cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrimination of Chiral Solids: A Terahertz Spectroscopic Investigation of l- and dl-Serine

The terahertz (THz, far-infrared) spectra of enantiomerically pure and racemic crystalline serine were investigated using time-domain THz spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory (DFT) in the spectral range of 10-90 cm(-1). The experimental THz spectra of L- and DL-serine at 78 K appear quite similar despite the significant differences in arrangement of the molecules in their crystal structures. Structural analyses of the two systems and calculation of the vibrational modes and intensities were performed using DFT with periodic boundary conditions employing the B3LYP and PW91 density functionals with the 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The applied computational methods produced simulations of the THz spectra in good agreement with experiment, with accurate predictions of the subtle differences in the THz spectra of the two chiral solid-state mixtures of serine. The observed spectral features are assigned as primarily external lattice translations and rotations with lesser contributions due to intramolecular torsions of the -NH(3)(+) and -COO(-) groups modified by intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Vegetative Entwicklung und Fertilität einiger annueller Pflanzenarten unter dem Einfluss verschiedener konstanter Temperaturen

The influence of a series of constant temperatures on some annual plant species was studied in otherwise constant conditions. There are big differences in the behaviour of the species. But also within a species the properties studied can have different optimal temperatures. These differences are especially characteristic in some cases for the properties of fertility and of the vegetative growth. One species, for instance, can under certain conditions be very high and can even have numerous big flowers, but the plants can be simultaneously entirely sterile.
Action spectra of Photosystem I and photosystem II in spinach chloroplast grana and stroma lamellae

Stroma lamellae prepared by the French press method from spinach chloroplasts are similar to other Photosystem I fractions in showing a decline in quantum yield at less than 700 nm. Evidence is presented which suggests that the inactive chlorophyll in stroma lamellae may be in part due to the presence of regions of membrane synthesis in the stroma lamellae fraction.
An Information Packaging Approach to Presuppositions and Conventional Implicatures

Within the relevant semantics and pragmatics literature the terms “presupposition” and “conventional implicature” are used in a variety of different, but frequently overlapping, ways. The overlaps are perhaps not surprising, given that the two categories of conveyed meaning share the property of remaining constant in the scope of other operators—the property (Tonhauser et al. in Language 89:66–109, 2013) usefully characterize as projectivity. One of my purposes in this paper will be to try to clarify these different usages. In addition to that we will explore two additional properties which are shared by some of these projective contents—strong contextual felicity (Tonhauser et al. in Language 89:66–109, 2013), and neutralizability (Abbott in Drawing the boundaries of meaning: Neo-Gricean studies in pragmatics and semantics in honor of Laurence R. Horn. John Benjamins, Philadelphia, 2006). The idea is to try to explain all three properties by taking into account information packaging.
Sigma 1 Receptor Agonists Act as Neuroprotective Drugs Through Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

Postischemic administration of the sigma-1 agonists reduces ischemic brain injury; however, the mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that the sigma-1 agonist (+)isoform of pentazocine (P(+)) reduces damage in part by ameliorating cell death mediated via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and that the (-)isoform (P(-)) lacks this effect. We compared treatment with P(+) with or without the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG) and also the effects of P(+) in iNOS deficient (iNOSKO) mice. A possible mechanism of neuroprotection is inhibition of iNOS expression. Male C57/Bl6 mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (90 min) and drugs were administered with reperfusion: 1) P(+) with AG (P+/AG), 2) P(+), 3) P(-), 4) AG, or 5) placebo. iNOSKOs were treated with either P(+) or placebo. Infarction (triphenyltetrazolium chloride histology, 72 h) was reduced by P(+) treatment in striatum by 44% and in neocortex by 23% versus placebo (P < 0.05), a reduction comparable to AG effect. P(-) did not attenuate brain injury. There was no difference in P(+)/AG treatment compared with showed the same level of neuroprotection as P(+) alone. P(+) also did not provide further neuroprotection for iNOSKOs. We conclude that postischemic administration of P(+) reduces infarct volume in mice. Because AG provides no additional benefit to P(+) treatment and iNOSKOs do not benefit from P(+), we speculate that P(+) acts by suppressing cell death resulting from iNOS toxicity.
Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in hematopoietic tissue of a marine fish following in vivo exposure to genotoxic carcinogens

The development of procedures to assess genetic damage in fish exposed in situ to point sources of aquatic pollution can be expected to contribute to the evaluation of the role of genotoxic contaminants in epizootic neoplasia in fish populations. To this end methods have been developed for assessing the in vivo induction of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in tissues of a marine teleost, the oyster toadfish, which may be applicable to other species. An alternative to the solid tissue and squash techniques for metaphase preparation permits the resolution of more than 100 SCEs/metaphase in toadfish kidney cells, which have moderately large chromosomes (0.122 pg DNA/chromosome). The bleeding of toadfish which have been injected with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and the subsequent use of hematopoietic tissue (kidney) for cytogenetic analysis was shown to increase the metaphase yield and provide a more predictable production of second-division metaphases required for SCE analysis. With these methods linear dose-dependent increases in chromatid-type exchange CAs and SCEs were obtained with i.p. exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and cyclophosphamide (CP). The doses required to double the observed control SCE frequencies (least effective doses) were 170 mg/kg for EMS and 7.4 mg/kg for CP. which are comparable to those reported for rodent bone marrow assays. A BrdUrd-sensitive site for chromatid breakage was observed on a pair of apparently homologous acrocentric chromosomes for the toadfish.
Eruptive history of Fisher Caldera, Alaska, USA

