cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A deep-sea hydrothermal site on a strike-slip fault

Submersible exploration of a young scarp in the San Clemente fault zone, at 1,800 m in the California Borderland, discovered tall piles of hydrothermal barite and dense colonies of large benthic animals. Phenomena along this active strike-slip fault zone resemble those at hot springs along the axes of mid-ocean ridges.
Radiosensitization of head/neck sqaumous cell carcinoma by adenovirus-mediated expression of the Nbs1 protein

Purpose: Local failure and toxicity to adjacent critical structures is a significant problem in radiation therapy of cancers of the head and neck. We are developing a gene therapy based method of sensitizing head/neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to radiation treatment. As patients with the rare hereditary disorder, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, show radiation sensitivity we hypothesized that tumor-specific disruption of the function of the Nbs1 protein would lead to enhanced cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Experimental Procedures: We constructed two recombinant adenoviruses by cloning the full-length Nbs1 cDNA as well as the C-terminal 300 amino acids of Nbs1 into an adenovirus backbone under the control of a CMV promoter. The resulting adenoviruses were used to infect HNSCC cell line JHU011. These cells were evaluated for expression of the viral based constructs and assayed for clonogenic survival following radiation exposure. Results: Exposure of cells expressing Nbs1-300 to ionizing radiation resulted in a small reduction in survival relative to cells infected with control virus. Surprisingly, expression of full-length Nbs1 protein resulted in markedly enhanced sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, the use of a fractionated radiation scheme following virus infection demonstrates that expression of full-length Nbs1 protein results in significant reduction in cell survival. Conclusions: These results provide a proof of principle that disruption of Nbs1 function may provide a means of enhancing the radiosensitivity of head and neck tumors. Additionally, this work highlights the Mre11 complex as an attractive target for development of radiation sensitizers.
Physiological basis of ovipositional behaviour in the false ovoviviparous cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis (L.)

Abstract The formation of a compact batch of eggs well enclosed in an oothecal covering and retracted into the brood sac is characteristic ovipositional behaviour of mated Pycnoscelus surinamensis females of the bisexual strain. Virgin females, on the other hand, rarely form a symmetrical ootheca or retract it into the brood sac. It has been shown by mating females to sterile males that the stimuli of copulation and transfer of a spermless spermatophore are not responsible for co-ordinating successful oviposition. Removal of sperm-laden spermathecae results in abortive oviposition indicating that the movement of sperm into the spermathecae is not an adequate stimulus for successful oviposition. Cutting the ducts of the sperm-filled spermathecae, thus preventing release of sperm during egg laying, results in predominantly abortive oviposition. From these experiments it is concluded that the sperm do not exert their influence over successful oviposition hormonally but rather by way of the nervous system. Analysis of the distribution of nerves to the spermathecae and surrounding structures by vital staining with leucomethylene blue shows that small branches of ventral nerve 7 innervate the muscles investing the spermathecae and their ducts as well as the muscles which attach the spermathecal bulb to the common oviduct. Other branches of VN7 innervate the bursa, brood sac, and vagina. Severance of VN7 at the last abdominal ganglion results in abortive oviposition in mated females whereas severance of DN7, which innervates the lateral and dorsal parts of segment seven, does not. From this operation it is concluded that innervated spermathecae are required for successful oviposition.
Preparation of 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐O‐galloyl‐[U‐14C]‐D‐glucopyranose

The synthesis of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-[U-14C]-D-glucopyranose is described. [U-14C] glucopyranose was reacted with tri-O-benzylgallic acid forming 1,2,3,4,6-penta(tri-O-benzylgalloyl)-[U-14C]-D-glucopyranose as chromatograpically separable anomers. Removal of the benzyl group by catalytic hydrogenation afforded 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-[U-14C]-D-glucopyranose in 54% overall yield. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jonathan Edwards: The Valley and Nature : An Interpretive Essay

The natural surroundings of the Connecticut Valley were clearly a source of Jonathan Edwards's philosophical idealism. This essay traces and interprets his conceptions of the natural world, the development of his philosophical idealism, and the religious symbolism which he applied to nature and biblical events.
Mothers’ literacy beliefs: Connections with the home literacy environment and pre-school children’s literacy development:

This study examined mothers’ beliefs about literacy development, the association of those beliefs with other aspects of the home literacy environment, and connections between parental literacy beli...
Helios Gene Gun Particle Delivery for Therapy of Acid Maltase Deficiency

Autosomal recessive deficiency of lysosomal acid maltase (GAA) or glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII) results in a spectrum of phenotypes including a rapidly fatal infantile disorder (Pompe's), juvenile, and a late-onset adult myopathy. The infantile onset form presents as hypotonia with massive accumulation of glycogen in skeletal and heart muscle, with death due to cardiorespiratory failure. Adult patients with the slowly progressive form develop severe skeletal muscle weakness and respiratory failure. Particle bombardment is a safe, efficient physical method in which high-density, subcellular-sized particles are accelerated to high velocity to carry DNA into cells. Because it does not depend on a specific ligand, receptor, or biochemical features on cell surfaces, particle-mediated gene transfer can be readily applied to a variety of systems. We evaluated particle bombardment as a delivery system for therapy of GSDII. We utilized a vector carrying the CMV promoter linked to the human GAA cDNA. Hum...
Experiments on the development of dental malocclusions

