cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3 IX. Two temporal classes of early viral RNA

Abstract By selectively inhibiting functional viral protein synthesis with cycloheximide or fluorophenylalanine (FPA) and analyzing the resultant viral RNAs by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and hybridization, we have shown that early frog virus 3 (FV3) RNA can be subdivided into two sequentially synthesized classes. The polyacrylamide gel pattern of viral RNA synthesized 6 hr postinfection (p.i.) in cells treated with FPA was identical to that of the RNA synthesized at 1 hr p.i. in the absence of drug. RNA synthesized at 6 hr p.i. in the presence of FPA hybridized to 36% of the viral genome, whereas RNA synthesized 6 hr p.i. in its absence contained many additional species and hybridized to 50% of the genome. Therefore, the FPA RNAs appeared to represent the same sequences as the early viral RNA. In contrast, viral RNAs synthesized when protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide did not contain all of the species present at 1 hr p.i. or in FPA RNA. The cycloheximide RNAs, which hybridized to only 16% of the genome, comprised a subset of the FPA RNAs. One of the viral RNA species was synthesized at a very high rate in cells exposed to cycloheximide, but at a much lower rate during infection in the presence or absence of FPA. When we delayed the addition of cycloheximide until 1 or 2 hr p.i., all of the remaining early viral RNA species were synthesized and the rate of synthesis of the overproduced RNA decreased. We could, therefore, divide FV3 early RNA synthesis into two temporal classes: “immediate early,” which took place in the absence of protein synthesis (cycloheximide), and “delayed early,” which occurred under conditions of restricted protein synthesis (FPA). In addition, our data suggest that at least one species of immediate early viral RNA was subject to negative transcriptional control.
Linear compression for spatially-varying BRDFs

The storage requirements for rendering with arbitrary tabular BRDFs can be quite large. This limits the number of BRDFs that can be in used in a scene to only a few. Furthermore, material parameters can be too complex to store and render per-pixel.
Brain metabolites B1‐corrected proton T1 mapping in the rhesus macaque at 3 T

The accuracy of metabolic quantification in MR spectroscopy is limited by the unknown radiofrequency field and T(1). To address both issues in proton ((1)H) MR spectroscopy, we obtained radiofrequency field-corrected T(1) maps of N-acetylaspartate, choline, and creatine in five healthy rhesus macaques at 3 T. For efficient use of the 4 hour experiment, we used a new three-point protocol that optimizes the precision of T(1) in three-dimensional (1)H-MR spectroscopy localization for extensive, approximately 30%, brain coverage at 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm(3) = 180-microL spatial resolution. The resulting mean T(1)s in 700 voxels were N-acetylaspartate = 1232 +/- 44, creatine = 1238 +/- 23 and choline = 1107 +/- 56 ms (mean +/- standard error of the mean). Their histograms from all 140 voxels in each animal were similar in position and shape, characterized by standard errors of the mean of the full width at half maximum divided by their means of better than 8%. Regional gray matter N-acetylaspartate, choline, and creatine T(1)s (1333 +/- 43, 1265 +/- 52, and 1131 +/- 28 ms) were 5-10% longer than white matter: 1188 +/- 34, 1201 +/- 24, and 1082 +/- 50 ms (statistically significant for the N-acetylaspartate only), all within 10% of the corresponding published values in the human brain.
The Supreme Court and Local Public Opinion

people pay attention and use this information in their evaluation of the Court. The research is based on a series of two-wave panel studies that examine the effect of Supreme Court cases in the local communities where the controversies began. The results show that a substantial number of residents heard about the Court's decision and subsequently changed their evaluation of the Supreme Court, especially those who live in the immediate community. The results suggest that we need to consider other circumstances in which people hear about and care about Supreme Court decisions. R esearch on the relationship between specific Supreme Court decisions and public support for the Court has been frustrated by the apparent public ignorance of all but the most controversial and visible cases (see Caldeira 1991). In the standard account, citizens are portrayed as quite willing to offer an opinion about the institution, but they do so without knowledge of many individual decisions. Thus, many scholars conclude that support for the Court rests upon more enduring attitudes about the legitimacy of the Court in the system of government rather than on agreement or disagreement with specific decisions. Although most research suggests that the majority of Court decisions go unnoticed, the possibility that these decisions influence attitudes toward the institution is not without some support in the literature. The connection has been established in experimental research (Mondak 1991, 1992; Segal 1995) but has not been very well documented outside the laboratory. The reason is straightforward: If Court decisions are not common knowledge, by definition they can have no effect. One major obstacle is that most national surveys do a poor job of identifying conditions in which people are motivated to learn about specific Court decisions and in which they have sufficient access to information about them (but see Franklin and Kosaki 1995; Franklin, Kosaki, and Kritzer 1993; Hoekstra and Segal 1996). Consequently, we may be underestimating the importance of citizens' reactions as an element of support for the Court. One instance in which interest and access to information are likely to be high is the local communities where a controversy began. People should be more interested in cases that involve members of their own community than in cases that involve individuals or groups from somewhere else (Boninger, Berent, and
An Integrated Data Acquisition and Processing System for Assessing Flow Disturbance Due to Arterial Consriction

