cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-horizon Bondi-Metzner-Sachs symmetry, dimensional reduction, and black hole entropy

Author(s): Carlip, S | Abstract: In an earlier short paper [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 101301 (2018)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.120.101301], I argued that the horizon-preserving diffeomorphisms of a generic black hole are enhanced to a larger three-dimensional Bondi-Metzner-Sachs symmetry, which is powerful enough to determine the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. Here, I provide details and extensions of that argument, including a loosening of horizon boundary conditions and a more thorough treatment of dimensional reduction and meaning of a "near-horizon symmetry."
Appendix To 'Public Liquidity and Financial Crises'

This is the Appendix of the paper "Public Liquidity and Financial Crises", https://ssrn.com/abstract=3175101. In this appendix, I show the numerical methods for solving the general equilibrium model that features infrequent financial crises and the private holding of public liquidity. Additional model properties and quantitative results are also provided.
Malawi in Verse: Authenticity, African Literature, and Indigenous Aesthetic Forms

The ideophone is a distinct linguistic and literary feature that is prevalent in many African languages. It not only plays a significant role in language acquisition, but is also prized by many nat...
Differences in Emotional Responses to Race-Based Trauma among Black and White Americans

Scholars have identified race-based stress as a unique form of stress and have examined associated mental and physical health outcomes, yet less is known about the emotional responses and accompany...
The MRI characteristics of Hashimoto encephalopathy

Objective To study the MRI findings of HE and the pathological mechanism and to improve the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of HE. Methods Five patients of HE diagnosed by clinical and laboratory examination were examined with conventional MRI scan. Additional DWI, MRA and enhancement MRI scan were performed on 3 patients in which abnormal findings was detected on the conventional MRI. The distribution of lesions and signal characteristics were analyzed. The ADC values of the lesions and of the contralateral non-lesion area were measured. Moreover, the possible pathological mechanisms of HE were discussed on the basis of changes of clinical and imaging manifestations in the two cases with serial clinical and MRI data. Results Of 5 patients, brain abnormalities were found in 3 cases,which showed scattered spotted supratentorial white matter lesions of isointensity on T1 WI and DWI, and high signal intensity on T2WI and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). Meanwhile, multiple plaque-like lesions involving both white matter and gray matter were found, mainly located at the basal ganglia nuclei, hippocampus and cingulate cortex. The lesions demonstrated iso-or hypo-intensity on T1 WI,and iso-or hyper-intensity on T2 WI, FIAIR and DWI at the initial stage. No enhancement was found in these lesions and MRA disclosed no remarkable findings. The ADC value of the lesions [ (0. 449 ± 0. 092) ×10-3 mm2/s] was decreased significantly compared with the contralateral noninvolved area [ (0. 838 ±0. 062) × 10-3 mm2/s] at the early onset. In 2 cases with glucocorticoid therapy, together with symptom relief, MRI follow-up scan demonstrated the reduction of lesion volume, the signal change to hyperintensity on T1 WI and hypo-intensity on DWL The ADC of the lesions increased significantly. Conclusion The MRI could be one of the effective tools for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and judging the prognosis and therapeutic results of HE. Meanwhile, it may be a non-invasive method to study the pathological mechanism of HE. Key words: Brain disease; Magnetic resonance imaging; Diagnosis,differential
LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION AS L2 SHADOW BOXING: THE CASE OF PALENQUERO PLURAL-MARKING

In the Afro-Colombian community of San Basilio de Palenque, there are school-based efforts to revitalize the once-endangered creole language Palenquero. At present, most Palenquero language classes do not include grammatical instruction, active student production, or corrective feedback, and there is little or no communication in Palenquero between L2 learners and fluent adult speakers. One result is that L2 Palenquero speakers are overgeneralizing the Palenquero prenominal plural marker to singular contexts, in a fashion that partly suggests a Spanish-influenced misinterpretation as a definite article. The present study summarizes oral and written production, and then analyzes processing data from an eye-tracking experiment confirming L2 learners’ emergent restructuring of the Palenquero plural marker. L2 learners have regularized perceived variation similar to learners of artificial languages, and the morphological marking of plurality is seemingly being lost, possibly morphing into an emergent but still unstable definiteness marker effectively delinked from number.
Leadership Development Programs for Law Librarians

In 2003 the American Association of Law Libraries (AALL) identified leadership development as one of three primary goals for the organization during this decade. Motivated by a desire to provide leadership training opportunities and expand mentoring programs, a special committee on leadership development created a Leadership Academy for AALL members. The two-day program challenges participants to increase self-awareness of leadership skills and opportunities, and provides them with strategies to emerge as leaders in their organizations and the profession. Academy participation initiates a year-long program of formal mentoring and includes activities held during the AALL annual meeting.
Outpatient healthcare use and outcomes after pediatric tracheostomy

