cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Committee on Survey of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

This Committee has therefore sought to define its functions definitely. For while it was recognized that limitation of space required general treatment of the problems surveyed, yet it was sought to chart a specific course which would provide a basis for evaluation of the work done by this Committee and also guide future committees. To that end it was decided to investigate two important teaching problems by questionnaire, and to survey developments in penal legislation, administration, judicial decision, and professional literature during the period October 15, 1937, to October 15, 1938 (the dates being chosen with reference to the annual meetings of the Association). In addition to the definite charting of a program, the Committee thinks that the particular questions investigated are important ones. While far from being entirely satisfied with its results, the Committee believes it has shown the possibilities of surveying important problems in reports which may eventually become of very special significance as annual inventories, particularly after a number of them have been published. As to the subjects undertaken, there was of course no question as to propriety with reference to teaching problems. With reference to the remaining surveys, however, there was some suggestion that other associations were pursuing them. To the extent that that is true, it is being done sporadically and then by scholars on the faculties of member schools. This Association includes by far the vast majority of persons who may fairly be re-
Wayfinding media and neutralizing control at the shopping mall

To fill out critiques of the American shopping mall with historical specificity, this article examines wayfinding media and provides a glimpse of retail spatial designs, which organized movement in...
Systemic lupus erythematosus glomerulonephritis in children

This paper reviews the four types of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) glomerulonephritis in children and presents the clinical and renal histologic findings. A therapeutic program based upon the hypothesis that the nephritis of SLE is the result of the glomerular deposition of pathogenic dsDNA-anti-ds/DNA immune complexes is outlined. The effectiveness of therapy in suppressing disease activity is best estimated by serial determinations of serum complement components, particularly C3, and secondarily by monitoring serum levels of antibody to native DNA.
Random forest regression prediction of solid particle Erosion in elbows

Abstract Solid particle erosion is an inevitable problem in oil and gas production and transportation systems, and it can cause severe damage in pipe fittings in which the flow direction changes suddenly. Erosion occurs in a variety of fittings, and one common fitting which is one of the most vulnerable to erosion is the elbow. Repair and/or replacement of pipe fittings in the appropriate period can avoid catastrophic disasters such as hydrocarbon release events. Therefore, accurate prediction of erosion is a subject of interest for the oil and gas industry. Both experimental and modeling approaches have been conducted in the past under different flow conditions and materials. The goal of this study is to use relevant experimental parameters as predictor variables and utilize a machine learning algorithm to predict erosion rate and validate the prediction under different conditions with test data. It is assumed that important parameters in erosion magnitude are material characteristics, pipe diameter, particles properties and size and carrier fluid properties. 201 experimental data points with a broad range of conditions were selected for the analysis. Predicted erosion rates through different machine learning techniques were compared, and Random Forest regression model was selected as an effective and alternative approach for erosion prediction. This method was examined on data points and compared with experimental results. Good agreement was observed in this method with experiments which provides the framework for a new way to predict solid particle erosion which is simpler yet accurate in comparison with available prediction models.
Two new species of sand-burrowing amphipods of the genus Haustorius Müller, 1775 (Amphipoda: Haustoriidae) from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico

Undescribed species of the genus Haustorius Muller, 1775 have long been known to exist in the Gulf of Mexico. These sand-burrowing amphipods are abundant intertidal members of fine sand beaches. Two new species are here described, Haustorius galvezi sp. nov. and Haustorius allardi sp. nov. The range of H. jayneae is extended to Carrabelle Beach, FL. A review of the genera Haustorius and Lepidactylus is included, as well as notes on their ecology and biogeography. Additionally, a full key to all known Haustoriidae of the Gulf of Mexico is presented.
Nurturing a Servant-Consciousness

A servant-consciousness arises from serving-first, is inherently transforming, and is inspired by compassion, generosity, gratitude, and joy. This chapter further addresses creativity, wisdom, and holism, emphasizing that we need to relearn how to sift and distill wisdom from our knowledge, information, feelings, and from others, and even from Nature and Source. A holistic structure for accessing wisdom is presented. Wisdom is also explained and presented within the context of Wise Elder Mythology. Developing capacity at Stages III and IV involves a new sense of relational responsibility, a Four Breath Presencing Practice is presented as a method and discipline to create conscious awareness of our relational responsibilities and open our hearts and minds to greater creative, holistic, and integrative awareness. A final summation is provided.
Advances in understanding atomic-scale deformation of small-sized face-centered cubic metals with in situ transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Face-centered cubic (fcc) metals exhibit outstanding mechanical properties both in small-sized and bulk nanostructures and are thus promising for applications in micro/nano electromechanical systems (M/NEMS). Uncovering the intrinsic deformation mechanisms of small-sized metals is of critical importance for evaluating their feasibility in M/NEMS applications. Recent advances in in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM)–based mechanical testing techniques open up opportunities for achieving a mechanistic understanding of the atomic-scale deformation mechanisms. This article reviews recent progresses in in situ TEM studies on the various plastic deformation modes of small-sized fcc metals, including dislocation slip and twinning, phase transformation–mediated plasticity, reversible structure formation, diffusion-mediated plasticity, and void-assisted plasticity and fracture. Promising directions for future in situ TEM investigations on fcc metals are also enumerated.
Post-War Improvements for Children Working in Commercialized Agriculture

