cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fast model calibration procedure for storage rings

The ever-increasing demand for better performance from circular accelerators requires improved methods to calibrate the optics model. We present a linear perturbation approach to the calibration problem in which the modeled BPM-to-corrector response matrix is expanded to first order in quadrupole strengths. The result is numerically fit to the measured response matrix yielding quadrupole strength errors, corrector strength errors, and BPM linearity factors. The large number of degrees of freedom in the fit allows a comprehensive error analysis, including the determination of BPM resolutions. In this way, a self-consistent first order optics model of SPEAR was generated which reproduces the measured tunes. >
Innovative Tools for Management: Real-Time Oceanographic Measurements and Circulation Modeling

Special applications of real-time water level and current data and results of circulation models promise substantial benefits, including economic gains and safety of life, property, and the environment. Potential economic benefits for maritime commerce alone are estimated conservatively at about $35.4 million annually for 22 United States ports, after deducting system operating costs. corresponding benefits include reduced deadtime waiting to enter or leave port, more efficient use of lightering and of tugs used for docking and undocking, and full use of the ship channel depths.
Research Note: Beak Trimming and Holding Time Effects on Fearfulness of Pullets as Estimated by Tonic Immobility

Abstract Experiments with pullets were conducted to determine whether beak trimming at different ages or holding time in crates would affect fearfulness, as indicated by tonic immobility (TI) tests. Beak-trimming treatments included intact-beak controls and birds having one-half of the upper beak removed at either 9 days or 16 wk of age. The TI tests were carried out at 17 wk of age. In the experiment on holding time, three genetic stocks of pullets were tested immediately after removal from their rearing cages or from crates where they had been confined for approximately 3 to 6 or 6 to 9 h. Neither the number of restraint periods required to induce TI nor the latency to recover from TI indicated significant effects of beak trimming or of holding time. However, genetic stocks were found to differ in latency to recover from TI.
The polymerization of diallyl phthalate, an investigation by infrared spectroscopy

The changes in relative unsaturation of the monomer-polymer system of diallyl phthalate have been studied by means of the infrared absorption hand at 1645 cm.-1 over the temperature range of 60-120° both before and after gelation. It was found that the initial reaction can be described in terms of second-order kineties with an activation energy of 15,900 cal./mole. Relationships have been derived for (a) the dependence of the relative unsaturation u/u0 on the degree of conversion α, and (b) the relationship among α, time, temperature, and catalyst concentration. The value of α at the critical point determined in the above manner is in good agreement with the theory but appears to he temperature-dependent; possible reasons for this dependency are given. It is pointed out that the infrared technique is a suitable method for study of post-gelation kinetics and polymer structure.
Hypocretin (orexin) receptor subtypes differentially enhance acetylcholine release and activate g protein subtypes in rat pontine reticular formation.

The hypothalamic peptides hypocretin-1 (orexin A) and -2 (orexin B) promote wakefulness by mechanisms that are not well understood. Defects in hypocretinergic neurotransmission underlie the human sleep disorder narcolepsy. Hypocretins alter cell excitability via two receptor subtypes, hypocretin receptor subtype 1 (hcrt-r1) and hypocretin receptor subtype 2 (hcrt-r2). This study aimed to identify G protein subtypes activated by hypocretin in rat pontine reticular nucleus oral part (PnO) and the hypocretin receptor subtype modulating acetylcholine (ACh) release in the PnO. G protein activation was quantified using in vitro [35S]guanylyl-5′- O -(γ-thio)triphosphate autoradiography. ACh release was measured using in vivo microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Hypocretin-1-stimulated G protein activation was significantly decreased by pertussis toxin, demonstrating that some hypocretin receptors in rat PnO activate inhibitory G proteins. Hypocretin-1-stimulated ACh release was not blocked by pertussis toxin, supporting the conclusion that the hypocretin receptors modulating ACh release in rat PnO activate stimulatory G proteins. Hypocretin-1 and -2 each caused a concentration-dependent increase in ACh release with similar potencies, indicating that hcrt-r2 modulates ACh release in PnO. Hypocretin-1 caused a significantly greater increase in ACh release than hypocretin-2, suggesting a role for hcrt-r1 in the modulation of PnO ACh release. Taken together, these data provide the first evidence that hypocretin receptors in rat PnO signal via inhibitory and stimulatory G proteins and that ACh release in rat PnO is modulated by hcrt-r2 and hcrt-r1. One mechanism by which hypocretin promotes arousal may be to increase ACh release in the pontine reticular formation.
The US military base network and contemporary colonialism: Power projection, resistance and the quest for operational unilateralism

