cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence of facilitated glucose disposal (Staub-Traugott effect) in subjects with hypopituitarism.

Abstract Improved glucose tolerance follows glucose challenges given in rapid succession, the Staub-Traugott effect. The cause for this facilitated glucose disposal is not clear. Augmented insulin release, prior “insulinization” of cells, and suppression of a pituitary factor or free fatty acids (FFA) are previously suggested mechanisms. For information bearing on the role of the pituitary in this phenomenon, study of the Staub effect was undertaken in hypopituitary patients receiving replacement thyroid, cortisone, and sex-steroid therapy and in normal untreated controls. All subjects received three intravenous injections of glucose (0.5 g/kg) at hourly intervals. Plasma glucose, FFA, and insulin were measured. Whereas a definite Staub effect was seen in each control subject, this phenomenon was conspicuously absent in seven hypopituitary patients similarly studied. Patterns of peripheral insulin response were similar for both groups: FFA levels fell more slowly in the hypopituitary subjects. Normal pituitary function appears to be required for the Staub effect. Incremental peripheral insulin levels do not explain the effect. Subnormal suppression of free fatty acids and impaired induction of key glycolytic and glycogenic enzymes are alternative explanations for the absence of the Staub effect in hypopituitary subjects.
Thermodynamics of chemical equilibrium — V Multiple-reaction and open systems

Abstract General thermodynamic expressions are presented for the partial derivatives of the chemical reaction parameter with respect to temperature, pressure, volume, and external composition perturbations for multiple-reaction systems constrained to paths of chemical equilibrium under various conditions. The corresponding heat and temperature effects are given. Derivatives of the chemical reaction parameter are evaluated for ideal solutions. For a closed system involving reactions of methane with steam, values of the derivatives predicted from the thermodynamic analysis agree well with numerical results.
Ewing's Sarcoma as a Cause of the Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone

A patient with Ewing's sarcoma presented with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) (1). Plasma values for vasopressin were found to be over four times the normal values expected for the plasma osmolality. At postmortem examination, the arginine vasopressin concentration in the tumor tissue was ten times that of the plasma. These data suggest that Ewing's sarcoma may cause SIADH.
Twiddler typing: one-handed chording text entry for mobile phones

An experienced user of the Twiddler, a one--handed chording keyboard, averages speeds of 60 words per minute with letter--by--letter typing of standard test phrases. This fast typing rate coupled with the Twiddler's 3x4 button design, similar to that of a standard mobile telephone, makes it a potential alternative to multi--tap for text entry on mobile phones. Despite this similarity, there is very little data on the Twiddler's performance and learnability. We present a longitudinal study of novice users' learning rates on the Twiddler. Ten participants typed for 20 sessions using two different methods. Each session is composed of 20 minutes of typing with multi--tap and 20 minutes of one--handed chording on the Twiddler. We found that users initially have a faster average typing rate with multi--tap; however, after four sessions the difference becomes negligible, and by the eighth session participants type faster with chording on the Twiddler. Furthermore, after 20 sessions typing rates for the Twiddler are still increasing.
Curing O( a) errors in 3D lattice SU(2) × U(1) Higgs theory

Abstract We show how to make O ( a ) corrections in the bare parameters of 3D lattice SU(2) × U(1) Higgs theory, which remove O ( a ) errors in the match between the infrared behavior and the infrared behavior of the continuum theory. The corrections substantially improve the convergence of lattice data to a small a limit.
On the Flow and Turbulence Within the Wake and Boundary Layer of a Rotor Blade Located Downstream of an IGV

This paper presents detailed experimental data on the flow and turbulence within the wake and boundary layer of a rotor blade operating behind a row of Inlet Guide Vanes (IGVs). The experiments are performed in a refractive index matched facility that provides an unobstructed view of the entire flow field. Results of the high-resolution 2D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements are used for characterizing the mean flow, Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy as well as dissipation and production rates. Dissipation and production rates are high and of the same order of magnitude near the trailing edge, and decrease rapidly with increasing distance from the blade. The trend is reversed in the wake kinking region, resulting in elevated turbulence levels, i.e. a turbulent hot spot. One-dimensional spectral analysis shows that, except for the very near wake and hot-spot regions, the turbulence within the rotor wake can be assumed to be isotropic. Also the directions of the maximum shear strain and shear stress are aligned in that region, i.e. consistent with eddy viscosity type Reynolds stress models. The rotor near wake mainly consists of two parallel layers experiencing planar shear with opposite signs as one would expect to find in a 2D wake. However, orientation differences can extend up to 45° near the trailing edge and the hot-spot. Furthermore, there is substantial mismatch in the location of the local maxima of stresses and strains. The values of S 33 are also large there, indicating that the flow is three-dimensional. Rotor boundary layer measurements focus on a region where the IGV wake intersects with the rotor blade. The impingement of the increased axial velocity region in between the IGV wakes causes the thinning of the boundary layer. This is similar to the effect of a turbulent jet impinging on a flat surface. When viewed in the frame of reference of “non-wake” flow regions, the boundary layer thinning can also be attributed to the suction (or “negative jet”) effect of the “slip velocity” present in the IGV wake segments. Spectral analysis shows that the turbulence in the rotor boundary layer is highly anisotropic. As a result, the spectra cannot be used for estimating the dissipation rate.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Population trends of nonmetropolitan cities and villages in subregions of the united states

