cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Analysis of Morphological Content in BERT Models for Multiple Languages

This work describes experiments which probe the hidden representations of several BERT-style models for morphological content. The goal is to examine the extent to which discrete linguistic structure, in the form of morphological features and feature values, presents itself in the vector representations and attention distributions of pre-trained language models for five European languages. The experiments contained herein show that (i) Transformer architectures largely partition their embedding space into convex sub-regions highly correlated with morphological feature value, (ii) the contextualized nature of transformer embeddings allows models to distinguish ambiguous morphological forms in many, but not all cases, and (iii) very specific attention head/layer combinations appear to hone in on subject-verb agreement.
Implementation of Post-Acute Rehabilitation at Home: A Skilled Nursing Facility-Substitutive Model.

Objectives For patients who require frequent and intensive therapy services after hospitalization, rehabilitation is predominantly provided in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Delivering post-acute rehabilitation in patients' homes offers a potential alternative. Our aim was to describe and evaluate services and functional outcomes and then identify factors associated with the provision of a 30-day post-acute care (PAC) bundle of rehabilitation, medical, and social services provided via the Rehabilitation at Home (RaH) program. Design Single-arm retrospective review of patients participating in the RaH program. Setting Multidisciplinary home-based delivery of PAC in Manhattan. Participants Individuals 18 years or older residing in a specified catchment area and qualifying for SNF-based rehabilitation services from October 2015 to September 2017. Results A total of 237 patients participated in RaH over 264 episodes of care. Participants were predominantly older than 85 years (57%; mean = 84.2; standard deviation [SD] = 10.0 years) and of non-Hispanic white (70%) race and ethnicity. Most were admitted after hospitalization (88.2%) for 117 different diagnostic related groups. Average length of stay in RaH was 14.2 (SD = 6.5) days with patients receiving 1.83 (SD = 2.22) medical provider, 1.67 (SD = 1.58) nursing, and 5.24 (SD = 1.05) physical therapist visits weekly. Most of the patients fully or almost fully met their goals for bed mobility (65%), bed transfer (69%), chair transfer (67%), and ambulation (64%) with the majority achieving moderate or considerable (61%) global functional improvement. Achieving moderate or considerable global improvement was negatively associated with dementia diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = .23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .08-.71) and positively associated with higher baseline ambulation (OR = 5.51; 95% CI = 2.22-13.66). At 30 days, 87.3% of participants were living in the community. Conclusion Delivering SNF-level post-acute rehabilitation care in patients' homes for a broad range of diagnoses is feasible and associated with functional improvement. This approach may help older adults maintain living status in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1584-1593, 2020.
Lipocalin 2 induces neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction through liver-brain axis in murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Recent clinical and basic research implicated a strong correlation between NAFLD/NASH phenotypes with ectopic manifestations including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, but the mediators and critical pathways involved are not well understood. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is one of the important mediators exclusively produced in the liver and circulation during NASH pathology. Using murine model of NASH, we studied the role of Lcn2 as a potent mediator of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in NASH pathology via the liver-brain axis. Results showed that high circulatory Lcn2 activated 24p3R (Lipocalin2 receptor) in the brain and induced the release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) preferably from brain cells. Released HMGB1 acted as a preferential ligand to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and induced oxidative stress by activation of NOX-2 signaling involving activated p65 protein of the NF-κB complex. Further, the HMGB1-derived downstream signaling cascade activated NLRP3 inflammasome and release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β from brain cells. In addition, to advance our present understanding, in vitro studies were performed in primary brain endothelial cells where results showed high circulatory Lcn2 influenced HMGB1 secretion. Mechanistically, we also showed that elevated Lcn2 level in underlying NASH might be a likely cause for induction of blood-brain barrier dysfunction since the adipokine decreased the expression of tight junction protein Claudin 5 and caused subsequent elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. In conclusion, the NASH-induced brain pathology might be because of increased Lcn2-induced release of HMGB1 and accompanying neuroinflammation.
Doi Moi and Vietnamese threat perception of Chinese economic growth

A growing body of literature has recently emerged establishing that political socialization influences foreign policy preferences of the public. But the empirical domain of this literature has been confined largely to American foreign policy and whether and how this empirical regularity holds in a non-democratic, non-western setting is unknown. Filling this lacuna, this research note studies the Vietnamese public attitudes toward Chinese economic expansion. I argue that Vietnamese citizens who grew up amid Doi Moi (renovation) had a political socialization experience very different from that of the birth cohorts who immediately preceded them. I demonstrate that the traditional ‘socialist brotherhood’ rhetoric that used to moderate otherwise hostile public opinions about China became insignificant through the course of the reform. This abrupt change led to markedly divergent views between the pre- and post-Doi Moi birth groups on China. Using the data from the latest Pew Global Attitude Survey, I demonstrate that Doi Moi increased the Vietnamese public's negative perception of Chinese economic expansion.
Tuning Microbial Activity via Programmatic Alteration of Cell/Substrate Interfaces

