cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromospheric Activity in the Late A- and Early F-Type Stars of Open Clusters. I. Hyades, Praesepe, and Coma

We report observations of the He I λ5876 (D3) line in the late A- and early F-type stars in the Hyades, Praesepe, and Coma star clusters used to determine chromospheric activity levels. The average activity level in the early F-type stars is statistically identical in the three clusters and in field dwarfs, and the dispersion in activity levels in each sample is similar. The earliest star detected in each cluster ranges from B-V = 0.26 in the Hyades to B-V = 0.31 in Praesepe. However, four stars in the Hyades in the range 0.28-0.32 are not detected. The detection of Hyades star VB 84 at B-V = 0.26 represents the bluest star observed to date with a statistically nonzero chromospheric D3 equivalent width. In nine early F-type stars we compare D3 strength either during two different observing runs or in several individual integrations. In two stars we find evidence for short-term variability of a factor of 2 on timescales of 1 day or less. The timescale of the variability is consistent with rotational modulation. Finally, the similarity in chromospheric activity in the Hyades and Praesepe stars contrasts with the significant weakness of coronal X-ray emission of early F-type stars in Praesepe compared to Hyades. We have no explanation for this difference; however, this result suggests that the observed disappearance of D3 in the late A-type stars is not directly caused by the weak coronal emission of these stars.
A statistical sampling algorithm for RNA secondary structure prediction

An RNA molecule, particularly a long-chain mRNA, may exist as a population of structures. Further more, multiple structures have been demonstrated to play important functional roles. Thus, a representation of the ensemble of probable structures is of interest. We present a statistical algorithm to sample rigorously and exactly from the Boltzmann ensemble of secondary structures. The forward step of the algorithm computes the equilibrium partition functions of RNA secondary structures with recent thermodynamic parameters. Using conditional probabilities computed with the partition functions in a recursive sampling process, the backward step of the algorithm quickly generates a statistically representative sample of structures. With cubic run time for the forward step, quadratic run time in the worst case for the sampling step, and quadratic storage, the algorithm is efficient for broad applicability. We demonstrate that, by classifying sampled structures, the algorithm enables a statistical delineation and representation of the Boltzmann ensemble. Applications of the algorithm show that alternative biological structures are revealed through sampling. Statistical sampling provides a means to estimate the probability of any structural motif, with or without constraints. For example, the algorithm enables probability profiling of single-stranded regions in RNA secondary structure. Probability profiling for specific loop types is also illustrated. By overlaying probability profiles, a mutual accessibility plot can be displayed for predicting RNA:RNA interactions. Boltzmann probability-weighted density of states and free energy distributions of sampled structures can be readily computed. We show that a sample of moderate size from the ensemble of an enormous number of possible structures is sufficient to guarantee statistical reproducibility in the estimates of typical sampling statistics. Our applications suggest that the sampling algorithm may be well suited to prediction of mRNA structure and target accessibility. The algorithm is applicable to the rational design of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides, and trans-cleaving ribozymes in gene knock-down studies.
Thermophotovoltaic and photovoltaic conversion at high-flux densities

We first discuss the similarities between generation of electricity using thermophotovoltaic (TPV) and high-optical-concentration solar photovoltaic (PV) devices. Following this, we consider power losses due to above- and below-bandgap photons, and we estimate the ideal bandgap by minimizing the sum of these, for a 6000 K black-body spectrum. The ideal bandgap, based on this approach, is less than that previously predicted, which could have a significant influence on the performance of devices and systems. To reduce the losses, we show that the low-energy photons may be removed from both types of cells and consider the specific case of a back-surface reflector. This approach to the management of waste heat may offer a useful additional tool with which to facilitate the design of high-photon-flux solar cells. In the case of the high-energy photons and the associated problem of thermalization of hot electrons, however, the heat must be removed by other means, and we consider the applicability of microchannel cooling systems. These appear to have the potential to handle thermal loads at least several times those generated by 1000 times concentrators, or by black-body TPV radiators at a temperature of far greater than 1500 K. We go on to consider the management of the very high currents generated in both concentrator TPV and PV systems and discuss the concept of the monolithically integrated minimodule.
Effects of spaceflight and thyroid deficiency on rat hindlimb development. II. Expression of MHC isoforms.

