cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High- compared to low-arched athletes exhibit smaller knee abduction moments in walking and running.

Abstract High- (HA) and low-arched athletes (LA) experience distinct injury patterns. These injuries are the result of the interaction of structure and biomechanics. A suggested mechanism of patellofemoral pain pertains to frontal plane knee moments which may be exaggerated in LA athletes. We hypothesize that LA athletes will exhibit greater peak knee abduction moments than high-arched athletes. Methods Twenty healthy female recreational athletes (10 HA and 10 LA) performed five over-ground barefoot walking and five barefoot running trials at a self-selected velocity while three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded. Peak knee abduction moments and time-to-peak knee abduction moments were calculated using Visual 3D. Results High-arched athletes had smaller peak knee abduction moments compared to low-arched athletes during walking (KAM1: p = 0.019; KAM2: p = 0.015) and running (p = 0.010). No differences were observed in time-to-peak knee abduction moment during walking (KAM1: p = 0.360; KAM2: p = 0.085) or running (p = 0.359). Conclusions These findings demonstrate that foot type is associated with altered frontal plane knee kinetics which may contribute to patellofemoral pain. Future research should address the efficacy of clinical interventions including orthotics and rehabilitation programs in these athletes.
High resolution parameter estimation for ultra-wideband MIMO radar

In this paper, remote vital sign detection using UWB MIMO radar is investigated. The UWB MIMO channel, which includes the test subject as well as other objects, is modeled as a superposition of propagation paths. Estimation of the path parameters, such as delays and directions, allows to identify and track the breathing pattern, and enable the localization of the target. Modification of the high-resolution RIMAX algorithm (iterative maximum-likelihood estimation scheme) together with a path detection scheme, enables estimation of delay variations of the diaphragm-reflected paths, that are much smaller than the Fourier resolution limits. Furthermore, it is illustrated that with a wideband array model, the requirements for antenna spacing are not as limited as for conventional narrowband array processing. The concept is demonstrated through a controlled experiment using an artificial “breathing” object in an anechoic chamber.
Eigendecomposition model of resistance temperature detector with applications to S-CO2 cycle sensing

Abstract Super-critical carbon dioxide (S-CO 2 ) is a promising thermodynamic cycle for advanced nuclear reactors and solar energy conversion applications. Dynamic control of the proposed recompression S-CO 2 cycle is accomplished with input from resistance temperature detector (RTD) measurements of the process fluid. One of the challenges in practical implementation of S-CO 2 cycle is high corrosion rate of component and sensor materials. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model of RTD sensing using eigendecomposition model of radial heat transfer in a layered long cylinder. We show that the value of RTD time constant primarily depends on the rate of heat transfer from the fluid to the outer wall of RTD. We also show that for typical material properties, RTD time constant can be calculated as the sum of reciprocal eigenvalues of the heat transfer matrix. Using the computational model and a set of RTD and CO 2 fluid thermo-physical parameter values, we calculate the value of time constant of thermowell-mounted RTD sensor at the hot side of the precooler in the S-CO 2 cycle. The eigendecomposition model of RTD will be used in future studies to model sensor degradation and its impact on control of S-CO 2 .
Electrophoretic Mobilities of the Charge Variants of DNA and Other Polyelectrolytes: Similarities, Differences, and Comparison with Theory.

Free solution electrophoretic mobilities of polyelectrolytes with different charge densities have been analyzed using data taken from the literature. The polyions include single- and double-stranded DNA oligomers, small aromatic molecules, peptides, proteins, and synthetic copolymers. Mobility variations due to differences in the background electrolytes were minimized by calculating mobility ratios, dividing the mobility of each charge variant in each data set by the mobility of the most highly charged polyion in that data set. In all cases, the mobility ratios increase linearly with the logarithm of the fractional charge, not the first power of the charge as usually assumed. In addition, the mobility ratios observed for all polyelectrolytes, except for the synthetic copolymers, exhibit a common dependence on the logarithm of fractional charge. The unique results observed for the synthetic copolymers may be due to the flexibility of their hydrocarbon backbones, in contrast to the relatively rigid hydrophi...
Neonatal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Without Sedation Correlates With Injury Severity in Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy

