cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wear-Induced Microtopography Evolution and Wetting Properties of Self-Cleaning, Lubricating and Healing Surfaces

Adhesion, friction, and stiction constitute a significant problem for small-sized applications, such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and magnetic storage devices. It has been suggested to use surface texturing to decrease the adhesion force between components in these devices using the so-called Lotus effect (surface roughness induced superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning). However, for applications with high friction, such as head-tape interfaces, wear can deteriorate the microstructure, so the Lotus effect will not last for a long time. To overcome this, we suggest using equilibrium surface roughness, which provides Lotus effect properties. We suggest a thermodynamic model for microtopography evolution and equilibrium roughness due to wear and combine this model with the Wenzel and Cassie theories of wetting. The equilibrium roughness is governed by the minimization of deterioration using the minimum entropy production principle. On the other hand, self-healing/cleaning/lubrication is governed ...
DNA-Mediated Fusion between Individual Tethered Vesicles

We have previously shown that DNA-lipid conjugates mediate fusion between vesicles displaying complementary binding partners in a geometry that mimics that of SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion∗. Using a new tethering strategy that allows simultaneous deposition of cognate vesicle partners, we can create well-mixed populations of tethered vesicles that are laterally mobile. DNA-mediated interactions between vesicles, such as docking and fusion, can be triggered by changing the salt concentration immediately prior to observation on a fluorescence microscope. We demonstrate the ability to initiate and observe individual docking events between tethered vesicles and also demonstrate the effect of DNA sequence and geometry on the docking reaction. Preliminary results of the observation of DNA-mediated fusion between individual tethered vesicles at the single event level are discussed.∗Biointerphases, 3, FA17 (2008); PNAS, 106, 979 (2009)View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Deformation twinning in Ni and F.C.C. Fe-Ni alloys

Abstract Using electron and optical microscopy techniques, deformation twinning has been found in Ni and f.c.c Fe—Ni alloys at low temperatures (76−4°K).
Organizations and Expertise in China

A number of analyses of contemporary Chinese society have centered on the presumed conflicts between politically reliable "reds" and technically proficient "experts." This article challenges this mode of analysis by indicating the multi-dimensionality of both categories and by setting them in their historic and cultural contexts. Particular emphasis is accorded to the importance of organiza tional affiliation in defining the social role of the expert. A short history of the interaction between organizational development and the role of the expert is presented, along with some considerations of future trends in this area.
How consistently do women report lifetime mammograms at successive interviews

Abstract Background: Little data exist on the reliability of self-reported regular mammography use measures. We used data from two successive interviews of 892 women aged 50 to 74 years without a history of abnormal mammograms to investigate how consistently women report their lifetime number of mammograms. Methods: We added an estimated number of mammograms obtained between interviews to the baseline report to create a revised baseline report for comparison with the follow-up report. We then examined the correlation in paired reports, the level of agreement between paired reports, and factors associated with consistent reporting. Results: Spearman rank correlation between paired reports was 0.73. Agreement between paired reports dropped with increasing lifetime number of mammograms. After adjustment for mammography use, women’s characteristics did not appear to be strongly associated with consistent reporting. Conclusions: Self-reported lifetime number of mammograms is a reasonably consistent measure for younger women or women with less mammography experience, but it is less reliable for women with long mammography histories. In these women, it may be useful to distinguish those who obtain regular screening from those who do not. Assessing reliability as well as validity for other measures of regular mammography use will allow additional measures to be identified.
Effect of Substituted Benzotriazoles on the Anodic Dissolution of Iron in H2SO4

Abstract The kinetics of iron corrosion in deoxygenated 0.5M H2SO4 containing either unsubstituted benzotriazole or its 5-substituted derivatives, BTA-CH3 (TTA), BTA-NH2, BTA-NO2, BTA-Cl, and BTA-COOH have been investigated. At 0.1 mM and 2 hours immersion of iron, a simple adsorption mode of the inhibitors is indicated during anodic dissolution. At higher concentrations and at both 2 hours and 24 hours immersion, interaction of the inhibitor and a surface reaction intermediate during anodic dissolution is indicated. During cathodic polarization (i.e., hydrogen evolution reaction), the results show simple adsorption of the inhibitors at all of the above conditions. Correlations of the corrosion rates of inhibited iron and Hammett substituent constants have been obtained. Greater inhibition is obtained with electron-withdrawing substituents than with electron-providing substituents.
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizoaffective disorder--bipolar subtype.