Both slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles are undifferentiated after birth as to their contractile protein phenotype. Thus we examined the separate and combined effects of spaceflight (SF) and thyro...
Determinants Of Crime In Virginia: An Empirical Analysis

This paper is an empirical analysis of the determinants of crime in Virginia. O ver a dozen explanatory variables that current literature suggests as important determinants of crime are collected. The data is from 1970 to 2000. These include economic, fiscal, demographic, political, and social variables. The regression results indicate that crime is a function of a number of variables, which supports the predictions of the empirical literature on crime.
A Review of “Learning from Greensboro: Truth and Reconciliation in the United States”: Magarrell, Lisa, and Joya Wesley, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 278 pp., $49.95, ISBN 978-0-8122-4110-5 Publication Date: October 2008

In Learning from Greensboro: Truth and Reconciliation in the United States, authors Lisa Magarrell and Joya Wesley tackle the story of how and why the Greensboro (N.C.) Truth and Reconciliation Com...
Reactivity at the Lithium–Metal Anode Surface of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Due to their high energy density and reduced cost, lithium–sulfur batteries are promising alternatives for applications such as electrical vehicles. However, a number of technical challenges need to be overcome in order to make them feasible for commercial uses. These challenges arise from the battery highly interconnected chemistry, which besides the electrochemical reactions includes side reactions at both electrodes and migration of soluble polysulfide (PS) species produced at the cathode to the anode side. The presence of such PS species alters the already complex reactivity of the Li anode. In this work, interfacial reactions occurring at the surface of Li metal anodes due to electrochemical instability of the electrolyte components and PS species are investigated with density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics methods. It is found that the bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt reacts very fast when in contact with the Li surface, and anion decomposition precedes salt dissocia...
InGaAs 3D MOSFETs with drastically different shapes formed by anisotropic wet etching

In this work, we report on a 3D device fabrication technology achieved by applying a novel anisotropic wet etching method. By aligning channel structures along different crystal orientations, high performance 3D InGaAs devices with different channel shapes such as fins, nanowires and waves have been demonstrated. With further optimizing off-state leakage path by barrier engineering, a record high ION/IOFF over 108 and minimum IOFF∼3pA/μm have been obtained from InGaAs FinFET device. Scaling metrics for InGaAs GAA MOSFETs and FinFETs are systematically studied with Lch from 800 nm down to 50 nm and WFin/WNW from 100 nm down to 20 nm which shows an excellent immunity to short channel effects.
Tevatron status

Since Tevatron commissioning in July 1983, the accelerator has operated in 1984, 1985, and 1987 with extracted beams of 800 GeV for three runs of fixed target physics, and in 1987 and 1988 with proton-antiproton colliding beams at 900*900 GeV. The collider operation of the Tevatron; its present status, and the outlook for its long-term future evolution are reviewed. >
Why Do Ravens Fear Their Food

ALVAREZ DEL TORO, M. 1971. El bienparado o pajaro estaca (Nyctibius griseus mexicanus Nelson). Revista Instituto de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. ser. 2, 2-3:7-13. HAVERSCHMIDT, F. 1948. Observations on Nyctibius grandis in Surinam. Auk 65:30-32. HAVERSCHMIDT, F. 1968. Birds of Surinam. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and London. LAND, H. C., AND W. L. SCHULTZ. 1963. A proposed subspecies of the Great Potoo, Nyctibius grandis (Gmelin). Auk 80:195-196. PENARD, F. P., AND A. P. PENARD. 1908. De Vogels van Guyana. Wed. F. P. Penard, Paramaribo. PERRY, D. R. 1979. The Great Potoo in Costa Rica. Condor 81:320-321. SICK, H. 1951. Das Ei von Nyctibius grandis (Gmelin) und Bemerkungen fiber andere Tagschlifer-eier. Die Vogelvelt 72:40-43. SKUTCH, A. F. 1970. Life history of the Common Potoo. Living Bird 9:265-280. SLUD, P. 1979. Calls of the Great Potoo. Condor 81: 322. TROTH, R. G. 1979. Vegetational types on a ranch in the central llanos of Venezuela, p. 17-30. In J. F. Eisenberg [ed.], Vertebrate ecology in the northern neotropics. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. WETMORE, A. 1968. The birds of the Republic of Panamai. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 150, part 2.
The impact of a pilot cooking intervention for parent-child dyads on the consumption of foods prepared away from home

This pilot study investigated the impact of a parent-child dyad cooking intervention on reducing eating dinner away from home. Eating away from home often results in consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods that can contribute to excess energy consumption in children. A pre-post design to evaluate a 10-week cooking intervention on reducing eating dinner away from home, energy intake, and improving diet quality was implemented. The intervention was delivered at an instructional kitchen on a university campus and assessments were completed at a children's academic medical center. Subjects included six parent-child dyads whom reported eating dinner away from home ≥3 times/week and in which the parent was overweight based on their body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m(2). Parents were a mean age of 34.7 (SD = 3.9) years, and children were a mean age of 8.7 (SD = 2.0) years. Two-thirds of parents self-identified themselves and their children as White. Results showed the proportion of dinners consumed by parent-child dyads away from home significantly decreased (F (1,161) = 16.1, p < 0.05) from 56% at baseline to 25% at post-treatment. Dyad cholesterol intake at dinner also significantly decreased over time; however, changes in energy intake, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium at dinner were not significant. A large effect size was found for changes in parent ratings of enjoyment of cooking between baseline and post-treatment. A cooking intervention that involves parent-child dyads and incorporates behavior management strategies and nutrition education may be an innovative obesity prevention intervention.
Electrochemical studies of phenyl sulphonyl ethanone derivatives compounds on corrosion of aluminum in 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions

