cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strain Measurement by Optical Correlation

The application of optical correlation measurements to evaluating elastic strain and plastic strain in metals is discussed in this paper. A selected area of the metal surface is illuminated by coherent light. The optical correlation intensity is then measured by transmitting light scattered from the surface through a holographic filter, in which information about the topography of the surface at an earlier time is stored. Changes in surface topography arising from rigid-body displacement, elastic strain, or plastic strain, respectively, cause corresponding changes in optical correlation intensity. Correlation changes arising from surface translation or rotation can be compensated for. An analysis of the process of holographic reconstruction from an elastically strained surface gives good agreement with the experimental results. The correlation technique is sensitive to elastic strains of the order of 10−5 and to monotonic plastic strains of the order of 10−4; the change in correlation intensity is essentially linear with increasing plastic strain, up to a maximum strain of about 10−3.
A decade of progress in indexing and mining large time series databases

Time series data is ubiquitous; large volumes of time series data are routinely created in scientific, industrial, entertainment, medical and biological domains. Examples include gene expression data, electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, gait analysis, stock market quotes, space telemetry etc. Although statisticians have worked with time series for more than a century, many of their techniques hold little utility for researchers working with massive time series databases.A decade ago, a seminal paper by Faloutsos, Ranganathan, Manolopoulos appeared in SIGMOD. The paper, Fast Subsequence Matching in Time-Series Databases, has spawned at least a thousand references and extensions in the database/ data mining and information retrieval communities. This tutorial will summarize the decade of progress since this influential paper appeared.
Understanding organic gas-phase anion molecule reactions.

Although ionic reactions in the gas phase seem on the surface to be totally different from those in solution (e.g., they typically occur about 1012 times more rapidly than their solution analogues and go about as fast at 10 K as they do at room temperature), they can, in fact, exhibit subtle steric, electronic, and isotopic effects. In this Perspective, we show how these differences arise, explain why gas-phase ion reactions can be both fast and selective, and discuss when they can and cannot be classified as “hot” reactions. We also give examples of the use of these reactions to devise new synthetic pathways, investigate reaction mechanisms, and generate important thermochemical data such as bond dissociation energies.
Discourses on Language and Integration: Critical perspectives on language testing regimes in Europe

Discourses on Language and Integration: Critical perspectives on language testing regimes in Europe, edited by Gabriella Hogan-Brun, Clare Mar-Molinero, and Patrick Stevenson, Amsterdam/Philadelphi...
Synchrotron X‐ray diffraction of a single filament and a bundle of poly (p‐phenylene terephthalamide) filaments

Etude de la courbe contrainte/deformation en traction d'un filament de Kevlar 49 de 28 μm de diametre
A Novel Tarantula Toxin Irreversibly Activates TRPV1

Spider venoms contain an evolutionarily honed pharmacopeia of natural toxins that target membrane receptors and ion channels to produce shock, paralysis, pain, or death. Toxins evolve to interact with functionally important protein domains, including agonist binding sites, ion permeation pores, and voltage-sensing domains, making them invaluable reagents with which to probe mechanisms underlying channel activation or modulation. We have identified a novel tarantula peptide toxin that serves as an irreversible agonist for the heat/capsaicin-activated channel, TRPV1. The toxin contains two independently functional Inhibitor Cysteine Knot (ICK) domains, endowing it with an antibody-like bivalency that results in extremely high avidity for its multimeric channel target. We are using this new toxin as a tool to help dissect the unique properties of TRPV1.
Circle hairs are not rolled hairs.

Circle hairs are rarely reported. In this disorder of hair growth, the hairs grow in a perfect or nearly perfect circle in a subcomeal location. There is no associated follicular abnormality or inflammatory component. The circle hairs are interspersed among normal straight hairs. 1, 2 Rolled hairs, a common disorder of hair growth, are associated with follicular hyperkeratosis, keratin plugging, and sometimes inflammation. The condition is usually associated with keratosis pilaris, but it has also been associated with corticosteroid therapy, xerosis, neurodermatitis, and palmoplantar keratoderma.3, 4 The terms circle hairs and rolled hairs are commonly used interchangeably, but they denote clearly distinct entities. We describe five patients with circle hairs and discuss a possible pathogenic mechanism.
Oral ketoconazole for dermatophyte infections

Nineteen patients with chronic dermatophyte infections were treated with 200 to 400 mg per day of ketoconazole orally. Sixteen had had their disease for 2 years or more. Sixty-three per cent achieved cure, and an additional 26% showed clinical improvement. Clearing of lesions occurred in 10 weeks (mean). The dose was increased to 600 mg per day in four patients. Of these, two achieved cure, for an overall cure rate of 74%. Seventy-five percent of patients who previously failed to respond to griseofulvin were cured or improved by ketoconazole. Four of eight patients with onychomycosis were cured, and the rest improved on therapy. One patient developed a generalized drug eruption after the first dose of ketoconazole, and possible minor side effects were noted in five. Three of eight patients followed off therapy after apparent cure subsequently showed relapse. The drug appears to have great potential value for the therapy of dermatomycoses.
PML RING suppresses oncogenic transformation by reducing the affinity of eIF4E for mRNA.