This article explores the contemporary global network of US military bases. This paper examines how the geography of this network is shaped not only by military objectives but also by resistance from allied governments and communities adjacent to bases. Using examples from Guam, Puerto Rico, Okinawa and other locales this paper examines how local resistances to US bases have caused the Department of Defense to increasingly rely on non-sovereign islands as sites for bases. These sites, military strategists believe, will enable the military to train without hindrance and to operate without the need for consultation with allies. These colonies, however, are also sites were military activities are actively resisted. The resulting base network is thus shaped not only by global military priorities, but also by an increasingly globalized network of local social movements resisting militarization.
A Direct Lyapunov Approach for Stabilization of Underactuated Mechanical Systems

Control of underactuated systems is treated from a Lyapunov direct method approach. The method results in a set of three matching conditions, the solution of which is easily accomplished. The method developed is capable of treating more complicated systems than that reported in an earlier publication. The suitability of the Lyapunov candidate function is demonstrated through mathematical proofs. An application of the method to the ball and beam is presented.
The spatial alignment of loudspeaker drivers on a baffle effects on system amplitude and phase responses

Recent trends in loudspeaker system design have shown a concern over the spatial alignment of drivers on the baffle of multi-way systems. The rationale behind these designs is to equalize the propagation delay time from each driver to the listening area in order to obtain a linear phase response or a signal at the listener that is said to be in temporal alignment. The spatial alignment of drivers on a baffle can also have an effect on the amplitude response of the system. In particular, the system response in the crossover regions can be strongly affected by the spatial alignment. These effects are described and the importance of spatial alignment on successful acoustic crossover between drivers is presented.
Factors That Influence the Job Market Decision: The Role of Faculty as a Knowledge Broker

This study examines the perceptions of students, recruiters, and faculty regarding the importance of various workplace attributes to students who are entering the job market. Furthermore, this stud...
UNIX to DEC-10: a simple teleprocessing link

This work is part of a thesis project for the Master of Science degree in Computer Science. The objective of the project is to create a software link between a PDP-11/34 minicomputer running under the UNIX operating system and a DEC-10, both at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.This link provides the PDP-11 users the capability of batch job submission to the DEC-10. The hardware involved is minimal -either machine views the other as a simple terminal. The actual software that handles the communication is a simple process, not part of the operating system, per se.A special device driver routine (added to the operating system) is necessary to handle the I/O under UNIX. The existing device driver routine has a limited buffer size of 256 characters. The communication software which reads this buffer competes for machine resources with the same priority as other user processes. Therefore, a buffer overrun and consequent information loss can occur unless the output of the DEC-10 is automatically inhibited by the device driver until buffer space is available.At any time, a user of the PDP-11 can submit a file of commands to be interpreted line by line by either the DEC system or the UNIX system. This submission merely results in the request being queued as a batch process to be later initiated by an operator. When initiated by the operator, the queue of requests is serviced individually by first logging into the requesting user's DEC account (this information is system maintained). Any output produced by the DEC system is stored in a file with the entry in the user's directory. The entire implementation is in the C language.
Regional distribution of SGLT activity in rat brain in vivo

Na+-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) mRNAs have been detected in many organs of the body, but, apart from kidney and intestine, transporter expression, localization, and functional activity, as well as physiological significance, remain elusive. Using a SGLT-specific molecular imaging probe, α-methyl-4-deoxy-4-[18F]fluoro-d-glucopyranoside (Me-4-FDG) with ex vivo autoradiography and immunohistochemistry, we mapped in vivo the regional distribution of functional SGLTs in rat brain. Since Me-4-FDG is not a substrate for GLUT1 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), in vivo delivery of the probe into the brain was achieved after opening of the BBB by an established procedure, osmotic shock. Ex vivo autoradiography showed that Me-4-FDG accumulated in regions of the cerebellum, hippocampus, frontal cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen, amygdala, parietal cortex, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Little or no Me-4-FDG accumulated in the brain stem. The regional accumulation of Me-4-FDG overlapped the distribution of SGLT1 protein detected by immunohistochemistry. In summary, after the BBB is opened, the specific substrate for SGLTs, Me-4-FDG, enters the brain and accumulates in selected regions shown to express SGLT1 protein. This localization and the sensitivity of these neurons to anoxia prompt the speculation that SGLTs may play an essential role in glucose utilization under stress such as ischemia. The expression of SGLTs in the brain raises questions about the potential effects of SGLT inhibitors under development for the treatment of diabetes.
The Mind and the Body as ‘One and the Same Thing’ in Spinoza

There is a very straightforward argument for the claim that Spinoza believed that the mind was identical to the body, requiring as a premise only his repeated assertions (listed below) that they ar...
Spectral Sensitivity of the Barnacle, Balanus amphitrite

The extracellular ocellar potential was used to evaluate the spectral sensitivity of the ocellus of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite. Maximum relative sensitivity was at 530-540 nm. Studies with chromatic adapting lights suggest that the receptors contain a single photopigment. The spectra were relatively broader in the dark as compared to the light-adapted state. This effect was shown to be due to an increase in the slope of the amplitude-intensity function, caused by light adaptation. Studies of tapetal fluorescence and corneal transmission indicate little effect of the ocellar media on the determination of sensitivity.
Continuous-Flow Capillary Assay for Measuring Bacterial Chemotaxis

