cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental models of subarachnoid hemorrhage for studies of cerebral vasospasm.

Abstract Objective: A multitude of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) models have been described but only several of them are still in use. All models to a different degree helped in understanding of pathophysiology of cerebral vasospasm after SAH. Their advantages and drawbacks have been reviewed in this paper. Since 2000, when the last review on cerebral vasospasm in animal models was written, new animal models of SAH were introduced and our knowledge about pathophysiology of CVS improved. The aim of present review was to update the information about well established and newly implemented models of vasospasm after SAH. Materials and methods: The MEDLINE searches were carried out using keywords that included 'subarachnoid hemorrhage', 'animal', 'model', as well as names of animal species such as 'rats', 'dogs', 'mice', 'rabbits', 'pigs' or animal groups, e.g. 'non-human primates'. Owing to a limited volume, only models of SAH in vivo were included in our review. Results: We identified 53 original models of SA...
Applicability of the band transport (Kukhtarev) model to photorefractive polymers

The band transport model of space-charge production has proved very successful in describing photorefractive phenomena in a wide range of inorganic crystals, ranging from high-mobility semiconductors like GaAs, to highly insulating ferroelectrics like BaTiO3. This success is primarily due to the applicability of a generic picture of charge transport in extrinsic crystalline semiconductors, a picture that becomes cloudy in noncrystalline systems like the new photorefractive polymers. Photorefractive polymers exhibit the classic photorefractive behaviors such as photoconduction, electro-optic response, hologram formation and storage, and two-beam energy coupling, all without benefit of a crystalline lattice or well defined conduction band. In this report, I will outline how the band transport model can be adapted to describe photorefraction in noncrystalline materials by the dual expediencies of renaming certain embarrassing 'constants' and admitting that they are strongly dependent on the total electric field.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A diapycnal diffusion algorithm for isopycnal ocean circulation models with special application to mixed layers

Abstract An algorithm is presented for solving the one-dimensional diffusion equation for density, written in terms of density (or a like surrogate) as the independent variable. The algorithm maintains nonnegative layer thicknesses, the premise of the transformation to density as the independent coordinate, under certain restrictions. Near-zero thickness layers can be maintained at the boundaries to accommodate future inflation in response to heating from the boundary. Layers can shrink to near-zero thickness in response to cooling from the boundary. A slight modification of the algorithm permits layers to have diffusion coefficients which differ by orders of magnitude. This provides a natural framework for a surface mixed layer in an isopycnal model, in which the mixed layer is distinguished as a zone of very high turbulent diffusivity overlying an ocean interior of much smaller turbulent diffusivity. The “mixed layer” may be an aggregation of several isopycnal layers rather than just one. A substantial jump in density at the mixed layer base can be represented by several near-zero thickness isopycnal layers. The specification of the thickness of the mixing zone, i.e., the mixed layer depth, is external to the algorithm. An illustration is given using a Kraus–Turner-type specification.
Electronic structures of V-doped anatase TiO2

Abstract First-principles calculations using the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method have been performed to investigate the electronic structure of V-doped TiO 2 in the anatase modification. In calculations with local density approximation (LDA), V 3d states are located at the bottom of the conduction band of the TiO 2 host. The V-doped TiO 2 was shown to be a half-metal. However, in calculations with LDA+ U (Hubbard coefficient) approach that incorporates strongly correlated interactions of both Ti and V 3d electrons, the band gap of TiO 2 host was obtained as 3.18 eV, very close to the experimental result of 3.2 eV. Additionally, spin-polarized V 3d states were obtained which are gap states located in the band gap of TiO 2 host. The V-doped TiO 2 was indicated to be an insulator. An analysis of the V 3d orbital splitting in a D 2d local symmetry of the TiO 2 host indicates that the LDA+ U approach presents a more accurate description on the electronic structure of V-doped TiO 2 than the standard LDA approach. In addition, the energy of V-doped TiO 2 in the ferromagnetic phase was calculated with LDA+ U to be 0.034 eV lower than that in the anti-ferromagnetic phase. This energy difference corresponds to 400 K, close to the Curie temperature, ∼405 K in V-doped TiO 2 .
Multimodality optical imaging combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) for morphological and biochemical tissue characterization

