cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Frontal Behavioral Battery: A Measure of Frontal Lobe Symptoms in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease.

Background Approximately 90%of persons living with dementia experience behavioral symptoms, including frontal lobe features involving motivation, planning, social behavior, language, personality, mood, swallowing, and gait. Objective We conducted a two-stage study with a development sample (n = 586) and validation sample (n = 274) to evaluate a brief informant-rated measure of non-cognitive features of frontal lobe dysfunction: the Frontal Behavioral Battery (FBB). Methods In the development sample, internal consistency, principal factor analysis, and correlations between the FBB and outcomes were evaluated. In the validation sample, we examined (a) FBB scores by diagnosis, (b) known-group validity by demographics, subjective complaints, and dementia staging, and (c) correlation between FBB and MRI volumes. Receiver operator characteristic curves assessed the ability of the FBB to discriminate individuals with frontal lobe features due to a neurodegenerative disease. Results The FBB characterized 11 distinct frontal lobe features. Individuals with dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal degeneration had the greatest number of frontal lobe features. Premorbid personality traits of extroversion, agreeableness, and openness were associated with fewer frontal lobe behavioral symptoms, while subjective cognitive complaints were associated with greater symptoms. The FBB provided very good discrimination between individuals with and without cognitive impairment (diagnostic odds ratio: 13.1) and between individuals with and without prominent frontal lobe symptoms (diagnostic odds ratio: 84.8). Conclusion The FBB may serve as an effective and efficient method to assess the presence of non-cognitive symptoms associated with frontal lobe dysfunction, but in a brief fashion that could facilitate its use in clinical care and research.
Altitude and early child growth in 47 countries

The relationship between altitude of residence and child linear growth is studied using data for 630,499 children below age 5 years born between 1992 and 2016, as recorded in 47 countries at elevations ranging from − 377 to 4498 m above sea level. Regressions are used to measure the role of household, community, and environmental factors in explaining an observed altitude effect on linear growth. Controlling for birth year and country effects, and a range of factors correlated with altitude and associated with nutrition outcomes, for each 1000 m gain in elevation, height for age z score (HAZ) declines by 0.195 points on average. Country-specific estimates of the association vary and include positive associations. Results highlight the potential links between developmental risks for children and features of their physical environment.
Romanticism and Animal Rights: Caged birds and wild

The plea for kindness to animals extended also to birds, the most familiar and loved of wild animals. A typical burst of rhetoric, from James Grahame's The Birds of Scotland , affirms that God “who hears the heavenly choirs” listens with equal pleasure to “the woodland song.” Protest on behalf of wild birds, especially in poems and in literature for children, focused on the taking of eggs, nests, or nestlings of wild birds and the keeping of caged birds as parlor ornaments and pets. Song birds were also eaten, needless to say. In the 1860s Henry Mayhew estimated that 300,000 larks were sold annually for food in the London market. Georgian cookbooks include recipes for roasting, spitting, or stewing blackbirds, thrush, lapwings, magpies, larks, sparrows, and woodpeckers. Frequently they were served on toast. Various birds, notably sparrows and jays, were viewed as agricultural pests and a bounty might be paid for their corpses. However, these practices did not disturb reformers as much as taking nests and caging. Their protest was part of the matrix of famous high Romantic poems such as Wordsworth's “To a Cuckoo,” Shelley's “To a Skylark,” and Keats's “Ode to a Nightingale.” In these poems, birds are elusive and inviolable. They represent a nature man cannot subjugate or harm, the compensatory dream of Romantic poetry. The hedgerows and heaths, groves and fens of England swarmed with boys. At least, the children's literature of the age leaves this impression.
In situ Activity of NAC11-7 roseobacters in Coastal Waters off the Chesapeake Bay based on ftsZ Expression

Determining in situ growth rates for specific bacterioplankton is of critical importance to understanding their contributions to energy and matter flow in the Ocean. Quantifying expression of genes central to cell division is a plausible approach for obtaining these measurements. In order to test this approach's assumptions, a quantitative PCR assay targeting the cell division gene ftsZ in the ubiquitous NAC11-7 group of the Rhodobacterales order of marine bacteria was developed. ftsZ genes and their corresponding mRNAs were measured in diel in situ samples and in parallel on-deck incubations. Strong correlations between ftsZ expression and gene abundance (R-squared = 0.62) were observed in situ. Rapid changes in NAC11-7 ftsZ gene copies suggested that different populations from different water types were sampled with a significant positive correlation between ftsZ expression and water temperature (R-squared = 0.68, P < 0.001). An outlier to this trend occurred at a single time point (9:00), which was remarkably consistent with a concomitant peak in ftsZ expression in on-deck incubations, suggesting the possibility of synchronous population growth.
Teachers’ Implementation of Project-Based Learning: Lessons from the Research Goes to School Program

