cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slip modes of alpha uranium

Abstract A detailed analysis is given of the slip modes of α-uranium in terms of its crystal structure and elastic properties. The effective shear moduli, dislocation line energies, dislocation widths, and Peierls-Nabarro stresses have been calculated for the various slip systems by applying anisotropic elasticity theory of dislocations. Attempts are made to interpret the deformation phenomena reported on α-uranium in the light of the calculated dislocation parameters. The fact that the (010) [100] slip system is the primary one observed at room temperature, whereas the (001) [100] slip system operates only as a secondary slip mode in cross-slip is consistent with the calculated results. A calculation of the temperature dependence of such dislocation parameters between-200 and 650 °C provides an adequate explanation for the prevalence of the (001) [100] slip over the (010) [100] slip at temperatures above 325 to 350 °C.
Insertion of the 34-kDa Chloroplast Protein Import Component, IAP34, into the Chloroplast Outer Membrane Is Dependent on Its Intrinsic GTP-binding Capacity

IAP34 is a 34-kDa component of the outer membrane complex that mediates the initial stages of protein import into chloroplasts (Seedorf, M., Waegemann, K., and Soll, J. (1995) Plant J. 7, 401-411; Kessler, F., Blobel, G., Patel, H. A., and Schnell, D. J. (1994) Science 266, 1035-1039). We have investigated the targeting and insertion of IAP34 at the outer envelope membrane. The analyses of IAP34 deletion mutants and hybrid proteins (consisting of regions of IAP34 fused to the soluble IgG-binding domain of staphylococcal protein A) suggest that the transmembrane domain and C-terminal tail of IAP34 contain information essential but not sufficient for targeting to the outer membrane. Treatment of chloroplasts with exogenous proteases does not affect IAP34 insertion, indicating that targeting does not require surface-exposed receptors at the envelope. GTP or GDP is required for maximal integration of IAP34 into the outer membrane. The GTP/GDP requirement is attributed to the intrinsic GTP binding activity of IAP34 because GTP/GDP binding-deficient mutants are defective in outer membrane insertion. On the basis of these observations, we propose that IAP34 is targeted to the chloroplast by a C-terminal signal and efficiently integrated into the outer membrane by conformation-induced insertion upon GTP/GDP binding.
Ets target genes: past, present and future

Ets is a family of transcription factors present in species ranging from sponges to human. All family members contain an approximately 85 amino acid DNA binding domain, designated the Ets domain. Ets proteins bind to specific purine-rich DNA sequences with a core motif of GGAA/T, and transcriptionally regulate a number of viral and cellular genes. Thus, Ets proteins are an important family of transcription factors that control the expression of genes that are critical for several biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, and apoptosis. Here, we tabulate genes that are regulated by Ets factors and describe past, present and future strategies for the identification and validation of Ets target genes. Through definition of authentic target genes, we will begin to understand the mechanisms by which Ets factors control normal and abnormal cellular processes.
1) The school library as an instrument of education in Nigeria

(1975). (1) The school library as an instrument of education in Nigeria. International Library Review: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 39-58.
"Citizenship as Property, Not So Valuable "

With The Birthright Lottery: Citizenship and Global Inequality, Ayelet Shachar is the first major scholar to put the rich theory of property law theory to work in the realm of citizenship. Assessed on its own criteria, the book delivers on its promise to shake up our thinking on this question. Nevertheless, I argue in this paper that her account is not ultimately persuasive. First, Shachar takes for granted that citizenship is a valuable resource. I suggest that today legal residency is more highly valued that citizenship. Also her defense of the state and the social advantages of having stable citizenship regimes does nothing to confront its decline as the central organizing principle of political life. Last but not least, the modalities of a birthright citizenship levy calls into question the underlying analysis. For instance, the current proposal looks undistinguishable from foreign aid and it would demand much more robust institutional organs of global governance that now exist. The second prong of her argument works at the domestic level as it tackles the problem of under- and over-inclusiveness of birthright citizenship. Here too I have reservations highlighted by modes of implementation.
Proof techniques for hierarchically structured programs

A method for describing and structuring programs that simplifies proofs of their correctness is presented. The method formally represents a program in terms of levels of abstraction, each level of which can be described by a self-contained nonprocedural specification. The proofs, like the programs, are structured by levels. Although only manual proofs are described in the paper, the method is also applicable to semi-automatic and automatic proofs. Preliminary results are encouraging, indicating that the method can be applied to large programs, such as operating systems.
Simulation of imaging with a theta line-scanning confocal microscope