Objectives To 1) describe health outcomes and outpatient healthcare use after pediatric tracheostomy, and 2) identify populations with higher morbidity that may benefit from improved post-operative monitoring. Methods Optum's commercial insurance database was queried from 2003 to 2019. Children aged 0-18 who received tracheostomy identified. Mortality, decannulation, tracheostomy complications, and home ventilator dependence were determined, as well as physician office visits and specialty type. The effect that patient characteristics (age, sex, ethnicity, prematurity, and presence versus absence of chronic lung disease [CLD], congenital heart disease [CHD], neurologic impairment [NI], and upper airway obstruction [UAO]) had on outcomes were compared. Results 1231 children were identified. Infants accounted for 33% of patients and 40% of the cohort was premature. The most common comorbid conditions were NI (76%), UAO (69%), CLD (48%), and CHD (35%). Within 5 years postoperatively, 25% died, 45% had home ventilator dependence, 53% had a complication, and 10% were decannulated. CHD was associated with higher risk of death (HR,1.98; 95% CI 1.22, 3.21), while UAO was associated with lower risk of death (HR,0.51; 95% CI 0.32, 0.83) and higher probability of decannulation (HR,3.56, 95% CI 1.08, 11.74). The median number of physician office visits was 6 per year (IQR 3,10). The most common specialty types were pediatrics (32%), pulmonary medicine (10%), and otolaryngology (8%). NI was associated with greater number of office visits (mean difference/year, 4.10; 95% CI 2.00, 6.19) while Hispanic ethnicity was associated with fewer visits (mean difference/year, -2.94; 95%CI -5.42, -0.45). Conclusions UAO was associated with lower risk of mortality and higher probability of decannulation, while NI was associated with greater outpatient healthcare utilization. Social disparities in outpatient tracheostomy care were observed.
Trajectory and Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Mothers With the FMR1 Premutation.

abstract Background Although the FMR1 premutation is associated with elevated prevalence of psychiatric disorders, the longitudinal course of symptoms has not been established. The present study followed a sample of women with the FMR1 premutation to characterize the incidence, stability, and predictors of mood and anxiety disorders across a 3-year period. Methods Participants included 83 women with the FMR1 premutation (mean age=38.35) who completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders at two time points, 3 years apart. Additional information was obtained regarding demographic, child, and biomedical (e.g., medication, menopause, CGG repeats) factors. Results We found increased prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders over time, with adverse outcomes predicted by complex interactions among biological, behavioral, and environmental risk factors. Lifetime MDD increased from 46% to 54% and lifetime anxiety disorders increased from 28% to 35%. Midrange CGG repeats, elevated child problem behaviors, and divorced marital status conveyed elevated risk for psychiatric diagnoses. Primary ovarian insufficiency was highly prevalent (41%) but did not account for elevated rates of psychiatric diagnoses. Medication use was highly reported (41%), particularly in women with MDD or anxiety, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reported as the most commonly used medication across diagnostic groups. Conclusions The elevated prevalence of depression and anxiety in women with the FMR1 premutation is a clear and pressing concern given the frequent occurrence of the FMR1 premutation in the general community and the adverse outcomes—at both individual and systems levels—associated with psychiatric disorders in this population.
The Contestability of Corporate Control: A Critique of the Scientific Evidence on Takeover Defenses

Two decades of empirical research on poison pills and other takeover defenses does not support the belief - common among legal academics - that defenses reduce firm value. Even by their own terms, such studies produced weak and inconsistent results, and have not been well designed to discriminate among information effects of midstream defense adoptions. But prior studies suffer from three additional, serious, and previously unrecognized design flaws: (1) pill studies wrongly assume that pill adoption has an effect on takeover vulnerability; (2) studies of antitakeover amendments (ATAs) focus on terms made vestigial by the pill; and (3) all studies fail to account for ways defenses interact. Recognition of these flaws helps explains the weak and mixed results of such studies, and should improve future empirical research on takeover defenses.
The role of consumer sympathy in product liability suits

Abstract Are the disproportionately increasing costs of product liability generated , at least in part, by consumers themselves? An experiment is reported that tests the idea that consumer-juror and product liability plaintiff characteristics are a major source of “decoupling” pressures, causing departures from due process in favor of social process. Support was found for a central mediating role of consumer-juror sympathy for product liability plaintiffs. Sympathy was found to mediate the relationship between plaintiff financial situation and extent of verdict and between defendant-firm financial status and extent of verdict. The paper concludes with support for the hypothesis that consumer-juror sympathy is a major source of judicial decoupling, leading to the present trends in product liability law. The article suggests that the model specification be enlarged to include other key factors that could impact verdict, such as consumer-juror sympathy for the defendant and locus of control. This research track could help business to design strategies for longrun profit maximization, while better meeting their obligations to society.
Three-Phase Systems with Sinusoidal Waveforms

