cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flexible CPW-IFA antenna for wearable electronic devices

The capability of bending, twisting and folding offered by mechanically flexible films and/or substrates along with size, weight and cost constraints are among the main challenges in future wearable electronic devices. In this paper, the effects of bending on a planar flexible CPW- IFA antenna operating at WLAN (IEEE 802.11) 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bandwidths is proposed. The flat antenna achieves a relative bandwidth of 14% (2.25-2.61) GHz and 42% (4.98-7.64) GHz over which S11 is less than -10 dB, and a realized gain of 1.86, 4.21 and 2.94 dB at 2.4, 5.2, and 5.8, respectively. The results show that the antenna maintained the WLAN matching lower and upper bandwidths required under a wide range of bending angles ψB.
Effects of differences in charge and hydrophobicity of surface amino acids of hemoglobins on high-performance gel-permeation chromatography.

We studied the elution properties of the carboxy and deoxy forms of hemoglobins A, S, and C in gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography using TSK-GEL-SW-type columns. Since these hemoglobins have the same molecular mass but different amino acids at the β6 position, they are ideal for studies of the effect of charge and hydrophobicity on elution patterns in high-performance gel-permeation chromatography. Although there was a linear relationship between elution volume and logarithm of molecular mass of various proteins, the elution volumes of carboxyhemoglobins were found to be slightly greater than the expected volumes calculated from the molecular mass. The elution volumes of hemoglobins increased in the order of hemoglobins F, A, C, and S in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at room temperature. The elution volume of these hemoglobins was also dependent on pH and salt concentration. These results indicate that elution of these hemoglobins was affected by the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between hemoglobin molecules and polar sites of silica gel (with silanol groups) of the resin matrix of TSK-G2000-SW. This study may serve as a useful reference for separation and determination of molecular masses of proteins in the native state using gel-permeation liquid chromatography.
Factorial Structure of Speed and Static Strength in a Lateral Arm Movement

Abstract Speed of movement in a lateral adductive arm swing was timed at seven equidistant points on an arc of 120 degrees. Static strength and effective arm mass were measured in the movement position. Data obtained on 36 men and 36 women were subjected to a centroid factor analysis. The structure for both sexes consisted of a single common factor for arm speed and a substantial item-specific factor for the first 17 cm. of movement, suggesting that the velocity curve probably consisted of two components. The correlations between the strength/mass ratios and speeds of movement were almost zero, except in the middle phase of the action, where the relationship was .29 for men and .27 for women (.36 and .34 when corrected for attenuation). These very low correlations supported the hypothesis of neuromotor specificity. Circumferential speed for women was 17 percent slower than for men, partly because their arms were shorter. In angular speed, the sex difference was only 5 percent.
On the development of non-Newtonian secondary flows in tubes of non-circular cross-section

The role that the normal stresses play in the generation of non-Newtonian secondary flows in straight tubes of non-circular cross-section, is examined from a theoretical standpoint. It is proven independent of any constitutive assumptions that in order for these secondary flows to occur in the absence of body forces, the axial velocity must give rise to some non-zero difference in the transverse normal stresses. This necessary condition is utilized to demonstrate that the development of secondary flows in certain non-Newtonian fluids can be influenced by the precise structure of the time derivatives in the constitutive equations. In particular, it is shown that certain frame-indifferent convected time rates give rise to secondary flows whereas others do not.
New molecular targets for the treatment of medulloblastoma.

Medulloblastoma remains the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Despite high survival rates associated with treatment, conventional regimens possess several serious morbidities. Consequently, the need for safer treatment alternatives with fewer longterm sequelae has prompted investigation into inhibition of specific factors that promote tumor survival and growth. In a recent set of elegant experiments, Snuderl et al. examined placental growth factor (PlGF) and neuropilin 1 (Nrp1), which act in concert to foster medulloblastoma growth and spread, as potential targets of antitumor therapy (1). Because PlGF expression was not limited to any particular genetic subtype of medulloblastoma, inhibition of PlGF (Figure 1) can be used as an alternative to standard regimens. PlGF acts by stimulating vital growth factors via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, an action mediated by its receptor Nrp1. Nrp1 is essential to PlGF function and represents a poor prognosticator when overexpressed in
Identifying criminal predators, sentences, and criminal classifications

This paper speculates that due to antiquated criminal predator identification that the courts render less prison time to predators who continually commit abominable forms of crime than to first time violent offenders who were controversially convicted of the crime of murder. A sample of 89 respondents includes 61 males and 28 females incarcerated in high custody penitentiaries. The findings show that many predators are rarely charged and/or convicted of heinous predatory acts consequently their prison sentences averaged an eight year confinement as compared to nonpredators with an average of 25 years to life, often without parole. The hypothesis was supported and a criminal offender classification was created to explain various offender profiles. One implication of this finding is that methods of crime control including criminal profiles are inadequate to deal with one of America's worst problems—predatory attacks. An assumption that arises from this implication is that crime control is linked to popular myths produced by the media and therefore predators largely go unchecked. Further research should be concluded to determine efficient methods of intervention for various categories of predators.
An Application of the Frozen Sectioning Technic for Cutting Serial Sections Thru the Brain