Abstract Inhibition influence of phenyl sulphonyl ethanone derivatives (PSED) on corrosion of aluminum in 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions were investigated by many techniques namely potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) supplemented by studying the surface morphology using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that the investigated compounds act as mixed type inhibitors. The inhibition efficiency increases by increasing compounds concentration, but decreases by raising temperature. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. Electrochemical frequency modulation results indicates that each spectrum is a current response as a function of frequency. A kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm well fit the experimental data. The scanning electron microscope results showed the formation of a protective film on the metal surface in the presence of investigated compounds. According to molecular dynamics simulations the investigated compounds have been simulated as adsorbate on Al (1 1 1) substrate and the adsorption energy have been identified o aluminum surface. Some quantum chemical parameters were calculated to improve further insight into the mechanism of inhibition of the corrosion process.
Clinical significance of eosinophilic silver protein in T lymphocytes nucleoli area of people exposed to Benzene

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of nuclear organizer regions eosinophilic silver protein (Ag-NORs) in the peripheral T lymphocytes nucleoli composition area as a early effect biomarker of exposure to Benzene.Method Ag-NORs expression was detected by silver-staining (I.S%) in T cells and was examined using KL-cell immunity image analysis system and auxiliary reagent.Results I.S% in high exposure group(n=30),low exposure group(n=30),and normal control group(n=30) were (6.2±0.7),(7.5±0.8),and (7.6±0.7),respectively,and the differences between the three groups were statistically significant(F=2.36,P=0.013).The high exposure group is lower than the low exposure group and control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P0.01).The low exposure group and the controls has no significant difference (P0.05).Conclusion Ag-NORs can reflect the level of Benzene expose,and it has significance on the screening of Benzene sensitivity.
Research and Simulation of Variable Frequency Speed Regulation System Based on Dual-Stage Matrix Converter

The deficiencies of the traditional AC-DC-AC variable frequency system are large volume and heavy harmonic content because of middle filter inductor and capacitor.In order to overcome these shortcomings,dual-stage matrix converter fed asynchronous motor adjustable speed system was researched.The system has not only similar function to the traditional AC-DC-AC variable frequency system,but also compact structure,small volume and light weight.It can shape the input current into sinusoidal wave,with no harmonic pollution to grid.Double space vector modulation can realize zero current commutation of the rectifier side,greatly reduce the switch loss,and improve the efficiency of the converter.Simulation results suggested that the proposed system possesses well steady and dynamic performance,and maintains fast and stable variations of torque and rotational speed when motor starting and stopping.
Toward a science of morality: response to Christian Miller's critique

In developing a science of morality, many examples are provided not only to document the moral progress that has been made over the centuries, but also the reasons why and how this progress has been made. Instead of moralizing about human action and social problems that we find deplorable or undesirable, ever since the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment we started seeing them as problems to be solved. A science of morality begins with the discovery of rights and other moral values and emotions, starting with the recognition of the individual as an autonomous moral agent with an evolved natural desire to survive and flourish.
Improved (and Singular) Disinfectant Protocol for Indirectly Assessing Organic Precursor Concentrations of Trihalomethanes and Dihaloacetonitriles

Measurements of disinfection byproduct (DBP) organic precursor concentrations (OPCs) are crucial to assess and improve DBP control processes. Typically, formation potential tests – specified in Standard Methods (SM) 5710-B/D – are used to measure OPCs. Here, we highlight several limitations of this protocol for dihaloacetonitriles and trihalomethanes and validate a novel Alternative Method (AM). The effects of pH, disinfectant type (free chlorine and monochloramine), and chlor(am)ine residual (CR) were examined on DBP formation in a suite of waters. Using the SM, DHAN decreased 43–47% as the CR increased from 3 to 5 mg L–1 as Cl2, compromising OPC assessments. In contrast, a high monochloramine dose (250 mg L–1 as Cl2) at pH 7.0 (the AM) accurately reflected OPCs. The two methods were compared for assessing DBP precursor removal through three granular activated carbon (GAC) columns in series. Breakthrough profiles assessed using the AM only showed DBP precursor sorption occurred in each column that decrea...
“What Happened to Me Can Happen to Anybody”—Women Exonerees Speak Out

