cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iconicity in vocalization, comparisons with gesture, and implications for theories on the evolution of language

Scholars have often reasoned that vocalizations are extremely limited in their potential for iconic expression, especially in comparison to manual gestures (e.g., Armstrong & Wilcox, 2007; Tomasello, 2008). As evidence for an alternative view, we first review the growing body of research related to iconicity in vocalizations, including experimental work on sound symbolism, cross-linguistic studies documenting iconicity in the grammars and lexicons of languages, and experimental studies that examine iconicity in the production of speech and vocalizations. We then report an experiment in which participants created vocalizations to communicate 60 different meanings, including 30 antonymic pairs. The vocalizations were measured along several acoustic properties, and these properties were compared between antonyms. Participants were highly consistent in the kinds of sounds they produced for the majority of meanings, supporting the hypothesis that vocalization has considerable potential for iconicity. In light of these findings, we present a comparison between vocalization and manual gesture, and examine the detailed ways in which each modality can function in the iconic expression of particular kinds of meanings. We further discuss the role of iconic vocalizations and gesture in the evolution of language since our divergence from the great apes. In conclusion, we suggest that human communication is best understood as an ensemble of kinesis and vocalization, not just speech, in which expression in both modalities spans the range from arbitrary to iconic.
A critical comment on Thy et al. (2009b): Liquidus temperatures of the Skaergaard magma

The study by Thy, Tegner, and Lesher (Thy et al. 2009b) is based on whole-rock compositions in batch-melting experiments at one atmosphere that have a very large temperature variation for a very small plagioclase compositional variation. Their steep T-X slopes of up to 14 °C/An% contrast with the overall regression for the intrusion of <4 °C/An%. This paradox can be evaluated by using separate tests for equilibrium in temperature and composition. The issue of temperature is clouded by the presence of low-temperature components in the beginning of melting experiments. Compositions of plagioclase and liquid are too close to each other compared to expectations from other experiments at 1 atm and at pressure. A ruling hypothesis is perceived here to the effect that every T-Xpair represents a valid equilibrium between a liquidus composition and a solidus composition. Therefore, by inversion, each solidus composition defines a valid temperature. Its corollary is that all such pairs receive equal weight and can therefore be legitimately regressed together. The Thy et al. (2009b) regression is passed through the center of gravity of the data rather than through the extrapolated maximum liquidus points. If the ruling hypothesis is falsified, these approaches lose their validity; upon testing, it is falsified. In temperature, testing leads to consequences known to be false. In composition, a test for reproducibility in results also fails, thereby falsifying the principle of stable equilibrium. The falsifications are repeated in at least three ways. The study results cannot furnish a valid thermal path for the fractional crystallization of Skaergaard magma. A selection of the highest-temperature results comes closer to a realistic result based on comparison with earlier experiments that melted out the trapped liquid component of the Skaergaard cumulates. New experimental approaches at the liquidus are needed to help define temperatures and fractionation progress in the Skaergaard intrusion.
A Research on LNG Fuel Supply System of Gas Fuelled Positive Ignition Engines

This paper introduced the physical and chemical properties,investigated the structure of LNG cylinders and the principle of LNG engine supply system,expounded and improved the practice and application of LNG technology to heavy trucks.It is impossible to Liquefy liquefied natural gas through increasing the pressure at normal temperature and pressure,but after pretreatment,removing impurities such as heavy hydrocarbon,sulfides,carbon dioxide and water,when the temperature was cryogenic to-162℃,it would be possible to liquefy natural gas.
Topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage by amonafide and its structural analogs.

Treatment of SV40-infected monkey cells with amonafide (benzisoquinolinedione), an intercalative antitumor drug, resulted in rapid accumulation of linearized intracellular SV40 DNA molecules that were protein linked. Studies using purified mammalian DNA topoisomerase II have shown that amonafide and its structural analogs interfere with the breakage-rejoining reaction of the enzyme by stabilizing a reversible enzyme-DNA "cleavable complex." Denaturation of the cleavable complex with sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in DNA cleavage and the covalent association of topoisomerase II polypeptides with the cleaved DNA. Unwinding measurements indicate that amonafide is a DNA intercalator. These results suggest that amonafide and its structural analogs (e.g., mitonafide) represent a new class of intercalative topoisomerase II-active antitumor drugs. Different from other topoisomerase II-active antitumor drugs, amonafide and mitonafide induce specific DNA cleavage at a single major site on pBR322 DNA. The strong site specificity of amonafide may allow detailed characterization of the intercalator-stabilized, topoisomerase II-DNA cleavable complex.
Numerical Simulation of Northern Block of Hu7 in Huzhuangji Oilfield

