cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple HPLC Method for the Determination of Chlorpyrifos in Black Oil Sunflower Seeds

Abstract Damage to ripening sunflowers by blackbirds is an important agricultural problem in the northern Great Plains. In an effort to reduce crop loss by non‐lethal means, several insecticidal formulations were evaluated for potential bird repellency. One formulation, Lorsban®‐4E, was highly effective in feeding studies with caged blackbirds. Chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate pesticide) is a registered insecticide and acaricide commonly used to control insects on sunflower, and is the active ingredient in Lorsban®‐4E. To support further evaluation of chlorpyrifos repellency in field trials, a rapid, simple, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analytical method was developed to assess residues in sunflower seeds, which had been aerially sprayed. Control black oil sunflower seeds were cryopulverized, fortified with chlorpyrifos at 0.50 µg · g−1, 5.0 µg · g−1, 50 µg · g−1, and 500 µg · g−1, and extracted in 90% acetonitrile/10% 1 mM phosphate buffer (pH 4.5). Extracts were filtered and analyzed b...
F. A. Trendelenburg and the Neglected Alternative

Despite his impressive influence on nineteenth-century philosophy, F. A. Trendelenburg's own philosophy has been largely ignored. However, among Kant scholars, Trendelenburg has always been remembered for his feud with Kuno Fischer over the subjectivity of space and time in Kant's philosophy. The topic of the dispute, now frequently referred to as the ‘Neglected Alternative’ objection, has become a prominent issue in contemporary discussions and interpretations of Kant's view of space and time. The Neglected Alternative contends that Kant unjustifiably moves from the claim that we have a priori intuitions of space and time to the sceptical conclusion that space and time are exclusively subjective. Most current discussions trace the objection back to Trendelenburg and often use him to motivate the objection. However, to date Trendelenburg's actual arguments and reasons for rejecting the Kantian view of space and time have not been sufficiently uncovered; my goal here is to fill this lacuna. By better under...
Investigation of the 96 Nb disintegration scheme by means of a high-resolution lithium-ion drift germanium gamma-ray spectrometer

The decay of the 24 h96Nb has been the subject of an extensive investigation in order to obtain more detailed information about the level structure of the even-even nucleus96Mo. For such a purpose, a high-resolution lithium-ion drift germanium γ-ray spectrometer has been used. The higher resolution of this γ-ray detector compared to the NaI scintilation spectrometers used in the previous investigations revealed the existence of several previously unreported γ-rays and allowed to measure their energies and intensities with high accuracy. For instance, the composite peak at about 800 keV in the spectrum of the96Nb decay was very well resolved in its 779, 811 and 851 keV components. Moreover, from the precision energy measurements of the transitions appearing in the decay of96Nb, it could be established that the 459.5, 569.3 and 811 keV γ-rays do not de-excite a single level of the even-even96Mo as previously reported, but the 459.5 keV transition de-excites a level at 2438.5 keV, whereas the 569.3 and 811 keV transitions de-excite a 2440.5 keV level. Furthermore, the existence of the second 2+ vibrational level at 1499 keV in96Mo, excited in the96Nb decay, has been shown and the value of the radio cascade/crossover has been measured and found equal to 2.27±0.55. From the measured value of the cascade/crossover ratio and from the knownɛB(E2)exp quantity, found by means of Coulomb excitation experiments, theB(E2, 2+′→0+)d andB(E2, 2+′→2+)d reduced electromagnetic transition rates for the second two plus state have been determined together with the ratioR=(B(E2, 2+′→2+)d)/(B(E2, 2+′→0+)d). The results areB(E2, 2+′→0+)d==(0.32±0.08)·10−50,B(E2, 2+′→2+)d=(3±0.95)·10−49 andR=0.97±0.30. These results support a collective model interpretation for the two 2+ levels in question.
1089 A SOLUTION TO THE PERTUSSIS PROBLEM

The conventional Bordetella pertussis vaccine consisting of killed whole organisms has been shown to be effective in preventing disease but is associated with significant local and systemic reactions. A new acellular pertussis vaccine containing two protein antigens, filamentous hemagglutinin (F-HA) and leukocytosis promoting factor hemagglutinin (LPF-HA) has been developed. The following study was designed to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the two vaccines. Thirty seven children, ages 4-6 years previously immunized with conventional DPT vaccine at 2,4,6 and 18 months, were enrolled just prior to administration of a pre-school DPT booster. Children were randomly assigned to receive either conventional pertussis or acellular pertussis vaccine in a double blind fashion. The diphtheria and tetanus components in both preparations were identical. Eighteen children received conventional pertussis while nineteen received acellular pertussis vaccine. Reaction rates were assessed by examinations by a single observer at 24 hours. Acellular pertussis vaccine was significantly less reactogenic (p<.05) for each of the signs and symptoms listed below. Sera were obtained before and one month after vaccine administration. Equivalent rises in immunoagglutination titers and antibodies to F-HA and LPF-HA were measured in both groups. If studies in progressively younger children confirm the reduced reactogenicity and the equal immunogenicity of the acellular vaccine, it may be a more appropriate candidate than the current vaccine.
Familial and developmental antecedents of social phobia: Issues and findings