A wide portfolio of advanced programmable materials and structures has been developed for biological applications in the last two decades. Particularly, due to their unique properties, semiconducting materials have been utilized in areas of biocomputing, implantable electronics, and healthcare. As a new concept of such programmable material design, biointerfaces based on inorganic semiconducting materials as substrates introduce unconventional paths for bioinformatics and biosensing. In particular, understanding how the properties of a substrate can alter microbial biofilm behavior enables researchers to better characterize and thus create programmable biointerfaces with necessary characteristics on demand. Herein, the current status of advanced microorganism-inorganic biointerfaces is summarized along with types of responses that can be observed in such hybrid systems. This work identifies promising inorganic material types along with target microorganisms that will be critical for future research on programmable biointerfacial structures.
Boron Containing Nucleic Acids

The radiobiological effectiveness of the neutron capture reaction is thought to be twice as great if it occurs in the cell nucleus rather than in the cytoplasm.1.2 To enhance the probability of localization in the cell nucleus, we have been carrying out the synthesis of a variety of boronated nucleic acids.
Spur-gear optimization using SPUROPT computer program

A computer program developed for optimizing spur gear designs, SPUROPT, was updated by installing a new subroutine that uses AGMA 908-B89 standards to calculate the J-factor for determining tooth-bending stress. The updated SPUROPT program was then used to optimize a spur gear set for maximum fatigue life, minimum dynamic load, or minimum weight. All calculations were made with constraints on as many as 13 parameters by using three design variables: the number of teeth, diametral pitch, and tooth-face width. Results depended largely on constraints values. When the limiting bending stress was set at a high value, the optimal solution was the highest allowable number of teeth. When the allowable bending stress was lowered, the optimal solution moved toward the fewest number of teeth permitted. Final results were also affected by the amount of transmission error. A lower error permitted a higher number of teeth.
Regulating the Financial Markets by Examinations

This Essay proposes changing future government examinations of market intermediaries and focusing on bubbles and crashes as the main dangers to the financial system and the economy. Prior substantive regulation has an undesirable effect on innovations and freedom of the markets. Regulating after a crash (when the "horse has left the barn") is undesirable and ineffective. Therefore, the Essay proposes tighter and closer examinations somewhat different from the current ones: (1) Examine more frequently when market prices rise (not when the have fallen); (2) Examine entities that are too large to fail; those that are highly leveraged; those whose shares-prices rise steadily with little or no fluctuation; and entities that have obtained exemptions from regulation. (3) Examiners should search for violations of the law (and the spirit of the law), but not economic or financial rationalizations. (4) Examiners should be experts, highly paid and incentivized to remain in government employ. Expert information about the markets will hopefully reduce the impact of bubbles and inevitable crashes and the loss of investors trust that decimates the financial system.
Fingerprint verification using correlation filters

In this paper we investigate the use of correlation filters for fingerprint verification. Correlation filters have advantages such as their built-in shift invariance, closed form expressions, graceful degradation, and their ability to trade off discrimination for distortion tolerance. The NIST Special Database 24 is used here to evaluate fingerprint verification performance in the presence of distortions.
Sinus nodal echoes. Clinical case report and canine studies.

Abstract Sinus nodal echoes are illustrated in (1) a case report, and (2) a study of the effects of atrial premature beats after atrial drive in dogs. When atrial premature beats confront the sinus node while it is still refractory, 3 types of response may be seen: (1) Complete interpolation—the subsequent sinus beat (or escape) comes precisely at the expected time; (2) incomplete interpolation—the subsequent sinus beat is delayed; and (3) sinus echoes—the sinus beat appears earlier than expected. In all 3 instances the node is entered, but the pacemaker fails to be reset. Although the echo has the form of a sinus beat, it is followed by a pause, presumably as a result of repenetration of the sinus node through pathways unused during exit. The curves characterizing the expansion by vagal stimulation of the nodal refractory period and total echo circuit time are defined, together with the latency of cholinergic effect on nodal refractoriness, sinus automaticity and exit conduction of the echo. The secondary concealment zone of a completely interpolated atrial premature beat is established. Atrial preexcitation (before the echo) sometimes evokes a second echo. The limiting factor on sustained sinoatrial reciprocation thus appears to be total echo circuit time rather than refractoriness of atrium or echo entrance pathways. The repetitive echoes seen in this study may be the basis for some clinical cases of sinus or atrial tachycardia.
Economics of Distributed Resources

The concept of distributed resources, on both sides of the electric meter, is introduced with special emphasis on techniques for evaluating the economic attributes of the technologies that can most efficiently utilize these resources. Energy conservation supply curves on the demand side, along with the economics of cogeneration on the supply side, are presented. Careful attention is given to assessing the economic and environmental benefits of utilizing waste heat and the technologies for converting it to useful energy services such as air conditioning.
Particle friction angles in steep mountain channels

