cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic reactive gliosis following regulatory T cell depletion during acute MCMV encephalitis

Long-term, persistent central nervous system inflammation is commonly seen following brain infection. Using a murine model of viral encephalitis (murine cytomegalovirus, MCMV) we have previously shown that post-encephalitic brains are maintained in an inflammatory state consisting of glial cell reactivity, retention of brain-infiltrating tissue-resident memory CD8+ T-cells, and long-term persistence of antibody-producing cells of the B-lineage. Here, we report that this neuroinflammation occurs concomitantly with accumulation and retention of immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and is exacerbated following their ablation. However, the extent to which these Tregs function to control neuroimmune activation following MCMV encephalitis is unknown. In this study, we used Foxp3-diphtheria toxin receptor-GFP (Foxp3-DTR-GFP) transgenic mice, which upon administration of low-dose diphtheria toxin (DTx) results in the specific depletion of Tregs, to investigate their function. We found treatment with DTx during the acute phase of viral brain infection (0-4 dpi) resulted in depletion of Tregs from the brain, exacerbation of encephalitis (i.e., increased presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells), and chronic reactive phenotypes of resident glial cells (i.e., elevated MHC Class II as well as PD-L1 levels, sustained microgliosis, and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression on astrocytes) versus untreated, infected animals. This chronic proinflammatory environment was associated with reduced cognitive performance in spatial learning and memory tasks (Barnes Maze) by convalescent animals. These data demonstrate that chronic glial cell activation, unremitting post-encephalitic neuroinflammation, and its associated long-term neurological sequelae in response to viral brain infection are modulated by the immunoregulatory properties of Tregs. GLIA 2015;63:1982-1996.
AID targeting is dependent on RNA polymerase II pausing

Activation induced deaminase (AID) is globally targeted to immunoglobulin loci, preferentially focused to switch (S) regions and variable (V) regions, and prone to attack hotspot motifs. Nevertheless, AID deamination is not exclusive to Ig loci and the rules regulating AID targeting remain unclear. Transcription is critically required for class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Here, I consider the unique features associated with S region transcription leading to RNA polymerase II pausing, that in turn promote the introduction of activating chromatin remodeling, histone modifications and recruitment of AID to targeted S regions. These findings allow for a better understanding of the interplay between transcription, AID targeting and mistargeting to Ig and non-Ig loci.
Global ionosphere perturbations monitored by the Worldwide GPS Network

For the first time, measurements from the Global Positioning System (GPS) worldwide network are employed to study the global ionospheric total electron content (TEC) changes during a magnetic storm (November 26, 1994). These measurements are obtained from more than 60 world-wide GPS stations which continuously receive dual-frequency signals. Based on the delays of the signals, we have generated high resolution global ionospheric maps (GIM) of TEC at 15 minute intervals. Using a differential method comparing storm time maps with quiet time maps, we find that significant TEC increases (the positive effect) are the major feature in the winter hemisphere during this storm (the maximum percent change relative to quiet times is about 150%). During this particular storm, there is almost no negative phase. A traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) event is identified that propagates from the northern subauroral region to lower latitudes (down to about 30°N) at a speed of ∼460 m/s. This TID is coincident with significant increases in the TEC around the noon sector. We also find that another strong TEC enhancement occurs in the pre-dawn sector in the northern hemispheric subauroral latitudes, in the beginning of the storm main phase. This enhancement then spreads into almost the entire nightside. The nighttime TEC increase in the subauroral region is also noted in the southern hemisphere, but is less significant. These preliminary results indicate that the differential mapping method, which is based on GPS network measurements, appears to be a powerful tool for studying the global pattern and evolution process of the entire ionospheric perturbation.
Toughening of thermoset polymers by rigid crystalline particles

The toughening of an aromatic amine-cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy with particles of crystalline polymers was studied. The crystalline polymers were poly (butylene terephthalate), nylon 6, and poly(vinylidene fluoride). Nylon 6 and poly(vinylidene fluoride) were found to toughen the epoxy about as well as did an equivalent amount of CTBN rubber. Poly(butylene terephthalate) was found to toughen the epoxy about twice as well as did the rubber. The toughness of poly(butylene terephthalate)-epoxy blends was independent of particle size for sizes in the range of tens of micrometres, but the toughness of the nylon 6-epoxy blends decreased with increasing particle size for sizes smaller than about 40 μm. There was no loss of either Young's modulus or yield strength of the epoxy with the inclusion of either nylon 6 or poly(butylene terephthalate) and less loss of these with the inclusion of poly(vinylidene fluoride) than with the inclusion of rubber. Toughness seems to have arisen from a combination of mechanisms. The poly(butylene terephthalate)-epoxy blends alone seem to have gained toughness from phase-transformation toughening. Crack path alteration and the formation of steps and welts and secondary crack bridging seem to have accounted for an especially large part of the fracture energy of the poly(vinylidene fluoride)-epoxy blends. Secondary crack nucleation contributed to the toughness of the nylon 6-epoxy blends.
An Auger spectroscopic investigation of the high temperature reduction of zirconium dioxide surfaces in vacuum