This chapter contains sections titled: Background: The Balanced and Symmetrical System The Three-Phase Unbalanced System The Power Factor Dilemma Powers and Symmetrical Components Effective Apparent Power Resolutions Problems References ]]>
Transportation Capital in the US: A Multimodal General Equilibrium Analysis

This paper introduces a new general equilibrium approach to evaluate economic impact of public transportation capital stock in the US. By treating public transportation capital as separated factor accounts, the model enables us to assess the economic impact of public transportation stock for four modes: road, air, transit, and water transportation. The study provides a direct and easy way for policymaker and transportation planning practitioner to compare social and economic benefits of different modes of public transportation. Findings reveal that road stock has the highest contribution to the growth of GDP and levels of social welfare; public transit and other ground passenger transportation have the least impact on the US economy among the four modes.
Ottawa vs. Washington: Comparing the Role of Opinion Referents in Canadian and American Coverage of Nafta

This paper builds on a previous study (Pelika 2007) in which I demonstrate how the mass public uses symbolic representations of the opinions of prominent political actors (‘opinion referents’) in forming policy preferences. In this study, I focus on comparing and contrasting the experiences of Canadian and U.S. citizens in ﬁnal stages of the debate over the North American Free Trade Agreement. The ﬁndings show that both American and Canadian news coverage focused primarily on how the debate was transpiring in the U.S. As a result, Canadians were exposed to little information about the policy stances of Canadian political actors. Nonetheless, an analysis of public opinion data provides support for the idea that opinion referents inﬂuenced the policy preferences of people on both sides of the border.
Characterization of microRNA expression and their biological correlates in the NCI-60 panel of human tumor derived cell lines

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4171 We sought to examine microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns in the NCI-60 panel of human tumor derived cell lines. MiRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that play a critical role in developmental and physiological processes by regulating target gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Significant evidence suggests that miRNAs are implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases including cancer. In some tumors, miRNA expression profiles can be used to distinguish malignant from normal tissue. We examined the expression profiles of 247 human miRNAs in normal tissues and the NCI-60 panel of tumor derived cell lines. We employed a highly sensitive technique that utilizes stem-loop primers for reverse transcription (RT) followed by real-time PCR. This strategy permits us to quantify miRNAs from as little as 25 pg total RNA; the Ct values measure up to four orders of magnitude of copy number. The data we obtained by this approach were examined by hierarchical cluster analysis and the statistical significance of the results were confirmed with multiscale bootstrap re-sampling analyses. We found that most miRNAs were expressed at lower levels in tumor derived cell lines than in the corresponding normal tissue. For tumor cell lines derived from many different tumors we found that specific patterns of miRNA expression could distinguish tumor cell lines from the corresponding normal tissue. Tumor cell lines derived from specific tumor types such as colon cancer and melanoma could be recognized as sharing common patterns of expression of some miRNAs. The miRNA expression pattern we found to be characteristic of the cell lines derived from hematologic tumors was identical to a pattern recently reported by others as resulting from a genomic amplification in large B-cell lymphomas. Furthermore, specific miRNA expression patterns correlated with particular mutations and the proliferative indices of the cell lines we have studied. Our findings indicate that miRNA expression patterns are closely related to definable characteristics of tumor derived cell lines. These patterns may either mark specific biologic characteristics or may mediate specific biologic activities important for the pathobiology of malignant tumors. These studies were supported by grants from the Betz Foundation.
Demonstration of HVAC chiller control for power grid frequency regulation—Part 1: Controller development and experimental results

Secondary frequency regulation is a necessary electric grid ancillary service that balances electric power system supply and demand on short time intervals of seconds to minutes. HVAC chillers may be well positioned to provide secondary frequency regulation as a demand side resource. This article describes the experimental development and performance of a practical controller that modifies chiller power demand to provide secondary frequency regulation. Chiller characteristics are identified through testing of a 200-ton (703-kWth) chiller serving a commercial building in Boston. Appropriate control strategies are subsequently determined. Controller demonstrations using standard electric system operator test routines show the chiller power response to exceed qualification requirements while providing up to ±25% of chiller nameplate power in secondary frequency regulation capability. The controller is further demonstrated to provide secondary frequency regulation continuously for several hours, during which ...
Efficient blind signatures without random oracles