Through a study of the characters of the northern block of Hu7 and the data of its development in the modeling, a precise geologic model of it is established. Rectangular grid with closed boundary is used, and the number of gridpoints is 61×62×40=151280. Three-dimensional three-phase black oil model is used for implementing the numerical study on the northern block of Hu7. According to the results of numerical simulation, four development adjustment projects are designed for predicting the development indexes in the coming ten years (2002-12-2011-12). The predicted results show that project 3 is optimum, and the following measures: adding perforations, back production, fracturing, plug removal, profile control, drilling 5 new wells, transferring 3 oil wells into water injection wells, are adopted in the project.
Preventing Breast Cancer in High-Risk Women, 2008

Several large, prospective trials have evaluated tamoxifen compared with placebo for breast cancer risk reduction in women at increased risk for breast cancer. Analysis of the large, prospective breast cancer risk-reduction trials that used tamoxifen estimated that tamoxifen decreased breast cancer incidence by 38% on average and estrogen receptor-positive tumors by 48%. Tamoxifen is known to have several serious side effects, including uterine malignancy, thromboembolic events, cataracts, and menopausal symptoms, that have limited its usefulness in the risk-reduction setting. Raloxifene (Evista) is a benzothiophene selective estrogen-receptor modulator that has antiestrogenic effects on breast and endometrial tissue as well as estrogenic effects that are similar to but distinct from tamoxifen. Among postmenopausal women who are at increased risk for breast cancer, raloxifene is as effective as tamoxifen in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer but appears to be less effective than tamoxifen in reducing the risk of in situ breast cancer. Raloxifene causes less benign and malignant uterine changes and fewer thromboembolic events than tamoxifen. Symptomatic side effects are comparable for the two drugs. Raloxifene is more appropriate than tamoxifen for reduction of breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer.
Plasma viscosity in spherical ICF implosion simulations

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) hydrodynamic codes often ignore the effects of viscosity though recent research indicates plasma viscosity and mixing by classical transport processes may have a substantial impact on implosion dynamics. A Lagrangian hydrodynamic code in one-dimensional spherical geometry with plasma viscosity and mass transport, and including a three temperature model for ions, electrons, and radiation treated in a gray radiation diffusion approximation, is used to study differences between ICF implosions with and without plasma viscosity and to examine the role of artificial viscosity in a Lagrangian implosion simulation. It was found that plasma viscosity has substantial impacts on ICF shock dynamics characterized by shock burn timing, maximum burn temperatures, fuel compression, and time history of neutron production rates. Plasma viscosity reduces the need for artificial viscosity to maintain numerical stability in the Lagrangian formulation and this study suggests that artificial viscosity may provide an unphysical stability in implosion simulations.
Peroral Colonoscopy: Technique, Depth, and Yield of Lesions

Examination of portions of the small bowel beyond the reach of standard upper endoscopes can be done using peroral passage of a colonoscope. Important information can be obtained and directed biopsies and treatment of bleeding lesions can be performed.
Measurement of Trigonal Sensitivity as a Test of Bladder Function

AbstractA method has been developed for the measurement of sensory receptors that respond to pressure at the base of the bladder and posterior urethra. The application of force to a balloon catheter placed at that part of the bladder regularly results in an urge to urinate. People with normal voiding perceive the urge to void when 245 ± 47gm. (standard deviation) of force are applied. Patients with irritative symptoms (urinary frequency and urgency) perceive the urge to void when 132 ± 50gm. (p equals 0.0003) are applied. After enucleative prostatectomy more force is required to cause the urge to void (344 ± 48gm., p equals 0.0003) and even more force is required after radical prostatectomy (469 ± 54gm., p equals 0.0002). Patients with acute urinary retention or urinary stress incontinence were not distinguishable from the normal group. Patients with chronic urinary retention may be divided into 2 subgroups: l with normal sensory perception and 1 with reduced perception (526 ± 32gm., p equals 1.6 × 10−9)....
Urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion as a laboratory marker in the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis

AbstractUrinary macromolecular uronate and glycosaminoglycan uronate concentrations were determined in 209 urine specimens obtained from 192 interstitial cystitis patients, 47 asymptomatic normal individuals and 32 spinal cord injury patients. As a group the concentration of macromolecular uronate or glycosaminoglycan uronate was significantly less in the interstitial cystitis patients than in the normal controls. Some interstitial cystitis patients showed low values of macromolecular uronate and glycosaminoglycan uronate. Analysis of the population distributions suggested that macromolecular uronate may have significant value in diagnosis of interstitial cystitis.
Navigating Natural Resource Management Conflicts Fairly: State Authorities, Land Owners, and Procedural Fairness

Natural resources management in the United States is a complicated endeavor and, although a variety of institutions are involved, most day to day management falls to state natural resource authorities. Given the large percentage of private land in some states and the often opposing interests of the parties, these authorities’ efforts often put them in conflict with land owners. Navigating these conflicts well is important for the effective and efficient management of natural resources in the US and the current paper applies the social science of procedural fairness to identify three critical concerns that should be attended to in these conflicts: (1) the reason for the importance of perceived procedural fairness lies in its ability to signal that the individual is valued in the process, (2) voice in the process and the ability to influence the decision are critical components of perceived procedural fairness in this context, (3) the perception of procedural fairness will be most important in the face of uncertainty.
William Howard Taft and the Age of Revolution