Here we report on our current efforts to simultaneously quantify both morphological and biochemical tissue information by combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). The Fourier domain OCT module is built around a custom designed high-speed spectrometer (bandwidth of 102 nm, 3 dB rolloff of 1.2 mm, lines rates of up to 59 kHz). A 40 nm bandwidth SLED centered at 830 nm provided an axial resolution of 7.6 mm for OCT. The objective lens provided 10 um lateral resolution for OCT and 100 um for FLIM. Lateral OCT and FLIM beam scanning was accomplished using a set of galvo mirrors. The FLIM module excites and collects the fluorescence decay signal pixel by pixel coincident with OCT A-line collection. Each 2-D FLIM image has a corresponding coregistered OCT volume. Fluorescence excitation for FLIM was provided by a solid-state pulse laser (355 nm, 1 ns FWHM, 50 kHz rep rate). The fluorescence signal was detected with a MCP-PMT coupled to a 1.5 GHz digitizer (250 ps temporal resolutions). In addition, simultaneous multispectral time-resolved fluorescence detection was achieved by separating the fluorescence emission in three bands using a series of dichroic mirrors and bandpass filters, and launching each band into three fibers of different lengths (providing a time delay of 50 ns among bands) focused onto the MCP-PMT. The resulting OCT/FLIM system is capable of a maximum A-line rate of 59 kHz for OCT and a maximum pixel rate of at least 30 kHz for FLIM. The multimodality OCT/FLIM imaging system was validated on biological tissue. Future efforts include evaluating its potential for oral cancer diagnosis and intravascular imaging.
Sub-pixel-based MVA LCTV characterization and color modeling

Nowadays, multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) LCD technology is becoming the mainstream approach for LCTV industry due to its high contrast ratio and wide viewing angle property. However, like many other types of LCD devices, MVA still has the problem of color shift, namely color washout, between normal and oblique viewing angle. In particular, MVA shows an evident gamma curve distortion at large oblique viewing angle. This paper formulates the MVA LCTV color performance in two stages. First, an in-depth LCD characterization was performed on an MVA LCTV with consideration of spectral characteristic, backlight leakage, sub-pixel crosstalk, primary shift. Also, micrograph based sub-pixel analysis was employed and suggested that the off-axis color shift problem of MVA can be improved by using dual sub-pixel technology. Next, a generic LCD color model was proposed to relate the RGB input with the output tristimulus value in XYZ. Sub-pixel based image rendering was performed and the results show the feasibility of LCD color prediction with high colorimetric accuracy both at on-axis and off-axis viewing condition by using the proposed generic color model.
Corneal stromal abscessation in two horses treated with intracorneal and subconjunctival injection of 1% voriconazole solution

Objective To describe and evaluate intrastromal and subconjunctival injection of voriconazole for the therapy of deep corneal stromal abscess (DSA) in horses. Animal studied A retrospective clinical study describing the indications for intrastromal and subconjunctival voriconazole injection and the outcomes of this procedure in two eyes of two horses. Procedure The two horses in this study failed to respond to medical therapy. Treatment with intracorneal and subconjunctival administration of 1% voriconazole was performed in this study. Results Treatment with intracorneal and subconjunctival administration of 1% voriconazole was successful in resolving the corneal stromal abscess and the secondary uveitis. Immediate complications from the intracorneal injection occurred, which included corneal stromal lamellar fracture (2/2) and conjunctival hyperemia/chemosis (2/2). Also subconjunctival hemorrhage (1/2) due to the subconjuctival voriconazole injection occurred (2/2). Chronic complications of the intracorneal injection included mild-moderate corneal stromal fibrosis (2/2). Conclusions This procedure may be an effective technique to treat refractory or relapsing DSA in horses. Intracorneal and subconjunctival voriconazole administration results in a visual and cosmetically acceptable globe. In equine DSA cases, the advantages of this technique compared with other medical and surgical approaches to this disease include shortened anesthesia times, minimal resultant scarring and shorter healing times, and lower cost of therapy.
Counterion-induced processibility of polyaniline: Transport at the metal-insulator boundary.

Polyaniline (PANI) films of superior homogeneity can be prepared by using functionalized protonic acids to protonate the polymer and simultaneously induce solubility, in the conducting form, in common organic solvents. The results of measurements of the temperature dependence and magnetic-field dependence of the conductivity of films of PANI complexed with camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) are reported. The intrinsic metallic nature of conducting polyaniline can be observed from the positive temperature coefficient of resistivity in the temperature interval from 180 to 300 K. Signatures of hopping transport are observed below 180 K, indicative of marginal metallic behavior with disorder-induced localization at low temperatures. Resistivity ratios as low as 1:3 (300 to 1.2 K) are found. Analysis of the dependence of the resistivity on temperature and magnetic field indicates that the typical electronic localization length in PANI-CSA films is 100\char21{}150 \AA{}. Thus the PANI-CSA is on the metal-insulator (M-I) boundary. A magnetic field (H) shifts mobility edge and causes the system to crossover from disordered metal to insulator: in zero field, \ensuremath{\rho}(T)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$ where \ensuremath{\beta}=0.36, consistent with transport in the critical region near the M-I boundary, whereas, in H=8 T, \ensuremath{\rho}(T)=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$exp[(${\mathit{T}}_{0}$/T${)}^{1/4}$] indicating variable range hopping between localized states with mean localization length, ${\mathit{L}}_{\mathit{c}}$(H=8 T)\ensuremath{\approxeq}100\char21{}140 \AA{}.
The notion of independence in categories of algebraic structures, part III: equational classes