Arterial constriction (stenosis) causes flow disturbance the level of which depends on the severity of constriction or degree of stenosis (DOS). Ultrasound Doppler signals obtained from poststenotic flow contain different frequencies depending on the mean flow velocity and velocity disturbance, the latter causing spectral broadening. A disturbance index defined as the ratio of quantified spectral broadening to mean frequency during a short sampling period around peak flow or in early deceleration phase, the so-called relative disturbance (RD), is expected to depend on DOS. Experiments were performed in vitro using pulsatile flow in a silicon rubber tube of 0.635 cm internal diameter as arterial model and silicon rubber stenosis models of different DOS. An 8-MHz pulsed Doppler ultrasound system was used to obtain Doppler (audio) signals from which the corresponding values of RD were calculated using Matlab software. The actual software were developed for an integrated system for data acquisition and processing in order to determine correlations between RD and DOS.
Shear deformation kinematics of bicrystalline grain boundaries in atomistic simulations

The shear deformation behavior of bicrystalline grain boundaries is analyzed using continuum mechanical metrics extracted from atomistic simulations. Calculating these quantities at this length-scale is premised on determining the atomic deformation gradient tensor using interatomic distances. Employing interatomic distance measurements in this manner permits extension of the deformation gradient formulation to estimate important continuum-scale quantities such as lattice curvature and vorticity. These continuum metrics are calculated from atomic deformation fields produced in 2D and thin 3D equilibrium bicrystalline grain boundary structures under shear at 10 K. Results from these simulations show that interface structure strongly influences the resulting accommodation mechanisms under shear and deformation fields produced in the surrounding lattice. Calculating these continuum quantities at the nanoscale lends insight into localized and collective atomic behavior during shear deformation for various mechanisms, and it is shown that different mechanisms lead to differing behavior. Additionally, the results of these calculations can perhaps serve as an intermediary form to inform continuum models seeking to explore larger-scaled grain boundary deformation behavior in 3D, and to evaluate the veracity of continuum models that overlap the nanoscale.
The effect of cold working and annealing practice on earing in 3104 Al alloy sheet

Abstract A study was conducted with a 3104 Al alloy on the effect on earing of five annealing and cold-rolling practices preceeding a final cold reduction of 88%. Included in these were the effect of slow heating (15°C/h) to the annealing temperature of 332°C, which simulated batch annealing; and the effect of rapid heating (about 140°C/min), which simulated strip annealing. The annealing time was 2 h. The starting condition was hot-rolled material; some of the practices involved an intermediate cold reduction of 35%. The tensile mechanical properties were independent of the test direction for the final 88% cold-rolled material for all practices. The yield and tensile strengths were slightly lower for practices involving the intermediate 35% cold rolling. These practices also had markedly higher 45° earing. The rapid heating rate gave a finer annealed grain size, but the heating rate had no effect (other steps of the processing being the same) on the earing behavior. The primary particle density of the annealed condition that preceded the final 88% cold rolling did not correlate with the earing. It appears that the finer microstructural features produced after the 35% cold rolling and annealing are responsible for the high earing observed.
A GIS Framework for Fish Habitat Prediction at the River Basin Scale

We present a geographic information system (GIS) framework to classify stream habitats and provide fish distribution predictions comprehensively at the landscape scale. Stream segments were classified into one of eighteen habitat types using three landscape attributes: stream size (three categories), stream quality (three categories), and water quality (two categories). An extensive literature search was undertaken to classify fish species into the same eighteen habitat types based on preferences for the three landscape attributes. We tested our framework in 39 sites throughout the upper Allegheny River basin in western New York. No difference was detected between observed and predicted numbers of fish species among stream habitats. Further, field collected bankfull width measurements, stream quality ratings, and water quality sampling results were largely consistent with predicted values. The habitat type expected to have the greatest fish species richness was large streams or small rivers with intact stream quality and suitable water quality. Our framework is rapidly applied, comprehensive, inexpensive, and built on widely available data thereby offering an efficient alternative to traditional field-based efforts for regional habitat classification and fish distribution prediction.
Identification of Drought-Responsive Universal Stress Proteins in Viridiplantae

