cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preclinical Dosimetry of Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia for Bladder Cancer.

Background Despite positive efficacy, thermotherapy is not widely used in clinical oncology. Difficulties associated with field penetration and controlling power deposition patterns in heterogeneous tissue have limited its use for heating deep in the body. Heat generation using iron-oxide super-paramagnetic nanoparticles excited with magnetic fields has been demonstrated to overcome some of these limitations. The objective of this preclinical study is to investigate the feasibility of treating bladder cancer with magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) by analyzing the thermal dosimetry of nanoparticle heating in a rat bladder model. Methods The bladders of 25 female rats were injected with 0.4 ml of Actium Biosystems magnetite-based nanoparticles (Actium Biosystems, Boulder CO) via catheters inserted in the urethra. To assess the distribution of nanoparticles in the rat after injection we used the 7 T small animal MRI system (Bruker ClinScan, Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany). Heat treatments were performe d with a small animal magnetic field applicator (Actium Biosystems, Boulder CO) with a goal of raising bladder temperature to 42
Interweaving Grammar: Reconfiguring Vernacular Structure Through Parametric Shape Grammar

This paper re-examines the interweaving method to demonstrate how architectural computation can reinterpret the advantages of this traditional crafting techniques for its geometrical compatibility and rule generativity. Firstly, the technique analyzes and reconfigures load distribution of a traditional interwoven surface to mimic its structural principle. Secondly, from this structural reconfiguration, the study applies parametric shape grammar to define interweaving rules. The rules generate various patterns with rigid local materials that fit the size of human hand. The experiment in this study shows that interweaving grammar can generate ornamental-structural components with three different load distributions, three different segmented materials and in three different spatial dimensions (point, line and plane).
Leaf spectral measurements to screen cotton strains for characters affected by stress

Abstract The potential usefulness of leaf spectral measurements to screen cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) strains for characters affected by stress was investigated. Laboratory spectral measurements (reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance) were made on upper (adaxial) leaf surfaces of irrigated and nonphotoperiodic cotton strains; ‘T25’, drought resistant and ‘T169’, drought susceptible; that were grown in a rainout shelter in Lubbock, Texas in 1982. Leaves of irrigated T25 plants had lower reflectance at 0.55 μm than did T169 leaves of irrigated plants, which appeared to be related to their total chlorophyll concentrations. The T25 leaves from irrigated plants had higher reflectance at 0.85 μm than did T169 leaves of nonirrigated plants. In the water absorptance region, 1.35–2.5 μm waveband, the less succulent leaves fo the T169 strain had higher transmittance values, for example, than did the more succulent leaves of the T25 strain. These results indicate that screening of cotton genotypes for characters such as leaf chlorophyll concentration, succulence, and water content may be feasible by using spectral measurements.
New Compounds: Steroidal Spiroethers

3-Methoxyspiro[estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17,2′-oxetane] (17β-O) (IIIa) and tetrahydro-3-methoxyspiro[estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17,2′-pyran](17β-O) (IIIb) were synthesized from 3-methoxy-19-nor-17β-pregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraen-17-ol (IV) and 17-(4-hydroxy-1-butynyl)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-ol(V). Additionally, IIIb was transformed into tetrahydrospiro[estr-5(10)-ene-17,2′-pyran]-3-one (17β-O) (VII) via tetrahydro-3-methoxyspiro[estra-2,5(10)-diene-17,2′-pyran] (17β-O) (VI).
Synthesis of Novel Azamacrocyclic Metal Ion Receptors Using a Modified Mannich Aminomethylation Reaction

A modified Mannich aminomethylation reaction was used to prepare a series of N-substituted-phenol-containing azacrown ether ligands. Ligands synthesized include aza-15-crown-5, aza-18-crown-6, azapyridino-18-crown-6, diaza-18-crown-6, diaza-21-crown-7 and diaza-24-crown-8 containing various substituted phenols, salicylaldehyde, and 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline (CHQ) groups as side arms. The modified Mannich reaction was also used to prepare bi- and tricyclic azamacroheterocycles containing phenol units, benzoazacrown ethers, benzocryptands, and cryptohemispherands. The phenol- and CHQ-substituted azacrown ligands interact more strongly with metal ions than do the parent unsubstituted azacrown ethers. Bis-CHQ-substituted diaza-18-crown-6, wherein the CHQ groups are attached through their 7 positions, are particularly selective for K^+ over other alkali metal ions and for Ba^(2+) over all other metal ions studied.
Enzymatic Catalysis of a Three Step Steroid Conversion

