cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure Characteristics of Mechanical Ventilation and Incidence of Pneumothorax Before and After the Implementation of Protective Lung Strategies in the Management of Pediatric Patients With Severe ARDS

Objective To compare pressure characteristics of mechanical ventilation and their impact on pediatric patients with severe ARDS in the pre-protective lung strategy (PLS) and post-PLS eras. Methods Medical records of 33 patients admitted to our pediatric ICU with ARDS from 1992 through 1994 (pre-PLS) and 52 patients with ARDS admitted from 2000 through 2003 (post-PLS) were retrospectively reviewed. Results Patient age and gender distribution were identical in both eras. Fifty-five percent of the patients in the pre-PLS era had pneumothorax, compared to 17% in the post-PLS era (p 40 cm H 2 O was significantly longer in the pre-PLS era than in the post-PLS era. Pre-PLS patients with pneumothorax received mean maximum PIP of 72 ± 17 cm H 2 O, mean maximum positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 20 ± 5 cm H 2 O, and maximum mean airway pressure (MAP) of 46 ± 8 cm H 2 O, while patients in the post-PLS era required mean maximum PIP of 42 ± 2 cm H 2 O, mean maximum PEEP of 14 ± 2 cm H 2 O, and maximum MAP of 30 ± 6 cm H 2 O, respectively (p Conclusions A significantly more aggressive use of ventilator pressure characteristics distinguished the pre-PLS era from the post-PLS era, and was found to be associated with a markedly higher incidence of pneumothorax. Outcome in both eras did not differ significantly, presumably due to insufficient statistical power.
THE INITIAL TEMPERATURE AND N2 DILUTION EFFECT ON THE LAMINAR FLAME SPEED OF PROPANE/AIR

Laminar flame speeds of propane/air mixtures were determined experimentally over an extensive range of equivalence ratios at room temperature, 500 K, 650 K, and atmospheric pressure. Nitrogen addition to simulate effects of exhaust gas dilution on the laminar flame speed was also studied at these conditions for selected equivalence ratios. The experiments employed the stagnation jet-wall flame configuration in which the flow velocity was obtained by using particle image velocimetry. The laminar flame speed was obtained using linear extrapolation to zero stretch rate. The measured flame speeds were compared with literature data and numerical predictions using a published detailed kinetic model (Qin, Z., Lissianski, V., Yang, H., Gardiner, W. C., Jr., Davis, S. G., and Wang, H., Proc. Combust. Inst., vol. 28, pp. 1663–1669, 2000). The predictions generally agree well with the experimental data. Both the data and model predictions reveal a quasi-linear relationship between the laminar flame speed and the dil...
Beyond the pillow mint: How hotels can help with jet lag

Abstract Jet lag is a bane of international travel, robbing travelers of the full enjoyment of their destination for the first day or two after arrival. However, by understanding the jet-lag mechanism, hoteliers can help their guests overcome jet lag's worst effects. The key strategy is to assist travelers in reorienting their circadian rhythm (i.e., their internal clock), to the new time zone. While providing early check-in is helpful, the recommended tactic is to encourage travelers to “get on the clock” of their destination, even if that means helping the guest to stay awake for an extended time. The point of that tactic is to enable guests to get a good night's sleep on the destination's clock, rather than that of their origination point. To that end, bright light during daytime is just as helpful as full darkness (and an absence of other disturbances) at night. Certainly, it is essential to ensure that the room's environment and the bed is comfortable. Making it possible for guests to exercise or to be physically active in some manner is helpful. Alcohol and caffeine are not helpful, because they disturb sleep patterns. Although hoteliers should not encourange inappropriate muse of medications, some guests may use over-the-counter antihistamines to help ensure drowsiness at appropriate times.
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

This paper describes the graduate certificate program in construction engineering and management offered at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and addresses its special concerns and issues. The certificate program typically has half the credit requirements of a master's degree program. It fills a void in the education of graduate engineers, most of whom are employed at the time. Special criteria and demands to be met are presented in this paper. Overall, there is merit in having a certificate program, and it offers wider opportunities in the education of construction engineers and managers. Good program management is necessary for new educational programs. This paper discusses an experiment with a graduate certificate program now under way at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Molière's Misanthrope: A critique and reluctant defense of courtly life

Moliere set he Misanthrope (1666) in an upper‐class salon at a time when norms of politeness were being refined for the elite of French society. Moliere uses theatre, one of whose functions it is to re‐enact social change for the spectators, to examine the evolving norms of sociability. Society's principal model and central institution was the court of Louis XIV. Alceste rebels against the demands for polite behavior demanded by courtly life, but at the same time hopes to marry the salon's head, Celimene. His criticisms are powerless to reform the salon members and to win Celimene, but the salon collapses due to inner tensions. Moliere thus shows the dangers of non‐conformity to social norms of courtly life, even though these are often based on illusion.
To License or Not to License: An Examination of State Statutes Regarding Private Investigators and Digital Examiners

