cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reference Electrode Based on Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes

Abstract Reference electrodes utilizing cation exchanging qualities of perfluorosulfonic polymer membranes (Nafion) have been developed. They are constructed of a plastic body with Nafion plug connecting inner and outer compartments. The variability of the composition of filling solutions makes these electrodes suitable for applications where conventional reference electrodes cause interferring effects. Data on stability, reproducibility, effect of temperature, pH and total ionic strength of several cationic forms of the electrodes are presented.
Integer Programming Methods for Seriation and Unidemensional Scaling of Proximity Matrices: A Review and Some Extensions

1-norm are also presented. I conclude that the computational scaling problems depends largely on the criterion of interest, with unidimensional scaling problems depends largely on the criterion of interest, with unidimensional scaling in the L1-norm being especially challenging.
Ipsilateral and contralateral skill acquisition following random practice of unilateral mirror-drawing.

The present mirror-drawing experiment was conducted over four months on one healthy female (R.H.) to elucidate the nature of the ipsilateral and contralateral learning curves for 12 sessions of unimanual training of the nonpreferred hand using a random practice schedule. Analysis indicated greater initial improvement for the practising nonpreferred hand with further improvements for both hands in number of errors and time to complete a single transfer test trial. A 4-mo. retention test showed the improvements were greater for the preferred (untrained) hand. Star-tracing records completed for both hands were quite similar to those recorded using the mirror after practice. This may reflect central processing and long-term potentiation influential even after practice ceased.
Thrice weekly azacitidine does not improve hematological responses in lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: A study of the Hoosier Oncology Group

Prolonged administration of methyl transferase inhibitors may increase response rates in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Fourteen MDS patients with anemia and less than 10% marrow blasts received azacitidine 50 mg/m(2) thrice weekly for 2 weeks every 4 weeks; 7 also received weekly erythropoietin. The response rate of 43% did not improve the rates reported with other azacitidine administration schedules, so the study was closed. A decreased apoptosis of primitive erythroid progenitors and increased expression of BclX(L) was observed with treatment in responding patients compared to non-responders. Azacitidine may modulate BclX(L) and improve erythropoiesis through reduction of apoptosis in primitive erythroid progenitor population in MDS.
An operationalized post-normal science framework for assisting in the development of complex science policy solutions: the case of nanotechnology governance

Scientists, engineers, and policy analysts commonly suggest governance regimes for technol- ogy to maximize societal benefits and minimize negative societal and environmental impacts of inno- vation processes. Yet innovation is a complex socio- technical process that does not respond predictably to modification. Our human propensity to exclude com- plexity when attempting to manage systems often results in insufficient, one-dimensional solutions. The tendency to exclude complexity (1) reinforces itself by diminishing experience and capacity in the design of simple solutions to complex problems, and (2) leads to solutions that do not address the identified problem. To address the question of how to avoid a complexity- exclusion trap, this article operationalizes a post- normal science framework to assist in the enhance- ment or design of science policy proposals. A literature review of technological fixes, policy pana- ceas, and knowledge-to-action gaps is conducted to survey examples of post-normal science frameworks. Next, an operational framework is used to assess the case of a proposed international nanotechnology advisory board. The framework reveals that the board addresses a slice of the broader, more complex problem of nanotechnology governance. We argue that while the formation of an international advisory board is not problematic in-and-of-itself, it is symp- tomatic of and plays into a complexity-exclusion trap. We offer researchers, policy analysts, and decision- makers three recommendations that incorporate a more appropriate level of complexity into governance proposals.
Improvement of thermal reactivation of activated carbon for the removal of 2-methylisoborneol

Abstract Rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs) were employed to evaluate the impact of the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the water used to create steam on the reactivation of spent granular activated carbon (GAC) using three novel thermal reactivation procedures: steam-curing, steam-curing with ramped temperature, and steam pyrolysis reactivation. Evaluation of the physical properties of the reactivated carbon showed a change in mass and volume loss with a change in DO. Performance testing of the carbons for removal of the taste- and odor-causing compound 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) showed that MIB uptake generally increased as the DO concentration decreased. Decrease in MIB removal with an increase in surface acidity, a phenomenon found in the literature, may be responsible for the changes in adsorption performance, as the higher DO concentrations yielded carbons with higher total surface acidity. In addition, the steam-curing process, which was implemented at 375 °C (i.e. about 400 °C lower than typical reactivation temperatures) with a low DO concentration (i.e. 3–4 mg/L) had comparable performance to the virgin carbon counterpart, which could manifest cost-savings due to the low temperature associated with this protocol compared to conventional reactivation. Furthermore, since the mass loss associated with this steam-curing protocol was low, less virgin carbon make-up would be required also improving the economic viability of this reactivation protocol.
SU‐FF‐T‐145: Comparison of the Epson Expression 1680 Flatbed and the Vidar VXR‐16 Dosimetry PRO™ Film Scanners for Use in IMRT Dosimetry Using Gafchromic and Radiographic Film