The period after World War II witnessed an overall decline in the use of child labor in commercialized agriculture due to three factors: the mechanization of agriculture, especially in sugar beets and cotton; unionization of migrant labor; and a differentiation by the public between family farm work and labor in commercialized agriculture. The 1966 amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act restricted child labor both during school hours and outside of school hours, and were the culmination of reform efforts going back to the work of the National Child Labor Committee in 1911. Labor leaders such as Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta supported the 1966 amendments because they had seen the detrimental effects of children working instead of going to school. U.S. Senators Harrison Williams, Robert F. Kennedy, and Jacob Javits, supported the amendments because they believed that migrant children should not be working in the midst of an affluent society.
Generation and characterization of a non-stationary flow field in a small-scale wind tunnel using a multi-blade flow device

Abstract Physical experimentation for non-stationary wind phenomena has been the focal point of much research. Replication of transient, non-synoptic wind events such as thunderstorm downbursts and tornadoes require innovative means that break from traditional boundary-layer wind tunnel experiments. This paper examines the feasibility of a multi-blade flow device capable of reproducing the gust front of a non-stationary outflow. The device is inserted into the test chamber of the small-scale, closed-circuit wind tunnel at Northeastern University. Replication of spatial and temporal features of a non-stationary gust front (slowly-varying flow and turbulence fluctuations) is investigated through velocity measurements at various elevations. The wind velocity record from the Andrews Air Force Base downburst is employed for verification of the experimental procedure; its physical effects on a tall building model are recorded. The results suggest that this device may be used to simulate the main features of simplified non-stationary gust fronts in a conventional wind tunnel without significant modifications to the test chamber.
KIT as an Oncogenic Driver in Melanoma: An Update on Clinical Development

Metastatic melanoma is a heterogenous disease that has served as a model for the development of both targeted therapy and immunotherapy. KIT-mutated melanoma represents a rare subset, most commonly arising from acral, mucosal, and chronically sun-damaged skin. Additionally, KIT alterations are enriched in the triple wild-type subtype of cutaneous melanoma. Activating alterations of KIT—a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase important for cell development, growth, and differentiation—have been shown to be critical to oncogenesis across many tumor subtypes. Following the successes of BRAF-targeted therapy in melanoma and KIT-targeted therapy in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting KIT have been examined in KIT-mutated melanoma. KIT inhibitors that have been investigated in relevant clinical trials in advanced melanoma include imatinib, sunitinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib. In these studies, selected patients with KIT-mutated melanoma were shown to be responsive to therapy with KIT inhibition, especially patients with L576P and K642E mutations. This has led to the incorporation of KIT-targeted therapy in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for systemic therapy for metastatic or unresectable melanoma. Current research and development efforts include novel KIT-targeted therapies and testing KIT inhibitors in combination with immunotherapy.
Abstract MP33: Modes of Physical Activity Engagement Differ by Federal Poverty Level Among Men and Women: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2014

Introduction: Research has consistently identified the health benefits of physical activity (PA) and that low-income populations engage in less PA than their more affluent counterparts and may diff...
Greater Trochanteric Transfer in Children

Fifteen patients who were treated at the Alfred I. DuPont Institute with greater trochanter overgrowth were reviewed to investigate the results of a surgical procedure for greater trochanteric transfer. The aim of the paper is to present the clinical findings, X-Ray evaluation, pre and post-operative measurements based on pain, limp, Trendelemburg sign, hip abduction power and hip joint motion. The surgical procedure itself is relatively easy to perform and does not often result in complications. The greater trochanteric transfer is indicated for older children (about ten years of age) and can offer good results in patients who require elongation of the lever arm in hip abductor muscles.
Redistributing the Sensible: Genre Theory after Rancière

At once omnipresent and undertheorized, genre is what nobody really believes in but everyone tacitly relies upon, whether they are writing literary criticism or consulting a pull-down menu on Netfl...
Panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng) cell suspension culture as a source of bioactive polysaccharides: Immunostimulatory activity and characterization of a neutral polysaccharide AGC1

