cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tractor atom interferometry

We propose a tractor atom interferometer (TAI) based on three-dimensional (3D) confinement and transport of split atomic wave-function components in potential wells that follow programmed paths. The paths are programmed to split and recombine atomic wave functions at well-defined space-time points, guaranteeing closure of the interferometer. Uninterrupted 3D confinement of the interfering wave-function components in the tractor wells eliminates coherence loss due to wave-packet dispersion. Using Crank-Nicolson simulation of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation, we compute the quantum evolution of scalar and spinor wave functions in several TAI sample scenarios. The interferometric phases extracted from the wave functions allow us to quantify gravimeter sensitivity for the TAI scenarios studied. We show that spinor TAI supports matter-wave beam splitters that are more robust against nonadiabatic effects than their scalar-TAI counterparts. We confirm the validity of semiclassical path-integral phases taken along the programmed paths of the TAI. Aspects for future experimental realizations of TAI are discussed.
Opportunities for installed combined heat and power (CHP) to increase grid flexibility in the U.S.

Author(s): Ahn, H; Miller, W; Sheaffer, P; Tutterow, V; Rapp, V | Abstract: Increasing use of renewable energy requires sufficient grid flexibility to address uncertainty and variability in electricity generation. Previous studies suggest that combined heat and power (CHP) systems may support grid flexibility but they do not consider operating hours. In this paper, we used CHP operating data and determined annual and monthly availability of the installed CHP capacity from various sectors (e.g., utility, independent power producer, commercial, and industrial) in all seven U.S. independent system operators (ISOs) and regional transmission organizations (RTOs). Also, we estimated hourly CHP availability installed in five facility types (i.e., hospitals, universities, hotels, offices, and manufacturing) in the state of New York. The results show that regardless of ISO/RTO, sector, or season, more than 40% of the installed CHP capacity (0.7–8.7 GW) was not fully utilized in 2019; the results are similar for 2018. This available CHP capacity accounted for up to 9% of the ISO/RTO's peak electric demand, which may yield cost savings up to $16 billion by avoiding installation costs of new natural gas combustion or combined-cycle turbines. To exploit the available CHP capacity to enhance grid flexibility, we recommend different policy implications including flexible contract lengths between CHP owners and grid operators, improved market designs, and simplified interconnection standards.
Digital Self-Control and the Neoliberalization of Social Media Well-Being

Popular debates surrounding social media well-being target individual habit as the locus of critique and change. This article argues that this constitutes a commitment to responsibilized constructs of neoliberal well-being and moralized ideas of atomistic self-care. Empirical analysis reveals how such visions are discursively and materially embedded in both the well-being tools offered by social media platforms and in the mindful “hacks” of user praxis endorsed by their critics. This is shown to operate as part of a sociotechnical imaginary of self-control where the structural factors crucial to well-being are ignored. Well-being is instead aligned with personal choice. This article exposes the contingency of this view by presenting relational concepts of well-being, showing how critical, comparative interpretive analysis can better account for the psychic costs of the attention economy, thus reinvigorating the issue of social media well-being as a site of political action.
In Search of Deeper Learning: The Quest to Remake the American High School: Jal Mehta and Sarah Fine, Harvard University Press, 2020, 452 pp., $19.95 (paperback), ISBN-13: 978-0-67424-825-0

Mehta and Fine’s (2020) In Search of Deeper Learning is the product of a six-year study (2010–2016) seeking effective teaching approaches to engage high school students and prepare them for success...
Outsourced hearing in spiders by using their webs as auditory sensors

Hearing is a fundamental sense of many animals, including all mammals, birds, some reptiles, amphibians, fish and arthropods1,2. The auditory organs of these animals are extremely diverse in anatomy after hundreds of millions of years of evolution3-5, yet all are made up of cellular tissue and are embodied meaning that its functional anatomy is constrained by developmental morphogenesis. Here we show hearing in the orb-weaving spider, Larinioides sclopetarius is not constrained by embodiment but is extended through outsourcing hearing to its proteinaceous, self-manufactured orb-web, and hence under behavioral control, not developmental biology. We find the wispy, wheel-shaped orb-web acts as a hyperacute acoustic array to capture the sound-induced air particle movements that approach the maximum physical efficiency, better than the acoustic responsivity of all previously known ears6,7. By manipulating the web threads with its eight vibration-sensitive legs8-10, the spider remotely detects and localizes the source of an incoming airborne acoustic wave emitted by approaching prey or predators. By outsourcing its acoustic sensors to its web, the spider is released from embodied morphogenetic constraints and permits the araneid spider to increase its sound-sensitive surface area enormously, up to 10,000 times greater than the spider itself11. The use of the web also enables a spider the flexibility to functionally adjust and regularly regenerate its 9external ear9 according to its needs. This finding opens a new perspective on animal hearing - the 9outsourcing9 and 9supersizing9 of auditory function in a spider, one of the earliest animals to live on land12. The novel hearing mechanism provides unique features for studying extended and regenerative sensing13-15, and designing novel acoustic flow detectors for precise fluid dynamic measurement and manipulation16-18.
Physical Studies Comparing a Genetically Fused Enzyme of the Histidine Operon with Its Component Enzymes

