cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data management for earth system science

Earth system science is a relatively recent scientific discipline that seeks a global-scale understanding of the components, interactions, and evolution of the entire Earth system. The data being collected in support of Earth system science are rapidly approaching petabytes per year. The intrinsic problems of archiving, searching, and distributing such a huge dataset are compounded by both the heterogeneity of the data, and the heterogeneous nature of Earth system science inquiry, which synthesizes models, observations, and knowledge bases from a several traditional scientific disciplines.A successful data management environment for Earth system science must provide seamless access to arbitrary subsets and combinations of both local and remote data, and must be compatible with the rich data analysis environments already deployed. We describe a prototype of such an environment, built at UCSB using database technology pioneered by the Sequoia 2000 Project. We specifically address its application to a problem that requires combining point observations with gridded satellite imagery.
Differential item function across meditators and non-meditators on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire

Mindfulness has been defined as a state of consciousness involving intentional attention and awareness of the present moment. Reporting on past conscious experience is inherently tricky and presents unique challenges to the assessment of mindfulness. Mindfulness-present and mindfulness-absent items may represent different aspects of the construct to different populations resulting from differential skill in assessing sustained or lapsed conscious attention. The current study shows that an online sample of meditators and non-meditators with similar overall levels of mindfulness differentially endorse response options for positively and negatively worded items. While meditators endorse mindfulness-present and mindfulness-absent items with nearly equivalent frequency, student non-meditators are much more likely to reject mindfulness-absent items than to accept mindfulness-present items. The differential item functioning between these two groups represents a potential problem regarding construct validity when comparing meditators to non-meditators and when assessing mindfulness as a pre-post measure with meditation practice.
THE CONCENTRATION OF HAPTOGLOBIN IN SYNOVIAL FLUID OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

The low concentrations of haptoglobin found in “normal” synovial fluid suggested that the synovial membrane normally possesses a mechanism for specifically excluding this glycoprotein from the joint space. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis this mechanism is apparently at least partially blocked as evidenced by the marked increase in haptoglobin concentration relative to the increase in concentration of albumin and total proteins in the synovial fluid. Le basse concentrationes de haptoglobina trovate in “normal” liquido synovial suggereva que le membrana synovial sub conditiones normal possede un mechanismo pro excluder specificamente iste glycoproteina ab le spatio del articulation. In patientes con arthritis rheumatoide iste mechanismo pare esser blocate al minus partialmente, a judicar per le marcate augmento del concentration de haptoglobina relative al augmento del concentration de albumina e proteina total in le liquido synovial.
Adrenal catecholamine metabolism and myocardial adrenergic receptors in streptozotocin diabetic rats

Abstract Adrenal medullary function and myocardial adrenergic receptors were investigated in strep-tozotocin-treated diabetic rats. The animals were rendered diabetic by a single i.v. injection of strep-tozotocin (STZ. 65 mg/kg) and killed 60 days after treatment. Adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine N -methyltransierase (PNMT) activities were increased by 52, 28 and 39%, respectively, in the STZ diabetic rats. In addition, adrenal concentrations of dopamine (+52%) norepinephrine (+46%), and epinephrine (+33%) were elevated significantly (P V max , but no change in K m . Receptor densities ( B max), determined by [ 3 H]prazosin and [ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol binding, were decreased by 24 and 25%, respectively, in the myocardium of 60-day diabetic rats. Insulin-induced chronic hypoglycemia in the STZ diabetic rats produced a marked increase in the adrenal TH concentration ( V max , +65% or +225%, respectively), as compared to control or diabetic rats, without changes in the affinity ( K m ) for the substrate. These results suggest that the STZ diabetic rat has abnormalities of catecholaminergic function of the adrenal medulla and myocardial adrenergic receptors, which may contribute to the development and maintenance of many of the hemodynamic and metabolic defects described in this animal model of diabetes mellitus.
“Black Swans” before the “Black Swan” evidence from international LIBOR–OIS spreads

Abstract The LIBOR–OIS spread is a closely monitored indicator of the financial health of economy. Previous research has used this spread to identify and anticipate abrupt changes in financial markets. Taylor and Williams (2009) refer to the drastic increase in the US LIBOR–OIS spread on August 7th, 2007 as a “Black Swan” in the money market. In this paper, rather than rely on visual observations of “Black Swans” we estimate them using Bai and Perron’s (1998) procedure. We estimate structural breaks, Granger causality tests, and innovation accounting in international LIBOR–OIS spreads and a CDS index to better understand their dynamics during the recent crisis. Our results reveal that “Black Swans” appeared in smaller economies prior to that in large ones during the financial crisis. In addition, we find that only shocks to the US LIBOR–OIS spread has any statistically significant effects after 30 days.
Evolving retrieval algorithms with a genetic programming scheme