Abstract This article reviews research on familial and developmental factors that may be associated with social phobia. It begins with a discussion of two issues that have impeded research on the etiology of social phobia. Then, evidence for the heritability of shyness and the genetic transmission of dispositions that may increase proneness to social fears is reviewed. The findings regarding the impact of child-rearing characteristics of isolation, admonitions about proper appearance and manners, and lack of family sociability on shyness are reviewed relative to social phobia. Also, four developmental factors that have been empirically linked to child and adolescent shyness are discussed. Finally, a summary of results from a recent study in which social phobics and agoraphobics were compared on selected family and developmental antecedents considered in this review is presented.
Distribution of terminal transferases of acylglycerol synthesis in cell fractions from lactating mammary gland.

Abstract 1. 1. Cytoplasmic lipid droplets and mmicrolipid droplets, intracellular precursors of milk lipid globules, had little ability to incorporate radioactivity from glycerol 3-phosphate or palmitoyl-CoA into triacylglycerols. The limited incorporation of these precursors by micro- and cytoplasmic lipid droplets from rat and cow mammary gland was into phospholipids primarily. 2. 2. Acyltransferases catalyzing incorporation of glycerol 3-phosphate into acylglycerols were concentrated in a relatively high buoyant density class of rough microsomes. Palmitoyl-CoA-sn-1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was distributed heterogeneously among fractions obtained by equilibrium density gradient fractionation of mammary homogenates. 3. 3. Observations suggest that terminal steps of acylglycerol synthesis are localized primarily in rough endoplasmic reticulum of milk secreting mammary epithelial cells. There appears to be a heterogeneous distribution of acyltransferases along the reticular network.
Glycol-cleavage products from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose

Abstract Oxidation of 1,2- O -isopropylidene-α- d -glucofuranose with sodium periodate has been shown to yield primarily bis(5-aldo-1,2- O -isopropylidene-α- d - xylo -pentofuranose) 5,5′:3′5-cyclic acetal ( 4 ) with 1,2- O -isopropylidene-3,5- O -methylene-(5-hydroxy-α- d -xylofuranose) ( 7 ) as the minor product. When 1,2- O -isopropylidene-α- d -glucofuranose was oxidised with lead tetraacetate the proportions of 4 and 7 produced were reversed, and 7 became the major product of the reaction. Neither method of oxidation gave any 1,2- O -isopropylidene-α- d - xylo -pentodialdo-1,4-furanose. A first-order analysis of the n.m.r. spectra of 7 and its derivatives and of the diacetate from 4 permits tentative assignments for their configurations and conformations.
Convert2Java: semi-automatic conversion of C to Java

Abstract Automatically converting code from C to Java is successfully done using Convert2Java. The C to Java converter is tested on programs from ‘Applications Programming in ANSI C’ [Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, 1995]. Ease of maintenance of the target code is treated as a more important goal than identical results of execution. Because of the need to create logical classes from procedural code, translation has three phases: (1) evaluation of the suitability of semi-automatic translation, (2) division of the source code into logical classes and (3) translation of each class separately. Results are encouraging. Over 90% of the examples are translated with no changes or only minor modifications required.
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a patient with midgut malrotation.

w p T l t T Intestinal malrotation is a surgical disease affecting priarily the pediatric population, with an incidence of aproximately 1 in 6000 live births. It affects adults only arely, usually occurring in asymptomatic persons at the ime of another operation or as an incidental finding on adiologic examination [1,2]. We report one such patient, a 4-year-old man found to have midgut malrotation while ndergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric ypass (RLGBP) for morbid obesity.
Gastroesophageal polyp diagnosed in an adolescent presenting with epigastric pain.

Abstract A gastroesophageal polyp is a rare finding. The case of an adolescent male presenting with epigastric pain and such a polyp is described. These polyps are usually described in the clinical setting of gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis. Polyps can be identified radiographicaily as a characteristic filling defect at the gastroesophageal junction. Endoscopy should be used to confirm the diagnosis. Polypectomy is recommended when malignancy is suspected or where there is evidence suggesting that the polyp is causing symptoms.
The Grammatical and Interactional Organization of Teacher's Directives: Implications for Socialization of Chinese American Children

Abstract This study focuses on recurrent patterns of teacher's directives (i.e., asking students to do something) in Chinese Heritage Language Schools in the U.S. It examines the typology of directives, outlines their sequential organizations, and delineates their lexico-grammatical patterns. It suggests that the interactional and grammatical organizations of teacher's directives provide rich resources for the socialization of cultural values to the students. Data are drawn from a total of 10 hours of audio/video-recorded classroom interactions involving two teachers (one native of Taiwan, the other a native of China) and about 20 students (aged 4.5–9 years) as well as from observations and interviews. Methodologically, this study draws upon language socialization, conversation analysis, and functional linguistics.
Erratum to: “The analysis of space–time structure in QCD vacuum, I: localization vs global behavior in local observables and Dirac eigenmodes” [Nucl. Phys. B 710 (2005) 464]

Abstract The misprints related to Eq. (6) of the above article are fixed. The corresponding corrected paragraph containing the equation is reprinted here.
Quantum transport and surface scattering.