Abstract Physical studies have been performed on a genetically fused enzyme and its two component wild type enzymes, l-histidinol dehydrogenase and imidazolylacetol phosphate:l-glutamate aminotransferase. The circular dichroic activity of the peptide chromophore of the fused enzyme is approximately accounted for by a weighted average of the activities of the two wild type enzymes. All three proteins lose circular dichroic activity in dilute alkali. The fluorescence behavior of the wild type dehydrogenase is significantly modified in the fused enzyme. Tyrosyl fluorescence is quenched and tryptophanyl fluorescence is strongly red-shifted in the fused enzyme compared to their behavior in the wild type dehydrogenase. The absorption and emission properties of the cofactor (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate) are quite different in the two enzymes. At neutral pH, the wild type aminotransferase two exhibits absorption peaks at 330 and 430 nm whereas only the 330-nm band is evident with the fused enzyme. Titration of either enzyme between pH 10 and 12 results in the disappearance of the 330-nm peak with the parallel formation of a band centered at 385 nm. The 430-nm band of the aminotransferase is replaced by a band located at 355 nm when the pH is increased between 7 and 11. The wild type aminotransferase and the fused enzyme fluoresce with a peak near 400 nm when excited at 330 nm. Three pH-dependent fluorescence transitions are observed in the cofactor of the aminotransferase whereas only two are apparent in the fused enzyme. These occur in the former enzyme, between pH 4 and 6, pH 7.5 and 9.5, and pH 10 and 12.5. The most acidic transition in both enzymes probably represents the ionization of the pyridinium group of the Schiff base form of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor. The most alkaline transition appears to result from the release of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from the two enzymes and the ionization of its phenolic group.
Symbols, Leaders, Practicioners: The First Women Professionals

America’s first female lawyers were part of a larger phenomenon that occurred in the 19th Century – the emergence of the first women professionals in the United States. These women participated in the larger social movement for “female emancipation” that is closely associated with the Civil War and that ultimately yielded women’s right to vote. Women attorneys had a unique role in these events, because their work involved a profession that was distinctly male-gendered. The purpose of this Article is to explain why female professionals came upon the scene in this era and to relate their presence to women’s broader claims to freedom and equality that began more than 150 years ago and are still ongoing.
Psychiatry in Law / Law in Psychiatry, Second Edition

Preface Prologue Sporting Theory of Justice PART ONE. PSYCHIATRY IN LAW Section 1. The Psychiatrist as Expert Witness 1. The Use of Experts in the Adversary System 2. Boundaries of Legal and Ethical Forensic Practice 3. From Frye to Daubert and Beyond Section 2. Evidentiary Issues 1. Testimonial Privilege 2. Witnesses and the Credibility of Testimony 3. Propensity and Other Acts Evidence 4. Elusive Evidence - Syndromes, Body Language, and Dreams Section 3. Criminal Cases 1. Competency to Stand Trial and Other Competencies 2. Criminal Responsibility 3. The Mental Disability Requirement in the Insanity Defense 4. Diminished Capacity 5. Juvenile Justice 6. Alcoholism 7. Drug Addiction 8. Imposition and Carrying Out of the Death Penalty 9. The Psychiatric Forensic Center 10. Right of the Indigent Accused to Psychiatric Assistance PART TWO: LAW IN PSYCHIATRY Section 1. Hospitalization of the Mentally Ill 1. Civil Commitment 2. Right to Treatment/Right to Refuse Treatment Section 2. Psychiatric Malpractice 1. Establishing Malpractice Liability 2. Overview of Psychiatric Malpractice 3. Breach of Confidentiality 5. Informed Consent 6. The Boundary Violation of Undue Familiarity 7. Failure to Treat and Related Issues 8. Suicide 9. Duty of Therapists to Third Parties Appendixes Indexes
Extractive Reserves: Building Natural Assets in the Brazilian Amazon

