cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Was Hume a Humean

When it comes to talking about practical reasoning, "Humean" is a synonym for "instrumentalist." That is, a "Humean" view of practical reasoning is one on which only means-end reasoning directed toward satisfying antecedently given desires counts as practical reasoning at all. Witness, for instance, Michael Smith's fairly recent paper, "The Humean Theory of Motivation," which advances just this view; Smith, who does not discuss Hume himself, simply takes it for granted that the label "Humean" fits.1 It wasn't always this way: when Aurel Kolnai, some years back, wished to criticize instrumentalism, he described the view as Aristotle's, an attribution that would be unlikely now.2 Why care about a name? There are two reasons. First, if any theory of practical reasoning today deserves to be called the received view, it is instrumentalism.3 Calling it Hume's not only gives it the cachet that comes of association with a distinguished member of the philosophical pantheon, but invokes in its favor the argumentsÂ—and the rhetoricÂ—Hume produces in the Treatise. Arguments for instrumentalism are hard to come by, but the lack is perhaps less urgently felt than it might be because it is assumed that Hume's arguments are already on hand. Second, the label gets in the way of reading Hume, and so obscures our vision of a characteristically ingenious and subtle philosophical mind: if we know what Humeanism is, and we consequently think we know what Hume thought, we are much less likely to see, and learn from, what he actually did think.
The role of occlusal curvatures and maxillary arch dimensions in patients with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify differences in occlusal curvatures and maxillary arch dimensions between subjects with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders TMDs and asymptomatic subjects. Materials and Methods: One hundred subjects 78 female and 22 male who consented to participate in this research were examined for signs and symptoms of TMDs according to the guidelines of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders RDCTMD. In addition, occlusal measurements were performed for all subjects on plaster models. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 19. Results: Significant associations were revealed between the depth of the curve of Spee COS and temporomandibular joint TMJ sounds. Furthermore, maxillary arch width was negatively correlated to the steepness of the curve of Wilson. No differences were found between subjects with and without a history of orthodontic treatment. Conclusions: Subjects with TMJ sounds tend to have a flatter COS compared to subje...
Sub-Recent Insectivora and Chiroptera from Puerto Rico, with the Description of a New bat of the Genus Stenoderma

A collection of sub-Recent fossils from three caves in Puerto Rico includes specimens of one species of insectivore and 12 species of bats. An extinct bat of the genus Stenoderma is described as new. Macrotus waterhousii water-housii is added to the faunal list of Puerto Rico, and Tadarida brasiliensis is recorded for the first time as a sub-fossil from that island. The taxonomic status of Nesophontes edithae and Monophyllus plethodon frater is reviewed.
Wafer-bonded VCSELs with tunnel junctions

We introduce a scheme incorporating wafer bonding and tunnel junctions to improve the performance long-wavelength Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs). Through careful design of PL-mode offset, mirror reflectivity, and aperture definition, we achieve lasing to 134°C, output power above 2 mW, single-mode output power at 80°C above 1 mW, and differential efficiencies of 46%. We achieve lasing at wavelengths as high as 1336 nm and show a versatile design that can be applied to any VCSEL functioning at long wavelengths.
Field Quality Aspects of CBA Superconducting Magnets

A series of superconducting dipole magnets for the BNL Colliding Beam Accelerator which were manufactured to have the proper field quality characteristics has been tested. This report presents the analysis of the field harmonics of these magnets.
Toxicity of Cisplatin and Mercuric Chloride in Human Kidney Cortical Slices

1 Organ specific toxicity such as nephrotoxicity is often investigated with the use of in vivo or in vitro animal models.2 It would be beneficial if these findings could be verified in a human in vitro system which utilizes non-transplantable human kidneys.3 Non-transplantable human kidneys were decapsulated, cut in half along the long axis, cores made perpendicular to the hemisphere, and precision-cut renal cortical slices produced.4 These human kidney slices were incubated for 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h, viability assessed using intracellular K+ content, protein synthesis and organic ion transport and the potential nephrotoxicity of cisplatin (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mM) and mercuric chloride (10, 50 and 100 μm) on these slices were examined.5 Control human kidney slices were viable for up to 24 h using all viability parameters while a dose-and time-dependent toxic response was seen using both cisplatin and mercuric chloride.6 Cisplatin was more nephrotoxic in this human in vitro system than in previously investig...
The nanocrystalline thermoelectric compound Bi2Te3 forms by a particle-wise explosive reaction during mechanical alloying

During mechanical alloying to synthesize the nanocrystalline thermoelectric compound Bi2Te3, the reaction from elemental constituents occurs in only 15 min. Using X-ray diffraction and quantitative metallography, the mechanism for this rapid transformation is identified as Te and Bi powders reacting explosively on a particle-by-particle basis. The reaction is apparently ignited by local heat release from milling tool collisions, and sustained by the heat of compound formation only over the scale of individual particles.
THE DEGARBLER - A PROGRAM FOR CORRECTING MACHINE READ MORSE CODE,