Objectives: To evaluate the point prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizoaffective disorder – bipolar type. Methods: Consenting patients who were participants in an ongoing clinical trial of adjunctive topiramate treatment for schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type were evaluated at baseline for the point prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. The criteria for the metabolic syndrome included: (a) waist circumference > 102 cm (40 inches) in males, or > 88 cm (35 inches) in females; (b) fasting serum triglyceride levels ≥ 150 mg/dL; (c) fasting high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women; (d) blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg; and (e) fasting glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL. Subjects who had at least three of these five criteria were defined as meeting criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Results: Thirty-six subjects (males = 15, females = 21) were evaluated, and three were excluded for missing data. Among those 33 subjects with complete data, 14 subjects (42.4%, males = 7, females = 7, African Americans = 6, Caucasians = 8) met criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Not unexpectedly, those with the metabolic syndrome were significantly more likely to be obese, and have significantly higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean fasting triglyceride levels and larger mean waist circumferences, and significantly lower HDL cholesterol levels; and a trend toward higher fasting blood glucose levels. Furthermore, the fasting mean total cholesterol in those with the metabolic syndrome was 217 mg/dL (±46). Conclusions: This preliminary report suggests that the point prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizoaffective disorder appears to be higher than that reported in the general population of the USA. Targeted weight reduction and life style change strategies (increased exercise, smoking cessation, stress reduction) may provide useful interventions to decrease the morbidity and mortality that accompanies the presence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with psychiatric illnesses.
Genome-wide DNA Methylation Profiling of CpG Islands in Hypospadias

Purpose: Hypospadias is one of the most frequent genital malformations in the male newborn, and results from abnormal penile and urethral development. The etiology of hypospadias remains largely unknown despite intensive investigations. Fetal androgens have a crucial role in genital differentiation. Recent studies have suggested that molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects of androgens on the fetus may involve disruption of epigenetic programming of gene expression during development. We assessed whether epigenetic modification of DNA methylation is associated with hypospadias in a case-control study of 12 hypospadias and 8 control subjects.Materials and Methods: Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling was performed on the study subjects using the Illumina Infinium® HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, which enables the direct investigation of methylation status of more than 485,000 individual CpG sites throughout the genome. The methylation level at each CpG site was compared between cases and controls usi...
A Structural Investigation into the Compaction Behavior of Pharmaceutical Composites Using Powder X-ray Diffraction and Total Scattering Analysis

Purpose To use advanced powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to characterize the structure of anhydrous theophylline following compaction, alone, and as part of a binary mixture with either α-lactose monohydrate or microcrystalline cellulose.
A rapid mix flow cytometer with subsecond kinetic resolution

Kinetic approaches are valuable tools for mechanistic studies of cell function. Flow cytometry is well suited to make sensitive kinetic measurements, but the time required to deliver mixed samples to the point of measurement (10-20 s in a conventional cytometer) limits analysis of rapidly occurring events. To address this limitation, we adapted a syringe-based stopped-flow rapid mixing device to a modified commercial flow cytometer to achieve mixing and measurement of sample in under 1 s. Because such screw-driven mixers are designed to deliver fluid at rates of microliters per millisecond and cytometers accept samples at microliters per second, the syringe mixer was modified with a screw to allow sample delivery at rates as low as 1.8 microliters/s. A custom-made nozzle holder featuring a fast-acting three-way sample delivery valve and a 1.5- microliters dead volume was designed for a Becton Dickinson FACS stream-in-air flow nozzle. Syringe motors and valves are computer controlled, as is the start signal for an adjustable time ramp. A stable sample stream can be established within the sheath stream in less than 1 s, enabling fluorescence measurements of microspheres with coefficients of variation of approximately 5%. Light scatter gating to select particles in the center of the laser beam enables fluorescence measurements at times of under 300 ms. Efficient mixing of reagents is demonstrated by the iodide quenching of microspheres surface labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The instrument is capable of quantitatively proportioning cells and reagent, thereby allowing precise control of reagent concentration and dilution. Rapid kinetic measurements of intact cells are demonstrated by FITC-formyl peptide binding to cell surface receptors.
SAR interferometry at Venus for topography and change detection

Since the Magellan radar mapping of Venus in the early 1990’s, techniques of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) have become the standard approach to mapping topography and topographic change on Earth. Here we investigate a hypothetical radar mission to Venus that exploits these new methods. We focus on a single spacecraft repeat-pass InSAR mission and investigate the radar and mission parameters that would provide both high spatial resolution topography as well as the ability to detect subtle variations in the surface. Our preferred scenario is a longer-wavelength radar (S or L-band) placed in a near-circular orbit at 600 km altitude. Using longer wavelengths minimizes the required radar bandwidth and thus the amount of data that will be transmitted back to earth; it relaxes orbital control and knowledge requirements. During the first mapping cycle a global topography map would be assembled from interferograms taken from adjacent orbits. This approach is viable due to the slow rotation rate of Venus, causing the interferometric baseline between adjacent orbits to vary from only 11 km at the equator to zero at the inclination latitude. To overcome baseline decorrelation at lower latitudes, the center frequency of a repeated pass will be adjusted relative to the center frequency of its reference pass. During subsequent mapping cycles, small baseline SAR acquisitions will be used to search for surface decorrelation due to lava flows. While InSAR methods are used routinely on Earth, their application to Venus could be complicated by phase distortions caused by the thick Venus atmosphere.
Visuo-spatial ability in individuals with Down syndrome: is it really a strength?

