cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol consumption and gender in rural Samoa.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS There are significant gender differences in alcohol consumption throughout the world. Here we report the results of an alcohol consumption survey on the rural island of Savaii, in the Pacific nation of Samoa. DESIGN AND METHODS Eleven villages were selected for sampling using a randomized stratified cluster sampling methodology. A total of 1049 inhabitants over the age of 40 years (485 males and 564 females) were surveyed about alcohol consumption over the past year, and a 72.2% participation rate was achieved. RESULTS A SIGNIFICANT GENDER DIFFERENCE IN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WAS FOUND: 97.3% of women and 59.4% of men reported no alcohol consumption over the past year. This is one of the most significant gender differences in alcohol consumption in the world. No significant difference between genders was seen in those who consume only 1-5 alcoholic drinks per week (P = 0.8454). However, significantly more males than females consumed 6-25 drinks per week (P < 0.0001), 26-75 drinks per week (P < 0.0001), and 75+ drinks per week (P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This extreme gender difference in alcohol consumption is attributed to several factors, both general (alcoholic metabolism rates, risk-taking behaviors, general cultural taboos, etc) and specific to Samoa (church influence, financial disempowerment, and Samoan gender roles).
Defect control during solid phase epitaxial growth of SiGe alloy layers

A systematic study of the processing procedures required for minimizing structural defects generated during the solid phase epitaxial (SPE) growth of SiGe alloy layers is described. It includes high dose Ge implantation into Si at liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT), sequential carbon implantation, and an 800 °C anneal. The LNT implantation step considerably reduces the density of end‐of‐range (EOR) defects relative to that found in SPE grown SiGe layers implanted at room temperature, while the sequential implantation of carbon ions before annealing effectively suppresses the formation of stacking faults that are found to form at a threshold peak concentration of about 6 at. % Ge in the absence of carbon.
Comparison of hip fracture risk prediction by femoral aBMD to experimentally measured factor of risk.

Abstract Areal BMD (aBMD) derived from DXA is currently the gold standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis. A biomechanical approach to fracture risk assessment comparing the ratio of applied load to bone strength, termed the factor of risk (Φ), may be useful to better identify patients at risk for fracture. We obtained 73 human cadaveric femurs (48 women and 25 men, aged 74.2 ± 8.7 years, range 55–98 years), measured femoral neck (FN) aBMD by DXA, and mechanically tested the femurs to failure in a sideways fall configuration. The force applied to the hip during a sideways fall was estimated from height and weight, and accounted for trochanteric soft tissue thickness. Compared to men, women had significantly lower FN aBMD and femoral strength, and tended to have higher factor of risk for hip fracture Φ. Fifty-three of 54 (98%) specimens that had a FN aBMD T-score below −2.5 also had a Φ > 1. However, 10/19 (53%) specimens with FN aBMD T-score above −2.5 also had Φ > 1. These data indicate that whereas an aBMD-based diagnosis of osteoporosis is highly associated with fracture risk as assessed by the factor of risk, about 50% of individuals not designated as osteoporotic by aBMD testing would be at high risk for hip fracture should they experience a sideways fall. These findings strongly support the investigation of new biomechanically-based methods of fracture risk prediction.
Electrolysis Process for Preparation of Solar Grade Silicon

Studied on electrorefining metallurgical grade silicon to prepare solar grade silicon(SOG-Si) with electrochemical method in molten KCl and NaF mixture salt. Molten KCl and NaF mixture salt as electrolyte, the metallurgical grade silicon as anode and little metal nickel crucible for collecting silicon powder as cathode, electrorefining experiments were performed at 800 and 2.0V for 14h under dry argon atmosphere. The results showed that the metallurgical grade silicon could be dissolved and deposited on the cathode through molten potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium fluoride (NaF) mixture salt electrolyte. The nickel crucible was full of deposit, which was pure silicon by XRD and EDS. Purity of refined silicon was close to 99.99%, most of impurities like B and P were reduced significantly. Impurity level of silicon was reduced to the desired range for SOG-Si by advancement of the materials for the cell components.
Ming-cheng M. Lo. Doctors Within Borders: Profession, Ethnicity, and Modernity in Colonial Taiwan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002.

In Doctors Within Borders, Ming-cheng Lo discusses the experience of Taiwanese doctors under Japanese colonial rule. By examining the viewpoints of colonial subjects, this work expands our understanding of colonialism in East Asia. The position of Taiwanese doctors continuously fluctuated between the colonial state, Taiwan society, and the culture of their medical profession. These doctors were ‘in-betweens’ in various ways. They received colonial education, and benefited from the Japanese rule, but at the same time they were a part of the Taiwan ethnic community. Though they enjoyed liberalism and autonomy within their professional culture, they remained subordinate to their Japanese mentors and colleagues. While they were the most modernized or ‘Japanized’ elements in Taiwan, they nonetheless engaged in social movements and contributed to the formation of Taiwan's civil society.
Two-level grammars for data conversions