Genes encoding proteins that contain the universal stress protein (USP) domain are known to provide bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and plants with the ability to respond to a plethora of environmental stresses. Specifically in plants, drought tolerance is a desirable phenotype. However, limited focused and organized functional genomic datasets exist on drought-responsive plant USP genes to facilitate their characterization. The overall objective of the investigation was to identify diverse plant universal stress proteins and Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) responsive to water-deficit stress. We hypothesize that cross-database mining of functional annotations in protein and gene transcript bioinformatics resources would help identify candidate drought-responsive universal stress proteins and transcripts from multiple plant species. Our bioinformatics approach retrieved, mined and integrated comprehensive functional annotation data on 511 protein and 1561 ESTs sequences from 161 viridiplantae taxa. A total of 32 drought-responsive ESTs from 7 plant genera Glycine, Hordeum, Manihot, Medicago, Oryza, Pinus and Triticum were identified. Two Arabidopsis USP genes At3g62550 and At3g53990 that encode ATP-binding motif were up-regulated in a drought microarray dataset. Further, a dataset of 80 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) linked to 20 singletons and 47 transcript assembles was constructed. Integrating the datasets on SSRs and drought-responsive ESTs identified three drought-responsive ESTs from bread wheat (BE604157), soybean (BM887317) and maritime pine (BX682209). The SSR sequence types were CAG, ATA and AT respectively. The datasets from cross-database mining provide organized resources for the characterization of USP genes as useful targets for engineering plant varieties tolerant to unfavorable environmental conditions.
MICROSTRUCTURAL, MAGNETIC AND MAGNETO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF (100) AND (111) ORIENTED THICK “FCC” COBALT SINGLE CRYSTAL

A recent study of the magneto-optic properties in fcc cobalt indicates that the polar Kerr activity in a photon energy range from 2 to 5 eV is much higher than that of the hcp phase. The samples used for this measurement were about 1,000 A thick e-beam evaporated films grown on a Cu seeding layer. Structural analysis using grazing angle X-ray diffraction, TEM, XPS, AES, and RBS indicates that the films are single Crystal of high quality and there is no indication of interdiffusion between the layers. The present result provides the confidence in the data published for the magnetic and magneto-optic properties of the fcc Co phase.
Cystically degenerated leiomyoma of the rectosigmoid managed laparoscopically at 13 weeks of gestation

The safety of laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in pregnancy has been documented. Herein we report laparoscopic removal during pregnancy of a cystically degenerated leiomyoma of the sigmoid colon, which had been mistaken for an adnexal mass. When smooth muscle gastrointestinal tumors are observed, it is important that they be characterized with appropriate markers so that postoperative treatment can be individualized to the patient.
Nuclear balance and the parity index: The role of intangibles in decisions

An approach to understanding and assessing issues concerning arms control is presented. Arms control has two main objectives: (1) decreasing the possibility of a nuclear exchange; and (2) limiting the scope and intensity of such an exchange. A framework is presented for dealing with those issues relevant to the nuclear balance problem that is the central issue of arms control. A parity index is derived to evaluate the relative strengths of the two negotiating parties. This index provides an aggregate measure of the ability of each party to alleviate its concern and reach its goals. The use of the index provides a quick way to test various negotiating postures and provide a quantitative assessment of their relative merit.
Development of a high-frequency (> 50 MHz) copolymer annular-array, ultrasound transducer

The development of a high frequency (> 50 MHz) annular array ultrasonic transducer is presented. The array was constructed by bonding a 9 mum P(VDF-TrFE) film to a two-sided polyimide flexible circuit with annuli electrodes on the top layer. Each annulus was separated by a 30 mum kerf and had several electroplated microvias that connected to electrode traces on the bottom side of the flex circuit. In order to improve device sensitivity, each element was electrically matched to an impedance magnitude of 50 Omega and 0deg phase at resonance using a serial inductor and high impedance coaxial cable. The array's performance was evaluated by measuring the electrical impedance, pulse echo response, and cross talk between elements. The average round trip insertion loss was -33.5 dB after compensating for diffractive and attenuative losses. The measured average center frequency and bandwidth for an element was 55 MHz and 47%, respectively. The measured cross talk between adjacent elements remained below -29 dB at the center frequency in water. A vertical wire phantom was imaged using a single focus transmit beamformer and dynamic focusing receive beamformer. This image showed a significant improvement in lateral resolution over a range of 9 mm after the dynamic focusing receive algorithm was applied. These results correlated well with predictions from a field II simulation. After beamforming, the minimum lateral resolution achieved by the array (-6 dB) was 108 mum at the focus
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AS THE SITE OF LECITHIN FORMATION IN CASTOR BEAN ENDOSPERM