In this study, we propose the use of a plant tissue culture-based system for the production of polysaccharides with consistent chemical characteristics and reduced endotoxin content. Polysaccharides were isolated from suspension cultures of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), a widely used medicinal herb. A neutral fraction, AGC1, purified by anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography, displayed immunostimulatory activity in vitro and ex vivo. AGC1 (average molecular weight: 5.2kDa) was predominantly composed of galactose (>60%) along with the presence of several other neutral sugars such as arabinose, xylose, glucose, mannose and rhamnose in minor amounts. The major glycosidic linkages were found to be 3-Galp (48.5%), 3,6-Galp (10.2%), t-Galp (5.2%), 6-Galp (4.4%), 4-Glcp (5.7%), 4-Arap/5-Araf (4.0%) and t-Araf (4.5%). AGC1 significantly (p<0.05) stimulated the expression of a range of proinflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages such as IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 and GM-CSF. Additionally, AGC1 treatment of RAW 264.7 cells stimulated NOS2 gene expression, leading to increased levels of iNOS and downstream NO. Consistent with this, AGC1 was able to act as an immunostimulant in primary murine splenocytes, enhancing cell proliferation, as well as NO and TNF-α production. Our results also indicate the partial role of NF-κB pathway in the immunostimulatory response.
Effect of reactor configuration on the kinetics and nitrogen byproduct selectivity of urea electrolysis using a boron doped diamond electrode.

Abstract Electrochemical systems have emerged as an advantageous approach for decentralized management of source-separated urine with the possibility of recovering or removing nutrients and generating energy. In this study, the kinetics and byproduct selectivity of the electrolytic removal of urea were investigated using a boron doped diamond working electrode under varied operational conditions with a primary focus on comparing undivided and divided reactors. The urea removal rate in the undivided and divided reactors was similar, but the divided reactor had an increased required cell voltage needed to maintain the equivalent current density. The current efficiency was similar for 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 A (33.3, 83.3, 167 mA/cm2), suggesting no interference from competing reactions at higher potentials. In a divided reactor, increasing the anolyte pH reduced the urea removal rate presumably from hydroxyl radical scavenging by hydroxide. Further, for all divided reactor experiments, the final pH was less than 1, suggesting that the transport of protons across the ion exchange membrane to the cathode was slower than the oxidation reactions producing protons. The nitrogen byproduct selectivity was markedly different in the undivided and divided reactors. In both reactors, nitrate (NO3−) formed as the main byproduct at the anode, but in the undivided reactor it was reduced at the stainless steel cathode to ammonia. In the presence of 1 M chloride, the urea removal kinetics improved from the generation of reactive chlorine species, and the byproduct selectivity was shifted away from NO3− to presumably chloramines and N2. Overall, these results indicate that the electrochemical reactor configuration should be carefully considered depending on the desired outcome of treating source-separated urine (e.g., nitrogen recovery, H2 generation).
Trust in IoT Devices: A Logic Encryption Perspective

Tremendous technological advancement has led to the development of an ecosystem of highly connected ubiquitous computing devices called the Internet of Things (IoT). Considering the sensitive nature of the data collected by the IoT devices, it is essential to ensure the security of these devices. Logic encryption is a popular design-for-trust technique used for protection against hardware IP piracy, design counterfeiting, and hardware Trojan insertion. The introduction of various attack methods that leverage vulnerabilities in known logic encryption techniques has prompted the development of new techniques able to thwart the proposed attacks. Major research effort in the field of logic encryption focuses on increasing resilience to known and potential attacks while often ignoring considerations of cost overhead, especially die area and power consumed. Since area and power optimization are key aspects in the design and development of most IoT devices, it is important to evaluate the cost incurred by logic encryption schemes, especially in the context of these two metrics. In this paper, we survey some of the most popular logic encryption and decryption techniques proposed in the past decade. An analysis of the area and power overhead of these logic encryption techniques using several standard benchmark circuits is presented to assess their suitability for resource constrained systems.
A Multi-wavelength View of the TeV Blazar Markarian 421: Correlated Variability, Flaring, and Spectral Evolution

We report results from a multi-wavelength monitoring campaign on Mrk 421 over the period of 2003-2004. The source was observed simultaneously at TeV and X-ray energies, with supporting observations frequently carried out at optical and radio wavelengths. The large amount of simultaneous data has allowed us to examine the variability of Mrk 421 in detail. The variabilities are generally correlated between the X-ray and gamma-ray bands, although the correlation appears to be fairly loose. The light curves show the presence of flares with varying amplitudes on a wide range of timescales both at X-ray and TeV energies. Of particular interest is the presence of TeV flares that have no coincident counterparts at longer wavelengths, because the phenomenon seems difficult to understand in the context of the proposed emission models for TeV blazars. We have also found that the TeV flux reached its peak days before the X-ray flux during a giant flare in 2004. Such a difference in the development of the flare presents a further challenge to the emission models. Mrk 421 varied much less at optical and radio wavelengths. Surprisingly, the normalized variability amplitude in optical seems to be comparable to that in radio, perhaps suggesting the presence of different populations of emitting electrons in the jet. The spectral energy distribution (SED) of Mrk 421 is seen to vary with flux, with the two characteristic peaks moving toward higher energies at higher fluxes. We have failed to fit the measured SEDs with a one-zone SSC model; introducing additional zones greatly improves the fits. We have derived constraints on the physical properties of the X-ray/gamma-ray flaring regions from the observed variability (and SED) of the source. The implications of the results are discussed. (Abridged)
Rapid evolution by clonal selection within populations of fibroblasts propagated on a novel soft substrate