The principal raw material for the production of steroid pharmaceuticals is diosgenin obtained from the Mexican plant Dioscorea. In light of the slow growth of diosgenin production, there is considerable interest in a more intensive use of stigma-sterol and cholesterol as raw materials (Fig. 1). One route from these sterols to the widely used steroid norethindrone involves initial conversion of the sterol to an intermediate called 1,4 androstadiene 3,17 dione (1,4 ADD). A number of bacteria are capable of transforming sterols to 1,4 ADD, synthesizing the necessary enzymes when steroids are present in their growth media (1,2). Mitsubishi Chemical Industries have recently developed a microbiological process to carry out this transformation (3). The possibility also exists of using bacterial extracts containing the appropriate enzymes to catalyze some or all of the steps in the process. Once the sterol side chain is oxidized to a 17 keto group, three enzymes from a strain of Pseudomonas testosteroni catalyze the remaining reactions in the process which are shown in Fig. 2 (4,5,6). Two problems must be solved before these enzymes can be reasonably applied to the conversion. One is that expensive electron acceptors must be recycled, and the other is that the enzymes must be in a form that allows them to be used in a continuous process or to be recovered at the end of each cycle of a batch process.
Studies on Image Fusion Techniques for Dynamic Applications

A survey of present methods and current techniques being pursued by the US Air Force for image fusion and registration is conducted. Formulating the problem within a signal detection theory framework provides a unique thrust.
Factor VIII coagulant activity and factor VIII-like antigen: independent molecular entities.

Factor VIII coagulant activity (VIIIC) and the von Willebrand's disease antigen (Factor VIII-like antigen, vW-Ag) are biologically linked, and it has been suggested that they reside on the same molecule. However, insolubilized human isoantibody to VIIIC and rabbit antiserum containing antibodies to VIIIC and vW-Ag differentially bind and remove these entities from plasma, thus physically segregating one from the other. These findings indicate that Factor VIII coagulant activity resides on a molecule distinct from that expressing the von Willebrand's antigen.
Extracellular matrix remodeling following myocardial infarction influences the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells

Although stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for myocardial infarction, the minimal functional improvements observed clinically limit its widespread application. A need exists to maximize the therapeutic potential of these stem cells by first understanding what factors within the infarct microenvironment affect their ability to regenerate the necrotic tissue. In this study, we assessed both differentiation capacity and paracrine signaling as a function of extracellular matrix remodeling after myocardial infarction. Mechanical and compositional changes to the decellularized infarcted myocardium were characterized to understand how the extracellular environment, specifically, was altered as a function of time after coronary artery ligation in Sprague–Dawley rats. These alterations were first modeled in a polyacrylamide gel system to understand how the variables of composition and stiffness drive mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards a cardiac lineage. Finally, the paracrine secretome was characterized as a function of matrix remodeling through gene and protein expression and conditioned media studies. The decellularized infarct tissue revealed significant alterations in both the mechanical and compositional properties of the ECM with remodeling following infarction. This altered microenvironment dynamically regulates the potential for early cardiac differentiation. Whereas Nkx2.5 expression is limited in the presence of chronic remodeled matrix of increased stiffness, GATA4 expression is enhanced. In addition, the remodeled matrix promotes the expression of several proangiogenic, prosurvival, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory growth factors. In particular, an increase in HGF and SDF1 expression and secretion by mesenchymal stem cells can rescue oxidatively stressed cardiomyocytes in vitro. This study demonstrated that decellularization of diseased tissue allows for the exclusive analysis of the remodeled matrix and its ability to influence significantly the cellular phenotype. Characterization of cell fate as a function of myocardial remodeling following infarction is critical in developing the ideal strategy for cell implantation to maximize tissue regeneration and to ultimately reduce the prevalence and severity of heart failure.
SRD5A1 genotype frequency differences in women with mild versus severe premenstrual symptoms.

The aims of this small pilot study were to explore the association between premenstrual symptom severity and two genes from the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway: steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 1 (SRD5A1) and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 (GABRA4). Saliva samples were obtained from a convenience sample of 19 Caucasian females ages 18–25 years, ten cases and nine controls. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated, and genotyping performed on ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ten percent of cases and 44% of controls had the cytosine/cytosine (C/C) genotype for the SRD5A1 SNP, rs501999 indicating that this genotype may protect women against severe premenstrual symptoms. Replication of this study using an adequately powered sample size is warranted.
Postprocedure Mapping of Cardiac Resynchronization Lead Position Using Standard Fluoroscopy Systems: Implications for the Nonresponder with Scar

Background The relationship between cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), left ventricular (LV) lead position, scar, and regional mechanical function influences CRT response. Objective To determine LV lead position relative to LV structural characteristics in standard clinical practice, we developed and validated a practical yet mathematically rigorous method to register procedural fluoroscopic LV lead position with pre-CRT cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Methods After one-time calibration of the standard fluoroscopic suite, we identified the projected CMR LV lead position using three reference landmarks on both CMR and fluoroscopy. This predicted lead position was validated in a canine model by histology and in eight “validation group” patients based on postoperative computed tomography scans (n = 7) or CMR coronary sinus venography (n = 1). The methodology was applied in an additional eight patients with CRT nonresponse and infarction-related myocardial scar. Results The projected and actual lead positions were within 1.2 mm in the canine model. The median distance between projected and actual lead positions for the validation group (n = 8) and animal validation case was 11.3 mm (interquartile range 9.2–14.6 mm). In the application (nonresponder) group (n = 8), the lead mapped to the scar periphery in three patients, the core of the scar in one patient, and more than 3 cm from scar in four patients. Conclusions This methodology projects procedural fluoroscopic LV lead position onto pre-CRT CMR using standard fluoroscopic equipment and a one-time calibration, enabling assessment of LV lead position with sufficient accuracy to identify the lead position relative to regional function and infarction-related scar in CRT nonresponders.
Ten MVA superconducting generator development: Status at the end of 1989

