cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attempt to Measure Smith-Purcell Radiation

Abstract We are investigating the performance of a compact infrared Smith-Purcell radiator [1] in which an aluminum grating with a period of 173 μm is placed in the focal region of the electron beam of a Cambridge S-200 scanning electron microscope (SEM), similar to the configuration studied by the Dartmouth group [2] . The measured normalized rms emittance of the electron beams in our device is one or two orders of magnitude larger than the 0.02 mm-mrad reported by the Dartmouth group. A clear signal for Smith-Purcell radiation has not been observed except for a special case where with a beam current of 500 μA at 30 kV we obtained a maximum output of about 35 picowatts. PACS codes: 41.60. Cr; 41.60.−m; 42.79. Dj; 52.75. Ms
The Full Extent of Academic Under-Match

This paper quantifies the extent of student-college “academic under-match,” which occurs when a student's academic credentials permit them access to a college or university that is more selective than the post-secondary alternative they actually choose. Using a nationally representative data-set, we find that 41 percent of students under-match in their post-secondary choice. We also find that academic under-match affects students with a range of academic credentials, but is more common among those students from low socioeconomic status families, who live in rural areas, and whose parents have no college degree. Finally, we show that between the 1992 and 2004 high school senior cohorts, academic under-match has decreased by nearly 20 percent. The decrease is partially due to students being more likely to apply to a matched college.
Immunotherapy for High-Grade Gliomas: A Clinical Update and Practical Considerations for Neurosurgeons

Background The current standard of care for patients with high-grade gliomas includes surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation; but even still most patients experience disease progression and succumb to their illness within a few years of diagnosis. Immunotherapy, which stimulates an anti-tumor immune response, has been revolutionary in the treatment of some hematologic and solid malignancies, generating substantial excitement for its potential for patients with glioblastoma. However, to date, the preclinical success of these approaches against high-grade glioma models has not been replicated in human clinical trials. Moreover, the complex response to these biologically active treatments can complicate management decisions, and the neurosurgical oncology community needs to be actively involved in and up to date on the use of these agents in patients with high-grade glioma. In this review, we discuss the challenges immunotherapy faces for high-grade gliomas, the completed and ongoing clinical trials for the major immunotherapies, and the nuances in management for patients being actively treated with one of these agents. Methods We reviewed the literature to summarize the current immunotherapy strategies for high-grade gliomas. Results Preclinical and clinical trials investigating dendritic cell and peptide vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive T cell therapy are highlighted in this review. Conclusions Although immunotherapy has yet to fully fulfill its promise for patients with glioblastoma and improve patient outcomes, there is still excitement that these approaches will eventually lead to durable anti-tumor responses. As neurosurgeons, an understanding of the complex interactions between the standard of care therapies and the other medications used in the treatment arsenal for patients with high-grade brain tumors is crucial to the management of these patients.
Factors affecting the reproductive health of honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) drones—a review

In the honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies are composed of one queen, thousands of female workers, and a few thousand seasonal males (drones) that are reared only during the reproductive season when colony resources are plentiful. Despite their transient presence in the hive, drones have the important function of mating with virgin queens, transferring their colony’s genes to their mates for the production of fertilized, worker-destined eggs. Therefore, factors affecting drone health and reproductive competency may directly affect queen fitness and longevity, having great implications at the colony level. Several environmental and in-hive conditions can affect the quality and viability of drones in general and their sperm in particular. Here we review the extant studies that describe how environmental factors including nutrition, temperature, season, and age may influence drone reproductive health. We also review studies that describe other factors, such as pesticide exposure during and after development, that may also influence drone reproductive quality. Given that sperm development in drones is completed during pupation prior to adult emergence, particular attention needs to be paid to these factors during drone development, not just during adulthood. The present review showcases a growing body of evidence indicating that drones are very sensitive to environmental fluctuations and that these factors cause drones to underperform, potentially compromising the reproductive health of their queen mates, as well as the overall fitness of their colony.
Transgender and Nonbinary Adolescents: The Role of Voice and Communication Therapy

Purpose Current literature to describe the role of voice and communication therapy in gender-affirming interdisciplinary care for transgender and nonbinary adolescents is very limited. As a result,...
Parallel subjective well-being and choice experiment evaluation of ecosystem services: marine and forest reserves in coastal Oregon, USA.