The promyelocytic leukemia protein PML is organized into nuclear bodies which mediate suppression of oncogenic transformation and of growth. The biochemical functions of PML bodies are unknown, despite their involvement in several human disorders. We demonstrate that eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) directly binds the PML RING, a domain required for association with bodies and for suppression of transformation. Nuclear eIF4E functions in nucleocytoplasmic transport of a subset of transcripts including Cyclin D1. Present studies indicate that some PML requires the evolutionarily older eIF4E protein for association with nuclear bodies. Further more, PML RING modulates eIF4E activity by drastically reducing its affinity for its substrate, 5′ m7G cap of mRNA. We demonstrate that eIF4E requires cap binding for transport of Cyclin D1 mRNA and subsequent transformation activity. Additionally, PML reduces the affinity of eIF4E for m7G mRNA cap, causing a reduction in Cyclin D1 protein levels and consequent transformation inhibition. PML is the first factor shown to modulate nuclear eIF4E function. These findings provide the first biochemical framework for understanding the transformation suppression activity of PML.
Eye-position dependence of torsional velocity during step-ramp pursuit and transient yaw rotation in humans

The time course of eye-position-dependent torsion during transient horizontal pursuit and yaw rotation was examined in seven normal human subjects. The stimuli consisted of step-ramp target motion (25, 40 degrees /s) and brief chair rotation (approximately 200 degrees /s(2) accelerated to 40 degrees /s) at three different vertical positions (center 0 degrees , up or down 15 degrees ). Three-dimensional eye movements were recorded with dual search coils. The kinematics of pursuit and the rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex (rVOR) were assessed by determining the tilt-angle slope, a measure of the variation of the axis of eye-velocity with vertical eye position. We found that the tilt-angle slope during pursuit was initially 0.4+/-0.07 (mean+/-95% confidence interval) and then gradually rose to 0.64+/-0.04, at about the time that the steady-state eye-velocity was reached. The rVOR began with a nearly head-fixed axis (0.08+/-0.04), appropriate for full retinal image stabilization, followed by a gradual increase of the tilt-angle slope to 0.31+/-0.02. Thus, differences between pursuit and the rVOR with respect to Listing's law can be seen from the onset of transient responses, although in both cases eye-position-dependent torsion increases with time. This temporal evolution of the axis of eye-velocity may involve the velocity-storage mechanism.
Authors' reply to Sholapurkar.

We appreciate Sholapurkar’s interest in our study and welcome the opportunity to clarify our methods and the implications of our findings.1 2 Because we studied the extent of clustering of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in differentially related births (within family cluster correlation), there is no traditional “control group.” Irrespective of outcome, all births (affected and unaffected) that belong to a certain type …
The Lowcountry Landscape: Politics, Preservation, and the Santee-Cooper Project

AbstractThis article explores the cultural, political, and ecological impact of the Santee-Cooper project, the largest New Deal project in South Carolina. It argues that the New Deal, in reshaping ...
Stress-induced changes attributable to the sympathetic nervous system during experimental influenza viral infection in DBA/2 inbred mouse strain

Abstract The murine model of influenza viral infection was used to evaluate the effects of restraint stress on pathogenesis and survival in the DBA/2 inbred strain of mice. Restraint stress has been associated with an enhanced probability of survival during influenza infection in this strain of mouse. Previous studies suggested that the protective mechanism(s) of stress on mortality might be attributable to elevated levels of circulating glucocorticoids. Subsequent work demonstrated that corticosterone levels alone could not account for the enhanced survival seen in the DBA/2 mice. The present studies examined the role of catecholamines in behavioral stress during influenza infection. It appears that glucocorticoids may play a primary role in trafficking and restriction of inflammation, while catecholamines may play role in limiting activation of virus-specific effector cells. The studies presented here suggested that the interplay between these two physiological response mechanisms needs to be coordinated to optimize development of the immune response to an infection.
Modeling loose joints in elastic structures - validation at higher excitation frequencies

The bolted or riveted lap joint is a common fastening technology for structural members. When a joint becomes worn the joined members can move in a nonlinear fashion relative to each other as well ...
Measurement of the atmospheric boundary-layer resistance law for water vapor

Information is presented regarding the function D(h/L) which appears in the expression for the atmospheric boundary-layer resistance law for water vapor. Using a data set which includes directly measured evapotranspiration and utilizing the conventional definition of D(h/L), this function is found to resemble the analogous C(h/L) function, which appears in the expression for the heat transfer coefficient. There is no evidence of systematic differences between these two functions for the unstable case. On the stable side, the scatter was so great that no conclusions could be drawn except that D(h/L) is negative.
Wavelet-based feature indices as a data mining tool for hyperspectral imagery exploitation