Bacterial chemotaxis may have a significant impact on the structure and function of bacterial communities. Quantification of chemotactic motion is necessary to identify chemoeffectors and to determine the bacterial transport parameters used in predictive models of chemotaxis. When the chemotactic bacteria consume the chemoeffector, the chemoeffector gradient to which the bacteria respond may be significantly perturbed by the consumption. Therefore, consumption of the chemoeffector can confound chemotaxis measurements if it is not accounted for. Current methods of quantifying chemotaxis use bacterial concentrations that are too high to preclude chemoeffector consumption or involve ill-defined conditions that make quantifying chemotaxis difficult. We developed a method of quantifying bacterial chemotaxis at low cell concentrations (∼105 CFU/ml), so metabolism of the chemoeffector is minimized. The method facilitates quantification of bacterial-transport parameters by providing well-defined boundary conditions and can be used with volatile and semivolatile chemoeffectors.
Response Modulation in the Zebra Finch Neostriatum: Relationship to Nuclear Gene Regulation

The sound of birdsong activates robust gene expression in the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM) of songbirds. To assess the function of this genomic response, we analyzed the temporal and quantitative relationships between electrophysiological activity and gene induction. Single units in zebra finch NCM showed large increases in firing in response to birdsong, whereas simple auditory tones tended to inhibit firing. Most cells showed little selectivity for individual songs based on total number of spikes produced. When a novel song stimulus was repeated, the cells rapidly modulated their firing rates so that the first response to a stimulus was markedly higher than consecutive responses. Even after many repetitions of a particular song, cells continued to fire in response to that stimulus, unlike the complete “habituation” observed previously for genomic activity. The initial modulation of the response to a particular song disappeared, however, once that song was repeated for 200 trials (∼34 min). These results indicate a dissociation between gross physiological activity and “immediate early” gene expression: genomic activity occurs only during a subset of electrophysiological responses. We propose a model in which nuclear responses in NCM are modulated by pathways distinct from the primary auditory inputs to NCM. This would account for the changing selectivity of the genomic response and implies an active role for the cell nucleus as an integrating agent in the physiological operation of neural circuits.
Toward a broader characterization of anthropogenic noise and its effects on wildlife

Understanding how organisms respond to any environment requires a full characterization of how the environment varies over time and space. A rapidly growing literature on the influence of anthropogenic noise on wildlife, and in particular animal communication, has yet to fully describe this variation. Point measurements of amplitude, often separated in time and space from animal observations, and qualitative descriptions of noise inadequately capture variation, a bias that may limit deeper understanding of noise effects on wildlife. We suggest that a greater focus on temporal and spatial heterogeneity in noise amplitude, as well as additional properties of noise, including onset, consistency, regularity, and frequency range, is critical for continued advancement in this emerging field. Recordings of noise using calibrated systems allow researchers to measure a suite of noise properties simultaneously with animal observations. Not only will such an approach improve quantification of single metrics of noise, the noise data collected may then be analyzed in a multivariate framework, which will help us understand the full range of behavioral and physiological adjustments animals may make and their broader implications for wildlife health and conservation.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Guinea Pig Ventricular Myocytes Is Not Involved in Muscarinic Inhibition of cAMP-Regulated Ion Channels

It has recently been demonstrated that NO plays an obligatory role in muscarinic inhibition of beta-adrenergically stimulated ion channels in cardiac sinoatrial node cells (J Gen Physiol. 1995;106:45-65). We looked for evidence that NO might play a similar role in ventricular cells by using histochemical staining for NO synthase (NOS) activity and whole-cell patch-clamp recording of cAMP-regulated Cl- currents. Myocytes isolated from guinea pig hearts stained positively for NADPH-diaphorase activity, suggesting that these cells do express NOS. Acetylcholine (ACh) inhibition of the R(-)-isoproterenol bitartrate (Iso)-activated Cl- current was also reversed by the cGMP-lowering agents LY-83583 and methylene blue, consistent with idea that NO activation of guanylate cyclase may contribute to muscarinic responses. However, LY-83583 and methylene blue activated the Cl- current in the presence of subthreshold concentrations of Iso alone, suggesting that their effects may not be due to antagonism of an NO/cGMP-dependent response. Furthermore, ACh inhibition of Iso-activated Cl- currents could not be mimicked by the NO donors sodium nitroprusside,3-morpholinosydnonimine, and spermine-NO. Similarly, ACh inhibition of the Iso-activated Cl- current could not be blocked by the NOS inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. These results indicate that even though ventricular myocytes possess NOS activity, NO production does not play an important role in muscarinic inhibition of beta-adrenergically regulated Cl- channels in these cells.
A scale space approach to detect a class of side-attack landmines from SWIR video sequences