F urther clarification of the development of dental malocclusions is needed before prevention and treatment can be systematic rather than symptomatic. Considerable insight has been gained over the past 75 years, the period of organized orthodontics in dentistry, but many questions still remain unanswered. Among these are some questions which relate to problems apparently blocking progress in orthodontics. For example, which factors determine (1) the forward growth of the maxilla, (2) the growth of the mandible, (3) the suspension level of the mandible relative to the maxilla, and (4) the location of the occlusal plane between the jaws? A review of the orthodontic literature reveals that the most common approach among investigators has been first to classify the malocclusions on the basis of appearance and then to focus attention on the etiologic factors. Observations on changing appearance during growth do not contain the information required to answer the questions mentioned above. Such data can serve only as a basis for hypotheses which must be tested experimentally. Focusing on the etiologic factors has proved advantageous in microbiology, pharmacology, and related fields in which the main interest is centered on the qualities of the causative factor-the microorganism or drug, for example. In orthodontics, this approach is less fruitful because the lists of causes and the spectra of effects obscure the mechanism of actions which is, after all, the subject of greatest interest when it comes to prevention and treatment. The mechanism of action is determined by the response of the orofacial structures to outside stimuli. It may be more advantageous in orthodontics to focus on the response mechanisms and merely group the stimuli according to the responses they elicit. Only certain common denominators among the etiologic factors are of
Biochemical evidence for simultaneous activation of multiple locus coeruleus efferents

Abstract To test the hypothesis that all locus coeruleus projections are simultaneously activated when the locus coeruleus cells fire, the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol was assayed in four regions of the central nervous system innervated by the locus coeruleus after three treatments designed to increase locus coeruleus firing in rats. Electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus, intraperitoneal piperoxan treatment, and electric footschock all significantly increased MHPG levels in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and spinal cord. The magnitude of MHPG increase was greater after locus coeruleus stimulation than after footshock or piperoxan. No significant differences between increases in the above brain regions were found within each treatment group.
Subcellular distribution of GABA receptors in bovine retina.

Abstract Two synaptosomal fractions were isolated from bovine retina and analyzed for GABA receptors using a [3H]GABA binding assay. Two receptor sites were identified: one with an affinity constant of 345 n m , which was uniformly distributed between the two fractions, and a second site with an affinity constant of 38 n m , which was primarily associated with the synaptosomal fraction enriched in photoreceptor cell terminals. Both sites demonstrated a high degree of pharmacologic specificity. The GABA receptor agonist, muscimol, was a more potent displacer than imidazolacetic acid or bicuculline; uptake blockers, diaminobutyric acid and β-alanine were poor displacers. These data provide further support for the role of GABA as a neurotransmitter in retina. It also suggests the presence of a significant GABAnergic system in the outer plexiform layer of the bovine retina.
Materials that harness and modulate the immune system

Recently, biomaterial scientists have married materials engineering and immunobiology to conceptualize new immunomodulatory materials. This special class of biomaterials can modulate and harness the innate properties of immune functionality for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Generally, two fundamental strategies are followed in the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials: (1) immuno-evasive (immuno-mimetic, immuno-suppressing, or immuno-inert) biomaterials and (2) immuno-activating or immuno-enhancing biomaterials. This article highlights the development and application of a number of immunomodulatory materials, categorized by these two general approaches.
Low temperature deposition of carbon nanotubes

We introduce a novel method for low substrate temperature carbon nanotube (CNT) deposition utilizing photo-chemical vapor deposition (PCVD). Aluminum and nickel catalyst layers are deposited on thermally oxidized silicon substrates for CNT growth. The catalyst layers of varying thicknesses are deposited by electron beam evaporation. Different catalyst annealing temperatures and pressures are investigated. The CNT deposition is carried out immediately following the annealing process. The presence of light source during CNT deposition assists in fragmentation of the CCl 4 precursor molecules used, thereby permitting a lower substrate temperature during growth. We have successfully deposited CNTs at substrate temperatures as low as 400 °C by this technique.
Global Gene Expression Profiling in the Study of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare but uniformly fatal malignancy of antibody-secreting plasma cells. Although several key molecular events in disease initiation or progression have been confirmed (eg,FGFR3/MMSET activation) or implicated (eg, chromosome 13 deletion), the mechanisms of MM development remain enigmatic. Although it is generally indistinguishable morphologically, MM importantly exhibits a tremendous degree of variability in its clinical course, with some patients surviving only months and others for many years. However, measures of current laboratory parameters can account for no more than 20% of this outcome variability. Furthermore, the means by which current drugs impart their anti-MM effect are mostly unknown.The development of serious comorbidities, such as osteopenia and/or focal lytic lesions of bone, is also poorly understood. Finally, very little knowledge exists concerning the molecular triggers for the conversion of benign monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to overt MM. Given that abnormal gene expression lies at the heart of most if not all cancers, high-throughput global gene expression profiling has become a powerful tool for investigating the molecular biology and clinical behaviors. Here I discuss recent progress made in addressing many of these issues through the molecular dissection of the transcriptome of normal plasma cells, MGUS, and MM.
Correcting Mutual Coupling and Poor Isolation for Real-Time 2-D Microwave Imaging Systems