Sediment transport rates in steep mountain channels are typically an order of magnitude lower than predicted by models developed for lowland rivers. One hypothesis for this observation is that particles are more stable in mountain channels due to particle-particle interlocking or bridging across the channel width. This hypothesis has yet to be tested, however, because we lack direct measurements of particle friction angles in steep mountain channels. Here we address this data gap by directly measuring the minimum force required to dislodge sediment (pebbles to boulders) and the sediment weight in mountain channels using a handheld force gauge. At eight sites in California, with reach-averaged bed angles ranging from 0.5° to 23° and channel widths ranging from 2 m to 16 m, we show that friction angles in natural streams average 68° and are 16° larger than those typically measured in laboratory experiments, which is likely due to particle interlocking and burial. Results also show that larger grains are disproportionately more stable than predicted by existing models and that grains organized into steps are twice as stable as grains outside of steps. However, the mean particle friction angle does not vary systematically with bed slope. These results do not support systematic increases in friction angle in steeper and narrower channels to explain the observed low sediment transport rates in mountain channels. Instead, the spatial pattern and grain-size dependence of particle friction angles may indirectly lower transport rates in steep, narrow channels by stabilizing large clasts and channel-spanning steps, which act as momentum sinks due to form drag.
Measurements of the frequency of human erythrocytes with gene expression loss phenotypes at the glycophorin A locus.

An assay method is described for determining the frequency of human erythrocytes having a gene expression loss phenotype at the glycophorin A locus presumably due to in vivo somatic mutational events in erythroid precursor cells. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the M and N glycophorin A alleles are used to identify variant cells that lack the expression of one allele in blood samples from MN heterozygotes. Flow cytometry and sorting are used to enumerate and purify variant cells. Using three different antibody combinations which are sensitive to the loss of either the M or the N allele, we find that variant cells occur at a frequency of 1x10-5 in normal donors. We also detect variant cells with an apparent homozygous phenotype suggesting that events leading to homozygosity may occur at similar frequencies to gene loss events. Significant increases in variant cell frequency are observed in cancer patients after exposure to mutagenic chemotherapy drugs.
A note on the onset of synchrony in avian ovulation cycles

Spontaneous oscillator synchrony occurs when populations of interacting oscillators begin cycling together in the absence of environmental forcing. Synchrony has been documented in many physical and biological systems, including oestrus/menstrual cycles in rats and humans. In previous work we showed that Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) can lay eggs synchronously on an every-other-day schedule, and that synchrony increases with colony density. Here we pose a discrete-time model of avian ovulation to study the dynamics of synchronization. We prove the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium solution which bifurcates to increasingly synchronous cycles as colony density increases.
Nuclear energy: Production and problems

Nuclear energy is an appealing solution to the energy crisis because it is relatively inexpensive, is independent of foreign control, and could possibly provide a significant portion of our energy needs for a considerable period of time. Thus it has the potential to allow us to continue our present energy-intensive life-styles. For these reasons, objective analyses of the hazards and problems of nuclear energy have not been especially wellreceived in governmental circles. An Associated Press repor t of 21 April 1978, states that President Eisenhower specifically directed that the public was to be "confused" about the nature of atmospheric testing. According to the report , this policy has never been changed. Unfortunately the secretive attitude of the government agencies dealing with nuclear energy has not only fostered ignorance; it has also hampered medical research. An example of this is the efforts of the energy agencies to curtail Dr. Thomas F. Mancuso's research on the relationship between cancer incidence and radiation exposure workers at government laboratories in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Richland, Washington. This case has recently been detailed in Science (Anonymous 1978: 103; Holden 1979: 155-158). Al though we do not reject the possibility that nuclear energy may be a necessary interim solution to our energy problems, we think that the risks and hazards of nuclear energy such as that posed by technetium-99 (discussed in the companion article on page 149 of this issue) should be openly studied and discussed so that the citizens who will be taking the risks are given an appropriate voice in the hard decisions that must be made regarding the use of nuclear energy.
Differential responses of rabbit endocervix and uterus to medroxyprogesterone acetate.

Abstract Uteri and cervices were obtained from estrous rabbits (controls) and from rabbits 24 h or 7 days after a single intramuscular injection of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; 2.14 mg/kg). Estrogen and progesterone receptor concentrations were measured by Scatchard analysis, cell-free DNA synthesis was measured by ( 3 H)-TTP incorporation, and tissue sections were examined histologically. The uterine endometrium underwent marked changes in histology, including extensive infoldings of the mucosal surface, glands were continuous into crypts and secretory epithelial cells were noted. In addition, total estrogen receptor content and DNA synthesis were decreased. In contrast, there was no significant change in the histology of the endocervical epithelial-stromal complex, and total estrogen receptor remained constant. However, DNA synthesis in the endocervix was decreased. Thus we concluded that: 1) DNA synthesis is not linked to changes in estrogen receptor in the endocervix; and 2) differential effects of progestogen on the estrogen receptor system occur coincident with different morphological responses within two target tissues from the same animal.
The successive linear estimator: a revisit