Abstract Heterogeneous computer systems that are interconnected in today's computer networks lack efficient, general-purpose translation facilities for remote data. The provision of such facilities is potentially quite costly since the format of remote data is a function of the attributes of the remote architectures, operating systems, and software applications that maintain the data. This paper introduces a novel translation technique that parameterizes the translation process according to these attributes. Its formal specification is based on environment grammars, parameterized two-level grammars that lend themselves to the specification of classes of data languages with similar structures. We present a formal definition of environment grammars, discuss properties that permit their efficient parsing, and describe a data parsing method based on these properties. Examples illustrate the use of environment grammars for two different types of data languages. The viability of this parameterized technique has been demonstrated by an operational translation subsystem for data of heterogeneous relational database management systems.
Pott's Puffy Tumor and Epidural Abscess Arising From Dental Sepsis: A Case Report

Objective To present an unusual case of two uncommon cranial complications of frontal sinusitis: Pott's puffy tumor and epidural abscess arising from frontal sinusitis of dental origin, and also two systemic complications of sinusitis: septicemia and empyema, all occurring in an immunocompetent patient. Study Design A 21-year-old man presented with a scalp swelling and epidural abscess. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic scans revealed unilateral opacification of the frontal sinus and an epidural abscess with a direct connection to the scalp abscess. Further history revealed that his symptoms occurred coincidentally with a tooth extraction 2 months before, and he was hospitalized soon after the tooth extraction for sepsis and a lung abscess. Methods A combined neurosurgical and otolaryngologic approach was required to treat the sinusitis and the associated epidural and scalp abscess. Results Cultures returned as Streptococcus intermedius from all three sites. The patient was free of disease at the 3-month follow-up. Conclusions Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis is well documented; however, there is little reported of frontal sinusitis arising from dental disease. The prevalence of sinusitis of dental origin will be reviewed, including the microbiology of this particularly virulent organism that persisted despite earlier treatment with ampicillin. Also, the current thoughts on management of these cases will be discussed with particular reference to local therapy for sinusitis in addition to systemic treatment with antibiotics.
Vortex excitations and specific heat of the planar model in two dimensions

The density of vortex excitations and their contribution to the specific heat are discussed for the Villain planar model. Exact results are derived for the low- and high-temperature limits, and a renormalization-group interpolation scheme is developed for intermediate temperatures.
Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli. IV. The F sequences in F14.

Abstract The structure of F14, in particular the arrangement of the F sequences on this plasmid, has been studied by the electron microscope heteroduplex method. F14 has a molecular size of 311 ± 10 kilobase pairs ( M = (206 ± 8) × 10 6 daltons). It contains all of F (94.5 kilobases). A sequence of length 5.7 kilobases, which occurs once in F (with co-ordinates 2.8 to 8.5F), is directly repeated in F14. It occurs at the two junctions of F DNA with chromosomal DNA. Thus, F14 contains about 211 ± 10 kilobases of chromosomal DNA. A previously unidentified direct repeat has also been discovered on F itself; the sequence with co-ordinates 93.2 to 94.5F is directly repeated at 13.7 to 15.0F. Physical observations indicate that the population of closed circular plasmid molecules extracted from F14-containing strains is heterogeneous. In addition to F14 itself, molecules the size of F and 2.3 times the size of F were found. The latter molecules contain all the chromosomal sequences of F14 and one copy of the 2.8 to 8.5F segment. Such heterogeneity was observed in both recA − and recA + backgrounds. It is proposed that this heterogeneity is due to intramolecular recombination events occurring within F14 between the duplicated 2.8 to 8.5F sequences. Such recombination can account for the previously observed genetic instability of F14. Another F prime plasmid, F186, independently isolated from the Hfr parent of AB313, was found to be identical to F14.
The de Haas-van Alphen effect in PdTe 2

The de Haas-van Alphen effect has been measured in the layer compound PdTe 2 . Frequency branches from 0.1 kT to 4.5 kT were observed in the three principal planes. Effective masses were also measured. The number of branches suggests a complicated Fermi surface which is not well explained by existing band structures.
Epoch length and accelerometer outputs in children: comparison to direct observation.

Purpose: To determine the effects of epoch length and activity count cutpoints on ActiGraph (AG; ActiGraph Health Services, Pensacola, FL) accelerometer estimates of time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in fifth-grade children monitored during physical education (PE) compared with a direct observation (DO) criterion standard. Methods: A sample of 32 fifth-grade males and females (mean age = 10.3 +/- 0.5 yr) wore an AG attached at the waist for a 30-min PE class. Participants were concurrently videotaped, and the Computerized System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (C-SOFIT) was used to create a DO measure of MVPA time (DO_MVPA). AG data were collected in 5-s epochs then integrated into 10-, 15-, 20-, 30-, and 60-s epochs. AG activity counts were converted into time (in s) in MVPA using validated (and epoch-adjusted) children's activity count cutpoints established by Treuth et al. (AG_T), Mattocks et al. (AG_M), and Freedson et al. (AG_F). Results: All AG_T and AG_M epoch detected significantly lower time in MVPA than DO_MVPA. The percentage of DO_MVPA detected by AG_T and AG_M epochs ranged from 46% to 61% and from 26% to 47%, respectively. All AG_F epochs yielded similar (i.e., nonsignificant) mean estimates of MVPA versus DO_MVPA, with modest increases in root mean squared error (RMSE) with increasing epoch length. The percentage of DO_MVPA detected by AG_F epochs ranged from 93% to 100%. Conclusions: All AG_F epoch lengths provide comparable mean estimates to DO-detected MVPA time in fifth-grade children during PE. To minimize error among individual estimates, shorter epoch lengths should be used, with 5-s epochs yielding the lowest RMSE in the current study. Considerations of both epoch length and activity count cutpoint are important to improved detection of intermittent bouts of MVPA among fifth-grade children
Adding the “in” to justice: A qualitative and quantitative investigation of the differential effects of justice rule adherence and violation.