The availability of CO2 ice makes it practical to cut large blocks of cerebral tissue by the freezing method. If the tissue is first treated with 20–30% ethyl alcohol for sufficient time to secure uniform penetration of the alcohol (about 24 hours), formation of hard ice crystals can be controlled and serial sections 25–100 μ thick can be cut with negligible loss. The alcohol can be added to the fixative used for perfusion, or it can be added at any time later in the firing process, or after fixation is completed. The sections are cemented to the slide and groups of slides are manipulated thru staining processes in glass trays. Ordinary cell and fiber stains give satisfactory results. The method is particularly useful for certain neurophysiological purposes such as defining the location of electrode tracks and lesions and certain types of retrogrades. The Prussian blue test for electrolytically deposited iron can be conveniently applied in conjunction with other stains, to determine the point at which a g...
Tunnelling spectroscopy of high-temperature superconductors

SUMMARY We measured samples of La1·85Sr0·15CuO4-y and YBa2Cu3O7-y with a UHV low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscope using tips made out of tungsten, aluminium and indium. The samples are either sintered pellets, single crystals, or thin films. A wide variety of I-V curves were obtained ranging from nearly ideal S-I-N and S-I-S characteristics, to strongly asymmetric and multiple-peaked characteristics. The best data are obtained with thin film samples and indium tips. Large values of 2δ/kTc (∼ 11) are observed in most cases. We discuss possible explanations for these large values. New data are presented obtained with thin films of Y-Ba-Cu-O made by e-beam evaporation in our laboratory. A system of loadlocks is used to ensure that these films are never exposed to the atmosphere.
Applications of antimony–silicate glasses for fiber optic amplifiers

Abstract The performance of rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers based on antimony–silicate glasses is reviewed. Erbium-doped antimony silicate has intrinsically flat gain in the conventional (C-band) erbium gain window enabling a 48 nm C-band amplifier. A modified composition induces a substantial red-shift in the signal excited state absorption, which in turn enables bandwidth extension of the long wavelength (L-band) to 1620 nm. Thulium-doped antimony silicates provide up to 60 nm of bandwidth in the S-band ranging from 1460 to 1520 nm. Local coupling of the thulium ions to low phonon sites prevents the lifetime quenching typical of thulium-doped silicates. Thulium-doped antimony silicates provide an efficient wider-band alternative to fluoride materials.
Tumor margin assessment as a guide to optimal conservation surgery and irradiation in early stage breast carcinoma.

Abstract Between 1982 and 1985, 108 women with AJC Stage I and II invasive mammary carcinoma were treated to 115 breasts with conservative surgery and irradiation. The irradiation dose was adjusted to the histopathological normal tissue margin around the carcinoma in the tumor excision specimens. Margins were arbitrarily determined negative, close, and positive with normal tissue margins in the inked tumor excision specimens of 5 mm, 2–5 mm, and 2 mm, respectively. Negative, close, and positive tumor margin patients were treated to radiation doses of 60, 65, and 70 Gy, respectively. The boost in excess of 50 Gy was directed to the tumor bearing quadrant of the breast using interstitial Ir-192 implants for doses ≥ 70 Gy. The draining lymphatics were irradiated to 50 Gy except in patients with tumor in the lateral half of the breast and no axillary lymph node metastases. Histopathological evaluation of re-excision specimens revealed the difficulty of obtaining negative margins for tumors 2 em. By our criteria, 54% of the patients had a positive resection margin. None of the patients experienced a local recurrence at 60 months median follow-up. Three patients failed regionally, two in un-irradiated lymph node areas, one in the skin of the contralateral breast; five patients failed systemically. Overall and disease-free survival for Stages T1/N0, T1/N1, T2/N0 was 100 and 95%, respectively, and for T2/N1, 90 and 80%, respectively. The cosmesis was excellent in 66% of the patients with minimal treatment related complications. Carefully planned standardized irradiation with assessment of resection margins yields both excellent local control rates and cosmetic results.
Very Rough Preliminary Estimate of the Colloidal Sodium Induced in Rock Salt by Radioactive Waste Canister Radiation

Very rough estimates have been made of the total amount, the formation rate and spatial distribution of the Na metal colloid particles induced in rock salt adjacent to four types of radioactive waste canisters. A number of extrapolations were required. Salt immediately adjacent to a lightly shielded, 2.16 kW, high level waste canister could be converted entirely to colloidal Na (and presumably chlorined gas) in 200-400 years. The total Na metal formed will be 250-300 kg. A heavily shielded, 3.3 kW, spent fuel canister will convert roughly 0.3% of the salt at the canister surface to colloidal Na and the total sodium metal will be roughly 0.5 kg. Even at the lowest colloid levels the Na metal formed should greatly influence interactions between canisters and the surrounding salt, particularly if brine enters. 12 references, 6 figures, 2 tables.
Assessment and Screening Tools for Trauma in Children and Adolescents A Review

