cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. 6. Mechanistic implications of desorption under supercritical fluid conditions

Phenanthrene desorption isotherms for five dry soil materials were measured in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) at up to 12 different temperature (40−60 °C) and pressure (120−310 atm) conditions for each soil. The Freundlich model adequately described all 40 isotherms obtained. At each condition, sorption capacity increased with increasing organic matter content with a positive dependence on oxygen content. Trends in desorption with SC CO2 temperature and pressure were qualitatively consistent with variations in phenanthrene solubility. A diagenetically altered shale material displayed desorption increases similar in magnitude to solubility changes, but increased pressure stimulated desorption from surface soils far less than expected from solubility considerations. Swelling of amorphous macromolecular soil organic matter (SOM) in the non-shale materials at higher SC CO2 pressures is postulated to increase the sorption capacity of the SOM phase, largely offsetting the increased capacity of the solven...
Broadband Plasmonic Photocurrent Enhancement in Planar Organic Photovoltaics Embedded in a Metallic Nanocavity

A substantial broadband increase in the external quantum effi ciency (EQE) of thin-fi lm organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices using near-fi eld coupling to surface plasmons is reported, signifi cantly enhancing absorption at surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The devices tested consist of an archetypal boron subpthalocyanine chloride/fullerene (SubPc/C 60 ) donor/acceptor heterojunction embedded within a planar semitransparent metallic nanocavity. The absorption and EQE are modeled in detail and probed by attenuated total internal refl ection spectroscopy with excellent agreement. At SPR, the EQE can be enhanced fourfold relative to normal incidence, due to simulated ninefold enhancement in active layer absorption effi ciency. The response at SPR is thickness-independent, down to a few monolayers, suggesting the ability to excite monolayer-scale junctions with an EQE of ≈6% and a 16-fold absorption enhancement over normal incidence. These results potentially impact the future design of plasmonically enhanced thin-fi lm photovoltaics and photodetectors and enable the direct analysis of the dynamics of photocurrent production at OPV heterojunctions.
The ALOHA system

THE ALOHA SYSTEM is composed of a related series of contracts and grants from a variety of funding agencies with principal support from ARPA, which deal with two main themes: computer communications (TASK 1), and computer structures (TASK 2).Under computer-communications there is work in (a) Studies on computer communications using radio and satellites, (b) The development of a prototype radio-linked time-sharing network, (c) System studies and planning for a Pacific area computer communications network linking major universities in the U.S., Japan, Australia and other Pacific countries.Under computer structures, we are engaged in research/development in multiprocessor computing structures, computer networks, and geographically distributed computing systems. This work is being undertaken in two phases: 1) the establishment of a research facility and 2) the research work itself. The research facility is centered around the BCC 500 computing system.
Ab initio calculations of the deformation of polyethylene

Ab initio H‐F SCF quantum‐mechanical calculations have been done to evaluate the energy of covalent bond deformation of a –CH2CH2– ethylene repeat unit at strains up to e=0.6. The computational scheme involves subtracting energies of axially strained normal paraffins (n‐C3H8, n‐C5H12, and n‐C7H16) differing in length by one ethylene unit. At small strains it is found that the deformation is contributed to equally by C–C bond stretch and by CCC bond angle opening. At higher strains the majority of the deformation is accomplished by C–C stretch. The calculated elastic modulus is 405 GPa and the tensile strength of the polymer in the chain direction is 66 GPa. While both of these values are higher than previous estimates, it is believed that these quantities are the most reliable which have been calculated.
Physical evidence for a domain structure in Escherichia coli 5 S RNA.

Abstract The downfield (9.5–15 ppm) proton spectra of a RNase A-resistant fragment of 5 S RNA and of its parent molecule are compared. The data show that the hydrogen-bonded structure of the fragment is the same as that of the corresponding sequences of A form 5 S RNA. The fragment must constitute a stable structural domain of 5 S RNA.
Tests on the validity of static equilibrium models

Abstract This paper provides a framework to test the validity of static cost minimizing equilibrium assumptions that form the basis for much of the empirical literature on industrial production. The point of departure in our model is to allow the observed technology to be at a short-run equilibrium where firms minimize variable costs while being constrained by the utilization levels of quasi-fixed factors. The long-run equilibrium is then inferred by minimizing total costs with the optimal adjustment of quasi-fixed factor levels. We use results from the optimization problem to form tests with respect to quantities and prices. In the quantity space version, departures between the actual and the optimal long-run levels of quasi-fixed factors are tested for statistical significance. A significant non-zero departure implies the rejection of a static equilibrium specification. In the price space version, the test is cast as a comparison of the market price and the long-run shadow value of a quasi-fixed factor. Although the two versions would give identical results in the non-stochastic case, the rejection powers of these two tests are found to depend on the particular functional form chosen to represent the production process (i.e. cost function). In an application based on aggregate U.S. manufacturing where capital is taken to be quasi-fixed, we were able to reject the static equilibrium specification. These results cast doubt on the validity of a number of previous empirical studies.
Experimental mechanics: new challenges in micromechanics