The properties of a discrete membranous fraction isolated on sucrose gradients from castor bean endosperm have been examined. This fraction was previously shown to be the exclusive site of phosphorylcholine-glyceride transferase. The distribution of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and antimycin insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase across the gradient followed closely that of the phosphorylcholine-glyceride transferase. This fraction also had NADH diaphorase activity and contained cytochromes b5 and P 450. On sucrose gradients containing 1 mM EDTA this fraction had a mean isopycnic density of 1.12 g/cm3 and sedimented separately from the ribosomes; electron micrographs showed that it was comprised of smooth membranes. When magnesium was included in the gradients to prevent the dissociation of membrane-bound ribosomes, the isopycnic density of the membrane fraction with its associated enzymes was increased to 1.16 g/cm3 and under these conditions the electron micrographs showed that the membranes had the typical appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Together these data show that the endoplasmic reticulum is the exclusive site of lecithin formation in the castor bean endosperm and establish a central role for this cytoplasmic component in the biogenesis of cell membranes.
Big‐B versus Big‐O: what is organizational about organizational behavior?*

Summary This paper is an empirically grounded essay about the current stare of organizational behavior (GB) research and productive future directions. We report the results of a survey of GB scholars about the current importance of various research topics and their importance in an ideal world. Wecompare the survey responses with an archival analysis of papers published in leading GB journals over a 10-year period. We suggest that many of the topics that our respondents perceive to be ‘under researched’ can be summarized with one particular definition of GB that emphasizes organizing behavior. Considering all three definitions together, we highlight the limitations of the traditional (Big-B and Contextualized-B) definitions and discuss the benefits of a more organizational (Big-O) approach. Copyright ~ 2001John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self-Leadership in a Group Environment

The Ascent of Man describes the exponential rise in knowledge and social complexity. (1) Higher "achievement steps" have created dramatic changes in the way we live and work. This rapid change creates great opportunities for those who can respond. To hone their global competitive edge, slimmed-down organizations have passed increased responsibility to individu- als at lower hierarchical levels. These individuals must improve their self-leadership to provide value-added competency to cross functional, problem solving groups. Coalitions should be formed to achieve improved synergy. Personal success must be related to group success. There are motivators: increased job challenge, personal growth, enhanced confidence to deal with accelerated change, and support for continuing improvement. Intellect, and the ability to reason, is man's unique talent among all of the animals. We are just beginning to learn how to use it.
What "to-do" with physician task lists: clinical task model development and electronic health record design implications.

Clinical task, or “to-do” lists are a common element in the physician document known as signout. Such lists are used to capture and track patient care plan items, supporting daily workflow and collaborative patient management continuity across care transitions. While physician task lists have been shown to be important to patient safety, the tasks themselves have not been systematically examined for their subject matter, structure, or components. A manual sublanguage analysis of 500 signout tasks was conducted, and a hierarchical conceptual model for clinical tasks was inductively constructed. Tasks were classified by action type (Assess, Order, Communicate, Perform) and corresponding components. The most common task action types were Assess and Order. The most common task components were “What” type components such as Tests, including subtypes Laboratory and Imaging. This study yielded several important design considerations for future electronic health record systems that support collaborative clinical task
Lost in translation: omission of episodes in some Old English prose saints' legends

The following article explores one way of using Latin sources to increase our understanding and appreciation of the surviving corpus of vernacular prose hagiography in Anglo-Saxon England. Although the saints' legends in prose make up a significant portion of the Old English literary remains, they have been relatively neglected in comparison with the saints' legends in Old English verse, such as Andreas, Guthlac A and Guthlac B, and Cynewulf's Elene. As the standard bibliographies reveal well enough, the prose texts have been studied mainly from the perspectives of language, stylistics, codicology and basic Quellenforschung, and much less than the verse texts for their literary, historical or broadly cultural interest. This is particularly true of the twenty-nine anonymous legends, some of which are not readily accessible in printed versions, and most of which need re-editing. But even the hagiographic writings of AElfric, which are better known, have been read only occasionally for their narrative content perse. Primary emphasis has fallen instead on AElfric's considerable stylistic and prosodic achievements. Moreover, the two most recent monographs on AElfric's intellectual and doctrinal concerns hardly touch on his saints' legends.
Rad51 ATP binding but not hydrolysis is required to recruit Rad10 in synthesis-dependent strand annealing sites in S. cerevisiae

Several modes of eukaryotic of DNA double strand break repair (DSBR) depend on synapsis of complementary DNA. The Rad51 ATPase, the S. cerevisiae homolog of E. coli RecA, plays a key role in this process by catalyzing homology searching and strand exchange between an invading DNA strand and a repair template (e.g. sister chromatid or homologous chromosome). Synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA), a mode of DSBR, requires Rad51. Another repair enzyme, the Rad1-Rad10 endonuclease, acts in the final stages of SDSA, hydrolyzing 3￠ overhanging single-stranded DNA. Here we show in vivo by fluo-rescence microscopy that the ATP binding function of yeast Rad51 is required to recruit Rad10 SDSA sites indicating that Rad51 pre-synaptic filament formation must occur prior to the recruitment of Rad1-Rad10. Our data also show that Rad51 ATPase activity, an important step in Rad51 filament disassembly, is not absolutely required in order to recruit Rad1- Rad10 to DSB sites.
The Impact of Ideology on Legislative Behavior and Public Policy in the States

