cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIOXIN ON LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN SOUTHERN WEST VIRGINIA BETWEEN 1955 to 1969

Objective: The effect of low birth weight as a result of dioxin-based exposure has been investigated through the existing literature, but the debate on exact point source and production is still debated. The Monsanto factory located in Nitro, West Virginia produced Agent Orange from 1948 to 1969. Methods: The vital statistics registry from the state of West Virginia of Kanawha county and Putnam county West Virginia. The production of dioxin and 2-4-5T was obtained from the legal files from (Civil Action No. 04-C-465) and the expert witness of Dr. Bruce Bell. In order to understand this relationship a time series analysis was conducted to compare 245T and dioxin and low-birthweight in Kanawha County and Putnam County, West Virginia. Results: The results suggest dioxin within Kanawha county had a suggestive relationship associated with dioxin production and low birthweight from 1948 to 1969 had a suggestive relationship of (p = 0.042). The comparison county of Putnam had no statistically significant relationship between low birthweight and dioxin production (p = 0.203). Agent Orange (2-4-5t) was also considered and measured within the counties of Kanawha and Putnam Counties, within these two counties no statistically significant relationship was observed. Conclusions: In conclusion the association between dioxin and low birthweight still requires more research but this analysis illustrates that there appears to be a suggestive relationship that exists within Kanawha County, West Virginia as related to the production of and effect of the by-product of dioxin.
Use of the Modified Early Warning Score in intrahospital transfer of patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar se ha associacao entre o Modified Early Warning Score antes da transferencia da emergencia para enfermaria e o obito ou a admissao na unidade de terapia intensiva em 30 dias. Metodos: Trata-se de estudo de coorte historica desenvolvido em hospital de alta complexidade do Sul do Brasil com pacientes transferidos da emergencia para a enfermaria entre os meses de janeiro e junho de 2017. Foram coletados: variaveis sociodemograficas, comorbidades pelo indice de Charlson, motivo da internacao hospitalar, pontuacao do Modified Early Warning Score no momento da transferencia, internacao na unidade de terapia intensiva, atendimento pelo Time de Resposta Rapida, mortalidade em 30 dias e mortalidade hospitalar. Resultados: Foram incluidos 278 pacientes no estudo. Em relacao ao Modified Early Warning Score, os pacientes com obito em 30 dias apresentaram escore significativamente maior do que os pacientes sobreviventes nesse periodo (2,0 [1,0 - 3,0] versus 1,0 [1,0 - 2,0], respectivamente; p = 0,006). As areas sob a curva Caracteristica de Operacao do Receptor para obito em 30 dias e para admissao na UTI foram 0,67 (0,55 - 0,80; p = 0,012) e 0,72 (0,59 - 0,84; p = 0,02), respectivamente, com ponto de corte do Modified Early Warning Score ≥ 2. Na regressao de Cox, o Modified Early Warning Score apresentou associacao independente com mortalidade em 30 dias, apos ajuste multivariavel (hazard ratio 2,91; intervalo de confianca de 95% 1,04 - 8,13). Conclusao: O Modified Early Warning Score antes da transferencia intra-hospitalar da emergencia para enfermaria esta associado com admissao na unidade de terapia intensiva e obito em 30 dias. Calcular o Modified Early Warning Score pode ser um indicador importante para acompanhamento desses pacientes, permitindo acoes especificas da equipe receptora.
Bases for Second Order Linear ODEs

The usual analysis of the constant coefficient ODE ay″+by′+cy=0 —which concludes that ert is a solution when r=(−b±b2−4ac)/(2a) —fails to produce a basis for the solution space when b2−4ac=0 . Redu...
The Rapid Burster in Liller 1: The Chandra X-Ray Position and a Search for an Infrared Counterpart

Despite the unique X-ray behavior of the compact bursting X-ray source MXB 1730-335, the "Rapid Burster" (RB) in the highly reddened globular cluster Liller 1, to date there has been no known optical/IR counterpart for the object, no precise astrometric solution that correlates X-ray, radio, and optical positions and thus restricts the number of possible candidates, nor even published IR images of the field. We solve a previous radio/X-ray positional discrepancy, presenting the results of precise Chandra X-ray imaging, which definitively show that the radio source is positionally aligned with MXB 1730-335. At the same time, we have detected three additional low-luminosity (LX ~ 1034 ergs s-1) X-ray sources within two core radii, which are possibly quiescent low-mass X-ray binaries. We present both ground-based and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) infrared imaging of the field (in quiescent and bursting X-ray states of the RB), together with the necessary astrometric solution to overlay the radio/X-ray source positions. Even at HST resolution, the RB field is very complex and there are multiple candidates. No object of unusual color or of substantial variability in quiescent versus active or burst versus nonburst states is identified. Further, more sensitive HST NICMOS and/or ground-based, adaptive optics observations are needed to confidently identify the proper counterpart. In the case of the RB, uncertain but plausible calculations on the effects of the burst on the binary companion indicate that detection of a variable candidate should be feasible.
Characterization of Ductile Phase Toughening Mechanisms in a Hot-Rolled Tungsten Heavy Alloy

Tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) are a type of ductile phase toughened alloy that are becoming increasingly interesting as an alternative to polycrystalline tungsten for fusion reactor plasma facing materials due to their balanced strength and ductility. To justify their use in the extremely harsh environment of a fusion reactor, understanding detailed microstructural features of WHAs associated with their mechanical property changes is necessary. A 90W-7Ni-3Fe WHA alloy has been chosen to investigate the effect of thermomechanical treatment and microstructural manipulation on the overall effectiveness of deformation accommodation in these bi-phase metallic composites. Both in-situ tensile testing and 3D microstructural analysis of the samples reveal a predominance of microcracking at tungsten grain boundaries that are blunted and arrested by the ductile phase, while there remains little to no instances of interfacial debonding. Thermomechanical treatment of this alloy is found to alter the spherical brittle phase domains into elongated plates, drastically reducing the ductile phase connectivity, and changing the nature of material deformation. The manipulation of microstructures via hot rolling or other deformation processing may be the precursor to more effective materials for nuclear fusion applications.
DIFFERENTIAL CLOZAPINE ACTION ON CNS STIMULANTS

Dose-response effects of d-amphetamine (d-A) and apomorphine on motor behavior can be quantified using a spectral analysis of increases in power in Hz 1-10. Low-dose clozapine pretreatment augments increased induced by d-A. With the same dose of clozapine, there is a trend toward blocking of apomorphine-increased–and a block of cocaine-increased–power. These data are discussed in terms of clozapine effects on psychomotor stimulants which differ in their effects on pre- and postsynaptic receptors and on newly-synthesized and stored dopamine (DA)
Theories of Language Learning and Children with Specific Language Impairment

“Specific language impairment” (SLI) is a term applied to children who show significant deficits in language learning ability but age-appropriate scores on non-verbal tests of intelligence, normal hearing, and no clear evidence of neurological impairment. Children who meet this definition are not identical in their characteristics, though some linguistic profiles are rather common. Boys outnumber girls, with a ratio of approximately 2.8 to 1 (Robinson, 1987). At age five years, the prevalence of SLI might be as high as 7% (Tomblin, 1996). This percentage is probably lower at older ages, due to the fact that some proportion of children with milder language difficulties achieve normal levels of ability within a few years, often with the help of intervention.
Weapon system reliability and maintainability: increasing their visibility with decision makers

The enhancement of the visibility of system R&M (reliability and maintainability) characteristics with senior executives at the top of the decision-making process is examined. It is shown that possible conflict with other documents used by decision makers poses a drawback. Cost and operational effectiveness analyses (COEAs) are one example, since they are the official, validated cost reference for US Army weapon systems. Further investigation is needed to refine approaches for communicating R&M information. >
Wartime Propaganda, Devious Officialdom, and the Challenge of Nationalism during the Second World War in Nigeria

War propaganda during the Second World War in colonial Nigeria, preceded by local protestations of loyalty and support of Britain, was inappropriately focused, discredited as lies, and unable either to stem the movement towards self-government or to sustain Nigerians’ acceptance of the colonial state as a viable framework for the achievement of an enduring welfare and political freedom. Relying on archival sources previously ignored by scholars, the paper challenges the conventional wisdom that war propaganda in Africa profoundly affected the elite, who appropriated British propaganda as a weapon to undermine the colonial state. It argues that the effect of war propaganda was practically nil, in eroding confidence in local role models, newspapers and other sources of propaganda which reflected local realities and concerns. In short, at the end of the war, the colonial regime abandoned this failed propaganda strategy in search of a robust no-bones-about-it abrasive propaganda approach.
Dose-response envelope for Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an emerging food and waterborne pathogen in the U.S. and internationally. The objective of this work was to develop a dose-response model for illness by this organism that bounds the uncertainty in the dose-response relationship. No human clinical trial data are available for E. coli O157:H7, but such data are available for two surrogate pathogens: enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Shigella dysenteriae. E. coli O157:H7 outbreak data provide an initial estimate of the most likely value of the dose-response relationship within the bounds of an envelope defined by beta-Poisson dose-response models fit to the EPEC and S. dysenteriae data. The most likely value of the median effective dose for E. coli O157:H7 is estimated to be approximately 190[emsp4 ]000 colony forming units (cfu). At a dose level of 100[emsp4 ]cfu, the median response predicted by the model is six percent.
Microfabricated torsional actuator using self-aligned plastic deformation

We describe microfabricated torsional actuators that are made using self-aligned plastic deformation in a batch process. The microactuators are formed in single-crystal silicon and driven by vertical comb-drives. Structures have been built that resonate at frequencies between 1.90 and 5.33 kHz achieving scanning angles up to 19.2 degrees with driving voltages of 40 V/sub dc/ plus 13 V/sub ac/. After continuous testing of 5 billion cycles at the maximum scanning angle, there appears to be no observable degradation or fatigue of the plastically deformed silicon tors ion bars. We present measured results obtained with MEMS scanning mirrors; the actuators may be useful for many other MEMS applications.
The public afterlife of ethnography