Abstract New field, compositional, and geochronologic data from Fisher Caldera, the largest of 12 Holocene calderas in Alaska, provide insights into the eruptive history and formation of this volcanic system. Prior to the caldera-forming eruption (CFE) 9400 years ago, the volcanic system consisted of a cluster of several small (∼3 km 3 ) stratocones, which were independently active between 66±144 and 9.4±0.2 ka. Fisher Caldera formed through a single eruption, which produced a thick dacitic fall deposit and two pyroclastic-flow deposits, a small dacitic flow and a compositionally mixed basaltic-dacitic flow. Thickness and grain-size data indicate that the fall deposit was dispersed primarily to the northeast, whereas the two flows were oppositely directed to the south and north. After the cataclysmic eruption, a lake filled much of the caldera during what may have been a significant quiescent period. Volcanic activity from intracaldera vents gradually resumed, producing thick successions of scoria fall interbedded with lake sediments. Several Holocene stratocones have developed; one of which has had a major collapse event. The caldera lake catastrophically drained when a phreatomagmatic eruption generated a large wave that overtopped and incised the southwestern caldera wall. Multiple accretionary-lapilli-bearing deposits inside and outside the caldera suggest significant Holocene phreatomagmatic activity. The most recent eruptive activity from the Fisher volcanic system was a small explosive eruption in 1826, and current activity is hydrothermal. Late Pleistocene to Holocene magma eruption rates range from 0.03 to 0.09 km 3 ky −1 km −1 , respectively. The Fisher volcanic system is chemically diverse, ∼48–72 wt.% SiO 2 , with at least seven dacitic eruptions over the last 82±14 ka that may have become more frequent over time. Least squares calculations suggest that prior to the CFE, Fisher Volcano products were not derived from a single, large magma reservoir, and were likely erupted from multiple, compositionally independent magma reservoirs. After the CFE, the majority of products appear to have derived from a single reservoir in which magma mixing has occurred.
Electrochemical Partial Oxidation of Methane in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Effect of Anode Reforming Activity

Direct-methane solid oxide fuel cells were used to produce electricity and syngas. During initial operation at 750 °C, the cells produced 0.9 W/cm2 and ≈90% methane conversion to syngas at a rate of 30 sccm/cm2. However, the methane conversion decreased continuously over the first 30–40 h of operation, even though the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) electrical performance was stable. An additional catalyst layer on the anode yielded more stable methane conversion to syngas.
Peptidic p-nitroanilide substrates of interleukin-1β-converting enzyme

Peptidic p-nitroanilides are useful colorimetric substrates for enzymes. With the aim of developing a convenient, quantitative assay for inhibitors of interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE), we have explored three approaches to the synthesis of peptidic p-nitroanilides relevant to this enzyme. The first approach involved a late stage oxidation of a p-aminoanilide such as CbzValAlaAsp(beta- tert-butyl)-p-(t-Boc-amino)anilide. The second and third approaches used the preformed amino acid p-nitroanilides HAsp-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride and HAsp(beta-tert-butyl)-p-nitroanilide which were coupled iteratively with preactivated amino acid derivatives or with an appropriate peptide, respectively. While each approach had it merits and limitations, all three produced p-nitroanilides that were substrates for ICE.
Effects of polycystic ovarian syndrome on in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer outcomes are influenced by body mass index.

Objective To determine whether polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) adversely impacts IVF–embryo transfer outcomes in obese compared to lean patients. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting University-affiliated infertility program. Patient(s) Lean non-PCOS (n = 52), lean PCOS (n = 6), obese non-PCOS (n = 18), and obese PCOS (n = 10). Intervention(s) Ninety-four fresh nondonor IVF–embryo transfer cycles analyzed. Main Outcome Measure(s) Cycle characteristics, clinical pregnancy (PR) and live birth rates. Result(s) Lean PCOS had more dominant follicles (12.2 ± 6.0 vs. 7.7 ± 3.6), retrieved oocytes (22.2 ± 9.2 vs. 12.6 ± 5.8), and frozen embryos (5 ± 4.6 vs. 1.4 ± 2.6) than lean non-PCOS. Lean PCOS also used fewer gonadotropin ampules (18.8 ± 6.0 vs. 29.2 ± 14.2), but had more retrieved oocytes (22.2 ± 9.2 vs.14.3 ± 4.9) than obese PCOS. Obese non-PCOS had better-grade embryos (2.1 ± 0.8 vs. 2.7 ± 0.8) and fewer embryos transferred (2.4 ± 0.6 vs. 2.9 ± 0.6) than obese PCOS, but more embryos frozen than lean non-PCOS (3.2 ± 3.2 vs. 1.4 ± 2.6). Implantation rates trended downward in obese patients with PCOS, but no other differences were observed. Conclusion(s) Patients with PCOS with a body mass index (BMI) in the lean rather than the obese range have more favorable assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycle characteristics but show no clinical outcome differences.
Hemodynamics in Normal and Diseased Livers: Application of Image-Based Computational Models