Advances in hyperspectral sensor technology increasingly provide higher resolution and higher quality data for the accurate generation of terrain categorization/classification (TERCAT) maps. The generation of TERCAT maps from hyperspectral imagery can be accomplished using a variety of spectral pattern analysis algorithms; however, the algorithms are sometimes complex, and the training of such algorithms can be tedious. Further, hyperspectral imagery contains a voluminous amount of data with contiguous spectral bands being highly correlated. These highly correlated bands tend to provide redundant information for classification/feature extraction computations. In this paper, we introduce the use of wavelets to generate a set of Generalized Difference Feature Index (GDFI) measures, which transforms a hyperspectral image cube into a derived set of GDFI bands. A commonly known special case of the proposed GDFI approach is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) measure, which seeks to emphasize vegetation in a scene. Numerous other band-ratio measures that emphasize other specific ground features can be shown to be a special case of the proposed GDFI approach. Generating a set of GDFI bands is fast and simple. However, the number of possible bands is capacious and only a few of these “generalized ratios” will be useful. Judicious data mining of the large set of GDFI bands produces a small subset of GDFI bands designed to extract specific TERCAT features. We extract/classify several terrain features and we compare our results with the results of a more sophisticated neural network feature extraction routine.
Income Inequality and Tax Policy for South African Race Groups

This paper calculates elasticities of demand for race groups in South Africa, government-revenue-maximizing tax rates, and excess burdens associated with taxes. A change in tax policy can be the political engine of income redistribution with appropriate taxes and subsidies on different commodities. This paper compares both semiparametric and parametric estimators with the censored least absolute deviation and censored maximum likelihood in calculating demand equations and elasticities. It is found that cigarettes and milk are the two commodities that generate the most government revenues from whites per unit of government revenues from blacks.
Further study of 3-hydroxyphenyldimethylethylammonium (edrophonium) and its closely related analogues with respect to activity at the neuromuscular junction

Abstract (1) Using the indirectly stimulated frog sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle preparation in vitro , 3-hydroxyphenyldimethylethylammonium (edrophonium, Tensilon) and certain of its analogues have been studied with respect to action in augmenting muscle tension output, the time course of this augmentation effect, and anticurare activity. (2) The order of effectiveness in augmenting muscle tension output was 3-OHΦNMeEt 2 > 3-OHΦNMe 2 Et > 3-OHΦNMe 3 ≅ 3-OHΦNEt 3 , at a drug concentration of 0.01 m-moles l . At a concentration of 0.05 m-moles l ., 3-OHΦNMe 3 becomes the most effective of the group in causing tension output augmentation, but this superiority is maintained for only a short period following drug application. With time, the augmentation effect of this compound is rapidly lost, and with higher concentration, muscle tension output falls below control levels. The significance of this result is discussed. (3)The action of the phenolic hydroxyl group in the augmentation of muscle tension output was shown by demonstrating the superiority of 3-OHΦNEt 3 over ΦNEt 3 . (4) Using 3-OHΦNEt 3 and 3-OHΦNMeEt 2 over a concentration range of from 0.01 to 0.5 m-moles l . and also 3-OHΦNMe 2 Et over a range of from 0.01 to 0.05 m moles l . it was shown that the augmentation of muscle tension output is not maintained at the peak value reached. The slow fall which occurs in 1 hr amounts to 4–27 per cent of the peak tension attained. The possible significance of this result is discussed. (5) At a concentration of 0.01 m-moles l ., 3-OHΦNMe 3 , 3-OHΦNMe 2 Et, and 3-OHΦNMe 2 Et 2 cause partial reversal of a neuromuscular transmission block produced by d -tubocurarine. The drug-produced improvement in transmission was maintained without loss for 1 hr, the total time of the test.
Development of Redox-Active Optical Mesostructures at Chemically Modified Electrode Interfaces