The effects of surface scattering on quantum transport in thin films and wires are considered. A nontrivial channel-mixing problem arising from random boundary conditions is solved exactly by a new method that we present here. We find that the full quantum-mechanical treatment of very pure systems leads to results qualitatively different from those of currently used quasiclassical theory. Our theory explains some recent experimental observations.
Microbicides 2002: an update

Given that an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccine is more likely to mitigate than avert human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, prevention efforts are focused on the development of a microbicide to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV. In this context, a microbicide might take the form of a cream or gel applied topically prior to sexual intercourse to lower the risk of HIV transmission. The most recent advances in the development of an anti-HIV microbicide were discussed at the International Microbicides 2002 Conference, held in Antwerp, Belgium, from May 12-15, 2002. Highlights from the conference, including basic scientific, clinical, and social, political and economic aspects of microbicide development, are presented here.
Enhanced alcohol electrocatalysis with the introduction of magnetic composites into nickel electrocatalysts

The addition of a magnetic composite membrane to a traditional nickel electrocatalyst was employed to increase the methanol and n-butanol electrocatalysis in alkaline media.
Whole-body counting of retention of 67CU, 32P and 15Cr in man

Abstract Whole-body counting is capable of providing information about retention of trace elements in the body not available by other means; this is useful in studying diseases including disorders of the metabolism involving the element, in cases of acute or chronic toxicity, or in case of increased environmental levels. Whole-body retention in humans is reported using 67 Cu. 32 P and 51 Cr. Copper retention is reported for 1 normal subject and two patients with hemochromatosis whose iron stores had been reduced to normal levels; the retention in all three subjects was a single exponential, T 1 2 = 25 d . In a patient who was a presumptive heterozygote for Wilson's disease, a T 1 2 = 54 d was found. 32 P turnover was studied by measuring the bremsstrahlung from 5 patients given the isotope therapeutically; the curves consisted of two exponentials with mean T 1 2 = 3.6 d and 63 d . Chromium has been found to be an essential trace element, required for control of glucose metabolism. In 5 normal subjects, 51 Cr was found to have a three-component retention curve, with mean T = 0.56 d, 13.2 d and 195 d. The relationship of these measurements to physiological processes and disease states is discussed.
Synergistic effect of obesity and lipid ingestion in suppressing the growth hormone response to exercise in children.

Diet plays an important role in modulating exercise responses, including activation of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) axis. Obesity and fat ingestion were separately shown to reduce exercise GH responses, but their combined effect, especially important in children, has not been studied. We therefore measured the GH response to exercise [30-min intermittent cycling, ten 2-min bouts at ∼80% maximal aerobic capacity (Vo2max), separated by 1-min rest], started 45 min after ingestion of a high-fat meal (HFM) in 16 healthy [controls; body mass index percentile (BMI%ile) 51 ± 7], and 19 obese (Ob, BMI%ile 97 ± 0.4) children. Samples were drawn at baseline (premeal), and at start, peak, and 30 min postexercise. In the Ob group, a marked ∼75% suppression of the GH response (ng/ml) to exercise was observed (2.4 ± 0.6 vs. 10.6 ± 2.1, P < 0.001). This level of suppression was also significantly greater compared with age-, fitness-, and BMI-matched historical controls that had performed identical exercise in fasting conditions. Our data indicate that the reduction in the GH response to exercise, already present in obese children vs. healthy controls, is considerably amplified by ingestion of fat nutrients shortly before exercise, implying a potentially downstream negative impact on growth factor homeostasis and long-term modulation of physiological growth.
Mass loss and blunting during high-speed penetration:

AbstractA new analytical model of high-speed friction was developed to account for the observed velocity dependence in sliding friction at high speeds and was successfully applied to the analysis o...
Superconducting-cavity-stabilized oscillators (SCSO) for precise frequency measurements

We report our progress in achieving precise frequency measurements by integrating high-Q superconducting-cavitystabilized oscillators (SCSO) with high-resolution thermometry and phase-locked-loop (PLL) techniques. The relevant e!ects that in#uence the ultimate frequency stability of SCSO (10~17}10~18) are described, and applications of this technique to precise measurements of the liquid helium critical phenomena are discussed. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Reinventing the rules of engagement: three strategies for winning the information technology race