Research Goes to School (RGS) is a professional development program that focuses on high school teachers of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. This collective case study examines RGS participants and their use of project-based learning (PBL) as they implemented curricular units that they developed at the RGS summer workshop. Based on the analysis of the data from the observations, the RGS participants exhibited partial fidelity of implementation to the features of PBL. Analysis of the data from the interviews indicated that participants were aware of features of PBL that they were not able to fully implement. Participants also identified several supports, particularly from the RGS program such as being able to order materials to implement their units, as well as supports that were specific to their teaching contexts. The findings suggested that the professional development program had some positive if limited influence on teachers’ instructional practices. This study highlights the need for professional development to enhance teachers’ content knowledge as well as their knowledge of pedagogy and to promote collaboration between teachers and professional development providers, particularly once teachers are in their classroom contexts.
Code generation for embedded Java with Ptolemy

Code generation from models is the ultimate goal of model-based design. For real-time systems the generated code must be analyzable for the worst-case execution time (WCET). In this paper we evaluate Java code generation from Ptolemy II for embedded real-time Java. The target system is the time-predictable Java processor JOP. The quality of the generated code is verified by WCET analysis for the target platform. Our results indicate that code generated from synchronous data-flow and finite state machine models is WCET analyzable and the generated code leads to tight WCET bounds.
Hydration Kinetics of Exocytosed Mucins in Cultured Secretory Cells of the Rabbit Trachea: A New Model

Experiments have been done to test the idea that mucins undergo postexocytotic swelling. Previous work led to the hypothesis that the glycoprotein network of the mucus gel is probably held together by entanglements and low energy bonds, rather than by interchain covalent bonding. Since glycoproteins and other proteins in the mucus are polyions, it was further proposed that mucus must be capable of swelling, with its swelling properties depending on the pH and ionic strength of the medium hydrating the mucus. Experiments using oestrous cervical mucus from cows as a model confirmed this prediction. Observations on tissue cultures of respiratory secretory cells reported here show that freshly secreted mucins also undergo swelling during and after exocytosis. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the rheological properties of mucus may be physiologically regulated by hydration via control of the transepithelial movement of water, ions and soluble proteins, rather than by variations in the degree of covalent cross-linking between glycoprotein chains as proposed earlier.
Infectious Croup: A Critical Review

Infectious croup is a viral or bacterial syndrome characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. Three separate conditions will be discussed: laryngotracheobronchitis, spasmotic croup, and bacterial tracheitis. Each clinical entity will be defined and its treatment reviewed. Current treatment regimens for infectious croup involve various combinations of mist therapy, racemic epinephrine, corticosteroids, and syrup of ipecac. Tradition, rather than science, appears to be the basis of many of these treatments. Despite the frequent occurrence of infectious croup, no treatment has proved consistently successful. Prevention and better treatment methods are the keys for reducing the high cost of infectious croup to the medical care system.
A Microsatellite-Based Genetic Linkage Map for Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Microsatellite loci were identified in channel catfish gene sequences or random clones from a small insert genomic DNA library. Outbred populations of channel catfish contained an average of eight alleles per locus and an average heterozygosity of 0.70. A genetic linkage map of the channel catfish genome (N = 29) was constructed from two reference families. A total of 293 microsatellite loci were polymorphic in one or both families, with an average of 171 informative meioses per locus. Nineteen type I loci, 243 type II loci, and one EST were placed in 32 multipoint linkage groups covering 1958 cM. Nine more type II loci were contained in three two-point linkage groups covering 24.5 cM. Twenty-two type II loci remained unlinked. Multipoint linkage groups ranged in size from 11.9 to 110.5 cM with an average intermarker distance of 8.7 cM. Seven microsatellite loci were closely linked with the sex-determining locus. The microsatellite loci and genetic linkage map will increase the efficiency of selective breeding programs for channel catfish.
Theory of Thermally Stimulated Conductivity in a Previously Photoexcited Crystal

The theory of thermally stimulated conductivity (TSC) for a single trap depth in the presence of deeper traps, and a single type of recombination center, has been developed in detail without making the customary restrictive approximations and assumptions based on the relative importance of recombination or retrapping, or on the constancy of the lifetime. General conclusions about the shape of the TSC curve are presented, depending on the ratio of recombination to trapping probabilities, and on the ratio of the density of the traps of interest to that of deeper traps. The results of the theory are applied to the particular cases of first-order kinetics, strong retrapping with constant lifetime, and strong retrapping with varying lifetime. A critical discussion is given of the analysis of TSC data according to methods involving the quasi-Fermi-level, the half-widths of the TSC curve, varying heating rates, and the initial activation energy at the beginning of the TSC curve. It is concluded that the method of decayed TSC provides the most reliable determination of trap depth. The results of the theory can be readily adapted for application to systems involving more than one type of recombination center.
Persistence of the Castillejo-Dalitz-Dyson Ambiguity in Relativistic Crossing-Symmetric Amplitudes