Abstract Mechanical properties such as substrate stiffness are a ubiquitous feature of a cell’s ecological and evolutionary context, and may be a significant source of natural selection. Many types of animal somatic cells exhibit canonical phenotypic plasticity when grown on substrates of differing stiffness, both in vitro and in vivo. Whether such plasticity is a multivariate optimum due to hundreds of millions of years of animal evolution, or instead is a compromise between conflicting selective demands, is unknown. We addressed these questions by means of experimental evolution of replicate populations of mouse fibroblasts propagated for ∼90 cell generations on soft or stiff substrates. The ancestral cells grow twice as fast on stiff substrate as on soft substrate, and exhibit the canonical phenotypic plasticity. Soft-selected lines derived from a genetically diverse ancestral population increased growth rate on soft substrate to the ancestral level on stiff substrate, and evolved the same multivariate phenotype. Conversely, growth rate and phenotypes did not change in cell populations derived from clonal cells. These results imply that the changes were the result of genetic evolution and not phenotypic plasticity. Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed consistent differentiation between ancestral and soft-selected populations, and that both emergent phenotypes and gene expression tended to revert in the soft-selected lines. However, the selected populations appear to have achieved the same phenotypic outcome by means of at least two distinct transcriptional architectures related to mechanotransduction and proliferation.
Evaluation of rock mechanical properties via scratch testing and its impact on energy production: comprehensive review

The scratch test is a non-destructive method made up of pushing a tool across the surface of a weaker rock at a given penetration depth. The uniaxial rock strength (UCS), fracture toughness (KIC ), and other geomechanical parameters influences how fracture nucleates, but fracture sizes and geometry adopted in hydraulic fracture design and modeling are most often overestimated. Although several researchers have attempted to evaluate UCS, KIC and other geomechanical properties in conventional and unconventional formations through scratch testing method, but there remain differing opinions on the fundamental approach and principles to be adopted in estimating those properties. Therefore, the evaluation of geomechanical parameters and their effect on hydrocarbon exploration, energy storage, and hydrocarbon exploitation remain an important issue for energy industry. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the methods of approach, applications, and the mechanics of rock scratching. We show the merits of scratch test over other methods of estimating rock mechanical properties. Our review focuses on over 50 previous experimental studies using scratch tests in the past few decades to investigate UCS, KIC and other geomechanical properties, including their impact on rock failure, fracture initiation and propagation. Finally, we highlight the fundamental research questions that are yet to be addressed. We envisage that advancement in our knowledge will improve optimization of hydrocarbon exploitation, energy storage, and field-scale modeling for energy production operations.
Original Jurisdiction Deadlocks

When a member of the Supreme Court is unable to hear a case, the remaining Justices will occasionally split 4-4 on the case's merits. Normally, such a tie vote translates into a summary affirmance of the lower court ruling, but it remains an open question how the Court should deal with deadlock in the original jurisdiction context, where by definition there is no lower court ruling to affirm. The Court has from its inception lacked a clear and principled approach to original jurisdiction deadlocks (OJDs), and as a result it has dealt awkwardly with those it has confronted in the past. This Comment analyzes the problem of OJDs and proposes a method for resolving them. In particular, it calls for a decision rule that would treat OJDs as not disrupting the status quo ante of the triggering case - an approach that will in most original cases mean upholding the recommendations issued by a court-appointed Special Master.
Cross-Layer Interference Modeling and Performance Analysis in FMCW Radar Multiple Access Network

With the increasing density of vehicular radars on the road, interference among vehicular radars is becoming an important problem. In this work, we consider a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar multiple access network and develop mutual interference models for analyzing target-ghost classification performance. We next define a cross-layer performance metric called multiple access capacity that is analyzed under a simple random access scheme (un-slotted ALOHA) to obtain system design insights.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Ultrasonography in the Hand Clinic.