published in Advance ACS Abstracts, July 1. 1995. Wriehton, M. S. Science 1986, 231, 32-37. Chizsey, C. E.; Murray, R. W. Science 1986, 231, 25-31. Murray, R. W.; Ewing, A. G.: Durst, R. A. Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 319A-399A. Natan. M. J.; Wrighton, M. S . f rog . Inorg. Chem. 1989, 37. 391494. Ryan. M. D.; Bowden, E. F.: Chambers, J. Q. Anal. Chem. 1994,66, 360R-427R. Gould, S.: Gray, K. H.: Linton. R. W.; Meyer, T. J. Inorg. Chem. 1992. S I , 5521-5525. Callomb-Dunand-Sauthier, M.-N.; Doronzier, A,; Ziessel. R. J . Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 5913-5979. Gould, S.: O'Toole, T. R.; Meyer. T. J. J. Am. Chem. SOC. 1990, 112, 9490-9496. [P~(NH~)~]~[(NC)SF~-CN-P~(NH~)~-NC-F~(CN)~] (A)? where there exists a photoinduced (A,,, = 424 nm) intervalence charge transfer (IT) process that is two-electron in nature and involves all three metal centers.'O In addition, this complex readily undergoes oxidative polymerization on a variety of electrode surfaces. For the purpose of fabricating optical devices, the transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode is most suitable. The oxidative polymerization mechanism is outlined as follows (ligands are omitted for clarity). Ptll 2[Fe"-Pdv],, [Ox] 2[Fe"'-Pt'v], [Fe"-Pt'V]2n-, (2) Bridging from the cyanide ligands to the Pt centers may take place in one, two, or three dimensions due to the octahedral geometry of the complex. This gives rise to one-dimensional, sheet, and network polymer systems. The previously mentioned IT transition of the trinuclear monomer results in the simultaneous oxidation of Fe centers from 2+ to 3+ and the reduction of Pt from 4+ to 2+, during which process the linkage of bridging -CNligand to Pt is broken. This photodissociation may be preserved in polymer films generated at strategically chosen derivatizing potentials. Based on known photochemistry of the monomer,l0 it is reasonable to assume the following. [Fe"-Ptlv]z,+, hv 2[Fe"'-Pt'vl,, + [Pt(NH3)J2+ (3) I1 Y [Fe"-Pt'v],, n[Fe(CN),I3+ n[Pt(NH,),]'+ (4) The procedures used to generate multicomponent electrode surfaces are illustrated in Scheme 1. The [Fe-Pt], polymer film is first laid down on an IT0 surface electrochemically and (9) Pfennig. B. W.: Bocarsly. A. B. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1991. 1 1 1 , 91( I O ) Pfennig. B. W.; Bocarsly. A. B. J . fhys . Chem. 1992. 96, 226-233. 96. 0020-1 66919511 334-4262$09.00/0
The Experiences and Needs of Transgender Community College Students.

The experiences and needs of college students who identify on the transgender spectrum (androgynous, gender nonconforming, genderqueer, transfeminine, transmaculine, transgender, etc.) have begun to be explored in recent years, but this work has largely been limited to four-year colleges and universities. Virtually no research has considered the lives of transgender students at community colleges. Yet, transgender and gender nonconforming students may be more likely to attend two-year institutions because of gender-identity-based prejudice and discrimination in education and employment. After describing the problems often faced by transgender community college students and the ways in which their campuses largely fail to meet their needs, the article offers suggestions for making community colleges more transgender inclusive and supportive.
Political Marketing Research in the 2000 U.S. Election

Abstract It is not news that polls and other forms of marketing research are regularly employed to craft political strategy. What is new is that the 2000 U.S. election represented a turning point where political marketing research seems to take center stage. The print and broadcast media employed polls and other forms of research at levels far beyond anything ever seen before. At times, it appeared as if almost as much attention was being given to polls as was being given to the political candidates and the issues. This was clearly a new and important posturing of the role of political marketing research. With this as a backdrop, the current article compares polls and other forms of political research-focusing on what went wrong and what was right in terms of the use of polls, focus groups and Internet research during the 2000 U.S. election. The article ends with the presentation of some exploratory research that examines insights about respondents' opinions regarding the impact of political polls.
Names Appearing in Fink's “Lichen Flora of the United States” Which Remain Unresolved in the Current United States/Canada Checklist

Abstract. In an attempt to resolve their identity, 169 binomials appearing in Fink's 1935 lichen flora , but which have not previously been included in the U.S./Canada checklist, are examined.
RNA sequencing reveals a slow to fast muscle fiber type transition after olanzapine infusion in rats

Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs), like olanzapine, exhibit acute metabolic side effects leading to metabolic inflexibility, hyperglycemia, adiposity and diabetes. Understanding how SGAs affect the skeletal muscle transcriptome could elucidate approaches for mitigating these side effects. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused intravenously with vehicle or olanzapine for 24h using a dose leading to a mild hyperglycemia. RNA-Seq was performed on gastrocnemius muscle, followed by alignment of the data with the Rat Genome Assembly 5.0. Olanzapine altered expression of 1347 out of 26407 genes. Genes encoding skeletal muscle fiber-type specific sarcomeric, ion channel, glycolytic, O2- and Ca2+-handling, TCA cycle, vascularization and lipid oxidation proteins and pathways, along with NADH shuttles and LDH isoforms were affected. Bioinformatics analyses indicate that olanzapine decreased the expression of slower and more oxidative fiber type genes (e.g., type 1), while up regulating those for the most glycolytic and least metabolically flexible, fast twitch fiber type, IIb. Protein turnover genes, necessary to bring about transition, were also up regulated. Potential upstream regulators were also identified. Olanzapine appears to be rapidly affecting the muscle transcriptome to bring about a change to a fast-glycolytic fiber type. Such fiber types are more susceptible than slow muscle to atrophy, and such transitions are observed in chronic metabolic diseases. Thus these effects could contribute to the altered body composition and metabolic disease olanzapine causes. A potential interventional strategy is implicated because aerobic exercise, in contrast to resistance exercise, can oppose such slow to fast fiber transitions.
Family Health History Communication Networks of Older Adults: Importance of Social Relationships and Disease Perceptions

