cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
10 – Separation Systems

Publisher Summary Oil and gas produced from wells are normally complex mixtures of hundreds of different compounds. A typical well stream is a turbulent mixture of oil, gas, water, and sometimes solid particles. The well stream should be processed as soon as possible after bringing it to the surface. Field separation processes fall into two categories: separation of oil, water, and gas; and dehydration that removes condensable water vapor and other undesirable compounds such as hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide. This chapter gives a brief introduction to fluid separation and gas dehydration systems. A guideline to selection of system components is also presented in the chapter. Operators need to consult with equipment providers in designing their separation systems.
Understanding Genetic Causation and its Implications for Ethical Issues Concerning Medical Genetics

In this chapter, I explore some conceptual insights about genetic causation and consider their implications for ethical issues arising in medical genetics. As these insights are rather abstract, their most important implications will be indirect ones concerning the shaping of our general conceptions and tendencies of thought, serving as a curb on inappropriate geneticization of disease. I end by critiquing the idea that the scientific and practical successes resulting from the genetic point of view should convince us to accept such geneticization.
Ratio 2 Delta 0/kTc in superconductivity.

In high-temperature superconductors, values of the ratio {ital R}=2{Delta}{sub 0}/{ital kT}{sub {ital c}} have been reported in the range 2--10, whereas low-temperature superconductors rarely deviate by as much as 50% from the BCS prediction {ital R}=3.54. Could this variability relate to the density of states near the Fermi surface Our calculations answer this in the negative.
TRIM44 promotes quiescent multiple myeloma cell occupancy and survival in the osteoblastic niche via HIF-1α stabilization

Despite progress in the treatment of MM, including the use of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation, a considerable proportion of patients are refractory to all therapies. This resistance is related to the molecular genetic heterogeneity in MM cells as well as to the contributions from the BM, which is one of the key determinants of treatment outcome. Our previous studies using fluorescent tracers revealed that MM heterogeneity is correlated with the presence of quiescent stem-like cancer cells, which prefer to reside within the osteoblastic niche of the BM. In this report, we identified a novel protein, tripartite motif containing 44 (TRIM44), which is overexpressed in the osteoblastic niche of the BM, enabling MM cells to compete with HSCs for niche support. TRIM44 expression in MM cells promoted cell quiescence but increased bone destruction in xenograft mice, similar to what is observed in MM patients. TRIM44 functions as a deubiquitinase for hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which stabilizes HIF-1α expression during hypoxia and normoxia. Stabilized HIF-1α stimulates MM cell growth and survival during hypoxia. Our work is the first report to reveal signaling in quiescent MM cells and the functions of TRIM44.
Before - And Beyond - The Liberalism of Fear

Judith Shklar (1928-1992) is known as a Cold War liberal. Like others of this school, she came to place fear of the collapse of freedom into tyranny at the center of her thought, in view of the cruel violations such a calamity involved. And like the other Cold War liberals, she hewed to a pessimistic Enlightenment after the desolation of total war, the tragedy of the Holocaust, and the scandal of totalitarianism, orienting herself to the standing threat of the violent end of pluralism. Unillusioned about the permanence of evil and shaken by the memory of horror, her “liberalism of fear” dropped any radical expectations of improvement in order to theorize in the presence of the summum malum in politics. Everyone acquainted with Shklar’s thinking can recognize her in this routine presentation, and rightly so. Yet it misses something important and perhaps essential. Her first book, After Utopia: The Decline of Political Faith (1957), sought an alternative to Cold War liberalism. If it is true that Shklar’s first book offered an implacable critique and diagnosis of Cold War liberalism, then it follows that her own maturation cut off certain trajectories in her thought as much as it realized others. Shklar’s main pertinence now is not the beautifully honed but ultimately complacent version of Cold War liberalism she later achieved, but her original impulse to seek a route beyond it.
Values in Psychological Science: Re-imagining Epistemic Priorities at a New Frontier

In this book, wide-ranging sources are utilized to seek alternatives to the science-value dichotomy and to move beyond unhelpful impasses between qualitative and quantitative methods. It urges new directions of impact for psychology through intra- and interdisciplinary collaboration in order to confront unprecedented global challenges, generate questions and articulate new possibilities for a sustainable future for humanity. The analysis places the researcher as the principal instrument of any science - an affordance and an ongoing form of demand. Foregrounding 'the personal' also emphasizes continuity across arts and sciences; the interfaces of which contain the full range of resources for innovative thinking. The enduring relevance of observation, imaginative sense-making, and perspective-taking to psychology are explored. In emphasizing that 'the person' and 'the personal' reflect interconnected systems of various levels, the book calls for an appreciation and cultivation of these activities in the psychological scientific community.
Design of Solder Connections for Self-Assembly of Optoelectronic Devices

