cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation of Uplifts to Thrusts in Rocky Mountains: ABSTRACT

The Rockies concerned are those of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and the Colorado Plateau of Utah and Arizona, east of the Paleozoic miogeosyncline. Evidence is presented that suggests that all the Rocky End_Page 415------------------------------ Mountain features of this region are the result primarily of Laramide vertical uplifts of oval or irregularly broad shape. They generally lack linear, narrow, or sinuous aspect. Some are conspicuously asymmetrical; others are fairly symmetrical; others approach gentle quaquaversal form. The structural relief ranges from 500 feet (Bowdoin dome) to 40,000 feet (Wind River uplift). Later Tertiary faulting, subsidence, sedimentation, and igneous activity have modified these Laramide uplifts considerably in places. When the thrust faults are charted, they are found to be for the most part marginal to the uplifts. The uplifts of low and intermediate amplitude generally do not have associated border thrusts, but those in which Precambrian rock is exposed in the core commonly are bordered on one side or both by outwardly displaced thrusts. A firmer tie of uplift to border thrust is found in those where a structural relief of 25,000 feet or more exists. These relations suggest that vertical uplift was the primary deformation and that thrusting was a secondary lateral deformation caused by gravity sliding and flowing. Since the basins were filled with sediments as the uplifts rose, it appears that thrusting is apt not to be related directly to the structural relief of uplift over adjacent basins, but to absolute relief at any one time as uplift exceeded sedimentation. Anticlines suitable for oil and gas accumulation seem to be related to the marginal gravity creep from the uplifts. The locale is one of interplay of thrusting and folding of the surficial strata, and of sedimentation. The Rocky Mountain region of uplifts is essentially the igneous province of alkalic and calc-alkalic rocks. Consideration of the origin of these rocks, of the nature of the uplifts, and of geophysical data lead the writer to postulate that the uplifts are due to megasills or lopoliths deep in the silicic (granitic) layer, perhaps near the boundary of the silicic and basaltic layers. It is expected that model experiments will indicate size, shape, and depth of intrusion to produce the various surface structures, and the nature of the border faults. End_of_Article - Last_Page 416------------
Michelangelo's Madrigal, Gli Sguardi Che Tu Strazil

An article by Charles de Tolnay in the September, 1940, issue of the Art Bulletinl opened with a discussion of a manuscript poem of Michelangelo's in the Huntington Library. Recent study of Michelangelo's poetry has confirmed my original tendency to question the results which this discussion reached. I quote here the entire text of the section of de Tolnay's article dealing with this manuscript, except for three footnotes of minor importance.
A low-impedance, sub-bandgap 0.6 μm CMOS reference with 0.84% trimless 3-σ accuracy and -30 dB worst-case PSRR up to 50 MHz

Modern mobile applications demand high performance from low supply voltages to reduce power (extend battery life) and survive low breakdown voltages (imposed by sub-micron CMOS technologies), which is why precise low-impedance sub-bandgap references (below 1.2 V) that are independent of process, package stress, supply, load, and temperature are critical. However, improving dc accuracy by trimming requires test time (cost) in production and dynamic-element matching (DEM) introduces switching noise. Additionally, improving ac accuracy by rejecting supply ripple with cascodes increases headroom requirements and shunting coupled noise with series low-impedance buffers introduces temperature-sensitive offsets that degrade dc accuracy. This paper presents a prototyped 0---5 mA, 890 mV, low-impedance, 0.6 μm CMOS reference with a trimless 3-σ unloaded dc accuracy of 0.84% across -40 and 125°C (2.74% when loaded with 0---5 mA and supplied from 1.8 to 3 V) and a worst-case power-supply ripple rejection (PSRR) of -30 dB up to 50 MHz. The design adopts a low-cost, noise-free, self-selecting Survivor scheme to automatically select the best matching pair of devices among a bank of similar pairs during start-up (or power-on reset) and use them for critical functions in the circuit. A compact, low-voltage, charge-pumped cascoding strategy and a bandgap-embedded shunt-feedback loop suppress supply and coupled noise.
Traceable atomic force microscope dimensional metrology at NIST

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a multifaceted program in atomic force microscope (AFM) dimensional metrology. There are two major instruments being used for traceable AFM measurements at NIST. The first is a custom in-house metrology AFM, called the calibrated AFM (C-AFM), and the second instrument is a commercial critical dimension AFM (CD-AFM). The C-AFM has displacement metrology for all three axes traceable to the 633 nm wavelength of the Iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser. In the current generation of this system, the relative standard uncertainty of pitch and step height measurements is approximately 1.0 x 10-3 for pitches at the micrometer scale and step heights at the 100 nm scale, as supported by several international comparisons. We expect to surpass this performance level soon. Since the CD-AFM has the capability of measuring vertical sidewalls, it complements the C-AFM. Although it does not have intrinsic traceability, it can be calibrated using standards measured on other instruments - such as the C-AFM, and we have developed uncertainty budgets for pitch, height, and linewidth measurements using this instrument. We use the CD-AFM primarily for linewidth measurements of near-vertical structures. At present, the relative standard uncertainties are approximately 0.2% for pitch measurements and 0.4% for step height measurements. As a result of the NIST single crystal critical dimension reference material (SCCDRM) project, it is possible to calibrate CD-AFM tip width with a 1 nm standard uncertainty. We are now using the CD-AFM to support the next generation of the SCCDRM project. In prototypes, we have observed features with widths as low as 20 nm and having uniformity at the 1 nm level.
Rapid Method for the Determination of Mixtures of p-Hydroxybenzoate Esters by Gas Chromatography