Older individuals play a critical role in disseminating family health history (FHH) information that can facilitate disease prevention among younger family members. This study evaluated the characteristics of older adults and their familial networks associated with two types of communication (have shared and intend to share new FHH information with family members) to inform public health efforts to facilitate FHH dissemination. Information on 970 social network members enumerated by 99 seniors (aged 57 years and older) at 3 senior centers in Memphis, Tennessee, through face-to-face interviews was analyzed. Participants shared FHH information with 27.5% of the network members; 54.7% of children and 24.4% of siblings. Two-level logistic regression models showed that participants had shared FHH with those to whom they provided emotional support (odds ratio [OR] = 1.836) and felt close to (OR = 1.757). Network-members were more likely to have received FHH from participants with a cancer diagnosis (OR = 2.617)...
Metastatic dysgerminoma of the mandible

Abstract A case of dysgerminoma of the ovary was presented which manifested itself first by a metastatic involvement of the mandible with a rapid downgrade course terminating in death within six months after the onset of pain in the jaw.
Activation of transcriptionally inactive human estrogen receptors by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and ligands including antiestrogens.

We show that some transcriptionally inactive human estrogen receptor (ER) mutants can be activated by 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and sometimes by antiestrogens, in the presence of elevated levels of intracellular cAMP. ER-deficient Chinese hamster ovary or 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells were transfected with mutant ERs (the point mutant L540Q, the frameshift mutant S554fs, or the carboxy-terminal truncated receptor ER1-530) and various estrogen response element-containing reporter genes. Individual treatments with E2, the antiestrogens trans-hydroxytamoxifen and ICI 164,384, or with 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine plus cholera toxin (IBMX plus CT) which raise intracellular cAMP, generally do not activate the mutant receptors. However, cotreatment with IBMX/CT and one of the three ligands (E2, trans-hydroxytamoxifen, or ICI164,384) results in the unexpected recovery of strong activation of the L540Q or S554fs receptors, the magnitude of which is dependent upon promoter- and cell-contexts. Unlike L540Q and S554fs, th...
New Frontiers in Patient-Reported Outcomes: Adverse Event Reporting, Comparative Effectiveness, and Quality Assessment

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are data elements directly reported by patients or their surrogates about experiences with care, including symptoms, functional status, or quality of life. PROs have commonly been evaluated in clinical trials for drug and medical device development. Interest is growing in the ability to integrate PROs into additional contexts, particularly product safety evaluation, comparative effectiveness research, and measurement of care quality. This interest reflects a growing focus on patient-centeredness in health care broadly and on provisions of the US Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. Multiple initiatives demonstrate the feasibility and value of patient reporting in these areas. Inclusion of PROs in electronic health records and hospital patient portals, as well as longitudinal registries, can facilitate use of these data for multiple analytic purposes as well as enhance delivery of care and patient-provider communication. Challenges include the logistics and cost of implementing PRO programs; missing data, particularly from hard-to-reach and ill patients; and the need for standardization of outcome measures and electronic data representation. These challenges have been surmounted in limited initiatives and now must be translated to larger implementations.
Algorithms for a spot price responding residential load controller

A description is given of the algorithms designed for use in residential load control systems. The authors present the functions to be fulfilled by such a price-responsive device and describe the end-user devices available in residences and the control logics applicable to each. It is concluded that there is a need to understand customer attitudes and acceptance in the design of the response strategies and in the design of the man-machine interface. >
Retrievable filters: Maximizing retrieval rates.

c w f t t w t p t g r p a s f p c t The use of permanent inferior vena cava (IVC) filters is effective in the prevention or reduction of pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with contraindications to anticoagulation or in patients who have failed anticoagulation.1-3 Risks of permanent filters are well known, including fracture, IVC penetration, symptomatic IVC thrombosis, and development of deep venous thrombosis (DVT).4 Retrievable filters llow for short-term filtration and thus avoid long-term comlications in patients who are only temporarily at risk for the evelopment of PE. The Gunther Tulip filter (GTF; Cook, nc, Bloomington, IN) was the first to be introduced in the arly 2000s in the United States. Since then, use of retrievable lters has increased, with relatively low complications and ood efficacy in the prevention of PE.5-9 However, their use has been hampered by slightly greater cost and lack of longterm follow-up compared with permanent filters. Although indications for filter use have expanded, there are authors who believe this in not supported by evidence.10 Several filters are approved for use (Fig. 1, Table 1). The design of retrievable filters is driven by the opposing duality of ease of long-term retrieval on the one hand and stability of the device against migration and penetration or perforation on the other. These 2 forces appear at times diametrically opposed as demonstrated by the performance of the GTF and the Recovery filter, 2 of the first filters approved for retrieval. The GTF has fewer issues with penetration and migration but because of significantly more wall contact of the secondary struts and resulting incorporation, it has lower retrieval rates after longer dwelling times of 6 months or more. The Recovery filter, by contrast, had issues with migration and yet seemed to have fewer problems with longterm retrieval.
Surface and Friction Behavior of a Silicone Surfactant Adsorbed on Model Textiles Substrates

This study reports on interactions of an amphiphilic block copolymer of polyalkylene oxide-modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) with thin films of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and nylon, as well as with reference hydrophilic silica surfaces. The dynamics of adsorption, adsorbed mass, and viscoelasticity of the adsorbed layer are quantified by using a quartz crystal microbalance, while boundary layer lubrication behaviors are studied by using lateral force microscopy. Driven by hydrophobic interactions, the silicone surfactant adsorbs following a Langmuir isotherm and forms strongly adsorbed layers on the polymer surfaces with an areal mass directly related to the hydrophobicity of the substrate. The self-assembled silicone surfactant molecules improve significantly wettability and lower friction. The results reported herein will broaden our understanding of lubrication phenomena in textile and fiber processing applications.
Expression of the phenotypic abnormality of platelet-type von Willebrand disease in a recombinant glycoprotein Ib alpha fragment.