Although justice scholars often assume that individuals react to injustice in a manner that is distinct from their reactions to justice, few studies have examined this assumption. Indeed, the most widely utilized measures in the literature assess only the adherence to rules of justice--not their violation. We conducted 2 studies to build and test theory about differential reactions to justice and injustice. An inductive study revealed that reactions to the adherence to justice rules reflected different constructs than reactions to the violations of justice rules. In a follow-up field study, we derived hypotheses for those patterns by drawing on the negativity bias and regulatory focus literatures. Specifically, justice rule violation was predicted to be more relevant to prevention-laden outcomes that represent a high level of vigilance and concerns about safety. Justice rule adherence was predicted to be more relevant to promotion-laden outcomes that represent concerns about becoming the ideal self. The field study supported many of those predictions while showing that a full-range justice measure (i.e., one that sampled both justice rule adherence and justice rule violation) explained more variance in outcomes than existing "truncated" justice measures.
Influence of exercise intensity on respiratory muscle fatigue and brachial artery blood flow during cycling exercise

During high intensity exercise, both respiratory muscle fatigue and cardiovascular reflexes occur; however, it is not known how inactive limb blood flow is influenced. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of moderate and high exercise intensity on respiratory muscle fatigue and inactive limb muscle and cutaneous blood flow during exercise. Twelve men cycled at 70 and 85 % $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2_{ {\rm max} } }}$$ for 20 min. Subjects also performed a second 85 % $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2_{ {\rm max} } }}$$ test after ingesting 1,800 mg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which has been shown to reduce respiratory muscle fatigue (RMF). Maximum inspiratory pressures (P Imax), brachial artery blood flow (BABF), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), and mean arterial pressure were measured at rest and during exercise. Significant RMF occurred with 85 % $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2_{ {\rm max} } }}$$ (P Imax, −12.8 ± 9.8 %), but not with 70 % $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2_{ {\rm max} } }}$$ (P Imax, −5.0 ± 5.9 %). BABF and BA vascular conductance were significantly lower at end exercise of the 85 % $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2_{ {\rm max} } }}$$ test compared to the 70 % $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2_{ {\rm max} } }}$$ test. CVC during exercise was not different (p > 0.05) between trials. With NAC, RMF was reduced (p < 0.05) and BABF was significantly higher (~30 %) compared to 85 % $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2_{ {\rm max} } }}$$ (p < 0.05). These data suggest that heavy whole-body exercise at 85 % $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2_{ {\rm max} } }}$$ leads to RMF, decreases in inactive arm blood flow, and vascular conductance, but not cutaneous blood flow.
Safety and tolerability of duloxetine treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain between patients with and without cardiovascular conditions.

Abstract Background Diabetic patients are predisposed to cardiovascular (CV) disease and other chronic medical conditions. We compared the safety of duloxetine in patients with (CV-positive) and without (CV-negative) historical/comorbid cardiovascular conditions at study entry. Methods Data were pooled from three double-blind studies in which patients (age ≥18 years) with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) were randomized to 12 weeks of duloxetine (DLX) 60 mg qd ( n =344), 60 mg bid ( n =341), or placebo (PBO, n =339). Safety assessments included discontinuation rates, spontaneously reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), changes in vital signs, and changes in lab analytes. Results Mean age of CV-positive patients ( n =762) vs. CV-negative patients ( n =262) was 61.1 vs. 56.1 years. The most common historical or comorbid CV conditions were hypertension, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. Discontinuation due to adverse events was higher for DLX than for PBO in both CV-positive and CV-negative patients (13.5% DLX, 6.0% PBO, and 14.3% DLX, 3.4% PBO, respectively). Rates of CV-related TEAEs in CV-positive (8.4% DLX; 9.9% PBO) and CV-negative (8.6% DLX; 5.7% PBO) patients were similar ( P >.1). Mean changes in blood pressure for each DLX dose vs. PBO between CV-positive and CV-negative patients were not statistically significant ( P >.1), nor were sustained hypertension rates between CV-positive (2.4% DLX; 2.8% PBO) and CV-negative (2.9% DLX; 4.7% PBO) patients. Conclusions In this analysis, the safety of duloxetine in patients with DPNP was not found to be significantly different between patients with and without historical or comorbid CV conditions.
The Reality of the Eastern Business Mind