BACKGROUND Despite previous studies demonstrating the benefit of office-based ultrasonography for musculoskeletal evaluation, many hand surgery clinics have yet to adopt this practice. The authors conducted a cost-benefit analysis of establishing an ultrasound machine in a hand clinic. METHODS The authors used the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule, Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary, and Physician Compare National Downloadable File databases to estimate provider reimbursement and annual frequency of office-based upper extremity-related ultrasound procedures. Ultrasound machine cost, maintenance fees, and consumable supply prices were gleaned from the literature. The primary outcomes were net cost-benefit difference and benefit-cost ratio at 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years after implementation. Sensitivity analyses were performed by varying factors that influence the net cost-benefit difference. RESULTS The estimated total initial expense to establish ultrasonography in the clinic was $53,985. The overall cost-benefit difference was -$49,530 per practice at the end of the first year (benefit-cost ratio, 0.3), -$1049 after 5 years (benefit-cost ratio, 1.0), and $52,022 after 10 years (benefit-cost ratio, 1.4). Benefits primarily accrued because of physician reimbursements. One-way sensitivity analysis revealed machine price, annual procedure volume, and reimbursement rate as the most influential parameters in determining the benefit-cost ratio. Ultrasonography was cost beneficial when the machine price was less than $46,000 or if the billing frequency exceeded six times per week. A societal perspective analysis demonstrated a large net benefit of $218,162 after 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of office-based ultrasound imaging can result in a positive financial return on investment. Ultrasound machine cost and procedural volume were the most critical factors influencing benefit-cost ratio.
Eupsychian Versus Authoritarian Leadership: Existential–Humanistic Underpinnings and Empirical Support:

This article surveys Maslow’s views on eupsychian leadership and how his vision of eupsychia may be regarded as a contemporary expression of the Greek philosophical notion of the Good. This involve...
Vergence Fusion Sustaining Oscillations.

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that the slow, or fusion sustaining, component of disparity vergence contains oscillatory behavior. Given the delays in disparity vergence control, a feedback control system would be expected to exhibit oscillations following the initial transient period. This study extends the examination of this behavior to a wider range of frequencies and a larger number of subjects. Methods: Disparity vergence responses to symmetrical 4.0 deg step changes in target position were recorded in 15 subjects. Approximately three seconds of the late component of each response were isolated using interactive graphics and the frequency spectrum calculated. Peaks in these spectra associated with oscillatory behavior were identified and examined. Results: All subjects exhibited oscillatory behavior with primary frequencies ranging between 0.45 and 0.6 Hz; much lower than those identified in the earlier study. All responses showed significant higher frequency components. These higher frequency components were related in both frequency and amplitude with the primary frequency indicating that they are harmonics probably generated by nonlinearities in the neural control processes. A correlation was found across subjects between the amplitude of the primary frequency and the maximum velocity of the fusion initialing component probably due the gain of shared neural pathways. Conclusion: Low frequency oscillatory behavior was found in all subjects adding support that the slow, or fusion sustaining, component is mediated by a feedback control. Data have clinical implications in that dysfunction in feedback control may manifest as additional vergence error which may be reflected in the frequency spectrum.
Generating Legible and Glanceable Swarm Robot Motion through Trajectory, Collective Behavior, and Pre-attentive Processing Features

As swarm robots begin to share the same space with people, it is critical to design legible swarm robot motion that clearly and rapidly communicates the intent of the robots to nearby users. To address this, we apply concepts from intent-expressive robotics, swarm intelligence, and vision science. Specifically, we leverage the trajectory, collective behavior, and density of swarm robots to generate motion that implicitly guides people’s attention toward the goal of the robots. Through online evaluations, we compared different types of intent-expressive motions both in terms of legibility as well as glanceability, a measure we introduce to gauge an observer’s ability to predict robots’ intent pre-attentively. The results show that the collective behavior-based motion has the best legibility performance overall, whereas, for glanceability, trajectory-based legible motion is most effective. These results suggest that the optimal solution may involve a combination of these legibility cues based on the scenario and the desired properties of the motion.
Techniques for Decreasing the Toxicity of Polyethylene Glycol

In recent years the use of the chemical fusogen polyethylene glycol (PEG) in place of inactivated Sendai virus (Harris and Watkins, 1965) has greatly facilitated somatic cell fusion experiments (Pontecorvo, 1975; Davidson and Gerald, 1976a). There are, however, some inherent problems associated with PEG-induced cell fusion. One problem is that PEG will effectively induce cell-to-cell fusion only within a very narrow range of concentrations (Davidson et al., 1976b), and as the optimum concentration of 50–55% is approached the cytotoxic effects from exposure to the fusogen become significant.
A Low Complexity Energy Spreading Transform Coder