The platelet GP Ib-IX receptor supports platelet adhesion and activation by binding to vWf in the exposed subendothelial matrix. An abnormal GP Ib-IX complex exists in platelet-type or pseudo-von Willebrand disease and has a characteristic increased affinity for soluble vWf resulting in impaired hemostatic function due to the removal of larger vWf multimers from the circulation. Genetic studies within an afflicted family have demonstrated that the disease is linked to a Gly233-->Val amino acid substitution within the alpha-subunit of the oligomeric GP Ib-IX complex (Miller, J.L., D. Cunningham, V.A. Lyle, and C. L. Finch. 1991. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:4761-4765). To evaluate the functional consequences of this mutation, we constructed a recombinant analogue of the alpha-subunit of GP Ib containing Val233. Experiments comparing molecules with either Gly233 or Val233 revealed that the Val substitution generates a molecule with increased affinity for vWf. The recombinant fragment reproduces the functional abnormality of the GP Ib-IX complex in platelet-type von Willebrand disease, thus establishing the molecular basis of the bleeding disorder within this family. Moreover, it becomes apparent that structural elements responsible for the regulation of hemostasis through modulation of vWf affinity for platelets reside within the alpha-subunit of the GP Ib-IX complex.
Application of serial sectioning and three-dimensional reconstruction to the study of taste bud ultrastructure and organization.

The lingual taste buds of mammals are complex organs containing dozens of cells of varying morphology and numerous nerve fibers that are intermingled among the cellular processes. Some of the taste bud cells form synaptic contacts with these nerve fibers. Important questions remain to be answered regarding the structure and function of the cells of various types within taste buds and the means by which responses to gustatory stimuli are transmitted to the nerve fibers that communicate with the brain. Using both conventional and high voltage electron microscopy, we have examined serially sectioned taste buds from the tongues of mice and rabbits in order to address these issues and to obtain more complete information than that available from sampling of sections. The technique of computer-assisted 3-D reconstruction was used to generate models of whole taste buds and individual cellular and neural elements within taste buds from the serial sections. Analysis of serially sectioned taste buds from mice and rabbits has revealed that in both of these species relatively few (30% or less) of the cells within the taste buds form synaptic contacts with nerve fibers. In the foliate taste buds of rabbits, all of the cells that are presynaptic to nerve fibers are of a single morphological type (type III). The cells that are presynaptic to nerve fibers within the taste buds of mice are morphologically diverse. A pattern of synaptic connectivity exists within murine taste buds such that a given nerve fiber receives synaptic input only from taste cells that are ultrastructurally similar. In the taste buds of both mice and rabbits, we have observed both divergence and convergence of synaptic input from the putative taste receptor cells onto nerve fibers, suggesting that at the level of the taste bud there is some integration of the information generated by individual receptor cells. In addition to typical chemical synapses, other cytoplasmic specializations (such as subsurface cisternae and atypical mitochondria) may be involved in interactions between taste bud cells and nerve fibers. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spirituality and attempted suicide among American Indians

Abstract American Indians exhibit suicide-related behaviors at rates much higher than the general population. This study examines the relation of spirituality to the lifetime prevalence of attempted suicide in a probability sample of American Indians. Data were derived from a cross-sectional sample of 1456 American Indian tribal members (age range 15–57 yr) who were living on or near their Northern Plains reservations between 1997 and 1999. Data were collected by personal interviews. Commitment to Christianity was assessed using a measure of beliefs. Commitment to tribal cultural spirituality (or forms of spirituality deriving from traditions that predate European contact) was assessed using separate measures for beliefs and spiritual orientations. Results indicated that neither commitment to Christianity nor to cultural spirituality, as measured by beliefs, was significantly associated with suicide attempts (ptrend for Christianity=0.22 and ptrend for cultural spirituality=0.85). Conversely, commitment to cultural spirituality, as measured by an index of spiritual orientations, was significantly associated with a reduction in attempted suicide (ptrend=0.01). Those with a high level of cultural spiritual orientation had a reduced prevalence of suicide compared with those with low level of cultural spiritual orientation. (OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.3, 0.9). This result persisted after simultaneous adjustment for age, gender, education, heavy alcohol use, substance abuse and psychological distress. These results are consistent with anecdotal reports suggesting the effectiveness of American Indian suicide-prevention programs emphasizing orientations related to cultural spirituality.
Disassembly via an environmentally friendly and efficient fluorous phase constructed with dendritic architectures