A progress report and some initial results from the experimental program in superconducting generators at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are provided The 10 MVA generator developed at MIT was to demonstrate a number of advanced concepts. These included a fully cold rotor, a cryogenic system with built-in reserves for rapid recooling following serious electrical transients, a two-stage damping and shielding system with a damping resistor tailored to good dynamic performance, a field winding structure which allows for full fault torque without straining the field winding conductors, a limited voltage gradient armature winding, and a monolithic armature structural system that provides both rigid support and good electrical isolation. The generator was completed in 1985, and experimentation has been carried out since then. The basic electrical parameters have been verified through low-level steady-state no-load and synchronous impedance tests, and sudden short-circuit and sudden open-circuit transient tests. >
Time Scale and Feedback of Zonal-Mean-Flow Variability

The physical processes that determine the time scale of zonal-mean-flow variability are examined with an idealized numerical model that has a zonally symmetric lower boundary. In the part of the parameter space where the time-mean zonal flow is characterized by a single (double) jet, the dominant form of zonalmean-flow variability is the zonal index (poleward propagation), and the time-mean potential vorticity gradient is found to be strong and sharp (weak and broad). The e-folding time scale of the zonal index is found to be close to 55 days, much longer than the observed 10-day time scale. The e-folding time scale of the poleward propagation is about 40 days. The long e-folding time scales for the zonal index are found to be consistent with an unrealistically strong and persistent eddy–zonal-mean-flow feedback. A calculation of the refractive index indicates that the background flow supports eddies that are trapped within midlatitudes, undergoing relatively little meridional propagation. Additional model runs are performed with an idealized mountain to investigate whether zonal asymmetry can disrupt the eddy feedback. For single-jet states, the time scale is reduced to about 30 days if the mountain height is 4 km or less. The reduction in the time scale occurs because the stationary eddies excited by the mountain alter the background flow in a manner that leads to the replacement of zonal-index events by shorter-time-scale poleward propagation. With a 5-km mountain, the time scale reverts and increases to 105 days. This threshold behavior is again attributed to a sharpening of the background zonal jet, which arises from an extremely strong stationary wave momentum flux convergence. In contrast, for double-jet states, the time scale changes only slightly and the poleward propagation is maintained in all mountain runs.
Impact of Breathing 100% Oxygen on Radiation-Induced Cognitive Impairment

Future space missions are expected to include increased extravehicular activities (EVAs) during which astronauts are exposed to high-energy space radiation while breathing 100% oxygen. Given that brain irradiation can lead to cognitive impairment, and that oxygen is a potent radiosensitizer, there is a concern that astronauts may be at greater risk of developing cognitive impairment when exposed to space radiation while breathing 100% O2 during an EVA. To address this concern, unanesthetized, unrestrained, young adult male Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats were allowed to breathe 100% O2 for 30 min prior to, during and 2 h after whole-body irradiation with 0, 1, 3, 5 or 7 Gy doses of 18 MV X rays delivered from a medical linear accelerator at a dose rate of ~425 mGy/min. Irradiated and unirradiated rats breathing air (~21% O2) served as controls. Cognitive function was assessed 9 months postirradiation using the perirhinal cortex-dependent novel object recognition task. Cognitive function was not impaired u...
Allelochemical stimulation of ecdysone 20‐monooxygenase in fall armyworm larvae

The influence of dietary allelochemical on ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity was studied in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Feeding the indoles (indole-3-carbinol, indole-3-acetonitrile), flavonoids (flavone, β-naphthoflavone), monoterpenes (menthol, menthone, peppermint oil), and a coumarin (xanthotoxin) to the larvae stimulated midgut microsomal ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity from 28 to 200% as compared with the controls. β-Naphthoflavone was the most potent inducer among those tested. Phenobarbital, a well-known cytochrome P450 inducer, also caused a 2-fold increase in the microsomal ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity. Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity was 2.7-fold higher in the microsomal fraction than in the mitochondrial fraction isolated from larval midguts. Microsomal ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity was highest in the fat body, followed by the midgut and Malpighian tubules. Tissue localization and enzyme inducibility were different between ecdysone 20-monooxygenase and xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, including aldrin epoxidase, biphenyl hydroxylase, methoxyresorufin O-demethylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, p-chloro-N-methylaniline N-demethylase, and phorate sulfoxidase in fall armyworm larvae. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Si-based interband tunneling devices for high-speed logic and low power memory applications

This study extends the preliminary work of the authors, presenting improved epitaxially grown Si/Si/sub 0.5/Ge/sub 0.5//Si resonant interband tunnel diodes (RITDs) with current densities which exceed any previously reported for a Si-based NDR device. For the first time, the needs of Si-based TDTL circuits are beginning to be addressed, Two new classes of Si-based NDR devices are also reported here: Si-only RITDs and Si/Si/sub 0.5/Ge/sub 0.5/ heterojunction Esaki tunnel diodes with a digitally graded superlattice (DG-SL).
Fox-Fordyce Disease (Apocrine Miliaria).

