cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Гуманитарные катастрофы при либеральном, патерналистском и грабительском правительстве (Humanitarian Disasters: Big Government, Small Government and the roving Bandit)

Russian Abstract: Настоящая записка снабдит читателя некоторыми фактами и ссылками для адекватной оценки идеологически мотивированных обвинений, предъявляемых свободному рынку и классическому либерализму в преступлениях масштаба сопоставимого с коммунистическими. Читателю предстоит решить для себя следующие задачи, по оценке политической и моральной ответственности. Сопоставима ли ответственность за умышленное причинение смерти миллионам людей с не предотвращением смерти в результате бедствия, рутинного для данного общества. Сопоставима ли ответственность прямая и непосредственная, лежащая на лидерах и идеологах коммунистического движения с ответственностью косвенной, сводимой к отказу или откладыванию попыток постепенного насаждения в колониях, институтов неприкосновенности личности и частной собственности. English Abstract:The paper provides the reader with basic facts, data and sources to make him able to evaluate the adequacy of some popular leftists' claims. Supporters of Big Government and "Social Justice" confer responsibility for some disasters on free market and classical liberalism's. Disasters in Belgian Congo and in the British India (Bengal) could " balance" communist atrocities, to protect in some extent reputation of Big caring Governments in their utmost manifestations. The reader is encouraged to make his own judgment: is the premeditated mass murder in the USSR, PRC and Cambodia comparable to failures to prevent mass starvation and epidemics in the India and Congo? Is the private property, free market, economic, political and media competition to blame for disasters, which had happened in the absence or under severe restrictions of the above mentioned institutions in the depended countries? We guess, cultivation of the institutions of freedom and private property in the underdeveloped countries was the principle component of "White Man's burden".
The Feasibility of Haar Feature-Based Endoscopic Ultrasound Probe Tracking for Implanting Hydrogel Spacer in Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer.

Purpose We proposed a Haar feature-based method for tracking endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) probe in diagnostic computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans for guiding hydrogel injection without external tracking hardware. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of implementing our method with phantom and patient images. Materials and methods Our methods included the pre-simulation section and Haar features extraction steps. Firstly, the simulated EUS set was generated based on anatomic information of interpolated CT/MRI images. Secondly, the efficient Haar features were extracted from simulated EUS images to create a Haar feature dictionary. The relative EUS probe position was estimated by searching the best matched Haar feature vector of the dictionary with Haar feature vector of target EUS images. The utilization of this method was validated using EUS phantom and patient CT/MRI images. Results In the phantom experiment, we showed that our Haar feature-based EUS probe tracking method can find the best matched simulated EUS image from a simulated EUS dictionary which includes 123 simulated images. The errors of all four target points between the real EUS image and the best matched EUS images were within 1 mm. In the patient CT/MRI scans, the best matched simulated EUS image was selected by our method accurately, thereby confirming the probe location. However, when applying our method in MRI images, our method is not always robust due to the low image resolution. Conclusions Our Haar feature-based method is capable to find the best matched simulated EUS image from the dictionary. We demonstrated the feasibility of our method for tracking EUS probe without external tracking hardware, thereby guiding the hydrogel injection between the head of the pancreas and duodenum.
Social Zooarchaeology: Humans and Animals in Prehistory

1. Beyond protein and calories 2. Animal symbols 3. Animals in ritual 4. Hunting and humanity 5. Extinctions 6. Domestication as human-animal relationship 7. Pets and other human-animal relationships 8. Animal wealth 9. Meat beyond diet 10. Studying human-animal relations.
Optimal Control of Power Flow at Structural Junctions

This paper describes several techniques for deriving optimal feedback compensators for structural waveguides at junctions. A frequency dependent cost functional composed of power flow and control effort, is minimized. Control of power flow, by modifying junction reflection and transmission properties, enables selective absorption of incoming vibrational power. Noncausal, causal fixed-form and Weiner-Hopf feedback solutions are derived. These solutions, including a positive real approximation to the Weiner-Hopf solution, are illustrated through an extensive example for the free end of a dispersive Bernoulli-Euler beam.
Systematic Review of Preventive and Acute Treatment of Menstrual Migraine