During World War II American troops sent to Europe were provided with small handbooks which contained a smattering of words and phrases and comments on customs designed to permit those troops to exist with the Dutch, the French, and even the Germans. When dealing with people in the Pacific-Rim area modern American businessmen still use the “handbook approach,” and they are frustrated when they can't understand the attitudes, subtleties, and procedures of Pacific-Rim business practice. They know the details of the “handbook,” but they fail to understand the roots of cultural differences. They fail to understand that they are dealing with thousands of years of philosophy, ethics, and culture, and for this necessary understanding they have to realize both how and why their counterparts think as they do. The modern business person should go back to Taoism and Confucius for an explanation of contemporary business practices.
New Tool, New Function? Toddlers' Use of Mutual Exclusivity When Mapping Information to Objects

Prior research has suggested that 24-month-old toddlers will rapidly map the function of a novel object but that, unlike preschoolers and adults, they will use the tool for other purposes as well. Here, this nonexclusive pattern of object use was explored. Because it has been unclear whether a mature “one tool, one function” bias in assigning object functions is rooted in deployment of general learning principles or artifact-specific thinking, Study 1 explored 24-month-olds' exploitation of social-pragmatic cues when mapping labels, facts, and functions to novel objects. Results demonstrated that toddlers readily used a principle of mutual exclusivity to constrain assignments of labels and facts but not functions. This performance was corroborated in Study 2. It appears that 24-month-olds have a developing understanding that artifacts have specialized functions but that mutual exclusivity does not guide this development.
SLC33A1/AT-1 Protein Regulates the Induction of Autophagy Downstream of IRE1/XBP1 Pathway

One of the main functions of the unfolded protein response is to ensure disposal of large protein aggregates that accumulate in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) whereas avoiding, at least under nonlethal levels of ER stress, cell death. When tightly controlled, autophagy-dependent ER-associated degradation (ERAD(II)) allows the cell to recover from the transient accumulation of protein aggregates; however, when unchecked, it can be detrimental and cause autophagic cell death/type 2 cell death. Here we show that IRE1/XBP1 controls the induction of autophagy/ERAD(II) during the unfolded protein response by activating the ER membrane transporter SLC33A1/AT-1, which ensures continuous supply of acetyl-CoA into the lumen of the ER. Failure to induce AT-1 leads to widespread autophagic cell death. Mechanistically, the regulation of the autophagic process involves Nϵ-lysine acetylation of Atg9A.
Bronchorelaxing activity of lithium in vitro

The potential value of lithium as a bronchodilator has been evaluated by in vitro methods using guinea pig tracheal spirals and lung parenchymal strips. The use of twin spirals and strips prepared by splitting the tissues longitudinally into two equal halves has been used to minimize animal variations. The cumulative concentration–effect relationships of isoproterenol have been determined on these twin tissues contracted submaximally with histamine. The responses of the twin tissues did not significantly differ. The cumulative concentration–effect relationships of lithium on guinea pig tracheal spirals and lung parenchymal strips have been evaluated and compared with those of isoproterenol. Lithium showed a dose-dependent relaxation on both tissues. However, the potency of lithium to produce a relaxant effect was significantly lower than isoproterenol. The relaxing effect of lithium on parenchyma was significantly higher than that on the trachea. The lithium-induced inhibitory effect on the contractile responses of tracheal spirals and lung parenchymal strips to histamine before and after incubating the tissues with lithium for 15 min has been determined. Lithium significantly reduced the contractile effect of histamine on both tissues. These findings suggest a potential clinical applicability of lithium for treating airway hyperresponsiveness.
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of the 308 nm excimer laser for the treatment of localized psoriasis in adults and in children: a pilot study.

: The 308-nm excimer laser has been shown to be safe and efficacious in the treatment of localized mild-to-moderate plaque-type psoriasis in adults. However, the laser's safety and efficacy has not yet been demonstrated in children. Four of seven children with a mean age of 11.0 years and 12 of 18 adults with a mean age of 48.8 years completed the full protocol. The most common reason for incompletion was noncompliance unrelated to side effects. Both the children (p = 0.0200) and the adult groups (p = 0.0009) yielded a significant decrease in psoriatic severity scores of their respective target lesions. The children group had a greater reduction (p = 0.008) from a mean baseline target (PSS) of 5.75 ± 1.71 to final of 0.50 ± 0.58 (91.3% reduction) as compared to the adult treatment group from a mean baseline psoriatic severity score of 5.00 ± 1.15 to final of 1.92 ± 1.11 (61.6% reduction). However, there was no statistical difference between the mean total treatments required to achieve this result (p = 0.112). Side effects were common, albeit minor and well tolerated. In conclusion, the 308 nm excimer laser appears to be a safe and effective treatment for localized psoriasis in children as well as in adults.
Probing of atomic and molecular dynamics with attosecond pulses