This paper examines the theoretical basis of the successive linear estimator (SLE) that has been developed for the inverse problem in subsurface hydrology. We show that the SLE algorithm is a non-linear iterative estimator to the inverse problem. The weights used in the SLE algorithm are calculated based on conditional covariances, and yield estimates that satisfy the minimum-meansquare-error criterion. Furthermore, the weights for well-posed or deterministic inverse problems are equivalent to the inverse of Jacobian matrices of the classical Newton–Raphson (NR) algorithm for the non-linear forward problem. For ill-posed or stochastic inverse problems, the weights are smooth interpreted quantities of the inverse of the Jacobian at data locations, based on the spatial covariance of parameters. For both deterministic and stochastic inverse problems, the SLE algorithm converges as in the NR scheme for the forward non-linear problem. The SLE approach is verified with a simple forward exponential model and compared to the exact lognormal conditional mean estimates. Results show that for the deterministic inverse problem, this approach can yield an exact solution, whereas the estimate of the SLE approach for the stochastic inverse problem is exact up to a known residual term related to the conditional estimation variance.
Evidence for Arctic Ozone Depletion in Late February and early March 1994

Significant chemical ozone (O3 ) loss in the 1993-94 Arctic winter occurred mainly during an unusually late cold spell of approximately 10 days in late Feb/early Mar. Over the 30 d period studied (including the cold spell), observed vortex-averaged O3 at 465 K (approximately 40 hPa) decreased by approximately 10%. New three-dimensional, diabatic trajectory calculations show that this observed decrease represents only about half of the net chemical loss (approximately 20%) during the 30 day period. The resupply of lower stratospheric O3 by transport in Feb 1994 was considerably greater than in 1993, when transport masked only about a quarter of the chemical loss in Feb/Mar. The net estimated chemical loss over 30 days in 1994 was comparable to that over the same 30 days in 1993, but mainly occurred at a faster rate during the brief cold spell. These results highlight the impact of Arctic interannual variability on the relative roles of chemistry and dynamics in O3 evolution during recent Arctic winters.
Penetration factors and resonance mixing phases for isobaric analog states

Graphs are presented of penetration factors, P n , to enable neutron spectroscopic factors, S , to be evaluated directly from proton elasticand inelastic-scattering isobaric-analog-resonance partial widths, Γ p , according to the relation S=(N +1- Z ) Γ p P n , where N and Z are the numbers of target neutrons and protons, respectively. Also presented are graphs of the resonance mixing phase, c R , which is required in the extraction of Γ p from data. The Z -range is 16 to 82 in varying steps convenient for interpolation. The angular momentum range is L =0 (1) 4, J = L ±1/2( J >0) A standard set of optical-model parameters is used.
Vertical Flame Adjustment on a Beckman DU Spectrophotometer

In flame photometry, it is often desirable to scan the flame vertically. A device for moving the burner up and down on a Beckman DU spectrophotometer has been reported by May, Kramer, and Curtis (1) and also by Beck (2). These devices, have two disadvantages: a) they require some fairly complicated machine work to construct and b) when the burner alone is moved up and down, the adjustment of the solution feed is destroyed.
Whither the Future of NSF Advanced Computing Infrastructure

Associate editor in chief, Steven Gottlieb, discusses a National Research Council report on "Future Directions for NSF Advanced Computing Infrastructure to Support US Science and Engineering in 2017-2020" and the current state of funding for the National Science Foundation.
Influence of Adjunct Cultures on Ripening of Reduced Fat Edam Cheeses

Abstract The influence of four adjunct cultures [ Brevibacterium linens (BL2), Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis, Lactobacillus helveticus (LH212), and Lactobacillus Reuteri (ATCC 23272)] on chemical and sensory characteristics of reduced fat Edam cheese was studied. The aminopeptidase activity of Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis was higher than that of Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus reuteri , and Brevibacterium linens , respectively. Mean percent fat and moisture contents of reduced fat cheese were 20.85±0.69 and 42.95±0.43, respectively. Percentage of fat and moisture of full fat control cheese were 30.06±0.78 and 39.11±0.60. Titratable acidity increased in all cheese with aging while pH initially decreased but increased in cheese after 6 mo aging at 7°C. Lactic acid bacteria counts were on average one log higher for reduced fat cheeses than for full fat control cheese and counts decreasing with aging. Free amino acids (FAA) in cheeses increased with aging, and were higher in reduced fat cheeses than in the full fat control cheese. Reduced fat cheeses containing L. helveticus exhibited the highest FAA content. Descriptive sensory panelists (n = 9) did not detect differences among cheeses after 3 and 6 mo ripening, but aged/developed flavors (fruity, nutty, brothy, sulfur, free fatty acid) and sweetness increased between 3 and 6 mo. Expert panelists (n = 6) detected differences in texture quality among the cheeses. Reduced fat control cheeses and reduced fat cheeses with L. helveticus and L. reuteri received the highest texture quality scores. Addition of L. helveticus and Lc. lactis ssp. diacetylactis , as adjunct cultures to reduced fat Edam cheeses increased proteolysis, while the addition of L. helveticus and L. reuteri increased texture quality of cheeses.
Influence of Parent Artery Motion on the Hemodynamics of Basilar Tip Aneurysms

