cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P-glycoprotein Is Stably Inhibited by Vanadate-induced Trapping of Nucleotide at a Single Catalytic Site (∗)

P-glycoprotein (Pgp or multidrug-resistance protein) shows drug-stimulated ATPase activity. The catalytic sites are known to be of low affinity and specificity for nucleotides. From the sequence, two nucleotide sites are predicted per Pgp molecule. Using plasma membranes from a multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line, which are highly enriched in Pgp, we show that vanadate-induced trapping of nucleotide at a single catalytic site produces stably inhibited Pgp, with t for reactivation of ATPase activity of 84 min at 37°C and >30 h at 4°C. Reactivation of ATPase correlated with release of trapped nucleotide. Concentrations of MgATP and MgADP required to produce 50% inhibition were 9 and 15 μM, respectively, thus the apparent affinity for nucleotide is greatly increased by vanadate-trapping. The trapped nucleotide species was ADP. Divalent cation was required, with magnesium, manganese, and cobalt all effective; cobalt yielded a very stable inhibited species, t at 37°C = 18 h. No photocleavage of Pgp was observed after vanadate trapping with MgATP, nor was UV-induced photolabeling of Pgp by trapped adenine nucleotide observed. Vanadate-trapping with 8-azido-ATP followed by UV irradiation caused permanent inactivation and specific labeling of Pgp. Vanadate-induced inhibition was also shown with pure, reconstituted Pgp, with similar characteristics to those in plasma membranes. Vanadate trapping overcomes technical difficulties posed by lack of high affinity nucleotide-binding site(s) or a covalent enzyme-phosphate catalytic intermediate in Pgp. The finding that vanadate trapping of nucleotide at just one site/Pgp is sufficient to give full inhibition of ATPase activity shows that the two predicted nucleotide sites can not function independently as catalytic sites.
Geometric complexity of some location problems

Given a set ofn demand points with weightWi,i = 1,2,...,n, in the plane, we consider several geometric facility location problems. Specifically we study the complexity of the Euclidean 1-line center problem, discrete 1-point center problem and a competitive location problem. The Euclidean 1-line center problem is to locate a line which minimizes the maximum weighted distance from the line (or the center) to the demand points. The discrete 1-point center problem is to locate one of the demand points so as to minimize the maximum unweighted distance from the point to other demand points. The competitive location problem studied is to locate a new facility point to compete against an existing facility so that a certain objective function is optimized. An Ω(n logn) lower bound is proved for these problems under appropriate models of computation. Efficient algorithms for these problems that achieve the lower bound and other related problems are also given.
Optical rotation of noncovalent aggregates.

Dilute solutions of (R)-(−)-pantolactone in CCl4 were studied by polarimetry in conjunction with theoretical calculations of [α]D. Our data demonstrate that the self-association of a chiral solute ...
ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINES AND CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN STATE JUDICIAL ELECTIONS: TOWARD GREATER JUDICIAL ACCOUNTABILITY?

The role of elections in promoting accountability to popular sentiment is a central tenet of democratic theory. The extent to which such accountability is enhanced in judicial elections in the American states, however, is threatened by low levels of citizen involvement in contests for the state judiciary—due in part to ballot roll-off: many voters, though already at the polls, simply ignore judicial contests. Critics of elections as a means of selecting state judiciaries contend that high ballot roll-off renders citizen participation too low for such elections to secure greater judicial accountability. This research—an analysis of seventy-one Kentucky counties voting in recent state supreme court elections—suggests that an emerging electoral technology, the electronic voting machine, substantially reduces ballot roll-off in judicial elections, thereby increasing citizen participation in state judicial elections. These findings have significant implications for the debate over judicial selection by popular ballot.
Hydrogen solubility of hydrogen-methane-tetralin and hydrogen-ethane-tetralin systems at elevated temperatures and pressures

Abstract Expanding on previous studies on hydrogen solubility in model coal liquids and coal liquids, this work concentrates on the solubility of hydrogen in the presence of the light hydrocarbons methane and ethane that are often produced in coal liquefaction operations. Pressures and temperatures to 7 MPa and 700 K were explored using a hydrogen meter which relied on the permeation of hydrogen through thin nickel tubing. Operation of the meter was made automatic by sensing elements with electrical outputs coupled to a computer for control. The presence of methane and ethane in the system affected the solubility of hydrogen in tetralin. At a constant temperature and hydrogen partial pressure the solubility of hydrogen in tetralin first increased, as the methane and ethane partial pressures increased, and then decreased. The hydrogen solubility also increased with the system temperature and pressure.
Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity

Covering more than one hundred years of American history, "Walls and Mirrors" examines the ways that continuous immigration from Mexico transformed - and continues to shape - the political, social, and cultural life of the American Southwest. Taking a fresh approach to one of the most divisive political issues of our time, David Gutierrez explores the ways that nearly a century of steady immigration from Mexico has shaped ethnic politics in California and Texas, the two largest U.S. border states. Drawing on an extensive body of primary and secondary sources, Gutierrez focuses on the complex ways that their pattern of immigration influenced Mexican Americans' sense of social and cultural identity - and, as a consequence, their politics. He challenges the most cherished American myths about U.S. immigration policy, pointing out that, contrary to rhetoric about 'alien invasions', U.S. government and regional business interests have actively recruited Mexican and other foreign workers for over a century, thus helping to establish and perpetuate the flow of immigrants into the United States. In addition, Gutierrez offers a new interpretation of the debate over assimilation and multiculturalism in American society. Rejecting the notion of the melting pot, he explores the ways that ethnic Mexicans have resisted assimilation and fought to create a cultural space for themselves in distinctive ethnic communities throughout the southwestern United States.
A class of location-scale nonparametric tests

SUMMARY A class of two-sample nonparametric tests for location and scale shift, simultaneously, is proposed. The asymptotic distribution of the proposed class is obtained both under the hypothesis and alternative. Using this result it is shown how the asymptotic relative efficiency of tests in the proposed class can be obtained. F2(x) = F(a2x +4f2), respectively. The purpose of this paper is to study a class of two-sample nonparametric test statistics which can be used to test HO: Fl(x) = F2(x) = F(x) for all real x, versus the alternative Ha:acc * a2 or /h t /h' or both. The proposed statistics will be expressed as functions of two nonparametric statistics, one sensitive to scale shift and the other to location shift. Lepage (1971) proposed a statistic which is a combination of the Wilcoxon and Ansari- Bradley statistics. Furthermore, he showed that since the Wilcoxon and Ansari-Bradley statistics are uncorrelated under Ho, his proposed statistic has a limiting central chi- squared distribution with two degrees of freedom. Thus the critical values needed to carry out an approximate test of Ho can be obtained from a standard chi-squared table. The question regarding the asymptotic power behaviour of Lepage's statistic is of interest but is not, however, discussed by Lepage. Thus the asymptotic relative efficiency of the proposed statistics will also be discussed, as a means of comparing such statistics.
Decreases in anti-double-stranded DNA levels are associated with concurrent flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective To determine the degree to which changes in anti–double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), as determined by Crithidia and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), precede or coincide with changes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity, as measured by 5 clinical indices, the physician's global assessment (PGA), modified SLE Disease Activity Index (M-SLEDAI), modified Lupus Activity Index (M-LAI), Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM), and the modified British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (M-BILAG). Methods Disease activity and anti-dsDNA were measured monthly in 53 SLE patients who were followed up for 1 year. Lupus flare was defined as an increase in PGA of ≥1.0, M-SLEDAI ≥3, M-LAI ≥0.1, SLAM ≥3, and M-BILAG ≥4 within a 1-month period. Flare rates were calculated for groups, which were defined by “previous” (1 month prior to the flare) or “concurrent” (at the time of the flare) changes in anti-dsDNA. Logistic regression models were used to determine the significance of the association between recent changes in anti-dsDNA and flare, controlling for the prednisone dosage. Results Flares occurred at 12% of visits, based on the PGA measure of disease activity. Using the other indices, flare rates were 19% (M-SLEDAI), 25% (M-LAI), 13% (SLAM), and 12% (M-BILAG). A concurrent decrease in anti-dsDNA (ELISA) was associated with significantly higher flare rates based on PGA (18 of 84, 21%; P = 0.0014), M-SLEDAI (27 of 89, 30%; P = 0.0019), M-LAI (37 of 89, 42%; P = 0.0001), and M-BILAG (19 of 89, 21%; P = 0.0264) scores. Flare rates were also significantly higher after a previous increase in anti-dsDNA (ELISA) based on M-SLEDAI (26 of 93, 30%; P = 0.0022) and M-LAI (34 of 93, 37%; P = 0.0117) scores. Flare rates tended to be lowest when there was a concurrent increase in anti-dsDNA (ELISA). Analysis of specific organ systems showed that a concurrent decrease in anti-dsDNA (ELISA) was significantly associated with increases in renal disease activity. Similar results were obtained using the Crithidia assay. Conclusion A previous increase in anti-dsDNA levels occurred before SLE flares, as measured by the M-SLEDAI and M-LAI only. However, during lupus flares, including the subset of renal flares, anti-dsDNA levels frequently decreased. We hypothesize that this decrease in anti-dsDNA represents deposition in tissue at the time of flare.
Las Navas de Tolosa en Chronicon mundi y en Historia de rebus Hispanie

Lucas, bishop of Tuy, and Rodrigo, archbishop of Toledo, are the authors of the two principal Latin histories of Spain written in the thirteenth century. They were also contemporaries and witnessed many of the same events related to the epic battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Their individual narrations of the battle are not contradictory, but they do reveal vastly different conceptions of the factors that led to the battle, the nature of the enemies they confronted, and the meaning of the victory. An examination of these two descriptions of Las Navas reveals a surprisingly complex portrayal of this singular event and of the men responsible for its legacy.
Graduate Students Professionalizing in Digital Time/Space: A View From “Down Below”