Purpose: We have investigated the consistency of the newly available self‐developing Gafchromic® EBT film relative to EDR2 for IMRTdosimetry QA when using flatbed scanner as opposing to the well established Vidar VXR‐16. Method and Materials:IMRT plans consisting of seven to nine 6 MV beams were calculated using Pinnacle treatment planning system. The patient specific dose distributions were delivered to the phantom containing either EDR2 or EBT film. The films were scanned with both the Vidar and Epson scanners and analyzed using FilmQA™ (3cognition LLC) software. Comparisons between measured and calculated dose distributions are reported as dose difference (DD) (pixels within ±5%), distance‐to‐agreement (DTA) (3 mm), as well as gamma values (dose difference = ±3%, distance=2 mm). Results: Our preliminary analysis of 9 IMRT cases showed that: (i) Vidar and Epson EBT scans differ on average by 7.2% for DD, 6.3% for gamma, and 8.6% for DTA; (ii) same comparison using EDR2 gives 2.2% for DD, 3.1% for gamma, and 2.2% for DTA; (iii) the Epson EBT and EDR2 scans differ on average by 3.4% for DD, 5.0% for gamma, and 2.9% for DTA; (iv) the same comparison between EBT and EDR2 films using Vidar gives 10.3% for DD, 6.8% for gamma, and 5.1% for DTA. Conclusions:Tissue equivalence, high spatial resolution, energy independence, and self developing properties make the choice of EBT film for IMRT QA more desirable and cost effective than silver based radiographic film. Much better agreement with calculations can be obtained using EBT with a flatbed scanner. While both scanners give equivalent results with EDR2 films, a flatbed scanner in transmission mode is recommended to achieve optimal results with the EBT films.
Enhancement by potato virus Y of potato virus X synthesis in doubly infected tobacco depends on the timing of invasion by the viruses.

Abstract The time required for movement of potato virus Y (PVY) and two strains of potato virus X (PVX) from an inoculated lower leaf of small tobacco plants to the fourth leaf above, where maximal enhancement of PVX synthesis occurs, was determined. PVY required 12 hr longer than one PVX strain and 6 hr longer than the other; timing was from the time of inoculation of lower leaves. The rates of movement of the two viruses were the same in singly or doubly inoculated plants. Lower leaves were then inoculated with PVX and PVY at times so that invasion of fourth leaves by the two viruses occurred at predicted intervals. Maximum enhancement of one PVX strain occurred when PVY invaded fourth leaves 12 hr before PVX; enhancement of the other PVX strain occurred when PVY invaded 6 hr after PVX. Enhancement was always less than maximal when invasion by either virus preceded invasion by the other by more than 24 hr. These results were interpreted as indicating that enhancement occurs only in cells invaded by the two viruses within a relatively short period of time and that maximum enhancement results when critical stages in the replication cycle of each virus coincide; in such cells replication of both viruses was probably occurring simultaneously.
Associations Between the Worksite Environment and Perceived Health Culture

Abstract Purpose. Recognition regarding the importance of health culture in the worksite health promotion literature is growing; however, little empirical evidence exists to guide programmatic or research efforts. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the health supporting structural features of the workplace and perceived health culture. Design. Cross-sectional. Sample. Twenty-one worksites with culture data from 2467 employees from Western New York. Measures. The Heart Check (HC) and Lifegain Health Culture Audit (LHCA) were used to assess worksite environment and worksite health culture, respectively. Analysis. Pearson r was used to examine the associations between HC factors and LHCA mean scores. Multiple linear regression was used to predict LHCA mean scores from selected HC factors. Results. Adjusting for age and gender, several significant correlations between HC and LHCA scores were identified, ranging from r = .54 (p < .05) to r = .72 (p < .001). The HC Environmenta...
P300 and Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia

Background We assessed the suitability of event-related potential frontal and temporoparietal P300 changes as intermediate phenotypes in genetic studies of schizophrenia. We applied a principal component analysis approach based on the notion that P300 abnormalities in siblings of schizophrenic patients may involve a widespread network of relatively weak cortical generators and because an earlier, smaller study that used a topographic analysis of covariance model did not show that localized P300 changes predict risk for schizophrenia. Methods P300 changes in 66 schizophrenic patients, 115 healthy siblings of schizophrenic patients, and 89 unrelated controls were studied during a standard auditory oddball paradigm. Principal components were calculated across electrodes, revealing frontal and temporoparietal components for latency and amplitude, respectively. For the frontal and temporoparietal P300 amplitude and latency components, the intraclass correlations (ICCs) between sib-pairs (pairs of unaffected siblings and schizophrenic index patients) and the relative risk ratios (λ) were determined. Results Compared with controls, schizophrenic patients and their unaffected siblings showed significant reductions in the temporoparietal P300 amplitude component. Both groups were also characterized by a significantly higher frontal P300 amplitude component. Significant ICCs and increased relative risk ratios were found for the frontal (ICC U = 0.18; P =.04; λ = 3.4) and temporoparietal (ICC U = 0.24; P = .01; λ = 1.7) P300 amplitude components. Conclusions Temporoparietal P300 amplitude reduction and frontal P300 amplitude increase seem to be quantitative phenotypes associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. Both measures may be useful for increasing the statistical power of genetic studies of schizophrenia.
Role of interface roughness scattering in self-consistent resonant-tunneling-diode simulations