Recent technological advancements have made it possible to produce synthetic aperture radar (SAR) based microwave images in real time by using a variety of microwave imaging (array) systems. However, depending on the imaging array construction and the data collection scheme, the pertinent data of interest may be corrupted by undesired signals resulting from array element mutual coupling and overall poor isolation. Poor isolation associated with array elements may result from imperfect RF switching, internal coupling mechanisms inherent in a measurement system, or imperfect signal tagging schemes (i.e., multiple elements modulating when using the modulated scatterer technique). Images produced from such corrupted data are blurred or have artifacts that tend to mask the desired indications. This paper demonstrates the extension of a well-known correlation canceling technique for the purpose of preprocessing the data to remove such undesired coupling effects. To demonstrate its effectiveness, it is applied to a recently developed 2-D high-resolution and real-time microwave imaging system (camera). This camera is composed of 576 array elements, which are susceptible to the type of signal degradation mentioned above. Three correction estimates of the preprocessor are performed and compared. Two of the correction estimates directly address coupling, and the third, which does not consider coupling, is used for comparison purposes. Simulation results show the efficacy of this method, which is then corroborated by experiments.
Two-dimensional long waves in turbulent flow over a sloping bottom

We investigate weakly two-dimensional weakly nonlinear weakly dispersive surface waves propagating in a turbulent flow over a gradually sloping bottom. The waves are shown to be governed by a turbulently damped variable-coefficient Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation with periodic boundary conditions. Equations governing the lowest-order mean currents in both directions as well as the equation describing the lowest-order mean surface elevation are also derived. Solutions for the wave equation are found numerically using a Fourier pseudospectral technique in space and finite differencing in the time-like variable.
Monte Carlo study of the temperature dependence of domain-growth kinetics in a system with a nonconserved order parameter and a zero-temperature equilibration fixed point.

We have investigated the relationship between the proportionality factor in the Lifschitz-Allen-Cahn scaling relation and the microscopic kinetics of nonequilibrium transport in a Monte Carlo model of domain growth in a two-dimensional, quenched, chemisorbed overlayer with a nonconserved order parameter and a zero-temperature equilibration fixed point. We have identified two components of the proportionality factor, which reflect the two temperature dependences of domain growth in this system. The primary temperature dependence arises from the rate of surface diffusion. In addition, we find a factor, \ensuremath{\alpha}, which decreases with increasing temperature due to the influence of thermal fluctuations. We also find that the proportionality factor has a time dependence, which arises from the rate of surface diffusion. We have found that this time dependence can influence the apparent form of the growth law. We discuss why the observed time dependence of diffusion should be a general phenomenon present in both simulations and experiments of domain growth in quenched systems.
Wood fuels sources and markets

Biomass energy is an important source of energy in most Asian countries. Households and industries use substantial amounts of fuel wood, charcoal and other biomass energy, such as agricultural residues, dung, leaves and sawmill residues. The main household applications are cooking and heating whereas industrial applications range widely. This paper provides an overview of estimates on the production and trade of biomass fuels in the South-east Asia region. The flows and channels used in the supply of wood fuels in different countries were analysed. This paper may help in identifying policy gaps with regards to the supply and consumption of wood fuels from both forest and non-forest sources.
Emotional upset as a function of motion and perceptual dissonance.

Srmmory.-Using an apparatus in which a test cage and a surrounding display could be rotated independently, an attempt was made to evaluate the influence over time of perceptual dissonance and movement on ambulation and defecation measures of emotional upset. It was predicted that on the first day a motion-dissonance group of rats would be most upset, intermediate scores would be received by motion-alone and dissonance-alone groups, while a no-motion-nodissonance group would be least emotional. Linear and quadratic trends were expected. The results largely confirmed the above predictions although confirmation was stconger with the ambulation measure. The factors responsible for motion sickness are still considered to be unclear. Geldard (1953) and others (McNally & Stuart, 1942; Alexander, Cotzin, Hill, Riccii~c, & Wendt, 1945) suggest that gross movements in the vestibular canals are the primary, although not the only, cause of this phenomenon. Wendt (1951) states that related factors include the expectation of sickness, conditioning of illness responses to motion stimuli and habituation which serves to decrease motion sickness. The present authors feel that an additional variable which might have a major influence on motion sickness is a discrepancy between what is expected and what is observed. Both Hebb (1949) and Dember and Earl (1957) suggest that the more perceptual experience an organism has with a situation, the more it will develop a strong expectation of what is to be observed in that situation. These theorists also state that mild discrepancies between expected and observed experience result in pleasant affect, but marked discrepancies lead to unpleasant emotional reactions. Only a few animal and human stadies can be interpreted as supporting the latter part of this set of conjectures, namely, that marked discrepancies between expected and observed perceptions do lead to emotional upset (Stratton, 1896; Ewert, 1930; Hebb, 1949; Witkin, 1949). The investigators felt that a better controlled demonstration of this effect was needed than was available and that it might be provided in the motion sickness area. For example, when riding in a car for the first time, an object such as a tree which has remained stationary in thousands of encounters when the organism is motionless is suddenly seen to fly by the window at great speed. Motion sickness in this setting might in part be accounted for by the emotional upset attendant upon the significant perceptual dissonance. To the extent that expectations from the visual modality alone are not confirmed, this dissonance can be viewed as intra-sense
Acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration to simulated climatic warming in northern and southern populations of Acer saccharum: laboratory and field evidence