Only a few studies have investigated the psychological consequences of wrongful conviction; several others have examined the psychological consequences of incarceration and its impact on reentry and reintegration, primarily for men. For women who have been wrongfully convicted and subsequently released from prison into the free world, there are further indignities and unique issues: having to deal with the deep personal loss of murdered loved ones along with criminal charges; the absence of DNA evidence, making convictions harder to fight; stigmatization by prosecutors and the media; and unique emotional and medical needs. This Article presents findings from in-depth interviews with twenty-one exonerated women and describes the unique qualities and needs faced by wrongfully convicted women during their arrest, trial, conviction, imprisonment, release, and post-release, and the creative and resourceful strategies that have helped them cope with an untenable reality. By giving voice to their lived experiences, this Article seeks to personalize and contextualize the events surrounding the cases, to humanize the people whose lives have been destroyed, and to establish identities amidst an overwhelming sea of facts and statistics. In addition, this Article provides valuable insights and information for clinicians, counselors, families, friends, employers, and communities working to help wrongfully convicted women, and for lawyers, policy-makers, and advocates working to promote social justice and criminal justice reform.
Temporal and spatial oversampling in direct sequence CDMA systems: A linear algebra approach

In this work we present a unified analysis of the capacity and performance gains attainable by oversampling at the receiver in the temporal and spatial domains under multiple transmit antennas through a linear algebra approach. We quantify the increase in dimensionality gain beyond the spreading factor and illustrate the increase in system performance.
Equal access to the courts in translation: a corpus-driven study on translation shifts in waivers of counsel

ABSTRACTAs the number of limited English proficiency speakers in the United States continues to increase, court administrators face mounting pressure to ensure that services are provided to linguistic minorities and that the availability and adequacy of these services meet this growing need and provide equal footing to non-English-speaking litigants. Several states now provide legal forms and documentation in multiple languages in order to provide greater transparency and access to the legal system and to ensure due process for non-English-speaking parties. The translation process and quality control/assurance mechanisms, however, vary across these programs. This corpus-driven study examines translations of court-provided waivers of counsel. The results reveal shifts potentially attributable to a residual effect of the source language or to differing legal systems. Problematic target language renditions at the lexical and syntactic level potentially alter the end user’s ability to understand the performat...
Computer Informed and Flexible Family-Based Treatment for Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial for at-Risk Racial/Ethnic Minority Adolescents

Family interventions have been shown to be effective for adolescents with behavior problems. Current literature supports both adaptive treatments and technology-assisted interventions as highly promising innovations for treating at-risk adolescents. The purpose of this investigation was to develop and test the efficacy of a computer-assisted version of an established office-based multicomponent family therapy. Eighty Hispanic and Black Non-Hispanic adolescents and their families participated in the study and were randomized to either Immediate Computer-Assisted CIFFTA or Delayed Computer-Assisted CIFFTA. Significant between-groups effects were found from baseline to posttreatment showing the superiority of the Immediate CA CIFFTA condition on both the Conduct Disorder (B = -5.17, SE = 1.73, p < .01, CI [-8.55, -1.79]) and Socialized Aggression (B = -2.04, SE = .83, p < .05, CI [-3.67, -.41]) subscales of the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist, on the Youth Self Report Externalizing scale (B = -4.22, SE = 1.40, p < .01, CI [-6.95, -1.48]), and on both the parent (B = 1.34, SE = .50, p < .01, CI [.36, 2.32]) and adolescent (B = 1.31, SE = .46, p < .01, CI [.41, 2.21]) reports of the Family Environment Scale’s family cohesion subscale. Baseline to 6-weeks posttreatment (T1-T3) analyses showed that these significant within-subjects effects were sustained for the treatment group. Results highlight that adolescent behavior problems can be significantly impacted by a computer-assisted intervention that replaces psychoeducational face-to-face meetings with computer-delivered modules.
Human pancreatic cancer xenografts recapitulate key aspects of cancer cachexia

Cancer cachexia represents a debilitating syndrome that diminishes quality of life and augments the toxicities of conventional treatments. Cancer cachexia is particularly debilitating in patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). Mechanisms responsible for cancer cachexia are under investigation and are largely derived from observations in syngeneic murine models of cancer which are limited in PC. We evaluate the effect of human PC cells on both muscle wasting and the systemic inflammatory milieu potentially contributing to PC-associated cachexia. Specifically, human PC xenografts were generated by implantation of pancreatic cancer cells, L3.6pl and PANC-1, either in the flank or orthotopically within the pancreas. Mice bearing orthotopic xenografts demonstrated significant muscle wasting and atrophy-associated gene expression changes compared to controls. Further, despite the absence of adaptive immunity, splenic tissue from orthotopically engrafted mice demonstrated elevations in several pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with cancer cachexia, including TNFα, IL1β, IL6 and KC (murine IL8 homologue), when compared to controls. Therefore, data presented here support further investigation into the complexity of cancer cachexia in PC to identify potential targets for this debilitating syndrome.
“e Impact of association intensity for Role of New Packaging and Purchase decision: An Explorative Study"