Consider the following situation: K is an arbitrary class of structures in a fixed language L, H a structure in K, S a set of quantifier-free formulas in L with S=cl + (S), and Δ=cl(δ), where δ is a set of formulas in L such that every embedding H→F in K preserves δ, S⊂δ=cl + (δ). Given A⊂B, C⊂H, let us say that B is S-independent from C over A, if tp(B, C; H) is an S H -minimal extension of tp(B, A; H) where a type shall mean a Δ-type. We will show in this paper that if K is a universal class with AP, where every atomic formula is an equation, H is existentially closed, Δ=Qf, and S=cl + (At), then this independence relation satisfies all the natural properties that Shelah's one satisfies in stable theories. Infact we will show that S-independence is equivalent to R-independence where R is the set of all quantifier-free equations satisfying some other conditions
Changes in elevation of the Rocky Mountains in Pleistocene time as possible climatic factors

It is well known that the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges intercept, moisture from the Pacific, causing it to be precipitated on their western slopes with resulting arid or semi-arid conditions east of them. In a less degree the Rocky Mountains effect a similar result, particularly north of the latitude of Yellowstone Park. Precipitation on their western sides or westernmost ranges, such as the Clearwater Mountains, Cœr d'Alene, Cabinet, and Purcell ranges is much greater than on the ranges farther east or the plains beyond. It follows that if the intercepting ranges were removed or even lowered considerably, the interior plateaus and the great plains in northern United States and Canada would receive an increased precipitation which, of course, would be one of the factors necessary to renewed glaciation. In this connection, it is noteworthy, perhaps, that in the Olympic Mountains, which receive a heavy precipitation, permanent snow and ice-fields are rather general above an altitude of five thousand feet. Farther east in the same latitude, the present lower ice-limit rises as the precipitation decreases. In Glacier Park it is at least seven thousand feet.
TAXOL REDUCES THE RATE OF CYTOKINESIS IN PtK1CELLS

Mitotic PtK1cells were treated both during mid-anaphase and at furrow initiation with the potent microtubule (MT) stabilizing agent, taxol, to determine the role of MTs in the rate of cytokinetic events. Rates of cytokinesis (μm/min) were measured by changes in furrow diameter. Incubation of PtK1cells during mid-anaphase with 5 μg/ml taxol slows the rate of cytokinesis by an average of 43%. Instead of furrow initiation to midbody formation taking an average of 10.7 min (1.6 μm/min), furrowing to midbody formation was completed in an average of 19.0 min (0.9 μm/min), which does not include the 7-min period between taxol application in mid-anaphase and furrow initiation. Application of 5 μg/ml taxol to cells at furrow initiation had a reduced effect on decreasing the rate of cytokinesis and midbody formation; furrowing to midbody formation took an average of 14.6 min (1.2 μm/min). These data suggest that delays in the rate of cytokinesis is dependent on the mitotic stage at which taxol is applied. Ultrastructural analysis shows that taxol treatment of anaphase cells prevents midbody formation during early G1, yet MT number and organization in the furrowed region is not significantly altered from untreated cells. There is little change in the organization and amount of contractile ring microfilaments, yet filaments are also found parallel to midbody MTs. Our results may be explained by the fact that taxol tends to stabilize MTs which probably affects the rate at which they depolymerize in the terminal phases of cytokinesis. Reduction in depolymerization rates of a stable population of MTs could serve to regulate the rate of cytokinesis.
Familial, Social, and Individual Factors Contributing to Risk for Adolescent Substance Use

Data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reveal high numbers of adolescent substance use in the United States. Substance use among adolescents can lead to increased risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections, vehicular fatalities, juvenile delinquency, and other problems associated with physical and mental health. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to involvement in substance use due to the underdeveloped state of the adolescent brain, which can lead to reduced decision-making ability and increased long-term effects of drugs and alcohol. Understanding the causes of adolescent substance use is vital for successful prevention and intervention programs.
Rapid phase transformation kinetics on a nanoscale: Studies of the α → β transformation in pure, nanocrystalline Ti using the nanosecond dynamic transmission electron microscope

Abstract Using the unique capabilities and high time resolution of dynamic transmission electron microscopy (DTEM), the fast kinetics of α → β-phase transformation in nanocrystalline Ti films were investigated using single-shot electron diffraction and bright-field TEM images. From quantitative analysis of the diffraction patterns, the transformation rates were determined for temperatures between transition start (1155 K) and melt temperature (1943 K). The experimental data were summarized in a time–temperature-transformation (TTT) curve with nanosecond time resolution. Theoretical TTT curves were calculated using analytical models for isothermal martensite and available thermodynamic data. Above 1300 K, there is excellent agreement between the experiment and the discrete–obstacle interaction model, suggesting that the nucleation rate and thermally assisted motion of the martensite interface are controlled by interface–solute atom interactions. However, theory predicts much slower transformation rates near the transition temperature than experiment. Experimental data fits using the Pati–Cohen model suggests that an increase in autocatalytic nucleation may partially account for the fast transformation rates at lower temperatures.
MRI of two infants with tuberous sclerosis