Purpose – From interviews in 2013 with more than 875 CEOs of companies in a variety of industries from around the world, IBM researchers found that the majority of them rank technology as the top issue they expect will exert the strongest influence on their organizations and strategy. this paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – This report is the third installment in an ongoing Global C-suite Study, the seventeenth such IBM study to focus on the C-suite. To compile the data for the meta study, between February and June 2013, researchers met with 4,183 top executives, representing a wide range of public and private sector enterprises in more than 20 industries and 70 countries. This report focuses on the responses of more than 875 CEOs from 67 countries who participated in the meta study. Findings – Analysis of the interviews identified three responses proactive firms have adopted to prepare for the future: embrace disruption; build shared value; and dare to be open. Research limitations/implications – Create experimentation spaces. Runaway innovation requires places and spaces where people can think, interact and experiment. The creation of these innovation spaces should be a priority. These should include: physical spaces where co-located people with different backgrounds can cross-pollinate each other’s ideas; virtual spaces where large numbers of people across different locations can focus on specific topics; and the building of business ecosystems. Business environments are beginning to evolve from markets to ecosystems. Organizations that identify new ways to serve customers holistically will define new business ecosystems and benefit the most. Practical implications – Taking action to embrace disruption: move out of bounds. Bringing together people from different industries, backgrounds, regions – and even generations – will be essential to predict and respond to new competitive threats. Expanding partnerships to deepen innovation capabilities will speed the discovery of new technologies and new business models. Originality/value – CEOs in just about every industry have learned that customers, partners and employees that collaborate can go further, faster in an era of runaway innovation. Many are pushing the boundaries on their organizations as a result – opening up to empower collaboration among individuals and moving away from command-and-control hierarchies. In just one year the number of CEOs determined to open up their organizations has increased an astounding 27 percent.
Lung cancer among pesticide workers exposed to inorganic arsenicals.

Abstract Cancer mortality was studied in 1,393 persons exposed to high air concentrations of inorganic arsenicais for varying lengths of time during the manufacture and packaging of pesticides at a plant in Baltimore, Maryland. Employees consisting of 1,050 males and 343 females were traced for the period 1946 to 1977, and vital status was determined for 86.9% of males and 66.8% of females. The observed number of deaths from all and selected causes was compared with the number expected from the Baltimore City mortality experience in terms of the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR). A significantly increased SMR was found for lung cancer and anemias in males. The SMR for lung cancer was especially high in males with presumed high exposure to arsenicais. A dose-response relationship was suggested by the SMR for lung cancer which increased with increasing duration of exposure to arsenicais, but no such relationship was evident for nonarsenicals. Although smoking habits could not be examined in the study subje...
Neural correlates of lexicon and grammar: evidence from the production, reading, and judgment of inflection in aphasia.

Abstract Are the linguistic forms that are memorized in the mental lexicon and those that are specified by the rules of grammar subserved by distinct neurocognitive systems or by a single computational system with relatively broad anatomic distribution? On a dual-system view, the productive – ed -suffixation of English regular past tense forms (e.g., look – looked ) depends upon the mental grammar, whereas irregular forms (e.g., dig – dug ) are retrieved from lexical memory. On a single-mechanism view, the computation of both past tense types depends on associative memory. Neurological double dissociations between regulars and irregulars strengthen the dual-system view. The computation of real and novel, regular and irregular past tense forms was investigated in 20 aphasic subjects. Aphasics with non-fluent agrammatic speech and left frontal lesions were consistently more impaired at the production, reading, and judgment of regular than irregular past tenses. Aphasics with fluent speech and word-finding difficulties, and with left temporal/temporo-parietal lesions, showed the opposite pattern. These patterns held even when measures of frequency, phonological complexity, articulatory difficulty, and other factors were held constant. The data support the view that the memorized words of the mental lexicon are subserved by a brain system involving left temporal/temporo-parietal structures, whereas aspects of the mental grammar, in particular the computation of regular morphological forms, are subserved by a distinct system involving left frontal structures.
An educational/remedial approach for language delayed children using children's storybooks

This study explores the use of a modified cloze procedure in assessing a child's oral comprehension. It encourages the speech pathologist and special educator to use this procedure in a diagnostic and therapeutic context with children who are developmentally delayed. Its routine use broadens the role definition of the educator as a skilled evaluator and trainer in grammatical decoding and subsequent vocabulary development.
Predictability of jaw muscle pains from surface electromyograms.

summary In seven (88%) of eight healthy subjects, weak to moderate pains were elicited in the masseter muscles through the isometric contractions of maximum voluntary teeth clenching. Integrated surface electromyograms of the right and left masseter muscles were used to quantify the absolute and relative contractile activities of the two muscles. The risk (relative probability) of inducing pain onset in the single masseter muscle generating the larger amount of isometric activity was 2–5 times the risk of eliciting pain onset in the single masseter muscle generating the lesser amount of isometric activity. However, as an aid in the diagnosis of pain onset, the method of masseteric surface electromyography had a false diagnostic ratio of 0.67
GERONTOLOGY INSTRUCTION: DIFFERENT MODELS FOR DIFFERENT RESULTS

The development of gerontology instruction is discussed with specific emphasis on developing rational program models. The treatment is in three parts. The first emphasizes that gerontology instruction can have several orientations or outcomes. The second discusses the expansion of the gerontology knowledge base and suggests varying emphases for various orientations of instruction and student outcomes. The third applies a cognitive task analysis framework for developing three models of gerontology instruction. Conclusions are offered.
The gas vacuole: An early organelle of prokaryote motility?