Purpose Which infants with brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) should undergo microsurgical plexus reconstruction remains controversial. The current gold standard for the decision for plexus reconstruction is serial clinical examinations, but this approach obviates the possibility of early surgical treatment. We hypothesize that a new technique using 3-dimensional volumetric proton density magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without sedation can evaluate the severity of BPBP injury earlier than serial clinical examinations. Methods Infants were prospectively enrolled prior to 12 weeks of age and imaged using 3 Tesla MRI without sedation. Clinical scores were collected at all visits. The imaging findings were graded based on the number of injured levels and the severity of each injury, and a radiological score was calculated. All infants were followed at least until the decision for surgery was made based on clinical examination. Results Nine infants completed the MRI scan and clinical follow-up. The average Toronto score at presentation was 4.4 out of 10 (range, 0–8.2); the average Active Movement Scale score was 50 out of 105 (range, 0–86). Four infants required surgery: 2 because of a flail limb and Horner syndrome and 2 owing to failure to recover antigravity elbow flexion by age 6 months. Radiological scores ranged from 0 to 18 out of a maximum score of 25. The average radiological score for those infants who required surgery was 12 (range, 6.5–18), whereas the average score for infants who did not require surgery was 3.5 (range, 0–8). Conclusions Three-dimensional proton density MRI can evaluate spinal nerve roots in infants without the need for radiation, contrast agents, or sedation. These data suggest that MRI can help determine the severity of injury earlier than clinical examination in infants with BPBP, although further study of a larger sample of infants with varying severity of disease is necessary. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic II.
Deficiencies in Global Health Training for Cardiovascular Fellows.

By 2020, 7 of 10 deaths in developing countries are predicted to be due to noncommunicable diseases—the majority of which would be due to preventable cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [(1)][1]. Section IV.A.5 (a) of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s Program requirements for
Morphogenesis of rice meadow-boggy soils in Kuban River region

The morphological properties of the rice meadow-boggy soils in the Kuban region have been characterized. The basic elementary processes of soil-formation, such as gleization, hardsetting, and decarbonizing, have been revealed. It is indicated that the buried relic horizons of soils formed under the soil-formation conditions differed from those in the modern environments and they are found at the depth of 93 cm. The thickness of the top buried layer is 2–3 times greater than that of the arable horizons. The buried horizons are deeply compacted and little affected by the processes of leaching and gleization.
Calculating the Meridional Volume, Heat, and Freshwater Transports from an Observing System in the Subpolar North Atlantic: Observing System Simulation Experiment

AbstractA transbasin monitoring array from Labrador to Scotland was deployed in the summer of 2014 as part of the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP). The aim of the observing system is to provide a multiyear continuous measure of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the associated meridional heat and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic. Results from the array are expected to improve the understanding of the variability of the subpolar transports and the nature and degree of the AMOC’s latitudinal dependence. In this present work, the measurements of the OSNAP array are described and a suite of observing system simulation experiments in an eddy-permitting numerical model are used to assess how well these measurements will estimate the fluxes across the OSNAP section. The simulation experiments indicate that the OSNAP array and calculation methods will adequately capture the mean and temporal variability of the overturning circulation and of the...
Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao

Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao consist of five islands that make up the Leeward Islands of the Dutch Antilles off of the northern coast of South America, often referred to as the ABCs. Because of location, the islands share similar characteristics of climate, geology, geomorphology, and history, though each bears a variation of these characteristics. These largely limestone islands are part of the southern Caribbean dry zone. Historically, they were important centers of livestock grazing, aloe vera production, and salt export. All three islands in the twentieth century have been impacted by the growth of oil export in Venezuela. Curacao, once the tourism leaders among the Dutch Caribbean Islands, is trying to catch up with Aruba in stopover tourists, while Bonaire has smaller but strong “active” tourism for its size. While their climate in the past was considered less than desirable for large-area agricultural pursuits, presently their dry, warm weather largely outside the hurricane belt is an attractive asset to the millions of tourists who visit them annually.
Comparison of Different Methods for Estimating Food Portion Size: Gender Differences

Abstract Clinical feeding studies offer an excellent opportunity to compare actual and self-reported amounts of foods eaten. We used participants in a multicenter clinical trial, who received well-controlled experimental diets, to compare differences in methods of estimating portions of foods. We examined diet recalls of 18 females and 25 males (aged 22 to 65yrs) participating in the Dietary Effects on Lipoproteins and Thrombogenic Activity (DELTA) study. Three 24-hour recalls were collected by computer-assisted telephone interview on random days using Minnesota Nutrition Data System (NDS). Participants were encouraged to use the 2D Food Portion Visual (FPV) (Nutrition Consulting Enterprises, Framingham, MA) to estimate food portions, but also reported foods in common household measures (CHM), units, dimensions, or weights. The proportions of recalled to actual intakes were similar for the various methods. Foods were categorized according to similarities in the methods of deriving portion estimations. Categories included beverages, side dishes (e.g., cooked vegetables, canned fruits, and rice), meats, cereals, condiments, breads, mixed dishes, and snacks (peanuts, pretzels). Mean gram weights of recalled foods were calculated and presented as percentages of actual gram intakes. Males were almost twice as likely to estimate portion sizes using FPV than females (1294 vs 739) and females used CHM more often than males (603 vs 340). Males were more accurate with estimations using FPV than females when reporting side dishes, meats, mixed dishes, breads, and snacks; females were more accurate using FPV for cereals and condiments. Females were more accurate using CHM than males for meats and cereals; males were more accurate using CHM than females for mixed dishes and snacks. Males and females were similar when using CHM to estimate beverages, condiments, and side dishes. The results indicate that in our sample there are gender differences in the type and accuracy of methods used for portion size estimations. These data have implications for recommendations for portion size aids used in collecting dietary recalls.
Zircon/fluid trace element partition coefficients measured by recrystallization of Mud Tank zircon at 1.5 GPa and 800-1000 °C