The importance of packaging design as a vehicle for communication and branding is growing in competitive markets for packaged food products. This research utilized a focus group methodology to understand consumer behavior toward such products and how packaging elements can affect buying decisions. Visual package elements play a major role, representing the product for many consumers, especially in low involvement, and when they are rushed. Most focus group participants say they use label information, but they would like it if simplified. The challenge for researchers is to integrate packaging into an effective purchasing decision model, by understanding packaging elements as important marketing communications tools. Propositions for future research are proposed which will help in developing better understanding of consumer response to packaging elements.
Higher myocardial strain rates during isovolumic relaxation phase than during ejection characterize acutely ischemic myocardium.

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to define an index that can differentiate normal from ischemic myocardial segments that exhibit postsystolic shortening (PSS).Background: Identificatio...
The Creation Corridor: Environmental Load and Pre-Organization Information-Processing Ability:

A model of the relationships between pre-organlzational Information processing and environmental load specifies an interaction effect on new organization creation. The model proposes that levels of...
Regulation of pediatric intensive care unit nurse practitioner practice: A national survey.

Purpose:To describe the extent to which organizational regulation of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) nurse practitioner (NP) practice and prescriptive authority aligns with state scope-of-practice (SSOP) regulations, to examine differences between PICU medical directors' and NPs' report of regu
Study of Factors Affecting Temperature, Relative Humidity and Moisture Loss in Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Storages**Issued as NRCC No. 12278.

Abstract This report presents a mathematical analysis of the relation between temperature, relative humidity, and moisture loss in fresh fruit and vegetable storages, and the factors affecting these variables. Factors included are heat of respiration (q), coefficient of transpiration (k), loading density (B), velocity of air movement (v) and depth of loading (x). Values of q, k, B and ν used in calculations are based on experimental measurement and the results obtained are compared with test results and field observations. A commodity having a very high coefficient of transpiration (carrots) is used as the main example but the equations derived are general in nature and can be used to indicate temperature, relative humidity and moisture loss under a wide range of conditions, providing a basis for assessment of methods for controlling temperature variation, relative humidity, and moisture loss. The results indicate, for example, that increased air velocity may under some conditions be used to reduce rate of moisture loss.
SCHOOL model and new targeting strategies.

Protein-protein interactions play a central role in biological processes and thus are an appealing target for innovative drug design and development. They can be targeted by small molecule inhibitors, peptides and peptidomimetics, which represent an alternative to protein therapeutics that carry many disadvantages.
Prognostic factors, treatment, and survival in cutaneous pleomorphic sarcoma.

Background Limited information exists on the influence of demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment on survival in cutaneous pleomorphic sarcoma (CPS). Objective To describe incidence rates and prognostic factors affecting survival in CPS. Methods National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data (1972-2013) was analyzed for 2423 patients with CPS diagnoses. Results The age-adjusted incidence rate was 0.152 cases/100,000 person-years and was 4.5-fold higher in male than female patients. Male sex, white race, and increasing age >40 years were significantly associated with decreased overall survival. Head and neck tumors, tumors >15 mm, and tumors with grade III or IV histology were associated with significantly decreased survival. Surgical excision had a survival benefit compared with no treatment. Radiation therapy did not provide a survival benefit. Patients with localized disease had the greatest survival followed by regional and distant disease. Limitations Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data might not be reflective of all CPS patients. Recurrences, restaging, or other nonmortality events over time were not tracked. Conclusion Tumor size, grade, sex, age at diagnosis, and race appear to influence survival as prognostic factors in CPS. Surgical tumor extirpation provides a survival benefit over no treatment whereas primary or adjuvant radiation does not provide a survival benefit.
The WCT Formula: A novel algorithm designed to automatically differentiate wide-complex tachycardias

Abstract Background The accurate differentiation of wide complex tachycardias (WCTs) into ventricular tachycardia (VT) or supraventricular wide complex tachycardia (SWCT) remains problematic despite numerous manually-operated electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation methods. We sought to create a new WCT differentiation method that could be automatically implemented by computerized ECG interpretation (CEI) software. Methods In a two-part study, we developed and validated a logistic regression model (i.e. WCT Formula) that utilizes computerized measurements and computations derived from patients' paired WCT and subsequent baseline ECGs. In Part 1, a derivation cohort of paired WCT and baseline ECGs was examined to identify independent VT predictors to be incorporated into the WCT Formula. In Part 2, a separate validation cohort of paired WCT and baseline ECGs was used to prospectively evaluate the WCT Formula's diagnostic performance. Results The derivation cohort was comprised of 317 paired WCT (157 VT, 160 SWCT) and baseline ECGs. A logistic regression model (i.e. WCT Formula) incorporating WCT QRS duration (ms) (p Conclusion The WCT Formula is an example of how contemporary CEI software could be used to successfully differentiate WCTs. The incorporation of similar automated methods into CEI software may improve clinicians' ability to accurately distinguish VT and SWCT.
Active textile tailoring