Objective The aim of this systematic review is to identify the efficacy of different categories of treatments for menstrual migraines as found in randomized controlled trials or open label studies with similar efficacy endpoints. Background Menstrual migraine is very common and approximately 50% of women have increased risk of developing migraines related to the menstrual cycle. Attacks of menstrual migraine are usually more debilitating, of longer duration, more prone to recurrence, and less responsive to acute treatment than nonmenstrual migraine attacks. Methods Search for evidence was done in 4 databases that included PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Eighty-four articles were selected for full text review by 2 separate readers. Thirty-six of the 84 articles were selected for final inclusion. Articles included randomized controlled and open label trials that focused on efficacy of acute and preventative therapies for menstrual migraine. Secondary analyses where excluded because the initial study population was not women with menstrual migraine. Results After final screening, 11 articles were selected for acute and 25 for preventive treatment of menstrual migraine. These were further subdivided into treatment categories. For acute treatment: triptans, combination therapy, prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, and ergot alkaloids. For preventive treatment: triptans, combined therapy, oral contraceptives, estrogen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, phytoestrogen, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, dopamine agonist, vitamin, mineral, and nonpharmacological therapy were selected. Overall, triptans had strong evidence for treatment in both acute and short term prevention of menstrual migraine. Conclusions Based on this literature search, of all categories of treatment for menstrual migraine, triptans have the most extensive research with strong evidence for both acute and preventive treatment of menstrual migraine. Further randomized controlled trials should be performed for other therapies to strengthen their use in the care of menstrual migraine patients.
Internalized weight bias in obese patients with binge eating disorder: Associations with eating disturbances and psychological functioning

Weight-based discrimination in the United States is pervasive1 and its consequences for overweight and obese individuals are becoming increasingly clear. Obese persons who experience weight-based discrimination report a range of negative psychological and physiological outcomes, including increased depression, greater body image disturbance, decreased self-esteem2–4 and elevated ambulatory blood pressure.5 Little is known about how weight-based discrimination relates to these negative outcomes, or whether specific groups of obese persons are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of weight-based discrimination. Obese persons with binge eating disorder (BED) form may be particularly susceptible to weight-based discrimination. Recent research has found that weight-based discrimination is associated with binge eating among obese treatment-seeking adults.6 The internalization of weight bias,7,8 defined as the degree to which an obese person believes in weight-based negative stereotypes, correlates strongly with the negative psychosocial outcomes that can follow acts of weight-based discrimination.9 In a community sample of overweight men and women, a high level of internalized weight bias was associated with increased mood disturbance, body image concern, drive for thinness, binge eating, and decreased self-esteem.7 Thus, some evidence suggests that internalized weight bias is associated with eating-related psychopathology, but this requires confirmation in clinical samples. The present study examined associations between internalized weight bias, eating disorder (ED) psychopathology, and general psychological functioning in obese men and women seeking treatment for BED. We hypothesized that 1) greater internalized weight bias would be related to increased fat phobia, increased depression, and decreased self-esteem; and 2) greater weight bias internalization would be related to greater eating disorder psychopathology. We also explored the joint and independent contributions of internalized weight bias along with other variables associated with eating disorder psychopathology, 10 including depression and decreased self-esteem.
Early Prediction of Student Frustration

Affective reasoning has been the subject of increasing attention in recent years. Because negative affective states such as frustration and anxiety can impede progress toward learning goals, intelligent tutoring systems should be able to detect when a student is anxious or frustrated. Being able to detect negative affective states early, i.e., before they lead students to abandon learning tasks, could permit intelligent tutoring systems sufficient time to adequately prepare for, plan, and enact affective tutorial support strategies. A first step toward this objective is to develop predictive models of student frustration. This paper describes an inductive approach to student frustration detection and reports on an experiment whose results suggest that frustration models can make predictions early and accurately.
Effects of soil ph, nitrogen source, phosphorus, and molybdenum on early growth and mineral nutrition of burley tobacco

Abstract Previous research has indicated that P application may influence plant Mo nutrition, and that both P and Mo are influenced by soil pH. This is of interest, since Mo is deficient in some soils and because large quantities of acidifying nitrogenous fertilizers are commonly applied in production of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Burley tobacco was grown in two experiments using Maury silt loam soil (Typic Paleudalfs) to determine the influence of soil acidity, form of N applied, and P application on plant growth and mineral nutrition. The studies were conducted in the greenhouse so that high root densities would develop and the data primarily reflect rhizosphere effects. Ammonium application depressed rhizosphere pH 0.4 to 0.6 pH units. Nitrate nutrition raised soil pH less than 0.1 pH unit. Plants supplied NH4 exhibited slower early growth than plants supplied NO3. Several significant interactions involving soil pH, N source, P, and Mo occurred. In the first experiment, plant P was not affe...
Confidence intervals for causal parameters.