Down syndrome (DS) is associated with extreme difficulty in verbal skills and relatively better visuo-spatial skills. Indeed, visuo-spatial ability is often considered a strength in DS. However, it is not clear whether this strength is only relative to the poor verbal skills, or, more impressively, relative to cognitive ability in general. To answer this question, we conducted an extensive literature review of studies on visuo-spatial abilities in people with Down syndrome from January 1987 to May 2013. Based on a general taxonomy of spatial abilities patterned after Lohman, Pellegrino, Alderton, and Regian (1987) and Carroll (1993) and existing studies of DS, we included five different domains of spatial abilities – visuo-spatial memory, visuo-spatial construction, mental rotation, closure, and wayfinding. We evaluated a total of 49 studies including 127 different comparisons. Most comparisons involved a group with DS vs. a group with typical development matched on mental age and compared on a task measuring one of the five visuo-spatial abilities. Although further research is needed for firm conclusions on some visuo-spatial abilities, there was no evidence that visuo-spatial ability is a strength in DS relative to general cognitive ability. Rather, the review suggests an uneven profile of visuo-spatial abilities in DS in which some abilities are commensurate with general cognitive ability level, and others are below.
Reframing sexual differentiation of the brain

In the twentieth century, the dominant model of sexual differentiation stated that genetic sex (XX versus XY) causes differentiation of the gonads, which then secrete gonadal hormones that act directly on tissues to induce sex differences in function. This serial model of sexual differentiation was simple, unifying and seductive. Recent evidence, however, indicates that the linear model is incorrect and that sex differences arise in response to diverse sex-specific signals originating from inherent differences in the genome and involve cellular mechanisms that are specific to individual tissues or brain regions. Moreover, sex-specific effects of the environment reciprocally affect biology, sometimes profoundly, and must therefore be integrated into a realistic model of sexual differentiation. A more appropriate model is a parallel-interactive model that encompasses the roles of multiple molecular signals and pathways that differentiate males and females, including synergistic and compensatory interactions among pathways and an important role for the environment.
Clinical selection of diuretic drugs in the management of cardiac edema

Abstract Mild cardiac edema can usually be controlled with a thiazide diuretic or a related sulfonamide compound. Successful treatment of moderate or severe heart failure generally requires (1) more potent diuretic drugs used alone, or (2) a combination of diuretic agents, such as ethacrynic acid or furosemide combined with a potassium-sparing drug or thiazide diuretic, or both. Regardless of the regimen employed, the efficient use of these various diuretic agents requires an intimate familiarity with their clinical pharmacology.
Frequency Shifting in Nonlinear Resonant Systems With Damping

The dynamical behavior of a three degree-of-freedom system is considered in the presences of a resonance between two modes with nonlinear coupling. One resonant frequency describes a translational oscillation and is a flxed quantity while the second characterizes an unbalanced rotational component and is allowed to slowly vary in time. When a system is attracted to a state of sustained resonance, the steady-state frequency of the sustained resonance shifts, depending on the parameter values of the system. As the applied torque increases, the resonant frequency shifts upward, approaching the natural frequency of the translational mode. If the applied torque is too large, the sustained resonance no longer exists and the system cannot be attracted to a long-term resonance motion. Likewise, increasing damping in the translational mode reduces the resonant frequency and the amplitude of the translational oscillations, as well as the critical torque for which sustained resonances exist. This frequency shifting, seen in both the simulations of the original system and verifled in a experimental system, is characterized through the analysis of a reduced-order model developed through the method of averaging.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A comparison of linear and nonlinear models for open-circuit ball mill grinding

Abstract A detailed comparison is made of the capability of population balance models to predict steady-state product size distributions of a pilot-scale ball mill. The mill was operated at 60% solids with feed rates of crystalline limestone ranging from 90 to 450 kg/hr (200 to 1000 lb/hr). Two types of lumped parameter models are compared: a linear model in which size reduction parameters are independent of size consist and a nonlinear model in which these parameters are dependent on size consist. The nonlinear model is based on an empirical correlation between rate of breakage and size consist in the mill. Results indicate that the nonlinear model gives the most accurate predictions of product size distributions, however, at the cost of significantly more complex computations.
Use of Total Suspended Solids in Characterizing the Impact of Spent Filter Backwash Recycling

