cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The interaction of external and internal receptors on the feeding behaviour of the blowfly, Phormia regina

Abstract The interaction of sensory activity from internal gut stretch receptors and from external labellar chemosensory hairs has been studied both behaviourally and electrophysiologically in the control of proboscis extension of the blowfly, Phormia regina . Labellar thresholds for proboscis extension, tested behaviourally, do not change significantly up to an hour after feeding in contrast to tarsal thresholds which rise quickly after feeding. Motor activity of the extensor muscle of the haustellum was recorded simultaneously with sensory activity from labellar sensilla. The mean number of muscle spikes per response and the sensory input necessary to trigger a response do not vary with starvation, feeding, or sectioning of the recurrent nerve. Activity of internal stretch receptors seem to interact with tarsal sensory input but apparently do not modulate motor responses triggered by labellar sensory input.
Is myopia a failure of homeostasis

This review examines the hypothesis that human myopia is primarily a failure of homeostasis (i.e. regulated growth) and also considers the implications this has for research into refractive errors. There is ample evidence for homeostatic mechanisms in early life. During the first few years of life the eye grows toward emmetropia, a process called emmetropization. The key statistical features of this process are a shift of the mean population refraction toward emmetropia and a reduction in variability. Refractive errors result when either this process fails (primary homeostatic failure) or when an eye that becomes emmetropic fails to remain so during subsequent years (secondary homeostatic failure). A failure of homeostasis should increase variability as well as causing a possible shift in mean refraction. Increased variability is indeed seen in both animal models of myopia such as form deprivation and in human populations from the age of 5 or 6 onwards. Considering ametropia as a homeostatic failure also fits with the growing body of evidence that a wide range of factors and events can influence eye growth and refraction from gestation, through infancy, childhood and into adulthood. It is very important to recognize that the refraction of an eye is not a simple trait like eye colour but the consequence of the complex process of eye growth throughout life. To understand how an eye ends up with a specific refraction it is essential to understand all the factors that may promote the attainment and maintenance of emmetropia. Equally important are the factors that may either disrupt early emmetropization or lead to a loss of emmetropia during later development. Therefore, perhaps the most important single implication of a homeostatic view of myopia is that this condition is likely to have a very wide range of causes. This may allow us to identify subgroups of myopia for which specific environmental influences, genes or treatments can be found, effects that might be lost if all myopes are considered to be equivalent.
A Rule-Based System for Optimizing Combinational Logic

SOCRATES is a rule-based expert system that optimizes combinational logic for a specific target technology. The system performs substitutions of equivalent gate configurations, thereby reducing the overall area of the implementation and improving the speed of the design. A control mechanism uses various backup strategies to choose the rules applied to the circuit. Users can easily extend the library of transformation rules through a rule generation module that automatically encodes rules and inserts them into the knowledge base. Timing constraints placed on the circuit can be modified to allow the designer to explore a large design space in a matter of minutes. Implementations generated by the system are comparable in area and speed to circuits designed by experts.
The Politics of Development and Conservation: Legacies of Colonialism1

This paper draws upon texts on development during the colonial and the postwar period, and on conservation today, to elucidate some of the similarities in ideologies that underlie these writings. The paper suggests that despite differences there are interesting, sometimes striking, affinities in these discourses, and that the roots of the correspondences can be traced to the project of progress. The paper highlights themes that presume the powerlessness of the objects of development and conservation. It goes on to suggest that an ethically acceptable face of conservation requires greater autonomy and freer play to the preferences of local users of resources, even if such autonomy does not lead to efficient conservation.
Adolescent and adult reasoning about gender roles and fairness in Benin, West Africa

Abstract This study examined reasoning about gender roles in a traditional society in Benin, West Africa. Ninety-seven male and female adolescents and adults evaluated conflicts between a husband and a wife over gender norms to determine whether gender norms, are judged to be moral or conventional. Although most attributed decision-making power to the husband, justifications and evaluations that supported challenges to traditional gender roles indicate that social roles were seen as alterable conventions. In addition, concerns with punishment of one spouse were associated with endorsing the other spouse as decision-maker, indicating that endorsements of authority may be coerced. Very few age differences were found, indicating that adults are not more enculturated into an acceptance of hierarchy than adolescents. However, adults were more likely than adolescents to perceive coercion.
Microstructure and morphology of cycloolefin copolymers

A series of cycloolefin copolymers (COCs) comprised of ethylene and norbornene units were characterized by NMR, WAXD, and DSC. The investigated compositional range was from 35.6 to 79.0 mol % of norbornene. Materials of norbornene content of less than 50 mol % were found to contain blocks of ethylene units and also sequences of alternating ethylene/norbornene units. In these cases the stereoregularity of the chain was relatively high. Materials of norbornene content of more than 50 mol % were also found to contain alternating sequences but additionally showed components ofa more random nature including blocks of norbornene units of varying lengths. The stereoregularity of the chain was relatively low in these cases. Differences in the WAXD of the materials were related to these differences in chemical architecture. All the materials showed one T g which varied linearly with the composition of the copolymer.
Transhydrogenation in Root Tissue: Mediation by Carbon Dioxide.