Scale Space algorithms, most notably the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) are used to produce robust local features from a single training image or a small number of samples. These features can then be computed from, and matched to, test imagery. An object detection/recognition algorithm is built around this matching process. The aim of this project is to locate a particular class of side-attack landmines, PARMs, in SWIR video using a SIFT-based detector. The detection of PARMs is accomplished by generating SIFT keypoints for the training images and each frame of the video and then determining a model of keypoint matches that represent the scale, orientation, and location of PARMs in the video with a high degree of certainty. Once a SIFT match between the training image set and a frame of video is found, a new hypothesis about the location, relative orientation, and scale of a PARM in the video sequence is created. Each new keypoint match is then assigned a confidence-based score. If this new keypoint match is compatible with the geometrical model of any previously generated hypothesis, the keypoint match's score, scaled by a fuzzy membership function, is added to the score of that hypothesis. An alarm is triggered once the score of a hypothesis reaches a predefined threshold. Results of the side-attack landmine detection are presented.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
New perspectives for seed germination testing through digital imaging technology.

A digital image of a plant seed can be regarded as a two-dimensional object which can be measured in size, shape and color density during the development stage of germination by computer image analysis technology. Seed changes its biological structure passing from a quiescent stage to a proliferating one, and any morphological variation can be associated with the corresponding variation of seed geometry and color space components. Future perspectives are addressed to design comprehensive biological models that may contribute to studying seed quality patterns possibly integrated with those proposed for other biological systems.
Consumer product-related injuries in Athens, Ohio, 1980-85: assessment of emergency room-based surveillance.

Using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, I computed the average annual rates per 1,000 population of consumer product-related injuries in residents of Athens County, Ohio, and seen at one hospital. These rates do not include intentional injuries or injuries to occupants of motor vehicles, to pedestrians hit by motor vehicles, or those occurring on the job or in house fires. Average annual rates for all injuries combined ranged from 102 per 1,000 boys 10-14 years of age to 11.7 per 1,000 men 65-74 years of age. For all males, the annual rate was 53 per 1,000 and for all females, 32 per 1,000. The most common parts of the body injured were the fingers (accounting for 15% of visits), face (12%), ankle (8.5%), hands (8%), and head (7.9%). The most common injury types were lacerations (33%), contusions and abrasions (22%), sprains (16%), and fractures (13%). Hospital admission rates varied by age, sex, type of injury, and part of body injured. Comparison of a sample of NEISS records to emergency room records showed that data were abstracted by clerical personnel with a high degree of accuracy. Review of fractures of the lower leg identified a duster of injuries in young girls from playground merry-go-rounds. Review of burn injuries identified problems with scald injuries in young adult women and with eye injuries from welding in young men. The system can be used to evaluate injury control measures taken on a local level.
Biological Oxidation of Phospholipids by Rat Liver Homogenates.

SummaryBeef brain phospholipid and beef lung hydrolecithin are oxidized by rat liver homogenates in the presence of adenosine triphosphate. Although this preparation oxidizes free fatty acids with the production of acetoacetic acid, the phospholipid oxidation does not result in such a product.
Effect of detergents and inorganic salts in water on the persistence and movement of insecticides in soils.

The vertical movement and persistence of aldrin and parathion in agricultural loam soils were investigated under leaching and nonleaching conditions. The effect of the detergents ABS (alkyl benzene sulfonate) and LAS (linear alkyl benzene sulfonate) and sodium chloride in water, or of a complete plant nutrient solution, on the movement of the insecticides in the soil also was studied. The water, after its percolation through insecticide-treated soil and through lower insecticide-free soil layers, was analyzed for insecticidal residues. Quartz sand of no sorptive capacity and minimal microbiological activity was used as a control. The effects of the sorptive capacities of a loam soil became evident. After its percolation through loam soil, water that had been treated at a rate of 2 lb per 6-inch acre did not contain measurable amounts of aldrin but contained small amounts of parathion. The amount of parathion in percolated water was a function of the concentration of the insecticide in the soil. Detergents, having increased the persistence of parathion in soil, indirectly increased the amount of parathion within the percolated water. Aldrin moved within soils in the absence of percolated water, while parathion moved to a lesser extent. After the percolation of water or water + LAS through insecticide-treated (20 lb per 6-inch acre) soil and through lower untreated soil layers, small amounts of aldrin (0.1 to 0.2 ppb) and parathion (0.2 to 0.8 ppb) were found in the water samples. These amounts were far below the water solubility of these insecticides and the water was not toxic to mosquito larvae. The presence of salts prevented the appearance of aldrin residues in the percolated water and reduced the amount of parathion residues. It appears unlikely that water in deeper soil strata could be contaminated with insecticidal residues from the upper agricultural soil layers.
Enumeration of Parasitic Chytrid Zoospores in the Columbia River via Quantitative PCR