This investigation demonstrates the utility of image-based computational models in portal venous hemodynamics. The long-term objective is to develop methodologies based upon noninvasive imaging and hemodynamic computational models for blood flow in major vessels of the liver that will significantly augment and improve current practices in clinical care. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were used to investigate liver hemodynamics. MRI data were obtained in 7 healthy subjects and 4 patients diagnosed with cirrhosis, and computational models were developed and validated for two healthy subjects and two patients. Additional simulations of post-prandial hemodynamics and portal hypertension were completed. The MRI studies identified several new parameters (portal vein Vavg/total liver volume, Vvar, splenic vein flow rate per total liver volume, and % splenic flow/portal vein flow) that offer statistical differentiation between healthy subjects and patients with liver disease. Computational models were used to calculate the contribution of blood supply to the right and left lobes of the liver derived from the superior mesenteric vein (greater in healthy subjects vs. patients); and simulate post-prandial conditions and progressive portal hypertension. CFD offers a tool to test hypotheses without the acquisition of additional data and elucidate hemodynamic effects as disease progresses. In addition, several new MRI derived parameters have been identified as having promise to distinguish between healthy and patient groups and, potentially, to monitor disease progression.
Repairing perineal hernia

The patient's pelvic structures repeatedly shifted out of place. Her physicians found a fix that helped.
Decision curve analysis: a novel method for evaluating prediction models.

Background. Diagnostic and prognostic models are typically evaluated with measures of accuracy that do not address clinical consequences. Decision-analytic techniques allow assessment of clinical outcomes but often require collection of additional information and may be cumbersome to apply to models that yield a continuous result. The authors sought a method for evaluating and comparing prediction models that incorporates clinical consequences, requires only the data set on which the models are tested, and can be applied to models that have either continuous or dichotomous results. Method. The authors describe decision curve analysis, a simple, novel method of evaluating predictive models. They start by assuming that the threshold probability of a disease or event at which a patient would opt for treatment is informative of how the patient weighs the relative harms of a false-positive and a false-negative prediction. This theoretical relationship is then used to derive the net benefit of the model across ...
The radioiodine-accumulating function of the human thyroid gland as a diagnostic test in clinical medicine

HAMILTON and Soley (1, 2) were the first to observe that the thyroidal accumulation or urinary excretion of ingested radioiodine could be correlated with the clinical state of thyroid function. It has been apparent from the first that this correlation provided a useful research tool and also a functional test which might have practical clinical value in the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease. The numerous studies of radioiodine in patients which have appeared in the past ten years have involved various methods for evaluating the behavior of radioiodine tracers. The methods employed have included a) various observations of urinary excretion of radioiodine (3–6), b) direct in vivo observations of radioiodine in the thyroid (6–9) and c) estimation of various rates derived from observations of the urine (10, 11), the thyroid (12–15); the serum (16) or a combination of these (15, 17, 18). Comparatively few of the published reports have included enough cases to allow critical appraisal of the diagnosti...
Active vibration control with optimized modified acceleration feedback equipped with adaptive line enhancer

Modified acceleration feedback (MAF) control, an active vibration control method that uses collocated piezoelectric actuator actuators and sensors is improved using an optimal controller. The controller consists of two main parts: 1) Frequency adaptation that uses Adaptive Line Enhancer (ALE), and 2) an optimal controller. Frequency adaptation tracks the frequency of vibrations using ALE. The obtained frequency is then fed to MPPF compensators and the optimal controller. This provides a unique feature for MAF, by extending its domain of capabilities from controlling tonal vibrations to broad band disturbances. The optimal controller consists of a set of optimal gains for wide range of frequencies that is provided, related to the characteristics of the system. Based on the tracked frequency, the optimal control system decides to use which set of gains for the MAF controller. The gains are optimal for the frequencies close to the tracked frequency. The numerical results show that the frequency tracking method that is derived has worked quite well. In addition, the frequency tracking is fast enough to be used in real-time controller. The results also indicate that the MAF can provide significant vibration reduction using the optimal controller.
Understanding abiotic ferrihydrite re-mineralization by ferrous ions