The C14O2 incorporated into organic acids by excised corn roots is released with an estimated halftime of 3 hours. Homogenates of root tissue can mediate these reactions by coupling, in series, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, diphosphopyridine nucleotide malic dehydrogenase, phosphopyridine nucleotide malic dehydrogenase. An important consequence is the transfer of hydrogen from reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide to triphosphopyridine nucleotide which is then reduced.
Regulation of interaction through architecture, travel, and telecommunication: A distance-equilibrium approach to environmental planning

The present paper applies the distance equilibrium model in analysis of environmental planning in the areas of architecture, travel, and telecommunication. Travel is viewed as essential for therestoration of face-to-face contact lost through decentralized (sociofugal) architecture. Telecommunication is seen as a substitute for travel. While telecommunication cannot restore face-to-face interaction in its entirety, it can through compensation along available modalities (i.e., proxemic, kinesic, paralinguistic, and/or linguistic) allow functionally equivalent interaction distances. Finally, we define crowding across multiple modalities and multiple dyad terms. Contrary to convention, we argue that one can be crowded by Picturephone®, telephone, or letter as well as by face-to-face interaction, and is by one other person as well as by many.
34 + 43 = early human blood lineage

Comment on Vodyanik et al, page [2095][1] In this issue of Blood , Vodyanik and colleagues show that the CD43 antigen can be used to separate hematopoietic progenitors cells derived from human embryonic stem cells from other CD34+ expressing cells. The isolation of human embryonic stem cells (
Biological Activity of Beauveria bassiana Against Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Leaf Substrates and Soil

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillimen has been identified as a naturally occurring pathogen of larval lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller). Studies were conducted to determine the effects of a commercial B. bassiana spore preparation (ABG-6178, Abbott Laboratories) on larvae of E. lignosellus. B. bassiana was virulent to first and third instars in bioassays in which inoculum was applied to leaf substrates. First instars were more susceptible than third instars. Larvae treated with B. bassiana continued to develop and consume food at normal rates until they died or pupated. Higher conidial levels were required to cause mortality when inoculum was mixed into the larval soil habitat. Sterilizing soil before bioassaying resulted in a 10- and 1,000-fold reduction in LC50 values required to kill first and third instars, respectively.
Ocular presentation of precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma and Optic Neuropathy in an Adult

Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (PB-LBL) is a rare and aggressive sub-type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that rarely manifests in the orbit, and is exceedingly rare in adults. Here, we repo...
On the linear-quadratic-Gaussian Nash game with one-step delay observation sharing pattern

This paper studies a two-player Nash dynamic, discrete-time, linear-quadratic game under the so-called "one-step delay observation sharing pattern." It is shown that under very weak assumptions the solution exists and is unique and linear in the information.
Student Ratings of Faculty Teaching Effectiveness: Rater or Ratee Characteristics.

The theoretical and empirical literature on the influence of student-rater personality characteristics on the ratings they give their instructors was reviewed. This review was conducted to investigate the premise that ratings substantially reflect personality characteristics of the raters. The paper contains rational argument underpinning both explicit and implicit person-perception and empirical evidence from the literature on faculty teaching effectiveness that ratings awarded by students to teachers are materially influenced by the raters' personality characteristics. The review included 45 references. It was concluded that ratings are substantially influenced by raters' personality characteristics.
Molecular method to test if Parvovirus B19 is a new virus to the Old World.