Physiological acclimation and genotypic adaptation to prevailing temperatures may influence forest responses to future climatic warming. We examined photosynthetic and respiratory responses of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) from two portions of the species' range for evidence of both phenomena in a laboratory study with seedlings. A field study was also conducted to assess the impacts of temperature acclimation on saplings subjected to an imposed temperature manipulation (4 degrees C above ambient temperature). The two seedling populations exhibited more evidence of physiological acclimation to warming than of ecotypic adaptation, although respiration was less sensitive to short-term warming in the southern population than in the northern population. In both seedling populations, thermal compensation increased photosynthesis by 14% and decreased respiration by 10% in the warm-acclimated groups. Saplings growing in open-top field chambers at ambient temperature and 4 degrees C above ambient temperature showed evidence of temperature acclimation, but photosynthesis did not increase in response to the 4 degrees C warming. On the contrary, photosynthetic rates measured at the prevailing chamber temperature throughout three growing seasons were similar, or lower (12% lower on average) in saplings maintained at 4 degrees C above ambient temperature compared with saplings maintained at ambient temperature. However, the long-term photosynthetic temperature optimum for saplings in the field experiment was higher than it was for seedlings in either the 27 or the 31 degrees C growth chamber. Respiratory acclimation was also evident in the saplings in the field chambers. Saplings had similar rates of respiration in both temperature treatments, and respiration showed little dependence on prevailing temperature during the growing season. We conclude that photosynthesis and respiration in sugar maple have the potential for physiological acclimation to temperature, but exhibit a low degree of genetic adaptation. Some of the potential for acclimation to a 4 degrees C increase above a background of naturally fluctuating temperatures may be offset by differences in water relations, and, in the long term, may be obscured by the inherent variability in rates under field conditions. Nevertheless, physiologically based models should incorporate seasonal acclimation to temperature and permit ecotypic differences to influence model outcomes for those species with high genetic differentiation between regions.
Ultra High Temperature, Ultra Short Time Surface Pasteurization of Meat

A novel device killed with steam most surface organisms on fresh meat without cooking the surface. Treatment for 25 milliseconds with 145°C thermally saturated steam in the absence of air, followed by vacuum cooling, produced a 4 log kill of an applied dose of 10 7 L. inocua on raw fresh chicken meat. Similar results were achieved on fresh beef and pork. Total cycle time <1 sec suggested that a single unit could serve a broiler processing line, after the chill tank, and before the clean cut-up line.
Relationship of electrophilic stress to aging.

Abstract This review begins with the premise that an organism's life span is determined by the balance between two countervailing forces: (i) the sum of destabilizing effects and (ii) the sum of protective longevity-assurance processes. Against this backdrop, the role of electrophiles is discussed, both as destabilizing factors and as signals that induce protective responses. Because most biological macromolecules contain nucleophilic centers, electrophiles are particularly reactive and toxic in a biological context. The majority of cellular electrophiles are generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids by a peroxidation chain reaction that is readily triggered by oxygen-centered radicals, but propagates without further input of reactive oxygen species(ROS). Thus, the formation of lipid-derived electrophiles such as 4-hydroxynon-2-enal (4-HNE) is proposed to be relatively insensitive to the level of initiating ROS, but to depend mainly on the availability of peroxidation-susceptible fatty acids. This is consistent with numerous observations that life span is inversely correlated to membrane peroxidizability, and with the hypothesis that 4-HNE may constitute the mechanistic link between high susceptibility of membrane lipids to peroxidation and shortened life span. Experimental interventions that directly alter membrane composition (and thus their peroxidizability) or modulate 4-HNE levels have the expected effects on life span, establishing that the connection is not only correlative but causal. Specific molecular mechanisms are considered, by which 4-HNE could (i) destabilize biological systems via nontargeted reactions with cellular macromolecules and (ii) modulate signaling pathways that control longevity-assurance mechanisms.
Reformulation of steady state nonequilibrium quantum statistical mechanics.