An IBM 7090 program automatically corrects garbled samples of English text. The garbles are intended to resemble those caused by Morse Code transmissions. The program has access to a vocabulary and a table of the Morse Code equivalents of the English alphabet. The correction rate on text in which 0–10% of the characters have been subjected to Morse Code garbles is about 70%. The apparent improvement in intelligibility is very marked.
Disordered swallowing due to a syrinx Correction by shunting

Disturbed deglutition is common in diseases of the brainstem and lower cranial nerves, but little is known about the mechanisms involved. We studied a 49-year-old man with symptoms of syringomyelia and syringobulbia lasting 7 years. Esophageal motility studies showed inability to initiate swallowing, esophageal hypomotility, and absence of the lower esophageal sphincter. After decompression of the syrinx by shunting, these abnormalities were corrected, and the patient could once again eat without aspiration. Medullary dysfunction caused by the syrinx was probably responsible for the swallowing difficulties.
The application of electrochemistry to some physical organic problems

ABSTRACT Carbonium ions, radicals and carbanions are simply different oxidation states of trivalent carbon, which can be electrochemically interrelated. By use of electrochemical techniques, along with thermodynamic information, the p K a s of various cyclopropenes can be calculated. Furthermore, cyclopentadienyl cations can be produced by electrochemical oxidation and their p K R+ s determined in an indirect way. Cyclobutadiene derivatives can also be electrochemically generated and the cyclobutadiene resonance energy thereby deduced. The electrochemistry of some of these very unstable species is non-ideal, but theoretical and experimental evidence shows that the resulting errors are small. Thus, electrochemical methods are probably the best technique by which to obtain thermodynamic information on unstable species. Trapping experiments have led to the development of a novel electrolyte. This work confirms the assignment of potentials and indicates a striking effect of charge on trapping effectiveness.
Optimality conditions for the bilevel programming problem

The bilevel programming problem (BLPP) is a sequence of two optimization problems where the constraint region of the first is determined implicitly by the solution to the second. In this article it is first shown that the linear BLPP is equivalent to maximizing a linear function over a feasible region comprised of connected faces and edges of the original polyhedral constraint set. The solution is shown to occur at a vertex of that set. Next, under assumptions of differentiability, first-order necessary optimality conditions are developed for the more general BLPP, and a potentially equivalent mathematical program is formulated. Finally, the relationship between the solution to this problem and Pareto optimality is discussed and a number of examples given.
Replication of dengue virus in cultured mosquito cells at suboptimal temperature.

AbstractCultured Aedes albopictus mosquito cells were infected at optimal (28°) and suboptimal (20°) temperatures with dengue virus type-3 at multiplicities of infection of 2.0 and 0.01. Extracellular and intracellular virus titers were determined over an interval of 6 weeks by fluorescent focus assay using hyperimmune mouse ascities fluid as a source of antibody. Upon infection at a multiplicity of 2.0, cultures at 28° reached peak virus titers in 3 days, while cultures at 20° required 14 days. At a lower infection multiplicity of 0.01, peak titers were reached in 5 days at 28°, but required 3 weeks at 20°. Viral titers maintained after the peak was reached were the same at both infection multiplicities and temperatures tested. At both 28° and 20° A. albopictus cultures became persistently infected with 20-30% of the cells containing immunofluorescent cell-associated viral antigen. These results indicate that the time required to reach peak infectious virus titers for dengue-3-infected A. albopictus cell...
Modeling stretched solitary waves along magnetic field lines

A model is presented for a new type of fast solitary waves which is observed in downward current regions of the auroral zone. The three-dimensional, coherent structures are electrostatic, have a positive potential, and move along the magnetic field lines with speeds on the order of the electron drift. Their parallel potential profile is flattened and cannot fit to the Gaussian shape used in previous work. We develop a detailed BGK model which includes a flattened potential and an assumed cylindrical symmetry around a centric magnetic field line. The model envisions concentric shells of trapped electrons slowly drifting azimuthally while bouncing back and forth in the parallel direction. The electron dynamics is analysed in terms of three basic motions that occur on different time scales characterized by the cyclotron frequency W e , the bounce frequency w b , and the azimuthal drift frequency w g . The ordering W e >> w b >> w g is required. Self-consistent distribution functions are calculated in terms of approximate constants of motion. Constraints on the parameters characterizing the amplitude and shape of the stretched solitary wave are discussed.
Corruption and market attractiveness influences on different types of FDI

Previous studies have proposed that a compensatory model predicts the level of foreign direct investment (FDI) in a country; FDI levels are a result of ‘trade-offs’ between the positive effect of market attractiveness and the negative influence of corruption. In contrast, we hypothesize and find that the compensatory relationship only holds for market-seeking investment; for resource-seeking FDI the model appears to be noncompensatory. Greater market attractiveness mitigates the negative impact of corruption on market-seeking investment, but the ability of market attractiveness to mitigate the negative impact of corruption on resource-seeking FDI quickly disappears as corruption levels increase. Implications and future research directions are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artificial Intelligence within Sociology