We describe a 2-D computational model of the optical propagation of coherent light from a laser diode within human skin to improve our understanding of the performance of a confocal reflectance theta microscope. The simulation uses finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computations to solve Maxwell's equations in a synthetic skin model that includes melanin, mitochondria, and nuclei. The theta line-scanning confocal microscope configuration experiences more localized decreases in the signal than the confocal common-path point scanning microscope. We hypothesize that these decreases result from the bi-static imaging configuration, the imaging geometry, and the inhomogeneity of the index of refraction of the skin. All these factors result in the source path having different aberrations than those of the receive path. Our previous work showed a wide variability on received signals in a realistic tissue model with a small scattering object below the epidermis. Here we present synthetic images in the epidermis to evaluate the effect of various tissue parameters on overall image quality. Additionally, the model shows that correction of low-order aberrations result in an improvement in focus at the image plane. Changes in the model will be used to optimize the design of the theta line-scanning confocal microscope.
On Paths Generated by Fixed Point Algorithms

This paper considers algorithms that compute fixed points or more generally solve equations which are based on complementary pivoting. These algorithms, starting with a map f0 and its fixed point x0, deform ft to f∞ = f as t goes from 0 to ∞, and follow the path xt of fixed points of ft. In this paper we study these paths. In particular, we treat some special applications of these algorithms from a global point of view, and thus look at the behavior and properties of these paths sufficiently far from the solution. Our methods are motivated by methods of global analysis. We show that in many implementations of these algorithms the path can be specified. These include the cases when the mapping is linear and when it is smooth and monotone. The results of the linear analysis are used to study the local behavior of these paths i.e., properties and behavior sufficiently close to the solution for smooth mappings. An important implication of this study is that the paths can be modified and thus the work done by these algorithms can be controlled. We also show, for smooth mappings, how our results can be implemented to increase the efficiency of some standard algorithms.
An implicit Markov random field model for the multi-scale oriented representations of natural images

In this paper, we describe a new Markov random field (MRF) model for natural images in multiscale oriented representations. The MRF in this model is specified with the singleton conditional densities (the density of one subband coefficient given its Markovian neighbors), while the clique potentials and joint density of this model are implicitly defined. The singleton conditional densities are chosen to have maximum entropy and consistent with observed statistical properties of natural images. We then describe parameter learning for this model, and a sparse prior to choose optimal model structure. Using this model as image prior, we develop an iterative image denoising method, and a solution to restoring images with missing blocks of subband coefficients.
The Literature on Multicultural Education: review and analysis

This paper presents a comprehensive review of journal articles on multicultural education about which much has been written. The location and tracing of this literature is described.
Linking economic and ecological models for a marine ecosystem

Increasingly, economists and ecologists have begun to recognize the value to public policy of combining information and results from each discipline into multidisciplinary studies. Here, we present a methodological approach that links economic and ecological analyses. We develop an economic � /ecological model by merging an input � /output model of a coastal economy with a model of a marine food web. We describe distinct linear system sub-models of the economy and the ecosystem, and we develop a method for linking the two. Our method extends the work of earlier researchers by incorporating an ecosystem matrix into resource multipliers, and by showing how these multipliers may be calculated. We present a numerical example for the New England region using coastal economic and marine ecological data from the region for a restricted set of industry sectors and food web trophic levels. We calculate resource multipliers for the example, and we simulate the economic impacts of changes in primary production in the ecosystem on final demands for fishery products. The results illustrate the effects of incorporating the impacts of habitat destruction and ecosystem structure on resource multipliers. Our approach can be extended to incorporate the full range of sectors in the economy and trophic levels in a linked ecosystem. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Visual comparison processes: identity and similarity decisions.

In the first experiment, in which two successively presented free-form visual patterns varied in their similarity to each other, subjects had to decide, in one condition, if the patterns were “identical” and in two other conditions if the patterns were “similar.” Qualitative individual differences in the effect of similarity on the time required to make a decision were found in the “identity” condition, and these differences interacted with the “similarity” conditions. The individual differences and the experimental effects are interpreted in terms of a two-process model of the visual comparison process—a holistic matching process that is sometimes accompanied by an analytic difference detection process. In the second experiment, the same subjects repeatedly categorized subsets of the free-form visual patterns on the basis of similarity. There appeared to be no individual differences in the subjects’ perceptions of similarity, but subjects’ perceptions did differ from the assumptions made by the experimenters when they established the response criteria for the first experiment.
Nitric oxide in traumatic brain injury