Recycling of spent filter backwash water is a widely practiced residual management approach throughout the United States for drinking water utilities. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), under the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments, has recently proposed regulations governing the recycle of this waste stream. Considering this new regulation, a comprehensive study was conducted by researchers at Colorado State University, and a suspended solids mass balance model was developed to characterize the impact of backwash water recycling on the overall treatment process. Online particle count data indicated that certain recycle practices could impact the overall treatment process. Data from pilot-scale experiments showed that total suspended solids (TSS) is a useful tool for characterizing the impacts of the backwash recycle processes. TSS can be used to assess whether solids loading or suboptimal coagulation conditions are the cause of recycle related issues. For the study described here, filter breakthrough occurred at about the same total influent solids load, regardless of the manner in which backwash recycling was performed, indicating that recycle of backwash solids did not impact the overall treatment process.
Endometrial endotoxin, assisted reproductive technology, and preterm birth

The failure of antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce preterm birth in women at risk and the increased rate of preterm birth in singleton pregnancy after ART may have a common explanation: persistent bacterial endotoxin in the endometrium, reported by Kamiyama et al. as an explanation for reduced fertility.
Thermally Induced Imprint of PZT and SBT Thin Films

The imprint characteristics of chemical solution deposited Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (PZT) and SrBi2Ta2O9(SBT) thin films have been investigated. The imprint properties were evaluated by polarization-electric field hysteresis measurements. Imprint was measured at the elevated temperatures to accelerate imprint rate. Several parametric variables such as voltage and DC bias were also used to investigate possible imprint mechanisms. To quantify imprint, two different standards for evaluation of ferroelectric capacitors were compared: voltage shift and asymmetric polarization shift. Two types of PZT thin films with the same Zr/Ti composition were prepared to investigate the influence of loop shape on the rate of imprint. In addition, the imprint behavior of SBT was also investigated. It is shown that the imprint rate is strongly dependent upon the method of evaluation as well as the loop shape.
The role of the RNA chaperone Hfq in Haemophilus influenzae pathogenesis

The RNA binding protein Hfq of Haemophilus influenzae is highly homologous to Hfq from other bacterial species. In many of these other bacteria, Hfq affects the expression of a broad range of genes and enhances the ability to respond to stressful environments. However, the role of Hfq in H. influenzae is unknown. Deletion mutants of hfq were generated in the nontypeable H. influenzae strains R2866 and 86-028NP to assess the role of Hfq in these well characterized but genotypically and phenotypically divergent clinical isolates. A deletion mutation of hfq had no effect on growth of H. influenzae in nutrient rich media and had no effect on survival in several stressful conditions in vitro. However, the mutation resulted in a reduced ability to utilize heme from hemoglobin. The mutant and wild type strains were assessed for virulence and competitive fitness in models of invasive disease and otitis media. In the chinchilla model of otitis media, the hfq mutant of 86-028NP exhibited impaired competitive fitness when compared to its wild type progenitor but exhibited no apparent defect in virulence. In the infant rat model, deletion of hfq in R2866 resulted in reduced bacterial titers in blood and a shorter duration of infection when compared to the wild type strain in the competitive fitness study. We conclude that Hfq is involved in the utilization of essential nutrients and facilitates infection by H. influenzae.
THRESHOLDS AND SUPRATHRESHOLD INTENSITY FUNCTIONS FOR CAPSAICIN IN OIL AND AQUEOUS BASED CARRIERS

Thresholds and responses to capsaicin in oil- and water-based model systems were compared. Thresholds were measured among 23 individuals using an ascending forced choice method of limits. Detection thresholds were 11. 75 (± 1.31) mg/L in oil and 0.31 (± 0.03) mg/L in water. A horizontal labeled magnitude scale was used to obtain suprathreshold scaling functions in corn and soybean oils and in water systems using an emulsifier (polysorbate) or alcohol to solvate the capsaicin. In the water-based systems, capsaicin ranged from weak to very strong ratings over a range of 0.3 to 10 mg/L while the same perceptual range was achieved in oil over a range of 10 to 316 mg/L. Nonconsumers of hot/spicy foods generally had higher thresholds and higher suprathreshold responses in oil systems. Differences between user groups were less pronounced in water-based stimuli.
Interstitial microwave hyperthermia applicators having submillimetre diameters.