Abstract As they write in multiple online social spaces, graduate students employ digital writing practices and experiences unaccounted for in previous narratives of professionalization. These practices, which revolve around the multiple spaces assembled on their computer screens, are often productive for graduate students. Their digital multitasking allows them to practice employing theoretical concepts in unexpected personal sites while establishing connections and creating professional networks. However, these practices also evoke strong affective responses as graduate students often express guilt or shame about the extent to which these digital practices do not feel like “work.” In this article that draws from a multi-phased research project employing time-use diaries, screen captures, and interviews, the authors describe work-related digital writing moments of two graduate students, Phillip and Alyssa. After describing these practices, as well as Phillip and Alyssa's affective reactions to them, the authors reflect on the state of professionalizing practice in the time/space associated with writing in digital environments, then raise questions for future inquiry.
Network reconstruction reveals new links between aging and calorie restriction in yeast

Aging affects all known organisms and has been studied extensively. Yet, the underlying mechanisms are insufficiently understood, possibly due to the multiscale complexity involved in this process: the aging of multicellular organisms depends on the aging of their cells, which depends on molecular events occurring in each cell. However, the aging of unicellular populations seeded in new niches and the aging of metazoans are surprisingly similar, indicating that the multiscale aspects of aging may have been conserved since the beginnings of cellular life on Earth. This underlines the importance of aging research in unicellular organisms such as a recent study by Lorenz et al., †„2009… Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 1145–1150‡. In their paper, the authors combine computational network identification with extensive experimentation and literature mining to discover and validate numerous regulatory interactions among ten genes involved in the cellular response to glucose starvation. Since low levels of glucose „calorie restriction… have been known to extend the longevity of various eukaryotes, the authors test the effect of Snf1 kinase overexpression on chronological aging and discover that this key regulator of glucose repression and two of its newly discovered synergistic repressors significantly affect the chronological lifespan of baker’s yeast. [DOI: 10.2976/1.3366829]
Production and Initial Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Channel Catfish Virus

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed against the CA80-5 isolate of channel catfish virus (CCV) from an epizootic among juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in California in 1980. These MAbs were tested for their binding and neutralization activities against isolates of CCV from California (CA80-5), Alabama (AL82-1), Louisiana (LA87-1), and Oklahoma (OK88-1). In the indirect fluorescent antibody test, all seven MAbs demonstrated punctate cytoplasmic and pernuclear staining of infected cells, which indicated similar specific anti-viral binding. Four of the MAbs were capable of neutralizing all CCV isolates. A comparison of the neutralization patterns of the four neutralizing MAbs with the four CCV isolates indicated that two of the MAbs (41 and 62) were less efficient in neutralizing the AL82-1 isolate. This comparison suggests that certain CCV strains may not possess all of the type-common antigenic determinants found in the CA80-5, LA87-1, and OK88-1 isolates.
Grundlagen und Visionen großer Forschungsfragen im Bereich Big Data

Einleitung Im Zeitalter der umfassenden und alle Bereiche des taglichen Lebens erreichenden Digitalisierung werden zentral und dezentral mehr und mehr Daten systematisch gesammelt, gespeichert, analysiert und Nutzern zuganglich gemacht. Diese rasant wachsenden Datenmengen werden auf Handys, Kameras und Sensoren sowie durch Interaktionen zwischen ubiquitaren, ortsund zeitbezogenen Systemen und Dienstleistern (Servern) sowie Sensoren zur Messung von ortsund zeitbezogenen Grosen generiert. Diese Entwicklung in der Datengenerierung hat zu einer Welle neuer technologischer Entwicklungen gefuhrt, die zurzeit unter dem Begriff Big Data zusammengefasst werden. Jedoch erscheinen die momentanen Ansatze im Big Data-Bereich stark technologiezentriert statt nutzerorientiert zu sein. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die Potenziale beim Einsatz der Big Data-Technologie nur ungenugend ausgeschopft werden konnen. Aus diesem Grunde argumentiert der vorliegende Beitrag, dass eine nutzerorientierte Weiterentwicklung der Big Data-Technologien notwendig ist, und entwirft anhand bisheriger Entwicklungen im Big Data-Bereich sowie Anforderungen aus verschiedenenAnwendungsdomanen eine Vision fur eine Big Data-Plattform, die sich an zwei Grundprinzipien aus dem Datenbankbereich – Skalierbarkeit und deklarative Spezifikation – orientiert. Wie die Erkenntnisse aus Reaktionen auf die NSA-Affare in 2013 zeigen, wird es fur die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz dieser Technologie notwendig sein, den Schutz der Privatsphare nicht nur gesetzgeberisch sondern auch technologisch so weit wie moglich sicherzustellen. Aus diesem Grunde wird dieser Beitrag durch einen Uberblick uber technische Entwicklungen zum Schutz der Privatsphare abgerundet.
How should Prolog computation be reprensented for practical use