In this work, we study the abiotic re-mineralization of ferrihydrite under reducing conditions, obtained by adding zero-valent iron (ZVI) to a suspension of ferrihydrite particles. Under similar conditions, the system (ferrihydrite and ZVI) proceeded along two different transformation pathways differentiated by whether a magnetic stirrer or an overhead stirrer was used for mixing. X-ray diffraction characterization of the solid products showed that magnetite was the sole product of ferrihydrite transformation when a magnetic stirrer was used, whereas both goethite and magnetite were formed when an overhead stirrer was used. The system also behaved differently in terms of transformation kinetics and amount of magnetite formed. The quantification of magnetite generated was performed using a procedure developed in this study. The role of four mechanisms was investigated to explain these observed differences, namely—(1) presence/absence of high local Fe2+ concentrations, (2) mechanical abrasion, (3) presence/absence of a magnetic field, and (4) presence/absence of a crystalline ZVI surface. Ferrous ions are expected to be concentrated near the magnetic bead on the magnetic stirrer as opposed to a more dispersed distribution with the overhead stirrer. This mechanistic study concluded that the presence of high local Fe2+ concentrations in the system leads to magnetite formation and the absence of the same leads to mixed goethite/magnetite or magnetite-free systems. These findings have significant implications for the mobilization of arsenic from iron (III) hydroxides as the conditions move from oxidizing to reducing, such as often occurs in engineered landfills and natural carbon-rich sediments.
A GPU-based real-time traffic sign detection and recognition system

This paper presents a GPU-based system for real-time traffic sign detection and recognition which can classify 48 different traffic signs included in the library. The proposed design implementation has three stages: pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. For high-speed processing, we propose a window-based histogram of gradient algorithm that is highly optimized for parallel processing on a GPU. For detecting signs in various sizes, the processing was applied at 32 scale levels. For more accurate recognition, multiple levels of supported vector machines are employed to classify the traffic signs. The proposed system can process 27.9 frames per second video with active pixels of 1,628 × 1,236 resolution. Evaluating using the BelgiumTS dataset, the experimental results show the detection rate is about 91.69% with false positives per window of 3.39 × 10−5 and the recognition rate is about 93.77%.
Dural arteriovenous fistula after craniotomy for pilocytic astrocytoma in a patient with protein S deficiency.

Abstract BACKGROUND We report an unusual case, which may provide insight into the etiology and pathogenesis of dural arteriovenous malformation. CASE DESCRIPTION A 24-year-old woman presented with hemorrhage into a pilocytic astrocytoma of the collicular plate. Angiography was normal and the tumor was surgically resected. She developed sigmoid sinus thrombosis and a transverse/sigmoid sinus dural arteriovenous fistula 11 months after this and was found to have protein S deficiency. The fistula was not treated. Angiography 4 years later was unchanged. CONCLUSION This report illustrates an acquired etiology of a dural arteriovenous fistula. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of postoperative sigmoid sinus thrombosis along with arteriovenous fistula in a patient with previously undetected protein S deficiency.
Calculation of the lunar photon albedo from galactic and solar proton bombardment

The lunar photon albedo due to cosmogenic and primordial photon sources has been calculated. The individual photon leakage spectra from prompt photons produced by galactic cosmic ray (GCR) and solar cosmic ray (SCR) induced nuclear interactions, from the decay of GCR- and SCR-induced radionuclides, and from the decay of naturally occurring radionuclides are given. An approximate estimate of the leakage from the photon-electron cascade initiated by the decay of neutral pions is also given. Monte Carlo methods have been used to determine the nucleon-meson cascade, and discrete-ordinates methods were used for the photon and low-energy neutron transport.
Surface waves over a lossy conductor

The well-known problem of the field produced by a magnetic line dipole on the surface of a lossy conductor is investigated. Suppose \omega is the frequency of the wave, \mu the magnetic permeability, and \sigma the conductivity of the conductor. If M is the absolute value of the ratio of the actual field to the free space field, then it is found that M has a maximum value 1.55 at a distance r from the line dipole given by r = 0.88\sigma(\omega^{2}c\mu)^{-1} .
AN ESTIMATE OF REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS FOR RABBIT HEART CAPILLARIES.

Isolated perfused rabbit hearts have been used to determine the reflection coefficients, σ, of the heart capillaries to certain lipoid-insoluble substances. This was done by initially perfusing the heart with a Ringer solution containing no test molecule and then suddenly switching to a solution which differed from the original only by containing a small amount of test substance. This produced a loss of weight of the heart which was continuously recorded as a function of time. Taking the "zero" time rate of weight change and using an equation given by Kedem and Katchalsky reflection coefficients for urea, sucrose, raffinose, and inulin were obtained. These turned out to be 0.1, 0.3, 0.38, and 0.69 respectively. Using the approach of Durbin and Solomon equivalent pore radii were estimated to be about 35 Angstroms.
From Socrates to Satellites: iPad Learning in an Undergraduate Course