In this paper the authors examine statutes that regulate, license, and enforce investigative functions in each US state. After identification and review of Private Investigator licensing requirements, the authors find that very few state statutes explicitly differentiate between Private Investigators and Digital Examiners. After contacting all state agencies the authors present a distinct grouping organizing state approaches to professional Digital Examiner licensing. The authors conclude that states must differentiate between Private Investigator and Digital Examiner licensing requirements and oversight.
Protection from sickle cell retinopathy is associated with elevated HbF levels and hydroxycarbamide use in children

Elevated foetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels are protective against some manifestations of sickle cell anaemia but the impact on retinopathy is unknown. We report on 123 children with HbSS, 10.6% of whom developed retinopathy. Independent of hydroxycarbamide, children with a HbF <15% had 7.1-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.5-33.6) higher odds of developing retinopathy. In children treated with hydroxycarbamide, those with retinopathy had lower HbF levels compared to children without retinopathy (9% vs. 16%; P = 0.005). We report a protective benefit of elevated HbF regarding retinopathy, and our data suggests induction of HbF with hydroxycarbamide may prevent retinopathy in children.
Redox behavior of the nickel oxide electrode system: quartz crystal microbalance studies

Abstract The electrochemical reactions occurring in the nickel oxide electrode system have been studied with the quartz crystal microbalance. Following cathodic deposition from nickel sulfate solutions, α-nickel hydroxide films were cycled in 1.0M alkali metal hydroxide solutions. The oxidation process produced frequency decreases in these solutions, indicating a corresponding increase in mass in the electrode layer. Upon subsequent reduction, a return to the initial frequency value was observed. These shifts ranged from a relatively small change for lithium hydroxide to progressively larger shifts as the cation size increased. It is clear from these results that alkali metal cations are being taken up into the electrode structure during oxidation. A mechanism based upon a net 1.7 electron oxidation has been proposed, involving predominant oxidation of nickel from the +2 to the +4 state as indicated by recent EXAFS studies. The mechanism is consistent with the quartz crystal microbalance data provided that alkali metal cations enter, and water molecules leave, the electrode during oxidation. β-Nickel hydroxide films were prepared by contacting α-Ni(OH)2 films with hot 8 M KOH. Cycling these films in 1.0 M alkali hydroxide solutions gave frequency changes which were positive for the lighter cations and negative for the heavier ones, in contrast to the results for α-Ni(OH)2 films. Cation uptake during oxidation is also occurring in this case; however, a small but significant amount of water is also expelled, producing the observed frequency response. The mechanism in this case also involves some oxidation to the +4 state, as shown by XANES studies.
Light-Scattering Studies of Protein Solutions: Role of Hydration in Weak Protein-Protein Interactions

We model the hydration contribution to short-range electrostatic/dispersion protein interactions embodied in the osmotic second virial coefficient, B2, by adopting a quasi-chemical description in which water molecules associated with the protein are identified through explicit molecular dynamics simulations. These water molecules reduce the surface complementarity of highly favorable short-range interactions, and therefore can play an important role in mediating protein-protein interactions. Here we examine this quasi-chemical view of hydration by predicting the interaction part of B2 and comparing our results with those derived from light-scattering measurements of B2 for staphylococcal nuclease, lysozyme, and chymotrypsinogen at 25°C as a function of solution pH and ionic strength. We find that short-range protein interactions are influenced by water molecules strongly associated with a relatively small fraction of the protein surface. However, the effect of these strongly associated water molecules on the surface complementarity of short-range protein interactions is significant, and must be taken into account for an accurate description of B2. We also observe remarkably similar hydration behavior for these proteins despite substantial differences in their three-dimensional structures and spatial charge distributions, suggesting a general characterization of protein hydration.
On the stability of a fluid layer containing a univariant phase transition: application to planetary interiors

Abstract In a fluid layer containing a univariant phase change, both the minimum critical Rayleigh number for convection to occur and the corresponding convection pattern depend on the characteristics of the phase change as well as on the thickness and viscosity of the two phases which compose the layer. This paper describes a linear stability analysis for two layers which have different density, thickness and viscosity. The minimum critical Rayleigh number is found to depend strongly on both the relative thickness and viscosity of each layer. The marginally stable convection pattern also depends on the values of these two parameters. Application to planets is carried out and this analysis predicts minimum critical Rayleigh numbers and related pattern of convection which differ significantly from those predicted by previous analyses which considered two layers with the same density, viscosity and thickness. Comparison with finite amplitude calculations shows that endothermic phase transitions may evolve from single-cell convection at the onset of convection (minimum critical Rayleigh number) to layered convection at higher Rayleigh numbers. This clearly demonstrates that a steady-state finite amplitude convection pattern can be different from that predicted by linearized stability analysis.
The Effects of Cleric Statements on Suicide Bombings in Pakistan, 2000–2010