Abstract Hydrothermal zircon grains have trace element characteristics such as low Th/U, high U, and high rare earth element (REE) concentrations that distinguish them from magmatic, metamorphic, and altered zircon grains, but it is unclear whether these characteristics result from distinctive fluid compositions or zircon/fluid fractionation effects. New experiments aimed at measuring zircon/fluid trace element partition coefficients Dz/f involved recrystallizing natural Mud Tank zircon with low trace element concentrations in the presence of H2O, 1 m NaOH, or 1 m HCl doped with ∼1000 ppm of rare earth elements (REE), Y, U and Th and ∼500 ppm of Li, B, P, Nb, Ba, Hf, and Ta. Experiments were run for 168 h at 1.5 GPa, 800–1000 °C, and fO2 = NNO in a piston cylinder apparatus using the double capsule method. LA-ICP-MS analysis shows that run product zircon crystals have much higher trace element concentrations than in Mud Tank zircon starting material. Dz/f values were estimated from run product zircon analyses and bulk composition using mass balance. Most elements behave incompatibly, with median Dz/f being highest for Hf = 8 and lowest for B = 0.02. Addition of NaOH or HCl had little influence on Dz/f values. Dz/f for LREE are anomalously high, likely due to contamination of run product zircon with quenched solutes enriched in incompatible elements, so DLREE were estimated using lattice strain theory. Brice curves for +3 ions yield zircon/fluid DLu/DLa of ∼800–5000. A Brice curve fit to +4 ions yielded DCe4+ values. Estimated concentrations of Ce3+ and Ce4+ show that the average Ce4+/Ce3+ in zircon of 27 is much higher than in fluid of 0.02. Th and U show little fractionation, with median DTh/DU = 0.7, indicating that the low Th/U in natural hydrothermal zircon is inherited from the fluid. Natural fluid compositions estimated from measured Dz/f and published compositions of hydrothermal zircon grains from aplite and eclogite reflect the mineralogy of the host rock, e.g., fluid in equilibrium with eclogite garnet is depleted in heavy REE relative to middle REE, and has low Th/U.
Biochemical changes throughout early- and middle-stages of embryogenesis in lobsters (Homarus americanus) under different thermal regimes.

Most marine crustacean eggs contain the full complement of nutritional resources required to fuel their growth and development. Given the propensity of many ovigerous (egg-bearing) American lobsters (Homarus americanus) to undergo seasonal inshore-to-offshore migrations, thereby potentially exposing their eggs to varying thermal regimes, the goal of this study was to determine the impact of water temperature on egg quality over their course of development. This was accomplished by documenting changes in total lipids, proteins, and size (volume) of eggs subjected to one of three thermal regimes: inshore, offshore, and constant (16 °C) conditions. Total egg lipids showed a marked decrease over time, while protein levels increased over the same period. Although there were no significant differences in total lipids, proteins, or egg sizes between eggs exposed to inshore and offshore temperatures, they differed from values for eggs exposed to a constant temperature, which also hatched almost three months sooner. This is most likely due to the fact that eggs held at a constant temperature did not experience a period of slow development during the colder months from November to March that are important for synchronizing egg hatch and may be compromised by elevated seawater temperatures.
The flux of iron through ferritin in erythrocyte development.

Purpose of reviewTerminal differentiation of erythropoietic progenitors requires the rapid accumulation of large amounts of iron, which is transported to the mitochondria, where it is incorporated into heme. Ferritin is the sole site of iron storage present in the cytosol. Yet the role of iron accum
Three-Path Atom Interferometry with Large Momentum Separation.

We demonstrate the scale up of a symmetric three-path contrast interferometer to large momentum separation. The observed phase stability at separation of 112 photon recoil momenta exceeds the performance of earlier free-space interferometers. In addition to the symmetric interferometer geometry and Bose-Einstein condensate source, the robust scalability of our approach relies on the suppression of undesired diffraction phases through a careful choice of atom optics parameters. The interferometer phase evolution is quadratic with number of recoils, reaching a rate as high as $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{rad}/\mathrm{s}$. We discuss the applicability of our method towards a new measurement of the fine-structure constant and a test of QED.
EPR DEFECTS AND INTERFACE STATES ON OXIDIZED (111) AND (100) SILICON