Finding, evaluating and using information are necessary skills for the 21st century college student to engage in critical thinking and problem-solving. This qualitative study was conducted during the fall of 2011 at a major research institution in an undergraduate face-to-face course entitled Multicultural Education. Professors designed a course to practice these skills outside and inside the classroom. Students were randomly assigned to the problem-solving class (17) and the traditional class (18) studying multicultural education for teacher education. The iPads were issued to the students in August of 2011 to be used not only in the Multicultural Education course, but students were also encouraged to use the devices in all of their courses throughout the fall and spring semesters. Students were expected to watch videos, read assignments and complete other course assignments before coming to class to engage in problem-solving using their iPads. This paper presents observational and survey data related to students and professor engaging in problem-solving activities.
Finite generation properties of cohomology rings for infinite groups

Abstract Given a group G which is not necessarily finite, and a Noetherian commutative ring R , an important question is when the cohomology ring H ∗ ( G , R ) is a Noetherian ring. For finite groups, this is the Venkov–Evens theorem. This theorem is extended to finite dimensional restricted Lie algebras when R is the ground field and to more general finite groups schemes over a field R by Friedlander and Suslin. Recently, van der Kallen and Touze have shown this for reductive algebraic groups over a field of positive characteristics with rational group cohomology. In this note, we prove a finite generation theorem for a large class of infinite groups which include all arithmetic subgroups of linear algebraic groups, lattices of semisimple Lie groups, mapping class groups of surfaces, outer automorphism groups of free groups, Gromov hyperbolic groups, outer automorphism groups of free groups, and many other natural infinite groups.
Induction of Metallothionein

Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins. These proteins play a pivotal role in heavy metal homeostasis and have been widely studied by biochemists, toxicologists, nutritiona...
Individual differences in gameplay and learning: a narrative-centered learning perspective

Narrative-centered learning environments are an important class of educational games that situate learning within rich story contexts. The work presented in this paper investigates individual differences in gameplay and learning during student interactions with a narrative-centered learning environment, Crystal Island. Findings reveal striking differences between high- and low-achieving science students in problem-solving effectiveness, attention to particular gameplay elements, learning gains and engagement ratings. High-achieving science students tended to demonstrate greater problem-solving efficiency, reported higher levels of interest and presence in the narrative environment, and demonstrated an increased focus on information gathering and information organization gameplay activities. Lower-achieving microbiology students gravitated toward novel gameplay elements, such as conversations with non-player characters and the use of laboratory testing equipment. The findings have implications for the design of broadly effective gameplay activities for narrative-centered learning environments, as well as investigations of scaffolding techniques to promote effective problem solving, improved learning outcomes and sustained engagement for all students.
College courses in public speaking

(1915). College courses in public speaking. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 260-265.
Nail gun attempted suicide and traumatic ventricular perforations

A 57-year-old male walked into the emergency department within 24 h of shooting himself with a nail gun as a suicide attempt. He was hemodynamically stable and reported chest pain. Although …
Demonstration of a Phase-Lockable Microwave to Submillimeter-Wave Sweeper

The development of low-temperature-grown GaAs photomixers enables the construction of a microwave to submillimeter- wave source capable of large frequency sweeps. By utilizing semiconductor diode lasers to drive the photomixer, this source is all solid-state and compact, and has small power consumption. Frequency stabilization of the semiconductor diode lasers allows this source to be phase-locked to an external microwave reference. Two 805 nm extended-cavity- diode lasers are mixed in a low-temperature-grown GaAs photoconductive photomixer. The difference-frequency mixing product is radiated by a planar spiral antenna and collimated by a Si lens. This output is phase-locked to a microwave reference by downconverting it in a whisker- contacted Schottky-barrier diode harmonic mixer and using the output to offset-phase-lock one laser to the other. The photomixer output power is 300 nW at 200 GHz and 10 nW at 1.6 THz, as measured by a 4 K InSb bolometer calibrated with a methanol laser and a power meter at 526 and 812 GHz.
Social noise and segmented rhythms: News, entertainment, and celebrity in the crusade for animal rights

Building out from a case study of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), this essay offers a cultural account of popular social protest in the narrowcast era. Founded in 1980, PETA has grown into the world's largest and highest profile animal rights group. I trace the evolution of the group's public relations efforts and describe them via vocabularies of sound— as creating social noise and generating popular rhythms. Through the mid‐1980s, PETA made public noise primarily by orchestrating news‐based controversies, but by 1987 they were increasingly turning to narrowcast and broad circulation music and entertainment media as a way to spread the word to outsiders and ritually express the beliefs of the group. I argue that these cultures of entertainment and celebrity provided structured rhythms of affection that took the cause further than the more discordant sounds of news‐based controversy.
A Mathematical Model of a Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