This article explores the relationship between suicide bombings and public cleric statements in Pakistan between 2000–2010. It establishes that bombings and statements increase over time, that cleric statements vary according to the bombing target, and that police and military targets most frequently garner clerics’ attention. An adaptation of Kaplan, Mintz, and Mishal's (2006) maximum likelihood estimation method determines whether cleric statements affect the bombing rate. The analysis shows that pro-suicide statements have a far greater effect on the bombing rate than anti-suicide statements, both in the magnitude of increased bombings and by the length of time over which they exert influence.
First single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of a lanthanide tricarbonate complex: [Co(NH3)6][Sm(CO3)3(H2O)]·4H2O

The first single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of a lanthanide tricarbonate complex, namely [Co(NH3)6][Sm(CO3)3(H2O)]·4H2O, is reported and reveals a zigzag chain structure of 9-coordinate samarium metal centers bridged by μ-η2∶η1 carbonate ligands.
An inequality relating algebraic and trigonometric derivatives

Abstract Using the correspondence x↔ cos θ, where −1≤x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, a function f(x) defined on [−1, 1] can be represented as a 2π-periodic function F(θ), and then the derivative f′(x) corresponds to \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $$\frac{{F^1 (\theta )}}{{ - \sin \theta }}$$ \end{document} . From these observations, weighted-norm estimates for first and higher derivatives by x will be obtained, using a generalized Hardy inequality. The results in turn imply the generalized Hardy inequality upon which they depend and will hold true in any weighted norm for which the generalized Hardy is true.
Utility of ultrasound‐guided central venous cannulation in pediatric surgical patients: a clinical series

Summary Background: Central venous cannulation can be particularly difficult in pediatric patients. Central line placement is associated with many well-known complications. While ultrasound-guided techniques are well established, the majority of central venous catheters are placed using landmark guidance. This retrospective study compares the safety and efficacy of ultrasound guidance vs landmark guidance in central venous cannulation of pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Methods: The medical records of 149 pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery over 3-year period were reviewed. Patients were classified into two cohorts based on whether central venous cannulation of the internal jugular vein was performed by ultrasound or landmark guidance. Overall success and traumatic complication rates were compared between the two groups. Additionally, comparisons between the groups were made to determine if patient size or age affected the success rate of either approach in different manner. Results: Patients in the ultrasound-guided (n = 47) and the landmark-guided (n = 102) groups were similar with respect to age, weight, and surgical procedure for which central venous access was indicated. The overall success rate for cannulation of the internal jugular vein was 91.5% in the ultrasound-guided group and 72.5% in the landmark-guided group (P = 0.010). But in the subgroup of children under 1 year of age, success rate was 77.8% in ultrasound group and 60.9% in landmark group (P = 0.44); in children under 10 kg in weight, success rate was 80% in ultrasound group and 56.7% in landmark group (P = 0.19). There were no significant differences in the rate of traumatic complications between the two methods. Conclusions: The overall success of internal jugular vein cannulation for pediatric cardiac surgery is significantly improved with the use of ultrasound guidance, without a significant difference in traumatic complications. However, mostly children above 1 year of age or 10 kg of weight experience advantages of ultrasound technique.
Specific detection in gas—liquid chromatographic effluents with on-line high-performance liquid chromatographic optical detector

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) optical detector technology has been adapted for use with gas—liquid chromatography (GLC). Compounds in the effluent of packed GLC columns were scrubbed continuously, with minimal loss of resolution, into a liquid stream flowing at a nominal rate of 1 ml/min. This was done through the use of a capillary tube that simulated an open-tubular GLC column in which the liquid phase was continuously replaced. The liquid stream was then debubbled and drawn through the flow cell of the appropriate HPLC detector. Mixing the liquid effluent with o-phthalaldehyde reagent led to the formation of derivatives of primary amines and ammonia that were detected with high sensitivity and specificity by their fluorescence. Scrubbing the effluent into methanol followed by on-line monitoring of fluorescence or UV absorbance permitted UV absorbing and fluorescent compounds such as aromatic and heterocyclic compounds to be measured in gasoling with minimal interference from other compounds. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using the high specificity and sensitivity of HPLC detector technology with GLC. This should prove useful in trace analyses in which GLC is the preferred separation technique, but there are interfering quantities of compounds with similar chromatographic properties in the mixture.
Considering gendered careers: the influence of resilient mothers and sisters upon white working-class young women

This article explores the identity development of a group of white working-class adolescent girls as they consider their futures after high school. Attention is paid to themes of gender and social class as well as the impact of a deindustrialised economy. Despite the fact that few of their parents graduated from college, the girls expressed a strong desire to attend college, viewing college education as an economic necessity. The girls were reconceptualising gender in new ways and, at the same time, were discussing careers, some of which step outside of typical working-class jobs because of the level of education they require. Furthermore, the girls discussed their future plans as stemming from, and informed by, life lessons they had learned from witnessing their mothers' struggles with family, employment and education.
“Until I Became a Professional, I Was Not, Consciously, Indigenous”: One Intercultural Bilingual Educator’s Trajectory in Indigenous Language Revitalization