A 17-year-old female presents for her initial pelvic exam due to recently becoming sexual active. She denies any vaginal complaints but does mention a two-year history of intense, bilateral axillary pruritus. Her symptoms are worse over the summer months and after exercise. She is otherwise healthy, takes no medications, and has no family history of this disorder. On exam, both axilla have tiny, uniform, equidistant flesh-colored papules, some of which have central hairs (Figs. 1 and 2). A referral to a dermatologist is ordered.
New Conceptual Associative Learning in Amnesia: A Case Study

Abstract We report two experiments in this article that were designed to investigate the role of retrieval constraints and interference in implicit learning of new verbal associations in a densely amnesic participant, C.V., who had presumably sustained medial temporal lobe damage secondary to an anoxic episode. In Experiment 1, repeatedly studied novel sentences produced significant priming with Sentence+Fragment retrieval cues that provided maximal perceptual support as well as perceptual priming for the single-word targets. However, little learning was observed when no perceptual cues were provided for the target itself with the Sentence+??? retrieval cues. In Experiment 2, the effects of intraexperimental interference were measured by examining new verbal learning under the Study-Only, Study-Immediate test, Test-Study training conditions. Unlike in the findings reported in prior studies, C.V. showed little learning with the Sentence+??? retrieval cues even under the minimal interference, Study-Only, condition. Together, these results demonstrate that implicit access to novel verbal associations at a level more abstract than their perceptual configurations is not ubiquitously observed in dense amnesia even when the learning conditions are optimized. These results provide a window into the processes that mediate implicit learning of novel verbal associations when the explicit memory contribution is minimized.
Incompressible Finite Elements via Hybridization. Part II: The Stokes System in Three Space Dimensions

In this paper, we introduce a new and efficient way to compute exactly divergence-free velocity approximations for the Stokes equations in two space dimensions. We begin by considering a mixed method that provides an exactly divergence-free approximation of the velocity and a continuous approximation of the vorticity. We then rewrite this method solely in terms of the tangential fluid velocity and the pressure on mesh edges by means of a new hybridization technique. This novel formulation bypasses the difficult task of constructing an exactly divergence-free basis for velocity approximations. Moreover, the discrete system resulting from our method has fewer degrees of freedom than the original mixed method since the pressure and the tangential velocity variables are defined just on the mesh edges. Once these variables are computed, the velocity approximation satisfying the incompressibility condition exactly, as well as the continuous numerical approximation of the vorticity, can at once be obtained locally. Moreover, a discontinuous numerical approximation of the pressure within elements can also be obtained locally. We show how to compute the matrix system for our tangential velocity-pressure formulation on general meshes and present in full detail such computations for the lowest-order case of our method.
Crack-Growth Resistance of in Situ-Toughened Silicon Nitride

The fracture toughness of a commercial, hot-pressed, in situ-toughened silicon nitride with an elongated grain structure is determined by four different testing methods. The fracture toughness is found to be 5.76 +/- 0.27, 8.48 +/- 0.50, 10.16 +/- 0.66, and 10.68 +/- 0.39 MPa x m(exp 1/2), respectively, by indentation crack size measurement, indentation strength, single-edge-precracked-beam, and chevron-notched-beam methods. The discrepancy in fracture toughness between the testing methods is related to R-curve behavior, as measured using the indentation strength technique. These results indicate that there is no unique fracture toughness value and that a fracture toughness testing method with appropriate qualifiers is needed for rising R-curve materials. Therefore, care should be taken in interpreting and utilizing fracture toughness values evaluated from different testing methods if a material exhibits a rising R-curve. Complete characterization of the R-curve may be a prerequisite.
Development, reliability, and validity of the Sitting Balance Scale

The Sitting Balance Scale (SBS) measures sitting balance for frail older adults who are primarily nonambulatory. Purposes were to generate items representing different functional abilities of sitting balance, reduce the number of items to make a clinically useful tool, refine the assessment, and establish reliability and validity. The study was conducted in multiple phases, with qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Content development used nominal group process, expert narratives, and literature review. After consensus was reached on content and scoring, item reduction began. Item retention and deletion decisions were based on a combination of practical considerations during field testing, expert and experienced clinician opinion of clinical relevance, and statistical information. Item retention or deletion decisions were based in part on the internal consistency analysis of the 19-item SBS based on 256 scores, which included participants who were apparently healthy and those with pathology. We app...
State R&D Tax Credits and High-Technology Establishments