Several lines of evidence suggest that the gas vesicle may have been an early organelle of prokaryote motility. First, it is found in bacteria that are thought to be representatives of primitive groups. Second, it is a simple structure, and the structure alone imparts the function of motility. Thirdly, it is widely distributed amongst prokaryotes, having been found in the purple and green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, methanogenic bacteria, obligate and facultative anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria, as well as aerobic heterotrophic bacteria that divide by budding and binary transverse fission. Recent evidence suggests that in some bacteria the genes for gas vesicle synthesis occur on plasmids. Thus, the wide distribution of this characteristic could be due to recent evolution and rapid dispersal, though early evolution is not precluded. Though the gas vesicle structure itself appears to be highly conserved among the various groups of bacteria, it seems doubtful that the regulatory mechanism to control its synthesis could be the same for the diverse gas vacuolate bacterial groups.
Design of a Digital Optical Tomography System for Dynamic Breast Imaging

We present the design of an optical breast imaging system based on digital conversion, processing, and filtering techniques. The system consists of 128 silicon photodiode detectors, 64 excitation points, and 4 near-infrared laser diodes.
Software defined radar studies of human motion signatures

The detection and monitoring of human motion with radar has numerous applications in surveillance, urban military operations, search-and-rescue, and other areas. Recent studies have shown that movements of humans generate unique micro-Doppler signatures that can be exploited to classify human motions. This motivates an improved understanding of human Doppler signatures. Numerous simulations and measurements of human “dismount” signatures has been performed in the past, but most have been focused on a single radar center-frequency and have not taken polarization effects into consideration. In this paper, human modeling and motion measurements using multiple radar frequencies are proposed to explore the impact of the radar frequency on human range/Doppler signatures. Furthermore, ground effects on human targets are investigated using a four path model. The OSU Software defined radar (SDR) system, which can be tuned from 2GHz to 18 GHz with 500MHz bandwidth, was used for the measurements. This radar can operate at two frequencies simultaneously, allowing for dual frequency human measurements. Also, different polarizations are considered to understand human Doppler signatures. Modeling efforts are based on a finite dielectric cylinder approximation, so that the human body is modeled as a collection of dielectric cylinders. Scattering signatures are computed neglecting scattering interactions among these cylinders.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and gastroduodenoscopy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Background The use of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for morbid obesity has raised concern that subsequent endoscopic evaluation of the gastric remnant and duodenum is difficult. By gaining percutaneous access to the gastric remnant, however, both gastroduodenoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be performed easily. This report describes the results of a novel technique for performing “transgastrostomy” gastroduodenoscopy and ERCP.
Polarization of Protons Elastically Scattered from Nuclei

The polarization of 130-Mev protons elastically scattered from Be, C, Al, and Fe has been calculated by means of the optical model of the nucleus, including a spin-orbit coupling term. The results are in reasonable agreement with the measurements of Dickson, Rose, and Salter. Calculations were also carried out for proton energies of 50 Mev and 90 Mev, in order to explain the rapid decrease of the polarization as the energy is decreased below 130 Mev. By using a central potential whose real part decreases with increasing proton energy between 50 Mev and 130 Mev, reasonably good agreement was obtained for the dependence of the polarization on energy for Be and C.
A fungistatic substance extracted from vitrain.

1. BAYLOR, M. R. B., NALBANDOv, A., and CLARK, G. L. Proc. Soc. Eaptl. Biol. Med. 54, 229 (1943). 2. BLOM, E. Skad. Vet., pp. 779-789, 1945. 3. BRETSCHNEIDER, L. H., and VAN ITERSON, W. Proc. Koninkl. Nederland Akad. Wetenschap. 50, 88 (1947). 4. BRETSCHNEIDER, L. H. Ibid. 52, 301 (1949); Ibid. 52, 5264 (1949); and 53, 531 (1950). 5. CULP, 0. S., and BLST, J. W. J. Urol. 61, 44-6 (1949). 6. DuIJN, C. VAN, JR. J. Roy. Microscop. Soc. 72, 189 (1953). 7. GRESSON, R. A. R., and ZLOTNIK, I. Proc. Roy. Soc., Edin. 62, 137 (1945). 8. HANCOCK, J. L. J. Ea'ptl. Biol. 29, 445 (1952). 9. HARVEY, E. B., and ANDERSON, T. F. Biol. Bull. 85, 151 (1943). 10. RANDALL, J. T., and FRIEDLAENDER, M. H. G. Eapti. Cell Research 1, 1 (1950). 11. RAO, C. K., and HART, G. H. Am. J. Vet. Research 9, 117 (1948). 12. REED, C. I., and REED, B. P. Anat. Record 100, 1 (1948). 13. ROTHELI, A., ROTH, H., and MEDEN, F. EXptl. Cell Research 1, 115 (1950). 14. SEYMOUR, F. I., and BENMOSCHE, M. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 116, 2489 (1941). 15. STOCKTON, J. J., and GEBHARD, W. H. Mich. State Coll. Vet. 12, 99 (1952).
Reliable high-power 1060nm DBR lasers for second-harmonic generation