We propose a visual computation model called theBox and Plane Model (BPM), which visually clarifies the semantics of backtracking, the cut operator, and side-effects, thus allowing the procedural features of Prolog to be grasped. On the bases of the BPM, we developed a visual debugger for Prolog, PROEDIT2, which has proved that this kind of pragmatic computation model for Prolog increases the efficiency of the debugging work.
Deep levels in Si-implanted and thermally annealed semi-insulating GaAs: Cr

Deep levels in semi‐insulating GaAs:Cr have been detected and characterized before and after Si implantation and thermal annealing. The measurement techniques used were current transients, photoinduced current transients, capacitance transients, and photocapacitance transients. Hole emission from the Cr centers with activation energy ΔET = 0.85±0.01 eV was recorded in the semi‐insulating substrates as well as in the implanted layers. An electron trap level with ΔET = 0.52±0.01 eV and a hole trap with ΔET = 0.15±0.01 eV have been consistently observed in the implanted and annealed GaAs. The capture cross section of these traps and other traps detected in unimplanted and implanted GaAs:Cr have been determined.
Night Waking, Sleep-Wake Organization, and Self-Soothing in the First Year of Life

Few objective data are available regarding infants' night waking behaviors and the development of self-soothing during the first year of life. This cross-sectional study examined 80 infants in one of four age groups (3, 6, 9, or 12 mo) for four nights by using videosomnography to code nighttime awakenings and parent-child interactions. A large degree of variability was observed in parents' putting the infant to bed awake or asleep and in responding to vocalizations after nighttime awakenings. Most infants woke during the night at all ages observed. Younger infants tended to require parental intervention at night to return to sleep, whereas older infants exhibited a greater proportion of self-soothing after nighttime awakenings. However, even in the 12-month-old group, 50% of infants typically required parental intervention to get back to sleep after waking. Results emphasize the individual and contextual factors that effect the development of self-soothing behavior during the first year of life.
The Expanding Universe

SIR ARTHUR EDDINGTON'S recent work is of extraordinary interest, though there is some difficulty in getting hold of the right end of the stick. His recent Friday evening discourse at the Royal Institution appears elsewhere in this issue, however, and he also gave a rather fuller account of the work in his presidential address to the Physical Society last November.
Missed Call? A Reexamination of Sport Fans' and Nonfans' Alcohol Usage and Alcohol-Related Experiences

The current investigation attempted to replicate and extend Nelson and Weschler's (2003) research that indicated that college student sport fans were more likely to report problematic alcohol usage and more negative alcohol-related experiences in comparison to nonfans. In addition to utilizing the original study's operational definition of fan (spectator-based), 323 college students were categorized according to more traditional measures of fandom, specifically levels of fan and team identification. Contrary to the previous research, the results indicated that fans' and nonfans' alcohol usage and experiences of negative alcohol-related events were not significantly different. Additionally, both forms of identification (fan and team) failed to predict problematic alcohol usage and negative alcohol-related experiences. Although the results were unaffected by the operational definitions of fan, distinguishing certain subgroups of fans may be important in regards to clarifying and advancing our understanding ...
A Study of Cloud Mixing and Evolution Using PDF Methods. Part I: Cloud Front Propagation and Evaporation

Abstract The evolution of mean relative humidity (RH) is studied in an isobaric system of clear and cloudy air mixed by an incompressible velocity field. A constant droplet radius assumption is employed that implies a simple dependence of the mixing time scale, τeddy, and the reaction (evaporation) time scale, τreact, on the specifics of the droplet size spectrum. A dilemma is found in the RH e-folding time, τefold, predicted by two common microphysical schemes: models that resolve supersaturation and ignore subgrid correlations, which gives τefold ∼ τreact, and PDF schemes that assume instantaneous evaporation and predict τefold ∼ τeddy. The resolution of this dilemma, Magnussen and Hjertager’s eddy dissipation concept (EDC) model τefold ∼ max(τeddy, τreact), is revealed in the results of 1D eddy diffusivity simulations and a new probability density function (PDF) approach to cloud mixing and evolution in which evaporation is explicitly resolved and the shape of the PDF is not specified a priori. The EDC...
Generation of immunoglobulin secreting cells in mixed lymphocyte culture

The nature of the cellular interactions and role of the HLA system in the generation of immunoglobulin secreting cells in primary and secondary mixed lymphocyte cultures were investigated. The B lymphocyte response to alloantigen stimulation as measured by a Protein A reverse hemolytic plaque assay, consisted of polyclonal activation with production of IgG, IgM, IgA secreting cells detectable as early as day 4 in a primary and by 24 hr in a secondary mixed lymphocyte culture. B cell activation was shown to be dependent upon collaboration with T helper cells. A disparity at the HLA D/DR region between responding and stimulating cell populations was required for the induction of T helper cells. However, once activated, T helper cells could collaborate with autologous or allogeneic B lymphocytes and, without additional antigen, trigger immunoglobulin production. The mixed lymphocyte culture may now be considered a model of B cell as well as T cell activation.
The female role and menstrual distress : an explanation for inconsistent evidence