The need for thorough and accurate assessment of trauma in the lives of children and adolescents has become extremely important for the implementation of appropriate interventions. This article reviews 35 measures, 25 in depth and 10 in brief, that are currently available for use by researchers and practitioners. Instruments were divided into four domains: those that screen for (1) both a history of exposure to traumatic events and the presence of symptoms of trauma; (2) only a history of exposure; (3) symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or Dissociations; and (4) multiple symptoms of trauma (i.e. depressions, anger, sexual concerns, as well as PTSD). Information about the type of instrument, how trauma is constructed, psychometric properties, and practical issues are addressed for each of the 25 measures. A brief analysis is also provided for each measure.
Adrenal steroids regulate postnatal development of the rat dentate gyrus: I. Effects of glucocorticoids on cell death

The rat dentate gyrus undergoes a period of naturally occurring cell death during the first postnatal week. In the adult rat, removal of circulating adrenal steroids by adrenalectomy is followed by massive death in the granule cell layer, thus raising the possibility that developmental cell death results from low levels of these hormones. Interestingly, the first two postnatal weeks of life in the rat, termed the stress hyporesponsive period, are characterized by very low levels of adrenal steroids. In order to determine whether low levels of adrenal steroids enable developmental cell death to occur in the dentate gyrus, we examined the density of pyknotic and healthy cells in the dentate gyrus of rat pups which received one of the following treatments: (1) injections of the endogenous rat glucocorticoid corticosterone during the first postnatal week, or (2) adrenalectomy at the time when glucocorticoid levels normally rise. Quantitative analysis of the density of pyknotic cells in the granule cell layers revealed significant decreases with corticosterone treatment by the end of the first postnatal week. In these same brains, treatment with corticosterone resulted in a substantial increase in the density of pyknotic cells in the hilus. Adrenalectomy resulted in a significant increase in the density of pyknotic cells in the granule cell layer as well as in the hilus. Despite the dramatic alterations in the density of pyknotic cells with both increases and decreases in glucocorticoid levels, the density of healthy cells remained the same. These observations suggest that glucocorticoids regulate several processes, possibly including neurogenesis and migration, in addition to cell death.
A Survey of Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Species Infesting Cereal Crops in Montana

Abstract. Wireworms are an increasing threat to the sustainable production of cereal, potato and other crops in Montana since the delisting of lindane, an effective and inexpensive insecticidal seed treatment. With this study, we have initiated long term research to investigate the diversity of wireworm species infesting Montana's cropland. Canister-type bait traps were mailed to collaborating producers who buried them in established cereal fields for 10–14 days, and then returned them to Montana State University where the wireworms were identified to species. A total of 61 cereal fields in 12 counties were surveyed during 2011; 67 fields in 24 counties during 2012; and 66 fields in 16 counties during 2013. Wireworms were caught in 36.8% (46/125) of cereal fields with no prior known history of wireworms, averaging 0.5 larvae per trap. Wireworms were caught in 62.7% (37/59) of fields with a reported history of wireworms, averaging 4.1 larvae per trap. The prairie grain wireworm, Selatosomus aeripennis (Kir...
Critical role of domain crystallinity, domain purity and domain interface sharpness for reduced bimolecular recombination in polymer solar cells

In this study, inverted bulk heterojunction solar cells were fabricated using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blended with two different fullerene derivatives namely phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and indene-C60 bis-adduct (IC60BA). The effects of annealing temperatures on the morphology, optical and structural properties were studied and correlated to differences in photovoltaic device performance. It was observed that annealing temperature significantly improved the performance of P3HT:IC60BA solar cells while P3HT:PC60BM cells showed relatively less improvement. The performance improvement is attributed to the extent of fullerene mixing with polymer domains. Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that ICBA mixes with disordered P3HT much more readily than PC60BM which leads to lower short circuit current density and fill factor for P3HT:IC60BA cells annealed below 120°C. Annealing above 120°C improves the crystallinity of P3HT in case of P3HT:IC60BA whereas in P3HT:PC60BM films, annealing above 80°C leads to negligible change in crystallinity. Crystallization of P3HT also leads to higher domain purity as seen EFTEM. Further it is seen that cells processed with additive nitrobenzene (NB) showed enhanced short circuit current density and power conversion efficiency regardless of the fullerene derivative used. Addition of NB led to nanoscale phase separation between purermore » polymer and fullerene domains. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) images showed that enhanced domain purity in additive casted films led to a sharper interface between polymer and fullerene. Lastly, enhanced domain purity and interfacial sharpness led to lower bimolecular recombination and higher mobility and charge carrier lifetime in NB modified devices.« less
Persistent carbocations from 4,4′-dimethylaminodiphenylethylenes within CaY zeolite: intrazeolite-water controls the structure of the carbocation