Legislators are thought to face many external pressures and constraints that limit their freedom to choose policies they personally favor. This paper argues that ideology may be actually a valuable tool for legislative elites. It reveals that private political philosophy significantly affects the roll-call voting of legislators from two decidedly divergent states. And it proposes that economic development influences the growth of elite ideology in the states. This relationship may help to explain the well-known linkage of development, party competition, and liberal public policy in the states.
Comparison of dot chromosome sequences from D. melanogaster and D. virilis reveals an enrichment of DNA transposon sequences in heterochromatic domains

Chromosome four of Drosophila melanogaster, known as the dot chromosome, is largely heterochromatic, as shown by immunofluorescent staining with antibodies to heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) and histone H3K9me. In contrast, the absence of HP1 and H3K9me from the dot chromosome in D. virilis suggests that this region is euchromatic. D. virilis diverged from D. melanogaster 40 to 60 million years ago. Here we describe finished sequencing and analysis of 11 fosmids hybridizing to the dot chromosome of D. virilis (372,650 base-pairs) and seven fosmids from major euchromatic chromosome arms (273,110 base-pairs). Most genes from the dot chromosome of D. melanogaster remain on the dot chromosome in D. virilis, but many inversions have occurred. The dot chromosomes of both species are similar to the major chromosome arms in gene density and coding density, but the dot chromosome genes of both species have larger introns. The D. virilis dot chromosome fosmids have a high repeat density (22.8%), similar to homologous regions of D. melanogaster (26.5%). There are, however, major differences in the representation of repetitive elements. Remnants of DNA transposons make up only 6.3% of the D. virilis dot chromosome fosmids, but 18.4% of the homologous regions from D. melanogaster; DINE-1 and 1360 elements are particularly enriched in D. melanogaster. Euchromatic domains on the major chromosomes in both species have very few DNA transposons (less than 0.4 %). Combining these results with recent findings about RNAi, we suggest that specific repetitive elements, as well as density, play a role in determining higher-order chromatin packaging.
Unsupervised Signal Restoration in Partially Observed Markov Chains

An important problem in signal processing consists in estimating an unobservable process x = {x n } n ∈N from an observed process y = {y n } n ∈N. In Linear Gaussian Hidden Markov Chains (LGHMC), recursive solutions are given by Kalman-like Bayesian restoration algorithms. In this paper, we consider the more general framework of Linear Gaussian Triplet Markov Chains (LGTMC), i.e. of models in which the triplet (x, r, y) (where r = {r n } n ∈N is some additional process) is Markovian and Gaussian. We address unsupervised restoration in LGTMC by extending to LGTMC the EM parameter estimation algorithm which was already developed in classical state-space models.
GermSAGE: a comprehensive SAGE database for transcript discovery on male germ cell development

GermSAGE is a comprehensive web-based database generated by Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) representing major stages in mouse male germ cell development, with 150 000 sequence tags in each SAGE library. A total of 452 095 tags derived from type A spermatogonia (Spga), pachytene spermatocytes (Spcy) and round spermatids (Sptd) were included. GermSAGE provides web-based tools for browsing, comparing and searching male germ cell transcriptome data at different stages with customizable searching parameters. The data can be visualized in a tabulated format or further analyzed by aligning with various annotations available in the UCSC genome browser. This flexible platform will be useful for gaining better understanding of the genetic networks that regulate spermatogonial cell renewal and differentiation, and will allow novel gene discovery. GermSAGE is freely available at http://germsage.nichd.nih.gov/
Computerized clinical decision support: will it transform healthcare?

Many experts argue that addressing the burgeoning problems of the health care system requires a fundamental redesign, a transformation in which existing modalities are replaced by new paradigms for care delivery.1,2 As the Institute of Medicine has stated, simply “trying harder” to make the existing system work better will not be enough.3 However, while the need for fundamental redesign is generally agreed upon, less agreement exists for how those changes should be made and what that new health care system should look like. Expanding the use of information technology has emerged as one of the most widely supported aspects to health care system redesign.4–8
CAN INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION DRIVE DISRUPTIVE SELECTION? AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF STICKLEBACKS

Theory suggests that frequency-dependent resource competition will disproportionately impact the most common phenotypes in a population. The resulting disruptive selection forms the driving force behind evolutionary models of niche diversification, character release, ecological sexual dimorphism, resource polymorphism, and sympatric speciation. However, there is little empirical support for the idea that intraspecific competition generates disruptive selection. This paper presents a test of this theory, using natural populations of the three-spine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Sticklebacks exhibit substantial individual specialization associated with phenotypic variation and so are likely to experience frequency-dependent competition and hence disruptive selection. Using body size and relative gonad mass as indirect measures of potential fecundity and hence fitness, I show that an important aspect of trophic morphology, gill raker length, is subject to disruptive selection in one of two natural lake populations. To test whether this apparent disruptive selection could have been caused by competition, I manipulated population densities in pairs of large enclosures in each of five lakes. In each lake I removed fish from one enclosure and added them to the other to create paired low- and high-population-density treatments with natural phenotype distributions. Again using indirect measures of fitness, disruptive selection was consistently stronger in high-density than low-density enclosures. These results support long-standing theoretical arguments that intraspecific competition drives disruptive selection and thus may be an important causal agent in the evolution of ecological variation.
Close and Allosteric Opening of the Polypeptide-Binding Site in a Human Hsp70 Chaperone BiP

Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), an essential and ubiquitous Hsp70 chaperone in the ER, plays a key role in protein folding and quality control. BiP contains two functional domains: a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). NBD binds and hydrolyzes ATP; the substrates for SBD are extended polypeptides. ATP binding allosterically accelerates polypeptide binding and release. Although crucial to the chaperone activity, the molecular mechanisms of polypeptide binding and allosteric coupling of BiP are poorly understood. Here, we present crystal structures of an intact human BiP in the ATP-bound state, the first intact eukaryotic Hsp70 structure, and isolated BiP-SBD with a peptide substrate bound representing the ADP-bound state. These structures and our biochemical analysis demonstrate that BiP has a unique NBD-SBD interface that is highly conserved only in eukaryotic Hsp70s found in the cytosol and ER to fortify its ATP-bound state and promote the opening of its polypeptide-binding pocket.
Interactions between Rotavirus and Natural Organic Matter Isolates with Different Physicochemical Characteristics

Interaction forces between rotavirus and Suwanee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) or Colorado River NOM (CRNOM) were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in NaCl solutions and at unadjusted pH (5.7–5.9). Compared to CRNOM, SRNOM has more aromatic carbon and phenolic/carboxylic functional groups. CRNOM is characterized with aliphatic structure and considerable presence of polysaccharide moieties rich in hydroxyl functional groups. Strong repulsive forces were observed between rotavirus and silica or mica or SRNOM. The interaction decay length derived from the approaching curves for these systems involving rotavirus in high ionic strength solution was significantly higher than the theoretical Debye length. While no adhesion was observed for rotavirus and SRNOM, attraction was observed between CRNOM and rotavirus during approach and adhesion during retraction. Moreover, these adhesion forces decreased with increasing ionic strength. Interactions due to ionic hydrogen bonding between deprotonated carb...
Evidence-Based Strategies for Preserving Mobility for Elderly and Aging Manual Wheelchair Users.

Elderly and aging manual wheelchair users have an increased risk for accelerated loss of function and mobility that greatly limits independence and affects quality of life. This review addresses important issues for preserving function and mobility among elderly and aging individuals who use a manual wheelchair by presenting the current available evidence and recommendations. These include recommendations for maximizing function by decreasing pain, improving the ability to self-propel, and prolonging mobility and endurance through ergonomics, individualized wheelchair selection and confi guration, and adaptations for increasing the capacity to handle the daily mobility demands through training, strengthening, and exercise. Each recommendation is supported by current research in each relevant area.
Topics in Orthogonal Functions

(1975). Topics in Orthogonal Functions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 6, pp. 594-609.
Computational Micromechanics Analysis of Damage Induced Piezoresistivity in Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Nanocomposites Under Cyclic Loading Conditions

The current 2-scale computational multiscale micromechanics based exploration of sensing capabilities in carbon nanotube (CNT) polymer nanocomposites focuses on the macroscale piezoresistive response when the nanocomposite undergoes damage. It has been shown that electron hopping at the nanoscale is the primary mechanism behind the observed macroscale piezoresistivity for such nanocomposites. A novel continuum description of the non-continuum electron hopping effect used in the current work enables the use of multiscale continuum micromechanics based approaches to study nanocomposite piezoresistivity. The current work aims at exploring the effect of nanoscale interfacial damage and local matrix damage on the effective properties of the nanocomposites. The interfacial damage in CNT-polymer nanocomposites is modeled through electromechanical cohesive zones and the local polymer matrix damage is modeled through continuum damage mechanics modeling. The effect of each of these damage mechanisms is studied independently under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions to differentiate between the different damage evolution paths and to explore the evolution of associated effective electrostatic and piezoresistive response.
Retrospective frames of disability: Themes derived from parents of children who grew up with congenital disabilities

