cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of cis isomers of lycopene exceed those of all-trans lycopene.

The ratio of cis and all -trans lycopene (LYC) in human and animal tissues exceeds that in foods. The basis for this difference remains unknown, although differences in their stability, transport, and metabolism have been suggested. Here, we systematically compared the digestive stability, efficiency of micellarization, and uptake and intracellular stability of cis and all-trans isomers of LYC and carotenes using the coupled in vitro digestion and Caco-2 human intestinal cell model. Aril and oil from the carotenoid-rich gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) were cooked with rice to provide a natural source of LYC and carotenes. The ratio of cis: trans isomers of LYC and /3-carotene was similar before and after simulated gastric and small intestinal digestion with recovery of total carotenoids in the digesta exceeding 70%. Micellarization of cis isomers of LYC during digestion of meals with both gac aril and oil was significantly greater than that of the all-trans isomer but less than for the carotenes. Uptake of cis isomers of LYC by Caco-2 cells was similar to that of carotenes and significantly greater than all-trans LYC. Micellarized carotenoids were relatively stable in micelles incubated in the cell culture environment and after accumulation in Caco-2 cells. These data suggest that the greater bioaccessibility of cis compared with all-trans isomers of LYC contributes to the enrichment of the cis isomers in tissues and that gac fruit is an excellent source of bioaccessible LYC and provitamin A carotenoids.
JUDAISM SINCE GENDER: A REVIEW ESSAY*

�� In the short story “The Woman Who Lost Her Names” by contemporary American Jewish writer Nessa Rapoport, the heroine’s power of naming is taken from her.1 Her own name goes through a permutation — from Sarah to Sally — in order, her kindergarten teacher said, that she be better integrated into public school. The distant cousin from Jerusalem whom she eventually marries, a seventh-generation Halevi, takes on the pen name Peniel and calls Sarah by her middle name, Yosefah. Finally, after two sons, a daughter is born. Sarah , at last in the land of Israel, longs to name her daughter Ayelet Hashachar, the dawn star, but her husband argues that the child must be named Dina, after his late mother-in-law. “But Dina was raped!” Sarah/Sally/Yosefah protests. The story ends as she sits in the women’s balcony in the synagogue, waiting to hear what her husband will name their daughter.
The role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in human cancer

The patterns of DNA methylation in human cancer cells are highly abnormal and often involve the acquisition of DNA hypermethylation at hundreds or thousands of CpG islands that are usually unmethylated in normal tissues. The recent discovery of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) as an enzymatic oxidation product of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) has led to models and experimental data in which the hypermethylation and 5mC oxidation pathways seem to be connected. Key discoveries in this setting include the findings that several genes coding for proteins involved in the 5mC oxidation reaction are mutated in human tumors, and that a broad loss of 5hmC occurs across many types of cancer. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge and discuss models of the potential roles of 5hmC in human cancer biology.
Just What Lies "Beyond the Pleasure Principle"?

Are there any developments in neuroscience since 1920 that might result in a revision of the concepts of the repetition compulsion and the death instinct? The observation Freud made that there is a force, “More primitive, more elementary, more instinctual than the pleasure principle which it overrides . . . independently of it and to some extent in disregard to it,” is pursued by an examination of the neural pathways and signaling apparatus that underlie drive, pleasure, and cathexis. The conflict between drive and pleasure has been rediscovered and further explained biologically by Berridge and Robinson (2003). This conflict leads to an understanding both of the biological basis of the transference and of the neural underpinnings of why patients would seek an unhappy relationship with their psychoanalyst. In this neuropsychoanalytic theory paper it is suggested that happiness and emotional health are facilitated by the alignment of drive and pleasure, while neurosis is driven by urgently wanting relationships that cause pain and frustration based on a misalignment of two distinct neural systems. Within this framework, concepts of repetition compulsion and death instinct are adventitious. Understanding the neurobiology that underlies metapsychology can help us resolve disagreements and facilitate more accurate models of human functioning that guide our therapeutic interventions.
Effects of salinity on growth and lipid accumulation of biofuel microalga Nannochloropsis salina and invading organisms

Abstract Mass production of microalgae is currently limited by existing cultivation strategies, which rely heavily on open cultivation systems. Increasing lipid production in these systems while minimizing the invasion of non-target algae (competitors) and grazers (predators) will improve the economic viability of algal biofuel. In this study, we manipulate a basic environmental parameter, salinity, to promote algal growth and limit invading organisms. We monitor the growth of marine microalga Nannochloropsis salina and invasion of algal competitors and predators in open cultures grown at different salinities ranging from brackish to hypersaline. Algal growth and biomass was greatest at salinities of 22 and 34 PSU, whereas the density of invading organisms was lowest at 22 PSU. To determine if lipid accumulation could be maximized by salinity stress, we grew N. salina at 22 PSU until the populations were at stationary phase and then increased salinity to 34, 46, and 58 PSU. Gravimetrically determined lipid content increased significantly at these higher salinities, and was highest at 34 PSU (36% dry tissue mass). Analysis of Folch extracts by FT-ICR mass spectrometry showed a monotonic increase in triglyceride content and decreased membrane lipid content with increased salinity. Together, this work demonstrates an ecological approach to overcome the current limitations of cultivation strategies.
Cross-reactivity of primate alloantigens: absorption of anti-HL-A reactivity from human alloantisera by chimpanzee lymphocytes.