Abstract The cost of optoelectronic assemblies is significantly higher than that of electronic assemblies due in large part to the method of assembly. A typical computer circuit board is built by screen printing solder paste onto a printed wiring board, placing components on the board at rates of several thousand per hour, and then reflowing the solder paste in a conveyor oven. By contrast, optoelectronic assemblies are built up in a sequential process in which epoxy is dispensed for a single component, which is placed and held in position until the epoxy is cured. Many minutes are required to build an optoelectronic assembly, such as a laser module, by this approach, also the precision robotic placement tool needed for this process costs in excess of a million dollars. The demand for all types of optoelectronic components in communications, computing, automotive, medical and aerospace applications is great, but the high cost of manufacture is constraining growth, so clearly a better method of assembly is...
The units for mass, voltage, resistance, and electrical current in the SI

On May 20, World Metrology Day 2019, the international system of units (SI) underwent a momentous change. The philosophy behind the unit system was altered by replacing the former definitions that rely on seven base units with seven defining physical constants to be used as a basis for realizations of the units. Supported by results from decades of precise measurements, four new definitions and four fixed numerical values were assigned. In this article, we discuss the significance of this change for the unit of mass the kilogram and the electrical units ampere, volt, and ohm.
Investigating the relationship between time and predictive model maintenance

A majority of predictive models should be updated regularly, since the most recent data associated with the model may have a different distribution from that of the original training data. This difference may be critical enough to impact the effectiveness of the machine learning model. In our paper, we investigate the relationship between time and predictive model maintenance. Our work incorporates severely imbalanced big data from three Medicare datasets, namely Part D, DMEPOS, and Combined, that have been used in several fraud detection studies. We build training datasets from year-groupings of 2013, 2014, 2015, 2013–2014, 2014–2015, and 2013–2015. Our test datasets are built from the 2016 data. To mitigate some of the adverse effects from the severe class imbalance in these datasets, the performance of five class ratios obtained by Random Undersampling and five learners is evaluated by the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve metric. The models producing the best values are as follows: Logistic Regression with the 2015 year-grouping at a 99:1 class ratio (Part D); Random Forest with the 2014-2015 year-grouping at a 75:25 class ratio (DMEPOS); and Logistic Regression with the full 2015 year-grouping (Combined). Our experimental results show that the largest training dataset (year-grouping 2013–2015) was not among the selected choices, which indicates that the 2013 data may be outdated. Moreover, we note that because the best model is different for Part D, DMEPOS, and Combined, this suggests that these three datasets may actually be sub-domains requiring unique models within the Medicare fraud detection domain.
Mechanisms of telomerase inhibition by oxidized and therapeutic dNTPs

Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase that adds GGTTAG repeats to chromosome ends and is upregulated in most human cancers to enable limitless proliferation. Here, we uncover two distinct mechanisms by which naturally occurring oxidized dNTPs and therapeutic dNTPs inhibit telomerase-mediated telomere elongation. We conduct a series of direct telomerase extension assays in the presence of modified dNTPs on various telomeric substrates. We provide direct evidence that telomerase can add the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors ddITP and AZT-TP to the telomeric end, causing chain termination. In contrast, telomerase continues elongation after inserting oxidized 2-OH-dATP or therapeutic 6-thio-dGTP, but insertion disrupts translocation and inhibits further repeat addition. Kinetics reveal that telomerase poorly selects against 6-thio-dGTP, inserting with similar catalytic efficiency as dGTP. Furthermore, telomerase processivity factor POT1-TPP1 fails to restore processive elongation in the presence of inhibitory dNTPs. These findings reveal mechanisms for targeting telomerase with modified dNTPs in cancer therapy.
Probing structural and chemical evolution in (AlxGa1−x)2O3 using atom probe tomography: A review

(AlxGa1−x)2O3 is a novel ultra‐wide bandgap semiconductor with the potential to dominate future power electronics industries. High‐performance devices demand high Al content in (AlxGa1−x)2O3 but are limited by crystallinity degradation resulting from phase separation. Additionally, the solubility limit of Al is still under debate, and conclusive research is in progress. (AlxGa1−x)2O3 is also limited in high‐frequency applications owing to low carrier mobility and requires n‐type doping. For commercializing this material, the major obstacle is understanding dopant's behavior in the host (AlxGa1−x)2O3. To investigate these issues, an advanced characterization technique, atom probe tomography (APT), was employed to analyze the structural‐chemical evolution of (AlxGa1−x)2O3. In this review, we summarized our recent works on the structure‐chemistry investigation of (AlxGa1−x)2O3 with alloy composition and doping interaction. We introduced machine learning algorithms on APT data to reveal unrivaled knowledge, previously not achievable with conventional methodologies. The outstanding capabilities of APT to study (AlxGa1−x)2O3 with Al composition and doping will be considered significant for the wide bandgap semiconductors community.
The Persistent Memories of Federico García Lorca: History, Poetry, and Spanish Graphic Narratives