Consider an unbiased follow-up study designed to investigate the causal effect of a dichotomous exposure on a dichotomous disease outcome. Under a deterministic outcome model, a standard '95 per cent binomial confidence interval' may fail to cover the causal parameter of interest at the nominal rate when we take the causal parameter to be a parameter associated with the observed study population (regardless of whether the observed study population was sampled from a larger superpopulation). I propose new interval estimators that, in this setting, improve upon the performance of the standard 'binomial confidence interval.'
Studies of the release properties of ISOL-target materials using ion implantation

Abstract Experiments have been initiated which are designed to measure the time release characteristics of stable ion implanted species from selected refractory target materials which are potential candidates for forming radioactive beams at the proposed Oak Ridge Exotic Beam Facility (OREBF). The experiments are performed at the UNISOR facility by utilizing energetic HHIRF tandem accelerator ion beams to implant the species of interest into selected solid refractory target materials maintained at elevated temperatures within a FEBIAD-type ion source. In this report, we provide thermal time release data and estimates of efficiencies for releasing Cl from Zr5Si3 and 75As, 79Br, and 78Se from Zr5Ge3.
Magnetic polarity during the Middle Jurassic as recorded in the Summerville and Curtis Formations

Abstract Three-quarters of the Summerville Formation and a small portion of the Curtis Formation of central Utah have been sampled at close stratigraphic spacing. The two formations constitute an intertonguing marine-marginal marine, tidal flat sequence representing middle Callovian time. The magnetic polarity sequence observed is dominantly reversed with a few relatively short normal intervals. The age of these formations corresponds to some portion of time within the Jurassic oceanic quiet zone. The fact that normal polarity was not prominent in these formations casts some doubt upon the hypothesis that a long period of normal polarity was the cause of the quiet zone. Furthermore, a literature compilation indicates that normal polarity did not dominate the Jurassic as had been thought. The pole position determined from the Middle Jurassic Summerville Formation slightly revises earlier results and suggests a tiny amount of apparent polar motion relative to North American between Late Triassic and Middle Jurassic time.
Shoulder arthroscopy simulator training improves shoulder arthroscopy performance in a cadaveric model.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to quantify the benefits of shoulder arthroscopy simulator training with a cadaveric model of shoulder arthroscopy. Methods Seventeen first-year medical students with no prior experience in shoulder arthroscopy were enrolled and completed this study. Each subject completed a baseline proctored arthroscopy on a cadaveric shoulder, which included controlling the camera and completing a standard series of tasks using the probe. The subjects were randomized, and 9 of the subjects received training on a virtual reality simulator for shoulder arthroscopy. All subjects then repeated the same cadaveric arthroscopy. The arthroscopic videos were analyzed in a blinded fashion for time to task completion and subjective assessment of technical performance. The 2 groups were compared by use of Student t tests, and change over time within groups was analyzed with paired t tests. Results There were no observed differences between the 2 groups on the baseline evaluation. The simulator group improved significantly from baseline with respect to time to completion and subjective performance ( P P P = .98). Conclusions Shoulder arthroscopy simulator training resulted in significant benefits in clinical shoulder arthroscopy time to task completion in this cadaveric model. This study provides important additional evidence of the benefit of simulators in orthopaedic surgical training. Clinical Relevance There may be a role for simulator training in shoulder arthroscopy education.
Multi-core processing within the frontal lobe

Study of the brain is somewhat similar to understanding a multi-core processor. Video games offer a way to study how different sensory inputs affect motor output. Co-processors, comparator elements, and integrators of executive function and working memory work to balance sensory modalities and integrate this information into motor output. In this paper we describe the differences in functional brain activity using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while actively interacting with the game Dance Dance Revolution. We hypothesized that distinct patterns of activity within frontal lobe would be seen with respect to motor output when presented with various types of modified sensory cues. 16 subjects underwent the scanning procedure that included four different conditions. Results indicate that depending on the type of sensory information made available, different areas associated with working memory and executive function could be isolated.
Chlorophyll composition under controlled light conditions as related to the distribution of seagrasses in Texas and the U.S. Virgin Islands

Seagrasses from various depths in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, and from shallow beds in Redfish Bay, Texas, were grown in the laboratory under three light conditions. For all collections, light absorption readings of extracted pigments showed that total chlorophyll content is inversely related to reduced light over the range from 35 to 200 μM m−2 s−1. The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b decreases in response to reduced light for Caribbean collections of Halodule wrightii Aschers., Syringodium filiforme Kutz., and Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld but not for Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig or the Texas collections of Halodule, Syringodium, Thalassia, and Halophila engelmannii Aschers. There is a correlation of the maximum depth of the St. Croix seagrasses and the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b: H. decipiens, with the greatest depth range, to −42 m, has the lowest ratio; T. testudinum, with the least depth range, to −12 m, has the highest ratio; H. wrightii and S. filiforme have intermediate depth ranges and rations. Although light quality and sea bottom characteristics may play roles in the ultimate depth to which a seagrass may occur, photon flux density is suggested as a primary environmental determinant.
Appendiceal intussusception simulating cecal tumor: case report.