Starting from the usual formulation of nonequilibrium quantum statistical mechanics, the expectation value of an operator A in a steady state nonequilibrium quantum system is shown to have the form 〈A〉 =Tr{${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}(\mathit{H}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{Y})}$A} /Tr{${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}(\mathit{H}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{Y})}$}, where H is the Hamiltonian, \ensuremath{\beta} is the inverse of the temperature, and Y is an operator which depends on how the system is driven out of equilibrium. Because 〈A〉 is not expressed as a sum of correlation functions integrated over real time, one can now consider performing nonperturbative calculations in interacting nonequilibrium quantum problems.
Excitonic Dynamics of Quantum Dots Monitored by Near-Infrared Transient Absorption

This talk describes a global regression analysis of near-infrared (NIR, 900 nm - 1300 nm) transient absorptions (TA) of colloidal CdSe quantum dots (QDs) photoexcited to their first (1Se1S3/2) excitonic state.
Interrater reliability of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales: fine motor scale.

Objective The interrater reliability of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) fine motor scale was examined in 23 children with developmental disabilities who were between 2 years and 5 years of age. Method Three occupational therapists viewed videotapes of the children and scored each child's performance on the fine motor section of the test. Data were analyzed with the intraclass correlation (ICC) approach; ICC values ranged from 0.90 to 0.97 for the subskills of Grasping, Hand Use, Eye-Hand Coordination, and Manual Dexterity. Results The ICC interrater reliability value for the total fine motor score was 0.99. Reliability values were additionally computed with the PDMS fine motor scale age-equivalent scores and Z scores. The ICC values for these methods of scoring the PDMS were 0.99 and 1.00, respectively. Conclusion The PDMS fine motor scale can be used consistently to evaluate fine motor delays in this population of young children.
Effects of dietary carnitine on growth rates and body composition of hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis male x M. chrysops female)

Abstract The effects of carnitine were evaluated in diets fed to hybrid striped bass. The basal diet contained 34.6% crude protein supplied by casein, gelatin and crystalline L-amino acids and 6.0% lipid supplied by menhaden oil. Four dietary treatments contained L-carnitine concentrations of either 2.1, 41.0, 212.0 or 369.7 mg/kg diet. Dietary treatments were fed to apparent satiation twice daily to triplicate groups of hybrid striped bass initially weighing 13.5 g/fish. At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, feed intake and weight gain of fish fed 369.7 mg carnitine/kg diet were significantly increased compared to fish fed the basal diet containing 2.1 mg carnitine/kg diet. However, there were no significant differences in feed intake or weight gain among fish fed 2.1, 41.0 or 212.0 mg carnitine/kg diet. Feed efficiency, total liver lipid concentration, intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) and proximate composition of muscle and carcass were not significantly affected by dietary carnitine concentration. Serum concentrations of total and free carnitine and carnitine esters were not significantly different among fish fed any of the diets, although values tended to increase with increasing dietary carnitine. Results of this study indicate that growth rate, but not body composition, of hybrid striped bass can be improved with relatively low concentrations of dietary carnitine.
Decomposition of morphological structuring elements

Mathematical morphology has become an important tool for machine vision since the influential work by Serra (1982). It is a branch of image analysis based on set-theoretic descriptions of images and their transformations. As is well known, the chain rule for basic morphological operations, i.e., dilation and erosion, lends itself well to pipelining. Specialized pipeline architecture hardware built in the past decade is capable of efficiently performing morphological operations. The nature of specialized hardware depends on the strategy for morphologically decomposing a structuring element. The two-pixel decomposition technique and the cellular decomposition technique are the two main techniques for morphological structuring-element decomposition. The former was used by the image flow computer and the latter by the cytocomputer.
Molecular and Functional Analyses of Two New Calcium-activated Chloride Channel Family Members from Mouse Eye and Intestine

Two new calcium-activated chloride channel (CLCA) family members, mCLCA5 and mCLCA6, have been cloned from mouse eye and intestine, respectively. mCLCA5 is highly homologous to hCLCA2, and mCLCA6 is highly homologous to hCLCA4. mCLCA5 is widely expressed with strong expression in eye and spleen, whereas mCLCA6 is primarily expressed in intestine and stomach. mCLCA6 is also expressed as a splice variant lacking exon 8 and part of exon 10 in intestine and stomach. Transfection of tsA201 cells with enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged versions of the three cDNAs reveals protein products of 155 and 65 kDa for mCLCA5 and mCLCA6 and 145 and 65 kDa for the mCLCA6 splice variant. In vitro translation of mCLCA5 generates a 90-kDa protein that does not appear to be glycosylated. mCLCA6 also generates a 90-kDa protein that is glycosylated to a 110-kDa product, whereas the mCLCA6 splice variant generates an 80-kDa product that is 100 kDa after glycosylation. Treatment of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged mCLCA6 with PNGase F (peptide: N-glycosidase F) to remove N-linked glycosyl groups shows a reduction in size of the 65 kDa product to 60 kDa. Consistent with the hypothesis that mCLCA5, mCLCA6, and its splice variant encode calcium-activated chloride channels, in HEK293 cells expressing CLCAs ionomycin-evoked increases in intracellular calcium stimulated a current that reversed near Cl– equilibrium potential, ECl. Furthermore, these currents were inhibited by the chloride channel blocker niflumic acid. Given the prominent role of hCLCA2 in cancer cell adhesion and the unique high level of expression of hCLCA4 in brain, the identification of their murine counterparts presents the opportunity to clarify the role of CLCAs in disease and normal cell physiology.
Runs of correct and incorrect predictions as determinants of choice reaction time