Numerous studies of either sex role behavior (masculinity/femininity) or women's role attitudes (contemporary/traditional) as related to menstrual distress have amassed inconsistent and contradictory results. It was proposed that these two role variables may hold an interactive relationship with menstrual distress, and their study in isolation may have provoked less reliable results. An interaction was found with masculine women preferring a contemporary role and feminine women committed to traditional role values reporting greater menstrual and premenstrual distress. Feminine contemporary and masculine traditional women revealed less distress associated with the menstrual cycle.
ROLES OF COPPER IN BONE MAINTENANCE AND HEALING

This review is intended to focus attention on the importance of essential metallo-element metabolism, particularly copper metabolism, as an important component of normal bone metabolism in maintenance and repair. Literature published since Rademacher's early (1) astute observation that copper supplementation increases the rate of bone healing documents and explains key roles of copper-dependent processes required for maintenance and repair of this tissue. State of the art approaches to treatment of bone diseases including lengthening of bone and repair of fractures, can be improved by paying closer attention to the roles of copper and other essential metallo-elements required for optimal treatment.
Multiple Dimensions of Multitasking Phenomenon

Multitasking is defined as conducting two or more tasks simultaneously or switching quickly between two or more tasks. While multitasking is not a new concept, it has caught more attention in recent years. Whether one sees it as an illusion, a fad, a new phenomenon, or an evolving human capacity, it is important to establish a baseline of what activities are involved in multitasking for scholarly inquiries and discoveries. This paper examines the multitasking phenomenon through personal stories of 43 undergraduate students (age 21-29) and 30 children (age 6-11). The stories revealed a wide range of perceptions and experiences of multitasking, from walking while breathing, to doing homework while watching TV and surfing online, to texting while driving, and to performing complex professional skills. This vast range of experiences may have contributed to the varied views and debates on human beings’ capabilities of multitasking to date. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to bring to light the multiple dimensions of multitasking as it relates to attention, ability, expertise, technology, and environment. This endeavor serves as a foundation for further studies on human’s capacity for multitasking.
Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on Copper Substrates Using a Nickel Thin Film Catalyst

Carbon nanotubes with their attractive properties, one-dimensional character, and their large aspect ratio are ideal candidates for a variety of applications including energy storage, sensing, nanoelectronics, among others. We have studied the growth of carbon nanotubes on copper substrates using a nickel thin film as a catalyst. The catalyst was sputtered in a chamber having a base pressure in the ultra-high-vacuum regime. By adjusting the sputtering parameters, the effects of the morphology and the thickness of the nickel catalyst on the growth of carbon nanotubes have also been investigated. Multiple hydrocarbon sources as carbon feedstock (methane, acetylene and xylene) and corresponding catalyst precursors and varying temperature conditions were used during the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) process to understand and best determine the ideal conditions for carbon nanotube growth on copper. Correlation between the thickness of the thin film nickel catalyst and the carbon nanotube diameter is also presented in the study. Characterization techniques used to study the morphology of the CNTs grown on copper include SEM, TEM and HRTEM, Raman Spectroscopy
A hydraulics-based/optimization methodology for gating design

Abstract Advantages and disadvantages of the differential momentum balance and macroscopic control volume approaches to the analysis of flow during mold filling and the computer-aided design of gating systems are discussed. A gating design methodology based on a control volume hydraulics-based flow model and nonlinear optimization is described. Mathematical formulation of the model yields a system of equations that ensures mass continuity at nodes and conservation of energy along paths. In addition to computational efficiency, the hydraulics approach to flow analysis utilizes a pipe-node-path representation of gating systems that facilitates the analysis of complex three-dimensional configurations. Example simulations of flow distribution in water modeling systems and of flow distribution and mold filling in molten metal experiments are presented. It is concluded that good agreement between model-predicted and experimental results is obtainable if pertinent loss coefficient data are available. However, application of the hydraulics-based methodology to accurate analysis of flow in gating systems requires knowledge of loss coefficients that specifically relate to the flow conditions and types of runner/ingate geometric configurations encountered in industrial castings. An example formulation illustrating the application of nonlinear optimization to gating design is presented.
Abstract C167: Trop2 as a target for breast cancer treatment

Trop2 is expressed on many epithelial tumors and stem cells of the prostate and liver. Its association with aggressive cancer has led to the speculation that it might be a therapeutic target. We have previously shown a role for Trop2 in colon tumorigenesis and also found that antibodies against Trop2 can block tumor cell invasion. Consistent with this data, a monoclonal antibody against Trop2 is in pre‐clinical development against several tumor types. However, the expression pattern and role of Trop2 in breast cancer has not been examined. Here, we show heterogeneous expression of Trop2 in normal mammary gland, primary breast tumors and cancer cells lines. After purification of Trop2 expressing tumor cell populations by fluorescence activated cell sorting, we find that Trop2 hi cells are preferentially invasive and tumorigenic compared to the Trop2 lo . RNAi mediated suppression of Trop2 in breast cancer cells arrests their proliferation. Even more importantly, a monoclonal antibody against Trop2 shows anti‐tumor activity in vivo . Therefore, Trop2 represents a novel and unexplored therapeutic target in this common malignancy. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C167.
Lipopolysaccharide Induction of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Promoter in Human Monocytic Cells REGULATION BY Egr-1, c-Jun, AND NF-κB TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

Biosynthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is predominantly by cells of the monocytic lineage. This study examined the role of various cis-acting regulatory elements in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of the human TNF-α promoter in cells of monocytic lineage. Functional analysis of monocytic THP-1 cells transfected with plasmids containing various lengths of TNF-α promoter localized enhancer elements in a region (−182 to −37 base pairs (bp)) that were required for optimal transcription of the TNF-α gene in response to LPS. Two regions were identified: region I (−182 to −162 bp) contained an overlapping Sp1/Egr-1 site, and region II (−119 to −88) contained CRE and NF-κB (designated κB3) sites. In unstimulated THP-1, CRE-binding protein and, to a lesser extent, c-Jun complexes were found to bind to the CRE site. LPS stimulation increased the binding of c-Jun-containing complexes. In addition, LPS stimulation induced the binding of cognate nuclear factors to the Egr-1 and κB3 sites, which were identified as Egr-1 and p50/p65, respectively. The CRE and κB3 sites in region II together conferred strong LPS responsiveness to a heterologous promoter, whereas individually they failed to provide transcriptional activation. Furthermore, increasing the spacing between the CRE and the κB3 sites completely abolished LPS induction, suggesting a cooperative interaction between c-Jun complexes and p50/p65. These studies indicate that maximal LPS induction of the TNF-α promoter is mediated by concerted participation of at least two separatecis-acting regulatory elements.
THE DYNAMICS OF MARITAL BARGAINING IN MALE INFERTILITY

This article provides empirical data on the dynamics of marital bargaining in the use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in male infertility and the extent of the woman's agency in trying to resolve the situation, using interview data from nine married couples and three additional wives. Although there were too few cases for demographic variation among the categories, the research did indicate that choice and altruism entailed dynamics distinguishable from patriarchal bargains, and, if there was subtle coercion, it was exerted in ways quite different from that experienced by the wives who felt openly pressured.
Axonal and subcellular labelling using modified rabies viral vectors

An important aspect of any neural circuit is the placement of its output synapses, at levels ranging from macroscopic to subcellular. The many new molecular tools for locating and manipulating synapses are limited by the viral vectors available for delivering them. Adeno-associated viruses are the best current means of labelling and manipulating axons and synapses, but they have never expressed more than one transgene highly enough to label fine axonal structure while also labelling or perturbing synapses. Their slow expression also makes them incompatible with retrograde and transsynaptic vectors, preventing powerful combinatorial experiments. Here we show that deletion-mutant rabies virus can be specifically targeted to cells local to an injection site, brightly labelling axons even when coexpressing two other transgenes. We demonstrate several novel capabilities: simultaneously labelling axons and presynaptic terminals, labelling both dendrites and postsynaptic densities, and simultaneously labelling a region's inputs and outputs using co-injected vectors.
Gastric emptying after fundoplication is dependent on changes in gastric volume and compliance

Abstract Background/Purpose: Nissen gastroesophageal fundoplication (GEF) increases gastric emptying (GE); however, the duration and the mechanisms for this improvement in GE remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a GEF on GE of a mixed meal, and to determine the correlation between GE and changes in intragastric pressure (IGP) and compliance. Methods: Using a radiolabeled mixed meal, GE was measured preoperatively 15 and 30 days after operation in 24 Sprague-Dawley rats divided into SHAM and GEF groups. Results were expressed as percent gastric retention at 90 minutes (GR 90 ), and time to evacuate 50% of the isotope meal (T12). Changes in IGP and compliance were determined at the same time-points using a different set of 20 rats. Results: Fifteen days after surgery, GR 90 and T12 in the GEF group were reduced significantly when compared with preoperative values but returned to near preoperative values 30 days postoperation. In contrast, rats from the SHAM group showed no change in GR 90 and T12 at 15 days and 30 days postoperation. Immediately after GEF, maximal distension of the stomach resulted in pressures 65% higher than those recorded before operation (20.2 v 11.7 mm Hg; P v 10.7 mm Hg; P v 12.0 mm Hg; P Conclusions: In a rat model, GEF produces a transitory increase in GE, which is related to a simultaneous decrease in gastric volume and compliance. However, 30 days after GEF, associated with an elevated IGP, gastric volume increases and GE returns to preoperative levels.
Severe von Willebrand's Disease: Incidence and Prevalence

Excerpt To the editor: Little is known about the incidence and prevalence of severe von Willebrand's disease. A recent publication, however, has provided some of the first population-based data on ...
Reply to ``Comment on `Frustrated magnetization in Co nanowires: Competition between crystal anisotropy and demagnetization energy' ''