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous chemical messenger which has functions in the brain in a variety of broad physiological processes, including control of cerebral blood flow, interneuronal communications, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, receptor functions, intracellular signal transmission, and release of neurotransmitters. As might be expected from the numerous and complex roles that NO normally has, it can have both beneficial and detrimental effects in disease states, including traumatic brain injury. There are two periods of time after injury when NO accumulates in the brain, immediately after injury and then again several hours-days later. The initial immediate peak in NO after injury is probably due to the activity of endothelial NOS and neuronal NOS. Pre-injury treatment with 7-nitroindazole, which probably inhibits this immediate increase in NO by neuronal NOS, is effective in improving neurological outcome in some models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). After the initial peak in NO, there can be a period of relative deficiency in NO. This period of low NO levels is associated with a low cerebral blood flow (CBF). Administration of L-arginine at this early time improves CBF, and outcome in many models. The late peak in NO after traumatic injury is probably due primarily to the activity of inducible NOS. Inhibition of inducible NOS has neuroprotective effects in most models.
Effects of aneuploidy on skull growth in a mouse model of Down syndrome

Adult craniofacial morphology results from complex interactions among genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Trisomy causes perturbations in the genetic programmes that control development and these are reflected in morphology that can either ameliorate or worsen with time and growth. Many of the specific changes that occur in Down syndrome can be studied in the Ts65Dn trisomic mouse, which shows direct parallels with specific aspects of adult craniofacial dysmorphology associated with trisomy 21. This study investigates patterns of craniofacial growth in Ts65Dn mice and their euploid littermates to assess how the adult dysmorphology develops. Three-dimensional coordinate data were collected from microcomputed tomography scans of the face, cranial base, palate and mandible of newborn (P0) and adult trisomic and euploid mice. Growth patterns were analysed using Euclidean distance matrix analysis. P0 trisomic mice show significant differences in craniofacial shape. Growth is reduced along the rostro-caudal axis of the Ts65Dn face and palate relative to euploid littermates and Ts65Dn mandibles demonstrate reduced growth local to the mandibular processes. Thus, the features of Down syndrome that are reflected in the mature Ts65Dn skull are established early in development and growth does not appear to ameliorate them. Differences in growth may in fact contribute to many of the morphological differences that are evident at birth in trisomic mice and humans.
SYNTHESIS AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF A SERIES OF THIOMALIC ACID DERIVATIVES.

Mono and diesters of thiomalic acid with various alcohols were prepared, and the S- n -butyl derivatives of the diesters were prepared. These compounds were analyzed, various physical constants were determined, and the fungicidal and fungistatic activities were measured, using undecylenic acid as the standard for comparison against Trichophyton mentagrophytes . Several of the compounds under the conditions of the tests exhibited fungicidal and/or fungistatic activity.
Recent Major Fed Errors and Better Alternatives

This paper discusses a central issue about the recent slow recovery. Why did enormous, unprecedented monetary stimulus have such a small response? The Fed made three major errors. It failed to recognize that the principal economic problems were real, not monetary. It focused excessively on short-term data, and failed to develop a useful strategy. And it ignored changes in money and credit, The Obama administration caused the principal real problems by imposing costly regulation, and an approach to business that the Economist called “The Criminalization of American Business.”
Human rights and the right to abortion in Latin America

The scope of this study is to question the fact that in some countries in Latin America (Chile, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras and the Dominican Republic) abortion is still forbidden in all situations. Even after all the debate on this thorny issue, the theory of human rights is not often used in the defense of abortion. This is clearly related to the pervasive, albeit unspoken belief that, due to their condition, pregnant women inherently lose their full human rights and should surrender and even give up their lives in favor of the unborn child. This article seeks to show that an adequate reading of the theory of human rights should include abortion rights through the first two trimesters of pregnancy, based on the fact that basic liberties can only be limited for the sake of liberty itself. It also seeks to respond to those who maintain that the abortion issue cannot be resolved since the exact point in the development of the embryo that distinguishes legitimate from illegitimate abortion cannot be determined. There are strong moral and scientific arguments for an approach capable of reducing uncertainty and establishing the basis for criminal law reforms that focus on the moral importance of trimester laws.
On sorting an intransitive total ordered set using semi-heap

The problem of sorting an intransitive total ordered set, a generalization of regular sorting, is considered. This generalized sorting is based on the fact that there exists a special linear ordering for any intransitive total ordered set. A new data structure called semi-heap is proposed to construct an optimal /spl Theta/(n log n) sorting algorithm. Finally, we propose a cost-optimal parallel algorithm using semi-heap. The run time of this algorithm is /spl Theta/(n) with /spl Theta/(log n) processors under the EREW PRAM model.
Reducing the cost of evaluating the committor by a fitting procedure.