Similarity between human and chimpanzee alloantigens was investigated by absorbing human alloantisera with chimpanzee lymphocytes and testing the absorbed antisera with appropriate HL–A-phenotyped human lymphocytes. Chimpanzee lymphocytes were consistently negative in cytotoxicity assays with monospecific human HL–A2, 3, 9, and 13 antisera. Chimpanzee lymphocytes failed to remove reactivity for these specificities in absorption studies. Positive cytotoxic reactions were observed with chimpanzee lymphocytes and anti-HL–A1, 11, 12, and W27 human alloantisera. Absorption with chimpanzee lymphocytes removed reactivity removed reactivity for these specificities as shown by tests with human lymphocytes of the appropriate HL–A phenotype. Non-specific absorption or a CYNAP-type phenomenon was seen in chimpanzee lymphocyte absorptions with anti-HL–A1, 5, and 11 antisera.
Classical theory of compound nucleus reactions

Abstract The emission of particles from a compound system to individual states in the residual nucleus is studied in the classical limit of large angular momenta. Expressions are derived for total and differential cross-sections, when the target spin is polarized and unpolarized under different initial and final conditions. It is found that the angular distribution has a very simple classical limit, when the dependence on angular momentum of the penetrabilities of the emitted particle can be neglected.
The Notion of Clinically Significant Change

Determining if treatment results in a significant change in a client’s communication ability can be a difficult task for clinicians. We addressed this issue by proposing a definition of clinically significant change that contains three dimensions. A clinically significant change is a change in client performance that (a) can be shown to result from treatment rather than from maturation or other uncontrolled factors, (b) can be shown to be real rather than random, and (c) can be shown to be important rather than trivial. Additionally, some methods are described for evaluating the clinical significance of improvements in client performance during treatment.
Term Weighting Approaches in Automatic Text Retrieval

The experimental evidence accumulated over the past 20 years indicates that textindexing systems based on the assignment of appropriately weighted single terms produce retrieval results that are superior to those obtainable with other more elaborate text representations. These results depend crucially on the choice of effective term weighting systems. This paper summarizes the insights gained in automatic term weighting, and provides baseline single term indexing models with which other more elaborate content analysis procedures can be compared.
Glucocorticoid-targeting of the adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway in the cerebellum of young vs. aged rats

Glucocorticoids exacerbate aging-induced cell death, but relatively little is known about other CNS effects in senescence. We examined noradrenergic/adenylyl cyclase signaling in the cerebellum, which is a brain region that is susceptible to deterioration of synaptic function in aging. Aged control rats had increased total cyclase catalytic activity, but showed deficits in basal adenylyl cyclase. Deficits resolved when G-proteins were stimulated with GTP, GTP and fluoride, or GTP and isoproterenol, despite reductions in β-receptors. In young rats, long-term dexamethasone infusions evoked the same types of changes that had been seen in aging, including induction of cyclase catalytic activity and enhanced G-protein responsiveness. The same dexamethasone regimens given to aged rats failed to cause stimulation of these processes in the cerebellum, but did so in a peripheral tissue (kidney). These data indicate homology between the cellular events involved in noradrenergic signaling during aging and after glucocorticoid administration to young animals; the absence of glucocorticoid effects in the elderly cohort supports a convergent mechanism with aging. Given the high incidence of HPA axis dysregulation in the elderly, and particularly in elderly depression, effects of glucocorticoids on cell signaling may contribute to disrupted function and to altered drug reactivity.
LEED-AES-Thin Layer Electrochemical Studies of Hydrogen Adsorption on Platinum Single Crystals.

Abstract The understanding of the relation of electrocatalysis to electrode surface structure requires measurements on electrode surface free of impurities and of well defined morphology. A system has been developed which allows preparation and characterization of such surfaces in an ultrahigh vacuum using LEED and AES, their electrochemical examination within a thin-layer cell, and subsequent re-examination of the surface morphology and purity. The electrochemical adsorption-desorption of hydrogen has been studied on the three low-index planes of Pt in dilute HF. When the potential range is restricted to 0.05–0.5 V vs. RHE (1 atm), post-electrochemical LEED analysis shows that the Pt(111) and (110)-(1×2) surfaces retain their original structure while the Pt (100)-(5×20) loses its (5×20) overlayer.
Logos and Pallaksch. The Loss of Madness and the Survival of Poetry in Paul Celan's “ TÜbingen, JÄnner ”