Inclusion of 4,4'-dimethylaminodiphenylethylene and related olefins within activated CaY results in the formation of persistent monomer carbocations. The structure of the cation, consequently the color of the zeolite, is controlled by water molecules present within zeolites. Under 'dry' conditions the zeolite is light yellow and under 'wet' conditions it is blue colored. Blue color results from the quininoidal structure adopted by 1,1-bis-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)ethyl cation through participation of the lone pair electrons present on the amino substituent at the para position.
Evaluation of implant/host tissue interactions following intraperitoneal implantation of porcine dermal collagen prosthesis in the rat

An ideal prosthesis for ventral hernia repair should minimize development of postoperative adhesions. This study evaluates adhesion formation following intraperitoneal implantation of acellular porcine dermal collagen (PDC) and polypropylene (PP) mesh in 16 rats. Implant placement alternated left/right. Sacrifice (4 or 12 weeks) was randomized. Methods included adhesion grading (extent, severity, required dissection method) and histological evaluation. At 4 weeks, 7 of 8 PDC specimens and 0 of 8 PP implants were adhesion-free; results were identical at 12 weeks. Four-week adhesions were less developed than 12-week adhesions. Histology showed mononuclear cell foreign body reaction and disorganized collagen deposition for PPs compared to infiltration with neovascular channels and qualitatively less intense foreign body reaction for PDCs. PDC exhibits fewer adhesions and more favorable cellular response than PP in the rat.
Characteristics and Rate of Wear of Worsted Serge in Trousers

The performance of a worsted serge in drycleaning and as trousers was studied. A 58's grade domestic wool was woven into a 13-oz. serge (standard 2/2 twill, 68 X 68) that was dyed gray. Fifty-four pairs of trousers were worn by college men for one, two, or three academic years (11, 22, or 33 weeks). Breaking strength was determined and microscopic examination of yarns for percentage of worn fiber ends was made in three locations of anticipated heavy wear—waist front, knee, and seat. Loss in strength was related to time in service. The rate of deterioration was greater during the second and third years than during the first, and greater for the filling than for the warp. The seat was the most severely worn area. The trousers gave satisfactory performance through the three years. Bursting strength and abrasion resistance were determined in parts where less wear was visible. After the third year, deterioration had advanced to an 18% loss in bursting strength and a 23% loss in resistance to abrasion, and air ...
Design and Test of a Polar Nephelometer

This paper describes the design, calibration, and testing of a prototype polar nephelometer that uses a diode laser as the light source. The instrument continuously extracts a stream of aerosol into a sensing head. The scattering of an ensembles of aerosol particles illuminated by a laser beam is measured simultaneously at 15 polar angles from 23° to 128°. Absolute calibration of the nephelometer is obtained using Freon-12 as the scattering medium and the geometry of the sensing head. The prototype has been used successfully to retrieve particle size and refractive index from a monodisperse nonabsorbing aerosol and determine the angular scattering response of atmospheric aerosols with scattering coefficients to 10−6 m−1. Problems and limitations encountered with the prototype in long term unattended operation are discussed.
Pursuing prosody interventions

This paper provides an overview of evidence-based prosodic intervention strategies to facilitate clinicians' inclusion of prosody in their therapeutic planning and to encourage researchers' interest in prosody as an area of specialization. Four current evidence-based prosodic interventions are reviewed and answers to some important clinical questions are proposed. Additionally, the future direction of prosodic intervention research is discussed in recommendations about issues that are of concern to clinicians. The paper ends with a call for participation in an online collaboration at the Clinical Prosody blog at clinicalprosody.wordpress.com.
Development of Complex Thermal Models Using Global Sensitivity and MCMC

In order to simulate the behavior of a thermal protection system exposed to a sudden heat flux it was necessary to develop a model of the thermal degradation of the insulating foam. The model was based upon measured mass losses, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) data. Models can range from the simplest one chemical reaction to a complex, pressure dependent lattice model incorporating as many as sixteen reactions. The paper describes the development of a model, calibration using a fixed set of data, an analysis of the sensitivity based upon the concepts of global sensitivity and the evaluation of the uncertainty of estimated parameters.© 2009 ASME
Order statistics of the generalized logistic distribution

Abstract The generalized logistic distribution function studied here, (1 + e -χ ) -α , has parameter α 2#62;; 0 and is defined for all real χ. This distribution is useful for modeling the log odds of moderately rare events. Estimation of α by functions of order statistics is discussed. The distribution and moments of the order statistics and the sample range are also derived.
Comparative study of the binding of coumarin anticoagulants and serum albumins