Two children (41/2 and 9 months of age) suffering from tuberous sclerosis were examined with MRI, using a 2.35-Tesla magnet. Both patients showed the typical brain lesions of tuberous sclerosis, namely, subependymal nodules projecting into the lateral ventricles and parenchymal hamartomas. However, in one child the examination revealed subcortical foci of low signal intensity on T2-weighted images and of high signal intensity on T1-weighted images, which could represent fat-containing hamartomas.
Is hypertension a major independent risk factor for retinopathy in type 1 diabetes

Hypertension is an established risk factor for retinopathy. Whether it is an independent risk factor or acts only by association with nephropathy is not known. Therefore, we studied 273 Type 1 diabetic patients. They were divided into four groups. Group 1 (n = 55) were normotensive and normoalbuminuric, group 2 (n = 51) had hypertension but were normoalbuminuric, group 3 (n = 33) had nephropathy but were normotensive, and group 4 (n = 134) had nephropathy and hypertension. Hypertensive patients with normoalbuminuria (blood pressure 146 ± 19 (± SD)/87 ± 12 mmHg) had the same prevalence of retinopathy as normoalbuminuric normotensive patients (123 ± 12/75 ± 5 mmHg). Hypertensive nephropathic patients (blood pressure 147 ± 18/87 ± 8 mmHg) had more retinopathy than hypertensive normoalbuminuric patients despite similar blood pressure (normal retina/advanced retinopathy: 3 %/73 % vs 46 %/17 %, p< 0.001). Nephropathic normotensive patients had worse retinal changes than hypertensive normoalbuminuric patients (19 %/49 %, p< 0.001) but fewer than the nephropathic hypertensive patients p < 0.001). Thus hypertension per se is not associated with increased retinal changes but may aggravate these in patients with clinical nephropathy.
Tetrabenazine, a monoamine-depleting drug used in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders.

Abstract Background: Few drugs are available for the management of hyperkinetic movement disorders such as the dystonias, choreas, dyskinesias, and tics. Those that are available (primarily neuroleptics) are associated with a wide range of potentially serious adverse effects, including induction of tardive movement disorders. Tetrabenazine (TBZ) is a monoamine-depleting agent initially studied in the 1950s and currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of chorea in Huntington's disease. Objective: This article reviews the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, tolerability, drug-interaction potential, and dosing and administration of TBZ. Methods: MEDLINE was searched (1950–February 2010) for English-language articles investigating any aspect of TBZ. Search terms included tetrabenazine, Ro 1-9569, Nitoman, benzoquinolizines, and reserpine. The reference lists of the identified articles were searched for other pertinent publications, particularly those that were not indexed in the 1950s and 1960s. Results: In the search for a chemical compound that was simpler than reserpine while preserving reserpine-like psychotropic activity, TBZ was identified in the 1950s as one member of a large group of benzoquinolizine derivatives. TBZ acts by depletion of the monoamines serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the central nervous system (CNS). It does this by reversibly inhibiting vesicle monoamine transporter type 2 and thus preventing monoamine uptake into presynaptic neurons. Clinical studies suggest that TBZ may have therapeutic applications in a wide range of hyperkinetic movement disorders. TBZ has been associated with numerous adverse effects, some of them serious and potentially fatal; these include parkinsonism, other extrapyramidal symptoms (particularly akathisia), depression and suicidality, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and sedation. TBZ is subject to important drug-drug interactions with inhibitors and inducers of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, reserpine, and lithium. It is one of very few drugs whose dosing is based, in part, on the results of genotyping (in its case, genotyping for CYP2D6 metabolizer status). Conclusions: TBZ is a complicated drug in terms of its mechanism of action and its activities against the 3 major monoamines in the CNS, making it difficult to predict its efficacy and tolerability in patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders. It is associated with numerous adverse effects and several important drug-drug interactions. Much work remains to be done to determine the therapeutic potential of TBZ in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders.
Low doses of interleukin-1β improve the leverpress avoidance performance of Sprague–Dawley rats

Abstract Recent research has indicated that the pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin-1β (IL-1β), can affect learning and memory. We injected male Sprague–Dawley rats with IL-1β (1.0, 3.0, or 6.0 μg/kg, i.p.) or saline vehicle, 24 h before a single 4-h session of leverpress escape/avoidance conditioning. No effect of IL-1β at any dose was observed in the number of escape responses across the 4-h session. However, subjects treated with the two lower doses (1.0 and 3.0 μg/kg) of IL-1β performed more avoidance responses during the final hour of the 4-h session than the other two groups. Subjects treated with the highest dose of IL-1β (6.0 μg/kg) did not differ from controls. Results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms behind the IL-1β-induced enhancement of learning, as well as the observed dose–response relationship.
An evaluation of nutrient nonpoint offset trading in Virginia: A role for agricultural nonpoint sources?