This is a comparison of the 1950-1970 trends in population size of U.S. nonmetropolitan cities and villages among 26 homogeneous subregions. There are wide variations in the proportion of the nonmetropolitan population in incorporated places, and, though this proportion generally increased over the 1950-1970 period, decentralizing tendencies also are evident. There was most often a decline in the differential between the growth rate of incorporated places and of open country over the two decades. The positive association between initial size of place and growth, present in half of the subregions in the 1950s and indicative of population centralization, was found only in the Corn Belt, Great Plains, and Rocky Mountain subregions in the 1960s. There were regionally distinctive differences in all variables considered; most notably, the percent of places growing ranged 50 percentage points over the 26 subregions. The extent of subregional variation revealed by this analysis indicates how differences in physiography, climate, history, and economy continue to be reflected in settlement trends which are obscured when larger regional groupings are used.
Fiber Bragg grating spectral features for structural health monitoring of composite structures

We demonstrate the measurement of and applications for reflected spectral signatures obtained from FBG sen- sors in dynamic environments. Three uses of the spectral distortion measurements for monitoring of airframe structures are presented: the measurement of the dynamic response of a laminated plate to an impact event; the measurement of damage induced spectral distortion in a thin plate during vibration loading; and the measurement of the change in dynamic response of an adhesively bonded joint with the progression of fatigue damage.
What is the design science of instruction

This paper is an attempt to identify what instructional science is and what instructional scientists do.First, prescriptive design sciences are distinguished from descriptive sciences in general, and instructional science is characterized as a prescriptive design science.Second, three major phases of instructional development are described (design, production, and validation), and three approaches for each phase are identified (artistic, empirical, and analytic). The design science of instruction is described as being the foundation for one of the three approaches (the analytic) to one of the three phases (design) of instructional development.Third, typical activities of people in instructional science are described. Like all design sciences, instructional science has three types of professionals: scientists, technologists, and technicians. The major activities of instructional scientists are the derivation and validation of prescriptive principles of instruction.Fourth, a four-stage theory-construction procedure is proposed as a particularly promising methodology for instructional scientists to conduct their activities of deriving and validating prescriptive principles and theories of instruction.Fifth, reference is made to recent work by one instructional science laboratory which uses this four-stage theory-construction procedure. Andfinally, the controversy over basic vs. applied research is addressed from the perspective of the previous analyses.
The expression level of CB1 and CB2 receptors determines their efficacy at inducing apoptosis in astrocytomas

Background Cannabinoids represent unique compounds for treating tumors, including astrocytomas. Whether CB1 and CB2 receptors mediate this therapeutic effect is unclear.
Algorithms for Maze Routing With Exact Matching Constraints

Exact route matching is an important constraint for analog and mixed signal designs with nonuniform metal stacks. In this paper, we propose a constrained-path-based maze routing algorithm that can handle exact matching constraints for multiple nets. We also propose a scalable framework that utilizes the proposed maze routing algorithm for realistic problem sizes. Compared to the pattern routing algorithms proposed recently , our algorithms allow a more thorough exploration of the solution space by allowing bends to be inserted to avoid congested regions. Furthermore, we propose an ILP-based model to explore the impact of the initial routing topologies on the final solutions. Our experimental study demonstrates that the proposed algorithm leads to significant reductions in congestion costs compared to the previous algorithm.
Semiconductor laser integrated with a thermoelectrophotonic light emitting diode heat pump

Data are presented demonstrating, to our knowledge, the first monolithic chip integrating a semiconductor laser with a spontaneous light emitting diode optical pump that can also act as a heat pump. The light emitting diode operates in the voltage bias regime needed to generate a thermoelectrophotonic heat absorption. Under ideal operation the light emitting diode can efficiently optically pump the semiconductor laser, while at the same time absorbing heat generated by the laser and electrical contacting to the chip.
Analytically solvable dynamical systems which are not integrable