OF DISSERTATION RETROSPECTIVE FRAMES OF DISABILITY: THEMES DERIVED FROM PARENTS OF CHILDREN WHO GREW UP WITH CONGENITAL DISABILITY Introduction: For children born with physical disabilities, the perspectives and actions of their parents prove significant to their childhood developmental outcomes clinically, educationally, socially, and with regard to community participation. The lived world and perceptions of parents who have children with disabilities however is not well investigated. This study sought to understand parents’ framing of theirs and their children’s disability experiences. Family systems together with family systems intervention models, and disability theory were used to provide structure to interview instrumentation and subsequent analysis. Child-centered and ecologic influences were also used to track the transformative processes over time that infuses parental themes. Methods: Methods for this study followed traditions of heuristic phenomenology. Openended parental interviews, written and spoken, together with field notes were used to explore the meanings given to disability. Analysis focused on collective descriptions and critical themes. Results: The nine parents in this study revealed four dominant themes around which their children’s lived lives were both understood and framed. Navigating normal for us; Our pride and joy; Anything but disability; Lived lives, looking back. Each is expressed in the words of parents who reared a child with disabilities into adulthood. Discussion and Recommendations: Parental disability frameworks differ from medical model frameworks and those of disability studies but share similarities with each. The parent themes provided holistic views of what these families have lived and learned. Their perspectives provide potentially vital markers and points of inquiry for interventionists and team members who work with children and families. Themes may also offer categorical means to explore well-being and child outcomes. Additionally, the themes were transformative and empowering for parents, both in the discussion of individual matters and in their narratives. All participants iterated that they welcomed having their voices invited and heard.
Upper airway and tracheal obstruction in infants and children

The radiologist plays a key role in the diagnosis of airway obstruction in children. Most diagnoses are made on the basis of plain films. In more complicated or complex entities, CT and MRI give excellent anatomic detail in defining the airway, associated soft tissues, and vascular relationships.
Superior Charge Storage and Power Density of a Conducting Polymer-Modified Covalent Organic Framework

The low conductivity of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs), and most related coordination polymers, limits their applicability in optoelectronic and electrical energy storage (EES) devices. Although some networks exhibit promising conductivity, these examples generally lack structural versatility, one of the most attractive features of framework materials design. Here we enhance the electrical conductivity of a redox-active 2D COF film by electropolymerizing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) within its pores. The resulting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-infiltrated COF films exhibit dramatically improved electrochemical responses, including quantitative access to their redox-active groups, even for 1 μm-thick COF films that otherwise provide poor electrochemical performance. PEDOT-modified COF films can accommodate high charging rates (10–1600 C) without compromising performance and exhibit both a 10-fold higher current response relative to unmodified films and stable capacita...
Delay discounting and utility for money or weight loss

OBJECTIVE Obesity is related to a bias towards smaller immediate over larger delayed rewards. This bias is typically examined by studying single commodity discounting. However, weight loss often involves choices among multiple commodities. To our knowledge, no research has examined delay discounting of delayed weight loss compared with other commodities. METHODS We examined single commodity discounting of money and cross commodity discounting of money and weight loss in a sample of 84 adults with obesity or overweight statuses interested in weight loss. The exchange rate between money and weight loss was calculated, and participants completed two delay discounting tasks: money now versus money later and money now versus weight loss later. RESULTS Participants discounted weight loss more than money (p < 0.001). When participants were divided into those who preferred weight loss (n = 61) versus money (n = 23), those who preferred money over weight loss discounted weight loss even more than individuals that preferred weight loss (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Greater discounting of weight loss for those who preferred money suggest that idiosyncratic preferences are related to multiple commodity discounting, and greater discounting of weight loss across all participants provide insight on important challenges for weight control.
Animal Rights Talk: Moral Debate over the Internet

Messages sent over Animal Rights-Talk, an electronic mail network devoted to the discussion of issues related to the animal rights movement, were analyzed. Messages typically fell into the following categories: questions and information, discussions of philosophical issues, ethical problems associated with the treatment of particular species, the politics of the animal rights movement, problems of moral consistency, the ethics of particular uses of non-human species (e.g., meat consumption, biomedical research with animal subjects), and matters pertaining to the internal life of the network (e.g., efforts at control of perceived norm violations). Debates between animal activists and animal researchers over the network often reflected the conflicting cosmologies of scientists and animal protectionists. We argue that computer bulletin boards offer a potentially important avenue for qualitative research.
What Went Right: Interactional Strategies for Managing Crisis Negotiations during an Emergency Service Call

ABSTRACTThis article is a conversation analytic investigation of an emergency service call in which a hostage in a school shooting played a dual role during the ongoing emergency—the role of 911 caller and the role of de facto crisis negotiator. The analysis will show how the caller used techniques such as footing shifts, tone of voice shifts, self-disclosure, and active listening techniques (including continuers, questions, repeats, and paraphrases) to successfully keep the conflict from escalating, maintain the autonomy of the intruder, and negotiate his surrender while working in collaboration with the 911 call taker.
Case 62: Castleman Disease

Adult woman with incidental finding on MRI of the abdomen identified during an examination performed because of right upper quadrant pain.
How Sharp Is the Cratonic Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Transition?