The relativistic equations expressing analyticity, crossing, and unitarity are analyzed without approximations. An infinite family of solutions is constructed, corresponding to a Castillejo-Dalitz-Dyson (CDD) ambiguity in the $s$ wave. This ambiguity is in addition to the one resulting from arbitrary inelastic functions. The amplitudes constructed have nonvanishing single spectral functions, and this implies that a Kronecker $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is present in the angular-momentum plane. This relation between CDD poles and the Kronecker $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is proved only within a certain limited range of the coupling strength. A computational program for reaching the interesting domain of large couplings is outlined. In the latter domain it is not expected that all CDD poles entail Kronecker $\ensuremath{\delta}'\mathrm{s}$ in the $l$ plane.
Model-Independent Aspects of Perturbation Chromatography Theory

Suitably defined mean times for the response of a chromatographic column to step and small-pulse perturbations are shown to be independent of the nature of the mass transfer processes within the column. The mean times depend solely on equilibrium properties and may be determined from measurements of the response. For a step response the mean time for a particular species is equal to the ratio of the change in the equilibrium holdup in the column of that species to the change in the rate at which it is transmitted through the column. For a pulse response the mean time is the derivative of the holdup with respect to the transmission rate. Retention volumes are also related to equilibrium and not rate properties when defined as the volume of mobile phase that flows into the column up to the mean time.
Exploitation of hyperspectral imagery using adaptive resonance networks

Hyperspectral imagery consists of a large number of spectral bands that is typically modeled in a high dimensional spectral space by exploitation algorithms. This high dimensional space usually causes no inherent problems with simple classification methods that use Euclidean distance or spectral angle for a metric of class separability. However, classification methods that use quadratic metrics of separability, such as Mahalanobis distance, in high dimensional space are often unstable, and often require dimension reduction methods to be effective. Methods that use supervised neural networks or manifold learning methods are often very slow to train. Implementations of Adaptive Resonance Theory, such as fuzzy ARTMAP and distributed ARTMAP have been successfully applied to single band imagery, multispectral imagery, and other various low dimensional data sets. They also appear to converge quickly during training. This effort investigates the behavior of ARTMAP methods on high dimensional hyperspectral imagery without resorting to dimension reduction. Realistic-sized scenes are used and the analysis is supported by ground truth knowledge of the scenes. ARTMAP methods are compared to a back-propagation neural network, as well as simpler Euclidean distance and spectral angle methods.
Using Student Ethnography to Teach Sociology of Religion.

. Engaging students in a course in the Sociology of Religion can be a challenge, particularly when working with student populations in a homogeneous region of the country who have limited experience with religious diversity. We approached the course from a sociological/anthropological perspective, requiring each student to complete an in-depth participation/observation research experience and write an ethnographic account of a religion or belief system different from his or her own. While other instructors have used a similar pedagogy, using ethnography with our student population was generally successful as a learning and writing tool.
Light-induced second-harmonic generation in glass via multiphoton ionization.

Irradiating glass by intense light at frequencies \ensuremath{\omega} and 2\ensuremath{\omega} generates a semipermanent dc electric field in the glass that transforms the glass into a phase-method optical-frequency doubler. We map out this dc electric field over a wide variety of experimental conditions. We show that its symmetries are predicted by a theory based on the interference of competing multiphoton ionization channels.
Treatment of pediatric infections with amikacin as first-line aminoglycoside

Because of increased aminoglycoside resistance of hospital bacterial isolates, aminoglycoside sensitivity patterns of isolates in a large children's hospital were assessed before and during a 33-month period of almost exclusive amikacin use. There was no significant change in overall resistance rates of gram-negative enteric bacteria to gentamicin (4.8 percent and 4.6 percent), tobramycin (2.5 percent and 3.6 percent), and amikacin (1.2 percent and 1.8 percent) from the pre-amikacin period to the amikacin usage period, respectively. No significant differences were observed for isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas species. In contrast, significant decreases in gentamicin and tobramycin resistance rates for Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in gentamicin resistance of Proteus were found. Very little change in resistance of staphylococcal isolates was seen during a shorter evaluation period. Pediatric aminoglycoside usage includes therapy of neonatal infections, cystic fibrosis, febrile neutropenic episodes in patients with cancer, abdominal surgery, bacterial endocarditis, and gram-negative central nervous system infections. Amikacin has also been used successfully as single-dose therapy of urinary tract infections, and acceptable cerebrospinal fluid levels of amikacin have been documented in hydrocephalic patients with ventriculitis. In vitro studies of 22 bacterial isolates demonstrated synergy between amikacin and penicillin or newer cephalosporins in 13, an additive effect in seven and indifference in two. No antagonism was found. In addition, in vivo synergy between imipenem and amikacin was found in neutropenic infant rats with P. aeruginosa sepsis using a strain with which no synergy was demonstrable in vitro. Amikacin is effective in pediatric infections and is well tolerated by children. Because excessive or inadequate levels are frequent with usually recommended doses, particularly in neonates and patients with compromised renal function or cystic fibrosis, serum levels should be monitored to minimize risk and to ensure therapeutic levels.
A Trust-Based Home Intervention for Special-Needs Adopted Children: A Case Study

Research on the effects of abuse, neglect, and other traumas in early childhood has consistently demonstrated severe deficits that can be prevalent across the life span. Costs associated with addressing such deficits in special-needs children can strain families and are an immense financial burden to society. Trust-Based Relational Intervention® is an intervention modality that targets the attachment system as part of a dynamic system of development. Presented is a summary of the costs of addressing the sequelae of childhood abuse and neglect, a brief overview of Trust-Based Relational Intervention, and a case study demonstrating the efficacy of this intervention with an adopted special-needs child in a home-based setting.
The psychosocial effects of deployment on military children.