The solid oxide fuel cell shows great potential as an efficient energy conversion system for use in central power stations. These cells can reform most hydrocarbon fuels with air to produce electricity and provide a heat source at 1,000 C while maintaining an efficiency of 60--75 percent. This paper describes a steady-state model for the prediction of voltage, current, and power from a single-cell tube. The model is a distributed parameter electrical network that includes the effects of mass transfer resistance (concentration polarization), chemical kinetic resistance (activation polarization), as well as relevant electrical resistance (ohmic losses). A finite-difference heat transfer model is also incorporated to allow for radial and axial temperature variations. The model computes the fuel and oxidant stream compositions as functions of axial length from energy and mass balances performed on each cell slice. The model yields results that compare favorably with the published experimental data from Westinghouse.
Guillain–Barré syndrome mimics primary biliary cirrhosis-related myopathy

Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by acute polyneuropathy, ascending paralysis and post infectious polyneuritis. Two-thirds of patients present with a history of recent upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal infection. The clinical history, neurologic examination and laboratory assessment allow for a straightforward diagnosis in the majority of cases. However, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is known to cause clinically detectable muscular weakness. It is therefore critical to differentiate between PBC-associated muscular weakness and GBS-induced paralysis. Here, we report a patient with a longstanding history of PBC who developed progressive weakness and respiratory failure due to GBS, which clinically mimicked PBC myopathy. This is the first reported association between GBS and PBC.
Observations on the use of high-power lasers in ophthalmology

In order to evaluate the safety of the Nd:YAG laser for intraocular applications, one must consider the potential for vitreous and even retinal damage resulting from pulsed Nd : YAG laser irradiation (at the nanosecond to picosecond range). Theoretical considerations include: 1) the generation of acoustic gradients which could affect the vitreous and the retina, 2) photic effects due to redistributive internal scattering, and 3) the electric field strength within the laser beam. One of these, the effect of acoustic gradients, was studied in rabbit and monkey eyes in our laboratory. Marked alterations in the vitreous were demonstrated in these eyes immediately after Nd:YAG laser exposure which are probably due to the acoustic gradients accompanying such laser irradiation.
Composition of Gum Turpentines of Pines: Pinus nelsonii and Pinus occidentalis

It was found that the turpentine of Pinus nelsonii contained 49.60% l-α-pinene, 41.50% l-β-pinene, 1.02 dipentene, 0.24% camphene, and 0.01% n-heptane. The remainder contained 3.74% of oxygenated substances derived mainly from terpenes (including probably some oxygenated sesquiterpenes); about 0.02% of unidentified, low-boiling materials, pot residue, and losses. The possible occurrence in P. nelsonii turpentine of the oxygenated materials should be rechecked, using freshly collected material. The identification of camphene and n-heptane must be considered as tentative, only. The turpentine of Pinus occidentalis contained 63.8% d-, dl-α-pinene, 22.2% l-β-pinene, 7.7% d-Δ3-carene, 1.8% methyl chavicol, 1.1% dipentene, 0.5% d-longifolene, 0.3% linalool, 0.2% camphene, and 0.1% n-heptane, with the remaining 2.3% accounted for by unidentified terpenes, pot residue, and losses. The identification of the last four constituents must be considered only tentative.
Development of an ATM-based radiology consultation workstation for radiotherapy treatment planning

ABSTRACT The Radiology Consultation WorkStation (RCWS) is a multimedia, medical imaging workstation beingdeveloped for use in an electronic radiology environment, utilizing a prototype Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) telemedicine network, in support of radiotherapy treatment planning. A radiation oncologist in theRadiation Oncology Department, and a radiologist in the Diagnostic Radiology Department, will be able toconsult, utilizing high-quality audio/video channels and high-resolution medical image displays, prior to the design of a treatment plan. Organ and lesion contouring is performed via a shared-cursor feature, in a consultation mode, allowing medical specialists to fully interact during the identification and delineation of lesions and other features.Keywords: Telemedicine, Multimedia System, ATM Network, Medical Consultation, Medical Imaging 1. INTRODUCTION The development of the National Research and Education Network (NREN) was one of the five majorcomponents mandated under the Federal High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC)Program, by the High Performance Computing Act of 199 1 . The
CALORIMETRY OF DEFORMED ALUMINUM REINFORCED WITH ALUMINA PARTICLES

Keywords: Alumina ; Aluminum ; Calorimetry ; Deformation ; Dislocations (crystals) ; Metal analysis ; Metallographic microstructure ; Particles (particulate matter) ; Recrystallization (metallurgy) ; Reinforcement ; Specimen preparation ; Strain ; Differential scanning calorimetry ; Dislocation density ; Particle reinforced aluminum ; Volume fraction ; Metallic matrix composites Note: Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, United States0956716X (ISSN)CODEN: SCRME; DOI: 10.1016/0956-716X(94)90299-2 Reference LMM-ARTICLE-1994-001doi:10.1016/0956-716X(94)90299-2View record in Scopus Record created on 2006-10-09, modified on 2017-05-10
Cutting Edge: Critical Role for CD5 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Inhibition of Engagement Reverses Disease in Mice