Abstract Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) is a non-trivial cause of morbidity and mortality in young individuals from diseases such as aplastic anemia and hydrops fetalis. Curiously, given this significant disease burden, the one genetic phenotype known to protect against PVB19 infection – the p red-cell phenotype characterized by the lack on any P group antigens on erythrocytes – is extremely rare with a prevalence of only ∼1/200,000. One explanation is that PVB19 is a new virus to the Old World. It is pointed out in this paper that recently developed powerful genetic methods can be used to test this proposal. Confirmation that PVB19 is a new virus could shed light on the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
A high-dose pulse steroid regimen for controlling active chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Abstract Corticosteroids remain essential for controlling active chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). However, the optimum dose and administration schedule is unknown. We have reviewed our results in 61 patients with severe refractory cGVHD who were treated with a high-dose pulse steroid regimen (PS) consisting of methylprednisolone at 10 mg/kg per day for 4 consecutive days, with subsequent tapering doses. After 4 days, all patients received a course of additional immunosuppressive therapy. The median age of the 56 patients who were evaluable for response was 32 years (range, 0.2-57 years). Patients had failed a median of 2 (range, 1-5) treatments prior to the PS. The median follow-up for 45 surviving patients after PS was 1.5 years. The probability of survival at 1 year and 2 years after PS was 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76%-95%) and 81% (95% CI, 65%-91%), respectively. Twenty-seven patients (48%) showed a major response to PS with substantial improvement of cGVHD manifestations, including softening of the skin, increased range of motion, and improved performance status; 15 patients (27%) showed a minor response, defined as improvement in some but not all symptoms of cGVHD. Of the 42 responders, 21 (50%) had progression of their cGVHD afterwards. The median time to progression was 1.9 years. The probability of progression at 1 and 2 years after PS was 36% (95% CI, 23%-53%) and 54% (95% CI, 38%-71%), respectively. The probability of progression at 1 year was 25% (95% CI, 12%-47%) and 55% (95% CI, 32%-81%) for patients who had major and minor response, respectively (hazard ratio, 2.13). Ten of the 42 responders (24%) were able to discontinue all systemic immunosuppressive treatments. The probability of discontinuation at 1 and 2 years after PS was 9% (95% CI, 3%-25%) and 27% (95% CI, 15%-48%), respectively. The treatment was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. Our results suggest that PS is a well-tolerated regimen for achieving rapid clinical response in the majority of patients with cGVHD who failed on multiple previous therapies. Further studies are warranted to maintain the efficacy of this regimen by combining with new active agents in cGVHD. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2001;7(9):495-502.
Thermodynamic equilibrium, kinetics, activation barriers, and reaction mechanisms for chemical reactions in Karst Terrains

Chemical reactions pertinent to karst systems divide broadly into (a) speciation reactions within aqueous solutions, (b) dissolution/precipitation and other acid/base reactions between aqueous solutions and solid minerals, and (c) redox reactions involving various carbon and sulfur-bearing species. As a backdrop against which other chemistry can be evaluated, selected phase diagrams and equilibrium speciation diagrams were calculated for the system Ca—Mg—O—H—C—S. The kinetics of reactions within this system span time scales from milliseconds for homogeneous reactions in solution through hundreds of hours for carbonate mineral dissolution reactions, to geologic time scales for reactions such as the aragonite/calcite inversion or the oxidation/reduction of native sulfur. In purely inorganic systems, kinetic barriers, typically on the order of tens of kJ/mole, are set by nucleation processes and by activated complex formation. Biological processes impact the purely inorganic chemistry by the following mechanisms: (a) Secretions and waste products from biological activity or consumption of CO2 by organisms changes the chemistry in the microenvironments of reaction surfaces. Oxidation potentials, pH, and ion activities may be modified, thus shifting equilibria. (b) Reaction rates may be increased due to modification of activated complexes and thus the activation barriers to reaction. (c) Organic compounds or microorganisms may act as substrates, thus lowering nucleation barriers. The preservation of microorganisms in cave deposits does not necessarily prove a cause and effect relationship.
Hot forging characteristics of transformation-toughened Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 composites

Fine grain, transformation-toughened Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 (tetragonal, 5–30 vol. %) composites can exhibit both large deformation strains (80%) and strain rates (> 0.001 s −1 ) without tearing, cavitating, or cracking during hot forging at 1500 °C. Deformability increases with ZrO 2 content. The Al 2 O 3 grains grow, develop a crystallographic orientation, and form column structures with increasing deformation. The deformation behavior of the composite series primarily depends on the content of the ZrO 2 phase. In this regard, two deformation regimes were observed that appear to be separated by the volume fraction where the ZrO 2 phase might form a connective network.
MicroRNA: A Bridge from H. pylori Infection to Gastritis and Gastric Cancer Development

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a recognized risk factor for gastric cancer. The disease is one of the most common in the world and explains for a significant number of cancer cases and cancer-associated deaths worldwide. H. pylori infection induces huge array of responses at the gastric epithelial cells and the immune system, inducing both pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules that are intended to either perpetuate or control the infection. Despite the strong immune response, the infection is not cleared and can persist mostly without causing major significant discomfort in the human host. Among the mediators induced in response to the infection, microRNA (miRNA) have the potential to play a major impact on the outcome of the bacteria-host interaction. These miRNA are small 18 – 24 nucleotide long nucleotide molecules that can interact with mRNA molecules and block their translation into proteins or induce their degradation. Many efforts have been put into the generation of miRNA profiles and their role in gastric cancer. This has led to the identification of miRNA associated with promoting the inflammatory response initiated by the H. pylori infection, increasing the malignant progression of the gastric epithelium, and enhancing the invasiveness and migratory capacity of cancer cells. However, at the same time, several miRNA have been associated with events that are totally opposite, leading to reduced inflammation, inhibition of malignancy and increased apoptosis of transformed cells. In summary, as it is in many other examples, the role played by miRNA in gastric cancer is the results of a delicate balance between pro- and anti-cancer miRNA, and this balance is modified by the interaction of many players, many of which are still waiting to be discovered.
Maternal buffering of stress response in free-ranging Pacific harbor seal pups in Alaska