Abstract The vacuum reduction of the ZrO 2 surface layer formed on oxygen-saturated zirconium has been investigated by Auger spectroscopy. Sputter-depth-profiles of the ZrO 2 layer show that its outer surface is reduced after exposure to UHV at 900 and 1100 K. The AES spectrum of Zr also evidences an increasing extent of partially reduced Zr on ZrO 2 surfaces as the UHV annealing temperature is increased from 800 to 1200 K. Quantitative Auger analyses of ZrO 2 surfaces show that the O/Zr surface atomic ratio remains near its stoichiometric value of 2 after UHV anneals at temperatures up to about 700 K. The surface O/Zr atomic ratio is about 1.1 after UHV annealing at 1000 K, with intermediate extents of surface reduction after UHV annealing between 700 and 900 K. This surface reduction occurs very rapidly and is essentially unaffected by extending the high temperature UHV anneal time from fractions of a min to 1 h. These observations provide support for a previously proposed mechanism for the catalytic reduction of CO by H 2 on ZrO 2 .
Preservation of Bovine Spermatozoa by Freezing in Straws: A Review

Abstract Plastic straws for packaging bovine semen have been advocated by a growing segment of the artificial insemination industry, particularly in Europe and more recently in the United States. Following an extensive review of the literature, we formed the following conclusions: 1) Conception rates with semen frozen in straws are comparable to fertility of semen frozen in ampules, and prospects are encouraging for further improvements with the straw as procedures are refined. 2) Fertility of semen frozen in .25 ml straws is equal to or higher than fertility of semen frozen in larger straws, in the hands of “good” inseminators. 3) Survival of spermatozoa frozen in straws is equal to or higher than survival after freezing in ampules. 4) Spermatozoa frozen in straws are no more fertile than those frozen in ampules, and the number of live spermatozoa per insemination for optimal fertility appears similar for straws and ampules. 5) The percentage of spermatozoa deposited in the cow is definitely in favor of straws sealed with nonabsorbable material. 6) Greater utilization of storage equipment is possible with the straw. 7) Straws should be thawed rapidly, but caution must be exercised to prevent excessive wanning and subsequent cold shock. 8) Semen frozen in straws cannot compensate for improper semen handling and poor inseminating techniques.
The function of song types and song components in Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum)

Song in birds is traditionally associated with two major functions: mate attraction and territory establishment/defence. In some birds, these functions are divided between different types or categories of signals, while in others the song repertoire is functionally interchangeable. Grasshopper Sparrows, Ammodramus savannarum, sing two distinct songs. Buzz song is prominent early in each breeding cycle, while warble song is typically more prominent later in the breeding cycle, and is only sung by paired males. To investigate the functions of these two song categories we did population-level song surveys, and performed a song playback experiment using buzz songs and warble songs as stimuli. Males singing buzz song responded to playbacks of both song categories almost exclusively with buzz song. Responses by birds singing warble or combined (buzz-warble) song were mixed, but these males responded to both song categories with buzz song at levels greater than chance. Our results suggest that buzz song is the principal category of song used for both the traditional intra- and inter-sexual functions associated with song. The function of the warble song class remains unclear. It may have predominantly inter-sexual functions such as social cohesion, reproductive synchrony within the pair, or extra-pair mate attraction. In a second playback experiment we examined song function further by testing the different components of buzz song. Results indicate that as in some other species, the initial segment of the Grasshopper Sparrow buzz song may act as an alerting component that enhances signal detection for long distance communication.
Hyperphosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein Tau by the MAP-kinase PK40erk2: regulation by prior phosphorylation with cAMP-dependent protein kinase A.

Abstract PK40erk2 is a MAP kinase which phosphorylates recombinant hTau40 up to 14 moles of phosphate/mole, markedly slowing its electrophoretic mobility. PK40erk2 acting on TAU is expected to cause the appearance of Alzheimer′s disease-specific phosphoepitopes, detectable by specific antibodies. Maximal phosphorylation in vitro of hTau40 by PKAcat incorporates only 2-3 moles of phosphate/mole. Consequent, but smaller, reduction in electrophoretic mobility is seen, but not the formation of Alzheimer-specific or hyperphosphorylation-specific epitopes. Phosphorylation of hTau40 by PKAcat sharply reduces the number of phosphates that can now be introduced by PK40erk2 to 5-6 moles/mole, instead of the expected 11 moles/mole. Thus, prior phosphorylation by PKA, a nonproline-directed protein kinase, regulates the conformation of the protein substrate Tau so as to make some sites very much less accessible to phosphorylation by the proline-directed kinase, PK40erk2.
Observations of 250-km-wavelength clear-air-eddies and 750-km-wavelength mesocyclones associated with a synoptic-scale midlatitude cyclone