The potential linkages between artificial intelligence and sociology are growing. This growth is due to importation of artificial intelligence techniques into methodological tools for data analysis, a growing interest among researchers in artificial intelligence in the socially situated agent, and a growing interest among sociologists in using artificial intelligence techniques for theorizing about social phenomena. Increasingly, researchers are addressing concerns of traditional importance within sociology, such as the bases for cooperation, the role of structure in affecting individual agency, and interaction using computational models of intelligent adaptive agents. This article provides an overview of the role that artificial intelligence currently plays within sociology.
Surface micromachined pressure transducers

Abstract Typical IC processing is fundamentally two dimensional; sensors are three-dimensional structures. In surface micromachining, two-dimensional IC processing is extended to sensor structures by the addition of one or more sacrificial layers which are removed by lateral etching. The resulting sensor structures involve the substrate and one or more deposited films which form the intended micromechanical component. The concepts of this type of sensor manufacturing are readily demonstrated by considering absolute pressure transducers in some detail. Absolute pressure transducers involve a vacuum-sealed cavity and a deformation sensing technique. The cavity is formed from the substrate and a low-pressure chemical vapor deposited polycrystalline silicon film. The mechanical properties of this film must be controlled well enough to allow the device to be designed. This implies morphological control during processing. Optimized films which do exhibit controlled compressive or tensile strains exclude oxygen or nitrogen and are therefore not modified by extended hydrofluoric acid etches. Their mechanical behavior is monitored by micromechanical test structures which measure Euler buckling and thereby determine the value of the built-in strain. The cavity vacuum is established by reactive sealing. Long-term vacuum integrity is achieved by a low-stress silicon nitride barrier which also acts as a dielectric isolation barrier. Sensing is accomplished via deposited polysilicon resistors. These devices behave like metal resistors in terms of their temperature coefficient of resistance and noise figure. Their piezoresistive behavior is larger than that of typical metal film structures and smaller than that of single-crystal resistors. Pressure sensors with four diaphragms, two active and two inactive, have been constructed and optimized towards manufacturability. The measured performance is excellent and agrees with the predictions of the design algorithm.
Clinical approaches to special issues related to opioid therapy.

Objectives To summarize the unique characteristics of methadone and the putative mechanisms of rapid-onset opioid formulations for breakthrough pain; to outline the principles underlying opioid rotation; and to describe elements of risk assessment in opioid therapy. Data Sources Published research articles and clinical experience. Conclusion Risk management for opioid therapy should involve multiple approaches, tools, and regular patient interactions; urine toxicology can be used to confirm suspicion of aberrant behavior. Yet, some aberrant drug-related behaviors can reflect opioid efficacy failure or a deterioration of the underlying condition. Opioid rotation can be an effective tool to manage cases where opioids have not effectively controlled pain or were associated with intolerable side effects. However, dose conversion requires careful calculation and continuing follow-up care. Treatment of both baseline pain and breakthrough pain is essential as both can erode an individual's quality of life. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology nurses can better address challenging clinical scenarios associated with opioid therapy.
Blastokinin secretion, ovarian activity, and embryo survival after melengestrol acetate in rabbits.

SummaryProgesterone and estradiol were measured in blood and blastokinin was assayed in uterine flushings collected from rabbits prior to and during treatment with melengestrol acetate (MGA) or corn oil and during the subsequent period of induced pseudopregnancy. Blastokinin was elevated during MGA treatment, but was transiently suppressed on Day 3 of pseudo-pregnancy after MGA when levels in corn oil-treated rabbits were 10-fold higher than those in rabbits given MGA. Estradiol and progesterone were not different between rabbits given the two treatments. Addition of purified blastokinin to embryo transfer media increased implantation rates in corn oil-treated recipients, but not in recipients pretreated with MGA.
Origin of stress and enhanced carrier transport in solution-cast organic semiconductor films

Molecular packing in laterally directed solution deposition is a strong function of variables such as printing speed, substrate temperature, and solution concentration. Knowledge of the ordering mechanisms impacts on the development of new processes and materials for improved electronic devices. Here, we present real-time synchrotron x-ray scattering results combined with optical video microscopy, revealing the stages of ordering during the deposition of organic thin films via hollow capillary writing. Limited long range ordering is observed during the initial crystallization, but it gradually develops over 3–4 s for a range of deposition conditions. Buckling of thin films is typically observed for deposition above room temperature. We infer that compressive stress originates from thermal transients related to solvent evaporation on timescales similar to the development of long range ordering. Under optimized conditions, elimination of cracks and other structural defects significantly improves the average...
Dexamethasone effects on Nav1.6 in tooth pulp, dental nerves, and alveolar osteoclasts of adult rats

