cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can we own the past? Cultural artifacts as public goods

This paper examines a concrete political controversy in order to shed light on a broad philosophical issue. The controversy is with regard to who owns cultural antiquities – the nations (often in the developing world) on whose soil they originated, or the museums of developed nations that have, through a variety of means, come into possession of them. Despite their opposing views, both sides accept the claim that ownership can be derived from prior facts about cultural identity. Moreover, when their claims are articulated, each side’s arguments shed contrasting light on a broader question of property: are some things intrinsically common; that is, do some things have properties that undermine claims of private ownership? Following the logic inherent in arguments made on both sides, this paper defends an affirmative answer to these questions, and, in so doing, suggests that we need to broaden our perspective on publics goods generally.
AGE AT UNILATERAL ORCHIOPEXY: EFFECT ON HORMONE LEVELS AND SPERM COUNT IN ADULTHOOD

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether there are differences in hormone levels, such as inhibin B, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone and testosterone, and sperm density in men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism as stratified by age at orchiopexy.Materials and Methods: A total of 84 men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism presented to our institution for serum hormone measurement and semen analysis. These parameters were compared using Pearson's correlations and analysis of variance among 4 groups stratified according to age at orchiopexy (range 1 month to 11 years).Results: Comparison by Pearson's correlation analysis showed that age at orchiopexy significantly correlated inversely with inhibin B (r = -0.274, p = 0.012) and positively correlated with FSH (r = 0.229, p = 0.036). Comparison of mean hormone levels and sperm density by analysis of variance for linear trend revealed a significant relationship between age at surgery with inhibin B (p = 0.032) and testoster...
Synthesis of mono‐cationic and dicationic analogs of hoechst 33258

The synthesis of fourteen mono-cationic and six dicationic analogs of Hoechst 33258 is described. The monocationic benzimiazoles 7a-7g and the dicationic benzimidazoles 9a-9c are obtained in five steps starting from 4-acetamidobenzonitrile. The monocationic bis-benzimiazoles 12a-12g are synthesized in four steps starting from 4-amino-3-nitrobenzonitrile. The dicationic bis-benzimiazoles 17a-17c are obtained in six steps starting from 4-amino-3-nitrobenzonitrile.
Collard and cauliflower as a base for production of recombinant antigens

Abstract Plants have emerged as a modern production system to produce recombinant proteins—antigens that can be used as subunit vaccines. The ideal plant candidate for this purpose should be capable to sustain high levels of expression of foreign proteins without adverse effects on its growth and development. It is also essential that it has large biomass, is edible and suitable for long-term storage and delivery. This work is a part of an effort to develop Cruciferae -based production system using transgenic vegetable plants collard and cauliflower. Several parameters were tested and optimized to achieve an efficient stable transformation of these recalcitrant species with constructs containing expression cassettes for the known viral antigens. Using the original procedure we obtained transgenic collard cv Morris Heading that express high levels of smallpox vaccine candidate (B5) in leaves and retain its normal phenotype. Transgenic cauliflower plants cv Early Snowball were obtained in similar procedure and have shown detectable amounts of SARS coronavirus spike-protein (SARS-CoV S1) in floret tissue of mature curd. To our knowledge, this is the first report on generation of transgenic collard plants ever and the first successful attempt to use these vegetables for production of pharmaceutical proteins.
Human posture classification for intelligent visual surveillance systems

Intelligent surveillance systems (ISS) have gained a significant attention in recent years due to the nationwide security concerns. Some of the important applications of ISS include: homeland security, border monitoring, battlefield intelligence, and sensitive facility monitoring. The essential requirements of an ISS include: (1) multi-modality multi-sensor data and information fusion, (2) communication networking, (3) distributed data/information processing,(4) Automatic target recognition and tracking, (5) Scenario profiling from discrete correlated/uncorrelated events, (6) Context-based situation reasoning, and (7) Collaborative resource sharing and decision support systems. In this paper we have addressed the problem of humanposture classification in crowded urban terrain environments. Certain range of human postures can be attributed to different suspicious acts of intruders in a constrained environment. By proper time analysis of human trespassers' postures in an environment, it would be possible to identify and differentiate malicious intention of the trespassers from other normal human behaviors. Specifically in this paper, we have proposed an image processing-based approach for characterization of five different human postures including: standing, bending, crawling, carrying a heavy object, and holding a long object. Two approaches were introduced to address the problem: template-matching and Hamming Adaptive Neural Network (HANN) classifiers. The former approach performs human posture characterization via binary-profile projection and applies a correlation-based method for classification of human postures. The latter approach is based a HANN technique. For training of the neural, the posture-patterns are initially compressed, thresholded, and serialized. The binary posture-pattern arrays were then used for training of the HANN. The comparative performance evaluation of both approaches the same set of training and testing examples were used to measure their effectiveness in classifying of five classes of human posture patterns. This paper presents and discusses the results of this experimental work. Both approaches demonstrated very promising results.
Functional organization in cortical barrels of normal and vibrissae-damaged mice: a (3H) 2-deoxyglucose study.