Intrasequential effects of prediction outcomes on choice reaction speed (CRS) were studied in a two-alternative reaction task. Prior to each of 300 stimulus presentations, Ss predicted the next stimulus; following each presentation, Ss identified the stimulus by pressing one of two reaction triggers. Not only was CRS faster to predicted than nonpredicted events, but given a correctly or incorrectly predicted event, CRS was significantly faster when the preceding prediction outcomes were correct than when they were incorrect. The implications of these results for dichotomous and continuous notions of expectancy are discussed.
On Exact Solutions of Switching Linear Dynamical Systems With Arbitrary Excitations

The exact solutions of switching linear dynamical systems with arbitrary discontinuous forcing are investigated. The switching system consists of countable prescribed linear subsystems with specified external excitations. The traditional treatments are to smoothen the discontinuity between two subsystems in such a switching system. In this paper, a method is introduced to obtain an exact solution of such a switching system. Under periodic piecewise forcing and random forcing, the exact solutions and stochastic responses of switching systems are given to help one better understand random responses in stochastic dynamical systems. For periodic forcing, the periodic responses and stability of the switching system are presented.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Plant species on salt-affected soil at Cheyenne Bottoms, Kansas

Abstract Soil salinity and vegetative cover were investigated at Cheyenne Bottoms Preserve, Kansas in an effort to identify and document the plant species present on naturally occurring salt- and sodium-affected soil. Soil salinity (as indicated by electrical and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were measured from nine soil conductivity, ECe) samples collected to a depth of 20 cm in June 1998. Vegetative cover was visually estimated in June and September 1998. A total of 20 plant species were encountered at five soil sampling locations on soils classified as saline, saline-sodic, or sodic. Dominant species observed include Agropyron smithii, Distichlis spicata, Euphorbia geyeri, Poa arida, and Sporobolus airoides. While most species encountered during this study exhibited greater vegetative cover on non-saline soils, all of the dominant species, except A. smithii, exhibited greater cover on salt-affected soil compared to non-saline soil. Comparable salinity levels and species found in areas that have been de...
Toward a Psycholinguistic Approach to Acquired Neurogenic Language Disorders

This article describes acquired neurogenic language disorders in terms of impairments of psycholinguistically defined processors that activate the major classes of linguistic representations in the...
Regulation of renal arteriolar tone by adenosine: novel role for type 2 receptors

Tubuloglomerular feedback regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is mediated by adenosine, which acts on type 1 receptors in the afferent arteriole to increase resistance. However, new findings in isolated mouse tissue suggest that adenosine also dilates the efferent arteriole, which would reinforce the ability of adenosine to reduce GFR. This new information extends the concept that adenosine acts as a paracrine agent on both afferent and efferent arterioles.
Distal and proximal pre-exposure to ethanol in the place conditioning task: tolerance to aversive effect, sensitization to activating effect, but no change in rewarding effect.

Rationale: The literature offers many examples of tolerance to ethanol's inhibitory/depressant effects and sensitization to its activating effects. There are also many examples of tolerance to ethanol's aversive effects as measured in the conditioned taste aversion and conditioned place aversion (CPA) procedures. However, there are very few demonstrations of either tolerance or sensitization to ethanol's rewarding or reinforcing effects. Objective: The present studies were designed to examine effects of two forms of ethanol pre-exposure (distal or proximal) on ethanol's rewarding and aversive effects as indexed by the place conditioning procedure. Method: Male inbred (DBA/2J) mice were exposed to ethanol (2 g/kg IP) in an unbiased place conditioning procedure that normally produces either conditioned place preference (CPP) (ethanol injection before CS exposure) or CPA (ethanol injection after CS exposure). In the distal pre-exposure studies (experiments 1 and 2), mice initially received a series of four ethanol injections (0, 2, or 4 g/kg) in the home cage at 48-h intervals during the week before place conditioning. In the proximal pre-exposure studies (experiments 3–4), mice were injected with ethanol 65 min before (experimental groups) or 65 min after (control groups) each paired ethanol injection on CS+ trials. Results: Distal pre-exposure produced a robust sensitization to ethanol's activating effect, whereas proximal pre-exposure generally reduced the activation normally produced by the paired ethanol injection. Both forms of pre-exposure interfered with CPA, but had no effect on CPP. Conclusions: These studies suggest that both forms of pre-exposure reduced ethanol's aversive effect, but had no impact on ethanol's rewarding effect. In general, the detrimental effects of pre-exposure on CPA are explained best in terms of a reduction in ethanol's efficacy as an aversive unconditioned stimulus (i.e. tolerance), although explanations based on other types of associative interference are also possible. The failure to affect CPP with pre-exposure treatments that reduced or eliminated CPA suggests that these behaviors are mediated by independent, motivationally opposite effects of ethanol. Moreover, these results indicate dissociation between sensitization to ethanol's locomotor activating effect and changes in its rewarding effect. To the extent that motivational processes measured by CPP and CPA normally contribute to ethanol drinking, the present findings suggest that increases in ethanol intake seen after chronic ethanol exposure are more likely caused by tolerance to ethanol's aversive effect rather than sensitization to its rewarding or reinforcing effect.
SOFT-PHOTON THEOREM FOR BREMSSTRAHLUNG IN A POTENTIAL MODEL.