Dexamethasone causes extensive physiologic reactions including the reduction of inflammation and pain. Here, we asked whether it also affected dental or periodontal cells or dental innervation by altering voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.6 immunoreactivity (IR) or neural synaptophysin. Daily dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg) given for 1 week to rats caused 12-fold increased intensity of Nav1.6-IR in dendritic pulpal cells of normal molars and incisors compared with vehicle treatment. These cells also co-localized monocyte (ED-1) or dendritic cell (CD11b/Ox42) markers, and their location in molars expanded during dexamethasone treatment to include deeper pulp. Furthermore, dexamethasone caused a 10-fold decrease in the number of Nav1.6-immunoreactive multinucleate osteoclasts along the alveolar bone of molar root sockets. No changes occurred for neural Nav1.6 at axonal nodes of Ranvier, even though IR for calcitonin gene-related peptide was greatly decreased, as expected, and neural synaptophysin-IR was decreased 59% by dexamethasone. At 4 days after tooth injury, pulpal vasodilation and increased Nav1.6-immunoreactive pulp cells were similar for all groups. Thus, dexamethasone changes dental pulp cell and alveolar osteoclast Nav1.6-IR in normal teeth, but different mechanisms occur after tooth injury when tissue reactions were similar for dexamethasone- and vehicle-treated rats. Steroid-induced alterations of dental pain and inflammation coincide with altered exocytic capability in dental nerve fibers as shown by synaptophysin-IR and with altered pulp cell Nav1.6-IR and osteoclast number, but not with any changes in Nav1.6-IR for nodes of Ranvier in myelinated dental axons.
Uterus didelphys with microscopic communication between horns

The case of a 14-year-old female adolescent, gravida 1, para 0, abortions 1, with a didelphic uterus and a blind vaginal pouch with microscopic communication between horns is reported. Reproductive performance in such cases is usually poor. The challenge of detection and evaluation as well as the genetic-embryologic origin is discussed.
Magnetic resonance imaging in tuberous sclerosis.

• Twenty-five patients with tuberous sclerosis were studied with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and these findings were compared with those of computed cranial tomography (CCT) and with the clinical severity of the disease. Multiple high-signal MRI lesions involving the cerebral cortex are characteristic of tuberous sclerosis and probably correspond to the hamartomas and gliotic areas seen pathologically. These cortical lesions were only occasionally seen with CCT. The periventricular calcific lesions characteristic of tuberous sclerosis are better visualized with CCT than with MRI, but the larger periventricular calcifications produce low-signal MRI abnormalities. Seven patients had high-signal MRI lesions of the cerebellum; small calcific cerebellar lesions were also noted with CCT in three patients. As in earlier studies, no clear correlation was seen between the number of abnormalities visible with CCT and the clinical severity of the disease. By contrast, the more severely affected patients tend to have a higher number of cerebral cortical lesions detected with MRI. Thus, MRI may be useful in predicting the eventual clinical severity of younger children with newly diagnosed tuberous sclerosis.
Bacterial Development in the Fast Lane

Timing is everything—in love, in war, in sports, and in politics—but what about during multicellular development of Myxococcus xanthus bacteria? In this issue, Higgs et al. ([9][1]) report that loss of a single protein kinase can radically change the timing of aggregation and sporulation of 100,
Prospects and possibilities in the realm of vinyl research

In most of the academic laboratories throughout the world, basic research on vinyl polymers has been of little interest for several years. To many observers, this situation has seemed illogical in view of the great commercial importance of vinyl products. Be that as it may, specific areas now exist where technological progress might well result from additional basic understanding or simply from the utilization of basic facts that already are well-known. This paper identifies some of those areas of opportunity and suggests ways in which they might be approached. The topics considered relate to the general subjects of polymerization, stabilization, smoke suppression, and fire retardance.
Free-standing microscale structures of nanocrystalline zirconia with biologically replicable three-dimensional shapes

Microscale zirconia structures with intricate three-dimensional (3D) shapes and nanoscale features were synthesized using diatom (single-celled algae) microshells as transient scaffolds. After exposure to a zirconium alkoxide-bearing solution and firing at 550–850 °C, silica-based diatom microshells were coated with a thin, continuous nanocrystalline zirconia layer. Predominantly tetragonal or monoclinic zirconia could be produced with appropriate heat treatments. Selective silica dissolution then yielded freestanding zirconia micro-assemblies that retained the microshell shape and fine features. Such hybrid (biological/synthetic chemical) processing may be used to mass-produce nanostructured micro-assemblies with a variety of 3D, biologically replicable shapes and tailored compositions for use in numerous applications.
Comparison of the Directigen Flu A+B Membrane Enzyme Immunoassay with Viral Culture for Rapid Detection of Influenza A and B Viruses in Respiratory Specimens