Introduction Brazil occupies four-fifths of the Amazon Basin and is home to the world's largest remaining area of tropical rainforest, 3.5 million square kilometres (km2). Despite three decades of settlement and intensive development, the forest is still relatively intact compared with similar areas elsewhere. The region is an increasingly important source of natural assets for both regional and national economic growth, and provides livelihood support to a population of several million. In addition, the Amazon supplies key environmental services in terms of the conservation of biological diversity, climate regulation and watershed management, as well as sequestering an estimated 10 per cent of global carbon emissions. Traditional forest-dwelling populations such as rubber tappers and indigenous groups have been stewards of the natural resource base in Amazonia through their use of non-destructive technologies at low demographic densities. As the frontier has advanced, however, they have come under growing peril from rent-seeking interests that threaten to destroy the forest and people's livelihoods with it. Official policies have tended to reward such predatory forms of occupation through generous subsidies, while ignoring the ecological services provided by local populations. Brazil's rubber tappers were the first social group to pose a major challenge to this ‘development’ model. Making a pre-emptive strike against cattle ranchers and land speculators, they have appropriated for themselves large areas of forest at risk of becoming ‘open access’ to all comers seeking profits.
Monovalent Cation Transport and Mechanisms of Digitalis-Induced Inotropy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the monovalent cation transport and mechanisms of digitalis-induced inotropy. The studies presented in the chapter establish hypothesis that inhibition of the sodium pump is causally related to the positive inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides at subtoxic doses or concentrations in the intact animal. A hypothesis is that positive inotropic effects of digitalis glycosides are mediated by Na+–pump inhibition via increased [Na]i and consequently increased [Ca]i through the Na/Ca exchange carrier mechanism. For testing a hypothesis, a cardiac preparation is sought with properties, including (1) a substantial positive inotropic response to cardiac glycosides, and a means to monitor and record that response, (2) rapid onset of a stable inotropic response to glycoside exposure, with rapid offset following washout, (3) the means to assess, in as direct a way as possible, the effects of cardenolides on unidirectional and net fluxes of Na+, K+, and ca2+ with adequate temporal resolution under conditions identical to those under which inotropic state is determined, and (4) the means of resolving components of Ca fluxes in beating preparations under basal and glycoside-stimulated conditions.
Introduction to the Special Section on the 2014 Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium

The papers in this special section were presented at the 2014 Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (CSIC) Symposium, which was held October 19–22, 2014 in La Jolla, California.
Comments on “On the Correlation Between Mechanical Degradation of Lubricating Grease and Entropy”, by A. Rezasoltani and M. M. Khonsari, Tribology Letters 56, 197–204 (2014)

The attempt of a recent paper to relate grease degradation with entropy generation is analysed. The analysis shows the deficiency of such an approach.
Comparison of Annual Heating Loads for Various Basement Wall Insulation Strategies by Using Transient and Steady-State Models

A one-dimensional steady-state model and a two-dimensional transient model were used to calculate the annual basement wall heating loads for severe (Minneapolis, Minn.) and moderate (Columbus, Ohio) climates. Interior and exterior basement wall insulation strategies with both full and partial wall coverage were examined. Thermal resistance values ranged from RSI 0 to 3.5 (0 to 20 h X ft/sup 2/ X /sup 0/F/Btu) for the insulation. For these insulation configurations, the steady-state approximation agreed with the more detailed finite difference program to within 5 to 12 percent of the annual uninsulated wall heating load. Interior insulation exhibited a marginal improvement over exterior placement for full wall applications. Thermal bridging effects more seriously degraded the performance of interior insulation, however, when partial wall coverage was employed.
Molecular imaging of deep vein thrombosis using a new fibrin-targeted near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging strategy

4 Objectives The development of a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) fibrin-targeted sensor could enable highly sensitive in vivo optical imaging of thrombosis syndromes. Here we synthesize and validate a new fibrin-targeted peptide that enables multimodal NIRF imaging of murine deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Methods We synthesized a fibrin-targeted peptide conjugated to an NIR fluorochrome Cy7 (Cy7-YDEChyPClYGLCYIQ, ex/em 743/767nm). The NIRF agent is based on a fibrin peptide (EP-2104R) that has completed phase 2 clinical MRI trials. In vitro binding of the NIRF peptide to human plasma clots was assessed by fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI) system (ex/em 740/790). Next, the fibrin-targeted NIRF agent was injected in vivo in a murine DVT model (topical ferric chloride applied to the femoral or jugular vein). Intravital fluorescence microscopy (IVFM) of femoral vessels was performed in mice with acute (2 hours old, n = 5) and sub-acute (72 hours old, n = 3) thrombi. Noninvasive fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT)-computed tomography (CT) was next performed in mice with sub-acute jugular vein DVT (n=2), followed by ex vivo imaging. Results In vitro clot-binding analyses showed a significantly higher NIRF clot target-to-background ratio (TBR) of fibrin-targeted peptide than free Cy7, and its binding was significantly blocked with a 100-fold excess of competitor peptide, indicating that the engineered NIRF peptide is fibrin specific. IVFM of femoral DVT also demonstrated a high TBR both in acute (mean TBR = 2.9 ± 0.3) and sub-acute (mean TBR = 3.9 ± 0.5) thrombi. Noninvasive FMT-CT demonstrated strong focal signal in the left jugular DVT compared with right sham-operated jugular vein. Conclusions The synthesized NIRF fibrin-targeted peptide avidly binds human clots and enables sensitive, fast multimodal optical imaging detection of acute and sub-acute DVT in vivo
Zooplankton may not disperse readily in wind, rain, or waterfowl