The only known blind signature scheme that is secure in the standard model [19] is based on general results about multi-party computation, and thus it is extremely inefficient. The main result of this paper is the first provably secure blind signature scheme which is also efficient. We develop our construction as follows. In the first step, which is a significant result on its own, we devise and prove the security of a new variant for the Cramer-Shoup-Fischlin signature scheme. We are able to show that for generating signatures, instead of using randomly chosen prime exponents one can securely use randomly chosen odd integer exponents which significantly simplifies the signature generating process. We obtain our blind signing function as a secure and efficient two-party computation that cleverly exploits its algebraic properties and those of the Paillier encryption scheme. The security of the resulting signing protocol relies on the Strong RSA assumption and the hardness of decisional composite residuosity; we stress that it does not rely on the existence of random oracles.
A new paradigm for engineering education

Engineering educators today must teach academic fields which encompass a greater range and depth of technology than ever before. Engineering graduates, on the other hand, are expected to combine detailed understanding of a sub-specialty with the flexibility to adapt to new technologies, interdisciplinary challenges and a changing marketplace. A solution to this apparent dilemma can be found by considering a new paradigm for education which places specific engineering fields within the context of scientific progress. This paper recommends incorporating same scientific history at the individual course level. An understanding of scientific history allows students to connect their particular field of study to the underlying sciences, to other fields of engineering and to a larger historical and intellectual context. Additionally, incorporating the historical context lends insight into the human element inherent in engineering. By presenting engineering knowledge in this framework, educators could provide students with a more flexible, relevant and permanent understanding of engineering.
CORRECTED TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT VESSELS WITHOUT ASSOCIATED DEFECTS.

Abstract Two patients with complete atrioventricular block and corrected transposition of the great vessels without intracardiac shunts have been described. One patient had mild associated mitral insufficiency. The diagnosis is difficult in uncomplicated cases, which probably accounts for the paucity of case reports of this interesting syndrome. The prognosis is good. The diagnosis should be suspected in children or young adults when heart block or congenital mitral insufficiency is present. In the absence of these findings, an x-ray silhouette demonstrating a globular heart with a narrow pedicle, an electrocardiogram with abnormal P waves and absent septal Q waves, together with the presence of a loud, single second sound at the pulmonic area, are important additional diagnostic clues.
Discriminative stimulus functions of methanandamide and ∆9-THC in rats: tests with aminoalkylindoles (WIN55,212-2 and AM678) and ethanol

The aim of the study was to characterize in vivo the aminoalkylindoles WIN55,212-2 (WIN) and AM678 (naphthalen-1-yl(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone) as cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) ligands using drug discrimination. Tests also involved ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and R-(+)-methanandamide (mAEA), a metabolically stable analog of the endogenous ligand anandamide, as well as the CB1R selective antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant; tests with ethanol assessed pharmacological specificity. We used two different drug discriminations (mAEA and THC) allowing us to explore potential differences in CB1R activation which could be attributed to variations in their respective CB1R signaling mechanisms. There were two concurrently trained groups of rats. One group discriminated between i.p. injected vehicle and 10 mg/kg mAEA. The other group was trained to discriminate between vehicle and 1.8 mg/kg THC. Dose generalization curves for AM678, WIN55,212-2, THC, and mAEA suggested the following rank order of potency: AM678 > WIN55,212-2 ≥ THC > mAEA in both drug discrimination groups. Challenge by 1 mg/kg rimonabant resulted in shifts to the right of the generalization curves for the two aminoalkylindoles (4.4-fold for AM678 and 11.3-fold for WIN in the mAEA group, whereas for the THC group, the corresponding values were 13 and 2.6, respectively), suggesting surmountable antagonism. Ethanol did not generalize in either of the two groups, suggesting pharmacological specificity. Data are congruent with the general observation that there is substantial overlap in the discriminative stimulus effects of CB1R ligands across different chemical classes. However, the quantitative differences in the interactions between the two aminoalkylindoles and rimonabant in the two discrimination groups suggest subtle variations in the ligand–receptor activation(s).
Mass Spectral Intensities of Inorganic Fluorine-Containing Compounds

Mass spectral intensities and sensitivities of 24 fluorine-containing gases and vapors have been measured on a time-of-flight mass spectrometer at an ionizing voltage of 70 eV. Apparatus and techniques for handling fluorine compounds are described. The relative sensitivities and relative abundances are tabulated for the following gases: BF3, BrF5, CF4, CF3Cl, CF2Cl2, CF3l, C2F4, C2F6, ClF, ClF3, F2, HF, IF5, IF7, MoF6, NF3, N2F4, PF3, SF4, SF6, SO2F2, SiF4, UF6, and XeF4.
QoS-aware dynamic research component composition for collaborative research projects in the clouds