Abstract Experimental methods are being developed for the measurement of strength and damage related material response at the microstructural level. Three examples of problems being pursued at Southwest Research Institute are discussed. These include: (1) measurement of crack tip strain fields using an SEM with automated image analysis for full field displacement mapping, (2) characterization of pore evolution in ceramics using small angle neutron scattering, and (3) surface studies using a scanning tunneling microscope. The spatial resolution in these studies ranges from angstroms to microns.
Cognitive Heuristics and American Security Policy

Flawed arguments often recur in debates on U.S. security policy long after their weaknesses have been exposed. In this article I argue that certain political misconceptions and fallacies resist cou...
Elastic field of a surface step: Atomistic simulations and anisotropic elastic theory

Atomistic computer simulations and anisotropic elastic theory are employed to determine the elastic fields of surface steps and vicinal surfaces. The displacement field of and interaction energies between {l_angle}100{r_angle} steps on a {l_brace}001{r_brace} surface of Ni and Au are determined using atomistic simulations and embedded-atom method potentials. The step-step interaction energy found from the simulations is consistent with a surface line force dipole elastic model of a step. We derive an anisotropic form for the elastic field associated with a surface line force dipole using a two-dimensional surface Green tensor for a cubic elastic half-space within the Stroh formalism. Both the displacement fields and step-step interaction energy predicted by the theory are shown to be in excellent agreement with the simulations. The symmetry of the step displacement field is used to determine analytically the relative values of the components of the surface force dipole vector. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Correlation between Observed Wavelength Shifts Produced in Electrodeless Discharge Tubes and Predicted Stark-Effect Shifts in the Spectrum of Neutral Germanium (Ge i)

Interferometric measurements in the spectrum of Ge i by Kaufman and Andrew show differences in wavelengths for 4p5s-4p6p lines emitted from different electrodeless discharge tubes containing germanium compounds and inert gases. The pattern of the shifts suggests that Stark effect is involved. This is illustrated on the basis of the theory for weak-field Stark effect for multiplets. The 6p level most sensitive to Stark effect is 6p3P0. Through interaction with 5d3D1, a field strength of 1.5 kV/cm shifts 6p3P0 by 0.01 cm−1.
Further studies on the relationship of the stimulatory effects of phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene on hepatic heme synthesis to their effects on hepatic microsomal drug oxidations

Abstract The administration of either phenobarbital or 3,4-benzpyrene to rats resulted in the rapid and marked induction of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (EC 2.3.1.13), the proposed initial and rate-limiting enzyme in the hepatic heme biosynthetic pathway. Enhanced formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid was followed sequentially by an enhancement of the liver's capacity to synthesize microsomal heme in vivo, increases in the content of cytochrome P-450 and protoheme in hepatic microsomes and stimulation of certain hepatic microsomal drug oxidations. Changes in the hepatic microsomal levels of cytochrome P-450 paralleled, in part, changes in the activity of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and in the capacity of the liver to synthesize microsomal heme in vivo, suggesting that the rate of hepatic heme synthesis may control the rate of synthesis of hepatic microsomal cytochome P-450. Increases in the hepatic microsomal content of cytochrome b5, however, followed a different time course from that observed from either cytochrome P-450 or protoheme. The simultaneous administration of maximum stimulatory doses of phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene did not result in an additive stimulation of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity, indicating that phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene induce δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase by the same or closely related mechanisms. However, the stimulatory effects of these agents on cytochrome P-450 and on the N-demethylation of 3-methyl-4-monomethylaminoazobenzene were additive, suggesting that differences may exist in the mechanism by which phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene induce hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and enhance certain hepatic microsomal drug oxidations.
Space-invariant deblurring given N independently blurred images of a common object

An algorithm is developed for space-invariant deblurring of an object given several differently blurred images of that object. Given some control over the creation of the individual blurred images, the restoration instabilities associated with the transmission zeros can be mostly eliminated. The algorithm provides improved performance with noisy images and also provides some insensitivity to blur model errors. It reduces in form to the Wiener filter or constrained least-squares filter for the single-image case.
Zinc Nutrition of Cattle: A Review

Abstract Zinc is an essential nutrient for animals, functioning largely or entirely in enzyme systems and being involved in protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and many other biochemical reactions. A severe zinc deficiency causes numerous pathological changes, including skin parakeratosis, reduced or cessation of growth, general debility, lethargy, and increased susceptibility to infection. However, the mechanism and routes by which specific enzymatic changes are responsible for the serious pathological alterations caused by the deficiency have not been elucidated. Recovery of calves from a severe zinc deficiency is rapid and dramatic. In studies involving special and purified diets, approximately 9 ppm of zinc were adequate for normal health and performance of calves. However, in a few instances, 20 to 40 ppm zinc in practical diets were not sufficient for optimum performance, but in others, such levels were adequate. Logical biological theories are presented for these differences, but proof is lacking. Cattle have a relatively high
Accent on Teaching Materials: The Journal of Statistics Education Information Service and other Internet Resources for Statistics Teachers