Research generally ends with the publication of its results. What happens to it afterward is implicitly viewed as the usual after-sales service of science. Yet its encounter with various audiences, the debates it raises, and the new perspectives it opens can be collectively regarded as an object of inquiry in its own right. In this essay, I embark on an analysis of the public afterlife of ethnography. Rather than promote public social science, I examine what it is, the operations it entails, the questions it poses, and the challenges and limitations it faces. Drawing principally from public engagement with and reception of two recent books on urban policing and the carceral condition in France, I discuss the meaning and significance of afterlife, the multiple configurations of and interactions with publics, and the specific issues related to the publicization of ethnography.
New Evidence on Colonial Commerce

The section on colonial commerce in most textbooks oh American Economic History has changed little in the last three or four (or more) decades. Of course, slight variations exist, but they are usually for style, with the core of the subject seldom varying. In fact, a traditional view of American colonial commerce has been solidly formed, and it is widely read and taught in our universities and colleges.
The effects of weak magnetic fields on radical pairs

It is proposed that radical concentrations can be modified by combinations of weak, steady and alternating magnetic fields that modify the population distribution of the nuclear and electronic spin state, the energy levels and the alignment of the magnetic moments of the components of the radical pairs. In low external magnetic fields, the electronic and nuclear angular momentum vectors are coupled by internal forces that outweigh the external fields' interactions and are characterized in the Hamiltonian by the total quantum number F. Radical pairs form with their unpaired electrons in singlet (S) or triplet (T) states with respect to each other. At frequencies corresponding to the energy separation between the various states in the external magnetic fields, transitions can occur that change the populations of both electron and nuclear states. In addition, the coupling between the nuclei, nuclei and electrons, and Zeeman shifts in the electron and nuclear energy levels can lead to transitions with resonances spanning frequencies from a few Hertz into the megahertz region. For nuclear energy levels with narrow absorption line widths, this can lead to amplitude and frequency windows. Changes in the pair recombination rates can change radical concentrations and modify biological processes. The overall conclusion is that the application of magnetic fields at frequencies ranging from a few Hertz to microwaves at the absorption frequencies observed in electron and nuclear resonance spectroscopy for radicals can lead to changes in free radical concentrations and have the potential to lead to biologically significant changes.
Theory and application of dual-transistor charge separation analysis

The authors describe a dual-transistor charge separation method for evaluating the radiation response of MOS transistors. This method requires that n- and p-channel transistors with identically processed oxides be irradiated under identical conditions at the same oxide electric fields. Threshold voltage shifts due to oxide-trapped and interface-trapped charge are determined from standard threshold voltage and mobility measurements by combining features of single-transistor midgap and mobility methods. These measurements can be made at currents two-five orders of magnitude higher than those required for midgap, subthreshold slope, and charge-pumping methods. The dual-transistor method contains no adjustable parameters, and includes an internal self-consistency check. The accuracy of the method is verified by comparison to midgap, subthreshold slope, and charge-pumping methods for several MOS processes and technologies. Dual-transistor measurements and analysis not only provide a useful check of single-transistor analysis methods, but also may be the charge-separation method of choice for many applications. >
Deconstruction of the catalytic array within the amidotransferase subunit of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from bicarbonate, glutamine, and two molecules of ATP. The enzyme consists of a large synthetase subunit, and a small amidotransferase subunit, which belongs to the Triad family of glutamine amidotransferases. Previous studies have established that the reaction mechanism of the small subunit proceeds through the formation of a A-glutamyl thioester with Cys-269. The roles in the hydrolysis of glutamine played by the conserved residues, Glu-355, Ser-47, Lys-202, and Gln-273, were determined by mutagenesis. In the X-ray crystal structure of the H353N mutant, Ser-47 and Gln-273 interact with the A-glutamyl thioester intermediate (Thoden, J. B., Miran, S. G., Phillips, J. C., Howard, A. J., Raushel, F. M., and Holden, H. M. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 8825-8831). The mutants E355D and E355A have elevated values of Km for glutamine, but the overall carbamoyl phosphate synthesis reaction is unperturbed. E355Q does not significantly affect the bicarbonate-dependent ATPase or glutaminase partial reactions. However, this mutation almost completely uncouples the two partial reactions such that no carbamoyl phosphate is produced. The partial recovery of carbamoyl phosphate synthesis activity in the double mutant E355Q/ K202M argues that the loss of activity in E355Q is at least partly due to additional interactions between Gln-355 and Lys-202 in E355Q. The mutants S47A and Q273A have elevated Km values for glutamine while the Vmax values are comparable to that of the wild-type enzyme. It is concluded that contrary to the original proposal for the catalytic triad, Glu-355 is not an essential residue for catalysis. The results are consistent with Ser-47 and Gln-273 playing significant roles in the binding of glutamine.
Synthesizing knowledge of ocean islands