The persistence of Federico Garcia Lorca’s legacy noted in recent Spanish graphic narratives appears alongside, and in conjunction with, Spain’s obsession with events such as their Civil War, the Franco regime, and twenty-first century attempts at reconciliation. In this chapter, Richter focuses on the thematic impulses of La huella de Lorca (Carlos Hernandez and El Torres, 2011), La arana del olvido (Enrique Bonet, 2015), and Lorca: Un poeta en Nueva York (Carles Esquembre, 2016), as well as their incorporation of structural elements inherent to sequential art and comics studies. At their core, these graphic narratives underscore the role of history, poetry, and (post)memory in contemporary Spanish graphic novels, all the while calling attention to one of the most recognized poets of the Spanish tradition.
Dislocation contrast on X-ray topographs under weak diffraction conditions

The contrast of dislocations in 4H-SiC crystals shows distinctive features on grazing-incidence X-ray topographs for diffraction at different positions on the operative rocking curve. Ray-tracing simulations have previously been successfully applied to describe the dislocation contrast at the peak of a rocking curve.The present work shows that the dislocation images observed under weak diffraction conditions can also be simulated using the ray-tracing method. These simulations indicate that the contrast of the dislocations is dominated by orientation contrast. Analysis of the effective misorientation reveals that the dislocation contrast in weak-beam topography is more sensitive to the local lattice distortion, consequently enabling information to be obtained on the dislocation sense which cannot be obtained from the peak.
Enantioselective isomerization of allylamine to enamine: practical asymmetric synthesis of (–)-menthol by Rh–BINAP catalysts

Enantioselective isomerizations of allylamines to enamines are summarized from idea to industry. The Rh–BINAP catalyst reveals high selectivities, 99% yield and 98% enantiomer excess and high activity, TON > 400,000. Its industrial use for the production of a 1,500 t/y scale of (–)-menthol is introduced emphasizing technical development.
Speaking Out: Youth Led Research as a Methodology Used with Homeless Youth

Participatory action research is well documented with marginalized groups, but less is known about participatory action research with homeless youth. The use of youth led research as a methodology was examined among a population of homeless youth. Peer researchers (n = 10) reported on their experience utilizing youth led research methodology. Results indicate that youth led research is a promising methodology for use among homeless youth. Participants reported that the approach positively impacted the quality and quantity of data that could be collected from participants. Further, peer researchers reported individual benefits of feeling that participating in the project mattered, that people listened to them and that they had a voice.
Fuzzy Preferences: Extraction from Data and Their Use in Public Choice Models

We describe a method for extracting fuzzy preferences from the Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP)Comparative Manifesto Project data that makes use of the bootstrap procedure designed by Benoit et al. (2009). We argue that fuzzy preferences are a better representation of the abstract concept of a player’s preferences in public choice models. Instead of representing preferences as precise points, our fuzzy approach maps them as bounded areas in a subset of \({\mathbb {R}}^{k}\). In so doing, we eschew the conventional assumption that political actors have precise policy positions. Instead, fuzzy preferences permit us to conceive of actor’s preferences as vague, but communicated accurately. We conclude the chapter by introducing our basic approach to using fuzzy preferences in fuzzy public choice modelsPublic choice!fuzzy model. We argue that a fuzzy public choice model satisfies some of the intuitive and practical problems faced by the conventional model. Moreover, a fuzzy public choice model allows us to shed the assumption that actors perceive shifts in utility in infinitely precise increments at the same granularity across and infinite policy space.
Understanding how to model difficult features and related physical effects in electrical packages

We investigate and provide solutions for a number of features that are simple and occur frequently in electrical package analysis, yet are difficult to model accurately. We also describe physical effects where the results seem unusual and suspect, but actually are physically based. We consider the current spread from vias, apparent shielding ineffectiveness of ideal conductive enclosures, negative inductance in coupled line structures, situations where adding small valued decoupling capacitors actually increases noise, and gridding and convergence issues.
On the evaluation of the feasibility of solar collectors for electrical power generation applications

In this paper certain technical parameters have been proposed for economical evaluation of solar collectors for electric power generation applications. In the analysis only high temperature concentrating collectors have been considered. These parameters could be useful for government agencies and power companies in order to compare various solar collector subsystems quickly and correctly.
Commentary: Environmental Justice and the BP Oil Spill: Does Anyone Care About The "Small People" of Color?