The P b center, previously assigned to oriented · Si≡Si 3 on (111) wafers, has a complex spectrum on (100). The different anisotropy of the (100) signal clearly indicates that P b reflects crystal structure. It can be resolved into two centers. One has near-axial symmetry with g1=g// 60° off the (100) axis toward (110). The g-values are like P b (111), and suggest · Si≡Si 3 oriented to fit (100) face structure. The second (100) center has a triaxial g-ellipsoid with g1 30° off the (100) axis toward (110). Unassignable as any known defect in Si or SiO 2 , the second center is consistent with the partially oxidized defect · Si≡Si 2 O, plausible on (100), but structurally awkward and not observed on (111). The · Si≡Si 3 center on (100) may be selectively reduced with respect to the other center by suitable annealing. For rapidly cooled oxidized (100) wafers, the midgap interface state density D it is about equal to P b spin concentration, and both quantities are about 1/3 the values on (111). This is evidence of common origins of interface state defects and EPR centers. Several other EPR centers are observed with augmented n-doping or implantation of iron.
The Physiological Aspects of Pregnancy

From a psychological point of view, pregnancy is a “maturational crisis” because it is a critical phase leading to motherhood with all its attendant responsibilities and obligations. The woman is transformed from a state in which she is her own mother’s child to one in which she becomes her child’s mother. This process involves an interval during which she may find that she must confront and resolve any earlier psychic conflicts in her own developmental phases.1 Without such adaptive mechanisms, psychological growth and maturation cannot evolve.
Ch. R-15 High-Temperature, Salt-Tolerant Enzymic Breaker of Xanthan Gum Viscosity

Abstract Soil enrichment growth on xanthan gum at 45°C in the presence of 3% NaCl afforded an extracellular xanthanase functional in 10% brines at 60° to 70°C. Even though the bacterial culture (NRRL B-14401) is a consortium from which no individual or combination of enzyme-producing bacteria were isolable, it has been reproducibly propagated from refrigerated or lyophilized broths. Structural analyses revealed three major products: pyruvated mannosc; a tetrasaccharide bearing a terminal unsaturated glucuronic acid residue; and a pentasaccharide derived from unpyruvated side-chains. Both oligosaccharides were branched. The enzymes present were, consequently, a lyase that removed terminal pyruvated mannose from side-chains and a depolymerase that cleaved the cellulose-like backbone uniquely. A minor product of enzymolysis was a higher molecular-weight fragment that contained sequences of backbone glucosyls unsubstituted by side-chains. Such cellulosic sequences, which have not been taken into account in studies of the molecular behavior and interactions of xanthan gum, likely have practical consequences.
Continuity and Stage in Human Development

Although change is as common as continuity in morphological or psychological development, the psychologist is particularly friendly to the latter idea and assumes, unless shown otherwise, that the psychological structures formed by early experience remain untransformed. This mental set is also applied to rate of development, for many developmental psychologists have tried to show that infants who attain the maturational milestones of object permanence, walking, or the first spoken word earlier than others retain that precocity for several years or longer, despite the fact that entomologists have not suggested that different rates of morphogenesis from larva to pupa to butterfly are of much consequence in explaining variations in the functioning of the adult form. Since there is little robust evidence favoring either the maintenance of early psychological structures or initial precocity, it is reasonable to ask why the Western psychologist has been so receptive to arguments for continuity.
Organization of Contractile Fibers in Smooth Muscle

The smooth muscle of vertebrates is chiefly a mural tissue of the large and small hollow organ systems. The “smoothness” of this musculature presumably describes the impression of a uniformity in the optical properties of the cytoplasm that contrasts with the regular optical anisotropy that is characteristic of the striated muscles. The quality of optical uniformity is obtained from a labyrinth of three distinct systems of cytoplasmic filaments that comprise the bulk of the contractile apparatus, and a major objective in contemporary morphological analysis of smooth muscle is to elucidate the molecular organization of the constituent filaments and define the symmetry of the functional elements. Structural studies have been undertaken primarily with the view of establishing correlations between the composition and organization of the filaments in smooth muscle fibers and the structural composition of the sarcomere in striated muscle (Shoenberg and Needham, 1976; Chamley-Camp- bell et al., 1979; Small and Sobieszek, 1980; Somlyo, 1980). The basis for this approach is provided by some quantitative and especially qualitative similarities in the traditionally defined functional characteristics shared by smooth and striated muscle, and by the remarkable correlations between structural changes and functional variation that are formulated or otherwise implicit in the sliding filament concept and the cross-bridge model of contraction for the striated muscles.
Understanding causal descriptions of physical systems

This paper introduces the causal reconstruction task the task of reading a causal description of a physical system, forming an internal model of the specified behavior, and answering questions demonstrating comprehension and reasoning on the basis of the input description. A representation called transition space is introduced, in which events are depicted as path fragments in a space of "transitions," or complexes of changes in the attributes of participating objects. By identifying partial matches between the transition space representations of events, a program called PATHFINDER is able to perform causal reconstruction on short causal descriptions presented in simplified English. Simple transformations applied to event representations prior to matching enable the program to bridge discontinuities arising from the writer's use of analogy or abstraction. The operation of PATHFINDER is illustrated in the context of a simple causal description extracted from the Encyclopedia Americana, involving exposure of film in a camera.
Ebony and Women and Science… Oh My!