Americans used the oceans as a moat to protect themselves against the corruptions and armies of Europe, and a highway to reach the markets of Europe and Asia as well as the colonial settlements of West Africa. As trade developed between white Americans and the Congo, so, did links between Africans and African Americans. The Samoa as in West Africa, as a strategic base would help guard the routes to Asia to relieve the growing glut of U.S. goods. The Review of Reviews argued that Hawaii was essential because of its central position in the commerce of the Pacific Ocean and linked the islands directly to the importance of the China market. In the post-1865 era, U.S. foreign policy was consistently shaped by choosing opportunity, both secular and religious, over stability. Seward had placed U.S. policy in Asia on two principles: the use of force and cooperation with other powers.
A selective serotonin 5-HT1B receptor inhibition suppresses cells proliferation and induces apoptosis in human uterine leiomyoma cells

Abstract Objective Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids or myomas) are the most common pelvic tumor in women with about 70% lifetime incidence rate. Currently, the only definitive treatment is surgery, causing undesirable side effects and negative impact on women's quality of life, reproductive ability, and a substantial impact on healthcare costs. Therefore, curative medical treatments are needed to be developed. In this study, we investigated the impact of serotonin receptor 5-HT 1B on cell proliferation and survival in human uterine leiomyoma cells (huLM). Study design The impact of 5-HT 1B receptor on cell proliferation, survival and apoptosis was investigated using a selective 5-HTR 1B antagonist SB216641 in huLM cells, utilizing MTS, colony formation assay and Annexin V staining, respectively. Mechanisms of inhibition of cell proliferation, survival and induction of apoptosis were investigated by Western blot analysis after treatment with various doses of HT 1B antagonist. Results 5-HT 1B receptor inhibition leads to a significant decrease in proliferation and colony formation in huLM cells, reduction of cyclin D1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expressions and the activity of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) ERK and Elongation Factor 2 kinase (EF2K) pathways. 5-HT 1B receptor blockage also induces apoptotic cell death by inducing cleavage of caspase-8, -9, and -3 and PARP. Conclusion Our findings show for the first time that 5-HT 1B receptor promotes uterine leiomyoma cell survival and proliferation and its inhibition may be a potential therapeutic approach for human uterine leiomyomas. Thus, 5-HT 1B expression and antagonists should be further investigated in leiomyoma tumors.
Conversion Experiences: Money and Other Strange Gods in The Female American

When universal law is recognized, idols are destroyed.—Jean-Joseph Goux, “The Temple of Utopia”In the brave new world that Unca Eliza Winkfield plots for herself, her husband, and the natives she h...
APPLICATION OF NMR IMAGING TO POLYMERS: A TUTORIAL

In conventional NMR spectrometers, the liquid or solid sample is placed in a homogeneous magnetic field, Bo, so that all chemically equivalent spins experience the same field and hence precess at the same Larmor angular frequency ωo given by $$ {\omega _o}\; = \;\gamma {B_o}, $$ where γ is the magnetogyric ratio. Under these circumstances, the observed proton NMR spectrum of water consists of a single sharp line with an intrinsic width of about 0.1 Hz.
Atrial Septal Defect

Atrial septal defect is a relatively common defect occurring in isolation and in the older infant and child it has a fairly typical presentation. Rarely the cause of symptoms, it is unusual to be diagnosed in isolation in the newborn period [11, 26, 30]. The mode of presentation, however, ultimately depends on the morphology of the defect and associated lesions. Defects involving the atrioventricular septum (i.e., the various forms of atrioventricular septal defects) will not be discussed (see Chapter 36). Terminology varies, the most common defect is the so-called ostium secundum defect (fossa ovalis defect), found in the central septum; a high defect or sinus venosus defect (superior caval) is often associated with partial unilateral anomalous pulmonary venous return from the right lung (see Chapter 20) and the least common is a defect in the posterior septum or so-called inferior caval defect.
Simulation based medical education in graduate medical education training and assessment programs

Abstract The healthcare system has an inconsistent record of ensuring reliable and safe patient outcomes. One of the main factors contributing to this poor record is inadequate and unreliable interdisciplinary team behavior. Learning how to function within an interdisciplinary team must begin early in medical training. Simulation based medical education (SBME) is an essential part of graduate medical education (GME) training, the acquisition of core competencies and their assessment. In this paper, we describe SBME as it relates to learning and professional maturation. We describe the use of simulation in GME training, link simulation to the ACGME professional core competencies, present examples of simulation assessment methods, and explore simulation as part of board certification and professional life long learning. We discuss the important benefits of simulation for hospitals and patient safety. We summarize the literature on cost effectiveness of simulation in education and the growing evidence that SBME translates to improvements in communication, teamwork and clinical care and the overall improvement of healthcare. We discuss the challenges and costs required to develop a successful simulation and training center, lab or in-situ program. We discuss the return on investment of SBME as it relates to patient safety, cost savings, and improved patient care. Hospitals should embrace simulation based medical education and support the development of simulation centers so that SBME becomes an integral part of the hospitals' mission to provide patients with the best care possible.
Black Lives Matter: Reflections on Ferguson and Creating Safe Spaces for Black Students