The effects of interface roughness scattering in a resonant-tunneling diode are examined with the self-consistent Born and the multiple sequential scattering algorithm for various interface roughness correlation lengths. The effect of a self-consistent treatment of the scattering self-energies with the quantum charge and the electrostatic and exchange-correlation potentials is demonstrated. The effects of the scattering assisted charge and the exchange and correlation potential on the spurious bistability obtained in simulations of a symmetric resonant-tunneling diode is shown.
A high-throughput, scalable solution for calculating frequent routes and profitability of New York taxis

Processing complex queries on unbounded event streams in real-time, is a challenge for many data processing systems. These systems are expected to process data with reduced latency to generate real-time events, and at high throughput to minimize the required hardware. In this regard, Grand Challenge 2015 [6] focuses on evaluating two queries (frequent routes and profitable cells) in real-time with low latency and high throughput. These queries involve processing windows of thousands of records. Firstly, such processing demands efficient data structures and algorithms to minimize the processing overhead. Secondly, the system should partition data to evaluate them in parallel to make it scalable. In this paper, we present a set of data structures that we designed to evaluate the aforementioned queries with O(log n) time complexity and a data partitioning technique to evaluate them in parallel. We then evaluate our solution on a single machine as well as in a distributed setting in a commodity cluster of machines over a 1Gbps LAN. We were able to process the frequent routes query with the 173 million trips dataset within 5 minutes with less than 4 millisecond latency and the profitable cells query with same dataset within 11 minutes with less than 5 millisecond latency.
EPR silence in superconducting oxides

Abstract The newly discovered and identified superconductor Bi4Ca2Sr4Cu4O16 has been examined by EPR spectroscopy at temperatures between 300 K and 77 K. At 300 K it is EPR silent except for a very weak signal attributable to Cu++-containing impurities. At 77 K the super shows only an EPR signal at zero magnetic field. In both respects its behaviour is similar to that of the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7. Possible reasons for the EPR silence of these ceramic superconductors are discussed.
Synchrotron X-ray Studies of the Keel of the Short-Spined Sea Urchin Lytechinus variegatus : Absorption Microtomography (microCT) and Small Beam Diffraction Mapping

In sea urchin teeth, the keel plays an important structural role, and this paper reports results of microstructural characterization of the keel of Lytechinus variegatus using two noninvasive synchrotron x-ray techniques: x-ray absorption microtomography (microCT) and x-ray diffraction mapping. MicroCT with 14 keV x-rays mapped the spatial distribution of mineral at the 1.3 µm level in a millimeter-sized fragment of a mature portion of the keel. Two rows of low absorption channels (i.e., primary channels) slightly less than 10 µm in diameter were found running linearly from the flange to the base of the keel and parallel to its sides. The primary channels paralleled the oral edge of the keel, and the microCT slices revealed a planar secondary channel leading from each primary channel to the side of the keel. The primary and secondary channels were more or less coplanar and may correspond to the soft tissue between plates of the carinar process. Transmission x-ray diffraction with 80.8 keV x-rays and a 0.1 mm beam mapped the distribution of calcite crystal orientations and the composition Ca1−xMgxCO3 of the calcite. Unlike the variable Mg concentration and highly curved prisms found in the keel of Paracentrotus lividus, a constant Mg content (x = 0.13) and relatively little prism curvature was found in the keel of Lytechinus variegatus.
Optimization of the irradiation power in chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer experiments

In chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer imaging experiments, exchangeable solute protons are saturated and the transfer of saturation to water is subsequently detected. When the applied irradiation power is comparable to the resonance frequency difference between the water protons and saturated solute protons, the proton transfer (PT) efficiency is reduced due to concomitant direct saturation effects. In this study, the PT process is modeled using a two-pool system. An empirical general proton transfer ratio (PTR) equation for arbitrary RF irradiation power is derived, and its optimal power to maximize the PTR is analyzed. The results are confirmed experimentally on 4.7 T using a poly-L-lysine solution. The theory provides a useful tool for optimizing the irradiation power of the PT sequences in the presence of direct saturation effects.
Test Anxiety and Cheating on College Examinations

To determine the relationship between test anxiety and college cheating, 117 Ss who had completed the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test were subsequently asked to grade their own classroom exam...
The reticulons: a family of proteins with diverse functions

The reticulon family is a large and diverse group of membrane-associated proteins found throughout the eukaryotic kingdom. All of its members contain a carboxy-terminal reticulon homology domain that consists of two hydrophobic regions flanking a hydrophilic loop of 60-70 amino acids, but reticulon amino-terminal domains display little or no similarity to each other. Reticulons principally localize to the endoplasmic reticulum, and there is evidence that they influence endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi trafficking, vesicle formation and membrane morphogenesis. However, mammalian reticulons have also been found on the cell surface and mammalian reticulon 4 expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes is an inhibitor of axon growth both in culture and in vivo. There is also growing evidence that reticulons may be important in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The diversity of structure, topology, localization and expression patterns of reticulons is reflected in their multiple, diverse functions in the cell.
Effect of N-butylscopolammonium bromide on equine ileal smooth muscle activity in an ex vivo model.