The performance of a commercially available, rapid membrane enzyme immunoassay for influenza A and B virus detection was compared to that of viral culture in 4,092 respiratory specimens collected from patients presenting with respiratory symptoms during the 2002-2003 influenza season. The test's overall sensitivity was 43.83%, lower than previously reported but similar for detection of both influenza A and B viruses (42.98 versus 44.76%). However, specificity, 99.74%, was excellent for both influenza A and B viruses (99.82 versus 99.92%). These values make this test a very good confirmatory test when clinical suspicion is high, but a less accurate screening test for large populations.
Considerations of rod-pinch diode operation in negative polarity for radiography

Negative polarity diode geometries are investigated from 2-10 MV with 2D PIC simulations for application to radiography. Rod-pinch (RP) diodes with non-reentrant blunt tip anodes (anode does not pass through a cathode aperture) are investigated and compared to self-magnetically-pinched (SMP) diodes with similar geometries. At lower voltages, reentrant RP geometries are needed so that the space-charge-limited (SCL) current will exceed the critical current. Once self-pinching is achieved, the electron flow patterns in both types of diodes are similar, but it is speculated that RP diodes will maintain their small spot size for the duration of the pulse. At higher voltage, negative polarity non-reentrant RP designs can take advantage of smaller spot sizes, larger forward-going dose, reduced ion losses, and resistance to gap closure by decoupling the spot from the diode impedance. Reduced ion currents increase the electron current on the high-Z target which could increase the dose by about 40% compared to a positive polarity RP geometry.
Micro‐ and nanomechanical structures for silicon carbide MEMS and NEMS

Silicon carbide (SiC) is recognized as the leading semiconductor for high power and high temperature electronics owing to its outstanding electrical properties combined with mature processing technologies for monolithic structures. SiC has long been known for its outstanding mechanical and chemical properties making it equally attractive for mechanical structures in micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS). Recent advancements in bulk and surface micromachining have led to the development of SiC analogues to common Si-based devices (i.e., resonators, pressure sensors). This paper presents an overview of MEMS and NEMS technologies that incorporate SiC as a key component in their mechanical structure, providing both a historical perspective as well as recent developments. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
COMMENTS ON GLOUDEMANS AND MILLER'S MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS APPLIED TO RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

Gloudemans and Miller [6] provide an interesting and useful application of regression analysis to the problem of residential property assessment. However, there are a number of problems with their model. These problems include: failure to consider the pitfalls of using stepwise regression in exploratory studies; failure to discuss levels of significance and appropriateness of signs of individual regression results; the use of ordinal data in the regression analysis; the use of an obscure and incorrect procedure for inflation adjustment; and, a general lack of a priori reasoning in the development and analysis of the article. These problems are discussed and possible remedies are considered.
Review: medical history, physical examination, and routine tests are useful for diagnosing heart failure in dyspnoea

I read with interest the commentary provided by Dr Wyer regarding the value of dyspnoea on exertion in congestive heart failure (HF).1 The data reveal the pooled positive likelihood ratio (+LR) for dyspnoea on exertion to be 1.3 and the negative likelihood ratio (−LR) to be 0.48. He states, “Surprisingly, the presence of dyspnoea on exertion has little effect on raising the likelihood of HF, although as expected, its absence lowers HF likelihood.” I concur that dyspnoea on exertion is not useful in raising the probability for HF considering the low +LR, but I disagree that the absence of dyspnoea on exertion lowers the likelihood of HF below a threshold probability where neither treatment nor further diagnostic intervention is warranted. If hypothetical pretest probabilities for HF are 0.60, 0.40, and 0.20, the post-test probabilities for a negative test (lack of dyspnoea on exertion) would decrease only to 0.42, 0.24, and 0.11, respectively. I doubt that …
The Bloom Software Visualziation System

Software understanding is the task of answering questions and gaining insights about software systems. In some cases it involves gathering broad-stroke information about what a system is doing; in other cases it involves understanding a particular aspect of the system; in still other cases it involves addressing very specific issues such as “when was this routine called?” or “what will happen if I change this input?”
Signal processing at the speed of lightwaves [photonic ADCs]

For some applications, the speed of the signal processing desired requires fast sampling rates. In this article, we highlight recent activity on development of photonic ADCs using optical sampling techniques. The primary purpose of this article is to highlight recent activity in the development of the optical sampling source technology and to show how different optical sampling approaches require different source technology.
Genetic testing and biomarkers in the new decade.