There is significant policy and research interest in (a) ecosystem services as a framework for understanding the benefits humans receive from natural systems and (b) subjective well-being as a lens for understanding the effects of public policy decisions. The present study occurred at the intersection of these two fields. Choice experiment and contingent subjective well-being (SWB) models were estimated to understand the potential effects of coastal marine and forest reserves in Oregon, USA. Both models indicated heterogeneity in effects across groups defined by environmental worldview and, for marine reserves, recreation use of reserve areas and employment in the commercial fisheries sector. Methodologically, results suggested that a similar process underlays responses to both types of survey task, with similar model coefficient patterns and frequent consistency in responses. However, differences also were indicated, and differences may be more pronounced in other studies, such as those involving between-subject designs. Contingent SWB is a potentially important measurement approach, but further evaluation is needed, including with respect to the effects of task complexity and evaluation object salience.
How Public Should Public Data Be? Privacy A E-Governance in India

India is at a critical juncture as cities and governments in general move into the digital age in order not only to provide enhanced services, but to improve transparency and efficiency, and as this development is taking place at a time when the Supreme Court bench has decided in August, 2017 that privacy is a constitutional right. It is in this context that this research asks the following question: how can cities (a state actor) use citizen data to maximize the governance while protecting the citizens fundamental right to privacy? We examine how this balance and tradeoffs arise due to the way Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) collect, use, and disclose citizen data. For the investigation, we collect ULB metadata by examining the architecture of the products of eGovernments Foundation, one of the leading providers of digital tools for ULBs, and by directly by interacting with ULBs. Based on this investigation, we define two new indices, a Governance Efficiency Index (GEI) and a Information Privacy Index (IPI), that allows for measuring city’s performance on the two dimensions, understanding where tensions arise in simultaneously improving performance on both, and where innovation will overcome such tensions. In addition, to being able to make specific observations and recommendations for the particular cases we examined, this work is a proof of concept that such analysis can and should be done more widely, in order to understand the tradeoffs between government transparency and efficiency on one hand, and privacy on the other.
Preservice Music Teacher Identity Construction Through Metaphor

I investigated how preservice instrumental music teachers understand and describe their teacher identity through the use of metaphor in a one-semester instrumental methods course emphasizing authen...
Spiking recurrent neural networks represent task-relevant neural sequences in rule-dependent computation

Prefrontal cortical neurons play in important roles in performing rule-dependent tasks and working memory-based decision making. Motivated by experimental data, we develop an excitatory-inhibitory spiking recurrent neural network (SRNN) to perform a rule-dependent two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task. We imposed several important biological constraints onto the SRNN, and adapted the spike frequency adaptation (SFA) and SuperSpike gradient methods to update the network parameters. These proposed strategies enabled us to train the SRNN efficiently and overcome the vanishing gradient problem during error back propagation through time. The trained SRNN produced rule-specific tuning in single-unit representations, showing rule-dependent population dynamics that strongly resemble experimentally observed data in rodent and monkey. Under varying test conditions, we further manipulated the parameters or configuration in computer simulation setups and investigated the impacts of rule-coding error, delay duration, weight connectivity and sparsity, and excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance on both task performance and neural representations. Overall, our modeling study provides a computational framework to understand neuronal representations at a fine timescale during working memory and cognitive control.
Too Much Sleep is Bad for Your Health

This study determines whether long-sleep (≥ 9 hours per night) is causally related to lower self-rated health. Lewbel instrumental variable estimation is used with data on adults from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (n = 26,607). Lewbel instrumental variable estimation enables the derivation of valid and reliable instrumental variables from the heteroscedasticity present in the data. This allows for causal estimates to be made of the relation between self-rated health and long sleep. Controls are included for age, sex, race, education, and marital status. Long sleep is found to be causally associated with an approximate 6-10% decrease in self-rated health status. Long sleep is a significant public health issue detrimentally affecting 22.9 million adults in the US. The Lewbel instrumental variables estimator should be exploited as one approach to determine the specific causes of long-sleep patterns.
Research-Based Game Design for Serious Games:

Background:Research into serious games has produced confusing and sometimes conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of using games in education. This confusion can make designing an effecti...
Ambient fine particulate matter exposure and incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia.

Background/objective Poor air quality is implicated as a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. Few studies have examined these associations longitudinally in well-characterized population-based cohorts with standardized annual assessment of both mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. We investigated the association between estimated ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) and risk of incident MCI and dementia in a post-industrial region known for historically poor air quality. Setting/participants Adults aged 65+ years in a population-based cohort (n = 1572). Measurements Census tract level PM2.5 from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air quality monitors; Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)®. Design We estimated ambient PM2.5 exposure (μg/m3 , single-year and 5-year averages) by geocoding participants' residential addresses to census tracts with daily EPA PM2.5 measurements from 2002 to 2014. Using Bayesian spatial regression modeling adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking history, and household income, we examined the association between estimated PM2.5 exposure and risk of incident MCI (CDR = 0.5) and incident dementia (CDR ≥ 1.0). Results Modeling estimated single-year exposure, each 1 μg/m3 higher ambient PM2.5 was associated with 67% higher adjusted risk of incident dementia (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.669, 95% credible interval [CI]: 1.298, 2.136) and 75% higher adjusted risk of incident MCI (HR = 1.746, 95% CI: 1.518, 2.032). Estimates were higher when modeling 5-year ambient PM2.5 exposure for incident dementia (HR = 2.082, 95% CI: 1.528, 3.015) and incident MCI (HR = 3.419, 95% CI: 2.806, 4.164). Conclusions Higher estimated ambient PM2.5 was associated with higher risk of incident MCI and dementia, particularly when considering longer-term exposure, and independent of demographic characteristics and smoking history. Targeting poor air quality may be a reasonable population-wide intervention to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in older adults, particularly in regions exceeding current recommendations for safe exposure to PM2.5 .
3D Representation of UAV-obstacle Collision Risk Under Off-nominal conditions