Abstract. We have shown how the Prometheus Orthonormal Set (PONS tm ), originally constructed to prove an uncertainty principle conjecture of H. S. Shapiro, can be effectively used to compress all common digital audio signals. This compression method is ef­fective because of two fundamental properties: computational simplicity and energy spreading. Although there exist other transform coding methods, such as Walsh-Hadamard, which give compression while limiting the computational burden, we believe that the energy­spreading feature of PONS is unique. We discuss the various advantages that result from these properties, show how the multidimen­sional analogue of PONS is constructed, and present an algorithm to decompose multidimensional data sets into smaller blocks with uni­formly bounded energy. We then indicate the application of PONS to image processing.
Functional roles of immediate early proteins encoded by the human cytomegalovirus UL36-38, UL115-119, TRS1/IRS1 and US3 loci.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes multiple regulatory proteins at immediate early (IE) times of infection. Ancillary IE proteins are encoded by the UL36-38, UL115-119, TRS1/IRS1 and US3 loci. In contrast to the major IE nuclear proteins, several of the ancillary IE proteins are type I integral membrane N-glycoproteins. Nonetheless, all of the ancillary proteins examined to date have the ability to regulate nuclear gene expression and to interact cooperatively. Significantly, products from the UL36-38 and TRS1/IRS1 IE loci as well as products from the MIE locus are required for HCMV oπ’-Lyt DNA replication. Moreover, the products of the UL36 and UL37 IE genes are essential for HCMV growth in human cells. Finally, one ancillary IE glycoprotein, gpUS3, is known to have a nonregulatory function; that is, gpUS3 binds and retains major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby inhibiting antigen presentation. Thus, the functional presence of multiple IE proteins is required during HCMV replication both in vitro and in vivo to orchestrate necessary events for HCMV replication as well as for the survival of the infected host cell.
Insect neurometamorphosis. V. Fine structure of axons and neuroglia in the transforming interganglionic connectives of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepid optera).

Connectives, some of which shorten 1.4 mm, show a striking reorganization of axons and glia. Axons lose structural uniformity as they come to resemble those which degenerate after being cut from their somata. Some axons contain many close-packed, spindle-shaped vesicles, seemingly originating from neurotubules. Others lack these organelles, and their cytoplasm appears rarefied, or filled with dense bodies, myeloid bodies, autophagic vacuoles, and altered mitochondria. Some axons seem to regress entirely, for their limiting membranes become discontinuous. Larval axons are isolated by glial sheaths, a configuration soon disrupted as extracellular spaces enlarge. During glial metamorphosis microtubules diminish, and rarefaction gives the cytoplasm a polymorphic appearance. Autophagic vacuoles, interrupted cytomembranes, altered mitochondria, and vacuoles also suggest extensive glial degeneration. This may contribute to the adult condition, where numerous unsheathed, contiguous axons occur in irregular bundles delineated by scanty glial cytoplasm. Abundance and size distribution of axons at different stages of development were determined.
Soft typing with conditional types

We present a simple and powerful type inference method for dynamically typed languages where no type information is supplied by the user. Type inference is reduced to the problem of solvability of a system of type inclusion constraints over a type language that includes function types, constructor types, union, intersection, and recursive types, and conditional types. Conditional types enable us to analyze control flow using type inference, thus facilitating computation of accurate types. We demonstrate the power and practicality of the method with examples and performance results from an implementation.
The pia mater: a comprehensive review of literature

Introduction The pia mater has received less attention in the literature compared to the dura and arachnoid maters. However, its presence as a direct covering of the nervous system and direct relation to the blood vessels gives it a special importance in neurosurgery.
Concept analysis for reconfigurable products

There has been a significant amount of research investigating the design task of concept analysis, and much research on reconfigurable system design. Despite previous efforts, further research is still needed that explores how concept analysis should best be conducted for reconfigurable systems. Because reconfigurable systems have multiple configurations and different performance levels, additional information is required to understand each concept, making the design selection process more demanding. Desirable functions, concepts for each phase, and concepts for transition methods between configurations all need to be evaluated. In this paper, the fundamental challenges of reconfigurable system analysis are identified. A framework is then developed to evaluate the many options a designer may face when performing the concept analysis phase of reconfigurable system design, identifying the influence of reconfigurable systems on the process. A mini unmanned aerial vehicle case study is used to demonstrate how the framework is applied, and how existing concept analysis tools can be adapted to account for additional criteria. The paper concludes with a review of the contributions of this work and identifies areas of future work.© 2012 ASME
Predicting treatment outcomes in CLL.