ABSTRACT:Objective:The impact of the Global War on Terror on two million U.S. military children remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the psychosocial profile of school age children during parental deployment utilizing standardized psychosocial health and stress measures, and to
The Halide Meter — The Myth and the Machine

Abstract No evidence has been found to support the belief that the halide meter operates on the copper or copper-halide excitation principle. Rather, it is a more subtle mechanism, involving enhancement of the nitrogen band spectra in the presence of a halogen. The electrode material used serves only to conduct electric current. A stainless-steel and platinum electrode system along with an ultraviolet transmitting filter has been proposed which increases the sensitivity fourfold and the longevity of calibration by 50 to 100 times.
Biphotonic laser excitation of upper singlet state fluorescence in organic dyes

Abstract Fluorescence spectra are presented, originating from upper excited singlet states in three xanthene dyes. The experimental method, using biphotonic pulsed laser excitation, is shown to have advantages over single-photon ultraviolet irradiation. It is further shown that the observed spectra depend on the nature and timing of the excitation frequencies.
Modulation of troponin T molecular conformation and flexibility by metal ion binding to the NH2-terminal variable region

Troponin T (TnT) plays an allosteric signal transduction role in the actin thin-filament-based Ca(2+)-regulation of striated muscle contraction. Developmentally regulated alternative RNA splicing produces TnT isoforms differing in their NH(2)-terminal structure. Physical property variations of the NH(2)-terminal hypervariable region of TnT may have a role in tuning the Ca(2+)-sensitivity and overall cooperativity of the muscle. We have previously demonstrated that metal ion or monoclonal antibody binding to the NH(2)-terminal region can modulate the epitopic conformation and troponin I and tropomyosin binding affinity of TnT. To further establish the molecular basis of this conformational and functional modulation, we have characterized the NH(2)-terminal variable region-originated secondary conformational effect in TnT using fluorescence spectral analysis. The chicken fast skeletal muscle TnT isoform, TnT8e16, containing a cluster of transition-metal ion binding sites (Tx) in the NH(2)-terminal variable region was used in this study. TnT8e16 was titrated for Cu(II) binding-induced changes in fluorescence intensity and anisotropy of the COOH-domain Trp residues (W234, W236, and W285), which demonstrated considerable environmental sensitivity in TnT denaturation studies. Nonlinear Stern-Volmer plots of Trp quenching indicated a metal ion binding-induced conformational change in TnT. Fluorescence anisotropy changes upon metal ion binding indicated a decrease in the mobility of the Trp residues and an increase in the flexibility of fluorescein-labeled Cys263 in the COOH domain. These data support a model that the alternatively spliced NH(2)-terminal variable region of TnT modulates conformation and flexibility of other domains of the protein.
Comparison of effects of L-dopa, amphetamine and apomorphine on firing rate of rat dopaminergic neurones.

WE have reported that systemically administered d-amphet-amine selectively depresses the firing rate of dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra zona compacta and adjacent ventral tegmental area of the rat midbrain1. d-Amphetamine is believed to act by releasing dopamine and blocking its re-uptake, leading to stimulation of dopamine receptors by increasing the availability of dopamine at postsynaptic receptor sites2–4. The increased receptor stimulation is then thought to initiate neuronal feedback inhibition of dopamine units5. Two other drugs are believed to stimulate dopamine receptors: L-dopa is converted to dopamine by an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, increasing the amount of dopamine potentially available at receptor sites6–8, while apomorphine seems to stimulate the receptors directly9–11. Because of this alleged ability to stimulate dopamine receptors, it has been predicted that these drugs also slow dopamine cells10.
The molecular pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid.