AGU Chapman Conference on the Galapagos as a Laboratory for the Earth Sciences; Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador, 25–30 July 2011 An inspiration for Darwin's theory of evolution, the Galapagos Islands and surrounding waters are a natural laboratory for a wide range of Earth science topics. The Galapagos are perfectly situated for geophysical and geochemical investigations of deep-Earth processes at a hot spot, and proximity to a spreading center allows exploration of hot spot-ridge interactions. Several highly active volcanoes show rapid deformation facilitating investigation of melt transport paths and volcanic structure. The islands exhibit a range of ages, eruptive styles, and climatic zones that allow analysis of hydrogeologic and geomorphic processes. The Galapagos Islands are a World Heritage Site and are an ideal setting for developing an integrated biological and geological understanding of ocean island evolution.
Patterns and Potential Value of Cardiac Troponin I Elevations After Pediatric Cardiac Operations

Abstract Background . Perioperative myocardial injury is a major determinant of postoperative cardiac dysfunction for congenital heart disease, but its assessment during this period is difficult. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of using postoperative serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) for this purpose. Methods . Cardiac troponin I levels were measured serially in the serum of patients undergoing uncomplicated repairs of atrial septal defect (n = 23), ventricular septal defect (n = 16) or tetralogy of Fallot (n = 16). The concentrations were correlated with intraoperative parameters (cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, and cardiac bypass temperature), and postoperative parameters (magnitude of inotropic support, duration of intubation, and postoperative intensive care and hospital stay). Results . Postoperative absolute cTnI levels were lesion specific, with a pattern of increase and decrease similar for each lesion. For the total cohort, significant correlations between postoperative cTnI levels at all times (r = 0.43 to 0.83, p Conclusions . This study suggests that cTnI values immediately after operation reflect the extent of myocardial damage from both incisional injury and intraoperative factors. Cardiac tropinin I levels in the first hours after operation for congenital heart disease are a potentially useful prognostic indicator for difficulty of recovery.
Developing a network of support for relative caregivers

Abstract As kinship care arrangements become more common, providing services that address the needs of both relative caregivers and the children in their care is a growing concern for social workers and other family-service professionals. This study describes a sample of kinship caregivers who received computer training. The study presents quantitative and qualitative data regarding the effectiveness of the computer-training program which was designed to benefit kin caregivers by improving self-efficacy, enhancing career skills, augmenting social support and increasing confidence in their ability to help educate the children in their care. Forty-six kinship caregivers completed The Caregiver Computer Efficacy Scale (a 20-item instrument using a one-directional five-value Likert scale) before and after an 8-week computer-training course. Qualitative data was also collected during and after training sessions. The results indicate that this intervention was effective and can be used with kinship caregivers to increase self-efficacy, teach computer skills, enhance social support and build common ground between children and caregivers.
The influence of malnutrition on the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodiobenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in rats

Abstract A single oral dose of 2,3,7,7-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) (20 or 40 μg/kg body wet) administered to rats resulted in reduced body weight gain, water intake, degenerative changes in the liver and involution of the thymus. Although a restricted diet alone caused thymic involutions it was shown that TCDD at 10 or 20 μg/kg body wt accentuated this atrophy. Microscopically, a marked atrophy of the thymus and swelling and necrosis of the liver were found in the malnourished animals. The effects of TCDD were also tested in rats fed either 3.5%, 26% or 55% protein. There was no clear relation between the protein level and the influence of TCDD on the thymus. However, the effect of TCDD on body weight and the liver was more severe in rats given low protein diet. These effects were not reversed by high protein diet. Since it is unlikely that the influence of TCDD on the thymus is related to malnutrition, other mechanisms, such as depletion of energy reserves, a direct effect of TCDD on the thymus ior a mediation by the hepatotoxic action may be involved.
Molecular dynamics calculation of carbon/hydrocarbon reflection coefficients on a hydrogenated graphite surface

Abstract Reflection coefficients for carbon atoms and hydrocarbon molecules on a carbon surface are critically needed for plasma–surface interaction analysis of carbon surfaces. These coefficients have been calculated with a molecular dynamics code using the Brenner hydrocarbon potential. The surface was prepared by bombarding a pure graphite lattice with energetic hydrogen, until a saturation was reached at ∼0.42 H:C. Carbon atoms and several hydrocarbons (CH, CH 2 , CH 3 , and CH 4 ) were incident on this surface at different energies and angles. Typical results for carbon incident at 45° show reflection coefficients of 0.64±0.01 at thermal energy, decreasing to 0.19±0.01 at 10 eV. Hydrocarbons show more complicated behavior, tending to reflect as molecules at thermal energies and break up at higher energies, producing a spectrum of different reflected species. The total reflection of carbon via these fragments tends to decrease with incident energy, and increase with hydrogen content in the original molecule. The reflection coefficients, together with the energy and angular distribution of reflected particles, can be incorporated in erosion/redeposition codes to allow improved modeling of chemically eroded carbon transport in fusion devices.
Defining Neurocognitive Networks in the BOLD New World of Computed Connectivity