This empirical research examines the effects of state research and development (R&D) tax credits on the size of the high-technology business sector. In addition to a description of federal and stat...
Dual views of SRF: a genomic exposure

Esnault and colleagues (pp. 943–958) take a genomics approach to investigate the role of SRF (serum response factor) in the serum response of fibroblasts. The well-established dual role of SRF with alternative cofactors and responsiveness to two signaling pathways is illustrated at the genome-wide level, yet new insight comes from this global picture.
The Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model

Abstract The recently created global ionosphere–thermosphere model (GITM) is presented. GITM uses a three-dimensional spherical grid that can be stretched in both latitude and altitude, while having a fixed resolution in longitude. GITM is nontraditional in that it does not use a pressure-based coordinate system. Instead it uses an altitude-based grid and does not assume a hydrostatic solution. This allows the model to more realistically capture physics in the high-latitude region, where auroral heating is prevalent. The code can be run in a one-dimensional (1-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) mode. In 3-D mode, the modeling region is broken into blocks of equal size for parallelization. In 1-D mode, a single latitude and longitude is modeled by neglecting any horizontal transport or gradients, except in the ionospheric potential. GITM includes a modern advection solver and realistic source terms for the continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Each neutral species has a separate vertical velocity, with coupling of the velocities through a frictional term. The ion momentum equation is solved for assuming steady-state, taking into account the pressure, gravity, neutral winds, and external electric fields. GITM is an extremely flexible code—allowing different models of high-latitude electric fields, auroral particle precipitation, solar EUV inputs, and particle energy deposition to be used. The magnetic field can be represented by an ideal dipole magnetic field or a realistic APEX magnetic field. Many of the source terms can be controlled (switched on and off, or values set) by an easily readable input file. The initial state can be set in three different ways: (1) using an ideal atmosphere, where the user inputs the densities and temperature at the bottom of the atmosphere; (2) using MSIS and IRI; and (3) restarting from a previous run. A 3-D equinox run and a 3-D northern summer solstice run are presented. These simulations are compared with MSIS and IRI to show that the large-scale features are reproduced within the code. We conduct a second equinox simulation with different initial conditions to show that the runs converge after approximately 1.5 days. Additionally, a 1-D simulation is presented to show that GITM works in 1-D and that the dynamics are what is expected for such a model.
Implications of electronic structure for optical magnetism

Magnetic radiation from intense parametric scattering in different insulators exhibits the intensity dependence and saturation predicted by a simple classical theory, but growth rates vary with molecular structure.
Extrusion of α-Al2O3–Boehmite Mixtures

A water-based binder system consisting of colloidal boehmite (AlO(OH)) and 0.3 wt% poly(vinyl alcohol) was developed for low-pressure piston-type extrusion of alumina. Batches using this binder system and two different types of commerical alumina powder were characterized with regard to extrusion pressure, densification, and physical properties in the green and fired states.
Patterns in Middle School Discipline Records.

Two exploratory studies describe chronic discipline problems as recorded in referrals to the principal. In the first study, students who were chronically referred throughout their middle school car...
Fine-scale transgenic mapping of the MyoD core enhancer: MyoD is regulated by distinct but overlapping mechanisms in myotomal and non-myotomal muscle lineages.

Skeletal muscle lineage determination is regulated by the myogenic regulatory genes, MyoD and Myf-5. Previously, we identified a 258 bp core enhancer element 20 kb 5′ of the MyoD gene that regulates MyoD gene activation in mouse embryos. To elucidate the cis control mechanisms that regulate MyoD transcription, we have mutagenized the entire core enhancer using linker-scanner mutagenesis, and have tested the transcriptional activity of enhancer mutants using lacZ reporter gene expression in transgenic mouse embryos. In total, 83 stable transgenic lines representing 17 linker-scanner mutations were analyzed in midgestational mouse embryos. Eight linker-scanner mutations resulted in a partial or complete loss of enhancer activity, demonstrating that MyoD is primarily under positive transcriptional control. Six of these mutations reduced or abolished transgene expression in all skeletal muscle lineages, indicating that activation of MyoD expression in trunk, limb and head musculature is regulated, in part, by shared transcriptional mechanisms. Interestingly, however, two adjacent linker-scanner mutations (LS-14 and LS-15) resulted in a dramatic reduction in transgene expression specifically in myotomes at 11.5 days. At later stages, transgene expression was absent or greatly reduced in myotomally derived muscles including epaxial muscles (deep back muscles) and hypaxial muscles of the body wall (intercostal muscles, abdominal wall musculature). In contrast, head muscles, as well as muscles of the body derived from migrating muscle progenitor cells (e.g. limb, diaphragm), were unaffected by these mutations. In Pax-3-mutant mice, LS-14 and LS-15 transgene expression was eliminated in the body, but was unaffected in the head, yielding an identical expression pattern to the endogenous MyoD gene in mice mutant for both Myf-5 and Pax-3. These data support the hypothesis that LS-14 and LS-15 define the core enhancer targets for Myf-5-dependent activation of MyoD in myotomal muscles.
Other Transgenic Animal Models Used in Cardiovascular Studies