An unusual case is presented of extensive “cobblestone lymphoid hyperplasia” of the appendix with intussusception into the cecum. Pathologic physiology and differential diagnosis are discussed.
Administration of copper oxide wire particles in a capsule or feed for gastrointestinal nematode control in goats

Widespread anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants has necessitated alternative means of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control. The objective was to determine the effectiveness of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) administered as a gelatin capsule or in a feed supplement to control GIN in goats. In four separate experiments, peri-parturient does (n=36), yearling does (n=25), weaned kids (n=72), and yearling bucks (n=16) were randomly assigned to remain untreated or administered 2g COWP in a capsule (in Experiments 1, 2, and 3) or feed supplement (all experiments). Feces and blood were collected every 7 days between Days 0 and 21 (older goats) or Day 42 (kids) for fecal egg counts (FEC) and blood packed cell volume (PCV) analyses. A peri-parturient rise in FEC was evident in the untreated does, but not the COWP-treated does (COWP x date, P<0.02). In yearling does, FEC of the COWP-treated does tended to be lower than the untreated (COWP, P<0.02). FEC of COWP-treated kids were reduced compared with untreated kids (COWP x date, P<0.001). FEC of treated and untreated bucks were similar, but Haemonchus contortus was not the predominant nematode in these goats. However, total worms were reduced in COWP-fed bucks (P<0.03). In summary, it appeared that COWP in the feed was as effective as COWP in a gelatin capsule to reduce FEC in goats. COWP administration may have a limited effect where H. contortus is not the predominant nematode.
An optimal data allocation model for distributed databases

A mathematical model for the allocation of data to sites in a distributed computer network is described in this paper. The model allows for the allocation of multiple copies of data to sites. The model considers tradeoffs between costs, transactions' requirements and systems' characteristics. Optimal and near optimal solutions are presented. The data allocation configuration can be determined in polynomial time.
Diagnosis of posttraumatic pericardial tamponade by plain film and computed tomography and control of bleeding by embolotherapy of the left inferior phrenic artery

A 21-year-old male developed pericardial tamponade in a delayed fashion after blunt chest trauma. Tamponade was not suspected clinically and was first seen on computed tomography of the abdomen. Plain films of the chest revealed distortion of the path of a Swan-Ganz catheter due to the ventricular compression. After drainage, left inferior phrenic artery embolization was performed to treat the persistent hemothorax.
The value proposition in percutaneous coronary intervention.

New therapies are incorporated into clinical practice for a variety of reasons. Usually, they are more efficacious than what is currently used for a specific disease state. Sometimes, they are just as efficacious but safer. When a new treatment strategy is able to achieve better efficacy and safety
Peranal coloanal anastomosis following low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma

Since 1978, 41 patients (12 percent of all restorative operations) have undergone peranal coloanal reconstruction following anterior resection (LAR) for cancers of the midrectum. Twenty-seven patients (66 percent) were men and 14 patients (34 percent) were women (mean, 58.8 years). The mean distance of the primary tumor from the anal verge was 6.7 cm and 50 percent of the primary tumors were considered highly mobile. In 29 patients, a hand-sewn anastomosis was performed between the colon and the dentate line. In the 12 most recent patients, the anastomosis was performed using a circular stapling instrument. A diverting colostomy should be employed in all cases and is closed approximately three months later. There has been no operative mortality. Morbidity included anastomotic separation (two patients), minor anastomotic defects (three patients), pelvic sepsis (two patients), and bacteremia of unknown origin (two patients). Where fecal diversion was employed, there were no instances of anastomotic leak. Two patients with hemorrhage were returned to the operating room. Thirty-seven of the 41 patients underwent curative resections. Thirty-three percent of the patients had Dukes' C lesions. With a median follow-up of 31 months for the curative resections, 73 percent remain free of disease. Sixty-four percent of evaluable patients have either excellent or good anorectal function nine to 12 months after colostomy closure. Of 26 operations performed by one surgeon, 22 patients (85 percent) are currently evaluable. Nineteen (86 percent) of the 22 have normal or near-normal bowel function. Four guidelines for performing a functionally successful operation are presented. Coloanal reconstruction following LAR, were pull-through operations were previously required, is an excellent sphincter-preserving operation. The functional results one year after the operation are gratifying, with the majority of patients leading an active life with normal bowel function.
French Socialism and the Congress of London of 1896

(1957). French Socialism and the Congress of London of 1896. The Historian: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 402-424.
Estimated contribution of power plants to ambient nitrogen oxides measured in Atlanta, Georgia in August 1992