We examined the effects of maternal buffering in free-ranging Pacific harbor seal pups during capture and handling research procedures. We predicted that pups held with their mother would benefit from social buffering and exhibit lower cortisol concentrations resulting from capture and handling than dependent pups caught without their mothers and weaned pups. We expected that pups captured with their mother that experienced a short separation would exhibit increased stress-induced vocal behavior and activity level compared to dependent weaned pups caught alone. The results showed that the presence of the mother significantly buffered the stress response, as measured by reduced serum cortisol concentrations, in pups captured with their mothers as compared to dependent pups captured alone. Cortisol concentrations of mothers with pups initially were higher than nonlactating females, then diminished. Pups showed a significantly higher rate of vocalization soon after maternal separation compared to single pups separated for a longer period of time. Newly separated pups, especially males, showed a high level of activity compared to the other pups. The results provide unique quantitative evidence of the physiology underlying the maternal-pup bond in a marine mammal, and the role that maternal buffering may play on the stress response of the offspring.
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLEGE NON-ATHLETES AND BASEBALL, FOOTBALL, AND TRACK TEAM MEMBERS

Two methodological problems in sports personality research have been the non-segmentation of athletic types and the lack of variety in the personality measures that have been used. The current stud...
Formal Breakdown of Lorentz Invariance in Two-Dimensional Field Theories

Since the field theory which describes the interaction of a massless fermion with a vector meson of bare mass ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}$ in one spatial dimension is known to contain massless boson excitations, there is considerable interest associated with the question of whether these particles can be identified as the Goldstone bosons generated by the breaking of an appropriate symmetry operation of the theory. It is shown that such an interpretation is indeed consistent, independent of the strength of the coupling, provided that one takes Lorentz invariance to be the broken symmetry of the model. Particular attention is given to the limits ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ (Thirring model) and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ (Schwinger model). It is found in all cases that despite the apparent breaking of Lorentz invariance, the excitation specrtum has a normal form, and the symmetry breakdown remains entirely unobservable.
Familial dysautonomia: A 47-year perspective: How technology confirms clinical acumen

Abstract A historical perspective of familial dysautonomia is presented, highlighting the early contributions of Dr. Joseph Dancis. As further investigations proceeded, his original observations have withstood the test of time and may contribute to determining the molecular abnormality in this rare genetic disorder. Dr. Dancis's work in this area serves as a model of how observations based on clinical acumen and critical thinking can be verified by future technological advances. (J Pediatr 1998;132:S2-S5.)
Nonadiabatic approach to entanglement distribution over long distances

Entanglement distribution between trapped-atom quantum memories, viz. single atoms in optical cavities, is addressed. In most scenarios, the rate of entanglement distribution depends on the efficiency with which the state of traveling single photons can be transferred to trapped atoms. This loading efficiency is analytically studied for two-level, V-level, {lambda}-level, and double-{lambda}-level atomic configurations by means of a system-reservoir approach. An off-resonant nonadiabatic approach to loading {lambda}-level trapped-atom memories is proposed, and the ensuing trade-offs between the atom-light coupling rate and input photon bandwidth for achieving a high loading probability are identified. The nonadiabatic approach allows a broad class of optical sources to be used, and in some cases it provides a higher system throughput than what can be achieved by adiabatic loading mechanisms. The analysis is extended to the case of two double-{lambda} trapped-atom memories illuminated by a polarization-entangled biphoton.
Thermal transport properties of SbCl5-graphite and of HOPG in the c-direction

Abstract We report measurements of the c-axis thermal conductivity and thermoelectric power of SbCl 5 -GIC's. Thermal conduction is dominated by the lattice, with defects being the dominant scatterers. The thermopower is in good agreement with theoretical predictions for GICs. Finally, results for the very low temperature thermal conductivity of pure graphite in the c-direction are presented and discussed.
Neighborhood satisfaction in suburban versus traditional environments: An evaluation of contributing characteristics in eight California neighborhoods

We examine characteristics associated with higher levels of neighborhood satisfaction among residents of traditional versus suburban neighborhoods, using an ordered logit model. We find that neighborhood satisfaction is higher among the traditional neighborhood residents, even after controlling for sociodemographics and other characteristics. Differences in the characteristics associated with satisfaction in each group include the perception of liveliness and diversity, contributing significantly only among the segment of the sample living in traditional neighborhoods, and the perception of economic homogeneity, contributing significantly only among the suburban segment. Features such as parking, yards, and school quality do not emerge as important predictors of satisfaction for either group. The most important features for neighborhood satisfaction among both groups are the attractive appearance and perceived safety of neighborhoods, suggesting that any innovative neighborhood designs are most likely to succeed in attracting residents if able to foster these qualities.
Electron kinetic effects on interferometry, polarimetry and Thomson scattering measurements in burning plasmas (invited).

