum conditions. LTC, but not parental TIVE cells, formed tumors in nude mice. These tumors expressed high levels of the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and expressed lymphatic endothelial specific antigens as found in KS (LYVE-1). Furthermore, host genes, like those encoding interleukin 6, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor, known to be highly expressed in KS lesions were also induced in LTC-derived tumors. KSHV-infected LTCs represent the first xenograft model for KS and should be of use to study KS pathogenesis and for the validation of anti-KS drug candidates.
Eliciting functional extension in prone through the use of a game.

Objective Although occupationally embedded exercise is becoming a recognized topic in occupational therapy research, study of this phenomenon in children has been limited. The present study examined whether play elicits therapeutic patterns of movement through the use of two ABA single-case experiments. It was predicted that in two children with hypotonic cerebral palsy, the addition of a favorite game to the occupational form, or treatment environment, would increase functional vertical neck and back extension. Method Each subject was positioned in prone on a wedge. During the A phases, each was given verbal directions to hold her head up. During the B phase, a favorite game was introduced. It was predicted that each subject would extend her back and neck in a functional way in order to manipulate and observe the game. The dependent variables were the mean range of neck extension and the mean range of back extension, which were measured by a videotaped, two-dimensional kinematic analysis. Results The addition of a favorite game to the occupational form improved vertical neck and back extension while discouraging nonfunctional neck hyperextension and fixing postures in both children. Conclusion Embedding exercise within a play occupation enhanced the prone extension of two children with hypotonic cerebral palsy.
Microarray analysis of the chondrocytic cell line T/C-28a2 under dynamic fluid shear

The behavior of the chondrocytic cell line T/C-28a2 under shear flow was examined using a 32,448 element microarray. A parallel plate flow chamber was used to generate a shear stress level of 20 dyn/cm/sup 2/ for 1.5 or 24 hours (h), after which gene regulation was measured. Microarray analysis revealed differentially regulated genes affecting proliferation/differentiation, extracellular matrix/cytoskeleton, and inflammation at both time points. A ribonuclease protection assay was performed on a subset of genes to confirm the data obtained from the microarray. However, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene, which plays a role in the prostaglandin production in inflamed tissues and the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, was studied further. Western hybridization revealed that COX-2 protein is present at 24 h, but not at 6 or 12 h. Also, immunofluorescence microscopy shows that COX-2 protein localizes in the cytosol after 24 h of shear, and is not present after 1.5 h. By examining the overall gene expression profiles of chondrocytes under different conditions of dynamic fluid shear, new insights on the pathogenesis of cartilage related diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis might be generated.
Role of renal epithelial cells in the initiation of calcium oxalate stones.

Normal urinary environment is inhibitory to crystallization. Occasional crystals are internalized by the renal epithelial cells and sequestered to lysosomes or externalized into the interstitium to be
Outcomes of microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia due to maturation arrest

Objective To evaluate sperm retrieval in men with nonobstructive azoospermia and maturation arrest (MA) undergoing microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE). Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patient(s) Men with nonobstructive azoospermia and MA who underwent micro-TESE. Intervention(s) Microdissection TESE. Main Outcome Measure(s) Sperm retrieval rate (SRR). Result(s) A total of 211 patients (13%) had a histologic finding of MA at the most advanced level. The overall SRR was 52%. A total of 146 patients were classified as having early MA (arrest at the primary spermatocyte stage), and 65 as having late MA (early spermatid stage). The SRR in men with early, vs. late, MA was 40% vs. 78%. Of the 211 men with MA, 51 had diffuse MA (100% of tubules showed MA). The SRR was significantly lower in men with diffuse vs. focal MA (35% vs. 57%). On multivariable analysis, late MA and higher follicle-stimulating hormone levels were positively associated with successful sperm retrieval. Conclusion(s) Sperm were successfully identified in up to one half of the men with MA after micro-TESE. Among men with MA, late MA seems to be the best predictor of successful sperm retrieval with micro-TESE.
Effect of fasting on insulin secretion and action in mice.