As of this writing, almost 2000 diseases have a genetic test (National Institutes of Health, 2008). While this increase in the number of tests is a good sign, there continues to be a logjam in the development of treatments for these conditions. Only about 350 drugs have been approved for these diseases, and there remains a long and difficult road ahead. A 2006 U.S. Government Accountability Office report (GAO, 2006:4) on new drug development states:
Evolution of Synthyris sect. Dissecta (Plantaginaceae) on sky islands in the Northern Rocky Mountains

We examined the phylogeography of Synthyris sect. Dissecta (Plantaginaceae), which is restricted to the Olympic (S. lanuginosa) and Northern Rocky Mountains (S. dissecta and S. canbyi), to infer effects of sky islands and modes of speciation. Sequences of cpDNA trnT-trnL and psbA-trnH intergenic spacers resolved 22 haplotypes among 185 individuals sampled from 16 populations of the three species. Gene flow in the ancestral lineage and random capture of haplotypes in species lineages of sect. Dissecta have resulted in haplotype clades that are not exclusive to species. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicates that allopatric fragmentation separated Olympic and Northern Rocky Mountain populations, giving rise to the Olympic endemic S. lanuginosa, which is characterized by unique haplotypes consistent with long temporal isolation. Low haplotype and nucleotide diversity in S. canbyi are consistent with newly founded populations experiencing a bottleneck. Furthermore, we infer S. canbyi evolved as a peripheral isolate of S. dissecta. NCA indicated limited migration in S. dissecta with possible isolation by distance. Both isolation on interglacial sky islands and valley glaciers during at least the last glaciation limited gene flow among populations of S. dissecta in different ranges of the Northern Rocky Mountains.
The miaA mutator phenotype of Escherichia coli K-12 requires recombination functions.

miaA mutants, which contain A-37 instead of the ms2i6A-37 hypermodification in their tRNA, show a moderate mutator phenotype leading to increased GC→TA transversion. We show that the miaA mutator phenotype is dependent on recombination functions similar to, but not exactly the same as, those required for translation stress-induced mutagenesis.
Designing a mobile user interface for automated species identification

Biological research in the field is constrained by the speed and difficulty of species determination, as well as by access to relevant information about the species encountered. However, recent work on vision-based algorithms raises the promise of rapid botanical species identification. The potential for mobile vision-based identification provides opportunities for new user interface techniques. To explore these issues, we present LeafView, a Tablet-PC-based user interface for an electronic field guide that supports automated identification of botanical species in the field. We describe a user interface design based on an ethnographic study of botanists, field tests of working prototypes by botanists at the Smithsonian Institution on Plummers Island, Maryland, and observations at an internal exhibition at the Smithsonian at which other staff members tried the prototypes. We present functionality specific to mobile identification and collection in the electronic field guide and use this to motivate discussion of mobile identification in general.
Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement

Summary. — Is the conflict between biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction, which frequently arises in park creation programs, insoluble? The authors report empirical evidence from 12 case studies from six countries, which are analyzed through the conceptual lens of the Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction Model for Involuntary Resettlement. The research concludes conservatively that parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues, despite its deleterious outcomes. The authors argue that the park-establishment strategy predicated upon compulsory population displacement has exhausted its credibility and compromised the cause of biodiversity conservation by inflicting aggravated impoverishment on very large numbers of people. They recommend that the concerned Governments should desist using the eviction approach. The alternative course, proposed by the authors, is to replace forced displacements with a pro-poor strategy that pursues ‘‘double sustainability,’’ to protect both the biodiversity and people’s livelihoods at the same time. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Defining success in fisheries and conflicts in objectives

Abstract The traditional fisheries management objectives of maximizing yield and employment lead to heavily exploited stocks. Many current high-profile disputes arise from conflicting objectives, and the proposed solutions to “the fisheries problem” are primarily particular stakeholders’ efforts to have managers implement their own objectives. I suggest many “failures” are in fact successes for other objectives. Fisheries objectives, as reflected in management actions, are changing. Two current trends are the acceptance of objectives that value less disturbed ecosystems and acceptance of fisheries allocation through dedicated access to improve the fisheries’ economic efficiency. I suggest that increased use of dedicated access will result in more congruent objectives and less conflict.
An Assessment Of Computer Technology For Large Scale Power System Simulation

A true technological explosion has taken place in the computer hardware industry in the last few years. Words such as parallel processing, vector processors, array processors, pipelined machines, "number crunching", and megaflops (Millions of FLoating-point OPerations per Second) are heard regularly. Computer manufacturers have responded to the needs of specific groups requiring, above all else, high speed arithmetic capability. The result is a host of new machines which are called in this paper "vector processors". This paper will assess the applicability of vector processors to power flow and transient stability simulation programs and will indicate how these pro- grams should be organized to run efficiently on these new machines. The approach taken will be to survey the entire class of vector processors available now and in the near future, to attempt to raise the reported low efficiency of sparsity-coded programs for large vector processors by reorganizing their sparse structure, and to show how the most time-consuming parts of power system simulation can be "vectorized" for these machines.
Recovery from exercise-induced desaturation in the quadriceps muscles of elite competitive rowers