[1] Many advocates of water quality trading in the United States frequently assume that agricultural nonpoint sources will be the primary trading partner for regulated point sources. Virginia requires regulated point sources to offset new nutrient discharges. Nutrient offsets generated by agricultural nonpoint source reductions are compared against urban nonpoint source and nutrient assimilation offsets. Evidence suggests that agricultural nonpoint source offsets may not be a technically feasible or particularly cost effective compliance option for regulated point sources.
Nuclear waste canister corrosion studies pertinent to geologic isolation

Abstract The compatibility of candidate high-leve nuclear waste (HLW) canister materials with deep geologic isolation environments is addressed. Results are presented which are applicable to both bedded salt and sub-seabed sediment repositories or test facilities. Such studies are an essential portion of the technological basis for terminal waste management. These studies will be used to identify HLW canister or overpack materials satisfying appropriate requirements for barrier lifetime. Mechanical properties, as well as constraints on cost and consumption of critically limited materials, are also selection criteria. Lifetime objectives range from a minimum of several years for retrievability constraints up to several hundred years for retardation of near-field interactions (e.g., waste form leaching with potential radionuclide release to the geosphere) during the period of greatest HLW thermal output. A review of present and prior applicable corrosion results is presented. However, emphasis is on the results obtained from current laboratory HLW canister/ corrosion programs at Sandia Laboratories. The effects of multiple variables on corrosion susceptibility and rates are briefly discussed and some applicable data given. It is possible to provide a canister/ overpack barrier which can survive geologic isolation environments for periods of several hundred years.
Abstract 483: Genome-wide analysis identify molecular regulators of metastasis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Metastasis of primary tumors to distant target organs such as the lungs is a major factor contributing to cancer-related mortality. To identify key miRNAs of metastasis we have performed high throughput Solexa sequencing on tumors harvested form variety of metastatic tumor models. In this study, we will present the identification of novel candidates of microRNAs and their target genes. We also validate their biological properties both in vitro and in vivo models of breast and prostate cancer metastasis. Since relatively little is known about regulation system of miRNAs that governs metastasis, the identification and validation of upstream factors will be of great benefit in understanding metastasis regulation. We performed a meta-analysis combines miRNA expression profiles and genome-wide epigenetic modification signatures obtained by using ChIP-SEQ technique. We will also discuss potential clinical significance of key candidates identified in this screen. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 483.
A Phase Diagram for Epitaxial PbZr1−xTixO3 Thin Films at the Bulk Morphotropic Boundary Composition

A phase diagram of temperature versus strain was constructed for a (001)-oriented PbZr1−xTixO3 epitaxial single crystal thin film near the bulk morphotropic boundary composition (x=0.47) on an (001)-oriented cubic substrate. The phase-field approach is employed. It is shown that a mixture of distorted rhombohedral, orthorhombic, and tetragonal phases exists under small values of strain, i.e., close to the in-plane clamped boundary condition. This result contradicts thermodynamic calculations assuming a single-domain state that predicted a single distorted rhombohedral phase under similar strains. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that under a large tensile strain current phase-field simulations showed a tetragonal phase with a1/a2 twin structures as the stable state whereas thermodynamic calculations predicted an orthorhombic phase.
We Have to Break Up

Three mostly positive developments in academic psychology—the cognitive revolution, the virtual requirement for multiple study reports in our top journals, and the prioritization of mediational evi...
Role of β1 and β3 Integrins in Human Smooth Muscle Cell Adhesion to and Contraction of Fibrin Clots In Vitro

Abstract —The degree of lumen narrowing in advanced lesions correlates poorly with the amount of intimal mass accumulated in the atherosclerotic plaque. As an alternate mechanism of stenosis, we propose that human smooth muscle cells bind to fibrin deposited in the matrix and exert contractile forces to cause a narrowing of the lumen. In the present study we demonstrated in vitro that human newborn aortic smooth muscle cell lines can contract and adhere to fibrin clots composed of either fibronectin-depleted plasma (“plasma”) or recombinant fibrin. By using neutralizing antibodies and RGD peptides, we showed that members of the integrin family mediated the interaction between human newborn smooth muscle cells and fibrin. Neutralizing antibodies against the integrin αvβ3 (c7E3 Fab and LM609) did not inhibit either plasma clot contraction or recombinant fibrin clot contraction by human newborn smooth muscle cells. In contrast, antibodies against α5, β1, and α5β1 inhibited contraction of clots composed of either plasma or recombinant fibrin. Anti-αvβ3, anti-αv, anti-α5, anti-β1, and anti-α5β1 antibodies inhibited human newborn smooth muscle cell adhesion to plasma clots; however, only anti-α5, anti-β1, and anti-α5β1 antibodies significantly inhibited adhesion to recombinant fibrin. While the linear RGD peptides had no effect, the cyclic peptide penRGD inhibited adhesion to plasma clots and recombinant fibrin. However, it did not block contraction of recombinant fibrin clots. These results suggest that during the interaction of human newborn smooth muscle cell lines with fibrin, α5β1 plays a significant role. This interaction is of potential interest as a target for efforts to block vascular contraction.
Black American Radicalism and the First World War: The Secret Files of the Military Intelligence Division