A procedure for the separation and quantitative determination of mixtures of the p -hydroxybenzoate esters is described employing vapor phase chromatography.
Expression of estrogen receptors in estrogen receptor–negative human breast carcinoma cells: Modulation of epidermal growth factor‐receptor (EGF‐R) and transforming growth factor α (TGFα) gene expression

A number of studies suggest that an inverse correlation exists between the epidermal growth factor-receptor and the estrogen receptor expression in primary human breast carcinoma as well as in established human breast carcinoma cell lines. Recent studies suggest that the epidermal growth factor-receptor does not regulate the estrogen receptor gene expression. Whether the estrogen receptor regulates the epidermal growth factor-receptor gene expression is not known. We addressed this question by stably transfecting the estrogen receptor cDNA into the estrogen receptor-negative human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231. Constitutive expression of functional estrogen receptors in the transfectants resulted in increased mRNA levels of both epidermal growth factor-receptor and transforming growth factor alpha. Estradiol treatment of transfected cells, although enhancing transforming growth factor alpha mRNA levels, did not modulate epidermal growth factor-receptor mRNA levels. The estrogen receptor-transfected cells grown in estrogenic regular medium, however, exhibited lower constitutive levels of epidermal growth factor-receptor mRNA than in steroid-stripped medium, suggesting that estrogens coupled with some factors normally present in the regular medium may indeed downmodulate epidermal growth factor-receptor mRNA. Sodium butyrate treatment enhanced epidermal growth factor-receptor mRNA levels in nontransfected cells grown in regular estrogenic as well as in steroid stripped medium. Sodium butyrate enhancement of epidermal growth factor-receptor mRNA levels was completely abolished in estrogen receptor-transfected cells grown in regular estrogenic medium and blunted in steroid stripped medium. Using various epidermal growth factor-receptor gene promoter-CAT constructs in transient transfection assays, we further demonstrate that sodium butyrate enhanced transcription of the epidermal growth factor-receptor gene. The putative sodium butyrate responsive element(s) appears to localize within the proximal 384 bp of the epidermal growth factor-receptor gene promoter region. Although the interactions between estrogen receptor and epidermal growth factor-receptor are rather complex, taken together, our data suggest that estrogen receptor can indeed modulate the epidermal growth factor-receptor mRNA expression.
Origin, evolution, and excision of internal eliminated segments in germline genes of ciliates

Abstract Three hypotheses on the evolutionary/molecular origin of internal eliminated segments (IESs) in the germline of hypotrichous ciliates are discussed in the context of the high rate of mutation accumulation in IESs, shifting of IESs during speciation, and evolutionary scrambling of segments within some hypotrich germline genes. Developmental excision of IESs from the germline in Paramecium suggests that the parental macronucleus may provide nucleic acid sequence information to guide excision of IESs and splicing of macronuclear-destined sequences. In ciliates of the oxytrichid/stylonychid group, such a mechanism could explain the precision of excision of IESs and gene unscrambling. Recently initiated molecular/genetic studies may eventually clarify the role of the parental macronucleus in IES excision and gene unscrambling as well as the molecular mechanisms of these events.
Gulf stream and Western boundary undercurrent observations at Cape Hatteras

Abstract During July 1967 three volume transport measurements of the Gulf Stream were made off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The measurements were made using ‘transport floats’, free falling instruments which measure the vertically averaged horizontal velocity and depth. The transport values were 58, 67 and 64 × 10 6 m 3 /sec; the average transport was 63 × 10 6 m 3 /sec. The edge of the Gulf Stream for these determinations was defined as the point at which the transport per unit width of the Stream vanished. The transport refers to values normal to a baseline bearing 135°. The velocity measurements indicated that the Gulf Stream extends to the bottom underneath and offshore of the high speed surface layer. A deep southward flow was found on both sides of the deep northward flow. A single hydrographic section was also made across the Gulf Stream. Absolute velocities of the geostrophic currents were determined by forcing the geostrophic transport to agree with the direct transport measurements. An analysis of the temperature-salinity and dissolved oxygen distributions failed to reveal discontinuities between the deep north and South flows. These properties can be related to water properties in the slope water region and Labrador Basin and thus indicate that the southward flowing water is the Western Boundary Undercurrent.
An empirical study of software reuse in reconstructive maintenance

