cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Economic Costs of Marital Disruption for Young Women over the Past Two Decades

This paper examines the economic costs of separation and divorce for young women in the United States from the late 1960s through the late 1980s. Broadened opportunities for women outside marriage may have alleviated some of the severe economic costs of marital disruption for women. This paper contrasts the experiences of two cohorts of young women: those who married and separated or divorced in the late 1960s through the mid-1970s and those who experienced these events in the 1980s. Based on panel data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979–1988, Young Women 1968–1978, and Young Men 1966–1978, the results show stability in the costs of disruption. A multivariate analysis shows that young women in the more recent cohort have more labor force experience before disruption than those in the earlier cohort, but prior work history does not protect women from the severe costs of marital disruption.
The Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi Contributes to Head Direction Cell Stability in Rats

Head direction (HD) cells in the rat limbic system fire according to the animal's orientation independently of the animal's environmental location or behavior. These HD cells receive strong inputs from the vestibular system, among other areas, as evidenced by disruption of their directional firing after lesions or inactivation of vestibular inputs. Two brainstem nuclei, the supragenual nucleus (SGN) and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), are known to project to the HD network and are thought to be possible relays of vestibular information. Previous work has shown that lesioning the SGN leads to a loss of spatial tuning in downstream HD cells, but the NPH has historically been defined as an oculomotor nuclei and therefore its role in contributing to the HD signal is less clear. Here, we investigated this role by recording HD cells in the anterior thalamus after either neurotoxic or electrolytic lesions of the NPH. There was a total loss of direction-specific firing in anterodorsal thalamus cells in animals with complete NPH lesions. However, many cells were identified that fired in bursts unrelated to the animals' directional heading and were similar to cells seen in previous studies that damaged vestibular-associated areas. Some animals with significant but incomplete lesions of the NPH had HD cells that were stable under normal conditions, but were unstable under conditions designed to minimize the use of external cues. These results support the hypothesis that the NPH, beyond its traditional oculomotor function, plays a critical role in conveying vestibular-related information to the HD circuit.
Dielectric relaxation by intramolecular motion in chain molecules

Abstract The internal dipolar correlation function for substituted ethanes is calculated by analysis of the rate of interconversion of rotational isomeric states. The states are defined by the location of the molecule on a tetrahedral lattice. The result differs from that of Beevers and Williams due to differences in the models. Reasons for preferring the present model are advanced. Procedures for applying the formalism to longer chains are outlined.
Spy Handler: Memoir of a KGB Officer

VICTOR CHERKASHIN WITH GREGORY FEIFER New York, NY, Basic Books, 2005. ISBN 0 465 00968 9. 338 pp. Spy Handler is a fascinating insider's account of Soviet counter-intelligence operations against t...
Randomness at the edge: Theory of quantum Hall transport at filling ν=2/3

Current Luttinger liquid edge state theories for filling \ensuremath{\nu}=2/3 predict a nonuniversal Hall conductance, in disagreement with experiment. Upon inclusion of random edge tunneling we find a phase transition into a new disorder-dominated edge phase. An exact solution of the random model in this phase gives a quantized Hall conductance of 2/3 and a neutral mode propagating upstream. The presence of the neutral mode changes the predicted temperature dependence for tunneling through a point contact from ${\mathit{T}}^{2/\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ to ${\mathit{T}}^{2}$.
A research strategy for investigating group differences in a cognitive construct: Application to ageing and executive processes

A strategy involving five distinct phases is proposed as a means of obtaining the most informative evidence about group differences in a particular aspect of cognitive functioning. Perhaps because the phases require different types of analytical methods, most prior research has focused on only a few of the proposed phases. This is unfortunate because each phase provides valuable information about the nature of the relevant construct, and its role in group differences in cognition. The strategy is illustrated with research on adult age differences in executive processes.
Cross-Cuttingness, Cleavage Structures and Civil War Onset

This article seeks to further our understanding of how social structure affects the onset of civil war. Existing studies to date have been inconclusive, focusing only on single-cleavage characteristics of social structure, such as ethnic or religious fractionalization. This study argues that models that do not take into account the relationship between cleavages (or cleavage structure) are biased and thus reach faulty conclusions. With the focus on the cleavages of ethnicity and religion, the effects of two characteristics of cleavage structure on civil war onset (cross-cuttingness and cross-fragmentation) are defined and tested. A new index of ethno-religious cross-cuttingness (ERC), derived from national public opinion surveys, reveals that ERC is a significant determinant of civil war onset when interacted with ethnic fractionalization.
Role of quality measurement in inappropriate use of screening for colorectal cancer: retrospective cohort study