Extreme ultraviolet pulses produced by high order harmonic generation are used to probe ultrafast atomic and molecular dynamics. States of high field ionization, coherent superpositions, and alignment are obtained by core level transient absorption spectroscopy.
Learning from experience and trading volume

Abstract We build a model where trading allows inexperienced agents to discern useful information sources. Upon losing money by trading on invalid information sources, investors learn from their experience and switch to alternative sources. Such activity leads to initial expected losses but later profitable trades. Trading activity is found to be increasing in the mass of such agents. Volume is greatest in firms with uncertain cash flows. Further, a greater number of information sources implies greater volume. This is consistent with the explosive growth in volume accompanying the growth of the internet, which presumably increases the number of heterogeneous information sources.
Influenza vaccination coverage among school employees: assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

Each year in the United States, more than 200,000 people are hospitalized for influenza-related illnesses.1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that from 1976 to 2007, influenza-associated deaths ranged from a low of about 3000 to a high of about 49,000 people per year in the United States.2 Influenza has been estimated to cause more than 70 million lost working days and $6.2 billion in lost productivity in the United States every year.3,4 Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent influenza and to prevent serious illness and death from influenza infection.5,6 Since 2010, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended annual influenza vaccination for all persons aged ≥6 months in the United States.7,8 Over 7.3 million people in the United States are employed in and over 62 million students are enrolled in approximately 130,000 public and private schools.9 Schools have the potential to become centers of influenza outbreaks because of their large population, high levels of close social contact, and interaction with the community.10 School settings place teachers, administrators, other school employees, and students at risk for influenza infection and subsequent transmission to others outside the school environment. Vaccinating these groups could help protect one fifth of the country’s population from influenza.11 In January 2013, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) at the CDC received a health hazard evaluation request from a suburban school district in Ohio. The district requested assistance in determining 2012–2013 influenza vaccination coverage among employees in the school district, assessing employees’ knowledge and attitudes toward vaccination, and determining factors associated with acceptance and refusal of the vaccine.
Polynomiography: From the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra to Art

The author introduces polynomiography, a bridge between the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra and art. Polynomiography provides a tool for artists to create a 2D image—a polynomiograph-based on the computer visualization of a polynomial equation. The image is dependent upon the solutions of a polynomial equation, various interactive coloring schemes driven by iteration functions and several other parameters under the control of the polynomiographer's choice and creativity. Polynomiography software can mask all of the underlying mathematics, offering a tool that, although easy to use, affords the polynomiographer infinite artistic capabilities.
ON MAKING NIETZSCHE CONSISTENT

Analyse de « Nietzsche on Truth and Philosophy » (1990) ou M. Clark essaie de rendre coherents les ecrits de N. sur la verite. Selon l'A., cette tentative ne reussit qu'en partie
Urban sensualidad: Jennifer Lopez, Flashdance and the MTV hip-hop re-generation

“Urban Sensualidad” explores how Jennifer Lopez has used the lens of MTV (Music Television) to cultivate a brand of urban sensualidad, a media process that makes hip-hop and urban styles accessible for people from all ranges of the racialized spectrum. Focusing on the film Flashdance (1983) and Lopez's 2003 video homage to the film (“I’m glad”), this article explores MTV's increased emphasis on racialized representation and the complex role that Lopez has played in the mainstreaming and commodification of blackness in the late 1990s and early 2000s. “Urban Sensualidad” questions the paradoxical ways that Lopez has used music videos to maximize her commercial potential with a so-called urban styling of her body–and why it might be so fun to watch her do it.
Distinctive appearance of the distal phalanges in children with primary hypothyroidism.

An osseous projection from the midportion of the metaphysis of the distal phalanges of the digits was seen in 79% of untreated children with primary hypothyroidism. There is a significant difference (p < .0005) in the incidence of this projection between children with primary hypothyroidism and those with idiopathic hypopituitarism or psychosocial dwarfism. The presence of this projection together with delayed skeletal growth should suggest primary hypothyroidism.
Positional and Orientational Correlations in the Graphite Intercalate C 24 Cs

An x-ray study of the Cs layers in ${\mathrm{C}}_{24}$Cs is presented. The Cs layer has a uniform 2-d liquidlike structure at 300 K not in registry with the graphite layers. A crossover to 3-d interlayer correlation is observed at 165 K. Single-crystal measurements show that the Cs layers rotate relative to the graphite $〈100〉$ directions. An orientational ordering between two positionally disordered phases occurs at 228 K and a new transition to a mixed registered phase at 50 K is reported.
Quenching of spontaneous-emission coefficients in plasmas.