Software reuse has mainly been studied in software development. However, software reuse is also an important aspect in software maintenance. Reconstructive maintenance involves disassembling an old system into components and reassembling them into a new one. This paper discusses software reuse in reconstructive maintenance. An empirical study in an industrial software development environment is presented, involving a legacy system. In particular, the study has found that the cyclomatic complexity metric at some levels may be related to a function's reusability. The study also found that there seems to be a high correlation between the cyclomatic complexity metric of a function and the lines of code metric of the function. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. J. Software Maintenance 9: 69–83, 1997.
A Freudian Slip

A humorous slip of the tongue affords a vivid introduction to theories of the mind. Interpretations offered here derive from classic Freudian thinking, a contemporary psychodynamic perspective, and two cognitive models that view the slip as unmotivated.
Equilibrium vacancy concentration in Pd–H solid solutions

Abstract A simple framework has been developed for the estimation of the equilibrium concentration of vacancies in metal–hydrogen systems using the quantum results for the vacancy–hydrogen cluster energies. Vacancy formation obeys Fermi–Dirac statistics in assuming different cluster configurations. The presence of hydrogen results in the equilibrium concentrations of vacancies that are many orders of magnitude higher than the thermodynamic vacancy concentration of the pure metal. This is in accordance with the observed changes in the kinetics of the host lattice and suggests possible implications to the mechanical properties.
A structural and functional perspective of alphavirus replication and assembly.

Alphaviruses are small, spherical, enveloped, positive-sense ssRNA viruses responsible for a considerable number of human and animal diseases. Alphavirus members include Chikungunya virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, the western, eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, and the Ross River virus. Alphaviruses can cause arthritic diseases and encephalitis in humans and animals and continue to be a worldwide threat. The viruses are transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, and replicate in both arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Alphaviruses form spherical particles (65–70 nm in diameter) with icosahedral symmetry and a triangulation number of four. The icosahedral structures of alphaviruses have been defined to very high resolutions by cryo-electron microscopy and crystallographic studies. In this review, we summarize the major events in alphavirus infection: entry, replication, assembly and budding. We focus on data acquired from structural and functional studies of the alphaviruses. These ...
The Development and Validation of a Nonverbal Measure of Self-Esteem: the Sliding Person Test

This paper reports validity evidence from several studies for a nonverbal measure of self-esteem, the Sliding Person Test (SPERT). Two versions of SPERT, a wooden manipulative task and a paper-pencil measure, were correlated .81. Convergent validity correlations were comparable to typical correlations among self-concept measures. Test-retest and alternate form reliabilities ranged from .57 to .95. Minimal evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was established, and correlations with IQ and social desirability measures were sufficiently low. Relationships between a measure of self-esteem and those of social adjustment and emotional adjustment supported the findings of other studies. The potential of SPERT for use by counselors in intervention programs and by classroom teachers was demonstrated.
Heat Exhaustion and Dehydration as Causes of Marathon Collapse

This article reviews causes of marathon collapse related to physical exhaustion, heat exhaustion and dehydration. During severe exercise-heat stress (high skin and core temperatures), cardiac output can decrease below levels observed during exercise in temperate conditions. This reduced cardiac output and vasodilated skin and muscle can make it difficult to sustain blood pressure and perhaps cerebral blood flow. Dehydration can accentuate this cardiovascular strain. In contrast, excessive heat loss to the environment during cold weather may result in hypothermic collapse. Other factors contributing to post-race collapse might include reduced skeletal muscle pump activity and dehydration and prior heat stress mediated changes in cerebrovascular responses to orthostatic challenges.
The effects of script-fading and a Lag-1 schedule on varied social responding in children with autism

Abstract This study investigated the effects of a script-fading procedure and a Lag-1 reinforcement schedule with repeated trials contingent on repeated responses on varied responding during brief conversations by one girl and two boys with autism. The experiment used a multiple-baseline-across-participants design. During baseline (Lag-0), the experimenter reinforced appropriate responding during a brief three-turn conversation. During scripting and script-fading, the experimenter gave participants audio taped models to imitate in response to experimenter-delivered antecedents in the conversation. During Lag-1 with repeated trials, the experimenter delivered reinforcement contingent on appropriate and varied responding in any part of the social conversation. During the Lag-0, participants emitted low levels of appropriate and varied responding. During scripting the participants emitted increased appropriate and varied responding. This systematically decreased to baseline levels during the return to Lag-0. During Lag-1 with repeated trials, participants increased varied and appropriate responding to levels similar to that seen during scripting. Generalization of varied responding to different settings, people, and conversations did not occur. These results are discussed in terms of extinction-induced variability and stimulus control.
THE QUARK MODEL PION AND THE GOLDSTONE PION

Abstract An approximate vacuum wave-function for massless quarks is proposed which describes a collective. Goldstone pion with the internal structure of a quark model pion.
Indocyanine-Green Videoangiogram to Assess Collateral Circulation Before Arterial Sacrifice for Management of Complex Vascular and Neoplastic Lesions: Technical Note