Zooplankton, and especially rotifers, have long been thought to be readily dispersed by wind, rain and animals (especially waterfowl). Given that premise, local processes (tolerance to abiotic conditions, biotic interactions) have been the main focus of ecological studies. We tested the premise of high dispersal rates by incubating particulates collected with windsocks and rain samplers at two sites over 1 year. The sites were 80 km apart and differed in proximity to water and surrounding terrain. We also incubated fecal material of wild ducks. Pond sediments were identically incubated as a test of incubation method. Only bdelloid rotifers were collected in wind samples, and only four rotifer species were collected in rain samples: Lecane leontina, Lecane closterocerca, Keratella cochlearis, and a bdelloid. No metazoans were found in incubated duck feces, yet incubated pond sediments yielded 11 rotifer, one copepod, four cladoceran, and three ostracod species. Our results do not support the premise of readily dispersed zooplankton. If zooplankton dispersal is infrequent and limited to few species, a series of other questions should be addressed on processes regulating zooplankton population dynamics and community composition.
Surgical management of innominate giant cell tumor.

The surgical outcome for innominate giant cell tumors was reviewed in 7 patients ; 6 (86%) were female patients and 1 (14%) was a male patient. The patients had an average age of 28.7 years (range, 16-42 years) and an average followup of 4.6 years (range, 2.0-7.3 years). Three tumors were in the ischiopubic region, 3 were acetabular, and 1 was iliosacral. The tumors ranged in size from 5 cm x 6 cm to 17 cm X 18 cm. All margins were intralesional. Reconstruction in 3 cases used osteoarticular acetabular allografts. The local recurrence rate was 3 of 7 (43%). Ischiopubic tumors accounted for all recurrences. Vascular invasion was seen in all patients who had a recurrence and only 1 patient without a recurrence. Patients with recurrences underwent subsequent resections and radiation therapy, and remain disease free at an average followup of 3.0 years (range, 0.8-4.2 years) after recurrence. There were no malignant, metastatic, or multicentric recurrences, and no patient died of disease or complications. Innominate giant cell tumor occurs most often in women and is associated with a high risk for local recurrence. Wide margins usually are not possible ; intralesional margins are accepted in cases of limited accessibility or potential functional compromise.
An Experimental Investigation of Dimple Effect on the Stribeck Curve of Journal Bearings

The friction characteristic of a journal bearing with dimpled bushings manufactured using the machining and the chemical etching techniques is investigated. A series of experimental results is presented to examine the effect of dimples on the Stribeck curve. Load, oil type, dimple size, depth and shape are varied to explore their influence on the friction characteristics. It is shown that with proper dimensions of dimples, the friction performance of journal bearings can be improved, particularly for light oils. The results reveal that in mixed lubrication regime, the so-called secondary lubrication effect in the dimpled area is the main mechanism responsible for improvement of performance. Experimental results also indicate that a bushing with etched dimples over the entire circumference offer a better frictional performance than a bushing with dimples etched on half of its circumference.
The influence of grain boundary ledge density on the flow stress in nickel

Abstract The grain boundary ledge structure in nickel has been examined by transmission electron microscopy following 10–70% deformation and annealing at temperatures of 800–1325 K, to achieve various grain sizes in the range 2–150 microns. The grain boundary ledge density was found to increase with an increase in pre-anneal deformation. The flow stress corresponding to 0.025%, 0.100%, and 0.200% offset strain was found to increase with increasing grain boundary ledge density. The Hall-Petch relation was found to be valid under conditions of constant grain boundary ledge density, with the Hall-Petch slope increasing linearly with ledge density. The slope of the Hall-Petch slope versus grain boundary ledge density plots was found to be a constant. Grain boundary ledges are shown to be an important feature in the interface, and play a significant role in the flow of nickel.
The Impacts of Global and National Policy on the Management and Conservation of Sacred Groves of India

India is home to thousands of community-protected forests, called sacred groves. Sacred forests or groves are sites that have cultural or spiritual significance to the people who live around them. These areas may also be key reservoirs of biodiversity. In India, most sacred groves are managed by a community group, not by a government agency. They are often private or community land, not formal protected areas or parks. This poses an interesting challenge in terms of future management and possible policy relating to the sacred groves. On the international level, organizations such as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and UNESCO have created guidelines for management of sacred sites. On the national level, India’s past Forest Acts and recent Forest Rights Act have relevance to the sacred groves. Local differences in land tenure also affect the groves. Ethnographic research conducted in 2009 and 2010 in the states of Meghalaya and Karnataka, India, evaluated the historic and current management and beliefs associated with sacred forests. Cultural change and pressure to use natural resources within the groves is leading to reduction of these forest areas. In the future, a creative combination of policy approaches to conserve groves that respects their spiritual values is recommended.
Korn's Inequalities for Junctions of Spatial Bodies and Thin Rods

The dependence on the small parameter e of constants in Korn's inequalities is investigated for domains which are obtained by joining thin rods to an elastic spatial body. The external ends of the rods are clamped. The asymptotic accuracy of the derived inequalities is achieved by certain distribution of weight multipliers and powers of in L 2 -norms of displacements and their derivatives while the introduced weights differ for longitudinal and transversal components of displacement fields in the rods.
Towards A More Productive Engagement: Industrial Relations And Economic Geography Meet