Abstract The central, two-fold aim of this paper is to expose a class of nonintegrable systems whose solutions can be analytically expressed in terms of computationally tractable algorithms and to explicitly construct a demonstrably meaningful general solution for one member of this class. Toward this end, information theoretic results are reviewed which show that dynamical systems of null metric entropy have general solutions of null algorithmic complexity. Hence, all systems exhibiting null metric entropy, including ergodic (only) and mixing (only) systems, have orbits which can be specified by algorithmically meaningful, analytic expressions whose information content is very much less than that of the orbits they describe. In consequence, we may quite legitimately define the class of systems having null metric entropy ot be algorithmically integrable, called A-integrable herein. After establishing the existence of A-integrability, this paper turns to the problem of exposing a specific nonintegrable but nonetheless A-integrable system whose algorithmically meaningful solution can be explicitly derived. The billiard moving within a plane polygon having the shape of a 60°–120° rhombus is shown to be a simple example. Indeed, the whole class of billiards moving in polygons whose angles are all rational multiples of π have null metric entropy and are therefore A-integrable systems; moreover, all rational billiards appear to have explicitly derivable solutions as is discussed herein and in a recent preprint by Bjorn Birnir. Because rational billiards are dense in the set of all plane billiards, including chaotic ones, the present paper suggests that A-integrable billiards may provide a long sought analytic route to chaos. Finally, it is pointed out that null entropied, A-integrable systems are perhaps the broadest category of systems which can reasonably be termed integrable, for systems having positive metric entropy are truly nonintegrable due to the presence of orbits which are their own simplest description and their own fastest computer.
Long-term effects of developmental PCP administration on sensorimotor gating in male and female rats

Acutely administered N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) antagonists are used to model schizophrenia, as measured by impairments in sensorimotor gating reflected in decreases in prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI). Aspects of acute NMDA receptor antagonism limit the applications of these models. The aim of this paper is to determine the long-term effects of developmental phencyclidine (PCP) treatment on sensorimotor gating in both male and female rats. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were injected with PCP (10 mg/kg s.c.) on postnatal days (PN) 7, 9, and 11 and were tested for PPI on PN 32—34. The groups were then divided and some of the animals received a single dose of PCP (10 mg/kg s.c.) on PN 45. The animals were tested again for PPI at approximately 1, 4, and 6 weeks after the treatment. There were no significant effects of neonatal-only treatment. One week after the PN 45 treatment, animals that were treated as neonates and as adolescents (PCP/PCP) were significantly impaired in PPI in both sexes. Male and female PCP/PCP rats also had significant increases in acoustic startle response 4 weeks posttreatment, which subsequently declined. PPI impairments in both sexes recovered over time and the adolescent-only treated females showed significant increases (improvement) in PPI approximately 6 weeks posttreatment. These data suggest that treatment with an NMDA receptor antagonist during adolescence or early adulthood can produce a relatively long-term impairment of PPI (approximately 1 week) and that this effect is more pronounced in male animals.
Predictors of Success in Nurse-Performed Ultrasound-Guided Cannulation

The objective of this study was to characterize factors affecting the success rate of nurse-performed ultrasound (US)-guided peripheral vein cannulation in difficult access patients. We prospectively enrolled patients who had two previous unsuccessful i.v. attempts. Nurses were trained in US-guided cannulation using a 7.5-MHz linear probe. The following characteristics were recorded: 1) reason for difficult access, 2) which upper arm veins could be sonographically visualized, 3) cannulation success, and 4) one- or two-person technique used. One hundred patients were enrolled. The cannulation success rate was 63%. Cannulation of the basilic vein was successful in 39 of 55 attempts (71%), whereas the success rate for the brachial vein was only 19 of 46 attempts (41%). The reason for difficult access and the one- or two-person technique did not affect success rate. The basilic vein was the best choice for cannulation, and the one-person technique was as successful as the two-person technique.
The Taut Band and Other Mysteries of the Trigger Point: An Examination of the Mechanisms Relevant to the Development and Maintenance of the Trigger Point

Objective: To examine the mechanisms that underlie the development of the myofascial trigger point [TrP].Results: The TrP represents chronically dysfunctional muscle, but initiation and persistence of the TrP taut band have not been fully explained. Studies suggest that the initiating factors are excessive mechanical forces generated by muscle. Supramaximal muscle contraction, overloaded eccentric contraction, or repetitive activity are consistent with Simons' hypothesis of an energy crisis as a critical event. Ischemia, hypoxia, and cell damage occur, leading to the release of cytokines, bradykinin, substance P, and calcitonin-gene-related peptide, all of which activate peripheral nociceptors. The taut band, chronically contracted, displays a sympathetic nervous system [SNS] modulated, localized, excessive endplate potential activity that produces a localized, nonpropagated contraction. The net effect is an excess of acetylcholine [ACh] at the motor end plate. This results from a combination of excess sp...
Effects of Feedback in a Forced‐Choice GSR Detection Task

Previous studies of the detection of internal events have failed to assess adequately the effects of external feedback on detection and identification of internal events. The purpose of the present study was to make use of a signal detection paradigm in an evaluation of feedback effects on the detection and identification of galvanic skin responses (GSRs). GSR detection was measured by the absolute difference between the areas above and below the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and reflected the extent to which subjects were able to differentiate between GSR and no-GSR trials. GSR identification was measured by the area below the ROC curve and reflected the labeling strategy (accurate or reversed) chosen by the subjects. It was found that external feedback as to the presence or absence and relative magnitude of GSRs was not necessary for differentiation of GSR and no-GSR trials, and that such feedback was detrimental to increased differentiation over sessions. External feedback may, however, have been useful in directing the attachment of identifying responses to the differentiated internal events. The similarity of these findings to findings reported in the schematic concept formation (SCF) literature was discussed. It was concluded that internal event detection tasks such as that used in the present study may be seen as examples of SCF involving internal stimulus events.
Very low threshold of amplified spontaneous emission in II–VI colloidal quantum dots at low exciton number