Summary Reasons for performing study N-butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) is an anticholinergic agent used to treat spasmodic colic in horses. Intestinal smooth muscle spasm also occurs in horses with intraluminal intestinal obstructions, such as ileal impactions. The antispasmodic effects of NBB may be useful in managing ileal impactions, but the effects of NBB on equine ileal smooth muscle are unknown. Objectives To investigate the effects of NBB on spontaneous and induced contraction of the equine ileum in an ex vivo model. Study design Ex vivo biomechanical study assessing contractile properties in isolate equine ileal smooth muscle with and without exposure to NBB. Methods Ileal tissue was collected from 6 healthy horses after euthanasia, and isolated circular and longitudinal smooth muscle strips were connected to isometric force transducers in organ baths. After equilibration, the effect of NBB (1 nmol/l to 100 μmol/l) on spontaneous and carbachol-induced contraction was determined and compared with responses in control tissue. Results At ≥30 μmol/l, NBB inhibited spontaneous contractions in all muscle strips that exhibited spontaneous activity. N-butylscopolammonium bromide pre-treatment inhibited carbachol-induced contraction in circular (NBB-treated half maximal effective concentration [EC50] 0.530 × 10−8 mol/l vs. control EC50 41.57 × 10−8 mol/l) and longitudinal muscle strips (NBB-treated EC50 0.243 × 10−8 mol/l vs. control EC50 90.84 × 10−8 mol/l). Abolition of carbachol-induced contraction with NBB was observed at lower concentrations in circular than longitudinal muscle strips. Pretreatment with NBB significantly inhibited carbachol-induced contractions; NBB-treated tissue required greater carbachol concentrations to produce sustained contractions than control muscle strips. Histamine-evoked contraction was not affected by NBB. Conclusions N-butylscopolammonium bromide inhibits spontaneous and cholinergically mediated contraction in equine ileal smooth muscle strips ex vivo. Thus, NBB might reduce intestinal spasm in equine ileal impactions and could be useful for medical management of these cases, although further study is needed to confirm these effects in vivo.
Phosphonylation of a polypentenamer and preparation of its hydrogenated derivatives

Phosphonylated derivatives of a polypentenamer (PP) containing 82% trans and 17% cis double bonds have been prepared by the free-radical addition of dimethylphosphite to the double bonds and subsequent hydrogenation of the residual unsaturation. In this way derivatives were prepared containing approximately 5 and 10 mole % dimethylphosphonate side groups. These side groups were further reacted by hydrolysis or neutralization to form phosphonic acid and cesium phosphonate salts. Reaction conditions were so chosen that no backbone degradation occurred, and side reactions leading to crosslinking were avoided. The derivatives were characterized by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was found that increasing substituent concentration decreases the melting point Tm in the case of the hydrogenated derivatives and increases the glass transition temperature Tg in the case of the unhydrogenated derivatives. The free acid derivatives are the least thermally stable of all those studied and the hydrogenated derivatives are generally more stable than the unhydrogenated derivatives.
Genetics in the 21st Century: The Benefits & Challenges of Incorporating a Project-Based Genetics Unit in Biology Classrooms

How can science instruction help students and teachers engage in relevant genetics content that stimulates learning and heightens curiosity? Project-based science can enhance learning and thinking in science classrooms. We describe how we use project-based science features as a framework for a genetics unit, discuss some of the challenges encountered, and provide suggestions for enactment. This serves as an example of how project-based approaches can be integrated into high school science classrooms.
Tracheoesophageal speech: Predictors of success and social validity ratings

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine long-term success rates and predictors of success for patients who had undergone either primary or secondary tracheoesophageal puncture. An additional aim was to compare judgments of communication effectiveness made by a speech-language pathologist with those made by the patient or significant other. Patients and Methods: Thirty-six laryngectomees were initially rated on a 5-point functional communication scale. These ratings resulted in the formation of two distinct groups that were identified as “successful” and “unsuccessful.” The groups were compared on the basis of age at time of surgery and 10 categorical variables that have been implicated in the success or failure of tracheoesophageal puncture surgery. Results: Results indicated that nearly two thirds of the patients had successful communication at an average of approximately 4 years posttracheoesophageal puncture. For the 13 patients judged as “unsuccessful,” reduced vision, limited arm/hand movement, and history of radiotherapy were found in significantly greater numbers. When communication profile ratings made by a speech-language pathologist were compared with those made by the patient or significant other (P/SO), approximately one-third varied by at least “1” scale value, with the vast majority resulting in comparatively higher ratings by the speech-language pathologist. Conclusion: The findings of this study are in general agreement with previously published success rates for tracheoesophageal puncture and attest to the long-term nature of these success rates in a majority of patients. Additional investigation is necessary to identify factors that may contribute to discrepancies between clinician expectations and those of the patient or significant other.
An Efficient Synthesis of 3-Amino-4-Fluorobutanoic Acid, an Inactivator of GABA Transaminase