We have observed changing Einstein coefficients of spontaneous emission as a function of electron density in CO/sub 2/ laser-produced plasmas. These measurements are based on the intensity branching ratio of CIV lines 5801 to 5812 A and 312.41 to 312.46 A which share a common upper level. Similar observations for CIII lines are also discussed. 12 refs., 3 figs.
Development and validation of satellite retrieval algorithms and derived products: an emerging role for airborne active-passive (laser-solar) ocean color remote sensing

During the CZCS era chlorophyll retrieval algorithms were developed with a very limited number of oceanic spectral radiance and pigment pairs obtained at individual ship stations. Recent results suggest that copious airborne active-passive data can now be used to validate oceanic water-leaving radiances, incident downwelling irradiance, phytoplankton chlorophyll, and the chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption coefficient. Furthermore, these data can be used to develop and validate 1) oceanic radiance models, 2) inherent optical property (IOP) models, and 3) inversion methods for retrieval of IOP's.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
GROWTH PATERNS AND ENDOCRINE STATUS IN CHILDREN WITH OPTIC NERVE HYPOPLASIA

Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is known to be associated with hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction including growth hormone deficiency (hGH-D), panhypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus (DI). Previous series have focused on specific subgroups and probably did not include the full range of patients with ONH. We have examined growth and endocrine data on 66 subjects (38M, 23F) with ONH aged 1 to 33 yrs (mean 9.5 ± 7.3 yrs). Several distinct patterns of growth and erdocrine faction were found: 1) Normal height arbitrarily defined as rank ≥ 5% ile was present in 68%. All 7 adults were in this group demonstrating that at least some with ONH achieve normal adult height. 2) Growth failure occurred in 21 subjects (32%). Its onset was 2 years in 10/21, between 2 and 3 years in 4/21, and unknown in 7/21. This age of onset is younger than reported by G. Costin, et al. Growth hormone therapy was able to normalize the growth in 2 subjects. Among this subgroup 6/21 were hypothyroid, 8/21 had definite cortisol deficiency and 3/21 had spontaneous hypoglyoemia. hGH-D was documented in 21% of all ONH subjects, significant DI was present in 11% of subjects. Two additional abnormal growth patterns ware noted. 3) Early or precocious puberty occured in 4/21 growth deficient children, Directing the observation of C.A. Huseman, et al. 4) Progressive obesity and normal growth with hGH-D similar to craniopharyngioma occurred in 2 subjects. Conclusions: 1) Children with ONH should be followed carefully for emergence of growth and endocrine abnormalities from infancy. 2) A brief period of normal growth associated with puberty or obesity should not mislead the pysician into assuming later growth will be normal.
Bone cell biology: New approaches and unanswered questions

In an effort to define the major unanswered questions in bone cell biology and suggest new approaches to answering these questions, I have outlined the bone remodeling cycle and briefly described the major local and systemic factors that regulate bone cell function. These factors include calcium-regulating and systemic hormones as well as locally produced prostaglandins, cytokines, and growth factors. To understand the individual roles of this large number of regulators, it will be necessary to develop new approaches to measure their production and activity in bone under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Quantitative methods in molecular and cellular biology have been developed that should make this identification possible.
Practice Precedes Theory: Doing Bioethics “Naturally” Is There an Ethicist in the House?: On the Cutting Edge of Bioethics

Jonathan Moreno argues that a pragmatic approach is the best approach for bioethicists and health care practitioners to use when confronted with difficult ethical problems. There is no one formula to which to appeal in determining which course of action is right or wrong when making decisions about hastening or prolonging life, for example. Instead the best decision that can be expected under the circumstances emerges as the result of a slow process of consensus building, negotiation, and compromise. Decision makers’ interpretive and reflective skills need to be strengthened to achieve this type of ethical decision.
Toward a Position Statement on the Congregate Care of Children

Political considerations that both led to a focus on personal responsibility and culminated in current welfare-to-work programs involved early discussions and punitive proposals for the care of welfare dependent children. Social work advocacy groups lobbied extensively and developed reactive positions in response to these proposals. Aprofessional position statement on the care of dependent children had not been developed, and a number of social workers began to discuss ideological views such as the care of dependent children in orphanages. The following perspective is exemplar of some of those communications.
CONTINUOUS FORMATION OF PLASMA CELLS IN LONG-TERM CULTURES OF SPLEEN.

Abstract Splenic tissue of different species were grown in vitro to provide long-term cultures for immunologic and morphologic studies. A regular growth, with the continuous differentiation of mature types of cells, was obtained. Reticular cells, transitional cells, and mature plasma cells of the Marschalko type were identified by observing these cultures by phase-contrast microscopy and as fixed preparations stained with Giemsa or methyl-green-pyronin. A similar differentiation, with peculiar species characteristics, was obtained in splenic cultures of chicken, mouse, rat, rabbit, and man. They were easily subcultured and grown for various periods of time, up to 14 months at the time of report. Embryo-spleen cultures also form mature plasma cells although, according to general knowledge, plasma cells are not found in animals before birth. Long-term splenic cultures with continuous differentiation of plasma cells provide an opportunity to study the long-debated origin of these cells, as well as a system suitable for immunologic investigation in vitro.
Evaluation of the BinaxNOW® Staphylococcus aureus Test for Rapid Identification of Gram-positive Cocci from VersaTREK® Blood Culture Bottles