I’m a woman, a black woman, with a doctoral degree in physical chemistry. I challenge the norm as a black, female, physical chemist. I’m not sure when I figured that out, but somewhere along the way, I realized that my career path was unique. And just like Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz, who encountered amazing adventures as she followed the yellow brick road, I have traveled a long way and accomplished a lot on my journey.
Lithium Electrochemical Tuning for Electrocatalysis

Electrocatalysis is of great importance to a variety of energy conversion processes, where developing highly efficient catalysts is critical. While common strategies involve screening a wide range of materials with new chemical compositions or structures, a different approach to continuously, controllably, and effectively tune the electronic properties of existing catalytic materials for optimized activities has been demonstrated recently. Inspired by studies in lithium-ion batteries, systematical lithium electrochemical tuning (LiET) methods such as Li intercalation, extraction, cycling, and strain engineering, are employed to effectively tune the electronic structures of different existing catalysts and thus improve their catalytic activities dramatically. Herein, the advantages of the LiET method in electrocatalysis are introduced, and then some recent representative examples in improving the performances of important electrochemical reactions are reviewed briefly. Lastly, a few promising directions on extending the applications of the LiET method in electrocatalysis are proposed.
Are my temporal parts agents

When we think about ethics, we normally focus on a particular sort of agent: the individual person. Some philosophers have argued that we should rethink the limits of what counts as an ethically relevant unit of agency by expanding outward, and claiming that groups of people can have normative reasons for action. In this paper, I explore whether we can go in the other direction. Are there sub‐personal beings who count as agents with their own reasons for action? In particular, might the temporal parts of persons, beings like “me‐in‐my‐twenties,” be thought of as normative agents? This idea, I argue, has deep attractions, and deep, but surmountable, challenges. And if we do accept this idea, I argue, this can indirectly help to support the case for thinking that groups can have reasons for action.
Electrophysiology as a theoretical and methodological hub for the neural sciences

Electrophysiology is a direct measure of neuronal processes, and it is uniquely sensitive to canonical neural operations that underlie emergent psychological operations. These qualities make it well suited for discovery of aberrant neural mechanisms that underlie complicated disease states. This technique is routinely utilized in vitro, in vivo, and in outpatient neurological clinics, offering a translatable bridge between animal models and human patients. The bench-to-bedside potential of this approach is unparalleled, yet it also remains undeveloped due to the slow inertia of legacy techniques and interpretations. In this review, I discuss these strengths of the method, and I detail compelling reasons why future advancements can have a direct and tangible influence over clinical practice. I hope to motivate a blurring of traditional boundaries between preclinical, computational, imaging, and clinical fields by advancing electrophysiology as a common hub for methodological integration and theoretical advancement.
The ESCRT-Related ATPase Vps4 Is Modulated by Interferon during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection.

ABSTRACT Interferons (IFNs) and autophagy are critical neuronal defenses against viral infection. IFNs alter neuronal autophagy by promoting the accumulation of IFN-dependent LC3-decorated autophagic structures, termed LC3 clusters. Here, we analyzed LC3 clusters in sensory ganglia following herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. In the vicinity of acutely infected neurons, antigen-negative neurons contained structures resembling accumulated autophagosomes and autolysosomes that culminated in LC3 clusters. This accumulation reflects a delayed completion of autophagy. The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery participates in autophagosome closure and is also required for HSV-1 replication. In this study, our results showed that HSV-1 infection in vivo and in primary neurons caused a decrease in Vps4 (a key ESCRT pathway ATPase) RNA and protein with concomitant Stat1 activation and LC3 cluster induction. We also observed that IFNs were sufficient to decrease RNA and protein levels of Vps4 in primary neurons and in other cell types. The accumulation of ubiquitin was also observed at the LC3 cluster sites. Together, our results show that IFNs modulate the ESCRT machinery in neurons in response to HSV-1 infections. IMPORTANCE Neurons rely on IFNs and autophagy as major defenses against viral infections, and HSV must overcome such defenses in order to replicate. In addition to controlling host immunity, HSV must also control host membranes in order to complete its life cycle. HSV uses the host ESCRT membrane scission machinery for viral production and transport. Here we present evidence of a new IFN-dependent mechanism used by the host to prevent ESCRT subversion by HSV. This activity also impacts the dynamics of autophagy, possibly explaining the presence of recently described LC3 clusters in the HSV-infected nervous system. The induced accumulations of ubiquitin observed in these LC3 clusters resembled those observed in certain neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting possible mechanistic parallels between these conditions.
Mucinous Tubular and Spindle-Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney: Clinical Features, Genomic Profiles, and Treatment Outcomes.