Objective To examine whether the age based quality measure for screening for colorectal cancer is associated with overuse of screening in patients aged 70-75 in poor health and underuse in those aged over age 75 in good health. Design Retrospective cohort study utilizing electronic data from the Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States. Setting VA Health Care System. Participants Veterans aged ≥50 due for repeat average risk colorectal cancer screening at a primary care visit in fiscal year 2010. Main outcome measures Completion of colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or fecal occult blood testing within 24 months of the 2010 visit. Results 399 067 veterans met inclusion/exclusion criteria (mean age 67, 97% men). Of these, 38% had electronically documented screening within 24 months. In multivariable log binomial regression adjusted for Charlson comorbidity index, sex, and number of primary care visits, screening decreased markedly after the age of 75 (the age cut off used by the quality measure) (adjusted relative risk 0.35, 95% confidence interval 0.30 to 0.40). A veteran who was aged 75 and unhealthy (in whom life expectancy might be limited and screening more likely to result in net burden or harm) was significantly more likely to undergo screening than a veteran aged 76 and healthy (unadjusted relative risk 1.64, 1.36 to 1.97). Conclusions Specification of a quality measure can have important implications for clinical care. Future quality measures should focus on individual risk/benefit to ensure that patients who are likely to benefit from a service receive it (regardless of age), and that those who are likely to incur harm are spared unnecessary and costly care.
Gender, Group Composition, and Task Type in Small Task Groups Using Computer-Mediated Communication

Abstract In small (4–6 member), online task groups two factors were varied: (a) group composition, in terms of the gender of the group members, and (b) assigned tasks, in terms of the content and amount of cooperation required. Gender group composition included female only (FO), male only (MO), and evenly mixed male and female (MIX) groups. The two task conditions included a ‘feminine’-content, decision-making or a ‘masculine’-content, intellective task. Groups came to consensus on the task answer using only asynchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC). It was predicted that FO and MO groups would demonstrate communication and satisfaction differences as a function of task assigned as well as group composition. Group composition was related to many group process variables in significant ways; however, in general, task differences were less strong. FO groups, regardless of task, sent more words per message, were more satisfied with the group process, and reported higher levels of group development than either MIX or MO groups. However, both task and gender composition variables were related to various measures of choice of language. Mixed results with regard to gender composition and choice of language require a further examination of gender effects on CMC as occurring in small task groups. Choice of language relation to task type were generally opposite of predictions and require clarification of task distinctions and methodologies used. The significance of the results lies in defining the styles of communicating in the CMC context that will enhance group development.
Hormone therapy and cognitive function: Is there a critical period for benefit?

The large majority of women receiving hormone therapy initiate therapy early in life for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. However, the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study, the only randomized clinical trial to date on hormone therapy and dementia, was carried out in women age 65 and older. That trial provided important insights into the detrimental effects of hormone therapy on dementia in women initiating later in life. The generalizability of those findings to the typical hormone therapy user who initiates earlier in life is unknown. To address this important issue, this review focuses on observational trials of hormone therapy and dementia risk, randomized clinical trials of hormone therapy and cognitive function, and basic science studies. These lines of research provide suggestive, but not definitive, evidence that early initiation of hormone therapy may provide cognitive benefits, particularly to verbal memory and other hippocampally mediated functions. Other forms of hormone therapy, other cognitive domains, and cyclic hormone regimens may not conform to this "critical period hypothesis." Further research is needed to test the validity and limits of this hypothesis.
The use of immunohistochemistry to distinguish reactive mesothelial cells from malignant mesothelioma in cytologic effusions

BACKGROUND: The distinction of benign from malignant mesothelial proliferations in cytologic specimens can be problematic. In this study, the authors investigated the utility of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers in making this distinction. METHODS: Archival paraffin-embedded cell blocks of pleural and peritoneal fluids from 52 patients with malignant meothelioma (MM) and 64 patients with reactive mesothelial hyperplasia (MH) were retrieved. IHC stains included desmin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), glucose-transport protein 1 (GLUT-1), Ki67, and p53. RESULTS: Desmin was positive in 84% (54 of 64) cases of reactive MH and in 6% (3 of 52) of MM cases (P 40% of mesothelial cells in 9% (6 of 64) of benign and 16% (8 of 49) of malignant cases (P = .38). p53 showed strong nuclear positivity in 2% (1 of 46) of benign and 47% (7 of 15) of malignant cases (P < .001). EMA positivity and desmin negativity were found in 2% (1 of 64) of reactive MH cases and 98% (49 of 52) of MM cases (P < .001). EMA negativity and desmin positivity were found in 86% (55 of 64) of reactive MH cases and 0% of MM cases. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of positive EMA and negative desmin strongly favors MM; conversely, a combination of negative EMA and positive desmin favors a reactive process. Likewise, strong membranous positivity for GLUT-1 and/or strong nuclear staining for p53 favors a mesothelioma. Ki67 proliferative index showed no significant difference between reactive MH and MM cases. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Management of infections caused by Candida glabrata