Abstract The detection of immunopathologic abnormalities 1 prompted early studies that suggest that bullous pemphigoid is mediated by antibody-dependent complement activation following initiation by an epidermal basement membrane zone antigen. 2 These concepts will not be further considered in this chapter but are reviewed elsewhere (chapter 12) in this volume. Study of the molecular pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid has been aided by the ease of recognition of each clinical stage in lesional development and by easy access to a complex biologic fluid formed during the inflammatory process. 3 Specimens of lesions at each stage of development from patients were examined for histologic changes by the 1-μm-thick section technique 4 and for immunopathologic abnormalities by direct immunofluorescence. In a single patient, lesions at each stage of development have been examined with the electron microscope for ultrastructural alterations. 5 These studies permitted appreciation of the sequence of pathologic events that must be considered in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid. This chapter considers the pathologic events that characterize the tissue damage observed in bullous pemphigoid. In addition, the potential molecular contribution of cells that participate in the mediation of the inflammatory events characteristic of this unique bullous disease are examined.
Gendered Processes of Adaptation: Understanding Parent–Child Relations in Chinese Immigrant Families

Drawing on 5-year longitudinal interview data on 72 Chinese immigrant children and their parents in the U.S., this paper addresses the following research question: How does Chinese immigrant fathers’ and mothers’ adaptation after migration influence their relations with their children? Guided by grounded theory, data analyses show that parental adaptation difficulty, particularly among fathers, influences their physical and psychological presence in their children’s lives. This, combined with parents’ exceedingly high academic expectations, could result in estranged parent–child relations in families. This paper also illustrates how parental efforts to be good providers for their children and children’s hope for parents as a source of emotional support can lead to parent–child alienation in immigrant families.
Effect of L-thyroxine therapy on lipoprotein fractions in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, with special reference to lipoprotein(a).

Abstract The effect of l -thyroxine therapy on lipoprotein fractions was assessed in 15 patients with overt hypothyroidism (14 women and one man aged 45 ± 3.9 years; thyrotropin [TSH]: mean ± SEM, 42 ± 6.5 mIU/L; range, 20.5 to 106.5) and 14 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (13 women and one man aged 41 ± 4 years; TSH: mean ± SEM, 9.1 ± 1 mIU/L; range, 5.1 to 17.3). Fasting serum lipid levels were measured initially and 4 months after achievement of a euthyroid state with incremental l -thyroxine therapy (TSH: mean ± SEM, 1.8 ± 0.4 mIU/L; range, 0.3 to 4.9 for both groups). In the ovartly hypothyroid group, restoration of a euthyroid state was associated with a significant reduction in total cholesterol, and apo B. In the subclinically hypothyroid group, there was a significant reduction of only total cholesterol (199.6 ± 13.2 v 183.4 ± 11.6 mg/dL) and LDL-C (131.6 ± 8.4 v 114 ± 9.25 mg/dL). In contrast, lipoprotein(s) [Lp(a)] was unaffected by the incremental adjustment of l -thyroxine therapy in both groups (overt, 34.3 ± 8.8 v 35.6 ± 6.7 mg/dL; subclinical, 23.0 ± 8.6 v 29.4 ± 9.5 mg/dL). We conclude that restoration of a euthyroid state in patients with overt hypothyroidism has no significant effect on Lp(a) levels, and confirm that subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with a significant increase in LDL-C, known to have an atherogenic effect.
Synthesis of systems with dominant complex roots

Multiparameter systems with dominant complex roots constrained by degrees of freedom to construct reduced characteristic equation
Ants use pheromone markings in emigrations to move closer to food-rich areas

Nest site quality can affect survival and reproduction, and thus many animals have evolved behaviors which facilitate nest site assessment and selection. Ants of the genus Temnothorax have been shown to include an array of nest site attributes when choosing such a site. Here, we show that they also include traits of the habitat surrounding nest sites. In particular, we found that during emigration, ants preferred to move to nests located close to a previously explored food-rich area. We also determined that scent markings played a role in this choice and that scouts and transporting ants may have tracked scent marks laid in foraging, and this behavior could have biased emigration toward nests located near previously foraged areas. These results indicate that pheromones play a bigger role in Temnothorax foraging and decision making in emigration than previously thought. Overall, this work provides new insights into the mechanisms involved in habitat selection in ants and contributes to our understanding of collective behavior in social insects in general.
A Study of Fatigue and Failure Behavior of Conductive Adhesive Joints Subjected to Elevated Temperature and Humidity

The use of conductive adhesives to replace solder joint connectors and other joining methods has enjoyed rapid growth in recent years. Major reasons for their use in electronic packaging are efficient load distribution over a larger area, comparable joint electrical conductivity, and environmental concerns for tin/lead solder. There are a number of issues that one needs to be concerned about in the design of joints bonded using conductive adhesives. One of these is the cyclic fatigue behavior of conductive adhesive interconnects under different environmental conditions, in which fatigue failure might occur due to either mechanical or thermal stresses varying in a cyclic manner. This paper addresses the effect of various environmental conditions, such as, elevated temperature, and humidity on the fatigue failure of conductive adhesive joints. For this purpose, conductive adhesive joints were prepared using stainless steel adherends, and tested using monotonic and cyclic mechanical loading in different environmental conditions. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the damage-path is also presented through a spectrum of experiments involving variable loading methodology.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The MC6809 In DMA Mode on the IEEE-488 Bus

DMA data transfer makes this system faster than ones that are interrupt-driven or based on polling. DMA on the 6809 suits it to applications demanding high data rates.
Relaxing the Assumptions Underlying Corrections for Restriction of Range