Safe operations of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in low-altitude airspace with beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) flights demand robust risk monitoring of airspace as well as of people and property on ground. One of the safety critical factors for UAV flights is the risk of collision with static and dynamic obstacles in proximity to its flight path. This paper presents a detailed formulation of risk likelihood of obstacle collision incorporating the effects of off-nominal conditions introduced by component failures, degraded controllability and environmental disturbances such as wind gusts. The deviation in the planned trajectory caused due to wind is computed utilizing a point-mass 3D kinematic simulation model of the vehicle. Likelihood of risk for the flight plan is then analyzed based on generating the probability of collision for each point in the trajectory. The proposed risk factor is demonstrated on real flight data from experimental flights of an octocopter at NASA Langley Research Center in presence of simulated obstacles and wind conditions. Effect of varying wind conditions, distance from obstacles, level of controllability and obstacle measurement noise on the risk factor is demonstrated. The proposed approach enables risk-informed decision making for timely mitigation of current and future unsafe events in autonomous systems.
Perspectives on Sexual Health, Sexual Health Education, and HIV Prevention From Adolescent (13-18 Years) Sexual Minority Males.

ABSTRACT Introduction Adolescent sexual minority males (ASMM) are at disproportionate risk of HIV infection. The purpose of this study was to assess ASMM's attitudes about sexual health, barriers/facilitators to accessing HIV prevention, and actual versus ideal interactions for receiving sexual health care and information. Method Two online and two in-person focus groups were conducted with ASMM from across the United States. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Results Twenty-one racially diverse ASMM participated (average age = 16.4 years). Online focus groups were superior for reaching the target population. Four themes emerged: 1 identity formation and sources of support, 2 challenges to obtaining sexual health information, 3 attitudes/beliefs about sex and sexual behaviors, and 4 barriers to HIV prevention. Discussion These findings illustrate current gaps in sexual health knowledge, as well as barriers and facilitators to obtaining sexual health information, sexual health care, and affirming education and support for ASMM.
Reversing Ethiopia's Intellectual Capital Flight

Recently, the Ethiopian Government drafted a five year plan (2010 to 2015) to achieve the country’s economic growth. When Ethiopia’s Growth and Transformation plan was analyzed in light of the new growth theory and traced historically in terms of the push and pull factors that contributed to the flight of skilled Ethiopians to more advanced countries, it was found that over the years Ethiopia has funded the education of its nationals only to see them contributing to the growth of developed countries. Being stripped of skilled human capital, leaving it ill prepared to face globalization and survive in the new global economic order, it was concluded that Ethiopia will be unable to achieve its economic growth and transformation plan by 2015. Given the outcome of the analysis, it was proposed that to ensure a longterm sustainable macroeconomic growth pattern, the Ethiopian Government must establish a welldeveloped infrastructure base and have a reserve of highly talented human capital, in order to grow in global knowledge. In addition, to innovate effectively, Ethiopia needs to form links with well-known global universities, international consultants, and other friendly overseas organizations. If these types of friendly environmental factors are integrated systematically and harmoniously, with pertinent human rights policies, there is no doubt that Ethiopia can entice the Ethiopian Diaspora to return to their motherland. The ability to harness the intellectual capital of the returnees with their contacts from the outside world would bring about very competitive ventures. Ethiopia therefore would achieve its Medium Growth and Transformation plan but also in the long run endure sustainable development.
Impact of an Opioid Prescribing Guideline in the Acute Care Setting.