Drawing from long-term ethnographic research in the Andes, this paper examines one Quechua-speaking Indigenous bilingual educator’s trajectory as she traversed (and traverses) from rural highland communities of southern Peru through development as teacher, teacher educator, researcher, and advocate for Indigenous identity and language revitalization across urban, periurban, and rural spaces. Neri Mamani grew up in highland Peru and at the time I met her in 2005 was a bilingual intercultural education practitioner enrolled in master’s studies at the Program for Professional Development in Bilingual Intercultural Education for the Andean Region (PROEIB-Andes) at the University of San Simon in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Drawing from my ethnographic research at PROEIB that year, situated also within a broader context of my ethnographic research on bilingual education in the Andes across several decades and Neri’s life trajectory across those same decades, this paper analyzes her narrative as it emerged in a 4-hour ...
The market for kerojet fuel in the United States

Abstract This paper presents a structural model of the market for kerojet fuel in the United States. Upon empirical estimation, it demonstrates that more kerojet output is forthcoming as the price of kerojet increases relative to the price of other refined petroleum products. Imports of kerojet into the United States increase as the domestic price of kerojet increases relative to the world price. Finally, the quantity of kerojet demanded falls in a small, but perceptible, way as its price increases.
Homologous sequences in cholera toxin A and B subunits to peptide domains in myelin basic protein.

Recent reports that myelin basic protein (MBP) can be ADP-ribosylated and contains specific sites that bind GTP and Gu, ganglioside, have suggested an analogy to the properties of cholera toxin. Comparisons of pairs of sequences between these two proteins yielded two regions of homology between MBP and the cholera toxin B (chol B) subunit, and one region of homology with the cholera toxin A (chol A) subunit. The matching sites within chol B consisted of a 17 amino acid residue sequence (residues 3046 in chol B and residues 102-I 18 in human-MBP, hMBP, p < 0.0007) and an 11 residue span (residues 3141 in chol B and sequence 29-39 in hMBP, p<O.O004). The homologous site within chol A corresponded to an 11 residue span (residues 130-140 in chol A and 67-77 in hMBP sequence, p < 0.00007). Since portions of the cholera toxin sequence are virtually identical to sections of the sequence in E. coli toxin, the homology is also valid for the same sequences in this toxin. The highly antigemc behavior of MBP that is related to the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis may be paralleled by comparable neural pathology from the homologous regions of cholera toxin. Myelin basic protein; Cholera toxin; Sequence homology
Primary care program directors' perceptions of women's health education: a gap in graduate medical education persists.

ABSTRACT Background: Previous studies found that internal medicine residents are not adequately prepared to provide comprehensive primary care to women. The impact of subsequent national guidelines emphasizing women's health education during residency is unknown. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of primary care internal medicine residency program directors (PDs) in the United States. We asked the directors to provide information about themselves and their programs, to rate how strongly they agreed that residents should master each of 13 women's health competencies, to estimate the proportion of their residents who actually master each competency by the end of their residency, and to indicate means by which each competency was taught (articles, lectures, patient care, specialty clinic, other). Results: Of 69 directors contacted, 42 (61%) responded. Most respondents agreed that residents should master all 13 competencies. However, there were significant discrepancies (p < 0.001) between the pr...
Low-current sensing circuit and topology for portable gamma radiation sensor

A sensing circuit is presented for a portable/handheld semiconductor based radiation sensor, which senses low current changes without the inclusion of transistor noise issues. This circuit design block was implemented using supporting circuit architectures to enable sensing between 33pA to 1nA using low voltages. Additionally, a unique circuit topology is presented by which the effect of radiation damage to the silicon substrate and any devices on the substrate is reduced.
Incommensurate magnetic structure of CeRhIn 5

The magnetic structure of the heavy fermion antiferromagnet ${\mathrm{CeRhIn}}_{5}$ is determined using neutron diffraction. We find a magnetic wave vector ${\mathbf{q}}_{M}=(1/2,1/2,0.297),$ which is temperature independent up to ${T}_{N}=3.8 \mathrm{K}.$ A staggered moment of $0.264(4){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ at 1.4 K, residing on the Ce ion, spirals transversely along the c axis. The nearest-neighbor moments on the tetragonal basal plane are aligned antiferromagnetically.
Axon arbors and synaptic connections of hippocampal mossy cells in the rat in vivo