Studies in fed and 24 hr fasted mice have shown that fasting causes a resistance to the hypoglycemic action of both sulfonylurea drugs and exogenous insulin. Following the iv administration of tolbutamide to fed mice, there is a moderate elevation of plasma insulin over basal levels. This results in a significant decline in blood glucose. In contrast, after the administration of tolbutamide to 24 hr fasted mice there is no significant fall in blood glucose, despite a greater plasma insulin elevation than that noted in the fed mice. Intravenous insulin tolerance tests in such animals demonstrate that this altered response in the fasting state is at least partially due to decreased insulin sensitivity. The resistance to insulin and tolbutamide action occurring in fasting was abolished by adrenalectomy and was not restored by either physiological (0.15 mg/day) or supraphysiological (0.30 mg/ day) cortisol replacement. The data suggest that the insulin resistance due to fasting may be mediated by adrenal medu...
Characterization of Solanum tuberosum Multicystatin and the Significance of Core Domains

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) multicystatin (PMC) is a unique cystatin composed of eight repeating units, each capable of inhibiting cysteine proteases. PMC is a composite of several cystatins linked by trypsin-sensitive (serine protease) domains and undergoes transitions between soluble and crystalline forms. However, the significance and the regulatory mechanism or mechanisms governing these transitions are not clearly established. Here, we report the 2.2-A crystal structure of the trypsin-resistant PMC core consisting of the fifth, sixth, and seventh domains. The observed interdomain interaction explains PMC’s resistance to trypsin and pH-dependent solubility/aggregation. Under acidic pH, weakening of the interdomain interactions exposes individual domains, resulting in not only depolymerization of the crystalline form but also exposure of cystatin domains for inhibition of cysteine proteases. This in turn allows serine protease–mediated fragmentation of PMC, producing ∼10-kD domains with intact inhibitory capacity and faster diffusion, thus enhancing PMC’s inhibitory ability toward cysteine proteases. The crystal structure, light-scattering experiments, isothermal titration calorimetry, and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the critical role of pH and N-terminal residues in these dynamic transitions between monomer/polymer of PMC. Our data support a notion that the pH-dependent structural regulation of PMC has defense-related implications in tuber physiology via its ability to regulate protein catabolism.
PARANEOPLASTIC VASCULITIS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Over the years, anecdotal cases of vasculitis in association with ma lignancy have been reported. In 1986, Longley et al named this syndrome paraneoplastic vasculitis (PV). 11 Two recent reviews confirmed the existence of this entity. 6,18 PV usually presents as cutaneous vasculitis in association with leukemia and lymphomas and is histologically characterized by small-vessel leukoclastic vasculitis. 6,18 Rarely, PV is reported to be associated with other malignancies as well as other tissue. The association of PV with the peripheral nervous system was first reported in 1968 by Torvik in a 60-year-old man with necrotizing vasculitis in muscle and nerve and granulomatous arteritis in the temporal artery. Renal cell carcinoma was discovered 3 months after the recognition of asymmetrical polyneuropathy. 19 In 1979, Johnson and Rolak established PV as a distinct paraneoplastic clinical entity by reporting autopsy findings of an undiagnosed small cell lung cancer (SCLC), paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy (PSN), encephalomyelitis, and vasculitis restricted to nerve in two cases. 9 In 1991, Oh et al coined the term paraneoplastic vasculitis neuropathy (PVN) and reported definite clinical and electrophysiologic improvement of PVN with cyclophosphamide treatment aimed at vasculitis. 17 In 1994, Younger et al reported the first case of anti-Hu-associated PVN, strengthening the paraneoplastic role in the pathogenesis of PVN. 22
Dimerization of Oleate in Aqueous Solutions