This paper argues that Celan's Holderlin poem Tubingen, Janner is a critical poetic exploration of the concept of poetic madness associated with Holderlin's life and work. I attempt to demonstrate that the poem moves between two poles, logos/techne/reflexion and madness i.e. the “pallaksch” recorded as Holderlin's mad “unword.” While poetry itself seems to collapse under the pressure of “this time,” it also reasserts itself as the medium that recovers speaking, that moves, however tentatively, to reunite the solitary words of mad unlanguage to the fragile structure of poetic speech - a process during which poetry disintegrates into mad babble at the same time as it turns this mad babble back into poetry. This reading introduces a kaddish into the pallaksch, mourning, not last of all, the fragmentation of mourning itself, its parenthetical character, its decomposition from ritual high speech into incomprehensible prattle. The brackets around the double “pallaksch” at the end both protect and isolate mad language from its poetic frame - at the end, madness remains part of poetry, but poetic writing must contain it in the very act of citing it as one of its grounds.
“The Redeemer to Arise from the House of Dan”: Samson, Apocalypticism, and Messianic Hopes in Late Antique Galilee

AbstractIn the last five years, two mosaics depicting Samson’s biblical exploits have been discovered in Lower Eastern Galilee. Both mosaics were found in synagogues that date to the Late Roman/Byzantine period and are located in close proximity to Tiberias. Because of the rarity of Samson in ancient Jewish art and Samson’s lack of historical ties to the region, the significance of these mosaics requires explanation. This article explores this significance by considering the socio-religious context of the region in which the mosaics were discovered. Sources indicate that apocalyptic thought and messianic expectations flourished in Jewish Galilee throughout late antiquity, particularly in the vicinity of Tiberias. In addition, liturgical texts show that some Jews in this period viewed Samson as a biblical type of the future messiah—a redeemer of the past who foreshadowed Israel’s eschatological redemption. This confluence of evidence suggests that the Samson mosaics can be viewed as apocalyptic images reflecting messianic hopes that were popular in late antique Galilee.
SOX generated changes in board composition: Has accounting's academia noticed?

This paper surveys the academic accounting papers published to-date concerning the effects of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) and associated stock exchange requirement changes for publicly listed firm's boards of director's composition and structure. Professionals in for-profit organisations will see what changes appear to have delivered market value improvements, for example, from adding an audit committee financial expert with an accounting background, to avoiding staggered board elections. Nonprofit professionals will get exposed to some of the audit committee trends in the not-for-profit domain. Academic readers will learn of the many important research opportunities that remain available in the wake of this major regulatory legislation. Anyone, whether academic or professional, concerned with the overall governance of commercial or nonprofit organisations will learn things of value from this paper and will get exposed to thought-provoking ideas of potential value in the future. This paper was deeply researched, from over 40 books and articles prior to SOX, to provide relevant historical background as to how the many new, board of director structure and composition change requirements became part of the US Congress's, the SEC's and the stock exchanges' answers for the numerous financial reporting scandals that plagued the start of the millennium.
Linkage Maps of Microsatellite DNA Markers for the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas

We constructed male and female consensus linkage maps for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, using a total of 102 microsatellite DNA markers typed in 11-day-old larvae from three families. We identified 11 and 12 linkage groups in the male and female consensus maps, respectively. Alignment of these separate maps, however, suggests 10 linkage groups, which agrees with the haploid chromosome number. The male linkage map comprises 88 loci and spans 616.1 cM, while the female map comprises 86 loci and spans 770.5 cM. The male and the female maps share 74 loci; 2 markers remain unlinked. The estimated coverages for the consensus linkage maps are 79% for the male and 70–75% for the female, on the basis of two estimates of genome length. Ninety-five percent of the genome is expected to lie within 16 and 21 cM of markers on the male and female maps, respectively, while 95% of simulated minimum distances to the male and female maps are within 10.1 and 13.6 cM, respectively. Females have significantly more recombination than males, across 118 pairs of linked markers in common to the parents of the three families. Significant differences in recombination and orders of markers are also evident among same-sex parents of different families as well as sibling parents of opposite sex. These observations suggest that polymorphism for chromosomal rearrangements may exist in natural populations, which could have profound implications for interpreting the evolutionary genetics of the oyster. These are the first linkage maps for a bivalve mollusc that use microsatellite DNA markers, which should enable them to be transferred to other families and to be useful for further genetic analyses such as QTL mapping.
V, Nb, and Ta Complexes with Benzene in Solid Argon: An Infrared Spectroscopic and Density Functional Study

Vanadium, niobium, and tantalum metal atoms, produced by laser ablation, are reacted with benzene vapor diluted in argon and codeposited onto a 7 K CsI window. The resulting reaction products are trapped, and the M(C6H6) and M(C6H6)2 complexes are identified by benzene isotopic substitution (C6H6, 13C6H6, C6D6). Density functional theory (DFT) frequency calculations are used to support molecular complex assignments. On the basis of the computed energies and a comparison of calculated and observed vibrational isotopic shifts, the ground electronic states and geometries are predicted. The bonding and electronic interactions in these molecules are discussed on the basis of the observed aromatic C-C breathing modes activated in the complexes.
The role of metabolism in temperature-dependent supersensitivity of guinea-pig atria to sympathomimetic amines