Abstract Satellite images of a decaying synoptic-scale cyclone over the North Pacific reveal two distinct types of multiple mososcale cyclonic disturbances. The approximate positions of these disturbances within the synoptic-scale cyclone are determined using analyses from an operational global-scale numerical model. One type, a set of four 250-km-wavelength eddies, occurred in clear air and represent perturbations within the cyclonic shear side of a 40–45 m s−1 upper-level jet-front system. Their propagation at 28.5 ± 3.5 m s−1 roughly matched the wind speed and direction within the jet at their position and provided evidence of stretching deformation along their axis. Their growth is documented over 18 h, and is measured in terms of horizontal displacements of a preexisting moisture boundary in water vapor imagery. Their e-folding time increased from 6 to 9 h as horizontal displacements exceeded 100 km and horizontal billows indicative of wave breaking formed. The billow-like structures most likely repr...
John Locke's monetary argument: An analysis with methodological and historical implications

Rhetorical analysis of John Locke's monetary arguments reveals that Locke relied on a core enthymeme that deployed several rhetorical devices (including a narrative diegesis, a dissociation and hierarchization of terms, and several metaphors) to synthesize two contradictory and common beliefs about money's value—money's value is determined by supply and demand; money's value is determined by substance. Moreover, this analysis revitalizes the conversation between economists and rhetoricians by presenting rhetorical analysis as a way to discover causal mechanisms. Finally, locating causal mechanisms allows an historical understanding of how debates have been shaped by the available means of persuasion.
A new formula for finding drugs.

Abstract ‘…discovery scientists might be thinking outside the traditional therapeutic profile, but most senior executives have yet to make the transition.’
Language experience and consonantal context effects on perceptual assimilation of French vowels by American-English learners of French

Recent research has called for an examination of perceptual assimilation patterns in second-language speech learning. This study examined the effects of language learning and consonantal context on perceptual assimilation of Parisian French (PF) front rounded vowels /y/ and /oe/ by American English (AE) learners of French. AE listeners differing in their French language experience (no experience, formal instruction, formal-plus-immersion experience) performed an assimilation task involving PF /y, oe, u, o, i, epsilon, a/ in bilabial /rabVp/ and alveolar /radVt/ contexts, presented in phrases. PF front rounded vowels were assimilated overwhelmingly to back AE vowels. For PF /oe/, assimilation patterns differed as a function of language experience and consonantal context. However, PF /y/ revealed no experience effect in alveolar context. In bilabial context, listeners with extensive experience assimilated PF /y/ to (j)u less often than listeners with no or only formal experience, a pattern predicting the poorest /u-y/ discrimination for the most experienced group. An "internal consistency" analysis indicated that responses were most consistent with extensive language experience and in bilabial context. Acoustical analysis revealed that acoustical similarities among PF vowels alone cannot explain context-specific assimilation patterns. Instead it is suggested that native-language allophonic variation influences context-specific perceptual patterns in second-language learning.
Experimental study on solid circulation in a multiple jet fluidized bed

Particle image velocimetry was used to investigate the evolution of multiple inlet gas jets located at the distributor base of a two-dimensional fluidized bed setup. Results were used to estimate the solid circulation rate of the fluidized bed as well as particle-entrainment into the individual jets. The effects of fluidization velocity, orifice diameter, orifice pitch, particle diameter, and particle density were studied. It was determined from this study that the solid circulation rate linearly increased with an increase in the fluidization velocity until the multiple jet system transitioned from isolated to an interacting system. In the interacting system of jets, the solid circulation increased with fluidization velocity but at a much lower rate. For multiple jet systems, this phenomenon may indicate the presence of an optimum operating condition with high circulation rate and low air input in the bed. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3003–3015, 2012
Testing applications for DIS

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and categorizations ofDistributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) Testing. It discusses the historicalperspective of testing and the thrust for future testing. 2. TYPICAL DIS APPLICATION Figure 1 is a typical DIS application. It contains three major components: theSimulation Application, the Synthetic Environment, and the SimulationInfrastructure. DIS Application TaxonomyFigure 1 The Simulation Application provides 'who' is going to participate. For militaryapplications this could be a simulated aircraft, ship, tank or dismountedindividual. These participants could be from a constructive computer based 64 / SPIE Vol. 2495 O-8194-1849-8/95/$6.OO DIS Application SimulationApplicationISA)DIS Entities -Virtual L.. Non-DlS (CAll) Entities - Wtual - SIMNET- Constructive -LiveSynth.tic Environmsnt — VrIdDB - Terrain - Vather-lime - Coordinate DatumSimulationInfrastiucture— SIMAN — OLog Station — Logger/Scanners— Stealth— AAR Stations
PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGIC NECROTIC SKIN LESIONS IN THE RABBIT BY MEANS OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE AND HEMOPHILUS PERTUSSIS