Research collaboration is very important for the success of any research project. However, due to the lack of communication, high cost of collaboration and heterogeneous platform implementation, researchers are not able to share scientific information and research project components especially with the large number of distributed research labs and institutes. To overcome those challenges an advanced computer model needs to be used to facilitate the share of research project components and research information between scientists; the advanced model is called cloud computing. Cloud computing offers researchers the capability to find, use and compose research project components remotely by offering the research project component as a service in SaaS layer. Furthermore, scientists can share research information between research partners using web service technology in DaaS layer. However, to use and compose research components, both a single service component and a series of research components that can support large-scale data demands need to be found. The process involves the integration of research components, which may be provided by different research institutes and labs. This paper aims to provide a QoS-based research component composition architecture for research collaboration in the cloud, based on distance based evolutionary algorithm. The algorithm will be able to compose and optimize research components according to multi-QoS attributes. Using multi domain with multi objective case study, we demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed technique and algorithm through experimental evaluation of component selection.
Active galactic nuclei in the ultraviolet

The frontier for ultraviolet studies of active galactic nuclei is the time domain: in particular, reverberation mapping of the broad emission-line region can lead to determination of the geometry and kinematics of accretion flows and winds as well as accurate measurement of the masses of the central black holes. Here we review progress to date and describe how additional advances can be made with an ultraviolet telescope of modest aperture.
Glandular odontogenic cyst: Report of a case and review of the literature

The glandular odontogenic cyst is a rare jawbone cyst of odontogenic origin, first described in 1988 by Gardner et al. We describe a previously unreported case of a combined cyst composed of glandular odontogenic cyst and ghost cell keratinization that was present for 33 years. We also reviewed the published 38 cases of glandular odontogenic cyst found in the world literature and add this additional case.
Head Kinematics During Experimental Snowboard Falls: Implications for Snow Helmet Standards

A study by Nakaguchi and Tsutsumi [“Mechanisms of Snowboarding-Related Severe Head Injury: Shear Strain Induced by the Opposite-Edge Phenomenon,” J. Neurosurg, Vol. 97, 2002, pp. 542–548] showed that 68 % of all snowboarders’ head injuries were associated with backward falls, with beginner and intermediate snowboarders constituting the majority of the injured. We previously fabricated a test apparatus that replicated the fall kinematics of a snowboarder during a back-edge trip. A Hybrid-III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) outfitted with a snowboard and snowboarding gear was accelerated to a typical intermediate snowboarder’s speed (30.5 ± 1.5 kph) and tripped resulting in a backward fall that terminated in a head-to-slope impact. This test protocol produced repeatable fall kinematics under realistic on-slope conditions. In this study, we characterized the fall kinematics and quantified head velocity in order to evaluate the helmet energy management requirements associated with a back-edge trip. Digital high-speed video recorded at 500 frames per second was used to quantify the snowboarder’s head kinematics: (i) prior to the trip; (ii) during trip phase; (iii) during free fall; and (iv) at ground impact. Translational energy of the ATD was rapidly converted to a combination of linear and angular energy during the trip phase. Although the speed of the ATD’s center of gravity decreased during the trip phase, the test data showed the absolute speed of the head increased rapidly during the fall as a result of the body’s induced angular rotation. The mean head velocity normal to the slope increased from approximately zero at fall initiation to as much as 37.1 kph during the fall (122 % of the initial velocity), and was 29.1 kph at snow contact (95 % of the initial velocity). Resultant head velocity peaked at 54.3 kph (178 % of the initial velocity), and was 38.2 kph at snow contact (125 % of the initial velocity). The data presented here may be useful for assessing drop height requirements for snow helmet evaluations.
Report of the First International Workshop on Unique Magnesium-Sensitive Ion Selective Electrodes

Fleisher, M. Report of the First International Workshop on Unique Magnesium- Sensitive Ion Selective Electrodes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1994; 54, Suppl 217: 97-8.s
Non-Fourier effects on transient temperature resulting from periodic on-off heat flux

Abstract The transient temperatures resulting from a periodic on-off heat flux boundary condition have many applications, including, among others, the sintering of catalysts frequently found during coke burnoff, and the use of laser pulses for annealing of semiconductors. In such situations, the duration of the pulses is so small (i.e. picosecond-nanosecond) that the classical heat diffusion phenomenon breaks down and the wave nature of energy propagation characterized by the hyperbolic heat conduction equation governs the temperature distribution in the medium. In this work, an explicit analytic solution is presented for a linear transient heat conduction problem in a semi-infinite medium subjected to a periodic on-off type heat flux at the boundary x = 0 by solving the hyperbolic heat conduction equation. The non-linear case allowing for the added effect of surface radiation into an external ambient is studied numerically.
A CONNEXIN-32 MUTATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE DOES NOT AFFECT CHANNEL FORMATION IN OOCYTES