Abstract Background Death from opioid abuse is a major public health issue. The death rate associated with opioid overdose nearly quadrupled from 1999 to 2008. Acute care settings are a major source of opioid prescriptions, often for minor conditions and chronic noncancer pain. Objective Our aim was to determine whether a voluntary opioid prescribing guideline reduces the proportion of patients prescribed opioids for minor and chronic conditions. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on records of adult emergency department visits from January 2012 to July 2014 for dental, neck, back, or unspecified chronic pain, and the proportion of patients receiving opioid prescriptions at discharge was compared before and after the guideline. Attending emergency physicians were surveyed on their perceptions regarding the impact of the guideline on prescribing patterns, patient satisfaction, and physician−patient interactions. Results In our sample of 13,187 patient visits, there was a significant ( p Conclusions An opioid prescribing guideline significantly decreased the rates at which opioids were prescribed for minor and chronic complaints in an acute care setting.
Process Improvement and Organizational Learning: The Role of Collaboration Technologies

Process improvement affects organizational learning, and the use of information technology can boost this influence by increasing knowledge dissemination in organizations. This text analyzes the relationship between collaborative technologies, process improvement and organization learning.
Vascular Development and Angiogenesis

The development of the vascular system is initiated by the local differentiation of mesenchymal cells into hemangioblasts. These are pluripotent progenitors for both endothelial and hemtopoetic cells. Subsequently, endothelial cells form vascular channels that coalesce and circulation begins thereafter. Recruitment of smooth muscle cells and pericytes contributes to the remodeling stage characterized by the emergence of a hierarchical tree of vessels. Concomitantly, a second array of vessels emerges from the cardinal vein, the lymphatic vasculature. The use of molecular biology and genetics has allowed us to identify the key signaling pathways involved in the specification, differentiation and homeostasis of both the vascular and lymphatic systems. Here we have discussed the details associated with the formation of the vasculature in concert with the key signaling pathways responsible for these events. Keywords: Angiogenesis; Vasculogenesis
Triangulations with locally optimal Steiner points

We present two new Delaunay refinement algorithms, the second an extension of the first. For a given input domain (a set of points in the plane or a planar straight line graph), and a threshold angle α, the Delaunay refinement algorithms compute triangulations that have all angles at least α. Our algorithms have the same theoretical guarantees as the previous Delaunay refinement algorithms. The original Delaunay refinement algorithm of Ruppert is proven to terminate with size-optimal quality triangulations for α ≤ 20.7°. In practice, it generally works for α ≤ 34° and fails to terminate for larger constraint angles. The new Delaunay refinement algorithm generally terminates for constraint angles up to 42°. Experiments also indicate that our algorithm computes significantly (almost by a factor of two) smaller triangulations than the output of the previous Delaunay refinement algorithms.
Formulating the Equations of Ocean Models

the purpose of this chapter is to formulate the equations of ocean models and to outline solution methods. Global ocean climate models, including those representing mesoscale eddies, are traditionally based on the hydrostatic primitive equations. We nonetheless discuss extensions to the more fundamental non-hydrostatic equations, which are used in certain fine resolution process studies, such as for convection and mixing, and increasingly for coastal and regional modeling. the target audience for this chapter includes students and researchers interested in fundamental physical and numerical aspects of ocean models. We thus aim to present a reasonably concise yet thorough accounting of the rationalization required to pose the problem of ocean modeling. We take a first principles perspective to allow readers with little background in ocean fluid mechanics to follow the full development. this goal necessitates starting from the basics as we develop the model equations and methods. For this purpose, much material was culled from various research papers and textbooks, such as Gill [1982], Pedlosky [1987], Lion et al. [1992], Marshall et al. [1997], Haidvogel and Beckmann [1999], Griffies et al. [2000a], Griffies [2004, 2005], Vallis [2006], Higdon [2006], and Muller [2006]. Our presentation focuses on developing the fluid mechanics of the ocean and weaves into this discussion elements appropriate for the formulation of ocean models. We begin with a discussion of ocean fluid kinematics in Section 2 where we introduce mass conservation as well as the notions of dia-surface transport. Section 3 then focuses on tracer budgets, which follow quite naturally from mass budgets, only with the introduction of possible nontrivial fluxes of tracer which occur in the absence of mass fluxes. Section 4 introduces a dynamical description that arises from the use of Newton’s Second Law of Motion applied to continuous fluid parcels. Section 5 presents the equation of state for density and discusses the material evolution of density. Section 6 derives some energetic properties of the equations of motion, with energetics providing a guiding principle for developing certain numerical solution methods. Section 7 introduces notions of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, a subject which forms the basis for establishing budgets of heat within the ocean. Section 8 linearizes the dynamical equations to deduce various linear modes of motion fundamental to ocean dynamics. these motions also have direct relevance to the development of methods used to solve the ocean equations. they furthermore motivate certain approximations or filters used to simplify the supported dynamical modes, with certain approximations described in Section 9. Section 10 presents an overview of vertical coordinates. The Formulating the Equations of Ocean Models
CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR LOCAL VERSUS OUT-OF-STATE GROWN SELECTED FRESH PRODUCE: THE CASE OF KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE

Consumer behavior with respect to purchase regularity, satisfaction, origin, and willingness to pay for selected local versus non-Tennessee grown fresh produce is examined. Except for origin, consumer behavior with respect to the above is affected by income, household size and age distribution, race, age of respondent, college education, and occupation. The pattern of significant variables changed by commodity. Tomatoes, followed by peaches, had the greatest local market potential. Local promotion of other products may be more difficult. Results suggested consumers have no strong preferences for or against locally grown fresh produce. The prices of locally grown commodities in Knoxville should be less than or equal to those of comparable quality non-Tennessee commodities.
Ram mating behavior after long-term selection for reproductive rate in Rambouillet ewes.