The axon collateralization patterns and synaptic connections of intracellularly labeled and electrophysiologically identified mossy cells were studied in rat hippocampus. Light microscopic analysis of 11 biocytin-filled cells showed that mossy cell axon arbors extended through an average of 57% of the total septotemporal length of the hippocampus (summated two-dimensional length, not adjusted for tissue shrinkage). Axon collaterals were densest in distant lamellae rather than in lamellae near the soma. Most of the axon was concentrated in the inner one-third of the molecular layer, with the hilus containing an average of only 26% of total axon length and the granule cell layer containing an average of only 7%. Ultrastructural analysis was carried out on three additional intracellularly stained mossy cells, in which axon collaterals and synaptic targets were examined in serial sections of chosen axon segments. In the central and subgranular regions of the hilus, mossy cell axons established a low density of synaptic contacts onto dendritic shafts, neuronal somata, and occasional dendritic spines. Most hilar synapses were made relatively close to the mossy cell somata. At greater distances from the labeled mossy cell (1-2 mm along the septotemporal axis), the axon collaterals ramified predominantly within the inner molecular layer and made a high density of asymmetric synaptic contacts almost exclusively onto dendritic spines. Quantitative measurements indicated that more than 90% of mossy cell synaptic contacts in the ipsilateral hippocampus are onto spines of proximal dendrites of presumed granule cells. These results are consistent with a primary mossy cell role in an excitatory associational network with granule cells of the dentate gyrus.
Developing rapid heating and cooling systems using pyrolytic graphite

Abstract Rapid heating and cooling is desired in many applications. A new type of rapid heating and cooling system using pyrolytic graphite (PG) was investigated. Due to a large degree of anisotropy, a factor of 200 in thermal conductivity difference and a factor of 1200 in electrical resistivity difference, PG is suitable for rapid surface heating. The high electrical resistivity and the low thermal conductivity in the thickness direction provide the electrical and thermal insulation between the surface and the bulk base. The low thermal expansion coefficient about 0.5×10−6 cm/cm/°C in the direction parallel to the surface helps maintain mechanical integrity during rapid thermal cycling. Heating and cooling characteristics of PG were studied in both simulation and experiments. The actually constructed heating and cooling system based on PG was able to raise the surface temperature from 50 to 250 °C in 2 s and cool to 50 °C in 8 s.
Using self-assembled monolayers to understand the biomaterials interface

Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold and of supported lipids are structurally well defined surfaces that have been important in understanding the relationships between the structure of a material and the interaction of proteins with the material. The synthetic flexibility available with these model surfaces makes it possible to design surfaces that resist the adsorption of protein, and also surfaces to which proteins can be covalently or reversibly immobilized. The past several years have seen advances in techniques that can pattern and control the topography of surfaces, these methods can create tailored substrates for attached cell culture.
A 65 GHz LNA/Phase Shifter With 4.3 dB NF Using 45 nm CMOS SOI

This letter presents the first 45 nm CMOS SOI LNA/phase shifter for 60 GHz applications. The 3 b phase shifter is designed using a switched-LC approach and results in only 6 dB loss at 65 GHz. The LNA/phase shifter front-end results in a gain of 6.5 dB, a noise figure of 4.3 dB, and an input ;P ;1dB of - 13.5 dBm (limited by the amplifier) with a power consumption of 15 mW. This work shows that advanced CMOS processes are essential for low power, medium linearity 60 GHz phased arrays.
Experimental studies on the performance of WDM optical fiber loop memories with filter misalignment

We report the experimental results of an optical fiber loop memory for two types of optical filters, the WGR (waveguide grating router) and the F-P (Fabry-Perot) filter. We studied the effect of optical filter misalignment and give power penalties for both types of filters.
One-stage reconstruction of the penis.

BOXER 1(1975) has reviewed the history of reconstruction of the male genitalia. Until recently, most reconstructions of the penis have involved the use of tubed abdominal flaps (e.g. Gillies and Harrison, 1948). Kaplan and Wesser (1971) described a rapid technique which they had used in Vietnamese but it makes use of skin which in other ethnic groups is likely to be hair-bearing. A different approach to the problem was suggested by Orticochea (1972) who used a gracilis musculocutaneous flap in a j-stage procedure requiring approximately 2 years.
Ablation, Melting, and Smoothing of Polycrystalline Alumina by Pulsed Excimer Laser Radiation

The effects of pulsed XeCl (308 nm) laser radiation on polycrystalline Al2O3 (alumina, 99.6% pure) and single-crystal Al2O3 (sapphire) are studied as a function of laser fluence. No laser etching of either material is detected below a threshold fluence value, which is much lower for alumina than for sapphire. Above this threshold, laser etching of both materials is observed following a number of incubation (induction) pulses. This number is much larger for sapphire than for alumina but decreases with increasing fluence for both materials. Laser etching rates for the two materials are similar at high fluences and after the incubation period. Scanning electron microscope images show that alumina melts and flows under repeated irradiation at fluences ≥0.7 J/cm2. Atomic force microscopy and surface profilometry reveal significant smoothing of the as-received polycrystalline alumina surface after repeated irradiations at moderate fluences (~1–3 J/cm2). Ion probe measurements for alumina in vacuum confirm the incubation behavior, and reveal that at fixed fluence the (positive) charge collected per pulse saturates after a sufficient number of pulses, as does the etch-plume velocity. The results are interpreted in terms of laser-generation of a sufficient concentration of absorption centers before efficient ablation/etching of these wide bandgap materials can occur.
Effect of yeast-supplemented feed on Salmonella and Campylobacter populations in broilers