It is generally believed that the correction for restriction of range will yield exact correlational values only when the regression of z on x is both linear and homoscedastic. However it is shown that the correction formula can hold even for non-linear heteroscedastic relationships. A simple sufficient condition for the validity of the formula is described. Further, simple conditions for predicting when the formula will overestimate and underestimate are also described. The results are demonstrated in terms of a numerical example.
Screening soy hydrolysates for the production of a recombinant therapeutic protein in commercial cell line by combined approach of near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

Soy hydrolysates are widely used as the major nutrient sources for cell culture processes for industrial manufacturing of therapeutic recombinant proteins. The primary goal of this study was to develop a spectroscopy based chemometric method, a partial least squares (PLS), to screen soy hydrolysates for better yield of protein production (titers) in cell culture medium. Harvest titer values of 29 soy hydrolysate lots with production yield between 490 and 1,350 mg/L were obtained from shake flask models or from manufacture engineering runs. The soy hydrolysate samples were measured by near-infrared (NIR) in reflectance mode using an infrared fiber optic probe. The fiber optic probe could easily enable in situ measurement of the soy hydrolysates for convenient raw material screening. The best PLS calibration has a determination coefficient of R 2 = 0.887 utilizing no spectral preprocessing, the two spectral ranges of 10,000–5,376 cm−1 and 4,980–4,484 cm−1, and a rank of 6 factors. The cross-validation of the model resulted in a determination coefficient of R 2 = 0.741 between the predicted and actual titer values with an average standard deviation of 72 mg/L. Compared with the resource demanding shake flask model, the combination of NIR and chemometric modeling provides a convenient method for soy hydrolysate screening with the advantage of fast speed, low cost and non-destructive.
Time-efficient measures of auditory frequency selectivity

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to compare two recently proposed methods for fast measurements of psychophysical tuning curves (fast-PTCs) in terms of resulting tuning curve features and training effects. Design: Fast-PTCs with swept-noise (SN) and gated-noise (GN) maskers were measured at signal frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. The effect of amplitude modulating the signal in the GN condition was evaluated. Two PTC runs were obtained for each condition to assess training effects. Study sample: Eight normally-hearing young adults participated in the study. Results: The SN and GN methods resulted in similar estimates of frequency selectivity when training effects were considered. Amplitude modulating the tone in the GN method reduced the effect of training. On average, SN-PTCs were most repeatable compared to the two other methods and they were not affected by training. Estimation of the shift in the PTC tip frequency was not affected by the measurement method or training eff...
1-Benzenesulfinyl piperidine/trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride: a potent combination of shelf-stable reagents for the low-temperature conversion of thioglycosides to glycosyl triflates and for the formation of diverse glycosidic linkages.

The combination of 1-benzenesulfinyl piperidine (BSP) and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf2O) forms a new, powerful, metal-free thiophile that can readily activate both armed and disarmed thioglycosides, via glycosyl triflates, in a matter of minutes at −60 °C in dichloromethane, in the presence of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylpyrimidine (TTBP). The glycosyl triflates are rapidly and cleanly converted to glycosides, upon treatment with alcohols, in good yield and selectivity.
S/MAR sequence confers long-term mitotic stability on non-integrating lentiviral vector episomes without selection

Insertional oncogene activation and aberrant splicing have proved to be major setbacks for retroviral stem cell gene therapy. Integrase-deficient human immunodeficiency virus-1-derived vectors provide a potentially safer approach, but their circular genomes are rapidly lost during cell division. Here we describe a novel lentiviral vector (LV) that incorporates human s-interferon scaffold/matrix-associated region sequences to provide an origin of replication for long-term mitotic maintenance of the episomal LTR circles. The resulting ‘anchoring’ non-integrating lentiviral vector (aniLV) achieved initial transduction rates comparable with integrating vector followed by progressive establishment of long-term episomal expression in a subset of cells. Analysis of aniLV-transduced single cell-derived clones maintained without selective pressure for >100 rounds of cell division showed sustained transgene expression from episomes and provided molecular evidence for long-term episome maintenance. To evaluate aniLV performance in primary cells, we transduced lineage-depleted murine hematopoietic progenitor cells, observing GFP expression in clonogenic progenitor colonies and peripheral blood leukocyte chimerism following transplantation into conditioned hosts. In aggregate, our studies suggest that scaffold/matrix-associated region elements can serve as molecular anchors for non-integrating lentivector episomes, providing sustained gene expression through successive rounds of cell division and progenitor differentiation in vitro and in vivo.
Hash-flow taint analysis of higher-order programs