Candida glabrata infections undoubtedly have become more frequent, and are now common. They appear to be the consequence of widespread and often indiscriminate use of azoles, especially fluconazole. This species constitutes the Achilles heel of all available azoles, including newer ones in the pipeline. Even when amphotericin B is used, higher dosages are now required. Little is known about the epidemiology of and risk factors for this troublesome species; even less about its virulence factors. However, studying the resistance mechanisms of this haploid organism may provide answers in developing new fungicidal agents.
Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People’s Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century,has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women’s reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.
Conduit choice for coronary artery bypass grafting after mediastinal radiation

Objective Patients who have undergone prior mediastinal radiation might require coronary artery bypass grafting. However, there is some concern regarding potential radiation damage to the internal thoracic artery. Our objective was to assess the late patency of the internal thoracic artery and venous grafts in patients with prior mediastinal radiation. Methods Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting at our clinic after prior mediastinal radiation were identified, and medical records, including operative reports, clinical notes, and coronary angiography, were reviewed. Results Between 1985 and 2005, 138 patients had coronary artery bypass grafting after mediastinal radiation. Of these, 25 underwent clinically indicated postoperative angiography. The mean patient age was 56.1 ± 13.8 years, and 24% were female. All patients received between 3000 and 6000 rads in fractionated doses. Seventy-two percent of patients had 3-vessel coronary artery disease. At late angiography (mean, 2.2 years), 6 (32%) of 19 internal thoracic arteries and 13 (27%) of 48 venous or radial arterial conduits showed stenosis of 70% or greater (P = .72). Assessing only grafts that were anastomosed to the left anterior descending coronary artery, 35% (6 of 17) of internal thoracic artery grafts and 60% (3 of 5) of non–internal thoracic artery grafts showed narrowing of 70% or greater (P = .61). Among patients who received a graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery (n = 113), however, age-adjusted survival at 5 years was superior among those receiving an internal thoracic artery graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery. Conclusions Internal thoracic artery graft patency among patients with prior radiation was less than expected and similar to that for venous grafts, although the effect of conduit disease versus distal target vessel runoff is unknown. Despite this, late survival was superior among those receiving an internal thoracic artery graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery. These data support use of an internal thoracic artery graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery when it appears grossly to be an acceptable conduit.
Between a rock and a hard place: integration or independence of humanitarian action?

This article looks at the tension between principles and politics in the response to the Afghan crisis, and more specifically at the extent to which humanitarian agencies have been able to protect themselves and their activities from overt instrumentalization by those pursuing partisan political agendas. After a short historical introduction, it focuses on the tensions around the issue of ‘coherence’ – the code word for the integration of humanitarian action into the wider political designs of the United Nations itself and of the UN-mandated military coalition that has been operating in Afghanistan since late 2001. The article ends with some more general conclusions on the humanitarian–political relationship and what Afghanistan ‘means’ for the future of humanitarian action.
Metabolism of captopril-L-cysteine, a captopril metabolite, in rats and dogs

1. The metabolism of [14C]captopril-L-cysteine was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats and pure-bred beagles after a single i.v. dose (4 mg/kg).2. During the first 24 h, concn. of total radioactivity in blood were similar in both species.3. Captopril was found in small amounts in the blood of both species. In rats, captopril, bound covalently but reversibly to plasma proteins (CP-PR), was the major component in blood (70%), whereas captopril-L-cysteine was a minor component (23%) of the total radioactivity. In dog blood, CP-PR constituted a smaller fraction (45%) of the total radioactivity than in the rat and captopril-L-cysteine was the major component (53%).4. In 72 h, 89–91% of the dose was excreted in the urine of rats and dogs. Captopril-L-cysteine accounted for 7% (rat) and 68% (dog) of the radioactivity in urine; captopril accounted for 75% (rat) and 7% (dog). Other metabolites were present in the urine of both species.5. The greater net conversion of captopril-L-cysteine to CP-PR and to cap...
Accumulation of Cd(II) in the CNS depending on the route of administration: intraperitoneal, intratracheal, or intranasal.