Mating behavior is known to be heritable in several species, but it is not known if selection schemes for ewe reproductive traits affect mating behavior of rams. Therefore, our objectives were to determine if divergent (high vs low index) selection of a female reproductive trait (lambs born divided by age of ewe minus one) affects mating behavior patterns of male offspring during training to service an artificial vagina (AV) in a less than natural setting (Exp. 1) or during serving capacity tests (SCT) in simulated natural mating conditions (Exp. 2). The method for evaluating male mating behavior was a series of serving capacity tests to estimate sexual performance. For Exp. 1, five, 30-min observations were conducted to assess the mating behavior of 29 rams (22 mo old) being trained to service an AV. In Exp. 1, percentages of rams mounting (73 vs 36%) and ejaculating (67 vs 29%) differed (P 0.2) in percentages of rams mounting (92 vs 78%) and ejaculating (88 vs 74%) between rams from high and low Rambouillet ewe selection lines, respectively. There was no difference (P > 0.33) between high and low ewe selection line rams for mounts or ejaculations for 18 SCT. Only one male-oriented ram was identified, which was from the high line. In Exp. 2, six SCT were necessary to obtain 95% reliability in sexual performance scores. Results of these studies indicate that long-term selection of ewes for litter size did not alter ram sexual performance after SCT under simulated natural mating conditions or affect incidence of male-oriented rams. Mating behavior observed during training to service an AV was lower for rams from ewes of the low selection line than for rams from ewes of the high selection line. We concluded that long-term selection for reproductive rate in ewes did not alter mating behavior patterns of male offspring; however, test conditions, such as restrained and unrestrained ewes and number of serving capacity tests, may affect conclusions in studies that evaluate sexual performance of rams.
Learning first-order definite theories via object-based queries

We study the problem of exact learning of first-order definite theories via queries, toward the goal of allowing humans to more efficiently teach first-order concepts to computers. Prior work has shown that first order Horn theories can be learned using a polynomial number of membership and equivalence queries [6]. However, these query types are sometimes unnatural for humans to answer and only capture a small fraction of the information that a human teacher might be able to easily communicate. In this work, we enrich the types of information that can be provided by a human teacher and study the associated learning problem from a theoretical perspective. First, we consider allowing queries that ask the teacher for the relevant objects in a training example. Second, we examine a new query type, called a pairing query, where the teacher provides mappings between objects in two different examples. We present algorithms that leverage these new query types as well as restrictions applied to equivalence queries to significantly reduce or eliminate the required number of membership queries, while preserving polynomial learnability. In addition, we give learnability results for certain cases of imperfect teachers. These results show, in theory, the potential for incorporating object-based queries into first-order learning algorithms in order to reduce human teaching effort.
Repression of miR-142 by p300 and MAPK is required for survival signalling via gp130 during adaptive hypertrophy

An increase in cardiac workload, ultimately resulting in hypertrophy, generates oxidative stress and therefore requires the activation of both survival and growth signal pathways. Here, we wanted to characterize the regulators, targets and mechanistic roles of miR-142, a microRNA (miRNA) negatively regulated during hypertrophy. We show that both miRNA-142-3p and -5p are repressed by serumderived growth factors in cultured cardiac myocytes, in models of cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in human cardiomyopathic hearts. Levels of miR-142 are inversely related to levels of acetyltransferase p300 and MAPK activity. When present, miR-142 inhibits both survival and growth pathways by directly targeting nodal regulators p300 and gp130. MiR-142 also potently represses multiple components of the NF-kB pathway, preventing cytokine-mediated NO production and blocks translation of a-actinin. Forced expression of miR-142 during hypertrophic growth induced extensive apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction; conversely, loss of miR-142 fully rescued cardiac function in a murine heart failure model. Downregulation of miR-142 is required to enable cytokine-mediated survival signalling during cardiac growth in response to haemodynamic stress and is a critical element of adaptive hypertrophy.
Catechol Siderophore Transport by Vibrio cholerae