Members of the connexin family differ most in their carboxy-termini, both with respect to sequence and length. In order to assess the contribution of this region to channel function, a series of carboxy-terminal deletion mutants were tested in the paired-oocyte expression system. Connexin-32 can be truncated by 64 amino acids without detectable loss of its known channel properties. Removal of additional amino acids results in a progressive loss of function over a stretch of 4 amino acids. In addition to this effect of length the charge of the carboxy-terminus appears to be another determinant of channel function. One of the fully functional deletion mutants, carrying a stop codon after amino acid-219, had been reported to be associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Combination radiofrequency thermal ablation and adjuvant IV liposomal doxorubicin increases tissue coagulation and intratumoural drug accumulation.

There has been marked interest in minimally-invasive, image-guided radiofrequency (RF) tumour ablation (i.e. coagulating tumour using short duration heating ( 50 degrees C via needle electrodes) to treat focal liver, renal, breast, bone and lung tumours. In spite of advances in RF technology and improved understanding of tumour biophysiology that now enable experimental treatment of tumours up to 5cm, investigators have been unable to achieve complete ablation in many cases, particularly at the tumour margins and adjacent to blood vessels. One strategy for overcoming these limitations has been to take advantage of complementary interactions between RF thermal ablation and chemotherapy, particularly liposomal doxorubicin preparations, to attempt more complete tumour destruction. This paper will review published laboratory investigations demonstrating that this combined treatment paradigm has the unique potential both to potentiate preferential delivery of cytotoxic agents in liposome vehicles and to maximize the completeness of ablation of a treated tumour. New confirmatory data describing increased tumour destruction with RF ablation combined with different liposome preparations, documenting increased lipid peroxidation and expanding on previously published tumour growth studies is presented. Additionally, early clinical data including a randomized, pilot clinical study on 10 patients with primary and metastatic liver tumours, in which a non-optimized combination of RF ablation and IV liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) increased the volume of tumour destruction 25-30% compared to RF alone, will also be described in detail.
Rapid extraction of sediment contaminants by pressure cycles.

Abstract Sediment contamination is a significant issue. Assessment, management, and monitoring of contaminated sediment require routine analyses of a large volume of sediment samples, which require significant preparation time including extraction of contaminants from samples prior to analysis. This work tested a new method of extracting contaminants from sediment based on the use of rapid, successive pressurization cycles, which involve compression of a gas into the extractive solvent in contact with the sediment immediately followed by decompression via venting. The technique improved extraction amounts and shortened preparation time. Tested were PCB and PAH contaminated sediment samples from various locations of the US, including the Passaic River, St. Louis River, Waukegan Harbor, and Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve. The results were compared to those of Soxhlet extraction. Specifically, the extraction of 15 g of sediment with 50 mL of hexane–acetone (1:1) mixture at room temperature using 10 rapid, successive pressure cycles with N 2 attaining 1.0 MPa during compression was complete within 15 min. Using the new technique, consistently more PAHs and PCBs were extracted from the sediments in comparison to Soxhlet extraction. Extraction was evaluated according to key factors including the number of compression–decompression cycles, compression pressure, sample amount, moisture, and pressurizing gas type. The heightened extraction performance was explained by cyclic changes in gas solubility during repetitive compression and decompression steps, which introduce mechanisms to fragment sediment aggregates resulting in increased contaminant exposure and extraction.
Intersecting Roles of Protein Tyrosine Kinase and Calcium Signaling During Fertilization

The oocyte is a highly specialized cell that must respond to fertilization with a preprogrammed series of signal transduction events that establish a block to polyspermy, trigger resumption of the cell cycle and execution of a developmental program. The fertilization-induced calcium transient is a key signal that initiates the process of oocyte activation and studies over the last several years have examined the signaling pathways that act upstream and downstream of this calcium transient. Protein tyrosine kinase signaling was found to be an important component of the upstream pathways that stimulated calcium release at fertilization in oocytes from animals that fertilize externally, but a similar pathway has not been found in mammals which fertilize internally. The following review will examine the diversity of signaling in oocytes from marine invertebrates, amphibians, fish and mammals in an attempt to understand the basis for the observed differences. In addition to the pathways upstream of the fertilization-induced calcium transient, recent studies are beginning to unravel the role of protein tyrosine kinase signaling downstream of the calcium transient. The PYK2 kinase was found to respond to fertilization in the zebrafish system and seems to represent a novel component of the response of the oocyte to fertilization. The potential impact of impaired PTK signaling in oocyte quality will also be discussed.
A Comparison of FSW, BHLW and TIG Joints for Al-Si-Mg Alloy (EN AW-6082 T6)☆