1. The intradermal injection of H. influenzae in the abdominal wall of rabbits induces inflammation, frequently combined with a central pustule. The corresponding injection of H. pertussis causes a bluish violet discoloration of the skin area involved which undergoes slight hemorrhagic necrotic changes within a few days. 2. The intravenous injection of living H. influenzae, 24 hours after the intradermal inoculation with living H. influenzae, is able to transform the respective skin areas into severe hemorrhagic necrotic lesions within 3 to 5 hours. 3. Heat-killed H. influenzae, if injected intravenously, may produce hemorrhagic-necrotic lesions in areas previously prepared with living or heat-killed H. influenzae. 4. H. pertussis, if injected intravenously, may cause, perhaps to a lesser extent, hemorrhagic necrotic lesions in skin areas 24 hours previously injected with H. influenzae. 5. The normal course of the infection of rabbit skin with H. pertussis is not, or not essentially, influenced by intravenous reinjection of living or killed H. influenzae or H. pertussis. 6. The agar washing filtrate of B. typhosus, if injected intravenously, can produce hemorrhagic necrotic lesions in rabbit skin prepared intracutaneously with living as well as with heat-killed H. influenzae. The intravenous injection of B. typhosus agar washing filtrate has no influence on areas prepared with H. pertussis. 7. Conversely, H. influenzae as well as H. pertussis, if injected intravenously, are able to produce hemorrhagic necrotic lesions in rabbit skin prepared 24 hours previously with B. typhosus agar washing filtrate. 8. The effectiveness of suspensions of H. influenzae apparently is confined to the bacteria themselves rather than to the supernatant fluids. This does not exclude the possibility of producing effective exotoxins under special experimental conditions.
Hormonal determinants in the development of masculine and feminine behavior in the female hamster.

Female hamsters treated neonatally with aromatizable androgens (testosterone, testosterone propionate or androstenedione) or with estrogens (estradiol, estradiol benzoate or diethylstilbestrol) displayed mounting behavior in adulthood in response to daily injections of testosterone propionate. Treatment neonatally with nonaromatizable androgens (androsterone or dihydrotestosterone) or with control substances failed to induce the potential for masculine behavior. These results support the hypothesis that development of masculine sexual behavior is dependent upon the presence of estrogen or androgen which can be metabolized to estrogen during sexual differentiation. Additional tests for sexual receptivity were conducted 6 weeks after the masculine behavior tests. In these tests the females were tested following estrogen-progesterone priming. Neonatal treatment with testosterone propionate, estradiol benzoate, estradiol and diethylstilbestrol reduced levels of sexual receptivity as measured by frequency and duration of lordosis responding. Treatment of the female with any of the androgens early in life resulted in significantly greater clitoral bone and cartilage development than neonatal treatment with estrogenic or control substances. Dissociation of the effects of neonatal treatment upon behavior from those upon peripheral morphology suggests that the induction of masculine behavior results from a central neural hormone action.
Immunologic and clinicopathologic features of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen-positive childhood T-cell leukemia A pediatric oncology group study

The immunologic and clinicopathologic features of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)-positive and CALLA-negative T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and of CALLA-positive non-T, non-B ALL (common ALL) of childhood were compared. Twenty-seven percent of children with T-ALL had blasts that expressed CALLA. This expression was not associated with a significantly different incidence of expression of sheep erythrocyte-rosette receptors, glucocorticoid receptors, peanut agglutinin receptors, or T-cell antigens. CALLA-positive T-cell blasts were more likely to express a p24 leukemia-associated antigen (CD9, 50% versus 8%) and Ia antigens (39% versus 8%) than were CALLA-negative blasts. Patients with CALLA-positive and CALLA-negative T-ALL had similar clinicopathologic features at diagnosis. In contrast, compared to patients with common ALL, patients with CALLA-positive T-ALL were older, had higher leukocyte counts, and an increased incidence of splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and mediastinal mass, similar to patients with CALLA-negative T-ALL. Patients with CALLA-positive T-ALL were more likely to achieve a complete remission (95% versus 83%, P = 0.055) and tended to have an increased duration of event-free survival (P = 0.07) than did patients with CALLA-negative T-ALL. The expression of T-cell antigens is more important than the expression of CALLA in defining biologically similar subgroups of childhood ALL. Preliminary evidence suggests that within T-ALL the expression of CALLA may be prognostically important.
How Viruses Escape from Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: Molecular Parameters and Players☆

Abstract Viruses that persist in infected hosts must evolve successful strategies to avoid recognition by the immune system. The primary player in antiviral immune surveillance is the CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and the battle drawn between the CTLs and viruses is the focus of this review. In this struggle, viruses can follow multiple distinct pathways. For example, DNA viruses often adopt the strategy of encoding proteins that interfere with the immune response along routes of antigen presentation. Such interference prevents the viral peptide from binding to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I glycoprotein; therefore, no virus–MHC complex forms for recognition by antiviral CTLs. RNA viruses, having fewer genes, generate swarms of quasispecies that can contain mutated viral proteins. When such mutants occur in viral peptides presented to the MHC protein or the residue recognized by the CTL receptor, CTL recognition and activation fail. If, instead, the mutation occurs in the viral peptide flanking sequence, the infected cell may not process the viral peptide from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum. Viruses can also directly or indirectly attack dendritic cells and CD4+or CD8+T lymphocytes, other routes that interfere with immune functions. Dendritic cells are the primary professional antigen-presenting cells and are critical for the activation of CTL responses. CD4+T lymphocytes provide help for long-term CD8+CTL activity and are necessary for its maintenance. Consequently, interference with either dendritic or CD4+cell types constitutes yet another way that viruses can disable the immune response and persistently infect their host.
Initial responses to substrates by naïve spiderlings: single and simultaneous choices