Abstract The effect of the yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, on experimental cecal colonization of broilers with Salmonella typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni was investigated. Duplicate pens of broiler chicks were given ad libitum access to a standard feed supplemented with no yeast (control), or 1 g (1x), or 100 g (100x) dried S. boulardii/kg feed. All chicks except negative controls were challenged on Day 4 with 3.2 x 10(8) cfu S. typhimurium and 6.5 x 10(8) cfu C. jejuni by oral gavage. After 3 wk, the broilers were euthanatized and ceca were aseptically removed and analyzed for Salmonella and Campylobacter. Frequency of Salmonella colonization was significantly (P
Experimental verification of computation of scattering by flush-buried objects

The calculated results of the electromagnetic scattering by flush-buried objects situated in an air-ground interface are experimentally verified. The field is that at a short distance above the interface. The objects are a metal disk and a dielectric cylinder of finite dimensions. The experimental set-up and measurement procedures are described. A comparison of calculated and measured results is presented for the frequency range 500 to 1000 MHz for a soil of 20% wetness. >
Authority and Welfare in China: Modern Debates in Historical Perspective

Preface Introduction PART ONE: ANCIENT AUTHORITY AND WELFARE Authority and Welfare in the Ancient Confucian Texts Kang Youwei Liang Qichao PART TWO: REVOLUTIONARY AUTHORITY AND WELFARE Sun Yatsen Mao Zedong Deng Xiaoping PART THREE: NEW AUTHORITY AND WELFARE The 'New Authoritarian' Debates of the Late 1980s The Impact of Tiananmen Conclusion Notes and References Bibliography Index
Identifying plant architectural traits associated with yield under intercropping: Implications of genotype-cropping system interactions

Increased yields of some crops have resulted from indirect selection of plant architectural traits related to yield. This study examines the potential relationship between plant architecture and yield for a legume grown under intercropping. Field experiments were conducted in 1991 to examine the response of two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genotypes with contrasting plant habits to sole crop and intercrop with pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke), and to identify cowpea traits associated with yield under intercropping. The cultivar with a bush-type habit was higher-yielding in sole crop, whereas the cultivar with a spreading habit was higher-yielding in intercrop. For F 2 cowpea populations, pod number was most highly correlated with seed yield in intercrop. The number of branches and nodes, particularly in areas with increased access to light, and increased internode length were also important in intercrop. Selection for improved yield in sole crop may not necessarily lead to improved yield in intercrop, and different plant traits may be more appropriate for cultivars intended for use in intercrop than for those intended for use in sole crop.
Cost of Equity and S&P 500 Index Revisions

We examine how the cost of equity changes when firms are added to or removed from the S&P 500 Index during index revisions. Newly added firms experience a significant decline in the cost of equity, while recently removed firms show a significant increase. Liquidity improves for addition firms and declines for removed firms. Addition firms also experience a decline in shadow cost. Changes in cost of equity for included firms are explained by changes in liquidity, shadow cost, and firm size. Finally, included firms with greater investment opportunities benefit more from the reduction in cost of capital.
Characterization of high-Q spiral inductors on thick insulator-on-silicon

This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of high quality factor (Q) copper (Cu) inductors with thick insulator on standard silicon (Si) substrate (ρ = 10–20 Ω cm). The thickness and the area of the insulating layer are optimized for high Q by fabricating inductors on very thick (~50 µm) embedded silicon dioxide (SiO2) islands and 4–20 µm thick PECVD SiO2 coated standard Si substrate. The effect of the dielectric permittivity is verified by comparing the performances of identical inductors fabricated on 20 µm thick SiO2 and 20 µm thick low-k polymer coated standard Si substrate. Measurement results show saturation behavior for the inductor Q versus the area and the thickness of the insulating layer. A 0.9 nH inductor fabricated on a 50 µm thick embedded oxide island (OI) exhibits a high peak Q of 53 at 2 GHz. The Q of an identical inductor on 20 µm thick PECVD SiO2 is 45 at 2 GHz.
Toward a Psychology of Loss

This article argues for the development of an interdisciplinary psychology of loss that is focused on people's pervading commonsense experience and recognition of loss in their own and others' lives. This field may be defined as broader than related fields such as traumatology, thanatology, and stress and coping. The psychology of loss focuses on the perception of major loss deriving from events such as death and divorce, but also on the perception of major loss in connection with such diverse phenomena as loss of employment, loss of bodily functioning, and being the target of violence or prejudice, including genocide. An important research topic for this field concerns people's stories of how major losses are interrelated in their lives. It is argued that perceived loss is a critical phenomenal state that must be dealt with in adaptation to most significant stressors.
Hardiness and Social Support as Predictors of Stress in Mothers of Typical Children, Children with Autism, and Children with Mental Retardation