In this issue of Blood , Stilgenbauer and colleagues report on the prognostic and predictive value of gene mutations assessed prospectively in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with first-line chemoimmunotherapy.[1][1] ![Figure][2] Interrelationship between NOTCH1
Inactivation of peroxynitrite in multiple sclerosis patients after oral administration of inosine may suggest possible approaches to therapy of the disease

Peroxynitrite has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Previously, we have shown that administration of uric acid (UA), a peroxynitrite scavenger, is therapeutic in EAE. We have also shown that MS patients have lower levels of serum uric acid than healthy individuals or those with other neurological diseases. The aim of this investigation was therefore to raise serum UA levels in MS patients. Oral administration of UA failed to increase low serum UA levels, evidently due to its degradation by gastrointestinal bacteria. However, serum UA could be raised and maintained at elevated levels for a year and more without reported side-effects by oral administration of its precursor inosine. Three of 11 patients given inosine showed some evidence of clinical improvement and there was no sign of disease progression in the remaining patients. Gadolinium-enhanced lesions, observed in two patients before receiving inosine, co...
Penicillins and cephalosporins are active site-directed acylating agents: evidence in support of the substrate analogue hypothesis

Penicillin and related beta-lactam antibiotics are known to exert their bactericidal effects by inhibiting the cross-linking step (transpeptidation) of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that this inhibition results from covalent modification of the active site of sensitive enzymes as a consequence of the structural similarity between penicillin and the acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of nascent peptidoglycan strands. Several predictions of this proposal have been verified experimentally. Penicillin-sensitive enzymes are inactivated, with the formation of a covalent, stoichiometric penicilloyl-enzyme complex in vitro. Acylenzyme intermediates have been trapped with several of these enzymes by using cell wall-related substrates. Sequence analysis of the peptides derived from active site-labelled enzymes has established that both penicilloyl and an acyl moiety derived from substrate are covalently bound to the same site, as an ester of serine 36, as predicted by the substrate analogue hypothesis. Sequences near the active site serine are homologous to sequences found in four beta-lactamases, supporting the proposal that penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases and penicillin-inactivating beta-lactamases are evolutionarily related. Structural features important for the specific and potent inhibitory properties of beta-lactam antibiotics are discussed in terms of the original substrate analogue hypothesis.
Chronic ethanol consumption and hippocampal neuron dendritic spines: a morphometric and physiological analysis.

Abstract The effects of chronic ethanol administration on hippocampal pyramidal neuron dendritic spines were examined in Long-Evans rats. The density and shape of spines did not differ between ethanol-treated animals and pair-fed controls. Data from both groups were similar to those reported previously in untreated animals. Spine function was studied electrophysiologically. No change in population spikes or EPSPs, evoked by Schaffer-commissural stimulation, was seen between alcohol-treated and pair-fed control rats. Moreover, the properties of long-term potentiation were similar in the two groups. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that chronic ethanol administration does not reduced hippocampal dendritic spine numbers or function. Given the previously reported ethanol-induced abnormalities using Golgi impregnation, however, it is possible that chronic alcohol treatment alters membrane properties of the spines.
Therapy of T Cell Lymphomas with Pentostatin

Pentostatin is a highly lymphocytotoxic agent active in hairy cell leukemia. Several studies also suggest significant activity in T cell lymphomas manifested in the skin. Herein, we will review the studies of pentostatin in these lymphomas and our most recent trial of this agent in heavily pretreated patients with cutaneous and peripheral T cell lymphomas. Overall, the data suggest that pentostatin has significant antitumor activity in these patients, with response rates ranging from 33% to over 70%. Approximately one-third of the responses are complete. The most common side effects include granulocytopenia, nausea, and renal insufficiency. CD4 suppression occurs and may result in an increased risk of herpes zoster infection. Although prolonged remissions have been seen, most responses are short-lived. These observations suggest that further exploration of this agent, in combination with other drugs active in T cell lymphomas, is warranted in this group of diseases.
Using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence microchemistry to infer migratory life history of Atlantic sturgeon

Atlantic sturgeon migrate between ocean and freshwater habitats to spawn, and juveniles spend several years in fresh/brackish water before returning to the ocean. Because strontium/calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios are diagnostic for freshwater and marine environments, we examined the utility of energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) to quantify Sr/Ca ratios of Atlantic sturgeon pectoral fin spines. Atlantic sturgeon spines from wild adults and experimental juveniles were analyzed along a linear transect from the primordium to the outermost point. To verify the technique hatchery juvenile Atlantic sturgeon were held in experimental tanks at <0.5, 13–15, or 33–35‰ and sampled after 5 months. Sr/Ca ratios of experimental hatchery fish increased with salinity, and Sr/Ca ratios in wild adults varied predictably along the measurement transect. However, the ratio decreased in the outermost region of the spine in mature fish collected during a return to freshwater for spawning. Therefore EDXRF is a useful tool to track individual movements of Atlantic sturgeons and other diadromous fish.
Recent atmospheric injections of nuclear debris: Fallout from the 16 october 1980 nuclear explosion.