We demonstrate amplified spontaneous emission from close-packed, II–VI quantum dot (QD) thin films at record low threshold excitation energy corresponding to ∼1.2 effective exciton number per QD. Photon statistics from single QDs illustrates the role of excitonic interactions at excitation conditions corresponding to lasing threshold.
PATERNAL AND MATERNAL BIRTHWEIGHTS AND THE RISK OF INFANT PRETERM BIRTH

Objective Increasing paternal birthweight has been associated with increased risk of fathering a preterm infant, causing speculation that a fetus programmed to grow rapidly can trigger preterm labor. Study Design Pregnancies occurring from 1974-1989 among women themselves born in the Danish Perinatal Study (1959-1961) were identified through the Population Register; obstetric records were abstracted. Paternal birthweight was obtained by linking Personal Identification Numbers of the fathers to archived midwifery records. Results Paternal birthweight was not associated with preterm infants overall. However, there was a significant interaction between paternal and maternal birthweights ( P = .003). When the mother weighed less than 3 kg at birth, increasing paternal birthweight was associated with increased occurrence of preterm birth ( P for trend=.02); paternal birthweight was unassociated with preterm birth for mothers weighing 3 kg or more at birth ( P = .34). Conclusion When the mother was born small, increasing paternal birthweight was associated with increased risk of preterm birth, suggesting that a fetus growing faster than its mother can accommodate might trigger preterm birth.
Cardiac activity of unsaturated lactones as related to their theoretical peroxide formation.

A study has been made of a group of gamma lactones and peroxides on the frog heart. The hypothesis presented to explain the experimental results states that the cardiac activity of the lactones, as tested, is based upon peroxide formation from a free radical which in turn necessitates a resonating structure. Results are given indicating that the cardioactive product may be a hydroperoxide rather than the carbon to carbon form.
Age-related declines in the detection of passive wrist movement

Age-related changes in proprioceptive ability and their contributions to postural instability have been well documented. In contrast, and despite the known importance of proprioceptive feedback in the control of coordinated arm and hand movement, studies focusing on upper limb proprioception in older populations are few and equivocal in their findings. This study focused on kinesthetic awareness about the wrist joint in healthy young and older adults. Passive movement detection thresholds (PMDTs) were twice as high in older compared to young participants. In contrast to previous findings demonstrating asymmetries in static position sense, PMDT did not differ between the dominant and non-dominant wrist joints nor did direction of joint displacement affect PMDT as has been reported for the lower limb. Preliminary analysis indicated that PMDT was significantly higher in older adults categorized as sedentary while active older adults were able to detect passive movement as well as young adults. These findings demonstrate that upper limb kinesthesia is impaired in older adults although the degree of impairment may be influenced by one's level of physical activity.
Inclusion body myositis and renal cell carcinoma. Report of two cases and review of the literature.

Objective. To describe the clinical course of 2 patients with concurrent inclusion body myositis and renal cell carcinoma and review published reports of inclusion body myositis associated with malignancy. Methods. Prospective followup of 2 patients. Review of published case reports and series of patients with inclusion body myositis. Results. Our 2 patients with inclusion body myositis and renal cell carcinoma had no improvement of strength following nephrectomy. Seven previously reported cases of inclusion body myositis and malignancy were identified and are discussed. Conclusion. Findings in our 2 patients suggest that there is no etiopathologic relationship between inclusion body myositis and malignancy.
Physical–chemical characterization of purified cresol red for spectrophotometric pH measurements in seawater

Abstract The use of impure cresol red in spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements can introduce systematic inaccuracies greater than 0.1. Cresol red has been purified on a bulk scale to address this problem, but a characterization of the dye's physical–chemical properties has not been provided to date. This work reports the physical–chemical characteristics of purified cresol red for use in spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements over a range of temperatures and salinities. Seawater pH is expressed on the total hydrogen ion concentration scale (pHT) in terms of the ratio (R) of cresol red absorbances (A) at 433 and 573 nm (RCR = 573A/433A): pH T = − log K 2 T e 2 + log R CR − e 1 1 − R CR e 3 e 2 where − log(K2Te2) = a + b/T + c ln T − dT a = − 859.326051 + 0.14616 S + 7.81164 × 10 − 4 S 2 b = 22969.9366 + 8.04468 S − 0.20512 S 2 c = 152.209523 − 0.0317821 S d = 0.259915 and cresol red molar absorptivity ratios are expressed as: e 1 = − 0.00413 + 1.814 × 10 − 5 T e 3 / e 2 = − 0.021683 + 1.8107 × 10 − 4 T + 3.163 × 10 − 5 S − 35 for 278.15 ≤ T ≤ 308.15 K and 20 ≤ S ≤ 40. We recommend using cresol red to measure the acidity of seawater that has (at 298.15 K) a pHT of 6.8–7.8. This range might be encountered in ocean areas such as oxygen minimum zones or, hydrothermal vent fields, or it might be imposed in controlled laboratory studies. Ocean acidification will make cresol red an increasingly important indicator in coming decades as waters within ever larger ocean areas shift into its optimal indicating range.
Role of Probiotics Stakeholders in Future Research and Policy on Probiotics Use in the United States