Whether foragers encounter resources sequentially (one at a time) or simultaneously has received relatively little explicit attention, given its potential importance for success. Here I evaluate the efficiency of naive spiderlings Misumena vatia (Thomisidae) in exploiting hunting sites presented in these two ways. The spiderlings significantly preferred goldenrod ( Solidago canadensis ) inflorescences over aster ( Aster umbellatus ) inflorescences, both when these blooms were presented to them one at a time and simultaneously, if they were in physical contact with these blooms, a result that matched the numbers of prey these flowers attract. However, they accepted goldenrod significantly more frequently one at a time than in simultaneous presentations. Even when their substrates were then switched in a reciprocal cross, spiderlings favoured goldenrod over aster, although those moved from goldenrod to aster responded significantly more strongly (negatively) than did the reciprocal crosses. However, spiderlings did not distinguish between goldenrod and aster inflorescences simultaneously presented 10 cm away, and only two-thirds of them managed to recruit via lines to either of the flowers. They responded similarly to two-goldenrod inflorescences or two-aster inflorescences as to mixed goldenrod–aster pairs, and they recruited roughly half as often to a single inflorescence of either species as to pairs. At 50 cm, less than one-fifth recruited to the mixed substrate. Thus, the spiderlings first recruit to a site and then accept or reject it, a time-consuming activity. Costs in time for making simultaneous choices exceed those for one-at-a-time choices, due to their lower success rates in recruiting to the more profitable species.
The Markov property method applied to Ising model calculations

An efficient method of computation for models possessing the Markov property is set out. We apply this method to the two-dimensional ising model and report exact computations for up to 10 by 10 models with periodic boundary conditions. We find that critical-point, finite-size rounding is quite large in the renormalized coupling constant, which is not divergent at the critical point, in contrast to the energy, which is also not divergent and has no rounding there. The difference is traced to the continuity of the energy and the discontinuity of the renormalized coupling constant at the critical point.
White Light Effects on the mRNA for the Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b-Protein in Lemna gibba L. G-3

Translation products of poly(A) mRNA isolated from Lemna gibba L. G-3 include a major polypeptide of 32,000 daltons which is immunoprecipitated by antiserum to chlorophyll a/b-protein from Chlamydomonas. This 32,000 dalton polypeptide represents a precursor to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein of molecular weight 28,000 found in the thylakoid membranes of Lemna gibba. The amount of this translatable mRNA decreases relative to other translatable mRNAs when green plants grown in continuous white light are placed in darkness. This decrease occurs rapidly. The most rapid decline occurs during the first day; after 4 days of darkness, only a low level of this mRNA can be detected by in vitro translation. When the plants are returned to white light there is an increase in the relative level of this mRNA which can be easily detected within two hours. The in vivo synthesis of this protein has been assayed under the different light conditions. The light effects on the in vivo synthesis of the chlorophyll a/b-protein reflect the light effects on the translatable mRNA for the polypeptide. The results indicate that light induced changes in the synthesis, processing, or degradation of chlorophyll a/b-protein mRNA could account for the light-induced changes observed in the effective synthesis rates for the chlorophyll a/b-protein in vivo.
Doing Things with Wood: Builders, Managers and Wittgenstein in an Idaho Sawmill

■ Centered upon fieldwork as union labor in an Idaho sawmill, this article investigates the relation between labor, language and rules on the one hand, manager and managed on the other. Wittgenstein's `builders' — a form of life he created to show the relation between language and action — help us understand the sawmill's labor process and demonstrate how language, when used to rule practical action, `bewitches'. Wittgenstein, though often thought of as a theorist of language, will be invoked alongside Manchester school social anthropology's insights on conflict to frame what I will term rule fetishism. Rule fetishism occurs when persons (here managers) disavow their agency in relation to rules, ascribing instead agency to the rules themselves. Those managed in such social situations show they share Wittgenstein's understanding of rules when they regularly undercut authority, and demonstrate the impotence of rules (for example, by following rules exactly).
Comparative neurobiological effects of ibogaine and MK-801 in rats