The uptake and subsequent neuronal transport of certain heavy metals in the olfactory mucosa may be a major means by which these compounds gain access to the CNS. To contrast olfactory versus blood-borne routes of exposure, three groups (n = 4) of adult Long-Evans rats were exposed to solutions of radiolabeled CdCl2. Exposure was by one of three routes: unilateral intranasal instillation (IN), intratracheal lavage (IT), or intraperitoneal injection (ip). The dose level for the intranasal route was 30 μl of 1 μM CdCl2 labeled with 1 μCi 109Cd. For IT and ip, the dose was 30 μl of 1 μM CdCl2 diluted to 300 μl in saline and labeled with 1 μCi 109Cd. Rats were euthanized 24 hr after exposure, tissue samples were taken, and radioactivity was counted. Cd levels were low in the olfactory bulbs of rats exposed either intratracheally or intraperitoneally. However, in rats intranasally exposed, Cd levels were nearly 40× higher in olfactory bulbs ipsilateral to the exposed side than in those on the contralateral side. With all routes of exposure, Cd levels in brain samples were only slightly elevated. These results suggest that for certain airborne toxicants, especially those that are excluded from the CNS by the blood-brain barrier, the olfactory system may provide a direct route of entry into the CNS.
Logistic analysis of recent environmental interest

Abstract Progress in some fields has been shown to occur through a sequence of high-activity periods that often exhibit logistic growth patterns. Previously, this was demonstrated for local environmental issues during the U.S. Progressive Era through an analysis of environmental (aerial and water-borne) diseases. Later (1970s and 1980s), logistic growth trends in interest (articles and legislation) in national environmental concerns was demonstrated. Recently, environmental attention has included global issues resulting in several international environmental treaties that attempt to address the concerns. Logistic analysis is applied to the recent trends of interest in international environmental issues. This interest is measured at many levels: popular magazine articles, popular books, research-oriented books, and international treaties. There are indications that the elevated level of international environmental interest might have passed the midpoint, in the 1990s, of a 5-decade period. This recent period is compared with previously identified periods concerning local and national environmental issues. Possible reasons for the trends include the recent increasing rate and scope of technological development and the related, perhaps delayed social response. Potential future trends might indicate the relative rate of technological development and social resolution of its impacts. A possible leading indicator is the business and governance response to new technologies, like nanotechnology, which might be responsibly developed to mitigate previous environmental issues without introducing new unintended environmental consequences.
On the motion of various vertical modes of transient, very long waves: II.The Spherical Case

The problem of motion of atmospheric waves superimposed on a basic state of no motion and a constant temperature lapse rate has been solved. It is found that there exists several vertical modes. For each of the vertical modes there exists several horizontal modes, each moving with a separate speed and having a certain south-north variation of the amplitudes of the geopotential, the stream function and the velocity potential. The solution is obtained by expanding each variable for each vertical mode in a truncated series of associated Legendre functions. It is found that the waves connected with the first vertical mode behave as waves in a homogeneous fluid with a free surface, while the waves connected with the second and third vertical modes move with a much smaller speed. All waves move from east to west. The structure of the waves is compared with the structure as obtained from atmospheric observations with fair agreement. The solutions are compared with the motion of transient, very long waves as obtained from a quasi-geostrophic model. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1971.tb00564.x
Short-term cessation of hormone replacement therapy and improvement of mammographic specificity

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Identification, pathogenicity, and safety of Alternaria eichorniae from Egypt as a bioherbicide agent of waterhyacinth.

On the basis of conidial measurements, growth characteristics, and pigmentation in culture, two of three Egyptian Alternaria spp. (isolates 3 and 5) isolated from waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) were identified as A. eichhorniae and the third, isolate 6, as A. alternata. Isolate 5 (Ae5), the most virulent, caused a severe disease, characterized by leaf blight and discrete leaflesions. The disease was initiated with either conidial or mycelial inoculum of Ae5, to yield a similar level of disease severity. Different broth media and cultural conditions were evaluated for the ability to produce highly pathogenic mycelial inoculum. Fresh potato dextrose broth, shake-culturing, and incubating cultures under diurnal light for 1 week followed by continuous darkness for an additional week were most effective. Empirically, mycelia subjected to > or < 6 s of mechanical shear in a blender were less infective than those blended for 6 s. Disease severity increased with increasing inoculum density up to 5% mycelial wet weight; a higher inoculum density did not provide greater disease severity. Exposure of inoculated leaves to at least 10 h of dew was conducive to a high level of disease, and the use of a hydrophilic mucilloid as a humectant with the mycelial inoculum augmented the disease levels. None of 97 economically important, nontarget plant species and cultivars evaluated in host range trials was susceptible to Ae5. Thus, the results of this study affirm A. eichhorniae to be an aggressive, safe, and desirable pathogen for development as a bioherbicide for waterhyacinth in Egypt.
Sleep disturbance in chronic hemodialysis patients: the impact of depression and anemia.