As web applications have grown in popularity, so have attacks on such applications. Cross-site scripting and injection attacks have become particularly problematic. Both vulnerabilities stem, at their core, from improper sanitization of user input. We propose static taint analysis, which can verify the absence of unsanitized input errors at compile-time. Unfortunately, precise static analysis of modern scripting languages like Python is challenging: higher-orderness and complex control-flow collide with opaque, dynamic data structures like hash maps and objects. The interdependence of data-flow and control-flow make it hard to attain both soundness and precision. In this work, we apply abstract interpretation to sound and precise taint-style static analysis of scripting languages. We first define λH, a core calculus of modern scripting languages, with hash maps, dynamic objects, higher-order functions and first class control. Then we derive a framework of k-CFA-like CESK-style abstract machines for statically reasoning about λH, but with hash maps factored into a "Curried Object store." The Curried object store---and shape analysis on this store---allows us to recover field sensitivity, even in the presence of dynamically modified fields. Lastly, atop this framework, we devise a taint-flow analysis, leveraging its field-sensitive, interprocedural and context-sensitive properties to soundly and precisely detect security vulnerabilities, like XSS attacks in web applications. We have prototyped the analytical framework for Python, and conducted preliminary experiments with web applications. A low rate of false alarms demonstrates the promise of this approach.
Where Do We Go from Here? The Policy Implications of Social Support

This article draws together the themes appearing in the articles included in the two numbers of the Journal of Social Issues devoted to social support. The social-issue aspects of support are examined, several limitations of support interventions are discussed, and the advantages of a multicausal intervention approach are assessed. Finally, the implications for federal, state and local, and individual level health policies are presented.
Right thoracotomy approach for repair of recurrent or complex coarctation of the aorta using an extra-anatomic ascending aorta to descending aorta bypass graft off-pump

A previously described but rarely used surgical technique for the repair of complex or recurrent coarctation of the aorta through a right thoracotomy approach is presented in detail. It has the advantages of being simple and avoiding left chest re-entry, median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass altogether.
Synthesis of Organotin Polyamine Ethers Containing Acyclovir and their Preliminary Anticancer and Antiviral Activity.

Organotin polyamine ethers containing acyclovir in their backbone were synthesized in moderate to high yield employing the aqueous interfacial polycondensation system. The products are high molecular weight polymers. Infrared spectroscopy of the products shows new bands characteristic of the formation of Sn–N and Sn–O bonds consistent with the proposed structure. MALDI-TOF MS below 2000 Da shows the presence of organotin and acyclovir units containing these two moieties. The products show moderate inhibition of a number of cancer cell lines and exhibit the ability to inhibit a number of viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella zoster virus that are responsible for herpes, chicken pox and shingles.
Fused s-Triazino heterocycles. VI. 1,9,9b-Triazaphenalenes

Derivatives of 1,9,b-triazaphenalene have been prepared by reacting alkyl-N-cyanoimidates with 2,6-bis(cyanomethyl)pyridine.
LIRIODENDRON (MAGNOLIACEAE) FROM THE MIOCENE CLARKIA FLORA OF IDAHO

Miocene Liriodendron carpels, whole fruiting structures and leaves from Clarkia and Oviatt Creek sites in northern Idaho are preserved as imprints and compressed fossils in soft lacustrine clays. The isolated carpels are indistinguishable from those described as L. hesperia Berry from the Spokane Latah flora. Fruit aggregates from the type Clarkia and Oviatt Creek localities and leaves from three Clarkia sites are considered to be within the range of variation of the single species L. hesperia. Comparisons were made regarding leaf architecture, lower leaf epidermal structures, leaf flavonoid and steroid analysis, morphological features of receptacles and carpels, and the venation pattern of carpels of the fossil material to the two extant species, L. tulipifera L. (native to southeastern United States) and L. chinense Sarg. (native to southeastern Asia). Leaf architecture features analyzed by standard statistical and canonical tests and marginal venation patterns near the base of leaves suggest that L. hesperia is more similar to L. tulipifera, whereas the size dimensions of lower epidermal cells and the common presence of two sterane compounds imply that L. hesperia is more similar to L. chinense. The fossil species, however, is a distinct taxon indicated by statistical discriminant and canonical tests, leaf base shape, often smaller epidermal cell dimensions, and the shape of round receptacle carpel scars. Both the fossil and the two living Liriodendron species are associated with comparable mixed mesophytic
Ultrasonic Absorption at Microwave Frequencies and at Low Temperatures in MgO and Al 2 O 3

Measurements are presented of the ultrasonic absorption in MgO and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ for transverse and longitudinal waves in the low-temperature region. In contrast to some theoretical expectations, the absorption of longitudinal waves is not negligible but even stronger than for transverse waves. In the theoretical discussion it is shown that this strong longitudinal absorption probably is caused by three-phonon processes.
Resampling permutation probability values for six measures of qualitative variation.

An algorithm and associated FORTRAN program are provided for six common measures of ordinal association: Kendall's τa and τb, Stuart's τc, Goodman and Kruskal's γ, and Somers' dyx and dxy. Program ROMA reports the observed data table, the values for the six test statistics, and the resampling upper- and lower-tail probability values associated with each test statistic.
Computerized measurement of the first derivative of the QRS complex: theoretical and practical considerations.