Surfaetants have been considered by a number of investigators to form premiceUar multimers such as dimers and acid-soap. In this paper a method based upon a thermodynamic model for the dependence of surface tension on surfactant concentration to identify premieellar aggregation is presented. Surface tension data for potassium oleate solutions is analyzed using the above model and the deviations in surface tension behavior from that expected of monomeric oleate is attributed to dimerization. The formation constants for doubly charged oleate dimer is estimated from this analysis to be 6 × 10 3 (kmol/m3) -~.
Update on JAK2 Inhibitors in Myeloproliferative Neoplasm

Since the discovery of mutant Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2), JAK2 V617F, in a major proportion of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients, there has been a flurry of activity in the development of JAK2 inhibitors. Pan-JAK, predominantly JAK2 and off-target JAK2 inhibitors have been developed in the short span of the past 5 years. These compounds have since been tested to varying success in both in vitro and in vivo settings with several proceeding on to advanced clinical trials. Although it was hoped that these inhibitors would be the silver bullet in the manner than imatinib was to chronic myeloid leukemia, it is becoming apparent that this is not the case for various reasons, chief of which is that a significant reduction of the underlying pathogenic clone is not achieved. In fact, the very notion that the target of JAK2 inhibitors (be it pan-JAK or JAK2 specific) is the mutant JAK2 V617F is being challenged with findings from several clinical trials showing a poor correlation between the reduction in JAK2 V617F mutant allele burden and clinical response. In view of this, it is not surprising that several groups are now investigating combinations of JAK2 inhibitors and other agents in MPN. Although much knowledge has been added in this short span of time, it is apparent that our understanding of the role of JAK2 inhibitors in the treatment scheme of MPN is only beginning.
EXPRESSION OF THE NUCLEAR COACTIVATORS CBP AND p300 IN DEVELOPING CRANIOFACIAL TISSUE

cAMP regulatory element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) and its functional homolog, the adenovirus E1A -associated 300-kDa protein (p300) are nuclear coactivators and histone acetyltransferases that integrate signals from disparate pathways by bridging specific transcription factors to the basal transcription apparatus. Their role in patterning and development was suggested by studies in mice in which CBP and p300 expression was disrupted and by the human Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, which is associated with mutations of CBP. The cAMP signal transduction pathway plays a critical role during development of the palate. The linkage between cAMP and expression of specific genes is mediated via activation of trans-acting deoxyribonucleic acid-binding proteins such as the nuclear CREB. For genes regulated by CBP- or p300-containing transcriptional complexes, rates of transcription will depend in part on cellular levels and distribution of CBP/p300. We have thus determined the temporal and spatial expression of CBP and p300 in murine embryonic palatal tissue. Both CBP and p300 proteins and messenger ribonucleic acids are expressed in palatal tissue on each d of palate development (days 12-14 of gestation), as measured by Western blotting and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression of both CBP and p300 was greatest on day 12 of gestation, suggesting that these transcriptional coactivators are developmentally regulated. Immunohistochemical analysis of CBP and p300 expression in the murine embryonic craniofacial region revealed a ubiquitous distribution for both proteins. These studies lay the groundwork for further investigations into the role of CBP and p300 in cellular signaling during craniofacial development.
Robust channel estimation for 802.11n (MIMO-OFDM) systems

In a receiver for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) 802.11n system, the residual carrier frequency offset (CFO), after synchronization with training symbols in the preamble of a packet, affects the accuracy of channel estimation. The residual CFO causes inter-carrier interference as well as inter-spatial stream interference. A decision directed algorithm to estimate and correct the residual CFO before channel estimation is presented. A 802.11n packet transmitted with high-throughput mixed mode (HT-MM) packet format has both legacy and high-throughput (HT) training fields. Typically, the channel is estimated only with HT training fields. In this paper, a channel estimation technique which uses both the legacy and high-throughput training field is proposed. Simulation results demonstrating the improvement in channel estimation and packet error rate (PER) performance are also presented.
The American Revolution and British Imperial Policy