In contrast to our analytic model neither of the two magnetic structure simulations by Lebecki and Donahue [preceding Comment, Phys. Rev. B 82, 096401 (2010)] for Co nanowires agrees with the experimental results of Liu et al. [Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 1573 (2008)]. Simulations with the same OOMMF software by Vila et al. [Phys. Rev. B 79, 172410 (2009)] for equivalent Co nanowires yield quite a different structure that shows opposite magnetic poles at the ends and periodic north and south poles on the sides of the wire in agreement with the experimental results.
Transparent triethylamine‐containing MALDI matrices

In matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometric (MS) imaging of biological tissues, an organic matrix is deposited onto a sample and co-crystallized with the peptides and proteins that are extracted from the tissue. Thus, analytes are incorporated into matrix crystals, making them accessible to the matrix-assisted desorption/ionization process. However, crystal dimensions can limit the spatial resolution of these imaging experiments and hinder observation of small features in the tissue. The addition of differing amounts of triethylamine (TEA) to solutions of common MALDI matrices—α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and sinapinic acid—results in the formation of liquid matrices that may alleviate these problems. Liquid matrices form optically transparent, viscous films that do not crystallize, even when kept open to air for several days at room temperature or placed in the vacuum of the mass spectrometer. These matrices allow peptides to be characterized using MALDI MS down to the femtomole level. Although signal intensity is reduced in liquid matrices as compared to standard crystalline matrices, a phenomenon especially evident for higher molecular mass analytes, peptides are still detected even when TEA comprises 2/3 (v/v) of the MALDI matrix mixture. Transparent matrices demonstrate excellent repeatability and sample stability. Post-source decay sequencing of peptides with a CHCA/TEA matrix produces intense peptide fragment signals in the low molecular mass region, and rat pituitary blots yield high-quality spectra using these mixtures. Overall, TEA-based transparent MALDI matrices are promising for coupling MALDI MS and light microscopy.
Analysis of three- and four-way data using multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares with global multi-way kinetic fitting

Abstract This paper demonstrates a novel implementation of an alternating least squares (ALS) algorithm for resolving three- and four-way data. Computer-simulated multi-way data are studied as well as the multi-way data obtained from typical kinetic experiments observed using liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC-DAD) and UV–visible spectroscopy. Each data set is analyzed using this new multi-way ALS algorithm, not only providing estimates of the spectral profiles (and retention profiles in the case of LC-DAD measurements) for each of the components involved, but also simultaneously estimating the rate constants for the reaction steps at different experimental conditions using a global kinetic analysis. However, when the reaction conditions do not require that all the rate constants are identical for each experiment, as is the case when the reactions are observed at different temperatures, the data analysis still benefits from the common information present in the data, such as spectral and retention profiles, as well as a common reaction mechanism.
Pion multiplicity and Regge trajectories

Abstract Assuming that the zero multiplicity limit of the Poisson distribution in multiparticle production is relaxed to the non diffractive part of the elastic scattering cross section, we obtain the pion multiplicity expressed in terms of Regge parameters and other observable quantities. The agreement with the experimental data for the proton proton reaction is reasonable.
Use of barrier protection for sexual activity among women who have sex with women

Objective To assess the frequency and associations of barrier protection use during sexual activity in a population of women who have sex with women (WSW).
Plasma-Polymerized Multistacked Organic Bipolar Films: A New Approach to Flexible High-k Dielectrics**

Organic-based flexible dielectric films with high permittivity (e) are desirable for future applications of organic thin-film transistors, such as smartcards and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, that concurrently desire flexible or conformable substrates. Advances in the development of all-polymer field-effect transistors (PFETs) have been particularly significant for their potential in a flexible form. Major improvements have been reported for both the semiconductor and the dielectric components of PFETs. For example, with respect to semiconductor considerations, noteworthy gains have been achieved in increasing carrier mobility and in identifying lower-cost production technology, however, PFET operational voltages tend to be too high for the intended portable applications. But the voltages could be significantly lowered if a suitable dielectric with a high dielectric constant (k), compatible with the PFET process and in a flexible form factor with thicknesses that is controllably thin, was identified. This Communication focuses on the organic dielectric film component of PFETs, required for all-polymer PFETs by tailoring high-k polymer films. The much-needed advances in this area pose difficult challenges in terms of materials science considerations. One such problem centers on the fact that organic films are inherently low-k; having k values significantly less than those of ceramic (inorganic) materials. Additionally, leakage currents through the film also pose potential problems given the generally porous nature of organic based polymeric films. On the other hand, organic films offer far more favorable
Development of Biodegradable Microcapsules as Carrier for Oral Controlled Delivery of Amifostine