The pathogenesis, progression and rupture of cerebral aneurysms are multi-factorial mechanisms that involve arterial hemodynamics, wall biomechanics, wall mechano-transduction or mechano-biology, and peri-aneurysmal environmental effects [1].Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR TWO-HAND BAG VALVE MASK VENTILATION

SUMMARY A method of bag valve mask ventilation (BVM) in which the resuscitator compresses the self-inflating bag between the open palm and body was compared with both standard single resuscitator and two-resuscitator BVM ventilation. Eighteen subjects ventilated a modified recording mannikin using each method in random order. The tidal volume (VT) was greater with the open palm (mean 684 (SD 182) ml) than standard single resuscitator ventilation (mean 520 (152) ml). The difference was greater in the nine subjects with small hands (mean 196 (103) ml).VT was less than with tworesuscitator ventilation (mean VT 953 (236) ml).
Contributions of discrete tRNASer domains to aminoacylation by E.coli seryl-tRNA synthetase: a kinetic analysis using model RNA substrates

The aminoacylation kinetics of T7 transcripts representing defined regions of Escherichia coli serine tRNAs were determined using purified E.coli seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) and the kinetic values were used to estimate the relative contribution of various tRNA(Ser) domains to recognition by SerRS. The analysis revealed that the extra stem/loop structure, characteristic of type II tRNAs such as tRNA(Ser), is the domain which makes the largest contribution to kcat/Km of aminoacylation. Moreover, Km of aminoacylation was increased by a factor of about 1000 when the extra stem/loop was changed to the consensus sequence of type I tRNA extra loops indicating that the stem structure contributes significantly to the binding of tRNA(Ser) to SerRS. A model RNA, which represents only the tRNA(Ser) coaxial acceptor-T psi C stem/loop domain, was also specifically aminoacylated by SerRS having a kcat/Km about 1000-fold greater than background levels. A significant portion of the contribution of this domain to aminoacylation is attributable to the acceptor stem sequence making the acceptor stem the second most important domain for recognition by SerRS. Finally, kcat/Km was essentially unchanged when the entire anticodon stem/loop of tRNA(Ser) was deleted indicating that neither the anticodon nucleotides nor the surrounding stem/loop structure are important for recognition by SerRS.
IQGAP1 regulates Salmonella invasion through interactions with actin, Rac1 and Cdc42

To infect host cells, Salmonella utilizes an intricate system to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton and promote bacterial uptake. Proteins injected into the host cell by Salmonella activate the Rho GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42, to induce actin polymerization. Following uptake, a different set of proteins inactivates Rac1 and Cdc42, returning the cytoskeleton to normal. Although the signaling pathways allowing Salmonella to invade host cells are beginning to be understood, many of the contributing factors remain to be elucidated. IQGAP1 is a multidomain protein that influences numerous cellular functions, including modulation of Rac1/Cdc42 signaling and actin polymerization. Here, we report that IQGAP1 regulates Salmonella invasion. Through its interaction with actin, IQGAP1 co-localizes with Rac1, Cdc42, and actin at sites of bacterial uptake, whereas infection promotes the interaction of IQGAP1 with both Rac1 and Cdc42. Knockdown of IQGAP1 significantly reduces Salmonella invasion and abrogates activation of Cdc42 and Rac1 by Salmonella. Overexpression of IQGAP1 significantly increases the ability of Salmonella to enter host cells and required interaction with both actin and Cdc42/Rac1. Together, these data identify IQGAP1 as a novel regulator of Salmonella invasion.
Noninducible phenotype exhibited by a proportion of female mice heterozygous for the X-linked testicular feminization mutation.

This article describes the varying degrees of inducibility of two marker enzymes and kidney hypertrophy of Tfm/+ heterozygous female mice.
Conformational Studies on (17α,20Z)-21-(X-Phenyl)-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17β-diols Using 1D and 2D NMR Spectroscopy and GIAO Calculations of 13C Shieldings

Differences in agonist responses of the novel estrogen receptor ligands (17α,20Z)-(p-methoxyphenyl)vinyl estradiol (1), (17α,20Z)-(o-α,α,α-trifluoromethylphenyl)vinyl estradiol (2), and (17α,20Z)-(o-hydroxymethylphenyl)vinyl estradiol (3) led us to investigate their solution conformation. In competitive binding assay studies, we observed that several phenyl-substituted (17α,20E/Z)-(X-phenyl)vinyl estradiols exhibited significant estrogen receptor binding, but with variation (RBA (1) = 20; RBA (2) = 23; RBA (3) = 140 where estradiol RBA = 100) depending on the phenyl substitution pattern. Because the 17α-phenylvinyl substituent interacts with the key helix-12 of the ligand binding domain, we considered that differences in the preferred conformation of 1−3 could account for their varying binding affinity. 2D NMR experiments at 500 MHz allowed the complete assignment of the 13C and 1H spectra of 1−3. The conformations of these compounds in solution were established by 2D and 1D NOESY spectroscopy. A statisti...
Deep Excavation in Shale for a Hydroelectric Facility