Abstract The interaction between coumarin anticoagulants and congeners and albumins from different species was studied using the technique of equilibrium dialysis. Coumarin was bound slightly, the addition of a hydroxyl group to either the 4- or 7- position resulted in a marked increase in binding, especially at low concentrations of ligand. The addition of an α-acetonylbenzyl side chain to the 4-hydroxycoumarin molecule, which is in both warfarin and acenocoumarin, caused a further increase in binding. The compounds containing two 4-hydroxycoumarin ring systems, Dicumarol and ethyl biscoumacetate, showed the greatest degree of binding. At low concentrations the binding of both of these was similar, however, at high concentrations Dicumarol continued to bind while the binding of ethyl biscoumacetate fell off sharply. A Scatchard plot of the data for the interaction of the coumarin with human serum albumin suggested that more than one binding site was involved in the binding process. Bishydroxycoumarin was bound extensively to all of the serum albumins studied, but only slightly to ovalbumin. A comparison of the amino acid compositions of each protein revealed striking similarities between the serum albumins, and marked differences in comparison with ovalbumin.
A note on the forgotten velocity effect in combustion instability of liquid rockets

Abstract The effects of the velocity vector upon the combustion processes in a liquid rocket are examined concerning their influence on linear stability. These effects, which have often been neglected in the past, are shown to potentially have extreme importance in stability criteria for both longitudinal and transverse modes. The magnitude of velocity effects is shown in some cases to require new analytical treatment of the system stability and to possibly require new interpretation of past experiments.
Diamide blocks H+ conductance in mitochondrial H+-ATPase by oxidizing FB dithiol.

Abstract Effects of diamide on proton conductance of electron transport particles (ETPH), purified H + -ATPase (F 1 –F 0 ), F 0 of the H + -ATPase from beef heart mitochondria and binding of cadmium ( 109 Cd) to the H + -ATPase have been examined in the present paper. When ETPH and purified H + -ATPase are treated with 1 mM diamide, ATP-dependent generation of membrane potential, monitored by the absorbance change produced by the redistribution of oxonol VI, is consistantly inhibited. Diamide also blocks passive H + conductance driven by a K + diffusion potential in the membrane sector, F 0 of H + -ATPase. Furthermore, diamide treatment drastically reduces the binding of 109 Cd 2+ to H + -ATPase, showing competition for the F B dithiol group.
Failure of vasodilator infusion to alter pulmonary diffusing capacity in systemic sclerosis

Abstract purpose: Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) do not exhibit a normal increase in the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL co ) on assuming the supine position. We sought to determine whether a potent prostacyclin derivative and vasodilator, iloprost, would reverse this defect. patients and methods: Fourteen patients with SSc were enrolled in a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of iloprost. Patients were tested before and during 3 days of iloprost or placebo infusion with both upright and supine pulmonary function studies. results: The results of baseline pulmonary function studies including DL co were not significantly altered by iloprost. Furthermore, iloprost did not alter the abnormal postural DL co response. conclusion: These results suggest that the pulmonary vascular defects seen in this group of patients are not a consequence of reversible pulmonary vasospasm.
Financing the War

I. Introductory: need of a program, 357. — II. Experience with loans and taxes during War of 1812, 359; Mexican War, 360; Civil War, 361; Spanish War, 364. Experience of Great Britain and Germany during the present war, 364. — III. Both loans and taxes should be resorted to, 366. — Suggestions concerning war taxation, 367. — Loans should not take the form of transferable certificates, 370. — Redeemable bonds, tempting to investors, desirable, 371. — IV. Need of remodelling the income tax, 373. — Resort to the method of information at the source, 374. — Difficulties arising from tax-exempt bonds, 376. — Desirability and feasibility of dispensing with them, 377. — Readjustment of rates of income tax, 378.
Myth: idiopathic wounds are often due to brown recluse or other spider bites throughout the United States.

Spiders, especially brown recluses (Loxosceles reclusa) (figure 1), are frequently incriminated as causative agents in idiopathic wounds, even though diagnoses are usually made solely on the basis of dermatologic symptoms. Rarely is a spider seen inflicting the wound or captured while biting, and it is difficult to either prove or disprove spider participation in the event. The biologic distribution of the brown recluse and related recluse species indicates that many diagnoses made on cases occurring in the western United States are incorrect.1 Figure 1 Dorsal view of the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa. The most consistent diagnostic feature for identification is the pattern of 6 eyes, grouped in pairs, with 1 anterior pair and 2 lateral pairs (most spiders have 8 eyes in 2 rows of 4). Although ... SOURCES OF INFORMATION Because of my research interests in spider identification and medically important spiders, I have been avidly studying recluse spiders and their occurrence in the western United States. My experience is greatest in California, but the information presented here is pertinent to northern and western states as well. In almost a decade of research, I have found verification of fewer than 10 brown recluse specimens in California in more than 40 years of records. Sources include medical and arachnologic literature and correspondence with scores of arachnologists, county entomologists, vector control personnel, and the California Department of Food and Agriculture, which handles all exotic pest identifications in the state. Most verified specimens were individuals intercepted from facilities receiving goods from out of state. There are no populations of brown recluses in California.
Executive functioning difficulties as predictors of academic performance: Examining the role of grade goals