Objective Generally, the sacrifice of arteries that perfuse normal brain parenchyma is avoided. However, there are instances when it is necessary to take certain distal arteries to adequately perform tumor resections or secure vascular lesions. Deciding whether the sacrifice of such arteries is safe can be difficult. Methods We present four cases demonstrating the use of indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography to assess collateral circulation before sacrifice of a distal artery. Two cases involved meningiomas with intimately associated arteries; one case involved a distal middle cerebral artery aneurysm that was not amenable to clip reconstruction, requiring trapping; and another case required complex clip reconstruction of a dysplastic middle cerebral artery aneurysm. Results In all four cases, ICG videoangiography provided excellent real-time demonstration of sufficient collateral flow and retrograde filling after temporary occlusion of the artery in question. The relevant artery was sacrificed in each case, and all patients did well with no evidence of ischemia. Conclusions Although this is a limited experience and cannot prove the safety of arterial sacrifice in all situations, our series demonstrates the potential usefulness of ICG videoangiography in assessing collateral arterial flow before sacrifice of distal cerebral arteries.
Psychological Effects of Hurricane Andrew on an Elementary School Population

ABSTRACT Objective To explore the prevalence and progression of posttraumatic symptomatology (PTS), using emotional and behavioral indices of psychopathology in school-age children in the pathway of Hurricane Andrew (HI-IMPACT) and in a comparison group north of Miami (LO-IMPACT). Method Pynoos' Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index and Achenbach's Teacher's Report Form (TRF) were administered 8 weeks and 32 weeks after the hurricane. In addition, 21 measures of disruptive behavior cataloged by Dade County Public Schools were aggregated and compared by grading period between pre- and posthurricane school years. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the two schools in PTS at 8 weeks after the hurricane, although the children in the HI-IMPACT school were more likely to have severe PTS. TRF findings at 8 weeks revealed that children in the HI-IMPACT school evidenced lower means on the eight TRF scales and on the broader Internalizing and Externalizing measures. Analysis of the disruptive behavior revealed a drop in the marking period immediately after the hurricane in the HI-IMPACT area, but an opposite effect was observed in the LO-IMPACT area. Conclusions After the hurricane there was an initial increase in PTS and a concomitant decrease in other measures of behavior and psychopathology. PTS remained relatively high throughout the school year, but there was a rebound and subsequent normalization of the measures of disruptive behavior.
Chemical Dwarfing and the Response of Cool-Season Grass Seed Crops to Spring-Applied Nitrogen

Seed yield response of cool-season grasses to spring-applied N is usually limited because of lodging. This study investigated whether chemical dwarfing of these crops improves their seed yield response to spring-applied N. Chewing's fescue [Festuca rubra L. subsp.fallax (Thuill.) Nyman; syn. F. rubra var. commutata Gaudin], tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were established in September 1983 near Corvallis, OR. Treatments were all combinations of 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 kg N ha -1 applied at the double-ridge stage of development, followed by paclobutrazol [(2RS,3RS )-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pentan-3-ol] at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 kg a.i. ha -1 applied at floret initiation stage in 1985 and 1986. Averaged across years and N rates, the I kg ha -1 rate reduced Chewing's fescue height by 23% and tall fescue and orchardgrass heights by 30%. In the absence of paclobutrazol, Chewing's fescue and tall fescue seed yields were the greatest at 90 kg N ha -1 . Paclobutrazol did not affect seed yield response of Chewing's fescue to N rates, but tall fescue seed yield in 1986 was the greatest at 150 kg N ha -1 when only 0.25 kg a.i. paclobutrazol ha -1 was applied. Averaged across N rates, the 0.5 kg ha -1 rate increased Chewing's fescue seed yield by 32% in 1985 and 18% in 1986, and also increased tall fescue seed yield by 32% in 1985 and 23% in 1986. Orchardgrass seed yield was the greatest at 180 kg N ha -1 in both years. Paclobutrazol did not affect orchardgrass seed yield in 1985, and the 1 kg ha -1 rate decreased seed yield in 1986. We concluded that in western Oregon paclobutrazol application at floret initiation does not improve seed yield response of these crops to spring-applied N, but it would significantly improve Chewing's fescue and tall fescue seed yield, regardless of the N rate applied. Results did not indicate any advantage for applying paclobutrazol on orchardgrass seed crop.
Porous Glass Chromatography

CHROMATOGRAPHIC separations have now been achieved using porous glass1 as a medium. Its extreme inertness, optical transparency, and small pore diameter (about 4 mµ) suggested this usage. Initial results strongly indicate that unusually fine chromatograms can be obtained with this material. Other than in the choice of medium, there is little difference between the techniques described here and those commonly used in paper chromatography.
Voyager 2 imaging eclipse observations of the Jovian high altitude haze

High stratospheric haze layer characteristics are presently explored in view of Voyager 2 wide-angle camera images of the Jupiter northern hemisphere dawn and dusk limbs. It is noted that such phenomena as particle size, refractive index, haze top altitude, and density have major effects on the intensity of scattered light; a unique solution specifying each of these is not possible. Important limits on the altitude of the haze top and haze extinction coefficients in the high stratosphere are nevertheless derived. The images show considerable, unanticipated differences between the dawn and dusk limbs at high latitude, suggesting a dynamically active upper atmosphere.
The economic transition in the Baltic countries