Traditionally the fluorous phase is generated with perfluorinated alkyl groups that are usually perfluorooctyl or longer and are bioaccummulative and biopersistent and therefore, are considered environmentally unfriendly. Here we report a new concept for the construction of the fluorous phase. This concept is based on the amplification of the fluorous effect with the help of dendritic architectures containing very short semifluorinated groups on their periphery. This new concept was demonstrated by the convergent synthesis of the first and second generation AB3 and AB2 benzyl ether dendrons functionalized on their periphery via catalytic nucleophilic addition of their phenolates to perfluoropropyl vinyl ether. The resulting dendrons are liquids. Their fluorous phase affinity was analyzed and demonstrated that the dendritic architecture amplifies the fluorous phase at a specific generation by the number of functional groups on the dendron periphery, and at different generations by increasing their generation number. Therefore, this concept is very efficient for the design and synthesis of new fluorous materials. In addition, by contrast with dendrons containing perfluoroalkyl groups on their periphery, the current dendrons mediate the disassembly of their parent building blocks but do not mediate the self-assembly in a supramolecular architecture. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2498–2508, 2010
Complexes of TRI- and tetraprotonated forms of 1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane with various mono- and divalent anions in aqueous media

Acid dissociation and anion complexation properties of 3+ and 4+ forms of 1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane were investigated by pH potentiometry, conductometric titration and 13C NMR experiments. The 3+ and 4+ species form complexes with a variety of mono- and divalent anions, and their complexation constants can be determined by pH potentiometric methods. However, no iodide complexes are detected and neither is a pentaprotonated species. Enthalpy and entropy changes for the acid dissociation of the 3+ ligand and for its complexation with chloride are estimated. The complexation and acid dissociation properties of the ligand are discussed in terms of internal hydrogen bonding interactions and solvation effects.
Local mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells are a preferential target for initiation of adult soft tissue sarcomas associated with p53 and Rb deficiency.

The cell of origin and pathogenesis of the majority of adult soft tissue sarcomas (STS) remains poorly understood. Because mutations in both the P53 and RB tumor suppressor genes are frequent in STS in humans, we inactivated these genes by Cre-loxP–mediated recombination in mice with floxed p53 and Rb. Ninety-three percent of mice developed spindle cell/pleomorphic sarcomas after a single subcutaneous injection of adenovirus carrying Cre-recombinase. Similar to human STS, these sarcomas overexpress Cxcr4, which contributes to their invasive properties. Using irradiation chimeras generated by transplanting bone marrow cells from mice carrying either the Rosa26StoploxPLacZ or the Z/EG reporter, as well as the floxed p53 and Rb genes, into irradiated p53loxP/loxPRbloxP/loxP mice, it was determined that sarcomas do not originate from bone marrow–derived cells, such as macrophages, but arise from the local resident cells. At the same time, dermal mesenchymal stem cells isolated by strict plastic adherence and low levels of Sca-1 expression (Sca-1low, CD31negCD45neg) have shown enhanced potential for malignant transformation according to soft agar, invasion, and tumorigenicity assays, after the conditional inactivation of both p53 and Rb. Sarcomas formed after transplantation of these cells have features typical for undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcomas. Taken together, our studies indicate that local Sca-1low dermal mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells are preferential targets for malignant transformation associated with deficiencies in both p53 and Rb.
Marcive GPO Records and Authority Control: An Evaluation of Name and Subject Headings at the University of Arkansas Libraries

ABSTRACT In mid-1999, the University of Arkansas Libraries began loading Marcive GPO records into its Innovative Interfaces catalog. Pursuant to that activity, the Database Maintenance Unit examined five system-generated authority reports in order to evaluate the quality of Marcive headings and to determine whether future GPO records could be loaded into the catalog without further authority processing. Final results indicated that while the overall quality of Marcive headings was good, a significant percentage of headings that appeared on the authority reports required additional attention.
Protozoan colonization of artificial substrates

Several advantages of utilizing microbial communities, particularly protozoan communities forming on artificial substrates, in the assessment of pollutional stress are discussed. The process of community formation on artificial substrates is likened to that of island colonization, and the means of analyzing and interpreting variations in the dynamics of species accrual are presented. Results from a study conducted in Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia, illustrate how the colonization process reflects characteristics of both the composition and the productivity of the source species pool-the natural protozoan community.
Deficient inhibitory control as an outcome of childhood trauma

Childhood trauma has been linked to the development and severity of psychiatric disorders as well as deficits in cognitive functioning. This study aimed to investigate the performance of bipolar disorder (BD) patients and healthy controls (HC), with or without a history of childhood trauma, on a parametric Go/No-Go (PGNG) task measuring important aspects of executive functions, namely attention and inhibitory control. Two hundred and thirty-three individuals with BD and 90 HC completed diagnostic interview, childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), symptom severity scales, and a PGNG task. Four comparison groups were created using a 1.0 standard deviation cut-off of the mean of the HC total CTQ score: BD-trauma, BD-normative, HC-trauma and HC-normative. We assessed interactions between diagnosis and trauma on Go/No-Go levels of interest by using a two-way multivariate analysis of covariance. Results showed a significant main effect of trauma on inhibitory control accuracy, as the trauma group exhibited significantly poorer accuracy on inhibition trials compared to the normative group. There was also a main effect of diagnosis on response time. These findings suggest that early trauma might adversely impact the development of cognitive systems and brain circuits that support inhibitory aspects of executive functioning in individuals with a history of trauma.
An unusual intra-articular ganglion of the knee with interosseous extension. A case report.