The retrieval of scene properties (surface temperature, material type, vegetation health, etc.) from remotely sensed data is the ultimate goal of many earth observing satellites. The algorithms that have been developed for these retrievals are informed by physical models of how the raw data were generated. This includes models of radiation as emitted and/or reflected by the scene, propagated through the atmosphere, collected by the optics, detected by the sensor, and digitized by the electronics. To some extent, the retrieval is the inverse of this 'forward' modeling problem. But in contrast to this forward modeling, the practical task of making inferences about the original scene usually requires some ad hoc assumptions, good physical intuition, and a healthy dose of trial and error. The standard MTI data processing pipeline will employ algorithms developed with this traditional approach. But we will discuss some preliminary research on the use of a genetic programming scheme to 'evolve' retrieval algorithms. Such a scheme cannot compete with the physical intuition of a remote sensing scientist, but it may be able to automate some of the trial and error. In this scenario, a training set is used, which consists of multispectral image data and the associated 'ground truth;' that is, a registered map of the desired retrieval quantity. The genetic programming scheme attempts to combine a core set of image processing primitives to produce an IDL (Interactive Data Language) program which estimates this retrieval quantity from the raw data.
Spectroscopic evidence for a 5-coordinate oxygenic ligated high spin ferric heme moiety in the Neisseria meningitidis hemoglobin binding receptor.

Background For many pathogenic microorganisms, iron acquisition represents a significant stress during the colonization of a mammalian host. Heme is the single most abundant source of soluble iron in this environment. While the importance of iron assimilation for nearly all organisms is clear, the mechanisms by which heme is acquired and utilized by many bacterial pathogens, even those most commonly found at sites of infection, remain poorly understood.
Anion formation moderated by post-collision interaction following core-level photoexcitation of CO

The photon-energy dependence of the oxygen-anion (O−) yield has been measured following photoexcitation of CO just above both the C and O K-shell ionization thresholds. The observed exponentially decaying yields above both edges are attributed to a post-collision interaction (PCI) between the emitted photoelectron and the CO molecule. Using a modified semi-classical atomic model, the near-threshold spectra can be reproduced if an energy shift is included. The shift in photon energy above the C K edge is greater than above the O K edge. The difference is attributed to a site-dependent PCI effect related to the polarity of the valence orbitals of the CO molecule.
Construction of a DSL-MIMO channel model for evaluation of FEXT cancellation systems in VDSL2

Of growing interest in the field of VDSL2 transmission is the evaluation of algorithms for improved performance using far-end crosstalk (FEXT) cancellation pre-coding. In order to perform fair evaluations of different algorithms, it is necessary to define a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel model that realistically represents the nature of the FEXT coupling dispersion that may be encountered in a multi-pair cable. This paper describes a general method for generating a MIMO channel model for a twisted wire pair cable that is extended from the currently defined 1% worst case FEXT coupling model. This extended model defines varying levels of FEXT cross-coupling values across the channel matrix and still preserves the 1% worst case crosstalk levels. Based on cable measurements, we determine a best fit probability density function to model the FEXT coupling dispersion; then for an example 25-pair 26-gauge (AWG) cable, we define four reference 25times25 channel matrices that contain varying degrees of channel dispersion: specifically, we define a 25times25 dispersion matrix for each of dasiazero,psila dasialow,psila dasiamedium,psila and dasiahighpsila dispersion. Finally, we compute rate vs. reach performance of FEXT Cancellation Pre-coding with cancellation of 5 dominant disturbers for each channel matrix.
Effect of an Ozone-Generating Air-Purifying Device on Reducing Concentrations of Formaldehyde in Air

Abstract Formaldehyde, an air contaminant found in many indoor air investigations, poses distinct occupational exposure hazards in certain job categories (e.g., mortuary science) but is also of concern when found or suspected in office buildings and homes. A variety of air-purifying devices (APDs) are currently available or marketed for application to reduce or remove concentrations of a variety of indoor air pollutants through the use of ozone as a chemical oxidant. An investigation was conducted to determine if concentrations of formaldehyde similar to those found in industrial hygiene evaluations of funeral homes could be reduced with the use of an ozone-generating APD. An ozone-generating APD was placed in an exposure chamber and formaldehyde-containing embalming solution was allowed to evaporate naturally, creating peak and mean chamber concentrations of 2.5 and 1.3 ppm, respectively. Three 90-minute evaluations were conducted to establish a change in concentration for formaldehyde generated in the c...
Proteomics of Drosophila compound eyes: early studies, now, and the future--light-induced protein phosphorylation as an example.