Abstract The role of enzymatic metabolism in the temperature-dependent supersensitivity to noradrenaline has been investigated at 37°C and at 26°C in isolated guinea-pig atria. In vitro monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was found to be decreased at 26°C as compared to 37°C. However, 17–22 hr after treatment of guinea-pigs with paragyline, the degree of temperature-induced supersensitivity in isolated atria was unaltered although in vitor MAO activity was 93% inhibited at both incubation temperatures. The temperature-dependent supersensitivity of isolated atria-α methylnoradrenaline, a sympathomimetric amine not metabolized by MAO2 was greater than that found for noradrenaline. In vitro catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) activity also was greater at 37°C than 26°C. In isolated atria, concentration of 3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxybenzoic acid which produced 33% inhibition of COMT activity in vitro, did not abolish the temperature-dependent supersensitivity to noradrenaline. However, sensitivity of isolated atria to nylidrin, a sympathomimetic amine not metabolized by COMT, is identical at the two bath temperatures. The data suggest that temperatures. The data suggets that temperature-dependent supersensitivity of isolated guinea-pig atria to sympathomimetic amines may be due to decreased COMT activity at the lower bath temperature.
Head–eye interactions during vertical gaze shifts made by rhesus monkeys

Changing the direction of the line of sight (gaze) can involve coordinated movements of the eyes and head. During gaze shifts directed along the horizontal meridian, the contribution of the eyes and head depends upon the position of the eyes in the orbits; the contribution of the head to accomplishing the overall shift in gaze declines as the eyes increasingly are deviated away from the direction of the ensuing gaze shift. Also during horizontal gaze shifts, changes in the metrics and kinematics of the saccadic (eye movement) portion of coordinated movements, are correlated with the amplitude and velocity of the concurrent head movement. With increasing head contributions, saccade peak velocities decline, durations increase and velocity profiles develop two peaks. It remains unknown whether the interaction between head and eyes observed during horizontal gaze shifts also occurs during vertical gaze shifts. Yet, a full understanding of the neural control of eye-head coordination will depend upon the correlation of neural activity and features of vertical as well as horizontal movements. This report describes the metrics and kinematics of vertical gaze shifts made by head-unrestrained rhesus monkeys. Key observations include: (1) during vertical gaze shifts of a particular amplitude, relative eye and head contributions depend upon the initial vertical positions of the eyes in the orbits; (2) as head contribution increases, peak eye velocities decline, durations increase and vertical velocity profiles develop two peaks; (3) head movement metrics and kinematics are accurately predictable given knowledge only of head movement amplitude. In these ways, vertical gaze shifts were found to be qualitatively similar to horizontal gaze shifts. It seems probable that similar mechanisms mediate head-eye interactions during both horizontal and vertical movements. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that a signal proportional to vertical head velocity reduces the gain of the vertical saccade burst generator.
Electric ignition for conductive fuels

The design and operational environment of the engines in today's jets, rockets, and missiles have raised new problems in the field of ignition. In the jet engine, the ignition must function at both high and low altitudes. At greater altitudes higher energies are required to offset decrease in oxygen: Higher energies naturally mean larger and heavier units, but size and weight are critical design factors which are strictly limited by engine specifications. In rocket and missile engines the problem is rendered more acute by the use of nitric acid or other agents which make the fuel electrically conductive. Conventional high-voltage ignition systems with jump-gap plugs are not adaptable to these fuels.
Positioning growth of scalable silica nanorods on the interior and exterior surfaces of porous composites

A novel yet straightforward one-pot synthesis technique was developed to grow silica nanorods on the interior and exterior surfaces of a porous, inorganic scaffold. Growth of the rods on the surface, versus in the bulk, was achieved by functionalizing the surface with chlorosilane molecules, which allowed the emulsion droplets in which the nanorods grow to anchor to the surface. Rods of 100–200 nm diameter and up to 2 μm in length could be grown uniformly over the surface with a typical surface density of 3 rods per μm2, resulting in an order-of-magnitude increase in the specific surface area (area per mass) of the porous material. It was also shown that the properties of the rods (e.g., size, surface density, shape) could be controlled by changing either the composition of the substrate material or the concentrations of key components in the reacting mixture. Furthermore, by selectively controlling the spatial location of the chlorosilane surface groups, the rods could be grown in specific locations inside the porous material.
Flies and congruence

Competing phylogenetic hypotheses have become the rule in modern systematics. While the problem of incongruence between character sets has become extremely acute due to the generation of molecular data, it is by no means specific to molecular and morphological comparisons. The role of the modern systematist is to interpret incongruence between character sets and to come to some conclusion regarding a phylogenetic hypothesis of the organisms in question. Two aspects of congruence analysis are examined using the Drosophilidae as an example. The first includes the quantification of congruence and the types of phylogenetic inference that can be made from such analyses. The second aspect concerns an examination of character evolution in order to identify characters and taxa that might be contributing to incongruence in phylogenetic analysis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acute effects of pulmonary artery occlusion on the pool of alveolar surfactant