The "Role of Stakeholders and Future Research and Policy Needs for the United States" workshop was part of the First International Drug Information Association Conference, which took place on 16-17 October 2006 at the College Park Campus of the University of Maryland (Adelphi, MD). The workshop was cochaired by Johanna Dwyer and Marguerite Klein and included the following panelists: Maria Oria, Daniel Fabricant, Robert Garfield, David Klurfield, and Mary Ellen Sanders. Richard Oberhelman, James Heimbach, Gregor Reid, Freddie Ann Hoffman, David Snydman, Charles Good-worth, Carmen Tamayo, and members of the audience joined the panelists in the ensuing discussion.
Water and Forest Productivity

Abstract Water availability is a major factor influencing the distribution and productivity of the earth's vegetation, but details of the mechanisms by which its effects are felt are not well understood. This is due in large part to the interactions between water and vegetation, such as through interception and change in leaf-area, which affect rates of canopy photosynthesis and transpiration. Physiological differences among species are not always directly translated to differences among stands, emphasizing the importance of climate and microclimate as controls. Leaf-area index ( L ) is a critical integrator of water availability and productivity, and changes in leaf-area, such as occur through thinning and understory control, may have dramatic effects on both. There is increasing evidence that L changes significantly within an annual cycle and from year to year, even in closed-canopy conifer stands. Consequently, the season and year in which a measurement of L is made may explain much of the variability noted before in its response to water availability and effects on productivity. Because carbon, water, and nutrient cycles are so closely coupled, simulation models that represent both direct and indirect relationships are useful tools for understanding and managing forest ecosystems.
Targeting Protein Prenylation in Progeria

A clinical trial of a protein farnesyltransferase inhibitor (lonafarnib) for the treatment of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) was recently completed. Here, we discuss the mutation that causes HGPS, the rationale for inhibiting protein farnesyltransferase, the potential limitations of this therapeutic approach, and new potential strategies for treating the disease.
The magnetic circular dichroism spectrum of acetylene

Abstract The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectrum of gas phase acetylene has been studied in the spectral region 320-140 nm. No MCD signal was detected in the region of the first transition. The observation of irregular MCD bands beginning at 185 nm confirm assignment of this latter band as the 0-0 band of the second transition. The discrete and relatively narrow bands in the region 155-140 nm exhibit pure A-term character, lending unambiguous confirmation to the assignment of 1Πu for the state. The observed absorption spectrum in this region is interpreted as consisting of two non-interacting systems, one involving the 1Πu Rydberg state and the other, a broad continuous background, cannot be assigned. It is however suggested that it may be due to the 1Σu+ state of the π → π* excited configuration.
Stimulation of Glutathione Synthesis in Photorespiring Plants by Catalase Inhibitors

The effect of various herbicides on glutathione levels in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), and corn (Zea mays L.) was examined. Illumination of excised barley, tobacco, and soybean plants for 8 hours in solution containing 2 millimolar aminotriazole (a catalase inhibitor) resulted in an increase in leaf glutathione from 250 to 400 nanomoles per gram fresh weight to 600 to 1800 nanomoles per gram fresh weight, depending on the species tested. All of this increase could be accounted for as oxidized glutathione. Between 25 and 50% of this oxidized glutathione was reduced when plants were darkened for 16 hours, but there was no significant decline in total glutathione. Another catalase inhibitor, thiosemicarbazide, was as effective as aminotriazole in elevating glutathione in soybean but was less effective in barley and tobacco. Glyphosate, an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, had no significant effect on glutathione levels in any of the plants examined. Whereas methyl viologen (paraquat), which is a sink for photosystem I electrons, caused oxidation of leaf glutathione in all of the plants but did not increase the total amount of glutathione present.
Cinnoline chemistry. XI. The ultraviolet spectra of halogen substituted 4‐hydroxy‐ and 4‐mercaptocinnolines

The ultraviolet spectra of a series of 4-hydroxy- and 4-mercaptocinnolines substituted with fluorine, chlorine or bromine in the 5-, 6-, 7- and 8-position have been obtained in absolute methanol solution between 200 and 500 mμ. The spectra were used, to make structural assignments for the products of cyclization from mesoxalyl chloride, m-fluoro-and m-bromophenylhydrazones.
Charge transport and the mechanism for solid state film diffusion in integrated optical waveguide glass substrates