Using microscopic techniques we have fabricated interstitial hyperthermia applicators having diameters of 0·20, 0·33 and 0·58 mm, which will fit through catheters of 30, 26 and 22 gauge, respectively. Existing commercial applicators having a diameter of 1 × 1 mm required 17 gauge (or larger) catheters. Our new applicators, which operate at 915 MHz, are a smaller version of a design used by others. We have characterized our applicators by determining the energy deposition patterns (SAR) in muscle-simulating phantoms. These patterns were determined by measuring the electric field intensity using a miniature implantable isotropic probe having a diameter of 3 mm. Contours of the SAR data for our applicators, as well as a larger commercial applicator, show that all of these applicators exhibit similar heating patterns. Test results suggest that the durability and power handling capability of our submillimetre applicators are adequate for use in patients. Our new applicators should be useful in the percutaneous...
Mechanism of mercurial inhibition of sodium-coupled alanine uptake in liver plasma membrane vesicles from Raja erinacea

Abstract In mammalian hepatocytes the l -alanine carrier contains a sulfhydryl group that is essential for its activity and is inhibited by mercurials. In hepatocytes of the evolutionarily primitive little skate ( Raja erinacea ), HgCl 2 inhibits Na + -dependent alanine uptake and Na + K + -ATPase and increases K + permeability. To distinguish between direct effects of HgCl 2 on the Na + -alanine cotransporter and indirect effects on membrane permeability, [ 3 H]alanine transport was studied in plasma membrane vesicles. [ 3 H]Alanine uptake was stimulated by an “out-to-in” Na + but not K + gradient and was saturable confirming the presence of Na + -alanine cotransport in liver plasma membranes from this species. Preincubation of the vesicles with HgCl 2 for 5 min reduced initial rates of Na + -dependent but not Na + -independent alanine uptake in a dose-dependent manner (10–200 μ m ). In the presence of equal concentrations of NaCl or KCl inside and outside of the vesicles, 75 μ m HgCl 2 directly inhibited sodium-dependent alanine-[ 3 H]alanine exchange, demonstrating that HgCl 2 directly affected the alanine cotransporter. Inhibition of Na + -dependent alanine uptake by 30 μ m HgCl 2 was reversed by dithiothreitol (1 m m ). HgCl 2 (10–30 μ m ) also increased initial rates of 22 Na uptake (at 5 sec), whereas 22 Na uptake rates were decreased at HgCl 2 concentrations> 50μ m . Higher concentrations of HgCl 2 (100–200 μ m ) produced nonspecific effects on vesicle integrity. These studies indicate that HgCl 2 inhibits Na + -dependent alanine uptake in skate hepatocytes by three different concentration-dependent mechanisms: direct interaction with the transporters, dissipation of the driving force (Na + gradient), and loss of membrane integrity. Inactivation of the Na + -coupled alanine carrier by mercury in hepatocytes of this evolutionarily primitive vertebrate, as in mammals, suggests that the sulfhydryl groups on this transport protein are highly conserved.
Dharmic Ecology: Perspectives from the Swadhyaya Practitioners

Article discussing an essay by the author titled "Dharmic Ecology: Perspectives from the Swadhyaya Practitioners," discussing the Swadhyayis and their Vrksamandiras, or tree-temples, and dharmic ecology.
Cognition in the wild

Welcome aboard navigation as computation the implementation of contemporary pilotage the organization of team performances communication navigation as a context for learning learning in context organizational learning cultural cognition.
Autoimmunity in heart disease: mechanisms and genetic susceptibility

Recent studies of heart disease suggest that immunologically mediated processes often accompany cardiac injury and can contribute to pathogenesis. Murine models of myocarditis have provided insight into the mechanisms by which autoimmune responses to cardiac antigens arise and cause tissue pathology. It is now evident that T cells, cytokines and antibodies can all contribute to cardiac injury. Furthermore, murine models have demonstrated that both the propensity to develop autoreactivity following cardiac injury and the vulnerability of the heart to these responses are under genetic control. Continued studies will help to identify susceptibility genes and might aid in the development of strategies to protect individuals at risk from immunologically mediated damage following cardiac injury.
Evaluation of a modified TCLP methodology for RCRA toxicity characterization of computer CPUs

A leaching method similar to the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was designed and evaluated for testing of bulky wastes, such as discarded electronic devices. The objective was to meet the intent of the TCLP (same leaching solution, liquid-to-solid ratio and same leaching time) but to allow more representative and rapid testing. The procedure was evaluated by examining lead leaching from computer CPUs as a test case; disassembled CPUs were leached in their entirety (or close to entirety) in a large vessel using a drum rotator. The difference in rotation speed between the large-scale test and the TCLP was found to have no statistical impact on lead leaching. The lack of size reduction resulted in less reducing conditions than the standard TCLP (because of increased iron and zinc leaching), and this resulted in greater lead leaching. For electronic wastes with large amounts of steel, the large-scale procedure provides a more conservative estimate of TCLP lead leaching. The large-scale procedure greatly reduces sample processing effort but does increase the cost of analysis. Evaluation of this approach by the regulatory community is important as the CPUs tested here tended to leach lead at greater than the toxicity characteristic (TC) limit (5 mg/L) using the large-scale test, but less than the TC limit using the standard TCLP.
Asymmetric Power Among Agents and the Generation and Maintenance of Cooperation in International Relations