In 1986, the National Archives released previously classified material regarding U.S. Army surveillance of African-Americans from 1917 to 1941. The documents relate primarily to the First World War and the immediate post-war years. U.S. Army surveillance of American citizens is not an especially startling revelation; however, what is remarkable is the fact that a principal officer charged with "spying" on blacks during the Great War was himself black and many prominent black public figures cooperated in the effort. This article examines this largely unknown aspect of American history in terms of our understanding of the black experience, the legacy of racism in the larger society, and the intersection of both in the U.S. military.
Eastern and Plains Late Woodland Transitions as Seen at the Lafayette Mound, Northwest Missouri

AbstractThe Lafayette Mound, 23LF3, a burial site which dates to the latter part of the Late Woodland period in northwestern Missouri, provides insight into the poorly-understood geographical area between the Central Plains Late Woodland and Eastern Late Woodland regions. The mound was deflated and partially disturbed, but large portions of it contained intact fill. Diagnostic material indicates the mound was constructed on a previously utilized location. Fill contained artifacts diagnostic of the Early or Middle Woodland period and a Late Woodland occupation area. Human remains were primarily cremated subadults. Associated with these graves were miniature Scallorn projectile points, clay pipes, ochre, hematite objects, and pottery vessels. The mound base contained one hearth feature which is interpreted as a ceremonial or pre-mound feature. Comparisons with adjacent areas indicate that the Lafayette mound is part of a continuum of Late Woodland sites that spans the Central Plains and Eastern Missouri Lat...
Plasmodium ovale: Parasite and Disease

Humans are infected by four recognized species of malaria parasites. The last of these to be recognized and described is Plasmodium ovale. Like the other malaria parasites of primates, this parasite is only transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The prepatent period in the human ranges from 12 to 20 days. Some forms in the liver have delayed development, and relapse may occur after periods of up to 4 years after infection. The developmental cycle in the blood lasts approximately 49 h. An examination of records from induced infections indicated that there were an average of 10.3 fever episodes of > or = 101 degrees F and 4.5 fever episodes of > or = 104 degrees F. Mean maximum parasite levels were 6,944/microl for sporozoite-induced infections and 7,310/microl for trophozoite-induced infections. Exoerythrocytic stages have been demonstrated in the liver of humans, chimpanzees, and Saimiri monkeys following injection of sporozoites. Many different Anopheles species have been shown to be susceptible to infection with P. ovale, including A. gambiae, A. atroparvus, A. dirus, A. freeborni, A. albimanus, A. quadrimaculatus, A. stephensi, A. maculatus, A. subpictus, and A. farauti. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed to detect mosquitoes infected with P. ovale using a monoclonal antibody directed against the circumsporozoite protein. Plasmodium ovale is primarily distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa. It has also been reported from numerous islands in the western Pacific. In more recent years, there have been reports of its distribution on the Asian mainland. Whether or not it will become a major public health problem there remains to be seen. The diagnosis of P. ovale is based primarily on the characteristics of the blood stages and its differentiation from P. vivax. The sometimes elliptical shape of the infected erythrocyte is often diagnostic when combined with other, subtler differences in morphology. The advent of molecular techniques, primarily PCR, has made diagnostic confirmation possible. The development of techniques for the long-term frozen preservation of malaria parasites has allowed the development diagnostic reference standards for P. ovale. Infections in chimpanzees are used to provide reference and diagnostic material for serologic and molecular studies because this parasite has not been shown to develop in other nonhuman primates, nor has it adapted to in vitro culture. There is no evidence to suggest that P. ovale is closely related phylogenetically to any other of the primate malaria parasites that have been examined.
The effect of particle size distribution on the dispersion of nanoclays in poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites

The effects of clay particle size distributions on their dispersion in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/clay nanocomposites have been studied. A two-step centrifugation method was used to remove large particles from commercial montmorillonite (MMT). Scanning electron microscopy of aqueous dispersions of MMT and centrifuged clay (CMMT) illustrated that average particle size of CMMT in water is much lower than that of MMT in water. PET/clay nanocomposites with MMT and CMMT were prepared by using a modified melt-blending method of mixing PET and a clay–water slurry instead of direct introduction of dried clay. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results showed that CMMT with their smaller particles have better dispersion into the polymer matrix than uncentrifuged MMT. Melt viscosity results revealed that good dispersion of CMMT into the PET matrix reduces the effect of hydrolytic degradation of PET in the presence of water. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the par...
Opposing effects of glucose on stroke and reperfusion injury: acidosis, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism.