At anticipated high electron temperatures in ITER, the effects of electron thermal motion on Thomson scattering (TS), toroidal interferometer/polarimeter (TIP), and poloidal polarimeter (PoPola) diagnostics will be significant and must be accurately treated. The precision of the previous lowest order linear in τ = Te/mec2 model may be insufficient; we present a more precise model with τ2-order corrections to satisfy the high accuracy required for ITER TIP and PoPola diagnostics. The linear model is extended from Maxwellian to a more general class of anisotropic electron distributions that allows us to take into account distortions caused by equilibrium current, ECRH, and RF current drive effects. The classical problem of the degree of polarization of incoherent Thomson scattered radiation is solved analytically exactly without any approximations for the full range of incident polarizations, scattering angles, and electron thermal motion from non-relativistic to ultra-relativistic. The results are discusse...
New strategies in marrow purging for breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation.

High-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) are commonly used to treat selected patients with high-risk breast cancer. A limitation of ABMT is that clonogenic cancer cells could be collected with the bone marrow and produce a relapse of disease when reinfused into patients. Purging the marrowex vivo may eliminate the tumor cells, but it can also delay engraftment. We employed two different purging methods whereby breast cancer cells were depleted without delaying engraftment. The addition of WR-2721 (amifostine) to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) reduced the time to engraftment by 10 days compared with marrow purged with 4-HC alone (26 versus 37 days, respectively). The positive selection of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors produced engraftment within 21 days. The use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) accelerated the engraftment time of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors to 11 days.
Clipping service: ATR-based SAR image compression

Future wide area surveillance systems such as the Tier II+ and Tier III- unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will be gathering cast amounts of high resolution SAR data for transmission to ground stations and subsequent analysis by image interpreters to provide critical and timely information to field commanders. This extremely high data rate presents two problems. First, wide bandwidth data link channels which would be needed to transmit this high data rate presents two problems. First, wide bandwidth data link channels which would be needed to transmit this imagery to a ground station are both expensive and difficult to obtain. Second, the volume of data which is generated by the system will quickly saturate any human-based analysis system without some degree of computer assistance. The ARPA sponsored clipping service program seeks to apply automatic target recognition (ATR) technology to perform 'intelligent' data compression on this imagery in a way which will provide a product on the ground that preserves essential information for further processing either by the military analyst or by a ground-based ATR system. An ATR system on board the UAV would examine the imagery data stream in real time determining regions of interest. Imagery from those regions would be transmitted to the ground in a manner which preserved most or all of the information contained in the original image. The remainder of the imagery would be transmitted to the ground with lesser fidelity. This paper presents system analysis deriving the operational requirements for the clipping service system and examines candidate architectures.
Control of structure, morphology and property in electrospun poly(glycolide-co-lactide) non-woven membranes via post-draw treatments

Non-woven biodegradable membranes fabricated by electrospinning have recently attracted a great deal of attention for biomedical applications. In this study, microstructure, morphology and texture of electrospun poly(glycolide-co-lactide) (GA/LA: 90:10, PLA10GA90) non-woven membranes were investigated after post-draw and thermal treatments to tailor the degradation and mechanical properties. As-prepared electrospun PLA10GA90 membranes exhibited a low degree of crystallinity. When annealed at elevated temperatures without drawing, the membrane showed a higher degree of crystallinity with distinct lamellar structure but no overall orientation. The crystal orientation improved significantly when the membrane was drawn and annealed. As the elongation ratio increased, the degree of orientation and the tensile strength were increased. The corresponding tensile retention time was also increased from 2 to 12 days during in vitro degradation. Post-drawn and annealed membranes exhibited a slower degradation rate in the beginning of incubation, but a faster rate after two weeks of degradation when compared to as-spun membranes.
Polymorphism analysis of HOPA: A candidate gene for schizophrenia