Higher education, and more specifically, teacher education, despite claims of being a liberal progressive space is entrenched in White privilege. This essay recounts my experiences as a Black woman traversing activism in the OccupySLU movement and my pre-dominantly White pre-service teacher education program. I share how the White gaze reinforces power regardless of claims to do otherwise.
Biceps Tenodesis is a Viable Option for Management of Proximal Biceps Injuries in Patients Less Than 25 Years of Age.

Purpose To evaluate outcomes after biceps tenodesis performed in patients younger than 25 years, to evaluate reoperations and complications in this population, and to critically appraise return to preinjury level of play for this population. Methods Forty-five consecutive patients younger than 25 years underwent subpectoral biceps tenodesis for biceps tendinopathy or biceps-labral complex injuries including SLAP tears. Biceps tenodesis was performed using an interference screw technique. Patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up were analyzed. Functional outcomes were assessed with the visual analog scale score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, ASES functional score, Simple Shoulder Test score, and range of motion. Activity level and return to sport were followed postoperatively. Results Of the 45 patients younger than 25 years who underwent biceps tenodesis, 36 (80%) were available for follow-up at a minimum of 2 years, with a mean age of 19.8 years and mean follow-up period of 38.6 months. Of these 36 patients, 34 (94%) were athletes, with 20 patients playing at collegiate level. All clinical outcome scores improved, with the ASES score improving from 54.7 to 81.7, the ASES functional score improving from 17.5 to 25.1, and the Simple Shoulder Test score improving from 7.4 to 10.1 (P Conclusions When indicated, biceps tenodesis offers an alternative to SLAP repair in young patients. Biceps tenodesis in patients younger than 25 years yields satisfactory outcomes, with two-thirds of patients returning to sport and a low revision rate. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
CHIP-ping Away at Atherosclerosis.

Efforts at prevention of cardiovascular disease hinge on the concept of risk factors that, when treated, attenuate the incidence of the disease. Since the concept of cardiovascular risk factors was first proposed in the Framingham Heart Study,1 many distinct risk algorithms have been developed to target preventive measures in patients who should benefit the most. Among the many risk factors used in these algorithms, age typically emerges as the strongest predictor of cardiovascular risk. Several explanations have been offered for how age contributes to cardiovascular disease. Aging is associated with the acquisition and exposure duration of other established risk factors . . .
Die Wirtschaftstätigkeit als Gegenstand des Rechts in der Geschichte

Uber die historischen Wurzeln und die geschichtliche Kontinuitat des Wirtschaftsrechts besteht nach wie vor keine Einigkeit. Die herkommlichen Darstellungen der „Geschichte des Wirtschaftsrechts“ setzen wahlweise mit dem Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts1 oder mit der Einfuhrung der Gewerbefreiheit2 ein; zum Teil verfolgen sie die Spuren des Wirtschaftsrechts auch uber die mittelalterlichen Markgenossenschaften3 und die germanische Hauswirtschaft4 bis in die Antike5 zuruck6.
A Single Exposure to Low- or High-LET Radiation Induces Persistent Genomic Damage in Mouse Epithelial Cells In Vitro and in Lung Tissue

Exposures to low- and high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation induce clustered damage in DNA that is difficult to repair. These lesions are manifested as DNA-associated foci positive for DNA repair proteins and have been shown to persist in vitro and in vivo for days in several cell types and tissues in response to low-LET radiation. Although in some experimental conditions these residual foci have been linked with genomic instability and chromosomal aberrations, it remains poorly understood what type of damage they represent. Because high-LET radiation induces complex DNA lesions more efficiently than low-LET radiation, we compared the efficacy of several heavy ions (oxygen, silicon and iron) in a range (17 , 70 and 175 keV/μm, respectively) of LET and X rays at a 1 Gy dose. Persistent genomic damage was measured by γ-H2AX-53BP1-positive residual foci and micronucleus levels during the first three days and up to a week after in vitro and in vivo irradiation in lung cells and tissue. We demonstrate that in an in vitro irradiated mouse bronchial epithelial cell line, the expression of residual foci is readily detectable at 24 h with levels declining in the following 72 h postirradiation, but still persisting elevated over background at day 7. At this time, foci numbers are low but significant and proportional to the dose and quality of the radiation. The expression of residual foci in vitro was mirrored by increased micronuclei generation measured in cytokinesis-blocked cells, indicating long-term, persistent effects of genomic damage in this cell type. We also tested the expression of residual foci in lung tissue of C57BL/6 mice that received whole-body X-ray or heavy-ion irradiation. We found that at day 7 postirradiation, Clara/Club cells, but not pro-SPC-positive pneumocytes, contained a subpopulation of cells expressing γ-H2AX-53BP1-positive foci in a radiation quality-dependent manner. These findings suggest that in vivo persistent DNA repair foci reflect the initial genotoxic damage induced by radiation and a differential vulnerability among cells in the lung.
Solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems Containing Vectors of Unknown Size

Constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) are used to solve real-life problems with inherent structures that contain vectors for repeating sets of variables and constraints. Often, the structure of the problem is a part of the problem, since the number of elements in the vector is not known in advance. We propose a method to solve such problems, even when there is no maximal length provided. Our method is based on constructing a vector size CSP from the problem description, and solving it to get the number of elements in the vector. We then use the vector size to construct and solve a CSP that has a specific number of elements. Experimental results show that this method enables fast solving of problems that cannot be solved or even constructed by existing methods.
Forest Bird Populations in Massachusetts: Breeding Habitat Loss and Other Influences

Our objective was to determine whether changes in populations of forest-interior bird species were related to changes in extent of interior forest along Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) census routes in Massachusetts. We first identified a suite of 28 forest-interior bird species (FIA species), based on correlations between bird abundance (in 2003–2007) and extent of interior forest (in 2005) along BBS routes. From this group, we eliminated 13 species whose breeding habitats were described in the literature as including forest edge or second growth, resulting in a more stringently defined subset of 15 (FIB) species. We quantified the extent of forest and interior forest (>100 m from a forest edge) along BBS routes based on digitized aerial photographs from 1971, 1985, and 1999. We also quantified changes in abundance of the 28 forest bird species along BBS survey routes over the same time period. Overall, changes in abundance of FIB species paralleled changes in extent of interior forest, with 13 of 15 species showing positive correlations, 5 of which were significant. However, substantial variation occurred among species, including conspicuous declines in Hylocichla mustelina (Wood Thrush) and Piranga olivacea (Scarlet Tanager) and conspicuous increases in Vireo solitarius (Blue-headed Vireo) and Setophaga coronata (Yellow-rumped Warbler). Changes were not significantly related to either migratory status (Neotropical vs. other) or nest location (ground vs. arboreal). Several differences could be attributed to species-specific factors, such as reintroductions of Meleagris gallopavo (Wild Turkey) and Corvus corax (Common Raven) or introduction of competitors, such as Haemorhous mexicanus (House Finch) impacting Haemorhous purpureus (Purple Finch). Changes in some bird populations seem to reflect forest succession, e.g., Hylatomus pileatus (Pileated Woodpecker), while others are unexplained and may be due to changes on migratory routes or wintering grounds. Overall, loss of interior forest is an important incremental factor in forest bird population declines, although other factors had a greater impact in the period under study.
Ethical vocational rehabilitation practice and dual relationships in rural settings

Understanding and working with persons with disabilities in rural communities require grounding in ethics and its application to real-world problems. This chapter focuses on ethical principles and frameworks and Code of Ethics for professionals to understand when addressing challenges of residents in rural communities and ethical dilemmas created by relationship dynamics in rural and small town communities.
Decommissioning the Sodium Reactor Experiment, a Status Report

The decommissioning of the Sodium Reactor Experiment near Los Angeles, California is nearing completion. The reactor vessel and all contaminated support systems are being removed in order to return the building and site to unrestricted use. It was found cost effective to preserve the building throughout decommissioning. To date: fuel was removed and declad, tooling and technique development was completed, bulk sodium and sodium films and heels were removed, coolant piping was removed, in-vessel piping was removed by underwater remote explosive and plasma torch cutting, the reactor vessel assembly has been dissected by remote underwater plasma torch cutting, fuel and moderator handling machines were removed intact, and most of the contaminated support systems have been removed. The work has progressed successfully to meet contamination guidelines while maintaining radiation exposures to workers to as low as practicable levels. Noteworthy accomplishments were made in developing decommissioning tooling techniques and in demonstrating the capability to return a nuclear facility to unrestricted use.
Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Alkenes by Tandem Metallacycle Formation/Cross-Electrophile Coupling.

Nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile couplings have recently emerged as highly effective and practical methods for the formation of C–C bonds. By merging this process with well-established π–π coupling chemistry, a new method for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted alkenes has been developed. The procedure relies on the use of chlorosilanes as a means of generating reactive vinylnickel intermediates, which are capable of undergoing a reductive cross-electrophile coupling with alkyl halides. The method not only generates highly substituted allylic alcohol derivatives but also obviates the need for stoichiometric organometallic nucleophiles and provides greatly improved scope and functional group tolerance compared with previously developed methods.
Measurement of Specific Heat and Crystallization in VS55, DP6, and M22 Cryoprotectant Systems With and Without Sucrose.