Previous chapters have described a large number of transgenic animal models used to study specific cardiovascular syndromes. This chapter will fill in some gaps. Many of these transgenic animals were developed to study normal and/or abnormal physiological responses in other organ systems, or to study basic biochemical and molecular reactions or pathways. These models were then discovered to also have effects on the cardiovascular system, some of them unanticipated.
Investigating the Impact of Team Identification on the Willingness to Commit Verbal and Physical Aggression by Youth Baseball Spectators

The current investigation was designed to extend previous work on the aggressive actions of youth baseball spectators (Hennessy & Schwartz, 2007) by incorporating team identification into the research. Team identification, the extent to which a fan feels a psychological connection to a team, (Wann, Melnick, Russell, & Pease, 2001) has been found to be an important predictor of a wide variety of aggressive actions among sport consumers (Wann, 2006). Spectators (N = 80) at youth baseball games completed a questionnaire packet assessing demographics, team identification, vengeance, anger, hostility, and the likelihood of acting in a verbally or physically aggressive manner toward a number of potential targets (e.g., officials, opposing players). Consistent with expectations, team identification predicted a willingness to commit verbally aggressive acts. However, identification did not predict physical aggression.
The SEC's Shift to Administrative Proceedings: An Empirical Assessment

Congress has repeatedly expanded the authority of the SEC to pursue violations of the securities laws in proceedings decided by its own administrative law judges, most recently in the Dodd Frank Act. We report the results from an empirical study of SEC enforcement actions against non-financial public companies to assess the impact of the Dodd Frank Act on the balance between SEC civil court and administrative enforcement actions. We show a general decline in the number of court actions against public companies post Dodd Frank. At the same time, we show an increase in average civil penalties post-Dodd Frank for both court actions and administrative proceedings involving non-financial companies as well as a greater willingness of such companies to cooperate with the SEC, consistent with an increase in the SEC’s leverage in administrative proceedings. We also provide evidence that the mix of cases the SEC brings in administrative proceedings has changed post-Dodd Frank. We show an increase in two proxies for the complexity of the alleged underlying securities law violation, the disgorgement amount and the number of years during which the violation allegedly took place. Despite the increase in the complexity of the securities law violations, we report evidence that the significance of enforcement actions decreased for administrative proceedings after the enactment of Dodd-Frank. Although we cannot measure the deterrent impact of the additional cases that the shift to administrative proceedings has allowed the SEC to bring, it does appear that the SEC is using administrative proceedings to expand its enforcement efforts against public companies. Post-Dodd Frank, the SEC has shifted toward costlier-to-prosecute actions that may reflect weaker and/or less salient cases relative to pre-Dodd Frank administrative proceedings.
P[(S,S,S)-PhHMeCNCH2CH2]3N: A New Chiral 31P and 1H NMR Spectroscopic Reagent for the Direct Determination of ee Values of Chiral Azides

A facile and economical procedure for the synthesis of the C3 chiral α-phenylethylamino trisaminoamine [(S,S,S)-PhHMeCNHCH2CH2]3N in good yield is reported. The corresponding bicyclic proazaphosphatrane P[(S,S,S)-PhHMeCNCH2CH2]3N, its bicyclic phosphoryl derivative, and its tricyclic P-protonated azaphosphatrane were also synthesized and characterized. It is found that the proazaphosphatrane is an efficient derivatizing agent for the direct determination of enantiomeric ratios of chiral azides by means of 31P and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Protein Clearance Ain’t What It Used to Be

Several age-related neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is secreted from cells and forms extracellular aggregates and eventually plaques—a pathological hallmark of the disease. In typical sporadic AD, it remains unclear whether Aβ accumulation results from overproduction or impaired clearance from the brain. Furthermore, it is not understood how aging—the primary risk factor for AD—influences Aβ clearance. Recently, researchers led by Nedergaard have developed an new system that allows them to measure the flow of extracellular fluid out of the brain, a process they term “glymphatic flow,” as it appears to be a brain-specific version of lymphatic drainage and requires the function of aquaporin-4 water channels expressed on glial cells that surround blood vessels. By injecting fluorescent tracers into the cerebrospinal fluid, one can measure how quickly these molecules are cleared from the brain by the glymphatic system. Previously, this group demonstrated that glymphatic flow is important for ridding the brain of waste products, including damaged proteins, and that it was strongly regulated by the sleep-wake cycle. In the new work, the authors have shown that glymphatic flow in mice declines markedly with age. This decline was associated with an age-related change in the expression of glial aquaporin-4 channels, which became less associated with blood vessels. The investigators further demonstrated that the clearance of Aβ, which was injected into the brain, was significantly impaired in old mice, suggesting that age-related disruption of glymphatic flow might facilitate Aβ accumulation in the brain by limiting clearance. Although this study provides new insights into a possible mechanism of AD pathogenesis, several issues remain. First, the clearance of exogenous Aβ that has been injected into the brain parenchyma as a bolus may not reflect the dynamics of clearance of endogenously derived Aβ, which is secreted from synapses. It also is unclear if all proteins and other solutes are cleared equivalently by glymphatic flow or if selectivity occurs. Last, glymphatic flow is not well understood in humans. However, these findings have potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Diagnostically, methods to quantify glymphatic clearance in humans could potentially be used as biomarkers of AD risk. Therapies that target glial function or other mechanisms to augment glymphatic flow might mitigate Aβ accumulation. More translational studies are needed to fully realize the potential of this new mechanism of protein clearance. B. T. Kress et al ., Impairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain. Ann. Neurol . 76 , 845–861 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.24271/abstract
Towards Geometric Modeling of the Atria using Optical Coherence Tomography