Cognitive functions require the concerted activity of interconnected neuronal clusters that collectively form large-scale networks. In this issue, Seeley and colleagues use resting-state fluctuations of the BOLD signal to highlight the relevance of networks to human brain function and dysfunction.
Kinetic theory of antibiotic ion carrier

Abstract I study the reports of experiments in the monocarboxylic acid antibiotics monensin, nigericin and dianemycin as carriers which form complexes with cations and transmit them across various lipid barriers. The experiments indicate that (1) the chemical potential differences, across the barrier, of all the species of cations approach the same value. (2) the relative abilities of various species of cations to replace a given species of cation originally held by the antibiotic (adaptabilities) are independent of the replaced cation. Based on these observations I construct a kinetic theory for the carriers by introducing the adaptability coefficients for each carrier with respect to various species of cations. The theory in turn predicts a set of transport equations for the cations. I suggest experiments to measure these useful coefficients and to test this theory. I believe that the independent measurements of these physical properties of ion carriers would help to understand their biological functions in the membranes. The non-equilibrium thermodynamical aspect of the theory is discussed.
Critical evaluation of emergency stockpile ventilators in an in vitro model of pediatric lung injury.

OBJECTIVE Modern health care systems may be inadequately prepared for mass casualty respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Current health policy has focused on the "stockpiling" of emergency ventilators, though little is known about the performance of these ventilators under conditions of respiratory failure in adults and children. In this study, we seek to compare emergency ventilator performance characteristics using a test lung simulating pediatric lung injury. DESIGN Evaluation of ventilator performance using a test lung. SETTING Laboratory. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Six transport/emergency ventilators capable of adult/child application were chosen on the basis of manufacturer specifications, Autovent 3000, Eagle Univent 754, EPV 100, LP-10, LTV 1200, and Parapac 200D. Manufacturer specifications for each ventilator were reviewed and compared with known standards for alarms and functionality for surge capacity ventilators. The delivered tidal volume, gas flow characteristics, and airway pressure waveforms were evaluated in vitro using a mechanical test lung to model pediatric lung injury and integrated software. Test lung and flow meter recordings were analyzed over a range of ventilator settings. Of the six ventilators assessed, only two had the minimum recommended alarm capability. Four of the six ventilators tested were capable of being set to deliver a tidal volume of less than 200 mL. The delivered tidal volume for all ventilators was within 8% of the nominal setting at a positive end expiratory pressure of zero but was reduced significantly with the addition of positive end expiratory pressure (range, ±10% to 30%; p < .01). All ventilators tested performed comparably at higher set tidal volumes; however, only three of the ventilators tested delivered a tidal volume across the range of ventilator settings that was comparable to that of a standard intensive care unit ventilator. CONCLUSIONS Multiple ventilators are available for the provision of ventilation to children with respiratory failure in a mass casualty scenario. Few of these ventilators possess the minimum alarm functionality and consistently deliver the prescribed tidal volume that allows for safe and effective ventilation of critically ill pediatric patients. These findings will help clinicians understand the performance and limitations of available ventilators intended for use in children.
Towards a Theory of Social Dynamics

(Resume) Vers Une Theorie de la Dynamique Sociale On considere la theorie pratique (“field theory”) basee sur la philosophie organismique de la biologie, la methode hypothetique-deductive, et le langage des constructs comme l'approche la plus juste a une psychologie sociale scientifique. L'auteur examine diverses theories de la psychologie sociale et ne trouve aucunes qui satisfassent les criteres qu'il a etablis pour une approche theorique-pratique. Il definit ensuite le champ social et discute les variantes dynamiques topologiques et non-mesurees dans sa structure. Les concepts de region, fluidite, limite, barriere, caractere de membre (“membership character”), et direction de tension premierement employes par K. Lewin pour la psychologie individuelle sont appliques aux problemes sociologiques et sociaux-psychologiques. Le probleme d'une “foule” qui devient une “multitude desordonnee” est sujete a une analyse theorique-pratique. On conclut que la methode serait egalement applicable a d'autres problemes ...
Numeric approximation of Bessel functions using the DFT

It is well known that the sideband amplitudes of a single-tone frequency-modulated carrier are of the form J n (B), where B is the modulation index. By selecting appropriate frequency relationships between the sample frequency and the carrier and modulation frequencies, the DFT can be used to calculate J n (B) with reasonable accuracy.
Menstrual disorders in adolescence