The question addressed in this analysis is whether endowing agents with various forms of asymmetric power makes cooperation more likely across a variety of structural settings of conflict and cooperation present in international relations. To address this question, an agent-based model incorporating asymmetric power among agents in a set of (2×2) games that represent different forms of conflict and cooperation prevalent in international relations (Chicken, Stag, Assurance, Deadlock, and Prisoner's Dilemma) is developed and analyzed via simulation. Simulation results indicate that the introduction of asymmetric power substantially increases the chances that both cooperative agents survive and cooperative worlds evolve. This is particularly the case when agents are endowed with the ability to selectively interact with other agents. Also, anticipated variations in outcomes across the game structures regarding the likelihood of cooperation are supported.
Chain transfer in ethylene polymerization. V. The effect of temperature

In order to determine the effect of temperature on the chain-transfer reaction in the free-radical polymerization of ethylene, chain-transfer constants were measured for sixteen transfer agents at 130°C and 200°C at 1360 atm. The results were interpreted as ΔE*, the activation energy of the chain-transfer constant. This value is equal to the difference in activation energy between the transfer step (hydrogen abstraction) and the propagation step (addition to the monomer double bond): ΔE* = Es* − Ep*. Excellent agreement was found between measured ΔE* values determined at 1360 atm pressure and (Es* − Ep*) data for ethyl radical determined in vacuum gas-phase reactions. Apparently, the ethyl radical is a good model for polyethyl radical. The chain-transfer constant of ethylbenzene was found to be insensitive to temperature changes, indicating that Ep* = Es* for this compound.
The Genetics of Postmating, Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation Between Drosophila virilis and D. americana

Many studies have demonstrated the rapid diversification of reproductive genes that function after mating but before fertilization. This process might lead to the evolution of postmating, prezygotic barriers between species. Here, I investigate the phenotypic and genetic basis of postmating, prezygotic isolation between two closely related species of Drosophila, Drosophila virilis and D. americana. I show that a strong barrier to interspecific fertilization results in a 99% reduction in progeny production. A genetic interaction among maternal and paternal alleles at only a few loci prevents the fertilization of D. virilis females by D. americana males. These loci are autosomal and isolation acts recessively; the fertilization incompatibility is caused by at least two loci in the maternal D. virilis parent in combination with at least three loci in the paternal D. americana parent. These findings, together with results from classical experiments, suggest that male–female coevolution within D. americana may have driven postmating, prezygotic isolation between species.
Descriptive sensory profiling for optimizing the formula of a peanut milk-based liquid coffee whitener

A liquid coffee whitener was formulated using peanut milk as a substitute for sodium caseinate and water. Sensory quality of the formulation was evaluated using a descriptive panel. Six sensory attributes were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the amounts of peanut milk, oil and corn syrup solids in the formulations. The maximum amount of peanut milk for an optimum formulation was 40%. The maximum fat content increased from 6% to 9% as peanut milk was decreased from 40% to 20%. A concentration of 2-9% corn syrup solids could be used with 20-40% peanut milk. Acceptable formulations within the optimum region contained 6% oil in combination with 40% peanut milk and 2% corn syrup solids or 20% peanut milk and 8% corn syrup solids.
Corporate Ownership and News Bias: Newspaper Coverage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act

The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of corporate media owners over news content. In particular, we address the claim that the financial interests of corporate owners lead America's news bureaus to downplay the significant issues surrounding the growing concentration of ownership of the country's mass media. To do so we examine newspaper coverage of one aspect of the 1996 Telecommunications Act: the loosening of restrictions on television ownership. We compare coverage of this aspect of the Telecommunications Act in newspapers owned by companies that stood to gain from the loosening of these restrictions, with coverage in newspapers owned by companies which did not stand to gain. We find substantial differences in how newspapers reported on these proposed regulatory changes depending on the financial interests of their corporate owners.
A general approach to advective–dispersive transport with multirate mass transfer

A numerical solution that is significantly more general than other semi-analytical solutions is presented for governing equations describing advective–dispersive transport with multirate mass transfer between mobile and immobile domains. The new solution approach is general in the sense that it does not impose any restrictive assumption on the spatial or temporal variability of advective and dispersive processes in the mobile domain. A single integro-differential equation (IDE) is developed for the concentration in the mobile domain by separating the concentration in the immobile domain from the set of two partial differential equations. The solution to the IDE requires the evaluation of a temporal integral of the concentration in the mobile domain, which is a function of the Laplace transform of the distribution of the mass transfer rate coefficient. The Laplace transform is not limited to flow fields with known constant velocities. The solutions for one- and two-dimensional examples obtained using the new approach agree with those obtained by existing semi-analytical and numerical approaches. � 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Methods and applications of antibody microarrays in cancer research