Abstract:In the past three decades, efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying photoreceptor transduction of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster experienced drastic waves of technological development that involve multiple areas of scientific disciplines; the multidisciplinary approach includes a classical genetic manipulation in which random mutations are created and phenotypes are screened, a modern genetics maneuver in which a specific gene relevant to a hypothesis is molecularly cloned and manipulated, and, more recently, direct studies of proteins by proteomics technologies in combination with modern molecular biology and electrophysiology. This paper will review efforts that originated three decades ago in Professor William L. Pak's laboratory at Purdue University to study proteins involved in the Drosophila photoreceptor transduction process and show the power of such multidisciplinary approach that involves collaboration between molecular genetics, electrophysiology, and proteomics.
Neurotrophic factors and axonal growth

Neuronal morphological differentiation is regulated by numerous polypeptide growth factors (neurotrophic factors). Recently, significant progress has been achieved in clarifying the roles of neurotrophins as well as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family members in peripheral axon elongation during development. Additionally, advances have been made in defining the signal transduction mechanisms employed by these factors in mediating axon morphological responses. Several studies addressed the role of neurotrophic factors in regenerative axon growth and suggest that signaling mechanisms in addition to those triggered by receptor tyrosine kinases may be required for successful peripheral nervous system regeneration. Finally, recent investigations demonstrate that neurotrophic factors can enhance axon growth after spinal cord injuries.
Technical report: Immunofluorescence and TUNEL staining of celloidin embedded human temporal bone tissues☆

The large archival human temporal bone collections of the world have been fixed in formalin and embedded in celloidin. These treatments have created challenges to the use of contemporary probes, which are routinely used in the evaluation of fresh and frozen tissues, for the analysis of archival temporal bone tissues. Formalin alters the configuration of proteins and can obscure antigens by modifying the epitopes recognized by antibodies. Celloidin embedding provides superior support of the delicate membranous structures of the inner ear to maintain tissue integrity during sectioning, however, inadequate removal of celloidin may limit tissue permeability resulting in poor penetration of large molecules. Methods are described in this manuscript that have allowed reproducible immunofluorescence and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling) staining results in these archival tissues. To our knowledge, successful immunofluorescence staining of type I collagen, immunofluorescence staining of cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COX III), and TUNEL staining in archival human temporal bone tissues with confocal microscopy has not been previously reported. These results demonstrate the utility of developing techniques to evaluate the existing collections of archival temporal bones which remain our greatest source of tissue for investigating the causes of ear diseases.
A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of human nodular goitre.

This paper is a concurrent scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of 13 cases of nodular goitre.
Immunocytochemical localization of mu and delta opioid receptors in the rat dentate gyrus

Abstract Affinity-purified anti-peptide antibodies generated against the carboxy-terminal tail region of the delta and mu opioid receptor were used to immunocytochemically localize mu and delta opioid receptors in the rat dentate gyrus. Delta opioid receptor immunoreactivity (IR) was found in a subpopulation of axons and nerve terminals in str. moleculare, str. granulosum and the hilus. Mu opioid receptor IR was found in a subpopulation of cell bodies and proximal dendrites as well as in punctate nerve terminals. Labeled cell bodies were found predominantly in the hilar and subgranular regions with a subset of dendrites extending into str. moleculare.
International Management Education in the Pacific

Given the need to reflect the global nature of business and the need for a Pacific‐Asia focus on management education, a region‐wide PAMI (Pacific Asian Management Institute) consortium can be seen as vital. The consortium would pool scarce international management education resources within the Pacific Basin, and would facilitate transfer of appropriate management knowledge by linking segmented institutions of higher learning. A Pacific partnership of mutual interest would steer the cause of international business to the ideal of humanity, peace and prosperity in this region.
Looking back: KDKA [radio station]

At 8:00 p.m., 2 November 1920, KDKA of East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania began broadcasting the Harding-Cox presidential election returns. With a power output of 100 watts, the transmitter's signals reached homes several hundred miles from the world's first commercial radio station. Its great success led its owner, the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, to increase its power output by 10-fold within one year. By the end of 1923, KDKA was heard regularly all over the United States as well as some parts of Europe, South America and the Hawaiian Islands.
PMDC for polarization multiplexed RZ-DQPSK systems

A PMDC working in the cancellation mode is proposed for Pol-Mux RZ-DPSK/ DQPSK systems. It has separate control loops for PMDC and Pol-Demux. It showed 18ps of DGD tolerance in a 112Gb/s bit-aligned Pol-Mux RZ-DQPSK system.
Distribution and Movement of Marked Walleyes in Oneida Lake, New York