Cryopreservation represents one if not the only long-term option for tissue and perhaps future organ banking. In one particular approach, cryopreservation is achieved by completely avoiding ice formation (or crystallization) through a process called vitrification. This “ice-free” approach to tissue banking requires a combination of high-concentration cryoprotective additives such as M22 (9.4 M), VS55 (8.4 M), or DP6 (6 M) and sufficiently fast rates of cooling and warming to avoid crystallization. In this article, we report the temperature-dependent specific heat capacity of the above-mentioned cryoprotective additives in small volumes (10 mg sample pans) at rates of 5°C/min and 10°C/min using a commercially available differential scanning calorimetry (TA Instruments Q1000), in the temperature range of −150°C to 30°C. This data can be utilized in heat-transfer models to predict thermal histories in a cryopreservation protocol. More specifically, the effects of temperature dependence of specific heat due t...
Fluctuations in Systems Subject to External Forces

We consider a system initially at equilibrium. An external force, E, is switched on at t=0 such that F(t) = F (independent of time) for t≥0. At long times, the system either appears to come to equilibrium or to a steady-state; i.e. the macroscopic properties of the system are time-independent and, in equilibrium, there are no fluxes and, in the steady-state, there are time-independent macroscopic fluxes. For systems which appear to come to equilibrium, the fluctuations are qualitatively the same as in true equilibrium. However, in systems which appear to come to a steady-state, the fluctuations may be qualitatively different from those in equilibrium. A mode-coupling theory for these results will be presented and the qualitative difference between steady-state and equilibrium fluctuations described.
A RANDOM RAMBLE THROUGH INVERSE SEMIGROUPS

Abstract In this expository paper, we use a naive approach to the structure of inverse semigroups to motivate the introduction of P -semigroups and E -unitary inverse semigroups. A proof of the so-called P -theorem, due to W.D. Munn, is used to simplify some existing results on inverse subsemigroups of, and congruences on, E -unitary inverse semigroups.
Bivariate Dimension Quasi-polynomials of Difference–Differential Field Extensions with Weighted Basic Operators

We prove the existence and determine some invariants of a Hilbert-type bivariate quasi-polynomial associated with a difference–differential field extension with weighted basic derivations and translations. We also show that such a quasi-polynomial can be expressed in terms of univariate Ehrhart quasi-polynomials of rational conic polytopes.
Prosocial Influences in the Classroom

Instigation, development, and maintenance of prosocial norms and behavior are important aspects of classroom management and student learning. Prosocial norms and behavior commonly refer to concern for the needs, interests, and welfare of others. The intensity and extension of concern can range from a casual positive regard for relatives and friends to an unconditional devotion to all human beings, though it is usually the other way around. Many theorists and researchers include the notion of a mediating altruistic intention to help others in their definitions of prosocial behavior. Other experts restrict themselves to observable behaviors and consequences and are content with pursuing an understanding of how prosocial conduct appears and changes. At present, no theory encompasses the many findings about prosocial behavior. However, many variables have been studied that can be implemented in classroom procedures with caution and applied research. These variables provide for the instigation of cohesive classroom group norms, ideally with school and community sanctions, which encourage educationally relevant cooperative behavior. Most important among such variables are nurturant teacher and student models who reinforce, expect, advocate, and even preach developmentally appropriate high standards for both learning and prosocial behavior. Learning is accepted as the legitimate outcome of individual and group efforts to achieve, and prosocial behavior is understood to involve strong empathic reasons for helping and accepting responsibility for others in need. The focus of the curriculum, therefore, becomes the academic, personal, and social needs of the teacher, individual students, and the classroom group as a whole. Educational research consistently supports positive outcomes for such a curriculum. Walberg and Anderson (1968) and Schmuck and Schmuck (1988) have demonstrated that interest in an academic task, mutual liking, and shared prestige produce better school performance and cohesive classroom groups as well as students who like school. Low-achieving students in noncohesive classroom groups receive little social acceptance, are aware of their low social status, and are most likely to drop out of school early (Stevens 1971; Oakes 1985).
Legal structures in a Game of Thrones: The laws of the first men and those that followed

For as long as we humans have recorded our existence, we have developed rules to govern our affairs. It is not surprising then that the rule of law predominates not only our own life, but also that of those worlds that only exist on paper or the screen. Generally, the more complex the society, the more complex the rules it has developed to govern it. The more you read of Game of Thrones, the more you realize you are reading about our society, our mores, our evolving rules and standards, and most especially about power and who wields it. The laws of this society of dragons, magic, and treachery at times feel shockingly different from our own, but many more similarities exist than we may prefer to acknowledge. Broad themes such as a border-length wall to keep out [the] Others, the abolishment of slavery, effective criminal procedures, and the very structure of the political system itself whether through a democracy, aristocracy, plutocracy or theocracy abound. This paper will look at significant legal topics such as political and legal structures, criminal law and procedure, and, briefly, immigration law, and will examine the applicable rules, laws and customs for each in the world of A Song of Ice and Fire. In addition, this paper will highlight stark differences and startling similarities to many of our current laws and customs demonstrating the underpinnings of what binds us together and makes us a society.
Working through Denial in Alcoholism