Siderophores, small iron-binding molecules secreted by many microbial species, capture environmental iron for transport back into the cell. Vibrio cholerae synthesizes and uses the catechol siderophore vibriobactin and also uses siderophores secreted by other species, including enterobactin produced by Escherichia coli. E. coli secretes both canonical cyclic enterobactin and linear enterobactin derivatives likely derived from its cleavage by the enterobactin esterase Fes. We show here that V. cholerae does not use cyclic enterobactin but instead uses its linear derivatives. V. cholerae lacked both a receptor for efficient transport of cyclic enterobactin and enterobactin esterase to promote removal of iron from the ferrisiderophore complex. To further characterize the transport of catechol siderophores, we show that the linear enterobactin derivatives were transported into V. cholerae by either of the catechol siderophore receptors IrgA and VctA, which also transported the synthetic siderophore MECAM [1,3,5-N,N′,N″-tris-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-triaminomethylbenzene]. Vibriobactin is transported via the additional catechol siderophore receptor ViuA, while the Vibrio fluvialis siderophore fluvibactin was transported by all three catechol receptors. ViuB, a putative V. cholerae siderophore-interacting protein (SIP), functionally substituted for the E. coli ferric reductase YqjH, which promotes the release of iron from the siderophore in the bacterial cytoplasm. In V. cholerae, ViuB was required for the use of vibriobactin but was not required for the use of MECAM, fluvibactin, ferrichrome, or the linear derivatives of enterobactin. This suggests the presence of another protein in V. cholerae capable of promoting the release of iron from these siderophores. IMPORTANCE Vibrio cholerae is a major human pathogen and also serves as a model for the Vibrionaceae, which include other serious human and fish pathogens. The ability of these species to persist and acquire essential nutrients, including iron, in the environment is epidemiologically important but not well understood. In this work, we characterize the ability of V. cholerae to acquire iron by using siderophores produced by other organisms. We resolve confusion in the literature regarding its ability to use the Escherichia coli siderophore enterobactin and identify the receptor and TonB system used for the transport of several siderophores. The use of some siderophores did not require the ferric reductase ViuB, suggesting that an uncharacterized ferric reductase is present in V. cholerae.
ABLE ACE: a high-altitude propagation program

ABLE ACE was a high-altitude, laser-propagation experiment in which a series of measurements were made of laser propagation between two aircraft flying at 13 to 14 km altitude and at up to 200 km separation. The measurements included a pupil plane scintillation image, an atmospheric tilt sensor, a wavefront sensor, and a differential phase measurement, across a 50 cm aperture. In addition, a small- aperture, high-bandwidth scintillometer and simultaneous aerothermal-probe measurements were made. The purpose of these measurements was to validate wave-optics propagation codes for high-altitude, long horizontal-path propagation, and to better understand what parameters were important to include in the codes. Additionally we sought to directly understand laser propagation characteristics in the regimes of the flights. This paper provides an overview of ABLE ACE. It discusses the sensor suite, the missions, and the code validation methodology as well as the conclusions of the program.
Comparative effects of aerial and ground logging on soil properties in a tupelo-cypress wetland

Abstract A palustrine water tupelo ( Nyssa aquatica L.)-baldcypress ( Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) swamp in southwestern Alabama was subjected to three types of disturbances during the fall of 1986. Disturbance treatments were those associated with clearcutting of timber: log removal by helicopter, simulated rubber-tired skidder log transport, and herbicide control of vegetative regrowth. An adjacent undisturbed stand served as a reference. Post-harvest measurements of soil physical and chemical properties were collected in 1987 and 1988. Results indicated that saturated hydraulic conductivity is the dominant influence on soil functions within this ecosystem. Skidder trafficking significantly reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity within 50 cm of the soil surface, thereby decreasing water percolation and drainage on trafficked areas. The reduction of saturated hydraulic conductivity resulted in chemical reduction, decreased oxygen content and increased pH values in the soil of trafficked areas.
The Influence of Host Nutrition and Intensity of Infection On the Sex Ratio and Development of Meloidogyne Incognita in Sterile Agar Cultures of Excised Cucumber Roots 1)

Rate of development of Meloidogyne incognita was decreased at reduced concentrations of sucrose and iron chelate. Decreasing the concentrations of vitamins and macronutrient salts resulted in an increased rate of nematode development. The concentration of the macronutrient salts also had a profound influence on the nature of the gall. Galls on a medium deficient in the macronutrient salts were much larger and less compact than those on complete nutrient. Sex-ratio of M. incognita was dependent upon host nutrition but not upon intensity of infection. At reduced sucrose concentrations, 100 percent males occurred. Rate of development was inversely proportional to the number of nematodes added to the culture and to the number of nematodes per gall.
A virtual design system for sheet metal forming