Correct identification of reaction coordinates in complex systems is essential for understanding the mechanisms of their reaction dynamics. Existing methods for identifying reaction coordinates typically require knowledge of the committor—the probability of a given configuration to reach the product basin. The high computational cost of evaluating committors has limited applications of methods for identifying reaction coordinates. We proposed a fitting procedure that can reduce the cost of evaluating committors by an order of magnitude or more. The method only requires evaluating the committors of a few configurations in a transition path by the standard and costly shooting procedure. The committors of the other configurations are then estimated with great accuracy by a sigmoid function derived from fitting the few numerically evaluated committors. The method has been systematically tested on a model system of a Brownian particle moving in a one-dimensional double-well potential, and a small biomolecular system—the isomerization of alanine dipeptide in vacuum and in explicit water.
On the Vicissitudes of Cyberspace as Potential-Space

This paper examines some issues which emergefrom the use of cyberspace within organizations,focusing on the extent to which cyberspace facilitatesand/or interferes with individual and organizational growth. It is argued that the Internet has cometo facilitate a form of interaction which may appearlargely social and related, while remaining relativelyisolated, asocial or at best partially social, self-protective, and removed. This is a form ofinteraction which is often characterized by partialrelationships as well as confusion or ambiguity betweenwhat is happening and what is imagined. In much of our relational life, we maintain a tensionand dynamic interplay between our experience ofourselves and of the world as structured and ordered andour experience of ourselves and of the world asdisordered and chaotic. In the organizational Internetinteractions explored in this paper, this tension isoften suspended, or at times obliterated. However, it isproposed here that, as profoundly ambiguous and disturbing as these Internet interactions maybe, they may at times serve the function of a potentialspace in which growth is facilitated. In otherinstances, however, they serve to inhibit or evendestroy potential. The theoretical basis for thesefindings is built on the contributions of Klein,Winnicott, and Matte-Blanco and is illustrated byclinical examples from organizations.
2013 AGU Medalists, Awardees, and Prize Recipient Announced

The Honors and Recognition Committee is proud to present the 2013 AGU honorees. These individuals have distinguished themselves by their transformational discoveries, persistence, dedication, and pursuit of excellence. We are pleased to recognize their breakthrough achievements in advancing Earth and space science and their outstanding contributions and service to the scientific community. Their passion, vision, creativity, and leadership have expanded our scientific understanding, have illuminated new research directions, and have made Earth and space science thrilling, immediate, and relevant to audiences beyond as well as within the scientific community.
Axial laminar flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in an annulus

The equation of motion has been solved for steady axial, laminar, isothermal flow of an Ellis model fluid in a conduit of annular cross section. Tables are presented which may be used to obtain flow curves for annular flow of fluids whose Ellis parameters are known. The Ellis fluid predictions are compared to experimental data on dilute polymer solutions flowing in annuli. Ellis fluid predictions of flow curves are also compared to those predicted by the generalized Newtonian fluid and the power law fluid.
TCBH Postgraduate Essay Prize Winner for 2006Working-Class Consumers and the Campaign for Holidays with Pay

The Holidays With Pay Act (1938) marked the end of a twenty-year campaign for paid leisure time. The final legislation recommended, but did not mandate, one week's annual paid vacation to all full-time workers. Although the leisure habits of British workers remained relatively unchanged until after 1945, the popular campaign for paid leisure time, the report of the Holidays With Pay Committee, and the Act itself marked an important moment in British political and social history. In short, the campaign for paid holidays legitimated the leisure desires and activities of the working class and encouraged state support of the growth of inexpensive commercial leisure in the interwar years. The campaign for paid leisure and the resulting 1938 Act not only helped to create a market for mass pleasure sites, but also helped to define the types of commercial leisure appropriate for a mass of newly leisured workers. The campaign, the report and the legislation deeply implicated the state in the construction of a consuming working-class and in the expansion of commercial, class-based sites of leisure. The 1938 Holidays With Pay Act thus redefined who was considered a legitimate consumer of pleasure and what forms that commercialized pleasure should take.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake After a Tailored, Online Educational Intervention for Female University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Background: Educational interventions may be a strategy to increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among female university students, but studies to date have shown mixed results. This study evaluated the effect of MeFirst, an individually tailored, online educational intervention, on HPV vaccine-related knowledge, vaccination intention, and uptake among previously unvaccinated female university students. Methods: All female students aged 18–26 years who reported being unvaccinated against HPV at a midwestern university were invited via email to enroll. Participants completed an online survey that assessed baseline HPV vaccine-related knowledge, attitudes and vaccination intention. Participants (n = 661) were then randomized to receive either an educational website automatically tailored to their baseline survey responses (MeFirst intervention) or a standard CDC information factsheet on HPV vaccine (control). Vaccine uptake and repeat knowledge and attitude measures were assessed with onli...
Immunobiology of Epithelial Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The epithelium of the GI tract, which represents the greatest body surface area, is constantly exposed to the outside environment. The intestinal epithelium forms barriers that are essential to life. It supports nutrient and water transport while preventing microbial invasion. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) sit at the interface between an antigen-rich lumen and a lymphocyte-rich lamina propria (LPLs). IECs have the capacity to discriminate between “peaceful and harmful” antigens and to carry the information on to the LPLs, thereby activating populations of unique regulatory T cells. The epithelium is constantly sampling luminal contents and making molecular adjustments at to them. These molecular changes impose key decisions on innate and adaptive immune cells. The crosstalk that occurs between the epithelium and the immune compartments serves to maintain intestinal homeostasis. The complex integration and execution of these functions will be discussed in this chapter.
Quiet time: a nursing intervention to promote sleep in neurocritical care units.