Abstract Since gasoline and coal vary in sulfur content, plumes from mobile and point sources can be identified by their characteristic sulfur dioxide to nitrogen oxides ratios. In this study this fingerprint ratio is used to estimate what percentage of the total ambient nitrogen oxides intercepted by a chemical measurement station is Atlanta is attributable to specific point sources. Emission estimates of nitrogen oxides from point and mobile sources were approximately equal for a 160 × 160 km grid centered around Atlanta. Using the present method, point sources represented 15% of the total ambient nitrogen oxides for the period at the measurement site. However, this average may be misleading because nitrogen oxides from point sources were found to be regularly affecting the station most probably through the process of fumigation, typically during the peak ozone producing hours of the day. For instance, on 31 August an ozone exceedenee day, a large percentage of the total ambient nitrogen oxides were from point sources at 3 p.m. (92%). On the other hand, 10 August showed no significant evidence of point source contribution, yet exceeded the ozone standard. The importance of fumigation to ozone production in Atlanta will be the subject of future work.
On Designing Non-Saccharide, Allosteric Activators of Antithrombin

Antithrombin, a plasma glycoprotein serpin, requires conformational activation by heparin to induce an anticoagulant effect, which is mediated through accelerated factor Xa inhibition. Heparin, a highly charged polymer and an allosteric activator of the serpin, is associated with major adverse effects. To design better, but radically different activators of antithrombin from heparin, we utilized a pharmacophore-based approach. A tetrahydroisoquinoline-based scaffold was designed to mimic four critical anionic groups of the key trisaccharide DEF constituting the sequence-specific pentasaccharide DEFGH in heparin. Activator IAS(5) containing 5,6-disulfated tetrahydroisoquinoline and 3,4,5-trisulfated phenyl rings was found to bind antithrombin at pH 7.4 with an affinity comparable to the reference trisaccharide DEF. IAS(5) activated the inhibitor nearly 30-fold, nearly 2- to 3-fold higher than our first generation flavanoid-based designs. This work advances the concept of antithrombin activation through non-saccharide, organic molecules and pinpoints a direction for the design of more potent molecules.
Masking methods that preserve positivity constraints in microdata

Abstract Statistical agencies have conflicting obligations to protect confidential information provided by respondents to surveys or censuses and to make data available for research and planning activities. When the microdata themselves are to be released, in order to achieve these conflicting objectives, statistical agencies apply statistical disclosure limitation (SDL) methods to the data, such as noise addition, swapping or microaggregation. Some of these methods do not preserve important structure and constraints in the data, such as positivity of some attributes or inequality constraints between attributes. Failure to preserve constraints is not only problematic in terms of data utility, but also may increase disclosure risk. In this paper, we describe a method for SDL that preserves both positivity of attributes and the mean vector and covariance matrix of the original data. The basis of the method is to apply multiplicative noise with the proper, data-dependent covariance structure.
Selective atomic layer deposition of HfO2 on copper patterned silicon substrates

Selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) was performed on copper patterned silicon substrates to selectively deposit HfO2 film on silicon. The selectivity is based on differences of surface physics/chemistry rather than use of any molecular masking such as self-assembled monolayers. On silicon, the growth rate of HfO2 is 0.11 nm /cycle with no initial inhibition of film growth, while on copper no HfO2 deposition was observed up to at least 25 ALD cycles. The selective growth on silicon over copper at 25 ALD cycles provides a patterned film deposition at thicknesses of 2.8 nm HfO2 which is relevant to semiconductor nanofabrication.
Test cost reduction through performance prediction using virtual probe

The virtual probe (VP) technique, based on recent breakthroughs in compressed sensing, has demonstrated its ability for accurate prediction of spatial variations from a small set of measurement data. In this paper, we explore its application to cost reduction of production testing. For a number of test items, the measurement data from a small subset of chips can be used to accurately predict the performance of other chips on the same wafer without explicit measurement. Depending on their statistical characteristics, test items can be classified into three categories: highly predictable, predictable, and un-predictable. A case study of an industrial RF radio transceiver with more than 50 production test items shows that a good fraction of these test items (39 out of 51 items) are predictable or highly predictable. In this example, the 3σ error of VP prediction is less than 12% for predictable or highly predictable test items. Applying the VP technique can on average replace 59% of test measurement by prediction and, consequently, reduce the overall test time by 57.6%.
Development of strong and tough cryogenic Fe12Ni alloys containing reactive metal additions

The fracture toughness and tensile behaviour of arc-melted and hot-rolled Fe-12Ni alloys containing up to 4 atomic percent reactive metal additions of Al, Nb, Ti, or V were determined at 77 K. Cryogenic toughness was improved up to 7.5 times that of binary Fe-12Ni, depending on the reactive metal, its concentration, and annealing temperature.
Exponential Sum-Fitting of Dwell-Time Distributions without Specifying Starting Parameters