Highly reliable 1060 nm DBR lasers are reported with a single-wavelength output power greater than 350 mW and a failure rate as low as 1.7 kFITs, at a heatsink temperature of 25 C and a gain current of 500 mA. The green-light power of up to 184 mW has been generated by frequency doubling of these DBR lasers.
Laser-induced controlled cracking in ceramic crystals

Abstract Interior cracking was generated in KCl, LiF and MgO single crystals using a focused, short pulse laser. The laser-induced damage region in LiF and MgO crystals was composed of a damage core and three orthogonal penny-like cracks along {100} planes. In KCl crystals an extended cleavage crack was generated on just one side of the core. The detailed features were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy.
Determination of α-tocopherol in rat liver by high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing ultraviolet detection

Abstract A rapid, sensitive analytical procedure was developed to quantitate α-tocopherol in rat liver. Liver is homogenized in acetone, fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and α-tocopherol quantitated by monitoring the column effluent at 280 nm. A single analysis requires 18 min. The method is linear from 1.0 to greater than 30.0 μg α-tocopherol per g of liver (wet weight). The average relative standard deviation of the slope of the standard curve is 2.3% and the single-day coefficient of variation is 6.3%. The use of an acetone extraction, reversed-phase column chromatography and quantitation of α-tocopherol at 280 nm results in a sensitive and reproducible system for the determination of α-tocopherol concentrations in rat liver. Preliminary studies have shown the assay to be useful for investigation of the effects of age and diet on hepatic α-tocopherol concentration.
Symbolic approaches to probability distributions in process algebra

One of the major problems in modelling with process algebras is that of state explosion. With the addition of information describing duration, models become more exposed to growth in the size of the description of their behaviour. We describe a symbolic approach to the description of duration information within a probabilistic calculus that has two benefits: firstly we can describe behaviour without instantiating distributions; secondly we can control the growth in our system representation as a trade against model accuracy. We can compute upper bounds on performance without the inclusion of additional state information in our systems. A large example, from the discrete event simulation literature, is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
A Controversy That Has Been Tough to Swallow: Is the Treatment of Achalasia Now Digested?

Esophageal achalasia is a rare neurodegenerative disease of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter that presents within a spectrum of disease severity related to progressive pathological changes, most commonly resulting in dysphagia. The pathophysiology of achalasia is still incompletely understood, but recent evidence suggests that degeneration of the postganglionic inhibitory nerves of the myenteric plexus could be due to an infectious or autoimmune mechanism, and nitric oxide is the neurotransmitter affected. Current treatment of achalasia is directed at palliation of symptoms. Therapies include pharmacological therapy, endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin, endoscopic dilation, and surgery. Until the late 1980s, endoscopic dilation was the first line of therapy. The advent of safe and effective minimally invasive surgical techniques in the early 1990s paved the way for the introduction of laparoscopic myotomy. This review will discuss the most up-to-date information regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of achalasia, including a historical perspective. The laparoscopic Heller myotomy with partial fundoplication performed at an experienced center is currently the first line of therapy because it offers a low complication rate, the most durable symptom relief, and the lowest incidence of postoperative gastroesophageal reflux.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Acute Stroke: Preliminary Experience With the 133 Xenon Inhalation Method

The 133Xenon inhalation method of measuring regional cerebral blood flow was applied in serial studies comprising 100 measurements in 57 cases of acute hemiparesis and hemiplegia presumed due to arterial occlusion. Satisfactory data for analysis were obtained in over 95% of the cases studied. Significant flow reductions in the ischemic hemisphere were demonstrated in the cases with more severe clinical disability. This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying this method for serial regional cerebral blood flow measurements in most cases of acute stroke. The expected clinical usefulness and limitations of the method are discussed.
THE FOUR S's OF EWING'S SARCOMA

Observers of the evolution of prognostic factors in Ewing’s sarcoma will have noted the emergence of the four S’sSize, Sugery, Site, and Systemic treatment. Arai er al., the authors of “Ewing’s Sarcoma: Local Tumor Control and Patterns of Failure Following Limited-volume Radiation Therapy,” published in this issue of the Journal (l), would like us to consider Sensitivity to induction chemotherapy as a fifth S that might impact on the survival of patients with Ewing’s sarcoma. It would be instructive to review the evidence for the effect of each S on survival:
Television and music video exposure and risk of adolescent alcohol use