We are reporting the case of a patient in whom an intra-articular ganglion cyst of the knee apparently arose from the posterior cruciate ligament and involved the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle
PHOTODYNAMIC EFFECTS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Photodynamic action is defined as the killing or chemical alteration of an organism, cell, or virus, or the chemical alteration of a molecule by light in the range of 300 to 800 mu in the presence of a photosensitizing dye and molecular oxygen. Results are reviewed from a number of recent studies of photodynamic effects in biological systems. Mechanisms of photodynamic action are discussed. Data are included from a comparison of the photodynamic and gamma inactivation of trypsin. 126 references. (C.H.)
Rab Family of GTPases

Rab proteins represent the largest branch of the Ras-like small GTPase superfamily and there are 66 Rab genes in the human genome. They alternate between GTP- and GDP-bound states, which are facilitated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and function as molecular switches in regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking in all eukaryotic cells. Each Rab targets to an organelle and specify a transport step along exocytic, endocytic, and recycling pathways as well as the crosstalk between these pathways. Through interactions with multiple effectors temporally, a Rab can control membrane budding and formation of transport vesicles, vesicle movement along cytoskeleton, and membrane fusion at the target compartment. The large number of Rab proteins reflects the complexity of the intracellular transport system, which is essential for the localization and function of membrane and secretory proteins such as hormones, growth factors, and their membrane receptors. As such, Rab proteins have emerged as important regulators for signal transduction, cell growth, and differentiation. Altered Rab expression and/or activity have been implicated in diseases ranging from neurological disorders, diabetes to cancer.
Critical Loss: Modeling and Application Issues

Critical Loss analysis is an empirical implementation of the hypothetical monopolist test for market definition contained in the Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission Horizontal Merger Guidelines. As usually applied, the test accepts the proposed market definition as relevant for antitrust analysis whenever the predicted loss in volume (Actual Loss) from a small, but significant and non-transitory price increase is less than the computed break-even loss in volume (Critical Loss). Critics complain that the predicted Actual Loss must be linked to the Critical Loss, claiming both calculations depend heavily upon the firm/industry margin. We note that the critics derive their result from a particular modeling structure useful only in markets where product differentiation leads to a simple form of price-based competition. Moreover, no clear link between Critical Loss and Actual Loss is likely when the markets are best defined with either homogeneous goods or dynamic differentiation assumptions. Thus, the critics have only introduced a special case generalization of the standard Critical Loss methodology.
Gradient enhanced-fluidity liquid hydrophilic interaction chromatography of ribonucleic acid nucleosides and nucleotides: A "green" technique

A "green" hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) technique for separating the components of mixtures with a broad range of polarities is illustrated using enhanced-fluidity liquid mobile phases. Enhanced-fluidity liquid chromatography (EFLC) involves the addition of liquid CO2 to conventional liquid mobile phases. Decreased mobile phase viscosity and increased analyte diffusivity results when a liquefied gas is dissolved in common liquid mobile phases. The impact of CO2 addition to a methanol:water (MeOH:H2O) mobile phase was studied to optimize HILIC gradient conditions. For the first time a fast separation of 16 ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleosides/nucleotides was achieved (16min) with greater than 1.3 resolution for all analyte pairs. By using a gradient, the analysis time was reduced by over 100% compared to similar separations conducted under isocratic conditions. The optimal separation using MeOH:H2O:CO2 mobile phases was compared to MeOH:H2O and acetonitrile:water (ACN:H2O) mobile phases. Based on chromatographic performance parameters (efficiency, resolution and speed of analysis) and an assessment of the environmental impact of the mobile phase mixtures, MeOH:H2O:CO2 mixtures are preferred over ACN:H2O or MeOH:H2O mobile phases for the separation of mixtures of RNA nucleosides and nucleotides.
Total elbow arthroplasty: current options

Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) has changed considerably in the past three decades. Based on the good long-term results with TEA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the indications expanded to include management of acute traumatic and posttraumatic conditions in young, higher-demand patients. Today, unlinked, linked semiconstrained, and convertible devices are available. The high complication rate with earlier surgeries led to surgical advances such as new cementing technique and a focus on managing the triceps. Complications such as infection, aseptic loosening, polyethylene wear, periprosthetic fracture, triceps insufficiency, wound breakdown, and ulnar nerve injury will continue to spur the evolution of surgical technique and implant design. Refinement of surgical indications and improvement in implant fixation, polyethylene design, component implantation, and pathology-specific implants will determine the future success of TEA.