Abstract Background Mucinous tubular and spindle-cell carcinoma (MTSCC) is a rare kidney cancer subtype with limited cases reported in the literature. We report on outcomes of 25 patients with this variant who were managed at our institution. Materials and Methods The institution database was queried, and clinical data extracted for patients with MTSCC. Molecular features examined included next-generation sequencing with Memorial Sloan Kettering Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets and allele-specific copy number analysis using the Fraction and Allele-Specific Copy Number Estimates from Tumor Sequencing (FACETS) algorithm in a subset of patients. Results All patients underwent primary tumor-directed therapy (nephrectomy = 23, cryoablation = 2). Metastases were diagnosed in 6 patients (24%), 3 (12%) of whom had de novo metastatic disease. Five of 6 patients with metastatic disease had high-grade histological features compared with 0 of 19 nonmetastatic patients (83% vs. 0%; P Conclusion MTSCC is characterized by localized tumors treated successfully with primary tumor-directed therapy. However, patients with high-grade histological features were more likely to develop metastatic disease with limited responses to standard therapies.
Factors Affecting Detection Power of Blood Oxygen-Level Dependent Signal in Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using High-Resolution Echo-Planar Imaging

Abstract Latest developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hardware and software have significantly improved image acquisition for functional MRI (fMRI) techniques, including resting-state fM...
Posterior Compartment Prolapse Occurrence After Anterior Vaginal Wall Suspension

Abstract Objective To determine the long-term rate of posterior compartment prolapse (PCP) occurrence after native tissue repair of the anterior compartment with anterior vaginal wall suspension (AVWS) procedure. Methods An institutional review board approved surgical prolapse database was reviewed for women who underwent AVWS for any degree of anterior compartment prolapse with minimum of 6-month follow-up and no history of apical or posterior compartment repair. Demographic data, smoking status, parity, and uterine status were collected. The primary outcome was need for secondary PCP repair. Results A total of 300 women met inclusion criteria with a mean age of 63.8 ± 10.8 years, mean BMI of 26.1 ± 6.2 kg/m2, and a mean parity of 2.5 ± 1.4. At the time of AVWS 46 women (15%) had uterine-sparing AVWS, 74 (25%) had concomitant hysterectomy, and 180 (60%) had prior hysterectomy. Forty-eight women (16%) had secondary posterior compartment repair for PCP (60% abdominal route, 40% done vaginally) over a mean follow-up of 7.1 ± 4.4 years. Conclusion At long-term follow-up, less than 20% of women undergoing AVWS underwent PCP repair.
Catalytic carboboration of dienylboronate for stereoselective synthesis of (E)-γ',δ-bisboryl-anti-homoallylic alcohols.

A Cu-catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of (E)-γ′,δ-bisboryl-anti-homoallylic alcohols was developed. The products contain an alkyl and a vinyl boronate group that can be directly used in a variety of subsequent transformations.
Characterization of Insertion Loss of Striplines on Various Substrate Materials as a Function of Temperature

When designing circuit boards or packages for automotive or military applications, we are concerned with the insertion loss of the transmission lines on various substrate materials over a wide range of temperature. For signal integrity engineers, this affects the maximum length of the transmission line allowed. It is relatively straightforward to simulate the insertion loss at room temperatures. It is not so easy to figure out the insertion loss at high temperatures without significant investment of time and money. In this paper, the metrology of the temperature impact on the transmission line loss was proposed and the relative increase in measured insertion loss of striplines on various substrate materials were shown due to increase in temperature. We broadly categorized the materials as standard loss, mid loss, low loss and ultra low-loss. It is hoped that this data will be useful for engineers to estimate the insertion losses of their transmission lines at high temperatures.
Jim Crow As Kafka: Voter Suppression on the Ground

Requiring photo identification before voting has generated fiercely contested litigation and scholarly literature. This Article attempts to move the debate forward by examining how precisely Voter ID works on the ground. It investigates the precise mechanics of Voter ID in North Carolina, one of the states at the heart of the controversy, and scrutinizes precisely how a low-income voter of color without ID could obtain one. It finds not only that prospective low-income votes will face a series of debilitating costs in gaining the required ID, but that the mechanism of voter suppression turns on the creation of chaos and the transformation of a voter from a rights-holder into a bureaucratic supplicant.
Borderline Nerve Conduction Velocities for Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel

Purpose Patient knowledge of the frequency with which electrodiagnostic testing (EDx) for suspected median neuropathy at the carpal tunnel addresses nuance in the distinction between normal and abnormal neurophysiology might help them make an informed decision about whether or not to have this test. We reviewed a large set of consecutive EDx for possible carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and associated medical records to determine (1) the percentage of EDx measurements within 10% of threshold values; (2) discordance between clinician and EDx diagnosis of CTS using diagnostic performance characteristics; and (3) demographic and disease characteristics independently associated with EDx diagnosis of median neuropathy at the carpal tunnel. Methods We retrospectively reviewed nerve conduction study (NCS) results of 537 consecutive patients evaluated for possible idiopathic median neuropathy at the carpal tunnel. We measured the number of patients within 10% of 3 NCS diagnostic thresholds; the diagnostic performance characteristics comparing clinician and EDx diagnosis; and patient and disease characteristics associated with EDx diagnosis of CTS. Results The 3 NCS parameters were within 10% of the threshold for diagnosis of median neuropathy at the carpal tunnel in 2.6% to 33% of patients. Overall, 76% of EDx results were interpreted as median neuropathy at the carpal tunnel, 19% as normal, and 5% as another diagnosis (eg, cervical radiculopathy). Patients with normal EDx were significantly younger, more likely not to report paresthesias/numbness, more likely to have prior normal EDx, and less likely to have had a previous contralateral carpal tunnel release. Conclusions This data set reflecting management strategies for suspected CTS at a large institution confirms inherent diagnostic uncertainty, relatively strong concordance between clinician and EDx diagnosis, and the importance of focusing on paresthesia rather than pain. These findings support the use of clinical prediction rules and may help inform a patient’s decision regarding whether or not to have EDx. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic III.
On magnetostrophic dynamos in annular cores

Magnetostrophic dynamos are studied in an annular core, adapting the seminal work of Taylor [The magnetohydrodynamics of a rotating fluid and the Earth's dynamo problem. Proc. R. Soc. London A. 196...
Aneurysms of the external carotid artery and its branch vessels: pooled data analysis and current treatment strategies.

Introduction Aneurysms of the external carotid artery (ECA) and its branch vessels are rare vascular lesions with potentially devastating consequences. Proximal facial artery aneurysms are relatively uncommon. We provide a provide a pooled data analysis of all reported cases of proximal facial artery true aneurysms without evidence of trauma, as well as all published cases of aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of the ECA and its branch vessels. Evidence acquisition We conducted a systematic review of the literature searching multiple databases for reports to identify relevant papers. Evidence synthesis We report the case of a 63-year-old patient who presented to us with a digital subtraction angiography-confirmed aneurysm emanating from the proximal right facial artery with no apparent history of trauma. Only five cases of proximal facial artery true aneurysm have been reported without evidence of trauma. We also provide a pooled data analysis of 810 published cases of aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of the ECA and its branch vessels. Moreover, we reviewed current treatment strategies and surgical approaches to the true and pseudo aneurysms of the ECA. Finally, we suggest a grading system and treatment protocol for theses aneurysms. Finally, we provided a comprehensive grading system for the management of these aneurysms. Conclusions While we can follow small asymptomatic true ECA aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms of the ECA and its branches, once diagnosed, may require treatment to prevent rapid expansion, which may in turn lead to rupture, cranial nerve impingement, pain, or cosmetic disfigurement.
Quantifying Parallel Evolution

Parallel evolution is consistently observed across the tree of life. However, the degree of parallelism between replicate populations in evolution experiments is rarely quantified at the gene level. Here we examine parallel evolution as the degree of covariance between replicate populations, providing a justification for the use of dimensionality reduction. We examine the extent that signals of gene-level covariance can be inferred in microbial evolve-and-resequence evolution experiments, finding that deviations from parallelism are difficult to quantify at a given point in time. However, this low statistical signal means that covariance between replicate populations is unlikely to interfere with the ability to detect divergent evolutionary trajectories for populations in different environments. Finally, we find evidence suggesting that temporal patterns of parallelism are comparatively easier to detect and that these patterns may reflect the evolutionary dynamics of microbial populations.
Work, life, and the gender effect: Perspectives of ACVIM Diplomates in 2017. Part 1-Specialty demographics and measures of professional achievement.

Background Barriers to achieving work-life balance, as well as gender-based differences, exist in the male-dominated surgical specialty in veterinary medicine. Similar information does not exist for the more feminized American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM). Hypothesis/objectives To provide data on the professional and personal lives of Diplomates of the ACVIM so as to help define the state of the specialty, including gender-related differences, and identify areas requiring intervention to improve work-life balance. Sample A total of 896 surveys (781 completed) of Diplomates of the ACVIM, including cardiology, large animal internal medicine, neurology, oncology, and small animal internal medicine. Methods An 82-item online survey was distributed in February 2017 to ACVIM Diplomates via their respective ACVIM listserv. Participation was voluntary. Results Thirty percent of the total ACVIM registered membership responded and 26% completed surveys; 25% were men and 75% were women. Specialists in academia worked significantly more hours, with larger numbers of diplomates per specialty section, and made less money compared with those in private practice. Women were less likely to report full-time employment, practice ownership, or higher academic rank, and reported 20% lower income overall (after adjustment for relevant factors) as compared with men. Men and women differed in their subjective assessment of the effect of gender in the workplace. Eighty-three percent of respondents were somewhat satisfied or better with their career. Conclusions and clinical importance Specialization in the ACVIM is a satisfying and potentially profitable career. However, despite a highly feminized workforce, significant gender-related imbalances are evident.
Determinants of Long-Term Unions: Who Survives the “Seven Year Itch”?