The large mystacial vibrissae on the faces of rodents have punctate representations in all stations in the central trigeminal pathway, including layer IV of the somatosensory cortex (SmI). The cortical whisker correlates, multicellular units termed barrels, are not present at birth, and damage to the vibrissae during the first postnatal week results in altered adult cytoarchitectonics The anatomical effects of vibrissae damage in the cortex have been well documented; here, we investigated the functional organization of altered SmI barrels with a high-resolution 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique (Durham et al., '81, J. Neurosci. 1:519). The middle row of vibrissae was cauterized in 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-day-old mice, and the animals were allowed to survive to sexual maturity. Various combinations of vibrissae were clipped acutely 24 hours prior to injection of 2–4 mCi of (3H)2-DG. Mice actively explored an empty cage for 60 minutes, stimulating the remaining vibrissae. The mice then were perfused and their brains prepared for paraffin histology and emulsion autoradiography. In tangential sections through layer IV, patterns of neuropil and cell body labeling were analyzed with respect to barrel cytoarchitecture in normal and vibrissae-damaged mice. In both control and experimental animals, patterns of neuropil and cell somata label corresponded exactly to barrel boundaries, whether normal or altered by vibrissae damage. Only those barrels for which vibrissae were intact had high levels of label, with anterior barrels more heavily labeled. Many neurons in the septa between these barrels and the adjacent barrels were labeled also. We found slightly higher neuropil label in the cortical zone corresponding to the damaged zone on the face in animals lesioned at any time. These data indicate that physiological somatotopy in vibrissae-damaged animals matches the anatomical cytoarchitecture.
Characterization of sol-gel processed poly(p-phenylenevinylene) silica and V2O5 composites using waveguide Raman, Raman and FTi.r. spectroscopy

Abstract A composite of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) with V2O5 is prepared through sol-gel processing and compared with the corresponding composite with silica. The effective conjugation length as determined by the band gap remains the same when V2O5 is chosen as a dopant, whereas the effective conjugation length is reduced in the PPV/silica composite. These composites exhibit good optical quality and show promise for optical waveguiding. The waveguide Raman spectra of these composites can be easily obtained. The refractive index of the PPV V 2 O 5 composite is higher than that of the PPV/silica composite. Furthermore, the Raman spectra do not indicate any existence of chemical bonds between the vinyl group of PPV and the glassy matrix (silica oxide or V2O5). The sol-gel processed PPV V 2 O 5 ) composite also exhibits a larger χ(3) value than that of the PPV/silica composite.
Depressed hepatic fatty acid oxidation as a factor in the etiology of acute ethanol-induced fatty liver

Abstract The present study evaluated the hypothesis that a depression in the hepatic utilization of the fatty acids of liver triglycerides is a major factor in the genesis of the acute ethanol-induced fatty liver. Rats were killed from 2–24 hours after oral intubation of either ethanol, isocaloric glucose, or isotonic saline. The concentration of plasma FFA levels was employed as an index of the oxidation of hepatic fatty acids. Prior to the onset of fatty liver development, plasma FFA and blood ketone levels of ethanol-treated rats were similar to those levels observed in the fasting, saline-control group. During the onset of fatty liver development blood ketone levels of ethanol-treated rats were markedly increased and were associated with an increased fatty acid load presented to the liver. At the peak of fatty liver development blood ketones were markedly depressed in ethanol-gavaged rats. However, this effect was transient and as liver triglyceride levels of the ethanol group returned toward control levels, blood ketone concentrations increased and were comparable to those of the control groups. The data indicate that hepatic fatty acid utilization is unaffected by ethanol administration except for a transient inhibition observed during the peak of the acute ethanol-induced fatty liver.
Influence of adaptation on the perception of distortions in natural images

We examined judgments of distortions in images of faces and how they are influenced by visual adaptation to distorted im- ages. Two-dimensional image arrays were generated by varying the degree of local expansion or contraction along the horizontal or ver- tical axis of the image. Images along different directions within the array were varied in staircases while observers rated the images as either ''normal'' or ''distorted.'' The reversal points for the staircases define the gamut of distortions that observers accept as a normal variant of the original image, and they are well described by ellipses. Under neutral adaptation this gamut is roughly centered on the origi- nal image. However, after viewing a distorted face, the images per- ceived as normal are strongly biased toward the adapting distortion, and the range of the gamut increases along the axis of the distor- tion. Thus changes in the state of adaptation can markedly alter the perception of images, by altering both the perceived neutral point and the sensitivity to variations in images. © 2001 SPIE and IS&T.
Leaf and Stem Traits and Herbage Quality of Multifoliolate Alfalfa