Background Patients in intensive care units are often sleep deprived, yet little research exists on the impact of nursing care on promoting sleep. Objectives To determine if implementing a "quiet time" protocol to reduce external environmental stimuli is associated with increased frequency of sleep among patients in a neurocritical care unit. Methods Patients were observed 8 times each day before and after implementation of a protocol in which environmental sounds and lights were decreased from 2 AM to 4 AM and from 2 PM to 4 PM. Data collected at 2:45 AM, 3:30 AM, 2:45 PM, and 3:30 PM on patients with scores of 10 or greater on the Glasgow Coma Scale were analyzed. A total of 2975 observations were made on a total of 239 patients: 1446 observations on 118 patients in the control group and 1529 observations on 121 patients in the intervention group. Results The percentage of patients observed asleep was significantly higher during the months the quite-time period was implemented than during the control period before the intervention was started. The increase in sleep behavior was associated with decreased sound and light levels achieved during the quiet time. Patients observed during the intervention period were 1.6 times more likely to be asleep during the quiet time than were patients observed during the control period (P Conclusions A concentrated effort by staff to reduce environmental stimuli at discrete preset intervals increases the likelihood of sleep during scheduled quiet time in the neurocritical care unit.
DeepMPC: Learning Deep Latent Features for Model Predictive Control

Designing controllers for tasks with complex nonlinear dynamics is extremely challenging, time-consuming, and in many cases, infeasible. This difficulty is exacerbated in tasks such as robotic food-cutting, in which dynamics might vary both with environmental properties, such as material and tool class, and with time while acting. In this work, we present DeepMPC, an online real-time model-predictive control approach designed to handle such difficult tasks. Rather than hand-design a dynamics model for the task, our approach uses a novel deep architecture and learning algorithm, learning controllers for complex tasks directly from data. We validate our method in experiments on a large-scale dataset of 1488 material cuts for 20 diverse classes, and in 450 real-world robotic experiments, demonstrating significant improvement over several other approaches.
Coherent pulse stacking amplification of nanosecond and femtosecond pulses

Coherent stacking of several pulses into a single output pulse using Gires-Tourmois Interferometer reflecting resonators is demonstrated, enabling a new technique for achieving high energy pulses from short-pulse and ultrashort-pulse fiber amplifier systems.
Effect of epigenetic probes on IL-1B and polyIC treated normal human epithelial cells

Rationale: Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways. The airway epithelium is a major source of inflammatory mediators and a key target for infection resulting in asthma exacerbations. Histone modifications and their readers control inflammation in a stimulus-dependent manner. Selective drugs are available that target methyltransferases (MT) such as UNC0638, UNC0642, UNC1999, GSK 343 & PFI2, histone demethylases (KDM) including GSK-J1 & GSK-J4 and bromodomain containing proteins (BCP) such as JQ1+, bromosporine, GSK2801, SGCBP30. Aims: To compare the effect of epigenetic tool compounds on inflammatory (IL-1b) and viral [poly(I:C)] activation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Methods: BEAS2B cells were pre-treated with probes before activation by IL-1β (1ng/ml) or poly(I:C) (10μg/ml). Inflammation (CXCL8/IL-6) and Cell viability (MTT). Results: The BCP inhibitors JQ1+ and bromosporine and the MT inhibitor UNC0638 attenuated poly(I:C)- and IL-1b-induced IL-6 release. UNC0642, and the KDM inhibitor GSK-J4 increased the release of poly(I:C)-induced IL-6 but limited effect on IL-1β-induced IL-6. Similar effects were seen on CXCL8 release. No drug had an effect on cell viability. Conclusion: The results confirm the expected effects of BCP actions but highlights the complexity of the regulation of inflammatory genes and proliferation by histone methylation at H3K9 and H3K27. BCP-directed drugs may be effective in severe asthma.
Laryngeal mask vs intubating laryngeal mask: insertion and ventilation by inexperienced resuscitators.