Abstract Movements of three spawning populations of walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) are described from 1,174 tag recoveries reported by anglers, and from additional recoveries in experimental fishing gear. Most walleyes returned to the same spawning area in successive years. The Scriba Creek spawning population showed a gradual dispersal from the spawning area in May and June, and the population attained its widest distribution in late summer. Although the three spawning populations intermingled during summer, differences in the summer distributions of the populations were evident. Marking during the fall suggested that most walleyes remained in a limited area except during the spawning period. The Oneida Lake data demonstrate that widely distributed recoveries of walleyes tagged at one spawning site in a lake do not constitute satisfactory evidence of population homogeneity.
Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: Yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) provide about two-thirds of all energy in human diets, and four major cropping systems in which these cereals are grown represent the foundation of human food supply. Yield per unit time and land has increased markedly during the past 30 years in these systems, a result of intensified crop management involving improved germplasm, greater inputs of fertilizer, production of two or more crops per year on the same piece of land, and irrigation. Meeting future food demand while minimizing expansion of cultivated area primarily will depend on continued intensification of these same four systems. The manner in which further intensification is achieved, however, will differ markedly from the past because the exploitable gap between average farm yields and genetic yield potential is closing. At present, the rate of increase in yield potential is much less than the expected increase in demand. Hence, average farm yields must reach 70-80% of the yield potential ceiling within 30 years in each of these major cereal systems. Achieving consistent production at these high levels without causing environmental damage requires improvements in soil quality and precise management of all production factors in time and space. The scope of the scientific challenge related to these objectives is discussed. It is concluded that major scientific breakthroughs must occur in basic plant physiology, ecophysiology, agroecology, and soil science to achieve the ecological intensification that is needed to meet the expected increase in food demand.
The wayward implant: orbital silicone plate extrusion associated with squamous epithelial downgrowth and infection.

We report an unusual case of orbital implant migration in which the silicone plates were found to be enveloped in a pseudocapsule surprisingly infected and lined by squamous epithelium of probable conjunctival origin. An epithelial ‘plug’ found in the inferior fornix portion of the pseudocapsule might have been responsible for bacterial entry into the cavity. We discuss the literature regarding pseudocapsule formation around silicone implants and the phenomenon of capsular contracture. Both the infection and the epithelial downgrowth may have facilitated the implant migration.
Local cohomology in gauge theories, BRST transformations and anomalies

Abstract We introduce a geometric framework needed for a mathematical understanding of the BRST symmetries and chiral anomalies in gauge field theories. We define the BRST bicomplex in terms of local cohomology using differential forms on the infinite jet bundle and consider variational aspects of the problem in this cohomological context. The adjoint representation of the structure group induces a representation of the infinite dimensional Lie algebra g of infinitesimal gauge transformations on the space of local differential forms, with respect to which the BRST bicomplex is defined using the Chevalley-Eilenberg construction. The induced coboundary operator of the associated cohomology H ∗ loc ( g ) is the BRST operator s. With this we derive the classical BRST transformations of the vector potential A and the ghost field η as s A = dη+[A, η] , and s η = - 1 2 [η, η] . Moreover the ghost field η is identified with the canonical Maurer-Cartan form of the infinite dimensional Lie group G of gauge transformations. We give a homotopy formula on the BRST bicomplex and with the introduction of Chern-Simon type forms we derive the associated descent equations and show that the non-Abelian anomalies, which satisfy the Wess-Zumino consistency condition, represent cohomology classes in H 1 loc ( g ) .
Proton Transfer from the C5-proR/proS Positions of l-Dihydroorotate: General-Base Catalysis, Isotope Effects, and Internal Return1

Rate constants for C5-proR/proS-hydron exchange from l-dihydroorotate were determined by 1H NMR and detritiation in various oxygen-containing and amine buffers at 37 °C and ionic strength 1.0 M in aqueous solution. Thermodynamically unfavorable proton transfer from the C5-proR and -proS positions (pKa = 20−21) to oxygen-containing and amine bases shows general-base catalysis with a Bronsted β value of 0.84 ± 0.05 and 0.81 ± 0.08, respectively, which is consistent with a late, enolate-like transition state. General-base catalysis is detectable because there is a 160- or 85-fold negative deviation for the C5-proR and -proS protons, respectively, from this correlation for deuterioxide ion. Deviations of (kH/kT)obsd and (kD/kT)obsd from the Swain−Schaad equation are consistent with internal return of the transferred hydron to a free C5-carbanion/enolate intermediate from the conjugate general acid. This corresponds to an Eigen-type mechanism for hydron transfer, in which both proton transfer and diffusional s...
Crystal growth of silicon nitride whiskers through a VLS mechanism using SiO2Al2O3Y2O3 oxides as liquid phase

Abstract Si 3 N 4 whiskers were coated on Si 3 N 4 whisker substrates through a VLS mechanism using SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 oxides as liquid phases. Alpha-Si 3 N 4 whiskers having diameters of 0.4 to 0.7 μm were used as seeds. After the seed whiskers were coated with SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 oxides, the oxide-coated whiskers were heated at 1490 °C N 2 including gas species generated by reacting amorphous Si 3 N 4 and TiO 2 powders. Resultantly, whisker-like products were newly formed on the seeds. The morphologies of the resulting whisker growth on the seeds resembled rose-twigs and centipedes with long legs. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the newly formed whiskers were β-Si 3 N 4 . Droplets were observed on the tips of some whiskers. This suggested that the whisker growth proceeded through a vapour-solid-liquid (VLS) mechanism.
MOUSE TISSUE ISOANTIGEN DETECTABLE BY IMMUNOPRECIPITATION.