A simple muscle tissue spectrophotometer is adapted to measure the recovery time (TR) for hemoglobin/myoglobin (Hb/Mb) desaturation in the capillary bed of exercising muscle, termed a deoxygenation meter. The use of the instrument for measuring the extent of deoxygenation is presented, but the use of TR avoids difficulties of quantifying Hb/Mb saturation changes. The TR reflects the balance of oxygen delivery and oxygen demand in the localized muscles of the quadriceps following work near maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in elite male and female rowers (a total of 22) on two occasions, 1 yr apart. TR ranged from 10 to 80 s and was interpreted as a measure of the time for repayment of oxygen and energy deficits accumulated during intense exercise by tissue respiration under ADP control. The Hb/Mb resaturation times provide a noninvasive localized indication of the degree of O2 delivery stress as evoked by rowing ergometry and may provide directions for localized muscle power output improvement for particular individuals in rowing competitions.
Mixing of granular materials in slowly rotated containers

Noncohesive granular materials in slowly rotated containers mix by discrete avalanches; such a process can be described mathematically as a mapping of avalanching wedges. A natural decomposition is thus proposed: a geometrical part consisting of a mapping wedge {r_arrow} wedge, which captures large-scale aspects of the problem; a dynamical part confined to the avalanche itself, which captures details emanating from differences in size/density/morphology. Both viewpoints are developed and comparisons with experiments are used to verify the predictions of the models. In this article, the authors develop a model of granular mixing and show how to extend the model in order that it may: (1) handle complicated geometries, (2) be applicable for 3-D mixers, (3) rapidly test mixing enhancement strategies, and (4) incorporate differences in particle properties. In addition, an optimal fill level is determined for several 2-D mixing geometries, and a novel hybrid--geometrical/dynamical--computational technique is proposed. By merging the geometrical and dynamical viewpoints, this technique reduces the computational time of a typical molecular-dynamics-type simulation by a factor of 15. The ultimate goal is to provide fundamental understanding and tools for the rational design and optimization of granular mixing devices.
Rainfall effects on rare annual plants

Summary 1. Variation in climate is predicted to increase over much of the planet this century. Forecasting species persistence with climate change thus requires understanding of how populations respond to climate variability, and the mechanisms underlying this response. Variable rainfall is well known to drive fluctuations in annual plant populations, yet the degree to which population response is driven by between-year variation in germination cueing, water limitation or competitive suppression is poorly understood. 2. We used demographic monitoring and population models to examine how three seed banking, rare annual plants of the California Channel Islands respond to natural variation in precipitation and their competitive environments. Island plants are particularly threatened by climate change because their current ranges are unlikely to overlap regions that are climatically favourable in the future. 3. Species showed 9 to 100-fold between-year variation in plant density over the 5‐12 years of censusing, including a severe drought and a wet El Nino year. During the drought, population sizes were low for all species. However, even in non-drought years, population sizes and per capita growth rates showed considerable temporal variation, variation that was uncorrelated with total rainfall. These population fluctuations were instead correlated with the temperature after the first major storm event of the season, a germination cue for annual plants. 4. Temporal variation in the density of the focal species was uncorrelated with the total vegetative cover in the surrounding community, suggesting that variation in competitive environments does not strongly determine population fluctuations. At the same time, the uncorrelated responses of the focal species and their competitors to environmental variation may favour persistence via the storage effect. 5. Population growth rate analyses suggested differential endangerment of the focal annuals. Elasticity analyses and life table response experiments indicated that variation in germination has the same potential as the seeds produced per germinant to drive variation in population growth rates, but only the former was clearly related to rainfall. 6. Synthesis . Our work suggests that future changes in the timing and temperatures associated with the first major rains, acting through germination, may more strongly affect population persistence than changes in season-long rainfall.
Antisense knockout of HOXB4 blocks 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibition of c-myc expression

The expression of c-myc is decreased by 1,25-(OH)2D(3) during HL-60 cell differentiation. Concomitantly, 1,25-(OH)2D(3) increases the expression and DNA binding activity of HOXB4, a homeobox gene. HOXB4 binds to the c-my c gene at sites involved in blocking c-myc transcription elongation. In this study, a phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide targeted against HOXB4 was examined for its effect on 1,25-(OH)2D(3) inhibition of c-myc expression. Alone, 1,25-(OH)2D(3) (20 nM) increased HOXB4 levels by 103+/-7% (mean+/-s.e., n=3) and decreased c-myc levels by 89+/-5% (mean+/-s.e.m., n=3) at 48 h of treatment. HOXB4 antisense treatment completely blocked the induction of HOXB4 by 1,25-(OH)2D(3). In addition, HOXB4 antisense partially blocked 1,25-(OH)2D(3)-mediated decrease in c-myc levels (46+/-6% inhibition) and promotion of HL-60 cell differentiation (20+/-2% and 25+/-3% inhibition as assessed by nitroblue tetrazolium and non-specific esterase assays respectively). The data further establish that HOXB4 levels are regulated by 1,25-(OH)2D(3) and reveal that HOXB4 participates in the down-regulation of c-myc expression.
Predicting agent strategy mix of evolving populations