This paper describes the important engineering features relating to the design and construction of a deep excavation for power canal, intake, and powerhouse structure of the Hudson Falls hydroelectric development on the Hudson River at Glens Falls, N.Y. The excavation is located in a medium hard shale with shallow dipping bedding, numerous intersecting joint sets, and several varieties of fractures. This paper presents the engineering evaluation of the slopes and identifies the importance of flexibility of construction contracts and division of responsibility between engineer and contractor to achieve a high level of cooperation in producing a very successful project.
Bond profiles for cuboctahedron and twist cuboctahedron

Using the information on the interatomic separations in a molecule, one can construct structural invariants that are the components of a molecular profile. The entries in the profile are derived by averaging different powers of the interatomic separations, suitably normalized so that the increasing powers do not dominate the sequence. Although only a few hundreds of structures have been so analyzed, no two different chemical structures were found to be characterized by the same sequences. A critical test for the conjecture that molecular profiles are unique is to consider structurally closely related systems that are very similar and have several similar properties. In this contribution we investigated the cuboctahedron and the accompanying polyhedron obtained by rotating half of the cuboctahedron against the other half, resulting in the so-called twist cutoctahedron. We show that even this pair of closely related structures has different profiles. We have also examined the generalized molecular profiles obtained by inserting n additional points along each edge of the polyhedra. The convergence of the profiles as n increases is discussed. It appears thus that these generalized molecular profiles, called line profiles or bond profiles, are likely to lead to a unique characterization of structures in which not only the geometry of atoms is recorded but also the geometry of the connectivity of the structure. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developmental cellular electrophysiologic effects of propafenone on the rabbit atrioventricular node.

Developmental Cellular Electrophysiologic Effects of Propafenone on the Rabbit Atrioventricular Node
F18-FDG-PET/CT standardised uptake value threshold in discriminating benign vs. malignant lesions. Doubts and certainties in the era of evidence-based medicine (Response to Letter to the Editor)

Nguyen NC, Kaushik A, Wolverson MK, Osman MM. Is [1] there a common SUV threshold in oncological FDG PET/ CT, at least for some common indications? A retrospective study. Acta Oncol 2011 doi: 10.3109/0284186X.2010.550933. Basu S, Zhuang H, Torigian DA, Rosenbaum J, Chen W, [2] Alavi A. Functional imaging of inflammatory diseases using nuclear medicine techniques. Semin Nucl Med 2009;39: 124–45. Basu S, Chryssikos T, Moghadam-Kia S, Zhuang H, [3] Torigian DA, Alavi A. Positron emission tomography as a diagnostic tool in infection: Present role and future possibilities. Semin Nucl Med 2009;39:36–51. Kim BH, Na MA, Kim IJ, Kim SJ, Kim YK. Risk stratifica[4] tion and prediction of cancer of focal thyroid fluorodeoxyglucose uptake during cancer evaluation. Ann Nucl Med 2010;24:721–8. Traugott AL, Dehdashti F, Trinkaus K, Cohen M, [5] Fialkowski E, Quayle F, et al. Exclusion of malignancy in thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology after negative 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: Interim analysis. World J Surg 2010;34: 1247–53. Kim BH, Na MA, Kim IJ, Kim SJ, Kim YK. Risk stratifica[6] tion and prediction of cancer of focal thyroid fluorodeoxyglucose uptake during cancer evaluation. Ann Nucl Med 2010;24:721–8. Magini G, Farsad M, Frigerio M, Serra C, Colecchia A, [7] Jovine E, et al. C-11 acetate does not enhance usefulness of F-18 FDG PET/CT in differentiating between focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma. Clin Nucl Med 2009;34: 659–65. Patel PM, Alibazoglu H, Ali A, Fordham E, LaMonica G. [8] ‘False-positive’ uptake of FDG in a hepatic adenoma. Clin Nucl Med 1997;22:490–1.
Analysis of wear statistics for polymer composites

Abstract The wear rate of polymeric short-fibre composites has been analysed by means of a wear lifetime model using a statistical methodology. The wear lifetime model of a power law relationship has been derived from fracture mechanics concepts and the observed wear-induced microstructures. Experimental wear data have been correlated with the model.
Variability of Infant Formula Scoop Weights