The ability of the rapid BinaxNOW Staphylococcus aureus (BNSA) immunochromatographic test (Alere Scarborough, Inc., ME) to accurately differentiate S. aureus from coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and other Gram-positive cocci (GPC) directly from VersaTREK blood culture bottles was evaluated. A total of 319 positive patient blood culture bottles with GPC seen in clusters with Gram staining were tested using the BNSA test and a direct tube coagulase test (DTCT). The BNSA test was accurate for the detection and differentiation of S. aureus from CoNS and other GPC within 30 min from the time of blood culture positivity and demonstrated a test sensitivity and specificity of 95.8% and 99.6%, respectively. BNSA test results were faxed to the antimicrobial stewardship pharmacist by noon each day in order to evaluate empirical antimicrobial therapy and facilitate more rapid changes or modifications if necessary. Same-day reporting of BNSA test results in conjunction with an antimicrobial stewardship program was more impactful in improving treatment for inpatients with documented S. aureus bacteremia than in reducing empirical vancomycin use in inpatients with CoNS during the first 24 h following reporting.
Design with spatial relationships

Abstract Product design begins with developing the general specifications that describe the geometric configuration, overall functional performance, and other nongeometric-related attributes of a product. Designing each component in accordance with these general specifications for a product requires knowledge of how the component will be designed, manufactured, inspected, serviced, etc. These specifications impose certain constraints on the form and function of a product and its individual components. Form can be geometrically represented, while function is inherently nongeometric. However, it is evident that function is affected by the geometric characteristics of a component and vice versa. In this paper, we propose a way to represent general product specifications and automatically distribute them among individual components by specifying spatial relationships that describe the final, desired relationship among components.
The Effects of Augmented Feedback on Students' Perceptions and Performance

The effects of augmented feedback on perceptions of ability (SPA), practice behaviors, and performance during motor skill instruction of a novel task were investigated. Fourth-grade students (N = 103) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (a) no feedback; (b) motivational feedback; (c) task feedback; or (d) motivation and task feedback. They then practiced simple and complex cupstacking skills. On a relatively simple task, the type of feedback did not have a significant effect on children's SPA, practice behaviors, or performance; but on a more complex task, differential effects of feedback were evident. Results indicate that informational feedback is an important factor in facilitating student engagement, fostering positive perceptions of ability, and ultimately improving performance on a challenging task.
El Tequio: Social capital, civic advocacy journalism and the construction of a transnational public sphere by Mexican indigenous migrants in the US

This paper discusses the importance of transnational communication and civic practices of indigenous Mexican immigrants in the US. Using a content analysis of El Tequio, a magazine produced by a pa...
Gas/particle partitioning of n-alkanes, PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in urban Denver

Abstract In this study, a medium volume sampler equipped with quartz fiber filters (QFFs) and a polyurethane foam (PUF)/XAD-4/PUF sandwich (PXP) was used to collect semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in both gaseous and particle (PM 2.5 ) phases. A backup QFF (bQFF) was used to evaluate possible sampling artifact of particulate organics due to vapor-phase adsorption. A series of n -alkanes (molecular weight: 170–562) and PAHs (128–300), and two oxy-PAHs (acenaphthenone, 168; fluorenone, 180) were measured. Breakthrough experiments demonstrated that the PXP could collect all gas-phase target compounds with high efficiency, even the low molecular weight (MW) species (e.g., naphthalene). Comparing species concentrations across different sampling matrices encountered at the Denver, Colorado field site, the light n -alkanes (MW n -alkanes (MW > 324) and PAHs (MW > 202) were primarily in the particle phase (Average temperature, 12.5 ± 10.1 °C). Log values of measured gas/particle ( G / P ) partitioning coefficients ( K m p,OM ) of selected SVOCs (docosane, tricosane, fluoranthene, pyrene, acenaphthenone and fluorenone) were linearly regressed to those of theoretically-based partitioning coefficients ( K t p,OM ) for comparison. Prior to K m p,OM calculation, the gas- and particle-phase concentrations of SVOCs were corrected following two different approaches based on bQFF measurements. The first approach assumed that the bQFF associated SVOCs were from the adsorption of gaseous SVOCs (positive artifact); the second approach assumed equal contributions from positive and negative (organics evaporated from top QFF and adsorbed by bQFF) artifacts. Under both corrections, significant correlations ( p K m p,OM and log K t p,OM for the six selected SVOCs, suggesting that the predicted G / P partitioning can reasonably capture the measured G / P partitioning behavior. The large deviations (1-2 orders of magnitudes) between K m p,OM and K t p,OM for acenaphthenone and fluorenone might be caused by the assumption of ideality (activity coefficient = 1) and the over prediction of vapor pressures (for K t p,OM calculation). Negative correlations were observed between regression residuals of log K m p,OM vs. log K t p,OM and relative humidity, which might be attributed to the use of a constant activity coefficient and the possibility of phase separation.
Multi-space probabilistic sequence modeling

Learning algorithms that embed objects into Euclidean space have become the methods of choice for a wide range of problems, ranging from recommendation and image search to playlist prediction and language modeling. Probabilistic embedding methods provide elegant approaches to these problems, but can be expensive to train and store as a large monolithic model. In this paper, we propose a method that trains not one monolithic model, but multiple local embeddings for a class of pairwise conditional models especially suited for sequence and co-occurrence modeling. We show that computation and memory for training these multi-space models can be efficiently parallelized over many nodes of a cluster. Focusing on sequence modeling for music playlists, we show that the method substantially speeds up training while maintaining high model quality.
T cell priming goes through a new phase.