Abstract The Internet has added a new dimension to the teaching of statistics. One of the most important resources for teachers is the Journal of Statistics Education Information Service, which includes the electronic Journal of Statistics Education. This article describes these and other Internet resources available to students and teachers of statistics.
Legume Species and Management for Stockless Organic Farming

ABSTRACT In systems of organic farming without livestock, with no nutrients imported in feed and bedding, or manure to transfer nutrients within the farm, supplying adequate nutrients for crop growth, particularly nitrogen (N), is a major challenge. Two identical experiments compared four legume species (red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.)) as N providers over a two-year conversion period for a stockiess organic rotation. After ploughing-in the legumes, two successive wheat crops were grown to measure N supply and yield response. The two experiments (1992 to 1995; 1993 to 1996) were on a silty clay loam soil in eastern England. Mean accumulated above-ground N over the two years, in cut and mulched foliage, was greatest in red clover (mean 502 kg ha-1) and least in sainfoin (201 kg ha-1), with lucerne (497 kg ha-1) and white clover (408 kg ha-1) lying in between. Differences in wheat grain yield were...
Application of high-density optical microwell arrays in a live-cell biosensing system.

In this paper, we use optical imaging fibers to fabricate a chemical and biochemical sensor that utilizes the ability of living cells to respond to biologically significant compounds. The sensor is created by randomly dispersing single NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells into an optically addressable fiber-optic microwell array such that each microwell accommodates a single cell. The cells are encoded to identify their location within the array and to correlate changes or manipulations in the local environment to responses of specific cell types. The entire array can be simultaneously measured, yielding a rapid, repetitive, and high-density analysis method.
Emerging Infectious Determinants of Chronic Diseases

Evidence now confirms that noncommunicable chronic diseases can stem from infectious agents. Furthermore, at least 13 of 39 recently described infectious agents induce chronic syndromes. Identifying the relationships can affect health across populations, creating opportunities to reduce the impact of chronic disease by preventing or treating infection. As the concept is progressively accepted, advances in laboratory technology and epidemiology facilitate the detection of noncultivable, novel, and even recognized microbial origins. A spectrum of diverse pathogens and chronic syndromes emerges, with a range of pathways from exposure to chronic illness or disability. Complex systems of changing human behavioral traits superimposed on human, microbial, and environmental factors often determine risk for exposure and chronic outcome. Yet the strength of causal evidence varies widely, and detecting a microbe does not prove causality. Nevertheless, infectious agents likely determine more cancers, immune-mediated syndromes, neurodevelopmental disorders, and other chronic conditions than currently appreciated.
What's (Not) Wrong With Low-Income Marriages

In the United States, low marriage rates and high divorce rates among the poor have led policymakers to target this group for skills- and values-based interventions. The current research evaluated the assumptions underlying these interventions; specifically, the authors examined whether low-income respondents held less traditional values toward marriage, had unrealistic standards for marriage, and had more problems managing relational problems than higher income respondents. They assessed these issues in a stratified random sample that oversampled low-income and non-White populations (N = 6,012). The results demonstrated that, relative to higher income respondents, low-income respondents held more traditional values toward marriage, had similar romantic standards for marriage, and experienced similar skills-based relationship problems. Low-income groups had higher economic standards for marriage and experienced more problems related to economic and social issues (e.g., money, drinking/drug use) than did higher income respondents. Thus, efforts to save low-income marriages should directly confront the economic and social realities these couples face.
The interface of natural theology and science in the ethology of W. H. Thorpe.

It should be clear by now the extent to which many features of Thorpe's interpretation of animal behavior and of the animal mind rested, at bottom, not simply on conventional scientific proofs but on interpretive inferences, which in turn rested on a willingress to make extensions of human experience to animals. This, in turn, rested on his view of evolution and his view of reality. And these were governed by his natural theology, which was the fundamental stratum of his intellectual experience. Contrary to the scientific ethos, which restricts theory choice to scientific issues alone, Thorpe's career suggests that the actual reasons for theory choice among scientists often are not limited to science, but are multiple and may sometimes be difficult to discover. It is largely because Thorpe took a public part in the natural theology enterprise that we can know something about his religious beliefs and so can see their probable influence on his scientific decisions. Similar beliefs of other scientists are sometimes harder to get at. Most may be practically beyond discovery, for the ethos of science has discouraged public professions of personal belief in relation to scientific work.101 Yet does it seem plausible that, for example, the restriction of self-consciousness to humans by some scientists is a purely scientific decision?102 Surely not, any more than that the strong influence of natural theology on Thorpe's thought means that he was not a good scientist. His natural theology may have led him into incautious enthusiasms regarding the animal mind — such as the potential if unrealizable linguistic ability of chimpanzees — through a bias in favor of the continuity of emergents in a progressive evolutionary system, just as it led him to advocate animal consciousness long before the recent upsurge of interest, but the scientific integrity of his work overall is unimpeachable. And yet, that work is not comprehensible historically as science alone. Personal philosophy must not be discounted in writing the history of recent science. This somewhat obvious conclusion (obvious to historians of science) needs emphasis, for we are still prone to think that the sciences of our own time provide their own internal dynamic that is in itself sufficient to account for their content and development.
Description of a Teenage Pregnancy Program