This study assessed the effects of social support and hardiness on the level of stress in mothers of typical children and children with developmental disabilities. One hundred and twenty mothers participated (40 mothers of children with autism, 40 mothers of children with mental retardation, and 40 mothers of typically developing children). Results indicated significant group differences in ratings of depression, anxiety, somatic complaints and burnout. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the best predictors of the dependent measures. Both hardiness and social support were predictive of successful adaptation. The relationships among hardiness, support and coping are discussed.
Interference Analysis in a Poisson Field of Nodes of Finite Area

The research for analytical models that are able to estimate the amount of interference, which is the most important cause of performance degradation in wireless networks, has received a lot of attention over the past few years. This interest is expected to increase in the next few years due to the advent of new architectures and communication technologies, such as wireless networks sharing the same (unlicensed) frequency band, infrastructureless wireless networks, and ultrawideband (UWB) systems. In this paper, we try to overcome some of the limitations of the existing interference models and propose an analytical framework for the evaluation of any statistical moment of the interference provided by a Poisson field of nodes located on a given region of limited area. The propagation environment we consider is characterized by a deterministic distance-dependent path-loss model and log-normal shadowing. The present methodology can be used to provide a fast and accurate evaluation of the amount of interference in many practical situations. Exact closed-form expressions are given for some specific cases.
Multithreaded processor architectures

The authors describe how independent streams of instructions, interwoven on a single processor, fill its otherwise idle cycles and so boost its performance. They detail how such multithreaded architectures take the tack of hiding latency by supporting multiple concurrent streams of execution. When a long-latency operation occurs in one of the threads, another begins execution. In this way, useful work is performed while the time-consuming operation is completed. >
Improving high-capacity Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2-based lithium-ion cells by modifiying the positive electrode with alumina

Practical high-capacity Li-ion cells containing Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2-based positive and graphite-based negative electrodes show substantial capacity loss and impedance rise when repeatedly cycled to, or held for extended periods, at voltages exceeding 4.5 V. Their performance can be effectively improved by modifying the positive electrode. The positive composite electrodes are modified here in two different ways: by (i) alumina coatings of up to ∼4 nm applied via atomic layer deposition (ALD), and (ii) addition of nanoscale alumina powder. Thicknesses of the ALD coatings are estimated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical cycling reveals that capacity retention is better, and impedance rise is smaller for cells containing ALD-coated electrodes. Cells with alumina-powder modified electrodes show also improved capacity retention, but without improvements in impedance. Improved capacity retention is primarily due to reduced Li trapping on the negative electrode. Lower impedance growth, in ALD modified cells, is attributed to improved electro-mechanical integrity and altered surface films inside the positive electrode. The alumina coating inhibits, but does not prevent, transition metal dissolution. The coating also reduces electrolyte oxidation. Significant accumulation of Al on the negative electrode indicates electrochemical crosstalk between the electrodes and chemical instability of the ALD coatings during extended cycling.
Boosted decision trees as an alternative to artificial neural networks for particle identification

The efficacy of particle identification is compared using artificial neutral networks and boosted decision trees. The comparison is performed in the context of the MiniBooNE, an experiment at Fermilab searching for neutrino oscillations. Based on studies of Monte Carlo samples of simulated data, particle identification with boosting algorithms has better performance than that with artificial neural networks for the MiniBooNE experiment. Although the tests in this paper were for one experiment, it is expected that boosting algorithms will find wide application in physics.
Freshman Linked Cohort Classes In The Study Of Business: A Comparative Analysis Of Performance And Completion Of The Lower Division Core

The paper presents the results of a study designed to measure the efficacy of using cohort linked freshmen courses in preparing students for the study of business. Specifically, an experimental group of students were enrolled in three linked freshmen courses each oriented toward global business: 1) freshmen composition, 2) small group communications, and 3) introduction to global business. The control group of students was enrolled in the introduction to global business course. However, they independently enrolled in any other non-business focused freshmen courses to fill out their schedules.
The Expanded Amnion Sign Evidence of Early Embryonic Death