Multifoliolate (MF) alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars, with four or more leaflets per leaf instead of three, have been marketed for greater nutritive value and intake potential than standard trifoliolate (TF) alfalfa cultivars. A field study to determine the effect of harvest regimes on MF expression of alfalfa cultivars and germplasm, and to determine the association of MF expression with herbage yield, herbage quality, and leaf and stem traits, was conducted on a Tallula silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludoll). Four MF and two TF alfalfa genotypes were subjected to bud and first-flower cutting regimes. Multifoliate expression on a leaf number basis (MF leaf number/total leaf number) ranged from 5 to 70% [...]
The Many Faces of Scleroderma

Scleroderma autoantibodies are associated with very specific demographic, clinical, organ system, and survival features. The use of scleroderma autoantibodies may be very helpful in determining the prognosis, as well as monitoring and treatment of scleroderma patients. There are many faces of scleroderma that seem to be closely associated with scleroderma autoantibodies. These antibodies should be used in performing clinical trials and in doing genetic and basic research. Hopefully, these scleroderma antibodies will lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of scleroderma.
Effect of injection of adult mouse peritoneal macrophages on suppressor cell activity in neonatal mice

Abstract Injection of adult mouse peritoneal exudate cells into newborn mice results in a premature decrease of splenic suppressor cell activity in the neonates. The effect becomes apparent 4–5 days after ip injection of 10–15 × 10 6 thioglycollate-induced peritoneal exudate cells into mice on the day of birth. The macrophage in the peritoneal exudate is the responsible cell type. The effect is not H-2 restricted or strain limited. Heat-killed peritoneal exudate cells or peritoneal cells from unstimulated donors can also decrease neonatal suppressor cell activity prematurely. Adult spleen cells, injected into neonatal mice, do not affect suppressor cell activity. The data are discussed in light of the hypothesis that macrophages control suppressor activity in neonatal mice and that an increase in the number and/or function of macrophages shortly after birth results in a decrease in the number and/or function of suppressor cells, allowing for immunological competence to emerge.
Relationships among Dissemination of Primary Parainfluenza Virus Infection in the Respiratory Tract, Mucosal and Peripheral Immune Responses, and Protection from Reinfection: a Noninvasive Bioluminescence-Imaging Study

Respiratory paramyxoviruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) to HPIV4 infect virtually all children by the age of 2 to 5 years, leading to partial but incomplete protection from reinfection. Here, we used luciferase-expressing reporter Sendai viruses (the murine counterpart of HPIV1) to noninvasively measure primary infection, immune responses, and protection from reinfection by either a lethal challenge or natural transmission in living mice. Both nonattenuated and attenuated reporter Sendai viruses were used, and three inoculation strategies were employed: intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.) at a low dose and low volume, and i.n. at a high dose and high volume. High-dose, high-volume i.n. inoculation resulted in the highest levels of antibody responses and protection from reinfection. Low-dose, low-volume i.n. inoculation afforded complete protection from contact transmission and protection from morbidity, mortality, and viral growth during lethal challenge. i.m. inoculation was inferior to i.n. inoculation at inducing antibody responses and protection from challenge. For individual mice and across groups, the levels of serum binding and neutralizing antibody responses correlated with primary infection and protection from reinfection in the lungs. Contact transmission, the predominant mode of parainfluenza virus transmission, was modeled accurately by direct i.n. inoculation of Sendai virus at a low dose and low volume and was completely preventable by i.n. vaccination of an attenuated virus at a low dose and low volume. The data highlight differences in infection and protection from challenge in the upper versus lower respiratory tract and bear upon live attenuated vaccine development. IMPORTANCE There are currently no licensed vaccines against HPIVs and human RSV (HRSV), important respiratory pathogens of infants and children. Natural infection leads to partial but incomplete protective immunity, resulting in subsequent reinfections even in the absence of antigenic drift. Here, we used noninvasive bioluminescence imaging in a mouse model to dissect relationships among (i) the mode of inoculation, (ii) the dynamics of primary infection, (iii) consequent immune responses, and (iv) protection from high-dose, high-volume lethal challenge and contact transmission, which we find here to be similar to that of a mild low-dose, low-volume upper respiratory tract (URT)-biased infection. Our studies demonstrate the superiority of i.n. versus i.m. vaccination in protection against both lethal challenge and contact transmission. In addition to providing correlates of protection that will assist respiratory virus vaccine development, these studies extend the development of an increasingly used technique for the study of viral infection and immunity, noninvasive bioluminescence imaging.
Expression of ropy and mucoid phenotypes in Lactococcus lactis

Strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris were cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions on plates of whey agar, Elliker agar, and M17L agar at 15, 20, and 30°C to determine the environmental conditions required for the expression of the ropy phenotype. Two strains, L. lactis ssp. cremoris Ropy 352 and L. lactis ssp. cremoris Hollandicus, exhibited two distinct polysaccharide phenotypes, ropy and mucoid. Expression of these phenotypes could be induced individually or simultaneously. The inducible nature of this response suggests that genetic regulators were present. Western blots were used to determine whether or not Lon protease and RcsA, two regulators of polysaccharide expression in Escherichia coli, were present in lactococci. Lon, a negative regulator, and RcsA, an unstable positive regulator, have been shown at the structural level to be conserved in a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. The present study found evidence for structural conservation of Lon protease in lactococci. Less of the Lon-like protein was observed in the ropy strains than in the nonropy strains.
How many diseases does it take to map a gene with SNPs