“We care about the small people” declared BP Chairman Carl-Henric Svanburg on June 16, 2010, just eight weeks after the start of the company’s now-famous oil spill. Ironically, the Swedish corporate chief uttered those clumsy words while leading a campaign to stem the growing, spillrelated reputational damage to BP. Compounding the irony in Mr. Svanburg’s statement is the fact that he had been sent as a substitute for British CEO Tony Hayward, whose earlier efforts to repair BP’s corporate image had also failed miserably. Throughout these missteps, the media were providing the world with daily images of the spill. Every day, we watched as 2.6 million gallons of oil surged out of the ocean floor, constantly and uncontrolled, into the Gulf of Mexico. Surely this was a time for curative action and adroit public relations. Against this background, the highlypublicized gaffe was an especially aggravating contribution to BP’s loss of favor in a time of great crisis. The spill betrayed a gigantic, multi-dimensional corporate ineptitude—not merely in linguistic and cultural facility but also, more broadly, in corporate governance and social responsibility. With the oil leak finally plugged (we hope), one would think that the flow of BP corporate governance failures should have similarly been plugged. But this apparently has not happened. Moreover, BP is not the only actor facing disapproval on the long and arduous path to recovery. Governmental and other actors have also incurred the wrath of many and varied critics ranging from environmental groups and ordinary citizens to politicians, businesses and the media. On the other hand, certain affected groups have scarcely been mentioned in efforts to address the environmental, economic, social and cultural impacts of the oil spill. These forgotten groups include minorities, (small) businesses and communities that have also suffered. In fact—as usually happens with environmental justice matters—they have endured disproportionately greater injury and they have received disproportionately less assistance, by comparison with other impacted persons and groups. The following discussion explores the general nature and status of environmental justice, describes the plight of traditionally forgotten groups in the BP oil spill recovery efforts, and makes some observations about the elements of a curative approach to the problems of those groups. Environmental Justice: Of People, Power and Pollution
Hepatic Transplant and HCV: A New Playground for an Old Virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global health problem affecting 170 million people worldwide. The majority of infected individuals fail to resolve their infection, with a significant number developing chronic, progressive HCV-related liver disease. HCV infection is the leading indication for liver transplantation and unfortunately, all patients with detectable viral load before transplantation will have rapid, recurrent infection. What remain to be determined are factors contributing to the severity of HCV recurrence. Such factors are unique to the posttransplant setting and include: viral genetic diversity and composition, immunosuppression, donor/recipient age and sex, genetic factors and the liver microenvironment. Importantly, the possibility that the severity of HCV recurrence might be also influenced by factors related to the primary course of disease (i.e. viral set point, previously acquired adaptations of the virus) must be further evaluated. In this sense, recurrent HCV infection should not be regarded merely as another acute infection, but rather, it should be cautioned that problems first arising during the primary course of disease may be accentuated during recurrence. Development of novel therapeutic approaches will require a thorough understanding of viral and host determinants of infection resolution and how these factors may change in the posttransplant setting.
EDUCACIÓN PARA LA PAZ Y PARA LA DEMOCRACIA

La construccion de la paz y la democracia marchan paralelamente, ambas tienen que ser construidas mediante procesos de educacion que han de: (1) respetar la historicidad en que se definio la categoria de ciudadania (2) propiciar que la sociedad tenga acceso a informacion veraz e imparcial, (3) permitir espacios de expresion abierta al dialogo y (4) rescatar las figuras de autoridad como formadores de las nuevas generaciones dentro de un marco etico que instaure al otro como un semejante, sujeto tambien a derechos y obligaciones que ambos habran de respetar, dando paso a la tolerancia y a la convivencia pacifica.
Special Issue: Biomedical Ontology in Action

Biomedical ontology is now an important element of biomedical research (Blake & Bult, 2006), healthcare (Garde et al., 2007) and public health (Balkanyi, 2007), especially when it comes to integrating datasets in support of translational research (Ruttenberg, 2007). Broadly defined, biomedical ontologies include the thesauri, terminologies, classifications and other coding systems used in biomedicine, in addition to those resources concerned with the identification of categories and their interrelations in various subdomains of biomedicine. As an academic discipline, biomedical ontology has investigated the organization of biomedical ontologies (e.g., Bales et al., 2007), has defined and contrasted the relations used in these ontologies (Smith et al., 2005), and, more generally, has studied the characteristics of biomedical ontologies (e.g., Ogren et al., 2004). Some groups have developed principles and languages for representing and creating ontologies (e.g., Noy et al., 2008), as well as algorithms and tools for editing, aligning and visualizing ontologies (e.g., Zhang & Bodenreider, 2007), and assessing their consistency (e.g., Ceusters et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007). A significant proportion of the literature about biomedical ontologies emphasizes their design and structural characteristics, mentioning their use only in passing (Wang et al., 2007; Bodenreider & Stevens, 2006; Cimino & Zhu, 2006; Coonan, 2004; Giannangelo, 2006; Yu, 2006; Bodenreider & Burgun, 2005).
A class of generalized singular electromagnetic fields

The Bel-Lapiedra-Montserrat equations are solved in a conformally flat space-time to give a class of generalized singular electromagnetic fields. In the Minkowski space-time of special relativity it is shown that these solutions consist of three arbitrary holomorphic functions.
Caenorhabditis elegans neuron degeneration and mitochondrial suppression caused by selected environmental chemicals