SummaryAn immune fluid was obtained from an A2G mouse which had recovered from Ehrlich ascites tumor after viral oncolysis. This fluid precipitated in gel-diffusion assays with aqueous extracts from 3 unspe-cific tumors and from organs of mice belonging to several inbred strains, but not with similar extracts from other strains. The antigen involved has been provisionally called ∊-24.We thank Drs. D. B. Amos, T. S. Hauschka, H. Koprowski, G. D. Snell, C. A. Stetson and K. Sugiura for advice and for help with mice and tumors.
Innervation of the avian tonus latissimus dorsi anterior muscle

The motor and cutaneous nerves associated with the pigeon's anterior latissimus dorsi tonus muscle are described. The motor nerve is traced from its origin within the brachialis longus superior nerve of the brachial plexus to within the epimysium of the muscle by means of serial cross sections. The nerve fibers differ in mean diameter at various sites along the nerve. They originate as small fibers within the plexus, become larger as they emerge and then gradually decrease in diameter as they approach the muscle. The number of nerve fibers remains relatively constant until the nerve divides into more than two branches, at which time the number increases. The cutaneous nerve passing through the anterior latissimus dorsi is described and is assumed not to play any role in the innervation, either sensory or motor, of the fibers in this muscle.
Interrogation strategies, evidence, and the need for Miranda: a study of police ideologies

The results of this study are based on self‐report data (N = 43) and face‐to‐face interviews (N = 18) with Texas police investigators reporting their perceptions of factors affecting the disposition of suspect interrogations. Results indicated that participants viewed the presence of physical evidence to be most important to clearing offenses, whereas testimonial evidence was deemed less critical. In the qualitative analysis, participants reported that confronting the suspect with evidence of their guilt and offering moral justifications were among the most effective interrogation techniques to eliciting suspect confessions. Seventy‐seven percent of respondents believed that the Miranda requirement was not an impediment to police interrogations. Results were discussed in comparison to past research, and in light of methodological limitations.
Treatment of refractory chylothorax with externalized pleuroperitoneal shunts in children

Abstract Background . Traditional therapy for refractory chylothorax in the pediatric population has included pleurodesis and thoracic duct ligation. These procedures are associated with high morbidity and questionable success rates. Methods . We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 15 patients who underwent treatment for chylous effusions using pleuroperitoneal shunts with exteriorized pump chambers. Mean patient age at time of shunt placement was 2.1 (0.1 to 11.5) years and the most common indication (7 of 15) was refractory chylothorax following surgical correction of congenital heart disease. Mean chylothorax duration before shunt placement was 76 (5 to 810) days and shunts were in place for an average of 104 (12 to 365) days. A total of 19 chylous effusions (pleural or pericardial) were treated with shunts. Results . Nine of 11 right-sided chylothoraces, 5 of 6 left-sided chylothoraces, and 2 of 2 chylopericardia resolved with shunt therapy (84% total). Pleuroperitoneal shunting failed to clear the effusion in 3 children. There were six episodes of shunt malfunction that were repaired and two episodes of infection. Inguinal or umbilical hernia developed in 4 patients. Conclusions . Externalized pleuroperitoneal shunting is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment for children with refractory chylous effusions.
Material Engagements: Putting Plans and Things Together in Collaborative Ocean Science

Programs of scientific research, like other formally organized collective practices, meet the materiality of the world in complex and dynamic ways. This intersection has important and under explored consequences for the planning and practice of distributed scientific collaboration, including programs of large-scale infrastructure development currently underway across a range of scientific fields and national contexts. Building on ethnographic fieldwork around the Ocean Observatories Initiative, this paper advances two basic arguments about the relation between formal planning efforts and the material worlds they are meant to engage. First, we argue for the mutual plasticity and co-evolution of plans and the material world. Second, the mutually constitutive character of plans and the material world provides a critical connection between top-down governance over scientific collaborations and the bottom-up emergence that emanates from the material world, blurring notions of control and agency and capturing the complex relationship between science policy and local culture.
Functional Implementations of Continuous Modeled Animation