The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) has been shown to be useful in airway maintenance during resuscitation. The intubating laryngeal mask (ILM) is a modified LMA permitting both ventilation and rapid endotracheal intubation. We aimed to compare the LMA and the ILM with regard to ease of insertion and successful ventilation by inexperienced personnel. We have used anaesthetized, apnoeic, non-paralysed patients as a model to simulate resuscitation. Following standardized training, non-anaesthetic medical staff with no previous experience in laryngeal mask airway insertion (novices) inserted either the LMA or ILM in 55 patients following induction of anaesthesia. There were no differences between the two patient groups included in our study with regard to mean age and body mass index (BMI). The success rate for inserting the airway device and achieving a significant end-tidal CO 2 recording within two minutes was 23/28 for the LMA (82.1%) and 22/27 for the ILM (81.5%). Reasons for failure included inability to insert the ILM past the teeth and insertion of the LMA upside down. There were no clinically relevant differences in the mean time to airway insertion and successful ventilation (62.6 vs 62 seconds) or expired tidal volume (781 vs 767 ml) for the LMA and ILM respectively. We conclude that the ILM is as easily inserted and effectively used as an LMA by novices and, because it allows the option of facilitating endotracheal intubation, may be the preferred device for maintaining an airway during resuscitation.
Preserving Brain Function During Neonatal Asphyxia

Presently, there is no intervention that can be used that preserves brain function in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. This review covers the interventional strategies that are available to the health care worker at present and suggests a different approach to this frustrating problem. The proposal is to use clinically available interventions and combine them into an effective intervention strategy. The merits of each intervention is discussed.
EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION, PULMONARY COMPLIANCE, AND PULMONARY SURFACTANT.

R espiratory insufficiency may occur after cardiopulmonary bypass and present a serious postoperative problem. Tracheostomy and the use of mechanical respiratory assistance have been helpful in some patients. In others, the clinical and pathological picture has been characterized by congestive atelectasis, and postmortem studies of lung tissue have disclosed significant decreases in pulmonary surface activity.4 This study was carried out to determine the effect of extracorporeal circulation upon the surface active characteristics of normal dog lung and upon the pulmonary pressure-gas volume relationship.
Effect of stress relaxation on distortion in additive manufacturing process modeling

Abstract A method for modeling the effect of stress relaxation at high temperatures during laser direct energy deposition processes is experimentally validated for Ti-6Al-4V samples subject to different inter-layer dwell times. The predicted mechanical responses are compared to those of Inconel® 625 samples, which experience no allotropic phase transformation, deposited under identical process conditions. The thermal response of workpieces in additive manufacturing is known to be strongly dependent on dwell time. In this work the dwell times used vary from 0 to 40 s. Based on past research on ferretic steels and the additive manufacturing of titanium alloys it is assumed that the effect of transformation strain in Ti-6Al-4V acts to oppose all other strain components, effectively eliminating all residual stress at temperatures above 690 °C. The model predicts that Inconel® 625 exhibits increasing distortion with decreasing dwell times but that Ti-6Al-4V displays the opposite behavior, with distortion dramatically decreasing with lowering dwell time. These predictions are accurate when compared with experimental in situ and post-process measurements.
Deviant Sociospheres: When Early, Unusual Influence Patterns Proclaim the Coming of Unusual Choices

Buyers tend to buy the usual things from the usual sellers. The inertia pervading consumer choices implies not only that their decisions are made the same way over and over, but also that the incoming information on products and brands is not changing in any meaningful way—e.g., not an enthusiastic recommendation or bitter complaint from someone close. This study tests the contention that the purchase of unusual products may stem from changes in the patterns of interpersonal influence that usually cocoon consumers and which, otherwise, keep them from trying new options. These patterns of interpersonal influence are called sociospheres, while the altered sociospheres possibly associated with choosing unusual products are labeled as deviant. Unusual products are products new to the consumer, either new to the world or simply different.
HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma Among African Americans in the Southern United States

Stigma is defined as a discrediting attribute leading to discrimination. For people with HIV/AIDS, stigma refers to negative feelings and behaviors toward individuals, groups, and communities. Specific African American populations have different stigma-related experiences. This chapter will address stigma in older adults living with the disease as well as the larger community in the rural South. Additionally, because stigma is reported to impact disclosure decisions of HIV-infected individuals, those decisions and their context will be discussed. Also, because spirituality/religion plays an important cultural role in the lives of African Americans, the role of the Black church in HIV/AIDS prevention will also be addressed. The authors will also discuss faith-based strategies to respond in a supportive manner to individuals with HIV/AIDS. The authors draw from their work in the Black Belt region of the rural South, an area with a high incidence and prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS. It is hoped that issues discussed in the chapter will ultimately result in not only positive outcomes for people who are infected but also prevention of infection for others.
New shop owners in old buildings: spatial politics of the apparel industry in Kyrgyzstan