The authors describe a teenage pregnancy program with three major components—medical care, education, and counseling. The services, particularly the counseling program, are discussed.
Inhibition by vasoactive intestinal peptide of antigen-induced histamine release from guinea-pig minced lung.

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was found to inhibit ovalbumin-induced histamine release from guinea-pig minced lung. Maximum inhibition occured with a 10–20 min time of preincubation with VIP. Spontaneous histamine release was not altered by VIP. With 2 × 10 −6 M VIP, the dose-response curve to ovalbumin was shifted about 3-fold to the right, but the maximum histamine release was unaltered. Respiratory tract infection with parainfluenza 3 virus did not influence the inhibitory effect of VIP on histamine release.
The Mormyromast Region of the Mormyrid Electrosensory Lobe. I. Responses to Corollary Discharge and Electrosensory Stimuli

This is the first of two papers on the electrosensory lobe (ELL) of mormyrid electric fish. The ELL is the first stage in the central processing of electrosensory information from electroreceptors. Cells of the mormyrid ELL are affected at the time of the electric organ discharge (EOD) by two different inputs, EOD-evoked reafferent input from electroreceptors and corollary discharge input associated with the motor command that elicits the EOD. This first paper examines the intracellular responses of ELL cells to these two different inputs in the region of ELL that receives primary afferent fibers from mormyromast electroreceptors. Mormyromast electroreceptors are responsible for active electrolocation. The paper extends previous studies of the mormyrid ELL by describing the physiological responses of cell types, which had been previously identified only morphologically, including: the two types of Purkinje-like medium ganglionic cells, MG1 and MG2; the thick smooth dendrite cells; and the medium fusiform cells. In addition, two previously unrecognized cell types, the large thick smooth dendrite cell and the interzonal cell, are described both morphologically and physiologically for the first time. Finally, new information is provided on the two types of ELL efferent cells, the large ganglionic and large fusiform cells. All cell types, except for the medium fusiform cell, show nonlinear interactions between electrosensory and corollary discharge inputs. All cell types, except for the medium fusiform cell and the interzonal cell, also show plasticity of the corollary discharge response after pairing with electrosensory stimuli.
Smooth Infinite Economies

Equilibrium conditions in smooth infinite economies with separable utilities are described by Fredholm maps, which are Frechet differentiable. Therefore, Smale's extension of Sard's theorem can be used to study infinite economies, We study structural stability and local uniqueness of equilibrium in smooth infinite economies and relate the theory of markets to modern Fredholm theory.
Varicella-zoster virus History, perspectives, and evolving concerns

The 11-year history of the work that began in 1948 and resulted in the isolation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) has been published. [1] In 1958, I presented these definitive results along with Witton and Bell. [2,3] By 1983, I was able to review 25 years of progress [4] and to diagram my impression of the natural history of an infection with VZV. I concluded from our findings and the findings of others that the interaction between VZV and its host is a dynamic process. In this paper, I wish to emphasize areas where we presently lack knowledge. First, we have not identified the constraints that limit the growth of virus in vivo. It is now clear that the VZV tissue culture system is an insensitive indicator of virus when used diagnostically, and the bizarre cell-associated growth of the virus remains a frustrating indicator of a basic deficiency of …
Unimpeded dissemination of scientific research versus national security needs discussed at workshop

In the United States, the only mechanism for restricting publication of scientific research results because of national security concerns is classification by federal agencies according to deemed levels of sensitivity In the wake of heightened fears following the events of 11 September 2001, the U.S. government issued in March 2002 a new classification category “sensitive but unclassified,” which many in the U.S. scientific community consider vague and ill-defined. The issuance of this new classification category has raised concerns in the scientific community of a potential for unnecessary restrictions on the dissemination of data and other material that emanates from government-sponsored research programs.
Insect behavior at the leaf surface and learning as aspects of host plant selection