A model describing the mechanism of solid-state film diffusion into oxide substrates was developed and shown to accurately predict the dopant concentration profiles1 . The model coupled oxidation of the dopant at the metal-substrate interface with field assisted diffusion of the resulting metal ions into the substrate. The model, an adequate description of the process once initiated, could not explain how the diffusion process starts nor the experimental behavior observed at low electric fields (< 25 V/cm). This current work investigates the initiation of solid-state film ion exchange (Ag+ Na+) in glass substrates. In this paper we establish the fundamental space charge origin of the initiation process and show how this space charge gives rise to the Mott potential necessary for initiating the oxidation of the metal dopant. A one-dimensional, charge transport model is presented considering the development of space-charge effects in glass having two charge-blocking electrodes. The model results indicate that the rate limiting step for initiating Ag+ diffusion in glass is the motion of oxygen ions towards the silver anode. The predictions of this model compare favorably with the "dead times" observed in the current vs. time curves during ion-exchange. The dead time corresponds to the accumulation oxygen ions at the metal-glass interface and consequently, a period of negligible diffusion of silver into the glass. The absence of silver diffusion during this period was confirmed by analyzing the surface composition of the glass using Rutherford backscattering analysis (RBS).
"A man in a painted garment:" The social functions of jesting in Elizabethan rhetoric and courtesy manuals

Many Elizabethan rhetoric and courtesy manuals offer jesting as apowerful rhetorical strategy for managing specific situations. Although highly pragmatic, the manuals' treatments of the subject imply a sociology of humor that classifies jests according to the broader social functions they serve: jests which preserve existing social relations and jests which disrupt, or even challenge, them. What eludes this classificatory scheme, however, are the properties of jesting itself. Jesting is always aflirtation with disorder and often serves conservative and disruptive functions simultaneously. If this is so, then the manuals' discussions of jesting replay (and magnify) ambiguities and anxieties characteristic of Elizabethan culture and Elizabethan rhetorical and courtesy theory in general. A jest appears in Tales and Quick Answers (1535?) in which an "uplandish man nourished [i.e., reared] in the woods" comes to the city and witnesses a royal procession. When he enters the city, he sees the streets filled with people shouting, "The king cometh!" The excitement of the crowd piques the bumpkin's interest, and he waits for the king's arrival. When the king does come into view with "many nobles and 'sates before him," the crowd shouts, "God save the king! God save the king!" The bumpkin, however, cannot identify the king and asks someone to point him out. A person standing nearby says to the rustic, "Yonder is he [the king] that rideth upon the goodly white horse." The bumpkin cannot believe that the man on the horse is the king, suspects that this other fellow is playing a prank on him, and delivers what turns out to be the jest's punch-line: "Is that the king? ... What thou mockest me ... Methink that is a man in a painted Humor 13-4 (2000), 429-455 0933-1719/00/0013-0429 © Walter de Gruyter Brought to you by | University of South Carolina Libraries (University of South Carolina Libraries) Authenticated | 172.16.1.226 Download Date | 6/1/12 5:37 PM
CH hemagglutinogen in primates.

SummaryIn our first paper describing this factor, the serum was diluted 1-10 prior to a single absorption with washed packed OMN Rh-positive human erythrocytes. Our present serum has been absorbed, undiluted, under varying conditions, 3 times with cell stroma from group A and B human erythrocytes and 5 times with washed packed human erythrocytes of groups A, B, and 0. It is of interest that all chimpanzees of both group A and group 0 and of both sexes, reacted in almost an identical manner when tested by either the slide or tube test method. One of these was a pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). After 6 absorptions (Table I) no alteration in the titer occurred with chimpanzee cells. Although our studies are not complete, we have presented the following facts: That an anti-chimpanzee (anti-Ch) serum of high antibody titer has been developed by repeated injections of washed chimpanzee cells into rabbits. That the great majority of both Whites and Negroes contain the Ch agglutinogen, in varying degrees, in or o...
Tattoos: Counseling the adolescent

In Western society, approximately 3% to 5% of the population has at least one decorative tattoo, and the number of new tattoos has increased dramatically over the last decade. Tattooing is becoming increasingly popular among adolescents. Pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) are in key positions to counsel preadolescents and adolescents about tattoos. PNPs should be knowledgeable about the care, potential adverse reactions, risks of blood-borne diseases, and removal of tattoos. PNPs should also have an understanding of who gets tattoos, why they get tattoos, and what type of regulations exist related to tattooing in the United States.
Case study: error rates and paperwork design

A job instruction document, or workcard, for civil aircraft maintenance produced a number of paperwork errors when used operationally. The design of the workcard was compared to the guidelines of Patel et al [1994, Applied Ergonomics, 25 (5), 286-293]. All of the errors occurred in work instructions which did not meet these guidelines, demonstrating that the design of documentation does affect operational performance.
Further generalizations of the Wythoff game and the minimum excludant