Mitochondrial alterations have been documented for many years in the brains of Parkinson’s disease (PD), a disorder that is characterized by the selective loss of dopamine neurons. Recent studies have demonstrated that Parkinson’s disease-associated proteins are either present in mitochondria or translocated into mitochondria in response to stress, further reinforcing the importance of the mitochondrial function in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Exposure to environmental chemicals such as pesticides and heavy metals has been suggested as risk factors in the development of Parkinson’s disease. It has been reported that a number of environmental agents including tobacco smoke and perfluorinated compounds, pesticides, as well as metals (Mn2+ and Pb2+) modulate mitochondrial function. However the exact mechanism of mitochondrial alteration has not been defined in the context of the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease. The complexity of the mammalian system has made it difficult to dissect the molecular components involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. In the present study we used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model of neuron degeneration and investigated the effect of environmental chemicals on mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial gene regulation. Chronic exposure to low concentration (2 or 4 μM) of pesticide rotenone, resulted in significant loss of dopamine neuron in C. elegans, a classic feature of Parkinson’s disease. We then determined if the rotenone-induced neuron degeneration is accompanied by a change in mitochondria biogenesis. Analysis of mitochondrial genomic replication by quantitative PCR showed a dramatic decrease in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies of rotenone-treated C. elegans compared to control. This decreased mitochondrial biogenesis occurred prior to the development of loss of dopamine neurons, and was persistent. The inhibition of mtDNA replication was also found in C. elegans exposed to another neuron toxicant Mn2+ at the concentration 50 or 100 mM. We further examined the mitochondrial gene expression and found significant lower level of mitochondrial complex IV subunits COI and COII in C. elegans exposed to rotenone. These results demonstrate that environmental chemicals cause persistent suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial gene expression, and suggest a critical role of modifying mitochondrial biogenesis in toxicants-induced neuron degeneration in C. elegans model.
Characterization of two new facultative methanotrophs.

Two new facultative methane-oxidizing bacteria have been isolated from lake water enrichments. The organisms have been characterized in terms of colony types, growth characteristics, the guanine plus cytosine content of their deoxyribonucleic acid, thin sections, oxidation rates, and carbon assimilation pathways. Methane-grown cells of both organisms contained intracytoplasmic membranes similar to those described as type II in other methanotrophic bacteria. Neither organism had such membranes when grown heterotrophically. Both organisms assimilated methane by way of the isocitrate lyase-negative serine pathway for formaldehyde incorporation. The enzymes of this pathway were high in specific activity in cells grown on methane and were at low levels in cells grown either on heterotrophic substrates or on heterotrophic substrates plus methane. It is proposed that both organisms be classified in the genus Methylobacterium as two new species, Methylobacterium ethanolicum and Methylobacterium hypolimneticum. Images
Height, size performance of complete and nearly complete binary search trees in dictionary applications

Trees are frequently used data structures for fast access to the stored data. Data structures like arrays, vectors and linked lists are limited by the trade-off between the ability to perform a fast search and the ability to resize easily. Binary Search Trees are an alternative data structure that is both dynamic in size and easily searchable. Now-a-days, more and more people are getting interested in using electronic organizers and telephone dictionaries avoiding the hard copy counter parts. In this paper, performance of complete and nearly complete binary search trees are analyzed in terms of the number of tree nodes and the tree heights. Analytical results are used together with an electronic telephone dictionary for a medium sized organization. It's performance is evaluated in lieu of the real-world applications. The concept of multiple keys in data structure literature is relatively new, and was first introduced by the author. To determine the dictionary performance, another algorithm for determining the internal and the external path lengths is also discussed. New results on performance analysis are presented. Using tree-sort, individual records inside the dictionary may be displayed in ascending order.
The differential diagnosis of neuromuscular weakness in infancy and childhood. I. Non-dystrophic disorders.