Abstract In this commentary I argue that the study of industrial relations must take matters spatial seriously and that scholars must engage with space at a substantive theoretical level. I outline three ways in which industrial relations practices are shaped by spatial considerations, namely through the pertinent actors' need to come to terms with the uneven spatial development of capitalism, through their own spatial embeddedness, and through their direct conflicts with one another over how the spatial relations of capitalism should be organised. In turn, the resolution of such spatial considerations in industrial relations practices recursively shapes the making of the geography of capitalism.
The use of prior distributions in the design of experiments for parameter estimation in non-linear situations

SUMMARY When prior information is available on the parameters of a non-linear model, it should influence the choice of the appropriate experimental design. We here investigate, for the single response case, how prior information on the parameters in the form of a multivariate normal distribution can be used in selecting designs for parameter estimation. An example illustrates how the precision of the prior knowledge can affect the positioning of the design points.
PROBE FOR OIL POLLUTION EVIDENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT (POPEIE)

ABSTRACT The United States Coast Guard, 11th District Marine Safety Division, has completed initial testing of the Probe for Oil Pollution Evidence In the Environment (POPEIE). Utilizing a unique combination of new and existing technologies, POPEIE provides a tool to assist in the prosecution of illegal dumping of oil at sea by gathering an oil sample from the sea surface when deployed from aircraft performing pollution patrols. The immediate field sample obtained by POPEIE is used as evidence to help identify and prosecute those who illegally discharge oil at sea. Suspect vessels known to have been in the vicinity, or observed near the slick, are boarded at the earliest opportunity to obtain samples for comparison purposes. Samples obtained by POPEIE and from suspect vessels are forwarded to the USCG Marine Safety Laboratory (MSL). The MSL matches characteristic “fingerprints” of these samples using spectral analysis and provides indisputable evidence for prosecution. Initial testing of POPEIE was conduc...
Competencies of Employment Specialists for Effective Job Development

A scant body of literature addresses competencies needed for successful job development. This study aimed to identify competencies needed for this role. In this analysis, we observed employment specialists identified as successful in helping consumers obtain employment perform job development duties. We supplemented observations with interviews. Employment specialists possessed competencies in six domains: time management, advocacy, building partnerships with consumers, working as part of a team, face-to-face communication, and networking. The conceptual framework derived from this study can inform supported employment supervisors and researchers about the competencies that can strengthen supported employment teams.
In te consumere nomen: The Politics of Naming in Ausonius’s Mosella

Scholars have noted that Ausonius (ca. 310–395) plays with names in his poetry, but no one as yet has studied the poetic effects that Ausonius creates through naming. This article surveys several poems by Ausonius, showing how the poet crafts the nomen as a way to forge political alliances. The name’s political applications are shown to be an engagement with late antique onomastic practices. By attending to Ausonius’s use of names, we can interpret his Mosella as an allegory in which the poet provides advice to his student, Gratian, about how to relate to his brother, Valentinian II. This reading, which is corroborated by referring to Ausonius’s correspondence with Gratian, helps us to date the poem.
Plato's view of rhetoric

(1958). Plato's view of rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 361-374.
Inositol Pyrophosphates Inhibit Akt Signaling, Thereby Regulating Insulin Sensitivity and Weight Gain

The inositol pyrophosphate IP7 (5-diphosphoinositolpentakisphosphate), formed by a family of three inositol hexakisphosphate kinases (IP6Ks), modulates diverse cellular activities. We now report that IP7 is a physiologic inhibitor of Akt, a serine/threonine kinase that regulates glucose homeostasis and protein translation, respectively, via the GSK3β and mTOR pathways. Thus, Akt and mTOR signaling are dramatically augmented and GSK3β signaling reduced in skeletal muscle, white adipose tissue, and liver of mice with targeted deletion of IP6K1. IP7 affects this pathway by potently inhibiting the PDK1 phosphorylation of Akt, preventing its activation and thereby affecting insulin signaling. IP6K1 knockout mice manifest insulin sensitivity and are resistant to obesity elicited by high-fat diet or aging. Inhibition of IP6K1 may afford a therapeutic approach to obesity and diabetes.
Thalamic stimulation to improve level of consciousness after seizures: evaluation of electrophysiology and behavior.