Reduced delivery of glucose and oxygen during brain ischemia can cause energy failure (ATP depletion), which can in turn trigger processes leading to cell death. Glucose can support glycolytic ATP production even in the absence of oxygen, and it would seem to follow that increased glucose in the residual blood flow to ischemic brain should increase cell survival. This was tested experimentally in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion by Pulsinelli et al1 several decades ago. Glucose had a striking effect, but in the direction opposite to what might be expected: rats in which circulating blood glucose was increased by intravenous infusion had far more extensive brain injury and mortality compared with normoglycemic rats. This experiment has subsequently been revisited dozens of times, using different animal species, stroke models, glucose concentrations, timing of glucose elevations, and permutations of these factors. The net result is one of the most robust in all of stroke research: hyperglycemia almost always exacerbates brain injury.2,3 Clinical experience mirrors the animal literature in these respects, because both retrospective studies and patient registries show a striking correlation between elevated admission glucose concentrations and poor outcomes.4 Hyperglycemia is similarly associated with increased hemorrhage formation and poor outcome in patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator.5–7 Random blood glucose levels are ≈4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L in both humans and rodents, with rodents being the species most commonly used for experimental stroke. The definition of hyperglycemia varies somewhat in stroke studies, ranging from 6.1 to >10 mmol/L glucose. Using these definitions, hyperglycemia is found at presentation in 30% to 60% of all patients with stroke.8,9 Some of these patients are diabetic, but acute, poststroke hyperglycemia is a sympathomimetic stress response in most. Despite the frequency of hyperglycemia in stroke and >30 …
Profile Likelihood Based Confidence Intervals for Common Intraclass Correlation Coefficient

In this article, we propose an approach for estimating the confidence interval of the common intraclass correlation coefficient based on the profile likelihood. Comparisons are made with a procedure using the concept of generalized pivots. The method presented is less computationally demanding than the method using generalized pivots. The approach also provides better coverage, and shorter lengths of confidence intervals for the case when the value of the common intraclass correlation coefficient is low. The lengths of confidence intervals given by both methods are quite comparable for high but less realistic values of the common intraclass correlation coefficient.
Early post-fire succession in California chaparral: Changes in diversity, density, cover and biomass

For four consecutive years, following the fires in November 1993, temporal variations in species richness, cover and biomass of component plant groups in early post-fire chaparral succession were monitored on different aspects at the Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Reserve, southern California. Plant groups were categorized based on growth form, life form, ability to fix nitrogen, geographic origin and regeneration strategies. North-facing slopes exhibited higher species richness, higher species turnover rate over time and faster vegetation recovery in terms of biomass accumulation and return to pre-fire species composition. This was probably due to higher species richness and biomass of nitrogen-fixing species found on north-facing slopes in comparison to south-facing slopes. On both north- and south-facing slopes, annuals had the highest species turnover rate, followed by herbaceous perennials and shrubs. In the first four post-fire years, annual species were the largest floristic group, but herbaceous perennials and shrubs were the major contributors to community biomass. Nitrogen-fixing species and exotics contributed significantly to early post-fire community structure. Although the general trends in post-fire succession are clear in terms of temporal changes in the relative proportions of different plant groups, environmental variation and the nature of plant life histories of component species, especially dominant species, could alter such trends significantly.
Europium, tris {1,7,7‐trimethyl‐3‐(trifluoroacetyl‐kO)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐2‐onato‐kO}

[34830-11-0] C36H42O6F9Eu (MW 893.72) InChI = 1S/3C12H15F3O2.Eu/c3*1-10(2)6-4-5-11(10,3)8(16)7(6)9(17)12(13,14)15;/h3*6,16H,4-5H2,1-3H3;/q;;;+3/p-3/t3*6?,11-;/m000./s1 InChIKey = JWCCIWZTCAOKRT-XKGYMHHZSA-K (NMR shift reagent; Lewis acid catalyst) Alternate Name: Eu(tfc)3. Physical Data: mp 195–198 °C. Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: solid; widely available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable; hygroscopic; dry in vacuo at rt or 100 °C over P2O5; store in a desiccator.
Comparing Ground Telemetry and Global Positioning System Methods to Determine Cougar Kill Rates

Abstract We assessed whether use of 2 methods, intensive very high frequency (VHF) radiotelemetry and Global Positioning System (GPS) cluster sampling, yielded similar estimates of cougar (Puma concolor) kill rates in Yellowstone National Park, 1998–2005. We additionally determined biases (underestimation or overestimation of rates) resulting from each method. We used modeling to evaluate what characteristics of clusters best predicted a kill versus no kill and further evaluated which predictor(s) minimized effort and the number of missed kills. We conducted 16 VHF ground predation sequences resulting in 37 kill intervals (KIs) and 21 GPS sequences resulting in 84 KIs on 6 solitary adult females, 4 maternal females, and 5 adult males. Kill rates (days/kill and biomass [kg] killed/day) did not differ between VHF and GPS predation sampling methods for maternal females, solitary adult females, and adult males. Sixteen of 142 (11.3%) kills detected via GPS clusters were missed through VHF ground-based samplin...
Making appropriation ‘stick’: Stabilizing politics in an ‘inherently feminist’ tool