We study agent societies where self-interested agents interact repeatedly over extended time periods. In particular, we are interested in environments where agents can form mutually beneficial relationships by exchanging help but an agent would rather receive help than give it. Evolutionary tournaments with competing help-giving strategies can model scenarios where agents periodically adopt strategies that are outperforming others in the population. Such experiments, however, can be computationally costly and hence it is difficult to prescribe a rational strategy choice given environmental conditions like task mix, strategy distribution in the population, etc. A preferred approach, pursued in this paper, is to analytically capture the dynamics of the strategy mix in the population under an evolutionary tournament. Such an analytical model can be used to predict the evolutionarily dominant strategy, the rational strategy choice.
Use of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrabromobenzene as a 1,4‐Benzadiyne Equivalent: anti‐ and syn‐1,4,5,8‐Tetrahydroanthracene 1,4:5,8‐Diepoxides

Use of 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene as a 1,4-Benzadiyne Equivalent: anti- and syn-1,4,5,8-Tetrahydroanthracene 1,4:5,8-diepoxides product: anti- and syn-1,4,5,8-Tetrahydroanthracene 1,4:5,8-Diepoxides Keywords: addition, to CC–CC; annulation, carbocyclic-[6]; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; cyclization, cycloaddition; diels-alder reactions; elimination, miscellaneous
Asymptotically optimal trade-off between local and global connectivity in wireless networks

We analyze large, random network topologies that arise in ad hoc or sensor networks. A fundamental requirement of communication in these systems is reachability, that is, to have a connected network topology. It is known, however, that the price for full connectivity is very high, as it requires unbounded local complexity, i.e., it forces the nodes to have infinitely growing degrees to achieve asymptotic connectivity. This means a lack of scalability, which is known to hold for a quite general class of random network topology models. Therefore, an important step in analyzing the performance of such networks is to explore the trade-off between the fraction of nodes that still belong to a connected component vs. a bound imposed on local connectivity, i.e., on the node degrees. We investigate this issue in a model that is more general than previously investigated random wireless network topology models. In our general model we derive an asymptotically optimal trade-off between node degrees and the fraction of nodes that form a connected component.
Boron uptake, localization, and speciation in marine brown algae

In contrast to the generally boron-poor terrestrial environment, the concentration of boron in the marine environment is relatively high (0.4 mM) and while there has been extensive interest in its use as a surrogate of pH in paleoclimate studies in the context of climate change-related questions, the relatively depth independent, and the generally non-nutrient-like concentration profile of this element have led to boron being neglected as a potentially biologically relevant element in the ocean. Among the marine plant-like organisms the brown algae (Phaeophyta) are one of only five lineages of photosynthetic eukaryotes to have evolved complex multicellularity. Many of unusual and often unique features of brown algae are attributable to this singular evolutionary history. These adaptations are a reflection of the marine coastal environment which brown algae dominate in terms of biomass. Consequently, brown algae are of fundamental importance to oceanic ecology, geochemistry, and coastal industry. Our results indicate that boron is taken up by a facilitated diffusion mechanism against a considerable concentration gradient. Furthermore, in both Ectocarpus and Macrocystis some boron is most likely bound to cell wall constituent alginate and the photoassimilate mannitol located in sieve cells. Herein, we describe boron uptake, speciation, localization and possible biological function in two species of brown algae, Macrocystis pyrifera and Ectocarpus siliculosus.
Open Extraction of Fine-Grained Political Statements

Text data has recently been used as evidence in estimating the political ideologies of individuals, including political elites and social media users. While inferences about people are often the intrinsic quantity of interest, we draw inspiration from open information extraction to identify a new task: inferring the political import of propositions like OBAMA IS A SOCIALIST. We present several models that exploit the structure that exists between people and the assertions they make to learn latent positions of people and propositions at the same time, and we evaluate them on a novel dataset of propositions judged on a political spectrum.
The Role of Interferon in Virus-Induced Diabetes

The repeated administration of interferon (IFN) or an IFN inducer reduced the development of diabetes in mice infected with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Mice treated with the IFN inducer had less infectious virus, fewer pathologic changes, and higher concentrations of immunoreactive insulin in the islets of Langerhans in comparison with untreated mice. Antibody to mouse IFN (MuIFN) suppressed circulating IFN in mice infected with the B variant of EMC virus. Mice treated with antibody to MuIFN had four times more infected islet cells and 10 times more infectious virus in the pancreas compared with untreated mice. Of the surviving animals treated with antibody to MuIFN, \40% developed mild diabetes whereas none of the mice developed diabetes when infected with the B variant of EMC virus alone. The IFN system is an important determinant of the outcome in EMC virus-induced diabetes in mice.