ABSTRACT Through lethal infection, fungal parasites of phytoplankton (“chytrids”) repackage organic material from the large, effectively inedible, colonial diatoms they infect into much smaller zoospores, which are easier for zooplankton to consume. However, their small size and lack of distinguishing morphological features render it difficult to distinguish zoospores from other small flagellates in mixed assemblages in the natural environment. In this study, we developed and tested a method to quantify chytrid zoospores in field studies using quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region within the rRNA gene cluster. To achieve accurate quantification, the assay was designed to be highly specific for a parasite (Rhizophydium planktonicum) of the diatom Asterionella formosa; however, the approach is applicable to additional host-parasite systems. Parasitic zoospores were detected and quantified in the freshwater reaches of the lower Columbia River, as well as in the salt-influenced estuary and river plume. The coincidence between zoospore abundances and a prevalence of small zooplankton during blooms of large, colonial diatoms in the spring suggests that Columbia River zooplankton may be poised to benefit nutritionally from chytrid zoospores, thus providing a mechanism to retain organic carbon within the system and reduce losses to downstream export. We estimate that ∼15% of the carbon biomass tied up in blooms of the dominant diatom species is transformed into zoospores through the parasitic shunt during spring. IMPORTANCE The small size of the parasitic fungi that infect phytoplankton makes it difficult to identify and quantify them in natural systems. We developed and tested a method to quantify these organisms (chytrid zoospores) using a molecular technique that targets the internal transcribed spacer region within the rRNA gene cluster. Using this method, we quantified the abundance of the motile stage of a specific parasite in the freshwater and saltwater-influenced regions of the Columbia River in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Parasitic chytrid zoospores were found to be present throughout the year and at higher abundances during the spring, when phytoplankton blooms occur. The presence of these organisms indicates not only that they may be responsible for the death of host phytoplankton cells but that they may also provide a readily available food source to small consumers (zooplankton) in the food web of the Columbia River.
Five new species of Lemodes ( Lagriomorpha ) (Coleoptera: Anthicidae: Lemodinae) from Indonesian and Papuan New Guinea with a revised key to the species

Five new species of the anthicid genus Lemodes Boheman are described from Indonesian and Papuan New Guinea: L. angulata, L. enarotadi, L. gressitti, L. latangaiensis, and L. pembertoni. Habitus and salient anatomical images of adults, as well as diagnoses with respect to related species of the subgenus Lagriomorpha, are presented.
Pre-evaluation of Occupational Hazards of A Pressure Vessel Production Base Construction Project

Objective To analyze the potential occupational hazards and its degree in a construction project of pressure vessel production base,re-evaluate the protection measures,find out the job with occupational hazards and suggest the procedures to control the occupational hazards Methods The comprehensive analysis was conducted by analogizing and using checklists.Results According to the results of the field surveys of similar project and No.1 workshop of this project,the job with occupational hazards included painting,welding,grinding,riveting,cold roll and gas gouging.Conclusion This construction project was with great potential of occupational hazards.Only by the establishment of occupational projecting facilities,the degree of the potential occupational hazards could be limited in an accepted value set by national authority after the running of the production base.The protection measures of potential occupational hazards of this project was believed to be feasible after the pre-evaluation of occupational hygienics.
Escalated Expectations and Expanded Gender Roles: Womens’ Gift-Giving Rituals and Resistance for Valentine’s Day Events

In this chapter, I focus on womens’ gift-exchange, namely gift-giving, in the romantic context of a holiday event — Valentine’s Day. It is an especially valuable context for studying consumption phenomena for several reasons. For one, it is a holiday where gender roles are highlighted along with womens’ ritual performance common to many holidays and special events in the U.S. For instance, the allure of the white wedding draws many women (and their finances) to help direct, plan, stage and enact a lavish wedding (Otnes and Pleck 2003). Second, such social exchange rituals are embedded in romantic discourse of dating and marriage — an aspect of consumption that may shape much marketplace behavior and one that lends itself to much knowledge seeking. Third,the religious connotation of Valentine’s Day is minimized in the modern marketplace. Where other U.S. gift-laden holidays (e.g., Christmas, Easter) may involve a cultural divide between secular and religious themes, Valentine’s Day is more neutral. Despite these attributes, this event remains relatively under-explored as a consumption context.
Taste and prostate cancer: Preliminary data on a novel patient-reported outcomes.