Active Textile Tailoring is a new process for creating smart textiles in which its fibers change shape and structure in response to heat. This adaptive textile can create a new type of sizing customization or aesthetic patterning for the preference of individual customers. This system was developed in collaboration with MIT, Ministry of Supply, Hills Inc. and Iowa State University with support from the federal non-profit Advanced Functional Fabrics of America (AFFOA).
Improved Weak Target Detection in RF Tomography Based on Dyadic Contrast Function (DCF) Analysis

In this paper, we introduce a new method to improve the capability of RF tomography to reconstruct an image of weak scatterers when strong scatterers are present in the same measurement domain based on information from Dyadic Contrast Function (DCF) analysis. DCF is developed in order to reconstruct the weak targets close to dominant targets. This approach uses a Suppression Algorithm (SA) to remove the effect of strong sidelobes from dominant scatterers in the measurement domain that lead to failure to reconstruct the image of weaker nearby returns. We represent each dominant cell in the initial reconstructed image as a DCF of three dimensions, and using its eigenvalues and eigenvectors to model the strong cells as a secondary source. Furthermore, Subsurface Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SMART), and the Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm (IRA), iteratively solve the inversion problem in a set of linear equations modeling the imaging system in RF tomography with rectangular matrices and ill-conditioned operators with less computing power and memory. Simulation results using the computational electromagnetic software FEKO to validate the proposed method are presented.
Isoflavone-mediated radioprotection involves regulation of early endothelial cell death and inflammatory signaling in Radiation-Induced lung injury.

AbstractPurpose: Vascular damage and inflammation are limiting toxic effects of lung cancer radiotherapy, which lead to pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. We have demonstrated that soy isoflavones...
Triple sum frequency pump-probe spectroscopy of transition metal dichalcogenides

Triple sum frequency (TSF) spectroscopy measures multidimensional spectra by resonantly exciting multiple quantum coherences of vibrational and electronic states. In this work we demonstrate pump-TSF-probe spectroscopy in which a pump excites a sample and some time later three additional electric fields generate a probe field which is measured. We demonstrate pump-TSF-probe spectroscopy on polycrystalline, smooth, thin films and spiral nanostructures of both ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{WS}}_{2}$. The pump-TSF-probe spectra are qualitatively similar to the more conventional transient-reflectance spectra. While transient-reflectance sensitivity suffers under low surface coverage, pump-TSF-probe sensitivity is independent of the sample coverage and nanostructure morphologies. Our results demonstrate that pump-TSF-probe is a valuable methodology for studying microscopic material systems.
Switchable Fluorescence of Doxorubicin for Label-Free Imaging of Bioorthogonal Drug Release.

Monitoring the release and activation of prodrug formulations provides essential information about the outcome of a therapy. While the prodrug delivery can be confirmed by using different imaging techniques, confirming the release of active payload by using imaging is a challenge. Here, we have discovered that the switchable fluorescence of doxorubicin can validate drug release upon its uncaging reaction with a highly specific chemical partner. We have observed that the conjugation of doxorubicin with a trans-cyclooctene (TCO) diminishes its fluorescence at 595 nm. This quenched fluorescence of the doxorubicin prodrug is recovered upon its bond-cleaving reaction with tetrazine. Clinically assessed iron oxide nanoparticles were used to formulate a doxorubicin nanodrug. The release of doxorubicin from the nanodrug was studied under various experimental conditions. A fivefold increase in doxorubicin fluorescence is observed after complete release. The studies were carried out in vitro in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. An increase in Dox signal was observed upon tetrazine administration. This switchable fluorescence mechanism of Dox could be employed for fundamental studies, that is, the reactivity of various tetrazine and TCO linker types under different experimental conditions. In addition, the system could be instrumental for translational research where the release and activation of doxorubicin prodrug payloads can be monitored by using optical imaging systems.
Effects of Project ImPACT Parent-Mediated Intervention on the Spoken Language of Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure spoken language and social communication in young children with autism spectrum disorder following their participation in a 12-week parent-mediated ...
Presenting unwieldy pasts

In the rich and varied work of memory studies, scholars have turned to exploring the meanings that different communities assign to the past, the social mediations of memories, as well as how the me...
Targeting Bacteria within Us to Diminish Infection and Autoimmunity.