SUMMARY Of the non-dystrophic causes of neuromuscular weakness in infancy and childhood, differentiating the diseases of the anterior horn cell from those of the muscle fiber poses the greatest clinical problem and often requires histologic and electrophysiologic studies. It has become apparent that certain forms of anterior horn cell disease (infantile spinal-muscular atrophy) may present a spectrum of involvement from an acute, fulminating course to a much more benign and arrested syndrome. Study of the congenital, nonprogressive (or slowly progressive) myopathy syndrome has revealed a variety of interesting structural and histochemical alterations in some patients. This includes alterations in Z-band structure, absence of oxidative enzymes in the central part of the muscle fiber and mitochondrial abnormalities. With the advent of electron microscopy and better histochemical techniques, new entities are being reported with great frequency, and constant revision of classification and pathogenetic theory is necessary. RESUME Le diagnostic differentiel de la faiblesse neuromusculaire pendant la petite et la grande enfance I Partie: Desordres non-dystrophiques Parmi les causes non-dystrophiques de la faiblesse neuromusculaire pendant la petite et la grande enfance, celle qui pose le plus grand probleme clinique est la differentiation des maladies des cellules de la corne anterieure de celles de la fibre musculaire. Cette differenciation exige souvent des etudes histologiques et electrophysiologiques. On a mis en evidence que certaines formes de maladie des cellules de la corne anterieure (atrophie spino-musculaire infantile) peuvent presenter un spectre de complications allant d'une forme aigue, foudroyante, a un syndrome bien plus benin et statique. L'etude du syndrome myopathique congenital non-progressif (ou progressant lentement), a revele une variete d'interessantes alterations structurales et histochimiques chez certains patients. Celles-ci comprennent des alterations dans la structure de la bande Z, l'absence d'enzymes oxydantes dans la partie centrale de la fibre musculaire et des anomalies des mitochondries. Avec l'avenement du microscope electronique et de techniques histochimiques meilleures, des realites nouvelles sont tres frequemment rapportees et une revision constante de la classification et de la theorie pathogenique est indispensable.
Postoperative radiation as adjuvant treatment for carcinoma of the oral cavity larynx, and pharynx: Preliminary report of a prospective randomized trial

A prospective randomized trial was performed in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the oral cavity, larynx, and pharynx to examine the effect of adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy on locoregional recurrence and survival following "curative" resection. Fifty-one patients with stage III or IV SCC treated from 1981 through 1984 were randomized to receive either surgery alone (n = 27) or surgery with postoperative radiation (n = 24). Five patients were excluded from the study after randomization because of ineligibility or protocol violations. Overall recurrence rates of 55.6% and 36.8% were noted in the surgery and surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy arms, respectively (p = NS). This trend towards a higher recurrence rate in the surgery only arm was in part due to the development of lymph node metastases in the contralateral, nonoperated neck. Thus far, no significant differences in either locoregional or overall survival have been noted between the two treatment arms. In this preliminary analysis, adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy does not appear to improve disease-free or overall survival.
Scaling of a blue-green chemical laser candidate

Electronically excited bismuth monofluoride, BiF(A), produced through reactions with electronically excited NF(a), has been scaled to a density of 5 x 10 to the 12th molecules/cu cm using a hybrid laser/discharge facility. Preirradiation of the trimethylbismuthine, TMB, doubled the BiF(X) yield over that obtained by straight thermal dissociation. Computer simulation indicates that sufficient gain can be generated if the upper vibrational levels of the ground-state BiF(X, v) can be relaxed by appropriate thermal control using supersonic flows or an appropriate diluent, such as sulfurhexafluoride, SF6. 6 references.
On Limits of Travel Time Predictions: Insights from a New York City Case Study

The proliferation of location sensors has resulted in the wide availability of historical location and time data. A prominent use of such data is to develop models to estimate travel-times (between arbitrary points in a city) accurately. The problem of travel-time estimation/prediction has been well studied in the past, where the proposed techniques span a spectrum of statistical methods, such as k-nearest neighbors, Gaussian regression, Artificial Neural Networks, and Support Vector Machines. In this paper, we demonstrate that, contrary to popular intuition, empirical data suggests that simple travel time predictors come very close to the fundamental error bounds achievable in delay prediction. We derive such bounds by estimating entropy that remains in travel time distributions, even after all spatio-temporal delay-influencing factors have been accounted for. Our results are based on analysis of cab traces from New York City, that feature 15 million trips. While we cannot claim generalizability to other cities, the results suggest the diminishing return of complex travel-time predictors due to the inherent nature of uncertainty in trip delays. We demonstrate a simple travel-time predictor, whose error approaches the uncertainty bound. It predicts delay based only on total distance traveled and time-of-day and is close to the optimal solution.
140 Ecophysiology of The Red Alga Porphyra Umbilicalis Kützing (Rhodophyta, Bangalies): Responses to Abiotic Stress

The effects of tidal elevation, emersion, sun exposure, and season on several antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase), pigments (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, chlorophyll a and total carotene) and photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in Porphyra umbilicalis were evaluated. Plants were collected monthly from sun-exposed and shaded locations in the high, mid, and low intertidal following periods of tidal emersion ranging from 0–6 hours. Glutathione reductase activity was greatly affected by emersion during summer months, while ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities showed no seasonal patterns. Differences in glutathione reductase and catalase levels occurred between sun-exposed and shaded plants in the high and mid intertidal during summer. At all elevations, photosynthetic pigments showed a strong seasonal trend, with the effect of sun exposure being most apparent during summer. While total carotene increased with emersion during summer months, the combined effects of emersion and season were inconsistent for phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and chl a. Photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) decreased following emersion in summer and fall. During most months, sun exposed plants had lower Fv/Fm values compared to plants growing in the shade. This study emphasizes the importance of examining the effects of abiotic stresses simultaneously in order to reveal interactive relationships.
Teaching with Alice 3: tutorial