Abstract Electron microscopic evidence has shown that the occlusion of one pulmonary artery acutely decreases the content of lamellar inclusion bodies in aveolar type II cells. We studied the effect of unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion (UPAO) on the estimated alveolar pool of saturated phosphatidylcholine (SPC). Under pentobarbital anesthesia 13 rabbits, spontaneously breathing, underwent UPAO for 1–7 hours by balloon catheter. Eight rabbits with balloon deflated in the pulmonary trunck served as controls. After sacrifice the lungs were excised and alveolar SPC was harvested by lavage. after UPAO the alveolar pool of SPC was significantly higher in the occluded lungs than in the unoccluded ones. The average difference was 33.7% after 1 hour and 14.5% after 2 hours. After 4 and 7 hours of occlusion the alveolar pools of SPC in occluded and unoccluded lungs were not significantly different. We suggest that temporarily larger pool size in the occluded lungs was due to an increase in surfactant secretion although we cannot rule out entirely a decrease in the rate of clearance.
Recruiting multi-antenna transmitters as cooperative jammers: An auction-theoretic approach

This paper proposes and investigates a distributed mechanism that motivates otherwise non-cooperative terminals to participate as cooperative jammers assisting a source-destination pair that communicates over a wireless medium, in the presence of an eavesdropper from whom the communicated messages need to be kept secret. The cooperation incentive is provided by an opportunity for potential jammers, possibly equipped with multiple antennas, to utilize the spectrum belonging to the ongoing secure transmission for their own data traffic. A fully decentralized framework is put forth through a competition of potential cooperative jammers for spectrum access by trying to make the jamming offer that most improves the secrecy rate of the source-destination pair. Effective arbitration of cooperative jamming is performed using auction theory, with the source in the role of the auctioneer, and the jammers acting as bidders. The proposed scheme can be alternatively seen as a practical basis for the implementation of cognitive radio networks operating according to the property-rights model, i.e., spectrum leasing.
Feynman-Kac functionals and positive solutions of 1/2 Δu + qu =0

Let D be a bounded C2 domain in ℝ d and let q be a bounded Borel function in D. For x∃D and z∃∂D suppose (Xt) under the law Px;z is Brownian motion in D starting at x and conditioned to converge to z. Let Τ be the lifetime of (Xt). We show that if the quantity \(E^{x;z} \left\{ {\exp \left[ {\int\limits_0^t {q(X_s )ds} } \right]} \right\}\) is finite for one x∃D and one z∃∂D, then this quantity remains bounded as x varies over D and z varies over ∂D. This may be considered one quantitative expression of the qualitative statement that no matter where Brownian motion in D eventually hits ∂D, it goes all over D before it gets there. We apply this result to show that if the equation 1/2δu+qu=0 admits a non-negative solution in D, which is strictly positive on a subset of ∂D of positive harmonic measure, then for any non-negative bounded Borel function f on ∂D it admits a unique bounded solution u satisfying u=f on ∂D, and this solution u is non-negative.
FEEDING BY CAECULID MITES ON FUNGUS DEMONSTRATED WITH RADIOACTIVE TRACERS.

Caeculid mites ( Cacculus sp., Acarina: Caeculidae) have been thought to be predaceous, but laboratory experiments demonstrated successful feeding and reproduction in cultures containing fungal hyphae. Mites which fed upon fungi tagged with radioactive cesium-134 exhibited bioelimination patterns characteristic of cryptozoan arthropods.
Finding Fluorescent Needles in the Cardiac Haystack: Tracking Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Labeled with Quantum Dots for Quantitative In Vivo Three‐Dimensional Fluorescence Analysis

Stem cells show promise for repair of damaged cardiac tissue. Little is known with certainty, however, about the distribution of these cells once introduced in vivo. Previous attempts at tracking delivered stem cells have been hampered by the autofluorescence of host tissue and limitations of existing labeling techniques. We have developed a novel loading approach to stably label human mesenchymal stem cells with quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles. We report the optimization and validation of this long-term tracking technique and highlight several important biological applications by delivering labeled cells to the mammalian heart. The bright QD crystals illuminate exogenous stem cells in histologic sections for at least 8 weeks following delivery and permit, for the first time, the complete three-dimensional reconstruction of the locations of all stem cells following injection into the heart. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Scandium Oxide Thin Films Deposited by Dual Ion Beam Sputtering for High-Power Laser Applications

Scandium oxide films were deposited using reactive dual ion beam puttering. At 1 micron, the refractive index of the films is 1.95 and the absorption loss is 18.5 ppm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed oxygen defects.
Kinetics of mediated oxidation at electrodes modified by poly(styrenesulfonate) containing tris(2,2′-bipyridine)osmium(III/II) complexes as electron-transfer centers