Abstract 3-Amino-4-fluorobutanoic' acid (1), a potent in vivo-inactivator of GABA transaminase, is synthesized in two steps. The lithium salt of tert-butyl acetate is condensed with fluoroacetonitrile and the product is reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride in acidic methanol to 1.
Small signal analysis of a SOI MOSFET device with a novel area efficient body contact

The small signal parameters of novel area efficient source-to-body contacted SOI MOSFET are determined using three dimensional device simulations and compared to conventional body contacted and floating body PD SOI MOSFETs. The proposed device exhibits higher drive current with complete suppression of floating body effects. The gate transconductance (g/sub m/) shows improvement by 16% at V/sub GS/=1 V and V/sub DS/=2 V compared to conventional BTS structures. The drain conductance (g/sub ds/) and gate-to-source capacitance C/sub gs/ are similar to conventional BTS structures.
Contribution of Glutamine Residues in the Helix 4-5 Loop to Capsid-Capsid Interactions in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus of Macaques

ABSTRACT Following retrovirus entry, the viral capsid (CA) disassembles into its component capsid proteins. The rate of this uncoating process, which is regulated by CA-CA interactions and by the association of the capsid with host cell factors like cyclophilin A (CypA), can influence the efficiency of reverse transcription. Inspection of the CA sequences of lentiviruses reveals that several species of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) have lost the glycine-proline motif in the helix 4-5 loop important for CypA binding; instead, the helix 4-5 loop in these SIVs exhibits an increase in the number of glutamine residues. In this study, we investigated the role of these glutamine residues in SIVmac239 replication. Changes in these residues, particularly glutamine 89 and glutamine 92, resulted in a decreased efficiency of core condensation, decreased stability of the capsids in infected cells, and blocks to reverse transcription. In some cases, coexpression of two different CA mutants produced chimeric virions that exhibited higher infectivity than either parental mutant virus. For this complementation of infectivity, glutamine 89 was apparently required on one of the complementing pair of mutants and glutamine 92 on the other. Modeling suggests that glutamines 89 and 92 are located on the distal face of hexameric capsid spokes and thus are well positioned to contribute to interhexamer interactions. Requirements to evade host restriction factors like TRIMCyp may drive some SIV lineages to evolve means other than CypA binding to stabilize the capsid. One solution used by several SIV strains consists of glutamine-based bonding. IMPORTANCE The retroviral capsid is an assembly of individual capsid proteins that surrounds the viral RNA. After a retrovirus enters a cell, the capsid must disassemble, or uncoat, at a proper rate. The interactions among capsid proteins contribute to this rate of uncoating. We found that some simian immunodeficiency viruses use arrays of glutamine residues, which can form hydrogen bonds efficiently, to keep their capsids stable. This strategy may allow these viruses to forego the use of capsid-stabilizing factors from the host cell, some of which have antiviral activity.
Role of Dopamine in Behavioral Effects of Serotonin Microinjected into Rat Striatum

Abstract Bilateral local microinfusion of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) into the ventrolateral striatum (VLS) of the rat forebrain induces quantifiable stereotyped orofacial behaviors. The role of presynaptic dopamine (DA) and structural requirements of indoles for expression of this behavioral effect and for inhibition of neuronal transport of [ 3 H]DA were examined. Bilateral local injection of 6-OHDA (8 μg/side) into VLS depleted DA and markedly diminished the behavioral effects of 5-HT. Intracerebral pretreatment with the potent DA transport inhibitors GBR-12909 (6 μg/side) or nomifensine (4 μg/side) also markedly decreased behavioral responses to 5-HT. A series of indoles and tyramine were examined for ability to induce stereotypy following infusion into the VLS. Of compounds tested, only p -tyramine, 5-HT, tryptamine and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) elicited strong orofacial behaviors; indoles lacking a free amino group or containing other substituents were virtually inactive in vivo, and the effect of 5-HTP was prevented by systemic pretreatment with the decarboxylase inhibitor NSD-1015, indicating its required conversion to 5-HT. Uptake of [ 3 H]DA (0.1 μM) into rat striatal synaptosomes was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner in the following apparent rank-order: p -tyramine, N- methyl-5-HT, tryptamine, 5-HT, N- methyltryptamine (IC 50 = 44-718 nM), other indoles (IC 50 = 10-100 μM). These results support the conclusion that oral stereotypy induced by microinjection of 5-HT or other aromatic amines into rat VLS is mediated by local release of endogenous DA. These results extend previous findings indicating that this effect of 5-HT was not blocked by 5-HT receptor antagonists, and suggest mediation by a neuronal transport process involved in the uptake or storage of DA.
Enamel Decalcification by Cereals of Different Geographic Origin