The bremsstrahlung matrix element calculated from the Schr\"odinger equation for two particles interacting with each other via a local potential and with the electromagnetic field in the standard gauge-invariant manner is shown to satisfy the soft-photon theorem. That is, the first two terms of the expansion of the radiative matrix element in powers of the photon's energy are calculable from a knowledge of the nonradiative matrix element. The proof is given first without, then with, spin for arbitrary order of perturbation theory in the strong interaction. While the derivation is very different from the one which Low used for a relativistic theory, the final formulas are similar in appearance and agree in the nonrelativistic limit. For low particle momenta, it is found that there is a relation between the on- and off-energy-shell derivatives of the nonradiative $T$ matrix to the leading order in the momentum. Furthermore, the $p$-wave contribution to the internal-emission matrix element is of the same order in the momentum as the $s$-wave part. For particle momenta much less than the reciprocal of the $s$-wave scattering length, the second term of the expansion of the bremsstrahlung matrix element in powers of the photon's energy is negligible compared with the first term.
Individual differences in threat calls of northern elephant seal bulls

This study describes the range and reliability of differences between individual elephant seal bulls, Mirounga angustirostris, on several parameters of the threat call: call type, spacing of pulses within calls, addition of snorts to calls, pulse rate of calls, and number of pulses in calls. In addition, some preliminary analyses of the social function of these individual differences are made. Two previously suggested hypotheses, that specific features of the call communicate dominance status and that differences in pulse rate represent dialects, are investigated.
Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter from feedlot cattle

M.D. ENGLEN, P.J. FEDORKA-CRAY, S.R. LADELY AND D.A. DARGATZ. 2005. Aims: This study examined 448 Campylobacter strains isolated in 1999 and 2000 from US feedlot cattle for resistance to 12 antimicrobials. Methods and Results: Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the E-test method. Approximately 60% (n ¼ 267) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, and 19AE6% (n ¼ 88) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. Of the Campylobacter jejuni isolates, 49AE1% (n ¼ 187) were resistant to tetracycline, 10AE2% (n ¼ 39) were resistant to nalidixic acid, 8AE4% were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and 1AE8% (n ¼ 7) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to any of the other eight antimicrobials was 1AE3% or less, but 14AE4% (n ¼ 55) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. In the Campylobacter coli group, 65AE7% (n ¼ 44) were resistant to tetracycline, 52AE2% (n ¼ 35) were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 22AE4% (n ¼ 15) were resistant to nalidixic acid, and 9AE0% (n ¼ 6) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to any of the remaining eight antimicrobials was 3AE0% or less, although 49AE3% (n ¼ 33) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. Conclusions: Although antimicrobials are widely used in US feedlot cattle production, our results demonstrate generally low levels of resistance to a broad range of commonly used antimicrobials relative to other recent studies. Significance and Impact of the Study: Resistance data on Campylobacter isolated from this major US livestock commodity is lacking. This overview enhances current knowledge and provides a basis for further studies.
Theory of Allowed and Forbidden Transitions in Muon Capture Reactions

A general formula for the transition rate of the muon capture reaction, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+(A, Z)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}+(A, Z\ensuremath{-}1)$, where the final nuclear state has definite spin and parity, is given in terms of the total and orbital angular momenta of the emitted neutrino and of the spins of the initial and final nuclear states. The induced pseudoscalar interaction and the interaction due to the assumption of conserved vector current are taken into account, together with the vector and axial vector interactions. The forbiddenness of the muon capture reaction is defined in a manner analogous to the theory of the beta decay. The spin and parity changes can assume the values (0+, 1+), (0-, 1-, 2-), [$n{(\ensuremath{-})}^{n}, n+1{(\ensuremath{-})}^{n}$] for the allowed, first forbidden, and $n\mathrm{th}$ ($n\ensuremath{\ge}2$) forbidden transitions, respectively. (+ and - mean the parity change "no" and "yes".) For these transitions, the number of reduced nuclear matrix elements involved is nine, sixteen, and fourteen, respectively. The transition rate of muon capture reaction is reduced by a factor of ${10}^{3}$, approximately, for a two-unit increase of the forbiddenness, if the atomic number and the energy of neutrino are constant. The contribution from the higher order transition to the lower one is less than 0.1% in the medium and light nuclei. Explicit formulas for the transition rate are given for the allowed, first forbidden and $n\mathrm{th}$ forbidden transitions. They are related to the corresponding formulas of beta decay. Our formalism was applied to the calculation of the partial muon capture rate by ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ ending in the ground state of ${\mathrm{B}}^{12}$. The numerical analysis indicates that measurement of this capture rate can determine whether the conserved vector current interaction term exists in nature only if the coupling constant of the induced pseudoscalar interaction and the nuclear wave functions are well known. The transition rates are given in Table V and Fig. 1, for the $j\ensuremath{-}j$ coupling shell model and harmonic oscillator wave functions. They are 9-13% smaller than those given by Fujii and Primakoff.
An Evaluation of System Quality Metrics for Hard-Copy and Soft-Copy Displays of Digital Imagery