Background. Many patients with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing chronic hemodialysis suffer from sleep disturbance. This paper was designed to study the severity and prevalence of sleep disorders and the factors affecting the syndromes in this unique patient group. Methods. We conducted this study by the use of questionnaires. Included in this study were a total of 245 patients at our center who had end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and who received hemodialysis thrice weekly for more than three months. Their demographic data and biochemical and hematologic parameters were analyzed. All patients were asked to complete two questionnaires (in a Chinese version) of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Beck Depression Inventory second edition (BDI-II), either by themselves or with assistance from the medical staff. Results. One hundred and sixty-four patients completed both questionnaires with a response rate of 70.4%. Their mean age was 57.9 ± 11.8 (ranging from 23.1 to 83.7) years old. They ...
Common-path low-coherence interferometry fiber-optic sensor guided microincision

We propose and demonstrate a common-path low-coherence interferometry (CP-LCI) fiber-optic sensor guided precise microincision. The method tracks the target surface and compensates the tool-to-surface relative motion with better than ±5 μm resolution using a precision micromotor connected to the tool tip. A single-fiber distance probe integrated microdissector was used to perform an accurate 100 μm incision into the surface of an Intralipid phantom. The CP-LCI guided incision quality in terms of depth was evaluated afterwards using three-dimensional Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography imaging, which showed significant improvement of incision accuracy compared to free-hand-only operations.
Temperature, water, and PAR influences on predicted and measured productivity of Agave deserti at various elevations

Summary. To measure productivity of Agave deserti over its elevational range in the northwestern Sonoran Desert, leaf unfolding from its basal rosette was monitored on groups of 10 plants at 13 sites. Based on data from an intermediate elevation (840 m), leaf unfolding proved to be highly correlated (r 2= 0.88) with an environmental productivity index (EPI) formed as the product of indices for water status, temperature, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); each of these latter indices indicated the fraction of maximum net CO2 uptake expected for that parameter based on laboratory measurements of gas exchange and field microclimatic data. At 840 m, the main environmental variable influencing leaf unfolding for A. deserti over a 2-y period was soil water potential. On steep slopes, however, leaf unfolding during the winter ranged from 0.7 leaves per 10 plants for north-facing slopes to 7.3 for south-facing slopes, reflecting the importance of PAR. Summer and winter rainfall increased 3-fold from elevations of 300 m to 1,200 m. Temperatures were more optimal for net CO2 uptake at high elevations in the summer and at low elevations in the winter. Hence EPI increased with elevation in the summer but was maximal at an intermediate elevation in the winter. Moreover, measured leaf unfolding in both the summer and the winter closely followed the changes in EPI with elevation, indicating that productivity could be closely predicted for A. deserti based on physiological CO2 responses and changes in environmental conditions with elevation.
Child sexual abuse by family members: A radical feminist perspective

Radical feminist theory states that patriarchy is related to the oppression and victimization of women. This study focuses on the extent to which radical feminist theory can be used to understand male and female children as victims of sexual abuse by female and male family members. The data are cases (N=3864) of “substantiated” and “indicated” intrafamilial child sexual abuse reported to the Indiana Department of Public Welfare. The sample is approximately 80% white and mostly middle to lower middle class. In support of the theory, it was found that, while men were overwhelmingly perpetrators of child sexual abuse in the family (87%), girls were usually the victims (85%), even when the perpetrator was a woman. Women abused more boys in single-parent homes than in two-parent homes that contained a man as representative of the patriarchal order. In contrast, the presence of a woman in two-parent families did not inhibit the victimization of girls. Men victimized more girls in two-parent homes than in single-parent homes. Additional support for radical feminist theory was indicated by the finding that most women were coperpetrators with a man, while over 90% of the men acted alone.
The podocyte's response to injury: Role in proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis

The terminally differentiated podocyte, also called glomerular visceral epithelial cell, are highly specialized cells. They function as a critical size and charge barrier to prevent proteinuria. Podocytes are injured in diabetic and non-diabetic renal diseases. The clinical signature of podocyte injury is proteinuria, with or without loss of renal function owing to glomerulosclerosis. There is an exciting and expanding literature showing that hereditary, congenital, or acquired abnormalities in the molecular anatomy of podocytes leads to proteinuria, and at times, glomerulosclerosis. The change in podocyte shape, called effacement, is not simply a passive process following injury, but is owing to a complex interplay of proteins that comprise the molecular anatomy of the different protein domains of podocytes. These will be discussed in this review. Recent studies have also highlighted that a reduction in podocyte number directly causes proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. This is owing to several factors, including the relative inability for these cells to proliferate, detachment, and apoptosis. The mechanisms of these events are being elucidated, and are discussed in this review. It is the hope that by delineating the events following injury to podocytes, therapies might be developed to reduce the burden of proteinuric renal diseases.
Instability of Double-Deficit Subtypes Among At-Risk First Grade Readers

The double-deficit hypothesis provides a framework for identifying students at-risk for persistent reading difficulties. I examined the temporal stability of four double-deficit subtypes (no-deficit, naming-speed deficit, phonological deficit, and double-deficit) in 197 low-performing, first-grade readers. Concurrent analyses in fall and spring revealed that students with poor phonemic awareness and naming speed were the lowest readers in the sample; however, having a double-deficit in fall was not a good predictor of subsequent progress, most likely because subtypes were not stable over the first half of grade 1. Only about half the sample retained the same subtype from fall to spring.
Interactions between dietary caffeine and calcium on calcium and bone metabolism in older women.

Our purpose was to determine the effect of 2 weeks of caffeine abstinence on calcium (Ca) and bone metabolism in women habitually consuming caffeine and either low or moderate amounts of Ca.Participants were 25 women, aged 39-76 years (mean 65 years, median 57 years) habitually consuming at least 200 mg caffeine daily. Three days of dietary records and 24-hour urine collections were made immediately prior to collection of fasting blood and 1-hour urine in a metabolic unit. Women were classified as low Ca consumers (414-584 mg daily) or moderate Ca consumers (662-1357 mg daily) based on 6 days of diet records.Women in the low Ca group had higher levels of serum ultrafiltrable Ca (UFCa) after caffeine abstinence (1.40 mmol/L CAF+ vs 1.52 mmol/L CAF-, p < 0.01), while there were no differences between experimental periods for UFCa in the moderate Ca group (1.35 mmol/L CAF+ vs 1.38 mmol/L CAF-, ns). Women in the low Ca group also had lower serum bone isoenzyme alkaline phosphatase levels after caffeine abstin...
The Use of 2-Mev He+ Microbeams for Ion-Beam Mixing of Bi-Layer Systems

We have observed ion-beam mixing in three bi-layer targets, Sb/Si, Cu/Si and Cu/Al, using 2-MeV He+ beams of 4–9 µm width. Detailed investigation of Cu/Al revealed that 1) the depth of the mixed layer exhibits a linear dependence on dose, equivalent to 80 A for every 1018 He+ ions/cm2; 2) there is evidence of lateral diffusion of the mixed atoms away from the line of application of the beam; and 3) the sputtering coefficient for 2.0-MeV He+ on Cu is 0.07 sputtered atoms per ion.
Electronic band structure study of colossal magnetoresistance in Tl2Mn2O7

Abstract The electronic structure of Tl2Mn2O7 was examined by performing tight binding band calculations. The overlap between the Mnt2g- and Tl 6s-block bands results in a partial filling of the Tl 6s-block bands. The associated Fermi surface consists of 12 cigar-shape electron pockets with each electron pocket about 1 1000 of the first Brillouin zone in size. The Tl 6s-block bands have orbital contributions from the Mn atoms, and the carrier density is very low. These are important for the occurrence of a colossal magnetoresistance in Tl2Mn2O7.
A laboratory minimum shift key modulator

Minimum shift keying (MSK) is a modulation format that exhibits some spectral efficiency over currently used spacelink digital modulation techniques such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK). The authors present a novel design of an MSK modulator that is well suited for investigating MSK in the laboratory. MSK obtains its advantage over OQPSK through the use of some elaborate timing. One of the costs of this required timing is added complexities in the modulator circuitry. Phase locked loops and an extra phase shift are required to modify a simple OQPSK modulator to perform MSK. Digital timing circuitry, including digital phase shifting, can be used in conjunction with inexpensive laboratory function generators to construct a simple MSK modulator that avoids the complexities of the modified OQPSK design technique. These design techniques are described. >
Blends of polycarbonate and poly(hexamethylene sebacate): I. Physical properties