The first derivative (dVdt) of the QRS complex has been used to assess high-frequency QRS notching. However, prior investigators did not evaluate the amplitude of QRS dVdt. Theoretically, myocardial infarction should decrease QRS dVdt by slowing ventricular conduction and by reducing electromotive potentials. To further study QRS dVdt, we employed a high-fidelity, microprocessor-based electrocardiograph with a signal-averaging algorithm to reduce noise. The analog ECG output of 256 averaged beats was digitized at 4000 samples/sec and QRS dVdt was obtained using a five-point Lagrangian polynomial. Two parameters were then measured in leads I and aVL in 12 normal subjects and 19 patients with anterior wall infarction: (1) The number of isoelectric baseline corssings of QRS dVdt, an index of QRS notching, and (2) the root-mean-square (rms) value of QRS dVdt, an index of its effective amplitude. QRS notching in both leads was greater (p < 0.025) but rms dVdt was lower among infarct patients (p < 0.0025 in lead I). Furthermore, a negative correlation was obtained between QRS notching and rms dVdt in both lead aVL (r = −0.61) and lead I (r = −0.73). These data support a previous computer model which suggested that QRS notching should correlate negatively with QRS slope. Measurement of the amplitude of QRS dVdt is a new application of computer methodology to ECG analysis with theoretical and potential clinical relevance.
Incoherent transport through molecules on silicon in the vicinity of a dangling bond

We theoretically study the effect of a localized unpaired dangling bond (DB) on occupied molecular orbital conduction through a styrene molecule bonded to a ${n}^{++}$ $\mathrm{H}:\mathrm{Si}(001)\text{\ensuremath{-}}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface. For molecules relatively far from the DB, we find good agreement with the reported experiment using a model that accounts for the electrostatic contribution of the DB provided we include some dephasing due to low lying phonon modes. However, for molecules within $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ to the DB, we have to include electronic contribution as well along with higher dephasing to explain the transport features.
The direct observation of unidirectional solidification as a function of gravity level

A saturated solution of NH4 Cl-H2O was solidified unidirectionally on earth at 1 g and in a suborbital rocket at 0.001 g. In the 1 g experiment, extensive fluid flow was apparent, creating plumes which carry numerous crystallites vertically above the interface in a manner associated with freckling in castings. During growth the interface grew into the liquid at the same rate as the individual dendrites. When solidified in low g, the interface grew at a slower rate than the individual dendrites. No plumes of liquid carrying crystals were seen, but several crystals did appear and grow ahead of the interface. Growth rates, dendrite morphologies and preferred crystallographic orientations are compared for the two experiment conditions. Results indicate that solidification in low gravity produces more uniform dendrite arm spacings, and tends to be controlled by diffusion and crystallographic orientation.
Dharma, the Sacred, and Durkheim’s Definition of Religion

I shall argue that Durkheim does not avoid the pitfalls of ethnocentrism in attempting a cross-cultural theory of religion. Durkheim’s theory of religion does not avoid using a culturally specific, and/or derived, view of religion upon religious data. But, in a way, it doesn’t really matter, because we all do the same thing inevitably anyway. Indeed, I shall also argue that his theory of religion remains as eth- nocentric as commonplace Western theistic theories of religion that insist we conceive religion as "belief in God." The difference is that Durkheim’s conceptual thought about religion is ethnocentric in a most unexpected way. It is thus not ethnocentric in being either Jewish, or some other "Western" (i.e., Christian) theory, in disguise. It is, instead, Indian—a melange of Hindu and Buddhist conceptions. Despite this, I am prepared to argue in future that his theory of religion marks progress in forming a useful cross-cultural category for comprehending religion.
Ecomorphological diversity among Paleogene hyracoids (Mammalia): a new cursorial browser from the Fayum, Egypt

Abstract A new genus and species (Antilohyrax pectidens) of gazelle-sized hyracoid from the late Eocene, Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt, exhibits dental, cranial and postcranial specializations unique among hyracoids. The lower incisors are broad, hyper-pectinate teeth similar to those of the extant dermopteran genus Cynocephalus. Upper incisors are apparently absent, and the shape of the premaxilla suggests that the lower incisors occluded against an upper fibrous pad, as in Cynocephalus and ruminants. The cheek teeth are dominated by sharp-edged, crescentic shearing blades, suggesting a folivorous diet. The articulation between the astragalus and navicular is furrowed and condylar in shape, allowing notable midtarsal flexion and extension but limited lateral movement. The tibia and fibula are fused together throughout most of their length. In size and proportions, limb elements resemble those of the extant springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis, Bovidae). Functional inferences derived from th...
Theory of the holographic laser: Correlated emission in a ring cavity

We consider a ring laser whose counterpropagating modes are coupled by a spatial modulation in the gain medium. We derive a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation for these modes. In this way we show that the diffusion coefficient of the relative phase angle may vanish in both linear and nonlinear theory.