This paper reports an evaluation of 16 quantitative models of system quality for hard-copy (i.e., positive film transparencies) and soft-copy (i.e., CRT-based) displays of digitally derived imagery. The results demonstrate that the effects of system noise and blur degradation upon photointerpretation and subjective scaling performance can be predicted, on an a priori basis, with better than 85% accuracy.
The effect of clustering of outcomes on the association of procedure volume and surgical outcomes.

The presence of clustering represents variations in outcomes among providers with similar volumes. Thus, investigators of volumeoutcome studies should characterize the degree of clustering of outco...
Psychotherapy and counseling in professions other than the ministry

My own chief impression and conclusion about this conference could not be better stated than has been done already by Lawrence K. Frank, Co-Chairman of the conference and member of our Editorial Advisory Board. He wrote:
A model for the specific heat of amorphous polymers

A model is presented that characterizes the temperature dependence of the specific heat of amorphous polymers. The model utilizes a density of vibrational states given by ρ(ω)∝ωd−1, where d is the fracton, or spectral, dimension. This density of vibrational states, when introduced into the standard Debye model, leads to a specific heat temperature dependence of the form C(T)∝(T/Θd)d, where Θd is a characteristic temperature. This model fits the data well for the temperature region ∼4 to ∼40 K. A key feature of the model is the prediction of a crossover of the polymer scaling properties that causes a crossover from T2 to T5/3 of the specific heat temperature dependence. In addition, this model allows a simple estimate of the specific heat for a wide range of polymers using only the formula weight.
Darwinism and dialectics

The Dialectical Biologist. ByRichard Levins andRichard Lewontin. Harvard University Press: 1985. Pp.303. 20, 16.95.
An analysis of the linguistic situation in Ghana

(1997). An analysis of the linguistic situation in Ghana. African Languages and Cultures: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 63-81.
Cyclophosphamide/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces hematopoietic stem cells to proliferate prior to mobilization

We isolated hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). All mobilized multipotent progenitor activity was contained in two populations: Thy-1loSca-1+Lin−Mac-1−CD4−c-kit+ long-term reconstituting progenitors and Thy-1loSca-1+Lin−Mac-1loCD4− transiently reconstituting progenitors. CY/G-CSF treatment drove both long-term and transient multipotent progenitors into cycle, leading to a more than 12-fold expansion in the number of long-term self-renewing HSC prior to mobilization. After CY and 2 days of G-CSF treatment the number of bone marrow HSC began to decline and the number of blood and splenic HSC increased. HSC continued to proliferate in the bone marrow and spleen through 8 days of G-CSF treatment, but HSC released into the blood tended to be in G0/G1 phase. Mobilized multipotent progenitors isolated from the spleen were less efficient than normal bone marrow multipotent progenitors in engrafting irradiated mice but did not differ in colony forming unit-spleen (CFU-S) activity or single cell in vitro assays of primitive progenitor activity. The data suggest that mobilized HSC isolated from the spleen are less efficient at homing to and engrafting the bone marrow of irradiated recipient mice.
Determination of Chlorthalidone and Clonidine Hydrochloride in Tablets by HPLC

A rapid, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of chlorthalidone and clonidine hydrochloride combinations in tablets. Individual tablets or composite samples were sonicated in water, diluted with methanol, and filtered prior to chromatographing. Chlorthalidone, formulated at 15 mg/tablet, was chromatographed on octadecylsilyl-bonded, 5 to 6-micrometers, spherical silica with 50% methanol in water mobile phase. Clonidine hydrochloride, formulated at 0.1 or 0.2 mg/tablet, was chromatographed on trimethylsilyl-bonded, 5 to 6-micrometers, spherical silica with 65% methanol in pH 7.9 phosphate buffer mobile phase. Both were determined with a spectrophotometric detector at 254 nm. Mean recoveries of the drugs from six synthetic tablet samples were 100.3% for chlorthalidone and 99.7% for clonidine hydrochloride (at 0.1 mg/tablet level) with coefficients of variation of 0.79 and 1.55%, respectively.