The compatibility of polymer blends of high-molecular-weight polycarbonate (PC) and high-molecular-weight poly(hexamethylene sebacate) (HMS) were characterized. Samples were prepared by solution blending them In methylene chloride followed by doctor blade casting. Optical spectroscopy, tensile stress-strain, differential scanning calorimetry, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy were employed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the blends. These high-molecular-weight blends exhibit a limited solubility of HMS In PC as evidenced by a decrease in the glass-transition temperature of PC. In fact, HMS solubility increases PC mobility sufficiently to allow partial crystallization of PC. Over most of the composition range, HMS phase separates and crystallizes.
Spatial-spectral unmixing using fuzzy local information

Hyperspectral unmixing estimates the proportions of materials represented within a spectral signature. The overwhelming majority of hyperspectral unmixing algorithms are based entirely on the spectral signatures of each individual pixel and do not incorporate the spatial information found in a hyperspectral data cube. In this work, a spectral unmixing algorithm, the Local Information Proportion estimation (LIP) algorithm, is presented. The proposed LIP algorithm incorporates spatial information while determining the proportions of materials found within a spectral signature. Spatial information is incorporated through the addition of a spatial term that regularizes proportion value estimates based on the weighted proportion values of neighboring pixels. Results are shown in the AVIRIS Indian Pines hyperspectral data set.
Genotype and temperature affect locomotor performance in a tiger salamander hybrid swarm

Summary 1. Anthropogenic environmental changes have the capacity to disrupt natural population dynamics. For amphibians with complex life cycles, it is important to understand how environmental perturbations interact with variation in larval period duration to affect the timing of dispersal and the abiotic conditions under which terrestrial movements occur. 2. Widespread hybridization between California tiger salamanders and introduced tiger salamanders has created a situation in which length of larval development and metamorphic timing varies because of extrinsic variation in abiotic factors such as temperature, and also as a result of individual-specific variation in genomic admixture. 3. We examined how line-cross type (e.g. F1, F2, backcrosses, etc.), morphology and temperature interact to affect the performance of emigrating immature salamanders. We performed endurance trials on a mechanized treadmill to simulate dispersal following metamorphosis. Our study provides insights into the interaction of environmental change and genomic composition on locomotor performance and the spread of the hybrid swarm. 4. We found that temperature had a significant positive impact on endurance, potentially making it an important factor driving dispersal distances in the wild. Line-cross type also affected performance, with F1 hybrids demonstrating the greatest movement capacity. However, we did not observe an interaction between line-cross type and temperature. 5. These results demonstrate that an increase in ambient temperature may enhance the dispersal ability of hybrid individuals and accelerate the spread of the hybrid swarm. An increase in the rate of introgression of non-native tiger salamander alleles into formerly pure native habitats places enhanced importance on the proper management of populations near the boundary of the hybrid swarm and emphasizes the need for management actions that prevent the intentional or accidental translocation of non-native species.
High resolution ionospheric tomography through orthogonal decomposition

Using data from several ground stations tracking a single satellite pass, the methods of computerized tomography can be used to construct images that show a cross section of ionospheric electron density. Due to physical limitations of the imaging system, the images obtained when traditional computerized tomography algorithms are applied to the ionospheric tomography problem exhibit very poor vertical resolution. However, the vertical resolution can be improved through the use of a priori information. The paper presents a new method of introducing a priori information into the reconstruction algorithm using orthogonal decomposition. The central idea presented is to constrain the image space in such a way as to limit the vertical distribution of the reconstructed image to a space consisting of distributions based on a priori information, while allowing the horizontal distribution to vary with as much freedom as possible. >
Overexpression in Neurons of Human Presenilin-1 or a Presenilin-1 Familial Alzheimer Disease Mutant Does Not Enhance Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). DNA damage was assessed in primary cortical neurons infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors expressing the familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) gene presenilin-1 (PS-1) or an FAD mutant of this gene, A246E. After infection, immunoreactivity for PS-1 was shown to be enhanced in infected cells. The infected cells exhibited no cytotoxicity, as evaluated by trypan blue exclusion and mitochondrial function assays. Quantitative analysis of cells that were immunohistochemically labeled using a Klenow DNA fragmentation assay or the TUNEL method revealed no enhancement of apoptosis in PS-1-infected cells. This result was confirmed using assays for chromatin condensation and for DNA fragmentation. Expression of PS-1 protected against induction of apoptosis in the cortical neurons by etoposide or staurosporine. The specificity of this phenotype was demonstrated by the fact that cortical cultures infected with recombinant HSV vectors expressing the amyloid precursor protein (APP-695) showed, in contrast, a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells and an increase in DNA fragmentation for all parameters tested. Our results indicate that overexpression of wild-type or A246E mutant PS-1 does not enhance apoptosis in postmitotic cortical cells and suggest that the previously reported enhancement of apoptosis by presenilins may be dependent on cell type.
Moisture Modes and the Eastward Propagation of the MJO