Direct observations on the feeding behavior of insect herbivores are uncommon, but important. The important aspects of host-plant selection by phytophagous insects that have been revealed by such observations are the role of chemicals in the leaf surface, and learning. There are few detailed reports of behavior at the leaf surface, but these indicate that many, if not all, insects exhibit behavior pattenrs that can be interpreted as an examination of the quality of the surface and acceptance or rejection may follow without further testing. A number of experiments show that chemicals from the leaf surface commonly contribute to the acceptability or otherwise of a plant and in most cases so far the active chemicals are of widespread occurrence, not having a specific association with the host plant. Some experiments show that the association between surface chemicals and plant palatability is learned, but in other cases there is evidence of an innate response. Habituation to deterrent chemicals has been demonstrated in the laboratory, but not in the field. Food aversion learning also occurs and may be important in dietary switching by polyphagous insects.
Is norepinephrine an etiological factor in some types of cancer

I examine evidence that the signaling molecule norepinephrine (NE) is an etiological factor in some types of cancer. In support of this hypothesis, I cite the following 7 lines of evidence: (i) rodent studies of tumorigenesis in the context of NE manipulation; (ii) human studies of tricyclic antidepressant use and cancer rate; (iii) existence of pheochromocytoma, a cancer of the adrenal glands; (iv) cancer rate in families with individuals who have bipolar disorder; (v) hypertension and cancer risk; (vi) excessive body weight and cancer risk; and (vii) psychological stressors and cancer risk. Three aspects of the body's NE system are consistent with it playing an etiological role in various types of cancer: (i) NE circulates in the blood and can thereby access organ systems throughout the body, in addition to direct peripheral release by the sympathetic nervous system and being released within the brain; (ii) many of the body's organs possess NE receptors on the outer surface of at least some of their cells; (iii) by binding to its extracellular receptors, NE affects intracellular second messenger systems that could influence carcinogenesis. Most importantly, use of existing pharmaceutical drugs that either lower the level of NE (such as clonidine) or block NE receptors may lower the probability of an individual developing cancer, and this hypothesis could be tested immediately by an epidemiologist through examination of existing medical records.
Role of niche restrictions and dispersal in the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities

Summary 1 Metacommunity and neutral theory have reinvigorated the study of ‘niches’ and have emphasized the importance of understanding the influences of competition, abiotic factors and regional spatial processes in shaping communities. 2 We conducted a field survey to examine the effects of soil characteristics and distance on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities of maize (Zea mays) in sand and clay soils. To address whether the field distributions of AM fungal species represented their fundamental or realized niches, we grew representative species of the two dominant genera, Glomus and Gigaspora, alone or together on Sorghum bicolor plants in sand, clay or a sand/clay mixture in the glasshouse. 3 In the field, soil characteristics and spatial structure accounted for significant proportions of the variation in community composition among sites, suggesting that both environmental variables and dispersal were important factors shaping AM fungal communities. 4 AM fungi in the family Glomeraceae occurred predominately in clay soils, whereas AM fungi in the family Gigasporaceae dominated in sand soils. Niche space of Glomeraceae was further partitioned by levels of soil organic carbon and nitrogen. 5 In the glasshouse, root colonization by Glomus was high in all three soils when grown in the absence of Gigaspora, indicating a broad fundamental niche. Root colonization by Gigaspora was negatively correlated with percentage clay when grown in the absence of Glomus, consistent with the low abundance of this family in clay soils in the field. When grown together, spore production of both Glomus and Gigaspora was significantly reduced only in the sand soil, indicating that competition could limit niches of both families in certain soil environments. 6 Our results suggest that AM fungal distributions are the product of environment, interspecific competition and regional spatial dynamics, emphasizing the importance of using a metacommunity perspective in community ecology.
ESD study of CO adsorbed on platinum

Abstract The technique of electron stimulated desorption is used to study the adsorption of CO on a recrystallized Pt ribbon. Desorption of both CO+ and O+ is observed with total cross sections of 2.8×10−18 cm2 and 4.3×10−18 cm2 respectively. Evidence is presented which indicates that CO+ desorbs from a single state while the O+ species may originate from multiple states.
A case study of some emotional factors affecting paroxysmal cerebral activity during psychiatric interview.

Children with both an emotional and a convulsive disorder have been studied in the past to determine the relationship between the emotional disturbance and the convulsive disorder (Kemph et al., 1963). As a part of this program the electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, and galvanic skin response were recorded simultaneously with the taped psychiatric interview. The content of the interview was then correlated with the measures of cerebral activity and of autonomic function. We have noted that the manner in which affects were expressed produced changes in these measures: in this paper, the data obtained from one child so studied will be reported to show certain of the emotional factors affecting paroxysmal cerebral activity. Mary, a ten-year-old girl, had been referred to the Children’s Psychiatric Hospital because of her inability to learn in school and her teacher’s report of difficulty in managing her behavior. Mary often refused to follow directions and isolated herself; if pressed to conform, she would occasionally have temper tantrums. The teacher furthermore felt that Mary showed too much interest in boys, behaving in a seductive fashion even though she was only ten years of age.
Production and Characterisation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies to Feline Erythrocyte A and B Antigens