The primary objective of this project was to develop a biodegradable, orally active controlled-release formulation of amifostine. Development of such a formulation will mark an important advancement in the areas of chemoprotection and radioprotection. Biodegradable microcapsules of amifostine were prepared using poly(lactide/glycolide) (PLGA 50:50). The microcapsules were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. Amifostine-loaded microcapsules were evaluated for particle size, surface morphology, thermal characteristics, and drug release. Particle size and surface morphology were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal characterization was conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In vitro release study was performed at 37 degrees C using phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Amifostine release was calculated by measuring the amount of drug remaining within the microcapsules at a specific sampling time. The amount of amifostine in the samples was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an electrochemical detector. The yield of microcapsules was 75%. Scanning electron microscopy pictures revealed that the particles were nearly spherical and smooth with an average size of 54 microm. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms showed that microcapsules loaded with amifostine have a glass transition at 39.4 degrees C, and the melting endotherm of amifostine was absent. The absence of a melting endotherm for amifostine was an indication that amifostine was not in the crystalline state in the microcapsules, but rather in the form of a solid solution in PLGA. Approximately 50% amifostine was released during the first 6 hr of the in vitro release study. The drug, however, continued to release over the observed period of 12 hr during which 92% amifostine was released.
Security-driven heuristics and a fast genetic algorithm for trusted grid job scheduling

In this paper, our contributions are two-fold: first, we enhance the Min-Min and Sufferage heuristics under three risk modes driven by security concerns. Second, we propose a new space-time genetic algorithm (STGA) for trusted job scheduling, which is very fast and easy to implement. Under our new model, a job can possibly fail if the site security level is lower than the job security demand. We consider three security-driven heuristic modes: secure, risky, and f-risky. The secure mode always dispatches jobs to secure sites meeting the job security demands. The risky mode allocates jobs to any available resource site, taking whatever the risk it may face. The f-risky mode tries to limit the risk to be at most certain probability f. Our extensive simulation results indicated that the proposed STGA is highly effective in scheduling two types of practical workloads: NAS (numerical aerodynamic simulation) and PSA (parameter-sweep application). The STGA outperforms the Min-Min and Sufferage heuristics under three risk modes, in terms of a wide range of performance metrics including makespan, average response time, site utilization, slowdown ratio, and job failure rate.
Levodopa/dopamine replacement strategies in Parkinson's disease—Future directions

After 40 years, levodopa remains the most effective therapy for the treatment of PD. However, long-term therapy is complicated by motor fluctuations and dyskinesia that can represent a source of significant disability for some patients. Other medical therapies that are currently available for the treatment of PD primarily represent an attempt to prevent or treat motor complications. Surgical therapies improve motor complications in appropriate candidates, but do not provide antiparkinsonian benefits that are superior to levodopa, and are themselves associated with potentially serious side effects. Increasing information suggests that levodopa-induced motor complications relate to pulsatile, nonphysiologic dopamine replacement. A therapeutic strategy that could deliver levodopa/dopamine to the brain in a more continuous and physiologic manner might be expected to provide all of the benefits of standard levodopa with reduced motor complications. Such a levodopa formulation might replace all current dopaminergic antiparkinsonian medications and avoid the need for surgery in most PD patients. However, problems of continuous dopaminergic stimulation must be addressed and avoided, and the issue of nondopaminergic features remains to be addressed.
Different types of DNA damage play different roles in the etiology of sunlight-induced melanoma

The relationship between DNA damage, mutations and the initiation and progression of sunlight-induced melanoma has not yet been resolved. Recently, it has become apparent that the etiology of sunlight-induced melanoma is fundamentally different from sunlight-induced carcinoma, although both appear to be dependent on specific photoproducts produced in DNA by ultraviolet radiation (UVR). How DNA photoproducts are involved in the unique etiology of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) compared to other types of skin cancer is central to understanding the nature of this disease and its prevention. Based on our results and published data, we propose a model for melanoma distinct from carcinoma, in which different types of DNA damage contribute to different stages of tumorigenesis.
Preliminary experiments in cooperative human/robot force control for robot assisted microsurgical manipulation

Reports preliminary experiments with a robot system designed to cooperatively extend a human's ability to perform fine manipulation tasks requiring human judgement, sensory integration and hand-eye coordination. A completed steady-hand robot is reported. A stable force control law is reviewed. Preliminary experiments validate theoretical predictions of stable one-dimensional control of tool-tip forces in contact with both linearly and nonlinearly compliant objects. Preliminary feasibility experiments demonstrate stable one-dimensional robotic augmentation and "force scaling" of a human operator's tactile input.
Zinc(II) sulfate tetrahydrate and magnesium sulfate tetrahydrate. Addendum

The crystal structure of zinc(II) sulfate tetrahydrate, [Zn(SO4)(H2O)4]2, has recently been determined by Blake, Cooke, Hubberstey & Sampson [Acta Cryst. (2001), E57, i109–i111]. Additional information on structure determinations of similar compounds is given.
Responsibility at the Core of Public Education: Students, Teachers, and the Curriculum

The intent of this chapter is to inform, rather than prescribe reform, by directing attention to education’s core, where teaching and learning engage the curriculum. Behind the churn of policy talk, and central to the constitutional mandates creating mass compulsory schooling, lies the fundamental core of education: teachers, students, and the curriculum. At this level, we selectively consider evolving educational practices and educators’ successes, failures, and challenges in providing quality education for all students.