“They all talked at once, their voices insistent and contradictory and impatient, making of unreality a possibility, then a probability, then an incontrovertible fact, as people will when their desires become words.” —W. Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury, 1929
Abstract 1028: Regulation of glucocorticoid-evoked apoptosis in human leukemic CEM cells by the C. elegans ces2 ortholog E4BP4

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Identification of regulatory gene pathways is crucial for fully understanding apoptosis in human cells. In C. elegans, motorneuron apoptosis is regulated via the ces2→ces1→egl1 pathway. We propose that an analogous pathway exists in humans. It has been confirmed that the ces2 ortholog E4BP4 and the egl1 orthologs bim/puma are regulators in glucocorticoid (GC)-evoked apoptosis in human lymphoid leukemic CEM cells. We aim to determine whether E4BP4 regulates bim/puma in a manner similar to ces2's regulation of apoptosis via the down regulation of the ces1 ortholog slug/snail. In this study, E4BP4-dependence of slug/snail and bim/puma regulation by GCs was evaluated in CEM sister cell lines. Cells were treated with ethanol (control) or 1 μM Dexamethasone (a synthetic GC) for 24 h for evaluation of transcript and protein levels, and for 96 h for trypan blue exclusion-based viability assays. Relative mRNA expression and protein abundance of bim/puma and slug/snail were evaluated by qRT-PCR and Western analysis, respectively. Both bim/puma and slug/snail promoters were analyzed using promoter scanning software (Transcriptional Regulatory Element Database) to locate potential E4BP4 response elements. GC-evoked apoptosis in sensitive CEM-C7-14 cells correlated with E4BP4 upregulation, and GC-resistance in CEM-C1-15 cells could be overcome by stable ectopic expression of mouse E4BP4 (cell line CEM-C1-15-mE#3). Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content following propidium iodide labeling has confirmed the expected G1 arrest and accumulation of sub-G1 populations in C7-14 and C1-15-mE#3 cells. qRT-PCR and Western blotting results have confirmed differential bim expression; with C7-14 cells showing a significant two-fold increase in comparison to C1-15 cells. qRT-PCR results for puma, slug, and snail did not show significant differences in expression levels between C7-14, C1-15 and C1-15-mE#3 cells. Furthermore, the expected down regulation of slug/snail in the GC-sensitive C7-14 cells was not observed. Our data suggest that in CEM cell apoptosis, E4BP4-dependent downregulation of slug/snail is not an intermediate for bim upregulation. Unlike the ces2→ces1→egl1 pathway in C. elegans, E4BP4 may use alternative pathways (c-myc, c-jun, cyclin D3, etc.) or directly upregulate bim to evoke apoptosis in CEM cells. JAB is a recipient of a CSUN Graduate Equity Fellowship & a Graduate Fellowship for Outstanding Research Promise in Science & Mathematics from the CSUN College of S&M. Project funding by NIH grant (SC3 GM 081099-01) awarded to RDM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1028.
Minority-carrier-induced release of hydrogen from donors in silicon

The time dependence of Schottky-barrier depletion layer charge density is monitored after injection of holes in P- and As-doped Si containing donor/hydrogen pairs. The resultant hole capture event leads to the reactivation of hydrogenated donors. In contrast to the observations of Johnson et al., we see an essentially abrupt change in this capacitance, and little, if any, transient behavior that can be attributed to the sweepout of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ or the conversion of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ to neutral or positively charged hydrogen. Since we observe that much of the hole-induced charge density disappears after a few days wait under dark conditions, it appears that this reaction is at least partially reversible. We conclude that this experiment provides no direct confirmation of the existence of positively or negatively charged hydrogen.
Acute Toxicity of Mercurial Diuretics.

Conclusions(1) The admixture of theophylline with salyrgan reduces the toxicity of the latter as the result of some reaction between the two compounds inasmuch as aging is required before the changed toxicity is demonstrable. (2) This influence of theophylline did not apply to mercurin. (3) In terms of mercury, non-ionizable organic mercurials are not necessarily less toxic than mercuric chloride.
Experimental Order 1 soil survey of vacant urban land, Detroit, Michigan, USA