(1997). The economic transition in the Baltic countries. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 9-24.
Embryotoxicity of various noise stimuli in the mouse

Different noise exposure paradigms were studied to determine their teratogenic and embryo-fetotoxic potential in the CF-1 mouse. Female mice were exposed from days 1-6 or from days 6-15 of gestation to one of three noise exposure paradigms which differed widely in level, spectral, and temporal characteristics. Paradigms for noise exposure were chosen to represent semi-continuous exposure to extremely high-intensity noise (jet engine noise at 126 dBA, from noon to midnight); to represent startling type noise composed of alarm bells, jet engine noise, or narrow band warning devices at 110 dBA, with pseudorandom onset and duration of each controlled by a microprocessor (exposure time of 18% over each 24 hour period); and finally to represent very high frequency noise (18-20 kHz tones, derived from a device commercially marketed for repelling rodents, with exposure from noon to midnight). On day 18 of gestation the females were sacrificed, their reproduction status determined, and the concepti were examined for toxicity and for external, visceral, and skeletal alterations. Maternal plasma corticosterone levels were measured at different periods of gestation. Significantly decreased pregnancy rate was noted in all groups exposed to noise except in the group exposed to the very high frequency noise from days 6-15 of gestation. Significant embryolethal effects occurred in the group exposed to the extremely high intensity jet noise paradigm, from days 1-6 of gestation, and significant fetolethal effects occurred in the group exposed to the very high frequency noise paradigm from days 6-15 of gestation. No significant noise-related changes were noted in the incidence of structural alterations or in the concentration of plasma corticosterone.
Incorporation of phenylalanine and examination of norbelladines as precursors of the mesembrine alkaloids

Abstract Experiments in which [2′,6′-3H; 1′-14C] phenylalanine and various labelled norbelladine and O-methylnorbelladine derivatives were examined as test precursors to the octahydroindole class of mesembrine alkaloids in Sceletium strictum are reported. The evidence presented leads to the conclusion that the mode of incorporation of phenylalanine differs from that found for the structurally analogous Amaryllidaceae alkaloids of the crinine group. Radiolabelled alkaloids which resulted from administering labelled norbelladine derivatives were shown to occur by fragmentation of the test precursors prior to incorporation.
Measuring T(c) of the quark gluon plasma with e+ e- pairs

The ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ spectrum resulting from ultrerelativistic heavy-ion collisions is shown to have a sharp resonance at an invariant mass M\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.2${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ (\ensuremath{\approxeq}40 MeV of typical ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=200 MeV). Observation of this resonance would signal the existence of the quark-gluon plasma, confirm the first-order nature of the transition, and determine the value of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$.
Paleomagnetism of the Cambrian Royer Dolomite and Pennsylvanian Collings Ranch Conglomerate, southern Oklahoma: An early Paleozoic magnetization and nonpervasive remagnetization by weathering

The Cambrian Royer Dolomite in the Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, contains an early Paleozoic magnetization and a nonpervasive, late Paleozoic remagnetization caused by meteoric fluids. The Royer was uplifted and underwent karst conditions, and eroded clasts were deposited in the Collings Ranch Conglomerate during the Pennsylvanian. An early Paleozoic, depositional or chemical remanent magnetization (Dec. = 109°, Inc. = 10°, tilt corrected) residing in magnetite is found in gray-brown, ferroan dolomite. A Pennsylvanian-Permian chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) residing in hematite (Dec. = 147°, Inc. = 4°, in situ ) is associated with dedolomitized rocks in an alteration zone around and below the karst features. Clasts of the Royer in the Pennsylvanian Collings Ranch Conglomerate, correlated with the parent rock by petrographic, isotopic, and rock magnetic methods, also contain two magnetizations. The clast centers contain a predepositionai magnetization, whereas the clast margins contain a postdepositional CRM (Dec. = 152°, Inc. = 4°, in situ ). Conglomerate tests using these magnetization components constrain the timing of remanence acquisition in the Royer Dolomite. Field relations and the results of oxygen and carbon stable-isotope analyses indicate that the dedolomitization events were caused by near-surface, meteoric fluids that altered the Royer around the margin of the karst dissolution caves and the outer rims of Royer Dolomite clasts. Remagnetization was not pervasive, and an early Paleozoic magnetization is preserved in the dolomite below the zone affected by weathering.
A rapid rosin-celloidin-paraffin method for embedding tissues.