Denial in alcoholics is often a barrier to effective diagnosis, referral, and treatment. Successful intervention is enhanced if the caregivers have an understanding of the nature of denial and stra...
Introduction: Institutions as Conscious Food Consumers

Abstract Institutions—from schools to hospitals and food banks to universities—buy and serve food to thousands of people on a weekly basis. With their purchasing power, these institutions have the ability change the food system to become more sustainable, equitable, humane, and healthy. Increasingly, institutions are becoming conscious food consumers, and are challenging the industrialized food system. This chapter introduces several examples and promising practices of sustainable, healthy, and regional food procurement by institutions across the U.S. While institutional foodservice is an arena in need of more research, resources, and attention, this chapter also highlights the several opportunities that could potentially be replicated to spread the nascent success of values-based food purchasing by institutions.
Gout is associated with increased healthcare utilization after knee arthroplasty

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective surgery for patients with advanced knee arthritis refractory to medical treatment. Gout, the most common inflammatory arthritis in adults, was associated with a 40% increased TKA risk in women in a recent population-based study.1 This was attributable possibly to accelerated cartilage wear associated with soluble urate or urate crystals. It is not known if post-TKA healthcare utilisation and complications are higher in people with gout. We assessed whether gout was associated with a higher risk of post-TKA healthcare utilisation and in-hospital complications. We used the 1998–2014 US National Inpatient Sample data, a 20% stratified sample of discharges from US community hospitals.2 We used validated International Classification of Disease, ninth revision, common modification (ICD-9-CM) code to identify the primary TKA cohort (81.54)3, with TKA as the primary procedure and among these people with and without gout (274).4 Study outcomes post-primary TKA were (1) healthcare utilisation, length of hospital stay (>3 days) and the discharge disposition, that is, to home versus rehabilitation/in-patient facility; and (2) in-hospital postoperative complications identified by respective ICD-9-CM codes for transfusion, revision or infection, …
Potentially inappropriate medications defined by STOPP criteria in older patients with breast and colorectal cancer.

Abstract Purpose: Screening for potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) is recommended in older patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy, given the concern for adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions and non-adherence. Our objective was to determine the impact of PIM on outcomes in patients with breast and colorectal cancers receiving chemotherapy. Methods: We used data from the SEER-Medicare database, including patients >/= 66 years old with a diagnosis of Stage II/III breast and colorectal cancer made between 7/1/2007–12/31/2009. We used modified STOPP criteria to define baseline PIM as a dichotomous variable in the 4 months prior to diagnosis. STOPP criteria was used based on its performance as a robust measure of PIM. Outcomes measures included ER visits, hospitalizations, and death within 3 months from the last chemotherapy, and a composite of the three. We used Chi-square or Fisher's exact test to determine associations of PIM with covariates and outcomes, and Cox proportional hazards (PH) model for the time-to-event analysis. Results: Final analysis included 1,595 patients with breast cancer and 1,528 patients with colorectal cancer. Frequency of baseline PIM by STOPP was 31.5% in the breast and 30.9% in the colorectal cohort. In the breast cohort, associations with the composite outcome in the Cox PH model included disease stage, comorbidity, medication number and baseline ER visits/hospitalization. Age, gender, race, comorbidity and baseline ER visits/hospitalization were associated in the colorectal cohort. PIM was not associated with outcomes in either cohort, aside from hospitalization in the breast. Conclusions We found no consistent association between pre-chemotherapy PIM defined by STOPP and outcomes.
Obstructive sleep apnea in commercial motor vehicle operators

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common among commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operators compared to the general population due to increased prevalence of risk factors associated with OSA. CMV operators with OSA experience higher risk of vehicular crashes, health morbidities, and economic losses. No regulation exists which specifies the criteria for screening of CMV operators for OSA. Implementation of standardized screening programs can help identify and treat at-risk individuals. Recommendations for screening and diagnosis in CMV operators have been outlined by several groups, including the Sleep and Transportation Safety Awareness Task Force (STSATF) that was established by American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has offered guidance on the issue. Guidelines for monitoring individuals on therapy are also available. Adherence to recommendations like these, regarding the identification and treatment of CMV operators based, should be encouraged for all stakeholders, including examiners, clinicians, employers, and operators, with the goal of reducing the risk of motor vehicle crashes and associated adverse health effects and economic losses.
Clinical and genetic analysis of a patient with cutis laxa