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine if different powdered infant formula scooping techniques used by caregivers may influence the concentration of formula mixed and potentially influence the osmolaity of the formula fed infants. Three different powdered infant formulas were measured using the scoop and container provided by the manufacturer. Four different scooping techniques were identified as being common techniques used by WIC mothers and were used in a blind study design conducted by designated ‘caregivers'. Scooping of infant formula was done by the caregiver and later weighed by the investigator. Two Dietetic Interns and one RD served as ‘caregivers'. The results were then analyzed using two way analysis of variance to compare scoop weights obtained for each formula by scooping method. Results were also analyzed using t-scores to compare the deviation from me manufacturer's recommended scoop weight. Statistically significant differences were noted for formula type, caregivers, and scooping method. However, all scooping techniques selected produced a liquid formula concentration within acceptable limits as defined by current formula standards for osmolality and renal solute load. Although the concentrations noted in this investigation would probably not reslut in osmolality problems for the infants receiving the formula in the majority of cases, there was concern if these modified scooping techniques were combined with other measurement errors. The implication of this study indicate that the risk of gastrointestinal upset may be magnified if additional over concentration errors such as underdilution errors were coupled with scooping errors. The best advice to caregivers concerning mixing of powered infant formula is to follow the manufacturer's directions to eliminate over-concentration as a cause for gastrointestional upsets.
Localized Calcineurin in Calcium- Dependent Inactivation of L-type Calcium Channels

The open probability of CaV1.2 L-type Ca2+ channels is enhanced by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which is scaffolded to CaV1.2 channels by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). CaV1.2 channels also undergo negative autoregulation via Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI). CDI relies upon binding of Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) to an IQ motif in the carboxy tail of CaV1.2 L-type channels, a mechanism seemingly unrelated to phosphorylation-mediated channel enhancement. In neurons, AKAP79/150 anchors both PKA and the Ca2+-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) to CaV1.2 channels. Using transfected tsA201 cells or neurons, and tools such as the isolated calcineurin autoinhibitory peptide, over-expression of the catalytically-inactive CaNH151A mutant, and RNAi suppression of AKAP79, we have found that channel-linked CaM serves as a Ca2+ sensor for CaN, and that Ca2+/CaM-activated CaN participates in CDI by reversing channel enhancement by kinases such as PKA.We have also observed that I→E substitution in the IQ motif produces a mutant CaV1.2I/EQ channel that - when co-expressed with AKAP79 in tsA201 cells - unexpectedly exhibits ultra-fast inactivation. Ultra-fast inactivation is eliminated in Ca2+-free Na+ external solution, as well as by over-expression of the CaNH151A mutant or stimulation of PKA with forskolin. One interpretation is that the intact IQ motif's affinity for Ca2+/CaM limits the speed of CDI, and that reducing IQ affinity for Ca2+/CaM via I→E substitution allows CDI to proceed at a greatly speeded rate. FRET results with the CaV1.2I/EQ mutant or with AKAP79 lacking the CaN anchoring motif suggest that, during periods of elevated channel activity, the IQ-CaM and AKAP79-CaN interactions are both necessary for CaN-mediated reversal of current enhancement by PKA. In sum, our work supports a synthetic view fusing previous ideas regarding CaM and phosphorylation signaling in CDI.
The Massachusetts model: an artful balance.

ABSTRACT: The Massachusetts health reform law has attracted national attention for its bold vision and its unique combination of tested and innovative policy approaches. Despite the law's promise, ...
Social Support Unique to African American Mothers

The aim of the study was the identification of the cultural postpartum prevention practices of African American families. Using qualitative methods, 30 postpartum African American mothers were assessed for their degree of acculturation into the Anglo-American culture. The mothers were interviewed to ascertain their postpartum depression prevention practices. Degree of acculturation was ascertained using the Landrine & Klonoff (1995) African American Acculturation Scale. Cultural factors were identified using the Stern & Kruckman (1983) model of postpartum depression prevention criteria. Most mothers were found to be medium acculturated into the Anglo-American culture and exhibited several prevention criteria, including a designated postpartum period and the presence of female help, especially sisters.
Research on Macro Simulation of Surface Grinding Based on FEM

Compared with other metal edged cutting, grinding research is immature on aspect of grinding mechanism and experimental research. With the development of computer technology, FEM is widely used in research of metal cutting process. In this paper, macro simulation of surface grinding is researched with the software MSC.Dytran, and the corresponding experimental study is carried out. On the basis of discussing the simulation cases, the simulation result, especially, grinding force, are analyzed. The simulation and experimental result are basically consistent with the theoretical result.
'Maybe freedom will come from you': Christian prophecies and rumors in the development of rural resistance in South Africa, 1948-1961

In South Africa Christian teachings and texts informed African political activity in the 1950s and 1960s particularly in the rural areas, and rumors predicting both real revolts and fantastic interventions were common. While recent scholarship concerning supernatural beliefs in African political life often analyzes the impact of fears about witchcraft or faith in the ancestors, Christianity of various types was also a significant influence on people’s actions. This paper analyzes the historical background to the revolt against apartheid policies that developed in the Transkeian region of the eastern Cape of South Africa in the mid-twentieth century and pays special attention to the role of Christian influences. Christianity was consequential both in terms of how people understood their grievances and also in the kinds of predictions they made about their political future. Rumors and religion combined with material grievances to create a prophetic moment in which rebellion became a moral choice.
Stochastic Optimization Methods for Buying-Low-and-Selling-High Strategies