Pieces of tissue of various sizes or tissue fragments are dehydrated in 95% alcohol, cleared, washed with ether and infiltrated with a solution containing parloidin 9.6 g., camphor 3.0 g., absolute alcohol 200.0 ml., ether 200.0 ml., rosin 45.0 g. and castor oil 10 drops. After evaporation to the desired consistency, the mass is hardened with chloroform vapor, trimmed, passed through 3 changes of xylene to remove the rosin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned serially, stretched and stained as for paraffin methods. Methods of defatting tissues and detailed procedure for embedding fragments of bone marrow by this method are given.
Warm Water Mass Formation

Abstract Poleward heat transport by the own implies warm Water mass formation, i.e., the retention by the tropical and subtropical ocean of some of its net radiant heat gain. Under what condition net heat retention becomes comparable to latent heat transfer to the atmosphere depends on the relative efficiency of transfer processes across the air-sea interface, the top of the atmospheric mixed layer, and the floor of the oceanic mixed layer. A thermodynamic model of the interacting atmospheric and oceanic mixed layers with the top of the atmospheric layer taken to be at cloud base, shows that net oceanic heat retention is significant under the following circumstances. 1) Seasonal heat storage, amplitude of order 100 W m−2. This is a fairly straightforward consequence of the large heat capacity of the oceanic mixed layer and leads the seasonal forcing by about a month. 2) Massive upwelling (vertical velocity of order 10−5 m s−1), mostly along equatorial cool tongues with net heat retention of order 100 W m−...
The Interaction of Large Amplitude Shallow Water Waves with an Ambient Shear Flow: Non-Critical Flows.

Abstract : An analysis is given of the behavior of a gravity wave moving over a horizontal bed into a region where the flow is sheared in a vertical direction. No restriction is placed on the amplitude of the wave. The only assumptions made are that the fluid is inviscid and that the hydrostatic pressure law holds. The results can be used to analyze the behavior of tsunamis and weather fronts. It is shown that even with an arbitrary ambient shear, the variation in height of the free surface in a long progressing wave can be similar to that in a simple wave except that the local wave speed depends on the shear profile. The interaction of such a wave with a uniform shear is described in detail. (Author)
BAYESIAN SEQUENTIAL RELIABILITY FOR WEIBULL AND RELATED DISTRIBUTIONS

Assume that the probability density function for the lifetime of a newly designed product has the form: [H′(t)/Q(θ)] exp{−H(t)/Q(θ)}. The Exponentiale(θ), Rayleigh, WeibullW(θ, β) and Pareto pdf's are special cases.Q(θ) will be assumed to have an inverse Gamma prior. Assume thatm independent products are to be tested with replacement. A Bayesian Sequential Reliability Demonstration Testing plan is used to eigher accept the product and start formal production, or reject the product for reengineering. The test criterion is the intersection of two goals, a minimal goal to begin production and a mature product goal. The exact values of various risks and the distribution of total number of failures are evaluated. Based on a result about a Poisson process, the expected stopping time for the exponential failure time is also found. Included in these risks and expected stopping times are frequentist versions, thereof, so that the results also provide frequentist answers for a class of interesting stopping rules.
Closed loop performance of polypyrrole linear contractile actuators

Conducting polymer actuators such as polypyrrole can generate stresses over 10 times larger than skeletal muscle and have typical repeatable strains between 1% and 12%, making them potential candidates for lightweight, low-cost, robotic applications. Polypyrrole linear actuators under closed loop control have not been previously reported. Here we report the open and closed loop performance of polypyrrole linear contractile actuators evaluated at pre-loaded stresses of 1 MPa to 3 MPa. A standard PI control scheme driving a potentiostat was implemented in conjunction with positioning feedback from a DC/DC linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). A dynamic positioning range of 3400 is reported, with a positioning resolution of 125 nm (0.001% strain) and a maximum repeatable displacement of 427 microns (3.6% strain). The open loop frequency response of actuator strain shows characteristics of a first-order low pass filter with a log gain versus log frequency slope near −1 for frequencies tested between 0.05 Hz to 2 Hz. The closed loop frequency response of actuator strain when tracking a sinusoidal set-point signal of 0.5% strain shows characteristics of a first order system with one zero, with a corner frequency near 0.08 Hz and an operating bandwidth up to 1 Hz. Step responses at various controller output maximum voltages show a reduction in contractile response times by a factor of four, where higher voltages yield faster contractile responses.
Impact of radiative heating, wind shear, temperature variability, and microphysical processes on the structure and evolution of thin cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer

[1] Thin cirrus that frequently form in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are important for vertical transport through the TTL, regulation of stratospheric humidity, and the Earth's radiation budget. Here, we use a three-dimensional cloud-resolving model to investigate the impact of circulations driven by TTL cirrus radiative heating on the cloud evolution. We use observations of TTL environmental conditions (thermal stability and wind shear) and TTL cirrus microphysical properties (ice crystal sizes and concentrations) to constrain the simulations. We show that with ice crystal sizes consistent with available observations (effective radii ≥ 12 μm), typical thermal stability, and moderate wind shear, the ice cloud sediments to lower levels before radiative heating can drive a circulation to maintain the cloud and before small-scale convection builds up. In this case, the cloud lifetime is controlled by sedimentation of ice crystals into subsaturated air below the initial cloud level, followed by sublimation. Strong wind shear (>10 m s−1 km−1) tends to hasten the cloud dissipation. With relatively weak thermal stability, small-scale convection builds up rapidly, resulting in mixing at cloud top and extension of the cloud lifetime. We also consider the impact of synoptic-scale and mesoscale temperature variability on cloud lifetime. Using TTL trajectories with small-scale wave temperature perturbations superimposed, we show that TTL cirrus will often dissipate within 12–24 h simply as a result of background temperature variability.
The Pedagogy of Death: Teaching About Capital Punishment