Antibody microarrays have great potential for significant value in biological research. Cancer research in particular could benefit from the unique experimental capabilities of this technology. This article examines the current state of antibody microarray technological developments and assay formats, along with a review of the demonstrated applications to cancer research. Work is ongoing in the refinement of various aspects of the protocols and the development of robust methods for routine use. Antibody microarray experimental formats can be broadly categorized into two classes: (1) direct labeling experiments, and (2) dual antibody sandwich assays. In the direct labeling method, the covalent labeling of all proteins in a complex mixture provides a means for detecting bound proteins after incubation on an antibody microarray. If proteins are labeled with a tag, such as biotin, the signal from bound proteins can be amplified. In the sandwich assay, proteins captured on an antibody microarray are detected by a cocktail of detection antibodies, each antibody matched to one of the spotted antibodies. Each format has distinct advantages and disadvantages. Several applications of antibody arrays to cancer research have been reported, including the analysis of proteins in blood serum, resected frozen tumors, cell lines, and on membranes of blood cells. These demonstrations clearly show the utility of antibody microarrays for cancer research and signal the imminent expansion of this platform to many areas of biological research.
Exploring the Relationship Between Self-Construal and Dimensions of Group Effectiveness:

In response to the growing concern for understanding how diverse people work together in teams, this study examines the relationship between self-construal and group effectiveness. A diverse sample (N = 535) completed a 62-item questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed five dimensions: (a) independent self-construal, (b) interdependent self-construal, (c) task effectiveness, (d) relational effectiveness, and (e) personal effectiveness. All three dimensions of group effectiveness were found to be significantly and positively associated with both independent and interdependent self-construal. Stepwise regression analysis found that task effectiveness was better explained by independent rather than interdependent, self-construal. Regression analysis also revealed that relational effectiveness was better explained by interdependent rather than independent, self-construal. Results are discussed in terms of practical and theoretical implications.
Going to town: Visualized perspectives and navigation through virtual environments

Two experiments examined how spatial learning perspectives support navigation through virtual urban environments. Participants briefly learned the overall layout of a virtual desktop environment, and then were taken on a simulated journey ending at a starting location within the environment. In Experiment 1, during the journey participants watched simulated video feeds either from the front of the vehicle (route perspective), above the vehicle (survey perspective), both feeds simultaneously, or no video at all. Participants then navigated between ten successive landmarks, and we measured indices of spatial and temporal efficiency, and heading error. Results indicated that the route perspective supported a restricted range of local navigation whereas the survey perspective better supported far-space navigation. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the survey perspective also better supports navigation around unexpected detours. Results are discussed with regard to theories of spatial memory and the design of computer-supported spatial visualization technologies.
Ionic Liquids as Versatile Precursors for Functionalized Porous Carbon and Carbon–Oxide Composite Materials by Confined Carbonization

Thermolysis of an ionic liquid (IL) gives no char residue, whereas heating the same IL trapped within an oxide framework affords high carbonization yields (see picture). This confinement method allows incorporation of heteroatoms from the parent IL in the final products, for the development of functionalized porous carbon and carbon-oxide composite materials.
Unusual cause of bleeding in liver cirrhosis patient.

A 42-year-old man presented to the emergency department with 2 weeks history of fatigue and dark tarry stool. He had past medical history significant for primary sclerosing cholangitis with liver cirrhosis, complicated with ascites and small non-bleeding esophageal varices. He denied nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss or change in appetite. He also denied excessive use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s). On presentation he was on spironolactone, furosomide, omeprazole and nadalol. On exam, he appeared pale with stable vitals signs. Skin examination revealed spider angiomata and palmar erythema. Abdomen was non-distended with no abdominal tenderness or organomegaly. There was no asterixis. Initial blood work revealed hemoglobin of 5.8 g/dl (normal …
Convergent Validity of the Internalizing Symptoms Scale for Children with Three Self-Report Measures of Internalizing Problems