The neural network involved in maintaining level of consciousness is important in epilepsy and other disorders of consciousness. The “network inhibition hypothesis” proposes a mechanism by which subcortical arousal circuits are depressed in ictal and postictal unconsciousness.1 Supported by human studies2,3 and animal model data that recapitulate the cortical electroencephalography (EEG) signature of ictal and postictal neocortical slow waves,4,5 this hypothesis rests on functional de-afferentation of the cortex.6,7 Inhibition of the brainstem reticular-activating system and one of its major targets, the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, may produce a cortical state resembling deep sleep, coma, or encephalopathy during and after seizures.1 This suggests that therapeutic neurostimulation of subcortical arousal structures could be a promising avenue for rapidly restoring consciousness following seizures. The importance of the thalamus as a major network hub in ictal and postictal states of impaired consciousness has long been postulated.8 The rostral intralaminar thalamic group, composed of the central medial, paracentral, and central lateral nuclei, receives the densest input among thalamic nuclei from brainstem arousal structures.9 Early stimulation studies of the brainstem reticular formation and intralaminar thalamic nuclei showed decreased cortical synchronization under anesthesia.10,11 Central thalamic deep brain stimulation in a patient in a minimally conscious state after traumatic brain injury improved functional measures of arousal.12 Although neurostimulation has become commonplace for movement disorders, its use for epilepsy is emerging as a promising and safe technology for interrupting or abating seizure initiation or propagation. Chronic and responsive stimulation to cortical and deep brain structures has proven effective in some patients.13–18 No prior studies have considered neurostimulation for restoring impaired consciousness in the context of the epilepsies. This approach may be important for patients with seizure foci in eloquent or inaccessible brain areas, seizures refractory to conventional surgical therapies, generalized epilepsies refractory to medications, or surgically prohibitive comorbidities. Herein we present a proof-of-principle preclinical study of electrophysiologic and behavioral rescue of measures of arousal in an animal model of secondarily generalized limbic seizures using intralaminar thalamic deep brain stimulation. We electrically stimulated the central lateral nucleus under anesthesia and after seizures in acute and chronic awake-behaving model preparations to provide evidence of reduced cortical slow-wave activity and increased behavioral arousal.
Mental health program evaluation and needs assessment

The course of evaluation in mental health has been altered by the sociopolitical context of the 1970s and 1980s. Among the lessons learned are (1) the limitations of some evaluation technologies, (2) improvements that have occurred in others, and (3) the need for “echelon-specific” evaluations. Insufficient recognition has been given to the need for both internal and external evaluation and replication.
Radiation-Induced Interface Traps in Mo/SiO2/Si Capacitors

The radiation induced interface traps in Moly-gate Metal/SiO2/Si (MOS) capacitors over a wide range of radiation doses have been investigated. The gate oxides in these samples were thermally grown in dry O2+ Trichloroethane (TCA). It has been found that: (1) high temperature (900°C) annealing in H2 after Mo deposition increases the radiation sensitivity significantly, especially for dose levels above 1 Mrad(Si); (2) substantial gate size dependence of the radiation sensitivity is observed in samples without the hydrogen anneal, but not in samples annealed in hydrogen; (3) a characteristic interface trap peak above midgap appears immediately after irradiation, which, along with its background, decreases with time after irradiation over a long period (over 1000 hours) at room temperature; (4) the rate of decrease of this peak is a function of the initial damage level, the gate bias during sample storage, and the storage temperature; (5) while this peak is decreasing, a second peak below midgap will develop and grow with time, and the rate of growth of the second peak is correlatable to the reduction of the first peak, suggesting the possibility of defect transformation process at the interface; (6) the defect transformation process is strongly influenced by the gate bias and sample temperature after irradiation; (7) in addition to defect transformation, an annealing component has been observed at room temperature, especially for samples with high densities of interface traps.
The influence of patient smoking status on therapeutic decisions.

Study objective:To assess the effect of patient smoking status on internists’ inclinations to recommend certain types of therapy for conditions that are and conditions that are not related to smoking.
Finite element analysis of the initial yielding behavior of a hard coating/substrate system with functionally graded interface under indentation and friction

The initial yielding behavior due to the indentation and friction process between an elastic cylindrical surface and hard coating/functionally graded substrate system is analyzed by finite element modeling. A thin hard DLC film deposited on a soft Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate is considered as a model system. Two functional gradient substrate conditions are considered: (i) a gradient in yield strength and (ii) a gradient in elastic modulus. In both cases, appropriate gradients result in significant benefits to the reliability of the coated system compared to the case of an ungraded substrate. The results indicate that systems with an appropriate gradient in yield strength: (i) can withstand significantly higher applied contact stresses (3-12 times higher for the present model system), (ii) shift the location of the initial yield point deeper into the substrate (at least by a factor of 2 for the present model system), and (iii) can use coatings of greater thickness. Finally, the results indicate that an appropriate gradient in elastic modulus results in a dramatic reduction in equivalent stress on the contact surface and at the interface as compared to the ungraded case. The present results suggest distinct benefits to the durability of coated systems when using a substrate with functionally graded properties.
Stink Bug Species Composition and Relative Abundance of the Redbanded Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Soybean in the Upper Gulf Coast Texas