Antibiotics improve clinical outcomes independent of their antibacterial effects. In this issue of Immunity, Almeida et al. and Colaco et al. demonstrate that antibiotic impairment of mitochondrial ribosomes modulates both T-cell-dependent inflammation and host tolerance to infection.
Hugin+ neurons link the sleep homeostat to circadian clock neurons

Abstract Sleep is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, which drive sleep after wakefulness, and a circadian clock, which confers the 24-hour rhythm of sleep. These processes interact with each other to control the timing of sleep in a daily cycle as well as following sleep deprivation. However, the mechanisms by which they interact are poorly understood. We show here that hugin+ neurons, previously identified as neurons that function downstream of the clock to regulate rhythms of locomotor activity, are also targets of the sleep homeostat. Sleep deprivation decreases activity of hugin+ neurons, likely to suppress circadian-driven activity during recovery sleep, and manipulations of hugin+ neurons affect sleep increases generated by activation of the homeostatic sleep locus, the dorsal fanshaped body (dFB). Also, mutations in peptides produced by the hugin+ locus increase recovery sleep following deprivation. Trans-synaptic mapping reveals that hugin+ neurons feed-back onto central clock neurons, which also show decreased activity upon sleep loss, in a Hugin-peptide dependent fashion. We propose that hugin+ neurons integrate circadian and sleep signals to modulate circadian circuitry and regulate the timing of sleep.
Two β-adrenergic pharmacophores on the same molecule: A set of agonist-antagonist combinations

Abstract A series of compounds containing combinations of one or two pharmacophores of the agonist type (isoproterenol) or the antagonist type (propranolol or alprenolol) on the same molecule were prepared. The pharmacophores were connected by a derivative of polyethylene glycol with an average length of six atoms (carbon and oxygen). Furthermore, compounds containing two alprenolol residues, separated by chains of average lengths of 70 or 145 atoms, were synthesized. The abilities of these compounds to interact with β-adrenoceptors of rat heart and lung tissues were examined by measuring the following parameters: (a) competitive binding with [3H]dihydroalprenolol, (b) activation of adenylate cyclase, and (c) inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase. The affinity of the compound with two isoproterenol pharmacophores for receptor was about the same as that with one isoproterenol pharmacophore and between 30 and 200 times weaker than that of (±)isoproterenol. Both mono- and bis-pharmacophore compounds partially stimulated catecholamine sensitive adenylate cyclase and at high concentrations inhibited the stimulation produced by (−)isoproterenol. The affinity of the compound with antagonist (propranolol) and agonist (isoproterenol) pharmacophores on the same molecule was intermediate between that of propranolol and isoproterenol. The compound was only able to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. Compounds containing two antagonist (alprenolol) pharmacophores bound to receptors with affinities from an order of magnitude lower to about equal to that of the compound containing one pharmacophore. When membranes were preincubated with compounds containing two antagonist pharmacophores and then washed extensively, there were persistent effects of all of these compounds on the binding constants of [3Hdihydroalprenolol. All of these compounds were only able to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity and none exhibited any subtype selectivity at β-adrenoceptors. The results suggest that, in the β-adrenergic system, compounds with agonist and antagonist substituents on the same molecule exhibit properties of the substituent with the higher affinity for β-adrenoceptor, and no agonist activity is evident when two antagonist pharmacophores are linked on the same molecule. All of the above results may be explained without recourse to cross-linking of β-adrenoceptors with two pharmacophores, a phenomenon cited in similar studies of receptors for opiates and gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
Book Review: Blessed Are the Consumers: Climate Change and the Practice of Restraint:

Blessed Are the Consumers: Climate Change and the Practice of Restraint. By Sallie McFague. Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress Press, 2013. 225 pp. $24.00 (paper).This volume by Sallie McFague brings her life's work reflecting on models of God-increasingly around the crisis of climate change-into further focus through the metaphor of kenosis or, as in the subtitle, "the practice of restraint." The book centers on the pivotal role of the world's religions in helping animate the moral and spiritual conversion to reality needed if contemporary societies are to avoid ecological catastrophe. In fact, she asserts, the shape of the change needed-from consumerist gratification toward communal orientation to the needs of the most vulnerable-represents an invitation back to the wellsprings of Christian (and other religious) tradition. What distinguishes McFague's book is her focus on spiritual autobiography: the power of narrative in opening windows of what such conversion and simplicity might actually look like. The central chapters of the book explore the witness of three "saints" fitting her criteria of performative witness to the exemplary life: John Woolman, Simone Weil, and Dorothy Day. Drawing on fifty years of studying and teaching the writings of these figures, she develops four key strategies their lives manifest. All four are means of practicing the radical "self-emptying" at the heart of her vision: ( 1 ) entering the "wild space" of voluntary poverty; (2) learning to be attentive to the needs of others, especially material needs; (3) developing a "universal self' able to encompass all life on earth, a self that has "no limits"; and (4) learning to practice kenosis both personally and publicly/politically in the world. Bracketing these central chapters on the saints and her four key practices of kenosis are introductory chapters on contemporary consumerism, as well as the role of religion and change of worldview in a time of eco-systemic crisis (chapters 1 and 2), and final chapters on the theology of kenosis more broadly and her personaltheological appropriation of these themes (chapters 7 and 8).I find much to appreciate in McFagues decision to center this study of kenosis in spiritual autobiography, a powerful lens for exploring questions of conversion. Her three saints show diverse facets of resistance to the seduction of affluence: from Woolman s refusal to participate in any aspect of a slavery-driven economy, to Weil's orientation to the beauty of the world and the suffering of her time, to Day's practice of the "little way" of face-to-face hospitality joined to social action. These chapters on the saints and the four strategies McFague sees them offering, however, are also the most frustrating in a book too often marred by unclear writing, repetition, imprecise distinctions, and a tendency toward dualism and generalization. …
A Proposed Infrastructural Model for the Establishment of Organizational Ethical Systems