This tutorial, designed for instructors of CS1/AP, introduces Alice3 with built-in transition from Alice to Java. The workshop offers hands-on experience programming with Alice3 and integrating a transition to Java IDE, e.g. NetBeans. Alice3 builds on Alice2's powerful program visualization technique, enabling students to "see" objects and work with object- oriented programming.
Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray crystallographic characterization of TrmFO, a folate‐dependent tRNA methyltransferase from Thermotoga maritima

TrmFO, previously classified as GID, is a methyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of 5-methyluridine or ribothymidine (T) at position 54 in tRNA in some Gram-positive bacteria. To date, TrmFO is the only characterized tRNA methyltransferase that does not use S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl-group donor. Instead, the donor of the methyl group is N(5),N(10)-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of TrmFO are reported here. The recombinant protein, cloned from Thermotoga maritima genomic DNA, was overproduced in Esherichia coli and crystallized in 25%(v/v) PEG 4000, 100 mM NaCl and sodium citrate buffer pH 5.0 at 291 K using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The plate-shaped crystals diffracted to 2.6 A and belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 79.94, b = 92.46, c = 127.20 A.
Beta transforming growth factors (TGFβ) at the porcine conceptus- maternal interface. Part II: Uterine TGFβ bioactivity and expression of immunoreactive TGFβs (TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3) and their receptors (type I and type II)

Porcine uterine tissues were collected from Days 10 to 14 of gestation (peri-implantation period) or corresponding days of the estrous cycle. Results indicated a marked increase in beta transforming growth factors (TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2, and TGFbeta3) and TGFbeta receptor (type I and type II) immunostaining in uterine luminal epithelium (ULE) between Days 10 and 14 of gestation, but there was no increase in ULE immunostaining on the corresponding days of the estrous cycle. Uterine glands and stroma were intensely immunopositive in pregnant gilts for TGFbeta isoforms and their receptors, but immunostaining was weak to undetectable in cycling gilts. No differences were detected in myometrium, in which immunostaining was moderate in both cycling and pregnant gilts. Additionally, TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta receptor (type I and type II) immunostaining was detected in uterine monocyte/macrophage-like cells. Western blotting detected the presence of all three TGFbeta isoforms in uterine luminal flushings. The CCL64 cell TGFbeta bioassay detected bioactive TGFbetas++ in uterine luminal flushings on Days 12, 13, an 14 of gestation. These results strongly indicate that uterine expression of TGFbetas and their receptors is pregnancy specific and that bioactive TGFbetas are present at the conceptus-maternal interface in the peri-implantation period in pigs. Thus TGFbetas are likely to be involved in autocrine-paracrine interactions between the maternal uterus and the conceptus.
Use of virtual microscopy for didactic live-audience presentation in anatomic pathology.

Abstract Didactic presentations on the topic of anatomic pathology in front of a live audience have been largely dependent on the use of standard 2 × 2 inch projection slides (Kodachromes) of selected still images from the topic at hand. Because of the highly visual nature of the specialty of anatomic pathology, this method has had some serious limitations. With the advent of digital imaging techniques and the availability of new electronic software for the projection of images, new possibilities have become available for didactic presentations in anatomic pathology in front of a large, live audience. We describe a method whereby large digital images or "virtual slides" were produced from digitally scanned whole-mount sections of histologic glass slides and projected using a combination of PowerPoint (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA) and virtual microscopy in front of a live audience. To provide a seamless transition between the two presentation formats, the personal computer-based PowerPoint slides were hyperlinked to a browser-based virtual microscope viewer. The presenter, with the use of a mouse, was able to "move" the image of the scanned slide on the screen, to transition seamlessly among various magnifications, and to rapidly select from the whole-mount scanned slide among any areas of interest pertinent to the topic. Thus, the visual experience obtained by the audience simulated that of viewing a glass slide at a multi-headed microscope during a glass slide tutorial. Because this most closely approximates the experience of reviewing glass slides under the microscope for practicing pathologists, the educational experience of the presentation is greatly enhanced by the use of this technique. Also, this method permits making this type of presentation available to a much larger group of individuals in a live audience. Ann Diagn Pathol 7:67-72, 2003. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Two-Way and Multiway Partitioning of a Set of Intervals for Clique-Width Maximization

For a set S of intervals, the clique-intervaIS is defined as the interval obtained from the intersection of all the intervals in S , and the clique-width quantity wS is defined as the length of IS . Given a set S of intervals, it is straightforward to compute its clique-interval and clique-width. In this paper we study the problem of partitioning a set of intervals in order to maximize the sum of the clique-widths of the partitions. We present an O(n log n) time algorithm for the balanced bipartitioning problem, and an O(k n2) time algorithm for the k -way unbalanced partitioning problem.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children: the technique in detail