Abstract Concepts related to self-regulation have emerged repeatedly in research on college academic achievement. We hypothesized that self-reported executive functioning (EF) deficits would predict academic performance and investigated whether grade goals could account for this relationship. In Study 1 we obtained data on the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) and self-reported GPA from co-educational university students (N = 250). In Study 2, we collected BDEFS and GPA goals from students at a women’s college (N = 229) and obtained grades from the registrar. EF deficits predicted GPA concurrently and prospectively even when controlling for prior grades. Self-motivation problems were most consistently related to grades and mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect via lower grade goals. However, goals did not fully account for this relationship. While our results suggest potential value for goal-setting interventions, additional measures to improve self-regulation are likely needed to help struggling students with self-motivation problems.
The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. PHILIP J.WILLIAMS. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989. 244 pp. $34.95 (cloth). ISBN 0-8229-1155-8.
Self-similar earthquake triggering, Båth's law, and foreshock/aftershock magnitudes: Simulations, theory, and results for southern California

[1] Bath's law, the observation that the largest aftershock is, on average, 1.2 magnitudes smaller than its main shock, independent of main shock size, suggests some degree of self-similarity in earthquake triggering. This behavior can largely be explained with triggering models in which the increased triggering caused by larger magnitude events is exactly compensated for by their decreased numbers, and these models can account for many features of real seismicity catalogs. The Bath's law magnitude difference of 1.2 places a useful constraint on aftershock productivity in these models. A more general test of triggering self-similarity is to plot foreshock and aftershock rates as a function of magnitude m relative to the main shock magnitude, mmax, of the largest event in the sequence. Both computer simulations and theory show that these dN/dm curves should be nearly coincident, regardless of main shock magnitude. The aftershock dN/dm curves have the same Gutenberg-Richter b-value as the underlying distribution, but the foreshock dN/dm curves have the same b-value only for foreshock magnitudes less than about mmax − 3. For larger foreshock values, the dN/dm curve flattens and converges with the aftershock dN/dm curve at m = mmax. This effect can explain observations of anomalously low b-values in some foreshock sequences and the decrease in apparent aftershock to foreshock ratios for small magnitude main shocks. Observed apparent foreshock and aftershock dN/dm curves for events close in space and time to M 2.5 to 5.5 main shocks in southern California appear roughly self-similar, but differ from triggering simulations is several key respects: (1) the aftershock b-values are significantly lower than that of the complete catalog, (2) the number of aftershocks is too large to be consistent with Bath's law, and (3) the foreshock-to-aftershock ratio is too large to be consistent with Bath's law. These observations indicate for southern California that triggering self-similarity is not obeyed for these small main shocks or that the space/time clustering is not primarily caused by earthquake-to-earthquake triggering.
Spatial structure of the human alpha rhythm : global correlation in adults and local correlation in children

Abstract Objective : The maturation of the neocortex during childhood and adolescence involves dramatic increases in white-matter volume. EEG recordings from children and adults were examined to determine whether there are associated changes in spatial properties of dynamic processes in the neocortex. Methods : Spontaneous eyes-closed and eyes-open EEG were recorded at 128 electrodes in 20 children aged 6–11 years and 23 adults aged 18–23 years. The surface Laplacian algorithm was applied to improve the spatial resolution of each electrode. Power and coherence were used to characterize the spatial structure of the alpha rhythm. A stochastic field model was used to eliminate coherences that are inflated due to volume conduction. Results : In adults, the alpha rhythm is characterized by very high coherence between distant electrodes. The children demonstrated reduced anterior power and coherence between anterior and posterior electrodes at the peak alpha frequency in comparison to the adults. The Laplacian alpha rhythm demonstrated much higher power in the children at both anterior and posterior electrodes, but was weakly correlated between electrodes. Conclusions : The maturation of neocortex in late childhood involves increased global correlation by long-range corticocortical connections. The local correlation that contributes power to each electrode, independent of other electrodes, is reduced as the global correlation increases.
Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase by brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene transfection in septo-hippocampal cultures

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has therapeutic potential for treatment of the injured central nervous system. BDNF induces both differentiation and survival of neurons by binding to trkB receptors. This interaction stimulates the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of trkB, initiating a signal cascade involving the phosphorylation of intracellular protein on tyrosine, serine, and threonine residues. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of cationic lipid-mediated gene transfection of BDNF on phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase activity in primary septo-hippocampal cell cultures. Thirty-six hours after BDNF gene transfection in the primary CNS cell culture, PI3-kinase activity was significantly increased. The increased PI3-kinase activity was inhibited by wortmannin, a selective and irreversible inhibitor of PI3-kinase. In addition, wortmannin blocked neurofilament increases induced by BDNF gene transfection. This result suggests a possible role of PI3kinase activation in neuroprotective effects produced by BDNF gene transfection. J. Neurosci. Res. 52:192‐ 200, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social anxiety and alcohol problems: The roles of perceived descriptive and injunctive peer norms