Abstract An Order 1 soil survey was made of a vacant lot n = 90 points) to test the hypothesis that there is a mappable pattern of anthropogenic polypedons against the alternative that the distribution is random. The vacant lot was formed circa 1998 by demolition of a wood-frame home from the 1920s in an urban residential setting in Detroit, Michigan. The anthropogenic soils studied were formed on a 0–2% slope under grass vegetation from artificial fill comprised of a mixture of poorly drained native soil materials, glacial sediments and artifacts (objects of anthropogenic origin), mainly waste building materials. The results suggest that anthropogenic soils on vacant urban land are mappable, even at the scale of a single vacant lot. The soils approximated an anthrosequence, i.e. a genetically related group of profiles whose characteristics differ mainly as a result of anthropogenic activity. The anthrosequence is comprised of soil phases whose range of characteristics can be used to define anthropogenic taxa, or to characterize the map unit composition of native soil–urban land complexes found on vacant property produced by building demolition. The results also suggest that, in the absence of historic records, demolition site history can be reconstructed from the spatial distribution of artifacts and soil types. More Order 1 surveys are needed to define the characteristics of anthrosequences in other urban settings and involving different soil orders, and to develop predictive urban soil–landscape models needed to provide better interpretive information for users of urban soil survey maps.
Is race a predictor of drug-eluting stent thrombosis?

Long-term safety and effectiveness of sirolimus-eluting stent implantation (SIRIUS Study) Martin Leon , David Holmes, Dean Kereiakes , Jeffrey Popma, Paul Teirstein, Jeffrey Moses, Hong Wang , Sidney Cohen , Donald Cutlip Columbia University, New York, NY Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY Lindner Heart Center, Cleveland, OH Brigham & Womens, Boston, MA Scripps, LaJolla, CA Cordis Corporation, Warren, NJ Duke University, Durham, NC
ExchangeGuard: a distributed protocol for electronic fair-exchange

Electronic fair-exchange protocols have received significant attention from the research community in the recent past. In loose terms, the fair exchange problem is defined as atomically exchanging electronic items between two parties. All the known fair exchange protocols today utilize a centralized trusted third party server either actively or passively. In this paper, we propose a distributed protocol for exchange of electronic items using untrusted servers. We perform detailed security analysis and show that the protocol guarantees effectiveness and fairness with Byzantine failures of up to one third of the untrusted servers. We also give the probability of a fair exchange otherwise. Finally we discuss how to deploy the protocol to large online electronic communities and peer-to-peer systems and demonstrate its security guarantees, scalability and load balancing properties.
A modified kernel quantile estimator under censoring

Based on right-censored data from a lifetime distribution F0, a modification of the kernel quantile estimator is proposed. The advantage of this estimator is that the data play a role in the degree of smoothing of the estimator while retaining the desirable features of the kernel estimator. Convergence in probability and almost sure convergence of the estimator are discussed. Also, asymptotic normality and confidence bands are presented and some examples are given. Nous proposons une modification de l'estimateur de quantile base sur la methode du noyau en considerant des donnees censurees a droite provenant d'une distribution de vie F0. Cet estimateur a le merite de faire intervenir les donnees dans la determination de son degre de lissage tout en maintenant les proprietes souhaitables d'un estimateur base sur la methode du noyau. Nous en examinons les convergences en probabilite et presque sure. Nous presentons de plus sa normalite asymptotique, la construction de bandes de confiance et nous donnons enfin quelques exemples.
Sea surface structure of North Brazil Current rings derived from shipboard and moored acoustic Doppler current profiler observations

[1] In the western tropical Atlantic, the North Brazil Current retroflection periodically sheds large anticyclonic rings, which then propagate northwestward. Between 1998 and 2000, the North Brazil Current Rings Experiment sampled a large number of these rings by shipboard and moored acoustic Doppler current profiler. Ten of the sampled rings are analyzed in this study, focusing on their sea surface dynamic properties. The rings exhibit a radial structure consisting of two regimes, an “inner” core region in near solid body rotation and an “outer” ring regime with an approximately exponentially decaying structure. The observations show a sharp change in vorticity at the regime transition and the presence of a strong opposite vorticity shield bounding the inner solid body core. We show that Gaussian models, commonly used to represent the surface expression of these and other rings, are adequate for determining the sea surface height anomaly but tend to poorly estimate other properties such as the maximum swirl velocity. Therefore, we propose a new two-part model as a better approximation of the rings' radial structure. According to the cyclogeostrophic balance approximation, the sea surface height distribution across the inner ring has a parabolic shape, while the outer ring has an exponential structure similar to the velocity field. Interestingly, many of the observed rings have an intensity very close to the theoretical limit for anticyclones at these latitudes, which is believed to be due to inertial instability.
Dynamically selecting protocols for socket applications

An application enablement method that enables communications applications to run on protocols for which they were not written is discussed. The focus is on a subset of networks and communications application programming interfaces. The communications interface chosen is Berkeley sockets. The network protocols used are SNA (Systems Network Architecture) and TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). The running of existing socket applications over SNA networks, which requires support for transparently masking the differences between TCP/IP and SNA from the applications, is described. Protocol selection, address mapping, and connection management are also described. >
Food Decision-Making Framework: Connecting Sustainable Food Systems to Health and Well-Being