The induction phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice is T cell dependent and coreceptors that regulate T cell activation modulate disease development. We report here that mice lacking CD5, an important modulator of T cell activation, exhibit significantly delayed onset and decreased severity of EAE. The resistance to EAE in CD5(-/-) mice was not due to the inability of T cells to respond efficiently to stimulation with MOG(35-55) but was associated with the presence of elevated frequency of apoptotic activated T cells in spleens and DLN. We also observed a net decrease in peripheral activated CD4(+) T cells in CD5(-/-) spleens and DLN 10 days after immunization. We further show that in vivo blockade of CD5 engagement after induction of EAE by soluble CD5-Fc, a treatment that induces elimination of activated T cells, promoted recovery from EAE. Our studies indicate that CD5 regulates survival of activated T cells and provides a target for treatment of T cell-dependent autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
On the wall structure of the turbulent boundary layer

The wall structure of the turbulent boundary layer was examined using hot-wire rakes and conditional sampling techniques. Instantaneous velocity measurements indicate a high degree of coherence over a considerable area in the direction normal to the wall. At y+ = 15, there is some evidence of large-scale correlation in the spanwise direction, but almost no indication of the streamwise streaks that exist in the lower regions of the boundary layer. Conditional sampling showed that the normal velocity is directed outwards in regions of strong stream-wise-momentum deficit, and inwards when the streamwise velocity exceeds its mean value. The conditionally averaged Reynolds shear stress was approximately an order of magnitude greater than its conventionally averaged value and decayed slowly downstream.
A Comparison of Matrix Texture Features Using a Maximum Likelihood Texture Classifier

The performance of various matrix features in classifying synthetic and natural textures is compared by using the features directly in a maximum likelihood texture classifier (MLTC). The matrix texture features under consideration include the spatial gray level dependence matrix (SGLDM), the neighboring gray level dependence matrix (NGLDM) and the neighboring spatial gray level dependence matrix (NSGLDM). By adopting the MLTC we avoid the various problems associated with the use of scalar features extracted from the matrices under consideration, while we obtain excellent classification results.
The Institute of Psychology, USSR: A 20-Year Retrospective

The Institute of Psychology in Moscow became affiliated with the Academy of Sciences (AS USSR) 20 years ago. In this article a brief history of the Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Psychology is presented, along with a critical examination of the Institute's contribution to world psychology. Through an appraisal of laboratories, productivity, and journal articles, it is argued that Soviet psychologists affiliated with the Institute have made a modest impression on world psychology. The reason for the limited contribution is attributed to the lack of support from the Academy, the lack of essential equipment and supplies, the repressive political environment under which scientists have been forced to operate, and ethnocentrism brought about through cultural and physical isolation.
Simplified Radioimmunoassay for Diagnostic Serology

A simplified, indirect radioimmunoassay is described for Escherichia coli, vaccinia virus, and herpesvirus. The antigens were affixed to glass cover slips; thus both the primary and secondary reactions take place on the cover slips, and the unbound antiserum is easily separated from the bound antiserum by rinsing. Rabbit or human immune sera were reacted with the antigens, and the primary immune complex was quantitated by a secondary reaction with (125)I-indicator globulin (anti-rabbit or anti-human). A direct relationship between the antiserum concentration and the (125)I absorption was established. Variations in titers were detectable, and the titers were comparable to complement fixation titers. Homologous and heterologous reactions were distinguishable. The method affords an objective, quantitative, and qualitative evaluation of antibody, and results are reproducible.
Rotating Step-Sector for Use with ac or Other Intermittent Spectrographic Light Sources

The calibration of the response of photographic emulsions using rotating step-sectors may lead to erroneous results when intermittent spectrographic light sources are used. These errors arise through partial synchronization between the periodicity of the light pulses and the passage of sector apertures in front of the spectrograph slit. A design for a rotating step-sector which should overcome synchronization possibilities has been conceived and some actual sectors have been tested. This sector essentially consists of a series of stepped apertures randomly spaced about the periphery of a rotating disk. Data are presented to show that the random spacing of the sector apertures eliminates the possibilities of introducing errors through synchronization effects when conventional intermittent discharges are used.
Soil carbon content and character in an old-growth forest in northwestern Pennsylvania: a case study introducing pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS)

This study was conducted to: (1) test the utility of a new and rapid analytical method, pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS), for the measurement and characterization of carbon in forest soils, and (2) examine the effects of natural disturbance on soil carbon dynamics. An additional objective was to test the ability of py-MBMS to distinguish recent from more stable humic substances, and to relate this information to the ecology and history of the sites. To test the utility of the py-MBMS technique, we investigated soil carbon stocks in a chronosequence of stands arising from natural disturbance in the Tionesta Scenic and Research Natural Areas. Soil carbon increased with increasing time since disturbance; although the exact shape of the carbon accumulation curve is not known, it appears that the rate of carbon accretion is initially rapid and then levels off, with a possible maximum of 86 metric tons/ha to a depth of 30 cm. This study also demonstrates that py-MBMS is a valid method for characterizing soil carbon and can be used with little sample preparation. In addition, multivariate analysis of the mass spectra from Tionesta soils can distinguish both sites and depths on the basis of their pyrolysis products; both long-lived and short-lived carbon forms were identified.
The use of metam-sodium to reduce bacteria in poultry litter