Ibogaine is a plant-derived alkaloid with putative 'anti-addictive' properties. Although ibogaine binds to multiple targets in the brain, recent evidence suggests the drug acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist similar to MK-801. The purpose of the present study was to compare neurochemical and neuroendocrine effects of ibogaine and MK-801 in vivo. Male rats received either i.p. saline, ibogaine (10 and 100 mg/kg), or MK-801 (0.1 and 1 mg/kg). Groups of rats (N=6-8/group) were decapitated 30 or 60 min after injection. Brains were harvested for analysis of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, while trunk blood was collected for analysis of plasma corticosterone and prolactin. Ibogaine produced marked dose-dependent reductions in tissue DA with concurrent increases in the metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). This profile of ibogaine-induced effects on DA metabolism was consistently observed in the cortex, striatum, olfactory tubercle, and hypothalamus. MK-801, on the other hand, did not reduce DA levels in any brain region but did cause modest region-specific elevations in DA metabolites. Ibogaine and MK-801 caused comparable elevations in circulating corticosterone, but only ibogaine increased prolactin. The present findings show that the effects of ibogaine on DA neurotransmission and neuroendocrine secretion are not fully mimicked by MK-801. Thus, the wide spectrum of in vivo actions of ibogaine can probably not be explained simply on the basis of antagonism at NMDA receptors.
Effects of dietary Aroclor 1254 and cyclopropene fatty acids on hepatic enzymes in rainbow trout

Diets containing Aroclor 1254 (PCB); cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA), and PCB plus CPFA were fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for 15 weeks to determine the effects on hepatic microsomal activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase, and benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity continued to increase to a level 77-fold higher than control at week 15. Ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase and benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase activities increased to 7.1-fold and 47-fold over control at week 9, respectively. Cytochrome P-450 values remained approximately 2-fold above controls from week 5 through week 15. At weeks 1 and 3, cytochrome P-450 levels were not significantly different from control. Dietary CPFA significantly depressed ethoresorufin-O-deethylase and ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase activities, but had no effect on benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase activity. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase, nd benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase activities in the combined PCB-CPFA-fed trout were significantly higher than in control- or CPFA-fed trout, and significantly lower than in PCB-fed trout. This is the first time dietary PCBs have been shown to induce the MFO system in rainbow trout. These results provide a possible explanation for the effects of dietary PCBs on the metabolism and expression of other chemical carcinogens.
Women's Proper Place and Student-Centered Pedagogy.

Student-centered pedagogy has been embraced by many feminist practitioners and educational theorists as an antidote to more “traditional” or “masculinist” forms of classroom relations, epistemological constructs, and theories of self. I will show that the margin-center schema, student-centered pedagogy’s foundational metaphor, undermines feminist projects when applied to teacher-student relations. Although the margin-center schema has been a useful diagnostic tool in feminist theory, it operates prescriptively in student-centered pedagogy. Student-centered pedagogy designates teachers’ “proper place” at the margins of classroom life, a place that echoes bygone visions of domestic femininity. This paper is simultaneously a critique of student-centered pedagogy and a recuperative project to dislodge the work of John Dewey from the teacher-centered/student-centered binary.
Structural changes in mitochondria induced by uncoupling reagents. The response to snake-venom phospholipase A

Abstract Interaction with uncoupling reagents at minimally effective concentrations enhanced the response of freshly isolated rat-liver mitochondria to the action of snake-venom phospholipases. This study corroborated previous findings with proteinases that uncoupling reagents increase the susceptibility of freshly isolated mitochondria to enzymatic attack, as determined by turbidimetric and titrimetric techniques. It is postulated that this effect of uncoupling reagents is due to their binding to protein constituents of the mitochondrial membranes, and a subsequent derangement of the protein-phospholipid organization. The possible relevance of the phenomenon to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation is discussed.
Measurement of cyclic nucleotides in histologically defined samples of brain and retina

Abstract A method is described which allows measurement of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in histologically defined tissue samples containing as little as 0.6 fmol of either compound. This permits, for example, assays of freeze-dried samples as small as 0.03 μg dry weight from individual retina layers or 4-μg samples from individual layers of cerebellum. The procedure involves a modified radioimmunoassay at reduced volume for acetylated cyclic nucleotides in combination with some of the techniques previously developed for quantitative histochemical assays.
Crosswell Seismic Amplitude-Versus- Angle Studies at a Niagaran Reef

SUMMARY A high-resolution crosswell seismic data set was collected over a Silurian Niagaran reef in Michigan’s lower peninsula. The survey was optimized for both reflection imaging purposes and the gathering of a wide range of incidence angles. With this we can do a highly detailed interpretation using the post stack migrated data, and utilizing the prestack data for AVA (amplitude variation with angle) analyses. With the wide range of incidence angles and by comparing AVA observations with model predictions we can better determine and map the various litho-facies and fluid distributions within a carbonate reef oil reservoir. In addition to the extremely high resolution of the crosswell images, reflections are obtained from boundaries that have near-zero reflectivity at small angles of incidence because of the large reflectivity that occurs near the critical angle. This has implications in allowing operators of carbonate reef oil reservoirs to better image the interior structure of the reservoirs and to identify those areas that may still contain amounts of oil after initial production.
Simulating anisotropic frictional response using smoothly interpolated traction fields

This paper develops a constitutive description and a computational treatment of anisotropic friction within the context of the finite element method. The theoretical approach makes use of structural tensors that characterize texture, are convected with the material surfaces, and represent the symmetries that reflect changes in relative orientation of the surfaces. In the discrete setting, the texture is mapped using techniques adapted from discrete differential geometry and computer graphics. In addition, the traction fields are interpolated smoothly on the surfaces and the stick-slip condition is enforced sharply via Lagrange multipliers.
Identification of Shc Src homology 2 domain-binding peptoid-peptide hybrids.