HOPA is a 25 kb Xq13 gene that codes for a member of the thyroid receptor co-activator protein (TRAP) family of nuclear receptor co-activators. In our prior research, polymorphisms in the opposite paired (Opa) domain of HOPA have been associated with a syndrome of aberrant behavior, most prominently psychosis, and hypothyroidism. These Opa domain polymorphisms are intriguing because subsequent research has demonstrated that changes in the Opa domain of the C. elegans orthologue of HOPA results in altered neurogenesis and release of transcriptional suppression. In an effort to determine whether other allelic polymorphisms in this gene exist and may potentially contribute to increased susceptibility to neuropsychiatric illness, we have performed single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of all 45 exons and each of the two potential promoter regions of HOPA using DNA from a panel of patients with psychosis. We found a rare promoter polymorphism in an individual with schizoaffective disorder and extremely low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The most common exonic polymorphism in HOPA is the previously demonstrated HOPA12 bp polymorphism. Transmission disequilibrium analysis of the HOPA12 bp polymorphism showed segregation with affected status in six of eight instances. We suggest that this evidence supports previous associations of HOPA12 bp with a broad range of neuropsychiatric illness and conclude that further studies of this uncommon polymorphism are merited. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fibronectin in developing rabbit cornea

Fibronectin is believed to be important in tissue morphogenesis. We examined the distribution of fibronectin in developing rabbit cornea by immuno-histofluorescence. Cryostat sections of cornea from 13, 15, and 20-day-old fetuses, 3-day neonates, and adults were incubated with affinity-purified fluoresceinated guinea pig anti-rabbit fibronectin antiserum (aFN). aFN bound to components within the presumptive stromal region and along the basal surfaces of corneal and lens epithelia during early stages of mesenchymal invasion. At 15 days of gestation, fluorescence was associated with the stromal extracellular matrix of the cornea, the subepithelial zone, and the lens capsule. In the 20-day fetus an intense aFN fluorescence was present along the inner corneal stromal border coincident with the formation of Descemet's membrane. Fluorescence within the corneal stroma appeared as fine lines, restricted to the collagen lamellae, remaining through birth and disappearing in the adult. Although stromal fluorescence ...
Development and Awareness of Reputations in Newly Formed Groups: A Social Relations Analysis

Reputation formation was inferred from significant target variance in previously unacquainted group members' ratings of one another on dimensions of affiliation and control, indicating a consensus within the groups regarding each member's standing on these dimensions. These reputations were relatively stable over the four weekly meetings of the groups. Group members were able to predict the consensus about themselves, particularly during later sessions. Unexpected findings included differences in the patterns of consensus on the affiliation and control dimensions. As predicted, consensus increased over time on the affiliation dimension, although this increase was not statistically significant. On the control dimension, however, consensus was highest in the early sessions and decreased significantly over time, possibly reflecting the refinement of status hierarchies in the developing groups.
Causal theories of dissipative relativistic fluids

Abstract A very wide class of theories for dissipative relativistic fluids is analyzed. General techniques for constructing explicit theories are discussed. The conditions under which these theories have causal evolution equations are determined. The general properties (including stability) of the equilibrium solutions of these theories are evaluated. The requirement that the theory have the appropriate number and kind of equilibrium solutions is a strong constraint on the structure of the fluid theory. The properties of the shock-wave solutions of these theories are briefly considered. Most causal fluid theories have no solutions capable of describing strong shock waves.
Regulation of Macrophage Cytokine Production by Prostaglandin E2 DISTINCT ROLES OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-1 AND -2

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) modulates a variety of physiological processes including the production of inflammatory cytokines. There are two cyclooxygenase (Cox) enzymes, Cox-1 and Cox-2, that are responsible for initiating PGE2 synthesis. These isozymes catalyze identical biosynthetic reactions but are regulated by different mechanisms in the cell. This report examines differences in the roles of Cox-1 and Cox-2 in regulating cytokine synthesis in macrophages. We employed agents that selectively modulate the activity of each isozyme and measured their effects on synthesis of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by peritoneal macrophages. Among these three cytokines, only IL-6 synthesis was stimulated by production of endogenous PGE2. This effect was specifically linked to activation of Cox-2 and not Cox-1. The specificity derives, partly, from the timing of the production of PGE2 following stimulation of each isozyme and from induction of ancillary signals that control the response to PGE2. The experimental findings demonstrate that the effects of Cox-1 and Cox-2 activity on macrophage IL-6 synthesis are segregated. This provides a mechanism for IL-6 to be induced selectively during inflammation.
A randomized comparison of long-axis and short-axis imaging for in-plane ultrasound-guided popliteal-sciatic perineural catheter insertion

Purpose Ultrasound-guided long-axis in-plane sciatic perineural catheter insertion has been described but not validated. For the popliteal-sciatic nerve, we hypothesized that a long-axis in-plane technique, placing the catheter parallel and posterior to the nerve, results in faster onset of sensory anesthesia compared to a short-axis in-plane technique.
In situ apatite forming injectable hydrogel