Abstract For joining lightweight frame structures, two welding methods are within the focus of the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre SFB/TR 10. The first one is the friction stir welding (FSW) and the second one s the bifocal hybrid laser welding (BHLW). To compare the properties of joints manufactured using these techniques with tungs en inert-gas welding (TIG), representing a conventional joining method, a benchmark was performed. This benchmark includes a comparison of the microstructure, the pore distribution, the microhardness and the mechanical behavior at quasi-static and high-speed tensile loading. The results reveal that the BHLW and the FSW processes outperform the TIG process regarding the mechanic l properties of the joints produced.
Intraventricular haemorrhage and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in very low birthweight infants

Blood volume, plasma renin activity (PRA) and urine aldosterone excretion (UAE) were measured in ten very low birthweight infants who had a Grade 3 or 4 intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) during the first 2 days after birth. Mean (range) birthweight was 950 (630–1500) g and gestational age was 27 (23–31) weeks. Nine infants were receiving assisted ventilation and one was breathing spontaneously. Eight IVH occurred on the first postnatal day and two on the second; seven were symptomatic and three asymptomatic. PRA was significantly higher than control values on Day 1 only; median 244 (range 91–654) ng/ml per h vs. 64 (4–259) ng/ml per h (P 300 ng/ml per h; none of these infants had received transfusions or volume expansion between IVH and PRA measurement. PRA was 24 h interval between IVH and PRA measurement; three of these four had received transfusions prior to PRA measurement. UAE was not significantly different from control values on either Day 1 or Day 2. Blood volume at 22 ± 3 h postnatal age ranged from 75 to 107 ml/kg. There was an inverse logarithmic correlation between PRA and blood volume (r = 0.883; P < 0.005), with PRA values exceeding 300 ng/ml per h when blood volume was < 90 ml/kg. UAE did not correlate with either PRA or blood volume. These data suggest that very premature human infants are able to increase PRA in response to blood volume depletion. The levels of PRA observed do not suggest that the renin-angiotensin system of such preterm infants is less responsive to hypovolaemic stress than that of more mature infants.
MISSED DIAGNOSES IN CONSULTATION LIAISON PSYCHIATRY

In this article, an experienced consultation liaison psychiatrist presents several cases in detail that illustrate the wide range and complex natures of psychiatric patients seen on the medical and surgery floors. The cases presented appear as they would to the psychiatrist consulting within the hospital and represent a challenging test of the clinician's diagnostic skills, an experience encountered daily by the consultation liaison psychiatrist.
Oiling the gears of public participation: the value of organisations in establishing Trinity of Voice for communities impacted by the oil and gas industry

With energy crises looming, conflicts over resource extraction and production are on the rise. For communities lacking voice to participate in these conflicts, community-based organisations and local non-governmental organisations help to unite, communicate, and negotiate with other stakeholders. In this paper we compare two cases that demonstrate the roles of organisations in providing voice to citizenry impacted by environmental justice issues. We use Senecah's concept of Trinity of Voice for the purposes of evaluation. These cases provide contrasting examples of how local/regional organisations chose to either expand their organisation's mission to intervene or stick to a strict reading of their mission thus excluding involvement. In both examples we found that organisational involvement, or lack thereof, influenced how citizens were involved in decision-making with one case leading to legislation protecting property owners from industrial activities, and the other leading to a lack of effective involv...
Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon for energy storage in vanadium redox flow batteries

Abstract We demonstrate an excellent performance of nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (N-MPC) for energy storage in vanadium redox flow batteries. Mesoporous carbon (MPC) is prepared using a soft-template method and doped with nitrogen by heat-treating MPC in NH3. N-MPC is characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The redox reaction of [VO]2+/[VO2]+ is characterized with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic kinetics of the redox couple [VO]2+/[VO2]+ is significantly enhanced on N-MPC electrode compared with MPC and graphite electrodes. The reversibility of the redox couple [VO]2+/[VO2]+ is greatly improved on N-MPC (0.61 for N-MPC vs. 0.34 for graphite), which is expected to increase the energy storage efficiency of redox flow batteries. Nitrogen doping facilitates the electron transfer on electrode/electrolyte interface for both oxidation and reduction processes. N-MPC is a promising material for redox flow batteries. This also opens up new and wider applications of nitrogen-doped carbon.
The immediate palatal plate