Fitting dwell-time distributions with sums of exponentials is widely used to characterize histograms of open- and closed-interval durations recorded from single ion channels, as well as for other physical phenomena. However, it can be difficult to identify the contributing exponential components. Here we extend previous methods of exponential sum-fitting to present a maximum-likelihood approach that consistently detects all significant exponentials without the need for user-specified starting parameters. Instead of searching for exponentials, the fitting starts with a very large number of initial exponentials with logarithmically spaced time constants, so that none are missed. Maximum-likelihood fitting then determines the areas of all the initial exponentials keeping the time constants fixed. In an iterative manner, with refitting after each step, the analysis then removes exponentials with negligible area and combines closely spaced adjacent exponentials, until only those exponentials that make significant contributions to the dwell-time distribution remain. There is no limit on the number of significant exponentials and no starting parameters need be specified. We demonstrate fully automated detection for both experimental and simulated data, as well as for classical exponential-sum-fitting problems.
Review of an instructor computation model for Navy learning centers and a Navy instructor workweek analysis for facilitated self-paced instruction

The purpose of the performance study was to review a proposed U.S. Navy Learning Center instructor computation (ICOMP) model for calculating the number of instructors required for teaching courses at Navy training sites. Based on recommendations from the initial analysis, a workweek breakdown was conducted for facilitated self-paced instructors. Findings improved the application of an ICOMP for the U.S. Navy and advanced the understanding of instructors' workweek requirements and duties.
Field Tests with the Sex Pheromone of the Cranberry Girdler

In 4 out of 5 tests in commercial grass seed fields, traps baited with 800, 900, or 1000 μg of (Z)-11-hexadecenal were as attractive to male Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller) as traps baited with virgin females. The aldehyde was effective in attracting maximum numbers of males only within a narrow range of concentrations; a concentration of 1000 μg/septum was optimum. (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate, which has a molecular shape similar to that of the aldehyde, was not attractive to males at the concentrations tested. Varying amounts of ( E )-11-hexadecenal in combination with (Z)-11-hexadecenal did not significantly affect trap catches. The Z isomers of 13-hexadecenal, 13-octadecenal, and 11-hexadecen-1-ol proved to be potent inhibitors and interfered with normal pheromone communication.
Plane strain dynamic crack bifurcation

Abstract The problem of a stationary semi-infinite crack which bifurcates under dynamic loading is solved by constructing dual singular integral equations. The method relies on solving simpler problems which can be used with linear superposition to solve the more complex problem. An asymptotic approximation is made to allow a delay time in crack initiation to be admitted and this is extended to all times. A number of fracture criteria are used to predict initiation of bifurcation and the results are shown to lie within the experimentally observed range.
Kernel-based learning for biomedical relation extraction

Relation extraction is the process of scanning text for relationships between named entities. Recently, significant studies have focused on automatically extracting relations from biomedical corpora. Most existing biomedical relation extractors require manual creation of biomedical lexicons or parsing templates based on domain knowledge. In this study, we propose to use kernel-based learning methods to automatically extract biomedical relations from literature text. We develop a framework of kernel-based learning for biomedical relation extraction. In particular, we modified the standard tree kernel function by incorporating a trace kernel to capture richer contextual information. In our experiments on a biomedical corpus, we compare different kernel functions for biomedical relation detection and classification. The experimental results show that a tree kernel outperforms word and sequence kernels for relation detection, our trace-tree kernel outperforms the standard tree kernel, and a composite kernel outperforms individual kernels for relation extraction. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CMOS/SOS NAND Gate Sapphire Photocurrent Compensation

Sapphire photocurrent is the dominant transient radiation response of CMOS/SOS circuits at high dose rates. Radiation-induced leakage current flowing through this photoresistive path accounts for most of the SOS transistor drain photocurrent observed experimentally. Sapphire photoconduction effects were modeled by incorporating radiation-induced linear photoconductance models in parallel with the channel conductances of the MOS transistors. This approach was used to predict the performance of CMOS/SOS NAND gates at high dose rates. NAND gates designed in accordance with optimum-W geometry rules for sapphire photocurrent compensation are predicted to have symmetrical dose-rate failure thresholds exceeding 1010 rads/sec. Radiation test results from experimental CMOS/SOS NAND gates have demonstrated dose-rate failure thresholds in the range from 2 × 1010 to 1011 rads/sec. The maximum achievable dose-rate failure threshold is approximately inversely proportional to fan-in. Consequently, more-radiation-resistant CMOS/SOS digital integrated circuits can be designed using CMOS/SOS NAND gates having limited fan-in. This design guide is practical, since it presents no serious problem with respect to either die size or circuit complexity.
Formula to Get Desired Soil Density