The author suggests that, based on recent Bureau of Justice statistics, imposition of the death penalty soon may become a near‐daily occurrence. As such, the topic is likely to become of greater interest in the college and university classroom in the not too distant future. The paper outlines a lecture on the death penalty and provides some of the information necessary to address this topic. Included at the end of the paper are questions concerning the implications of the death penalty intended to assist in stimulating discussion and debate in the college classroom. A list of additional resources is also provided.
Frontal Release Signs Predict Decline in Subjects with Intact Cognition and Mild Cognitive Impairment (P01.082)

Objective: Evaluate the association of frontal release signs (FRS) with cognitive decline in subjects with intact cognition (CI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Background FRS are primitive reflexes that regress with brain maturation and reappear in the setting of brain injury or neurodegeneration. Despite their association with dementia, the diagnostic utility of FRS in the setting of early predementia cognitive decline is poorly understood. Design/Methods: We examined the prevalence and progression of FRS over 2,545 discrete annual visits in 689 subjects with CI, MCI, and dementia. Independent variables included diagnostic category and the absence or presence (> 1 positive) of FRS. Results: The prevalence of FRS at baseline assessment was 7.5% in CI, 28.6% in MCI, and 34.5% in demented subjects. FRS at baseline was significantly associated with older age (p Conclusions: FRS may have diagnostic utility in the earliest stages of cognitive decline that has not been previously appreciated. FRS should be included as an important component of the evaluation of cognitive decline in persons at risk for the development of a degenerative dementia. Supported by: NIA 1 P30 AG028383. Disclosure: Dr. Metcalf has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schmitt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kryscio has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stiles has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jicha has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer Inc, Janssen Immunotherapy, and Eli Lilly & Company. Dr. Jicha has received research support from Baxter, Janssen, Pfizer Inc, Medivation, and Danone.
Relationship of cooked-rice nutritionally important starch fractions with other physicochemical properties*

Sixteen rice cultivars representing five cytosine-thymine repeat (CTn) microsatellite genetic marker groups were analyzed for their cooked rice nutritionally important starch fractions (NISFs, which include rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS), and resistant starch (RS)), basic grain quality indices (apparent amylose (AM), crude protein (CP), alkali spreading value (AS), and gel consistency (GC)), pasting characteristics, and thermal properties. Chemometric tools (bivariate correlation, principal component analysis, multiple linear regression, and partial least squares regression) were used to establish the association of NISFwith other milled ricephysicochemicalproperties. CT11wasgenerallyassociatedwith high percentages of RS and SDS, and a low percentage of RDS. CT14 was associated with low SDS; whereas, CT17 and CT18 were associated with low RS. The CT20 cultivars were similar to CT11 in SDS and RS; and to CT14 ,C T17, and CT18 in RDS content. RDS, SDS, and RS were loaded on three different quadrants of the principal component similarity map. RDS was not significantly correlated with any of the physicochemical properties; whereas, SDS was positively correlated with GC. RS was positively correlated with AM, setback (SB) viscosity, total setback (TSB) viscosity, and peak gelatinization temperature; and negatively correlated with breakdown (BD) viscosity. Multivariate techniques indicated lack of robustness in predicting RDS and SDS as the models only explained 60% of its variation. Basic grain quality indices explained NISF variations better than pasting and thermal properties.
Transcending the fixity of jurisdictional scale

Abstract In this commentary I argue that the case study of the Hanford Reservation illustrates that local interests are not coterminous with the scale of local government. Hanford is an example of a decentralized land-use decision-making process, whereby multiple government jurisdictions and diverse interest groups are involved in the negotiations. While the governments are fixed by scale, the other actors are not, and their interests are fluid across scales. Interest groups are most concerned with land-use outcomes, whereas Morrill presents local governments as most interested in their authority over land use. Analysis of land-use conflicts, therefore, must involve examination of both scale-bounded government autonomy as well as the power struggles and cross-scale alliances of the multiple interests and social identities expressing concern about the outcome.
Scalable image enhancement for head CT scans with reduced iodine

The use of iodinated contrast agent is common in CT scanning of the head. However, the use of the agent is relatively costly, and may result in an adverse reaction in some patients. It is of interest to investigate the possibility of reducing the amount of contrast material without sacrificing the diagnostic information. We developed an algorithm and software to simulate "intermediate" images based on two input images of head CT scans performed on the same patient, captured at the same angle. A non-linear relationship between CT image intensity and the amount of contrast agent necessitates a guideline curve derived from the image statistics to generate visually realistic simulated CT images. The study shows that the saturation time detected is equivalent to 60 - 70 % of total injected contrast agent. The development also includes adjustable enhancement to the lesion area and its edges. By using the iodine-contrast-agent guided curves, the lesion area can be enhanced adjustably. For flexibility and immediate display, the edge can be scalable by a certain factor to add on the original image for image enhancement. Enhancement on lesion area and its edges improves the visualization quality.
QUANTIZATION NOISE IN STATISTICAL KEY EXCHANGE