Anti-A antiserum from blood type B cats, the current reagent used to detect blood type A cats, is expensive, labour intensive to produce, and can vary in sensitivity between preparations. In contrast, monoclonal antibodies are produced easily in large quantities and pure form. We produced six IgM class murine monoclonal antibodies, four specific for feline blood type A and two that detect feline blood type B, by injection of mice with liposomes incorporating type A or B erythrocyte membrane antigens. Specificities of each monoclonal antibody were characterised by high performance thin layer chromatography of feline erythrocyte membrane glycolipids and by immunoblotting of feline erythrocyte membrane proteins separated by SDS-PAGE. The anti-A monoclonal antibodies specifically detected feline blood type A by direct agglutination of blood-typed samples from many cats. Each anti-A monoclonal antibody agglutinated some, but not all, feline blood type AB samples. Two anti-A monoclonal antibodies appeared identical and recognised [NeuGc]2GD3, the major glycolipid antigen of type A blood. The other two also appeared identical to each other and recognised a slower migrating glycolipid band, which may be [NeuGc]GT3. The two anti-B monoclonal antibodies detected feline blood type B by direct agglutination and both recognised [NeuAc]2GD3, the major glycolipid antigen of type B blood. None of the monoclonal antibodies recognised erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins specific for either feline type A or type B blood. The ability of the anti-A monoclonal antibodies produced in this study to specifically detect feline blood type A makes them useful replacements for anti-A antiserum for blood typing of cats. The inability of each anti-A antibody to agglutinate blood from every type AB cat suggests a difference between the A antigen of some type A and some type AB cats.
Estate Tamils, the Ceylon citizenship act of 1948 and Sri Lankan politics

Abstract This article explores the contribution made by the conservative, illiberal orientation of Sri Lankan nationalist ideology towards the Estate Tamil population to the present ethnic conflict on the island. This orientation was made evident in the citizenship and franchise laws Sri Lanka passed soon after independence to exclude the plantation Tamil workers from the political nation. I argue that the actions of the Sinhalese elite led by D.S. Senanayake were loaded with an anti‐working class and ethnically divisive content that has been neglected in previous studies. The new laws distorted the pattern of political incentives, alignments and party competition in the emerging system, and systematically skewed it to favour the most traditional segment of the Sinhalese electorate. This created an intractable dynamic of ethnic outbidding between the two major Sinhalese‐dominated parties to attract the Sinhalese voting base, at the expense of the Sri Lankan Tamil minority. This directly contributed to the...
Granular Computing: Information hiding and integration

Granular compuitng have three semnatic views: uncertainty mathematics, konwledge engineeering and methodology of computing (how-to-solve-it) In this paper, a theoretical issue on "how-to-solve-it" is raised and formalized. Some suprised phenomena are observed; if "information structures" are considered with the universe and granules, then the solution integrations may not be unique. In other words, there may have more than one integrated structures for a given internal structures of granules and quotient structure.
TV Talk Shows as Therapeutic Discourse: The Ideological Labor of the Televised Talking Cure

This essay examines the extension of therapeutic discourse into daytime television talk shows (“Sally Jessy Raphael” and “Oprah Winfrey”), and argues that the programs are fueled by deep social tensions that provide both the substance of the talk and the object of the “ideological labor” of the talk show fom. Key elements of that labor are topical framing, synthetic personalizatton, and the use of therapeutic discourse that help organize (and thereby manage) social conflict into narratives of individual psychological dysfunctions.
Experimental evaluation of technetium-99m red blood cell radionuclide ventriculography for detecting pericardial bleeding

Abstract Abnormal loculated or diffuse blood pools adjacent to the heart have been observed in patients with pericardial bleeding who have been imaged by gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (RNV). To study the scintigraphic appearance of fresh pericardial blood, we performed equilibrium RNV in six dogs with measured volumes (10, 30, or 50 ml) of intrapericardial blood. Loculated and diffuse pericardial blood was simulated by injecting the blood either into an intrapericardial balloon, or freely into the pericardial space. Ability to detect pericardial blood was determined by blinded review, and blood volume analysis was attempted by measuring its scintigraphic thickness, brightness (relative to the left ventricle), extent, and background-subtracted count rate and a peak count index. Detection rates for 10, 30, and 50 ml were all 100% for loculated pericardial blood, and 67%, 100% and 100% for free pericardial blood, with the use of three scintigraphic views. Visually determined “extent” of the abnormal blood pool was the most reliable indicator of pericardial blood volume. When the volume was 30 ml or more, at least 40% of the heart was surrounded in 26 of 27 cases (96%); the specificity of this finding was 90%. We conclude from this animal study that RNV should be a sensitive method for detecting pericardial bleeding; visual appearance permits qualitative assessment of the volume of accumulated labeled blood.
An emergency logistics response system for natural disasters