The immediate palatal plate is therapeutically beneficial for relief of temporomandibular joint pain, for reduction of occlusal trauma with and without selective grinding, for orthodontic tooth movement as a disarticulating device, and for relief of pericementitis subsequent to periodontal surgery. The immediate palatal plate is durable and well tolerated by patients and has established itself to be more than just an interim appliance.
An ethical excursion through labeling the mentally retarded

Review of a representative body of research data concerning the effects of the “mentally retarded” (MR) label on parents, teachers, college students, nonretarded children, communities, and persons labeled fails to support the extravagant claim of some investigators that the labeling process has psychologically damaging effects upon the individuals labeled as well as society. Negative reactions to labels could be minimized by extensive public education and counseling. Labels should be retained as formal instruments essential to establishing the eligibility of the retarded for special assistance, and for maintenance of communication within and between disciplines, without which contemporary society could not operate. An argument for the judicious use of labels is fashioned, recommending replacement of the MR label by “AD” (adaptively deficient), in keeping with the modern view of mental retardation as a psychosocial challenge deemphasizing IQ and requiring adjustment of the whole personality to demands of a complex environment (e.g., coping skill, motivation). Parents, teachers, friends, employers, and public officials could support the AD's struggle to effectively participate in community life by promoting the perennial values of respect for human dignity, fairness, equality, autonomy, and compassion. As a result of monitoring the success of such programs in all settings, public policy administrators could formulate rational approaches to improvement of service programs in the national interest.
Molten nitrates as electrolytes: Structure and physical properties

Abstract The failure of theories used to explain properties of the alkali halides when applied to alkali nitrates is discussed. A disk-shaped model of the nitrate ion is developed which has a radius of 2·3 A and thickness of 2·2 A. This model is used to discuss some of the properties of molten alkali nitrates.
The acquisition of skill and expertise in massively multiplayer online games

Educational learning environments have changed dramatically in the last 20 years. Advances in technology have enabled the World Wide Web and a sundry of other tools. In response, many researchers have argued that one way to understand learning in a complex world is to examine user interactions within Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) [Gee (2003). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. New York: Palgrave/St. Martin's; Squire (2003). Educational Researcher, 35(8), 19–29; Young, Schrader, & Zheng, 2006]. However, few empirical investigations have explored MMOGs as a context for learning. As a result, a 20-item, Likert-type instrument was administered to 2140 participants who actively play MMOGs. Items were designed to measure players’ gaming experiences as they developed requisite skill sets and learned game content. Specifically, this investigation examined how participants’ age ranges and levels of expertise relate to behaviors, strategies, and skills exhibited with an MMOG environment. Although results are not necessarily conclusive, implications for understanding gaming expertise in contemporary educational environments are discussed.
Cytoplasmic globules in erythroid blasts and CLL.

![Figure][1] A 74-year-old man with relapsed refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (treated with chemo-immunotherapy—purine analogs, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab) presented with acute-onset severe fatigue, anemia, hyperleukocytosis (62.3 K/µL), and low platelets (22 K/µL). The
Computer-aided prototyping for a command-and-control system using CAPS

A case study that shows the feasibility of using computer-aided prototyping to validate a C/sup 3/I system's requirements is presented, and the enabling technology is described. The C/sup 3/I prototype developed has characteristics typical of embedded software, including distributed processing, hard real-time constraints, multiple, predefined hardware interfaces, and complex requirements. A color, multiwindow executable Ada prototype that can process tactical data from multiple interfaces in real time was generated. The prototype was used to get feedback about the proposed design's effectiveness, performance, and structure and to evaluate the soundness of the design decisions. >
Legal Mobilization and the Politics of Reform: Lessons From School Finance Litigation in Kentucky, 1984‐1995

This article is about legal mobilization by claimant groups seeking left-liberal reform in the United States. Drawing on a growing body of work in political science and legal studies, it takes an interpretive, legal-mobilization approach to one litigation-based reform effort: school finance litigation and education reform in Kentucky. In turn, this case study provides leverage for theorizing about legal mobilization and the role of law and courts in social reform. The article argues that current theoretical approaches either overlook or neglect the implications of important dimensions of legal mobilization by would-be reformers. Specifically, it highlights and explicates the meaning of two related themes: (1) legal translation, taken up here as legal framing and legal construction, and (2) the degree of coherence or fit between the legal and political components of reform projects that include both legal mobilization and extrajudicial strategies and tactics. This article suggests that the “degree of coherence” may have an important but underappreciated relationship to the overall success or failure of such reform projects.