Ideally, signals in statistical key exchange should be band-limited to prevent leak. During digitization, however, the broadband quantization noise gets incorporated. In this study, the security risk posed by the quantization noise is analyzed. The Savitzky–Golay filtering technique is used to reduce the quantization noise. Although the noise can be reduced, it cannot be eliminated. Legitimate users must take evasive measures. The adversary can perform exhaustive search. Once how signals are processed is identified, the security can be breached.
Volume holographic grating stabilized 780nm VECSEL

We report on an optically pumped vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser diode coupled by a high reflectance volume holographic grating (VHG). The major feature of such a system is very narrow linewidth and high degree of power scalability, required for pumping upper energy levels of a gain medium. The cavity design lends itself to scaling to 2D VECSEL arrays suitable for low cost, high brightness pump sources.
A comparison of the incidence of five pathological conditions in soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, from environments with various pollution histories

Abstract The distribution of the occurrences and co-occurrences of five pathological conditions in samples of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, from 17 locations on the east coast of the United States were compared by two different analytical techniques. 1. The relative fit of Poisson and Lagrange-Poisson distributions to the data were related to the mortality rate and spread of the pathological conditions. 2. A severity index based on a matrix of occurrences and co-occurrences, and the analysis of its eigenvectors were used to measure and to characterise the severity of the spread. These two techniques were compared with the help of a cluster analysis and discussed in the context of the pollution history of the seventeen locations studied. Although causal inferences cannot be drawn, the analyses suggested that crude oils and heavy metals had less effect on the incidence of hyperplasia and neoplasia than more refined petrochemicals. However, neoplasia was found in both clean and polluted environments.
Mathematics Worth Knowing, Resources Worth Growing, Research Worth Noting: A Response to the National Mathematics Advisory Panel Report:

The authors praise Foundations for Success: The Final Report of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel (2008) for focusing on the mathematics within mathematics education. They critique the Panel for (a) constraining its analysis to two traditional school courses, (b) isolating independent factors and undervaluing integrated approaches, and (c) overlooking recent insights on mathematics learning. The authors urge others to seek deeper analysis of “mathematics worth knowing,” to integrate multiple resources into instructional approaches, and to delve more deeply into recent learning research.
Replication of polyoma virus in mouse embryo cells: Electron microscopic observations

Abstract Single step replication of polyoma virus in mouse embryo (ME) cells has been examined by electron microscopy. Cells phagocytose individual virus particles or membrane bound aggregates into the cytoplasm. Individual particles appear in the cytoplasm as 50–60 mμ membrane-bounded viruses. Either 38 mμ or 50–60 mμ particles may be found in the larger phagocytic inclusions. As early as the eighth hour of infection, virus particles have been occasionally observed between the two nuclear membranes; however, at later periods they are frequently observed in this location. By the twentieth hour of infection, small, densely staining, bundles of filaments are observed in multiple loci in nuclei. These bundles increase in number with time and are often surrounded by typical 38 mμ “nuclear” virus particles which may form intranuclear crystals as early as 24 hours after infection. Virus in cells whose nuclei are degenerating exhibit a remarkable affinity for nuclear, cytoplasmic and cell surface membranes. These observations support the suggestion of Bernard et al. (1959) that the nuclear filament is a precursor of polyoma virus.
Evaluation of 1-(2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethyluracil in a rabbit model of herpetic keratitis

Abstract The nucleoside analog 1-(2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-β- d -arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethyluracil (FEAU) was tested in a rabbit model of acute herpetic keratitis and its effectiveness compared with that of acyclovir (ACV). FEAU or ACV was applied topically 3 times daily, beginning 3 days post-HSV-1 inoculation and continued for a period of 7 days. FEAU at a concentration of 1% (w/v) or 3% ACV resulted in significant lessening of the severity of corneal lesions, conjunctivitis, iritis, and corneal clouding at 24 to 48 h after beginning chemotherapy. No toxic reaction was observed in any rabbit eyes treated with either FEAU or ACV. The duration of virus shedding into tear film and colonization of the trigeminal ganglia, however, were not reduced by either FEAU or ACV treatment begun 3 days post-inoculation. Fifty percent effective dose (ED50) of FEAU determinations performed on isolates from tear film and on the virus inoculum in secondary rabbit kidney cultures yielded a range of 4.6–7 μM, with two in vitro resistant isolates having ED50s of ⩾ 1500 μM of FEAU. Fifty percent cell growth inhibition for FEAU was 3000 μM at 72 h.
INFLUENCE OF IODINE INTAKE ON IODINE DISTRIBUTION IN TROUT.

Iodine content of trout tissues is directly related to dietary and/or habitat water levels of iodine. With ample iodide in the water (10 mu g/l), trout can extract iodide directly from water and maintain tissue iodine levels comparable to those of sea-run trout. High PBI levels were correlated with high plasma inorganic iodide. An isotopic equilibrium method was applied to estimate the iodine content of trout tissues. (auth)