Given non-negative integers a and b, we consider the following game WYT(a,b). Given two piles that consist of x and y matches, and two players having alternate turns; a single move consists of a player choosing x^' matches from one pile and y^' from the other such that 0@?x^'@?x,0@?y^'@?y,0
Oral versus intramuscular progesterone for in vitro fertilization: a prospective randomized study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of oral micronized progesterone compared with IM progesterone in oil for luteal support in patients undergoing IVF who are treated with a GnRH agonist. Design: Randomized prospective clinical trial. Setting: University-based IVF center. Patient(s): Women Intervention(s): Patients were randomized to receive either oral micronized progesterone (200 mg three times daily) or IM progesterone (50 mg daily). Main Outcome Measure(s): Progesterone levels at standardized days 21 and 28, and pregnancy and embryo implantation rates. Result(s): Day 21 progesterone levels were 77.6 ± 13.2 ng/mL in the IM group and 81.5 ± 16.2 ng/mL in the oral group. Day 28 progesterone levels were 76.3 ± 15.0 ng/mL in the IM group and 53.6 ± 10.1 ng/mL in the oral group. The clinical pregnancy rates were 57.9% and 45.8% for the IM and oral groups, respectively. The implantation rate per embryo was significantly higher in the IM group (40.9%) than in the oral group (18.1%). Conclusion(s): When used according to our protocols, oral progesterone and IM progesterone result in comparable levels of circulating progesterone. However, oral progesterone results in a reduced implantation rate per embryo.
Flagellar systems in the euglenoid flagellates

Abstract The flagellar apparatus of euglenoids consists of two functional basal bodies, three unequal microtubular roots subtending the reservoir, and a fourth band of microtubules nucleated from one of the flagellar roots and subtending the reservoir membrane. The flagellar apparatus of some euglenoids may contain additional basal bodies, striated roots (“rhisoplasts”), fibrous roots, striated connecting fibers between basal bodies, layered structures, or various electron-dense connective substances. With the possible exception of Petalomonas cantuscygni, nearly all euglenoids are biflagellate although the length of one flagellum may be highly reduced. The flagellar transition zone and number of basal bodies are highly variable among species. In recent years a cytoplasmic pocket that branches off from the reservoir has been discovered. The microtubules of the ventral flagellar root are continuous with the microtubules which line this pocket. Based on positional and structural similarities, this structure is believed to be homologous with the MTR/cytostome of bodonids. Coupled with other ultrastructural and biochemical data, the fine structure of the flagellar apparatus supports the belief that the euglenoid flagellates are descendant from bodonid ancestors.
Paleobathymetric trends of neogene foraminiferal assemblages and sea floor tectonism in the Andaman Sea area

Abstract Three Miocene and two Pliocene samples recovered from the floor of the Andaman Sea indicate a tectonic history for the sea floor which is similar to the surrounding islands. Benthonic Foraminifera from the Miocene samples indicate that the sediments were deposited in water depths significantly deeper than the depths from which they were dredged. Benthonic Foraminifera in the Pliocene samples, however, indicate depths of deposition similar to the water depths from which they were dredged. The similarity of paleobathymetric histories for the Andaman Sea and surrounding islands suggests that an uplift, probably beginning in the Middle Miocene and culminating in the Pliocene, has affected the entire region. Sediment accumulation and contemporaneous rates of sedimentation suggest that the Andaman Sea may not be older than the Miocene, and that the regional uplift may have been initiated at the same time as the sea-floor spreading.
Downsampling dependent upsampling of images

Downsampling an image results in the loss of image information that cannot be recovered with upsampling. We demonstrate that the particular combination of downsampling and upsampling methods used can significantly impact the reconstructed image quality, and then we propose a technique to identify patterns associated with different downsampling methods in order to select the appropriate upsampling mechanism. The technique has low complexity and achieves high accuracy over a wide range of images.
ON OPERATORS WITH CLOSED ANALYTIC CORE

As shown by Mbekhta [9] and [10], the analytic core and the quasi-nilpotent part of an operator play a significant role in the local spectral and Fredholm theory of operators on Banach spaces. It is a basic fact that the analytic core is closed whenever 0 is an isolated point of the spectrum. In this note, we explore the extent to which the converse is true, based on the concept of support points. Our results are exemplified in the case of decomposable operators, Riesz operators, convolution operators, and semi-shifts.
Determination of Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling by Simulation of EPR spectra of frozen solutions

Abstract Nuclear electric quadrupole interactions can influence EPR spectra very strongly at certain magnetic field orientations through the positions and intensities of double-spin-flip transitions. Previously, we analyzed orientation-dependent EPR spectra of magnetically dilute single crystals having 63 Cu in a variety of coordination sites to obtain principal components of the quadrupole coupling tensor. The values showed a striking correlation with site geometry and electronic structure. High-symmetry, large-coordination-number sites have the largest quadrupole coupling constants. This potentially useful structural tool has been limited by its restriction to dilute single crystals. Accordingly, we report now on the importance of the quadrupole-sensitive double-spin-flip transitions in EPR spectra of frozen solutions. The X-band and Q-band spectra of some frozen solutions of copper /f-ketoenolates (with the copper isotopes in natural abundance) in more-or-less coordinating solvents had rather broad, poorly resolved features. Nevertheless, inclusion of the double-spin-flip transitions proved essential to successful stimulation of the X-band spectra. By matching computed simulations with the experimental spectra we show that these extra transitions contribute sufficiently to permit one to extract nuclear quadrupole coupling information. The resulting quadrupole coupling constants follow the expected order of solvent ligand strength and lie in between those previously found for sites of 5- and 6-coordination. Specific axial solvent coordination is implied.
P1E-4 Coded Excitation Improves Vascular Wall Shear Rate Estimation