Problems associated with menstruation affect 75% of adolescent females and are a leading reason for visits to physicians. This chapter begins with a review of the timing and characteristics of normal menstruation during adolescence. It then discusses the evaluation and management of adolescents with amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea and abnormal uterine bleeding. An approach to adolescent amenorrhoea is presented that utilizes primary versus secondary amenorrhoea, delayed versus normal pubertal development, and the presence or absence of hyperandrogenism as nodal points for decision making. The differential diagnosis of dysmenorrhoea and the management of primary dysmenorrhoea and endometriosis are reviewed. The section on abnormal uterine bleeding contrasts anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) with bleeding secondary to problems of pregnancy, uterine pathology, exogenous hormone use and systemic bleeding disorders.
Collagen Receptor Control of Epithelial Morphogenesis and Cell Cycle Progression

To define the unique contributions of the α subunit cytoplasmic tails of the α1β1 and α2β1 integrin to epithelial differentiation and branching morphogenesis, a variant NMuMG cell line lacking α1β1 and α2β1 integrin expression was stably transfected with the full-length α2 integrin subunit cDNA (X2C2), chimeric cDNA consisting of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the α2 subunit and the cytoplasmic domain of the α1 subunit (X2C1), or α2 cDNA truncated after the GFFKR sequence (X2C0). The X2C2 and X2C1 transfectants effectively adhered, spread, and formed focal adhesion complexes on type I collagen matrices. The X2C0 transfectants were less adherent to low concentrations of type I collagen, spread less well, and formed poorly defined focal adhesion complexes in comparison to the X2C2 and X2C1 transfectants. The X2C2 and X2C1 transfectants but not the X2C0 transfectants proliferated on collagen substrates. Only the X2C2 transfectants developed elongate branches and tubules in three-dimensional collagen gels and migrated on type I collagen. These findings suggest a unique role for the α2 integrin cytoplasmic domain in postligand binding events and cooperative interactions with growth factors that mediate epithelial differentiation and branching morphogenesis. Either intact α1 or α2 integrin subunit cytoplasmic domain can promote cell cycle progression.
Leaving School The Impact of State Economic and Demographic Factors for Students with Serious Emotional Disturbance

Recent studies provide evidence that both the expectation of a graduation rate of 90% and the successful preparation of youth with serious emotional disturbance (SED) for adult role responsibilities will be very difficult to achieve. This study examined the nature of state-by-state variation in high school completion rates and the impact of state-level child disability, demographic, and economic factors upon the basis for exiting school for youth with SED. SED identification rate, per capita income, and per pupil revenue were positively associated with exit by diploma. Conversely, per pupil revenue and SED identification rate were inversely related to exit by certificate. The percentage of the student population reported as White was inversely related to exit by certificate. When the basis of exit was certificate, approximately half of the variance in state school completion rates was accounted for by ethnicity (percentage White), per pupil revenue, and residence in the Northeast or South. Almost one thir...
Composite Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor of the Skin: Cytology, Morphology, Electron Microscopy and Special Stain Findings

We present the findings of a rare and very aggressive primary skin tumor, composite extrarenal rhabdoid tumor (CERT) with features of rhabdomyosarcoma. Clinical history: A 53-year-old woman presented with a 2.5 cm ulcerated nodule on her right medial calf. On exam, she also exhibited inguinal lymphadenopathy. Pathology: Fine needle aspiration of a lymph node and punch biopsy of the skin nodule disclosed an epithelioid cell morphology with rhabdoid cells, solid growth, and a high mitotic rate (>70 figures/10 HPF). Upon wide excision of the tumor, electron microscopy (EM) and special stains were performed. Since the differential diagnosis was broad, a large number of stains were performed: tumor was positive for vimentin, desmin, muscle specific actin, WT-1, CD56, and CD10, and negative for S-100, melan A, cytokeratins, EMA, CD34, fast myosin, myoglobin, myogenin, myoD1, smooth muscle actin, and NSE. EM revealed rhabdoid cells with perinuclear globules of intermediate filaments corresponding to the positive desmin stain. Summary: The patient was treated with chemotherapy without regression of presumed lung metastases. The CERT is a rare, aggressive tumor that extraordinarily presents as a primary skin tumor. The differential is broad and nomenclature confusing. Extensive ancillary pathology studies are required for appropriate diagnosis.
Policy and Non-Policy Determinants of U.S. Equity Foreign Direct Investment

This study examined the effects of policy and non-policy variables on the location of new U.S. direct investment abroad (as distinct from reinvested earnings of existing affiliates), using 1977 and 1982 Benchmark data. The data revealed statistically significant effects for investment incentives (positive), performance requirements (negative), and host country effective tax rates (negative) with interesting differences between the two time periods and between developed versus developing countries. Significance was also found for non-policy variables such as political stability, cultural distance, GDP per capita, and infrastructure.
The role of tumor volume on outcome in prostate cancer after prostatectomy