This article examines how feminist politics are made to 'stick' to appropriated technologies in the context of a contemporary feminist women's health clinic in the US. Feminist clinics such as 'FemHealth', founded as part of 1970s women's health movements, put medical tools and knowledge into lay women's hands, making the appropriation of medical technologies a centerpiece of their political project. In the process, they rejected the authority of physicians and gave new politicized meanings to the tools they claimed as their own. As lay healthworkers at FemHealth continued the project of appropriation, they also continued to negotiate their dependence on physicians to perform tasks that required a medical license. Drawing on participant observation and interviews with healthworkers, I argue that struggles over the role and authority of physicians in this clinic play out through debates over two similar and competing tools used in the abortion procedure: the single-tooth tenaculum and the cervical stabilizer. Many healthworkers invested in the stabilizer as 'inherently feminist' in hopes that it would maintain its politics even when passed into physicians' hands. While appropriation depends on the ability of users to alter a technology's meanings, actors may feel invested in the new politics taken on by appropriated tools and work towards making those meanings persist, or 'stick'.
Shape and accessible surface area of globular proteins.

Abstract The accessible surface area of a protein has been reported to be proportional to the 2 3 power of the real volume. When this relationship was compared to the area-volume relationship of simple geometric shapes, it was concluded that shape is not important in determining the accessible surface area and that spheres are good models for protein subunits. However, since the accessible surface area and the real volume are derived from different geometric figures, the relation between the two cannot be directly compared with the area-volume relationships of simple geometric shapes. When the volume of the geometric figure used to calculate the accessible surface area is estimated, the accessible area is proportional to the 0·77 power of that volume. Only this value can be directly compared with similar values for simple geometric figures. Indeed this comparison shows that protein molecules must be more aspherical at larger molecular weights, so shape is important in determining the area of a protein and spheres are not always good models for protein subunits. When the texture of the protein surface is considered, this comparison shows that protein molecules must be more aspherical or more textured at larger molecular weights.
Genetic relationships between selection for growth and reproductive effectiveness

Abstract The domestic and international poultry industries have gone through many changes over the last 50 yr. One constant in the meat-type poultry industry has been the emphasis on genetic improvement of growth. Using lines from a double, divergent selection experiment, data are presented on the genetic relationships between growth to different ages and reproductive parameters. During the last three generations of selection an in vitro sperm binding assay was used and evaluated for its usefulness in a selection program for growth-related phenotypes. Growth to different ages can have markedly different genetic architecture, compared to evaluating body weight at a fixed age. Growth is a nonlinear phenomenon and should be evaluated as such within the context of a genetics program. Fertility is positively correlated with growth to 14 d of age (EGR14), but negatively correlated with growth to 42 d of age (EGR42). This difference is primarily due to the high, negative correlation between exponential growth from 14 to 42 d of age (EGR14/42) and reproductive phenotypes. Roosters were also evaluated with an in vitro sperm binding assay, which is highly correlated with fertility. The genetic architecture of the sperm binding assay was very similar to that of fertility, with an additive genetic correlation of 0.75. Further, it was shown that culling the worst 25% roosters on the basis of the sperm binding assay would have very little effect on the growth performance of the resulting progeny, yet increased the number of chicks produced per rooster by 10 to 25% (depending upon the population).
The Lichen Collection of Henry Imshaug at the Michigan State University Herbarium (msc)

Abstract The lichen collection assembled by Dr. Henry Imshaug at the herbarium of Michigan State University (msc) is described. It is not only one of the largest in North America, but is notable also for its geographic range, including important collections from the Caribbean and several southern hemisphere island groups. Until recently this collection was not readily accessible, but it is now fully available to researchers through loans and visits.
Bayesian model averaging: development of an improved multi-class, gene selection and classification tool for microarray data

Motivation: Selecting a small number of relevant genes for accurate classification of samples is essential for the development of diagnostic tests. We present the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method for gene selection and classification of microarray data. Typical gene selection and classification procedures ignore model uncertainty and use a single set of relevant genes (model) to predict the class. BMA accounts for the uncertainty about the best set to choose by averaging over multiple models (sets of potentially overlapping relevant genes). Results: We have shown that BMA selects smaller numbers of relevant genes (compared with other methods) and achieves a high prediction accuracy on three microarray datasets. Our BMA algorithm is applicable to microarray datasets with any number of classes, and outputs posterior probabilities for the selected genes and models. Our selected models typically consist of only a few genes. The combination of high accuracy, small numbers of genes and posterior probabilities for the predictions should make BMA a powerful tool for developing diagnostics from expression data. Availability: The source codes and datasets used are available from our Supplementary website. Contact: kayee@u.washington.edu Supplementary information: http://www.expression.washington.edu/publications/kayee/bma