Animation is a temporally continuous phenomenon, but is typically programmed in terms of a discrete sequence of changes. The use of discreteness serves to accommodate the machine that is presenting an animation, rather than the person modeling an animation with the help of a computer. Using a continuous model of time for animation allows for natural specification, avoiding some artificial details, but is difficult to implement with generality, robustness and efficiency. This paper presents and motivates continuous modeled animation, and sketches out a naive functional implementation for it. An examination of some of the practical problems with this implementation leads to several alternate representations, all of which have difficulties in themselves, some quite subtle. We hope that the insights and techniques discussed in this paper lead to still better representations, so that animation may be specified in natural terms without significant loss of performance.
Short-term memory in learning disabled and nondisabled children

In Experiment 1, children with learning disabilities and nondisabled children were presented trigrams and after a delay of 1, 3, 6, 12, or 18 sec were asked to recall each trigram in serial order. They were allowed to rehearse, or rehearsal was disrupted by counting forward or backward in the delay. In Experiment 2, three words were presented and recalled either immediately or after a 30-sec delay. The results showed that, when counting was not required, recall of learning disabled and nondisabled children was not significantly different at the shortest delays but recall of learning disabled children decreased more rapidly across delays. Counting produced approximately that same relative recall decrement in both groups. The findings suggest that rehearsal may be deficient in learning disabled children.
Isolation of Serologically Active Hla-A,B,C and Dr Antigens as Monitored by a Fixed Cell Radioimmunoassay

Procedures for isolation of antigenically active preparations of human HLA antigens were monitored using a sensitive and quantitative radioimmunoassay for HLA-A,B,C or HLA-DR antigens. These assays involve binding of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to appropriate target cells and inhibition of this binding by solubilized antigen preparations. Fixation of the target cells with glutaraldehyde allows quantitation of inhibitors in high concentrations of nonionic detergents. Using this assay, it was possible to examine quantitatively the relative merits of several alternative procedures for isolating both class I and class II antigens. For example, chromatography of cell lysates on columns of Ricinus communis agglutinin gave high recoveries of DR antigens purified from the majority of cell proteins. When Lens culinaris hemagglutinin was used for separation of cell lysates approximately 90% of the A,B,C antigens but only 32% of the DR antigens bound the column and were eluted by α-methyl-mannoside. Immunoads...
Safety of Enteral Feedings in Critically Ill Children Receiving Vasoactive Agents

Background: The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the safety of enteral feeding in children receiving vasoactive agents (VAs). Methods: Patients aged 1 month to 18 years with a pediatric intensive care unit stay for ≥96 hours during 2007 and 2008 who received any VA (epinephrine, norepinephrine, vasopressin, milrinone, dopamine, and dobutamine) were included and categorized into fed and nonfed groups. Their demographics, clinical characteristics, type and dose of VA, and presence of gastrointestinal (GI) outcomes were obtained. GI outcomes were compared between the groups by the χ2 test, Mann-Whitney test, and logistic regression. Results: In total, 339 patients were included. Of these, 55% were in the fed group and 45% in the nonfed group. Patients in the fed group were younger (median age, 1.05 vs 2.75 years, respectively; P < .001) and tended to have a lower Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2) risk of mortality (ROM) than those in the nonfed group (median, 3.33% vs 3.52%, respecti...
A framework for performance modeling of SWIM

As part of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) activities, it is envisaged that the System Wide Information Management (SWIM) program will provide key functionality allowing for a network enabled agile National Air Space (NAS). SWIM seeks to provision Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) based capabilities for various NAS programs, thus allowing various applications and programs (e.g., Aeronautical Information Management (AIM), NextGen Network Enabled Weather (NNEW)) to provide and consume data through information services made transparent with respect to the underlying platform implementation.
Geometry-based simulation of submonolayer film growth

A geometry-based simulation (GBS) strategy is developed for modeling film growth, which avoids explicit treatment of the terrace diffusion of adatoms and their aggregation with islands---a computationally expensive component of either atomistic simulation or continuum analysis. GBS characterizes island growth in terms of capture zones (CZ's), and implements simple but realistic geometric rules to incorporate crucial spatial aspects of the island nucleation process, i.e., nucleation nearby CZ boundaries. This approach reliably predicts island size distributions and spatial correlations, and is especially efficient for highly reversible island formation.
Content of radioactive vitamin B12 in the feces of rats fed Co60 and aureomycin.