ABSTRACT This article presents a conceptual framework for understanding the interrelationships among sustainable food systems, food decision-making, and health and well-being. The Food Decision-Making Framework (FDF) builds upon findings from food decision-making research and community-based practice. It draws upon concepts and theories related to decision-making and family and community interaction from human ecology, community development, agriculture and food systems, and systems thinking. This article provides an overview of the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the framework and describes the interrelationships among the components. Research and community food system examples illustrate its utility for framing research questions, interpreting findings, and applying research to program and policy planning.
Christian Chromolithographs in Ethiopia

Briana B. Simmons The Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC) has produced iconographic religious painting since the sixth century ce, but with the onset of mechanical reproduction and faster printing technologies, worshippers now have access to new types of religious images.1 Today, foreign and locally produced chromolithographic images (or color prints) depicting Christian religious figures are readily available in Ethiopia and have become one of the most popular and prevalent art forms in the country. This is due in part to their high volume but also to their variety, malleability, and relatively low price, which places them into a category of decorative and ritually important objects that most Orthodox Ethiopians desire. Images such as Figure 1, of the Virgin and Child, generally depict Biblical figures that are copied from historical Western paintings or drawings. This research note outlines how Ethiopian Orthodox Christians use these religious images and briefly addresses their effect on the construction of an Orthodox identity.2 I will also discuss how church-trained painters have responded to these images and what the influx of chromolithographs has meant for their business. These reproduced images are part of a continual process of adaptation and change in the religious practices of Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Rather than dismissing them as kitsch or artistic degeneration, this study examines how they are used as aesthetic objects and the value they hold for the Christian faithful. For this note, “chromolithograph” refers to any color print displayed in Ethiopia that is mechanically produced in Ethiopia or abroad. This comprehensive definition includes a number of printing technologies, ranging from traditional chromolithography to more modern photo offset printing processes. The prints can be purchased for one or two birr, which is approximately 10 to 20 US cents, and they are sold on sidewalks, especially outside Ethiopian Orthodox churches. Vendors often set up open-air stalls to exhibit the images, sometimes using upturned umbrellas to easily display numerous prints. It is common for peddlers to traverse local neighborhoods on foot carrying large stacks of images for sale. The prints range in size from small, 3" x 4" cards to large posters that are several feet across.3 Several scholars have examined the use of religious and secular chromolithographs in other countries (Jain 2007, Cosentino 2005, Pinney 1997, 2004, Rush 1999), but only one general overview of chromolithograph use in Ethiopia exists (Silverman, in All photos Are by the Author
FAST SINGULAR OSCILLATING LIMITS AND GLOBAL REGULARITY FOR THE 3D PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS OF GEOPHYSICS

Fast singular oscillating limits of the three-dimensional "primitive" equations of geophysical fluid flows are analyzed. We prove existence on infinite time intervals of regular solutions to the 3D "primitive" Navier-Stokes equations for strong stratification (large stratification parameter N ). This uniform existence is proven for periodic or stress-free boundary conditions for all domain aspect ratios, including the case of three wave resonances which yield nonlinear " dimensional" limit equations for N → +∞; smoothness assumptions are the same as for local existence theorems, that is initial data in Hα , α ≥ 3/4. The global existence is proven using techniques of the Littlewood-Paley dyadic decomposition. Infinite time regularity for solutions of the 3D "primitive" Navier-Stokes equations is obtained by bootstrapping from global regularity of the limit resonant equations and convergence theorems.
RIBOSOMES AND TRANSLATION

The ribosome is a large multifunctional complex composed of both RNA and proteins. Biophysical methods are yielding low-resolution structures of the overall architecture of ribosomes, and high-resolution structures of individual proteins and segments of rRNA. Accumulating evidence suggests that the ribosomal RNAs play central roles in the critical ribosomal functions of tRNA selection and binding, translocation, and peptidyl transferase. Biochemical and genetic approaches have identified specific functional interactions involving conserved nucleotides in 16S and 23S rRNA. The results obtained by these quite different approaches have begun to converge and promise to yield an unprecedented view of the mechanism of translation in the coming years.
Macrophage CD74 contributes to MIF-induced pulmonary inflammation