Summary Objective Significant study has been made of the role of tumor volume contributing to outcome in prostate cancer: almost two dozen studies have been published on the subject, without clear results either for or against a relationship. Methods An extensive MEDLINE and PUBMED search yielded fourteen articles involving >10,600 patients describing analyses of institutional prostate cancer experiences including tumor volume after radical prostatectomy (RP). Studies were included if multivariate analysis (MVA) was performed including a variable related to tumor volume. All studies had a common outcome of biochemical disease-free (bNED) survival. Results The more rigorous the MVA performed, the more likely tumor volume was to be independently predictive. When the analysis included only tumor volume and Gleason score, studies agreed on outcome half the time. As more variables were added to the analysis, the degree of concordance increased. The two studies with most complete MVAs concur in a volume effect on outcome in over 1470 patients. Conclusion While no meta-analysis on the subject is possible without knowing particulars of each reported case, tumor volume as a predictive variable is likely to be less important than more frequently analyzed factors such as Gleason score and PSA. However, the studies that most completely address the complex and competing variables impacting bNED survival in prostate cancer are those that describe a relationship of tumor volume on outcome.
Editors’ preface: themed section on unsettling anthropocentrism

Marxists, especially ones who retain the adjective ‘‘revolutionary,’’ spend a lot of time beating up on liberals and social democrats. Two groups that claim to share most of ‘‘our’’ goals and principles—equality, sorority, liberty, secular humanism, etc.—they certainly do not share the same strategies or tactics. In fact, we typically wonder if they share our principles or simply pay lip service to them. So, we ally with them and beat up on them, in equal measure—or at least in the ratio that we believe is necessary for drawing out their contradictions. They are against imperialism, but every time the US army goes into Haiti, they seem to believe it will play a progressive role. They claim to be for an ethos of ‘‘to each according to his or her needs and from each according to his or her abilities’’ but they believe that free university education in the USA is too maximalist to discuss. They supported the Chileans in voting out capitalism in 1970–1973, but did not want the cordones industriales in Santiago to be armed for self-defense. They believed in the unity of interest of the world working class in 1914, but refused to oppose the colonial projects of their respective ruling classes and then helped defend these projects in the first inter-imperialist war. And, of course, they are well known for preaching socialism out of one side of their mouths and ordering extrajudicial killings out of the other—think Rosa Luxemburg and Venezuelan protesters in the 1989 Caracazo, just to name two incidents that come to mind. As the late American folk singer Phil Ochs sang back in 1966:
Hilbert space of symmetric functions on ℓ1

We consider a completion of a space of symmetric polynomials on l1 with respect to a certain Hilbert norm. It is shown that this completion consists of analytic functions on a unit ball in l1.
Mood and Reactions to Political Advertising: A Test and Extension of the Hedonic Contingency Hypothesis

Research in a variety of contexts has shown that the mood or emotional state of receivers may affect responses to communication messages. This study tested the interaction between mood and message on persuasiveness in the context of political television advertising. Using a 2 (happy or sad mood) by 2 (hedonic consequences: negative or positive) experimental design, a two-way interaction between hedonic consequence and mood was predicted, such that happy people would be more persuaded by positive ads than negative ads. In addition, sad people, it was expected, would be equally persuaded by either ad. Cognitive processing measures, attitudes, and candidate evaluations were used for measuring effects. Data indicated that happy people were more persuaded by positive political advertisements than negative political advertisements. Sad people, however, were equally persuaded by both negative and positive appeals.
Sarcoidosis in a child with sickle cell anemia.

PURPOSE The purpose of this case report is to (a) present a detailed description of a child with sickle cell anemia who developed sarcoidosis, (b) compare the clinical aspects of sickle cell anemia and sarcoidosis, and (c) review the literature with respect to the coincidence of these two diseases. Detailed clinical case history and laboratory findings are presented. A literature review of other case reports with children and adults who have both sickle cell anemia and sarcoidosis is given. RESULTS Based on limited data, there may be an increased incidence of sarcoidosis in adults with sickle cell diseases. No data are available in the pediatric population. CONCLUSIONS Sarcoidosis is difficult to diagnose in children with sickle cell anemia. The clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia and sarcoidosis have overlapping features but represent distinct syndromes. Patients with sickle cell anemia who have unusual signs and symptoms need to be further evaluated for the possibility of other coincident diseases, including sarcoidosis.
Reactions of living polystyrene with difunctional nitriles to produce specifically placed grafting sites

Graft polymers have been synthesized with two equal length branches and one or two branches of a different length or composition. The first step was a coupling reaction of living polystyrene with a difunctional nitrile. The product was hydrolyzed to form a ketone-containing backbone. Subsequently another sample of living polystyrene or of poly-2-vinylpyridine was added to the backbone to form the graft. Anionic polymerization was used for the synthesis of backbone and side chains, so all of the products are well defined. The products and reaction sequences also serve as models for a general synthesis of well-defined comb-shaped polymers, in which the length of the backbone, and the number, length, and spacing of the side chains may be controlled.
Divided self models of the socioeconomic person: the metaeconomics approach