Stink bugs are the primary arthropod soybean pests in the southern United States. Historically, important stink bug species damaging soybeans in the southern United States included the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (L.), the green stink bug Chinavia hilaris (Say), and the brown stink bug Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The redbanded stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), has recently become an economic pest of soybean in the southern region of the United States, especially in Louisiana and Texas. Little is known about current stink bug species composition and relative abundance in Texan soybean agro-ecosystems. To fill this gap, commercial soybean fields in the Upper Gulf Coast of Texas were sampled weekly during the growing season using a sweep net throughout R2 (full flowering) to R7 (beginning maturity) from 2011 to 2013. Adults and nymphs (third, fourth, and fifth instars) of redbanded stink bug, southern green stink bug, green stink bug, and brown stink bug were counted per 25 sweeps. The relative abundance of redbanded stink bug was significantly higher than any other stink bug species throughout 2011-2013. Over 65% of the total population of major stink bugs collected during this period were redbanded stink bugs and ≍19% were southern green stink bugs. The highest redbanded stink bug densities and the highest ratio of redbanded stink bug nymphs to adults were recorded at R7. Results from this study show that redbanded stink bug has become the predominant stink bug species in soybean in the Upper Gulf Coast of Texas.
Vulnerable Places: Prison Locations, Socioeconomic Status, and HIV Infection in Texas

U.S. prisons have higher rates of HIV infection and tend to locate in poor areas. Because the geographic concentration of vulnerable peoples creates an environment of heightened vulnerability to disease, and vulnerable places attract vulnerable people (Oppong and Harold 2009), we should expect higher HIV infection rates in areas immediately adjacent to prison facilities. Using deidentified HIV surveillance data, we explore this hypothesis. The results suggest that areas in close proximity to prison units have lower socioeconomic status and higher HIV rates, with clear distance decay, and should be prioritized for increased intervention to reduce HIV incidence.
An Elective Course on Lifestyle Modifications in Pharmacotherapy

Objectives. Develop and implement a pharmacy course explaining basic lifestyle modification components and assess changes in student knowledge, skills, beliefs, and confidence after completing the course. Design. A 2-credit hour elective course was offered to pharmacy students in which basic lifestyle modification components were applied to case-based patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in the pharmacy practice setting through comprehensive wellness programs. Knowledge, skills, beliefs, and confidence assessments were embedded into the course. Assessment. There were significant improvements in students' skills and confidence, and in most knowledge areas, but not in their beliefs regarding health behaviors. Conclusion. Implementing an elective course on lifestyle modifications is an effective means of teaching students about wellness and disease prevention.
High-Resolution Electron Microscopy Studies of Co/Cr Multilayers

The growth characteristics of Co/Cr multilayers have been studied in cross-section with a 400kV high-resolution electron microscope. The growth directions for bcc Cr were predominantly while the axes of the observed crystallite fringes were mainly and . The hcp Co crystallites grew predominantly in the direction while the areas with strong fringes were along a projection. This observed structure was in agreement with that obtained from analysis of large angle X-ray scattering spectra. The columnar structure was found to be present with the layers growing right through the columns.
Determination of urinary amino acids by gas chromatography.

We have used gas chromatography to measure amino acids in hydrolysates of urine. Pigments were removed by adsorption on activated charcoal-resin which has been treated with salicylic acid. Nor-leucine was added as an internal standard. The amino acids were converted to their n-propyl-N-acetyl esters, which were separated by gas chromatography and quantitated by a flame ionization detector and an electronic integrator. Although overnight hydrolysis of urine and esterification and acetylation of the amino acids were time-consuming, these operations were well suited to batch processing, so that a single technologist could routinely analyze 10 urine samples per day with a single gas Chromatograph. The method quantitated 16 amino acids in a single Chromatographie run. The precision of analysis of specific amino acids was excellent (coefficient of variation <5%). Recoveries were variable for glycine, but were excellent for other amino acids.
Clinicopathologic Significance of Defective DNA Mismatch Repair in Endometrial Carcinoma

Purpose Defective DNA mismatch repair is commonly present in sporadic manifestations of gastrointestinal, endometrial, and other cancers. The pathognomonic molecular manifestation of this repair defect is microsatellite instability (MSI). Here, we test the hypothesis that MSI predicts the clinicopathologic features of endometrial carcinoma. Patients and Methods A retrospective cohort of 473 patients treated for endometrial carcinoma at this institution was identified. All cases were reviewed by a gynecologic pathologist, and clinical information was abstracted from medical records. Using consensus criteria, DNA samples from nontumor and tumor tissue pairs were genotyped for MSI. Associations between MSI status and pathologic and clinical variables were assessed. Results Ninety-three (20%) of 473 tumors were MSI+. In the MSI+ tumor group compared with the MSI− tumor group, the proportion of advanced compared with early-stage tumors was higher (92% v 81%; P = .01), as was the proportion of tumors of endomet...
Early hydration of large single crystals of tricalcium silicate

Abstract A reaction product believed to be an initial hydrate layer was observed to have formed on large pure C 3 S single crystals after 5 minutes of hydration. This layer then increased in thickness and became covered with micrometer-sized spheres of poorly crystallized Ca(OH) 2 within 30 minutes. Subsequently, the formation of a new hydrate of acicular morphology was observed to occur on the surface of the first-formed hydrate. This transformation was accompanied by the disappearance of the first hydrate layer and the calcium hydroxide spheres. The observation of a transient initial hydrate is in accord with the view that the rate of early C 3 S hydration is controlled by the formation and subsequent disappearance of a barrier layer.
The ROLAI2D lander: A benthic lander for the study of exchange across the sediment-water interface