SUMMARY The use of built-up litter is currently standard practice in the US poultry industry. However, there is the potential for pathogens to accumulate in built-up litter. One significant pathogen associated with a variety of diseases in poultry is Clostridium perfringens. This particular bacterium is relatively hardy and can survive even some of the more rigorous litter treatments commonly used by the poultry industry. It was the purpose of this research to determine the efficacy of a common soil fumigant, metam-sodium, in reducing C. perfringens numbers in the litter. In addition to C. perfringens, total aerobic and anaerobic bacterial numbers were measured after the product was applied at 1, 3, and 5 gal/ton (4.17, 12.52, and 20.86 mL/kg). This product had only a minor effect in reducing C. perfringens numbers. Conversely, aerobic bacteria were significantly reduced at all application levels, and anaerobic bacteria were significantly reduced at levels of 3 and 5 gal/ton. Because of the inability of this product to influence ammonia, pH, or litter moisture levels, we concluded that it is best used in conjunction with one of the currently available litter treatments for reducing overall bacterial numbers.
Drugs of Abuse: Analyses and Ingested Agents That Can Induce Interference or Cross-Reactivity

Drug abuse is rampant in society having a detrimental effect towards public safety and productivity in industry. Therefore, testing for drugs of abuse is paramount, and those analytical procedures employed are evolving in sophistication, specificity, and sensitivity. However, the quandary still exists regarding the interference and/or cross-reactivity of ingested foods/drugs, thereby contributing to false positive/negative results. Typically, an initial drug screen involves the utilization of an immunoassay due to its feasibility and low cost; unfortunately, it is this very assay that appears to be interfered with the most. False results from these initial screens can have serious implications towards a person’s employment and leave a lasting stigma. This review attempts to highlight those analytical procedures used to screen for drugs of abuse along with listing those ingested foods/drugs that can potentially interfere with those analytical methods.
Reading Instruction for Students With High-Incidence Disabilities in Juvenile Corrections

This study was designed to obtain (a) a national picture of the characteristics of special educators who provide reading or English instructioninjuvenilecorrectionsfacilitiesand(b)characteristicsoftheschoolsinwhichtheyworkandthestudentswhotheyserve.In addition, the study was designed to gather information on teacher use of specific reading instructional strategies. A national random sample of 108 (28.6%) reading or English teachers responded to a mail and online survey. No statistically significant differences existed between responsive and nonresponsive schools. Results indicated that teachers commonly hold bachelor’s degrees and have an average of 10.9 years teaching experience. Teachers reported using some research-based instructional approaches to comprehension instruction, buttheyrarelyintegratetechnologyorpeer-mediatedinstructionalstrategiesintotheirinstruction.Amajorityofteachers reported that at least 50% of their students with high-incidence disabilities could not read well enough to gain basic information from text. Additional results and implications are provided.
Recombinant Human Thyrotropin and Thyroid Cancer Management

The initial use of exogenous TSH to augment radioiodine uptake in thyroid cancer patients, using extracts from bovine pituitary glands, occurred over 50 yr ago (1–3). This approach fell out of favor due to the frequent development of neutralizing antibodies (4) and allergic reactions with subsequent exposures (5). The availability of bovine TSH ceased in the mid-1980s, resulting in the routine use of thyroid hormone withdrawal to stimulate radioiodine uptake in thyroid cancer patients between 1985 and 2000. Pioneering work from the laboratories of Weintraub and colleagues (6) and Kourides and colleagues (7) in the late 1980s provided the primary sequence of the -subunit of human TSH. The human pituitary -glycoprotein subunit and the human TSH -subunit were then separately cloned and coexpressed in human embryonal cells with the recovery of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) from the culture medium (8). Purified rhTSH was first shown to have biological activity in rat FRTL-5 cells by Thotakura et al. (9). Bioactivity was then documented in human fetal thyroid cells (10) and in rhesus monkeys (11). Early studies demonstrated that compared with TSH extracted from human pituitaries, rhTSH produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells had higher levels of sialic acid, lower binding affinity for porcine TSH receptors, reduced potency to stimulate cAMP in mammalian thyroid membranes, and slower metabolic clearance. Most of these differences were eliminated by enzymatic desialylation (9). The process of rhTSH production was modified and scaled up in Chinese hamster ovary cells with the assistance of scientists at Genzyme Genetics (Framingham, MA) with the achievement of pharmaceutical grade recombinant human TSH. The compound was subsequently developed by the Genzyme Corp. (thyrotropin alfa; Thyrogen, Cambridge, MA) and was approved for use by the U.S. FDA in December 1998.