(1950). The American Revolution and British Imperial Policy. The Social Studies: Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 161-166.
Risk assessment for large heterogeneous systems

This paper describes a security risk assessment process for large, heterogeneous systems of systems, such as C/sup 4/I or weapon systems. It first defines the characteristics of an effective security risk assessment process. Next, it discusses subsystem-level and top-down risk assessment approaches and describes their advantages and limitations. The paper then presents and discusses the characteristics and benefits of a hybrid top-down system-wide approach, termed a "guided top-down" approach. It summarizes the benefits of this approach, including (i) efficient and effective allocation of risk assessment resources (often scarce) at the subsystem level during development and implementation, and (ii) its ability to provide decision makers with understandable results on which to base an approval-to-operate decision.
Review: hypotonic solutions increase acute hyponatraemia in children receiving standard intravenous maintenance therapy.

Study selection and assessment: controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies that evaluated adverse events (acute plasma sodium derangements and their attributed morbidity) associated with use of hypotonic (containing ,0.9% sodium chloride) or isotonic (containing 0.9% sodium chloride or Ringers Lactate) IV maintenance solutions in children 1 month to 17 years of age who had been admitted to hospital for any medical or surgical condition. Patients with pre-existing hyponatraemia or comorbidities that result in sodium derangements were excluded. 6 studies (2 randomised controlled trials, 1 non-randomised controlled trial, 2 cohort studies, and 1 case-control study) (n = 404) met the selection criteria. Quality assessment of individual studies was based on criteria appropriate for the study design.
Mathematical representation of organ growth in the human embryo/fetus

During human pregnancy, there is a huge increase in the total weight of the embryo/fetus from conception to term. The total growth, which is the summation of growth of the various organs and tissues that make up the organism, was analyzed in a previous paper and fitted to the Gompertz equation for growth. In the present study, allometry, the quantitative representation of the consequence of size, was utilized to describe the correlation of individual fetal organ/tissue weights with the total fetal weight. The organ/tissue weight and the total fetal weight data used in the analyses were pooled from various sources that provided data ranging from 25 days to 300 days post-conception. Allometric equations are presented for 16 embryo/fetal organs and tissues. The standard allometric equation gave adequate fits for embryo/fetal adrenal, bone, bone marrow, brain, heart, liver, pancreas, plasma, skeletal muscle, extracellular water, thymus and thyroid; but it was necessary to use a quadratic form of the allometric equation for embryo/fetal fat, kidney, lung and spleen. Parameters were also calculated for crown-to-rump and crown-to-heels for fetal lengths that occur during pregnancy.
A Case of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus is defined as a lupus-like syndrome related to continuous drug exposure which resolves after discontinuation of the offending drug. Here we report a case of a 70-year-old man who developed drug-induced lupus erythematosus after receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor medication for unstable angina pectoris, for 5 years. He was hospitalized with arthralgia, edema, and newly developed pleural effusion. The serum analysis revealed an elevated level of antinuclear
Management of Gonorrhea in Adolescents and Adults in the United States

Gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported notifiable disease in the United States and is associated with serious health sequelae, including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Treatment for gonorrhea has been complicated by antimicrobial resistance. Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to each of the antimicrobials that were previously recommended as first-line treatment regimens, and current treatment options are severely limited. This article summarizes the key questions and data that were discussed at the Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Treatment Guidelines Expert Consultation meeting in April 2013, and the rationale for the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention STD treatment guidelines for gonococcal infections in adolescents and adults. Key issues addressed include whether to change the dosage of ceftriaxone and azithromycin used in the recommended dual treatment regimen, whether to continue to list dual treatment with cefixime and azithromycin as an alternative treatment regimen, and management of gonococcal infections in persons with severe cephalosporin allergy or suspected treatment failure.
Seven-Player Soccer

(1945). Seven-Player Soccer. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 188-220.
TCast: A transitional region aware broadcast protocol in variable wireless link qualities