OBJECTIVE To identify potential mutation in a patient with cutis laxa through exome sequencing of genetic disease-related genes and explore its clinical and genetic features. METHODS Clinical data was collected for the proband and her parents. Exome sequencing was carried out on the proband. Suspected mutations were verified by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Exome sequencing identified a compound heterozygous mutation of the ATP6V0A2 gene, c.187C>T (p.R63X) and c.1189G>C (p.A397P), in the proband. The mutations were respectively inherited from the father and mother. The patient was diagnosed with autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 2A (ARCL2A). CONCLUSION A case with ARCL2A was diagnosed. The novel mutation has expanded the spectrum of ATP6V0A2 mutations. Exome sequencing is a useful tool for the diagnosis of complex genetic diseases.
Facial Expression Recognition: Utilizing Digital Image Processing, Deep Learning, and High-Performance Computing

The purpose of this project was to analyze which image pre-processing technique was most beneficial in improving the performance of Facial Expression Recognition through Deep Learning and High-Performance Computing. Contrary to our expectations, the results obtained in this work showed that deep learning does not significantly benefit from various commonly used image pre-processing techniques such as resizing, smoothing, or edge detection. The results confirm previous findings that an increase in accuracy is obtained by increasing the size of the training dataset. This study proceeds to show that the increase in training data size can easily be handled by the High-Performance Computing (HPC) cluster provided by the Pittsburg Supercomputing Center (PSC) through XSEDE.
Worker retirement responses to pension incentives: Do they respond to pension wealth?

Abstract Pension enhancements generate pension wealth spikes at the eligibility milestones. I analyze two major enhancements that generated different gains in pension wealth for eligible workers. The responsiveness of retirement behavior to these enhancements depends on how well workers understand their pension incentives. To test the retirement response to pension wealth, I use administrative data from Missouri teachers and leverage variation in enhancement impacts on teacher pension wealth owing to differences in teachers’ entering ages. I find that retirements respond strongly to pension enhancements, but the strength of the response does not align with their pecuniary value. My findings contribute to a growing body of research showing that workers have imperfect knowledge of their pension benefits and they use imprecise information to make retirement timing decisions.
THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN A CONFUCIAN-HERITAGE CULTURE AND TEACHERS’ SENTIMENTS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS INCLUSION IN MACAU

Macau Special Administration Region (Macau SAR) is in the process of revising legislation concerning special and inclusive education. While the institutional discourse revolves around establishing inclusive education, it is unclear as to how the proposed changes will enable or depress this from occurring. This research, therefore, examined teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion as an indication of how well the new legislation may be received. Specifically, it investigated the interplay between 508 teachers working in private schools in Macau, that identified themselves as being inclusive schools, and teachers’ sentiments and attitudes towards the acceptance of inclusion and the role that Confucian values might play in shaping these attitudes. Discussion focusses on four key outcomes that need to be addressed if a significant improvement in including all children in regular schools in Macau is to be achieved. These include the need (1) to clarify the concept of inclusion at government, school, and teacher levels as it currently has ambiguous meaning; (2) to provide teachers with more opportunities to have systematic contacts with students with SEN, as this is crucial to improving their sentiments and attitudes toward people with disability; (3) to provide professional learning about inclusive education with better partnerships between teacher education institutions and schools to bridge theory and practice; and (4) to review the hidden influence of the subtle levels of time-honoured Confucian beliefs in Macau, which are not manifest nor easily detected but possibly have a deep impact on day-to-day practices. Article visualizations:
Women in Do the Right Thing: missed opportunities?

The male characters of Do the Right Thing drive the movie almost entirely. If the women of the film were written out of it, it would not significantly impact the plot or its allegorical potency, ri...
90. Identification of an Adeno-Associated Virus Binding Epitope for AVB Sepharose Affinity Resin

Antibody-based affinity chromatography is increasingly becoming an important technology in clinical AAV vector production due to the one-step removal of the large majority of host cell contaminants and simplification of downstream processes. The affinity resin AVB Sepharose (GE) is widely used in AAV purification but has a major drawback in that it does not bind all serotypes of AAV equally well. Here we report the identification of an epitope, SPAKFA, of adeno-associated virus 3B (AAV3B) which specifically mediates binding to AVB Sepharose resin. Substitution of AAV3B SPAKFA for the corresponding peptide in two poorly-binding AAV serotypes, AAV8 and rh.64R1, resulted in greatly increased affinity to AVB sepharose. In addition, the capacity of AVB Sepharose for the AAV9 serotype, which binds extremely poorly in the context of the naturally occurring epitope, could be augmented substantially upon replacement with SPAKFA. Importantly, the substitution of the AAV3B SPAKFA peptide did not affect the potency of the serotypes tested in an in vitro assay. The sequence analysis -resin binding combination approach used here to identify the SPAKFA peptide may prove to be a powerful resin selection tool for novel AAV serotypes. In addition, our discovery suggests the possibility of vector engineering to yield a universal method for the purification of multiple AAV serotypes.
Association Between Age and Nodal Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between age and rate of lymph node metastasis, nodal burden of disease, as well as rate of lateral neck disease in papillary thyroid cancer, especially in pat...