Most studies of union formation focus on the probability of marrying, cohabiting, or divorcing in the next year. In this study, we take a long-term perspective by considering probabilities of forming unions by certain ages and maintaining them for eight or more years. We use NLSY79 data to estimate choice models for each stage of the union-forming process (single with no prior unions, cohabiting, first marriage, single with prior unions, non-first marriage) and, in turn, simulate women’s union-related outcomes from ages 18 to 42. Based on simulated outcomes, we predict that a representative, 18 year-old with no prior unions has a 27% chance of entering a union within four years and maintaining it for at least eight years. This predicted probability changes very little for a 24 year-old with no prior unions or for a 30 year-old with prior unions. For older women, however, cohabitation becomes the modal form of entry into long-term unions. We also find that the likelihood of experiencing a long-term union varies with a woman’s characteristics (especially race and family background), but is virtually invariant to factors that can be manipulated by public policy, including income tax laws, welfare benefits, and divorce laws.
Emerging solutions for the dilated native right ventricular outflow tract

Abstract Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in the dysfunctional native right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) provides an ongoing challenge. Currently available transcatheter pulmonary valves were developed for implantation within surgically placed conduits and bioprosthetic valves, and are often inadequately sized for the dilated native RVOT. The Medtronic Harmony™ (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN), the Alterra Adaptive Prestent™ (Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, CA), and the Venus P-valve™ (Venus Medtech, Shanghai, China) are three devices that have been developed in recent years, for the dedicated indication of transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in the dysfunctional native RVOT. In this article, we describe each of these devices and review the clinical experience with them to date.
Mobility Patterns Before, During, and Anticipated After the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Opportunity to Nurture Bicycling.

Introduction The purpose of this study is to quantify the immediate and anticipated effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on local travel in the U.S. Methods A national survey of a representative sample of U.S. adults was conducted using The Harris Poll panel. The online survey was conducted from June 17 to 29, 2020. Respondents reported the frequency of travel before the pandemic, during the pandemic, and anticipated travel when normal activities resume for walking, bicycling, personal vehicle use, and public transit. Analyses were conducted in July and August 2020. Results During the pandemic, local travel significantly decreased (−10.36%, 95% CI= −16.26, −4.02) relative to prepandemic levels. Within travel modes, significant decreases were reported for public transit, personal vehicle use, and walking. There was no change in reported bicycle use during the pandemic period relative to prepandemic levels. When normal activities resume, respondents anticipated a significant increase in bicycling (24.54%, 95% CI=3.24, 50.24). Anticipated travel using personal vehicles, public transit, and walking were not significantly different from the prepandemic levels. Conclusions Unlike the other local travel modes, bicycling did not decrease during the pandemic and is anticipated to significantly increase. Investment in bicycle-safe infrastructure could sustain the anticipated increase in bicycling.
Pathologic upstaging in resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Risk factors and impact on survival

BACKGROUND Clinical and pathologic staging determine treatment of pancreatic cancer. Clinical stage has been shown to underestimate final pathologic stage in pancreatic cancer, resulting in upstaging. METHODS National Cancer Database was used to identify clinical stage I pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Univariate, multivariable logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazard ratio were used to determine differences between upstaged and stage concordant patients. RESULTS Upstaging was seen in 80.2% of patients. Factors found to be significantly associated with upstaging included pancreatic head tumors (OR 2.56), high-grade histology (OR 1.74), elevated Ca 19-9 (OR 2.09), and clinical stage T2 (OR 1.99). Upstaging was associated with a 45% increased risk of mortality compared to stage concordant disease (HR 1.44, p < .001). CONCLUSION A majority of clinical stage I pancreatic cancer is upstaged after resection. Factors including tumor location, grade, Ca 19-9, and tumor size can help identify those at high risk for upstaging.
David Oliver: Renaming government agencies won't improve population health.

Just how committed is the government to improving the health of the population through prevention policy? Merely renaming government agencies is certainly no meaningful solution. In August 2020 England’s secretary of state for health, Matt Hancock, announced that Public Health England (PHE), an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care, was to be scrapped and replaced by a new organisation, the National Institute for Health Protection, to be fully operational by spring 2021.12 On 24 March this year the government announced that the body would be launched as the newly renamed UK Health Security Agency.3 Under direct ministerial control, its main purpose would be to protect the country from …