Injectable polymers are attractive materials for tissue augmentation or replacement. Thermosensitive hydrogels, especially poly(N-isopropylacryamide), have been investigated for these applications to exploit the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) which falls between room and body temperatures. Some practical limitations to the material are the load-bearing capabilities and the ability to bond to the host tissue. In this work, we evaluated a novel, injectable apatite-forming material system: poly(N-isopropylacryamide)-co-poly(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate, with the addition of tri-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). We have previously reported that MPS concentration permits the material system to be tuned to different compressive moduli ranging from 50-700 kPa without altering the LCST of the material. Here, we explore the apatite formation of this material system in protein-free and protein-containing SBF. The MPS-containing hydrogel system exhibited apatite formation throughout the gel thickness. The apatite formation was inhibited by the presence of proteins. This mechanism is likely controlled by the silanol groups (Si-OH) in MPS, which provided attachment sites for calcium and initiated mineral dissolution from the simulated biological environments. The challenge of this material system is to balance the network-forming and modulus-enhancing MPS while maintaining an injectable hydrogel for potential tissue regeneration.
Cobalt Complexes Containing Pendant Amines in the Second Coordination Sphere as Electrocatalysts for H2 Production

A series of heteroleptic 17e cobalt complexes, [CpCoII(PtBu2NPh2)](BF4), [CpC6F5CoII(PtBu2NPh2)](BF4), and [CpC5F4NCoII(PtBu2NPh2)](BF4) (where PtBu2NPh2 = 1,5-diphenyl-3,7-di-tert-butyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane, CpC6F5 = C5H4(C6F5), and CpC5F4N = C5H4(C5F4N)) were synthesized, and the structures of all three were determined by X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical studies showed that the CoIII/II couple of [CpC5F4NCoII(PtBu2NPh2)]+ appears 250 mV positive of the CoIII/II couple of [CpCoII(PtBu2NPh2)]+ as a result of the strongly electron withdrawing perfluoropyridyl substituent on the Cp ring. Reduction of these paramagnetic CoII complexes by KC8 led to the diamagnetic 18e complexes CpCoI(PtBu2NPh2), CpC6F5CoI(PtBu2NPh2), and CpC5F4NCoI(PtBu2NPh2), which were also characterized by crystallography. Protonation of these neutral CoI complexes led to the CoIII hydrides [CpCoIII(PtBu2NPh2)H](BF4), [CpC6F5CoIII(PtBu2NPh2)H](BF4), and [CpC5F4NCoIII(PtBu2NPh2)H](BF4), and crystal structures of each of...
Bacterial pyrogens. I. Pyrogenic preparation from a Pseudomonas species.

The preparation of a relatively nontoxic bacterial pyrogen from a Pseudomonas species is described. This has been achieved by enzymatic degradation of the cellular substance followed by the removal of all dialyzable material. Several investigators have used this pyrogen for a study of the physiology of fever.
Children's Constructions of Fractions and their Implications for Classroom Instruction

Abstract We will discuss current practices in the teaching of fractions to children and potential misconceptions resulting from programmatic issues such as the sequencing of lessons, examples used, language used, and activities used. Current work on a National Science Foundation project, titled Children's Construction of the Rational Numbers of Arithmetic (hereafter referred to as the Fractions Project) provides the framework with which children's understanding of fractions is analyzed for this article. The Fractions Project has uncovered many implications of children's construction of rational numbers for instruction, however, translations for classroom use are still under study. There are many problems that emerge as we try to design curricula that take into consideration our current understanding of children's constructions of rational numbers. In the experience reported in this article, we designed activities for classroom use that reflected the findings of the Fractions Project, with the main objecti...
Conductor profile effects on the propagation constant of microstrip transmission lines

We experimentally show that the increase in conductor loss due to roughness is larger than the factor of two predicted by the most widely used roughness factor models. This is consistent with a recent numerical study of the effect of random roughness on conductor loss. The data also show that, for thin substrates, increasing the conductor profile substantially slows the effective velocity of propagation and also increases dispersion, independent of the composition of the dielectric material. Measurements are compared with results from a new conductor model as used in a 3-D planar EM analysis that includes an excess inductance related to the conductor profile. It is shown that this accounts quantitatively for both the insertion loss and phase constant effects.
Potential Role of Telecommunication Technologies in the Management of Chronic Health Conditions

During the twentieth century, chronic health conditions (which include both chronic diseases and impairments), became the major cause of illness, disability and death in developed countries. The high prevalence of chronic conditions among the elderly, combined with a rapidly growing population of elderly people, is expected to dramatically increase the absolute numbers of people with chronic care needs in the twenty-first century.
Old Wine in New Bottles? The Positioning of Participation in 17 NIH-Funded CBPR Projects