Abstract A free vehicle benthic lander designed to characterize reaction at and transport across the sediment-water interface has been built, tested, and is being utilized in deep-sea experiments. The lander has been designed for long duration deployments ( >30 days ) in order to measure the small fluxes and low reaction rates typical of most of the deep ocean. To characterize fluxes and determine the nature and sites of reactions producing them, the lander autonomously collects sediment and pore water samples as well as samples from benthic chambers. Tracers can be released into the chambers to define such processes as non-diffusive exchange across the interface. Pore water samples are collected with millimeter scale resolution in the uppermost sediments to determine diffusive fluxes across the interface. O 2 concentration in the chambers is measured in situ and standardized relative to bottom water at preset times throughout a deployment. To avoid disturbance of material at and on the interface during landing, the lander buoyancy becomes positive ∼10 m above the bottom and the instrument is winched onto the sea floor at a fixed rate of 3 m min −1 . The lander has been deployed a number of times in deep water (4400 m) off Bermuda. The results obtained verify the operation of the various systems and confirm the need for long deployments in the acquisition of accurate flux data in mid-ocean environments.
The Effect of Context on Humor: A Constraint-Based Model of Comprehending Verbal Jokes

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of various constraints on the processing of jokes. Participants read humorous jokes and nonhumorous alternatives of the jokes, which were presented in 3 conditions that manipulated discourse context (comedy, political, and control). In Experiment 1, participants rated the funniness of texts and provided some recall data. In Experiment 2, participant's eye movements were collected to examine the effects of the different contexts on the online processing of the texts. Results confirmed that context constraints reliably impact how jokes are appreciated and processed, but the patterns of results were sometimes counterintuitive—namely, constraints of the discourse context appear to influence the processing of verbal jokes early on, whereas constraints associated with the text type strongly affect later processing and the results of processing, including recall. A constraint-based model is offered as a theoretical account for these findings.
SMALL CALCULATED SECOND-HARMONIC GENERATION IN SI1GE1

We report a small coefficient of second-harmonic generation, ${\mathit{d}}_{123}$, in ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1}$ [for instance, ${\mathit{d}}_{123}$=-1.9 pm/V for a Si(001) substrate] that is one order of magnitude smaller than previous calculations [Ghahramani et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2815 (1990), ${\mathit{d}}_{123}$=-18.4 pm/V] and the coefficient of second-harmonic generation in GaAs (${\mathit{d}}_{123}$=81 pm/V). This offers an alternative explanation to recent experiments [Bottomley et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2324 (1993); Phys. Rev. B 50, 8564 (1994)] that do not detect strong bulk second-harmonic generation in ${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathit{m}}$ superlattices (n,m odd) in contrast to the theoretical predictions of Ghahramani and co-workers. Our results therefore put an additional limitation on the realization of Si/Ge-based electro-optic modulators. Tensile in-plane strain enhances \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathit{d}}_{123}$\ensuremath{\Vert}. We predict a factor of 4 increase of \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathit{d}}_{123}$\ensuremath{\Vert} using a Ge instead of a Si substrate. The theoretical description of second-harmonic generation in ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1}$ is difficult due to the similarity of Si and Ge. We find that nonlinear core charge corrections are essential for a reliable description of second-harmonic generation in ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1}$ since they ensure a consistent charge transfer in the Si-Ge bond (Si=anion, Ge=cation) and reduce otherwise large local-field effects. Hardness conservation and differences between exchange-correlation functionals are of minor importance since they affect the results on a 10% level or less.
Development of olfactory-guided behavior in infant rats

Abstract Rats as young as 12 days of age chose shavings from their home cage in preference to clean wood shavings. Rats younger than 7 days did not. Once rats demonstrated this discrimination they also chose their home shavings over shavings from the cage of a non-pregnant female rat. Control tests showed that the development of a preferential response was due to developmental changes of the rats rather than a progressive change of the stimulus. The results indicate that young rats discriminate and prefer home odor to other odors as early as 12 days of age.
Role of residual casting solvent in dissolution behavior of poly (3-methyl-4-hydroxystyrene) films

Residual solvent present in resist films following spin casting can significantly influence dissolution behavior. We have used radiolabeling to measure solvent remaining in spin cast films after they have undergone various annealing protocols. Films of poly(3-methyl-4-hydroxystyrene) were found to contain a significant fraction of propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (as much as 50 percent by weight) depending on the annealing conditions. 1100 angstrom films contained a higher percentage of residual solvent than 1.2 micrometers films. A diffusion plus evaporation model was used to deduce the diffusion coefficients of residual solvent as a function of film thickness and annealing temperature. We found that diffusion coefficients of residual solvent in 1100 angstrom polymer films are more than two orders of magnitude less than in 1.2 micrometers thick films.