AbstractThis article adopts a political economy approach with insights from the political geography literature to illuminate how the apparel manufacturing sector in Kyrgyzstan has thrived in a region known for significant challenges in electricity access and availability. In contrast to studies that have analyzed the role of state policies and informal relations in promoting industrialization, we focus on how myriad shop owners gain access to elite-controlled, privatized urban infrastructure through owner–tenant relations in a new market economy. Drawing upon original interviews with Bishkek-based shop owners, we find that despite the challenges associated working in these spaces, including poor infrastructure and exploitative relationships with owners, they remain due to the constant provision of electricity and convenient location. We contribute to understanding how everyday shop owners make sense of and grapple with production challenges in a new market context, against the backdrop of Soviet infrastru...
Mapping Gender and Social Norms in Same-Sex and Different-Sex Marriage

The recent decision in Obergefell v. Hodges marks an historic and groundbreaking change in the legal treatment of same-sex couples. Whether this change in the constitutional law of marriage translates into comprehensive and robust non-discrimination legal regimes more generally for sexual minorities and gender nonconforming individuals and support of nonmarital families remains to be seen, but, there is no doubt that access to marriage, whether one wants to marry or not, is a critical civil rights victory.This historic legal change also signals, however, an opportunity for researchers to consider the impacts and practice of marriage on a social level. I discuss some key aspects of this opportunity, drawn from a forthcoming book project. Socio-legal studies is predicated on an assumption that the legal and the social inform one another to varying degrees, that, indeed, these domains take turns shaping one another. In the context of that stated assumption, however, we know very little about the relationship between social practice and formal law with regard to same-sex marriage, even though by the time the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Obergefell, 37 states plus the District of Columbia granted marriage rights to same-sex couples and over 252,000 same-sex couples had gotten married in this country. We have, with nationwide marriage access to same-sex couples, an unprecedented opportunity to disentangle the relationship between formal law, gender norms, and marriage. This developing area of inquiry necessarily builds on previous work that has examined social aspects of marriage in the United States among different-sex couples and research pertaining to the daily lives of nonmarital same-sex couples.
Exploring and exploiting unique properties of the hippocampal dentate gyrus for post-stroke therapy: astrocytes link ischemic resistance with neurogenic potential

Acute cerebral ischemia can occur secondary to embolism, cardiac arrest, hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, edema, vascular compression, or any physiologic condition resulting in low cardiac output state. Survivors of cerebral ischemic events frequently suffer from profound disability, accounting for > $70 billion in 2010 for treatment of embolic stroke in the US alone. More strikingly, the cost to treat stroke in the US is anticipated to soar to > $180 billion by 2030, according to estimates from the American Heart Association (Ovbiagele et al., 2013). Despite hundreds of promising pre-clinical studies in animal models, effective clinical treatments for the most common forms of cerebral ischemia remain limited: standard treatment for embolic stroke is restricted to thrombolytic therapy or clot retrieval during a narrow therapeutic window, while post-resuscitation treatment following cardiac arrest remains the (controversial) application of mild hypothermia. The massive failure to translate experimental findings to the development of any successful clinical intervention suggests that redirecting investigational resources to developing new therapies to improve long-term recovery in survivors of stroke may be a logical and necessary next step.
Lesion localization of speech comprehension deficits in chronic aphasia.

Objective: Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) was used to localize impairments specific to multiword (phrase and sentence) spoken language comprehension. Methods: Participants were 51 right-handed patients with chronic left hemisphere stroke. They performed an auditory description naming (ADN) task requiring comprehension of a verbal description, an auditory sentence comprehension (ASC) task, and a picture naming (PN) task. Lesions were mapped using high-resolution MRI. VLSM analyses identified the lesion correlates of ADN and ASC impairment, first with no control measures, then adding PN impairment as a covariate to control for cognitive and language processes not specific to spoken language. Results: ADN and ASC deficits were associated with lesions in a distributed frontal-temporal parietal language network. When PN impairment was included as a covariate, both ADN and ASC deficits were specifically correlated with damage localized to the mid-to-posterior portion of the middle temporal gyrus (MTG). Conclusions: Damage to the mid-to-posterior MTG is associated with an inability to integrate multiword utterances during comprehension of spoken language. Impairment of this integration process likely underlies the speech comprehension deficits characteristic of Wernicke aphasia.
Comparison of Efficacy and Complications Among Various Spacer Grafts in the Treatment of Lower Eyelid Retraction: A Systematic Review.