Abstract Microeconomics envisions a single decision-maker in a firm or household who is presumed to experience economic relationships only in markets. This theory is largely silent regarding the moral dimension, i.e., the nature of the invisible hand, and how it unconsciously affects the self acting in said markets. Amitai Etzioni, the founder of socioeconomics, offered the vision of the moral dimension as a component of the self. Metaeconomics operationalizes this vision by making explicit the Strict Father moral dimension in the invisible hand and recognizing interdependence of self when Nurturant Parent morality is operant. It builds upon a tripartite, multiple–self concept, with a mediating adult who balances the pleasures with the moral dimension in finding a satisfactory mix of self- and we-interests. By making this dimension explicit, metaeconomics reintegrates ethics and economics, includes values and community, and proposes the starting point for a common analytical engine for all socioeconomists.
The politics of national reconciliation: Memory and institutions in German‐Czech relations since 1989

In 1997 the parliaments of both Germany and the Czech Republic ratified a joint declaration on reconciliation. The political conflict surrounding the agreement illustrates how collective memory influences and shapes ethnic relations. The path by which memories are institutionalized determines how they reenter politics. Although the purpose of the declaration was to clear the air and pave the way for a new era in ethnic relations in the region, Germans and Czechs with access to institutional resources who opposed specific passages in the declaration succeeded in impeding its passage and ultimately in watering down its meaning.
Movement and distribution of arsenic in the Aberjona watershed.

The distribution and movement of arsenic was investigated on the Aberjona watershed in eastern Massachusetts for the purpose of identifying where and by what processes present and past human exposu...
The basic mechanism of ATP powered motor proteins

The ability of ATP powered motor proteins to convert chemical free energy into the mechanical work required to move intra-cellular organelles is discussed in terms of the molecular and dynamic fundamentals involved in producing such movements. This is carried out in detail for muscle contraction with the result that in order for a myosin head to act as a motor protein, it is necessary for it to be able to impose a unique series of impacts on an actin filament. It is further shown that these impacts can be generated when a single water molecule is transiently attached to the ADP formed during one step of an ATP cycle in the myosin head. This analysis leads to the conclusion that muscle must be a type of heat machine which has the capability of attaining mechanochemical efficiencies that approach 100%. An extension of ATP powered motor proteins in general is made with the finding that they must share the same motor mechanism of the transiently attached water molecule. A possible application of these considerations to the problem of the active transport of ions is also pointed out.
The Development of Cognitive Inhibition in Streams-of-Consciousness and Directed Speech.

Abstract This research examined the development of the ability to inhibit thoughts within free speech by manipulating the content requirements of overt streams-of-consciousness. A picture-naming task with procedural manipulations similar to the stream-of-consciousness task was created as an additional method of investigating the development of the inhibition of speech. Comparison of adults' performance in the two tasks indicated that mature performance reflected inhibitory processing rather than selective attention. The children's performance in the stream-of-consciousness task suggested a developmental change in their ability to produce a stream-of-consciousness overtly. An investigation of inhibition in the picture-naming task with kindergartners, second graders, fifth graders and adults revealed a developmental improvement in inhibitory ability over the middle childhood years. These results are consistent with the interpretation that developmental improvements in cognitive inhibition contribute to developmental improvements in cognitive function on a variety of tasks.
Reproductive strategies in chimpanzees

The literature pertaining to chimpanzee social structure, mating strategies, and dispersal is extensive, and attests to the complexity of chimpanzee behavior and population dynamics. Authors report data from several long-term studies and many shorter studies of wild and captive chimpanzees that pertain to reproductive strategies and associated behavior, but no previous attempt has been made to bring together these data into one document. This review summarizes the data and conclusions from behavioral studies of chimpanzees, and puts them into the context of reproductive strategies. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Traumatic frontal mucocoele in a dog: a case report

A frontal mucocoele in a 1-year-old dog resulted from trauma which caused obstruction to the naso-frontal opening. Patency of the naso-frontal opening was re-established surgically. The dog was in good health 2 years post-operatively. Resume. A la suite d'un traumatisme, un mucocele frontal causait une obstruction de l'orifice nasofrontal chez un chien âge d'un an. Par une intervention chirurgicale on a pu degager l'orifice naso-frontal. Deux ans apres l'operation le chien etait encore en bonne sante. Zusammenfassung. Eine frontale Mucocele bei einem 1 Jahr alten Hund war die Folge eines Traumas, welches Obstruktion der nasofrontalen Offnung verursachte. Die Wiederherstellung der Durchgangigkeit der nasofrontalen Offnung wurde chirurgisch vorgenommen. Der Hund befand sich 2 Jahre nach der Operation in gutem Gesundheitszustand.
Voltage regulation in distribution circuits with wind power

This paper presents an analysis of the voltage regulation for four wind turbine technologies and compares the reactive power control methods (constant power factor control, active power factor control, and active voltage control). The test system used in this study is a radial distribution circuit with a wind turbine connected at the end of the feeder. The distribution circuit model and the wind turbine model are developed in Open Distribution System Simulator™ (OpenDSS). Simulation results show that the constant power factor control and the active power factor control regulate the power factor of the wind turbine to the desired value. In addition, the active voltage control regulates the voltage at the point of interconnection to the desired value.