A fluorescence anisotropy (FA) competition-based Shc Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-binding was established using the high affinity fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) containing peptide, FITC-NH-(CH2)4-CO-pY-Q-G-L-S-amide (8; Kd = 0.35 μM). Examination of a series of open-chain bis-alkenylamide containing peptides, prepared as ring-closing metathesis precursors, showed that the highest affinities were obtained by replacement of the original Gly residue with Nα-substituted Gly (NSG) “peptoid” residues. This provided peptoid−peptide hybrids of the form “Ac-pY-Q-[NSG]-l-amide.” Depending on the NSG substituent, certain of these hybrids exhibited up to 40-fold higher Shc SH2 domain-binding affinity than the parent Gly-containing peptide (IC50 = 248 μM) (for example, for N-homoallyl analogue 50, IC50 = 6 μM). To our knowledge, this work represents the first successful example of the application of peptoid−peptide hybrids in the design of SH2 domain-binding antagonists. These results could provide a foundation for ...
Representation of certain infinitely divisible probability measures on Banach spaces

Subclasses L0 ⊃ L1 ⊃ … ⊃ L∞ of the class L0 of self-decomposable probability measures on a Banach space are defined by means of certain stability conditions. Each of these classes is closed under translation, convolution and passage to weak limits. These subclasses are analogous to those defined earlier by K. Urbanik on the real line and studied in that context by him and by the authors. A representation is given for the characteristic functionals of the measures in each of these classes on conjugate Banach spaces. On a Hilbert space it is shown that L∞ is the smallest subclass of L0 with the closure properties above containing all the stable measures.
Detailed modeling of soot particle nucleation and growth

Detailed modeling of soot particle nucleation and growth in laminar premixed hydrocarbon flames is presented. The model begins with fuel pyrolysis, followed by the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, their planar growth and coagulation into spherical particles, and finally, surface growth and oxidation of the particles. The computational results are in quantitative agreement with experimental results from several laminar premixed hydrocarbon flames. A detailed analysis of soot particle inception and surface growth processes is presented. Surface growth was described in terms of elementary chemical reactions of surface active sites. The density of these sites was found to depend on the chemical environment. The model predicts the classical picture of soot particle inception and the classical description of soot particle structure.
Analyzing court system congestion with Q-Gert network modeling and simulation

Abstract Judiciary court delay and congestion is one of the more serious problems confronting local, state and federal governments. Although a court system is basically a well-defined system of servers (i.e. administrators, clerks and judges) and queues of cases waiting to be tried, the application of operations research/management science techniques to court systems has been minimal. This paper will present a comprehensive Q-GERT network model and simulation analysis of a county court system. The model development is described in detail, and a general discussion of the simulation results and their use is presented.
The infrared spectra of the halogen isocyanate and thiocyanate vapor molecules

Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to investigate the IR spectra of the XNCO (X = Cl, Br, I, CN), the XSCN (X = Cl, Br, I) and the NCNCS vapor molecules from 4800 to 400 cm −1 . Vibrational frequencies have been determined for each normal mode of vibration in each molecule in this region.
Analysis of a Self-Regulating Method for Determining Acceptable Finger Force Limits

In contrast to previous work using the psychophysical methodology, participants in the present work were instead asked to self-adjust and self-regulate their exertion level during simple finger exertions aimed at deriving maximum acceptable limits (MALs). Three methods to determine MALs from a sequence of exertions are described and compared. The effects of trial durations and intersession repeatability were also investigated. All analysis methods produced comparable MAL estimates, within 0.5 N. MALs obtained from the first 5 minutes of data were 2.2% higher than those from the entire 25-minute session, but this difference was not significant. Differences between sessions averaged 4%, which was not significant. The results suggest the self-regulating method can produce repeatable estimates of subjective finger force limits, that these limits are insensitive to the analysis method used for determination, and that it may be possible to obtain repeatable values with relatively brief experimental sessions.
Energy loss of low-energy electrons to nonabrupt metal surfaces

The interaction of a charged particle with a semi-infinite medium bounded by a flat surface is analyzed as a problem of metal optics. The reflection at the surface of the electromagnetic fields excited by the passing beam is investigated including retardation and spatial dispersion in the hydrodynamic approximation. The soft decay of the electron density at the metal-vacuum interface is modeled. Using measured values of the dielectric function, the calculations are found to agree with experimental results of electron-energy-loss distributions for Ag targets in interaction at a distance. Further predictions of the theoretical model are discussed.
Direct evidence for an order/disorder phase transition at x≂0.3 in single‐crystal metastable (GaSb)(1−x)(Ge2)x alloys: High‐resolution x‐ray diffraction measurements