Data that serve to support the convergent validity of the Internalizing Symptoms Scale for Children (ISSC), a new child self-report measure for assessing internalizing symptoms, are presented. The results of three studies are presented, wherein ISSC scores were correlated with three established internalizing comparison measures: the Youth Self-Report, the Children's Depression Inventory, and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. Correlations were in the desired direction and magnitude for demonstrating the convergent validity of the ISSC as a self-report measure of internalizing symptoms of children. Strong correlations were found between the ISSC and the Internalizing broad-band score of the Youth Self-Report, whereas moderate to moderately high correlations were found between the scores of the ISSC and those of the Children's Depression Inventory and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. The ISSC appears to measure the internalizing construct in children and to have promise as a research and clinical tool for use with children ages 8 to 12. Limitations of this investigation and implications for future research in this area are discussed.
Nocturnal bladder emptying: a simple technique for reversing urinary tract deterioration in children with neurogenic bladder.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: In this preliminary study we sought to determine the effect of instituting nocturnal bladder emptying (NBE) in children with neurogenic (NGB) or nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder (NNGNGB) in whom urinary tract deterioration developed despite optimal daytime clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) and urotropic medications. We hypothesize that a syndrome of nocturnal overdistention of the bladder (SNOB) can cause urinary tract deterioration through increased nighttime storage pressures manifested by recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI), worsening incontinence, hydronephrosis and/or decreasing bladder compliance and capacity, and may be reversed by NBE.Materials and Methods:: A total of 19 children with NGB (17) or NNGNGB (2) who displayed urinary tract deterioration while on CIC and urotropic medications were started on NBE. Of the patients 15 used a continuously draining nighttime catheter while 4 had scheduled awakenings during the night to perform CIC. The primary indications for NB...
Wavelets on the integers

In this paper the theory of wavelets on the integers is developed. For this, one needs to first find analogs of translations and dyadic dilations which appear in the classical theory. Translations in $\ell^2(\mathbb{Z})$ are defined in the obvious way, taking advantage of the additive group structure of the integers. Dyadic dilations, on the other hand, pose a greater problem. In the classical theory of wavelets on the real line, translation $T$ and dyadic dilation $D$ obey the "commutativity" relation $DT^2 = TD$. We choose to define dyadic dilations on the integers in terms of this functional equation. All such dyadic dilations are characterized and the corresponding multiresolution structures they generate are introduced and examined. The main results of this paper focus on connecting multiresolution structures and wavelets on the integers with their counterparts on the line and include the fact that every wavelet on the integers is an MRA wavelet.
Trunk stiffness increases with steady-state effort.

Trunk stiffness was measuredin healthy human subjects as a function of stead y-state preloadefforts in d ifferent horizontal loading directions. Since muscle stiffness increases with increased muscle activation associated with increasing effort, it is believed that coactivation of muscles helps to stiffen andstabilize the trunk. This paper testedwhether increasedstead y-state preloadeffort increases trunk stiffness. Fourteen young healthy subjects each stood in an apparatus with the pelvis immobilized. They were loaded horizontally at directions of 0, 45, 90, 135 and 1808 to the forwarddirection via a thoracic harness. Subjects first equilibratedwith a steady-state load of 20 or 40% of their maximum extension effort. Then a sine-wave force perturbation of nominal amplitude of 7.5 or 15% of maximum effort and nominal period of 250 ms was applied. Both the applied force and subsequent motion were recorded. Effective trunk mass and trunk-driving point stiffness were estimated by fitting the experimental data to a second-order differential equation of the trunk dynamic behavior. The mean effective trunk mass was 14.1 kg (s.d.=4.7). The trunk-driving point stiffness increasedon average 36.8% (from 14.5 to 19.8 N/mm) with an increase in the nominal stead y-state preloadeffort from 20 to 40% (F1,13=204.96, p50.001). There was a smaller, but significant variation in trunk stiffness with loading direction. The measured increase in trunk stiffness probably results from increasedmuscle stiffness with increasedmuscle activation at higher stead y-state efforts. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Early working memory as a racially and ethnically neutral measure of outcome in extremely preterm children at 18-22 months.

article i nfo Background: Difficulties with executive function have been found in preterm children, resulting in difficulties with learning and school performance. Aim: Thisstudy evaluated the relationship of early working memory as measured by object permanence items to the cognitive and language scores on the Bayley Scales-III in a cohort of children born extremely preterm. Study design:Logistic regression models were conducted to compare object permanence scores derived from the Bayley Scales-III by race/ethnicity and maternal education, controlling for medical covariates. Subjects: Extremely preterm toddlers (526), who were part of a Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network's multi-center study, were evaluated at 18-22 months corrected age. Outcome measures: Object permanence scores derived from the Bayley Developmental Scales were compared by race/ethnicity and maternal education, controlling for medical covariates. Results: There were no significant differences in object permanence mastery and scores among the treatment groups after controlling for medical and social variables, including maternal education and race/ethnicity. Males and children with intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia were less likely to demonstrate object permanence mastery and had lower object permanence scores. Children who attained object permanence mastery had significantly higher Bayley Scales-III cognitive and language scores after controlling for medical and socio-economic factors. Conclusions: Our measure of object permanence is free of influence from race, ethnic and socio-economic factors. Adding this simple task to current clinicalpractice could help detect earlyexecutive function difficulties in young children.