Abstract The design and manufacturing process contains a critical step where part features and specifications are converted into actual objects. Decisions made at this point, concerning such parameters as which manufacturing process to use and how to modify the design to work with that process, greatly effect the ultimate cost, utility, and production time for a product. Currently, there are many different methods of assisting the designer, ranging from simple design rule packages to very sophisticated expert systems. However, many of these systems are extremely application specific and lack interfaces with simulations and real-time manufacturing capabilities. This research is focused on developing a new system that combines an expert system with manufacturing process simulations and real-time manufacturing: the Virtual Design System (VDS). The VDS for sheet metal forming is implemented in a novel way. The World Wide Web is used as the platform for the VDS, and it offers several advantages to the conventional stand-alone approach. Users are not limited to a specific platform or location, and maintenance of the system is considerably simplified. Also, this interface allows designers to instantly transfer their completed designs to the shop floor, saving time and allowing the manufacturer to compete for jobs on a global, rather than regional, basis.
Drosophila protein kinase CK2 is rendered temperature-sensitive by mutations of highly conserved residues flanking the activation segment.

CK2 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase essential for animal development. Although null alleles for CK2 are available in the mouse and Drosophila models, they are lethal when homozygous, thus necessitating conditional alleles for analysis of its developmental roles. We describe the isolation of temperature-sensitive (ts) alleles of Drosophila CK2α (dCK2α). These alleles efficiently rescue lethality of yeast lacking endogenous CK2 at 29°C, but this ability is lost at higher temperatures in an allele-specific manner. These ts-variants exhibit properties akin to the wild type protein, and interact robustly with dCK2β. Modeling of these ts-variants using the crystal structure of human CK2α indicates that the affected residues are in close proximity to the active site. We find that substitution of Asp212 elicits potent ts-behavior, an important finding because this residue contributes to stability of the activation segment and is invariant in other Ser/Thr protein kinases.
Do somatic complaints mask negative affect in youth

Abstract The developmental transition between adolescence and early adulthood represents a high-risk period for the onset of somatization. Although research has lagged clinical work in this area, it has long been believed that, for somatizing youth, physical complaints are best conceptualized as a defense against negative affect. Recent adult-oriented research, however, suggests that somatic complaints may be better conceptualized on a continuum, with physical complaints covarying with overt psychological symptomatology. To explore these hypotheses systematically, the authors studied the relationship between multiple dimensions of psychological distress and somatic complaints in undergraduate students. Higher levels of physical symptom reporting were associated with complaints of more overt psychological distress, a finding that was consistent with a continuum perspective. The implications of these results for understanding somatization in college student populations and for university-based healthcare ar...
Accommodating a Class of Actuator Failures in Flight Control Systems

A technique for the design of e ight control systems that can accommodate a set of actuator failures is presented. As employed herein, an actuator failure is dee ned as a change in the parametric model of the actuator that can adversely affect actuator performance. The technique is based on the formulation of a e xed feedback topology that ensures at least stability in the presence of the failures in the set. The e xed compensation is obtained from a loop-shaping design procedure similar to quantitative feedback theory and provides stability robustness in the presenceof uncertainty in the vehicledynamics caused by the failures. System adaptation to improve performance afteractuatorfailure (s)occursthrougha staticgainadjustmentin thecompensatorfollowedby modie cation ofthe system pree lter. Precise identie cation of the vehicle dynamics is unnecessary. Application to a single-input/singleoutput design using a simplie ed model of the longitudinal dynamics of the NASA High-Angle-of-Attack Research Vehicle is discussed. Non-real-time simulations of the system, including a model of the pilot, demonstrate the effectiveness and limitations of the approach.
Synthesis and molecular structure of [η5-C5H5Mo(CO)2]2(μ,η2-Sb2). Formation of an SbSb double bond from metallic antimony

Abstract The complex {[η 5 -C 5 H 5 Mo(CO) 2 ] 2 (μ,η 2 -Sb 2 )} ( 1 ), synthesized from the thermolytic reaction of [η 5 -C 5 H 5 Mo(CO) 3 ] 2 and elemental antimony, is the first example of μ,η 2 coordination of a four-electron diantimony fragment to a transition metal dimer. As determined by X-ray crystallography, 1 is a tetrahedral cluster characterized by a very short SbSb bond of 2.678(1) A bound side-on to form a plane nearly perpendicular to an elongated MoMo bond of 3.114(1) A.
The WATINFO face server and associated utilities

WATINFO is a TCP/IP server that operates at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, to provide VM-based information about services and personnel at the IBM York-town Research site. Client programs have been written for Operating System/2®. (OS/2®) and Advanced Interactive Executive (AIX®). An advanced feature of WATINFO is the display of images, when appropriate, in combination with other data. The images are supported by a face server, which fetches image data from a library of face images. The format of the face images is small—256 by 256 by one bit—and is transmitted rapidly to a variety of displays. The face library can be used for other purposes: inclusion of images in documents, the preparation of image labels, and the construction of an image telephone book.
An automated spectrophotometric method for magnesium analysis