We present an optimized stitching algorithm utilizing Euclidian Distance Matrix to develop geometrical models of the atria from optical coherence tomography images. Our methods are demonstrated in fixed canine and fresh rabbit atria
Ottoman Infrastructures of the Saudi Hydro-State: The Technopolitics of Pilgrimage and Potable Water in the Hijaz

The provisioning of potable water was a microcosm of the Ottoman state's incomplete projects of technopolitical modernization on the Arab frontier. Water questions sat at the intersection between international pressures surrounding cholera, drought, Wahhabi and Bedouin disorder, and the inability of the state to impose its will on the semi-autonomous Amirate of Mecca. To be sure, Ottoman public health reforms and increased attention to water infrastructure were partly a product of the intense international attention generated by the hajj's role in the globalization of cholera. However, like other projects with more overt military and strategic implications, most notably the Hijaz telegraph and railway, the Ottoman state also saw an opportunity to harness the increasing medicalization of the hajj to serve a broader set of efforts to consolidate the empire's most vulnerable frontier provinces. Through the lens of the technopolitical frontier this essay seeks to tell a larger story about the evolution of state building and development in Arabia, one that would otherwise be obscured without reference to both its late Ottoman and Saudi histories. By viewing the evolution of hydraulic management in the Hijaz as a continuous process unfolding across the long nineteenth century, we gain a new perspective on the role that Ottoman technopolitics played in shaping the Saudi state that eventually succeeded it. We find that the quest for water security in the Hijaz, particularly in Jidda, played a critical role in setting the stage for the discovery of the Saudi Arabia's massive petroleum reserves.
An equivalent circuit model for the wire-to-surface junction based on method of moments

A modified wire-to-surface junction basis function is proposed in this paper in order to facilitate the extraction of an equivalent circuit model for the wire-to-surface junction. The circuit extraction is based on an MPIE formulation. The extracted circuit model has been validated by the traditional EFIE formulation.
Attentions in Design and Selection of the Electrical Energy Measurement Devices for 500kV Gateway

According to the experience of the field measurement and some unreasonable phenomena of the electrical energy measurement devices for 500kV regional gateway, the author presents some opinions and advices on the design and selection of the electrical energy measurement devices for 500kV gateway.
11 Off-road vehicle regulation enforcement at IOWA off-highway vehicle parks

Statement of purpose A previous study found that trauma patients from Iowaoff-highway vehicle (OHV) parks were significantly more likely to be in compliance with all-terrain vehicle safety regulations and behaviours than those injured elsewhere. This study’s purpose was to determine the types of enforcement performed by state Department of Natural Resources (DNR) patrol officers in OHV parks, and which specific code regulations they enforce. Methods/approach Patrol officer time logs and enforcement activities were obtained through a cooperative agreement with the DNR. Enforcement activitiesand variables regarding to whomenforcement activities were directed were analysed. Results During 751 enforcement hours over 160 days, patrol officers recorded 359 separate enforcement activities. Of these, 52% were verbal warnings, 31% written warnings, and 17% written citations. About 89% of enforcement activities was directed at males; no significant difference in type of violation was found by offender’s sex (p = 0.11). Individuals 16 to Conclusions Enforcement by patrol officers at OHV parks in this study was primarily through warnings; violators were allowed to correct their regulatory deficiencies. A smaller number received written citations. Significance and contributions This is the first study to examine enforcement activities related to OHVpark regulations. Further study is needed to determine if safety behaviour compliance is better when patrol officers are performing on-site enforcement as compared to when they are not.
Developing Cosmopolitan Action Scripts with Camus’s “The Guest” and Coetzee’s Disgrace

Thoroughgoing cosmopolitanism includes taking action, and in order to act on their compassion for the Other, individuals must possess plans or scripts for meeting the Other’s needs. Literary study can promote the development of and investment in such scripts. This chapter explains how teachers can employ “The Guest” to help students develop a script of global hospitality that involves providing for needy Others everywhere even at some cost to oneself, and how Disgrace can be taught in a manner that develops the most difficult and thoroughgoing of cosmopolitan action scripts, that of sacrificing one’s own wealth, power, security—and perhaps even one’s very being, identity, self-integrity—for the benefit of needy Others whose beliefs, values, and behaviors one may find antithetical to one’s own.
TISSUE-SPECIFIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I IN THE PREGNANT AND LACTATING PIG