This article is concerned with a numerical method using stochastic approximation approach for an optimal trading (buy and sell) strategy. The underlying asset price is governed by a mean-reverting stochastic process. The objective is to buy and sell the asset so as to maximize an overall expected return. One of the advantages of our approach is that the underlying asset is model free. Only mean reversion is required. Slippage cost is imposed on each transaction. Convergence of the algorithms is provided. Numerical examples are reported to demonstrate the results.
Mentholated cigarettes and smoking-related cancers revisited: An ecologic examination

The US Food and Drug Administration is assessing whether menthol should be banned as an additive to cigarettes. An important part of this determination concerns the health effects of mentholated relative to non-mentholated cigarettes. We examined the ecologic association between sales of mentholated cigarettes for the period 1950–2007, menthol preference by race and sex, and incidence rates of four tobacco-related cancers during 1973–2007. Total sales of mentholated cigarettes (market share) increased from about 3% in 1950 to slightly less than 30% in 1980 and remained fairly stable thereafter. Additional data show consistently that, compared to White smokers, Black smokers favor mentholated cigarettes by roughly a 3-fold margin. Differences in the incidence of lung cancer, squamous cell cancer of the esophagus, oropharyngeal cancer, and laryngeal cancer by race and sex and trends over a 35-year period, during which menthol sales were relatively stable and during which Black smokers were much more likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes compared to Whites, are not consistent with a large contribution of menthol, over and above the effect of smoking per se.
Sensitivity of global cloud condensation nuclei concentrations to primary sulfate emission parameterizations

Abstract. The impact of primary sulfate emissions on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, one of the major uncertainties in global CCN predictions, depends on the fraction of sulfur mass emitted as primary sulfate particles ( f sulfate ), the fraction of primary sulfate mass distributed into the nucleation mode particles ( f nucl ), and the nucleation and growth processes in the ambient atmosphere. Here, we use a global size-resolved aerosol microphysics model recently developed to study how the different parameterizations of primary sulfate emission affect particle properties and CCN abundance. Different from previous studies, we use the ion-mediated nucleation scheme to simulate tropospheric particle formation. The kinetic condensation of low volatile secondary organic gas (SOG) (in addition to H 2 SO 4 gas) on nucleated particles is calculated based on our new scheme that considers the SOG volatility changes arising from the oxidation aging. Our simulations show a compensation effect of nucleation to primary sulfate emission. We find that the change of f nucl from 5% to 15% has a more significant impact on the simulated particle number budget than that of f sulfate within the range of 2.5–5%. Based on our model configurations, an increase of f sulfate from 0% to 2.5% (with f nucl = 5%) does not improve the agreement between simulated and observed annual mean number concentrations of particles >10 nm at 21 stations but further increase of either f sulfate from 2.5% to 5% (with f nucl = 5%) or f nucl from 5% to 15% (with f sulfate = 2.5%) substantially deteriorates the agreement. For f sulfate of 2.5%–5% and f nucl of 5%, our simulations indicate that the global CCN at supersaturation of 0.2% increases by 8–11% in the boundary layer and 3–5% in the whole troposphere (compared to the case with f sulfate =0).
Photosynthetic pathways of some aquatic plants

Abstract Over 40 species of aquatic angiosperms, including submersed, floating and emergent types, have been examined for photosynthetic status as part of a search for possible aquatic C 4 species. The C 4 system is viewed as potentially of adaptive value in certain aquatic situations, although evidence for its occurrence there is not conclusive. Emphasis was on plants from North-temperate softwater and hardwater lakes to explore both possibilities of CO 2 limitation, i.e. low total inorganic carbon in softwater vs. low free CO 2 in hardwater lakes. On the basis of leaf cross-section anatomy, all plants examined, with one exception, clearly did not show evidence of C 4 “Krantz anatomy”. In the submersed plant Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. large starch-producing chloroplasts were concentrated in cells surrounding vascular bundles and in a narrow band of cells between vascular bundles. The in situ photosynthetic rate of this plant was twice that of a related species, but other evidence including PEP carboxylase content and photorespiratory response to high O 2 did not confirm the presence of the C 4 photosynthesis.
The effects of age and strain on aggression in male rats

Abstract Aggressive behaviors were compared for male Fischer-344 and Long-Evans rats formed into mixed-sex colonies at 100, 200, or 300 days of age. Within each strain, male aggression did not differ across these ages, nor did it differ for an additional group of 600-day old Long-Evans males: both the form and the incidence of specific aggressive and defensive behaviors remained relatively constant over an age range representing nearly the entire normal life span for this species. However, Fischer-344 males at all ages were reliably lower in aggression than the Long-Evans rats. The specific aggression components seen in the Fischer-344 rats tended to be nondamaging, resembling “play fighting” more than the tissue damaging attack behaviors typical of other strains. Despite the frequent use of this strain in gerontological research, such low levels of aggressiveness counterindicate their use in research in aging and aggression.