There has been great interest in developing accurate ultrasonic velocity estimators to measure wall shear rate (WSR), in vivo. In this study, we implemented coded pulse excitation methods onto a commercial scanner and used flow-angle-corrected correlation methods to obtain WSR estimates with high spatial resolution near vessel walls. We tested the method on flow phantoms that generated a similar time-averaged shear range to human arteries (100-600 1/s), and on carotid arteries of a volunteer. Phase-modulated (PM = 13-bit Optimal) code and frequency-modulated (FM = 2.1mus pseudo-chirp) pulse with similar excitation energies were programmed into a Siemens Antares system. RF data recorded using ultrasound research interface (URI) was decoded offline. The accuracy and precision of WSR measurements were compared among broadband (BB)/narrowband (NB) and coded/uncoded data. eSNR was enhanced 15 dB using codes compared with BB pulses, and 5 dB compared with NB pulses. Experimental results show that coded pulses overall yield the minimal errors in WSR estimation (-10 % bias (B) and 4% standard deviation (SD)), compared with those of BB (30% B, 15% SD) and NB pulses (20% B, 10% SD). Errors increase with WSR for all pulses. ECG-gated acquisitions from the carotid artery of a volunteer yielded the comparable WSR values at peak systole of 853 1/s (PM), 820 (FM), 729 1/s (NB), and 590 1/s (BB), while the coded pulses provided the lowest variances. Our study shows that coded excitation techniques can increase both the precision and accuracy in WSR estimation over a broad range of shear rate. The study also demonstrates the feasibility of in vivo application of coded excitation in WSR flow imaging
Lending Analysis Support System (LASS): An Application of a Knowledge-Based System to Support Commercial Loan Analysis

Knowledge-based systems represent one of the most important and fastest growing research topics in the field of information and decision sciences. They promise to have an appreciable impact on decisionmaking in ill-structured decision settings where managers often employ semilogical procedures and tacit knowledge. The incorporation of knowledge engineering concepts with decision-support systems is discussed. A knowledge-based system supports the selection of appropriate models and data which are features contained in a conventional decisionsupport system. A knowledge-based prototype designed for the difficult problems encountered by commercial loan officers is also described, as are the elicitation and representation techniques employed in developing the prototype.
Virtual galaxy formation

In this contribution, I brie®y review the status of e¬orts to directly simulate the evolution of galaxies and their pre- and post-formation environments. A few phenomenological applications are discussed: the intracluster medium in galaxy clusters, the structure of the Ly¬ forest, galaxy clustering in cosmic volumes and the internal structure of galaxies. Given the strongly empirical character of the problem, `reverse engineering’ of the observed galaxy distribution is a fair characterization of the near-term state of a¬airs. The thorny problem of how galaxies trace the overall mass on large scales may be yielding some ground, but e¬orts to resolve smaller-scale features of galaxies are challenged by the complex nature of star{gas interactions on kiloparsec scales.
Inhibition of hepatic macromolecule synthesis by single doses of N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide.

Abstract A single intraperitoneal injection of N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide, at a dose of 40 mg/kg, into male rats was shown to inhibit both liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and proteinuria by rats with experimental nephrosis. These effects were accompanied by inhibition of the incorporation of labeled precursors into hepatic RNA and DNA. No such inhibitory effects were seen in normal rats. No definitive explanation for these results can be given at present, but it is suggested that this compound may be affecting the regulatory mechanisms involved in cell division.
Citalopram, QTc Interval Prolongation, and Torsade de Pointes. How Should We Apply the Recent FDA Ruling?

Recently, both the manufacturer of citalopram and the US Food and Drug Administration have warned health care providers and patients about new information implicating drug-induced QTc interval prolongation and torsade de pointes when using citalopram in doses >40 mg/day. This warning is not placed in the context of either benefits or risks in real-world clinical practice, leaving clinicians with an untenable choice between depriving patients of high-dose citalopram or malpractice litigation. We reviewed the literature and found no cases of citalopram-induced sudden cardiac death among patients taking up to 60 mg/day of citalopram and free of risk factors for QTc interval prolongation and torsade de pointes. Because psychotropic drug-induced sudden cardiac death is an outlier in the absence of identified risk factors for QTc interval prolongation and torsade de pointes, we do not believe current Phase 3 and Phase 4 studies provide sufficient information to limit current prescribing practices for citalopram (20 mg to 60 mg/day). We urge drug manufacturers and regulatory agencies to periodically publish full case reports of psychotropic drug-induced QTc interval prolongation, torsade de pointes, and sudden cardiac death so that clinicians and investigators may better understand the clinical implications of prescribing such drugs as citalopram.