The authors discuss modifications to a simple linear model of intraseasonal moisture modes. Wind‐evaporation feedbacks were shown in an earlier study to induce westward propagation in an eastward mean low-level flow in this model. Here additional processes, which provide effective sources of moist static energy to the disturbances and which also depend on the low-level wind, are considered. Several processes can act as positive sources in perturbation easterlies: zonal advection (if the mean zonal moisture gradient is eastward), modulation of synoptic eddy drying by the MJO-scale wind perturbations, and frictional convergence. If the sum of these is stronger than the wind‐evaporation feedback—as observations suggest may be the case, though with considerable uncertainty—the model produces unstable modes that propagate weakly eastward relative to the mean flow. With a small amount of horizontal diffusion or other scale-selective damping, the growth rate is greatest at the largest horizontal scales and decreases monotonically with wavenumber.
Africa Ariño: having an international perspective is essential in a multi-polar world

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the gist of a conversation with Africa Arino, conducted by Santiago Ibarreche, about her career as an Expert Researcher in the areas of Strategic Alliances, Strategic Management, International Ventures and her experiences as an International scholar who is now in an interesting project about “Internationalizing in Africa and from Africa”. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is an interview. Findings – The interview explores Arino’s career her achievements and continued search for excellence in terms of teaching, research and service in academia, especially in her contributions in the areas of strategic alliances and the importance of Africa as the future of businesses. Originality/value – The interview in this special section, A Life in Research, brings out an individual scholar’s experience and history, not only as recognition of scholarly impact but also as recognition of the person.
Potassium Preserves Endothelial Function and Enhances Aortic Compliance in Dahl Rats

It has recently been proposed that in rat models of genetic hypertension, supplemental dietary potassium preserves release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor independently of its capacity to either attenuate hypertension or increase plasma potassium. To test this hypothesis in Dahl salt-sensitive rats given sodium chloride (4%) for 3 weeks, we supplemented dietary potassium (2.1%) with either KCl (n = 16) or KHCO3 (n = 16). Compared with unsupplemented rats (n = 16), rats supplemented with either potassium salt had a lower mean arterial pressure and a greater release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, as assessed from acetylcholine-induced relaxation of precontracted aortic rings. However, the maximum relaxation response to acetylcholine correlated inversely with blood pressure (r = -.82, P < .001), not only in the KCl (r = -.68, P < .002) and KHCO3 (r = -.77, P < .001) groups but also in unsupplemented rats (r = -.86, P < .001). With potassium supplementation, plasma potassium concentrations measured between 4 and 6 PM did not increase, but those measured between 4 and 6 AM did increase (P < .05). In isolated ring segments, aortic compliance was greater in both the KCl and KHCO3 groups than in unsupplemented rats (0.015 and 0.017 vs 0.009 mm2/mm Hg) (P < .01). This greater compliance could not be related to differences in blood pressure, plasma potassium, or collagen or elastin content of the aortic wall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Reliability of Passively Collected AIDS Surveillance Data in Massachusetts

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the reliability of demographic, clinical, and treatment information collected during routine AIDS surveillance. METHODS: Information from the medical records of a random sample of 212 AIDS cases reported to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health between November 1993 and November 1994 was compared with that from the original case reports. We assessed levels of agreement by calculating overall percent agreement and kappa statistics with 95% confidence limits. We used an intraclass correlation coefficient to compare the CD4+ lymphocyte count reported from the two sources. RESULTS: There was excellent agreement for gender (κ = 0.97) and race (κ = 0.87). Agreement was lower for transmission mode (κ = 0.73), CD4+ cell count (ICC = 0.76) and category of AIDS case definition (κ = 0.59). There was poor agreement for use of antiretrovirals (κ = 0.23), use of prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (κ = 0.12) and vital status (κ = 0.22). The month and year of diagnosis agreed in only 55% of cases reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Routine AIDS surveillance data was reliable for demographic variables, but less reliable for information about clinical events, laboratory findings, or treatment. Future AIDS surveillance efforts should improve the collection of these data by using sources where this information is more reliable.