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUADECALCIFICATION DE ADAMANTE PER CEREALES DE DIFFERENTE ORIGINES GEOGRAPHIC.—Pro comparer le decalcification de adamante per productos de fermentation ab frumento, mais, avena, e hordeo ab California, Texas, Ohio, Iowa, Saskatchewan, e Ontario, filtratos preparate per quatro horas de incubation a 37 C in diluite saliva esseva testate durante duo horas contra adamante radioactive, e le dissolution esseva mesurate in referentia a cognoscite standards. Le plus raffinate fractiones de cereal rendeva differentias de usque ad 1: 3 inter le regiones geographic in le quantitate de adamante solvite. Nonraffinate specimens rendeva minus marcate differentias. Le differentias revelava nulle correlation con le nitrogeno, le calcium, le phosphoro, le fluoro, o le oligoelementos contenite in le fractiones o con le prevalentia de carie in le regiones del tests.
MpPVM: a software system for non-dedicated heterogeneous computing

This paper presents the design and preliminary implementation of MpPVM, a software system that supports process migration for PVM application programs in a non-dedicated heterogeneous computing environment. New concepts of migration point as well as migration point analysis and necessary data analysis are introduced. A preliminary implementation of MpPVM and its experimental results are also presented, showing the correctness and promising performance of our process migration mechanism in the scalable non-dedicated heterogeneous computing environment.
Emerald ash borer: invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America's ash resource.

The emerald ash borer (EAB), a phloem-feeding beetle native to Asia, was discovered killing ash trees in southeastern Michigan and Windsor, Ontario, in 2002. Like several other invasive forest pests, the EAB likely was introduced and became established in a highly urbanized setting, facilitated by international trade and abundant hosts. Up to 15 million ash trees in urban and forested settings have been killed by the EAB. Quarantines in the United States and Canada restrict the movement of ash trees, logs, and firewood to prevent new introductions. Research studies are underway to assist managers leading eradication and containment efforts. Long-term efforts will be needed to protect ash in urban and forested settings across North America.
Post-discharge hospital utilization among adult medical inpatients with depressive symptoms†

BACKGROUND: Little evidence exists to determine whether depression predicts hospital utilization following discharge among adult inpatients on a general medical service. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether a positive depression screen during hospitalization is significantly associated with an increased rate of returning for hospital services. DESIGN: A secondary analysis was performed using data from 738 English-speaking, hospitalized adults from the Project RED randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00252057) conducted at an urban academic safety-net hospital. MEASUREMENTS: We used the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression screening tool to identify patients with depressive symptoms. The primary endpoint was hospital utilization, defined as the number of emergency department (ED) visits plus readmissions within 30 days of discharge. Poisson regression was used to control for confounding variables. RESULTS: Of the 738 subjects included in the analysis, 238 (32%) screened positive for depressive symptoms. The unadjusted hospital utilization within 30 days of discharge was 56 utilizations per 100 depressed patients compared with 30 utilizations per 100 non-depressed patients, incident rate ratio (IRR) (confidence interval [CI]), 1.90 (1.51–2.40). After controlling for potential confounders, a higher rate of post-discharge hospital utilization was observed in patients with depressive symptoms compared to patients without depressive symptoms (IRR [CI], 1.73 [1.27–2.36]). CONCLUSIONS: A positive screen for depressive symptoms during an inpatient hospital stay is associated with an increased rate of readmission within 30 days of discharge in an urban, academic, safety-net hospital population. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Systematics of the Octopleura Clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) in Tropical America

The Octopleura clade of Miconia is a natural group of Neotropical subshrubs and small trees comprising some thirty-three species. These had previously been described in Ossaea and Clidemia , two traditionally recognized genera of Miconieae, but this natural group is nested within the megadiverse genus Miconia . This study represents the first comprehensive monograph of the clade across its entire range based on a study of over 2100 collections from seven herbaria. Thirteen new combinations are made ( Miconia aguilarii , M. aurantiaca , M. biolleyana , M. boekei , M. chocoensis , M. evanescens , M. incerta , M. laxivenula , M. palenquensis , M. quinquenervia , M. radicans , M. reitziana , and M. rufibarbis ). Thirteen new names are provided for epithets preempted in Miconia ( M. albertobrenesii , M. alboglandulosa , M. approximata , M. atropurpurea , M. bensparrei , M. bractiflora , M. erikasplundii , M. magnifolia , M. neocoronata , M. quadridomius , M. sessilis , M. spiciformis , and M. variabilis ). Six new species are proposed ( M. alatissima , M. anchicayensis , M. formicaria , M. latidecurrens , M. renatoi , and M. veraguensis ). A taxonomic key, detailed descriptions, distribution maps, and phenological and ecological information are presented for all species, along with SEM images of seed morphology for selected species. A preliminary geospatial conservation assessment is made for each species. Diagnostic illustrations are included for all new taxa and other selected species. A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on four genic loci is presented, along with a reconstruction of ancestral character states. Molecular and morphological data are used to develop a better understanding of the constituent species of the clade and their evolutionary relationships. Three subclades, Approximata, Quinquenervia, and Variabilis, are evident within the Octopleura clade, and supported by morphological synapomorphies.
On Commerce, Institutions, and Underdevelopment: A Comparative Perspective