As Internet-of-Things (IoT) and its applications are increasingly popular, where diverse multi-scale sensors and devices are seamlessly blended for ubiquitous communication infrastructure, broadcast operation still plays an essential role in scalable information dissemination to enhance information accessibility and availability. A unit-disk signal propagation model has been implicitly assumed and extensively applied to prior broadcast protocols, but we need to relax this assumption in reality. In this paper, we propose a transitional region aware broadcast protocol, called TCast, in variable wireless link qualities due to the signal propagation effects and non-uniform radiation pattern from the omni-directional antenna. The TCast is a stateless protocol and consists of two major operations, forwarder search and probabilistic rebroadcast. A sender neither maintains any neighbor information nor searches for a set of forwarders, but broadcasts a set of Beacon packets followed by a single Data packet. The sender repeatedly conducts the broadcast operations depending on the number of rebroadcasted packets overheard. Each receiver independently makes its own rebroadcast decision based on the number of received Beacon packets. A network-level random backoff mechanism is also proposed to avoid any packet contentions and collisions. The transitional region and its corresponding probability of packet reception are further investigated through a simple mathematical analysis. Extensive simulation experiments are also conducted using the OMNeT++, and simulation results indicate that the TCast shows competitive and scalable performance and is deployable in time-varying packet reception rates at receivers.
Solid-phase synthesis, thermal denaturation studies, nuclease resistance, and cellular uptake of (oligodeoxyribonucleoside)methylborane phosphine-DNA chimeras.

The major hurdle associated with utilizing oligodeoxyribonucleotides for therapeutic purposes is their poor delivery into cells coupled with high nuclease susceptibility. In an attempt to combine the nonionic nature and high nuclease stability of the P–C bond of methylphosphonates with the high membrane permeability, low toxicity, and improved gene silencing ability of borane phosphonates, we have focused our research on the relatively unexplored methylborane phosphine (Me–P–BH3) modification. This Article describes the automated solid-phase synthesis of mixed-backbone oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) consisting of methylborane phosphine and phosphate or thiophosphate linkages (16-mers). Nuclease stability assays show that methylborane phosphine ODNs are highly resistant to 5′ and 3′ exonucleases. When hybridized to a complementary strand, the ODN:RNA duplex was more stable than its corresponding ODN:DNA duplex. The binding affinity of ODN:RNA duplex increased at lower salt concentration and approached that o...
Research on Stealthy Nanocomposite

Stealthy mechanism of nanocomposite stealthy materials, and the development of RAM in abroad and at home with focus are introduced. The future research tendency of RAM is also discussed.
Gender Differences in the Granting of Behavioural Autonomy to Adolescents

A recent article in this Journal, Hudson et al. (1986) published age norms for adolescent autonomy. The reported norms were the same for boys and girls. In our research, reported in the present article, we found that the gender of the child is a significant variable in opinions about when adolescents ought be permitted autonomy. We suggest that null findings about gender effects may be due to the inadvertent evocation of an ideology of sex equality, masking the effects of gender. Except for the gender differences, our results strongly support the previously published norms and add to the fund of information available.
Stealthy Protocols: Metrics and Open Problems

This paper is a survey of both methods that could be used to support stealthy communication over both wired and wireless networks and techniques for evaluating them. By stealthy communication we mean communication using channels that guarantee that the nature of the communication, or even the fact that communication is taking place at all, is hidden. Although stealthy communication and information hiding have been studied from a number of different points of view, e.g. image steganography, network covert channels, and covert wireless communication, not much has been done to tie these different threads together and attempt to see how the different branches of stealthy communication research can inform each other. In this paper we take the first steps to remedying this deficiency. We identify open problems, point out gaps, and indicate directions for further research.
Developing therapies to treat hepatitis C infection in post-liver transplant recipients.