High‐resolution triple‐crystal x‐ray diffractometry has been used to investigate long‐range order in single‐crystal (100)‐oriented metastable (GaSb)(1−x)(Ge2)x alloys. Measurements of the integrated intensities of superstructure and fundamental reflections provide the first direct evidence of an order/disorder, zinc blende to diamond, structural transition in (III‐V)(1−x)(IV2) x alloys. The transition in (GaSb)(1−x)(Ge2)x was found to occur at x≂0.3. The long‐range order parameter S and the probability r that a Ga or Sb atom will occupy a site on its corresponding sublattice were determined as a function of composition from the normalized ratio of the integrated intensities of the (200) superstructure to the (400) fundamental reflections. S(x), which is unity for pure zinc blende structure GaSb, initially decreased slowly with increasing Ge concentration, but decreased ever more rapidly as x approached 0.3. S(x) was essentially zero for alloys with x>0.3, indicating a ‘‘disordered’’ diamond structure. Cor...
Efficiency of plaquing certain poliovirus on tissue cultures at higher temperatures as a function of L-cystine concentration.

SummaryL-Cystine enables viruses of the Akron strain of antigenic type 1 polio-virus to grow on in vitro monkey kidney cells at comparatively high temperatures; at lower temperatures little or no exogenously supplied L-cystine is needed by these viruses. These results were shown for Akron viruses of 3 different degrees of genetic ability to grow at higher temperatures. The activity of L-cystine is not due to its slight lowering of the pH during plaque development. L-Cysteine and glutathione are active. DL-cystathionine is slightly active, and a sample of D-cystine showed slight activity. Rare plaques produced at temperatures too high for the L-cystine supply contained hot-adapted mutants.
“Glittering Mockery”: Twentieth-Century Leap Year Marriage Proposals

[[ courtshippostcardadvicegenderhumorpower ]] This article considers the unconventional and chimerical custom of women proposing to men during a leap year. Capturing the imagination of Americans from 1904 into the 1960s, shame and ridicule made it difficult for women to take advantage of the opportunity to propose to men. Critics held that women who asked men to marry them were desperate, aggressive, and unfeminine. Considering postcards, advertisements, and newspaper columns, this article concludes that the leap year tradition promised real power for courting women but ultimately delivered false empowerment and reinforced traditional courtship practices.
Distributions of HF Co-impregnated rhodium, platinum and palladium in alumina honeycomb supports

Abstract The co-impregnation of Rh, Pt, and Pd with hydrofluoric acid (HF) into 1.2 mm thick γ-alumina monolith walls has been investigated. Quantitative electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) results are presented which reveal the effect of co-impregnation with HF on the resulting internal catalyst distribution. Co-impregnation of RhCl 3 (H 2 O) x with HF produced samples with inner shells (egg-whites) of Rh. Co-impregnation of PtCl 4 with HF produced samples with both inner shells (egg-whites) and inner cores (egg-yolks), of platinum. The co-impregnation of Pd(NO 3 ) 2 (H 2 O) x with HF yielded catalysts with uniform outer shells, (egg-shells), of palladium. Also, two approaches for the correction of atomic number, absorption, and fluorescence effects in the X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) data taken in EPMA were compared for these catalyst systems. The atomic number correction, Z , was found to be the dominant term and to depend significantly upon its method of calculation. Total metal loadings obtained by integrating quantitative EPMA profiles were in close agreement with bulk chemical analyses.
The preparation and reduction of 5‐cyano‐3‐indolylketones. Synthesis of 5‐cyanotryptamines

The acylation of indoles under acidic conditions has been studied. Stannic chloride was shown to be an effective catalyst for the preparation of some 3-acylindoles, notably 5-cyano-3-indolylketones. The various 5-cyano -3 - indolylketones were reduced with sodium borohydride to yield either the 5-cyano-3-carbinols or 5-cyano-3-alkylindoles. 5-Cyanotryptamines were obtained by reduction of appropriate α-dialkylamino and α-azidoketones. A cleavage reaction of the carbinols involving loss of the 3-side chain to yield 5-cyanoindole is also described.
The immunohistochemical detection of J chain in lymphoid cells in tissue sections: The necessity of trypsin digestion

Abstract The immunohistochemical detection of J chain in histological sections of tonsils was compared to that of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA. Pretreatment of tissue sections with detergents (saponin and Triton X-100) and with proteolytic enzyme (trypsin) at different experimental conditions has shown ( i ) 0.1% trypsin digestion for 1 hr at room temperature increased dramatically both the number of J-chain-positive cells detected, and the intensity of the color reaction, while the detergents had no noticeable effect; ( ii ) under the same conditions, trypsin also improved the detection of immunoglobulins, but quantitatively and qualitatively far less effectively than for J chain. The effect of trypsin occurred after 30 min. These results indicate that in tissue sections, the antigenic determinants of J chain are “masked” in the molecule of immunoglobulins in such a manner that the use of trypsin hydrolysis may be important for its successful detection at the light microscopic level. In the case of intact immunoglobulins, this is less important.