Objective. Alcohol use is frequently portrayed in television programming and advertising. Exposure to media portrayals of alcohol use may lead to increased drinking. To address this issue, we examined prospectively the associations between media exposure and alcohol use in adolescents. Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. Six public high schools in San Jose, California. Participants. Ninth-grade students ( N = 1533; mean age = 14.6 years). Outcome Measures. Students reported hours of television, music video, and videotape viewing; computer and video game use; and lifetime and past 30 days9 alcohol use at baseline and 18 months later. Associations between baseline media exposure and subsequent alcohol use were examined with multiple logistic regression. Results. During the 18-month follow-up, 36.2% of baseline nondrinkers began drinking and 50.7% of baseline drinkers continued to drink. Onset of drinking was significantly associated with baseline hours of television viewing (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.01–1.18), music video viewing (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.17–1.47), and videotape viewing (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.79–0.99), controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, and other media use. Computer and video game use was not significantly associated with the subsequent onset of drinking. Among baseline drinkers, there were no significant associations between baseline media use and maintenance of drinking. Conclusions. Increased television and music video viewing are risk factors for the onset of alcohol use in adolescents. Attempts to prevent adolescent alcohol use should address the adverse influences of alcohol use in the media.
A 0.5V 2.2pW 2-transistor voltage reference

A voltage reference using a depletion-mode device is designed in a 0.13µm CMOS process and achieves ultra-low power consumption and sub-1V operation without sacrificing temperature and supply voltage insensitivity. Measurements show a temperature coefficient of 19.4ppm/° (3.4 µV/°), line sensitivity of 0.033%/V, power supply rejection ratio of−67dB, and power consumption of 2.2pW. It requires only two devices and functions down to V dd =0.5V with an area of 1350µm2. A variant for higher Vout is also demonstrated.
Acoustic communication performance of the WHOI Micro-Modem in sea trials of the Nereus vehicle to 11,000 m depth

The new, unmanned, deep-diving Nereus hybrid vehicle can be configured as a tethered remotely operated vehicle (ROV) using a fiber-optic cable, and it can operate un-tethered as an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). During planned autonomous operations and un-tethered ascents, or if the fiber breaks, the vehicle uses an acoustic communication system to allow engineers and scientists at the surface to monitor its systems and control its operation. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Micro-Modem, programmable for different data rates, bandwidths and carrier frequencies, uses directional transducers on both the ship and the vehicle, operating in the band from 7 to 14 kHz, to provide the communications link. During recent sea trials of Nereus in the Mariana Trench to 10,903 m depth, ten different combinations of rates, bandwidths, and carrier frequencies were tested to establish the performance of each with respect to acoustic range. 5000 bps was possible to 6000 m range, and at 11000 m range, 200 bits per second was reliable.
The Circuitry of Enlightenment: Diffusion of Social Science Research to Policymakers

It is a sad pleasure to contribute this article to a journal issue honoring the legacy of Howie Davis. It is fitting that this article should be dedicated to Howie, because he encouraged and supported my work on this subject with his characteristic enthusiasm. Without the continuing commitment that he and his office at NIMH maintained for research on knowledge utilization, very little of the work that I discuss in this article would have been done. All of us who are committed to using research as a strategy for reform owe a lasting debt to Howie for his farsightedness and his dedication to improving the linkage between knowledge and action.
Age, growth, length–weight relationship, sex ratio and food habits of the Argentine pejerrey, Basilichthys bonariensis (Cuv. and Val.), from Lake Peñuelas, Valparaíso, Chile

Argentine pejerreys were collected in Lake Penuelas during January 1973. Calculated growth rate was maximum during the 3rd year of life. The length–weight relationship was: log W=-5.69395+3.25248 log L where W=weight (g), and L=total length (mm). Agegroup I was sexually mature. The sex ratio was 85 males (54%) to 73 females (46%). Young-of-the-year pejerreys fed primarily on copepods, but cladocerans [Bosmina sp. (Baird), Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Lieven), Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch)], ostracods, and dipterans were also represented. Feeding occurred during daylight.
Displacement damage-induced catastrophic second breakdown in silicon carbide Schottky power diodes

A novel catastrophic breakdown mode in reverse biased silicon carbide diodes has been seen for particles that are too low in LET to induce SEB, however SEB-like events were seen from particles of higher LET. The low LET breakdown mechanism correlates with second breakdown in diodes due to increased leakage and assisted charge injection from incident particles. Percolation theory was used to predict some basic responses of the devices.
Analysis of surgical margins in cases of mandibular osteoradionecrosis that progress despite extensive mandible resection and free tissue transfer