INTRODUCTION Currently, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains the most common indication for liver transplant in the United States (US) with almost universal HCV recurrence in the post-liver transplant setting. Previous interferon (IFN)-related efficacy and tolerability concerns about worsening liver function have limited treatment options for many patients with HCV-associated decompensated liver disease and post-liver transplant recipients. However, the last decade has seen a seen a radical shift in the management of HCV with multiple direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatments that provide more effective, all-oral, IFN-free alternatives. Areas covered: This review will serve to highlight the various pharmacotherapies available to clinicians for patients with HCV recurrence post-liver transplant. A brief history of prior regimens is provided with evidence for newer treatments presented. Also detailed are updated guidelines from societal organizations. Finally, timing of HCV treatment is discussed as the decision to treat patients in a pre or post-liver transplant setting remains challenging. Expert opinion: While there are many potential available therapies for HCV recurrence in the post-liver transplant setting, daclatasvir/sofosbuvir and ledipasvir/sofosbuvir have been the most extensively studied. Newer, pangenotypic generation drugs require more evidence before routine utilization in post-liver transplant recipients.
Investigator Group Expedition 2006: Application Of Remote Survey Techniques to Characterise the Benthic Habitats

AbstractAs part of the 2006 Investigator islands scientific expedition, a mapping survey was carried out to improve what was known about the spatial extent and composition of subtidal benthic habitats surrounding Flinders and Pearson Islands in the Investigator group of South Australia’s west coast. Habitats in the Investigator group are relatively pristine and diverse, and as such have unique conservation value. An initiative to develop a representative system of Marine Protected Areas for South Australia has recognised the biodiversity value of the area by nominating it for inclusion in a new marine park.Previous broad scale mapping of the area was undertaken using 1:100,000 scale satellite imagery and was based on limited ground truthing. In order to fully appreciate the significance of such areas and to properly manage them, more detailed information based on more extensive field validation is required. This study represents an initial step toward providing more detailed benthic habitat maps for this ...
Supervisory Control of Malicious Executables

Abstract This paper presents a systems-theoretic approach to profile, model, and control malicious executables in computer software. By treating the structural profile of malicious codes as a generator of formal languages, the language recognizer serves as a supervisory controller in the sense that the spread of malicious executables is arrested with the goal of making the virus ineffective. The theoretical foundation and the approach presented in this paper are applicable to a wide class of malicious executables. The controller can be designed as a separate program or as a background process to run on individual machines to monitor other processes. Simulation experiments on supervisory control of a file virus are presented as examples.
The Development of the Healthy Pregnancy Stress Scale, and Validation in a Sample of Low-Income African American Women.

Objectives The association of stress with pregnancy health is well-known. However, few studies take a mixed methods approach to understand the stressors contributing to a woman’s pregnancy-related stress. Among African American women, exposure to stressors during pregnancy likely contributes to disparities in pregnancy health outcomes. This work aimed to understand the types and magnitude of stressors African American women are exposed to during pregnancy. Methods Using a mixed methods research design, we developed and administered the Healthy Pregnancy Stress Scale to measure stressors within the stress environment of African American women living in poverty. Results Exploratory factor analysis with one random split-half sample (N = 85) identified a two-factor model. Factor 1, defined as general pregnancy stressors, had significant loadings for ten items that ranged in magnitude from 0.319 to 0.724. Factor 2, defined as relationship strain, had significant loadings for three items ranging in magnitude from 0.613 to 0.856. Confirmatory factor analysis in the second random split-half sample (N = 88) showed a strong fit for the two factor model with factor loadings similar in magnitude. Standard fit statistics and those that adjust for item non-normality suggested an adequate fit to the data (RMSEA = 0.057, CFI = 0.947, TLI = 0.932; Satorra-Bentler RMSEA = 0.037, CFI = 0.972, TLI = 0.965). Conclusions for Practice Our measurement tool may provide a way to determine differences in pregnancy stress experiences across diverse populations of women. Future research should include a test for construct validity by correlating the scale with other measures that should have a specific directional relationship in diverse populations.