Abstract An automated spectrophotometric method for magnesium has been devised which is directly applicable to serum, plasma, urine, and tissue ash samples. Magnesium is determined colorimetrically with EBT in the presence of strontium EGTA, which eliminates significant calcium error and the necessity for separation of calcium from magnesium prior to analysis. Reproducibility studies, recovery data, and comparisons with a manual flame photometric method are presented.
The Teaching of Relationship Marketing Concepts in Undergraduate Marketing Principles and Graduate Introductory Marketing Courses

A survey was conducted that attempted to determine the extent to which both general and specific relationship marketing concepts are covered in introductory marketing classes at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Factors that explain differencesin the coverage of relationship marketing topics are also explored. The results indicate that relationship marketing is more likely to be discussed in depth by recently graduated faculty or by faculty with research interests in channels, sales, business-to-business, or international marketing. Recommendationsare made to improve the integration of relationship marketing into these two courses.
Use of an Intraoperative Ultrasonography-Guided Localization and Tissue Fixation Device Demonstrates Less Margin Positivity During Breast-Conserving Surgery for Invasive Breast Cancer Than Standard Preoperative Needle-Wire Localization: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis in a Consecutively Treated Case Series

Abstract Purpose To retrospectively compare 2 methods of pre-resection, image-guided tumor localization—preoperative needle-wire localization (PNWL) and intraoperative ultrasonography-guided localization and tissue fixation (IUGLTF)—for patients with invasive breast cancer at the time of breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Patients and Methods We identified 118 cases in which image-guided localization was required for nonpalpable and questionably palpable tumors from a series of 204 consecutive invasive breast cancers treated by BCS. We defined a positive margin as tumor at the inked surface. We defined a close margin as tumor within 1 mm or less of the inked surface. Results Of those 118 cases requiring pre-resection, image-guided localization, 54 patients underwent PNWL and 64 underwent IUGLTF placement. A positive margin was identified in 6 of 54 (11.1%) undergoing PNWL compared with 1 of 64 (1.6%) undergoing IUGLTF (P = .046). A positive or close margin was identified in 9 of 54 (16.7%) undergoing PNWL compared with 3 of 64 (4.7%) undergoing IUGLTF (P = .032). The mean volume and mean weight of the BCS specimens were not different in the 2 groups. Conclusion Based on the finding of less margin positivity associated with the IUGLTF technique than the PNWL technique, we believe that the use of an IUGLTF device by surgeons during BCS could be highly advantageous in the surgical management of nonpalpable and questionably palpable invasive breast cancers.
Nuclear fluorescence of the 2.13 MeV state of B11

Abstract Nuclear fluorescence of the 2.13 MeV state of B 11 has been observed using the bremsstrahlung beam from an electron Van de Graaff. Using a self-absorption technique the mean life of this state was determined to be (4.8±0.7) × 10 −15 sec.
Synthesis and characterization of a long-acting fluorescent analog of vasotocin.

This study reports the synthesis of 1-desamino-7-lysine- (fluorescein)-8-arginine-vasotocin (7-lys(flu) dAVT), and describes its biological activity in the isolated urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus. 7-lys(flu)dAVT was fully active in increasing bladder permeability to water. A half-maximal hydroosmotic response was obtained at a concentration of 3×10−8 M. A unique feature of this analog was that its reponse was not readily reversed after reoval of the analog from the serosal bathing solution. The residual response to 7-lys(flu) dAVT was abolished (reversibly) by reducing serosal bath pH from 7.4 to 6.0, suggesting that acidification inhibits the response to analog at a step after the interaction of the ligand with its receptor. Although 8-arginine-vasopressin (AVP) was about 20 times more potent than 7-lys(flu)dAVT in increasing membrane permeability to water, the response to AVP was readily reversed. Preincubation of bladders with 7-lys(flu)dAVT in the presence of AVP blocked the residual response to 7-lys(flu) dAVT. These studies suggest that 7-lys(flu)dAVT forms a stable and physiologically active complex with hydrosmotic toad bladder receptors, and it may, therefore, serve as a useful fluorescent marker for receptors in tissues from this and other species that use vasotocin as an antidiuretic/pressor principle.
Effect of Temperature on Firmness of Thermally Processed Fruits and Vegetables

The firmness of many commercially canned fruits and vegetables was measured by puncture, extrusion and Texture Press over the temperature range3–48°C. The firmness almost always decreased with increasing temperature and the firmness-temperature plots were rectilinear. The firmness-temperature coefficient (FT) is defined as the percent change in firmness per degree temperature increase. It ranged from close to zero to about -1.0% for most of the samples tested. The temperature should be kept within narrow limits when making firmness measurements on thermally processed fruits and vegetables, otherwise significant errors can be introduced.