201Background: Taste alterations are a common yet frequently under-assessed problem in cancer patients. Health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) instruments for prostate cancer (PCa) patients (pts) do not assess taste despite these hypothetically being related to both appetite and weight loss. Herein we begin to assess taste using a novel instrument evaluating taste alterations with a focus on PCa. Methods: 61 PCa pts treated at Tulane Cancer Center were enrolled in this prospective study. An 18-item questionnaire assessed appetite, taste, smell, and diet. 127 questionnaires were completed (mean 2.1 responses/pt). In a subset of questionnaires, we compared self-reported taste, appetite, and weight loss over a 6-month period. In another subset, we compared taste and appetite to treatments with abiraterone, docetaxel, or enzalutamide. Non-parametric testing was performed. Results: Of the 61 participants with PCa, 18.0% reported poor taste, 17.1% reported poor appetite, and 6.6% reported nausea while eating. W...
Tutorial: Reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering (R-HiPIMS)

High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) is a coating technology that combines magnetron sputtering with pulsed power concepts. By applying power in pulses of high amplitude and a relatively low duty cycle, large fractions of sputtered atoms and near-target gases are ionized. In contrast to conventional magnetron sputtering, HiPIMS is characterized by self-sputtering or repeated gas recycling for high and low sputter yield materials, respectively, and both for most intermediate materials. The dense plasma in front of the target has the dual function of sustaining the discharge and providing plasma-assistance to film growth, affecting the microstructure of growing films. Many technologically interesting thin films are compound films, which are composed of one or more metals and a reactive gas, most often oxygen or nitrogen. When reactive gas is added, non-trivial consequences arise for the system because the target may become “poisoned,” i.e., a compound layer forms on the target surface affecting the sputtering yield and the yield of secondary electron emission and thereby all other parameters. It is emphasized that the target state depends not only on the reactive gas' partial pressure (balanced via gas flow and pumping) but also on the ion flux to the target, which can be controlled by pulse parameters. This is a critical technological opportunity for reactive HiPIMS (R-HiPIMS). The scope of this tutorial is focused on plasma processes and mechanisms of operation and only briefly touches upon film properties. It introduces R-HiPIMS in a systematic, step-by-step approach by covering sputtering, magnetron sputtering, reactive magnetron sputtering, pulsed reactive magnetron sputtering, HiPIMS, and finally R-HiPIMS. The tutorial is concluded by considering variations of R-HiPIMS known as modulated pulsed power magnetron sputtering and deep-oscillation magnetron sputtering and combinations of R-HiPIMS with superimposed dc magnetron sputtering.
Contemporary practice patterns in the use of amniocentesis for fetal lung maturity

AbstractPurpose: Fetal lung maturity (FLM) testing has been performed to help direct delivery timing in complex obstetrical conditions. We explored current practice patterns of FLM testing attempting to identify factors affecting its use.Materials and methods: We distributed a 31-question survey to obstetricians and perinatologists that examined practice characteristics potentially affecting FLM usage. Logistic regression measured associations between these factors and test utilization. Weighted averages were calculated for conditions in which respondents considered FLM testing helpful.Results: Three hundred four surveys were completed. The response rate for respondents actively practicing obstetrics was 52%. The majority of respondents utilize FLM testing; however, 80% reported a decline in use over the past five years with 64% citing “published guidelines” as the reason. Respondents found FLM testing most applicable for poorly dated pregnancies. After an immature FLM test, 44% of respondents administer ...
STUDENT AND SCHOOL SES, GENDER, STRATEGY USE, AND ACHIEVEMENT

A multilevel mediated regression model was fit to Programme for International Student Assessment achievement, strategy use, gender, and family- and school-level socioeconomic status (SES). Two metacognitive strategies (i.e., understanding and summarizing) and one learning strategy (i.e., control strategies) were found to relate significantly and positively to achievement. These strategies were used more by females and students attending higher SES schools. In contrast, males and students attending lower SES schools tended to use a greater number of learning strategies that did not relate to achievement, including memorization and elaboration. In addition, the strategies that did not relate to achievement were used more frequently by students from higher SES families. The findings suggest that schools, as opposed to families, may be the primary vehicle for developing effective strategy use practices for students and thus, targeted interventions may be particularly useful for male students attending low SES schools.
Ankyloglossia as a risk factor for maxillary hypoplasia and soft palate elongation: A functional – morphological study

Structured AbstractObjectives To characterize associations between restricted tongue mobility and maxillofacial development. Setting and Sample Population Cross-sectional cohort study of 302 consecutive subjects from an orthodontic practice. Material and Methods Tongue mobility (measured with tongue range of motion ratio [TRMR] and Kotlow free tongue measurement) was correlated with measurements of the maxillofacial skeleton obtained from dental casts and cephalometric radiographs. Results Tongue range of motion ratio and Kotlow measures of restricted tongue mobility were associated with (i) ratio of maxillary intercanine width to canine arch length, (ii) ratio of maxillary intermolar width to canine arch length and (iii) soft palate length. Restricted tongue mobility was not associated with hyoid bone position or Angle's skeletal classification. Conclusions Restricted tongue mobility was associated with narrowing of the maxillary arch and elongation of the soft palate in this study. These findings suggest that variations in tongue mobility may affect maxillofacial development.
Co-constituting narrative: the role of researcher identity bids in qualitative interviews with women ex-offenders