Background: MIF is a critical mediator of the host defense, and is involved in both acute and chronic responses in the lung. Neutralization of MIF reduces neutrophil accumulation into the lung in animal models. We hypothesized that MIF, in the alveolar space, promotes neutrophil accumulation via activation of the CD74 receptor on macrophages. Methods: To determine whether macrophage CD74 surface expression contributes MIF-induced neutrophil accumulation, we instilled recombinant MIF (r-MIF) into the trachea of mice in the presence or absence of anti-CD74 antibody or the MIF specific inhibitor, ISO-1. Using macrophage culture, we examined the downstream pathways of MIF-induced activation that lead to neutrophil accumulation. Results: Intratracheal instillation of r-MIF increased the number of neutrophils as well as the concentration of macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) in BAL fluids. CD74 was found to be expressed on the surface of alveolar macrophages, and MIF-induced MIP-2 accumulation was dependent on p44/p42 MAPK in macrophages. Anti-CD74 antibody inhibited MIF-induced p44/p42 MAPK phosphorylation and MIP-2 release by macrophages. Furthermore, we show that anti-CD74 antibody inhibits MIF-induced alveolar accumulation of MIP-2 (control IgG vs. CD74 Ab; 477.1 ± 136.7 vs. 242.2 ± 102.2 pg/ml, p < 0.05), KC (1796.2 ± 436.1 vs. 1138.2 ± 310.2 pg/ml, p < 0.05) and neutrophils (total number of neutrophils, 3.33 ± 0.93 × 10 4 vs. 1.90 ± 0.61 × 10 4 , p < 0.05) in our mouse model.
Exploring the Measurement Quality of an Attitudinal Scale of Street Code-Related Violence: Similarities and Differences Across Groups and Contexts:

Elijah Anderson’s "code of the streets" has received considerable attention as a promising approach to understanding youths violence. One area which has received scant attention, however, is the measurement quality of the street code concept. Using data collected from more than 3,300 middle school youths residing in seven geographically and demographically diverse U.S. cities between 2007 and 2009, the authors seek to answer the following questions: (a) What are the psychometric properties of the attitudes toward street code-related violence scale (in terms of dimensionality and internal consistency) across demographic subgroups (i.e., race/ethnicity, sex, and age groups) and social contexts (i.e., cities)? and (b) To what extent does the level of acceptance of the attitudes associated with street code-related violence vary across demographic subgroups and social contexts? Results illustrate that the scale performs similarly across groups and contexts, but the actual level of acceptance of street code-related violence varies considerably.
Adaptive changes in ileal mucosal nutrient transport following colectomy and endorectal ileal pull-through with ileal reservoir.

• To study ileal mucosal function when used in an ileal reservoir or ileostomy, eight dogs underwent colectomy and endorectal ileal pull-through with creation of a lateral ileal reservoir. Ileal mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained at the initial operation, from the ileostomy and dormant ileal reservoir at the time of ileostomy closure, and from the reservoir 3 months later. Rates of uptake for four different substrates were determined by radioactive absorption techniques. Absorption of carbohydrates, amino acids, and bile acids was markedly decreased and of short-chain fatty acid mildly reduced in ileal reservoir mucosa compared with normal ileum, largely owing to a decrease in reservoir absorptive surface area from flattened villi. Reservoir uptake of the substrates evaluated within 3 months after operation was similar to that for normal colonic mucosa. Uptake of all measured substrates from ileostomy mucosa approximated that of normal ileum. The use of short ileal reservoirs and the avoidance of stasis may favor reduced bacterial growth and increased nutrient absorption. (Arch Surg. 1990;125:586-590)
Genetic Simulation Library.

SUMMARY The Genetic Simulation Library (GSL) is a set of C++ programs and classes that can be used in individual-based simulation models of plant and animal populations. The classes in this library build representations of genes for a wide variety of different types of organisms, from asexually reproducing single-cell organisms to chromosome-structured sexually reproducing species. AVAILABILITY http://www.csi.uoregon.edu/projects/genetics/GSL . Free for non-commercial applications; others should contact the author.
An Analysis of Solid Rotor Machines Part III. Finite Length Effects

The first two parts of this series have developed the analysis of solid rotor machines for both flat and cylindrical models of infinite length. 1,2 The objective of this part is to present a representation of a finite length, flat model so that a correction for end effects may be incorporated in the operational impedance expressions. The correction presented gives a first-order approximation for this effect. The field analysis considering finite length is also of value in calculating air gap and rotor body spatial distributions of field quantities.
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus Abscesses

Staphylococcus aureus causes many types of human infections and syndromes—most notably skin and soft tissue infections. Abscesses are a frequent manifestation of S. aureus skin and soft tissue infections and are formed, in part, to contain the nidus of infection. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) are the primary cellular host defense against S. aureus infections and a major component of S. aureus abscesses. These host cells contain and produce many antimicrobial agents that are effective at killing bacteria, but can also cause non-specific damage to host tissues and contribute to the formation of abscesses. By comparison, S. aureus produces several molecules that also contribute to the formation of abscesses. Such molecules include those that recruit neutrophils, cause host cell lysis, and are involved in the formation of the fibrin capsule surrounding the abscess. Herein, we review our current knowledge of the mechanisms and processes underlying the formation of S. aureus abscesses, including the involvement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and provide a brief overview of therapeutic approaches.
Dimension-independent likelihood-informed MCMC