We define ethical system infrastructure as being composed of three major factors – means, motivation, and opportunity. Means are defined as organizational rules, policies, and procedures. Motivation focuses upon the values and the interests being pursued by the position occupant and the organizational value system, while opportunity is discussed in terms of the environment in which the dilemma occurs, proposing that position in the hierarchy presents its own unique set of ethical dilemmas. Ethical breeches are discussed in terms of the interactional processes among means, motivation, and opportunity. Finally, a sequential process is suggested to use the infrastructural components to institutionalize organizational ethics training and subsequent behavior.
Technology for a robotic Asteroid Redirect Mission and its extensibility to future human and robotic missions

Three aspects of the proposed Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) could be extended to provide greater capability for future NASA missions: higher-power versions of the baseline asteroid redirect vehicle, in-space resource utilization, and planetary defense. The baseline ARM vehicle assumes the use of a 50 kW beginning-of-life solar array which provides a maximum of 40 kW to the electric propulsion system. Launch dates in mid to late 2020 could provide the opportunity for the development and implementation of higher-power solar arrays and electric propulsion systems that are farther along the path to the 100-kW-class systems that could be used to support human missions to Mars. The ARM robotic vehicle conceptual design provides a straightforward approach to increasing the solar array power to ∼100 kW for the first asteroid redirect mission. Transportation is also a major challenge for harvesting asteroids for the use of their material resources in space. ARM addresses this issue by selecting an asteroid that naturally returns close to Earth and then redirecting it into lunar orbit. Deriving propellants from asteroids is essential to a robust utilization of asteroid material resources. Two elements, magnesium and sulfur, abundantly available in common chondrite asteroids could be used as propellants in Hall thrusters and may be the key to asteroid mining. Finally, ARM has the potential to demonstrate two different planetary defense techniques: an enhanced gravity tractor, or an ion beam deflector. High-power solar electric propulsion (SEP) is needed for both techniques. Simple analyses highlight a clear choice between these options. To obtain the same force and total impulse applied to a potentially hazardous asteroid you can either develop higher power SEP systems for ion beam deflection or you can develop the capability to acquire hundreds of tons of mass from the asteroid for use with a lower power SEP system in an enhanced gravity tractor approach.
Executive Function and Motor Skill Learning

Publisher Summary Evidence from behavioral studies of patients with cerebellar atrophy implies that the cerebellum plays a role in visuomotor learning and adaptation, planning, strategic thinking, time processing, and associative learning. Evidence from studies using functional neuroimaging supports this implication and substantiates the hypothesis that the cerebellum acts in concert with other structures as part of a frontal subcortical system devoted to the storage and organization of timed sequential behaviors. The role of the cerebellum in timed sequential cognitive processing may be analogous to its role in motor processing and suggests a mechanism by which cognitive events become sequenced and temporally labeled. Motor learning is a complex phenomenon with many components. Depending on the particular task, different anatomical structures are involved. The cerebellum takes the principal part in adaptation learning. The role of the cerebellum in timed sequential cognitive processing is analogous to its role in motor processing and suggests a mechanism by which cognitive events become sequenced and temporally labeled.
Financial Literacy and the College Student

A multi-school, multi-state survey of 513 students is utilized to determine the financial literacy of college students as it relates to their own financial situation. We find that over one fourth of college students are not participants in the financial system, over one third do not know how much credit card or student loan debt that they currently owe, and they overestimate their future earnings by more than 20%. We do find that these troubling statistics are lowered when the students receive their financial information from college personnel rather than high school personnel and family and friends. Our findings illustrate the importance of financial literacy training for all college students.