Changing the soil characteristics is a main concern to all civil engineers. Highway and foundation engineers are particularly more concerned with the subject. There are several methods to improve the soil characteristics. One of these methods is to add fine material, which fills the voids between the grains of the soil, helping to make the soil denser, thus gaining high resistance to penetration. This study uses statistical parameters of the soil grains distribution to predict the soil maximum dry density, then uses the fine biasness coefficient to predict the new density of the soil after mixing any amount of fine particles with the original soil. A mathematical formula is developed to make such a prediction. Lab testing results were compared with the results of the prediction. They were found to be in total agreement, and the margin of error was found to be quite low.
Molecular orbital theory of the hydrogen bond. XXX. Water‐cytosine complexes

Ab initioSCF and SCF-CI calculations with the STO-3G basis set have been performed to investigate the structures and energies of water–cytosine complexes and the intermolecular water–cytosine surface in the cytosine molecular plane. Although there are six nominal hydrogen-bonding sites in this plane, only three dimers are distinguishable in the ground state. The most stable has an energy of −10.7 kcal/mol, and is found in the N1H and O2 region. An asymmetric cyclic structure in which the water molecule bridges adjacent N1H and O2 sites is the preferred form of this dimer. The dimer in the region between O2 and N4H′ of the amino group is slightly less stable at −10.4 kcal/mol, and also has an asymmetric cyclic structure as the preferred structure, with the water molecule bridging amino N4H′ and N3 hydrogen-bonding sites. The third dimer has the amino group as the proton donor to water through the hydrogen cis to C5, and a stabilization energy of −7.0 kcal/mol. The water-cytosine surface is characterized by deeper minima and higher barriers than the water-thymine surface and by a decreased mobility of the water molecule between adjacent hydrogen-bonding sites. Absorption of energy by the C2O group leads to the first n → π* excited state in which interactions of water with O2 are broken. The water-cytosine dimers remain bound in this state, but may change structurally. In the second n → π* state interactions between water and N3 are no longer stabilizing. As a result, the dimer in the O2 and N4H′ region collapses to either a dimer with water the proton donor to O2, or one with N4H′ the proton donor to water. The other two dimers remain bound. All excited dimers are destabilized on vertical excitation relative to the ground state.
DAVID WALDNER, State Building and Late Development (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999). Pp. 256. $49.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.

David Waldner's book is a rigorously argued and impressively sustained account of the relationship between state-building and economic growth in four late-developing countries: South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, and Turkey. By systematically and crisply using a comparative method to bring a unified story to these different histories, Waldner demonstrates in a masterly way the benefits of genuine comparative inquiry; contributes to our understanding of the painful results of economic development in the Middle East; and uses Middle Eastern cases to advance our understanding of the complicated and mediated linkage between state formation and economic development. This ambitious book deserves a wide audience.
A bulky rhodium complex bound to an adenosine-adenosine DNA mismatch: general architecture of the metalloinsertion binding mode.

Two crystal structures of Δ-Rh(bpy)_2(chrysi)^(3+) (chrysi is 5,6-chrysenequinone diimine) bound to the oligonucleotide duplex 5′-CGGAAATTACCG-3′ containing two adenosine-adenosine mismatches (italics) through metalloinsertion were determined. Diffraction quality crystals with two different space groups (P3_221 and P4_32_12) were obtained under very similar crystallization conditions. In both structures, the bulky rhodium complex inserts into the two mismatched sites from the minor groove side, ejecting the mismatched bases into the major groove. The conformational changes are localized to the mismatched site; the metal complex replaces the mismatched base pair without an increase in base pair rise. The expansive metal complex is accommodated in the duplex by a slight opening in the phosphodiester backbone; all sugars retain a C2′-endo puckering, and flanking base pairs neither stretch nor shear. The structures differ, however, in that in one of the structures, an additional metal complex is bound by intercalation from the major groove at the central 5′-AT-3′ step. We conclude that this additional metal complex is intercalated into this central step because of crystal packing forces. The structures described here of Δ-Rh(bpy)_2(chrysi)^(3+) bound to thermodynamically destabilized AA mismatches share critical features with binding by metalloinsertion in two other oligonucleotides containing different single-base mismatches. These results underscore the generality of metalloinsertion as a new mode of noncovalent binding by small molecules with a DNA duplex.
The deconfinement phase transition at large N: a study of the hot twisted Eguchi-Kawai model

The deconfinement phase transition for SU(54) gauge theory is studied using twisted Eguchi-Kawai methods. Expectation values of the action, the Wilson line and the energy density are measured. We find evidence for deconfining phase transition and compare our data with the naive string picture.
Visualizing Network Traffic to Understand the Performance of Massively Parallel Simulations