Many Bayesian inference problems require exploring the posterior distribution of high-dimensional parameters that represent the discretization of an underlying function. This work introduces a family of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samplers that can adapt to the particular structure of a posterior distribution over functions. Two distinct lines of research intersect in the methods developed here. First, we introduce a general class of operator-weighted proposal distributions that are well defined on function space, such that the performance of the resulting MCMC samplers is independent of the discretization of the function. Second, by exploiting local Hessian information and any associated low-dimensional structure in the change from prior to posterior distributions, we develop an inhomogeneous discretization scheme for the Langevin stochastic differential equation that yields operator-weighted proposals adapted to the non-Gaussian structure of the posterior. The resulting dimension-independent and likelihood-informed (DILI) MCMC samplers may be useful for a large class of high-dimensional problems where the target probability measure has a density with respect to a Gaussian reference measure. Two nonlinear inverse problems are used to demonstrate the efficiency of these DILI samplers: an elliptic PDE coefficient inverse problem and path reconstruction in a conditioned diffusion.
Reproductive allometry does not explain the temperature-size rule in water striders (Aquarius remigis)

Most ectotherms follow the temperature-size rule meaning that individuals growing up under cool conditions are larger as adults than those growing up in warm conditions. This pattern is difficult to explain because growth is usually slower in the cold meaning it takes longer to reach a larger adult size. One potential explanation for this pattern is that the typical increase in fecundity with body size is steeper in cool environments than it is in warm environments. As such, the relative gain in fecundity for being larger in the cold would compensate for the extra time it takes to grow to that size. We present the first empirical test of this model using the water strider Aquarius remigis. Individuals were reared at either 20° or 25°C with subsampling at each instar to estimate growth trajectories. At adult eclosion, half were switched to the alternate temperature and all females isolated, mated, and reproductive output measured for 3 weeks. We found that A. remigis does follow the temperature-size rule but that fecundity was highly plastic with respect to laying temperature such that the slightly greater fecundity of those reared at 20°C was due to their larger size. Overall, those laying at 25°C were more fecund and showed a positive relationship between body size and fecundity. Those laying at 20°C did not show a significant relationship between size and fecundity. As such, the reproductive allometry shows a pattern reverse to what would be needed for a larger size in the cold to be adaptive in this species. Although A. remigis follows the temperature-size rule over this temperature range, this is likely due to a constraint on growth and development rather than being adaptive plasticity.
Ablation targets in reentrant ventricular tachycardia

Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with late gadolinium enhancement has been used to pinpoint myocardial infarction features in animal models. In swine postinfarction, this imaging technique has been used to identify areas with slow conduction during reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT). In this model, the reentry isthmus is composed of a small volume of viable myocardium bounded by scar tissue laterally and at depth. During reentrant VT, arcs of conduction block form where scar is present. In proximity to the infarct, the enhanced MRI scan shows a mixture of electrically conducting viable myocardium and nonviable tissue where conduction is slow during VT. The region is termed the heterogeneous zone (HZ) and appears gray in the contrast-enhanced images, as compared with the white infarct scar and dark gray or black normal myocardium. More recently, the relationship between HZ characteristics and reentrant VT inducibility was shown in swine postinfarction. The authors tested the hypothesis that by ablating the HZ in its entirety, reentrant VT would no longer be inducible, whereas when ablation was incomplete, reentrant VT would still be inducible, though possibly with a differing reentrant circuit morphology. They found that only when the HZ was entirely ablated did the reentrant VT become noninducible. In a new study on this topic, published in this issue of HeartRhythm, the feasibility of using the contrastenhanced imaging in postinfarction VT patients to target arrhythmogenic regions before electrophysiologic (EP) study and radiofrequency ablation is assessed.
Cost−Benefit Analysis Simulation of a Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Program

Background: Violent injury is a major cause of disability, premature mortality, and health disparities worldwide. Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) show promise in preventing violent injury. Little is known, however, about how the impact of HVIPs may translate into monetary figures. Purpose: To conduct a costbenefit analysis simulation to estimate the savings an HVIP might produce in healthcare, criminal justice, and lost productivity costs over 5 years in a hypothetical population of 180 violently injured patients, 90 of whom received HVIP intervention and 90 of whom did not. Methods: Primary data from 2012, analyzed in 2013, on annual HVIP costs/number of clients served and secondary data sources were used to estimate the cost, number, and type of violent reinjury incidents (fatal/nonfatal, resulting in hospitalization/not resulting in hospitalization) and violent perpetrationincidents(aggravatedassault/homicide)thatthispopulationmightexperience over 5years. Four different models were constructed and three different estimates of HVIP effect size (20%, 25%, and 30%) were used to calculate a range of estimates for HVIP net savings and costbenefi tr atios from different payer perspectives. All benefits were discounted at 5% to adjust for their net present value. Results: Estimates of HVIP cost savings at the base effect estimate of 25% ranged from $82,765 (narrowest model) to $4,055,873 (broadest model). Conclusions: HVIPs are likely to produce cost savings. This study provides a systematic framework for the economic evaluation of HVIPs and estimates of HVIP cost savings and costbenefit ratios that may be useful in informing public policy decisions. (Am J Prev Med 2015;48(2):162-169) & 2015 American Journal of Preventive Medicine