Although people with higher social anxiety (HSA) appear particularly vulnerable to alcohol-related problems it remains unclear why people with HSA experience such problems. One possibility is that HSA people's drinking behavior is influenced by their beliefs about others' drinking (i.e., descriptive norms) and/or others' approval of drinking (i.e., injunctive norms). The current study investigated the relationship between social anxiety, alcohol-related problems, drinking frequency and quantity, and descriptive and injunctive norms. The sample consisted of current drinkers with clinically elevated social anxiety (HSA; n=86) or lower social anxiety (LSA; n=86). Injunctive norms moderated the relationship between social anxiety group status and alcohol-related problems such that HSA participants with higher injunctive norms reported the most alcohol-related problems. Descriptive norms moderated the relationship between social anxiety and drinking quantity such that among participants with higher descriptive norms, LSA participants drank more than HSA participants.
Highly Selective Syntheses of Coniferyl and Sinapyl Alcohols

(E)-Isomers of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols were readily and cleanly prepared in excellent yields from commercially available coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde by sodium triacetoxyborohydride reduction in ethyl acetate. No 1,4-reduction products, always produced in prior methods, could be detected. Keywords: Coniferyl alcohol; sinapyl alcohol; monolignol; lignin; triacetoxyborohydride; dihydroconiferyl alcohol; coniferaldehyde; sinapaldehyde; regiospecific reduction
Immigration and the Ethnic Distribution of Homicide in Miami, 1985-1995:

This article extends the city-level research tradition initiated by Marvin E. Wolfgang in a unique comparison of immigrant (Haitian, Latino) and native born (Anglo, African American) criminal homicide in the city of Miami, Florida. Although previous research has been limited primarily to Anglo and African American victims and offenders, direct access to Miami police records on 1,450 homicides for the period 1985 through 1995 allowed the authors to compare the homicide risk of Anglos, African Americans, Haitians, and Latinos. Although current policy debates focus on immigration as a contributing factor to rising crime rates, the results indicate that the groups with higher proportions of foreign-born members have comparatively low homicide rates. The findings underscore the need to extend homicide research to include diverse ethnic groups in designs that attempt to disentangle the relative influence of social conditions, ethnicity, and immigration on patterns of criminal homicide.
Permanent and temporary components of a time series in market analysis and forecasting

A method of decomposing a time series into a permanent and a temporary component is described in this paper. The methodology is applied to Heinz Catsupmarket share data. The changes in permanent and temporary components of marketshare are related to the changes in the relative price. The results indicate that therelative price explains more of the variation in the permanent component of sales thanin the temporary component of sales.
New Indians, new edition

Wendell H. Oswalt. This Land Was Theirs: A Study of the North American Indian, Second Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1973. xx + 617 pp. Illustrations, maps, bibliography, and index. $13.00.
Total Stuck-at-Fault Testing by Circuit Transformation

We present a new approach to the production testing of VLSI circuits. By using very structured design for testability, we achieve 100% single stuck-at fault coverage with under 20 test vectors and no search. The approach also detects most multiple faults.
Nuclear HuR accumulation through phosphorylation by Cdk1

A predominantly nuclear RNA-binding protein, HuR translocates to the cytoplasm in response to stress and proliferative signals, where it stabilizes or modulates the translation of target mRNAs. Here, we present evidence that HuR phosphorylation at S202 by the G2-phase kinase Cdk1 influences its subcellular distribution. HuR was specifically phosphorylated in synchronous G2-phase cultures; its cytoplasmic levels increased by Cdk1-inhibitory interventions and declined in response to Cdk1-activating interventions. In keeping with the prominently cytoplasmic location of the nonphosphorylatable point mutant HuR(S202A), phospho-HuR(S202) was shown to be predominantly nuclear using a novel anti-phospho-HuR(S202) antibody. The enhanced cytoplasmic presence of unphosphorylated HuR was linked to its decreased association with 14–3–3 and to its heightened binding to target mRNAs. Our findings suggest that Cdk1 phosphorylates HuR during G2, thereby helping to retain it in the nucleus in association with 14–3–3 and hindering its post-transcriptional function and anti-apoptotic influence.
Historical Tales ( Ibiteekerezo ) and the History of Rwanda

Historical tales are the most abundant and the sources most used to reconstruct the history of the kingdoms of the area between the Great Lakes. This is especially true for the history of the Nyiginya kingdom in Rwanda, where such tales, preserved at the court as well as by local people on the hills, are even more abundant than anywhere else. It is not surprising then that they form the bedrock on which authors have built their reconstructions on the history of that kingdom. Yet little attention has been paid to a general critical examination of these tales. Here, and elsewhere in the region, their contents have generally been accepted as credible, after the arbitrary erasure of all references to passages judged to refer to miracles, after the arbitrary dismissal of the bits and the variants that do not conform to one's preferred version, and after either the exclusion of local “provincial” narratives, or as happened after 1960, the exclusion of all those that stemmed from the court. Such practices will simply not do.Because these tales form the bedrock of the history of the kingdom the Institute for Scientific Research in Central Africa (IRSAC) under my direction instituted a large collection of such sources between 1958 and 1962, and made them available in the original and in translation first in depots at Butare and Tervuren and later in 1973 on microfilm. Surprisingly enough, this collection as well as even major editions of other sources, have been completely ignored by most scholars working after 1960.
Emergency Department Visits and Head Computed Tomography Utilization for Concussion Patients From 2006 to 2011.