There are ample sources on the exuberance of economic life and the organization of society. Eventually the Middle East and China lost ground to Western Europe and Japan. This has been subject to much work and scholarly activity. Considering the multiplicity of explanations, in this paper I focus on the interactions among power dimensions, activities of various social actors, cultural forces, and how these interactions influenced formation of certain institutions and inhibited others. In particular, I allude to the role of the political center in inhibiting land and commerce-based foci of power in the East, and how this inhibition prevented formation of institutions conducive to economic development. Trade has been an essential element of the Middle Eastern and Chinese economies since ancient times. The Muslim medieval economy connected Spain, North Africa, Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Iran, Abyssinia, Gujarat, the Malabar coast, China, and the East Indies in a Weltwirtschaft. Products from distant lands adorned the marketplaces (souks) of fabled cities such as Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, and Shiraz, among others. The Islamic medieval economy was sophisticated in that the merchants organized themselves in partnerships called mudaraba, invented commercial instruments like the bill of exchange called sutfaya, and devised forward contracts called mohatra. The Chinese commerce was no less sophisticated by the standards of the period. However, despite this early advantage, the Islamic and Chinese commercial ventures remained small and stagnant and did not metamorphose into large corporate ventures typical of Western European commerce.
The Politics of the Evicted: Redevelopment, Subjectivity, and Difference in Mumbai's Slum Frontier

In recent years cities around the world have undergone mass slum clearances for redevelopment. This study of Mumbai offers an alternative interpretation of urban capital accumulation by investigating the differentiated political subjectivities of displaced slum residents. I argue that Mumbai's redevelopment entails not uniform class-based dispossessions but a process of accumulation by differentiated displacement whereby uneven displacement politics are central to the social production of land markets. Two ethnographic cases reveal that groups negotiate redevelopment in contradictory ways, supporting or contesting projects in varying moments. Redevelopmental subjectivities are influenced at key conjunctures by market-oriented resettlement, ideologies of belonging, desires for improved housing, and participation in non-governmental groups. This articulated assemblage of power-laden practices reflects and reworks class, gender, and ethno-religious relations, profoundly shaping evictees' experience and political engagement. The paper concludes that focusing on differentiated subjectivities may usefully guide both analysis and social justice practice aimed at countering dispossession.
Age-related decline in immunity: implications for vaccine responsiveness

Aging is associated with declines in immune system function, or ‘immunosenescence’, leading to progressive deterioration in both innate and adaptive immunity. These changes contribute to the decreased response to vaccines seen in many older adults, and morbidity and mortality from infection. Infections (e.g., influenza, pneumonia and septicemia) appear among the top ten most-common causes of death in adults in the USA aged 55 years and older. As immunosenescence has gathered more attention in the scientific and healthcare communities, investigators have demonstrated more links between immunosenescent changes and morbidity and mortality related to infections and declining vaccine responses. This review summarizes the recent literature on age-dependent defects in adaptive and innate immunity, data linking these defects to poor vaccine response and morbidity and mortality, current recommendations for vaccinations and potential strategies to improve vaccine efficacy in older adults.
Stability in large Bayesian games with heterogeneous players

Bayesian Nash equilibria that fail to be hindsight-(or, alternatively, ex-post) stable do not provide reliable predictions of outcomes of games in many applications. We characterize a family of large Bayesian games (with many players) in which all equilibria are asymptotically hindsight-stable, and discuss the consequences of this robustness property. In contrast to earlier literature, we establish hindsight stability in a class of games in which players are not anonymous and type spaces and action spaces can be infinite.
Stable Equilibria at Two Loci in Populations with Large Selfing Rates

The equilibrium structure of two-locus, two-allele models with very large selfing rates is found using perturbation techniques. For free recombination, r = ½, the following results hold. If the heterozygotes do not have at least an approximate 30% advantage in fitness relative to homozygotes, a stable equilibrium with all alleles present is possible only if all of the homozygote fitnesses differ at most by approximately the outcrossing rate, t, and all stable polymorphic equilibria have disequilibrium values, D, that are at most on the order of the outcrossing rate. Once the heterozygote fitnesses are above the threshold, there are stable equilibria possible with D near its maximum possible value. The results show that the observed disequilibria in highly selfed plant populations are not likely to result from selection leading to an equilibrium.
Applying Visual Frameworks to Optimize Innovation Strategy