Natural disasters are a threat to human lives and the world economy, and recent experiences have proven that the current emergency management systems have significant deficiencies. The objective of this research is to develop an Emergency Response Model (ERM) that can be used by offices of emergency preparedness to evaluate response capabilities, to assess the logistics challenges in the event of natural disaster and to perform what-if analysis on the threat of a weather disturbance system. The first step to develop the ERM is to define the mechanisms and coordination that must be in place among the different emergency management agencies in the event of a natural disaster. Then, the logistics (activities and time frame) that have to be implemented are defined. Finally, a simulation model is built and used to evaluate the effectiveness of current emergency preparedness systems as compared with the proposed system.
Tethered particle motion method for studying transcript elongation by a single RNA polymerase molecule

Schafer et al. (Nature 352:444–448 (1991)) devised the tethered particle motion (TPM) method to detect directly the movement of single, isolated molecules of a processive nucleic acid polymerase along a template DNA molecule. In TPM studies, the polymerase molecule is immobilized on a glass surface, and a particle (e.g., a 0.23 microns diameter polystyrene bead) is attached to one end of the enzyme-bound DNA molecule. Time-resolved measurements of the DNA contour length between the particle and the immobilized enzyme (the "tether length") are made by determining the magnitude of the Brownian motion of the DNA-tethered particle using light microscopy and digital image processing. We report here improved sample preparation methods that permit TPM data collection on transcript elongation by the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase at rates (approximately 10(2)-fold higher than those previously obtained) sufficient for practical use of microscopic kinetics techniques to analyze polymerase reaction mechanisms. In earlier TPM experiments, calculation of tether length from the observed Brownian motion was based on an untested numerical simulation of tethered bead Brownian motion. Using the improved methods, we have now empirically validated the TPM technique for tether lengths of 308–1915 base pairs (bp) using calibration specimens containing particles tethered by individual DNA molecules of known lengths. TPM analysis of such specimens yielded a linear calibration curve relating observed Brownian motion to tether length and allowed determination of the accuracy of the technique and measurement of how temporal bandwidth, tether length, and other experimental variables affect measurement precision. Under a standard set of experimental conditions (0.23 microns diameter bead, 0.23 Hz bandwidth, 23 degrees), accuracy is 108 and 258 bp r.m.s. at tether lengths of 308 and 1915 bp, respectively. Precision improves linearly with decreasing tether length to an extrapolated instrumentation limit of 10 bp r.m.s. and improves proportionally to the inverse square root of measurement bandwidth (1.9 x 10(2) bp Hz-1/2 for 1090-bp tethers). Measurements on large numbers of individual polymerase molecules reveal that time-averaged single-molecule elongation rates are more variable than is predicted from the random error in TPM measurements, demonstrating that the surface-immobilized RNA polymerase molecules are kinetically heterogeneous.
Robust mobility in human-populated environments

Creating robots that can help humans in a variety of tasks requires robust mobility and the ability to safely navigate among moving obstacles. This paper presents an overview of recent research in the Robotics Collaborative Technology Alliance (RCTA) that addresses many of the core requirements for robust mobility in human-populated environments. Safe Interval Path Planning (SIPP) allows for very fast planning in dynamic environments when planning timeminimal trajectories. Generalized Safe Interval Path Planning extends this concept to trajectories that minimize arbitrary cost functions. Finally, generalized PPCP algorithm is used to generate plans that reason about the uncertainty in the predicted trajectories of moving obstacles and try to actively disambiguate the intentions of humans whenever necessary. We show how these approaches consider moving obstacles and temporal constraints and produce high-fidelity paths. Experiments in simulated environments show the performance of the algorithms under different controlled conditions, and experiments on physical mobile robots interacting with humans show how the algorithms perform under the uncertainties of the real world.
Optimisation of the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test to reduce urinary glucose spilling in horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study: The frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT) is used to evaluate glucose and insulin dynamics in horses, but it has not been determined whether urinary glucose spilling (UGS) affects results. Hypothesis: UGS occurs in horses during the FSIGTT and this problem can be minimised by adjusting the dextrose and insulin dosages used. Methods: Six mature mares were included in this study. In the first phase, 6 FSIGTT procedures were performed in each horse to evaluate 6 different dextrose dosages. Six different insulin dosages were evaluated during the second phase of the study after administration of 300 mg/kg bwt dextrose. Area under the glucose (AUCg) and insulin (AUCi) curves were calculated and minimal model analyses performed. UGS was measured in the third and fourth phases of the study during the combined glucose insulin test and established FSIGTT. A new FSIGTT was developed and evaluated. Results: Positive linear effects of dextrose dosage on AUCg, AUCi and acute insulin response to glucose were detected, with AUCg reaching a plateau at doses 200 mg/kg bwt. Insulin dosage had an inverse linear effect on AUCg, but other values remained unaffected. UGS occurred during all 3 tests and was the highest for the established FSIGTT and the lowest for the new FSIGTT. The type of FSIGTT performed did not affect minimal model results. Conclusions: Results indicate that the dextrose dosage of 300 mg/kg bwt used in the established FSIGTT is too high. UGS can be reduced by lowering the dextrose dosage to 100 mg/kg bwt. Potential relevance: A new FSIGTT involving the administration of 100 mg/kg bwt dextrose followed by 20 mu/kg bwt insulin 20 min later is recommended for use in horses because this test provides adequate data for minimal model analysis while minimising UGS.
The Love of a Good Man? Romantic Relationships as a Source of Support or Hindrance for Female Ex-Offenders