SummaryBy the incorporation of Co60 into the diet, it could be shown that aureomycin causes an increase in the activity, both radioactive and microbiological, of the vit. B12 content of the feces. The fecal B12 content could be increased by increasing the amount of Co60 used. The experimental findings can be explained by the effect of the antibiotic on the intestinal bacterial flora.
The moral basis of soil science and geology: What antebellum farmers knew and why anyone cared

Abstract Soil science and geology had common historical origins in the “internal improvement” era of the early American Republic that sought both cultural and material progress. This paper draws from the rural press, regional agricultural societies, and the first wave of state scientific surveys in that era to discuss the early Republic foundations of those new sciences. It discusses the dynamic and productive circulation of soil-based studies in an era that made it possible for later professional scientific activities to gain influence. It also suggests by way of conclusion that soil scientists and geologists of the twenty-first century can culturally ground their own activities more fully by articulating the purposes of their work as part of broader moral imperatives. To do this, they can treat new calls for sustainability science as a current version of improvement. By recognizing the fundamentally dual aims of sustainability—materially, to achieve the protection of resources and, culturally, to make progress toward more sustainable social structures—soil scientists and geologists can recall the common purpose of their work and avoid the distance from collective cultural activity that professional specialization of the last century and a half has brought.
The Population of Near-Earth Objects Discovered by Spacewatch

In the past three years the Spacewatch program at the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory has discovered ~45% of the new Earth Approaching asteroids and found evidence for an unheralded population of small (~10m) objects in the inner solar system. This success is due to the automated Moving Object Detection Program (MODP) which searches successive scans over the same region for objects showing consistent motion. Highlights of recent discoveries, an update on research, and the development and potential of the new 1.8m Spacewatch facility will be discussed.
Options in the surgical management of aorto-iliac occlusive disease: a changing perspective.

Abstract The numerous options available for the treatment of aortoiliac occlusive disease have led to controversy over which is best. Not only are the technical aspects of direct aortoiliac reconstruction debated but the role of lower risk but less durable options such as extraanatomic bypass and balloon angioplasty and/or stenting is still unsettled. Rather than yield to the tendency to apply one method preferentially over the others, it is important to realize that each approach has a selective role to play in the overall management of aortoiliac occlusive disease, if applied in appropriate settings. In discussing these applications, the history of these controversies, and the pros and cons of each competitive approach are reviewed, along with the results of experiences with them by the author and others. While it is apparent that outcome data, stratified for location, and degree and extent of the occlusive disease being treated, are still needed for proper comparisons of some competitive techniques, especially balloon angioplasty and stenting, there is sufficient evidence to make certain general recommendations: endarterectomy should be limited to younger patients with soft atheromatous disease of the lower aorta and proximal iliac arteries; a femoral distal anastamosis is preferable to one at the iliac bifurcation; choice of proximal anastamosis should be based on the distribution of aortoiliac occlusive disease; concomitant profundaplasty is effective only if significant profunda narrowing is present (and not simply superficial femoral artery occlusion); the need for concomitant distal bypass can and should be predicted; axillobifemoral bypass should be limited to patients with `prohibitive' risk or `hostile' abdominal pathology; and, in view of the low risk and good long term patency of unilateral iliac bypasses, iliac PTA and stenting should not be extended to category III and IV lesions without demonstrating superior long term results for such lesions.
A synchronous increase in hydraulic conductive capacity and mechanical support in conifers with relatively uniform xylem structure

The dual function provided by longitudinal tracheids in conifers has led to a generally held trade-off concept that increasing wall thickness and/or volume of latewood tracheids improves mechanical support, while increasing cell diameter and/or volume of earlywood tracheids enhances conductive potential. Yet, some conifers have either uniform cell structure across the growth ring or, at most, a small amount of latewood. How do these trees accomplish the needs for increasing support and conduction with height growth? We examined Metasequoia glyptostroboides, a species that we previously demonstrated improves its mechanical properties with increasing age without a change in specific gravity or secondary wall microfibril angle. In this paper, we showed that lignin and extractive contents are not contributing factors, and through composite structure analysis, we eliminated a role for tracheid length. Using micromorphometric analysis, we demonstrated that as cell diameter increases, total primary wall decreases, secondary wall increases, and strength and conductive capacity increase with no change in specific gravity. Meta-analysis using other species of Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Araucariaceae provided strong corroborative evidence for this design strategy.
Mycorrhizal and rhizomorph dynamics in a loblolly pine forest during 5 years of free‐air‐CO2‐enrichment