All companies have goals or targets as well as projections for various metrics. External and internal environmental factors, more often than not, push a company off course. This tendency, when a company strays from the optimal projected path, is called the Path/Goal problem. In the course of this paper, a framework will be constructed for managers to visualize their current position and path, with regard to their goals, competitors and environment. The framework will also provide insight for making decisions and crafting strategy. Furthermore, this paper will discuss and quantify when a course change (pivot) should be considered by evaluating the nature of the distribution of possible outcomes at any given point in time. The framework will then be used to contrast incumbent firms versus new entrants to a market as well as continuous versus discontinuous technological innovation strategies. More importantly, the framework will demonstrate how these situations relate to a company’s path toward their end goal. The final discussion will focus on strategies as well as their implications and risks with the goal of helping managers not only understand their situational environment, but also the implications of their decisions. Keywords- Agility; Bang the Corner; Continuous Innovation; Corporate Inertia; Course Change Coefficient; Course Correction; Discontinuous Innovation; Disruptive Innovation; Environmental Conditions; Environmental Volatility; Environmental Factors; Evaluation Cycle Time; Framework; Goal; Goal Boundary Plot; Incremental Innovation; Incumbent Firm; Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Middle of the Road; New Entrants; Optimization; Outcome Boundaries; Outcome Distribution; Strategy; Technological Innovation; True North Plot; Visual Framework; Zeta;
Molecular dissection of the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway in primary and metastatic melanoma

8050 Background: Given the reported presence of frequent mutation in NRAS and BRAF in many melanocytic lesions, the association of mutations activating the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway with tumor progressi...
Moral Theory and Frameworks

This technical note outlines background theories of ethics that are relevant to managerial decision-making and develops a framework that managers can use to enhance their ability to make good choices.
Society for Experimental Finance Presidential Address 2015

Abstract It has been a privilege to be the President of the Society of Experimental Finance for 2014–2015, during a period of considerable progress in the establishment of the field. Below, I describe what I view as the most important recent development in experimental finance, the institutionalization of the field. I also give a very brief overview of the most active and productive research streams in the area and offer a few thoughts about possible productive avenues of future research in experimental finance.
Learning Context-Based Outcomes for Mobile Robots in Unstructured Indoor Environments

We present a method to learn context-dependent outcomes of behaviors in unstructured indoor environments. The idea is that certain features in the environment may be predictive of differences in outcomes, such as how long a mobile robot takes to traverse a corridor. Doing so enables the robot to plan more effectively, and also be able to interact with people more effectively by more accurately predicting when its plans may take longer to execute or may be likely to fail. We use a node-and-edge based map of the environment and treat the traversal time of the robot for each edge as a random variable to be characterized. The first step is to determine whether the distribution of the random variable is multimodal and, if so, we learn to classify the modes using a hierarchy of plan-time features (e.g., time of the day, day of the week) and run-time features (observations of recent traversal times through other corridors). We utilize a cascading regression system that first estimates which mode of the traversal distribution we expect the robot to observe, and then predict the actual traversal time through a corridor. On average, our method produces a mean residual error of less than 2.7 seconds.
A review of national municipal solid waste generation assessments in the USA.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in very large quantities (probably between 200 and 400 million tonnes per year) in the USA. MSW is generated at millions of places and there is no one preci...
Toxicity of Seven Candidate Fumigants to Stored-Product Insects

Laboratory studies were conducted to compare the toxicity of 7 candidate fumigants with methyl bromide (reference standard) to adults of confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val and of cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.), and larvae of black carpet beetle, Attagenus piceus (Olivier). The insects were fumigated in 19.5-liter bottles at 80° ±4 °F and at a relative humidity of 78 ± 18%, In 24-hr exposure tests 2 propyn 1-01, n-butyl isothiocyanate and Virginia-Carolina 3-676 ( O -methyl S, S -dipropyl phosphorodithioatc) were the only chemicals that were more toxic than methyl bromide at LD93to all 3 insect species.
Phosphinate Chemistry in the 21st Century: A Viable Alternative to the Use of Phosphorus Trichloride in Organophosphorus Synthesis.

Organophosphorus compounds are important in everyday applications ranging from agriculture to medicine and are used in flame retardants and other materials. Although organophosphorus chemistry is known as a mature and specialized area, researchers would like to develop new methods for synthesizing organophosphorus compounds to improve the safety and sustainability of these chemical processes.The vast majority of compounds that contain a phosphorus–carbon bond are manufactured using phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) as an intermediate. However, these reactions require chlorine, and researchers would like to avoid the use of PCl3 and develop safer chemistry that also decreases energy consumption and minimizes waste. Researchers have already proposed and discussed two primary strategies based on elemental phosphorus (P4 or Pred) or on phosphine (PH3) as alternatives to PCl3. However, phosphinates, an important class of phosphorus compounds defined as any compound with a phosphorus atom attached to two oxygens, R...