Narrative criminology draws upon the stories of the research participants to better understand crime. These narratives are shaped not only by a range of structural, institutional and individual factors, but by dynamics within the interview itself. As both participant and interviewer deploy narrative techniques, they co-constitute identity meanings during the interview process. This study examines interviews with 30 women recently released from incarceration to identify ways that the researcher constructed and “bid” for identity meanings through narrative during the interview process. Specifically analyzed are the researcher’s “small stories” put forth in response to participants during the interview exchange. Ultimately, the co-constitutive nature of interview dynamics suggest that the researcher’s identity bids via small stories have implications for how participants assert their own identity meanings, account for their experiences, and ultimately orient or conceptualize their futures.
Concepts of Preneoplasia for the Goal of Cancer Prevention

“Preneoplasia” or “premalignancy” usually suppose that there are identifiable lesions which may progress in some fashion through stages to result in life-threatening neoplastic disease. In actuality, most lesions which we so recognise in humans have their premalignant implication as indicators of increased risk. It is appropriate to recognise at least 2 categories of premalignancy. One would be indicators or markers of increased risk, and the other would be lesions which are committed in a large percentage of cases to progress to invasion and metastasis. This presentation will review premalignancy, emphasising information from human breast cancer relevant to assessment of breast cancer risk and its relevance to prevention strategies.
Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias

The management of cardiac arrhythmias has been revolutionized by the use of new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. The development and advancement of both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, particularly radiofrequency catheter ablation and new implantable devices, have resulted in better treatment, suppression, and frequently cure of otherwise recalcitrant and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Furthermore, catheter ablation has also helped to better elucidate the pathophysiology of these arrhythmias. For the purpose of this chapter, the management of cardiac arrhythmias is divided into that of tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias. Tachyarrhythmias are managed by antiarrhythmic drugs, radiofrequency catheter ablation, and implantable devices. Bradyarrhythmias are treated mainly by pacemakers.
Particle characterization and behavior relevant to fluidized bed combustion and gasification systems

Abstract: This chapter describes the characteristics of particles and their dynamic response and behavior in the fluidization environment. Also given are fundamental properties of particles including the size, shape, density, porosity and physical strength. The dynamic response of a single particle in a flow field subject to forces that influence its motion is discussed. For multi-particle systems, the forces that affect particle–particle interactions including van der Waals force, electrostatic force, collisional force, and capillary force are illustrated. The chapter also presents the particle fluidization characteristics and particle classification based on the fluidization characteristics and fluidization regimes. An example is presented that illustrates the significant role that the particles play in a combustion and gasification system.
Service matching and selection in cloud manufacturing: a state-of-the-art review

Abstract Cloud manufacturing (CMfg) is a new service-oriented networked manufacturing paradigm, in which sharing and collaborating among distributed manufacturing resources and capabilities has become possible through the centralized management and control of CMfg platform. In fact, the CMfg platform executes the requesters’ tasks by intelligently decomposing the tasks, retrieving functionally similar resources and invoking and composing the services to achieve the optimal condition. The later step, i.e., service aggregation and optimal selection, has become one of the most challenging topics in the field. So, in this paper, after explaining the whole process of matching demands and resources in the context of CMfg, service aggregation and selection process is discussed in a detailed manner. Then, research work done to date regarding service aggregation and composition in CMfg has been investigated in detail from different viewpoints such as selection criteria, solving algorithms, correlation consideration, etc. The goal of this article is to provide a brief guideline for researchers who are aiming to do similar studies and assist them towards a better understanding of related research work done to date.
Flavour capsule heat-sticks for heated tobacco products.

Heated tobacco products (HTPs), or ‘heat-not-burn tobacco products’, are battery-powered devices that deliver nicotine to the user by heating a tobacco stick, instead of combusting tobacco like conventional cigarettes or heating liquids like electronic cigarettes.1 2 Philip Morris International (PMI) launched its HTP, I Quit Ordinary Smoking (IQOS), in Japan in November 2014. Since then, PMI has rapidly expanded the IQOS market. PMI’s CEO has publicly expressed a belief in HTPs’ commercial success in upcoming years.3 As of July 2018, IQOS is sold in 37 countries,4 with evidence of rapidly increasing sales.5–9 To help ensure that potentially reduced harm products like HTPs benefit public health, the tobacco control community must monitor industry behaviour around HTPs. In November 2017, KT&G, the largest Korean tobacco company, introduced the product innovation of tobacco sticks with flavour capsules for HTPs (hereafter capsule heat-sticks) into the Korean market. The filters for capsule heat-sticks include a small case that contains flavouring agents, and consumers are to crush the capsule at any time during a smoking session to …
Gridded Monthly Rainfall Estimates Derived from Historical Atoll Observations