The priming of naive T cells requires antigen presentation by activated dendritic cells, yet the optimal generation of effector and memory CD8+ T cells requires subsequent T cell–T cell interactions during the critical differentiation period.
Reflection of Protons from Calcite

I HAVE recently found that hydrogen canal rays give a complex reflection pattern when they are allowed to fall on a cleavage face of a calcite crystal at almost grazing incidence. Fig. 1 shows one of these patterns. The crystal was placed horizontally and was held by a wire spring bearing on the top. A narrow bundle of the rays struck the crystal underneath the wire, which was not in absolute contact with the crystal at the centre point. Some of the canal rays passed over the surface of the crystal without hitting it and fell on the photographic plate 15.5 cm. distant, giving rise to the central spot seen in the lower part of Fig. 1. This spot appears white because of solarisation of the plate due to the concentrated neutral bundle.
Surface modification of paper and cellulose by plasma-assisted deposition of fluorocarbon films

Abstract Plasma polymerized fluorocarbon films have been deposited on paper and regenerated cellulose surfaces to enhance their barrier properties and to achieve hydrophobic surfaces. The primary monomers used for plasma polymerization were pentafluoroethane (CF3CHF2) and octafluorocyclobutane (C4F8). The equilibrium moisture uptake of films deposited from either precursor was less than 0.14 wt.%. Although water vapor uptake of the fluorocarbon films is low, moisture diffusivity through the films is high; that is, moisture penetrates the films but is not chemically bonded. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) studies demonstrate that the absorption of water vapor is a bulk phenomenon in which the moisture penetrates into the film. Transient moisture absorption studies were conducted using the QCM to evaluate the rate of moisture uptake and diffusivity. Although the films allow water vapor diffusion, the films are hydrophobic and are not “wetted” when liquid water contacts these layers. Contact angle studies reveal that a minimum fluorocarbon film thickness of about 70 nm on paper is required to completely cover surface and near-surface fibers, thereby providing the paper with long term hydrophobic character. The films also impart the paper with an improved barrier to lipophilic material.
Electrostatic calculations of amino acid titration and electron transfer, Q-AQB-->QAQ-B, in the reaction center

The titration of amino acids and the energetics of electron transfer from the primary electron acceptor (QA) to the secondary electron acceptor (QB) in the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides are calculated using a continuum electrostatic model. Strong electrostatic interactions between titrating sites give rise to complex titration curves. Glu L212 is calculated to have an anomalously broad titration curve, which explains the seemingly contradictory experimental results concerning its pKa. The electrostatic field following electron transfer shifts the average protonation of amino acids near the quinones. The pH dependence of the free energy between Q-AQB and QAQ-B calculated from these shifts is in good agreement with experiment. However, the calculated absolute free energy difference is in severe disagreement (by approximately 230 meV) with the observed experimental value, i.e., electron transfer from Q-A to QB is calculated to be unfavorable. The large stabilization energy of the Q-A state arises from the predominantly positively charged residues in the vicinity of QA in contrast to the predominantly negatively charged residues near QB. The discrepancy between calculated and experimental values for delta G(Q-AQB-->QAQ-B) points to limitations of the continuum electrostatic model. Inclusion of other contributions to the energetics (e.g., protein motion following quinone reduction) that may improve the agreement between theory and experiment are discussed.
Nesting of two-dimensional irregular parts using a shape reasoning heuristic

Abstract A technique is outlined for the allocation or ‘nesting’ of irregular parts into arbitrarily shaped resources. Placements are generated by matching complementary shapes between the unplaced parts and the remaining areas of the stock material. The part and resource profiles are characterized by varying levels of detail using geometric ‘features’ at each stage of processing to intelligently select and place parts of the resource. Practical implementation issues are described and the performance of the algorithm contrasted to previously published works. Data from a marine fabrication facility is used for testing.
What ever happened to poverty alleviation

Abstract The failure of many programs directed toward alleviating poverty is better understood than the successes. This paper identifies the traits that characterize several better-performing programs funded by the Ford Foundation — traits that are not commonly found in such programs. All focused narrowly on a particular trade or activity in the beginning; used credit as an entry point; started by brokering loans rather than lending directly; and had leadership linked to powerful institutions. Participants were already engaged in the economic activities supported by the programs; marketing channels existed; and powerful consumer groups were often in favor of production by beneficiary groups. Though these findings seem obvious, few programs funded by donors display these characteristics, suggesting that donors choose programs and organizations more carefully and not limit their funding to the nongovernmental sector.