Abstract This work involves rotating disk electrodes modified by spincoated layers of poly(sytrenesulfonate) containing electrostatically bound tris(2,2′-bipyridine)osmium(III/II) [Os(bpy) 3+/2+ 3 ]. The object was to characterize the dynamics of the mediated oxidation of ferrocene-1,1′-disulfonate [Fe(CpS) 2− 2 ] in acetonitrile solution at the polymer-modified electrode. The results were interpreted within the framework of the theory provided by Saveant and Andrieux. The system was able to mediate the oxidation of the entire Levich flux of Fe(CpS) 2− 2 to the outer boundary of the polymer film at all studied rotation rates and bulk concentrations of Fe(CpS) 2− 2 . By measurements of surrogate films in which Ru(bpy) 2+ 3 replaced the Os(bpy) 2+ 3 , it was demonstrated that a negligible flux of Fe(CpS) 2− 2 arrives at the electrode surface by diffusion through the film. Via chronocoulometry, it was shown that the electron diffusion rate is sufficiently large to handle the Levich flux regardless of the spatial location where mediated oxidation takes place. The results are quantitatively consistent with a picture involving mediated oxidation essentially at the outer boundary of the film. Apparently the film has a compact, comparatively unsolvated structure.
Examining Influences of Pharmacists' Communication With Consumers About Antibiotics

A national study was conducted of community pharmacists to examine influences on their communication with consumers about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. The objective was twofold: to explore the nature of barriers that might be changed to allow pharmacists greater participation in educational campaigns, and to discover which variables would best predict communication using a modification of the Theory of Reasoned Action model. Whereas most pharmacists agreed that their role in educating patients is important, they also noted several barriers prevent them from engaging in campaigns, such as time constraints, lack of educational materials, and fear of harming relations with physicians. Pharmacists' discussion about antibiotics in general was predicted primarily by attitudes about their role and efficacy, by their autonomy, and by enabling measures-such as pamphlets-that would better aid them in participating in a judicious antibiotic use campaign. Discussion about resistance was predicted by attitudes and enabling measures.
Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones: Grassroots Democracy with Chinese Characteristics

China’s policy of reform and opening has led to extraordinary economic and societal changes during the past 30 years. One aspect of this progressive, incremental change has been the remarkable development of democracy—both at the grassroots level and within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP, recognizing that political reforms must accompany economic reforms, began to pursue a distinctively Chinese path to political reform and modernization—a socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics. Inspired by leadership from Deng Xiaoping to Hu Jintao, Chinese citizens living in the countryside and townships have held competitive elections for local leadership for over a decade. This paper posits that the rise and institutionalization of competitive, popular local elections is indicative of how the CCP, in fostering a Harmonious Socialist Society, has created a viable, Confucian, and uniquely Chinese alternative to Western liberal democracy in local governance.
Early adult risk factor levels and subsequent coronary artery calcification: the CARDIA Study.

Objectives We sought to determine whether early adult levels of cardiovascular risk factors predict subsequent coronary artery calcium (CAC) better than concurrent or average 15-year levels and independent of a 15-year change in levels. Background Few studies have used multiple measures over the course of time to predict subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods African American and white adults, ages 18 to 30 years, in 4 U.S. cities were enrolled in the prospective CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study from 1985 to 1986. Risk factors were measured at years 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, and 15, and CAC was assessed at year 15 (n = 3,043). Results Overall, 9.6% adults had any CAC, with a greater prevalence among men than women (15.0% vs. 5.1%), white than African American men (17.6% vs. 11.3%), and ages 40 to 45 years than 33 to 39 years (13.3% vs. 5.5%). Baseline levels predicted CAC presence (C = 0.79) equally as well as average 15-year levels (C = 0.79; p = 0.8262) and better than concurrent levels (C = 0.77; p = 0.019), despite a 15-year change in risk factor levels. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of having CAC by ages 33 to 45 years were 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 1.7) per 10 cigarettes, 1.5 (95% CI 1.3 to 1.8) per 30 mg/dl low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 1.3 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.5) per 10 mm Hg systolic blood pressure, and 1.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) per 15 mg/dl glucose at baseline. Young adults with above optimal risk factor levels at baseline were 2 to 3 times as likely to have CAC. Conclusions Early adult levels of modifiable risk factors, albeit low, were equally or more informative about odds of CAC in middle age than subsequent levels. Earlier risk assessment and efforts to achieve and maintain optimal risk factor levels may be needed.
Effects of Intracolonic Acetic Acid on Responses to Colorectal Distension in the Rat

Abstract The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of chemcial irritation of the colon on responses to noxious colorectal distension (CRD) in the rat. Pressor and abdominal visceromotor (electromyographic, EMG) responses to CRD were examined in chronically instrumented, unanesthetized rats before and at 6 and 24 h after intracolonic instillation of 5% acetic acid (HAc) or saline. The magnitude of the visceromotor response to phasic CRD (80 mmHg, 20 s) was significantly greater in HAc- than in saline-treated rats at both 6 and 24 h. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the resting EMG activity in both groups, but not between groups. There was, however, no change produced in either the resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) or the magnitude of the pressor response to CRD by HAc treatment. Signs of colonic inflammation (leukocyte infiltration) were examined periodically after HAc treatment, but were apparent only at 24 h. It is concluded that mechanical (distension) and chemical irritation (HAc) of the colon can elicit changes in the basal visceromotor activity and the visceromotor response to CRD. These changes seem to reflect an alteration in the sensitivity of the colon to noxious stimuli.
Techniques for autonomously pointing an antenna at earth for Mars.