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the positive predictive value for confirming early embryonic death in the clinical scenario wherein an embryo is identified without a visible heartbeat, but the embryonic crown-rump length (CRL) is 5 mm or less. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 882 first-trimester sonograms with abnormal findings among women who were threatening to abort. Eight hundred six met the inclusion criteria. Results Among the cohort of 806 cases, 520 (64.5%) had an identifiable embryo, and 255 of those with an identifiable embryo had a visible amnion (49.0%). One hundred sixteen of the 255 with a visible amnion and an identifiable embryo without a heartbeat had a CRL that measured 5 mm or less (45.5%). The CRL of these embryos ranged from 1.7 to 5.4 mm (ie, when rounded to the nearest millimeter, these embryos would be 5 mm) with the breakdown as follows: those measuring less than or equal to 3.4 mm (n = 28), those measuring 3.5 to 4.4 mm (n = 45), and those measuring 4.5 to 5.4 mm (n = 43). Eight of these 116 patients did not have any documented follow-up. In the remaining 108 patients, pregnancy failure was confirmed. Conclusions We conclude that any embryo that is surrounded by an amnion and that also lacks a heartbeat has unfortunately but definitively died. This is equally true for embryos measuring less than 5 mm in CRL.
Statement of Concerns About Disposition of Nazi-Looted Art in the United States, Submitted to the Office of Holocaust Issues, U.S. Department of State, September, 22, 2009

This statement offers the views of Dr. Michael Berenbaum, Edward Gaffney, and Jennifer Anglim Kreder relating to the request in the Federal Register for statement of the views on developing alternative mechanisms to resolve claims for artworks displaced as a result of the Holocaust and World War II.Also included is a chart prepared by Kreder on litigation relating to several Holocaust-era cases in federal courts since the Altmann case in 2004.
Intravascular Laser Technologies

Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation [1]. There are many types of medical lasers each of which emits a different wavelength of light energy depending on their intended application [2–4]. The 308 nanometer (nm) wavelength excimer laser light energy (Spectranetics CVX-300 Excimer Laser System, Spectranetics Corp.
Double mixing methods for kinetic studies of ligand binding in partially liganded intermediates of hemoglobin.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the differences between the two methods of double mixing stopped-flow and single mixing, the type of reactions that can be studied by the double mixing method, experimental design, data treatment, and a brief discussion of the results obtained. Unless otherwise mentioned, all examples discussed in the chapter are for normal human hemoglobin (Hb). The double-mixing method , along with the micro peroxidase method for studying carbon mono oxide (CO) dissociation reactions and the high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for preparation of the valency hybrids, allows for the study of kinetics of CO association with, and dissociation from, partially liganded intermediates of Hb. All of these studies so far have been made by only two groups and, therefore, a certain degree of bias in perspective may have been unavoidable, particularly in formulating reaction schemes to fit the data. These studies have been made using a first-generation double mixing stopped-flow spectrophotometer with limited capabilities, such as a long dead time, use of large sample volumes for each kinetic shot, and some probability of leading-edge contamination at longer aging times. More information and precision can be obtained by using state-of-the-art double-mixing instruments.
Elements of the Calculus of Variations

Purpose of Lesson To introduce the concepts or elements of the calculus of variations and use them to develop the necessary conditions for minimizing functionals.
Oviposition of the Boll Weevil In Relation to Food

While larvae of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boh., feed and develop either in squares or in bolls of cotton, the adult weevils prefer squares for food. Not only are the longevity and the period of ovipostion of weevils fed upon squares greater than that of weevils fed exclusively upon bolls, but squares or very small bolls are essential for reproduction. In the latter part of the season if the formation of squares stops, oviposition soon ceases. This requirement of squares for reproduction limits the number of weevils which may go into hibernation in any locality and is a factor in the local distribution of the overwintered weevils the next year.
Simulation of photonic crystal 2D DFB low RIN laser

Low noise CW laser source is required for coherent communication, sensing and detection. In this poster, we suggest GaAs based 1.55μm broad-area low relative intensity noise (RIN) laser. Semiconductor low RIN laser is generally operated in high level current density, which result in hole burning and heat problem. By implementing large cavity width with band-edge of photonic band gap, we suggest that we reduce RIN level almost down to shot noise level (< −165dB) without large current injection density. In order to obtain RIN graph, loss and group velocity of lasing mode are simulated with 1D DFB approximation.
Boll Weevil : Relationship of Predicted vs. Observed Peaks of Populations to Squaring Rates of Two Cotton Cultivars

From 1973 to 1975, two varieties of cotton, Stoneville ST-213, a standard cultivar, and Tamcot SP-37, a short-season cultivar, planted at ca. 50,400 plants/ha, in river silt in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, were sampled for adults of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, and boll weevil larval damage to squares. The predictions of 2 models for the peak emergence of adults of 4–5 generations of boll weevils was then compared to the actual times of peak emergence of weevils in the field. A good relationship was found between the number of days (0–3 days) when adults of F2 were actually observed in cotton and when they were predicted based on the time for 98% adult emergence. From computed cumulative squaring, 50% of the squares occurred 4 and 9 days earlier on SP-37 than on ST-213 in 1973 and 1974, respectively, and populations of weevils were greater in SP-37 than in ST-213 during 2 of the 3 test yr. Reliable data were accumulated from the sampling of 0.25% of the plot area measuring 204 m2.
Assessing pain among oncology and terminally ill patients: psychometric considerations.

All too frequently, clinical researchers adopt assessment instruments without considering the psychometric adequacy of the instrument. Although sound research methodology is widely accepted as nece...