AbstractTo provide an analysis tool for areal rainfall estimates, 1° gridded monthly sea level rainfall estimates have been derived from historical atoll rainfall observations contained in the Paci...
Unexpected Findings: The “Malignant Polyp”

Unexpected findings are not infrequently encountered, either intraoperatively or in the postoperative settings. This chapter will discuss how to approach the patient when pathology on a polypectomy returns with adenocarcinoma.
Perfomance of WGA DNA in an Illumina GoldenGate BeadArray assay

38 Gene association studies require well phenotyped study participants, some of whom may not be able to provide sufficient high quality genomic DNA. Whole genome amplification (WGA) offers a means to enrich DNA quantities allowing for optimal selection of cases and controls. Methods: We recently genotyped 1536 SNPs using an Illumina GoldenGate™ BeadArray assay in an ovarian cancer study consisting of 2368 cases and controls, using both genomic (n=1086) and WGA (n=1282) DNA. To understand the performance of WGA compared to genomic DNA, we included 122 samples in duplicate, representing both genomic and WGA. WGA DNA was prepared from 100ng DNA, using the REPLI-G WGA protocol (Qiagen). We also compared the performance of replicates of WGA preparations (n=85) and replicate WGA preparations (n=15). There was extreme discordance between WGA and genomic DNA for two samples, which were excluded from the analysis below, suspected resulting from sample mix-up. SNP call rate thresholds were evaluated at two specific levels, ≥95% and ≥99%. Results: Among the 1431 SNPs with an overall call rate ≥95%, 97% of the SNPs yielded genotypes with the genomic DNA, while 93.62% did so when WGA DNA was used. 98% of the genomic DNA and 93.22% of the WGA DNA yielded successful genotypes. Among the 1368 SNPs with an overall ≥99%, 93.82% SNPs yielded genotypes with the genomic DNA while 86.39% did so with the WGA DNA. 91% of the WGA DNA and 97.5% for genomic DNA yielded successful genotypes. Using data from the 1431/1368 SNPs (at the ≥95%/≥99% levels respectively) successfully genotyped in both preparations, concordance between replicates of WGA was 99.99%/100% and between replicate WGA was 99.93%/99.99%. Comparing WGA and genomic DNA, the concordance was 99.1%/99.5%; there were 1526/838 inconsistencies, ranging from 0 mismatches (n=7/120) to 46 having >9 mismatches. Over 65%/88% of the discordances were due to a reduction towards homozygosity in the WGA DNA, reflecting potential allele drop out during the WGA process. Conclusion: The high concordance between genotype calls from genomic and WGA DNA suggests that WGA DNA may be successfully used in gene association studies, although the call rates were lower with WGA DNA. Using a SNP call rate threshold of at least 95% yielded less than 1% discordance in this study.
Cocaine Use, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Among People Living with HIV in the MASH Cohort in Miami (P19-002-19)

HIV infection and cocaine use contribute to oxidative stress; persistent oxidative stress leads to rapid rates of glutathione (GSH) consumption. GSH is an abundant intracellular antioxidant and is synthesized from its precursor amino acids. HIV promotes changes in the components of the antioxidant defense system, resulting in GSH depletion and may cause DNA damage, and is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the aim is to assess oxidative stress, and biomarkers of inflammation in HIV-infected individuals from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort, on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART), with controlled HIV viral load. A cross-sectional study of participants in the MASH cohort in Miami. Participants were consented and blood was collected for C-reactive protein (CRP), oxidized glutathione and % of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH: GSSG). Anthropometrics included body fat measured by the bioimpedance analysis machine. Mean age was 54.6 ± 6.3 years, 67% were male, and 50% used cocaine, mean BMI was 26.2 ± 3.1, CRP was 7.1 ± 12.4, oxidized glutathione was 34.4 ± 32.4 mmol, and the ratio of GSH: GSSG 4.86 ± 4.7. All participants had undetected viral load and were mainly overweight (70%) with a mean fat% of 28.0 ± 7.1. Cocaine use was strongly related with CRP (r = 401, P = 0.014) and GSH: GSSG (r = −389, P = 0.017) ; BMI was lower with age (r = −0.502, P = 0.024); and fat contain was lower in males (r = −0.474, P = 0.004); males also had significantly higher oxidized glutathione (r = 0.384, P = 0.018); age was inversely correlated with BMI (r = −0.335, P = 0.027). A nutritional supplementation with antioxidants with a longitudinal follow-up of outcomes is in progress. Our findings suggest that cocaine use is significantly associated with markers of inflammations and oxidative stress in people living with HIV who are already at risk for these conditions, and interventions with antioxidants and detoxification interventions are important for these participants. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Use and Cost of a Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Device for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Between 2015 and 2018.

This economic evaluation based on publicly available data assesses the use and cost of an implantable device, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2014, that offers a unique alternative to patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea and poor response to continuous positive airway pressure.