This article explores the impact of romantic relationships on the reentry experiences of female ex-offenders. Although attachment to a prosocial spouse is an important social bond in the desistance of male offenders, male and female offenders have different offending and life experiences and are likely to draw romantic partners from very different groups. This article addresses this issue through an analysis of qualitative interviews with 49 female ex-offenders and their romantic partners. These women most often have relationships with recovering drug users and/or ex-offenders, not purely prosocial men or women. These relationships are dynamic and may be both destructive and conventionalizing at different points in time. Many women also consciously avoid romantic relationships, at least temporarily. These patterns of romantic relationships for female ex-offenders add to our understanding of the role of social bonds in desistance. This article emphasizes the need to look at relationships as processes rathe...
Alliances, Domestic Politics, and Leader Psychology: Why Did Britain Stay Out of Vietnam and Go into Iraq?

In the Vietnam and Iraq conflicts, British Prime Ministers were asked to contribute forces to an American-led war that was deeply unpopular in the United Kingdom. This presented Harold Wilson and Tony Blair with conflicting incentives and constraints: to support their senior ally or to make policy based upon domestic considerations. Why did Harold Wilson decline to commit British forces while Tony Blair agreed to do so? With situational factors generating conflicting predictions, I argue that investigation of individual-level variables is necessary. In particular, I suggest that leaders vary systematically in their willingness to subordinate the concerns of constituents to strategic imperatives, and that introducing the leadership style categories of "constraint challenger" and "constraint respecter" can make more determinate the linkage between domestic politics and strategic concerns. Language: en
Genome-wide scan of bipolar II disorder

Objective: Bipolar disorder (BD) II is characterized by recurrent hypomanic and depressive episodes and has been somewhat of a controversial diagnosis since its description in the 1970s. Clinical opinions notwithstanding, the biological validity of BD II was supported in a genetic study of 58 multiplex bipolar families wherein the statistical evidence for linkage derived from BD II sibling-pairs sharing marker alleles on chromosome 18q. The BD II phenotype alone has never been studied in a genome-wide scan analysis in the current or other bipolar family samples. We have performed genome-wide non-parametric analysis on 74 bipolar pedigrees using only the BD II phenotype as affection model. Methods: This sample consists of the 65 pedigrees previously reported and 9 additional novel pedigrees that had BD II exclusively, as the affected phenotype. In the entire sample, there were 146 all possible relative-pairs. Analysis was performed using the non-parametric method in GENEHUNTER, with the ‘ALL’ option that computes linkage scores in all individuals in a pedigree simultaneously. Results: The current analyses supported the previous finding on chromosome 18q21. In addition a peak with a non-parametric LOD (NPL) of 2.07 occurred between D9S915 and D9S2157, located on 9q34. Analysis of the nine BD II families alone identified peaks on 9p13 and 9q33, with NPL scores of 3.20 and 2.09, respectively. There was no evidence at 18q21 in these nine families. Conclusions: This suggests that there may be substantial differences in the etiology of BD in families that have BD II exclusively as the diagnosis.
Tiled convolutional neural networks

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully applied to many tasks such as digit and object recognition. Using convolutional (tied) weights significantly reduces the number of parameters that have to be learned, and also allows translational invariance to be hard-coded into the architecture. In this paper, we consider the problem of learning invariances, rather than relying on hard-coding. We propose tiled convolution neural networks (Tiled CNNs), which use a regular "tiled" pattern of tied weights that does not require that adjacent hidden units share identical weights, but instead requires only that hidden units k steps away from each other to have tied weights. By pooling over neighboring units, this architecture is able to learn complex invariances (such as scale and rotational invariance) beyond translational invariance. Further, it also enjoys much of CNNs' advantage of having a relatively small number of learned parameters (such as ease of learning and greater scalability). We provide an efficient learning algorithm for Tiled CNNs based on Topographic ICA, and show that learning complex invariant features allows us to achieve highly competitive results for both the NORB and CIFAR-10 datasets.