Objectives Concussion is the most common type of mild traumatic brain injury for which patients present to the emergency department (ED). It is critical to understand the contemporary epidemiology of concussion and rates of head computed tomography (CT) use in head-injured patients to inform education of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines to emergency medicine providers. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) for years 2006 to 2011, representing a stratified probability sample of all U.S. hospital-based EDs. Patients of all ages with concussion diagnoses were included, and those with intracranial hemorrhages or prolonged loss of consciousness were excluded. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were summarized for patient demographics, injury mechanism, Injury Severity Scores (ISS), and concussion incidence rates, based on U.S. Census Bureau population estimates. Results There were 756,214,762 (weighted) ED visits in the NEDS between 2006 and 2011, of which 0.5% received diagnoses of concussion. The national incidence rate of concussion visits increased 22.6% from 195 visits per 100,000 person-years in 2006 to 239 visits per 100,000 person-years in 2011. The incidence of concussion visits increased by 28.1% from 2006 to 2011 overall (580,573 to 743,994) and within all age group categories. The rate of head CT use in patients diagnosed with concussion increased 35.7% (range = 34.5% to 46.8%) for the entire group from 2006 to 2011 (p < 0.0001). The injury severity of patients' injuries decreased over time (66.4% ISS < 5 in 2006 and 75% in 2011; p < 0.0001), while the proportion of discharged patients increased over time (78.1% in 2006 and 86.6% in 2011; p < 0.0001). Conclusions ED visits for concussions have increased over time, with a corresponding increase in head CT utilization despite a decrease in injury severity. Increased visits may be due to more concussion awareness and recognition of subtle injuries. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for neuroimaging in head-injured patients and management of concussion should be reinforced to emergency medicine providers.
Improved angular velocity estimation for high performance sensorless PMSM

The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSIM) is increasingly playing an important role in electric propulsion systems due to its many advantages over competing technologies such as induction, reluctance, and DC motors. An encoder or resolver attached to the shaft of the motor typically supplies the feedback required for PMSM torque and velocity control. Many propulsion applications, however, cannot tolerate the use of these feedback devices because of reliability concerns in a harsh operating environment, space and weight limitations, and packaging issues. A model-based sensorless PMSM drive strategy is presented with emphasis on an improved rotor angular velocity estimator. Through experimental results, the sensorless drive is shown to be robust to mechanical parameters and disturbances while providing the highly accurate rotor angle and velocity feedback that allows sensorless PMSM operation in high-performance vehicle propulsion systems.
Modeling displacive–diffusional coupled dislocation shearing of γ′ precipitates in Ni-base superalloys

Abstract In Ni-base superalloys, superlattice extrinsic stacking fault (SESF) shearing of γ′ precipitates involves coupled dislocation glide and atomic diffusion. A phase-field model is developed to study this process, in which the free energy of the system is formulated as a function of both displacement and long-range order parameter. The free energy surface is fitted to various fault energy data obtained from experiments and ab initio calculations. Three-dimensional simulations at experimentally relevant length scales are carried out to investigate systematically the influence of microstructural features on the critical resolved shear stress. The simulations reveal that the critical resolved shear stress for SESF shearing is determined not only by the SESF energy itself, but also by the complex stacking fault energy and by the shape (interface curvature) and spacing of γ′ precipitates. The effect of reordering kinetics (i.e. temperature effect) is also investigated. It is found that viscous deformation can only occur within certain domain of intermediate temperatures.
Experimental Validation of a Mesh Quality Optimized Morphed Geometric Mistuning Model

High cycle fatigue due to mode localization caused by geometric and material mistuning is one of the leading failure risks of integrally bladed rotors (IBRs). Due to the computational analysis cost of full wheel models, IBR mistuned response amplifications are often modeled with reduced order models (ROMs). However, many developed ROMs are based on nominal mode assumptions that do not consider mode shape variations that have been shown to impact predicted mistuned response. Geometrically mistuned finite element models (FEMs) do account for mode shape variations but are notoriously difficult to construct and analyze. Recent advancements in optical scanning have enabled the rapid acquisition of highly accurate dense point clouds representative of manufactured hardware. Previous research pioneered a novel method to automatically and robustly construct an FEM directly from tessellated scan data, this research adds new mesh quality verification algorithms and experimentally validates this algorithm using results from traveling wave excitation. Sensitivity to mesh and point cloud density are also assessed to determine a best practice for creation of the as manufactured mistuned rotor model.Copyright © 2015 by ASME