Background Lower eyelid retraction is a difficult problem to treat, but it is a prevalent condition and a common complication of blepharoplasty. The use of spacer grafts to increase eyelid height and improve symptoms has been described for a long time, but the optimal choice of spacer graft material is unknown. Objectives The authors reviewed the currently available evidence to determine the best available spacer graft material in terms of efficacy and complications. Methods A systematic review of all available literature published between 1985 and the present was performed using the Pubmed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Cochrane library databases. Inclusion criteria were that the studies contain original content assessing the treatment of lower eyelid retraction in humans using a spacer graft and provide quantitative outcomes data. Results One hundred and twelve articles were reviewed following an initial screen using titles, and 19 articles were chosen for inclusion in this systematic review. Analysis of these articles revealed no spacer graft material that is clearly superior to others. Conclusions Due to a lack of high quality evidence, this review did not reveal one spacer graft material that is clearly superior to others. However, a narrative summary of the available evidence reveals unique sets of advantages and disadvantages associated with the various materials currently available. Further research in the form of well-designed studies will be necessary to further clarify advantages of certain spacer graft materials over others. Level of evidence 5.
Premature Rupture of Membranes and Preterm Labor

Preterm labor and delivery are challenging obstetric complications for any emergency physician. In the United States, preterm delivery complicates approximately one in ten births and is the cause of at least 75% of neonatal deaths, not including congenital malformations. Although the causes are often unknown, emergency physicians should be familiar with predisposing risk factors. The rate of fetal and maternal morbidity can be reduced with accurate diagnosis of preterm labor, intervention to delay preterm delivery, timely administration of corticosteroids, and in certain cases magnesium sulfate and antibiotics. When preterm rupture of membranes occurs, several complications can occur including infection, premature delivery, placental abruption, and umbilical cord prolapse. The initial management in the emergency department involves an exam, obstetric ultrasound, labs, and cultures as indicated. Fetal malpresentations should be anticipated in the setting of preterm PROM with preterm labor. Considerations should be given immediately to transport to a tertiary care center with neonatal intensive care unit, especially if less than 34 weeks gestational age. Contraindications to transport include imminent delivery, fetal or maternal distress or unstable status, or if there is no safe transport to a referral center.
Listeria-Vectored Vaccine Expressing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 30-Kilodalton Major Secretory Protein via the Constitutively Active prfA* Regulon Boosts Mycobacterium bovis BCG Efficacy against Tuberculosis.

A potent vaccine against tuberculosis, one of the world9s deadliest diseases, is needed to enhance the immunity of people worldwide, most of whom have been vaccinated with the partially effective BCG vaccine. Here we investigate novel live attenuated recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (rLm) vaccines expressing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 30 kDa major secretory protein (r30/Ag85B) (rLm30) as heterologous booster vaccines in animals primed with BCG. Using three attenuated Lm vectors, rLm Δ actA (LmI), rLm Δ actA Δ inlB (LmII), and rLm Δ actA Δ inlB prfA * (LmIII), we constructed five rLm30 vaccine candidates expressing the r30 linked in-frame to the Lm Listeriolycin O signal sequence and driven by the hly promoter (h30) or linked in-frame to the ActA N-terminus and driven by the actA promoter (a30). All five rLm30 vaccines secreted r30 in broth and macrophages; while rLm expressing r30 via a constitutively active prfA * regulon (rLmIII/a30) expressed the greatest amount of r30 in broth culture, all five rLm vaccines expressed equivalent amounts of r30 in infected macrophages. In comparative studies, boosting BCG-immunized mice with rLmIII/a30 induced the strongest antigen-specific T-cell responses, including splenic and lung polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells expressing the three cytokines of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) ( P P P
Down’s syndrome screening and reproductive politics: care, choice, and disability in the prenatal clinic

Sociological studies of screening may lead us to presume that screening is only consequential when a positive result is obtained. Yet Gareth Thomas’s Down’s Syndrome Screening and Reproductive Poli...
Spectral target detection considerations from a physical modeling perspective

This paper examines the potential impacts of remote sensing, hyperspectral target detection from a physics-based modeling point of view. Often (atmospherically compensated) data is simply handed off to algorithm developers with the assumption that the data they are given accurately represents what transpired at the time of collection. In this paper, we discuss the various steps involved in processing raw collected data to a final product that can be utilized in target detection sceneries. We comment on where spectral content can be altered and discuss the physical modeling involved in atmospheric compensation and forward modeling. Impacts on detection performance are shown by employing a matched filter and hyperspectral imagery. Results show that having an incomplete model will alter detection results, for a given detection algorithm.