Design criteria for antenna control equipment for earth tracking from landing site on Martian surface
Fabrication and characterization of non-planar high-current-density carbon-nanotube coated cold cathodes

Abstract Carbon-nanotube coated non-planar cold cathodes emit electrons of high current densities at low applied electric fields. Multiple-wall carbon nanotubes were chemically vapor grown inside while pre-synthesized single-wall carbon nanotubes were used to fill holes drilled into electrically conductive electrodes. Thermal chemical vapor deposition was carried out in mixtures of argon and acetylene using iron as the catalyst for the growth of carbon nanotubes. These non-planar cold cathodes emit electrons of high current density at low electric fields. Electron field emission current density approximately 700 mA/cm2 at 2.75 V/μm was measured.
Nonuniform swelling-induced residual strains in articular cartilage.

Abstract Swelling effects in cartilage originate from an interstitial osmotic pressure generated by the presence of negatively charged proteoglycans in the tissue. This swelling pressure gives rise to a non-zero residual strain in the cartilage solid matrix in the absence of externally applied loads. Previous studies have quantified swelling effects in cartilage as volumetric or dimensional change of excised samples in varying osmotically active solutions. This study presents a new optical technique for measuring two-dimensional swelling-induced residual strain fields in planar samples of articular cartilage attached to the bone (i.e., in situ). Osmotic loading was applied to canine cartilage–bone samples by equilibration in external baths of varying NaCl concentration. Non-zero swellinginduced strains were measured in physiological saline, giving evidence of the existence of residual strains in articular cartilage. Only one component of planar strain (i.e., in thickness direction) was found to be non-zero. This strain was found to be highly non-uniform in the thickness direction, with evidence of compressive strain in the deep zone of cartilage and tensile strain in the middle and surface zones. The obtained results can be used to characterize the material properties of the articular cartilage solid matrix, with estimated values of 26 MPa for the tensile modulus for middle zone cartilage. The method provides the basis to obtain material properties of the cartilage solid matrix from a simple, free-swelling test and may be useful for quantifying changes in cartilage properties with injury, degeneration and repair.
Effect of excess silicon on behavior of LPCVD WSix films on silicon

Abstract This paper addresses the important effects of excess silicon in low pressure chemical vapor deposition tungsten silicide films on resistivity, adhesion, and stress as a function of annealing temperature with physical interpretation. Excess silicon can be incorporated in the films to lower stress, but a consequence of this is that the resistivity is increased. On annealing such fimls, excess silicon tends to diffuse out of the silicide increasing stress and lowering resistivity. Results are presented of both the stress in the films and their resistivity as a function of annealing conditions. The annealing ambient also plays a strong role in the rate at which excess silicon migrates to the surface. Oxygen greatly enhances the rate compared with argon or nitrogen.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of phencyclidine analogs substituted in the piperidine and aromatic rings

Natural abundance carbon-13 chemical shifts are reported for the hydrochloride salts of phencyclidine (1a) and twelve analogs substituted in the piperidine and aromatic rings. The signals are assigned on the basis of chemical shift theory, SFORD multiplicities, signal intensities, and comparisons with related compounds.
A novel pseudospectral Fourier method for solving Poisson's equation for a solute in a non-uniform dielectric

A novel pseudospectral method is presented for solving Poisson's equation for a solute in a non-uniform dielectric. Poisson's equation is transformed to a Helmholtz-like equation which is solved iteratively, as a linear system of equations, by introducing a grid and employing fast Fourier transforms. Several algorithms have been tested for solution of the linear system, and application of an appropriately preconditioned linear solver has been found to provide a robust, rapidly convergent procedure. The method scales nearly linearly with system size, and its implementation is straightforward. Application of the method is demonstrated for computation of the electrostatic contribution to the solvation energy for a wide range of solute molecules, and convergence of the method is shown to be nearly independent of solute and grid size.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO FATHERS BEING PERCEIVED AS GOOD OR POOR SEXUALITY EDUCATORS FOR THEIR DAUGHTERS

This study examined factors that contributed to fathers being perceived as good or poor sexuality educators by their daughters. The data from 10 female participant interviews were analyzed (five fathers were rated as quality educators and five as poor educators). Good Paternal Educators were perceived as being emotionally close to their daughter, displayed attentiveness to her comfort level during sexual conversations, were open and honest when discussing sexual topics, monitored her behaviors with a level of trust, and were direct communicators. Conversely, Poor Paternal Educators were viewed as not being close to their daughters, not talking regularly in general, appeared uncomfortable when talking about sex, attempted to avoid sexual conversations, used humor to avoid a serious conversation, and had ambiguous or indirect forms of monitoring.
Memory access aware on-line voltage control for performance and energy optimization