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the tissue-specific and developmental expression of insulin-like growth factor-I in the pregnant and lactating pig. Immunoreactive IGF-I was quantified by radioimmunoassay of acid-ethanol extracted biological fluids or acetic-acid extracts of tissues. Tissue levels of IGF-I mRNAs were compared after hybridization of pig IGF-I complementary DNAs to dot-blots or Northern blots containing tissue RNA. Mammary gland secretions contained significant quantities of IGF-I. Maternal sera obtained at parturition displayed a range of IGF-I content which was typically higher than that of newborn pig sera. IGF-I mRNAs were identified in multiple tissues of sows and porcine fetuses. Uteri of early pregnant sows exhibited the highest levels of IGF-I mRNAs among those tissues surveyed to date. In contrast, IGF-I mRNA levels in maternal liver, spleen, and mammary gland were 10–50-fold lower. IGF-I mRNAs were also detected in liver, intestine and stomach of late-gestation fetuses. The identification of this growth factor and its mRNA in both reproductive and nonreproductive tissues of maternal and fetal origin and in biological fluids suggests a generalized role for IGF-I in early embryonic, fetal, and neonatal development.
Aboveground Epichloë coenophiala–Grass Associations Do Not Affect Belowground Fungal Symbionts or Associated Plant, Soil Parameters

Cool season grasses host multiple fungal symbionts, such as aboveground Epichloe endophytes and belowground arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSEs). Asexual Epichloe endophytes can influence root colonization by AMF, but the type of interaction—whether antagonistic or beneficial—varies. In Schedonorus arundinaceus (tall fescue), Epichloe coenophiala can negatively affect AMF, which may impact soil properties and ecosystem function. Within field plots of S. arundinaceus that were either E. coenophiala-free (E−), infected with the common, mammal-toxic E. coenophiala strain (CTE+), or infected with one of two novel, non-toxic strains (AR542 NTE+ and AR584 NTE+), we hypothesized that (1) CTE+ would decrease AMF and DSE colonization rates and reduce soil extraradical AMF hyphae compared to E− or NTE+, and (2) this would lead to E− and NTE+ plots having greater water stable soil aggregates and C than CTE+. E. coenophiala presence and strain did not significantly alter AMF or DSE colonization, nor did it affect extraradical AMF hypha length, soil aggregates, or aggregate-associated C and N. Soil extraradical AMF hypha length negatively correlated with root AMF colonization. Our results contrast with previous demonstrations that E. coenophiala symbiosis inhibits belowground AMF communities. In our mesic, relatively nutrient-rich grassland, E. coenophiala symbiosis did not antagonize belowground symbionts, regardless of strain. Manipulating E. coenophiala strains within S. arundinaceus may not significantly alter AMF communities and nutrient cycling, yet we must further explore these relationships under different soils and environmental conditions given that symbiont interactions can be important in determining ecosystem response to global change.
Excisional Biopsy of Dermal and Subcutaneous Lesions

The removal of dermal and subcutaneous lesions is one of the most common procedures performed in the outpatient setting. General surgeons and surgical advanced practice providers along with primary care specialists all perform excisional biopsies. This chapter will describe the preoperative evaluation, surgical techniques, and postoperative care for performing excisional biopsy, specifically the linear and elliptical technique.
5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine is not a paralog-specific Hsp90 inhibitor

The molecular chaperone Hsp90 facilitates the folding and modulates activation of diverse substrate proteins. Unlike other heat shock proteins such as Hsp60 and Hsp70, Hsp90 plays critical regulatory roles by maintaining active states of kinases, many of which are overactive in cancer cells. Four Hsp90 paralogs are expressed in eukaryotic cells: Hsp90α/β (in the cytosol), Grp94 (in the endoplasmic reticulum), Trap1 (in mitochondria). Although numerous Hsp90 inhibitors are being tested in cancer clinical trials, little is known about why different Hsp90 inhibitors show specificity among Hsp90 paralogs. The paralog specificity of Hsp90 inhibitors is likely fundamental to inhibitor efficacy and side effects. In hopes of gaining insight into this issue we examined NECA (5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine), which has been claimed to be an example of a highly specific ligand that binds to one paralog, Grp94, but not cytosolic Hsp90. To our surprise we find that NECA inhibits many different Hsp90 proteins (Grp94, Hsp90α, Trap1, yeast Hsp82, bacterial HtpG). NMR experiments demonstrate that NECA can bind to the N-terminal domains of Grp94 and Hsp82. We use ATPase competition experiments to quantify the inhibitory power of NECA for different Hsp90 proteins. This scale: Hsp82 > Hsp90α > HtpG ≈ Grp94 > Trap1, ranks Grp94 as less sensitive to NECA inhibition. Because NECA is primarily used as an adenosine receptor agonist, our results also suggest that cell biological experiments utilizing NECA may have confounding effects from cytosolic Hsp90 inhibition.