Abstract Introduction Approximately 1 of 4 patients with osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandible develop ongoing disease despite extensive mandible resection to margins determined by the presence of bleeding bone at the time of surgery. Objective To determine whether pathologic examination of bony margins in assessing for the presence of necrotic edges is correlated with ongoing ORN. Methods Resected mandible specimens from 34 patients with severe mandibular ORN were examined histologically for the presence of necrotic margins and compared with clinical outcome of ORN persistence at follow-up. Results Median follow-up was 17.4 months. Eight specimens had histologic evidence of necrotic, nonviable bone at the margins of resections; however, there was no progression of disease among patients in this group. Twenty-six specimens were clear of necrotic margins; however, 8 patients from this group developed persistent disease. Conclusions Irradiated mandible is susceptible to ORN progression even if clinical and final histopathologic assessments confirm complete resection of necrotic bone margins. Progression of disease in ORN is not related to inadequate resection of necrotic bone.
Transcriptional regulation by glucose of the yeast PMA1 gene encoding the plasma membrane H+-ATPase

The yeast plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase generates a membrane electrochemical gradient which is required for the secondary uptake of nutrients. Although the ATPase has previously been shown to be post-translationally regulated in response to the availability of glucose, there has been no evidence to date for transcriptional regulation of the ATPase gene (PMA1). In this work, we have examined the pool of newly synthesized ATPase that accumulates in secretory vesicles en route to the cell surface in the temperature-sensitive secretory mutant sec6-4, and have observed changes in the level of ATPase polypeptide as a function of the glucose concentration in the growth medium. In parallel, there were rapid and reversible changes in the levels of ATPase mRNA. Finally, when cells were grown on a variety of carbon sources, the amount of ATPase polypeptide was proportional to the specific growth rate, suggesting that PMA1 expression is adjusted according to the metabolic state of the cell. These results complement the findings of Capieaux et al. (Capieaux, E., Vignais, M.-L., Sentenac, A. and Goffeau, A. (1989). J. Biol. Chem. 264, 7437-7446), who show that the transcriptional factor TUF/RAP1 binds to upstream activating sequences in the PMA1 gene. Taken together, the results suggest a model in which transcriptional regulation of the ATPase gene by glucose is mediated by TUF/RAP1.
Angiographic and intracoronary flow velocity reversal in a transplanted heart: a common etiology for an uncommon condition.

ventricular ejection fraction and the appearance of contrast in the left ventricular cavity. At present, there is no in vivo technique for visualizing venous myocardial drainage in humans. This study reports the potential value of MCE for the visualization of venous drainage from the left ventricular myocardium directly into the left ventricular cavity in patients undergoing coronary arteriography. This finding most likely represents thebesian vein outflow.3 The other possibilities include the presence of fistulas or leakage of contrast into the left ventricular cavity from the aortic root. The former is unlikely, since we did not see any fistulas during coronary arteriography. The second possibility is also remote, since we noted the jets emanating directly from the endocardial border of the heart as far from the aortic root as the apex. In this study, we obtained optimal images of the left ventricular cavity and did not always include the right ventricular cavity within the sector. We therefore cannot comment on thebesian vein outflow into the right ventricular cavity. Because the microbubbles used during MCE are about the size of red blood cells,2 this might explain the ability of this technique to visualize thebesian vein outflow in humans. Thus MCE has the potential to allow the study of coronary venous drainage in man.
Macroscopic resonant tunneling of magnetic flux

We have developed a quantitative theory of resonant tunneling of magnetic flux between discrete macroscopically distinct quantum states in superconducting quantum interference device systems. The theory is based on the standard density-matrix approach. Its elements include the discussion of the two different relaxation mechanisms that exist for the double-well potential, and description of the ‘‘photon-assisted’’ tunneling driven by external rf radiation. It is shown that in the case of coherent flux dynamics, rf radiation should lead to splitting of the peaks of resonant flux tunneling, indicating that the resonant tunneling is a convenient tool for studying macroscopic quantum coherence of flux.
Iterative learning control of a fully flexible valve actuation system for non-throttled engine load control

Abstract This paper presents the application of a fully flexible valve actuation system for non-throttled load control of an internal combustion engine. A novel camless valve actuation system with a unique hydro-mechanical internal feedback mechanism which simplifies the external control design is first introduced. All the critical parameters describing the engine valve event, i.e., lift, timing, duration and seating velocity, can be continuously varied by controlling the triggering timings of three two-state valves. Initial testing of a prototype experimental setup reveals that the performance of the system (transient tracking and steady-state variability) is influenced purely by the state of the system when the internal feedback mechanism is activated. This feature motivates the development of a cycle-to-cycle learning-based external control for activating the internal feedback mechanism based on the desired valve profile characteristics and the system state. To verify the proposed control methodology, it is implemented on the experimental system to track reference trajectories for the various valve event parameters corresponding to the non-throttled load control of an engine during the U.S. Federal Test Procedure (FTP) urban driving cycle. Vehicle load demand analysis is used to compute the desired engine speed and torque requirements. Detailed dynamic valve flow simulations assuming full flexibility of the engine valve event parameters help to calculate the required trajectory of all these parameters to satisfy the speed and torque requirements without the use of a throttle. The experimental results show that the proposed framework, i.e., the valve actuation system and the external control methodology, is able to provide excellent performance even during the most aggressive transient operating conditions.