This paper describes an off-chip memory access-aware run-time DVFS control technique that minimizes energy consumption subject to constraints on application execution times. We consider application phases and the implications of changing cache miss rates on the ideal power control state. We first propose a two-stage DVFS algorithm based on formulating the throughput-constrained energy minimization problem as a multiple-choice knapsack problem (MCKP). This algorithm uses a power model that adapts to application phase changes by observing processor hardware performance counter values. The solutions it produces provide upper bounds on the energy savings achievable under a performance constraint. However, this algorithm assumes a priori (oracle or profiling-based) knowledge of application phase change behavior. To relax this assumption, we propose P-DVFS, an predictive DVFS algorithm for on-line minimization of energy consumption under a performance constraint without requiring a priori knowledge of an application's behavior. P-DVFS uses hardware performance counter based performance and power models. It predicts remaining execution time online in order to control voltage and frequency settings to optimize energy consumption and performance. The P-DVFS problem is formulated as a multiple-choice knapsack problem, which can be efficiently and optimally solved online. We evaluated P-DVFS using direct measurement of a real DVFS-equipped system. When bounding performance loss to at most 20% of that at the maximum frequency and voltage, P-DVFS leads to energy consumptions within 1.83% of the optimal solution for our problem instances on average with a maximum deviation of 4.83%. In addition to producing results approaching those of an oracle formulation, P-DVFS reduces power consumption for our problem instances by 9.93% on average, and up to 25.64%, compared with the most advanced related work.
Effects of Some Insecticides on Trout and Salmon in Alaska, with Reference to Blackfly Control

Abstract One of the important features of a research program on blackfly control in Alaska in 1947 was an investigation of the effects of several recently developed insecticides on fish inhabiting blackfly streams. Trough and stream experiments were conducted, with rainbow trout as the principal test species and utilizing also Dolly Varden trout, king salmon, silver salmon, and red salmon. DDT, benzene hexachloride, chlordan, and chlorinated camphene were the chief toxicants tested and were applied as xylene-Triton emulsions, acetone solutions, and, in some experiments, as fuel-oil solutions and Velsicol AR-50 solutions. Blackfly larvae and other stream-bottom organisms were tested with the fish in both trough tests and in stream treatments. The minimum lethal concentrations for most of the chemicals were determined in the troughs for the three groups of organisms, and margins of safety between blackfly larvae and fish and fish-food animals were tested in the stream. DDT in acetone solution and fuel-oil s...
Boulder Creek Batholith, Colorado Part I: Allanite and its Bearing upon Age Patterns

Allanite is abundant and commonly attains unusually large size as a late-replacement mineral in: (1) the comagnatic rocks of the Precambrian Boulder Creek batholith; (2) associated amphibolite xenoliths and related hybrid rocks; and (3) distinctly younger intrusions of Silver Plume Granite that cut the complex. Allanite porphyroblasts develop by replacement of biotite, probably in the presence of emanations from the rare earth-rich and thorium-rich Silver Plume Granite. The largest allanite crystals are made up of nearly isotropic (metamict) cores and birefringent (recrystallized) rims. Smaller crystals are made up exclusively of birefringent material. The maximum birefringence is shown to be that expectable in allanite of Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary age. As plotted on maps, the birefringence increases, and the thorium and uranium contents of the allanite decrease toward a Laramide stock. The variation in birefringence is, therefore, largely relatable to variations in the post-Laramide radiation dosage brought about by differences in the amounts of uranium and thorium lost during recrystallization. The recrystallized allanite is itself partly replaced by epidote which characteristically occurs as a border between allanite and biotite. Total rare-earth oxides for the eight samples of allanite analyzed range from 17.5 to 21.3 percent by weight. In 13 samples, thorium ranged from 0.50 to 1.14 percent by weight, and uranium from 54 to 158 parts pparts per million. Ranges in optical measurements for 20 samples using the spindle stage are: Nα = 1.719–1.759, Nβ = 1.731-1.774, N γ = 1.741–1.784, birefringence = 0.020–0.032, 2V X (calc.) 70 ° –84 ° . Ranges for unit-cell data obtained on 8 samples are: a = 8.948–8.985A, b = 5.721-5.763A, c = 10.184–10.240A, β = 115°7.50′–115°25.89′ and volume = 473.02–478.43A 3 . The average value for the ratio a:b:c = 1.561:1:1.778.
On the power of two-dimensional grammars which are not length consistent

The shape regulated 2-dimensional matrix grammars of type 3 (SR2DM3 grammars), and a subclass of them, the depth increasing SR2DM3 grammars, are introduced. For each grammar in the latter class, we associate a 1-dimensional language, called its column language. It is shown that an e -free language is regular iff it is a column language of a depth increasing SR2DM3 grammar which is length consistent. The existence of a hierarchy between the regular and context-sensitive languages which are column languages of non-length consistent depth increasing SR2DM3 grammars is derived by formulating a machine characterization of these languages. Results concerning the structure of SR2DM3 grammars are also exhibited.