Soil fungi couple plant and ecosystem resource demands to pools of soil resources. Research on these organisms is needed to predict how rising atmospheric CO 2 will " influence forest ecosystem processes and soil carbon (C) sequestration potential. We examined the influence of free-air-CO 2 -enrichment (FACE) on mycorrhizal and extraradical rhizomorph dynamics over a 5-year period in a .loblolly pine forest using minirhizotrons. Standing crop of mycorrhizal root tips varied greatly spatially and through time. Summed across all years, CO 2 enrichment increased mycorrhizal root tip production by 194% in deep soil (15-30 cm) but did not influence mycorrhizal production . in shallow soil (0-15 cm). Production and mortality of soil rhizomorph length was 27% and 25% greater in CO 2 -enriched plots compared with controls over a 5-year period beginning in January of 2000 and running through autumn 2004. Effects of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment on longevity of mycorrhizal root tips and rhizomorphs varied with soil depth (mycorrhizae and rhizomorphs) and with diameter (rhizomorphs). For instance, survival of mycorrhizal tips was reduced in CO 2 -enriched plots in deep soil (15-30 cm depth) but was increased in shallower soil (0-15 cm). Rhizomorph turnover was accelerated in shallow, soil but effects on survivorship in deep soil varied according to diameter. A drought in 2002 coupled with loss of leaf area to an ice storm late in 2002 were followed by reductions in rhizomorph and mycorrhizal production, increases in mortality, and decreases in standing crop during 2003 and 2004. These effects tended to be more severe in CO 2 -enriched plots. Positive effects of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment on mycorrhizal fungi, primarily observed in deeper soil, are probably contributing to the prolonged stimulation of -NPP by CO 2 enrichment at the Duke FACE study site.
Measurement of Moisture-Induced Packaging Stress With Piezoresistive Sensors

Moisture is one of the major contributing factors in fracture and reliability issues for microelectronic packaging. To characterize the moisture-induced stress distribution inside the packaging structure, an in situ, quantitative, and nondestructive experimental methodology is needed. This paper proposes the use of piezoresistive sensors to measure moisture-induced stress in a plastic low profile, fine pitch, ball grid array (LFBGA) packaging. The measurements include hygroscopic swelling stress extractions and real-time stress monitoring of the popcorn phenomenon, and the results associated with gravimetric analyses are reported. Postreflow scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) inspection results and cross section observations are used as experimental verification. Comparing with thermal stresses previously measured on the same package, it is found that the hygroscopic mismatch stress is significant and important for package engineers. In addition, piezoresistive sensors were proven useful in this work for recording popcorn occurrence and monitoring the stress drops at the popcorn initiation.
Measurement of situation awareness among diverse agents in cyber security

Development of innovative algorithms, metrics, visualizations, and other forms of automation are needed to enable network analysts to build situation awareness (SA) from large amounts of dynamic, distributed, and interacting data in cyber security. Several models of cyber SA can be classified as taking an individual or a distributed approach to modeling SA within a computer network. While these models suggest ways to integrate the SA contributed by multiple actors, implementing more advanced data center automation will require consideration of the differences and similarities between human teaming and human-automation interaction. The purpose of this paper is to offer guidance for quantifying the shared cognition of diverse agents in cyber security. The recommendations presented can inform the development of automated aids to SA as well as illustrate paths for future empirical research.
More forks on the road to replication stress recovery

High-fidelity replication of DNA, and its accurate segregation to daughter cells, is critical for maintaining genome stability and suppressing cancer. DNA replication forks are stalled by many DNA lesions, activating checkpoint proteins that stabilize stalled forks. Stalled forks may eventually collapse, producing a broken DNA end. Fork restart is typically mediated by proteins initially identified by their roles in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In recent years, several proteins involved in DSB repair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) have been implicated in the replication stress response, including DNA-PKcs, Ku, DNA Ligase IV-XRCC4, Artemis, XLF and Metnase. It is currently unclear whether NHEJ proteins are involved in the replication stress response through indirect (signaling) roles, and/or direct roles involving DNA end joining. Additional complexity in the replication stress response centers around RPA, which undergoes significant post-translational modification after stress, and RAD52, a conserved HR protein whose role in DSB repair may have shifted to another protein in higher eukaryotes, such as BRCA2, but retained its role in fork restart. Most cancer therapeutic strategies create DNA replication stress. Thus, it is imperative to gain a better understanding of replication stress response proteins and pathways to improve cancer therapy.
Microscopic Origin of Liquid Crystal Alignment on Rubbed Polymer Surfaces

Surface-sensitive and polarization-dependent near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements clearly reveal a preferred in-plane and out-of-plane orientation of phenyl and CdO groups at the surface of rubbed polyimide films. The unidirectional molecular alignment at the surface is argued to provide the template for liquid crystal (LC) alignment of the films. Both the LC orientation along the rubbing direction as well as the direction of the out-of-plane LC pretilt are explained in a simple model. In this model the LC direction follows the preferential orientation of the phenyl rings at the surface. The preferred phenyl orientation is explained in terms of preferential chain segment alignment through a pulling action of the rubbing cloth fibers. The proposed LC alignment model is based on the existence of a statistically significant unidirectional bond asymmetry at the polymer surface, and it does not require the existence of crystalline order.