The performance of massively parallel applications is often heavily impacted by the cost of communication among compute nodes. However, determining how to best use the network is a formidable task, made challenging by the ever increasing size and complexity of modern supercomputers. This paper applies visualization techniques to aid parallel application developers in understanding the network activity by enabling a detailed exploration of the flow of packets through the hardware interconnect. In order to visualize this large and complex data, we employ two linked views of the hardware network. The first is a 2D view, that represents the network structure as one of several simplified planar projections. This view is designed to allow a user to easily identify trends and patterns in the network traffic. The second is a 3D view that augments the 2D view by preserving the physical network topology and providing a context that is familiar to the application developers. Using the massively parallel multi-physics code pF3D as a case study, we demonstrate that our tool provides valuable insight that we use to explain and optimize pF3D's performance on an IBM Blue Gene/P system.
Diquarks and exotic spectroscopy

We propose that the recently discovered Theta(+) baryon is a bound state of four quarks and an antiquark, containing two highly correlated ud pairs. If so, the theta(+) has positive parity, and it lies in an near-ideally mixed SU(3)(f) 10;(f) plus sign in circle 8(f). The Roper resonance and the P11(1710) fit naturally into this classification. We predict an isospin 3/2 multiplet of Xi's (S=-2) with J(Pi)=1 / 2(+) around 1750 MeV. A search for manifestly exotic Xi(+) and Xi(--) in this mass range could provide a sharp test of our proposal. We predict that charm and bottom analogs of the Theta(+) may be stable against strong decays.
Scalable, Efficient, Stepwise-Optimal Feature Elimination in Support Vector Machines

We address feature selection for support vector machines for the scenario in which the feature space is huge, i.e., 105 - 106 or more features, as may occur e.g. in a biomedical context working with 3-D (or 4-D) brain images. Feature selection in this case may be needed to improve the classifier's generalization performance (given limited training data), to reduce classification complexity, and/or to identify a minimum subset of features necessary for accurate classification, i.e., a set of putative "biomarkers". While there are a variety of techniques for SVM-based feature selection, many such may be unsuitable for huge feature spaces due to computational and/or memory requirements. One popular, lightweight scheme is recursive feature elimination (RFE), wherein the feature with smallest weight magnitude in the current solution is eliminated at each step. Here we propose an alternative to RFE that is stepwise superior in that it maximizes margin (in the separable case) and minimizes training error rate (in the non- separable case), rather than minimizing weight magnitude. Moreover, we formulate an algorithm that achieves this stepwise maximum margin feature elimination without requiring explicit margin evaluation for all the remaining (candidate) features - in this way, the method achieves reduced complexity. To date, we have only performed experiments on (modestly dimensioned) UC Irvine data sets, which demonstrate better classification accuracy of our scheme (both training and test) over RFE. At the workshop, we will present results on huge feature spaces, for disease classification of 3-D MRI brain images and on other data domains.
New Age, New Media: Kabbalah on the Web

This essay explores the resituation of medieval and early modern kabbalistic diagrams in a New Age, new media context. Because they are taken out of their previous discursive context, there are real differences in their meaning and in their ritual enaction. Thus, the contemporary use of medieval sources is a "medievalism" dependent on new media. Contemporary scholars often define New Age religion according to its construction and application of syncretistic discourse without concern for historical continuity, and they link this to universalistic ideals and a monistic theology. Thus, syncretism and anachronism have ideological and theological significance. By examining the use of these diagrams, we can better understand how New Age, new media religions create, interpret, and enact sacred discourse.
Blocking PGE2-induced tumour repopulation abrogates bladder cancer chemoresistance

Cytotoxic chemotherapy is effective in debulking tumour masses initially; however, in some patients tumours become progressively unresponsive after multiple treatment cycles. Previous studies have demonstrated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are selectively enriched after chemotherapy through enhanced survival. Here we reveal a new mechanism by which bladder CSCs actively contribute to therapeutic resistance via an unexpected proliferative response to repopulate residual tumours between chemotherapy cycles, using human bladder cancer xenografts. Further analyses demonstrate the recruitment of a quiescent label-retaining pool of CSCs into cell division in response to chemotherapy-induced damages, similar to mobilization of normal stem cells during wound repair. While chemotherapy effectively induces apoptosis, associated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release paradoxically promotes neighbouring CSC repopulation. This repopulation can be abrogated by a PGE2-neutralizing antibody and celecoxib drug-mediated blockade of PGE2 signalling. In vivo administration of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor celecoxib effectively abolishes a PGE2- and COX2-mediated wound response gene signature, and attenuates progressive manifestation of chemoresistance in xenograft tumours, including primary xenografts derived from a patient who was resistant to chemotherapy. Collectively, these findings uncover a new underlying mechanism that models the progressive development of clinical chemoresistance, and implicate an adjunctive therapy to enhance chemotherapeutic response of bladder urothelial carcinomas by abrogating early tumour repopulation.