Earth's cratonic mantle lithosphere is distinguished by high seismic wave velocities that extend to depths greater than 200 km, but recent studies disagree on the magnitude and depth extent of the velocity gradient at their lower boundary. Here we analyze and model the frequency dependence of Sp waves to constrain the lithosphere-asthenosphere velocity gradient at long-lived stations on cratons in North America, Africa, Australia, and Eurasia. Beneath 33 of 44 stations, negative velocity gradients at depths greater than 150 km are less than a 2–3% velocity drop distributed over more than 80 km. In these regions the base of the typical cratonic lithosphere is gradual enough to be explained by a thermal transition. Vertically sharper lithosphere-asthenosphere transitions are permitted beneath 11 stations, but these zones are spatially intermittent. These results demonstrate that lithosphere-asthenosphere viscosity contrasts and coupling fundamentally differ between cratons and younger continents.
Beautiful Piles of Bones: An Interview with 2017 Genetics Society of America Medal Recipient David M. Kingsley

The Genetics Society of America Medal is awarded to an individual for outstanding contributions to the field of genetics in the last 15 years. Recipients of the GSA Medal are recognized for elegant and highly meaningful contributions to modern genetics, exemplifying the ingenuity of GSA membership. The 2017 recipient is David M. Kingsley, whose work in mouse, sticklebacks, and humans has shifted paradigms about how vertebrates evolve. Kingsley first fell in love with genetics in graduate school, where he worked on receptor mediated endocytosis with Monty Krieger. In his postdoctoral training he was able to unite genetics with his first scientific love: vertebrate morphology. He joined the group of Neal Copeland and Nancy Jenkins, where he led efforts to map the classical mouse skeletal mutation short ear Convinced that experimental genetics had a unique power to reveal the inner workings of evolution, Kingsley then established the stickleback fish as an extraordinarily productive model of quantitative trait evolution in wild species. He and his colleagues revealed many important insights, including the discoveries that major morphological differences can map to key loci with large effects, that regulatory changes in essential developmental control genes have produced advantageous new traits, and that nature has selected the same genes over and over again to drive the stickleback's skeletal evolution. Recently, Kingsley's group has been using these lessons to reveal more about how our own species evolved.This is an abridged version of the interview. The full interview is available on the Genes to Genomes blog, at genestogenomes.org/kingsley/.
Theoretical implications of the galactic radial acceleration relation of McGaugh, Lelli, and Schombert

Velocities in stable circular orbits about galaxies, a measure of centripetal gravitation, exceed the expected Kepler/Newton velocity as orbital radius increases. Standard LCDM attributes this anomaly to galactic dark matter. McGaugh et al have recently shown for 153 disc galaxies that observed radial acceleration is an apparently universal function of classical acceleration computed for observed galactic baryonic mass density. This is consistent with the empirical MOND model, not requiring dark matter. It is shown here that suitably constrained LCDM and conformal gravity (CG) also produce such a universal correlation function. LCDM requires a very specific dark matter distribution, while the implied CG nonclassical acceleration must be independent of galactic mass. All three constrained radial acceleration functions agree with the empirical baryonic $v^4$ Tully-Fisher relation. Accurate rotation data in the nominally flat velocity range could distinguish between MOND, LCDM, and conformal gravity.
Outcomes of lesser tuberosity osteotomy in revision anatomic shoulder arthroplasty

BACKGROUND Lesser tuberosity osteotomy (LTO) is a common surgical approach during anatomic shoulder arthroplasty. Outcomes of LTO have been shown to be similar to subscapularis tenotomy and peel techniques, but little is known about the outcomes of LTO during revision arthroplasty. METHODS This retrospective case series included 10 consecutive patients who underwent LTO during revision shoulder arthroplasty at a single institution from 2012 to 2016. Patients underwent a preoperative computed tomography scan to evaluate the lesser tuberosity bone stock. Demographic information, radiographic evidence of LTO healing, outcomes of range of motion, subscapularis strength, and visual analog scale pain scores were analyzed. RESULTS Revision total shoulder arthroplasty with LTO was performed for glenoid arthritis after hemiarthroplasty in 10 patients. Average age at surgery was 59.8 years, and no humeral stems were revised. Eight of 10 patients had prior subscapularis tenotomy. Average follow-up after revision surgery was 9.2 months. LTO union was documented in 80% and nondisplaced nonunion in 20%. At follow-up, 50% reported mild pain. Subscapularis strength testing was graded normal in 80% and weak in 20%. Average visual analog scale pain improved from 9.4 prerevision to 4.8 postrevision (P < .05). On average, range of motion improved in active forward elevation from 123° to 141° and remained unchanged in active external rotation from 42° to 42°. CONCLUSION Patients undergoing LTO during revision anatomic shoulder arthroplasty demonstrate successful LTO bony healing, improvement in pain, and improved forward elevation. In select patients not requiring humeral stem revision, LTO is a safe and effective surgical approach to subscapularis management during revision anatomic shoulder arthroplasty.