Influenced by Cooke and Kothari's (2001) suggestion that participation “remains a way of talking about rather than doing things” (p. 32), we question to what extent this is true in the public health funding process. Thus, the aim of this article was to investigate the ways in which recent National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded community-based participatory research (CBPR) projects discursively positioned CBPR in their grant applications. We collected 17 NIH-funded CBPR proposals, analyzed them using a grounded theory approach, and subjected the findings to critical analysis focusing on the definition of community, the type of community “participation” promoted, and the nature of the research proposed. We conclude that certain types of CBPR projects are privileged in the funding review process and discuss the implications of these findings for future CBPR praxis.
Surface Photovoltage at Nanostructures on Si Surfaces: Ab Initio Results

Charge transfer photoinduced by steady light absorption on a silicon surface leads to formation of a surface photovoltage (SPV). The dependence of this voltage on the structure of surface adsorbate...
Perturbed gap functions in superfluid 3 He

New forms of the Balian-Werthamer (BW) and of the Anderson-Brinkman-Morel (ABM) gap solutions for superfluid 3He are found in the presence of perturbations. Using the perturbed form of the BW solution, a discrepancy is found between the static and dynamic magnetic susceptibilities, which is shown to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements of Sager and Webb. A self-consistent diagrammatic Green's function approach is used.
Phosphorus effects on root growth and development in two maize genotypes

Soil phosphorus (P) availability is critical for the early growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.). Soil P also affects root morphological and physiological characteristics that are important for P uptake. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of P on seedling root growth and development of two maize genotypes differing in root system plasticity. Two maize genotypes, CM37 (high plasticity) and W153R (low plasticity), were selected based on a preliminary study. Maize plants were evaluated at six vegetative stages of development for three soil P treatments (0, 45, and 300 mg kg-1). Seedlings were grown in a controlled environment using a soil with low native P, Maddock sandy loam (sandy, mixed Udorthentic Haploborolls). The addition of P decreased the time to reach a given growth stage and increased the relative growth rate of roots to a greater degree in CM37 than in W153R. The effects of P on shoot dry weight and root surface area during the V4–V6 growth period appeared to be related to the effects of P on development and relative growth rates during the V1–V3 growth period. Evaluation of the time course of phenotypic change is an important consideration when developing adapted genotypes for specific environments.
Rapid iodine staining techniques for identifying the waxy phenotype in sorghum grain and waxy genotype in sorghum pollen

Visual classification of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain for the waxy phenotype is subjective and can be confounded by genetic background, maturity, environment, and experience of the classifier. Rapid iodine staining methods for identifying the waxy phenotype in sorghum grain and waxy genotypes in sorghum pollen were developed. Mature single sorghum seeds were placed in 48-well micro-plates and crushed. Water was added and the mixture heated to 95°C for 1 h to gelatinize the starch. After cooling, iodine solution was added and color scored after 10 to 60 s allowing for very high sample throughput. Sorghum pollen was analyzed for waxy genotype by mixing isolated pollen with iodine solution and viewing under a microscope at 40x. Waxy pollen was visually distinguishable from wild-type pollen using freshly collected as well as aged pollen. These methods will allow large-scale screening of both mature sorghum grains as well as sorghum pollen for waxy characteristics.
Response of a Silty Sand Centrifuge Deposit to Repeated Earthquakes

The estimation of liquefaction potential of soil deposits is mainly based on field liquefaction triggering charts based on the Seed and Idriss Simplified Method. Currently these field liquefaction triggering charts seem to be generally conservative, as they do not take into account factors that tend to increase the liquefaction resistance of natural sand deposits located in seismic areas. The work presented in this paper incorporates data from the field, as well as centrifuge experiments performed at RPI. The experimental work involved simulating several decades to a century of earthquake events applied to a 6-m uniform silty sand deposit. The results show that repeated earthquake shaking generally has the effect of increasing the liquefaction resistance of soil deposits over time. This increase in liquefaction resistance does not seem to be fully accounted for by the simultaneous increase in the shear wave velocity of the soil. In other words, sites that have been subjected to hundreds of small earthquakes as well as some larger liquefying events may not liquefy again unless they are subjected to very intense earthquake shaking.
Research plan development for modeling and simulation of military operations in urban terrain

The transformation of the US Army to the Objective Force will rely heavily upon the use of modeling and simulation (M&S) for analysis, including assessment of our ability to fight in urban environments. Current model research for military operations in urban terrain (MOUT) is disjoint. Current models are judged to be insufficient as a foundation for simulation of urban operations. The Army Model and Simulation Office (AMSO) has formed a Focus Area Collaborative Team (FACT) to address these issues. The MOUT FACT directs all future urban operations modeling efforts to ensure that new simulations credibly depict MOUT. The MOUT FACT employs a top-down approach designed to (1) identify the best urban M&S projects that will address prioritized deficiencies and (2) identify potential collaboration opportunities. This paper details the methodology employed by the MOUT FACT to develop the urban M&S research plan and the results of its efforts to date.