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is widely employed in the management of patients with inability to swallow and is occasionally utilized for gastrointestinal decompression. Since its original description [4], multiple variations on the technique have been introduced, including catheter placement without endoscopic assistance. Although generally applicable to adults and older chilren, not all of the presently available PEG techniques or catheter designs are suitable or safe for younger children. This communication focuses on the finer points of the procedure based on an 11-year experience.
A hypothesis about how early developmental methylmercury exposure disrupts behavior in adulthood

Events that disrupt the early development of the nervous system have lifelong, irreversible behavioral consequences. The environmental contaminant, methylmercury (MeHg), impairs neural development with effects that are manifested well into adulthood and even into aging. Noting the sensitivity of the developing brain to MeHg, the current review advances an argument that one outcome of early MeHg exposure is a distortion in the processing of reinforcing consequences that results in impaired choice, poor inhibition of prepotent responding, and perseveration on discrimination reversals (in the absence of alteration of extradimensional shifts). Neurochemical correlates include increased sensitivity to dopamine agonists and decreased sensitivity to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists. This leads to a hypothesis that the prefrontal cortex or dopamine neurotransmission is especially sensitive to even subtle gestational MeHg exposure and suggests that public health assessments of MeHg based on intellectual performance may underestimate the impact of MeHg in public health. Finally, those interested in modeling neural development may benefit from MeHg as an experimental model.
Three malformation complexes related to neural crest development

We present an individual with three distinct malformation complexes, DiGeorge syndrome, CHARGE association and Dandy-Walker malformation. An extensive literature review has shown that DiGeorge syndrome and CHARGE association rarely occur simultaneously. The presence of both these malformation complexes with Dandy-Walker malformation has not been previously reported. These three malformation complexes may all be related by neural crest maldevelopment.
Sulfur Mustard Induces Apoptosis and Necrosis in Endothelial Cells

Abstract Sulfur Mustard (SM) is a vesicant or blistering chemical warfare agent, for which there still is no effective therapy. Endothelial cells are one of the major cellular targets for SM. The mechanism of endothelial cell death during SM injury is poorly understood. We studied the effect of exposure of endothelial cells to 0–1000 μ M SM over the time course of 2–24 hr to determine the role of apoptotic and necrotic patterns of cell death in endothelial injury induced by SM. SM concentrations ≤250 μ M induced exclusively apoptosis which was observed after 5 hr in 30% of endothelial cells. Exposure to SM concentrations ≥500 μ M caused apoptosis and necrosis to the same extent in 60–85% of all cells after 5 to 6 hr. Necrosis was accompanied by a significant (∼50%) depletion of intracellular ATP, while in apoptotic cells ATP remained at the level similar to healthy cells. Interestingly, disruption of the long actin filament stress fibers and rounding of cells preceded other features of apoptosis—DNA fragmentation, membrane budding, and apoptotic body formation. In apoptotic cells, microfilaments formed constricted perinuclear bands, which were not observed in necrotic cells. Pretreatment with 50 m M N-acetyl- L -cysteine (NAC), a sulfhydryl donor and antioxidant, nearly eliminated the apoptotic features of cell death but did not prevent necrosis in response to SM. NAC pretreatment alone induced reorganization of actin filaments into an enhanced network of long stress fibers instead of a dominant cortical band of actin. NAC pretreatment prevented loss of cell adherence and cell rounding following exposure to 250 μ M SM. The effect of NAC on cytoskeletal organization and its ability to eliminate SM-induced apoptosis suggests that actin filament organization may be an important element in cellular susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli.
Nearest-neighbor and logistic regression analyses of clinical and heart rate characteristics in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

Objectives. To test the hypothesis that nearest-neighbor analysis adds to logistic regression in the early diagnosis of late-onset neonatal sepsis. Design. The authors tested methods to make the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis using continuous physiological monitoring of heart rate characteristics and intermittent measurements of laboratory values. First, the hypothesis that nearest-neighbor analysis makes reasonable predictions about neonatal sepsis with performance comparable to an existing logistic regression model was tested. The most parsimonious model was systematically developed by excluding the least efficacious clinical data. Second, the authors tested the hypothesis that a combined nearest-neighbor and logistic regression model gives an outcome prediction that is more plausible than either model alone. Training and test data sets of heart rate characteristics and laboratory test results over a 4-y period were used to create and test predictive models. Measurements. Nearest-neighbor, regressio...
INFORMATIONAL VERSUS PRICE‐PRESSURE EFFECTS: EVIDENCE FROM SECONDARY OFFERINGS

The negative market reaction to secondary offerings is the likely result of informational or price-pressure effects. We find a more negative announcement-period reaction for larger offerings, which supports both explanations. However, we also find a more negative issuance-day reaction for larger offers. Unless issuance reveals new information, this finding can only be associated with price-pressure effects. After issuance, we observe a price recovery directly related to the relative size of the offer, which additionally supports the price-pressure hypothesis.