The concentrations of 89Sr and 90Sr in a total of 117 samples of individual rain and snow collected at Fayetteville (36°N, 94°W), Arkansas, were determined radiochemically during the period between September 1979 and August 1981. A spectacular increase in the concentration of 90Sr in the atmospheric precipitation was observed during the month of March 1981, approximately 5 months after the 25th Chinese nuclear test of 16 Octuber 1980. A complicated pattern of variation of the 89Sr/90Sr ratio in rain observed after this nuclear explosion is interpreted in terms of the general theory of radioactive fallout based on the two-compartment model of the atmosphere, taking into consideration the fact that the nuclear debris released into the atmosphere at Lop Nor (40°N, 90°E), China, is known to travel eastward and circle the world more than once.
Evidence for alterations in stimulatory G proteins and oxytocin levels in children with autism

The neurotransmitter oxytocin plays an important role in social affiliation. Low oxytocin levels and defects in the oxytocin receptor have been reported in childhood autism. However, little is known about oxytocin's post-receptor signaling pathways in autism. Oxytocin signals via stimulatory and inhibitory G proteins. c-fos mRNA expression has been used as a marker of OT signaling as well as of G protein signaling. Herein, we hypothesized that oxytocin and its signaling pathways would be altered in children with autism. We measured plasma oxytocin levels by ELISA, G-protein and c-fos mRNA by PCR, and G proteins by immunoblot in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in children with autism and in age-matched controls. Males with autism displayed elevated oxytocin levels compared to controls (p<0.05). Children with autism displayed significantly higher mRNA for stimulatory G proteins compared to controls (p<0.05). Oxytocin levels correlated strongly positively with c-fos mRNA levels, but only in control participants (p<0.01). Oxytocin, G-protein, and c-fos mRNA levels correlated inversely with measures of social and emotional behaviors, but only in control participants. These data suggest that children with autism may exhibit a dysregulation in oxytocin and/or its signaling pathways.
CNS‐infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes contribute to murine spinal nerve transection‐induced neuropathic pain

We previously reported leukocytic infiltration into the lumbar spinal cord in a rodent spinal nerve L5 transection (L5Tx) neuropathic pain model. Here, we further investigated the role of infiltrating T lymphocytes in the etiology of persistent pain following L5Tx. T lymphocyte-deficient nude mice showed no evident mechanical hypersensitivity after day 3 of L5Tx compared to wild-type BALB/c mice. Through FACS analysis, we determined that significant leukocytic infiltration (CD45(hi)) into the lumbar spinal cord peaked at day 7 post L5Tx. These infiltrating leukocytes contained predominantly CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages were not detected at day 7 post L5Tx. No differences in the activation of peripheral CD4(+) T lymphocytes were detected in either the spleen or lumbar lymph nodes between L5Tx and sham surgery groups. Further, CD4 KO mice displayed significantly decreased mechanical hypersensitivity after day 7 of L5Tx, and adoptive transfer of CD4(+) leukocytes reversed this effect. Decreased immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein observed in CD4 KO mice post L5Tx indicated possible T lymphocyte-glial interactions. These results strongly support a contributing role of spinal cord-infiltrating CD4(+) T lymphocytes versus peripheral CD4(+) T lymphocytes in the maintenance of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain.
Dietary manipulation of macrophage phospholipid classes: selective increase of dihomogammalinolenic acid.

Because alterations in the dietary content of fatty acids are an important method for modulating macrophage eicosanoid production, we have quantitated the levels of n−6 and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in peritoneal macrophage individual phospholipids from mice fed diets (3 wk) with either safflower oil (SAF), predominantly containing 18∶2n−6, borage (BOR) containing 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−6, fish (MFO) containing 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3, and borage/fish mixture (MIX) containing 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−6, 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3. Dietary n−3 fattya cids were readily incorporated into macrophage phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). The increase in n−3 fatty acid levels was accompanied by a decrease in the absolute levels of 18∶2n−6, 20∶4n−6 and 22∶4n−6 in PC, PE and PS. Interestingly, PI 20∶4n−6 levels were not significantly lowered (P>0.05) in MIX and MFO macrophages relative to SAF and BOR. These data demonstrate the unique ability of this phospholipid to selectively maintain its 20∶4n−6 levels. In BOR and MIX animals, 20∶3n−6 levels were significantly increased (P<0.05) in all phospholipids relative to SAF and MFO. The combination of borage and fish oils (MIX diet) produced the highest 20∶3n−6/20∶4n−6 ratio in all phospholipids. These data show that the macrophage eicosanoid precursor levels of 20∶3n−6, 20∶4n−6 and n−3 acids can be selectively manipulated through the use of specific dietary regimens. This is noteworthy because an increase in phospholipid levels of 20∶3n−6 and 20∶5n−3, while concomitantly reducing 20∶4n−6, may have therapeutic potential in treating inflammatory disorders.